Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resilience amongst Australian Aboriginal Youth: An Ecological Analysis of Factors Associated with Psychosocial Functioning in High and Low Family Risk Contexts

We investigate whether the profile of factors protecting psychosocial functioning of high risk exposed Australian Aboriginal youth are the same as those promoting psychosocial functioning in low risk exposed youth. Data on 1,021 youth aged 12–17 years were drawn from the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey (WAACHS 2000–2002), a population representative survey of the health and well-being of Aboriginal children, their families and community contexts. A person-centered approach was used to define four groups of youth cross-classified according to level of risk exposure (high/low) and psychosocial functioning (good/poor). Multivariate logistic regression was used to model the influence of individual, family, cultural and community factors on psychosocial outcomes separately for youth in high and low family-risk contexts. Results showed that in high family risk contexts, prosocial friendship and low area-level socioeconomic status uniquely protected psychosocial functioning. However, in low family risk contexts the perception of racism increased the likelihood of poor psychosocial functioning. For youth in both high and low risk contexts, higher self-esteem and self-regulation were associated with good psychosocial functioning although the relationship was non-linear. These findings demonstrate that an empirical resilience framework of analysis can identify potent protective processes operating uniquely in contexts of high risk and is the first to describe distinct profiles of risk, protective and promotive factors within high and low risk exposed Australian Aboriginal youth.
The plant signal salicylic acid shuts down expression of the vir regulon and activates quormone-quenching genes in Agrobacterium

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is capable of transferring and integrating an oncogenic T-DNA (transferred DNA) from its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid into dicotyledonous plants. This transfer requires that the virulence genes (vir regulon) be induced by plant signals such as acetosyringone in an acidic environment. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key signal molecule in regulating plant defense against pathogens. However, how SA influences Agrobacterium and its interactions with plants is poorly understood. Here we show that SA can directly shut down the expression of the vir regulon. SA specifically inhibited the expression of the Agrobacterium virA/G two-component regulatory system that tightly controls the expression of the vir regulon including the repABC operon on the Ti plasmid. We provide evidence suggesting that SA attenuates the function of the VirA kinase domain. Independent of its effect on the vir regulon, SA up-regulated the attKLM operon, which functions in degrading the bacterial quormone N-acylhomoserine lactone. Plants defective in SA accumulation were more susceptible to Agrobacterium infection, whereas plants overproducing SA were relatively recalcitrant to tumor formation. Our results illustrate that SA, besides its well known function in regulating plant defense, can also interfere directly with several aspects of the Agrobacterium infection process.
The generalizability of the effects of retailer e‐service quality dimensions

Research on the effects of e-service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions has used cross-sectional data from customer surveys. To draw managerial implications, such research assumes that model parameters estimated across service provider customers apply also to the service providers. The current study collects e-service data that fully cross respondents with retailer websites. These crossed data are then used to compare the modelled effects of quality dimensions estimated on the confounded data with those estimated across customers and those estimated across websites. The results provide evidence of considerable inconsistency, suggesting that managers should not rely on conclusions drawn from an analysis of variation across customers. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. JEL Classifi cation: C39, M31
The Interplay of Form, Structure, and Embeddedness in Social Intrapreneurship

While the influence of form and structure on social entrepreneurship has received some attention within academe, the perception of form as discrete rather than embedded in organizational history, and structure as an individual, dichotomous choice between simple for–profit and nonprofit alternatives, has painted an incomplete picture. Through a rigorous analysis of 10 case studies located within Africa and Latin America involving social intrapreneurship, our findings suggest that cognitive, network, and cultural embeddedness each play an important constraining role that is even more pronounced in organizations that were historically nonprofit in form. However, our results also suggest a variety of decoupled structural approaches that may help mitigate such constraints.
HRM practice and employee attitudes: different measures – different results

Purpose – To test the relationship between HRM practice and employee work‐related attitudes and examine whether different approaches to measurement of HRM gives different results.Design/methodology/approach – HRM practice was measured in three ways: additive measures of numbers of HRM practice, employer reports and employee reports of strength of practices. Employee attitudes were measured using organisational commitment, job satisfaction and organisational fairness scales. Matched data sets tested the relationships.Findings – Statistically significant results were obtained between HRM practice and employee attitudes, but only when employee reports of the strength of HRM practice were used to measure HRM.Research limitations/implications – This study emphasises that care must be taken in HRM research to use suitable data sources, with employees being a valuable, but under‐used, source.Practical implications – Effective HRM policies and practices should be measured by their perceived quality, not simply by.
Comparison of the effects of an antibacterial leukocytic extract and the serum endotoxin-detoxifying component of lipopolysaccharides extracted from rough and smooth Salmonellae.

calcium, serum has the capacity of detoxifying endotoxin in vitro [1-3]. This process, which can be studied with a 51Cr-labeled endotoxin, is related to a 2-step mechanism involving enzymatic factors, the serum endotoxin-detoxifying component (EDC). The first factor (present in heated citrated serum) is heat-stable but requires the removal of calcium and leads to a partial degradation or disaggregation of the toxic antigen, i.e., the production of a smaller, but still radioactive and toxic, molecule. The second factor (present in fresh serum) is thermolabile but is not inhibited by calcium; it can detoxify the degraded antigen and remove its label [4-6]. It has also been reported by various authors that leukocytic extracts have bactericidal activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. This effect, which does not require complement, is antagonized by divalent cations and by serum albumin. It is related to a factor that is generally considered heat-stable, active at an acidic pH, and clearly different from lysozyme and "properdin" or natural antibodies, although a certain antimicrobial specificity has been observed with different fractions [7-16]. The experiments reported here were undertaken with an extract of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). This preparation was originally tested on "R" and "S" strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium [16]. In these previous assays it was shown that the extract had a greater antibacterial activity against rough forms and that this effect required a citrated buffer be-
DNA barcoding at riverscape scales: assessing biodiversity among fishes of the genus Cottus (Teleostei) in northern Rocky Mountain streams

There is growing interest in broad‐scale biodiversity assessments that can serve as benchmarks for identifying ecological change. Genetic tools have been used for such assessments for decades, but spatial sampling considerations have largely been ignored. Here, we demonstrate how intensive sampling efforts across a large geographical scale can influence identification of taxonomic units. We used sequences of mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and cytochrome b, analysed with maximum parsimony networks, maximum‐likelihood trees and genetic distance thresholds, as indicators of biodiversity and species identity among the taxonomically challenging fishes of the genus Cottus in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Analyses of concatenated sequences from fish collected in all major watersheds of this area revealed eight groups with species‐level differences that were also geographically circumscribed. Only two of these groups, however, were assigned to recognized species, and these two assignments resulted in intraspecific genetic variation (>2.0%) regarded as atypical for individual species. An incomplete inventory of individuals from throughout the geographical ranges of many species represented in public databases, as well as sample misidentification and a poorly developed taxonomy, may have hampered species assignment and discovery. We suspect that genetic assessments based on spatially robust sampling designs will reveal previously unrecognized biodiversity in many other taxa.
Risk propensity within the military: a study of Swedish officers and soldiers

Issues concerning risks in the military have gained increased attention within the Swedish Armed Forces, particularly relating to the new focus on an all voluntary force participating in international missions. Military activities inevitably include an element of calculated risk-taking, while at the same time the unnecessary taking of risks must be minimized. Within the context of the specific mission and situation, a number of factors relating to demographic variables, traits and beliefs may influence individual inclinations towards risk behaviour. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between such factors and individual risk propensity. Data were collected from two samples of Swedish soldiers and officers. Examining demographic variables, negative safety values and risk propensity were found to decrease with age, while men demonstrated a more sceptical view of safety measures and a higher risk propensity than women. The trait known as lack of deliberation, reflecting an inability to think ahead and foresee consequences, was positively related to risk propensity. A more sceptical view of safety was shown to be associated with a higher sense of personal invincibility and together with lack of deliberation predicted variations in danger-seeking scores. The distinction between functional and non-functional risk-taking is discussed on the basis of the relationships found in the study. Implications for recruitment to the military as well as for training and leadership are suggested, emphasizing the need for military leaders to balance their leadership in terms of safety-oriented and risk-promoting behaviours.
Muscle degeneration and leukocyte infiltration caused by mutation of zebrafish fad24

Factor for adipocyte differentiation 24 (fad24) is a novel gene that has been implicated in adipocyte differentiation and DNA replication. In a screen for zebrafish mutants that have an abnormal tissue distribution of neutrophils, we identified an insertional allele of fad24, fad24hi1019. Homozygous fad24hi1019 larvae exhibit muscle degeneration accompanied by leukocyte infiltration. Muscle degeneration was extensive and included tissue apoptosis and disorganized, poorly striated muscle fibers. Blocking apoptosis using pan‐caspase inhibitors resulted in decreased neutrophil recruitment into the body of the larva, suggesting a causative link between apoptosis and leukocyte infiltration. These findings suggest that zebrafish is a powerful genetic model system to address the interplay between muscle degeneration and leukocyte infiltration, and indicate that tissue apoptosis may contribute to neutrophil recruitment in some inflammatory states. Developmental Dynamics 238:86–99, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Against Ideal Guidance

The prevailing wisdom among political philosophers claims that political ideals provide normative guidance for unjust and otherwise nonideal circumstances. This article has two objectives. The first is to develop a model of the logical relationship of moral evaluative considerations to feasibility considerations in the justification of normative political principles. The second is to use this model to demonstrate that political ideals are uninformative for the task of specifying the normative principles we should aim to satisfy amidst unjust or otherwise nonideal circumstances. The argument implies that social scientists have an essential contribution to make to the normative theoretical enterprise.
Protective Role of Spirulina and Vitamin E against Arsenic Toxicity in Rats

Arsenic is one of the most sensitive environmental issues in Bangladesh; even it is a major health concern in Asia. Spirulina and vitamin E have been considered as a potential therapeutic supplement due to its ability to minimize several element induced toxicities in various species including man. The study was performed to evaluate the role of spirulina (Spirulina platensis) and vitamin E in prevention of arsenic toxicity in different groups (T0-4, n = 60) of Long-Evans rats. T0 was control group, T1 was treated with sodium arsenite, T2 was treated with sodium arsenite plus spirulina, T3 was treated with sodium arsenite plus vitamin E and T4 was treated with sodium arsenite plus vitamin E plus spirulina daily for 63 days. Sodium arsenite was at 4 mg kgG1 b.wt. , spirulina was at 1 g kgG1 feed and vitamin E was at 200 mg kgG1 feed. Samples were collected on day 21, 42 and 63. Arsenic was detected from tissue samples by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (HGAAS). Sodium arsenite feeding in rats caused chronic arsenic toxicity and the arsenic content in tissues (blood, lung, liver and kidney) of the exposed rats were significantly higher than control rats. Spirulina and vitamin E treatments significantly lowered the arsenic content in tissues. Arsenic caused hepatic and renal dysfunction but spirulina and vitamin E improved the hepatic and renal functions. Spirulina feeding was more effective than vitamin E and their combined treatment was more effective compare to their single treatment. The study demonstrates the role of spirulina and vitamin E in the reduction of toxicity of arsenic.
Prevalence and clinical features of lumbar zygapophysial joint pain: a study in an Australian population with chronic low back pain.

OBJECTIVES--To determine the prevalence of pain arising from the zygapophysial joint in patients with chronic low back pain and to determine whether any clinical features could distinguish patients with and without such pain. METHODS--Sixty three patients with chronic low back pain were studied prospectively. All patients underwent a detailed history and physical examination as well as a series of intra-articular zygapophysial joint injections of 0.5% bupivacaine starting at the symptomatic level to a maximum of three levels or until the pain was abolished. They also received injections of normal saline into paraspinal muscles to act as controls. RESULTS--All patients proceeded with the injections. Twenty (32%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 20 to 44%) obtained greater than 50% relief of their pain following the administration of saline. Fifty seven patients completed the study; 23 of them (40%; 95% CI 27 to 53%) failed to obtain relief following the injection of saline but obtained relief following one or more intra-articular injections of local anaesthetic. None of the historical features or clinical tests could discriminate those patients with and those without zygapophysial joint pain. CONCLUSION--Pain originating from the zygapophysial joint is not uncommon, but this study failed to find any clinical predictors in patients with such pain.
LINGUISTIC AND COGNITIVE DETERMINANTS OF LEXICAL ACQUISITION IN A SECOND LANGUAGE

The meaning ascribed to select English spatial prepositions by adult English speakers was compared to that of advanced adult ESL learners. Two measures were used: a semantic-relatedness test and a cloze-type/sentence-completion test. The ESL learners differed substantially from the native speakers in the semantic boundaries they ascribed to the words. The differences derived from a different weighting of the words' semantic dimensions. The weighting of the words'semantic dimensions by the ESL learners was influenced by native-language transfer. The words' usage was related to the degree of similarity in the linguistic classification of corresponding meanings in the L1 and the L2 and the consequent conceptual restructuring required in the acquisition of the L2 words. The meaning ascribed to central members of the semantic category investigated more closely approximated that of native speakers than the meaning assigned to noncentral ones. The findings are shown to be related to the similar linguistic classification of central concepts of semantic categories across languages and the language-specific classification of noncentral ones. The findings are interpreted as evidence that the principle of prototypicality underlies the structure of all languages as well as the cognitive processes involved in language acquisition.
Pre-analytical errors management in the clinical laboratory: a five-year study

Introduction: This study describes quality indicators for the pre-analytical process, grouping errors according to patient risk as critical or major, and assesses their evaluation over a five-year period. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was made of the temporal evolution of quality indicators, with a study population of 751,441 analytical requests made during the period 2007–2011. The Runs Test for randomness was calculated to assess changes in the trend of the series, and the degree of control over the process was estimated by the Six Sigma scale. Results: The overall rate of critical pre-analytical errors was 0.047%, with a Six Sigma value of 4.9. The total rate of sampling errors in the study period was 13.54% (P = 0.003). The highest rates were found for the indicators “haemolysed sample” (8.76%), “urine sample not submitted” (1.66%) and “clotted sample” (1.41%), with Six Sigma values of 3.7, 3.7 and 2.9, respectively. Conclusions: The magnitude of pre-analytical errors was accurately valued. While processes that triggered critical errors are well controlled, the results obtained for those regarding specimen collection are borderline unacceptable; this is particularly so for the indicator “haemolysed sample”.
A woman with a high capacity for multi-orgasms: a non-clinical case-report study

This study is a qualitative study of one woman's capacity to reach more than one hundred orgasms during one sexual “session”. The study is based on her written account of her capacity and interviews. This paper focuses on her current orgasmic capacity, the factors affecting it, and “Anonymous” (AN's) experiences and emotional responses related to it. Although for AN her sexual capacity was, and still is, highly important and consuming, it was pleasuring and under control. As a highly sexual woman, she experienced the tension of acting out her sexual desires and straying from societal convention. Consequently, fantasy was one of the ways that her needs were met. It is apparent both from the available literature and from this study that a woman's capability to have multiple orgasms is dependent on a combination of developmental, psychological and psychosocial conditions. It is not known if there are unique physiological and biochemical enabling mechanisms. “Anonymous” has consented to have laboratory tests and brain imaging performed and currently efforts are being made to carry these out.
Culture and Organization: The Case of Transmanche‐Link

The relationship between culture and organization has often been discussed, but rarely explored directly. This paper implements a cultural values instrument taken from Hofstede together with a behavioural instrument derived from Van de Ven to matched samples of British and French managers working on the Channel Tunnel project. The results largely replicate the findings of Hofstede regarding cultural values, but do not support the predicted implications for behaviour. In essence, the British were found to be more bureaucratic and more team-oriented than their French counterparts, who tended to be more fonceur and competitive. This indicates that the relationship between culture and behaviour might be more complicated than research to date suggests.
Effects of programming intake on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle.

We conducted two experiments to determine the effects of various intake restriction strategies on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. In Exp. 1, 104 steer calves (273 +/- 12 kg BW) were allotted to 12 pens. During Period 1 (273 to 372 kg BW), steers were limit-fed according to net energy equations to achieve predicted gains of . 91, 1.13, or 1.36 kg/d. Control steers were offered ad libitum access to feed during this period. During Period 2 (372 to 535 kg BW), all steers were offered ad libitum access to feed. In Period 1, steers limit-fed for predicted gains of . 91, 1.13, and 1.36 kg/d gained 1.03, 1.22, and 1.40 kg/d, respectively. Control steers offered ad libitum access to feed gained 1.66 kg/d. Steers that were limit-fed in Period 1 were able to compensate in Period 2; for the total experiment, there were no differences (P > .10) among the four feeding strategies investigated for rate of gain, feed efficiency, total feed intake, and carcass characteristics. Experiment 2 used 107 steer calves (300 +/- 11 kg BW). Four feeding strategies were compared: step-wise increases in intake to program for increasing rate of gain, stepwise decreases in intake to program for decreasing rate of gain, feeding to hold gain constant at 1.36 kg/d, or offering steers ad libitum access to feed throughout the experiment to allow for maximum gains. When averaged over the total experiment, growth rate and days on feed were not affected (P > .10) by feeding system. Steers fed to achieve a step-wise increase in growth rate throughout the experiment had the lowest (P < .09) daily intakes and the highest (P < .09) feed efficiencies. Steers fed for increasing gains required 109 kg/steer less (P < .09) total feed to reach market weight than those offered ad libitum access to feed throughout the experiment. Feeding strategy had little effect on carcass characteristics. We concluded that as intake is restricted to a greater extent, net energy equations are less accurate in predicting rate of gain. Programming intake during the feeding period can result in significant reductions in feed expenditures.