Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Host shifts and evolutionary radiations of butterflies

Ehrlich and Raven proposed a model of coevolution where major host plant shifts of butterflies facilitate a burst of diversification driven by their arrival to a new adaptive zone. One prediction of this model is that reconstructions of historical diversification of butterflies should indicate an increase in diversification rate following major host shifts. Using reconstructed histories of 15 butterfly groups, I tested this prediction and found general agreement with Ehrlich and Raven's model. Butterfly lineages with an inferred major historical host shift showed evidence of diversification rate variation, with a significant acceleration following the host shift. Lineages without an inferred major host shift generally agreed with a constant-rate model of diversification. These results are consistent with the view that host plant associations have played a profound role in the evolutionary history of butterflies, and show that major shifts to chemically distinct plant groups leave a historical footprint that remains detectable today.
The path of least resistance in oral surgery.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Antibiotic resistance is an imminent threat to worldwide public health. Dental professionals must demonstrate judicious use of antibiotics and educate their patients about the risks associated with their overuse. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER: To encourage the dental profession to prescribe responsibly in order to optimise the use of antibiotics in oral surgery. Antibiotic stewardship programmes are recommended to help reduce the emergence of infections that are multidrug-resistant. Clinical practice audits are encouraged to help dentists ensure conservative prescribing patterns. CONCLUSIONS The dental profession has a duty of care to prescribe antibiotics in adherence with current best practice oral surgery guidelines. The dental profession must show leadership in slowing antibiotic resistance by pledgina to safeguard their appropriate use.
Application of reduced‐encoding imaging with generalized‐series reconstruction (RIGR) in dynamic MR imaging

Dynamic MRI has proven to be an important tool in studies of transient physiologic changes in animals and humans. High sensitivity and temporal resolution in such measurements are critical for accurate estimation of dynamic information. Fast imaging, often involving expensive hardware, has evolved for use in such cases. We demonstrate herein the possibility of accelerated data acquisition schemes on conventional machines using standard pulse sequences for dynamic studies. This is achieved by combining reduced‐encoded dynamic data (typically 30 to 40 phase encodings) with a priori high‐resolution data via a novel constrained image reconstruction algorithm. Such an approach reduces image acquisition time significantly (by a factor of 3 to 4 in the examples described here) without loss in the accuracy of information.
Öğretmen Adaylarının Yaşam Boyu Öğrenme Eğilimleri

Bu arastirmada, ogretmen adaylarinin yasam boyu ogrenme egilimlerinin belirlenmesi ve yasam boyu ogrenme egilimlerinin cesitli degiskenlere gore karsilastirilmasi amaclanmistir. Arastirma, tarama modelinde nicel bir arastirmadir. Arastirmanin evrenini, 2014-2015 egitim ogretim yilinda, Dumlupinar Universitesi Egitim Fakultesinde ogrenim goren toplam 1125; tabakali ornekleme teknigi ile belirlenen orneklemini ise 286 ogretmen adayi olusturmaktadir. Arastirmada veri toplama araci olarak, Diker-Coskun ve Demirel (2010) tarafindan gelistirilen “Yasam Boyu Ogrenme Egilimleri Olcegi (YBOEO)” kullanilmistir. Arastirmada ogretmen adaylarinin yasam boyu ogrenme egilimlerini belirlemek amaciyla betimsel istatistikler hesaplanmistir. Ikili karsilastirmalarda t-testi, ucten daha fazla boyutu olan karsilastirmada ise tek yonlu varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanilmistir. Verilerin normalliginin saglanmadigi durumlarda ise uclu karsilastirmalarda Kruskall Wallis H Testi kullanilmistir. Arastirmada elde edilen bulgular dogrultusunda; ogretmen adaylarinin yasam boyu ogrenme egilimlerinin dusuk oldugu, cinsiyete gore farklilasmadigi; Sosyal Bilgiler Ogretmenligi ve Fen Bilgisi Ogretmenligi programlarinda ogrenim goren ogretmen adaylarinin ortalamalarinin Sinif Ogretmenligindekilerden daha yuksek oldugu; akademik basari ortalamasi 2.00 ile 2.99 arasinda olan ogretmen adaylarinin, 3.00 ile 4.00 arasinda olan ogretmen adaylarindan daha yuksek oldugu; birinci sinif ogretmen adaylarinin diger siniflara gore daha dusuk oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir.
In vitro selection of Plasmodium falciparum drug-resistant parasite lines

The in vitro selection of antimicrobial resistance in important pathogens can provide critical information on the genetic basis of drug resistance, and such information can be used to predict, anticipate and even contain the spread of resistance in clinical practice. For instance, the discovery of the role of pfmdr1 in mefloquine resistance in malaria parasites resulted from in vitro studies. However, the in vitro selection of resistance is difficult, challenging and time consuming. In this review, we discuss the key parameters that impact on the efficiency of the in vitro selection of resistance, and propose strategies to improve and streamline this process.
Dendritic Cells Primed with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Peptide P10 Are Therapeutic in Immunosuppressed Mice with Paracoccidioidomycosis

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic systemic mycosis in Latin America, with the highest prevalence in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are etiologic agents of the disease. The 15 amino acid peptide P10 is derived from gp43, the main diagnostic antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. We previously reported that P10-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) induce a protective response against P. brasiliensis. Presently, dexamethasone-treated BALB/c mice were intratracheally infected with P. brasiliensis Pb18 to establish the therapeutic efficacy of P10-pulsed DCs. Immunosuppressed and infected animals that received DCs had a reduction in their fungal burden, and this result was most pronounced in mice receiving DCs primed with P10. The efficacy of therapeutic DCs was significantly augmented by concomitant treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, primed-DCs with or without the antifungal drug induced a beneficial Th1-biased immune response and significantly reduced tissue damage. In conclusion, these studies with immunocompromised mice demonstrate that P10-pulsed DCs with or without concomitant antifungal drugs are potently effective in combating invasive PCM. These findings support further translational studies to validate the use of P10-primed DCs for PCM in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts.
Factors associated with the development of anxiety among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

"Given that children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) are known to experience difficulties with anxiety at a higher rate than the general population, this study's overall goal was to examine potential risk factors that may explain the link between AD/HD and comorbid anxiety. Sixty-three male and female children diagnosed with AD/HD and their mothers were administered various questionnaires to assess six domains (demographics, faulty thinking, parenting factors, school functioning, treatment, and AD/HD severity) to ascertain possible risk factors for the development of comorbid anxiety. In addition, mothers were administered a diagnostic interview to assess their children's AD/HD and separate anxiety diagnoses. Results supported variables most consistently in the faulty thinking, parenting factors, and school functioning domains as potential risk factors contributing to comorbid anxiety in children with AD/HD. Contrary to expectations, AD/HD severity made no direct contribution to comorbid anxiety above and beyond the other variables. However, it most likely makes an indirect contribution by its impact on the faulty thinking, parenting factors, and school functioning domains. Further, although causality cannot be addressed by the current research design, the three identified domains serve as a foundation for future research targeting directionality and risk in the development of anxiety among children with AD/HD. Based on this study's findings, implications for assessments and treatments for clinical practice were also discussed. "--Abstract from author supplied metadata.
High Constitutive Activity of a Virus-Encoded Seven Transmembrane Receptor in the Absence of the Conserved DRY Motif (Asp-Arg-Tyr) in Transmembrane Helix 3

The highly conserved Arg in the so-called DRY motif (Asp-Arg-Tyr) at the intracellular end of transmembrane helix 3 is in general considered as an essential residue for G protein coupling in rhodopsin-like seven transmembrane (7TM) receptors. In the open reading frame 74 (ORF74) receptor encoded by equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV2), the DRY motif is substituted with a DTW motif. Nevertheless, this receptor signaled with high constitutive activity through Gi as determined by a receptor-mediated inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP-production and by an induction of the serum response element-driven transcriptional activity through a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. Gs and Gq were not activated constitutively as determined by the lack of inositol phosphate turnover and activities of the three transcription factors: cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), nuclear factor-κB, and nuclear factor of activated T cells. Coexpression of the ORF74-EHV2 receptor with the promiscuous G protein Gqi4myr supported the constitutive Gi activation as determined by inositol phosphate turnover and CREB activation. The constitutive activity was inhibited by nonpeptide inverse agonists with micromolar potencies, and the chemokine CXCL6 acted as a high-affinity agonist. It is noteworthy that reconstitution of the DRY motif resulted in a 4- to 5-fold decrease of the constitutive activity. Both the wild type and the receptor with the reconstituted DRY motif were expressed at the cell surface as indicated by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. It is concluded that the Arg of the DRY motif in transmembrane helix 3 is not essential for G protein coupling based on the constitutive as well as the ligand-mediated activity observed for ORF74-EHV2.
Inability to Withdraw from Work as Related to Poor Next-Day Recovery and Fatigue among Women

Recovery from work stress is crucial in avoiding stress-related ill-health. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate whether processes that prolong the mental exposure to work stressors, such as inability to withdraw from work (IW), the core construct in overcommitment, predicts fatigue and poor next-day recovery 6 months later over what is predicted by job control and job demands. Self-ratings in questionnaires were completed by 160 women working in dental care at two time points, 6 months apart. Job demands, job control, and IW were used to predict fatigue and poor next-day recovery, respectively. Multiple regression analyses show that having children living at home, high job demands, and high IW were associated with fatigue 6 months later. Job demands and IW, but not having children at home, predicted poor next-day recovery. Mediation analyses using a bootstrapping procedure indicated that IW partly mediated the relationship between job demands and fatigue and between job demands and next-day recovery. These findings highlight the importance of considering IW in relation to fatigue and recovery from work and that such factors should be included in interventions targeting work-related stress.
Latent Factors Underlying Individual Differences in Attention Measures Perceptual and Executive Attention

Following theoretical considerations that relate attention to perception and also to the executive control of performance in complex tasks (Bundesen, 1990; Logan & Gordon, 2001), two latent factors underlying individual differences in attention measures are assumed: Perceptual attention and Executive attention. The included attention measures are derived from the neuropsychology-based attention model by Sturm and Zimmermann (2000), the action-oriented five-component model by Neumann (1992), and the working memory model according to Baddeley (1986). Furthermore, one psychometric attention measure (Moosbrugger & Goldhammer, 2005) was selected. A sample of 232 students aged between 19 and 40 completed a test battery of 11 attention and concentration tests. For investigating the appropriateness of the hypothesized two-factor structure, confirmatory factor models, including Perceptual attention and Executive attention as latent factors, were tested. The results support the two-factor structure and, thereby, the hypothesis, that perceptual and executive attention are major factors underlying individual differences in attention measures.
Existence, a priori and a posteriori error estimates for a nonlinear three-field problem arising from Oldroyd-B viscoelastic flows

In this paper, a nonlinear problem corresponding to a simplified Oldroyd-B model without convective terms is considered. Assuming the domain to be a convex polygon, existence of a solution is proved for small relaxation times. Continuous piecewise linear finite elements together with a Galerkin Least Square (GLS) method are studied for solving this problem. Existence and a priori error estimates are established using a Newton-chord fixed point theorem, a posteriori error estimates are also derived. An Elastic Viscous Split Stress (EVSS) scheme related to the GLS method is introduced. Numerical results confirm the theoretical predictions.
Cypermethrin induced histopathological alterations in female Gonad of Estuarine Clam, Katelysia opima (Gmelin)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of cypermethrin on the microarchitecture of the gonad in female estuarine clam, Katelysia opima (Gmelin). This was a randomized controlled experiment. The experiment was carried out on the clams collected from Bhatye estuary of the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra state between February and May 2012. A total of 10 female estruarine clams of medium size 4.0 4.4 cm were selected. They were exposed to lethal (1.58 ppm) and sub-lethal (0.158 ppm) concentrations of cypermethrin for 4 (acute) and 30 (chronic) days, respectively. Sections of 5 to 6 m thickness were stained with Ehrlichs Haematoxylin and alcoholic Eosin stain. Micrographs of the stained sections were taken using a Trinocular research microscope. The histolopathological findings include partial disruption of ovarian follicle vacuolation of germinal cells cytoplasm and damaged interfollicular connective tissue. The cytomorphological structure of ovarian follicles got deformed and elongated, losing their typical configuration. Necrosis and fibrosis in the connective tissue and damage to yolk vesicles of maturing sites were observed. Chronic exposure to Cypermethrin showed remarkabke changes in the female gonad which were dose dependent. Cypermethrin has the potential to induce toxic effects on micro-architecture of female gonads
Socialization of Physical and Social Aggression in Early Adolescents' Peer Groups: High‐status Peers, Individual Status, and Gender

The influence of high-status peers on a target individual's physical and manipulative social aggression in peer groups was examined in a diverse sample of seventh-grade students. A total of 245 individual members belonging to 65 groups were included in analyses. Aggression was assessed by peer and victim nominations in the fall and spring semesters of seventh grade. High-status peers rather than low-status peers in a group had a strong influence on individual members' physical and social aggression. High-status peers were particularly influential on low-status individual members' social aggression. A similar pattern was found for physical aggression in boys' groups. These findings imply that high-status members' aggression rather than the average of all members' may better represent the group norm. Special attention needs to be given to high-status aggressive adolescents in future intervention and prevention of aggression in schools.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Soluble Syndecan-1 in Pleural Malignancies

Background. The distinction between malignant and benign pleural effusions is a diagnostic challenge today and measuring soluble biomarkers could add to the diagnostic accuracy. Syndecan-1 is a proteoglycan involved in various cellular functions and is cleaved from the cell surface in a regulated manner. The shed fragment, which can be recovered in effusion supernatant and in serum, retains its binding capacities, but often with different functions and signalling properties than the cell-bound form. Aim. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of soluble syndecan-1 in pleural effusions and sera from patients with pleural malignancies. Study Design. Using two cohorts of patients, we assessed the diagnostic and prognostic value of soluble syndecan-1 in pleural effusions and sera, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results. In pleural effusions, syndecan-1 distinguished malignant and benign diseases, with an odds ratio of 8.59 (95% CI 3.67 to 20.09). Furthermore, syndecan-1 in pleural effusions predicted a survival difference for patients with pleural metastatic disease and malignant mesothelioma of 11.2 and 9.2 months, respectively. However, no such effects were seen when syndecan-1 was measured in serum. Conclusion. Soluble syndecan-1 is a promising candidate biomarker for the cytopathological diagnosis and prognostication of malignant pleural effusions.
Expression of a Soluble TGF-β Receptor by Tumor Cells Enhances Dendritic Cell/Tumor Fusion Vaccine Efficacy1

Dendritic cell (DC)-based antitumor immunotherapy is a promising cancer therapy. We have previously shown that tumor-derived TGF-β limits the efficacy of the DC/tumor fusion vaccine in mice. In the current study we investigated the effect of neutralizing tumor-derived TGF-β on the efficacy of the DC/tumor fusion vaccine. An adenovirus encoding human TGF-β receptor type II fused to the Fc region of human IgM (Adv-TGF-β-R) or a control adenovirus encoding LacZ (Adv-LacZ) was used to express a soluble form of the neutralizing TGF-β receptor (TGF-β-R). Murine breast carcinoma cells, 4T1, but not bone marrow-derived DCs, were successfully transfected with Adv-TGF-β-R (4T1+Adv-TGF-β-R) using a multiplicity of infection of 300. Immunization with irradiated 4T1+Adv-TGF-β-R tumor cells conferred enhanced antitumor immunity compared with immunization with irradiated 4T1+Adv-LacZ tumor cells. The DC/4T1+Adv-TGF-β-R fusion vaccine offered enhanced protective and therapeutic efficacy compared with the DC/4T1-Adv-LacZ fusion vaccine. Because TGF-β is known to induce regulatory T cells (Tregs), we further showed that the DC/4T1+Adv-TGF-β-R fusion vaccine induced fewer CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs than the DC/4T1+Adv-LacZ fusion vaccine in vitro and in vivo. The suppressive role of splenic CD4+CD25+ Tregs isolated from mice immunized with DC/4T1+Adv-LacZ was demonstrated using a CTL killing assay. Similar enhanced therapeutic efficacy was observed in murine renal cell carcinoma, RenCa, which expresses a high level of TGF-β. We conclude that the blockade of tumor-derived TGF-β reduces Treg induction by the DC/tumor fusion vaccine and enhances antitumor immunity. This may be an effective strategy to enhance human DC-based antitumor vaccines.
Consensus Tracking of Multi-Agent Systems With Lipschitz-Type Node Dynamics and Switching Topologies

Distributed consensus tracking is addressed in this paper for multi-agent systems with Lipschitz-type node dynamics. The main contribution of this work is solving the consensus tracking problem without the assumption that the topology among followers is strongly connected and fixed. By using tools from M-matrix theory, a class of consensus tracking protocols based only on the relative states among neighboring agents is designed. By appropriately constructing Lyapunov function, it is proved that consensus tracking in the closed-loop multi-agent systems with a fixed topology having a directed spanning tree can be achieved if the feedback gain matrix and the coupling strength are suitably selected. Furthermore, with the assumption that each possible topology contains a directed spanning tree, it is theoretically shown that consensus tracking under switching directed topologies can be achieved if the control parameters are suitably selected and the dwell time is larger than a positive threshold. The results are then extended to the case where the communication topology contains a directed spanning tree only frequently as the system evolves with time. Finally, some numerical simulations are given to verify the theoretical analysis.
Computational Modeling of Face Recognition Based on Psychophysical Experiments

Recent results from psychophysical studies are discussed which clearly show that face processing is not only holistic. Humans do encode face parts (component information) in addition to information about the spatial interrelationship of facial features (global configural information). Based on these findings we propose a computational architecture of face recognition, which implements a component and configural route for encoding and recognizing faces. Modeling results showed a striking similarity between human psychophysical data and the computational model. In addition, we could show that our framework is able to achieve good recognition performance even under large view rotations. Thus, our study is an example of how an interdisciplinary approach can provide a deeper understanding of cognitive processes and lead to further insights in human psychophysics as well as computer vision.
Anatomical Variations in the Insertion of the Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus Tendon

Background: Multiple pathologies are associated with the peroneus longus tendon including traumatic injury, tendinitis, tenosynovitis, dislocation, acute rupture, chronic tear, and avulsion fractures. While the description of insertion points for the peroneus longus tendon exists in numerous texts and articles, none are consistent in describing the incidence of variation of the insertional slips. Methods: Dissection was performed on the feet of 30 adult, embalmed cadaver limbs disarticulated at the knee and ankle joint. Results: All 30 specimens had a consistent attachment to the base of the first metatarsal by a strong band. A slip to the medial cuneiform was observed in 26 specimens (86.6%). The anterior and posterior frenular ligaments were present in 25 (83.3%) and four (13.3%) specimens, respectively. Another thick and strong fibrous band, termed additional band (AB), was observed close to the metatarsocuneiform joint in nine specimens (30%). Additional slips to the neck of first metatarsal, bases of second, fourth, and fifth metatarsals also were noted. Conclusions: We have described the incidences of variations of the insertion of the peroneus longus tendon and an additional band, which gives rise to various muscles. Clinical Relevance: The results of this study may be important to better understand the symptoms associated with peroneus longus tendon pathologies and the role played by the peroneus longus tendon in maintaining the arch of the foot.