Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Annotation: Development of facial expression recognition from childhood to adolescence: behavioural and neurological perspectives.

BACKGROUND Intact emotion processing is critical for normal emotional development. Recent advances in neuroimaging have facilitated the examination of brain development, and have allowed for the exploration of the relationships between the development of emotion processing abilities, and that of associated neural systems. METHODS A literature review was performed of published studies examining the development of emotion expression recognition in normal children and psychiatric populations, and of the development of neural systems important for emotion processing. RESULTS Few studies have explored the development of emotion expression recognition throughout childhood and adolescence. Behavioural studies suggest continued development throughout childhood and adolescence (reflected by accuracy scores and speed of processing), which varies according to the category of emotion displayed. Factors such as sex, socio-economic status, and verbal ability may also affect this development. Functional neuroimaging studies in adults highlight the role of the amygdala in emotion processing. Results of the few neuroimaging studies in children have focused on the role of the amygdala in the recognition of fearful expressions. Although results are inconsistent, they provide evidence throughout childhood and adolescence for the continued development of and sex differences in amygdalar function in response to fearful expressions. Studies exploring emotion expression recognition in psychiatric populations of children and adolescents suggest deficits that are specific to the type of disorder and to the emotion displayed. CONCLUSIONS Results from behavioural and neuroimaging studies indicate continued development of emotion expression recognition and neural regions important for this process throughout childhood and adolescence. Methodological inconsistencies and disparate findings make any conclusion difficult, however. Further studies are required examining the relationship between the development of emotion expression recognition and that of underlying neural systems, in particular subcortical and prefrontal cortical structures. These will inform understanding of the neural bases of normal and abnormal emotional development, and aid the development of earlier interventions for children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders.
An Attributional Approach to Accounts and Sanctions for Criminal Violence

Accounts for criminal homicide and assaultare E~xamined from the standpoint of attribution theory. An excuse is conceptualized as a claim by an offender of low personal causation while a justificatiol is conceptualized as giving reasons for intentional action. While an excust~ is an attempt by an offender to align himself with the social order by divorcing himself from his actions, a justification is an attempt by an offender to align himself with some other norm than the one he violated. Justifications are the most frequent account given by offenders for these offenses. Both the nature of the offense and strategic considerations appear to affect the type of account given. Sanctions are most severe when offenders deny their guilt and least severe when they admit guilt without providing an account, suggesting that the more blame an offender accepts the less severe the sanction. Unlike accounts for minor infractions, accounts for criminal homicide and assault appear to suggest a lack of penitence and thereby increase the severi ty of sanctioning. However, accounts have less impact on sanctioning for these seriousoffenses than they do for minor infractions. An Attributional Approach to Accounts and Sanctions for Criminal Violence When a person is observed engaging in a deviant act, whether it is a minor infraction of a conversational rule or a serious violation of law, he is called upon to give an account or explanation of his behavior (Scott and Lyman, 1968). This gives the offender the opportunity to engage il" remedial work (Goffman, 1971) if he wishes in order to alter the meaning or interpretation of his actions before the audience passes judgement. An account may involve an excuse, in which the offender admits the act is wrong but denies full responsibility, or a justification, in which the offender accepts responsibility for the act but denies it is wrong (Scott and Lyman, 1968). Excuses and justifications can also be described in attributional terms. Specifically, an excuse is a denial of personal causation, i.e., a denial by the offender that he caused or intended the act. For example, an offender might claim that a homicide was an accident, or that he did not have full control of his bodily actions because he was intoxicated. When offenders provide justifications, on the other hand, they admit personal causation for their behavior. Here, an offender provides reasons fOL his action rather than causes (Buss, 1978). The actor attempts to make rational or intelligible his action vis-a-vis some norm of proper conduct. The justification implies that the act is not wrong in the present context, or at least is not as reprehensible as it appears, because of some over-riding norm, value or authority. For example, an offender may attempt to justify a homicide by citing the norm of self-defense. The reference to norms may also be indirect, e.g., when the offender claims "he insulted me", implying the norm of reciprocity.
Aging Reduces Skeletal Blood Flow, Endothelium‐Dependent Vasodilation, and NO Bioavailability in Rats

We determined whether aging diminishes bone blood flow and impairs endothelium‐dependent vasodilation. Femoral perfusion was lower in old animals, as well as endothelium‐dependent vasodilation and NO bioavailability. These effects could contribute to old age—related bone loss and the increased risk of fracture.
Does Team Culture Matter? Roles of Team Culture and Collective Regulatory Focus in Team Task and Creative Performance

Despite the vast amount of research on the antecedents of team performance, the role of subcultures in team contexts has only received scant attention. This study investigates the relationships between different types of team culture and team performance. Team-level analyses conducted on the leaders and members of 104 teams revealed a significant association between internal process team culture and team task performance, as well as a marginally significant relationship between human relations team culture and team task performance. Furthermore, team prevention focus mediated the relationships between internal process and human relations team cultures and team task performance. Team promotion focus mediated the relationship between open system team culture and team creative performance. These findings offer new insights regarding team culture, collective regulatory focus, and team performance.
Neural control of submucosal gland and apical membrane secretions in airways

The mechanisms that lay behind the low‐level secretions from airway submucosal glands and the surface epithelium in the absence of external innervation have been investigated in small areas (1.0–1.5 cm2) of mucosa from sheep tracheas, freshly collected from a local abattoir. Glandular secretion was measured by an optical method while short circuit current was used as a measure of surface secretion. Activation of neurones in the intrinsic nerve net by veratrine alkaloids caused an immediate increase in both glandular secretion and short circuit current, both effects being blocked by the addition of tetrodotoxin. However, agents known to be acting directly on the glands, such as muscarinic agonists (e.g., carbachol) or adenylate cyclase activators (e.g., forskolin) were not influenced by tetrodotoxin. The toxin alone had no discernable effect on the low‐level basal secretion shown by unstimulated glands. Calu‐3 cell monolayers, generally agreed to be a surrogate for the secretory cells of submucosal glands, showed no sensitivity to veratrine alkaloids, strengthening the view that the veratrine‐like drugs acted exclusively on the intrinsic nerve net. The data are discussed in relation way in which transplanted lungs can maintain mucociliary clearance and hence a sterile environment in the absence of external innervation, as in transplanted lungs.
Assessment of Cytoplasm Conductivity by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields

The aim of this paper is to propose a new method for the better assessment of cytoplasm conductivity, which is critical to the development of electroporation protocols as well as insight into fundamental mechanisms underlying electroporation. For this goal, we propose to use nanosecond electrical pulses to bypass the complication of membrane polarization and a single cell to avoid the complication of the application of the “mixing formulas. ” Further, by suspending the cell in a low-conductivity medium, it is possible to force most of the sensing current through the cytoplasm for a more direct assessment of its conductivity. For proof of principle, the proposed technique was successfully demonstrated on a Jurkat cell by comparing the measured and modeled currents. The cytoplasm conductivity was best assessed at 0.32 S/m and it is in line with the literature. The cytoplasm conductivity plays a key role in the understanding of the basis mechanism of the electroporation phenomenon, and in particular, a large error in the cytoplasm conductivity determination could result in a correspondingly large error in predicting electroporation. Methods for a good estimation of such parameter become fundamental.
Thirlwall’s Law and Palley’s Pitfalls: A Reconsideration

This valuable and engaging new book bears eloquent testimony to A.P. Thirlwall’s substantial contribution to economics over the last 40 years. The volume does not attempt to provide a comprehensive review of such a prolific figure, but rather demonstrates the considerable influence that his work on economic theory has had on his contemporaries, and the profession as a whole.
Characteristic features of 20 patients with Sheehan's syndrome

Sheehan's syndrome occurs as a result of ischemic pituitary necrosis due to severe postpartum hemorrhage. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical characteristics of Sheehan's syndrome in 20 patients (mean age 60.15 ± 3.41 years) with typical obstetric history. The mean duration between time of diagnosis and date of the last delivery was 26.82 ± 2.52 years (range 2–40 years). All patients had a history of massive hemorrhage at delivery and physical signs of Sheehan's syndrome. Fourteen patients (70.0%) lacked postpartum milk production and did not menstruate following delivery. Baseline and stimulated anterior pituitary hormone levels were measured in all patients. According to the hormonal values, 18 (90.0%) patients had secondary hypothyroidism, 11 (55.0%) had adrenal failure and all of them had hypogonadism, prolactin and growth hormone deficiency. Hyponatremia was present in seven patients (35.0%). Total or partially empty sella was revealed in all patients by magnetic resonance imaging. Diabetes insipidus was not found in any patient. We found that lack of lactation in the postpartum period and early menopause seemed the most important clues for diagnosis of Sheehan's syndrome, and inadequate prolactin and gonadotropin responses to stimulation tests were the most sensitive diagnostic signs in patients with severe postpartum hemorrhage.
Summary function elasticity analysis for an individual-based System Dynamics model

While eigenvalue elasticity analysis can offer insights into System Dynamics model behavior, such analysis is complicated, unwieldy and infeasible for larger models due to superlinear growth of the number of eigenvalue-parameter as the number of stocks rises. To overcome these difficulties, we develop a summary function elasticity analysis method, which aids in analyzing the impact of a parameter on some global summary of the system state. A summary function defines a scalar field over state space summarizing the global state of a system. Summary function elasticity with respect to a parameter measures the ratio of the proportional change in the function to the proportional change in a parameter. We use an individual-based viral spread model to demonstrate that this new method offers greater simplicity than eigenvalue elasticity analysis while retaining most of its advantages. This method can be readily scaled to analyze impacts of parameters on larger-scale System Dynamics models.
Lexical is as lexical does: computational approaches to lexical representation

In much of neuroimaging and neuropsychology, regions of the brain have been associated with ‘lexical representation’, with little consideration as to what this cognitive construct actually denotes. Within current computational models of word recognition, there are a number of different approaches to the representation of lexical knowledge. Structural lexical representations, found in original theories of word recognition, have been instantiated in modern localist models. However, such a representational scheme lacks neural plausibility in terms of economy and flexibility. Connectionist models have therefore adopted distributed representations of form and meaning. Semantic representations in connectionist models necessarily encode lexical knowledge. Yet when equipped with recurrent connections, connectionist models can also develop attractors for familiar forms that function as lexical representations. Current behavioural, neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence shows a clear role for semantic information, but also suggests some modality- and task-specific lexical representations. A variety of connectionist architectures could implement these distributed functional representations, and further experimental and simulation work is required to discriminate between these alternatives. Future conceptualisations of lexical representations will therefore emerge from a synergy between modelling and neuroscience.
Semantic Control of Feature Extraction from Natural Scenes

In the early stages of image analysis, visual cortex represents scenes as spatially organized maps of locally defined features (e.g., edge orientation). As image reconstruction unfolds and features are assembled into larger constructs, cortex attempts to recover semantic content for object recognition. It is conceivable that higher level representations may feed back onto early processes and retune their properties to align with the semantic structure projected by the scene; however, there is no clear evidence to either support or discard the applicability of this notion to the human visual system. Obtaining such evidence is challenging because low and higher level processes must be probed simultaneously within the same experimental paradigm. We developed a methodology that targets both levels of analysis by embedding low-level probes within natural scenes. Human observers were required to discriminate probe orientation while semantic interpretation of the scene was selectively disrupted via stimulus inversion or reversed playback. We characterized the orientation tuning properties of the perceptual process supporting probe discrimination; tuning was substantially reshaped by semantic manipulation, demonstrating that low-level feature detectors operate under partial control from higher level modules. The manner in which such control was exerted may be interpreted as a top-down predictive strategy whereby global semantic content guides and refines local image reconstruction. We exploit the novel information gained from data to develop mechanistic accounts of unexplained phenomena such as the classic face inversion effect.
Neuroprotective Effects of Meloxicam and Selegiline in Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a gradual decline in memory associated with shrinkage of brain tissue, with localized loss of neurons mainly in the hippocampus and basal forebrain, with diminished level of central cholinergic neurotransmitter-acetylcholine and also reported to be associated with accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in neuronal inclusions and also with signs of inflammation. In these disorders, the abnormal protein aggregates may themselves trigger the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). In the present study, the effects of Meloxicam, Selegiline, and coadministration of these drugs on scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairments in mice were investigated. Rectangular maze test, Morris water maze test, Locomotor activity, and Pole climbing test were conducted to evaluate the learning and memory parameters. Various biochemical parameters such as acetylcholinesterase(AChE), TBARS assay, catalase activity, and DPPH assay were also assessed. The present study demonstrates that Meloxicam, Selegiline, and co-administration of these test drugs had potential therapeutic effects on improving the antiamnesic activity in mice through inhibiting lipid peroxidation, augmenting endogenous antioxidant enzymes, and decreasing acetylcholinesterase activity in brain. The memory enhancing capacity of the drugs was very significant when compared to disease control (P < 0.001).
Global Neural Pattern Similarity as a Common Basis for Categorization and Recognition Memory

Familiarity, or memory strength, is a central construct in models of cognition. In previous categorization and long-term memory research, correlations have been found between psychological measures of memory strength and activation in the medial temporal lobes (MTLs), which suggests a common neural locus for memory strength. However, activation alone is insufficient for determining whether the same mechanisms underlie neural function across domains. Guided by mathematical models of categorization and long-term memory, we develop a theory and a method to test whether memory strength arises from the global similarity among neural representations. In human subjects, we find significant correlations between global similarity among activation patterns in the MTLs and both subsequent memory confidence in a recognition memory task and model-based measures of memory strength in a category learning task. Our work bridges formal cognitive theories and neuroscientific models by illustrating that the same global similarity computations underlie processing in multiple cognitive domains. Moreover, by establishing a link between neural similarity and psychological memory strength, our findings suggest that there may be an isomorphism between psychological and neural representational spaces that can be exploited to test cognitive theories at both the neural and behavioral levels.
Performance and energy efficiency analysis of 64-bit ARM using GAMESS

Power efficiency is one of the key challenges facing the HPC co-design community, sparking interest in the ARM processor architecture as a low-power high-efficiency alternative to the high-powered systems that dominate today. Recent advances in the ARM architecture, including the introduction of 64-bit support, have only fueled more interest in ARM. While ARM-based clusters have proven to be useful for data server applications, their viability for HPC applications requires an in-depth analysis of on-node and inter-node performance. To that end, as a co-design exercise, the viability of a commercially available 64-bit ARM cluster is investigated in terms of performance and energy efficiency with the widely used quantum chemistry package GAMESS. The performance and energy efficiency metrics are also compared to a conventional x86 Intel Ivy Bridge system. A 2:1 Moonshot core to Ivy Bridge core performance ratio is observed for the GAMESS calculation types considered. Doubling the number of cores to complete the execution faster on the 64-bit ARM cluster leads to better energy efficiency compared to the Ivy Bridge system; i.e., a 32-core execution of GAMESS calculation has approximately the same performance and better energy-to-solution than a 16-core execution of the same calculation on the Ivy Bridge system.
The cytotoxic activity of rabbit immune globulin prepared from tissue cultures of human skin and whole human placenta.

The preparation of rabbit immune globulins from tissue cultures of human skin cells and whole human placenta is described. An assay of the cytopathogenic effect of the anti-skin immune globulin demonstrated a profound activity against human cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin. No effect on mouse liver epithelium and mouse subcutaneous (strain L) cells was found. A selective cytotoxicity was demonstrated by the anti-placental immune globulin in vitro. Only fibroblast-like cells were destroyed in cultures of mixed cells arising from skin. The cytotoxic activity of anti-skin globulin could be effectively inhibited by the presence of chicken plasma or pooled, frozen, human serum.
Growing genetic regulatory networks from seed genes

MOTIVATION A number of models have been proposed for genetic regulatory networks. In principle, a network may contain any number of genes, so long as data are available to make inferences about their relationships. Nevertheless, there are two important reasons why the size of a constructed network should be limited. Computationally and mathematically, it is more feasible to model and simulate a network with a small number of genes. In addition, it is more likely that a small set of genes maintains a specific core regulatory mechanism. RESULTS Subnetworks are constructed in the context of a directed graph by beginning with a seed consisting of one or more genes believed to participate in a viable subnetwork. Functionalities and regulatory relationships among seed genes may be partially known or they may simply be of interest. Given the seed, we iteratively adjoin new genes in a manner that enhances subnetwork autonomy. The algorithm is applied using both the coefficient of determination and the Boolean-function influence among genes, and it is illustrated using a glioma gene-expression dataset. AVAILABILITY Software for the seed-growing algorithm will be available at the website for Probabilistic Boolean Networks: http://www2.mdanderson. org/app/ilya/PBN/PBN.htm
The Association of Adenocarcinoma and Hemosputum in Pulmonary Malignancies

Background: Hemosputum was considered one of the popular symptoms of patients with centrally located carcinoma of the lung, especially squamous cell or small cell type. Recent studies reported a relative increase in adenocarcinoma compared with squamous cell carcinoma, especially in developed countries. Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to determine the trend of histological type associated with the occurrence of hemosputum in patients with pulmonary malignancy. Methods: Retrospectively, the data from 1,050 patients with pulmonary malignancy who underwent bronchoendoscopic examination at our institution between May 1993 and May 2000 were analyzed. Results: One hundred and forty-nine out of 1,050 patients had hemosputum. There were 66 patients with adenocarcinoma, 55 with squamous cell carcinoma, 15 with small cell carcinoma, 5 with large cell carcinoma, 3 with other cell type carcinoma and 5 with metastatic carcinoma. On bronchoendoscopic examination, abnormal findings in the segmental or more proximal bronchi were found in 82 patients, including 36 with squamous cell carcinoma, 31 with adenocarcinoma, 12 with small cell carcinoma, 2 with large cell carcinoma and 1 with metastatic carcinoma. On the other hand, 67 patients were diagnosed with pulmonary malignancy in the subsegmental or more distal area, including 35 with adenocarcinoma, 19 with squamous cell carcinoma, 3 with small cell carcinoma, 3 with large cell carcinoma, 3 with other cell type carcinoma and 4 with metastatic carcinoma. Conclusions: The most frequent histological type of malignancy with hemosputum was adenocarcinoma. The number of abnormalities in the peripheral region with hemosputum showed a progressive increase. The number of adenocarcinoma with hemosputum was increased in both central and peripheral regions.