Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does migration affect education of girls and young women in Tajikistan

We study how migration affects education of girls in Tajikistan—the poorest post-Soviet state and one of the most remittance-dependent economies in the world. Using data from a threewave household panel survey conducted in 2007, 2009, and 2011, we find that the effect of migration on girls’ school attendance differs markedly by age. School attendance of young girls (ages 7–11) improves when either parents or sibling migrate, as well as when the household starts receiving remittances. In contrast, school attendance of teenage girls (ages 12–17) falls when siblings migrate, while parental migration and remittances have no effect. Having a grandmother as the head of household after parents (typically fathers) migrate improves school attendance of young and teenage girls, but reduces school attendance of young women (ages 18–22). We also find that in localities where the share of migrants is already high, an increase in the share of migrant households is associated with an increase in the marriage rate. Our results support various channels through which emigration of household members may affect girls’ and young women’s education: relaxation of budget constraints, increase in household work, change in the head of household, and pressure to marry early. Overall, our study suggests that the net effect of migration on girls’ schooling turns from positive to negative with girls’ age; this implies that migration may be detrimental to women’s empowerment in Tajikistan and casts doubts on whether migration is an appropriate long-term development strategy for this country.
Clinical and Angiographic Follow-up of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Treated with Endovascular Embolization

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular embolization is a well-established treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms, but concern about its long-term stability and its ability to prevent rehemorrhage are still present. We evaluated the long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up of patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms treated with coiling, focusing on rehemorrhage and changes in aneurysm morphologic features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 377 patients with ruptured aneurysms that were treated with endovascular approaches at our institution between 1994 and 2008 were reviewed. Clinical and angiographic data were analyzed from a prospectively collected data base. RESULTS: There were 377 patients with 391 ruptured aneurysms treated for 14 years. Good outcome (Glasgow Outcome Score [GOS], 5) was achieved in 74% of patients, moderate disability or poor outcome in 18%, and 8.8% died. Permanent morbidity or mortality from procedural complications occurred in 2.9%. Complete follow-up was available for 85% of surviving patients, with mean follow-up of 22.3 months. Re-treatment was required in 11% (31 patients). Eight (2.1%) patients had rebleeding, 6 (1.6%) in the hospital within 30 days of treatment, 5 in the first 48 hours. Follow-up imaging was available in 276 aneurysms in 270 patients. Recanalization occurred in 56 of 276 aneurysms (20.3%) regardless of the initial angiographic result, but the risk was higher if a body remnant was left (χ2, 11.791; P = .0006). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up demonstrates the efficacy of endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Rebleeding after treatment is rare, with the greatest risk during the first 48 hours after treatment. Initial angiographic results are not a useful predictor of clinical outcome or rehemorrhage.
Enalaprilat in acute intractable heart failure after myocardial infarction: A prospective, consecutive sample, before‐after trial

ObjectiveTo evaluate the acute effects of intravenous enalaprilat infusion in critically ill patients with intractable heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. DesignProspective, consecutive sample, before-after trial. SettingMedical intensive care unit in a university hospital. PatientsEight consecutive patients with intractable acute heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. All study patients continued receiving inotropic, vasodilating, and diuretic medication at a constant rate. Six patients received steady intermittent mandatory ventilation and two patients were on a continuous positive airway pressure mask during the investigation, all with constant positive end-expiratory pressure. Heart failure was defined as intractable if the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure remained >20 mm Hg despite this conventional therapy. InterventionsEnalaprilat was infused at a rate of 1 mg/hr until the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure decreased by ≥20%. Measurements and Main ResultsCentral hemodynamics, oxygenation, and hormonal regulation (plasma renin activity, plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, endothelin, atrial natriuretic peptide, and vasopressin concentrations, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, and serum concentrations of aldosterone) were assessed at baseline before enalaprilat infusion, and repeatedly during 2 hrs after the infusion. The statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance for repeated measurements. Enalaprilat infusion (median dose 0.3 mg and infusion time 21 mins) caused significant but short-lasting decreases in pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (p= .007), mean arterial pressure (p= .003), mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and rate pressure product. These findings coincided with inhibition of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, an increase in plasma renin activity, and a decrease in plasma endothelin concentrations (p = .041). Enalaprilat had no significant effects on the other hormones studied. Cardiac output and stroke volume index, venous admixture, oxygen extraction ratio, and mixed venous and arterial oxygen saturations remained unchanged. ConclusionsAdding enalaprilat to conventional therapy makes it possible to transiently relieve pulmonary congestion while maintaining cardiac function and systemic oxygenation. The decrease in plasma endothelin concentrations may have further clinical implications, because endothelin is known to have potent vasoconstricting effects on the coronary circulation and it may also contribute to the extension of myocardial infarction. Whether these observed benefits can be maintained with repeated bolus injections or with continuous m-fusion of enalaprilat, remains to be settled. (Crit Care Med 1994; 22:965–973)
Improved antidictionary based compression

The compression of binary texts using antidictionaries is a novel technique based on the fact that some substrings (called "antifactors") never appear in the text. Let sb be an antifactor where b is its last bit. Every time s appears in the text we know that the next bit is b~ and hence omit its representation. Since building the set of all antifactors is space consuming at compression time, it is customary to limit the maximum length of antifactors considered up to a constant k. Larger k yields better compression of the text but requires more space at compression time. In this paper we introduce the notion of almost antifactors, which are strings that rarely appear in the text. More formally, almost antifactors are strings that, if we consider them as antifactors and separately code their occurrences as exceptions, the compression ratio improves. We show that almost antifactors permit improving compression with a limited amount of main memory to compress. Our experiments show that they obtain the same compression of the classical algorithm using only 30%-55% of its memory space.
Increased Intimal Hyperplasia and Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Transgenic Mice With Heparan Sulfate–Deficient Perlecan

Abstract— Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is a critical process in vascular disease. Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans inhibit SMC growth, but the role of endogenous counterparts in the vessel wall in control of SMC function is not known in detail. Perlecan is the major HS proteoglycans in SMC basement membranes and in vessel wall extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, transgenic mice with HS-deficient perlecan were analyzed with respect to vascular phenotype and intimal lesion formation. Furthermore, SMC cultures were established and characterized with respect to morphology, immunocytochemical features, proteoglycan synthesis, proliferative capacity, and ECM binding of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). In vitro, mutant SMCs formed basement membranes with perlecan core protein, but with decreased levels of HS, they showed diminished secretion of HS-containing perlecan into the medium and a defective ECM-binding capacity of FGF-2. In vitro, mutant SMCs showed increased proliferation compared with wild-type cells, and in vivo, enhanced SMC proliferation and intimal hyperplasia were observed after flow cessation of the carotid artery in mutant mice. The results indicate that the endogenous HS side-chains of perlecan contribute to SMC growth control both in vitro and during intimal hyperplasia, possibly by sequestering heparin-binding mitogens such as FGF-2.
Transfer of Antigen-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Induces Specific T-Cell Proliferation and a Therapeutic Effect against Long-Term Helicobacter pylori Infection in Mice

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori causes persistent infection of the stomach and results in chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers. Jaws II cells, derived from mouse bone marrow, were pulsed with live or formalin-killed or whole-cell sonicates (WCS) of H. pylori. Representative cell surface molecules were expressed at substantial levels on Jaws II cells, indicating that appropriate maturation of the cells was achieved with the three H. pylori antigens without any significant differences. H. pylori WCS-pulsed Jaws II cells secreted a significant amount of tumor necrosis factor alpha into the culture supernatant. The naïve T cells exposed to the WCS-pulsed Jaws II cells showed significant proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in vitro. A 2-log reduction in the number of colonizing bacteria was observed in the mice treated with the WCS-pulsed Jaws II cells; however, no significant reductions were achieved in mice treated with Jaws II cells pulsed with other H. pylori antigens. Up-regulated production of IFN-γ and IL-10 was observed in the stomachs of the mice treated with the WCS-pulsed Jaws II cells, which is consistent with the result obtained in vitro. There were no differences in gastritis scores or H. pylori-specific antibody titers among the mice treated with Jaws II cells pulsed with the three different H. pylori antigens. The results suggest that Th1 cell-mediated immunity in combination with Th2 cell-mediated immunity plays a role in reducing colonizing bacterial numbers in mice with chronic H. pylori infections.
Solvent‐induced organization: A physical model of folding myoglobin

The essential features of the in vitro refolding of myoglobin are expressed in a solvable physical model. Alpha helices are taken as the fundamental collective coordinates of the system, while the refolding is assumed to be mainly driven by solvent‐induced hydrophobic forces. A quantitative model of these forces is developed and compared with experimental and theoretical results. The model is then tested by being employed in a simulation scheme designed to mimic solvent effects. Realistic dynamic trajectories of myoglobin are shown as it folds from an extended conformation to a close approximation of the native state. Various suggestive features of the process are discussed. The tenets of the model are further tested by folding the single‐chain plant protein leghemoglobin. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental Anomalies in Children Born with Clefts: A Case-Control Study

Objective To determine the presence of specific patterns of dental defects in a group of individuals born with clefts. Design Case-control. Setting Nossa Senhora do Loreto Municipal Hospital and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Pediatric Dentistry Clinics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Patients 642 radiographic and clinical records were evaluated for 321 cases and 321 controls. Results Individuals born with clefts presented considerably more dental anomalies in comparison with controls (p = .0001). The most frequent was tooth agenesis (n = 53; p = .001), followed by supernumerary teeth (n = 14; p = .11) and tooth malposition (n = 11; p = .33). Regarding tooth agenesis, the upper lateral incisors were more frequently absent in the cleft group (31/86), and control individuals presented more agenesis of the mandibular second premolars (19/45). Conclusions The higher prevalence of dental anomalies, especially number anomalies, opposite the cleft area, in individuals born with cleft lip and/or palate is the most common associated dental anomaly outside the cleft area.
Evolving Diverse Collective Behaviors Independent of Swarm Density

There are multiple different ways of implementing artificial evolution of collective behaviors. Besides a classical offline evolution approach, there is, for example, the option of environment-driven distributed evolutionary adaptation in the form of an artificial ecology [2] and more generally there is the approach of embodied evolution [1,3,6]. Another recently reported approach is the application of novelty search to swarm robotics [5]. In the following, we report an extension of the approach of [7]. The underlying concept is an information-theoretic analogon to thermodynamic (Helmholtz) free energy [8]. The assumption is that the brain is permanently trying to predict future perceptions and that minimizing the prediction error is basically inherent to brains. This is defined by the 'free-energy principle' of [4]. The struggle for prediction success requires a complementary force that represents curiosity and exploration. In this abstract we present an extended method called diverse-prediction that rewards not only for correct predictions but also for each visited sensory state. This proves to be a better approach compared to the method prediction that was reported before[7].
Almost strongly minimal theories. I

In [1] the notions of strongly minimal formula and algebraic closure were applied to the study of ℵ1-categorical theories. In this paper we study a particularly simple class of ℵ1-categorical theories. We characterize this class in terms of the analysis of the Stone space of models of T given by Morley [3]. We assume familiarity with [1] and [3], but for convenience we list the principal results and definitions from those papers which are used here. Our notation is the same as in [1] with the following exceptions. We deal with a countable first order language L. We may extend the language L in several ways. If is an L-structure, there is a natural extension of L obtained by adjoining to L a constant a for each (the universe of ). For each sentence A(a1, …, an) ∈ L(A) we say satisfies A(a1, …, an) and write if in Shoenfield's notation If is an L-structure and X is a subset of , then L(X) is the language obtained by adjoining to L a name x for each is the natural expansion of to an L(X)-structure. A structure is an inessential expansion [4, p. 141] of an L-structure if for some .
An Experimental Comparison of the Effectiveness of Branch Testing and Data Flow Testing

An experiment comparing the effectiveness of the all-uses and all-edges test data adequacy criteria is discussed. The experiment was designed to overcome some of the deficiencies of previous software testing experiments. A large number of test sets was randomly generated for each of nine subject programs with subtle errors. For each test set, the percentages of executable edges and definition-use associations covered were measured, and it was determined whether the test set exposed an error. Hypothesis testing was used to investigate whether all-uses adequate test sets are more likely to expose errors than are all-edges adequate test sets. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate whether the probability that a test set exposes an error increases as the percentage of definition-use associations or edges covered by it increases. Error exposing ability was shown to be strongly positively correlated to percentage of covered definition-use associations in only four of the nine subjects. Error exposing ability was also shown to be positively correlated to the percentage of covered edges in four different subjects, but the relationship was weaker. >
Fluoride Therapy for Vertébral Osteoporosis

Vertébral osteoporosis is characterized by a prédominant atrophy of spongy bone inducing non-traumatic vertébral fractures. Because a low bone mass is the major déterminant of fracture risk, the idéal therapy for established vertébral osteoporosis should increase trabecular bone mass substantially, thereby decreasing the risk of new crush fractures. This idéal treatment should also be capable of restoring the normal architecture of bone in order to maintain its mechanical properties. Treatments acting by decreasing bone résorption can maintain existing bone mass or protect spongy bone architecture, but cannot substantially increase bone mass in order to decrease the occurrence of new vertébral fractures. Of the antiresorptive drugs, calcitonin has never been shown capable of reducing vertébral fracture rate in established osteoporosis, and the promising results recently obtained with an intermittent cyclical treatment with etidronate given for 2 years in osteoporosis (1) hâve not been confïrmed by a follow-up of 346 patients during the third year of treatment with the drug. In contrast, regimens that stimulate bone formation hâve the potential of increasing bone mass, and fluoride is one of the most effective of thèse regimens because of its ability to increase the osteoblast cell population. Fluoride was proposed as a curative therapy for vertébral crush fracture syndrome 30 years ago, and this idea was suggested by the massive increase in trabecular bone density ofthe axial skeleton that characterizes skeletal fluorosis radiologically and the low prevalence of osteoporosis in areas with moderately high fluoride concentrations in drinking water. Since 1961, several prospective open studies hâve shown that fluoride salts (sodium fluoride or monofluorophosphate) are effective in increasing trabecular bone mass. This was shown first by radiological techniques, then by histomorphometric analysis of iliac bone biopsies, and by measurements of the minerai bone density of the axial skeleton using dual photon absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography, or neutron activation analysis. The stimulating effect on bone formation was confïrmed by the increase in sérum osteocalcin levels. Thèse data led to a gênerai agreement that sodium fluoride, combined with adéquate calcium supplementation, has an anabolic effect on vertébral bone mass, and fluoride therapy has been approved for the treatment of established vertébral osteoporosis in nine European countries (Aus-
Multivesicular Body Formation Requires OSBP–Related Proteins and Cholesterol

In eukaryotes, different subcellular organelles have distinct cholesterol concentrations, which is thought to be critical for biological functions. Oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins (ORPs) have been assumed to mediate nonvesicular cholesterol trafficking in cells; however, their in vivo functions and therefore the biological significance of cholesterol in each organelle are not fully understood. Here, by generating deletion mutants of ORPs in Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that ORPs are required for the formation and function of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). In an RNAi enhancer screen using obr quadruple mutants (obr-1; -2; -3; -4), we found that MVB–related genes show strong genetic interactions with the obr genes. In obr quadruple mutants, late endosomes/lysosomes are enlarged and membrane protein degradation is retarded, although endocytosed soluble proteins are normally delivered to lysosomes and degraded. We also found that the cholesterol content of late endosomes/lysosomes is reduced in the mutants. In wild-type worms, cholesterol restriction induces the formation of enlarged late endosomes/lysosomes, as observed in obr quadruple mutants, and increases embryonic lethality upon knockdown of MVB–related genes. Finally, we show that knockdown of ORP1L, a mammalian ORP family member, induces the formation of enlarged MVBs in HeLa cells. Our in vivo findings suggest that the proper cholesterol level of late endosomes/lysosomes generated by ORPs is required for normal MVB formation and MVB–mediated membrane protein degradation.
Initial evaluation of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) as a vasopressor in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the hemodynamic effects and any toxicologic effects of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) in critically ill patients. DESIGN A prospective, observational study. SETTING A seven-bed intensive care unit (ICU) in a University teaching hospital. PATIENTS Fourteen critically ill patients requiring vasopressor therapy to maintain adequate mean arterial pressure (MAP). All patients had secondary organ dysfunction. INTERVENTIONS Administration of 100 mL boluses of 10% diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin, up to a maximum of 500 mL, given over 15 mins and separated by 60 to 90 mins. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hemodynamic parameters, norepinephrine and inotropic requirements, arterial and mixed venous blood gases, urine output, and biochemical and hematologic analyses were measured before diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin administration and at multiple time points up to 72 hrs. MAP was maintained at approximately preinfusion values and the reduction in norepinephrine requirements was used as the main end point to assess the efficacy of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin as a vasopressor. Diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin demonstrated a marked vasopressor action, allowing norepinephrine requirements to be reduced from 0.29 +/- 0.15 (SD) microgram/kg/min to 0.15 +/- 0.14 and 0.07 +/- 0.10 microgram/kg/min after the first (at 1.5 hrs, p < .001) and last (at 7.5 hrs, p < .0001) boluses, respectively. These reductions in norepinephrine requirements were maintained at 24, 48, and 72 hrs (p < .01 at all time points). These hemodynamic changes began within 5 mins of starting the diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin infusion. MAP, heart rate, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), systemic vascular resistance index, and urine output did not demonstrate any significant changes from preinfusion values. Pulmonary vascular resistance index increased at 7.5 hrs despite nonsignificant increases in MPAP. Cardiac index and oxygen delivery index decreased significantly at 7.5 hrs and 24 hrs. Total plasma bilirubin increased significantly from baseline at 24 and 48 hrs, before returning to baseline values within 5 days. Platelet count was significantly reduced at 6 and 24 hrs. No other biochemical or hematologic analyses were altered significantly post diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study demonstrated that diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin is a potent vasopressor agent in critically ill patients with septicemic shock or systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This vasopressor characteristic of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin may have future clinical applications.