Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does retrieval require effort? Effects of memory strength on pupil dilation

The current study investigates the relation between retrieval effort and the relative memory strength of mentally stored information. A previous pupillary study by Magliero (1983) showed that encoding effort reacts to the recency effect but no studies have linked effort as measured by pupillary dilation to the frequency effect. In the current study, phasic pupil dilation of 15 participants was measured and analyzed during retrieval tasks while they were learning topographical facts. The facts were studied once and tested during four repetitions in one of two repetition-interval conditions. We hypothesized that retrieval effort will decrease as the relative strength of a memory trace increases. This hypothesis accounts for recency effects as well as for frequency effects. Analysis of the phasic pupil response in the experiment shows a significant main effect for the repetition interval condition. Furthermore an interaction effect between the number of repetitions and repetition interval was found, indicating that the difference in effort between short and long repetition intervals decreased as the number of rehearsals increased. These findings largely confirm our hypotheses and the assumptions of theories that assume that increased retrieval effort increases learning gains.
Literature Review and Clinical Presentation of Cervical Spondylitis Due to Salmonella Enteritidis in Immunocompetent

A 48-year-old woman was presented to our clinic with some fever and neck pains for about one month. Based on the symptoms and results of image, an empirical diagnosis of tuberculous cervical spondylitis was made. The pain was not significantly decreased after anti-tuberculosis therapy. And, 3 weeks later, she was re-admitted to our hospital for the unbearable pain. An exploration of the C4/5 by the anterior medial approach was recommended to evaluate the germ and debridement. Bacteriological tests showed that the pathogen was Salmonella Enteritidis. The pain was relieved significantly after operation and sensitive antibiotic treatments. Infections with Salmonella Typhi or Salmonella Paratyphi have been well-documented, while there are few reports of cervical spondylitis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis. We reported a case of a healthy woman with whom pyogenic cervical spondylitis of Salmonella Enteritidis was corroborated and treated and reviewed according to previous reports about spondylitis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis in the literature.
Competency modeling research and practice in China: a literature review

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the current status of competency modeling in Chinese organizations, and explore approaches to further advancing related research and practice.Design/methodology/approach – A literature review method with a content analysis approach was adopted. Based on the pattern of the literature, a three‐level competency modeling framework was derived. It was then used to analyze the research and practice of competency modeling in China.Findings – The paper finds that Chinese literature has been focused on competencies for job qualifications. The practice in Chinese organizational setting has not achieved the strategic potential of competency modeling. Research on competency modeling has lagged behind the practice. Both research and practice pointed to the skills of human resource professionals as a critically component for strategic application of competency modeling.Research limitations/implications – The paper identifies three research‐to‐practice gaps and recommend.
Ice Age Terminations

Monsoon Cave Recordings Rocky deposits in caves in central China record the changes over time in the Asian Monsoon through the oxygen isotopic composition of the minerals from which they are formed. These deposits can be precisely dated and provide an absolute time line for climate system changes. Cheng et al. (p. 248; see the Perspective by Severinghaus) present oxygen isotope data from speleothems collected from Sanbao Cave, China, for the three glacial terminations that occurred between 120,000 and 350,000 years ago. The data reveal variations in the amount of precipitation delivered by the Asian Monsoon over time. Comparison of the timing of these changes with corresponding changes in ice core and marine sedimentary records provides mechanistic insights into how variations in insolation affect ice sheets and ice age terminations. Variability of the Asian Monsoon over the past 400,000 years correlates with the ends of glacial periods. 230Th-dated oxygen isotope records of stalagmites from Sanbao Cave, China, characterize Asian Monsoon (AM) precipitation through the ends of the third- and fourthmost recent ice ages. As a result, AM records for the past four glacial terminations can now be precisely correlated with those from ice cores and marine sediments, establishing the timing and sequence of major events. In all four cases, observations are consistent with a classic Northern Hemisphere summer insolation intensity trigger for an initial retreat of northern ice sheets. Meltwater and icebergs entering the North Atlantic alter oceanic and atmospheric circulation and associated fluxes of heat and carbon, causing increases in atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperatures that drive the termination in the Southern Hemisphere. Increasing CO2 and summer insolation drive recession of northern ice sheets, with probable positive feedbacks between sea level and CO2.
Fibronectin in the palatine tonsil as a susceptibility marker in Egyptian rheumatic families

Rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are the multisystem autoimmune sequel of group A streptococci (GAS) infection of the upper respiratory passages, mainly tonsillopharyngitis. The major receptor on the surface of human palatine tonsil for GAS is fibronectin (FN; adhesin receptor). Early detection of RF susceptibility is considered as an important aim of this study. Therefore, the present study aimed to use FN immunoreactivity (FN-ir) as a marker for early detection of rheumatic susceptible children with palatine tonsil crypts surface epithelium. A total of 30 palatine tonsillar specimens were obtained from children aged from 3 to 15 years. Histological studies showed moderate vascular changes and more than four apparent epithelial disruptions in the crypt epithelium. FN-ir showed a significant increase in FN in the basal layers of surface epithelium, subepithelial connective tissue and interfollicular areas. Tonsils of children in rheumatic families showed significant increase in FN in subepithelial connective tissue areas with more than one apparent crypt epithelial disruption compared to normal children. We can conclude that FN plays a central role in the RF and differentially distributed in the functional compartments of the palatine tonsil in children with RHD, so FN-ir can be used as a marker for rheumatic susceptibility.
Environmental policy instruments and their effects on innovation

The influence of environmental policy on innovative behaviour of companies has so far recieved little attention in scientific discourse. Based on recent literature, the paper analyses the impact of requirements, levies, permits, liability laws, and the EC-eco- audit regulation with respect to the generation of environmentally benign innovations. Most theoretical studies come to the conclusion that direct requirements provide little incentives for dynamic effects and that emission taxes and permits are better instruments to promote innovations. However, the empirical studies show that the dynamic effects of environmental policy instruments in practice partly differ from the ideal instruments analyzed in theoretical studies.
L'économicité d'EDF. La politique tarifaire d'Electricité de France et la reconstruction de l'Economie nationale, de la nationalisation au milieu des années 1960.

La politique economique menee dans la France de l'apres-guerre est usuellement qualifiee de keynesienne. Un certain nombre d'etudes recentes ont cependant attire l'attention sur les ambivalences et les contradictions de cette configuration, qui semble se craqueler des les annees 1950. Saisissant cette hypothese de travail, le present article s'interesse a la politique tarifaire d'Electricite de France (EDF), monopole public qui couvre un pan entier de l'economie, et non des moindres : la production, le transport et la distribution de l'electricite, pour tous les consommateurs de la nation, sans exception. Contournant le discours des acteurs, qui considerent la question sous l'angle d'un pur probleme technique d'efficacite economique, l'enquete cherche a montrer qu'a partir de la tarification se deploie une " mise en ordre " de l'economie francaise tres particuliere. Appuyee sur les grands Corps de l'Etat, dirigee par la figure tutelaire de Maurice Allais, mise en œuvre par Marcel Boiteux et Pierre Masse, elle instaure le Service des etudes economiques generales d'EDF en agregateur central qui oriente les flux de matiere de facon a utiliser a plein les capacites de production, comme en temps de guerre. Mais, singularite profonde du regime etudie, cette planification de long terme fait advenir, au sein meme d'un monopole d'Etat, un marche : les prix sont un appui pour discipliner les consommateurs. L'article propose donc de se doter d'une vision plurielle de l'economie francaise de l'epoque : a cote du keynesianisme, d'autres agencements voient le jour, des la fin de la guerre.
Attack Pattern and Reproductive Ecology of Tomicus brevipilosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Pinus yunnanensis in Southwestern China

ABSTRACT. Tomicus brevipilosus (Eggers) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) was recently discovered as a new pest of Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis Franchet) in Yunnan Province in southwestern China. However, little was known on its reproductive biology and pattern of trunk attack on Yunnan pine. The objectives of this study were to better understand the reproductive biology of T. brevipilosus by investigating the seasonality of trunk attacks by parent adults for the purpose of reproduction (i.e., breeding attacks) and the within-tree pattern of these attacks. Our results showed that T. brevipilosus breeding attacks in P. yunnanensis generally started in early March and ended in early June in Anning County, Yunnan. T. brevipilosus exhibited two general patterns of infestation. From early March to mid-April, T. brevipilosus bred preferentially in the trunks of Yunnan pine trees that were already infested by Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall and Faccoli and Tomicus minor (Hartig), colonizing spaces along the trunk (mostly in the mid- and lower trunk) that were not already occupied by the other two Tomicus species. Later, from about mid-April to early June, when there were no Yunnan pine trees newly infested by T. yunnanensis and T. minor, T. brevipilosus attacked Yunnan pine by itself, infesting the lower parts of the trunk first and then infesting progressively upward along the trunk into the crown. Infestation by T. brevipilosus extends the total period that P. yunnanensis trees are under attack by Tomicus beetles in southwestern China, which helps explain why Yunnan pine has suffered high levels of tree mortality in recent decades.
Reviews: A Critical Review of Studies on Vitamin D in Relation to Colorectal Cancer

Vitamin D intake has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of several types of cancer. Vitamin D and its analogues have demonstrated anticancer activity in vitro and in animal models. However, the risk of colorectal cancer in relation to dietary vitamin D remains controversial. A literature search was performed for articles on epidemiologic studies of vitamin D and colorectal cancer and the mechanisms involved. Studies that combine multiple sources of vitamin D or examine serum 25(OH)D3 usually find that above-average vitamin D intake and serum metabolite concentrations are associated with significantly reduced incidence of colorectal cancer. A number of mechanisms have been identified through which vitamin D may reduce the risk of colorectal and several other types of cancer. Although studies that include vitamin D from all sources or serum 25(OH)D3 usually show significantly reduced incidence of colorectal cancer in association with vitamin D, analyses limited to dietary vitamin D tend to have mixed results. The likely reason that dietary vitamin D is not a significant risk reduction factor for colorectal cancer in many studies is that dietary sources provide only a portion of total vitamin D, with supplements and synthesis of vitamin D in the skin in association with solar UV-B radiation providing the balance. There is strong evidence from several different lines of investigation supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Further study is required to elucidate the mechanisms and develop guidelines for optimal vitamin D sources and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites.
Fabrication of Rare Earth‐Doped Transparent Glass Ceramic Optical Fibers by Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition

Rare earth (RE) doped silica-based optical fibers with transparent glass ceramic (TGC) core was fabricated through the well-known modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process without going through the commonly used stage of post-ceramming. The main characteristics of the RE-doped oxyde nanoparticles namely, their density and mean diameter in the fibers are dictated by the concentration of alkaline earth element used as phase separating agent. Magnesium and erbium co-doped fibers were fabricated. Optical transmission in term of loss due to scattering as well as some spectroscopic characteristics of the erbium ions was studied. For low Mg content, nano-scale particles could be grown with and relatively low scattering losses were obtained, whereas large Mg-content causes the growth of larger particles resulting in much higher loss. However in the latter case, certain interesting alteration of the spectroscopic properties of the erbium ions were observed. These initial studies should be useful in incorporating new doped materials in order to realize active optical fibers for constructing lasers and amplifiers.
Boys into Modern Languages: An investigation of the discrepancy in attitudes and performance between boys and girls in modern languages

It is widely acknowledged that girls outperform boys across the curriculum in the GCSE examinations which are taken at the end of five years' compulsory secondary education. However, the gap in performance between boys and girls in modern languages is very marked and may suggest a need to reassess patterns of teaching and learning. This paper examines the differences in attitudes between boys and girls in modern languages after five years' study in an attempt to give some explanation for the considerable discrepancy in performance. Although previous research findings relating to boys' and girls' attitudes to their studies were confirmed, the significance of teacher personality and classroom practices emerged clearly from pupil interviews with both sexes. The article recognises the changes in the nature of the modern languages curriculum brought about by the introduction of GCSE and the on-going implementation of the National Curriculum, but points to the limitations and frustrations posed by these new age.
Identity politics, justice and the schooling of Muslim girls: navigating the tensions between multiculturalism, group rights and feminism

This article focuses on the concerns expressed by three female Muslim educators who are support staff at an English comprehensive school. Consistent with the debates associated with multiculturalism, group rights and feminism, the article illuminates spaces of gender constraint and possibility within the discourses shaping these women’s lives and the lives of the Muslim girls they educate. With reference to an initiative at the school designed to support these girls’ greater self-determination – an Islamic discussion group – the article highlights the significance of a justice politics that begins with overcoming relations of status subordination rather than on differentiated group identity.
A Kind of Application-Specific QoS Control in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are a kind of networks made up of thousands of tiny nodes. The node in WSN has its own processor, memory, sensor and short-range wireless communication module. Due to the huge number of nodes, the cost of each node is restricted, which causes the limitation of the node's computing, caching and communicating ability. Because of these differences from normal lineal networks, there are many research hotpots in WSN, such as routing, economization of energy, adaptive self-configuration, etc. Among these aspects, the area of quality of service (QoS) remains largely open. This is due to that the QoS problem in WSN is usually application-specific. In the paper, we define the optimal number of power-up nodes in the focused area as the QoS target. In order to make the optimal number of nodes to power up in the focused area, a modified Gur Game strategy is given. In the strategy, the base station receives the QoS feedback and gives the dynamic domination information including the area shape information and the dynamic gradient parameters. The simulation results about the band shape and the circle shape QoS domination are given. The results show that the strategy can effectively control the number of power-up nodes and meet the requirement of QoS
Teaching about Ethics through Socioscientific Issues in Physics and Chemistry: Teacher Candidates' Beliefs.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and explain the origins of physics and chemistry teacher candidates' beliefs about teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues (SSI). This study utilized a series of in-depth interviews, while the participants (n = 12) were enrolled in a 9-month teacher education program at an urban university in Canada. Our data analysis revealed that beliefs about teaching physics and chemistry using SSI derive from a complex web of fundamental beliefs exemplified by four archetypes representing the subject-specific identities of our teacher candidates—Model Scientist/Engineer, Model Individual, Model Teacher, and Model Citizen. Furthermore, we found that the justification for belief change required by a particular teacher candidate depends on these subject-discipline identities. Thus, the presence of each archetype in preservice classrooms has ramifications for the way a teacher educator should encourage his or her students to include SSI in their teaching. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 380–401, 2010
The ecology of academic risk: relationships between communication apprehension, verbal aggression, supportive communication, and students’ academic risk status

Contemporary research exploring at‐risk student populations has generally used the epidemiological model, the constructivist model, or the ecological model to explain processes involved in academic risk. This study applies communication constructs to the ecological model of academic risk, which proposes that academic risk is a function of individual, social, and cultural communication phenomena. A survey of 232 students found that (a) at‐risk students communicated more with friends about school than did regular‐admission students, (b) levels of communication apprehension differed depending on at‐risk status and sex, and (c) levels of verbal aggression differed depending on at‐risk status. These results are discussed in terms of theoretical and applied implications.
Risk of Hodgkin lymphoma according to immigration status and origin: a migrant cohort study of 2.3 million Jewish Israelis

Abstract Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL), a common early adulthood malignancy, has a complex etiology. We conducted a migrant cohort study to assess immigration status and origin as predictors of HL in Israel, which has among the highest rates of HL worldwide. Nationwide data on 2,285,009 16–19-year-old Jewish adolescents, collected from 1967–2011, were linked to Israel’s Cancer Registry to obtain the incidence of HL until 2012. Two thousand and ninety-three HL cases were detected during 47.0 million person-years of follow-up. Using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards modeling, risk was higher for Israeli-born compared to immigrants, similarly across origin groups (HR = 1.59; 95%CI 1.32–1.92 for the dominant nodular sclerosis subtype). Risk of HL was greater for more recent year of birth, higher BMI, taller stature, and apparently for women. These findings suggest that exposure to as yet unidentified elements of the Israeli environment increase the risk of nodular sclerosis HL, and should aid in directing research efforts.
Community Ties and Use of Cable TV and Newspapers in a Midwest Suburb

b Social scientists have contended for more than 60 years that media use is associated with individuals' integration into their communities. While this perspective has been used mainly to analyze newspaper use, we sought in this study to examine patterns of community ties associated both with use of newspapers and the emergent technology of cable television. Are there similar patterns or not, especially in light of the often-promoted educational and informational potential of emerging media technologies? Sociologist Robert E. Park alluded to the importance of community integration in a 1925 essay, "The Natural History of the Newspaper," and in a 1929 article relating "urbanization" to newspaper circulation. ' He argued that individuals' "community ties" were associated with newspaper use which served to maintain and support those ties. Robert Merton amplified this insight in 1950, proposing two types of community orientation "local" and "cosmopolitan. '7 He observed that local orientation (defined as membership in local community organizations) associated with an interest more
Roles, competences and outputs of HRD practitioners ‐ a comparative study in four European countries

Early in the 1990s, at the University of Twente it was felt that research was needed on the content of human resource development (HRD) jobs in Europe. In the USA such studies had been initiated by Nadler in the early 1980s. Studies that built on his work were “Models of excellence” and “Models for HRD practice”, both undertaken by the American Association for Training and Development (ASTD). The International Board of Standards for Training, Performance and Instruction studied the qualifications needed by training managers, training instructors and training evaluators. The only research done in Europe, as far as we know, was a large‐scale study by the Training & Development Lead Body, carried out in, and concentrating on, the UK. The University of Twente aims to contribute to a description of the HRD field in Europe by describing job profiles of European HRD practitioners in terms of tasks as well as roles. Additionally, a comparison between the role analyses in the USA and European countries is made to check the validity of the US‐roles for Europe. The outcomes will be helpful in defining job profiles and (in a later stage) developing standards for HRD practitioners, both of which are important elements in the development of a profession. The outcomes can be used by HRD practitioners in their individual development.