Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Creatine and guanidinoacetate content of human milk and infant formulas: implications for creatine deficiency syndromes and amino acid metabolism

Creatine is essential for normal neural development; children with inborn errors of creatine synthesis or transport exhibit neurological symptoms such as mental retardation, speech delay and epilepsy. Creatine accretion may occur through dietary intake or de novo creatine synthesis. The objective of the present study was to determine how much creatine an infant must synthesise de novo. We have calculated how much creatine an infant needs to account for urinary creatinine excretion (creatine's breakdown product) and new muscle lay-down. To measure an infant's dietary creatine intake, we measured creatine in mother's milk and in various commercially available infant formulas. Knowing the amount of milk/formula ingested, we calculated the amount of creatine ingested. We have found that a breast-fed infant receives about 9 % of the creatine needed in the diet and that infants fed cows' milk-based formula receive up to 36 % of the creatine needed. However, infants fed a soya-based infant formula receive negligible dietary creatine and must rely solely on de novo creatine synthesis. This is the first time that it has been shown that neonatal creatine accretion is largely due to de novo synthesis and not through dietary intake of creatine. This has important implications both for infants suffering from creatine deficiency syndromes and for neonatal amino acid metabolism.
How do children behave when they distribute rewards from task participation?

Children's distributional justice was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, pairs of children played a game in which they guessed which card the experimenter would turn up next. We investigated the effect of age (5-, 7-, and 9-year-olds), gender, country (Indonesia or New Zealand), and instructional set on how the children distributed the sweets at the conclusion of the game. Children usually distributed equally, but five-year-olds often distributed according to neither equity nor equality. All the 7- and 9-year-olds applied the same distribution principle over two rounds of the game. In Experiment 2, many of the same children made an allocation preference in response to a hypothetical scenario. Older children, in particular, often showed differences between their allocation in this experiment and their behaviour in Experiment 1. Overall, Damon's (1975) account of children's ideas of distributional justice held up well as a description of the children's actual behaviour in our experiments.
“That's So Gay!”: A Study of the Deployment of Signifiers of Sexual and Gender Identity in Secondary School Settings in Australia and the United States

While notions of “choice”, essentialism and sexual identity have become some-what passe in the academy, the controversy associated with these notions has not waned within secondary educational settings. Official curriculum and peda-gogy in Australia and the United States is still, I will demonstrate, very much constrained by this hackneyed debate. In the first part of this article my focus is primarily on tropes of choice. I ponder how such tropes are utilised, prohibited and circumvented within the confines of the school. This analysis is informed by interviews I conducted with people who work to support lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender teachers and students in secondary school settings. Given the tenuous position of choice in official discourses of schooling, I go on to consider how the language young people use has the potential to disturb hetero and homo normalising practices. I do this by conceiving familiar and unfamiliar sexual and gender identity categories as catachreses. My focus is on the now ubiquitous term “that's so gay” where “gay” comes to signify all things uncool and nerdish. This strategy is provoked, in part, by my frustration with advocates for lesbian and gay identified youth who underscore the “victimhood” of these young people via an insistence that terms such as “that's so gay” be read as always, and, in every way, a homophobic slur. By conceiving “that's so gay” as catachresis it is possible to see how such terms can simultaneously sustain and disrupt the normalising practices that objectify schooling's subjects.
Changes in Attachment Representations Over the First Year of Adoptive Placement: Narratives of Maltreated Children

Children who develop their ‘internal working models’ of attachment in situations of neglect or abuse, carry the effects of these models into new placements if they are then adopted or fostered. This article reports on the assessment of these effects using the story stem technique, which provides children with a way of displaying their expectations and perceptions of attachment figures using both verbal and non-verbal means of representation. An outline of the story stem assessment technique is given, and the ‘Little Pig’ stems and a summary of the rating system are presented. The article then reports preliminary findings from a larger ongoing research project, comparing themes in the stories of previously maltreated children placed for adoption with those of a group of children adopted in the first year of life, and using the technique to track changes in the children’s attachment representations, and some other aspects of their ‘internal working models’, over the first year of placement in their new families.
Disabled Students in Transition: A tale of two sectors' failure to communicate

This article explores in particular the need for proactive communications between the Further Education (FE) and Higher Education (HE) sectors to ensure that disabled students in transition are appropriately supported. The need for two-way communication was identified along with other significant issues in a research project at the University of Nottingham. The project explored the provision for disabled students available in HE against that which disabled students in both FE and HE institutions stated they required. Issues relating to transition are explored within this short article.
The Impact of Website and Offline Equality on Relationship Quality: An Empirical Study on E-Retailing

With the advancement of technology, many aspects of the face-to-face interpersonal dynamics in service encounters between sellers and customers have been replaced by technology-based Web interfaces. E-retailing has the dual nature of Web- based application system and traditional shopping mall. This paper examines the relationship among Website quality, offline quality and relationship quality dimensions (satisfaction, trust and commitment). Based on an empirical study of 223 customer questionnaires, the authors conclude that: (1) the offline quality has a direct positive impact on the satisfaction and trust dimension of relationship quality, and the Website quality has a direct positive impact on the satisfaction dimension of relationship quality; (2) satisfaction dimension has a direct positive impact on both trust and commitment dimensions.
The Proof of Lin’s Conjecture via the Decimation-Hadamard Transform

In 1998, Lin presented a conjecture on a class of ternary sequences with ideal two-level autocorrelation. Those sequences have a very simple structure, i.e., their trace representation has two trace monomial terms. In this paper, we present a proof for the conjecture. The mathematical tools employed are the second-order multiplexing decimation-Hadamard transform, Stickelberger's theorem, the Teichmüller character, and combinatorial techniques for enumerating the Hamming weights of ternary numbers. As a by-product, we also prove that the ternary sequences conjectured by Lin are Hadamard equivalent to ternary m-sequences.
Quantitative Disjunctive Logic Programming: Semantics and Computation

A new knowledge representation language, called QDLP, which extends DLP to deal with uncertain values is introduced. Each (quantitative) rule is assigned a certainty degree interval (a subinterval of [0,1]). The propagation of uncertainty information from the premises to the conclusion of a quantitative rule is achieved by means of triangular norms (Tdnorms). Different Tdnorms induce different semantics for one given quantitative program. In this sense, QDLP is parameterized and each choice of a Tdnorm induces a different QDLP language. Each Tdnorm is eligible for events with determinate relationships (e.g., independence, exclusiveness) between them. Since there are infinitely many Tdnorms, it turns out that there is a family of infinitely many QDLP languages. This family is carefully studied and the set of QDLP languages which generalize traditional DLP is precisely singled out. Algorithms for computing the minimal models of quantitative programs are proposed.
Occupational hazard exposure and general health profile of welders in rural Delhi

Background: Welding is a common industrial process associated with various health hazards. The aspect of duration of hazard exposure among welders at their workplace has been studied to limited extent in India. Objective: To assess the duration of occupational hazard exposure and its association with symptoms among the welders. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 106 welders in North Delhi. Data was collected using a questionnaire containing items to assess the socio-demographic profile, their medical history and individual hazard exposure. Results: Majority of them were involved in skilled/semi-skilled job (n = 99; 93%). The predominant nature of work for majority was manual. More than half reported their work to be physically hard (n = 56; 53%), involves much lifting of weight (n = 61; 57%), and is dangerous (n = 59; 56%). Dust/smoke followed by noise was reported to be most common hazards at the workplace by them. Most of them were suffering from eye related symptoms (n = 63; 59%) followed by skin conditions (n = 28; 26%). Skin diseases were reported to be significantly common among group of welders who were exposed to dust and radiation for ≥4 hours in a day (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Nearly half of the welders found their job to be dangerous and were being exposed to at least one hazardous substance at their workplace. Majority of them complained of eye symptoms. There is a need for health and safety training of this economically productive group.
Beginning English Literacy Development and Achievement Among Spanish-Speaking Children in Arizona’s English-Only Classrooms: A Four-Year Two-Cohort Longitudinal Study

This study examined beginning English literacy-skill development and achievement among Spanish-speaking children enrolled in state-mandated English-only classrooms. The children possessed Spanish skill at or above age-appropriate level, yet minimal English skill, and came from a Spanish-speaking community adjacent to the U.S.-Mexico border. Under its English-only law, the state-mandated classroom instruction is only in English through a structured English immersion model (SEI) using state-regulated and supervised four-hour English language development blocks for these children. Using secondary analysis of existing data, children’s English vocabulary, phonemic awareness, word-reading fluency scores, as well as their English reading and language achievement scores were examined for four years with two separate cohorts of children, beginning with their entry into kindergarten and ending at third grade (K–3rd). Analyses indicated that English-only SEI instruction for children did not result in age- or grade-level-appropriate development or achievement for all children. In fact, less than one-half met age- or grade-level performance.
The Epidemiology of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Non-Serotype B Disease in Ontario, Canada from 2004 to 2013

Background Since the widespread use of Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) type b (Hib) vaccines among children aged <5 years, an increase in invasive non-Hib disease incidence has been reported internationally. We sought to describe the epidemiology of invasive non-Hib disease in Ontario, Canada (population ~13.5 million). Methods Confirmed invasive non-Hib cases (non-typeable [NTHi] and serotypes a, c, d, e, and f) were obtained from the provincial laboratory data system from 2004–2013. Data were deterministically linked to the provincial reportable disease system to provide further case information. Antibiotic resistance data were analysed separately from 2010–2014. Descriptive analyses included incidence rates, age group, serotype, site of specimen collection and resistance patterns; ethnicity data were not available. Temporal trends were evaluated by Poisson regression and p-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results A total of 1307 cases of invasive non-Hib disease were included, increasing from 0.67 cases to 1.60 cases /100,000 from 2004 to 2013. Significant increases in the incidence of NTHi (0.50 to 1.28 cases/100 000 population), Hia (0.02 to 0.08 cases/100, 000) and Hif (0.13 to 0.18 cases/100, 000 population) were seen. Among persons aged 40–64 years, 3 Hi strains significantly increased over time; NTHi (0.22 to 0.99 cases/100, 000), Hia (0.00 to 0.06 cases/100, 000) and Hif (0.05 to 0.21 cases/100, 000). Among persons aged 65–84 years, there was a significant increase of NTHi (1.62 to 3.14 cases/100, 000) and Hia (0.00 to 0.34 cases/100, 000). Among persons aged 85+ years, only NTHi significantly increased from 4.89 to 10.28 cases/100, 000). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to ampicillin and clarithromycin was seen in greater than 25% of isolates but AMR did not increase over the duration of this study. Conclusions The incidence of invasive non-Hib disease has increased over time; NTHi, Hif and Hia are emerging pathogens, and should be monitored.
Anatomic Limitations of Posterior Tympanotomy: What Is the Major Radiologic Determinant for the View Field Through Posterior Tympanotomy?

Abstract To radiologically evaluate the anatomic factors that may determine the view field or the accessibility of the posterior tympanotomy into the posterior mesotympanum, a cohort of 30 patients with pneumatic mastoids and 30 patients with unilateral sclerotic mastoids were included. Anatomic relationships were evaluated according to 5 parameters. The reference parameter of the view field through posterior tympanotomy was the maximum view to the stapes area through posterior tympanotomy. Direct distance between the chorda tympani nerve and the facial nerve (FN) and angle between the cortex of the external auditory canal and the FN showed significant positive correlations in pneumatic and sclerotic mastoids. However, the location of the FN was negatively correlated with the maximum view to the stapes area through posterior tympanotomy only in pneumatic mastoids. In particular, the angle between the cortex of the external auditory canal and the FN showed the best correlation with the maximum view to the stapes area through posterior tympanotomy. The angle between the cortex of the external auditory canal and the FN was the most important anatomic determinant for visibility through posterior tympanotomy. This study suggests that pneumatic mastoids, but not sclerotic mastoids, may have a more complex relationship including more factors than those considered in this study. Although this study was performed radiologically, this study can present the insight to surgeons or radiologists.
Detailed mapping of ochratoxin A reabsorption along the rat nephron in vivo: the nephrotoxin can be reabsorbed in all nephron segments by different mechanisms.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread nephrotoxin excreted to a substantial degree via the kidney. Previously we showed that [3H]OTA can be reabsorbed along the rat nephron in vivo (Zingerle et al., 1997). In this study we investigated in detail the contribution of different nephron segments to [3H]OTA reabsorption and determined the possible mechanisms involved by microinfusion and microperfusion experiments. At pH 6 (approximately 94% of OTA neutral), OTA is reabsorbed in all nephron segments investigated. The estimated fractional reabsorptions (FR) at a tubular load of 20 fmol/min are: proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), 14.8%; proximal straight tubule (PST), 27.4%; ascending limb of Henle's loop (ALH), 13.6%; distal tubule (DT), 11.6%; collecting duct (CD), 24.6%; terminal CD, 22.0%. At pH 8 (approximately 10% of OTA neutral) FR are as follows: PCT, 0%; PST, 25.9%; ALH, 14.0%; DT, 3.2%; CD, 8.2%. Thus, OTA reabsorption in PST and ALH in pH-independent. Reabsorption in PST but not in DT or CD was inhibited by sulfobromophthalein, a substrate of the apical organic anion carrier. L-Phenylalanine did not reduce OTA reabsorption. After intravenous injection of unlabeled OTA, resulting in a plasma concentration of approximately 10(-5) mol/l, the FR of [3H]OTA during early proximal microinfusion was reduced slightly. From our results we conclude: 1) OTA can be reabsorbed in all nephron segments investigated. 2) Under physiological conditions the predominant sites of reabsorption are PST, ALH and terminal CD. 3) Reabsorption in PST and ALH is not pH-dependent. 4) pH-independent reabsorption in PST is mediated by the apical organic anion transporter (OAT-K1), whereas pH-dependent reabsorption in PCT is mediated by H(+)-dipeptide cotransporter(s). 5) Reabsorption also takes place during natural exposure, i.e., when OTA is present in plasma and renal tissue. 6) The high FR in ALH and CD explains, at least in part, the preferential impairment of postproximal functions and the accumulation in renal inner medulla and papila.
Trends in the Turn to Affect

This article explores the psychological logics underpinning key perspectives in the ‘turn to affect’. Research on affect raises questions about the categorization of affective states, affective meaning-making, and the processes involved in the transmission of affect. I argue that current approaches risk depopulating affecting scenes, mystifying affective contagion, and authorizing questionable psychobiological arguments. I engage with the work of Sedgwick and Frank, Thrift, and Ahmed to explore these points and suggest that the concept of affective practice offers a more promising social psychological grounding. Notions of affective practice are more commensurate with trends in contemporary psychobiology, explain the limits on affective contagion, and emphasize relationality and negotiation, attentive to the flow of affecting episodes. A practice approach positions affect as a dynamic process, emergent from a polyphony of intersections and feedbacks, working across body states, registrations and categorizations, entangled with cultural meaning-making, and integrated with material and natural processes, social situations and social relationships.
Estimating Price Elasticities in Differentiated Product Demand Models with Endogenous Characteristics

Empirical models of differentiated product demand have typically allowed price to be endogenous, but proceed under the assumption that observed product characteristics are exogenous, i.e. uncorrelated with unobserved components of demand. This paper shows that such an assumption may not be necessary to obtain consistent estimates of price elasticities. We show that whether this is the case depends on properties of the instrument or instruments used for price. Since these properties are testable, this result has interesting implications on an applied researcher’s choice of price instruments. In the case where one cannot find an instrument that satisfies these properties, one can often bound the potential bias in estimated price elasticities due to endogenous product characteristics. Our ideas also lead to interesting thoughts about what sorts of variables would ideally like to have as price instruments. Lastly, we apply these ideas to data on demand for cable television, obtaining estimates of price elasticities that are in fact robust to endogenous product characteristics. ∗Thanks to Jin Hahn for comments and helpful discussion. All errors are our own.
Cytochrome P450 Drives a HIF-Regulated Behavioral Response to Reoxygenation by C. elegans

As the Worm Squirms Restoration of oxygen supply to cells that have been deprived of oxygen actually causes further damage to cells and tissues. Such responses, known as reperfusion injury, contribute to the deadly effects of heart attacks and strokes in humans. Lack of oxygen is sensed directly by a prolyl hydroxylase known as EGL-9 in worms and EGLN2 in mammals. Inhibition of EGL-9 can reduce damage caused by reperfusion of tissues with oxygen, but how such beneficial effects are mediated is not clear. Ma et al. (p. 554, published online 27 June) used a genetic screen in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which has a behavioral response to reoxygenation in which the animals increase their movement, to find factors that interact with EGL-9. They identified the cytochrome p450 oxygenase CYP-13A12 as such a factor. Some cytochrome p450 enzymes act on polyunsaturated fatty acids to make cellular signaling molecules known as eicosanoids. The effects of CYP-13A23 were mediated by eicosanoids. Because the regulatory pathways involved appear to be evolutionarily conserved, the results may aid understanding and management of reperfusion injury in humans. A worm model of ischemia-reperfusion injury reveals protective mechanisms potentially relevant to stroke and heart attack. Oxygen deprivation followed by reoxygenation causes pathological responses in many disorders, including ischemic stroke, heart attacks, and reperfusion injury. Key aspects of ischemia-reperfusion can be modeled by a Caenorhabditis elegans behavior, the O2-ON response, which is suppressed by hypoxic preconditioning or inactivation of the O2-sensing HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) hydroxylase EGL-9. From a genetic screen, we found that the cytochrome P450 oxygenase CYP-13A12 acts in response to the EGL-9–HIF-1 pathway to facilitate the O2-ON response. CYP-13A12 promotes oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into eicosanoids, signaling molecules that can strongly affect inflammatory pain and ischemia-reperfusion injury responses in mammals. We propose that roles of the EGL-9–HIF-1 pathway and cytochrome P450 in controlling responses to reoxygenation after anoxia are evolutionarily conserved.
Assessment of the ISO Impact Damping Test for Wheelchair Cushions

ABSTRACT The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published a test method that characterizes the ability of a wheelchair cushion to reduce impact loading. The objectives of this project were to improve the methodology described in the ISO standard, determine the repeatability of the accelerations resulting from the ISO test method and assess the test method's ability to distinguish the impact damping performance of different cushion designs. A small cohort of cushion was identified to reflect different material constructions and included flat elastic foam, flat viscoelastic foam, Roho High Profile, and Cloud. The ISO test method was deployed after changes to the equipment were made to better insure repeatable placement of the indenter onto the cushion. Three operators tested different cushions over two days. Acceleration of the indenter was collected and used to calculate acceleration magnitudes during indenter impact and rebound. The results of a Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility analysis indicated high reliability over operators and test days. Analysis of initial impact acceleration indicated that the test could distinguish between the different cushion designs. Ratios of successive impacts and rebounds were calculated and analyzed. Both showed high repeatability and could distinguish all cushion pairs except one. Assessment of this and previously collected data led to the suggestion that the ratio of impact accelerations should be reported rather than the rebound accelerations. In summary, with some slight but significant changes to the test rig, the ISO Impact Damping test method is a reliable means to characterize acceleration responses of wheelchair cushions.