Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
National Rates of Opportunity Entrepreneurship Activity: Insights from Institutional Anomie Theory

We advance and test an institutional anomie theory of opportunity entrepreneurship for understanding the combinative effects of selected cultural values and social institutions to explain national differences in rates of opportunity entrepreneurship. We theorize opportunity entrepreneurship as a creatively deviant response to anomic conditions in societies, i.e., when social institutions block traditional means of achievement. Using 10 years of data for a pooled time series cross–sectional analysis, we examined a unique mixture of cultural and institutional variables and their interactions as predictors of nation–level opportunity entrepreneurship rates. We found support for most hypotheses showing that specific institutional contexts mitigate or enhance the effects of cultural drivers of opportunity entrepreneurship.
Rental Price Adjustment and Investment in the Office Market

This study presents estimates of the rental price adjustment mechanism and investment response in the office construction market using data from fourteen cities over the period 1979-1983. Market rents are seen to adjust in response to local as well as national economic conditions. Investment, as measured by building permits, responds strongly to rent in a two-stage regression model, as well as to the long-term growth rate of office employment. Tests for a cobweb-type overreaction by investors do not reveal any cyclical characteristics of the market, indicating that the effects of random demand shocks are not felt beyond the normal construction period. Copyright American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association.
Analysing the Influence of Tourist Motivations on Tourist Expenditure at a Sun-And-Sand Destination

The objective of mature tourist destinations should not be to increase the number of tourists but to increase tourism revenue. To achieve this goal, such destinations should aim to attract higher spending tourists. In this paper, expenditure-based tourist segments are analysed (high, high/medium, medium/low and low spenders). Tourist characteristics and trip-related variables are used to identify the determinants of tourist expenditures. In addition, tourist motivations in choosing the destination were selected as explanatory variables. The results show that, as well as tourist and trip-related characteristics, some tourist motivations are also useful in describing expenditure-based segments. Planning strategies must bear in mind that the effect of tourist motivations on tourist expenditure may differ according to the factors involved.
Does the Magnitude of the Effect of Inflation Uncertainty on Output Growth Depend on the Level of Inflation?

A bivariate Markov regime switching model is employed to verify whether the relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty, or the negative effects of inflation and inflation uncertainty on output growth, vary with the level of inflation. Inflation and inflation uncertainty are positively correlated in the high-inflation regime. In contrast, in the low-inflation regime, the direct effect of inflation on output growth is insignificant, but the indirect negative effect on growth via inflation uncertainty is highly significant. The negative influence in a high-inflation regime is 2.664 times greater than that in a low-inflation regime.
Three genes encoding citrate synthases in Saccharopolyspora erythraea are regulated by the global nutrient‐sensing regulators GlnR, DasR, and CRP

Saccharopolyspora erythraea has three citrate synthases encoded by gltA‐2, citA, and citA4. Here, we characterized and identified the expression and regulatory properties of these synthases. Three pleiotropic global regulatory proteins of S. erythraea – CRP, GlnR, and DasR – are involved in carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and amino‐sugar (chitin and GlcNAc) metabolism. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), we identified these regulators as proteins that bind directly to the promoter regions of all citrate synthase genes (gltA‐2, citA, and citA4). Footprinting assays indicated the exact protect sequences of CRP, GlnR, and DasR on the promoter region of gltA‐2, revealing binding competition between GlnR and DasR. Moreover, by comparing the transcription levels of citrate synthase genes between parental and glnR mutant or dasR mutant strains, or by comparing the transcription response of citrate synthases under various nutrient conditions, we found that GlnR and DasR negatively regulated citA and citA4 transcription but had no regulatory effects on the gltA‐2 gene. Although no CRP mutant was available, the results indicated that CRP was a cAMP‐binding receptor affecting gltA‐2 transcription when the intracellular cAMP concentration increased. Thus, an overall model of CS regulation by C and/or N metabolism regulators and cAMP receptor protein was proposed.
The Effects of Task Size and Similarity on the Decision Behavior of Bank Loan Officers

Research on decision-making behavior has shown that decision strategies used by individuals are contingent upon the characteristics of the task. For example, as the task size i.e., the number of alternatives and/or the number of dimensions describing each alternative increases, individuals tend to quickly eliminate alternatives that do not meet a criterion level for any dimension i.e., they adopt a noncompensatory decision strategy, in which a high value on one dimension cannot offset or compensate for a low value on another dimension. Most of this research has involved consumers making buying decisions. The purpose of the research reported here was to determine if contingent decision behavior extends to experts experienced bank loan officers making business decisions loan decisions. In this study two task characteristics task size, and similarity of loan profiles describing alternatives were varied in a bank loan decision context. Two process tracing methods information boards and think-aloud verbal protocol analysis were used to obtain evidence of how eleven bank loan officers made choices among alternative loan candidates. Of particular interest was the effect that changes in task characteristics had on loan officers' decision strategies. The results indicated that when faced with tasks of increasing size, loan officers adapted their behavior in a manner consistent with an increased use of noncompensatory decision strategies. In contrast, when the loan profiles of candidate companies were similar loan officers exhibited an increased use of compensatory strategies. It was also found that when both the task size and similarity of alternatives were varied loan officers adapted their behavior as if they processed these characteristics serially. These results indicate that contingent behavior associated with the two types of task characteristics may be quite different. A priori, there was reason to believe that expert loan officers would not exhibit contingent decision behavior. The fact that their decision strategies were contingent upon task characteristics has important implications for managerial practice and research. First, the results have design implications for information and decision support systems for lending institutions. Second, future research should investigate the consequences of serial processing of task characteristics.
Economics, Politics, and Labour Process Theory

In focusing on the relationship between labour process theory and Marxist economics the authors highlight as problematic labour process theorists' abandonment of the labour theory of value and acceptance of managerialism in a way which conflates labour process theory with organisation theory. The similarity in the political rhetoric of the deskilling thesis and the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall is brought out, and it is argued neither provides an adequate theoretical basis for revolutionary politics. The challenge for labour process theory is to show the connection between the subordination of labour and capitalist property rights and how those property rights can be dismantled.
Dimensions of 401(K) Plan Design

This paper explores why plan sponsors design their 401(k) plans the way they do. Employing a unique, rich dataset of over five hundred 401(k) plans, we find that these plans are principally a form of tax-motivated compensation under the restriction of federal non-discrimination rules. In other words, to appeal to better-paid workers, employers offer more generous monetary and nonmonetary plan design features. At the same time, complex federal tax rules restrict pay discrimination in favor of the highly-paid employees.
Changing Structures and Women’s Role as Labor Force

The objective of this paper is to analyze changes in the development of women’s role as labor force over a 40-year period. This is done by presenting research results that concern the restructuring of the labor market over different time periods. The empirical material is from the 1960s, the heyday of the Swedish model; from the 1980s, the period that economic historians label the third industrial revolution; and from the 1990s, a period labeled the new working life that is covering the reorganization of the public sector. For the first period results from restructuring in the shipyard industry are presented as well as employment outcomes for single individuals. This industry was male dominated with very few women employed, but regional policy measures were implemented to reach a latent female labor force. The second period is covered by a study of closures and cutbacks in different industries in Sweden during 1982–1983. The proportion of women employed in the industries studied was around one third and employment outcomes had a specific gendered pattern. Women did to a lower extent than men get new permanent jobs. Permanent temporariness was introduced as a concept to describe their labor market situation. The recession that one decade later hit both female- and male-dominated sectors is illustrated by a study of the relations between labor market attachment, working life, and family conditions. The material comes from a regional research program based on a questionnaire and on register data on incomes from 1990 to 1999. The paper analyzes several areas related to work and outside of work that indicate a gendered pattern of multidimensional subordination and an increased polarization in terms of both gender and class. In conclusion, the 40 years has been a period of dramatic change in women’s situation as labor force. In times of restructuring they often entered into precarious job situations or unemployment. Women’s double burden proved remarkably resilient when explaining gender differences in employment and working conditions.
Analyzing Self‐Organized Local Governance Initiatives: Are There Insights For Decentralization Reforms?

SUMMARY In spite of the great enthusiasm and arguments supporting decentralization in Africa, its performance has frequently fallen well below expectations. However, a number of self‐initiated, local governance efforts have been quite successful. The article finds that all governance initiatives face a number of collective action problems that they must overcome to succeed. These include issues of collective choice, free riding, principal–agency, and constitutional design. The article explores two cases of locally initiated self‐governance initiatives where smaller population size, the ability to focus on only a few services, and the ability flexibly to redesign their institutions were important in their success in overcoming these governance challenges. In one case, challenge by and negotiation with formal governance institutions furthered their success. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idris, a general-purpose dependently typed programming language: Design and implementation

Abstract Many components of a dependently typed programming language are by now well understood, for example, the underlying type theory, type checking, unification and evaluation. How to combine these components into a realistic and usable high-level language is, however, folklore, discovered anew by successive language implementors. In this paper, I describe the implementation of Idris, a new dependently typed functional programming language. Idris is intended to be a general-purpose programming language and as such provides high-level concepts such as implicit syntax, type classes and do notation. I describe the high-level language and the underlying type theory, and present a tactic-based method for elaborating concrete high-level syntax with implicit arguments and type classes into a fully explicit type theory. Furthermore, I show how this method facilitates the implementation of new high-level language constructs.
Measurement of the Valuation of Travel Time Savings

The value of travel time savings (VTTS) is a critical parameter in transport project appraisal and through its application produces the dominating user benefit, typically 60 per cent of traditionally quantified user benefits. Beesley's work in the 1960s laid the foundation for much of the subsequent applied research, especially in respect of measurement and interpretation. This paper revisits Beesley's contribution in the context of the 1960s and shows the subsequent development of his ideas. © The London School of Economics and the University of Bath 2001
What Is an Article Worth?

This paper suggests a methodology by which the monetary value of an article can be calculated. Three types of benefits are discussed and quantified: direct salary increments, promotion-related salary increments, and career-related option effects. Using data from a national cross-section of university economists, the authors compute lifetime returns for selected article categories by academic rank. Their results suggest that the returns to publication of the first article are considerable, ranging from 12,340 for an assistant professor,to 10,256 for an associate professor, to $6,958 for a full professor, based on a 5 percent discount rate. The returns to additional publication diminish rapidly at first but at a lesser rate as the number of publications continues to increase. Elderly faculty who are well published can expect to earn a relatively small sum from the publication of an incremental article. This may help to explain the decline in output as faculty age observed by some scholars.
Intraocular pressure elevation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection.

PURPOSE This study investigated firstly the change of intraocular pressure (IOP) after injection of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) for the treatment of macular edema and secondly the factors that influence these changes. METHODS A prospective, non-comparative study was performed in 60 patients at Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital from October 2003 to September 2004. All the patients received 4-mg IVTA injection. RESULTS Mean IOP was elevated from the day after injection and peaked at 20.5 mmHg after 2 months (p=0.000). Twenty-six eyes (43.3%) showed significant IOP elevation. IOP was not controlled despite full glaucoma medication in 7 (11.7%) eyes. Two eyes underwent filtering surgery. Younger age was a statistically significant predictive factor for IOP elevation (p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS In this study, patients who needed filtering surgery developed an IOP spike within one week after the injection. Therefore, clinicians should consider checking IOP at the end of the first week. Furthermore, greater cautions is mandatory with relatively younger patients.
Corporate Bankruptcy and Insider Trading

The authors document significant sales by the insiders of firms filing bankruptcy petitions prior to the filing date. They also find that selling is more intense for top executives and officers and that insiders in general systematically sell stock before prices fall and buy stock after prices have fallen. Although this trading pattern may simply reflect an implicit compensation arrangement between insiders and stockholders, the significant sell-off does raise potential questions regarding managements' incentives to maximize shareholder wealth throughout the Chapter 11 process. Copyright 1997 by University of Chicago Press.
EU, US and ASEAN Actorness in G20 Financial Policy‐Making: Bridging the EU Studies – New Regionalism Divide

This article compares the European Union's (EU) actorness in foreign financial policy to that of the US and ASEAN. It thus contributes to the dialogue between EU studies and the New Regionalism by putting it into practice through comparative research. It argues that a process‐oriented interpretation of the actorness concept can be used to compare the EU to both nation‐states and international organizations at the same time. This makes it possible to examine the ‘nature of the beast’ in specific foreign policy contexts on empirical grounds. The case study analyses EU, US and ASEAN actorness in the IMF reform negotiations within the G20 framework. The findings suggest that a ‘two‐way comparison’ of the EU is not only possible but also provides valuable empirical insights into the role of informal politics in the EU and other regions.
Helicobacter pylori Flagellar Hook-Filament Transition Is Controlled by a FliK Functional Homolog Encoded by the Gene HP0906

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori is a human gastric pathogen which is dependent on motility for infection. The H. pylori genome encodes a near-complete complement of flagellar proteins compared to model enteric bacteria. One of the few flagellar genes not annotated in H. pylori is that encoding FliK, a hook length control protein whose absence leads to a polyhook phenotype in Salmonella enterica. We investigated the role of the H. pylori gene HP0906 in flagellar biogenesis because of linkage to other flagellar genes, because of its transcriptional regulation pattern, and because of the properties of an ortholog in Campylobacter jejuni (N. Kamal and C. W. Penn, unpublished data). A nonpolar mutation of HP0906 in strain CCUG 17874 was generated by insertion of a chloramphenicol resistance marker. Cells of the mutant were almost completely nonmotile but produced sheathed, undulating polyhook structures at the cell pole. Expression of HP0906 in a Salmonella fliK mutant restored motility, confirming that HP0906 is the H. pylori fliK gene. Mutation of HP0906 caused a dramatic reduction in H. pylori flagellin protein production and a significant increase in production of the hook protein FlgE. The HP0906 mutant showed increased transcription of the flgE and flaB genes relative to the wild type, down-regulation of flaA transcription, and no significant change in transcription of the flagellar intermediate class genes flgM, fliD, and flhA. We conclude that the H. pylori HP0906 gene product is the hook length control protein FliK and that its function is required for turning off the σ54 regulon during progression of the flagellar gene expression cascade.
Dynamic Nonmyopic Portfolio Behavior

The dynamic nonmyopic portfolio behavior of an investor who trades a risk-free and risky asset is derived for all HARA utility functions and a stochastic risk premium. Conditions are found for when the investor holds more or less than the myopic amount of the risky asset; hedges against or speculates the risk-premium uncertainty; is long or short on the risky asset; and holds more or less of the risky asset at longer horizons. The analytical solutions derived take multiple mathematical forms and include extreme cases in which investors with long but finite horizons can attain nirvana. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Human factors in the transfer of the ‘Japanese best practice’ manufacturing system to Singapore

A detailed examination of the practices reported by managers in thirty-one affiliates of Japanese companies engaged in manufacturing in Singapore revealed a high degree of conformity with the Japanese best practice (also known as ‘lean production’) model in the way work is organized and in the shop-floor level manufacturing practices, but greater conformity to host country norms in the HRM practices applied to the local work-force. This is consistent with the patterns reported in the existing literature regarding Japanese transplants in other countries, including the US and the UK. Strong statistical relationships were found in the Singapore study among the work organization cluster, the manufacturing practices cluster, and the performance outcomes. No significant relationships were found between the HRM cluster and any of the ‘downstream’ variables (work organization, manufacturing practices or performance outcomes), but relatively heavy reliance on expatriates was found to be highly related to work orga.
Programmed cell death of tobacco BY‐2 cells induced by still culture conditions is affected by the age of the culture under agitation

Evans Blue staining indicated that actively growing tobacco BY‐2 cells in the exponential phase died more rapidly than quiescent cells in the stationary phase when the cells cultured under agitation were placed under still conditions. Fifty percent cell death was induced at about 18, 26, 80 and 140 h for early, mid, late exponential‐ and stationary‐phase cells, respectively. Actively growing cells became TUNEL (transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling)‐positive more rapidly than quiescent cells, suggesting that the cell death evaluated by Evans Blue is accompanied by DNA cleavages. Electrophoresis of genomic DNA showed a typical ‘DNA laddering' pattern formed by multiples of about 200 bp internucleosomal units. Chromatin condensation was first detected at least within 24 h by light microscopy, and then cell shrinkage followed. These findings suggest that the death of BY‐2 cells induced by still conditions is PCD (programmed cell death).
The Molecular Mechanism of Autoxidation for Myoglobin and Hemoglobin: A Venerable Puzzle.

The reversible and stable binding of dioxygen to the heme iron (II) is the basis of myoglobin and hemoglobin functions. During reversible oxygen binding, however, the oxygenated form of myoglobin or hemoglobin is oxidized easily to the ferric (III) met-form with generation of the superoxide anion. Thus, stability property of each oxygenated form is of particular importance in vivo, since the iron (III) species cannot bind dioxygen and is therefore physiologically inactive. With special emphasis on the possible roles of the distal histidine, this overview represents a compendium for the molecular mechanism of autoxidation for myoglobin and hemoglobin molecules.