Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inferring social roles and statuses in social networks

Users in online social networks play a variety of social roles and statuses. For example, users in Twitter can be represented as advertiser, content contributor, information receiver, etc; users in Linkedin can be in different professional roles, such as engineer, salesperson and recruiter. Previous research work mainly focuses on using categorical and textual information to predict the attributes of users. However, it cannot be applied to a large number of users in real social networks, since much of such information is missing, outdated and non-standard. In this paper, we investigate the social roles and statuses that people act in online social networks in the perspective of network structures, since the uniqueness of social networks is connecting people. We quantitatively analyze a number of key social principles and theories that correlate with social roles and statuses. We systematically study how the network characteristics reflect the social situations of users in an online society. We discover patterns of homophily, the tendency of users to connect with users with similar social roles and statuses. In addition, we observe that different factors in social theories influence the social role/status of an individual user to various extent, since these social principles represent different aspects of the network. We then introduce an optimization framework based on Factor Conditioning Symmetry, and we propose a probabilistic model to integrate the optimization framework on local structural information as well as network influence to infer the unknown social roles and statuses of online users. We will present experiment results to show the effectiveness of the inference.
Lyman Break Galaxies in the VLT/FORS2 spectroscopic campaign in the GOODS-S field

We present initial results from our ongoing campaign of spectroscopic identifications of Lyman--break galaxies (LBGs) at z ~ 4, 5 and 6 with FORS2 at the ESO VLT. The sample of LBGs is selected from the HST/ACS images in the GOODS southern field (CDF--S), and here we discuss the spectroscopic properties of 103 LBGs that we have cofirmed in the redshift interval 3.5 5 and 27 between 5.5 and 6.3. As for LBGs at lower redshifts, we find that LBGs with LyA in emission are characterized by weaker intestellar absorption lines and bluer UV continua than galaxies whose LyA is observed in absorption. No correlation between the LyA properties and the apparent elongation of the UV morphology of the galaxies is observed, suggesting that geometrical effects are not the cause of the spectral differences. A trend of increasing LyA equivalent width with decreasing luminosity is also observed. We also present new measures of the UV luinosity function of LBGs.
Latent Growth Curve Model of Perceived Family Relationship Quality and Depressive Symptoms During Middle Adolescence in Spain

This study aimed to examine longitudinal associations between the perceived quality of family relationships and self-reported depressive symptoms during middle adolescence. A 2-year follow-up study, with three assessments at 1-year intervals, was conducted. A total of 525 Spanish adolescents completed paper-based self-report assessments, which included the 10-item Child Depression Inventory and a brief Likert-type scale to measure the quality of the relationships with their father and their mother separately. The results indicated that a decline in the quality of both adolescent–father and adolescent–mother relationships were related to an increase in depressive symptoms during middle adolescence. Furthermore, adolescent–father relationships were found to be worse for girls than for boys and were observed to be associated with gender differences in depressive symptoms after the follow-up. The results provide longitudinal evidence on the importance of parent–adolescent relationships and gender differences in depressive symptoms during adolescence.
This Seki-report Was Internally Reviewed By: Automating Access Control Logics in Simple Type Theory with Leo-ii

Garg and Abadi recently proved that prominent access control logics can be translated in a sound and complete way into modal logic S4. We have previously outlined how normal multi-modal logics, including monomodal logics K and S4, can be embedded in simple type theory (which is also known as higher-order logic) and we have demonstrated that the higher-order theorem prover LEO-II can automate reasoning in and about them. In this paper we combine these results and describe a sound and complete embedding of different access control logics in simple type theory. Employing this framework we show that the off the shelf theorem prover LEO-II can be applied to automate reasoning in prominent access control logics.
The effects of openness to experience on pair programming in a higher education context

This paper describes a formal experiment carried out to investigate the effect of the personality factor Openness to experience on the academic performance of students who practiced pair programming (PP) in higher education. The experiment was carried out at the University of Auckland, using as subjects undergraduate students attending an introductory software programming course. Our results showed that differences in Openness level could significantly affect academic performance of students who pair programmed. In addition, our results also showed that most students gained higher satisfaction from the PP experience and their confidence level in solving programming exercises was also high.
Proving the correctness of reactive systems using sized types

We have designed and implemented a type-based analysis for proving some basic properties of reactive systems. The analysis manipulates rich type expressions that contain information about the sizes of recursively defined data structures. Sized types are useful for detecting deadlocks, nontermination, and other errors in embedded programs. To establish the soundness of the analysis we have developed an appropriate semantic model of sized types.
The value of serum osteoprotegerin levels in patients with angina like chest pain undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography.

BACKGROUND Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily.Recent evidence supports a relationship between serum OPG level and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association of OPG with the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD), its severity and prognosis in patients with chest pain and suspected coronary stenosis. METHODS In this cross-sectional analytic study, 180 candidates of elective coronary artery angiography were recruited. Serum level of OPG was measured by ELISA method in all patients and its relation with presence and severity of CAD based on a coronary atherosclerosis score (CAS) was assessed. Patients were followed for a mean period of about 24 ± 3.2 months and the relationship between OPG levels and future cardiac events were evaluated. RESULTS The mean serum level of OPG was 1637 ± 226 pg/mL in those with CAD and 1295 ± 185 pg/mL (nonparametric p = 0.001) in those without it. There was a significant direct correlation between the level of serum OPG and CAS (rho = 0.225, p = 0.002). The optimalcut-off point for predicting a significant coronary artery obstruction was a serum level of≥ 1412 pg/mL with a sensitivity and specificity of 60% and 57.8%, respectively. Major adversecardiac events (MACE) including cardiovascular death, admission with acute coronary syndrome,or heart failure, was significantly higher in those with higher OPG levels (22 [34.3%]vs. 15 [16%], p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS There was a direct and significant correlation between the serum level of OPG and CAS. MACE occurred more commonly in those with higher baseline OPG levels.
Excuse giving, social decision making, and Bayesian statistics : the mathematical psychology of an attributional process

In line with an emerging paradigm, theorization in psychology should not be restricted to verbal descriptions of thought and behavior. If phenomena can be somehow expressed by numbers, theory must adopt mathematical and probabilistic reasoning, in a way that traditional data analysis cannot accomplish. While often implemented in theories of decision making, signal detection and item response, mathematical and probabilistic reasoning are rarely identified in important socio-psychological processes. Excuse giving occurs when someone tries to disengage one’s self from the cause of a social fault. It is an impression management strategy mostly explained by attributional theory, not yet subjected to a mathematical psychological approach. The main objective of this thesis was to formalize and test part of Weiner’s attributional theory as a social decision making process. By using dichotomous judgment tasks of usability and distance evaluation of adequacy, consequences and assumptions of excuse giving were assessed in two studies. Study 1 (n = 63) was aimed at explaining why people prefer external over internal excuses. Bayesian multidimensional scaling identified that external and internal excuses occupy different psychological spaces. Also, a quantum model of order effects fitted the data well, which means that the preference of excuse types could be predicted by the quantum principle of interference. Study 2 (n = 92) was conducted to formally characterize excuse giving as an impression management process. It is congruent with attributional theory, where motivational latent variables predict which excuse type people would rather use. A Bayesian latent mixture model showed that people indeed preferred external excuses, but only when highly motivated to be excused. The findings of this thesis make it possible to make better inferences about how people excuse themselves. As measured in a psychological space, people differentiate excuses given their level of adequacy, being the consequences of this differentiation moderated by the motivation one has to manage a relationship. Furthermore, using an excuse can be affected by taking into account its consequences and in which order they are evaluated. Further investigation should study if these inferences are generally valid. Some aspects of attributional theory remain unexplored from a mathematical psychology perspective, which could help clarify the often puzzling evidence in the literature. Applications of excuse giving and social decision making are discussed.
Vascular Stiffness in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Large-vessel manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multisystem disease characterized by disturbances in the immune system, include higher than expected rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Reductions in the elasticity of central arteries may act as a marker of early changes that predispose to the development of major vascular disease. This study evaluated risk factors associated with aortic stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) in women with SLE. We expected SLE-specific factors, especially variables indicative of inflammation and active disease, to be associated with increasing PWV. The study population included 220 women currently enrolled in the Pittsburgh Lupus Registry. All risk factor data were collected on the day of the ultrasound examinations. PWV waveforms were collected from the right carotid and femoral arteries by Doppler probes. The mean age of the women was 45.5±10.8 years, the median SLE disease duration approximated 9 years, and the mean PWV was 6.1±1.7 m/s. Multiple regression models were stratified by menopausal status. Among postmenopausal women, PWV risk factors were primarily traditional factors and included age, systolic blood pressure, family history of vascular disease, carotid plaque, creatinine, obesity, glucose, white cell count, and cumulative SLE organ damage. Among premenopausal women, PWV risk factors consisted of a mix of SLE-related and traditional variables and included higher C3 levels, presence of ds-DNA antibodies, nonuse of hydroxychloroquine, lower leukocyte count, higher mean arterial pressure, and carotid plaque. SLE-specific variables appeared to be associated with increases in aortic PWV, indicating central artery stiffening. This was seen most clearly among premenopausal women. This finding may partially explain the higher rates of cardiovascular disease and hypertension observed in young women with SLE.
The use of optimistic tone by narcissistic CEOs

The purpose of this paper is to examine how CEO narcissism can be related to the usage of an abnormal optimistic tone in financial disclosures. Drawing on upper echelons theory, this paper suggests a link between CEO characteristics, such as narcissism, and accounting choices, such as optimistic financial reporting language. ,To measure the narcissistic trait of a CEO, the study builds on a model using a set of 15 archival indicators. The usage of an abnormal optimistic tone is assessed quantitatively when looking at firms’ 10-K filings, where “abnormal” refers to tone that is unrelated to a firm’s performance, risk, and complexity. This approach allows for the use of firm-fixed effects for a sample of US listed firms over the period 1992-2012. ,The results show that CEO narcissism is significantly positively related to abnormal optimistic tone in 10-K filings. If a highly abnormal optimistic tone is present, the level of CEO narcissism is positively related to the likelihood of future seasoned equity offerings and larger future investments in research and development. ,The findings are relevant for shareholders and stakeholders as well as auditors and legislators. All stakeholders should be aware of the overly optimistic reporting language resulting from CEO narcissism and need to make allowances for it when assessing firm performance based on financial disclosures. ,This study is the first to show in a large-scale sample how CEO narcissism can be related to a firm’s use of optimistic language, and thus contributes to the question of how personality traits affect an organization’s financial reporting strategy.
Formative assessment: a critical review

This paper covers six interrelated issues in formative assessment (aka, ‘assessment for learning’). The issues concern the definition of formative assessment, the claims commonly made for its effectiveness, the limited attention given to domain considerations in its conceptualisation, the under‐representation of measurement principles in that conceptualisation, the teacher‐support demands formative assessment entails, and the impact of the larger educational system. The paper concludes that the term, ‘formative assessment’, does not yet represent a well‐defined set of artefacts or practices. Although research suggests that the general practices associated with formative assessment can facilitate learning, existing definitions admit such a wide variety of implementations that effects should be expected to vary widely from one implementation and student population to the next. In addition, the magnitude of commonly made quantitative claims for effectiveness is suspect, deriving from untraceable, flawed, dated, or unpublished sources. To realise maximum benefit from formative assessment, new development should focus on conceptualising well‐specified approaches built around process and methodology rooted within specific content domains. Those conceptualisations should incorporate fundamental measurement principles that encourage teachers and students to recognise the inferential nature of assessment. The conceptualisations should also allow for the substantial time and professional support needed if the vast majority of teachers are to become proficient users of formative assessment. Finally, for greatest benefit, formative approaches should be conceptualised as part of a comprehensive system in which all components work together to facilitate learning.
Supervised Matrix Factorization with sparseness constraints and fast inference

Non-negative Matrix Factorization is a technique for decomposing large data sets into bases and code words, where all entries of the occurring matrices are non-negative. A recently proposed technique also incorporates sparseness constraints, in such a way that the amount of nonzero entries in both bases and code words becomes controllable. This paper extends the Non-negative Matrix Factorization with Sparseness Constraints. First, a modification of the optimization criteria ensures fast inference of the code words. Thus, the approach is real-time capable for use in time critical applications. Second, in case a teacher signal is associated with the samples, it is considered in order to ensure that inferred code words of different classes can be well distinguished. Thus, the derived bases generate discriminative code words, which is a crucial prerequisite for training powerful classifiers. Experiments on natural image patches show, similar to recent results in the field of sparse coding algorithms, that Gabor-like filters are minimizing the reconstruction error while retaining inference capabilities. However, applying the approach with incorporation of the teacher signal to handwritten digits yields morphologically completely different bases, while achieving superior classification results.
Spatiotemporal SNP analysis reveals pronounced biocomplexity at the northern range margin of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Accurate prediction of species distribution shifts in the face of climate change requires a sound understanding of population diversity and local adaptations. Previous modeling has suggested that global warming will lead to increased abundance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the ocean around Greenland, but the dynamics of earlier abundance fluctuations are not well understood. We applied a retrospective spatiotemporal population genomics approach to examine the temporal stability of cod population structure in this region and to search for signatures of divergent selection over a 78‐year period spanning major demographic changes. Analyzing >900 gene‐associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in 847 individuals, we identified four genetically distinct groups that exhibited varying spatial distributions with considerable overlap and mixture. The genetic composition had remained stable over decades at some spawning grounds, whereas complete population replacement was evident at others. Observations of elevated differentiation in certain genomic regions are consistent with adaptive divergence between the groups, indicating that they may respond differently to environmental variation. Significantly increased temporal changes at a subset of loci also suggest that adaptation may be ongoing. These findings illustrate the power of spatiotemporal population genomics for revealing biocomplexity in both space and time and for informing future fisheries management and conservation efforts.
Attentional Switching in Infants Exposed to Bilingual Versus Monolingual Environment

Acquiring two languages poses a challenge to bilingual individuals, but the process of switching attention between two languages may equip bilinguals with enhanced cognitive control abilities such as top-down attentional control. In the current study, 6to 7-month-old monolinguallyand bilingually-exposed infants were examined on a task that required the use of top-down attentional control. Using a task called the Visual Expectation Cueing Paradigm (VExCP), infants’ anticipatory eye movements (EM) were measured to determine if they could override the previously learned cue-target side relation presented during pre-switch and learn the new cue-target side relation in post-switch. Although monolinguallyand bilingually-exposed infants showed relatively equal number of correct anticipatory EM initially during post-switch, bilingually-exposed infants, towards the end of the task, outperformed monolingually-exposed infants in exhibiting correct anticipatory EM.
Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

OBJECTIVE --To examine rates of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and associated risk factors and to determine the relative efficiency of female-to-male and male-to-female transmission. DESIGN --Survey of infected individuals and their heterosexual partners recruited since 1985. SETTING --Participants were recruited from various HIV counseling and testing sites throughout California but were generally interviewed and tested in their homes. PARTICIPANTS --Data from 379 couples at entry to the study are reported: 72 male partners of infected women and 307 female partners of infected men. The infected index case had a well-established source of risk; couples were eliminated if the direction of transmission could not be established. The majority of couples were monogamous since 1978, white, and in their 30s. Most partners did not know their serostatus at entry into the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE --HIV serostatus in the exposed sexual partner. RESULTS --We observed one probable instance (1%) of female-to-male transmission compared with 20% transmission rates in the female partners of infected men. All couples were sampled in the same way. Male index cases were more likely to be symptomatic than female index cases. CONCLUSION --The odds of male-to-female transmission were significantly greater than female-to-male transmission. The one case of female-to-male transmission was unique in that the couple reported numerous unprotected sexual contacts and noted several instances of vaginal and penile bleeding during intercourse.
Model-Based Reconfiguration: wit iag sis*

We extend Reiter’s general theory of model-based diagnosis [Reiter, 19871 to a theory of reconfiguration. The generality of Reiter’s theory readily supports an extension in which the problem of reconfiguration is viewed as a close analogue of the problem of diagnosis. Using a reconfiguration predicate rcfg analogous to the abnormality predicate ab, we formulate a strategy for reconfiguration by transforming that for diagnosis. A benefit of this approach is that algorithms for diagnosis can be exploited as algorithms for reconfiguration, thereby promoting an integrated approach to fault detection, identification, and reconfiguration.
Spatial fluctuations in the spectral shape of the ultraviolet background at 2 > z > 3 and the reionization of helium

The low-density hydrogen and helium in the intergalactic medium (IGM) probed by quasi- stellar object (QSO) absorption lines is sensitive to the amplitude and spectral shape of the metagalactic ultraviolet (UV) background. We use realistic H I and He II Lyα forest spectra, constructed from state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations of acold dark matter (�CDM) universe to confirm the reliability of using line profile fitting techniques to infer the ratio of the metagalactic H I and He II ionization rates. We further show that the large spatial variations and the anticorrelation with H I absorber density observed in the ratio of the measured He II to H I column densities can be explained in a model where the H I ionization rate is dominated by the combined UV emission from young star-forming galaxies and QSOs and the He II ionization rate is dominated by emission from QSOs only. In such a model the large fluctuations in the column density ratio are due to the small number of QSOs expected to contribute at any given point to the He II ionization rate. A significant contribution to UV emission at the He II photoelectric edge from hot gas in galaxies and galaxy groups would decrease the expected fluctuations in the column density ratio. Consequently, this model appears difficult to reconcile with the large increase in He II opacity fluctuations towards higher redshift. Our results further strengthen previous suggestions that observed He II Lyα forest spectra at z ∼ 2-3.5 probe the tail end of the reionization of He II by QSOs.