Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Radio through X-Ray Study of the Hot Spots, Active Nucleus, and Environment of the Nearby FR II Radio Galaxy 3C 33

We present results from Chandra ACIS-S, Spitzer, XMM-Newton, HST, and VLA observations of the radio hot spots, extended environment, and nucleus of the nearby (z = 0.0597) FR II radio galaxy 3C 33. This is a relatively low power FR II radio galaxy, so we expect, a priori, to detect a significant X-ray synchrotron component to the emission from the hot spots. We detect X-ray emission coincident with the two knots of polarized optical emission from the southern hot spot (SHS), as well as along the northwest arm of this hot spot. We also detect X-ray emission from two compact regions of the northern hot spot (NHS), as well as diffuse emission behind the radio peak. The X-ray flux density of the region at the tip of the southern hot spot, the most compact radio feature of the southern lobe, is consistent with the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) process. The X-ray flux densities of the other three regions of the SHS and the two compact regions of the NHS are an order of magnitude or more above the predictions from either the SSC or inverse Compton scattering of the CMB (IC/CMB) mechanisms, thus strongly disfavoring these scenarios unless they are far from equipartition (B ~ 4-14 times smaller than the equipartition values). We conclude that the X-ray emission is synchrotron emission from multiple populations of ultrarelativistic electrons. There must be complex, unresolved substructure within each region. The detection of X-ray emission from both hot spots combined with the large absorbing column toward the primary power-law component of the nucleus conclusively demonstrate that the jets must lie relatively close to the plane of the sky and that relativistic beaming cannot be important.
Public schools in crisis: a content analysis of news framing since No Child Left Behind

Public confidence in the U.S. education system has steadily eroded as a prevailing narrative has formed in the news media claiming that public schools are failing and in crisis. Yet, student academic performance has increased in the past decades despite schools facing the challenges of more economic and cultural diversity and increased accountability. In response, this study seeks to examine how the news media frame public education, particularly since the adoption of the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Does the news coverage of public education characterize schools as in crisis? Do articles about No Child Left Behind perpetuate the failing schools narrative in the news coverage of public education? A quantitative content analysis of 332 newspaper articles from The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and USA Today between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2012 coded the types of frames used, words used to illustrate a failing public schools theme, sources referenced, attribution of blame to specific individuals or groups, and overall tone or impression given of public schools. The results provided evidence that articles about No Child Left Behind perpetuate a failing schools narrative. Specifically, the study showed that the same types of frames identified in research on other topics are also used in the news coverage of public education; public education is framed more episodically than thematically; a failing public schools theme was identified; and the news coverage, while mostly balanced, had a higher frequency of negative articles than positive.
Radio observations of the 13hXMM–Newton/ROSAT Deep X-ray Survey Area

In order to determine the relationship between the faint X-ray and faint radio source populations, and hence to help understand the X-ray and radio emission mechanisms in those faint source populations, we have made a deep 1.4-GHz Very Large Array radio survey of the 13 h + 38° XMM-Newton/ROSAT X-ray Survey Area. From a combined data set of 10-h, B-configuration data and 14-h, A-configuration data, maps with 3.35-arcsec resolution and a noise limit of 7.5 μJy were constructed. A complete sample of 449 sources was detected within a 30-arcmin diameter region above a 4a detection limit of 30 μJy, at the map centre, making this one of the deepest radio surveys at this frequency. The differential source count shows a significant upturn at submilliJansky flux densities, similar to that seen in other deep surveys at 1.4 GHz (e.g. the Phoenix survey), but larger than that seen in the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) which may have been selected to be underdense. This upturn is well modelled by the emergence of a population of medium-redshift star-forming galaxies which dominate at faint flux densities. The brighter source counts are well modelled by active galactic nuclei.
Genistein inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of MCF-7 and 3T3-L1 cells via the regulation of ERα expression and induction of apoptosis

The present study investigated the effect of the phytochemical genistein on the proliferation and differentiation of MCF-7 and 3T3-L1 cells via the regulation of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) expression and the induction of apoptosis. When MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were treated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 μM genistein for 24, 48 or 72 h, cell growth was significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, the patterns of ERα expression and proliferation in MCF-7 cells treated with genistein were similar. Furthermore, ERα expression in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells was significantly inhibited by 48 h treatment with 50 μM genistein, which was selected based on the results of cytotoxicity assays on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assays]. Under the same conditions, genistein-induced apoptotic features were observed in MCF-7 and differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. This observation is supported by the finding that B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression was reduced while that of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) was induced by genistein. The results of the present study suggest that an ERα-related pathway and the induction of apoptosis are involved in the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.
REMITTANCES, INTERNATIONAL RESERVES, AND EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES IN 9 LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 1997-2010

International reserves are experiencing a significant increase, in part as a result of specific policies but also from the development of external factors, like remittances. This paper examines the role that remittances play in the accumulation of reserves, and uses a dynamic panel model for a group of 9 Latin American countries in the period 1997-2010 to uncover its influence. Our results show that international reserves are influenced positively by higher trade surpluses, exchange rate depreciations, interest rate differentials, rises in commodity prices and higher inflows of remittances. In fact, the influence that remittances exert on reserves is the strongest and most consistent amongst our determinants. Not surprisingly, we uncover a differential impact of remittances emanating from specific characteristics, like location of the receiving country, relative importance of remittances in terms of GDP, and the exchange rate regime in place, with countries operating under more rigid exchange rate regimes experience the expected magnified effect on reserves.
Principal and Minor Subspace Tracking: Algorithms &amp; Stability Analysis

We consider the problem of tracking the minor or principal subspace of a positive Hermitian covariance matrix. We first propose a fast and numerically robust implementation of Oja algorithm (FOOja: fast orthogonal Oja). The latter is said fast in the sense that its computational cost is of order O(np) flops per iteration where n is the size of the observation vector and p < n is the number of minor or principal eigenvectors we need to estimate. FOOja guarantees the orthogonality of the weight matrix at each iteration. Moreover, this algorithm is analyzed and compared with two other fast algorithms (OOjaH and FDPM) with respect to their numerical stability. Simulation results highlights the relatively good stability behavior of FOOja
Creating Silicon Valley in Europe: Public Policy Towards New Technology Industries

Through the 1990s and early 2000s the strength of the United States economy has been linked to its ability to foster large numbers of small innovative technology companies, a few of which have grown to dominate new industries, such as Microsoft, Genentech, or Google. US technology clusters such as Silicon Valley have become tremendous engines of innovation and wealth creation, and the envy of governments around the world. Creating Silicon Valley in Europe examines trajectories by which new technology industries emerge and become sustainable across different types of economies. Governments around the world have poured vast sums of money into policies designed to foster clusters of similar start-up firms in their economies. This book employs careful empirical studies of the biotechnology and software industries in the United States and several European economies, to examine the relative success of policies aimed at cultivating the 'Silicon Valley model' of organizing and financing companies in Europe. Influential research associated with the 'varieties of capitalism' literature has argued that countries with liberal market orientations, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, can more easily design policies to cultivate success in new technology industries compared to countries associated with organized economies, such as Germany and Sweden. The book's empirical findings support the view that national institutional factors strongly condition the success of new technology policies. However, the study also identifies important cases in which radically innovative new technology firms have thrived within organized economies. Through examining case of both success and failure Creating Silicon Valley in Europe helps identify constellations of market and governmental activities that can lead to the emergence of sustainable clusters of new technology firms across both organized and liberal market economies.
The use of propensity score matching in the evaluation of active labour market policies

The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden.
Efficient processing of MRFs for unconstrained-pose face recognition

The paper addresses the problem of pose-invariant recognition of faces via an MRF matching model. Unlike previous costly matching approaches, the proposed algorithm employs effective techniques to reduce the MRF inference time. To this end, processing is done in a parallel fashion on a GPU employing a dual decomposition framework. The optimisation is further accelerated taking a multi-resolution approach based on the Renormalisation Group Theory (RGT) along with efficient methods for message passing and the incremental subgradient approach. For the graph construction, Daisy features are used as node attributes exhibiting high cross-pose invariance, while high discriminatory capability in the classification stage is obtained via multi-scale LBP histograms. The experimental evaluation of the method is performed via extensive tests on the databases of XM2VTS, FERET and LFW in verification, identification and the unseen pair-matching paradigms. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance in pose-invariant recognition of faces and performs as well or better than the existing methods in the unconstrained settings of the challenging LFW database using a single feature for classification.
A free simulation experiment to examine the effects of social commerce website quality and customer psychological empowerment on customers' satisfaction

This research was designed to theoretically address and empirically examine research issues related to customer’s satisfaction with social commerce. To investigate these research issues, data were collected using a written survey as part of a free simulation experiment. In this experiment, 136 participants were asked to evaluate two social commerce websites using an instrument designed to measure relationships between s-commerce website quality, customer psychological empowerment and customer satisfaction. A total of 278 usable s-commerce site evaluations were collected and analyzed. The results showed that customer satisfaction with social commerce is correlated with social commerce sites quality and customer psychological empowerment.
Degrees of Democracy: Politics, Public Opinion, and Policy

This book develops and tests a 'thermostatic' model of public opinion and policy. The representation of opinion in policy is central to democratic theory and everyday politics. So too is the extent to which public preferences are informed and responsive to changes in policy. The coexistence of both 'public responsiveness' and 'policy representation' is thus a defining characteristic of successful democratic governance, and the subject of this book. The authors examine both responsiveness and representation across a range of policy domains in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The story that emerges is one in which representative democratic government functions surprisingly well, though there are important differences in the details. Variations in public responsiveness and policy representation responsiveness are found to reflect the 'salience' of the different domains and governing institutions - specifically, presidentialism (versus parliamentarism) and federalism (versus unitary government).
Developing indigenous tourism in the bomas: critiquing issues from within the Maasai community in Tanzania

ABSTRACT With safari attractions dominating the African tourism sector, many tourism studies in Africa have focused on wildlife and wilderness resourced-based tourism, with a secondary body of literature exploring cultural aspects of tourism. Recently many countries in the region, including Tanzania, have started to recognize the potential for stand-alone, culture-based tourism to diversify the tourism industry and for rural, economic development purposes. Drawing upon insights from local stakeholders, primarily members of the Maasai community this study identifies the critical challenges for providing indigenous cultural tourism in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Qualitative data for the study were collected through interviews and site visits to eight Maasai bomas (cultural tourism villages or settlements). Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed significant limiting factors affecting the development of indigenous cultural tourism amongst Maasai in Tanzania. The findings indicate that achieving success in indigenous cultural tourism is therefore challenging, and needs to incorporate specific community-based strategies which can facilitate the development of Maasai cultural tourism.
Apical extrusion of debris using ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Next rotary systems.

AIM To assess and compare the amount of extruded debris after canal preparation using ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Next files. METHODOLOGY Forty extracted mandibular premolars with single canals and of similar lengths were instrumented using the ProTaper Universal F3 or the ProTaper Next X3. The extruded debris during instrumentation was collected into pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. The tubes were stored in an incubator for 5 days. The tubes were weighed to obtain the final dry weight of the extruded debris. The amount of apically extruded debris was calculated by subtracting the initial weight of the tube from the final weight. The distribution of the data was examined using the Shapiro-Wilks test. Continuous variables were compared with an independent-samples t-test for two groups. RESULTS All specimens were associated with apical debris extrusion. The ProTaper Universal group produced a significantly greater amount of debris extrusion (P < 0.001). The lowest and highest amounts of debris for PTU and PTN groups were recorded as 0.00117-0.00165 g and 0.00017-0.00067 g, respectively. CONCLUSION ProTaper Next files was associated with significantly less extruded apical debris when compared to ProTaper Universal files.
Sensor enabled closed-loop bending control of soft beams

Control of soft-bodied systems is challenging, as the absence of rigidity typically implies distributed deformations and infinite degrees-of-freedom. In this paper, we demonstrate closed-loop control of three elastomer beams that vary in bending stiffness. The most stiff beam is comprised of a single prismatic structure made from a single elastomer. In the next beam, increased flexibility is introduced via an indentation in the elastomer, forming a joint. The most flexible beam uses a softer elastomer in the joint section, along with an indentation. An antagonistic pair of actuators bend the joint while a pair of liquid–metal-embedded strain sensors provide angle feedback to a control loop. We were able to achieve control of the system with a proportional–integral–derivative control algorithm. The procedure we demonstrate in this work is not dependent on actuator and sensor choice and could be applied to to other hardware systems, as well as more complex multi-joint robotic structures in the future.
A Path-based Approach for Efficient Evaluation of Twig Queries over XML Data

Efficient XML query processing has been a critical issue for these days. In this paper, a path-based approach is proposed to process XML queries which can be represented as a query tree with twig patterns. We summarize and encode all the possible paths in the XML data in advance, so that we could efficiently determine where the physical paths, which satisfy the constraint of individual path expressions in the input query, need to be "glued" to form the final correct match. We have conducted a series of experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The results show that our approach has a great advantage over the state-of-the-art element-based or hybrid approach.
Study Abroad and Developing Reflective Research Practice Through Blogs: A Preliminary Study from the United Kingdom

Abstract Blogs are seen as an important strand of social networking and a significant way of disseminating research ideas and sharing knowledge and perceptions with new audiences via digital platforms. The use of blogs within off-campus activities, such as study abroad field visits, have the potential to enhance students’ social media skills and confidence about becoming active researchers in public through communicating field research experiences and reflections on what they see, learn, hear, and do. Via a semi-structured questionnaire administered to UK-based university students participating in a recent Criminology program field visit to Slovenia in Europe, we assess the extent to which blogging facilitates student reflective practice on their lived experiences of undertaking research in culturally unfamiliar environments. We show that blogging combined with the whole experience of international fieldwork has a “learning gain” for students exemplified through a willingness to engage in reflective practice, self-awareness, and transferable skills.
On the tempered $L$-functions conjecture

We give a general proof of Shahidi's tempered L-function conjecture, which has previously been known in all but one case. One of the consequences is the standard module conjecture for p-adic groups, which means that the Langlands quotient of a standard module is generic if and only if the standard module is irreducible and the inducing data generic. We have also included the result that every generic tempered representation of a p-adic group is a sub-representation of a representation parabolically induced from a generic supercuspidal representation with a non-negative real central character. 1. Introduction. Let F be a non-archimedean local field of characteristic 0. Let G be the group of points of a quasi-split connected reductive F-group. By a parabolic subgroup (Borel subgroup, Levi subgroup, torus, split torus) of G we will mean the group of points of an F-parabolic subgroup (F-Borel subgroup, F-Levi subgroup, F-torus, F-split torus) of the algebraic group under- lying G. Fix a Borel subgroup B = TU of G ,a nd letT0 ⊂ T be the maximal split torus in T.I fM is any semi-standard Levi subgroup of G (i.e. a Levi subgroup which contains T0), a standard parabolic subgroup of M will be a parabolic subgroup of M which contains B ∩ M. Denote by W the Weyl group of G defined with respect to T0 and by w G the longest element in W. By (Sh3, Section 3) we can fix a non-degenerate character ψ of U which, for every Levi subgroup M, is compatible with w G 0 w M. We will still denote by ψ the restriction of ψ to M ∩ U. Every generic representation π of M becomes generic with respect to ψ after changing the splitting in U. Let P = MU be a standard parabolic subgroup of G and TM the maximal split torus in the center of M. We will write a ∗ for the dual of the real Lie-algebra aM of TM, a ∗C for its complexification and a ∗+ M for the positive Weyl chamber in a ∗ defined with respect to P. Following (W), we define a map HM : M → aM, such that |χ(m)|F = q −� χ,HM (m)� for every F-rational character χ ∈ a ∗ of M.I f π is a smooth representation of M and ν ∈ a ∗C , we denote by πν the smooth rep- resentation of M defined by πν(m )= q −� ν,HM (m)� π(m). (Remark that, although the sign in the definition of HM has been changed compared to the one due to Harish-Chandra, the meaning of πν is unchanged.) The symbol i G will denote the
Lessons in Data Governance: A Survey of Legal Developments in Data Management, Privacy and Security

Security and privacy developments during the year under review have been turbulent for organizations and their legal counsel. Although the security incident at ChoicePoint may prove to be memorable, the year ended with substantial, however incremental, increases in the standards for best practices. Counsel, who may previously have recommended that minimal compliance with legal requirements for information security would suffice, might now advise that an organization should raise the standards reflected in its security policies and adopt proactive, best practices for data governance. Our review seeks to highlight the most significant developments and to identify lessons that deserve to be considered when advising clients. The developments covered by this article suggest that risks and threats to information assets and privacy require diligent attention by clients and counsel to prevent bad things from happening to good companies and good personnel. That such risks are now real, instead of speculative, should alert and motivate, but not distress, clients. The decisions issued this year by the courts and enforcement agencies such as the FTC show great care, thoughtful consideration and, as a result, contain clear and cogent lessons for clients and counsel. If the risks have become increasingly clear, so have the measures that should guide a well-
An Introduction to Geographical Economics

The need for a better understanding of the role location plays in economic life was made explicit by Bertil Ohlin in 1933. However, it is only recently, with the development of computer packages able to handle complex systems, as well as advances in economic theory (in particular, an increased understanding of returns to scale and imperfect competition), that Ohlin’s vision has been met and a framework developed which explains the distribution of economic activity across space. This book is an integrated, first-principles textbook presenting geographical economics to advanced students. Although not avoiding advanced concepts, its emphasis is on examples, diagrams, and empirical evidence.