Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Curriculum change in home economics education at Gweru Teachers College, Zimbabwe, 1975-1995

This study will enrich the historical base of home economics education in Zimbabwe and document the curricular changes and contextual factors influencing the home economics teacher training program at Gweru Teachers College in Zimbabwe, between 1975 and 1995. Data were collected through documents that were supported by in-depth interviews. Former Gweru home economics lecturers and students were interviewed, and current lecturers participated in a focus group. Structural and administrative changes were found to be more fundamental than conceptual changes. Political and economic crises prompted program changes more than professional concerns for the subject.
On Bayes Risk Lower Bounds

This paper provides a general technique for lower bounding the Bayes risk of statistical estimation, applicable to arbitrary loss functions and arbitrary prior distributions. A lower bound on the Bayes risk not only serves as a lower bound on the minimax risk, but also characterizes the fundamental limit of any estimator given the prior knowledge. Our bounds are based on the notion of $f$-informativity, which is a function of the underlying class of probability measures and the prior. Application of our bounds requires upper bounds on the $f$-informativity, thus we derive new upper bounds on $f$-informativity which often lead to tight Bayes risk lower bounds. Our technique leads to generalizations of a variety of classical minimax bounds (e.g., generalized Fano's inequality). Our Bayes risk lower bounds can be directly applied to several concrete estimation problems, including Gaussian location models, generalized linear models, and principal component analysis for spiked covariance models. To further demonstrate the applications of our Bayes risk lower bounds to machine learning problems, we present two new theoretical results: (1) a precise characterization of the minimax risk of learning spherical Gaussian mixture models under the smoothed analysis framework, and (2) lower bounds for the Bayes risk under a natural prior for both the prediction and estimation errors for high-dimensional sparse linear regression under an improper learning setting.
A Token Classification Approach to Dependency Parsing

The Dependency-based syntactic parsing task consists in identifying a head word for each word in an input sentence. Hence, its output is a rooted tree where the nodes are the words in the sentence. State-of-the-art dependency parsing systems use transition-based or graph-based models. We present a token classification approach to dependency parsing, where any classification algorithm can be used. To evaluate its effectiveness, we apply the Entropy GuidedTransformation Learning algorithm to the CoNLL 2006 corpus, using the Unlabelled Attachment Score as the accuracy metric. Our results show that the generated models are close to the average CoNLL system performance. Additionally,these findings also indicate that the token classification approach is a promising one.
Dust crystallinity in protoplanetary disks: the effect of diffusion/viscosity ratio

The process of turbulent radial mixing in protoplanetary disks has strong relevance to the analysis of the spatial distribution of crystalline dust species in disks around young stars and to studies of the composition of meteorites and comets in our own solar system. A debate has gone on in the recent literature on the ratio of the effective viscosity coefficient $\nu$ (responsible for accretion) to the turbulent diffusion coefficient $D$ (responsible for mixing). Numerical magneto-hydrodynamic simulations have yielded values between $\nu/D\simeq 10$ (Carballido, Stone & Pringle, 2005) and $\nu/D\simeq 0.85$ (Johansen & Klahr, 2005}). Here we present two analytic arguments for the ratio $\nu/D=1/3$ which are based on elegant, though strongly simplified assumptions. We argue that whichever of these numbers comes closest to reality may be determined {\em observationally} by using spatially resolved mid-infrared measurements of protoplanetary disks around Herbig stars. If meridional flows are present in the disk, then we expect less abundance of crystalline dust in the surface layers, a prediction which can likewise be observationally tested with mid-infrared interferometers.
The role of community-based care capacity in shaping risk of long-term care facility placement.

OBJECTIVES Across the developed world, wait lists for facility-based long-term care (LTC) beds continue to grow. Wait lists are primarily driven by the needs of aging populations (demand-side factors). Less attention has been given to system capacity to provide community alternatives to LTC (supply-side factors). We examine the role of both demand- and supply-side factors by comparing the characteristics of individuals who have been assessed and deemed eligible for LTC in urban and rural/underserviced parts of northwestern Ontario, Canada. METHODS Home care assessment data were analyzed for all individuals waiting for LTC in northwestern Ontario as of March 2008 (n=858). For the analysis, the sample was separated into urban and rural groups to account for geographical differences in wait list location. Characteristics between these two groups were compared. RESULTS Individuals on LTC wait lists in the rural areas were significantly less impaired in activities of daily living and cognition than their counterparts in the urban area. However, in both areas, impairments in lighter-care activities appeared to be a key wait list driver, and few people had an informal caregiver living in the home. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that LTC wait lists reflect, at least to some extent, insufficient community capacity, not just need for LTC.
Causes and Consequences of Thermal Tolerance Limits in Rocky Intertidal Porcelain Crabs, Genus Petrolisthes1

Abstract Vertical zonation of intertidal organisms, from the shallow subtidal to the supralittoral zones, is a ubiquitous feature of temperate and tropical rocky shores. Organisms that live higher on the shore experience larger daily and seasonal fluctuations in microhabitat conditions, due to their greater exposure to terrestrial conditions during emersion. Comparative analyses of the adaptive linkage between physiological tolerance limits and vertical distribution are the most powerful when the study species are closely related and occur in discrete vertical zones throughout the intertidal range. Here, I summarize work on the physiological tolerance limits of rocky intertidal zone porcelain crab species of the genus Petrolisthes to emersion-related heat stress. In the eastern Pacific, Petrolisthes species live throughout temperate and tropical regions, and are found in discrete vertical intertidal zones in each region. Whole organism thermal tolerance limits of Petrolisthes species, and thermal limits of heart and nerve function reflect microhabitat conditions. Species living higher in the intertidal zone are more eurythermal than low-intertidal congeners, tropical species have the highest thermal limits, and the differences in thermal tolerance between low- and high-intertidal species is greatest for temperate crabs. Acclimation of thermal limits of high-intertidal species is restricted as compared to low-intertidal species. Thus, because thermal limits of high-intertidal species are near current habitat temperature maxima, global warming could most strongly impact intertidal species.
Strongly Coupled Plasmonic Modes on Macroscopic Areas via Template-Assisted Colloidal Self-Assembly

We present ensembles of surface-ordered nanoparticle arrangements, which are formed by template-assisted self-assembly of monodisperse, protein-coated gold nanoparticles in wrinkle templates. Centimeter-squared areas of highly regular, linear assemblies with tunable line width are fabricated and their extinction cross sections can be characterized by conventional UV/vis/NIR spectroscopy. Modeling based on electrodynamic simulations shows a clear signature of strong plasmonic coupling with an interparticle spacing of 1–2 nm. We find evidence for well-defined plasmonic modes of quasi-infinite chains, such as resonance splitting and multiple radiant modes. Beyond elementary simulations on the individual chain level, we introduce an advanced model, which considers the chain length distribution as well as disorder. The step toward macroscopic sample areas not only opens perspectives for a range of applications in sensing, plasmonic light harvesting, surface enhanced spectroscopy, and information technology but also eases the investigation of hybridization and metamaterial effects fundamentally.
A Queueing Model for Nurse Staffing

Nursing care is probably the single biggest factor in both the cost of hospital care as well as in patient satisfaction. Yet, there is a widespread dissatisfaction with the current methods of determining nurse staffing levels, including the most common one of using target minimum nurse-to-patient ratios. In this paper, we develop a queueing model to help identify nurse staffing levels in hospital clinical units based on providing timely responses to patient needs. The two-dimensional model incorporates the demands for nursing care that arise from changes in the census level of the unit as well as from current patient needs. We also develop a very accurate one-dimensional heuristic model which can be more readily implemented. This work is being done in conjunction with a major New York City hospital as part of a project to test the feasibility of using queueing theory to help guide nursing decisions.
ASSESSMENT ON DIMENSIONS OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP OF COLLEGE TEACHERS

This study described a theory-based measure of authentic leadership using three separate samples obtained from Indonesia, Ar-Raniry State Islamic University; Nigeria, Bayero University; and the Philippines, Palompon Institute of Technology. A multidimensional model of the authentic leadership construct (the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire [ALQ]) comprising leader self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective
Bicarbonate Induces Vibrio cholerae Virulence Gene Expression by Enhancing ToxT Activity

ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. The two biotypes of V. cholerae O1 capable of causing cholera, classical and El Tor, require different in vitro growth conditions for induction of virulence gene expression. Growth under the inducing conditions or infection of a host initiates a complex regulatory cascade that results in production of ToxT, a regulatory protein that directly activates transcription of the genes encoding cholera toxin (CT), toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), and other virulence genes. Previous studies have shown that sodium bicarbonate induces CT expression in the V. cholerae El Tor biotype. However, the mechanism for bicarbonate-mediated CT induction has not been defined. In this study, we demonstrate that bicarbonate stimulates virulence gene expression by enhancing ToxT activity. Both the classical and El Tor biotypes produce inactive ToxT protein when they are cultured statically in the absence of bicarbonate. Addition of bicarbonate to the culture medium does not affect ToxT production but causes a significant increase in CT and TCP expression in both biotypes. Ethoxyzolamide, a potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, inhibits bicarbonate-mediated virulence induction, suggesting that conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate by carbonic anhydrase plays a role in virulence induction. Thus, bicarbonate is the first positive effector for ToxT activity to be identified. Given that bicarbonate is present at high concentration in the upper small intestine where V. cholerae colonizes, bicarbonate is likely an important chemical stimulus that V. cholerae senses and that induces virulence during the natural course of infection.
Ecological Security and Ecosystem Services in Response to Land Use Change in the Coastal Area of Jiangsu, China

Urbanization, and the resulting land use/cover change, is a primary cause of the degradation of coastal wetland ecosystems. Reclamation projects are seen as a way to strike a balance between socioeconomic development and maintenance of coastal ecosystems. Our aim was to understand the ecological changes to Jiangsu’s coastal wetland resulting from land use change since 1977 by using remote sensing and spatial analyses. The results indicate that: (1) The area of artificial land use expanded while natural land use was reduced, which emphasized an increase in production-orientated land uses at the expense of ecologically important wetlands; (2) It took 34 years for landscape ecological security and 39 years for ecosystem services to regain equilibrium. The coastal reclamation area would recover ecological equilibrium only after a minimum of 30 years; (3) The total ecosystem service value decreased significantly from $2.98 billion per year to $2.31 billion per year from 1977 to 2014. Food production was the only one ecosystem service function that consistently increased, mainly because of government policy; (4) The relationship between landscape ecological security and ecosystem services is complicated, mainly because of the scale effect of landscape ecology. Spatial analysis of changing gravity centers showed that landscape ecological security and ecosystem service quality became better in the north than the south over the study period.
Socrative in Teaching Tenses: Indonesian Students and Lecturers’ Perceptions

Mastering a language not only involves four language skills—listening, speaking, reading, and writing—but also mastering the grammar and vocabulary of the language. This research was intended to investigate the perceptions of Indonesian undergraduates and their lecturers at the Islamic University of Riau toward the use of Socrative in grammar class specifically tenses. This study employed a quantitative research design. The respondents were 34 sixth-semester undergraduates who were randomly chosen and two grammar lecturers at the English Department of Islamic University of Riau in the academic year 2016/2017. The questionnaire was adapted from the technology acceptance model (TAM) by Davis, which consists of two specific variables: Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Before the questionnaire was employed in this study, a pilot study was carried out to ensure the validity and reliability of the instrument. The findings of the research show the majority of respondents have positive perceptions toward Socrative. The students and lecturers provide positive responses with regard to “perceived usefulness and ease of use” of Socrative in grammar class. It is hoped that this tool not only could be used in grammar class but also in all aspects of English language learning. It is also expected that this research could assist Indonesian educators to teach more creatively.
A robust algorithm based on wavelet transform for recognition of binary digital modulations

Automatic Modulation Recognition (AMR) of communication signals has been an important theme in wireless communication systems. Recently, digital modulation recognition has been considered remarkably, due to the vast application of this kind of AMR technique in spectrum sensing and cognitive radio. In this paper, we propose a wavelet-based algorithm for recognition of binary digital modulation schemes including BASK, BFSK and BPSK in presence of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). In this algorithm, Haar Wavelet Transform (HWT) of the received signal is compared to templates and the similarity of them are measured. Experimental results show a perfect classification of binary digital modulations in Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) above -1 dB. For perfect recognition of BFSK, minimum SNR of -7 dB is required. The average accuracy of 99.97, 99.71 and 97.34 are obtained for classification of these three modulations in -5dB, -7dB and -10dB SNR values, respectively.
Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection for Management of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: a Literature Review

The aim of this article was to present a review of the research literature on the outcome of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection for management of upper limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). We searched the electronic databases of MEDLINE, CINAHL and PUBMED for all published studies with full-length English text available. For each study, the quality of the methods and the strength of evidence were assessed by 2 independent reviewers based on the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (AACPDM) guidelines. Four studies of level I, 8 studies of level IV and 4 studies of level V were identified. Due to the limited number of studies with high quality evidence and inconsistent results among studies, we were unable to support or refute the usefulness of BTX-A injection for management of upper limb spasticity in children with CP. Moreover, we identified several variables that may affect the outcome of injection, such as timing of age, dosage, dilution volumes, localization techniques of target muscles and participant characteristics. In summary, we have presented a review the literature and a discussion of the considerable uncertainty and variation associated with the clinical use of BTX-A injection for management of upper limb spasticity in children with CP.
INFLUENCE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLANNING ON PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN RWANDA: A CASE OF SELECTED NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN GASABO DISTRICT

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of monitoring and evaluation planning on project performance in Rwanda a Case of selected NGOs in Gasabo District. Methodology: Descriptive survey design was used; the targeted population of the study was 72 NGOs based in Gasabo district, Kigali. From each NGO two respondents (M&E Specialist & Finance Manager) was picked purposively hence the total target population was 144 respondents.A sample size of 106 respondents was determined using Yamane’s formula. The study used both primary and secondary data where questionnaireswere used for data collection. Cronbach’s alpha test was utilized in assessing reliability of research instrument. Datacollectedwasprocessedthrough SPSS version 21.Data analysis involved statistical computations for averages, percentages, and correlation and regression analysis. Descriptive statistics and Correlation (using the Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation) was used to analyze the data and establish the relationship between the dependent variables and the set of independent variables. In this way all necessary measures to ensure project performance is enhanced, are taken care of under M&E planning. Findings: Findings indicated that all participating institutions were privy to the M&E plans developed by AVU. On average, 92% of the respondents gave plausible reasons why they thought M&E planning influences project performance in reference to the projects under study. Spearman correlation showed a positive significant correlation coefficient of 0.8 between M&E planning and project performance. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy:Based on the findings that M&E planning has high correlation with project performance, it is here by recommended that a well thought out M&E plan needs to be in place and be fully implemented if project performance is to be enhanced.
Work-rich and work-poor: three decades of change

The total number of people in employment is higher now than it was in the mid-1970s. But changes in the distribution of work leave many more families with no job and no earnings. Richard Berthoud has undertaken a detailed analysis of the trends over the past thirty years. About two million adults are in work today, who would probably not have had a job in the mid-1970s. They are mainly mothers, especially those with adequate qualifications, good health, and a working partner. On the other hand, there are another two million adults who would have had a job thirty years ago, but are now out of work. They are mainly disabled men, with poor educational qualifications, and no working partner. These two trends have combined to increase inequality between the work-rich (families with two jobs) and the work-poor (families with no job). The proportion of work-poor has doubled from 7 per cent to 14 per cent over 30 years. Most of them live on social security benefits, and have very low incomes. The government argues that work is the best route out of poverty. This report should be read by social policy makers and commentators concerned about the distribution of work between men and women, disabled and non-disabled people, and between families.
MapReducing a genomic sequencing workflow

Modern DNA sequencing machines have opened the flood gates of whole genome data; and the current processing techniques are being washed away. Medium-sized sequencing laboratories can produce 4-5 TB of data per week that need to be post-processed. Unfortunately, they are often still using ad hoc scripts and shared storage volumes to handle the data, resulting in low scalability and reliability problems. We present a MapReduce workflow that harnesses Hadoop to post-process the data produced by deep sequencing machines. The workflow takes the output of the sequencing machines, performs short read mapping with a novel parallel version of the popular BWA aligner, and removes duplicate reads---two thirds of the entire processing workflow. Our experiments show that it provides a scalable solution with a significantly improved throughput over its predecessor. It also greatly reduces the amount of operator attention necessary to run the analyses thanks to the robust platform that Hadoop provides. The workflow is going into production use at the CRS4 Sequencing and Genotyping Platform.
From Civilian Power to Superpower?: The International Identity of the European Union

List of Figures and Tables - List of Abbreviations - Acknowledgements - Defining International Identity - PART 1: IDENTIFYING THE INTERNATIONAL IDENTITY - The Development of the Framework of the International Identity: I) External Relations - The Development of the Framework of the International Identity: II) From EPC to CFSP - PART 2: THE FACETS, AND SOURCES OF INFLUENCE UPON, THE INTERNATIONAL IDENTITY - The External Sources of Influence: The European Union in the International System - The Legal Dimension as a Source of Influence - The Integrative and Member State Sources - The European Parliament: Less Source More Identity - Conclusion - Index
Nerve-sparing techniques and results in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy

Nerve-sparing techniques in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) have advanced with the developments defining the prostate anatomy and robotic surgery in recent years. In this review we discussed the surgical anatomy, current nerve-sparing techniques and results of these operations. It is important to define the right and key anatomic landmarks for nerve-sparing in RARP which can demonstrate individual variations. The patients' risk assessment before the operation and intraoperative anatomic variations may affect the nerve-sparing technique, nerve-sparing degree and the approach. There is lack of randomized control trials for different nerve-sparing techniques and approaches in RARP, therefore accurate preoperative and intraoperative assessment of the patient is crucial. Current data shows that, performing the maximum possible nerve-sparing using athermal techniques have better functional outcomes.