Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The knowledge exchange intermediary as service provider: a discussion and an Australian case

The critical impact of innovation on national and the global economies has been discussed at length in the literature. Economic development requires the diffusion of innovations into markets. It has long been recognised that economic growth and development depends upon a constant stream of innovations. Governments have been keenly aware of the need to ensure this flow does not dry to a trickle and have introduced many and varied industry policies and interventions to assist in seeding, supporting and diffusing innovations. In Australia, as in many countries, Government support for the transfer of knowledge especially from publicly funded research has resulted in the creation of knowledge exchange intermediaries. These intermediaries are themselves service organisations, seeking innovative service offerings for their markets. The choice for most intermediaries is generally a dichotomous one, between market-pull and technology-push knowledge exchange programmes. In this article, we undertake a case analysis of one such innovative intermediary and its flagship programme. We then compare this case with other successful intermediaries in Europe. We put forward a research proposition that the design of intermediary programmes must match the service type they offer. That is, market-pull programmes require market-pull design, in close collaboration with industry, whereas technology programmes can be problem-solving innovations where demand is latent. The discussion reflects the need for an evolution in knowledge transfer policies and programmes beyond the first generation ushered in with the US Bayh–Dole Act (1980) and Stevenson–Wydler Act (1984). The data analysed is a case study comparison of market-pull and technology-push programmes, focusing on primary and secondary socio-economic benefits (using both Australian and international comparisons).
Empowerment Through Agency-Promoting Dialogue: An Explicit Application of Harm Reduction Theory to Reframe HIV Test Counseling

The counseling that accompanies HIV testing can be an important prevention tool for encouraging people to practice safer sex to avoid AIDS, but there is scant research about how HIV test counseling operates in practice. This article critiques the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protocol for HIV test counseling for not being genuinely client centered and ignoring the unique needs of clients and offers an alternative approach that adapts and explicitly applies the tenets of harm reduction theory (HRT). Excerpts from actual HIV test counseling sessions illustrate both the weaknesses in the current approach to HIV test counseling and project how the alternative theoretical perspective offered could provide counseling that encourages agency-promoting and empowering dialogue. The implications for the development of HRT as a health communication heuristic and a practical training and evaluation strategy are discussed along with limitations and future research directions.
The Impact of SFAS No. 14 Segment Information on Price Variability and Earnings Forecast Accuracy

This study provides empirical evidence on the economic effects of "Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 14" segment disclosures. Required disclosures under this standard subsume those of the Securities and Exchange Commission' (SEC) 1970 line-of-business disclosure rule both in terms of the variables to be disclosed and the degree of decomposition of the consolidated information. Consequently, this study hypothesizes that stock price variability will be greater at the time of, and security analysts' earnings forecasts more accurate following, release of these disclosures. The results of the empirical analysis support these hypotheses. They indicate that "SFAS No. 14" segment disclosures convey incremental information over previously reported SEC line-of-business information that is relevant to stockholders and to security analysts. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1998.
Money in the Bank (of Canada)

With the demise of monetary targeting over the past 20 years in many major countries, the question has arisen as to whether central banks should look at money at all when formulating and conducting monetary policy. The author argues that the mainstream paradigm, which gives no useful role to money, is unlikely to capture the full richness of the transmission mechanism. Moreover, on the face of it, the empirical evidence in Canada is inconsistent with the mainstream paradigm. For these reasons, the Bank of Canada devotes significant attention in its research, analysis, and communication to the behaviour of monetary aggregates and their possible role in the transmission mechanism. This report describes the use of the aggregates as of the end of 2001.
Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-run Data Show

Maddison's 1870-1979 data are analyzed, showing the historically unprecedented growth in productivity, GDP per capita and exports and the remarkable convergence of productivities of industrialized market economies, with convergence apparently shared by planned economies but not less developed countries. Productivity lag's relation to "deindustrialization," unemployment and balance of payments is examined. The data confirm that U.S. productivity growth fell behind its extraordinary postwar peak but probably not below its long term level. It is also shown that more rapid productivity growth of other countries may only be a normal concommitant of convergence. Copyright 1986 by American Economic Association.
Should Small, Young Technology–Based Firms Internalize Transactions in Their Internationalization?

Small, young entrepreneurial firms’ governance structure across countries has generated an interesting debate in recent years. That is, should these firms internalize or externalize transactions in their internationalization? Existing studies suggest that there are advantages and disadvantages to both structures, but the findings are mixed. This study explores the factors that determine the governance structure of small, young technology–based entrepreneurial firms (SYTEFs). Evidence collected in this study indicates that choice of governance structure by SYTEFs is determined by a specific set of conditions, specifically, their choice of governance structure depends on their strategic assets, industry dynamism, and business scope.
THE FORECAST ACCURACY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA POPULATION PROJECTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF QUEENSLAND

Users of population projections tend to assume that they provide accurate predictions of future demographic trends. However, there is limited evidence to either support or refute this assumption because almost no research has evaluated the accuracy of past projections in Australia. This paper assesses the forecast accuracy of seven previous rounds of local government area population projections for Queensland. The analysis reveals errors to be quite large in absolute terms and in relation to State forecast errors, but respectable compared to those reported in other studies. Relative to simple extrapolative forecasts, the official Queensland projections are shown to have performed quite well. Fractional response models are employed to determine the extent to which forecast errors can be predicted on the basis of local area characteristics. The concluding section suggests ways in which forecast error might be reduced and how users can be informed about the possible magnitude of error in current projections.
Manipulating interface states in monolayer–bilayer graphene planar junctions

We report on transport properties of monolayer–bilayer graphene planar junctions in a magnetic field. Due to its unique geometry, the edge and interface states can be independently manipulated by either interlayer potential or Zeeman field, and the conductance exhibits interesting quantized behaviors. In the hybrid graphene junction, the quantum Hall (QH) conductance is no longer antisymmetric with respect to the charge neutrality point. When the Zeeman field is considered, a quantum spin Hall (QSH) phase is found in the monolayer region while the weak-QSH phase stays in the bilayer region. In the presence of both interlayer potential and Zeeman field, the bilayer region hosts a QSH phase, whereas the monolayer region is still in a QH phase, leading to a spin-polarized current in the interface. In particular, the QSH phase remains robust against the disorder.
Quantifying the Health Impacts of Active Travel: Assessment of Methodologies

Abstract In the past several years, active travel (walking and cycling) has increasingly been recognized as an effective means of improving public health by increasing physical activity and by avoiding the negative externalities of motorized transport. The impacts of increased active travel on mortality and morbidity rates have been quantified through a range of methodologies. In this study, the existing publications in this field of research have been reviewed to compare and contrast the methodologies adapted and to identify the key considerations and the best practices. The publications were classified in terms of the health summary outcomes and exposure variables considered, the model structures used in the studies and the impact of these choices on the results. Increased physical activity was identified as the most important determinant of the health impacts of active travel but different ways of quantifying these health impacts can lead to substantial differences in the scale of the impact. Further research is required into the relationship between increased physical activity and health effects in order to reach consensus on the most reliable modelling approach for this important determinant of benefits. Critical discussions on other exposure variables have also been provided to ascertain best practices. Additionally, a logical flow of the modelling processes (and their variations) has also been illustrated which can be followed for developing future studies into the health impacts of active travel.
The Carnegie Commission on Higher Education

Will reading habit influence your life? Many say yes. Reading the carnegie commission on higher education is a good habit; you can develop this habit to be such interesting way. Yeah, reading habit will not only make you have any favourite activity. It will be one of guidance of your life. When reading has become a habit, you will not make it as disturbing activities or as boring activity. You can gain many benefits and importances of reading.
Product-Category Dynamics and Corporate Identity in Brand Extensions: A Comparison of Hong Kong and U.S. Consumers

Should the focus of a brand-extension strategy be on product-category related factors (e.g., the fit between the extension and the core product) or should consumers’ attention be drawn to characteristics of the company providing the extension (e.g., company size)? Examining this issue experimentally in Hong Kong and in the United States with samples of students and working professionals, we find that for U.S. consumers, perceived fit is much more important than company size; for Hong Kong consumers, company size does not matter for high fit extensions, but does matter for low fit extensions. We suggest the value of collectivism may explain the relative higher importance of corporate identity for East Asian consumers. East Asian consumers rely on companies as interdependent, collective societal entities to reduce the risk of a low fit extension, whereas U.S. consumers—as individualists—place higher importance on their own judgment regarding the product fit rather than cues such as company size.
Experimental Study on Fly Ash for Conditioning of Specific Resistance of Sludge Water

Discharge of sludge from water works into waters will result in the increased deterioration of water environment. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted on the addition of conditioning agent to improve sludge dewatering performance. The result shows that coagulation is inadaptable to the treatment of sludge from water works and use of powdered coal ash from power plant as conditioning agent can greatly reduce the specific resistance of sludge and the dewatering performance can be improved. The optimal dosage of fine powdered coal is 20g/100mL and coarse powdered coal is 30g/100mL. Powdered coal is mixed with sludge to form filter cake, which is blended with coal in certain proportion to make into fuel. So that incineration of sludge from water works can be realized.
Randomized trial comparing first‐trimester transcervical chorionic villus sampling and second‐trimester amniocentesis

A total of 800 patients were randomized at the 9th to 11th week of pregnancy either for transcervical chorionic villus sampling (CVS) on the day of trial entry or for amniocentesis (AC) at the 16th week. The indication for fetal karyotyping was maternal age in 94 per cent of the cases; the mean maternal age was 39.2 years. An adequate sample was obtained in 98.3 per cent of the cases in the CVS group and in all cases in the AC group. Retesting was indicated in 3.3 per cent of the CVS cases. An abnormal karyotype was found in 6.1 per cent of the CV samples and in 4.5 per cent of the amniotic fluid samples. There was one false‐positive chromosome result in both groups. Twelve (3.1 per cent) miscarriages occurred by the 22nd week of pregnancy in the CVS group in pregnancies intended to continue. No difference was seen between the groups for total fetal loss rates. The number of surviving infants in the CVS group was 92.2 per cent and in the AC group 91.7 per cent (rate difference 0.5 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval − 3.3 to 4.3)). In our study, both the diagnostic accuracy and the risk of fetal loss were equal in the CVS and AC groups.
Factors Influencing Student Performance in Economics: Class and Instructor Characteristics

Evaluating the role of class and instructor characteristics on student performance necessitates some discussion of measurement. We begin with a discussion of various instructor characteristics such as gender, nationality, quality and experience. Next, we highlight the importance of course policies including graded problem sets and mandatory attendance. Finally, we discuss other elements of the class environment that may influence performance and the study of economics. These elements include class size, seating location, and the mathematical rigor of the class. We write this chapter with two audiences in mind: faculty who wish to improve their students’ learning by seeking changes they can influence, and administrators controlling some of the remaining factors that faculty cannot manipulate.
Organizational Support of Career Development and Job Satisfaction

As a result of widespread downsizing and an aging workforce in the federal government, career development and succession planning are rapidly becoming key strategic planning elements for effective human capital strategies to enhance government performance and accountability. This study explores the relationships between performance appraisal fairness, skill utilization, supervisors’ support of career development, participation in formal career development programs, and job satisfaction in the Department of Energy at Nevada. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that performance-appraisal fairness, skill utilization, and supervisors’ support of career development are positively associated with high levels of job satisfaction of public sector professionals. The article presents a number of suggestions for practice.
Clinical Trial of Iron Therapy on Psychomotor Function in Anaemic Women

A variety of aspects of psychomotor function were assessed in 47 women before and after iron therapy. These women, all of whom had initial haemoglobin levels below 10·5 g. /100 ml. , had been drawn from a population sample of 2,283 women seen at a haematological screening survey. There was no evidence of any beneficial effect of a rise in haemoglobin level on psychomotor function or on symptoms. Possibly this is because if an effect does occur it is unlikely to be apparent unless the haemoglobin level is very low. If this is true then anaemia is probably a rare cause of symptoms or impairment in psychomotor function in the community.
Rapid automated high sensitivity enzyme immunoassay of C-reactive protein.

The concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), the classic acute phase plasma protein, increases rapidly in response to most forms of tissue injury, infection, and inflammation (1)(2)(3). CRP is secreted only by hepatocytes, where its synthesis is regulated by cytokines, of which IL-6 is the most important. The t 1/2 of CRP in the circulation (∼19 h) is independent of the plasma concentration and is remarkably constant in all conditions (4). Thus, the only determinant of the plasma concentration is the rate of CRP production, which usually reflects closely the extent and activity of the current pathology. Furthermore, the CRP response is very sensitive, and although it is nonspecific and can never on its own be diagnostic, it provides an extremely useful objective marker in clinical practice, both in screening for organic disease and in monitoring disease activity and response to therapy (3). CRP concentrations in ostensibly healthy subjects have a very skewed distribution. In the first study with a sufficiently sensitive radioimmunoassay to detect CRP in all nondiseased sera tested, the median value was 0.58 mg/L (range, 0.068–8.2 mg/L) among 153 healthy blood donors (5). In our own original study of 468 volunteer blood donors, using the same 100% pure CRP as standard that was subsequently used to calibrate the World Health Organization International Standard for Human CRP (85/506) (6), the median value was 0.8 mg/L, and there was a tail of higher values, with the 90th percentile at 3 mg/L and the 99th percentile at 10 mg/L (7). In a more recent study based on the WHO standard and examining 143 apparently healthy blood donors, the median CRP value was 0.64 mg/L, and the 97.5th percentile was 3.11 mg/L (8). Routinely available immunochemical assay methods for plasma proteins have limited sensitivity, and until recently, …
Acute and short-term chronic testosterone fluctuation effects on glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and adiponectin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

CONTEXT Low levels of adiponectin and T in men have been shown to predict development of the metabolic syndrome, but the effects of T on glucose metabolism are incompletely understood and may be influenced either directly or indirectly through changes in body composition or in levels of adiponectin. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to test whether T exerts its effects on glucose metabolism directly or indirectly. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 12 healthy young males were studied on four separate occasions. They received GnRH agonist treatment 1 month before 3 of 4 trial days to induce castrate levels of T. On trial days, T gel containing either high or low physiological T dose or placebo was applied to the body. On a fourth trial day, participants constituted their own eugonadal controls. INTERVENTION Each study comprised a 5-hour basal period and a 3-hour hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured the effect of acute T on peripheral glucose disposal, total adiponectin and subforms, and other indices of glucose metabolism. RESULTS Short-term hypogonadism was associated with increased high molecular weight adiponectin levels (P < .03) and increased oxidative glucose disposal (P = .03) but not total glucose disposal (P = .07). Acute T treatment was an independent suppressor of high molecular weight adiponectin levels (P = .04) but did not affect total glucose disposal (P = .17). CONCLUSIONS These data show that T can act through putative fast nongenomic pathways to affect adiponectin levels in humans. The early hypogonadal state is characterized by a marked shift in fuel oxidation from lipids toward glucose, which may rely partly on buffering capabilities of adiponectin.
The Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk

T vHE purpose of this paper is to suggest that an important class of reactions of individuals to risk can be rationalized by a rather simple extension of orthodox utility analysis. Individuals frequently must, or can, choose among alternatives that differ, among other things, in the degree of risk to which the individual will be subject. The clearest examples are provided by insurance and gambling. An individual who buys fire insurance on a house he owns is accepting the certain loss of a small sum (the insurance premium) in preference to the combination of a small chance of a much larger loss (the value of the house) and a large chance of no loss. That is, he is choosing certainty in preference to uncertainty. An individual who buys a lottery ticket is subjecting himself to a large chance of losing a small amount (the price of the lottery ticket) plus a small chance of winning a large amount (a prize) in preference to avoiding both risks. He is choosing uncertainty in preference to certainty.
The role of arbitrarily primed PCR in identifying the source of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease

An outbreak of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease (LD) occurred in Providence, R.I. , in fall 1993. To find the outbreak source, exposures of 17 case patients were compared to those of 33 matched controls. Case patients were more likely than controls to have visited a section of downtown (area A) during the 2 weeks before illness (11 [65%] versus 9 [27%]; matched odds ratio, 6.5; P = 0.01). Water samples were cultured from 27 aerosol-producing devices within area A. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates underwent monoclonal antibody (MAb) subtyping and arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR). All four L. pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates available from case patients who visited area A had identical MAb and AP-PCR patterns. Among 14 environmental isolates, 5 had MAb patterns that matched the case patient isolates, but only 1 had a matching AP-PCR pattern. This investigation implicates a cooling tower in area A as the outbreak source and illustrates the usefulness of AP-PCR for identifying sources of LD outbreaks.
Defining goals in participatory water management: merging local visions and expert judgements

Management by objectives is intrinsic to the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and Swedish environmental policy. We describe three approaches to formulating objectives via model-assisted dialogue with local stakeholders concerning eutrophication in a coastal drainage area in south-eastern Sweden: a WFD eco-centred approach based on ‘natural state’; Swedish environmental policy reformulated into quantified reduction goals; and a participatory approach based on local stakeholder definitions of desirable environmental status. Despite problems with representation, we conclude that local stakeholder participation in formulating local goals could increase goal functionality and robustness when adapting and implementing national and EU WFD goals at the local level.
Kahn's Theory of Liquidity Preference and Monetary Policy

The gist of Richard Kahn's theory of liquidity preference lies in a study of how the assortment of expectations and types of uncertainty present at any given moment in the financial markets affects the relationship between the quantity of money and interest rates. While ruling out the idea of the demand for money as a stable function of the rate of interest, this approach shifts the emphasis from a mechanical view of monetary policy to the more unconventional notion of a 'policy of opinion. ' (c) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. Copyright 1994 by Oxford University Press.