Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intimate Relationships Moderate the Association Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Depression

The authors examined adult attachment, intimacy, and partner physical abuse as potential mediators or moderators of the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and depression. Contrary to previous research, our results showed that being a survivor of CSA was not necessarily associated with higher levels of physical abuse or with lower levels of intimacy. Thus, the relationship variables did not mediate the association between CSA and depression. However, they did moderate this relationship. CSA survivors were both better protected from depression when they perceived their relationships to be of high quality and more vulnerable to depression when they did not than were nonsurvivors. However, an exception occurred when their relationships were physically abusive: CSA survivors who were being physically abused reported fewer depressive symptoms than did nonsurvivors in the same situation. This finding was interpreted in terms of attachment theory and the self-verification hypothesis.
Psychosocial profiles as mediators of variation in internalizing problems among young immigrants with origins in countries of war and internal conflicts

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of psychosocial risk and resource factors as mediators of differences in internalizing problems between young immigrants with origins in four different countries. The study population included 341 immigrants from Iran, Somalia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. A gap in internalizing problems was confirmed between two apparently healthy national groups (Somalis and Tamils) and two apparently vulnerable groups (Iranians and Vietnamese). Findings showed that psychosocial profiles of risk and resources differed in content between the four groups. The profiles explained significant proportion of variation in internalizing symptoms in all national groups. Multiple mediation analyses verified that differences in school-related problems, self-efficacy and intergenerational conflicts fully or partly accounted for the differences in internalizing symptoms between the healthy and vulnerable national groups. The findings are discussed in light of culture-specific patterns of behaviour and family interaction.
Low-power design by hazard filtering

Before signals of a digital circuit reach steady state, gates can have multiple transitions. Since the power is dissipated in a CMOS circuit mainly due to transitions, the extra transitions increase power consumption. These transitions are the hazard pulses generated by a logic gate when signals arrive by paths of varying delays. The maximum width of a hazard pulse produced by a gate is the maximum difference between the delays of incident paths, which is generally much smaller than the clock period. We propose suppression of hazard pulses by increasing the delays of gates where hazards could have been generated. Thus, a hazard filtering gate has a delay which is at least as much as the differential delay of its input paths. We give examples to illustrate the novel technique and also indicate that the overall reduction in the circuit speed may not be too much with proper sizing of transistors, while there can be a significant reduction in power consumption.
Risk factors for suicidal ideation in Korean middle-aged adults: The role of socio-demographic status

Background: The investigations of the risk factors for suicidal ideation among middle-aged adults may be especially important for predicting suicidal actions, given the steep increase in suicide among Koreans aged 45–54. Few studies have sought to investigate the effect of socio-demographic status on suicidal ideation among middle-aged adults. Objective: This study investigated the influence of socio-demographic status on suicidal ideation among middle-aged adults in South Korea. Methods: The sample consisted of middle-aged men (n = 3,214) and middle-aged women (n = 4,087) aged 40–64 years who had participated in the 2005 cross-sectional Seoul Citizens Health and Social Indicators Survey. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we examined the effect of socio-demographic status, health behaviours and health status on suicidal ideation in middle-aged adults. Results: The outstanding finding was that suicidal ideation was most prevalent among middle-aged women who engaged in manual labour (i.e. blue-collar workers) (OR = 2.77, 95% CI = 1.20–6.42). The absence of a spouse was significantly associated with suicidal ideation among middle-aged men (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.30–3.40). Conclusions: The effect of enhanced security related to stable employment was strongest among middle-aged women in blue-collar jobs, and the effect of intensive counselling services was strongest among divorced or widowed middle-aged men.
First-order Verification of Cryptographic Protocols

We describe a verification method for cryptographic protocols, based on first-order invariants. For typical protocols, a suitable invariant can be generated mechanically from the program text, allowing safety properties to be proved by ordinary first-order reasoning.The method has been implemented in an automatic verifier, TAPS, that proves safety properties comparable to those in published Isabelle verifications, but does so much faster with little or no guidance from the user. TAPS has verified properties of about 100 protocols, including all but three protocols from the Clark and Jacob survey; on average, these verifications require less than a second of CPU time and less than 4 bytes of hints from the user.
Body image in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

We investigated body image in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), correlating it with self-esteem, function, and quality of life. Forty-three RA patients and 39 control individuals from the community between 18 and 70 years of age and paired for gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. Patients were assessed for body image [Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (BDDE)], self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), function [Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ)] and quality of life [Short Form-36 (SF-36)]. The RA group had a mean age of 51.6 years, BMI 26.01, and disease duration 12.2 years. Most participants were categorized in functional class I. The BDDE score of the RA group (51.8) was significantly higher than in the control group (22.6) (p < 0.001). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, HAQ and some SF-36 subscales were worse in the RA group than in the control group. These scores had a direct correlation with body image scores (p < 0.001). Individuals with RA had a worse body image than individuals without this condition. Body image was directly correlated with self-esteem, function, and quality of life.
The Temporal Structure of Equity Compensation ∗ ( Preliminary Version ) Sugato Bhattacharyya

It is well accepted that aligning managerial incentives with those of stock holders enhances shareholder value. In theory models, such alignment is usually modeled as giving managers a stake in the realized cash flows of the firm’s projects. However, such a stake, which entails a manager holding on to her equity position until all cash flow uncertainty is resolved, can lead a risk averse manager to turn down risky positive NPV projects. In this paper, we argue that equity-linked incentives can mitigate the manager’s bias against assuming risk, provided the manager is allowed the flexibility of trading out her equity position early. Thus, allowing managers to hedge away partially the risks associated with their firm’s stock price may actually be in the shareholders’ best interests. However, it can lead to excessive risk-taking when the firm has debt in its capital structure.
Some Doubts About the Cultural Approach to Teaching Spanish

Among the different procedures used was the assignment of a paper related to a topic already discussed in class. The students were well acquainted with the topic before its presentation. These papers were exchanged in class, and each student prepared a questionnaire based on a classmate's work in order to ask him/her questions during the class period. This was a more formal and productive type of discussion, because students were prepared beforehand and consequently performed better.
The relation between hypochondriasis and age.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the relation between hypochondriasis and age while controlling for the possible confounding influences of medical morbidity, social isolation, and other psychiatric disorder. METHOD Consecutive patients attending a general medical clinic on randomly selected days were screened with a hypochondriasis self-report questionnaire. Those whose scores exceeded a preestablished cutoff level and a random sample of those who scored below it completed a research battery consisting of self-report questionnaires and structured interviews for DSM-III-R diagnoses of hypochondriasis and other axis I disorders. The patients' medical records were audited, and their physicians completed questionnaires about them. The 60 patients who met the DSM-III-R criteria for hypochondriasis at interview constituted the study group, and 100 patients randomly chosen from among those who scored below the cutoff for hypochondriasis constituted the comparison group. RESULTS The hypochondriacal group was not older than the comparison group. Hypochondriacal patients aged 65 years and over did not differ significantly from younger hypochondriacal patients in hypochondriacal attitudes, somatization, tendency to amplify bodily sensation, or global assessment of their overall health, even though their aggregate medical morbidity was greater. The elderly hypochondriacal patients had higher levels of disability, but this appeared to be attributable to their medical status rather than to any increase in hypochondriasis. Within the comparison sample, subjects aged 65 years and over were not more hypochondriacal than those under 65 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Hypochondriasis is found to some degree in all patients and appears to be unrelated to age.
Lokomat Robotic-Assisted Versus Overground Training Within 3 to 6 Months of Incomplete Spinal Cord Lesion

Background. About 75% of persons with ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) Impairment Scale C and D incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) achieve walking ability. Objective. To compare a walking reeducation program using Lokomat with conventional overground training among individuals with incomplete SCI of both traumatic and nontraumatic etiology. Methods. A total of 80 participants from 3 to 6 months after onset admitted to 1 site for rehabilitation were included in a single-blind randomized clinical trial of 2 parallel groups, with blind evaluation by independent observers. Patients received 40 walking reeducation sessions of equal time using a Lokomat program with overground practice or overground mobility therapy alone. Primary measurements of outcome were walking speed and the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI II). Secondary outcomes were the 6-minute walk test, locomotor section of the Functional Independence Measure, Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS), Ashworth Scale, and Visual Analog Scale for pain. Results. No significant differences were found at entry between treatment groups. Walking speed for Lokomat (0.4m/s [0.6-0.2]) and overground therapy (0.3m/s [0.5-0.2]) groups did not differ. The WISCI II for the Lokomat group (16 [8.5-19]) was better than for overground therapy (9 [8-16]). The 6-minute walk test and LEMS displayed significant differences in favor of Lokomat therapy but were not corrected for multiple comparisons. Conclusions. Robotic-assisted training was equivalent to conventional walk training in patients with a variety of nonprogressive spinal cord pathologies for walking speed, but the need for orthotics and assistive devices was reduced, perhaps because of greater leg strength in the robotic group.
Peer tutoring and peer–assisted student support: five models within a new University

Abstract This paper discusses a range of peer tutoring initiatives developed within a new University, and focuses on the Peer Assisted Student Support scheme [PASS] that operates in its Business School. It also explores PASS extension to another institution as part of the Department for Education and Employment funded ‘Twinning’ project. The achievements, successes and failures of the scheme over this period have been assessed and some suggestions for further development are offered.
Spike-Rate Coding and Spike-Time Coding Are Affected Oppositely by Different Adaptation Mechanisms

Spike-frequency adaptation causes reduced spiking during prolonged stimulation, but the full impact of adaptation on neural coding is far more complex, especially if one takes into account the diversity of biophysical mechanisms mediating adaptation and the different ways in which neural information can be encoded. Here, we show that adaptation has opposite effects depending on the neural coding strategy and the biophysical mechanism responsible for adaptation. Under noisy conditions, calcium-activated K+ current (IAHP) improved efficient spike-rate coding at the expense of spike-time coding by regularizing the spike train elicited by slow or constant inputs; noise power was increased at high frequencies but reduced at low frequencies, consistent with noise shaping that improves coding of low- frequency signals. In contrast, voltage-activated M-type K+ current (IM) improved spike-time coding at the expense of spike-rate coding by stopping the neuron from spiking repetitively to slow inputs so that it could generate isolated, well timed spikes in response to fast inputs. Using dynamical systems analysis, we demonstrate how IAHP minimizes perturbation of the interspike interval caused by high- frequency noise, whereas IM minimizes disruption of spike-timing accuracy caused by repetitive spiking. The dichotomous outcomes are related directly to the distinct activation requirements for IAHP and IM, which in turn dictate whether those currents mediate negative feedback onto spiking or membrane potential. Thus, based on their distinct activation properties, IAHP implements noise shaping that improves spike-rate coding of low-frequency signals, whereas IM implements high-pass filtering that improves spike-time coding of high- frequency signals.
Age and adaptation to changes in the workplace

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the relationship between age and adaptation to changes in the workplace (perceived demand‐ability fit, task performance before and after change). It also seeks to explore two mediators of the potential age‐adaptation relationships: adaptive self‐efficacy and job experience.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 117 employees from three multinational organizations completed two questionnaires one month before and three months after changes in their workplaces.Findings – Hierarchical linear modelling revealed that age was not related to fit and performance before but was negatively related to fit and performance after organizational change. These relationships were mediated by job experience. Job experience made it more difficult for employees – whether young or old – to adapt to workplace changes. Adaptive self‐efficacy did not mediate the negative age‐adaptation association.Research limitations/implications – In the sample, only a few employees were older than 5.
Qur'anic school sermons as a site for sacred and second language socialisation

Abstract Research on Islamic education in Africa has focused on the core curriculum of elementary Qur'anic school – that is, the memorisation, recitation, reading, and writing of the Qur'an without explanation of the literal meaning of the sacred text. Taking a language socialisation perspective, I examine the Qur'anic school sermon as practiced by Fulbe in northern Cameroon. I situate the practice by providing an overview of the Qur'anic school tradition in this community and of the sociolinguistic context in which Fulbe children are being schooled. I then present discourse analysis of a sermon, showing how the activity provides children with instruction in proper Muslim conduct and feeling, as well as Qur'anic Arabic text that is glossed in Fulfulde and connected to their daily lives. I conclude by discussing Qur'anic school sermons as routine activities in which children learn to engage with the Qur'an and other Arabic texts as language that they can comprehend and use in ways that are socially and culturally appropriate in their community.
Optimal distinctiveness, values, and uncertainty orientation: Individual differences on perceptions of self and group identity

The present study investigated whether predictions made by optimal distinctiveness theory (Brewer, 1991) could be moderated by individual differences in uncertainty orientation, and whether optimal distinctiveness has implications for how people perceive their values relative to comparison groups. It was hypothesized that certainty-oriented persons, compared to uncertainty-oriented ones, should place greater importance on and see themselves as more similar in values to relevant comparison groups, when the need for assimilation is aroused but not necessarily when the need for differentiation is activated. One hundred five men and women, pre-assessed for their level of uncertainty orientation, were asked to describe two situations where they felt too immersed in or too apart from others around them. They then rated the importance of several reference groups and the importance of 10 value types for the self, their ethnic group, and other students at their university. The results supported the hypotheses.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Supreme Court’s Forest Grove Decision?

The article by Dixon, Eusebio, Turton, Wright, and Hale is entitled “Forest Grove School District v. T.A. Supreme Court Case: Implications for School Psychology Practice. ” Its implications are that a “comprehensive evaluation” under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires assessment of the child’s cognitive neuropsychological as well as academic and psychosocial functioning and, thus, must include cognitive assessment in the identification of specific learning disabilities. However, neither the Supreme Court’s Forest Grove decision nor the other legal authority that Dixon et al. cited provide such a requirement. Instead, the applicable federal regulations and case law generally are far less detailed and definitive in prescribing appropriate evaluations under the IDEA. This discrepancy illustrates the need of the special education and school psychology literature to improve the legal information and understanding of practitioners by more careful differentiation of analysis and advocacy that does not confuse legal requirements with professional norms.
Sick Leave Before and After Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis —A Report from the Swedish TIRA Project

Objective. Our study describes sick leave during 3 years before and 3 years after diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in relation to referents and identifies predictors for sick leave during the third year after diagnosis of RA. Methods. One hundred twenty patients (76% women) from the Swedish early RA study TIRA were included. Disease activity and disability were registered regularly during 3 years in TIRA. Referents were matched for sex, age, and home town. Sick leave data were obtained for patients 3 years before and 3 years after diagnosis and for the referents for the corresponding 6 years. Results. No differences were seen between patients and referents regarding sick leave during the first 2 years, whereas sick leave increased in patients 6 months before diagnosis, from 30% to 53%. During the 3 years after diagnosis, sick leave among patients was rather stable, varying between 50% and 60%, even though disability pension increased and sickness benefit decreased. Sick leave before diagnosis, disability 1 year after diagnosis, and type of work were identified as predictors for sick leave during the third year after diagnosis. Conclusion. Not surprisingly, sick leave in patients increased the year before diagnosis. Although disease activity and disability diminished after diagnosis, the patients’ sick leave remained essentially unchanged. Sick leave 3 years after diagnosis was foremost predicted by earlier sick leave, disability, and type of work.
Choosing teaching as a career: perspectives of male and female Malaysian student teachers in training

This paper is motivated by concern about the decline in the numbers of males entering the teaching profession in Malaysia. It seeks to explore first year student teachers’ views of teaching as a career choice and to determine the factors that influenced their decision to enter the teaching profession. A total of 425 student teachers completed a questionnaire in which they were asked to rate factors that influenced their decision to become teachers following which a comparison by gender was made. The findings of the study reveal that male and female student teachers have similar motives in selecting teaching as a career. Generally, both groups emphasise altruistic and extrinsic factors. This paper discusses the findings in relation to wider issues concerning gender, and draws conclusions which may be helpful to policy-makers and institutions in the recruitment of students into pre-service teacher training.
Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning

Considerable evidence indicates that domain specific knowledge in the form of schemas is the primary factor distinguishing experts from novices in problem-solving skill. Evidence that conventional problem-solving activity is not effective in schema acquisition is also accumulating. It is suggested that a major reason for the ineffectiveness of problem solving as a learning device, is that the cognitive processes required by the two activities overlap insufficiently, and that conventional problem solving in the form of means-ends analysis requires a relatively large amount of cognitive processing capacity which is consequently unavailable for schema acquisition. A computational model and experimental evidence provide support for this contention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Helping Johnny to Analyze Malware: A Usability-Optimized Decompiler and Malware Analysis User Study

Analysis of malicious software is an essential task in computer security, it provides the necessary understanding to devise effective countermeasures and mitigation strategies. The level of sophistication and complexity of current malware continues to evolve significantly, as the recently discovered "Regin" malware family strikingly illustrates. This complexity makes the already tedious and time-consuming task of manual malware reverse engineering even more difficult and challenging. Decompilation can accelerate this process by enabling analysts to reason about a high-level, more abstract from of binary code. While significant advances have been made, state-of-the-art decompilers still produce very complex and unreadable code and malware analysts still frequently go back to analyzing the assembly code. In this paper, we present several semantics-preserving code transformations to make the decompiled code more readable, thus helping malware analysts understand and combat malware. We have implemented our optimizations as extensions to the academic decompiler DREAM. To evaluate our approach, we conducted the first user study to measure the quality of decompilers for malware analysis. Our study includes 6 analysis tasks based on real malware samples we obtained from independent malware experts. We evaluate three decompilers: the leading industry decompiler Hex-Rays, the state-of-the-art academic decompiler DREAM, and our usability-optimized decompiler DREAM++. The results show that our readability improvements had a significant effect on how well our participants could analyze the malware samples. DREAM++ outperforms both Hex-Rays and DREAM significantly. Using DREAM++ participants solved 3x more tasks than when using Hex-Rays and 2x more tasks than when using DREAM.