Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychological Predictors of Attitude towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help in a Nigerian University Student Population

Although research on the relationship between psychological factors and attitude towards seeking professional psychological help has been conducted in a wide range of settings, some psychological factors remained unexplored, especially among Nigerian university students. Therefore this study investigated predictive powers of psychological factors (health locus of control, mindfulness, openness to experience, personal growth initiative, and sense of coherence) on atitude towards seeking professional psychological help among 452 students in a Nigerian university. The study was comprised of 234 (51.77%) males and 218 (48.23%) females with mean age of 22 years (SD = 2.16). Participants completed measures of health locus of control, mindfulness, openness to experience, personal growth initiative, sense of coherence, and attitude towards seeking professional psychological help. Results reveal significant independent and joint influence of health locus of control, mindfulness, openness to experience, personal growth initiative, and sense of coherence on attitude towards seeking professional psychological help. Findings from this study suggest that professionals in the areas of mental health and psychological well-being might improve students' engagement in psychological counseling through changing their attitudes toward seeking professional help by modifying their unfulfilled psychological, emotional, and social needs.
Frequent MAGE Mutations in Human Melanoma

Background Cancer/testis (CT) genes are expressed only in the germ line and certain tumors and are most frequently located on the X-chromosome (the CT-X genes). Amongst the best studied CT-X genes are those encoding several MAGE protein families. The function of MAGE proteins is not well understood, but several have been shown to potentially influence the tumorigenic phenotype. Methodology/Principal Findings We undertook a mutational analysis of coding regions of four CT-X MAGE genes, MAGEA1, MAGEA4, MAGEC1, MAGEC2 and the ubiquitously expressed MAGEE1 in human melanoma samples. We first examined cell lines established from tumors and matching blood samples from 27 melanoma patients. We found that melanoma cell lines from 37% of patients contained at least one mutated MAGE gene. The frequency of mutations in the coding regions of individual MAGE genes varied from 3.7% for MAGEA1 and MAGEA4 to 14.8% for MAGEC2. We also examined 111 fresh melanoma samples collected from 86 patients. In this case, samples from 32% of the patients exhibited mutations in one or more MAGE genes with the frequency of mutations in individual MAGE genes ranging from 6% in MAGEA1 to 16% in MAGEC1. Significance These results demonstrate for the first time that the MAGE gene family is frequently mutated in melanoma.
Monetary Rewards , Image Concern , and Intrinsic Motivation : Evidence from a Survey on Blood Donation

Using original survey data, this paper examines whether monetary rewards and honor rewards encourage or discourage blood donation. On the use of monetary rewards, we find that i) the overall sample’s response to monetary rewards is positive, and ii) people who volunteer more frequently, people who donated blood regularlt and people who donate blood to help others respond less positively to monetary rewards than otherwise. For honor rewards, we find that i) the overall sample’s response is negative, and ii) people who volunteer more frequently, and people who donated blood regularly respond more negatively than otherwise. We also find that people who derived greater social image rewards do not respond less positively to a discount on future use of blood, and respond more positively to appeals for donation than those who derived less social image rewards. Our findings are broadly consistent with predictions from Benabou and Tirole (2006).
The New Accountability, Student Failure, and Teachers' Work in Urban High Schools

This study uses Lipsky's concept of the street-level bureaucrat to identify how English teachers in two Chicago public high schools respond to student failure within the context of a district accountability agenda. Analyses of interview and classroom observation data indicate that teachers' responses to district policies related to the degree to which teachers perceived the policies as threats to their professional autonomy. Teachers responded to testing policies by allocating significant classroom time to “teaching to the tests” but employed several defensive strategies in response to policies aimed at lowering course failure rates. These strategies may have reduced failure rates but did not remedy student failure.
Asynchronous Partial Overlay: A New Algorithm for Solving Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problems

Distributed Constraint Satisfaction (DCSP) has long been considered an important problem in multi-agent systems research. This is because many real-world problems can be represented as constraint satisfaction and these problems often present themselves in a distributed form. In this article, we present a new complete, distributed algorithm called asynchronous partial overlay (APO) for solving DCSPs that is based on a cooperative mediation process. The primary ideas behind this algorithm are that agents, when acting as a mediator, centralize small, relevant portions of the DCSP, that these centralized subproblems overlap, and that agents increase the size of their subproblems along critical paths within the DCSP as the problem solving unfolds. We present empirical evidence that shows that APO outperforms other known, complete DCSP techniques.
The Fugitive: Evidence on Public versus Private Law Enforcement from Bail Jumping*

On the day of their trial, a substantial number of felony defendants fail to appear. Public police have the primary responsibility for pursuing and rearresting defendants who were released on their own recognizance or on cash or government bail. Defendants who made bail by borrowing from a bond dealer, however, must worry about an entirely different pursuer. When a defendant who has borrowed money skips trial, the bond dealer forfeits the bond unless the fugitive is soon returned. As a result, bond dealers have an incentive to monitor their charges and ensure that they do not skip. When a defendant does skip, bond dealers hire bounty hunters to return the defendants to custody. We compare the effectiveness of these two different systems by examining failure‐to‐appear rates, fugitive rates, and capture rates of felony defendants who fall under the various systems. We apply propensity score and matching techniques.
Microbial contamination of cord blood stem cells

Background and Objectives After storage, low levels of contaminating bacteria in standard blood components can reach bacteraemic levels, causing severe transfusion‐associated sepsis. For cord blood (CB), the significance of low levels of contaminating bacteria and the optimal detection method is unknown and not supported by available guidelines.
Cooperative Network Coding for Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

In wireless ad-hoc networks, a major challenge is how to provide robust and efficient communication. To achieve this goal, cooperative communication and network coding have been proven to be effective. In the literature, most existing studies focus on the performance of the two schemes separately. In our study, we will investigate the performance of system that combines them tightly together. In particular, we will propose a unified two-way traffic model that can characterize the features of both of them. Based on this model, we develop a new cooperative network coding scheme to further improve the system throughput. Both decode-and-forward and amplify-and-forward techniques are discussed for the two-way traffic model. Numerical results show that the new scheme can significantly improve the performance over traditional schemes.
The Effectiveness of Cue Relevance and Saliency in the Context-Specific Proportion Congruent Effect

The context-specific proportion congruent (CSPC) effect can be observed when within a block of trials two different ratios congruent-to-incongruent trials are assigned to different variants of stimulus feature (like location or colour). This feature is a contextual cue. CSPC effect is present when congruency effect size is differentiated according to the ratio congruent-to-incongruent trials assigned to specific stimulation parts. In the present paper the relevance and saliency of contextual cues in variants of the flanker task were systematically manipulated, by varying background colour, stimulus colour and luminance, and target-arrow direction as contextual cues. The obtained results support the claim that task-relevancy of the contextual cue is a critical factor in predicting its effectiveness (no CSPC effect for task-irrelevant background, stimuli colour or luminance, and significant CSPC effect for task-relevant target-arrow direction).
Placenta increta: evaluation of radiological investigations and therapeutic options of conservative management

Abnormal placentation is associated with increased maternal morbidity and mortality. Severe haemorrhage can be life threatening, and often a hysterectomy is required. Since this leads inevitably to loss of fertility, a conservative approach is desirable. We present two cases of placenta increta, one treated expectantly and the other treated with methotrexate. Neither woman required a hysterectomy. We discuss the role of ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and conservative management of these cases. Additionally, we discuss the value and limitations of P-human chorionic gonadotrophin as a follow up marker and the use of methotrexate in order to avoid the risk of hysterectomy.
Service user involvement in teaching about conflict – an exploration of the issues

Service user involvement is now a well embedded feature of social work education in the United Kingdom. Whilst many education institutions have fully embraced the involvement of service users in teaching, there is still work to be done in more fully engaging with service users who are seldom heard. This article highlights the opportunities and challenges associated with innovative work being piloted in Northern Ireland where victims and survivors of political conflict are routinely involved in teaching social work students about the impact of conflict on their lives.
Eye Movement Sequences during Simple versus Complex Information Processing of Scenes in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Minshew and Goldstein (1998) postulated that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disorder of complex information processing. The current study was designed to investigate this hypothesis. Participants with and without ASD completed two scene perception tasks: a simple “spot the difference” task, where they had to say which one of a pair of pictures had a detail missing, and a complex “which one's weird” task, where they had to decide which one of a pair of pictures looks “weird”. Participants with ASD did not differ from TD participants in their ability to accurately identify the target picture in both tasks. However, analysis of the eye movement sequences showed that participants with ASD viewed scenes differently from normal controls exclusively for the complex task. This difference in eye movement patterns, and the method used to examine different patterns, adds to the knowledge base regarding eye movements and ASD. Our results are in accordance with Minshew and Goldstein's theory that complex, but not simple, information processing is impaired in ASD.
Regulation for Conservatives: Behavioral Economics and the Case for 'Asymmetric Paternalism'

Regulation by the state can take a variety of forms. Some regulations are aimed entirely at redistribution, such as when we tax the rich and give to the poor. Other regulations seek to counteract externalities by restricting behavior in a way that imposes harm on an individual basis but yields net societal benefits. A good example is taxation to fund public goods such as roads. In such situations, an individual would be better off if she alone were exempt from the tax; she benefits when everyone (including herself) must pay the tax.
The Influence of Feature Conjunction on Object Inversion and Conversion Effects

The face inversion effect is considered by some as a marker of holistic or configural processing. In an effort to understand the relations between object orientation and the use of configuration for recognition, we explored the extent to which the combination of information across discrete, spatially separated object features contributed to the impact of transforming the orientation of faces and other objects. Subjects performed a matching task on four different sets of faces and novel objects. For two of the sets (diagnostic), the match could be made based on information contained in a single feature. For the remaining two sets (conjunction and disjunction), the information useful for successful matching was divided between two spatially separated features (at the top and at the bottom of the object). For OR disjunctions the top and bottom features provided redundant information such that subjects could rely on either the top or the bottom feature, whereas for AND conjunctions the top and bottom features provided unique information such that subjects needed to use both the top and the bottom features. Experiment 1 assessed the cost of inversion on these stimulus sets with the typical inversion task, where both study and test stimuli were presented in the same orientation. Consistent with previous work, significant inversion effects were found for all of the face sets, but none of the novel object sets. Experiment 2 assessed the cost of ‘conversion’—that is, the effect of transforming the orientation of the stimulus between study and test. Consistent with previous work, significant conversion effects were found for all face sets; however, a significant conversion effect was also found for the AND novel set. That only the AND novel set was significant suggests that conversion effects are reliant on combination of information across features, which is compromised when the stimulus configuration is altered between study and test. The results suggest that configural processes, like those purportedly used for face recognition, may be domain-general processes that can also be recruited strategically with other types of objects.
Native Speaker Judgment and the Evaluation of Errors in German

errors. Though the first task is rather straightforward, the second one is not since, in order tojudge errors, a basis for an evaluation has to be established. ' That is, we need objective means for ranking error types according to their degree of seriousness. One way to rank errors is to measure their relative degree of difficulty, and that presupposes a way of measuring difficulty. Such a proposal is made by Fred Eckman, who establishes a correlation between the degree of difficulty and typological markedness in his Markedness Differential Hypothesis.2 Another approach is taken by Marina Burt.3 She draws the by now well-known distinction between global and local errors. Global errors are those that "affect overall sentence organization" (p. 56) and severely impede communication, while local errors which "are limited to a single part of the sentence-rarely affect the communication of a verbal message" (p. 57). Global errors are therefore usually considered to be more serious than local ones. When we evaluate the seriousness of an error, we do so with respect to a certain goal. For instance, if our goal is to achieve absolute linguistic correctness, all errors are equally serious and will be rated accordingly. However, if we define our objectives in terms of communicative success, then we will probably use a different rating scale. In this paper, the assumption is made that communicative success is one of the major goals of foreign language instruction. Consequently, an error is defined as a failure to communicate. Communicative endeavors are usually, or at least ideally, directed towards a native speaker of the target language. It appears appropriate, therefore, that native speaker judgment of errors be investigated and that, if possible, the results be applied to foreign language teaching, and, specifically, to the evaluation of
Improvement of salinity stress tolerance in rice: Challenges and opportunities

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important staple crop that feeds more than one half of the world’s population and is the model system for monocotyledonous plants. However, rice is very sensitive to salinity and is the most salt sensitive cereal crop with a threshold of 3 dSm−1 for most cultivated varieties. Despite many attempts using different strategies to improve salinity tolerance in rice, the achievements so far are quite modest. This review aims to discuss challenges that hinder the improvement of salinity stress tolerance in rice as well as potential opportunities for enhancing salinity stress tolerance in this important crop.
1 From Intentions to Social Commitments : Adaptation in Multiagent Systems

Runtime adaptation of software systems is an area of software engineering that is gaining increasing attention from researchers. Adaptive software can successfully cope with failures and the volatility of the environment it opera tes in. Researchers in software requirements and architecture are especially inte rested in modeldriven adaptation. The idea is that software would reflect upon its own mo del in order to reason about adaptation. This chapter represents a summary of our recent work for supportin g adaptation in multiagent systems. Our key contribution is to exploit the notion of social commitmentin order to reason about adaptation in multiagent systems. While other approaches for adaptation assume cooperation or some form of logical c entralization, our approach works for open multiagent systems wherein agents are a utonomous and heterogeneously constructed. We conceive adaptation from the persp ective of an intentional agent, who needs to interact with other agents in the multiagent syste m—by engaging in social commitments—to achieve its goals.
Self-evaluation, social and cognitive performance in children with social phobia

Cognitive models of Social Phobia (SP) assume that SP is not only associated with negative self-evaluation but also with impaired actual social and cognitive performance. However, relatively little is known about these aspects in children with SP. In our study, we investigated whether children with SP show differences in self-evaluation, as well as in social and cognitive performance during a social-evaluative situation. Therefore, a group of children aged 8 to 12 years with SP (DSM-IV; n = 35) and healthy control (HC) children (n = 35), individually matched by sex and age, was exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). After the speech task and the math task of the TSST-C, children were asked to evaluate their performance. In addition, observers rated their social performance on different dimensions as well as their cognitive performance. Results showed that children with SP evaluated their performance worse than HC children but did not differ in observer-rated nervous behaviors, micro social skills and cognitive performance. Borderline significant group differences could only be found in observer-rated global impression, illustrating that children with SP may differ from HC children during social stress mainly due to being perceived as having a less positive and friendly social appearance.
High doses of glucosamine-HCl have detrimental effects on bovine articular cartilage explants cultured in vitro.

OBJECTIVE To investigate both the biochemical and the potential morphological changes in bovine cartilage explants following treatment with glucosamine HCl, and to evaluate the capability of glucosamine to counteract the degradation of cartilage induced by catabolic agents such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). DESIGN Bovine articular cartilage explants were treated with increasing doses of glucosamine HCl (0.25-25mg/ml) in the absence or in the presence of IL-1beta or LPS. The release of matrix proteoglycans in the medium, as well as variations in nitric oxide and lactate production were evaluated by standard assays. Proteoglycan synthesis was determined by incorporation of Na(2)-(35)SO(4). Ultrastructural analysis was performed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Increasing doses of glucosamine (2.5, 6.5, 25mg/ml) induced a dose-dependent decrease in proteoglycan synthesis and in lactate production after 24h treatment. The biochemical changes induced by IL1-beta or LPS appeared to be inhibited by 6.5 and 25mg/ml glucosamine. At these concentrations a decrease in cell viability was observed, which reached over 90% at 25mg/ml. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that pharmacological doses of glucosamine induce a broad impairment in the metabolic activity of bovine chondrocytes, leading to cell death. The inhibition of the catabolic effects induced by IL1-beta and LPS appears related to glucosamine toxicity. In other experimental models, the same or similar doses of glucosamine have previously been used, without showing any adverse effect. We conclude that, in studying the effects of glucosamine, particular attention should be addressed to the experimental model, the doses and the length of treatment. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Work, Education, and Vocational Reform: The Ideological Origins of Vocational Education, 1890-1920

This essay examines the ideological origins of vocational education in the early twentieth century. Focusing on the leading participants in the vocational movement, it asks why people across a broad spectrum of political and economic opinion seized on vocational education as an instrument of economic reform. The essay argues that vocational reformers often differed with one another about the form that vocational education should take and the purposes it should serve but that what united them all was a desire to rationalize the operation of the economy without directly attacking private property or the class structure. The result was to transform questions about the nature of work and inequality into matters of socialization and training, thereby institutionalizing the idea that preparation for work was a primary function of American education.