Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geology, Fluid Inclusion, and H–O–S–Pb Isotope Constraints on the Mineralization of the Xiejiagou Gold Deposit in the Jiaodong Peninsula

The Xiejiagou deposit is a representative medium-sized gold deposit in Jiaodong the Peninsula, which contains gold reserves of 37.5 t. The orebodies are hosted in the Linglong biotite granite with a zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb age of 160.5±1.3 Ma (N=15, MSWD=1.2) and are characterized by disseminated- or stockwork-style ores. Mineralization and alteration are structurally controlled by the NE-striking fault. Three stages of mineralization were identified with the early stage being represented by (K-feldspar) sericite quartz pyrite, the middle stage by quartz gold polymetallic sulfide, and the late stage by quartz carbonate. Ore minerals and gold mainly occurred in the middle stage. Three types of primary fluid inclusions were distinguished in the Xiejiagou deposit, including carbonic-aqueous, pure carbonic, and aqueous inclusions. The primary fluid inclusions of the three stages were mainly homogenized at temperatures of 262–386°C, 192–347°C, and 137–231°C, with salinities of 2.22–8.82, 1.02–11.60, and 1.22–7.72 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. These data indicate that the initial ore-forming fluids were a medium temperature, CO2-rich, and low-salinity H2O–CO2–NaCl homogeneous system, and the ore-forming system evolved from a CO2-rich mesothermal fluid into a CO2-poor fluid. Considering the fluid inclusion characteristics, H–O–S–Pb isotopes, and regional geological events, the ore-forming fluid reservoir was likely metamorphic in origin. Trapping pressures of the first two hydrothermal stages estimated from the carbonic aqueous inclusion assemblages were ~224–302 MPa and ~191–258 MPa, respectively. This suggests that the gold mineralization of the Xiejiagou gold deposit occurred at a lithostatic depth of ~7.2–9.7 km. Au(HS)2− was the most probable gold-transporting complex at the Xiejiagou deposit. Precipitation of gold was caused by a CO2 effervescence of initial auriferous fluids.
The Neuronal Correlates of Indeterminate Sentence Comprehension: An fMRI Study

Sentences such as The author started the book are indeterminate because they do not make explicit what the subject (the author) started doing with the object (the book). In principle, indeterminate sentences allow for an infinite number of interpretations. One theory, however, assumes that these sentences are resolved by semantic coercion, a linguistic process that forces the noun book to be interpreted as an activity (e.g., writing the book) or by a process that interpolates this activity information in the resulting enriched semantic composition. An alternative theory, pragmatic, assumes classical semantic composition, whereby meaning arises from the denotation of words and how they are combined syntactically, with enrichment obtained via pragmatic inferences beyond linguistic-semantic processes. Cognitive neuroscience studies investigating the neuroanatomical and functional correlates of indeterminate sentences have shown activations either at the ventromedial pre-frontal cortex (vmPFC) or at the left inferior frontal gyrus (L-IFG). These studies have supported the semantic coercion theory assuming that one of these regions is where enriched semantic composition takes place. Employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found that indeterminate sentences activate bilaterally the superior temporal gyrus (STG), the right inferior frontal gyrus (R-IFG), and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), more so than control sentences (The author wrote the book). Activation of indeterminate sentences exceeded that of anomalous sentences (…drank the book) and engaged more left- and right-hemisphere areas than other sentence types. We suggest that the widespread activations for indeterminate sentences represent the deployment of pragmatic-inferential processes, which seek to enrich sentence content without necessarily resorting to semantic coercion.
Peroxisome degradation in mammals: mechanisms of action, recent advances, and perspectives

Peroxisomes are remarkably dynamic organelles that participate in a diverse array of cellular processes, including the metabolism of lipids and reactive oxygen species. In order to regulate peroxisome function in response to changing nutritional and environmental stimuli, new organelles need to be formed and superfluous and dysfunctional organelles have to be selectively removed. Disturbances in any of these processes have been associated with the etiology and progression of various congenital neurodegenerative and age-related human disorders. The aim of this review is to critically explore our current knowledge of how peroxisomes are degraded in mammalian cells and how defects in this process may contribute to human disease. Some of the key issues highlighted include the current concepts of peroxisome removal, the peroxisome quality control mechanisms, the initial triggers for peroxisome degradation, the factors for dysfunctional peroxisome recognition, and the regulation of peroxisome homeostasis. We also dissect the functional and mechanistic relationship between different forms of selective organelle degradation and consider how lysosomal dysfunction may lead to defects in peroxisome turnover. In addition, we draw lessons from studies on other organisms and extrapolate this knowledge to mammals. Finally, we discuss the potential pathological implications of dysfunctional peroxisome degradation for human health.
Intravenous Immunoglobulins: In-Depth Review of Excipients and Acute Kidney Injury Risk

Background: Used in a variety of approved and off-label indications, there are several intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations available which differ in the excipients (e.g. sucrose, glucose, maltose, D-sorbitol, glycine or L-proline) used to stabilize the protein in the solution. A very rare, but severe adverse drug reaction (ADR) reported with sucrose-stabilized IVIGs, acute renal failure, is well established, but the relative risks with sucrose-free IVIGs are unknown. Methods: Medline and Embase were searched for published data on ADRs involving the kidney, and DrugCite, a public database of >4,000,000 ADRs from the USA, was also searched. Renal impairment-associated ADRs and categories were summarized. Results: Compared with sucrose-containing IVIGs, reports of ADRs involving the kidney were relatively rare with sucrose-free IVIGs: 12 cases were published prior to February 28, 2012; incidences reported in DrugCite were also relatively low and similar among sucrose-free preparations. The incidence of hemolysis-related ADRs, a potential cause of secondary acute renal impairment, was higher with glycine- and L-proline-stabilized IVIGs. Reported incidences of renal impairment with sucrose-free IVIGs are similar between products and much lower than with sucrose-stabilized IVIGs. Conclusions: It is recommended that the choice of IVIG should be guided by the patient's medical history, present comorbidities and concomitant medications. Prospective studies with inclusion of creatinine values, as well as rigorous reporting of cases in the literature and/or via pharmacovigilance systems, are imperative to better define patient profiles.
Biosynthesis of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA): A Review

Conjugated linoleic acid is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid with two conjugated unsaturated double bonds at various carbon positions in the fatty acid chain. An increasin g interest on CLA is attributed to its potential health benefits such as anticarcinoge nic, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic and antiadipogenic effects. More than a dozen isomers of CLA are present in ruminant fat. Of the two isomers known for their physiological importance, c-9, t-11 is the most prevalent one comprising 80 to 90% of total CLA in food products from ruminants, whereas t-10, c-12 is present in small amounts at 3-5% of total CLA. Sequences in the biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids leading to the biosynthesis of CLA in the rumen from linoleic acid and in the mammary gland from t-11 C by Δ desaturase have been 18:1 -9 reviewed. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of CLA will allow us to design feeding strategies for enhancing the concentration and output of CLA in milk and meat so we can derive the potential health benefits associate with it.
Alteration of Transthyretin Microheterogeneity in Serum of Multiple Trauma Patients

Transthyretin (TTR) which exists in various isoforms, is a valid marker for acute phase response and subclinical malnutrition. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between inflammation, oxidative stress and the occurrence of changes in microheterogeneity of TTR. A prospective, observational study at a level-I trauma center of a large urban medical university was performed. Patients were severely injured (n = 18; injury severity score (ISS): 34–66), and were observed within the first 24 hours of admittance and over the following days until day 20 after injury. 20 healthy subjects, matched by age and sex, were used as controls. TTR was enriched by immunoprecipitation. Microheterogeneity of TTR was determined by linear matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Four major mass signals were observed for TTR representing native, S-cysteinylated, S-cysteinglycinylated and S-glutathionylated TTR. In the course of their ICU stay, 14 of the 18 patients showed a transient change in microheterogeneity in favour of the S-cysteinglycinylated form of TTR (p < 0.05 vs. controls). The occurrence of this variant was not associated with the severity of trauma or the intensity of the acute-phase response, but was associated with oxidative stress as evidenced by Trolox. Our results demonstrate that changes in microheterogeneity of TTR occur in a substantial number of ICU trauma patients. The diagnostic values of these changes remains to be elucidated. It is speculated that TTR modification may well be the mechanism underlying the morphological manifestation of amyloidose or Alzheimer's diseases in patients surviving multiple trauma.
Weissella confusa Infection in Primate (Cercopithecus mona)

We describe systemic infection by Weissella confusa in a mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) on the basis of microbiologic, molecular genetic, and histologic data. The same strain of W. confusa, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, was isolated in pure culture from the primate’s brain, liver, spleen, and intestine. Histologic lesions showed inflammatory infiltrates mainly composed of neutrophils, indicating an acute septicemic process.
Extraction of Sub-microscopic Ca Fluxes from Blurred and Noisy Fluorescent Indicator Images with a Detailed Model Fitting Approach

The release of Ca from intracellular stores is key to cardiac muscle function; however, the molecular control of intracellular Ca release remains unclear. Depletion of the intracellular Ca store (sarcoplasmic reticulum, SR) may play an important role, but the ability to measure local SR Ca with fluorescent Ca indicators is limited by the microscope optical resolution and properties of the indicator. This leads to an uncertain degree of spatio-temporal blurring, which is not easily corrected (by deconvolution methods) due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of the recorded signals. In this study, a 3D computer model was constructed to calculate local Ca fluxes and consequent dye signals, which were then blurred by a measured microscope point spread function. Parameter fitting was employed to adjust a release basis function until the model output fitted recorded (2D) Ca spark data. This ‘forward method’ allowed us to obtain estimates of the time-course of Ca release flux and depletion within the sub-microscopic local SR associated with a number of Ca sparks. While variability in focal position relative to Ca spark sites causes more out-of-focus events to have smaller calculated fluxes (and less SR depletion), the average SR depletion was to 20±10% (s.d.) of the resting level. This focus problem implies that the actual SR depletion is likely to be larger and the five largest depletions analyzed were to 8±6% of the resting level. This profound depletion limits SR release flux during a Ca spark, which peaked at 8±3 pA and declined with a half time of 7±2 ms. By comparison, RyR open probability declined more slowly, suggesting release termination is dominated by neither SR Ca depletion nor intrinsic RyR gating, but results from an interaction of these processes.
Glutamine and Leucine Provide Enhanced Protective Immunity Against Mucosal Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Besides their role as building blocks of protein, there are growing evidences that some amino acids have roles in regulating key metabolic pathways that are necessary for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and immunity. Here, we evaluated the modulatory functions of several amino acids in protective immunity against mucosal infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We found that glutamine (Gln) and leucine (Leu) showed enhanced protective immunity to HSV-1 mucosal infection when two administration of Gln and single administration of Leu per day, but not when administered in combinations. Ameliorated clinical signs of HSV-1 challenged mice by the intraperitoneal administration of Gln and Leu were closely associated with viral burden and IFN-γ production in the vaginal tract at 2 and 4 days post-infection. In addition, the enhanced production of vaginal IFN-γ appeared to be caused by NK and HSV-1 antigen-specific Th1-type CD4+ T cells recruited into vaginal tract of mice treated with Gln and Leu, which indicates that IFN-γ, produced by NK and Th1-type CD4+ T cells, may be critical to control the outcome of diseases caused by HSV-1 mucosal infection. Collectively, our results indicate that intraperitoneal administration of Gln and Leu following HSV-1 mucosal infection could provide beneficial effects for the modulation of protective immunity, but dosage and frequency of administration should be carefully considered, because higher frequency and overdose of Gln and Leu, or their combined treatment, showed detrimental effects to protective immunity.
Medical adjuncts in IVF: evidence for clinical practice

The cross-talk between the embryo and the endometrium, leading to implantation, is a complex, dynamic and highly controlled phenomenon. Over the last decade, a large amount of translational and clinical research has been carried out in an attempt to increase the likelihood of pregnancy in in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The purpose of this article was to review the literature on the effectiveness of adjuvant therapy in IVF and to provide fertility professionals with evidence-based guidance and recommendations. Clinicians who decide to prescribe therapies for which the evidence base is weak, should make patients aware of this lack of knowledge and potential adverse effects. There is a need for good clinical trials in many of the areas surrounding medical adjuncts in IVF to resolve the empirical/evidence divide.
Asymptotically optimal geometric mobile ad-hoc routing

In this paper we present AFR, a new geometric mobile ad-hoc routing algorithm. The algorithm is completely distributed; nodes need to communicate only with direct neighbors in their transmission range. We show that if a best route has cost c, AFR finds a route and terminates with cost &Ogr;(c2) in the worst case. AFR is the first algorithm with cost bounded by a function of the optimal route. We also give a tight lower bound by showing that any geometric routing algorithm has worst-case cost $Ogr;(c2). Thus AFR is asymptotically optimal. We give a non-geometric algorithm that also matches the lower bound, but needs some memory at each node. This establishes an intriguing trade-off between geometry and memory.
Zinc as a Tracer of Metallicity Evolution of Damped Lyα Systems

Zinc is a good indicator of metallicity in damped Lyα (DLA) systems because it is almost unaffected by dust depletion. However, the use of zinc as a tracer of metallicity evolution has been hampered by the difficulty of detecting the Zn II resonance lines at high redshift. The measurement of zinc abundance in a DLA system at zabs > 3 obtained by means of the UVES spectrograph at the VLT prompted us to reanalyze the full sample of zinc abundances present in the literature to search for a metallicity-redshift relation in DLA systems. A study of the metallicities of individual systems shows evidence for an anticorrelation between [Zn/H] and redshift, supported by different types of statistical tools. The zinc metallicity decreases by -0.3 ± 0.1 dex per unit redshift interval in the range 0.5 ≲ zabs ≲ 3.5. This rate is in good agreement with that found by Savaglio, Panagia, & Stiavelli in their recent study of DLA abundances corrected for dust depletion. The present result does not require a knowledge of the dust depletion pattern(s) in DLA systems. On the other hand, analysis of the column-density-weighted metallicity of the sample, , does not show a clear evidence for redshift evolution, consistent with previous studies of zinc abundances. We propose that the apparent lack of evolution of is due to the combination of selection bias effects together with the extreme sensitivity of to low-number statistics.
ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL SATISFACTION INDEPENDENT PARTICIPANTS AND MANAGEMENT OF BPJS KESEHATAN CONTRIBUTION COLLECTABILITY

Background: The problem that is most often heard in both mass and electronic media is related to the BPJS Health budget deficit. One of the causes is arrears from participants. Objective: This study aims to examine the satisfaction of independent participants and the level of collectibility of BPJS Health contributions with a focus on service quality, the amount of contributions, life satisfaction, satisfaction with the level of collectibility and the amount of premiums, life satisfaction, perceptions of service quality on participant satisfaction. Method: This type of research is associative using quantitative research methods with a sample of 21 people, taken using accidental sampling Result: The research results show that regarding the perception of quality of service access, the results of the T Test on the PLS output show a t-count value (1.059) < t-table (1.725), the amount of contributions from the T Test results on the PLS output shows a t-count value (0.072) < t-table (1.725), participant life satisfaction. T-test results on PLS output show t-count value (0.128) < t-table (1.725), perception of Access Quality. T-test results on PLS output show t-count value (0.061) < t- table (1.725), the premium amount. The T Test results on the PLS output show the t-count value (0.128) < t-table (1.725), the life satisfaction of participants from the T Test results on the PLS output shows the t-count value (1.630) < t-table (1.725), participant satisfaction with the T Test results on the PLS output shows the t-count value (0.103) < t-table (1.725) meaning that all hypotheses are accepted. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research is that the perception of the quality of service access, the amount of contributions, participant life satisfaction and participant satisfaction have a positive influence on the level of collectibility. Perceived quality of service access, premium amount, participant life satisfaction have a positive influence on participant satisfaction.
Failed suicide and deliberate self-harm: A need for specific nomenclature

Background: Out of those who attempted self-harm and survived, many actually wanted to die and many did not. Presently, no distinctive nomenclature exists for these two groups, which causes difficulty in understanding as well as in management and research. Aim: To study whether there exist two such groups which are distinct and can be differentiated clinically. Methods: Seventy-eight persons who attempted self-harm were evaluated in detail by a psychiatrist. The data were recorded in an especially designed proforma which documented sociodemographic variables, psychiatric and physical illnesses, psychosocial stress factors, substance abuse, past and family history and details of suicide attempt. Results: Two groups emerged with distinct characteristics. The two groups were different in factors such as age, diagnosis, intentionality, lethality, mode, motive to kill oneself, past/family history, relation to stress, personality traits and precaution to prevent detection before and/or after the act. The group which had persons who really wanted to die but survived is suggested to be named as the ‘failed suicide’ group and the other group which had persons who did not actually want to die is suggested to be named as the ‘deliberate self-harm’ group. Conclusion: Those who cause harm to themselves but survive can be distinctly put into two groups: (i) the ‘failed suicide’ group constituting those who actually wanted to kill themselves and (ii) the ‘deliberate self-harm’ group constituting those who did not actually want to die. The criteria for distinctions are suggested.
Friction of sheared granular layers: Role of particle dimensionality, surface roughness, and material properties

We report on laboratory experiments designed to investigate three fundamental deformation mechanisms for frictional shear of granular fault gouge: sliding, rolling, and dilation. Mechanisms were isolated by shearing layers composed of rods in geometric configurations that resulted in one‐dimensional, two‐dimensional, and rolling‐only particle interactions. Results of digital video are presented with measurements of friction and strain to illuminate the distribution of shear and the relationship between particle motions and friction. The double‐direct‐shear configuration was used with boundary conditions of constant layer normal stress (1 MPa) and controlled shear loading rate (10 μm/s) with initial layer thickness of 6 mm. Layers were sheared in a servo‐hydraulic testing machine at room temperature (22°C) and relative humidity (5 to 10%). Three materials were studied: alloy 260 brass, dried semolina pasta, and hardwood dowels, with particle diameters of 1.59 mm, 1.86 mm, and 2.06 mm, respectively. Pasta layers had mean sliding friction coefficients of 0.24, 0.11, and 0.02 in 2‐D, 1‐D, and rolling configurations, respectively. Layers of brass rods had average friction coefficients of 0.23, 0.15, and 0.01, respectively, in 2‐D, 1‐D, and rolling configurations; and the wood samples exhibited friction values of 0.18, 0.19, and 0.09, respectively. Evolution of strength during shear correlated strongly with the displacement derivative of layer thickness. SEM images document the role of surface finish on frictional properties. Rapid reorientations of particles correspond to stick‐slip stress drops and may be related to the collapse and reformation of granular force chains. We find a systematic relationship between the strength of granular layers and (1) the surface roughness of particles and (2) the number of particle contact dimensions. Our data provide important insights on the mechanics of granular fault gouge and constraints on the fundamental parameters used in numerical models of tectonic faulting.