Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
This Work Is Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Neural Correlates of Attention-executive Dysfunction in Lewy Body Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease

correlates of attention-executive dysfunction in lewy body dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract: Attentional and executive dysfunction contribute to cognitive impairment in both Lewy body dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Using functional MRI, we examined the neural correlates of three components of attention (alerting, orienting, and executive/conflict function) in 23 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 32 patients with Lewy body dementia (19 with dementia with Lewy bodies and 13 with Parkinson's disease with dementia), and 23 healthy controls using a modified Attention Network Test. Although the functional MRI demonstrated a similar fronto-parieto-occipital network activation in all groups, Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia patients had greater activation of this network for incongruent and more difficult trials, which were also accompanied by slower reaction times. There was no recruitment of additional brain regions or, conversely, regional deficits in brain activation. The default mode network, however, displayed diverging activity patterns in the dementia groups. The Alzheimer's disease group had limited task related deactivations of the default mode network, whereas patients with Lewy body dementia showed heightened deacti-vation to all trials, which might be an attempt to allocate neural resources to impaired attentional Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. Michael Firbank and Xenia Kobeleva have contributed equally to this work. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. networks. We posit that, despite a common endpoint of attention-executive disturbances in both dementias, the pathophysiological basis of these is very different between these diseases.
Housing in Old Age: Dynamical Interactions Between Neighborhood Attachment, Neighbor Annoyance, and Residential Satisfaction

ABSTRACT Objective: Residential satisfaction and neighborhood quality play major roles in aging well. However, longitudinal research about the interplay between such factors is still sparse. Our 1-year study examined whether change in residential satisfaction was associated with change in two indicators of neighborhood quality: neighborhood attachment and neighbor annoyance. Methods: Findings come from a longitudinal study with 85 community-dwelling German older adults (age range: 60 to 92 years). Participants filled out questionnaires at two measurements that were 1 year apart. The interplay between residential satisfaction and neighborhood was explored using a cross-path model. Results: Higher levels of residential satisfaction predicted enhanced attachment and reduced annoyance over time. Moreover, attachment predicted positive change in residential satisfaction over the course of 1 year. Conclusion: Results suggest that older adults may apply adaptive behaviors and strategies to optimize their neighborly experiences. Such findings have implications for improving residential satisfaction in community-dwelling older adults.
Coalescent processes arising in a study of diffusive clustering

This paper studies the spatial coalescent on Z 2 . In our setting, the partition elements are located at the sites of Z 2 and undergo local delayed coalescence and migration. That is, pairs of partition elements located at the same site coalesce into one partition element after exponential waiting times. In addition, the partition elements perform independent random walks. The system starts in either locally finite configurations or in configurations containing countably many partition elements per site. These two situations are relevant if the coalescent is used to study the scaling limits for genealogies in Moran models respectively interacting Fisher-Wright diffusions (or Fleming-Viot processes), which is the key application of the present work. Our goal is to determine the longtime behavior with an initial population of countably many individuals per site restricted to a box ( t �/2 ,t �/2 ) 2 \ Z 2 and observed at time twith 1 � � � � � 0. We study both asymptotics, as t ! 1, for a fixed value ofas the parameter � 2 (�,1) varies, and for a fixed �, as the parameter � 2 (0,�) varies. This exhibits the genealogical structure of the mono-type clusters arising in 2-dimensional Moran and Fisher-Wright systems. A new random object, the so-called coalescent with rebirth, is constructed via look-down and shown to arise in the limit. For sake of completeness, and in view of future applications we introduce the spatial coalescent with rebirth and study its longtime asymptotics as well. The present paper is the basis for forthcoming works (20) and (23), where the genealogies in interacting Moran models and Fisher-Wright diffusions on Z 2 are studied, and where the spatial continuum limit of the Moran model on Z 1 (Brownian web) is developed, respectively. There the coalescent with rebirth is needed to describe the "complete" genealogical forests, i.e., the genealogical structures which include also the "fossils".
Suppression of the Nuclear Factor Eny2 Increases Insulin Secretion in Poorly Functioning INS-1E Insulinoma Cells

Eny2, the mammalian ortholog of yeast Sus1 and drosophila E(y)2, is a nuclear factor that participates in several steps of gene transcription and in mRNA export. We had previously found that Eny2 expression changes in mouse pancreatic islets during the metabolic adaptation to pregnancy. We therefore hypothesized that the protein contributes to the regulation of islet endocrine cell function and tested this hypothesis in rat INS-1E insulinoma cells. Overexpression of Eny2 had no effect but siRNA-mediated knockdown of Eny2 resulted in markedly increased glucose and exendin-4-induced insulin secretion from otherwise poorly glucose-responsive INS-1E cells. Insulin content, cellular viability, and the expression levels of several key components of glucose sensing remained unchanged; however glucose-dependent cellular metabolism was higher after Eny2 knockdown. Suppression of Eny2 enhanced the intracellular incretin signal downstream of cAMP. The use of specific cAMP analogues and pathway inhibitors primarily implicated the PKA and to a lesser extent the EPAC pathway. In summary, we identified a potential link between the nuclear protein Eny2 and insulin secretion. Suppression of Eny2 resulted in increased glucose and incretin-induced insulin release from a poorly glucose-responsive INS-1E subline. Whether these findings extend to other experimental conditions or to in vivo physiology needs to be determined in further studies.
Toward a Model of Information System Development Success: Perceptions of Information Systems Development Team Members

Many information systems development (ISD) projects are deemed a failure in the field. However, several practitioners and researchers argue these projects could actually be considered successful if we used a broader definition of software development project success. Answering the call for further research on what makes ISD projects successful, this paper describes the process used to build the model of ISD Success, which includes a thorough literature review to create an initial model followed by semi-structured interviews conducted to validate the model and to allow for the discovery of emergent constructs, sub-constructs, and hypotheses. The model is tested with data collected from practitioners using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings and conclusions.
A Second Look at Quest Motivation: Is Quest Unidimensional or Multidimensional?

In 1976 Batson introduced the construct of Quest motivation as a supplement to Allport's intrinsic/extrinsic dimensions to characterize mature; religious functioning. However, there has been some debate in the empirical literature regarding the validity of the Quest construct. The present study suggests that Quest may be a multidimensional construct and that continued construct validation of Quest should isolate and operationalize the various facets of Quest motivation. Toward this end, two dimensions of Quest, Tentativeness and Change, were isolated, operationalized, and used to predict spiritual well-being in addition to Allport's I/E constructs. The results indicated that tentativeness was predictive of existential well-being and intrinsic religiosity. By contrast, high change scores were predictive of increased extrinsic religious motives and lower spiritual well-being. Overall, these results suggest that Quest may indeed be a multidimensional construct, and that the individual facets of Quest may have very different relationships with religious variables.
A glass ceiling in the online age? Explaining the underrepresentation of women in online political news

In previous decades, women in Western countries have gained more influence in various social realms. The percentage of females in higher education, the workforce, boards at publicly traded companies and national parliaments has increased. However, substantial underrepresentation of women in political news has remained. To explain the reasons behind this gender imbalance in news content, we conducted a content analysis of different types of online news in six Western countries. In our study, we distinguish among three levels of analysis: (1) the story level (frequency and format), (2) the media organization level (popular vs mass and upmarket outlets) and (3) the societal level. The results indicate that female actors are most frequently covered by popular news outlets and are more likely to be depicted in a photograph. Furthermore, strong determinants of continued gender differences in political news were found at the country level. Specifically, coverage increases in countries where gender equality is progressing in major parts of society.
FAILURE TO FIND REINFORCEMENT EFFECT OF NECK PATTING IN HORSES (EQUUS CABALLUS)

From the perspective of animal welfare, positive reinforcement should be used in animal training situations, such as an equestrian event. To assess the reinforcement properties of patting the neck of horses, a simple instrumental conditioning test was administered. Three horses were required to press a button with their nose for a food pellet and patting. ABA reversal design was administered to assess the relative reinforcement properties of patting to food reinforcement; and, the reinforcement schedule for the food reinforcer was gradually changed from the continuous reinforcement (CRF) to a fixed ratio (FR) 5. All subjects consistently showed a low level of response for a patting reinforcer, suggesting that reinforcement effect of neck patting may be trivial, if any.
Rendering human skin using a multi-layer reflection model

A key element to creating realistic images is the appearance of surfaces. In order to overcome the artificial look of synthetic humans, human skin has to be modelled in all its variety. A new physically-based skin reflection model is presented in this paper to render a diverse selection of skin complexions. The reflection model is based on steady-state light transport theory in multi-layered skin tissue. A three-layer simulation model has been developed to capture the effect of natural sebum on skin appearance. Sebum is found over most parts of the body, causing skin to look more specular, depending on the viewing conditions. Optical and geometric properties are used as control parameters to influence the surface reflection and subsurface scattering of light within the three layers. The resultant reflection consists of the specular reflection due to the Fresnel effect, as well as the diffuse reflection from subsurface scattering. The Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the propagation of light in skin tissue. Various effects like scattering, absorption, reflection and transmission have been taken into account. The bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) obtained from the simulation is used to render the appearance of human skin. Comparisons between the simulated BRDF results and experimental measurements show that the physical simulation is highly realistic.
Reduction of oviposition time and enhanced larval feeding: two potential benefits of aggregative oviposition for the viburnum leaf beetle

Although aggregation in non‐social arthropods is common, its adaptive value is not always clear. Oviposition behaviour of the viburnum leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta viburni) is aggregative, with females preferring to lay eggs on twigs already infested by conspecifics. We previously showed that aggregative oviposition aided in overcoming host plant defences. Here we explore two additional benefits of this behaviour: reduction of time investment in oviposition; and improvement of host use by larval group feeding. In video‐recorded trials, the presence of conspecific egg masses did not have an impact on the time associated with oviposition, but it did affect females' pre‐oviposition behaviour: the length of foraging movements was 21% shorter on infested than on non‐infested twigs, and was concentrated near the infested area. In two separate studies of insect performance, larvae were reared to maturity in groups of different densities (five or 10, and five or 20, respectively) on several hosts (four and 17 Viburnum spp., respectively). Independent of host species, adults were > 13% heavier (groups of 10 vs. five), and pupation success was 27% higher (groups of 20 vs. five) at higher larval density. Two additional effects were dependent on host species: larval survivorship (groups of 10 vs. five), and adult mass (groups of 20 vs. five). These effects were not associated with plant defensive traits (i.e. trichomes or leaf toughness), but adult mass was associated with host nutritional quality (i.e. foliar nitrogen content). These results show that several traits of P. viburni larval performance are positively density‐dependent, and suggest that benefits of group feeding could have played a role in the evolution of oviposition behaviour in P. viburni. Our results also demonstrate that plant quality can mediate benefits of aggregation, underscoring the importance of ecological context in understanding the feeding strategies of insects.
On the absence of BPS preonic solutions in IIA and IIB supergravities

We consider the present absence of ν = 31/32 supersymmetric solutions in supergravity i.e., of solutions describing BPS preons. A recent result indicates that (bosonic) BPS preonic solutions do not exist in type IIB supergravity. We reconsider this analysis by using the G-frame method, extend it to the IIA supergravity case, and show that there are no (bosonic) preonic solutions for type IIA either. For the classical D = 11 supergravity no conclusion can be drawn yet, although the negative IIA results permit establishing the conditions that preonic solutions would have to satisfy. For supergravities with `stringy' (α')3-corrections, the existence of BPS preonic solutions remains fully open.
Distributive justice and CEO compensation

Distributive Justice and CEO Compensation This paper develops a framework for studying individuals’ ideas about what constitutes just compensation for chief executive officers (CEOs) and reports estimates of just CEO pay and the principles guiding ideas of justice. The sample consists of students pursuing a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree in Sweden and the United States. The framework, based on justice theory and making use of Rossi’s factorial survey method, enables assessment of ideas of fairness in CEO compensation, including (1) the just CEO compensation, in the eyes of each observer; (2) the principles of microjustice – observers’ ideas about “who should get what” based on characteristics of CEOs and their firms; and (3) principles of macrojustice – ideas about the just level and dispersion in compensation across all CEOs. Our estimates yield the following main results: First, there is broad agreement on the median just CEO compensation but substantial inter-individual variation in the principles of microjustice and the other principles of macrojustice. Second, there is remarkable similarity in the distributions of the principles of microjustice and macrojustice across the MBA groups. Other important results include a pervasive gender attentiveness among MBA students and tolerance for large variability in CEO pay. JEL Classification: D31, D6, D8, G30, I3, J16, J31, J33, M14, M52
Gender differences in the effect of urge‐to‐cough and dyspnea on perception of pain in healthy adults

Previous studies have reported that respiratory sensations, such as urge‐to‐cough and dyspnea, have an inhibitory effect on pain. Considering the existence of gender differences in both urge‐to‐cough and pain, it is conceivable that a gender difference also exists in the analgesia induced by urge‐to‐cough. In this study, we evaluated gender differences in the pain perception response to urge‐to‐cough, as well as to dyspnea. Twenty‐seven male and 26 female healthy nonsmokers were originally enrolled. Citric acid challenge was used to induce the urge‐to‐cough sensation, and dyspnea was elicited by inspiratory loaded breathing. Before and during inductions of these two respiratory sensations, perception of pain was assessed by the thermal pain threshold, and differences between men and women were compared. The thermal pain threshold in women (43.83 ± 0.17°C) was significantly lower than that in men (44.75 ± 0.28°C; P < 0.05) during the baseline period. Accompanying increases in both citric acid concentration and inspiratory resistive load, thermal pain threshold values significantly increased in both men and women. The average thermal pain threshold changes for comparable increases in the urge‐to‐cough Borg score were parallel between men and women. Furthermore, the mean value of the thermal pain threshold plotted against the dyspnea Borg score also showed no significant gender difference. These results demonstrate that although gender differences exist in respiratory sensations, that is, urge‐to‐cough and dyspnea, the inhibitory effects of these respiratory sensations on the perception of pain are not significantly different between the sexes.
The Effect of Music on the Production of Neurotransmitters, Hormones, Cytokines, and Peptides: A Review

Research on the effects of music exposure on the release of biochemical messengers is an expanding field. The importance of understanding the influence of music on messenger production is a means of explaining behavioral reactions through physiological mechanisms. Signaling molecules that prove integral for important regulatory functions include neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, and peptides. Thus music elicits responses promoting positive emotions, alleviation of stress, and immune function. Study of the production of the messengers reveals the connection between the mind and the body. The purpose of the review is to provide a closer look into the effectual relationship between music and production of these messengers by providing literature and analysis.
Presupernova Evolution with Improved Rates for Weak Interactions

Recent shell-model calculations of weak-interaction rates for nuclei in the mass range A = 45-65 have resulted in substantial revisions to the hitherto standard set of Fuller, Fowler, & Newman (FFN). In particular, key electron-capture rates, such as that for 60Co, are much smaller. We consider here the effects of these revised rates on the presupernova (post-oxygen burning) evolution of massive stars in the mass range 11-40 M☉. Moreover, we include, for the first time in models by our group, the effects of modern rates for beta decay in addition to electron capture and positron emission. Stars of 15, 25, and 40 M☉ are examined in detail using both the full FFN rate set and the revised rates. An additional finely spaced (in mass) grid of 34 models is also calculated in order to give the systematics of iron core and silicon core masses. Values for the central electron mole number at the time of iron core collapse in the new models are typically larger, by ΔYe = 0.005-0.015, than those of Woosley & Weaver, with a tendency for the more massive models to display larger differences. About half of this change is a consequence of including beta decay; the other half, the result of the smaller rates for electron capture. Unlike what might be expected solely on basis of the larger Ye values, the new iron core masses are systematically smaller owing to a decrease in the entropy in the outer iron core. The changes in iron core mass range from zero to 0.1 M☉ (larger changes for high-mass stars). It would be erroneous however to estimate the facility of exploding these new models based solely upon their iron core mass since the entire core structure is altered and the density change is not so different as the adjustments in composition might suggest. We also observe, as predicted by Aufderheide et al., a tendency toward beta equilibrium just prior to the collapse of the core, and the subsequent loss of that equilibrium as core collapse proceeds. This tendency is more pronounced in the 15 M☉ model than in the heavier stars. We discuss the key weak reaction rates, both beta decay and electron capture, responsible for the evolution of Ye and make suggestions for future measurements.
Building a flexile Web caching system

Web caching is a technology that has demonstrated to improve traffic on the Internet. To find out how to implement a Web caching architecture that assures improvements is not an easy task. The problem is more difficult when we are interested in deploying a distributed and cooperative Web caching system. We have found that some cooperative Web architectures could be unviable when changes on the network environment appear. This situation suggests that a cooperative Web caching system could get worst access to Web objects. However in this paper we present an architecture that combines the best of several web caching configurations that have previously analyzed. Our architecture gives basic ideas for implementing a cooperative Web caching system using groups of HTTP proxy servers which can improve access to remote Web objects regardless of the changes that might occur on the network environment (changes that could produce modifications in web object validation policies and/or types of caching communication).