Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late-Eighteenth-Century Precipitation Reconstructions from James Madison's Montpelier Plantation

Abstract This study presents two independent reconstructions of precipitation from James Madison's Montpelier plantation at the end of the eighteenth century. The first is transcribed directly from meteorological diaries recorded by the Madison family for 17 years and reflects the scientific interests of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. In his most active period as a scientist, Madison assisted Jefferson by observing the climate and fauna in Virginia to counter the contemporary scientific view that the humid, cold climate of the New World decreased the size and number of its species. The second reconstruction is generated using tree rings from a forest in the Montpelier plantation and connects Madison's era to the modern instrumental precipitation record. These trees provide a significant reconstruction of both early summer and prior fall precipitation. Comparison of the dendroclimatic and diary reconstructions suggests a delay in the seasonality of precipitation from Madison's era to the mid-twentieth.
Ultrasound guided corticosteroid injection for plantar fasciitis: a randomised controlled trial

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of ultrasound guided corticosteroid injection in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Design Randomised, investigator and participant blinded, placebo controlled trial. Setting University clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Participants 82 people with a clinical and ultrasound diagnosis of plantar fasciitis unrelated to systemic inflammatory disease. Interventions Participants were randomly allocated to ultrasound guided injection of the plantar fascia with either 1 mL of 4 mg/mL dexamethasone sodium phosphate (experimental group) or 1 mL normal saline (placebo). Before injection the participants were given an ultrasound guided posterior tibial nerve block with 2% lidocaine (lignocaine). Main outcome measures Primary outcomes were pain, as measured by the foot health status questionnaire (0-100 point scale), and plantar fascia thickness, measured by ultrasound at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Results Reduction in pain at four weeks favoured the dexamethasone group by 10.9 points (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 20.4, P=0.03). Between group differences for pain scores at eight and 12 weeks were not statistically significant. Plantar fascia thickness measured at four weeks favoured the dexamethasone group by −0.35 mm (95% confidence interval −0.67 to −0.03, P=0.03). At eight and 12 weeks, between group differences for plantar fascia thickness also favoured dexamethasone, at −0.39 mm (−0.73 to −0.05, P=0.02) and −0.43 mm (−0.85 to −0.01, P=0.04), respectively. The number needed to treat with dexamethasone for one successful outcome for pain at four weeks was 2.93 (95% confidence interval 2.76 to 3.12). There were no reported adverse events associated with the intervention. Conclusion A single ultrasound guided dexamethasone injection is a safe and effective short term treatment for plantar fasciitis. It provides greater pain relief than placebo at four weeks and reduces abnormal swelling of the plantar fascia for up to three months. However, clinicians offering this treatment should also note that significant pain relief did not continue beyond four weeks. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12610000239066.
Reactive oxygen species act through p 38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo self-renewing cell divisions and maintain blood production for their lifetime1. Appropriate control of HSC self-renewal is crucial for the maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis. Here we show that activation of p38 MAPK in response to increasing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) limits the lifespan of HSCs in vivo. In Atm–/– mice, elevation of ROS levels induces HSCspecific phosphorylation of p38 MAPK accompanied by a defect in the maintenance of HSC quiescence. Inhibition of p38 MAPK rescued ROS-induced defects in HSC repopulating capacity and in the maintenance of HSC quiescence, indicating that the ROS–p38 MAPK pathway contributes to exhaustion of the stem cell population. Furthermore, prolonged treatment with an antioxidant or an inhibitor of p38 MAPK extended the lifespan of HSCs from wild-type mice in serial transplantation experiments. These data show that inactivation of p38 MAPK protects HSCs against loss of self-renewal capacity. Our characterization of molecular mechanisms that limit HSC lifespan may lead to beneficial therapies for human disease.
Peran Regulasi Emosi terhadap Resiliensi pada Siswa Sekolah Berasrama Berbasis Semi Militer

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of emotional regulation onresilience in boarding school students based on semi military. This research uses simplelinear regression method. Measuring instrument used was a questionnaire consisting oftwo scales : scale of resilience (Reivich & Shatte, 2002) and the scale of emotionalregulation (Thompson, 1994). Sample of the study was 90 persons (N = 90) which is amixture of male and female students of boarding senior high school "X" in Magelang. Theresults of this study indicate that the the results of this study indicate that the regressioncoefficient of 0.665 and R 2 of 0.466. These results show that emotional regulation plays arole in resilience of 46.6%. So it can be concluded that emotional regulation plays a role inresilience in boarding senior high school "X" students based on semi military.
Multivariate analysis of the prognosis of 37 chondrosarcoma patients.

OBJECTIVE The current study aimedto screen for possible factors which affect prognosis of chondrosarcoma. METHODS Thirty seven cases were selected and analyzed statistically. The patients received surgical treatment at our hospital between December 2005 and March 2008. All of them had complete follow-up data. The survival rates were calculated by univariate analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method and tested by Log-rank. χ2 or Fisher exact tests were carried out for the numeration data. The significant indexes after univariate analysis were then analyzed by multivariate analysis using COX regression model. Based on the literature, factors of gender, age, disease course, tumor location, Enneking grades, surgical approaches, distant metastasis and local recurrence were examined. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in Enneking grades, surgical approaches and distant metastasis related to the patients' 3-year survival rate after surgery (P<0.001). No significant difference was not found in gender, age, disease course, tumor location or local recurrence (P>0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that Enneking grade (P=0.007) and surgical approaches (P=0.010) were independent factors affecting the prognosis of chondrosarcoma, but distant metastasis was not (P=0.942). CONCLUSION Enneking grades, surgical approaches and distant metastasis are risk factors for prognosis of chondrosarcoma, among which the former two are independent factors.
The syntax of orientation shifting: Evidence from English high adverbs

This paper reviews new data supporting the inclusion of a Speech Act Phrase in the left periphery. Illocutionary and evidential adverbs in English shift orientation from speakers in declarative sentences to addressees in yes-no interrogative sentences. This orientation shift falls out of independently motivated principles: the adverbs contain a logophorically-sensitive PRO subject which is controlled by a syntactic representation of the discourse participants contained in a Speech Act Phrase high in the CP layer. It will be suggested that clause type modulates which discourse participants are available; only speakers are available in declaratives whereas addressees are also available in interrogatives.
The Evolution of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Types: Integrating Segregation, Inbreeding and Outbreeding

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is a reproductive incompatibility induced by maternally transmitted bacteria of the genera Wolbachia and Cardinium. In the simplest form of CI, offspring from infected males and uninfected females suffer from increased mortality. However, it has been noted that crosses between males and females carrying different strains of infection are often also incompatible. The evolutionary processes leading to the emergence of new CI-compatibility types are still not resolved. Here, we develop a model that extends previous theoretical approaches by including segregation of bacterial strains during transmission as well as a continuum of breeding systems ranging from inbreeding (complete sib mating) to outbreeding (complete sib-mating avoidance). Our results demonstrate that (1) with segregation of strains, evolution is unlikely to lead to new CI types that co-occur as a double infection with the preexisting one, (2) inbreeding substantially hampers the evolution of new CI types, and (3) outbreeding facilitates the evolution of new CI types. Our model also provides a hypothesis on the evolutionary origin of CI.
Contrasting Selective Pressures on Seed Traits of Two Congeneric Species by Their Main Native Guilds of Dispersers on Islands

Many fleshy-fruited plants from the Mediterranean and Macaronesian islands are dispersed through endozoochory. In mainland Mediterranean areas, reciprocal adaptations have been found between plants and animals, although evidence is scarce. On small isolated oceanic islands, such reciprocal adaptations might well be more prevalent due to intrinsic island traits. Here we evaluate the existence of selective pressures exerted by two different disperser guilds (lizards and birds) on two seed traits (seed coat thickness and seed germination pattern) of two congeneric species present on Mediterranean and Macaronesian islands. In the continental Balearic Islands, Rubia peregrina has evolved mostly with birds, although frugivorous lizards are present in some of these islands and are known to eventually consume its fruits. By contrast, R. fruticosa, endemic to the Macaronesian archipelago, has evolved mostly interacting with lizards and only recently with birds. We hypothesized that R. fruticosa would be especially adapted to saurochory, with thicker seed coats and higher germination proportion, whereas R. peregrina would be more adapted to ornithocory, with thinner seed coats and showing a lower germination percentage after being ingested by lizards. Captivity experiments of seed ingestions by natural and non-natural dispersers (i.e., frugivores that have not evolved with those plants) were conducted. Results suggest that dispersers did not exert any strong enough selective pressure to induce changes in germination patterns. We attribute this to the fact that the Rubiaceae is an ancestral family in the Mediterranean (both on continent and islands) and thus probably interacted with lizards in the past. Lastly, although we hold that the seed coat structure of R. fruticosa is probably associated with its evolutionary success after a long interaction with insular lizards, our findings support the idea that the relationship between endozoochorous plants and the guild of dispersers with whom they evolved is rather unspecific.
On Kernel Formulas and Dispersionless Hirota Equations

We rederive dispersionless Hirota equations of the dispersionless Toda hierarchy from the method of kernel formula provided by Carroll and Kodama. We then apply the method to derive dispersionless Hirota equations of the extended dispersionless BKP(EdBKP) hierarchy proposed by Takasaki. Moreover, we verify associativity equations (WDVV equations) in the EdBKP hierarchy from dispersionless Hirota equations and give a realization of associative algebra with structure constants expressed in terms of residue formula. PACS: 02.30. Ik
VisiGarp: Graphical Representation of Qualitative Simulation Models

Qualitative simulation models can play a useful role in computer-based learning environments, since they explicitly represent the domain knowledge required for causal reasoning about system structure and behaviour. However, the amount of information in a simulation is often large, which makes it difficult to transform the computer's reasoning trace to effective explanations. Besides textual explanations, graphical representations play an important role in the communication of knowledge. For example, state-transition diagrams, causal networks, structural hierarchies, tables and graphs all use different visual primitives to create a context for communication, and to denote relationships between the different kinds of entities. Our goal is to develop generic mechanisms for automatic visualization of qualitative simulation models, and to integrate these into a framework for generating multimedia (text and graphics) explanations. Currently, we have developed an interactive model inspection tool, VisiGarp, which automatically generates several kinds of diagrams from a qualitative simulation model; a mouse and menu interface allows flexible switching between the different views on the model, providing both overview and detail. Further work includes layout optimization, aggregation and abstraction mechanisms, and integration of graphics and text generation.
Leadership Style and School Culture as Perceived by Teachers in Malaysian Northern State Schools

This chapter explores the effective leadership style for positive school culture as perceived by some Malaysian Northern State school teachers. This chapter uses focus group and open-ended questions to have in-depth understanding and testing of the participants' ability of suggesting or predicting the best or most effective school leadership style for building school positive culture for best leadership practices. The participants were teachers from different schools in Northern States Malaysia undertaking master program in educational management at Universiti Utara Malaysia. The findings revealed that transformational leadership style was rated, predicted, and ranked as the best leadership style for school principals to apply in building positive school culture according to their context while distributed leadership and instructional leadership could be also considered as the second leadership styles for building positive school culture in the Northern schools of Malaysia.
The Effect of Interruptions and Breaks on Insight and Impasses: Do You Need a Break Right Now?

Some time away from a problem, or incubation time, is found to be beneficial to creative problem solving. But are interruptions as equally helpful as breaks? An experiment was conducted to gain more insight into the differences between imposed and self-initiated breaks, and their effects on creativity, specifically on impasses and insights. There were three experimental conditions, (a) a continuous condition, in which participants were not allowed to switch back and forth between tasks, (b) an interruption condition, in which participants had to switch tasks at a predetermined moment, and (c) a break condition, in which participants could switch tasks at their own discretion. Results showed that taking breaks at moments chosen at one's own discretion led to solving more insight problems and reaching fewer impasses than at moments that were chosen by others. Furthermore, compared to working continuously, interruptions led to fewer impasses, but not to solving more insight problems.
Unraveling recombination rate evolution using ancestral recombination maps

Recombination maps of ancestral species can be constructed from comparative analyses of genomes from closely related species, exemplified by a recently published map of the human‐chimpanzee ancestor. Such maps resolve differences in recombination rate between species into changes along individual branches in the speciation tree, and allow identification of associated changes in the genomic sequences. We describe how coalescent hidden Markov models are able to call individual recombination events in ancestral species through inference of incomplete lineage sorting along a genomic alignment. In the great apes, speciation events are sufficiently close in time that a map can be inferred for the ancestral species at each internal branch ‐ allowing evolution of recombination rate to be tracked over evolutionary time scales from speciation event to speciation event. We see this approach as a way of characterizing the evolution of recombination rate and the genomic properties that influence it.
Sparse coding based motion attention for abnormal event detection

In this paper, we present a novel method based on sparsely coded motion attention for detecting abnormal events in crowded scenes. Unlike existing sparse coding based approaches, our model does not need to learn a dictionary and directly sparsely codes the motion features of the center patches with features of its surrounding patches. The sparse coding error is used to measure the motion attention intensity of the center patch. To reflect the crowd abnormal intensity, an online updated weighting scheme is designed to obtain the global activity intensity map. Two publicly available datasets-UMN dataset and UCSD Ped1 dataset are utilized to evaluate our approach in detecting global abnormal event and local abnormal event, respectively. The experiments show our method achieves the promising performance and is competitive with the state-of-the-art approaches.
Needs assessment and evaluation of a short course to improve faculties teaching skills at a former World Health Organization regional teacher training center

Introduction: In the design of educational programs, much attention has been paid to teaching methods, needs assessment, an important part of the development of educational programs, generally is neglected. Another important aspect in educational program design is assessing effectiveness. The aims of this study were to design a formal needs assessment program to define the core contents of a faculty development program, and to determine whether participation in the faculty development program reinforced new teaching skills. Methods: A teacher-training program was designed at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences to help medical instructors boost their teaching skills. Needs assessment was done with nominal group technique followed by a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. The program, imparted in workshop format, covered effective teaching methods, feedback, assessing knowledge and time management. Instruction was in the form of lectures, group discussions, case simulations, video presentations and role-plays. The program was evaluated in several phases using data triangulation and multi-item assessments of overall program quality in three major dimensions: Kirkpatrick program evaluation model, evaluation of the educational environment and qualitative analysis with open-ended questions. All participants in the study belonged to the academic staff of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (n=396). Results: Seven main categories were derived from nominal group techniques and questionnaires. After the program, participants rated the quality of the program highly. They felt that the educational intervention was appropriate and had a positive impact on their knowledge of effective teaching methods, feedback, knowledge assessment and time management. Assessment of the effectiveness of the program showed that participants reported significant improvements in their teaching abilities. Conclusions: Our faculty development program have a significant positive effect on medical university teaching staff members’ competencies. Further research is needed to investigate whether the faculty development program actually results in improved teaching performance.
The K-Band Galaxy Luminosity Function

We measured the K-band luminosity function using a complete sample of 4192 morphologically typed 2MASS galaxies with μ = 20 mag arcsec-2 isophotal magnitudes 7 < K20 < 11.25 mag spread over 2.12 sr. Early-type (T ≤ -0.5) and late-type (T > -0.5) galaxies have similarly shaped luminosity functions, αe = -0.92 ± 0.10 and αl = -0.87 ± 0.09. The early-type galaxies are brighter, MK*e = -23.53 ± 0.06 mag compared to MK*l = -22.98 ± 0.06 mag, but less numerous, n*e = (0.45 ± 0.06) × 10-2 h3 Mpc-3 compared to n*l = (1.01 ± 0.13) × 10-2 h3 Mpc-3 for H0 = 100 h km s-1 Mpc-1, such that the late-type galaxies slightly dominate the K-band luminosity density, jlate/jearly = 1.17 ± 0.12. Including a factor of 1.20 ± 0.04 correction for the conversion of the isophotal survey magnitudes to total magnitudes, the local K-band luminosity density is j = (7.14 ± 0.75) × 108 h L☉ Mpc-3, which implies a stellar mass density relative to critical of Ω*h = (1.9 ± 0.2) × 10-3 for a Kennicutt initial mass function (IMF) and Ω*h = (3.4 ± 0.4) × 10-3 for a Salpeter IMF. Our morphological classifications are internally consistent, are consistent with previous classifications, and lead to luminosity functions unaffected by the estimated uncertainties in the classifications. These luminosity functions accurately predict the K-band number counts and redshift distributions for K ≲ 18 mag, beyond which the results depend on galaxy evolution and merger histories.
Application of K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Approach for Predicting Economic Events: Theoretical Background

In the present study k-Nearest Neighbor classification method, have been studied for economic forecasting. Due to the effects of companies’ financial distress on stakeholders, financial distress prediction models have been one of the most attractive areas in financial research. In recent years, after the global financial crisis, the number of bankrupt companies has risen. Since companies' financial distress is the first stage of bankruptcy, using financial ratios for predicting financial distress have attracted too much attention of the academics as well as economic and financial institutions. Although in recent years studies on predicting companies’ financial distress in Iran have been increased, most efforts have exploited traditional statistical methods; and just a few studies have used nonparametric methods. Recent studies demonstrate this method is more capable than other methods.
Effects of 7 days of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The objectives of this study were to determine whether 1) the improvement in insulin action induced by short-term exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes is due to an improvement in insulin sensitivity, an improvement in insulin responsiveness, or a combination of improved insulin sensitivity and responsiveness and 2) short-term exercise training results in improved suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin. Fourteen obese patients with type 2 diabetes, age 64 +/- 2 yr, underwent a two-stage hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp procedure, first stage 40 mU.m(-2). min(-1) insulin infusion, second stage 1,000 mU.m(-2). min(-1) insulin infusion, together with a [3-(3)H]glucose infusion, before and after 7 days of exercise. The training consisted of 30 min of cycling and 30 min of treadmill walking at approximately 70% of maximal aerobic capacity daily for 7 days. The exercise program resulted in improvements in insulin action in the absence of weight loss. Glucose disposal rates during the euglycemic clamp were significantly increased at both hyperinsulinemic stages after training (40 mU: 1.84 +/- 0.32 to 2.67 +/- 0.37 mg.kg(-1). min(-1), P < 0.0001; 1,000 mU: 7.57 +/- 0.61 to 8.84 +/- 0.56 mg.kg(-1). min(-1), P = 0.008). Hepatic glucose production, both in the basal state (3.17 +/- 0.43 vs. 2.54 +/- 0.26 mg.kg(-1). min(-1), P = 0.05) and during the 40-mU clamp stage (1.15 +/- 0.41 vs. 0.46 +/- 0.20 mg.kg(-1). min(-1), P = 0.03), was significantly reduced after training. One week of vigorous exercise training can induce significant improvements in insulin action in type 2 diabetes. These improvements include increased peripheral insulin sensitivity and responsiveness as well as enhanced suppression of hepatic glucose production.