Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recommendations for Intelligent Code Reorganization

Context: Developers use bad code smells to guide code reorganization. Yet developers, text books, tools, and researchers disagree on which bad smells are important. Objective: To evaluate the likelihood that a code reorganization to address bad code smells will yield improvement in the defectproneness of the code. Method: We introduce XTREE, a tool that analyzes a historical log of defects seen previously in the code and generates a set of useful code changes. Any bad smell that requires changes outside of that set can be deprioritized (since there is no historical evidence that the bad smell causes any problems). Evaluation: We evaluate XTREE’s recommendations for bad smell improvement against recommendations from previous work (Shatnawi, Alves, and Borges) using multiple data sets of code metrics and defect counts. Results: Code modules that are changed in response to XTREE’s recommendations contain significantly fewer defects than recommendations from previous studies. Further, XTREE endorses changes to very few code metrics and the bad smell recommendations (learned from previous studies) are not universal to all software projects. Conclusion: Before undertaking a code reorganization based on a bad smell report, use a tool like XTREE to check and ignore any such operations that are useless; i.e. ones which lack evidence in the historical record that it is useful to make that change. Note that this use case applies to both manual code reorganizations proposed by developers as well as those conducted by automatic methods. This recommendation assumes that there is a historical record. If none exists, then the results of this paper could be used as a guide (see our Table 8).
When Family Supportive Supervisors Meet Employees’ Need for Caring: Implications for Work–Family Enrichment and Thriving

This article presents two studies that examine the moderated multiple mediation model between Family Supportive Supervisors Behaviors (FSSB) and individual’s thriving at work through psychological availability and work–family enrichment at conditional levels of need for caring. Drawing on the Resource-Gain-Development framework and self-determination theory, the results of the 6-month time-lagged data demonstrate, in Study 1 (Italian sample = 156), that FSSB is associated with greater individual thriving at work via work–family enrichment and that this indirect relationship is significant exclusively for those who perceive a higher need for caring. In Study 2 (Chinese sample = 356), the results demonstrate the relationship between FSSB and thriving at work is serially mediated by both psychological availability and work–family enrichment at the conditional level of need for caring. In particular, the results demonstrate that individuals with a higher need for caring responded more favorably to the presence of a family supportive supervisor than those experiencing a lower need for caring. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria

Objectives. To determine the risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria, and the possible implications for hepatitis B prevention in the country. Design. Prospective case control study. Setting. Lagos Island Maternity Hospital. Methods. Between 1 August 2006 and 31 January 2007, risk factors for hepatitis B infection were determined amongst pregnant women using a structured questionnaire. The women were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as part of routine antenatal care. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out using logistic regression. Main outcome measures. Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women. Results. Of the 1,052 women attending the antenatal clinic, 6.08% (n = 64) were positive for HBsAg. A total of 61 HBsAg positive and 183 negative controls were interviewed. The significant risk factors for HBV infection were an early age of sexual debut below 19 years (adjusted OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.44–5.40; p = 0.0023); history of multiple sexual partners (adjusted OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.02–3.98; p = 0.0427); and past history of sexually transmitted infection (adjusted OR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.15–5.90; p = 0.0214). Of the HBsAg positive women, 45 (73.77%) had at least one of these risk factors while 91 (49.73%) of the controls had at least one risk factor. Conclusion. Screening pregnant for hepatitis B infection on the basis of risk factors may not be effective. Education on modification of lifestyle and sexual behavior as well as non‐selective screening of pregnant women for HBV infection is recommended.
Understanding web browsing behaviors through Weibull analysis of dwell time

Dwell time on Web pages has been extensively used for various information retrieval tasks. However, some basic yet important questions have not been sufficiently addressed, eg, what distribution is appropriate to model the distribution of dwell times on a Web page, and furthermore, what the distribution tells us about the underlying browsing behaviors. In this paper, we draw an analogy between abandoning a page during Web browsing and a system failure in reliability analysis, and propose to model the dwell time using the Weibull distribution. Using this distribution provides better goodness-of-fit to real world data, and it uncovers some interesting patterns of user browsing behaviors not previously reported. For example, our analysis reveals that Web browsing in general exhibits a significant "negative aging" phenomenon, which means that some initial screening has to be passed before a page is examined in detail, giving rise to the browsing behavior that we call "screen-and-glean. " In addition, we demonstrate that dwell time distributions can be reasonably predicted purely based on low-level page features, which broadens the possible applications of this study to situations where log data may be unavailable.
Service learning and active citizenship education in England

This article compares the English tradition of active citizenship education with the US tradition of service learning. It starts by outlining service learning and noting some of the defining characteristics as well as some of the tensions. It then discusses the model of active citizenship that has been promoted in England’s secondary school curriculum, considering how this has been defined and how it has been implemented. The two traditions are then compared to highlight the substantial areas of overlap between the two models, sharpen some of the distinctions and consider why there have been limited connections between them in practice. This discussion raises several issues that link to foundational questions about the nature, scope and purpose of citizenship education which are discussed in relation to the changed political context in England after the establishment of the coalition government.
Daily Functioning Problems in Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) Aged 5 and More Problemy dnia codziennego dzieci z mózgowym porażeniem dziecięcym powyżej piątego roku życia

Introduction. Children with CP struggle with various problems in daily living due to diverse symptomatology which accompanies the central nervous system (CNS) damage. The problems concern both basic self-care activities like dressing, grooming or bathing as well as more complicated activities like reading or social interactions — starting and maintaining relationships. Aim. This study aims to identify and present daily living problems experienced by the children with CP aged 5 or more. Material and Methods. The study was conducted among a group of 130 randomly selected participants, 50 participants were children with CP aged 5–19 and 80 participants were their parents. The author’s self-designed questionnaire was used to collect data in the study. Results. Analysis of the collected data shows that: — according to surveyed parents the most common disorders characteristic for their children are: visual disturbance (75%), speech disorder (65%) and intellectual disability (65%), — one fourth of children with CP are non-ambulant, wheelchair provides independent mobility for the children or they require personal assistance from another person, — problems with balance in vertical position are the most problematic limitation in daily living for the group of surveyed children (68%). Conclusions. 1. Children with CP struggle with various problems concerning daily living functioning. 2. Small percentage of children with CP are able to move independently. 3. Majority of children with CP are not able to function independently due to the disorders resulting from the brain damage.
A Tipi Kişilik ve Başa Çıkma Yöntemlerinin Stresle İlişkisi: Türk ve Bosnalı Öğrenciler Üzerinde Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma - The Relationship Between Type A Personality, Coping And Stress: A Comparative Research Between The Turkish And Bosnian Student

96 800x600 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:. 0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} 96 800x600 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:. 0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} Bu arastirmada, A Tipi kisilik ozelliginin ve bireyler tarafindan kullanilan stresle basa cikma yontemlerinin algilanan stres belirtileri uzerinde etkileri , Turk ve Bosnali katilimcilar uzerinde karsilastirmali olarak incelenmistir Uluslararasi yazinda siklikla incelendigi gorulen stres ve iliskili kavramlarin, karsilastirmali olarak Turk ve Bosnali katilimcilarda arastirilmasinin, alan yazinina katki saglayabilecegi dusunulmustur. Bu amacla, Bosna’da universite ogrenimi gormekte olan Bosnali katilimcilar (N=228) ve Turkiye’de universite ogrenimi gormekte olan Turk katilimcilardan (N=267) anket yontemi ile toplanan veriler, t-testi, korelâsyon ve regresyon analizleri yapilarak incelenmistir. Analizler sonucunda Bosnali ve Turk ogrencilerin yasadiklari stres belirtileri uzerinde, arastirmanin ana degiskenlerinin ayni yonde ve benzer buyuklukte etkilerinin oldugu, bu iliskilerin aciklanmasinda anlamli bir kulturel farkliligin bulunmadigi sonucuna varilmistir. Ayrica, demografik degiskenlerin stres belirtileri uzerindeki etkilerinde gozlenen farkliliklar tartisilmistir.
Using a Skewed Hamming Distance to Speed Up Deterministic Local Search

Schoening presents a simple randomized algorithm for (d,k)-CSP problems with running time (d(k-1)/k)^n poly(n). Here, d is the number of colors, k is the size of the constraints, and n is the number of variables. A derandomized version of this, given by Dantsin et al., achieves a running time of (dk/(k+1))^n poly(n), inferior to Schoening's. We come up with a simple modification of the deterministic algorithm, achieving a running time of (d(k-1)/k * k^d/(k^d-1))^n \poly(n). Though not completely eleminating the gap, this comes very close to the randomized bound for all but very small values of d. Our main idea is to define a graph structure on the set of d colors to speed up local search.
The role of negative emotions on motivation and communicative action: Testing the validity of situational theory of problem solving in the context of South Korea

ABSTRACT The purposes of this study are to explore the role of negative emotions in the framework of the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS). First, we tested the validity of the original STOPS model with a sex crime issue in the context of Korea. Second, we tested the mediating role of negative emotions in the relationship between situational recognition and communicative action. The result suggests that STOPS is a useful model with a crime problem in the Korean context. Also, our proposed model shows that negative emotions serve as another aspect of motivation, and emotional experiences might precede subsequent cognitive activities. Especially, negative emotions show a stronger effect on situational motivation than communicative action. This study also found that negative emotions people feel about sex crimes directly influence their communicative action. Among different types of publics, the active and aware publics show stronger emotional responses than do the latent publics and nonpublics.
Cosmopolitan Communication and the Broken Dream of a Common Language

Cosmopolitans share the moral assumption that we have obligations and responsibilities to other people, near or distant. Today, those obligations and responsibilities are often connected with communication, but what is considered important for cosmopolitan communication differs between different thinkers. Given the centrality of communication in recent cosmopolitan theory and debate the purpose of this article is to examine assumptions about communication that are often taken for granted, and particularly the commonly held assumption that linguistic communication depends on shared or common languages. It is primarily Donald Davidson's philosophy of language that provides the framework for my examination. I argue that there are several reasons for reconstructing our understanding of the nature of language and communication, and that shared languages play a much more limited role in communication than many communication theorists, cosmopolitans and educators have imagined.
Role of the Virus Nucleoprotein in the Regulation of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Transcription and RNA Replication

ABSTRACT The prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has a bisegmented negative-strand RNA genome. Each segment carries two viral genes in opposite orientation and separated by an intergenic region (IGR). The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) L of LCMV produces subgenomic mRNA and full-length genomic and antigenomic RNA species in two different processes termed transcription and replication, respectively. It is widely accepted that intracellular nucleoprotein (NP) levels regulate these two processes. Intracellular NP levels increase during the course of the infection, resulting in the unfolding of secondary RNA structures within the IGR. Structure-dependent transcription termination at the IGR is thereby attenuated, promoting replication of genome and antigenome RNA species. To test this hypothesis, we established a helper-virus-free minigenome (MG) system where intracellular synthesis of an S segment analogue from a plasmid is driven by RNA polymerase I. Cotransfection with two additional plasmids expressing the minimal viral trans-acting factors L and NP under control of RNA polymerase II allowed for RNA synthesis mediated by the intracellularly reconstituted LCMV polymerase. Both processes, transcription and replication, were strictly dependent on NP. However, both were equally enhanced by incrementally increasing amounts of NP up to levels in the range of those in LCMV-infected cells. Our data are consistent with a central role for NP in transcription and replication of the LCMV genome, but they do not support the participation of NP levels in balancing the two processes.
Proteolysis restricts localization of CID, the centromere-specific histone H3 variant of Drosophila, to centromeres

Centromere identity is determined by the formation of a specialized chromatin structure containing the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A. The precise molecular mechanism(s) accounting for the specific deposition of CENP-A at centromeres are still poorly understood. Centromeric deposition of CENP-A, which is independent of DNA replication, might involve specific chromatin assembly complexes and/or specific interactions with kinetochore components. However, transiently expressed CENP-A incorporates throughout chromatin indicating that CENP-A nucleosomes can also be promiscuously deposited during DNA replication. Therefore, additional mechanisms must exist to prevent deposition of CENP-A nucleosomes during replication and/or to remove them afterwards. Here, using transient expression experiments performed in Drosophila Kc cells, we show that proteasome-mediated degradation restricts localization of Drosophila CENP-A (CID) to centromeres by eliminating mislocalized CID as well as by regulating available CID levels. Regulating available CID levels appears essential to ensure centromeric deposition of transiently expressed CID as, when expression is increased in the presence of proteasome inhibitors, newly synthesized CID mislocalizes. Mislocalization of CID affects cell cycle progression as a high percentage of cells showing mislocalized CID are reactive against αPSer10H3 antibodies, enter mitosis at a very low frequency and show strong segregation defects. However, cells showing reduced amounts of mislocalized CID show normal cell cycle progression.
Quantitative study of the tectally projecting retinal ganglion cells in the adult frog. II. Cell survival and functional recovery after optic nerve transection

It is known from previous work that ganglion cells disappear from the retina in significant numbers during optic nerve regeneration in the adult frog, In the present study, the population sine of surviving ganglion cells that have returned axon terminals to the correct tectal loci was estimated by counts of retrogradely labeled cells in retina‐flat‐mounts after tectal injections of HRP. Bilaterally symmetric injections were delivered to allow comparison of the normal and affected retinas. The frogs studied had regenerated the left optic nerve and had visually guided behaviors initiated by the recovered eye (see below). The proportion of tectally projecting ganglion cells in the normal retinas and in retinas of normal frogs studied in parallel ranged from 83–86% (Singman and Scalia: J. Comp. Neurol. 302: 792–809, 1991), In the affected retinas, the subpopulation of tectally projecting cells was reduced by 40–90% after regeneration, and the relative size of this subpopulation ranged from 67–86%.
Echoes of power: language effects and power differences in social interaction

Understanding social interaction within groups is key to analyzing online communities. Most current work focuses on structural properties: who talks to whom, and how such interactions form larger network structures. The interactions themselves, however, generally take place in the form of natural language --- either spoken or written --- and one could reasonably suppose that signals manifested in language might also provide information about roles, status, and other aspects of the group's dynamics. To date, however, finding domain-independent language-based signals has been a challenge. Here, we show that in group discussions, power differentials between participants are subtly revealed by how much one individual immediately echoes the linguistic style of the person they are responding to. Starting from this observation, we propose an analysis framework based on linguistic coordination that can be used to shed light on power relationships and that works consistently across multiple types of power --- including a more "static" form of power based on status differences, and a more "situational" form of power in which one individual experiences a type of dependence on another. Using this framework, we study how conversational behavior can reveal power relationships in two very different settings: discussions among Wikipedians and arguments before the U. S. Supreme Court.
Social Withdrawal and Social Anxiety in Relation to Stylistic Parenting Dimensions in the Indian Cultural Context

The purpose of the study was to examine associations between composite parenting behaviors’ (parenting styles and dimensions) and social withdrawal and social anxiety. Participants of the study were 227 girls in India with age ranging from 6-11 years. The parents completed the parenting styles and dimension questionnaire and girls completed Social anxiety scale for children while the parents/teachers completed the Teacher report syndrome scale for social withdrawal behavior in girls. Pearson’s product moment correlations were done to study the associations between parenting behaviors’ and social anxiety and social withdrawal respectively. A standard multiple regression analysis was used with social withdrawal and social anxiety as dependent variables. Correlational results indicated that authoritarian, uninvolved parenting styles and physical coercion, verbal hostility, non-reasoning and indifference parenting dimensions are positively correlated with social anxiety and socially withdrawn behaviors’. Authoritative style, and parental dimensions of connection, regulation and autonomy granting are inversely correlated with social anxiety and socially withdrawn behaviors’ Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that uninvolved, non- reasoning, neglect and reject parenting dimensions positively predicted social anxiety and social withdrawal in girls, while authoritative style and connection parenting dimensions inversely predicted social withdrawal and social anxiety among girls. The present findings suggest the positive contribution of authoritative, connection stylistic dimensions in amelioration of social emotional problems among girls and inverse contribution of uninvolved, non-reasoning, neglect, reject parenting styles and dimensions in exacerbation of social anxiety and socially withdrawn behaviors’ in girls in the Indian cultural context.
Athletes' Satisfaction as Mediator of Transformational Leadership Behaviors of Coaches and Football Players' Sport Commitment Relationship

2 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediation role of athlete satisfaction on the relationship between transformational leadership style of Iranian high schools' coaches and sport commitment of Iranian high schools' football players and also to develop a coaching model. The survey design, correlational study and inferential statistics were applied in this research. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied as a strong procedure to analyze the data and develop the models. Population of this study was 558 football players (15-20 years). 280 high schools' football players were selected to participate in this study by using the simple random sampling procedure. Instruments of the study were MLQ (Avolio and Bass, 1995), SCMS (Scanlan, et al., 1993) and ASQ ( Riemer and Chelladurai, 1998). Moreover, SEM and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) applied for testing hypotheses of the study. The results of the study indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership style of coaches and athlete's satisfaction of football players. In addition, athlete satisfaction significantly mediated the relationship between transformational leadership style of coaches and sport commitment of football players. All fit indices of the measurement and mediation models were acceptable. There these models were fit the data of the current study. Findings of this study revealed that transformational coaches with increasing satisfaction of football players would increase the sport commitment of football players.