Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnesium Matrix Composite Foams—Density, Mechanical Properties, and Applications

Potential of widespread industrial applications of magnesium has been realized in recent years. A variety of magnesium alloy matrix composites are now being studied for mechanical properties. Since magnesium is the lightest structural metal, it can replace aluminum in existing applications for further weight savings. This review presents an overview of hollow particle filled magnesium matrix syntactic composite foams. Fly ash cenospheres are the most commonly used hollow particles for such applications. Fly ash cenospheres primarily have alumino-silicate composition and contain a large number of trace elements, which makes it challenging to study the interfacial reactions and microstructure in these composites. Microstructures of commonly studied AZ and ZC series magnesium alloys and their syntactic foams are discussed. Although only a few studies are available on these materials because of the nascent stage of this field, a comparison with similar aluminum matrix syntactic foams has provided insight into the properties and weight saving potential of magnesium matrix composites. Analysis shows that the magnesium matrix syntactic foams have higher yield strength at the same level of density compared to most other metal matrix syntactic foams. The comparison can guide future work and set goals that need to be achieved through materials selection and processing method development.
Globalization and earnings among native-born and immigrant populations of racial and ethnic groups in Canada

This is the first statistical analysis to understand how economic globalization affects earnings of native-born and immigrant populations with different racial and ethnic backgrounds in Canada. Draw on four measures of economic globalization: number of non-resident workers in CMAs, number of companies with foreign investment, size of financial industry, and volume of equity trading, our study finds that the effects of economic globalization on individual earnings is influenced by the particular aspect of economic globalization and the group being considered. Specifically, economic globalization is beneficial to nativeborn members of visible minority groups and is very sensitive to their immigrant members.
Phenomenal Rarefaction and Visual Acuity under ‘Illusory’ Conditions

Given a striped pattern, there are two ways of obtaining a phenomenal rarefaction of it: (a) by reducing the area of the pattern, leaving the distance between the stripes unchanged, or (b) by placing the pattern within one of Delboeuf's illusion contexts. With (a) phenomenal rarefaction is coupled with an increment of visual acuity, since the stripes are distinctly seen at a greater distance. With (b) the phenomenal rarefaction is the same as with (a), but is not associated with any increase of visual acuity. The rôle of ‘actual’ and ‘illusory’ conditions on visual perception is discussed.
Regularized Decompression of Kirlian Images by Optimized JPEG Dequantization Array

This paper proposes an optimized dequantization array for JPEG compression scheme. The Joint Photographers Expert Group (JPEG) algorithm is a powerful lossy compression strategy for still image. The existing JPEG block compression approach results in poor visual quality because of creating discontinuities at low bit rates. Moreover, if the decompressed image is processed to detect edges or to extract some spatial features, false edges appear. In Order to overcome these difficulties, an optimized dequantization array is proposed for the Joint Photographers Expert Group (JPEG) scheme. In this scheme, all the details retrieved from the JPEG still picture which corresponds to the JPEG standard that can be used for various types of compression and digital image processing. Instead of specifying the Huffman code values statically, they are generated dynamically from the retrieved Huffman table specification that can be used for the purpose of compression. Here, the proposed decompression scheme minimizes the reconstruction error subjected to the regularity of the decoded image blocks by using an optimized dequantization array. The experimental result shows very good visual quality and reduces discontinuities in post processing such as edge detection.
Hegel, Identity Politics and the Problem of Slavery

Abstract This article examines the relevance of Hegel’s philosophy and political thought, and especially his views on slavery, for contemporary identity politics. It offers an account of Hegel’s metaphysical beliefs and explores the relevance of those beliefs for our understanding of his views on ‘the self’. It is suggested that for Hegel all individual selves are comprised of two component elements, one of which possesses the quality of universality and the other that of particularity. The particular self, or the particular component of an individual self, is a social construction. It is this dimension of the self that provides all individuals with their determinate social identity. The article applies this insight to a reading of the well‐known ‘master–slave’ section of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, which presents Hegel’s understanding of the role that slavery has for the development of self‐consciousness. The article considers two interpretations of Hegel’s views on slavery. One of these considers slavery to be a socio‐historical phenomenon, a social institution associated with a particular type of society. The other thinks of ‘slavery’, using the term in a quite different sense, as being a necessary condition for the development of self‐consciousness in all societies everywhere. As such, slavery is an ahistorical or supra‐historical phenomenon that could never be transcended. The article concludes by suggesting that a modified version of this second interpretation of Hegel’s views on slavery in the Phenomenology has provided a source of theoretical inspiration for an anarchist critique of social institutions that was developed by a number of French social theorists and philosophers in the twentieth century.
Phylogeny of fever.

Vertebrates from fishes through mammals develop fevers in response to infection with various species of bacteria. In all vertebrates studied, these fevers were reduced by administering drugs known for their antipyretic properties in mammals. Based on the many similarities in the febrile response among the various vertebrate classes, it appears likely that fever is a primitive immunological response that has had a long phylogenetic history. The widespread occurrence of fever, an energetically expensive phenomenon, is further support for the hypothesis that fever is adaptive (beneficial to the infected host).
The needs and mental health of older people in 24-hour care residential placements

At present one in five men and one in three women who reach the age of 65 in the UK today can expect to require 24-hour residential care. They are assessed according to needs as to the type of placement that is required. Little is known about the changing needs and symptoms of residential clients over 65 with mental health problems. The needs and neuropsychiatric symptoms of older people living in residential, nursing and hospital settings were assessed by standardized questionnaire. Seventy-seven residents were interviewed using the Camberwell Assessment of Needs for the Elderly (CANE) and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). The mean CANE for all settings was high. The highest mean CANE was for a residential home and the lowest for a hospital setting. Similar settings had varying NPI and CANE. The data suggests that once placed, subjects needs and neuropsychiatric symptoms do not remain static. It may make both clinical and fiscal sense to reassess subjects. The development of more residential settings, which allow flexibility of degree of care, is recommended.
High-resolution radio emission from RCW 49/Westerlund 2

Aims. The HII region RCW 49 and its ionizing cluster form an extensive, complex region that has been widely studied at infrared (IR) and optical wavelengths. The Molonglo 843 MHz and Australia Telescope Compact Array data at 1.4 and 2.4 GHz showed two shells. Recent high-resolution IR imaging revealed a complex dust structure and ongoing star formation. New high-bandwidth and high-resolution data of the RCW 49 field have been obtained to survey the radio emission at arcsec scale and investigate the small-scale features and nature of the HII region. Methods. Radio observations were collected with the new 2-GHz bandwidth receivers and the CABB correlator of the Australia Telescope Compact Array [ATCA], at 5.5 and 9.0 GHz. In addition, archival observations at 1.4 and 2.4 GHz have been re-reduced and re-analyzed in conjunction with observations in the optical, IR, X-ray, and gamma-ray regimes. Results. The new 2-GHz bandwidth data result in the most detailed radio continuum images of RCW 49 to date. The radio emission closely mimics the near-IR emission observed by Spitzer, showing pillars and filaments. The brightest continuum emission comes from the region known as the bridge. The overall flattish spectral index is typically consistent with a free-free emission mechanism. However, hints of nonthermal components are also present in the bridge. An interesting jet-like structure surrounded by a bubble feature whose nature is still unclear has been discovered close to the Westerlund 2 core. Two apparent bow shocks and a number of discrete sources have been detected as well in the surroundings of RCW 49. In addition, we also report on and discuss the possible detection of a hydrogen recombination line. Conclusions. The radio results support an association between the cm continuum and molecular emission. The detection of the radio recombination line kinematically favors a RCW 49 distance of 6–7 kpc. If the negative spectral indices measured at the bridge should be confirmed to be caused by synchrotron emission, we propose a scenario where high-energy emission could be produced. Finally, the newly discovered jet-like structure appears to be an intriguing source that deserves a detailed study by itself.
Real relationship, working alliance, transference/countertransference and outcome in time-limited counseling and psychotherapy

Six client/therapist dyads (three therapists each working with two clients) were studied to determine how the real relationship unfolds over the course of time-limited treatment and how this unfolding relates to the development of the client/therapist working alliance, client transference, and therapist countertransference. We also examined how these indices of the relationship fluctuate as a function of treatment outcome. Results indicate that in general for all six dyads, therapists’ and clients’ ratings of the real relationship and working alliance were strong throughout treatment. However, patterns of real relationship and working alliance over the course of treatment varied between dyads categorized as more vs. less successful. Therapists’ countertransference was low, as was client transference, but differences in ratings were evident when the dyads were classified by outcome.
Grey Matter Changes in Cognitively Impaired Parkinson's Disease Patients

Background Cortical changes associated with cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully explored and require investigations with established diagnostic classification criteria. Objective We used MRI source-based morphometry to evaluate specific differences in grey matter volume patterns across 4 groups of subjects: healthy controls (HC), PD with normal cognition (PD-NC), PD with mild cognitive impairment (MCI-PD) and PD with dementia (PDD). Methods We examined 151 consecutive subjects: 25 HC, 75 PD-NC, 29 MCI-PD, and 22 PDD at an Italian and Czech movement disorder centre. Operational diagnostic criteria were applied to classify MCI-PD and PDD. All structural MRI images were processed together in the Czech centre. The spatial independent component analysis was used to assess group differences of local grey matter volume. Results We identified two independent patterns of grey matter volume deviations: a) Reductions in the hippocampus and temporal lobes; b) Decreases in fronto-parietal regions and increases in the midbrain/cerebellum. Both patterns differentiated PDD from all other groups and correlated with visuospatial deficits and letter verbal fluency, respectively. Only the second pattern additionally differentiated PD-NC from HC. Conclusion Grey matter changes in PDD involve areas associated with Alzheimer-like pathology while fronto-parietal abnormalities are possibly an early marker of PD cognitive decline. These findings are consistent with a non-linear cognitive progression in PD.
The subjective components of happiness and their attainment: a cross-cultural comparison between Italy and Cuba

This study aims to identify the subjective components of happiness and to analyze their degree of attainment in two countries, Italy and Cuba, characterized by very different cultural and socio-economic structures. Two hundred and sixty-five subjects participated in a questionnaire study: 133 from Italy and 132 from Cuba. Respondents were asked to think of happiness and to write down at least 5 components that made them feel happy. A measure of overall happiness was also obtained by asking subjects to rate to what extent they had attained each component in their life. The analysis of responses provided by the two samples yielded the identification of 21 cross-culturally shared happiness components, which referred to individual interests, relational interests and values. The most relevant components in each group were health, family, love and money. Italian and Cuban subjects differed in the frequency of citation of some happiness components (e.g. money, work, partner) and in the degree of attainment of them. Overall, Cubans perceived themselves as happier than Italians. Findings are discussed in relation to the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the Italian and Cuban contexts.
Improving the Spatial Resolution of Landsat TM/ETM+ Through Fusion With SPOT5 Images via Learning-Based Super-Resolution

To take advantage of the wide swath width of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images and the high spatial resolution of Système Pour l'Observation de la Terre 5 (SPOT5) images, we present a learning-based super-resolution method to fuse these two data types. The fused images are expected to be characterized by the swath width of TM/ETM+ images and the spatial resolution of SPOT5 images. To this end, we first model the imaging process from a SPOT image to a TM/ETM+ image at their corresponding bands, by building an image degradation model via blurring and downsampling operations. With this degradation model, we can generate a simulated Landsat image from each SPOT5 image, thereby avoiding the requirement for geometric coregistration for the two input images. Then, band by band, image fusion can be implemented in two stages: 1) learning a dictionary pair representing the high- and low-resolution details from the given SPOT5 and the simulated TM/ETM+ images; 2) super-resolving the input Landsat images based on the dictionary pair and a sparse coding algorithm. It is noteworthy that the proposed method can also deal with the conventional spatial and spectral fusion of TM/ETM+ and SPOT5 images by using the learned dictionary pairs. To examine the performance of the proposed method of fusing the swath width of TM/ETM+ and the spatial resolution of SPOT5, we illustrate the fusion results on the actual TM images and compare with several classic pansharpening methods by assuming that the corresponding SPOT5 panchromatic image exists. Furthermore, we implement the classification experiments on both actual images and fusion results to demonstrate the benefits of the proposed method for further classification applications.
No College Student Left Behind: The Influence of Financial Aspects of a State's Higher Education Policy on College Completion

Using national data from various sources, this study investigates the influence of financial aspects of state higher education policy on college completion. It found that college completion is positively associated with total state grants as a percentage of appropriations of state tax funds for operating expenses of higher education and state need-based grant dollars per individual in the traditional college-age (18–24) population. The study's results have implications for policies which attempt to link institutional eligibility for federal financial aid programs to graduation rates and for state higher education finance strategies that would improve the chance for college completion.
Dimensionality of Cook and Wall's (1980) British Organizational Commitment Scale revisited

Organizational commitment can help explain a range of human attitudes and behaviours at work and the measurement of this construct is central to explaining such organizational linkages. The purpose of this article is to re-examine the dimensionality of Cook and Wall's (1980) British Organizational Commitment Scale (BOCS) and further to examine the extent to which it holds good in several organizational contexts. The outcomes suggest that the six-item version (all positive) remains superior and is robust across the three organizations studied, although factor covariances and loadings differ.
The phase analysis of ongoing EEG oscillations under face/object perception

Event-related potentials (ERPs) analysis has been widely used in the cognitive studies due to its good performance in reflecting the time-locked stimulus-related brain activities. However, recent studies have found that the phase coherence of ongoing EEG oscillations is also related to stimulus-related brain activities and could reveal some information (e.g. phase-locked modulation in time-frequency domain) that ERPs could not provide. Here, we used inter-trail phase coherence(ITPC) to analyze the ongoing EEG oscillations under face/object stimuli, which aimed to explore the influence of face/object stimuli on EEG oscillations at various frequency bands (alpha, beta and low frequency gamma). Our preliminary results showed that (1) alpha band has relatively high phase synchronization in the time window of P1-N170-P2 under face/object stimuli; (2) EEG for face stimuli showed higher phase synchronization than object did in the time window of 80–350 ms in alpha band; (3) in low frequency gamma band, faces evoked relatively higher phase synchronization around 170ms than objects did. These results indicated that (1) ITPC, the measure of EEG phase synchronization, could be effectively used in face/object perception to provide oscillatory phase information; (2) the modulation of ITPC value in the alpha band might be more suitable to investigate the face preference EEG activities and locate the time range of the early face perception compared with ERPs; (3) the difference between face and object processing could be reflected in the low frequency gamma band via ITPC values.
Imbalanced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Antioxidant SOD2 in Fabry Disease-Specific Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Differentiated Vascular Endothelial Cells

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by α-galactosidase A (GLA) deficiency. Progressive intracellular accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) is considered to be pathogenically responsible for the phenotype variability of FD that causes cardiovascular dysfunction; however, molecular mechanisms underlying the impairment of FD-associated cardiovascular tissues remain unclear. In this study, we reprogrammed human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from peripheral blood cells of patients with FD (FD-iPSCs); subsequently differentiated them into vascular endothelial-like cells (FD-ECs) expressing CD31, VE-cadherin, and vWF; and investigated their ability to form vascular tube-like structures. FD-ECs recapitulated the FD pathophysiological phenotype exhibiting intracellular Gb3 accumulation under a transmission electron microscope. Moreover, compared with healthy control iPSC-derived endothelial cells (NC-ECs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production considerably increased in FD-ECs. Microarray analysis was performed to explore the possible mechanism underlying Gb3 accumulation-induced ROS production in FD-ECs. Our results revealed that superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), a mitochondrial antioxidant, was significantly downregulated in FD-ECs. Compared with NC-ECs, AMPK activity was significantly enhanced in FD-ECs. Furthermore, to investigate the role of Gb3 in these effects, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with Gb3. After Gb3 treatment, we observed that SOD2 expression was suppressed and AMPK activity was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our results indicate that excess accumulation of Gb3 suppressed SOD2 expression, increased ROS production, enhanced AMPK activation, and finally caused vascular endothelial dysfunction. Our findings suggest that dysregulated mitochondrial ROS may be a potential target for treating FD.
On localization and void coalescence as a precursor to ductile fracture

Two modes of plastic flow localization commonly occur in the ductile fracture of structural metals undergoing damage and failure by the mechanism involving void nucleation, growth and coalescence. The first mode consists of a macroscopic localization, usually linked to the softening effect of void nucleation and growth, in either a normal band or a shear band where the thickness of the band is comparable to void spacing. The second mode is coalescence with plastic strain localizing to the ligaments between voids by an internal necking process. The ductility of a material is tied to the strain at macroscopic localization, as this marks the limit of uniform straining at the macroscopic scale. The question addressed is whether macroscopic localization occurs prior to void coalescence or whether the two occur simultaneously. The relation between these two modes of localization is studied quantitatively in this paper using a three-dimensional elastic–plastic computational model representing a doubly periodic array of voids within a band confined between two semi-infinite outer blocks of the same material but without voids. At sufficiently high stress triaxiality, a clear separation exists between the two modes of localization. At lower stress triaxialities, the model predicts that the onset of macroscopic localization and coalescence occur simultaneously.
Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors of the Central Nervous System

Objective: Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-glial Tumors of the Central Nervous System are frequently encountered in the neurosurgical practice. Differentiation of neuronal tumors from the more common glial tumors is crucial because neuronal tumors have favorable clinical outcomes and are generally curable with total surgical resection alone, whereas gliomas typically require further chemoradiotherapy depending on their histologic grade and have poor prognosis. At histopathologic analysis, neuronal tumors are usually classified as pure neuronal cell tumors (gangliocytoma, Lhermitte-Duclos disease (dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma], central neurocytoma) and mixed neuronal-glial tumors (ganglioglioma, desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, ganglioneuroma) In this chapter, we review the WHO classification of each type of neuroepithelial cell tumours and the incidence and distribution. The clinical presentation and neuroimaging will also be briefed, then we describe the specific histopathologic characteristics, immunohistochemestry and genetic suscipitability of the various neuronal tumors of the central nervous system and finally demonstrate the outcome of these lesions.