Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of the lissencephaly protein Pac1 during nuclear migration in budding yeast

During mitosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mitotic spindle moves into the mother–bud neck via dynein-dependent sliding of cytoplasmic microtubules along the cortex of the bud. Here we show that Pac1, the yeast homologue of the human lissencephaly protein LIS1, plays a key role in this process. First, genetic interactions placed Pac1 in the dynein/dynactin pathway. Second, cells lacking Pac1 failed to display microtubule sliding in the bud, resulting in defective mitotic spindle movement and nuclear segregation. Third, Pac1 localized to the plus ends (distal tips) of cytoplasmic microtubules in the bud. This localization did not depend on the dynein heavy chain Dyn1. Moreover, the Pac1 fluorescence intensity at the microtubule end was enhanced in cells lacking dynactin or the cortical attachment molecule Num1. Fourth, dynein heavy chain Dyn1 also localized to the tips of cytoplasmic microtubules in wild-type cells. Dynein localization required Pac1 and, like Pac1, was enhanced in cells lacking the dynactin component Arp1 or the cortical attachment molecule Num1. Our results suggest that Pac1 targets dynein to microtubule tips, which is necessary for sliding of microtubules along the bud cortex. Dynein must remain inactive until microtubule ends interact with the bud cortex, at which time dynein and Pac1 appear to be offloaded from the microtubule to the cortex.
Changes in Blood Flow and Oxygen Metabolism During Visual Stimulation in Carotid Artery Disease: Effect of Baseline Perfusion and Oxygen Metabolism

Background and Purpose— Severe atherosclerotic disease of the carotid arteries may affect perfusion in the posterior circulation according to the degree of collateral supply. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the responses of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRo2) during neural stimulation are affected by the baseline perfusion or oxygen metabolism. Methods— We used PET to measure rCBF, rCMRo2, and regional oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF) in 13 patients with carotid artery steno-occlusive lesions at baseline and during visual stimulation. We examined whether the changes in CBF, CMRo2, and OEF during visual stimulation were correlated with the baseline values of these parameters in the visual cortex. Results— With visual stimulation, rCBF increased in all patients, whereas rCMRo2 showed variable changes. The baseline rCMRo2 value showed a positive relationship with the degree of rCBF increase and a negative relationship to the degree of rCMRo2 increase. rCMRo2 decreased in patients with relatively high baseline rCMRo2 values, resulting in dissociation of the rCMRo2 response from the rCBF response. The rCBF increase was large in the region with an increased baseline rOEF value. These variable changes in rCBF and rCMRo2 resulted in a significant correlation between the values of rCBF and rCMRo2 during visual stimulation in contrast to the lack of such a correlation at baseline. Conclusions— In patients with cerebrovascular disease, neural stimulation may induce variable changes in rCBF and rCMRo2 according to the baseline perfusion and oxygen metabolism.
Pattern-Based Near-Duplicate Video Retrieval and Localization on Web-Scale Videos

With the exponential growth of web multimedia contents, the Internet is rife with near-duplicate videos, the video copies applied with visual/temporal transformations and/or post productions. Two critical issues, copyright infringement and search result redundancy, arise accordingly. To resolve these problems, this paper proposes a spatiotemporal pattern-based approach under the hierarchical filter-and-refine framework for efficient and effective near-duplicate video retrieval and localization . Firstly, non-near-duplicate videos are fast filtered out through a computationally efficient data structure, termed pattern -based index tree (PI-tree). Then, an m- pattern -based dynamic programming (mPDP) algorithm is designed to localize near-duplicate segments and to re-rank the videos retrieved. The influence of time shift misalignment can be alleviated by time-shift m-pattern similarity (TPS) measurement. Comprehensive experiments on the five datasets are conducted to verify the effectiveness, efficiency, robustness, and scalability of the proposed approach. Convincing results demonstrate that our proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in terms of mean average precision (MAP) and normalized detection cost rate (NDCR) on the testing datasets. Furthermore, the proposed approach can achieve high quality of near-duplicate video localization in terms of quality frames (QF) and mean F1.
THE LONG-TERM EVOLUTION OF MULTILOCUS TRAITS UNDER FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT DISRUPTIVE SELECTION

Abstract Frequency-dependent disruptive selection is widely recognized as an important source of genetic variation. Its evolutionary consequences have been extensively studied using phenotypic evolutionary models, based on quantitative genetics, game theory, or adaptive dynamics. However, the genetic assumptions underlying these approaches are highly idealized and, even worse, predict different consequences of frequency-dependent disruptive selection. Population genetic models, by contrast, enable genotypic evolutionary models, but traditionally assume constant fitness values. Only a minority of these models thus addresses frequency-dependent selection, and only a few of these do so in a multilocus context. An inherent limitation of these remaining studies is that they only investigate the short-term maintenance of genetic variation. Consequently, the long-term evolution of multilocus characters under frequency-dependent disruptive selection remains poorly understood. We aim to bridge this gap between phenotypic and genotypic models by studying a multilocus version of Levene's soft-selection model. Individual-based simulations and deterministic approximations based on adaptive dynamics theory provide insights into the underlying evolutionary dynamics. Our analysis uncovers a general pattern of polymorphism formation and collapse, likely to apply to a wide variety of genetic systems: after convergence to a fitness minimum and the subsequent establishment of genetic polymorphism at multiple loci, genetic variation becomes increasingly concentrated on a few loci, until eventually only a single polymorphic locus remains. This evolutionary process combines features observed in quantitative genetics and adaptive dynamics models, and it can be explained as a consequence of changes in the selection regime that are inherent to frequency-dependent disruptive selection. Our findings demonstrate that the potential of frequency-dependent disruptive selection to maintain polygenic variation is considerably smaller than previously expected.
Two daddy tigers and a baby tiger: promoting understandings about same gender parented families using picture books

There is a small body of work examining how picture books can be used with young children and their families to develop understandings of contemporary issues including diversity and practices towards inclusion. This article describes a study in one New Zealand kindergarten that explored teachers’ interpretations of children’s responses to a selection of picture books featuring same gender parented families. The research sought to go beyond traditional understandings of families and the dominant discourse of heteronormativity. Findings show that despite children reportedly being open to the possibilities of non-traditional families in their setting, and their play, teachers appeared hesitant to ask probing questions or fully engage with children’s thinking, or their own, to explore understandings in this area. Nevertheless, this research demonstrates that taking tentative steps towards making an alternative discourse available through the proactive use of curriculum resources does not have to be ‘difficult’ or ‘dangerous’. In inclusive educational settings, lesbian and gay headed families can be affirmed, and children can be supported to construct understandings about ‘family’ outside of normative boundaries.
Rating the Ratings: How Good are Commercial Governance Ratings?

Proxy advisory and corporate governance rating firms (such as RiskMetrics/Institutional Shareholder Services, GovernanceMetrics International, and The Corporate Library) play an increasingly important role in U.S. public markets. They rank the quality of firm corporate governance, advise shareholders how to vote, and sometimes press for governance changes. We examine whether commercially available corporate governance rankings provide useful information for shareholders. Our results suggest that they do not. Commercial ratings do not predict governance-related outcomes with the precision or strength necessary to support the bold claims made by most of these firms. Moreover, we find little or no relation between the governance ratings provided by RiskMetrics with either their voting recommendations or the actual votes by shareholders on proxy proposals.
Immune activity elevates energy expenditure of house sparrows: a link between direct and indirect costs?

The activation of an immune response is beneficial for organisms but may also have costs that affect fitness. Documented immune costs include those associated with acquisition of special nutrients, as well as immunopathology or autoimmunity. Here, we test whether an experimental induction of the immune system with a non–pathological stimulant can elevate energy turnover in passerine birds. We injected phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), a commonly used mitogen that activates the cell–mediated immune response, into the wing web of house sparrows, Passer domesticus. We then examined energetic costs resulting from this immune activity and related those costs to other physiological activities. We found that PHA injection significantly elevated resting metabolic rate (RMR) of challenged sparrows relative to saline controls. We calculated the total cost of this immune activity to be ca. 4.20 kJ per day (29% RMR), which is equivalent to the cost of production of half of an egg (8.23 kJ egg−1) in this species. We suggest that immune activity in wild passerines increases energy expenditure, which in turn may influence important life–history characteristics such as clutch size, timing of breeding or the scheduling of moult.
A Theory of Media Power and a Theory of Media Use: Different Stories, Questions, and Ways of Thinking

In this article, I compare the assumptions, concepts, and propositions of media system dependency (MSD) theory and uses and gratifications (U&G) theory at the microlevel of analysis. The epistemological origins of these theories are situated within the differing social and personal contexts that affected their development. Those MSD assumptions that serve as background to this comparison are specified, and major hypotheses concerning the social ecology of microeffects processes are discussed, particularly as they pertain to public opinion concerns. Following this elaboration of MSD theory, basic differences between MSD and U&G conceptions of the audience, interpersonal networks, the media system, and the nature of media power are addressed. I conclude with a brief comment on the implications of the Internet for theorizing micro media effects.
A Proof of Concept for Using Brief Dialectical Behavior Therapy as a Treatment for Problem Gambling

Fourteen ‘treatment resistant’ problem gamblers received 9 weeks of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) at specialist problem gambling services delivered in Melbourne, Australia. This study is the first to investigate the effectiveness of a brief DBT treatment for problem gambling, with a focus on measuring change in the four DBT process skills (mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion dysregulation, and negative relationships). Although there were no statistically significant improvements in measures of gambling behaviour, 83% of participants were abstinent or reduced their gambling expenditure pre- to post-treatment. Participants also reported statistically and clinically significant improvements in psychological distress, mindfulness, and distress tolerance. Moreover, there were no increases in alcohol or substance use. These results are discussed in the context of focusing on a single DBT process skill, and the benefits of using group-based approaches.
Age differences in stroop-like interference as a function of semantic relatedness

Abstract The disinhibition hypothesis advanced by Hasher and Zacks (1988) predicts a faulty inhibitory mechanism resulting in “increased breadth of activation of nongoal path ideas” with aging (p. 213, Fig. 1). to assess this prediction, we tested young and older adults with a modified Stroop paradigm in which the semantic relationship between the words and ink colors was varied. Items were presented in five conditions: Stroop words (BLUE), related color words (NAVY), related words (SKY), neutral words (REFER), and asterisks (∗∗∗). We found an age difference in interference for the Stroop words only; that is, when the response set was the same as the stimulus set, older adults' color-naming performance was jeopardized. In contrast, young and older adults did not differ in proportional slowing when related colors, related words, neutral words, or asterisks were presented. the findings are discussed in terms of three explanations: (a) a developmental dissociation between response suppression and semantic su.
The Modernization in Irish Republican Thinking Toward the Utility of Violence

For the last thirty years the Irish republican movementcomposed of the IRA and Sinn Feinhas resorted to armed struggle as part of its strategy against British power in Northern Ireland. The cease-fire announced by the terrorist group in 1994 and the peace process that followed has signaled a historic shift in the strategic thinking of republicans. The emergence of dissident groups that reject the politicization of the movement and advocate the maintenance of the military campaign has highlighted the challenges the republican leadership faces after their acceptance of the 1998 Belfast Agreement. This article explores all of these issues and the importance of the armed struggle in the shifting republican mentality.
Subjective Evaluation of Sound Quality for Mobile Spatial Digital Audio

In the past decades, technical developments have enabled the delivery of sophisticated mobile spatial audio signals to consumers, over links that range very widely in quality, requiring decisions to be made about the tradeoffs between different aspects of audio quality. It is therefore important to determine the most important spatial quality attributes of reproduced sound fields and to find ways of predicting perceived sound quality on the basis of objective measurements.This paper first briefly reviews several subjective quality measures developed for streaming realtime audio over mobile network communications and in digital audio broadcasts. Then a experimental design on the application of the subjective listening test for mobile spatial audio is described. Finally, the conclusion is analysed and some future research directions are identified.
Motivating foreign language students using self-determination theory

Abstract Creating classroom environments that are enjoyable to students and support their learning can be challenging for instructors. The purpose of this article is to: (a) discuss self-determination theory and how it can be used to motivate students; and (b) provide specific examples of how we implemented this theory in an undergraduate foreign language course to increase students’ intrinsic motivation. Our questionnaire results and firsthand observations indicate that intentionally implementing the self-determination perspective can be an effective way to create enjoyable and interesting classes. We present six successful examples of how we motivated students by: having students create Play-Doh objects, conducting review sessions, discussing personal objects, facilitating peer interactions, creating assignments of varying difficulties, and showing unusual pictures. We believe that this article will help instructors better connect self-determination theory to practice by providing specific examples that can be imitated or modified for use by other instructors.
Simple solutions for the second decade of Wireless Sensor Networking

At 2010, we are at the effective end of the first decade of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) research and that the aspects such as energy efficient routing have pretty much had their day as the sensing, computing and energy technologies have now moved on. There now seems to be a consensus in the field as to what the next challenges are. This paper will describe some of those challenges for the next decade and discuss some of the key impediments hindering WSN research. From this we report a small experiment whereby we try to take on board some of the critiques we put forward to see what we come up with. To this end, we indeed show how a simple solution can help to solve many of the problems we list, and in doing so, highlight some of the difficulties in keeping to our own recommendations regarding the future direction of WSN research.
[Neurocognition and social cognition in patients with schizophrenia or mood disorders].

OBJECTIVE Overview on the current knowledge regarding neurocognition and social cognition in patients with schizophrenia or mood disorders. METHODS Selective literature research on deficits in neurocognition and social cognition intrinsic to schizophrenia and mood disorders, their occurrence and effects. RESULTS Deficits in neurocognition and social cognition are more pronounced in patients with schizoprenia than in those with mood disorders. However, regardless of diagnosis these impairments have significant negative impact on the patients' subjective and functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS It is important to consider cognitive deficits as an integral part of a treatment approach to achieve mental stabilization in patients with schizophrenia or mood disorders.
Hypoglycemic Thresholds for Cognitive Dysfunction in IDDM

Fourteen poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients (HbA1c 11 ± 0.5%) with a mean ± SE duration of disease of 15 ± 2 yr were studied to evaluate the hypoglycemic threshold for cognitive dysfunction under insulin-induced hypoglycemia. The P300 event-related potential, a measure of cognitive function, and reaction time (RT) in response to visual stimuli under euglycemic conditions and at plasma glucose concentrations of 3.5 and 2.5 mM (63 and 45 mg/dl, respectively) during a constant insulin infusion were recorded. Baseline P300 latency was similar to that of a nondiabetic control group, but baseline RT was greater in the IDDM group. There was no increase in P300 latency or RT under euglycemic clamp conditions or at a plasma glucose level of 3.5 mM (63 mg/dl). However, when plasma glucose was lowered to 2.5 mM (45 mg/dl), there was an increase in P300 latency and a prolongation of RT. As plasma glucose returned to baseline, P300 latency and RT remained prolonged. After administration of intravenous glucose and a meal, P300 latency and RT returned to baseline. P140, an event-related potential reflecting sensory processes, was not altered. Because P300 latency changes paralleled RT changes, hypoglycemia appears to slow decision-making processes in IDDM. This study revealed that 1) baseline P300 latency is not elevated in poorly controlled IDDM patients, suggesting no cumulative cognitive dysfunction; 2) the hypoglycemic thresholds for cognitive dysfunction in poorly controlled IDDM are between 2.5 and 3.5 mM (45 and 63 mg/dl, respectively)and are similar to those found in control subjects, suggesting no maladaptive CNS response to hypoglycemia; 3) recovery of cerebral dysfunction, as judged by alterations in P300 latency and RT, lagsbehind the disappearance of hypoglycemia; and 4) there is individual variability to the adverse effects of hypoglycemia on cerebral function.
Smoking and the risk of developing hypertensive diseases in pregnancy: what is the effect on HELLP syndrome?

Background. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of smoking in the development of HELLP syndrome, pre‐eclampsia and gestational hypertension. Methods. A self‐administered questionnaire was sent to 2,600 women who had contacted the German Pre‐eclampsia Self‐help Group previously for information on hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and to 1,233 controls. Diagnoses were verified by reviewing medical records and classified according to ISSHP criteria. Student's t‐test, Wilcoxon test, Chi‐square test, and multiple logistic regressions were used for statistical analysis. Results. After matching age, parity, nationality, and education a total of 905 women with a hypertensive disease in pregnancy and 945 controls were evaluated for the present study. In comparison to the patients, controls smoked significantly more often during their pregnancies (8.5%/18%, p<0.0001). Smoking during pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of developing hypertensive disorders in pregnancy by 56%. The most prominent effect of smoking was on the risk of developing HELLP syndrome (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.08–0.43) followed by HELLP syndrome + pre‐eclampsia (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.17–0.63), pre‐eclampsia only (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26–0.8), and gestational hypertension (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.41–1.08). Conclusions. Smoking is associated with an 80% reduction of the risk developing HELLP syndrome. However, pregnant women should be advised to quit smoking. Understanding the different effects of smoking in the etiology of each subtype of hypertensive diseases in pregnancy will improve the knowledge of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and may help in designing more effective prevention and treatment strategies.
High CD133 expression levels in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) have activating KIT or PDGFRA gene mutations. Imatinib mesylate, which targets KIT and PDGFRA, is effective in treating GISTs, but 90% of GIST patients become imatinib‐resistant as a result of acquiring secondary KIT mutations. Recent findings suggest that tumour growth can be driven by mutated self‐renewing progenitors known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are believed to be present in all neoplastic proliferations and are thought to accumulate mutations. It is therefore possible that the acquisition of secondary KIT mutations during imatinib treatment may occur in putative GIST CSCs.
The “Rationality Wars” in Psychology: Where They Are and Where They Could Go

Abstract Current psychology of human reasoning is divided into several different approaches. For instance, there is a major dispute over the question whether human beings are able to apply norms of the formal models of rationality such as rules of logic, or probability and decision theory, correctly. While researchers following the “heuristics and biases” approach argue that we deviate systematically from these norms, and so are perhaps deeply irrational, defenders of the “bounded rationality” approach think not only that the evidence for this conclusion is problematic but also that we should not, at least not very often, use formal norms in reasoning. I argue that while the evidence for heuristics and biases is indeed questionable, the bounded rationality approach has its limits too. Most especially, we should not infer that formal norms play no role in a comprehensive theory of rationality. Instead, formal and bounded rules of reasoning might even be connected in a more comprehensive theory of rationality.