Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nature of the Verwey transition in magnetite (Fe3O4) to pressures of 16 GPa.

The relative conductivity of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ single crystals very close to ideal stoichiometry has been measured as a function of pressure up to P=16 GPa and in the temperature range of 4.2 to 300 K. The pressure dependence of the Verwey transition ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{V}}$ and the mechanism of conductivity below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{V}}$ were the main issues addressed. Three pressure regimes were assigned, based on the different behavior of the temperature derivative (DT) of the conductivity curves through ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{V}}$: (1) In the range 0--6 GPa the DT curves show sharp minima at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{V}}$ consistent with a first-order phase transition. In this range ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{V}}$ decreases linearly with pressure from 122 to 107.5 K. (2) At P\ensuremath{\gtrsim}6 GPa the DT minima broaden considerably, consistent with a second- or higher-order transition. At P\ensuremath{\approxeq}6 GPa ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{V}}$ changes discontinuously from 107.5 to 100 K and between 6 and 12.5 GPa decreases linearly to 83 K. (3) At P\ensuremath{\gtrsim}12.5 GPa no DT minima are detected; ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{V}}$ becomes indiscernible. It was shown that the variation of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{V}}$ with rising P is in close analogy to ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{V}}$ changes with chemical composition (\ensuremath{\delta}, x, y) of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3(1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}})}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{Ti}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ as compiled from previous studies. This information is rationalized in terms of phase transitions associated with ``Wigner structures. '' Changes in the band gap with rising P are discussed. Below 16 GPa and at 30 KT${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{V}}$ the conductivity \ensuremath{\sigma} is typical of the variable-range hopping (VRH) mechanism [\ensuremath{\sigma}=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{0}$ exp(${\mathit{T}}_{0}$/T${)}^{1/4}$] with ${\mathit{T}}_{0}$ decreasing with increasing pressure. Below 30 K \ensuremath{\sigma}(T) deviates from the ${\mathit{T}}^{1/4}$ law at all pressures. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Statistical significance for genomewide studies

With the increase in genomewide experiments and the sequencing of multiple genomes, the analysis of large data sets has become commonplace in biology. It is often the case that thousands of features in a genomewide data set are tested against some null hypothesis, where a number of features are expected to be significant. Here we propose an approach to measuring statistical significance in these genomewide studies based on the concept of the false discovery rate. This approach offers a sensible balance between the number of true and false positives that is automatically calibrated and easily interpreted. In doing so, a measure of statistical significance called the q value is associated with each tested feature. The q value is similar to the well known p value, except it is a measure of significance in terms of the false discovery rate rather than the false positive rate. Our approach avoids a flood of false positive results, while offering a more liberal criterion than what has been used in genome scans for linkage.
Clarithromycin and pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia

Pulmonary diseases induced by drugs include bronchial asthma, pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia, diffuse fibrosing alveolitis, vasculitis, and pleural diseases.1–4 Most such diseases recede when the drug is withdrawn, although on rare occasions the pulmonary damage is irreversible and progressive.4 5 We describe a patient with asthma referred to our respiratory diseases clinic who twice developed fever and pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia after taking antibiotics. A 17 year old white man who has had bronchial asthma since childhood was referred to our clinic in January 2002. The patient also reported sinusitis and allergic rhinitis. Results of earlier prick tests and radioallergosorbent tests were positive for wall pellitory ( Parietaria judaica ) and grasses, and the tests resulted in a mild increase in peripheral blood eosinophil counts (0.6-0.7 × 109/l (6-7%)). His general practitioner had prescribed salbutamol as a rescue treatment. The patient did not report any allergy to drugs. In December 2001 he had reported fever (38°C), accompanied by mucopurulent nasal secretion and pain in his forehead. X ray pictures of the paranasal sinuses showed maxillary sinusitis on the right side and hypertrophy of the turbinates. The general practitioner prescribed combined amoxicillin (875 mg) and clavulanic acid (125 mg) twice daily for seven days, followed by clarithromycin (500 mg) twice daily for a further seven days. Figure 1 shows the patient's course of treatment. At the end of this treatment period the patient reported dry cough and mild dyspnoea. Chest x ray pictures showed pulmonary consolidations localised at the right apex. Fig 1 Temporal relation between the patient's course of treatment and pulmonary infiltration …
Performance of concatenated channel codes and orthogonal space-time block codes

In this paper we analyze the performance of an important class of MIMO systems that of orthogonal space-time block codes concatenated with channel coding. This system configuration has an attractive combination of simplicity and performance. We study this system under spatially independent fading as well as correlated fading that may arise from the proximity of transmit or receive antennas or unfavorable scattering conditions. We consider the effects of time correlation and present a general analysis for the case where both spatial and temporal correlations exist in the system. We present simulation results for a variety of channel codes, including convolutional codes, turbo codes, trellis coded modulation (TCM), and multiple trellis coded modulation (MTCM), under quasi-static and block-fading Rayleigh as well as Rician fading. Simulations verify the validity of our analysis
Remarks on the American Put Option for Jump Diffusions

We prove that the perpetual American put option price of an exponential Lévy process whose jumps come from a compound Poisson process is the classical solution of its associated quasi-variational inequality, that it is C except at the stopping boundary and that it is C everywhere (i.e. the smooth pasting condition always holds). We prove this fact by constructing a sequence of functions, each of which is a value function of an optimal stopping problem for a diffusion. This sequence, which converges to the value function of the American put option for jump diffusions, is constructed sequentially using a functional operator that maps a certain class of convex functions to smooth functions satisfying some quasi-variational inequalities. This sequence converges to the value function of the American put option uniformly and exponentially fast, therefore it provides a good approximation scheme. In fact, the value of the American put option is the fixed point of the functional operator we use.
Silybin, a Major Bioactive Component of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)—Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Metabolism

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a medicinal plant that has been used for thousands of years as a remedy for a variety of ailments. The main component of S. marianum fruit extract (silymarin) is a flavonolignan called silybin, which is not only the major silymarin element but is also the most active ingredient of this extract, which has been confirmed in various studies. This compound belongs to the flavonoid group known as flavonolignans. Silybin’s structure consists in two main units. The first is based on a taxifolin, the second a phenyllpropanoid unit, which in this case is conyferil alcohol. These two units are linked together into one structure by an oxeran ring. Since the 1970s, silybin has been regarded in official medicine as a substance with hepatoprotective properties. There is a large body of research that demonstrates silybin’s many other healthy properties, but there are still a lack of papers focused on its molecular structure, chemistry, metabolism, and novel form of administration. Therefore, the aim of this paper is a literature review presenting and systematizing our knowledge of the silybin molecule, with particular emphasis on its structure, chemistry, bioavailability, and metabolism.
Developing Policy for Integrating Biomedicine and Traditional Chinese Medical Practice Using Focus Groups and the Delphi Technique

In Hong Kong, statutory regulation for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practitioners has been implemented in the past decade. Increasing use of TCM on top of biomedicine (BM) services by the population has been followed; but corresponding policy development to integrate their practices has not yet been discussed. Using focus group methodology, we explore policy ideas for integration by collating views from frontline BM (n = 50) and TCM clinicians (n = 50). Qualitative data were analyzed under the guidance of structuration model of collaboration, a theoretical model for understanding interprofessional collaboration. From focus group findings we generated 28 possible approaches, and subsequently their acceptability was assessed by a two round Delphi survey amongst BM and TCM policy stakeholders (n = 12). Consensus was reached only on 13 statements. Stakeholders agreed that clinicians from both paradigms should share common goals of providing patient-centered care, promoting the development of protocols for shared care and information exchange, as well as strengthening interprofessional connectivity and leadership for integration. On the other hand, attitudes amongst policy stakeholders were split on the possibility of fostering trust and mutual learning, as well as on enhancing innovation and governmental support. Future policy initiatives should focus on these controversial areas.
Longitudinal imaging and deterioration in word comprehension in primary progressive aphasia: Potential clinical significance

Background: Three variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA), distinguished by language performance and supportive patterns of atrophy on imaging, have different clinical courses and the prognoses for specific functions. For example, semantic variant PPA alone is distinguished by impaired word comprehension. However, sometimes individuals with high education show normal performance on word-comprehension tests early on, making classification difficult. Furthermore, as the condition progresses, individuals with other variants develop word-comprehension deficits and other behavioural symptoms, making distinctions between variants less clear. Longitudinal brain imaging allows identification of specific areas of atrophy in individual patients, which identifies the location of disease in each patient. Aims: We hypothesised that the areas of atrophy in individual PPA participants would be closely correlated with the decline in word comprehension over time. We propose that areas where tissue volume is correlated with word comprehension are areas that: (1) are essential for word comprehension, (2) compensate for word comprehension in some individuals with semantic variant PPA early in the course, and (3) show atrophy in individuals with logopenic and nonfluent variant PPA only late in the course. Methods and Procedures: Fifteen participants with PPA (five logopenic variant PPA; eight semantic variant PPA; two nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA; mean age 67.8), underwent high resolution magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive tests at least 9 months apart. The correlations between change in regional volumes and change in auditory word-comprehension scores were investigated using Spearman test. Outcomes & Results: While scores on auditory word comprehension at Time 1 were correlated with volume loss in right and left temporal pole and left inferior temporal cortex (areas of atrophy associated with semantic variant PPA), deterioration in auditory word comprehension from Time 1 to Time 2 was associated with individual atrophy in left middle temporal cortex, left angular gyrus, and right inferior and middle temporal cortex. Conclusions: Progressive atrophy in focal areas surrounding left temporal pole and left inferior temporal cortex, and right homologous area is closely related to progressive decline in auditory word comprehension. These correlations likely reflect areas that compensate for subtle deficits early in the course of semantic variant PPA, as well as areas that are critical for auditory word comprehension that eventually atrophy in individuals with other variants of PPA. Individual patterns of atrophy also help us understand and predict the clinical course of individuals, such as associated behavioural or motor deficits.
Red blood cell distribution width and cardiovascular diseases.

BACKGROUND The red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a rather simple measure of red blood cell (RBC) size heterogeneity (i.e., anisocytosis), which is easily calculated by dividing the standard deviation (SD) of erythrocyte volumes for the mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Emerging evidence suggests that, besides RBC abnormalities, many human disorders may be frequently associated with a high degree of anisocytosis. METHODS In this narrative review, we analyzed the current scientific literature about the putative role and the potential epidemiologic association between RDW and cardiovascular diseases. The findings of the most representative epidemiological studies were summarized and discussed. RESULTS Overall, considerable and convincing evidence has been brought that an increased RDW value is associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [including acute myocardial infarction (AMI)], ischemic cerebrovascular disease (including stroke), peripheral artery disease (PAD), as well as with atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF) and hypertension. Higher anisocytosis also significantly and independently predicts adverse outcomes in patients with these conditions. CONCLUSIONS Although the role of anisocytosis in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases remains uncertain, the considerable evidence available so far suggests that the clinical use of RDW may be broadened beyond the conventional boundaries of erythrocyte disorders, in particular for assisting the diagnosis and prognostication of patients with ACS, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, PAD, HF and AF.
Differences between Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Multiple System Atrophy-Cerebellar Type on Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Purpose A broad spectrum of diseases can manifest cerebellar ataxia. In this study, we investigated whether proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) may help differentiate spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) from multiple systemic atrophy- cerebellar type (MSA-C). Material and Methods This prospective study recruited 156 patients with ataxia, including spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 1, 2, 3, 6 and 17 (N = 94) and MSA-C (N = 62), and 44 healthy controls. Single voxel proton MRS in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis were measured. The differences were evaluated using nonparametric statistic tests. Results When compared with healthy controls, the cerebellar and vermis NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho were lower in all patients(p<0.002). The Cho/Cr was lower in SCA2 and MSA-C (p<0.0005). The NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr were lower in MSA-C or SCA2 comparing with SCA3 or SCA6. The MRS features of SCA1 were in between (p<0.018). The cerebellar NAA/Cho was lower in SCA2 than SCA1, SCA3 or SCA6 (p<0.04). The cerebellar NAA/Cho in MSA-C was lower than SCA3 (p<0.0005). In the early stages of diseases (SARA score<10), significant lower NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho in SCA2, SCA3, SCA6 or MSA-C were observed comparing with healthy controls (p<0.017). The Cho/Cr was lower in MSA-C or SCA2 (p<0.0005). Patients with MSA-C and SCA2 had lower NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr than SCA3 or SCA6 (p<0.016). Conclusion By using MRS, significantly lower NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr and NAA/Cho in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis were found in patients with ataxia (SCAs and MSA-C). Rapid neuronal degeneration and impairment of membrane activities were observed more often in patients with MSA-C than those with SCA, even in early stages. MRS could also help distinguish between SCA2 and other subtypes of SCAs. MRS ratios may be of use as biomarkers in early stages of disease and should be further assessed in a longitudinal study.
Iwasawa theory and the Eisenstein ideal

We verify, for each odd prime p < 1000, a conjecture of W. McCallum and the author’s on the surjectivity of pairings on p-units constructed out of the cup product on the first Galois cohomology group of the maximal unramified outside p extension of Q(μp) with μp-coefficients. In the course of the proof, we relate several Iwasawa-theoretic and Hida-theoretic objects. In particular, we construct a canonical isomorphism between an Eisenstein ideal modulo its square and the second graded piece in an augmentation filtration of a classical Iwasawa module over an abelian pro-p Kummer extension of the cyclotomic Zp-extension of an abelian field. This Kummer extension arises from the Galois representation on an inverse limit of ordinary parts of first cohomology groups of modular curves that was considered by M. Ohta in order to give another proof of the Iwasawa Main Conjecture in the spirit of that of B. Mazur and A. Wiles. In turn, we relate the Iwasawa module over the Kummer extension to the quotient of the tensor product of the classical cyclotomic Iwasawa module and the Galois group of the Kummer extension by the image of a certain reciprocity map that is constructed out of an inverse limit of cup products up the cyclotomic tower. We give an application to the structure of the Selmer groups of Ohta’s modular representation taken modulo the Eisenstein ideal.
ORIGIN OF MOLECULAR OXYGEN IN COMET 67P/CHURYUMOV–GERASIMENKO

Molecular oxygen has been detected in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko with abundances in the 1%–10% range by the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis-Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer instrument on board the Rosetta spacecraft. Here we find that the radiolysis of icy grains in low-density environments such as the presolar cloud may induce the production of large amounts of molecular oxygen. We also show that molecular oxygen can be efficiently trapped in clathrates formed in the protosolar nebula (PSN), and that its incorporation as crystalline ice is highly implausible, because this would imply much larger abundances of Ar and N2 than those observed in the coma. Assuming that radiolysis has been the only O2 production mechanism at work, we conclude that the formation of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko is possible in a dense and early PSN in the framework of two extreme scenarios: (1) agglomeration from pristine amorphous icy grains/particles formed in ISM and (2) agglomeration from clathrates that formed during the disk’s cooling. The former scenario is found consistent with the strong correlation between O2 and H2O observed in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s coma while the latter scenario requires that clathrates formed from ISM icy grains that crystallized when entering the PSN.
Positive Selection of Tyrosine Loss in Metazoan Evolution

Cataloging Kinase Targets Protein phosphorylation is a central mechanism in the control of many biological processes (see the Perspective by Collins). It remains a challenge to determine the complete range of substrates and phosphorylation sites altered by a kinase like cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1), which controls cell division in yeast. Holt et al. (p. 1682) engineered a strain of yeast to express a modified Cdk1 molecule that could be inhibited by a specific small-molecule inhibitor. The range of Cdk1-dependent phosphorylation was assessed by quantitative mass spectrometry, which revealed many previously uncharacterized substrates for Cdk1. In addition to phosphorylation on serine and threonine residues, which appears to be evolutionarily ancient, tyrosine phosphorylation occurs primarily in multicellular organisms. Tan et al. (p. 1686, published online 9 July) compared the overall presence of tyrosine residues in human proteins (which are frequently phosphorylated) and in yeast proteins (which are not). Loss of tyrosine residues has occurred during evolution, presumably to reduce adventitious tyrosine phosphorylation. Evolution of tyrosine phosphorylation as a signaling mechanism may have coincided with loss of tyrosine residues to avoid noise. John Nash showed that within a complex system, individuals are best off if they make the best decision that they can, taking into account the decisions of the other individuals. Here, we investigate whether similar principles influence the evolution of signaling networks in multicellular animals. Specifically, by analyzing a set of metazoan species we observed a striking negative correlation of genomically encoded tyrosine content with biological complexity (as measured by the number of cell types in each organism). We discuss how this observed tyrosine loss correlates with the expansion of tyrosine kinases in the evolution of the metazoan lineage and how it may relate to the optimization of signaling systems in multicellular animals. We propose that this phenomenon illustrates genome-wide adaptive evolution to accommodate beneficial genetic perturbation.
LexA regulates the bidirectional hydrogenase in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as a transcription activator

The bidirectional NiFe‐hydrogenase of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is encoded by five genes (hoxEFUYH) which are transcribed as one unit. The transcription of the hox‐operon is regulated by a promoter situated upstream of hoxE. The transcription start point was located at −168 by 5′Race. Several promoter probe vectors carrying different promoter fragments revealed two regions to be essential for the promoter activity. One is situated in the untranslated 5′leader region and the other is found −569 to −690 nucleotides upstream of the ATG. The region further upstream was shown to bind a protein. Even though an imperfect NtcA binding site was identified, NtcA did not bind to this region. The protein binding to the DNA was purified and found to be LexA by MALDI‐TOF. The complete LexA and its DNA binding domain were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Both were able to bind to two sites in the examined region in band‐shift‐assays. Accordingly, the hydrogenase activity of a LexA‐depleted mutant was reduced. This is the first report on LexA acting not as a repressor but as a transcriptional activator. Furthermore, LexA is the first transcription factor identified so far for the expression of bidirectional hydrogenases in cyanobacteria.
Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus

Abstract Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is an acquired idiopathic lesion of subchondral bone that can produce delamination and sequestration with or without articular cartilage involvement and instability. The cause of OCD is still debated: the most recognized etiology is the occurrence of repetitive micro-traumas associated with vascular impairment, causing progressive ankle pain and dysfunction in skeletally immature and young adult patients. Ankle OCD is classically located in the medial part of the talus, while lateral and posterior involvement is less frequent. Diagnosis of OCD, based on MRI findings, is quite straightforward; MRI examination can also be very useful for dating the defect and obtaining information about the associated bone bruise. Osteochondritis dissecans, if not recognized and treated appropriately, may lead to secondary osteoarthritis with pain and functional limitation. Surgical treatment is mandatory especially in young patients with unstable cartilage fragments. There are various surgical options: fixation, microfracture, or substitution using autologous chondrocyte implantation techniques.