Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hot and Cool Executive Functions in Adolescence: Development and Contributions to Important Developmental Outcomes

Despite significant theoretical advancement in the area of child neuropsychology, limited attention has been paid to the developmental features of adolescence. The present study intends to address this issue in relation to executive function (EF). EF refers to the psychological processes that underlie goal-directed behavior; recent studies separate cool EF (psychological process involves pure logic and critical analysis) and hot EF (psychological process driven by emotion). Although neurological findings suggest that adolescence is a sensitive period for EF development, data on comparing the developmental progression in hot or cool EFs is highly missing. Moreover, while evidence has confirmed the relationships between EF and day-to-day functioning, whether and how hot and cool EFs contribute to core developmental outcomes in adolescence is still remained unknown. The current study aims to enhance our understanding of the development and impacts of hot and cool EFs in adolescence. A total of 136 typically developing adolescents from age 12 to 17 completed four cool EF tasks including Backward digit span, Contingency naming test, Stockings of Cambridge, and Stroop Color and Word test, and one hot task on Cambridge gambling task. Data on academic performance and psychological adjustment was also collected. Results showed that cool and hot EF exhibited different patterns of age-related growth in adolescence. Specifically, cool EF ascended with age while hot EF showed a bell-shaped development. Moreover, there were correlations among cool EF measures but no association between cool and hot EFs. Further, cool EF was a better predictor of academic performance, while hot EF uniquely related to emotional problems. The results provide evidence for the association among cool EF tests and the differentiation of hot and cool EFs. The bell-shaped development of hot EF might suggest a period of heightened risk-taking propensity in middle adolescence. Given the plastic nature of EF, especially over adolescence, the current findings may have practical implications for future EF identification and training.
The Sucrose Transporter StSUT 1 Localizes to Sieve Elements in Potato Tuber Phloem and Influences Tuber Physiology and Development 1 [ w ]

The sucrose (Suc) H -cotransporter StSUT1 from potato (Solanum tuberosum), which is essential for long-distance transport of Suc and assumed to play a role in phloem loading in mature leaves, was found to be expressed in sink tubers. To answer the question of whether SUT1 serves a function in phloem unloading in tubers, the promoter was fused to gusA and expression was analyzed in transgenic potato. SUT1 expression was unexpectedly detected not in tuber parenchyma but in the phloem of sink tubers. Immunolocalization demonstrated that StSUT1 protein was present only in sieve elements of sink tubers, cells normally involved in export of Suc from the phloem to supply developing tubers, raising the question of the role of SUT1 in tubers. SUT1 expression was inhibited by antisense in transgenic potato plants using a class I patatin promoter B33, which is primarily expressed in the phloem of developing tubers. Reduced SUT1 expression in tubers did not affect aboveground organs but led to reduced fresh weight accumulation during early stages of tuber development, indicating that in this phase SUT1 plays an important role for sugar transport. Changes in Sucand starch-modifying enzyme activities and metabolite profiles are consistent with the developmental switch in unloading mechanisms. Altogether, the findings may suggest a role of SUT1 in retrieval of Suc from the apoplasm, thereby regulating the osmotic potential in the extracellular space, or a direct role in phloem unloading acting as a phloem exporter transferring Suc from the sieve elements into the apoplasm.
Violence and Economic Conditions in the United States, 1973-2011

To more fully understand how economic conditions and the latest economic downturn might be associated with rates of violence, this research examines a variety of economic indicators and their relationships to subgroup rates of violence overall and by victim–offender relationship. We find that the recent recession of 2007 to 2009 has not produced significant increases in victimization for any of the groups or violence types analyzed here. We also find that several economic indicators are associated with violence during the 1973 to 2000 period, yet these same factors fail to be significantly correlated with the trends from 2001 to 2011. This suggests that historical conditions unique to the more recent period are moderating the relationships between trends in the macroeconomy and violence, and that future research should focus on developing and modeling indicators of various potential moderating influences. We also caution, however, that this recent change in the association between the economy and the violence is based on the data from a relatively few number of years and may not continue into the future.
Hypersensitivity to Hg2+ and hyperbinding activity associated with cloned fragments of the mercurial resistance operon of plasmid NR1

The region of plasmid NR1 concerned with resistance to Hg2+ and organomercurials consists of sequences found on restriction endonuclease fragments EcoRI-H and EcoRI-I. When both fragments were cloned together into a derivative of plasmid ColE1, the hybrid plasmid conferred properties indistinguishable from those of the parental plasmid, NR1: resistance to Hg2+ and to the organomercurials merbromin and fluoresceinmercuric acetate and the inducible synthesis of the enzyme mercuric reductase. When fragment EcoRI-I was cloned into plasmid ColE1, cells containing the plasmid was as sensitive to Hg2+ and organomercurials as plasmidless strains. When fragment EcoRI-H was cloned into ColE1, cells with the hybrid plasmid were hypersensitive to Hg2+ and organomercurials. This hypersensitivity was inducible by prior exposure to low, subtoxic Hg2+ or merbromin levels. It was associated with an inducible hyperbinding activity attributed to a gene governing Hg2+ uptake and found on fragment EcoRI-H (which contains the proximal portion of a mercuric resistance [mer] operon).
Parks, Malls, and The Art of War

In the post-war years, Americans migrated en masse into suburbs punctuated by shopping centers that served as social and recreational hubs. Concerned about the civic wellbeing of shopping-centered suburbanites, a group called the Agora Coalition formed in the 1990s to enhance malls' civic functioning through a combination of design and programming strategies. This paper presents an adversarial alternative to such an approach. Rather than working "with" the mall as its prodding civic conscience, the paper recommends strategizing "against" it on behalf of civic life. The paper reveals four vulnerabilities in malls that such thinking can exploit: mall users may not find malls ego-enhancing places in which to socialize; the current economic recession has pointed up that many mall goods are frivolous nonessentials; malls are less likely to engender topophilia than are local public landscapes; and, as successful retail institutions in a competitive capitalist environment, malls employ successful strategies for gaining customers that designers of civic spaces can emulate. Indeed, the adversarial, zero-sum approach recommended here exemplifies the use of market-honed, "mall" strategizing. To nurture such thinking, I refer to Sun-Tzu's classic treatise The Art of War. The 2,400-year old text is required reading in MBA programs nationwide and presumably informs the thinking of many who build and manage malls. What would these people do if they were now competing against their creations on behalf of civic life?
Lexical Comparison of Signs from Taiwan , Chinese , Japanese , and American Sign Languages : Taking Iconicity into Account

Iconicity should be taken into account for the comparison of lexical similarity in sign languages, but it should be excluded for the study of their historical relatedness. Woodward (1978, 1991, 1993) modified Swadesh list by excluding body part signs and pronouns for historical comparison. In addition to body part signs and pronouns, signs with similar iconic motivation are also excluded in this study for historical comparison. The preliminary result shows that Taiwan Sign Language (TSL) and Japanese Sign Language (JSL) can be considered as languages of the same family, while TSL and Chinese Sign Language (CSL) can not. The similarity between TSL and CSL are due to language contact. TSL and American Sign Language (ASL) are least similar. Signs with iconic motivation are prevalent and universal in sign languages. Lexical comparison of sign languages can also be conducted with respect to various types of iconic devices even for historically unrelated languages such as TSL and ASL.
Social Exchange and Micro Social Order

This study uses an affect theory of social exchange (Lawler 2001) to investigate how and when network structures generate “micro social orders. ” Micro social order entails recurrent interactions, emotional reactions, perceptions of a group, and affective sentiments. The core theoretical argument is that micro orders, involving behavioral, cognitive, and affective dimensions, develop and are stronger to the degree that (1) actors engage in highly joint tasks or activities and (2) these tasks generate a sense of shared responsibility for the interaction outcomes. A laboratory experiment varies different forms of social exchange—negotiated, reciprocal, generalized, and productive—within a network structure, and offers strong support for the core expectation that productive forms of exchange generate the strongest micro order. Conversely, generalized exchange generates the weakest order, with negotiated and reciprocal forms in between. In general, productive exchange bolsters more exchange behavior, more positive feelings, perceptions of cohesion at the network level, and affective attachments to the network as a social unit. This research has broad implications for the conditions under which task activity promotes micro social orders that involve strong person-to-group ties (as opposed to person-to-person ties) and affective sentiments regarding the social unit.
The sociological significance of domestic violence: Tensions, paradoxes and implications

Sociology and sociological theory has been effective in analyzing societal and institutional conflict and violence, but less so the specifics of interpersonal violence. This article examines the sociological significance of domestic violence. This relationship, or sometimes its neglect, is underlain by several tensions and paradoxes, which in turn have broader implications for sociology and sociological theory. These matters are examined through: the possible paradox of violence and intimacy in the phenomenon of domestic violence; the importance of the naming and framing of such violence; explanation, responsibility and agency; and gender, hegemony and discourse in men’s violence to known women, as part of a multifaceted power approach.
Fusiform Activation to Animals is Driven by the Process, Not the Stimulus

Previous studies have found that the lateral posterior fusiform gyri respond more robustly to pictures of animals than pictures of manmade objects and suggested that these regions encode the visual properties characteristic of animals. We suggest that such effects actually reflect processing demands arising when items with similar representations must be finely discriminated. In a positron emission tomography (PET) study of category verification with colored photographs of animals and vehicles, there was robust animal-specific activation in the lateral posterior fusiform gyri when stimuli were categorized at an intermediate level of specificity (e.g., dog or car). However, when the same photographs were categorized at a more specific level (e.g., Labrador or BMW), these regions responded equally strongly to animals and vehicles. We conclude that the lateral posterior fusiform does not encode domain-specific representations of animals or visual properties characteristic of animals. Instead, these regions are strongly activated whenever an item must be discriminated from many close visual or semantic competitors. Apparent category effects arise because, at an intermediate level of specificity, animals have more visual and semantic competitors than do artifacts.
Estrogen receptor-positive, progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer: association with growth factor receptor expression and tamoxifen resistance.

BACKGROUND Clinical data indicate that estrogen receptor-positive/progesterone receptor-negative (ER+/PR-) breast cancers are less sensitive to tamoxifen than are ER+/PR+ tumors. It has also been reported that tamoxifen may be less effective in tumors that overexpress either HER-2 or HER-1 (epidermal growth factor receptor) and that signaling through these receptors reduces PR expression in experimental models. We hypothesized that ER+/PR- breast tumors are more likely than ER+/PR+ breast tumors to have an aggressive phenotype, to express HER-1 and overexpress HER-2, and are less likely to benefit from tamoxifen adjuvant therapy. METHODS Clinical and biological features of 31 415 patients with ER+/PR+ tumors were compared with those of 13,404 patients with ER+/PR- tumors. Association between disease-free survival (DFS) and HER-1 and HER-2 status was analyzed in a subset of 11,399 patients receiving adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox regression or Kaplan-Meier analyses, and all statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS ER+/PR- tumors were more frequent in older patients, were larger in size, had a higher S-phase fraction, and were more likely to be aneuploid than ER+/PR+ tumors. Furthermore, three times as many ER+/PR- tumors as ER+/PR+ tumors expressed HER-1 (25% versus 8%; P < .001) and 50% more overexpressed HER-2 (21% versus 14%; P < .001). Among all tamoxifen-treated women, recurrence was higher among women with HER-1-expressing tumors than with HER-1-negative tumors (HR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.0 to 3.5; P = .05); a stronger association between worse DFS and HER-2 overexpression was observed (HR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2 to 4.3; P = .006). However, results varied by PR status. Among tamoxifen-treated women with ER+/PR+ tumors, HER-1 or HER-2 status was not associated with worse DFS. Among women with ER+/PR- tumors, however, both HER-1 expression (HR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.0 to 5.4; P = .036) and HER-2 overexpression (HR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.1 to 6.0; P = .022) were associated with a higher likelihood of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS ER+/PR- tumors express higher levels of HER-1 and HER-2 and display more aggressive features than ER+/PR+ tumors. As in laboratory models, lack of PR expression in ER+ tumors may be a surrogate marker of aberrant growth factor signaling that could contribute to the tamoxifen resistance observed in these tumors.
Posterolateral approach for open reduction and internal fixation of trimalleolar ankle fractures.

The standard indication for fixing a posterior malleolar fracture is a displaced fragment that involves more than 25%–35% of the articular surface of the distal tibia.1,2 A number of different surgical approaches to this fracture have been advocated.1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Often, the posterior fragment reduces simultaneously when the lateral malleolus is reduced because of their respective attachments to the posteroinferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL). This fragment, also known as a Volkmann's fragment, can then be fixed with lag screws inserted from anterior to posterior. This expected reduction is not likely if the ankle is not being fixed acutely because of the interposition of organized hematoma or callus. Further, it would seem that a supine approach to an ankle fracture with a posterior malleolus fragment fixed with screws placed anterior to posterior would be analogous to fixing a lateral tibial plateau fracture with screws from the medial side. If direct exposure of the fragment is necessary, the posteromedial approach has been recommended.2,7 This allows fixation of the medial and posterior malleoli through the same incision. The limited visualization of the posterior malleolar fragment afforded by this exposure has led other authors to describe different techniques to facilitate anatomical reduction. One such approach is to use the same posteromedial incision and access the posterior malleolus by incising the sheaths of the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus tendons and retracting them anteriorly.3 A medial approach for a typically posterolateral fragment still would seem suboptimal. An extensile posteromedial approach with dislocation of the talus laterally and complete release of soft-tissue attachments to the posterior malleolus has also been described.1 This seems overly aggressive and can compromise syndesmotic integrity. Other options include arthroscopically assisted reduction4 and the lateral transmalleolar approach.5 It is very difficult to get an anatomical reduction of the posterior malleolus fragment using a lateral transmalleolar approach, however, because the PITFL is attached to the unreduced fibula. The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail a different method of approach and fixation that has proved very useful in the authors' experience: open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of trimalleolar ankle fractures using the posterolateral approach. The posterolateral approach has been described in the literature but has not received much attention.6 The rationale and nuances of the execution of this approach will be elaborated on here.
Effects of Combined Application of Organic –P and Inorganic N Fertilizers on Yield of Carrot (Daucus Carrota L.)

Carrot (Daucus carrota L.) is a highly nutritious cool season root crop. It contains appreciable amount of carotene, thiamin, riboflavin and iron [1]. It is a biennial vegetable crop. In the first season, it develops leaves and roots until the end of its growing season. When the leaves have reached age and turn yellow and brown, and some of them die off. In the second year, the plant uses the roots as a reserve organ and forms new leaves and flowers [2]. Carrots are relatively tolerant to a wide variety of temperatures but prefer cooler agro-climatic conditions where temperature varies between 15.6 and 21.1 oc [3]. Carrots are produced in a wide range of agro-ecologies from the lowlands to the highlands of Ethiopia. They are frost tolerant and have become one of a few alternative crops that can be grown in the frost prone highlands around 3000 m.a.s.l. They grow in well drained alluvial and sandy loam soils with pH of 6.6-7.1 but not in heavy clay and water-logged soils. Carrots are usually grown on small plots in the backyards of town and peri-urban dwellers for family consumption; however, some farmers grow carrots on up to 0.25 to 1 ha as a means of income. Carrots can be grown throughout the year if rain and irrigation water is available [4]. Currently, about 12345.8 t of carrot is produced in Ethiopia on 2215 ha of land [5]. Although the production trend is not consistent from year to year, the production of carrots has doubled between 2004/5 and 2010/11 [4] mainly due to increasing urbanization and the recognition of carrots as an income and nutrition source. Farmers in Hararghe area also generate foreign currency from exporting carrots to neighboring Djibouti and Somalia.
Preliminary Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale for Children.

Two studies describe the development and preliminary validation of a multidimensional measure of children's life satisfaction, the Multidimensional Students'Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS). In the first study, a preliminary version of the MSLSS was administered to a sample of 312 elementary school students. The final version of the scale demonstrated a 5-factor solution and acceptable internal consistency for the total and subscale scores. In the second study, the factor structure findings were cross-validated with an independent sample of 413 elementary school students
The two-handed desktop interface: are we there yet?

We argue that today's desktop systems poorly engage the hands of users, and reveal a left-hand bias. Arguments are supported by examples and theory -- by juxtaposing the affordances of keyboard/mouse technology with theories of bimanual skill. Scrolling is cited as a task in particularly bad repair. A design improvement is suggested.
INFLAMMATION AND GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS.

OBJECTIVE Increased leukocyte count is a marker of inflammation that has been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in prospective studies. Although gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes share certain pathophysiological mechanisms, few studies have examined inflammation and risk of GDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We prospectively examined routine leukocyte counts collected at the first prenatal visit in a cohort of 2,753 nulliparous euglycemic women, 98 (3.6%) of whom were later diagnosed with GDM. Subjects were divided into quartiles of leukocyte count, and the results of third-trimester glucose screening tests and the incidence of GDM among these quartiles were compared. Logistic regression was used to calculate univariate and multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) of GDM according to leukocyte quartiles. RESULTS Leukocyte counts were increased among women who subsequently developed GDM compared with those who remained free of GDM (10.5 +/- 2.2 vs. 9.2 +/- 2.2 x 10(3) cells/ml; P < 0.01). There was a linear increase in postloading mean glucose levels (P for trend <0.01), the area under the glucose tolerance test curves (P for trend <0.01), and the incidence of GDM (quartile 1, 1.1; quartile 2, 2.5; quartile 3, 4.2; and quartile 4, 6.4%; P for trend <0.01) with increasing leukocyte quartiles. In the multivariable-adjusted analysis, the linear trend in the RR of GDM with increasing leukocyte quartiles remained statistically significant (quartile 1, reference; quartile 2, RR 2.3 [95% CI 0.9-5.7]; quartile 3, 3.3 [1.4-7.8]; quartile 4, 4.9 [2.1-11.2]; P for trend <0.01). CONCLUSIONS Increased leukocyte count early in pregnancy is independently and linearly associated with the results of GDM screening tests and the risk of GDM. Although overlap in the leukocyte count distributions precludes it from being a clinically useful biomarker, these data suggest that inflammation is associated with the development of GDM and may be another pathophysiological link between GDM and future type 2 diabetes.
Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: on land and underwater.

In a free recall experiment, divers learnt lists of words in two natural environments: on dry land and underwater, and recalled the words in either the environment of original learning, or in the alternative environment. Lists learnt underwater were best recalled underwater, and vice versa. A subsequent experiment shows that the disruption of moving from one environment to the other was unlikely to be responsible for context-dependent memory.