Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Antipsychotic and Anticholinergic Prescribing for Hospital Inpatients

The development of atypical antipsychotics has not only given the prescriber more options, but also increased the complexity of decision making. We examined current prescribing practice for antipsychotic and anticholinergic drugs, which involved a 1-day census of all antipsychotic and anticholinergic drugs prescribed for 4191 inpatients in 49 UK mental health services. Eighty-five percent of inpatients were prescribed antipsychotics, 48% of whom were prescribed more than one. Atypical antipsychotics were widely prescribed and combined with typicals in over 60% of cases. Large doses of antipsychotics were frequently prescribed `as required'. The dose administered was always much less than the dose prescribed and nothing at all was administered against 79% of prescriptions. Antipsychotic prescribing often deviates from recommended practice. Nursing staff have considerable discretion to administer large doses of antipsychotics on an `as required' basis.
Hydrogel Tissue Adhesive for Sealing Corneal Incisions

The purpose of the study was to assess the efficacy of a newly developed hydrogel tissue adhesive for sealing corneal incisions in ex vivo rabbit eyes. Simple through-and-through central linear corneal incisions measuring 1–5 mm were created in enucleated rabbit eyes. As controls, the leaking pressures were measured immediately after the incisions had been made. Afterwards, the incisions were sealed with hydrogel adhesive in group 1 and with a single 10-0 nylon suture in group 2. The leaking pressure of each incision was measured after the wounds had been sealed in both groups. The leaking pressures of the controls and the sealed incisions were compared for statistical significance using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The difference between the leaking pressures before and after sealing the incisions in groups 1 and 2 were compared using the Mann-Whitney rank sum test. The leaking pressures were significantly higher after sealing in both groups 1 and 2 compared to the controls for all incision sizes. The differences in the leaking pressures before and after adhesive application were higher than before and after suturing in all incision sizes. The differences were all statistically significant except for the 1-mm incisions. We conclude that the hydrogel glue has the potential to be used for sealing corneal incisions measuring up to 5 mm.
Progression of Metabolic Syndrome Severity During the Menopausal Transition

Background After menopause, women exhibit a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and higher risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the timing of changes in MetS severity over the menopausal transition and whether these changes differ by racial/ethnic group remain unclear. Methods and Results We assessed data from 1470 women from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort who experienced transition in menopausal status over 10 years (visits 1–4). We used linear mixed models to evaluate changes by menopausal status (premenopause, perimenopause, and postmenopause) in a MetS severity Z‐score and in the individual MetS components. While there were gradual increases in MetS severity over time across menopause stages, black women in particular exhibited more rapid progression in MetS severity during the premenopausal and perimenopausal periods than during the postmenopausal period. In the postmenopausal period (compared with prior periods), white women exhibited unfavorable decreases in high‐density lipoprotein, while black women exhibited favorable alterations in the rate of change for waist circumference, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein, and glucose, contributing to the slowed progression of MetS severity. These changes were all observed after adjusting for hormone replacement treatment. Conclusions During menopausal transition, women exhibited rapid increases in MetS severity during the premenopausal and perimenopausal periods, with black women having significant reductions in this increase in severity during the postmenopausal period. These data suggest that the higher prevalence of MetS in postmenopausal women may be caused more by changes during the menopausal transition than by postmenopause. These findings may thus have implications regarding the timing of cardiovascular risk relative to menopause.
TaqIB polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene influences lipid responses to the consumption of kiwifruit in hypercholesterolaemic men

Fruit and vegetables are key elements of a cardioprotective diet, but benefits on plasma lipids, especially HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), are inconsistent both within and between studies. In the present study, we investigated whether four selected HDL-C-related polymorphisms (cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) Taq1B, APOA1 − 75G/A, hepatic lipase (LIPC) − 514C → T, and endothelial lipase (LIPG) I24582) modulate the plasma lipid response to a kiwifruit intervention. This is a retrospective analysis of data collected during a 12-week randomised controlled cross-over trial. A total of eighty-five hypercholesterolaemic men completed a 4-week healthy diet run-in period before being randomised to one of two 4-week intervention sequences of two green kiwifruit/d plus healthy diet (kiwifruit intervention) or healthy diet alone (control intervention). The measurement of anthropometric parameters and collection of fasting blood samples were carried out at baseline 1 and after the run-in (baseline 2) and intervention periods. At baseline 2, B1/B1 homozygotes of the CETP Taq1B gene had significantly higher total cholesterol:HDL-C, TAG:HDL-C, and apoB:apoA1 ratios and small-dense LDL concentrations than B2 carriers. A significant CETP Taq1B genotype × intervention interaction was observed for the TAG:HDL-C ratio (P= 0·03). B1/B1 homozygotes had a significantly lower TAG:HDL-C ( − 0·23 (sd 0·58) mmol/l; P= 0·03) ratio after the kiwifruit intervention than after the control intervention, whereas the ratio of B2 carriers was not affected. The lipid response was not affected by other gene polymorphisms. In conclusion, the significant decrease in the TAG:HDL-C ratio in B1/B1 homozygotes suggests that regular inclusion of green kiwifruit as part of a healthy diet may improve the lipid profiles of hypercholesterolaemic men with this genotype.
Cannabinoid receptor 2 counteracts interleukin‐17‐induced immune and fibrogenic responses in mouse liver

Interleukin (IL)‐17 is a proinflammatory and fibrogenic cytokine mainly produced by T‐helper (Th)17 lymphocytes, together with the hepatoprotective and antifibrogenic cytokine, IL‐22. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is predominantly expressed in immune cells and displays anti‐inflammatory and antifibrogenic effects. In the present study, we further investigated the mechanism underlying antifibrogenic properties of CB2 receptor and explored its effect on the profibrogenic properties of IL‐17. After bile duct ligation (BDL), the hepatic expression of Th17 markers and IL‐17 production were enhanced in CB2−/− mice, as compared to wild‐type (WT) counterparts, and correlated with increased fibrosis in these animals. In contrast, IL‐22‐induced expression was similar in both animal groups. Inhibition of Th17 differentiation by digoxin lowered Th17 marker gene expression and IL‐17 production and strongly reduced liver fibrosis in CB2−/− BDL mice. In vitro, differentiation of CD4+ naïve T cells into Th17 lymphocytes was decreased by the CB2 agonist, JWH‐133, and was associated with reduced Th17 marker messenger RNA expression and IL‐17 production, without modification of IL‐22 release. The inhibitory effect of JWH‐133 on IL‐17 production relied on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 phosphorylation. Indeed, STAT5 phosphorylation and translocation into the nucleus was enhanced in JWH133‐treated Th17 lymphocytes, and the addition of a STAT5 inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effect of the CB2 agonist on IL‐17 production, without affecting IL‐22 levels. Finally, in vitro studies also demonstrated that CB2 receptor activation in macrophages and hepatic myofibroblasts blunts IL‐17‐induced proinflammatory gene expression. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that CB2 receptor activation decreases liver fibrosis by selectively reducing IL‐17 production by Th17 lymphocytes via a STAT5‐dependent pathway, and by blunting the proinflammatory effects of IL‐17 on its target cells, while preserving IL‐22 production. (Hepatology 2014;58:296–306)
Do Risk and Time Experimental Choices Represent Individual Strategies for Coping with Poverty or Conformity to Social Norms?

This study revisits a debate played out in Current Anthropology as to whether subsistence decisions are the result of individual strategy to cope with poverty and increase wealth (advanced by Kuznar in 2001 and 2002) or conformity to social norms (advanced by Henrich and McElreath in 2002)—a debate that mirrors discussions within the behavioral sciences about individual versus social learning and within the social sciences about agency versus structure. This study, set in southwestern Madagascar, goes beyond previous investigations by examining the influence on choices in simple risk and time preference experiments of multiple measures of income, wealth, status, and need, as well as conformity at three nested levels: ethnicity (Masikoro, Mikea, and Vezo), village, and clan. Logistic regression models found that both wealth and income variables and social group memberships predict choices, where the best-fit model, evaluated with the Akaike Information Criterion, combined income and either ethnicity or village. The coinfluence of strategy and conformity on economic decisions suggests that humans habitually balance individual goals against social pressures. Equating wealth effects with individual learning and rational choice or equating ethnic effects with social learning and bounded rationality erects a series of false dichotomies.
The Black and Ethnic Minority Woman Manager: Cracking the Concrete Ceiling

The Black and Ethnic Minority Woman Manager An Overview Past and Present Home Environments Role Conflict Living in a Bicultural World Relationships at Work Racial Taboos and Negative Stereotypes Occupational Stress and Acquisition of Appropriate Management Skills Career Development Racism and Sexism - The Double Bind Positive Approaches to Helping Black and Ethnic Minority Women into Management
THE ADOPTION AND USAGE OF ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE BY SMES IN GWERU , ZIMBABWE

This study was undertaken to explore the adoption and usage levels of electronic data interchange (EDI) by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Zimbabwe. The researchers looked at EDI since the technology enhances business to business communication thereby promoting business growth and development. The study revealed that the majority of SMEs have not adopted EDI and for the few that have adopted the technology, the usage level is still minimal thus negatively impacting on the growth and development of the SMEs sector. The most important determinants that were identified for EDI adoption included perceived benefits, pressure from trading partners, and financial resources. Funding problems, difficulty in getting trading partners to use EDI, and lack of awareness and benefits of EDI came out as the strongest EDI adoption barriers for the SMEs. The study followed an exploratory research design where a structured survey instrument was developed and administered to 40 SMEs.
Estudo das práticas de governança eletrônica: instrumento de controladoria para a tomada de decisões na gestão dos estados brasileiros

Com a evolucao do uso dos computadores e dos meios de comunicacao definiram-se novas formas para os modelos de relacionamento Estado-sociedade cada vez mais baseadas nas novas tecnologias de informacao e comunicacao - TICs. Essas tecnologias teriam, portanto, potencial para construir uma nova relacao entre governo e cidadao. Nesse contexto, se encere a governanca eletronica, a qual tem como foco a utilizacao das facilidades das TICs, aplicadas a um amplo arco das funcoes de governo na busca de uma melhor atuacao social. Assim sendo, esta tese tem como questao de pesquisa: quais praticas representam a governanca eletronica dos Estados Brasileiros e Distrito Federal e qual a correlacao destas com desenvolvimento economico e social? Para responder essa questao, pretende-se identificar um conjunto de praticas de governanca eletronica para os Estados Brasileiros e Distrito Federal, mensura-las e relaciona-las com desenvolvimento economico e social dos respectivos Estados. Os procedimentos metodologicos foram divididos em quatro fases: primeira, utilizar-se-a de pesquisa bibliografica para a construcao da plataforma teorica sobre a governanca eletronica e controladoria na gestao publica; segunda, a identificacao das praticas de governanca eletronica ocorrera por intermedio da literatura da area de estudo, obtida por pesquisa bibliografica; terceira, o IGEB (Indice de Governanca Eletronica dos Estados Brasileiros) sera elaborado utilizando ponderacoes entre os subgrupos de praticas, mas validado com o auxilio de modelagem de equacao estrutural; na quarta e ultima fase, sera realizado testes de hipoteses, utilizando o teste de correlacao de Pearson, para verificar a correlacao entre a governanca eletronica e os indices de desenvolvimento economico (PIB e PIB per capita) e social (IDH e Gini). Os dados da pesquisa serao obtidos nas websites dos Estados Brasileiros e o Distrito Federal, em um periodo a ser determinado.
Contextual Control of Appetitive Conditioning: Influence of a Contextual Stimulus Generated by a Partial Reinforcement Procedure

Three experiments with rat subjects examined the effects of a context switch after conditioning treatments in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) was either paired with food on every presentation (continuous reinforcement) or on some of its presentations (partial reinforcement). In each experiment, a target CS was given one of these treatments in Context A, and another CS was given a treatment during sessions that were intermixed in Context B. Final tests of the target CS in Context A and Context B often revealed no loss of responding with the switch to B. However, a loss was observed when partial reinforcement had been associated with Context A and continuous reinforcement had been associated with Context B. Those conditions caused equal decrements in responding to partially reinforced and continuously reinforced targets. The results suggest that under the present conditions partial reinforcement can generate a contextual stimulus that becomes associated with the physical context and controls responding to the CS.
Human Judgment and Social Policy: Irreducible Uncertainty, Inevitable Error, Unavoidable Injustice

Preface PART I: RIVALRY 1. Irreducible Uncertainty and the Need for Judgment 2. Duality of Error and Policy Formation 3. Coping with Uncertainty: The Rivalry Between Intuition and Analysis PART II: TENSION 4. Origins of Tension Between Coherence and Correspondence Theories of Competence in Judgment and Decision Making 5. The Evolutionary Roots of Correspondence Competence PART III: COMPROMISE 6. Reducing Rivalry Through Compromise 7. Task Structure, Cognitive Change, and Pattern Recognition 8. Reducing Tension Between Coherence and Correspondence Through Constructive Complementarity PART IV: POSSIBILITIES 9. Is it possible to Learn by Intervening?
Corporal punishment of children and adult depression and suicidal ideation

Since the pioneering study of Elmer and Gregg (1967) there has been increasing recognition that the damage to children from physical “abuse” can involve more than broken bones and burns. There is compelling evidence that physically abused children also tend to suffer serious psychological injury and are at greater risk of engaging in crime (Egeland, Sroufe, & Erickson, 1983; McCord, 1988; Widom, 1989; Wolfe, 1987). However, the idea that ordinary and legal corporal punishment of a misbehaving child may also increase the probability of delinquency and later marital and psychological problems is seldom voiced in the United States. That should not be surprising because spanking and other forms of corporal punishment of children are routine events that are legal and for the most part expected of parents (Straus, 1991). Moreover, there are deeply ingrained psychological and cultural reasons why the possible harmful effects of corporal punishment are not perceived (Carson, 1987; Greven, 1991; Straus, 1994). As a result of this combination of legal and moral legitimacy and psychological commitment, the general public and social scientists assume that corporal punishment is not an important social or psychological problem. The underlying assumption of this chapter is the opposite. It is that corporal punishment puts a child at risk of serious injury, both physical and psychological. To the extent that this assumption is correct, the wide use of corporal punishment is a major problem of U.S. society.
Inherited deficiency of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2.

One pathway of complement activation involves mannan-binding lectin and its associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2). MASP-2 deficiency was identified in an adult with a history of ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme bullosum, and possible systemic lupus erythematosus. He had had recurrent episodes of severe pneumococcal pneumonia. Studies documented that his mannan-binding lectin pathway of complement activation was not functional.
Android malware detection with weak ground truth data

For Android malware detection, precise ground truth is a rare commodity. As security knowledge evolves, what may be considered ground truth at one moment in time may change, and apps once considered benign turn out to be malicious. The inevitable noise in data labels poses a challenge to creating effective machine learning models. Our work is focused on approaches for learning classifiers for Android malware detection in a manner that is methodologically sound with regard to the uncertain and ever-changing ground truth in the problem space. We leverage the fact that although data labels are unavoidably noisy, a malware label is much more precise than a benign label. While you can be confident that an app is malicious, you can never be certain that a benign app is really benign or just an undetected malware. Based on this insight, we leverage a modified Logistic Regression classifier that allows us to learn from only positive and unlabeled data, without making any assumptions about benign labels. We find Label Regularized Logistic Regression to perform well for noisy app datasets, as well as datasets where there is a limited amount of positive labeled data, both of which are representative of real-world situations.
When Do Firms Default? A Study of the Default Boundary

In structural models of risky debt default is triggered when the market value of the firm's assets falls below a certain solvency boundary. Based on market values of defaulting firms, I estimate the default boundary to be 66% of the face value of debt, and find support for models in which the default timing is chosen endogenously to maximize the value of equity. But although default predictions based on the value of assets can match observed average default frequencies, they misclassify a substantial number of firms in cross-section, affecting the accuracy of boundary-based models. I show that using empirical specifications for the boundary can noticeably improve the models' ability to explain observed credit spreads.
Immunological Characterizations of a Cloned 13.1-Kilodalton Protein from Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri

ABSTRACT We previously cloned an antigenic gene (named nfa1) from a cDNA library of Naegleria fowleri by immunoscreening. The nfa1 gene had a coding nucleotide sequence consisting of 357 bases and produced a recombinant 13.1-kDa protein (Nfa1). In this study, to get more information regarding the recombinant Nfa1 protein (rNfa1), we produced an anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody from mice immunized with rNfa1 and used a peroxidase staining method to carry out immunocytochemistry experiments. In addition, we observed the effect of the presence of an anti-Nfa1 antibody on the in vitro cytotoxicity of N. fowleri against Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Trophozoites of N. fowleri in cultivation reacted strongly with a peroxidase-labeled anti-Nfa1 antibody. In inflammatory and necrotic regions of brain tissue infected with N. fowleri, labeled trophozoites that were stained brown were also observed. When examined using a transmission electron microscope, the Nfa1 protein showed pseudopodium-specific immunolocalization on a trophozoite of N. fowleri. When examined using a light microscope, CHO cells grown in cocultures with N. fowleri trophozoites (group I) for 48 h showed morphologically severe destruction but CHO cells grown in cocultures with N. fowleri trophozoites and an anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody (group II) showed less destruction. The results of a lactate dehydrogenase release assay showed that group I CHO cells exhibited 81% cytotoxicity and group II CHO cells exhibited 13.8% cytotoxicity.
Observation of the $\Xi_b^0$ Baryon

The observation of the bottom, strange baryon {Xi}{sup 0}{sub b} through the decay chain {Xi}{sup 0}{sub b} {yields} {Xi}{sup +}{sub c} {pi}{sup -}, where {Xi}{sup +}{sub c} {yields} {Xi}{sup -} {pi}{sup +} {pi}{sup +}, {Xi}{sup -} {yields} {Lambda} {yields} p {pi}{sup -}, is reported using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.2 ft{sup -1} from p{anti p} collisions at {radical}{ovr s} = 1.96 TeV recorded with the Collider Detector at Fermilab. A signal of 25.3{sup +5.6}{sub -5.4} candidates is observed whose probability of arising from a background fluctuation is 3.6 x 10{sup -12}, corresponding to 6.8 Gaussian standard deviations. The {Xi}{sup 0}{sub b} mass is measured to be 5787.8 {+-} 5.0(stat) {+-} 1.3(syst) MeV/c{sup 2}. In addition, the {Xi}{sup -}{sub b} is observed through the process {Xi}{sup -}{sub b} {yields} {Xi}{sup 0}{sub c} {pi}{sup -}, where {Xi}{sup 0}{sub c} {yields} {Xi}{sup -} {pi}{sup +}, {Xi}{sup -} {yields} {Lambda} {pi}{sup -}, and {Lambda} {yields} p {pi}{sup -}.
Spatio-temporal patterns of tuberculosis incidence in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, southeast Brazil, and their relationship with social vulnerability: a Bayesian analysis.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this ecological study was to evaluate the urban spatial and temporal distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, southeast Brazil, between 2006 and 2009 and to evaluate its relationship with factors of social vulnerability such as income and education level. METHODS We evaluated data from TBWeb, an electronic notification system for TB cases. Measures of social vulnerability were obtained from the SEADE Foundation, and information about the number of inhabitants, education and income of the households were obtained from Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Statistical analyses were conducted by a Bayesian regression model assuming a Poisson distribution for the observed new cases of TB in each area. A conditional autoregressive structure was used for the spatial covariance structure. RESULTS The Bayesian model confirmed the spatial heterogeneity of TB distribution in Ribeirão Preto, identifying areas with elevated risk and the effects of social vulnerability on the disease. We demonstrated that the rate of TB was correlated with the measures of income, education and social vulnerability. However, we observed areas with low vulnerability and high education and income, but with high estimated TB rates. CONCLUSIONS The study identified areas with different risks for TB, given that the public health system deals with the characteristics of each region individually and prioritizes those that present a higher propensity to risk of TB. Complex relationships may exist between TB incidence and a wide range of environmental and intrinsic factors, which need to be studied in future research.