Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Written Feedback on Motivation and Changes in Written Performance.

A study examined the impact of written feedback on goals and self-efficacy, and the impact of goals and self-efficacy on changes in writing performance. Subjects were 137 students in a second-semester freshman-level college English composition class and 5 second-semester graduate assistant teachers. Consistent with social learning theory, results indicated that, among motivational variables, the best predictor of change in writing performance was changes in self-efficacy for writing skills. Among types of written feedback the students received, the best predictor of changes in writing skill self-efficacy was the grades that the students received. Results also indicated that the students entered the semester with limited knowledge about the writing process or their ability, but by the end of the semester, they began to understand the writing skills targeted in an earlier study, and, consequently, their understanding of the writing process, their understanding of their own ability, and their self-efficacy increased. Among the types of written feedback, the best predictor of changes in writing performance was the number of task-specific comments that the students received. In addition, the teachers who gave the most task-specific comments also saw their students' writing scores improve the most. Findings support A. Bandura's (1986) contention that self-efficacy is malleable and positively related to improvements in performance. Findings concerning student goals are more ambiguous. (Contains 63 references, and 21 tables and 14 figures of data. Appendixes present a writing prompt, a scoring rubric, data analysis, directions for coding, and 9 tables of data.) (Author/RS) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Runping Head: WRITTEN FEEDBACK AND WRITING PERFORMANCE The Effects Of Written Feedback On Motivation And Changes In Written Performance James R. Lackey Southwestern Oklahoma State University Raymond B. Miller and Michael C. Flanigan University of Oklahoma The first author can be reached at the following address: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. James R. Lackey BOX 1 Lindsay, OK 73052 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY J. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association Chicago, IL, March 1997 BEST COPY AVAILABLE, 2
Factors affecting smile esthetics in adults with different types of anterior overjet malocclusion

Objective This study aimed to quantitatively assess the relationship of smile esthetic variables with various types of malocclusion, and identify the cephalometric factors affecting smile measurements. Methods This retrospective study included 106 patients who were treated with retention at the orthodontic department of Taipei Medical University Hospital. Hard-tissue variables were measured using lateral cephalographic tracings, and nine smile esthetic variables were measured using facial photographs. The patients were divided into three groups according to their overjet (< 0, 0–4, and > 4 mm). An analysis of variance was conducted to compare the pretreatment cephalometric variables and smile esthetic variables among the three groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the cephalometric factors affecting the smile measurements in each group. Results Except the upper midline and buccal corridor ratio, all of the smile measurements differed significantly among the three groups before orthodontic treatment. Some of the smile characteristics were correlated with the cephalometric measurements in different types of malocclusion. The overjet was the major factor influencing the smile pattern in all three types of malocclusion. Conclusions Smile characteristics differ between different types of malocclusion; the smile may be influenced by skeletal pattern, dental procumbency, or facial type. These findings indicate that establishment of an optimal horizontal anterior teeth relationship is the key to improving the smile characteristics in different types of malocclusion.
Jointly Optimized Regressors for Image Super‐resolution

Learning regressors from low‐resolution patches to high‐resolution patches has shown promising results for image super‐resolution. We observe that some regressors are better at dealing with certain cases, and others with different cases. In this paper, we jointly learn a collection of regressors, which collectively yield the smallest super‐resolving error for all training data. After training, each training sample is associated with a label to indicate its ‘best’ regressor, the one yielding the smallest error. During testing, our method bases on the concept of ‘adaptive selection’ to select the most appropriate regressor for each input patch. We assume that similar patches can be super‐resolved by the same regressor and use a fast, approximate kNN approach to transfer the labels of training patches to test patches. The method is conceptually simple and computationally efficient, yet very effective. Experiments on four datasets show that our method outperforms competing methods.
Scarecrow, Tin Woodsman, and Cowardly Lion: The three-factor model of virtue

Abstract Recent research has identified three virtues from the 24 strengths in the VIA Classification of Strengths and Virtues, labeled caring, inquisitiveness, and self-control. This article explored this model further. Study 1 demonstrated substantial congruence in three-factor loadings across 12 samples (total N = 1,082,230) despite substantial differences in methodology. Study 2 (N = 1719) provided support for the use of aggregate scores for the three virtues. Study 3 (N = 498) demonstrated substantial overlap between measures of personality and the virtues. We conclude these three are potentially essential components of a theory of virtue. They cannot be considered a sufficient model, which may be unattainable. We also note that treating virtue as an individual difference concept neglects key elements of our understanding of virtue as a social construct, and these more amorphous elements must be considered in developing an optimal model of virtue.
Measuring channel capacity to distinguish undue influence

The channel capacity of a program is a quantitative measure of the amount of control that the inputs to a program have over its outputs. Because it corresponds to worst-case assumptions about the probability distribution over those inputs, it is particularly appropriate for security applications where the inputs are under the control of an adversary. We introduce a family of complementary techniques for measuring channel capacity automatically using a decision procedure (SAT or #SAT solver), which give either exact or narrow probabilistic bounds. We then apply these techniques to the problem of analyzing false positives produced by dynamic taint analysis used to detect control-flow hijacking in commodity software. Dynamic taint analysis is based on the principle that an attacker should not be able to control values such as function pointers and return addresses, but it uses a simple binary approximation of control that commonly leads to both false positive and false negative errors. Based on channel capacity, we propose a more refined quantitative measure of influence, which can effectively distinguish between true attacks and false positives. We use a practical implementation of our influence measuring techniques, integrated with a dynamic taint analysis operating on x86 binaries, to classify tainting warnings produced by vulnerable network servers, such as those attacked by the Blaster and SQL Slammer worms. Influence measurement correctly distinguishes real attacks from tainting false positives, a task that would otherwise need to be done manually.
Authentic leadership outcomes in detail-oriented occupations: Commitment, role-stress, and intentions to leave

Abstract In recent years there has been a growing scholarly interest in authentic leadership, a leadership style that fosters positive psychological capacities and a positive ethical climate. This study focuses on the Certified Public Accounting profession, which is known as a detail-oriented occupation. We examined if Certified Public Accounting managers exhibiting an authentic leadership style were capable of strengthening the commitment of their subordinates and, at the same time, reducing role-stress and intentions to leave. The hypotheses were tested on a sample of 512 Certified Public Accountings in Israel using structural equation modeling. Results revealed that perceived authentic leadership was negatively related to role-conflicts and role-ambiguity, directly and through the mediation of affective commitment. In addition, the negative correlation between authentic leadership and intention to leave was fully mediated by affective commitment. Limitation and applications for organizations are discussed.
I want my coffee hot! Learning to find people under spatio-temporal constraints

In this paper we present a probabilistic model for spatio-temporal patterns of human activities that enable robots to blend themselves into the work-flows and daily routines of people. The model, called spatial affordance map, is a non-homogeneous spatial Poisson process that relates space, time and occurrence probability of activity events. We describe how learning and inference is made and present a novel planning algorithm that produces paths which maximize the probability to encounter a person. We show that the problem is a special class of the orienteering problem that can be solved as a finite horizon Markov decision process. We develop a simulator of populated office environments to validate the model and the planning algorithm. The simulated agents follow activity patterns learned by administering a questionnaire to 27 colleagues over two weeks. The experiments shows that the model is statistically valid with respect to both the Anderson-Darling test and the expected waiting time estimation. They further show that the proposed algorithm is able to find optimal paths.
CKM quark-mixing matrix 11 . THE CABIBBO-KOBAYASHI-MASKAWA QUARK-MIXING MATRIX

In the Standard Model with SU(2) × U(1) as the gauge group of electroweak interactions, both the quarks and leptons are assigned to be left-handed doublets and right-handed singlets. The quark mass eigenstates are not the same as the weak eigenstates, and the matrix relating these bases was defined for six quarks and given an explicit parametrization by Kobayashi and Maskawa [1] in 1973. It generalizes the four-quark case, where the matrix is parametrized by a single angle, the Cabibbo angle [2]. By convention, the mixing is often expressed in terms of a 3 × 3 unitary matrix V operating on the charge −e/3 quark mass eigenstates (d, s, and b):  d ′ s ′ b ′  = Vud Vus Vub Vcd Vcs Vcb Vtd Vts Vtb  ds b  . (11.1)
Community‐wide evaluation of methods for predicting the effect of mutations on protein–protein interactions

Community‐wide blind prediction experiments such as CAPRI and CASP provide an objective measure of the current state of predictive methodology. Here we describe a community‐wide assessment of methods to predict the effects of mutations on protein–protein interactions. Twenty‐two groups predicted the effects of comprehensive saturation mutagenesis for two designed influenza hemagglutinin binders and the results were compared with experimental yeast display enrichment data obtained using deep sequencing. The most successful methods explicitly considered the effects of mutation on monomer stability in addition to binding affinity, carried out explicit side‐chain sampling and backbone relaxation, evaluated packing, electrostatic, and solvation effects, and correctly identified around a third of the beneficial mutations. Much room for improvement remains for even the best techniques, and large‐scale fitness landscapes should continue to provide an excellent test bed for continued evaluation of both existing and new prediction methodologies. Proteins 2013; 81:1980–1987. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in Neighborhood Social Control and Disorder and Their Relationship to Exercise Behavior

Neighborhood disorder influences a myriad of health conditions and behaviors, including physical activity. Disorder diminishes individuals’ perceptions of neighborhood safety, which then potentially reduces exercise behavior. This study explores the relationship between individuals’ perceptions of neighborhood disorder, social control, and their exercise behavior, and whether individuals’ perceived changes in disorder and social control are also related to exercise behavior. Using the Community, Crime, and Health survey, we employ Poisson-logit hurdle models to address these questions. Results show that the safer respondents perceive their neighborhood, the more days a week they engage in moderate exercise. Perceptual changes had similar effects for moderate and strenuous exercise. Perceptual decreases in graffiti increase moderate exercise. Perceived reductions in overall social control and disorder as well as other cues decreased the likelihood and overall amount of strenuous exercise. In conclusion, when individuals perceive that their environment is improving, this may encourage increased exercise.
Pilot-symbol-aided channel estimation for OFDM in wireless systems

We investigate pilot-symbol-aided parameter estimation for OFDM systems. We first derive a minimum mean-square error pilot-symbol-aided parameter estimator. Then, we discuss a robust implementation of the pilot-symbol-aided estimator that is insensitive to channel statistics. From the simulation results, the required SNRs for a 10% word error rate (WER) are 6.8 dB and 7.3 dB for the typical urban channels with 40 Hz and 200 Hz Doppler frequencies, respectively, and are 8 dB and 8.3 dB for the hilly-terrain channels with 40 Hz and 200 Hz Doppler frequencies, respectively. Compared with the decision-directed parameter estimator, the pilot-symbol-aided estimator is highly robust to Doppler frequency for dispersive fading channels with noise impairment even though it has some performance degradation for systems with lower Doppler frequencies.
Differential Roles for STIM1 and STIM2 in Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Rat Neurons

The interaction between Ca2+ sensors STIM1 and STIM2 and Ca2+ channel-forming protein ORAI1 is a crucial element of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in non-excitable cells. However, the molecular mechanism of SOCE in neurons remains unclear. We addressed this issue by establishing the presence and function of STIM proteins. Real-time polymerase chain reaction from cortical neurons showed that these cells contain significant amounts of Stim1 and Stim2 mRNA. Thapsigargin (TG) treatment increased the amount of both endogenous STIM proteins in neuronal membrane fractions. The number of YFP-STIM1/ORAI1 and YFP-STIM2/ORAI1 complexes was also enhanced by such treatment. The differences observed in the number of STIM1 and STIM2 complexes under SOCE conditions and the differential sensitivity to SOCE inhibitors suggest their distinct roles. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) store depletion by TG enhanced intracellular Ca2+ levels in loaded with Fura-2 neurons transfected with YFP-STIM1 and ORAI1, but not with YFP-STIM2 and ORAI1, which correlated well with the number of complexes formed. Moreover, the SOCE inhibitors ML-9 and 2-APB reduced Ca2+ influx in neurons expressing YFP-STIM1/ORAI1 but produced no effect in cells transfected with YFP-STIM2/ORAI1. Moreover, in neurons transfected with YFP-STIM2/ORAI1, the increase in constitutive calcium entry was greater than with YFP-STIM1/ORAI1. Our data indicate that both STIM proteins are involved in calcium homeostasis in neurons. STIM1 mainly activates SOCE, whereas STIM2 regulates resting Ca2+ levels in the ER and Ca2+ leakage with the additional involvement of STIM1.
A Distributed Online Curriculum and Courseware Development Model

A distributed online curriculum and courseware development model (DONC 2 ) is developed and tested in this study. Courseware development teams which may work in different institutions who need to develop high quality, reduced cost, on time products will be the users of DONC 2 . The related features from the disciplines of instructional design and software engineering were combined. The research is conducted as a collective case study, including four cases with distinctive characteristics to reveal the several practices in online curriculum and courseware development work. The DONC 2 development model was proposed using the results gathered from the investigated cases and a literature survey. The model uses the iterative incremental and agile software development approaches in order to overcome the disadvantages of other linear development approaches. This enables building releasable yet good quality products in short time periods. Furthermore, continuous communication, evaluation and feedback as well as good project management and readiness to adapt to changes are integrated as the essential characteristics. DONC 2 is different then previous linear and non-adaptive models in all of these aspects. The model was tested with one of the cases while being improved with success. It was applied as a development model for scheduling of the courseware development project in the last case and considered as helpful for the success of the project by the project team members.
Item cold-start recommendations: learning local collective embeddings

Recommender systems suggest to users items that they might like (e.g., news articles, songs, movies) and, in doing so, they help users deal with information overload and enjoy a personalized experience. One of the main problems of these systems is the item cold-start, i.e., when a new item is introduced in the system and no past information is available, then no effective recommendations can be produced. The item cold-start is a very common problem in practice: modern online platforms have hundreds of new items published every day. To address this problem, we propose to learn Local Collective Embeddings: a matrix factorization that exploits items' properties and past user preferences while enforcing the manifold structure exhibited by the collective embeddings. We present a learning algorithm based on multiplicative update rules that are efficient and easy to implement. The experimental results on two item cold-start use cases: news recommendation and email recipient recommendation, demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach and show that it significantly outperforms six state-of-the-art methods for item cold-start.
Autogynephilia in Women

Autogynephilia, an erotic interest in the thought or image of oneself as a woman, has been described as a sexual interest of some male-to-female transsexuals (MTFs); the term has not been applied to natal women. To test the possibility that natal women also experience autogynephilia, an Autogynephilia Scale for Women (ASW) was created from items used to categorize MTFs as autogynephilic in other studies. A questionnaire that included the ASW was distributed to a sample of 51 professional women employed at an urban hospital; 29 completed questionnaires were returned for analysis. By the common definition of ever having erotic arousal to the thought or image of oneself as a woman, 93% of the respondents would be classified as autogynephilic. Using a more rigorous definition of “frequent” arousal to multiple items, 28% would be classified as autogynephilic. The implications of these findings are discussed concerning the sexuality of women and the meaning of autogynephilia for MTFs.
Different Effects of Six Antibiotics and Ten Traditional Chinese Medicines on Shiga Toxin Expression by Escherichia coli O157:H7

This study compared the effects of ten types of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and six different antibiotics on E. coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin gene (stx2) mRNA expression level based on real-time PCR and the expression level of Stx toxin using an ELISA quantitative assay. We also compared their effects on the induction of the SOS response. The results clearly indicated that all ten TCMs had negative results in the SOS response induction test, while most TCMs did not increase the levels of stx2 mRNA and the Stx toxin. Some TCMs did increase the mRNA levels of the stx2 gene and the Stx toxin level, but their increases were much lower than those caused by antibiotics. With the exception of cefotaxime, the six antibiotics increased the Stx toxin level and increased the stx2 gene mRNA level. With the exceptions of cefotaxime and tetracycline, the antibiotics increased the SOS induction response. These results suggest that TCMs may have advantages compared with antibiotics, when treating E. coli O157:H7; TCMs did not greatly increase Stx toxin production and release.
Nonlinearity , numerics and propagation of information

1. Introduction. In the study of evolution equations that describe the dynamics of natural and man-made systems, it is always useful to determine the way in which information is propagated by the said equations. In other words, the manner in which different scales present in the solution of an evolution equation travel and decay through space and time. The ideal tool to determine the propagation properties of (continuous or discrete) evolution equations is Fourier or harmonic analysis. In the case of continuous systems, the study of propagation properties allows the understanding of their stability. On the other hand, much insight regarding the behavior of discrete approximations of partial differential equations may be gained by comparing the propagation properties of a continuous equation and its corresponding discrete analogue. Thus, so-called amplitude and phase portraits that respectively depict the ratio of numerical and analytical amplification factor amplitudes and the difference between analytical and numerical phases, both as functions of wavenumber, may be developed (see, for example, Abbot [1] and Vichenevsky and Bowles [17]). These portraits show in a very objective way the effects of " numerical diffusion " and " numerical dispersion " associated to each wave number. Furthermore, the determination of the stability of numerical approximations may be viewed as a by-product of their amplitude propagation properties. Interestingly enough, a similar approach may be applied to study of the convergence properties of iterative schemes for the solution of systems of equations, a fact that has been exploited by the champions of the multigrid approach (see, for instance, [9]). The author and his collaborators have demonstrated the power of Fourier techniques in the study of the propagation properties of non-orthodox approximations of the linear transport equation, via least-squares collocation (Bentley et al., [10]) and the Eulerian-Lagrangian localized adjoint method (Aldama and Arroyo, [6]). Moreover, they have established the existence of an ordinary differential analogy that simplifies the determination of the stability conditions for high order time discretizations of the linear transport equation (Aldama, [3], and Aldama and Aparicio, [5]). Finally, they have studied the convergence properties of a semi-iterative scheme for the solution of a coupled diffusion-reaction system that describes the decay of argon in rocks and minerals (Lee and Aldama, [15]). Unfortunately, the application of Fourier methods is limited to linear and constant coefficient equations, subject to periodic boundary conditions or to linear and constant coefficient pure initial value problems occurring …