Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Representation of domain structure and analogical reasoning with elementary school and college students.

REPRESENTATION OF DOMAIN STRUCTURE AND ANALOGICAL REASONING WITH ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AND COLLEGE STUDENTS SEPTEMBER 1995 KAREN L. YANOWITZ, B.A., BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Marvin W. Daehler Domain knowledge refers to the field of knowledge an individual has about a particular area of study. The structure of a domain are the relations governing the elements in the domain. The experiments in this dissertation dealt with representation of structure and differences between fourth, sixth, and college students. Participants were provided with analogies comparing familiar source domains to unfamiliar science concepts in Experiment 1. Students received texts either with or without analogies. Several different tasks, such as answering fact and inferential questions and recognizing new examples of the scientific principles, were used to examine differences in understanding gained. All students who received texts showed higher levels of performance than students who completed the various tasks without receiving any texts. No developmental differences were found for the
Patient survival, predictive factors and disease course of severe sepsis in Czech intensive care units: A multicentre, retrospective, observational study.

BACKGROUND Severe sepsis/septic shock is associated with high mortality. In Central Europe, there is a dearth of information on the prevalence and treatment of severe sepsis. The EPOSS (Data-based Evaluation and Prediction of Outcome in Severe Sepsis) project launched in 2011 was aimed at collecting data on patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. METHODS The EPOSS study processes data from the EPOSS project database, and is a retrospective, multicentre, observational study. This included all consecutive patients aged 18 and over who were admitted to participating ICUs from 1 January 2011 to 5 November 2013 and met the inclusion criteria of severe sepsis/septic shock. The primary endpoint was to analyse the relationship between in-hospital mortality (either in ICU or after discharge from ICU) and the type and number of fulfilled diagnostic and treatment interventions during the first 6 h after the diagnosis of severe sepsis/septic shock. RESULTS The collected dataset involved 1082 patients meeting the criteria of severe sepsis/septic shock. Following data validation, a final dataset of 897 patients was obtained. The average age of the patient group was 64.7 years; mortality at discharge from EPOSS ICUs was 35.5% and from hospital 40.7%. Of the 10 evaluated diagnostic and treatment interventions within the initial 6 hours of identifying severe sepsis/septic shock (i.e. fulfilment of SSC bundles), four or five diagnostic and treatment interventions were administered to 58.4% patients. Combined diagnostic and treatment interventions associated with the lowest in-hospital mortality were: CVP of ≥8-12 mm Hg & MAP of ≥65 mm Hg & Urine output at ≥0.5 mL/kg/h & Lactate of ≤4.0 mmol/L & Initial lactate measured & Antibiotics in the first hour. Lactate at <4 mmol/L and MAP of ≥65 mm Hg remained statistically significant even after adjustment for patient age and APACHE II score. Statistically significantly increased in-hospital mortality was found in patients admitted from general departments (45.7%) or from other ICUs (41.6%), compared to a lower in-hospital mortality of patients transferred from outpatient clinics (26.5%) or Emergency (38.0%). Severe sepsis/septic shock patients transferred from the department of internal medicine were associated with a higher in-hospital mortality (45.1%) than surgical patients (35.5%). CONCLUSIONS The most effective measures associated with the lowest in-hospital mortality in septic shock patients were CVP of ≥8-12 mm Hg, MAP of ≥65 mm Hg, urine output at ≥0.5 mL/kg/h, initial lactate level of ≤4.0 mmol/L and administration of antibiotics within the first hour.
Chandra observations of five ultraluminous X-ray sources in nearby galaxies

We report the results of a programme of dual-epoch Chandra ACIS-S observations of five ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) in nearby spiral galaxies. All five ULXs are detected as unresolved, point-like X-ray sources by Chandra, though two have faded below the 10 39 erg s −1 luminosity threshold used to first designate these sources as ULXs. Using this same criterion, we detect three further ULXs within the imaged regions of the galaxies. The ULXs appear to be related to the star-forming regions of the galaxies, indicating that even in normal spiral galaxies the ULX population is predominantly associated with young stellar populations. A detailed study of the Chandra ACIS-S spectra of six of the ULXs shows that five are better described by a power-law continuum than a multicolour disc blackbody model, though there is evidence for additional very soft components to two of the power-law continua. The measured photon indices in four out of five cases are consistent with the low/hard state in black hole binaries, contrary to the suggestion that power-law-dominated spectra of ULXs originate in the very high state. A simple interpretation of this is that we are observing accretion on to intermediate-mass black holes, though we might also be observing a spectral state unique to very high mass accretion rates in stellar-mass black hole systems. Short-term flux variability is only detected in one of two epochs for two of the ULXs, with the lack of this characteristic arguing that the X-ray emission of this sample of ULXs is not dominated by relativistically beamed jets. The observational characteristics of this small sample suggest that ULXs are a distinctly heterogeneous source class.
Selective Regulation of GluA Subunit Synthesis and AMPA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Function and Plasticity by the Translation Repressor 4E-BP2 in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells

The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-2 (4E-BP2) is a repressor of cap-dependent mRNA translation and a major downstream effector of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) implicated in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity and memory. Yet, synaptic mechanisms regulated by 4E-BP2 translational repression remain unknown. Combining knock-out mice, whole-cell recordings, spine analysis, and translation profiling, we found that 4E-BP2 deletion selectively upregulated synthesis of glutamate receptor subunits GluA1 and GluA2, facilitating AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic transmission and affecting translation-dependent chemically induced late long-term potentiation (cL-LTP). In 4E-BP2 knock-out (4E-BP2−/−) mice, evoked and miniature EPSCs were increased, an effect mimicked by short-hairpin RNA knockdown of 4E-BP2 in wild-type mice, indicating that 4E-BP2 level regulates basal transmission at mature hippocampal AMPAR-containing synapses. Remarkably, in 4E-BP2−/− mice, the AMPA to NMDA receptor (NMDAR) EPSC ratio was increased, without affecting NMDAR-mediated EPSCs. The enhanced AMPAR function concurred with increased spine density and decreased length resulting from greater proportion of regular spines and less filopodia in 4E-BP2−/− mice. Polysome profiling revealed that translation of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits, but not GluN1 or GluN2A/B, was selectively increased in 4E-BP2−/− hippocampi, consistent with unaltered I–V relation of EPSCs mediated by GluA1/GluA2 heteromers. Finally, translation-dependent cL-LTP of unitary EPSCs was also affected in 4E-BP2−/− mice, lowering induction threshold and removing mTOR signaling requirement while impairing induction by normal stimulation. Thus, translational control through 4E-BP2 represents a unique mechanism for selective regulation of AMPAR synthesis, synaptic function, and long-term plasticity, important for hippocampal-dependent memory processes.
Permutation tableaux and the asymmetric exclusion process

The partially asymmetric exclusion process (PASEP) is an important model from statistical mechanics which describes a system of interacting particles hopping left and right on a one-dimensional lattice of n sites. It is partially asymmetric in the sense that the probability of hopping left is q times the probability of hopping right. In this paper we prove a close connection between the PASEP model and the combinatorics of permutation tableaux (certain 0− 1 tableaux introduced in [16]). Namely, we prove that in the long time limit, the probability that the PASEP model is in a particular configuration τ is essentially the weight generating function for permutation tableaux of shape λ(τ). The proof of this result uses a result of Derrida et al [8] on the matrix ansatz for the PASEP model. We derive a number of enumerative consequences of the connection between the PASEP model and permutation tableaux. One consequence is a generating function for the following (equidistributed) objects: the partition function Zn for the PASEP model; permutation tableaux of length n + 1, enumerated according to weight; permutations in Sn+1, enumerated according to crossings; permutations in Sn+1, enumerated according to occurrences of the generalized pattern 2− 31. Another consequence is a generating function for the subset of the above objects which is specified by fixing (respectively) a configuration τ , a shape λ(τ), a weak excedence set W (τ), or a descent set D(τ). Note that the equidistribution of permutation tableaux and permutations was proved in a previous paper of Steingŕımsson and the author [16].
Do we prefer consensual advice - even when it is detrimental to our judgment quality?

In our daily lives we frequently seek the advice of multiple persons to make informed judgements and decisions. Often, these opinions are not independent from each other but rather are correlated to some degree. This interdependence can result from individuals’ influencing each other, from using the same data, working in the same organization, etc. Previous literature has shown that interdependent opinions are less accurate, but also more consistent (in terms of similarity between the opinions) than independent opinions. Since independent opinions are more accurate individuals should prefer these over interdependent opinions. However, since the latter display a higher (albeit spurious) consensus individuals might take this as a signal for accuracy. In the present thesis I investigated individuals’ preference for interdependent vs. independent opinions in a set of overall 6 studies. In the first manuscript I disentangle a possible confound between interdependence of opinions and the similarity to the judge’s own estimate. In the second manuscript I explore individuals’ preference by giving them the opportunity to choose between interdependent and independent advice as well as by investigating how much they take both types of advice into account in scenarios where interdependent advice is more accurate as well as when it is less accurate than independent advice. Overall my studies show, that individuals do prefer interdependent opinions even when they are less accurate than independent ones.
SOURCES OF TECHNICAL CHANGE: INDUCED INNOVATION, EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND PATH DEPENDENCE

The 1960s through the 1980s were very productive of new theory and empirical insight into the sources of technical change. In this paper I argue that each of the three approaches that have been advanced--induced technical change, evolutionary theory and path dependence--is approaching a dead end. The induced technical change process is driven by changes in the economic environment in which the firm (or public research agency) finds itself. But its internal mechanism, the learning and search process, remain inside a black box. The evolutionary model builds on the behavioral theory of the firm in an attempt to provide a more realistic description of the internal workings of the black box. The strength of the path dependence interpretation lies in the importance it places on the sequence of specific micro-level historical events. But it holds only for network technologies characterized by increasing returns to scale--and only until the increasing returns have been exhausted. The three approaches should be regarded as components of a more general theory of the sources of technical change. In the later section of the paper steps that might be taken toward the development of a more general theory of the sources of technical change are suggested.
Retweeting: A study of message-forwarding in twitter

Microblogging communities have grown rapidly over the past few years, with Twitter being one of the most popular. Such microblogging services enable users to ‘vote for’ and highlight the interesting or useful posts of other users by forwarding or ‘retweeting’ to their social neighbours. Studying retweeting enables researchers to understand how information is disseminated around Twitter's social structure and shows which type of information is likely to propagate further. This paper represents preliminary studies of some properties of message-forwarding in Twitter, paying close attention to the dynamics and patterns represented by retweets. These are illustrated through empirical data highlighting properties of retweets, relating these to the friend-follower graph and to message propagation speeds.
Statins and risk of polyneuropathy: A case-control study

BackgroundSeveral case reports and a single epidemiologic study indicate that use of statins occasionally may have a deleterious effect on the peripheral nervous system. The authors therefore performed a population-based study to estimate the relative risk of idiopathic polyneuropathy in users of statins. Method The authors used a population-based patient registry to identify first-time-ever cases of idiopathic polyneuropathy registered in the 5-year period 1994 to 1998. For each case, validated according to predefined criteria, 25 control subjects were randomly selected among subjects from the background population matched for age, sex, and calendar time. The authors used a prescription register to assess exposure to drugs and estimated the odds ratio of use of statins (ever and current use) in cases of idiopathic polyneuropathy compared with control subjects. Results The authors verified a diagnosis of idiopathic polyneuropathy in 166 cases. The cases were classified as definite (35), probable (54), or possible (77). The odds ratio linking idiopathic polyneuropathy with statin use was 3.7 (95% CI 1.8 to 7.6) for all cases and 14.2 (5.3 to 38.0) for definite cases. The corresponding odds ratios in current users were 4.6 (2.1 to 10.0) for all cases and 16.1 (5.7 to 45.4) for definite cases. For patients treated with statins for 2 or more years the odds ratio of definite idiopathic polyneuropathy was 26.4 (7.8 to 45.4). Conclusions Long-term exposure to statins may substantially increase the risk of polyneuropathy.
A counterexample concerning the extension of uniform strong laws to ergodic processes

We present a construction showing that a class of sets C that is Glivenko-Cantelli for an i.i. d. process need not be Glivenko-Cantelli for every stationary ergodic process with the same one dimensional marginal distribution. This result provides a counterpoint to recent work extending uniform strong laws to ergodic processes, and a recent characterization of universal Glivenko Cantelli classes.
Who Feels Included in School? Examining Feelings of Inclusion Among Students With Disabilities

The passage of landmark federal legislation in 1975 guaranteed students with disabilities (SWDs) a free appropriate public education. Over time, reauthorization of this legislation has highlighted the importance of educating SWDs in the general education environment where appropriate, and significant interaction with general education peers who are not receiving special education services (GENs) has followed. The largest U.S. school district—New York City (NYC), the setting of our study—mirrors this national trend toward more inclusive environments. Despite the trend, a critical question remains: Does inclusion in fact feel inclusive? This study provides a district-wide descriptive analysis of feelings of inclusion among SWDs compared to their GEN peers. We rely on detailed, longitudinal administrative and student survey data on approximately 249,000 NYC middle school students attending schools that educate both SWDs and GENs (which we call traditional schools in contrast with schools that educate only SWDs). Our results suggest that while gaps between SWDs overall and GENs are quite small, there is some heterogeneity. Specifically, students with an emotional disturbance (ED) and other health impairments (OH) feel modestly less included with peers but more with adults. There are, however, almost no differences in feelings of inclusion between students assigned exclusive and inclusive services, even for those in the ED and OH groups. In fact, for students with low incidence (LI) disabilities, feelings of inclusion are slightly better when assigned exclusive services.
Contrasts and Similarities of Acute Hemodynamic Responses to Specific Antagonism of Angiotensin II ([Sar1, Thr8] A II) and to Inhibition of Converting Enzyme (Captopril)

The early blood pressure and hemodynamic effects of the converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI), captopril, were compared in 23 hypertensive patients with those of a specific angiotensin II antagonist (AA), [Sarl, Thr8] A II. AA reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 10 mm Hg only in seven of 23 patients vs 15 of 23 who responded to CEI (p < 0.02). With both drugs, changes in MAP were not associated with significant changes in cardiac output (p > 0.10 for both drugs), but correlated with changes in systemic resistance (TPR); r = 0.84, p < 0.001 for AA and r = 0.71, p < 0.001 for CEI. Changes in TPR and MAP correlated significantly and inversely with log plasma renin activity in both instances; for AA, r = −0.829 and for CEI, r = −0.737; p < 0.001 for both. The slopes of the two regression lines were not significantly different but the intercepts were + 8.47 mm Hg for AA vs −10.17 mm Hg for CEI (p < 0.001). This quantitative difference in response could be attributed either to an agonistic effect of [Sar1, Thr8] A II or to an additional vasodilator
Child Participation in Supplemental Security Income: Cross- and Within-State Determinants of Caseload Growth

Researchers have struggled to explain the substantial growth over recent years in Supplemental Security Income (SSI) receipt among children younger than the age of 18. Although existing studies have examined caseloads at the state level, we explore the possibility that local conditions may play a more important role in driving caseload growth, and that different factors might matter in different parts of the country. In this article, we examine the importance of a number of factors in explaining county-level child SSI caseloads over time. We find that, nationally, these factors explain between 30% and 40% of the 2003 to 2008 growth in SSI caseloads and about 25% of the trend from 2008 to 2011. We also find that the importance of these factors in explaining growth varies substantially regionally and across states, which suggests that national models may lead researchers to overlook important determinants of caseload growth by averaging variation across regions and states. The finding also suggests that state-specific case studies of caseload growth with consideration of local factors may be fruitful in providing additional understanding of the child SSI caseload.
Effects of Dietary Olive Oil on Growth Performance, Carcass Parameters, Serum Characteristics, and Fatty Acid Composition of Breast and Drumstick Meat in Broilers

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary olive oil on growth performance, carcass parameters, serum characteristics, and fatty acid composition of breast and drumstick meat in broiler chickens. A total of 480 broilers were randomly allotted into three dietary treatments, including T (basal diet, 5% tallow), O1 (2% olive oil+3% tallow), and O2 (5% olive oil). During d 0 to 21, broilers fed the diet supplemented with 5% olive oil showed lower (p<0.05) body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) compared with those fed the T diet. Serum triglyceride concentration was reduced (p<0.05), while high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration was increased (p<0.05) in the O2 treatment group compared with the T and O1 treatment groups. The addition of olive oil to the diets induced a reduction (p<0.05) in the total saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents in breast and drumstick meat, and increased (p<0.05) the total unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) contents and USFA/SFA ratios. In conclusion, a diet with 5% olive oil could decrease BWG and FI of broilers during the starter period (wk 0 to 3), and cause an increase in the serum HDL-cholesterol level, while decreasing the serum triglyceride concentration. Furthermore, USFA level and USFA/SFA ratios in breast and drumstick meat were increased by dietary supplementation of 2 or 5% olive oil.
Reward and punishment

Minigames capturing the essence of Public Goods experiments show that even in the absence of rationality assumptions, both punishment and reward will fail to bring about prosocial behavior. This result holds in particular for the well-known Ultimatum Game, which emerges as a special case. But reputation can induce fairness and cooperation in populations adapting through learning or imitation. Indeed, the inclusion of reputation effects in the corresponding dynamical models leads to the evolution of economically productive behavior, with agents contributing to the public good and either punishing those who do not or rewarding those who do. Reward and punishment correspond to two types of bifurcation with intriguing complementarity. The analysis suggests that reputation is essential for fostering social behavior among selfish agents, and that it is considerably more effective with punishment than with reward.
Psicología de la Salud

Se describen los antecedentes que, durante los ultimos veinte anos, han posibilitado el surgimiento de una nueva area disciplinaria y profesional denominada Psicologia de la Salud o medicina comportamental. Entre estos antecedentes se destacan la labor del Instituto Psicoanalitico de Chicago. los trabajos de Cannon, Slyey Brady en filosofia experimental, la escuela sovietica autora del enfoque denominado cortico-visceral, las aportaciones de la sociologia a la medicina y el desarrollo del Analisis experiemntal del Comportamiento. Posteriormente son discutidos los hechos que han dispensado una buena acogida a los desarrollos descritos, se propone una definicion y se plantean las areas de investigacion y aplicacion.
Context-Aware Approximate String Matching for Large-Scale Real-Time Entity Resolution

Techniques for approximate string matching have been widely studied over several decades. They are required in many applications, including entity resolution, spell checking, similarity joins, and biological sequence comparison. Most existing techniques for approximate string matching used in entity resolution only consider the two strings that are compared. They neglect contextual information such as the frequency of how often strings occur in a database, the likelihood of the character edits between strings, or how many other similar strings there are in a database. In this paper we investigate if incorporating such contextual information into edit distance based approximate string matching can improve matching quality for real-time entity resolution. In this application, query records have to be matched in sub-second time to records in a large database that refer to the same entity. We evaluate our approach on two large real data sets and compare it to several baseline approaches. Our results show that considering edit frequency and the neighborhood size of a string can improve matching results, while taking string frequencies into account can actually make results worse.