Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The mode of response and the Stroop effect: A reaction time analysis

While the classical card versions of the Stroop colour-word tasks employ verbal mode of response (the participants have to read the stimuli or name their ink colour aloud), the single-item computerised versions of the task frequently rely on manual mode of response (the participants need to signal the meaning of the stimuli or its ink colour by pressing the appropriate key). An experiment was carried out to directly assess possible ERP and reaction times differences between a verbal and a manual response mode version of the task. The comparison of reaction time results obtained on 22 students of psychology performing both verbal and manual response mode version of the task show longer reaction times for the manual version as well as important differences between the patterns of reaction times of individual conditions obtained in each version of the task. The result demonstrated a qualitative difference between the two versions of the task, which can be attributed to a stronger influence of automatic word reading in the verbal response mode version. The differences shown warn against a direct comparison of results obtained with different response mode versions of the Stroop colour-word task.
Influence of tannic acid application on alfalfa hay: in vitro rumen fermentation, serum metabolites and nitrogen balance in sheep.

Alfalfa protein is poorly utilised by ruminants due to its rapid degradation in rumen. The objective of the study was to assess the influence of spraying tannic acid (TA) on chopped alfalfa hay on in vitro rumen fermentation and nitrogen (N) retention by sheep. Alfalfa hay with and without TA was fed to sheep to determine nutrient digestibility and N balance. TA was sprayed on chopped alfalfa at three concentrations to determine its effect on in vitro fermentation of dry matter (DM) and N balance in sheep. Final TA concentrations were 0, 30, 60 and 90 g TA per kg DM. The control was sprayed with the same amount of water but without TA. In vitro DM degradation and the production of gas, ammonium-N (NH4-N) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) were measured. TA-sprayed alfalfa and the control were fed to sheep to determine nutrient digestibility and N retention. Addition of TA had no influence on the extent and rate of gas production but significantly decreased NH4-N concentration at 30 (P < 0.05), 60 and 90 (P < 0.0001) g/kg DM. Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to TA-sprayed alfalfa increased NH4-N to a level comparable to non-TA-sprayed alfalfa. Spraying of alfalfa with TA significantly decreased (P < 0.05) isovalerate but did not affect the total and individual SCFA acid production. Tannic acid significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in vitro true degradability of DM (IVTD) after 24 h incubation at levels of 60 and 90 g TA per kg DM. Neutral-detergent fibre digestibility (dNDF) after 24 h (P < 0.01), 60 and 90 (P < 0.0001) g TA per kg DM. The effect of TA on either IVTD or dNDF was not significant (P > 0.05) after 48 h of incubation. There was a strong linear relationship between percentage increase in gas production due to PEG and protein precipitation capacity (R2 = 0.94). N digestibility was significantly reduced with all three levels of TA additions. However, the proportion of urine-N to total N output was reduced by adding 60 g (P < 0.05) and 90 g (P < 0.01) TA per kg DM. Serum metabolites and liver enzymes were not affected by TA (P > 0.05). Higher faecal N as the TA level increased indicates incomplete dissociation of tannin-protein complexes post ruminally. Factors affecting dissociation of tannin-protein complexes need further study.
Surprising solutions to the isentropic Euler system of gas dynamics

In a recent paper, jointly with Elisabetta Chiodaroli and Ondřej Kreml we consider the Cauchy problem for the isentropic compressible Euler system in 2 space dimensions, with initial data which assume two different constant values and have a discontinuity across a line. If we consider selfsimilar solutions we then encounter a classical 1-dimensional Riemann problem for the corresponding hyperbolic system of conservation laws. We show that for some suitable choice of the pressure and of the initial data there exist infinitely many bounded admissible solutions which are not selfsimilar and indeed are genuinely 2-dimensional. We also show that some of these Riemann data are generated by a 1-dimensional compression wave. Our theorem leads therefore to Lipschitz initial data for which there are infinitely many global bounded admissible weak solutions. Each of these solutions coincide as long as the classical (Lipschitz) solution exists and they differentiate themselves immediately after the first blow-up time. Our approach is heavily influenced by a work of László Székelyhidi which provides a similar result in the case of the classical vortex-sheet problem for the incompressible Euler equations.
Computing in the home: shifts in the time allocation patterns of households

An empirical study of 282 users of home computers was conducted to explore the relationship between computer use and shifts in time allocation patterns in the household. Major changes in time allocated to various activities were detected. Prior experience with computers (i.e., prior to purchase of the home computer) was found to have a significant impact on the time allocation patterns in the household. The study provides evidence that significant behavior changes can occur when people adopt personal computers in their homes.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NONLINEAR GALERKIN FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR DISSIPATIVE EVOLUTION PROBLEMS

Nonlinear Galerkin methods have been proposed in the literature for the long-time solution of semi-linear dissipative evolution problems, e.g., the nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations. In the context of nite element (FE) discretization these methods result in two-level linearization schemes, where on the ne-grid level reduced models for the nonlinearity are used. This paper aims at a better understanding of the mechanisms active in this approach in order to estimate its potential for improving numerical computations. To this end, asymptotic error estimates are given for various nonlinear Galerkin FE methods applied to a one-dimensional model problem containing for example the Burgers and Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equations. This analysis is supplemented by test computations. The result is that, in this context, the modeling aspect of the nonlinear Galerkin method is questionable and that its potential for practical computations cannot be predicted on the basis of mere asymptotic error analysis. The dominant mechanism governing its error behavior seems to be more the quality in the approximation of the linear main part of the operator, i.e., its critical eigenvalues, rather than the particular treatment of the lower-order nonlinearity.
On the nature of implicit self-esteem: The case of the name letter effect.

In 1811, Napoleon (whose armies occupied The Netherlands) ruled that all Dutch citizens should have their family names registered. At the time of Napoleon's decree, family names were used only by members of the upper class. Thus, this decidedly unpopular decree forced much of the Dutch populace to invent a name for their families. To express their dissatisfaction with Napoleon's ruling, some families engaged in a very creative form of rebellion. Specifically, they registered themselves under ridiculous family names. To the likely delight of many of these Dutch families, Napoleon met his Waterloo four years after his highly resented decree (in 1815). Nevertheless, by this time, it had become clear that there were some practical benefits to the French system of name registration, and this system survived long after Napoleon perished. Notably, few families went to the trouble to erase their ridiculous family names from the official records. Even when it eventually became very easy for subsequent generations of Dutch citizens to change their family names, many found that they had become quite attached to ridiculous family names. Thus, to this day, a substantial number of Dutch families go through life bearing such dubious surnames as Naaktgeboren, Den Boef, and Poepjes (whose respective English translations are "Born Naked", "The Crook", and "Little Poops").
Recognising an at Risk Mental State for Psychosis: Australian Lay People and Clinicians’ Ability to Identify a Problem and Recommend Help Across Vignette Types

Objective This study assessed lay people and clinicians’ recognition of an at risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis, their intentions to recommend help, and the equivalence of written and videotaped vignettes when detecting the problem. Methods In an Australian online survey, 52 lay people and 32 psychologists with provisional or full registration were randomly assigned to either a videotaped or written vignette of someone with an ARMS. Measures assessed detection and labelling of the mental health problem, and lay people's intentions to recommend help. Results Data were analysed with Chi‐Square statistics, Fisher's Exact tests, and Multinomial Logistic Regression. Lay people frequently detected that a mental health problem existed but labelled it incorrectly. All clinicians detected that a mental health problem existed and most labelled it correctly. Lay people's detection that a mental health problem existed was not associated with vignette type but videotaped vignettes produced significantly more correct labelling. Clinicians had poorer labelling when the vignette was videotaped. Correct labelling was associated with intentions to recommend help to a doctor, psychiatrist, and psychologist/counsellor but not with other help sources or with “no help. ” Conclusions Results indicated that if lay people received further education about ARMS, they may be more likely to recommend help to certain mental health professionals. They further highlight the need to use multiple vignette methods in mental health literacy research and the importance of simulated learning about ARMS in professional training environments. Replication of these results in larger samples is required.
More‐than‐human families: Pets, people, and practices in multispecies households

Although humans have coexisted with dogs and cats for thousands of years, that coexistence has taken on various meanings over time. Only recently have people openly included their pets as members of the family. Yet, because of the cultural ambivalence toward animals, what it means for a pet to “be” a family member remains unsettled. Drawing from research on family practices including kinship, household routines, childhood socialization, and domestic violence, this paper considers how pets participate in “doing” family and what their presence means for this social arrangement long considered quintessentially human. Today's more-than-human families represent a hybrid of relations, human and animal and social and natural, rather than an entirely new kind of family. Becoming family has always been contingent on a cast of nonhuman characters, and recognition of the “more-than-human” can enhance sociological understanding, not only of the family but also of other aspects of social life.
Interpreting Interim Deviations from Cost Projections for Publicly Supported Energy Technologies

Widespread public funding of nascent energy technologies, combined with recent increases in the costs of those that have been most heavily supported, has raised the stakes of a policy dilemma: should policy makers sustain these programs anticipating that recent cost increases are temporary disturbances or should they eliminate them to avoid risking billions of dollars of public funds on technological dead ends? This paper uses experience curves for photovoltaics (PV) and wind to (1) estimate the range of possible policy outcomes and (2) introduce new ways of assessing near term cost dynamics. For both technology cases, the costs of the subsidies required to reach cost targets are highly sensitive to the choice of the historical time series used. The variation in the discounted social cost of subsidies exceeds an order of magnitude. Vigilance is required to avoid the very expensive outcomes contained within these distributions of social costs. Two measures of the significance of recent deviations are introduced. Both indicate that wind costs are within the expected range of prior forecasts but that PV costs are not. The magnitude of the public funds involved in these programs heightens the need for better analytical tools with which to monitor and evaluate cost dynamics.
A pair of light signaling factors FHY3 and FAR1 regulates plant immunity by modulating chlorophyll biosynthesis

Abstract Light and chloroplast function is known to affect the plant immune response; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We previously demonstrated that two light signaling factors, FAR‐RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 3 (FHY3) and FAR‐RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE 1 (FAR1), regulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and seedling growth via controlling HEMB1 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we reveal that FHY3 and FAR1 are involved in modulating plant immunity. We showed that the fhy3 far1 double null mutant displayed high levels of reactive oxygen species and salicylic acid (SA) and increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pathogen infection. Microarray analysis revealed that a large proportion of pathogen‐related genes, particularly genes encoding nucleotide‐binding and leucine‐rich repeat domain resistant proteins, are highly induced in fhy3 far1. Genetic studies indicated that the defects of fhy3 far1 can be largely rescued by reducing SA signaling or blocking SA accumulation, and by overexpression of HEMB1, which encodes a 5‐aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, we found that transgenic plants with reduced expression of HEMB1 exhibit a phenotype similar to fhy3 far1. Taken together, this study demonstrates an important role of FHY3 and FAR1 in regulating plant immunity, through integrating chlorophyll biosynthesis and the SA signaling pathway.
What Makes a Difference for Resilient Students in Turkey

Problem Statement: Socio-economic background plays an important role in academic achievement, but there is a group of students beating the odds and becoming successful despite the socio-economic background of their families. Purpose of the Study: The study aimed to define how resilient students succeed at school despite their socio-economically disadvantaged background and examine the relationship between academic achievement and other factors related to school. Method: Descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to answer the research questions. The rate of resilient students in Turkey has been analyzed among 15-year-olds taking the PISA 2012 assessment. According to PISA 2012 Mathematics performance, Turkey had 322 resilient students. Of these, 46.9% were female and 53.1% were male. Findings: According to the PISA 2012 mathematics performance, 7% of students in Turkey are considered resilient. Findings indicate that almost all resilient students score 482 and higher. This means that there are no resilient students performing below baseline (level 2) in Turkey. One of the other findings was that resilient students feel connected to school and have positive feelings towards school. Self-belief in achievement, being happy with achievement, greater engagement in academic activities, social skills, feeling a sense of belonging to school, and positive feelings towards school were the traits of the resilient students in Turkey. There is no correlation between resilient students’ sense of belonging to school, attitudes towards school in terms of learning outcomes, and perceived success control, and their mathematics performance on the PISA 2012. Resilient students’ attitudes towards school is a significantly predictor of these students’ mathematics performance. Conclusion and Recommendations: This study demonstrated that schools make a slight difference for resilient students in Turkey. Disadvantaged students managed to be resilient and successful, so the educational administration should make the schooling environment more positive and provide more incentives for disadvantaged students to foster their resiliency and success. Moreover, principals should develop strategies to ensure a meaningful learning process that enables disadvantaged students to become successful and accomplished citizens. A qualitative perspective is suggested to bring a deeper approach to evaluate what factors affect achievement of the resilient students’ success. Longitudinal studies could be done to compare what has changed in their lives and whether the resiliency is still present. Keywords: Resilient students, sense of belonging, attitudes towards school, perceived success control, academic performance.
Assessing the Transmission of Monetary Policy Shocks Using Dynamic Factor Models

The evolution of monetary policy in the U.S. is examined based on structural dynamic factor models. I extend the current literature which questions the stability of the monetary transmission mechanism, by proposing and studying time-varying parameters factor-augmented vector autoregressions (TVP-FAVAR), which allow for fast and efficient inference based on hundreds of explanatory variables. Different specifcations are compared where the factor loadings, VAR coefficients and error covariances, or combinations of those, may change gradually in every period or be subject to small breaks. The model is applied to 157 post-World War II U.S. quarterly macroeconomic variables. The results clearly suggest that the propagation of the monetary and non-monetary (exogenous) shocks has altered its behavior, and speciffically in a fashion which supports smooth evolution rather than abrupt change. The most notable changes were in the responses of real activity measures, prices and monetary aggregates, while other key indicators of the economy remained relatively unaffected.
Association between Habitual Dietary Salt Intake and Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

Purpose. Systematic reviews of case-control and prospective studies showed a positive association between habitual salt intake and gastric cancer. Given new studies published thereafter, we carried out a meta-analysis to assess the association between dietary salt intake and gastric cancer. Methods. Case-control studies and cohort studies published between January 1992 and January 2012 on PubMed and Embase were searched. We quantified associations between salt intake and gastric cancer with meta-analysis. Results. Eleven studies (7 case controls and 4 cohorts) finally were included in the meta-analysis (total population: n = 2076498; events: n = 12039). The combined odds ratio showed significantly positive association between high salt intake and gastric cancer compared with low salt intake (OR = 2.05, 95% CI [1.60, 2.62]; P < 0.00001). In subgroup meta-analysis, findings were slightly different when analyses were restricted to salty food intake (OR = 2.41, 95% CI [2.08, 2.78]; P < 0.00001) as well as in Asia (OR = 1.27 95% CI [1.22, 1.32]; P < 0.00001). There was no evidence that sample size, exposure assessment substantially influenced the estimate of effects. Conclusions. The systemic review supports the hypothesis that dietary salt intake is positively associated with the risk of gastric cancer.
Relationship between Families of Origin and Differentiation Level on Marital Intimacy of the Teachers

This study aims to investigate the effect of characteristics family of origin and differentiation level on the marital intimacy of the teachers. This study was correlational. The statistical population consisted of all teachers of elementary, middle and high schools in the academic year 2015 in Astaneh Ashrafieh city. Using the multi-stage cluster sampling method 206 persons was selected. Then, using the family of origin questionnaire, differentiation and marital Intimacy were evaluated. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. The results showed that there is no relationship between the features of the family of origin and the total score of the differentiation level and marital intimacy. Moreover, there is no relationship between features of the family of origin and marital intimacy. There is a negative relationship between the features of the family of origin and the total score of differentiation level, and emotional aspects of emotional reactivity and fusion with others at P<0.05, but there is a negative relationship with I-position at P<0.01). There was no emotional relationship between features of family of origin and romantic gateway. There is a negative relationship between marital intimacy and I-position at P<0.01 (r=- 0.148). Nevertheless, there was no relationship between marital intimacy and the total score of differentiation and aspects of emotional reactivity, emotional fusion, and romantic gateway. There is a negative relationship between marital intimacy and duration of the marital life. There is no relationship between the duration of marital life and the total score of differentiation level and its aspects (emotional reactivity, I-position, romantic gateway, and emotional fusion). There is no relationship between the age and total score of the differentiation level and its aspects. Results of regression analysis showed that duration of the marital life significantly explains the variance of the dependent variable (marital intimacy) (10.8%). However, the characteristics of the family of origin, differentiation level, and chronological age have no meaningful contribution in explaining the variance of the dependent variable (marital intimacy).
Effect of tree nuts on metabolic syndrome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Objective To provide a broader evidence summary to inform dietary guidelines of the effect of tree nuts on criteria of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Design We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of tree nuts on criteria of the MetS. Data sources We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through 4 April 2014). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies We included relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of ≥3 weeks reporting at least one criterion of the MetS. Data extraction Two or more independent reviewers extracted all relevant data. Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed. Results Eligibility criteria were met by 49 RCTs including 2226 participants who were otherwise healthy or had dyslipidaemia, MetS or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tree nut interventions lowered triglycerides (MD=−0.06 mmol/L (95% CI −0.09 to −0.03 mmol/L)) and fasting blood glucose (MD=−0.08 mmol/L (95% CI −0.16 to −0.01 mmol/L)) compared with control diet interventions. There was no effect on waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or blood pressure with the direction of effect favouring tree nuts for waist circumference. There was evidence of significant unexplained heterogeneity in all analyses (p<0.05). Conclusions Pooled analyses show a MetS benefit of tree nuts through modest decreases in triglycerides and fasting blood glucose with no adverse effects on other criteria across nut types. As our conclusions are limited by the short duration and poor quality of the majority of trials, as well as significant unexplained between-study heterogeneity, there remains a need for larger, longer, high-quality trials. Trial registration number NCT01630980.