Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polynomial Time Approximation Algorithms for Multi-Constrained QoS Routing

We study the multi-constrained quality-of-service (QoS) routing problem where one seeks to find a path from a source to a destination in the presence of K ges 2 additive end-to-end QoS constraints. This problem is NP-hard and is commonly modeled using a graph with n vertices and m edges with K additive QoS parameters associated with each edge. For the case of K = 2, the problem has been well studied, with several provably good polynomial time-approximation algorithms reported in the literature, which enforce one constraint while approximating the other. We first focus on an optimization version of the problem where we enforce the first constraint and approximate the other K - 1 constraints. We present an O(mn log log log n + mn/epsi) time (1 + epsi)(K - 1)-approximation algorithm and an O(mn log log log n + m(n/epsi)K-1) time (1 + epsi)-approximation algorithm, for any epsi > 0. When K is reduced to 2, both algorithms produce an (1 + epsi)-approximation with a time complexity better than that of the best-known algorithm designed for this special case. We then study the decision version of the problem and present an O(m(n/epsi)K-1) time algorithm which either finds a feasible solution or confirms that there does not exist a source-destination path whose first weight is bounded by the first constraint and whose every other weight is bounded by (1 - epsi) times the corresponding constraint. If there exists an H-hop source-destination path whose first weight is bounded by the first constraint and whose every other weight is bounded by (1 - epsi) times the corresponding constraint, our algorithm finds a feasible path in O(m(H/epsi)K-1) time. This algorithm improves previous best-known algorithms with O((m + n log n)n/epsi) time for K = 2 and 0(mn(n/epsi)K-1) time for if ges 2.
Asynchronous PRAMs are (almost) as good as synchronous PRAMs

A PRAM (parallel random-access-machine) model that allows processors to have arbitrary asynchronous behavior is introduced. The main result shows that any n-processor CRCW (concurrent-read, concurrent-write) PRAM program can be simulated on an asynchronous CRCW PRAM using O(n) expected work per parallel step and up to n/log n log*n asynchronous processors. It is shown that a synchronization primitive for n parallel instructions can be computed using O(n) expected work by a system of asynchronous processors. Since a special case of asynchronous behavior is a fail-stop error, the simulation technique described above can convert any PRAM program into a PRAM program that is resistant to all fail-stop errors and has the same expected work as the original program. <<ETX>>
The effect of explicit teaching of apologies on Persian EFL learners' performance: When e-communication helps

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of explicit teaching of the speech act of apology on learning and recognition of Persian EFL learners with the help of e-communication through exchange of e-mails. The participants of the study consisted of 60 upper-intermediate EFL learners majoring in English Literature and Translation who were divided into two groups: a) the explicit teaching group and b) the implicit teaching group. Accordingly, instruction on various apology situations was provided and the experimental group was asked to have e-communication through e-mail exchanges with their instructor during the semester. The study consisted of a pretest and a posttest which was considered to be quasi-experimental. The independent variable was the explicit teaching of speech acts and the dependent variable was learning success of the participants. After the treatment, the participants were given a posttest. The Analysis of the results revealed that the learners in the explicit teaching group who participated in e-mail exchanges gained significantly in terms of pragmatic proficiency required for strategies of apology. And the use of explicit teaching of apology involving them in e-communication exchanges significantly enhanced the pragmatic awareness of Persian EFL learners.
(Re)negotiating police culture through partnership working: Trust, compromise and the ‘new’ pragmatism

While a topic of considerable interest in the 1990s and early 2000s, there has been little literature on partnership working in the public sector in recent years. This is surprising given that the practice has been extended through the national roll-out of Neighbourhood Policing in England and Wales in 2008. This article presents a reassessment of how the police operate in partnership with other agencies. In contrast to the previous literature, our research suggests that police officers involved in partnerships find them effective, crucial to their work and, at times, enjoyable. Rather than conflicting with traditional police culture, partnership work is enhanced by, and enhances, the police orientation towards the pragmatic. We explore the implications of this for our understandings of police culture.
Imagining intergroup contact enables member-to-group generalization.

Intergroup contact improves intergroup relations. In some cases, however, actual contact is impractical and here imagining intergroup contact (Crisp & Turner, 2009) may represent a viable alternative. While initial findings have been promising, imagined contact research has yet to confirm whether it enables a critical process involved in successful intergroup contact: member-to-group generalization. We tested the hypothesis that imagined contact, and specific enhancements to the technique, are enabling in the form of generalized contact self-efficacy. In Experiment 1 participants who imagined a positively toned encounter with a single outgroup member subsequently felt more confident about future interactions with the outgroup in general. Furthermore, imagining contact was maximally effective at achieving generalization when group versus individuating information was salient (Experiment 2) and when the imagined interaction involved an outgrouper who was typical versus atypical (Experiment 3). These findings contribute to growing support for the notion that imagined contact represents a flexible, effective tool for improving intergroup relations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Does "Special" Mean Young, White and Female? Deconstructing the Meaning of "Special" in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit

Audience members often use what they see on television, both in news and entertainment programming, to socially construct their reality (Surrette, 1998; Fishman & Cavendar, 1998). While, undoubtedly, direct experience is more powerful in shaping our perceptions of the crime problem in the United States, crime dramas provide powerful images for many lacking extensive knowledge of the criminal justice system. Although many crime dramas focus on crime in general, some like the popular “Law & Order: Special Victims Unit” (SVU) portend to focus specifically on “sexually motivated offenses” and emphasize child victims. In this paper we utilize a content analysis to deconstruct the meaning of “special” in “Law & Order: SVU” and examine the many ways this program may shape public opinion about sexual assaults and official responses to them. Specifically, we focus on the age, sex and race of victims and offenders compared to comparison data from Manhattan, New York—where the program is set. A qualitative analysis provides information about the context of portrayals of sexual assault, specifically assessing whether or not these presentations focus disproportionately on stereotypical child abductions and murder, and reify common rape myths. The analysis also includes a discussion of how civil rights violations by criminal justice personnel are represented.
Linking spirituality, school communities, grief and well‐being

This article proposes that school communities are significant public places that help shape identity and can also contribute to social and emotional well‐being. If school communities respond appropriately to crises and trauma that affect the young, learning becomes social and emotional as well as academic. School communities offer an opportunity for positive impact, since, during times of crisis – as they are experiencing loss and grief – children and youth turn to parents, peers and teachers to help them make sense of their worlds. Several aspects of making sense of the world are implied in this article, namely, finding a sense of meaning and purpose, experiencing coherence in relation to life goals and feeling a degree of connectedness towards school and schooling. These aspects influence well‐being in children and youth. An argument is made to promote whole school communities by exploring the kind of community schools can become when they attend to spirituality as a sense of connectedness and if they address loss and grief holistically. In outlining qualities of a whole school community approach, linkages are made among terms such as spirituality, loss, grief and mental health to reveal the importance of people and place in the well‐being of children and adolescents. The article proposes that creating a whole school community approach relies on acknowledging a communal experience, not only the individual experiences, of loss.
MORPHOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE DOG KIDNEY CELL LINE MDCK AND THE MAMMALIAN CORTICAL COLLECTING TUBULE *

In the last five years, the cell line MDCK has received considerable attention because it has retained many morphologic, physiologic, and biochemical properties exhibited by transporting epithelia in vivo.l-” MDCK cells were derived by Madin and Darby in 1958 from the normal, adult male Cocker Spaniel kidney. Although several cultured kidney cell lines have attracted the attention of renal physiologists in the last few years,]? many investigators remain skeptical of this approach to kidney physiology for two reasons. First, it is said that the nephron site of origin of any epithelial cell line is unknown, so direct physiological comparisons between cultured cells and intact kidney tubules cannot be made. Secondly, it is widely believed that once put into culture the functional properties of any differentiated cell are not stable and are lost due to an illdefined process called “dedifferentiation”. In this paper, I present morphologic evidence that low-passage MDCK cultures contain two cell types that are identical by an array of interconnected criteria to the principal and intercalated cells of the mammalian cortical collecting tubule. These observations substantiate and extend biochemical results indicating that the MDCK adenyl cyclase is sensitive to vasopressin but not parathyroid hormone,6* l 3 a relationship also found in the collecting t~bu1e . l~
Exploring the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of several alcohol-related conditions: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE To compare the strength of the evidence provided by the epidemiological literature on the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of six cancers (oral cavity, oesophagus, colorectum, liver, larynx, breast), hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, gastric and duodenal ulcer, liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases, pancreatitis and injures and adverse effects. METHODS A search of the epidemiological literature from 1966 to 1998 was performed by several bibliographic databases. Meta-regression models were fitted considering fixed and random models and linear and non-linear effects of alcohol intake on the risk of each condition. The effects of some characteristics of the studies including an index of their quality were considered as putative sources of heterogeneity of the estimates. Publication bias was also investigated by asymmetry of funnel plots. RESULTS Of the 397 initially reviewed studies, 200 were selected for meta-analysis. Since qualitative characteristics of the studies were often significant sources of heterogeneity among them, the estimates of the pooled dose-response slopes were based only on the 123 studies with higher quality score and/or reporting adjusted estimates of relative risks. Higher alcohol-related risks were found for liver cirrhosis, neoplasms of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts, haemorrhagic stroke and injuries and adverse effects. Weaker but significant associations were found for colorectum, liver and breast cancers, essential hypertension and chronic pancreatitis. For all these conditions, low intakes, corresponding to daily consumption of two drinks or two glasses of wine (25 g/day), have shown significant risks. Ischaemic stroke and gastric and duodenal ulcer seem independent of alcohol intake. The area in which the study was performed, the study's design and the outcome variable differently affected the slopes. CONCLUSIONS The small number of sufficiently reliable studies, the strong indications of heterogeneity across them and the suspicion of publication bias suggest that there is a great need for well-conducted epidemiological studies performed in several countries, to examine the dose-response relationship between alcohol intake and the risk of several alcohol-related conditions, as well as the role of drinking pattern in determining the risk.
Reciprocal Effects Between Parental Solicitation, Parental Control, Adolescent Disclosure, and Adolescent Delinquency

This two-wave multi-informant study examined the bidirectional associations of parental control and solicitation with adolescent disclosure and delinquency. Participants were 289 adolescents (150 females and 139 males, modal age 14) and both parents. Parental solicitation and control did not predict adolescent delinquency, but adolescents' self-reported disclosure was a negative predictor of delinquency. In addition, delinquency predicted less disclosure. Furthermore, maternal solicitation predicted disclosure and adolescent disclosure predicted parental solicitation. All relations held after controlling for leisure time spent with parents and with peers. These longitudinal findings show an overlap in the development of parental solicitation and the development of adolescent disclosure, but also show that only adolescent disclosure is negatively related to delinquency over time.
Effects of feedback timing on second language vocabulary learning: Does delaying feedback increase learning?

Feedback, or information given to learners regarding their performance, is found to facilitate second language (L2) learning. Research also suggests that the timing of feedback (whether it is provided immediately or after a delay) may affect learning. The purpose of the present study was to identify the optimal feedback timing for L2 vocabulary learning. This study differs from previous feedback timing studies in two important respects. First, unlike some previous studies, feedback timing was not confounded with lag to test (interval between the last encounter with a given item and the posttest). Second, in order to test the view that delayed feedback may be particularly effective when learners make few errors during learning, the present study manipulated the frequency of practice to influence learning phase performance. In this study, 98 Japanese college students studied 16 English–Japanese word pairs. Immediate feedback was given immediately after each response, whereas delayed feedback was withheld until all target items were practised. Learning was measured by posttests administered immediately, 1 week, and 4 weeks after the treatment. Results suggested that when lag to test is controlled, feedback timing may have little effect on L2 vocabulary learning regardless of the frequency of errors during learning.
Body size estimates: Body image or body attitude measures?

Body size estimates, untransformed by real sizes, were found to be closely related to certain attitudes towards the body, especially to feelings that the body was too fat and a source of stigma. Estimates were also significantly influenced by the posture adopted during the measuring process. Attitudes towards the body were strongly linked to self-esteem and neurotic symptomatology, but were generally independent of subjects' actual body sizes and relative weights
Azithromycin concentrations at the sites of pulmonary infection.

Azithromycin is a new macrolide antimicrobial. The distribution to the potential sites of pulmonary infection was assessed after the administration of a single 500 mg oral dose to 22 patients undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Concentrations of azithromycin in sputum, bronchial mucosa, eptihelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar macrophages (AM) were determined at intervals up to 96 h after dosing. The mean serum concentration was low at 12 h (0.13 micrograms.ml-1, SEM 0.05) but was still detectable at 96 h (0.01 micrograms.ml-1). In contrast, peak sputum ELF, bronchial mucosal and AM levels were found at 48 h. Bronchial mucosal concentrations were significantly greater than ELF concentrations, which were in turn greater than sputum concentrations. Mean peak AM concentrations were sixfold greater than bronchial mucosal concentrations (23 micrograms.ml-1, SEM 5.1 and 3.89 micrograms.ml-1, SEM 1.2, respectively). The high intracellular concentrations indicate that azithromycin is likely to be effective for sensitive intracellular pathogens and the favourable penetration into sputum, ELF and bronchial mucosa suggest that it should be useful in pneumonia and bronchial infections.
The Assessment of Executive Functioning in Children.

BACKGROUND Executive functioning is increasingly seen as incorporating several component sub-skills and clinical assessments should reflect this complexity. METHOD Tools for assessing executive functioning in children are reviewed within five key areas, across verbal and visuospatial abilities, with emphasis on batteries of tests. RESULTS There are many appropriate tests for children, although the choice is more limited for those under the age of 8 years. CONCLUSIONS Whilst there are several batteries of executive functioning suitable for children, clinicians may prefer to cherry-pick from a broader range of measures that assess specific components of executive functioning.
Women have greater density of neurons in posterior temporal cortex

Cytoarchitectonic area TA1 (von Economo) in the cortex of the planum temporale within the Sylvian fissure, which is auditory association cortex and documented to be part of the neural substrate of language functions, was studied quantitatively in the brain specimens of five women and four men (mean age of 50 year). All cases were documented to be medically and cognitively normal, and consistently right-handed. We investigated the possibility that the difference in brain size between men and women is reflected in differences in the numerical density of neurons in area TA1, an area associated with morphologic and psychological sex differences. Neuron counts were made directly through cell differentiation under the microscope from Nissl-stained sections. Cortical depth, the number of neurons through the depth of cortex under 1 mm2 of cortical surface (Nc), and the number of neurons per unit volume (Nv) were obtained for the total cortex and for each of the six layers in each hemisphere. For total cortex in both hemispheres, depth and Nc were similar, but Nv was greater by 11% in women, with no overlap of scores between the sexes. The sex difference in Nv was attributable to layers II and IV; in contrast, Nv did not differ between the sexes in layers III, V, and VI. This is the first report of such a sex difference in human cortex. The results suggest that the cortical functional unit has a different ratio of input and output components in men and women which could have implications for the sex differences in cognition and behavior. Due to the small sample size and the homogeneity of the cases studied, generalizability of the results requires replication by other studies. In addition, cytoarchitectonic mapping indicated that area TA1 also occurs in the vertical posterior wall of the Sylvian fissure, providing evidence that anatomical definition of the planum temporale should include the posterior vertical wall of the superior temporal gyrus.
The Structure of Reciprocity

Reciprocity is one of the defining features of social exchange and social life, yet exchange theorists have tended to take it for granted. Drawing on work from a decade-long theoretical research program, I argue that reciprocity is structured and variable across different forms of exchange, that these variations in the structure of reciprocity have profound effects on the emergence of integrative bonds of trust and solidarity, and that these effects are explained and mediated by a set of risk- and conflict-based processes. I discuss the consequences of this work for organizational theories of embeddedness and the production of social capital through network ties. Finally, I ask how the structure of networks and the structure of reciprocity are related to one another, and explore possible implications of the structure of reciprocity for exchange theorists’ assumptions about actor motivations.
The significance of Gadamer’s hermeneutics for cross-cultural understanding

Abstract Edward Said’s book Orientalism stands in a long lineage of critique of European scholarship responsible for shaping European understandings of foreign cultures. His book contributed significantly to the debate about the epistemological presuppositions informing European scholars of other cultures. However, while Said exposed in considerable detail the ways in which the Orient was distorted by the theories of the European academy, he left unexamined the possibility of genuine cross-cultural understanding. This article considers the significance of hermeneutics for cross-cultural rather than historical understanding. It explores the implicit claim Gadamer makes for the universal validity of hermeneutics not only for understanding in history, but for a genuine intellectual rapprochement across geographical and cultural lines as well.
A strength-based approach to teacher professional development

Based on positive psychology, self-determination theory and a perspective on teacher quality, this study proposes and examines a strength-based approach to teacher professional development. A mixed method pre-test/post-test design was adopted to study perceived outcomes of the approach for 93 teachers of six primary schools in the Netherlands and the development of their sense of self-efficacy, autonomy, competence and relatedness. Results revealed a statistically significant increase in feelings of autonomy and self-efficacy in coaching others. Taking existing potential of people and institutions as a starting point could be a promising way of (re-)creating flow in teachers and schools.
The Comparative Technical Efficiency of Florida Campus Police Departments

Formal police departments comprising sworn officers have been increasingly utilized on college campuses, but to date there is little empirical research on their comparative performance outcomes. The present study is the first known to analyze the technical efficiency of these departments using data envelopment analysis. Using data from 2008 to 2010, the Florida university police departments are compared to their local municipal counterparts as well as the departments that comprise the North Carolina university system. The results reveal that Florida campus police departments are far less efficient than the municipal agencies they are modeled on, yet more efficient than the North Carolina campus departments on the same measures though efficiency has decreased in all three samples over the 3-year period. These results are used to analyze the security versus law enforcement functions of campus police in general. Specifically, these outcomes are intended to inform campus policy makers and show the need for the development of new campus police performance metrics.