Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

The relationship between renal blood flow (RBF) and arterial pressure was determined in nine anesthetized, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the Okamoto-Aoki strain and seven Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The rats had similar body weights and the average age was 14-15 weeks. Measured in vivo with a noncannulating electromagnetic flow transducer, RBF was quite stable in both groups in the pressure range of 165 to 105 mm Hg; renal vascular resistance (RVR) was directly related to pressure. Within this pressure range, RBF was approximately 6.7 ml/min in SHR and 7.3 ml/ min in WKY. When perfusion pressure was reduced from 105 to 65 mm Hg, RBF decreased progressively, roughly in proportion to pressure. RBF and RVR did not differ significantly in SHR and WKY at each level of pressure. An even more striking resemblance in the overall pressure-flow relationships was evident after RBF and RVR in each experiment were normalized to their respective values at the pressure of 115 mm Hg. The observations demonstrate that SHR autoregulate RBF in vivo as efficiently as WKY, and that the sensitivity and reactivity of the renal vasculature to acute alterations in perfusion pressure are not modified appreciably in these SHR, The increased RVR in 15-week-old SHR can be explained as an appropriate autoregulatory response of the vasculature to the elevated arterial pressure. Circ Res 44: 3-44-349, 1979
Soft‐tissue anatomy of the primates: phylogenetic analyses based on the muscles of the head, neck, pectoral region and upper limb, with notes on the evolution of these muscles

Apart from molecular data, nearly all the evidence used to study primate relationships comes from hard tissues. Here, we provide details of the first parsimony and Bayesian cladistic analyses of the order Primates based exclusively on muscle data. The most parsimonious tree obtained from the cladistic analysis of 166 characters taken from the head, neck, pectoral and upper limb musculature is fully congruent with the most recent evolutionary molecular tree of Primates. That is, this tree recovers not only the relationships among the major groups of primates, i.e. Strepsirrhini {Tarsiiformes [Platyrrhini (Cercopithecidae, Hominoidea)]}, but it also recovers the relationships within each of these inclusive groups. Of the 301 character state changes occurring in this tree, ca. 30% are non‐homoplasic evolutionary transitions; within the 220 changes that are unambiguously optimized in the tree, ca. 15% are reversions. The trees obtained by using characters derived from the muscles of the head and neck are more similar to the most recent evolutionary molecular tree than are the trees obtained by using characters derived from the pectoral and upper limb muscles. It was recently argued that since the Pan/Homo split, chimpanzees accumulated more phenotypic adaptations than humans, but our results indicate that modern humans accumulated more muscle character state changes than chimpanzees, and that both these taxa accumulated more changes than gorillas. This overview of the evolution of the primate head, neck, pectoral and upper limb musculature suggests that the only muscle groups for which modern humans have more muscles than most other extant primates are the muscles of the face, larynx and forearm.
Insights from a Nonvocal Learner on Social Communication

Language is unique to humans. As a result, the neurobiological underpinnings of language are difficult to study in animal models. Fortunately, components of language, such as vocal learning, occur in other animals, including cetaceans, pinnipeds, elephants, bats, and several classes of birds,
A new rapid kindling variant for induction of cortical epileptogenesis in freely moving rats

Kindling, one of the most used models of experimental epilepsy is based on daily electrical stimulation in several brain structures. Unlike the classic or slow kindling protocols (SK), the rapid kindling types (RK) described until now require continuous stimulation at suprathreshold intensities applied directly to the same brain structure used for subsequent electrophysiological and immunohistochemical studies, usually the hippocampus. However, the cellular changes observed in these rapid protocols, such as astrogliosis and neuronal loss, could be due to experimental manipulation more than to epileptogenesis-related alterations. Here, we developed a new RK protocol in order to generate an improved model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) which allows gradual progression of the epilepsy as well as obtaining an epileptic hippocampus, thus avoiding direct surgical manipulation and electric stimulation over this structure. This new protocol consists of basolateral amygdala (BLA) stimulation with 10 trains of biphasic pulses (10 s; 50 Hz) per day with 20 min-intervals, during 3 consecutive days, using a subconvulsive and subthreshold intensity, which guarantees tissue integrity. The progression of epileptic activity was evaluated in freely moving rats through electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings from cortex and amygdala, accompanied with synchronized video recordings. Moreover, we assessed the effectiveness of RK protocol and the establishment of epilepsy by evaluating cellular alterations of hippocampal slices from kindled rats. RK protocol induced convulsive states similar to SK protocols but in 3 days, with persistently lowered threshold to seizure induction and epileptogenic-dependent cellular changes in amygdala projection areas. We concluded that this novel RK protocol introduces a new variant of the chronic epileptogenesis models in freely moving rats, which is faster, highly reproducible and causes minimum cell damage with respect to that observed in other experimental models of epilepsy.
Perceived Control, Coping, and Expressed Burden among Spouses of Suspected Dementia Patients: Analysis of the Goodness-of-Fit Hypothesis

ABSTRACT The goodness-of-fit hypothesis contends that distress results due to incongruence between choice of coping strategies and perceived ability to change stressful stimuli. Goal-directed or active coping responses are believed to be most efficacious when the individual believes s/he can change or control perceived threats (i.e., problem-focused coping). Instances in which stressors must be accepted, however, would dictate reliance upon strategies to regulate distress (i.e., emotion-focused coping). Inconsistent support for this facet of Lazarus and Folkman's cognitive phenomenological model was obtained in this study of spouses of suspected dementia patients. The distinction between emotion- and problem-focused coping appears less germane than overall coping efforts relative to perceived control and caregiver burden. In addition, perceived ability to control dementia-related stressors appears to be somewhat independent of coping by caregivers. These findings are discussed in terms of the unique and chronic demands faced by spouses of persons with dementia. RÉSUMÉ L'hypothèse de l'adéquation (goodness-of-fit) avance que la détresse résulte de l'inadéquation entre le choix de stratégies d'adaptation et la capacité subjective de changer les stimuli sources de stress. Les réponses dirigées vers des buts ou d'adaptation active sont considérées comme les plus efficaces dans les circonstances où l'individu croit qu'il peut changer ou contrôler les menaces perçues (par exemple, la stratégie de résolution de problème). Par contre, lorsque les situations stressantes doivent être acceptées, les stratégies de régulation de la détresse seraient de mise (par exemple, les stratégies centrées sur les émotions). Cette étude avec des conjoints de patients présumés déments n'apporte qu'un soutien empirique inconsistant à cette facette de la théorie cognitivo-phénoménologique de Lazarus et Folkman. Cette distinction entre adaptation centrée d'un côté sur les émotions et de l'autre sur les problèmes apparaît moins pertinente que l'effort global d'adaptation relatif au contrôle perçu et au fardeau de l'aidant naturel. De plus, la capacité perçue de contrôler les situations stressantes reliées à la démence apparaît être plutôt indépendante de l'adaptation de l'aidant naturel. Ces résultats sont discutés en termes des demandes uniques et chroniques auxquelles sont confrontés les conjoints de personnes affligées par la démence.
Examining the interactive effects of accountability, politics, and voice

Purpose – Research has shown accountability can produce both positive and negative outcomes. Further, because of inherent environmental uncertainty, perceptions of organizational politics often interact with accountability to produce negative effects. However, using uncertainty management theory, the purpose of this paper is to argue that employees can use proactive voice to exercise control in the ambiguity of highly accountable and political environments. Design/methodology/approach – This two sample study of graduate school alumni (n=211) and insurance employees (n=186) explored the three-way interaction of felt accountability×politics perceptions×proactive voice on work performance, job satisfaction, and job tension. Findings – As hypothesized, high levels of felt accountability and politics were most strongly associated with favorable outcomes when coupled with increased voice behavior. Conversely, felt accountability and politics were related to negative outcomes in settings associated with low proa.
Predictors of hepatitis A vaccine coverage among university students in Korea.

AIM To investigate the status of hepatitis A vaccination, knowledge, and health beliefs among university students in Korea and identify factors influencing their hepatitis A vaccination rate. METHODS A self-reporting survey was conducted with 367 university students in Korea via descriptive survey. Data were collected on demographics, status of hepatitis A vaccination, knowledge, and health beliefs. RESULTS The hepatitis A vaccination rate was 23.4%. The hepatitis A vaccination rate was significantly higher in those who had a general awareness about the hepatitis A (odds ratio [OR] = 3.56, P = 0.003), those with some overseas travel experience (OR = 2.64, P = 0.025), those perceiving the benefits of hepatitis A vaccination (OR = 1.66, P = 0.023), and those perceiving barriers (inversed) to hepatitis A vaccination (OR = 1.95, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION To promote hepatitis A vaccination among university students, information and education should be provided to improve their health beliefs. In addition, this demographic should be a major target population for hepatitis A vaccination. This study's results suggest that the development of national promotional campaigns and hepatitis A vaccination programs based on predictors of the vaccination rate are needed.
Seroprevalence of 9 Human Papillomavirus Types in the United States, 2005-2006.

BACKGROUND A 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, licensed in 2014, prevents 4 HPV types targeted by the quadrivalent vaccine (6/11/16/18) and 5 additional high-risk (HR) types (31/33/45/52/58). Measuring seropositivity before vaccine introduction provides baseline data on exposure to types targeted by vaccines. METHODS We determined seroprevalence of HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58 among 4943 persons aged 14-59 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2006. RESULTS Among females, seroprevalence was 40.5% for any of the 9 vaccine types, 30.0% for any 7 HR types (16/18/31/33/45/52/58), 19.0% for any 5 additional types (31/33/45/52/58), and 18.3% for 16/18. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks had higher seroprevalence of 31/33/45/52/58 (36.8% vs 15.9%) and 16/18 (30.1% vs 17.8%), while Mexican Americans had higher seroprevalence of 31/33/45/52/58 (23.6% vs 15.9%) (P < .05 for all). In multivariable analyses of data from females, race/ethnicity, number of sex partners, and age were associated with 16/18 and 31/33/45/52/58 seropositivity. Seropositivity was lower among males than among females (P < .001 for all type categories). CONCLUSIONS In 2005-2006, about 40% of females and 20% of males had serological evidence of exposure to ≥1 of 9 HPV types. Seroprevalence of all type categories, especially HPV 31/33/45/52/58 among females, varied by race/ethnicity.
Characterization of the cellular immune response in hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a hepatotropic RNA virus, is a major causative agent of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinomas. The host immune responses, especially cellular immune responses, play an important role in viral clearance, liver injury, and persistent HCV infection. A thorough characterization of the HCV cellular immune responses is important for understanding the interplays between host immune system and viral components, as well as for developing effective therapeutic and prophylactic HCV vaccines. Recent advances that provide better understanding the cell immune responses in HCV infection are summarized in this article. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 29, No. 6, 843–866, 2009
A functional model of hierarchy

We propose that hierarchy is such a prevalent form of social organization because it is functionally adaptive and enhances a group’s chances of survival and success. We identify five ways in which hierarchy facilitates organizational success. Hierarchy (a) creates a psychologically rewarding environment; (b) motivates performance through hierarchy-related incentives; (c) capitalizes on the complementary psychological effects of having versus lacking power; (d) supports division of labor, and, as a result, coordination; and (e) reduces conflict and enhances voluntary cooperation. Overall, we specify a causal model linking organizational structure (hierarchy), processes (motivation, leadership, coordination, and cooperation) and outcomes (performance). We also discuss three variables that moderate the need for and acceptance of hierarchy—(a) the level of task interdependence; (b) the legitimacy of hierarchical differentiation; and (c) the alignment of different bases of hierarchy—and link them to the mediating processes through which hierarchy facilitates organizational success.
Teachers’ learning in school-based development

Abstract Background and purpose: Many researchers agree that teachers’ learning processes are social and that teachers need to be brought together to learn from each other. Researchers have also stated that intellectual and pedagogical change requires professional development activities that take place over a period of time in school. The purpose of the study presented in the article was to develop knowledge about the teachers’ learning when taking part in a school-based development project. Main argument: The study shows that it takes some time before the teachers identify with the work in school-based development. Even though the national authorities decided what to focus on during the development work, the participating teachers felt that they had autonomy in the work. The study presented in the article shows that it is important for the teachers’ learning culture that they are listened to and taken into consideration and that the leaders have competence in leading school-based development to support the teachers’ learning. Sources of evidence and method: The article is based on a study connected with school-based development in three lower secondary schools. Qualitative interviews were used as the data-collection strategy to capture the teachers’ and school leaders’ experiences and reflections. Conclusion: The article presents new knowledge connected with teachers’ learning in school-based development. The study presented in the article shows that schools’ learning culture can make a difference for the teachers’ learning and their job satisfaction and wellbeing.
Constraining the Lifetime of Quasars from Their Spatial Clustering

The lifetime of the luminous phase of quasars is constrained by current observations to be 106 ≲ tQ ≲ 108 yr but is otherwise unknown. We model the quasar luminosity function in detail in the optical and X-ray bands using the Press-Schechter formalism and show that the expected clustering of quasars depends strongly on their assumed lifetime tQ. We quantify this dependence and find that existing measurements of the correlation length of quasars are consistent with the range 106 ≲ tQ ≲ 108 yr. We then show that future measurements of the power spectrum of quasars out to z ~ 3, from the Anglo-Australian Telescope Two-Degree Field or Sloan Digital Sky Survey, can significantly improve this constraint and in principle allow a precise determination of tQ. We estimate the systematic errors introduced by uncertainties in the modeling of the quasar-halo relationship, as well as by the possible existence of obscured quasars.
The Factors of Influencing College Student's Belief in Consumption-type Internet Rumors

The study is aimed at exploring the factors of influencing college student's belief in consumption-type Internet rumors. A special interest is facused on the correlative causality of â€œsource credibility,â€ â€œaffection,â€ and â€œinvolvement,â€ which are operated as the main variable effects on college studentsâ€™ belief in these rumors. By using â€œinvolvementâ€ as a moderator, this study analyzes its correlation with the other factors. This study is designed to awaken college studentsâ€™ attention to messages on the Internet, and to provide suggestions for the enterprises. The findings of this study include: (1) both source credibility and involvement have positive effects on the college studentsâ€™ belief in consumption-type Internet rumors; (2) affection has a partial effect on the college studentsâ€™ belief in consumption-type Internet rumors without causal relation; and (3) both source credibility and involvement have positive effects on the college studentsâ€™ belief in consumption-type Internet rumors under different involvements.
Southeast Asian and Japanese Cultural Influences on the Understanding of Scientific Concepts

Intercultural dialogue in higher education around the globe is essential towards improving the theory, policy and practice of science and science education. The culture, cosmology, and philosophy of ‘global’ science as practiced today in all societies around the world is seemingly anchored in the cozy inter-Atlantic Occidental relationship that dominates the world that we know today, which whilst giving cursory acknowledgement to the contributions of preceding civilizations, somehow fails to give due recognition to the contributions of non-Occidental and non-Platonic thinking that preceded GrecoRoman thought. This essay analyzes language-culture incommensurability pertaining to the concepts of ‘nature’ and ‘observation’ from the so-called ‘Western’ and ‘Eastern’ perspectives; in so doing, proposes a thesis that there exists two broad cultures of science.
Fear and Psychological Reactance

Abstract. Psychological reactance and related defensive processes have been long cited as an explanation for failure of fear appeal messages. The overwhelming majority of studies on fear and reactance have only examined the intensity of fear from a between-individuals perspective, in which individuals who have higher peak fear are predicted to experience stronger levels of psychological reactance. Recent development in the fear appeal research suggests an alternative perspective: Psychological reactance is activated when fear is aroused but not reduced within each individual; on the other hand, psychological reactance is mitigated or inhibited when fear is aroused and then reduced. Empirical data from a quasi-experimental study using graphic tobacco warning labels are used to test and compare the two approaches to studying the relationship between fear and psychological reactance. Implications for psychological reactance and fear appeal are discussed.
Self priming from distinctive and caricatured faces

Burton, Bruce & Johnston (1990) have recently presented an interactive activation and competition (IAC) model of face recognition. Within this architecture they present accounts of repetition priming, semantic priming and distinctiveness effects with faces. This model predicts that a short-lived priming effect should extend from a person's face to their name, this is called ‘self priming’. The model also predicts that the distinctiveness of the person's face should interact with the amount of self priming found. We tested this prediction with distinctive and typical face sets (Expt 1); results confirmed the prediction. From a hybrid of Valentine's (1991 a) multidimensional space framework and Burton et al.'s IAC model we derived a second prediction, that a caricature of a face should produce more self-priming than the veridical or an anti-caricatured (shifted towards an average face) representation of the face. Using continuous-tone caricatures of photographic quality we tested this prediction in Expts 2 and 3; results again confirmed the prediction. This finding is consistent with the idea that caricaturing works by enhancing the face's distinctiveness.
Scratching the surface: Practice, personality, approaches to learning, and the acquisition of high-level representational drawing ability.

Research suggests that expertise typically is acquired as a result of deliberate practice and a flexible approach to strategies for learning. Representational drawing is a complex skill which underpins performance in many branches of the visual arts and has the characteristics of other domains of expertise. It is therefore likely that approaches to learning and certain types of practice characterize the development of expertise in this domain. The current study aimed to investigate how differences in the acquisition of representational drawing skill could be explained by individual differences in personality, approaches to learning, and practice. A cohort of art students (n 682) completed questionnaires about their artistic ability, personality, and approaches to learning. A subset completed tasks of drawing ability (n 301), the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test (ROCFT), and an IQ test (Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices). Drawing ability related to time spent drawing and use of drawing techniques, with additional independent effects of the copying and recalling a complex geometric figure. Personality predicted approaches to learning, which in turn predicted differences in the outcome variables: practice, use of techniques, and drawing ability. Personality did not directly predict drawing ability when approaches to learning were taken into account. Surface learners spent more time drawing, learned fewer techniques, and acquired a lower level of skill and strategic learners acquired a higher level of drawing skill. The resulting model of drawing ability development can be applied to expertise in a range of creative and noncreative domains
Anterior cranial base reconstruction: Role of galeal and pericranial flaps

Reconstruction of surgical defects in 30 patients undergoing surgery of the anterior cranial base was performed using pericranial, galeopericranial, and galeal scalp flaps. Twenty‐seven patients had resection of neoplasms, the majority of which were malignant. Fifty‐seven percent of patients received prior therapy consisting of surgery and/or radiotherapy. Adequate healing of the cranial base was noted in all cases without persistent cerebrospinal fluid leaks, meningitis, or brain herniation. Mucosalization of the intranasal surface was noted. No skin grafts were used. At a median follow‐up of 13 months, 67% of patients were alive with no evidence of disease.