Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feedback-related Negativity Codes Prediction Error but Not Behavioral Adjustment during Probabilistic Reversal Learning

We assessed electrophysiological activity over the medial frontal cortex (MFC) during outcome-based behavioral adjustment using a probabilistic reversal learning task. During recording, participants were presented two abstract visual patterns on each trial and had to select the stimulus rewarded on 80% of trials and to avoid the stimulus rewarded on 20% of trials. These contingencies were reversed frequently during the experiment. Previous EEG work has revealed feedback-locked electrophysiological responses over the MFC (feedback-related negativity; FRN), which correlate with the negative prediction error [Holroyd, C. B. , & Coles, M. G. The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 109, 679–709, 2002] and which predict outcome-based adjustment of decision values [Cohen, M. X. , & Ranganath, C. Reinforcement learning signals predict future decisions. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 371–378, 2007]. Unlike previous paradigms, our paradigm enabled us to disentangle, on the one hand, mechanisms related to the reward prediction error, derived from reinforcement learning (RL) modeling, and on the other hand, mechanisms related to explicit rule-based adjustment of actual behavior. Our results demonstrate greater FRN amplitudes with greater RL model-derived prediction errors. Conversely expected negative outcomes that preceded rule-based behavioral reversal were not accompanied by an FRN. This pattern contrasted remarkably with that of the P3 amplitude, which was significantly greater for expected negative outcomes that preceded rule-based behavioral reversal than for unexpected negative outcomes that did not precede behavioral reversal. These data suggest that the FRN reflects prediction error and associated RL-based adjustment of decision values, whereas the P3 reflects adjustment of behavior on the basis of explicit rules.
Optimal data rate selection for vehicle safety communications

This paper answers a simple but important question in VANET research: what is the optimal data rate to be used in DSRC-based vehicle safety communications? While it is generally accepted that the default choice is 6 Mbps, this assumption is not rooted in strong technical considerations. This paper provides a systematic evaluation of optimized data rates choices in a variety of scenarios. The answer found enables researchers to generally eliminate one dimension of complexity in relevant VANET studies. Additionally, the methodology used in this paper is possibly as interesting as the conclusion.
Examples of nonlinear homogenization involving degenerate energies. I. Plane strain

The study of polycrystals of shape-memory alloys and rigid-perfectly plastic materials gives rise to problems of nonlinear homogenization involving degenerate energies. This paper presents a characterization of the stress and strain fields in a class of problems in plane strain, and uses it to study examples including checkerboards and hexagonal microstructures. Consequences for shape-memory alloys and rigid-perfectly plastic materials are discussed.
Pd-Type on-Line Learning Control for Systems with State uncertainties and Measurement disturbances

In this paper, a PD-type on-line learning control (OLC) is proposed for the tracking problem in a class of nonlinear time-varying systems with state uncertainties and measurement disturbances. In this proposed OLC algorithm, we use a combination of PD feedback control and feedforward control that is based on the previous control input profiles in an iterative manner. The proposed control scheme has a simple and straightforward structure that leads to its easy implementation. The uniform boundary of the tracking error is established based on the convergence analysis. It is demonstrated that the proposed control algorithm is robust in coping with the state uncertainties and measurement disturbances that result from the system modeling inaccuracies and the initial state errors. Further, one unique feature of the proposed PD-type on-line learning control is that the controller allows a wide range of control gains to be selected to improve its convergence rate. Simulation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.
Semantic Instance Segmentation via Deep Metric Learning

We propose a new method for semantic instance segmentation, by first computing how likely two pixels are to belong to the same object, and then by grouping similar pixels together. Our similarity metric is based on a deep, fully convolutional embedding model. Our grouping method is based on selecting all points that are sufficiently similar to a set of "seed points", chosen from a deep, fully convolutional scoring model. We show competitive results on the Pascal VOC instance segmentation benchmark.
Patterns of Heart Rate Variability Predictive of Internalizing Symptoms in a Non-Clinical Youth Sample

ii Dedication . iv Acknowledgments . v Vita . vi List of Figures . x Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Heart Rate Variability . 2 Implications of HRV . 4 HRV & Depression . 6 Atypical Patterns of HRV in Depression . 7 Present Study . 11 Chapter 2: Methods . 13 Measures . 13 Depressive Symptoms: Children’s Depression Inventory & Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children . 13 Anxiety Symptoms: Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children . 14 Vagally Mediated Heart Rate Variability . 14 viii Index of Inhibitory Control & Emotional Challenge: Antisaccade Task . 15 Procedure . 15 Statistical Analyses . 17 Chapter 3: Results . 20 Preliminary Analyses . 20 Descriptive Statistics and Correlations . 20 Moderation Analyses and Conditional Effects . 22 Chapter 4: Discussion . 26 Limitations and Future Directions . 34 Conclusion . 36 References . 37 Appendix A: Tables . 49 Appendix B: Figures . 62
Giant component and vacant set for random walk on a discrete torus

We consider random walk on a discrete torus $E$ of side-length $N$, in sufficiently high dimension $d$. We investigate the percolative properties of the vacant set corresponding to the collection of sites which have not been visited by the walk up to time $uN^d$. We show that when $u$ is chosen small, as $N$ tends to infinity, there is with overwhelming probability a unique connected component in the vacant set which contains segments of length const $\log N$. Moreover, this connected component occupies a non-degenerate fraction of the total number of sites $N^d$ of $E$, and any point of $E$ lies within distance $N^\beta$ of this component, with $\beta$ an arbitrary positive number.
Beschwerden über Psychotherapie und ihre Auswirkungen auf Patienten und Patientinnen

Zusammenfassung Die unprofessionelle Ausübung einer Psychotherapie schädigt ihr generell gutes Ansehen. Eine öffentliche Auseinandersetzung mit Kunstfehlern oder unethischem Therapeutenverhalten findet deshalb kaum statt, obgleich ein transparenter Umgang mit dem Thema auch dessen Rarität verdeutlichen und eine professionelle Handhabung mit Fehlverhalten fördern könnte. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse insgesamt 55 Beschwerdebriefe von Patientinnen an die Psychotherapeutenkammer Nordrhein-Westfalen aus den Jahren 2011 und 2012 analysiert. Alle Briefe wurden anonymisiert übergeben, nachdem die Bearbeitung der Beschwerde abgeschlossen war. Insgesamt wurden 149 Beschwerden über Kunstfehler und unethisches Verhalten sowie 124 Aussagen zu deren negativen Konsequenzen identifiziert. Die meisten Beschwerden über Kunstfehler betrafen die Kategorie „Verletzung therapeutischer Basisvariablen“ (40,3%), gefolgt von „Verletzung der Rahmenbedingungen“ (16,8%) und „finanzieller Missbrauch“ (12,1%). In Folge der Kunstfehler bzw. des unethischen Verhaltens berichteten 28,2% der Patientinnen eine „Veränderung ihrer Symptomatik“. Die Ergebnisse geben einen Einblick in die Bandbreite möglicher Beschwerden und deren Konsequenzen und unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit, Patientinnen und Therapeutinnen für das Thema zu sensibilisieren.
Presentations for the punctured mapping class groups in terms of Artin groups

Consider an oriented compact surface F of positive genus, possibly with boundary, and a finite set P of punctures in the interior of F, and define the punctured mapping class group of F relatively to P to be the group of isotopy classes of orientation-preserving homeomorphisms h : F → F which pointwise fix the boundary of F and such that h(P) = P. In this paper, we calculate presentations for all punctured mapping class groups. More precisely, we show that these groups are isomorphic with quotients of Artin groups by some relations involving fundamental elements of parabolic subgroups.
The CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Is the Major Cannabinoid Receptor at Excitatory Presynaptic Sites in the Hippocampus and Cerebellum

Endocannabinoids work as retrograde messengers and contribute to short-term and long-term modulation of synaptic transmission via presynaptic cannabinoid receptors. It is generally accepted that the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) mediates the effects of endocannabinoid in inhibitory synapses. For excitatory synapses, however, contributions of CB1, “CB3,” and some other unidentified receptors have been suggested. In the present study we used electrophysiological and immunohistochemical techniques and examined the type(s) of cannabinoid receptor functioning at hippocampal and cerebellar excitatory synapses. Our electrophysiological data clearly demonstrate the predominant contribution of CB1. At hippocampal excitatory synapses on pyramidal neurons the cannabinoid-induced synaptic suppression was reversed by a CB1-specific antagonist, N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251), and was absent in CB1 knock-out mice. At climbing fiber (CF) and parallel fiber (PF) synapses on cerebellar Purkinje cells the cannabinoid-dependent suppression was absent in CB1 knock-out mice. The presence of CB1 at presynaptic terminals was confirmed by immunohistochemical experiments with specific antibodies against CB1. In immunoelectron microscopy the densities of CB1-positive signals in hippocampal excitatory terminals and cerebellar PF terminals were much lower than in inhibitory terminals but were clearly higher than the background. Along the long axis of PFs, the CB1 was localized at a much higher density on the perisynaptic membrane than on the extrasynaptic and synaptic regions. In contrast, CB1 density was low in CF terminals and was not significantly higher than the background. Despite the discrepancy between the electrophysiological and morphological data for CB1 expression on CFs, these results collectively indicate that CB1 is responsible for cannabinoid-dependent suppression of excitatory transmission in the hippocampus and cerebellum.
Classical solutions for exotic instantons

We consider the D7/D(–1) system in Type I' as a prototypical ``exotic'' brane instanton. With respect to systems such as the D3/D(–1) ones, which correspond to gauge instantons in four dimensions, exotic systems lack the bosonic mixed moduli w of the ADHM construction, related to the instanton size ρ, and their possible field-theoretical interpretation as classical solutions is an important open question. For the system at hand, we propose that it corresponds to the point-like limit ρ → 0 of the eight-dimensional so-called SO(8) instanton solution. This configuration is a solution of the quartic term of the non-abelian D7 action, i.e. the term which stays finite in the limit α' → 0 with gs fixed that preserves the D(–1) effects. As a necessary consistency condition, we check that the next order term in the non-abelian effective action vanishes on the SO(8) solution so that the limit we take is well-defined.
Interactions Among CYP2C8, EPHX2, and CYP4A11 Variants and CYP Plasma Metabolite Levels in Ischemic Stroke

Aim: To better understand the relationship between the interactions among rs17110453, rs751141, and rs9333025 variants and plasma levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolites, i.e., 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DiHETEs) in ischemia stroke (IS). Methods: We measured plasma CYP metabolite levels in 218 acute IS cases and 126 controls, and a subset of samples were assessed to further understand the association between relevant variants and IS risk in our previous study. We assessed the associations between variant interactions and levels of 20-HETE, EETs, and DiHETEs as well as the associations between levels of 20-HETE, EETs, and DiHETEs and IS risk after adjusting for other potential confounders. Furthermore, the association between variant interactions and IS risk after adjusting for other covariates, including CYP metabolites levels, was evaluated. Results: The interactions among variants rs17110453, rs751141, and rs9333025 were significantly associated with high 20-HETE, high DiHETEs, and low EETs after adjusting for the status of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. High 20-HETE, high DiHETEs, and low EETs were independent risk factors for IS after adjusting for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and the interactions among rs17110453, rs751141, and rs9333025. Furthermore, the interactions among rs17110453, rs751141, and rs9333025 were significantly associated with a higher risk of IS after adjusting for CYP metabolites (OR= 2.02, 95% CI: 1.28–5.27, P = 0.007). Conclusion: The association between the interactions among rs17110453, rs751141, and rs9333025 and IS risk in Chinese population may be partly but not exclusively mediated by plasma levels of 20-HETE, EETs, and DHETs. Further well-designed studies are warranted to replicate this finding.
Combinatorial Extension ( CE ) using a Composite Property Description . A New Approach to 3-D Structure Alignment and its Application to the Protein Kinase Family

The ambiguity between the results of a 3-D structure alignment obtained by different algorithms and that determined by domain experts reveals that simply finding the best rmsd is not enough to match biologically meaningful features, and hence provide the most meaningful structure alignment. Yet an accurate comparative analysis reveals a great deal about the biological function of related proteins. A new algorithm is presented that utilizes a combinatorial extension (CE) of the optimal path. A path that is further refined by the use of protein properties relevant to structural and functional features. The resulting all-by-all alignments are reported for the 38 known structures of the protein kinase catalytic subunit. Results indicate that the alignments are significantly better than other methods and come close to those reported by protein kinase experts. Alignments and a Java applet for analyzing similarities and differences in proteins comprising an alignment are available from http://cl.sdsc. edu/align_db. html.
On the Luminosity Function of Galaxies in Groups in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Using galaxy groups identified in the fourth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we compute the luminosity function for several subsamples of galaxies in groups. In all cases, the luminosity functions are well described by Schechter functions, down to the faintest magnitudes we probe, M0.1r - 5 log(h) ~ -16. For the general luminosity function of galaxies in groups in the five SDSS bands, we observe that the characteristic magnitude is brighter at ~0.5 mag than those obtained for field galaxies by Blanton et al. Even when the observed faint-end slope is steeper in galaxy groups, it is statistically comparable with the field value. We analyze the dependence of the galaxy luminosity function with system masses, finding two clear trends: a continuous brightening of the characteristic magnitude and a steepening of the faint-end slope as mass increases. The results in 0.1g, 0.1r, 0.1i, and 0.1z bands show the same behavior. Using the u - r color to split the galaxy sample into red and blue galaxies, we show that the changes observed as a function of the system mass are mainly seen in the red, passively evolving galaxy population, while the luminosities of blue galaxies remain almost unchanged with mass. Finally, we observe that groups having an important luminosity difference between the two brightest galaxies of a system show a steeper faint-end slope than the other groups. Our results can be interpreted in terms of galaxy mergers as the main driving force behind galaxy evolution in groups.
Examining the Connection Between Spirituality and Embodiment in Medical Education

The purpose of this study was to explore and analyze the experience of spirituality for students of Western medicine as reflected in writing assignments for an elective course on embodiment and empathy building skills. Questions included: What is the relationship between embodiment and spirituality for students of Western medicine? How does (re-)embodiment lead to reflections on spirituality? Does mind-body awareness lead to mind-body-spirit awareness? How can incorporation of embodiment techniques into physician training foster spirituality as it relates to physicians’ professional healing roles? Based in a constructivist paradigm, this study used a qualitative grounded theory methodology to generate theory about the relationship between spirituality and embodiment for students of Western medicine. This study used pre-existing archived data in the form of academically assigned reflection papers written by students at a prominent medical school in Chicago, Illinois. Data were analyzed using Chesler’s sequential analysis method. Results suggested that decreased cognitive control, aided through experiential learning, allows for increased awareness of the relationship between the self and other, including the non-verbal expression of empathy and spirituality. Results suggested this can be applied to Western medicine to enhance the therapeutic doctor-patient relationship and lead to more effective care and healing.
Dust in the Extremely Metal-Poor Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxy I Zw 18: The Spitzer Mid-infrared View

I Zw 18, a blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxy with the second lowest metallicity measured in a star-forming object, has been observed with all three instruments on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. We present the deepest 5-36 μm mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrum of this galaxy as yet obtained, as well as 3.6-70 μm imaging results. As with SBS 0335-052E, another BCD with similar metallicity, I Zw 18 shows no detectable emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the continuum emission, from 15 to 70 μm, of I Zw 18 has a much steeper slope, more characteristic of a typical starburst galaxy of solar abundance. The neon abundance as measured from the infrared fine-structure lines is ~1/23 Z☉, and the sulfur abundance is ~1/35 Z☉, generally consistent with the nebular oxygen abundance of 1/30 Z☉ derived from optical lines. This suggests that the extinction to the infrared-emitting regions of this galaxy is low, also in agreement with the optical Balmer line ratios.
Antioxidant Profile of Trifolium pratense L

In order to examine the antioxidant properties of five different extracts of Trifolium pratense L. (Leguminosae) leaves, various assays which measure free radical scavenging ability were carried out: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, superoxide anion and nitric oxide radical scavenger capacity tests and lipid peroxidation assay. In all of the tests, only the H2O and (to some extent) the EtOAc extracts showed a potent antioxidant effect compared with BHT and BHA, well-known synthetic antioxidants. In addition, in vivo experiments were conducted with antioxidant systems (activities of GSHPx, GSHR, Px, CAT, XOD, GSH content and intensity of LPx) in liver homogenate and blood of mice after their treatment with extracts of T. pratense leaves, or in combination with CCl4. Besides, in the extracts examined the total phenolic and flavonoid amounts were also determined, together with presence of the selected flavonoids: quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, naringenin and kaempferol, which were studied using a HPLC-DAD technique. HPLC-DAD analysis showed a noticeable content of natural products according to which the examined Trifolium pratense species could well be regarded as a promising new source of bioactive natural compounds, which can be used both as a food supplement and a remedy.
Antarctic echinoids and climate change : a major impact on the brooding forms

Ocean acidification (OA) and the accompanying changes to carbonate concentrations are predicted to have especially negative impacts in the Southern Ocean where, as a result of colder temperatures, there will be shallowing of both the aragonite (ASH) and calcite saturation horizons (CSH). Echinoids are a dominant group of the Antarctic macrofauna which, because of their high-Mg calcite skeleton, are particularly susceptible to changes in the ASH. Using published information on the bathymetric distributions of Antarctic echinoids, we show that the majority of heavily calcified echinoids have their lower bathymetric limit above a depth of ca. 3000 m, approximately the current depth of the CSH. Echinoids whose depth range extends below 3000 m generally have thin, weakly calcified tests and include species from the Order Holasteroida, and the Families Cidaridae and Schizasteridae. Examination of the reproductive mode of Antarctic echinoids shows that brooding, where calcification of the young occurs in the same CaCO3 environment as the mother, is primarily found at a depth above 3000 m. The predicted shallowing of the ASH and CSH under OA conditions is likely to negatively impact growth and reproduction of heavily calcified brooders in the Family Cidaridae, which may result in changes to bathymetric ranges, local population extinction, and associated losses in macrofaunal biodiversity. As with other calcified deep sea invertebrates, echinoids may be particularly vulnerable to the impacts of increased CO2 and OA in the Southern Ocean.
Comparing Platform “Ranking Cultures” Across Languages: The Case of Islam on YouTube in Scandinavia

This article is concerned with how different agencies play out in shaping public debate online and, for this purpose, employs an approach that acknowledges the role not just of algorithms seen in isolation, but in context with users. The empirical case is YouTube video search results related to Islam in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. As such, the article makes a contribution by adding a comparative layer to the discussion of “ranking cultures,” which has so far focused on individual cases or English-language searches. The analysis is based on a mapping of the highest-ranking videos, as well as a qualitative exploration of these videos’ content and context. Findings illustrate how intricate practices of re-posting and re-framing of videos is key to understand the ways YouTube’s search function contributes to shape the public image of an issue differently in different language areas and social settings. Findings are related to previous studies of immigration coverage in mainstream news media in the case countries. The discussion highlights the merits of the approach, not only for bringing out nuances in how YouTube shape political issues in different contexts but also for pointing to questions of the broader public debate.