Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Infeasibility of Invariant Laws in Management Studies: a Reflective Dialogue in Defense of Case Studies

The author questions the possibility of establishing invariant laws for social phenomena and presents an argument for the case study method. Despite the many alleged advantages of the case study method, its validity remains in doubt. Various concepts and techniques have been developed to make the method rigorous enough to meet the stringent criteria of nomothetical social science, but it often fails to meet two of them: (1) reliability and replicability, and (2) external validity. Those two criteria can be met only when social researchers find an invariant law. The author examines whether those two criteria are really necessary and attempts to clarify the conditions under which they are relevant, that is, the conditions under which an invariant law can be discovered in social phenomena. He argues that the conditions are so stringent that the search for an invariant law should not be the main objective of management studies, and he contends that reliability/replicability and external validity are irrelevant not only for the case study, but for any method of management studies. Without those two criteria, the validity of the case study can be forcefully reasserted. The author concludes by suggesting that serious consideration be given to whether the objective of management studies should be changed from a search for invariant laws of practical use to the encouragement of reflective dialogue in society.
Restorative Experience and Self-Regulation in Favorite Places

The authors report further evidence bearing on the relations among restorative experiences, self-regulation, and place attachment. University students (n = 101) described their favorite places and experiences in them, and 98 other students described unpleasant places. Natural settings were overrepresented among favorite places and underrepresented among the unpleasant places. In open-ended accounts, frequent mention of being relaxed, being away from everyday life, forgetting worries, and reflecting on personal matters indicated a link between favorite places and restorative experience. Restoration was particularly typical of natural favorite places. Structured evaluations of being away, fascination, coherence, and compatibility indicated they were experienced to a high degree in the favorite places, although fascination to a lesser degree than compatibility. The favorite and unpleasant places differed substantially in all four restorative qualities but especially in being away and compatibility. Self-referencing appears to be more characteristic of favorite place experiences than engaging or interesting environmental properties.
Query-driven incremental synchronization of view models

Views are key concepts of domain-specific modeling in order to provide specific focus of the designers by abstracting from unnecessary details of the underlying abstract model. Usually, these views are represented as models themselves (view models), computed from the source model. However, the efficient maintenance of views when the source model changes is challenging, as recalculation from scratch has to be avoided to achieve scalability. In the paper, we propose an approach to define view models in a highly automated way, based on declarative model queries. The views are automatically populated in accordance with the lifecycle of regular model elements - however, their existence is entirely bound to the underlying abstract model. This means that view models are automatically and incrementally maintained. Our contribution can also be interpreted as extending the concepts of derived features to derived objects, specified and maintained by incremental queries.
VOICES IN SUICIDE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-DESTRUCTIVE THOUGHT PROCESSES, MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR, AND SELF-DESTRUCTIVE MANIFESTATIONS

Findings from empirical studies demonstrating significant relationships between parental introjects or ''voices'' and self - destructive behavior are presented In this article. The ''voice'' is defined as a systematized, integrated pattern of negative thoughts, accompanied by angry affect, that is the basis of an individual's maladaptive behavior. The studies applied the theoretical construct of the voice to the development of the Firestone Assessment of Self - Destructive Thoughts (FAST). Results of administering the scale to 1, 358 participants (outpatient, inpatient, and nonclinical groups) showed that the instrument distinguished between those individuals with a past history of suicide attempts and those without such a history. An exploratory factor analysis identified three factors representing levels of increasing self destructiveness. This analysis suggested that Factor Composite 3, labeled ''Self - Annihilating, '' and the Suicide Intent Composite, a subset of Factor 3, contained the primary facto.
The Fennell Phase Inventory in a Belgian Sample

The present study is a follow-up of the research conducted by Jason, Fennell et al. (1995,1999, 2000) on a multistage theory for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This multistage model is a very promising method for the evaluation of patients suffering from CFS and could facilitate the appropriate selection of various psychosocial therapies that improve the patient's ability to cope with their illness. Four predictive factors emerged with moderate to excellent reliability. A Spearman's rank correlation revealed positive correlations between our four-factor model and the three-factor model identified by Jason et al. (1999). A correlation matrix between the dimensional psychological investigation and the Fennell Phases revealed characteristics as suggested by previous research. Biological parameters varied over the different phases suggesting an important interaction between body and psyche.
Towards a validation of multiple features in the assessment of emotions

This study extends previous attempts to assess emotion with single adjective descriptors, by examining semantic as well as cognitive, motivational, and intensity features of emotions. The focus was on seven negative emotions common to several emotion typologies: anger, fear, sadness, shame, pity, jealousy, and contempt. For each of these emotions, seven items were generated corresponding to cognitive appraisal about the self, cognitive appraisal about the environment, action tendency, action fantasy, synonym, antonym, and intensity range of the emotion, respectively. A pilot study established that 48 of the 49 items were linked predominantly to the specific emotions as predicted. The main data set comprising 700 subjects' ratings of relatedness between items and emotions was subjected to a series of factor analyses, which revealed that 44 of the 49 items loaded on the emotion constructs as predicted. A final factor analysis of these items uncovered seven factors accounting for 39% of the variance. These e.
Ambivalence, Information, and Electoral Choice

Conventional wisdom views voter choice in House elections as preordained by party identification, incumbency, and perceptions of national conditions. In an analysis of voter behavior in House elections between 1990 and 2000, we find instead that voters are quite heterogeneous. Voters who hold ambivalent partisan attitudes, who typically constitute 30% of the electorate, reduce their reliance on party identification; this effect is entirely independent of the strength of identification. Individuals holding ambivalent partisan attitudes that both lack political knowledge and are presented with little campaign stimulus are more likely to engage in economic voting. Individuals holding ambivalent partisan attitudes that either are knowledgeable about politics or are presented with stimulating campaigns are more likely to engage in ideological voting. Thus, campaign competition and national partisan competition each play a role in assuring that ordinary voters may participate meaningfully in the political process.
Electrophysiological Assessment of Temporal Resolution in Pinnipeds

Studies of auditory temporal processing in marine mammals have traditionally focused on the highly refined temporal resolution capabilities of dolphins and other odontocete cetaceans. However, a recent electrophysiological investigation of manatee (Trichechus manatus) hearing has shown their temporal resolution to be better than expected, leading to speculation that enhanced temporal processing capabilities are adaptive for underwater sound localization. This study measured evoked responses from several California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) to determine how well the auditory systems of these amphibious mammals resolve rhythmic stimuli. Trains of broadband clicks were presented in air at repetition rates from 125 to 1,500 s -1 , and the averaged evoked responses elicited by these stimuli were recorded from the skin. Rate-following responses were detected in the sea lions at rates up to 1,000 s -1 , with an estimated upper limit of temporal resolution between 875 to 1,000 s -1 . This upper limit is better than previously anticipated and was further substantiated by limited testing with the harbor seal and northern elephant seal. While these findings might support an underwater sound localization hypothesis, measurements comparable to those of the pinnipeds were also obtained in a phylogenetically similar terrestrial mammal: a domestic dog (Canis familiaris). It is therefore possible that increased temporal resolution in pinnipeds and other nonecholocating marine mammals is not a result of the evolutionary pressure of an aquatic environment.
Incidence of Left-Handedness for Writing

Recent investigations of left hand usage in non-Western societies have typically involved administration of a battery of tests to small samples. The present study took an alternative approach, surveying a large population on the single measure of hand used for writing. In a sample of 56,779 Nigerian primary schoolchildren, an overall incidence of 4.51 % was found, considerably higher than previous reports from Nigeria and other parts of Africa. In agreement with most empirical studies or theoretical proposals, a higher incidence of left-handedness for writing was observed in boys than in girls, and in urban than in rural children.
RopSteg: program steganography with return oriented programming

Many software obfuscation techniques have been proposed to hide program instructions or logic and to make reverse engineering hard. In this paper, we introduce a new property in software obfuscation, namely program steganography, where certain instructions are "diffused" in others in such a way that they are non-existent until program execution. Program steganography does not raise suspicion in program analysis, and conforms to the W⊕X and mandatory code signing security mechanisms. We further implement RopSteg, a novel software obfuscation system, to provide (to a certain degree) program steganography using return-oriented programming. We apply RopSteg to eight Windows executables and evaluate the program steganography property in the corresponding obfuscated programs. Results show that RopSteg achieves program steganography with a small overhead in program size and execution time. RopSteg is the first attempt of driving return-oriented programming from the "dark side", i.e., using return-oriented programming in a non-attack application. We further discuss limitations of RopSteg in achieving program steganography.
Effects of Deliberate Practice on Crisis Decision Performance

This study examined the impact of deliberate practice on pilot decision making in once-in-a-career crisis decision scenarios. First we explored the impact of deliberate practice on pilot decision-making performance for crisis flying scenarios that had been practiced in their entirety. Then we looked at the impact of deliberate practice in which one aspect of the crisis scenario - the particular malfunction - was unpracticed. We analyzed pilot decision-making performance in response to 160 airborne mechanical malfunctions. We initially found that deliberate practice significantly improves decision-making performance for wholly practiced crises but does not improve decision-making performance when the specific malfunction has not been practiced. We then split decision making for each crisis into two phases: assessment and action selection. For wholly practiced crisis scenarios, additional deliberate practice positively impacts each decision-making phase. However, for part-practiced scenarios, deliberate practice appears to differentially affect phase of error. Specifically, pilots with more deliberate practice erred in action selection, whereas less-practiced pilots erred in assessment. Actual or potential applications of this research include training proscriptions for crisis decision making.
Transforming Situation Calculus Action Theories for Optimised Reasoning

Among the most frequent reasoning tasks in the situation calculus are projection queries that query the truth of conditions in a future state of affairs. However, in long running action sequences solving the projection problem is complex. The main contribution of this work is a new technique which allows the length of the action sequences to be reduced by reordering independent actions and removing dominated actions; maintaining semantic equivalence with respect to the original action theory. This transformation allows for the removal of actions that are problematic with respect to progression, allowing for periodical update of the action theory to reflect the current state of affairs. We provide the logical framework for the general case and give specific methods for two important classes of action theories. The work provides the basis for handling more expressive cases, such as the reordering of sensing actions in order to delay progression, and forms an important step towards facilitating ongoing planning and reasoning by long-running agents. It provides a mechanism for minimising the need for keeping the action history while appealing to both regression and progression.
Turkish Pre‐Service Science Teachers’ Views on Science–Technology–Society Issues

The international science education community recognises the role of pre‐service science teachers’ views about the interdependence of Science, Technology, and Society (STS) in achieving scientific literacy for all. To this end, pre‐service science teachers’ STS views signal the strengths and the weaknesses of science education reform movements. Turkey, a country that follows the international reform movement, aims at improving citizen’s understanding of the STS interdependence to enable them to fully participate in an industrialised, democratic society. This study explores the Turkish pre‐service science teachers’ views (n = 176) on STS issues and discusses the ongoing reform efforts’ strengths and weaknesses within the context of the study findings. Data were collected through an adopted “Views on Science–Technology–Society” instrument. Analysis revealed that many participants held realistic views on science, technology, and society interdependence, while their views on technology and the nature of science were differed. Some viewed technology as an application of science, and some viewed science as explanatory and an interpretation of nature. Most agreed that the scientific knowledge is tentative but they did not present a thorough understanding of the differences between hypotheses, laws, and theories.
Variance predicts salience in central sensory processing

Information processing in the sensory periphery is shaped by natural stimulus statistics. In the periphery, a transmission bottleneck constrains performance; thus efficient coding implies that natural signal components with a predictably wider range should be compressed. In a different regime—when sampling limitations constrain performance—efficient coding implies that more resources should be allocated to informative features that are more variable. We propose that this regime is relevant for sensory cortex when it extracts complex features from limited numbers of sensory samples. To test this prediction, we use central visual processing as a model: we show that visual sensitivity for local multi-point spatial correlations, described by dozens of independently-measured parameters, can be quantitatively predicted from the structure of natural images. This suggests that efficient coding applies centrally, where it extends to higher-order sensory features and operates in a regime in which sensitivity increases with feature variability. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.03722. 001
Mental health service use among hurricane Katrina survivors in the eight months after the disaster.

OBJECTIVE This study examined use of mental health services among adult survivors of Hurricane Katrina in order to improve understanding of the impact of disasters on persons with mental disorders. METHODS A geographically representative telephone survey was conducted between January 19 and March 31, 2006, with 1,043 displaced and nondisplaced English-speaking Katrina survivors aged 18 and older. Survivors who reported serious and mild-moderate mood and anxiety disorders in the past 30 days and those with no such disorders were identified by using the K6 scale of nonspecific psychological distress. Use of services, system sectors, and treatments and reasons for not seeking treatment or dropping out were recorded. Correlates of using services and dropping out were examined. RESULTS An estimated 31% of respondents (N=319) had evidence of a mood or anxiety disorder at the time of the interview. Among these only 32% had used any mental health services since the disaster, including 46% of those with serious disorders. Of those who used services, 60% had stopped using them. The general medical sector and pharmacotherapy were most commonly used, although the mental health specialty sector and psychotherapy played important roles, especially for respondents with serious disorders. Many treatments were of low intensity and frequency. Undertreatment was greatest among respondents who were younger, older, never married, members of racial or ethnic minority groups, uninsured, and of moderate means. Structural, financial, and attitudinal barriers were frequent reasons for not obtaining care. CONCLUSIONS Few Katrina survivors with mental disorders received adequate care; future disaster responses will require timely provision of services to address the barriers faced by survivors.
Turning a disulfide isomerase into an oxidase: DsbC mutants that imitate DsbA

There are two distinct pathways for disulfide formation in prokaryotes. The DsbA‐DsbB pathway introduces disulfide bonds de novo, while the DsbC‐DsbD pathway functions to isomerize disulfides. One of the key questions in disulfide biology is how the isomerase pathway is kept separate from the oxidase pathway in vivo. Cross‐talk between these two systems would be mutually destructive To force communication between these two systems we have selected dsbC mutants that complement a dsbA null mutation. In these mutants, DsbC is present as a monomer as compared with dimeric wild‐type DsbC. Based on these findings we rationally designed DsbC mutants in the dimerization domain. All of these mutants are able to rescue the dsbA null phenotype. Rescue depends on the presence of DsbB, the native re‐oxidant of DsbA, both in vivo and in vitro. Our results suggest that dimerization acts to protect DsbC's active sites from DsbB‐mediated oxidation. These results explain how oxidative and reductive pathways can co‐exist in the periplasm of Escherichia coli.
Positive intergroup attitudes: The role of ethnic identity

Developmental theory suggests that a well-developed ethnic identity serves as a secure position which allows people to be more open and accepting to people from other ethnic groups. To examine this prediction, two studies were carried out. In Study 1, 713 college freshmen from four ethnic groups were surveyed regarding positive attitudes toward other groups and were assigned to ethnic identity statuses on the basis of scores on the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (Phinney, 1992). The results showed that Asian American and Latino students with an achieved ethnic identity reported significantly more positive attitudes toward other groups than did those in ethnic identity diffusion. Study 2 used qualitative methods with 124 adolescents from five ethnic groups. Ethnic identity and intergroup attitudes were assessed with open-ended questions regarding views of one's own ethnicity and experiences with other ethnic groups. Results showed that ethnic identity achieved adolescents, compared to diffuse adolescents, gave responses indicating greater awareness and understanding of intergroup relations. Overall, the results provide evidence that a secure ethnic identity is associated with positive intergroup attitudes and mature intercultural thinking.
A Case Study of an Induction Year Teacher's Problem-Solving using the LIBRE Model Activity

Background: A federally-funded program at the University of Texas at San Antonio adopted a holistic problem solving mentoring approach for novice teachers participating in an accelerated teacher certification program. Aims / focus of discussion: To investigate a novice teacher's problem-solving activity through self-expression of challenges and management of identified problems. Of interest was the level of novice teacher detail provided to explore specific problems, goals, and completion of developed resolution plans. The LIBRE Model, developed as a clinical tool, was used to facilitate "self-talk," and personal self-attention to concerns expressed within the person's "worldview" of social context. Sample: One novice teacher in her induction year participated in this study. The information collected included her expressed: self-awareness, social expectations, skills, facility in processing identified challenges and willingness to invest in change. Method: Three mentor facilitated novice teacher problem-solving sessions were conducted. With each session, a problem-solving exercise occured, which included the development of a resolution plan. Only the novice teacher's words and plans were recorded. This holistic approach was designed to capture the individual's tailored, supported, and transitional changes from novice to more experienced teacher. The sustainability of the teacher's self-managed changes was evident with the fourth problem solving activity which was completed independent of the mentor. Results: Teacher and mentor feedback are presented. The value of monitoring teacher self-awareness and self- managed change are discussed as elements of the structured mentor - mentee communication. Conclusion: Diagnostic/intervention tools such as the LIBRE Model introduced during the beginning teaching experience provide key information about the individual in terms of self-exploration, problem solving, and decision- making. As evidenced in the case study, the novice teacher found an approach based on her self-reflection and personal strengths, which increased her sense of self-efficacy and professional self-confidence.
Marijuana Use and Unprotected Sexual Intercourse Among Adolescent Detainees

This study examines the association between marijuana use and unprotected sexual intercourse among adolescent detainees. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews in a juvenile court setting as the detainees waited to be released to their parents' custody. Analyses that controlled for relevant covariates indicated that the association between marijuana use and unprotected sexual intercourse in a specific event was moderated by the respondents'age at the time of the event. Marijuana use was associated with a higher occurrence of unprotected sexual intercourse for detainees who were relatively young when the event occurred. These findings provide meaningful information that can be used to inform future research as well as interventions with adolescent detainees.