Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Collaboration in the Pair Program Tracing and Debugging Eye-Tracking Experiment: A Preliminary Analysis

This paper characterized the extent of collaboration of pairs of novice programmers as they traced and debugged fragments of code using cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA). This was a preliminary analysis that specifically aimed to compare and assess the collaboration of pairs consisting of two individuals who may have different or same level of prior knowledge given a task. We performed a CRQA to build cross-recurrence plots using eye tracking data and computed for the CRQA metrics, such as recurrence rate (RR), determinism (DET), average diagonal length (L), longest diagonal length (LMAX), entropy (ENTR), and laminarity (LAM) using the CRP toolbox for MATLAB. Results showed that low prior knowledge pairs (BL) collaborated better compared to high prior knowledge pairs (BH) and mixed prior knowledge (M) pairs because of its high RR and DET implying that they had more recurrent fixations and matching scanpaths. However, the BL pairs’ high ENTR and LAM could mean that they seemed to have more difficulty in understanding and debugging the programs. All pairs regardless of category had more or less exerted the same level of attunement when asked to debug the programs as evident in their L values. The mixed pairs seemed to have struggled with eye coordination the most as it had the most incidences of low LMAX.
Development of a portable cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer for the measurement of ambient NO 3 and N 2 O 5 : experimental setup, lab characterizations, and field applications in a polluted urban environment

Abstract. A small and portable incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer (IBBCEAS) for NO3 and N2O5 measurement has been developed. The instrument features a mechanically aligned non-adjustable optical mounting system, and the novel design of the optical mounting system enables a fast setup and stable operation in field applications. To remove the influence of the strong nonlinear absorption by water vapour, a dynamic reference spectrum through NO titration is used for the spectrum analysis. The wall loss effects of the sample system were extensively studied, and the total transmission efficiencies were determined to be 85 and 55 % for N2O5 and NO3, respectively, for our experimental setup. The limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 2.4 pptv (1σ) and 2.7 pptv (1σ) at 1 s intervals for NO3 and N2O5, respectively. The associated uncertainty of the field measurement was estimated to be 19 % for NO3 and 22–36 % for N2O5 measurements from the uncertainties of transmission efficiency, absorption cross section, effective cavity length, and mirror reflectivity. The instrument was successfully deployed in two comprehensive field campaigns conducted in the winter and summer of 2016 in Beijing. Up to 1.0 ppb NO3+N2O5 was observed with the presence of high aerosol loadings, which indicates an active night-time chemistry in Beijing.
How contractors price risk in bids: theory and practice

Formal and analytical models that contractors can use to assess and price project risk at the tender stage have proliferated in recent years. However, they are rarely used in practice. Introducing more models would, therefore, not necessarily help. A better understanding is needed of how contractors arrive at a bid price in practice, and how, and in what circumstances, risk apportionment actually influences pricing levels. More than 60 proposed risk models for contractors that are published in journals were examined and classified. Then exploratory interviews with five UK contractors and documentary analyses on how contractors price work generally and risk specifically were carried out to help in comparing the propositions from the literature to what contractors actually do. No comprehensive literature on the real bidding processes used in practice was found, and there is no evidence that pricing is systematic. Hence, systematic risk and pricing models for contractors may have no justifiable basis. Contractors process their bids through certain tendering gateways. They acknowledge the risk that they should price. However, the final settlement depends on a set of complex, micro‐economic factors. Hence, risk accountability may be smaller than its true cost to the contractor. Risk apportionment occurs at three stages of the whole bid‐pricing process. However, analytical approaches tend not to incorporate this, although they could.
Market Risk in Demutualized Self-Listed Stock Exchanges: An International Analysis of Selected Time-Varying Betas

Abstract This article examines market risk in four demutualized and self-listed stock exchanges: the Australian Stock Exchange, the Deutsche Börse, the London Stock Exchange and the Singapore Stock Exchange. Daily company and the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Index returns provide the respective asset and market portfolio data. A bivariate GARCH model is used to estimate time-varying betas for each exchange from listing until 7 June 2005. While the results indicate significant beta volatility, unit root tests show the betas to be mean-reverting. These findings are used to suggest that despite concerns that demutualized and self-listed exchanges entail new market risks that merit regulatory intervention, the betas of the exchange companies have not changed significantly since listing. However, market risk does vary considerable across the exchanges, with mean time-varying betas of 0.56 for the Deutsche Börse, 0.66 for the London Stock Exchange, 0.78 for the Singapore Stock Exchange, and 0.95 for the Australian Stock Exchange.
Metabolic interactions with piperazine‐based ‘party pill’ drugs

Objectives ‘Party pills’ have found use worldwide as a substitute for amphetamine‐derived designer drugs. Whilst some information exists about the metabolism of these drugs, there is little information about their ability to inhibit the metabolism of co‐administered drugs. This study aimed to determine whether predictions can be made about global interactions between ‘party pills’ constituents and other drugs metabolised by the same cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes.
Voluntary social reporting in three FTSE sectors: a comment on perception and legitimacy

In examining the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spillage on corporate social reporting (CSR) in the annual reports of oil companies, Patten suggested examining companies in other industries and their response to social (e.g. environmental) threats. This paper examines environmental and social reporting in five companies representing three FTSE sectors, selected according to an intuitive understanding of society’s perceptions of their depth of “sin” or supposed unethical behaviour. Social disclosure data were captured from annual corporate reports between 1975 and 1997. Results suggest that legitimacy theory may be an explanation of disclosure in some cases but not in others. The distorting effects of perception (of legitimacy‐threatening factors) and the increase in choices of disclosure media partly explain the mixed results and these factors and it is suggested, challenge the usefulness of future “annual‐report only” studies.
Tax Incentive Programs and Unemployment Rate

This paper answers the question: What are the effects of tax incentive programs on an area's unemployment rate? A model is developed that describes the determination of unemployment in an enterprise zone. The estimation of unemployment rate using Census data for Ohio, taking into account the treatment effects problem, shows that such programs have a significant impact in reducing unemployment. The net impact of being an enterprise zone for a duration of one year is approximately a 3 percentage point reduction in area unemployment. The results also suggest that three to five years could be the optimum period for offering incentives.
Parting the long grass: revealing and reconceptualising the African family

In 1991 the United Nations proclaimed 1994 to be the International Year of the Family (IYF) and further called upon member states to discuss various strategies for implementing the IYF objectives. The most important objectives identified for special attention include the stimulation of local, national and international actions as part of a sustained long-term effort to increase awareness of family issues among governments and the private sector. This was to be done by highlighting the functions of families, the importance of these functions and the problems faced by families in the performance of their roles in the community. Although the UN had in the past made similar proclamations aimed at drawing the attention of the world community to the specific circumstances of certain groups of people, we
Divorce Transition Differences of Midlife Women

Divorce transition experienced by and its influence upon midlife women's health is not fully understood. Interviews were conducted with 24 divorced women who self-classified into decider status groups: initiator (who first decided to end marriage), non-initiator (recipient of end of marriage decision), and mutual decider (shared decision to end marriage). Interpretive content analysis involving pattern coding was conducted. The divorce transition by initiators (n = 8) included self-focused growth, optimism, and social support losses and opportunities, while the divorce transition by non-initiators (n = 8) included being left, ruminating, vulnerability, and spiritual comfort. No profile emerged for the mutual-decider group (n = 8). This study supports that differences in divorce transition exist for initiators and non-initiators.
Innovation Orientations and Their Effects on Business Performance: Contrasting Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Service Firms

This study examines the relative performance of small‐ versus medium‐sized service firms with respect to innovation orientations and their effect on business performance. We examine the effect of innovation on business performance between the two groups of firms, exploring differences in innovation orientation on performance between the groups of small‐ and medium‐sized firms. We also examine differences within each group, exploring the extent to which innovation focus differs within each group. The empirical data were drawn from 180 managers in Australian service small and medium enterprises. The findings suggest that while there is no difference between small‐ and medium‐sized firms with respect to their innovation orientations, significant differences exist between the firm's size with respect to the effect of innovation orientations on business performance. Specifically, exploitation innovation has a stronger effect on business performance among small firms compared with medium‐sized firms, and exploration innovation shows a stronger effect on business performance among medium‐sized firms compared with small firms. Overall, the findings show important relative differences between innovation orientations and business performance across different sized firms.
Travel Mode Detection Using GPS Data and Socioeconomic Attributes Based on a Random Forest Classifier

The past few years have witnessed the rapid growth in the collection of large-scale GPS data via smartphone-based travel surveys around the world, following which transportation modes detection received significant attention. A mass of methods varying from Criteria-based rules to Machine Learning technology were employed to recognize the travel modes. However, the limited sample size, deficient feature selection and the less emphasis on addressing confusion modes, which leave room for improvement. This paper therefore sought to develop and evaluate a Random Forest classifier combined with a rule-based method to detect six travel modes (subway, walking, bicycle, e-bike, bus and car). Seven GPS-related variables are selected as feature set from the initial list of 22 variables. Consequently, more than 98% subway trips were correctly identified and the overall accuracy of the rest five modes classification is obtained as high as 93.11%. More than 85% trips were successfully identified for each mode except for the bus. More importantly, results show that socioeconomic attributes data could significantly improve the prediction of e-bike and address the confusion between bus and car modes. The employment of ROC curve provides a statistical proof to the excellent classification capacity of Random Forest in this study. Besides, the comparison with two representative classifiers demonstrates the applicability of Random Forest classifier for travel modes detection incorporating multi-source attributes.
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH Direct Medical Care Costs of Unstable Angina Pectoris in a Defined Population

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the type and amount of resources used over two years in treating unstable angina pectoris. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of services used and costs to treat unstable angina pectoris, other coronary artery disease (CAD) and all other medical conditions over two years. Significance tests and cross correlations using Spearman and Pearson tests were performed among patient characteristics' services utilized, and costs. Patients were stratified by age, sex, time since original diagnosis, diagnostic procedure or operation, myocardial infarction (ICM-9 CM 410) and heart failure (ICM-9 CM 428). SETTING: A managed care organization located in the Mid-Atlantic region. PATIENTS: 492 patients given a diagnosis of unstable angina pectoris in the year prior to study enrollment. These patients were followed from July 1, 1993, through June 30, 1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost of treating unstable angina pectoris and other coronary artery disease. RESULTS: More than $1.6 million was spent on tre.
Study of cardiovascular risk factors among tertiary hospital employees and their families.

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in most countries of the world. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among administrative employees working at a tertiary hospital (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi) and their families. METHODS AND RESULTS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a total of 453 individuals aged 30 years and above (N1 = 453 for the questionnaire, anthropometric and clinical parameters; N2 = 429 for biochemical investigations). Evaluation for cardiovascular risk factors, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and serum lipids were performed using standard definitions. The mean age of the study group was 43.3 +/- 9.5 years. There was a high prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors--current smoking in 58 (12.8%), tobacco consumption in 26 (5.7%), family history of coronary artery disease 79 (17.4%), diabetes mellitus in 25 (5.8%), hypertension in 94 (20.7%), hyperlipidemia--hypercholesterolemia in 110 (25.7%) & hypertriglyceridemia in 148 (34.5%), physical inactivity in 180 (39.7%), body mass index e" 23 kg/m2 in 350 (77.3%), central obesity i.e. waist circumference > 90 cm for males and > 80 cm for females -in 201 (80.1%) of males and 163 (80.7%) of females, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption in 387 (85.4%), heavy drinking in 12 (2.6%), and stress in 58 (12.7%). CONCLUSION The study demonstrated an overall high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors even amongst employees at a tertiary hospital and their families. This indicates an urgent need to initiate a comprehensive health promotion and cardiovascular disease prevention programme at workplace and community level.
Fiscal policy in a small euro area economy

This article discusses the role of fi scal policy in a small open economy of the euro area. In the context of a general equilibrium model, results suggest that fi scal policy can play an active role in stabilising the business cycle, having effects on production and households consumption. The analysis of the impact of fi scal measures should not, however, focus exclusively on its short-run effects, ignoring the medium-run impacts of the exit strategies necessary to ensure a sustainable path of public debt. Results suggest that, if fi scal stimulus measures are implemented, these should be temporary and that the adequate time lag to return to the initial fi scal stance depends, among other factors, on the evolution of the sovereign debt risk premium.
Explanators of Local Government Distress

This article develops a statistical model to explain sources of distress in local government. Whereas 'financial distress' in the private sector has been equated with a failure to meet financial commitments, here 'distress' is interpreted as an inability to maintain pre-existing levels of services to the community. Since the late 1990s local councils in an Australian state (New South Wales) have been required to estimate the cost of restoring infrastructure assets to a satisfactory condition (a requirement which predates that form of reporting on infrastructure condition introduced as an option in U.S. GASB 34). Information regarding the cost of restoring infrastructure is used in this study as a proxy for levels of distress (in contrast to the binary classification that characterizes much of prior private sector financial distress research). Data regarding service levels for a sample of 161 councils for 2001 and 2002 were used and a multiple regression model was estimated and interpreted. The main findings were that the degree of distress in local councils is positively associated with the size of the population they serve and the size and composition of their revenues. Road maintenance costs featured prominently in results, as higher road program costs were associated with higher levels of distress (particularly when interacted with other variables). However, the revenue generating capacity of councils had the strongest statistical impact on local government distress. Councils with lower percentages of rates revenue to total revenue and lower ordinary revenue levels to total assets were typically identified as more distressed. However, no systematic evidence was found that rural councils have higher distress levels than urban councils (i.e., both rural and urban councils serving larger populations were relatively more distressed than councils serving smaller populations). It is suggested that the model (or modifications thereof) may serve as an early warning system for those monitoring the circumstances and performance of local governments.
A jump in cycle length of orthodromic common atrial flutter during catheter ablation at the isthmus between the inferior vena cava and tricuspid annulus; evidence of dual isthmus conduction directed to dual septal exits.

INTRODUCTION In orthodromic common atrial flutter (AFL), details of intraseptal propagation of the flutter (FL) wave exiting from the isthmus between the inferior vena cava and tricuspid annulus (IVC-TA isthmus) remain unknown. We hypothesized the existence of dual septal exits of the FL wave from the IVC-TA isthmus to both the anterior, coronary sinus ostium (CSO-TA) isthmus, and the posterior septal (IVC-CSO) isthmus, and that the IVC-TA isthmus might consist of dual muscle bundles directed to both septal isthmuses over the eustachian ridge; therefore, segmental ablation of the IVC-TA isthmus could change intraseptal FL wave propagation. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis, we investigated the influence of segmental ablation of the IVC-TA isthmus on intraseptal FL wave propagation. In seven of 40 (18%) consecutive patients, segmental ablation of the ventricular side of the IVC-TA isthmus during orthodromic common AFL led to sudden prolongation of the flutter cycle length (FCL) (from 266 +/- 33 ms to 291 +/- 45 ms) associated with changes in intraseptal activation sequences. They consisted of prolongation of the interval between the IVC-TA isthmus and the CSO (from 38 +/- 13 ms to 86 +/- 25 ms), shortening of the interval between the CSO and His (from 31 +/- 15 ms to 9 +/- 15 ms), and atrial electrogram polarity change at the His-bundle recording site. Morphological change in the FL wave was also seen on the 12-lead ECG. CONCLUSIONS In some patients, segmental ablation of the IVC-TA isthmus can lead to a jump in FCL and changes in intraseptal activation sequences of FL waves due to anterior-to-posterior shifting of the septal exit. This indicates that the IVC-TA isthmus may contain dual circumferential muscle bundles as conduction pathways directed to dual septal exits both anterior and posterior to the CSO.
Is Antitrust Enforcement Effective?

In a paper in this Journal, Block, Nold, and Sidak (1981) tried to determine the impact of antitrust enforcement on horizontal price fixing. After examining data on white bread markups in 20 U.S. cities, they concluded that the enforcement activity of the Department of Justice against wholesale bakers had both remedial and deterrent effects. In this paper, I question the authors' empirical results for three reasons. They used Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) retail prices in computing bread markups; however, the white bread priced by the bureau changed quality over the sample period. When a proxy for this quality change is included in the authors' specification, one deterrent effect disappears. Second, the bread markups are sensitive to the pricing decisions made by grocery retailers. When a proxy for retail pricing decisions is included in the model, the deterrent effects are weaker. Finally, the significance of the remedial effect depends on a single observation, and this observation was affected by the two problems just stated.
The association between alcohol misuse and suicidal behaviour.

AIMS Despite recent small reductions in overall suicide rates, rates among those aged 25-44 have remained high. The aim of this paper was to examine the evidence for a link between alcohol misuse/consumption and suicidal behaviour, explore the reasons for this association, and consider the implications for reducing rates of suicidal behaviour. METHODS A medline search was performed to find relevant research evidence. RESULTS There is evidence to suggest alcohol misuse predisposes to suicidal behaviour through its depressogenic effects and promotion of adverse life events, and both behaviours may share a common genetic predisposition. Acute alcohol use can also precipitate suicidal behaviours through induction of negative affect and impairment of problem-solving skills, as well as aggravation of impulsive personality traits, possibly through effects on serotonergic neurotransmission. CONCLUSIONS Effective interventions for problem drinking may help reduce suicide rates. At a public health level, reducing overall alcohol consumption may be beneficial, and the measures shown to be most effective in this regard are those that aim to restrict availability of alcohol.