Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Whence Univalent Ambivalence? From the Anticipation of Conflicting Reactions

The subjective experience of ambivalence results from possessing both positive and negative reactions. Why do individuals sometimes experience ambivalence when they possess only positive or only negative reactions (i.e., univalent attitudes)? This research advances and provides support for the notion that anticipated conflicting reactions underlie such ambivalence. Anticipated conflicting reactions occur when an individual possesses no, or only a few, manifest conflicting reactions and yet anticipates that there may exist conflicting information of which they are unaware. Support is provided by three experiments in which anticipated conflicting reactions mediated the influence of amount of univalent information on feelings of ambivalence.
Differential affect structure in depressive and anxiety disorders

A dynamic model of affect suggests that positive and negative affect (PA and NA) are normally relatively independent of one another, whereas the heightened apprehensiveness and narrowed cognitive attention in persons with anxiety may contribute to a more unidimensional affect structure. This possibility was examined in a sample of 230 patients seeking treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders in the Netherlands. Two methods, a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Fisher's z test of correlations, were used to test these predicted relationships within a sample of persons diagnosed with either a depressive or an anxiety disorder. Both methods supported these predictions, with the depressed group exhibiting relatively independent PA and NA while the anxious group's affects were more strongly inversely correlated.
Behavioral inhibition and the communication of public speaking state anxiety

Researchers studying the communication of public speaking anxiety have reported that audiences consistently underestimate the state anxiety of public speakers and that speaker behavior, rather than audience decoding skills, are primarily responsible for the discrepancy. In the present study, behavioral inhibition is advanced as explanation of this phenomenon. Analyses of variance for trends revealed an inverse linear relationship between state anxiety level and audience decoding efficiency. Behavioral assessments of speaker inhibition and rigidity, however, were positively related to state anxiety levels. These findings are consistent with the operation of behavioral inhibition within Buck's readout theory of emotion. Implications are advanced for future research and pedagogy.
RNA hairpin-folding kinetics

Based on the complete ensemble of hairpin conformations, a statistical mechanical model that combines the eigenvalue solutions of the rate matrix and the free-energy landscapes has been able to predict the temperature-dependent folding rate, kinetic intermediates, and folding pathways for hairpin-forming RNA sequences. At temperatures higher than a “glass transition” temperature, Tg, the eigenvalues show a distinct time separation, and the rate-limiting step is a two-state single exponential process determined by the slowest eigenmode. At temperatures lower than Tg, no distinct time separation exists for the eigenvalues, hence multiple (slow) eigenmodes contribute to the rate-determining processes, and the folding involves the trapping and detrapping of kinetic intermediates. For a 21-nt sequence we studied, Tg is lower than the transition temperature, Tm, for thermodynamic equilibrium folding. For T > Tm, starting from the native state, the chain undergoes a biphasic unfolding transition: a preequilibrated quasi-equilibrium macrostate is formed followed by a rate-limiting two-state transition from the macrostate to the unfolded state. For Tg < T < Tm, the chain undergoes a two-state on-pathway folding transition, at which a nucleus is formed by the base stacks close to the loop region before a rapid assembly of the whole hairpin structure. For T < Tg, the multistate kinetics involve kinetic trapping, causing the roll-over behavior in the rate-temperature Arrhenius plot. The complex kinetic behaviors of RNA hairpins may be a paradigm for the folding kinetics of large RNAs.
Clinical and laboratory findings in chronic conjunctivitis in cats: 91 cases (1983-1991).

Clinical findings and laboratory test results from 91 cats with chronic conjunctivitis were studied to determine the causes of the disease and the sensitivity of diagnostic procedures used, and to identify correlations between results of various diagnostic procedures and clinical or signalment variations. Mean age of affected cats was 2.9 +/- 2.7 years (+/- SD), with a range from 1 month to 11 years. Conjunctivitis was more likely to be bilateral (56 cats) than unilateral (35 cats). In cats tested for FeLV or feline immunodeficiency virus infection, 15 and 8.5%, respectively, of the results were positive, compared with 4 and 2.6% for the general hospital population. Culturing or immunofluorescent assay (IFA) for feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) and Chlamydia psittaci IFA resulted in identification of pathogens (positive test results) in 19% (FHV-1) and 18% (C psittaci) of tested cats. For FHV-1, culturing was more sensitive than was IFA, yielding positive results in 19 vs 8.8% of cases. In only 1 cat were FHV-1 and chlamydiae recovered. The probability of positive test results for FHV-1 or chlamydiae was unrelated to concurrent corneal disease, unilateral vs bilateral involvement, or age. Cause of conjunctivitis could not be definitively determined in the remaining 35 cases tested for both agents. Bacterial species considered to be potentially pathogenic were isolated from conjunctival sac specimens in only 1 of 38 attempts. Cytologic changes considered compatible with chlamydial or FHV-1 infection (intracytoplasmic inclusions or multinucleated epithelial cells, respectively) were found in 8 and 5 cases, respectively. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Risk Determinants of Suicide Attempts Among Adolescents

In this article we present evidence about the factors that determine four gradual decisions on the part of adolescents to attempt suicide. To that end, we estimate a series of binary choice models by using data drawn from the U.S. National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys corresponding to 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1997. Our results show that the decisions to attempt suicide are motivated by both demographic and psychosocial variables, such as gender, age, ethnicity, education failure, possession of a gun, habitual participation in sporting activities, individual weight perception, and taking pills or provoking vomiting to lose weight. Moreover, we also find that a significant degree of influence is exerted by another group of factors, such as the consumption of drugs, sexual relationships, and, finally, pregnancy. Copyright 2006 American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc.
The development of a new transformational leadership questionnaire.

This study sought to investigate the characteristics of ‘nearby’ leaders by eliciting the constructs of male and female top, senior, and middle-level managers and professionals working in organizations in two large UK public sectors (local government and the National Health Service). An instrument, the Transformational Leadership Questionnaire (TLQ-LGV), was developed and piloted on a national sample of 1464 managers working for local government organizations. Analysis of the data, presented here, revealed the existence of nine highly robust scales with high reliabilities (α≥.85) and with convergent validity (range r = .46 to .85). These findings are discussed, together with suggestions for subsequent research.
Progressive computation of the min-dist optimal-location query

This paper proposes and solves the min-dist optimal-location query in spatial databases. Given a set S of sites, a set O of weighted objects, and a spatial region Q, the min-dist optimal-location query returns a location in Q which, if a new site is built there, minimizes the average distance from each object to its closest site. This query can help a franchise (e.g. McDonald's) decide where to put a new store in order to maximize the benefit to its customers. To solve this problem is challenging, for there are theoretically infinite number of locations in Q, all of which could be candidates. This paper first provides a theorem that limits the number of candidate locations without losing the power to find exact answers. Then it provides a progressive algorithm that quickly suggests a location, tells the maximum error it may have, and keeps refining the result. When the algorithm finishes, the exact answer can be found. The intermediate result of early runs can be used to prune the search space for later runs. Crucial to the pruning technique are novel lower-bound estimators. The proposed algorithm, the effect of several optimizations, and the progressiveness are experimentally evaluated.
Factors Influencing the Adoption of Multimedia Cable Technology

The continuing convergence of communication technologies is prompting a reconceptualization of media channels and their content, involving traditional mass media and point-to-point communication content delivered via wired or wireless channels. One of the more widely touted multimedia video technologies involves the provision of several hundred voice, data, and video channels via an interactive coaxial cable system. The present study explores audience intentions to experiment with or adopt such a multimedia cable technology service.
Earwitness identification performance: the effect of language, target, deliberate strategies and indirect measures

The present study examined whether voice identification performance is influenced by language comprehension (i.e. familiar vs. non-familiar language) and target presence (target-present (TP) vs. target-absent line-ups (TA)). It also looked at the relationship of deliberate strategies and indirect measures (i.e. confidence, difficulty and pressure) with performance. Sixty Native English speakers were exposed to an auditory event involving 45 to 50 seconds of speech. After 30 minutes delay, participants listened to a voice line-up (TP or TA) in either a familiar (i.e. English) or unfamiliar language (i.e. French) according to the language spoken during the event, and were then asked to identify the original speaker's voice. Participants demonstrated significantly better performance for the familiar language/TP line-ups. Participants who reported using the ‘elimination’ strategy were significantly more accurate than participants who reported using either a ‘matching’ strategy or no strategy. Indirect measures were not found to be good predictors of performance, except for confidence regarding TA accuracy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of iron deficiency on hemoglobin A2% in obligate β‐thalassemia heterozygotes

The potential impact of concomitant iron deficiency on hemoglobin A2 (HbA2)‐based identification of β‐thalassemia trait (βTT) is a worrisome issue for screening laboratories. This is especially true for resource‐constrained settings where iron deficiency is widespread and molecular confirmatory tests for borderline low HbA2 values may be unavailable.
INTEGRATING COALESCENT AND ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELING IN COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY

Abstract Understanding the factors that contribute to the formation of population genetic structure is a central goal of phylogeographic research, but achieving this goal can be complicated by the stochastic variance inherent to genetic processes. Statistical approaches to testing phylogeographic hypotheses accommodate this stochasticity by evaluating competing models of putative historical population structure, often by simulating null distributions of the expected variance. The effectiveness of these tests depends on the biological realism of the models. Information from the fossil record can aid in reconstructing the historical distributions of some taxa. However, for the majority of taxa, which lack sufficient fossils, paleodistributional modeling can provide valuable spatial-geographic data concerning ancestral distributions. Paleodistributional models are generated by projecting ecological niche models, which predict the current distribution of each species, onto a model of past climatic conditions. Here, we generate paleodistributional models describing the suitable habitat during the last glacial maximum for lineages from the mesic forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America, and use these models to generate alternative phylogeographic hypotheses. Coalescent simulations are then used to test these hypotheses to improve our understanding of the historical events that promoted the formation of population genetic structure in this ecosystem. Results from Pacific Northwest mesic forest organisms demonstrate the utility of these combined approaches. Paleodistribution models and population genetic structure are congruent across three amphibian lineages, suggesting that they have responded in a concerted manner to environmental change. Two other species, a willow and a water vole, despite being currently codistributed and having similar population genetic structure, were predicted by the paleodistributional model to have had markedly different distributions during the last glacial maximum. This suggests that congruent phylogeographic patterns can arise from incongruent ancestral distributions. Paleodistributional models introduce a much-needed spatial-geographic perspective to statistical phylogeography. In conjunction with coalescent models of population genetic structure, they have the potential to improve our understanding of the factors that promote population divergence and ultimately produce regional patterns of biodiversity.
Family Life Cycle, Extended Family Orientations, and Economic Aspirations as Factors in the Propensity to Migrate*

This paper provides a simultaneous examination of three noteworthy causes of migration. The influences of the nuclear family life-cycle, orientation toward the extended family, and economic aspirations upon the propensity to migrate were analyzed for husbands and wives with relatives in the same community. Multivariate analysis of variance and stepwise regressions of the survey data were utilized in testing several hypotheses. There was support for the ideas that:(1) propensity to migrate declines during successive stages of the nuclear family life-cycle: (2) propensity to migrate is inversely related to extended family orientations for husbands and wives with relatives in the same community; and (3) propensity to migrate is directly related to economic aspirations. It is suggested that future theory and research on the causes of migration need to focus on decision making in which the implications of the nuclear family life cycle can be further specified at the personal psychological level. MIGRATION OFTEN HAS BEEN treated as an independent variable, with research questions that focus upon the consequences of migration for societies, communities, and individuals. Migration also may be treated as a dependent variable, reflecting current efforts to understand why people migrate. Several authors (for example, Mangalam, 1968; Speare, 1974) have pointed out that the issue of why people move can be investigated apart from the issue of where they move. This research focuses in general upon why they move, and particularly on their orientation toward moving. While the causes of migration have generally been sought in the economic realm, the primary focus in the present paper is on the family. Two aspects of the family will be of special concern: (1) the stages in the life cycle of the nuclear family, and (2) the orientations of nuclear family members toward their extended families. While demographers and social scientists have specified a number of macro-level and structural factors that influence migration (geographic distance, population size, intervening opportunities, economic cycles, area diversity, or education, sex, race, and age), the need to specify further the micro-level factors that are important in the decision-making process leading to migration has only recently been recognized. Back (1967) has called attention to the fact that increasing individual control of demographic variables calls for an emphasis on individual decision making. This is especially true of migration since, unlike fertility and mortality, there is no biological component involved. Moreover, the more migration becomes the result of individual demographic decisions, the more useful a social-psychological or decision-making approach will be for understanding the causes of migration that is, the closer it cor
AGE AND INTELLIGENCE DIFFERENCES IN CODING AND RETRIEVAL OF WORD LISTS

Word lists of several orders of approximation to English were presented for immediate free recall to young and old adult subjects. The total recall scores were broken down into ‘number of chunks recalled’ and ‘number of words per chunk’. The ‘chunks recalled’ measure is taken here to reflect retrieval efficiency: scores were lower in older subjects but were unaffected by Mill Hill Vocabulary level. The ‘words per chunk’ score is interpreted as a measure of coding efficiency: age had no effect on this measure, but scores were poorer for subjects of lower vocabulary level. The conclusion drawn from a previous study that there is an age decrement in coding efficiency was thus not supported by this analysis. It was concluded, rather, that the main effect of age is on retrieval, while coding is affected by verbal intelligence.
Exploring the role of communication skills among natives and immigrants on their misconduct behaviour in prisons

As Norwegian society becomes increasingly multicultural and linguistically diverse and prison services continue to see larger numbers of immigrants, our knowledge about the interplay between communication and language and behavioural problems needs to be improved and addressed. The study focuses on language and communication problems associated with misconduct behaviour among immigrant and Norwegian prisoners. A cross-sectional study of immigrant and Norwegian inmates took part in six prisons in Norway, with a total of 250 inmates, where 88(35%) were immigrants and 162(65%) were Norwegian. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups: manslaughter/murder (p=.045) and assault/robbery (p=.008) and crime against property (p=.004). Norwegian inmates presented three times more risk of misconduct behaviour than immigrant inmates. Those who had communication problems less then once a month presented higher risk of misconduct behaviour than those who had communication problems more often. Those who have communication problems quite often seem to adapt to the situation: they adjust to it and are, in a way, able to put up with the situation. Those who have communication problems more rarely, on the other hand, seem to react with more built-up internal anger and, consequently, with more severe aggression.
System induced setbacks in stroke recovery

This study reports research on the experiences of stroke survivors and their informal carers who are receiving stroke services in the community. As part of a qualitative evaluation of a Pilot Community Stroke Service in Nottingham, England, interviews were conducted with stroke survivors, their families and friends, alongside interviews with the managers and professionals providing the service. The findings from the interview data were compared across cases and with findings from analyses of documentary data such as clients’ individual plans, and participant observational data, such as those of team meetings. Data analysis revealed that of the 57 survivors, 13 had suffered setbacks that were a direct consequence of their interactions with health and social care services and were system induced. This paper introduces and discusses the concept of the system induced setback by exploring the experiences of these 13 survivors. Implications for understanding the interplay of service provision and disease process are highlighted.
An In Vitro Evaluation of Leakage of Two Etch and Rinse and Two Self-Etch Adhesives after Thermocycling

Our experiment evaluated the microleakage in resin composite restorations bonded to dental tissues with different adhesive systems. 40 class V cavities were prepared on the facial and lingual surfaces of each tooth with coronal margins in enamel and apical margins in cementum (root dentin). The teeth were restored with Z100 resin composite bonded with different adhesive systems: Scotchbond Multipurpose (SBMP), a 3-step Etch and Rinse adhesive, Adper Scotchbond 1 XT (SB1), a 2-step Etch and Rinse adhesive, AdheSE One (ADSE-1), a 1-step Self-Etch adhesive, and AdheSE (ADSE), a 2-step Self-Etch adhesive. Teeth were thermocycled and immersed in 50% silver nitrate solution. When both interfaces were considered, SBMP has exhibited significantly less microleakage than other adhesive systems (resp., for SB1, ADSE-1 and ADSE, P = 0.0007, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001). When enamel and dentin interfaces were evaluated separately, (1) for the Self-Etch adhesives, microleakage was found greater at enamel than at dentin interfaces (for ADSE, P = 0.024 and for ADSE-1, P < 0.0001); (2) for the Etch and Rinse adhesive systems, there was no significant difference between enamel and dentin interfaces; (3) SBMP was found significantly better than other adhesives both at enamel and dentin interfaces. In our experiment Etch and Rinse adhesives remain better than Self-Etch adhesives at enamel interface. In addition, there was no statistical difference between 1-step (ADSE-1) and 2-step (ADSE) Self-Etch adhesives.
Emotional Valence

In contrast to standard models of emotional valence, which assume a bipolar valence dimension ranging from negative to positive valence with a neutral midpoint, the evaluative space model (ESM) proposes two independent positivity and negativity dimensions. Previous imaging studies suggest higher predictive power of the ESM when investigating the neural correlates of verbal stimuli. The present study investigates further assumptions on the behavioral level. A rating experiment on more than 600 German words revealed 48 emotionally ambivalent stimuli (i.e., stimuli with high scores on both ESM dimensions), which were contrasted with neutral stimuli in two subsequent lexical decision experiments. Facilitative processing for emotionally ambivalent words was found in Experiment 2. In addition, controlling for emotional arousal and semantic ambiguity in the stimulus set, Experiment 3 still revealed a speed-accuracy trade-off for emotionally ambivalent words. Implications for future investigations of lexical processing and for the ESM are discussed.
Academics’ virtual identities

The article discusses considerations on the virtual identities and relationships created between students and teachers through Internet, such as Facebook and Web 2.0, in the academic environment. It points out the disadvantages inherent to the new wave of communications through computer technologies in which academics and students communicate virtually. It states that whether the purpose of which the technology is intended to use is purely education, students and teachers may become curious to use it in any other ways out of education which, as history tells, could damage the integrity and reputation of both communicators, failing the purpose of education.