Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Study of Chinese Police Officers’ In-service Training

Abstract This paper presents findings from a qualitative study, which examined a small sample of Chinese police officers’ perceptions of training. This study set out to investigate the key factors influencing the effectiveness of police training in the Chinese context of Beijing when international security measures are heightened. The research is significant in that it explored a relatively new aspect of police training, particularly from the perspective of the trainees while in Australia. An in-depth interview method was employed in the study. Five Beijing police officers, who were studying a Master of Professional English degree at an Australian university, were interviewed in March 2005. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and the transcriptions were translated from Chinese into English. The findings showed that the transmissive and didactic pedagogy appeared to dominate Beijing police training. A gap was identified between the organisational goals and individual training needs. The study suggests that the individuals’ needs for professional development should be considered in designing training programs. The findings indicated that conducting training needs analysis at the individual level, qualified trainers, updated training content and an emphasis on knowledge and skill transfer were significant factors contributing to the trainees’ perceptions of effective police training.
Evaluating the Complexity of Mathematical Problems: Part 2

In this paper we present an implementation of the computational method in [1] that allows ranking mathematical statements by their complexity. We introduce the complexity classes ICU,iMi¥1, and, accordingly, show that Legendre’s conjecture, Fermat’s last theorem, and Goldbach’s conjecture are in CU,1, Dyson’s conjecture is in CU,2, the Riemann hypothesis is in CU,3, and the four color theorem is in CU,4.
Effects of Heavy Strength Training on Running Performance and Determinants of Running Performance in Female Endurance Athletes

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of adding strength training to normal endurance training on running performance and running economy in well-trained female athletes. We hypothesized that the added strength training would improve performance and running economy through altered stiffness of the muscle-tendon complex of leg extensors. Methods Nineteen female endurance athletes [maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max): 53±3 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, 5.8 h weekly endurance training] were randomly assigned to either normal endurance training (E, n = 8) or normal endurance training combined with strength training (E+S, n = 11). The strength training consisted of four leg exercises [3 x 4–10 repetition maximum (RM)], twice a week for 11 weeks. Muscle strength, 40 min all-out running distance, running performance determinants and patellar tendon stiffness were measured before and after the intervention. Results E+S increased 1RM in leg exercises (40 ± 15%) and maximal jumping height in counter movement jump (6 ± 6%) and squat jump (9 ± 7%, p < 0.05). This was accompanied by increased muscle fiber cross sectional area of both fiber type I (13 ± 7%) and fiber type II (31 ± 20%) in m. vastus lateralis (p < 0.05), with no change in capillary density in m. vastus lateralis or the stiffness of the patellar tendon. Neither E+S nor E changed running economy, fractional utilization of VO2max or VO2max. There were also no change in running distance during a 40 min all-out running test in neither of the groups. Conclusion Adding heavy strength training to endurance training did not affect 40 min all-out running performance or running economy compared to endurance training only.
FuNCTIoNAL ADDeD vALue oF MICRoPRoCeSSoR-CoNTRoLLeD PRoSTHeTIC KNee JoINTS IN DAILy LIFe PeRFoRMANCe oF MeDICARe FuNCTIoNAL CLASSIFICATIoN LeveL-2 AMPuTeeS

© 2011 The Authors. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0861 Journal Compilation © 2011 Foundation of Rehabilitation Information. ISSN 1650-1977 Objective: To assess the effects of using a microprocessorcontrolled prosthetic knee joint on the functional performance of activities of daily living in persons with an aboveknee leg amputation. Design: Randomised cross-over trial. Subjects: Forty-one persons with unilateral above-knee or knee disarticulation limb loss, classified as Medicare Functional Classification Level-2 (MFCL-2). Methods: Participants were measured in 3 conditions, i.e. using a mechanically controlled knee joint and two types of microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joints. Functional performance level was assessed using a test in which participants performed 17 simulated activities of daily living (Assessment of Daily Activity Performance in Transfemoral amputees test). Performance time was measured and selfperceived level of difficulty was scored on a visual analogue scale for each activity. Results: High levels of within-group variability in functional performance obscured detection of any effects of using a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joint. Data analysis after stratification of the participants into 3 subgroups, i.e. participants with a “low”, “intermediate” and “high” functional mobility level, showed that the two higher functional subgroups performed significantly faster using microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joints. Conclusion: MFCL-2 amputees constitute a heterogeneous patient group with large variation in functional performance levels. A substantial part of this group seems to benefit from using a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joint when performing activities of daily living.
Parasitic and immune modulation of flight activity in honey bees tracked with optical counters

Host–parasite interactions are often characterized by changes in the host behaviour, which are beneficial to either the parasite or the host, or are a non-adaptive byproduct of parasitism. These interactions are further complicated in animal society because individual fitness is associated with group performance. However, a better understanding of host–parasite interaction in animal society first requires the identification of individual host behavioural modification. Therefore, we challenged honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers with the parasite Nosema ceranae or an immune stimulation and tracked their flight activity over their lifetime with an optic counter. We found that bees responded differently to each stress: both Nosema-infected and immune-challenged bees performed a lower number of daily flights compared with control bees, but the duration of their flights increased and decreased over time, respectively. Overall, parasitized bees spent more time in the field each day than control bees, and the inverse was true for immune-challenged bees. Despite the stress of immune challenge, bees had a survival similar to that of control bees likely because of their restricted activity. We discuss how those different behavioural modifications could be adaptive phenotypes. This study provides new insights into how biological stress can affect the behaviour of individuals living in society and how host responses have evolved.
Performance of Lead Integrity Alert to Assist in the Clinical Diagnosis of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Lead Failures: Analysis of Different Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Leads

Background—The Lead Integrity Alert (LIA) was developed for Medtronic implantable cardioverter defibrillators to reduce inappropriate shocks for rapid oversensing caused by conductor fractures and reported for Medtronic Fidelis conductor fractures. The goal of this study was to compare the performance of LIA with conventional impedance monitoring for identifying lead system events (LSEs) and lead failures (LFs) in lead families that differ from Fidelis. Methods and Results—We analyzed data from 12 793 LIA enabled implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and lead combinations including 6123 St. Jude Riata or Durata, 5114 Boston Scientific Endotak, and 1556 Fidelis combinations followed in the CareLink remote monitoring network for LSEs and LFs. Each alert was adjudicated based on implantable cardioverter-defibrillator stored electrograms/diagnostics and clinical data as an LSE or non–lead system event by 2 physicians after reviewing the electrograms and clinical data. During 13 562 patient-years of LIA follow-up, there were 179 adjudicated alerts, of which 84 were LSEs (including 65 LFs) and 95 were non–lead system events. LIA identified >66% more LSE and >67% more LF compared with conventional impedance monitoring and did not differ by lead family for LSE (P=0.573) or LF (P=0.332). Isolated spikes on electrogram were associated more often with LF in St. Jude leads (71%) compared with Endotak (9%; P<0.001) and Fidelis leads (11%; P<0.001). The non–lead system event detection rate was different among lead families (P<0.001) ranging from 1 in every 78.5 years (Endotak), 228.9 years (St. Jude leads), and 627.6 years (Fidelis). Conclusions—LIA markedly increased the detection rate of LSE compared with conventional impedance monitoring.
Performance Analysis of Block Markov Superposition Transmission of Short Codes

In this paper, we consider the asymptotic and finite-length performance of block Markov superposition transmission (BMST) of short codes, which can be viewed as a new class of spatially coupled (SC) codes where the generator matrices of short codes (referred to as basic codes) are coupled. A modified extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart analysis that takes into account the relation between mutual information (MI) and bit-error-rate (BER) is presented to study the convergence behavior of BMST codes. Using the modified EXIT chart analysis, we investigate the impact of various parameters on BMST code performance, thereby providing theoretical guidance for designing and implementing practical BMST codes suitable for window decoding. Then, we present a performance comparison of BMST codes and SC low-density parity-check (SC-LDPC) codes on the basis of equal decoding latency. Also presented is a comparison of computational complexity. Simulation results show that, under the equal decoding latency constraint, BMST codes using the repetition code as the basic code can outperform both (3,6)-regular SC-LDPC codes and (4,8)-regular SC-LDPC codes in the waterfall region but have a higher computational complexity.
Should I stay or should I go? Retention of junior sport coaches

Abstract Coach retention is a crucial issue for sport delivery systems in most countries. Studies directed towards understanding why volunteers choose to remain involved have tended to focus on personal motivations and dispositions with generally less attention given to the organisational setting in which volunteers work. Using data from focus groups and archival material, the aim of this research was to examine the extent to which interactions between volunteer coaches, the immediate club setting, and the broader AFL context influenced the decision of coaches to either leave their club or remain involved in coaching. The findings reveal that the decision by volunteer junior football coaches to leave is not driven by the same underlying factors as the decision to stay. Enjoyment, success (manifested through either team wins and/or player/team improvement), and the nature and level of support from parents, the club, and the league, were identified as the key factors contributing to the decision to stay involved as a volunteer coach.
Effects of unilateral lesions of retrotrapezoid nucleus on breathing in awake rats.

In anesthetized rats, unilateral retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) lesions markedly decreased baseline phrenic activity and the response to CO2 (E. E. Nattie and A. Li. Respir. Physiol. 97:63-77, 1994). Here we evaluate the effects of such lesions on resting breathing and on the response to hypercapnia and hypoxia in unanesthetized awake rats. We made unilateral injections [24 +/- 7 (SE) nl] of ibotenic acid (IA; 50 mM), an excitatory amino acid neurotoxin, in the RTN region (n = 7) located by stereotaxic coordinates and by field potentials induced by facial nerve stimulation. Controls (n = 6) received RTN injections (80 +/- 30 nl) of mock cerebrospinal fluid. A second control consisted of four animals with IA injections (24 +/- 12 nl) outside the RTN region. Injected fluorescent beads allowed anatomic identification of lesion location. Using whole body plethysmography, we measured ventilation in the awake state during room air, 7% CO2 in air, and 10% O2 breathing before and for 3 wk after the RTN injections. There was no statistically significant effect of the IA injections on resting room air breathing in the lesion group compared with the control groups. We observed no apnea. The response to 7% CO2 in the lesion group compared with the control groups was significantly decreased, by 39% on average, for the final portion of the 3-wk study period. There was no lesion effect on the ventilatory response to 10% O2. In this unanesthetized model, other areas suppressed by anesthesia, e.g., the reticular activating system, hypothalamus, and perhaps the contralateral RTN, may provide tonic input to the respiratory centers that counters the loss of RTN activity.
Insufficiently active Australian college students: perceived personal, social, and environmental influences.

BACKGROUND A sustainable pattern of participation in physical activity is important in the maintenance of health and prevention of disease. College students are in transition from an active youth to a more sedentary adult behavior pattern. METHODS We assessed self-reported physical activity and other characteristics in a sample of 2,729 male and female students (median age was 20 years) recruited from representative courses and year levels at four Australian College campuses. They were categorized as sufficiently or insufficiently active, using estimates of energy expenditure (kcal/week) derived from self-reported physical activity. Personal factors (self-efficacy, job status, enjoyment), social factors (social support from family/friends), and environmental factors (awareness of facilities, gym membership) were also assessed. RESULTS Forty-seven percent of females and 32% of males were insufficiently active. For females, the significant independent predictors of being insufficiently active were lower social support from family and friends, lower enjoyment of activity, and not working. For males, predictors were lower social support from family and friends, lower enjoyment of activity, and being older. CONCLUSIONS Factors associated with physical activity participation (particularly social support from family and friends) can inform physical activity strategies directed at young adults in the college setting.
Genetic Interactions of smc, ftsK, and parB Genes in Streptomyces coelicolor and Their Developmental Genome Segregation Phenotypes

ABSTRACT The mechanisms by which chromosomes condense and segregate during developmentally regulated cell division are of interest for Streptomyces coelicolor, a sporulating, filamentous bacterium with a large, linear genome. These processes coordinately occur as many septa synchronously form in syncytial aerial hyphae such that prespore compartments accurately receive chromosome copies. Our genetic approach analyzed mutants for ftsK, smc, and parB. DNA motor protein FtsK/SpoIIIE coordinates chromosome segregation with septum closure in rod-shaped bacteria. SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) participates in condensation and organization of the nucleoid. ParB/Spo0J partitions the origin of replication using a nucleoprotein complex, assembled at a centromere-like sequence. Consistent with previous work, we show that an ftsK-null mutant produces anucleate spores at the same frequency as the wild-type strain (0.8%). We report that the smc and ftsK deletion-insertion mutants (ftsK′ truncation allele) have developmental segregation defects (7% and 15% anucleate spores, respectively). By use of these latter mutants, viable double and triple mutants were isolated in all combinations with a previously described parB-null mutant (12% anucleate spores). parB and smc were in separate segregation pathways; the loss of both exacerbates the segregation defect (24% anucleate spores). For a triple mutant, deletion of the region encoding the FtsK motor domain and one transmembrane segment partially alleviates the segregation defect of the smc parB mutant (10% anucleate spores). Considerable redundancy must exist in this filamentous organism because segregation of some genomic material occurs 90% of the time during development in the absence of three functions with only a fourfold loss of spore viability. Furthermore, we report that scpA and scpAB mutants (encoding SMC-associated proteins) have spore nucleoid organization defects. Finally, FtsK-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) localized as bands or foci between incipient nucleoids, while SMC-EGFP foci were not uniformly positioned along aerial hyphae, nor were they associated with every condensing nucleoid.
Two halfs may be more than one whole : category-split effects on frequency illusions

Splitting an event category into smaller subcategories can increase the subjective frequency of events. Category-split effects are derived from an information-loss model that predicts regressive frequency estimates (rare events are overestimated and frequent events underestimated). The basic regression effect and the overestimation of very low frequencies resulting from category split should increase with information loss in memory. Experiments 1 and 2 supported these predictions for graphical stimuli. In Experiment 3, the split effect was used to eliminate group-related illusory correlations. Although stimulus split (different subtypes included in the list) and response split (separate judgments for each subtype) are essential, the illusion did not depend on attention to the split during encoding
A Quasi-Two-Dimensional Compact Drain–Current Model for Undoped Symmetric Double-Gate MOSFETs Including Short-Channel Effects

A drain-current model for undoped symmetric double-gate MOSFETs is proposed. Channel-length modulation and drain-induced barrier lowering are modeled by using an approximate solution of the 2D Poisson equation. The new model is valid and continuous in linear and saturation regimes, as well as in weak and strong inversions. Excellent agreement was found with Silvaco-ATLAS simulations.
Collisions of random walks

A recurrent graph G has the infinite collision property if two independent random walks on G, started at the same point, collide infinitely often a.s. We give a simple criterion in terms of Green functions for a graph to have this property, and use it to prove that a critical Galton-Watson tree with finite variance conditioned to survive, the incipient infinite cluster in Z d with d ≥ 19 and the uniform spanning tree in Z 2 all have the infinite collision property. For power-law combs and spherically symmetric trees, we determine precisely the phase boundary for the infinite collision property.
The friendly barbarians: Professional norms and work routines of online journalists in the United States

As online publications increasingly serve as professional entry points into journalism, online journalists are being trained in a professional environment markedly different from traditional publications. Through in-depth interviews with online journalists, this study investigates the professional identities of this new cohort of media workers. We find they respect some established norms but participate in a mutual shaping of the processes of creating news as new technologies are adapted into existing newsroom practices and environments. They are also forming new norms, emphasizing transparency, individualism and risk taking. Overall, a “new normal” appears to be coalescing.
Moral Reasoning in Early Childhood: Lying and Stealing

Summary First graders' responses to questions designed to elicit their reasons for not lying and stealing were analyzed in terms of Kohlberg's stage theory. Contrary to expectations, only about 20% of the responses fell into Stage 1. Very few of the responses were in Stage 2. Approximately three-quarters of the responses were in Stage 3. A distinction was made between stereotypic and nonstereotypic Stage 3 responses. Approximately 40% of Stage 3 responses were nonstereotypic: i.e., manifesting concern with social approval, not harming others, and preservation of social relations. Questions are raised concerning the appropriateness of using a cognitive developmental theory to understand young children's moral reasoning.
Parental Alienation Gradient: Strategies for a Syndrome

Two factors were analyzed in 72 divorced couples: the fact of having custody of the children or not, and the sex of the parent granted the custody. These factors influence the use of 27 different alienation strategies selected for study by the authors. The results show that the fact of having custody or not affects the number and type of alienation strategies used, whereas sex of the parent with custody only appears to affect the kinds of strategies used. This marks a qualitative difference between custody-holding men and women in relation to the way they exercise alienation.
Kinetic and mutational analysis of Zn2+ modulation of recombinant human inhibitory glycine receptors

1 The effects of Zn2+ on glycine receptor (GlyR) currents were analysed in Xenopus oocytes and human embryonic kidney cells expressing homomeric human wild‐type and mutant α1 subunit GlyRs. 2 Low concentrations (10 μm) of extracellular Zn2+ converted the partial agonist taurine into a high‐efficacy agonist. Concentration‐response analysis showed that the EC50 for taurine decreased whereas the Hill coefficient increased under these conditions. In contrast, 50–500 μm Zn2+ showed an increased EC50 value and reduced maximal inducible taurine currents. The potency of competitive antagonists was not affected in the presence of Zn2+. 3 Single‐channel recording from outside‐out patches revealed different kinetics of glycine‐ and taurine‐gated currents. With both agonists, Zn2+ altered the open probability of the α1 GlyR without changing its unitary conductance. Low Zn2+ concentrations (5 μm) increased both the opening frequency and mean burst duration, whereas higher Zn2+ concentrations (> 50 μm) reduced GlyR open probability mainly by decreasing the open frequency and the relative contribution of the longest burst of the single‐channel events. 4 Site‐directed mutagenesis of the GlyR α1 subunit identified aspartate 80 and threonine 112 as important determinants of Zn2+ potentiation and inhibition, respectively, without affecting potentiation by ethanol. 5 Our data support the view that Zn2+ modulates different steps of the receptor binding and gating cycle via specific allosteric high‐ and low‐affinity binding sites in the extracellular N‐terminal region of the GlyR α1 subunit.