Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Centre de Referència en Economia Analítica Barcelona Economics Working Paper Series Working Paper n o 253 A Model of Ethnic Conflict

We present a model of conflict, in which discriminatory government policy or social intolerance is responsive to various forms of ethnic activism, including violence. It is this perceived responsiveness — captured by the probability that the government gives in and accepts a proposed change in ethnic policy — that induces individuals to mobilize in support for their cause. Yet, mobilization is costly and demonstrators have to be compensated accordingly. Individuals have to weigh their ethnic radicalism with their material well-being to determine the size of their money contribution to the cause. Our main results are: (i) a one-sided increase in radicalism or in population size increases conflict; (ii) a one-sided increase in income has ambiguous effects depending on the elasticity of contributions to income; (iii) an increase in within-group inequality increases conflict; and (iv) an increase in the correlation between ethnic radicalism and inequality also increases conflict. We thank Tzachi Gilboa and Rohini Pande for useful comments. Ray acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under grant number 0241070, and thanks the London School of Economics, STICERD in particular, for their warm hospitality during the preparation of this revision. Esteban is a member of Barcelona Economics and is grateful for support from the Generalitat de Catalunya and the CICYT (SEC-2003-1961). This research is part of the Polarization and Conflict research project CIT2-CT2004-506084 funded by the European Commission-DG Research Sixth Framework Programme Barcelona Economics WP no 253
How Well Do Search Engines Support Code Retrieval on the Web?

Software developers search the Web for various kinds of source code for diverse reasons. In a previous study, we found that searches varied along two dimensions: the size of the search target (e.g., block, subsystem, or system) and the motivation for the search (e.g., reference example or as-is reuse). Would each of these kinds of searches require different search technologies? To answer this question, we conducted an experiment with 36 participants to evaluate three diverse approaches (general purpose information retrieval, source code search, and component reuse), as represented by five Web sites (Google, Koders, Krugle, Google Code Search, and SourceForge). The independent variables were search engine, size of search target, and motivation for search. The dependent variable was the participants judgement of the relevance of the first ten hits. We found that it was easier to find reference examples than components for as-is reuse and that participants obtained the best results using a general-purpose information retrieval site. However, we also found an interaction effect: code-specific search engines worked better in searches for subsystems, but Google worked better on searches for blocks. These results can be used to guide the creation of new tools for retrieving source code from the Web.
Putting the Lid on Lobbying: Tariff Structure and Long-Term Growth When Protection is for Sale

It has long been recognized that a country's tariffs are the endogenous outcome of a rent-seeking game whose equilibrium reflects national institutions. Thus, the structure of tariffs across industries provides insights into how institutions, as reflected in tariff policies, affect long-term growth. We start with the commonplace perception among politicians that protection of skill-intensive industries generates a growth-enhancing externality. Modifying the Grossman-Helpman protection for sale model to allow for this, we make two predictions. First, a country with good institutions will tolerate high average tariffs provided tariffs are biased towards skill-intensive industries. Second, there need not be any relationship between average tariffs and good institutions. Using data for 17 manufacturing industries in 59 countries over approximately 25 years, we find that average tariffs are uncorrelated with output growth and that the skill-bias of tariff structure is positively correlated with output growth. We interpret this to mean that countries grow faster if they are able and willing to put a lid on the rent-seeking behaviour of special interest lobby groups. We show that our results are not compatible with explanations that appeal to (1) externalities per se, (2) initial industrial structure that is skewed towards skill-intensive industries, or (3) the effects of broader institutions such as rule of law and control of corruption.
Language Socialization in Korean-as-a-Foreign-Language Classrooms

Abstract Within the language socialization framework, the second language (L2) classroom would constitute a powerful context of secondary socialization, particularly when it exists outside the learners' culture of origin. In this paper, first year Korean-as-a-Foreign-Language (KFL) classrooms are viewed as L2 socializing environments in which students are not only learning the target language, but are also being socialized into particular Korean sociocultural interactive norms. The study analyzes teacher–student interaction in two American college-level KFL classes in light of language socialization perspectives. The analysis illustrates that teacher–student interactions are consistent with hierarchism (Byon, 2004; Sohn, 1986), which is one of the major cognitive value orientations of Korean culture. The result contrasts with English-as-a-Second-Language settings (Poole, 1992) in which English teachers try to minimize the status differences between themselves and students.
Financial Crisis and Accounting Information: The Need for Corporate Social Responsibility in Accounting Profession

This paper wants to draw attention on several aspects regarding the causes that led to the emergence of 21st century economic crisis, pointing their implications in the balance of economic-financial mechanisms. In history, on the occasion of economic and/or financial crisis, among their causes there are mentioned causes related to managers’ irresponsible actions, managers who, together with accounting professionals, chose to alter accounting data in order to create a more appealing image on the market of the company’s financial status. We will underline the role of accounting in system of a more efficient, socially responsible corporatist governing, capable of recreating economic-financial balances and of regaining the confidence of the population in economic values, as well as the role of accounting in “faithfully” reflecting these values.
Factors influencing the severity of acute viral hepatitis A

Background/Aims Most patients with acute viral hepatitis A have a favorable course, but a few of them suffer from severe forms of hepatitis such as fulminant hepatitis. This study was carried out to identify the factors influencing the severity of acute viral hepatitis A. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 713 patients with acute hepatitis A, who were divided into two groups: severe hepatitis A (N=87) and non-severe hepatitis A (N=626). Severe hepatitis was defined as fulminant hepatitis or prolongation of prothrombin time (INR≥1.5). Clinical variables were compared between the two groups. Results The incidence of fulminant hepatitis was 1.4% (10/713) in patients with acute hepatitis A. Thirty-three (4.6%) cases exhibited HBsAg positivity. In multivariate analyses, significant alcohol intake and the presence of HBsAg were significant predictive factors of fulminant hepatitis A, and significant alcohol intake and age were significant predictive factors of severe hepatitis A. HBeAg and HBV-DNA status did not affect the clinical course of hepatitis A in chronic hepatitis B carriers. Conclusions While most patients with acute hepatitis A have an uncomplicated clinical course, our data suggest that a more-severe clinical course is correlated with being older, significant alcohol intake, and chronic hepatitis-B-virus infection.
Stress Recognition - A Step Outside the Lab

Despite the potential for stress and emotion recognition outside the lab environment, very little work has been reported that is feasible for use in the real world and much less for activities involving physical activity. In this work, we move a step forward towards a stress recognition system that works on a close to real world data set and shows a significant improvement over classification only systems. Our method uses clustering to separate the data into physical exertion levels and later performs stress classification over the discovered clusters. We validate our approach on a physiological stress dataset from 20 participants who performed 3 different activities of varying intensity under 3 different types of stimuli intended to cause stress. The results show an f-measure improvement of 130% compared to using classification only.
Verification of Asynchronous Systems with Unbounded and Unordered Message Buffers

We present algorithms for verifying safety and liveness properties of a class of systems, executing and communicating asynchronously. These systems will be modeled by a variant of finite state machines with unbounded and unordered message buffers, and hence will have an infinite state space. We present algorithms for deciding two weak preorder relations over such systems, namely language containment and generalized divergence language containment. This is in contrast to previous results that either decide equivalences between infinite state systems [25,7,29] or preorders between an infinite state system and a finite state system [2,1,6,13]. We also establish EXPSPACE lower bounds for the verification problems we investigate, and we show that our algorithms can be applied to decide the may testing equivalence on such systems.
Direct Numerical Simulation of D and D Instability Waves in a Laminar Separation Bubble

Direct Numerical Simulations of a laminar separation bubble are presented where the bubble is generated by prescribing a locally decelerated free stream velocity along a at plate Controlled disturbances are introduced into the ow eld up stream of the bubble by suction and blowing through the wall in order to study the linear and nonlinear stability character istics of the ow A number of generic cases with di erent two dimensional D and three dimensional D initial disturbance amplitudes are investigated i a linear case ii a case subject to secondary instability strong ampli cation of D disturbances by resonance with a large amplitude D wave iii a D nonlinear case interaction of two oblique waves and iv a nonlinear case combining the interaction of two oblique waves with a D wave Good quantitative agreement of the numerical results with local linear stabil ity theory is observed throughout case i and for the initial disturbance development of the priming waves in the other cases despite the nonparallel base ow For the nonlinear disturbance development however unexpected results are obtained Secondary instability is hard to distinguish from primary instability and apparently breaks down as soon as the priming D disturbances saturate However the nonlin ear mechanism identi ed in cases iii and iv is obviously much more likely to produce large amplitude D disturb ances necessary for the generation of a transitional laminar separation bubble The mechanism leads to a nonlinearly saturated regime with reasonably turbulent mean ow char acteristics as well as longitudinal vortices in the reattachment zone
Schools and the Equal Opportunity Problem

Much educational research today is focused on assessing reforms that are intended to create equal opportunity for all students. Many current policies aim at concentrating extra resources on the disadvantaged. The state-of-the-art research in Schools and the Equal Opportunity Problem suggests, however, that even sizeable differential spending on the disadvantaged will not yield an equality of results. In this CESifo volume, leading scholars from the United States and Europe use the tools of economics to assess the outcome of efforts to solve education's equal opportunity problem in a range of countries, including the United States, Britain, Germany, Sweden, and Italy. The evidence shows some routes for advancement--testing with high performance standards, for example, and well-designed school choice--but also raises considerable doubts about whether many current school policies are effective in dramatically altering the opportunity structure. The evidence presented also calls into question the idea that causal peer effects are very strong. The contributors examine such topics as the link between education and parental income, the problematic past research on peer effects, tracking, the distribution of educational outcomes, human capital policy aimed at disadvantaged students, and private/public school choice. The research suggests that achieving universal primary and secondary education is both urgently needed and feasible. Will the international community commit the necessary economic, human, and political resources? The challenge, say the editors, is "as inspiring and formidable . as any extraterrestrial adventures--and far more likely to enrich and improve life on earth. "
Fruit Quality, Phytochemical Content, and Disease Severity of Muscadine Grapes Affected by Fungicide Applications

Muscadine grapes are high in phytochemicals beneficial to humans, such as resveratrol and ellagic acid. Four studies were conducted to explore the relationship between phytochemical content, berry quality, and disease control fol- lowing full season or early season applications of fungicides. In each study foliar and fruit diseases were lower in the full season treatment compared to the control, and some treatments with fewer applications reduced fruit diseases to the same level as the full season treatment. In Study 1 the full season (9 applications) and azoxystrobin treatments (3 applications) resulted in significantly lower berry disease scores than the control treatment. There were no significant differences in vine vigor, foliar diseases, or bitter rot scores among treatments where fungicide applications were stopped at various pre- harvest intervals ranging from 56 to 0 days (Study 3), or in disease scores between the full season (8 applications) and early season treatments (4 applications) of six fungicide treatments (Study 4). Sugar levels were highest in berries from the full season, azoxystrobin, and control fungicide treatments, and berries from the least efficacious treatments for dis- ease control had almost ten times as much resveratrol as those from the most efficacious treatments (Study 1). Ellagic acid and resveratrol levels were lower in berries from fungicide treated vines than from untreated vines (Study 3). The number of fungicide applications can be reduced to as few as four without an increase in berry disease scores; however, when dis- eases of muscadine grapes are controlled, levels of beneficial phytochemicals may decrease.
Endogenous Formation of Research Coalitions with Spillovers

This paper argues that the sign of external effects of coalition formation provides a useful organizing principle in examining economic coalitions. In many interesting economic games, coalition formation creates either negativee externalities or positive externalities for nonmembers. Examples of negative externalities are research coalitions and customs unions. Examples of positive externalities include output cartels and public goods coalitions. I characterize and compare stable coalition structures under the following three rules of coalition formation: the Open Membership game of Yi and Shin 1995 , the Coalition Unanimity game of Bloch 1996 , and the Equilibrium Binding Agreements of Ray and Vohra 1994.
Formation of the Galactic Stellar Halo. I. Structure and Kinematics

We perform numerical simulations for the formation of the Galactic stellar halo, based on the currently favored cold dark matter theory of galaxy formation. Our numerical models, taking into account both dynamical and chemical evolution processes in a consistent manner, are aimed at explaining the observed structure and kinematics of the stellar halo in the context of hierarchical galaxy formation. The main results of the present simulations are summarized as follows: (1) Basic physical processes involved in the formation of the stellar halo, composed of metal-deficient stars with [Fe/H] ≤ -1.0, are described by both dissipative and dissipationless merging of subgalactic clumps and their resultant tidal disruption in the course of gravitational contraction of the Galaxy at high redshift (z > 1). (2) The simulated halo has a density profile similar to the observed power-law form of ρ(r) ~ r-3.5 and also has a metallicity distribution similar to the observations. The halo shows virtually no radial gradient for stellar ages and only a small gradient for metallicities. (3) The dual nature of the halo, i.e., its inner flattened and outer spherical density distribution, is reproduced, at least qualitatively, by the present model. The outer spherical halo is formed via essentially dissipationless merging of small subgalactic clumps, whereas the inner flattened one is formed via three different mechanisms, i.e., dissipative merging between larger, more massive clumps, adiabatic contraction due to the growing Galactic disk, and gaseous accretion onto the equatorial plane. (4) For the simulated metal-poor stars with [Fe/H] ≤ -1.0, there is no strong correlation between metal abundances and orbital eccentricities, in good agreement with the recent observations. Moreover, the observed fraction of the low-eccentricity stars is reproduced correctly for [Fe/H] ≤ -1.6 and approximately for the intermediate-abundance range of -1.6 < [Fe/H] ≤ -1.0. (5) The mean rotational velocity of the simulated halo, , is somewhat positive (prograde) at [Fe/H] < -2.2 and increases linearly with [Fe/H] at [Fe/H] > -2.2. The stars at smaller distance from the disk plane appear to show systematically larger . Based on these results, we discuss how early processes of dissipationless and dissipative merging of subgalactic clumps can reproduce plausibly and consistently the recent observational results on the Galactic stellar halo. We also present a possible scenario for the formation of the entire Galaxy structure, including bulge and disk components, in conjunction with halo formation.
An exploratory study of teachers' views about the involvement of other teachers in their work

This is an exploration of the views of teachers from a range of different schools in two local authorities about the involvement of other teachers in their work. Many aspects of the education context are based upon the assumption that teachers' involvement in each other's work is a helpful and unproblematic phenomenon, which supports the learning, effectiveness and well being of teachers at all levels in all aspects of their practice. However, there is little empirical work on how teachers understand these terms and the value they place upon them. The research builds upon David Hargreaves' (1972) work on inter-personal relations and education in which he highlights the difficulties in gaining access to this personal and largely hidden aspect of teachers' work. A social constructionist framework is used in order to achieve a better understanding of what constitutes work with other teachers and of what obstructs and facilitates it. Three studies using in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 59 teachers from secondary, primary and special school and local authority settings. A thematic analysis of the data was used. The findings are that teachers view their involvement with other teachers as an important, varied, complex and problematic aspect of their work but do not reflect upon or discuss this topic a great deal. In addition, it is not viewed as essential or mandatory and many reasons for not being involved with other teachers were expressed. Further research is required to clarify and raise awareness of the attitudes, resources and conditions for enabling teachers in classroom-based and management roles in choosing and utilising involvement and noninvolvement with colleagues to support their best practice. Schools, local authorities and government should utilise such research in policy, guidance and professional development initiatives.
The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law: Including a Systematic Analysis of Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. International Studies in Human Rights, 82.

[In view of the trend of demoting education from ”human right” to “human need” and the accompanying commercialisation of education, and the complex nature of the right to education under international law, entailing a freedom and a social aspect, this book seeks to affirm education as a “human right” and to describe the various state duties flowing from the right to education, by referring to the provisions on the right to education found in instruments of international law and by systematically analyzing article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. , In view of the trend of demoting education from ”human right” to “human need” and the accompanying commercialisation of education, and the complex nature of the right to education under international law, entailing a freedom and a social aspect, this book seeks to affirm education as a “human right” and to describe the various state duties flowing from the right to education, by referring to the provisions on the right to education found in instruments of international law and by systematically analyzing article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. ]
Taxonomy of Macromotettixoides with the description of a new species (Tetrigidae, Metrodorinae)

Abstract Descriptions of the flying organs and generic characteristics of the genus Macromotettixoides Zheng, Wei & Jiang are currently imprecise. Macromotettixoides is reviewed and compared with allied genera. A re-description is undertaken and a determination key is provided to Macromotettixoides. Macromotettixoides parvula Zha & Wen, sp. n. from the Guizhou Karst Region, China, is described and illustrated with photographs. Observations on the ecology and habits of the new species are recorded. Four current species of Hyboella Hancock are transferred to Macromotettixoides. Variations of the flying organs and tegminal sinus in the Tetrigidae are discussed, which will help to describe them accurately.