Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extending relational algebra and relational calculus with set-valued attributes and aggregate functions

In commercial network database management systems, set-valued fields and aggregate functions are commonly supported. However, the relational database model, as defined by Codd, does not include set-valued attributes or aggregate functions. Recently, Klug extended the relational model by incorporating aggregate functions and by defining relational algebra and calculus languages. In this paper, relational algebra and relational calculus database query languages (as defined by Klug) are extended to manipulate set-valued attributes and to utilize aggregate functions. The expressive power of the extended languages is shown to be equivalent. We extend the relational algebra with three new operators, namely, pack, unpack, and aggregation-by-template. The extended languages form a theoretical framework for statistical database query languages.
Infant Crying: Pattern of Weeping, Recognition of Emotion and Affective Reactions in Observers

This study has three objectives: a) to describe the main differences in the crying patterns produced by the three affective states most closely related to crying: fear, anger and pain; b) to study the adults' accuracy in the recognition of the affective states related to the infant's crying, and c) to analyze the emotional reaction that infant crying elicits in the observers. Results reveal that the main differences appear in the ocular activity and in the pattern of weeping. The infants maintain their eyes open during the crying produced by fear and anger, but in the case of crying provoked by painful stimuli, the eyes remain closed almost all the time. In regard to the pattern of weeping, the crying gradually increase in the case of anger, but the weeping reaches its maximum intensity practically from the beginning in the case of pain and fear. In spite of these differences, it is not easy to know the cause that produces crying in infants, especially in the case of fear or anger. Although observers can't recognize the cause of crying, the emotional reaction is greater when the baby cries in pain than when the baby cries because of fear or anger. Este trabajo tiene tres objetivos: a) describir las diferencias en el patrón de llanto provocado por tres emociones características del llanto: miedo, enfado y dolor; b) estudiar el grado de precisión que tienen los adultos para reconocer la emoción que ha provocado el llanto y c) analizar la reacción afectiva de los observadores ante el llanto de los bebés. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que las principales diferencias se presentan en la actividad ocular y en la dinámica del llanto. Así, cuando los bebés lloran a causa del enfado, o por miedo, permanecen con los ojos abiertos, mientras que los mantienen cerrados durante todo el tiempo en el caso del dolor. En lo que se refiere a la dinámica del llanto, la intensidad se va incrementando gradualmente en el caso del enfado, mientras que aparece en su máxima intensidad desde el primer momento en el caso del dolor y del miedo. Pese a ello, no es fácil reconocer qué emoción es la que está provocando el llanto, especialmente con el enfado y miedo. Sin embargo, aunque no sepan reconocer la causa del llanto, el dolor provoca una reacción afectiva más intensa en los adultos que el enfado o miedo.
Removal of spurious DC modes in edge element solutions for modeling three-dimensional resonators

When using edge element basis functions for the solution of eigenmodes of the vector wave equation, "dc spurious modes" are introduced. The eigenvalues of these modes are zero and their corresponding eigenvectors are in the null space of the curl operator. These modes arise due to the irrotational vector space spanned by the edge element basis functions and lead to nonzero divergence of the electric flux. We introduce a novel method to eliminate the occurrence of such solutions using "divergence-free" constraint equations. The constraint equations are imposed efficiently by tree-cotree partitioning of the finite-element mesh and does not require any basis functions other than the edge elements. The constraint equations can be directly incorporated into any Krylov-subspace-based eigenvalue solver, such as the Lanczos/Arnoldi algorithm used widely for the solution of generalized sparse eigenvalue problems.
The question-behaviour effect: A theoretical and methodological review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Research has demonstrated that asking people questions about a behaviour can lead to behaviour change. Despite many, varied studies in different domains, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been studied under the umbrella term of the question-behaviour effect (QBE) and moderators of the effect have been investigated. With a particular focus on our own contributions, this article: (1) provides an overview of QBE research; (2) reviews and offers new evidence concerning three theoretical accounts of the QBE (behavioural simulation and processing fluency; attitude accessibility; cognitive dissonance); (3) reports a new meta-analysis of QBE studies (k = 66, reporting 94 tests) focusing on methodological moderators. The findings of this meta-analysis support a small significant effect of the QBE (g = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.18, p < .001) with smaller effect sizes observed in more carefully controlled studies that exhibit less risk of bias and (4) also considers directions for future research on the QBE, especially studies that use designs with low risk of bias and consider desirable and undesirable behaviour separately.
Detection of functional connectivity using temporal correlations in MR images

Functional connectivity among brain regions has been investigated via an analysis of correlations between regional signal fluctuations recorded in magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in a steady state. In comparison with studies of functional connectivity that utilize task manipulations, the analysis of correlations in steady state data is less susceptible to confounds arising when functionally unrelated brain regions respond in similar ways to changes in task. A new approach to identifying interregional correlations in steady state data makes use of two independent data sets. Regions of interest (ROIs) are defined and hypotheses regarding their connectivity are generated in one data set. The connectivity hypotheses are then evaluated in the remaining (independent) data set by analyzing low frequency temporal correlations between regions. The roles of the two data sets are then reversed and the process repeated, perhaps multiple times. This method was illustrated by application to the language system. The existence of a functional connection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area was confirmed in healthy subjects at rest. An increase in this functional connection when the language system was actively engaged (when subjects were continuously listening to narrative text) was also confirmed. In a second iteration of analyses, a correlation between Broca's area and a region in left premotor cortex was found to be significant at rest and to increase during continuous listening. These findings suggest that the proposed methodology can reveal the presence and strength of functional connections in high‐level cognitive systems. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:247–262, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneous Interaction of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate on I , iquicl Sulfuric Acid

The uptake of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) on liquid sulfuric acid surfaces has been invest igated using a fast-flow reactor coupled to a chemical ioniz.at ion mass spectrometer. PAN was observed to be reversibly adsorbed on sulfuric acid. From the time-dependent uptake, Henry's law volubility constant of PAN in sulfuric acid was obtained, The measured volubility constant was found to depend strong] y on temperature (199-226 K), but weakly on acid composition (46-72 wt %). on 72 wt % HzSOd, for example, the effective Henry's law volubility constant was determined to be about 5.6x I@ and 3.1x103 M atm " l at 208 and 222 K, respectively. Heterogeneous reactions of PAN with HC1, Cl, CIO, and OCIO on liquid sulfuric acid were also investigated and found to be very slow (y < 1x104). Atmospheric implications of the present results are discussed. lntroduct ion The atmospheric chemistry of nitrogen compounds plays an important role in photochemical oxidation processes that determine the fins] forms of atmospheric pollutants. Although these photochemical reactions ultimately lead to the conversion of nitrogen oxides (NOX) into HN03, there are also a number of side reactions that produce a variety of organic These organic nitrates act as temporary reservoirs of reactive nitrogen, which can be realist rikmted throughout the atmosphere by circulations [Singh and Hanst, 1981] and, thus, provide a source of NC), it) clean atmosphere where it is critical to the oxidation of hydrocarbons and the formation of ozone. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (CH3C(0)C)ZNC)Z, PAN) is recognized as one of the most abundant tropospheric organic nitrates. studies have established that PAN can account for a significant fraction of reacted NO,; it has been detected globally from ground level to an altitude of 10 km [Singh et al. the atmosphere, PAN is formed primarily from photochemical reactions of a wide variety of small nonmcthane hydrocarbons in the presence of NOX via the reaction of peroxyacetyl radicals with N0 2 , CH3C(0)02 + NO, + M + CH3C(0)OZN02 + M The fate of PAN is determined by several atmospheric removal processes, decomposition, UV photolysis, and chemical reactions with OH or Cl. In the the concentration of PAN is mainly controlled by thermal decomposition, (1) including thermal lower atmosphere, which is strongly temperature dependent [Orlando et al. At higher altitudes (> 7 km) where the thermal decomposition is slow, photolysis becomes the dominant sink for PAN [Mazely et al. Another potential loss mechanism …
Language Politics and National Identity in Malawi

With the attainment of independence, African countries tended to create new language policies different from their colonial masters' where possible. In most instances the purpose was ostensibly to forge new national identities symbolised by new flags and new anthems. Above all, most of these countries created national languages that would bring about new cultures and traditions largely for nation-building purposes. This article examines language policy statements from post-colonial Malawi to the present. The central thrust of the article is the choice and use of language in the country's political quest for national integration and identity, and how this has impacted on the formulation of language policies in Malawi. It argues, by means of evidence, that attempts to create such a national identity has failed to bring about a common national culture and tradition in Malawi. This is a result of the confusion in language policy statements and the actual practice on the ground that illustrates the continued English-Chinyanja diglossic hegemony that continues to reign. Banda's mindset is still in place, even in a new democratic era in which the status of indigenous languages in the national life, in early education and in the media is vague, undefined and thus not functional in mass communication. This is in a country in which more than 60% of the population is illiterate, with hardly any access to knowledge in its own indigenous languages and in which the majority of the population (80%) lives in rural communities (Osman, 1994).
Maternal Diet During Pregnancy and Carotid Intima–Media Thickness in Children

Objective—Autopsy studies show that intimal lipid accumulations in arteries are often present at birth, suggesting that the prenatal environment plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In animal models, a restricted or unbalanced maternal diet during gestation can influence susceptibility to atherosclerosis, but the relation in humans between maternal diet during pregnancy and atherogenesis is unknown. Methods and Results—We measured carotid intima–media thickness (IMT) in 216 nine-year-old children whose mothers had participated in a study of nutrition during pregnancy. IMT was greater in boys, in children who were heavier, in those with higher systolic blood pressure, and in those who took less exercise. Increased IMT was associated with a lower maternal energy intake in early (P=0.029) or late (P=0.006) pregnancy, after adjustment for these factors. Mean IMT of children whose mothers were in the lowest quarter of the distribution of energy intake in late pregnancy was 0.027 mm (95% confidence interval, 0.004 to 0.049) greater than that of those whose mothers were in the highest quarter of the distribution. Conclusion—Lower maternal energy intake during pregnancy may increase the susceptibility to atherogenesis of the child.
04 05 24 9 v 2 2 4 Ja n 20 05 Exploring the Superimposed Oscillations Parameter Space

The space of parameters characterizing an inflationary primordial power spectrum with small superimposed oscillations is explored using Monte Carlo methods. The most interesting region corresponding to high frequency oscillations is included in the analysis. The oscillations originate from some new physics taking place at the beginning of the inflationary phase and characterized by the new energy scale Mc. It is found that the standard slow-roll model remains the most probable one given the first year WMAP data. At the same time, the oscillatory models better fit the data on average, which is consistent with previous works on the subject. This is typical of a situation where volume effects in the parameter space play a significant role. Then, we find the amplitude of the oscillations to be less than 22% of the mean amplitude and the new scale Mc to be such that H/Mc < 6.6 × 10 −4 at 1σ level, where H is the scale of inflation. PACS numbers: 98.80. Cq, 98.70. Vc Exploring the Superimposed Oscillations Parameter Space 2
Initial Results from a Laboratory Emulation of Weak Gravitational Lensing Measurements

Weak gravitational lensing observations are a key science driver for the NASA Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). To validate the performance of the WFIRST infrared detectors, we have performed a laboratory emulation of weak gravitational lensing measurements. Our experiments used a custom precision projector system to image a target mask composed of a grid of pinholes, emulating stellar point sources, onto a 1.7 μm cut-off Teledyne HgCdTe/H2RG detector. We used a 0.88 μm LED illumination source and f/22 pupil stop to produce undersampled point spread functions similar to those expected from WFIRST. We also emulated the WFIRST image reconstruction strategy, using the image combination (IMCOM) algorithm to derive oversampled images from dithered, undersampled input images. We created shear maps for this data and computed shear correlation functions to mimic a real weak lensing analysis. After removing only second-order polynomial fits to the shear maps, we found that the correlation functions could be reduced to O(10-6). This places a conservative upper limit on the detector-induced bias to the correlation function (under our test conditions). This bias is two orders of magnitude lower than the expected weak lensing signal. Restricted to scales relevant to dark energy analyses (sky separations >0.5′), the bias is O(10-7)—comparable to the requirement for future weak lensing missions to avoid biasing cosmological parameter estimates. Our experiment will need to be upgraded and repeated under different configurations to fully characterize the shape measurement performance of WFIRST IR detectors.
Depositional history of pre-Devonian strata and timing of Ross orogenic tectonism in the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

A combination of field mapping, detailed sedimentology, carbon isotope chemostratigraphy, and new paleontological finds provides a significantly improved understanding of the depositional and tectonic history of uppermost Neoproterozoic and lower Paleozoic strata of the central Transantarctic Mountains. On the basis of these data, we suggest revision of the existing stratigraphy, including introduction of new formations, as follows. The oldest rocks appear to record late Neoproterozoic deposition across a narrow marine margin underlain by Precambrian basement. Siliciclastic deposits of the Neoproterozoic Beardmore Group—here restricted to the Cobham Formation and those rocks of the Goldie Formation that contain no detrital components younger than ca. 600 Ma—occupied an inboard zone to the west. They consist of shallow-marine deposits of an uncertain tectonic setting, although it was likely a rift to passive margin. Most rocks previously mapped as Goldie Formation are in fact Cambrian in age or younger, and we reassign them to the Starshot Formation of the Byrd Group; this change reduces the exposed area of the Goldie Formation to a small fraction of its previous extent. The basal unit of the Byrd Group—the predominantly carbonate ramp deposits of the Shackleton Limestone—rest with presumed unconformity on the restricted Goldie Formation. Paleontological data and carbon isotope stratigraphy indicate that the Lower Cambrian Shackleton Limestone ranges from lower Atdabanian through upper Botomian. This study presents the first description of a depositional contact between the Shackleton Limestone and overlying clastic units of the upper Byrd Group. This carbonate-to-clastic transition is of critical importance because it records a profound shift in the tectonic and depositional history of the region, namely from relatively passive sedimentation to active uplift and erosion associated with the Ross orogeny. The uppermost Shackleton Limestone is capped by a set of archaeocyathan bioherms with up to 40 m of relief above the seafloor. A widespread phosphatic crust on the bioherms records the onset of orogenesis and drowning of the carbonate ramp. A newly defined transitional unit, the Holyoake Formation, rests above this surface. It consists of black shale followed by mixed nodular carbonate and shale that fill in between, and just barely above, the tallest of the bioherms. This formation grades upward into trilobite- and hyolithid-bearing calcareous siltstone of the Starshot Formation and alluvial-fan deposits of the Douglas Conglomerate. Trilobite fauna from the lowermost siltstone deposits of the Starshot Formation date the onset of this transition as being late Botomian.
Is the Short Version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-S) Applicable for Use in Telephone Surveys?

Abstract The inclusion of psychological indicators in survey research has become more common because they offer the possibility of explaining much of the variance in sociological variables. The Big Five personality dimensions in particular are often used to explain opinions, attitudes, and behavior. However, the short versions of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-S) were developed for face-to-face surveys. Studies have shown distortions in the identification of the Big Five factor structure in subsamples of older respondents in landline telephone surveys. We applied the same BFI-S but with a shorter rating scale in a telephone survey with two subsamples (landline and mobile phone). Using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), we identified the Big Five structure in the subsamples and the age groups. This finding leads us to conclude that the BFI-S is a powerful means of including personality characteristics in telephone surveys.
Community Attitude and Associated Factors towards People with Mental Illness among Residents of Worabe Town, Silte Zone, Southern Nation’s Nationalities and People’s Region, Ethiopia

Background Mental illnesses worldwide are accompanied by another pandemic, that of stigma and discrimination. Public understanding about mental illnesses and attitudes towards people with mental illness play a paramount role in the prevention and treatment of mental illness and the rehabilitation of people with mental illness. Objective To assess community attitude and associated factors towards people with mental illness. Methods Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 28 to May 28, 2014. Quantitative data were collected through interview from 435 adults selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using community attitude towards mentally ill (CAMI) tool to assess community attitude towards people with mental illness and associated factors. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of community attitude towards people with mental illness and the level of significance association was determined by beta with 95% confidence interval and P less than 0.05. Results The highest mean score was on social restrictiveness subscale (31.55±5.62). Farmers had more socially restrictive view (β = 0.291, CI [0.09, 0.49]) and have less humanistic view towards mentally ill (β = 0.193, CI [-0.36, -0.03]). Having mental health information had significantly less socially restrictive (β = -0.59, CI [-1.13, -0.05]) and less authoritarian (β = -0.10, CI [-1.11, -0.06]) view towards mentally ill but respondents who are at university or college level reported to be more socially restrictive (β = 0.298, CI [0.059, 0.54]). Respondents whose age is above 48 years old had significantly less view of community mental health ideology (β = -0.59, CI [-1.09, -0.08]). Conclusion and Recommendation Residents of Worabe town were highly socially restrictive but less authoritarian. There was high level of negative attitude towards people with mental illness along all the subscales with relative variation indicating a need to develop strategies to change negative attitude attached to mental illness in Worabe town at community level.
The Future of Empirical Methods in Software Engineering Research

We present the vision that for all fields of software engineering (SE), empirical research methods should enable the development of scientific knowledge about how useful different SE technologies are for different kinds of actors, performing different kinds of activities, on different kinds of systems. It is part of the vision that such scientific knowledge will guide the development of new SE technology and is a major input to important SE decisions in industry. Major challenges to the pursuit of this vision are: more SE research should be based on the use of empirical methods; the quality, including relevance, of the studies using such methods should be increased; there should be more and better synthesis of empirical evidence; and more theories should be built and tested. Means to meet these challenges include (1) increased competence regarding how to apply and combine alternative empirical methods, (2) tighter links between academia and industry, (3) the development of common research agendas with a focus on empirical methods, and (4) more resources for empirical research.
The faint 2005 hard state outburst of Aquila X-1 seen by INTEGRAL and RXTE

We report on the spectral analysis of RXTE and INTEGRAL data of the 2005 April outburst of the transient Atoll source Aql X-1. Although this outburst is one of the faintest ever detected for this source in the soft X-rays (RXTE/ASM), one of our INTEGRAL observations, taken close to the soft X-ray peak, shows that the source flux was quite high, with a 20-200 keV flux of 2.05 x 10 -9 erg cm -2 s -1 . On this occasion we detect the source up to 150 keV for the first time. We compare and discuss the similarity of the source behavior with that of black hole transients especially XTE J1550-564.