Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learner‐Generated Noticing of Written L2 Input: What Do Learners Notice and Why?

This study explored learners’ self-generated noticing of L2 input. It is motivated by previous research on input enhancement which suggested that learners are able to notice certain aspects of input on their own without any external means to direct their attention. Drawing on insights that learner-generated noticing is largely mediated by learner-internal factors, this study specifically traced the effects of learners’ first language (L1), and their current second language (L2) knowledge in generating noticing. Two L1 groups (Japanese and English) with no knowledge of the L2 (Korean) were exposed to written L2 input and probed for their noticing behavior under a “zero knowledge” condition, and a “some knowledge” condition (i.e., after they had been taught some L2 words). Results revealed that under the “zero knowledge” condition, both groups exhibited similar noticing patterns prompted by perceptual input properties. Under the “some knowledge” condition, however, the Japanese group seemed to have noticed more input items and processed them at a deeper level of understanding. Insights gleaned from the study are discussed with avenues for future research.
TRAUMA IN TANZANIA: Researching Injury in a low-Resource Setting

The prevalence of surgical trauma as a global public health hazard has been severely neglected. Trauma surgeons in Uganda and Canada have developed the Kampala Trauma Score (KTS), a trauma severity index specific to east African contexts. Hospitals in Tanzania have begun to use this tool to measure their own trauma management protocols in order to measure the validity of this index regionally. This study sought to enhance analysis of data collected through the KTS, by highlighting the efficacy and the lacunae of this registry through evaluation of the data quality of one ongoing round of data collection at an orthopaedic emergency room in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The data was screened for missing values that would have impact on prediction of clinical evolution and also analysed for contradictory evidence. Interviews were conducted with data collectors on the main challenges involved in data gathering and analysis for this project. Analysis of the initial round of data collection confirms road accidents cause the most trauma in Dar es Salaam, with pedestrians being particularly vulnerable. However, critical sources of information such as serious injury scores and two-week followup were inconsistently recorded, thereby limiting outcome measurement. The lack of research resources, both financial and human, had a major impact on the ability to sustain the data collection. While the results of this study demonstrate the public health value of having a mechanism to record trauma, research capacity must be supported in low-resource settings in order to enhance clinical care to accident and injury patients.
Stellar populations in a complete sample of local radio galaxies

We investigate the nature of the continuum emission and stellar populations in the inner 1–3 kpc of a complete sample of 24 southern radio galaxies, and we compare the results with a control sample of 18 non-active early-type galaxies. 12 of the radio galaxies are classified as Fanaroff–Riley type I (FR I), eight as FR II and four as intermediate or undefined type (FR x). Optical long-slit spectra are used to perform spectral synthesis as a function of distance from the nucleus at an average sampling of 0.5–1.0 kpc and to quantify the relative contributions of a blue featureless continuum and stellar population components of different ages. Our main finding is a systematic difference between the stellar populations of the radio and control sample galaxies: the former have a larger contribution from an intermediate-age (1 Gyr) component, suggesting a connection between the present radio activity and a starburst which occurred ∼1 Gyr ago. In addition, we find a correlation between the contribution of the 1-Gyr component and the radio power, suggesting that more massive starbursts have led to more powerful radio emission. A similar relation is found between the radio power and the mean age of the stellar population, in the sense that stronger nuclear activity is found in younger galaxies. We also find that the stellar populations of FR I galaxies are, on average, older and more homogeneous than those of FR IIs. Significant population gradients were found in only four radio galaxies, which are also those with more than 10 per cent of their total flux at 4020 A contributed by age components younger than 100 Myr and/or a featureless continuum (indistinguishable from a 3-Myr-old stellar population).
CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION IN ALTERNATIVE HEALERS: AN INTERIM REpORT ON RESEARCH INTO THE RELATIONSHIP OF BELIEF, HEALING, AND PURPORTED SUBTLE ENERGIES

This ongoing research explores the psychological processes associated with the attempts of individuals who attempt to beneficially influence physiology of living organisms through such methods as wishing, laying-on of hands, prayer, and the purported transfer of subtle "energy. " Participants met specific criteria of social and/or scientific acceptability. A multiphasic research approach is explored in which the writings of a variety of healers were analyzed. A content analysis of the writings of 3 scholarly healer-researchers clarified and objectified healers' esoteric language, and an experiential inventory was developed. A systematic analysis was then performed using 10 books wrinen by well known healers in combination with 10 taped interviews of individuals who demonstrated healing (or biological influencing) under controlled conditions. Interviewees also ranked the importance of each major area of consciousness. Ranked averages indicate that the principal features of Transpersonal Healing (TH) are alterations in attention, cognitive processes and sense of self. Qualitative analysis reveals that TH involves self-regulation of attention, physiology, and cognition, the induction of altered awareness and reorganization of the healer's construction of cultural and personal realities. Attention is directed towards intrapsychic processes, resulting in (1) increased accessibility of subconscious materials, (2) enhanced empathy, (3) heightened emotional responses. (4) modified aHirudes. (5) altered meanings, and (6) distortions in time sense. Most significant among ontologic changes is a modification. or transcendence. of the healers' ordinary sense of self and absorption within functional beliefs. TH healer types appear to represent a range of contemporary subtypes of "pure" shamanic practice, the core process of TH being described as encompassing methodologies used to intentionally activate an endogenous healing potential. A taxonomic system is proposed and recommendations for future research are presented.
Applying the Transtheoretical Model to Exercise: A Systematic and Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Three questions guided a literature review of the transtheoretical model (TTM) as applied to exercise to address the evidence for stage-matched interventions, the description of priority populations, and the identification of valid TTM measurement tools. One-hundredand-fifty studies were reviewed. Results indicate preliminary support for the use of stage-matched exercise interventions. Most studies have focused on White, middle-class, female populations, limiting the generalizability of their findings. Valid and reliable measures exist for stage of change, decisional balance, processes of change, self-efficacy, and temptations to not exercise; however, more research is needed to refine these measures. Evidence for the construct validity of the TTM as applied to exercise is mixed. When designing and implementing TTM-based exercise interventions, practitioners and policy makers are encouraged to clearly define the term exercise, choose a valid and reliable staging tool, and employ all TTM constructs and not just stage membership.
Psychotropic Drug Interactions With Valproate

Valproate is a well-established anticonvulsant that is increasingly being employed, often in combination with other psychotropics, for its mood-stabilizing properties. This compound is metabolized by conjugation, β-oxidation, and cytochrome P450 oxidation (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2A6) and also acts as a broad-spectrum inhibitor of a variety of hepatic enzymes including glucoronyltransferase, epoxide hydrolase, and the CYP2C enzymes. In addition, it exhibits saturable protein binding and competes with many drugs for protein binding sites. It is therefore not surprising that valproate has been noted to interact with psychotropic medications of all classes. This article provides an overview of the noted pharmacokinetic psychotropic interactions with valproate, with a particular focus on the mechanisms of these interactions and potential clinical consequences.
MULTI-ELEMENT ABUNDANCE MEASUREMENTS FROM MEDIUM-RESOLUTION SPECTRA. II. CATALOG OF STARS IN MILKY WAY DWARF SATELLITE GALAXIES

We present a catalog of Fe, Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti abundances for 2961 stars in eight dwarf satellite galaxies of the Milky Way (MW): Sculptor, Fornax, Leo I, Sextans, Leo II, Canes Venatici I, Ursa Minor, and Draco. For the purposes of validating our measurements, we also observed 445 red giants in MW globular clusters and 21 field red giants in the MW halo. The measurements are based on Keck/DEIMOS medium-resolution spectroscopy (MRS) combined with spectral synthesis. We estimate uncertainties in [Fe/H] by quantifying the dispersion of [Fe/H] measurements in a sample of stars in monometallic globular clusters (GCs). We estimate uncertainties in Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti abundances by comparing to high-resolution spectroscopic abundances of the same stars. For this purpose, a sample of 132 stars with published high-resolution spectroscopy in GCs, the MW halo field, and dwarf galaxies has been observed with MRS. The standard deviations of the differences in [Fe/H] and 〈[α/Fe]〉 (the average of [Mg/Fe], [Si/Fe], [Ca/Fe], and [Ti/Fe]) between the two samples is 0.15 and 0.16, respectively. This catalog represents the largest sample of multi-element abundances in dwarf galaxies to date. The next papers in this series draw conclusions on the chemical evolution, gas dynamics, and star formation histories from the catalog presented here. The wide range of dwarf galaxy luminosity reveals the dependence of dwarf galaxy chemical evolution on galaxy stellar mass.
Feeling at Home in a Multigenerational Household: The Importance of Control

Abstract The importance of property ownership for feelings of control and ontological security has received significant academic attention. Yet tenure may not be the only indicator of control over one’s dwelling. This paper considers the importance of control within the household in relation to household members’ feelings of home and highlights the importance of one’s relationship with other household members and their relative control over decision-making and the use of space. It draws upon research on multigenerational households in Australian cities, including a survey (n = 392), diaries (n = 21) and interviews (n = 21). Individuals’ feelings of home were influenced by their sense of control over their dwellings, which varied for different household members. This has significant implications for research on the meaning of home, and suggests that important synergies are possible between researchers concerned with the form and nature of social interactions within the family and housing researchers concerned with the meaning of home.
An Approach to Evaluate AI Commonsense Reasoning Systems

We propose and give a preliminary test of a new metric for the quality of the commonsense knowledge and reasoning of large AI databases: Using the same measurement as is used for a four-year-old, namely, an IQ test for young children. We report on results obtained using test questions we wrote in the spirit of the questions of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Third Edition (WPPSI-III) on the ConceptNet system, which were, on the whole, quite strong.
Inhibitory motor seizures: correlation with centroparietal structural and functional abnormalities

Six adults and 2 children with focal inhibitory motor seizures (ictal paralysis) were evaluated during a 4‐year period. Paresthesias at seizure onset occurred during some seizures in all patients, and focal clonic activity followed paralysis in 4. EEG‐CCTV recordings of the seizures in 2 patients showed that ictal paralysis coincided with an ictal discharge starting in one centroparietal area. MRI showed centroparietal structural lesions in six patients. One patient with a normal MRI scan had right centroparietal hypometabolism on PET. Inhibitory motor seizures must be differentiated from transient ischemic attacks and migraine. In our patients a centroparietal epileptogenic focus was suggested by neuroimaging studies, and in 2 instances by ictal EEG.
Projectile L2,3-shell electron excitation in slow Ne+-Al collisions.

We report angle-resolved studies of projectile [ital L][sub 2,3]-shell autoionization electron emission by bombarding a polycrystalline Al surface with 0.2--5-keV Ne[sup +] ions. Several previously unresolved transition lines have been observed and assignment to Ne 2[ital p][sup 3][ital nln][prime][ital l][prime][ital n][prime][prime][ital l][prime][prime] and Ne[sup +] 2[ital p][sup 3][ital nln][prime][ital l][prime] autoionizing states has been proposed. We found that the [sup 3][ital P] triplet is the dominant configuration for the excited Ne 2[ital p][sup 4]3[ital s][sup 2] and its relative population depends sensitively on both the primary ion energy and incidence angle. Analysis of the electron spectra shows that most excited Ne particles are backscattered from the surface and decay in vacuum, rather than inside the solid.
Differentiating tuberculous from malignant pleural effusions: a scoring model.

BACKGROUND Patients with tuberculous or malignant pleural effusions frequently have similar clinical manifestations and pleural fluid profile. The aim of our study was to derive a simple clinical score for differential diagnosis of these two clinical entities. MATERIAL/METHODS Our retrospective study involved 106 patients with tuberculous pleurisy and 286 with malignant effusions, seen during a 9-year period. Clinical and laboratory variables with (model 1) and without (model 2) the addition of pleural adenosine deaminase entered into a multivariate analysis to calculate a scoring system (range 0 to 10) for the detection of tuberculous effusions. RESULTS In model 1, four variables predicted a tuberculous etiology: adenosine deaminase > or = 40 U/L (5 points), age <35 years (2), temperature > or 37.8 degrees C (2), and pleural fluid red blood cell count < 5 x 10(9)/L (1). In addition to the last three items, model 2 identified other predictive parameters: no history of malignancy (3), pleural protein > or = 50 g/L (1), and pleural fluid to serum lactate dehydrogenase ratio > or 2.2 (1). Summated scores of > or 5 in model 1 and > or 6 in model 2 yielded measures of sensitivity (95% and 97%), and specificity (94% and 91%) for discriminating tuberculous from malignant effusions, respectively. The area under the ROC curve for models 1 and 2 was 0.987 and 0.982, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The combination of clinical data and pleural fluid chemistry profile into a score-based model can facilitate differential diagnosis between tuberculous and malignant effusions.
Effects of Cordycepin on the Microglia-Overactivation-Induced Impairments of Growth and Development of Hippocampal Cultured Neurons

Microglial cells are normally activated in response to brain injury or immunological stimuli to protect central nervous system (CNS). However, over-activation of microglia conversely amplifies the inflammatory effects and mediates cellular degeneration, leading to the death of neurons. Recently, cordycepin, an active component found in Cordyceps militarisa known as a rare Chinese caterpillar fungus, has been reported as an effective drug for treating inflammatory diseases and cancer via unclear mechanisms. In this study, we attempted to identify the anti-inflammatory role of cordycepin and its protective effects on the impairments of neural growth and development induced by microglial over-activation. The results indicate that cordycepin could attenuate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation, evidenced by the dramatically reduced release of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as the down-regulation of mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2 after cordycepin treatment. Besides, cordycepin reversed the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB pathway, resulting in anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, by employing the conditioned medium (CM), we found cordycepin was able to recover the impairments of neural growth and development in the primary hippocampal neurons cultured in LPS-CM, including cell viability, growth cone extension, neurite sprouting and outgrowth as well as spinogenesis. This study expands our knowledge of the anti-inflammatory function of cordycepin and paves the way for the biomedical applications of cordycepin in the therapies of neural injuries.
Charge storage mechanism in nanoporous carbons and its consequence for electrical double layer capacitors

Electrochemical capacitors, also known as supercapacitors, are energy storage devices that fill the gap between batteries and dielectric capacitors. Thanks to their unique features, they have a key role to play in energy storage and harvesting, acting as a complement to or even a replacement of batteries which has already been achieved in various applications. One of the challenges in the supercapacitor area is to increase their energy density. Some recent discoveries regarding ion adsorption in microporous carbon exhibiting pores in the nanometre range can help in designing the next generation of high-energy-density supercapacitors.
Choice of Summer Fallow Replacement Crops Impacts Subsequent Winter Wheat

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the foundation of dryland cropping systems in the Central Great Plains. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of four short-season spring-planted crops used to replace summer fallow on the subsequent winter wheat crop. Wheat was seeded into four crop stubbles [spring triticale (3Triticosecale Wittmack), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.), and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)] at sites near Akron, CO, and Sidney, NE, in the fall of 2004 and 2005. These summer fallow replacement crops were planted into silt loam soils at three different soil water levels at planting (low, medium, and high). Winter wheat water use was 3.6 cm greater, and grain yield was 662 kg ha 21 greater in the high water treatment compared with the low water treatment averaged across all sites and years. Winter wheat used an average of 4.3 cm more water following early planted summer crops (triticale and dry pea) than after late planted summer crops (foxtail and proso millet), but this increased water use did not consistently translate into increased grain yield as a result of terminal drought at Sidney in 2006. The high water treatment always had a positive net return. The high cost of pea seed ($3.30 kg 21 , USD) strongly reduced profitability. The flexible summer fallow cropping system appears to be most applicable when using short-duration summer annual forage crops such as triticale and foxtail millet.
As the raven flies: using genetic data to infer the history of invasive common raven (Corvus corax) populations in the Mojave Desert

Common raven (Corvus corax) populations in Mojave Desert regions of southern California and Nevada have increased dramatically over the past five decades. This growth has been attributed to increased human development in the region, as ravens have a commensal relationship with humans and feed extensively at landfills and on road‐killed wildlife. Ravens, as a partially subsidized predator, also represent a problem for native desert wildlife, in particular threatened desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). However, it is unclear whether the more than 15‐fold population increase is due to in situ population growth or to immigration from adjacent regions where ravens have been historically common. Ravens were sampled for genetic analysis at several local sites within five major areas: the West Mojave Desert (California), East Mojave Desert (southern Nevada), southern coastal California, northern coastal California (Bay Area), and northern Nevada (Great Basin). Analyses of mtDNA control region sequences reveal an increased frequency of raven ‘Holarctic clade’ haplotypes from south to north inland, with ‘California clade’ haplotypes nearly fixed in the California populations. There was significant structuring among regions for mtDNA, with high FST values among sampling regions, especially between the Nevada and California samples. Analyses of eight microsatellite loci reveal a mostly similar pattern of regional population structure, with considerably smaller, but mostly significant, values. The greater mtDNA divergences may be due to lower female dispersal relative to males, lower Ne, or effects of high mutation rates on maximal values of FST. Analyses indicate recent population growth in the West Mojave Desert and a bottleneck in the northern California populations. While we cannot rule out in situ population growth as a factor, patterns of movement inferred from our data suggest that the increase in raven populations in the West Mojave Desert resulted from movements from southern California and the Central Valley. Ravens in the East Mojave Desert are more similar to ones from northern Nevada, indicating movement between those regions. If this interpretation of high gene flow into the Mojave Desert is correct, then efforts to manage raven numbers by local control may not be optimally effective.
Gene Expression Dynamics Accompanying the Sponge Thermal Stress Response

Marine sponges are important members of coral reef ecosystems. Thus, their responses to changes in ocean chemistry and environmental conditions, particularly to higher seawater temperatures, will have potential impacts on the future of these reefs. To better understand the sponge thermal stress response, we investigated gene expression dynamics in the shallow water sponge, Haliclona tubifera (order Haplosclerida, class Demospongiae), subjected to elevated temperature. Using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, we show that these conditions result in the activation of various processes that interact to maintain cellular homeostasis. Short-term thermal stress resulted in the induction of heat shock proteins, antioxidants, and genes involved in signal transduction and innate immunity pathways. Prolonged exposure to thermal stress affected the expression of genes involved in cellular damage repair, apoptosis, signaling and transcription. Interestingly, exposure to sublethal temperatures may improve the ability of the sponge to mitigate cellular damage under more extreme stress conditions. These insights into the potential mechanisms of adaptation and resilience of sponges contribute to a better understanding of sponge conservation status and the prediction of ecosystem trajectories under future climate conditions.
Teaching evidence-based practice in mental health

This article is reprinted from the journal Evidence-Based Mental Health. It presents the core virtues of the evidence-based paradigm (questioning of unfounded beliefs, rigorous scrutiny of methodology, critical appraisal of proposed treatments), and the authors’ experiences in teaching evidence-based practice to psychiatric residents. The aim of such training is to produce informed consumers of evidence, not researchers or methodologists. The lessons learned in psychiatric training have obvious applications to social work education.