Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi Women and Labour Market Decisions in London and Dhaka

In this path breaking study, social economist Naila Kabeer examines the lives of Bangladeshi garment workers to shed light on the question of what constitutes "fair" competition in international trade. She argues that if the unhealthy coalition of multinationals and labour movements is truly seeking to improve the working conditions for women and children in the 'third World', as well as those of western workers, their efforts should be directed away from an attempt to impose labour standards and towards a support for the organisation of labour rights. Any attempt to devise acceptable labour standards at an international level which takes no account of the forces of inclusion and exclusion with local labour markets is, she further argues, likely to represent the interests of the powerful at the expense of the weak.
A Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship for Translocation of Tripeptides via the Human Proton-Coupled Peptide Transporter, hPEPT1 (SLC15A1)

The human intestinal proton-coupled peptide transporter, hPEPT1 (SLC15A1), has been identified as an absorptive transporter for both drug substances and prodrugs. An understanding of the prerequisites for transport has so far been obtained from models based on competition experiments. These models have limited value for predicting substrate translocation via hPEPT1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the requirements for translocation via hPEPT1. A set of 55 tripeptides was selected from a principal component analysis based on VolSurf descriptors using a statistical design. The majority of theses tripeptides have not previously been investigated. Translocation of the tripeptides via hPEPT1 was determined in a MDCK/hPEPT1 cell-based translocation assay measuring substrate-induced changes in fluorescence of a membrane potential-sensitive probe. Affinities for hPEPT1 of relevant tripeptides were determined by competition studies with [14C]Gly-Sar in MDCK/hPEPT1 cells. Forty tripeptides were found to be substrates for hPEPT1, having Kmapp values in the range 0.4–28 mM. Eight tripeptides were not able to cause a substrate-induced change in fluorescence in the translocation assay and seven tripeptides interacted with the probe itself. The conformationally restricted tripeptide Met-Pro-Pro was identified as a novel high-affinity inhibitor of hPEPT1. We also discovered the first tripeptide (Asp-Ile-Arg) that was neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of hPEPT1. To rationalise the requirements for transport, a quantitative structure–activity relationship model correlating Kmapp values with VolSurf descriptors was constructed. This is, to our knowledge, the first predictive model for the translocation of tripeptides via hPEPT1.
Tax Changes and Capital Allocation in the 1980s

The paper begins with presentation of a methodology for computing rental costs of capital under any tax regime.Tax law over the 1980-84 period is specified and the provisions of theTreasury and Administration tax reform proposals and HR 3838 are described. A model is then constructed to allow calculation of the impact of changes in tax regimes and/or expected inflation on interest rates and the allocation of real capital. The model allocates a fixed private capital stock among various classes of nonresidential and residential capital, depending upon the rental costs for the capital components, the price elasticities of demand with respect to the rental costs, and the elasticities of homeownership with respect to the cost of owning versus renting. The interest rate adjusts in response to tax/inflation changes so as to maintain the aggregate demand for capital at this initial level.The model is employed to deduce the efficiency of the allocation of real capital under various tax regimes at different inflation rates.
Congenital heart defects and parental occupational exposure to chemicals.

BACKGROUND Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common major malformations in newborns. In this study we examined the associations between the occurrence of CHDs in children and periconceptional occupational parental exposures to chemicals. METHODS In an age-matched case-control study with standardized data collection at c. 15 months after birth, 424 mothers and 421 fathers of a child with CHD and 480 mothers and 477 fathers of a non-malformed child, filled out questionnaires on periconceptional general and job characteristics. A job exposure matrix, which links the information on job title and a description of work tasks to an expert judgement on exposure to chemicals in the workplace, was used. RESULTS The overall prevalence of occupational exposure to chemicals was 5.0 in cases and 6.2% in controls for mothers [odds ratio (OR) adjusted = 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26-3.25], while 22.3 and 15.9% for fathers, respectively (OR adjusted = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.39-3.91). No association of maternal occupational exposure to chemicals with risk of CHDs was found. Paternal exposure to phthalates was associated with a higher incidence of CHDs in general (OR adjusted = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.27-3.40). Paternal exposure to phthalates was associated with perimembranous ventricular septal defect (OR adjusted = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.37-5.92), to polychlorinated compounds with atrioventricular septal defect (OR adjusted = 4.22; 95% CI: 1.23-14.42) and to alkylphenolic compounds with coarctation of the aorta (OR adjusted = 3.85; 95% CI: 1.17-12.67). CONCLUSIONS Periconceptional paternal (but not maternal) occupational exposure to certain chemicals is associated with an increased risk of CHDs in children. The results, however, must be interpreted cautiously as exposure probabilities are a crude measure of exposure.
Sorting Nexin 27 Interacts with Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 4 (MRP4) and Mediates Internalization of MRP4*

Background: Little is known about the molecular mechanism regulating MRP4 expression on the cell surface. Results: SNX27 physically associates with MRP4 through PDZ-PDZ interaction and accelerates MRP4 internalization. Conclusion: SNX27 mediates MRP4 internalization and thereby negatively modulates the cell surface expression and transport function of MRP4. Significance: This study provides insights into the mechanisms responsible for MRP4 internalization and SNX27 function. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) makes a vital contribution to the bodily distribution of drugs and endogenous compounds because of its cellular efflux abilities. However, little is known about the mechanism regulating its cell surface expression. MRP4 has a PDZ-binding motif, which is a potential sequence that modulates the membrane expression of MRP4 via interaction with PDZ adaptor proteins. To investigate this possible relationship, we performed GST pull-down assays and subsequent analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. This method identified sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) as the interacting PDZ adaptor protein with a PDZ-binding motif of MRP4. Its interaction was confirmed by a coimmunoprecipitation study using HEK293 cells. Knockdown of SNX27 by siRNA in HEK293 cells raised MRP4 expression on the plasma membrane, increased the extrusion of 6-[14C]mercaptopurine, an MRP4 substrate, and conferred resistance against 6-[14C]mercaptopurine. Cell surface biotinylation studies indicated that the inhibition of MRP4 internalization was responsible for these results. Immunocytochemistry and cell surface biotinylation studies using COS-1 cells showed that SNX27 localized to both the early endosome and the plasma membrane. These data suggest that SNX27 interacts with MRP4 near the plasma membrane and promotes endocytosis of MRP4 and thereby negatively regulates its cell surface expression and transport function.
Setting responsible pathways: the politics of responsibilisation

Australian youth income support and educational policies have focused on increasing participation and retention in schools. The assumptions and rationales underpinning these policies assert a positive relationship between educational engagement, employment and social inclusion. This paper examines these assumptions and rationales and, drawing upon Australian and international research (particularly the UK) over the past decade, questions the efficacy of these policies in achieving their stated goals. Furthermore, the paper argues that the neo‐liberal philosophical underpinnings of these policies, particularly the emphasis on responsibilisation, can undermine disadvantaged young people’s engagement with school and does little to create positive pathways to employment. Moreover, it is clear that disadvantaged young people are not assisted by these policies to make empowered social transitions.
Passive timing effect in portfolio management

The primary objective of the present study is to analyse the extent of the passive timing effect in portfolio management. This effect is produced when a portfolio which is not managed actively shows signs of instability in its level of systematic risk. By contrast, market timing involves active management of the portfolio and therefore changes to the level of systematic risk in order to anticipate market movements in an appropriate manner. This study proposes a dynamic beta model which incorporates the effect of passive timing attributable to the accumulated evolution of weightings for the assets that make up the portfolio. The results demonstrate the importance of this effect when applying performance and market timing measures in order to evaluate portfolio results, such as those of mutual funds.
Improving the Employment Rates of People with Disabilities through Vocational Education

During the 2001-2008 period, the employment rate of people with a disability remained remarkably low in most western economies, hardly responding to better macro-economic conditions and favourable anti-discrimination legislation and interventions. Continuing health and productivity improvements in the general population are leaving people with disabilities behind, unable to play their role and have their share in the increasing productive capacity of the economy. This paper combines dynamic panel econometric estimation with longitudinal data from Australia to show that vocational education has a considerable and long-lasting positive effect on the employment participation and productivity of people with disabilities.
Left ventricular function in the post‐infarct failing mouse heart by magnetic resonance imaging and conductance catheter: a comparative analysis

Aim: Murine myocardial infarction (MI) models are increasingly used in heart failure studies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pressure–volume loops by conductance catheter (CC) enable physiological phenotyping. We performed a comparative analysis of MRI vs. CC to assess left ventricular (LV) function in the failing mouse heart.
High‐resolution animal PET imaging of prostate cancer xenografts with three different 64Cu‐labeled antibodies against native cell‐adherent PSMA

The prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed by virtually all prostate cancers and represents an ideal target for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This article compares the in vivo behavior and tumor uptake of three different radiolabeled anti‐PSMA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and corresponding F(ab)2 and Fab fragments thereof.
Compressed Multiresolution Hierarchies for High‐Quality Precomputed Shadows

The quality of shadow mapping is traditionally limited by texture resolution. We present a novel lossless compression scheme for high‐resolution shadow maps based on precomputed multiresolution hierarchies. Traditional multiresolution trees can compactly represent homogeneous regions of shadow maps at coarser levels, but require many nodes for fine details. By conservatively adapting the depth map, we can significantly reduce the tree complexity. Our proposed method offers high compression rates, avoids quantization errors, exploits coherency along all data dimensions, and is well‐suited for GPU architectures. Our approach can be applied for coherent shadow maps as well, enabling several applications, including high‐quality soft shadows and dynamic lights moving on fixed‐trajectories.
MEASUREMENT OF THE KINETIC STATUS OF BONE MARROW PRECURSOR CELLS: THREE CAUTIONARY TALES

Measurements to determine the kinetic status of the morphologically unrecognizable haemopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow are frequently carried out using techniques which inhibit or destroy cells in the DNA‐synthetic (S) phase of the cell cycle. For example, tritiated thymidine (3H‐TdR) has for many years been recognized as a highly specific label for DNA synthesis and, as such, administration of large doses of 3H‐TdR has often been used, both in vitro and in vivo, to kill cells in S. Assay of the surviving cells has then given a measure of the proportion of the total cells which are in the S‐phase of the generation cycle. Other compounds which have been used for the same purpose are: 125Iodo‐deoxyuridine (125I‐UdR), another S‐phase specific label, or hydroxyurea (HU) which prevents entry of cells into S and inhibits or kills cells already in S (Sinclair, 1965). For a variety of reasons, different laboratories tend to make different choices of the agent to be used for this purpose. As a result, it has sometimes proved difficult to marry data obtained from different sources. In the course of using 3H‐TdR, tritiated uridine (3H‐Ur), 125I‐UdR and HU in attempts toevaluate the kinetic status of bone marrow stem cells, it has become clear that their use is not straightforward and this paper presents data which illustrate some of the pitfalls associated with their use.
Cervical necrotizing fasciitis: clinical manifestations and management.

Forty-five cases of cervical necrotizing fasciitis are reported, and their clinical, bacteriologic, and therapeutic implications are considered. Fasciitis was of dental origin in 78% of cases, pharyngeal in 16%, and surgical or posttraumatic in 6%. The condition extended to the face in 22% of cases, to the lower part of the neck in 56%, and to the mediastinum in 40%. Soft-tissue cultures were positive in 78% of cases. Anaerobes were isolated along with aerobes in 49% of cases (mean, 2.2 isolates per patient) and in pure culture in 22%. Treatment included surgical debridement and drainage and the administration of antibiotics active against both anaerobic and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Hyperbaric oxygen was used for adjunctive treatment. The bacteria involved did not affect clinical manifestations, extension, or mortality. The survival rate among our patients was 78%. Mortality was significantly higher among cases with mediastinal extension (44% vs. 7%; P < .01); thus the prompt recognition and drainage of sites of mediastinal extension are of critical importance. Other risk factors for death were an age of > 70 years, underlying diabetes, the development of septic shock within 24 hours after admission, and prolonged prothrombin time.
Sequential Investment, Firm Motives, and Agglomeration of Japanese Electronics Firms in the United States

Recent research finds that firms investing abroad tend to agglomerate with other foreign entrants. Yet firms often invest multiple times within the same host country, which raises the question of whether firms agglomerate with their competitors' or their own prior investments. Collocation's attractiveness also may vary as a firm's entry motives evolve. The activities of prior and present investments often differ-initial investment may be for distribution while later ones might be for manufacturing. For Japanese investment into the United States in the electronics sector from 1980 to 1998, we find that firms tend to collocate only with their own prior investments. The exception is firms with little of their own experience, who tend to collocate with competitors. These results demonstrate the importance of firm heterogeneity in determining agglomeration behavior. Copyright 2004 Blackwell Publishing, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA, and 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK.
The Emory Prospective Randomized Trial: Selective Versus Nonselective Shunt to Control Variceal Bleeding Ten‐year Follow‐up

From 1971 to 1975, 55 patients with variceal bleeding secondary to cirrhosis were entered into a prospective randomized trial comparing distal splenorenal (selective) and H-graft interposition (nonselective) shunt. This 10-year follow-up documents that selective shunt is better (p less than 0.05) in four of the five variables monitored. Control of bleeding: selective shunt prevented variceal bleeding better than interposition shunt due to the higher (0.05 less than p less than 0.1) occlusion rate (30%) of interposition shunt. Selective shunt maintained postoperative portal perfusion better (p less than 0.01) than patent interposition shunt. Seventy-five per cent of selective shunt survivors have portal perfusion at 10 years: no patient with a patent nonselective shunt perfuses the liver. Quantitative liver function was better preserved (p less than 0.01) 10 years after selective shunt than nonselective shunt. Postoperative encephalopathy occurred in fewer (p less than 0.01) selective (27%) than nonselective (75%) shunt patients over the 10 years. Survival: in the randomized population, the improved survival in the selective shunt subgroup did not reach statistical significance. However, improved survival was confirmed in nonalcoholics. Five of eight nonalcoholics operated with selective shunt are alive at 10 years with patent shunts. No nonalcoholic, of seven total, operated with nonselective shunt survived 10 years with a patent shunt. These data show that selective shunt was superior to nonselective shunt. There was less rebleeding and encephalopathy after distal splenorenal shunt; postoperative portal perfusion and hepatic function were maintained.
Expected Poverty under Risk-Induced Welfare Variability

This paper examines the effects of risk-induced welfare variability on the expected value of a broad class of stochastic poverty measures. Theoretical conditions are derived for an increase in shared risk to increase expected poverty. The approach is applied to panel data for three villages in the semiarid tropics of India, where both risk and poverty are severe. The preferred welfare indicator, based on food consumption, suggests that variability had negligible effect on the proportion of the population who are poor. However, the poverty reduc tion benefits from stabilization policies are far from negligible when effects on persistent poverty are considered. Copyright 1988 by Royal Economic Society.
Fine-scale ultralow-velocity zone structure from high-frequency seismic array data

[1] Variability of core-mantle boundary (CMB) structure is imaged at the kilometer to tens of kilometers scale by intensive waveform modeling of the ScP phase. Recordings of earthquakes in the Tonga-Fiji subduction zone from the small-aperture (10 km), high-frequency (∼2–4 Hz) Alice Springs Array in central Australia are used to document anomalous ScP waveform variations due to the presence of an ultralow-velocity zone (ULVZ) at the CMB. These data expand coverage from previous results using the Warramunga Array, which is located slightly to the north, and indicate the existence of a geographically confined ULVZ at the CMB, roughly 100 km in lateral extent, south of New Caledonia and east of Australia. Synthetic modeling indicates seismic velocity reductions of ∼8% and ∼24% for P wave and S waves, respectively, and a well-constrained density increase of ∼10% in a ∼8.5 km thick layer above the CMB. This ULVZ patch is well explained by an elevated iron content of partially molten mantle material, likely present as divalent oxidized iron in the low spin state: The properties of such an iron-enriched assemblage are consistent with both an elevated density and bulk modulus of this region, as are dictated from our best fit seismic results. Furthermore, a positive velocity gradient within the ULVZ may be present, which need not be associated with a decrease in melt content within this region but could rather be associated with a shift in the textural distribution of melt within the ULVZ.
A Generalized Lattice Based Probabilistic Approach for Metagenomic Clustering

Metagenomics involves the analysis of genomes of microorganisms sampled directly from their environment. Next Generation Sequencing allows a high-throughput sampling of small segments from genomes in the metagenome to generate reads. To study the properties and relationships of the microorganisms present, clustering can be performed based on the inherent composition of the sampled reads for unknown species. We propose a two-dimensional lattice based probabilistic model for clustering metagenomic datasets. The occurrence of a species in the metagenome is estimated using a lattice of probabilistic distributions over small sized genomic sequences. The two dimensions denote distributions for different sizes and groups of words, respectively. The lattice structure allows for additional support for a node from its neighbors when the probabilistic support for the species using the parameters of the current node is deemed insufficient. We also show convergence for our algorithm. We test our algorithm on simulated metagenomic data containing bacterial species and observe more than <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $85\text{percent}$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="jha-ieq1-2563422.gif"/></alternatives> </inline-formula> precision. We also evaluate our algorithm on an <italic>in vitro</italic>-simulated bacterial metagenome and on human patient data, and show a better clustering than other algorithms even for short reads and varied abundance. The software and datasets can be downloaded from <uri>https:// github.com/lattclus/lattice-metage </uri>.
Comprehensive education or vocational training for the unemployed

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of comprehensive education as compared with vocational training by using Swedish data on a large sample of unemployed individuals aged 25 to 55. Design/methodology/approach - The Adult Education Initiative (AEI) in Sweden was introduced in the autumn of 1997 and generated a massive expansion of subsidized adult comprehensive education. Participants in the vocational part of Labour Market Training (LMT) are used as a comparison group. The relative program effects are obtained by way of OLS fixed effects estimates, using register data of annual wage earnings from 1991 to 2003. Findings - There are weaker earnings effects of comprehensive education relative to vocational training. However, insignificant coefficient results are obtained for individuals aged 43-55 and also for females who prior to enrolment had experienced two-year upper secondary schooling or resided in a municipality associated with a low level of average educational attainment. Research limitations/implications - Identification of true underlying effects rely on fixed effects estimates. Using non-experimental data, one would ideally have access to an instrumental variable, which could explain program choice without being correlated with wage earnings. Practical implications - The results add to our knowledge on the relative average returns to general and specific human capital accumulation. In this specific case, more careful targeting of participants in the AEI could have improved the relative efficiency of the program. Originality/value - This study offers guidance to labour market policy makers on how an appropriate mix is attained between vocational training and comprehensive education.