Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
U-50,488H, a kappa opioid receptor agonist, is a more potent blocker of cardiac sodium channels than lidocaine.

Voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for the initial rapid membrane depolarization phase of the action potential and the genesis of conducting action potentials. The channels can transition between at least three distinct states: resting (closed), open (active) and inactive (nonconducting) [1]. The transitions between these states are voltage and time-dependent. Different sodium channels are expressed in different tissues, there being at least 9 distinct but homologous mammalian sodium channel isoforms [2]. In cardiac tissue, the action of antiarrhythmic drugs such as lidocaine is to prevent abnormal electrical impulse propagation and conduction, thus suppressing non-pacemaker generated electrical activity that results from damage to cardiac myocytes. Class I antiarrhythmic drugs suppress the propagation of cardiac impulses by interacting differentially with the states of the sodium channel [3].
The Effect of increasing levels of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed on the performance, ruminal fermentation, antioxidant status and milk fatty acid profile of Saanen dairy goats

This study was conducted to examine the effect of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed (DPS) on the performance, ruminal fermentation, antioxidant status and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of dairy goats. Eight multiparous Saanen dairy goats, averaging 97 ± 7 days in milk (DIM) and 2150 ± 130 g of milk production, were used in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design. Experimental diets contained 0% (control), 6% (DPS6), 12% (DPS12) and 18% (DPS18) of DPS. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and the composition and digestibility of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and crude protein (CP) were not affected by the diets. Adding DPS to the diet increased linearly total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in milk and blood (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in milk and blood. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the blood, ruminal pH, NH3 -N, ruminal total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, butyrate, isovalerate and valeric acid concentration had no significant effect among the diets. The propionate acid concentration decreased linearly as DPS was added to the diet, and DPS18 had minimum propionate acid concentration (p < 0.05). The inclusion of DPS18 to diets increased linearly the proportion of C18:0 (compared to control) as well as cis-18:1, trans-18:1 (compared to control and DPS6) and decreased C14:1 (compared to control) in milk fat (p < 0.05). The concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in DPS18 was higher than other diets (p = 0.04). The results of this study implied that replacing DPS with a part of dairy goats' ration had no negative effects on the performance of the animals and could also improve the antioxidant activity and increase the concentration of CLA in their milk.
Could Target Age Explain Identification Accuracy Differences Between Child and Adult Eyewitnesses?

Previous research indicates that the age of the witness making an identification affects accuracy. Few studies, however, have examined the effect of the culprit's age on identification accuracy. The present study examined accuracy rates of adult witnesses for a child or adult target. Correct identification rates were higher for the child compared to the adult target, but correct rejection rates were higher for the adult compared to the child target. With regard to choosing behaviour, witnesses were more likely to select a line-up member than reject the line-up when presented with the child compared to the adult target. These results suggest that differences in accuracy between witnesses may be inherent to the age of the target being identified rather than the witness' memory for the target.
Etiopathogenesis of Sheehan's Syndrome: Roles of Coagulation Factors and TNF-Alpha

Sheehan's Syndrome (SS) is defined as pituitary hormone deficiency due to ischemic infarction of the pituitary gland as a result of massive postpartum uterine hemorrhage. Herein, we aimed to investigate the roles of Factor II (G20210A), Factor V (G1691A), MTHFR (C677T and A1298C), PAI-1 4G/5G, and TNF-α (−308 G > A) gene polymorphisms in the etiopathogenesis of SS. Venous blood samples were obtained from 53 cases with SS and 43 healthy women. Standard methods were used to extract the genomic DNAs. Factor II (G20210A), Factor V (G1691A), and MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms were identified by real-time PCR. PAI-1 4G/5G and TNF-α (−308 G > A) gene polymorphisms were detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. According to statistical analysis, none of the polymorphisms were found to be significantly higher in the SS group compared to the control group. Hence, we suggest that genetic factors other than Factor II, Factor V, MTHFR, PAI-1, and TNF-α gene polymorphisms should be researched in the etiopathogenesis of SS.
A COMPREHENSIVE GERIATRIC INTERVENTION REDUCES SHORT‐ AND LONG‐TERM MORTALITY IN OLDER PEOPLE WITH HIP FRACTURE

To the Editor: In their article recently published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Vidan et al. demonstrated that an early multidisciplinary geriatric intervention reduces in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with hip fracture, without a significant effect on length of hospital stay. We want to contribute to this topic by presenting data from a cohort of 819 patients admitted over a 3-year period (2000–02) in the orthopedic ward of the Galliera Hospital (Genoa, Italy) and managed on an alternate annual basis with a traditional approach or an orthogeriatric care model.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in The Netherlands: Results from a Population Based Registry

The Comprehensive Cancer Centre West (CCCW) population based non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) registry contains information on all newly diagnosed NHL patients living in the region covered by the CCCW. Patients were entered from June 1st 1981 to December 31st 1989. Follow-up is still ongoing, median follow-up is 113 months (1-191 months) for patients alive. In this study, patient and tumor characteristics, data on patterns of care, response and (relative) survival are described. As follicular lymphomas and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas are the most frequently occurring NHL subtypes in the database, a separate analysis is performed to characterize the clinical picture of these disease entities in the CCCW population. Our data illustrate that NHL patients in the general population are substantially older than patients included in trials and hospital based series. Due to older age, treatment is withheld or adapted for a substantial number of patients. The resulting survival and relative survival rates are a reflection of these choices.
Myocyte contractility can be maintained by storing cells with the myosin ATPase inhibitor 2,3 butanedione monoxime

Isolated intact myocytes can be used to investigate contractile mechanisms and to screen new therapeutic compounds. These experiments typically require euthanizing an animal and isolating fresh cells each day or analyzing cultured myocytes, which quickly lose their rod‐shaped morphology. Recent data suggest that the viability of canine myocytes can be prolonged using low temperature and N‐benzyl‐p‐toluene sulfonamide (an inhibitor of skeletal myosin ATPase). We performed similar studies in rat myocytes in order to test whether the cardiac myosin ATPase inhibitors 2,3‐Butanedione monoxime (BDM) and blebbistatin help to maintain cell‐level function over multiple days. Myocytes were isolated from rats and separated into batches that were stored at 4°C in a HEPES‐buffered solution that contained 0.5 mmol L−1 Ca2+ and (1) no myosin ATPase inhibitors; (2) 10 mmol L−1 BDM; or (3) 3 μmol L−1 blebbistatin. Functional viability of myocytes was assessed up to 3 days after the isolation by measuring calcium transients and unloaded shortening profiles induced by electrical stimuli in inhibitor‐free Tyrode's solution. Cells stored without myosin ATPase inhibitors had altered morphology (fewer rod‐shaped cells, shorter diastolic sarcomere lengths, and membrane blebbing) and were not viable for contractile assays after 24 h. Cells stored in BDM maintained morphology and contractile function for 48 h. Storage in blebbistatin maintained cell morphology for 72 h but inhibited contractility. These data show that storing cells with myosin ATPase inhibitors can extend the viability of myocytes that will be used for functional assays. This may help to refine and reduce the use of animals in experiments.
Laryngeal carcinoma after radiation therapy: correlation of abnormal MR imaging signal patterns in laryngeal cartilage with the risk of recurrence.

PURPOSE To correlate abnormal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging signal patterns in cartilage with the effectiveness of radiation treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty previously untreated patients underwent MR imaging and radiation therapy with a curative intent. Cartilage was considered to have an abnormal signal pattern if it had intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) MR images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted SE MR images. The minimum follow-up was 2 years. RESULTS Abnormal MR imaging signal patterns of the thyroid cartilage (P < .001; P < .04) were more ominous than those of other cartilage. Abnormal signal patterns in cartilage of patients with small tumors (< 5 cm3 and especially < 1 cm3) were less significant. Abnormal signal patterns in cartilage combined with a large tumor (> 5 cm3) worsened the prognosis significantly (P < .05). CONCLUSION Abnormal MR imaging signal patterns in cartilage may not indicate a poor prognosis in every case. Abnormal signal intensity in the thyroid cartilage combined with a tumor volume of > 5 cm3, however, appears to indicate an adverse prognosis with regard to tumor recurrence.
Oppositional Culture and Academic Performance among Children of Immigrants in the USA

A series of ethnographic case studies around the world has pointed to the lower academic performance of non-immigrant (involuntary) minority youths such as blacks and Mexicans in the USA, Maoris in New Zealand, Burakumin in Japan, and Crusians in the Virgin Islands. This outcome results from a set of negative perceptions, interpretations and responses towards schooling which have been conditioned by a history of group subordination. If indeed such attitudes and behaviors are held in considerable amounts by non-immigrant minority youths, it may be expected that academic performance among immigrants would suffer in schools with large proportions of non-immigrant minorities, where a 'normative climate' of apathy and failure may inhibit school performance among immigrant youths. The author uses longitudinal data to analyze involuntary minority enrollment effects upon grade point average and mathematics performance for samples of Cuban, Nicaraguan, and Haitian immigrants in South Florida, USA. Nicaraguan grade point average and Cuban and Nicaraguan mathematics performance decline with higher percentages of involuntary minority enrollments.
Testimony and evidence : A scientific case study of memory for child sexual abuse

Although case studies can provide insight into children's eyewitness memory, the typical lack of objective record limits evaluation of accuracy. In contrast, in this ‘scientific case study’, a detailed record of child sexual assault, documented by a ‘sex ring’ leader and confiscated by police, was available. In police interviews and courtroom hearings, four girls (8 to 15 years old at time of report) testified about sexual exploitation that involved eight adult men. The girls' allegations were compared with evidence contained in photographic and audiotaped records of the abuse. Overall, there was supportive evidence for about 80% of the allegations (85.6% of the alleged sexual acts; 42.9% of the alleged coercive acts; and 82.5% of the alleged preparatory acts). Levels of support for sexual act allegations were similar for all four girls, regardless of age, but the younger child made more unsupported allegations of coercive behaviour. Additionally, there were high levels of omission errors. Findings are discussed in the context of research on eyewitness testimony and child sexual abuse. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subcutaneous Injection Depth Does Not Affect the Pharmacokinetics or Glucodynamics of Insulin Lispro in Normal Weight or Healthy Obese Subjects

Background: An 8-mm needle length is commonly used for insulin injections; however, recent recommendations suggest shorter needles may help patients avoid intramuscular injections and reduce pain, while maintaining adequate glucose control. The goal of these analyses was to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) and glucodynamics (GD) of insulin lispro after a 5-mm or an 8-mm injection depth administration in 2 populations: normal weight (study 1) or obese (study 2). Methods: In both open-label, randomized, 2-period crossover euglycemic clamp studies, subjects received single 0.25 U/kg insulin lispro doses on 2 occasions (at 5-mm and 8-mm injection depths); samples for PK and GD analyses were collected up to 6 hours postdose. Noncompartmental PK parameters AUC0-tlast, AUC0-∞, Cmax and GD parameters Gtot, Rmax, tRmax were log-transformed prior to analysis using a mixed effects model. Results: There were no apparent differences between PK profiles at the 5-mm or 8-mm injection depth in either study, demonstrated by the ratios of geometric means of AUC0-tlast, AUC0-∞, and Cmax being close to 1, with 90% confidence intervals (CI) within (0.80, 1.25). There were no apparent differences between GD profiles at either injection depth with the ratios of Gtot and Rmax near unity and 90% CIs that included 1. In both studies, the tRmax values were similar between injection depths, with a small median of pairwise differences and a 90% CI that included zero. Conclusions: Injection depths in the 5-8 mm range did not affect the PK or GD of insulin lispro in normal weight or obese subjects.
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF PHASOR MEASUREMENTS FOR STATE ESTIMATION

This paper presents a procedure by which new PMU locations can be systematically determined in order to render an observable system. The procedure is then extended to account for cases of loss of a single phasor measurement unit (PMU). Buses with zero and non-zero injections, and branches with power flow meas- urements are also accounted for in this generalized proce- dure. Several cases involving different power system and measurement configurations are presented where intro- ducing few extra strategically placed PMUs minimizes vulnerability of the measurement system against the loss of single PMUs. The paper also develops a linear estimator based on strictly PMU measurements and investigates the computational performance as well as the bad data proc- essing problem. Detection and identification of PMU fail- ures are demonstrated via simulations.
Are stepsiblings bad, stepmothers wicked, and stepfathers evil? An assessment of Australian stepfamily stereotypes

Abstract Prior research has suggested that stepfamilies are perceived (or stereotyped) negatively in relation to intact families. The present studies examined contemporary stereotypes of Australian stepfamilies, using participants from stepfamilies and from biological (intact) families. Participants completed a comprehensive set of measures assessing key aspects of family interaction and family functioning (including lay concepts of stepfamilies and biological families, perceptions of conflict behaviour, semantic differentials, perceived satisfaction), to determine the extent of stereotyping. Quantitative and short-response analyses revealed a persistent negative stereotype of stepfamilies that was shared by members of stepfamilies themselves, and highlighted specific themes that characterise the stereotype. Results are discussed in terms of dominant theoretical perspectives, and implications for practitioners and those in stepfamilies. These studies address the limited literature on stepfamily stereotypes in Australia.
Recognition memory for sentences as a function of concreteness/abstractness and affirmation/negation

It was found that recognition memory for spoken sentences was superior when sentences were concrete than when they were abstract, provided that the sentences were affirmative. With negative sentences, however, the reverse occurred: performance was worse when the sentences were concrete than when they were abstract. Affirmative abstract sentences and negative abstract sentences were equally well recognized, whereas, for concrete sentences, negation severely impaired recognition memory. The implications of these findings for theories of mental imagery and language processing are discussed.
Ambivalent Mobilities: Zimbabwean Commercial Farmers in Mozambique

One of the effects of the crisis in Zimbabwe since 2000 has been both the direct and indirect internal displacement of farmers, farm workers and innumerable others for both political and economic reasons, as well as the movement of millions of Zimbabweans across borders into neighbouring countries and further afield. Among some of the reluctant cross-border migrants in the region is a relatively small number (around 80 families) of mostly white Zimbabwean former large-scale commercial farmers who moved into Manica Province in central-west Mozambique in the early 2000s, with the promise and hope of generating an agricultural boom. Ongoing research underpinning this article is concerned with the often contradictory perceptions, experiences and effects of these displacees’ migration across Zimbabwe's eastern border. This considers not only the farmers’ own lives and livelihoods, but also their relationships to and impacts upon the multi-layered ‘host’ environments into which they have inserted themselves. As such, ‘ambivalent mobilities’ refers not only to the ambivalences of the farmer-migrants themselves – both those who have stayed in Manica and those who have left – but also to the ambivalences towards them amongst different actors in the various sites to which they have relocated. The study is intended to explore how a specific if internally diverse group of displaced Zimbabweans are reconfiguring their lives outside Zimbabwe (although not entirely separate from it), and to examine what role these particular migrations are playing in the re-shaping of both material and moral economies in different places and at different scales. At another level, the study is concerned with the paradoxes of dislocation and relocation that occur simultaneously on several levels, and the repositionings (material and symbolic, forced and chosen) this generates amongst displaced subjects in their relationships to themselves and to other people and places.
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND Due to safety concerns and side effects of many antidepressant medications, herbal psychopharmacology research has increased, and herbal remedies are becoming increasingly popular as alternatives to prescribed medications for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Of these, accumulating trials reveal positive effects of the spice saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for the treatment of depression. A comprehensive and statistical review of the clinical trials examining the effects of saffron for treatment of MDD is warranted. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials examining the effects of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression among participants with MDD. SEARCH STRATEGY We conducted electronic and non-electronic searches to identify all relevant randomized, double-blind controlled trials. Reference lists of all retrieved articles were searched for relevant studies. INCLUSION CRITERIA The criteria for study selection included the following: (1) adults (aged 18 and older) with symptoms of depression, (2) randomized controlled trial, (3) effects of saffron supplementation on depressive symptoms examined, and (4) study had either a placebo control or antidepressant comparison group. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Using random effects modeling procedures, we calculated weighted mean effect sizes separately for the saffron supplementation vs placebo control groups, and for the saffron supplementation vs antidepressant groups. The methodological quality of all studies was assessed using the Jadad score. The computer software Comprehensive Meta-analysis 2 was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Based on our pre-specified criteria, five randomized controlled trials (n = 2 placebo controlled trials, n = 3 antidepressant controlled trials) were included in our review. A large effect size was found for saffron supplementation vs placebo control in treating depressive symptoms (M ES = 1.62, P < 0.001), revealing that saffron supplementation significantly reduced depression symptoms compared to the placebo control. A null effect size was evidenced between saffron supplementation and the antidepressant groups (M ES = -0.15) indicating that both treatments were similarly effective in reducing depression symptoms. The mean Jadad score was 5 indicating high quality of trials. CONCLUSION Findings from clinical trials conducted to date indicate that saffron supplementation can improve symptoms of depression in adults with MDD. Larger clinical trials, conducted by research teams outside of Iran, with long-term follow-ups are needed before firm conclusions can be made regarding saffron's efficacy and safety for treating depressive symptoms.
Evaluating Professional Development of American History Teachers

Abstract The first Teaching American History (TAH) grants were made available to K-12 schools from the Department of Education in 2002. They provide money to school systems for three-year projects to form partnerships with area organizations with the goal of increasing the American history knowledge of teachers and students. This study focuses on the evaluation plan, project implementation, and results from one such TAH grant. The teacher participants were from targeted elementary and secondary schools. Where possible, teams of teachers (history and English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) or Special Education (SPED) participated. A formative and summative evaluation was designed to ensure the efficacy of the project design and to guarantee its outcomes. This is a report on year one of the evaluation, focusing on the design, its impact on the conduct of the grant, and the prospects for success in meeting the goals of the grant.
Coping dispositions and the processing of ambiguous stimuli

This study examined associations between coping dispositions (vigilance, cognitive avoidance) and indicators of the processing of ambiguous stimuli. In the first phase of the investigation, 58 male participants were presented with a series of sentences that could be interpreted in a threatening or a nonthreatening fashion. The participants had to rate the unpleasantness of the events described in the sentences. Subsequently a previously unannounced recognition memory test for disambiguated (threatening and nonthreatening) variants of the sentences was carried out. Evidence based on ratings, reaction times, and recognition memory measures indicated that vigilant individuals are characterized by processing activities that favor the intake and storage of the threatening rather than the nonthreatening meanings of ambiguous stimuli. Highly avoidant nonvigilant individuals (repressers) showed a disproportionately large number of extremely delayed ratings.