Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Orbital tumours in African children.

The differential diagnosis of proptosis in African children poses a bewildering number of possibilities (Davies, I968). Many of these cases prove to be due to inflammation of neighbouring sinuses or to invasion of the orbit by parasites or fungi. Orbital tumours causing proptosis occur frequently, and a series of sixty cases of proptosis in childhood caused by neoplasms in the orbit is reviewed in this paper.
Victim Assessment of the Police Response To Burglary

This article surveys victims of household burglary who have contacted the police and reports their assessments of their interactions with the police. The sample comprises 257 victims who reported household burglaries to the police in Charlotte, North Carolina, in July 1995. Particular emphasis is placed on whether positive evaluations of police performance are influ enced more by (1) characteristics of the incident, (2) police handling of the victim and the case, (3) apprehension of the offender and/or recovery of stolen property or (4) the victim's background characteristics. The re sults indicate that it is the police handling of the victim and the case that exert the greatest effect on citizen satisfaction. This suggests that greater attention should be paid to the manner in which police officers interact with crime victims and that the officers should provide victims with infor mation and advice that is pertinent to their particular victimization.
Second-Order Information in Data Assimilation*

In variational data assimilation (VDA) for meteorological and/or oceanic models, the assimilated fields are deduced by combining the model and the gradient of a cost functional measuring discrepancy between model solution and observation, via a first-order optimality system. However, existence and uniqueness of the VDA problem along with convergence of the algorithms for its implementation depend on the convexity of the cost function. Properties of local convexity can be deduced by studying the Hessian of the cost function in the vicinity of the optimum. This shows the necessity of second-order information to ensure a unique solution to the VDA problem. In this paper a comprehensive review of issues related to second-order analysis of the problem of VDA is presented along with many important issues closely connected to it. In particular issues of existence, uniqueness, and regularization through second-order properties are examined. The focus then shifts to second-order information related to statistical properties and to issues related to preconditioning and optimization methods and second-order VDA analysis. Predictability and its relation to the structure of the Hessian of the cost functional is then discussed along with issues of sensitivity analysis in the presence of data being assimilated. Computational complexity issues are also addressed and discussed. Automatic differentiation issues related to second-order information are also discussed along with the computational complexity of deriving the second-order adjoint. Finally an application aimed at illustrating the use of automatic differentiation for deriving the second-order adjoint as well as the Hessian/vector product applied to minimizing a cost functional of a meteorological problem using the truncated-Newton method is presented. Results verifying numerically the computational cost of deriving the second-order adjoint as well as results related to the spectrum of the Hessian of the cost functional are displayed and discussed.
Developmental Influences and Gang Awareness among African‐American Inner City Youth

This research aimed to clarify the correlates of gang awareness in inner city youth as a function of age, gender and peer group affiliation. It is proposed that the influence and hegemony of street gangs is a distinguishing feature of inner city neighborhoods, and that this influence is mediated by development. Participants (N = 489) were African American boys and girls from the 1st, 4th, and 7th grades in four inner city public schools. Students’ knowledge of gangs in the local community was determined. Social networks for 4th and 7th grade students were identified. Girls’ and boys’ familiarity with local gangs increased with age and differed by peer group affiliation. The relationship of gang familiarity to teacher and self-ratings of aggression, popularity, and academic competence changed with age. These findings support the proposition that neighborhoods have nontrivial effects on social development, and these effects are likely to interact with developmental status and social affiliations.
Modern Racism and Modern Discrimination

Researchers in American race relations have demonstrated the ambivalence white Americans feel toward black Americans. The prejudiced white behaves positively or negatively toward blacks depending on the context of the behavior, while the less prejudiced white behaves more consistently across contexts. In this study, the ambivalence concept was used to demonstrate the construct validity of a relatively nonreactive scale of racial prejudice-the Modern Racism Scale. Eighty-one white college students were pretested on the scale and then evaluated job candidates with identical resumes (except for a picture of a black or white male) under contexts designed to elicit positive or negative discrimination by ambivalent (presumably prejudiced) subjects. As predicted, when the candidate was black, the Modern Racism Scale was negatively correlated with hiring evaluations in the negative context and positively correlated in the positive context. When the job candidate was white, context and the Modern Racism Scale were unrelated to hiring evaluations.
Dynamic Routing and Bandwidth Assignment for live Virtual Machines migrations

In recent years, virtualization is playing an increasingly important role in the cloud environment, as it allows service providers to create an abstraction of the physical servers running on data centers. In this way services can be directly hosted on these abstract entities, which are then called Virtual Machines (VMs). The direct result of service virtualization is the ability to move services hosted on VMs, from a data center to another, hence, to perform VM migration. Efficient strategies for VM migrations bandwidth provisioning in an inter-data centers scenario are needed as a considerable use of network resources (available bandwidth, especially) is required, and the impact of live VM migrations on the underlying optical transport network has not been extensively investigated. In this paper we propose Routing and Bandwidth Allocation (RBA) algorithms for the live migration of VMs in a distributed DC infrastructure, focusing our attention on the live VM migration technique under dynamic traffic conditions. In order to evaluate the performance of the RBA algorithms in terms of migration blocking probability and network resource occupation we developed a discrete event-based simulator. We find that assigning a bandwidth to the VM migration request in proportion to the path length could improve the network performance.
Using Focus Groups With Lower Socioeconomic Status Latina Women

This article discusses the use of focus groups when interviewing lower socioeconomic status Latina women in some areas of New York City and northern New Jersey. Drawing from the author's research experience, the article discusses the use of focus groups within the framework of feminist methodology, the author's experience with the use of focus groups in studying the fear of crime, and some of the issues faced by the author related to narrowing the gap between the researcher and the participants and creating together ness among the interviewees.
Evidence of self-interacting cold dark matter from galactic to galaxy cluster scales

Within the framework of the cold dark matter (CDM) cosmogony, a central cusp in the density profiles of virialized dark haloes is predicted. This prediction disagrees with the soft inner halo mass distribution inferred from observations of dwarf and low surface brightness galaxies, and some clusters of galaxies. By analysing data for some of these objects, we find that the halo central density is nearly independent of the mass from galactic to galaxy cluster scales, with an average value of around 0.02 M⊙ pc−3. We show that soft cores can be produced in the CDM haloes by introducing a lower cut-off in the power spectra of fluctuations and assuming high orbital thermal energies during halo formation. However, the scale invariance of the halo central density is not reproduced in these cases. The introduction of self-interaction in the CDM particles offers the most attractive alternative to the core problem. We propose gravothermal expansion as a possible mechanism to produce soft cores in the CDM haloes with self-interacting particles. A global thermodynamical equilibrium can explain the central density scale invariance. We find a minimum cross-section capable of establishing isothermal cores in agreement with the observed shallow cores. If σ is the cross-section, mx the mass of the dark matter particle and v the halo velocity dispersion, then σmx≈4×10−25(100 km s−1 v−1) cm2 GeV−1.
Theoretical Perspectives on Cognitive Aging

Contents: The Need for, and Requirements of, Theories of Cognitive Aging. What Needs to Be Explained? Environmental Change. Disuse Interpretations. Qualitative Differences: Structures, Strategies, and the Relation Between Competence and Performance. Analytical Approaches to Localization: I. Memory Abilities. Analytical Approaches to Localization: II. Reasoning and Spatial Abilities. Reduced Processing Resources. Final Words and Future Directions.
A Myelin Galactolipid, Sulfatide, Is Essential for Maintenance of Ion Channels on Myelinated Axon But Not Essential for Initial Cluster Formation

Myelinated axons are divided into four distinct regions: the node of Ranvier, paranode, juxtaparanode, and internode, each of which is characterized by a specific set of axonal proteins. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are clustered at high densities at the nodes, whereas shaker-type K+ channels are concentrated at juxtaparanodal regions. These channels are separated by the paranodal regions, where septate-like junctions are formed between the axon and the myelinating glial cells. Although oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths are believed to play an instructive role in the local differentiation of the axon to distinct domains, the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In the present study, we have examined the distribution of axonal components in mice incapable of synthesizing sulfatide by disruption of the galactosylceramide sulfotransferase gene. These mice displayed abnormal paranodal junctions in the CNS and PNS, whereas their compact myelin was preserved. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a decrease in Na+ and K+ channel clusters, altered nodal length, abnormal localization of K+channel clusters appearing primarily in the presumptive paranodal regions, and diffuse distribution of contactin-associated protein along the internode. Similar abnormalities have been reported previously in mice lacking both galactocerebroside and sulfatide. Interestingly, although no demyelination was observed, these channel clusters decreased markedly with age. The initial timing and the number of Na+ channel clusters formed were normal during development. These results indicate a critical role for sulfatide in proper localization and maintenance of ion channels clusters, whereas they do not appear to be essential for initial cluster formation of Na+ channels.
Enhancing the quality of learning: what are the benefits of a mixed age, collaborative approach to creative narrative writing?

This study, based in a small rural school, explores the opportunities provided by collaborative learning with a mixed aged class of 7–11 year olds (Year 3–Year 6). This paper specifically focuses on those children aged 7–8 years (Year 3) and how they worked on improving the quality of their writing through optional and directed collaborative group work. Data were collected predominantly through a series of observations and interviews. The findings suggest that optional collaboration does not always lead to shared ideas or improvements in the quality of writing. However, directed collaboration and structured conferencing can enable powerful learning to take place within a group context. The study concludes that with skilled adult support children are not only ‘learners’ but can also become ‘peer teachers’ within a supportive context.
Public trust: a comprehensive investigation on perceived media credibility in China

The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive investigation on perceived media credibility in China. In order to assess people's attitudes toward six media formats (television [TV], newspapers, radio, magazines, websites, and mobile devices), a series of surveys were conducted with a random sample of 5807 residents in 10 cities in China. Findings indicated that Chinese respondents perceived TV to be the most credible among all media and that TV was rated as more credible than newspapers. In addition, two official mouthpieces, China Central Television and the People's Daily, were both perceived to be highly credible. But readership in general was a nonfactor in terms of credibility. These findings challenged conventional thinking on media credibility. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Combined study of transcranial magnetic stimulation and diffusion tensor tractography for prediction of motor outcome in patients with corona radiata infarct.

OBJECTIVE This study compared the usefulness of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), and the combined study of TMS and DTT for prediction of motor outcome in patients with corona radiata infarct. METHODS Fifty-eight patients with complete motor weakness of the affected hand were recruited. TMS and DTT were performed in the early stage (7-28 days) of stroke. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to the presence of motor evoked potential in affected hand muscle, and according to the preservation of integrity of the affected corticospinal tract on DTT. RESULTS The specificity of TMS (0.93) was higher than that of DTT (0.48), and the sensitivity of DTT (0.86) was higher than that of TMS (0.66). There was a good outcome in 89.5% of patients with TMS (+) and DTT (+), which was similar to the patients (90.5%) with single TMS (+). In contrast, there was a poor outcome in 87.5% of patients with TMS (-) and DTT (-), which was higher than those with single TMS (-) (73.0%) or DTT (-) (77.8%). CONCLUSION TMS showed higher positive predictability and DTT showed higher negative predictability. The combined study of TMS and DTT appeared to be more advantageous in prediction of negative motor outcome than did each single study. Single TMS appeared to be more advantageous in prediction of positive motor outcome.
Regulation of primary plant metabolism during plant-pathogen interactions and its contribution to plant defense

Plants are constantly exposed to microorganisms in the environment and, as a result, have evolved intricate mechanisms to recognize and defend themselves against potential pathogens. One of these responses is the downregulation of photosynthesis and other processes associated with primary metabolism that are essential for plant growth. It has been suggested that the energy saved by downregulation of primary metabolism is diverted and used for defense responses. However, several studies have shown that upregulation of primary metabolism also occurs during plant-pathogen interactions. We propose that upregulation of primary metabolism modulates signal transduction cascades that lead to plant defense responses. In support of this thought, we here compile evidence from the literature to show that upon exposure to pathogens or elicitors, plants induce several genes associated with primary metabolic pathways, such as those involved in the synthesis or degradation of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids. In addition, genetic studies have confirmed the involvement of these metabolic pathways in plant defense responses. This review provides a new perspective highlighting the relevance of primary metabolism in regulating plant defense against pathogens with the hope to stimulate further research in this area.
Short report: The impact of measurement conditions on the validity of self-assessment in a selection setting

Two experimental studies investigated the impact of format and instructions on the validity of SAs, using participants applying for junior management positions in a public sector organization. In Study 1 (607 participants) self-assessments (SAs) were valid when applicants rated overall competencies or the same competencies broken down into discrete elements, but not when providing behavioural evidence prior to rating competencies. The effect of social comparison instructions was also explored but found to have no impact on validity. Study 2 used a subset of 193 candidates from the previous study who attended the next stage of the selection process. Consistent with predictions it was found that unbalanced, positively toned scales were more valid than conventional scales, and highest validities were achieved when used with instructions requesting a realistic SA of strengths and weaknesses. Interestingly, gender differences were found in both studies. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for both research and practice.
TEACHING NOTE Playing factory: active-based learning in cost and management accounting

Many students perceive management accounting topics to be difficult and boring. This is often attributed to the students lack of experience with the actual processes underlying management accounting theory. This paper introduces a factory simulation exercise and outlines the experiences of the author and her students with the use of active-based learning. The paper suggests that a factory simulation exercise can offer an effective and entertaining method of teaching management accounting theory and practice in an integrated manner.
Retrospective descriptive study of adult tuberculosis in Wuhan, China.

OBJECTIVE To determine the rate and associated factors of adult tuberculosis (TB) in the central Chinese city of Wuhan. DESIGN A retrospective descriptive study of 417 patients registered for TB treatment from 1 January to 31 December 2001. RESULTS The mean age of admission was 38.47 (median 35) years, with males aged 20-40 years mostly affected; 191 (45.8%) TB patients were classified as smear-positive, 221 (53%) smear-negative and for five (1.2%) the sputum results were not known. Of all admissions, 43 (10.32%) were retreatment cases and 50 (11.99%) were diagnosed as extra-pulmonary TB. All patients were treated under the DOTS strategy, with 391 (93.76%) cures, five (1.2%) treatment completed, five (1.2%) treatment failures, four (0.96%) deaths, three (0.72%) defaults and nine (2.16%) transfers out. Cure was associated with age (chi2 = 3.92, P < 0.05), but not with sex, retreatment TB, extra-pulmonary TB, type of treatment regimen, BCG status or delay in treatment (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION DOTS provides high TB cure rates. The reasons for the low detection rates, high retreatment rates and the increasing number of young adults affected by TB need further elucidation. For these purposes, routine human immunodeficiency virus screening and sputum culture for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and case detection may be required.
Effortful touch with minimal movement

Perception of the extents of occluded rods was examined under conditions in which a rod was held as steadily as possible. A given rod was held horizontally, one one side of its center of mass, with one upward (U) and one downward (D) force. Extent was perceived when D and U were distributed over the surfaces of 1 hand, 2 hands, and a hand and a knee and if only D or only U was provided anatomically, the other being provided by an environmental support. Increasing the distance between D and U decreased perceived extent when both contact points were anatomical and when only 1 was anatomical. The first moment of the mass distribution, a constant, affcted perceived extent more than gravitational torque, a variable. Rods of different lengths but of the same first moment were not distinguished
Teaching of posterior composite resin restorations in undergraduate dental schools in Ireland and the United Kingdom.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the current teaching of posterior composite resin restorations to undergraduate dental students in Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK). The investigation was a follow-up to a survey undertaken in 1997. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire was distributed by e-mail to the Heads of Departments of Restorative Dentistry/Units of Operative Dentistry in each of the 15 dental schools with undergraduate dental degree programmes in Ireland and the UK. The questionnaire sought information relating to the teaching of posterior composite resin restorations in each dental school. RESULTS Fifteen completed questionnaires were returned (response rate = 100%). All schools (n = 15) taught the placement of composite resin restorations in occlusal cavities, 14 schools taught composite resin placement in two-surface occlusoproximal cavities and nine schools taught composite resin placement in three-surface occlusoproximal cavities. Respondents anticipated that the amount of preclinical teaching of posterior composite resin placement will increase twofold over the next 5 years, whilst the corresponding teaching of amalgam will fall to two-thirds its current level. Variation was found between dental schools in the teaching of the principles of cavity design, contraindications to placement, indications for lining and basing techniques, matrix and wedging techniques, and the use of curing lights. CONCLUSIONS The amount of teaching of posterior composite resin restorations in undergraduate dental schools in Ireland and the UK has increased since the time of a previous survey in 1997. Composite resin may soon equal or overtake amalgam as the material of choice when restoring posterior cavities in Irish and UK dental schools. There was, however, much variation in the nature and extent of the teaching and the techniques taught.