Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CHANDRA STUDIES OF THE X-RAY GAS PROPERTIES OF GALAXY GROUPS

We present a systematic analysis of 43 nearby galaxy groups (kT500 = 0.7–2.7 keV or M500 = 1013–1014 h−1 M☉, 0.012 <z< 0.12), based on Chandra archival data. With robust background subtraction and modeling, we trace gas properties to at least r2500 for all 43 groups. For 11 groups, gas properties can be robustly derived to r500. For an additional 12 groups, we derive gas properties to at least r1000 and estimate properties at r500 from extrapolation. We show that in spite of the large variation in temperature profiles inside 0.15 r500, the temperature profiles of these groups are similar at > 0.15 r500 and are consistent with a “universal temperature profile. ” We present the K–T relations at six characteristic radii (30 kpc, 0.15 r500, r2500, r1500, r1000, and r500), for 43 groups from this work and 14 clusters from the Vikhlinin et al. () sample. Despite large scatter in the entropy values at 30 kpc and 0.15 r500, the intrinsic scatter at r2500 is much smaller and remains the same (∼ 10%) to r500. The entropy excess at r500 is confirmed, in both groups and clusters, but the magnitude is smaller than previous ROSAT and ASCA results. We also present scaling relations for the gas fraction. It appears that the average gas fraction between r2500 and r500 has no temperature dependence, ∼ 0.12 for 1–10 keV systems. The group gas fractions within r2500 are generally low and have large scatter. This work shows that the difference of groups from hotter clusters stems from the difficulty of compressing group gas inside of r2500. The large scatter of the group gas fraction within r2500 causes large scatter in the group entropy around the center and may be responsible for the large scatter of the group luminosities. Nevertheless, the groups appear more regular and more like clusters beyond r2500 from the results on gas fraction and entropy. Therefore, mass proxies can be extended into low-mass systems. The M500–T500 and M500–YX,500 relations derived in this work are indeed well behaved down to at least 2 ×1013 h−1 M☉.
Cognitive and Emotional Outcomes of Latino Threat Narratives in News Media: An Exploratory Study

Objective: Although negative news portrayals can influence attitudes and beliefs about immigrants, little is known about how different types of threat narratives influence Americans’ emotions and perceptions of Latino immigrants specifically. This study examines cognitive and emotional responses to Latino threat narratives in the news media. Method: We conducted an online experiment using a posttest-only randomized design to assess participants’ perceptions of Latino immigrants and their emotional responses to threat narratives in news media. Participants (N = 208) were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In one experimental group, participants (n = 68) read a news story about Latino immigrants as economic threats; in the other, participants (n = 70) read a news article about Latino immigrants as cultural threats. In the control group, participants (n = 70) read an article that did not implicate Latinos as threats. We used ANCOVA to test mean differences in responses to threat narratives across the experimental and control groups. Results: Participants who read the story about a Latino economic threat reported more intense negative emotions and significantly higher levels of perceived realistic threats from Latino immigrants than participants in the control group. Participants who read the article discussing a Latino cultural threat reported more intense positive emotions and significantly higher levels of perceived symbolic threats from Latino immigrants than the control group. Conclusions: Findings suggest that different types of Latino threat narratives have distinct influences on individuals’ emotions and threat perceptions of Latino immigrants. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
Differential effects of reward and punishment in decision making under uncertainty: a computational study

Computational models of learning have proved largely successful in characterizing potential mechanisms which allow humans to make decisions in uncertain and volatile contexts. We report here findings that extend existing knowledge and show that a modified reinforcement learning model, which has separate parameters according to whether the previous trial gave a reward or a punishment, can provide the best fit to human behavior in decision making under uncertainty. More specifically, we examined the fit of our modified reinforcement learning model to human behavioral data in a probabilistic two-alternative decision making task with rule reversals. Our results demonstrate that this model predicted human behavior better than a series of other models based on reinforcement learning or Bayesian reasoning. Unlike the Bayesian models, our modified reinforcement learning model does not include any representation of rule switches. When our task is considered purely as a machine learning task, to gain as many rewards as possible without trying to describe human behavior, the performance of modified reinforcement learning and Bayesian methods is similar. Others have used various computational models to describe human behavior in similar tasks, however, we are not aware of any who have compared Bayesian reasoning with reinforcement learning modified to differentiate rewards and punishments.
A German version of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200) for the dimensional assessment of personality disorders

Theoretical background: The traditional diagnosis of personality disorders has been criticized for lack of empirical support, reliance on categorical classifications and low validity. Objective: A German version of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200) is presented. This Q-Sort procedure is well-established in the USA and facilitates the dimensional diagnosis of personality pathology in accordance with DSM-IV. In addition, a taxonomy of personality has been derived using factor analyses. Methods: The SWAP-200 was applied to 18 patients on the basis of semi-structured interviews. Interviewer ratings were correlated with the SWAP-200 completed by an independent observer and the patients’ therapists. Results: Good inter-rater reliability (between r=.69 and r=.76) was found. While average convergent validity coefficients between interviewer, observer and therapist were satisfactory (between r=.54 and r=.68), outliers were observed. Results suggest that the factor analytically derived taxonomy may be more valid.
OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM LEG 197 SCIENTIFIC PROSPECTUS MOTION OF THE HAWAIIAN HOTSPOT: A PALEOMAGNETIC TEST

The bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor chain is the best example of a change in plate motion recorded in a fixed-hotspot frame of reference. Alternatively, the bend might primarily record differences in motion of the Hawaiian hotspot relative to the Pacific lithosphere. Four lines of inquiry support the latter view: (1) global plate motions predicted from relative plate motion data, (2) spreading rate data from the North Pacific basin, (3) mantle flow modeling utilizing geoid and seismic tomography constraints, and (4) new paleomagnetic data from the Emperor chain. Although the rate of motion is difficult to constrain because previous drilling has been limited, the best available paleomagnetic data suggest Pacific hotspots may have moved at rates comparable to those of lithospheric plates in Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary times (81-43 Ma). If correct, this requires a major change in how we view mantle dynamics and the history of plate motions. This leg seeks to test the hypothesis of southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot by drilling five to six basement sites in the Emperor seamount trend. The principal drilling objective is to achieve moderate basement penetration (150250 m) at these sites to obtain cores from lava flows suitable for paleomagnetic paleolatitude and radiometric age determinations. A comparison of these dated paleolatitude values with fixed and moving hotspot predictions form the basis of the proposed test. Our sampling strategy will also allow us to address important geomagnetic questions that require paleomagnetic data from the Pacific plate, including the history of the time-average field and its paleointensity. The data obtained will place fundamental constraints on the Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary motion of the Pacific plate. An improved picture of this motion history is needed if proxy climatic data from previous and future drill sites are to be used to define past latitudinal gradients. Another important science objective is to determine the geochemical variation of the volcanic products of the Hawaiian hotspot through time. Petrologic and compositional data from cored lava flows will be used to document changes in source and melting conditions (temperature, depth, and extent) over the duration of Emperor seamount formation. The effect of proposed changes in plate setting (near spreading ridge to mid-plate with decreasing age) on magma composition will be evaluated. The well-known stages of Hawaiian island formation (tholeiitic shield, alkalic capping, and post-erosional flows) will be used to assess lava flow compositions in the context of volcano development. Alteration studies will provide estimates of elemental fluxes in submarine or subaerial weathering conditions. Finally, cored lava flows will be examined with regard to the physical volcanology of these Emperor seamounts. Estimates of size and frequency of eruptions and Leg 197 Scientific Prospectus Page 4 distance from source will be based on the characteristics of Hawaiian island flows (e.g., morphology, vesicularity, and crystallinity).
Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: a framework and research agenda

ABSTRACT Based on an extensive literature review, we suggest that ‘fake news’ alludes to two dimensions of political communication: the fake news genre (i.e. the deliberate creation of pseudojournalistic disinformation) and the fake news label (i.e. the instrumentalization of the term to delegitimize news media). While public worries about the use of the label by politicians are increasing, scholarly interest is heavily focused on the genre aspect of fake news. We connect the existing literature on fake news to related concepts from political communication and journalism research, present a theoretical framework to study fake news, and formulate a research agenda. Thus, we bring clarity to the discourse about fake news and suggest shifting scholarly attention to the neglected fake news label.
Case and Markedness in Tlapanec 

This paper provides an analysis of the typologically unusual patterns of case assignment in Tlapanec. The proposal challenges some idiosyncratic aspects of former descriptive analyses (i.e. zero-marked ergative and a novel case 'pegative') and provides a theoretically and typologically more adequate analysis instead. The theoretical approach relies on the framework of Distributed Morphology (DM). According to this theory the output of syntax can be impoverished before the lexical insertion of concrete vocabulary items takes place. This framework is modified in the account proposed here, insofar as the step of impoverishment of morphosyntactic features is designed as an optimality theoretic competition. I will show that all of the constraints that are crucial for this competition emerge from independently established prominence scales by a modified version of harmonic alignment. Thereby the process of impoverishment is given a typologically/conceptually more plausible base.
Incidence of HIV and the Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B and Syphilis among Youths in Maputo, Mozambique: A Cohort Study

Background Prevalence of HIV in Mozambique among individuals aged 15–49 years is 11.5%. The HIV prevalence is higher in women than in men across the country, peaking at ages 25–29 years and 35–39 years, respectively. In this study, we aimed at determining the prevalence and incidence of HIV, prevalence of Hepatitis B (HBV), and prevalence of syphilis in youths. We also characterized a cohort of youths for future participation in phase I/II HIV vaccine trials. Methods The study was conducted at a youth clinic in Maputo Central Hospital from August 2009 to October 2011. Youths of both genders aged 18–24 years (n = 1380) were screened for HIV using a sequential algorithm of two immunochromatographic assays, HBV using an enzyme linked immunosorbant test, and syphilis using a treponemal immunochromatographic strip test. The HIV seronegative participants (n = 1309) were followed-up for 12 months with quarterly study visits. The clinical and behavioral data were collected using structured questionnaires. The HIV seroconversions were confirmed by a molecular assay. Results The study population was female dominant (76.8%). All participants had a formal education, with 44.6% studying for technical or higher education degrees. The mean age at sexual debut was 16.6 years (SD: ±1.74), with 85.6% reporting more than one sexual partner in life. The screening showed the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and syphilis at 5.1% (95% CI: 3.97–6.31), 12.2% (95% CI 10.5%–14.0%), and 0.36% (95% CI 0.15%–0.84%), respectively. The HIV incidence rate was found to be 1.14/100 person years (95% CI: 0.67–1.92). Retention rates were stable throughout the study being 85.1% at the last visit. Conclusion Incidence of HIV in this cohort of youths in Maputo was relatively low. Also, the prevalence of HIV and syphilis was lower than the national values in this age group. However, the HBV prevalence was higher than in previous reports in the country.
The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcumin Protects the Genital Mucosal Epithelial Barrier from Disruption and Blocks Replication of HIV-1 and HSV-2

Inflammation is a known mechanism that facilitates HIV acquisition and the spread of infection. In this study, we evaluated whether curcumin, a potent and safe anti-inflammatory compound, could be used to abrogate inflammatory processes that facilitate HIV-1 acquisition in the female genital tract (FGT) and contribute to HIV amplification. Primary, human genital epithelial cells (GECs) were pretreated with curcumin and exposed to HIV-1 or HIV glycoprotein 120 (gp120), both of which have been shown to disrupt epithelial tight junction proteins, including ZO-1 and occludin. Pre-treatment with curcumin prevented disruption of the mucosal barrier by maintaining ZO-1 and occludin expression and maintained trans-epithelial electric resistance across the genital epithelium. Curcumin pre-treatment also abrogated the gp120-mediated upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-6, which mediate barrier disruption, as well as the chemokines IL-8, RANTES and interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10), which are capable of recruiting HIV target cells to the FGT. GECs treated with curcumin and exposed to the sexually transmitted co-infecting microbes HSV-1, HSV-2 and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were unable to elicit innate inflammatory responses that indirectly induced activation of the HIV promoter and curcumin blocked Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated induction of HIV replication in chronically infected T-cells. Finally, curcumin treatment resulted in significantly decreased HIV-1 and HSV-2 replication in chronically infected T-cells and primary GECs, respectively. All together, our results suggest that the use of anti-inflammatory compounds such as curcumin may offer a viable alternative for the prevention and/or control of HIV replication in the FGT.
CONVERGENCE: A SPATIAL DYNAMIC PANEL DATA APPROACH

A spatial dynamic panel data approach is adopted to study regional growth convergence in the US economy. In the neoclassical growth model, regions and countries are assumed to be independent from each other, which may not be valid in the real world. We introduce technological spillovers into the neoclassical framework, showing that the convergence rate is higher and there is spatial interaction. By examing annual data on personal state income spanning the period of 1930–2006 for the 48 contiguous states, we obtain empirical results that are consistent with the theoretical prediction.
ÖĞRETMEN ADAYLARININ OKUL ALGISININ OLUŞUMUNDA EĞİTİM BİLİMİNE GİRİŞ DERSİNİN ROLÜ

The goal of the study is to reveal the perceptions of pre-service teachers about school before and after taking the course of “introduction to educational sciences”. The study was designed as a qualitative research and carried out following a phenomenology approach. The participants of the study were pre-service teachers attending Eskişehir Osmangazi University. They were selected using criterion sampling techniques, which is part of purposeful sampling techniques. The criterion for inclusion was to register the course of “introduction to educational sciences”. The total number of pre-service teachers who met this requirement was 64. The data of the study were collected through metaphors. More specifically, the participants were asked to produce a metaphor about the concept of school and to justify their production of it. The data obtained were examined using content analysis. In order to establish the reliability of the study the transcribed versions of the interviews and the topics involved were both reviewed by a field specialist. For reliability calculation the formula developed by Miles and Huberman (1994) was employed and it was found to be . 94 for the study. The frequency of each theme/topic was found and was complemented with direct quotations. The findings of the study showed that before taking the course “introduction to educational sciences”. The participants produced twenty-three metaphors and eleven conceptual categories produced from these metaphors. At this stage the participants were found to perceive school as a protecting and safe environment, as an informative environment, as a negative entity, as a habitat, as an environment in which there are opposing forces, as a social and entertaining environment, as a free and democratic setting, as an environment where individuals grow, as a pleasant environment, as a shaping environment and as an environment where there is an authority figure. After taking the course “introduction to educational sciences” the participants Öğretmen Adaylarının Okul Algısının Oluşumunda Eğitim Bilimine Giriş Dersinin Rolü 539
Unified Dependency Parsing of Chinese Morphological and Syntactic Structures

Most previous approaches to syntactic parsing of Chinese rely on a preprocessing step of word segmentation, thereby assuming there was a clearly defined boundary between morphology and syntax in Chinese. We show how this assumption can fail badly, leading to many out-of-vocabulary words and incompatible annotations. Hence in practice the strict separation of morphology and syntax in the Chinese language proves to be untenable. We present a unified dependency parsing approach for Chinese which takes unsegmented sentences as input and outputs both morphological and syntactic structures with a single model and algorithm. By removing the intermediate word segmentation, the unified parser no longer needs separate notions for words and phrases. Evaluation proves the effectiveness of the unified model and algorithm in parsing structures of words, phrases and sentences simultaneously.
Energy Metabolism Plays a Critical Role in Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation

Various stem cells gradually turned to be critical players in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine therapies. Current evidence has demonstrated that in addition to growth factors and the extracellular matrix, multiple metabolic pathways definitively provide important signals for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. In this review, we mainly focus on a detailed overview of stem cell metabolism in vitro. In stem cell metabolic biology, the dynamic balance of each type of stem cell can vary according to the properties of each cell type, and they share some common points. Clearly defining the metabolic flux alterations in stem cells may help to shed light on stemness features and differentiation pathways that control the fate of stem cells.
ON THE NATURE OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCES

In this paper, we will show how the statistics of the gravitational field is changed when the system is characterized by a non-uniform distribution of particles. We will show how the distribution functions W(F) and W(F,dF/dt), giving the joint probability that a test particle is subject to a force F and an associated rate of change of F given by dF/dt, are modified by inhomogeneity. Then we will calculate the first moment of dF/dt to study the effects of inhomogenity on dynamical friction. Finally we will test, by N-Body simulations, that the theoretical W(F) and dF/dt describes correctly the experimental data and we find that the stochastic force distribution obtained for the evolved system is in good agreement with theory. Moreover, we find that in an inhomogeneous background, the friction force is actually enhanced relative to the homogeneous case.
A cluster randomised controlled trial of advice, exercise or multifactorial assessment to prevent falls and fractures in community-dwelling older adults: protocol for the prevention of falls injury trial (PreFIT)

Introduction Falls are the leading cause of accident-related mortality in older adults. Injurious falls are associated with functional decline, disability, healthcare utilisation and significant National Health Service (NHS)-related costs. The evidence base for multifactorial or exercise interventions reducing fractures in the general population is weak. This protocol describes a large-scale UK trial investigating the clinical and cost-effectiveness of alternative falls prevention interventions targeted at community dwelling older adults. Methods and analysis A three-arm, pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial, conducted within primary care in England, UK. Sixty-three general practices will be randomised to deliver one of three falls prevention interventions: (1) advice only; (2) advice with exercise; or (3) advice with multifactorial falls prevention (MFFP). We aim to recruit over 9000 community-dwelling adults aged 70 and above. Practices randomised to deliver advice will mail out advice booklets. Practices randomised to deliver ‘active’ interventions, either exercise or MFFP, send all trial participants the advice booklet and a screening survey to identify participants with a history of falling or balance problems. Onward referral to ‘active’ intervention will be based on falls risk determined from balance screen. The primary outcome is peripheral fracture; secondary outcomes include number with at least one fracture, falls, mortality, quality of life and health service resource use at 18 months, captured using self-report and routine healthcare activity data. Ethics and dissemination The study protocol has approval from the National Research Ethics Service (REC reference 10/H0401/36; Protocol V.3.1, 21/May/2013). User groups and patient representatives were consulted to inform trial design. Results will be reported at conferences and in peer-reviewed publications. A patient-friendly summary of trial findings will be published on the prevention of falls injury trial (PreFIT) website. This protocol adheres to the recommended SPIRIT Checklist. Amendments will be reported to relevant regulatory parties. Trial registration number ISRCTN 71002650; Pre-results.