Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular analysis of resolving immune responses in uveitis

To identify the cellular immune processes underlying intra‐ocular inflammation, aqueous humour was obtained at cataract surgery from 22 patients with clinically inactive uveitis and 24 patients with age‐related cataract. mRNA expression for the cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β); T cell subsets CD3, CD4, CD8; monocytes and macrophages (CD14); and B cells (CD19) was measured using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and radiometric analysis. The majority of uveitis patients demonstrated a T cell‐mediated inflammatory response, predominately involving a Th1‐like cytokine profile with expression of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ in 16/22 and 18/22 samples, respectively. These cytokines were present in only a small number of patients with age‐related cataract. This Th1‐like polarization was supported by an increased expression of CD8 in a number of patients. IL‐1β was expressed in only six uveitic eyes. Only four patients expressed either IL‐4 or IL‐10 and no patient expressed both. TGF‐β mRNA could be detected in 18/22 uveitis patients and 15/24 controls. IL‐12, the paradigmatic Th1‐inducing cytokine, was absent in all samples but CD14 was expressed in the majority of patients and controls. CD19 could not be detected in any sample. The cellular infiltrate in the uveitic eyes showed clear evidence of low IL‐1 and absent IL‐12 expression despite a Th1‐like profile and high expression of macrophages. This strongly suggests that the systemic immunosuppressive therapy used prior to surgery in some patients and/or the chronicity of the uveitis had actively suppressed/switched off macrophage function, leading to resolution of T cell activity.
The Role of Outcome Expectancies in Participation Motivation

During the past decade, a substantial number of investigations have concerned the participation motives of individuals involved in physical activity (e.g., children's motives: improve skills, fun, fitness; Gould & Petlichkoff, 1988; adults' motives: feel better, control weight, friendship; Myers, Weigel, & Holliday, 1989). The basic objective has been to understand and classify the sources of motivation of involvement. Also, researchers have examined reasons for quitting in contrast to reasons for joining in order to explain dropout from physical activity (Gould & Petlichkoff, 1988). Some investigations have attempted to classify participation motives (also called reasons for joining) into general motivational dimensions or factors that are common to a variety of activities (e.g., Alderman & Wood, 1976). Others have argued that these motives are more specific to each activity and have focused their investigations toward in-depth descriptions of each sport (e.g., swimming; Feltz, Gould, Horn, & Petlichkoff, 1982). Both approaches have emphasized the practical importance of studying participation motivation (PM), for example, being able to persuade people to initiate physical activity based upon the motivational influence of salient, desired outcomes. However, given this importance, why has there been no report in refereed journals of a systematic investigation of the power of these motives to predict future participation intentions or behavior? Although there is no obvious answer, it may be useful to understand the typical features and problems of the participation motivation research. The cumulative nature of these problems does not encourage systematic research because no firm theoretical bases have been established. This may be part of the reason why prediction of participation intention and behavior from various participation motives has not been forthcoming.
How Not to Be Seen - Inpainting Dynamic Objects in Crowded Scenes

Removal of dynamic scene elements from video is an extremely challenging problem that even movie professionals often solve through days of manual frame-byframe editing. The disoccluded regions in the video have to be inpainted in a coherent way, even if originally occluded objects or background are dynamic. To make this problem easier, we propose a new approach for video inpainting that can deal with complex scenes with dynamic backgrounds and many non-periodically moving occluding scene elements. It is built on the idea that a spatio-temporal hole created by a removed scene element can be filled by copying information from other space-time locations in the video, where objects and background are unoccluded. Inpainting is performed by solving a combinatorial optimization problem that searches for the optimal pattern of pixel shifts. Solving this problem naively, even on short videos, quickly becomes infeasible. The primary contributions of this work are a new energy functional with desirable convergence properties, an efficient hierarchical solution strategy, and an effective search space reduction strategy that restricts potential pixel shifts to regions around tracked objects in the scene. A simple interface enables the user to optionally support the algorithm in marking and tracking dynamic objects. Our approach can efficiently inpaint holes even in HD videos with many occlusions, and requires only little user input.
Imaging three-dimensional heliosphere in EUV

The glow of interstellar plasma and solar wind pickup ions and solar wind emissions at 30.4 nm provide a way of exploring important physical processes in the heliosphere. Imaging the heliosphere at this wavelength with high spectral resolution will map the heliopause, probe pickup ions in the solar wind, and reveal the three-dimensional flow pattern of the solar wind, including in the regions over the sun's poles. The required high-throughput, high-resolution spectrometer for diffuse radiation should be able to measure 1 milli-Rayleigh irradiance in 10000 seconds with a 0.005-nm spectral resolution across pixels subtending a few degrees of celestial arc. The desired performance characteristics can be achieved by combining multiple entrance slits with an optimized spectrometer design. We present a concept of a space experiment to image the heliosphere at 30.4 nm and discuss the scientific rationale and required instrumentation.
Behavioural rules underlying learning to share: Effects of development and context

The development of children’s use of two social rules concerning learning to share with peers was examined in two studies. Past research on children’s cognitive reasoning suggests that with increasing age, children are less self-centred and more willing to share with others. At the same time, research with adolescents and adults indicates that the context exerts a strong impact on the degree of self-centred behaviour exhibited. In this research, actual sharing behaviour of children was examined in same-gender groups of four participants. Children from kindergarten and Grade 4 participated in Study 1 and children from kindergarten and Grade 1 participated in Study 2. Groups were given one toy to play with that explicitly indicated when a child’s turn was over and a second toy that did not indicate when a child’s turn was over. Interactions were videotaped and coded for degree of sharing versus inequality of toy use. Results from both studies supported the hypotheses that with development children become more egalitarian in their toy use and that regardless of age level children vary their level of egalitarian behaviour depending on the context.
Cytotoxic Effect and Chemical Composition of Inula viscosa from Three Different Regions of Morocco

Aims: Worldwide, growing interest was given to find new cytotoxic agents that could be used in breast cancer treatment. In this context, we have planned to evaluate cytotoxic activity of Inula viscosa extracts, on two breast cancer cell lines. The plant was harvested in three different regions of Morocco; Imouzzer, Tounate and Sefrou. Methodology: The evaluation of cytotoxicity of Inula viscosa ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the three regions was performed by measuring cell viability using the WST1 test after 72 h of exposure. Original Research Article Messaoudi et al.; EJMP, 16(4): 1-9, 2016; Article no.EJMP. 28340 2 Results: The IC50 of the various tested extracts vary between 100 and 400 μg /ml. Sefrou ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts presented the best activities with IC50 values of 195.42 μg/ml and 112.20 μg/ml, respectively. Chemical analysis of tested extracts showed that the composition of Inula viscosa extracts varies by region and impact the corresponding activity. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of Inula viscosa is strongly related to the presence of tomentosine, inuviscolide and isocostic acid. Conclusion: These preliminary results provide evidence that Inula viscosa induces a significant cytotoxic effect on both human cancer cell line, MCF-7 and MDA-MB231. This cytotoxic activity could be attributed to the presence and the concentration of tomentosine, inuviscolide and isocostic acid.
PTSD in ICD-10 and proposed ICD-11 in elderly with childhood trauma: prevalence, factor structure, and symptom profiles

Background The proposal for ICD-11 postulates major changes for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, which needs investigation in different samples. Aims To investigate differences of PTSD prevalence and diagnostic agreement between ICD-10 and ICD-11, factor structure of proposed ICD-11 PTSD, and diagnostic value of PTSD symptom severity classes. Method Confirmatory factor analysis and latent profile analysis were used on data of elderly survivors of childhood trauma (>60 years, N=399). Results PTSD rates differed significantly between ICD-10 (15.0%) and ICD-11 (10.3%, z=2.02, p=0.04). Unlike previous research, a one-factor solution of ICD-11 PTSD had the best fit in this sample. High symptom profiles were associated with PTSD in ICD-11. Conclusions ICD-11 concentrates on PTSD's core symptoms and furthers clinical utility. Questions remain regarding the tendency of ICD-11 to diagnose mainly cases with severe symptoms and the influence of trauma type and participant age on the factor structure.
Laboratory measurements of HDO/H2O isotopic fractionation during ice deposition in simulated cirrus clouds

Significance The preferential deposition of heavy water (HDO or H218O) as ice is a fundamental tracer in the geosciences, used for understanding paleoclimate and water cycling, but the basic physical chemistry is not well measured. We describe here measurements of the preferential fractionation of HDO vs. H2O at the cold temperatures relevant to cirrus clouds on Earth and snow on Mars. We also provide a quantitative demonstration of kinetic isotope effects in nonequilibrium conditions, and show how targeted dynamic experiments can be used to understand processes at ice surfaces. The stable isotopologues of water have been used in atmospheric and climate studies for over 50 years, because their strong temperature-dependent preferential condensation makes them useful diagnostics of the hydrological cycle. However, the degree of preferential condensation between vapor and ice has never been directly measured at temperatures below 233 K (−40 °C), conditions necessary to form cirrus clouds in the Earth’s atmosphere, routinely observed in polar regions, and typical for the near-surface atmospheric layers of Mars. Models generally assume an extrapolation from the warmer experiments of Merlivat and Nief [Merlivat L, Nief G (1967) Tellus 19:122–127]. Nonequilibrium kinetic effects that should alter preferential partitioning have also not been well characterized experimentally. We present here direct measurements of HDO/H2O equilibrium fractionation between vapor and ice (αeq) at cirrus-relevant temperatures, using in situ spectroscopic measurements of the evolving isotopic composition of water vapor during cirrus formation experiments in a cloud chamber. We rule out the recent proposed upward modification of αeq, and find values slightly lower than Merlivat and Nief. These experiments also allow us to make a quantitative validation of the kinetic modification expected to occur in supersaturated conditions in the ice–vapor system. In a subset of diffusion-limited experiments, we show that kinetic isotope effects are indeed consistent with published models, including allowing for small surface effects. These results are fundamental for inferring processes on Earth and other planets from water isotopic measurements. They also demonstrate the utility of dynamic in situ experiments for studying fractionation in geochemical systems.
An Experimental Investigation into the Syntax of Negation in Japanese

The goal of this paper is to provide a unified syntactic analysis of the two types of negation in Japanese: regular negation with -na affixed onto the main verb, and wa-negation with the so-called topic marker -wa on the main verb followed by auxiliary suru ('do') inflected with -na. We establish that -na heads a projection of its own, and argue that this negation projection is located low in the clause structure, within the lexical vP domain. Our proposal is supported by the data concerning scope of negation and argument quantified NPs, extracted through a set of psycholinguistic experiments using the Truth Value Judgment Task.
Ocean Turbulent Dynamics at Superresolution From Optimal Multiresolution Analysis and Multiplicative Cascade

The synoptic determination of ocean circulation using the data acquired from space, with a coherent depiction of its turbulent characteristics, remains a fundamental challenge in oceanography. This determination has the potential of revealing all aspects of the ocean dynamic variability on a wide range of spatiotemporal scales and will enhance our understanding of ocean-atmosphere exchanges at superresolution, as required in the present context of climate change. Here, we show a four-year time series of spatial superresolution (4 km) turbulent ocean dynamics generated from satellite data using emerging ideas in signal processing coming from nonlinear physics, low-resolution dynamics, and superresolution oceanic sea surface temperature data acquired from optical sensors. The method at its core consists in propagating across the scales the low-resolution dynamics in a multiresolution analysis computed on adimensional critical transition information.
Electrocortical N400 Effects of Semantic Satiation

Semantic satiation is characterised by the subjective and temporary loss of meaning after high repetition of a prime word. To study the nature of this effect, previous electroencephalography (EEG) research recorded the N400, an ERP component that is sensitive to violations of semantic context. The N400 is characterised by a relative negativity to words that are unrelated vs. related to the semantic context. The semantic satiation hypothesis predicts that the N400 should decrease with high repetition. However, previous findings have been inconsistent. Because of these inconsistent findings and the shortcomings of previous research, we used a modified design that minimises confounding effects from non-semantic processes. We recorded 64-channel EEG and analysed the N400 in a semantic priming task in which the primes were repeated 3 or 30 times. Critically, we separated low and high repetition trials and excluded response trials. Further, we varied the physical features (letter case and format) of consecutive primes to minimise confounding effects from perceptual habituation. For centrofrontal electrodes, the N400 was reduced after 30 repetitions (vs. 3 repetitions). Explorative source reconstructions suggested that activity decreased after 30 repetitions in bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, the right posterior section of the superior and middle temporal gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, bilateral lateral occipital cortex, and bilateral lateral orbitofrontal cortex. These areas overlap broadly with those typically involved in the N400, namely middle temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus. The results support the semantic rather than the perceptual nature of the satiation effect.
THE EFFECT OF DONOR T LYMPHOCYTES AND TOTAL‐BODY IRRADIATION ON HEMOPOIETIC ENGRAFTMENT AND PULMONARY TOXICITY FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION

To study the effects of donor T lymphocytes on engraftment and graft-versus-host disease in relation to recipient total-body irradiation, we have returned small numbers of T cells to T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplanted across a minor histocompatibility barrier in mice (B10.BR°CBA). T-cell-depleted B10.BR marrow (107 cells) was transplanted into CBA recipients prepared with TBI doses ranging from 4 to 14 Gy. Selected animals also received 104 (0.1%) and 105 (1.0%) measured B10.BR T lymphocytes. The extent of donor marrow engraftment was determined from hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase phenotyping of peripheral blood at 3 months posttransplant. Toxicity was assessed from breathing-rate measurements, histopathology, and animal survival. Addition of T cells had a profound effect on survival related to radiation dose. The TBI doses resulting in an LD50 at 12 weeks were 6.9 Gy, 9.3 Gy, and 13.0 Gy for animals receiving 105, 104, and no T cells, respectively. Mortality was associated with pulmonary dysfunction as measured by an elevation of breathing rates. Autopsy and histological analysis revealed extensive damage to the lung parenchyma. In contrast to the toxicity data, addition of T cells to the donor marrow had no effect on the TBI dose required for equivalent erythroid engraftment. These results demonstrate that in combination with TBI small numbers of T cells in the transplanted marrow do not aid engraftment but do significantly increase the risk of pulmonary toxicity.
Awareness is not enough. Pitfalls of learning analytics dashboards in the educational practice

It has been long argued that learning analytics has the potential to act as a “middle space” between the learning sciences and data analytics, creating technical possibilities for exploring the vast amount of data generated in online learning environments. One common learning analytics intervention is the learning dashboard, a support tool for teachers and learners alike that allows them to gain insight into the learning process. Although several related works have scrutinised the state-of-the-art in the ﬁeld of learning dashboards, none have addressed the theoretical foundation that should inform the design of such interventions. In this systematic literature review, we analyse the extent to which theories and models from learning sciences have been integrated into the development of learning dashboards aimed at learners. Our critical examination reveals the most common educational concepts and the context in which they have been applied. We ﬁnd evidence that current designs foster competition between learners rather than knowledge mastery, oﬀering misguided frames of reference for comparison.
Long and Winding Road: A Study of Highly Motivated Learners of English in Japan

This study followed ten highly motivated Japanese EFL learners for 18 months. The study found that a majority of learners had an international experience that they perceived as a defining moment, often recalling it to sustain motivation to acquire English. Also, the study showed that change in motivation appears to be mediated by context. Some contexts, by allowing learners to use English for authentic communication enabled them to rehearse their ideal-L2 selves as speakers of English and strengthen their motivation while other contexts had the opposite effect. However, learners demonstrated their uniqueness as intentional agents by using the context differently: Some joined a community of supporters to strengthen their motivation and operationalized their visions by following action plans autonomously. Others used the same community for purposes such as gaining self-esteem or fulfilling affiliative needs. Similarly, learners in unfavorable contexts managed to restore their motivation and ideal L2-image as English speakers through different paths. The study illustrates learner variability and the dynamic nature of L2 motivation.
Topological Defects Coupling Smectic Modulations to Intra–Unit-Cell Nematicity in Cuprates

A theoretical model explains how electronic states with different symmetries coexist and interact. We study the coexisting smectic modulations and intra–unit-cell nematicity in the pseudogap states of underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ. By visualizing their spatial components separately, we identified 2π topological defects throughout the phase-fluctuating smectic states. Imaging the locations of large numbers of these topological defects simultaneously with the fluctuations in the intra–unit-cell nematicity revealed strong empirical evidence for a coupling between them. From these observations, we propose a Ginzburg-Landau functional describing this coupling and demonstrate how it can explain the coexistence of the smectic and intra–unit-cell broken symmetries and also correctly predict their interplay at the atomic scale. This theoretical perspective can lead to unraveling the complexities of the phase diagram of cuprate high-critical-temperature superconductors.
Contexts of immigrant receptivity and immigrant religious outcomes: the case of Muslims in Western Europe

Abstract Among migration scholars, immigrant religiosity has become an important variable in understanding immigrant incorporation into the new society, but less studied are determinants of varying immigrant religious outcomes. Using a subsample of immigrant Muslims within the European Social Survey (2002, 2004, 2006), contexts of immigrant receptivity as less or more welcoming are tested on immigrant Muslim religious outcomes using multi-level modelling. Results confirm the hypothesis that less welcoming immigrant contexts are associated with higher religious outcomes among Muslim immigrants in comparison to the host region's religiosity.
An Introduction to Topological Data Analysis: Fundamental and Practical Aspects for Data Scientists

With the recent explosion in the amount, the variety, and the dimensionality of available data, identifying, extracting, and exploiting their underlying structure has become a problem of fundamental importance for data analysis and statistical learning. Topological data analysis (tda) is a recent and fast-growing field providing a set of new topological and geometric tools to infer relevant features for possibly complex data. It proposes new well-founded mathematical theories and computational tools that can be used independently or in combination with other data analysis and statistical learning techniques. This article is a brief introduction, through a few selected topics, to basic fundamental and practical aspects of tda for nonexperts.
'The heart has its reasons that reason knows nothing of': The role of the unconscious in career decision making

The complexity of career paths in the 21 st century has led to a rise in the number of career changes in a typical working life. Effective career practitioners, therefore, should have a good understanding of the process of career choice. One aspect of decision making which has attracted attention in the literature is the role of the unconscious or gut instinct. Once considered best ignored, its potency and value are now recognised. Drawing from decision theory, cognitive neuroscience and behavioural economics, this paper summarises evidence of the most common and effective decision making strategies used in career choice, and considers the implications for practice.