Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early Numerical Competencies in 4- and 5-Year-Old Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Studies comparing mathematical abilities of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing children are hitherto scarce, inconclusive, and mainly focusing on elementary school children or adolescents. The present study wants to gain insight into the foundation of mathematics by looking at preschool performances. Five early numerical competencies known to be important for mathematical development were examined: verbal subitizing, counting, magnitude comparison, estimation, and arithmetic operations. These competencies were studied in 20 high-functioning children with ASD and 20 age-matched control children aged 4 and 5 years. Our data revealed similar early number processing in children with and without ASD at preschool age, meaning that both groups did not differ on the foundation of mathematics development. Given the pervasiveness and the family impact of the condition of ASD, this is an important positive message for parents and preschool teachers. Implications and several directions for future research are proposed.
Insights from Research on Cross-Cultural Validation of Health-Related Questionnaires

This article discusses the recruitment and training of bilingual project workers and their role in data gathering; the level of comprehension of the interviewees with regard to the nature of the task and its alien nature; the contribution of social customs and expectations; the vagaries of language; the researchers' level of comprehension of data collected across a range of languages; the feelings of loss of control by the researchers over the research process; and issues of communication with bilingual project workers. The authors draw on two studies designed to assess the adequacy of questionnaire translations from English into four ethnic minority languages: Cantonese, Punjabi, Urdu and Sylheti. Bilingual project workers were recruited to carry out interviews and focus groups with the lay communities and to feed back results in English to the researchers. The authors conclude that researchers should be aware of the influence of social and contextual factors when carrying out research with ethnic minority participants mediated by bilingual project workers.
Getting on the Board: The Presence of Women in Political Science Journal Editorial Positions

Abstract Although the overall representation of women in the field of political science has increased gradually over the last several decades, most gains are being achieved at junior levels. When considering the status of women in the profession, it is instructive to incorporate information on the presence of women in editorial positions at top-ranked political science journals. Our 2010 snapshot of women editors in the top 50 journals in the field finds that on average, women are reasonably well represented in editorial positions in proportion to the ranks they hold in the profession overall and at PhD-granting institutions; however, substantial variation exists across journals. Our discussion of the role-model effect and the gatekeeping power of editors suggests that greater inclusion of women and others who bring different perspectives to research could result in a more vibrant range of research topics and methodological approaches published in a journal.
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Deception : Advances in Neuroscience , Criminal Law Applications and Ethics

Neuroscienti! c advances promise to change the way the law and the legal system are viewed. In this paper, neuroimaging technology is discussed in terms of its development and how it has improved understanding of deception pathways. As knowledge builds, mistaken convictions that lead to wrongful punishment of innocent parties could be avoided. Likewise, the release of dangerous criminals back into society could also be prevented. In addition, ethical issues (i.e. premature adoption, misapplication through misunderstanding of technology and privacy concerns) that currently prevent the implementation of mind reading or deception detection technology in the courtroom are discussed. Limitations of such technology are also discussed along with advances and future directions in research. Finally, a pathway is proposed that could explain the origins of the mechanism of deception and how it could be tested. NEURO
Protein kinase C(alpha) actively downregulates through caveolae-dependent traffic to an endosomal compartment.

Receptor desensitization occurs through receptor internalization and targeting to endosomes, a prerequisite for sorting and degradation. Such trafficking processes may not be restricted to membrane associated receptors but may also play an important role in the downregulation of cytoplasmic transducers such as protein kinase C (PKC). It is demonstrated here that acute TPA exposure induces the transport of activated PKC(alpha) from the plasma membrane to endosomes. This process requires PKC activity and catalytically competent PKC can even promote a similar process for a truncated regulatory domain PKC(&agr;) protein. It is established that PKC(&agr;) is targeted to the endosome compartment as an active kinase, where it colocalizes with annexin I, a substrate of PKC. Thus, PKC(alpha) downregulation shares features with plasma membrane associated receptor sorting and degradation. However, it is shown that PKC(&agr;) delivery to the endosome compartment is not a Rab5 mediated process in contrast to the well characterised internalisation of the transferrin receptor. An alternative route for PKC(alpha) is evidenced by the finding that the cholesterol binding drugs nystatin and filipin, known to inhibit caveolae mediated trafficking, are able to block PKC(alpha) traffic and down regulation. Consistent with this, the endosomes where PKC(alpha) is found also contain caveolin. It is concluded that the initial step in desensitisation of PKC(alpha) involves active delivery to endosomes via a caveolae mediated process.
Making Sense of the Walkerton Crisis

Drawing on analysis of the Walkerton (Ontario) contaminated water crisis of 2000, this paper explores the viability of Weick’s sensemaking approach to organizational crises. The paper begins by showing how a sensemaking approach is a useful heuristic for revealing the complexity of organizational disasters that often rely on simplistic blaming of individuals. It goes on to explore the limitations of a sensemaking account that downplays the role of power and individual responsibility. The paper concludes by suggesting further theoretical developments of sensemaking to include Foucauldian notions of discourse and Sartrian notions of existential responsibility.
Exploring Feminist Women's Body Consciousness

In a qualitative investigation of young feminists' experience of body consciousness, 25 feminist women each participated in one of 6 focus groups examining the ways they experienced body image and negotiated cultural messages about women's appearance. Participants described their experience with objectification and its impact on their body image, sense of self, and relationships with other women. Although feminism provided an alternative way to understand cultural messages and reframe negative thoughts, this understanding did not necessarily affect aesthetic reactions. Participants experienced conflict between their feminist beliefs and their feelings about beauty ideals and their own appearance. This conflict is interpreted in terms of a mere exposure effect and existing gender/power relations. Suggestions of ways feminist psychologists can support young women's strategies for resisting negative cultural messages are provided.
The Moral Standing of the Market

How valuable is the market mechanism for practical morality? What is its moral standing? We can scarcely doubt that as individuals we do value tremendously the opportunity of using markets. Indeed, without access to markets most of us would perish, since we don't typically produce the things that we need to survive. If we could somehow survive without using markets at all, our quality of life would be rather abysmal. It is natural to feel that an institution that is so crucial to our well-being must be valuable. And since moral evaluation can hardly be indifferent to our interests and their fulfillment, it might appear that there is nothing much to discuss here. The market's moral standing “has to be” high.
First-Order, Second-Order, and Third-Order Change and Organization Development Interventions: A Cognitive Approach

This article discusses how recent developments in the cognitive sciences, especialy the concept of schemata (organizing frameworks for understanding events), can illumine the practice of organization development. On the basis of a cognitive perspective, the authors discuss the relationship between organizational change and schemata, describing the following orders of change that might result from OD: first-order change, or incremental changes occurring within particular schemata already shared by members of a client system, second-order change, or modifications in the shared schemata themselves; and third-order change, or the development of the capacity of the client system to change the schemata as events require. To show how understanding the differences among orders of change can help clarify problems and solutions from an intervention, the authors discuss how a paternalism schema affected a particular quality of working life intervention. They conclude by suggesting implications of the cognitive perspective for OD practice and research
Students' Academic Performance: Academic Effort Is an Intervening Variable

This study was designed to seek explanations for differences in academic performance among junior secondary school pupils in a Ghanaian municipality. A random sample of 600 junior secondary school pupils in form 2 was used for the study. Multiple regression procedures were used to analyse the data. The results of the study showed that in both Mathematics and English Language, mothers' reinforcement of their children's academic progress, fathers' education, and area of residence have indirect effects on children's academic performance. Children's academic effort is an intervening variable. Implications for parents and teachers are discussed (IFE Psychologia (2002) 10(2), 136-148)
RED: a framework for prototyping multi-display applications using web technologies

We present the Really Easy Displays framework (RED), a web-based platform to facilitate spontaneous interaction between devices and applications. RED provides a single abstraction for content and interaction between display types, data streams and interaction modalities, and allows developers to create multi-display applications by enabling the sharing of web document object models (DOMs) across displays. We present lessons learned from using RED in our own research, hands-on workshops with developers and interviews with long-term developers over the course of a year. We provide initial evidence that the use of web-technologies in a framework like RED can mitigate some barriers encountered in by multi-display interaction scenarios, and we propose future work to improve RED.
Leveraging Social Capital and School Improvement: The Case of a School Network and a Comprehensive Community Initiative in Chicago

This study assesses the first 4.5 years of an effort by a foundation in Chicago to promote children and adolescents’ social and academic development as part of a comprehensive community initiative. The authors examine the potential and challenges associated with the foundation’s strategy of developing social capital within a network of schools and community organizations.
An empirical investigation of interstate AFDC benefit competition *

Claims that states which offer generous welfare benefits attract the poor and that some states pay low benefits intending to drive the poor away are neither uncommon nor entirely unfounded. This paper employs a two player (state) generalized game to model states' choice of a benefit level in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. Migration by the poor in response to interstate differentials in earnings and welfare opportunities, and the subsequent changes in AFDC caseloads, drive this game. Estimation of the model (using 1979 data) suggests that states within approximately 750 miles of each other do engage in a benefit-setting game. The rival's initial number of poor and preference for non-AFDC consumption appear to be the more influential rival characteristics. These findings, while derived from a different methodological approach, are consistent with previous studies which indicate that welfare recipients tend to move toward higher benefit states. Such migration may impede the efficient spatial allocation of labor. The results also indicate that states will tend to offer lower benefits given recipient migration than would be the case otherwise. State jurisdiction over benefits consequently leads to underprovision of AFDC. Federalization of the AFDC program would improve efficiency in terms of the spatial allocation of labor and the provision of AFDC.
Green crime and victimization: Tensions between social and environmental justice

In 2011, Rio Tinto Alcan, one of the world’s largest producers of aluminium, announced the closure of the smelter at Lynemouth, Northumberland, north-east England. The plant, a major local employer, finally closed in March 2013. This article examines global concerns about environmental emission standards and the costs of compliance. This plant’s closure is a success in green terms. However, where closure is officially considered a compliance option, costs to deprived communities are high. From a (green) victimological perspective, the article contemplates the hidden costs of closure on already deprived local and regional communities. The discussion focuses on how green crime and green compliance creates victimization and reflects on the moral and ethical challenges this presents for a green criminology.
Appendicitis: usefulness of color Doppler US.

PURPOSE To assess whether color Doppler ultrasonography (US) can help diagnose early acute appendicitis in appendices of equivocal size at gray-scale US. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a retrospective study, color Doppler US findings were evaluated in 20 individuals with proved normal appendix at barium enema examination and in 50 patients in whom pathologic findings confirmed acute appendicitis. In a prospective study, the diagnostic value of hyperemia in the wall of the appendix in differentiating a normal from an inflamed appendix was evaluated in 26 patients with appendices of equivocal size (5-7 mm in maximal outer diameter) at grayscale US. RESULTS In the retrospective study, 44 of the 50 patients had hyperemia at color Doppler US. The remaining six patients had no hyperemia, and pathologic findings confirmed gangrenous appendices. The 20 patients with proved normal appendix at barium enema examination had no detectable blood flow in the wall. In the prospective study, 10 of 26 patients had hyperemia at color Doppler US, and pathologic findings confirmed early acute appendicitis. Results of barium enema examination (n = 12) or clinical follow-up (n = 4) confirmed no appendicitis in the remaining 16 patients. CONCLUSION Hyperemia in the wall of the appendix at color Doppler US is a sensitive indicator for inflammation. A simple additional color Doppler US examination may be helpful in the diagnosis of early acute appendicitis when an appendix is well depicted and is equivocal in size at gray-scale US.
The crossover of burnout and its relation to partner health

Two studies among medical residents and teachers in the Netherlands and Greece tested the hypothesis that burnout may transfer from employees to their intimate partners at home and indirectly influence the partner's health. Study 1 included a general index of self-rated health, whereas, Study 2 included a detailed measure of depression. Results show that burnout crosses over and that partner burnout is related to health (negative) and depression (positive). Moreover, both studies supported the mediating role of partner burnout in the relationship between employee burnout and partner health/depression. Additionally, results were similar when partner burnout was used as the predictor variable of medical residents' and teachers' health through their burnout. These findings are discussed in light of the recently proposed spillover–crossover model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Problem of Proportionate Swing

IT was for long a commonplace of psephology in Britain that the country’s exceptional political homogeneity was shown in a remarkably uniform national swing, which was reproduced in every type of constituency. A number of postwar elections, especially those of 1951, 1955, 1966, and 1970, showed a very narrow range of variation of constituency swings about the national mean. As Butler remarked of the 1951 election,
MUC5B Is the Predominant Mucin Glycoprotein in Chronic Otitis Media Fluid

Chronic otitis media (COM), e.g. “glue” ear is characterized by middle ear effusion and conductive hearing loss. Although mucous glycoproteins (mucins), which contribute to increased effusion viscosity, have been analyzed in ear tissue specimens, no studies have been reported that characterize the molecular identity of secreted mucin proteins present in actual middle ear fluid. For this study, effusions from children with COM undergoing myringotomy at Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC were collected. These were solubilized and gel fractionated, and the protein content was identified using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomics approach. Western blot analyses with mucin specific antibodies and densitometry were performed to validate the mass spectrometry findings. LC-MS/MS results identified mucin MUC5B by >26 unique peptides in six of six middle ear effusion samples, whereas mucin MUC5AC was only identified in one of six middle ear effusions. These findings were validated by Western blot performed on the same six and on an additional 11 separate samples where densitometry revealed on average a 6.4-fold increased signal in MUC5B when compared with MUC5AC (p = 0.0009). In summary, although both MUC5AC and MUC5B mucins are detected in middle ear effusions, MUC5B seems to be predominant mucin present in COM secretions.
Thematic analysis of the effectiveness of an inpatient mindfulness group for adults with intellectual disabilities

Accessible summary Mindfulness helps people focus instead of worrying about the past or future. We talked to six people who took part in a mindfulness group. They all had intellectual disabilities and were in hospital for mental health problems. They told us the group helped, and we hope that mindfulness can help other people too. Summary The study focused on the effectiveness of group mindfulness for people with intellectual disabilities in an assessment and treatment unit. Six participants with mild or moderate intellectual disabilities were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The interviews focused on identifying the benefits and difficulties of using mindfulness. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Five themes were identified which were categorised into interpersonal (‘helping people’) and intrapersonal (‘focusing on one particular thing’; ‘improving skills’; get rid of all nasty bad stuff you want to get rid of’) benefits. The theme ‘bit too late to teach old dog new tricks’ captured the difficulties encountered. The themes highlighted that people with intellectual disabilities were able to form an understanding of mindfulness and were able to benefit from the intervention.
Evolutionary Genetics of a New Pathogenic Escherichia Species: Escherichiaalbertii and Related Shigellaboydii Strains

ABSTRACT A bacterium originally described as Hafniaalvei induces diarrhea in rabbits and causes epithelial damage similar to the attachment and effacement associated with enteropathogenic Escherichiacoli. Subsequent studies identified similar H. alvei-like strains that are positive for an intimin gene (eae) probe and, based on DNA relatedness, are classified as a distinct Escherichia species, Escherichiaalbertii. We determined sequences for multiple housekeeping genes in five E. albertii strains and compared these sequences to those of strains representing the major groups of pathogenic E. coli and Shigella. A comparison of 2,484 codon positions in 14 genes revealed that E. albertii strains differ, on average, at ∼7.4% of the nucleotide sites from pathogenic E. coli strains and at 15.7% from Salmonellaenterica serotype Typhimurium. Interestingly, E. albertii strains were found to be closely related to strains of Shigellaboydii serotype 13 (Shigella B13), a distant relative of E. coli representing a divergent lineage in the genus Escherichia. Analysis of homologues of intimin (eae) revealed that the central conserved domains are similar in E. albertii and Shigella B13 and distinct from those of eae variants found in pathogenic E. coli. Sequence analysis of the cytolethal distending toxin gene cluster (cdt) also disclosed three allelic groups corresponding to E. albertii, Shigella B13, and a nontypeable isolate serologically related to S. boydii serotype 7. Based on the synonymous substitution rate, the E. albertii-Shigella B13 lineage is estimated to have split from an E. coli-like ancestor ∼28 million years ago and formed a distinct evolutionary branch of enteric pathogens that has radiated into groups with distinct virulence properties.
City Policies, City Interests: an Alternative Theory of Interest Group Systems

To understand the extent to which interest groups are active in politics—and which groups are active, under what conditions—I argue that we should start by focusing on the policies governments make. I use such an approach, which Hacker and Pierson (2014) call a " policy-focused approach, " to develop hypotheses about how the amount of interest group involvement in city politics varies with city characteristics, as well as hypotheses about how the kinds of interest groups that are active depends on group-and city-level factors. I test these hypotheses using data from a survey of elected officials in over 500 U.S. municipal governments, providing the first-ever bird's-eye view of interest group activity in a diverse set of American cities. My findings reveal that the size and composition of city interest group systems vary in ways consistent with my hypotheses, demonstrating the promise of this theoretical approach.
More than meets the eye: Investigating imagery type, direction, and outcome

The effects of imagery direction on self-efficacy and performance in a dart throwing task were examined. Two imagery types were investigated: skill-based cognitive specific (CS) and confidence-based motivational general-mastery (MG-M). Seventy-five novice dart throwers were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: (a) facilitative imagery, (b) debilitative imagery, or (c) control. After 2 imagery interventions, the debilitative imagery group rated their self-efficacy significantly lower than the facilitative group and performed significantly worse than either the facilitative group or the control group. Efficacy ratings remained constant across trials for the facilitative group, but decreased significantly for both the control group and the debilitative group. Performance remained constant for the facilitative and the control groups but decreased significantly for the debilitative group. Similar to Short et al. (2002), our results indicate that both CS and MG-M imagery can affect self-efficacy and p.