Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic context in area of living and risk of myocardial infarction: results from Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP)

Study objective: To analyse if socioeconomic characteristics in area of living affect the risk of myocardial infarction in a Swedish urban population, and to evaluate to what extent the contextual effect is confounded by the individual exposures. Design: A population based case-referent study (SHEEP). Setting: Cases (n=1631) were all incident first events of myocardial infarction during 1992–1994. The study base included all Swedish citizens aged 45–70 years, living in Stockholm metropolitan area during these years. The social context of all metropolitan parishes (n=89) was determined by routine statistics on 21 socioeconomic indicators. A factor analysis of the socioeconomic indicators resulted in three dimensions of socioeconomic deprivation, which were analysed separately as three different contextual exposures. Main results: The main characteristics of the extracted factors were; class structure, social exclusion and poverty. Among men, there were increased relative risks of similar magnitudes (1.28 to 1.33) in the more deprived areas according to all three dimensions of the socioeconomic context. However, when adjusting for individual exposures, the poverty factor had the strongest contextual impact. The contextual effects among women showed a different pattern. In comparison with women living the most affluent areas according to the class structure index, women in the rest of Stockholm metropolitan area had nearly 70% higher risk of myocardial infarction after adjustment for individual social exposures. Conclusions: The results suggest that the socioeconomic context in area of living increases the risk of myocardial infarction. The increased risk in only partially explained by individual social factors (the compositional effect).
Prion genotypes in Central America suggest selection for the V129 allele

Using the well‐characterized, human diversity sample series, we show that the V129 prion allele has a very high frequency in South American populations relative to the East Asian populations from which it arose. We suggest there has been selection at the prion locus, possibly mediated by Kuru‐like diseases, which has influenced its allele frequency. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
'Estimating with confidence' and hindsight: New UK small-area population estimates for 1991

Population estimates are used in a variety of applications including the monitoring of social trends, the distribution of financial resources and assessment of demand for housing, schooling, employment and other goods and services. In many countries the primary source informing population estimates is a national census. A census, however, is not a perfect source. Even after imputation of missing households, the UK's 1991 Census counts were lower than expected. In the 1990s, the Estimating with Confidence project (EwC) distributed official non-response data for local authority districts on a small area-specific basis to allow for underenumeration, timing changes between census day and the mid-year, armed forces adjustments and the transfer of students from home to term-time addresses. The EwC-enhanced census counts became accepted as the ‘gold standard’ for mid-1991 small area populations and were widely used in research. Following the 2001 Census, evidence suggested that previous official upward adjustments to 1991 populations were too large. Revisions were retrospectively made to 1991 non-responses and to the official annual time-series of subnational mid-year population estimates. For the UK's small areas, here we have revised the original EwC non-response allowances, converted the output to more contemporary geographies, and extended the estimates detail to single year of age. As a result, the 1991 EwC small-area estimates are now consistent and comparable with the 2001 Census population definition and geography and the 1981–2001 official population time-series. Our revised UK-coverage small-area population estimates can underpin late twentieth century local-area social analyses. Given the very detailed geographical and demographic detail in the estimates, we recommend these resources are used as building bricks for aggregation to larger areas and to application-relevant age bands. We present example calculations to assess differences which occur when a revised population estimate is used for the calculation of population change and as the denominator in demographic rates. Re-worked research affects demographic, health and social indicators, especially the ranking of areas' population and population change, although the extent of the revisions often may not result in different conclusions being drawn about trends and patterns. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Globalization and Latin American Geography: Linking Scales of Analysis

This special issue of the Journal builds on a longstanding dare we say essential aspect of Latin American geography: field work. The six papers herein aim to provide some clarity to the huge conceptual and methodological gap behind economic, politi cal, and cultural globalization. Allied disciplines often approach globalization with broad strokes in attempts to build normative models and theoretical frameworks that explain social change. Yet, as David Keeling (2004) argued in an earlier issue of this Journal, globalization has become a buzzword for structural change. Consequently, how do we approach a concept that has entered common parlance to such an extent that it has come to mean virtually all things to all people? Geographers have long grappled with "modernization," "development," "under development," "Europeanization," and a variety of issues that hint at some aspects of rapid transformation fostered by the dual forces of policy and technology (direct con tracting with small-scale horticultural producers in Mexico, blogs in Bolivia, remittances in rural areas of Mexico, on-line subcontracting in Argentina, medical tourism along the U.S.-Mexico border, the proliferation of supermarket chains throughout Latin America). An essential component of these new social and economic forms in Latin America has been the rise of neoliberalism and attendant ways in which the state reconfigures its role in social and economic life. However, in contrast to the myopic notion of some inexora ble, exogenous, and homogenizing force that operates uniformly at all scales in all places, we concur with scholars such as Radcliffe (2005) and Henderson et al. (2002), who assert that the structural changes wrought by the processes of globalization are mediated by local, place-specific social relations. Consequendy, there are profound implications for small-scale agriculture, urban work, social engagement, and regional political alliances based on location and ethnicity. The essays in this special issue grapple with these and related debates. Four articles focus on Mexico and two on South America. The first contribution by Gabriel Judkins explores the role of the U.S.-Mexico border in facilitating and constraining spatial inter action in the post-NAFTA era. "Persistence of the U.S.-Mexico Border: Expansion of Medical Tourism amid Trade Liberalization" demonstrates that actors on both sides of
Acid production in glycolysis-impaired tumors provides new insights into tumor metabolism.

PURPOSE Low extracellular pH is a hallmark of solid tumors. It has long been thought that this acidity is mainly attributable to the production of lactic acid. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that lactate is not the only source of acidification in solid tumors and explored the potential mechanisms underlying these often-observed high rates of acid production. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared the metabolic profiles of glycolysis-impaired (phosphoglucose isomerase-deficient) and parental cells in both in vitro and two in vivo models (dorsal skinfold chamber and Gullino chamber). RESULTS We demonstrated that CO(2), in addition to lactic acid, was a significant source of acidity in tumors. We also found evidence supporting the hypothesis that tumor cells rely on glutaminolysis for energy production and that the pentose phosphate pathway is highly active within tumor cells. Our results also suggest that the tricarboxylic acid cycle is saturable and that different metabolic pathways are activated to provide for energy production and biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the paradigm that tumor metabolism is determined mainly by substrate availability and not by the metabolic demand of tumor cells per se. In particular, it appears that the local glucose and oxygen availabilities each independently affect tumor acidity. These findings have significant implications for cancer treatment.
Quasi-maximum likelihood estimation and inference in dynamic models with time-varying covariances

We study the properties of the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE) and related test statistics in dynamic models that jointly parameterize conditional means and conditional covariances, when a normal log-likelihood os maximized but the assumption of normality is violated. Because the score of the normal log-likelihood has the martingale difference property when the forst two conditional moments are correctly specified, the QMLE is generally Consistent and has a limiting normal destribution. We provide easily computable formulas for asymptotic standard errors that are valid under nonnormality. Further, we show how robust LM tests for the adequacy of the jointly parameterized mean and variance can be computed from simple auxiliary regressions. An appealing feature of these robyst inference procedures is that only first derivatives of the conditional mean and variance functions are needed. A monte Carlo study indicates that the asymptotic results carry over to finite samples. Estimation of several AR a.
Combined effects of static stretching and electrical stimulation on joint range of motion and muscle strength.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the combination of static stretching (SS) and electrical stimulation (ES) for 8 weeks on joint range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, and muscle architecture. Thirty-one subjects were divided into three groups: the SS combined with ES (SS+ES) group, SS group, or control group. The SS+ES group performed calf stretching simultaneously with ES to the gastrocnemius medialis, while the SS group performed calf stretching only. The training regimen consisted of four 30 sec sets of stretching, with 30 sec rest intervals, 3 days per week for 8 weeks. The control group did not perform any intervention exercise. Before and after training, measurements were taken to determine the ankle ROM, plantar flexion one repetition maximum strength, muscle thickness, pennation angle, and circumference of the lower leg. The results showed that 8 weeks of training led to significant improvements in the ankle ROM and muscle thickness in both the SS+ES and SS groups. There were significant increases in plantar flexion one repetition maximum strength and pennation angle in all three groups. For all parameters, there was no difference between the SS+ES and SS groups. These results clarify that 8 weeks of SS improves joint ROM and muscle thickness, and show that there is no additional benefit gained by combining ES with SS in this particular training regime.
ENSO as an Integrating Concept in Earth Science

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle of alternating warm El Niño and cold La Niña events is the dominant year-to-year climate signal on Earth. ENSO originates in the tropical Pacific through interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, but its environmental and socioeconomic impacts are felt worldwide. Spurred on by the powerful 1997–1998 El Niño, efforts to understand the causes and consequences of ENSO have greatly expanded in the past few years. These efforts reveal the breadth of ENSO's influence on the Earth system and the potential to exploit its predictability for societal benefit. However, many intertwined issues regarding ENSO dynamics, impacts, forecasting, and applications remain unresolved. Research to address these issues will not only lead to progress across a broad range of scientific disciplines but also provide an opportunity to educate the public and policy makers about the importance of climate variability and change in the modern world.
Constraining the Late Mesozoic and Early Tertiary Tectonic Evolution of Southern Mexico: Structure and Deformation History of the Tierra Caliente Region

We analyze the structure and assess the deformation history of the Tierra Caliente Metamorphic Complex (TCMC) of southern Mexico, where Laramide accretion of exotic terranes is in debate. The TCMC consists of a south‐plunging antiform fault that is bounded on both its eastern and western flanks. Tierra Caliente Metamorphic Complex rocks show at least two phases of compressional deformation. The first and most prominent records a mean tectonic transport direction of 068°. This phase is responsible for east‐verging asymmetrical folding and thrusting of both metamorphic and superjacent sedimentary rocks. The second phase has an average transport direction of 232° and is restricted to the western portion of the TCMC. A third phase is responsible for normal faulting. Lack of discernible deformation before Late Cretaceous time indicates that the main deformation phase is coincident with Laramide orogenesis elsewhere in the North American Cordillera. The stratigraphy, structure, and deformational history of the TCMC do not require accretion of exotic terranes. We explain the Mesozoic tectonostratigraphic evolution of the TCMC in terms of deposition and deformation of Mesozoic volcanic and sedimentary strata over the attenuated continental crust of the North American plate.
Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Serum Pepsinogen I Concentration in Peptic Ulcer Patients: Effect of Bacterial Eradication

Objectives: In order to test the hypothesis that H. pylori infections in the gastric antrum increase pepsinogen I release, fasting serum pepsinogen I concentrations were compared in peptic ulcer patients with and without H. pylori infection. A randomized prospective study was performed to determine whether the increased serum pepsinogen I concentrations associated with H. pylori infection respond to treatment that eradicates H. pylori. Methods: Fasting serum pepsinogen I concentrations were measured by RIA in 736 patients with endoscopically and histologically confirmed benign peptic ulcer with and without H. pylori infection. Out of 511 patients with H. pylori infection, 110 patients (group 1) were randomly selected and were treated with metronidazole and tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate combined with ranitidine and antacid, and 97 patients (group 2) were treated only with ranitidine and antacid. The third group, 54 patients free of H. pylori infection, was designed to evaluate the influence of H2-receptor antagonist and antacid on the change of pepsinogen I. Fasting pepsinogen I concentration and H. pylori status were compared before and after the treatment. Results: Patients infected by H. pylori (gastric ulcer 208, duodenal ulcer 303; total 511) had significantly higher fasting serum pepsinogen I concentrations than H. pylori negative patients (gastric ulcer 110, duodenal ulcer 115: total 225). Mean pepsinogen I level of the former was 124.3±46.9 and that of the latter was 77.9±25.8 ng/ml. (p<0.0001) The difference in serum pepsinogen I concentrations according to the location of ulcer crater was significant only in non-infected subjects e.g., mean pepsinogen I level H. pylori-negative gastric ulcer was significantly lower than that of H. pylori-negative duodenal ulcer patients. H. pylori was eradicated in all the patients who had received antibacterial therapy for 4 weeks and serum pepsinogen I concentrations were significantly decreased from 129.8+43.0 to 82.4±24.0 ng/ml after eradication of the organism. (p<0.0001) In contrast, H. pylori-positive patients who had not received antibacterial therapy were still infected at the completion of the study and there was no significant change in the serum pepsinogen I concentrations after the treatment (120.8±40.9 vs 126.3± 40.4 ng/ml). (p>0.57) None of the patients who were initially H. pylori-negative has been reinfected during the period of the study and their serum pepsinogen I concentrations were not changed. (pre-treatment value 75.1±8.0 ; post-treatment value 77.3±24.5 mg/ml)(p<0.75) Four-to six-week therapy of H2-receptor antagonist and antacid did not exert any influence on serum pepsinogen I concentrations. Conclusions: On the basis of our results, we have confirmed that the chronic infection of H. pylori of gastric antrum in peptic ulcer patients causes increased pepsinogen I release into the circulation, and eradication of the organism results in significant fall in serum pepsinogen I concentrations.
Sensory processing within cockroach antenna enables rapid implementation of feedback control for high-speed running maneuvers

ABSTRACT Animals are remarkably stable during high-speed maneuvers. As the speed of locomotion increases, neural bandwidth and processing delays can limit the ability to achieve and maintain stable control. Processing the information of sensory stimuli into a control signal within the sensor itself could enable rapid implementation of whole-body feedback control during high-speed locomotion. Here, we show that processing in antennal afferents is sufficient to act as the control signal for a fast sensorimotor loop. American cockroaches Periplaneta americana use their antennae to mediate escape running by tracking vertical surfaces such as walls. A control theoretic model of wall following predicts that stable control is possible if the animal can compute wall position (P) and velocity, its derivative (D). Previous whole-nerve recordings from the antenna during simulated turning experiments demonstrated a population response consistent with P and D encoding, and suggested that the response was synchronized with the timing of a turn executed while wall following. Here, we record extracellularly from individual mechanoreceptors distributed along the antenna and show that these receptors encode D and have distinct latencies and filtering properties. The summed output of these receptors can be used as a control signal for rapid steering maneuvers. The D encoding within the antenna in addition to the temporal filtering properties and P dependence of the population of afferents support a sensory-encoding notion from control theory. Our findings support the notion that peripheral sensory processing can enable rapid implementation of whole-body feedback control during rapid running maneuvers. Summary: Sensory processing by mechanoreceptors within the antenna of the American cockroach provides neural signals that enable rapid implementation of feedback control to stabilize high-speed running.
A model of intelligent agent system using horror emotion

In this paper, a system for appraisal the step of horror emotion that the intelligent agent-based system may sense when it face to a annoying event has been developed and the behaviors of emotional agents using human behavior in terms of the way their emotional states evolve over time has been described and finally it has been performed by a fuzzy inference system using Java environment and three parameters related on human horror emotion as the inputs of this system. The system outputs can be used in agent decision making process or choosing a person for team working systems by combination the intensity of horror to other emotion intensities.
Efficacy of teacher in‐service training for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evidence many problems in the classroom. Teacher in-service training is routinely used to inform school professionals about a number of special topics; however, the efficacy of such in-service training for ADHD has not been established. The present study examined the efficacy of brief in-service training focused on evidence-based assessment and treatment of ADHD. Teachers from six schools (N = 142) in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area were randomly assigned at the school level to receive in-service training immediately or to a waitlist control group that received in-service training 1 month later. Measures of ADHD knowledge and use of behavior modification techniques were obtained at pre-- and post--in-service intervention. Results indicated that the in-service training resulted in increased ADHD knowledge. Special education teachers also reported increased use of behavior modification techniques resulting from the in-service training. Clinical and research implications are presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring Asymmetries in Brand Associations Using Correspondence Analysis

Correspondence analysis is introduced in the brand association literature as an alternative tool to measure dominance, for the particular case of free choice data. The method is also used to analyse differences, or asymmetries, between brand-attribute associations where attributes are associated with evoked brands, and brand-attribute associations where brands are associated with the attributes. An application to a sample of deodorants is used to illustrate the proposed methodology.
Has equity been achieved? Salary and promotion negotiation practices of a national sample of school psychology university faculty.

Psychologists are likely to consider issues of compensation when considering employment at a university. Correspondingly, this study explored the salary and promotion negotiation practices of female and male school psychology university faculty members. In all, 191 female and 115 male faculty members completed a survey regarding negotiation practices and job satisfaction. Although significantly more faculty members reported successful salary negotiations than failed attempts, results suggest that female faculty members earn significantly less than do their male colleagues, controlling for years of experience. No gender differences were found regarding participants' willingness to negotiate for increased salary; however, male faculty members were more likely to negotiate for a promotion. Of those individuals who perceived a negative response for salary negotiation, more female faculty members reported that their gender contributed to the negative response. The positive relation between job satisfaction and.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of synesthesia : activation of V 4 / V 8 by spoken words

•§ In 'colored-hearing' synesthesia, individuals report color experiences when they hear spoken words. If °the synesthetic color experience resembles that of normal color perception, one would predict jjactivation of parts of the visual system specialized for such perception, namely the human 'color center', referred to as either V4 or VS. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we here locate the z region activated by speech in synesthetes to area V4/V8 in the left hemisphere, and demonstrate o overlap with V4/V8 activation in normal controls in response to color. No activity was detected in areas VI or V2, suggesting that activity in primary visual cortex is not necessary for such experience. Control © subjects showed no activity in V4/V8 when imagining colors in response to spoken words, despite overtraining on word-color associations similar to those spontaneously reported by synesthetes.