Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Species-Specific Responses of Corals to Bleaching Events on Anthropogenically Turbid Reefs on Okinawa Island, Japan, over a 15-year Period (1995–2009)

Coral bleaching, triggered by elevated sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) has caused a decline in coral cover and changes in the abundances of corals on reefs worldwide. Coral decline can be exacerbated by the effects of local stressors like turbidity, yet some reefs with a natural history of turbidity can support healthy and resilient coral communities. However, little is known about responses of coral communities to bleaching events on anthropogenically turbid reefs as a result of recent (post World War II) terrestrial runoff. Analysis of region-scale coral cover and species abundance at 17–20 sites on the turbid reefs of Okinawa Island (total of 79 species, 30 genera, and 13 families) from 1995 to 2009 indicates that coral cover decreased drastically, from 24.4% to 7.5% (1.1%/year), subsequent to bleaching events in 1998 and 2001. This dramatic decrease in coral cover corresponded to the demise of Acropora species (e.g., A. digitifera) by 2009, when Acropora had mostly disappeared from turbid reefs on Okinawa Island. In contrast, Merulinidae species (e.g., Dipsastraea pallida/speciosa/favus) and Porites species (e.g., P. lutea/australiensis), which are characterized by tolerance to thermal stress, survived on turbid reefs of Okinawa Island throughout the period. Our results suggest that high turbidity, influenced by recent terrestrial runoff, could have caused a reduction in resilience of Acropora species to severe thermal stress events, because the corals could not have adapted to a relatively recent decline in water quality. The coral reef ecosystems of Okinawa Island will be severely impoverished if Acropora species fail to recover.
Resolving Lexical Ambiguity Using a Formal Theory of Context

In this paper we show how the formal theory of context, as developed in declarative AI, can be used to represent lexical ambiguity and reason about disambiguation. We rst give an introduction to the formal theory of context by brieey sketching its logic, and we identify a new class of contexts, discourse contexts. Unlike the previously studied knowledge base contexts, which are characterized only by the sentences true in them, discourse contexts are also characterized by the interpretation of their predicate symbols, which can vary from one discourse context to another. We deene the notion of ambiguous interpretation and its representation in the language of the context logic, and show how a knowledge base containing general common sense facts can be used to resolve ambiguity. We conclude by showing how a sequence of discourse contexts can be used to represent context change in a question/answer discourse segment, and apply the previously introduced notion of ambiguous interpretation to analyzing the discourse.
A Molecular Einstein Ring at z = 4.12: Imaging the Dynamics of a Quasar Host Galaxy Through a Cosmic Lens

We present high-resolution (0.3″) Very Large Array imaging of the molecular gas in the host galaxy of the high-redshift quasar PSS J2322+1944 (z = 4.12). These observations confirm that the molecular gas (CO) in the host galaxy of this quasar is lensed into a full Einstein ring and reveal the internal gas dynamics in this system. The ring has a diameter of ~1.5″ and thus is sampled over ~20 resolution elements by our observations. Through a model-based lens inversion, we recover the velocity gradient of the molecular reservoir in the quasar host galaxy of PSS J2322+1944. The Einstein ring lens configuration enables us to zoom in on the emission and to resolve scales down to ≲1 kpc. From the model-reconstructed source, we find that the molecular gas is distributed on a scale of 5 kpc and has a total mass of M(H2) = 1.7 × 1010 M☉. A basic estimate of the dynamical mass gives Mdyn = 4.4 × 1010 sin−2 i M☉, that is, only ~2.5 times the molecular gas mass and ~30 times the black hole mass (assuming that the dynamical structure is highly inclined). The lens configuration also allows us to tie the optical emission to the molecular gas emission, which suggests that the active galactic nucleus does reside within, but not close to the center of, the molecular reservoir. Together with the (at least partially) disturbed structure of the CO, this suggests that the system is interacting. Such interaction, possibly caused by a major “wet” merger, may be responsible for both feeding the quasar and fueling the massive starburst of 680 M☉ yr−1 in this system, in agreement with recently suggested scenarios of quasar activity and galaxy assembly in the early universe.
Conceptual Knowledge Influences Decision Making Differently in Individuals with High or Low Cognitive Flexibility: An ERP Study

Objective Studies using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) have distinguished between good and bad decision makers and have provided an explanation for deficits in decision making. Previous studies have demonstrated a link between Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance and IGT performance, but the results were not consistent and failed to explain why WCST performance can predict IGT performance. The present study aimed to demonstrate that WCST performance can predict IGT performance and to identify the cognitive component of the WCST that affects IGT performance using event-related potentials (ERPs). Methods In this study, 39 healthy subjects (5 subjects were excluded) were divided into a high group and a low group based on their global score on the WCST. A single-choice version of the IGT was used to eliminate the impact of retrieval strategies on the choice evaluation process and interference due to uncorrelated decks. Differences in the underlying neural mechanisms and explicit knowledge between the two groups during the three stages of the decision-making process were described. Results Based on the information processing perspective, we divided the decision-making process into three stages: choice evaluation, response selection, and feedback processing. The behavioral results showed that the highly cognitively flexible participants performed better on the IGT and acquired more knowledge of the task. The ERP results showed that during the choice evaluation stage, the P300 recorded from central and parietal regions when a bad deck appeared was larger in the high group participants than in the low group participants. During the response selection stage, the effect of choice type was significant only in the frontal region in the high group, with a larger effect for passing. During the feedback evaluation stage, a larger FRN was evoked for a loss than for a win in the high group, whereas the FRN effect was absent in the low group. Conclusion Compared with the participants with low cognitive flexibility, the participants with high cognitive flexibility performed better on the IGT, acquired more knowledge of the task, and displayed more obvious somatic markers. The low group participants showed reduced working memory abilities during the choice evaluation stage. The appropriate somatic markers reflected by the DPN is formed only when conceptual knowledge is gained in the response selection stage. The absence of an FRN effect in the subjects who performed poorly on the WCST suggests a significant deficit in feedback learning and reward prediction.
This is what the fuss is about: a systemic modelling for organisational knowing

Purpose – This paper presents a system‐based approach to action‐directed knowledge management. This approach, known as system‐based knowledge management (SBKM), allows one to respond to the observations made by previous writers that knowledge management should be cognisant of the complexity of knowledge in organisations and of the limitations of codification of that knowledge. Starts with a taxonomic analysis of the nature of organisational knowledge, dividing this critical resource into four: knowing what, knowing how, knowing why, and knowing who. Each of these requires recognition of the system in which it is created and used.Design/methodology/approach – SBKM is an accessible systems analysis tool based on the techniques of qualitative system dynamics. Its fundamental representational technique (the influence diagram) is that of causal mapping and its novel element is the explicit representation of the use of knowledge by human actors in fulfilling their specific system roles.Practical implications – .
Analyzing the Dynamics of Gated Auto-encoders

Auto-encoders are perhaps the best-known non-probabilistic methods for representation learning. They are conceptually simple and easy to train. Recent theoretical work has shed light on their ability to capture manifold structure, and drawn connections to density modeling. This has motivated researchers to seek ways of auto-encoder scoring, which has furthered their use in classification. Gated autoencoders (GAEs) are an interesting and flexible extension of auto-encoders which can learn transformations among different images or pixel covariances within images. However, they have been much less studied, theoretically or empirically. In this work, we apply dynamical systems view to GAEs, deriving a means of GAE scoring, and drawing connections to RBMs and score matching. Experimenting on a set of deep learning benchmarks, we also demonstrate their effectiveness for classification.
Establishment and validation of a prognostic nomogram for patients with resectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

As the conventional staging systems have poor prognosis prediction ability for patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA), we established and validated an effective prognostic nomogram for pCCA patients based on their personal and tumor characteristics. A total of 235 patients who received curative intent resections at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital from 2000 to 2009 were recruited as the primary training cohort. Age, preoperative CA19-9 levels, portal vein involvement, hepatic artery invasion, lymph node metastases, and surgical treatment outcomes (R0 or R1/2) were independent prognostic factors for pCCA patients in the primary cohort as suggested by the multivariate analyses and these were included in the established nomogram. The calibration curve showed good agreement between overall survival probability of pCCA patients for the nomogram predictions and the actual observations and the concordance index (C-index) was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.61-0.71). The C-index values and time-dependent ROC tests suggested that the nomogram is superior to the conventional staging systems including the Bismuth-Corlette, Gazzaniga, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM 7th edition, and Mayo Clinic. The nomogram also performed better than the traditional staging system in the internal cohort with 93 pCCA patients from the same institution and an external validation cohort including 84 pCCA patients from another institution in predicting the overall survival of the pCCA patients as suggested by the C-index values and the time-dependent ROC tests. In summary, the proposed nomogram has superior predictive accuracy of prognosis for resectable pCCA patients.
Ca2+ signaling evoked by activation of Na+ channels and Na+/Ca2+ exchangers is required for GABA-induced NG2 cell migration

NG2 cells originate from various brain regions and migrate to their destinations during early development. These cells express voltage-gated Na+ channels but fail to produce typical action potentials. The physiological role of Na+ channels in these cells is unclear. We found that GABA induces membrane depolarization and Ca2+ elevation in NG2 cells, a process requiring activation of GABAA receptors, Na+ channels, and Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs), but not Ca2+ channels. We have identified a persistent Na+ current in these cells that may underlie the GABA-induced pathway of prolonged Na+ elevation, which in turn triggers Ca2+ influx via NCXs. This unique Ca2+ signaling pathway is further shown to be involved in the migration of NG2 cells. Thus, GABAergic signaling mediated by sequential activation of GABAA receptors, noninactivating Na+ channels, and NCXs may play an important role in the development and function of NG2 glial cells in the brain.
Thermo-physical properties of 162173 (1999 JU3), a potential flyby and rendezvous target for interplanetary missions

Context. Near-Earth asteroid 162173 (1999 JU3) is a potential flyby and rendezvous target for interplanetary missions because of its easy-to-reach orbit. The physical and thermal properties of the asteroid are relevant for establishing the scientific mission goals and also important in the context of near-Earth object studies in general. Aims. Our goal was to derive key physical parameters such as shape, spin-vector, size, geometric albedo, and surface properties of 162173 (1999 JU3). Methods. With three sets of published thermal observations (ground-based N-band, Akari IRC, Spitzer IRS), we applied a thermophysical model to derive the radiometric properties of the asteroid. The calculations were performed for the full range of possible shape and spin-vector solutions derived from the available sample of visual lightcurve observations. Results. The near-Earth asteroid 162173 (1999 JU3) has an effective diameter of 0.87 ± 0.03 km and a geometric albedo of 0.070 ± 0.006. The χ 2 -test reveals a strong preference for a retrograde sense of rotation with a spin-axis orientation of λ ecl = 73°, β ecl = -62° and P sid = 7.63 ± 0.01 h. The most likely thermal inertia ranges between 200 and 600 J m ―2 s ―0.5 K ―1 , about a factor of 2 lower than the value for 25143 Itokawa. This indicates that the surface lies somewhere between a thick-dust regolith and a rock/boulder/cm-sized, gravel-dominated surface like that of 25143 Itokawa. Our analysis represents the first time that shape and spin-vector information has been derived from a combined data set of visual lightcurves (reflected light) and mid-infrared photometry and spectroscopy (thermal emission).
of Demographic History and Selection on Patterns of Polymorphism

The effect of demographic history on patterns of polymorphism at a locus can seriously impede the detection of selection. Sliding window analysis of Tajima’s D was performed on sequence data available for Picea abies. The distribution of Tajima’s D was compared to coalescent simulations of different demographic scenarios. A growth model including some population differentiation was found to explain much of the deviation of the data from the distribution expected under the standard neutral theory. The effect of demographic models on tests of significance was examined using three functional candidate genes for budset in P. abies. It was found that incorporating the model into significance testing resulted in a considerable shift of significance cut-off values, demonstrating that this is an important factor when using coalescent analysis that has been often overlooked.
Characterization of Lung Fibroblasts More than Two Decades after Mustard Gas Exposure

Purpose In patients with short-term exposure to the sulfur mustard gas, the delayed cellular effects on lungs have not been well understood yet. The lung pathology shows a dominant feature consistent with obliterative bronchiolitis, in which fibroblasts play a central role. This study aims to characterize alterations to lung fibroblasts, at the cellular level, in patients with delayed respiratory complications after short-term exposure to the sulfur mustard gas. Methods Fibroblasts were isolated from the transbronchial biopsies of patients with documented history of exposure to single high-dose sulfur mustard during 1985–7 and compared with the fibroblasts of control subjects. Results Compared with controls, patients’ fibroblasts were thinner and shorter, and showed a higher population doubling level, migration capacity and number of filopodia. Sulfur mustard decreased the in vitro viability of fibroblasts and increased their sensitivity to induction of apoptosis, but did not change the rate of spontaneous apoptosis. In addition, higher expression of alpha smooth muscle actin showed that the lung's microenvironment in these patients is permissive for myofibroblastic differentiation. Conclusions These findings suggest that in patients under the study, the delayed pulmonary complications of sulfur mustard should be considered as a unique pathology, which might need a specific management by manipulation of cellular components.
A case study on the effects of glocal second language setting on the language learning motivation of foreign learners of Turkish

This case study examines the relationship between the glocal second language setting and the motivational levels of foreign learners of Turkish. Selected by purposeful sampling, the participants were 10 foreign learners of Turkish taking a year-long preparatory class in language education at AtaTomer. The content analysis of the data collected through six open-ended questions and semi-structured interviews showed that, being aware of the importance of motivation in language learning, the participants considered taking courses from native speaker teachers and having intercultural interaction with native speakers and classmates from different countries as motivating factors, while initial concerns for preserving cultural identity in the new community and some language-related difficulties were considered as demotivating factors in the glocal second language setting.
Language diversity impact on the self-efficacy of members in multicultural teams

This study aims to analyze language diversity in teams, especially in what concerns its impact on each member’s self-efficacy. Even though self-efficacy is a traditional concept in organizational behavior literature and there is a growing interest in the impact of language in the organizational context, research about the connections between both sides is lacking. This research deals with this gap, covering as well language fluency, cultural intelligence and extraversion. The answer to the research questions is based on an on-line survey to 240 university students, having participated in multicultural teams. The statistical analysis conclude that language diversity has no clear impact in self-efficacy, however fluency in the vehicular languages of teams has. Fluency has a bolder impact in self-efficacy of team members, when language diversity is higher, and when each member’s cultural intelligence and extraversion levels are higher as well. These conclusions driven by such connections may provide managers with sound enlightenments about the importance of language diversity in their multicultural teams and mainly on fluency in the vehicular languages of these teams.
Microfluidic system for fine particulate matter separation and sampling

Air pollution caused by the indoor fine particulate matter cannot be ignored. To monitor the indoor air quality, a portable and uncomplicated separation and sampling device is required. Here, we present the design of fine particles separation and sampling system which is based on air-microfluidic technology. We use the color polystyrene microspheres with different diameters to simulate the air fine particles. The microspheres are mixed up with clean air and then travel into the microfluidic chip through the inlet. Based on the principle of virtual impactor, fine particles with different size will separate in the chip and exit through the two different outlets respectively. Two filters are placed after the two outlets in order to collect the particles travelling through the micro-channels. In this paper, we demonstrate with numerical simulations and experimental tests of the separation based on virtual impactor. The experimental results match well with the simulations. The system we present here can separate and sample the 2μm particles.
A Bad Taste in the Mouth

Can sweet-tasting substances trigger kind, favorable judgments about other people? What about substances that are disgusting and bitter? Various studies have linked physical disgust to moral disgust, but despite the rich and sometimes striking findings these studies have yielded, no research has explored morality in conjunction with taste, which can vary greatly and may differentially affect cognition. The research reported here tested the effects of taste perception on moral judgments. After consuming a sweet beverage, a bitter beverage, or water, participants rated a variety of moral transgressions. Results showed that taste perception significantly affected moral judgments, such that physical disgust (induced via a bitter taste) elicited feelings of moral disgust. Further, this effect was more pronounced in participants with politically conservative views than in participants with politically liberal views. Taken together, these differential findings suggest that embodied gustatory experiences may affect moral processing more than previously thought.
Ankyrin-B is a PI3P effector that promotes polarized α5β1-integrin recycling via recruiting RabGAP1L to early endosomes

Endosomal membrane trafficking requires coordination between phosphoinositide lipids, Rab GTPases, and microtubule-based motors to dynamically determine endosome identity and promote long-range organelle transport. Here we report that ankyrin-B (AnkB), through integrating all three systems, functions as a critical node in the protein circuitry underlying polarized recycling of α5β1-integrin in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, which enables persistent fibroblast migration along fibronectin gradients. AnkB associates with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P)-positive organelles in fibroblasts and binds dynactin to promote their long-range motility. We demonstrate that AnkB binds to Rab GTPase Activating Protein 1-Like (RabGAP1L) and recruits it to PI3P-positive organelles, where RabGAP1L inactivates Rab22A, and promotes polarized trafficking to the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts. We further determine that α5β1-integrin depends on an AnkB/RabGAP1L complex for polarized recycling. Our results reveal AnkB as an unexpected key element in coordinating polarized transport of α5β1-integrin and likely of other specialized endocytic cargos. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.20417. 001
The Research and Efficient FPGA Implementation of Ghash Core for GMAC

GMAC (Galois Message Authentication Code) is a special case of authenticated encryption mode GCM (Galois/Counter Mode) when it acts as a stand-alone MAC. As the hash function of GMAC, Ghash is based on the GF (2 128 ) multiplier. It is the algebraic properties of Ghash that support incremental authentication of GMAC. In this paper, an efficient hardware implementation on Xilinx Virtex 5 FPGA platform, in terms of performance, of Ghash core is presented. The proposed hardware implementation has been thoroughly tested using commercial simulation tools ModelSim and its functionality has been verified. The synthesis results show that this efficient implementation of Ghash core does not introduce extra design complexity and has high throughput, which is up to 15.382 Gbps, and it can meet the requirement of GMAC for high-speed and highly efficient authentication.