Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Group Cohesiveness and Productivity: A Closer Look

Although many organization researchers regard group cohesiveness as a key variable in their theorizing, the presumed importance of the cohesiveness construct has not always been accompanied by a corresponding emphasis on theoretical and empirical advances. This paper focuses primarily on the difficulties associated with the measurement of group cohesiveness, particularly as they pertain to the contentious relationship between group cohesiveness and productivity. Little is known for certain about this relationship in spite of four decades of investigation. One possible explanation for the inconclusive findings which characterize this literature is that no two studies reviewed here operationalized cohesiveness in exactly the same way. An emphasis on consistent and uniform measurement, and on the use of multiple measures of cohesiveness, should greatly improve the quality of future research.
Mixed‐Gender Groups, Dating, and Romantic Relationships in Early Adolescence

This study examined dating-stage and developmental-contextual models of romantic relationships during early adolescence. Same-gender friendships, affiliation with mixed-gender groups, dating, and romantic relationships were investigated in a sample of 1,284 young adolescents of diverse ethnocultural backgrounds. Data were collected cross-sectionally in Grades 5 through 8, as well as longitudinally in the fall and spring of an academic year. Consistent with a stage model, affiliation with mixed-gender groups and dating were qualitatively distinct activities that were sequentially organized and facilitated the progression from same-gender friendships to dyadic romantic relationships. The results also provide insights on how the developmental context may alter stage pathways: Dating activities were incorporated with mixed-gender affiliations, group-based romantic stages showed more stability than other stages, and the ethnocultural context influenced romantic timing. Finally, results indicated that participation in romantic activities heightened adolescents' future interest in having a romantic relationship.
The neurotic organization

Introduction: Tracing Problems from Organizational to Individual Levels. ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS. Neurotic Styles and Organizational Dysfunctioning. Shared Fantasies and Group Processes. Confused Interpersonal Relationships. Destrucive Superior/Subordinate Interactions. Life-Cycle Crises and Individual Career Satisfaction. OVERCOMING RESISTANCE TO CHANGE. Identifying Defense Mechanisms and Sources of Resistance. Helping Managers Gain Insight to Facilitate Change. Steps in Diagnosing, Overcoming, and Preventing Problems. Organizational Therapy in Action: A Case Study. Conclusion: Working for Change--Cautions and Recommendations.
Triangle Wheels and a Ghost in a Girl's Skirt: Young children's representations of unreality

Because young children's drawings of people often rely on stereotyped routines, some previous experiments have looked at how they approach the novel task of drawing people who 'could not exist'. The two studies reported here extend previous research by also recording the children's comments, by varying the subject of the drawing and by changing the social context of the task. The results show that, under these different conditions, 4- and 5-year-olds can produce unexpectedly mature and inventive solutions, offering insights not only into the way they draw, but also into the ways they actually think about such unusual problems.
Childhood Physical Punishment and Problem Solving in Marriage

Drawing from social learning theories and symbolic interactionist understandings of social life, the authors suggest that physical punishment teaches aggressive and controlling strategies for solving the problems of living together and hinders the development of important problem-solving skills, specifically the ability to role take with others. These strategies and skills become part of an individual’s toolkit for problem resolution within his or her marriage. The analysis is based on 188 married couples in Washington State who participated in a longitudinal study of the first 2 years of marriage. The analysis reveals the following: Individuals who were physically punished during childhood are more likely to engage in physical and verbal aggression with their spouses, individuals who were physically punished during childhood are more controlling with their spouses, and individuals who were physically punished during childhood are less able to take their spouse’s perspective.
Similar synapse elimination motifs at successive relays in the same efferent pathway during development in mice

In many parts of the nervous system, signals pass across multiple synaptic relays on their way to a destination, but little is known about how these relays form and the function they serve. To get some insight into this question we ask how the connectivity patterns are organized at two successive synaptic relays in a simple, cholinergic efferent pathway. We found that the organization at successive relays in the parasympathetic nervous system strongly resemble each other despite the different embryological origin and physiological properties of the pre- and postsynaptic cells. Additionally, we found a similar developmental synaptic pruning and elaboration strategy is used at both sites to generate their adult organizations. The striking parallels in adult innervation and developmental mechanisms at the relays argue that a general strategy is in operation. We discuss why from a functional standpoint this structural organization may amplify central signals while at the same time maintaining positional targeting. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.23193. 001
DO PROTECTIVE BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES MEDIATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND COLLEGE STUDENTS' USE OF ALCOHOL?

Excessive alcohol use among college students is a major public health and safety concern on campuses across the United States. A relatively new educational and intervention effort focuses on protective behavioral strategies (PBS), which are defined as techniques that individuals can use while they are actively consuming alcohol in order to reduce the amount consumed as well as the negative consequences that often accompany such use. Based on previous research, it was hypothesized that PBS would mediate the relationship between neuroticism and alcohol use in that individuals with higher levels of neuroticism would use fewer PBS while drinking and would consume more alcohol than their peers. Second, it was predicted that PBS would mediate the relationship between conscientiousness and alcohol use in that those with high levels of conscientiousness would employ a higher number of PBS while using alcohol and would consume less alcohol. Third, it was expected that PBS would mediate the relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use in that impulsive individuals would use a fewer number of PBS while consuming alcohol and would consume higher levels of alcohol. A sample of 250 students from a public northeastern university completed two personality inventories, three measures regarding drinking behaviors, and a demographic questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed a mediation effect of PBS on the relationships between both conscientiousness and alcohol use, and impulsivity and alcohol use. There was no evidence of a relationship between neuroticism and alcohol use, however, and therefore no mediation effect. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Buch und Lesen: Historical Perspectives on Literacy and Schooling

Book learning, something that in the medieval world was the preserve of "old men and monks," has become a universal experience of growing up in the modern West. Historian Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979, p. 432) calls this gradually wrought shift possibly the most fundamental social revolution in European history. Previous transformations laid the groundwork. The evolution of writing from symbols representing things (pictograms) to symbols representing the sound of human speech created syllabaries and alphabets. This made writing and reading easier and more accessible. Hence literacy gained greater utility. The invention of paper, the printing press, and the substitution of wood pulp for rags in paper manufacture were both cause and effect of an expanding literacy. While the alphabetization of oral language divides nonliterate and literate societies, literacy becomes culturally significant only when a "literacy consciousness" is internalized by enough people beyond some priestly or civic elite. This necessitates perceiving literacy as a valuable tool (Clanchy, 1981, pp. 14-45; Harman, 1970, p. 228). It means that writing-tablets, manuscripts, books-must, figuratively, be taken out of temples and monasteries where it is treated as holy relics and be given some circulation among the populace and its wider concerns. This process was accomplished only slowly before the 17th century. Moreover, literate societies maintain vigorous oral tradition and memory arts alongside writing and its cultural and cognitive progeny. In the formal education of literate societies, lectures and "teacher talk" coexist with book learning. Perhaps analogous to our contemporaries who deplore using hand-held calculators in schools because they fear loss of mastery of memorized arithmetic facts, Socrates reportedly preferred oral teaching to the use of texts; he contended that reliance on writing promotes forgetfulness and the appearance of mastery without substance. (For a review of the question of literacy's relationships to mental abilities, see Scribner & Cole, 1978.) Plato argued that, compared to dialogue, reading's effects are shallower and less persisting. Being social, oral language is less easily evaded than are the solitary activities of reading and writing. Where the latter seem difficult, unrewarding, or excessively abstract, they may be avoided by technically literate persons. Moreover, even today, "print is typically an incidental and auxiliary feature of a great many social situations and settings; there are many substitutes for it and strategies for circumventing it" (Levine, 1982). Thus, our disappointments with schooling for mass literacy may be somewhat due to "the gap between the public literate tradition of the school, and the very different and indeed often directly contradictory private oral traditions of the pupil's family and peer group" (Goody & Watt, 1962; their term "buch und lesen culture" I adapted for my title). This is a broader view of the sometimes troublesome relationships between the oral
Discovering Level of Participation in MOOCs through Clusters Analysis

This paper presents an analysis using hierarchical grouping method (ward grouping) and the non-hierarchical grouping method (k-means) to analyze the participation levels in activities and interactions in a virtual forum. Data came from a MOOC and it was on grammatical rules of Brazilian Portuguese. About 5100 participants integrated the course. It lasted about three months and the activities developed by means of the Openredu learning platform. We analyzed data of collaboration, interaction, and discussions in forums, access data and activity on the Openredu. The results pointed to three distinct engagement strategies. Those categories oriented the proposition of an interface design guidelines for MOOC to conceive adaptive strategies that permit to increase engagement and favor an improved learning experience.
Learning from the Past? A Review of Approaches to Spatial Targeting in Urban Policy

When parts of cities are seen to be “failing” in some way, a common response by governments is to intervene spatially, with policies targeted at particular areas for fixed time periods. These area-based interventions would seem to offer advantages in relation to efficiency and effectiveness, but they have often fallen short of meeting their objectives. After more than forty years of urban policy in practice, then, the question of whether we have learned from experience is a pertinent one. This review paper contemplates the continued focus on “areas” in urban policy, forwards a spatio-conceptual framework for understanding “urban problems”, and then identifies some additional theoretical and conceptual issues. The questions of whether we have learned from past experience and what a “good” urban policy might look like are posed in the penultimate section. The answers are not necessarily encouraging.
Motivation and physical activity among rheumatoid arthritis patients: a self-determination theory approach

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can negatively impact people both psychologically and physically. Health benefits of regular physical activity (PA) have been demonstrated for RA patients (Cooney et al., 2011), however people living with RA are more likely to be sedentary (Sokka et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2015). A Self-Determination Theory (SDT) based approach was adopted in this thesis. The validity and reliability of the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) was tested (Chapter 2) within RA patients via a mixed method approach. In a second study (Chapter 3), hypothesised relationships based on SDT between autonomy support from the important other (s), basic psychological needs, motivation regulations and RA patients’ subjective vitality and self-reported PA was tested via structural equation modelling. Presumed mediation effects were also examined. As an incongruence between PA measurement has been found previously (Semanik et al., 2011), the agreement with self-reported PA and sedentary time (ST) were determined (Chapter 4) on both objective and subjective PA, then related to the VO2 max test. The next investigation (Chapter 5) assessed the associations between motivation regulations, objectively measured PA/ST and a key indicator of compromised mental health (i.e., depressive symptoms). Overall findings of this thesis were discussed in Chapter 6, and future research directions, practical implication and limitations proposed.
Time Series Forecasting Based on Augmented Long Short-Term Memory

In this paper, we use recurrent autoencoder model to predict the time series in single and multiple steps ahead. Previous prediction methods, such as recurrent neural network (RNN) and deep belief network (DBN) models, cannot learn long term dependencies. And conventional long short-term memory (LSTM) model doesn't remember recent inputs. Combining LSTM and autoencoder (AE), the proposed model can capture long-term dependencies across data points and uses features extracted from recent observations for augmenting LSTM at the same time. Based on comprehensive experiments, we show that the proposed methods significantly improves the state-of-art performance on chaotic time series benchmark and also has better performance on real-world data. Both single-output and multiple-output predictions are investigated.
Estudo das zonas e eficácia da recepção em função do jogador recebedor no voleibol sênior feminino

O presente estudo pretendeu comparar a intervencao do Jogador Libero e dos Recebedores Prioritarios, ao nivel da eficacia e das zonas de recepcao do saque, bem como associar as zonas de recepcao com a eficacia da recepcao, no Voleibol Feminino Senior. A amostra consistiu em 683 acoes de recepcao, retiradas dos seis jogos realizados pelas equipes participantes na Poule I de apuramento para o campeonato da Europa de 2005 de Voleibol feminino no escalao senior B (Bielorussia, Hungria, Portugal e Dinamarca). A recolha de dados foi realizada atraves da gravacao em sistema audiovisual, sendo posteriormente digitalizadas as imagens para se controlar o rigor e precisao da observacao. Os procedimentos estatisticos basearam-se na analise descritiva e inferencial, pela aplicacao do teste de qui-quadrado, na comparacao entre grupos (jogador recebedor) e associacao entre variaveis (zona e eficacia da recepcao) e na analise de correspondencias simples (ANACOR). As observacoes cumpriram os requisitos de fiabilidade para serem utilizadas como ferramenta cientifica, tanto pela percentagem de acordos, como pela estatistica Kappa de Cohen. O presente estudo nao confirmou a influencia do Libero no incremento da eficacia da recepcao comparativamente a cada um dos Recebedores Prioritarios e nem sequer destes em relacao aos outros jogadores nao especialistas. O Libero recebe significativamente mais em Z6 e os Recebedores Prioritarios em Z5. Nao se registraram associacoes significativas entre as zonas de intervencao e a eficacia da recepcao, podendo-se dever mais ao modelo topografico utilizado, do que a possibilidade da zona de recepcao nao interferir com a eficacia da recepcao. Porquanto, a divisao regulamentar do terreno de jogo em seis zonas, por nao espelhar a funcionalidade do jogo, pode constituir um modelo inapropriado de avaliacao, devendo ser confirmado em posteriores estudos.
Hotel Managers' Predictions of Satisfaction with Unexpected Outcomes

A great deal of research has focused on the relationship between individuals' expectations and their satisfaction with outcomes. This article describes a field study involving hotel managers who were asked about affective expectations related to real-life outcomes. Results show that managers were not as satisfied as they had predicted they would be with outcomes that exceeded expectations. Similarly, they were not as dissatisfied as they had predicted they would be with outcomes that fell short of expectations. Implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are noted.
Purification and characterization of glucose oxidase from ligninolytic cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Glucose oxidase, an important source of hydrogen peroxide in lignin-degrading cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by a combination of ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. The enzyme is a flavoprotein with an apparent native molecular weight of 180,000 and a denatured molecular weight of 80,000. This enzyme does not appear to be a glycoprotein. It gives optimal activity with D-glucose, which is stoichiometrically oxidized to D-gluconate. The enzyme has a relatively broad pH optimum of 4 to 5. It is inhibited by Ag+ (10 mM) and o-phthalate (100 mM), but not by Cu2+, NaF, or KCN (each 10 mM).
Cathepsin E Deficiency Ameliorates Graft-versus-Host Disease and Modifies Dendritic Cell Motility

Microbial products influence immunity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). In this context, the role of cathepsin E (Ctse), an aspartate protease known to cleave bacterial peptides for antigen presentation in dendritic cells (DCs), has not been studied. During experimental acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we found infiltration by Ctse-positive immune cells leading to higher Ctse RNA- and protein levels in target organs. In Ctse-deficient allo-SCT recipients, we found ameliorated GVHD, improved survival, and lower numbers of tissue-infiltrating DCs. Donor T cell proliferation was not different in Ctse-deficient vs. wild-type allo-SCT recipients in MHC-matched and MHC-mismatched models. Furthermore, Ctse-deficient DCs had an intact ability to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation, suggesting that its role in antigen presentation may not be the main mechanism how Ctse impacts GVHD. We found that Ctse deficiency significantly decreases DC motility in vivo, reduces adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM), and diminishes invasion through ECM. We conclude that Ctse has a previously unrecognized role in regulating DC motility that possibly contributes to reduced DC counts and ameliorated inflammation in GVHD target organs of Ctse-deficient allo-SCT recipients. However, our data do not provide definite proof that the observed effect of Ctse−/− deficiency is exclusively mediated by DCs. A contribution of Ctse−/−-mediated functions in other recipient cell types, e.g., macrophages, cannot be excluded.
Moral Hazard and Customer Loyalty Programs

Frequent flier plans (FFPs) may be the most famous of customer loyalty programs and plans created on the FFP model are now offered by sellers in a number of other industries. We present a theory of FFPs that models them as efforts to take advantage of the agency relationship between employers - who pay for airline tickets - and employees - who book those tickets. In this view, FFP benefits constitute bribes, inducing employees to book flights at higher prices. We show that a single airline offering an FFP has a large advantage over its rival. However, when competing airlines operate plans, benefit competition may be so intensified that the airlines' profits fall even while prices to employers rise. Thus, in contrast to switching cost treatments of FFPs, we may observe prices and profits moving in opposite directions.
The Meaning of “Being Chinese” and “Being American”

Few studies have investigated how the meanings attached to being of a particular culture vary within cultural groups. The meanings of “being Chinese” and “being American” were compared among three Chinese American groups: 122 American-born Chinese (ABC), 119 immigrant Chinese who arrived in the United States before or at age 12, and 112 immigrant Chinese who arrived in the United States after age 12. Participants completed the General Ethnicity Questionnaire (abridged version). For each group, the relationship between “being Chinese” and “being American” and the specific cultural domains (e.g., engagement in American activities, Chinese language proficiency) on which they were based were assessed. Results suggest that “being Chinese” and “being American” were unrelated for ABC, but were negatively related for immigrant Chinese. Results also suggest that for immigrants, the domains on which “being Chinese” and “being American” are based change with increased stay in the United States.
Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Retinopathy of Prematurity: Inject or Not?

AbstractThis article is aimed to review and summarize the indications, outcomes and safety profiles regarding the use of intravitreal bevacizumab in patients with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) as reported in previous studies with no intention to compare the efficacy between intravitreal bevacizumab and laser photocoagulation.Literature search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, Ovid, and Ophthalmology Advance using the terms “ROP,” “antiangiogenic,” “antivascular endothelial growth factor,” “intravitreal bevacizumab,” and “Avastin. ”Eight prospective studies of 278 eyes of ROP infants and 15 retrospective studies involving 385 eyes of ROP infants treated with intravitreal bevacizumab were found. Bevacizumab was used as monotherapy, adjunctive therapy, and/or combined therapy.The varied use of intravitreal bevacizumab in treating ROP and he limited number of landmark studies contribute to the difficulties in drawing a strong conclusion in this review. Intravitreal bevacizumab was more commonly injected in: (1) type 1 ROP zone I and/or posterior zone II; (2) aggressive posterior ROP with poor retinal visualization in which laser photocoagulation would be difficult to perform; and (3) stage 4 ROP before vitrectomy. All cases demonstrated regression of neovascular activity during a varied follow-up period (from 1 week to 1 month) after injection. However, recurrence may occur. Follow-up until 80 weeks of postmenstrual age is thus recommended. Acceleration of fibrous traction is the most common ocular adverse effect after injection, whereas the systemic adverse effect remains uncertain. Landmark studies of the efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab injection in treating ROP are warranted.