Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR MORE ON CONCURRENT INTERVAL-RATIO SCHEDULES : A REPLICATION AND REVIEW GENE

It has been suggested that the failure to maximize reinforcement on concurrent variable-interval, variable-ratio schedules may be misleading. Inasmuch as response costs are not directly measured, it is possible that subjects are optimally balancing the benefits of reinforcement against the costs of responding. To evaluate this hypothesis, pigeons were tested in a procedure in which interval and ratio schedules had equal response costs. On a concurrent variable time (VT), variable ratio-time (VRT) schedule, the VT schedule runs throughout the session and the VRT schedule is controlled by responses to a changeover key that switches from one schedule to the other. Reinforcement is presented independent of response. This schedule retains the essential features of concurrent VI VR, but eliminates differential response costs for the two alternatives. It therefore also eliminates at least one significant ambiguity about the reinforcement maximizing performance. Pigeons did not maximize rate of reinforcement on this procedure. Instead, their times spent on the alternative schedules matched the relative rates of reinforcement, even when schedule parameters were such that matching earned the lowest possible overall rate of reinforcement. It was further shown that the observed matching was not a procedural artifact arising from the constraints built into the schedule.
Molecular Neuroscience Original Research Article Transcription Mapping of Embryonic Rat Brain Reveals Egr-1 Induction in Sox2 + Neural Progenitor Cells

Neuronal expression of the early growth response-1 (EGR-1; NGFI-A/Zif268) transcription factor has been extensively studied in the adult mammalian brain and linked to aspects of mature physiological/behavioral function. In contrast, this factor has not been studied in detail in the embryonic brain. Here, we used a fluorescent protein-encoding Egr-1 transgene to map the cellular distribution of Egr-1 transcription in embryonic rat brain. We identified a novel, widely distributed population of GFP + cells, characterized as a precursor/stem cell phenotype by co-localization with SOX2/nestin/vimentin/S-100β and exclusion from other known cellular markers including DCX/BLBP/TBR2/NURR1. At both E18 and E20, these cells were located across the developing brain but concentrated in the subplate and intermediate zones. The transgene was also highly expressed in developing (NeuN +) stri-atal neurons. The authentic expression pattern that we observed for the rEgr-1 transgene sequence indicates that restriction to neuronal/precursor cells is largely driven by proximal 5 sequence. Deletion of conserved Egr-1 silencer (neuron restrictive silencer factor) elements did not markedly alter transcriptional activity in transfected cells; this is consistent with a dominant role for positive factors in the control of cell-specific Egr-1 expression. Induction of Egr-1 in a population of SOX2 + cells indicates a coincidence of extrinsic (EGR-1) and cell-intrinsic (SOX2) cellular signals that may form a novel level of progenitor cell regulation. The wide distribution of EGR-1 signaling in SOX2 + cells suggests an organizational role during late embryonic brain development.
Distributed Multi-Armed Bandits: Regret vs. Communication

In this paper, we generalize both the model and the results of the classical multi-armed bandit problem to a distributed setting, where a common arm set is shared by multiple players in a non-conflicting way. Moreover, the players receive the rewards independently and are allowed to communicate with each other after some prescribed rounds which are given as the elements of a \textsl{communication set}. In particular, we study how communication can help to reduce the \textsl{regret}. We propose a novel concept to measure the frequency of communication --- the \textsl{density} of the communication set, which is used to establish a non-trivial lower bound for the expected regret of \textsl{any} \textsl{consistent} policy. Furthermore, we develop a distributed policy \textsc{Dklucb} that can achieve the lower bound in the case of Bernoulli rewards. Compared to existing policies such as KL-UCB for classical multi-armed bandit problems, a crucial ingredient of \textsc{Dklucb} is to use a "fake" pull count. The analysis of the algorithm also becomes much more complex, requiring new tools and techniques. Finally, we discuss a possible extension of \textsc{Dklucb} for more general distributions.
Haploinsufficient TNAP Mice Display Decreased Extracellular ATP Levels and Expression of Pannexin-1 Channels

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare heritable metabolic bone disease caused by hypomorphic mutations in the ALPL (in human) or Akp2 (in mouse) gene, encoding the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) enzyme. In addition to skeletal and dental malformations, severe forms of HPP are also characterized by the presence of spontaneous seizures. Initially, these seizures were attributed to an impairment of GABAergic neurotransmission caused by altered vitamin B6 metabolism. However, recent work by our group using knockout mice null for TNAP (TNAP-/-), a well-described model of infantile HPP, has revealed a deregulation of purinergic signaling contributing to the seizure phenotype. In the present study, we report that adult heterozygous (TNAP+/-) transgenic mice with decreased TNAP activity in the brain are more susceptible to adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)-induced seizures. Interestingly, when we analyzed the extracellular levels of ATP in the cerebrospinal fluid, we found that TNAP+/- mice present lower levels than control mice. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we evaluated the expression levels of other ectonucleotidases, as well as different proteins involved in ATP release, such as pannexin, connexins, and vesicular nucleotide transporter. Among these, Pannexin-1 (Panx1) was the only one showing diminished levels in the brains of TNAP+/- mice. Altogether, these findings suggest that a physiological regulation of extracellular ATP levels and Panx1 changes may compensate for the reduced TNAP activity in this model of HPP.
A Theory of Baroclinic Turbulence

Understanding the physical mechanism maintaining fluid turbulence remains a fundamental theoretical problem. The two-layer model is an analytically and computationally simple system in which the dynamics of turbulence can be conveniently studied; in this work, a maximally simplified model of the statistically steady turbulent state in this system is constructed to isolate and identify the essential mechanism of turbulence. In this minimally complex turbulence model the effects of nonlinearity are parameterized using an energetically consistent stochastic process that is white in both space and time, turbulent fluxes are obtained using a stochastic turbulence model (STM), and statistically steady turbulent states are identified using stochastic structural stability theory (SSST). These turbulent states are the fixed-point equilibria of the nonlinear SSST system. For parameter values typical of the midlatitude atmosphere, these equilibria predict the emergence of marginally stable eddy-driven baroclinic jets. The eddy variances and fluxes associated with these jets and the power-law scaling of eddy variances and fluxes are consistent with observations and simulations of baroclinic turbulence. This optimally simple model isolates the essential physics of baroclinic turbulence: maintenance of variance by transient perturbation growth, replenishment of the transiently growing subspace by nonlinear energetically conservative eddy‐eddy scattering, and equilibration to a statistically steady state of marginal stability by a combination of nonlinear eddy-induced mean jet modification and eddy dissipation. These statistical equilibrium states provide a theory for the general circulation of baroclinically turbulent planetary atmospheres.
Demonstration of Mycoplasma bovis by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in an aborted bovine fetus and neonatal calf

Mycoplasmas are host-specific commensals on mucous membranes of the genital tract, but infection and clinical disease by Mycoplasma bovis in the genital tract of cattle is not well described. In the current study, 1 aborted bovine fetus and 1 neonatal calf were examined macroscopically and histologically. For the detection of M. bovis, bacterial isolation, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in situ hybridization (ISH) were performed. For further characterization of the inflammatory infiltrates, IHC was performed using antibodies to cluster of differentiation (CD)3, CD79a, lysozyme, L1, S-100A8, S-100A9, and von Willebrand factor VIII. Gross examination revealed a lobular consolidation of the lung. Histologically, the lungs of both animals showed an interstitial pneumonia associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia, intraalveolar multinucleated giant cells, and lymphocytic aggregates. The expression of L1, S-100A8, and S-100A9 in multinucleated giant cells supports a histiocytic origin. Mycoplasma bovis antigen was detected by IHC in brain, lung, liver, and placenta of the fetus, and M. bovis DNA was detected by ISH in various organs of the fetus, including lung and placenta and within the lung of the calf.
Reducing symptom limitations: A cognitive behavioral intervention randomized trial

Until now, little research has been conducted examining the reactive dimension, or the degree to which a symptom limits an individual's life, in a multiplicity of symptoms. This research examines how problem‐solving therapy organizes an intervention to decrease symptom limitations. The purpose was threefold: to determine if a cognitive behavioral intervention decreases the impact of symptom limitations among individuals newly diagnosed with cancer, who are receiving chemotherapy; to determine, after adjusting for covariates, how symptom limitations change over time; and to describe which symptoms are most limiting. This randomized control trial was conducted in two comprehensive and four community cancer centers. Two hundred thirty‐seven individuals, aged 31–87, newly diagnosed with solid tumor cancers, participated. The experimental group (118 individuals) received a 10‐contact, 18‐week cognitive behavioral intervention focused on cancer‐ and chemotherapy‐related symptoms. The control group (119 individuals) received conventional care. Interviews occurred at baseline, 10, 20, and 32 weeks. Data analysis used a two‐level hierarchical linear model. Participants receiving the cognitive behavioral intervention had lower scores of symptom limitation than did participants in the control group. At the onset of the study, younger patients reported more symptom limitations than their older counterparts; however, this was reversed by the end of the study. The cognitive behavioral intervention was key to decreasing symptom limitations. Findings also suggest that nursing interventions may be particularly helpful to younger individuals in managing cancer‐related symptom limitations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular dynamics investigation of Si–B–N ceramics: effects of boron content

Silicon boron nitride (SiBN) has the advantages of Si3N4 at high temperatures and also advantageous anti-oxidation and mechanical properties. While the synthesis methods of this new material are limited to the sol–gel route, understanding the structural and mechanical properties of SiBN becomes essential in order to control the properties under fabrication. In this study, atomistic models of SiBN ceramics with different boron content were built by melt-quench technologies. Pair distribution function and angular distribution function were applied to study the structural properties, and tensile loading was applied in order to obtain the stress–strain curves and mechanical properties of SiBN. Phase separation of SiN-rich region and BN-rich region was observed for SiBN with different B content. With B content increasing, the BN-rich region tended to be larger and the SiN-rich region became smaller. Si3B3N7 showed sharper and narrower peaks on distribution functions and larger Young's modulus than Si3BN5 and Si3B5N9.
Dysmyelination in transgenic mice containing JC virus early region

JC virus (JCV) causes the chronic human demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Because of host range restrictions, experimental models of JCV‐induced demyelination have not been available. The restricted tropism of JCV infectivity has recently been overcome by the production of transgenic mice that contain the early region of JCV in all cells. This portion of the DNA encodes JCV T‐antigens. These mice display a dysmyelinating phenotype, the severity of which is related to the level of JCV early region expression in brain. With the use of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization, we characterized morphologically myelin‐specific and JCV gene expression in a severely affected strain of these mice. Our results suggest that expression of JCV T‐antigens occurs predominantly in oligodendrocytes and is the primary cause of dysmyelination. Affected oligodendrocytes do not myelinate axons properly. However, they express myelin‐specific genes and display some of the morphological phenotypes of early stages of myelination. A decreased ratio between levels of transcriptional and translational products of genes encoding the major structural proteins of central nervous system myelin was apparent. These results suggest that JCV T‐antigens arrest the maturation of oligodendrocytes and inhibit the production of myelin. These results also demonstrate that JCV transgenic mice are a good model for investigating mechanisms of JCV‐induced demyelinating lesions in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
Is Zinc Concentration in Toxic Phase Plasma Related to Dengue Severity and Level of Transaminases?

Objective To determine the relationship between plasma zinc values and the severity of dengue viral infection (DVI) and DVI-caused hepatitis. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted during 2008–2010 in hospitalized children aged <15 years confirmed with DVI. Complete blood count, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and zinc values (mcg/dL) were determined twice: first during the toxic phase (Zn1) and secondly two weeks after recovery (Zn2). Results 39 patients were enrolled with a mean age of 9.7±3.7 years, and 15/39 diagnosed with dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Zn1 values were lower than Zn2 values [median (IQR): 46.0 (37.0, 58.0) vs 65.0 (58.0, 81.0) mcg/dL, respectively, p <0.01]. Zn1 but not Zn2 values had a negative correlation with AST and ALT (rs = −0.33, p = 0.04 and rs = −0.31, p = 0.05, respectively). Patients with DSS had lower Zn1 but not Zn2 values compared with non-DSS patients [median (IQR) Zn1, 38.0 (30.0, 48.0) vs 52.5 (41.2, 58.7), p = 0.02; Zn2, 61.0 (56.0, 88.0) vs 65.0 (59.5, 77.5), respectively, p = 0.76]. Zn1 values showed a decreasing trend across increasing dengue severity groups (p = 0.02). Age <5 years and DVI-associated diarrhea were associated with low Zn1. Conclusion Children who had a higher grade of dengue disease severity and liver cell injury had lower Zn1 values. Low Zn1 values were probably caused by loss from diarrhea and from zinc translocating to liver cells.
Effect of adaptive and cooperative adaptive cruise control on throughput of signalized arterials

The paper evaluates the influence of the maximum vehicle acceleration and variable proportions of ACC/CACC vehicles on the throughput of an intersection. Two cases are studied: (1) free road downstream of the intersection; and (2) red light at some distance downstream of the intersection. Simulation of a 4-mile stretch of an arterial with 13 signalized intersections is used to evaluate the impact of (C)ACC vehicles on the mean and standard deviation of travel time as the proportion of (C)ACC vehicles is increased. The results suggest a very high urban mobility benefit of (C)ACC vehicles at little or no cost in infrastructure.
Cell death of AKR-2B fibroblasts after serum removal: a process between apoptosis and necrosis.

AKR-2B cells disintegrate after serum removal. After a delay of approximately 90 minutes, cell death began and reached after six hours a plateau of 40-50% remaining living cells. We used time-lapse video microscopy to monitor dynamic structural changes and to measure the time span of individual cells to die. The first change was the rapid appearance of membrane blebs. Membrane vesicles were rapidly extruded and reintegrated by the cell. This highly dynamic process of an affected cell stopped after 80+/-20 minutes with its death. Conductivity measurements showed that at that time the membrane was electrically permeable. By using fluorescence double staining with propidium iodide and Hoechst 33258, we show that membrane leakage leading to disintegration is accompanied, and for some cells preceded, by nuclear condensation. The energy state of the intact cells was monitored by measuring the intracellular ATP content which remained high (6 mM) throughout the entire time of investigation. Mitochondrial potential was determined by rhodamine 123 fluorescence in parallel to the measurement of membrane permeability via uptake of propidium iodide and lead to the detection of a cell population that exhibits a high mitochondrial potential and an uptake of propidium iodide indicating a membrane disruption of cells which still have a high energy charge. It is shown by electron microscopy that mitochondria were swollen and damaged in parallel to nuclear condensation. There was no DNA fragmentation as shown by two independent methods. Addition of the ICE-like protease inhibitor tyr-val-ala-asp-chloromethylketone immediately after serum starvation lead to an almost complete survival of the cells up to 6 hours. A pronounced protection was still observed after 24 hours, suggesting an involvement of this type of protease in the onset of cell death after serum removal. Apparently, serum withdrawal activates a succession of initial events that are similar to those defined as 'apoptosis', i.e. nuclear condensation and membrane blebbing. These steps are, however, accompanied or rapidly followed by cell lysis and disruption of mitochondria, both of which are characteristic of necrosis.
USAGE PATTERNS IN COOPERATIVE CACHING

The amount of information requested over the World Wide Web has increased enormously during the past decade. Web caching helps to reduce service times, balance the load to origin servers, and brings content closer to the user. Since duplicating and distributing files amongst proxy caches has proved to be insufficient, cooperative caching aims to ameliorate the shortcomings of basic replication caching through inter-cache communication. This paper categorizes and evaluates cooperative caching schemes with regard to user access patterns from established traffic archives. We use cache statistics at the proxy level and discuss possible causes for cache misses with the aim to bring greater understanding to the interplay of access and caching for web documents.
1 THE IMPACT OF PATIENT HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE AND LATENT HEALTH STATUS ON HOSPITAL READMISSIONS

Hospital readmission rate is adopted as a key hospital quality metric by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). In 2012, CMS began penalizing 2200 hospitals with excess readmission rates for a total about $280 million in Medicare payments. However, readmission rate may not be an appropriate quality metric because it may be driven by factors other than the care given at hospitals. In this research, rather than treating readmission as a consequence of a mere inpatient care quality, we investigate several other important factors that may lead to readmission, such as insurance coverage and patient's unobserved health status outside hospitals. We posit that generous insurance coverage may result in higher readmission rates; and deteriorated health status, which is unobservable most of the time, may result in higher readmission rates. We utilize a comprehensive inpatient panel dataset of Congestive Heart Failure patient visits across 68 hospitals in North Texas from 2005 to 2011. We apply a quasi-experimental approach to investigate the impact of switching to Medicare plan on increasing readmission rate and develop a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to capture the unobservable health status and its impact on the readmission rate. Our quasi-experimental results demonstrate that privately insured or self-pay patients face higher readmission propensity after they enroll in Medicare. HMM estimation results indicate that there is a substantial difference in the readmission rates among different health states (e.g., less healthy had significantly higher readmission rates compared to healthier), all of which reveals the association between level of unobserved health status and readmission rate. This research sheds light onto debate over readmission rate as a sole quality metric and tries to explain that unobservable health status and financial risk borne by patients are likely causes of readmission.
Tense , Case , and the Nature of Syntactic Categories

Our results build on the proposals of Pesetsky and Torrego (2001, henceforth "P&T 2001"). In that paper we argued that several distinct syntactic phenomena result from interactions between tense-motivated movement into the C-system and nominative case on the subject. This work attempted to unite a number of strands of research that had generally been pursued separately. In particular, our results suggested that work on the syntax of tense illuminates the theory of case. The distribution of tense inside arguments turned out to interact strongly with the external distribution of these arguments. The present paper suggests a broader unification of these research strands with recent work on the nature of syntactic categories.
The heterogeneous landscape of ALK negative ALCL

Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is a clinical and biological heterogeneous disease including systemic ALK positive and ALK negative entities. Whereas ALK positive ALCLs are molecularly characterized and readily diagnosed, specific immunophenotypic or genetic features to define ALK negative ALCL are missing, and their distinction from other T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T-NHLs) can be controversial. In recent years, great advances have been made in dissecting the heterogeneity of ALK negative ALCLs and in providing new diagnostic and treatment options for these patients. A new revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification promoted ALK negative ALCL to a definite entity that includes cytogenetic subsets with prognostic implications. However, a further understanding of the genetic landscape of ALK negative ALCL is required to dictate more effective therapeutic strategies specifically tailored for each subgroup of patients.
ACCURACY OF SPATIAL LOCALIZATIONS NEAR THE TIME OF SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS

T~vo-dimensional eye movements were recorded \rhile subjects used a hammer to strike targets that sere Hashed-on briefly before. during or up to 750 msec after a horizontal saccade. Mean position of hammer blows was 20 min arc (SD = 67 mitt arc) from the target when the only cue to target location uas eye position. Position of responses varied slightly with time of target exposure relative to the saccade. These results show that observers can closely monitor small changes in eye position dunng and near the time of saccadic eye movements. Saccades Visual localization Eye position signal