Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Muscarinic Control of Long-Range GABAergic Inhibition within the Rhinal Cortices

The perirhinal cortex plays a critical role in memory formation, in part because it forms reciprocal connections with the neocortex and entorhinal cortex and is thus in a position to integrate and transfer higher-order information to and from the hippocampus. However, for reasons that remain unclear, perirhinal transfer of neocortical inputs to the entorhinal cortex occurs with a low probability. Using patch recordings in vitro and tract-tracing combined with GAD-67 immunohistochemistry, we show that the perirhinal cortex contains GABAergic neurons with long-range projections to superficial entorhinal cells. This finding challenges the traditional model of cortical inhibition in which all trans-areal inhibition is thought to be disynaptic because the axons of GABAergic interneurons are assumed to be confined within the area in which their somata are located. Moreover, consistent with recent studies indicating that the formation of perirhinal-dependent memories requires activation of muscarinic receptors, long-range IPSPs were presynaptically inhibited by M2 receptor activation. Overall, these results suggest that long-range feedforward inhibition regulates perirhinal transfer of neocortical inputs to the entorhinal cortex, but that cholinergic inputs can presynaptically adjust the impact of this control mechanism as a function of environmental contingencies.
Transmural Right Ventricular Blood Flow During Acute Pulmonary Artery Hypertension in the Sedated Dog: Evidence for Subendocardial Ischemia Despite Residual Vasodilator Reserve

Right ventricular failure during acute pressure overload has been attributed to ischemia which occurs when maximal coronary vasodilation is achieved so that further increases in myocardial blood flow cannot occur. To test the hypothesis that coronary vasodilator reserve is exhausted during acute right ventricular pressure overload, right and left ventricular myocardial blood flow was measured in 14 awake dogs during progressive pulmonary artery occlusion; coronary vasodilator reserve was tested by infusion of adenosine (4 μM/kg per min) before and during pulmonary artery occlusion. Right ventricular myocardial blood flow rose from 0.77 % 0.09 ml/min per g (mean % SEM) during control conditions to 1.69 % 0.26 ml/min per g during moderate pulmonary artery occlusion (P < 0.01). With further pulmonary artery occlusion to cause increased right ventricular end-diastolic pressure and decreased aortic pressure, a selective decrease in myocardial blood flow to the right ventricular subendocardium was observed, and the right ventricular subendocardial-tosubepicardial blood flow ratio fell from 1.36 % 0.14 to 0.77 % 0.06 (P < 0.05). With restoration of mean aortic pressure to control levels, right ventricular systolic pressure increased, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased, and the right ventricular subendocardial-to-subepicardial ratio increased to 1.36 % 0.18 (P < 0.01). Adenosine infusion during pulmonary artery occlusion in five dogs caused an increase in mean right ventricular blood flow (1.11 % 0.10 to 2.25 % 0.30; P < 0.05). This increase was most marked in the outer layers but, nevertheless, was also significant in the subendocardium. These data indicate that acute severe right ventricular pressure overload may be associated with right ventricular subendocardial hypoperfusion, even when coronary vasodilator reserve is not exhausted.
Beta and gamma-cytoplasmic actins display distinct distribution and functional diversity

Using newly generated monoclonal antibodies, we have compared the distribution of beta-and gamma-cytoplasmic actin in fibroblastic and epithelial cells, in which they play crucial roles during various key cellular processes. Whereas beta-actin is preferentially localized in stress fibers, circular bundles and at cell-cell contacts, suggesting a role in cell attachment and contraction, gamma-actin displays a more versatile organization, according to cell activities. In moving cells, gamma-actin is mainly organized as a meshwork in cortical and lamellipodial structures, suggesting a role in cell motility; in stationary cells, gamma-actin is also recruited into stress fibers. beta-actin-depleted cells become highly spread, display broad protrusions and reduce their stress-fiber content; by contrast, gamma-actin-depleted cells acquire a contractile phenotype with thick actin bundles and shrinked lamellar and lamellipodial structures. Moreover, beta- and gamma-actin depleted fibroblasts exhibit distinct changes in motility compared with their controls, suggesting a specific role for each isoform in cell locomotion. Our [. ] in which they play crucial roles during various key cellular processes. Whereas β -actin is preferentially localized in stress fibers, circular bundles and at cell-cell contacts, suggesting a role in cell attachment and contraction, γ -actin displays a more versatile organization, according to cell activities. In moving cells, γ -actin is mainly organized as a meshwork in cortical and lamellipodial structures, suggesting a role in cell motility; in stationary cells, γ -actin is also recruited into stress fibers. β -actin-depleted cells become highly spread, display broad protrusions and reduce their stress-fiber content; by contrast, γ -actin-depleted cells acquire a contractile phenotype with thick actin bundles and shrinked lamellar and lamellipodial structures. Moreover, β and γ -actin depleted fibroblasts exhibit distinct changes in motility compared with their controls, suggesting a specific role for each isoform in cell locomotion. Our results reveal new aspects of β - and γ -actin organization that support their functional diversity. Supplementary material
Application of the Dispersion Model to Describe Disposition Kinetics of Markers in the Dual Perfused Rat Liver

The liver receives two blood supplies, portal and hepatic, yet most in situ studies use only portal perfusion. A model based on dispersion principles was developed to provide baseline data of the dual perfused rat liver preparation by characterizing the temporal outflow profiles of noneliminated reference markers (vascular marker, red blood cells; extracellular markers, albumin, sucrose; and intracellular markers, urea, water). The model consists of two components: the common and a specific arterial space operating in parallel. The common space receives all the portal flow and some of the arterial flow; the remaining arterial flow perfuses the specific space. Each space is divided into three subspaces: vascular, interstitial, and intracellular. The extent of axial spreading of solute on passage through the common and specific spaces is characterized by their respective dispersion numbers, DN. The model was fully characterized by analysis of the outflow data following independent bolus administration into the portal vein and hepatic artery. The model provided a good fit of the data for all reference compounds. The estimate of the fraction of the total space assigned to the specific arterial space varied from 4 to 11%, with a mean value of 9%. The estimated DN was always small (<0.25) and tended to be greater for the common space (0.08–0.23) than the specific space (0.05–0.12). However, for each space, there was no significant difference in the DN value among all reference markers; this is assumed to arise because all markers are reflecting a common feature, the heterogeneity of the microvasculature.
Characteristics of the isokinetic performance of patients with injured cruciate ligaments

The torques of the quadriceps muscle in patients with cruciate ligament injuries were evaluated under isoki netic contraction. There were 30 patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries, 19 with posterior cruciate ligament injuries, and 30 controls. The torques of concentric and eccentric contractions in anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees showed a significant difference from those in the uninjured sides at extension angles of less than 45°, yet the values of the peak torques for concentric and eccentric contrac tions were the same as those for the uninjured sides. The torques of concentric and eccentric contractions in posterior cruciate ligament-injured knees showed a sig nificant difference from the uninjured sides at flexion angles of more than 36°. The peak torques for concen tric and eccentric contraction also showed a significant difference from the uninjured sides. The concentric and eccentric peak torque angles of the injured knees were similar to those of the uninjured sides in all subjects. The ratios of eccentric to concentric peak torque of the contralateral knees in the anterior cruciate ligament- injured groups did not show a significant difference from those of the controls. The evaluation of the bio mechanical change in these categories is of great ad vantage in determining proper methods of treatment and rehabilitation.
Comparison of hydrologic calibration of HSPF using automatic and manual methods

The automatic calibration software Parameter Estimation (PEST) was used in the hydrologic calibration of Hydrological Simulation Program–Fortran (HSPF), and the results were compared with a manual calibration assisted by the Expert System for the Calibration of HSPF (HSPEXP). In this study, multiobjective functions based on the HSPEXP model performance criteria were developed for use in PEST, which allowed for the comparison of the calibration results of the two methods. The calibrated results of both methods were compared in terms of HSPEXP model performance criteria, goodness‐of‐fit measures (R2, E, and RMSE), and base flow index. The automatic calibration results satisfied most of the HSPEXP model performance criteria and performed better with respect to R2, E, RMSE, and base flow index than manual calibration results. The results of the comparison with the manual calibration suggest that the automatic method using PEST may be a suitable alternative to manual method assisted by HSPEXP for calibration of hydrologic parameters for HSPF. However, further research of the weights used in the objective functions is necessary to provide guidance when applying PEST to surface water modeling.
A metamodel for the support of semantically rich modular architectures in the context of static architecture compliance checking

Architecture Compliance Checking (ACC) is an approach to verify the conformance of implemented program code to high-level models of architectural design. Static ACC is focused on the module views of architecture and especially on rules constraining the modular elements. This paper proposes an approach for support of semantically rich modular architectures (SRMAs) in the context of static ACC. An SRMA contains modules of semantically different types, like layers and components, constrained by rules of different types. Our approach is grounded in a metamodel, which enables support of rich sets of module and rule types and which enables extensive support of the semantics of these types. To validate the feasibility of the metamodel, an open source prototype implementation was developed, tested and applied in practice.
The Role of Size in Synchronous Air Breathing of Hoplosternum littorale

Synchronized air breathing may have evolved as a way of minimizing the predation risk known to be associated with air breathing in fish. Little is known about how the size of individuals affects synchronized air breathing and whether some individuals are required to surface earlier than necessary in support of conspecifics, while others delay air intake. Here, the air‐breathing behavior of Hoplosternum littorale held in groups or in isolation was investigated in relation to body mass, oxygen tensions, and a variety of other physiological parameters (plasma lactate, hepatic glycogen, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and size of heart, branchial basket, liver, and air‐breathing organ [ABO]). A mass‐specific relationship with oxygen tension of first surfacing was seen when fish were held in isolation; smaller individuals surfaced at higher oxygen tensions. However, this relationship was lost when the same individuals were held in social groups of four, where synchronous air breathing was observed. In isolation, 62% of fish first surfaced at an oxygen tension lower than the calculated Pcrit (8.13 kPa), but in the group environment this was reduced to 38% of individuals. Higher oxygen tensions at first surfacing in the group environment were related to higher levels of activity rather than any of the physiological parameters measured. In fish held in isolation but denied access to the water surface for 12 h before behavioral testing, there was no mass‐specific relationship with oxygen tension at first surfacing. Larger individuals with a greater capacity to store air in their ABOs may, therefore, remain in hypoxic waters for longer periods than smaller individuals when held in isolation unless prior access to the air is prevented. This study highlights how social interaction can affect air‐breathing behaviors and the importance of considering both behavioral and physiological responses of fish to hypoxia to understand the survival mechanisms they employ.
Trace element partitioning between wollastonite and silicate-carbonate melt

Abstract We have performed an experimental study of the influence of varying size and charge on cation partitioning between wollastonite and silicate-carbonate melt in the system CaCO3-SiO2. The experimental conditions (3 GPa, 1420°C) lie close to the wollastonite II tc/I tc phase boundary. Results for 1+, 2+, 3+ and 4+ partitioning show parabolic dependence of partition coefficients on ionic radius, which can be fitted to the elastic strain model of Blundy and Wood (1994), wherein partitioning is described using three parameters: site radius (r0), site elasticity (apparent Young’s Modulus) and the ‘strain-free’ partition coefficient (D0) for an element with radius r0. The apparent Young’s Modulus of the Ca site in wollastonite, obtained from modelling the 2+ partitioning data, is 99±3 GPa, similar to the bulk-crystal value for the polymorph wollastonite I tc. r0 decreases with increasing charge on the substituent cation, while D0 also shows an approximately parabolic dependence on charge, with a maximum for 2+ cations. Partition coefficients for divalent cations Zn, Co, Fe, Cd, Mn and Pb are lower than would be predicted from their ionic radii alone, indicating a preference for the melt. This may be a consequence either of cation-carbonate complexation in the melt, or of the more distorted nature of cation co-ordination environments in melts
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Associated With Concomitant Metformin and Proton Pump Inhibitor Use

Metformin and proton pump inhibitors have been implicated in decreasing levels of vitamin B12 independently. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of concomitant use of metformin and proton pump inhibitors on the incidence of vitamin B12 deficiency. A retrospective chart review was done using the computerized patient record system at the Memphis VA Medical Center for 614 patients with type 2 diabetes and previously collected vitamin B12 levels. Patients were excluded if they were over the age of 60 years; on a vegetarian diet; had been diagnosed with pernicious anemia, documented by a positive Schilling test or anti-intrinsic factor antibody, or pancreatic exocrine insufficiency; had undergone a gastrectomy or bowel resection; or had been treated with supplemental calcium, H2 blocker, or B12 within 3 months of data collection. The vitamin B12 levels were assessed …
HP Memristor mathematical model for periodic signals and DC

In this paper mathematical models of the HP Memristor for DC and periodic signal inputs are provided. The need for a rigid model for the Memristor using conventional current and voltage quantities is essential for the development of many promising Memristors' applications. Unlike the previous works, which focuses on the sinusoidal input waveform, we derived rules for any periodic signals in general in terms of voltage and current. Square and triangle waveforms are studied explicitly, extending the formulas for any general square wave. The limiting conditions for saturation are also provided in case of either DC or periodic signals. The derived equations are compared to the SPICE model of the Memristor showing a perfect match.
Ras‐mediated intestinal epithelial cell transformation requires cyclooxygenase‐2‐induced prostaglandin E2 signaling

Ras‐mediated transformation is associated with upregulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), which in turn promotes prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis and secretion. Although recent studies have identified molecular mechanisms by which Ras mediates upregulation of COX‐2, conflicting observations have been made. Furthermore, while COX‐2 upregulation has been shown to be important for Ras transformation, the signaling pathways initiated by PGE2‐stimulation of EP family of heterotrimeric G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCR) and contribution of PGE2 signaling to Ras‐mediated transformation are issues that remain unresolved. In this study, we first determined that Raf effector pathway activation of the extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade alone was sufficient and necessary for COX‐2 and PGE2 upregulation. However, Raf‐independent regulation of the c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK cascades is also involved in COX‐2 and PGE2 upregulation, with the JNK and p38 pathways exhibiting opposing roles in COX‐2 and PGE2 upregulation. Furthermore, in contrast to previous studies, we found that an epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor autocrine growth mechanism, another Raf‐independent signaling mechanism, was necessary for COX‐2 and PGE2 upregulation. Second, we determined that inhibition of EP1/2 receptor function blocked growth transformation by Ras, demonstrating that PGE2 upregulation is a key transforming function of COX‐2. Finally, we found that PGE2 stimulated the activation of Ras and ERK, but not Akt, and reduced matrix deprivation‐induced apoptosis, in untransformed epithelial cells. In summary, our studies define additional, multiple signaling mechanisms that promote COX‐2 and PGE2 expression and show that COX‐2‐stimulated PGE2‐EP receptor signaling is required for growth and survival transformation by Ras. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anemia after gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: long-term follow-up observational study.

AIM To identify the incidence and etiology of anemia after gastrectomy in patients with long-term follow-up after gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. METHODS The medical records of those patients with early gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent curative gastrectomy between January 2006 and October 2007 were reviewed. Patients with anemia in the preoperative workup, cancer recurrence, undergoing systemic chemotherapy, with other medical conditions that can cause anemia, or treated during follow up with red cell transfusions or supplements for anemia were excluded. Anemia was defined by World Health Organization criteria (Hb < 12 g/dL in women and < 13 g/dL in men). Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin < 20 μg/dL. Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was defined as serum vitamin B₁₂ < 200 pg/mL. Iron deficiency anemia was defined as anemia with concomitant iron deficiency. Anemia from vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was defined as megaloblastic anemia (mean cell volume > 100 fL) with vitamin B₁₂ deficiency. The profile of anemia over 48 mo of follow-up was analyzed. RESULTS One hundred sixty-one patients with gastrectomy for early gastric cancer were analyzed. The incidence of anemia was 24.5% at 3 mo after surgery and increased up to 37.1% at 48 mo after surgery. The incidence of iron deficiency anemia increased during the follow up and became the major cause of anemia at 48 mo after surgery. Anemia of chronic disease and megaloblastic anemia were uncommon. The incidence of anemia in female patients was significantly higher than in male patients at 12 (40.0% vs 22.0%, P = 0.033), 24 (45.0% vs 25.0%, P = 0.023), 36 (55.0% vs 28.0%, P = 0.004), and 48 mo (52.0% vs 31.0%, P = 0.022) after surgery. Patients with total gastrectomy showed significantly higher incidence of anemia than patients with subtotal gastrectomy at 48 mo after surgery (60.7% vs 31.3%, P = 0.008). The incidence of iron deficiency was significantly higher in female patients than in male patients at 6 (35.4% vs 13.3%, P = 0.002), 12 (45.8% vs 16.8%, P < 0.001), 18 (52.1% vs 22.3%, P < 0.001), 24 (60.4% vs 20.9%, P < 0.001), 36 (62.5% vs 29.2%, P < 0.001), and 48 mo (66.7% vs 34.7%, P = 0.001) after surgery. CONCLUSION Anemia was frequent after gastrectomy for early gastric cancer, with iron deficiency being the major cause. Evaluation for anemia including iron status should be performed after gastrectomy and appropriate iron replacement should be considered.
Attentional status of faces for people with autism spectrum disorder

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the role of attention in the processing of social stimuli in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Research has demonstrated that, for typical adults, faces have a special status in attention and are processed in an automatic and mandatory fashion even when participants attempt to ignore them. Under conditions of high load in a selective attention task, when irrelevant stimuli are usually not processed, typical adults continue to process distractor faces. Although there is evidence of a lack of attentional bias towards faces in ASD, there has been no direct test of whether faces are processed automatically using the distractor-face paradigm. In the present study 16 typical adults and 16 adults with ASD performed selective attention tasks with face and musical instrument distractors. The results indicated that even when the load of the central task was high, typical adults continued to be distracted by irrelevant face stimuli, whereas individuals with ASD were able to ignore them. In the equivalent non-social task, distractors had no effect at high load for either group. The results suggest that faces are processed in an automatic and mandatory fashion in typical adults but not in adults with ASD.
The effect of transoral robotic surgery on short‐term outcomes and cost of care after oropharyngeal cancer surgery

Transoral surgery is an increasingly frequent treatment modality for tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract. This is in large part related to the introduction of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for oropharyngeal cancer resection, which has demonstrated excellent oncologic and functional outcomes. There is limited data, however, on how TORS compares to traditional open surgery in overall costs and length of hospitalization. With increasing pressure to contain and reduce the costs of medical care, we sought to evaluate the impact of TORS on a national sample of patients undergoing surgery for oropharyngeal cancer.