Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fitting, Not Clashing! A Distributional Semantic Model of Logical Metonymy

Logical metonymy interpretation (e.g. begin the book → writing) has received wide attention in linguistics. Experimental results have shown higher processing costs for metonymic conditions compared with non-metonymic ones (read the book). According to a widely held interpretation, it is the type clash between the event-selecting verb and the entity-denoting object (begin the book) that triggers coercion mechanisms and leads to additional processing effort. We propose an alternative explanation and argue that the extra processing effort is an effect of thematic fit. This is a more economical hypothesis that does not need to postulate a separate type clash mechanism: entitydenoting objects simply have a low fit as objects of event-selecting verbs. We test linguistic datasets from psycholinguistic experiments and find that a structured distributional model of thematic fit, which does not encode any explicit argument type information, is able to replicate all significant experimental findings. This result provides evidence for a graded account of coercion phenomena in which thematic fit accounts for both the trigger of the coercion and the retrieval of the covert event.
The statistical basis of an unnatural alternation

The /k/-/s/ alternation in word pairs such as electric, electricity is not phonetically natural, and is learned by English speakers as a generalization over morphological relatives. Data gathered in an open-response experimental task show that it is productive before the suffix -ity. Lesser productivity is found for the same materials in a backformation task. Outcomes are analyzed as the result of a cognitive process of statistical inference. Abstract descriptions make crucial use of phonological variables. Cognitive preferences for certainty and for robust, redundant descriptions are argued to jointly determine the universe over which operational statistics are estimated.
Building low-diameter peer-to-peer networks

Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing has emerged as a significant paradigm for providing distributed services, in particular search and data sharing. Current P2P networks (e.g., Gnutella) are constructed by participants following their own uncoordinated (and often whimsical) protocols; they consequently suffer from frequent network overload and partitioning into disconnected pieces separated by choke points with inadequate bandwidth. We propose a protocol for participants to build P2P networks in a distributed fashion, and prove that it results in connected networks of constant degree and logarithmic diameter. These properties are crucial for efficient search and data exchange. An important feature of our protocol is that it operates without global knowledge of all the nodes in the network.
REGULATION OF ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI ENDOTOXIN

Normal mouse lymphoid cells have been shown to become specifically paralyzed after in vitro exposure to high doses of detoxified endotoxin of Escherichia coli 055:B5. The immune status of the treated cells was tested after transfer to secondary irradiated hosts. Paralysis was shown to be initiated by events taking place in vitro, since the amount of antigen retained on the cells after the in vitro exposure was insufficient to induce paralysis in vivo. The induction of paralysis was dependent on the concentration of antigen added to the cells in vitro. Certain variables, such as time of exposure and temperature at exposure, influenced the ease by which the cells could be paralyzed. Cells pretreated with trypsin were not susceptible to induction of paralysis by the above procedure.
Context-Sensitive Ranking of Dependencies for Software Navigation

Software navigation during change tasks requires developers to perform numerous search cycles to discover new elements related to their task. In a typical search cycle a developer selects an element of interest, triggers a search for its dependencies, inspects the list of results, and selects a result that appears to be relevant. We are interested in improving the efficiency of developers engaged in program navigation by automatically searching for all dependencies to or from elements already discovered, and continually providing the list of dependencies, ranked in decreasing order of likelihood to be related to the task. In this paper, we present a framework for the systematic evaluation of ranking algorithms based on multi-element contexts, and report on a preliminary experiment to assess the value of three ranking strategies for dependencies: using the topology of the dependency graph, textual similarity, or combination of both. Our results show that all three strategies significantly improve the probability of recommending relevant elements in many situations, but that no ranking strategy appears to be universally optimal.
Incorporating a novel confidence scoring method in a Persian spoken dialogue system

Reliability assessment of phonemes, syllabi, words, concepts or utterances has become the key feature of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) engines in order to make a decision to accept or reject a hypothesis. In this paper, we propose utterance-level confidence annotation based on combination of features extracted from multiple knowledge sources in Persian language. The experiment was conducted first to examine the performance of individual features, then to combine them using statistical data analysis and density estimation methods to assign a confidence score to utterances. Using the data collected from a Persian spoken dialogue system, we show that combining features from independent sources for confidence measure (CM) results in an improvement of about 5.5% mean error rate reduction in comparison to exploiting single features.
Areoligeracean Dinoflagellate Cysts from the Upper Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada

ABSTRACT Twenty-nine mudstone samples from coastal exposures of the upper Campanian Northumberland Formation on Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada, have yielded diverse assemblages of exceptionally well-preserved dinoflagellate cysts belonging to the family Areoligeraceae. In total, at least 11 species belonging to eight genera occur throughout the studied section. Emendations are proposed for the genera Canningia, Canninginopsis, Circulodinium, Cyclonephelium and Senoniasphaera. The new species Canningia diastatikos sp. nov. is proposed. The assemblages include one species complex, which we refer to as the ‘Areoligera volata complex’, that exhibits morphological intergradation between forms typical of Areoligera coronata and Areoligera volata. It is postulated that morphological intergradation may reflect ecophenotypic variability which may present utility for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.
Strongly minimal expansions of (ℂ, +) definable in o‐minimal fields

We characterize those functions f:ℂ → ℂ definable in o‐minimal expansions of the reals for which the structure (ℂ,+, f) is strongly minimal: such functions must be complex constructible, possibly after conjugating by a real matrix. In particular we prove a special case of the Zilber Dichotomy: an algebraically closed field is definable in certain strongly minimal structures which are definable in an o‐minimal field.
Rating of Muscular and Respiratory Perceived Exertion in Professional Soccer Players

Abstract Los Arcos, A, Yanci, J, Mendiguchia, J, and Gorostiaga, EM. Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3285–3293, 2014—This study investigated, in male professional players: (a) fluctuations in rating of local-muscular (sRPEmus) and central-respiratory (sRPEres) perceived exertion measured after the completion of each training and competitive session, over a 9-week competitive period and (b) the influence of quantitative assessment of different training and competition modes on changes in physical performance. sRPEres, sRPEmus, and heart rate were measured in 21 players in 847 individual training and competitive sessions. Training load was calculated by multiplying sRPEmus or sRPEres by the duration of the training or competition sessions. A test battery (vertical jump, sprint, and endurance running) was performed before and after the studied period. At the end of official matches, average sRPEmus was higher (7.4 ± 0.6; p ⩽ 0.05) than sRPEres (6.4 ± 1.3). Significant negative correlations were observed between the values of total training and competition time (r = −0.62; p < 0.01) or total added sRPEmus (r = −0.59; p ⩽ 0.05), and vertical jump or sprint running velocity changes, respectively. This suggests that sRPEmus should be considered the main fatigue rating during a soccer match. Training and competition volume may have negative effects on the muscle power performance gains of the legs.
Increased incidence of sterile endophthalmitis following intravitreal preserved triamcinolone acetonide

Aim: To report an increased incidence of sterile endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection of preserved triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) from 1 May to 31 July 2006. Methods: Charts were reviewed for all patients who underwent IVTA injections between 1 January 2005 and 31 July 2006 at the offices of a referral vitreo-retinal practice. Patients were included if they presented post-IVTA with a clinical picture consistent with endophthalmitis. Results: Between 1 January 2005 and 31 July 2006, 554 eyes underwent IVTA. Eleven eyes (1.9%) developed an endophthalmitis. All eleven eyes underwent vitreous tap and intravitreal injection of antibiotics. All cultures and gram stains were negative for bacterial or fungal organisms. From 1 May to 31 July 2006, 97 eyes underwent IVTA. Nine eyes (9.3%) developed sterile endophthalmitis. This represented a statistically significant (p<0.0001) clustering of cases. Triamcinolone acetonide phials from affected lot numbers were analysed and were all found to be negative for bacterial endotoxin (<0.05 EU/ml). Conclusion: Over the 19-month period analysed, 11 cases of sterile endophthalmitis occurred following IVTA, and nine of these cases were clustered over a 3-month period. No endotoxin was detected in the phials tested. The aetiology of this increased incidence of sterile endophthalmitis is still unclear.
A Structured Approach to Evaluating Change Among Sexual Offenders

Presently, there are no established scales that evaluate change in risk among sexual offenders. The Sex Offender Need Assessment Rating (SONAR) was developed to fill this gap. The SONAR includes five relatively stable factors (intimacy deficits, negative social influences, attitudes tolerant of sex offending, sexual self-regulation, general self-regulation) and four acute factors (substance abuse, negative mood, anger, victim access). The psychometric properties of the scale were examined using data previously collected by Hanson and Harris (1998, 2000). Overall, the scale showed adequate internal consistency and moderate ability to differentiate between recidivists and nonrecidivists (r = .43; ROC area of .74). SONAR continued to distinguish between the groups after controlling for well-established risk indicators, such as age, and scores on the Static-99 (Hanson & Thornton, 2000) and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (Quinsey, Harris, Rice, & Cormier, 1998).
Functional analysis of AtHKT1 in Arabidopsis shows that Na+ recirculation by the phloem is crucial for salt tolerance

Two allelic recessive mutations of Arabidopsis, sas2‐1 and sas2‐2, were identified as inducing sodium overaccumulation in shoots. The sas2 locus was found (by positional cloning) to correspond to the AtHKT1 gene. Expression in Xenopus oocytes revealed that the sas2‐1 mutation did not affect the ionic selectivity of the transporter but strongly reduced the macro scopic (whole oocyte current) transport activity. In Arabidopsis, expression of AtHKT1 was shown to be restricted to the phloem tissues in all organs. The sas2‐1 mutation strongly decreased Na+ concentration in the phloem sap. It led to Na+ overaccumulation in every aerial organ (except the stem), but to Na+ underaccumulation in roots. The sas2 plants displayed increased sensitivity to NaCl, with reduced growth and even death under moderate salinity. The whole set of data indicates that AtHKT1 is involved in Na+ recirculation from shoots to roots, probably by mediating Na+ loading into the phloem sap in shoots and unloading in roots, this recirculation removing large amounts of Na+ from the shoot and playing a crucial role in plant tolerance to salt.
Partition Functions from Rao-Blackwellized Tempered Sampling

Partition functions of probability distributions are important quantities for model evaluation and comparisons. We present a new method to compute partition functions of complex and multimodal distributions. Such distributions are often sampled using simulated tempering, which augments the target space with an auxiliary inverse temperature variable. Our method exploits the multinomial probability law of the inverse temperatures, and provides estimates of the partition function in terms of a simple quotient of Rao-Blackwellized marginal inverse temperature probability estimates, which are updated while sampling. We show that the method has interesting connections with several alternative popular methods, and offers some significant advantages. In particular, we empirically find that the new method provides more accurate estimates than Annealed Importance Sampling when calculating partition functions of large Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM); moreover, the method is sufficiently accurate to track training and validation log-likelihoods during learning of RBMs, at minimal computational cost.
A methodology for the characterization of process variation in NoC links

Associated with the ever growing integration scales is the increase in process variability. In the context of network-on-chip, this variability affects the maximum frequency that could be sustained by each link that interconnects two cores in a chip multiprocessor. In this paper we present a methodology to model delay variations in NoC links. We also show its application to several technologies, namely 45nm, 32nm, 22nm, and 16nm. Simulation results show that conclusions about variability greatly depend on the implementation context.
Fungal communities as determinants of carbon dynamics in boreal forest soils

Boreal forests play an important role in the global carbon cycling, as their soils represent a substantial terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO2 globally. In this biome, fungi are pivotal components as drivers of decomposition and nutrient cycling. Rapid development of molecular techniques increases our knowledge of fungal species distribution in different environments. However, scaling from small-scale community composition to ecosystem level processes is challenging. High throughput sequencing, enzyme assays and stable isotope analyses were used to investigate how fungal diversity and community composition responded to ecosystem fertility and forest harvesting. Radiocarbon dating and a carbon sequestration model were combined to estimate long-term carbon dynamics in soil profiles. Using data collected within a large-scale national sampling program, drivers of organic matter accumulation across the entire latitudinal range of the Swedish boreal forest were explored. Multivariate statistics and structural equation modelling were used to yield correlative relationships between environmental parameters, fungal communities and soil carbon dynamics. The re-establishing ectomycorrhizal community during stand development after clear-cutting was dominated by Atheliaceae in younger stands and by Cortinarius and Russula in older stands. The latter genera correlated positively with nutrient-mobilising enzymes, indicating aggravated nutrient limitation. A risk that shorter rotation periods could lead to the loss of symbiosis-driven recycling of organic nutrient pools and constrain long-term forest productivity was identified. Fungal-driven oxidation constrained belowground organic matter accumulation and promoted ecosystem fertility in an old-growth forest. Oxidative decomposition was regulated by fertility-related shifts between fungal guilds with contrasting decomposing capacities. Long-term humus build-up was driven by differences in root decomposition rates, whereas leaf litter decomposition was found to be of minor regulatory importance. Within soil profiles, carbon and nitrogen dynamics were significantly related to ecosystem fertility, root decomposition and fungal community composition. Belowground fungal communities were important components in mediating effects of climate, soil fertility and forest management on accumulation of soil organic matter in Swedish boreal region. Overall, the results collected across different scales and ecosystem types underlined soil fungi as the principal drivers of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in boreal forest ecosystems. The thesis highlights a major potential to increase the predictive power of forest ecosystem models by including soil fungi as integrated components.
Application of the PJ and NPS evaporation duct models over the South China Sea (SCS) in winter

The detection of duct height has a significant effect on marine radar or wireless apparatus applications. The paper presents two models to verify the adaptation of evaporation duct models in the SCS in winter. A meteorological gradient instrument used to measure evaporation ducts was fabricated using hydrological and meteorological sensors at different heights. An experiment on the adaptive characteristics of evaporation duct models was carried out over the SCS. The heights of the evaporation ducts were measured by means of log-linear fit, Paulus-Jeske (PJ) and Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) models. The results showed that NPS model offered significant advantages in stability compared with the PJ model. According the collected data computed by the NPS model, the mean deviation (MD) was -1.7 m, and the Standard Deviation (STD) of the MD was 0.8 m compared with the true value. The NPS model may be more suitable for estimating the evaporation duct height in the SCS in winter due to its simpler system characteristics compared with meteorological gradient instruments.
Lactase Persistence and Lipid Pathway Selection in the Maasai

The Maasai are a pastoral people in Kenya and Tanzania, whose traditional diet of milk, blood and meat is rich in lactose, fat and cholesterol. In spite of this, they have low levels of blood cholesterol, and seldom suffer from gallstones or cardiac diseases. Field studies in the 1970s suggested that the Maasai have a genetic adaptation for cholesterol homeostasis. Analysis of HapMap 3 data using Fixation Index (Fst) and two metrics of haplotype diversity: the integrated Haplotype Score (iHS) and the Cross Population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (XP-EHH), identified genomic regions and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as strong candidates for recent selection for lactase persistence and cholesterol regulation in 143–156 founder individuals from the Maasai population in Kinyawa, Kenya (MKK). The non-synonmous SNP with the highest genome-wide Fst was the TC polymorphism at rs2241883 in Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1(FABP1), known to reduce low density lipoprotein and tri-glyceride levels in Europeans. The strongest signal identified by all three metrics was a 1.7 Mb region on Chr2q21. This region contains the genes LCT (Lactase) and MCM6 (Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component) involved in lactase persistence, and the gene Rab3GAP1 (Rab3 GTPase-activating Protein Catalytic Subunit), which contains polymorphisms associated with total cholesterol levels in a genome-wide association study of >100,000 individuals of European ancestry. Sanger sequencing of DNA from six MKK samples showed that the GC-14010 polymorphism in the MCM6 gene, known to be associated with lactase persistence in Africans, is segregating in MKK at high frequency (∼58%). The Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A (CYP3A) cluster of genes, involved in cholesterol metabolism, was identified by Fst and iHS as candidate loci under selection. Overall, our study identified several specific genomic regions under selection in the Maasai which contain polymorphisms in genes associated with lactase persistence and cholesterol regulation.
Presence and Duration of Atrial Fibrillation Detected by Continuous Monitoring: Crucial Implications for the Risk of Thromboembolic Events

AF and the Risk of Thromboembolic Events. Introduction: Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) can expose patients to the risk of stroke. The primary objective of this study was to assess the incidence of thromboembolic events in relationship with CHADS2 (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, and prior stroke, or transient ischemic attack) score and AF presence/duration. The secondary objective was to compare intermittent versus continuous monitoring strategies.
The Effect of Phytase on Nutrient Availability in Diets for Swine and Poultry.

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effect of increasing phytase coefficient of variation (CV) in chick diets, and to determine the effect of phytase addition on nutrient availability in diets for swine and poultry. The first experiment (EXP) simulated varying mix uniformity of phytase by alternately providing two diets with two different concentrations of microbial phytase (FTU). Increasing phytase CV had little effect on growth performance, whereas bone ash and breaking strength and Ca and P retention and excretion decreased only at the most extreme CV. These data suggest that a phytase CV of between 34 and 69% is adequate to support optimum chick performance. Seven EXP were conducted using slope ratio assays to determine the nutrient values that might be attributed to phytase addition to corn-soybean meal diets for chicks. For chicks, nutrient values of 26% for lysine, 25% for total sulfur amino acids, and 46,000 kcal of metabolizable energy per kilogram of phytase could be used for phytase providing 600 FTU with an inclusion rate of 0.1%. In an experiment conducted with pigs to determine the effect on growth performance of phytase addition to diets" deficient in amino acids, improvements in feed efficiency and lean gain and increased fat indicate possible increases in energy and amino acid availability with phytase addition. This result was supported by an EXP where reducing the concentration of dietary Ca and P, phytase addition, and the combination of the two treatments in corn-soybean meal diets for pigs increased apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids, DM, energy, and N. Similar digestibility EXP were conducted in chicks, broilers, and laying hens. While the effect of phytase on the individual amino acids varied, there was an overall tendency for improved amino acid digestibility with phytase addition in diets for chickens. Thus, phytase increased nutrient availability in diets for poultry and swine.
On lattice quantization noise

Presents several results regarding the properties of a random vector, uniformly distributed over a lattice cell. This random vector is the quantization noise associated with dithered lattice quantization, and at high resolution it is the noise generated in regular lattice quantization of "smooth" sources. The authors find that the noise associated with the optimal lattice quantizers is wide-sense stationary and white. Any desirable noise spectra may be realized by an appropriate linear transformation ("shaping") of a lattice quantizer. As the dimension increases, the normalized second moment of the optimal lattice quantizer goes to 1/2/spl pi/e, and consequently the quantization noise approaches a white Gaussian process. Actually, in entropy coded dithered quantization where the quantization procedure can be modeled as an additive noise channel, this limit behavior implies that both the asymptotic MSE distortion and the mutual-information between input and output of the quantization channel, approaches the MSE and the mutual-information between input and output of an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. <<ETX>>