Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A two-phase population study: relationships between overweight, body composition and risk of eating disorders.

BACKGROUND Overweight and eating disorder (ED) are major public health problems in adolescents. AIMS To assess the association of overweight, body composition and anthropometric characteristics with the probability being at risk of ED. METHODS A two-phase study was used. 329 girls and 96 boys (aged 12-18 years) from an initial sample of 2967 adolescents were studied. The BMI, percentage of fat mass estimated by bioimpedance (FM(BIA)), waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHipr) were calculated. The Eating Attitudes Test, Youth's Inventory-4 and a questionnaire to evaluate social influences were administered. RESULTS A total of 34.7% of girls and 53.6% of boys at risk of ED were overweight (including obesity). For girls, overweight frequency was significantly higher in risk ED group than in control group. Increases of one point in the BMI or FM(BIA) increased the probability of being at risk of ED by 12% (3.0-19.0) and 4% (0.0-8.0), respectively. An increase in WHipr was negatively associated with ED risk. Smoking and symptoms of dysthymia and the genralized anxiety disorder also increase the probability of being at risk of ED in adolescent girls. In adolescent boys, these relations were not observed. CONCLUSIONS The higher BMI and the percentage of FM(BIA) are associated with greater risk of ED in adolescent girls, when psychological factors are present. Increases in the WHipr, characteristic of childhood body is negatively associated with that risk.
Spectrum of Severity and Control of Diabetes Mellitus in Skilled Nursing Facilities *, †

ABSTRACT: A descriptive and quality assessment study was made of 359 elderly patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in 39 Skilled Nursing Facilities (SNF) in upstate New York. The diagnostic prevalence of diabetes was about 12 percent — similar to that in a National Health Survey of nursing homes, but higher than that reported for the non‐institutional elderly. Greater frequency and severity were observed among the females, but the median age for all the diabetic patients was about the same as that for the general SNF population. Several of the other disorders believed to be associated with diabetes were found to be of greater frequency in the SNF diabetic group, but some were not; also, inadequate control of diabetes was associated with some, but not all of these disorders. The severity of diabetes in this elderly SNF population with adult‐onset diabetes was usually mild, with a low frequency of complications and of poor control. Problems arose with respect to the ascertainment and recording of diagnostic and control data, most often related to the responsibilities of the attending physicians. There were also problems of uncertainty as to the cause‐and‐effect relationship between the control of blood glucose levels and treatment outcomes. The establishment of criteria and standards for medical care evaluation studies is discussed.
Anthrax vaccination and risk of optic neuritis in the United States military, 1998-2003.

BACKGROUND Numerous case reports have suggested a possible association between optic neuritis and receipt of several different vaccines. The most frequently identified vaccines associated with optic neuritis in the literature are influenza and hepatitis B, and a report describing 2 US military cases suggests an association with the currently used anthrax vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed). OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that optic neuritis may be associated with anthrax, smallpox, hepatitis B, and influenza vaccines. DESIGN We conducted a matched case-control study among US military personnel from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2003, using the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Statistical associations between vaccine exposures and optic neuritis within 6-, 12-, and 18-week study intervals were estimated through multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses. SUBJECTS A total of 1131 cases of optic neuritis and 3393 controls were matched by sex, military component, and deployment status. RESULTS No statistically significant associations between optic neuritis and anthrax vaccine were observed for any of the 3 study intervals: 6-week interval (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-1.87), 12-week interval (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.63-0.35), and 18-week interval (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.58-1.14). Furthermore, no difference in optic neuritis risk was detected when comparing those who received no dose, 1 dose, and 2 doses of anthrax vaccine. Similarly, no statistically significant associations were observed between optic neuritis and smallpox, hepatitis B, or influenza vaccines within any of the study intervals. No vaccine to vaccine interactions were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The results from this vaccine postmarketing surveillance investigation suggest that there is no association between optic neuritis and receipt of anthrax, smallpox, hepatitis B, or influenza vaccinations in the US military, whether these vaccines are administered alone or in combination. The negative findings presented here are important to the continuing discussions regarding the safety of these vaccines.
Analyzing Tabular and State-Transition Requirements Specifications in PVS

We describe PVS''s capabilities for representing tabular specifications of the kind advocated by Pamas and others, and show how PVS''s Type Correctness Conditions (TCCs) are used to ensure certain well-formedness properties. We then show how these and other capabilities of PVS can be used to represent the AND/OR tables of Leveson and the Decision Tables of Sherry, and we demonstrate how PVS''s TCCs can expose and help isolate errors in the latter. We extend this approach to represent the mode transition tables of the Software Cost Reduction (SCR) method in an attractive manner. We show how PVS can check these tables for well-formedness, and how PVS''s model checking capabilities can be used to verify invariants and reachability properties of SCR requirements specifications, and inclusion relations between the behaviors of different specifications. These examples demonstrate how several capabilities of the PVS language and verification system can be used in combination to provide customized support for specific methodologies for documenting and analyzing requirements. Because they use only the standard capabilities of PVS, users can adapt and extend these customizations to suit their own needs. Those developing dedicated tools for individual methodologies may find these constructions in PVS helpful for prototyping purposes, or as a useful adjunct to a dedicated tool when the capabilities of a full theorem prover are required. The examples also illustrate the power and utility of an integrated general-purpose system such as PVS. For example, there was no need to adapt or extend the PVS model checker to make it work with SCR specifications described using the PVS TABLE construct: the model checker is applicable to any transition relation, independently of the PVS language constructs used in its definition.
Confounding effects of heart rate on pulse wave velocity in paced patients with a low degree of atherosclerosis.

Background Pulse wave velocity (PWV), an index of arterial wall stiffness, is modulated by blood pressure (BP). Whether heart rate (HR) is also a modulator of PWV is controversial. Recent research involving mainly patients with high aortic PWV have found either no change or a positive correlation between the two. Given that PWV is increasingly being measured in cardiovascular studies, the relationship between HR and PWV should be known in patients with preserved arterial wall elasticity. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of HR as a determinant of the variability in PWV in patients with a low degree of atherosclerosis. Design and methods Fourteen patients (five female, nine male; aged 68 ± 8 years) were evaluated post pacemaker implantation due to sick sinus or carotid hypersensitivity syndromes. Carotid–femoral PWV was measured at rest and during atrial pacing at 80, 90 and 100 bpm (paced HR). Arterial femoral blood flow (AFBF) was measured by echodoppler. Results PWV increased from 6.2 ± 1.5 m/s (mean ± SD) during resting sinus rhythm (HR 62 ± 8 bpm; mean ± SD) to 6.8 ± 1.0, 7.0 ± 0.9, and 7.6 ± 1.1 m/s at pacing rates of 80, 90 and 100 bpm, respectively (P < 0.0001). Systolic (SBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) remained constant at all HR levels, whereas AFBF increased in a linear fashion. Conclusions These results demonstrate that even in patients with a low degree of atherosclerosis, HR is a potential modulator of carotid–femoral PWV.
Using the Freeth/Kirkpatrick model to evaluate interprofessional learning outcomes in a rural setting

Background: Considerable claims have been made for the benefits of interprofessional learning (IPL) despite limited evidence of its long-term effectiveness. A collaboration between the Australian National University and the University of South Australia offered opportunities for senior health professional students to undertake IPL teamwork placements in rural NSW— the Health “Hubs and Spokes” Project . The aim of this study was to evaluate, using mixed methods, the outcomes of an IPL project on all four levels of the Freeth/Kirkpatrick evaluation model. Methods: Students completed a debriefing questionnaire, the Interprofessional Education Perception Scale (IEPS) and the Team Performance Scale (TPS) at the time they undertook IPL placements. A follow-up study measured anticipated professional networks and extent of their interprofessional experience. IPL facilitators, clinical supervisors and local health service representatives were asked to provide their views of perceived project outcomes. Results: Initial evaluation demonstrated positive student reaction (Level 1), attitude change and collaborative skills (Level 2). While the follow-up study failed to show significant changes in the size of expected professional networks, qualitative exploration of transfer of learning to professional practice (Level 3) and impact of IPL placements in rural locations (Level 4) suggest a positive impact on participants and on healthcare delivery. Conclusion: The project generated student satisfaction, changes in attitude and skills, and longer-term positive impacts on the community and possibly on the students’ professional practice. This evaluation model can be used effectively to evaluate outcomes of IPL teamwork placements in rural settings and potentially in other locations.
The Influence of Message Framing and Issue Involvement

Studies examining message framing effects on persuasion have produced mixed results. Some studies show positively framed messages, which specify attributes or benefits gained by using a product, to be more persuasive than negatively framed messages, which specify attributes or benefits lost by not using a product. Reverse outcomes have been obtained in other studies. The authors explore a theoretical explanation for such findings by investigating whether differences in the degree to which people engage in detailed message processing account for the mixed results. The findings support the view that positively framed messages may be more persuasive when there is little emphasis on detailed processing, but negatively framed messages may be more persuasive when detailed processing is emphasized.
A cognitive model for program comprehension

This paper proposes a cognitive model to classify the level of cognition and cognitive activities in program comprehension. This model is composed of input, cognitive process and output, among which the cognitive process includes four activities (absorption, denial, reorganization and expulsion) at six Bloom learning levels. Compared with the existing models, our learning model is more complete and more detailed. It not only describes cognitive activities in detail, but can also be applied in most of the cases. Our model can also reveal the differences between experts and novices in program comprehension. It provides some useful insights on how to build a tool to aid program comprehension. We also find that the so-called traditional program comprehension process involves activities not only at comprehension level of the Bloom's taxonomy, but at higher levels as well. A case study is conducted to validate this learning model.
On methods for investigating concepts

One of the problems that has contributed to a refinement of the "functional procedure of double stimulation" in experiments is the problem of concept formation in children. To form an idea of the significance of this experimental method for the study of children's concepts, it must be viewed against the background of other methods that have been used to deal with the same problem. The psychology of children's concepts not only is of tremendous theoretical interest but also undoubtedly has applied psychological importance since the accumulation of concepts, their nature, and the way they are used are unquestionably correlated with a child's level of intellectual development and are, to some extent, indicators of that level.
The electronic structure of lithium metagallate

Herein we present a study of the electronic structure of lithium metagallate (LiGaO2), a material of interest in the field of optoelectronics. We use soft x-ray spectroscopy to probe the electronic structure of both the valence and conduction bands and compare our measurements to ab initio density functional theory calculations. We use several different exchange–correlation functionals, but find that no single theoretical approach used herein accurately quantifies both the band gap and the Ga 3d10 states in LiGaO2. We derive a band gap of 5.6 eV, and characterize electron hybridization in both the valence and conduction bands. Our study of the x-ray spectra may prove useful in analysing spectra from more complicated LiGaO2 heterostructures.
Increasing Ciprofloxacin Resistance Among Prevalent Urinary Tract Bacterial Isolates in Gaza Strip, Palestine

This article presents the incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance among 480 clinical isolates obtained from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) during January to June 2004 in Gaza Strip, Palestine. The resistance rates observed were 15.0% to ciprofloxacin, 82.5% to amoxycillin, 64.4% to cotrimoxazole, 63.1% to doxycycline, 32.5% to cephalexin, 31.9% to nalidixic acid, and 10.0% to amikacin. High resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected among Acinetobacter haemolyticus (28.6%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (25.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.0%), Klebsiella pneumonia (17.6%), and Escherichia coli (12.0%). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin evenly ranged from 4 to 32 μg/mL with a mean of 25.0 μg/mL. This study indicates emerging ciprofloxacin resistance among urinary tract infection isolates. Increasing resistance against ciprofloxacin demands coordinated monitoring of its activity and rational use of the antibiotics.
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) Axis in Frogs and Its Role in Frog Development and Reproduction

Metamorphosis of the amphibian tadpole is a thyroid hormone (TH)-dependent developmental process. For this reason, the tadpole is considered to be an ideal bioassay system to identify disruption of thyroid function by environmental contaminants. Here we provide an in-depth review of the amphibian thyroid system with particular focus on the role that TH plays in metamorphosis. The amphibian thyroid system is similar to that of mammals and other tetrapods. We review the amphibian hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, focusing on thyroid hormone synthesis, transport, and metabolism. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of TH action, including the role of TH receptors, the actions of TH on organogenesis, and the mechanisms that underlie the pleiotropic actions of THs. Finally, we discuss methods for evaluating thyroid disruption in frogs, including potential sites of action, relevant endpoints, candidate protocols for measuring thyroid axis disruption, and current gaps in our knowledge. The utility of amphibian metamorphosis as a model for evaluating thyroid axis disruption has recently led to the development of a bioassay using Xenopus laevis.
Nucleotide sequence of the chromosomal region conferring multidrug resistance (R-type ASSuT) in Salmonella Typhimurium and monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strains.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to sequence the chromosomal region conferring resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracycline (R-type ASSuT) in a Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) monophasic strain (4,[5],12:i:-) belonging to the PFGE profile STYMXB.0079. The presence of this resistance region and the analysis of its genetic environment was investigated in a selection of strains. METHODS A Sau3A1 genomic library was used to determine the nucleotide sequence of the genomic resistance region. PCRs were performed on 10 epidemiologically unrelated Salmonella strains, both STM and monophasic STM, with R-type ASSuT and PFGE profile STYMXB.0079, in order to investigate the presence of the resistance genes, the left and right junctions and the internal regions of the resistance region, as well as the genetic environment. RESULTS The genomic resistance region consisted of two regions, resistance region 1 (RR1), conferring resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin and sulphonamides, and resistance region 2 (RR2), conferring tetracycline resistance. These resistance regions were both surrounded by IS26 elements and sequence comparative analysis showed 99% sequence identity with a region of plasmid pO111_1 from an Escherichia coli strain. All 10 strains were positive for the four resistance genes, the left and right junctions and the internal regions of RR1 and RR2. Concerning the genetic environment, all the strains lacked the STM1053-1997 and STM2694 genes, while only monophasic STM strains showed deletion of the fljA-fljB operon. CONCLUSIONS This study describes two resistance regions localized on the bacterial chromosome of a clonal lineage of STM and monophasic STM that are widespread in Italy.
Licensed Spectrum Sharing Schemes for Mobile Operators: A Survey and Outlook

The ongoing development of mobile communication networks to support a wide range of superfast broadband services has led to massive capacity demand. This problem is expected to be a significant concern during the deployment of the 5G wireless networks. The demand for additional spectrum to accommodate mobile services supporting higher data rates and having lower latency requirements, as well as the need to provide ubiquitous connectivity with the advent of the Internet of Things sector, is likely to considerably exceed the supply, based on the current policy of exclusive spectrum allocation to mobile cellular systems. Hence, the imminent spectrum shortage has introduced a new impetus to identify practical solutions to make the most efficient use of scarce licensed bands in a shared manner. Recently, the concept of dynamic spectrum sharing has received considerable attention from regulatory bodies and governments globally, as it could potentially open new opportunities for mobile operators to exploit spectrum bands whenever they are underutilized by their owners, subject to service level agreements. Although various sharing paradigms have been proposed and discussed, the impact and performance gains of different schemes can be scenario-specific, and may vary depending on the nature of the sharing players, the level of sharing and spectrum access scheme. In this survey, we study the main concepts of dynamic spectrum sharing, different sharing scenarios, as well as the major challenges associated with sharing of licensed bands. Finally, we conclude this survey with open research challenges and suggest some future research directions.
Specificity of Vigabatrin for the GABAergic System in Human Epilepsy

Summary: The therapeutic action of vigabatrin (gamma vinyl GABA, GVG) has been reported to be mediated by GABAergic neurotransmission. In the present study, we evaluated different neurotransmitter systems in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with complex partial epilepsy, before and during GVG treatment. The markers of the GABAergic system (free GABA, total GABA, homocarnosine) showed a two‐ to threefold elevation. There was also an increase in glycine during the 6 months of GVG treatment. In contrast, we did not find any constant CSF changes in either excitatory amino acids or in markers of the cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase), dopaminergic (homovanillic acid), serotonergic (5‐hydroxyin‐doleacetic acid), or peptidergic (somatostatin, prolactin, β‐endorphin) systems. This finding (except an elevation in glycine) was in agreement with previous studies which suggest a specific action of GVG on the GABAergic system. The role of glycine in antiepileptic efficacy of GVG needs further evaluation.
Ripple Current Reduction for Fuel-Cell-Powered Single-Phase Uninterruptible Power Supplies

A well-known issue of fuel-cell-powered single-phase uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) is that the input current from the dc source is coupled with the second-order current ripple due to the ac-side instantaneous power pulsating at twice the line frequency. The low-frequency ripple component has been confirmed to have detrimental impacts on fuel cell's reliability and lifespan. To solve this issue, a boost inverter that can work in both differential mode (DM) and common mode (CM) operations is adopted by this paper. The DM operation achieves active power conversion and a well-regulated ac output voltage. Meanwhile, the CM operation ensures effective dc current ripple reduction. In addition to operating with linear loads, the proposed control method extends its working scope to nonlinear loads, where meticulously designed repetitive controllers are employed to handle the multiple low-harmonic situations. Moreover, the proposed control method also introduces an interleaved pulse-width modulation to further reduce the switching frequency ripple in the dc current. The stability of the proposed control system is stringently examined. Finally, presented experimental results validate the theoretical analysis as well as the effectiveness of the proposed method in current ripple reduction.