Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Battle of the Somme: What the Audience Saw

Résumé:La Bataille de la Somme (The Battle of the Somme — Geoffrey Malins et John Benjamin — plus communément « JB » — McDowell, 1916) est un film produit par un comité, tourné par des caméramans envoyés au front pour recueillir diverses images, et monté de la manière la plus dépouillée possible par un monteur surnommé « le boucher » par les caméramans du milieu cinématographique. Le très vaste public de La Bataille de la Somme en a néanmoins fait le film documentaire le plus regardé à avoir été réalisé au cours de la Grande Guerre. Tourné aux premiers jours de la bataille de la Somme, il est sorti en salle alors que les combats, qui allaient durer quatre mois et demi, faisaient toujours rage. De l’avis de David Williams, il s’agissait là du « premier événement médiatique de l’histoire ». D’autres auteurs l’ont évoqué comme étant le premier documentaire. Que ces affirmations soient justes ou non, La Bataille de la Somme a donné naissance à un authentique public du documentaire, selon l’auteur. L’étude proposée n’est cependant pas une analyse classique d’audience — un travail déjà réalisé —, mais bien le compte rendu d’une analyse visant à déterminer comment le public a littéralement vu ce film, des repères qui sont moins apparents aujourd’hui qu’ils ne l’étaient en 1916.Abstract:Battle of the Somme (Geoffrey Malins and John Benjamin—or “JB,” as he is more commonly known—McDowell, 1916) was produced by a committee, shot by camera operators sent to the front to gather miscellaneous footage, and edited as straightforwardly as possible by an editor known to camera operators throughout the film world as “the butcher. ” Nevertheless, the enormous audiences for the film made Battle of the Somme the most widely watched non-fiction film made during the Great War. Shot in the opening days of the Somme, it was released while the four-and-a-half-month-long battle was still being fought. This made it, as David Williams claims, “the first media event in history. ” Other writers have cited it as the first documentary. Whether or not this is true, this article will argue that Battle of the Somme generated a genuine documentary audience. However, the article is not a study of spectatorship in a conventional way. That work has already been done. Rather, the purpose is to look at the way audiences literally saw the film, cues that are less than apparent today than they were in 1916.
Targeting autophagy enhances the anti-tumoral action of crizotinib in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas (ALK+ ALCL) occur predominantly in children and young adults. Their treatment, based on aggressive chemotherapy, is not optimal since ALCL patients can still expect a 30% 2-year relapse rate. Tumor relapses are very aggressive and their underlying mechanisms are unknown. Crizotinib is the most advanced ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is already used in clinics to treat ALK-associated cancers. However, crizotinib escape mechanisms have emerged, thus preventing its use in frontline ALCL therapy. The process of autophagy has been proposed as the next target for elimination of the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we investigated whether autophagy is activated in ALCL cells submitted to ALK inactivation (using crizotinib or ALK-targeting siRNA). Classical autophagy read-outs such as autophagosome visualization/quantification by electron microscopy and LC3-B marker turn-over assays were used to demonstrate autophagy induction and flux activation upon ALK inactivation. This was demonstrated to have a cytoprotective role on cell viability and clonogenic assays following combined ALK and autophagy inhibition. Altogether, our results suggest that co-treatment with crizotinib and chloroquine (two drugs already used in clinics) could be beneficial for ALK-positive ALCL patients.
Open Problem: Second order regret bounds based on scaling time

We argue that the second order bounds given in Cesa-Bianchi et al. (2006), which accumulate the square of the loss of each action separately, are loose. We propose a different form of a second order bound and conjecture the it is satisfied by NormalHedge Chaudhuri et al. (2009). 1. Background 1.1. Motivation The upper bound on the regret of exponential weights algorithms Littlestone and Warmuth (1989); Cesa-Bianchi et al. (1993); Freund and Schapire (1999) have a leading term of the form √ n logN where n is the length of the sequence and N is the number of experts/actions. The bounds that the loss (gain) per iteration is in a bounded range, typically [0, 1]. Obviously, if the range is restricted (a priori) to [0, 1/2] then the bound will also be halved. Consider a scenario in which the range is [0, 1] but the actual observed losses are in the range [0, 1/2], we would like to have an algorithm which will perform (almost) as well as an algorithm that knew a-priori that the range is [0, 1/2]. The a-priori knowledge is consequential because multiplicative weights algorithms use it to choose the learning rate. For a more general formulation of the problem suppose that the losses in iteration t are in the range [0, at]. Then we are seeking an algorithm with a bound of the form √√√√ T ∑
Series Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs Federal Reserve Board , Washington , D . C . Research and development , profits and firm value : A structural estimation

Is the return to private R&D as high as believed? This study identifies a flaw in the production function approach to estimating the return to R&D. I provide new estimates based on a structural estimation approach that incorporates uncertainty about the outcome from R&D. The results shed light on the rate of innovation, the impact of an innovation on profits, and the market value of the R&D stock. The parameter estimates imply a mean return to R&D of 3.7-5.5%, much lower than previous values. The analysis also demonstrates the unsuitability of using the return to R&D as a basis for policy decisions on tax subsidies to R&D.
Comparison of different operational modes on LiTaO3 LFE bulk acoustic wave sensors

Previous studies have shown that when working in liquid, (yxl)90° LiTaO3 LFE devices work on pure-LFE mode (the observed bulk acoustic wave is excited by the lateral field) and (yxl)0° LiTaO3 LFE devices work on pseudo-LFE mode (the observed bulk acoustic wave is not excited by the lateral field but the thickness field with the liquid acting as an virtual electrode). In this work, LiTaO3 LFE devices on both modes are designed and fabricated. The devices' sensitivities to liquid conductivity and permittivity were tested and compared. The experimental results showed that compared to the LiTaO3 pure-LFE device, the LiTaO3 pseudo-LFE device has much higher sensitivities to liquid electrical property changes.
Identifying the lowest effective dose of acetazolamide for the prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives To assess the efficacy of three different daily doses of acetazolamide in the prevention of acute mountain sickness and to determine the lowest effective dose. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Medline and Embase along with a hand search of selected bibliographies. No language restrictions were applied. Study selection Randomised controlled trials assessing the use of acetazolamide at 250 mg, 500 mg, or 750 mg daily versus placebo in adults as a drug intervention for the prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness. Included studies were required to state the administered dose of acetazolamide and to randomise participants before ascent to either acetazolamide or placebo. Two reviewers independently carried out the selection process. Data extraction Two reviewers extracted data concerning study methods, pharmacological intervention with acetazolamide, method of assessment of acute mountain sickness, and event rates in both control and intervention groups, which were verified and analysed by the review team collaboratively. Data synthesis 11 studies (with 12 interventions arms) were included in the review. Acetazolamide at doses of 250 mg, 500 mg, and 750 mg were all effective in preventing acute mountain sickness above 3000 m, with a combined odds ratio of 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.28 to 0.46). At a dose of 250 mg daily the number needed to treat for acetazolamide to prevent acute mountain sickness was 6 (95% confidence interval 5 to 11). Heterogeneity ranged from I2=0% (500 mg subgroup) to I2=44% (750 mg subgroup). Conclusions Acetazolamide in doses of 250 mg, 500 mg, and 750 mg daily are all more effective than placebo for preventing acute mountain sickness. Acetazolamide 250 mg daily is the lowest effective dose to prevent acute mountain sickness for which evidence is available.
Academic Engagement Differences by Honors Course Enrollment Status for Community College Students: A National Analysis

Postsecondary education is both a defining characteristic of the United States and vital to the economic prospects of many individuals (Brint & Karabel, 2014). Postsecondary education and training will be required for 65% of jobs in the United States by 2020, an increase from 28% in 1973 (Carnevale, Smith, & Strohl, 2013). Community colleges provide an opportunity for students who may not have other avenues available to build skills or receive academic remediation, such as first generation students and students from lower socio-economic backgrounds (Brint & Karabel, 2014). Upon degree or certificate completion, students enrolled in community colleges may obtain positions requiring specialized skills, including the healthcare and automotive fields (Dougherty, 2014). Earning prospects for students rise by 13% for males and 22% for females upon completion of an associate’s degree (Belfield & Bailey, 2014). Students who attend community colleges and do not obtain a credential increase their earning power by 9% for males and 10% for females (Belfield & Bailey, 2014). When analyzing the characteristics of students who enroll in community college, the background of community college students need to be examined, including reasons for enrollment. Approximately 45% of all undergraduate students enroll in community colleges in the United States to develop skills and gain knowledge (American Association of Community Colleges, 2016). The goals for which students enroll in community colleges include obtaining an associate’s degree, transferring to a university, or completing a certificate program (Center for Community College Student Engagement [CCCSE], 2012).
Australian Feminist Approaches to Mass Awareness Campaigns: Celanthropy, Celebrity Feminism and Online Activism

This research asks which methods can successfully promote mainstream recognition for an issue, and if the success of such methods translates to a stronger feminist movement in Australia in the twenty-first century Western zeitgeist. These questions are important because broader-scale feminist consciousness-raising is critical at a time when the dominant discourses of neoliberalism and postfeminism often mean a reduced focus on collective campaigning for issues such as the awareness of gender-based violence, and there has arguably been an evacuation of substantive feminist politics in some areas. My original contribution lies in the testing and analysis of campaign methods and pathways for the information of Australian feminists who want to take women’s rights issues to more central mainstream spaces in feminist mass awareness campaigning. This research explores the deployment of what I call the twenty-first century’s ‘Tools of the Zeitgeist’. This thesis focuses on three current mainstream Tools of the Zeitgeist: celebrity philanthropy and activism; celebrity feminists; and mainstream, online and social media activism. This research is unique because the discussion revolves around these three areas for feminist activism, which I argue would be most beneficial when used in tandem because they are often utilised in other social movements’ mass awareness campaigns (e.g., poverty or environment) and are rarely deployed in unison in organised feminist mass awareness campaigning. This thesis argues that there is an increased velocity in the Australian mediasphere of feminist discourse and engagement, and as such, it recognises that this is a critical nexus for the potential for a larger scale feminist-led mass awareness campaigning in Australia.
Managing the Central Bank's Balance Sheet: Where Monetary Policy Meets Financial Stability

In this lecture, Paul Tucker sets out the analysis underlying the Bank's announcement on 22 July of major reforms to its operations in the sterling money markets. He outlines the problems with the current framework and goes on to argue that the new system represents a fundamental change in how the Bank thinks about the implementation of monetary policy, the lubrication of the wholesale payments system, and the provision of liquidity insurance to the banking system, all of which are facets of the management of central bank money and the central bank's balance sheet.
Binocular Rivalry: Frontal Activity Relates to Introspection and Action But Not to Perception

When two dissimilar stimuli are presented to the eyes, perception alternates between multiple interpretations, a phenomenon dubbed binocular rivalry. Numerous recent imaging studies have attempted to unveil neural substrates underlying multistable perception. However, these studies had a conceptual constraint: access to observers' perceptual state relied on their introspection and active report. Here, we investigated to what extent neural correlates of binocular rivalry in healthy humans are confounded by this subjective measure and by action. We used the optokinetic nystagmus and pupil size to objectively and continuously map perceptual alternations for binocular-rivalry stimuli. Combining these two measures with fMRI allowed us to assess the neural correlates of binocular rivalry time locked to the perceptual alternations in the absence of active report. When observers were asked to actively report their percept, our objective measures matched the report. In this active condition, objective measures and subjective reporting revealed that occipital, parietal, and frontal areas underlie the processing of binocular rivalry, replicating earlier findings. Furthermore, objective measures provided additional statistical power due to their continuous nature. Importantly, when observers passively experienced rivalry without reporting perceptual alternations, a different picture emerged: differential neural activity in frontal areas was absent, whereas activation in occipital and parietal regions persisted. Our results question the popular view of a driving role of frontal areas in the initiation of perceptual alternations during binocular rivalry. Instead, we conclude that frontal areas are associated with active report and introspection rather than with rivalry per se.
BUILDING COMPETITIVE CAPABILITY IN MANUFACTURING: A CUMULATIVE APPROACH

Existing theory of manufacturing capability accumulation is limited because of diverse range of contingency variables. Competitive environment, product life cycle, supply chain structure, innovations in product and process technology, and manufacturing strategy are among the important variables that affect manufacturing learning processes. We suggest a new cumulative theory of manufacturing capability to explain different paths of successful manufacturing companies in diverse industries. Selected Korean manufacturing companies in automotive, electronics, and heavy industries are examined to verify the suggested framework.
Laser-Plasma Acceleration with FLAME and ILIL Ultraintense Lasers

We report on the development of radiation and electron sources based on laser-plasma acceleration for biomedical and nuclear applications, using both the table top TW laser at ILIL and the 220 TW FLAME laser system at LNF. We use the ILIL laser to produce wakefield electrons in a self-focusing dominated regime in a mm scale gas-jet to generate large, uniform beams of MeV electrons for electron radiography and radiobiology applications. This acceleration regime is described in detail and key parameters are given to establish reproducible and reliable operation of this source. We use the FLAME laser to drive laser-plasma acceleration in a cm-scale gas target to obtain stable production of >100 MeV range electrons to drive a Thomson scattering ɣ-ray source for nuclear applications.
The Darker Side of Lean: An Insider's Perspective on the Realities of the Toyota Production System

Executive Overview The Toyota Production System (TPS) has been lauded as the pinnacle of flexible, just-in-time manufacturing and design and the founder of “lean work” systems, which claim to improve product quality and employee productivity. American automobile manufacturers readily adopted the “Toyota Way” and many of the management practices in service industries, such as Total Quality Management (TQM) are biased on its fundamental principles. The author of this paper, Darius Mehri, is an American-born computer simulation engineer who worked in a Toyota group company for three years, observing this system firsthand and conducting his own qualitative research on what he considers the true impact of lean work: the human cost. As a participant observer who was inculcated in Japanese social and workplace culture, Mehri takes an examination of TPS well beyond what many studies American and European scholars have been able to go. His assessment is guided by a distinction which is fundamental to understanding.
Anti-Apoptotic Genes in the Survival of Monocytic Cells During Infection

Macrophages are cells of the immune system that protect organisms against invading pathogens by fulfilling critical roles in innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation. They originate from circulating monocytes and show a high degree of heterogeneity, which reflects the specialization of function given by different anatomical locations. Differentiation of monocytes towards a macrophage phenotype is also accompanied by an increase of resistance against various apoptotic stimuli, a required characteristic that allows macrophages to accomplish their function in a stressful environment. Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is a tightly regulated process, needed to maintain homeostasis by balancing proliferation with cellular demise. Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases that are highly conserved in multicellular organisms, function as central regulators of apoptosis. FLIP (FLICE-inhibitory protein), anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl2 family and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) are the main three groups of anti-apoptotic genes that counteract caspase activation through both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Modulation of the apoptotic machinery during viral and bacterial infections, as well as in various malignancies, is a wellestablished mechanism that promotes the survival of affected cells. The involvement of anti-apoptotic genes in the survival of monocytes/macrophages, either physiological or pathological, will be described in this review. How viral and bacterial infections that target cells of the monocytic lineage affect the expression of anti-apoptotic genes is important in understanding the pathological mechanisms that lead to manifested disease. The latest therapeutic approaches that target anti-apoptotic genes will also be discussed.
From technology to domain: the context of work for end-user development

The paper discusses the need to broaden the End User Programming and End User Development perspective to cover the entire context of end users' work. Though we have a better understanding of this context today than earlier in the systems development, the approaches have remained technology-design oriented and research processes without the explicit aspects of the end users' actual knowledge work. The paper argues that Developmental Work Research could be a solution to improve the research processes. A range of ideas from that body of work is included to show how the domain and the context of work could be integrated for End User Development approaches.
Bone densities in patients receiving isotretinoin for cystic acne.

BACKGROUND Few studies have been done of bone densities in humans receiving retinoids, despite a substantial amount of literature concerning retinoid-induced osteoporosis in animals. We prospectively measured bone density and calcium metabolism in young men (aged 17-25 years) receiving oral isotretinoin for cystic acne and in a group of healthy volunteers (aged 19-26 years). OBSERVATIONS Compared with that in healthy control subjects, mean bone density was lower at all sites (spine, femoral neck, and Ward triangle) and was considerably more variable at the spine in young men with cystic acne even before treatment. Bone density at the Ward triangle decreased a mean of 4.4% (P = .03) after 6 months of isotretinoin use (1 mg/kg of body weight). Four patients showed decreased density of more than 9% at the Ward triangle. The difference between the mean change in bone density in the patient group and in the control group was significant at the Ward triangle (P = .04) but not at the other sites. Measurements of calcium metabolism did not change over time in either group. CONCLUSIONS A loss of bone density occurring in the absence of measurable alterations of calcium metabolism is likely to be a direct effect of retinoids on bone. Further study of retinoid-induced osteoporosis in humans and of bone density in patients with cystic acne is needed.
Radiobiological description of the LET dependence of the cell survival of oxic and anoxic cells irradiated by carbon ions

Light-ion radiation therapy against hypoxic tumors is highly curative due to reduced dependence on the presence of oxygen in the tumor at elevated linear energy transfer (LET) towards the Bragg peak. Clinical ion beams using spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) are characterized by a wide spectrum of LET values. Accurate treatment optimization requires a method that can account for influence of the variation in response for a broad range of tumor hypoxia, absorbed doses and LETs. This paper presents a parameterization of the Repairable Conditionally-Repairable (RCR) cell survival model that can describe the survival of oxic and hypoxic cells over a wide range of LET values, and investigates the relationship between hypoxic radiation resistance and LET. The biological response model was tested by fitting cell survival data under oxic and anoxic conditions for V79 cells irradiated with LETs within the range of 30–500 keV/µm. The model provides good agreement with experimental cell survival data for the range of LET investigated, confirming the robustness of the parameterization method. This new version of the RCR model is suitable for describing the biological response of mixed populations of oxic and hypoxic cells and at the same time taking into account the distribution of doses and LETs in the incident beam and its variation with depth in tissue. The model offers a versatile tool for the selection of LET and dose required in the optimization of the therapeutic effect, without severely affecting normal tissue in realistic tumors presenting highly heterogeneous oxic and hypoxic regions.