Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Weakly hard problems

A weak completeness phenomenon is investigated in the complexity class E=DTIME(2/sup linear/). According to standard terminology, a language H is /spl lessub msup P/-hard for E if the set P/sub m/(H), consisting of all languages A/spl lessub msup P/H, contains the entire class E. A language C is /spl lessub msup P/-complete for E if it is /spl lessub msup P/-hard for E and is also an element of E. Generalizing this, a language H is weakly /spl lessub msup P/-hard for E if the set P/sub m/(H) does not have measure 0 in E. A language C is weakly /spl lessub msup P/-complete for E if it is weakly /spl lessub msup P/-hard for E and is also an element of E. The main result of this paper is the construction of a language that is weakly /spl lessub msup P/-complete, but not /spl lessub msup P/-complete, for E. The existence of such languages implies that previously known strong lower bounds on the complexity of weakly /spl lessub msup P/-hard problems for E are indeed more general than the corresponding bounds for /spl lessub msup P/-hard problems for E. The proof of this result introduces a new diagonalization method, called martingale diagonalization. Using this method, one simultaneously develops an infinite family of polynomial time computable martingales (betting strategies) and a corresponding family of languages that defeat these martingales (i.e. prevent them from winning too much money), while also pursuing another agenda. Martingale diagonalization may be useful for a variety of applications. <<ETX>>
Output Grouping using Dirichlet Mixtures of Linear Gaussian State-Space Models

We consider a model to cluster the components of a vector time-series. The task is to assign each component of the vector time-series to a single cluster, basing this assignment on the simultaneous dynamical similarity of the component to other components in the cluster. This is in contrast to the more familiar task of clustering a set of time-series based on global measures of their similarity. The model is based on a Dirichlet Mixture of Linear Gaussian State-Space models (LGSSMs), in which each LGSSM is treated with a prior to encourage the simplest explanation. The resulting model is approximated using a 'collapsed' variational Bayes implementation.
EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE ALLEVIATED CADMIUM INDUCED CHLOROSIS, PHOTOSYNTHESIS INHIBITION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CUCUMBER

Cadmium (Cd) is one heavy metal which is toxic and can cause physiological disorder of plants. In the present experiment, effects of Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, on the phenotype, photosynthesis and oxidative stress of cucumber leaves were studied under Cd stress. Application of 100μM CdCl2 induced obvious chlorosis of cucumber leaves with lower pigment content and lower net photosynthetic rate (PN). Higher accumulations of H2O2 and thiobarbituric acidreactive substances (TBARS) were observed in Cd-treated cucumber leaves, which indicated Cd induced oxidative stress to cucumber leaves. Application of 100µM SNP reversed the chlorosis and lower PN induced by Cd treatment. Activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes and antioxidant capacity expressed by α,α-diphenyl-β-picryllhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, chelating activity of ferrous ions and hydroxyl radical (OH·) scavenging activity were significantly increased by SNP under Cd stress. On the contrary, the above effects of SNP were not observed after the application of potassium ferrocyanide which is an analog of SNP that does not release NO. Therefore, it could be concluded that the NO from SNP might account for the alleviating effect of Cd stress on cucumber plants.
VARIABILITY IN FAR WESTERN PUEBLOAN SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES: THE VIEW FROM THE UINKARET PLATEAU, NORTHWEST ARIZONA

Subsistence data from Far Western Pueblos in riverine settings demonstrate the importance of maize farming, although variability in recovery techniques and sampling choices have resulted in ambiguity regarding the use of wild foods. The dry deposits of Antelope Cave on the Uinkaret Plateau in northwestern Arizona have yielded a rich assemblage of faunal and botanical remains that demonstrate the importance of hunted prey and gathered foods. In particular, cave debris contains strong evidence of highly successful communal jackrabbit drives that provided food and raw material for robes, as well as indication of crop cultivation nearby. We suggest Puebloan people maximized returns and reduced risks through a combination of seasonal movements and the use of both wild and cultivated resources. The use of a flexible subsistence strategy that crosscut a diverse landscape illustrates how Puebloan people exercised their intimate knowledge of the land.
Predicting Recall: The "Feeling-That-I-Will-Know" Phenomenon

The relationship between subjects' free recall predictions and their subsequent free recall and recognition performance was studied to determine if a "feeling-of-knowing" phenomenon would occur during the storage of items. Subjects used a 5-point scale to make predictions for each word that they were told they would later have to recall. The results showed: (a) while subjects could identify during input the words which were most likely to be recalled, they, at the same time, overestimated their later recall performance. (b) Recognition performance was related to free recall predictions in a fashion similar to the predicted recall-actual recall relationship. (c) The word properties of frequency and imagery were reliable factors related to the prediction of recall. The results were interpreted as supporting the positions that recognition and recall structures start with a common basis and that words are
HIV and STIs in Clients and Female Sex Workers in Mining Regions of Gejiu City, China

Objective: To investigate HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female sex workers (FSWs) and clients in a mining region of China. Goal: To estimate HIV/STI prevalence and to identify HIV risk factors among FSWs and miner clients. Study Design: A cross-sectional study of 96 FSWs and 339 miner clients. Results: In FSWs, prevalence of HIV was 8.3%, herpes simplex virus-2 70.8%, syphilis 12.5%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 36.8%, Chlamydia trachomatis 46.3%, Trichomonas vaginalis 22.1%, and 90.6% were infected with any STI. Illegal drug use was associated with HIV [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 45.1, 95% confidence interval, 6.4–317.9] in FSWs, and 45.8% reported no condom use with the last client. In miner clients, HIV prevalence was 1.8%, herpes simplex virus-2 14.9%, syphilis 2.4%, N. gonorrhoeae 2.1%, C. trachomatis 6.5%, and 23.2% were infected with any STI. Never using condoms with FSWs and regular partners were reported in 61.2% and 84.1%, respectively. Independent risk factors for HIV in miner clients were illegal drug use (OR 190.2), symptoms of urethral discharge or frequent urination (OR 32.9), early sexual debut (OR 7.1), and visiting 4 or more FSWs in the last 12 months (OR 11.5). Conclusions: HIV/STI prevalence is high among FSWs and moderate among clients in mining regions of Gejiu City. Drug use is the most important factor placing FSWs and miner clients at risk for HIV in Gejiu City; risky sexual characteristics such as early sexual debut, frequent visits to FSWs, and STI symptoms are also important factors for miner clients. FSWs and miner clients may constitute bridging groups for HIV to low-risk populations.
Minimally Invasive Stereotactical Radio-ablation of Adrenal Metastases as an Alternative to Surgery

Purpose The purpose of this study was to study the clinical outcome for patients with metastases of the adrenal gland treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy. Materials and Methods Forty-six patients were studied retrospectively. The dose prescription was 40 Gy in four fractions. Dosimetric analysis was performed using the dose volume histograms while clinical outcome was assessed using actuarial analysis with determination of the overall survival (OS) and local control (LC) rates. Results The planning objectives were met for all patients. With a median follow-up period of 7.6 months, at the last follow-up 42 patients (91.3%) were alive and four had died because of distant progression. The actuarial mean OS was 28.5±1.6 months, the median was not reached. One-year and 2-year OS were 87.6±6.1%. None of the risk factors was significant in univariate analysis. Actuarial mean LC was 14.6±1.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0 to 18.2) and median LC was 14.5±2.0 months (95% CI, 10.5 to 18.5). One-year and 2-year LC were 65.5±11.9% and 40.7±15.8%, respectively. A mild profile of toxicity was observed in the cohort of patients. Forty patients (86.9%) showed no complication (grade 0); two patients reported asthenia, six patients (13.1%) reported either pain, nausea, or vomiting. Of these six patients, five patients (10.9%) were scored as grade 1 toxicity while one patient (2.2%) was scored as grade 2. Conclusion Stereotactic body radiation therapy treatment provided an adequate clinical response in the management of adrenal gland metastases.
Expression of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor-antagonizing cytokines and vascular stabilizing factors prior to and following bypass surgery in patients with moyamoya disease

The aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-antagonizing cytokines and VEGF-influenced vascular stabilizing cytokines in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) and the association with postoperative collateral vessel formation. The study population included 53 MMD patients that had undergone indirect bypass surgery and 50 healthy controls. Serum levels of VEGF, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), TSP-2, soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1), sVEGFR-2, endostatin, angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Ang-2 were measured at the baseline (preoperative) and at day seven following surgery. Postoperative collateralization assessment was conducted upon the six-month follow-up cerebral angiography. Cytokine levels were compared between patients with good or poor collateral formation. Compared with the healthy controls, MMD patients exhibited lower baseline levels of sVEGFR-1 (P<0.0001) and sVEGFR-2 (P<0.0001), but higher VEGF expression (P<0.0001). Ang-1 and Ang-2 levels did not exhibit any difference between the two groups. On day seven following surgery, MMD patients exhibited an almost unchanged sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 expression level, but upregulated expression of VEGF (P<0.0001), Ang-1 (P<0.0001) and TSP-2 (P<0.0001). The six-month follow-up angiographies revealed that 21 patients (45.65%) that had undergone the same surgical procedure achieved good collateralization. Patients with good collateral formation appeared to have lower sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 levels prior to (P=0.029 and P=0.045, respectively) and at day seven (P=0.044 and P=0.047, respectively) following bypass surgery when compared with the patients with worse collateralization. Therefore, sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of MMD. Lower levels of sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2 indicated better postoperative collateralization in the six months following indirect bypass surgery. However, Ang-1 and Ang-2 may not be specifically involved in the course of MMD.
Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Attenuates Body Fat Mass, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance through the Interplay between the Liver and Adipose Tissue

The Platycodon grandiflorus root, a Korean medicinal food, is well known to have beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes. In this study, we demonstrated the metabolic effects of P. grandiflorus root ethanol extract (PGE), which is rich in platycodins, on diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J mice (four-week-old males) were fed a normal diet (16.58% of kilocalories from fat), high-fat diet (HFD, 60% of kilocalories from fat), and HFD supplemented with 5% (w/w) PGE. In the HFD-fed mice, PGE markedly suppressed the body weight gain and white fat mass to normal control level, with simultaneous increase in the expression of thermogenic genes (such as SIRT1, PPARα, PGC1α, and UCP1), that accompanied changes in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and energy expenditure. In addition, PGE improved insulin sensitivity through activation of the PPARγ expression, which upregulates adiponectin while decreasing leptin gene expression in adipocytes. Furthermore, PGE improved hepatic steatosis by suppressing hepatic lipogenesis while increasing expression of FAO-associated genes such as PGC1α. PGE normalized body fat and body weight, which is likely associated with the increased energy expenditure and thermogenic gene expression. PGE can protect from HFD-induced insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis by controlling lipid and glucose metabolism.
Reinforcement mechanisms in putamen during high frequency STN DBS: A point process study

Despite a pivotal role in the motor loop, dorsolateral striatum (putamen) has been poorly studied thus far under Parkinsonian conditions and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). We analyze the activity of the putamen in a monkey by combining single unit recordings and point process models. The animal received DBS (30-130Hz) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) while at rest and recordings were acquired both before and after treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which induced Parkinsonian-like motor disorders. 141 neurons were collected and, for each neuron, a point process model captured DBS-evoked discharge patterns. In the normal animal, spike trains at rest had Poisson like distribution with non-stationary recurrent patterns (RPs) of period 3-7ms and were mildly changed by low frequency (LF, i.e., <;100Hz) DBS (i.e., <;20% of neurons affected). With high frequency (HF, i.e., 100-130Hz) DBS, instead, up to 59% of neurons were affected, the DBS history significantly impacted the neuronal spiking propensity, and the RPs and the post-stimulus activation latency decreased. MPTP evoked inter-neuronal dependencies (INDs) at rest and, compared to normal, LF DBS of the MPTP animal increased RPs and INDs, while HF DBS elicited a faster and wider post-stimulus activation. Overall, HF DBS reduced ongoing non-stationary dynamics by regularizing the discharge patterns both in MPTP and normal putamen, while the combination of MPTP and LF DBS enhanced such dynamics.
Comparative transcriptomics and proteomics analysis of citrus fruit, to improve understanding of the effect of low temperature on maintaining fruit quality during lengthy post-harvest storage

Fruit quality is a very complex trait that is affected by both genetic and non-genetic factors. Generally, low temperature (LT) is used to delay fruit senescence and maintain fruit quality during post-harvest storage but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Hirado Buntan Pummelo (HBP; Citrus grandis × C. paradis) fruit were chosen to explore the mechanisms that maintain citrus fruit quality during lengthy LT storage using transcriptome and proteome studies based on digital gene expression (DGE) profiling and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), respectively. Results showed that LT up-regulated stress-responsive genes, arrested signal transduction, and inhibited primary metabolism, secondary metabolism and the transportation of metabolites. Calcineurin B-like protein (CBL)–CBL-interacting protein kinase complexes might be involved in the signal transduction of LT stress, and fruit quality is likely to be regulated by sugar-mediated auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) signalling. Furthermore, ABA was specific to the regulation of citrus fruit senescence and was not involved in the LT stress response. In addition, the accumulation of limonin, nomilin, methanol, and aldehyde, together with the up-regulated heat shock proteins, COR15, and cold response-related genes, provided a comprehensive proteomics and transcriptomics view on the coordination of fruit LT stress responses.
Regeneration of the liver in parabiotic rats.

Summary and Conclusions Partial hepatectomies have been performed on one partner of each of fourteen parabiotic pairs, and on two partners of each of three sets of parabiotic triplets. At intervals of 48 or 72 hours later, the intact livers of the nonhepatectomized partners all exhibited a higher mitosis rate than the control livers removed at the time of hepatectomy. In parabiotic twins the mean value was 6 times, and in triplets it was 50 times, that of the controls. Two of the fourteen pairs were sacrificed at 24 hours, and, in these, no significant alteration occurred in the livers of the nonhepatectomized partners. Biochemical determinations of alkaline phosphatase, total nitrogen, DNA, and water content failed to demonstrate significant differences. PNA values were increased slightly above the control levels in the nonhepatectomized partners of the twins but not in the triplets. All these entities are far less sensitive indices of proliferative activity than the mitotic count. The evidence suggests that in regenerating rat liver, mitosis is initiated by alterations in the chemical composition of the blood.
Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale in women.

This instrumental study was designed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS). The total sample was made up of 582 female college students, with a mean age of 21.68 (SD= 4.45). The results of confirmatory factor analysis identified the six-factor solution proposed by the original authors as the best factor structure, with acceptable fit indices. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was . 93 for the FMPS total score and ranged from . 74 to . 91 for the subscales. Test-retest reliability suggested a good temporal stability of the FMPS total score [ICC= . 89 (95% CI= .80-.94)] and its subscales. Results showed moderate to high associations between the Spanish version of the FMPS and other measures of perfectionism. The Spanish version of FMPS has shown satisfactory psychometric properties to be used in women. Future research should replicate these findings in broader samples, in clinical populations, and use longitudinal designs to determine whether perfectionism is a risk factor for psychopathology in women.
Sequential Segment Networks for Action Recognition

Recently, deep convolutional networks (ConvNets) have achieved remarkable progress for action recognition in videos. Most existing deep frameworks treat a video as an unordered frame sequence, and make a prediction by averaging the output of single RGB image, or stacked optical flow field. However, within a video, complex actions may consist of several atomic actions carried out in a sequential manner during its temporal range. To address this issue, we propose a deep learning framework, sequential segment networks (SSN), to model video-level temporal structures in videos. We get several short video snippets by a sparse temporal sampling strategy, and then concatenate the output of ConvNets learned from short snippets; finally, the concatenated consensus vector is fed into a fully connected layer to learn its temporal structure. The sparse sampling strategy and video-level structure enable an efficient and effective training process for SSNs. Extensive empirical studies demonstrate that action recognition performance can be significantly improved by mining temporal structures, and our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on UCF101 and HMDB51 datasets.
The effect of gender on vection perception and postural responses induced by immersive virtual rotation drum

Virtual reality is an interactive synthetic environment generated by a computer and is commonly regarded as a means of sensory stimulation in neural engineering. A series of physiological and psychological reactions will be generated while immersing in virtual reality. In order to verify gender differences in vection perception and potential physiological responses, 55 participants (28 females) were enrolled in an immersive virtual reality experiment simulating the optokinetic drum to invest the gender effect on vection perception and postural responses. We found vection perception was of no gender differences as well as postural oscillation onset. But postural responses presented stronger in women. The results might support the multi-sensory information explanation of gender difference in performing a directional task.
Blood‐feeding ecology of mosquitoes in zoos

To determine if the unique host assemblages in zoos influence blood‐feeding by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), a sampling programme was conducted in Greenville and Riverbanks Zoos, South Carolina, U.S.A. , from April 2009 to October 2010. A total of 4355 female mosquitoes of 14 species were collected, of which 106 individuals of nine species were blood‐fed. The most common taxa were Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes triseriatus (Say), Anopheles punctipennis (Say), Culex erraticus (Dyar & Knab), Culex pipiens complex (L.) and Culex restuans (Theobald). Molecular analyses (cytochrome b) of bloodmeals revealed that mosquitoes fed on captive animals, humans and wildlife, and took mixed bloodmeals. Host species included one amphibian, 16 birds, 10 mammals (including humans) and two reptiles. Minimum dispersal distances after feeding on captive hosts ranged from 15.5 m to 327.0 m. Mosquito–host associations generally conformed to previous accounts, indicating that mosquito behaviour inside zoos reflects that outside zoos. However, novel variation in host use, including new, exotic host records, warrants further investigation. Zoos, thus, can be used as experiment environments in which to study mosquito behaviour, and the findings extrapolated to non‐zoo areas, while providing medical and veterinary benefits to zoo animals, employees and patrons.
Lactoperoxidase Activity in Human Milk and in Saliva of Newborn Infants

Human milk and saliva from newborn infants were analyzed for their content of lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate. The activity of lactoperoxidase in infant saliva was variable but generally higher than that found in calf saliva. In contrast, the activity in human colostrum was low (∼5%) compared with that found in cow's milk. The enzyme was resistant to gastric juice. Thiocyanate was demonstrated in infant saliva in concentrations about one-third of that in adult saliva. The amounts of lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate in infant saliva are quite sufficient to inhibit bacterial growth in in vitro systems. The importance of this system in vivo has not yet been demonstrated. The availability of this system to both newborn calves and humans (in calves provided largely by colostrum and in human babies by saliva) might be indirect evidence of its importance.
Ortaöğretim Öğretmenlerinde Mobbing: Cinsiyet Yaş ve Lise Türü Değişkenleri Açisindan İncelenmesi Mobbing In the Secondary Education Teachers: Investigation from the Gender Age and High School

This survey has been made to reveal the level of mobbing experiences as a communication style among the teacher of secondary education. This survey has been fulfilled with the method of schoolsurvey in descriptional methods. For this aim, Personal Inform Formand Mobbing Criterion consist of 35 matters have been applied to 396 teachers being charged in the secondary education associations of MEB. That was
MicroRNAs and micromanaging the skeleton in disease, development and evolution

• Introduction • The skeleton in evolution, health and disease • An overview of skeletal development • miRNA biogenesis • miRNAs and genome evolution • microRNAs and the micromanagement of development • Micromanaging skeletal system development • Candidate miRNAs controlling skeletal development • The function of mirn140 in skeletal development: a case study • miRNAs and Hox gene patterning of the axial skeleton • microRNAs and microevolution: a hypothesis • Skeletal miRNAs and skeletal disease • Conclusions