Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1: Key ethical requirements and progress toward the definition of an international regulatory framework

Abstract: The outstanding results recently obtained in islet xenotransplantation suggest that porcine islet clinical trials may soon be scientifically appropriate. Before the initiation of such clinical studies, however, it is essential that a series of key ethical and regulatory conditions are satisfied. As far as ethics is concerned, the fundamental requirements have been previously reported in a position paper of the Ethics Committee of the International Xenotransplantation Association. These include aspects related to the selection of adequately informed, appropriate recipients; animal breeding and welfare; safety issues and the need for a favorable risk/benefit assessment based on strong efficacy data in relevant xenotransplantation studies in the primate. As most diabetic patients are not at risk of short‐term mortality without islet transplantation, only a small subset of patients could currently be considered for any type of islet transplant. However, there are potential advantages to xenotransplantation that could result in a favorable benefit‐over‐harm determination for islet xenotransplantation in this subpopulation and ultimately in a broader population of diabetic patients. With regard to regulatory aspects, the key concepts underlying the development of the regulatory models in existence in the United States, Europe and New Zealand are discussed. Each of these models provides an example of a well‐defined regulatory approach to ensure the initiation of well‐regulated and ethically acceptable clinical islet xenotransplantation trials. At this stage, it becomes apparent that only a well‐coordinated international effort such as that initiated by the World Health Organization, aimed at harmonizing xenotransplantation procedures according to the highest ethical and regulatory standards on a global scale, will enable the initiation of clinical xenotransplantation trials under the best auspices for its success and minimize any risk of failure.
A Two-Stage Classifier Approach using RepTree Algorithm for Network Intrusion Detection

In this paper, we present a two-stage classifier based on RepTree algorithm and protocols subset for network intrusion detection system. To evaluate the performance of our approach, we used the UNSW-NB15 data set and the NSL-KDD data set. In first phase our approach divides the incoming network traffics into three type of protocols TCP, UDP or Other, then classifies into normal or anomaly. In second stage a multiclass algorithm classify the anomaly detected in the first phase to identify the attacks class in order to choose the appropriate intervention. The number of features is reduced from over 40 to less than 20 features, according to the protocol, using feature selection techniques. The detection accuracy of 88,95% and 89,85% was achieved on the complete UNSW-NB15 and NSL-KDD data set, respectively using individual classifier, results are better as compared to the recent work on these data sets.
A Constructivist Perspective on Physics

This paper examines the problem of extending the programme of mathematical constructivism to applied mathematics. I am not concerned with the question of whether conventional mathematical physics makes essential use of the principle of excluded middle, but rather with the more fundamental question of whether the concept of physical infinity is constructively intelligible. I consider two kinds of physical infinity: a countably infinite constellation of stars and the infinitely divisible space-time continuum. I argue (contrary to Hellman) that these do not pose any insuperable problem for constructivism, and that constructivism may have a useful new perspective to offer on physics.
Trend-based asset flow in technical analysis and securities marketing

This article generalizes the asset flow model of the dynamics of equity prices to multiple groups of investors with distinct strategies and assessments of value. Applications include the closed-end fund puzzle, government privatizations, and marketing of initial and secondary offerings of equities. The generalized model is used to provide a theoretical foundation for the practice of technical analysis, in which price history and patterns are examined in order to obtain an indication of future prices. The asset flow model, which is an extension of price adjustment due to disequilibria, tracks the finite assets of each group and involves a preference function that is governed by the price trend in addition to the fundamental value of the equity. The system, which consists of a system of ordinary differential equations, uses four parameters that characterize the extent to which investors' preferences are governed by trend versus fundamental value, and the time scales associated with each motivation. The evolution toward equilibrium is found to be much more complex than the monotonic change that is implied by standard price theories. Finally, the time scale for the return to equilibrium, a concept crucial to securities marketing, is considered in a precise quantitative context. The asset flow approach provides a unified explanation for many of the basic patterns of technical analysis and market phenomena. In particular, the origin of a typical bubble can be explained on the basis of trend-based investors entering a market hitherto dominated by value-based investors. Thus, a channel of increasing prices yields to a breakout from a trend line. The formation of triangle patterns in prices has its origin in the emergence of a second group of investors, with a different assessment of value, that offers fresh supply or demand near a particular price. The article also considers applications to the marketing of securities, consumer preferences which are logically influenced by the popular trend (e.g., VHS versus Beta or long-distance telephone companies) and (particularly three-way) elections.
Anterior insular cortex activity to emotional salience of voices in a passive oddball paradigm

The human voice, which has a pivotal role in communication, is processed in specialized brain regions. Although a general consensus holds that the anterior insular cortex (AIC) plays a critical role in negative emotional experience, previous studies have not observed AIC activation in response to hearing disgust in voices. We used magnetoencephalography to measure the magnetic counterparts of mismatch negativity (MMNm) and P3a (P3am) in healthy adults while the emotionally meaningless syllables dada, spoken as neutral, happy, or disgusted prosodies, along with acoustically matched simple and complex tones, were presented in a passive oddball paradigm. The results revealed that disgusted relative to happy syllables elicited stronger MMNm-related cortical activities in the right AIC and precentral gyrus along with the left posterior insular cortex, supramarginal cortex, transverse temporal cortex, and upper bank of superior temporal cortex. The AIC activity specific to disgusted syllables (corrected p < 0.05) was associated with the hit rate of the emotional categorization task. These findings may clarify the neural correlates of emotional MMNm and lend support to the role of AIC in the processing of emotional salience already at the preattentive level.
Criteria and significance of dietary protein sources in humans. Summary of the workshop with recommendations.

The production of a sufﬁcient supply of food protein sources, of adequate quality, to meet the requirements for nitrogen and amino acids for humans will be a major challenge for the future, as population growth continues throughout the world. There remains a need for clear answers to the concep-tual questions of nitrogen and amino acid requirements and amino acid bioavailability and to practical questions regarding the routine and accurate evaluation of the ability of given protein sources to satisfy human nitrogen and amino acid requirements.Asdiscussed by Reeds (2000) and Young (2000), the nutritional requirement for dietary protein consists of three components: 1 ) amino acids that are nutritionally indispensable under all conditions (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine); 2 ) amino acids that can become conditionally indispensable under speciﬁc physiological or pathological conditions (e.g., cystine, tyrosine, taurine, gly-cine, arginine, glutamine and proline); and 3 ) nonspeciﬁc nitrogen for the synthesis of the nutritionally dispensable (nonessential) amino acids (aspartic acid, asparagine, glu-tamic acid, alanine and serine) and other physiologically important nitrogenous compounds. It of food protein
Psychological climate and individual factors as antecedents of work outcomes

European research in Work and Organizational Psychology traditionally has a phenomenological orientation, favours comprehensive models, and stresses the role of individuals and situational factors in the work process. This means that individual characteristics of employees and the notion of cognitive regulation within situations have a prominent place. In this study, we used a framework that incorporates both these aspects as determinants of work behaviour (Roe & Zijlstra, 1991) and applied this in research on psychological climate. Based on survey data from 406 hospital employees, we tested a model that specified organizational citizenship behaviour as a mediator of relationships between individual factors (psychological climate and self-efficacy) and work outcomes (quality of performance and emotional exhaustion). The results demonstrated support for our hypothesized model of how work behaviour mediates the relationship between these antecedents and outcomes. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
West Nile virus in complex with the Fab fragment of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody

Flaviviruses, such as West Nile virus (WNV), are significant human pathogens. The humoral immune response plays an important role in the control of flavivirus infection and disease. The structure of WNV complexed with the Fab fragment of the strongly neutralizing mAb E16 was determined to 14.5-Å resolution with cryo-electron microscopy. E16, an antibody with therapeutic potential, binds to domain III of the WNV envelope glycoprotein. Because of steric hindrance, Fab E16 binds to only 120 of the 180 possible binding sites on the viral surface. Fitting of the previously determined x-ray structure of the Fab–domain III complex into the cryo-electron microscopy density required a change of the elbow angle between the variable and constant domains of the Fab. The structure suggests that the E16 antibody neutralizes WNV by blocking the initial rearrangement of the E glycoprotein before fusion with a cellular membrane.
School context and gender differences in mathematical performance among school graduates in Russia

Gender differences in mathematical performance have received considerable scrutiny in the fields of sociology, economics and psychology. We analyse a large data-set of high school graduates who took a standardised mathematical test in Russia in 2011 (n = 738,456) and find no substantial difference in mean test scores across boys and girls. However, boys have a greater variance of scores and are more numerous at the top of the distribution. We apply quantile regression to model the association between school characteristics and gender differences in test scores throughout the distribution of test scores. Male advantage in test scores, particularly at the top of the distribution, is concentrated in cities and in the schools with an advanced curriculum. In other high schools, especially in the countryside, gender differences in all parts of the distribution are small. We suggest several mechanisms based on selection and school effects that account for our findings.
User Views and Experiences of Post-Adoption Services: A Study of a Regional Post-Adoption Agency

While there has been a growing awareness of the need for post-adoption services for all those personally affected by adoption, little is known about the views and experiences of those who make use of them. The findings here, reported by Perlita Harris, derive from a collaborative study by the University of Warwick and the West Midlands Post Adoption Service (WMPAS), undertaken as a doctoral research project. The aim of the study was to centralise the views of users of WMPAS. The analysis revealed that nearly all service users had approached other people and places for help prior to contacting WMPAS, that most evaluated WMPAS services highly and that, for the majority, receiving a service had in many ways made a positive difference to their lives. Implications for the provision of post-adoption services are discussed, together with some of the study's recommendations. In particular, the latter address publicity, the development of new services and increasing accessibility.
pH dependency of sclerotial development and pathogenicity revealed by using genetically defined oxalate-minus mutants of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

The devastating plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produces copious (up to 50 mM) amounts of oxalic acid, which, for over a quarter century, has been claimed as the pathogenicity determinant based on UV-induced mutants that concomitantly lost oxalate production and pathogenicity. Such a claim was made without fulfilling the molecular Koch's postulates because the UV mutants are genetically undefined and harbour a developmental defect in sclerotial production. Here, we generated oxalate-minus mutants of S. sclerotiorum using two independent mutagenesis techniques, and tested the resulting mutants for growth at different pHs and for pathogenicity on four host plants. The oxalate-minus mutants accumulated fumaric acid, produced functional sclerotia and have reduced ability to acidify the environment. The oxalate-minus mutants retained pathogenicity on plants, but their virulence varied depending on the pH and buffering capacity of host tissue. Acidifying the host tissue enhanced virulence of the oxalate-minus mutants, whereas supplementing with oxalate did not. These results suggest that it is low pH, not oxalic acid itself, that establishes the optimum conditions for growth, reproduction, pathogenicity and virulence expression of S. sclerotiorum. Exonerating oxalic acid as the primary pathogenicity determinant will stimulate research into identifying additional candidates as pathogenicity factors towards better understanding and managing Sclerotinia diseases.
Optimal Reset Law Design and Its Application to Transient Response Improvement of HDD Systems

This brief investigates optimal reset law design of reset control systems with fixed reset time instants. First, closed-loop reset control systems are changed to discrete-time linear control systems with reset values as control inputs. Then the optimal reset law design problems are transferred to linear quadratic regulation problems and the optimal reset laws are then obtained by solving algebraic Riccati equations. As an application, the proposed technique is applied to track-seeking control of a kind of hard disk drive systems. Simulations show that the transient response is improved significantly. Especially, the proposed long-span seeking reset control is almost bang-bang, but the design process is much simpler.
Matrix Decomposition Architecture for MIMO Systems: Design and Implementation Trade-offs

The singular value decomposition (SVD) and the QR decomposition (QRD) are two prominent matrix decomposition algorithms used in various signal processing applications. In the field of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems, the SVD and the QRD are employed for beamforming and for channel-matrix preprocessing for MIMO detection, respectively. In this paper, we describe a minimum- area matrix decomposition architecture that is programmable to perform QRD and SVD with variable precision and we investigate the associated design and implementation trade-offs. Our reference implementation achieves a hardware efficiency of up to 325 k SVDs/s/mm2 and 1.92 M QRDs/s/mm2 for complex-valued 4 times 4-matrices in 0.18 mum CMOS technology.
A fast and simple stretch-minimizing mesh parameterization

We propose a fast and simple method for generating a low-stretch mesh parameterization. Given a triangle mesh, we start from the floater shape preserving parameterization and then improve the parameterization gradually. At each improvement step, we optimize the parameterization generated at the previous step by minimizing a weighted quadratic energy where the weights are chosen in order to minimize the parameterization stretch. This optimization procedure does not generate triangle flips if the boundary of the parameter domain is a convex polygon. Moreover already the first optimization step produces a high-quality mesh parameterization. We compare our parameterization procedure with several state-of-the-art mesh parameterization methods and demonstrate its speed and high efficiency in parameterizing large and geometrically complex models.
The Effect of a Head-up Speedometer on Speeding Behavior

The effectiveness of a head-up display (HUD) was investigated as a means of controlling drivers' speeding behavior on a highway, a residential road, and as a means of minimizing the effects of speed adaptation. 40 subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions, using either a HUD or a conventional speedometer and being speed-adapted or nonspeed-adapted. Analysis indicated that no group drove significantly faster than any other group on any measured section of residential road or highway under any condition. Plausible explanations for the observed results are discussed.
The newly qualified teacher: a leader and a professional? A Norwegian study

This article is based on a Norwegian study. The focus is two‐fold, including the views of both new teachers and leaders on the issue of leadership and professionalism. First, the focus is on the way newly qualified teachers describe how they function in the school and kindergarten organizations. The discussion explores how new teachers’ meetings with these organizations influence their daily life as teachers, and thereby their progress toward proficiency. Secondly, the focus shifts from the perspective of the new teachers to that of the organization leaders, who emphasize that professional competence is complex. In their view, it includes important aspects of the teacher’s role such as authority, leadership and how to act as teachers—important elements in the development of professionalism in this field the first years as teachers.
Dyadic Taxonomy of Delinquent Youth

Using latent class analysis (LCA), this study identified a dyadic taxonomy of delinquent youth categorized by varying types of maternal-youth reporting discrepancies (i.e., youth < maternal, youth > maternal) within a sample of 764 14-year-old high-risk youth. Four distinctive subgroups of youth were identified, two of which reported more than a minimal degree of informant discrepancy across all domains of delinquent behavior. One subgroup exhibited higher maternal-reported delinquency in comparison with youth reports, and one subgroup exhibited higher youth-reported delinquency in comparison with maternal reports. Additionally, risk factors (e.g., peer delinquency, caregiver monitoring) and delinquency-related difficulties (e.g., police contact) were associated with youth placement in the LCA-identified subgroups. Study findings suggest that youth with higher levels of self-reported delinquency compared with maternal reports may be at greater risk for delinquency-related difficulties due to problems related to inadequate monitoring by caregivers combined with greater involvement with peer delinquency.
Effects of 12-Week Resistance Training on Sprint and Jump Performances in Competitive Adolescent Rugby Union Players

Abstract Harries, SK, Lubans, DR, Buxton, A, MacDougall, THJ, and Callister, R. Effects of 12-week resistance training on sprint and jump performances in competitive adolescent rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2762–2769, 2018—Sprint performance is an important characteristic for success in many sports, including rugby union. Resistance training is used to increase muscular fitness (i.e., strength, endurance, and power) and may also be effective for improving sprint and jump performances. The aims of this study were to examine the effects of resistance training using 2 different periodized programs (linear and daily undulating) on sprint and jump performances and explore relationships between performance measures. Sixteen male (16.9 ± 1.0 years) adolescent rugby union players participated in 12 weeks of resistance training. A further 10 male (15.5 ± 1.0 years) participants were recruited as a control group. Assessments of strength (box squat), 10- and 20-m sprint (electronically timed), and jump height (maximal unloaded (body mass only) and loaded (body mass + 10 kg) countermovement jumps) were conducted before and after 12 weeks training. Large to very large increases in 1 repetition maximum box squat (linear: 33.9%; p < 0.001; effect size (ES) = 1.64; daily undulating: 44.5%; p < 0.001; ES = 2.33) were observed after training. Small decreases were seen in 10-m (linear: −1.6%; p = 0.171; ES = −0.84; daily undulating: −2.5%; p = 0.038; ES = −0.36) and 20-m (linear: −0.5%; p = 0.506; ES = −0.20; daily undulating: −1.7%; p = 0.047; ES = −0.27) sprint times. Small-to-moderate associations between changes in lower-body strength and improvements in 10- and 20-m sprint times were found. Resistance training increases lower-body strength in adolescent rugby union players and increases in lower-body strength may transfer to improved sprinting performance with improvements after daily undulating periodized resistance training slightly superior.
Association of SUDOSCAN Values with Vibration Perception Threshold in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Aims/Introduction SUDOSCAN has been proved to be an efficient method in detecting diabetic microvascular complications. In this study, we determine to detect the possible relationship between vibration perception threshold (VPT) and cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) values produced by SUDOSCAN. Materials and Methods A total of 920 Chinese patients with T2DM were enrolled in the study. Spearman correlation analysis and multivariate regression analysis were performed to determine the relation between CAN and VPT values. Mean VPT values across the CAN value tertiles were analyzed stratified by HbA1c status. Results In the study, we discovered a relatively high correlation between CAN value and both VPT values from dorsal feet and toes. Multivariate regression analyses also showed a significant relation between VPT and CAN values after adjusting all covariates. The mean value of VPT decreased across the SUDOSCAN-CAN value quartiles in both groups, and it was higher in patients with HbA1C > 9% than in patients with HbA1C < 9% across all quartiles of the SUDOSCAN-CAN except for the VPT mean in the low quartile of the SUDOSCAN-CAN value. Conclusions All these results suggested that SUDOSCAN-CAN result was associated with VPT value which indicated a probable link between VPT value and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction.