Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient Translation of External Input in a Dynamically Typed Language

New algorithms are given to compile external data in string form into data structures for high level datatypes. Let I be a language of external constants formed from atomic constants and from set, multiset, and tuple constructors. We show how to read an input string C, decide whether it belongs to I, convert it to internal form, and build initial data structures storing the internal value of C in linear worst case time with respect to the number of symbols in C. The algorithm does not require hashing or address arithmetic, but relies only on list processing. A principal subproblem is to detect and remove duplicate elements from set-valued input. To solve this subproblem we extend the technique of multiset discrimination [2, 5] to detect all duplicate elements of a multiset, where these elements may themselves be tuples, multisets, or sets with arbitrary degree of nesting. To handle the case where the elements are multisets, we introduce a new technique called weak sorting, which sorts all of these multisets uniformly according to an arbitrary total order computed by the algorithm. The cost of computing this total order and of sorting all of the multisets is linear in the sum of the number of elements in each of the multisets. Our algorithms are based on a sequential pointer RAM model of computation [4, 7], which accesses and stores data using pointers but disallows address arithmetic (which precludes direct access into arrays). This improves on previous algorithms used to solve the related reading problem in SETL [3, 6]. Those algorithms used hashing even for deeply nested data to detect duplicate values. If we assume that hashing unit-space data takes unit expected time and linear worst case time, then for arbitrary data their algorithm would require linear expected time and quadratic worst case time in the number of symbols in C.
Detection of Multiple Changes in Fractional Integrated ARMA Processes

This paper addresses the problem of changepoint detection in FARIMA processes. The received signal is modeled as a FARIMA process, with abrupt changes in the Hurst and ARMA parameters. The proposed changepoint detection method first estimates the model parameters over small segments. The changes are then detected in the parameter vector sequence by minimizing an appropriate least-squares criterion. The cases of known, as well as unknown, number of changes are investigated. Dynamic programming is used to solve this optimization problem. A theoretical analysis of the statistical properties of the change point estimates is provided. Simulation results on synthetic data and real network traffic data are presented.
SKEPTICAL RECIPROCITY AND PRINCIPLED DEFECTION 1 Skeptical Reciprocity and Principled Defection: On Social Roots of Non-Cooperative Behavior

Cooperating with others often entails some sacrifice of one's own material interests. Many theories of reciprocity and cooperation thus assert a social-material tradeoff. In these theories, people reciprocate cooperation when they prioritize how they treat others and how others treat them. They do not reciprocate cooperation when they prioritize their own material well-being. We challenge this perspective by presenting and testing a game-theoretic model in which people frequently do not reciprocate cooperation precisely for social reasons. The model is attribution-based and taps people's skepticism about each other's motives. To illustrate, consider first-move cooperation in a sequential, one-shot prisoners' dilemma. This behavior could be attributed to kindness; the first-mover caring about the second-mover. But it could also be attributed to tactical self-interest; the first-mover attempting to elicit the second-mover's reciprocal cooperation because it is materially profitable. Individuals we term " skeptical reciprocators " do not reciprocate cooperation they attribute to tactics rather than kindness. Even when they prioritize social concerns, good treatment alone does not prompt their positive reciprocity. They ask why they received good treatment, and absent a strong signal of kindness, do not reciprocate. If skeptical reciprocity is prevalent, the fundamental impediment to mutual cooperation in sequential prisoners' dilemmas is not that non-cooperation is materially payoff dominant. It is that first-movers cannot prove their kindness. More generally, much non-cooperation may arise not because people are self-interested, but because they worry others are. Two experiments highlight an upside of skeptical reciprocity: when first-movers can convincingly signal kindness, reciprocity rates are extremely high.
Interleukin-6 receptor signaling disruption prevents cardiac allograft deterioration in mice.

OBJECTIVES Interleukin-6, a pleiotropic cytokine that functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses, has been implicated in allograft rejection. We analyzed the efficacy of anti interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in delaying allograft rejection in a murine model of a heart. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate the role of interleukin-6 receptor signal transduction in acute and chronic allograft rejection, we blocked interleukin-6 receptor signaling to suppress the alloimmune response in C57BL/6 recipients of BALB/c cardiac allografts. RESULTS Administration of a high-dose α-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody prevented the intragraft infiltration of inflammatory cells and lymphocytes and prolonged allograft survival during the peritransplant period. However, all allografts were rejected by 23.5 days after transplant. In contrast, cardiac allograft recipients treated with a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin plus continued administration of low-dose α-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody showed long-term graft survival compared with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin monotherapy. A histologic analysis revealed that graft fibrosis was prevented in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin plus high-dose α-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody group, but not in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin alone group. This suggests that deterioration of graft function associated with chronic rejection could be prevented by blocking interleukin-6 receptor signaling. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of interleukin-6 receptor signaling is an effective strategy for modulating proinflammatory immune responses and preventing chronic rejection.
The views and experiences of parents of children with autistic spectrum disorder about educational provision: comparisons with parents of children with other disabilities from an online survey

A recent review of educational provision for children with special educational needs by the House of Commons Education and Skills Committee in 2006 singled out children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) as being in need of special attention and highlighted the frustration felt by parents. One implication is that parents of children with ASD find it disproportionately difficult to obtain appropriate educational provision for their children compared with families with children with other disabilities. This paper compares the views of parents of children with (n = 66) and without (n = 59) ASD about educational provision across mainstream and special schools from an online survey in the United Kingdom. Results show that whilst there are some differences in experiences between groups of parents (ASD versus non‐ASD), their views are more similar than different both in relation to positive aspects of provision as well as areas for improvement. A majority of parents in both groups were mostly satisfied with their child’s current educational provision, although concerns about transitions between and beyond schools were common to both groups. There was no evidence to suggest that disability legislation in the United Kingdom (Disability Discrimination Act 1995 – Part IV) had made a significant impact on parents, either in informational or practical terms. Improvements in educational provision need to support all children with special educational needs or disabilities rather than singling out a group of children with particular needs.
Understanding ‘religious understanding’ in religious education

This paper takes as its starting point, one of the explicit aims of religious education in England, namely, the development of students’ religious understanding. It shows how curriculum documentation, whilst stating that religious understanding is an aim of religious education fails to clearly outline what is meant by it. This paper draws upon long-standing and ongoing debates in the field and suggests that religious understanding may be best conceived as a spectrum of understanding. Approached in this way, religious understanding becomes not an all or nothing affair, but a lens through which the student of religion may regard the beliefs and practices before them. Finally, the paper proposes an interpretation of religious understanding, which focuses on the soteriological dimension of religion, thus providing the student with a particularly religious lens to understand religious traditions in religious education and concludes by outlining what such an approach might look like in practice.
The Perils of Political Correctness: Men's and Women's Responses to Old-Fashioned and Modern Sexist Views

In this study we examined the responses of male and female research participants to information about the endorsement of either old-fashioned or modern sexist views by a sample of either men or women. We predicted that expressions of modern sexism may seem unobjectionable but can have negative consequences. Moreover, they can impair behavioral responses and therefore remain unchallenged. The results show that female participants in particular were relatively disinclined to recognize expressions of modern sexism as prejudicial. Furthermore, while old-fashioned sexist views generally elicited hostility, exposure to modern sexist opinions evoked anxiety in female participants, while it decreased anxiety among male participants. We conclude that modern forms of prejudice may prove perilous: although they may undermine the self, they seem inoffensive and as a result remain unchallenged.
Résumé Therapy and Vocational Test Feedback: Tailoring Interventions to Self-Efficacy Outcomes

Self-efficacy is a useful construct in vocational psychology because it helps us conceptualize client issues, interventions to address those issues, and instrumentation to assess vocational status and improvement. This article details two separate studies with veterans seeking vocational assistance within a Veteran's Affairs Medical Center. In both studies, the interventions themselves were designed around the strengthening of specific self-efficacy expectations. In the first study, patients' efficacy regarding general job search and decision-making behaviors was targeted using little more than traditional résumé preparation. In the second study, personality and cognitive functioning test feedback provided a platform to discuss difficult personality issues, their usual manifestation in the patient's work life, and the patient's efficacy about integrating this information in future career decision-making, job seeking, and work. In both studies, moderate to large effect sizes supported the effectiveness of our interventions.
Impact of Family Relationships on Attitudes of the Second Generation in Family Business

This research is undertaken to examine the influence of family relationships on attitudes of the second generation working in their parents' family businesses. Two specific family variables are delineated: family cohesion and family adaptability. The outcome variables are organizational commitment, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and propensity to leave. Relationships among outcome variables are also examined. A survey questionnaire is used as the research instrument. Results and implications of findings are discussed.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Intermittent Vancomycin in Children with Cystic Fibrosis

Vancomycin is the drug‐of‐choice for the treatment of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in children with cystic fibrosis. However, no studies have characterized the pharmacokinetic profile of vancomycin among pediatric cystic fibrosis patients.
Techniques for perfusion imaging with microbubble contrast agents

The acoustic properties of ultrasound contrast agents vary widely with agent composition and insonation conditions. For contrast imaging, methods are required to match RF and Doppler processing to each combination of transmission parameters and agent and tissue properties. We propose a method that uses the measured or modeled echoes from agent and tissue to specify directly the characteristics of RF and Doppler filters for contrast imaging. The proposed method is sufficiently general to cover most common imaging techniques including harmonic greyscale, Doppler, and pulse inversion imaging. Using this method, sample filters were designed to detect myocardial perfusion with the contrast agent Optison/sup TM/ (Mallinckrodt Medical, St. Louis, MO) under selected imaging conditions. Simplified power Doppler filtering, using a weighted sum of the Doppler samples, matched the performance of more complicated matrix filters. By coordinating the selection of RF and Doppler filters rather than designing these filters sequentially, agent-to-tissue contrast was increased by up to 3.9 dB. Under some conditions, fundamental RF filtering outperformed harmonic filtering for intermittent Doppler imaging.
NESTING BIOLOGY, MORPHOLOGICAL REMARKS, AND DESCRIPTION OF THE MATURE LARVA OF MELLINUS ARVENSIS OBSCURUS (HYMENOPTERA: CRABRONIDAE) IN NEPAL

Abstract Recently re-named as a sub-species of Mellinus arvensis, Mellinus arvensis obscurus Handlirsch 1888 was investigated ecologically and morphologically in Nepal, in order to underline the most important differences with the well known M. arvensis arvensis. Mellinus arvensis obscurus females nested in clumped aggregations on inclined plains at high altitudes, both on sunny bare soil and on a shaded grassy one. Beginning of monsoon season probably interfered with wasp activity, and females performed few provisioning flights during the day. Prey consisted of a broad range of Diptera, except for one case of a spider. Many females were observed not provisioning a nest but floating on the nesting site, and many intraspecific interactions suggested a high degree of usurpation attempts. At least one species of flies and two of ants probably acted as natural enemies of the wasp. Morphological observations on females showed that the Nepal population shares more similarities (shape of tergite I, body punctation) with the European populations than with the closer Japanese population; melanization is strong, according to west-east and altitudinal cline. The mature larva of M. arvensis obscurus Handlirsch is described, illustrated, and compared with the other mature larva of the genus. The differences between both larvae mainly lie in the presence/absence, and number or differentiation of integumental structures. We conclude that morphological traits are more important than ecological and behavioral ones in distinguishing M. arvensis obscurus from M. arvensis arvensis.
Child and Adolescent Behaviorally Based Disorders

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the historical construction and empirical support of two child and adolescent behaviorally based mental health disorders: oppositional defiant and conduct disorders. Method: The study utilized a historiography methodology to review, from 1880 to 2012, these disorders’ inclusion in psychiatric nosology systems, related historical and medical system material, and published empirical literature. Results: Analysis found limited reliability support and almost no construct or criterion validity support for either early dynamic classification diagnoses or today’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder’s (DSM’s) descriptive symptomology categories. Conclusion: This is cause for concern because of the high diagnostic prevalence rates for these child and adolescent disorders, diagnostic-driven practice within the field, and the inordinate influence of the DSM on the clinical social work profession.
Restoration in Urban Spaces

Despite promising experimental findings, few studies have addressed the potential long-term health benefits of frequent contact with different kinds of urban nature. We examine the cross-sectional relations between two kinds of urban nature (neighborhood vegetation visible from the home, use of public green spaces) and health outcomes (life satisfaction, perceived general health, 2-months hair cortisol levels) in a sample population from Berlin (N = 32) using a mixed-method approach. Participants whose homes had views of high amounts of diverse kinds of vegetation had significantly lower cortisol levels. Moreover, participants who regularly used a vegetated trail along a canal had significantly lower cortisol levels and reported significantly higher life satisfaction than less frequent users. In addition, vegetated routes or paths played an important role in the restorative activities and daily commutes of participants. We discuss directions for future research and recommend more consideration of greenways in urban development.
Multiple Predictors of Korean Elderly Men's Leisure Participation

This study examines the leisure constraints experienced by elderly men and investigates how leisure constraints affect their level of participation in leisure activities. A convenience sampling of the independent elderly, sixty or older, residing in Seoul and the province of Kyenggi in Korea comprised the study sample. Of the total 275 participants, 164 were male. The study employed hierarchical multiple regression analysis including demographic, health status, financial status, and leisure constraint factors impacting participation in leisure activities. The findings of the study highlight the importance of interpersonal constraints of elderly men in leisure participation. The elderly men reported significantly higher levels of interpersonal constraints than the elderly women. Financial status factors, such as leisure allowance and employment status, were confirmed to be more influential predictors in determining the elderly men's leisure participation. Practice implications include considering interpersonal constraints or financial status to enhance elderly men's leisure life.
Decision‐making training for occupational choice and early turnover: a field experiment

Purpose – The study seeks to examine how a short intervention, aimed at enhancing occupational choice skills, influences turnover during the early stages of organizational membership. It seeks to explore two theoretical rationales for this effect: social exchange and self‐determination.Design/methodology/approach – The study is a “constructive replication” of previous research, and it employed a similar field experimentation methodology. Groups of candidates in the Technical School of the Israeli Air Force were randomly assigned to experimental (Decision Making Training) and control groups. Perceived Organizational Support and turnover were measured at two points in time.Findings – The results showed that the intervention reduced turnover (relative to a control group) as measured at two points in time – at the end of a technical training program and six months later into their military service. Perceived Organizational Support was not enhanced by the intervention. The experimental results were consistent .
Investor Protection and Entry

Entry requires external finance, especially for less wealthy entrepreneurs, so poor investor protection limits competition. We model how incumbents lobby harder to block access to finance to entrants when politicians are less accountable to voters. In a broad cross-section of countries and industries, we find that (i) entry rates and the total number of producers are positively correlated with investor protection in financially dependent sectors and (ii) countries with more accountable political institutions have better investor protection and lower entry costs. We also find that investor protection is more critical to entry than financial market development. We measure political accountability as access to information. Newspaper readership has much more explanatory power than formal measures of democracies. The effect of diffusion of the press is not due to differences in education or in state ownership of the press. Thus newspaper readership appears to proxy for the degree of informed private scrutiny on political decisions.
Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from vacuum-packaged beef.

The characteristics of 177 psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria isolated from vacuum-packaged fresh beef have been studied. Eighteen isolates were identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides and the remainder were lactobacilli. None of these could be identified down to a species level and they were considered to be atypical streptobacteria or atypical betabacteria. Atypical streptobacteria produced both isomers of lactic acid and did not ferment lactose and maltose. Atypical beta-bacteria produced only L(+) lactic acid. The nature of the isolates varied considerably from pack to pack. The API 50 lactobacillus identification system proved useful in studying these organisms.
The Index of Individuality Is Often a Misinterpreted Quantity Characteristic

Abstract The concept of the “index of individuality” was introduced by Eugene Harris in 1974. The index of individuality, calculated as (CVA 2 + CVI 2)1/2/CVG, where CvA, CvI, and CvG are analytical, within-subject, and between-subject coefficients of variation respectively, has been used by many to investigate the utility of conventional population-based reference values. For a high index of individuality, >1.4, it has been said that reference intervals will be more useful than for a low index, < 0.6. The validity of these concepts is investigated here and a number of our findings are at odds with the generally held opinion. The index of individuality has no impact on the fraction of individuals classified using population-based reference values, as long as the change in concentration from the usual state is of the same absolute magnitude and one sample is assayed to detect disease. However, when a measurement falling outside a reference limit is repeated in order to verify the finding, the index of individuality has considerable influence. For quantities with very low indices, the repeat test result, will be close to the first and give no new information, whereas for quantities with high indices, a repeat test will decrease the number of true positives and false positives.