Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-order Sliding-mode Differentiator Based Actuator Fault Diagnosis For Linear Systems with Arbitrary Relative Degree and Unmatched Unknown Inputs

Many existing fault diagnosis schemes require two either implicit or explicit assumptions. An often implicit is that the relative degrees from the generalized input vector, including both known and unknown inputs, to the outputs are no larger than one. The other is that the unknown inputs, if present, satisfy certain matching conditions. Little result exists for systems with relative degree not necessarily less than one and with unmatched unknown inputs. In this paper, in order to remove the relative degree assumption and to allow the presence of unmatched unknown inputs, four actuator fault diagnosis problems are studied for a general class of linear systems. These are: P1) Under what conditions can actuator faults be detected? ; P2) Is actuator fault isolation possible, and if yes, how many actuator faults can be isolated simultaneously? ; P3) Is it possible to estimate the shape of the actuator faults? ; P4) What is the design approach for accomplishing these objectives? The above problems are solved via using both the outputs and their high-order derivatives. Because only the outputs are measured, higher-order output derivatives are estimated using the recently developed high-order sliding-mode robust differentiators (HSMRDs). The solutions for the first two problems are based on a concept called actuator fault isolation index (AFIX). Using this concept, it is proved that, under some conditions, actuator faults are detectable if and only if AFIX ges 1, and l actuator faults can be isolated if and only if AFIX ges l + 1. For the third problem, a method which can be used to estimate the faults is proposed. To solve the fourth problem, an actuator fault diagnosis scheme is designed using both the measured outputs and their estimated derivatives obtained by HSMRDs. Finally, an example is given to show the effectiveness of our fault diagnosis scheme in terms of fault detection, isolation and estimation
Distribution of somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity in the monkey amygdala

The distribution of somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity was studied in the macaque monkey (Macaca fascicularis) by using primary antisera that recognize somatostatin‐28 (S309) or somatostatin‐281‐12 (S320). Somatostatin‐immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were observed in all amygdaloid nuclei and cortical regions. The density of labeled cells varied substantially, however, both within and across the various amygdaloid subdivisions. The highest densities of labeled neurons were observed in layer III of the periamygdaloid cortex, in layers II and III of the medial nucleus, in the magnocellular division of the accessory basal nucleus, and in the medial portion of the lateral nucleus. Many labeled cells were also consistently observed in the caudoventral portion of the lateral division of the central nucleus. Labeled cells were heterogeneous in size and shape ranging from small and spherical to large and multipolar. The density of somatostatin‐immunoreactive fibers also varied greatly from region to region and was often inversely related to the density of immunoreactive cells. Highest densities of immunoreactive fibers were observed in the periamygdaloid cortex, medial nucleus, parvicellular division of the accessory basal nucleus, paralaminar nucleus, ventrolateral portion of the lateral nucleus, parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, and the lateral division of the central nucleus. Fibers and terminals in the central nucleus had a coarsely varicose appearance and this pattern of staining was continuous along the trajectory of the central nucleus projection to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The large, immunoreactive varicosities located in this area often appeared to outline dendritic or vascular profiles within the substantia innominata. The lowest levels of somatostatin‐immunoreactive fibers were observed in the magnocellular division of the basal nucleus and in the ventromedial portion of the accessory basal nucleus.
The Annual African American Conference on Diabetes: Evolving Program Evaluation With Evolving Program Implementation

Background According to 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, South Carolina has the fourth highest rate of overall diabetes among the 50 states (9.3%) but the second highest rate among African Americans (15.5%). Nationwide, African Americans are disproportionately affected by diabetes. In addition, 40% of the African American population in South Carolina lives in a rural area, and approximately 26% live at or below the poverty level. Lack of access to health care and diabetes education are additional barriers for people with diabetes and their families. Context Since 1997, the South Carolina Diabetes Prevention and Control Program and the Diabetes Today Advisory Council have sponsored the African American Conference on Diabetes, which targets African Americans with diabetes, their families, and their caregivers. This article describes the evolution of the conference and its evaluation. Methods In 2002, we conducted focus groups with 20 African American conference attendees with diabetes to 1) assess the program's effects, 2) determine how to reach more individuals, and 3) improve programming. In 2004, we incorporated the preconference and postconference Diabetes Understanding Scale survey to assess the cognitive impact of the conference on participants. Consequences Focus group results revealed that participants wanted to attend the conference because of the opportunity to increase their knowledge and change their behaviors through 1) education, 2) social support, 3) resources, and 4) logistics. Self-rated understanding increased significantly after the conference for each cognitive understanding item on the Diabetes Understanding Scale. Interpretation Focus group results suggested that participants who continue to attend the conference year after year may improve diabetes self-management skills. A quantitative evaluation showed that this 1-day diabetes education conference significantly increased short-term, self-rated cognitive understanding of diabetes behaviors.
Loss of Wnt5a Disrupts Primordial Germ Cell Migration and Male Sexual Development in Mice1

ABSTRACT Disruptions in the regulatory pathways controlling sex determination and differentiation can cause disorders of sex development, often compromising reproductive function. Although extensive efforts have been channeled into elucidating the regulatory mechanisms controlling the many aspects of sexual differentiation, the majority of disorders of sex development phenotypes are still unexplained at the molecular level. In this study, we have analyzed the potential involvement of Wnt5a in sexual development and show in mice that Wnt5a is male-specifically upregulated within testicular interstitial cells at the onset of gonad differentiation. Homozygous deletion of Wnt5a affected sexual development in male mice, causing testicular hypoplasia and bilateral cryptorchidism despite the Leydig cells producing factors such as Hsd3b1 and Insl3. Additionally, Wnt5a-null embryos of both sexes showed a significant reduction in gonadal germ cell numbers, which was caused by aberrant primordial germ cell migration along the hindgut endoderm prior to gonadal colonization. Our results indicate multiple roles for Wnt5a during mammalian reproductive development and help to clarify further the etiology of Robinow syndrome (OMIM 268310), a disease previously linked to the WNT5A pathway.
Voting Behavior, Discrimination and the National Baseball Hall of Fame

The authors investigate whether black, Latin, and white major league baseball players receive the same consideration by the Baseball Writers' Association of America in voting for membership into the National Baseball Hall of Fame. The first stage of James Heckman's (1979) two-step procedure indicates that the probability a black player will ever receive at least one vote is significantly lower than that for his white counterpart. The second stage suggests that race or ethnicity sometimes matter in determining the number of votes a candidate receives for Hall of Fame membership. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.
Studies on oxidant-antioxidant and trace minerals alteration in equine upper respiratory affection.

In equine field, respiratory affections are common diagnostic problems, strangles is a bacterial disease causing airway affection in young horses. This study aimed to evaluate oxidant/antioxidant status in strangles affected horses. Fifteen horses (15) were evaluated in this study, the levels of SOD, GPx, Catalase, MDA, hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant trace minerals (Zn and Cu) were estimated. Significant decrease in SOD, GPx, Zn along with significant increase in MDA and hydrogen peroxide levels were recorded. Oxidative process has been associated with strangles infection in horses leading to oxidant-antioxidant imbalance and its effect extends to associate antioxidant trace minerals, thus, a future thinking of adding antioxidant supplementation to regular treatment regimen may be rewarding.
Digitisation, ‘Big Data’ and the transformation of accounting information

Developments in digitisation, software and processing power and the accompanying data explosion create significant alterations, dilemmas and possibilities for enterprises and their finance function. The article discusses a model for understanding data, information and knowledge relationships. We apply the model to examine developments in strategy, organisational and cost structures, digitisation, business analytics, outsourcing, offshoring and cloud computing. We argue that organisations need to be sensitised to different types of knowledge, the challenges in creating and applying that knowledge, and be more circumspect about what can be achieved through advances in information-based technologies and software. We point to both the potential of and the complexities presented by Big Data in relation to the finance function generally and to management accounting information provision specifically. We suggest that ‘Big Data’ and data analysis techniques enable executives to act on structured and unstructured information but such action must recognise that the traditionally presumed sequential and linear links among corporate strategy, firm structure and information systems design are no longer in play. Additionally, cost structure changes are affected by developments in how data, information and knowledge can be utilised. We discuss the outsourcing and offshoring of work and their data, information and knowledge ramifications as well as those related to cloud computing. We conclude that the possibilities for the digitally enabled business create a range of ‘information literacy’ challenges as well as new possibilities for accounting information providers.
Regime Switching and Stock-Bond Co-Skewness

If asset returns have systematic skewness, expected returns should include rewards for accepting this risk. This idea can be extended to two different asset classes: stocks and bonds. There are two systematic skewness measures: stock co-skewness (the relation between stock return and bond volatility) and bond co-skewness (the relation between bond return and stock volatility). With monthly data from the past 150 years for both the U.S. and U.K. markets, we characterize conditional co-skewness between stock and bond premiums using a bivariate regime-switching model. Both U.S. stock and bond co-skewnesses command negative ex ante risk premiums. If these measures increase by their one standard deviation, the expected stock and bond premiums will decrease by 4.5 percent and 0.6 percent per year respectively. The cross-market co-skewness effects are also present in U.K. data.
Reconceptualizing competitive dynamics: : A multidimensional framework

type="main" xml:id="smj2245-abs-0001"> Competitive dynamics research, despite progress, lacks a conceptual framework that can extend the field's reach to address today's environment. Increasing stakeholder power and globalization are but two of the organizational and economic forces compelling a broader conceptualization of competition. Our framework expands competitive dynamics along five dimensions—aims of competition, mode of competing, roster of actors, action toolkit, and time horizon of interaction—that prove useful for contrasting the rivalrous and competitive-cooperative modes and a new approach we call relational competition. We draw conjectures about the moderators, such as industry and culture, that determine the appropriateness of these forms of interaction, and conclude by relating our method to three discrete perspectives: the configurational, transaction cost, and stakeholder views . Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Market Orientation and Performance: Objective and Subjective Empirical Evidence from UK Companies

The link between market orientation and performance has been claimed largely on the basis of the analysis of subjective measures of performance. Consequently, the aim of this study is to examine the links between market orientation and objectively measured financial performance. The paper begins with a brief examination of the definition and components of market orientation. Thereafter, extant research into the consequences of developing market orientation is reviewed critically, leading to the development of a number of research hypotheses. After detailing the research design and methodology adopted in this study, the findings of a survey of UK industry are presented. Briefly, the results indicate that when subjective measures of performance are adopted, market orientation is associated with company performance in certain environmental conditions. However, when objective measures of performance are adopted, we see a narrower range of environmental conditions where market orientation is positively associated with performance. The paper concludes with a series of implications for both theorists and practitioners.
KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS OF MANUFACTURING EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE: THE IMPACT OF CUSTOMERS AND EMPLOYEES

Purpose – The objective of this study is to investigate the differences between high and low‐performing manufacturing organizations in relation to critical organizational performance dimensions.Design/methodology/approach – The types and frequency of performance measures used by the sampled manufacturing organizations are compared using factor and cluster analysis.Findings – Based on the results of this study, it appears that high‐performing manufacturing organizations, relative to their low‐performing counterparts, tend to emphasise more the performance aspects related to employees, customers and market share. As such, these organizations appear to consider employees and costumers related performance aspects as critical elements of the overall organizational performance.Research limitations/implications – The sample used in this study is specific in nature. It consisted of Portuguese manufacturing organizations. Thus, the results should be interpreted accordingly.Practical implications – This study clear.
Organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society: a reexamination

Organizations in emerging economies such as China have attracted an increasing amount of research attention during the past few decades, and it is time to scrutinize findings from earlier studies. In this paper, we test the psychometric soundness of a widely used indigenous measure of organizational citizenship behavior in the Chinese context developed by Farh, Earley, and Lin ((1997), ‘Impetus for Action: A Cultural Analysis of Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Chinese Society,’ Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 421–444). Using multiple samples from Mainland China, we performed systematic tests of the content validity, discriminant validity, factorial validity and nomological validity of this five-dimension measure. We found that their two culture-specific dimensions, namely (harm to interpersonal) harmony and (personal use of organizational) resources, in fact measure the construct of deviant behavior, and cannot prove the existence of indigenous contents. We discuss our results in light of the ongoing convergence–divergence debate, and provide suggestions to further improve the quality of indigenous research.
Motivational deficits and cognitive test performance in schizophrenia.

IMPORTANCE Motivational and cognitive deficits are core features of schizophrenia, both closely linked with functional outcomes. Although poor effort and decreased motivation are known to affect performance on cognitive tests, the extent of this relationship is unclear in patients with schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between intrinsic motivation and cognitive test performance in patients with schizophrenia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional and 6-month prospective follow-up study performed at 57 sites in the United States, including academic and community medical treatment centers, participating in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness study. The primary sample included 431 stable patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia currently receiving a stable medication regimen. INTERVENTIONS Cognitive performance and intrinsic motivation were evaluated using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and a derived measure from the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale, respectively. Symptom severity and functional status were also assessed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome variable was global neurocognition. Individual domains of cognition were also evaluated for their association with motivation. RESULTS Level of intrinsic motivation was significantly and positively correlated with global cognitive test performance, a relationship that held for each domain of cognition evaluated (correlation range, 0.20-0.34; P < .001). This association was found to be reliable after statistically accounting for positive, negative, depressive, and overall symptom severity (P < .05) and after accounting for community functioning (P < .001). The relationship between motivation and cognitive performance also remained significant after controlling for antipsychotic dose (P < .05). Prospective increase in motivation during the 6-month follow-up was also found to be significantly related to improvement in global cognitive performance (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The present findings provide strong support for a robust and reliable relationship between motivation and cognitive performance and suggest that test performance is not purely a measure of ability. Future studies assessing cognition in patients with schizophrenia should consider potential moderating variables such as effort and motivation. Implications for the assessment and interpretation of cognitive impairment based on neuropsychological test measures in schizophrenia are discussed, especially in the case of clinical trials for cognition-enhancing treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00014001.
A Comparison of Actigraphy and Parental Report of Sleep Habits in Typically Developing Children Aged 6 to 11 Years

There are limited published data comparing the information provided by parental reports of sleep habits with actigraphic information. This study compares parental report of sleep habits using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire with actigraphic data in 91 typically developing children aged 6 to 11 years. The study found that sleep duration (as measured using actigraphy [ACT]) was longer in children whose parents rated their child as having enough sleep. Parental reports of night wakings did not correspond with ACT measures of night wakings. The findings show that ACT and parental reports provide differing, but complimentary, information about a child's sleep habits.
Pacific islands in the global economy: Paradoxes of migration and culture

Predictions for the future of small islands and island states are invariably pessimistic. Poverty has increased, free trade offers limited possibilities, governance is weak and urban biased, and aid dependence has not declined despite aid fatigue. Populations are contracting from outer islands. One outcome has been increasing migration and remittances, as safety valve and diversification strategy. Selective migration and limited return migration have contributed to skill drain. Yet migration has enabled peripheries to survive through improved welfare and investment, and sustained social structures. Formal development strategies, whether international or national, emphasize ‘modernity’, with culture to be abhorred and ignored; yet hybridity offers possibilities for more equitable sustainable development. A combination of migration, economic diversification and cultural hybridity provides alternative development trajectories.
Managers and Productive Investment Decisions: The Impact of Uncertainty and Risk Aversion

The main purpose of this study is to examine the links among uncertainty, manager's risk‐taking attitude, and the level of productive investment of small and medium‐size enterprises. The analysis makes use of qualitative data collected by the Bank of France in a national survey conducted in 1999 on the strategic behavior of 1,578 French industrial small and medium‐size firms. A multiple regression model is used to test the impact of uncertainty and risk aversion on investment decisions. Results support the hypothesis of the literature stating that productive investment is correlated positively with risk taking and is correlated negatively with uncertainty.
Accelerating Innovation: National R&D Subsidies versus Foreign R&D Tax Credits

This paper examines and compares the impact on growth of government’s funding national R&D or providing a tax rate reduction for foreign investment in R&D. In an innovationbased model we show the relation between the costs of these two policies. One meaningful policy implication of our results is that, to accelerate innovation, governments should adopt a tax rate deduction for foreign R&D, rather than subsidizing national R&D, because the former is more economical and effective than the latter.
What Works and What Doesn't Work in Five Teacher Advisory Programs

Often overwhelming and perplexing significant adults with their devotion to peers, young adolescents move from being dependent on parents and other adults to an intense need for groupness. Cole (1992) described this "herd instinct" as a dominant developmental characteristic of middle school students, referring to "the desire to be a part of a pair, a trio, or a larger group of age-mates . Rarely does one see an early adolescent alone by choice. Some of the saddest early adolescents are those who don't know how to be friends and become part of a group" (p. 5). Understanding this developmental need for groupness is central to working effectively with middle school students. One program designed to help meet the developmental needs of middle school students is the teacher-based guidance effort called the advisoradvisee or teacher advisory program. The teacher advisory program can be defined as "an organizational structure in which one small group of students identifies with and belongs to one educator, who nurtures, advocates for, and shepherds through school the individuals in that group" (Cole, 1992, p. 5).