Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calculation of the Equilibrium Evolution of the ZaP Flow  $Z$ -Pinch Using a Four-Chord Interferometer

A four-chord interferometer and measurements from an array of surface-mounted magnetic probes were used in conjunction with equations of radial heat conduction and radial force balance to calculate the equilibrium evolution of a pinch plasma in the ZaP flow Z-pinch. A multiple shooting method was used to solve the nonlinear coupled differential equation system, with ohmic heating and bremsstrahlung radiation as sources and sinks, respectively. Data from a single ZaP pulse are reported including profiles of magnetic field and temperature and their evolution. Profiles are dominated by high thermal conductivity near the axis which quickly decreases with radius. This is due to the plasma being weakly magnetized near the axis which increases thermal conductivity and flattens the temperature profile, but strongly magnetized near the characteristic radius, significantly reducing thermal conductivity and resulting in a large temperature gradient. The equilibrium evolution indicates that plasmas in ZaP heat and compress with increasing current as a result of magnetic compression during the quiescent period.
Duloxetine 60 mg once daily in the treatment of milder major depressive disorder

There is ongoing debate regarding the effectiveness of antidepressants in patients with milder major depressive disorder (MDD). This post‐hoc analysis evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of duloxetine in the subset of 159 (75 duloxetine and 84 placebo) patients with milder MDD (baseline HAMD17 total score ≥15 and ≤18) who were treated once daily with duloxetine 60 mg or placebo in two identical, 9‐week, randomised, double‐blind trials. At endpoint, change from baseline on HAMD17 was greater in the duloxetine group (−7.0) than in the placebo group (−4.1) (p = 0.005). Response and remission rates, and improvement on the Clinical Global Impressions‐Severity (CGI‐S) scale, the Patient Global Impressions‐Improvement (PGI‐I) scale, and measures of painful symptoms were also significantly better in the duloxetine group (p < 0.05). Tolerability was consistent with that seen in previous studies of duloxetine in patients with more severe depression. In conclusion, duloxetine 60 mg/day is effective and well tolerated in milder MDD.
Monetary Policy Rules for an Open Economy

The popular Taylor rule is meant to inform monetary policy in economies that are closed. Its main open-economy alternative, i.e., Ball's (In: J.B. Taylor (Ed.), Monetary Policy Rules, University of Chicago Press, Chicago) rule based on a Monetary Conditions Index, cannot offer guidance for the day-to-day conduct of monetary policy because it may perform poorly in the face of specific exchange rate shocks. In this paper we examine the performance of various monetary policy rules suitable for small open economies vis-a-vis existing rules. This entails comparing the asymptotic properties of a two-sector open-economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model calibrated on UK data under different rules. We find that an inflation-forecast-based rule is a good rule in this respect, one that also proves robust to different shocks. Adding a separate response to the level of the real exchange rate improves stabilisation only marginally.
Children's Motivational Beliefs about Art: Exploring Age Differences and Relation to Drawing Behavior.

AUTHOR Potter, Ellen F. ; Edens, Kellah M. TITLE Children's Motivational Beliefs about Art: Exploring Age Differences and Relation to Drawing Behavior. PUB DATE 2001-04-10 NOTE 15p. ; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Seattle, WA, April 10-14, 2001). PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Age Differences; *Art Products; *Beliefs; *Childhood Attitudes; Educational Research; Elementary Education; Freehand Drawing; *Goal Orientation; *Individual Development; Student Behavior IDENTIFIERS Self Report Measures
Alzheimer's disease and related disorders caregiver's acceptance of a web-based structured written emotional expression intervention

Alzheimer‟s Disease and Related Disorders (ADRD) are a major public health problems. Major sources of care provision are family members in the community and these ADRD caregivers encounter a variety of stressor. Currently there continues to be a need to develop and test Internet based interventions designed to reduce stress for caregivers for persons with ADRD. The web-based Structured Written Emotional Expressions (SWEE) was developed to manage ADRD caregivers stress related to caregiving experiences through writing about their thoughts and feelings. However, differences between provided services by researchers (the web-based SWEE) and the desired services of ADRD caregivers could be a barrier to ADRD caregivers‟ acceptance and use of the web-based SWEE. The purpose of this study was to assess the acceptability of implementing a webbased nursing intervention for ADRD caregivers and to describe participants‟ experiences in using the website to understand ADRD caregivers‟ website usage. An experimental design was used to determine whether the web-based SWEE helped to manage ADRD caregivers‟ stress through writing interventions. In addition, the UTAUT model was employed for a theoretical framework to explain and predict the web-based SWEE usage behavior by ADRD caregivers. The Finding Meaning Through Caregiving Scale (FMTCS) was used to evaluate finding-meaning related to caregiving experiences as a mediator between performance expectancy and behavioral intention to use in the UTAUT model. Furthermore, the web-based research methods were assessed throughout the web-based SWEE implementing process. Both web-based and paper-based methods were used for recruiting potential participants. Most people who contacted the researcher were recruited by the web-based method. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for test ADRD caregivers‟
English Conversational Telephone Speech Recognition by Humans and Machines

One of the most difficult speech recognition tasks is accurate recognition of human to human communication. Advances in deep learning over the last few years have produced major speech recognition improvements on the representative Switchboard conversational corpus. Word error rates that just a few years ago were 14% have dropped to 8.0%, then 6.6% and most recently 5.8%, and are now believed to be within striking range of human performance. This then raises two issues - what IS human performance, and how far down can we still drive speech recognition error rates? A recent paper by Microsoft suggests that we have already achieved human performance. In trying to verify this statement, we performed an independent set of human performance measurements on two conversational tasks and found that human performance may be considerably better than what was earlier reported, giving the community a significantly harder goal to achieve. We also report on our own efforts in this area, presenting a set of acoustic and language modeling techniques that lowered the word error rate of our own English conversational telephone LVCSR system to the level of 5.5%/10.3% on the Switchboard/CallHome subsets of the Hub5 2000 evaluation, which - at least at the writing of this paper - is a new performance milestone (albeit not at what we measure to be human performance! ). On the acoustic side, we use a score fusion of three models: one LSTM with multiple feature inputs, a second LSTM trained with speaker-adversarial multi-task learning and a third residual net (ResNet) with 25 convolutional layers and time-dilated convolutions. On the language modeling side, we use word and character LSTMs and convolutional WaveNet-style language models.
A lower bound for disconnection by simple random walk

We consider simple random walk on ZdZd, d≥3d≥3. Motivated by the work of A. -S. Sznitman and the author in [Probab. Theory Related Fields 161 (2015) 309–350] and [Electron. J. Probab. 19 (2014) 1–26], we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the probability that a large body gets disconnected from infinity by the set of points visited by a simple random walk. We derive asymptotic lower bounds that bring into play random interlacements. Although open at the moment, some of the lower bounds we obtain possibly match the asymptotic upper bounds recently obtained in [Disconnection, random walks, and random interlacements (2014)]. This potentially yields special significance to the tilted walks that we use in this work, and to the strategy that we employ to implement disconnection.
Outcomes-based integrated hybrid PBL curriculum

In 1995 we identified several goals for curricular change: increase accountability; lead practice; improved patient health care; increase graduates' communication skills; and improve graduates' problem solving. We developed an outcomes-based integrated hybrid problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum. The curriculum includes integrated PBL units, organized primarily by body system and disease states, a four-year skills laboratory, a three-year critical appraisal series, and practice experiences. The integrated PBL process simulates pharmacy practice and encourages students to develop and practice life-long learning skills. Students are assessed both in each curricular component and comprehensively. Evaluation of the curriculum includes evaluations by students, results of an annual progress examination, and several graduate, preceptor and employer surveys. The College has achieved complete curricular change with the first class graduating in the spring of 2001. Interim curricular evaluation results indicate students achieve levels of knowledge and skills similar to, or better than, those achieved previously.
Cheap and easy entity evaluation

The AIDA-YAGO dataset is a popular target for whole-document entity recognition and disambiguation, despite lacking a shared evaluation tool. We review evaluation regimens in the literature while comparing the output of three approaches, and identify research opportunities. This utilises our open, accessible evaluation tool. We exemplify a new paradigm of distributed, shared evaluation, in which evaluation software and standardised, versioned system outputs are provided online.
A 28 nm 2 Mbit 6 T SRAM With Highly Configurable Low-Voltage Write-Ability Assist Implementation and Capacitor-Based Sense-Amplifier Input Offset Compensation

This paper presents a highly configurable low-voltage write-ability assist implementation along with a sense-amplifier offset reduction technique to improve SRAM read performance. Write-assist implementation combines negative bit-line (BL) and VDD collapse schemes in an efficient way to maximize Vmin improvements while saving on area and energy overhead of these assists. Relative delay and pulse width of assist control signals are also designed with configurability to provide tuning of assist strengths. Sense-amplifier offset compensation scheme uses capacitors to store and negate threshold mismatch of input transistors. A test chip fabricated in 28 nm TIP CMOS process demonstrates operation down to 0.5 V with write assists and more than 10% reduction in word-line pulsewidth with the offset compensated sense amplifiers.
Strong Women, Deep Closets: Lesbians and Homophobia in Sport

Former athlete and coach Pat Griffin makes a provocative and impassioned call for attention to a topic too long avoided by women's sports advocates. In "Strong Women, Deep Closets," she provides a critical analysis of discrimination and prejudice against lesbians in sport.The book is the first to explore the lesbian sporting experience as well as examine homophobia and heterosexism in women's sport. The work is based on theoretical and historical foundations and is written in an academic yet engaging style. Griffin brings to light the experiences of lesbian coaches and athletes in their own words. "Strong Women, Deep Closets" concludes with Griffin's assessment of the current state of lesbians' rights in athletics, set against the overall social picture in the United States. The author lists obstacles lesbian athletes face in transforming sports and details numerous personal and political strategies for leveling the playing field.
Optimal Sparse Approximation with Integrate and Fire Neurons

Sparse approximation is a hypothesized coding strategy where a population of sensory neurons (e.g. V1) encodes a stimulus using as few active neurons as possible. We present the Spiking LCA (locally competitive algorithm), a rate encoded Spiking Neural Network (SNN) of integrate and fire neurons that calculate sparse approximations. The Spiking LCA is designed to be equivalent to the nonspiking LCA, an analog dynamical system that converges on a ℓ(1)-norm sparse approximations exponentially. We show that the firing rate of the Spiking LCA converges on the same solution as the analog LCA, with an error inversely proportional to the sampling time. We simulate in NEURON a network of 128 neuron pairs that encode 8 × 8 pixel image patches, demonstrating that the network converges to nearly optimal encodings within 20 ms of biological time. We also show that when using more biophysically realistic parameters in the neurons, the gain function encourages additional ℓ(0)-norm sparsity in the encoding, relative both to ideal neurons and digital solvers.
Memory destabilization is critical for the success of the reactivation–extinction procedure

It has been suggested that, unlike pure extinction which typically results in the return of the fear response under a variety of circumstances, memory reactivation followed by extinction can attenuate the reemergence of conditioned fear. The reactivation–extinction procedure has attracted the attention of basic and clinical researchers due to its potential clinical value for the treatment of psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety and drug abuse disorders. However, mixed results have been achieved so far in replicating and understanding this paradigm. It has been proposed that memory destabilization could be critical in this sense. Using contextual fear conditioning in rats and midazolam as an amnesic agent, we first determined what reactivation conditions are necessary to destabilize the mnemonic trace. After establishing the conditions for memory destabilization, a series of experiments was conducted to determine if destabilization is critical for the success of the reactivation–extinction procedure. Data confirmed the importance of memory destabilization prior to extinction inside the reconsolidation window to attenuate spontaneous recovery and retard reacquisition of conditioned fear. The present report offers a candidate explanation of the discrepancy in results obtained with the reactivation–extinction procedure by different laboratories.
Colonisation of a Phage Susceptible Campylobacter jejuni Population in Two Phage Positive Broiler Flocks

The pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are commensals in the poultry intestine and campylobacteriosis is one of the most frequent foodborne diseases in developed and developing countries. Phages were identified to be effective in reducing intestinal Campylobacter load and this was evaluated, in the first field trials which were recently carried out. The aim of this study was to further investigate Campylobacter population dynamics during phage application on a commercial broiler farm. This study determines the superiority in colonisation of a Campylobacter type found in a field trial that was susceptible to phages in in vitro tests. The colonisation factors, i.e. motility and gamma glutamyl transferase activity, were increased in this type. The clustering in phylogenetic comparisons of MALDI-TOF spectra did not match the ST, biochemical phenotype and phage susceptibility. Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni strains and phage susceptibility types with different colonisation potential seem to play a very important role in the success of phage therapy in commercial broiler houses. Thus, mechanisms of both, phage susceptibility and Campylobacter colonisation should be further investigated and considered when composing phage cocktails.
Significance and value of non-traded ecosystem services on farmland

Background. Ecosystem services (ES) generated within agricultural landscapes, including field boundaries, are vital for the sustainable supply of food and fibre. However, the value of ES in agriculture has not been quantified experimentally and then extrapolated globally. Methods. We quantified the economic value of two key but contrasting ES (biological control of pests and nitrogen mineralisation) provided by non-traded non-crop species in ten organic and ten conventional arable fields in New Zealand using field experiments. The arable crops grown, same for each organic and conventional pair, were peas (Pisum sativum), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Organic systems were chosen as comparators not because they are the only forms of sustainable agriculture, but because they are subject to easily understood standards. Results. We found that organic farming systems depended on fewer external inputs and produced outputs of energy and crop dry matter generally less than but sometimes similar to those of their conventional counterparts. The economic values of the two selected ES were greater for the organic systems in all four crops, ranging from US$ 68–200 ha−1 yr−1 for biological control of pests and from US$ 110–425 ha−1yr−1 for N mineralisation in the organic systems versus US$ 0 ha−1yr−1 for biological control of pests and from US$ 60–244 ha−1yr−1 for N mineralisation in the conventional systems. The total economic value (including market and non-market components) was significantly greater in organic systems, ranging from US$ 1750–4536 ha−1yr−1, with US$ 1585–2560 ha−1yr−1 in the conventional systems. The non-market component of the economic value in organic fields was also significantly higher than those in conventional fields. Discussion. To illustrate the potential magnitude of these two ES to temperate farming systems and agricultural landscapes elsewhere, we then extrapolate these experimentally derived figures to the global temperate cropping area of the same arable crops. We found that the extrapolated net value of the these two services provided by non-traded species could exceed the combined current global costs of pesticide and fertiliser inputs, even if utilised on only 10% of the global arable area. This approach strengthens the case for ES–rich agricultural systems, provided by non-traded species to global agriculture.
Increased circulatory MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels and activities in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology. It has been suggested that metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in the development and complications of autoimmune disorders. This article presents our research on the expression or activities of MMPs in Taiwanese T1DM patients. METHODS Levels and activities of plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with T1DM were investigated and compared to those of control individuals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and zymography. RESULTS Circulatory levels and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with T1DM were significantly higher than those in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS MMP expression and activities are significantly increased in patients with T1DM. Our results not only document plasma MMPs levels and activities in the Taiwanese population (with a very low type 1 diabetic incidence), but also suggest that MMP expression and activity are elevated before the onset of complications in diabetic patients.
Metabolically Efficient Information Processing

Energy-efficient information transmission may be relevant to biological sensory signal processing as well as to low-power electronic devices. We explore its consequences in two different regimes. In an immediate regime, we argue that the information rate should be maximized subject to a power constraint, and in an exploratory regime, the transmission rate per power cost should be maximized. In the absence of noise, discrete inputs are optimally encoded into Boltzmann distributed output symbols. In the exploratory regime, the partition function of this distribution is numerically equal to 1. The structure of the optimal code is strongly affected by noise in the transmission channel. The Arimoto-Blahut algorithm, generalized for cost constraints, can be used to derive and interpret the distribution of symbols for optimal energy-efficient coding in the presence of noise. We outline the possibilities and problems in extending our results to information coding and transmission in neurobiological systems.
Comparison of Neuropsychological Impairment and Vocational Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are chronic immunologic diseases that can cause cognitive dysfunction. MS is a central nervous system (CNS) disease characterized by demyelination and progressive brain atrophy. SLE is an autoimmune disease capable of damaging multiple organ systems, including the CNS. Cognitive disturbances are seen in both SLE and MS. The present study is concerned with understanding the similarities and differences between the cognitive profiles of SLE and MS as well as the relationship between cognitive impairment and vocational disability in these patients. We examined 47 SLE patients, 47 MS patients, and 44 healthy controls. The groups were well matched on demographics and the patient groups were also matched on disease duration and severity. Group comparisons revealed that generative verbal fluency and visual-spatial memory are more profoundly affected in MS than SLE; whereas depression, fatigue, and working memory deficits are similarly involved in both diseases. Logistic regression analysis revealed that executive function, in particular, was predictive of vocational outcomes in SLE and MS patients. (JINS, 2012, 18, 530–540)
Full Development of Th2 Immunity Requires Both Innate and Adaptive Sources of CD1541

The CD40-CD154 interaction is critical for Th2 response generation during helminth infection and following immunization with helminth-conditioned dendritic cells, yet the key cellular sources of these molecules have still to be defined in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that the requirement for CD40 expression during murine Th2 response induction is restricted exclusively to the Ag-bearing dendritic cells. In contrast, development of full Th2 immunity required CD154 expression on multiple populations. In this respect, optimal production of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 was dependent upon CD154 expression by both CD4+ T cells and non-lymphoid cells. IL-4 production had less stringent costimulatory requirements, with expression of CD154 on either non-lymphoid cells or T cells alone being sufficient to enable production of this archetypal Th2 cytokine. Disparities in CD154 requirements for T cell and B cell responses were revealed during experimental schistosomiasis where, even in the face of robust Th2 generation, B cell class-switching was entirely dependent upon expression of CD154 by the lymphoid compartment. These data help define the costimulatory interactions that occur during the generation of Th2 immunity, and challenge the widely held view that CD154 expressing T cells are the sole contributors in this process.