Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improved mentor satisfaction: emphasising protégé training for adult‐age mentoring dyads

Mentoring and e‐mentoring programmes have traditionally focused on training mentors rather than protégés. In this research study, we examine the effects of mandated training for protégés on mentor outcomes within a large‐scale e‐mentoring programme, MentorNet. The programme paired college students (protégés) at various US colleges and universities with professionals (mentors) from a number of US‐based companies. The results suggest that a paradigm change from mentor training to protégé training for adult protégés is beneficial. In this randomised experiment, 200 protégés were assigned to a mandated e‐training (experimental) group, and another 200 protégés were assigned to a voluntary e‐training (control) group. The mentors who were paired with the protégés in the experimental group were more engaged in the programme, more satisfied with their experience, and held their protégés in higher esteem. Rather than emphasising mentor training, the findings suggest that protégé training may be more appropriate for mentoring dyads.
Children With Autism

Relationships between the specific sleep problems and specific behavioral problems of children with autism were evaluated. Mothers’ reports of sleep habits and autism symptoms were collected for 109 children with autism. Unlike previous research in this area, only children diagnosed with autism without any commonly comorbid diagnoses (e.g., intellectual disability, epilepsy) were included in the analysis. Consistent with prior work, a positive correlation between the severity of sleep problems and the severity of autism symptoms was obtained. Sleep onset delay and sleep duration were positively correlated with autism symptoms and autism severity. Sleep onset delay was the strongest predictor of communication deficit, stereotyped behavior, and autism severity. These results provide support for specific sleep problem and symptom relationships that are unique to autism and suggest the importance of including the treatment of sleep problems as part of a comprehensive behavioral intervention for children with autism.
Toward an Organizational Model of Change in Elementary Schools

Purpose: This study explored a theoretical model that links teachers’ perceived uncertainty and teachers’ sense of collective efficacy with organizational learning mechanisms (OLMs) in elementary schools. OLMs serve as a mediator construct. Research Design: For testing the primary theoretical model, 801 teachers from 61 elementary schools (33 urban and 28 suburban) in Israel’s largest district responded to the research instruments. The authors used structural equation modeling to determine whether OLMs mediate between teachers’ perceived uncertainty and their sense of collective efficacy. Findings: A significant model, which included direct and indirect effects of teachers’ perceived uncertainty on teachers’ sense of collective efficacy, emerged for the urban school context. Although OLMs (storing, retrieving, and putting to use of information) served as a prominent mediating variable in the urban school context, OLMs did not play a mediating role in the research model for the suburban school context. Conclusions: This study strengthens the feasibility of the OLMs framework, based on information processing, to provide a concrete description of organizational learning processes in schools. The study provides a deeper understanding of how OLMs can serve as a significant link between the dynamic school environment and teachers’ attitudes, which may ultimately improve teachers’ work and students’ learning.
Experimental gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori in Japanese monkeys

We used Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) to establish an experimental model in order to clarify the pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori in gastric and duodenal disorders. A suspension (5 ml; 10(9) CFU/ml) of H. pylori cells isolated from humans was sprayed around the antrum of the stomach of each of 12 of 17 animals with an endoscope. The remaining five animals were not inoculated; they served as a control group. On days 7, 14, and 28 after inoculation, the gastric mucosa samples were examined grossly and were biopsied for microscopic examination with an endoscope. H. pylori was recovered from 7 of the 12 inoculated animals (58%), and infiltration by neutrophils and monocytes was observed histologically. Macroscopic gastritis with erythema and erosions were noted for five of these animals. On day 28 after inoculation, five animals in the infected group were treated with ampicillin. In two infected but untreated animals, the bacteria persisted for more than 6 months. The result of the gastritis scoring of the antral mucosa and the ammonia concentration in the gastric secretion were significantly higher (P < 0.01 to 0.001) for the infected group than for the control group; however, these values decreased to levels comparable to those for the control group after treatment with ampicillin. Urease activity was positive in gastric biopsy specimens from five of the seven animals in the infected group after 7 days and from four of these animals after 14 days but was negative in all specimens from animals in the control group. The level of antibody (immunoglobulin G) in serum for the infected group was elevated but changed very little for the control group. These results suggest that this M. fuscata model can be used to study H. pylori infection and that H. pylori can induce gastritis.
Membership categorization and professional insanity ascription

This study, based on three years of research and over 40 hours of videotaped interaction in psychiatry, investigates the issue of insanity ascription/exoneration in psychiatric interviews. Following Sacks's model of membership categorization analysis (MCA), this article analyzes the discursive resources that psychiatrists may draw on to achieve some conclusion regarding their patients' psychopathological status. As it turns out, psychiatrists' invocation of patients' putative membership categories plays a crucial role in the achievement of such a conclusion. I examine some fragments of psychiatric intake interviews (PIIs) and subsequent psychiatric interviews (SPIs). The analysis shows that the process that may lead to insanity ascription/exoneration in psychiatric interviews basically involves the use of mundane, commonsense reasoning.
Myocardial transcriptional profiles in a murine model of sepsis: Evidence for the importance of age*

Background: Age influences outcome of sepsis and septic shock. The mechanism of this age-dependent vulnerability to sepsis remains largely unknown. Because much of the mortality and morbidity associated with sepsis and septic shock is the result of severe derangements in the cardiovascular system, it is possible that the myocardium responds to injury in a developmentally influenced manner. We hypothesized that analysis of cardiac RNA expression profiles may differentiate between the myocardial response to sepsis in young and old mice. Methods and Results: Sixteen FVB/N male mice were stratified based on age. Young animals were 6 wks old, correlating to 4 to 6 human years, and aged animals were 20 months old correlating to 70 to 80 human years. Animals underwent either cecal ligation and puncture to produce polymicrobial sepsis or a sham operation. Both ventricles were excised after kill at 24 hrs. There were 53 genes that differed in RNA abundance between the four groups (false discovery rate of 0.005, p < 0.00001). Additionally, four genes were associated with an age-dependent response to sepsis: CYP2B2 (cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily B, polypeptide 6), VGLL2 (vestigial like 2), and PAH (phenylalanine hydroxylase). The fourth gene is an expressed sequence tag, the function of which is related to the cytochrome P450 family. These genes play roles in phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and fatty acid metabolism. Conclusions: This report describes the transcriptional response of the heart to sepsis. In addition, our findings suggest that these differences are in part age-dependent and serve as hypothesis generation.
Trichromatic Open Digraphs for Understanding Qubits

We introduce a trichromatic graphical calculus for quantum computing. The generators represent three complementary observables that are treated on equal footing, hence reflecting the symmetries of the Bloch sphere. We derive the Euler angle decomposition of the Hadamard gate within it as well as the so-called supplementary relationships, which are valid equations for qubits that were not derivable within Z/X-calculus of Coecke and Duncan. More specifically, we have: dichromatic Z/X-calculus + Euler angle decomposition of the Hadamard gate = trichromatic calculus.
Settlers and Sojourners: The Case of Mexicans in the United States

This work attempts to contribute to our understanding of the process of settlement by undocumented Mexican immigrants. The behavior of single migrants (including individuals who migrated without spouse or children) is compared to that of migrants accompanied by spouse and/or children in relation to a number of factors, including the outcome of migration experiences, variation in household composition over time, attitudes concerning residence preferences, and labor market participation.The examination reveals observable differences in migration patterns and residence intentions. Single migrants are likely to be temporary workers in the U.S. labor market. They view their jobs as temporary and are likely to return to Mexico after a brief stay in the United States. They maintain strong social and economic relationships to their place of origin.In contrast, undocumented immigrants living with their families in the U.S. are likely to view their job as relatively secure and desire to continue residing in the Uni.
Teacher Beliefs About Reading Motivation and Their Enactment in Classrooms: The Development of a Survey Questionnaire

This study examined teachers’ beliefs about motivating students to read through the development of a new survey questionnaire. The current investigation reports on initial tests of the scale's reliability and validity. The items for this measure were developed from an engagement perspective to reflect the motivational constructs represented in an established measure of student motivation for reading. Tests of internal consistency revealed that teachers’ beliefs about motivating students to read can be reliably measured. In addition, significant relationships were found between teachers’ beliefs about motivating their students to read and their teaching self-efficacy, providing initial evidence of the scale's validity.
Predictors of perceived empathy among patients visiting primary health-care centers in central Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND Empathy is crucial to the achievement of patient centeredness consultations. However, it has not been frequently studied particularly in resource-limited settings. OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of patient reports indicating greater empathy among providers during patient visit to primary health-care facilities. PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the level of satisfaction among 768 out-patients, who consecutively visited six health centers in central Ethiopia. Patients were recruited from health centers under study based on proportional to size allocation. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the relationship between empathy scores and other patient factors. RESULTS The mean perceived empathy score was 31.34 ± 8.37 (range of possible values: 10-50). Patient-related factors that were negatively associated with perceived empathy were Tigre and Guraghe ethnicity [β = -4.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -6.86 to -2.03], Wakefena religion (β = -2.09; 95% CI = -3.82 to -0.35), lack of privacy during consultation (β = -1.62; 95% CI = -2.57 to -0.68), involvement of family in consultation (β = -1.45; 95% CI = -2.17 to -0.12) and not revealing one's own private issues (β = -1.25; 95% CI = -2.17 to -0.33). Positive associations with provider empathy scores were found for those who reported knowing their provider (β = 2.42; 95 CI = 1.70 to 4.13), non-verbal communication (β = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.96) and perceived technical competency (β = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.19). CONCLUSIONS Perceived empathy in this study was lower than the findings reported in earlier studies. Health-care providers committed to the delivery of patient-centered care should take note of the determinants of better empathy as perceived by their clients.
A comparison of the early behaviour of intensively and extensively reared calves

This study involved two groups of calves, one group consisted of eight Angus × (Friesian × Hereford) calves born in the late summer and kept with their dams in the field. The other group consisted of 20 autumn-born Friesian calves kept indoors in individual stalls. Similar ethograms and techniques were used to study their behaviour up to 8 weeks of age, thus allowing comparisons to be made of the proportion of time spent in various activities, as well as changes in the sequences of behaviour with age. In general, the activity of the calves of both groups showed a similar trend in development. However, the field calves spent significantly more time in investigatory behaviour while the confined calves showed a significantly higher frequency of investigatory behaviour and indulged in more self grooming. The analysis of behavioural sequences showed few differences in focal points or direction of transitions from one behavioural pattern to another, suggesting that the integration of activities into developing motor patterns in the calf is determined ontogenetically with little modification by the environmental factors encountered in this study. However, the confined calves showed a greater mean number of transitions per hour. The findings are discussed in relation to the welfare of the confined calf.
Familial clustering of cardiovascular disease in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and nephropathy.

BACKGROUND Patients who have insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and nephropathy have an excess of cardiovascular disease. Familial factors may in part account for this phenomenon. METHODS We identified 61 white patients under 65 years of age with insulin-dependent diabetes who had nephropathy, and then matched them with 61 diabetic patients without nephropathy. We determined the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the parents of these patients with use of information obtained from death certificates or from the World Health Organization questionnaire for cardiovascular disease. RESULTS The rates of ascertainment of information were 96 percent (n = 117) for the parents of diabetic patients with nephropathy and 95 percent (n = 116) for the parents of patients without nephropathy. Cardiovascular disease was more often a direct cause of death among the parents of diabetic patients with nephropathy (40 percent vs. 22 percent, P less than 0.03), and the combined morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease in this group was greater than that in the parents of diabetic patients without nephropathy (31 percent vs. 14 percent, P less than 0.01). The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted relative risk of cardiovascular disease in this group of parents was 2.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 5.5; P less than 0.001). Moreover, a paternal history of cardiovascular disease was associated with a significantly increased risk of nephropathy in the diabetic patient after the analysis was adjusted for age, sex, and duration of diabetes (odds ratio, 3.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 7.9; P less than 0.01). Among the diabetic patients with nephropathy, those who had had a cardiovascular event were much more likely to have a family history of cardiovascular disease (odds ratio, 6.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.0 to 19.0; P less than 0.005) than those who had not had such an event. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, a parental history of cardiovascular disease is significantly associated with the development of nephropathy and, among those with nephropathy, increases the likelihood of cardiovascular disease.
Cultivating differences : symbolic boundaries and the making of inequality

How are boundaries created between groups in society? And what do these boundaries have to do with social inequality? In this pioneering collection of original essays, a group of leading scholars helps set the agenda for the sociology of culture by exploring the factors that push us to segregate and integrate and the institutional arrangements that shape classification systems. Each examines the power of culture to shape our everyday lives as clearly as does economics, and studies the dimensions along which boundaries are frequently drawn. The essays cover four topic areas: the institutionalization of cultural categories, from morality to popular culture; the exclusionary effects of high culture, from musical tastes to the role of art museums; the role of ethnicity and gender in shaping symbolic boundaries; and the role of democracy in creating inclusion and exclusion. The contributors are Jeffrey Alexander, Nicola Beisel, Randall Collins, Diana Crane, Paul DiMaggio, Cynthia Fuchs Epstein, Joseph Gusfield, John R. Hall, David Halle, Richard A. Peterson, Albert Simkus, Alan Wolfe, and Vera Zolberg.
Airborne high spectral resolution lidar observation of pollution aerosol during EUCAARI-LONGREX

Airborne high spectral resolution lidar observations over Europe during the EUCAARI-LONGREX field experiment in May 2008 are analysed with respect to the optical properties of continental pollution aerosol. Continental pollution aerosol is characterized by its depolarisation and lidar ratio. Over all, the measurements of the lidar ratio and the particle linear depolarization ratio of pollution aerosols provide a narrow range of values. Therefore, this data set allows for a distinct characterization of the aerosol type "pollution aerosol" and thus is valuable both to distinguish continental pollution aerosol from other aerosol types and to determine mixtures with other types of aerosols.
Conflict and Social Interaction in Adolescent Relationships.

Differences between adolescent relationships in self-reported patterns of daily conflict and social interaction were identified. High school sophomores and juniors completed questionnaires detailing perceptions of exchanges in various relationships from the previous school day. An average of 7.74 daily conflicts were reported. Conflict, defined in terms of interpersonal disagreement, was most frequent with mothers, followed by friends, romantic partners, siblings, fathers, and other adults and peers. Levels of social interaction did not account for relationship differences in conflict, as more social interaction was reported with peers than family members. Relationship differences also arose in topics of disagreement. Conflict with parents centered on responsibilities, school, and autonomy, whereas that with peers concerned friendship and heterosexuality The results support claims that conflict is an integral component of adolescent close relationships, underscoring areas of mutual interdependence between.
The relationship of major depressive disorder and gender to changes in smoking for current and former smokers: longitudinal evaluation in the US population.

AIMS Although depression and smoking are correlated highly, the relationship of major depressive disorder (MDD) to smoking cessation and relapse remains unclear. This study compared changes in smoking for current and former smokers with and without current and life-time MDD over a 3-year period. DESIGN Analysis of two waves of longitudinal data from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (wave 1, 2001-02; wave 2, 2004-05). SETTING Data were collected through face-to-face interviews from non-institutionalized United States civilians, aged 18 years and older, in 50 states and the District of Columbia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 11 973 adults (54% male) classified as current or former daily smokers at wave 1 and completed wave 2. MEASUREMENTS Classification as current or former smokers at wave 1 and wave 2. FINDINGS Smoking status remained stable for most participants. Wave 1 current daily smokers with current MDD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.85] and life-time MDD (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.01) were more likely than those without the respective diagnosis to report continued smoking at wave 2. Wave 1 former daily smokers with current MDD (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.76) were less likely to report continued abstinence at wave 2. None of the gender × MDD diagnosis interactions were significant. Patterns of results remained similar when analyses were limited to smokers with nicotine dependence. CONCLUSIONS Current and life-time major depressive disorders are associated with a lower likelihood of quitting smoking and current major depressive disorder is associated with greater likelihood of smoking relapse.
Comparison of students using electronic learning website of University of South Africa

It is currently almost impossible for students enrolled at an open distance learning institution to obtain their study materials, communicate with lecturers or engage in any other teaching and learning processes without the use of computers and the Internet. This paper investigates and reports on the time taken and level of difficulty experienced by students with disabilities and students without disabilities in completing a number of set tasks involving the main website and the learning management system (LMS) of the University of South Africa (Unisa). The findings of the study indicate that students with disabilities take considerably longer than students without disabilities to finish such tasks, and in some cases experience greater difficulty in doing so. The study determined the importance of well-developed e-learning platforms at this institution for ensuring efficient and effective use by both students with and students without disabilities. The study indicates the advisability of including all LMS stakeholders, particularly the users of the LMS, in the development of e-learning websites in order to ensure that accessibility and usability design principles, guidelines and standards are properly adhered to so as to reduce both digital and social divides and the marginalisation of students. This becomes even more significant when the target user groups are students with disabilities.