Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age and Test Setting Affect the Prevalence of Invalid Baseline Scores on Neurocognitive Tests

Background: Prevalence rates of invalid baseline scores on computerized neurocognitive assessments for high school, collegiate, and professional athletes have been published in the literature. At present, there is limited research on the prevalence of invalid baseline scores in pre–high school athletes. Hypothesis: Pre–high school athletes assessed with baseline neurocognitive tests would show higher prevalence rates of invalidity than older youth athletes, and those athletes, regardless of age, who were tested in a large group setting would show a higher prevalence rate of invalidity than athletes tested in a small group setting. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 502 athletes between the ages of 10 and 18 years completed preseason baseline neurocognitive tests in “large” or “small” groups. All athletes completed the online version of ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing). Baseline test results that were “flagged” by the computer software as being of suspect validity and labeled with a “++” symbol were identified for analysis. Participants were retrospectively assigned to 2 independent groups: large group or small group. Test administration of the large group occurred off-site in groups of approximately 10 athletes, and test administration of the small group took place at a private-practice neuropsychology center with only 1 to 3 athletes present. Results: Chi-square analyses identified a significantly greater proportion of participants obtaining invalid baseline results on the basis of age; younger athletes produced significantly more invalid baseline scores (7.0%, 17/244) than older athletes (2.7%, 7/258) (χ2 (1) = 4.99; P = . 021). Log-linear analysis revealed a significant age (10-12 years, 13-18 years) × size (small, large) interaction effect (χ2 (4) = 66.1; P < . 001) on the prevalence of invalidity, whereby younger athletes tested in larger groups were significantly more likely to provide invalid results (11.9%) than younger athletes tested in smaller groups (5.4%), older athletes tested in larger groups (2.7%), and older athletes tested in smaller groups (2.7%). Conclusion: Younger athletes tend to exhibit a greater prevalence of invalid baseline results on neurocognitive computerized tests than older youth athletes; the prevalence increases when testing is conducted in a large group and nonclinical setting.
Impact of Process Goal and Outcome Goal on Learning Performance for Web-based Learners

The purpose of this research is to develop a Web-based learning environment where teachers can provide subject content using SCORM simple sequence specification (SSS) mechanism with guided learning paths to cultivate learners' goal setting skills. This research investigates the difference in learning performance between the process goal and the outcome goal. The subject of the study is "division of decimals" in elementary school curriculum. The results show that there are no significantly difference in the aspects of learning scores and satisfaction between the process goal group and outcome goal group. Furthermore, the process goal group is more efficient than the outcome goal group in time spent for completing the learning objectives. Moreover, the learners who had a higher post-test score in the process goal group spent significantly less time to achieve the learning objectives than those who had a lower post-test score. However, there is no such finding for the outcome goal group.
Misunderestimating Corruption

Abstract Corruption estimates rely largely on self-reports of affected individuals and officials. Yet survey respondents are often reticent to tell the truth about sensitive subjects, leading to downward biases in surveybased corruption estimates. This paper develops a method to estimate the prevalence of reticent behavior and reticence-adjusted rates of corruption using survey responses to sensitive questions. A statistical model captures how respondents answer a combination of conventional and randomresponse questions, allowing identification of the effect of reticence. GMM and maximum likelihood estimates are obtained for ten countries. Adjusting for reticence dramatically alters the perceptions of the extent of corruption.
MOTIVASI, DISIPLIN, DAN KEPUASAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PT. POS INDONESIA (PERSERO) CABANG BITUNG

Kinerja antara lain ditentukan oleh motivasi yang dilakukan, disiplin yang diterapkan serta, kepuasan kerja yang dirasakan, maka dengan sendirinya kinerja yang baik akan senantiasa memberikan kontribusi yang baik bagi karyawan, sehingga karyawan tersebut akan senantiasa memiliki kecintaan terhadap pekerjaannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh motivasi, disiplin dan kepuasan terhadap kinerja karyawan PT. Pos Indonesia cabang Bitung. Populasi sebanyak 220 karyawan dengan sampel yang ditetapkan 69 responden. Metode penelitian ini adalah asosiatif dengan teknik analisis linier berganda. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan Secara bersama Motivasi, Disiplin dan Kepuasan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kinerja PT. Pos indonesia maupun secara parsial Motivasi, Disiplin, dan Kepuasan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja. Hubungan antara motivasi, disiplin dan kepuasan terhadap kinerja karyawan sangat kuat. Pemberian motivasi merupakan dorongan terhadap serangkaian proses perilaku manusia pada pencapaian tujuan, motivasi yang tepat akan mendorong terciptanya disiplin, dan kepuasan yang baik bagi kinerja karyawan. Kata kunci: motivasi, disiplin, kepuasan dan kinerja
Understanding Trauma: The Developmental Impact of Childhood Trauma

Childhood trauma, including abuse and neglect, is probably the single most important public health challenge in the United States – a challenge that has the potential to be largely resolved by appropriate prevention and intervention. Each year over 3 million children are reported for abuse and/or neglect in the United States (Wang & Daro, 1997). The effects of abuse and neglect are well documented to persist over time. Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has received much attention in the research and clinical literature, it is not the most common psychiatric diagnosis in children with histories of abuse and neglect (Putnam, 2003). Separation anxiety disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and phobic disorders may all be more frequent diagnoses than PTSD in abused children, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common as well (Ackerman, Newton, McPherson, Jones, & Dykman, 1998). Because there is only one trauma-related diagnosis in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM–IV ), the effects of trauma on children are generally described under the rubric of PTSD, with numerous additional comorbid diagnoses to describe the many other psychological and biological functions that are disturbed by life experiences that may overwhelm the coping mechanisms of the growing human organism. When the DSM–IV was under development, extensive research was conducted to support the introduction of complex PTSD or disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specificed (DESNOS) as an extended diagnosis for children and adults who were victims of prolonged interpersonal abuse (Herman, 1992; van der Kolk, Roth, Pelcovitz, Sunday, & Spinazzola, 2005).
Institutional models for adjudicating plagiarism in the United States

There is considerable variation in how colleges and universities across the United States adjudicate plagiarism. This article formulates three separate models that reflect differing administrative approaches in these institutions and discusses how each model alters the incentive structures for both students and faculty when it comes to preventing and mediating instances of academic dishonesty. Among highly selective private liberal arts colleges, the authors find that many schools employ a 'student-centered' model that allows students control over much of the decisionmaking process. In contrast, many larger universities and public institutions engage in a more litigation-averse'due process' model where faculty and administration are the primary decision-makers. Finally, the authors consider the presence of a potential de facto 'classroom manager' model where adjudication of academic dishonesty is handled primarily by the professor outside of any independent institutional process. These models reflect general typologies reflecting different institutional and organisational cultures that can lead to different incentive structures for faculty and students when confronted with instances of academic dishonesty.
Anatomically Contoured Anterior Plating for Isolated Tibiotalar Arthrodesis: A Systematic Review

Introduction. We performed a systematic review of the published literature to characterize patient demographic, surgical techniques, and functional outcomes to elucidate the complication and revision rates following isolated tibiotalar arthrodesis with anatomically contoured anterior plating. Methods. A comprehensive literature search was performed. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed studies in English, after 1990, at least 10 patients, and reporting clinical outcomes following contoured anterior plating and with follow-up of at least 80% and 1 year. Primary outcomes were fusion rate, time to fusion, return to activities, satisfaction, and functional outcome scores. Complication rates, reoperation, and revision were also extracted. Results. Eight primary studies with 164 patients met the inclusion criteria. The average sample size was 21 ± 10.0 patients and average age was 49.2 years with 61.6% male. Posttraumatic arthritis (49.4%) was the most common operative indication, followed by primary osteoarthrosis (18.9%). The average follow-up was 21.1 months. At this time, 97.6% of patients went on to uneventful union at a weighted average time of 18.7 weeks postoperatively. AOFAS scores improved significantly (P < .05). 25% complication rate was reported with wound complication (7.9%) and hardware irritation (6.7%) most common. Overall, 21.3% of patients underwent reoperation; 4 for revision arthrodesis following nonunion. Conclusion. Isolated tibiotalar arthrodesis utilizing anatomically contoured anterior plating demonstrates excellent clinical and functional outcomes at short-term follow-up. Overall, 97.6% of patients went on to fusion and functional outcomes consistently improved following surgery. Furthermore, while one-quarter of patients experienced complications, wound complications were relatively uncommon and less than one-quarter of these required surgical intervention. Levels of Evidence: Level IV: Systematic Review
Resilient Linear Classification: An Approach to Deal with Attacks on Training Data

Data-driven techniques are used in cyber-physical systems (CPS) for controlling autonomous vehicles, handling demand responses for energy management, and modeling human physiology for medical devices.These data-driven techniques extract models from training data, where their performance is often analyzed with respect to random errors in the training data. However, if the training data is maliciously altered by attackers, the effect of these attacks on the learning algorithms underpinning data-driven CPS have yet to be considered. In this paper, we analyze the resilience of classification algorithms to training data attacks. Specifically, a generic metric is proposed that is tailored to measure resilience of classification algorithms with respect to worst-case tampering of the training data. Using the metric, we show that traditional linear classification algorithms are resilient under restricted conditions.To overcome these limitations, we propose a linear classification algorithm with a majority constraint and prove that it is strictly more resilient than the traditional algorithms.Evaluations on both synthetic data and a real-world retrospective arrhythmia medical case-study show that the traditional algorithms are vulnerable to tampered training data, whereas the proposed algorithm is more resilient (as measured by worst-case tampering).
Epidemiología del abuso sexual infantil

El abuso sexual infantil es una experiencia documentada, en casi todas las sociedades y culturas. Sus efectos, negativos, inciden no solo en la calidad de vida, de la persona victima, sino que, repercuten, en todo el contexto socio familiar y en la salud publica. El dano psicosocial es grave, por lo que se necesitan profesionales con un mayor conocimiento del tema; pericia que conlleva, indiscutiblemente, un analisis exhaustivo de su incidencia y de su prevalencia. En esta resena, se hace una compilacion de estudios, atinentes al tema, en distintas latitudes y especialmente, en la Republica de Argentina
All-Optical Wavelength Conversion of 10 Gb/s RZ-OOK Data in a Silicon Nanowire via Cross-Phase Modulation: Experiment and Theoretical Investigation

Wavelength conversion of a 10 Gb/s 2.7%-duty-cycle return-to-zero (RZ) OOK (RZ-OOK) signal using XPM in a compact silicon nanowire waveguide (Si nanowire) and a detuned filter is successfully demonstrated for the first time. A 10-9-BER receiver sensitivity penalty of <;1 dB was measured for the converted signal relative to the baseline signal, with a filter-probe detuning of 0.6 nm. The system is numerically modeled and the results are shown to match well with the experimental results. The numerical model is further used to design an optimal filter that would eliminate filter-probe detuning.
A single-level scheduler for the replicated architecture for multilevel-secure databases

The replicated architecture for multilevel secure database systems provides security by replicating data into separate untrusted single-level database systems. To be successful, a system using the replicated architecture must have a concurrency and replica control algorithm that does not introduce any covert channels. Jajodia and Kogan (1990) have developed one such algorithm that uses update projections and a write-all replica control algorithm. The authors describe an alternative algorithm. The new algorithm uses replicated transactions and a set of queues organized according to security class. A new definition of correctness is required for this approach, so they present one and use it to show that the algorithm is correct. The existence of this new algorithm increases the viability of the replicated architecture as an alternative to kernelized approaches. <<ETX>>
An exploratory analysis of educational psychologists' understandings of ethnic minority cultural factors within assessments for autistic spectrum condition

The global epidemiology of Autistic Spectrum Condition (ASC) is not thought to vary as a function of ethnicity. However, evidence suggests that the identified prevalence of ASC may be inconsistent across ethnic groups in the UK. In the UK, educational psychologists (EPs) often play a key role in the ASC identification process. Given the believed value of accurate identification of ASC to a child? s education, and the importance of providing minority ethnic groups with an equitable service, the following study explores how EPs incorporate ethnic minority cultural factors (EMCF) within ASC assessments.A multiple embedded case analysis was conducted with three EPs. Each was highly proficient in ASC assessment and brought experiences from both different geographical areas, and from service delivery through varied providers; a local authority (LA), a social enterprise, and private practice. Participants? responses in two semi-structured interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. A documentary analysis of the existing LA pathway for the assessment of ASC was completed. This was complemented with a quantitative demographic analysis of data relating to the regions in which each participant EP was working.Interview transcripts were analysed thematically, and findings are presented through thematic maps. Content analysis of the existing policies revealed considerable variation between LAs in how ASC is assessed in school age children. Integration of findings revealed six considerations made in ASC assessments with EMC children, potentially impacting upon their consultations with parents, and their direct work with the child. Further examination suggests that the EP? s work context can influence their considerations through four avenues. It appears that EPs? understanding of EMCF within ASC assessments is influenced by professional experiences and opportunities within their local context.The study extends understanding how EPs consider EMCF in their assessments for ASC. Findings are discussed with regards to their implications for theory, practice and future research.
Work identities of nurses: Between caring and efficiency demands

This paper reports on a comparative qualitative study across four European countries which explored the formation of work identity amongst nurses and other professionals in the field of health care. Within this sector, it identifies trends towards a more flexible, more highly skilled and more mobile workforce. Conversely, however, it is becoming difficult to recruit and retain staff due to increasing workload, decreasing job satisfaction and comparatively low pay. Occupational identity is theorised as a multi‐dimensional phenomenon, with structural, social and individual‐psychological components. A number of emerging common themes across the three dimensions and across the four national settings include structural conflicts between cost efficiency and quality of care, and individual conflicts between the core activity of caring for patients and the increasing demands of administration and other peripheral work. The study identifies a number of strategies used by nurses to balance these conflicting demands. Overall, the professional identity of nurses remains strong, but it is important for policy makers to be aware of the potential negative effects, in terms of staff turnover, mobility and job (dis)satisfaction, of the current state of the health care sector.
HPSG Parsing with Shallow Dependency Constraints

We present a novel framework that combines strengths from surface syntactic parsing and deep syntactic parsing to increase deep parsing accuracy, specifically by combining dependency and HPSG parsing. We show that by using surface dependencies to constrain the application of wide-coverage HPSG rules, we can benefit from a number of parsing techniques designed for highaccuracy dependency parsing, while actually performing deep syntactic analysis. Our framework results in a 1.4% absolute improvement over a state-of-the-art approach for wide coverage HPSG parsing.
Effects of foot strike on low back posture, shock attenuation, and comfort in running.

PURPOSE Barefoot running (BF) is gaining popularity in the running community. Biomechanical changes occur with BF, especially when initial contact changes from rearfoot strike (RFS) to forefoot strike (FFS). Changes in lumbar spine range of motion (ROM), particularly involving lumbar lordosis, have been associated with increased low back pain. However, it is not known if changing from RFS to FFS affects lumbar lordosis or low back pain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a change from RFS to FFS would change lumbar lordosis, influence shock attenuation, or change comfort levels in healthy recreational/experienced runners. METHODS Forty-three subjects performed a warm-up on the treadmill where a self-selected foot strike pattern was determined. Instructions on running RFS/FFS were taught, and two conditions were examined. Each condition consisted of 90 s of BF with RFS or FFS, order randomly assigned. A comfort questionnaire was completed after both conditions. Fifteen consecutive strides from each condition were extracted for analyses. RESULTS Statistically significant differences between FFS and RFS shock attenuation (P < 0.001), peak leg acceleration (P < 0.001), and overall lumbar ROM (P = 0.045) were found. There were no statistically significant differences between FFS and RFS in lumbar extension or lumbar flexion. There was a statistically significant difference between FFS and RFS for comfort/discomfort of the comfort questionnaire (P = .007). There were no statistically significant differences between other questions or the average of all questions. CONCLUSION Change in foot strike from RFS to FFS decreased overall ROM in the lumbar spine but did not make a difference in flexion or extension in which the lumbar spine is positioned. Shock attenuation was greater in RFS. RFS was perceived a more comfortable running pattern.
A possible black hole in the γ-ray microquasar LS 5039

The population of high-energy and very high-energy γ-ray sources, detected with EGRET and the new generation of ground-based Cherenkov telescopes, forms a reduced but physically important sample. Most of these sources are extragalactic (e.g. blazars), while among the galactic ones there are pulsars and supernova remnants. The microquasar LS 5039, previously proposed to be associated with an EGRET source by Paredes et al., has recently been detected at TeV energies, confirming that microquasars should be regarded as a class of high-energy γ-ray sources. To model and understand how the energetic photons are produced and . escape from LS 5039, it is crucial to unveil the nature of the compact object, which remains unknown. Here, we present new intermediate-dispersion spectroscopy of this source, which, combined with values reported in the literature, provides an orbital period of P orb = 3.906 03 ± 0.000 17 d, a mass function f(M) = 0.0053 ± 0.0009 M ○. and an eccentricity e = 0.35 ± 0.04. Atmosphere model fitting to the spectrum of the optical companion, together with our new distance estimate of d = 2.5 ± 0.1 kpc, yields R o = 9.3 +0.7 -0.6 R ○. , log (L o /L ○. ) = 5.26 ± 0.06 and M O = 22.9 +3.4 -2.9 M ○. These, combined with our dynamical solution and the assumption of pseudo-synchronization, yield an inclination i = 24°. 9 ± 2°8 and a compact object mass M X = 3.7 +1.3 -1.0 M ○. This is above neutron star masses for most of the standard equations of state and, therefore, we propose that the compact object in LS 5039 is a black hole. We finally discuss the implications of our orbital solution and new parameters of the binary system on the CNO products, the accretion/ejection energetic balance, the supernova explosion scenario and the behaviour of the very high-energy γ-ray emission with the new orbital period.
A new seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus ) from south-western Australia

A new species of syngnathid fish, Hippocampus paradoxus sp. nov., from mid-continental shelf waters of south-western Australia is described from the only known specimen. It can be distinguished from all congeners, including the very similar H. minotaur Gomon 1997, by the following features: the lack of a dorsal fin, a series of fleshy, fin-like lobes along the dorsal midline of the trunk and tail and an extremely robust cleithrum and prominent first nuchal plate. In addition to the traditional methods of syngnathid taxonomists, X-ray microtomography (CT scanning) was employed and demonstrated to be a valuable research tool for examining seahorse species that are problematic due to reduced ossification and small size. CT scanning is more capable of imaging poorly ossified and soft tissue regions than traditional radiography and provides a detailed three dimensional view of salient features.