Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Position Paper : Static Flow-Sensitive & Context-Sensitive Information-flow Analysis for Software Product Lines ∗

A software product line encodes a potentially large variety of software products as variants of some common code base, e.g., through the use of #ifdef statements or other forms of conditional compilation. Traditional information-flow analyses cannot cope with such constructs. Hence, to check for possibly insecure information flow in a product line, one currently has to analyze each resulting product separately, of which there may be thousands, making this task intractable. We report about ongoing work that will instead enable users to check the security of information flows in entire software product lines in one single pass, without having to generate individual products from the product line. Executing the analysis on the product line promises to be orders of magnitude more faster than analyzing products individually. We discuss the design of our information-flow analysis and our ongoing implementation using the IFDS/IDE framework by Reps, Horwitz and Sagiv.
Arterial blood acidbase and electrolyte values in dogs: conventional and “strong ion” approach.

Arterial blood gas analysis is an essential part of diagnosing and managing an animal's oxygenation and acid-base status. The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for acid-base values and blood gases in clinically healthy dogs of different ages and sex using Stat Profi le Critical Care Xpress (CCX), and to provide an insight into the most appropriate approach to analyze complex acid-base abnormalities. Whole-blood arterial samples were obtained from 40 clinically healthy adult dogs of various breeds. Parameters of quantitative acid- base analysis (SID CLIN , SID APP , SID EFF , SIG) were calculated using the Stewart-Figge approach. Reference ranges were: pH 7.37 - 7.44, pCO2 22.62 - 34.52 mmHg, pO2 91.35 - 106.05 mmHg, A 106.33 - 120.12 mmHg, a/A 0.80 - 0.90 mmHg, AaDO 2 -0.72 - 32.90 mmHg, HCO 3 - 14.06 - 22.10 mmol/L, BEecf -12. 05 - 1. 61 mmol/L, BEb -9.7 - 0.46 mmol/L, SO 2 94.31 - 100 %, pO 2 /FiO 2 437.00 -507.45 mmHg, AG 5.49 - 19.67 mmol/L, A TOT 11.29 - 12.06 mmol/L, SIDCLIN 27.94 - 31.41 mmol/L, SIDAPP 26.00 - 31.60 mmol/L, SIDEFF 29.27 - 36.21 mmol/L, SIG 2.32 - 7.46 mmol/L. Reference values obtained on the CCX analyzer provide valuable baseline information for assessing new acid-base parameters and for interlaboratory comparisons. Differences compared with previously published reference values may be attributed largely to differences in methodology and sampling. The acid-base values determined in this study may be considered to be reference data for health control and disease diagnosis.
Protocol Composition for Arbitrary Primitives

We study the composition of security protocols when protocols share secrets such as keys. We show (in a Dolev-Yao model) that if two protocols use disjoint cryptographic primitives, their composition is secure if the individual protocols are secure, even if they share data. Our result holds for any cryptographic primitives that can be modeled using equational theories, such as encryption, signature, MAC, exclusive-or, and Diffie-Hellman. Our main result transforms any attack trace of the combined protocol into an attack trace of one of the individual protocols. This allows various ways of combining protocols such as sequentially or in parallel, possibly with inner replications. As an application, we show that a protocol using preestablished keys may use any (secure) key-exchange protocol without jeopardizing its security, provided that they do not use the same primitives. This allows us, for example, to securely compose a Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol with any other protocol using the exchanged key, provided that the second protocol does not use the Diffie-Hellman primitives. We also explore tagging, which is a way of forcing the disjointness of two protocols that share cryptographic primitives We explain why composing protocols which use tagged cryptographic primitives like encryption and hash functions is secure by reducing this problem to the previous one.
Clinical Analysis of Primary Eosinophilic Esophagitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the esophagus. Similar to asthma, EoE can induce irreversible structural changes in the esophagus as a result of chronic and persistent eosinophilic inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyse changes in symptoms, eosinophil counts and endoscopic findings after treatment. METHODS Nine patients with EoE (6 men and 3 women; mean age, 36.44 years) were diagnosed with EoE based on typical symptoms, endoscopic abnormalities and infiltration of the esophageal epithelium with ≥ 15 eosinophils/high-power field. The average endoscopic follow-up period was 10 months, ranging from 1 to 25 months. Symptoms and endoscopic and pathological findings at initial observation and follow-up were evaluated. RESULTS Seven of the 9 patients had dysphagia symptoms, which improved in 4 of 6 patients who were treated with proton pump inhibitor. Two patients were unresponsive to proton pump inhibitor and another 2 patients were treated with corticosteroid, which led to symptomatic relief. In 8 patients, esophageal eosinophilia was improved histologically at follow-up after treatment. Six of the 9 patients had typical endoscopic findings of EoE at initial examination. Despite treatment, these findings remained in 5 of the 6 patients at follow-up endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS After treatment, the symptoms and eosinophil counts were temporarily improved, but the endoscopic findings of EoE were generally not improved. This indicates that deformity of esophageal structure due to eosinophilic inflammation might be irreversible despite proper management.
Arginase-1-expressing macrophages are dispensable for resistance to infection with the gastrointestinal helminth Trichuris muris

Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) have key roles in the immune response to a variety of gastrointestinal helminths such as Heligmosomoides bakeri and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In addition, AAMs have been implicated in the resolution of infection‐induced pathology in Schistosoma mansoni infection. AAMs exert their activity in part via the enzyme arginase‐1 (Arg1), which hydrolyses l‐arginine into urea and ornithine, and can supply precursor substrate for proline and polyamine production. Trichuris muris is a worm that resides in the large intestine with resistance being characterized by a Th2 T‐cell response, which drives alternatively activated macrophage production in the local environment of the infection. To investigate the role of AAMs in T. muris infection, we used independent genetic and pharmacologic models of arginase deficiency. In acute infection and Th2‐dominated immunity, arginase‐deficient models expelled worms normally. Macrophage‐Arg1‐deficient mice showed cytokine and antibody levels comparable to wild‐type animals in acute and chronic infection. We also found no role for AAMs and Arg1 in infection‐induced pathology in the response to T. muris in either chronic (Th1 dominated) or acute (Th2 dominated) infections. Our data demonstrate that, unlike other gastrointestinal helminths, Arg1 expression in AAMs is not essential for resistance to T. muris in effective resolution of helminth‐induced inflammation.
Interest Rate Targeting and the Dynamics of Short-Term Rates

We find that in 1989-1996, when U.S. monetary policy tightly targeted overnight fed funds rates, the volatility and persistence of spreads between target and term fed funds levels were larger for longer-maturity loans. We show that such patterns are consistent with an expectational model where target revisions are infrequent and predictable. In our model, the (autoco-) variance of the spreads of term fed funds rates from the target increases with maturity because longer-term rates are more heavily influenced by persistent expectations of future target changes.
Reversible Visible Watermarking and Lossless Recovery of Original Images

In this paper, we propose a reversible visible watermarking algorithm to satisfy a new application scenario where the visible watermark serves as a tag or ownership identifier, but can be completely removed to resume the original image data. It includes two procedures: data hiding and visible watermark embedding. In order to losslessly recover both the watermark-covered and nonwatermark-covered image contents at the receiver end, the payload consists of two reconstruction data packets, one for recovering the watermark-covered region, and the other for the nonwatermark-covered region. The data hiding technique reversibly hides the payload in the image region not covered by the visible watermark. To satisfy the requirements of large capacity and high image quality, our hiding technique is based on data compression and uses a payload-adaptive scheme. It further adopts error diffusion for improving subjective image quality and arithmetic compression using a character-based model for increasing computational efficiency. The visible watermark is securely embedded based on a user-key-controlled embedding mechanism. The data hiding and the visible watermark embedding procedures are integrated into a secure watermarking system by a specially designed user key
Slavery, Institutional Development and Long-Run Growth in Africa

Can Africa's current state of under-development be partially attributed to the large trade in slaves that occurred during the Atlantic, Saharan, Red Sea and Indian Ocean slave trades? To answer this question, I combine shipping data with historical records that report slave ethnicities and construct measures of the number of slaves exported from each country in Africa between 1400 and 1913. I find the number of slaves exported from a country to be an important determinant of economic performance in the second half of the 20th century. To correct for potential biases arising from measurement error and unobservable country characteristics, I instrument slave exports using measures of the distance from each country to the major slave markets around the world. I also find that the importance of the slave trade for contemporary development is a result of its detrimental impact on the formation of domestic institutions, such as the security of private property, the quality of the judicial system, and the overall rule of law. This is the channel through which the slave trade continues to matter today.
Performance evaluation of lower limb ambulatory measurement using reduced Inertial Measurement Units and 3R gait model

The Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) have been widely used equipment to measure different parameters during human locomotion. However, the research gap lies in implementing the IMUs to monitor lower limb joint kinematics. This paper presents a novel approach to estimate the lower limb joint angles using only 4 IMUs attached to the heel and pelvis. We model the gait as a planar 3R (R denotes revolute) serial chain and solve its inverse kinematics by using the information obtained from the IMUs. The results are validated by the reference measurements which are simultaneously obtained by an optical motion capture system. The results show that the lower limb joint angles are estimated accurately by our measurement method. This study can benefit the future clinical application on conducting complete outdoor lower limbs kinematics analysis to monitor rehabilitation with unobtrusive and minimal numbers of wearable sensors.
Price Ceilings as Focal Points? An Experimental Test

In this experiment, we analyze whether price ceilings can have a collusive effect in laboratory markets. Our main interest is the focal-point hypothesis which says that a price ceiling may facilitate tacit collusion and lead to higher prices because it resolves a coordination problem inherent to collusion. Our results reject the focal-point hypothesis. Markets with price ceilings have lower prices than markets with unconstrained pricing. The static Nash equilibrium predicts the data accurately.
Four Extreme Relic Radio Sources in Clusters of Galaxies

We describe the results of the highest-resolution radio observations yet made of four relic radio sources in the Abell clusters A13, A85, A133, and A4038. Our Very Large Array images at 1.4 GHz with 4″ resolution and a noise level of 1 σ ∼ 20 μJy beam-1 (1.1 K) show a remarkable variety of fine structure in the form of spectacular arcs, wisps, plumes, and loops. Their integrated radio flux densities fall very rapidly with frequency, with power-law slopes, α, between 2.1 and 4.4 near 1.4 GHz [where Sν ∝ (ν/ν 0)-α]. The relics possess linear polarization levels ranging between 2.3% (A133) and 35% (A85); the higher polarization fractions imply a highly ordered magnetic field in the fine structure and low differential Faraday rotation in the intervening cluster gas. The optical identification of a host galaxy formerly associated with a relic remains problematic. In A85, A133, and A4038 the travel times for the brightest cluster galaxies are significantly longer than the modeled ages of the relics; there is always at least one nearby relatively bright elliptical galaxy that provides a better match. Excess X-ray emission in the 0.5 to 2 keV band was found near the relics in A85 and A133. The surface brightness was too high to be attributed to the inverse Compton mechanism alone. We found excellent fits to the broadband radio spectra using the anisotropic model of spectral aging, and we have extended the model to include diffusion of particles between regions of different field strength. The steep radio spectra imply ages for the relics of ∼108 yr, at the start of which period their radio luminosities would have been ∼1025 W Hz-1 at 1.4 GHz, and so their progenitors were on the boundary between FR I and FR II radio galaxies and hence among the most luminous 7% of radio galaxies. We find that the relics are in approximate pressure equilibrium with the surrounding intracluster gas, which has probably limited their free expansion and prevented them from fading by adiabatic cooling.
Cypriot teachers attitudes on bilingualism

The present study focuses on bilingualism in the primary schools of Cyprus. A questionnaire was designed in order to investigate attitudes and beliefs of the primary school teachers towards multilingual children. 50 teachers in 52 primary schools participated in the study. The results showed that the teachers felt a) fear and concern for their own professional aptitudes to confront and deal with multilingual issues due to the lack of suitable training, and b) that the bilingual children should be integrated in the classrooms. In addition, the teachers felt that there is a lack of guidance, support, training and collaboration by the responsible authorities in Cyprus. In conclusion, the results of this study are precious for the planning of programs on education of bilingual/multilingual students and will serve as basis for the structure of a well formed training plan to assist teachers in their classrooms.
Monetary Policy Regime Change and Regional Inflation Dynamics: Looking Through the Lens of Sector-Level Data for Korea

This paper explores the impact of the adoption of inflation targeting (IT) on the dynamics of city-level inflation in Korea using both aggregate and sector-level data. When looking at aggregate regional inflation, we find that the mean, volatility and persistence fell in all cities in the wake of the monetary policy regime change, consistent with other evidence in the literature. We also note a narrowing of the dispersion of regional inflation across cities and a greater degree of regional co-movement. Delving more deeply into the disaggregate data reveals additional insights however. For most of the changes we observe in the dynamics of regional inflation, we find that the aggregate effects are being driven primarily by sectors that fall into the ‘Services’ category. We posit that the impact of better anchored inflationary expectations is primarily on the less-traded services sectors of the economy, where the domestic monetary policy framework has a relatively larger influence compared with globally-traded commodities. When it comes to the increased co-movement observed across regions under IT regime, however, it is the ‘Commodities’ sectors rather than ‘Services’ that are responsible, probably because services inflation becomes relatively more influenced by local factors once it has stabilized within the target range. We show that this sectoral heterogeneity can be explained by the difference in price stickiness such that sectors in which prices are adjusted less frequently tend to have a larger response under the new monetary policy regime.
Quality of life in childhood migraines: clinical impact and comparison to other chronic illnesses.

OBJECTIVE Despite the high prevalence of headaches in youths, quality of life (QOL) has not been well examined. We examined QOL in a clinical sample of children with headaches and compared it with children with other chronic diseases. METHODS A survey study was conducted of 572 consecutive patients (mean age, 11.4 +/- 3.6 years) who presented with headaches to a children's headache center. Children and parents completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Version 4.0 and a standardized headache assessment. Results were compared with established norms for healthy and chronically ill children. RESULTS Most patients (99%) had a clinical diagnosis of migraine: 85% met the International Headache Society migraine criteria, and 40% had chronic daily headaches. Total Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Version 4.0 score was lower for the entire group (73.1 +/- 14.4) compared with healthy norms (83.0 +/- 14.8) and lowest for children with chronic daily headaches (70.5 +/- 15.5). The impact on QOL of children with migraine was similar to that of children with arthritis and cancer. CONCLUSIONS QOL of children with headaches is significantly affected by their health condition. The impact of headaches on QOL is similar to that found for other chronic illness conditions, with impairments in school and emotional functioning being the most prominent.
Axis I and II psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE Patients who had suffered traumatic brain injury were evaluated to determine the occurrence of psychiatric disorders during a 30-year follow-up. METHOD Sixty patients were assessed on average 30 years after traumatic brain injury. DSM-IV axis I disorders were diagnosed on a clinical basis with the aid of the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (version 2.1), and axis II disorders were diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders. Cognitive impairment was measured with a neuropsychological test battery and the Mini-Mental State Examination. RESULTS Of the 60 patients, 29 (48.3%) had had an axis I disorder that began after traumatic brain injury, and 37 (61.7%) had had an axis I disorder during their lifetimes. The most common novel disorders after traumatic brain injury were major depression (26.7%), alcohol abuse or dependence (11.7%), panic disorder (8.3%), specific phobia (8.3%), and psychotic disorders (6.7%). Fourteen patients (23.3%) had at least one personality disorder. The most prevalent individual disorders were avoidant (15.0%), paranoid (8.3%), and schizoid (6.7%) personality disorders. Nine patients (15.0%) had DSM-III-R organic personality syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that traumatic brain injury may cause decades-lasting vulnerability to psychiatric illness in some individuals. Traumatic brain injury seems to make patients particularly susceptible to depressive episodes, delusional disorder, and personality disturbances. The high rate of psychiatric disorders found in this study emphasizes the importance of psychiatric follow-up after traumatic brain injury.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-aged children in urban, rural and mountain areas of the Veneto Region, Italy

Abstract Objective To define the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-aged children resident in mountain areas, rural areas and urban areas. Design, setting and subjects The sample (n = 12 832; 50.7% boys) included 9- and 11-year-old children of the Veneto Region of north-east Italy. Overweight and obesity status were determined using the International Obesity Task Force cut-off points for body mass index. The prevalence of overweight and obese subjects was calculated with a confidence interval of 95%. The Mantel–Haenszel method was used to compare the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity among children resident in mountain areas, rural areas and urban areas. Results Among boys the prevalence of overweight was 21.06%, while obesity prevalence was 5.92%; among girls overweight prevalence was 21.30%, while obesity prevalence was 5.15%. The prevalence was higher among 11-year-old boys (odds ratio (OR) = 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–1.33) and 9-year-old girls (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01–1.26). Children resident in rural areas presented a higher risk of overweight and obesity compared with children resident in mountain areas (Mantel–Haenszel OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.13–1.42; χ2 = 17.55; P < 0.0001) and in urban areas (Mantel–Haenszel OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07–1.31; χ2 = 10.39; P < 0.001). Conclusions A relevant prevalence of overweight and obesity was found; the excess weight concerns one child in four. There are differences linked to different geographical areas that must be further investigated.
Fish-Seaweed Interactions on Coral Reefs : Effects of Herbivorous Fishes and Adaptations of Their Prey

97 from grazing), the basal portions of small filamentous algae (which recover very rapidly following grazing because of their rapid growth rates), and chemically or structurally defended macrophytes (which are low-preference foods relative to the filaments or undefended macrophytes) Despite the low biomass of seaweeds on most tropical reefs, the extremely high growth rates of these algae make shallow reefs among the most productive habitats on earth; most of this tremendous productivity is consumed by local herbivores (Hatcher and Larkum, 1983; Carpenter, 1986) and is thus immediately incorporated into the reef community. Because of the high productivity of coral reefs and the tight coupling between production and consumption on many portions of reefs, plant-herbivore interactions on reefs may be among the most important interactions affecting community structure as a whole. With the exception of a very few seminal papers in the 1960s and 1970s (Randall, 1961b, 1965; Ogden et al., 1973), the most rigorous investigations of seaweed-herbivore interactions on reefs have been published within the last decade. Despite this short period of study, tremendous advances have been made in our understanding of the role of herbivory (especially by fishes) in coral-reef communities and of how seaweeds have adapted to attack by herbivores. Herbivorous fishes have a profound impact on the distribution, abundance, on these portions of coral reefs equals or exceeds grazing rates for any other habitat, either terrestrial or marine. Because herbivores, including fishes, appear to be limited by nitrogen rather than carbon (Mattson, 1980; Horn, 1989), and because seaweeds are low in nitrogen relative to fish tissues, fishes probably need to consume many times their minimal carbon requirements to acquire sufficient nitrogen. As one example, Hatcher (1981) estimated that herbivorous fishes on the Great Barrier Reef consumed up to 10 times more carbon than was needed to meet their basic metabolic requirements. The great abundance of herbivorous fishes, coupled with their high metabolic rate (relative to many invertebrate herbivores) and their need to process large mounts of plant material to acquire adequate nutrition, mandates that fishes have a large impact on reef seaweeds. Numerous experimental studies have documented the profound effect that reef fishes have on present-day seaweeds