Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Study of the Associations Between Moral Disengagement and Active Defending Versus Passive Bystanding During Bullying Situations

This study investigated the prospective association between moral disengagement and bystander behaviors in bullying situations, including both defending and passive bystanding. A diverse sample of Canadian school children (N = 130; 68 boys and 62 girls; mean age = 11.36 years) participated in a three-wave longitudinal study over a 4-month period. Computer-based questionnaires were used to assess passive bystanding and defending by using both self-report and peer-report measures, as well as moral disengagement using self-report. Structural equation modeling was conducted to test longitudinal associations between moral disengagement and the bystander behaviors, resulting in an overall pattern that was consistent with sociocognitive theory of moral agency. Findings also revealed important sex differences and methodological issues, particularly with regard to the use of peer-nomination tools versus self-report tools.
Budesonide prevents but does not reverse sustained airway hyperresponsiveness in mice

Despite the effectiveness of corticosteroids at resolving airway inflammation, they are only moderately effective at attenuating airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). The extent to which corticosteroids are able to reverse or inhibit the development of sustained AHR is not known. The present study aimed to determine whether budesonide can resolve and or prevent the development of sustained AHR in mice. Mice were chronically exposed to allergen and treated with budesonide either: 1) briefly during the final weeks of exposure to allergen; 2) prolonged concurrently throughout exposure to allergen; or 3) delayed following final exposure to allergen. AHR was assessed 24 h (brief treatment) or 4 weeks (prolonged concurrent and delayed treatments) following final exposure to allergen. Brief budesonide intervention significantly attenuated the inflammation-associated AHR assessed immediately following final exposure to allergen. Similarly, prolonged concurrent budesonide treatment prevented the development of sustained AHR. Delayed budesonide intervention, however, did not resolve sustained AHR. In conclusion, the early introduction and, importantly, the persistence of corticosteroid treatment prevented the development of sustained airway hyperresponsiveness; however, the inability of corticosteroids to reverse established airway dysfunction indicates a limitation in their use for the complete, long-term management of airway hyperresponsiveness.
Surprisal-based comparison between a symbolic and a connectionist model of sentence processing

The 'unlexicalized surprisal' of a word in sentence context is defined as the negative logarithm of the probability of the word's part-of-speech given the sequence of previous parts-of-speech of the sentence. Unlexicalized surprisal is known to correlate with word reading time. Here, it is shown that this correlation grows stronger when surprisal values are estimated by a more accurate language model, indicating that readers make use of an objectively accurate probabilistic language model. Also, surprisals as estimated by a Simple Recurrent Network (SRN) were found to correlate more strongly with reading-time data than surprisals estimated by a Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar (PCFG). This suggests that the SRN forms a more accurate psycholinguistic model.
The Ecological Approach in Social Psychiatry

The search for differences in the frequency of mental illness in population groups ecologically defined is based upon a number of assumptions which are not wholly tenable yet not completely lacking in validity. The distributions found in ecological research may be explained in terms of three divergent frames of reference: the genetic, the interactional (as exemplified by the hypothesis of social isolation), and the cultural (exemplified in the view that social classes represent subcultures which differ with respect to both child socialization and types of stress), The major problem for futher research is to establish under what circumstances factors involved in any of these hypotheses actually contribute to the production of mental illness.
Cytotoxicity of Au, ZnO and SiO2 NPs using in vitro assays with mussel hemocytes and gill cells: Relevance of size, shape and additives

Abstract Metal-bearing nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique physico-chemical characteristics that make them useful for an increasing number of industrial products and applications, but could also confer them a higher toxicity due to their higher reactivity compared to bulk forms of the same materials. There is a considerable interest in the use of in vitro techniques in environmentally relevant species, such as marine mussels, to evaluate NPs toxicity. In the present work, mussel hemocytes and gill cells were used to assess the potential toxic effects of Au, ZnO and SiO2 NPs with different sizes and shapes in parallel with their respective ionic and bulk forms and additives used in the NPs preparations. Cytotoxicity (neutral red and MTT assays) was screened at a wide range of concentrations, and LC50 values were calculated. Uptake of fluorescently labeled SIO2 NPs of 27 nm by hemocytes was also investigated. Au, ZnO and SiO2 NPs were less toxic than the corresponding ionic forms but more toxic than the bulk forms. ZnO NPs were the most toxic NPs tested which could be related with their capacity to release free ions. SiO2 NPs were not taken up by hemocytes and were not toxic to either hemocytes or gill cells. Size-dependent toxicity was found for Au NPs. Shape influenced the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs. Finally, the presence of the additives Na-citrate and Ecodis P90 contributed to the toxicity of Au and ZnO NPs, respectively. As a general conclusion, solubility appears to play a key role in NPs toxicity to mussel cells.
Photogrammetric Responses From The Shroud of Turin

The unique results produced by simple studies of the Shroud of Turin sets this particular artifact apart from all other known artifacts. When photographed, the Shroud image appears more clearly to the human eye in the photographic negative than in the photopositive. When image-processed by a VP-8 Image Analyzer, the Shroud image produces a three-dimensional response unlike any other image so processed. The content and composition of the Shroud image induces these unique results. Without alteration, modification, or fabrication of the common processes involved, the products of these studies are unlike any other known to exist. Photography and the Shroud of Turin In 1898, Secundo Pia made the first photographs of the Shroud of Turin. The process included emulsions on glass plates. The emulsions hardened where exposed to light energy. Secundo Pia focused his lens on the Shroud of Turin, closed the lens, installed the glass plates, and opened the lens for a short period of time. The light, reflected from the Shroud, passed through the lens. Photons landed on the emulsions, and the lens was again closed. This is the common process of conventional photography. It is the same now, as then. However, the products resulting from Shroud photographs are unique. When Pia’s plates were developed, the photographic negatives made the subtle details on the Shroud much more vivid, and much easier to “interpret” by the human visual system. The actual image on the Shroud of Turin is very “faint” (low in contrast). It is difficult to orient oneself, relative to the image, if the observer is in close proximity to the cloth. Even if the observer is close to a full-scale positive color photographic image of the cloth, viewing details is difficult. However, photographic negative images of the Shroud are more easily interpreted. Details are easier to see. This does not mean that the Shroud of Turin is a photographic negative. However, the products (negatives) of the conventional photographic process, applied to the Shroud of Turin, are unique relative to the products of photographs of other known objects. This includes photographs of art objects, such as, drawings or paintings. It might be possible to produce, fabricate, modify, or alter the image of an object so that, when photographed, the resulting negatives would begin to resemble Shroud negatives. However, the Shroud of Turin is at least 650 years old, by any consideration. No modification, fabrication, or alterations of the physical reactions are required in taking a Shroud photograph. The methods used are the same used in making any other photograph. Yet, the results of Shroud photographs have these unique characteristics. The photons rebound from the cloth, pass through the lens, harden the emulsion, and the result exists. No image studied, made prior to photography, or
How would it feel if...? Mood as input to a role fulfillment evaluation process.

Most theoretical models of the relation between mood and evaluation suggest that people in positive moods tend to render more favorable evaluations than people in negative moods. If moods operate as input to a role fulfillment evaluation process, however, then mood-congruent evaluations are not inevitable, even when people incorporate their moods into their evaluations. Instead, the more people experience the feelings (negative or positive) they could expect to feel if the target had fulfilled its role (e.g., a particularly heart-wrenching sad story or an especially funny comedy), the more favorably people should evaluate the target. Three experiments supported this hypothesis. Only the mood-as-input model seems capable of accounting for the results.
Ethno-graphies: an introduction

'Literacy' is a remarkable term. While seeming to refer to simple individual possession of the complementary mental technologies of reading and writing, literacy is not only difficult to define in individuals and delimit within societies, but is also charged with emotional and political meaning. It was not long ago that newspapers and scholars referred to whole societies as 'illiterate and uncivilized' as a single referent, and 'illiterate' is still a term which carries a negative connotation. Defining literacy as an individual phenomenon was once thought to be simple: it simply entailed testing for reading and writing skills. Or, as is generally done by international and national organizations for statistical and methodological expediency, literacy may be inferred from school attendance: those with four years of formal public schooling are assumed to be literate. We now know that such assumptions are misleading, if not often incorrect. When considered as a cultural phenomenon, literacy is even less easily defined, since its functions, meaning, transmission, and even identity may vary from one sociocultural group to the next. The present issue on 'Literacy and ethnicity' is intended to add to our knowledge about the cultural context of literacy and literacies in different societies. The issue is, in a sense, an attempt to meet the challenge posed by Goody's (1968) Literacy in Traditional Societies of considering literacy as more than simply a 'mental technology'. While Goody's book dealt with literacy primarily in Third World societies and in historical perspective, the present papers cover a range of contemporary cultural contexts in both Third World and Western societies, demonstrating both commonalities and divergencies in the cultural beliefs about and functions of literacies in society, and particularly in multiethnic and multilingual societies which make up the majority of the nations of the world. The term 'ethno-graphies' is intended to define a territory of study that is bounded by societal uses of graphic symbol systems (handwriting or print) on one side, and by ethnolinguistic considerations on the other. While pedagogies for, and individual acquisition of, symbolic decoding and coding (i.e., reading
The production of critical theories in Health Systems Research and Education. An epistemological approach to emancipating public research and education from private interests

This paper aims at offering alternative methodological perspectives in health systems research, to produce critical, theoretical knowledge in domains such as health policy and management of health care, organization of disease control, political economy of health and medical practice.We first examined the reasons to believe that worldwide economic agents have driven publicly funded schools of public health to adopt their preferred policies and to orient their priority research topics. We then studied whether this hidden leadership has also contributed to shape research methodologies, which we contrasted with the epistemological consequences of a quest for intellectual independence, that is, the researcher’s quest to critically understand the state of health systems and generalize results of related action-research. To do so, we applied concepts of what could be named the ‘French School of Critical Sociology’ to qualitative research methodologies in descriptive health systems research. To do so, we applied concepts of what could be named the ‘French School of Critical Sociology’ to qualitative research methodologies in descriptive health systems research.
Dynamic Thermal Rating System Relieves Transmission Constraint

Dynamic thermal line rating can optimize transmission operation by capturing previously unutilized line capacity while simultaneously improving system reliability. This paper introduces a new system for dynamically determining the thermal rating of an overhead line. The paper focuses on a case study by describing how the system was used to relieve a transmission line constraint for a wind farm in the mid-western United States. A description of the particular constraint is presented followed by a discussion of the installation of the dynamic rating system and the integration of the dynamic rating data into operations. Results from the first summer of operation of the system are also presented
GM-CSF Restores Innate, But Not Adaptive, Immune Responses in Glucocorticoid-Immunosuppressed Human Blood In Vitro1

Infection remains the major complication of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation. Therefore, reconstitution of the innate immunity against infections, without activation of the adaptive immune responses, to prevent graft rejection is a clinically desirable status in transplant recipients. We found that GM-CSF restored TNF mRNA and protein expression without inducing IL-2 production and T cell proliferation in glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed blood from either healthy donors or liver transplant patients. Gene array experiments indicated that GM-CSF selectively restored a variety of dexamethasone-suppressed, LPS-inducible genes relevant for innate immunity. A possible explanation for the lack of GM-CSF to restore T cell proliferation is its enhancement of the release of IL-1βR antagonist, rather than of IL-1β itself, since exogenously added IL-1β induced an IL-2-independent Con A-stimulated proliferation of glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed lymphocytes. Finally, to test the in vivo relevance of our findings, we showed that GM-CSF restored the survival of dexamethasone- or cyclosporine A-immunosuppressed mice from an otherwise lethal infection with Salmonella typhimurium. In addition to this increased resistance to infection, GM-CSF did not induce graft rejection of a skin allotransplant in cyclosporine A-immunosuppressed mice. The selective restoration potential of GM-CSF suggests its therapeutic use in improving the resistance against infections upon organ transplantation.
Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography Enterographic Assessment of the Ileal-Anal Pouch: Descriptive Radiologic Analysis With Endoscopic and Pathologic Correlation

Objective To describe the multidetector-row computed tomography enterographic (MD-CTE) features of the ileal-anal pouch after ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery and correlate them with pouch endoscopy and histopathologic findings. Methods All MD-CTE examinations performed on patients who underwent IPAA from July 1, 2005 to December 1, 2010 (n = 35; 16 [45.7%] men; mean age, 37.7 years; age range, 22–72 years) were retrospectively evaluated in consensus by 2 radiologists. All studies were evaluated for the presence of multiple imaging features. Two radiographic scores were then calculated: a total radiographic score and a radiographic active inflammation score. In patients who underwent MD-CTE, pouch endoscopy, and biopsy within 30 days (n = 13), both scores were correlated with findings on pouch endoscopy and histopathology. Results Of the 35 patients, 33 (94%) had at least one MD-CTE finding of active or chronic pouch inflammation and 27 patients (77%) had at least one MD-CTE finding of active pouch inflammation. Of the 13 patients who underwent endoscopy and biopsy, the total radiographic score demonstrated a strong positive correlation with endoscopic score (r = 0.81; P = 0.001) and a moderate positive correlation with histopathologic score (r = 0.56; P = 0.047). The radiographic active inflammation score demonstrated a strong positive correlation with endoscopic score (r = 0.83; P = 0.0004), but only a weak nonsignificant positive correlation with histopathologic score (r = 0.492, P = 0.087). Conclusions In patients who had IPAA surgery, findings on MD-CTE correlate positively with findings on pouch endoscopy and histopathology and are sensitive measures for pouch inflammation with high positive predictive value. Thus, MD-CTE can be a useful noninvasive test in the early evaluation of symptomatic patients.
Correlation of C-start behaviors with neural activity recorded from the hindbrain in free-swimming goldfish (Carassius auratus)

SUMMARY Startle behaviors in teleost fishes are well suited for investigations of mechanisms of sensorimotor integration because the behavior is quantifiable and much of the underlying circuitry has been identified. The teleost C-start is triggered by an action potential in one of the two Mauthner (M) cells. To correlate C-start behavior with electrophysiology, extracellular recordings were obtained from the surface of the medulla oblongata in the hindbrain, close to the M-axons, in freely swimming goldfish monitored using high-speed video. The recordings included action potentials generated by the two M-axons, as well as neighboring axons in the dorsal medial longitudinal fasciculus. Axonal backfills indicated that the latter originate from identifiable reticulospinal somata in rhombomeres 2-8 and local interneurons. Diverse auditory and visual stimuli evoked behaviors with kinematics characteristic of the C-start, and the amplitude of the first component of the hindbrain field potential correlated with the C-start direction. The onset of the field potential preceded that of the simultaneously recorded trunk EMG and movement initiation by 1.08±0.04 and 8.13±0.17 ms, respectively. A subsequent longer latency field potential was predictive of a counterturn. These results indicate that characteristic features of the C-start can be extracted from the neural activity of the M-cell and a population of other reticulospinal neurons in free-swimming goldfish.
Treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions commonly used in developed countries.

BACKGROUND Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is an extremely common paediatric condition, which results in significant morbidity in children and is a financial burden to the society. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this overview is to critically evaluate the evidence currently available in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) regarding the efficacy and safety of commonly considered treatment options in children with AGE. METHODS All Cochrane reviews evaluating the following treatments in children with AGE were eligible for inclusion: oral rehydration therapy, anti-emetics and probiotics. We excluded those focusing on the treatment of antibiotic associated or nosocomial diarrhoea, persistent (chronic) diarrhoea and the prevention of gastroenteritis. We focused on the following outcomes that were selected a priori as clinically important: rate of admission to the hospital; length of stay in hospital; rate of return visits; administration of intravenous (IV) therapy owing to failure of oral rehydration therapy; adverse events and dysnatremia. MAIN RESULTS Children who received oral rehydration therapy had a shorter length of stay in hospital compared with children who received IV therapy [mean difference, MD = -1.20 days (-2.38, -0.02)]; however, the result was no longer significant when an outlying study was removed. Children who received IV therapy were at increased risk of developing phlebitis [risk difference, RD= - 0.02 (-0.04, -0.01)], while paralytic ileus was more common in children receiving ORT [RD = 0.03 (confidence interval, CI 0.01-0.05)]. Children who received oral ondansetron had lower hospital admission rates to the emergency department (ED) and lower rates of IV rehydration during their ED stay compared with children receiving placebo [risk ration, RR = 0.40 (CI 0.19-0.83) and RR = 0.41 (CI 0.29-0.59), respectively]. Children receiving IV ondansetron had lower hospital admission rates to the ED than patients receiving placebo [RR = 0.21 (0.05, 0.93)]. Probiotic use amongst children hospitalized following AGE reduced the mean duration of hospitalization by 1.12 days (CI -1.16, -0.38). CONCLUSIONS Given that oral rehydration is less invasive than IV rehydration with no evidence of important clinical differences, it is the first choice for rehydration in children with AGE and mild-to-moderate dehydration. As the vast majority of children with AGE do not require IV rehydration, oral ondansetron administration to children with significant vomiting should be performed to reduce the use of IV rehydration and the need for hospital admission. In children deemed too unwell to receive oral rehydration therapy, IV ondansetron administration is an option, as its use is associated with lower hospital admission rates. Although probiotics appear to be an effective option for the treatment of AGE amongst hospitalized children, outpatient data is lacking and more studies are urgently needed to determine the optimal organism, dosing and duration of treatment.
Influencing Factors of Healthcare-Seeking Behaviors in Taiwanese Patients With Hepatitis C

The purpose of this study was to determine factors that influence the frequency of hospital clinic visits for hepatitis C patients in Taiwan and identify data related to healthcare-seeking behaviors of patients by using a developed questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model. Consistent clinic visits for follow-up and treatment are required of the hepatitis C patient to be compliant with therapy guidelines. Recent studies targeted only Western communities in which hepatitis C is nonepidemic, unlike hepatitis C virus-endemic regions of Taiwan where patients may exhibit 10–20 times higher seroprevalence. Influences on hospital clinic visit attendance were identified as educational level, income, and aspartate aminotransferase level at diagnosis. Perceived benefits from and barriers to action were similar among the 390 evaluable subjects at various frequencies of hospital clinic visits (both p > .05); however, subjects who visited the hospital clinic between 1 and 6 months exhibited significantly higher scores of perceived susceptibility to disease and severity of disease than those who visited the hospital clinic at 7–9 months or less often (all p ⩽ .001). Findings lay the foundation for future studies to address strategies to increase compliance with treatment regimens for Taiwanese patients with hepatitis C.