Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Legacy introductions and climatic variation explain spatiotemporal patterns of invasive hybridization in a native trout

Hybridization between invasive and native species, a significant threat to worldwide biodiversity, is predicted to increase due to climate‐induced expansions of invasive species. Long‐term research and monitoring are crucial for understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that modulate the effects of invasive species. Using a large, multidecade genetics dataset (N = 582 sites, 12,878 individuals) with high‐resolution climate predictions and extensive stocking records, we evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of hybridization between native cutthroat trout and invasive rainbow trout, the world's most widely introduced invasive fish, across the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Historical effects of stocking and contemporary patterns of climatic variation were strongly related to the spread of hybridization across space and time. The probability of occurrence, extent of, and temporal changes in hybridization increased at sites in close proximity to historical stocking locations with greater rainbow trout propagule pressure, warmer water temperatures, and lower spring precipitation. Although locations with warmer water temperatures were more prone to hybridization, cold sites were not protected from invasion; 58% of hybridized sites had cold mean summer water temperatures (<11°C). Despite cessation of stocking over 40 years ago, hybridization increased over time at half (50%) of the locations with long‐term data, the vast majority of which (74%) were initially nonhybridized, emphasizing the chronic, negative impacts of human‐mediated hybridization. These results show that effects of climate change on biodiversity must be analyzed in the context of historical human impacts that set ecological and evolutionary trajectories.
Antibiotic Prescribing for Uncomplicated Acute Bronchitis Is Highest in Younger Adults

Reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing is currently a global health priority. Current guidelines recommend against antibiotic treatment for acute uncomplicated bronchitis. We studied antibiotic prescribing patterns for uncomplicated acute bronchitis and identified predictors of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. We used the Epic Clarity database (electronic medical record system) to identify all adult patients with acute bronchitis in family medicine clinics from 2011 to 2016. We excluded factors that could justify antibiotic use, such as suspected pneumonia, COPD or immunocompromising conditions. Of the 3616 visits for uncomplicated acute bronchitis, 2244 (62.1%) resulted in antibiotic treatment. The rates of antibiotic prescribing were similar across the years, p value for trend = 0.07. Antibiotics were most frequently prescribed in the age group of 18–39 years (66.9%), followed by the age group of 65 years and above (59.0%), and the age group of 40–64 years (58.7%), p value < 0.001. Macrolides were significantly more likely to be prescribed for younger adults, while fluoroquinolones were more likely to be prescribed for patients 65 years or older. Duration of antibiotic use was significantly longer in older adults. Sex and race were not associated with antibiotic prescribing. Our findings highlight the urgent need to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use for uncomplicated acute bronchitis, particularly in younger adults.
The revised 2014 GINA strategy report: opportunities for change

Purpose of review This document reviews a major revision of the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention that was published in 2014. The report aimed not only to update evidence-based recommendations for asthma diagnosis and management but also to innovate through a new format and layout to make its recommendations more clinically relevant and easier to implement. Recent findings The GINA 2014 report includes a new definition of asthma that recognizes the heterogeneity of the disease and its phenotypes, and a new chapter about the asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome. Among key messages, the report stresses that therapeutic decisions should be based not only on assessment of symptoms but also on risk factors for exacerbations, side effects of therapy and development of fixed airflow limitation. Asthma management includes not only medications but also nonpharmacological therapies and strategies, in a coordinated and personalized approach to individual patient care. On the basis of evidence about how to achieve behaviour change by health professionals, the recommendations are presented in a user-friendly format, with numerous tables, algorithms and flow-charts facilitating implementation. Background supporting material has been gathered online. Summary The GINA 2014 report provides updated and more easily implementable recommendations on optimal asthma management.
Stabilizing discrete-time switched linear stochastic systems using periodically available imprecise mode information

A feedback control framework is developed for stabilizing discrete-time switched linear stochastic dynamical systems for the case where the mode of the switched system is not observable at all time instants. We propose a feedback control law that depends only on the periodically obtained imprecise mode information. Specifically, the modes of the switched system are assumed to be divided into a number of groups, and the periodically available mode information indicates only the group that contains the active mode. We obtain sufficient conditions for second-moment asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system under our proposed control law. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach through an illustrative numerical example.
Platelet surface p‐selectin, platelet–granulocyte heterotypic aggregates, and plasma‐soluble p‐selectin during plateletpheresis

BACKGROUND: Plateletpheresis components have been shown to contain p‐selectin‐positive platelets after collection and storage. P‐selectin mediates binding of activated platelets to granulocytes and monocytes. This study was undertaken to assess platelet activation, granulocyte activation, platelet–granulocyte heterotypic aggregate formation, and the plasma‐soluble p‐selectin level during plateletpheresis performed on a particular instrument (MCS+, Haemonetics).
Picture naming without Broca's and Wernicke's area

Lexical and semantic retrieval was investigated in normal volunteers with PET by comparing picture confrontation naming and verb generation related to the same pictures. Conjunction analysis of the naming and verb generation uncovered a common network including the occipito-temporal ventral pathway for object recognition, and the bilateral anterior insula, SMA and precentral gyrus for coordination, planning and overt word production. Naming and verb generation highlighted two different patterns: verb generation showed specific implication of Broca and Wernicke's areas, whereas naming specifically relied on the primary visual areas, the right fusiform and parahippocampal gyri and the left anterior temporal region. These results indicate that speech does not necessarily involve the Wernicke–Broca's language network and testify that naming relies on an early developmental language network.
Distinguishing the perpetrators and victims of bullying behaviour in a prison environment: A study of male and female adult prisoners

Purpose. The main aim of this study was to explore prison-based behavioural characteristics and personal/descriptive characteristics of the different groups involved in bullying behaviour, with a subsidiary aim of exploring gender differences regarding these characteristics. Methods. The sample was selected from four separate prison establishments (two male and two female) and consisted of 406 adult prisoners (196 females and 210 males). Prisoners were placed into one of four groups ('pure bullies', 'bully/ victims', 'pure victims' or 'not involved') on the basis of a self-report behaviour checklist (Direct and Indirect Prisoner behaviour Checklist (DIPC); Ireland, 1998). Results. Prison-based behaviours shown by prisoners appeared to be more predictive of group membership than the personal/descriptive characteristics such as age, sentence length, offence and institutional history addressed in the present study. The victim groups (i.e. pure victims and bully/victims) showed the most drug-related behaviour and negative behaviour towards staff. Gender differences were found with negative behaviour more predictive of group membership for female bully/victims, whereas for male bully/victims, drug-related and proactive/positive behaviours were more predictive of group membership. Conclusions. The present research showed how the personal/descriptive characteristics that adult prisoners brought with them to the prison environment appeared to be less important in predicting group membership than the behaviours that they displayed within the prison. The importance of these findings for bullying intervention programmes and directions for future research are discussed. Language: en
Evaluation of a client care delivery model, Part 2: Variability in client outcomes in community home nursing.

Using similar variables, Part II explores variation in client outcomes such as OMAHA knowledge, behavior, and SF-36 scores. Medical and nursing diagnoses explained large variations in client outcomes. Clients cared for by degree-prepared nurses improved knowledge and behavior scores. Unanticipated case complexity was negatively associated with client outcome even with nursing intervention. The study revealed that "for every unit increase in assignment of baccalaureate-prepared nurses, clients will on average demonstrate an 80% greater likelihood of improvement in knowledge scores and a 120% greater likelihood of improvement in behavior scores in relation to their health condition at discharge. " This two-part study has offered insight into the controllable variables influencing the cost and quality of home care services.
Our Callings, Our Selves: Repositioning Religious and Entrepreneurial Discourses in Career Theory and Practice

The purpose of this study is to integrate and extend career development theory by focusing on the metaphor of “calling. ” In order to understand the impact of calling narratives on organizational life, I analyze how students understand and construct the meaning of work at a small Christian liberal arts college in the eastern United States. The study identified three themes in which religious and entrepreneurial discourses compete and collide: 1) the meaning of inner conviction; 2) the meaning of service, 3) the meaning of corporate. By incorporating the integrative concept of discursive positioning, this study alerts us to a more nuanced understanding of the tensions and contradictions that arise in and through calling narratives.
Surgical Anatomy of the Vertebral Arteries

Study Design This study compared direct measurements of the distances between the vertebral arteries in the cervical spines of human cadaver specimens with data obtained from axial computed tomography images of these specimens. Objective To determine whether the information obtained from a computed tomography scan can be used reliably to predict the true anatomic location of the vertebral arteries and, in so doing, provide accurate guidelines for the lateral extent of anterior cervical decompressive procedures. Summary of Background Data Iatrogenic vertebral artery injury during anterior cervical surgery is uncommon, potentially catastrophic, and avoidable. Methods The means and standard deviation of measurements of the location of the cervical segment of the vertebral arteries obtained with high‐precision, digital calipers by direct gross anatomic dissection of 16 adult (eight male, eight female) cadaver specimens were recorded. These measurements were compared with computed tomography scan data obtained on the same specimens. Results The mean distances between the vertebral arteries progressively increased from C3 to C6. Computed tomography scan measurements of the distance between the cervical foramina transversaria were consistently smaller than direct measurements of the gross specimens. At C6, the computed tomography scan data were significantly less than the gross anatomic data. Conclusions According to these data, computed tomography scan measurements may be used safely and accurately to plan the lateral extent of anterior cervical decompressive surgical procedures. Although the data obtained from the gross anatomic dissections may serve as guidelines to assist the surgeon, the authors recommend a careful review of the preoperative computed tomography scan on an individual case‐by‐case basis as the safest method to plan for anterior cervical surgery.
Inconsistencies in sweat testing in UK laboratories

BACKGROUND Sweat testing procedures are perceived to vary widely. AIM To evaluate variability in sweat collection, analysis, and interpretation. METHODS Questionnaire responses from 30 self selected centres: 15 paediatric centres, and 15 district general hospitals. RESULTS Centres carried out 30–400 tests per year (median 100), with a diagnostic rate of 1:5–152 (median 1:30). Staff performed 5–268 tests per year. Minimum test age varied from 24 hours to four months. All stimulated sweating by pilocarpine iontophoresis using varying currents and times. Twenty six had observed urticaria or skin reddening, and nine blistering or burns. Sweat was collected for 10–60 minutes onto filter paper or into Macroduct coils. Between 2% and 25% of tests were considered insufficient. Twenty eight measured sodium, 24 chloride, and one osmolality and conductivity. Fifteen used literature and five in house reference ranges. Eleven would not test severely eczematous children. CONCLUSIONS Local audit is required to improve performance, as well as a national guideline to standardise collection, and external quality assessment to provide analytical feedback.
Chronic Angiotensin II Infusion Drives Extensive Aldosterone-Independent Epithelial Na+ Channel Activation

The inability of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade to reduce hypertension associated with high angiotensin (Ang) II suggests direct actions of Ang II to regulate tubular sodium reabsorption via the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. We used freshly isolated aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron from mice to delineate the synergism and primacy between aldosterone and Ang II in controlling functional ENaC activity. Inhibition of MR specifically prevented the increased number of functionally active ENaC, but not ENaC open probability elicited by a low sodium diet. In contrast, we found no functional role of glucocorticoid receptors in the regulation of ENaC activity by dietary salt intake. Simultaneous inhibition of MR and Ang II type 1 receptors ameliorated the enhanced ENaC activity caused by low dietary salt intake and produced significantly greater natriuresis than either inhibitor alone. Chronic systemic Ang II infusion induced more than 2 times greater increase in ENaC activity than observed during dietary sodium restriction. Importantly, ENaC activity remained greatly above control levels during maximal MR inhibition. We conclude that during variations in dietary salt intake both aldosterone and Ang II contribute complementarily to the regulation of ENaC activity in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. In contrast, in the setting of Ang II–dependent hypertension, ENaC activity is upregulated well above the physiological range and is not effectively suppressed by inhibition of the aldosterone–MR axis. This provides a mechanistic explanation for the resistance to MR inhibition that occurs in hypertensive subjects having elevated intrarenal Ang II levels.
Satisfaction and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients with Immediately Loaded Mandibular Overdentures Supported by One or Two Dental Implants: Results of a 5-Year Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes among subjects with mandibular overdentures supported by one or two immediately placed dental implants 5 years after loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six subjects (16 men and 20 women) received one or two dental implants in the anterior mandible, and all implants were loaded the day of surgery. Subjects were scheduled for follow-up 3-, 6-, and 12 months after implant placement and thereafter annually for 4 more years. Patient satisfaction scores were measured with the Oral Health Impact Profile-EDENT (OHIPEDENT) questionnaire. RESULTS Seventeen subjects (7 male and 10 female) with a mean age of 59.4 years (range, 44 to 74 years) were available for the 5-year follow-up examination. Nine subjects with 10 failing implants were excluded during the first year and nine subjects were lost to follow-up. No implants failed between the 12- and 60-month follow-up examinations, and the need for denture maintenance was low. Mean peri-implant bone change was 0.92 mm, and the Spearman test failed to show correlation between the insertion torque value and implant stability quotient. Patient satisfaction scores increased significantly when compared with baseline values and continued to be high for both groups, with no significant differences. CONCLUSION Ten implants in nine subjects failed early, but no failures were observed after the 12-month examination. No significant differences were found between subjects in the two groups with respect to implant survival rates and peri-implant bone loss, and patient satisfaction scores continued to be high. Although patient satisfaction and implant success were high during the 12- to 60-month period, the results should be interpreted with caution because of the high number of failing implants and patients lost to follow-up. More research is needed to study outcomes of treatment with immediately loaded mandibular implant overdentures.
TOWARD A THEORY OF CONSTRUCT DEFINITION

The process of ascribing meaning to scores produced by a measurement procedure is generally recognized as the most important task in developing an educational or psychological measure, be it an achievement test, interest inventory, or personality scale. This process, which is commonly referred to as construct validation (Cronbach, 1971; Cronbach & Meehl, 1955; ETS, 1979; Messick, 1975, 1980), involves a family of methods and procedures for assessing the degree to which a test measures a trait or theoretical construct.
Wavelet analysis and the detection of non-Gaussianity in the cosmic microwave background

We investigate the use of wavelet transforms in detecting and characterizing non-Gaussian structure in maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We apply the method to simulated maps of the Kaiser–Stebbins effect resulting from cosmic strings, on to which Gaussian signals of varying amplitudes are superposed. We find that the method significantly outperforms standard techniques based on measuring the moments of the pixel temperature distribution. We also compare the results with those obtained using techniques based on Minkowski functionals, and we again find the wavelet method to be superior. In particular, using the wavelet technique, we find that it is possible to detect non-Gaussianity even in the presence of a superposed Gaussian signal with 3 times the rms amplitude of the original cosmic string map. We also find that the wavelet technique is useful in characterizing the angular scales at which the non-Gaussian signal occurs.
Probing ice clouds by broadband mid-infrared extinction spectroscopy: case studies from ice nucleation experiments in the AIDA aerosol and cloud chamber

Series of infrared extinction spectra of ice crystals were recorded in the 6000-800 cm 1 wavenumber regime during expansion cooling experiments in the large aerosol and cloud chamber AIDA of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Either supercooled sulphuric acid solution droplets or dry mineral dust particles were added as seed aerosols to ini- tiate ice formation after having established ice supersatu- rated conditions inside the chamber. The various ice nucle- ation runs were conducted at temperatures between 237 and 195 K, leading to median sizes of the nucleated ice particles of 1-15 µm. The measured infrared spectra were fitted with reference spectra from T-matrix calculations to retrieve the number concentration as well as the number size distribu- tion of the generated ice clouds. The precise evaluation of the time-dependent ice particle number concentrations, i.e., the rates of new ice particle formation, is of particular im- portance to quantitatively analyse the ice nucleation experi- ments in terms of nucleation rates and ice activation spectra. The ice particles were modelled as finite circular cylinders with aspect ratios ranging from 0.5 to 3.0. Benefiting from the comprehensive diagnostic tools for the characterisation of ice clouds which are available at the AIDA facility, the infrared retrieval results with regard to the ice particle num- ber concentration could be compared to independent mea- surements with various optical particle counters. This pro- vided a unique chance to quantitatively assess potential er- rors or solution ambiguities in the retrieval procedure which mainly originate from the difficulty to find an appropriate shape representation for the aspherical particle habits of the ice crystals. Based on these inter-comparisons, we demon- strate that there is no standard retrieval approach which can be routinely applied to all different experimental scenarios. In particular, the concept to account for the asphericity of the ice crystals, the a priori constraints which might be imposed on the unknown number size distribution of the ice crystals (like employing an analytical distribution function), and the wavenumber range which is included in the fitting algorithm should be carefully adjusted to each single retrieval problem.
Consistency of robust optimization with application to portfolio optimization

In recent years the robust counterpart approach, introduced and made popular by Ben-Tal, Nemirovski and El Ghaoui, gained more and more interest among both academics and practitioners. However, to the best of our knowledge, only very few results on the relationship between the original problem instance and the robust counterpart have been established. This exposition aims at closing this gap by showing that the robust counterpart to an already well-posed problem remains well-posed under some mild regularity and uniqueness assumption on the solution of the original problem instance. As a consequence, sufficient conditions will be established under which the solution of the robust counterpart converges to the original solution, if the level of robustification is decreased to zero. Based on the well-posedness of the robust counterpart, it will also be demonstrated how any consistent plug-in estimator can be supplemented by a corresponding consistent robust estimator based on a proper choice of the confidence set of the plug-in estimator. Finally, this consistency result leads to a generalization of already known consistency results in the framework of mean-variance portfolio optimization.
Rho‐dependent membrane folding causes Shigella entry into epithelial cells.

The small GTPase rho is functionally involved in the formation of cytoskeletal structures like stress fibers or focal adhesion plaques. Shigella entry into HeLa cells induces a blossom‐like membrane structure at the bacterial entry site. We show here that this membrane‐folding process is rho‐dependent. The three rho isoforms were recruited into bacterial entry sites with differential localization relative to the membrane structure. A rho‐specific inhibitor abolished Shigella‐induced membrane folding and impaired bacterial entry accordingly. S1‐myosin labeling indicated that rho was involved in Shigella‐induced actin polymerization but not actin nucleation in the bacterial invasion site. This provides a major link in the signalization cascade allowing entry of a bacterial pathogen into a eukaryotic cell.