Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, practice, and barriers toward cervical cancer screening in Elmina, Southern Ghana

Aims The aims of this study were: 1) to assess the level of knowledge of women about Pap smear tests, 2) to determine the practices of women regarding Pap smear tests, and 3) to determine the barriers to Pap smear tests in Elmina, Ghana. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 392 randomly selected sexually active females aged 10–74 years using structured interview questions. The Institutional Review Board of the University of Cape Coast gave ethical approval for the study and informed consent was obtained from participants. Data were analyzed with SPSS software (v19.0) using frequencies, chi-square test, and exploratory factor analysis. Results The results revealed that 68.4% had never heard about cervical cancer, 93.6% had no knowledge on the risk factors, nine (2.3%) reported multiple sexual partners and being sexually active as risk factors, and 92% did not know about the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. The majority (97.7%) had never heard of the Pap smear test. Only three (0.8%) women out of 392 had had a Pap smear test. Reasons for seeking a Pap smear test included referral, fear of cervical cancer, and radio campaigns. A significant association was found between institutional and personal barriers and having a Pap smear test. Conclusion Comprehensive education on cervical cancer screening and removal of access barriers are critical in reducing risk associated with the disease and promoting women’s health.
Impact of immigration detention and temporary protection on the mental health of refugees

Background Over the past decade, developed Western countries have supplied increasingly stringent measures to discourage those seeking asylum. Aims To investigate the longer-term mental health effects of mandatory detention and subsequent temporary protection on refugees. Method Lists of names provided by community leaders were supplemented by snowball sampling to recruit 241 Arabic-speaking Mandaean refugees in Sydney (60% of the total adult Mandaean population). Interviews assessed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episodes, and indices of stress related to pasttrauma, detention and temporary protection. Results A multilevel model which included age, gender, family clustering, pre-migration trauma and length of residency revealed that past immigration detention and ongoing temporary protection each contributed independently to risk of ongoing PTSD, depression and mental health-related disability. Longer detention was associated with more severe mental disturbance, an effect that persisted for an average of 3 years after release. Conclusions Policies of detention and temporary protection appear to be detrimental to the longer-term mental health of refugees.
Gamma-irradiation reduces the allogenicity of donor corneas.

PURPOSE To evaluate the utility and allogenicity of gamma-irradiated corneal allografts. METHODS Corneal buttons were harvested from C57BL/6 mice and decellularized with gamma irradiation. Cell viability was assessed using TUNEL and viability/cytotoxicity assays. Orthotopic penetrating keratoplasty was performed using irradiated or nonirradiated (freshly excised) C57BL/6 donor grafts and BALB/c or C57BL/6 recipients. Graft opacity was assessed over an 8-week period and graft survival was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Mixed-lymphocyte reactions and delayed-type hypersensitivity assays were performed to evaluate T-cell alloreactivity. Real-time PCR was used to investigate the corneal expression of potentially pathogenic T-helper 1, 2, and 17 cell-associated cytokines. RESULTS Corneal cells were devitalized by gamma irradiation as evidenced by widespread cellular apoptosis and plasma membrane disruption. Nonirradiated allograft and isograft rates of survival were superior to irradiated allograft and isograft rates of survival (P < 0.001). Mixed lymphocyte reactions demonstrated that T-cells from irradiated allograft recipients did not exhibit a secondary alloimmune response (P < 0.001). Delayed-type hypersensitivity assays demonstrated that irradiated allografts did not elicit an alloreactive delayed-type hypersensitivity response in graft recipients (P ≤ 0.01). The corneal expression of T-helper 1, 2, and 17 cell-associated cytokines was significantly lower in failed irradiated allografts than rejected nonirradiated allografts (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Gamma-irradiated corneas failed to remain optically clear following murine penetrating keratoplasty; however, gamma irradiation reduced the allogenicity of these corneas, potentially supporting their use in procedures such as anterior lamellar keratoplasty or keratoprosthesis implantation.
A Comparison of Document Clustering Algorithms

Document clustering is a widely used strategy for information retrieval and text data mining. This paper describes the preliminary work for ongoing research of document clustering problems. A prototype of a document clustering system has been implemented and some basic aspects of document clustering problems have been studied. Our experimental results demonstrate that the average-link inter-cluster distance measure and TFIDF weighting function are good methods for the document clustering problem. Other investigators have indicated that the bisecting K-means method is the preferred method for document clustering. However, in our research we have found that, whereas the bisecting K-means method has advantages when working with large datasets, a traditional hierarchical clustering algorithm still achieves the best performance for small datasets.
Mental health implications of detaining asylum seekers: systematic review.

BACKGROUND The number of asylum seekers, refugees and internally displaced people worldwide is rising. Western countries are using increasingly restrictive policies, including the detention of asylum seekers, and there is concern that this is harmful. AIMS To investigate mental health outcomes among adult, child and adolescent immigration detainees. METHOD A systematic review was conducted of studies investigating the impact of immigration detention on the mental health of children, adolescents and adults, identified by a systematic search of databases and a supplementary manual search of references. RESULTS Ten studies were identified. All reported high levels of mental health problems in detainees. Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder were commonly reported, as were self-harm and suicidal ideation. Time in detention was positively associated with severity of distress. There is evidence for an initial improvement in mental health occurring subsequent to release, although longitudinal results have shown that the negative impact of detention persists. CONCLUSIONS This area of research is in its infancy and studies are limited by methodological constraints. Findings consistently report high levels of mental health problems among detainees. There is some evidence to suggest an independent adverse effect of detention on mental health.
Cryptococcus neoformans Escape From Dictyostelium Amoeba by Both WASH-Mediated Constitutive Exocytosis and Vomocytosis

Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental yeast that can cause opportunistic infections in humans. As infecting animals does not form part of its normal life-cycle, it has been proposed that the virulence traits that allow cryptococci to resist immune cells were selected through interactions with environmental phagocytes such as amoebae. Here, we investigate the interactions between C. neoformans and the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. We show that like macrophages, D. discoideum is unable to kill C. neoformans upon phagocytosis. Despite this, we find that the yeast pass through the amoebae with an apparently normal phagocytic transit and are released alive by constitutive exocytosis after ~80 min. This is the canonical pathway in amoebae, used to dispose of indigestible material after nutrient extraction. Surprisingly however, we show that upon either genetic or pharmacological blockage of constitutive exocytosis, C. neoformans still escape from D. discoideum by a secondary mechanism. We demonstrate that constitutive exocytosis-independent egress is stochastic and actin-independent. This strongly resembles the non-lytic release of cryptococci by vomocytosis from macrophages, which do not perform constitutive exocytosis and normally retain phagocytosed material. Our data indicate that vomocytosis is functionally redundant for escape from amoebae, which thus may not be the primary driver for its evolutionary selection. Nonetheless, we show that vomocytosis of C. neoformans is mechanistically conserved in hosts ranging from amoebae to man, providing new avenues to understand this poorly-understood but important virulence mechanism.
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Mental Health in Adult Life

The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and mental health in adult life was investigated in a random community sample of women. There was a positive correlation between reporting abuse and greater levels of psychopathology on a range of measures. Substance abuse and suicidal behaviour were also more commonly reported by the abused group. Childhood sexual abuse was more frequent in women from disrupted homes as well as in those who had been exposed to inadequate parenting or physical abuse. While elements in the individual's childhood which increased the risks of sexual abuse were also directly associated to higher rates of adult psychopathology, abuse emerged from logistic regression as a direct contributor to adult psychopathology. Severity of abuse reported was related to the degree of adult psychopathology. The overlap between the possible effects of sexual abuse and the effects of the matrix of disadvantage from which it so often emerges were, however, so considerable as to raise doubts about how often, in practice, it operates as an independent causal element. Further, many of those reporting childhood sexual abuse did not show a measurable long-term impairment of their mental health. Abuse correlated with an increased risk for a range of mental health problems, but in most cases its effects could only be understood in relationship to the context from which it emerged.
Contribution of Gender, Marital Status, and Age to English Language Teachers’ Burnout

Teaching is a stressful job and can lead to teachers’ burnout. Teachers feel burned out when they experience high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization but low levels of personal accomplishment (Maslach, 1999). A wealth of research is available on this subject but the findings are inconsistent. The present study surveyed the level of burnout among a randomly selected group of English language teachers (n = 315) in Malaysia . It also investigated whether these teachers’ gender, age and marital status could significantly contribute to their burnout levels. Maslach’s Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1986) was used to collect the data. According to the results, the teachers suffered from significantly high levels of burnout in reference to their PA scores. In comparison with the male teachers, female teachers reported significantly higher levels of burnout considering their emotional exhaustion ( p = .008), depersonalization ( p = .002) and personal accomplishment ( p = .000). Additionally, older teachers (aged ≤ 40 ) were significantly more burned out than their younger colleagues (aged ≥ 30 ), regarding their depersonalization ( p = .001) and personal achievement ( p = .000) mean scores. Finally, married teachers indicated significantly higher levels of burnout compared with those who were not married. The study is expected to have useful implications for teachers, administrators, and researchers.
Stress orientations of Taiwan Chelungpu‐Fault Drilling Project (TCDP) hole‐A as observed from geophysical logs

The Taiwan Chelungpu‐fault Drilling Project (TCDP) drilled a 2‐km‐deep research borehole to investigate the structure and mechanics of the Chelungpu Fault that ruptured in the 1999 Mw 7.6 Chi‐Chi earthquake. Geophysical logs of the TCDP were carried out over depths of 500–1900 m, including Dipole Sonic Imager (DSI) logs and Formation Micro Imager (FMI) logs in order to identify bedding planes, fractures and shear zones. From the continuous core obtained from the borehole, a shear zone at a depth of 1110 meters is interpreted to be the Chelungpu fault, located within the Chinshui Shale, which extends from 1013 to 1300 meters depth. Stress‐induced borehole breakouts were observed over nearly the entire length of the wellbore. These data show an overall stress direction (∼N115°E) that is essentially parallel to the regional stress field and parallel to the convergence direction of the Philippine Sea plate with respect to the Eurasian plate. Variability in the average stress direction is seen at various depths. In particular there is a major stress orientation anomaly in the vicinity of the Chelungpu fault. Abrupt stress rotations at depths of 1000 m and 1310 m are close to the Chinshui Shale's upper and lower boundaries, suggesting the possibility that bedding plane slip occurred during the Chi‐Chi earthquake.
Electrochemical studies toward proteomic analysis

11 1. Introduction . 15 1. 1. Fundamentals of electrochemistry . 17 1.1.1. Solid electrode electrochemistry . 17 1.1.2. Electron transfer reactions . 17 1.1. 3. Faradaic and non-faradaic processes . 18 1.1. 4. Electric double layer . 18 1.1. 5. Mass transport . 20 1. 2. Electrochemistry at the Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions (ITIES) . 22 1.2.
Long-Term Functional Consequences and Ongoing Cerebral Inflammation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a considerable health problem with an incidence of 6–7 per 100.000 individuals per year in Western society. We investigated the long-term consequences of SAH on behavior, neuroinflammation and gray- and white-matter damage using an endovascular puncture model in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into a mild or severe SAH group based on their acute neurological score at 24 h post-SAH. The degree of hemorrhage determined in post-mortem brains at 48 h strongly correlated with the acute neurological score. Severe SAH induced increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP2, CINC-1 mRNA expression and cortical neutrophil influx at 48 h post-insult. Neuroinflammation after SAH was very long-lasting and still present at day 21 as determined by Iba-1 staining (microglia/macrophages) and GFAP (astrocytes). Long-term neuroinflammation was strongly associated with the degree of severity of SAH. Cerebral damage to gray- and white-matter was visualized by immunohistochemistry for MAP2 and MBP at 21 days after SAH. Severe SAH induced significant gray- and white-matter damage. MAP2 loss at day 21 correlated significantly with the acute neurological score determined at 24 h post-SAH. Sensorimotor behavior, determined by the adhesive removal task and von Frey test, was affected after severe SAH at day 21. In conclusion, we are the first to show that SAH induces ongoing cortical inflammation. Moreover, SAH induces mainly cortical long-term brain damage, which is associated with long-term sensorimotor damage.
Mapping of partially overlapping de novo deletions across an autism susceptibility region [AUTS5] in two unrelated individuals affected by developmental delays with communication impairment

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in reciprocal social interaction and communication, and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and interests. Previous genetic studies of autism have shown evidence of linkage to chromosomes 2q, 3q, 7q, 11p, 16p, and 17q. However, the complexity and heterogeneity of the disorder have limited the success of candidate gene studies. It is estimated that 5% of the autistic population carry structural chromosome abnormalities. This article describes the molecular cytogenetic characterization of two chromosome 2q deletions in unrelated individuals, one of whom lies in the autistic spectrum. Both patients are affected by developmental disorders with language delay and communication difficulties. Previous karyotype analyses described the deletions as [46,XX,del(2)(q24.1q24.2)dn]. Breakpoint refinement by FISH mapping revealed the two deletions to overlap by approximately 1.1Mb of chromosome 2q24.1, a region which contains just one gene—potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 3 (KCNJ3). However, a mutation screen of this gene in 47 autistic probands indicated that coding variants in this gene are unlikely to underlie the linkage between autism and chromosome 2q. Nevertheless, it remains possible that variants in the flanking genes may underlie evidence of linkage at this locus. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced Ability of Neonatal and Early-Life Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to Support Plasmablast Survival1

In human infants (<1 year), circulating IgG Abs elicited in response to most T-dependent Ags rapidly decline and return to baseline within a few months after immunization for yet-unknown reasons. In mice immunized between 1 and 4 wk of age, a limited establishment of the bone marrow (BM) pool of long-lived plasma cells is observed. In this study, we show that tetanus toxoid (TT)-specific plasmablasts generated in the spleen are efficiently attracted in vitro and in vivo toward early-life BM stromal cells, which express adult levels of CXCL12. Similarly, adoptively transferred TT plasmablasts efficiently reach the BM compartment of 2-wk-old and adult mice. In contrast, TT plasmablasts fail to persist in the early-life BM compartment, as indicated by the persistence of a significantly lower number of TT plasmablasts in the early-life compartment than in the adult BM compartment 48 h after transfer. This limited persistence is associated with an increased rate of in vivo apoptosis of TT-specific plasmablasts that have reached the early-life BM and with a significantly lower survival rate of TT-specific plasmablasts cocultured on early-life BM stromal cells compared with adult BM stromal cells. Thus, early-life BM stromal cells fail to provide the molecular signals that support plasmablast survival and differentiation into surviving plasma cells.
E F E a La H B of Childh Sights from Trista Department N E for Learning

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Towards Certification-aware Fault Injection Methodologies Using Virtual Prototypes

Safety-critical applications are required today to meet more and more stringent standards than ever. In the need of reducing the costs associated with the certification step, early robustness evaluation can provide valuable information, as long as it is fast and accurate enough. Microarchitectural simulators have been employed for testing reliability properties in several domains in the past, but their use in the process of robustness verification of safety critical systems has not been validated yet, as opposed to RTL or gate-level simulations. In the present work, we propose a methodology to improve the accuracy of faultinjection results when targeting robustness verification, by using microarchitectural simulators and virtual prototypes for an early estimation of deviations with respect to the certification standards.
Rabbit tear proteins. I. Detection and quantitation of lysozyme in nonstimulated tears.

Rabbit tear lysozyme was detected in low concentration in rabbit tears collected without any stimulation. Quantitation of rabbit tear lysozyme was found possible through the use of sensitive techniques that measure its specific enzymic activity on the bacterial cell walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Rabbit tear lysozyme has an electrophoretic mobility identical to that of hen egg-white lysozyme on cellulose and acrylamide gel. The experimental use of rabbits for tear lysozyme studies is discussed.
Shear Behavior of Circular Concrete Members Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Spirals at Shear Span-to-Depth Ratios between 1.5 and 3.0

AbstractIn the last decade, the shear strength of concrete members with rectangular cross sections reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) has received considerable attention. Yet no research seems to have investigated circular concrete members reinforced with FRP reinforcement under shear loads. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the shear strength and behavior of six circular concrete specimens reinforced with glass-FRP (GFRP) bars and spirals. The specimens, which measured 3,000 mm in length by 500 mm in diameter, were tested under four-point bending. The test parameters included the shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d) ranging from 1.5 to 3.0 and the GFRP spiral reinforcement ratio with different spiral spacings (100, 150, and 200 mm) and spiral diameters (13 and 15 mm). As designed, the specimens failed in shear due to GFRP spiral rupture or flexural-shear failure for the specimens with a/d>2.5 and strut crushing combined with spiral rupture for the specimens with a/d<2.5. The.