Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Training Transfer: An Integrative Literature Review

Given the proliferation of training transfer studies in various disciplines, we provide an integrative and analytical review of factors impacting transfer of training. Relevant empirical research for transfer across the management, human resource development (HRD), training, adult learning, performance improvement, and psychology literatures is integrated into the review. We synthesize the developing knowledge regarding the primary factors influencing transfer—learner characteristics, intervention design and delivery, and work environment influences—to identify variables with substantive support and to discern the most pressing gaps. Ultimately, a critique of the state of the transfer literature is provided and targeted suggestions are outlined to guide future empirical and theoretical work in a meaningful direction.
The importance of entertainment for sexuality education

Researchers in sexuality education have tended to focus on formal schooling. However, young people learn about sexuality from a range of sources, including entertainment media. This is particularly important because young people actively seek out entertainment media. They do so because it gives them the kinds of information they want, in ways that seem relevant to them. This is often not the case for formal schooling, for reasons that may not easily change in the near future. Possibilities exist for sexuality education researchers to form productive relationships with entertainment producers: but only if these are approached with respect for the producers' particular skills, including the ability to give audiences what they want.
Measuring Dyadic Adjustment: new scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads

This study reports on the development of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, a new measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads. The 32-item scale is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples. Despite widespread criticisms of the concept of adjustment, the study proceeds from the pragmatic position that a new measure, which is theoretically grounded, relevant, valid, and highly reliable, is necessary since marital and dyadic adjustment continue to be researched. This factor analytic study tests a conceptual definition set forth in eariler work and suggests the existence of four empirically verified components of dyadic adjustment which can be used as subscales [dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, dyadic consensus and affectional expression]. Evidence is presented suggesting content, criterion-related, and construct validity. High scale reliability is reported. The possibility of item weighting is considered and endorsed as a potential measurement technique, but it not adopted for the present Dyadic Adjustment Scale. It is concluded that the Dyadic Adjustment Scale represents a significant improvement over other measures of marital adjustment, but a number of troublesome methodological issues remain for future research.
Simple, Reliable, and Cost-Effective Yeast Identification Scheme for the Clinical Laboratory

ABSTRACT The appearance of colonies on the chromogenic medium CHROMagar Candida combined with observation of morphology on corn meal–Tween 80 agar was used for the identification of 353 clinical yeast isolates. The results were compared with those obtained with API yeast identification kits. The accuracy of identification and the turnaround time were equivalent for each method, and our cultural method was less expensive.
Fighting Boys and Fantasy Play: The construction of masculinity in the early years of school

Using a post-structural framework, the paper analyses the dynamics of the process by which little boys adopt a definition of masculinity as avoiding whatever is done by girls. It is argued that this is a response to the fact that the 'fighting boys' who resist the school's demands have appropriated the role of hero in the warrior narratives of little boys' fantasy games, casting the 'good boys' who conform to the requirements of the school as despised 'wimps' and 'sissies'. This leads the 'good boys' to adopt an alternative definition of masculinity as 'not female', and in many cases leads also to the scorn and rejection being redirected to girls as a group. It is suggested that teachers should intervene in this cycle by explicitly discussing the character of the hero in these warrior narratives and showing that it ought not to be equated with the classroom and playground behaviour of the 'fighting boys'.
The Dimensionality of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form Among Chinese Graduate Students

The factorial structure of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form (CDSES-SF) was examined in a sample of 796 Chinese graduate students recruited from five universities in Beijing. A single-factor model is recommended on the basis of two of this study’s findings. First, confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the parsimonious single-factor model fit the data well as the competing multi-factor models did. Second, the original theoretical factors of the CDSES-SF were found to be highly homogeneous and to fail to demonstrate the necessary incremental validity over and beyond the total score. Consistent with the previous studies, the CDSES-SF was found to have sound internal consistency (α = .91). The implications of the current study are discussed.
Emergency Medicine Resident versus Radiologist in Detecting the Ultrasonographic Signs of Acute Cholecystitis; a Diagnostic Accuracy Study

Introduction: Dependence of ultrasonography on the operator’s skill plays a major role in the differences between various studies in reporting its diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, the present study was done with the aim of comparing the ultrasonography findings performed by emergency medicine resident and radiologist in evaluation of acute cholecystitis. Methods: The present diagnostic accuracy study has been carried out on patients presenting to the emergency department with complaint of pain in the right upper quadrant of abdomen suspected with acute cholecystitis. All the patients underwent gallbladder ultrasonography by a trained emergency medicine resident and a radiologist and their findings were compared with surgical and pathology findings regarding gallstone and increased gallbladder wall thickness. Results: 51 patients with the mean age of 42.3±15.8 (17-81) years were analyzed (82.4% female). The overall agreement between emergency medicine resident and radiologist in ultrasonographic diagnosis of cholecystitis was 0.421 (95% CI: 0.118-0.724). Based on the pathology and surgical findings, acute cholecystitis was confirmed for all 51 (100%) patients. Meanwhile, based on the ultrasonographic report of radiologist and emergency medicine resident only 45 (88.2%) and 34 (66.7%) patients, respectively, were diagnosed with cholecystitis. Screening performance characteristics of ultrasonography by radiologist for detection of gallbladder stone (p = 0.010) and gallbladder wall thickness (p < 0.0001) were significantly better than emergency medicine resident. Conclusion: The screening performance characteristics of ultrasonography by radiologist in detection of gallstones and increased wall thickness of gallbladder were significantly better.
Entrepreneurship Projects and Pupils' Academic Performance: A Study of Norwegian Secondary Schools

Many European countries have launched policy strategies for entrepreneurship education in the past decade. The result is a significant increase of entrepreneurship education in schools and higher education institutions in Europe. Entrepreneurship education is supposed to promote entrepreneurial abilities and improve academic performance. This article evaluates whether entrepreneurship projects in secondary school improves academic performance. The indicator used for academic performance is the Grade Point Average. The indicator used for entrepreneurship education is the Company Programme, a programme taught in 37 European countries. The data derive from surveys conducted in Norwegian schools in 2012. A total of 1880 pupils participated in a survey in lower secondary schools, and 1160 pupils participated in a survey in upper secondary schools. The results from econometric analyses show a higher Grade Point Average among participants in the Company Programme compared to non-participants in lower secondary schools, but no difference between the two groups in upper secondary schools. The divergent results are probably a reflection of the various ways the Company Programme is taught at different education levels. It indicates that, with less focus on the enterprise part, entrepreneurship projects can be a good teaching method for improvement of academic performance.
Teaching Paraeducators to Support the Communication of Young Children With Complex Communication Needs

Paraeducators are frequent communication partners for young children with complex communication needs (CCN) in early childhood settings. This study examined the impact of instruction to paraeducators in two communication interaction strategies (IPLAN [Identify activities for communication, Provide means for communication, Locate and provide vocabulary, Arrange environment, use iNteraction strategies] and MORE [Model AAC, Offer opportunities for communication, Respond to communication, Extend communication]) on the number of communication opportunities provided by paraeducators during play activities with young children with CCN. Results of the study provide evidence that after 2 hr of one-on-one training, paraeducators increased the number of communication opportunities they provided for children with CCN, and children with CCN took an increased number of communication turns. In addition, paraeducators reported that they found the training beneficial, and the supervising teachers noted improvements in the communication support provided by the paraeducators. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Whole-body vibration training compared with resistance training: effect on spasticity, muscle strength and motor performance in adults with cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on spasticity, muscle strength and motor performance after 8 weeks of whole-body vibration training compared with resistance training in adults with cerebral palsy. METHODS Fourteen persons with spastic diplegia (21-41 years) were randomized to intervention with either whole-body vibration training (n=7) or resistance training (n=7). Pre- and post-training measures of spasticity using the modified Ashworth scale, muscle strength using isokinetic dynamometry, walking ability using Six-Minute Walk Test, balance using Timed Up and Go test and gross motor performance using Gross Motor Function Measure were performed. RESULTS Spasticity decreased in knee extensors in the whole-body vibration group. Muscle strength increased in the resistance training group at the velocity 30 degrees /s and in both groups at 90 degrees /s. Six-Minute Walk Test and Timed Up and Go test did not change significantly. Gross Motor Function Measure increased in the whole-body vibration group. CONCLUSION These data suggest that an 8-week intervention of whole-body vibration training or resistance training can increase muscle strength, without negative effect on spasticity, in adults with cerebral palsy.
Attachment and Marital Maintenance

Is attachment theory a good fit for explaining differences in relationship maintenance? This study hypothesized that the secure attachment style would be positively associated with self-reported relationship maintenance, and that the dismissive style would be negatively associated with self-reported relationship maintenance. Further, it was proposed that individuals with negative views of others would be less likely to perceive their partner's use of maintenance. Survey data were collected from 179 married individuals. Results supported an attachment theory explanation for self-reported maintenance; a dismissive attachment was negatively associated with maintenance, and a secure attachment style reported was positively associated with maintenance. The fearful avoidant and preoccupied attachment styles were positively associated with the use of assurances, and negatively associated with the use of integrative conflict management and positivity. Finally, a dismissive attachment style was negatively associated with the perception of the partner's use of maintenance.
A computational relationship between thalamic sensory neural responses and contrast perception

Uncovering the relationship between sensory neural responses and perceptual decisions remains a fundamental problem in neuroscience. Decades of experimental and modeling work in the sensory cortex have demonstrated that a perceptual decision pool is usually composed of tens to hundreds of neurons, the responses of which are significantly correlated not only with each other, but also with the behavioral choices of an animal. Few studies, however, have measured neural activity in the sensory thalamus of awake, behaving animals. Therefore, it remains unclear how many thalamic neurons are recruited and how the information from these neurons is pooled at subsequent cortical stages to form a perceptual decision. In a previous study we measured neural activity in the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) during a two alternative forced choice (2AFC) contrast detection task, and found that single LGN neurons were significantly correlated with the monkeys’ behavioral choices, despite their relatively poor contrast sensitivity and a lack of overall interneuronal correlations. We have now computationally tested a number of specific hypotheses relating these measured LGN neural responses to the contrast detection behavior of the animals. We modeled the perceptual decisions with different numbers of neurons and using a variety of pooling/readout strategies, and found that the most successful model consisted of about 50–200 LGN neurons, with individual neurons weighted differentially according to their signal-to-noise ratios (quantified as d-primes). These results supported the hypothesis that in contrast detection the perceptual decision pool consists of multiple thalamic neurons, and that the response fluctuations in these neurons can influence contrast perception, with the more sensitive thalamic neurons likely to exert a greater influence.
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Is Required for Myocardial Capillary Growth, Control of Interstitial Matrix Deposition, and Heart Protection From Ischemic Injury

The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) participates in a wide variety of physiological processes and directs seemingly contradictory responses such as proliferation and apoptosis. To elucidate its role in the heart, we generated mice harboring a cardiomyocyte-restricted knockout of STAT3 using Cre/loxP–mediated recombination. STAT3-deficient mice developed reduced myocardial capillary density and increased interstitial fibrosis within the first 4 postnatal months, followed by dilated cardiomyopathy with impaired cardiac function and premature death. Conditioned medium from STAT3-deficient cardiomyocytes inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and increased fibroblast proliferation, suggesting the presence of paracrine factors attenuating angiogenesis and promoting fibrosis in vitro. STAT3-deficient mice showed enhanced susceptibility to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and infarction with increased cardiac apoptosis, increased infarct sizes, and reduced cardiac function and survival. Our study establishes a novel role for STAT3 in controlling paracrine circuits in the heart essential for postnatal capillary vasculature maintenance, interstitial matrix deposition balance, and protection from ischemic injury and heart failure.
The nature of hemispheric specialization: Why should there be a single principle?

Abstract The traditional verbal/nonverbal dichotomy is inadequate for completely describing cerebral lateralization. Musical functions are not necessarily mediated by the right hemisphere; evidence for a specialist left-hemisphere mechanism dedicated to the encoded speech signal is weakening, and the right hemisphere possesses considerable comprehensional powers. Right-hemisphere processing is often said to be characterized by holistic or gestalt apprehension, and face recognition may be mediated by this hemisphere partly because of these powers, partly because of the right hemisphere's involvement in emotional affect, and possibly through the hypothesized existence of a specialist face processor or processors in the right. The latter hypothesis may, however, suffer the same fate as the one relating to a specialist encodedness processor for speech in the left. Verbal processing is largely the province of the left because of this hemisphere's possession of sequential, analytic, time-dependent mechanisms. Other distinctions (e.g., focal/diffuse and serial/parallel) are special cases of an analytic/holistic dichotomy. More fundamentally, however, the left hemisphere is characterized by its mediation of discriminations involving duration, temporal order, sequencing, and rhythm, at the sensory (tactual, visual, and, above all, auditory) level, and especially at the motor level (for fingers, limbs, and, above all, the speech apparatus). Spatial aspects characterize the right, the mapping of exteroceptive body space, and the positions of fingers, limbs, and perhaps articulators, with respect to actual and target positions. Thus there is a continuum of function between the hemispheres, rather than a rigid dichotomy, the differences being quantitative rather than qualitative, of degree rather than of kind.
Calcium-dependent potassium conductance in rat supraoptic nucleus neurosecretory neurons.

Intracellular recordings of rat supraoptic nucleus neurons were obtained from perfused hypothalamic explants. Individual action potentials were followed by hyperpolarizing afterpotentials (HAPs) having a mean amplitude of -7.4 +/- 0.8 mV (SD). The decay of the HAP was approximated by a single exponential function having a mean time constant of 17.5 +/- 6.1 ms. This considerably exceeded the cell time constant of the same neurons (9.5 +/- 0.8 ms), thus indicating that the ionic conductance underlying the HAP persisted briefly after each spike. The HAP had a reversal potential of -85 mV and was unaffected by intracellular Cl- ionophoresis of during exposure to elevated extracellular concentrations of Mg2+. In contrast, the peak amplitude of the HAP was proportional to the extracellular Ca2+ concentration and could be reversibly eliminated by replacing Ca2+ with Co2+, Mn2+, or EGTA in the perfusion fluid. During depolarizing current pulses, evoked action potential trains demonstrated a progressive increase in interspike intervals associated with a potentiation of successive HAPs. This spike frequency adaptation was reversibly abolished by replacing Ca2+ with Co2+, Mn2+, or EGTA. Bursts of action potentials were followed by a more prolonged afterhyperpolarization (AHP) whose magnitude was proportional to the number of impulses elicited (greater than 20 Hz) during a burst. Current injection revealed that the AHP was associated with a 20-60% decrease in input resistance and showed little voltage dependence in the range of -70 to -120 mV. The reversal potential of the AHP shifted with the extracellular concentration of K+ [( K+]o) with a mean slope of -50 mV/log[K+]o. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
From novice to no know-how: A longitudinal study of implicit motor learning

The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the performances of implicit and explicit learners would converge over an extended period of learning. Participants practised a complex motor skill - golf putting - for 3000 trials, either with a concurrent secondary, tone-counting task (implicit learning) or without such a task (explicit learning). The cognitive demands of the secondary task were predicted to prevent the accumulation of verbalizable rules about the motor task. The implicit group reported significantly fewer rules than the explicit group on subsequent verbal protocols. The performance of the implicit group remained below that of the explicit group throughout the learning phase. However, no significant differences were found between groups during a delayed retention test. Additionally, for the participants in the explicit group only, a Reinvestment Scale score correlated positively with the number of rules accrued and negatively with overall putting performance during the learning phase. We use the results to argue against the excessive use of verbal instruction during skill acquisition, which might be unnecessary and ultimately might hamper performance under stressful conditions.
The impact of specific language impairment on performance in science and suggested implications for pedagogy

The impact of specific language impairment (SLI) on the acquisition of literacy and numeracy skills has been well researched. In contrast little has been written on its impact on the third core subject in the National Curriculum (NC) of science and this article describes a preliminary investigation into the scientific reasoning skills of children with SLI in comparison with those of typically developing (TD) children. In individual assessment sessions 11 pairs of target children with SLI and control TD children in the Key Stage (KS) 2 age span (ages 7–11 years) undertook a series of scientific reasoning tasks appropriate to their age involving receptive and expressive language skills. The children with SLI had for the most part significantly more difficulty with expressive language tasks (ELTs) than the TD children, in spite of the provision of scaffolding, and there was some evidence that they also had greater difficulty with the production of causal connectives, e.g. because, so. However, there was no difference between the two groups on receptive language tasks (RLTs) when scaffolding was used. Some possible implications for pedagogy are considered in light of these findings, and problems in matching children with SLI and TD controls are discussed.
Confidence development in non-music specialist trainee primary teachers after an intensive programme

The issue of music teacher training for primary generalist teachers is shared by many countries in the world. We know from a range of studies which factors contribute to teachers’ abilities and confidence, but there are fewer studies that document the possible training approaches and interventions that might improve the outcomes. This article describes an international educational experience addressed to 23 trainee primary teachers coming from Austria, Italy, the Netherlands and Slovenia. The Intensive Programme1 called ‘International Summer School in Educating Music Teachers’ (ISSEMT) was offered at Padova University, Italy with the purpose of fostering confidence and competences among trainee generalist teachers for teaching music in the primary school. In planning the didactic approach of the ISSEMT, methods designed to enhance participants’ understandings of teaching creatively and teaching for creativity were adopted. The entire educational activity was evaluated by students using questionnaires and discussion. In addition, a follow-up interview was conducted with students after two years and five months, at the end of the ISSEMT. Students refer to the improvement of confidence in teaching music and the application of a creative approach. They appreciated the approach, the practical teaching ideas and the way the course closely related to their educational needs. These results are discussed in the framework of confidence development of the generalist teacher in the primary school for teaching music. The key factors that contributed to the effectiveness of the ISSEMT are also discussed.