Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Information-Theoretic Evidence for Predictive Coding in the Face-Processing System

Predictive coding suggests that the brain infers the causes of its sensations by combining sensory evidence with internal predictions based on available prior knowledge. However, the neurophysiological correlates of (pre)activated prior knowledge serving these predictions are still unknown. Based on the idea that such preactivated prior knowledge must be maintained until needed, we measured the amount of maintained information in neural signals via the active information storage (AIS) measure. AIS was calculated on whole-brain beamformer-reconstructed source time courses from MEG recordings of 52 human subjects during the baseline of a Mooney face/house detection task. Preactivation of prior knowledge for faces showed as α-band-related and β-band-related AIS increases in content-specific areas; these AIS increases were behaviorally relevant in the brain's fusiform face area. Further, AIS allowed decoding of the cued category on a trial-by-trial basis. Our results support accounts indicating that activated prior knowledge and the corresponding predictions are signaled in low-frequency activity (<30 Hz). SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our perception is not only determined by the information our eyes/retina and other sensory organs receive from the outside world, but strongly depends also on information already present in our brains, such as prior knowledge about specific situations or objects. A currently popular theory in neuroscience, predictive coding theory, suggests that this prior knowledge is used by the brain to form internal predictions about upcoming sensory information. However, neurophysiological evidence for this hypothesis is rare, mostly because this kind of evidence requires strong a priori assumptions about the specific predictions the brain makes and the brain areas involved. Using a novel, assumption-free approach, we find that face-related prior knowledge and the derived predictions are represented in low-frequency brain activity.
Minimum free distance of CCSDS turbo encoders under (Truncated) Möbius interleavers

In this paper, we study the minimum free distance of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standard turbo encoder with Möbius interleavers. We introduce a new class of deterministic interleavers based on the Möbius interleavers called truncated Möbius interleavers and investigate their cycle structure. We find the exact number of total cycles of these interleavers and an upper bound on the binary fixed points in all of their cycles shifts. We derive the run time of the binary fixed point algorithm, which is used for estimating the minimum free distance of the employed turbo codes. Finally, we introduce some criteria to reduce the number of total cycles. This leads us to reduce the run time of the aforementioned algorithm.
Evaluation of cisplatin treatment given concurrently with pulsed irradiation in cisplatin sensitive and resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell lines

The aim was to investigate the effect of combined treatment of cisplatin with acute or pulsed radiation in human ovarian carcinoma cells sensitive and resistant to cisplatin. Human ovarian cancer cell parental line A2780s and a derivative cisplatin-resistant line A2780cp were given cisplatin treatment before a single acute dose irradiation or concurrently during a pulsed-dose irradiation sequence. Cells were irradiated in the confluent state, trypsinized and plated after treatment. When the combined treatment for cisplatin was given before acute irradiation, the results showed additive to superadditive effects for both cell lines. However, the superadditivity was only significant in the sensitive cell line. For the concomitant treatment of cisplatin during pulsed-dose irradiation the results were additive, except for the highest cisplatin dose in the A2780cp line where subadditivity was observed. The results indicate that the combined treatments could be clinically useful even though the results are mostly not superadditive. However, high-dose cisplatin (3 μg ml − 1) caused a subadditive effect in the resistant cell lines for pulsed irradiation. Thus, high-dose cisplatin to overcome resistance is not effective. Cisplatin with both acute and pulsed irradiation showed additive effects indicating no advantage of using cisplatin in pulsed irradiation where sublethal damage repair may be greater.
Mucosal Immunization of Cynomolgus Macaques with Two Serotypes of Live Poliovirus Vectors Expressing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Antigens: Stimulation of Humoral, Mucosal, and Cellular Immunity

ABSTRACT Poliovirus live virus vectors are a candidate recombinant vaccine system. Previous studies using this system showed that a live poliovirus vector expressing a foreign antigen between the structural and nonstructural proteins generates both antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in mice. Here we describe a novel in vitro method of cloning recombinant polioviruses involving a hybrid-PCR approach. We report the construction of recombinant vectors of two different serotypes of poliovirus-expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens and the intranasal and intravenous inoculations of four adult cynomolgus macaques with these poliovirus vectors expressing the SIV proteins p17 gag and gp41 env . All macaques generated a mucosal anti-SIV immunoglobulin A (IgA) response in rectal secretions. Two of the four macaques generated mucosal antibody responses detectable in vaginal lavages. Strong serum IgG responses lasting for at least 1 year were detected in two of the four monkeys. SIV-specific T-cell lymphoproliferative responses were detected in three of the four monkeys. SIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected in two of the four monkeys. This is the first report of poliovirus-elicited vaginal IgA or cytotoxic T lymphocytes in any naturally infectable primate, including humans. These findings support the concept that a live poliovirus vector is a potentially useful delivery system that elicits humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses against exogenous antigens.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the intrinsic shape of kinematically selected galaxies

Using the stellar kinematic maps and ancillary imaging data from the Sydney AAO Multi Integral field (SAMI) Galaxy Survey, the intrinsic shape of kinematically selected samples of galaxies is inferred. We implement an efficient and optimized algorithm to fit the intrinsic shape of galaxies using an established method to simultaneously invert the distributions of apparent ellipticities and kinematic misalignments. The algorithm output compares favourably with previous studies of the intrinsic shape of galaxies based on imaging alone and our re-analysis of the ATLAS^(3D) data. Our results indicate that most galaxies are oblate axisymmetric. We show empirically that the intrinsic shape of galaxies varies as a function of their rotational support as measured by the ‘spin’ parameter proxy Λ_(Re). In particular, low-spin systems have a higher occurrence of triaxiality, while high-spin systems are more intrinsically flattened and axisymmetric. The intrinsic shape of galaxies is linked to their formation and merger histories. Galaxies with high-spin values have intrinsic shapes consistent with dissipational minor mergers, while the intrinsic shape of low-spin systems is consistent with dissipationless multimerger assembly histories. This range in assembly histories inferred from intrinsic shapes is broadly consistent with expectations from cosmological simulations.
Lysine requirements and whole-body protein turnover in growing pigs

The influence on protein accretion and whole-body protein turnover of changing dietary protein quality while maintaining constant energy intake was studied by varying the degree of lysine supplementation of a lysine-deficient barley-based diet given to growing pigs. Measurements of nitrogen metabolism and whole-body protein turnover, using both classical and 15N end-product methods following a single dose of lsqb;15N]glycine, were made in 49-kg male pigs given diets containing 109 g lysine-deficient protein/kg supplemented to make them (1) 'deficient', (2) 'adequate' and (3) 'in excess' with respect to lysine. The 15N dose and protein intake values used to calculate amino N flux from the cumulative urinary excretion of 15N in urea and ammonia were corrected respectively for apparent digestibilities of [15N]glycine and total N determined in a separate experiment in pigs fitted with simple ileal cannulas. N retention and biological value were significantly increased by lysine supplementation of the deficient diet to the 'adequate' level, but were not further increased by the higher level of supplementation. Rates of growth paralleled these changes. The poorer biological value of the unsupplemented diet 1 was shown also in a significantly higher excretion of urea N compared with diets 2 and 3. N digestibility was not markedly influenced by the level of lysine supplementation. Both whole-body protein synthesis and degradation increased markedly on 'adequate' supplementation of the diet with lysine, but did not increase further with an excess of lysine. It is concluded that the increase in protein accretion rate observed on supplementation of the diet with lysine was due to a greater increase in the rate of protein synthesis than of degradation, rather than a decrease in degradation rate.
Motivation for change in the discipline of children : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Work, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand

iii Acknowledgements . iv Index of Tables . viii CHAPTER ONE Introduction . 1 Development of research topic . 1 Chapter contents.3 CHAPTER TWO Literature Review . 7 Definitions of smacking . 8 The debate . 10 Prevalence and attitudes internationally . 14 Prevalence and attitudes in New Zealand.20 Legislation . 26 International legislation.26 New Zealand legislation . 27 The role of religion . 33 Referendum outcome . 34 Motivation for change . 35 Previous research . 38 CHAPTER THREE Methodology.43 Research Design . 45 Sampling . 45 The Interviews . 48 The Data.52
Input-Sensitive Profiling

In this article we present a building block technique and a toolkit towards automatic discovery of workload-dependentperformance bottlenecks. From one or more runs of a program, our profiler automatically measures how the performance of individual routines scales as a function of the input size, yielding clues to their growth rate. The output of the profiler is, for each executed routine of the program, a set of tuples that aggregate performance costs by input size. The collected profiles can be used to produceperformance plots and derive trend functions by statistical curve fitting techniques. A key feature of our method is the ability toautomatically measure the size of the input given to a generic code fragment: to this aim, we propose an effective metric for estimating the input size of a routine and show how to compute it efficiently. We discuss several examples, showing that our approach can reveal asymptotic bottlenecks that other profilers may fail to detect and can provide useful characterizations of the workload and behavior of individual routines in the context of mainstream applications, yielding several code optimizations as well as algorithmic improvements. To prove the feasibility of our techniques, we implemented a Valgrind tool called aprof and performed an extensive experimentalevaluation on the SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks. Our experiments show that aprof delivers comparable performance to otherprominent Valgrind tools, and can generate informative plots even from single runs on typical workloads for mostalgorithmically-critical routines.
Cost effectiveness analysis comparing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to antidepressant medications after a first treatment failure for major depressive disorder in newly diagnosed patients – A lifetime analysis

Objective Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) commonly is used for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) after patients have failed to benefit from trials of multiple antidepressant medications. No analysis to date has examined the cost-effectiveness of rTMS used earlier in the course of treatment and over a patients’ lifetime. Methods We used lifetime Markov simulation modeling to compare the direct costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) of rTMS and medication therapy in patients with newly diagnosed MDD (ages 20–59) who had failed to benefit from one pharmacotherapy trial. Patients’ life expectancies, rates of response and remission, and quality of life outcomes were derived from the literature, and treatment costs were based upon published Medicare reimbursement data. Baseline costs, aggregate per year quality of life assessments (QALYs), Monte Carlo simulation, tornado analysis, assessment of dominance, and one way sensitivity analysis were also performed. The discount rate applied was 3%. Results Lifetime direct treatment costs, and QALYs identified rTMS as the dominant therapy compared to antidepressant medications (i.e., lower costs with better outcomes) in all age ranges, with costs/improved QALYs ranging from $2,952/0.32 (older patients) to $11,140/0.43 (younger patients). One-way sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the model was most sensitive to the input variables of cost per rTMS session, monthly prescription drug cost, and the number of rTMS sessions per year. Conclusion rTMS was identified as the dominant therapy compared to antidepressant medication trials over the life of the patient across the lifespan of adults with MDD, given current costs of treatment. These models support the use of rTMS after a single failed antidepressant medication trial versus further attempts at medication treatment in adults with MDD.
Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis D coinfection in asymptomatic blood donors in Iran

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a satellite virus that needs hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen for amplification and transition. HDV appears in HBsAg carriers as acute coinfection and superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B. This coinfection leads to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver carcinoma. The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of coinfection and superinfection of HBVs and HDVs in blood donor individuals in Iran. Sera from 854 asymptomatic blood donors from the Bank of positive samples storage at the National Blood Transfusion Organization of Iran that were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen were analysed. The presence of antibody against HDV in blood donors was detected using ELISA followed by conventional PCR, seminested PCR and real‐time PCR to determine coinfection and/or superinfection. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for HDV genotyping. All 854 samples were HBsAg and anti‐HBc positive whereas only 18 (2%) of them were positive for anti‐HDV. Of the 854 samples, 154 (18%) were HBV‐DNA positive. HDV‐RNA was detected in 0.6% of the total samples by seminested PCR and real‐time PCR and the two PCR methods produced similar results. Moreover, 16.6% and 83.4% of anti‐HDV‐positive samples exhibited coinfection and superinfection with HBV, respectively. Genotype I of HDV was determined in positive samples.
Mother-to-child transmission.

The AIDS Clinical Trial Group 316 is enrolling pregnant HIV-positive women in a study to test the effectiveness of preventing mother-to-child infections. A single dose of nevirapine (Viramune) or a placebo will be given during labor, and all newborns will also be given AZT. Mothers will continue their antiretroviral therapy. Other current studies are looking at alternate combinations to prevent this kind of transmission. Contact information is given for enrolling in these trials and for support in continuing an HIV-positive pregnancy.
The McbR repressor modulated by the effector substance S‐adenosylhomocysteine controls directly the transcription of a regulon involved in sulphur metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032

In a recent proteomics study we have shown that the mcbR gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 most probably encodes a transcriptional repressor of the TetR type, which regulates the expression of at least six genes involved in the synthesis of sulphur‐containing amino acids. By means of DNA microarray hybridizations we detected 86 genes with enhanced transcription in an mcbR mutant when compared with the wild‐type strain. Bioinformatic analysis identified the inverted repeat 5′‐TAGAC‐N6‐GTCTA‐3′ as a consensus sequence within the upstream region of 22 genes and operons, suggesting that the transcription of at least 45 genes is directly controlled by the McbR repressor. These 45 genes encode a variety of functions in (S‐adenosyl)methionine and cysteine biosynthesis, in sulphate reduction, in uptake and utilization of sulphur‐containing compounds and in transcriptional regulation. The function of the inverted repeat motif as potential McbR binding site in front of the genes hom, cysI, cysK, metK and mcbR was verified experimentally by competitive electrophoretic mobility shift analysis. A systematic search for the potential effector substance modulating the function of McbR revealed that only S‐adenosylhomocysteine prevented the binding of McbR to its target sequence. These results indicate that the transcriptional repressor McbR directly regulates a set of genes comprising all aspects of transport and metabolism of the macroelement sulphur in C. glutamicum. As the activity of McbR is modulated by S‐adenosylhomocysteine, a major product of transmethylation reactions, the results point also to a novel regulatory mechanism in bacteria to control the biosynthesis of S‐adenosylmethionine.
Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adult bipolar I disorder: a preliminary study

Objective: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that typically first appears in childhood and has the main symptoms of inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder are frequently comorbid and overlapping diagnoses. Although there is data describing the overlap of ADHD and bipolar disorder in childhood and youth, little is known about the comorbidity of these disorders in adulthood. In this study, our aim was to investigate comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in bipolar disorder and to compare several socio-demographic and clinical variables of bipolar patients with and without comorbid ADHD. Method: Sixty patients diagnosed with euthymic bipolar I disorder were enrolled in the study. Patients with bipolar disorder were observed in the outpatient setting during at least two months to ensure the existence of euthymia before the study procedures were conducted. Socio-demographic data form, Hamilton Depression, Young Mania, Wender Utah and Adult ADHD Rating Scales, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV were applied to the participants. Socio-demographic data included variables such as age, gender, educational status, episode number, and the type of present treatment. Between group comparisons were made by using Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Results: The comorbidity rate of ADHD in our study sample with bipolar I disorder was 21.7%. There were no significant differences between with and without comorbid ADHD groups in terms of their age, gender, and educational level. Comorbid ADHD patients were smoking more cigarettes than those without comorbid ADHD. In addition, the number of their total episodes and manic episodes were relatively higher in the comorbid ADHD group. Conclusions: The results suggest that ADHD is a common comorbidity in adult bipolar patients. The existence of high rates of comorbidity leads to important diagnostic and therapeutic complications. Further study is needed to clarify the impact of ADHD on clinical outcomes of adult bipolar patients and to provide guidelines for therapeutic approaches.
Ambivalence, prejudice and negative behavioural tendencies towards out-groups: The moderating role of attitude basis

Two experiments explored the relations between prejudice (suppression), (cognitive) ambivalence and negative behavioural tendencies towards out-groups. The current work argues that expressing out-group ambivalence based on cognitive, but not affective, information is a strategy to justify one's otherwise suppressed prejudice, which may ultimately “cover” the discriminatory nature of out-group-directed negative behavioural tendencies. Two experiments show that (1) participants evaluating the out-group in a normative context inducing prejudice suppression are more likely to self-report ambivalent beliefs rather than ambivalent emotions concerning the out-group as compared with participants whose prejudice expression is induced and (2) high-prejudice participants compared with low-prejudice participants are more prone to out-group-directed negative behavioural tendencies when these latter are self-reported after the expression of ambivalent beliefs but not ambivalent emotions concerning the out-group, and when the expression of their prejudicial evaluations is salient but not when it is not. In light of the extent to which ambivalent attitudes towards out-groups are often seamlessly integrated into public discourse, the implications of the findings are discussed not only for intergroup research but also at the societal level.
ON DEFINABILITY IN MULTIMODAL LOGIC

Three notions of definability in multimodal logic are considered. Two are analogous to the notions of explicit definability and implicit definability introduced by Beth in the context of first-order logic. However, while by Beth’s theorem the two types of definability are equivalent for first-order logic, such an equivalence does not hold for multimodal logics. A third notion of definability, reducibility, is introduced; it is shown that in multimodal logics, explicit definability is equivalent to the combination of implicit definability and reducibility. The three notions of definability are characterized semantically using (modal) algebras. The use of algebras, rather than frames, is shown to be necessary for these characterizations.
Perinatal Substance Abusers: Psychological and Social Characteristics

Forty perinatal substance abusers were administered multiple psychosocial, addiction, and psychological measures before beginning treatment. Results indicate that these patients are limited intellectually, educationally, financially, and emotionally. Psychiatric comorbidity was high, with 45% having non-substance abuse axis I diagnoses and 75% having confirmed (by two or more tests) axis II pathology. The most frequently identified axis I disorders were depression and anxiety. The most frequently detected personality disorders were antisocial, borderline, paranoid, and dependent. The average IQ was 87 (low average range) and nearly one third of the sample were found to be somewhat impaired intellectually. These data suggest that treatment programs must take psychological characteristics into account if they are going to succeed in helping these women achieve and maintain abstinence.