Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The undergraduate capstone software design experience

Ada 95 is being used as the implementation language for a senior level compiler design course at the United States Military Academy. This paper describes experiences and Iessons learned as well as the scenario based approach for a large object oriented compiler project in that course. The term-long compiler project gives the students experience as a part of a (fictitious) designimplementation team building a production compiler. Ada 95 is compared to Pascal and C-H for the same course and positive and negative aspects of the three languages are described.
Holocene coastal dune initiation in Northumberland and Norfolk, eastern UK: climate and sea-level changes as possible forcing agents for dune initiation

Abstract Relative sea-level (RSL) control on dune initiation during the Holocene is examined in the context of chronostratigraphies established from 43 vibracores through dunes and into sub-dune sediments taken from the Northumberland and Norfolk (UK) coasts. The chronology is based on 23 accelerated mass spectroscopy and conventional 14C dates, and 37 infra-red-stimulated luminescence dates. The oldest dunes in Northumberland are c. 4 cal. ka bp with phases of dune development at 2.8 and 1.5–1 ka bp. Most dune deposition is of last millennium age, with a concentration, especially in Norfolk, around 500–200 a bp. The initiation and survival of coastal dune sequences relate to macroscale RSL changes over the last 4 ka. Northumberland dunes reflect a gradient of RSL change from a northern RSL fall (forced regression) through to a southern RSL rise (normal regression through sediment supply). The north Norfolk coast has been dominated by a rising RSL through the Holocene, though associated with a sediment supply sufficient to offset the transgressive tendency and allow normal regressive deposition at numerous positions along the coast over the last 1 ka. It is suggested that the development of Little Ice Age (LIA) dunes in both Norfolk and Northumberland identifies the onset of specific conditions in which intertidal sediment sources were exposed (falling sea-level) to onshore winds (LIA circulation changes), which reflect a brief west North Sea period in dune initiation and deposition rates. A comparison of this consolidated dune chronology with statements of RSL elevation and climate conditions in the last 2.5 ka leads to some recognition of RSL fall preceding major dune building in two phases post 1.5 ka bp and post 0.6 ka bp.
Phonological priming in young children who stutter: holistic versus incremental processing.

PURPOSE To investigate the holistic versus incremental phonological encoding processes of young children who stutter (CWS; N = 26) and age- and gender-matched children who do not stutter (CWNS; N = 26) via a picture-naming auditory priming paradigm. METHOD Children named pictures during 3 auditory priming conditions: neutral, holistic, and incremental. Speech reaction time (SRT) was measured from the onset of picture presentation to the onset of participant response. RESULTS CWNS shifted from being significantly faster in the holistic priming condition to being significantly faster in the incremental priming condition from 3 to 5 years of age. In contrast, the majority of 3- and 5-year-old CWS continued to exhibit faster SRT in the holistic than the incremental condition. CONCLUSION CWS are delayed in making the developmental shift in phonological encoding from holistic to incremental processing, a delay that may contribute to their difficulties establishing fluent speech.
FAST COMMUNITY DETECTION BY SCORE

communities. The community labels for the nodes are unknown and it is of major interest to estimate them (i.e., community detection). Degree Corrected Block Model (DCBM) is a popular network model. How to detect communities with the DCBM is an interesting problem, where the main challenge lies in the degree heterogeneity. We propose a new approach to community detection which we call the Spectral Clustering On Ratios-of-Eigenvectors (SCORE). Compared to classical spectral methods, the main innovation is to use the entry-wise ratios between the rst leading eigenvector and each of the other leading eigenvectors for clustering. Let X be the adjacency matrix of the network. We rst obtain the K leading eigenvectors, say, ^ 1;:::; ^ K, and let ^ R be then (K 1) matrix such that ^ R(i;k) = ^ k+1(i)=^ 1(i), 1 i n, 1 k K 1. We then use ^ R for clustering by applying the k-means method. The central surprise is, the eect of degree heterogeneity is largely ancillary, and can be eectively removed by taking entry-wise ratios between ^ k+1 and ^ 1, 1 k K 1. The method is successfully applied to the web blogs data and the karate club data, with error rates of 58=1222 and 1=34, respectively. These results are much more satisfactory than those by the classical spectral methods. Also, compared to modularity methods, SCORE is computationally much faster and has smaller error rates. We develop a theoretic framework where we show that under mild conditions, the SCORE stably yields successful community detection. In the core of the analysis is the recent development on Random Matrix Theory (RMT), where the matrix-form Bernstein inequality is especially helpful.
If they Trust our E-commerce Site, Will They Trust our Social Commerce Site Too? Differentiating the Trust in E-commerce and S-commerce: The Moderating Role of Privacy and Security Concerns

This study ventures into the new domain of s-commerce. It studies the moderating impact of the four privacy concern dimensions (collection, secondary use, improper access and errors) and security concerns on trust between e-commerce and s-commerce sites of e-vendors. Several studies have examined privacy concern; however, the knowledge pertaining to the role of its individual dimensions is very limited. This study involves 270 students studying in a Midwestern University. The data were analyzed using median split. Analyses were conducted using multi variate concern factors. The study reveals several interesting findings. It suggests that users trust e-commerce sites more than s-commerce ones. More interestingly, the findings reveal that the Internet users have largely freed their trust formation from the limiting hives of collection and secondary usage concerns. The findings also signaled a strong support for the role of concerns related to improper access and errors in trust formation. According to the results the users trust, in general, is impacted by their error concerns. However, their improper access concerns impact their trust differently. They lower their trust in s-commerce sites, but not in ecommerce sites. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Adolescent Pornography Use and Dating Violence among a Sample of Primarily Black and Hispanic, Urban-Residing, Underage Youth

This cross-sectional study was designed to characterize the pornography viewing preferences of a sample of U.S.-based, urban-residing, economically disadvantaged, primarily Black and Hispanic youth (n = 72), and to assess whether pornography use was associated with experiences of adolescent dating abuse (ADA) victimization. The sample was recruited from a large, urban, safety net hospital, and participants were 53% female, 59% Black, 19% Hispanic, 14% Other race, 6% White, and 1% Native American. All were 16–17 years old. More than half (51%) had been asked to watch pornography together by a dating or sexual partner, and 44% had been asked to do something sexual that a partner saw in pornography. Adolescent dating abuse (ADA) victimization was associated with more frequent pornography use, viewing pornography in the company of others, being asked to perform a sexual act that a partner first saw in pornography, and watching pornography during or after marijuana use. Approximately 50% of ADA victims and 32% of non-victims reported that they had been asked to do a sexual act that their partner saw in pornography (p = 0.15), and 58% did not feel happy to have been asked. Results suggest that weekly pornography use among underage, urban-residing youth may be common, and may be associated with ADA victimization.
Marine pore-water sulfate profiles indicate in situ methane flux from underlying gas hydrate

Marine pore-water sulfate profiles measured in piston cores are used to estimate methane flux toward the sea floor and to detect anomalous methane gradients within sediments overlying a major gas hydrate deposit at the Carolina Rise and Blake Ridge (U.S. Atlantic continental margin). Here, sulfate gradients are linear, implying that sulfate depletion is driven by methane flux from below, rather than by the flux of sedimentary organic matter from above. Thus, these linear sulfate gradients can be used to quantify and assess in situ methane flux, which is a function of the methane inventory below.
The pharmacokinetics of everolimus in de novo kidney transplant patients receiving tacrolimus: an analysis from the randomized ASSET study.

BACKGROUND Pharmacokinetic data regarding a drug-drug interaction between everolimus and tacrolimus are sparse. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a pharmacokinetic substudy of the randomized ASSET trial, 46 de novo kidney transplant patients receiving very low (1.5-3 ng/mL) or low (4-7 ng/mL) tacrolimus exposure after month 3, both with everolimus and steroids, provided area under the curve (AUC) concentration profiles at day 5 and months 1, 3, and 12. RESULTS At month 12, mean values for tacrolimus trough concentration (C0), peak concentration (Cmax), and AUC0-12 in the very low tacrolimus group were approximately half that in the low tacrolimus group, but everolimus dose, C0, Cmax, and AUC0-12 were virtually identical in both groups. In a cross-study comparison with data at months 1 and 3 from the pharmacokinetic substudy of the A2307 trial, in which patients received cyclosporine, mean values for everolimus C0, Cmax and AUC0-12 were similar to those in the ASSET trial but the everolimus dose needed to achieve similar exposure was 1.5- to 2-fold higher with concomitant tacrolimus versus cyclosporine. CONCLUSIONS Everolimus exposure is unaffected when tacrolimus exposure is down-titrated within the trough concentration range of 1.5-7 ng/mL. Higher doses of everolimus are needed to achieve a given exposure when combined with tacrolimus versus cyclosporine.
Scalable Structure Discovery in Regression using Gaussian Processes

Automatic Bayesian Covariance Discovery (ABCD) in Lloyd et al. (2014) provides a framework for automating statistical modelling as well as exploratory data analysis for regression problems. However ABCD does not scale due to its O(N) running time for the kernel search. This is undesirable not only because the average size of data sets is growing fast, but also because there is potentially more information in bigger data, implying a greater need for more expressive models that can discover finer structure. We propose Scalable Kernel Composition (SKC), a scalable kernel search algorithm, to encompass big data within the boundaries of automated statistical modelling.
Assimilation of active microwave observation data for soil moisture profile estimation

This paper discusses the potential of retrieving information about the soil moisture profile from measurements of the surface soil moisture content through active microwave observations of the Earth. Recently, Mancini et al. [1999] have shown through laboratory experiments that the volumetric moisture content of the first few centimeters of a bare soil can be determined within 5% vol accuracy by means of C and L band active microwave observations and inverse modeling. Here we use active microwave observations of the surface soil moisture content in a data assimilation framework to show that this allows the retrieval of the root zone soil moisture profile. The data assimilation procedure developed is based on the Kalman filter technique. Kalman filtering allows reconstruction of the state vector of a system when this system is represented by a dynamic model and when at least part of the state variables are observed regularly. The dynamic model of the system used here is based on the one‐dimensional Richards equation. The observation equation is based on the Integral Equation Model [Fung et al., 1992; Fung, 1994] and is used to link the radar observations to surface soil moisture content. It is shown that even in the presence of model and observation noise and infrequent observations, accurate retrieval of the entire moisture profile is possible for a bare soil.
Continuous geodetic time-transfer analysis methods

We address two issues that limit the quality of time and frequency transfer by carrier phase measurements from the Global Positioning System (GPS). The first issue is related to inconsistencies between code and phase observations. We describe and classify several types of events that can cause inconsistencies and observe that some of them are related to the internal clock of the GPS receiver. Strategies to detect and overcome time-code inconsistencies have been developed and implemented into the Bernese GPS software package. For the moment, only inconsistencies larger than the 20 ns code measurement noise level can be detected automatically. The second issue is related to discontinuities at the day boundaries that stem from the processing of the data in daily batches. Two new methods are discussed: clock handover and ambiguity stacking. The two approaches are tested on data obtained from a network of stations, and the results are compared with an independent time-transfer method. Both methods improve the stability of the transfer for short averaging times, but there is no benefit for averaging times longer than 8 days. We show that continuous solutions are sufficiently robust against modeling and preprocessing errors to prevent the solution from accumulating a permanent bias.
The efficiency cost of tax enforcement: evidence from a panel of spanish firms

In modern tax systems, firms remit the majority of tax revenues raised by the government, which gives them opportunities to avoid and evade taxes by misreporting their activities. In this paper, we use a natural policy experiment to analyze how firms respond to different tax enforcement regimes. The Spanish Large Taxpayers’ Unit (LTU) monitors and enforces the taxation of companies with operating revenue above €6 million, resulting in more frequent tax audits and more information requirements for those firms. We exploit this discontinuity in enforcement intensity to estimate the impact of low enforcement on tax reporting behavior, using a panel dataset of financial statements for 85% of Spanish firms in the period 1999-2007. We apply two different identification strategies. First, we find an excess mass of firms locating (“bunching”) just below the revenue threshold. Based on the number of bunching firms, we estimate that firms reduce reported revenue by 1.4% to 7.5% to avoid falling in the high enforcement regime. Second, we run panel regressions with firm fixed effects and find that reported input costs do not respond significantly to the change in tax enforcement. This suggests that firms react to the enforcement discontinuity mostly by reporting lower revenues, without significantly distorting production. The efficiency costs of tax enforcement are thus likely to be small because tax evasion constitutes a reallocation of income to tax-evading firms. A back-of-the-envelope calculation shows that the loss in tax revenue due to tax evasion by non-LTU firms is, however, significant. In light of these results, we discuss potential reforms to improve tax enforcement policies.
Age differences in risky choice: a meta‐analysis

Does risk taking change as a function of age? We conducted a systematic literature search and found 29 comparisons between younger and older adults on behavioral tasks thought to measure risk taking (N= 4,093). The reports relied on various tasks differing in several respects, such as the amount of learning required or the choice framing (gains vs. losses). The results suggest that age‐related differences vary considerably as a function of task characteristics, in particular the learning requirements of the task. In decisions from experience, age‐related differences in risk taking were a function of decreased learning performance: older adults were more risk seeking compared to younger adults when learning led to risk‐avoidant behavior, but were more risk averse when learning led to risk‐seeking behavior. In decisions from description, younger adults and older adults showed similar risk‐taking behavior for the majority of the tasks, and there were no clear age‐related differences as a function of gain/loss framing. We discuss limitations and strengths of past research and provide suggestions for future work on age‐related differences in risk taking.
Nitric oxide and bone

Age‐associated decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production may be related to an increase in cardiovascular events, sexual dysfunction, and osteoporosis. Relative NO deficiency is a plausible biological basis for NO replacement therapy. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) enhances local NO production and rectifies NO deficiency in postmenopausal women. However, excess local production of NO aggravates bone destruction in inflammatory arthropathies. In addition to its use in alleviating angina and erectile dysfunction, NO compounds could be a valuable supplemental therapy for chronic conditions including osteoporosis. Estrogen mediates its beneficial effects in bone, in part via the NO/cGMP pathway; hence NO donor therapy is an alternative to estrogen, estrogen agonists‐antagonists, and androgen receptor modulator therapy in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Large numbers of animal studies and human pilot studies support the concept of using NO donors for preventing bone loss. Administration of exogenous NO or prolonging endogenous NO activity are practical ways to supplement NO.
Measurement of dissolved CO2 transport by snowmelt runoff in paddy fields

The quantity of CO2 carried away by snowmelt during the thawing of a deposited snow layer was measured in an area subject to seasonal accumulation of snow. The concentration of dissolved CO2 was measured in snowmelt discharged from the outlet of a paddy field with heavy clay soil in Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Samples were taken every few hours over a period of three days. The CO2 flux Fwater transported by the snowmelt was estimated from changes in the concentration of dissolved CO2, with the CO2 concentration continuously measured at the bottom of the deposited snow layer, and the quantity of snowmelt estimated from heat balance measurements. The ratio of the CO2 concentration, Csnow, to that dissolved in the snowmelt, Cwater, gradually decreased as the quantity of snow melted per unit time increased. Therefore, assuming this ratio to be proportional to the inverse of the snowmelt flow speed, a regression was carried out, based on the fact the flow speed is proportional to the quantity of melted snow per unit time raised to a power of 2/3. To assess the validity of the estimated Fwater, we studied the balance of CO2 in the deposited snow layer by using the CO2 store in the deposited snow. The quantity value of the soil respiration flux estimated from the balance of CO2 in the deposited snow layer was close to the average soil respiration flux during the snow-covered period estimated by the CO2 concentration gradient and the volume fraction of air in the snow layer previously deposited in the same paddy field.
Crise climatique et mutation des paysages en Afrique sub‐saharienne : la dynamique des paysages autour de la ville de Nouakchott et dans la région de Rosso (Mauritanie)

The analysis of the dynamics of the regions of Nouakchott in the North and of Rosso in the South, points out to a surprising peculiarity in the alteration of the Mauritanian landscapes. These territories were profoundly unbalanced by the climatic crisis and the repercussions of an unprecedented degradation of the Sahelian environment. This evolution shows how complex environmental studies are and is a testimony to the multiplicity of the factors involved in the precarious balance of the Sahelian circles.
Antitumor necrosis factor therapy in rat chronic granulomatous colitis: critical dose-timing effects on outcome.

Inhibition of tumor necrosis fact (TNFalpha) is of potential benefit in the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions. However, TNFalpha plays an important role in host defenses against infection, and blocking TNFalpha production may also have adverse effects. We tested the efficacy and safety of anti-TNFalpha therapy in experimental colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. We cultured colonic wall specimens for bacterial growth and measured native TNFalpha protein synthesis in colonic tissue at days 0, 1, 4, 10 and 18 after induction of colitis. Anti-TNFalpha therapy (monoclonal g1 immunoglobulin, 15 mg/kg i.p., every third day) was started on either day 4 or day 10 after induction of colitis. On day 18, we measured the release of inflammatory mediators and scored colonic lesions. In acute lesions, several species of the common flora were grown, including Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacteroides, clostridia and enterobacteria. In chronic lesions, only enterobacteria, clostridia and lactobacilli were isolated. TNFalpha production by inflamed colonic tissue was increased in both acute and chronic lesions. Anti-TNFalpha therapy induced a significant decrease in the release of inflammatory mediators and histopathological remission when treatment started on day 10. However, anti-TNFalpha therapy increased eicosanoid release and lesion scores when treatment started on day 4. In conclusion, acute colonic lesions showed polymicrobial infection. Anti-TNFalpha therapy induced remission of chronic intestinal inflammation, but early treatment did not prove effective.
Stratigraphic framework of the Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup in the Yellowstone National Park region

C1 Sunlight Group Continued Introduction . 1 Mount Wallace FormationContinued Acknowledgments . 4 Age. C23 General geologic relations . 4 Crescent Hill Basalt. 23 Washburn Group . 8 Wapiti Formation. 24 Sepulcher Formation . 14 Jim Mountain Member. 25 Conglomerate facies . 15 Age. 25 Elk Creek Basalt Member . 16 Trout Peak Trachyandesite. 25 Lost Creek Tuff Member . 17 Pacific Creek Tuff Member. 27 Daly Creek Member . 17 Age. 27 Fortress Mountain Member . 18 Thorofare Creek Group. 27 Andesite lavas . 18 Langford Formation. 28 Age . 19 Promontory Member. 29 Lamar River Formation . 19 Age. 29 Cathedral Cliffs Formation . 21 Two Ocean Formation. 29 Sunlight Group . 21 Tepee Trail Formation. 29 Mount Wallace Formation . 22 Wiggins Formation. 30 FIGURE Slough Creek Tuff Member . 23 References cited. 32