Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Subliminal Impending Collision Increases Perceived Object Size and Enhances Pupillary Light Reflex

Fast detection of ambient danger is crucial for the survival of biological entities. Previous studies have shown that threatening information can bias human visual perception and enhance physiological reactions. It remains to be delineated whether the modulation of threat on human perceptual and physiological responses can take place below awareness. To probe this issue, we adopted visual looming stimuli and created two levels of threat by varying their motion trajectories to the observers, such that the stimuli could move in a path that either collided with the observers’ heads or just nearly missed. We found that when the observers could not explicitly discriminate any difference between the collision and the near-miss stimuli, the visual stimuli on the collision course appeared larger and evoked greater pupil constrictions than those on the near-miss course. Furthermore, the magnitude of size overestimation was comparable to when the impending collision was consciously perceived. Our findings suggest that threatening information can bias human visual perception and strengthen pupil constrictions independent of conscious representation of the threat, and imply the existence of the subcortical visual pathway dedicated to automatically processing threat-related signals in humans.
MULTIPHASE FLOW

As in the multiphase flow in vertical pipe, in horizontal pipe there are distinct flow regimes. In horizontal flow there are divided up into 3 main types, Segregated Flow, Intermittent Flow and Distributive Flow. Segregated Flow is divided up into Stratified, Wavy and Annular Flow. Intermittent Flow is divided up in to Plug and Slug Flow. Distributive Flow is divided up in to Bubble and Mist Flow.
Withholding answers during hands-on scientific investigations? Comparing effects on developing students’ scientific knowledge, reasoning, and application

ABSTRACT As more concerns have been raised about withholding answers during science teaching, this article argues for a need to detach ‘withholding answers’ from ‘hands-on’ investigation tasks. The present study examined students’ learning of light-related content through three conditions: ‘hands-on’ + no ‘withholding’ (hands-on only: HO), ‘hands-on’ + ‘withholding’ (hands-on investigation with answers withheld: HOW), and no ‘hands-on’ + no ‘withholding’ (direction instruction: DI). Students were assessed in terms of how well they (1) knew the content taught in class; (2) reasoned with the learned content; and (3) applied the learned content to real-life situations. Nine classes of students at 4th and 5th grades, N = 136 in total, were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. ANCOVA results showed that students in the hands-on only condition reasoned significantly better than those in the other two conditions. Students in this condition also seemed to know the content fairly better although the advance was not significant. Students in all three conditions did not show a statistically significant difference in their ability to apply the learned content to real-life situations. The findings from this study provide important contributions regarding issues relating to withholding answers during guided scientific inquiry.
Phylogeny and assemblage composition of Frankia in Alnus tenuifolia nodules across a primary successional sere in interior Alaska

In nitrogen (N) fixing symbioses, host‐symbiont specificity, genetic variation in bacterial symbionts and environmental variation represent fundamental constraints on the ecology, evolution and practical uses of these interactions, but detailed information is lacking for many naturally occurring N‐fixers. This study examined phylogenetic host specificity of Frankia in field‐collected nodules of two Alnus species (A. tenuifolia and A. viridis) in interior Alaska and, for A. tenuifolia, distribution, diversity, spatial autocorrelation and correlation with specific soil factors of Frankia genotypes in nodules collected from replicated habitats representing endpoints of a primary sere. Frankia genotypes most commonly associated with each host belonged to different clades within the Alnus‐infective Frankia clade, and for A. tenuifolia, were divergent from previously described Frankia. A. tenuifolia nodules from early and late succession habitats harboured distinct Frankia assemblages. In early succession, a single genotype inhabited 71% of nodules with no discernable autocorrelation at any scale, while late succession Frankia were more diverse, differed widely among plants within a site and were significantly autocorrelated within and among plants. Early succession Frankia genotype occurrence was strongly correlated with carbon/nitrogen ratio in the mineral soil fraction, while in late succession, the most common genotypes were correlated with different soil variables. Our results suggest that phylogenetic specificity is a significant factor in the A. tenuifolia‐Frankia interaction and that significant habitat‐based differentiation may exist among A. tenuifolia‐infective genotypes. This is consistent with our hypothesis that A. tenuifolia selects specific Frankia genotypes from early succession soils and that this choice is attenuated in late succession.
Reelin and Notch1 Cooperate in the Development of the Dentate Gyrus

The development of the hippocampal dentate gyrus is a complex process in which several signaling pathways are involved and likely interact with each other. The extracellular matrix molecule Reelin is necessary both for normal development of the dentate gyrus radial glia and neuronal migration. In Reelin-deficient Reeler mice, the hippocampal radial glial scaffold fails to form, and granule cells are dispersed throughout the dentate gyrus. Here, we show that both formation of the radial glia scaffold and lamination of the dentate gyrus depend on intact Notch signaling. Inhibition of Notch signaling in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures induced a phenotype reminiscent of the Reelin-deficient hippocampus, i.e., a reduced density of radial glia fibers and granule cell dispersion. Moreover, a Reelin-dependent rescue of the Reeler phenotype was blocked by inhibition of Notch activation. In the Reeler dentate gyrus, we found reduced Notch1 signaling; the activated Notch intracellular domain as well as the transcriptional targets, brain lipid-binding protein, and Hes5 are decreased. Disabled1, a component of the Reelin-signaling pathway colocalizes with Notch1, thus indicating a direct interaction between the Reelin- and Notch1-signaling pathways. These results suggest that Reelin enhances Notch1 signaling, thereby contributing to the formation of the radial glial scaffold and the normal development of the dentate gyrus.
Kepimpinan distributif sekolah menengah di daerah Kangar, Perlis

Kepimpinan distributif ialah satu bentuk kepimpinan secara berkumpulan yang memberi pengupayaan kepada subordinat. Kecemerlangan sekolah memerlukan tanggungjawab guru untuk meningkatkan pretasi sekolah ke tahap yang lebih tinggi. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti sejauh mana kepimpinan distributif diamalkan di sekolah menengah daerah Kangar, Perlis dan membandingkan persepsi amalan kepimpinan distributif berdasarkan faktor demografi. Data diambil daripada 145 guru di sekolah menengah di daerah Kangar, Perlis. Kepimpinan distributif di ukur menggunakan soal selidik yang diubahsuai daripada Distributed Leadership Inventory oleh Hulpia et al., (2009). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan kepimpinan distributif di sekolah adalah pada tahap sederhana dengan min 3.96 (SP = 0.68) Kajian ini mencadangkan kepimpinan distributif di sekolah perlu dipertingkatkan lagi supaya guru dapat memberi sumbangan yang lebih baik untuk memajukan sekolah.
Predictors of Capacity-Building Needs Among Nongovernmental Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play important roles in social development in the Global South. However, little evidence exists concerning NGOs’ capacity-building needs. We sought to understand organizational and network factors that explain capacity-building needs. Using an online survey of 282 NGOs in Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria, we found high levels of capacity-building need, particularly concerning resource development. Using multivariate analyses, we found greater staff size predicted less overall capacity-building need based on a 15-item index (α = .88). Examining individual capacities, receiving at least half of funding from international sources and prior capacity-building assistance were consistent predictors of lower odds of capacity-building need.
THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN SOFTWARE COMPLEXITY METRICS

This paper presented a review of some of the theoretical issues involved in software complexity metrics. The paper was divided into four parts. The first part attempted to consider the meaning, forms and levels of software complexity. The second part examined the definitions of metrics and presents a review of the existing software complexity metrics. The properties of software complexity metrics were considered in part three while the last part is on the conclusions. A review of the existing work on software complexity metrics shows the use of McCabe’s cyclomatic number, Halstead’s software science, the number of program statements and the Oviedo’s dataflow complexity graph. None of these metrics satisfied all the desirable nine properties of a complexity metric. The conclusion was that the choice of the complexity metric is dependent on the choice of the software development methodology and the programming language. The quest therefore was to see how the choice of software development methodology and programming language can help to minimize the software complexity.
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Non-Interferon Treated Hepatitis C Patients in Pakistan

Objective. Interferon therapy of HCV infected patients is associated with development of thyroid dysfunctions. Patients with pretreatment presence of antithyroid peroxidase (TPO-Ab) are at greater risk. This study, probably the first in Pakistan, was planned to determine TPO-Ab in sera of treatment-naive local HCV patients. Setting. Centre for Nuclear Medicine (CENUM), Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Patients and Methods. During July to December 2012, 190 patients (140 females, 50 males) newly diagnosed for HCV infection were selected for this study. Their age range was 15–55 years (mean: 35.3 ± 9.1 years). 262 age matched healthy subjects (211 females and 50 males) were recruited as control. Serum-free thyroxin (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were detected by radioimmunoassay techniques. Serum TPO-Ab titer was determined by ELISA method using commercial kits. Results. Serum FT4 and TSH levels in HCV patients and controls were within normal range. Between two groups there was no significant difference in mean value of FT4 (16.0 ± 3.0 versus 16.2 ± 3.9; P = 0.619) but mean TSH value was significantly lower in HCV patients (1.5 ± 0.8 versus 1.8 ± 0.9; P = 0.003). Among HCV patients 51 (26.8%) were TPO-Ab positive and among control subjects 18 (6.9%) were TPO-Ab positive. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that among HCV patients 39 (27.8%) females and 12 (24.0%) males were TPO-Ab positive, respectively, and difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.873). Moreover, TPO-Ab positive patients were older and had significantly higher serum TSH as compared to TPO-Ab negative HCV patients. Conclusion. Independent of patient's gender and increasing with advancing age, about one-fourth of local untreated HCV patients are TPO-Ab positive and are at greater risk of developing thyroid disorders during and after interferon treatment.
The relationship between physical education and leisure-time physical activity behavior

Due to limitations in instruction hours and resources, it has become increasingly difficult for physical education to simultaneously provide knowledge, skills and sufficient physical activity needed for healthful living. Consequently, leisure-time physical activity participation becomes a significant opportunity to supplement physical education for students to be physically active. Ennis (2010) pointed out that health-related fitness knowledge, motor skills and physical activity demonstrated in physical education have become critical in developing students’ healthful living behavior. Guided by the transfer theory, the purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which college students’ knowledge and skills demonstrated in physical education are associated with leisure-time physical activity behavior. A total of 186 student participants (99 males, 87 females) in basketball, volleyball, and soccer classes at one of the University of North Carolina completed fitness knowledge tests, in-class physical activity measures, sports skills tests, and a leisure-time physical activity recall survey. Pearson correlation, multiple regression analysis, and canonical correlation analyses were used to examine association at variable-to-variable (bivariate) and variable set-to-set levels. The major findings include (a) There was no relationship between health-related fitness knowledge and leisure-time physical activity behavior at the variable to variable level. (b) In-class physical activity and sport skills demonstrated in physical education had a weak correlation with leisure-time physical activity behavior. (c) There was a variable set-to-set correlation between skill and leisure time sport-specific physical activity participation in soccer. These findings support the assumption of transfer theory that behavior transfer is unlikely to rely on the variable to variable associations. It is more likely to take place in a holistic way, where individual factors in one environment (e.g., physical education) work together as a set to interact with a set of factors in a different environment (e.g., leisure-time physical activity settings). The findings imply a holistic approach to be used in further research to examine the relationship between physical education and leisure-time physical activity.
Controlling the Courts: New Public Management and the Dutch Judiciary

Abstract Like many public sector organizations, in the past decades the Dutch judiciary has come to adopt New Public Management (NPM) practices and processes. In this article, we analyze this adoption from a management and organizational control perspective. Using data from a large survey among Dutch judges, we see a “mismatch” between the nature of the NPM-inspired management control systems and the work-related experiences of the judges and inquire into the consequences thereof for judicial work and organization.
Molecular gas and star formation in the Tidal Dwarf Galaxy VCC 2062

The physical mechanisms driving star formation (SF) in galaxies are still not fully understood. Tidal dwarf galaxies (TDGs), made of gas ejected during galaxy interactions, seem to be devoid of dark matter and have a near-solar metallicity. The latter makes it possible to study molecular gas and its link to SF using standard tracers (CO, dust) in a peculiar environment. We present a detailed study of a nearby TDG in the Virgo Cluster, VCC 2062, using new high-resolution CO(1--0) data from the Plateau de Bure, deep optical imaging from the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS), and complementary multiwavelength data. Until now, there was some doubt whether VCC 2062 was a true TDG, but the new deep optical images from the NGVS reveal a stellar bridge between VCC 2062 and its parent galaxy, NGC 4694, which is clear proof of its tidal origin. Several high-resolution tracers (\halpha, UV, 8~\mi, and 24~\mi) of the star formation rate (SFR) are compared to the molecular gas distribution as traced by the CO(1-0). Coupled with the SFR tracers, the NGVS data are used with the CIGALE code to model the stellar populations throughout VCC 2062, yielding a declining SFR in the recent past, consistent with the low \halpha/UV ratio, and a high burst strength. HI emission covers VCC 2062, whereas the CO is concentrated near the HI maxima. The CO peaks correspond to two very distinct regions: one with moderate SF to the NE and one with only slightly weaker CO emission but with nearly no SF. Even where SF is clearly present, the SFR is below the value expected from the surface density of the molecular and the total gas as compared to spiral galaxies and other TDGs. After discussing different possible explanations, we conclude that the low surface brightness is a crucial parameter to understand the low SFR.
The Formation of the High Tc Phase of Melt Quenched Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy

Abstract— The melt quench method was applied in the fabrication of Bi1.6Pb0. 4Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy superconducting ceramics. The effects of melting the lead doped BSCCO were investigated using the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscope (SEM/EDAX), differential thermal analyzer (DTA), x-ray diffractrometer (XRD) and magnetic susceptibility (χ-T) analyses. The results showed that the superconducting phase appeared even in the precursor samples. Glass forming tendency is also remarkably retarded. Sintering at 840°C for 24 hours completely vanished this glass forming ability. The critical temperature (Tc) onset was strongly dependent on the amount of non-superconducting impurities, grain size and intensity of the endothermic peak that affects the phase formation in the partially melted state.
KONSTRUKSI GENDER, HEGEMONI KEKUASAAN, DAN LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN

:Gender issue appears as part of social problem in Indonesia. its main problem is that the exist of conspicuous discrepancy between man and woman. Gender socialization has been currently proposed by handing around messages, discourse, values, norms, belief, and presenting a model of certain gender construction. It is somewhat a discourse from the Foucault perspective. Thic concept puts knowledge and power in a relation to socialize gender discourse. Some studies show that in pesantren (Islamic boarding school) gender sensitivity is poor. The studies are proved by the lack of attention on woman issues and the hegemony of kiai and ustadz figures. However, the interest on gender issues of pesantren studies turn up at the latest time. It is well described on the result of a study that nyai (femal Islamic scholar) takes an important role to survive the pesantren as an educational institution. This progress signals a clash of gender discourse and new discourses in the process of gender socialization in pesantren world.
Caspase-Dependent Inhibition of Mousepox Replication by gzmB

Background Ectromelia virus is a natural mouse pathogen, causing mousepox. The cytotoxic T (Tc) cell granule serine-protease, granzyme B, is important for its control, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Using ex vivo virus immune Tc cells, we have previously shown that granzyme B is able to activate several independent pro-apoptotic pathways, including those mediated by Bid/Bak/Bax and caspases-3/-7, in target cells pulsed with Tc cell determinants. Methods and Findings Here we analysed the physiological relevance of those pro-apoptotic pathways in ectromelia infection, by incubating ectromelia-immune ex vivo Tc cells from granzyme A deficient (GzmB+ Tc cells) or granzyme A and granzyme B deficient (GzmA×B−/− Tc cell) mice with ectromelia-infected target cells. We found that gzmB-induced apoptosis was totally blocked in ectromelia infected or peptide pulsed cells lacking caspases-3/-7. However ectromelia inhibited only partially apoptosis in cells deficient for Bid/Bak/Bax and not at all when both pathways were operative suggesting that the virus is able to interfere with apoptosis induced by gzmB in case not all pathways are activated. Importantly, inhibition of viral replication in vitro, as seen with wild type cells, was not affected by the lack of Bid/Bak/Bax but was significantly reduced in caspase-3/-7-deficient cells. Both caspase dependent processes were strictly dependent on gzmB, since Tc cells, lacking both gzms, neither induced apoptosis nor reduced viral titers. Significance Out findings present the first evidence on the biological importance of the independent gzmB-inducible pro-apoptotic pathways in a physiological relevant virus infection model.
The galactic halo stellar density distribution from photometric survey data: results of a pilot study

Aims. Our goal is to recover the Galactic halo spatial density by means of field stars. To this aim, we have applied a new technique to the Capodimonte Deep Field (OACDF, Alcala et al. 2004), as a pilot study in view of the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) stellar projects. Considering this unique chance to collect deep and wide-field photometry with the VST, our method may represent a useful tool towards definitive mapping of the Galactic halo. Methods. In the framework of synthetic stellar populations, turn-off stars are used to reconstruct the spatial density. The space density is determined by comparing the data with synthetic color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs). The only assumptions involve the IMF, age, and metallicity of the synthetic halo population. Stars are randomly placed in the solid angle. The contributions of the various Monte Carlo distributions (with a step of 4 kpc) along the line of sight are simultaneously varied to reproduce the observed CMD. Results. Our result for the space density is consistent with a power-law exponent n ≈ 3 over a range of Galactocentric distances from 8 to 40 kpc.
Fatores motivadores e limitadores do alisamento de resultados (income smoothing) pelas empresas listadas na Bovespa

Uma das formas de gerenciamento de resultados constantemente abordada na literatura e o Alisamento de Resultados (Income Smoothing), que representa uma reducao da variabilidade dos resultados reportados, tornando-os mais estaveis ao longo do tempo. O objetivo deste estudo e verificar fatores capazes de influenciar esta pratica, relacionados a motivacoes de mercado, motivacoes contratuais e motivacoes politicas e regulatorias, bem como possiveis fatores limitadores da mesma. Para tanto, investigou-se a ocorrencia do alisamento de resultados em uma amostra de 141 empresas listadas na Bolsa de Valores de Sao Paulo (BOVESPA), abrangendo um periodo de analise de oito anos (2000 a 2007). O metodo utilizado para a identificacao das empresas alisadoras foi aquele proposto por Eckel (1981), baseado na comparacao entre o coeficiente de variabilidade da receita bruta e do lucro liquido da empresa. Apos esta identificacao, empregou-se analise univariada, por meio do teste ANOVA, para verificar a existencia de diferencas
An Elevated Body Mass Index Increases Lung Volume but Reduces Airflow in Italian Schoolchildren

Background Asthma and obesity are important and growing health issues worldwide. Obesity is considered a risk factor for asthma, due to the induction of changes in airway mechanics and altered airway inflammation. Methods We cross-sectionally investigated the effect of increased weight on pulmonary function in a large population sample of healthy children, aged 10–17 yrs living in Palermo, Italy. Explanatory effect of weight on lung function variables were evaluated by multiple linear regression models, taking into account height, gender, and age-class. Results Among the 2,393 subjects, FVC and FEV1 were positively correlated to weight. Multiple regression models showed that the weight beta coefficient for FEV1 was significantly lower with respect to that for FVC (0.005 and 0.009 l/kg, respectively), indicating a different magnitude in explanatory effect of weight on FVC and FEV1. Both FEV1/FVC and FEF25–75%/FVC ratios were negatively correlated to weight, while FEF25–75% was not significantly correlated. Similar results were obtained also when 807 symptomatic subjects were introduced in the model through a sensitivity analysis. Conclusion In healthy children, the disproportionate increase of FEV1 and FVC with weight produces airflow decrease and consequently apparent poorer lung function independently from respiratory disease status.