Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Matching neural paths: transfer from recognition to correspondence search

Many machine learning tasks require finding per-part correspondences between objects. In this work we focus on low-level correspondences - a highly ambiguous matching problem. We propose to use a hierarchical semantic representation of the objects, coming from a convolutional neural network, to solve this ambiguity. Training it for low-level correspondence prediction directly might not be an option in some domains where the ground-truth correspondences are hard to obtain. We show how transfer from recognition can be used to avoid such training. Our idea is to mark parts as "matching" if their features are close to each other at all the levels of convolutional feature hierarchy (neural paths). Although the overall number of such paths is exponential in the number of layers, we propose a polynomial algorithm for aggregating all of them in a single backward pass. The empirical validation is done on the task of stereo correspondence and demonstrates that we achieve competitive results among the methods which do not use labeled target domain data.
A New Boundary Counterterm for Asymptotically AdS Spacetimes

We present a modified version of the boundary counterterm method for removing divergences from the action of an asymptotically $AdS$ spacetime. The standard approach renders the action finite but leaves diffeomorphism invariance partially broken if the dimension of the spacetime is odd. We show that this symmetry is restored by a new boundary counterterm, needed to cancel a divergence that appears in dimensional regularization. The result is a finite, diffeomorphism invariant action appropriate for gravitational physics. As an example we calculate the action for the Kerr-$AdS_5$ black hole. Unlike the standard boundary counterterm results, our action yields conserved charges that are consistent with the first law of black hole thermodynamics.
Na,K-ATPase Subunits as Markers for Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer and Fibrosis

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important developmental process, participates in tissue repair, and occurs during pathologic processes of tumor invasiveness, metastasis, and tissue fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms leading to EMT are poorly understood. Although it is well documented that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays a central role in the induction of EMT, the targets of TGF-β signaling are poorly defined. We have shown earlier that Na,K-ATPase β1-subunit levels are highly reduced in poorly differentiated kidney carcinoma cells in culture and in patients' tumor samples. In this study, we provide evidence that Na,K-ATPase is a new target of TGF-β1–mediated EMT in renal epithelial cells, a model system used in studies of both cancer progression and fibrosis. We show that following treatment with TGF-β1, the surface expression of the β1-subunit of Na,K-ATPase is reduced, before well-characterized EMT markers, and is associated with the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype. RNAi-mediated knockdown confirmed the specific involvement of the Na,K-ATPase β1-subunit in the loss of the epithelial phenotype and exogenous overexpression of the Na,K-ATPase β1-subunit attenuated TGF-β1–mediated EMT. We further show that both Na,K-ATPase α- and β-subunit levels are highly reduced in renal fibrotic tissues. These findings reveal for the first time that Na,K-ATPase is a target of TGF-β1–mediated EMT and is associated with the progression of EMT in cancer and fibrosis. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(6); 1515–24. ©2010 AACR.
Characterization by electron paramagnetic resonance of the role of the Escherichia coli nitrate reductase (NarGHI) iron-sulfur clusters in electron transfer to nitrate and identification of a semiquinone radical intermediate

We have used Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane preparations enriched in wild-type and mutant (NarH-C16A and NarH-C263A) nitrate reductase (NarGHI) to study the role of the [Fe-S] clusters of this enzyme in electron transfer from quinol to nitrate. The spectrum of dithionite-reduced membrane bound NarGHI has major features comprising peaks at g = 2.04 and g = 1.98, a peak-trough at g = 1.95, and a trough at g = 1.87. The oxidized spectrum of NarGHI in membranes comprises an axial [3Fe-4S] cluster spectrum with a peak at g = 2.02 (g(z)) and a peak-trough at g = 1.99 (g(xy)). We have shown that in two site-directed mutants of NarGHI which lack the highest potential [4Fe-4S] cluster (B. Guigliarelli, A. Magalon, P. Asso, P. Bertrand, C. Frixon, G. Giordano, and F. Blasco, Biochemistry 35:4828-4836, 1996), NarH-C16A and NarH-C263A, oxidation of the NarH [Fe-S] clusters is inhibited compared to the wild type. During enzyme turnover in the mutant enzymes, a distinct 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide-sensitive semiquinone radical species which may be located between the hemes of NarI and the [Fe-S] clusters of NarH is observed. Overall, these studies indicate (i) the importance of the highest-potential [4Fe-4S] cluster in electron transfer from NarH to the molybdenum cofactor of NarG and (ii) that a semiquinone radical species is an important intermediate in electron transfer from quinol to nitrate.
Magnesium and experimental vasospasm.

OBJECT Interest has developed in the use of magnesium (Mg++) as a neuroprotectant and antivasospastic agent. Magnesium may increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) and reduce the contraction of cerebral arteries caused by various stimuli. In this study the authors tested the hypothesis that a continuous intravenous infusion of Mg++ reduces cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS A dose-finding study was conducted in five monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) to determine what doses of intravenous MgSO4 elevate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of Mg++ to vasoactive levels and to determine what effects these doses have on the diameters of cerebral arteries, as shown angiographically. After a standard dose of MgSO4 had been selected it was then administered in a randomized, controlled, blinded study to 10 monkeys (five animals/group) with SAH, beginning on Day 0 and continuing for 7 days, at which time angiography was repeated. A 0.086-g/kg bolus of MgSO4 followed by an infusion of 0.028 g/kg/day MgSO4 significantly elevated serum and CSF levels of Mg++ (five monkeys). Magnesium sulfate significantly elevated the serum level of total Mg++ from a control value of 0.83 +/- 0.04 mmol/L to 2.42 +/- 1.01 mmol/L on Day 7 and raised the CSF level from 1.3 +/- 0.04 mmol/L to 1.76 +/- 0.14 mmol/L. There was no angiographic evidence of any effect of MgSO4 on normal cerebral arteries. After SAH, the vasospasm in the middle cerebral artery was not significantly reduced (46 +/- 8% in the MgSO4-treated group compared with 35 +/- 6% in the placebo [vehicle]-treated group, p > 0.05, unpaired t-test). CONCLUSIONS Magnesium sulfate did not significantly reduce cerebral vasospasm after SAH in the doses tested. An investigation of SAH is warranted mainly to test whether a benefit can be achieved by neuroprotection or by augmentation of CBF by dilation of small vessels and/or collateral pathways.
Agnostically Learning Juntas from Random Walks

We prove that the class of functions g:{-1,+1}^n -> {-1,+1} that only depend on an unknown subset of k 0 and access to a random walk on {-1,+1}^n labeled by an arbitrary function f:{-1,+1}^n -> {-1,+1}, finds with probability at least 1-delta a k-junta that is (opt(f)+epsilon)-close to f, where opt(f) denotes the distance of a closest k-junta to f.
Rostral prefrontal brain regions (area 10): A gateway between inner thought and the external world?

17.1 Introduction This chapter reviews recent evidence from our laboratory (and others) that suggests that the most anterior parts of the frontal lobes of the brain support cognitive processes which are critical to complex volitional behavior in humans. We conclude by proposing a simple preliminary hypothesis about the role of this region in cognition. The part of the frontal lobes that is foremost in the brain has many names. The most common of these are " anterior prefrontal cortex, " " the frontal pole, " " frontopolar cortex, " and " rostral prefrontal cortex " (rostral PFC). Of these, we favor the use of the term " rostral " since the term is equivalent to others that are used to denote regions of the brain (e.g., caudal, dorsal, lateral, medial, ventral). However, these terms all refer to a region which broadly corresponds to the cytoarchitectonic area known as Brodmann Area (BA) 10. There is very good reason for suspecting that this brain region plays a critical role in human cognition. For instance, it is large in humans: in volu-metric terms probably the largest single architectonic region of the frontal lobes (Christoff et al. 2001), which themselves account for approximately 30 percent of the total cortical surface. Given that the brain may consume as much as 20 percent of the oxygen we extract from the air that we breathe (Raichle et al. 2001), there must be some evolutionary advantage to such a large brain region. Moreover, the rostral PFC regions are of unique proportional size in humans; they are for instance double the relative size in humans compared with chimpanzees (Semendeferi et al. 2001). And finally, this region is possibly the last to achieve myelination, and it has been argued that tardily myelinating areas engage in complex functions highly related to the organ-ism's experience (Fuster 1997, p. 37). These are all good reasons to imagine that the rostral PFC may support cognitive processing which is especially important to humans.
Meaning of Life and Meaning of Death in Successful Aging

I can never forget the angry reaction from a number of seniors right after the keynote address on successful aging at a major gerontological society convention. The speaker was a prominent authority on the topic, yet his message was met with disapproval and even anger from a small group of seniors standing close to me. These protestors included three or four women, a clergyman and a lanky, tall white-haired man leaning on a cane. We were standing at the door because there were no empty seats left inside the lecture hall. One advantage of being outside was that people could freely express their opinions without embarrassing the speaker.
The Development of Freshman College Calculus Students' Mathematics Identity and How it Predicts Students' Career Choice

There is a need for research to explore the connections between students’ selfperceptions and their goals and future engagement with mathematics. This is particularly the case when considering that student interest declines as they transition through K-12 and gender differences continue to persist in mathematics related careers. Knowing how students identify with mathematics might provide insight into students’ self-perceptions of mathematics and how these perceptions relate to students’ career choices. This quantitative study uses a mathematics identity framework based upon students’ self-perceptions related to mathematics. Specifically, students’ self-perceptions relating to mathematics interest, recognition by others in mathematics, and mathematical competence and performance were explored. Data were drawn from the Factors Influencing College Success in Mathematics (FICS-Math) project, which was a national survey of college students enrolled in a single-variable calculus course at 2and 4year institutions across the United States. This survey yielded a total of 10,492 surveys from students attending 336 college calculus courses/sections at 134 institutions. The results highlight the salience of the mathematics identity framework, indicating that mathematics interest, being recognized by others in mathematics, and beliefs about their ability to perform and understand mathematics were directly related to students’ mathematics identity. This led to the construction of a structural equation model for the mathematics identity framework detailing the relationship between the subconstructs of mathematics identity. Results also indicated that gender differences in
Dynamic Reconfiguration of the Supplementary Motor Area Network during Imagined Music Performance

The supplementary motor area (SMA) has been shown to be the center for motor planning and is active during music listening and performance. However, limited data exist on the role of the SMA in music. Music performance requires complex information processing in auditory, visual, spatial, emotional, and motor domains, and this information is integrated for the performance. We hypothesized that the SMA is engaged in multimodal integration of information, distributed across several regions of the brain to prepare for ongoing music performance. To test this hypothesis, functional networks involving the SMA were extracted from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data that were acquired from musicians during imagined music performance and during the resting state. Compared with the resting condition, imagined music performance increased connectivity of the SMA with widespread regions in the brain including the sensorimotor cortices, parietal cortex, posterior temporal cortex, occipital cortex, and inferior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Increased connectivity of the SMA with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex suggests that the SMA is under cognitive control, while increased connectivity with the inferior prefrontal cortex suggests the involvement of syntax processing. Increased connectivity with the parietal cortex, posterior temporal cortex, and occipital cortex is likely for the integration of spatial, emotional, and visual information. Finally, increased connectivity with the sensorimotor cortices was potentially involved with the translation of thought planning into motor programs. Therefore, the reconfiguration of the SMA network observed in this study is considered to reflect the multimodal integration required for imagined and actual music performance. We propose that the SMA network construct “the internal representation of music performance” by integrating multimodal information required for the performance.
The Prevalence of Fecal Colonization With VRE Among Residents of Long-Term–Care Facilities in Melbourne, Australia

Abstract A point-prevalence survey performed among residents of eight nursing homes in Melbourne, Australia, found a rate of fecal VRE colonization of 3.1% (9/292; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.1), all vanB Enterococcusfaecium. This is a higher rate than in the general community (3.1% vs 0.2%). Many residents (16%) had been inpatients in acute-care hospitals in the previous 3 months.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases due to Initiation of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy

Patients with intractable inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are increasingly being treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents and are at increased risk of developing tuberculosis (TB). Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) is recommended in patients due to the initiation of anti-TNF therapy. Traditionally, LTBI has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical factors and a tuberculin skin test. Recently, interferon-gamma releasing assays (IGRAs) that can detect TB infection have become available. Considering the high-risk of developing TB in patients on anti-TNF therapy, the use of both a tuberculin skin test and an IGRA should be considered to detect and treat LTBI in patients with IBD due to the initiation of anti-TNF therapy. The traditional LTBI treatment regimen has consisted of isoniazid monotherapy for 9 months. However, shorter regimens such as 4 months of rifampicin or 3 months of isoniazid/rifampicin have been used increasingly to improve treatment completion rates. In this review, the incidence of TB and the prevalence of LTBI in patients with IBD will be briefly described, as well as methods for diagnosing latent and active TB before anti-TNF therapy, current LTBI treatment regimens, recommendations for managing TB that develops during anti-TNF therapy, the necessity of regular monitoring to detect new TB infection, and the re-initiation of anti-TNF therapy in patients who develop TB.
The spectral quality of light is a key driver of photosynthesis and photoadaptation in Stylophora pistillata colonies from different depths in the Red Sea

SUMMARY Depth zonation on coral reefs is largely driven by the amount of downwelling, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) that is absorbed by the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) of corals. The minimum light requirements of zooxanthellae are related to both the total intensity of downwelling PAR and the spectral quality of the light. Here we used Stylophora pistillata colonies collected from shallow (3 m) and deep (40 m) water; colonies were placed in a respirometer under both ambient PAR irradiance and a filter that only transmits blue light. We found that the colonies exhibited a clear difference in their photosynthetic rates when illuminated under PAR and filtered blue light, with higher photosynthetic performance when deep colonies were exposed to blue light compared with full-spectrum PAR for the same light intensity and duration. By contrast, colonies from shallow water showed the opposite trend, with higher photosynthetic performances under full-spectrum PAR than under filtered blue light. These findings are supported by the absorption spectra of corals, with deeper colonies absorbing higher energy wavelengths than the shallow colonies, with different spectral signatures. Our results indicate that S. pistillata colonies are chromatically adapted to their surrounding light environment, with photoacclimation probably occurring via an increase in photosynthetic pigments rather than algal density. The spectral properties of the downwelling light are clearly a crucial component of photoacclimation that should be considered in future transplantation and photoacclimation studies.
Developmental Exposure of Rats to Chlorpyrifos Leads to Behavioral Alterations in Adulthood, Involving Serotonergic Mechanisms and Resembling Animal Models of Depression

Developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) causes persistent changes in serotonergic (5HT) systems. We administered 1 mg/kg/day CPF to rats on postnatal days 1–4, a regimen below the threshold for systemic toxicity. When tested in adulthood, CPF-exposed animals showed abnormalities in behavioral tests that involve 5HT mechanisms. In the elevated plus maze, males treated with CPF spent more time in the open arms, an effect seen with 5HT deficiencies in animal models of depression. Similarly, in an anhedonia test, the CPF-exposed group showed a decreased preference for chocolate milk versus water. Developmental CPF exposure also has lasting effects on cognitive function. We replicated our earlier finding that developmental CPF exposure ablates the normal sex differences in 16-arm radial maze learning and memory: during acquisition training, control male rats typically perform more accurately than do control females, but CPF treatment eliminated this normal sex difference. Females exposed to CPF showed a reduction in working and reference memory errors down to the rate of control males. Conversely, CPF-exposed males exhibited an increase in working and reference memory errors. After radial-arm acquisition training, we assessed the role of 5HT by challenging the animals with the 5HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin. Ketanserin did not affect performance in controls but elicited dose-dependent increases in working and reference memory errors in the CPF group, indicating an abnormal dependence on 5HT systems. Our results indicate that neonatal CPF exposures, classically thought to be subtoxic, produce lasting changes in 5HT-related behaviors that resemble animal models of depression.
The Effect of Teaching Experience on Time and Accuracy of Assessing Young Singers’ Pitch Accuracy

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-service and practicing music teachers’ experience on time and accuracy of assessing young singers. A total of 55 participants – freshmen (n = 14) and senior (n = 17) music education students, and beginning (n = 12) and experienced (n = 12) music teachers – listened to stimuli containing in-tune and out-of-tune singing of the first nine pitches of America on a neutral syllable, assessing the pitch-matching accuracy of the singing. Participants heard twenty stimuli of second-grade singers and responded through the use of the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) device. Each stimulus was heard only once, with distraction music inserted between stimulus examples. Results indicated that freshman participants responded much more slowly to the stimuli than did the other three groups, and that all groups were much more accurate assessing out-of-tune singers than in-tune singers; though there were no overall differences in assessment accuracy between groups. Based on these data, the implications for teaching music were questioned, and though it is considered that latency and accuracy are important for successful music programs, the degree of importance they play is not completely clear.
Radiation Resistance of Er-Doped Silica Fibers: Effect of Host Glass Composition

With the aim to find the best-suited host glass for radiation-resistant erbium-doped fibers (EDF), radiation-induced absorption (RIA) is measured and analyzed after γ -irradiation to 3.0-4.5 kGy in 18 silica optical fibers with various concentrations of dopants: Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> , P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> , GeO<sub>2</sub> and Er<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> . The RIA dependence on the content of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and Er<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in singly doped fibers is investigated. RIA of fibers codoped simultaneously with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> are found to be significantly lower than those of singly Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> -doped fibers. This is explained as the result of the formation of AlPO<sub>4</sub>-joins in the silica network. GeO<sub>2</sub> codoping of AlPO<sub>4</sub> -doped silica is shown to further reduce RIA. Nevertheless, the application of H<sub>2</sub> -loading and photobleaching of RIA by 980-nm laser radiation shows that the AlPO<sub>4</sub> - and GeO<sub>2</sub> -codoped silica is outperformed by P-free Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>- and GeO<sub>2</sub>-codoped silica, which is, therefore, concluded to be the best host glass composition for radiation resistant EDFs.