Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Light and heavy reflexives

Haiman (1983) has argued that the phonological weight of reflexives within many languages is determined by the type of verb that they are coupled with. Specifically, he has claimed that reflexives which occur with introverted verbs denoting actions which one generally performs upon one's self tend to be phonologically lighter than reflexives which occur with extroverted verbs denoting actions which the subject usually performs towards others. Contra Haiman, Kemmer (1993) has argued that light and heavy reflexive marking is determined by the degree to which the participants in the action denoted by a sentence are distinguishable. The current article defends Haiman against Kemmer's critique but also advances many other criticisms of Haiman's analysis. Thus, it is argued contra Haiman that introversion and extroversion can be properties not only of the actions denoted by verbs but of the actions denoted by sentences also. Furthermore, it is shown contra Haiman that notions of introversion and extroversion can differ across languages. Finally, it is demonstrated that although the distinction between introversion and extroversion can account for more instances of the contrast between light and heavy reflexive marking than envisioned by Haiman, it still fails to explain every such instance. Problems with other theories which draw upon the distinction between introversion and extroversion to motivate the contrast between light and heavy reflexive marking such as Reinhart and Reuland (1993) are also highlighted. Finally, it is shown that theories of reflexivization which do not appeal to the distinction between introversion and extroversion such as Chomsky (1986) or Pollard and Sag (1992) are unable to predict observed patterns of light and heavy reflexive marking. It is concluded that no satisfactory account of the contrast between light and heavy reflexive marking currently exists and that further data pertaining to issues such as diachronic evolution and cross-l
The impact of nonverbal ability on prevalence and clinical presentation of language disorder: evidence from a population study

Background Diagnosis of ‘specific’ language impairment traditionally required nonverbal IQ to be within normal limits, often resulting in restricted access to clinical services for children with lower NVIQ. Changes to DSM‐5 criteria for language disorder removed this NVIQ requirement. This study sought to delineate the impact of varying NVIQ criteria on prevalence, clinical presentation and functional impact of language disorder in the first UK population study of language impairment at school entry. Methods A population‐based survey design with sample weighting procedures was used to estimate population prevalence. We surveyed state‐maintained reception classrooms (n = 161 or 61% of eligible schools) in Surrey, England. From a total population of 12,398 children (ages 4–5 years), 7,267 (59%) were screened. A stratified subsample (n = 529) received comprehensive assessment of language, NVIQ, social, emotional and behavioural problems, and academic attainment. Results The total population prevalence estimate of language disorder was 9.92% (95% CI 7.38, 13.20). The prevalence of language disorder of unknown origin was estimated to be 7.58% (95% CI 5.33, 10.66), while the prevalence of language impairment associated with intellectual disability and/or existing medical diagnosis was 2.34% (95% CI 1.40, 3.91). Children with language disorder displayed elevated symptoms of social, emotional and behavioural problems relative to peers, F(1, 466) = 7.88, p = . 05, and 88% did not make expected academic progress. There were no differences between those with average and low‐average NVIQ scores in severity of language deficit, social, emotional and behavioural problems, or educational attainment. In contrast, children with language impairments associated with known medical diagnosis and/or intellectual disability displayed more severe deficits on multiple measures. Conclusions At school entry, approximately two children in every class of 30 pupils will experience language disorder severe enough to hinder academic progress. Access to specialist clinical services should not depend on NVIQ.
False reports: moving beyond the issue to successfully investigate and prosecute non-stranger sexual assault

One of the most common questions we address in training presentations with professionals – as well as personal conversations with lay people – is how many sexual assault reports are false. In the research literature, estimates for the percentage of sexual assault reports that are false have varied widely, virtually across the entire possible spectrum. For example, a very comprehensive review article documented estimates in the literature ranging from 1.5% to 90% (Rumney, 2006). However, very few of these estimates are based on research that could be considered credible. Most are reported without the kind of information that would be needed to evaluate their reliability and validity. A few are little more than published opinions, based either on personal experience or a non-systematic review (e.g., of police files, interviews with police investigators, or other information with unknown reliability and validity).
356 LUNG FUNCTION AND NUTRITION STATUS OF SEMI-NOMADIC FULANI CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA.

The Fulani are semi-nomadic pastoralists of the western Sahel whose culture and economy are centered on cattle. We have shown previously that Fulani children and adolescents (5-18 years old) are stunted and underweight. Nutritional status and lung function were studied in Fulani children and adolescents (n = 70), aged 6-18, and compared with a non-Fulani, rural Nigerian control group (n = 153) of the same age. Participants were restricted to healthy individuals with no prior history of respiratory disease and no symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection within the past 6 weeks. Significant deficits in forced vital capacity (FVC; Fulani males, 1.51 l; non-Fulani males, 1.86 l, p = 0.009; Fulani females, 1.36 l; non-Fulani females, 1.79 l, p < 0.001), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1; Fulani males, 1.44 l; non-Fulani males, 1.76 l, p = 0.02; Fulani females, 1.24 l; non-Fulani females, 1.69 l, p < 0.001), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR; Fulani males, 2.69 l/s; non-Fulani males, 3.48 l/s, p = 0.002; Fulani females, 2.29 l/s; non-Fulani females, 3.35 l/s, p < 0.001) were found in both the Fulani boys and girls compared with the non-Fulani controls. The diminished lung function in the Fulani group could be attributed to respiratory muscle weakness or an overall deficit in energy.
Physics-based Tests to Identify the Accuracy of Solar Wind Ion Measurements: A Case Study with the Wind Faraday Cups

[1] We present techniques for comparing measurements of velocity, temperature, and density with constraints imposed by the plasma physics of magnetized bi-Maxwellian ions. Deviations from these physics-based constraints are interpreted as arising from measurement errors. Two million ion spectra from the Solar Wind Experiment Faraday Cup instruments on the Wind spacecraft are used as a case study. The accuracy of velocity measurements is determined by the fact that differential flow between hydrogen and helium should be aligned with the ambient magnetic field. Modeling the breakdown of field alignment suggests velocity uncertainties are less than 0.16% in magnitude and 3° in direction. Temperature uncertainty is found by examining the distribution of observed temperature anisotropies in high-beta solar wind intervals where the firehose, mirror, and cyclotron microinstabilities should drive the distribution to isotropy. The presence of a finite anisotropy at high beta suggests overall temperature uncertainties of 8%. Hydrogen and helium number densities are compared with the electron density inferred from observations of the local electron plasma frequency as a function of solar wind speed and year. We find that after accounting for the contribution of minor ions, the results are consistent with a systematic offset between the two instruments of 3–4%. The temperature and density methods are sensitive to non-Maxwellian features such as heat flux and proton beams and as a result are more suited to slow solar wind where these features are rare. These procedures are of general use in identifying the accuracy of observations from any solar wind ion instrument.
Understanding Cross-Cultural Student Perceptions of Advertising in General: Implications for Advertising Educators and Practitioners

Abstract The purpose of our study is to present a cross-cultural comparison of student perceptions toward advertising in general. While there exists considerable research on U.S. students' responses to predetermined statements about advertising in general, a decided lack of research exists regarding international students' thoughts about advertising in general. Therefore, 553 undergraduate students from the United States, New Zealand, Denmark, Greece, and India were sampled for their thoughts about advertising in general. Results indicate significant differences across countries on self-generated thoughts regarding advertising's functions, practices, affective responses, the industry, and advertising users. Implications of findings for advertising educators and practitioners are provided.
Neutral evolution in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is an acquired hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) disorder characterized by the partial or complete deficiency of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked membrane proteins, which leads to intravascular hemolysis. A loss of function mutation in the PIG-A gene, required for GPI biosynthesis, explains how the deficiency of many membrane proteins can result from a single genetic event. However, to date the mechanism of expansion of the GPI− clone has not been fully understood. Two hypotheses have been proposed: A selective advantage of GPI− cells because of a second mutation or a conditional growth advantage of GPI− cells in the presence of an immune attack on normal (GPI+) HSCs. Here, we explore a third possibility, whereby the PNH clone does not have a selective advantage. Simulations in a large virtual population accurately reproduce the known incidence of the disease; and the fit is optimized when the number of stem cells is decreased, reflecting a component of bone marrow failure in PNH. The model also accounts for the occurrence of spontaneous cure in PNH, consequent on clonal extinction. Thus, a clonal advantage may not be always necessary to explain clonal expansion in PNH.
Comparison of once-daily and twice-daily dosing of 0.75% metronidazole gel in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal symptoms in women and has potential complications. Efforts to improve treatment of this disease process are warranted. GOAL OF THIS STUDY The goal of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of once-daily intravaginal administration of 0.75% metronidazole gel for 5 days to the established twice-daily regimen in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. STUDY DESIGN Nonpregnant women with bacterial vaginosis diagnosed by accepted clinical criteria at 14 geographically diverse general gynecology clinics were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, investigator-blind, parallel study. They were treated with either once-daily or twice-daily 0.75% metronidazole gel 5 g intravaginally for 5 days and were reevaluated at 7 to 12 days and 28 to 35 days after completing treatment. Efficacy was determined by clinical criteria. Adverse drug reactions were monitored. RESULTS Of the 514 evaluable women enrolled, bacterial vaginosis was cured at the first return visit among evaluable patients in 153 of 199 (77%) of those who received the once-daily and in 157 of 196 (80%) of those who received the twice-daily administration. Bacterial vaginosis was cured among evaluable patients at the final visit in 104 of 180 (58%) of those who received once-daily and 109 of 178 (61%) of those who received the twice-daily regimen. Intent-to-treat analysis showed cure at 1 month in 118 of 207 (57%) of those treated once daily and 129 of 209 (62%) of those treated twice daily. Side effects were mild, and none caused treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Once-daily dosing of 0.75% metronidazole gel 5 g for 5 days yields efficacy, safety, and tolerance equivalent to the currently used twice-daily dosing in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, adding another competitive choice to the available therapeutic options for this condition.
Late Cenozoic Moisture History of East Africa

Lake sediments in 10 Ethiopian, Kenyan, and Tanzanian rift basins suggest that there were three humid periods at 2.7 to 2.5 million years ago (Ma), 1.9 to 1.7 Ma, and 1.1 to 0.9 Ma, superimposed on the longer-term aridification of East Africa. These humid periods correlate with increased aridity in northwest and northeast Africa and with substantial global climate transitions. These episodes could have had important impacts on the speciation and dispersal of mammals and hominins, because a number of key events, such as the origin of the genus Homo and the evolution of the species Homo erectus, took place in this region during that time.
[Biopsychosocial profile of patients with anophthalmia in the south of Minas Gerais - Brazil].

PURPOSE To evaluate the biopsychosocial profile of patients with anophthalmia, with emphasis on the psychological and functional impact of eye loss and the social reintegration of this population. METHODS Prospective analyses of 84 patients (50 males and 34 females), rehabilitated or in the rehabilitation process with ocular prostheses were interviewed by means of a questionnaire with dimensions involving the etiology of the ocular defect, degree of adaptation to the ocular prosthesis, and impact on professional, family and social activities. RESULT The right eye was affected in 45.2% of the patients, the left eye in 51.2%, and the rest of the patients had bilateral anophthalmia. Difficulty in adapting to monocular vision was reported by 47.6% of the patients. The main causes of anophthalmia in males were eye injuries due to accidents (54%), and, in females, acquired diseases (38.2%). For the total studied population, the eye loss occurred at a mean of 20.5 +/- 18.41 years, and the elapsed time until the first rehabilitation with ocular prosthesis was of 8.6 +/- 13.10 years. Most patients (66.1%) reported satisfaction and good adaptation to the prosthesis. Feelings of sadness, shame and shyness were frequently reported. CONCLUSION Anophtalmic patients often exhibit psychic and/or functional disorders which hinder their social, professional and family readaptation, and this is aggravated by both economic factors and lack of public services that provide rehabilitative treatment. Public information campaigns could also be useful to prevent causes that lead to ocular loss.
“Through the Kids . . . We Connected With Our Community”

Both children and adults benefit from living in communities and neighborhoods that are rich in social capital. However, the research literature is relatively silent with respect to the influence that children may play as catalysts for the formation and maintenance of community or family stocks of social capital. This article investigates whether having dependent children living at home play a role in forging adult connections, community involvement, and social capital in a suburban context. The qualitative data were derived from 12 focus groups and the quantitative data from a survey of 339 residents in three Western Australian suburbs. Overall, the quantitative results found that social capital, neighborhood cohesion, and community participation were all significantly higher among respondents with dependent children living at home. The results have implications for urban design and community infrastructure, including the extent to which the built environment caters for children and fosters social connectedness among parents, families, and the broader community.
The Media: Obstacle or Ally of Feminists?

Under certain circumstances, media treatment can serve as an obstacle to women's achievement of their political goals. In other circumstances, the news media can act as an additional resource. It is quite clear that the early media coverage of the women's movement did not help the movement to grow. In fact, the press coverage of the women's movement, when there was any at all, was unflattering, and the movement grew in spite of the media. Similarly, the media treat men and women candidates differently in their campaign coverage, and this differential treatment can hinder women's access to the political arena. On the other hand, the discovery of the gender gap and its prominent play in the press probably helped women in the political arena. The media, by emphasizing the significance of the so-called women's vote, made women appear to be a more potent force in the electorate.
An affective-cognitive model of mother-child aggression

Abstract This article reviews literature that explains the development and maintenance of aggressive mother-child interactions using operant learning theory, highlighting limitations in its explanatory power. We also review research on the association between perceptions and the maintenance of aggressive interactions. An integrative, multipathway model of mother-child aggression is presented in which the affective-cognitive biases of mothers and children and measures of their coerciveness help explain and predict subsequent coercive interactions. We conclude with implications for intervention.
Three Adult Cases of Orbital Hidrocystoma Presenting with Blepharoptosis

Purpose: To report adult cases of superior orbital apocrine hidrocystoma. Methods: Retrospective case series of three patients with superior orbital apocrine hidrocystoma and blepharoptosis with review of the clinical aspects of each of the cases. Results: All three cases presented with blepharoptosis. Two of the cases had occult hidrocystoma, and one was visibly subcutaneous at presentation. Conclusions: Although rare and more common along the eyelid margin, apocrine hidrocystomas may occur in the orbit leading to secondary blepharoptosis and should be included within the differential diagnosis of orbital cysts. Physicians should therefore be aware of this possibility.
Experiences With Discrimination and Depression

Racial discrimination has been negatively linked to mental health in African Americans, but less is known about how it may affect parents’ academic efficacy. This study examined the direct and indirect relationships between racial discrimination, depressive symptomatology, and academic efficacy in African American mothers. Seventy-six African American mothers were surveyed just before their children began first grade and again during the spring of first grade. Mothers reported on their experiences with racial discrimination, depressive symptomatology, and academic efficacy. Academic efficacy was operationalized in three different ways: the mother’s efficacy to help with homework, efficacy to help the child succeed in school, and her belief in her child’s efficacy to complete homework. Hierarchical regressions were conducted to investigate these relationships. Findings show that maternal depressive symptomatology mediates the relationship between racial discrimination and parental academic efficacy. The implications for assessing discrimination and depression as it relates to academic efficacy are discussed.
The effect of placenta previa on neonatal mortality: a population-based study in the United States, 1989 through 1997.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to explore the associations of placenta previa with preterm delivery, growth restriction, and neonatal survival. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study was performed of live births in the United States (1989-1991 and 1995-1997) that used the national linked birth/infant death records from 22,368,235 singleton pregnancies. The diagnosis of previa was restricted to those live births that were delivered (> or =24 weeks) by cesarean delivery. We evaluated gestational age and birth weight-specific risk of neonatal deaths (within the first 28 days) in relation to placenta previa. Fetal growth was assessed in centiles of birth weight (<3rd, 3rd-4th, 5th-9th, 10th-90th, and >90th centile), adjusted for gestational age. All analyses were adjusted for the confounding effects of the year of delivery, maternal age, gravidity, education, prenatal care, marital status, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Placenta previa was recorded in 2.8 per 1000 live births (n = 61,711). Neonatal mortality rate was 10.7 with previa, compared with 2.5 per 1,000 among other pregnancies (relative risk, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 4.0,4.8). At 28 to 36 weeks, babies born to women with placenta previa weighed, on average, 210 g lower than babies born to women without placenta previa (P <.001). Compared with babies born to women without previa, the risk of death from placenta previa was lower among preterm babies (<37 weeks of gestation), with a crossover at 37 weeks where the mortality rate was higher for babies born to women with placenta previa than for babies born to women without placenta previa. This crossover also persisted in an analysis by birth weight and term births (delivered at > or =37 weeks of gestation). Mortality rates for term births were higher among babies born to women with placenta previa than among babies born women without placenta previa who were at the 10th to 90th centile (relative risk, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3, 2.8), and those at >90th centile (relative risk, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.3, 9.6). Among preterm births, however, placenta previa was not associated with increased neonatal mortality by fetal growth centiles. CONCLUSION The risk of neonatal mortality was higher for babies born to women with placenta previa than for babies born to women without placenta previa who were delivered at > or =37 weeks of gestation. Pregnancies that are diagnosed with placenta previa must be monitored carefully, especially as they approach term.
Collateral, Risk Management, and the Distribution of Debt Capacity

Collateral constraints imply that financing and risk management are fundamentally linked. The opportunity cost of engaging in risk management and conserving debt capacity to hedge future financing needs is forgone current investment, and is higher for more productive and less well-capitalized firms. More constrained firms engage in less risk management and may exhaust their debt capacity and abstain from risk management, consistent with empirical evidence and in contrast to received theory. When cash flows are low, such firms may be unable to seize investment opportunities and be forced to downsize. Consequently, capital may be less productively deployed in downturns. Copyright (c) 2010 the American Finance Association.