Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introducing Solid Foods to Preterm Infants in Developed Countries

The addition of solid foods to an infant’s diet is required to provide adequate nutrition, as eventually an infant will be unable to consume a sufficient volume of breast milk to meet their nutritional needs. The timing of this important dietary change for infants born preterm (<37 weeks of gestation) should take into consideration their delayed early gross motor developmental progress, increased nutritional requirements, organ immaturity, increased gut permeability and increased risk of hospitalization from infections. Good head control is important for safe eating of solid foods: this developmental milestone may be delayed in preterm infants up to 3 months of corrected age. One randomized controlled trial has demonstrated improved nutritional intakes with the introduction of nutrient-dense solid foods from 13 weeks of uncorrected age, resulting in improved nutritional iron status and greater rate of growth during infancy. There is neither current evidence for an increased infection rate with an early introduction of solid foods in developed countries, nor is there evidence that in preterm infants maturation of renal function is reduced. However, one observational study has determined that preterm infants who had 4 or more solid foods introduced prior to 17 weeks of corrected age, or who had any solid foods introduced prior to 10 weeks of corrected age, had an increased risk of eczema development. A compromise is needed to balance the nutritional benefits of commencing solid foods from 13 weeks of uncorrected age with the risks of increased eczema development, along with ensuring developmental readiness. Based on the current evidence, 3 months (13 weeks) of corrected age seems to be an appropriate age to commence nutrient-dense solid foods for most preterm infants. Further research, with an emphasis on immediate as well as longer-term consequences, would be valuable to provide more specific evidence-based guidelines regarding the introduction of solid food for preterm infants.
“As Cited In” Writing Partnerships

Despite that qualitative researchers have persistently positioned research as a collaborative endeavor, single-authorship is ultimately valued in the academy, producing tension between the expectation and (im)possibility of such single-authorship. In this article, we demonstrate how we attend to this tension by focusing on how our citational practices within the text and in authorship bylines enable us to continuously interrogate and deconstruct how the author functions in our work. Specifically, we describe how our writing partnership produces each other as secondary sources for all of our writing, and we explore how American Psychological Association’s (APA) phrase “as cited in” helps us do authorship differently, even in those texts where our contributions are not acknowledged in authorship bylines. This exploration highlights how writing and methodology are completely imbricated in qualitative research, so we propose that choices about how we produce the author should be as philosophically informed as other methodological decisions.
The Impact of Burglary: A Tale of Two Cities

Victims' experiences of burglary in two contrasting English cities are compared, using data from a wider cross-national survey. Perceptions of the incident are assessed in terms of financial costs and the wider impact, including the effect of the crime on children in the household, and these are considered alongside the operation of victim support in the two areas. Finally victims' reactions are compared according to concern over future victimisation and crime prevention initiatives. Overall the data suggest that while the responses of burglary victims in the two contrasting urban environments share many common features, living in a more impoverished environment with higher rates of crime influences the ways in which respondents respond to their burglary.
Patients' Attitudes to Medical Students in General Practice

259 consecutive adult patients were interviewed regarding their attitudes to the presence of medical students at consultation, at examination, and at home visits. Few patients declared reluctance to discussing physical illness and smoking or drinking problems in the student's presence, but many had appreciable inhibitions about discussing almost every other common component of consultation. Over half of the younger women interviewed would prefer students not to be present at physical or pelvic examination. Neither age nor social class showed significant association with declared preference, but previous contact with students did not decrease inhibitions among patients. Only 15% of respondents said that they would be more upset by the presence of two students rather than one.
Structural plasticity associatedwith exposure to d rugs of abuse

Persistent changes in behavior andpsychological function that occur as a function of experience, such those associatedwith learning andmemory, are thought to be d ue to the reorganization of synaptic connections (structural plasticity) in relevant brain circuits. Some of the most compelling examples of experience-dependent changes in behavior and psychological function, changes that can last a lifetime, are those that accrue with the development of addictions. However, until recently, there has been almost no research on whether potentially addictive drugs produce forms of structural plasticity similar to those associated with other forms of experience-dependent plasticity. In this paper we summarize evidence that, indeed, exposure to amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine or morphine produces persistent changes in the structure of dendrites and dendritic spines on cells in brain regions involvedin incentive motivation andreward(such as the nucleus accumbens), andjud gment andthe inhibitory control of behavior (such as the prefrontal cortex). It is suggestedthat structural plasticity associatedwith exposure to d rugs of abuse reflects a reorganization of patterns of synaptic connectivity in these neural systems, a reorganization that alters their operation, thus contributing to some of the persistent sequela associated with drug use—including addiction. # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Innate Immunity and Its Regulation by Mast Cells

Mast cells (MCs), which are granulated tissue-resident cells of hematopoietic lineage, constitute a major sensory arm of the innate immune system. In this review we discuss the evidence supporting the dual role of MCs, both as sentinels for invading pathogens and as regulatory cells throughout the course of acute inflammation, from its initiation to resolution. This versatility is dependent on the ability of MCs to detect pathogens and danger signals and release a unique panel of mediators to promote pathogen-specific clearance mechanisms, such as through cellular recruitment or vascular permeability. It is increasingly understood that MCs also contribute to the regulated contraction of immune activation that occurs within tissues as inflammation resolves. This overarching regulatory control over innate immune processes has made MCs successful targets to purposefully enhance or, alternatively, suppress MC responses in multiple therapeutic contexts.
A swarm intelligent multi-path routing for multimedia traffic over mobile ad hoc networks

In the last few years, the advance of multimedia applications has prompted researchers to undertake the task of routing multimedia data through Manet. This task is rather difficult due to the highly dynamic topology of mobile ad hoc networks and their limited bandwidth. Actually, different routing algorithms are proposed in order to route various kinds of sources (such as voice, video, or data) with diverse traffic characteristics and Quality of Service Requirements (QoS). These algorithms must take into account significant traffic problems such as packet losses, transmission delays, delay variations, etc, caused mainly by congestion in the networks. The prediction of these problems in real time is quite difficult, making the effectiveness of "traditional" protocols based on analytical models questionable. We propose in this paper a solution based on swarm intelligence paradigm that we find more adapted for this kind of problems.
Renal replacement therapy in support of combat operations.

BACKGROUND Renal replacement therapy has been used by the U.S. Army at the combat support hospital echelon of care since the Korean conflict. Although there has been a general decline in the incidence of wartime acute kidney injury, the mortality associated with acute kidney injury and the use of renal replacement therapy remain unchanged, in the range of 60% to 80%. The U.S. Army official doctrine is that field dialysis is provided through a specialized Hospital Augmentation Team; however, this team has not been deployed to either Iraq or Afghanistan as a result of the ability to rapidly evacuate most cases requiring renal replacement therapy. The history of wartime renal replacement therapy is reviewed along with the general epidemiology of battlefield acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy. DISCUSSION Recent literature documents cases of renal replacement therapy performed in and out of theater in support of the current operations. In-theater renal replacement therapy has been provided through a variety of modalities, including conventional hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and both continuous venovenous and continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis. Out of theater, casualties have received both intermittent and continuous hemodialysis at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center and Walter Reed Army Medical Center, whereas patients sustaining burns have undergone aggressive continuous venovenous hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration at Brooke Army Medical Center. SUMMARY Acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy in wartime casualties is an uncommon occurrence but one with extremely high mortality. Future doctrine should be prepared for contingencies in which the incidence may be increased as a result of mass crush injury casualties or prolonged evacuation times.
Portfolios, the Pied Piper of Teacher Certification Assessments: Legal and Psychometric Issues

Since about 90% of schools, colleges, and departments of education are currently using portfolios of one form or another as decision-making tools for standards-based decisions regarding certification or licensure (as well as NCATE accreditation), it is appropriate to explore the legal and psychometric aspects of this assessment device. The authors demonstrate that portfolios being used in a high-stakes context are technically testing devices and therefore need to meet psychometric standards of validity, reliability, fairness, and absence of bias. These standards, along with federal law, form the cornerstone for legal challenges to high-stakes decisions when students are denied a diploma or license based on the results of the assessment. The conclusion
The Experimental Induction of Leukoencephalomyelopathy in Cats

Leukoencephalomyelopathy of undetermined etiology has been described in specific pathogen-free cats. A study was established to assess if the long-term feeding of a gamma-irradiated diet could induce this disease. Cats fed exclusively on diet irradiated at 25.7–38.1 kGy (“typical” dose) and 38.1–53.6 kGy (high-end dose), respectively, developed typical lesions with attendant, progressively severe ataxia between study days 140 and 174. The onset of ataxia at day 140 and the number of animals affected at this time were similar in animals fed each ration. A maximum ataxia “score” was first reached by an animal on the high-end dose diet on day 167 and by 2 cats fed the “typical-end” dose diet 21 days later. Ataxic cats and 1 animal euthanized on day 93 prior to the onset of ataxia exhibited varying degrees of Wallerian degeneration in the spinal cord and brain, similar to the spontaneous disease. The elevated total antioxidant status of spinal cord segments and hepatic superoxide dismutase concentration of cats fed typical and high-end treated diets suggested free-radical involvement in the pathogenesis. The significantly elevated peroxide concentrations of the irradiated diets (1,040% and 6,440% of untreated values) may have resulted in increased oxidative insult, a factor possibly exacerbated by the treated diets' reduced vitamin A content. This study has reproduced leukoencephalomyelopathy in cats similar to spontaneous outbreaks by feeding a gamma-irradiated dry diet with elevated peroxide and reduced vitamin A concentrations.
Acquisition of complement clitics and tense morphology in internationally adopted children acquiring French*

The present study examined the language development of children adopted from China to examine possible early age effects with respect to their use of complement clitics, lexical diversity and verb morphology. We focused on these aspects of French because they distinguish second language learners of French and native French-speaking children with language impairment from children learning French as a native language and, in the case of object clitics and certain verb tenses, are relatively late to emerge in native speakers. Thus, it might be expected that they would be susceptible to the delayed onset of acquisition of French experienced by internationally adopted children. Language samples of twelve adopted children from 3;6 to 4;8 living in French-speaking families were analyzed and compared to those of non-adopted monolingual French-speaking children of the same age, sex and socio-economic status. The adopted and control children had similar levels of socio-emotional adjustment and non-verbal intellectual abilities. The adopted children exhibited accelerated language development in general, and there were no significant differences between the internationally adopted and control children with respect to lexical diversity and verb tense. However, the adopted children made significantly more errors using complement clitics, and in particular object clitics, compared to the non-adopted children. The results are discussed in terms of possible effects related to delayed age of acquisition of French.
Identifying critical sites of PrPc-PrPSc interaction in prion-infected cells by dominant-negative inhibition

A direct physical interaction of the prion protein isoforms is a key element in prion conversion. Which sites interact first and which parts of PrPc are converted subsequently is presently not known in detail. We hypothesized that structural changes induced by PrPSc interaction occur in more than one interface and subsequently propagate within the PrPC substrate, like epicenters of structural changes. To identify potential interfaces we created a series of systematically-designed mutant PrPs and tested them in prion-infected cells for dominant-negative inhibition (DNI) effects. This showed that mutant PrPs with deletions in the region between first and second α-helix are involved in PrP-PrP interaction and conversion of PrPC into PrPSc. Although some PrPs did not reach the plasma membrane, they had access to the locales of prion conversion and PrPSc recycling using autophagy pathways. Using other series of mutant PrPs we already have identified additional sites which constitute potential interaction interfaces. Our approach has the potential to characterize PrP-PrP interaction sites in the context of prion-infected cells. Besides providing further insights into the molecular mechanisms of prion conversion, this data may help to further elucidate how prion strain diversity is maintained.
Civic Engagement Scale

This study reports on the development and validation of the Civic Engagement Scale (CES). This scale is developed to be easily administered and useful to educators who are seeking to measure the attitudes and behaviors that have been affected by a service-learning experience. This instrument was administered as a validation study in a purposive sample of social work and education majors at three universities (N = 513) with a return of 354 (69%). After the reliability and validity analysis was completed, the Attitude subscale was left with eight items and a Cronbach’s alpha level of . 91. The Behavior subscale was left with six items and a Cronbach’s alpha level of . 85. Principal component analysis indicated a two-dimensional scale with high loadings on both factors (mean factor loading for the attitude factor = .79, and mean factor loading for the behavior factor = .77). These results indicate that the CES is strong enough to recommend its use in educational settings. Preliminary use has demonstrated that this scale will be useful to researchers seeking to better understand the relationship of attitudes and behaviors with civic engagement in the service-learning setting. The primary limitations of this research are that the sample was limited to social work and education majors who were primarily White (n = 312, 88.1%) and female (n = 294, 83.1%). Therefore, further research would be needed to generalize this research to other populations.
Bottom-up priming of top-down attentional control settings

Previous research suggests that the efficiency of visual search can be influenced by the implicit priming of top-down control mechanisms produced by intertrial repetition of display characteristics. The present studies were designed to explore the potential influence of intertrial priming on top-down control settings known to modulate the capture of spatial attention. In Experiment 1, subjects responded to unpredictably red or green colour-singleton targets preceded by uninformative red or green colour-singleton cues. Significant cueing effects indicative of attentional capture were obtained for all combinations of cue colour and target colour. More importantly, the magnitude of cueing effects varied as a function of the congruence between the cue colour and the colour of the target on the previous trial. In Experiment 2, when subjects were encouraged to adopt an attention set for a specific colour, only cues of the same colour produced evidence of attentional capture, and the intertrial congruence between cue and previous target colour had no effect on performance. It is concluded that top-down attentional control settings are subject to bottom-up, intertrial priming, but only when primed parameters of the control settings are left unspecified by the nature of the task.
Apoptosis of Endothelial Cells by 13-HPODE Contributes to Impairment of Endothelial Barrier Integrity

Inflammation is an essential host response during bacterial infections such as bovine mastitis. Endothelial cells are critical for an appropriate inflammatory response and loss of vascular barrier integrity is implicated in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus uberis-induced mastitis. Previous studies suggested that accumulation of linoleic acid (LA) oxygenation products derived from 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) metabolism could regulate vascular functions. The initial LA derivative from the 15-LOX-1 pathway, 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (HPODE), can induce endothelial death, whereas the reduced hydroxyl product, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE), is abundantly produced during vascular activation. However, the relative contribution of specific LA-derived metabolites on impairment of mammary endothelial integrity is unknown. Our hypothesis was that S. uberis-induced LA-derived 15-LOX-1 oxygenation products impair mammary endothelial barrier integrity by apoptosis. Exposure of bovine mammary endothelial cells (BMEC) to S. uberis did not increase 15-LOX-1 LA metabolism. However, S. uberis challenge of bovine monocytes demonstrated that monocytes may be a significant source of both 13-HPODE and 13-HODE during mastitis. Exposure of BMEC to 13-HPODE, but not 13-HODE, significantly reduced endothelial barrier integrity and increased apoptosis. Changing oxidant status by coexposure to an antioxidant during 13-HPODE treatment prevented adverse effects of 13-HPODE, including amelioration of apoptosis. A better understanding of how the oxidant status of the vascular microenvironment impacts endothelial barrier properties could lead to more efficacious treatments for S. uberis mastitis.
Reward and Punishment Histories: A Way of Predicting Teaching Style?

The authors used preservice teachers' (N= 172) reports of their childhood experiences involving reward and punishment within their families to identify ideal perceptions of direct or indirect teaching style. The most consistent relationship of childhood experience with reward and punishment and perceived teaching style was between the reward inventory and indirect scores. High reward scores were associated with indirect style. High punishment scores tended to relate to direct style; however, these correlations were not significant. Also, other variables that may relate to punishment, reward, and teaching style were examined; that is, age, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Relationships among teaching-style categories with several variables were significant. Gender (males) and low reward contributed to perceptions of a direct teaching style. Highly rewarded students, older students, and gender (females) contributed to perceptions of indirect teaching style. Family income, age, and ethnicity were associated with reward. The author explored implications of these findings for preservice teacher training.
The ACAA-insertion/deletion polymorphism at the 3' UTR of the IGF-II receptor gene is associated with type 2 diabetes and surrogate markers of insulin resistance.

OBJECTIVE The IGF-II receptor gene (IGFIIR) is located at chromosome 6q26, a region that harbors a genetic marker linked to insulin-resistant traits in Mexican-Americans. In the present study conducted in Spaniards, we tested a common polymorphism in IGFIIR for association with type 2 diabetes and insulin-resistant traits. DESIGN Case-control association study. METHODS One hundred and forty-five type 2 diabetic patients and 217 non-diabetic controls were genotyped for the ACAA-insertion/deletion polymorphism at the 3' UTR of IGFIIR. Phenotyping included anthropometrics and a metabolic profile, including serum lipid levels and surrogate indexes of insulin resistance whenever possible. RESULTS Diabetic patients were more frequently homozygous for the wild type 144 bp allele of IGFIIR compared with controls (diabetic patients 77.2%, controls 51.6%, P<0.001) suggesting a potential protective role against type 2 diabetes for the IGFIIR 140 bp variant. Carrying 140 bp alleles was associated with an odds ratio of having diabetes of 0.290 (95% confidence interval 0.109-0.770), and controls homozygous for the wild type 144 bp allele presented with lower insulin and triglyceride levels, which are proxies for insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS The ACAA-insertion/deletion polymorphism at the 3' UTR of IGFIIR is associated with type 2 diabetes and influences surrogate markers of insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects.
Theorizing Narrative Identity: Symbolic Interactionism and Hermeneutics

This article argues for a synthesis of George Herbert Mead's conception of the temporal and intersubjective nature of the self with Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutic theory of narrative identity. Combining the insights of Ricoeur's philosophical analysis with Mead's social-psychological orientation provides a subtle, sophisticated, and potent explanation of self-identity. A narrative conception of identity implies that subjectivity is neither a philosophical illusion nor an impermeable substance. Rather, a narrative identity provides a subjective sense of self-continuity as it symbolically integrates the events of lived experience in the plot of the story a person tells about his or her life. The utility of this conception of identity is illustrated through a rereading of Erving Goffman's study of the experience of mental patients. This example underlines the social sources of the self-concept and the role of power and politics in the construction of narrative identities.