Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inferring pregnancy episodes and outcomes within a network of observational databases

Administrative claims and electronic health records are valuable resources for evaluating pharmaceutical effects during pregnancy. However, direct measures of gestational age are generally not available. Establishing a reliable approach to infer the duration and outcome of a pregnancy could improve pharmacovigilance activities. We developed and applied an algorithm to define pregnancy episodes in four observational databases: three US-based claims databases: Truven MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters (CCAE), Truven MarketScan® Multi-state Medicaid (MDCD), and the Optum ClinFormatics® (Optum) database and one non-US database, the United Kingdom (UK) based Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Pregnancy outcomes were classified as live births, stillbirths, abortions and ectopic pregnancies. Start dates were estimated using a derived hierarchy of available pregnancy markers, including records such as last menstrual period and nuchal ultrasound dates. Validation included clinical adjudication of 700 electronic Optum and CPRD pregnancy episode profiles to assess the operating characteristics of the algorithm, and a comparison of the algorithm’s Optum pregnancy start estimates to starts based on dates of assisted conception procedures. Distributions of pregnancy outcome types were similar across all four data sources and pregnancy episode lengths found were as expected for all outcomes, excepting term lengths in episodes that used amenorrhea and urine pregnancy tests for start estimation. Validation survey results found highest agreement between reviewer chosen and algorithm operating characteristics for questions assessing pregnancy status and accuracy of outcome category with 99–100% agreement for Optum and CPRD. Outcome date agreement within seven days in either direction ranged from 95–100%, while start date agreement within seven days in either direction ranged from 90–97%. In Optum validation sensitivity analysis, a total of 73% of algorithm estimated starts for live births were in agreement with fertility procedure estimated starts within two weeks in either direction; ectopic pregnancy 77%, stillbirth 47%, and abortion 36%. An algorithm to infer live birth and ectopic pregnancy episodes and outcomes can be applied to multiple observational databases with acceptable accuracy for further epidemiologic research. Less accuracy was found for start date estimations in stillbirth and abortion outcomes in our sensitivity analysis, which may be expected given the nature of the outcomes.
Quantum photonic interfaces between atomic and telecommunication wavelengths

In this thesis we study techniques based on nonlinear optical effects to establish interfaces for photons between the near infrared and telecom spectral region. We follow two approaches: Photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and quantum frequency conversion (QFC) of single photons. The OPO is used to tailor the photonic state: One photon is resonant with a transition in Ca while its telecom partner is used as herald. We investigate temporal correlations and time-energy entanglement of the photon pairs. To demonstrate the applicability for resonant excitation of atomic transitions we perform single photon spectroscopy of the Ca D5/2-P3/2 transition. Due to the temporal correlation we use the idler photon as a herald for the absorption process to demonstrate telecom-heralded absorption of a single photon. The second approach is based on QFC of photons at 854 nm to the telecom Oband (1310 nm) by mixing with a pump field at 2453 nm in a nonlinear waveguide. A light source is developed to generate the pump field. An over-all QFC conversion efficiency of 8% is reached for coherent fields and single photons. Temporal shape and photon statistics of SPDC photons are preserved in the conversion process. We prove the conservation of time-energy entanglement during QFC and the violation of a Bell inequality. Via QFC of the herald photon, heralded absorption of a single photon by a single trapped calcium ion is demonstrated.
Accelerated aging and outdoor weathering of aspen waferboard

Small-size specimens of two types of commercial aspen waferboards were subjected to four accelerated-aging tests (ASTM 6-cycle, CSA 2-hr. boil, AFNOR V 313, APA 6-cycle) and to outdoor weathering for 1, 2, 3, and 5 years at Canadian prairie, central, and maritime locations. Quarter-panel specimens were also exposed to outdoor weathering. Degradation was assessed on the basis of changes in thickness swelling, modulus of rupture, apparent modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, surface hardness, nail withdrawal resistance, and lateral nail resistance.
Use of integrated clinical trial protocols – A survey in early medicines development

Purpose: To collect information on the use of integrated protocols in early clinical medicines development. Materials and methods: The questionnaire was mailed in fall 2014 to members of human pharmacology societies in Europe for anonymous responses via the online tool SurveyMonkey®. Results: 97 respondents reported on 164 integrated protocols overall. In general, integrated protocols comprised 2 or 3 trial elements. One third of integrated protocols involved patients. The most frequent trial elements were single dose, multiple dose, and food effect. Drug-drug interaction, age, gender, and relative/absolute bioavailability were less common elements. Ethnic bridging and mass balance were mentioned in single cases. Out of the entire spectrum of reported trial element combinations, single (ascending) dose plus multiple (ascending) dose was most frequent (90/164 protocols, 55%); 84% of integrated protocols used adaptive elements. 29%, 17%, and 8% of integrated protocols required 1, 2, or 3 substantial amendments, respectively. Based on 118 protocols, competent authority approval was granted to 100, deficiency letters were issued 15 times and approval was refused in 3 cases. Conclusion: The use of integrated protocols is common practice in early medicines development. Most often single ascending dose and multiple ascending dose were the trial elements combined in one integrated protocol. Perceived main advantages were gain in time and reduced costs. Perceived main disadvantage was increased complexity.
Why Is the Correlation between Crude Oil Prices and the US Dollar Exchange Rate Time-Varying?—Explanations Based on the Role of Key Mediators

Using DCC-GARCH model, this paper finds that, since 1990, the relationship between crude oil prices and the US dollar index is time-varying, demonstrating a process of ‘very weak correlation—negative correlation—enhanced negative correlation—weakening negative correlation’, but the existing research does not provide enough reasonable explanation. Therefore, this paper proposed a ‘key mediating factors’ hypothesis which points out that whether there is a common ‘key mediating factor’ is important source of the time-varying relationship between two assets. We argue that market trend and financial market sentiment undertook the role of ‘key mediating factor’ during the period of the 2002 to the financial crisis and financial crisis to 2013, while other periods lack the ‘key mediating factors’.
Stability of diagnostic assessment for autism spectrum disorder between 18 and 36 months in a high‐risk cohort

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are diagnosed, on average, around the age of 4 years. However, previous research has shown that the diagnosis can be made as early as 2 years, and that if the child is seen a year or more later, it is highly likely that the diagnosis will be confirmed. In this study, to examine whether diagnoses made as early as 18 months of age are also “stable,” we followed a group of younger siblings of children with ASD (who are known to be at higher risk). We also examined whether the age of ASD diagnosis within this high‐risk group was related to the severity of children's ASD symptoms or developmental delays. Participants (n = 381) were seen at three ages: 18 months, 24 months, and 3 years. ASD symptoms, general development, and adaptive functioning were assessed at each time point. Twenty‐three children were diagnosed with ASD at 18 months and a total of 61 at 24 months. Of these diagnoses, 19/23 (82.6%) and 56/61 (91.8%), respectively, were confirmed independently at 3 years. However, 45 children were diagnosed with ASD at 3 years who had not been identified at earlier visits. Children diagnosed at 18 months, in comparison to those diagnosed at 24 months, had less advanced language and adaptive skills at 18 months. Children not diagnosed with ASD until 3 years, compared with those diagnosed earlier, had more advanced language and adaptive skills, and milder ASD symptoms. Autism Res 2016, 9: 790–800. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinicopathologic Analysis of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of the Thyroid

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid lesions at our institution and to ascertain its usefulness in determining the therapeutic approach. STUDY DESIGN The authors reviewed the results of 1,613 cases of FNA cytology of thyroid nodules performed from 1999 to 2001 at the Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hospital. Cytologic diagnoses were compared with histologic diagnoses in 207 cases that included both FNA and thyroid surgery. RESULTS The sensitivity for the detection of neoplasms (carcinoma and follicular adenoma) was 78.4% and the specificity 98.2%. A false positive diagnosis was made in 1 case (1.8%) and false negative ones in 28 cases (21.5%). The diagnostic accuracy was 84.4%, with a positive predictive value of 99.0% and negative predictive value of 66.3%. The predictive value of a cytologic diagnosis was 100% in papillary carcinoma. CONCLUSION FNA is a useful test in determining the therapeutic approach of thyroid lesions.
Intimate partner violence, HIV, and mental health: a triple epidemic of global proportions

Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health problem of epidemic proportions, affecting a third of women across the globe and as many as 60% in heavily affected regions of Africa. There is strong evidence that risk of IPV is heightened in HIV-infected women, and emerging evidence linking experiencing IPV and/or HIV to a higher likelihood of experiencing mental health problems. This triple burden makes women in Africa, living in the epicentre of HIV, all the more vulnerable. In this synthesis, this study reviewed literature pertaining to the overlap of IPV, HIV, and mental health problems. It presents a series of geographical maps illustrating the heavy burden of IPV and HIV globally, and how these coincide with a growing prevalence of mental health problems in Africa. Furthermore, it presents evidence on: the association between IPV and HIV, shared risk factors, and health consequences. This synthesis sheds light on the fact that ∼30% of women are affected by these three burdens concurrently, and the need for intervention is essential. Promising large scale interventions which have taken place in Africa are described, and evidence is presented in support of integrated versus targeted screening.
Plasma-induced Decolorization of Indigo-dyed Denim Fabrics Related to Mechanical Properties and Fiber Surface Morphology

The aim of this study was to investigate how morphology of fibers is affected by plasma during the process of decolorization by a low-pressure RF plasma (gas, treatment time, and power were varied) and atmospheric pressure industrial corona (number of passages and power). CIE LAB colorimetric system was used for determination of color difference between untreated and differently plasma-treated denim fabrics. Particular emphasis was put on the morphological changes induced by plasma treatment, because they indicate changes in mechanical properties of the fabrics. The morphology of plasma-treated fibers was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images revealed that, when plasma conditions that lead to a decolorization were chosen, specific fiber surface changes were always observed in the form of submicrometer-sized striations, pits, and cracks. Mechanical properties of denim fabrics were moderately influenced by treatment conditions. The results indicated that decolorization was highly affected by plasma parameters and desired `worn look' effects could be designed by adequate control of plasma processing while paying attention to limiting the plasma-induced damage.
Improvement of n/i Interface Layer Properties in Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cell

Properties of n-i interface are critical for hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H )substrate-type (n–i–p) solar cell as it affects carrier collection, which is visible in the red response . Here, we report a remarkable improvement in visible-infrared responses upon hydrogen plasma treatment （HPT）of n/i interface. We demonstrate that hydrogen plasma treatment in the initial stage of a μc-Si:H i layer growth affects the red response of μc-Si:H solar cell. At the optimal deposition condition, 18% higher short-circuit current density was obtained than its count part without using HPT
A meta-analysis of copper level and risk of preeclampsia: evidence from 12 publications

The association between copper level and risk of preeclampsia (PE) has produced inconsistent results. Thus, a meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the evidence from epidemiological studies for copper level and PE risk. Pertinent studies were identified by a search of PubMed and Web of Knowledge up to April 2016. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was performed to combine the results. Random-effect model (REM) was used. Publication bias was estimated using Egger's regression asymmetry test. Twelve articles (10 case–control studies and 2 cross-sectional studies) involving 442 PE cases and 463 health controls were included in this meta-analysis. Our pooled results suggested that PE patients had a higher copper level compared with healthy pregnancy controls [summary SMD=0.69, 95% CI: 0.54–0.84, I2=96.7%; P<0.001]. The association was also significant in Asian population [SMD=0.73, 95% CI=0.57–0.90, I2=97.3%] and European populations [SMD=0.50, 95% CI=0.14–0.86, I2=58.9%]. After conducting the subgroup analysis and sensitive analysis, the results showed consistent significant association with the one based on all studies. No publication biases were found. Our analysis indicated that plasma or serum copper level in PE patients was significantly higher than that in healthy pregnancy women.
Oscillometric and auscultatory blood pressure measurement methods in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The phase-out of mercury from clinical settings calls for valid alternatives to assess blood pressure (BP) in children. Aneroid devices provide a mercury-free alternative to BP measurements by auscultation, whereas oscillometric (automated) devices are increasingly becoming the norm in clinical practice due to their ease of use. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the accuracy of oscillometric and aneroid BP devices compared with the mercury sphygmomanometer for the measurement of BP in children. Methods: We systematically searched four electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science) and relevant journals for eligible articles published before 30 July 2015. We screened 1415 articles, and two authors independently reviewed 92 full-text articles. Results: We included 29 articles (38 studies) with 26 879 children. Random-effects model meta-analyses revealed that oscillometric devices yield higher measurements of SBP than auscultation with a mercury sphygmomanometer (pooled effect estimate 2.53 mmHg; 95% CI 0.57–4.50; P < 0.05); the pooled effect estimate for SBP was smaller in studies that ‘passed’ validation protocols (1.76 mmHg; 95% CI 0.61–2.81; n = 12). There was no significant difference for DBP (pooled effect estimate 1.55 mmHg; 95% CI −0.20 to 3.31). There was heterogeneity between studies, explained in part by differences in manufacturer, study setting and observer training. Only three studies compared BP using aneroid and mercury devices and found comparable results. Conclusion: Oscillometric devices may serve as a suitable alternative to auscultation for initial BP screening in the pediatric population.
The Effect of Levothyroxine and Selenium versus Levothyroxine Alone on Reducing the Level of Anti-thyroid Peroxidase Antibody in Autoimmune Hypothyroid Patients

Background: Due to the prevalence of autoimmune hypothyroidism and its effects on physical and mental health it is necessary to provide a treatment which is also effective in preventing the progression of sub-clinical hypothyroidism in these patients. This study aims to investigate the effect of selenium supplementation on of anti-thyroid hormone antibodies in these patients. Materials and Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 70 patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism randomly divided into two groups of 35 each, the first group was treated with oral selenium treatment with levothyroxine (LT4) and to the second group along with LT4, placebo was also prescribed. Serum selenium level, thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid hormone antibodies before and after 3 months of treatment in both groups, were determined, and the results were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The mean of the serum anti-thyroid peroxidase serum level in the intervention group before and after treatment was 682.18 ± 87.25 and 522.96 ± 47.21 and the difference before and after treatment was statistically significant (P = 0.021). The level of this antibody before and after treatment in the control group was 441 ± 53.54 and 501.18 ± 77.68, and no significant differences between two groups were observed before and after treatment (P = 0.42). Conclusion: Selenium supplementation may help to reduce the levels of antibodies in patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism.
The Improved Adaptive Silence Period Algorithm over Time-Variant Channels in the Cognitive Radio System

In the field of cognitive radio spectrum sensing, the adaptive silence period management mechanism (ASPM) has improved the problem of the low time-resource utilization rate of the traditional silence period management mechanism (TSPM). However, in the case of the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the ASPM algorithm will increase the probability of missed detection for the primary user (PU). Focusing on this problem, this paper proposes an improved adaptive silence period management (IA-SPM) algorithm which can adaptively adjust the sensing parameters of the current period in combination with the feedback information from the data communication with the sensing results of the previous period. The feedback information in the channel is achieved with frequency resources rather than time resources in order to adapt to the parameter change in the time-varying channel. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that the detection probability of the IA-SPM is 10–15% higher than that of the ASPM under low SNR conditions.
Fabrication and property prediction of conductive and strain sensing TPU/CNT nanocomposite fibres

In this study, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibres containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and fabricated via an extrusion process were demonstrated to possess a tuneable level of electrical conductivity. A simple approach based on the time–temperature superposition applied to the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube (CNT) percolating in a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) melt was also developed to predict the conductivity of the nanocomposite fibres. The observation of Arrhenius dependence of zero-shear viscosity and the assumption of simple inverse proportionality between the variation of conductivity, due to network formation, and viscosity allow a universal plot of time variation of conductivity to be composed, which is able to predict the conductivity of the extruded fibres. The same TPU/CNT fibres were also demonstrated to possess good strain sensing abilities, which makes them good candidates for applications in smart textiles.
Imaging of compensatory mechanisms in Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The on-going quest for potentially disease-modifying therapies in Parkinson's disease has prompted the development of methods that can differentiate direct disease effects from compensatory processes. RECENT FINDINGS PET studies have suggested a number of changes at the synaptic level to maintain integrity of dopaminergic systems. Functional MRI studies support the long-held belief that relatively intact cerebellar circuits may compensate for impaired basal ganglia function. Altered connectivity and increased spatial extent of activation also appear to be mechanisms through which motor and cognitive performance can be maintained. SUMMARY Ascertaining which changes in brain activation in Parkinson's disease are, in fact, compensatory represents a serious challenge. Compensatory mechanisms have been demonstrated from the microscopic, synaptic level to the macroscopic, system level. Augmentation of compensatory mechanisms, in addition to ameliorating the loss of dopaminergic neurons, may represent a joint strategy for overall minimization of disability.
Interaction between tobacco smoking and hepatitis B virus infection on the risk of liver cancer in a Chinese population

Although tobacco smoking has been reported as a risk factor for liver cancer, few studies have specifically explored the association among Chinese females and the potential interaction between smoking and other risk factors. A population‐based case–control study was conducted and 2,011 liver cancer cases and 7,933 healthy controls were enrolled in Jiangsu, China from 2003 to 2010. Epidemiological data were collected, and serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti‐HCV antibody were measured. Unconditional logistic regression was used to examine association and potential interaction, while semi‐Bayes (SB) method was employed to make estimates more conservative. The prevalence of serum HBsAg positivity was 43.2% among cases and 6.5% among controls. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) for ever smoking were 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33–1.96) among male and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.53–1.26) among female. Age at first cigarette, duration of smoking and pack‐years of smoking were all significantly associated with liver cancer among men. Compared to HBsAg‐negative never smokers, the adjusted ORs were 1.25 (95% CI: 1.03–1.52) for HBsAg‐negative ever smokers, 7.66 (95% CI: 6.05–9.71) for HBsAg‐positive never smokers, and 15.68 (95% CI: 12.06–20.39) for HBsAg‐positive ever smokers. These different odds ratios indicated super‐additive (RERI: 7.77, 95% CI: 3.81–11.73) and super‐multiplicative interactions (ROR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.17–2.30) between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and tobacco smoking. Most associations and interactions detected remained statistically significant after SB adjustments. Tobacco smoking and HBV infection positively interact in the development of liver cancer.