Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dysconscious Racism: Ideology, Identity, and the Miseducation of Teachers.

They had for more than a century before been regarded as . so far inferior . that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit . This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race. It was regarded as an axiom in morals as well as in politics, which no one thought of disputing . and men in every grade and position in society daily and habitually acted upon it . without doubting for a moment the correctness of this opinion. (Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857)
SLOPE-ADAPTIVE VARIABLE SELECTION VIA CONVEX OPTIMIZATION.

We introduce a new estimator for the vector of coefficients β in the linear model y = Xβ + z, where X has dimensions n × p with p possibly larger than n. SLOPE, short for Sorted L-One Penalized Estimation, is the solution to [Formula: see text]where λ1 ≥ λ2 ≥ … ≥ λ p ≥ 0 and [Formula: see text] are the decreasing absolute values of the entries of b. This is a convex program and we demonstrate a solution algorithm whose computational complexity is roughly comparable to that of classical ℓ1 procedures such as the Lasso. Here, the regularizer is a sorted ℓ1 norm, which penalizes the regression coefficients according to their rank: the higher the rank-that is, stronger the signal-the larger the penalty. This is similar to the Benjamini and Hochberg [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B57 (1995) 289-300] procedure (BH) which compares more significant p-values with more stringent thresholds. One notable choice of the sequence {λ i } is given by the BH critical values [Formula: see text], where q ∈ (0, 1) and z(α) is the quantile of a standard normal distribution. SLOPE aims to provide finite sample guarantees on the selected model; of special interest is the false discovery rate (FDR), defined as the expected proportion of irrelevant regressors among all selected predictors. Under orthogonal designs, SLOPE with λBH provably controls FDR at level q. Moreover, it also appears to have appreciable inferential properties under more general designs X while having substantial power, as demonstrated in a series of experiments running on both simulated and real data.
Work intensity: potential antecedents and consequences

Purpose – The purpose of this exploratory research is to examine the relationship of a measure of work intensity with potential antecedents and consequences.Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was developed and pre‐tested. It included a new 15‐item measure of work intensity. Data were collected from 106 respondents enrolled in three university business courses using anonymously completed questionnaires. Regression and factor analyses were used in developing the measure and testing the relationships.Findings – The 15‐item measure of work intensity was found to have high internal consistency and reliability. Work intensity was significantly related to respondents' organizational level and work status. In addition, respondents indicating higher levels of work intensity also reported working more hours, a higher workload, and greater job stress. Work intensity was unrelated to organizational values supporting work‐personal life imbalance, three workaholism components, or to indicators of work engage.
Online Diagnosis for the Capacity Fade Fault of a Parallel-Connected Lithium Ion Battery Group

In a parallel-connected battery group (PCBG), capacity degradation is usually caused by the inconsistency between a faulty cell and other normal cells, and the inconsistency occurs due to two potential causes: an aging inconsistency fault or a loose contacting fault. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to perform online and real-time capacity fault diagnosis for PCBGs. Firstly, based on the analysis of parameter variation characteristics of a PCBG with different fault causes, it is found that PCBG resistance can be taken as an indicator for both seeking the faulty PCBG and distinguishing the fault causes. On one hand, the faulty PCBG can be identified by comparing the PCBG resistance among PCBGs; on the other hand, two fault causes can be distinguished by comparing the variance of the PCBG resistances. Furthermore, for online applications, a novel recursive-least-squares algorithm with restricted memory and constraint (RLSRMC), in which the constraint is added to eliminate the “imaginary number” phenomena of parameters, is developed and used in PCBG resistance identification. Lastly, fault simulation and validation results demonstrate that the proposed methods have good accuracy and reliability.
Performance Benchmarking of TOA-Based UWB Indoor Geolocation Systems Using MSE Profiling

The presence of undetected direct path (UDP) conditions presents significant challenges for TOA-based indoor geolocation, since it introduces major errors into distance measurements. Therefore, it is critical to characterize the performance of indoor geolocation systems in the presence of UDP conditions. Until now, however, there has been no standard method of performance benchmarking for such cases. Towards that end, we present an analysis tool, known as the MSE profile, that can aid in this task. We use the MSE profile to analyze the performance of two TOA-based geolocation algorithms and show how the MSE profile can be used to gain insight into their performance, in the presence of distance measurement error (DME) models derived from Ultra-Wideband (UWB) measurements.
Automated fluorescent genotyping detects 10% of cryptic subtelomeric rearrangements in idiopathic syndromic mental retardation

Recent studies have shown that cryptic unbalanced subtelomeric rearrangements contribute to a significant proportion of idiopathic syndromic mental retardation cases. Using a fluorescent genotyping based strategy, we found a 10% rate of cryptic subtelomeric rearrangements in a large series of 150 probands with severe idiopathic syndromic mental retardation and normal RHG-GTG banded karyotype. Fourteen children were found to carry deletions or duplications of one or more chromosome telomeres and two children had uniparental disomy. This study clearly shows that fluorescent genotyping is a sensitive and cost effective method that not only detects cryptic subtelomeric rearrangements but also provides a unique opportunity to detect uniparental disomies. We suggest giving consideration to systematic examination of subtelomeric regions in the diagnostic work up of patients with unexplained syndromic mental retardation.
Including Children in Divorce Mediation and Education: Potential Benefits and Cautions

Research measuring the effectiveness of divorce-mediation services and divorce-education programs shows that these services and programs help minimize the negative impact of parental divorce on children. The author discusses the benefits of including children in either intervention, concluding that practitioners who facilitate children's communication regarding their perceptions of parental divorce and its aftermath must manage this task with sensitivity and care.
Human Holliday junction resolvase GEN1 uses a chromodomain for efficient DNA recognition and cleavage

Holliday junctions (HJs) are key DNA intermediates in homologous recombination. They link homologous DNA strands and have to be faithfully removed for proper DNA segregation and genome integrity. Here, we present the crystal structure of human HJ resolvase GEN1 complexed with DNA at 3.0 Å resolution. The GEN1 core is similar to other Rad2/XPG nucleases. However, unlike other members of the superfamily, GEN1 contains a chromodomain as an additional DNA interaction site. Chromodomains are known for their chromatin-targeting function in chromatin remodelers and histone(de)acetylases but they have not previously been found in nucleases. The GEN1 chromodomain directly contacts DNA and its truncation severely hampers GEN1’s catalytic activity. Structure-guided mutations in vitro and in vivo in yeast validated our mechanistic findings. Our study provides the missing structure in the Rad2/XPG family and insights how a well-conserved nuclease core acquires versatility in recognizing diverse substrates for DNA repair and maintenance. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.12256. 001
Refining the Construct of Classroom-Based Writing-From-Readings Assessment: The Role of Task Representation

This article argues that task representation should be considered as part of the construct of classroom-based academic writing. Task representation is a process that writers move through when creating a unique mental model of the requirements for each new writing task they encounter. Writers' task representations evolve throughout the composing process and continue to change even after a writing assignment is submitted for evaluation. The article presents data from an ethnographic study of an argumentative writing-from-readings assignment given in an academic writing class. The data show that the task representations of the four participants heavily influenced the form and substance of their final written products. It was particularly difficult for these second-language writers to interpret task cues emanating from the teacher and context to understand the boundaries of the writing-from-sources task and construct appropriate task representations. Consequently, two received a score of 0% for plagiarism and one intentionally avoided part of the source use requirement of the writing task. Because the participants' writing performance was partially a result of the accuracy and appropriateness of their task representations, this article argues that task representation should be considered when defining the construct of an academic writing-from-sources assessment.
Release and Deployment at Planon: A Case Study

textabstractThis case study report describes the research results of a case study at Planon into the processes of development, release, and deployment. The research was done to document the release and deployment processes at Planon, to uncover strengths and weaknesses in these processes, and to compare Planon to other product software vendors. The case study was performed by doing interviews and examining development documentation, Planon software, and internally used tools. The results of the case study are organizational descriptions, Planon software descriptions, and the descriptions of the development, release, and deployment processes. The main conclusions of the case study are twofold. First the case study shows that striving for more integrated software knowledge management can relieve the processes of release and deployment. Secondly, the case study displays that extensive variation management can effectively increase the customer base for a software vendor
Maternal Occupational Exposure to Noise during Pregnancy and Hearing Dysfunction in Children: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study in Sweden

Background: Many women of childbearing age are occupationally active, which leads to a large number of pregnancies potentially exposed to occupational exposures. Occupational noise has been identified as a risk factor for hearing impairment in adults. However, very few studies have assessed the effect of occupational noise on the fetus. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether occupational exposure to noise during pregnancy is associated with hearing dysfunction in children. Methods: This population based cohort study included 1,422,333 single births in Sweden 1986–2008. Data on mothers’ occupation, smoking habits, age, ethnicity, body mass index, leave of absence, and socioeconomic factors were obtained from interviews performed by prenatal care unit staff at approximately 10 weeks of gestation and from national registers. Occupational noise exposure was classified by a job–exposure-matrix as < 75, 75–84, or ≥ 85 dBLAeq,8h. Diagnosed cases of hearing dysfunction (ICD-10 codes H90.3-7, 91.0, 91.2-3, 91.8, 93.1-2) were identified from a register of specialized medical care. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations. Results: In the full sample, containing a mixture of part-time and full-time workers during pregnancy, the adjusted HR for hearing dysfunction associated with maternal occupational noise exposure ≥ 85 vs. < 75 dBLAeq,8h was 1.27 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.64; 60 exposed cases). When restricted to children whose mothers worked full-time and had < 20 days leave of absence during pregnancy, the corresponding HR was 1.82 (95% CI: 1.08, 3.08; 14 exposed cases). Conclusions: This study showed an association between occupational noise exposure during pregnancy and hearing dysfunction in children. In view of mechanistic evidence and earlier indicative epidemiological and experimental findings, the results support that pregnant women should not be exposed to high levels of noise at work. Citation: Selander J, Albin M, Rosenhall U, Rylander L, Lewné M, Gustavsson P. 2016. Maternal occupational exposure to noise during pregnancy and hearing dysfunction in children: a nationwide prospective cohort study in Sweden. Environ Health Perspect 124:855–860; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/ehp.1509874
Gender Power Differences Between Parents and High-Risk Sexual Behavior by Their Children: AIDS/STD Risk Factors Extend to a Prior Generation

ABSTRACT Objectives: To assess intergenerational linkages between gender power differences, family violence, sexuality, and high-risk sexual behavior. Design: A national survey of Barbados, West Indies, carried out in 1990, coupled with data collected by participant-observation during 28 months of field research. Participants: Numerical analyses based on data from 407 heterosexual men and women aged 20–45 selected randomly from all socioeconomic strata of the national population of Barbados. Main Outcome Measures: Sexual precociousness measured as the number of years of sexual activity prior to age 20, sexual mobility prior to age 20 and during three succeeding 5-year age periods (20–24, 25–29, and 30–34), and a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD). Results: Historical constraints on job opportunities established gender power differentials that subjected Barbadian women and their children to high levels of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Children who grew up in these exploitative environme.
Short term variability of single breath carbon monoxide transfer factor

BACKGROUND When monitoring patients with chronic lung disease it is important to distinguish genuine changes in gas transfer over time from natural variability. This study aims to define the coefficient of repeatability for routine measurements of single breath transfer factor (Tco) and transfer coefficient (Kco). METHODS Sixty eight subjects (32 with emphysema, 36 healthy volunteers) had Tcomeasured twice at a mean (SD) interval of 7.5 (1.3) days. On each occasion a standard protocol (conforming to BTS guidelines) was followed, comprising duplicate measurements satisfying standard technical criteria. The mean of these duplicates was recorded. For the pooled data changes in Tco and Kco between study days were expressed as coefficient of repeatability. RESULTS The coefficient of repeatability was ±1.60 mmol/min/kPa for Tco and ±0.24 mmol/min/kPa/l for Kco. Correcting Tco and Kco for prevailing barometric pressure or carboxyhaemoglobin level made no significant difference to the results. CONCLUSIONS The quoted limits for variability in gas transfer over time are valid for a wide range of clinically relevant values. Changes in Tco and Kco greater than these limits are unlikely to arise from natural variation.
Low Frequency Stimulation of Mouse Adrenal Slices Reveals a Clathrin‐Independent, Protein Kinase C‐Mediated Endocytic Mechanism

Evidence suggests that chromaffin cells employ separate mechanisms for evoked endocytosis and granule recycling when stimulated at basal (∼0.5 Hz) and stress‐activated (∼15 Hz) rates. Previous studies have focused mainly on elucidating the cellular mechanisms responsible for membrane recycling under conditions similar to the stress‐activated state and indicate a clathrin/dephosphin‐mediated retrieval via coated pits. However, the mechanism for membrane internalisation at basal stimulus intensity remains largely unexplored. We electrically stimulated chromaffin cells in adrenal tissue slices at the sympathetic basal firing rate and measured cell capacitance in the perforated voltage clamp configuration. A new method for the separation of non‐secretory from secretory cell capacitance signals is presented. Simultaneous catecholamine release was measured electrochemically to isolate the exocytic from endocytic components of the capacitance responses. Using this approach we demonstrate that firing patterns that mimic basal sympathetic input results in rapid and graded membrane retrieval. We show that block of the calcium‐mediated protein phosphatase 2B, a common step in clathrin‐mediated processes, did not alter endocytosis elicited at basal firing levels. We further blocked clathrin‐mediated retrieval with a clathrin/dephosphin‐disrupting peptide (PP‐19) and found endocytosis to be blocked at 15 Hz stimulation but complete and indistinguishable from control cells at 0.5 Hz stimulation. Lastly, pharmacological treatments show that conventional isoforms of protein kinase C (cPKC) are required for the 0.5 Hz‐evoked retrieval mechanism. From these data we conclude that unlike endocytosis evoked under stress conditions, basal firing activity results in a clathrin‐independent rapid membrane retrieval mediated through conventional isoforms of PKC.
Immunocytochemical Localization of a High‐affinity Glutamate‐Aspartate Transporter, GLAST, in the Rat and Guinea‐pig Cochlea

Glutamate transporters play an important role in the reuptake of glutamate after its release from glutamatergic synapses. Four such transporters have so far been cloned from the rat brain. One, the glutamate‐aspartate transporter GLAST, has been detected in the mammalian cochlea, in which the principal afferent synapse of the auditory nerve, between the inner hair cells and neurites of type I spiral ganglion neurons, has been suggested to be glutamatergic. The distribution of GLAST was therefore investigated to provide clues to the handling of glutamate in the cochlea. This was studied using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in rats and guinea pigs with antibodies raised against synthetic peptides based on the sequence for GLAST. Significant immunoreactivity was found in the myelin sheath formed by satellite cells surrounding the type I spiral ganglion neurons, and along the plasma membranes of supporting cells around the inner hair cells; other cells in both locations were only weakly labelled, if at all. The absence of substantial numbers of synapses in the spiral ganglion suggests that GLAST is unlikely to be associated with the uptake of synaptic glutamate after release in this region. lmmunoreactivity associated with the inner hair cells is consistent with the utilization of glutamate at the afferent synapse.
Flexibility of temporal expectations for triple subdivision of a beat

When tapping in synchrony with an isochronous sequence of beats, participants respond automatically to an unexpectedly early or late beat by shifting their next tap; this is termed the phase correction response (PCR). A PCR has also been observed in response to unexpected perturbations of metrical subdivisions of a beat, which suggests that participants have temporal expectancies for subdivisions to occur at particular time points. It has been demonstrated that a latent temporal expectancy at 1/2 of the inter-beat interval (IBI) exists even in the absence of explicit duple subdivision in previous IBIs of a sequence. The present study asked whether latent expectancies at 1/3 and 2/3 of the IBI can be induced by a global experimental context of triple subdivision, and whether a local context of consistently phase-shifted triple subdivisions can induce different expectancies. Using the PCR as the dependent variable, we find weak evidence for latent expectancies but strong evidence for context-induced shifts in expectancies. These results suggest that temporal referents between beats, which typically are linked to simple ratios of time spans, are flexible and context-dependent. In addition, we show that the PCR, a response to expectancy violation, is independent of and sometimes contrary to the simultaneous phase adaptation required by a change in subdivision timing.
Impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activity triggers sequential activation of apoptosis‐inducing factor‐dependent and caspase‐dependent signaling pathways to induce apoptosis after spinal cord injury

The mitochondrion participates in caspase‐independent or caspase‐dependent apoptotic pathways through the release of apoptosis‐inducing factor or cytochrome c. Whether both mitochondrial apoptotic cascades are triggered in the injured spinal cord remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that neurons, astrocytes and microglia in spinal segments proximal to a complete spinal cord transection underwent two phases of apoptotic cell death. The early phase of high‐molecular weight (HMW) DNA fragmentation was associated with nuclear translocation of apoptosis‐inducing factor, reduction in mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity and decrease in cellular ATP concentration. The delayed phase of low‐molecular weight (LMW) DNA fragmentation was accompanied by cytosolic release of cytochrome c, activation of caspases 9 and 3, and resumption of mitochondrial respiratory functions and ATP contents. Microinfusion of coenzyme Q10, an electron carrier in mitochondrial respiratory chain, into the epicenter of the transected spinal cord attenuated both phases of induced apoptosis, and reversed the elicited mitochondrial dysfunction, bioenergetic failure, and activation of apoptosis‐inducing factor, cytochrome c, or caspases 9 and 3. We conclude that mitochondrial dysfunction after spinal cord transection represents the initiating cellular events that trigger the sequential activation of apoptosis‐inducing factor‐dependent and caspase‐dependent signaling cascades, leading to apoptotic cell death in the injured spinal cord.
The Impact of Channel Randomness on Coverage and Connectivity of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

In this paper, we first present an analytical procedure for the computation of the node isolation probability and coverage in an ad hoc network in the presence of channel randomness, with applications to shadowing and fading phenomena. These results are used to obtain an estimate of the connectivity features for very dense networks. Stochastic orderings are used to show the beneficial impact of lognormal shadowing and the negative impact of Rayleigh fading. The impact of SIMO/MISO and MIMO schemes is also addressed, showing how channel diversity can be exploited to enhance network coverage and connectivity.
Mental simulation and argument

We examine how opinion on a controversial real-world issue shifts as a function of reading relevant arguments and engaging in a specific mental simulation about a future, fictional state of affairs involving the target issue. Individuals thought either counterfactually about a future event (“if only X had not happened …”) or semifactually about it (“even if X had not happened …”). In Experiment 1, as expected, individuals became more in favour of a course of action (the electronic tagging of children) after reading relevant supporting arguments. They also became more in favour after they thought counterfactually how a negative future event could have been avoided if only electronic tagging had not been banned some years earlier. The effects of argument relevance and type of mental simulation were additive. Using a similar procedure but a different target issue (whether the UK should join the Economic Monetary Union), Experiment 2 confirmed that the type of mental simulation exerts a substantial effect on the impact of relevant arguments. Much weaker effects arose when the mental simulation was not relevant to the target issue. We set and discuss our results in terms of dual-processing theory.