Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SURVEY OF LIVESTOCK INFLUENCES ON STREAM AND RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes the major effects of livestock grazing on stream and riparian ecosystems in the arid West. The study focused primarily on results from peer-reviewed experimental studies, and secondarily on comparative studies of grazed versus naturally or historically protected areas. Results were summarized in tabular form. Livestock grazing was found to negatively affect water quality and seasonal quantity, stream channel morphology, hydrology, riparian zone soils, instream and streambank vegetation, and aquatic and riparian wildlife. No positive environmental impacts were found. Livestock also were found to cause negative impacts at the landscape and regional levels. Although it is sometimes difficult to draw generalizations from the many studies, due in part to differences in methodology and environmental variability among study sites, most recent scientific studies document that livestock grazing continues to be detrimental to stream and riparian ecosystems in the West.
The model 2 . 1 . Scaling laws in the cities : socio-economic production

Fabiano L. Ribeiro1, Joao Meirelles2, Fernando F. Ferreira3 and Camilo Rodrigues Neto3 1Departamento de Física (DFI), Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil 2Laboratory on Human-Environment Relations in Urban Systems—HERUS, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 3EACH—Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000 (Vila Guaraciaba), 03828-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Social Psychology of Prejudice

1. Introduction to Prejudice and Discrimination. 2. Racism, Sexism, and Antigay Prejudice. 3. Values and Prejudice. 4. Cognitive Components of Prejudice: Stereotyping and Categorization. 5. Individual Differences in Prejudice. 6. Intergroup Relations. 7. Stigma and Identity. 8. Reducing Prejudice.
A tumor-suppressing mechanism in Drosophila involving cell competition and the Hippo pathway

Mutant larvae for the Drosophila gene lethal giant larva (lgl) develop neoplastic tumors in imaginal discs. However, lgl mutant clones do not form tumors when surrounded by wild-type tissue, suggesting the existence of a tumor-suppressing mechanism. We have investigated the tumorigenic potential of lgl mutant cells by generating wing compartments that are entirely mutant for lgl and also inducing clones of various genetic combinations of lgl− cells. We find that lgl− compartments can grow indefinitely but lgl− clones are eliminated by cell competition. lgl mutant cells may form tumors if they acquire constitutive activity of the Ras pathway (lgl− UAS-rasV12), which confers proliferation advantage through inhibition of the Hippo pathway. Yet, the majority of lgl− UAS-rasV12 clones are eliminated in spite of their high proliferation rate. The formation of a tumor requires in addition the formation of a microenvironment that allows mutant cells to evade cell competition.
Receptor expression and sympatric speciation: unique olfactory receptor neuron responses in F1 hybrid Rhagoletis populations

SUMMARY The Rhagoletis pomonella species complex is one of the foremost examples supporting the occurrence of sympatric speciation. A recent study found that reciprocal F1 hybrid offspring from different host plant-infesting populations in the complex displayed significantly reduced olfactory host preference in flight-tunnel assays. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies indicate that olfactory cues from host fruit are important chemosensory signals for flies to locate fruit for mating and oviposition. The reduced olfactory abilities of hybrids could therefore constitute a significant post-mating barrier to gene flow among fly populations. The present study investigated the source of changes in the hybrid olfactory system by examining peripheral chemoreception in F1 hybrid flies, using behaviorally relevant volatiles from the parent host fruit. Single-sensillum electrophysiological analyses revealed significant changes in olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) response specificities in hybrid flies when compared to parent ORN responses. We report that flies from F1 crosses of apple-, hawthorn- and flowering dogwood-origin populations of R. pomonella exhibited distinct ORN response profiles absent from any parent population. These peripheral alterations in ORN response profiles could result from misexpression of multiple receptors in hybrid neurons as a function of genomic incompatibilities in receptor-gene pathways in parent populations. We conclude that these changes in peripheral chemoreception could impact olfactory host preference and contribute directly to reproductive isolation in the Rhagoletis complex, or could be genetically coupled to other host-associated traits.
Transendothelial migration: unifying principles from the endothelial perspective

Transendothelial migration (TEM) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) involves a carefully orchestrated dialog of adhesion and signaling events between leukocyte and endothelial cell. This article focuses on the contribution of endothelial cells to transmigration. The initiation of TEM itself generally requires interaction of PECAM on the leukocyte with PECAM at the endothelial cell border. This is responsible for the transient elevation of cytosolic‐free calcium ions in endothelium that is required for TEM and for recruitment of membrane from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC). TEM requires LBRC to move to the site at which TEM will take place and for VE‐cadherin to move away. Targeting of the LBRC to this site likely precedes movement of VE‐cadherin and may play a role in clearing VE‐cadherin from the site of TEM. The process of TEM can be dissected into steps mediated by distinct pairs of PMN/endothelial interacting molecules. CD99 regulates a step at or close to the end of TEM. CD99 signals through soluble adenylyl cyclase to activate PKA to trigger ongoing targeted recycling of the LBRC. Paracellular transmigration predominates (≥90% of events) in the cremaster muscle circulation, but transcellular migration may be more important at sites such as the blood‐brain barrier. Both processes involve many of the same molecules and recruitment of the LBRC.
Mitochondria and the non‐genetic origins of cell‐to‐cell variability: More is different

Gene expression activity is heterogeneous in a population of isogenic cells. Identifying the molecular basis of this variability will improve our understanding of phenomena like tumor resistance to drugs, virus infection, or cell fate choice. The complexity of the molecular steps and machines involved in transcription and translation could introduce sources of randomness at many levels, but a common constraint to most of these processes is its energy dependence. In eukaryotic cells, most of this energy is provided by mitochondria. A clonal population of cells may show a large variability in the number and functionality of mitochondria. Here, we discuss how differences in the mitochondrial content of each cell contribute to heterogeneity in gene products. Changes in the amount of mitochondria can also entail drastic alterations of a cell's gene expression program, which ultimately leads to phenotypic diversity.
From rule to response: neuronal processes in the premotor and prefrontal cortex.

The ability to use abstract rules or principles allows behavior to generalize from specific circumstances (e.g., rules learned in a specific restaurant can subsequently be applied to any dining experience). Neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) encode such rules. However, to guide behavior, rules must be linked to motor responses. We investigated the neuronal mechanisms underlying this process by recording from the PFC and the premotor cortex (PMC) of monkeys trained to use two abstract rules: "same" or "different. " The monkeys had to either hold or release a lever, depending on whether two successively presented pictures were the same or different, and depending on which rule was in effect. The abstract rules were represented in both regions, although they were more prevalent and were encoded earlier and more strongly in the PMC. There was a perceptual bias in the PFC, relative to the PMC, with more PFC neurons encoding the presented pictures. In contrast, neurons encoding the behavioral response were more prevalent in the PMC, and the selectivity was stronger and appeared earlier in the PMC than in the PFC.
UPDATED SPITZER EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY OF BRIGHT TRANSITING HOT JUPITER HD 189733b

We analyze all existing secondary eclipse time series spectroscopy of hot Jupiter HD 189733b acquired with the now defunct Spitzer/Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) instrument. We describe the novel approaches we develop to remove the systematic effects and extract accurate secondary eclipse depths as a function of wavelength in order to construct the emission spectrum of the exoplanet. We compare our results with a previous study by Grillmair et al. that did not examine all data sets available to us. We are able to confirm the detection of a water feature near 6 μm claimed by Grillmair et al. We compare the planetary emission spectrum to three model families—based on isothermal atmosphere, gray atmosphere, and two realizations of the complex radiative transfer model by Burrows et al., adopted in Grillmair et al.'s study. While we are able to reject the simple isothermal and gray models based on the data at the 97% level just from the IRS data, these rejections hinge on eclipses measured within a relatively narrow wavelength range, between 5.5 and 7 μm. This underscores the need for observational studies with broad wavelength coverage and high spectral resolution, in order to obtain robust information on exoplanet atmospheres.
Political Conflict Resolution and Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia: The Role of the Constitutional Court

This article argues that Indonesia's Constitutional Court has played a significant role in that country's transformation from a violence-prone polity into Southeast Asia's most stable democracy. The Court has advanced institutional conflict resolution mechanisms and expanded democratic rights—two achievements identified by Linz and Stepan as major indicators of a consolidating democracy. Building on models developed by Ginsburg and Horowitz, my analysis also illustrates why the Court has been able to defend its autonomy and become an agent of democratization. While sharing Ginsburg's emphasis on high levels of power diffusion as a key reason for the Court's success, this article moves beyond such an approach. Most importantly, it suggests that the judges' “judicial activism”—as expressed in a number of controversial but popular decision—increased Indonesian society's support for the Court to such an extent that is has now become largely invulnerable to attempts of external intervention.
Running over unknown rough terrain with a one-legged planar robot

The ability to traverse unknown, rough terrain is an advantage that legged locomoters have over their wheeled counterparts. However, due to the complexity of multi-legged systems, research in legged robotics has not yet been able to reproduce the agility found in the animal kingdom. In an effort to reduce the complexity of the problem, researchers have developed single-legged models to gain insight into the fundamental dynamics of legged running. Inspired by studies of animal locomotion, researchers have proposed numerous control strategies to achieve stable, one-legged running over unknown, rough terrain. One such control strategy incorporates energy variations into the system during the stance phase by changing the force-free leg length as a sinusoidal function of time. In this research, a one-legged planar robot capable of implementing this and other state-of-the-art control strategies was designed and built. Both simulated and experimental results were used to determine and compare the stability of the proposed controllers as the robot was subjected to unknown drop and raised step perturbations equal to 25% of the nominal leg length. This study illustrates the relative advantages of utilizing a minimal-sensing, active energy removal control scheme to stabilize running over rough terrain.
Identification of Helicobacter pylori by immunological dot blot method based on reaction of a species-specific monoclonal antibody with a surface-exposed protein

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against membrane preparations of Helicobacter pylori were produced. One MAb was found to be specific for H. pylori, because it did not react with a number of other bacterial species, including Helicobacter felis and Campylobacter jejuni. This MAb reacted with a 30-kDa protein found in outer membrane preparations of H. pylori. The protein was also detected on the cell surface on intact bacteria when analyzed by immunoelectron microscopy. To facilitate the identification of H. pylori isolates after culturing of biopsies, an immunodot blot assay based on the reaction of this MAb was developed. This assay was found to be highly specific for H. pylori. Sixty-six clinical isolates typed as H. pylori by conventional biochemical tests were found to be positive, whereas no other bacterial species tested gave a positive result. By this method, reliable and rapid identification of H. pylori could be accomplished.
Biomechanical behaviour of ankle ligaments: constitutive formulation and numerical modelling

This study was aimed at the definition of a constitutive formulation of ankle ligaments and of a procedure for the constitutive parameters evaluation, for the biomechanical analysis by means of numerical models. To interpret the typical features of ligaments mechanical response, as anisotropic configuration, geometric non-linearity, non-linear elasticity and time-dependent behaviour, a specific fibre-reinforced visco-hyperelastic model is provided. The identification of constitutive parameters is performed by a stochastic–deterministic procedure that minimises the discrepancy between experimental and computational results. A preliminary evaluation of parameters is performed by analytical models in order to define reference values. Afterwards, solid models are developed to consider the complex histo-morphometric configuration of samples as a basis for the definition of numerical models. The results obtained are adopted for upgrading parameter values by comparison with specific mechanical tests. Assuming the new parameters set, the final numerical results are compared with the overall set of experimental data, to assess the reliability and efficacy of the analysis developed for the interpretation of the mechanical response of ankle ligaments.
Effects of Adult Learner Participation in Course Planning on Achievement and Satisfaction

A cardinal principle of adult education is that adults should participate in planning their own learning activities. The benefits of such participation have not, however, been documented through controlled experimental inquiry. The present study tested the hypotheses that participation in course planning would result in higher achievement and satisfaction. A post-test only control group design was employed with replication. The subjects of the initial experiment were 28 nursing supervisors randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions. The experimental group participated in planning their course in supervision. The control group completed the course as planned by the experimental group. The experiment was then replicated with 26 support service supervisors. The results were nearly identical for both experiments. No differences were found between the experimental and control groups in either achievement or satisfaction. One explanation for the findings is that control group subjects reaped the benefits of a “good course” planned by co-workers with similar needs. Nonetheless, direct participation in itself was found to have no effects, thereby raising important questions for future research.
A QSAR Model of hERG Binding Using a Large, Diverse, and Internally Consistent Training Set

Over the past decade, the pharmaceutical industry has begun to address an addition to ADME/Tox profiling – the ability of a compound to bind to and inhibit the human ether‐a‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG)‐encoded cardiac potassium channel. With the compilation of a large and diverse set of compounds measured in a single, consistent hERG channel inhibition assay, we recognized a unique opportunity to attempt to construct predictive QSAR models. Early efforts with classification models built from this training set were very encouraging. Here, we report a systematic evaluation of regression models based on neural network ensembles in conjunction with a variety of structure representations and feature selection algorithms. The combination of these modeling techniques (neural networks to capture non‐linear relationships in the data, feature selection to prevent over‐fitting, and aggregation to minimize model instability) was found to produce models with very good internal cross‐validation statistics and good predictivity on external data.
Online Course Evaluations: Faculty Perspective and Strategies for Improved Response Rates

This article provides an overview of issues involved with traditional paper versus online course evaluations. Data were gathered from university faculty, who transitioned from traditional paper to online course evaluations. Faculty preferred traditional course evaluations versus online course evaluations by a small margin. However, faculty overwhelmingly believed that traditional course evaluations result in higher response rates from students. Incentives were also believed by faculty to increase student response rates. Suggestions from faculty on how to improve student response rates are also provided in this article.
Evaluation of the use of brief screening instruments for dementia, depression and problem drinking among elderly people in general practice.

BACKGROUND Use of brief screening instruments for detection of psychological morbidity among elderly people is being promoted, although the appropriateness and effectiveness of available instruments have not been evaluated in general practice. AIM This study set out to determine the outcome of opportunistic use of brief screening instruments for dementia, depression and problem drinking in randomized trials in two group practices in north west London. METHOD Screening instruments were inserted into a random sample of medical records for people aged 75 years and over in each practice. Medical records of those seen by their general practitioners over a six month period were reviewed for new diagnoses of dementia (or confusion), depression or problem drinking, and the scores obtained on screening instruments noted. The records of all those identified as possibly demented, depressed or drinking heavily were reviewed one year after screening and all relevant referrals and new treatments were noted. RESULTS In one practice use of screening instruments resulted in a significant increase in the detection of possible dementia, but not of depression. In the second practice screening instruments yielded significantly higher numbers with possible dementia or depression. Heavy drinking was uncommon in either population. There was no difference in the proportions of cases identified by screening instrument or by clinical judgement alone who received treatment or referral. CONCLUSION These results suggest that in the absence of agreed guidelines and resources, information derived from screening instruments may not alter clinical practice.
Data sharing vs. message passing: synergy or incompatibility?: an implementation-driven case study

One reasonable categorization of coordination models is into data sharing or message passing, based on whether the information necessary to coordination is persistently stored and shared, or instead is only transiently available during communication. Generally speaking, approaches based on data sharing are more expressive and provide full decoupling in space and time. The alternative approach requires the simultaneous presence of the coordinated parties, but is typically more scalable. Prominent examples are, respectively, tuple spaces and publish-subscribe. An open research question is whether it is possible to exploit in synergy the best of these two approaches, e.g. by implementing the more complex data sharing coordination on top of the more lightweight message passing one. In this paper, we seek an answer to this question in a pragmatic way: we analyze an implementation of the Lime tuple space middleware on top of REDS, an open source publish-subscribe system. Our implementation-driven style of investigation forces us to face details that do not surface when reasoning in the abstract about the nature and expressiveness of the models. We report about lessons we learned in this experience, and propose an extension to the publish-subscribe model that, albeit useful per se, constitutes a more effective foundation for data sharing coordination models.
Work Engagement in India: Validation of the Utrecht Work Engagement

This study aims at delineating the recent worldwide developments in the factorial structure of popular work engagement measure, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and exploring its psychometric properties in terms of factorial validity, scale reliability, descriptive statistics and discriminant validity in an Indian sample of working population. The study is based on cross-sectional questionnaire survey responses from 304 Indian employees working in ITES. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses to compare the fit of a three-factor model to that of an alternative one-factor model of UWES-9 followed by an analysis of discriminant validity of UWES-9 in relation to organisational citizenship behaviour questionnaire (OCBQ) and organisational commitment questionnaire (OCQ) using chi-square difference tests. A comprehensive review of validation studies of UWES across other nations of the world in different time, culture and context represents instability of its factorial structure. Empirical evidences demonstrate a better fit of multidimensional structure of UWES-9 in comparison to that of unidimensional solution for the construct in the Indian context and support the discriminant validity of UWES-9 against OCQ and OCBQ. The study provides first direct evidence for the psychometric properties and unique identification of the UWES-9 in the Indian context.
Minimal oxidation and inflammogenicity of pristine graphene with residence in the lung

Abstract Two-dimensional graphitic carbon, graphene, is a new form of nanomaterial with great potential in a wide variety of applications. It is therefore crucial to investigate the behaviour of graphene in biological systems to assess potential adverse effects that might follow from inhalation exposure. In this study we focussed on medium-term effects of graphene in lung tissue by investigating the pulmonary inflammation 6 weeks after pharyngeal aspiration of unoxidised multilayered graphene platelets (GPs) in mice and assessed their biopersistence in the lung tissue using Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, GP degradation in vitro was examined after horseradish peroxidase (HRP) treatment up to 1 week. Building on our previous report showing acute inflammation in mice lungs at 1 day, pristine GP showed minimal inflammation in mouse lungs after 6 weeks even though no degradation of GP in lung tissue was observed and large deposits of GP were evident in the lungs. Raman analysis of GP in tissue sections showed minimal oxidation, and in vitro examinations of enzymatic oxidation of GP via HRP and H2O2 showed only slight increases in ID/IG ratio and the appearance of the Raman D' band at 1620 cm−1 (surrogates of graphene oxidation). Our results showing non-inflammogenicity at medium time points have important implications in the hazard identification of GPs following inhalation exposure and for their use in biomedical applications. Additionally, the biopersistence of pristine GP in vivo with no associated inflammation could open the way to applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery.