Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prechewing infant food, consumption of sweets and dairy and not breastfeeding are associated with increased diarrhoea risk of 10-month-old infants in the United States.

Prechewing of food by caregivers is a common infant feeding practice both globally and in the United States, where the highest rates of the practice are found among African-Americans and Alaska Natives. The objective of this study was to determine if prechewing of infant food is associated with increased diarrhoea prevalence of 10-month-old infants in the United States. The study used cross-sectional data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II to test for associations between prechewing and 2-week-period prevalence of infant diarrhoea. At 10 months of age, infants who received prechewed food (n = 203) had a diarrhoea prevalence of 16.1%, compared with 10.9% of children who did not receive prechewed food (n = 1567) [relative risk (RR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-2.11]. After adjusting for covariates, including breastfeeding and consuming sweets and dairy, prechewing was associated with a 58% higher risk (RR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.10-2.26) of 2-week diarrhoea prevalence. Consumption of sweets (RR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.03-1.78) and dairy (RR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.03-1.93) was also associated with increased diarrhoea risk. Continued breastfeeding at 10 months of age was associated with a reduced risk of diarrhoea (RR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.50-0.91). Prechewing of infant food is associated with increased diarrhoea among 10-month-old infants. The high RR found in this study suggests that prechewing may be an important factor in public health efforts to reduce the burden of diarrhoeal disease. However, further research is needed to establish that prechewing causes increased diarrhoea risk and to explore potential benefits of prechewing.
Streptococcus suis Sequence Type 7 Outbreak, Sichuan, China

An outbreak of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 emerged in the summer of 2005 in Sichuan Province, and sporadic infections occurred in 4 additional provinces of China. In total, 99 S. suis strains were isolated and analyzed in this study: 88 isolates from human patients and 11 from diseased pigs. We defined 98 of 99 isolates as pulse type I by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of SmaI-digested chromosomal DNA. Furthermore, multilocus sequence typing classified 97 of 98 members of the pulse type I in the same sequence type (ST), ST-7. Isolates of ST-7 were more toxic to peripheral blood mononuclear cells than ST-1 strains. S. suis ST-7, the causative agent, was a single-locus variant of ST-1 with increased virulence. These findings strongly suggest that ST-7 is an emerging, highly virulent S. suis clone that caused the largest S. suis outbreak ever described.
Sampled-Data Stabilization of Nonlinear Dynamics With Input Delays Through Immersion and Invariance

In this technical note, we show that Immersion and Invariance is a natural framework for the design of sampled-data stabilizing controllers for input-delayed systems. Assuming the existence of a continuous-time feedback in the delay free case, Immersion and Invariance stabilizability of the equivalent sampled-data dynamics is proven. The proof is constructive for the stabilizing controller. Two simulated examples illustrate the performances.
Prescription stimulants in individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: misuse, cognitive impact, and adverse effects

Prescription stimulants are often used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Drugs like methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), and dextroamphetamine‐amphetamine (Adderall) help people with ADHD feel more focused. However, misuse of stimulants by ADHD and nonaffected individuals has dramatically increased over recent years based on students' misconceptions or simple lack of knowledge of associated risks. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the use and increasing misuse of prescription stimulants among high school and college students and athletes. Given the widespread belief that stimulants enhance performance, there are in fact only a few studies reporting the cognitive enhancing effects of stimulants in ADHD and nonaffected individuals. Student athletes should be apprised of the very serious consequences that can emerge when stimulants are used to improve sports performance. Moreover, misuse of stimulants is associated with dangers including psychosis, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and even sudden death. As ADHD medications are prescribed for long‐term treatment, there is a need for long‐term safety studies and education on the health risks associated with misuse is imperative.
Triple negative breast cancer in people of North East India: critical insights gained at a regional cancer centre.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising of distinct biological subtypes with many targeted prognostic biomarkers having therapeutic implications. However, no specific targeted therapy for triple negative breast cancer has been discovered to date and hence further research is needed. AIM The aim and objectives of the present study were to examine the prevalence of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in North-East India and to compare the clinicopathological parameters in two study groups defined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) -"TNBC" and "Others". MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a retrospective study in a cohort of 972 patients diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma in the Department of Pathology, Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, a Regional Cancer Centre for treatment and research, Guwahati, for a period of 3 years and 10 months from January 2010 to October 2013. Based on IHC findings, patients were divided into two groups - "TNBC" and "Others". All relevant clinicopathological parameters were compared in both. TNBC were defined as those that were estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2/neu negative while those positive for any of these markers were defined as "Others". RESULTS In this study, out of total 972 cases 31.9% (310 cases) were defined as TNBC and 662 cases (68.1%) as "Others" based on IHC markers. Compared to the "Others" category, TNBC presented at an early age (mean 40 years), were associated with high grade large tumours and high rate of node positivity, IDC NOS being the most common histological subtype in TNBC. CONCLUSIONS TNBC accounts for a significant portion of breast cancers in this part of India and commonly present at younger age and tend to be large high grade tumours.
A Counterrotating Central Component in the Barred Galaxy NGC 5728

We present a detailed study of the stellar kinematics in the barred galaxy NGC 5728 based on I-band photometry and long-slit spectroscopic observations in the region of the near-IR Ca II triplet. The analysis of the stellar line-of-sight velocity distribution (LOSVD) has revealed, in the central regions of the bar, the presence of a cold (v/σ~2.5), prograde, S-shaped velocity component that coexists in the central 4 kpc, with a fainter and hotter (v/σ~0.5) counterrotating component. Beyond 4 kpc from the nucleus, the LOSVD shows the stellar bar kinematics. The comparison of the radial surface brightness profile of the velocity components with that obtained from an I-band image shows that the counterrotating core follows a r1/4 profile, while the S-shaped component does not follow the flat-bar surface brightness profile. Several possible scenarios accounting for such kinematic signatures found in the center of the bar in NGC 5728 are discussed. The data presented in this paper show for the first time the presence of extended retrograde motions in barred systems that, together with previous discoveries, seem to indicate that the stellar counterrotation is a phenomenon present all along the Hubble sequence.
A novel function for the U2AF 65 splicing factor in promoting pre‐mRNA 3′‐end processing

Splicing and 3′‐end processing (including cleavage and polyadenylation) of vertebrate pre‐mRNAs are tightly coupled events that contribute to the extensive molecular network that coordinates gene expression. Sequences within the terminal intron of genes are essential to stimulate pre‐mRNA 3′‐end processing, although the factors mediating this effect are unknown. Here, we show that the pyrimidine tract of the last splice acceptor site of the human β‐globin gene is necessary to stimulate mRNA 3′‐end formation in vivo and binds the U2AF 65 splicing factor. Naturally occurring β‐thalassaemia‐causing mutations within the pyrimidine tract reduces both U2AF 65 binding and 3′‐end cleavage efficiency. Significantly, a fusion protein containing U2AF 65, when tethered upstream of a cleavage/polyadenylation site, increases 3′‐end cleavage efficiency in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we propose that U2AF 65 promotes 3′‐end processing, which contributes to 3′‐terminal exon definition.
Insurance Market Activity and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria

The focus of this study is to empirically assess insurance market activities in Nigeria with the view to determining its impact on economic growth. The period of study was 1970- 2008, the study made use of insurance density measures (premium per capita) as a measure for insurance market activity and real GDP for economic growth. It also employed control variables such as inflation and savings rate as other determinants of growth. The Johansen cointegration and vector error correction approach was used to estimate the relationship between the variables. All the variables used were stationary at first difference and the result showed a long term relationship existing among the variables. The hallmark finding of this study is that the insurance sector did not reveal any positively and significant affect on economic growth in Nigeria within the period of study. The result shows a low insurance market activity in Nigeria and that Nigerians have not fully embrace the insurance industry despite its importance to the growth of the economy.
Investigation of the transmission of Mycobacterium bovis from deer to cattle through indirect contact.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection of calves with Mycobacterium bovis through oral exposure and transmission of M. bovis from experimentally infected white-tailed deer to uninfected cattle through indirect contact. ANIMALS 24 11-month-old, white-tailed deer and 28 6-month-old, crossbred calves. PROCEDURE In the oral exposure experiment, doses of 4.3 x 10(6) CFUs (high dose) or 5 x 10(3) CFUs (low dose) of M. bovis were each administered orally to 4 calves; as positive controls, 2 calves received M. bovis (1.7 x 10(5) CFUs) via tonsillar instillation. Calves were euthanatized and examined 133 days after exposure. Deer-to-cattle transmission was assessed in 2 phases (involving 9 uninfected calves and 12 deer each); deer were inoculated with 4 x 10(5) CFUs (phase I) or 7 x 10(5) CFUs (phase II) of M. Bovis. Calves and deer exchanged pens (phase I; 90 days' duration) or calves received uneaten feed from deer pens (phase II; 140 days' duration) daily. At completion, animals were euthanatized and tissues were collected for bacteriologic culture and histologic examination. RESULTS In the low- and high-dose groups, 3 of 4 calves and 1 of 4 calves developed tuberculosis, respectively. In phases I and II, 9 of 9 calves and 4 of 9 calves developed tuberculosis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that experimentally infected deer can transmit M. bovis to cattle through sharing of feed. In areas where tuberculosis is endemic in free-ranging white-tailed deer, management practices to prevent access of wildlife to feed intended for livestock should be implemented.
Efectos psicofisiológicos del estrés real y ficticio en sujetos tipo A y tipo B

Though the Tipe A behavior pattern has been very criticized, perhaps some of its components can be reliable to investigate as psychological variables affect the cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the S factor was used too form two groups and to observe psychophysiological activation, reactivity and recovery in two tasks: real and ficticious stress. Results showed a higher values in the physiological activation, reactitivy and recovery in both groups in the real stress situation. It can also be observed that Type A subjects point out higer values than Tipe B subjects. It is suggested that real stress tasks should be used to establish the accurate of psychophysiological profile in Type A and Type B subjects. We propose that the “fast activation-slow recovery” profile is characteristic of Type A scores. The “fast activation-fast recovery” profile is characteristic of Type B.
How to approach phyllodes tumors of the breast?

OBJECTIVE Phyllodes tumor of the breast is a rare fibroepithelial breast tumor that comprise 0.3-0.9% of primary breast neoplasms. In this study, we aimed to present clinicopathologic symptoms of our patients along with their treatment modality. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinicopathologic properties and treatment modality of 20 phyllodes tumor patients who underwent surgery between January 2008 and January 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS Median patient age was 47 years (22-75). Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was applied to 19 patients. Biopsy results were reported as suspicious in four, malignant in three, benign in 11, and as non-diagnostic in one patient. Final histopathology reports revealed two benign, one malignant and one borderline tumor out of the four patients with suspicious findings on fine needle aspiration biopsy; all patients with malignant cytology had malignancy. There were two borderline and nine benign lesions within the benign biopsy group. Sixteen patients underwent segmental mastectomy, four patients underwent mastectomy with/without axillary dissection. The median tumor size was 6 (1-13) cm. Histopathologically, 11 (55%) tumors were benign, 5 (25%) were borderline, and 4 (20%) were malignant. Two of the four patients with malignancy underwent radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and one patient only received chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment. CONCLUSION Phyllodes tumors are rare, mix-type breast tumors. Due to high rates of local recurrence and potential for malignancy, preoperative diagnosis and accurate management are important.
CROSS-SECTIONAL OPTION PRICES: A COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE CURRENCY OPTION PRICING MODELS

This article implements a currency option pricing model for the general case of stochastic volatility, stochastic interest rates, and jumps in an attempt to reconcile levels of risk-neutral skewness and kurtosis with observed option prices on the Japanese yen and to analyze the information content of the cross section of option prices by investigating the hedging and pricing performance of various currency option pricing models. The study makes use of both a method of moments and a more traditional generalized-least-squares (GLS) estimation technique, taking advantage of the fact that methods of moments do not specifically require the use of cross-sectional option prices, whereas GLS does. Results centered around the Asia economic crisis of 1997 and 1998 indicate that the cross section of option prices surprisingly does not appear to contain superior information as the two estimation techniques yield relatively similar results once idiosyncratic differences between them are acknowledged. Extensions of
A Review of Update Clinical Results of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy

Among various types of ion species, carbon ions are considered to have the most balanced, optimal properties in terms of possessing physically and biologically effective dose localization in the body. This is due to the fact that when compared with photon beams, carbon ion beams offer improved dose distribution, leading to the concentration of the sufficient dose within a target volume while minimizing the dose in the surrounding normal tissues. In addition, carbon ions, being heavier than protons, provide a higher biological effectiveness, which increases with depth, reaching the maximum at the end of the beam's range. This is practically an ideal property from the standpoint of cancer radiotherapy. Clinical studies have been carried out in the world to confirm the efficacy of carbon ions against a variety of tumors as well as to develop effective techniques for delivering an efficient dose to the tumor. Through clinical experiences of carbon ion radiotherapy at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences and Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, a significant reduction in the overall treatment time with acceptable toxicities has been obtained in almost all types of tumors. This means that carbon ion radiotherapy has meanwhile achieved for itself a solid place in general practice. This review describes clinical results of carbon ion radiotherapy together with physical, biological and technological aspects of carbon ions.
A Sparse Plus Low Rank Maximum Entropy Language Model

This work introduces a new maximum entropy language model that decomposes the model parameters into a low rank component that learns regularities in the training data and a sparse component that learns exceptions (e.g. multiword expressions). The low rank component corresponds to a continuous-space language model. This model generalizes the standard `1regularized maximum entropy model, and has an efficient accelerated first-order training algorithm. In conversational speech language modeling experiments, we see perplexity reductions of 2-5%.
Neural networks and Principal Component Analysis applied to Automatic Radar Target Recognition based on Natural Resonances

In this paper, a new classification scheme for radar target recognition is described. It uses a MLP neural network as classifier and complex natural resonances as inputs of the net. Benefit of using natural resonances is that they are aspect angle independent, i.e. scattering responses from different aspect angles of the same target can be represented by the same natural resonances. But the extraction process of natural resonances is an ill-conditioned problem and noise affects the parameter estimation. To improve the sensitivity to noise, it is proposed an algorithm that extracts the resonances from a reconstructed response generated by a PCA stage over a set of reference targets, prior to the MLP neural network classifier.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Comparing Anticoagulation versus No Anticoagulation and Shorter versus Longer duration of Anticoagulation for Treatment of Isolated Distal Deep Vein Thrombosis

Abstract Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) represents an important clinical problem but there is no consensus regarding its management. The aim of this review was to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and shorter versus longer duration of anticoagulation in patients with isolated distal DVT. A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews. Studies reporting rates of symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE), recurrent DVT, proximal extension, and/or major bleeding were included. Fourteen studies (six randomized controlled trials, eight cohorts) involving 2,918 patients met the eligibility criteria (with a total of 13 meeting criteria for the meta-analysis). Compared with no anticoagulation, anticoagulation was associated with a significant reduction in proximal extension (odds ratio [OR]: 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13–0.67; p < 0.004), recurrent DVT (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.04–0.65; p = 0.01), and the composite end-point of proximal extension/PE (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.16–0.72; p = 0.005); however, no significant differences in PE (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.17–1.34; p = 0.16) or major bleeding (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 0.33–6.86; p = 0.60) were observed. Anticoagulation for a longer duration (≥8 vs. ≤6 weeks) was associated with a significant reduction in proximal extension (OR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11–0.48; p < 0.001) but not for other outcomes.
Developmental Robotics: From Babies to Robots

Developmental robotics is a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach to robotics that is directly inspired by the developmental principles and mechanisms observed in children's cognitive development. It builds on the idea that the robot, using a set of intrinsic developmental principles regulating the real-time interaction of its body, brain, and environment, can autonomously acquire an increasingly complex set of sensorimotor and mental capabilities. This volume, drawing on insights from psychology, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, and robotics, offers the first comprehensive overview of a rapidly growing field. After providing some essential background information on robotics and developmental psychology, the book looks in detail at how developmental robotics models and experiments have attempted to realize a range of behavioral and cognitive capabilities. The examples in these chapters were chosen because of their direct correspondence with specific issues in child psychology research; each chapter begins with a concise and accessible overview of relevant empirical and theoretical findings in developmental psychology. The chapters cover intrinsic motivation and curiosity; motor development, examining both manipulation and locomotion; perceptual development, including face recognition and perception of space; social learning, emphasizing such phenomena as joint attention and cooperation; language, from phonetic babbling to syntactic processing; and abstract knowledge, including models of number learning and reasoning strategies. Boxed text offers technical and methodological details for both psychology and robotics experiments.
Foster Parents' Perspectives on LGB Youth in the Child Welfare System

Abstract This study reports data from focus groups with foster parents where they discussed their experiences and concerns about diffi-cult-to-place children. Foster parents expressed a range of concerns about the placement of a lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) child in their home and tended to hold homophobic beliefs about the population in general. Analysis of the focus group data found that this group of foster parents had significant fears about the placement of a LGB child who was LGB in their home. Implications are discussed concerning the educational role social workers play in helping foster parents learn and develop an understanding of these children in care, as well as for direct education for social workers themselves.
Employment Satisfaction and Health Outcomes among Professional Iraqi refugees as compared to Immigrants.

This study investigates employment and health outcomes in Iraqi refugees compared to Iraqi immigrants. We surveyed 148 Iraqi professional refugees and 111 Iraqi professional immigrants residing in the U.S. We hypothesized that Iraqi refugees would report lower employment and worse self-rated health as compared to Iraqi immigrants. Logistic Regression was used to test various models. Results showed that more immigrants were employed, as well as employed in their original profession as compared to refugees. Regardless of immigration status, participants' age and the way they rated their job played a larger role in health. The study is the first to demonstrate that, controlling for professional, ethnic and cultural background, there are unknown mechanisms resulting in lower employment and skilled employment in refugees as compared to matched immigrant controls. Furthermore, satisfaction with the new work appears more important than employment per se.