Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
META-ANALYSIS OF THE RESEARCH ABOUT MOOC DURING 2013-2014

ABSTRACT The first MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) was launched in 2008 in Canada. Since then these new model of online education has proliferated around the world and sparked many interesting and often heated discussions regarding their benefits and implications in the field of education. In order to understand and contribute to the debate surrounding MOOCs and their educational possibilities it is necessary to go beyond opinion, intuition or isolated experiences. It is necessary to have evidence that allows for systematic, detailed and contrastive evaluation. Following the methodology used in an earlier investigation that analyzed publications from the first five years of MOOC delivery, this article looks at studies that focus on MOOCs between 2013-2014. Through a systematic search of the available literature, we found 228 investigative works, published in peer reviewed journals. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of these publications is presented. Classification was based on the year of publication, the type of publication and eleven distinct categories we found of interest. We found that increases in the number of publications and, to a lesser extent, presentations at conferences. Pedagogical strategies are the most common focus as well as learner motivation, presentence and implications for higher education systems. The reach/scope of the MOOC phenomenon for online teaching has sparked and challenged both institutions (their structure, pedagogical model, management and business) as well as instructors (their roles and competencies). In order for answers to be able to settle in what the evidence in the investigation has been building, it is necessary to agree on a common set of topics and research methodologies.
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor: Role in primate prefrontal circuitry and schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a complex and devastating psychiatric disorder that creates a substantial emotional and economic burden on individuals with the illness, their families, and society. Understanding the causes and identifying the molecular alterations in the brain that underlie the pathophysiology of core clinical features of schizophrenia are central to the development of new therapeutic interventions. In particular, schizophrenia is characterized by impairments in working memory, which are thought to result from a deficit in GABA neurotransmission in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Interestingly, exposure to cannabis has been associated with an increased risk for developing schizophrenia and cannabis use is associated with DLPFC-related working memory impairments similar to those observed in schizophrenia. The effects of cannabis are mediated by the brain cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor, which in the rodent, is heavily localized to certain inhibitory axon terminals and, when activated, inhibits GABA release. Here, we have investigated the anatomical distribution of the CB1 receptor in the primate brain and characterized the cellular localization and synaptic targets of the CB1 receptor in the primate DLPFC. In addition, we explored the potential relationship between CB1 receptor signaling and altered GABA neurotransmission in schizophrenia by evaluating CB1 receptor mRNA and protein expression in the DLPFC of subjects with schizophrenia. We found that CB1 receptors are highly expressed in the primate DLPFC and that CB1 receptors are localized in the terminals of the subtype of perisomatic-targeting GABA interneurons that contain the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK). We found that CB1 mRNA and protein are reduced in schizophrenia, which may represent a compensatory mechanism to increase GABA transmission from perisomatic-targeting CCK neurons with impaired GABA synthesis. We conclude that reductions in the expression of the CB1 receptor mRNA and protein in CCK neurons represent a novel neuropathological entity in the DLPFC of individuals with schizophrenia. These findings suggest a novel drug target for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Leptin-dependent Phosphorylation of PTEN Mediates Actin Restructuring and Activation of ATP-sensitive K+ Channels

Leptin activates multiple signaling pathways in cells, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, indicating a degree of cross-talk with insulin signaling. The exact mechanisms by which leptin alters this signaling pathway and how it relates to functional outputs are unclear at present. A previous study has established that leptin inhibits the activity of the phosphatase PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), an important tumor suppressor and modifier of phosphoinositide signaling. In this study we demonstrate that leptin phosphorylates multiple sites on the C-terminal tail of PTEN in hypothalamic and pancreatic β-cells, an action not replicated by insulin. Inhibitors of the protein kinases CK2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) block leptin-mediated PTEN phosphorylation. PTEN phosphorylation mutants reveal the critical role these sites play in transmission of the leptin signal to F-actin depolymerization. CK2 and GSK3 inhibitors also prevent leptin-mediated F-actin depolymerization and consequent ATP-sensitive K+ channel opening. GSK3 kinase activity is inhibited by insulin but not leptin in hypothalamic cells. Both hormones increase N-terminal GSK3 serine phosphorylation, but in hypothalamic cells this action of leptin is transient. Leptin, not insulin, increases GSK3 tyrosine phosphorylation in both cell types. These results demonstrate a significant role for PTEN in leptin signal transmission and identify GSK3 as a potential important signaling node contributing to divergent outputs for these hormones.
Sistemas de explotación del ganado de lidia en España I: caracterización y tipología de las ganaderías de lidia

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar las ganaderias de lidia a nivel nacional, dada su trascendencia social, zootecnica y economica. Para ello se han realizado encuestas a 177 ganaderos analizando los factores comunes que permitan caracterizar las ganaderias y explotaciones, asi como conocer su problematica y necesidades en un momento delicado para el sector ganadero en general, y las explotaciones de raza bovina de lidia en particular. Los resultados del trabajo muestran que las ganaderias de lidia espanolas tendrian una extension media de 536 ha (la mayoria en propiedad) y tienen 361 animales (habitualmente acompanados de ganado equino, vacuno de carne y porcino iberico), cuyo principal destino es la venta para festejos populares y corridas de toros. Las explotaciones cuentan con asistencia veterinaria fija y una media de tres trabajadores por explotacion (mano de obra cualificada, familiar o asalariada). This work aims to study the herds of Lidia bulls in Spain, given their social, economic and animal husbandry relevance. To achieve this, 177 surveys to farmers were carried out, analyzing the common factors to characterize the farms, and to know their problems and needs in the current socio economic circumstances, which are especially troublesome for the livestock vector in general and for Lidia bulls' farms in particular. The results of this paper show that Lidia farms have on average an extension of 536 ha and have 361 Lidia breed animals (together with equine, beef cattle and Iberian pigs), usually sold for popular bull festivals and bullfights. Farms have regular veterinary assistance and an average of three workers per far, (familiar or waged qualified labor).
The Influence of Boundary Layer Processes on the Diurnal Variation of the Climatological Near-Surface Wind Speed Probability Distribution over Land*

AbstractKnowledge of the diurnally varying land surface wind speed probability distribution is essential for surface flux estimation and wind power management. Global observations indicate that the surface wind speed probability density function (PDF) is characterized by a Weibull-like PDF during the day and a nighttime PDF with considerably greater skewness. Consideration of long-term tower observations at Cabauw, the Netherlands, indicates that this nighttime skewness is a shallow feature connected to the formation of a stably stratified nocturnal boundary layer. The observed diurnally varying vertical structure of the leading three climatological moments of near-surface wind speed (mean, standard deviation, and skewness) and the wind power density at the Cabauw site can be successfully simulated using the single-column version of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) fourth-generation atmospheric general circulation model (CanAM4) with a new semiempirical diagnostic turbulent k.
HydraPlus-Net: Attentive Deep Features for Pedestrian Analysis

Pedestrian analysis plays a vital role in intelligent video surveillance and is a key component for security-centric computer vision systems. Despite that the convolutional neural networks are remarkable in learning discriminative features from images, the learning of comprehensive features of pedestrians for fine-grained tasks remains an open problem. In this study, we propose a new attentionbased deep neural network, named as HydraPlus-Net (HPnet), that multi-directionally feeds the multi-level attention maps to different feature layers. The attentive deep features learned from the proposed HP-net bring unique advantages: (1) the model is capable of capturing multiple attentions from low-level to semantic-level, and (2) it explores the multi-scale selectiveness of attentive features to enrich the final feature representations for a pedestrian image. We demonstrate the effectiveness and generality of the proposed HP-net for pedestrian analysis on two tasks, i.e. pedestrian attribute recognition and person reidentification. Intensive experimental results have been provided to prove that the HP-net outperforms the state-of-theart methods on various datasets.
Sustained Intraocular Pressure Elevation After Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab and Ranibizumab Associated with Trabeculitis

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents are frequently used to treat a variety of ocular neovascular diseases. While agents like bevacizumab and ranibizumab appear to be safe and effective, there have been reports of severe intraocular inflammation as well as sustained elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) after single or multiple intravitreal injections of these protein-based therapeutics. The true mechanism leading to inflammation and/or sustained spikes in IOP remains unknown. We report a patient with sustained IOP elevation and kerato-precipitates on the trabecular meshwork after multiple injections of both bevacizumab and ranibizumab. We propose that monomer antibodies, aggregated proteins, or other high molecular weight molecules might lead to inflammation in the trabecular meshwork and subsequent elevation in IOP.
A tree‐ring based reconstruction of Logan River streamflow, northern Utah

We created six new tree‐ring chronologies in northern Utah, which were used with preexisting chronologies from Utah and western Wyoming to reconstruct mean annual flow for the Logan River, the largest tributary of the regionally important Bear River. Two reconstruction models were developed, a “Local” model that incorporated two Rocky Mountain juniper chronologies located within the basin, and a “Regional” model that also included limber pine and pinyon pine chronologies from a larger area. The Local model explained 48.2% of the variability in the instrumental record and the juniper chronologies better captured streamflow variability than Douglas‐fir collected within the Logan basin. Incorporating chronologies from the northern and southern margins of the transition zone of the western precipitation dipole increased the skill of the Regional model (r2 = 0.581). We suggest the increased Regional model skill indicates that both nodes of the western precipitation dipole influence northern Utah climate. The importance of Rocky Mountain juniper in both reconstructions of streamflow for this region suggests that future work should target these trees where more traditionally desirable species are not present. The reconstructions provide the first extended record of streamflow in northern Utah. Preinstrumental streamflows (1605–1921) exhibited considerable variability when compared to the instrumental period (1922–2005). Our findings confirm that the inherent uncertainty in contemporary water management and planning in the region is due to hydroclimatic variability that has persisted for at least the last four centuries.
Assessment of whole body MRI and sestamibi technetium-99m bone marrow scan in prediction of multiple myeloma disease progression and outcome: a prospective comparative study

Objectives This study aims primarily to determine whether whole body MRI (WB-MRI) and Sestamibi Technetium-99m-bone marrow (MIBI) scans in the same patients produce the same estimate of disease load and location, and secondly, to study possible association between the bone disease detected by these scans and the effect on disease outcome and survival. Bone disease occurs in about 90% of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. There are no data comparing the new diagnostic modalities with WB-MRI and MIBI in MM. Design A prospective comparative study between WB-MRI and MIBI scans in assessing bone disease and outcome of MM. Participants and methods Sixty-two consecutive patients with confirmed MM underwent simultaneous WB-MRI (both axial T1 and turbo spin echo short tau inversion recovery (STIR)) and MIBI scans at a single institution from January 2010 to January 2011, and their survival status was determined in January 2012. The median age was 62 years (range 37–88) with a male-to-female ratio of 33 : 29. Results In vertebrae and long bones, MRI scan detected more disease compared with MIBI scan (p<0.001) but there was less difference in the skull (p=0.09). In the ribcage, the MIBI scan detected more lytic lesions of the ribs compared with MRI scan (p<0.001). Thirteen of the 62 patients died during the 24-month follow-up. Increased disease detected in all bones by both scans was associated with increased mortality risk (MIBI p=0.001; MRI-STIR p=0.044; but not MRI-T1 p=0.44). In all combined bone groups, the mean MIBI scan results provided a better prediction of mortality than MRI scan over the follow-up period (MRI-T1 vs MIBI p=0.019; MRI-STIR vs MIBI p=0.047). Conclusions Although WB-MRI detected more MM bone disease, MIBI scan predicted overall disease outcome and mortality better than MRI scan. Further studies to define optimum use of these imaging techniques are warranted. Trial registration number The study was registered prospectively in the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry at http://www.ANZCTR. org.au under No: ACTRN12609000761268.
Clustering of Childhood IDDM: Links with age and place of residence

OBJECTIVE To improve understanding of the etiology of IDDM by analyzing spatial and space-time distribution of the incidence in children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Statistical tests to detect clustering were applied to a population-based register of 1,490 children (aged 0–16 years) with IDDM in Yorkshire, northern England. The Knox test analyzed clustering in space and time, and the Potthoff-Whittinghill test quantified spatial differences in incidence between small-area census units (electoral wards). The Potthoff-Whittinghill test was conditioned for childhood population density and deprivation (Townsend index). RESULTS Both tests demonstrated clustering of IDDM in Yorkshire children. Space-time and spatial clustering is strongest in the younger children (0–4 and 5–9 years of age), even after conditioning for known associations. Clustering was more common in the county of Humberside during the years 1982–1985 and in wards of low population density (< 0.26 0- to 16 year-old subjects per hectare). CONCLUSIONS The study revealed a nonrandom space-time distribution of IDDM in children not accounted for by known covarying demographic factors. The Potthoff-Whittinghill test has not previously been applied to childhood IDDM. The new finding of strong clustering in young children is consistent with early exposure, possibly in utero, to infectious agents or localized environmental sources.
Early determinants of first hospital admissions for asthma and acute bronchitis among Swedish children

Aim: To assess the changing impact of prenatal and perinatal factors with increasing age on first admissions for asthma and acute bronchitis. Methods: The Swedish Medical Birth Registry was linked to the National Hospital Discharge Registry for 214276 Swedish children born in 1987 and 1988. The linkage comprised first admissions for acute bronchitis or asthma from 1987 to 1995. First admissions for gastroenteritis were included to distinguish between factors specific to asthma or bronchitis and non‐specific factors related to an increased risk of hospital admission. Results: Admissions for asthma and acute bronchitis before 2y of age had a close dose‐response relationship with maternal smoking, low gestational age, low maternal age and older siblings. Very premature children exposed to more than 9 cigarettes a day in utero ran a 10 times higher risk of hospitalization than postmature children without exposure to maternal smoking. However, the proportion of admissions attributed to maternal smoking was only 4.7% after adjustments for significant covariates. The number of significant determinants declined in children with their first admission for asthma after 2 y of age but male gender and low educational level were independent determinants in all age groups. Older siblings were related to an increased risk of first asthma admission before 2 y of age but a slightly reduced risk of first admission after 2 y of age.
Raman study of shock effects in lunar anorthite from the Apollo missions

Earth’s moon is a primary exploration target for space agencies around the world. The Moon records and preserves key information about fundamental processes that shape planetary crusts such as impact cratering. Understanding shock effects in lunar anorthite (Ca‐rich endmember of plagioclase feldspar), the principal component of anorthosite and the most common crustal mineral on the Moon, is key to the early evolution of the Moon and terrestrial planets in the solar system. However, there has not been a systematic study of shock effects in lunar anorthite using modern analytical techniques that could be used in future lunar surface exploration, such as Raman spectroscopy. This study examined 23 polished thin sections from all six Apollo missions using optical and Raman spectroscopy. We documented a variety of shock features recording low to moderate shock levels, including fractures, deformed twins, undulatory extinction, planar features, and partially isotropic plagioclase. A notable nonobservation was the absence of planar deformation features (PDFs) or completely isotropic (i.e., diaplectic glass) in this suite of samples. Raman spectroscopy results of the observed shock features show similar progressive changes in terrestrial samples: As shock level increases, band broadening, reduction of intensities, and peak loss were observed. Our Raman data are efficient in identifying shock levels and distinguishing planar features from PDFs and deformed twins, and differentiating amorphous areas from crystalline plagioclase, suggesting Raman spectroscopy as a useful tool for purposely selecting moderately to strongly shocked samples to return in future lunar missions. Our study can also help the interpretation of Raman data of impact materials from the past and future exploration missions and demonstrate the utility of Raman spectroscopy for documenting and selecting samples for future lunar missions.
Moderators of the sociocultural internalization -body dissatisfaction relationship among female undergraduates

The sociocultural model of eating pathology is an empirically-supported model explaining eating disorder etiology. The model poses that body dissatisfaction and subsequent eating pathology stems from the unrealistic standards formulated by Westernized society. Although the model has strong empirical support, variables within the model do not account for 100% of the variance in disordered eating. Thus, the current researcher attempted to explore potential moderating factors in the sociocultural model of eating disorders that may help to explain variance currently unaccounted for. In particular, the researcher focused on the relationship between sociocultural internalization and body dissatisfaction, given that this relationship has not been previously explored within the literature. Based on theoretical support, the researcher chose several potential variables to test, including perfectionism, neuroticism, body surveillance, and shame. Primary analyses tested each variable for moderating effects using hierarchical moderated regression, but no significant findings were shown. Results of post hoc analyses showed all variables had significant mediating effects, with the exception of self-oriented perfectionism. The discussion section addresses consistency with previous research, limitations of the present study, treatment implications and guidelines for future research.