Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1 2 3 4 Title : 5 How many dinosaur species were there ? 6 True richness estimated using a Poisson sampling model ( TRiPS ) 7 8

14 The fossil record is a rich source of information about biological diversity in the past. However, the fossil 15 record is not only incomplete but has inherent biases due to geological, physical, chemical and biological 16 factors such that not all individuals or species are equally likely to be discovered at any point in time or 17 space. In order to use the fossil record to reconstruct temporal dynamics of diversity, biased sampling 18 must be explicitly taken into account. Here, we introduce an approach that utilizes the variation in the 19 number of times each species is observed in the fossil record to estimate both sampling bias and true 20 richness. We term our technique TRiPS (True Richness estimated using a Poisson Sampling model) and 21 explore its robustness to violation of its assumptions via simulations before applying it to an empirical 22 dataset. We then venture to estimate sampling bias and absolute species richness of dinosaurs in the 23 geological stages of the Mesozoic. Using TRiPS, we present new estimates of species richness trajectories 24 of the three major dinosaur clades; the sauropods, ornithischians and theropods, casting doubt on the 25 Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction event and demonstrating that all dinosaur groups are subject to 26 considerable sampling bias throughout the Mesozoic. 27
Inventory and Working Capital Management: An Empirical Analysis

The working capital management refers to the management of working capital, or precisely to the management of current assets. A firm’s working capital consists of its investments in current assets, which includes short-term assets—cash and bank balance, inventories, receivable and marketable securities. Therefore, the working capital management refers to the management of the levels of all these individual current assets. On the other hand, inventory, which is one of the important elements of current assets, reflects the investment of a firm’s fund. Hence, it is necessary to efficiently manage inventories in order to avoid unnecessary investments. A firm, which neglects the management of inventories, will have to face serious problems relating to long-term profitability and may fail to survive. With the help of better inventory management, a firm can reduce the levels of inventories to a considerable degree e.g., 10 to 20% without any adverse effect on production and sales. Thus, inventory is a vital factor in business operations. This paper tries to evaluate the effect of the size of inventory and the impact on working capital through inventory ratios, working capital ratios, trends, computation of inventory and working capital, and liquidity ranking. Finally, it was found that the size of inventory directly affects working capital and it's management. Size of the inventory and working capital of Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) is properly managed and controlled compared to National Fertilizer Ltd. (NFL).
Accounting in crises or rises

The HIH Group failure has challenged the credibility of the accounting profession and various stakeholders in Australia have questioned the relevance of financial reporting for decision making. This paper examines the recent historical developments of the Australian accounting profession as a corporative association in a social setting and its ups and downs of authoritative influence in accounting standard setting and financial reporting. It then outlines the submissions made by the accounting profession, actuaries, and regulatory institutions in relation to the HIH Group failure. These deliberations are analysed in relation to the profession promoting functionally defined interests, offering stable compromises, to the questioning of the legitimacy of techniques and the demand to re-structure inevitable inequalities. Finally, the paper offers suggestions as to how the profession can reconstruct itself to regain its lost authority.
THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS WAKEFIELD EFFECT

In the Linear Colliders FEL projects ultra short bunches are foreseen to be used. In addition to usual wakefields, coming from irregularities in the chamber, these bunches excite fields in transporting lines and undulators due to the surface roughness. This effect can be large for the extruded tubes, usually used in accelerators. Based on computer results it is shown, that the roughness wakefield effect can be described by a simple model for the monopole and dipoles wakefields of a tube with thin dielectric coating.
On the Psychology of Experimental Surprises

Studies of the psychology of hindsight have shown that reporting the outcome of a historical event increases the perceived likelihood of that outcome. Three experiments show that similar hindsight effects occur when people evaluate the predictability of scientific results—they tend to believe they "knew all along" what the experiments would find. However, the hindsight effect was reduced by forcing people to consider how the research could otherwise have turned out. Implications for the evaluation of scientific research by lay observers are discussed.
Trend Mining for Predictive Product Design

The Preference Trend Mining (PTM) algorithm that is proposed in this work aims to address some fundamental challenges of current demand modeling techniques being employed in the product design community. The first contribution is a multistage predictive modeling approach that captures changes in consumer preferences (as they relate to product design) over time, hereby enabling design engineers to anticipate next generation product features before they become mainstream=unimportant. Because consumer preferences may exhibit monotonically increasing or decreasing, seasonal, or unobservable trends, we proposed employing a statistical trend detection technique to help detect time series attribute patterns. A time series exponential smoothing technique is then used to forecast future attribute trend patterns and generates a demand model that reflects emerging product preferences over time. The second contribution of this work is a novel classification scheme for attributes that have low predictive power and hence may be omitted from a predictive model. We propose classifying such attributes as either standard, nonstandard, or obsolete by assigning the appropriate classification based on the time series entropy values that an attribute exhibits. By modeling attribute irrelevance, design engineers can determine when to retire certain product features (deemed obsolete) or incorporate others into the actual product architecture (standard) while developing modules for those attributes exhibiting inconsistent patterns throughout time (nonstandard). Several time series data sets using publicly available data are used to validate the proposed preference trend mining model and compared it to traditional demand modeling techniques for predictive accuracy and ease of model generation. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004987]
Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease.

CONTEXT Metabolic changes and smoking are common among HIV patients and may confer increased cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rates and cardiovascular risk factors in HIV compared with non-HIV patients in two tertiary care hospitals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a health care system-based cohort study using a large data registry with 3,851 HIV and 1,044,589 non-HIV patients. AMI rates were determined among patients receiving longitudinal care between October 1, 1996, and June 30, 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was myocardial infarction, identified by International Classification of Diseases coding criteria. RESULTS AMI was identified in 189 HIV and 26,142 non-HIV patients. AMI rates per 1000 person-years were increased in HIV vs. non-HIV patients [11.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.58-12.68) vs. 6.98 (95% CI 6.89-7.06)]. The HIV cohort had significantly higher proportions of hypertension (21.2 vs. 15.9%), diabetes (11.5 vs. 6.6%), and dyslipidemia (23.3 vs. 17.6%) than the non-HIV cohort (P < 0.0001 for each comparison). The difference in AMI rates between HIV and non-HIV patients was significant, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.75 (95% CI 1.51-2.02; P < 0.0001), adjusting for age, gender, race, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. In gender-stratified models, the unadjusted AMI rates per 1000 person-years were higher for HIV patients among women (12.71 vs. 4.88 for HIV compared with non-HIV women), but not among men (10.48 vs. 11.44 for HIV compared with non-HIV men). The RRs (for HIV vs. non-HIV) were 2.98 (95% CI 2.33-3.75; P < 0.0001) for women and 1.40 (95% CI 1.16-1.67; P = 0.0003) for men, adjusting for age, gender, race, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. A limitation of this database is that it contains incomplete data on smoking. Smoking could not be included in the overall regression model, and some of the increased risk may be accounted for by differences in smoking rates. CONCLUSIONS AMI rates and cardiovascular risk factors were increased in HIV compared with non-HIV patients, particularly among women. Cardiac risk modification strategies are important for the long-term care of HIV patients.
The integration of values, skills and competences in quality education through the subject “Computer Science”

Students spend much of their time exposed to information and communication technology, which could positively or negatively affect the framework of their values. Given the importance of this fact, the research provides a critical examination of values, attitudes and skills that teachers believe should be integrated in Computer Science and Technology subjects. From the data provided by the participants, a classification of values is suggested. The sample consisted of 226 teachers who teach Computer Science and Technologies in 1st, 2nd and 3rd year of Secondary School (ESO). The findings of this empirical research show the relationships between the percentage of teachers who prefer the integration of certain values, attitudes and skills in teaching and the estimated mean assigned to these values. Furthermore, it was found that attitudes and individual capacities such as obedience, optimism and care for physical appearance, being careful and hardworking prevail, and that there is a limited presence and evaluation of social skills such as cooperation, teamwork, togetherness and solidarity. The results of this study could be used to design a more modern curriculum in line with reality, integrating values and technologies.
The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam - Era Veterans

In this paper we examine the civilian earnings experience of Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans between 1968 and 1977. Contrary to the results of other studies indicating sizable premiums for veterans of earlier wars but significant penalties for Vietnam veterans, we find only small overall differences between the earnings of Vietnam-era veterans and similar nonveterans. However, the absorption of veterans into the civilian labor market was slow, particularly during the early seventies. More detailed analysis shows that Vietnam-era veterans exhibited longitudinal earnings profiles which were initially lower but steeper than those of nonveterans, that veterans' relative earnings improved toward the end of this period, and that younger birth cohorts may have fared more poorly than older cohorts. Only those with less than a high school education consistently realized veteran premiums. We find no evidence that military service has benefited recent cohorts of nonwhite veterans.
Ecological effects of ocean acidification and habitat complexity on reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities

The ecological effects of ocean acidification (OA) from rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on benthic marine communities are largely unknown. We investigated in situ the consequences of long-term exposure to high CO2 on coral-reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities around three shallow volcanic CO2 seeps in Papua New Guinea. The densities of many groups and the number of taxa (classes and phyla) of macroinvertebrates were significantly reduced at elevated CO2 (425–1100 µatm) compared with control sites. However, sensitivities of some groups, including decapod crustaceans, ascidians and several echinoderms, contrasted with predictions of their physiological CO2 tolerances derived from laboratory experiments. High CO2 reduced the availability of structurally complex corals that are essential refugia for many reef-associated macroinvertebrates. This loss of habitat complexity was also associated with losses in many macroinvertebrate groups, especially predation-prone mobile taxa, including crustaceans and crinoids. The transition from living to dead coral as substratum and habitat further altered macroinvertebrate communities, with far more taxa losing than gaining in numbers. Our study shows that indirect ecological effects of OA (reduced habitat complexity) will complement its direct physiological effects and together with the loss of coral cover through climate change will severely affect macroinvertebrate communities in coral reefs.
Convergence Failures in Logistic Regression

A frequent problem in estimating logistic regression models is a failure of the likelihood maximization algorithm to converge. In most cases, this failure is a consequence of data patterns known as complete or quasi-complete separation. For these patterns, the maximum likelihood estimates simply do not exist. In this paper, I examine how and why complete or quasi-complete separation occur, and the effects they produce in output from SAS ® procedures. I then describe and evaluate several possible solutions.
Effects on visual recognition of combined and separate ablations of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex in rhesus monkeys

Performance on visual delayed nonmatching-to-sample was assessed in rhesus monkeys with combined and separate ablations of the perirhinal and entorhinal cortex, as well as in unoperated controls. Combined (i.e., rhinal cortex) lesions yielded a striking impairment on this task, one almost as severe as that seen after combined amygdalohippocampal removals that included some of this subjacent cortex (Mishkin, 1978; Murray and Mishkin, 1984). Ablations of the perirhinal cortex alone produced a deficit nearly as severe as that found after rhinal cortex lesions, whereas ablations of the entorhinal cortex alone produced only a mild deficit. Contrary to the conclusion from an earlier study (Murray and Mishkin, 1986), the present results demonstrate not only that damage limited to the rhinal cortex is sufficient to produce a severe loss in visual recognition, but also that such damage leads to a far greater loss than damage to any other single structure in the medial part of the temporal lobe.
Longitudinal Evidence on Financial Expectations in Albania

This paper focuses on the role of remittances on financial expectations in Albania using longitudinal data covering the period 2002-2004. To study the dynamics of income satisfaction at the household level, we use subjective data on past, current and future financial situations and estimate random and fixed effect ordered Probit models. We find that households are more optimistic about the future when they have experienced an improvement in their financial situation in the past and when they have received private transfers from foreign countries.
The Shadow Economy and Shadow Economy Labor Force: What Do We (Not) Know?

In this paper the main focus lies on the development and the size of the shadow economy and of undeclared work (or shadow economy labor force) in OECD, developing and transition countries. Besides informal employment in the rural and non-rural sector also other measures of informal employment like the share of employees not covered by social security, own account workers or unpaid family workers are shown. The most influential factors on the shadow economy and/or shadow labor force are tax policies and state regulation, which, if they rise, increase both. Furthermore the discussion of the recent literature underlines that economic opportunities, the overall situation on the labor market, and unemployment are crucial for an understanding of the dynamics of the shadow economy and especially the shadow labor force.
Taxes and Business Strategy: A Planning Approach

Chapter 1 Introduction to Tax Strategy Chapter 2 Tax Law Fundamentals Chapter 3 Returns on Alternative Savings Vehicles Chapter 4 Choosing the Optimal Organizational Form Chapter 5 Implicit Taxes and Clienteles, Arbitrage, Restrictions, and Frictions Chapter 6 Nontax Costs of Tax Planning Chapter 7 The Importance of Marginal Tax Rates and Dynamic Tax Planning Considerations Chapter 8 Compensation Planning Chapter 9 Pension and Retirement Planning Chapter 10 Multinational Tax Planning: Introduction and Investment Decisions Chapter 11 Multinational Tax Planning: Foreign Tax Credit Limitations and Income Shifting Chapter 12 Corporations: Formation, Operation, Capital Structure, and Liquidation Chapter 13 Introduction to Mergers, Acquisitions, and Divestitures Chapter 14 Taxable Acquisitions of Freestanding C Corporations Chapter 15 Taxable Acquisitions of S Corporations Chapter 16 Tax-Free Acquisitions of Freestanding C Corporations Chapter 17 Tax Planning for Divestitures Chapter 18 Estate and Gift Tax Planning
COST ANALYSIS OF SPECIALIZED MOTOR CARRIERS: AN INVESTIGATION OF AGGREGATION AND SPECIFICATION BIAS

This study addresses two major issues associated with estimation of cost conditions faced by specialized motor carriers. The first is the potential bias to cost parameters generated from aggregated carrier data. The second deals with whether the omission of a shipment composition variable in the model generates specification bias. Statistical test results generated by this study do not support the aggregation of dissimilar carrier groups. Indeed, cost elasticity estimates associated with measures of output heterogeneity are highly sensitive to whether or not the data are aggregated. Formal testing for specification bias finds that a measure of shipment composition is an important explanatory variable in cost estimations. Moreover, the presence of this variable in the model impacts the cost elasticity estimates associated with other measures of output heterogeneity. These conclusions help to resolve an ongoing debate in the literature about the proper methodology for empirical modeling of cost conditions in specialized carrier industries.
Economic Effects of Quality Regulations in the Daycare Industry

We estimate reduced form models to discern the effect of state regulation of the quality of center and family day care. Specifically, we consider the effects of the number of mandated inspections, limits on group size and staff/child ratio, and staff training requirements on equilibrium price and hours of care and the quality of care as measured by the actual staff/child ratio. The specification of the reduced form model is derived from an eight equation market model for wages and work hours, type of child care chosen, price and hours of care and a set of hedonic equations for the characteristics of care. The results indicate strongly that child care regulations do affect equilibrium price, hours of care, and staff/child ratios. Child care regulations are binding. In equilibrium, only regulations regarding staff training appear to have consistently desirable effects. Such regulations decrease equilibrium price and hours of care and increase the staff/child ratio for both centers and family day care. Regulations of group size and the staff/child ratio have significant effects, but the welfare implications of the effects are more ambiguous. Tax deductions and subsidies for child care have similarly ambiguous welfare effects. For example, households that take a tax deduction for child care pay higher prices for care, consume more hours of care and consume higher quality day care.
The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics: Lessons from Japan's Great Recession

Foreword. Chapter 1 What kind of recession has Japan been through? Chapter 2 Characteristics of balance sheet recessions that should be kept in mind during the recovery. Chapter 3 The Great Depression was also a balance sheet recession. Chapter 4 Monetary, foreign exchange, and fiscal policy during a balance sheet recession. Chapter 5 Yin and Yang economic cycles and the Holy Grail of macroeconomics. Chapter 6 Pressure of globalization. Chapter 7 Ongoing bubbles and balance sheet recessions. Chapter 8 World in Balance-Sheet Recession. Appendix: Thoughts on Walras and macroeconomics. Index.
Cognitive impairment in elderly women: the relative importance of selected genes, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities

Background A variety of factors contribute to the development of cognitive impairment in elderly people. Previous studies have focused upon a single or a few risk factors. In this study we assessed and compared the significance of a wide variety of potential risk factors for cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women. Methods A total of 208 pairs of elderly women (mean age = 73.2 years) were examined in a cross-sectional case-control study. Each pair consisted of a case (with impaired cognition) and a control subject matched by age and educational status. Cognitive functions were determined using a modified version of the Blessed test. Participants were also subjected to a general clinical examination and they were interviewed to collect information on lifestyle practices and comorbid disorders. Genotypes for the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val/Met, and brain-derived neurotropic growth factor (BDNF) Val/Met polymorphisms were determined. Data were analyzed by conditional logistic regression. Results We identified a set of risk factors for age-related cognitive impairment. A statistical model for assessment of the importance of these factors was constructed. The factors in this model were physical exercise (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32–0.78), regular alcohol consumption (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.29–0.83), metabolic syndrome (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.26–6.39), depression (OR = 3.24, 95% CI = 1.28–8.22), and the APOE epsilon4 allele (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.09–2.83). Also COMT genotype was present as a risk factor in the statistical model (p = 0.08). Conclusions Lifestyle risk factors, comorbid disorders, and genetic factors contribute to development of age-related cognitive impairment. The two former groups of risk factors appear to be particular important in this respect.
On correlations between dual-polarized base station antennas

Several diversity techniques employing multiple antennas in the base station have been developed for mobile communication systems. However, the performance of diversity methods strongly depends on the correlation between antenna elements. When multiple copolarized antennas are used in base station, the practical factor limiting the number of diversity branches is the required antenna separation, because large antenna separation makes the antenna array unfavourable large while small antenna separation may result in high correlations between the antennas. Therefore, dual-polarized antennas are commonly used to implement two diversity branches. If more than two diversity branches are needed, spatially separated dual-polarized antennas provide an attractive solution alternative. In this paper we propose a model for calculating the correlations between the cross and copolarized antennas when employing spatially separated dual-polarized antennas with nominal /spl plusmn/45/spl deg/ inclination to vertical linear polarization. Results are of theoretical nature and show the relationship between base station antenna correlations and the properties of the physical channel, base station, and mobile station antennas.