Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Continued Use of Crowdsourcing Systems: An Interpretive Study

Crowdsourcing as a model for distributed problem solving has been rapidly gaining in popularity. In investigating what drives the solvers to participate in crowdsourcing, the extant research has one-dimensionally only viewed the origins of motivation. While these studies have revealed that crowdsourcing systems' use is driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, they fall short of explaining how these motivations change over time from initial to continued use. To address this research gap, our study highlights the dynamic nature of human motivation and shows that by including the aims of motivation in the analysis, we can better capture the dynamic nature of motivation across time. With a case study of a photography crowdsourcing platform, we illustrate how the solvers' motivations change from the initial use to sustained participation. While initial use seems to be inspired by selfish motivations, continued use requires both selfish and social motivations to be satisfied. This study contributes to theory by extending our understanding of the motivational factors driving the use of crowdsourcing systems by looking into both the origins and the aims of motivation together with the temporal dimension. It also contributes to practice by providing suggestions in terms of communication strategies for crowdsourcing organizers.
Jamming-aware minimum energy routing in wireless networks

The effectiveness and straightforward implementation of physical layer jammers make them an essential security threat for wireless networks. In this paper, reliable communication in a wireless multi-hop network in the presence of multiple malicious jammers is considered. Since energy consumption is an important issue in wireless ad hoc networks, minimum energy routing with and without security constraints has received significant attention in the literature; however, energy-aware routing in the presence of active adversary (jammers) has not been considered. We propose an efficient algorithm for minimum energy routing between a source and a destination in the presence of both static and dynamic malicious jammers such that an end-to-end probability of outage is guaranteed. The percentage of energy saved by the proposed method with respect to a shortest path routing benchmark is evaluated. It is shown that the amount of energy saved, especially in terrestrial wireless networks with path-loss exponents greater than two, is substantial.
Neurocognitive differences between pedophilic and nonpedophilic child molesters

Abstract Although some evidence exists that child molesters may be characterized by structural and functional brain abnormalities, findings across studies are inconsistent. Past cognitive research in this area has been extensively criticized for relying on conceptually weak batteries, measures of questionable reliability, and poorly defined samples (i.e., failing to distinguish between pedophilic and nonpedophilic child molesters). The present study aimed to address the weaknesses of past research by comparing 40 child molesters (20 pedophilic and 20 nonpedophilic) and 20 demographically matched nonoffender controls on six well-defined neurocognitive composite scores of comparable reliability (i.e., semantic knowledge, executive functioning, processing speed, motor speed, auditory memory, and visual memory). Results indicated that pedophilic child molesters exhibit slower processing speed, nonpedophilic child molesters exhibit poorer semantic knowledge, and both molester groups exhibit executive weaknesses as compared to nonoffender controls. This study is the first to compare the two molester types on neurocognitive functions. The observed differences between the molester groups help explain inconsistencies in past research and demonstrate the need to distinguish between the two types of child molesters when studying neurobiologic underpinnings of sexual offending. (JINS, 2009, 15, 248–257.)
Education Nation: Six Leading Edges of Innovation in our Schools

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix FOREWORD BY GEORGE LUCAS xi PREFACE: MY LEARNING JOURNEY: FROM THE LONGEST STREET IN THEWORLD TO A GALAXY LONG AGO AND FAR, FAR AWAY xv Introduction: The Vision of an Education Nation 1 1 The Thinking Edge: Getting Smarter About Learning 11 2 The Curriculum Edge: Real Learning and Authentic Assessment 35 3 The Technology Edge: PuttingModern Tools in Young Hands 87 4 The Time/Place Edge: Learning Any Time, Anywhere 139 5 The Co-Teaching Edge: Teachers, Experts, and Parents as Coeducators 189 6 The Youth Edge: Digital Learners Carrying Change in Their Pockets 213 AFTERWORD: TOMORROW'S EDGE, A 2020 VISION 241 NOTES 254 SELECTED WEB SITES 268 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 275 INDEX 277
Governmentalities of an Airport: Heterotopia and Confession

Airports are barometers of the balance between mobility and security sought by governments, industry, and the traveling public. This article examines this dynamic at a Canadian international airport, evaluating the legal and practical elements of the policing of movement with this crucial site of politics. Using two under-studied concepts from Foucault, the heterotopia and the confessionary complex, it is illustrated how contemporary aviation security arrangements are dependent on both the exceptional nature of the airport and the predisposition of citizens to confess in the face of agents of the state.
ROLe Of beVacizumab iN NewLy diagNOsed gLiObLastOma

Chemoradiation (CRT) with temozolomide (TMZ/CRT+TMZ) is the standard of care for newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM). This phase III trial, conducted by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), evaluated whether adding bevacizumab (Bev) to standard CRT improves overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS) in this patient population. Neurologically stable patients older than 18 years with Karnofsky performance score (KPS) ≥60 and >1cm tumour tissue block were randomized to standard CRT plus placebo (Arm 1) or standard CRT plus intravenous Bev 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks (Arm 2). Experimental treatment began at week 4 of radiation and then through 6 to 12 cycles of maintenance chemotherapy. Primary endpoints were OS and PFS, with significance levels of 0.023 and 0.002, respectively. At progression, treatment was unblinded and patients were allowed to cross over or continue Bev. Symptom, quality of life (QOL) and neurocognitive (NCF) testing was performed in most patients. Secondary analyses evaluated impact of methylguanine-methyltransferase enzyme (MGMT) methylation (meth) and prognostic 9-gene signature status. Out of 978 registered patients, 637 were randomized. Inadequate tissue (n=105) and blood on imaging (n=40) were key reasons for nonrandomization. No difference was found between Arm 1 and Arm 2 for OS (median 16.1 vs 15.7 months; p=0.11). PFS was extended for Arm 2 (10.7 months vs 7.3 months in Arm 1; p=0.004). Patients with MGMT meth had superior OS (23.2 vs 14.3 months; p<0.001) and PFS (14.1 vs 8.2 months; p<0.001). Neither the 9-gene signature nor MGMT predicted selective benefit for Bev treatment, but best-prognosis patients (MGMT meth, favourable 9-gene) had a worse survival trend with Bev (15.7 vs 25 months; p=0.08). To date, 128 patients were unblinded on Arm 1 (salvage Bev in 86) and 87 patients on Arm 2 (continued Bev in 39). Increased grade ≥3 toxicity was seen with Bev, mostly neutropenia, hypertension and deep vein thrombi/pulmonary embolism (DVT/PE). The authors concluded that the addition of Bev did not improve OS for newly diagnosed GBM patients; while it did improve PFS, this did not reach the significance criterion. MGMT and 9-gene profile did not identify selective benefit, but risk subset results suggested strongly against the upfront use of Bev in the best-prognosis patients. Full interpretation of the PFS results incorporating symptom burden, QOL and NCF is ongoing.
Methods for class prediction with high-dimensional gene expression data

An increasing amount of genomic data has become available. The work deals with class prediction with highdimensional gene expression data. Combining gene expression data with other data can improve the prediction of disease prognosis. The main part of the work is aimed at combining gene expression data with clinical data. We use logistic regression models that can be built through various regularized techniques. Generalized linear models enable us to combine models with different structure of data. It is shown that such a combination may yield more accurate predictions than those obtained based on the use of gene expression or clinical data alone. Suggested approaches are not computationally intensive.
Access to kidney transplantation among remote- and rural-dwelling patients with kidney failure in the United States.

CONTEXT US residents with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may live far away from the closest transplant center, which could compromise their access to kidney transplantation. OBJECTIVE To assess access to kidney transplantation as a function of distance from the closest transplant center or as a function of rural rather than urban residence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Observational study of 699,751 adult patients with kidney failure who had initiated renal replacement in the United States between 1995 and 2007 and were thus placed on a prospective mandatory registry list. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time to placement on the kidney transplant waiting list and time to kidney transplantation, both measured at the start of renal replacement. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 2.0 years (range, 0.0-12.5 years), 122,785 (17.5%) patients received a kidney transplant. Median distance to the closest transplant center was 15 miles. Participants were classified into distance categories by miles from a transplant center with 0 to 15 miles serving as the referent category. Compared with the referent category, the adjusted hazard ratios of deceased or living donor transplantation within each category follows: 16 to 50 miles, 1.03 (95% CI, 1.02-1.05); 51 to 100 miles, 1.11 (95% CI, 1.09-1.12); 101 to 136 miles, 1.14 (95% CI, 1.11-1.17); 137 to 231 miles, 1.16 (95% CI, 1.13-1.20); 232 to 310 miles, 1.20 (95% CI, 1.12-1.28); and more than 310 miles, 1.16 (95% CI, 1.09-1.23). When residence location was classified using rural-urban commuter areas, 79.6% of patients lived in urban; 10.3%, micropolitan; and 10.0%, rural areas. Compared with those living in metropolitan areas, the adjusted hazard ratios of deceased or living donor transplantation among patients residing in micropolitan communities was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.11-1.15) and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.13-1.18) for rural areas. Results were similar for both deceased donor and living donor transplantation and were consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Remote or rural residence was not associated with increased time to kidney transplantation among people treated for ESRD in the United States.
Explaining Marijuana Use Among Turkish Juveniles: A Test of Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory

Marijuana is the most prevalent illicit drug used in the world and among Turkish juveniles. Although studies have examined marijuana use among Turkish juveniles, none has tested Hirschi's social bonding theory, one of the most frequently tested and applied criminological theories in the United States and other Western and developed countries. This study investigated the empirical validity and generalizability of Hirschi's theory to juveniles' marijuana use in Turkey, a non-Western and developing country. Data on 2,740 Turkish tenth grade students from the 2006 Youth in Europe survey were used. Results from binary logistic regression analyses were generally consistent with the propositions of Hirschi's theory and the findings of previous empirical studies. Regarding the attachment component of the theory, Turkish juveniles who lived in two-parent families and those who were closely monitored by their parents were less likely to have tried marijuana. In addition, teens who were strongly attached to their school and religion were also less likely to have used the drug. As for the commitment component, language grade was negatively associated with marijuana use. None of the involvement items had significant effects on marijuana use in the predicted direction. Participation in club sports had a positive effect on marijuana use. Belief items, such as acceptance of societal norms, values, and rules, had the predicted inhibiting effects on teens' marijuana use. Of the six sociodemographic/controls included in the analyses, only gender had a significant effect; male students were more likely to have tried marijuana than the female peers. Policy implications of the results for adolescents, parents, and schools are discussed.
Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research

Summary Generational differences in the workplace have been a popular topic over the past two decades, generating a volume of articles, book chapters and books. We critically review the research evidence concerning generational differences in a variety of work-related variables, including personality, work values, work attitudes, leadership, teamwork, work–life balance and career patterns, assess its strengths and limitations, and provide directions for future research and theory. Our review indicates that the growing body of research, particularly in the past 5 years, remains largely descriptive, rather than exploring the theoretical underpinnings of the generation construct. Evidence to date is fractured, contradictory and fraught with methodological inconsistencies that make generalizations difficult. The results of time-lag, cross-temporal meta-analytic and cross-sectional studies provide sufficient “proof of concept” for generation as a workplace variable, but further theoretical and qualitative work is needed to flesh out mediators and moderators in the relationship between generation and work-related variables. We conclude by arguing for a more nuanced and theoretical research agenda that views generation as a social force in organizations rather than as merely a demographic variable. We also call for qualitative research, greater consideration of context and more methodological rigor. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease

SUMMARY Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen identified as a virus. Recent FMD outbreaks in developed countries and their significant economic impact have increased the concern of governments worldwide. This review describes the reemergence of FMD in developed countries that had been disease free for many years and the effect that this has had on disease control strategies. The etiologic agent, FMD virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is examined in detail at the genetic, structural, and biochemical levels and in terms of its antigenic diversity. The virus replication cycle, including virus-receptor interactions as well as unique aspects of virus translation and shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis, is discussed. This information has been the basis for the development of improved protocols to rapidly identify disease outbreaks, to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals, and to begin to identify and test novel vaccine candidates. Furthermore, this knowledge, coupled with the ability to manipulate FMDV genomes at the molecular level, has provided the framework for examination of disease pathogenesis and the development of a more complete understanding of the virus and host factors involved.
Beyond emotions: A meta-analysis of neural response within face processing system in social anxiety

Patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) experience anxiety and avoidance in face-to-face interactions. We performed a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in SAD to provide a comprehensive understanding of the neural underpinnings of face perception in this disorder. To this purpose, we adopted an innovative approach, asking authors for unpublished data. This is a common procedure for behavioral meta-analyses, which, however has never been used in neuroimaging studies. We searched Pubmed with the key words “Social Anxiety AND faces” and “Social Phobia AND faces. ” Then, we selected those fMRI studies for which we were able to obtain data for the comparison between SAD and healthy controls (HC) in a face perception task, either from the published papers or from the authors themselves. In this way, we obtained 23 studies (totaling 449 SAD and 424 HC individuals). We identified significant clusters in which faces evoked a higher response in SAD in bilateral amygdala, globus pallidus, superior temporal sulcus, visual cortex, and prefrontal cortex. We also found a higher activity for HC in the lingual gyrus and in the posterior cingulate. Our findings show that altered neural response to face in SAD is not limited to emotional structures but involves a complex network. These results may have implications for the understanding of SAD pathophysiology, as they suggest that a dysfunctional face perception process may bias patient person-to-person interactions.
Interpretation and Identification of Causal Mediation

This article reviews the foundations of causal mediation analysis and offers a general and transparent account of the conditions necessary for the identification of natural direct and indirect effects, thus facilitating a more informed judgment of the plausibility of these conditions in specific applications. I show that the conditions usually cited in the literature are overly restrictive and can be relaxed substantially without compromising identification. In particular, I show that natural effects can be identified by methods that go beyond standard adjustment for confounders, applicable to observational studies in which treatment assignment remains confounded with the mediator or with the outcome. These identification conditions can be validated algorithmically from the diagrammatic description of one's model and are guaranteed to produce unbiased results whenever the description is correct. The identification conditions can be further relaxed in parametric models, possibly including interactions, and permit one to compare the relative importance of several pathways, mediated by interdependent variables.
Keeping the Faith: The Impact of Human Services Restructuring on Catholic Social Welfare Services

Church related agencies are major providers of community services in Australia (Lyons, 2001:34-35). While the history of church related welfare service provision is not well known in Australia it is asserted that many have a long tradition of outreach and service provision to marginalised groups regardless of the government social policy of the day (ACSWC, 2000; Mendes, 2003). This paper examines the current environment of human services restructuring and the impact of the shift to contractualism on one church related provider: Catholic social welfare provision in Australia. It explores the significance of the church's social teachings and history on concerns that service innovation, diversity and advocacy are currently under threat. Finally it calls for greater appreciation of the distinctive contribution of church related agencies and what they have to offer in service delivery and as contributors to the social policy discourse.
Stroke plane deviation for a microrobotic fly

Wing motion in most flapping-wing micro air vehicles (MAVs) is restricted to a flat stroke plane in order to simplify analysis and mechanism design. An MAV actuation and transmission design capable of controlling flapping motions and deviations from the mean stroke plane using relatively simple modifications to a proven design is presented. This allows preliminary investigation into more power-efficient wing trajectories, an important concern for small MAVs. A theoretical quasi-steady model of flapping wing flight is used to predict wing motions, and these predicted trajectories are compared to empirically observed trajectories from a test device. The ratio of average lift to average aerodynamic power is used as an efficiency metric to compare stroke trajectories.
DEVELOPMENT AND RECOVERABILITY OF L2 CODAS

This study deals with the development and recoverability of word-final codas in Chinese-Swedish interlanguage. The relation between consonant deletion and vowel epenthesis is investigated from both a developmental perspective and a grammatical-functional one. Longitudinal, conversational data from three Chinese beginner learners of Swedish were analyzed. First, it is shown that for these learners the acquisition of Swedish codas was U-shaped rather than linear such that they exhibited relatively high accuracy rates at early stages, lower accuracy rates at later stages, and again high accuracy rates at more advanced stages. It is also demonstrated that the epenthesis-deletion differential is closely related to second language proficiency in that the proportion of epenthesis to deletion errors increases over time. Furthermore, the data show that word-final codas that are relatively important for the retention of semantically relevant information generate lower overall frequencies of simplification and greater epenthesis-deletion proportions than codas containing information that is relatively recoverable from other segments or features in the context.
M30 Neoepitope Expression in Epithelial Cancer: Quantification of Apoptosis in Circulating Tumor Cells by CellSearch Analysis

Purpose: This study aimed to detect the M30 neoepitope on circulating tumor cells (CTC) as a tool for quantifying apoptotic CTC throughout disease course and treatment. Experimental Design: An automated sample preparation and analysis platform for computing CTC (CellSearch) was integrated with a monoclonal antibody (M30) targeting a neoepitope disclosed by caspase cleavage at cytokeratin 18 (CK18) in early apoptosis. The assay was validated using cell lines and blood samples from healthy volunteers and patients with epithelial cancer. Results: M30-positive CTC could be detected in >70% of CTC-positive carcinoma patients, which were free for both chemotherapy and radiologic treatments. The fraction of M30-positive CTC varied from 50% to 80%, depending on the histotype. To investigate the potential application of the M30 CTC assay for the evaluation of response in early phase trials, CTC and M30-positive CTC were enumerated in a small case series of breast cancer patients during treatment. Results indicate that changes in the balance of M30-negative/positive CTC may be used as a dynamic parameter indicating an active disease, as documented by consistent radiologic findings. Conclusions: M30 expression on CTC is detectable by immunofluorescence. The M30-integrated test has potential for monitoring dynamic changes in the quote of apoptotic CTC (in addition to CTC count) to evaluate response in clinical trials of molecularly targeted anticancer therapeutics as well as for translational research, in which there is a pressing need for informative circulating biomarkers. Clin Cancer Res; 16(21); 5233–43. ©2010 AACR.
The Automated Acquisition of Topic Signatures for Text Summarization

In order to produce a good summary, one has to identify the most relevant portions of a given text. We describe in this paper a method for automatically training topic signatures-sets of related words, with associated weights, organized around head topics and illustrate with signatures we created with 6,194 TREC collection texts over 4 selected topics. We describe the possible integration of topic signatures with outologies and its evaluaton on an automated text summarization system.