Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of interventions to provide culturally appropriate maternity care in increasing uptake of skilled maternity care: a systematic review

Addressing cultural factors that affect uptake of skilled maternity care is recognized as an important step in improving maternal and newborn health. This article describes a systematic review to examine the evidence available on the effects of interventions to provide culturally appropriate maternity care on the use of skilled maternity care during pregnancy, for birth or in the postpartum period. Items published in English, French and/or Spanish between 1 January 1990 and 31 March 2014 were considered. Fifteen studies describing a range of interventions met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted on population and intervention characteristics; study design; definitions and data for relevant outcomes; and the contexts and conditions in which interventions occurred. Because most of the included studies focus on antenatal care outcomes, evidence of impact is particularly limited for care seeking for birth and after birth. Evidence in this review is clustered within a small number of countries, and evidence from low- and middle-income countries is notably lacking. Interventions largely had positive effects on uptake of skilled maternity care. Cultural factors are often not the sole factor affecting populations’ use of maternity care services. Broader social, economic, geographical and political factors interacted with cultural factors to affect targeted populations’ access to services in included studies. Programmes and policies should seek to establish an enabling environment and support respectful dialogue with communities to improve use of skilled maternity care. Whilst issues of culture are being recognized by programmes and researchers as being important, interventions that explicitly incorporate issues of culture are rarely evaluated.
On‐line confocal imaging of the events leading to structural dedifferentiation of an axonal segment into a growth cone after axotomy

The transformation of a transected axonal tip into a growth cone (GC) after axotomy is a critical step in the cascade of events leading to regeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying it are largely unknown. In earlier studies we reported that axotomy of cultured Aplysia neurons leads to a transient and local increase in the free intracellular Ca2+ concentration, calpain activation, and localized proteolysis of the submembranal spectrin. In a recent ultrastructural study, we reported that calpain activation is critical for the restructuring of the microtubules and neurofilaments at the cut axonal end to form a compartment in which vesicles accumulate. By using on‐line confocal imaging of microtubules (MTs), actin, and vesicles in cultured Aplysia neurons, we studied the kinetics of the transformation and examined some of the mechanisms that orchestrate it. We report that perturbation of the MTs' polymerization by nocodazole inhibits the formation of an MT‐based compartment in which the vesicles accumulate, yet actin repolymerization proceeds normally to form a nascent GC's lamellipodium. Nevertheless, under these conditions, the lamellipodium fails to expand and form neurites. When actin filament polymerization is inhibited by cytochalasin D or jasplakinolide, the MT‐based compartment is formed and vesicles accumulate at the cut axonal end. However, a GC's lamellipodium is not formed, and the cut axonal end fails to regenerate. A growth‐competent GC is formed only when MT restructuring, the accumulation of vesicles, and actin polymerization properly converge in time and space. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:705–720, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The L2 Minor Capsid Protein of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Interacts with a Network of Nuclear Import Receptors

ABSTRACT The L2 minor capsid proteins enter the nucleus twice during viral infection: in the initial phase after virion disassembly and in the productive phase when, together with the L1 major capsid proteins, they assemble the replicated viral DNA into virions. In this study we investigated the interactions between the L2 protein of high-risk human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and nuclear import receptors. We discovered that HPV16 L2 interacts directly with both Kapβ2 and Kapβ3. Moreover, binding of Ran-GTP to either Kapβ2 or Kapβ3 inhibits its interaction with L2, suggesting that the Kapβ/L2 complex is import competent. In addition, we found that L2 forms a complex with the Kapα2β1 heterodimer via interaction with the Kapα2 adapter. In agreement with the binding data, nuclear import of L2 in digitonin-permeabilized cells could be mediated by either Kapα2β1 heterodimers, Kapβ2, or Kapβ3. Mapping studies revealed that HPV16 L2 contains two nuclear localization signals (NLSs), in the N terminus (nNLS) and C terminus (cNLS), that could mediate its nuclear import. Together the data suggest that HPV16 L2 interacts via its NLSs with a network of karyopherins and can enter the nucleus via several import pathways mediated by Kapα2β1 heterodimers, Kapβ2, and Kapβ3.
Behavioral profiles : A corpus-based perspective on synonymy and antonymy

1 Introduction 1.1 Two empirical perspectives in the study of synonymy and antonymy The domain of linguistics that has arguably been studied most from a corpus-linguistic perspective is lexical, or even lexicographical, semantics. Already the early work of pioneers such as Firth and Sinclair has paved the way for the study of lexical items, their distribution, and what their distribution reveals about their semantics and pragmatics / discourse function(s). A particularly fruitful area has been the study of (near) synonyms; 1 probably every corpus linguist has come across the specific example of strong and powerful – the fact that one would say strong tea but not powerful tea – as well as the general approach of studying synonyms on the basis of their distributional characteristics. However, while synonymy is probably the most frequently corpus-linguistically studied lexical relation, there is by now also quite some corpus-based work on its counterpart relation, antonymy, and we will briefly discuss examples of both below. The study of the semantics of lexical items quite obviously presupposes two central concepts. First, one requires a notion of what it means to know a word, and for reasons that we will elaborate on more below, we follow here an approach by Miller and Charles (1991), who proposed the notion of a contextual representation, which is: • " knowledge of how that word is used " (p. 4; cf. also Miller 1999); • " some abstraction or generalisation derived from the contexts that have been encountered " (p. 5); • " a mental representation of the contexts in which the word occurs, a representation that includes all of the syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic information required to use the word appropriately. " (p. 26). Second, one requires some kind of scale or, more likely, multidimensional space of semantic similarity along/within which words or, more precisely, concepts or
Preprocessing-Free Gear Fault Diagnosis Using Small Datasets With Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Transfer Learning

Early diagnosis of gear transmission has been a significant challenge, because gear faults occur primarily at microstructure or even material level but their effects can only be observed indirectly at a system level. The performance of a gear fault diagnosis system depends significantly on the features extracted and the classifier subsequently applied. Traditionally, fault-related features are extracted and identified based on domain expertise through data preprocessing which are system-specific and may not be easily generalized. On the other hand, although recently the deep neural networks based approaches featuring adaptive feature extractions and inherent classifications have attracted attention, they usually require a substantial set of training data. Aiming at tackling these issues, this paper presents a deep convolutional neural network-based transfer learning approach. The proposed transfer learning architecture consists of two parts; the first part is constructed with a pre-trained deep neural network that serves to extract the features automatically from the input, and the second part is a fully connected stage to classify the features that needs to be trained using gear fault experimental data. Case analyses using experimental data from a benchmark gear system indicate that the proposed approach not only entertains preprocessing free adaptive feature extractions, but also requires only a small set of training data.
A novel integrated PCA and FLD method on hyperspectral image feature extraction for cucumber chilling damage inspection

High-resolution hyperspectral imaging (HSI) provides an abundance of spectral data for feature analysis in image processing. Usually, the amount of information contained in hyperspectral images is excessive and redundant, and data mining for waveband selection is needed. In applications such as fruit and vegetable defect inspections, effective spectral combination and data fusing methods are required in order to select a few optimal wavelengths without losing the crucial information in the original hyperspectral data. In this article, we present a novel method that combines principal component analysis (PCA) and Fisher’s linear discriminant (FLD) method to show that the hybrid PCA-FLD method maximizes the representation and classification effects on the extracted new feature bands. The method is applied to the detection of chilling injury on cucumbers. Based on tests on different types of samples, results show that this new integrated PCA-FLD method outperforms the PCA and FLD methods when they are used separately for classifications. This method adds a new tool for the multivariate analysis of hyperspectral images and can be extended to other hyperspectral imaging applications for fruit and vegetable safety and quality inspections.
Efficacy of Methoprene Applied at Different Temperatures and Rates on Surface Substrates to Control Eggs and Fifth Instars of Plodia interpunctella

ABSTRACT A series of studies was conducted to determine the effects of temperature on toxicity of the insect growth regulator methoprene to eggs and larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), the Indianmeal moth. When methoprene was applied to Kraft paper at the rate of 0.0003 mg of active ingredient [(AI)]/cm2, there was little direct toxicity against eggs of P. interpunctella, and temperature did not affect insecticide efficacy. Similarly, exposure of eggs on a paperboard surface treated with different rates of methoprene resulted in delayed adult emergence but not a reduction in adult emergence. However, wandering-phase larvae of P. interpuctella were susceptible to methoprene, and exposure of larvae for 0.5, 1, and 2 h on different packaging materials resulted in reduced adult emergence. There was variation in emergence depending on the specific surface, but temperature had no effect on resulting adult emergence from exposed larvae. A partial budget analysis described treatment costs and reduction of risks associated with control of eggs and larvae of P. interpunctella. Results indicate methoprene could be used in management programs to control larvae of P. interpunctella, but eggs may be able to compensate for exposure to methoprene residues on treated surfaces.
A Novel Anonymous Communication Strategy with Respect to Payment Mechanism

Anonymous communication systems are vulnerable to free-riders who use the systems while provide little or no service to other users in the systems. An anonymous communication strategy is proposed to promote and encourage participants to provide service to the systems. We analyze the number of coins that a sender uses to pay for the peers on its anonymous route, and propose a new measure in the payment mechanism that is suitable to a next-hop anonymous system. Theoretical analysis shows that the system with the new payment mechanism promotes anonymous communication effectively while it keeps the system performance comparable to the existing anonymous systems such as Crowds. Moreover, the new system avoids the drawback of existing anonymous systems that enforces no upper bound on the length of anonymous routes.
Synthesizing Training Data for Object Detection in Indoor Scenes

Detection of objects in cluttered indoor environments is one of the key enabling functionalities for service robots. The best performing object detection approaches in computer vision exploit deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to simultaneously detect and categorize the objects of interest in cluttered scenes. Training of such models typically requires large amounts of annotated training data which is time consuming and costly to obtain. In this work we explore the ability of using synthetically generated composite images for training state-of-the-art object detectors, especially for object instance detection. We superimpose 2D images of textured object models into images of real environments at variety of locations and scales. Our experiments evaluate different superimposition strategies ranging from purely image-based blending all the way to depth and semantics informed positioning of the object models into real scenes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these object detector training strategies on two publicly available datasets, the GMU-Kitchens and the Washington RGB-D Scenes v2. As one observation, augmenting some hand-labeled training data with synthetic examples carefully composed onto scenes yields object detectors with comparable performance to using much more hand-labeled data. Broadly, this work charts new opportunities for training detectors for new objects by exploiting existing object model repositories in either a purely automatic fashion or with only a very small number of human-annotated examples.
1 Therapeutics , Targets , and Chemical Biology Q 1 2 Temporary Disruption of the Blood – Brain Barrier by Use of 3 UltrasoundandMicrobubbles : Safety andEf fi cacyEvaluation 4 in Rhesus Macaques Q 2 5 6

7 Abstract 8 The blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents entry of most drugs into the brain and is a major hurdle to the use of 9 drugs for brain tumors and other central nervous system disorders. Work in small animals has shown that 10 ultrasound combined with an intravenously circulating microbubble agent can temporarily permeabilize the 11 BBB. Here, we evaluated whether this targeted drug delivery method can be applied safely, reliably, and in a 12 controlled manner on rhesus macaques using a focused ultrasound system. We identified a clear safety window 13 during which BBB disruption could be produced without evident tissue damage, and the acoustic pressure 14 amplitude where the probability for BBB disruption was 50% and was found to be half of the value that would 15 produce tissue damage. Acoustic emission measurements seem promising for predicting BBB disruption and 16 damage. In addition, we conducted repeated BBB disruption to central visual field targets over several weeks in 17 animals trained to conduct complex visual acuity tasks. All animals recovered from each session without 18 behavioral deficits, visual deficits, or loss in visual acuity. Together, our findings show that BBB disruption can be 19 reliably and repeatedly produced without evident histologic or functional damage in a clinically relevant animal 20 model using a clinical device. These results therefore support clinical testing of this noninvasive-targeted drug 21 delivery method. Cancer Res; 1–12. 2012 AACR. 22 23 24
N-WASp is required for Schwann cell cytoskeletal dynamics, normal myelin gene expression and peripheral nerve myelination

Schwann cells elaborate myelin sheaths around axons by spirally wrapping and compacting their plasma membranes. Although actin remodeling plays a crucial role in this process, the effectors that modulate the Schwann cell cytoskeleton are poorly defined. Here, we show that the actin cytoskeletal regulator, neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASp), is upregulated in myelinating Schwann cells coincident with myelin elaboration. When N-WASp is conditionally deleted in Schwann cells at the onset of myelination, the cells continue to ensheath axons but fail to extend processes circumferentially to elaborate myelin. Myelin-related gene expression is also severely reduced in the N-WASp-deficient cells and in vitro process and lamellipodia formation are disrupted. Although affected mice demonstrate obvious motor deficits these do not appear to progress, the mutant animals achieving normal body weights and living to advanced age. Our observations demonstrate that N-WASp plays an essential role in Schwann cell maturation and myelin formation.
Neighborhoods at Risk: Estimating Risk of Higher Neisseria gonorrhoeae Incidence Among Women at the Census Tract Level

Background The association between area-based social factors and sexually transmitted diseases has been demonstrated in numerous studies. Such associations have not previously been explored for their potential to quantify likelihood of higher transmission of gonorrhea in small geographic areas. Methods Aggregate census tract-level sociodemographic factors in 4 domains (demographics, educational attainment, household income, and housing characteristics) were merged with female gonorrhea incidence data from 113 counties in 10 US states. Multivariate models were constructed, and a tract-level composite gonorrhea risk index was calculated. This composite risk index was validated against gonorrhea incidence among women from 2 independent states. Results Seven tract-level factors were found to be most strongly correlated with female gonorrhea incidence: educational attainment, proportion of female headed households, annual household income below US $20,000, proportion of population non-Hispanic black, proportion of housing units currently vacant, proportion of population reporting moving in last year, and proportion of households that are nonfamily units. Composite index was highly correlated with female gonorrhea in the study area and validated with independent data. Conclusions Social factors predict gonorrhea incidence at the census tract level and identify small areas at risk for higher morbidity. These data may be used by health departments and health care practices to develop geographically based disease prevention and control efforts. This is especially useful because gonorrhea incidence data are not routinely available below the county level in many states.
High variability in results of semen analysis in andrology laboratories in Tuscany (Italy): the experience of an external quality control (EQC) programme

We report the results of the first three trials of an external quality control (EQC) programme performed in 71 laboratories executing semen analysis in Tuscany Region (Italy). At the end of the second trial, participants were invited to attend a teaching course illustrating and inviting to adhere to procedures recommended by WHO (V edition). Results of the first three trials of the EQC documented a huge variability in the procedures and the results. The highest variability was found for morphology (CV above 80% for all the trials), followed by count (CV of about 60% for all the trials) and motility (CV below 30% for all the trials). When results of sperm count and morphology were divided according to the used method, mean CV values did not show significant differences. CV for morphology dropped significantly at the third trial for most methods, indicating the usefulness of the teaching course for morphology assessment. Conversely, no differences were observed after the course for motility and for most methods to evaluate count, although CV values were lower at the second and third trial for the laboratories using the Burker cytometer. When results were divided according to tertiles of activity, the lowest mean bias values (difference between each laboratory result and the median value of the results) for count and morphology were observed for laboratories in the third tertile (performing over 200 semen analysis/year). Of interest, mean bias values for concentration dropped significantly at the third trial for low activity laboratories. In conclusion, lack of agreement of results of semen analysis in Tuscany is mainly because of the activity and the experience of the laboratory. Our study points out the importance of participating in EQC programmes and periodical teaching courses as well as the use of WHO recommended standardized procedures to increase precision and to allow the use of WHO reference values.
Comparison of a broad-based screen versus disorder-specific screen in detecting young children with an autism spectrum disorder

The goals of our study were to (a) compare agreement between autism spectrum disorder diagnosis and outcome of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status in a sample of toddlers and (b) examine specific concerns noted for toddlers who screened negative on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers or Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status but were later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Participants were administered the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status during well-child visits. Families were invited for a clinical evaluation if autism spectrum disorder symptoms were noted on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers Follow-Up Interview or if autism spectrum disorder concerns were noted by the pediatrician. Fifty-two children completed the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status, and a clinical evaluation, and 30 of these children were diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers results showed higher agreement with autism spectrum disorder diagnosis than any individual Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status screen result, although the latter detected many children with other developmental concerns. Children who screened negative on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers or Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status but were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder had concerns noted in sensory response and proto-declarative pointing that can be considered in the context of screen results. In sum, our findings support universal autism spectrum disorder–specific screening in addition to general developmental screening and offer considerations to encourage early identification of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder.
Decentralized matroid optimization for topology constraints in multi-robot allocation problems

In this paper, we demonstrate how topological constraints, as well as other abstract constraints, can be integrated into task allocation by applying the combinatorial theory of matroids. By modeling problems as an intersection of matroid constraints, arbitrary combinatorial relationships can be achieved in the task allocation space. To illustrate the expressiveness of the framework, we model a novel task allocation problem that couples abstract per-robot constraints with a communication spanning tree constraint. As our problem is cast as a matroid intersection, provable optimality bounds with simple greedy algorithms follows immediately from theory. Next, we present a decentralized algorithm that applies auction methods to task allocation with matroid intersections. Simulations of task allocation for surveillance in urban environments demonstrate our results. Finally, Monte Carlo results are provided that indicate greedy task allocations can be highly competitive even with near-optimal solutions in practice.