Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Models of Categorization

2 Introduction In most applications of formal models of categorization, category learning is portrayed as the building-up of a representation in memory for members of the category that have been observed. This assumption is perhaps the most basic that is made for models of categorization, that the representation of a category describes its observed members. Yet if category representations are to serve a purpose such as recognizing new members of a category, then simply relying on memory for known members would be a poor strategy in many situations. For example, if you are learning to distinguish the Smith family from the Jones family, and you have observed a tall, red-haired 45 year old woman who is the mother in the Smith family, and you then see another tall, red-haired 45 year old woman, you would probably classify her as belonging to the Jones family, despite her similarity to an observed member of the Smith family. This example highlights the point that when few members of a category have been observed (or in the case of the Jones family, no members), it is crucial to rely on background knowledge rather than observed category members. This point is actually quite general, because there are many everyday situations where we are learning about new categories, such as visiting someplace new and learning about the social groups, buildings, landscapes, and so on, there. In each situation, starting with a fresh, or empty, category representation, and simply accumulating observations, would lead to great difficulties until a representative sample of category members can be observed. In the example of visiting a new place, background knowledge of people and buildings in other places would be crucial to classifying and reasoning in the new context, even if strictly speaking this information does not constitute observations of the target categories. That is, if you are trying to draw inferences about a novel category for which you have observed few category members or no category members, the best you can do is hope that this novel category will be like some previously known categories, and reason about the novel category based on knowledge of other categories. A great deal of work (reviewed in the Ahn & Dennis and Hampton chapters in this volume) has contrasted the similarity-based approach to categorization and the knowledge-based approach. The similarity-based approach highlights the use of similarity to observed category members and the knowledge-based approach …
Providers' Perceptions of Challenges in Obstetrical Care for Somali Women

Background. This pilot study explored health care providers' perceptions of barriers to providing health care services to Somali refugee women. The specific aim was to obtain information about providers' experiences, training, practices and attitudes surrounding the prenatal care, delivery, and management of women with Female Genital Cutting (FGC). Methods. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 obstetricians/gynecologists and nurse midwives in Columbus, Ohio. Results. While providers did not perceive FGC as a significant barrier in itself, they noted considerable challenges in communicating with their Somali patients and the lack of formal training or protocols guiding the management of circumcised women. Providers expressed frustration with what they perceived as Somali patients' resistance to obstetrical interventions and disappointment with a perception of mistrust from patients and their families. Conclusion. Improving the clinical encounter for both patients and providers entails establishing effective dialogue, enhancing clinical and cultural training of providers, improving health literacy, and developing trust through community engagement.
Next Week, Next Month, Next Year

To move from commitment to action, planners must think about the future and decide when to initiate. We demonstrate that planners prefer to initiate on upcoming days that immediately follow a temporal boundary. For example, aspiring dieters who considered a time horizon from Thursday, February 27th to Tuesday, March 4th showed expectation increases from Days 4 to 5 (Sunday to Monday) when induced to think of weekdays and from Days 2 to 3 (February 28th to March 1st) when induced to think of calendar dates. Using both causal steps- and moderation-based approaches, we demonstrate that this occurs (in part) because planners neglect situational constraints when evaluating initiation opportunities after (vs. before) temporal boundaries. A field experiment demonstrated a costly consequence: Aspiring dieters were more likely to sacrifice 1 week of access to an expensive weight-loss program if it allowed them to start on a day they perceived to follow a temporal boundary.
Antioxidant effect of leaf extracts from Cressa cretica against oxidation process in soybean oil

Abstract Phenolic compounds from Cressa cretica leaves were extracted using different solvents (water and ethanol 70%) during 3–24 h by immersion method and were determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were investigated by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reduction activity potential and total antioxidant capacity assays compared with synthetic antioxidant namely BHT. The results were shown that the most total phenol content was outcome of the ethanolic extract after 18 h (68.512 ± 0.36 mg gallic acid/g dry extract) extraction. The results of different assays for determination of antioxidant potential of the extracts as well as their EC50 values were indicated antioxidant activities in order: BHT>ethanolic extract>aqueous extract. Also, the antioxidant activities were enhanced with increasing of the extracts and BHT concentrations. The results of Peroxide value (PV) and Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) tests were revealed that the ethanolic extract with various concentrations (200–1000 ppm) were suppressed the oxidation of soybean oil. The highest oxidation inhibitor was belonged to 1000 ppm concentration of the ethanolic extract so that can be good alternative for BHT.
Experimental Insights into the Cognitive Significance of Early Stone Tools

Stone-flaking technology is the most enduring evidence for the evolving cognitive abilities of our early ancestors. Flake-making was mastered by African hominins ~3.3 ma, followed by the appearance of handaxes ~1.75 ma and complex stone reduction strategies by ~1.6 ma. Handaxes are stones flaked on two opposed faces (‘bifacially’), creating a robust, sharp-edged tool, and complex reduction strategies are reflected in strategic prior flaking to prepare or ‘predetermine’ the nature of a later flake removal that served as a tool blank. These technologies are interpreted as major milestones in hominin evolution that reflect the development of higher-order cognitive abilities, and the presence and nature of these technologies are used to track movements of early hominin species or ‘cultures’ in the archaeological record. However, the warranting argument that certain variations in stone tool morphologies are caused by differences in cognitive abilities relies on analogy with technical replications by skilled modern stoneworkers, and this raises the possibility that researchers are projecting modern approaches to technical problems onto our non-modern hominin ancestors. Here we present the results of novel experiments that randomise flake removal and disrupt the modern stoneworker’s inclination to use higher-order reasoning to guide the stone reduction process. Although our protocols prevented goal-directed replication of stone tool types, the experimental assemblage is morphologically standardised and includes handaxe-like ‘protobifaces’ and cores with apparently ‘predetermined’ flake removals. This shows that the geometrical constraints of fracture mechanics can give rise to what appear to be highly-designed stoneworking products and techniques when multiple flakes are removed randomly from a stone core.
Targeting of the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel 1.5 requires an ankyrin-G-dependent pathway.

The focus of this project is determining if an ankyrin-G-based pathway controls the membrane expression of the voltage-gated sodium channel 1.5 (Na v 1.5) in cardiomyocytes. Disruption of the normal localization of Na v 1.5 can lead to a fatal cardiac arrhythmia termed Brugada Syndrome and has been linked to myopathic cardiac disease. This project defines that an ankyrin-G-based pathway controls the expression, localization, and function of Na v 1.5 at the cardiomyocyte plasma membrane. These studies were accomplished by developing a primary cell culture system where ankyrin-G could be reduced and selectively restored to define if Na v 1.5 targeting was truly dependent on a direct interaction with an ankyrin-G-based mechanism. Moreover, these studies have identified the residues on ankyrin-G necessary for the interaction of Na v 1.5 and ankyrin-G. Together, these findings provide critical clues in understanding the molecular mechanism of Na v 1.5 targeting in the cardiomyocyte and have developed exciting new tools for studying the targeting pathway. iii To my lovely wife Cheryl for her incredible support and counsel in both bad and good times, and our beloved family for their motivation iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would not have been possible without the financial support from the Vanderbilt Training Grant in Mechanisms of Vascular Disease (5T32HL007751-15) and a project specific grant titled Dysfunction in Ankyrin-based Pathways and Human Arrhythmia (5R01HL083422-03). I am especially grateful for the invaluable guidance, mentoring, and friendship from my preceptor Dr. Peter J. Mohler and my dissertation committee chairman Dr. Richard Hoover who have been guardians of my academic and research development. My training would not have been possible without the continued support of Dr. Investigational Pathology who have provided important guidance in my research training. My dissertation committee is made of first class scientists who are also good people. Bader have provided advice and guidance pivotal for the success of my project and for my development as a scientist. I am honored and truly appreciative for their individual contributions to my project and my professional development. I am also very grateful to all of the amazing people that I have had the pleasure to work with in the pursuit of my project and in collaborative endeavors. I also want to thank my mother Meriam for her wisdom, love and encouragement. I am also grateful to Ed and Charlie for their unerring support and inspiration. Finally, I would like to thank my …
Regulation of Motility and Phenazine Pigment Production by FliA Is Cyclic-di-GMP Dependent in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

The transcription factor FliA, also called sigma 28, is a major regulator of bacterial flagellar biosynthesis genes. Growing evidence suggest that in addition to motility, FliA is involved in controlling numerous bacterial behaviors, even though the underlying regulatory mechanism remains unclear. By using a transcriptional fusion to gfp that responds to cyclic (c)-di-GMP, this study revealed a higher c-di-GMP concentration in the fliA deletion mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa than in its wild-type strain PAO1. A comparative analysis of transcriptome profiles of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and its fliA deletion mutant revealed an altered expression of several c-di-GMP-modulating enzyme-encoding genes in the fliA deletion mutant. Moreover, the downregulation of PA4367 (bifA), a Glu-Ala-Leu motif-containing phosphodiesterase, in the fliA deletion mutant was confirmed using the β-glucuronidase reporter gene assay. FliA also altered pyocyanin and pyorubin production by modulating the c-di-GMP concentration. Complementing the fliA mutant strain with bifA restored the motility defect and pigment overproduction of the fliA mutant. Our results indicate that in addition to regulating flagellar gene transcription, FliA can modulate the c-di-GMP concentration to regulate the swarming motility and phenazine pigment production in P. aeruginosa.
Fuzzy multiple heuristic orderings for course timetabling

In this paper, we address the issue of ordering events by simultaneously con- sidering three separate heuristics using fuzzy methods. Combinations of the fol- lowing three heuristic orderings are em- ployed: largest degree, saturation degree and largest enrollment. The fuzzy weight of an event is used to represent how difficult it is to schedule. The decreasingly ordered events are sequentially chosen to be assigned to the last slot with least penalty cost value while the feasibility of the timetable is maintained throughout the process. Unscheduling and reschedul- ing events is performed until all events are scheduled. The proposed algorithm has been tested on 11 benchmark data sets of course timetabling problems and the re- sults show that this approach can produce good quality solutions with low require- ments for rescheduling. Moreover, there is signi? cant potential to extend the ap- proach further by including a larger range of criteria.
Iron meteorites : Crystallization , thermal history , parent bodies , and origin

We review the crystallization of the iron meteorite chemical groups, the thermal history of the irons as revealed by the metallographic cooling rates, the ages of the iron meteorites and their relationships with other meteorite types, and the formation of the iron meteorite parent bodies. Within most iron meteorite groups, chemical trends are broadly consistent with fractional crystallization, implying that each group formed from a single molten metallic pool or core. However, these pools or cores differed considerably in their S concentrations, which affect partition coefficients and crystallization conditions significantly. The silicate-bearing iron meteorite groups, IAB and IIE, have textures and poorly defined elemental trends suggesting that impacts mixed molten metal and silicates and that neither group formed from a single isolated metallic melt. Advances in the understanding of the generation of the Widmanstätten pattern, and especially the importance of P during the nucleation and growth of kamacite, have led to improved measurements of the cooling rates of iron meteorites. Typical cooling rates from fractionally crystallized iron meteorite groups at 500–700 1C are about 100–10,000 1C/Myr, with total cooling times of 10Myr or less. The measured cooling rates vary from 60 to 300 1C/Myr for the IIIAB group and 100–6600 1C/Myr for the IVA group. The wide range of cooling rates for IVA irons and their inverse correlation with bulk Ni concentration show that they crystallized and cooled not in a mantled core but in a large metallic body of radius 150750 km with scarcely any silicate insulation. This body may have formed in a grazing protoplanetary impact. The fractionally crystallized groups, according to Hf–W isotopic systematics, are derived originally from bodies that accreted and melted to form cores early in the history of the solar system, o1Myr after CAI formation. The ungrouped irons likely come from at least 50 distinct parent bodies that formed in analogous ways to the fractionally crystallized groups. Contrary to traditional views about their origin, iron meteorites may have been derived originally from bodies as large as 1000 km or more in size. Most iron meteorites come directly or indirectly from bodies that accreted before the chondrites, possibly at 1–2AU rather than in the asteroid belt. Many of these bodies may have been disrupted by impacts soon after they formed and their fragments were scattered into the asteroid belt by protoplanets. r 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Hungry on the inside: Prison food as concrete and symbolic punishment in a women’s prison

Women’s perceptions of the prison experience and the punishing dimensions of their confinement are under-examined. To expand knowledge in this area, Sexton’s theory of penal consciousness is used to analyze formerly incarcerated women’s narratives about prison food. This analysis builds understanding about the lived experience of incarceration by explicating one dimension of prisoners’ understandings and perceptions of punishment. Women’s narratives describe both concrete and symbolic punishments associated with food. Participants spoke about poorly designed, sloppy food systems that left them feeling uncared for, ignored, frustrated, and humiliated. Women articulate experiences of hunger that reflect both a deprivation of adequate food and a rationing of humane attentions. These punishing perceptions may inhibit the efforts of social service and health providers to engage incarcerated and formerly incarcerated women in care. In contrast, exceptional participant narratives about positive, non-punishing food experiences suggest that ameliorated food systems could improve the lived experience of incarceration and promote the engagement in services that is needed to improve the outcomes of incarcerated and formerly incarcerated women.
SDSS 1507+52: A Halo Cataclysmic Variable?

We report a photometric and spectroscopic study of the peculiar cataclysmic variable SDSS 1507+52. The star shows very deep eclipses on the 67-minute orbital period, and those eclipses are easily separable into white-dwarf and hot-spot components. This leads to tight constraints on binary parameters, with M1 = 0.83(8) M⊙, M2 = 0.057(8) M⊙, R1 = 0.0097(9) R⊙, R2 = 0.097(4) R⊙, q = 0.069(2), and i = 83.18(13)°. Such numbers suggest possible membership among the WZ Sge stars, a common type of dwarf nova. The spectroscopic behavior (strong and broad H emission, double-peaked and showing a classic rotational disturbance during eclipse) is also typical. But the star’s orbital period is shockingly below the “period minimum” of ∼77 minutes that is characteristic of hydrogen-rich CVs; producing such a strange binary will require some tinkering with the theory of cataclysmic-variable evolution. The proper motion is also remarkably high for a star of its distance, which we estimate from photometry and trigonometric parallax as 230 ± 40 pc. This suggests a transverse velocity of 164 ± 30 km s-1 —uncomfortably high if the star belongs to a Galactic-disk population. These difficulties with understanding its evolution and space velocity can be solved if the star belongs to a Galactic-halo population.
Image denoising using sparse approximation with adaptive window selection

In this paper the problem of image denoising is approached using sparse approximation of local image patches. The small patches are extracted by sliding square windows. An adaptive window selection procedure for local sparse approximation is proposed, which affects the global recovery of underlying image. Ideally the adaptive window selection yields the minimum mean square error (MMSE) in recovered image. This framework gives us a clustered image based on the selected window size, then each cluster is denoised separately using sparse approximation. The results obtained using the proposed framework are very much comparable with the recently proposed denoising techniques.
Characterization of K-Complexes and Slow Wave Activity in a Neural Mass Model

NREM sleep is characterized by two hallmarks, namely K-complexes (KCs) during sleep stage N2 and cortical slow oscillations (SOs) during sleep stage N3. While the underlying dynamics on the neuronal level is well known and can be easily measured, the resulting behavior on the macroscopic population level remains unclear. On the basis of an extended neural mass model of the cortex, we suggest a new interpretation of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of KCs and SOs. As the cortex transitions from wake to deep sleep, in our model it approaches an oscillatory regime via a Hopf bifurcation. Importantly, there is a canard phenomenon arising from a homoclinic bifurcation, whose orbit determines the shape of large amplitude SOs. A KC corresponds to a single excursion along the homoclinic orbit, while SOs are noise-driven oscillations around a stable focus. The model generates both time series and spectra that strikingly resemble real electroencephalogram data and points out possible differences between the different stages of natural sleep.
Impression Management Tactics and Performance Ratings: A Moderated-Mediation Framework

ABSTRACT Purpose: The objective of this study is to contribute to the sales management literature by analyzing whether self-monitoring dimensions (the ability to adjust the presentation of one’s self and the sensitivity to the expressive behaviors of others) play a moderating role in the use of impression management—supervisor liking—performance rating nomological network. Methodology/approach: Empirical analysis is based on dyadic data from 122 industrial salespeople and their sales managers in 9 different industries. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze the psychometric proprieties of the measurement scales, and conditional process analysis was used to test the proposed hypotheses. Research implications: The results obtained indicate that the use of supervisor-focused impression management tactics is an indirect antecedent of a salesperson’s performance rating through sales manager liking, but not the self-focused tactics. Results also show that a self-monitoring dimension i.e., the ability to adjust the presentation of one’s self, moderates the “impression management—supervisor liking—performance rating” chain. These results provide an increased understanding of the processes involved in sales managers—salespeople’s interactions. Practical implications: The main implication for salespeople is that the use of impression management tactics to influence performance ratings only is effective when they use supervisor-focused tactics because attempts to influence via self-focused tactics will not have any effect. The most important implication for sales managers’ is that not all impression management tactics are successfully executed and that the identification of combinations of impression management tactics and the levels of salespeople’s self-monitoring can positively influence performance appraisals by generating evaluative biases. Given that evaluative biases can produce inequitable behaviors by sales managers in the task assignments and support provided to the salespeople, it is important that sales managers are aware of when they can occur (i.e., when salespeople with a moderate ability to adjust their self-presentation use supervisor-focused tactics). Originality/value/contribution of the article: This article contributes to the existing knowledge by two important means. First, this study proposes a model and presents an empirical test of constructs that mediate (i.e., supervisor liking) and moderate (i.e., self-monitoring dimensions) the “use of impression management tactics—sales manager liking—performance appraisal” relation. This model responds to calls for studies that analyze how impression management tactics are related to performance appraisal and when the relation between the use of these tactics and performance rating occurs. Two, this study uses data from both salespeople and their sales managers, which minimizes any risk of common method variance bias.