Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Innovation Imperative

A team’s climate for innovation has been shown to be important for innovation in management and work teams. This article investigates the relationship of team climate with project team innovation and performance in research and development organizations. It is argued that the relationship between team climate and innovation will be stronger for research teams than development teams as research teams have greater scope for creating novel and innovative ideas. A sample of 193 scientists and technologists in 20 research teams and 18 development teams were measured on their team’s climate for innovation, team performance, and six indicators of innovation. Research and development teams showed similar ratings for team climate and for measures of innovation. However, the relationships between team climate and individual and team innovation were stronger for research teams than development teams. These findings are significant for fostering innovativeness and innovation in knowledge work teams.
Asymptomatic reactivation and shed of infectious varicella zoster virus in astronauts

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (chickenpox), after which virus becomes latent in ganglia along the entire neuraxis. Virus reactivation produces zoster (shingles). Infectious VZV is found in vesicles of patients with zoster and varicella, but virus shed in the absence of disease has not been documented. VZV DNA was previously detected in saliva of astronauts during and after spaceflight, a uniquely stressful environment in which cell mediated immunity (CMI) is temporally dampened. The decline in CMI to VZV associated with zoster led to the hypothesis that infectious VZV would also be present in the saliva of astronauts subjected to stress of spaceflight. Herein, not only was the detection of salivary VZV DNA associated with spaceflight validated, but also infectious virus was detected in saliva from 2 of 3 astronauts. This is the first demonstration of shed of infectious VZV in the absence of disease. J. Med. Virol. 80:1116–1122, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Position and Identity Information Available in fMRI Patterns of Activity in Human Visual Cortex

Parietal cortex is often implicated in visual processing of actions. Action understanding is essentially abstract, specific to the type or goal of action, but greatly independent of variations in the perceived position of the action. If certain parietal regions are involved in action understanding, then we expect them to show these generalization and selectivity properties. However, additional functions of parietal cortex, such as self-action control, may impose other demands by requiring an accurate representation of the location of graspable objects. Therefore, the dimensions along which responses are modulated may indicate the functional role of specific parietal regions. Here, we studied the degree of position invariance and hand/object specificity during viewing of tool-grasping actions. To that end, we characterize the information available about location, hand, and tool identity in the patterns of fMRI activation in various cortical areas: early visual cortex, posterior intraparietal sulcus, anterior superior parietal lobule, and the ventral object-specific lateral occipital complex. Our results suggest a gradient within the human dorsal stream: along the posterior–anterior axis, position information is gradually lost, whereas hand and tool identity information is enhanced. This may reflect a gradual transformation of visual input from an initial retinotopic representation in early visual areas to an abstract, position-invariant representation of viewed action in anterior parietal cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Since the seminal study of Goodale and Milner (1992), there is general agreement that visual processing is largely divided between a ventral and dorsal stream specializing in object recognition and vision for action, respectively. Here, we address the specific representation of viewed actions. Specifically, we study the degree of position invariance and hand/object manipulation specificity in the human visual pathways, characterizing the information available in patterns of fMRI activation during viewing of object-grasping videos, which appeared in different retinal locations. We find converging evidence for a gradient within the dorsal stream: along the posterior–anterior axis, position information is gradually lost, whereas hand and action identity information is enhanced, leading to an abstract, position-invariant representation of viewed action in the anterior parietal cortex.
Impact on Organizational and Patient Outcomes: Professional Nursing Practice

Objective: To test a causal model of the impact of (a) nursing unit context on professional nursing practice; (b) professional practice on selected organizational (nurses' work satisfaction, nursing turnover, average length of patient stay) and patient outcomes (patient satisfaction, rate of reported medication errors, and falls); and (c) nursing unit context on these same organizational and patient outcomes. Summary Background Data: Professional nursing practice has been linked to positive outcomes for both nurses and patients. In contrast to other studies, this study focuses on professional nursing practice specifically at the nursing unit level, and uses a new analytic technique that permits examination of the simultaneous effects of professional nursing practice on both organizational and patient outcomes. Methods: Data were collected from 1682 registered nurses, and 1326 patients on 124 general medical‐surgical nursing units in 64 general short‐term acute care hospitals in the southeast. Multilevel structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Results: We found that professional nursing practice had consistent effects across model levels on nursing satisfaction, but very limited effects on other outcomes. Important differences in the hospital‐ and nursing unit level models support continued use of multilevel modeling techniques in the study of organizational and patient outcomes.
Peripheral arteries: treatment with antibodies of platelet receptors and reteplase for thrombolysis--APART trial.

PURPOSE To prospectively compare the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist abciximab plus the third-generation thrombolytic agent reteplase versus those of therapy with the standard thrombolytic agent urokinase plus abciximab. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was approved by the local ethics committee, and patient informed consent was obtained. Patients with peripheral arterial occlusions less than 60 days old (n=120) were enrolled in the study: 50 patients (32 men, 18 women; mean age, 67 years; range, 23-88 years) received reteplase plus abciximab and 70 patients (36 men, 34 women; mean age, 68 years; range, 28-88 years) received urokinase plus abciximab. Study end points were the rate of major complications at 30 days, therapeutic success, and survival without open surgery or major amputation at follow-up. Fisher exact test was used to compare treatment groups with respect to dichotomous variables, and the event-free-survival probabilities were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. For the comparison of the lengths of occlusions among the groups, a two-sample t test was used. RESULTS Therapeutic success (P=.7) did not differ between the groups, whereas the time required for thrombolysis was lower in the urokinase-plus-abciximab group (P=.001). Patients who received reteplase plus abciximab tended to develop more minor complications (mainly bleeding events) (P<.001). During long-term follow-up (2-4 years), no group differences were observed. The reocclusion rate was 48% (22 of 46) in the reteplase-plus-abciximab group and 45% (29 of 64) in the urokinase-plus-abciximab group. Only two of 120 major amputations were counted in the follow-up period. CONCLUSION The proposed regimen resulted in only a limited number of major complications, and the low amputation rate in both groups may be attributed to abciximab.
Education and telephone monitoring by nurses of patients with heart failure: randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND Nursing approaches to manage patients with heart failure (HF) showed benefits in reducing the morbidity and mortality. However, combining intra-hospital education with telephone contact after hospital discharge has been little explored. OBJECTIVE To compare two nursing intervention groups among patients hospitalized due to decompensated HF: the intervention group (IG) received educational nursing intervention during hospitalization followed by telephone monitoring after discharge and the control group (CG) received in-hospital intervention only. Outcomes were levels of HF and self-care knowledge, the frequency of visits to the emergency room, rehospitalizations and deaths in a three-month period. METHODS Randomized clinical trial. We studied adult HF patients with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) < 45% who could be contacted by telephone after discharge. HF awareness was evaluated through a standardized questionnaire that also included questions regarding self-care knowledge, which was answered during the hospitalization period and three months later. For patients in the IG group contacts were made using phone calls and final interviews were conducted in both groups at end of the study. RESULTS Forty-eight patients were assigned to the IG and 63 to the CG. Mean age (63 ± 13 years) and L (around 29%) were similar in the two groups. Scores for HF and self-care knowledge were similar at baseline. Three months later, both groups showed significantly improved HF awareness and self-care knowledge scores (P < 0.001). Other outcomes were similar. CONCLUSION An in-hospital educational nursing intervention benefitted all HF patients in understanding their disease, regardless of telephone contact after discharge.
Correlation of Donor‐Specific Antibodies, Complement and Its Regulators with Graft Dysfunction in Cardiac Antibody‐Mediated Rejection

Antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) is an immunopathologic process in which activation of complement often results in allograft injury. This study correlates C4d and C3d with HLA serology and graft function as diagnostic criteria for AMR. Immunofluorescence staining for C4d and C3d was performed on 1511 biopsies from 330 patients as part of routine diagnostic work‐up of rejection. Donor‐specific antibodies were detected in 95% of those with C4d+C3d+ biopsies versus 35% in the C4d+C3d– group (p = 0.002). Allograft dysfunction was present in 84% in the C4d+ C3d+ group versus 5% in the C4d+C3d− group (p < 0.0001). Combined C4d and C3d positivity had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99% for the pathologic diagnosis of AMR and a mortality of 37%. Since activation of complement does not always result in allograft dysfunction, we correlated the expression pattern of the complement regulators CD55 and CD59 in patients with and without complement deposition. The proportion of patients with CD55 and/or CD59 staining was highest in C4d+C3d− patients without allograft dysfunction (p = 0.03). We conclude that a panel of C4d and C3d is diagnostically more useful than C4d alone in the evaluation of AMR. CD55 and CD59 may play a protective role in patients with evidence of complement activation.
Decreased Neutrophil Beta Adrenergic Receptors in the Neonate

Summary: Using cord blood neutrophils (PMN) the maturity of the beta adrenergic receptor has been assessed. [3H]-Dihydroalprenolol binding was utilized to determine receptor number and affinity and isoproterenol-induced cyclic AMP generation to characterize receptor function. Data from six neonates and six adult controls revealed that neonatal PMN had significantly (P < 0.001) fewer receptor sites (728 ± 43 receptors/cell) compared to the adult (1302 ± 68 receptors/cell); however, the affinity constants (KD) were very similar (0.78 ± 0.14 nM compared to 0.61 ± 0.05 nM). Neonatal PMN also generated less isoproterenol-induced cyclic AMP than adult cells at all concentrations, reaching significance (P < 0.005) at 10−4–10−6 M isoproterenol concentrations. No difference in the isoproterenol concentrations stimulating 50% of the maximal cyclic AMP generation (EC50) was found between the two populations.These data indicate that the neonatal PMN has decreased beta adrenergic receptor sites. No evidence of a receptor—adenylate cyclase coupling defect was detcted. These findings could reflect ontogenic differences between the neonate and adult PMN. The effect of increased catecholamine secretion during the stress of delivery resulting in ‘down regulation’ of the beta adrenergic receptor cannot presently be ruled out.Speculation: The ontogenesis of the beta adrenergic receptor has been shown in several animal species. Our data suggest that human neonatal neutrophils may have an immature beta adrenergic system with reduced number of receptor sites resulting in decreased beta adrenergic-induced adenylate cyclase activation. This might explain impaired adrenergic responsiveness reported in the human neonate.
The explanation of practice: Why Chinese students copy assignments

Empirical research on copying and cheating in high school and university has typically employed quantitative survey methods. While these methods tell us about the conditions under which it is more and less likely to occur, they tell us less about the reasoning that leads students to copy the work of others. An alternative problem-based methodology (PBM) is presented which treats copying as a student'ssolution to the problem of how to complete an assignment, and investigates it by inquiry into the problem-solving processes that give rise to it. The methodology is employed in a study of copying among a small sample of Chinese university students. Intensive probing of their reasoning revealed the beliefs, motives and contextual conditions that led them to copy. Copying was a habitual strategy of both strong and weak students and was motivated by a wish to obtain the desired grade in the most efficient manner possible. The findings are discussed in terms of explanatory adequacy and implications for intervention.
Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), a Traditional Chinese Medicinal Formula, Protects against β-Amyloid Toxicity in Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans

Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), a classic Chinese medicinal formula, has been used to improve or restore declined functions related to aging and geriatric diseases, such as impaired mobility, vision, hearing, cognition and memory. Here, we report on the effect and possible mechanisms of LWDH mediated protection of β-amyloid (Aβ) induced paralysis in Caenorhabditis elegans using ethanol extract (LWDH-EE) and water extract (LWDH-WE). Chemical profiling and quantitative analysis revealed the presence of different levels of bioactive components in these extracts. LWDH-WE was rich in polar components such as monosaccharide dimers and trimers, whereas LWDH-EE was enriched in terms of phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and paeonol. In vitro studies revealed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity for LWDH-EE as compared to that found for LWDH-WE. Neither LWDH-EE nor LWDH-WE were effective in inhibiting aggregation of Aβ in vitro. By contrast, LWDH-EE effectively delayed Aβ induced paralysis in the transgenic C. elegans (CL4176) model which expresses human Aβ1–42. Western blot revealed no treatment induced reduction in Aβ accumulation in CL4176 although a significant reduction was observed at an early stage with respect to β-amyloid deposition in C. elegans strain CL2006 which constitutively expresses human Aβ1–42. In addition, LWDH-EE reduced in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. elegans (CL4176) that correlated with increased survival of LWDH-EE treated N2 worms under juglone-induced oxidative stress. Analysis with GFP reporter strain TJ375 revealed increased expression of hsp16.2::GFP after thermal stress whereas a minute induction was observed for sod3::GFP. Quantitative gene expression analysis revealed that LWDH-EE repressed the expression of amy1 in CL4176 while up-regulating hsp16.2 induced by elevating temperature. Taken together, these results suggest that LWDH extracts, particularly LWDH-EE, alleviated β-amyloid induced toxicity, in part, through up-regulation of heat shock protein, antioxidant activity and reduced ROS in C. elegans.
The Disease-associated r(GGGGCC)n Repeat from the C9orf72 Gene Forms Tract Length-dependent Uni- and Multimolecular RNA G-quadruplex Structures*

Background: The expanded C9orf72 (GGGGCC)n repeat causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Results: The r(GGGGCC)n repeat forms stable, tract length-dependent unimolecular and multimolecular RNA G-quadruplexes. Conclusion: G-quadruplex formation by the r(GGGGCC)n repeats may contribute to normal and pathogenic functions of C9orf72. Significance: Understanding the RNA structures formed by this repeat may have implications for how repeat expansion causes disease. Certain DNA and RNA sequences can form G-quadruplexes, which can affect promoter activity, genetic instability, RNA splicing, translation, and neurite mRNA localization. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia were recently shown to be caused by expansion of a (GGGGCC)n·(GGCCCC)n repeat in the C9orf72 gene. Mutant r(GGGGCC)n-containing transcripts aggregate in nuclear foci possibly sequestering repeat-binding proteins, suggesting a toxic RNA pathogenesis. We demonstrate that the r(GGGGCC)n RNA but not the C-rich r(GGCCCC)n RNA forms extremely stable uni- and multimolecular parallel G-quadruplex structures (up to 95 °C). Multimolecular G-quadruplex formation is influenced by repeat number and RNA concentration. MBNL1, a splicing factor that is sequestered in myotonic dystrophy patients by binding to expanded r(CUG)n repeat hairpins, does not bind the C9orf72 repeats, but the splicing factor ASF/SF2 can bind the r(GGGGCC)n repeat. Because multimolecular G-quadruplexes are enhanced by repeat length, RNA-RNA interactions facilitated by G-quadruplex formation at expanded repeats might influence transcript aggregation and foci formation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia cells. Tract length-dependent G-quadruplex formation by the C9orf72 RNA should be considered when assessing the role of this repeat in C9orf72 gene activity, protein binding, transcript foci formation, and translation of the C9orf72 product, including the noncanonical repeat-associated non-ATG translation (RAN translation) into pathologic dipeptide repeats, as well as any oligonucleotide repeat-based therapy.
CASE Tools Usage and Impact on System Development Performance

Research results concerning the use of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools and their impact on system development performance have been largely contradictory. Our objective in this study was to gain a better understanding of factors influencing CASE tools use and to explore the relation between the degree of their use and the resulting system development performance. We constructed a model explaining the contribution of different factors to CASE tools use and its subsequent effect on system development performance based on sound theories of human behavior. We then tested the model empirically with a survey. Data collected from 290 organizations showed that facilitating conditions (e.g., management support, internal expertise, established norms and standards), habits (i.e., where CASE tools use is routine and not consciously considered), and beliefs concerning improvements in the maintainability of systems developed with CASE tools have significant effects on CASE tools use. The data also showed that CASE tools have a significant effect on all performance aspects considered in our study, that is, systems development process (control and efficiency) as well as the product (quality and maintainability).
Perceived barriers to effective knowledge sharing in agile software teams

While the literature offers several frameworks that explain barriers to knowledge sharing within software development teams, little is known about differences in how team members perceive these barriers. Based on an in‐depth multi‐case study of four software projects, we investigate how project managers, developers, testers and user representatives think about barriers to effective knowledge sharing in agile development. Adapting comparative causal mapping, we constructed causal maps for each of the four roles and identified overlap and divergence in map constructs and causal linkages. The results indicate that despite certain similarities, the four roles differ in how they perceive and emphasize knowledge‐sharing barriers. The project managers put primary emphasis on project setting barriers, while the primary concern of developers, testers and user representatives were project communication, project organization and team capabilities barriers, respectively. Integrating the four causal maps and the agile literature, we propose a conceptual framework with seven types of knowledge‐sharing barriers and 37 specific barriers. We argue that to bridge communication gaps and create shared understanding in software teams, it is critical to take the revealed concerns of different roles into account. We conclude by discussing our findings in relation to knowledge sharing in agile teams and software teams more generally.
A Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Inducing Antibodies Strongly Enhancing In Vitro Infection Is Protective in Pigs

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is responsible for zoonotic severe viral encephalitis transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. Although birds are reservoirs, pigs play a role as amplifying hosts, and are affected in particular through reproductive failure. Here, we show that a lentiviral JEV vector, expressing JEV prM and E proteins (TRIP/JEV.prME), but not JEV infection induces strong antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) activities for infection of macrophages. Such antibodies strongly promoted infection via Fc receptors. ADE was found at both neutralizing and non-neutralizing serum dilutions. Nevertheless, in vivo JEV challenge of pigs demonstrated comparable protection induced by the TRIP/JEV.prME vaccine or heterologous JEV infection. Thus, either ADE antibodies cause no harm in the presence of neutralizing antibodies or may even have protective effects in vivo in pigs. Additionally, we found that both pre-infected and vaccinated pigs were not fully protected as low levels of viral RNA were found in lymphoid and nervous system tissue in some animals. Strikingly, the virus from the pre-infection persisted in the tonsils throughout the experiment. Finally, despite the vaccination challenge, viral RNA was detected in the oronasal swabs in all vaccinated pigs. These latter data are relevant when JEV vaccination is employed in pigs.
Blinded by Science

Using a social construction of reality perspective, this article examines the social distance between popular media depictions of criminal investigations and reality, and the extent to which these depictions influence criminal jury trials. Data were collected from a nationally representative, random sample of trial counsel and judges and was analyzed using qualitative methods. Results indicate there is a great deal of social distance between popular media depictions of criminal investigation and reality. Moreover, jurors appear to have no tools to assess the credibility of forensic testing on television shows or in trials. Furthermore, the social construction of reality on forensic television shows has not only influenced jury decisions but has also affected the ways in which trial counsel and judges do their jobs. Suggestions for further research and discussion of public policy implications are included in the study.