Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychometric Evaluation of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List–Short Form in the ARIC Study Cohort

The impact of social support on health outcomes is well documented. The current study evaluated a short form of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-SF) administered to 14,257 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we attempted to replicate the subscale structure of the full-scale version. Additional analyses were conducted to examine the relationship of ISEL scores to key demographic variables, as well as the relationship with the Lubben Social Support Scale. We replicated the existing full-scale ISEL subscale structure in this short version. In addition, subscale scores were found to differ across gender, race, level of educational attainment, and marital status, although the magnitude of the various effects was modest. Correlations with another established measure of social support provide convergent validity for this abbreviated instrument. Results suggest this brief measure of perceived social support is a psychometrically valid instrument. An evaluation of its clinical utility is warranted.
An Unusual Case of Multiple Recurrence of a Glomangioma

Glomus tumour is a benign lesion arising from the glomus apparatus of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Glomangioma is the angiomatous variant, which is uncommon. We report a very rare presentation of a glomangioma with multiple recurrences. We advocate preoperative angiography to delineate the extent of the lesion to facilitate complete excision.
Group socialization and prejudice: the social transmission of intergroup attitudes and beliefs

In order to examine the social transmission of prejudice in the military, attitudes and beliefs of Francophone (minority) and Anglophone (majority) prospective military officers toward their own and other groups were assessed at the beginning and at the end of a four-year officer-training program. Consistent with social dominance theory and system justification theory, majority group members become significantly more negative toward outgroups (e.g. Francophones, civilians and immigrants) and more likely to internalize beliefs that legitimize the economic gap between Francophones and Anglophones in Canada. Moreover, as predicted on the basis of self-categorization theory, the results show that identification with the category ‘Canadian Forces Officers’ assessed at the midpoint in the program, moderates the change in intergroup attitudes and beliefs. Finally, minority group members did not internalize negative stereotypes of their own group. These results provide important evidence for the role of group socialization in the explanation of intergroup attitudes and beliefs and suggest that social identification is a key factor in group socialization, consistent with self-categorization theory. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitral Repair versus Replacement for Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: Comparison of Short-Term and Long-Term Survival

Background— When compared to mitral valve replacement (MVR), mitral valve repair (MVRp) is associated with better survival in patients with organic mitral regurgitation (MR). However, there is an important controversy about the type of surgical treatment that should be used in patients with ischemic MR. The objective of this study was to compare the postoperative outcome of MVRp versus MVR in patients with ischemic MR. Methods and Results— Preoperative and operative data of 370 patients with ischemic MR who underwent mitral valve surgery were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. MVRp was performed in 50% of patients (n=186) and MVR in 50% (n=184). Although operative mortality was significantly lower after MVRp compared to MVR (9.7% versus 17.4%; P=0.03), overall 6-year survival was not statistically different between procedures (73±4% versus 67±4%; P=0.17). After adjusting for other risk factors and propensity score, the type of procedure (MVRp versus MVR) did not come out as an independent predictor of either operative (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.7–2.9; P=0.34) or overall mortality (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7–1.9; P=0.52). Conclusion— As opposed to what has been reported in patients with organic MR, the results of this study suggest that MVRp is not superior to MVR with regard to operative and overall mortality in patients with ischemic MR. These findings provide support for the realization of a randomized trial comparing these 2 treatment modalities.
Disconnection and Decision-making: Adult Children Explain Their Reasons for Estranging from Parents

Abstract This article reports on a qualitative study of adult children who were estranged from at least one parent. Twenty-six Australian participants reported a total of 40 estrangements. Of these, 23 estrangements were initiated by the participant and 16 were maintained by the participant after being initiated by the parent or occurring after a mutual lessening of contact. Participants reported three core reasons for estrangement: (i) abuse, (ii) poor parenting, and (iii) betrayal. However, estrangement was predominantly situated in long-term perceived or actual disconnection from the parent and family of origin. Most participants had engaged in cycles of estrangement and reunification, using distance to assess the relationship and attend to their own personal development and growth across time. Estrangement was generally triggered by a relatively minor incident or a more serious act of betrayal considered to have been enacted by the parent.
Patterns and attitudes of self-medication practices and possible role of community pharmacists in Palestine.

PURPOSE This research aims to describe the extent of self-medication, assess possible factors associated with it, identify patients' reasons for self-medication and their attitudes towards the role of pharmacists in self-care so that future interventions can be documented and planned. METHODS A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire was conducted. Questionnaires were distributed randomly to 565 persons from all over the West Bank. The questionnaire covered self-medication purchases and experience with minor illnesses. RESULTS From 565 people approached. 400 (70.8%) agreed to participate in the study Self-medication was reported by 87.0% (n = 348) of cases interviewed, among them 224 (56.0%) used at least one medication without consulting a doctor in the previous month. Analgesics were the most common class used in self-medication by 317 (79.2%) respondents, followed by flu medications (233, 45.3%), and antibiotics (132, 33.0%). The majority reported that they selected medications based on selfdecision and previous use (233, 58.2%). Advice received from pharmacists was another important factor in 216 (54.0%). The most common reasons for self-medication were: their ailments being minor (341, 85.2%) and they had this medical problem before 198 (49.5%). Among 397 respondents, 335 (84.4%) either strongly agreed or agreed that the community pharmacists play an important role in providing advice - when needed - for self-medication. CONCLUSIONS Self-medication practices have been common among people in Palestine. There has been a high rate of using antibiotics without prescription, which requires suitable regulations and interventions to solve this problem. The results have shown a positive attitude towards the role of pharmacists in self-care. Community pharmacists have the potential to make a huge impact in ensuring that medicines are used appropriately.
How Learning and Evolution Interact: The Case of a Learning Task which Differs from the Evolutionary Task

It has been reported recently that learning has a beneficial effect on evolution even if the learning involved the acquisition of an ability which is different from the ability for which individuals were selected (Nolfi, Elman & Parisi, 1994). This effect was explained as the result of the inter action between learning and evolution. In a successive paper, however, the effect was explained as a form of recovery from weight perturbation caused by mutations (Harvey, 1996, 1997). In this paper, I provide additional data that show how the effect, at least in the case considered in the paper, can only be explained as a result of the interaction between learning and evolution as originally hypothesized.
Criminalization and Deviantization as Properties of the Social Order

It is argued that deviance should be analyzed as a relative phenomenon in different and changing cultures, vis-a-vis change and stability in the boundaries of diverse symbolic-moral universes. Deviantization and criminalization are interpreted as the outcomes of negotiations about the nature of morality and legitimization to use, and the use of, power. The legitimization of power is conceptualized in terms of a moral order that in turn defines the boundaries of symbolic-moral universes. Problematic behavioural acts, which take place at the realm of the seams, where boundaries of different symbolic-moral universes meet and touch, or which are directed from the periphery of a symbolic-moral universe towards its centre and vice versa, and which involve challenges (use or abuse) of power and morality would fall in the area of deviance. A distinction is made between regular deviance where the element of power is typically implicit and the element of morality is much more salient, and political deviance where the elements of power and morality are both explicit. Political deviance is further divided into three categories: challenges to the rulers, challenges from the rulers and contests between symbolic-moral universes from different cultures. Conceptualizing deviance in this way enables us to interpret processes of deviantization and criminalization within the context of central social processes. The November 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne is used to demonstrate how the above theoretical approach can be utilized to develop a sociological interpretation of the case.
Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital admissions during the 1989–90 epidemic

The effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital admissions for pneumonia, influenza, bronchitis, or emphysema was assessed by a case-control study of people aged 16 years and older who were admitted to 10 Leicestershire hospitals between 1 December 1989 and 31 January 1990. Hospital and general practitioners' records for 156 admissions (the cases) and 289 controls matched for age and sex were reviewed. Information was collected on demography, the usual place of residence (institutional or non-institutional), the existence of chronic illness, and vaccination during the 5 years before admission. The odds ratio for hospital admission among vaccinees was 0·67 (95% CI 0·39–1·12) giving an estimate of vaccine effectiveness in this setting of 33% (95% CI 0–61). However, multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for the effects of institutional care and chronic illness, revealed that influenza vaccination reduced hospital admissions by 63% (95% CI 17–84%). There was a strong trend towards improved vaccine effectiveness when used in institutional settings. Influenza vaccine is effective in reducing hospital admissions for influenza, pneumonia, bronchitis and emphysema, and effectiveness is comparable to that observed for influenza and pneumonia admissions in North America.
Evidence for Selection-by-Environment but Not Genotype-by-Environment Interactions for Fitness-Related Traits in a Wild Mammal Population

To understand how organisms may adapt to environmental changes, it is necessary to determine how environmental conditions influence evolution in wild. How do environmental conditions influence selection and genetic variation in wild populations? There is widespread evidence for selection-by-environment interactions (S*E), but we reviewed studies of natural populations estimating the extent of genotype-by-environment interactions (G*E) in response to natural variation in environmental conditions and found that evidence for G*E appears to be rare within single populations in the wild. Studies estimating the simultaneous impact of environmental variation on both selection and genetic variation are especially scarce. Here, we used 24 years of data collected from a wild Soay sheep population to quantify how an important environmental variable, population density, impacts upon (1) selection through annual contribution to fitness and (2) expression of genetic variation, in six morphological and life history traits: body weight, hind leg length, parasite burden, horn length, horn growth, and testicular circumference. Our results supported the existence of S*E: selection was stronger in years of higher population density for all traits apart from horn growth, with directional selection being stronger under more adverse conditions. Quantitative genetic models revealed significant additive genetic variance for body weight, leg length, parasite burden, horn length, and testes size, but not for horn growth or our measure of annual fitness. However, random regression models found variation between individuals in their responses to the environment in only three traits, and did not support the presence of G*E for any trait. Our analyses of St Kilda Soay sheep data thus concurs with our cross-study review that, while natural environmental variation within a population can profoundly alter the strength of selection on phenotypic traits, there is less evidence for its effect on the expression of genetic variance in the wild.
A study on the prevalence of gram-negative bacteria in bulk tank milk.

Bulk tank milk from 131 dairy herds in eastern South Dakota and western Minnesota were examined for coliforms and noncoliform bacteria. Coliforms were detected in 62.3% of bulk tank milk samples. Counts ranged from 0 to 4.7 log10 cfu/ml. The mean count was 3.4 log10 cfu/ml. Gram-negative noncoliform bacteria were observed in 76.3% of bulk tank milk. Counts ranged from 0 to 6.2 log10 cfu/ml. The mean count was 4.8 log10 cfu/ml. A total of 234 isolates from bulk tank milk were examined to species level; 205 isolates belonged to 28 species. Coliforms and gram-negative noncoliform bacteria accounted for 32.9 and 67.1% of the total isolates, respectively. Organisms such as Agrobacterium radiobacter, Bordetella spp. , Comamonas testosteroni, Listonella damsela, Ochrobactrum anthropi, and Oligella urethralis were isolated from bulk tank milk in this study. These organisms have not been reported previously in bulk tank milk. A total of 116 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from raw milk; 98 isolates belonged to nine Pseudomonas spp. , and the remaining 18 isolates could not be identified to their species level. Pseudomonas was the most predominant genus. Pseudomonas fluorescens was the most predominant species isolated from bulk tank milk and accounted for 29.9% of all isolates examined. The results of the study suggest that counts of coliforms and noncoliform bacteria in bulk tank milk vary considerably. The isolates represent a wide variety of Gram-negative bacterial species. Examination of bulk tank milk for coliforms and noncoliform bacteria could provide an indication of current and potential problems associated with bacterial counts and milk quality.
Transnational Civil Society and Advocacy in World Politics

This article takes stock of a plethora of recent works examining the flowering of transnational civil society activism in world politics. The author argues that this work contributes to a progressive research agenda that responds to a succession of criticisms from alternative perspectives. As the research program has advanced, new areas of inquiry have been opened up, including the need for a central place for normative international theory. The author also contends that the focus of this research on the transnationalization of civil society provides a trenchant response to an important puzzle concerning the leverage of civil society vis-à-vis the contemporary state in an era of globalization. Further, the liberal variant of transnational advocacy research constitutes a powerful theoretical counter not only to other nonliberal theories that privilege other agents or structures but also to other varieties of contemporary liberal international theory, such as those privileging preexisting domestic preference formation or state centric versions of liberal constructivism.
Searching for Mood Dependent Memory

Though it has sometimes been shown that events encoded in a certain state of affect or mood are most retrievable in that state, neither the circumstances under which mood dependent memory (MDM) occurs nor the mechanisms that enable its emergence are as yet well understood The purpose of the research reviewed here is to clarify these circumstances and mechanisms To this end, the research focuses on four factors that appear to play pivotal roles in the occurrence of MDM These factors are (a) the nature of the target events or the manner in which they are encoded (i e, are events generated through internal mental processes such as reasoning, imagination, or thought more apt to be forgotten following a shift in mood state than are events that emanate mainly from external sources? ), (b) the nature of the retrieval task (is it possible to demonstrate mood dependence using implicit rather than explicit measures of memory? ), (c) efficacy of mood modification (do strong, stable, and authentic affective states promote the appearance of MDM? ), and (d) whether alterations in affect are one-dimensional or two-dimensional (does a shift along both the pleasure and the arousal dimensions of mood impair memory more than does a shift along the pleasure dimension alone? ) Exploring these four factors in detail may make it possible to resolve much of the controversy that now surrounds MDM, and to acquire fresh insights into its cognitive and affective foundations
Emerging treatment options to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome: focus on losmapimod

Each year, despite optimal use of recommended acute and secondary prevention therapies, 4%–5% of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) experience relapse of ACS or other cardiovascular events including stroke, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death after the index ACS. The sudden atherosclerotic plaque rupture leading to an ACS event is often accompanied by inflammation, which is thought to be a key pathogenic pathway to these excess cardiovascular events. Losmapimod is a novel, oral p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor that targets MAPKs activated in macrophages, myocardium, and endothelial cells that occur as a part of global coronary vascular inflammation following plaque rupture. This review aims to 1) discuss the pathophysiological pathways through which p38 MAPKs may play key roles in initiation and progression of inflammatory disease and how losmapimod is thought to counteract these p38 MAPKs, and 2) to describe the efficacy and safety data for losmapimod obtained from preclinical studies and randomized controlled trials that support the hypothesis that it has promise as a treatment for patients with ACS.
Inspiratory flow reserve in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Patients with advanced muscular dystrophy frequently develop ventilatory failure. Currently respiratory impairment usually is assessed by measuring vital capacity and the mouth pressure generated during a maximal inspiratory maneuver (PI,max), neither of which directly measures ventilatory capacity. We assessed inspiratory flow reserve in 26 boys [mean (SD) age 12.8 (3.8) years] with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) without ventilatory failure and in 28 normal boys [mean (SD) age 12.6 (1.9) years] by analyzing the ratio between the largest inspiratory flow during tidal breathing (V′I,max(t)) and during a forced vital capacity maneuver (V′I,max(FVC)), (V′I,max(t)/V′I,max(FVC)). We have compared this ratio with the forced vital capacity (FVC) and PI,max measured at functional residual capacity.
Who Benefits from SAT Prep?: An Examination of High School Context and Race/Ethnicity

We examine how high school resources are linked to participation in forms of SAT prep; we also examine the impact of SAT prep on SAT scores and how it varies for students of different races. Students with more highly educated parents, more financial resources, and who attend schools with higher participation in AP courses are more likely to take more elite forms of test prep and obtain higher scores. However, not all students benefit equally from SAT prep; gains associated with SAT prep appear to be driven by East Asian American participation in private courses. Implications for equity are discussed.
E-Learning Initiative Capacity Building for Healthcare Workforce of Developing Countries

This study aims to explicate the strategic utilisat ion of e-learning is of upmost significance as e-le arning plays a pivotal role in the improvement of healthca re learning and knowledge transfer, especially in developing countries and in pursuing of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Rapid technology changes in the learning and knowledge transfer land scape markedly, the swift pace of e-learning leavin g healthcare providers no choice if they want to rema in competitive. Human capital, an important element in contemporary employee relations scenario, has become the most significant competitive advantage in healthcare delivery systems. As such, healthcare pr oviders need a new strategy for learning and traini ng of their employees. Besides, the knowledge and competencies of healthcare providers are not only vital component but also essential to the quality of care and health of the society. Thus, these rationales exert that today’s healthcare providers are embracing e-learni ng. The benefits of e-learning are extremely compel ling. They include a reduction in costs associated with e mployee travelling; reduction in time spent away fr om the patients and reduced learning times. Also, this study describes the United Nations University International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH ) strategies, best practices and experiences in del ivering e-learning to healthcare workforce of developing co untries.
Physical activity and fitness knowledge learning in physical education: Seeking a common ground

Motivation to learn is a disposition developed through exposure to learning opportunities. Guided by the expectancy-value theory of Eccles and Wigfield (1995), this study examined the extent to which expectancy belief and task value influenced elementary school students’ physical activity and knowledge learning in physical education (PE). Students (N = 753) from 15 US public schools contributed student-level and class-level data. With a 2-level design, the data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. Physical activity (t = 3.18; p < .01) positively predicted fitness knowledge. Attainment value (i.e. perception of importance) as the only expectancy-value construct, significantly predicted fitness knowledge (t = 3.07; p < .01), when physical activity was held constant. As the physical activity intensity increased, the positive prediction of attainment value to knowledge attenuated and then turned negative (t = –3.10; p < .01). The study indicated that although a physically-active context helps students to make sense of fitness knowledge, a vigorous context shifts their motivation away from cognitive learning, toward physical participation. To resolve the difficulty of attaining learning objectives both physically and cognitively, PE teachers may want to maintain an active learning context with moderate physical intensity. Future research should address the effect of learner motivation on dual or multiple learning outcomes in PE.