Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What does a Man do after he Makes an Error? An Analysis of Response Programming

When people make errors during continuous tasks they temporarily pause and then slow down. One line of explanation has been that they monitor feedback to detect errors, that they may make incidental responses when errors occur (e.g. they may swear) and that they may pause to analyse their errors. In all these cases they may be assumed to act as single channel information processing systems of limited capacity, and to be unable to recognise any new signal until these processes have been completed. Analysis of response after errors shows that this cannot be the case. Responses after errors are inaccurate, but are not slow when they require the subject to make the response which he should have made on the previous trial (i.e. to make an error correction response). Subjects thus must recognise new signals as soon as they occur. The present results require a new model of error detection and correction, and a model for response programming and priming.
Analysis of high‐resolution HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐Cw, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 alleles and haplotypes in 718 Chinese marrow donors based on donor–recipient confirmatory typings

High‐resolution human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐A, ‐B, ‐Cw, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 alleles and haplotype frequencies were analysed from 718 Chinese healthy donors selected from the Chinese Marrow Donor Program registry based on HLA donor–recipient confirmatory typings. A total of 28 HLA‐A, 61 HLA‐B, 30 HLA‐Cw, 40 HLA‐DRB1 and 18 HLA‐DQB1 alleles were identified, and HLA‐A*1101, A*2402, A*0201, B*4001, Cw*0702, Cw*0102, Cw*0304, DRB1*0901, DRB1*1501, DQB1*0301, DQB1*0303 and DQB1*0601 were found with frequencies higher than 10% in this study population. Multiple‐locus haplotype analysis by the maximum‐likelihood method revealed 45 A–B, 38 Cw–B, 47 B–DRB1, 29 DRB1–DQB1, 24 A–B–DRB1, 38 A–Cw–B, 23 A–Cw–B–DRB1, 33 Cw–B–DRB1–DQB1 and 22 A–Cw–B–DRB1–DQB1 haplotypes with frequencies >0.5%. The most common two‐, three‐, four‐ and five‐locus haplotypes in this population were: A*0207–B*4601 (7.34%), Cw*0102–B*4601 (8.71%), B*1302–DRB1*0701 (6.19%), DRB1*0901–DQB1*0303 (14.27%), A*3001–B*1302–DRB1*0701 (5.36%), A*0207–Cw*0102–B*4601 (7.06%), A*3001–Cw*0602–B*1302–DRB1*0701 (5.36%), Cw*0602–B*1302–DRB1*0701–DQB1*0202 (6.12%) and A*3001–Cw*0602–B*1302–DRB1*0701–DQB1*0202 (5.29%). Presentation of the high‐resolution alleles and haplotypes data at HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐Cw, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 loci will be useful for HLA matching in transplantation as well as for other medical and anthropological applications in the Chinese population.
Oral Lesions of HIV Disease and HAART in Industrialized Countries

The epidemiology of HIV-related oral disease in industrialized nations has evolved following the initial manifestations described in 1982. Studies from both the Americas and Europe report a decreased frequency of HIV-related oral manifestations of 10–50% following the introduction of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy). Evidence suggests that HAART plays an important role in controlling the occurrence of oral candidosis. The effect of HAART on reducing the incidence of oral lesions, other than oral candidosis, does not appear as significant, possibly as a result of low lesion prevalence in industrialized countries. In contrast to other oral manifestations of HIV, an increased prevalence of oral warts in patients on HAART has been reported from the USA and the UK. HIV-related salivary gland disease may show a trend of rising prevalence in the USA and Europe. The re-emergence of HIV-related oral disease may be indicative of failing therapy. A range of orofacial iatrogenic consequences of HAART has been reported, and it is often difficult to distinguish between true HIV-related oral disease manifestations and the adverse effects of HAART. A possible association between an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma and HIV infection has been suggested by at least three epidemiological studies, with reference to the lip and tongue. These substantial and intensive research efforts directed toward enhancing knowledge regarding the orofacial consequences of HIV infection in the industrialized nations require dissemination in the wider health care environment.
Segmenting recreational tennis players according to their involvement level: a psychographic profile based on constraints and motivation

The present study uses involvement as a segmentation variable for recreational tennis players, and further profiles the involvement groups with demographic (gender, age, family status, type of job, perceived economic status and education) and psychographic (perceived constraints and motivation) variables. Two hundred recreational tennis players (N = 200), who were members of a private tennis club participated in the study, and filled the Leisure Involvement Scale, the Leisure Constraints Scale and the Sport Motivation Scale. The results of the cluster analysis revealed a high and a low involved group, who significantly differed in all the involvement facets. The demographic variables were not found to be useful in further profiling the two involvement groups, since no statistically significant differences were found between the two involvement groups in the demographic variables. In contrast, the two involvement groups were found to have statistically significant differences in three of the constraints scales (individual/psychological, lack of time and facilities) and all the motivation dimensions. Low involved individuals were shown to perceive higher levels of intrapersonal constraints, lower levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and higher levels of amotivation.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Expanding Horizons for Clostridium difficile Infections and Beyond

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) methodology has been progressively refined over the past several years. The procedure has an extensive track record of success curing Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) with remarkably few adverse effects. It achieves similar levels of success whether the CDI occurs in the young or elderly, previously normal or profoundly ill patients, or those with CDI in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). While using FMT to treat CDI, however, we learned that using the procedure in other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, such as IBD without CDI, generally fails to effect cure. To improve results in treating other non-CDI diseases, innovatively designed Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) will be required to address questions about mechanisms operating within particular diseases. Availability of orally deliverable FMT products, such as capsules containing lyophilised fecal microbiota, will simplify CDI treatment and open the door to convenient, prolonged FMT delivery to the GI tract and will likely deliver improved results in both CDI and non-CDI diseases.
Theoretical Nursing: Development and Progress

Inspire your students to be theoretical thinkers, innovative advocates, and agents for change. Focused on cultivating the next generation of scholars, this highly respected classic demystifies theory, charts strategies to use in developing and advancing theory, and provides tools and best practices in evaluating progress in the discipline. Based on the feedback of nursing students, this edition was updated to be more accessible without losing the necessary rigor to foster critical thinking. Meleis provides a developmental and historical review of theoretical nursing and helps readers develop analytic skills and integrate knowledge into a coherent whole. By embarking on the journey of nursing theory, practicing nurses will find ways to improve everyday practice, as well as develop theories that capture their expertise. Highlights of the Sixth Edition Key Topics Paradigms that influenced nursing thought, such as feminism and post-colonialism Nursing Theories, including need , interaction , and outcome theories Social and health care transitions and their influence on advancing nursing knowledge The most updated global definitions of the discipline of nursing and the future of nursing Critical discussions on how different classifications of theories may lead to productive explorations and explanations of the process of clinical judgment and decision making Key Features New online journal articles and case studies give students an opportunity to apply theory to practice. Chapter-ending Reflective Questions expand students' understanding of theory and its impact on nursing today. Separate chapters covering Middle Range Theory and Situation-Specific Theory . This text is complemented by and frequently used with Peterson & Bredow's Middle Range Theories: Application to Nursing Research and Practice . A new two-column design that enhances readability. Doody's Review Services gives this title a Weighted Numerical Score: 89 - 3 Stars! "This is the most exemplary nursing theory title available and it is particularly useful because it is a treasure trove of classic and emerging theorists and their work. The breadth, comprehensiveness, and historical grounding make this a must-have title that is a relevant reference for emerging nursing theorists and researchers, faculty, graduate students, and policy makers. " - Doody's Review Service
A Hybrid Approach to NAND-Flash-Based Solid-State Disks

Replacing power-hungry disks with NAND-flash-based solid-state disks (SSDs) is a recently emerging trend in flash-memory applications. One important SSD design issue is achieving a good balance between cost, performance, and lifetime. This study introduces a hybrid approach to large SSDs that combines MLC NAND flash and SLC NAND flash. Each of these flash architectures has its own drawbacks and benefits, and this study proposes that the two can complement each other. However, there are technical challenges pertaining to data placement, data migration, and wear leveling in heterogeneous NAND flash. The experimental results of our study show that combining 256 MB SLC flash with 20 GB MLC flash produces a hybrid SSD. This hybrid SSD is 1.8 times faster than a purely MLC-flash-based SSD in terms of average response time and improves energy consumption by 46 percent. The proposed hybrid SSD costs only four percent more than a purely MLC-flash-based SSD. The extra cost of a hybrid SSD is very limited and rewarding.
The Effect of Media Exposure on Perceptions of Group Entitativity: A Preliminary Investigation

Group entitativity (i.e., the perception that a group is a coherent unit) has been found to play an important role in governing intergroup judgments and behaviors. Accordingly, considerable attention has been devoted to documenting both the factors that influence perceptions of entitativity and the effects of entitativity on group-based outcomes. Conspicuously absent from this research, however, is an assessment of the media's influence on these relationships. This is surprising, given the well-documented role of media exposure on an array of intergroup processes and effects. The current study tackles this issue by experimentally examining the impact of media exposure on perceptions of in-group entitativity and self-esteem among Latino news viewers. Although preliminary, the results found here suggest that media exposure can influence entitativity judgments.
Pharmacological Characterization of the Muscarinic Agonist (3R,4R)-3-(3-Hexylsulfanyl-pyrazin-2-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (WAY-132983) in in Vitro and in Vivo Models of Chronic Pain

Here, we have investigated the in vitro pharmacology of a muscarinic agonist, (3R,4R)-3-(3-hexylsulfanyl-pyrazin-2-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2. 1]heptane (WAY-132983), and we demonstrated its activity in several models of pain. WAY-132983 had a similar affinity for the five muscarinic receptors (9.4–29.0 nM); however, in calcium mobilization studies it demonstrated moderate selectivity for M1 (IC50 = 6.6 nM; Emax = 65% of 10 μM carbachol-stimulation) over the M3 (IC50 = 23 nM; Emax = 41%) and M5 receptors (IC50 = 300 nM; Emax = 18%). WAY-132983 also activated the M4 receptor, fully inhibiting forskolin-induced increase in cAMP levels (IC50 = 10.5 nM); at the M2 receptor its potency was reduced by 5-fold (IC50 = 49.8 nM). In vivo, WAY-132983 demonstrated good systemic bioavailability and high brain penetration (>20-fold over plasma levels). In addition, WAY-1329823 produced potent and efficacious antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects in rodent models of chemical irritant, chronic inflammatory, neuropathic, and incisional pain. It is noteworthy that efficacy in these models was observed at doses that did not produce analgesia or ataxia. Furthermore, a series of antagonist studies demonstrated that the in vivo activity of WAY-132983 is mediated through activation of muscarinic receptors primarily through the M4 receptor. The data presented herein suggest that muscarinic agonists, such as WAY-132983, may have a broad therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of pain.
Dependability of scores for a new ESL speaking assessment consisting of integrated and independent tasks

A multitask speaking measure consisting of both integrated and independent tasks is expected to be an important component of a new version of the TOEFL test. This study considered two critical issues concerning score dependability of the new speaking measure: How much would the score dependability be impacted by (1) combining scores on different task types into a composite score and (2) rating each task only once? To answer these questions, generalizability theory (G-theory) procedures were used to examine the impact of the numbers of tasks and raters per speech sample and of subsection lengths on the dependability of speaking scores. Univariate and multivariate G-theory analyses were conducted on rating data collected for 261 examinees for the study. The finding in the univariate analyses was that it would be more efficient to increase the number of tasks rather than the number of ratings per speech sample in maximizing the score dependability. The multivariate G-theory analyses also revealed that (1) the universe (or true) scores among the task-type subsections were very highly correlated and that (2) slightly larger gains in composite score reliability would result from increasing the number of listening - speaking tasks for the fixed section lengths.
The Effect of Forced Choice on Choice

Whereas most academic and industry studies of consumer preferences and decision making involve forced choice (i.e., participants are told to choose one of the presented product or service alternatives), buyers usually also have the option not to select any alternative. An implicit assumption in the experimental practice of forcing choice is that the no-choice option draws proportionately from the various available alternatives, such that the qualitative conclusions are unaffected. However, the authors propose that the no-choice option competes most directly with alternatives that buyers tend to select when they are uncertain about their preferences. Building on this general proposition, the authors show that the introduction of the no-choice option strengthens the attraction effect, weakens the compromise effect, and decreases the relative share of an option that is “average” on all dimensions. They also examine the mechanisms underlying the impact of having the option not to choose and the conditions under which the no-choice option is likely to affect relative option shares. The results are consistent with the notion that the no-choice option provides an alternative way of resolving difficult choices that is not available when subjects are forced to choose. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this research.
Strengths-Based Assessment Differences Across Students with LD and EBD

Current assessment techniques for children with learning disabilities (LD) and emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) are typically focused on identifying deficits. In this study we investigated the use of an alternative strength-based perspective, using the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale (BERS). Results showed that the BERS discriminated among students with LD and EBD and those who were nondisabled. The use of the BERS improved significantly over chance in classifying students with EBD and nondisabled students, but not in classifying students with LD. This suggests that the BERS may be useful in the EBD assessment process. Implications for future research are discussed.
Multivariate Rotated ARCH Models

This paper introduces a new class of multivariate volatility models which is easy to estimate using covariance targeting, even with rich dynamics. We call them rotated ARCH (RARCH) models. The basic structure is to rotate the returns and then to fit them using a BEKK-type parameterization of the time-varying covariance whose long-run covariance is the identity matrix. This yields the rotated BEKK (RBEKK) model. The extension to DCC-type parameterizations is given, introducing the rotated DCC (RDCC) model. Inference for these models is computationally attractive, and the asymptotics are standard. The techniques are illustrated using data on the DJIA stocks.
The Influence of Prior Beliefs on Scientific Judgments of Evidence Quality

This paper is concerned with the influence of scientists’ prior beliefs on their judgments of evidence quality. A laboratory experiment using advanced graduate students in the sciences (study 1) and an experimental survey of practicing scientists on opposite sides of a controversial issue (study 2) revealed agreement effects. Research reports that agreed with scientists’ prior beliefs were judged to be of higher quality than those that disagreed. In study 1, a prior belief strength X agreement interaction was found, indicating that the agreement effect was larger for general, evaluative judgments than for more specific, analytical judgments. A Bayesian analysis indicates that the pattern of agreement effects found in these studies may be normatively defensible, although arguments against implementing a Bayesian approach to scientific judgment are also advanced.
Nature or Nurture: What Determines Investor Behavior?

Using data on identical and fraternal twins' complete financial portfolios, we decompose the crosssectional variation in investor behavior. We find that a genetic factor explains about one third of the variance in stock market participation and asset allocation. Family environment has an effect on the behavior of young individuals, but this effect is not long-lasting and disappears as an individual gains experiences. Frequent contact among twins results in similar investment behavior beyond a genetic factor. Twins who grew up in different environments still display similar investment behavior. Our interpretation of a genetic component of the decision to invest in the stock market is that there are innate differences in factors affecting effective stock market participation costs. We attribute the genetic component of asset allocation - the relative amount invested in equities and the portfolio volatility - to genetic variation in risk preferences.
Learning Visual Odometry with a Convolutional Network

We present an approach to predicting velocity and direction changes from visual information (”visual odometry”) using an end-to-end, deep learning-based architecture. The architecture uses a single type of computational module and learning rule to extract visual motion, depth, and finally odometry information from the raw data. Representations of depth and motion are extracted by detecting synchrony across time and stereo channels using network layers with multiplicative interactions. The extracted representations are turned into information about changes in velocity and direction using a convolutional neural network. Preliminary results show that the architecture is capable of learning the resulting mapping from video to egomotion.
Feeding spinach thylakoids to rats modulates the gut microbiota, decreases food intake and affects the insulin response

Abstract Thylakoid membranes derived from green leaf chloroplasts affect appetite-regulating hormones, suppress food intake, reduce blood lipids and lead to a decreased body weight in animals and human subjects. Thylakoids also decrease the intestinal in vitro uptake of methyl-glucose in the rat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary thylakoids on the gut microbiota composition, mainly the taxa of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, in rats fed either a thylakoid-enriched diet or a control diet for 10 d. At the same time, a glucose-tolerance test in the same rats was also performed. Food intake was significantly decreased in the thylakoid-fed rats compared with the control-fed rats over the 10-d study. An oral glucose tolerance test after 10 d of thylakoid- or control-food intake resulted in significantly reduced plasma insulin levels in the thylakoid-fed rats compared with the control-fed rats, while no difference was observed for blood glucose levels. Analysis of gut bacteria showed a significant increase of lactobacilli on the ileal mucosa, specifically Lactobacillus reuteri, in the rats fed the thylakoid diet compared with rats fed the control diet, while faecal lactobacilli decreased. No difference in bifidobacteria between the thylakoid and control groups was found. Analyses with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and principal component analysis of faeces demonstrated different microbial populations in the thylakoid- and control-fed animals. These findings indicate that thylakoids modulate the gut microbial composition, which might be important for the regulation of body weight and energy metabolism.
Short Stories at Work

Membership patterns and tenure cycles in organizations have changed, which has resulted in significant leadership challenges. This study examined the relationship between storytelling and organizational commitment to determine whether storytelling signaled the degree of unity that organizational members built to “weather” turbulence. Stories from interviews with employees across all hierarchical levels and tenure stages at diverse locations of a global firm were analyzed and compared with dimensions of organizational commitment. Findings here illustrated that storytelling was strongly associated with organizational commitment and indicated that stories continue to play an important role in conveying values and complex messages across organizational boundaries. Along with providing a productive diagnostic capability, the research offers insight about contemporary organizational membership and surfaces valuable leadership implications.