Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 30-years Review on Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics: Is the Right Time for Pharmacogenetics?

Drug bioavailability may vary greatly amongst individuals, affecting both efficacy and toxicity: in humans, genetic variations account for a relevant proportion of such variability. In the last decade the use of pharmacogenetics in clinical practice, as a tool to individualize treatment, has shown a different degree of diffusion in various clinical fields. In the field of infectious diseases, several studies identified a great number of associations between host genetic polymor-phisms and responses to antiretroviral therapy. For example, in patients treated with abacavir the screening for HLA-B*5701 before starting treatment is routine clinical practice and standard of care for all patients; efavirenz plasma levels are influenced by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) CYP2B6-516G> T (rs3745274). Regarding antibiotics, many studies investigated drug transporters involved in antibiotic bioavailability, especially for fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and antituberculars. To date, few data are available about pharmacogenetics of recently developed antibiotics such as tigecycline, daptomycin or linezolid. Considering the effect of SNPs in gene coding for proteins involved in antibiotics bioavailability, few data have been published. Increasing knowledge in the field of antibiotic pharmacogenetics could be useful to explain the high drug inter-patients variability and to individualize therapy. In this paper we reported an overview of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics of antibiotics to underline the importance of an integrated approach in choosing the right dosage in clinical practice.
Reference Intervals of Alpha-Fetoprotein and Carcinoembryonic Antigen in the Apparently Healthy Population

Background The aim of this study was to calculate 95% reference intervals and double-sided limits of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) according to the CLSI EP28-A3 guideline. Material/Methods Serum AFP and CEA values were measured in samples from 26 000 healthy subjects in the Shuyang area receiving general health checkups. The 95% reference intervals and upper limits were calculated by using MedCalc. Results We provided continuous reference intervals from 20 years old to 90 years old for AFP and CEA. The reference intervals were: AFP, 1.31–7.89 ng/ml (males) and 1.01–7.10 ng/ml (females); CEA, 0.51–4.86 ng/ml (males) and 0.35–3.45ng/ml (females). AFP and CEA were significantly positively correlated with age in both males (r=0.196 and r=0.198) and females (r=0.121 and r=0.197). Conclusions Different races or populations and different detection systems may result in different reference intervals for AFP and CEA. Continuous reference intervals of age changes are more accurate than age groups.
Effect of tetrahydropalmatine analogs on Fos expression induced by formalin-pain.

AIM To study the effect of tetrahydropalmatine (THP) analogs on Fos protein expression induced by formalin-pain and elucidate analgesic mechanism of THP analogs. METHODS The pain response to Sprague Dawley rats was induced with formalin injected s.c. into the plantar surface of the right hindpaw. Fos protein expression in brain and spinal cord was investigated with immunohistochemistry. The numbers of Fos-like immunoreactive (FLI) neurons were counted with Leica Q570 image analyzer. RESULTS In the groups of THP analogs and D2 antagonist spiperone, FLI neurons induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of THP analogs and spiperone were mainly located in the striatum and accumbens nucleus, and a few FLI neurons were also in sensorimotor cortex. In the D1 antagonist, D1 agonist, D2 agonist, saline and vehicle groups, FLI neurons were seldom seen in the striatum and accumbens nucleus. Moreover, the Fos protein expression induced by l-THP and spiperone could be prevented by the pre-treatment of the D2 agonist quinpirole but not D1 agonist SKF38393. In the formalin-pain group, FLI neurons were mainly distributed in ascending pain afferent system (APAS) and descending pain modulation system (DPMS). Following i.p. THP analogs, however, the numbers of FLI neurons induced by formalin-pain in the APAS, such as dorsal horn (mainly laminae I, II, IV-VI) were markedly decreased, while the numbers of FLI neurons in the DPMS, such as periaqueductal gray (PAG) and reticular paragigantocellular lateral nucleus (RPLN) were significantly increased. CONCLUSION THP analogs enhanced the activity of brainstem DPMS by the blockade of D2 receptors in the striatum and accumbens nucleus, and sequentially inhibited the inputs of peripheral pain afferent message in spinal cord level.
Postpartum Glucose Testing Rates Following Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Factors Affecting Testing Non-compliance from Four Tertiary Centers in Korea

The purpose of this study was to investigate postpartum glucose testing rates in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to determine factors affecting testing non-compliance in the Korean population. This was a retrospective study of 1,686 patients with GDM from 4 tertiary centers in Korea and data were obtained from medical records. Postpartum glucose testing was conducted using a 2-hr 75-g oral glucose tolerance, fasting glucose, or hemoglobin A1C test. Test results were categorized as normal, prediabetic, and diabetic. The postpartum glucose testing rate was 44.9% (757/1,686 patients); and of 757 patients, 44.1% and 18.4% had pre-diabetes and diabetes, respectively. According to the multivariate analysis, patients with a high parity, larger weight gain during pregnancy, and referral from private clinics due to reasons other than GDM treatment were less likely to receive postpartum glucose testing. However, patients who had pharmacotherapy for GDM were more likely to be screened. In this study, 55.1% of patients with GDM failed to complete postpartum glucose testing. Considering the high prevalence of diabetes (18.4%) at postpartum, clinicians should emphasize the importance of postpartum diabetes screening to patients with factors affecting testing noncompliance.
Domain-Specific Trajectories of Involvement Among Fathers of Children Born to Young, Low-Income, African American Mothers

Although research on low-income, nonresidential fathers is expanding, fathers’ involvement with their children over time has mainly been studied using composite measures of involvement. This study examines 3 domains of father involvement (financial support, child care, decision making) with a sample of young, low-income African American mothers (N = 248). These domains are examined separately to assess the extent to which unique patterns and predictors of involvement emerge over time from 4 months to 2 years postpartum. Trajectory analyses provide a similar set of trajectories for child care and decision making, and suggest that stability in either high or low levels of involvement was more common than decline over time. We identify only 2 trajectories of financial support. Relationship features, both prenatal and at 4-months postpartum, significantly predicted high involvement versus sustained low involvement for all 3 domains; however, a unique set of predictors of trajectory membership was found for each domain. Domain-specific findings are compared with findings from a supplemental, composite involvement approach to evaluate the utility of a domain-specific approach.
Novel Temporalis Muscle and Fat Pad Morphomic Analyses Aids Preoperative Risk Evaluation and Outcome Assessment in Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis

Introduction Analytical morphomics is the term we created to describe an innovative, highly automated, anatomically indexed processing of 3D medical imaging data captured during the course of a patients’ preoperative CT scan. Our specific aim is to determine the efficacy of craniofacial morphomic indices (CMI) such as temporalis muscle and temporal fat pad morphometric values to predict blood transfusion requirement and hospital stay in a cohort of children with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NSC). Methods High-throughput, semi-automated image analysis was used to reconstruct the 3-dimensional anatomy of the temporalis muscle and temporal fat pad and to quantify CMIs. The prognostic effect of CMI on clinical outcomes were evaluated among all NSC patients and compared across various craniosynostosis subtypes using Wilcoxon nonparametric tests and Kendall’s &tgr; to determine significance. Results Using preoperative CT images, we evaluated 117 children with NSC from the University of Michigan Health System. Results demonstrate that increased temporal fat pad volume and local temporalis muscle volume are associated with better clinical outcomes in craniosynostosis patients. More specifically, temporal fat pad volume was shown to be a significant predictor of perioperative blood transfusion requirements (P = 0.0033) and increased temporal muscle volume correlated with decreased hospital stay (P = 0.016) when controlling for other covariates including age, sex, weight, and preoperative hematocrit. In addition, the same significant predictors were found when examining individual subtypes of craniosynostosis. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that maxillofacial CT scans provide a useful quantitative index reflecting general patient health, risk stratification, and probabilities of intervention in addition to their previously established ability to determine the specific pathology of the patient. We demonstrate that temporal morphomics predict the incidence of blood transfusion, hospital stay, and serve as a proxy for fitness in patients undergoing craniosynostosis surgery.
Application of a Conceptual Model of College Withdrawal to Disadvantaged Students

This paper reports a study of retention and attrition after the freshman year among disadvantaged students at an urban, primarily non-residential, university. Economically and academically disadvantaged college students are widely known to be at risk for attrition, which highlights the need to investigate the process among members of this group. Substantial progress has been made developing and testing explanatory models of college student withdrawal, but they have only begun to be directly applied to special groups of students such as the disadvantaged. The study applies a conceptual model developed by Tinto (1975) to a group of students who, through a special program, were admitted to a senior college within The City University of New York. The paper tests the predictive validity of major constructs in the model. It was shown to be sensitive to the dimensions of student-institutional fit operating in the situation, and indicated that academic integration was the most salient aspect of development for this group of students. Social integration had limited influence, especially when considered relative to academic measures. The results were seen as reinforcing the recognition that the acquisition of academic skills and behaviors is paramount for the success of underprepared students.
477 The Effect of Oral Dextrose on Pain Relief of Newborn Infants

Background: In comparision with children and adults pain in the newborn infants is under assessed and under managed. Recently oral sweet solutions such as sucrose has been used for painful procedures in neonates. In this study we assessed the efficacy of 25% dextrose for managing of infants pain in neonatal peripheral venepuncture. Methods: In a randomized controlled clinical trial, 60 term neonates were enrolled in study. They were randomized to receive oral dextrose(20%) or sterile water. Two minutes before venepuncture one group received 2 ml oral 20% dextrose and for the other group 2 ml oral sterile water was administered. Pain reactions were scored with CRIES pain scoring system, Crying time and heart rate at 5 minutes after venepuncture were recorded. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between two groups of neonates in respect to gestational age, birth weight, gender and postnatal age. There were significantly lower pain score and shorter crying time in dextrose group after venepuncture(CRIES pain score: 2.23 ± 1.45 vs 6.17 ± 1.66 P<.001), (Duration of crying (sec) : 2.83 ± 1.64 vs 16.97 ± 8.49 P<. 001) respectively. Heart rate at 5 minutes after venepuncture was not significantly different between two groups. Conclusion: Using oral dextrose solution is a useful, non expensive and non pharmacologic method for managing pain of venepuncture in neonates.
Fiber Types and Myosin Types in Human Atrial and Ventricular Myocardium An Anatomical Description

Hybridomas were prepared from mice immunized with myosin from the enlarged left ventricle of a 53-year-old female with an obstructive cardiomyopathy. The specificity of 15 monoclonal antibodies to myosin heavy chains was assessed by the reactivity of muscle extracts and of chymotryptic myosin fragments of different sizes with these antibodies, as determined by the immune replicate technique; some of the monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted only with the ventricular V3-type myosin from hypothyroid rats, whereas the other antibodies cross-reacted both with the latter and with the ventricular VI-type myosins from normal young rats. Immunological heterogeneity of the fibers from human atrial muscles and from human ventricular muscles was detected by some of the antimyosin antibodies by means of indirect immunofluorescence. Histochemical fiber heterogeneity was also detected by adenosine triphosphatase staining of the same tissues. Because of the close correspondence observed between the immunological and histochemical responses of atrial fibers, it has been postulated that at least two distinct types of myosin exist in the human atrium, each myosin form being histochemically related to either α-or β-like ventricular myosin heavy chains. In contrast, there was no direct correspondence between the two experimental approaches in human ventricles, and it is postulated that at least three distinct types of myosin exist within the human ventricles, one VI-type myosin, presumably corresponding to the very rare fibers with an alkaline-stable adenosine triphosphatase activity, and two other V3-type myosins corresponding to immunologically different fibers, each having an alkaline-labile adenosine triphosphatase activity. Monoclonal antibodies that can distinguish among the different myosin variants were further used to provide the basis for an anatomical description of fiber types and myosin types within the human atrial and ventricular myocardium in the whole hearts of two young boys who died sudden violent deaths. Small zones of myosin variation were seen to be scattered, but probably not randomly distributed, within large areas of myocardium in which the cellular distribution of myosin was constant; the large areas had one myosin distribution specific for each cardiac cavity. No clear-cut conclusions can yet be made concerning the physiological role of the regional variations observed in the distribution of the different molecular forms of myosin.
EFFECTS OF A SMOKING SIMULATION INTERVENTION ON FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS' ATTITUDES ABOUT SMOKING CIGARETTES

2 INTRODUCTION 8 Purpose of the Present Investigation 10 Hypotheses and Rationale 10 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13 Overview of Adolescent Risky Behavior 13 Current Trends of Smoking Behavior 17 Susceptibility 19 Prevention 24 Information-Deficit Model 27 Affective Education Model 28 Social Influences Model 28 The Attitude-Behavior Relationship in Interventions 32 Attitude-Behavior Consistency 33 The Theory of Planned Behavior 40 Behavioral Beliefs 43 Normative Beliefs 43 Control Beliefs 44 Intention 44 Experiential Learning 47 Computer Simulations 49 The NICoteen Program 52 Smoking Simulation Intervention 6 Explanation of Program Curriculum and Theoretical Basis 53 Purpose of Present Investigation 58 Hypothesis and Rationale 58 METHODOLOGY 61
Recent Global Cropland Water Consumption Constrained by Observations

Under current global warming and accelerated population growth scenarios, cropland irrigation water consumption has become a central issue limiting the sustainability of coupled human‐natural systems. This study proposes a new estimate of recent global cropland water consumption constrained by observations and provides attributions for its recent trend. By incorporating observations, including extracted cropland leaf area index and irrigation threshold data, this study provides improved estimates of recent global cropland evapotranspiration and transpiration as well as irrigation water consumption and withdrawal. The global annual consumption and withdrawal of irrigation water are estimated to be approximately 874 and 1,867 km3 (in 2005), respectively. From 2000 to 2014, a rapid increase in cropland irrigation was detected, especially in water‐deficient areas (i.e., hyperarid, arid, and semiarid regions). Climate change, which mainly consists of rising temperature and reduced moisture conditions, is usually distinguished as the major driving factor. Human‐induced increases in crop canopy cover have also contributed to more irrigation in hyperarid and arid regions. This study also provides suggestions for water‐savings‐targeted cropland management in water‐deficient areas based on the transpiration ratio (i.e., ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration).
Improved Bilinear Pooling with CNNs

Bilinear pooling of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) features [22, 23], and their compact variants [10], have been shown to be effective at fine-grained recognition, scene categorization, texture recognition, and visual question-answering tasks among others. The resulting representation captures second-order statistics of convolutional features in a translationally invariant manner. In this paper we investigate various ways of normalizing these statistics to improve their representation power. In particular we find that the matrix square-root normalization offers significant improvements and outperforms alternative schemes such as the matrix logarithm normalization when combined with elementwise square-root and l2 normalization. This improves the accuracy by 2-3% on a range of fine-grained recognition datasets leading to a new state of the art. We also investigate how the accuracy of matrix function computations effect network training and evaluation. In particular we compare against a technique for estimating matrix square-root gradients via solving a Lyapunov equation that is more numerically accurate than computing gradients via a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). We find that while SVD gradients are numerically inaccurate the overall effect on the final accuracy is negligible once boundary cases are handled carefully. We present an alternative scheme for computing gradients that is faster and yet it offers improvements over the baseline model. Finally we show that the matrix square-root computed approximately using a few Newton iterations is just as accurate for the classification task but allows an order-of-magnitude faster GPU implementation compared to SVD decomposition.
Effects of Dosing Time and Schedule on Cisplatin‐Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Renal dysfunction induced by a single injection of cisplatin depends on the timing of the dose. However, the effects of repeated administration of cisplatin on time‐dependent toxicity have not been evaluated despite the fact that in clinical practice high doses are repeatedly injected at intervals or low doses are administered daily. We studied chrono‐nephrotoxicity in rats after weekly or daily cisplatin injections.
In Economics and Social Sciences Working Papers Series Nash Program

This article is a brief survey on the Nash program for coalitional games. Results of non-cooperative implementation of the Nash solution, the Shapley value and the core are discussed. Nash program In game theory this is the name given to a research agenda, initiated in Nash (1953), intended to bridge the gap between the cooperative and non-cooperative approaches to the discipline. Many authors have contributed to the program since its beginnings (the reader is referred to Serrano (2005) for a comprehensive survey). The current article will concentrate on a few salient contributions. One should begin by introducing some preliminaries and providing definitions of some basic concepts, extensions of which may be also found in other entries of the dictionary, such as those corresponding to non-cooperative games, coalitional games, the core, the Shapley value or bargaining. 1. Preliminaries. The non-cooperative approach to game theory provides a rich language and develops useful tools to analyze strategic situations. One clear advantage of the approach is that it is able to model how specific details of the interaction may impact the final outcome. One limitation, however, is that its predictions may be highly sensitive to those details. For this reason it is worth also analyzing more abstract approaches that attempt to obtain conclusions that are independent of such details. The cooperative approach is one such attempt. Here are the primitives of the basic model in cooperative game theory. Let N = {1,. , n} be a finite set of players. For each S, a non-empty subset of N , we shall specify a set V (S) containing |S|-dimensional payoff vectors that are feasible for coalition S. Thus, a reduced form approach is taken because one does not explain what strategic choices are behind each of the payoff vectors in V (S). In addition, in this formulation, referred to as the characteristic function, it is implicitly assumed that the 1 working papers series actions taken by the complement coalition (those players not in S) cannot prevent S from achieving each of the payoff vectors in V (S). There are more general models in which these sorts of externalities are considered, but for the most part the contributions to the Nash program have been confined to the characteristic function model. Given a collection of sets V (S), one for each S, the theory formulates its predictions on the basis of solution concepts. A solution is …
Comorbidity of Dependent Personality Disorder and other Psychological Disorders: An Integrative Review

A review of the empirical literature examining the comorbidity of dependent personality disorder (DPD) and other psychological disorders indicated that DPD shows high rates of comorbidity with eating disorders, anxiety disorders, somatization disorder, and the majority of DSM-III-R Axis II personality disorders (i.e., schizoid, avoidant, schizotypal, borderline, histrionic, passive-aggressive and self-defeating). However, DPD showed only moderate overlap with dysthymia and major depression, and showed virtually no overlap with substance use disorders. These findings offer mixed support for the assertions of the DSM-III-R regarding the comorbidity of DPD and other Axis I and Axis II disorders. In general, studies that used categorical approaches to assessing DPD comorbidity obtained lower comorbidity rates than studies that used dimensional analysis. The diagnostic, methodological, and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.