Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GLORIA observations of de-/nitrification during the Arctic winter 2015/16 POLSTRACC campaign

Denitriﬁcation, the condensation and sedimentation of HNO 3 -containing particles in the winter stratosphere at high latitudes, is an important process affecting the deactivation of ozone-depleting halogen species. It modulates the vertical partitioning of chemically active NO y and the vertical redistribution of HNO 3 can affect low stratospheric altitudes under sufﬁciently cold conditions. The capability of associated nitriﬁcation to disturb the NO y budget of the climate-relevant lowermost stratosphere (LMS) has hardly been investigated in detail and represents a challenge for model simulations. The Arctic winter 2015/16 was characterized by exceptionally cold stratospheric temper-atures and widespread polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) that were observed from mid-December 2015 until the end of February 2016 down to the LMS. Observations by the GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) spectrometer during the POLSTRACC (Polar Stratosphere in a Changing Climate) aircraft mission allow us to study the development of nitriﬁcation of the Arctic LMS during and after the 2015/16 PSC period with high vertical resolution. The vertical cross-sections of HNO 3 distribution along the HALO (High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft) ﬂight tracks derived from GLORIA observations show the result of signiﬁcant vertical redistribution of NO y with strong nitriﬁcation of up to ∼ 6 ppbv in the LMS. We compare the results of the GLORIA observations with simulations by the state-of-the-art chemical-transport model CLaMS and the climate-chemistry model EMAC and discuss the capability of these models to reproduce nitriﬁcation of the Arctic LMS.
Degenerate stochastic differential equations arising from catalytic branching networks

We establish existence and uniqueness for the martingale problem associated with a system of degenerate SDE's representing a catalytic branching network. The drift and branching coefficients are only assumed to be continuous and satisfy some natural non-degeneracy conditions. We assume at most one catalyst per site as is the case for the hypercyclic equation. Here the two-dimensional case with affine drift is required in work of [DGHSS] on mean fields limits of block averages for 2-type branching models on a hierarchical group. The proofs make use of some new methods, including Cotlar's lemma to establish asymptotic orthogonality of the derivatives of an associated semigroup at different times, and a refined integration by parts technique from [DP1].
Business cycle comovement in the G-7: common shocks or common transmission mechanisms?

What are the sources of macroeconomic comovement among G-7 countries? Two main candidate explanations may be singled out: common shocks and common transmission mechanisms. In the article it is shown that they are complementary, rather than alternative, explanations. By means of a large-scale Factor Vector Autoregressive (FVAR) model, allowing for full economic and statistical identification of all global and idiosyncratic shocks, it is found that both common disturbances and common transmission mechanisms of global and country-specific shocks account for business cycle comovement in the G-7 countries. Moreover, spillover effects of foreign idiosyncratic disturbances seem to be a less important factor than the common transmission of global or domestic shocks in the determination of international macro-economic comovements.
Ezrin Inhibition Up-regulates Stress Response Gene Expression*

Ezrin is a member of the ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) family of proteins that links cortical cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. High expression of ezrin correlates with poor prognosis and metastasis in osteosarcoma. In this study, to uncover specific cellular responses evoked by ezrin inhibition that can be used as a specific pharmacodynamic marker(s), we profiled global gene expression in osteosarcoma cells after treatment with small molecule ezrin inhibitors, NSC305787 and NSC668394. We identified and validated several up-regulated integrated stress response genes including PTGS2, ATF3, DDIT3, DDIT4, TRIB3, and ATF4 as novel ezrin-regulated transcripts. Analysis of transcriptional response in skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from NSC305787-treated mice compared with a control group revealed that, among those genes, the stress gene DDIT4/REDD1 may be used as a surrogate pharmacodynamic marker of ezrin inhibitor compound activity. In addition, we validated the anti-metastatic effects of NSC305787 in reducing the incidence of lung metastasis in a genetically engineered mouse model of osteosarcoma and evaluated the pharmacokinetics of NSC305787 and NSC668394 in mice. In conclusion, our findings suggest that cytoplasmic ezrin, previously considered a dormant and inactive protein, has important functions in regulating gene expression that may result in down-regulation of stress response genes.
Binocular competition in the control of geniculate cell growth

It has been shown previously that, in kittens, geniculate laminae that are visually deprived by a unilateral lid‐suture grow less than normal. However, cell growth is affected only where the deprived laminae lie opposite a normally innervated lamina. The most lateral part of lamina A, which is innervated from the monocular crescent of the visual field and which extends beyond the edge of lamina A1, is not affected by lid‐suture. One interpretation of this result is that a binocular competition controls geniculate cell growth and that the normal competitive balance is upset by the lid‐suture.
Seasonality of Freshwater in the East Greenland Current System From 2014 to 2016

The initial 2 years of Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program mooring data (2014–2016) provide the first glimpse into the seasonality of freshwater in the complete East Greenland Current system. Using a set of eight moorings southeast of Greenland at 60∘ N, we find two distinct, persistent velocity cores on the shelf and slope. These are the East Greenland Coastal Current, which carries cold, fresh water from the Arctic and Greenland along the shelf, and the East Greenland/Irminger Current over the slope, which is a combination of cold, fresh waters and warm, salty waters of Atlantic origin. Together, these currents carry 70% of the freshwater transport across the subpolar North Atlantic east of Greenland. The freshwater transport referenced to a salinity of 34.9 is approximately equipartitioned between the coastal current (East Greenland Coastal Current) and the fresh portion of the slope current (East Greenland Current), which carry 42 ± 6 and 32 ± 6 mSv, respectively. The coastal and slope current freshwater transports have staggered seasonality during the observed period, peaking in December and March, respectively, suggesting that summer surveys have underestimated freshwater transport in this region. We find that the continental slope is freshest in the winter, when surface cooling mixes freshwater off the shelf. This previously unmeasured freshwater over the slope is likely to enter the Labrador Sea downstream, where it can impact deep convection. Plain Language Summary East of Greenland, the ocean has very low salinity, as fresh water and sea ice from the Arctic as well as Greenland melt and icebergs flows into it. This fresh water has the potential to alter the formation of dense water by cooling because it is very light due to its low salinity. This, in turn, is expected to affect global ocean circulation and climate. Despite these potential consequences, the pathways of freshwater around Greenland are uncertain, and measurements outside the summer months are scarce. Here we present the first year-round measurements of the complex current system on the continental shelf and slope southeast of Greenland. We find that the two currents (one on the shelf and one over the slope) have a maximum in freshwater transport in the late fall and winter, respectively. This implies that summer measurements have been underestimating the amount of freshwater these currents carry. We find a freshwater maximum over the slope in winter and present evidence that this freshwater has been mixed off the shelf by winter cooling. This is a novel pathway for freshwater that is likely to have consequences downstream.
A preliminary investigation of trunk and wrist kinematics when using drivers with different shaft properties

Abstract It is unknown whether skilled golfers will modify their kinematics when using drivers of different shaft properties. This study aimed to firstly determine if golf swing kinematics and swing parameters and related launch conditions differed when using modified drivers, then secondly, determine which kinematics were associated with clubhead speed. Twenty high level amateur male golfers (M ± SD: handicap = 1.9 ± 1.9 score) had their three-dimensional (3D) trunk and wrist kinematics collected for two driver trials. Swing parameters and related launch conditions were collected using a launch monitor. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant (p ≤ 0.003) between driver differences; specifically, faster trunk axial rotation velocity and an early wrist release for the low kick point driver. Launch angle was shown to be 2° lower for the high kick point driver. Regression models for both drivers explained a significant amount of variance (60–67%) in clubhead speed. Wrist kinematics were most associated with clubhead speed, indicating the importance of the wrists in producing clubhead speed regardless of driver shaft properties.
Volume change of tropical Peruvian glaciers from multi-temporal digital elevation models and volume–surface area scaling

ABSTRACT To estimate hydrological storage and better understand the climatic implications of glacier retreat, the volume of glacial ice is a critical but problematic variable. High-accuracy mapping of glacier surface changes over time can directly estimate volume changes, allowing for explicit testing and refining of scaling relationships between changes in glacier volume and surface area that are necessary for making an inventory of remaining glacier mass with remote imagery. A combination of airborne LiDAR, spaceborne remote sensing imagery, digital photogrammetry, and geospatial techniques is used to assess the changes in volume and surface area of six glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, between 1962 and 2008. The loss of glacier surface area ranges from 30.79% to 72.62%, corresponding to individual glacier volume changes ranging from 0.019 to 0.150 km3. The volume–surface area scaling is deduced from the change in volume related to the change in surface area by a power relationship quantified from 13 different epoch series. The result shows that there is about 36% more volume loss relative to the loss expected from surface area alone of these individual glaciers in the study area than other glaciers in mid- and high-latitudes from the previous study. Since the error of volume estimation shows a much larger impact on the increase with the size of glaciers, volume–surface area scaling analysis needs to include larger ice masses with regional inventories for a more accurate estimation.
Paleoclimate and the Origin of Paleozoic Chert: Time to Re-Examine the Origins of Chert in the Rock Record

INTRODUCTION: THE CHERT PROBLEM Paradigms regarding the origin of sedimentary chert have remained largely unchanged for decades. Extant paradigms generally focus on some aspect of biogenic extraction and precipitation of silica from seawater without explicitly addressing the primary source of silica (e.g., Gutschick and Sandberg, 1983; Maliva, et al., 1989; Beauchamp and Baud, 2002; Pope and Steffen, 2003). The primary sources of silica in modern oceans have been attributed predominantly to river input with lesser amounts coming from submarine groundwater discharge, dust, seafloor weathering, and hydrothermal vents respectively (Tréguer and De La Rocha, 2013). However, any changes in the order of predominance among these sources through time are unknown. In this paper I reintroduce a rarely discussed paradigm that attributes the predominant source of silica for Paleozoic chert to aeolian deposition of siliceous sediments (hereinafter, dust) (Haught, 1956; Banks, 1970; Cecil, 2004). The dust hypothesis also may help explain chert of nonmarine origin, as will be discussed subsequently. The dust hypothesis is based in part on an apparent empirical correlation between chert occurrence and paleoaridity (Cecil, 2004)*. The empirical correlation between chert occurrence and paleoaridity is further developed herein by comparing multiple depositional environments for Paleozoic chert parent material (CPM) across the conterminous United States (North America craton; NAC) to the paleoclimate maps of Boucot et al., (2013)**. Inferred depositional environments for CPM are derived from the literature (e.g., Hein and Parrish, 1987, Appendix 2-1; among many others), or personal experience. Where applicable, I also present ancillary observations on the relation between arid paleoclimates and the temporal and spatial distribution of quartz arenites whose textural and mineralogical maturity may, in part, be attributed to ancient aeolian processes (e.g., Dott, 2003), regardless of the final depositional environment; such processes could have been major producers of dust.
Carbon Prices for the Next Thousand Years

Climate is a persistent asset, bar none: changes in climate-related stocks have consequences spanning over centuries or possibly millennia to the future. To reconcile the discounting of such far-distant impacts and realism of the shorter-term decisions, we consider hyperbolic time-preferences in a climate-economy model. Time-changing utility discount rates have unexplored general-equilibrium effects: carbon prices exceed the pure carbon externality costs - the Pigouvian tax level - by multiple factors in our quantitative assessment. The climate-economy model is rich in details but can be solved in closed-form yielding Markov carbon prices dependent on climate system parameters, damage estimates, technology parameters, and both short- and long-term time preferences. The equilibrium time discount rate is endogenous, and it can justify high carbon taxes as advocated by Stern while maintaining the realism of the macroeconomic outcome, thus providing a solution for the dilemma centering the carbon tax-discount rate debate. The welfare ranking of the policy alternatives is unambiguous: enforcing the Pigouvian tax decreases a consistently-defined welfare measure vis-a-vis the Markov equilibrium.
The Contribution of Primary and Secondary Somatosensory Cortices to the Representation of Body Parts and Body Sides: An fMRI Adaptation Study

Although the somatosensory homunculus is a classically used description of the way somatosensory inputs are processed in the brain, the actual contributions of primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortices to the spatial coding of touch remain poorly understood. We studied adaptation of the fMRI BOLD response in the somatosensory cortex by delivering pairs of vibrotactile stimuli to the finger tips of the index and middle fingers. The first stimulus (adaptor) was delivered either to the index or to the middle finger of the right or left hand, and the second stimulus (test) was always administered to the left index finger. The overall BOLD response evoked by the stimulation was primarily contralateral in SI and was more bilateral in SII. However, our fMRI adaptation approach also revealed that both somatosensory cortices were sensitive to ipsilateral as well as to contralateral inputs. SI and SII adapted more after subsequent stimulation of homologous as compared with nonhomologous fingers, showing a distinction between different fingers. Most importantly, for both somatosensory cortices, this finger-specific adaptation occurred irrespective of whether the tactile stimulus was delivered to the same or to different hands. This result implies integration of contralateral and ipsilateral somatosensory inputs in SI as well as in SII. Our findings suggest that SI is more than a simple relay for sensory information and that both SI and SII contribute to the spatial coding of touch by discriminating between body parts (fingers) and by integrating the somatosensory input from the two sides of the body (hands).
Lumbar Puncture Test in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Does the Volume of CSF Removed Affect the Response to Tap?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is limited evidence to support the use of high-volume lumbar taps over lower-volume taps in the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. The purpose of this study is to detect whether the volume of CSF removed from patients undergoing high-volume diagnostic lumbar tap test for normal pressure hydrocephalus is significantly associated with post–lumbar tap gait performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 249 consecutive patients who underwent evaluation for normal pressure hydrocephalus. The patients were analyzed both in their entirety and as subgroups that showed robust response to the lumbar tap test. The volume of CSF removed was treated as both a continuous variable and a discrete variable. Statistical tests were repeated with log-normalized volumes. RESULTS: This study found no evidence of a relationship between the volume of CSF removed during the lumbar tap test and subsequent gait test performance in the patient population (Pearson coefficient r = 0.049–0.129). Log normalization of the volume of CSF removed and controlling for age and sex failed to yield a significant relationship. Subgroup analyses focusing on patients who showed greater than 20% improvement in any of the gait end points or who were deemed sufficiently responsive clinically to warrant surgery also yielded no significant relationships between the volume of CSF removed and gait outcomes, but there were preliminary findings that patients who underwent tap with larger-gauge needles had better postprocedure ambulation among patients who showed greater than 20% improvement in immediate time score (P = .04, n = 62). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence to support that a higher volume of CSF removal impacts gait testing, suggesting that a high volume of CSF removal may not be necessary in a diagnostic lumbar tap test.
Human tissue kallikrein expression in the stratum corneum and serum of atopic dermatitis patients

Abstract: Human tissue kallikreins are a family of 15 trypsin‐ or chymotrypsin‐like secreted serine proteases (KLK1–KLK15). Many KLKs have been identified in normal stratum corneum (SC) and sweat, and are candidate desquamation‐related proteases.
Drought Effects on Soybean Cultivation - A Review

The soybean crop is exposed to many adverse environmental conditions; among them, it is the drought stress, which is responsible for great losses on crop yield. The crops productivity improvement may have a limit due stress factors, as noted by its stabilization in the past years in 80% of their theoretical yield potential. These stress factors may be biotic or abiotic, affecting the plants growth and development. Among the abiotic factors, the drought is considered the most devastating, affecting all plants growth and development stages causing huge losses in soybean yield. In the field, such stresses occur simultaneously, limiting the plants growth and development, compromising sustainable agriculture. This review article focused on Drought effects on soybean cultivation. Field studies that indicate the performance of cultivars in different drought patterns are Review Article Engels et al.; ARRB, 16(1): 1-13, 2017; Article no.ARRB. 35232 2 necessary to identify the genotypes response mechanisms. Recent studies in southern Brazil on drought response soybean were generated under greenhouse conditions and fields showing that plants can modulate the metabolism in response to this adverse drought circumstance by targeting different mechanisms, aiming to survival and keep productivity. Studies have shown that cultivars with lower daily water use before flowering, but higher use after flowering had higher grain yield and higher water use efficiency. In the future, since the drought events tend to become more severe and frequent in Brazil and worldwide, the study and obtainment of drought resistant cultivars is necessary.
Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) (collectively termed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)) are complex disorders reflected by wide variation in clinical practice. These guidelines, commissioned by the Clinical Services’ Committee of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) for clinicians and allied professionals caring for patients with IBD in the United Kingdom, provide an evidence based document describing good clinical practice for investigation and treatment. The guidelines are intended to bring consistency, but should not necessarily be regarded as the standard of care for all patients. Individual cases must be managed on the basis of all clinical data available for that case. Patient preferences should be sought and decisions jointly made between patient and health professional. ### 1.1 Development of guidelines A comprehensive literature search was performed using electronic databases (Medline, PubMed, and Ovid; keywords: “inflammatory bowel disease”, “ulcerative colitis”, and “Crohn’s disease”) by Dr Carter. A preliminary document was drafted by Dr Carter, Dr Lobo, and contributing authors. This was summarised by Dr Travis and revised after circulation first to the committee and then to members of the IBD section of the BSG, before submission to the Clinical Services’ Committee. ### 1.2 Grading of recommendations1 The guidelines conform to the North of England evidence based guidelines development project. The grading of each recommendation is dependent on the category of evidence supporting it: ### 1.3 Scheduled review of guidelines The content and evidence base …
Multi-item inventory staggering problems: heuristics and bounds

In this paper, we consider the staggering problem in the management of a Single Resource Multi-item Inventory System (SRMIS) studied in Anily (1991), Gallego, Shaw and Simchi-Levi (1992), Gallego, Queyranne and Simchi-Levi ( 1996), and Hariga and Jackson (1996). Each of the items in the inventory system has a constant demand (or depletion) rate, uses a certain amount of a limited resource, e.g., storage space, and is being replenished (instantaneously) according to a policy with Stationary Order Size and Interval. Such policies are called SOSI policies in Gallego et al. (1996). For SOS1 policies, the reorder points for each item are precisely when the inventory level is zero. Note that since demand and order quantity for each item are constant, orders of the same item arrive at equal time intervals. For convenience and concreteness, we shall refer to the resource as storage space. The SRMIS problem seeks to determine the optimal order quantity (or equivalently, order interval) for each item, so as to minimize average inventory and storage related cost given by