Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Trained Dogs Discriminate Individual Body Odors of Women Better than Those of Men? *

Abstract: Scent identification lineups using dogs are a potentially valuable forensic tool, but have been dismissed by some critics because of cases where a false identification was shown to have occurred. It is not known, however, why dogs appear to make more false indications to the odors of some persons than of others. In this study, human genders were compared as to the degree their individual odors are distinguishable or “attractive” to dogs. Six dogs were trained to smell an individual’s hand odor sample and then find the matching hand odor sample in a lineup of five odors. Using one‐gender lineups and two‐gender lineups with different gender ratios, it was found that dogs trained for the study identified individual women’s hand odors more accurately than those of men. It is hypothesized that this is either because of differences in chemical compounds making discrimination of women’s odors easier, or because of greater “odor attractiveness” of women’s scents to dogs.
Making Way and Making Sense: Including Newcomers in Interaction

In our everyday interactions as they unfold in real time, how do we do including? This article examines a specific set of interactional moments when the potential to be included (or not) recurs: when a newcomer arrives to some social scene where two or more already-present persons are actively engaged in some activity and that newcomer displays interest in joining into their activity. I show how arriving newcomers bodily display that they want to join into the pre-present party’s interaction, and I analyze a key utterance-based practice that pre-present speakers use to include newcomers into their interaction—the practice of previous activity formulating. Through this practice, speakers summarize the activities or conversational topics in which they were engaged before establishing copresence with arrivers, thereby making way and making sense for them so they can join into their interaction. By showing that participants treat pre-present speakers’ offers of formulations as preferred over arrivers’ requests for formulations, I demonstrate that how speakers come to deliver these formulations implicates social solidarity between pre-present and arriving parties.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION I. A METHOD ltOR ~'~I~ HISTOCti~MICAL DEMONSTRATION OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODY AND ITS APPLICATION TO A STUDY 01~ THE

This paper and those which accompany it describe a method for the specific histochemical demonstration of antibody, and present data gleaned by its use concerning the response to antigenic stimulation. These data indicate that the major site of antibody formation is a family of ceils which first appear as a response to the stimulus. The response consists of cell multiplication, cell differentiation, and the concurrent synthesis of a specific protein, antibody. The mature member of this cell family is the plasma cell.
Sensor Placement in Municipal Water Networks with Temporal Integer Programming Models

We present a mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation for sensor placement optimization in municipal water distribution systems that includes the temporal characteristics of contamination events and their impacts. Typical network water quality simulations track contaminant concentration and movement over time, computing contaminant concentration time series for each junction. Given this information, we can compute the impact of a contamination event over time and determine affected locations. This process quantifies the benefits of sensing contamination at different junctions in the network. Ours is the first MIP model to base sensor placement decisions on such data, compromising over many individual contamination events. The MIP formulation is mathematically equivalent to the well-known p -median facility location problem. We can exploit this structure to solve the MIP exactly or to approximately solve the problem with provable quality for large-scale problems.
A Comparative Study of the Performance of Loss Reserving Methods Through Simulation

Actuaries are often asked to provide a range or confidence level for the loss reserve along with a point estimate. Traditional methods of loss reserving do not provide an estimate of the variance of the estimated reserve and actuaries use various ad hoc methods to derive a range for the indicated reserve. Regression models for loss reserving are getting increasing attention in actuarial research as they provide an estimate of the variance of the loss reserve, along with a point estimate. However, these methods are rarely used in practice, both because of their complexity and the lack of their historical use. In this paper we use a Monte Carlo simulation method to compare loss reserve estimation methods, including traditional methods, and regression based methods of loss reserving. Our approach is similar to that of Stanard [S], where he compares several traditional actuarial methods using simulation techniques. However, we use different methods for simulating loss triangles, and compare the estimated reserve based on several characteristics.
Entropy Converges Between Dialogue Participants: Explanations from an Information-Theoretic Perspective

The applicability of entropy rate constancy to dialogue is examined on two spoken dialogue corpora. The principle is found to hold; however, new entropy change patterns within the topic episodes of dialogue are described, which are different from written text. Speaker’s dynamic roles as topic initiators and topic responders are associated with decreasing and increasing entropy, respectively, which results in lo-cal convergence between these speakers in each topic episode. This implies that the sentence entropy in dialogue is conditioned on different contexts determined by the speaker’s roles. Explanations from the perspectives of grounding theory and interactive alignment are discussed, resulting in a novel, uniﬁed information-theoretic approach of dialogue.
DNA Microarray Reveals Novel Genes Induced by Mechanical Forces in Fetal Lung Type II Epithelial Cells

Mechanical forces are essential for normal fetal lung development. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating this process are still poorly defined. In this study, we used oligonucleotide microarrays to investigate gene expression in cultured embryonic d 19 rat fetal lung type II epithelial cells exposed to a level of mechanical strain similar to the developing lung. Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) identified 92 genes differentially expressed by strain. Interestingly, several members of the solute carrier family of amino acid transporter (Slc7a1, Slc7a3, Slc6a9, and tumor-associated protein 1) genes involved in amino acid synthesis (Phgdh, Psat1, Psph, Cars, and Asns), as well as the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel gene (Scnn1a) were up-regulated by the application of force. These results were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Thus, this study identifies genes induced by strain that may be important for amino acid signaling pathways and protein synthesis in fetal type II cells. In addition, these data suggest that mechanical forces may contribute to facilitate lung fluid reabsorption in preparation for birth. Taken together, the present investigation provides further insights into how mechanical forces may modulate fetal lung development.
JEREMIAD FRAMES IN REAGAN’S INAUGURAL ADDRESSES

This research attempts to examine the existence of frames from jeremiad tradition as part of American values in an American president’s inaugural address. The function and context of the frames are also investigated. These aims are achieved by applying Goffman’s Frame Analysis on the text of Reagan’s inaugural addresses. This inaugural addresses is chosen because Reagan’s presidency is regarded to set the tone for the following presidencies; his presidency faced crises which other presidents following him have also faced; and he is viewed as one of the best orators among American presidents. The results show that Ronald Reagan’s inaugural addresses use the jeremiad frames which are categorized into three forms, namely, the lamentation of the present, the evocation of the past and the calling for renewal. By using these frames in combination with the context of the inaugural address, Reagan presents American perspective and hopes for their situation and future.
Effect of housing environment on laying hen meat quality: Assessing Pectoralis major pH, colour and tenderness in three strains of 80–81 week-old layers housed in conventional and furnished cages

ABSTRACT 1. Meat quality is affected by factors such as stress, genetic strain and activity and is determined in part by measures of pH, colour and tenderness. In conventional laying hen cages (CC), lack of physical space and inability to perform highly motivated behaviours leads to stress and inactivity. Furnished cages (FCs) permit expression of highly motivated behaviours, but typically house larger group sizes than CC, thereby contributing to social stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CC and FC laying hen housing environments and strain differences on meat quality of 80–81-week-old birds. 2. Pectoralis major meat quality was assessed for two flocks of Shaver White (SH), Lohmann Lite (LL) and Lohmann Brown (LB) hens housed in either 5-hen CC or 40-hen FC. Between 80 and 81 weeks, muscle samples were collected from randomly selected hens and analysed for muscle pH, colour and shear force (SF) using established methods. 3. In both flocks, the combined treatment body weights (BWs) were higher for CC than FC hens and the combined strain BWs were higher for LB than LL and SH hens. Flock 1 LB had lower initial and ultimate pH than SH and LL, and greater pH decline than SH. Muscle redness (a*) was higher for CC SH than FC SH in both flocks. Muscle a* was higher for LL than SH and LB in Flock 1, and higher than SH in Flock 2. Housing differences in muscle SF were absent. In CC, SF was higher for SH than LL and LB in Flock 1, and higher than LB in Flock 2. 4. Lack of housing differences suggests that environmental stressors present in both housing systems similarly affected meat quality. Strain differences for muscle pH, a* and SF indicate increased stress experienced by SH and LL hens. The absence of Flock 2 strain differences is consistent with the cannibalism outbreak that occurred in this flock and most severely impacted LB hens.
Shards of the old looking glass: restoring the significance of identity in promoting positive outcomes for looked-after children

There is a driving force within current UK child welfare policies which promotes a strengths led approach to both assessment and care planning for children in need. Social policy emphasizes the importance of tangible outcomes such as education achievement, which have been enshrined in statute. However, other developmental outcomes, such as identity, are subordinated. Notwithstanding the relevance of these more concrete indicators, this paper suggests that this focus has left a gap at theoretical, strategic and operational levels relating to more psychosocial aspects of human growth and development, such as identity. This paper seeks to redress that gap by considering identity as both a process and an outcome. Following a review of the literature on identity development, it presents an analysis of semi-structured interviews with 13 young people and their social workers. The findings show how young people's identity is shaped by their relationships, can be a protective mechanism, and deferred or put on standby. In the concluding discussion the implications for social work practice are highlighted.
Transcriptional Induction of the Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 Gene in Staphylococcus aureus by Cell Wall-Active Antibiotics Oxacillin and Vancomycin

ABSTRACT We found an increased abundance of pbpB-specific transcripts in vancomycin intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) isolates compared with that found in paired, genetically identical, susceptible isolates. This difference in expression cannot be explained by differences in the pbpB promoter sequence. Since the factors controlling pbpB gene expression have remained largely unexplored, various conditions that might affect pbpB transcript abundance were examined. In both vancomycin-susceptible and VISA strains, pbpB expression varied with the growth phase, with the highest abundance of pbpB-specific transcripts detected during mid-log phase. Interestingly, both vancomycin and oxacillin were able to induce pbpB transcription above a constitutive level. When vancomycin was absent, one of the three pbpB-specific transcripts that were usually faintly detected in non-VISA strains was more readily detected in VISA strains during mid-log but not stationary phase. This transcript was enhanced in non-VISA strains by vancomycin induction. Gel shift assays indicated that an increased amount of the putative transcription factor that binds to both P1 and P1′ promoter regions is present in the cytosol of vancomycin-induced cells. Neither the SigB sigma factor nor the quorum-sensing agr locus was required for growth phase-variable pbpB expression or transcriptional induction of pbpB by vancomycin or oxacillin. Also, MecI, MecR1, BlaI, and BlaR1, regulatory proteins that mediate β-lactam-inducible expression of mecA and β-lactamase, were not required for antibiotic induction of pbpB transcription. These data support the idea that pbpB expression is modulated by a trans-acting factor in response to the presence of the cell wall-active antibiotics vancomycin and oxacillin.
Apoptosis-like programmed cell death occurs in procambium and ground meristem of pea (Pisum sativum) root tips exposed to sudden flooding.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pea (Pisum sativum) primary roots form long vascular cavities when grown under wet or flooded conditions at 25 degrees C. It is thought that the cavities are a form of aerenchyma. At 25 degrees C short roots continue to grow after flooding. After roots reach 10 cm long flooding causes rapid cessation of growth, and root tips often become curled. In longer roots the cavities do not extend into the base of the roots, perhaps rendering them ineffective as aerenchyma. It was hypothesized that the resulting growth arrest was due to programmed cell death (PCD) rather than necrosis. METHODS AND KEY RESULTS Histological examination by light microscope showed that some cells in the primary meristem (elongation) zone of the primary root tips had morphological abnormalities, including misshapen and fragmented nuclei, and cytoplasmic shrinking and fragmentation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed lobing, invagination and chromatin aggregation in nuclei. The affected cells were positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling. Extracted DNA formed a "DNA ladder" during electrophoresis. Cell death usually began in procambium at one or two protoxylem poles and seemed to spread out to nearby tissues, which asymmetrically inhibited growth and resulted in tip curling. CONCLUSIONS The above are symptoms of apoptosis-like PCD. Programmed root tip death may rapidly reduce oxygen demand and sink strength, allowing more rapid diversion of resources to lateral roots growing in more permissive conditions.
Effect of insulin–transferrin–selenium (ITS) and l-ascorbic acid (AA) during in vitro maturation on in vitro bovine embryo development

Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding a combination of insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS) and l-ascorbic acid (AA) during in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro culture (IVC) on in vitro embryo production. To verify the effect of the supplements, cleavage and blastocyst rates, embryo size and total cell number were performed. Embryonic development data, embryo size categorization and kinetics of maturation were analyzed by chi-squared test, while the total cell number was analyzed by a Kruskal–Wallis test (P < 0.05). When ITS was present during IVM, IVC or the entire culture, all treatments had a cleavage and blastocyst rates and embryo quality, similar to those of the control group (P < 0.05). Supplementation of IVM medium with ITS and AA for 12 h or 24 h showed that the last 12 h increased embryo production (51.6%; n = 220) on D7 compared with the control (39.5%; n = 213). However, no improvement was observed in blastocyst rate when less competent oocytes, obtained from 1–3 mm follicles, were exposed to ITS + AA for the last 12 h of IVM, with a blastocyst rate of 14.9% (n = 47) compared with 61.0% (n = 141) in the control group. The results suggest that the addition of ITS alone did not affect embryo production; however, when combined with AA in the last 12 h of maturation, there was improvement in the quantity and quality of embryos produced. Furthermore, the use of ITS and AA during IVM did not improve the competence of oocytes obtained from small follicles.
Amorphous intergranular phases control the properties of rodent tooth enamel

Key trace minerals greatly strengthen teeth The outer layers of teeth are made up of nanowires of enamel that are prone to decay. Gordon et al. analyzed the composition of tooth enamel from a variety of rodents at the nanometer scale (see the Perspective by Politi). In regular and pigmented enamel, which contain different trace elements at varying boundary regions, two intergranular phases—magnesium amorphous calcium phosphate or a mixed-phase iron oxide—control the rates of enamel demineralization. This suggests that there may be alternative options to fluoridation for strengthening teeth against decay. Science, this issue p. 746; see also p. 712 Differences in strength and stability of various tooth enamels may be due to trace minerals at boundary regions. [Also see Perspective by Politi] Dental enamel, a hierarchical material composed primarily of hydroxylapatite nanowires, is susceptible to degradation by plaque biofilm–derived acids. The solubility of enamel strongly depends on the presence of Mg2+, F−, and CO32–. However, determining the distribution of these minor ions is challenging. We show—using atom probe tomography, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and correlative techniques—that in unpigmented rodent enamel, Mg2+ is predominantly present at grain boundaries as an intergranular phase of Mg-substituted amorphous calcium phosphate (Mg-ACP). In the pigmented enamel, a mixture of ferrihydrite and amorphous iron-calcium phosphate replaces the more soluble Mg-ACP, rendering it both harder and more resistant to acid attack. These results demonstrate the presence of enduring amorphous phases with a dramatic influence on the physical and chemical properties of the mature mineralized tissue.
Fatherhood in St. Kitts: Patterns and Predictors of Partnership and Paternal Dynamics in a Caribbean Island

While paternal investment is a defining feature of human behavioral biology, it is also considerably variable, with previous research on African Caribbean fatherhood pointing to a high prevalence of visiting relationships and blended families within which children are raised. The aims of the present study were to characterize key patterns of paternal behavior and to test three hypotheses concerning variation in fatherhood in the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. One hundred two fathers 21–40 years of age completed a questionnaire providing sociodemographic, partnership and paternal data. The sample consisted of working fathers expressing generally favorable paternal attitudes and investments in a relatively low-fertility context. Results revealed key ways in which relationship dynamics structure paternal outcomes, and differences in biological and stepfathering subject to both between- and within-subject analyses.
Children's Narratives of Post-Divorce Family Life: From Individual Experience to an Ethical Disposition

This article draws on interviews with 60 children and young people to explore how they construct narrative accounts of post-divorce family life. Rather than seeking to describe children's experiences as if their accounts are simple factual recollections, the focus of the article is on how young people position themselves in their narratives and the ways in which they construct their past experiences. It is argued that these narratives are multi-layered, often revealing ambivalence and contradictions. The conclusion turns to the question of whether these individual accounts can give rise to what might be referred to as an ethical disposition in which children's experiences can inform a broader social ethos on how to divorce ‘in the proper manner'.
Negotiation in Social Conflict

Issues and outcomes in negotiation and related settings strategies and tactics in negotiation determinants of demands, concessions and contentious behaviour reactions to the other party's behaviour cognitive and decision processes in negotiation the dual concern model and the determinants of problem solving social norms and their impact on negotiation relationships among the negotiating parties the group context of negotiation mediation choices among procedures in social conflict.
Genomic Evaluation for a Crossbreeding System Implementing Breed-of-Origin for Targeted Markers

The genome in crossbred animals is a mosaic of genomic regions inherited from the different parental breeds. We previously showed that effects of haplotypes strongly associated with crossbred performance are different depending upon from which parental breed they are inherited, however, the majority of the genomic regions are not or only weakly associated with crossbred performance. Therefore, our objective was to develop a model that distinguishes between selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) strongly associated with crossbred performance and all remaining SNP. For the selected SNP, breed-specific allele effects were fitted whereas for the remaining SNP it was assumed that effects are the same across breeds (SEL-BOA model). We used data from three purebred populations; S, LR, and LW, and the corresponding crossbred population. We selected SNP that explained together either 5 or 10% of the total crossbred genetic variance for average daily gain in each breed of origin. The model was compared to a model where all SNP-alleles were allowed to have different effects for crossbred performance depending upon the breed of origin (BOA model) and to a model where all SNP-alleles had the same effect for crossbred performance across breeds (G model). Across the models, the heritability for crossbred performance was very similar with values of 0.29–0.30. With the SEL-BOA models, in general, the purebred-crossbred genetic correlation (rpc) for the selected SNP was larger than for the non-selected SNP. For breed LR, the rpc for selected SNP and non-selected SNP estimated with the SEL-BOA 5% and SEL-BOA 10% were very different compared to the rpc estimated with the G or BOA model. For breeds S and LW, there was not a big discrepancy for the rpc estimated with the SEL-BOA models and with the G or BOA model. The BOA model calculates more accurate breeding values of purebred animals for crossbred performance than the G model when rpc differs (≈10%) between the G and the BOA model. Superiority of the SEL-BOA model compared to the BOA model was only observed for SEL-BOA 10% and when rpc for the selected and non-selected SNP differed both (≈20%) from the rpc estimated by the G or BOA model.