Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implementing the Universal Tier of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports

viii LIST OF TABLES . xvii LIST OF FIGURES . xviii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 Behavior Issues in Schools . 1 School Crime and Safety . 1 Creating Safe and Effective Learning Environments . 2 Anti-Social and Challenging Student Behavior . 3 Student Behavior and Negative Academic Outcomes . 4 Focus on Prevention . 6 Preventative Behavior Support . 7 History and Rationale for Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports . 8 Overview of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports . 10 Statement of the Problem . 13 Purpose of the Study . 14 Research Questions . 15
Relevance of Neuroinflammation and Encephalitis in Autism

In recent years, many studies indicate that children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis have brain pathology suggestive of ongoing neuroinflammation or encephalitis in different regions of their brains. Evidence of neuroinflammation or encephalitis in ASD includes: microglial and astrocytic activation, a unique and elevated proinflammatory profile of cytokines, and aberrant expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. A conservative estimate based on the research suggests that at least 69% of individuals with an ASD diagnosis have microglial activation or neuroinflammation. Encephalitis, which is defined as inflammation of the brain, is medical diagnosis code G04.90 in the International Classification of Disease, 10th revision; however, children with an ASD diagnosis are not generally assessed for a possible medical diagnosis of encephalitis. This is unfortunate because if a child with ASD has neuroinflammation, then treating the underlying brain inflammation could lead to improved outcomes. The purpose of this review of the literature is to examine the evidence of neuroinflammation/encephalitis in those with an ASD diagnosis and to address how a medical diagnosis of encephalitis, when appropriate, could benefit these children by driving more immediate and targeted treatments.
A Brief Introduction to El Niño and La Niña

The strong anomalous cooling and warming of the tropical Pacific, along with their effects on climate and commerce, have been accorded near-religious reverence for more than a century. This reverence was established, perhaps, with the name given it by pre-20th century Peruvian sailors frequenting the waters off the western coast of South America. In this area, the prevailing movement of ocean waters consists of a cold, northward-flowing boundary current, discovered by Alexander von Humboldt in August, 1802, and named after him (Carrillo 1893). In the late 19th century, it was brought to the attention of the Lima Geographical Society that local sailors in the area around Paita had long since noticed a reversal of the Humboldt current around Christmas time and named the resulting anomalous warming of coastal waters El Niño, meaning "the boy Later, the name was reserved for the strongest instances of this warming, and the opposite, cold phase became known as La Niña. El Niño and La Niña phenomena recur every two to seven years and are predictable up to about a year in advance. They are remarkable because they are deviations from what we call "normal. " Thus, before we can make our acquaintance with these creatures, it is necessary to discuss what we mean by "normal. " In this context, we employ the term to mean a long-term average of 2 conditions during a particular season of the year. That is, we define "normal" to mean an annually varying description of representative climatological conditions at a geographical location. (NB: In a later chapter, we shall use "normal" as synonymous with "orthogonal," but not here.) The enormous social consequences of El Niño and La Niña are a matter of public record (e.g., Glantz 1996). So, it is no wonder that so much effort has been placed in trying to identify the observational aspects of these phenomena as well as to model them quantitatively with a view toward predicting their occurrence. Unfortunately for our understanding, the salient features of El Niño/La Niña can be represented by a wide variety of mathematical models, including chaotic nonlinear models (e. variability would die out without the effect of either external forcing, or rapidly-varying internal dynamics that are indistinguishable from stochastic forcing (Penland and Magorian 1993; Moore and Kleeman 1997a,b). This section is intended to provide an elementary review of the annual climate cycle and to summarize the effects of deviations from it, …
Query Processing in Sensor Networks

Hardware for sensor nodes that combine physical sensors, actuators, embedded processors, and communication components has advanced significantly over the last decade, and made the large-scale deployment of such sensors a reality. Applications range from monitoring applications such as inventory maintenance over health care to military applications. In this paper, we evaluate the design of a query layer for sensor networks. The query layer accepts queries in a declarative language that are then optimized to generate ecient query execution plans with in-network processing which can significantly reduce resource requirements. We examine the main architectural components of such a query layer, concentrating on in-network aggregation, interaction of in-network aggregation with the wireless routing protocol, and distributed query processing. Initial simulation experiments with the ns-2 network simulator show the tradeos of our system.
Autosomal dominant (AD) pure spastic paraplegia (HSP) linked to locus SPG4 affects almost exclusively males in a large pedigree

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) includes a heterogeneous group of degenerative disorders of the central motor system characterised by progressive spasticity of the lower limbs. The inheritance may be autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR), or X linked. Clinically, two forms of HSP can be distinguished: a pure form, with leg spasticity and weakness, and a complicated form, with other manifestations such as optic neuropathy, retinopathy, movement disorders, dementia, epilepsy, ataxia, ichthyosis, mental retardation, and deafness. Both complicated and pure forms are genetically heterogeneous. Although X linked forms have been reported,1,2 pure HSP usually displays AD inheritance. The major neuropathological finding in the latter form is axonal degeneration involving the terminal ends of the longest fibres of the corticospinal tracts and dorsal columns.3,4 AD-HSP is the most common form of the disease, accounting for approximately 70-80% of the families. Seven AD loci have been mapped to date: SPG3 on chromosome 14q11.2-q24.3,5,6 SPG4 on chromosome 2p,7,8 SPG6 on chromosome 15q11.1,9 SPG8 on chromosome 8q23-q24,10–13 SPG10 on chromosome 12q13,14 and more recently two novel loci were mapped on chromosome 2q24-q3415 and chromosome 19q13.16 SPG4 is the most common form, accounting for about 40% of all AD-HSP families.17,18 The protein encoded by SPG4, spastin,19 and more recently by SPG3, a GTPAse (SPG3A),20 has just been identified but the gene product of the other AD-HSP forms is still unknown. Here we report a large three generation family referred to us with a diagnosis of pure spastic paraplegia. Pedigree analysis showed the existence of 24 clinically affected males but only one clinically affected female. However, X linked inheritance was ruled out since there were several instances of male to male transmission. Linkage analysis showed that the disease gene …
Structural insights into lipoprotein N-acylation by Escherichia coli apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase

Significance Lipoprotein biosynthesis is crucial for Gram-negative bacterial viability and involves the activities of three essential integral membrane proteins embedded in the inner membrane (Lgt, LspA, and Lnt). These enzymes function sequentially to produce mature triacylated lipoproteins, many of which are then transported to the outer membrane. Lnt is responsible for catalyzing the addition of palmitate to the N terminus of diacylated apolipoproteins. Despite a number of studies that have biochemically characterized Escherichia coli Lnt, the structural basis for substrate engagement and catalysis remains unclear. Here we present the crystal structures of wild-type E. coli Lnt and a C387S active-site mutant. These structures provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of apolipoprotein N-acylation by Lnt and shed further light on the mechanism of lipoprotein biosynthesis by these essential bacterial enzymes. Gram-negative bacteria express a diverse array of lipoproteins that are essential for various aspects of cell growth and virulence, including nutrient uptake, signal transduction, adhesion, conjugation, sporulation, and outer membrane protein folding. Lipoprotein maturation requires the sequential activity of three enzymes that are embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane. First, phosphatidylglycerol:prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) recognizes a conserved lipobox motif within the prolipoprotein signal sequence and catalyzes the addition of diacylglycerol to an invariant cysteine. The signal sequence is then cleaved by signal peptidase II (LspA) to give an N-terminal S-diacylglyceryl cysteine. Finally, apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt) catalyzes the transfer of the sn-1-acyl chain of phosphatidylethanolamine to this N-terminal cysteine, generating a mature, triacylated lipoprotein. Although structural studies of Lgt and LspA have yielded significant mechanistic insights into this essential biosynthetic pathway, the structure of Lnt has remained elusive. Here, we present crystal structures of wild-type and an active-site mutant of Escherichia coli Lnt. The structures reveal a monomeric eight-transmembrane helix fold that supports a periplasmic carbon–nitrogen hydrolase domain containing a Cys–Glu–Lys catalytic triad. Two lipids are bound at the active site in the structures, and we propose a putative phosphate recognition site where a chloride ion is coordinated near the active site. Based on these structures and complementary cell-based, biochemical, and molecular dynamics approaches, we propose a mechanism for substrate engagement and catalysis by E. coli Lnt.
Finding Influential Papers in Citation Networks

The citation network is the social network made up of papers and their citation relationships. A key task of the citation network is to find influential papers in the network. Traditional properties such as centralities can not reflect the influence of papers comprehensive, since it does not take the authority of the paper and the transfer effect into account. Other algorithms such as PageRank and HITS overcome those shortcomings. However, both of them involve matrix multiplication and repeated iterative process, which is less-effective. Comparing with another often mentioned network, the coauthor networks, we noticed that the citation network is a Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG) and it has a transitive relation. Making the most of properties of the citation network, we draw on the thought of topological sorting and design a more effective algorithm, whose time complexity is linear with the number of vertices and edges, which is O(V+E). In addition, we illustrate that the algorithm we proposed is stable and effective. We also apply our algorithm to another DAG task and results show that our algorithm has great scalability.
Rapid normalization of alanine aminotransferase predicts viral response during combined peginterferon and ribavirin treatment in chronic hepatitis C patients

Background/Aims The treatment for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is removal of the virus in order to prevent progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Few data have been presented regarding the clinical significance of changes in the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level in this context. We analyzed the patterns of changes in ALT level and investigated the relationship between the rapid normalization of ALT and sustained virologic response (SVR) after combined treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin. Methods CHC patients (n=370) were classified into four groups according to the initial ALT level and subsequent changes: (1) initially abnormal ALT level and sustained abnormal ALT level during treatment, (2) initially abnormal ALT level but achievement of ALT normalization, (3) initially normal ALT level and variable ALT abnormality during treatment, and (4) initially normal ALT level and sustained normalization of ALT level during treatment. We subdivided groups 1 and 2 into those with patterns of decreased and normalization of ALT, with or without rapid normalization. We checked the end-treatment response (ETR) and SVR rates in each group and the factors associated with SVR, including patterns of changes in ALT level. Results A total of 168 patients completed the therapy (age=54.34±10.64 years [mean±SD], 95 males [56.5%], genotype 1:82 [48.8%]). SVR was achieved in 115 (68.45%) of the completely treated patients. The SVR rate was significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (37.8 vs. 81.6%, P<0.001), and significantly higher in the rapid normalization group than in the group without rapid normalization (78.5% vs. 41.2%, P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age (odds ratio [OR]=0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.91-0.98, P=0.005), viral genotype (OR=2.76, 95% CI=1.20-6.38, P=0.017), and initial hepatitis C virus RNA titer (OR=0.28, 95% CI=0.10-0.75, P=0.012) were identified as independent significant predictive factors for SVR. Conclusions The SVR rate is significantly associated with normalization, and especially rapid normalization of ALT. Rapid normalization of ALT by 4 weeks after treatment might be a useful response factor that is readily available in clinical practice, and especially for genotype 1 patients.
Intracerebroventricular neuropeptide Y stimulates bile secretion via a vagal mechanism.

The effect of intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y on biliary secretion was studied in conscious dogs, prepared with gastric and duodenal fistulas and cerebroventricular guides. Bile secretion was increased in a dose-dependent fashion by intracerebroventricular neuropeptide Y. The peak increase was seen after 500 pM/kg of neuropeptide Y which resulted in a 30 x 2% increase in bile flow over the period 30-150 minutes after injection. (Control: 23 x 2 (1 x 2) ml/2 hours; neuropeptide Y 500 pM/kg: 30 x 5 (1 x 1) ml/2 hours). Biliary lipid composition was not altered significantly but bicarbonate output was increased at all doses tested. Intravenous infusion of neuropeptide Y (1000 pM) for 1 hour had no significant effect. Intracerebroventricular neuropeptide Y (1000 pM/250-300 mg body weight) also increased bile flow in urethane-anaesthetised rats. This effect was abolished by cervical vagotomy. The demonstration of a central stimulation of alkaline bile flow suggests that bile secretion may be subject to central modulation.
Linkage disequilibrium and phylogenetic congruence between chloroplast and mitochondrial haplotypes in Silene vulgaris

Both the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes are used extensively in studies of plant population genetics and systematics. In the majority of angiosperms, the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are each primarily transmitted maternally, but rare biparental transmission is possible. The extent to which the cpDNA and mtDNA are in linkage disequilibrium is argued to be dependent on the fidelity of co–transmission and the population structure. This study reports complete linkage disequilibrium between cpDNA and mtDNA haplotypes in 86 individuals from 17 populations of Silene vulgaris, a gynodioecious plant species. Phylogenetic analysis of cpDNA and mtDNA haplotypes within 14 individuals supports a hypothesis that the evolutionary histories of the chloroplasts and mitochondria are congruent within S. vulgaris, as might be expected if this association persists for long periods. This provides the first documentation of the evolutionary consequences of long–term associations between chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes within a species. Factors that contribute to the phylogenetic and linkage associations, as well as the potential for intergenomic hitchhiking resulting from selection on genes in one organellar genome are discussed.
Seiberg – Witten equations on certain manifolds with cusps

We study the Seiberg–Witten equations on noncompact manifolds diffeomorphic to the product of two hyperbolic Riemann surfaces. First, we show how to construct irreducible solutions of the Seiberg–Witten equations for any metric of finite volume which has a “nice” behavior at infinity. Then we compute the infimum of the Lnorm of scalar curvature on these spaces and give nonexistence results for Einstein metrics on blow-ups. This generalizes to the finite volume setting some well-known results of LeBrun.
Human-Centered Saliency Detection

We introduce a new concept for detecting the saliency of 3-D shapes, that is, human-centered saliency (HCS) detection on the surface of shapes, whereby a given shape is analyzed not based on geometric or topological features directly obtained from the shape itself, but by studying how a human uses the object. Using virtual agents to simulate the ways in which humans interact with objects helps to understand shapes and detect their salient parts in relation to their functions. HCS detection is less affected by inconsistencies between the geometry or topology of the analyzed 3-D shapes. The potential benefit of the proposed method is that it is adaptable to variable shapes with the same semantics, as well as being robust against a geometrical and topological noise. Given a 3-D shape, its salient part is detected by automatically selecting a corresponding agent and making them interact with each other. Their adaption and alignment depend on an optimization framework and a training process. We demonstrate the detected salient parts for different types of objects together with the stability thereof. The salient parts can be used for important vision tasks, such as 3-D shape retrieval.
War at Home - a Review of the Relationship between War Trauma and Family Violence

War at Home - a Review of the Relationship between War Trauma and Family Violence The common assumption of a 'cycle of violence' suggests a relationship between a history of child maltreatment and the perpetration of violence as an adult. This review addresses the question whether the experience of war violence is associated with an increased perpetration of violence within the family, in particular child maltreatment. A number of studies with veterans indicate that war returnees are more aggressive towards their intimate partners. The violence seems to be mediated by psychological disorders associated with war trauma. Children in veterans' families display more behavioral disturbances. However, it is unclear whether these disturbances are signs of secondary traumatization associated with the fathers' war trauma or whether they are caused by a more frequent use of violence by the traumatized father. Important insights come from studies showing that, even more than the veterans themselves, the mothers remaining at home show an increased amount of emotional or physical maltreatment towards their children. Finally, evidence from families living in war-affected areas supports the assumption of a transmission of war-related violence to the family level. War, together with its social concomitants makes families particularly vulnerable to an increased perpetration of violence towards their children. In conclusion, the evidence discussed here has important implications for the treatment of war-traumatized families as well as for the prevention of further use of violence on the family level.
Life-Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmia Detection With Personalized Features

The timely detection of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) is critical for saving a patient’s life. General features that characterize ECG waveforms are extracted for VA detection. To take into account the subtle differences in the QRS complexes among different people, new personalized features are proposed in this paper based on the correlation coefficient between a patient-specific regular QRS-complex template and his/her real-time ECG data. Small sets of the most effective features are chosen with support vector machines from 11 newly extracted and 15 previously existing features, for efficient performance and real-time operation. Our proposed new features aveCC and medianCC are verified to be effective in enhancing the performance of existing features under both the record-based and database-based data divisions. Through 50-time random record-based data divisions, all combinations of two features and three features are tested. The top two-feature combination is VFleak and aveCC, which achieves an area under curve (AUC) value of 98.56%±0.89%, a specificity (SP) of 94.80%±2.15%, and an accuracy (ACC) of 94.66% ± 1.97%; the top three-feature combination is VFleak, MEA, and aveCC, which obtains an AUC of 98.98% ± 0.58%, an SP of 95.56% ± 1.45, and an ACC of 95.46%21.36; these results outperform the previous top-two and top-three feature combinations. Similar results are obtained on the database-based data division.
Results of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pharmacotherapy trial in alcoholism conducted in Germany and comparison with the US COMBINE study

The results of placebo‐controlled trials (RCTs) with acamprosate or naltrexone vary substantially. Those differences have been attributed to differing patient characteristics, recruitment strategies, treatment settings and remuneration systems. We tested these assumptions by comparing a new double–blind, placebo‐controlled randomized trial conducted in Germany (called PREDICT Study) with data from the US COMBINE Study. PREDICT was designed according to the protocol of the COMBINE Study. A total of 426 alcohol‐dependent patients were compared to 459 COMBINE Study patients corresponding to the treatment cells in PREDICT. All patients received acamprosate, naltrexone or placebo for 3 months (PREDICT) or 4 months (COMBINE). Biweekly manualized ‘medical management’ to enhance compliance was delivered in both studies. Time until the first occurrence of heavy drinking was the main outcome measure. PREDICT found neither acamprosate nor naltrexone to supply any additional benefit compared with placebo, which is at variance with a positive naltrexone effect being reported in the COMBINE Study. A secondary comparison between both studies showed better overall treatment outcomes in PREDICT, although these patients had been more severely affected than their COMBINE counterparts. The divergence in results may be attributable to basic differences in the treatment environments (such as in‐patient pre‐treatment versus primary outpatient care). We suggest that identically designed RCTs conducted in different parts of the world may help improve the external validity of RCTs. This approach could be called ‘comparative efficacy research’.