Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
`Creation from nothing': a foregrounding study of James Joyce's drafts for Ulysses

In May 2002, previously unknown early drafts of what was to become the third chapter of James Joyce's Ulysses surfaced. Joyce worked these drafts into the manuscript that is now known as the `V.A. 3-Buffalo' manuscript, in its turn the antecedent of the fair copy forming part of the so-called Rosenbach manuscript on which the published Gabler edition of Ulysses is based. In the study presented in this article, I chose three passages from the earliest drafts and found their corresponding passages in the V.A. 3-Buffalo manuscript, and the published text (amounting to a total of nine text passages). In both manuscripts the first layer (before revisions) was chosen, to have the greatest possible difference between versions. After dividing the texts into roughly sentence-length segments, I conducted a foregrounding analysis on all segments of the nine texts and quantified the foregrounding devices. The objective of the presented study was to investigate whether results of past empirical studies of foregrounding, which have concentrated on poems or fairly straightforward narratives would hold true for such complex texts as James Joyce's Ulysses. To measure reader responses to the foregrounding of the texts, ratings on strikingness and affect, as well as reading times per segment were recorded. These responses proved to correlate significantly with the numerical foregrounding index per segment. Additionally, a salient framework is proposed for the study of manuscript materials.
Optimizing labelling on radar-based grid maps using active learning

The aim of this work is to optimize labelling on radar-based grid maps. Therefore, we suggest an active learning system where only the most valuable samples in the training set are to be labelled manually. We show that this approach drastically reduces the overall time needed for labelling. Using only about 40% of the samples in the training set yet still leading to the same classification results as the completely supervised reference experiment, the proposed approach is suited for optimized dataset creation in the given data domain.
Pushing the EL Envelope Further

We extend the description logic EL with reflexive roles and range restrictions, and show that subsumption remains tractable if a certain syntactic restriction is adopted. We also show that subsumption becomes PSpace-hard (resp. undecidable) if this restriction is weakened (resp. dropped). Additionally, we prove that tractability is lost when symmetric roles are added: in this case, subsumption becomes ExpTimehard.
Learning to Copy Letters: A Cognitive Rule-Governed Task

The Elementary School Journal Volume 81, Number 1 ? 1980 by The University of Chicago 0013-5984/81/8101-0014$01.00 Learning to write is a basic skill that has a place in the elementary-school curriculum. Commonly used teaching methods include tracing, copying, exercises, and drill. Many commercially prepared systems of instruction introduce beginners to handwriting in two stages: tracing letters and independent production of letters. Despite the importance of handwriting instruction, few studies have compared the effectiveness of different instructional procedures. The studies that have done so have found that copying is superior to tracing as a way of teaching young children to write. The consistency of these findings raises a number of questions. What is the difference between tracing and copying? Why is tracing ineffectual? What do children learn when
Learning and teaching.

Course Prescription Customers are the most valuable assets of many firms. Information technologies afford new opportunities for implementing a customer centric approach in business strategy to capture customer value and translate it into business profitability. CRM (Customer Relationship Management) systems are the cornerstone of enterprise systems to manage customer relationships and equity in business organizations. This course aims to introduce concepts in CRM and in the application, implementation and management of CRM technologies. Specifically, it is concerned with examining various information and analytics technologies that have driven innovative customer relationship management and marketing communication, introducing the theories of customer communication and relation management, evaluating the implications and effectiveness of different digital and analytics practices on customer relationship management, and devising data-driven conventional and digital marketing decisions and activities to support organizational strategies.
Investigation of Annexin V Binding to Lymphocytes after Extracorporeal Photoimmunotherapy as an Early Marker of Apoptosis

Background: Induction of programmed cell death is assumed to be a possible effect of extracorporeal photoimmunotherapy (ECPI). Objective: In the present study lymphocytes of patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma undergoing ECPI were investigated for early apoptotic events. Methods: Annexin V, known for its selective affinity to phospholipids, was used to detect early phases of apoptosis. Simultaneous staining with propidium iodide binding to DNA allowed detection of late apoptotic/necrotic cells. Results: At 1 h after ECPI, an increase in early apoptotic cells was found indicating a direct effect of ECPI. At 20 h after each ECPI session, a delayed increase in the number of apoptotic lymphocytes was observed in early apoptotic annexin-stained cells and in late apoptotic cells, whereas in nonirradiated cells no remarkable changes were found. Apoptosis was confirmed by altered light scattering properties and DNA fragmentation. Conclusion: The apoptotic cell death of reinfused lymphocytes is supposed to be a therapeutic effect of ECPI.
The Construction of a New Type of Attitude Measure

Summary Attitude surveys are widely used throughout industry today, as modern management has become aware of the value of sampling employee opinion both in connection with changes of policy or procedure and with current conditions within the organization. It has been found that more harmony can be achieved within an organization and serious labor trouble sometimes can be averted if employee opinion is determined and potential problems rectified before they become serious. Most attitude surveys utilize words as the vehicles by which attitudes are expressed. The items may require that the employee decide which of a series of phrases best expresses his feelings about a designated topic or, alternatively, whether or not a given sentence is indicative of his attitude. It is felt that a certain amount of distortion is an invariable result of this process which necessitates the translation of one man's feelings into another man's words. Error creeps in, both in the interpretation of the meaning of the items by the respondent, and in the selection of the item which most accurately indicates the true feelings of the respondent on the topic in question. This is particularly difficult for persons of low verbal facility to achieve with any accuracy. The present paper is an account of the development of a qualitative or projective attitude scale. Two series of faces have been constructed which run the gamut of feeling from extremely positive to extremely negative. These faces have been quantified so that attitude scales in which they are used can be scored in the same manner as can any other form of attitude measuring device. They have, however, the advantage of eliminating the necessity for translating feelings into words. The respondent is required only to check the face which “looks like he feels” rather than verbalizing his feelings. It is felt that the resulting measure provides a more accurate measurement of attitudes than is otherwise possible.
Prognostic implications of serial 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose emission tomography in multiple myeloma treated with total therapy 3.

Prognostic implications of 3 imaging tools, metastatic bone survey, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography (PET), were evaluated in 2 consecutive Total Therapy 3 trials for newly diagnosed myeloma. Data including PET at baseline and on day 7 of induction as well as standard prognostic factors were available in 302 patients of whom 277 also had gene expression profiling (GEP)-derived risk information. According to multivariate analysis, more than 3 focal lesions on day 7 imparted inferior overall survival and progression-free survival, overall and in the subset with GEP-risk data. GEP high-risk designation retained independent significance for all 3 end points examined. Thus, the presence of > 3 focal lesions on day 7 PET follow-up may be exploited toward early therapy change, especially for the 15% of patients with GEP-defined high-risk disease with a median overall survival expectation of 2 years. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials. gov as #NCT00081939 and # NCT00572169.
Isolated congenital ACTH deficiency: a cleavage enzyme defect?

The pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene encodes adreno‐corticotrophin (ACTH) which is derived from precursors by proteolytic cleavage. Congenital, isolated ACTH deficiency is rare but may be familial and fatal. The aetiology is unknown though defects at both hypothalamus and adenohypophysis have been postulated. We have studied a female presenting with hypoglycaemia in the neonatal period. When studied at 6 weeks of age, ACTH was unmeasurable even after injection of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH,_41). ACTH precursors, quantitated by two‐site immunuradiometric assay, were clearly measurable prior to treatment and were stimulated by CRH, 4, and suppressed by glucocorticoid administration. Concentrations of POMC, N‐terminal pro‐opiocortin (N‐POC) and β‐endorphin (β‐EP) were within the normal adult range during glucocorticoid replacement therapy; ACTH and βMipotrophin remained undetectable. The secretion of glucagon, measured by radioimmunoassay, in response to hypoglycaemia was normal. By sequencing polymerase chain reaction products from the patient's genomic DNA, the entire coding region of the POMC gene was established to be normal. The results are compatible with a cleavage enzyme defect.
FIZZ1 and Ym as Tools to Discriminate between Differentially Activated Macrophages

Although it is well-established that macrophages can occur in distinct activation states, the molecular characteristics of differentially activated macrophages, and particularly those of alternatively activated macrophages (aaMφ), are still poorly unraveled. Recently, we demonstrated that the expression of FIZZ1 and Ym is induced in aaMφ as compared with classically activated macrophages (caMφ), elicited in vitro or developed in vivo during infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of FIZZ1 and Ym in caMφ and aaMφ elicited during Trypanosoma congolense infection and show that the use of FIZZ1 and Ym for the identification of aaMφ is not limited to T. b. brucei infection and is independent of the organ sources from which macrophages are obtained. We also demonstrate that FIZZ1 can be used to discriminate between different populations of aaMφ. Furthermore, we studied the effects of various stimuli, and combinations thereof, on the expression of FIZZ1 and Ym in macrophages from different mouse strains and demonstrate that regulation of the expression of FIZZ1 and Ym in macrophages is not dependent on the mouse strain. Finally, we show that these genes can be used to monitor the macrophage activation status without the need to obtain pure macrophage populations.
Childhood maltreatment and executive functions in adolescents.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate differences in executive functions between adolescents exposed to different forms of single- and multitype childhood maltreatment. METHOD The sample was composed of 83 adolescents, divided into three groups: single-type maltreatment (n = 24), multitype maltreatment (n = 19), and no history of maltreatment (n = 40), matched for education and sex. RESULTS The results showed that teenagers who suffered a single type of childhood maltreatment performed worse than the other two groups on tasks of cognitive flexibility and visual processing speed. Individuals who suffered multitype maltreatment had worse initiation and lower verbal processing speed than the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS Childhood maltreatment may have a significant impact on executive functioning in adolescence.
Oligodendrocyte precursor hypercellularity and abnormal retina development in mice overexpressing PDGF‐B in myelinating tracts

Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) influences the generation of neurons and glia during embryogenesis and in early postnatal life. In an attempt to determine the consequences of an overexpression of PDGF‐B during the first weeks of life, we targeted transgenic expression of a human PDGF‐B cDNA to myelinating tracts using the promoter region of the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene. Transgenic mRNA and protein were expressed in the brain and the expression profile of the human PDGF‐B during early postnatal development closely paralleled that of the endogenous mouse MBP gene. The gross morphological appearance of transgenic brains was normal but at the cellular level several phenotypic alterations could be identified. In white matter tracts such as the corpus callosum and cerebellar medulla, there was a marked hypercellularity. The number of oligodendrocyte precursors was increased and astrocytes were more abundant. In adult mice carrying the MBP–PDGF‐B transgene, however, myelination appeared normal and the amount of oligodendrocytes was similar to that of control littermates. In addition to the phenotypic alterations in the brain, investigation of eye structure revealed a striking disorganization of retinal architecture. The retina was folded with cells collected in papillar or follicular‐like structures. Retinal whole mount preparations after India ink perfusion revealed capillary disorganization with large‐caliber vessels supporting only a few fine branches. Our observations strengthen the notion that PDGF is an important effector molecule in postnatal CNS development. GLIA 41:276–289, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Couples at the Crossroads: Substance Abuse and Intimate Relationship Deliberation

This article discusses a clinical framework when working with couples who are interested in reevaluating their intimate relationship while simultaneously abstaining from or managing the consumption of a preferred substance. Toward this end, this article explores the potential effect of substance abuse on intimacy, contextual aspects of the deliberation process, and preliminary tasks couples can undertake when assessing their relationship. Assumptions regarding substance abuse and treatment are also discussed.
Anytime Heuristic Search

We describe how to convert the heuristic search algorithm A* into an anytime algorithm that finds a sequence of improved solutions and eventually converges to an optimal solution. The approach we adopt uses weighted heuristic search to find an approximate solution quickly, and then continues the weighted search to find improved solutions as well as to improve a bound on the suboptimality of the current solution. When the time available to solve a search problem is limited or uncertain, this creates an anytime heuristic search algorithm that allows a flexible tradeoff between search time and solution quality. We analyze the properties of the resulting Anytime A* algorithm, and consider its performance in three domains; sliding-tile puzzles, STRIPS planning, and multiple sequence alignment. To illustrate the generality of this approach, we also describe how to transform the memory-efficient search algorithm Recursive Best-First Search (RBFS) into an anytime algorithm.
Curse-of-dimensionality revisited: Collapse of the particle filter in very large scale systems

It has been widely realized that Monte Carlo methods (approximation via a sample ensemble) may fail in large scale systems. This work offers some theoretical insight into this phenomenon in the context of the particle filter. We demonstrate that the maximum of the weights associated with the sample ensemble converges to one as both the sample size and the system dimension tends to infinity. Specifically, under fairly weak assumptions, if the ensemble size grows sub-exponentially in the cube root of the system dimension, the convergence holds for a single update step in state-space models with independent and identically distributed kernels. Further, in an important special case, more refined arguments show (and our simulations suggest) that the convergence to unity occurs unless the ensemble grows super-exponentially in the system dimension. The weight singularity is also established in models with more general multivariate likelihoods, e.g. Gaussian and Cauchy. Although presented in the context of atmospheric data assimilation for numerical weather prediction, our results are generally valid for high-dimensional particle filters.
Is the force still with you? Measuring police commitment

There have been few studies that have explored commitment among police officers in the UK. Our research aims to fill a gap in the police commitment literature. Using survey data (100 per cent population = 3,828) the paper analyses the extent to which organisational commitment is shaped by: employees’ experiences of the level of management support, organisation support and performance appraisal. The commitment measure we use is derived from the real life HR concerns of the participating police organisation ForceCo. Results show that these factors strongly influence commitment at all ranks. Key new findings reveal that the level of commitment varies according to position in the hierarchy, and police commitment increases with tenure. The paper discusses the limitations in management style and personnel procedures and suggests ForceCo needs to re‐evaluate existing systems.
ARCHERRT - a GPU-based and photon-electron coupled Monte Carlo dose computing engine for radiation therapy: software development and application to helical tomotherapy.

PURPOSE Using the graphical processing units (GPU) hardware technology, an extremely fast Monte Carlo (MC) code ARCHERRT is developed for radiation dose calculations in radiation therapy. This paper describes the detailed software development and testing for three clinical TomoTherapy® cases: the prostate, lung, and head & neck. METHODS To obtain clinically relevant dose distributions, phase space files (PSFs) created from optimized radiation therapy treatment plan fluence maps were used as the input to ARCHERRT. Patient-specific phantoms were constructed from patient CT images. Batch simulations were employed to facilitate the time-consuming task of loading large PSFs, and to improve the estimation of statistical uncertainty. Furthermore, two different Woodcock tracking algorithms were implemented and their relative performance was compared. The dose curves of an Elekta accelerator PSF incident on a homogeneous water phantom were benchmarked against DOSXYZnrc. For each of the treatment cases, dose volume histograms and isodose maps were produced from ARCHERRT and the general-purpose code, GEANT4. The gamma index analysis was performed to evaluate the similarity of voxel doses obtained from these two codes. The hardware accelerators used in this study are one NVIDIA K20 GPU, one NVIDIA K40 GPU, and six NVIDIA M2090 GPUs. In addition, to make a fairer comparison of the CPU and GPU performance, a multithreaded CPU code was developed using OpenMP and tested on an Intel E5-2620 CPU. RESULTS For the water phantom, the depth dose curve and dose profiles from ARCHERRT agree well with DOSXYZnrc. For clinical cases, results from ARCHERRT are compared with those from GEANT4 and good agreement is observed. Gamma index test is performed for voxels whose dose is greater than 10% of maximum dose. For 2%/2mm criteria, the passing rates for the prostate, lung case, and head & neck cases are 99.7%, 98.5%, and 97.2%, respectively. Due to specific architecture of GPU, modified Woodcock tracking algorithm performed inferior to the original one. ARCHERRT achieves a fast speed for PSF-based dose calculations. With a single M2090 card, the simulations cost about 60, 50, 80 s for three cases, respectively, with the 1% statistical error in the PTV. Using the latest K40 card, the simulations are 1.7-1.8 times faster. More impressively, six M2090 cards could finish the simulations in 8.9-13.4 s. For comparison, the same simulations on Intel E5-2620 (12 hyperthreading) cost about 500-800 s. CONCLUSIONS ARCHERRT was developed successfully to perform fast and accurate MC dose calculation for radiotherapy using PSFs and patient CT phantoms.
Myocardial T1 mapping for detection of left ventricular myocardial fibrosis in chronic aortic regurgitation: pilot study.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify diffuse myocardial fibrosis secondary to chronic aortic regurgitation by comparing the T1 relaxation times of left ventricular myocardium in a pilot patient group with a previously established normal range of times. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eight patients with chronic aortic regurgitation and normal coronary arteries awaiting surgical valve replacement underwent a comprehensive MRI examination that included assessment of left ventricular function, severity of valvular regurgitation, and presence of overt myocardial scar evidenced by delayed enhancement. For each patient, myocardial T1 relaxation times determined with a modified Look-Locker technique before and after contrast administration were compared with values previously established for 15 healthy volunteers. RESULTS There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in slice-averaged myocardial T1 relaxation times either before or after gadolinium administration in the patient group compared with the normal range of times. Segmental averaged T1 relaxation times in segments with abnormal wall motion did, however, show statistically significant differences from healthy controls 10, 15, and 20 minutes after administration of gadolinium (510 vs 476 milliseconds, p = 0.001; 532 vs 501 milliseconds, p = 0.002; 560 vs 516 milliseconds, p = 0.001, respectively). Two of the aortic regurgitation patients also had focal areas of myocardial delayed enhancement. CONCLUSION Segment-based myocardial T1 mapping has the potential for showing differences between relaxation times in aortic regurgitation and in normal hearts, suggesting the existence of a diffuse myocardial fibrotic process.
Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Officers’ Shooting Decisions: No Simple Answers to This Complex Problem

Police officers make life-or-death shooting decisions in complex situations under extreme time pressure. If officers make a mistake, there are dire consequences—they could kill an innocent or be killed themselves. In contrast to prior work's near-exclusive focus on suspect race, the present study examined features of methodology, officers, suspects, and neighborhoods that may affect officers’ shooting decisions. Empirical exploration of officers’ shooting decisions and mistakes is still in its infancy, and given the seriousness and importance of this phenomenon—and the potential for this research to inform policy decisions—additional research is needed.