Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Test of Inglehart's Socialization Hypothesis for the Acquisition of Materialist/Postmaterialist Values: The Influence of Childhood Poverty on Adult Values

This study presents an empirical test of the socialization hypothesis, a principal component oflnglehart's (1990) theory concerning the development ofmaterialist/postmaterialist value orientations. The data derive from the Family Income Study, a five-year longitudinal analysis of women in Washington State. The materialist/postmaterialist value comparison was made using seven values from the Rokeach Values Survey (Rokeach, 1973). The results of the study provide mixed supportfor Inglehart 's socialization hypothesis. The development of materialist value orientations does appear to be associated with early-years socialization experience as predicted; however, little support can be found for the socialization thesis with respect to the development of postmaterialist value orientations. It would appear that additional factors are needed to account for the acquisition of these value orientations.
Prenatal smoking predicts non-responsiveness to an intervention targeting attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms in elementary schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND Some evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to maternal smoking contributes to the etiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The present study tested an intervention targeting disruptive behavior to establish whether exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy predicts intervention failure in elementary schoolchildren. METHODS Five hundred and eight elementary schoolchildren were followed from ages 7 to 11. At ages 8 and 9, they were randomly assigned to a control condition, or to a two-year universal classroom-based intervention targeting disruptive behavior. Measures included maternal reports of smoking during pregnancy, teacher-rated symptoms of ADHD from ages 7 to 9 years, and children's self-report of experimentation with smoking at ages 10 and 11 years. RESULTS At age 7, prenatally exposed children had higher ADHD symptom scores. The intervention did not affect the course of their ADHD symptoms and the probability of early-onset experimentation with smoking. Among non-exposed children, the intervention positively affected the course of ADHD symptoms, and reduced the probability of early-onset experimentation with smoking. CONCLUSIONS Prenatally exposed children are most prone to follow a path of high levels of ADHD symptoms and associated elevated risk for early-onset experimentation with smoking, which is unreceptive to a universal preventive intervention. In these children, the developmental course of ADHD symptoms seems to have been influenced by their prenatal exposure to maternal smoking. Future research should further explore whether prenatal smoking is a proxy measure that indexes another risk factor, or a causal factor for adverse developmental outcomes.
The Crown Inequalities for the Symmetric Traveling Salesman Polytope

We define a new family of valid inequalities for the Symmetric Traveling Salesman Polytope STSPn, that is, the convex hull of the incidence vectors of all Hamiltonian cycles of a complete graph with n nodes. The smallest value of n for which the inequalities are defined is 8. We call these inequalities crown inequalities and we prove that they are facet-inducing for STSPn, for n â¥ 8. We describe some extensions of the crown inequalities and we prove that they induce facets of STSPn, as well. Finally, we discuss some issues on the possible applications of these inequalities in a polyhedral cutting-plane algorithm.
Haematopoietic progenitor cells from adult bone marrow differentiate into cells that express oligodendroglial antigens in the neonatal mouse brain

Stem cells are self‐renewable, pluripotent cells that, in adult life, proliferate by a characteristic asymmetric division in which one daughter cell is committed to differentiation whereas the other remains a stem cell. These cells are also characterized by their ability to differentiate into various cell types under heterotopic environmental influences. In the present study, we have explored the potential of adult haematopoietic bone marrow cells to differentiate into cells of oligodendroglial lineage under physiological, active myelinating conditions. We present evidence of generation of cells expressing oligodendroglial specific markers from a bone marrow subpopulation enriched on adult haematopoietic progenitor cells (CD117+) in vivo after intracerebral transplantation into the neonatal mouse brain. Our results suggest that adult bone marrow cells have the capacity to undergo differentiation from haematopoietic to oligodendroglial cells and add support the validity of bone marrow transplants as an alternative treatment for demyelinating diseases of the CNS including Multiple Sclerosis.
BIOSYNTHETIC LATENCY IN EARLY STAGES OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID TRANSFORMATION IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS

Nester, E. W. (University of Washington, Seattle) and B. A. D. Stocker. Biosynthetic latency in early stages of deoxyribonucleic acid transformation in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 86:785–796. 1963—In the Bacillus subtilis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) transformation system, transformants do not increase in number for 3 to 5 hr after the addition of DNA. During most of this period, the transformants are resistant to the bactericidal action of penicillin under conditions which result in the killing of over 90% of the recipient population. This lag in growth and nonmultiplication of the transformants (inferred from penicillin resistance) is also reflected in a lag in the synthesis of an enzyme specified by the donor DNA. Thus, when a cell population deficient in the enzyme tryptophan synthetase is transformed to tryptophan independence, activity of this enzyme cannot be detected in whole cells until 3 to 4 hr after the cells have been exposed to the DNA. Recombination between donor and recipient DNA occurs long before this. Even 30 min after exposure of a competent population of try2−his2+ cells to try2+his2− DNA, 20% of the total try2+ activity found in re-extracted DNA exists as recombinant DNA, try2+his2+. This value, the maximal linkage obtained, remains constant during incubation of the DNA-treated culture for an additional 5 hr. In addition to the heterogeneous response of a DNA-treated competent culture to penicillin killing, the recipient culture appears to be heterogeneous in ability to undergo transformation. Thus, the frequency of joint transformation of two unlinked markers is much higher than would be expected on the basis of the random coincidence of more than one DNA molecule entering the same cell in a uniformly competent recipient population. A possible relationship between these two aspects of heterogeneity of a DNA-treated recipient population is discussed.
Theory of Error-correcting Codes

The field of channel coding started with Claude Shannon's 1948 landmark paper. Fifty years of efforts and invention have finally produced coding schemes that closely approach Shannon's channel capacity limit on AWGN channels, both power-limited and band-limited. Similar gains are being achieved in other important applications, such as wireless channels. This course is divided in two parts. In the first part, we remind students of the basics of the theory of linear codes for conventional memoryless ergodic channels. We then introduce more advanced notions so as to make comprehensible some of the most recent coding schemes proposed in the literature. In the second part, we expound the principles of coded modulations for the Gaussian channel and, if time permits, for Rician and Rayleigh fading channels (fully interleaved). We will conclude the course by evoking some aspects of code design for non-ergodic block-fading channels. Basic definitions – Classification of channels, random codes Coding theorem for DMC – Upper bounds on error probability Coding theorem for DMC – Lower bounds on error probability Strong converse theorem for discrete channels [Wolfowitz] Generalization of results to BIOS memoryless channels Hard or soft decoding, information loss Cutoff rate Lecture 2. Codes with algebraic structures [4][5] Detection and correction capabilities of block codes Lower and upper bounds on code parameters – General case Linear block codes – Minimum distance, duality, elementary transformations Lower and upper bounds on code parameters – GV, Hamming, Plotkin, Singleton Convolutional codes
Ethnicity and pain: Psychosocial stress and stress responses

Mary Beth Mechlin: Ethnicity and Pain: Psychosocial Stress and Stress Re spons s (Under the direction of Susan S.Girdler) The purpose of this study was to examine biopsychosocial factors related to ethnic differences in pain sensitivity. Forty-four African Americans (22 me n, 22 women) and 44 non-Hispanic Whites (22 men, 22 women), recruited to be of equivalent SES, were tested for pain sensitivity to ischemic pain, cold pressor pain, and the temporal summati on of heat pulses. There were no ethnic differences in perceived stress, but African Ame ricans reported more frequent discrimination than non-Hispanic Whites. African American s h d similar pain thresholds, but lower pain tolerance to both the ischemic and cold pressor pain tasks. Additionally, African Americans exhibited enhanced temporal summation relat ive to nonHispanic Whites. When examining ethnic differences in cardiovascular and neuroendocr ine variables, African Americans had lower baseline cortisol than non-Hispanic Whites. However, there were no ethnic differences in blood pressure, norepinephrine, or cort is l responses to stress. Regression analyses indicated that, biological variable s (heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and norepinephrine) predicted pain sensitivity in non-Hispanic Whites, while psychosocial variables (income, education, discrimination) predict ed pain sensitivity in African Americans. The results of these studies suggest that there may be ethnically-related differences in biopsychosocial pain regulatory mechani sms.
The Bricklayer Effect: How Accounting for Method Bias Affects First-Order Cultivation Relationships

Although the issue of method bias is a well-known threat to the validity of self-reports, it has seldom been addressed in empirical media effects studies. This may be problematic because independent and dependent variables are often measured using similar methods. Thus, reported correlations may not only reflect common variance between the constructs of interest but also indicate common variance between the measurement methods. In this article, we present two cultivation studies investigating to what extent first-order cultivation relationships are influenced by common method variance. In both studies, controlling for a theoretically unrelated marker variable (Study 1: the estimated prevalence of bakers; Study 2: the estimated prevalence of bricklayers) diminished correlations between television-viewing frequency and prevalence estimates. This finding, referred to as the bricklayer effect, suggests a more thorough discussion on common method variance in cultivation research is needed.
A Distributed Query Execution Engine in a Grid Environment

Grid is a computational environment in which applications can use multiple distributed computational resources in a safe, coordinated, efficient and transparent way. Data Integration Middleware Systems (DIMS) are originally distributed systems that can make use of Grid environments to obtain a better performance and a rational use of available resources. This work describes a Distributed Query Execution Engine (DQEE) inserted in a Grid environment for executing sub-queries and operators in a distributed and parallel way. We present an approach to obtain an efficient distributed query execution with a reduced response time by the use of the DQEE.
Two new species and a remarkable record of the genus Dendronotus from the North Pacific and Arctic oceans (Nudibranchia)

Abstract Two new species of the nudibranch genus Dendronotus, Dendronotus arcticus sp. n. and Dendronotus robilliardi sp. n. , are described from the Arctic and North Pacific oceans respectively, based on morphological and molecular data, and the North Pacific Dendronotus albus is revealed to be a species complex. The species Dendronotus robilliardi sp. n. is described from the northwestern Pacific (Kamchatka) differing from the northeastern Pacific Dendronotus albus by molecular and morphological data. The synonymy of Dendronotus diversicolor with Dendronotus albus is confirmed by analysis of their original descriptions. An endemic Arctic species Dendronotus arcticus sp. n. is also described here, differing substantially from all species of the genus Dendronotus using morphological and molecular data. An unusual record of the recently described Dendronotus kamchaticus Ekimova, Korshunova, Schepetov, Neretina, Sanamyan, Martynov, 2015 is also presented, the first from the northeastern Pacific, geographically separated from the type locality of this species in the northwestern Pacific by a distance ca. 6000 km; molecular data show them to belong to the same species.
Cooperative Wireless Energy Harvesting and Spectrum Sharing in 5G Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel best cooperative mechanism (BCM) for wireless energy harvesting and spectrum sharing in 5G networks. Data transfer and energy harvesting are finished in the designed timeslot mode. In the proposed BCM, secondary users (SUs) harvest energy from both ambient signals and primary user's (PU's) signals. In addition, the SU's can act as relay for PUs and harvest energy from PU signals simultaneously. The proposed mechanism allows optimal time duration for data transfer within the timeslot. We formulate an optimization problem based on the proposed BCM with an objective to maximize throughput of PUs and SUs with constraints on data rate and energy harvest save ratios. The effectiveness of the proposed cooperative mechanism is verified by simulations, and it is considered as an important stepping stone for future research in this domain.
Teachers’ Conceptions of the Constructivist Model of Science Teaching and Student Learning

Abstract This study sought to determine how teachers’ conceptions of the constructivist view influence: (a) science teaching and thus student learning; (b) the teachers’ and students’ roles during the science teaching and learning process; and, (c) the science teaching and learning sequence. A convenient sample of 60 teachers on the Bachelor of Education (Primary) Degree programme completed a 66–item questionnaire probe adapted from Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES) questionnaire. Twenty (20) teachers initially included in the original sample of 60 teachers were used in an in–depth class discussion of each item on the questionnaire probe and issues raised were reported as interview data. Descriptive statistics were used employed to present the quantitative data. The study found that most teacher respondents conceptualized that pre–instructional concepts act as a foundation upon which knowledge is constructed in the mind of learners. The study also found that most science teachers do not have a broader view of the constructivist theory. Therefore, science teachers should teach science from students’ perceptions and backgrounds but without distorting the principles upon which science is based.
Learning from multiple sources

This work aims at defining and testing a set of techniques that enables agents to use information from several sources during learning. In Multiagent Systems (MAS) it is frequent that several agents need to learn similar concepts in parallel. In this type of environment there are more possibilities for learning than in classical Machine Learning. Exchange of information between teams of agents that are attempting to solve similar problems may increase accuracy and learning speed at the expense of communication. One of the most interesting possibilities to explore is when the agents may have different structures and learning algorithms, thus providing different perspectives on the problems they are facing. In this paper the authors report the results of experiments made in a traffic control simulation with and without exchanging information between learning agents.
The Effect of Receiving the Confirming Response In Context in Programmed Material

IT WOULD BE consistent with Guthrie's (1952) I position to assert that the more frequently a de sired response occurs in contiguity with relevant stimuli, the greater the probability of appropriate future responses. It is possible that programed materials have not taken full advantage of this principle. Traditionally, the correct response to a frame in a programed textbook appears as an isolated word, phrase or number on the page following the frame. Such an arrangement is economical of space, but it may not be the most efficient learning procedure inasmuch as it sep arates in both time and place the response from its appropriate context. It is hypothesized that more learning will oc cur when the confirming response appears in its appropriate context than when it appears in iso lation. This hypothesis would provide an indirect test of what Estes (1960) calls' the law of context: "The substance of this law is that the response reinforced in any learning situation becomes as sociated impartially with all cues present, those in the 'background' as well as those the experi menter or educator wishes to make the occasion for the 'correct' response'' (page 764). The experiment here reported was designed to compare a program in which appropriate cues were provided for every appearance of the correct response with a program in which the confirming response appeared in isolation. It was expected that students would gain more understanding from the "response in context" program because of the additional presentation of the cues associated with that response. | JOHN D. KRUMBOLTZ
Versatile Delinquents or Specialized Pirates? A Comparison of Correlates of Illegal Downloading and Traditional Juvenile Crime

While illegal downloading of copyrighted content from the Internet is a very common form of law-breaking, it has attracted relatively little attention among criminologists. Using the Finnish Self-Report Delinquency Survey 2012 (n = 4,855), the current study analyses the overlap between traditional juvenile crime and intensity of illegal downloading, and examines the determinants of illegal downloading in light of control theories. Despite the fact that the majority of youths download, the intensity of downloading has a strong positive association with other forms of delinquency. Measures of self-control and parental social control emerge as significant predictors of frequent downloading.
The Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition Short Form

The psychometric properties of a new, brief measure, the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition (RCMAS-2) Short Form, were examined in a sample of 1,003 U.S. elementary and secondary students. The RCMAS-2 Short Form consists of the first 10 items of the RCMAS-2. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the modified one-factor model provided an adequate fit for students in Grades 2 to 12. The results of tests of measurement invariance supported configural, weak, and strong invariance of the RCMAS-2 Short Form across gender and configural, weak, and partial strong invariance of the RCMAS-2 Short Form across age. Gender and age differences were also examined on the RCMAS-2 Short Form. The results of latent mean analyses indicated that adolescents (ages 12-19) and females had significantly higher factor means than children (ages 7-11) and males, respectively, on the RCMAS-2 Short Form. Moderate correlations between the RCMAS-2 Short Form scores and scores of measures of test anxiety were found. Implications of the findings for researchers and clinicians who work with children and adolescents are discussed.
Pre-Service Elementary Mathematics Teachers’ Metaphors on Scientific Research and Foundations of Their Perceptions

In this study, it is aimed to investigate pre-service elementary mathematics teachers’ perceptions about scientific research with metaphor analysis and determine the foundations of these perceptions. This phenomenological study was conducted with 182 participants. The data were collected with two open-ended survey forms formed for investigating the metaphors and their reasons, and the reasons which are important in shaping these perceptions. The data were analysed in descriptive and content analysis methods based on the aim of the study. The findings can be summarised as follow: The participants created 156 metaphors and the most cited metaphor is “universe”. The most distinctive features of the scientific research given by the participants were its hierarchic structure in application, presenting new knowledge and requiring much effort. The least cited feature of the research was its falsibiality. In addition, it was found that though teachers, scientific research methods course and internet are very important in the process of perception creation about scientific research, the experts in the areas have little effect on this process.
Limitations of screening for occult cancer in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism.

BACKGROUND Idiopathic venous thrombosis (IVT) is associated with occult malignancy in 10% of patients. The Trousseau study investigated whether extensive screening using abdominal and chest computed tomography (CT) scans and mammography in women would decrease mortality, compared with limited screening. Here, the costs and test characteristics of these screening strategies are presented, including true- and false-positive findings, sensitivity and specificity. METHODS All investigations performed because of a suspicion of malignancy in the limited or extensive screening groups were collected. Costs were calculated using Dutch healthcare tariffs. RESULTS A total of 342 and 288 patients with IVT were included in the extensive and the limited screening group, respectively. The prevalences of malignancy and mortality were comparable between these two groups, as were the abnormal findings during routine screening. In 30% of the extensively screened patients, the CT scans or mammography showed abnormalities necessitating further diagnostic work-up; this yielded six malignancies and resulted in a positive predictive value of 6.6%, sensitivity of 33% and specificity of 70%. Mean costs per patient were €165.17 for the routine and €530.92 for the extensive screening. CONCLUSION Screening using CT scans and mammography results in extra costs due to the high percentage of false-positive findings for which a further diagnostic work-up is indicated.