Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Memory for Trauma and Cognitive Processes Associated with Dissociative Tendencies

Summary Cognitive science approaches can inform research in traumatic stress studies by articulating separate scientific issues that may be relevant to understanding alterations in memory and awareness for trauma. This article will first address general issues about disrupted memory and “knowledge isolation” for trauma, as well as introduce specific aspects of “betrayal trauma theory” (Freyd 1994, 1996) that inform our understanding of memory impairment. According to betrayal trauma theory, a potent motivation for knowledge isolation (including amnesia, dissociation, and unawareness) in the face of trauma is to preserve apparently necessary human relationships in which betrayal occurs. Results from three recent laboratory investigations of cognitive processes associated with dissociative tendencies are summarized. These laboratory investigations suggest that the attentional capacities of high dissocators are impaired under conditions of selective attention, but not divided attention. Furthermore, in our laboratory tasks high dissocators have impaired memory for emotionally charged words associated with sexual assault and abuse (e.g., “incest”) but not neutral words, as compared with low dissociators. The findings suggest that high dissociators use divided attention and multi-tasking as a way to control the flow of information. Such a view is consistent with betrayal trauma theory. Though in its infancy, this research draws on cognitive science and observations of traumatic response and offers much promise.
A Mixture of Delta-Rules Approximation to Bayesian Inference in Change-Point Problems

Error-driven learning rules have received considerable attention because of their close relationships to both optimal theory and neurobiological mechanisms. However, basic forms of these rules are effective under only a restricted set of conditions in which the environment is stable. Recent studies have defined optimal solutions to learning problems in more general, potentially unstable, environments, but the relevance of these complex mathematical solutions to how the brain solves these problems remains unclear. Here, we show that one such Bayesian solution can be approximated by a computationally straightforward mixture of simple error-driven ‘Delta’ rules. This simpler model can make effective inferences in a dynamic environment and matches human performance on a predictive-inference task using a mixture of a small number of Delta rules. This model represents an important conceptual advance in our understanding of how the brain can use relatively simple computations to make nearly optimal inferences in a dynamic world.
Estrogen receptor beta mRNA in colon cancer cells: growth effects of estrogen and genistein.

Knowledge regarding the expression of the recently cloned estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) in colonic mucosa is limited. In this study, we demonstrated that five human colon cancer cell lines, HT29, Colo320, Lovo, SW480, and HCT116, expressed ERbeta mRNA, but lacked ERalpha mRNA. Results from a cell growth assay demonstrated that these colon cancer cells were not influenced by estrogen, while genistein possessed slight growth inhibitory effects on HT29, Colo320 and Lovo cells at 10 microM, at which concentration is stimulated the growth of ERalpha-positive human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Tamoxifen inhibited the growth of HT29 and Colo320 cells, dose-dependently, as well as MCF-7 cells. A transfected reporter plasmid containing a vitellogenin estrogen response element could be activated by estradiol in Colo320 cells. Taken together with previous reports, these data suggest that ERalpha and ERbeta may have different biological functions in colon cells.
Victimization, friendship and resilience: crossing the land in-between

This article explores the victimization of young people immediately before and after the school day. This is a unique time when most young people of secondary school age, from a range of backgrounds, with different interests and standards of behaviour, are constrained to mix at some point on the journey to school. For most young people this a temporary break from adult control in the home and the school—a spatial and temporal ‘land in-between’ the authority of parents and teachers. This freedom carries with it the possibility of pleasure-seeking, social experimentation and extending friendships, but it also carries the potential for the victimization of some young people by others. Until now, very limited research has been carried out on the extent, characteristics and impact of victimization during this time, and it is these issues that form the focus of the article. We draw upon the English data from an eight-country European research project exploring secondary school children’s experiences of victimization whilst travelling to and from school. The research gathered both quantitative data on the levels of, and responses to, victimization and focus groups and interviews to understand the meanings of these experiences to young people. The research concludes that approximately 20% of young people admit to having been victimized, although generally this occurs only occasionally. Only a small percentage, between 3 and 4% of young people, is victimized regularly. Young people show considerable resilience in dealing with victimization without adult help and that friends are particularly important, as opposed to the school authorities.
The Visible Hand: Money, Markets, and Media Evolution

While the precise future evolution of the Internet remains uncertain, the historical development of other media, e.g., magazines in the twentieth century and broadcasting since World War II, may offer useful parallels. It is argued that significant analogous developments in the Internet's future are likely to include pervasive commercialization, niche-building and fractionation, less governmental regulation and oversight, and considerable economic concentration.
Section Four: Reshaping Leadership in Action

During the past 20 years teacher leadership has become an established feature of educational reform in the United States. In the mid1980s, arguments began to appear in the scholarly and professional literatures asserting that teacher leadership was a crucial element of school improvement and the development and “professionalization” of the teacher work force. To some observers, it would be impossible to improve schools, attract and retain talented teachers, or make sensible demands upon school administrators without promoting teacher leadership (e.g., Little, 1988; Wasley, 1991). To others, creating opportunities for teacher leadership was a moral imperative, to give teachers their professional due and to provide all children with the quality of education they deserve (e.g., Barth, 2001; Maeroff, 1988). It was not always seen this way. The planned change literature of the 1970s and early 1980s emphasized the importance of strong leadership for school improvement, but most of it focused on the principal or the superintendent (Fullan, 2001). More often than not, teachers were considered impediments to rather than leaders of improvement (Little, 1988). Even today, the subject of teacher leadership is cloaked in ambivalence. We look to teachers and their leadership to help solve
Ghrelin localization in the medulla of rat and human adrenal gland and in pheochromocytomas.

OBJECTIVE Ghrelin is predominantly produced by neuroendocrine cells of stomach and has been expressed in several normal and tumour endocrine tissues. It has been reported that the localization of ghrelin is exclusively in the cortex of human and rat adrenal gland and in adrenocortical tumours. This prompted us to analyze the expression of this peptide in medulla of human and rat adrenal glands and in human pheochromocytomas. DESIGN AND METHODS Analysis of ghrelin mRNA expression in rat adrenal gland was conducted by means of semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Ghrelin localization was studied in medulla of human and rat adrenal gland by immunohistochemistry. In addition, we have carried out a double immunofluorescence with chromogranin A to determine the specific cell type expressing ghrelin immunoreactivity. Ghrelin expression was also analyzed in five cases of pheochromocytoma by immunohistochemistry. Finally, Western blotting analysis was performed with goat ghrelin antibody in the cortex and in the medulla of rat adrenal gland. RESULTS RT-PCR demonstrated expression of ghrelin mRNA in rat adrenal gland. We also detected ghrelin expression in virtually all rat pheochromocytes by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. Furthermore, we showed ghrelin immunoreactivity in the medulla of human adrenal gland and in pheochromocytomas. By Western blotting, we found the expression of ghrelin precursor, proghrelin and mature ghrelin in the medulla of rat adrenals. However, the cortex of rat adrenal gland only expressed ghrelin precursor. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to demonstrate a medullar expression of ghrelin in human and rat adrenal gland; we also showed ghrelin expression in pheochromocytomas.
Construction of an optimal GGA functional for molecules and solids

The specialized exchange-correlation functionals of Wu and Cohen [Phys. Rev. B 73, 235116 (2006)] (WC) and Hammer et al. [Phys. Rev. B 59, 7413 (1999)] [revised Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (RPBE)] yield good results for either the lattice constants of solids or the atomization energies of molecules, respectively, but are rather poor for the opposite quantity. By combining the WC and RPBE functionals, we construct a functional that performs equally well for both molecules and solids. Our proposed functional, which is still in the form of the simple generalized gradient approximation, can thus be applied efficiently to systems that involve both finite and infinite systems, a case that is crucial, for example, in heterogeneous catalysis studies. Therefore, the chemisorption of CO on transition-metal surfaces was considered, and it is shown that our functional gives improved results.
Pricing Strategies in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain with Local Advertising

With the rapid popularization of the Internet, nowadays manufacturers are increasingly adopting a dual-channel to sell their products, i.e., The traditional retail channel and online direct channel. Empirical studies have shown that retailer's local advertising has significant effects on demand and pricing decision. However, there is scant literature addressing the decision on the local advertising and its impacts on the manufacturer and retailer's pricing decisions. To fill this gap, we explore the optimal decisions of local advertising and pricing in a centralized and a decentralized dual-channel supply chain using the two-stage optimization technique and Stackelberg game, and analyze the impacts of local advertising and customers' preference to the direct channel on the pricing strategies. The results show that local advertising strongly influences pricing strategies and profits of channel members. Numerical analysis reveals that customers' preference to the direct channel has great effects on the local advertising and pricing decisions.
G Proteins Immunodetection and Adrenergic Transduction Pathways in the Liver of Anguilla anguilla

G proteins are members of a highly conserved superfamily of GTPases, which includes heterotrimeric (α, β, γ) proteins acting as critical control points for transmembrane signaling. In ectothermal vertebrates, knowledge about these proteins is scarce, and our work provides the first demonstration that Gs, Gq, and Gi proteins are all present in the liver of a fish. Gqα subunits of about 42 kDa have been identified in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) liver membranes, supporting previous reports about the existence of hormone transduction pathways coupled to inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate/Ca2+ enhancement in fish hepatocytes. Although two Gsα proteins of about 45 and 52 kDa have been reported in mammals, a single isoform of approximately 45 kDa has been recognized in eel liver. Gsα and Gqα proteins are involved in the epinephrine transduction pathway, leading to cAMP and Ca2+ intracellular increments, respectively. Interestingly, both messengers significantly stimulated glucose release from eel hepatocytes but with a different time course. In fact, the Ca2+‐dependent glucose output preceded the cAMP‐mediated release by about 7 min. Giα subunits of about 40 kDa were also immunodetected, suggesting the presence of hormone receptors leading to adenylyl cyclase inhibition in eel liver; however, α2‐ adrenoreceptor ligands were ineffective on both enzyme activity and glucose release.
An evaluation of ontology matching techniques on geospatial ontologies

Standardization is one of the pillars of interoperability. In this context, efforts promoted by the Open Geospatial Consortium, such as CityGML (Technical University, Berlin), a standard for exchanging three-dimensional models or urban city objects, are welcomed. However, information from other domains of interest (e.g. energy efficiency or building information modeling) is needed for tasks such as land planning, large-scale flooding analysis, or demand/supply energy simulations. CityGML allows extension in order to integrate information from other domains, but the development process is expensive because there is no way to perform it automatically. The discovery of correspondences between CityGML concepts and other domains concepts poses a significant challenge. Ontology matching is the research field emerged from the Semantic Web to address automatic ontology integration. Using the ontology underlying CityGML and the ontologies which model other domains of interest, ontology matching would be able to find the correspondences that would permit the integration in a more automatic manner than it is done now. In this paper, we evaluate if ontology matching techniques allow performing an automatic integration of geospatial information modeled from different viewpoints. In order to achieve this, an evaluation methodology was designed, and it was applied to the discovery of relationships between CityGML and ontologies coming from the building information modeling and Geospatial Semantic Web domains. The methodology and the results of the evaluation are presented. The best results have been achieved using string-based techniques, while matching systems give the worst precision and recall. Only in a few cases the values are over 50%, which shows the limitations when these techniques are applied to ontologies with a partial overlap.
Empirical Studies of Response to Literature: Review and Suggestions.

Researchers in response to literature look at what readers of all ages and backgrounds do when they read a literary text. They are concerned with an intriguing, pervasive process of school and college English studies: reading and responding to literature. Even though such an assumption is not a condition for their work, they probably assume that the more we know about what readers do, the easier it will be for us to achieve with them the traditional objectives of literary studywillingness to read and insightfulness in reading. Researchers in response to literature are interested in describing, not in judging. Most important, these researchers expect great variation in response. Even as readers ourselves and as teachers we know that responses of different readers to the same work can be sharply divergent. A reader's response to a work on second or subsequent readings can differ markedly from his first response. Fiction very likely has a different appeal at different points in a person's life or is found to be compelling or boring for very different reasons at different ages and stages in one's progress through life. Since the printing press and widespread literacy, the perceived uses of fiction and probably even readers' actual responses to works of fiction have changed with social and cultural currents. Given all these causes of variation in response, I cannot resist pointing out that I. A. Richards's1 idealized reader has never existed.
Differential mobilization of white adipose tissue fatty acids according to chain length, unsaturation, and positional isomerism.

The present study aims at determining whether, and how, the molecular structure of fatty acids influences their mobilization from fat cells. The in vitro mobilization of 52 fatty acids ranging in chain length from 12 to 24 carbon atoms, in unsaturation from 0 to 6 double bonds, and including 23 pairs of positional isomers was examined. Fat cells were isolated from adipose tissue of rats fed a fish-oil diet and treated with norepinephrine to stimulate lipolysis. Fatty acid composition of free fatty acids (FFA) released from these cells was compared to that of the triacylglycerols (TAG) from which they originated. The percentage weight of most fatty acids, and especially that of very long-chain fatty acids, was significantly different between FFA and TAG. The percentage of 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) and of 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid) was 2.7 and 1.7 times higher in FFA than in TAG, respectively, whereas that of 20:1(n-11, 9 or 7), 22:1(n-11, 9 or 7) and 24:1n-9 was 1.7-2, 2.4, and 3.5 times lower, respectively. The relative mobilization (% in FFA/% in TAG) of the least readily mobilized fatty acid (24:1n-9) was 15-fold lower than that of the most readily mobilized (18:5n-3). For a given chain length, the relative mobilization increased exponentially with unsaturation, e.g., increasing from 0.45 to 2.7 in C 20 fatty acids when the number of double bonds increased from 0 to 5. Amongst the fatty acids with 18 to 22 carbon atoms, the shorter the chain was, the more steeply relative mobilization increased with unsaturation. On the other hand, for a given unsaturation the relative mobilization decreased with increasing chain length, e.g., decreasing from 1.15 to 0.3 in monoenes when the chain length increased from C 14 to C 24. A two-carbon-atom shortening of the chain length was on average equivalent to inserting one double bond for increasing the relative mobilization, i.e., by about 40%. The relative mobilization was also affected by the position of the double bond(s); increasing on average by 10% when there was a two-carbon-atom displacement towards the methyl end of the chain. These results demonstrate that under conditions of stimulated lipolysis individual fatty acids are more readily mobilized from fat cells when they are short and unsaturated, and when their double bonds are closer to the methyl end of the chain. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Testosterone and cardiovascular disease – the controversy and the facts

Abstract Since November 2013, there has been a flurry of articles written in the media touting the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease in men treated with testosterone, based on two recent reports. Since first synthesized in 1935, testosterone therapy has demonstrated substantial benefits for men with testosterone deficiency (also called hypogonadism). Testosterone has an acceptable safety profile and literature spanning more than 30 years, suggesting a decreased CV risk with low levels of testosterone and benefits associated with testosterone therapy. However, nonmedical media outlets have seized on reports of increased CV risk, and published scathing editorials impugning testosterone therapy as a dangerous and overprescribed treatment. Here, we review these recent studies, and find no scientific basis for assertions of increased CV risk. This article is intended to provide the clinician with the facts needed for an informed discussion with men who suffer from testosterone deficiency and who desire treatment for their symptoms.
Strategic Asset Allocation and Consumption Decisions Under Multivariate Regime Switching

This paper studies optimal asset allocation to stocks, long-term bonds and T-bills and consumption choice in the presence of regime switching in asset returns. Optimal asset allocations vary considerably across four states - both across bonds and stocks and among large and small stocks - and change significantly over time as investors revise their estimates of the current state probabilities. In the crash state investors always allocate more of their portfolio to stocks the longer their investment horizon, while the optimal allocation to stocks declines as a function of the investment horizon in bull markets. Consumption-to-wealth ratios are also found to depend on the underlying state. Welfare costs from ignoring regime switching are substantial, especially when frequent rebalancing is considered. Results are found to be robust to changes in risk aversion, the imposition of short sale restrictions, the inclusion of standard predictor variables such as the dividend yield and to parameter uncertainty
Biosorption of Microelements by Spirulina: Towards Technology of Mineral Feed Supplements

Surface characterization and metal ion adsorption properties of Spirulina sp. and Spirulina maxima were verified by various instrumental techniques. FTIR spectroscopy and potentiometric titration were used for qualitative and quantitative determination of metal ion-binding groups. Comparative FTIR spectra of natural and Cu(II)-treated biomass proved involvement of both phosphoryl and sulfone groups in metal ions sorption. The potentiometric titration data analysis provided the best fit with the model assuming the presence of three types of surface functional groups and the carboxyl group as the major binding site. The mechanism of metal ions biosorption was investigated by comparing the results from multielemental analyses by ICP-OES and SEM-EDX. Biosorption of Cu(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) ions by lyophilized Spirulina sp. was performed to determine the metal affinity relationships for single- and multicomponent systems. Obtained results showed the replacement of naturally bound ions: Na(I), K(I), or Ca(II) with sorbed metal ions in a descending order of Mn(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Co(II) for single- and Cu(II) > Mn(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II) for multicomponent systems, respectively. Surface elemental composition of natural and metal-loaded material was determined both by ICP-OES and SEM-EDX analysis, showing relatively high value of correlation coefficient between the concentration of Na(I) ions in algal biomass.
Accelerated Sea-Level Rise from West Antarctica

Recent aircraft and satellite laser altimeter surveys of the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica show that local glaciers are discharging about 250 cubic kilometers of ice per year to the ocean, almost 60% more than is accumulated within their catchment basins. This discharge is sufficient to raise sea level by more than 0.2 millimeters per year. Glacier thinning rates near the coast during 2002–2003 are much larger than those observed during the 1990s. Most of these glaciers flow into floating ice shelves over bedrock up to hundreds of meters deeper than previous estimates, providing exit routes for ice from further inland if ice-sheet collapse is under way.
Family ownership logic: Framing the core characteristics of family businesses

Abstract In this article we show how specific family business logic shapes managerial practices. Based on empirical material from 20 case studies of family ownership governance, our study identifies seven core characteristics of family ownership logic. These include active, visible and persistent ownership with few owners, relatively stable strategic development encompassing multiple ownership goals, autonomy towards capital markets, and a strong identification and emotional bonding with the business. By considering the family business context, we find managerial practices that are prevalent in the majority of businesses around the world and that have implications for ownership research. It is concluded that by taking the logic of ownership into consideration when studying family businesses, researchers in this field can contribute to the growing literature on sociocultural and behavioural factors in corporate governance relations.