Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women.

BACKGROUND Reproductive-age women need effective interventions to prevent the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. METHODS We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to assess daily treatment with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), oral tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC), or 1% tenofovir (TFV) vaginal gel as preexposure prophylaxis against HIV-1 infection in women in South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. HIV-1 testing was performed monthly, and plasma TFV levels were assessed quarterly. RESULTS Of 12,320 women who were screened, 5029 were enrolled in the study. The rate of retention in the study was 91% during 5509 person-years of follow-up. A total of 312 HIV-1 infections occurred; the incidence of HIV-1 infection was 5.7 per 100 person-years. In the modified intention-to-treat analysis, the effectiveness was -49.0% with TDF (hazard ratio for infection, 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97 to 2.29), -4.4% with TDF-FTC (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.49), and 14.5% with TFV gel (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.21). In a random sample, TFV was detected in 30%, 29%, and 25% of available plasma samples from participants randomly assigned to receive TDF, TDF-FTC, and TFV gel, respectively. Independent predictors of TFV detection included being married, being older than 25 years of age, and being multiparous. Detection of TFV in plasma was negatively associated with characteristics predictive of HIV-1 acquisition. Elevations of serum creatinine levels were seen more frequently among participants randomly assigned to receive oral TDF-FTC than among those assigned to receive oral placebo (1.3% vs. 0.2%, P=0.004). We observed no significant differences in the frequencies of other adverse events. CONCLUSIONS None of the drug regimens we evaluated reduced the rates of HIV-1 acquisition in an intention-to-treat analysis. Adherence to study drugs was low. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health; VOICE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00705679.).
Inversion of foliar biochemical parameters at various physiological stages and grain quality indicators of winter wheat with canopy reflectance

Canopy reflectance data selected at key growth stages of winter wheat were analysed. Regression equations between foliar total nitrogen content and other foliar biochemical concentrations, dried biomass indices, and grain quality indicators were established. The results showed that there were robust correlations between foliar total nitrogen content and other foliar biochemical concentrations, dried biomass indices, and grain quality indicators. The predictions of soluble sugar content, foliar water content, stem water content, foliar starch content, foliar dried weight, plant dried weight, and Leaf Area Index (LAI), etc. by foliar total nitrogen content were successful and feasible. The predictions of grain protein and dry gluten content by foliar total nitrogen content at anthesis were surprisingly good. The wavelength bands related to foliar total nitrogen content selected by regression equation were located at 1000–1140 nm and 1200–1300 nm.
Participation in three consecutive mass drug administrations in Leogane, Haiti

Objectives In the global effort to eliminate lymphatic filariasis, mass drug administrations (MDAs) are organised annually. The success of this strategy depends on achieving high levels of drug coverage, which reduce the number of persons with circulating microfilariae and consequently transmission. Persons who consistently fail to participate in MDAs represent a potential threat to the goal of filariasis elimination. We wanted to know the drug coverage, the proportion of persons who were systematically non‐compliant and factors associated with this behaviour.
Incubation temperature, morphology and performance in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtle hatchlings from Mon Repos, Queensland, Australia

Marine turtles are vulnerable to climate change because their life history and reproduction are tied to environmental temperatures. The egg incubation stage is arguably the most vulnerable stage, because marine turtle eggs require a narrow range of temperatures for successful incubation. Additionally, incubation temperature affects sex, emergence success, morphology and locomotor performance of hatchlings. Hatchlings often experience high rates of predation in the first few hours of their life, and increased size or locomotor ability may improve their chances of survival. Between 2010 and 2013 we monitored the temperature of loggerhead (Caretta caretta; Linnaeus 1758) turtle nests at Mon Repos Rookery, and used these data to calculate a mean three day maximum temperature (T3dm) for each nest. We calculated the hatching and emergence success for each nest, then measured the mass, size and locomotor performance of hatchlings that emerged from those nests. Nests with a T3dm greater than 34°C experienced a lower emergence success and produced smaller hatchlings than nests with a T3dm lower than 34°C. Hatchlings from nests with a T3dm below 34°C performed better in crawling and swimming trials than hatchlings from nests with a T3dm above 34°C. Thus even non-lethal increases in global temperatures have the potential to detrimentally affect fitness and survival of marine turtle hatchlings.
Mediterranean diet and survival among patients with coronary heart disease in Greece.

BACKGROUND The Mediterranean diet has been hypothesized to reduce fatality among patients with coronary heart disease. METHODS We examined the association between the degree of adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet and survival of persons with diagnosed coronary heart disease at enrollment, in a population-based prospective investigation of 1302 Greek men and women, who were followed up for an average of 3.78 years (the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition cohort). Information on usual dietary intakes during the year preceding enrollment was recorded through a validated food frequency questionnaire. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed by a 10-unit Mediterranean diet score that incorporates the salient characteristics of this diet. Proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relation of overall degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet with mortality overall or by cause (cardiac vs noncardiac). RESULTS Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet by 2 units was associated with a 27% lower mortality rate among persons with prevalent coronary heart disease at enrollment (total deaths, 131; adjusted mortality ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.93). The reduced mortality was more evident and amounted to 31% (total deaths, 85; adjusted mortality ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.93) when only cardiac deaths were considered as the relevant outcome. Associations between individual food groups contributing to the Mediterranean diet score and mortality were generally not significant. CONCLUSION Greater adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet is associated with a significant reduction in mortality among individuals diagnosed as having coronary heart disease.
Twisted cohomology and homology groups associated to the Riemann-Wirtinger integral

The Riemann-Wirtinger integral is a function defined by a definite integral on a complex torus whose integrand is a power product of the exponential function and theta functions. It was found as a special solution of the system of differential equations which governs the monodromy-preserving deformation of Fuchsian differential equations on the complex torus [11], [12]. The main purpose of this paper is to give an interpretation to this integral as the pairing between twisted cohomology and homology groups with coefficients in rank-one local systems on the complex torus minus finitely many points. The local systems contain a parameter corresponding to the Jacobian of the torus. We also give an explicit description of the cohomology groups valid for any value of the parameter. This result shall be applied to studies on generalization of the Wirtinger integral, which is another integral representation of Gauss’ hypergeometric function in terms of the power product of theta functions [14].
Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors: State-of-the-Art

Progress in the development of tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) is reviewed by comparing experimental results and theoretical predictions against 16-nm FinFET CMOS technology. Experiments lag the projections, but sub-threshold swings less than 60 mV/decade are now reported in 14 TFETs. The lowest measured sub-threshold swings approaches 20 mV/decade, however, the measurements at these lowest values are not based on many points. The highest current at which sub-threshold swing below 60 mV/decade is observed is in the range 1-10 nA/μm. A common approach to TFET characterization is proposed to facilitate future comparisons.
Profound effect of the absence of IL‐4 on T cell responses during infection with Schistosoma mansoni

T cell responses of interleukin (IL)‐4−/− and wild‐type (WT) mice infected with the helper T cell 2 (Th2) response‐inducing pathogen Schistosoma mansoni were compared. As expected, given the important role of IL‐4 in Th2 response induction, the absence of IL‐4 resulted in diminished Th2 responses, apparent as reduced production of IL‐4, ‐5, and ‐10 by CD4+ cells isolated from the spleens of infected IL‐4−/− mice. Surprisingly, these cells produced significantly less interferon (IFN)‐γ and proliferated less than did those from infected WT mice after T cell receptor ligation. CD8+ cells isolated from infected IL‐4−/− mice also produced less IFN‐γ than WT CD8 cells, although there was no difference in the proliferative responses of these cell populations. After infection, spleens of infected IL‐4−/− mice did not enlarge to the same extent as those of WT mice, and attrition of the CD8+ cell population within this lymphoid organ was noted. Taken together, the data indicate that in addition to inhibiting Th2 response development, the lack of IL‐4 during schistosomiasis significantly affects additional aspects of T cell responses.
Targeting Toxoplasma gondii CPSF3 as a new approach to control toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii is an important food and waterborne pathogen causing toxoplasmosis, a potentially severe disease in immunocompromised or congenitally infected humans. Available therapeutic agents are limited by suboptimal efficacy and frequent side effects that can lead to treatment discontinuation. Here we report that the benzoxaborole AN3661 had potent in vitro activity against T. gondii. Parasites selected to be resistant to AN3661 had mutations in TgCPSF3, which encodes a homologue of cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 3 (CPSF‐73 or CPSF3), an endonuclease involved in mRNA processing in eukaryotes. Point mutations in TgCPSF3 introduced into wild‐type parasites using the CRISPR/Cas9 system recapitulated the resistance phenotype. Importantly, mice infected with T. gondii and treated orally with AN3661 did not develop any apparent illness, while untreated controls had lethal infections. Therefore, TgCPSF3 is a promising novel target of T. gondii that provides an opportunity for the development of anti‐parasitic drugs.
The LXR ligand T0901317 induces severe lipogenesis in the db/db diabetic mouse Published, JLR Papers in Press, August 16, 2003. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M300135-JLR200

Liver X receptor (LXR) ligands are currently being evaluated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of low HDL. The LXR ligand T0901317 elevates ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and HDL levels in animal models and induces moderate lipogenesis through upregulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c). Because insulin may also regulate lipogenesis through SREBP1c and fatty acid synthase (FAS), we investigated the effect of an LXR ligand in hyperinsulinemic mice. Administration of T0901317 to male db/db mice for 12 days resulted in a more severe hypertriacylglycerolemia and hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation than observed in nondiabetic mice. The LXR target genes ABCA1, SREBP1c, FAS, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 were upregulated by T0901317 treatment in both diabetic db/db and nondiabetic C57BLKS mice. Changes in lipogenic gene expression were independent of mouse strain, indicating that the severe lipogenesis observed in LXR ligand-treated db/db mice was not due to additive effects of insulin on lipogenic gene expression. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression was suppressed, suggesting that a shift from gluconeogenesis toward lipogenesis could partially explain our observations in db/db mice. Our data suggest that LXR ligands that have effects on both fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism should be carefully evaluated in obesity, insulin, and leptin resistance.
The Importance of Metamemory Functioning to the Pathogenesis of Psychosis

Many studies up to date have implied that biases in the metacognition of memory, so called metamemory, contribute to the development and maintenance of positive symptoms in schizophrenia. However, no study exists which has longitudinally followed patients experiencing positive symptoms. The present article therefore reviews cross-sectional studies on retrospective metamemory abilities in participants within different stages of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, with heterogeneous symptom severities, creating a pseudo-longitudinal overview. Summarized, a deterioration of these abilities correlating with psychosis development can be inferred. The reviewed publications indicate that metamemory biases can already be found in patients with an at-risk mental state for psychosis (ARMS). Patients in their first episode of psychosis (FEP) seem to be more severely impaired than ARMS-patients but similarly affected compared to chronic patients. The contribution of these biases to the pathogenesis of psychosis is discussed, giving consideration to relations with other cognitive- and metacognitive functions, neurochemical processes and neural correlates. It is hypothesized that the biases represent early cognitive markers of the beginning and persisting psychotic state. An early treatment program could help patients to ameliorate the general course of illness or even to prevent the risk of a transition to psychosis.
A Unified Semantic Embedding: Relating Taxonomies and Attributes

We propose a method that learns a discriminative yet semantic space for object categorization, where we also embed auxiliary semantic entities such as supercategories and attributes. Contrary to prior work, which only utilized them as side information, we explicitly embed these semantic entities into the same space where we embed categories, which enables us to represent a category as their linear combination. By exploiting such a unified model for semantics, we enforce each category to be generated as a supercategory + a sparse combination of attributes, with an additional exclusive regularization to learn discriminative composition. The proposed reconstructive regularization guides the discriminative learning process to learn a model with better generalization. This model also generates compact semantic description of each category, which enhances interoperability and enables humans to analyze what has been learned.
Re–Os and U–Pb Geochronology of the Dawan Mo–Zn–Fe Deposit in Northern Taihang Mountains, China

The Dawan Mo–Zn–Fe deposit located in the Northern Taihang Mountains in the middle of the North China Craton (NCC) contains large Mo‐dominant deposits. The mineralization of the Dawan Mo–Zn–Fe deposit is associated with the Mesozoic Wanganzhen granitoid complex and is mainly hosted within Archean metamorphic rocks and Proterozoic–Paleozoic dolomites. Rhyolite porphyry and quartz monzonite both occur in the ore field and potassic alteration, strong silicic–phyllic alteration, and propylitic alteration occur from the center of the rhyolite porphyry outward. The Mo mineralization is spacially related to silicic and potassic alteration. The Fe orebody is mainly found in serpentinized skarn in the external contact zone between the quartz monzonite and dolomite. Six samples of molybdenite were collected for Re–Os dating. Results show that the Re–Os model ages range from 136.2 Ma to 138.1 Ma with an isochron age of 138 ± 2 Ma (MSWD = 1.2). U–Pb zircon ages determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry yield crystallization ages of 141.2 ± 0.7 (MSWD = 0.38) and 130.7 ± 0.6 Ma (MSWD = 0.73) for the rhyolite porphyry and quartz monzonite, respectively. The ore‐bearing rhyolite porphyry shows higher K2O/Na2O ratios, ranging from 58.0 to 68.7 (wt%), than those of quartz monzonite. All of the rock samples are classified in the shoshonitic series and characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements; depletion in Mg, Fe, Ta, Ni, P, and Y; enrichment in light rare earth elements with high (La/Yb)n ratios. Geochronology results indicate that skarn‐type Fe mineralization associated with quartz monzonite (130.7 ± 0.6 Ma) formed eight million years later than Mo and Zn mineralization (138 ± 2 Ma) in the Dawan deposit. From Re concentrations in molybdenite and previously presented Pb and S isotope data, we conclude that the ore‐forming material of the deposit was derived from a crust‐mantle mixed source. The porphyry‐skarn type Cu–Mo–Zn mineralization around the Wanganzhen complex is related to the primary magmatic activity, and the skarn‐type Fe mineralization is formed at the late period magmatism. The Dawan Mo–Zn–Fe porphyry‐skarn ores are related to the magmatism that was associated with lithospheric thinning in the NCC.
Aminoguanidine produces beneficial haemodynamic effects in a canine model of acute pulmonary thromboembolism

Aim: Activating the nitric oxide (NO)‐cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cGMP) pathway improves haemodynamics following acute pulmonary thromboembolism (APT). However, the role of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms in the responses to APT has not been determined. We examined the effects of selective and non‐selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibition.
Direct space-time trajectory control for visual media editing

We explore the design space for using object motion trajectories to create and edit visual elements in various media across space and time. We introduce a suite of pen-based techniques that facilitate fluid stylization, annotation and editing of space-time content such as video, slide presentations and 2D animation, utilizing pressure and multi-touch input. We implemented and evaluated these techniques in DirectPaint, a system for creating free-hand painting and annotation over video.
Primary treatment of multiple myeloma with thalidomide, vincristine, liposomal doxorubicin and dexamethasone (T-VAD doxil): a phase II multicenter study.

BACKGROUND High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation after initial cytoreductive chemotherapy with the combination vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (VAD) is considered an effective therapy for many patients with newly diagnosed, symptomatic multiple myeloma. Response to initial cytoreductive chemotherapy is important for the long-term outcome of such patients. Thalidomide has recently shown significant antimyeloma activity. We studied the efficacy and toxicity of the combination of a liposomal doxorubicin-containing VAD regimen with thalidomide, administered on an outpatient basis, as initial cytoreductive treatment in previously untreated patients with symptomatic myeloma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-nine myeloma patients were treated with vincristine 2 mg intravenously (i.v.), liposomal doxorubicin 40 mg/m(2) i.v. administered as single dose on day 1, and dexamethasone 40 mg per os daily for 4 days. Dexamethasone was also given on days 15-18 of the first cycle of treatment. The regimen was administered every 4 weeks for four courses. Thalidomide was given daily at a dose of 200 mg at bedtime. Response to treatment was evaluated after four cycles of treatment. After completion of four cycles, the patients were allowed to proceed to high-dose chemotherapy or to receive two additional cycles of the same treatment. RESULTS On an intention-to-treat basis, 29 of the 39 patients (74%) responded to treatment. Four patients (10%) achieved complete and 25 (64%) partial response. Three patients (8%) showed minor response and seven (18%) were rated as non-responders. Major grade 3 or 4 toxicities consisted of neutropenia (15%), thrombocytopenia (15%), deep vein thrombosis (10%), constipation (10%), skin rash (5%) and peripheral neuropathy (5%). Two patients (5%) experienced early death due to infection. CONCLUSIONS The combination of vincristine, liposomal doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (VAD doxil) with thalidomide is an effective and relatively well-tolerated initial cytoreductive treatment. Prospective randomized studies are required in order to assess the effect of this regimen on the long-term outcome of patients with multiple myeloma.
L 0-Regularized Intensity and Gradient Prior for Text Images Deblurring and Beyond Supplemental Material

1 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION ON TEXT IMAGE DATASET In this section, we have created a dataset containing 15 images and 8 blur kernels extracted from Levin et al. [1]. Similar to [1], we can generate 120 different blurred images. The 15 ground truth images and 8 blur kernels are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. For simplicity. we still use L0RIG and IL0RIG to denote the original text deblurring method [2] and the modified method for natural image deblurring.
Wave Propagation in a Solid Ice Pack

Abstract The analysis presented in this paper was inspired by the report that the R/V Polarstern has encountered surface waves of large amplitude hundreds of kilometers inside the ice pack in the Weddell Sea. This paper presents analysis of processes that affect waves in an ice pack, namely the refraction of waves at the pack edge, the effects of pack compression on wave propagation, wave train stability and buckling stability in the ice pack. Sources of pack compression and interaction between wave momentum and pack compression are discussed. Viscous damping of propagating waves are also studied. Significant results include the conditions for total reflection of waves at the pack edge, the strong effect of pack compressive stress on wave group speed, with the concomitant possibility of extreme local concentration of wave energy. The result that compressive stress in the pack leads to very rapid development of wave packets, through changes in the parameters for weakly nonlinear modulational instability of.