Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pathologically significant pericoronal lesions in adults: Histopathologic evaluation.

PURPOSE Oral and maxillofacial surgeons devote a large portion of their practice to the removal of impacted teeth. Many of these teeth have associated soft tissue that is submitted along with or without the tooth for histopathologic examination. This study reports the histopathologic diagnoses of a large series of pericoronal lesions in adults submitted to an oral and maxillofacial pathology biopsy service. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two thousand six hundred forty-six pericoronal lesions received during a 6-year period were reviewed for location, age, and histopathologic diagnosis. RESULTS Retrospective evaluation showed that 67.1% of all submissions were nonpathologic follicular tissue. Pathologically significant lesions were diagnosed in 32.9% of cases. Among these lesions were 673 dentigerous cysts (28.4%), 79 dentigerous cysts with mucous cell prosoplasia, 71 odontogenic keratocysts (2.68%), 19 odontomas (0.7%), 13 ameloblastomas (0.5%), 6 carcinomas (0.23%), 6 calcifying odontogenic cysts (0.23%), 4 calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors, and 1 odontogenic myxoma (0.04%). When stratified by age, the data showed pathologically significant lesions and age are related (chi(2), P <. 0001). CONCLUSIONS Because of selection bias inherent in a study of this nature, population generalizations cannot be made. However, this study serves to show that the potential for the development of significant, even life-threatening, disease associated with impacted teeth is real and should be a factor in the decision-making process when oral surgeons and others are confronted with the dilemma of managing an impacted tooth.
Role of nerve growth factor in the development of rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. II. Developmental studies

Adrenergic sympathetic neurons were grown for 4 wk in submaximal and saturating concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the virtual absence of non-neuronal cells. In 0.2 or 5 microgram/ml 7S NGF, the neurons gradually decreased in number during the first week, although fewer neurons died at the higher level. No significant change in cell number was observed thereafter. Total neuronal protein, a measure of cell growth, increased linearly with age in both concentrations of NGF. At each age, neurons in high NGF exhibited greater growth per cell than those in low NGF. The ability of neurons to produce catecholamine (CA) increased dramatically during the second and third weeks in both concentrations of NGF, and along a similar time-course, although neurons in submaximal NGF developed a lesser capacity for CA production. As neurons developed in culture, they became less dependent on NGF for survival and CA production, but even in older cultures, approximately 50% of the neurons died when NGF was withdrawn.
Enabling Dynamic Spectrum Access using SS-MC-CDMA

The demand for frequency spectrum and diversity of wireless devices accessing this spectrum depends upon the time of day, the characteristics of a frequency band, and the geographical location of the observer/wireless device. This paper highlights the value of employing a novel dynamic spectrum access technology using a highly reconfigurable spectrum access scheme with excellent frequency diversity properties. We name this robust scheme selective subcarrier multi-carrier code division multiple access (SS-MC-CDMA). This paper contains three main contributions. Firstly, the reconfigurability options in a physical layer (PHY) using MC-CDMA and the flexibility in system design of a cognitive radio are presented. Secondly, an application of the novel SS-MC-CDMA system in a dynamic spectrum access (DSA) scenario is developed in order to indicate the value and potential of this system. Finally, based on this scenario, we present some initial key results from both simulation and real-world experiments.
A Vertical Wall Dominated by Acesta excavata and Neopycnodonte zibrowii, Part of an Undersampled Group of Deep-Sea Habitats

We describe a novel biotope at 633 to 762 m depth on a vertical wall in the Whittard Canyon, an extensive canyon system reaching from the shelf to the deep sea on Ireland’s continental margin. We explored this wall with an ROV and compiled a photomosaic of the habitat. The assemblage contributing to the biotope was dominated by large limid bivalves, Acesta excavata (mean shell height 10.4 cm), and deep-sea oysters, Neopycnodonte zibrowii, at high densities, particularly at overhangs. Mean density of N. zibrowii increased with depth, with densities of the most closely packed areas of A. excavata also increasing with depth. Other taxa associated with the assemblage included the solitary coral Desmophyllum dianthus, cerianthid anemones, comatulid crinoids, the trochid gastropod Margarites sp. , the portunid crab Bathynectes longispina and small fish of the family Bythitidae. The scleractinian coral Madrepora oculata, the pencil urchin Cidaris cidaris and a species of Epizoanthus were also common. Prominent but less abundant species included the flytrap anemone Actinoscyphia saginata, the carrier crab Paramola cuvieri, and the fishes Lepidion eques and Conger conger. Observations of the hydrography of the canyon system identified that the upper 500 m was dominated by Eastern North Atlantic Water, with Mediterranean Outflow Water beneath it. The permanent thermocline is found between 600 and 1000 m depth, i.e., in the depth range of the vertical wall and the dense assemblage of filter feeders. Beam attenuation indicated nepheloid layers present in the canyon system with the greatest amounts of suspended material at the ROV dive site between 500 and 750 m. A cross-canyon CTD transect indicated the presence of internal waves between these depths. We hypothesise that internal waves concentrate suspended sediment at high concentrations at the foot of the vertical wall, possibly explaining the large size and high density of filter-feeding molluscs.
Output regulation of some classes of SISO non-minimum phase non-affine systems

The paper addresses the output tracking problem for a class of non-affine nonlinear systems with unstable zero-dynamics. The chosen output has to track a signal which is the sum of a known number of sinusoids with known frequency (amplitude and phase are instead unknown). Due to the non-minimum phase nature of the considered systems, the direct tracking by standard sliding mode methods generates unstable behaviors of the internal dynamics. The proposed method relies on the properties of differentially flat systems under mild assumptions relevant to the relation between the original output and a suitably designed flat output. As a result the original problem is transformed in a state-tracking problem of invertible stable systems, where any internal state turns out to be bounded.
The global pertussis initiative: Meeting report from the regional Latin America meeting, Costa Rica, 5-6 December, 2008

Pertussis remains endemic across the world, with an estimated 279,000 deaths in 2002, the majority in infants under 1 year of age. Worldwide epidemiologic data indicates increasing infection rates in older children and adults, which act as a source of infection to young infants. The Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI) is an expert scientific forum, which has published consensus recommendations for the monitoring, prevention, and treatment of the disease. This paper reports the proceedings of a regional meeting, held in Costa Rica in December 2008. The meeting gathered information on regional epidemiological, diagnostic capabilities and the ability to introduce GPI recommended vaccine strategies in Latin America. The capacity of Latin American countries to conduct vaccination programs is high and there is considerable government support. Whole-cell pertussis vaccines are used across Latin America, which appear to be quite effective. A 4-dose schedule is typically used (2, 4, 6, and 18 months), and a booster given at 4 to 6 years of age, with coverage often above 90%, but with regions of low coverage due to political and geographical difficulties. Adequate surveillance is lacking in many countries, giving insufficient data to guide vaccination policy. Improvements are being made, with countries such as Costa Rica, Panama, and Argentina introducing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis. Those countries that do not currently use a preschool booster should launch one. Implementing vaccination programs in adolescents and/or adults to reduce exposure to infants would be beneficial and possible in most countries, given their current infrastructure.
Chronic low-grade inflammation and age-related sarcopenia

Purpose of reviewAge-related chronic low-grade inflammatory profile (CLIP) has been recognized as an important causative factor for sarcopenia. Here, we report the recent evidence concerning CLIP and sarcopenia. Recent findingsTwenty-one studies were included (12 observational, five interventional studies and four randomized controlled trials). Observational studies strengthen the association between CLIP and sarcopenia in cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-&agr; are the most reported inflammatory parameters. Biopsy studies confirm the role of oxidative mechanisms, protein kinase B and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathways and implicate stress response mechanisms and heat shock protein. Adipose tissue as source of inflammatory cytokines remains unclear and correction for fat mass is advisable in new research. Exercise interventions (both aerobic and resistance training) demonstrate beneficial effects on CLIP even in the absence of decreases in weight, BMI or fat mass. IL-6 is also released during exercise, in hormone-like fashion unrelated to inflammation, and exercise-induced IL-6 changes require careful interpretation. Soy supplementation in one study showed no influence on CLIP and no recent pharmacological trials were retrieved. SummaryAssociations between CLIP and sarcopenia are observed quite consistently and underlying mechanisms become apparent. Exercise remains the mainstay intervention to lower CLIP and counter sarcopenia. More research is warranted to unravel the exact dose–response relationship.
Choosing Important Health Outcomes for Comparative Effectiveness Research: A Systematic Review

Background A core outcome set (COS) is a standardised set of outcomes which should be measured and reported, as a minimum, in all effectiveness trials for a specific health area. This will allow results of studies to be compared, contrasted and combined as appropriate, as well as ensuring that all trials contribute usable information. The COMET (Core Outcome Measures for Effectiveness Trials) Initiative aims to support the development, reporting and adoption of COS. Central to this is a publically accessible online resource, populated with all available COS. The aim of the review we report here was to identify studies that sought to determine which outcomes or domains to measure in all clinical trials in a specific condition and to describe the methodological techniques used in these studies. Methods We developed a multi-faceted search strategy for electronic databases (MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Methodology Register). We included studies that sought to determine which outcomes/domains to measure in all clinical trials in a specific condition. Results A total of 250 reports relating to 198 studies were judged eligible for inclusion in the review. Studies covered various areas of health, most commonly cancer, rheumatology, neurology, heart and circulation, and dentistry and oral health. A variety of methods have been used to develop COS, including semi-structured discussion, unstructured group discussion, the Delphi Technique, Consensus Development Conference, surveys and Nominal Group Technique. The most common groups involved were clinical experts and non-clinical research experts. Thirty-one (16%) studies reported that the public had been involved in the process. The geographic locations of participants were predominantly North America (n = 164; 83%) and Europe (n = 150; 76%). Conclusions This systematic review identified many health areas where a COS has been developed, but also highlights important gaps. It is a further step towards a comprehensive, up-to-date database of COS. In addition, it shows the need for methodological guidance, including how to engage key stakeholder groups, particularly members of the public.
Maximizing Influence in an Ising Network: A Mean-Field Optimal Solution

Influence maximization in social networks has typically been studied in the context of contagion models and irreversible processes. In this paper, we consider an alternate model that treats individual opinions as spins in an Ising system at dynamic equilibrium. We formalize the \textit{Ising influence maximization} problem, which has a natural physical interpretation as maximizing the magnetization given a budget of external magnetic field. Under the mean-field (MF) approximation, we present a gradient ascent algorithm that uses the susceptibility to efficiently calculate local maxima of the magnetization, and we develop a number of sufficient conditions for when the MF magnetization is concave and our algorithm converges to a global optimum. We apply our algorithm on random and real-world networks, demonstrating, remarkably, that the MF optimal external fields (i.e., the external fields which maximize the MF magnetization) shift from focusing on high-degree individuals at high temperatures to focusing on low-degree individuals at low temperatures. We also establish a number of novel results about the structure of steady-states in the ferromagnetic MF Ising model on general graph topologies, which are of independent interest.
The use of central venous cannulae in neuroanaesthesia

A postal questionnaire was sent to all UK consultant members of the Neuroanaesthesia Society to ascertain whether there was any consensus on indications for use and route of insertion of central venous cannulae in elective neuroanaesthetic practice. Five brief clinical scenarios were presented. Of 179 respondents, 98% indicated that they would insert a central venous cannula into patients requiring excision of an acoustic neuroma in the sitting position, 76% for clipping of an intracranial aneurysm and 75% for resection of an arteriovenous malformation. The antecubital fossa was the preferred route of insertion for 43.5% of respondents with 36.5% preferring the internal jugular approach. The subclavian (17%) and femoral (3%) routes were unpopular first‐choice approaches. A significant proportion of respondents (43.5%) do not routinely order a chest X‐ray at any stage following pre‐operative central venous cannulation. The indications for use and advantages and disadvantages of each route of insertion, with reference to neuro‐anaesthetic practice, are discussed.
Influence of ipilimumab on expanded tumour derived T cells from patients with metastatic melanoma

Introduction Tumour infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) based adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a promising treatment for patients with advanced melanoma. Retrospective studies suggested an association between previous treatment with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies and long term survival after subsequent ACT. Thus, we hypothesized that treatment with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies can induce favourable changes to be detected in TILs. Results Expanded T cells from Ipilimumab treated patients had a higher proportion of cells expressing CD27, intracellular CTLA-4, TIM-3 and LAG-3. In addition, broader and more frequent T cell responses against common tumour antigens were detected in patients treated with Ipilimumab as compared to anti-CTLA-4 naïve patients. Materials and methods Expanded TILs were obtained from patients with advanced melanoma who had received Ipilimumab in the previous six months, or had not received any type of anti-CTLA-4 antibody. T cell specificity and expression of phenotypic and exhaustion markers were scrutinized as well as functional properties. Conclusions Ipilimumab may induce tumor-infiltration of T cells of a more naïve phenotype expressing markers related to activation or exhaustion. Additionally, Ipilimumab may increase the frequency of T cells recognizing common tumour associated antigens.
Dynamic changes of gene expression profiles during postnatal development of the heart in mice

Objective: To study postnatal cardiac differentiation in the mouse. Hypothesis: There might be mechanisms or factors in cardiac differentiation that could be identified by systematic gene expression analysis during postnatal cardiac development. Methods: Expression of 6144 genes was examined in mouse heart, from the newborn period (day 0), through day 7 and day 14 day, to adulthood, using the cDNA microarray approach. Northern blotting and immunohistochemical techniques were used to confirm the microarray results. Results: Various cardiac development related genes involving the cell cycle (cyclin B1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Ki67), growth factors (IGF-II, pleiotrophin (PTN), and midkine (MK)), and transcriptional regulation, cytoskeleton, and detoxification enzymes were identified by microarray analysis. Some of these genes were also confirmed by Northern blotting and immunohistochemistry of their RNA and protein content. In vivo treatment with PTN (20 ng/g) increased bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (by 2.24-fold) and PCNA expression (by 1.71-fold) during day 7 to day 14, indicating that PTN induces cell proliferation in mouse heart. Conclusions: Global gene expression analysis in the whole heart may be useful in understanding the orchestrated process of postnatal development or terminal differentiation in the cardiac environment. These data are likely to be helpful in studying developmental anomalies of the heart in neonates.
The Aging Road Warrior: National Trend toward Older Riders Impacts Outcome after Motorcycle Injury

Industry statistics suggest that motorcycle owners in the United States are getting older. Our objective was to analyze the effect of this demographic shift on injuries and outcomes after a motorcycle crash. Injured motorcyclists aged 17 to 89 years in the National Trauma Databank were reviewed from 1996 to 2005. Age trends and injury patterns were assessed over time. Injury Severity Score (ISS), length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) use, comorbidities, complications, mortality, injury patterns, helmet use, and alcohol use were compared for subjects 40 and older versus those younger than 40 years old. There were 61,689 subjects included. Over the study period, the mean age increased from 33.9 to 39.1 years (P < 0.01), and the proportion of subjects 40 years of age or older increased from 27.9 to 48.3 per cent. ISS, LOS, ICU LOS, and mortality were higher in the 40 years of age or older group (P ≤ 0.01). The rates of admission to the ICU (32.3 vs. 27.3%), pre-existing comorbidities (20 vs. 9.7%), and complications (7.6 vs. 5.5%) were all higher in the 40 years of age and older group (P < 0.01). The average age of the injured motorcyclist is increasing. Older riders’ injuries appear more serious, and their hospital course is more likely to be challenged by comorbidities and complications contributing to poorer outcomes. Motorcycle safety education and training initiatives should be expanded to specifically target older motorcyclists.
The Kormendy relation for early-type galaxies. Dependence on the magnitude range

Aims. Previous studies have indicated that faint and bright early-type galaxies (ETGs) present different coefficients and dispersions for their Kormendy relation (KR). A recently published paper states that the intrinsic dispersion of the KR depends on the magnitude range within which the galaxies are contained, therefore we investigate here whether the magnitude range also has an influence on the values of the coefficients of the KR: α (zero point) and β (slope). If the values of the KR coefficients depend on the magnitude range, and this fact is not considered when performing comparisons of different galaxy samples, the differences which might be found may be misinterpreted. Methods. We perform an analysis of the KR coefficients for 4 samples of galaxies, which contain an approximate total of 9400 ETGs in a relatively wide magnitude range (� ΔM �∼ 6 mag). We calculate the values of the KR coefficients in two ways: i) we consider the faintest galaxies in each sample and we progressively increase the width of the magnitude interval by inclusion of the brighter galaxies (increasing magnitude intervals); and ii) we consider narrow magnitude intervals of the same width (ΔM = 1.0 mag) over the whole magnitude spectrum available (narrow magnitude intervals). We also perform simulations of the distribution of galaxies in the log(re) −� μ� e plane and compare the KR defined by the simulations with that obtained from the real galaxy samples. Results. The main results we find are as follows: i) in both increasing and narrow magnitude intervals the KR coefficients change systematically as we consider brighter galaxies; ii) non-parametric tests show that the fluctuations in the values of slope of the KR are not products of chance variations and that there is evidence of an underlying trend; and iii) this trend suggest a maximum of the slope around absolute magnitude MB ∼− 18 ± 1. Conclusions. We conclude that the values of the KR coefficients depend on the width of the magnitude range and the brightness of galaxies within the magnitude range. This dependence is due to the fact that the distribution of galaxies in the log(re) −� μ� e plane depends on luminosity and that this distribution is not symmetrical, that is, the geometric shape of the distribution of galaxies in the log(re) −� μ� e plane plays an important role in the determination of the values of the coefficients of the KR.
Reproducibility of the Structural Brain Connectome Derived from Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Rationale Disruptions of brain anatomical connectivity are believed to play a central role in several neurological and psychiatric illnesses. The structural brain connectome is typically derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which may be influenced by methodological factors related to signal processing, MRI scanners and biophysical properties of neuroanatomical regions. In this study, we evaluated how these variables affect the reproducibility of the structural connectome. Methods Twenty healthy adults underwent 3 MRI scanning sessions (twice in the same MRI scanner and a third time in a different scanner unit) within a short period of time. The scanning sessions included similar T1 weighted and DTI sequences. Deterministic or probabilistic tractography was performed to assess link weight based on the number of fibers connecting gray matter regions of interest (ROI). Link weight and graph theory network measures were calculated and reproducibility was assessed through intra-class correlation coefficients, assuming each scanning session as a rater. Results Connectome reproducibility was higher with data from the same scanner. The probabilistic approach yielded larger reproducibility, while the individual variation in the number of tracked fibers from deterministic tractography was negatively associated with reproducibility. Links connecting larger and anatomically closer ROIs demonstrated higher reproducibility. In general, graph theory measures demonstrated high reproducibility across scanning sessions. Discussion Anatomical factors and tractography approaches can influence the reproducibility of the structural connectome and should be factored in the interpretation of future studies. Our results demonstrate that connectome mapping is a largely reproducible technique, particularly as it relates to the geometry of network architecture measured by graph theory methods.