Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parameters evaluation for SiC-JFET modeling considering non-uniformity by fabrication

A method for evaluating the actual parameters of SiC-JFETs with good accuracy is presented. For precise SiC-JFETs modeling, accurate parameters have to be evaluated. During the simulation study, a significant discrepancy is observed between the simulation and measurement transfer characteristics, especially at gate biases close to its threshold value. In order to account for such discrepancy, probability distribution on device channel width across the whole device is modeled and incorporated into the Shockley model. The impact caused by nonuniformity of fabrication is computed and analyzed. Values of evaluated parameters are implemented into Saber, and great accuracy is verified by experimental transfer and forward on-state measurement.
Upper aerodigestive magnetic foreign bodies in children

Small, powerful magnets are increasingly available in toys and other products, and are responsible for increasing numbers of foreign body injuries in children. Small, spherical, neodymium magnets available since 2008 are of particular concern. We aimed to identify all cases of upper aerodigestive foreign bodies at our institution over 15.5 years of study.
Implicit Attitude Measures

Arguably, one of the most thriving research areas in current psychology is assessing attitudes and related constructs with implicit measures, which we define as those indirect measures that rely on response latencies or other indices of spontaneous trait association, the activation of action semantics, or even real behavior. This research area is united by a shared excitement about the discoveries enabled by these measures, be they related to social attitudes and behavior, clinical disorders, consumer decisions, or self-representations, among others. As this enumeration suggests, in spite of the common excitement about the new research questions implicit measures allow us to investigate, there is much diversity in this research. First of all, these approaches bridge subdisciplines of psychology traditionally characterized by little cross-talk. Furthermore, the variety of implicit measures used is already broad and still growing, given variants and implementations of these implicit measures in different samples and research approaches. Given this diversity, we deemed it appropriate to summarize research that focuses either on the comparison of different implicit measures or on the mechanisms underlying one of the measures. Such knowledge is necessary and helpful to determine which
Accumulation of Spontaneous Mutations in the Ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila

Knowledge of the rate and fitness effects of mutations is essential for understanding the process of evolution. Mutations are inherently difficult to study because they are rare and are frequently eliminated by natural selection. In the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, mutations can accumulate in the germline genome without being exposed to selection. We have conducted a mutation accumulation (MA) experiment in this species. Assuming that all mutations are deleterious and have the same effect, we estimate that the deleterious mutation rate per haploid germline genome per generation is U = 0.0047 (95% credible interval: 0.0015, 0.0125), and that germline mutations decrease fitness by s = 11% when expressed in a homozygous state (95% CI: 4.4%, 27%). We also estimate that deleterious mutations are partially recessive on average (h = 0.26; 95% CI: –0.022, 0.62) and that the rate of lethal mutations is <10% of the deleterious mutation rate. Comparisons between the observed evolutionary responses in the germline and somatic genomes and the results from individual-based simulations of MA suggest that the two genomes have similar mutational parameters. These are the first estimates of the deleterious mutation rate and fitness effects from the eukaryotic supergroup Chromalveolata and are within the range of those of other eukaryotes.
Biochemical and Genetic Analyses of Yeast and Human High Affinity Copper Transporters Suggest a Conserved Mechanism for Copper Uptake*

The redox active metal copper is an essential cofactor in critical biological processes such as respiration, iron transport, oxidative stress protection, hormone production, and pigmentation. A widely conserved family of high affinity copper transport proteins (Ctr proteins) mediates copper uptake at the plasma membrane. However, little is known about Ctr protein topology, structure, and the mechanisms by which this class of transporters mediates high affinity copper uptake. In this report, we elucidate the topological orientation of the yeast Ctr1 copper transport protein. We show that a series of clustered methionine residues in the hydrophilic extracellular domain and an MXXXM motif in the second transmembrane domain are important for copper uptake but not for protein sorting and delivery to the cell surface. The conversion of these methionine residues to cysteine, by site-directed mutagenesis, strongly suggests that they coordinate to copper during the process of metal transport. Genetic evidence supports an essential role for cooperativity between monomers for the formation of an active Ctr transport complex. Together, these results support a fundamentally conserved mechanism for high affinity copper uptake through the Ctr proteins in yeast and humans.
On the Diagnosis of Learning Disabilities in Gifted Students: Reply to Assouline et al. (2010)

Gifted students often fail to achieve at a superior level in one or more academic areas. In this reply to an article by Assouline, Nicpon, and Whiteman, the author reviews various explanations for this phenomenon, including motivation/interest, learning opportunities, and error in measuring students’ ability—achievement discrepancies. The author also describes different methodologies for investigating whether learning disabilities are overidentified among gifted students and, more broadly, considers the appropriateness of a learning disability diagnosis in students with average achievement. The author concludes with thoughts on the proper interpretation of Assouline et al.’s results.
Going for Gold: Atlanta's Bid for Fame

This article explores the importance of image to the Atlanta Olympic Games of 1996. It suggests that the event must be seen as an example of the use of the propagation of selected images designed to boost the standing of the city in an increasingly competitive interurban environment. The intersection of major sporting spectacles, big business and vastly increased television coverage provides an important new medium through which boosterists can put their city on the world map. However, as the Atlanta case reveals, the ‘semiotics of the successful city‘ involves a highly ideological construction which often presents urban areas as conflict‐free zones. In Atlanta, potentially negative images were removed both physically and symbolically from the urban landscape, while the actual experience of the Games suggested that the city had some way to go in material terms to match its often hyperbolic self‐promotion. The article suggests that the staging of events such as the Olympics is a necessarily high‐risk venture for cities, one that, as in the case of Atlanta, may not have been ultimately worth the effort. Cet article examine l'importance de l'image dans le cadre des Jeux Olympiques d'Atlanta de 1996. Il propose de considerer l'evenement comme un exemple de la diffusion d'images selectionnees, concues et utilisees afin de promouvoir la reputation de la ville dans un contexte interurbain de plus en plus concurrentiel. L'intersection entre des spectacles sportifs exceptionnels, de grandes entreprises et une couverture televisuelle considerablement etendue constitue un moyen novateur grâce auquel les promoteurs de cette dynamique peuvent positionner leur ville sur la carte du monde. Cependant, comme le montre le cas d'Atlanta, la ‘semiotique d'une ville gagnante’ implique une construction ideologique tres forte qui presente souvent les zones urbaines comme des espaces non conflictuels. A Atlanta, les images a potentiel negatif ont eteeliminees a la fois physiquement et symboliquement du paysage urbain, tandis que les Jeux eux‐memes laissaient a penser que la ville devait progresser sur le plan materiel si elle voulait correspondre a son auto‐promotion souvent hyperbolique. L'article suggere que la mise en scene d'evenements tels que les Jeux Olympiques est une operation necessairement tres risquee pour des villes, operation qui, a l'instar de l'experience d'Atlanta, peut finalement ne pas justifier les efforts realises.
Promoting peace education via voluntary encounters

As current study of contact between groups is somehow limited and self‐referential, the present study joins other studies that suggest a deeper examination of intergroup contact in wider social processes which recognize the complex nature of intergroup relationships. A qualitative multiple‐methods approach, supported by quantitative measures, was used to study a voluntary dialogue group of religious and secular students in Israel, to reveal its underlying force‐driving processes and study its contribution to the enhancement of positive relationships between the groups. The findings reveal the strengths and weaknesses of such voluntary encounters and point to four fundamental factors for the formation and enhancement of this new venue for intergroup contact intervention programs: motivation, cooperation, meeting coordinator and group facilitator, and enjoying the meetings. Possible implications for school pedagogy and for the enhancement of positive intergroup relations are discussed.
“Psychic Twins”: A Psycho-Dynamically Informed Treatment of a Selectively Mute Adolescent and Her Mother

A discussion of the first part of a two-year treatment of a selectively mute adolescent, J, during the writer's predoctoral internship attempts to add to the limited literature on treating adolescents with selective mutism (SM) and, specifically, the use of mother-child dyadic work. Hayden's (1981) description of symbiotic mutism and Mahler's theory of separation and individuation (Mahler, Pine, & Bergman, 1975) are used as a relational lens through which to conceptualize J's symptom picture, understand evolving transference and countertransference dynamics and guide therapeutic interventions. The use of photography and drawing as nonverbal mediums to facilitate J's emerging “voice” and differentiation from mother are discussed. Despite J's continued silence with the therapist, the considerable intra-psychic and behavioral shifts exhibited by J (including increased speech with strangers) and her family over the course of the treatment, and built upon in the second year of the treatment with Lauren DeMille, described elsewhere in this issue of Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, attest to the possibility of therapeutic progress in the absence of speech.
Interrelationships of Violence and Psychiatric Symptoms in Women with Substance Use Disorders

&NA; Women's issues of violence, mental health problems, and substance abuse have been noted to cooccur, but few studies have examined the interrelationship among the three. A chart review of 198 women (primarily African American) at an inner city substance abuse treatment center was performed to collect data related to physical and sexual abuse experiences before and after age 13. There were significant associations among all forms of physical and sexual abuse before and after age 13 and most of the types of substances abused and almost all of the presenting mental health problems, but most of the independent relationships became nonsignificant in multivariate analyses. However, the experience of both physical and sexual assault increased the risk of suicide attempts by a factor of 6.04. Physical assault was a borderline (p= .07) predictor of depression, while sedative use was significantly predictive of depression, anxiety, and suicide attempts.
NETWORKS OF CORPORATE POWER: A Comparative Assessment

This paper reviews recent developments in the analysis of business power and the corporate elite, focussing on those approaches rooted in the techniques of social network analysis. A typology of research strategies is outlined, and this is illustrated through discussions of North American studies. It is argued that results from these studies cannot be generalized across all societies. This is illustrated with reference to European and Asian studies, where a number of variant patterns of corporate development can be discerned. Particular attention is given to Japan and the development of its pattern of corporate organization, which contrasts sharply with the dominant Anglo-American pattern.
HOW LONG IS LONG ENOUGH: PUBLIC CONCERN ABOUT THE ACADEMIC CAREERS OF STUDENTS FROM AREAS DEVASTATED BY THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE

To examine how the Wenchuan earthquake influenced public concern about the academic careers of students from earthquake-affected areas, we conducted three rounds of a survey at 1, 6, and 11 months after the disaster in devastated and non-devastated areas. We asked residents to estimate how many high school students out of 100 in the areas devastated by the Wenchuan earthquake would be admitted to college in the next year. The results indicated that the longer time from the disaster, the more concerned the public (both inside and outside the devastated areas) was about the students' academic careers. We dubbed this finding a "Psychological Typhoon Eye" effect. The underlying mechanisms and implications are discussed.
Assessment of the Sustainable Development Capacity with the Entropy Weight Coefficient Method

Sustainable development is widely accepted in the world. How to reflect the sustainable development capacity of a region is an important issue for enacting policies and plans. An index system for capacity assessment is established by employing the Entropy Weight Coefficient method. The results indicate that the sustainable development capacity of Shandong Province is improving in terms of its economy subsystem, resource subsystem, and society subsystem whilst degrading in its environment subsystem. Shandong Province has shown the general trend towards sustainable development. However, the sustainable development capacity can be constrained by the resources such as energy, land, water, as well as environmental protection. These issues are induced by the economy development model, the security of energy supply, the level of new energy development, the end-of-pipe control of pollution, and the level of science and technology commercialization. Efforts are required to accelerate the development of the tertiary industry, the commercialization of high technology, the development of new energy and renewable energy, and the structure optimization of energy mix. Long-term measures need to be established for the ecosystem and environment protection.
Seasonal variation of high-molecular-weight compounds in the water-soluble fraction of organic urban aerosols

[1] Aerosol samples were collected in Zurich, Switzerland, at an urban background site and were analyzed with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and laser/desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) for water-soluble organic compounds with high molecular weight. Daily samples were collected during two campaigns in winter and summer, for 1 month each. The concentration of high-molecular-weight compounds (humic-like substances (HULIS)) was between 0.4 and 4 μg/m3 in winter and summer. The most intense signals in the LDI-MS mass spectra were measured between m/z150 and 500, comparing well with the mode of the two main high mass peaks determined with SEC corresponding to masses between 200 and 600 Da. For the maximum molecular weight, however, different results were obtained by the two techniques: whereas a maximum molecular weight between 1300 and 3300 Da was found with SEC, hardly any peaks above m/z700 were measured with LDI-MS. During summer the maximum molecular weight of HULIS (determined with SEC) correlates positively with several parameters such as ozone and increased temperature indicative of enhanced atmospheric photo-oxidation. The HULIS concentration also correlates positively with the oxalic acid concentration in the particles. This suggests that HULIS are generated by secondary processes in summer. The lack of such correlations during winter suggests that other sources and processes might be important during colder seasons.
Advantage based value iteration for Markov decision processes with unknown rewards

This paper addresses approximating the optimal policy in Markov Decision Process with unknown rewards. The MDP is transformed into a Vector-Valued MDP (VVMDP). We introduce a new interactive algorithm ABVI, whose principle is using value iteration on VVMDPs and querying the user when necessary. This algorithm uses classification method to reduce the number of proposed queries. We integrate value iteration with querying the user to select appropriate backups. In this paper, our goal is to accelerate the value iteration algorithm and to reduce the number of queries.
Chronic Glutamate Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases—What is the Evidence?

Together with aspartate, glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Glutamate binds and activates both ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic glutamate receptors) and a class of G-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic glutamate receptors). Although the intracellular glutamate concentration in the brain is in the millimolar range, the extracellular glutamate concentration is kept in the low micromolar range by the action of excitatory amino acid transporters that import glutamate and aspartate into astrocytes and neurons. Excess extracellular glutamate may lead to excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo in acute insults like ischemic stroke via the overactivation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. In addition, chronic excitotoxicity has been hypothesized to play a role in numerous neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Based on this hypothesis, a good deal of effort has been devoted to develop and test drugs that either inhibit glutamate receptors or decrease extracellular glutamate. In this review, we provide an overview of the different pathways that are thought to lead to an over-activation of the glutamatergic system and glutamate toxicity in neurodegeneration. In addition, we summarize the available experimental evidence for glutamate toxicity in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases.
The Temporally Extended Self: The Relation of Past and Future Selves to Current Identity, Motivation, and Goal Pursuit

People's current identity is constructed not only in the present moment but also by looking back to past selves and forward to future selves. In this article, we review research on the temporally extended self, with a focus on recent work informed by temporal self-appraisal theory. People often recall the past and imagine the future in ways that contribute to a favorable current identity. Subjective temporal distance (how near or distant a point in time feels) plays a powerful role in determining temporal self-appraisals. In turn, people's judgments of subjective distance can shift when considering temporal selves with good or bad implications for current identity. We will describe research exploring the complex interconnections between past, present, and future identity. In addition, we consider some of the unique implications that people's constructions of future selves might have for their plans and goals, and how predicted selves might influence goal-pursuit motivation and behavior.
On Cooperation and Competition: A Comparative Analysis of National Policies for Internationalisation of Higher Education in Seven Western European Countries

The focus of this article is on a comparison of the national policies for internationalisation in seven Western European countries (Austria, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United Kingdom). In this comparison, it will be shown that the trend suggested in previous research of increasing economical rationales for internationalisation and mainstreaming of higher education have persisted during the past few years. In addition, the approach to internationalization in the seven countries has broadened and is no longer mainly about student and staff mobility. Finally, the article shows that changes in the higher education policy context, including international and global developments, have brought about reforms in the higher education systems of the countries; these developments, however, have no uniform impact on the higher education policy and systems.
Crystal Structure of the Human Pol α B Subunit in Complex with the C-terminal Domain of the Catalytic Subunit*

Background: DNA polymerase α (Pol α) initiates DNA synthesis and is indispensable for genome replication. Results: We present a crystal structure of human Pol α minus the catalytic core at 2.5 Å resolution. Conclusion: The mode of interaction between the Pol α subunits is evolutionarily conserved. Significance: The data provide structural insight into the function of the primase-Pol α complex. In eukaryotic DNA replication, short RNA-DNA hybrid primers synthesized by primase-DNA polymerase α (Prim-Pol α) are needed to start DNA replication by the replicative DNA polymerases, Pol δ and Pol ϵ. The C terminus of the Pol α catalytic subunit (p180C) in complex with the B subunit (p70) regulates the RNA priming and DNA polymerizing activities of Prim-Pol α. It tethers Pol α and primase, facilitating RNA primer handover from primase to Pol α. To understand these regulatory mechanisms and to reveal the details of human Pol α organization, we determined the crystal structure of p70 in complex with p180C. The structured portion of p70 includes a phosphodiesterase (PDE) domain and an oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB) domain. The N-terminal domain and the linker connecting it to the PDE domain are disordered in the reported crystal structure. The p180C adopts an elongated asymmetric saddle shape, with a three-helix bundle in the middle and zinc-binding modules (Zn1 and Zn2) on each side. The extensive p180C-p70 interactions involve 20 hydrogen bonds and a number of hydrophobic interactions resulting in an extended buried surface of 4080 Å2. Importantly, in the structure of the p180C-p70 complex with full-length p70, the residues from the N-terminal to the OB domain contribute to interactions with p180C. The comparative structural analysis revealed both the conserved features and the differences between the human and yeast Pol α complexes.
Nuclear Exclusion of Separase Prevents Cohesin Cleavage in Interphase Cells

During mitosis, equal transmission of the duplicated chromosomes demands a strict regulation of separase, which cleaves cohesin and triggers sister chromatid separation in anaphase. Vertebrate separase is inhibited by securin and the inhibitory phosphorylation of separase. However, knockout experiments indicate that securin is dispensable and the inhibitory phosphorylation was observed only in M phase cells. This begs the question how cohesin cleavage by separase is prevented in the absence these two mechanisms. Here we show that separase is excluded from cohesin by the nuclear envelope, which forms in telophase and disassembles in mitosis. The exclusion is achieved passively by its large physical mass and may be backed up by the CRM1-dependent nuclear export. A functional NES motif is identified in separase. We demonstrated that the nuclear envelope is sufficient to prevent active separase from cleaving nuclear cohesin. We propose that the nuclear exclusion is important to prevent cohesin cleavage during interphase in the absence of securin and the phosphorylation inhibition.