Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mapping Small Worlds

Social networks are usually navigable small worlds: individuals are able to find short chains of acquaintances connecting pairs of unrelated nodes. This property can be explained by the fact that nodes are characterized by a series of properties, such as geographical position, work or educational background; the navigation proceeds towards the node that is "most similar" to the destination. Since nodes are likely to be linked with similar individuals, this strategy permits to quickly reach the destination. We approach the problem of creating the information that makes a network navigable. Starting from a given network, and without any other information, we show how nodes can reconstruct, with a scalable and decentralized algorithm, a "network map": a d-dimensional layout that places nodes in a way that reflects the network structure, so that navigability is achieved. Euclidean distance on the layout is used as a measure for node similarity, and efficient routing can be simply achieved by iteratively jumping towards the neighbor that is closest to the destination. The network map provides a means for implementing routing on social networks that can be used in "darknets", that is, anonymous networks where nodes establish connections only if they are mutually trusted. Moreover, the distance between nodes on the network map can be used as a measure of node affinity, and may help in various types of network analysis, for instance to help evaluate reputation in webs of trust, or in order to perform "personalized" ranking.
Do protective factors reduce the risk of hospitalization in infants of teenaged mothers?

OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of hospitalization associated with prenatal care use and indicators of socioeconomic status and social support among infants of teenage mothers. DESIGN Population-based case-control study. SETTING Nonfederal hospitals in Washington State. PARTICIPANTS Infants born from 1987 to 1995 to mothers younger than 20 years were identified using linked birth certificate-state hospital discharge data. Cases consisted of 8052 infants who were hospitalized during the first year of life at least 2 days after birth hospitalization discharge. An equal number of controls, frequency matched on birth year and maternal age group, were randomly sampled from among nonhospitalized infants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Hospitalization in the first year of life. RESULTS Infants with a father listed on the birth certificate or whose mothers had commercial health insurance had a decreased risk of hospitalization (adjusted odds ratios, 0.91 and 0.78, respectively; 95% confidence intervals, 0.83-0.99 and 0.71-0.85, respectively). Participation in state-funded pregnancy programs, adequacy of prenatal care, or marital status did not affect the risk of hospitalization, except among infants whose mothers received more than adequate prenatal care (adjusted odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.29). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that teenaged mothers who list a father on the birth certificate or who have insurance, indicative of higher socioeconomic status, may have a reduced risk of hospitalization for their infants. Teenaged mothers who receive more than adequate prenatal care may have pregnancy complications that place their infants at increased risk of hospitalization. The effect of these protective factors should be clarified in future studies.
The effect of bacterial cellulose membrane compared with collagen membrane on guided bone regeneration

PURPOSE This study was to evaluate the effects of bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes as a barrier membrane on guided bone regeneration (GBR) in comparison with those of the resorbable collagen membranes. MATERIALS AND METHODS BC membranes were fabricated using biomimetic technology. Surface properties were analyzed, Mechanical properties were measured, in vitro cell proliferation test were performed with NIH3T3 cells and in vivo study were performed with rat calvarial defect and histomorphometric analysis was done. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used (α<.05). RESULTS BC membrane showed significantly higher mechanical properties such as wet tensile strength than collagen membrane and represented a three-dimensional multilayered structure cross-linked by nano-fibers with 60 % porosity. In vitro study, cell adhesion and proliferation were observed on BC membrane. However, morphology of the cells was found to be less differentiated, and the cell proliferation rate was lower than those of the cells on collagen membrane. In vivo study, the grafted BC membrane did not induce inflammatory response, and maintained adequate space for bone regeneration. An amount of new bone formation in defect region loaded with BC membrane was significantly similar to that of collagen membrane application. CONCLUSION BC membrane has potential to be used as a barrier membrane, and efficacy of the membrane on GBR is comparable to that of collagen membrane.
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility among primary relatives of children with leukemia or solid tumors.

In mice, there is a correlation between genetically regulated levels of inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity and the risk of polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced leukemia or solid tumors. Recent clinical studies suggest a relationship between high AHH activity and lung cancer associated with cigarette smoking (Kouri, R.E., McKinney, C.E., Slomiany, D.J., Snodgrass, D.R., Wray, N.P., and McLemore, T.L. Cancer Res. 42: 5030-5037, 1982). To determine whether there is a similar genetic relationship in humans between inducible AHH and the occurrence of pediatric cancers, we examined AHH activity in mitogen-stimulated benzo(a)anthracene-treated lymphocyte cultures from primary relatives of children with leukemia or solid tumors. Control families (parents and siblings with no history of cancer) comprised friends or neighbors of the proband families. By comparing variance among family members with variance among nonrelated individuals, we conclude that a small, but real, genetic component is detectable. Adjusting for age, smoking history, and the length of time during which the lymphocytes had been cryopreserved, however, we find no difference among 77 leukemia, 71 solid tumor, and 100 control family members with regard to median units (+/- median S.E.) of maximally induced AHH activity per unit of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-cytochrome c reductase activity: 0.31 +/- 0.03; 0.28 +/- 0.03; and 0.28 +/- 0.03, respectively. Thus, benzo(a)anthracene-induced AHH activity in cultured mitogen-activated lymphocytes in our study population does not appear to be associated with the risk of occurrence of childhood leukemia or solid tumors.
USER COSTS IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT: A COST MINIMISATION APPROACH.

The aim of this paper is to outline a new frequency related user cost model for use, for example, in the analysis of public transport subsidy. The need for such a model is predicated on a perception that existing models have a number of deficiencies. In particular, existing models lack a sound theoretical economic foundation, rarely take account of the frequency delay (or inconvenience) cost of service scheduling, do not recognise the important role played by service unreliability in determining user cost and fail to explain the empirically observed switching between random and planned behaviour by passengers. The model proposed here overcomes these deficiencies. In the new model, the consumer chooses between random and planned behaviour with the objective of minimising user costs (or, equivalently, user disutility). Under random behaviour the consumer has imperfect information with respect to service departure times. He may, however, switch to planned behaviour by acquiring detailed information on service departure times, but at a cost. An important feature of the model is the existence of a critical headway at which the consumer will switch between random and planned behaviour. For headways below and above the critical headway, behaviour will be random and planned respectively. The key variables in the cost minimisation model are information cost, degree of service unreliability, unit waiting time cost, unit frequency delay cost and headway . User cost increases with increases in each of these variables. We show that the determ i nation of frequency related user cost is highly model sensitive. Consequently, given the stronger theoretical basis of the cost minimisation model, the potential exists for its use to improve the accuracy of user cost prediction. This is of considerable importance in areas of application in which frequency related user cost plays a central role, for example, in public transport subsidy determination. (*) Final version : February 1991. (**) Peter Tisato is a Lecturer , Economics Department, University of Adelaide. He wishes to thank Andrew Evans, Stephen McDonald, Derek Scrafton, Paul Duldig and Margaret Starrs for their helpful comments on drafts of his Master of Economics thesis from which this paper was developed. This content downloaded from 207.46. 13.21 on Tue, 27 Sep 2016 04:15:28 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms
Action, Outcome, and Value

Dual-system approaches to psychology explain the fundamental properties of human judgment, decision making, and behavior across diverse domains. Yet, the appropriate characterization of each system is a source of debate. For instance, a large body of research on moral psychology makes use of the contrast between “emotional” and “rational/cognitive” processes, yet even the chief proponents of this division recognize its shortcomings. Largely independently, research in the computational neurosciences has identified a broad division between two algorithms for learning and choice derived from formal models of reinforcement learning. One assigns value to actions intrinsically based on past experience, while another derives representations of value from an internally represented causal model of the world. This division between action- and outcome-based value representation provides an ideal framework for a dual-system theory in the moral domain.
Accountability and Expertise in Public Sector Risk Management: A Case Study

This paper examines the adoption of a formal risk management framework in a large public sector organisation. The paper shows the relevance of risk management as an accountability tool, extended by means of disclosure to the scrutiny of distant others. The paper also reveals how the use of risk management is dependent on relational skills, knowledge of business activities and professional experience. Risk management can be seen as both a context-dependent device and as a technique abstracted from a context. The paper discusses how risk officers deal with this complexity, addressing the expectations of multiple organisational actors and external entities.
MATCHING STRUCTURE AND THE EVOLUTION OF COOPERATION IN THE PRISONER'S DILEMMA

With the help of both an experiment and analytical techniques, Axelrod and Hamilton [1] showed that cooperation can evolve in a Prisoner’s Dilemma game when pairs of individuals interact repeatedly. They also demonstrated that, when pairing of individual is not completely random, cooperating behaviour can evolve in a world initially dominated by defectors. This result leads us to address the following question: Since non-random pairing is a powerful mechanism for the promotion of cooperation in a repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game, can this mechanism also promote the evolution of cooperation in a nonrepeated version of the game? Computer simulations are used to study the relation between non-random pairing and the maintenance of cooperative behaviour under evolutionary dynamics. We conclude that non-random pairing can secure cooperation also when the possibility of repeated interaction among the same pairs of individuals is ruled out.
Protection of Liver as a Remote Organ after Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Renal Ischemic Postconditioning

This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of local renal ischemic postconditioning (POC) on liver damage after renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Male rats were divided into three groups (n = 8). They underwent a right nephrectomy before induction of 45 minutes of left kidney ischemia or sham operation. POC was performed by four cycles of 10 seconds of ischemia and 10 seconds of reperfusion just at the beginning of 24 hours of reperfusion. Then blood and liver samples were collected to measure serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and liver oxidative stress parameters including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Renal IR caused a significant increase in liver functional indices as demonstrated by increased serum AST and ALT compared to sham group. These parameters reduced significantly in POC group compared to IR group. Liver MDA levels increased and SOD activity decreased in IR group compared to sham group. Induction of POC reduced the elevated liver MDA levels and increased the reduced liver SOD activity. These results revealed that renal IR injury causes liver damage as a remote organ and POC protects liver from renal IR injury by a modification in the hepatic oxidative stress status.
Roofs and Roots: The Care of Separated Children in the Developing World

Part 1 Institutional care: attachment and separation - child development in a cross-cultural context why institutions? institutionalized children - who are they? critical practice issues - gatekeeping and family contact the impact of institutional care on children "good-enough" practice in residential care achieving change within residential institutions. Part 2 Prevention and leaving care: prevention - what is it and how is it achieved? developmental approaches to prevention responsive approaches to prevention preventing long-term institutionalisation - family and community integration towards a policy framework for prevention. Part 3 Substitute family care: adoption fostering inter-country adoption - solution or problem? conclusions - an agenda for change.
Charles A. Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics Uninformative Feedback and Risk Taking: Evidence from Retail Forex Trading

We document evidence consistent with retail day traders in the Forex market attributing random success to their own skill and, as a consequence, increasing risk taking. Although past performance does not predict future success for these traders, traders increase trade sizes, trade size variability, and number of trades with gains, and less with losses. There is a large discontinuity in all of these trading variables around zero past week returns: e.g., traders increase their trade size dramatically following winning weeks, relative to losing weeks. The effects are stronger for novice traders, consistent with more intense “learning” in early trading periods.
Comparative utility of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and gene sequencing to the molecular epidemiological investigation of a viral outbreak

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and partial-genome DNA sequencing are commonly used to infer genetic relationships among pathogens. This study compares the application of both techniques to the analysis of 16 pseudorabies virus isolates collected during a 1989 outbreak. Genetic distances derived from RFLP and DNA sequence data were not significantly correlated with geographic distances between farms from which isolates were collected. RFLP-based genetic distance was, however, strongly correlated with temporal distance between isolates (days separating time of isolation). Sequence-based genetic distance was significantly correlated with temporal distance only when synonymous changes (nucleotide changes not leading to amino acid changes) were considered separately. Conversely, non-synonymous changes were correlated with the host species of origin of the viral isolate. These results indicate that selectively-neutral genetic changes most accurately reflect historical relationships, but that non-neutral changes most accurately reflect the biological environment of the viral isolate (e.g. host immune system).
Maximizing futures returns using fixed fraction asset allocation

While considerable evidence has been produced concerning the efficacy of trading rules in futures markets, the results have generally not allowed for the reinvestment of profits as might be observed for real traders. Similarly, the determination of the appropriate capital allocation required per futures contract traded has been largely unstructured so making reported percentage returns questionable. This paper provides evidence of the profitability of a simple and publicly available trading rule in five futures markets but more importantly incorporates the ability to reinvest any profits via the ‘Optimal f ’ technique described by Vince (1990). The results indicate that money management in speculative futures trading plays a more important role in trading rule profitability than previously considered by providing dramatic differences in profitability depending on how aggressively the trader capitalizes each futures contract.
Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates of U.S. Dietary Choices and Food Loss

Dietary behavioral choices have a strong effect on the environmental impact associated with the food system. Here, we consider the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with production of food that is lost at the retail and consumer level, as well as the potential effects on GHG emissions of a shift to dietary recommendations. Calculations are based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) food availability data set and literature meta‐analysis of emission factors for various food types. Food losses contribute 1.4 kilograms (kg) carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2‐eq) capita−1day−1 (28%) to the overall carbon footprint of the average U.S. diet; in total, this is equivalent to the emissions of 33 million average passenger vehicles annually. Whereas beef accounts for only 4% of the retail food supply by weight, it represents 36% of the diet‐related GHG emissions. An iso‐caloric shift from the current average U.S. diet to USDA dietary recommendations could result in a 12% increase in diet‐related GHG emissions, whereas a shift that includes a decrease in caloric intake, based on the needs of the population (assuming moderate activity), results in a small (1%) decrease in diet‐related GHG emissions. These findings emphasize the need to consider environmental costs of food production in formulating recommended food patterns.
Spousal influence on early retirement behavior

In this paper, we use a binary choice panel data model to analyze married individuals.retirement behavior in Norway when a new option, AFP early retirement becomes available. We focus our study on the influence of the spouse.s characteristics on early retirement behavior. We find the directions of spousal e¤ects are quite symmetric but women seem to have a much stronger response to their spouses' characteristics than men. The comparison of di¤erent specifications indicates that correct modeling of the error term covariance structure in a panel data binary choice model is quite important.
High-fat diet decreases activity of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes and causes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent histological finding in individuals with abnormal liver-function tests in the Western countries. In previous studies, we have shown that oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is decreased in individuals with NAFLD, but the cause of this mitochondrial dysfunction remains uncertain. The aims of this study were to determine whether feeding mice a high-fat diet (HFD) induces any change in the activity of OXPHOS, and to investigate the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this defect. To that end, 30 mice were distributed between five groups: control mice fed a standard diet, and mice on a HFD and treated with saline solution, melatonin (an antioxidant), MnTBAP (a superoxide dismutase analog) or uric acid (a scavenger of peroxynitrite) for 28 weeks intraperitoneously. In the liver of these mice, we studied histology, activity and assembly of OXPHOS complexes, levels of subunits of these complexes, gene expression of these subunits, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and oxidative DNA damage. In HFD-fed mice, we found nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, increased gene expression of TNFα, IFNγ, MCP-1, caspase-3, TGFβ1 and collagen α1(I), and increased levels of 3-tyrosine nitrated proteins. The activity and assembly of all OXPHOS complexes was decreased to about 50–60%. The amount of all studied OXPHOS subunits was markedly decreased, particularly the mitochondrial-DNA-encoded subunits. Gene expression of mitochondrial-DNA-encoded subunits was decreased to about 60% of control. There was oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA but not to genomic DNA. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with melatonin, MnTBAP or uric acid prevented all changes observed in untreated HFD-fed mice. We conclude that a HFD decreased OXPHOS enzymatic activity owing to a decreased amount of fully assembled complexes caused by a reduced synthesis of their subunits. Antioxidants and antiperoxynitrites prevented all of these changes, suggesting that nitro-oxidative stress played a key role in the pathogenesis of these alterations. Treatment with these agents might prevent the development of NAFLD in humans.
Multi-class Image Classification - Sparsity does it Better

It is well assessed that sparse representations improve the overall accuracy and the systems performances of many image classification problems. This paper deals with the problem of finding sparse and discriminative representations of images in multi-class settings. We propose a new regularized functional, which is a modification of the standard dictionary learning problem, designed to learn one dictionary per class. With this new formulation, while positive examples are constrained to have sparse descriptions, we also consider a contribution from negative examples which are forced to be described in a denser and smoother way. The descriptions we obtain are meaningful for a given class and highly discriminative with respect to other classes, and at the same time they guarantee real-time performances. We also propose a new approach to the classification of single image features which is based on the dictionary response. Thanks to this formulation it is possible to directly classify local features based on their sparsity factor without losing statistical information or spatial configuration and being more robust to clutter and occlusions. We validate the proposed approach in two image classification scenarios, namely single instance object recognition and object categorization. The experiments show the effectiveness in terms of performances and speak in favor of the generality of our method.
SC-EUNE - Surprise/Curiosity-based Exploration of UNcertain and UNknown Environments

This paper describes the architecture of SC-EUNE, a simulated artificial agent that explores uncertain and unknown environments guided by forms of surprise and/or curiosity. Besides describing the environment where it acts, we present the following components of its architecture: percepts, actions, goals, memory, surprise and curiosity generation, and deliberative reasoning/decision-making.