Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic Natural Convection

Heat convection occurs in natural and industrial processes due to the presence of temperature gradients which may appear in any direction with respect to the vertical, which is determined by the direction of gravity. In this case, natural convection is the fluid motion that occurs due to the buoyancy of liquid particles when they have a density difference with respect the surrounding fluid. Here, it is of interest the particular problem of natural convection between two horizontal parallel flat walls. This simple geometry brings about the possibility to understand the fundamental physics of convection. The results obtained from the research of this system may be used as basis to understand others which include, for example, a more complex geometry and a more complex fluid internal structure. Even though it is part of our every day life (it is observed in the atmosphere, in the kitchen, etc.), the theoretical description of natural convection was not done before 1916 when Rayleigh [53] made calculations under the approximation of frictionlesswalls. Jeffreys [27] was the first to calculate the case including friction in the walls. The linear theory can be found in the monograph by Chandrasekhar [7]. It was believed that the patterns (hexagons) observed in the Benard convection (see Fig. 1, in Chapter 2 of [7] and the references at the end of the chapter) were the same as those of natural convection between two horizontal walls. However, it has been shown theoretically and experimentally that the preferred patterns are different. It was shown for the first time theoretically by Pearson [45] that convection may occur in the absence of gravity assuming thermocapillary effects at the free surface of a liquid layer subjected to a perpendicular temperature gradient. The patterns seen in the experiments done by Benard in the year 1900, are in fact only the result of thermocapillarity. The reason why gravity effects were not important is that the thickness of the liquid layer was so small in those experiments that the buoyancy effects can be neglected. As will be shown presently, the Rayleigh number, representative of the buoyancy force in natural convection, depends on the forth power of the thickness of the liquid layer and the Marangoni number, representing thermocapillary effects, depends on the second power of the thickness. This was not realized for more than fifty years, even after the publication of the paper by Pearson (as seen in the monograph by Chandrasekhar). Natural convection may present hexagonal patterns only when non
Rapid grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci by latex agglutination

Latex agglutination was compared with fluorescent-antibody staining with group A conjugate and Lancefield precipitation for grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci. Latex agglutination correctly grouped 98.8% of 82 group A streptococci and more than 95% of 187 group B, C, or G streptococci. Occasional cross-reactions occurred between groups A and C and groups B and G.
Fast evaluation of modular functions using Newton iterations and the AGM

We present an asymptotically fast algorithm for the numerical evaluation of modular functions such as the elliptic modular function j . Our al-gorithm makes use of the natural connection between the arithmetic-geometric mean (AGM) of complex numbers and modular functions. Through a detailed complexity analysis, we prove that for a given τ , evaluating N signiﬁcative bits of j ( τ ) can be done in time O ( M ( N )log N ), where M ( N ) is the time complexity for the multiplication of two N -bit integers. However, this is only true for a ﬁxed τ and the time complexity of this ﬁrst algorithm greatly increases as Im( τ ) does. We then describe a second algorithm that achieves the same time complexity independently of the value of τ in the classical fundamental domain F . We also show how our method can be used to evaluate other modular forms, such as the Dedekind η function, with the same time complexity.
Eikonal approximation in AdS/CFT: resumming the gravitational loop expansion

We derive an eikonal approximation to high energy interactions in Anti-de Sitter spacetime, by generalizing a position space derivation of the eikonal amplitude in flat space. We are able to resum, in terms of a generalized phase shift, ladder and cross ladder graphs associated to the exchange of a spin j field, to all orders in the coupling constant. Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, the resulting amplitude determines the behavior of the dual conformal field theory four-point function for small values of the cross ratios, in a Lorentzian regime. Finally we show that the phase shift is dominated by graviton exchange and computes, in the dual CFT, the anomalous dimension of the double trace primary operators O-1 partial derivative.partial derivative O-2 of large dimension and spin, corresponding to the relative motion of the two interacting particles. The results are valid at strong t'Hooft coupling and are exact in the 1/N expansion.
Safety and Accuracy of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Highly Pathogenic Organisms

ABSTRACT Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) sample preparation methods, including the direct, on-plate formic acid, and ethanol/formic acid tube extraction methods, were evaluated for their ability to render highly pathogenic organisms nonviable and safe for handling in a biosafety level 2 laboratory. Of these, the tube extraction procedure was the most successful, with none of the tested strains surviving this sample preparation method. Tube extracts from several agents of bioterrorism and their near neighbors were analyzed in an eight-laboratory study to examine the utility of the Bruker Biotyper and Vitek MS MALDI-TOF MS systems and their in vitro diagnostic (IVD), research-use-only, and Security-Relevant databases, as applicable, to accurately identify these agents. Forty-six distinct strains of Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Clostridium botulinum, Brucella melitensis, Brucella abortus, Brucella suis, and Brucella canis were extracted and distributed to participating laboratories for analysis. A total of 35 near-neighbor isolates were also analyzed.
Palynological evidence for the age of the Coal Measures of the Titterstone Clee Coalfield, Shropshire, England

SUMMARY Palynological assemblages are described from new exposures of Coal Measures in the Titterstone Clee Coalfield, Shropshire, England. The composition of taxa present in the assemblages is indicative of the presence of three miospore zones, SS, RA and NJ, forming part of the Langsettian and Duckmantian regional stages (Westphalian A — early Westphalian B age). The colour of the spores in the assemblages from strata immediately above the upper surface of the Titterstone Clee Dolerite compared with those of more widely separated assemblages indicates a marked thermal effect, confirming that the dolerite is intrusive.
Images of transequatorial bubbles based on field-aligned airglow observations from Haleakala in 1984-1986

Images in the 6300-A and 7774-A plasma recombination emissions have been made that show the development and dynamics of field-aligned bubbles of low density plasma in the tropical nighttime F region. An intensified charge coupled device detector was used with an eight-filter camera to view a field-aligned section of the F region that mapped to magnetic apex heights from 400 to 900 km above the dip equator and up to 700 km in east-west extent from a ground-based observation site on Mount Haleakala, Hawaii. Field-aligned bubbles were observed to grow from near-stationary wavelike perturbations with horizontal scale sizes of about 100 km at the lower apex altitude regions during the evening hours. The bubbles were seen to elongate toward higher apex levels as they accelerated eastward, sometimes reaching eastward velocities of over 100 m/s. In general, field-aligned depletions were observed to occur over all portions of the night. A characteristic shape was often observed with a rather sharp vertical wall bounding the depletion on the eastward side and with several tilted branches on the westward side. The structures were often observed to develop westward tilts as shear motions yielded eastward drifts that decreased with increasing apex altitude. During periods of extreme levels of shear, isolated depletions were seen to drift separately from neighboring depletion structures.
Cardiovascular risk profiles in a lupus cohort: what do different calculators tell us?

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and this risk is increased in patients with SLE who may not conform to traditional cardiovascular risk profiles. Aims To determine the prevalence of high CVD risk among patients with SLE calculated using different risk calculators, and to characterise those identified as high risk. Methods A cross-sectional analysis to estimate CVD risk using the Framingham Risk Equation (Framingham score) and an SLE-specific CVD risk equation (SLE score) was undertaken using data from a single centre cohort. The characteristics of patients identified as ‘high risk’ by the SLE score only (the ‘missed group’) were compared with those identified by the Framingham score (the ‘conventional group’). Results 146 patients were included; 22 (15%) and 44 (30%) were determined to be at ‘high risk’ based on the Framingham and SLE scores, respectively. Patients in the ‘missed group’ were less likely to have traditional risk factors and were more likely to be female (81% vs 50%; p=0.03), younger (mean age 54 vs 69 years p<0.01) and have lower systolic blood pressure (132 vs 143 mm Hg; p=0.05). Of those deemed high risk, only a minority were treated to target blood pressure and lipid levels. Conclusions A large proportion of patients with SLE could be re-classified as high risk using a formula that incorporates SLE disease-related parameters. These patients have different profiles to those identified using a conventional risk model. Optimal CVD risk assessment and management warrants further attention in SLE.
Comparison of Subcutaneous Regular Insulin and Lispro Insulin in Diabetics Receiving Continuous Nutrition

Background: Optimal management of non–critically ill patients with diabetes maintained on continuous enteral feeding (CEN) is poorly defined. Subcutaneous (SQ) lispro and SQ regular insulin were compared in a simulated type 1 and type 2 diabetic patient receiving CEN. Method: A glucose-insulin feedback mathematical model was employed to simulate type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients on CEN. Each patient received 25 SQ injections of regular insulin or insulin lispro, ranging from 0-6 U. Primary endpoints were the change in mean glucose concentration (MGC) and change in glucose variability (GV); hypoglycemic episodes were also reported. The model was first validated against patient data. Results: Both SQ insulin preparations linearly decreased MGC, however, SQ regular insulin decreased GV whereas SQ lispro tended to increase GV. Hourly glucose concentration measurements were needed to capture the increase in GV. In the type 2 diabetic patient, “rebound hyperglycemia” occurred after SQ lispro was rapidly metabolized. Although neither SQ insulin preparation caused hypoglycemia, SQ lispro significantly lowered MGC compared to SQ regular insulin. Thus, it may be more likely to cause hypoglycemia. Analyses of the detailed glucose concentration versus time data suggest that the inferior performance of lispro resulted from its shorter duration of action. Finally, the effects of both insulin preparations persisted beyond their duration of actions in the type 2 diabetic patient. Conclusions: Subcutaneous regular insulin may be the short-acting insulin preparation of choice for this subset of diabetic patients. Clinical trial is required before a definitive recommendation can be made.
VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL E TEMPORAL DA PRECIPITAÇÃO PLUVIAL NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL: INFLUÊNCIA DO FENÔMENO EL NIÑO OSCILAÇÃO SUL

This work aims to analyse the rainfall temporal and spacial variability in the Rio Grande do Sul State. Monthly data from the period between 1967 and 1998 were used, sampled at the 14 meteorological stations. The time-spacial rainfall behavior were analised by the interannual and annual variability. Total mean values were calculated for each meteorological stations. Further, data analisys and interpretation were realized on the rainfall. The interannual variability results show that the years with negative and positive rainfall indexes were associated with the ENSO. Refers to the annual variability, it rains more in the northern half of the state with the values greaterthan 1500 mm than the southern half with less than 1500 mm. Sao Luiz Gonzaga, Cruz Alta, Caxias do Sul and Bom Jesus show the greaterthan rainfall total values. Santa
Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines.

BACKGROUND This guideline focuses on antithrombotic drug therapies for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease as well as for the relief of lower-extremity symptoms and critical ischemia in persons with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). METHODS The methods of this guideline follow those described in Methodology for the Development of Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Guidelines: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines in this supplement. RESULTS The most important of our 20 recommendations are as follows. In patients aged ≥ 50 years with asymptomatic PAD or asymptomatic carotid stenosis, we suggest aspirin (75-100 mg/d) over no therapy (Grade 2B) for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events. For secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with symptomatic PAD (including patients before and after peripheral arterial bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty), we recommend long-term aspirin (75-100 mg/d) or clopidogrel (75 mg/d) (Grade 1A). We recommend against the use of warfarin plus aspirin in patients with symptomatic PAD (Grade 1B). For patients undergoing peripheral artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stenting, we suggest single rather than dual antiplatelet therapy (Grade 2C). For patients with refractory claudication despite exercise therapy and smoking cessation, we suggest addition of cilostazol (100 mg bid) to aspirin (75-100 mg/d) or clopidogrel (75 mg/d) (Grade 2C). In patients with critical limb ischemia and rest pain unable to undergo revascularization, we suggest the use of prostanoids (Grade 2C). In patients with acute limb ischemia due to acute thrombosis or embolism, we recommend surgery over peripheral arterial thrombolysis (Grade 1B). CONCLUSIONS Recommendations continue to favor single antiplatelet therapy for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in most patients with asymptomatic PAD, symptomatic PAD, and asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Additional therapies for relief of limb symptoms should be considered only after exercise therapy, smoking cessation, and evaluation for peripheral artery revascularization.
Antioxidant effects of herbal therapies used by patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an in vitro study

Herbal remedies used by patients for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease include slippery elm, fenugreek, devil’s claw, Mexican yam, tormentil and wei tong ning, a traditional Chinese medicine. Reactive oxygen metabolites produced by inflamed colonic mucosa may be pathogenic. Aminosalicylates (5‐ASA) are antioxidant and other such agents could be therapeutic.
Error-pooling-based statistical methods for identifying novel temporal replication profiles of human chromosomes observed by DNA tiling arrays

Statistical analysis on tiling array data is extremely challenging due to the astronomically large number of sequence probes, high noise levels of individual probes and limited number of replicates in these data. To overcome these difficulties, we first developed statistical error estimation and weighted ANOVA modeling approaches to high-density tiling array data, especially the former based on an advanced error-pooling method to accurately obtain heterogeneous technical error of small-sample tiling array data. Based on these approaches, we analyzed the high-density tiling array data of the temporal replication patterns during cell-cycle S phase of synchronized HeLa cells on human chromosomes 21 and 22. We found many novel temporal replication patterns, identifying about 26% of over 1 million tiling array sequence probes with significant differential replication during the four 2-h time periods of S phase. Among these differentially replicated probes, 126 941 sequence probes were matched to 417 known genes. The majority of these genes were found to be replicated within one or two consecutive time periods, while the others were replicated at two non-consecutive time periods. Also, coding regions found to be more differentially replicated in particular time periods than noncoding regions in the gene-poor chromosome 21 (25% differentially replicated among genic probes versus 18.6% among intergenic probes), while such a phenomenon was less prominent in gene-rich chromosome 22. A rigorous statistical testing for local proximity of differentially replicated genic and intergenic probes was performed to identify significant stretches of differentially replicated sequence regions. From this analysis, we found that adjacent genes were frequently replicated at different time periods, potentially implying the existence of quite dense replication origins. Evaluating the conditional probability significance of identified gene ontology terms on chromosomes 21 and 22, we detected some over-represented molecular functions and biological processes among these differentially replicated genes, such as the ones relevant to hydrolase, transferase and receptor-binding activities. Some of these results were confirmed showing >70% consistency with cDNA microarray data that were independently generated in parallel with the tiling arrays. Thus, our improved analysis approaches specifically designed for high-density tiling array data enabled us to reliably and sensitively identify many novel temporal replication patterns on human chromosomes.
Meta-Learning with Memory-Augmented Neural Networks

Despite recent breakthroughs in the applications of deep neural networks, one setting that presents a persistent challenge is that of "one-shot learning. " Traditional gradient-based networks require a lot of data to learn, often through extensive iterative training. When new data is encountered, the models must inefficiently relearn their parameters to adequately incorporate the new information without catastrophic interference. Architectures with augmented memory capacities, such as Neural Turing Machines (NTMs), offer the ability to quickly encode and retrieve new information, and hence can potentially obviate the downsides of conventional models. Here, we demonstrate the ability of a memory-augmented neural network to rapidly assimilate new data, and leverage this data to make accurate predictions after only a few samples. We also introduce a new method for accessing an external memory that focuses on memory content, unlike previous methods that additionally use memory location-based focusing mechanisms.
Comparison of three wheelchair cushions for effectiveness of pressure relief.

OBJECTIVE Previous studies have suggested that no single wheelchair pressure-relieving cushion material was optimal for all persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the short-term pressure-relieving ability of the three most commonly prescribed wheelchair cushions (Roho, Jay, Pindot) for a person with SCI. METHOD The number of pressure sensors registering at the buttock-cushion interface during wheelchair sitting was measured by the Xsensor Pressure Mapping System after 5 min of sitting. An alternating treatments research design, with an initial baseline and a final treatment phase ending with the most effective cushion for relieving pressure, was used for the clinical evaluation. Measurements were compared using visual inspection and a Wilcoxon signed ranks test. RESULTS Data analyses indicated that the number of pressure sensors that registered potential harmful levels of pressure at the buttock-cushion interface for the Roho cushion was significantly less than those of the Jay and Pindot cushions. CONCLUSION The Roho cushion was more effective in relieving pressure at the seating surface than the Jay and Pindot cushions.
De novo and complex imbalanced chromosomal rearrangements revealed by array CGH in a patient with an abnormal phenotype and apparently “balanced” paracentric inversion of 14(q21q23)

Paracentric inversions are one of the common chromosomal rearrangements typically associated with a normal phenotype. However, if dosage‐sensitive genes are disrupted by the breakpoints, an abnormal phenotype could result. Detection of paracentric inversions often relies on careful high resolution banding, which has limited sensitivity. We report here cytogenetic studies performed on a 4‐year‐old female patient with global developmental delay, hypotonia, and dysmorphic features. The initial cytogenetic evaluation by G‐banding revealed a de novo inversion of chromosome 14. Subsequent array CGH analysis using both a targeted BAC array and a high‐resolution oligonucleotide array revealed microdeletions at the breakpoints of 14q21.1 (0.8 Mb) and 14q23.1 (0.9 Mb). Unexpectedly, a microdeletion in the region of 16q23.1 (1.3 Mb) was also identified, which overlaps with the common fragile site FRA16D. Parental chromosome and FISH analyses were normal, supporting the conclusion that these microdeletions were de novo in the patient and likely contributed to her abnormal phenotype. The case report presented illustrates the value of using high‐resolution microarray analysis for phenotypically abnormal individuals with apparently balanced chromosomal rearrangements, including inversions. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fundamental Disagreement of Wave Mechanics with Relativity

A number of well-known difficulties in physics resulted from merging the theory of relativity with the Compton-de Broglie wave mechanics. Two such problems were the failure of Dirac's relativistic wave equation to predict the correct velocity of the electron, and the fact that the measured yield from nuclear fission was found to be substantially less than the theoretical yield. It is shown that the origin of these and other problems stem from the inconsistency of the relativistic mass-energy equivalence principle with the fundamental assumptions of wave mechanics. An alternative view of the concept of mass-energy equivalence that results in a very good agreement between theory and experiment is demonstrated. The conclusions of this paper will be quite important for ongoing research, such as the current problem of the neutrino's mass.