Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Low- and High-Intensity Resistance Exercise by Young Adults

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) are commonly used to monitor the intensity of aerobic exercise. Whether ratings of perceived exertion can be used similarly during resistance exercise is unclear. To examine this question, perceived exertion was measured at 30% and 90% of the one-repetition maximum (1-RM), while holding work constant between intensities. Ratings for the active muscles and for the overall body were examined during both intensities. 10 male (age = 23.2 ± 3.6 yr.) and nine female (age = 21.8 ± 2.7 yr.) volunteers underwent a one-repetition maximum procedure for each of the following exercises; bench press, leg press, latissimus pull down, triceps press, biceps curl, shoulder press, and calf raise. All subjects then completed two experimental trials on separate days. The high-intensity trial consisted of one set of five repetitions at 90% of the one-repetition maximum. The low-intensity trial consisted of one set of 15 repetitions at 30% of the one-repetition maximum. Active muscle and overall body ratings of perceived exertion were obtained immediately at termination of each of the seven exercises at both intensities. A two-factor (RPE x Intensity) repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed separately for each exercise. Both active muscle and overall body ratings of perceived exertion were higher (p<.01) for the high-intensity trial than for the low intensity trial. Active muscle ratings were higher (p<.01) than overall body ratings for all exercises. Ratings of perceived exertion during resistance exercise are related to intensity of the resistance exercise (percentage of the one-repetition maximum). This information suggests that ratings of perceived exertion can provide information regarding the intensity of resistance exercise. Furthermore, sensations of exertion in the active muscles during resistance exercise are greater than sensations for the overall body.
Social Work Inputs, Change-Inducing Group Mechanisms, and Mutual Aid among Young People with Emotional and Behavioral Problems

ABSTRACT Current research shows that emotional and behavioral problems (EBP) are amenable to social work support, notably through group work that promotes mutual aid. This kind of intervention has become increasingly crucial in maximizing the contribution of social work and minimizing its cost. Nevertheless, research on youth involvement in such groups remains scarce and the extant findings are mostly drawn from instances of mutual help among adults and older people. They do not give much insight into mutual aid among EBP youth, suggesting there is still a need for research on mutual aid groups among this population. In view of this need, the study reported in this paper examined factors that are conducive to the mutual aid and rehabilitation of young people with EBP in Hong Kong. Of particular concern were the relationships between EBP alleviation and the key factors of social work inputs, change-inducing group mechanisms, and mutual aid. To investigate these issues, the study employed survey data collected from 433 youth participants (aged 12–24) recruited from 60 mutual aid groups in secondary schools, community-based youth service centers, and residential homes located in different districts of Hong Kong. The results support the hypothesis that change-inducing group mechanisms and mutual aid affect EBP. Nonetheless, the results do not support the hypothesized negative relationship between social work inputs and EBP. The implications of the findings for further research and the promotion of mutual aid and rehabilitation among EBP youth are discussed.
The Effects of Caffeinated “Energy Shots” on Time Trial Performance

An emerging trend in sports nutrition is the consumption of energy drinks and “energy shots”. Energy shots may prove to be a viable pre-competition supplement for runners. Six male runners (mean ± SD age and VO2max: 22.5 ± 1.8 years and 69.1 ± 5.7 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed three trials [placebo (PLA; 0 mg caffeine), Guayakí Yerba Maté Organic Energy Shot™ (YM; 140 mg caffeine), or Red Bull Energy Shot™ (RB; 80 mg caffeine)]. Treatments were ingested following a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design. Participants ran a five kilometer time trial on a treadmill. No differences (p > 0.05) in performance were detected with RB (17.55 ± 1.01 min) or YM ingestion (17.86 ± 1.59 min) compared to placebo (17.44 ± 1.25 min). Overall, energy shot ingestion did not improve time-trial running performance in trained runners.
Determination of Usnic Acid in Some Rhizoplaca Species from Middle Anatolia and their Antimicrobial Activities

Abstract Three species of lichens, Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf, Rhizoplaca melanopthalma (DC.) Leuckert & Poelt and Rhizoplaca peltata Ramonds Leuckert, were collected from middle Anatolia, Erciyes Mountain (Kayseri) in Turkey. Their usnic acid amounts were determined by HPLC in acetone extracts. In addition, antimicrobial activities of these extracts were determined against Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), Enterococcus faecalis (RSKK 508), Proteus mirabilis (Pasteur Ens. 235), Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was shown that, as the usnic acid amount increased, the antimicrobial activities increased too. The usnic acid contents of Rhizoplaca species varied between 0.19-4.0% dry weight
Representations of Islam in British broadsheet and tabloid newspapers 1999–2005

This paper describes the analysis of an 87 million word corpus of British newspaper articles which refer to the subject of Islam. In order to examine representations of Islam and Muslims, the corpus was subjected to a comparative analysis, by analysing the lexis that was used most significantly in the tabloid articles, when compared to the broadsheets, and vice versa. Concordances were then analysed in order to investigate the data in a more qualitative way. It was found that the tabloids tended to focus more on British interests, writing about Muslims in a highly emotional style, in connection with terrorist attacks and religious extremism, focussing on a small number of high-profile Muslim “villains”. On the other hand, the broadsheets had a more restrained reporting stance, writing about Muslims in a wider range of contexts, although their focus on world news resulted in them covering more stories about Muslims engaged in wars. The paper raises issues regarding the meaning of bias, and the process by which readers internalise lexical associations and the extent to which such associations impact on attitudes
ESTROGEN PROMOTES HEPATIC REGENERATION VIA ACTIVATING SEROTONIN SIGNAL

The aim of this study was to determine if estrogen plays any role in the process of hepatic regeneration of nonligated lobe after portal vein branch ligation (PBL). We also investigated whether estrogen has any association with serotonin action during liver regeneration. Ovariectomized female rats with (E group) or without (non-E group) estrogen pellet were subjected to PBL on the left and middle lobes. Thereafter, the rats were killed, and blood, liver, and small intestine were sampled and analyzed. Sham animals underwent only ovariectomy and laparotomy. The E group showed a significantly greater regeneration rate than the non-E group at days 1, 2, and 7 after PBL. The activation of hepatic regeneration-related genes (such as IL-6, TNF-&agr;, hepatic growth factor, c-fos, and c-myc) was also significantly higher in the E group as compared with the non-E group. Gene expression of serotonin receptor (5-HT2A) in the liver and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 in the small intestine were also up-regulated in the E group, indicating an activation of serotonin system in the E group. Additionally, total intestinal flow, portal venous flow, and hepatic arterial flow determined by fluorescent microsphere were significantly higher in the E group compared with the non-E group. Moreover, serotonin receptor antagonist (ketanserin) significantly attenuated liver regeneration rate in the E group. These results indicated that estrogen plays an important role in the process of liver regeneration after PBL. Our results also indicated that estrogen is at least partly related to the activation of serotonin system, which is also important in the process of liver regeneration.
Net-Trim: A Layer-wise Convex Pruning of Deep Neural Networks

Model reduction is a highly desirable process for deep neural networks. While large networks are theoretically capable of learning arbitrarily complex models, overfitting and model redundancy negatively affects the prediction accuracy and model variance. Net-Trim is a layer-wise convex framework to prune (sparsify) deep neural networks. The method is applicable to neural networks operating with the rectified linear unit (ReLU) as the nonlinear activation. The basic idea is to retrain the network layer by layer keeping the layer inputs and outputs close to the originally trained model, while seeking a sparse transform matrix. We present both the parallel and cascade versions of the algorithm. While the former enjoys computational distributability, the latter is capable of achieving simpler models. In both cases, we mathematically show a consistency between the retrained model and the initial trained network. We also derive the general sufficient conditions for the recovery of a sparse transform matrix. In the case of standard Gaussian training samples of dimension $N$ being fed to a layer, and $s$ being the maximum number of nonzero terms across all columns of the transform matrix, we show that $\mathcal{O}(s\log N)$ samples are enough to accurately learn the layer model.
Common brain areas engaged in false belief reasoning and visual perspective taking: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies

We performed a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies to identify brain areas which are commonly engaged in social and visuo-spatial perspective taking. Specifically, we compared brain activation for visual-perspective taking to activation for false belief reasoning, which requires awareness of perspective to understand someone's mistaken belief about the world which contrasts with reality. In support of a previous account by Perner and Leekam (2008), our meta-analytic conjunction analysis found common activation for false belief reasoning and visual perspective taking in the left but not the right dorsal temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). This fits with the idea that the left dorsal TPJ is responsible for representing different perspectives in a domain-general fashion. Moreover, our conjunction analysis found activation in the precuneus and the left middle occipital gyrus close to the putative Extrastriate Body Area (EBA). The precuneus is linked to mental-imagery which may aid in the construction of a different perspective. The EBA may be engaged due to imagined body-transformations when another's viewpoint is adopted.
Effect of Knowledge Integration Activities on Students' Perception of the Earth's Crust as a Cyclic System

Systems thinking is regarded as a high-order thinking skill required in scientific, techno- logical, and everyday domains. However, little is known about systems thinking in the context of science education. In the current research, students' understanding of the rock cycle system after a learning program was characterized, and the effect of a concluding knowledge integration activity on their systems thinking was studied. Answers to an open-ended test were interpreted using a systems thinking continuum, ranging from a completely static view of the system to an understanding of the system's cyclic nature. A meaningful improvement in students' views of the rock cycle toward the higher side of the systems thinking continuum was found after the knowledge integration activity. Students became more aware of the dynamic and cyclic nature of the rock cycle, and their ability to construct sequences of processes representing material trans- formation in relatively large chunks significantly improved. Success of the knowledge integration activity stresses the importance of postknowledge acquisition activities, which engage students in a dual process of differentiation of their knowledge and reintegration in a systems context. We suggest including such activities in curricula involving systems-based contents, particularly in earth science, in which systems thinking can bring about environmental literacy. 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 545-565, 2003
The effects of dietary hempseed on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

BACKGROUND Hempseed is a novel functional food that contains several health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs, such as those found in flaxseed and fish, have been shown to protect the heart against arrhythmias following ischemia/reperfusion. OBJECTIVE TO INVESTIGATE THE POTENTIAL OF DIETARY HEMPSEED AS A CARDIOPROTECTIVE AGENT AGAINST GLOBAL ISCHEMIA AND SUBSEQUENT REPERFUSION BY ASSESSING SEVERAL MEASUREMENTS OF CARDIAC PERFORMANCE: QT interval duration, left ventricular pressure, arrhythmia incidence and arrhythmia duration. METHODS MALE NEW ZEALAND WHITE RABBITS WERE FED ONE OF SIX DIETS: a control diet; or one supplemented with 10% hempseed, 10% delipidated hempseed, 0.5% cholesterol, 0.5% cholesterol plus 10% hempseed or 5% coconut oil. After eight weeks on their respective diets, the hearts were excised and subjected to 30 min of global ischemia and 45 min of reperfusion. Electrocardiogram traces were recorded throughout the experiment and were subsequently analyzed for QT interval duration, left ventricular pressure, arrhythmia incidence and arrhythmia duration. Plasma and cardiac tissue were analyzed for fatty acid content and composition. RESULTS Cholesterol-fed animals exhibited significantly higher PUFA levels in their plasma, but this did not directly translate into higher PUFA levels in their cardiac fractions. There were no significant differences among the groups in the incidence or duration of ischemia-derived arrhythmias. During reperfusion, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of fibrillation in the hearts obtained from cholesterol-fed and hempseed- plus cholesterol-fed rabbits compared with the hearts from delipidated hempseed-fed rabbits. CONCLUSIONS Dietary hempseed induced limited beneficial effects on cardiac function during ischemia/reperfusion challenge. The present study does not support the use of dietary hempseed to protect the heart during ischemic insult in this experimental model.
A Rough Set Based Methodology for Geographic Knowledge Discovery

This paper presents the RS-GKDD (rough set geographic knowledge discovery in databases) methodology. The purpose of the methodology is to take digital geographic data and induce a model that, expressed as production rules, constitutes non-trivial, previously unknown, and potentially useful information. The methodology is outlined in terms of its philosophy, objectives, scope, constraints, assumptions, theory, procedures, tools, and phases. The principal theoretical treatment introduces rough sets, rough set-based knowledge induction, and spatial context. Where appropriate, the procedures associated with the RS-GKDD methodology are described using algorithms. The various aspects of the methodology are drawn together as four phases: (i) project analysis and design; (ii) data preparation; (iii) knowledge induction, reduction and validation; and (iv) knowledge interpretation and application. The paper outlines the results of applying the methodology to ecological data relating the spatial distribution of greater glider possums to the quality of their habitat. In the case study geographic knowledge is sought because the ability of the animals to glide between trees suggests that spatial relationships between habitat variables may be important. The dataset has already been analysed by other researchers using several knowledge induction methods to generate both spatial and non-spatial models. The results of these earlier studies are used as benchmarks against which to compare the results of the present work. The analysis of results shows that, of the models for predicting the population density of greater glider possums, the four best, when selected for classification accuracy and comprehensibility, include a rough set based model that was induced by considering spatial context.
Electromigration of 96.5Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu flip-chip solder bumps bonded on substrate pads of Au/Ni/Cu or Cu metallization

Designed experiments are conducted in this paper to study the effect of Au/Ni/Cu or Cu substrate pad metallization on the electromigration reliability of 96.5Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu flip-chip solder bumps with Ti/Ni(V)/Cu under bump metallurgy. Electromigration patterns are investigated in solder bumps under a current stressing condition with an average current density of about 5 kA/cm2 at an ambient temperature at 150 degC. Experiments show that test vehicles with Cu metallization exhibit better electromigration reliability compared to those with Au/Ni/Cu metallization. Corresponding failure mechanisms are proposed based on the observations of microstructures inside current stressed solder bumps
The target concentration of remifentanil to suppress the hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation during inhalational induction with desflurane

Background Anesthesia induction with desflurane is troublesome because of the frequent sympathetic hyperactivity during desflurane administration. We thought that a low concentration of desflurane combined with a target-controlled infusion (TCI) of remifentanil would eliminate the desflurane-related complications and provide hemodynamic stability during desflurane induction. An up-and-down study was planned to find the target effect-site concentration of remifentanil to block the hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation, the highest level of stimulus, during anesthesia induction with administering desflurane at 1 MAC. Methods Remifentanil TCI was initiated before desflurane administration. When the preset target was achieved, spontaneous inhalation of desflurane 1 MAC was performed until the patients became unconscious. Laryngoscopic tracheal intubation was facilitated with rocuronium injection. The starting concentration of remifentanil and the test space were 5 and 1 ng/ml, respectively. The criteria for up-and-down was a 20% increase of the mean arterial pressure or heart rate after intubation. The median effective concentration (EC50) of remifentanil was calculated from 6 independent pairs. The complications related with remifentanil and desflurane were assessed during the study. Results We studied 20 patients using 2-5 ng/ml of the effect-site concentrations of remifentanil. The EC50 of remifentanil was 3.7 ng/ml. Loss of consciousness was achieved at 125 ± 22 s after desflurane inhalation and this was irrespective of the combined remifentanil concentrations. Any remifentanil-related complication was not observed. Transient cough was seen in one patient who received 2 ng/ml of remifentanil. Conclusions We demonstrated that uncomplicated induction with desflurane was possible by the use of target-controlled remifentanil. The EC50 of remifentanil to block the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation was 3.7 ng/ml during inhalational induction with 1 MAC desflurane.
Increased Sensitivity of Injured and Adjacent Uninjured Rat Primary Sensory Neurons to Exogenous Tumor Necrosis Factor-α after Spinal Nerve Ligation

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) is upregulated after nerve injury, causes pain on injection, and its blockade reduces pain behavior resulting from nerve injury; thus it is strongly implicated in neuropathic pain. We investigated responses of intact and nerve-injured dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons to locally applied TNF using parallelin vivo and in vitro paradigms. In vivo, TNF (0.1–10 pg/ml) or vehicle was injected into L5 DRG in naive rats and in rats that had received L5 and L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) immediately before injection. In naive rats, TNF, but not vehicle, elicited long-lasting allodynia. In SNL rats, subthreshold doses of TNF synergized with nerve injury to elicit faster onset of allodynia and spontaneous pain behavior. Tactile allodynia was present in both injured and adjacent uninjured (L4) dermatomes. Preemptive treatment with the TNF antagonist etanercept reduced SNL-induced allodynia by almost 50%. In vitro, the electrophysiological responses of naive, SNL-injured, or adjacent uninjured DRG to TNF (0.1–1000 pg/ml) were assessed by single-fiber recordings of teased dorsal root microfilaments. In vitro perfusion of TNF (100–1000 pg/ml) to naive DRG evoked short-lasting neuronal discharges. In injured DRG, TNF, at much lower concentrations, elicited earlier onset, markedly higher, and longer-lasting discharges. TNF concentrations that were subthreshold in naive DRG also elicited high-frequency discharges when applied to uninjured, adjacent DRG. We conclude that injured and adjacent uninjured DRG neurons are sensitized to TNF after SNL. Sensitization to endogenous TNF may be essential for the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain.
Computerized Analysis of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Patterns: Comparative Evaluation of Two Commercial Software Packages

ABSTRACT Two computerized restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern analysis systems, the BioImage system and the GelCompar system (Molecular Analyst Fingerprinting Plus in the United States), were compared. The two systems use different approaches to compare patterns from different gels. In GelCompar, a standard reference pattern in one gel is used to normalize subsequent gels containing lanes with the same reference pattern. In BioImage, the molecular sizes of the fragments are calculated from size standards present in each gel. The molecular size estimates obtained with the two systems for 12 restriction fragments of phage λ were between 97 and 101% of their actual sizes, with a standard deviation of less than 1% of the average estimated size for most fragments. At the window sizes used for analysis, the GelCompar system performed somewhat better than BioImage in identifying visually identical patterns generated by electrophoretic separation ofHhaI-restricted DNA of Listeria monocytogenes. Both systems require the user to make critical decisions in the analysis. It is very important to visually verify that the systems are finding all bands in each lane and that no artifacts are being detected; both systems allow manual editing. It is also important to verify results obtained in the pattern matching or clustering portions of the analysis.