Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neuroarchitecture of verbal and tonal working memory in nonmusicians and musicians

Working memory (WM) for auditory information has been thought of as a unitary system, but whether WM for verbal and tonal information relies on the same or different functional neuroarchitectures has remained unknown. This fMRI study examines verbal and tonal WM in both nonmusicians (who are trained in speech, but not in music) and highly trained musicians (who are trained in both domains). The data show that core structures of WM are involved in both tonal and verbal WM (Broca's area, premotor cortex, pre‐SMA/SMA, left insular cortex, inferior parietal lobe), although with significantly different structural weightings, in both nonmusicians and musicians. Additionally, musicians activated specific subcomponents only during verbal (right insular cortex) or only during tonal WM (right globus pallidus, right caudate nucleus, and left cerebellum). These results reveal the existence of two WM systems in musicians: A phonological loop supporting rehearsal of phonological information, and a tonal loop supporting rehearsal of tonal information. Differences between groups for tonal WM, and between verbal and tonal WM within musicians, were mainly related to structures involved in controlling, programming and planning of actions, thus presumably reflecting differences in action‐related sensorimotor coding of verbal and tonal information. Hum Brain Mapp 32:771–783, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA damage is a pervasive cause of sequencing errors, directly confounding variant identification

When is a mutation a true genetic variant? Large-scale sequencing studies have set out to determine the low-frequency pathogenic genetic variants in individuals and populations. However, Chen et al. demonstrate that many so-called low-frequency genetic variants in large public databases may be due to DNA damage. They scored libraries sequenced with and without a DNA damage–repairing enzymatic mix to assess the proportion of true rare variants. It remains to be seen how best to repair DNA before sequencing to provide more accurate assessments of mutation. Science, this issue p. 752 Damaged DNA may artificially increase the number of rare variants identified in large-scale sequencing projects. Mutations in somatic cells generate a heterogeneous genomic population and may result in serious medical conditions. Although cancer is typically associated with somatic variations, advances in DNA sequencing indicate that cell-specific variants affect a number of phenotypes and pathologies. Here, we show that mutagenic damage accounts for the majority of the erroneous identification of variants with low to moderate (1 to 5%) frequency. More important, we found signatures of damage in most sequencing data sets in widely used resources, including the 1000 Genomes Project and The Cancer Genome Atlas, establishing damage as a pervasive cause of sequencing errors. The extent of this damage directly confounds the determination of somatic variants in these data sets.
Reflecting on the AWGN Error Exponent

Recently it was shown that a lattice code with lattice decoding can achieve the capacity of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. This was achieved by using a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) scaling and dithering to transform the AWGN channel into a modulo-lattice additive noise (mod-Λ) channel. Further, Liu et. al. have shown that lattice decoding can achieve the error exponent of the AWGN channel using a scaling other than the MMSE scaling at rates above the critical rate of the channel. We present a simple geometric explanation for this result.
Care Provider Order Entry (CPOE): A Perspective on Factors Leading to Success or to Failure

Summary Objective Authors provide a perspective on factors leading to successful care provider order entry (CPOE) implementations. Methods Viewpoint of authors supported by background literature review. Results Authors review both benefits and challenges related to CPOE implementation using three guiding principles: (1) a clinical approach to clinical systems, which claims that CPOE implementation is analogous to a “good” clinician delivering care to a patient; (2) a commitment to quality, which advocates that no compromises should be made in implementing system functionality and clinical system content – the highest objective for CPOE implementation is to provide better quality of care and increased safety for patients; (3) a commitment to fairness, as evidenced by respect for individuals and support of local autonomy, which advocates for minimizing disruptions to clinician-users’ workflows, and adequate local control over CPOE system design and evolution, including clinical content management. Conclusions Past experiences with CPOE implementation can inform future installation attempts. Sociocultural factors dominate in determining the success of implementation, and should govern technical factors.
Analysis of crossing at the 2014 FIFA World Cup

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyse open play crosses in the FIFA 2014 soccer World Cup. A total of 1332 open play crosses were observed from all 64 games of the FIFA 2014 soccer World Cup. The dominant themes of analysis included delivery side, delivery type, defensive pressure, time of cross and delivery outcome. Chi-squared tests of association were utilised to examine the association between each variable (e.g. delivery type) and each outcome category (e.g. goal-scoring attempts). A total of 42 goals (3.2%) were scored from the 1332 open play crosses analysed. The zone of the outcome of the cross was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with all outcome categories. Delivery type and zone of the crosser were significantly associated with defensive outcomes and attacking outcomes (p < 0.05). Defensive pressure was significantly associated with goal-scoring attempts and attacking outcomes (p < 0.05). Pitch side of the delivery and time of the cross were not significantly associated (p > 0.05) with any of the outcome categories. Coaches should reflect on the variables presented and the impact they have on crossing outcomes.
Nasal Airflow Measured by Rhinomanometry Correlates with FeNO in Children with Asthma

Background Rhinitis and asthma share similar immunopathological features. Rhinomanometry is an important test used to assess nasal function and spirometry is an important tool used in asthmatic children. The degree to which the readouts of these tests are correlated has yet to be established. We sought to clarify the relationship between rhinomanometry measurements, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and spirometric measurements in asthmatic children. Methods Patients’ inclusion criteria: age between 5 and 18 years, history of asthma with nasal symptoms, and no anatomical deformities. All participants underwent rhinomanometric evaluations and pulmonary function and FeNO tests. Results Total 84 children were enrolled. By rhinomanometry, the degree of nasal obstruction was characterized as follows: (1) no obstruction in 33 children, (2) slight obstruction in 29 children, and (3) moderate obstruction in 22 children. FeNO was significantly lower in patients without obstruction than those with slight or moderate obstruction. Dividing patients according to ATS Clinical Practice Guidelines regarding FeNO, patients < 12 years with FeNO > 20 ppb had a lower total nasal airflow rate than those with FeNO < 20 ppb. Patients ≥ 12 years with FeNO > 25 ppb had a lower total nasal airflow rate than those with FeNO < 25 ppb. Conclusions Higher FeNO was associated with a lower nasal airflow and higher nasal resistance. This supports a relationship between upper and lower airway inflammation, as assessed by rhinomanometry and FeNO. The results suggest that rhinomanometry may be integrated as part of the functional assessment of asthma.
The safety factor approach in the analysis of reentrant patterns of activation in the ischemic virtual heart

Traditionally, VF has been directly related to dispersion of refractoriness. However, further theoretical studies relating refractoriness and reentry generation would be helpful to understand their implication. Recently, the safety factor for conduction (SF) has been proposed as a useful parameter to analyze propagation of action potential (AP) and conduction block. In this work, the relative role of refractoriness and the source-sink relationship in conduction block leading to reentry during regional ischemia has been analyzed. Our results show that a) premature stimuli applied at CIs comprised between 170 ms and 204 ms lead to reentry, b) the distribution of SF during reentry is very similar for all the conducted simulations and c) in one third of the re-entries the premature stimulus was blocked at sites where the excitability of the cells was completely recovered.
RNA-guided assembly of Rev-RRE nuclear export complexes

HIV replication requires nuclear export of unspliced and singly spliced viral transcripts. Although a unique RNA structure has been proposed for the Rev-response element (RRE) responsible for viral mRNA export, how it recruits multiple HIV Rev proteins to form an export complex has been unclear. We show here that initial binding of Rev to the RRE triggers RNA tertiary structural changes, enabling further Rev binding and the rapid formation of a viral export complex. Analysis of the Rev-RRE assembly pathway using SHAPE-Seq and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveals two major steps of Rev-RRE complex formation, beginning with rapid Rev binding to a pre-organized region presenting multiple Rev binding sites. This step induces long-range remodeling of the RNA to expose a cryptic Rev binding site, enabling rapid assembly of additional Rev proteins into the RNA export complex. This kinetic pathway may help maintain the balance between viral replication and maturation. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.03656. 001
Stretched penile length of healthy term neonates: normative values among Igbo babies in southeastern Nigeria.

AIM To determine the normative values of stretched penile length in apparently healthy term Igbo newborn males in South eastern Nigeria and its relationship with gestational age, birth weight and birth length. METHODS Eight hundred and eleven apparently healthy term male neonates within the first 72 h of life were studied. Enrolled subjects were consecutively delivered babies of Igbo extraction from three hospitals. The stretched penile length was measured using Schonfeld method, and the smoothed centiles (3 rd to 97th percentile values) for stretched penile length by gestational age were determined. RESULTS The mean stretched penile length of term newborns was 3.46 ± 0.44 cm. The lower and upper limits (±2.5 SD) were 2.36-4.56 cm. Stretched penile length correlated positively with birth length and birth weight (r = 0.343, p = 0.001; r = 0.229, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION This study has created the first smoothed percentile values for stretched penile length by gestational age for Igbo babies.
Welcome Market Reactions to Tangible and Intangible Information

The book-to-market effect is often interpreted as evidence of high expected returns on stocks of “distressed” firms with poor past performance. We dispute this interpretation. We find that while a stock’s future return is unrelated to the firm’s past accounting-based performance, it is strongly negatively related to the “intangible” return, the component of its past return that is orthogonal to the firm’s past performance. Indeed, the book-to-market ratio forecasts returns because it is a good proxy for the intangible return. Also, a composite equity issuance measure, which is related to intangible returns, independently forecasts returns. DURING THE PAST DECADE, financial economists have puzzled over two related observations. The first is that over long horizons, future stock returns are negatively related to past stock returns. The second is that stock returns are positively related to price-scaled variables such as the book-to-market ratio (BM). Perhaps the most prominent interpretations of these effects are offered by DeBondt and Thaler (1985, 1987), Lakonishok, Shleifer, and Vishny (1994, LSV), and Fama and French (1992, 1993, 1995, and 1997). The DeBondt and Thaler and LSV papers argue that the reversal and book-to-market effects are a result of investor overreaction to past firm performance. Specifically, LSV argue that in forecasting future earnings, investors overextrapolate a firm’s past earnings growth, and as a result stock prices of firms with poor past earnings (which tend to have high BM ratios) get pushed down too far. When the actual earnings are realized, prices recover, resulting in high returns for high BM firms. This basic idea is formalized in a paper by Barberis, Shleifer, Vishny (1998, BSV). LSV provide support for this hypothesis by showing that a firm’s future returns are negatively related to its past 5-year sales growth. In contrast, Fama and French argue that, since past performance is likely to be negatively associated with changes in systematic risk, high BM firms are likely to be riskier, and hence require higher expected returns. Specifically, ∗Daniel is at Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University and NBER and Titman is at College of Business Administration, University of Texas, Austin and NBER. We thank Nick Barberis, George Buckley, Mike Cooper, Gene Fama, Josef Lakonishook, Mitchell Petersen, Canice Prendergast, Andrei Shleifer, Rob Stambaugh (the editor), Walter Torous, Linda Vincent, Tuomo Vuolteenaho, Wei Xiong, and an anonymous referee, and numerous seminar participants for helpful discussions, comments, and suggestions. We especially thank Kenneth French for assistance with data, and for comments and suggestions.
Calculations in New Sequence Spaces and Application to Statistical Convergence

Recordamos resultados recientes que son consecuencia directa del hecho de que (w∞(λ), w∞(λ)) es una algebra de Banach. Entonces nosotros definimos el conjunto Wτ = Dτw∞y caracterizamos los conjuntos Wτ (A) donde A es uno de los siguientes operadores Δ, ∑, Δ(λ), o C(λ). Despues consideramos los conjuntos[A1,A2]Wτ de todas las sucesiones X tal que A1 (λ)(|A2(μ) X|) ∈ Wτ dondeA1 y A2 son de la forma C(ξ), C+ (ξ), Δ(ξ), or Δ+ (ξ) y son dadas condiciones necesarias para obtener |A1 (λ),A2(μ)| Wτ en la forma Wξ. Finalmente, aplicamos los resultados previos para tener xk → L(S(A)) donde A es una de las matrices infinitas D1/τC(λ)C(μ), D1/τΔ(λ)Δ(μ), D1/τΔ(λ)C(μ) . Nosotros tambien damos condiciones para tener xk → 0(S(A)) donde A es uno de los operadores D1/τC+ (λ)Δ(μ), D1/τC(λ)C(μ), D1/τC+ (λ)C+(μ), o D1/τΔ(λ)C+(μ).
Articulating What Infants Attune to in Native Speech

ABSTRACT To become language users, infants must embrace the integrality of speech perception and production. That they do so, and quite rapidly, is implied by the native-language attunement they achieve in each domain by 6–12 months. Yet research has most often addressed one or the other domain, rarely how they interrelate. Moreover, mainstream assumptions that perception relies on acoustic patterns whereas production involves motor patterns entail that the infant would have to translate incommensurable information to grasp the perception–production relationship. We posit the more parsimonious view that both domains depend on commensurate articulatory information. Our proposed framework combines principles of the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) and Articulatory Phonology (AP). According to PAM, infants attune to articulatory information in native speech and detect similarities of nonnative phones to native articulatory patterns. The AP premise that gestures of the speech organs are the basic elements of phonology offers articulatory similarity metrics while satisfying the requirement that phonological information be discrete and contrastive: (a) distinct articulatory organs produce vocal tract constrictions and (b) phonological contrasts recruit different articulators and/or constrictions of a given articulator that differ in degree or location. Various lines of research suggest young children perceive articulatory information, which guides their productions: discrimination of between- versus within-organ contrasts, simulations of attunement to language-specific articulatory distributions, multimodal speech perception, oral/vocal imitation, and perceptual effects of articulator activation or suppression. We conclude that articulatory gesture information serves as the foundation for developmental integrality of speech perception and production.
It's Not As Easy As It Looks": Preservice Teachers' Insights about Teaching Emerging from an Innovative Assignment in Educational Psychology

Preservice teachers (PTs) tend to enter teacher education programs with naive understandings of the nature of teaching. In order to enhance their development of the knowledge, skills, and dispositions needed to be an effective educator, I designed an innovative Educational Psychology assignment in the practice of teaching. PTs (N=48) formed four-person teams and taught a lesson to their peers that was recorded using digital video. They then watched a DVD of the lessons they taught and each completed a guided reflection task on the experience. Responses were analyzed to identify PTs’ self-reported insights about teaching. Findings indicate the emergence of new understandings regarding planning and organization, pedagogical strategies, delivery, content knowledge, and classroom management. Implications and recommendations for instructors are offered.
Hemopoiesis in the Thymus

The presence in the thymus of hemopoietic cells other than thymocytes has been known for many years, but the extent of the hemopoietic activity of the thymus and the possible functional implications have only recently begun to receive much attention. This review summarizes the literature in this field, especially in the light of current cytokine and thymic-factor knowledge, and includes clinical relevance where possible.
Bayesian methods for searching for optimal rules for timing intercourse to achieve pregnancy

With societal trends towards increasing age at starting a pregnancy attempt, many women are concerned about achieving conception before the onset of infertility, which precedes menopause. Couples failing to conceive a pregnancy within 12 months are classified as clinically infertile, and may be recommended for assisted reproductive therapy (ART). Because many ART procedures are expensive and may convey an increased risk of adverse outcomes for the offspring, it is advantageous to decrease time to pregnancy by natural methods. One possibility is to intentionally time intercourse during the days of the menstrual cycle having the highest conception probabilities. This article proposes a Bayesian decision theoretic approach for searching for optimal rules for timing intercourse based on cycle day, secretions and other information. Good rules result in high conception probabilities while requiring minimal targeted intercourse. A biologically based statistical model is used to relate cycle day and biomarkers to the conception probability. A stochastic search procedure is then developed to search for rules with high expected utility, and the methods are applied to data from a recent Italian study. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tackling inequality? Teacher effects and the socioeconomic gap in educational achievement. Evidence from Chile

ABSTRACT Although teacher quality is usually signalled to be the most relevant school-level factor impacting students’ learning, little is known about the relevance of teacher effects explaining educational inequality. By using a value-added model for a cohort of 10th graders, in this work we examine the socioeconomic gap in teacher effects across Chilean secondary schools, and its importance in explaining socioeconomic inequality in students’ achievement in math and language. We found an important proportion of highly effective teachers in low-socioeconomic-status (SES) schools, but also much bigger variation in teacher effects across those schools. Variability in teacher effects decreases when moving towards higher SES schools, where there is also a smaller proportion of low-performing teachers. All in all, teacher effects have a levelling impact for students in low-SES schools when compared to those in middle SES schools, but no significant impact when compared to students in high-SES schools.
Towards a Rapid-Alert System for Security Incidents

Predicting security incidents and forecasting risk are two essential duties when designing an enterprise security system. Based on a quantitative risk assessment technique arising from an an attacker-defender model, we propose a Bayesian learning strategy to continuously update the quality of protection and forecast the decision-theoretic risk. Evidence for or against the security of particular system components can be obtained from various sources, including security patches, software updates, scientific or industrial research result notifications retrieved through RSS feeds. Using appropriate stochastic distribution models, we obtain closed-form expressions (formulas) for the times when to expect the next security incident and when a re-consideration of a security system or component becomes advisable.
Improved Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization

To enhance the performance of quantum-behaved PSO, some improvements are proposed. First, an encoding method based on the Bloch sphere is presented. In this method, each particle carries three groups of Bloch coordinates of qubits, and these coordinates are actually the approximate solutions. The particles are updated by rotating qubits about an axis on the Bloch sphere, which can simultaneously adjust two parameters of qubits, and can automatically achieve the best matching of two adjustments. The optimization process is employed in the n-dimensional space [-1, 1]n, so this approach fits to many optimization problems. The experimental results show that this algorithm is superior to the original quantum-behaved PSO.
Automatic detection of deception in child-produced speech using syntactic complexity features

It is important that the testimony of children be admissible in court, especially given allegations of abuse. Unfortunately, children can be misled by interrogators or might offer false information, with dire consequences. In this work, we evaluate various parameterizations of five classifiers (including support vector machines, neural networks, and random forests) in deciphering truth from lies given transcripts of interviews with 198 victims of abuse between the ages of 4 and 7. These evaluations are performed using a novel set of syntactic features, including measures of complexity. Our results show that sentence length, the mean number of clauses per utterance, and the StajnerMitkov measure of complexity are highly informative syntactic features, that classification accuracy varies greatly by the age of the speaker, and that accuracy up to 91.7% can be achieved by support vector machines given a sufficient amount of data.
Trusted Distribution of Software over the Internet Appeared in the Internet Society 1995 Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security

This paper ooers a solution to a problem of software distribution on the Internet. The problem is that malicious software can be posted to the public with no accountability. When this software is run, it inherits the privileges of the user who runs it. Unfortunately, it is very common for users to execute software obtained on the Internet with no assurance that it is genuine. The solution ooered here utilizes a trusted third party that signs certiicates to identify the author of a program and to secure its integrity. A detailed design is provided. Finally, Bellcore's Trusted Software Integrity (Betsi) System, an implementation of the design , is presented.