Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissociation Between Two Types of Skill Learning Tasks: The Differential Effect of Divided Attention

The proposed distinction between perceptual and conceptual skill-learning tasks was tested. Eighty participants were administered a cued recall task and two priming tasks, one perceptual (partial word-identification) and one conceptual (category production). Two skill-learning tasks were administered as well, one putative perceptual (mirror reading) and the other putative conceptual (Tower of Hanoi puzzle). Each task was performed by half of the participants under a full attention condition, and by the other half under a divided attention condition. Consistent with previous reports in the literature, divided attention did not interfere with the perceptual priming task, but did interfere with the conceptual priming and cued recall tasks. Dissociation was also observed for the skill-learning tasks. Divided attention did not affect either baseline performance or learning rate on the mirror reading task. However, on the Tower of Hanoi puzzle, divided attention did interfere with baseline performance, but contrary to prediction it did not interfere with learning rate. The differential effect of divided attention on the baseline performance in these two tasks was interpreted as supporting the distinction between conceptual and perceptual skill-learning tasks.
Numerical Method for the Heat Equation with Dirichlet and Neumann Conditions

— In this paper, one-dimensional heat equation subject to both Neumann and Dirichlet initial boundary conditions is presented and a Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) is utilized for solving the problem. The obtained results as compared with previous works are highly accurate. Also HPM provides continuous solution in contrast to finite difference method, which only provides discrete approximations. It is found that this method is a powerful mathematical tool and can be applied to a large class of linear and nonlinear problem in different fields of science and technology
Selective search in games of different complexity

• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
The dimensioning of a distributed VR system

The paper shows the specification and evaluation of a distributed virtual reality system (DVRS). The system was parameterized and simulated using dynamic data, as opposed to static data being discussed so far in the literature. The main results show the number of expected users supported by a DVRS with different characteristics such as types and speed of objects.
Altering Party Systems: Strategic Behavior and the Emergence of New Political Parties in Western Democracies

Acknowledgments vii-ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 2. Tales of New and Old Political Parties 11 3. A Theoretical Model 37 4. Studying New Parties 65 5. The Emergence of New Parties 79 6. The Initial Success of New Parties 125 7. Conclusion 147 8. Appendix 151 References 189 Index 205
The NIST Detector-Based Luminous Intensity Scale

The Système International des Unités (SI) base unit for photometry, the candela, has been realized by using absolute detectors rather than absolute sources. This change in method permits luminous intensity calibrations of standard lamps to be carried out with a relative expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2, and thus a 2 standard deviation estimate) of 0.46 %, almost a factor-of-two improvement. A group of eight reference photometers has been constructed with silicon photodiodes, matched with filters to mimic the spectral luminous efficiency function for photopic vision. The wide dynamic range of the photometers aid in their calibration. The components of the photometers were carefully measured and selected to reduce the sources of error and to provide baseline data for aging studies. Periodic remeasurement of the photometers indicate that a yearly recalibration is required. The design, characterization, calibration, evaluation, and application of the photometers are discussed.
Conditionality, Commitment and Investment Response in Ldcs

The private investment response to structural reforms in developing countries is of paramount importance, both for the future economic growth and the survival of the reforms themselves. By employing a sample of countries, recipients of World Bank Structural Adjustment Loans, the present paper assesses whether agreements, including policy conditionality, represent a positive signal for the private sector and translate into capital formation. The empirical investment equation adopted is estimated using dynamic panel data econometric methods, allowing for simultaneity and country-specific effects. The main result obtained is that, while a higher propensity to commit does not seem to affect the private investment response, a higher percentage of tied funds might impact negatively on the demand of fixed investment.
International terrorism : a European response to a global threat?

Is there a specifically 'European response' to international terrorism? Bringing together practitioners and academic experts this volume analyses the international context, threat perceptions and multi-dimensional nature of EU counter-terrorism measures. These cover legislative and operational measures, internal and international action and cut across all areas of EU responsibility and activity. A cooperative and coordinated system of national policies and anti-terrorism capabilities has been set up. However, the EU finds it easier to agree on objectives than on implementing them effectively. Of use and interest to students of European and international politics, to academics, journalists, civil servants and the general reader alike, the book critically evaluates the efforts of the European Union to protect European citizens against terrorism and to maintain a balance between the protection of its citizens and the protection of the rights and freedoms of the individual.
Segregation of Central Ventricular Conduction System Lineages in Early SMA+ Cardiomyocytes Occurs Prior to Heart Tube Formation

The cardiac conduction system (CCS) transmits electrical activity from the atria to the ventricles to coordinate heartbeats. Atrioventricular conduction diseases are often associated with defects in the central ventricular conduction system comprising the atrioventricular bundle (AVB) and right and left branches (BBs). Conducting and contractile working myocytes share common cardiomyogenic progenitors, however the time at which the CCS lineage becomes specified is unclear. In order to study the fate and the contribution to the CCS of cardiomyocytes during early heart tube formation, we performed a genetic lineage analysis using a Sma-CreERT2 mouse line. Lineage tracing experiments reveal a sequential contribution of early Sma expressing cardiomyocytes to different cardiac compartments, labeling at embryonic day (E) 7.5 giving rise to the interventricular septum and apical left ventricular myocardium. Early Sma expressing cardiomyocytes contribute to the AVB, BBs and left ventricular Purkinje fibers. Clonal analysis using the R26-confetti reporter mouse crossed with Sma-CreERT2 demonstrates that early Sma expressing cardiomyocytes include cells exclusively fated to give rise to the AVB. In contrast, lineage segregation is still ongoing for the BBs at E7.5. Overall this study highlights the early segregation of the central ventricular conduction system lineage within cardiomyocytes at the onset of heart tube formation.
Recovery guarantees for mixed norm ℓp1, p2 block sparse representations

In this work, we propose theoretical and algorithmic-independent recovery conditions which guarantee the uniqueness of block sparse recovery in general dictionaries through a general mixed norm optimization problem. These conditions are derived using the proposed block uncertainty principles and block null space property, based on some newly defined characterizations of block spark, and (p, p)-block mutual incoherence. We show that there is improvement in the recovery condition when exploiting the block structure of the representation. In addition, the proposed recovery condition extends the similar results for block sparse setting by generalizing the criterion for determining the active blocks, generalizing the block sparse recovery condition, and relaxing some constraints on blocks such as linear independency of the columns.
Extrinsic Reinforcement in the Classroom: Bribery or Best Practice

Abstract The debate over the effects of the use of extrinsic reinforcement in classrooms, businesses, and societal settings has been occurring for over 30 years. Some theorists have cautioned against the use of reward, whereas others have found little, if any, detrimental effect. This article examines the debate with an emphasis on data-based findings. The extrinsic/intrinsic dichotomy is explored along with seminal studies in both the cognitive and behavioral literatures. The results from important meta-analytic studies are presented. From this review, it is concluded that little detrimental effect is found with the use of external reinforcement. Readers are given specific recommendations on the appropriate use of reinforcement programs in educational settings.
The Health Insurance Experiment A Classic RAND Study Speaks to the Current Health Care Reform Debate

s of all RAND Health publications and full text of many research documents can be found on the RAND Health web site at www.rand. org/health. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofi t research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily refl ect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. RAND Offi ces Santa Monica, CA • Washington, DC • Pittsburgh, PA • Jackson, MS • Doha, QA • Cambridge, UK
We Are Live Creatures: Embodiment, American Pragmatism, and the Cognitive Organism

The philosophical tradition mistakenly asks how th e inside (i.e. thoughts, ideas, concepts) can represent the outside (i.e., the world). This trap is a consequence of the view that mind and body must be two ontologically different entities. On this view the problem of meaning is to explain how disembodied “internal” ideas can repres ent “external” physical objects and events. Several centuries have shown that given a radical m ind-body dichotomy, there is no way to bridge the gap between the inner and the outer. Wh en “mind” and “body” are regarded as two fundamentally different kinds , no third mediating thing can exist that possesses both the metaphysical character of inner, mental things and simultaneously possesses the character of the outer, physical things. Embodied Realism, in contrast to Representationali st theories, rejects the notion that mind and body are two ontologically distinct kinds, and it therefore rejects the attendant view that cognition and language are based on symbolic r epresentations inside the mind of an organism that refer to some physical thing in an ou tside world. Instead, the terms “body” and “mind” are simply convenient shorthand ways of identifying aspects of ongoing organismenvironment interactions—and so cognition and language must be understood as arising from organic processes. We trace the rejection of this mind-body dualism from the philosopherpsychologists known as the early American pragmatists (James and Dewey) forward through recent cognitive science (such as Varela, Maturana, Edelman, Hutchins, Lakoff, Johnson, Brooks). We argue that embodied realism requires a radical reevaluation of the classical dualistic metaphysics and epistemology—especially the classical Representationalist theory of mind —and we conclude by investigating the implications f or future investigations for a new, pragmatically-centered cognitive science.
The Evaluation of a Novel Concurrent-Refresh-Aware DRAM System

The DRAM cell density has been continuously increased as tec hnology scales. The increasing DRAM density requires longer refresh time because more rows need to be protected in a single refresh. Since no memory access is allowed during a refresh, th e refresh penalty is no longer trivial and can incur significant performance degradation. To mitig ate the refresh penalty, a ConcurrentREfresh-Aware Memory system (CREAM) is proposed in this wor k so that memory access and refresh can be executed concurrently. The proposed CREAM ar chitecture distinguishes itself with the following key contributions: (1) Under a given DRAM powe r budget,sub-rank-level refresh (SRLR) is developed to reduce refresh power and the saved power is us ed to enable concurrent memory access for performance improvement; (2) sub-array-level refresh (SALR) is also devised to effectively lower the probability of the conflict be tween memory access and refresh; (3) In addition, novel sub-array level refresh schedulingschemes, such as sub-array round-robinand dynamic scheduling, are designed to further improve the per formance. The feasibility of CREAM is demonstrated by sophisticated design so that CREAM is ful ly compatible with JEDEC-DDR standard with negligible hardware overhead and no pin-out i ncrease. The experimental results show that CREAM can be comparable to a “non-refresh” memory. In general, it can improve the performance by 12.9% and 7.1% over the conventional DRAM and the Elastic-Refresh DRAM memory, respectively.
Do Campaign Donations Alter How a Politician Votes? Or, Do Donors Support Candidates Who Value the Same Things That They Do?1

Despite all the work on how campaign donations influence a politician's behavior, the nagging question of whether contributions alter how the politician votes or whether these contributions constitute support for like‐minded individuals remains unresolved. By combining the campaign contributions literature with the work on politicians intrinsically valuing policy outcomes, we offer a simple test that examines how politicians' voting patterns change when they retire and no longer face the threat of lost campaign contributions. If contributions are causing individual politicians to vote differently, there should be systematic changes in voting behavior when future contributions are eliminated. In contrast, if contributors donate to candidates who intrinsically value the same policies, there should be no changes in how a politician votes during the last period.
The blood gas factor: a comparison of three different oxygen electrodes.

SUMMARY Most of the commercially available oxygen electrodes give a lower value of Po2 for blood than for the gas with which it has been equilibrated. This systematic error, termed “the blood gas factor”, has been determined for three different makes of oxygen electrode. The range of mean blood gas factors for the Radiometer system was found to be 1.8%—5.7% and for the Electronic Instruments Limited system it was 3.6%–5.0%. However, the system manufactured by Instrumentation Laboratory (UK) showed a difference of less than 1.2% between the blood and the gas readings over most of the working range. At Po2 values of 150 mm Hg and below, this difference was not statiscally significant.
The Comparative Effects of Fiscal Policy in Small and Large European Countries

The paper by Denis and Quinet addresses the concern that national fiscal policy may become less effective as integration within the Euro area progresses. In such a context, given the loss of a national monetary policy, fiscal policy needs to play a more significant role in smoothing the impact of country-specific shocks. The authors find no evidence that fiscal policy is less effective in small open economies. They argue that automatic stabilisers seem to be more powerful in these countries, as highlighted by a higher semi-elasticity of the public balance vis-a-vis GDP. They also note that the effectiveness of discretionary fiscal policy can be hampered by a high level of public debt and not by a higher propensity to import. Against the background of these results, Denis and Quinet suggest that one way of reconciling the correlation between country size and the fragility of public finances over the past decades is to argue that small open economies are more subject to external shocks and more prone to fiscal crises.
School engagement, self-esteem and wellbeing during transfer from primary to secondary school

iii List of figures . viii List of tables . x List of models . xii List of appendices . xiii Chapter One. Introduction .
Factors hindering acceptance of using cloud services in university: A case study

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to propose a novel evaluation framework to explore the “root causes” that hinder the acceptance of using internal cloud services in a university.Design/methodology/approach – The proposed evaluation framework incorporates the duo‐theme DEMATEL (decision making trial and evaluation laboratory) with TAM (technology acceptance model). The operational procedures were proposed and tested on a university during the post‐implementation phase after introducing the internal cloud services.Findings – According to the results, clear understanding and operational ease under the theme perceived ease of use (PEOU) are more imperative; whereas improved usefulness and productivity under the theme perceived usefulness (PU) are more urgent to foster the usage of internal clouds in the case university.Research limitations/implications – Based on the findings, some intervention activities were suggested to enhance the level of users' acceptance of internal cloud solutions in the case univer.
Applications of the theory of evolution equations to general relativity

The theory of evolution equations has been applied in various ways in general relativity. Following some general considerations about this, some illustrative examples of the use of ordinary differential equations in general relativity are presented. After this recent applications of Fuchsian equations are described, with particular attention to work on the structure of singularities of solutions of the Einstein equations coupled to a massless scalar field. Next the relations between analytical and numerical studies of the Einstein equations are discussed. Finally an attempt is made to identify fruitful directions for future research within the analytic approach to the study of the Einstein equations.
Making automatic repair for large-scale programs more efficient using weak recompilation

For large-scale programs, automatically repairing a bug by modifying source code is often a time-consuming process due to plenty of time spent on recompiling and reinstalling the patched program. To suppress the above time cost and make the repair process more efficient, a recompilation technique called weak recompilation is described in this paper. In weak recompilation, a program is assumed to be constructed from a set of components, and for each candidate patch only the changed code fragment in term of one component is recompiled to a shared library; the behaviors of patched program are observed by executing the original program with an instrumentation tool which can wrap specified function. The advantage of weak recompilation is that redundant recompilation cost can be suppressed, and reinstallation cost will be cut down completely. We also built WAutoRepair, a system which enables scalability to fix bugs in large-scale C programs with high efficiency. The experiments confirm that our repair system significantly outperforms Genprog, a famous approach for automatic program repair. For the wireshark program containing over 2 millions lines of code, WAutoRepair spent only 0.222 seconds in recompiling one candidate patch and 8.035 seconds in totally repairing the bug, compared to Genprog separately taking about 20.484 and 75.493 seconds, on average.
Cuckoo optimized SVM for stock market prediction

Nowadays stock market is the one of the major sources of raising resources for India and is act as a key driver for economic growth of a country. The stock market forecasting is a very difficult and highly complicated task because it is affected by many factors such as economic conditions, investor's sentiments and political events etc. The stock market series are generally dynamic, nonparametric, noisy and chaotic by nature. Although many soft computing techniques have been widely used, Support Vector Machine (SVM) has gained its popularity and it has outperformed Artificial Neural Network (ANN) also. Even though SVM is novel and performs best in many applications, the practicality of SVM is impacted due to the problems of choosing suitable parameters of SVM (C, σ and ε). The Cuckoo Search (CS) is based on the Swarm Intelligence optimization technique and is very simple to tune the parameters of SVM. The proposed hybrid CS-SVM technique has been proven to be able to generate better results when compared to ANN and SVM in the prediction of the stock price movement.
Red Quasars and Quasar Evolution: The Case of BAL QSO FIRST J155633.8+351758

We present the first near-infrared spectroscopic observations of the radio-loud broad absorption line quasi-stellar object (QSO), FIRST J155633.8+351758. The spectrum is similar to that of a reddened QSO and shows strong emission lines of Hα and Hβ, as well as strong Fe II emission blends near Hβ. The redshift of the object, measured from the Hα and Hβ lines, is zBLR = 1.5008 ± 0.0007, slightly larger than the redshift of zmetal = 1.48, estimated from the broad metal absorption features. Thus, the broad metal absorption features are blue shifted with respect to the systemic velocity. The width of the Hα emission line (FWHM ≈ 4100 km s -1) is typical of that observed in QSO broad-line regions, but the Balmer decrement (Hα/Hβ ≈ 5.8) is larger than that of most optically selected QSOs. Both the Balmer decrement and the slope of the rest-frame UV–optical continuum independently suggest a modest amount of extinction along the line of sight to the broad-line region (EB-V ≈ 0.5 for SMC-type screen extinction at the redshift of the QSO). The implied gas column density along the line of sight is much less than that implied by the weak X-ray flux of the object, suggesting that either the broad emission and absorption line regions have a low dust-to-gas ratio or that the rest-frame optical light encounters significantly lower mean column density lines of sight than the X-ray emission. From the rest-frame UV-optical spectrum, we are able to constrain the stellar mass content of the system (<3 × 1011 M⊙). Comparing this mass limit with the black hole mass estimated from the bolometric luminosity of the QSO, we find it possible that the ratio of the black hole to stellar mass is comparable to the Magorrian value, which would imply that the Magorrian relation is already in place at z = 1.5. However, multiple factors favor a much larger black hole–to–stellar mass ratio. This would imply that if the Magorrian relation characterizes the late history of QSOs and if the situation observed for F1556+3517 is typical of the early evolutionary history of QSOs, central black hole masses develop more rapidly than bulge masses.