Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Venous Drainage in Perimesencephalic Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— In perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal hemorrhage (PMH), subarachnoid blood accumulates around the midbrain. Clinical and radiological characteristics suggest a venous origin of PMH. We compared the venous drainage of the midbrain between patients with PMH and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) by means of computed tomography angiography (CTA). Methods— CTAs of 55 PMH patients and 42 aSAH patients with a posterior circulation aneurysm were reviewed. Venous drainage was classified into: (1) normal continuous: the basal vein of Rosenthal is continuous with the deep middle cerebral vein and drains mainly to the vein of Galen (VG); (2) normal discontinuous: drainage anterior to uncal veins and posterior to VG; and (3) primitive variant: drainage to other veins than VG. Additionally, we compared in PMH patients the side of the primitive variant and side of the bleeding. Results— A primitive variant was present on one or both hemispheres in 53% of PMH patients with PMH (95% CI, 40% to 65%) and in 19% of aSAH patients (95% CI, 10% to 33%). In all 16 PMH patients with a unilateral primitive drainage, blood was seen on the side of the primitive drainage (100%; 95% CI, 81% to 100%); blood was never found mainly on the side with normal drainage. Conclusions— Patients with PMH have a primitive venous drainage directly into dural sinuses instead of via the vein of Galen more often than do controls. Moreover, the side of the perimesencephalic hemorrhage relates to the side of the primitive drainage. These results further support a venous origin of PMH.
Genetic Study of the Height and Weight Process During Infancy

Abstract Longitudinal height and weight data from 4649 Dutch twin pairs between birth and 2.5 years of age were analyzed. The data were first summarized into parameters of a polynomial of degree 4 by a mixed-effects procedure. Next, the variation and covariation in the parameters of the growth curve (size at one year of age, growth velocity, deceleration of growth, rate of change in deceleration [i.e., jerk] and rate of change in jerk [i.e., snap]) were decomposed into genetic and nongenetic sources. Additionally, the variation in the estimated size at birth and at 2 years of age interpolated from the polynomial was decomposed into genetic and nongenetic components. Variation in growth was best characterized by a genetic model which included additive genetic, common environmental and specific environmental influences, plus effects of gestational age. The effect of gestational age was largest for size at birth, explaining 39% of the variance. The differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twin correlations were largest for size at 1 and 2 years of age and growth velocity of weight, which suggests that these parameters are more influenced by heritability than size at birth, deceleration and jerk. The percentage of variance explained by additive genetic influences for height at 2 years of age was 52% for females and 58% for males. For weight at 2 years of age, heritability was approximately 58% for both sexes. Variation in snap height for males was also mainly influenced by additive genetic factors, while snap for females was influenced by both additive genetic and common environmental factors. The correlations for the additive genetic and common environmental factors for deceleration and snap are large, indicating that these parameters are almost entirely under control of the same additive genetic and common environmental factors. Female jerk and snap, and also female height at birth and height at 2 years of age, are mostly under control of the same additive genetic factor.
Segmental and suprasegmental contributions to spoken-word recognition in dutch

Words can be distinguished by segmental differences or by suprasegmental differences or both. Studies from English suggest that suprasegmentals play little role in human spoken-word recognition; English stress, however, is nearly always unambiguously coded in segmental structure (vowel quality); this relationship is less close in Dutch. The present study directly compared the effects of segmental and suprasegmental mispronunciation on word recognition in Dutch. There was a strong effect of suprasegmental mispronunciation, suggesting that Dutch listeners do exploit suprasegmental information in word recognition. Previous findings indicating the effects of mis-stressing for Dutch differ with stress position were replicated only when segmental change was involved, suggesting that this is an effect of segmental rather than suprasegmental processing.
Adsorption kinetics for the removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions on the activated carbons prepared from agricultural wastes

The batch removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using low-cost adsorbents such as cornelian cherry, apricot stone and almond shell under different experimental conditions was investigated in this study. The influences of initial Cr(VI) ion concentration (20 to 300 mg·l-1), pH (1 to 4) and particle size (0.63 to 1.60 mm) have been reported. Adsorption of Cr(VI) is highly pH-dependent and the results indicate that the optimum pH for the removal was found to be 1 for all types of carbon. A comparison of kinetic models applied to the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions on the adsorbents was evaluated for the pseudo first-order, the pseudo second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models, respectively. Results show that the pseudo second-order kinetic model was found to correlate the experimental data well.
Sekulariseringens mange ansigter

Hvad er opfattelsen af forholdet mellem religion og samfund blandt etniske danskere og de etniske minoriteter? Dette sporgsmal analyseres ud fra en sporgeskemaundersogelse blandt etniske danskere og tyrkiske og pakistanske indvandrere og efterkommere i Danmark. Der formuleres tre hypoteser: For det forste en sekulariseringshypotese: muslimer er mindre sekulariserede end danskere. For det andet en etnicitetshypotese: etnisk tilhorsforhold spiller en storre rolle for vaerdier end trosretning. Den tredje hypotese vedrorer socialisation og haevder at efterkommere placerer sig mellem etniske danskere og indvandrere mht. sekularisering. Sekularisering defineres som manglende sammenhaeng mellem religion og andre vaerdier og males i forhold til politik og familievaerdier. Analysen viser at ingen af hypoteserne kan verificeres generelt, men at sammenhaengene afhaenger af savel trosretning som etnisk gruppe. Graden af personlig religiositet spiller en rolle for graden af sekularisering, ogsa for etniske danskerne. Resultaterne viser at man ikke kan skaere alle muslimer over en kam og giver behov for mere nuancerede tolkninger af vaerdier blandt etniske grupper i Danmark. ENGELSK ABSTRACT: Peter Gundelach: The Many Faces of Secularism This article analyses the relationship between religion and politics in nine ethnic groups in Denmark (including Danes). The data were collected through a survey among these groups. Secularization is defined as the lack of a correlation between religion and other values, and is measured in relation to political and family values. The study has three hypotheses. 1) A secularization hypothesis states that Muslims are less secularized than Christians in Denmark; 2) An ethnicity hypothesis argues that ethnicity is more important than denomination as regards values; 3) A socialization hypothesis asserts that the longer time a person has lived in Denmark, the more s/he has secularized values. Since descendants of immigrants are socialized in Danish institutions as well as in immigrant families, the argument is that they are between the Danes and the immigrants in relation to secularization. The analysis shows that none of the hypotheses can be generally confirmed. Secularization must be explained by combinations of ethnicity and denomination. This means that it is impossible to generalize about the relationship between religious values and other values in all ethnic groups. Key words: Secularization, ethnicity, survey, Islam, political values.
Information Aggregation, Rationality, and the Condorcet Jury Theorem

The Condorcet Jury Theorem states that majorities are more likely than any single individual to select the “better” of two alternatives when there exists uncertainty about which of the two alternatives is in fact preferred. Most extant proofs of this theorem implicitly make the behavioral assumption that individuals vote “sincerely” in the collective decision making, a seemingly innocuous assumption, given that individuals are taken to possess a common preference for selecting the better alternative. However, in the model analyzed here we find that sincere behavior by all individuals is not rational even when individuals have such a common preference. In particular, sincere voting does not constitute a Nash equilibrium. A satisfactory rational choice foundation for the claim that majorities invariably “do better” than individuals, therefore, has yet to be derived.
A Simplified Description of Fuzzy TOPSIS

A simplified description of Fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Situation) is presented. We have adapted the TOPSIS description from existing Fuzzy theory literature and distilled the bare minimum concepts required for understanding and applying TOPSIS. An example has been worked out to illustrate the application of TOPSIS for a multi-criteria group decision making scenario.
Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. Alleviates Diabetic Retinopathy by Preventing Retinal Inflammation and Tight Junction Protein Decrease

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to observe the alleviation of the ethanol extract of Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. (DC), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on DR and its engaged mechanism. After DC (30 or 300 mg/kg) was orally administrated, the breakdown of blood retinal barrier (BRB) in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats was attenuated by DC. Decreased retinal mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (including occludin and claudin-1) in diabetic rats was also reversed by DC. Western blot analysis and retinal immunofluorescence staining results further confirmed that DC reversed the decreased expression of occludin and claudin-1 proteins in diabetic rats. DC reduced the increased retinal mRNA expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin- (IL-) 6, and IL-1β in diabetic rats. In addition, DC alleviated the increased 1 and phosphorylated p65, IκB, and IκB kinase (IKK) in diabetic rats. DC also reduced the increased serum levels of TNFα, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12, IL-2, IL-3, and IL-10 in diabetic rats. Therefore, DC can alleviate DR by inhibiting retinal inflammation and preventing the decrease of tight junction proteins, such as occludin and claudin-1.
Kin Selection as the Key to Altruism: Its Rise and Fall

ONE OF THE ENDURING UNSETTLED ISSUES OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY is th e paradox o f collateral altruistic behavior—th a t is, w hen some individuals subordinate their own interests and those of their immedi­ ate offspring in order to serve the interests o f a larger group beyond offspring (Wilson, 1975). How m ight such behavior evolve if the genes prom oting it are at such a disadvantage in com petition w ith genes th at oppose it? Charles Darwin saw th at the paradox was dangerous to his theory of evolution by natural selection. He was particularly concerned by the social behavior of ants. Not only do flagrantly selfless individuals exist, but they form distinct w orker castes, which in some species are subdi­ vided further into specialized subcastes—for example, large, aggressive (but sterile) soldiers and small nurses and foragers. How could such crea­ tures come into existence if they never reproduce? Darwin solved the dilemma to his own satisfaction and th at of other biologists for nearly a hundred years by noting th at if the combined offspring of the queen ant formed a colony th at allowed her to produce more offspring than could an otherwise comparable solitaiy female, sterile castes would evolve as part of the variation o f a single hereditaiy type. That hereditaiy type, not the plastic forms it produces, is therefore the unit o f selection. The altru­ istic castes, he said, are like the well-flavored vegetable part in a single crop strain produced by selective breeding (Darwin, 1859). In 1932 and again in 1955 J. B. S. Haldane, one o f the founders o f the m odem genetic theoiy o f evolution, put a new tw ist on the altru
White blood cell count and cardiovascular biomarkers of atherosclerosis

Objective: To investigate the association with white blood cells (WBC) and atherosclerotic parameters including cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) in the general population. Methods: We investigated the relationship between WBC count and metabolic syndrome components, CAVI and CIMT in 3738 Japanese study participants. Results: WBC count weakly correlated with CAVI in men (β = 0.61, p = 0.043), but not in women (β = 0.35, p = 0.17). On the other hand, WBC did not correlate with CIMT in either men or women (p = 0.41 and p = 0.71, respectively). Conclusion: WBC count was associated with lipids, blood pressure and body mass index, although the correlations with CAVI and CIMT were weak or absent.
Frequency of causes of ascites in patients admitted at medical unit of a tertiary medical care facility.

BACKGROUND Ascites can be defined as accumulation of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It is the most common complication of cirrhosis and is associated with a poor quality of health, increased risks of infections, renal failure and a poor long-term outcome. This descriptive analytical study was conducted on one hundred and fifty diagnosed patients of ascites consecutively admitted in medical unit of tertiary care facility attached to Muhammad Medical College, Mirpur Khas, Sindh, from Oct 2006 to Sep 2008. METHODS Special proforma was prepared containing patients' basic information, history, clinical findings and investigations necessary to diagnose the cause of ascites. Patients with ascites due to perforation and intraperitoneal bleeding were excluded from the study. Serum-ascitic albumin gradient (SAAG) was calculated and patients were grouped into high and low SAAG groups. The obtained data was analysed using SPSS- 11. RESULTS In this study 150 patients of ascites were included. Patients were arranged in two groups. High SAAG 'high portal pressure' group and low SAAG 'low portal pressure' group. In high SAAG group patients included were 128 (85.33%), and in low SAAG group patients included were 22 (14.66%). In high SAAG group, out of 128 (85.33%) patients 122 (81.33%) were of cirrhotic ascites, [(viral hepatitis B, C and combined 105 (70%), alcoholic 7 (4.66%), cryptogenic 10 (6.66%)], heart failure ascitic patients were 5 (3.33%), and constrictive pericarditis 1 (0.66). In low SAAG group out of 22 (14.66%) patients malignant ascites was (primary peritoneal carcinomatosis and metastasis) 11 (7.33%), tuberculous ascites was 10 (6.66%), and ascites due to nephrotic syndrome was 1 (0.66%). CONCLUSION As large number of cases of ascites are due to cirrhosis of liver that has little or no cure in developing countries. Media and NGO's should further work to increase awareness of this deadly problem.
Age- and gender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjects by means of OXY-SCORE, a potential new comprehensive index

Abstract Oxidative stress has been related to various diseases, gender and ageing, and has been measured by various markers. The authors developed a procedure to compute a global oxidative stress index (OXY-SCORE), reflecting both oxidative and antioxidant markers in healthy subjects. Its performance was tested in relation to age and gender and in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Eighty-two healthy subjects and 20 CAD patients were enrolled. Plasma free and total malondialdehyde (F- and T-MDA), glutathione disulphide/reduced form ratio (GSSG/GSH) and urine isoprostanes (iPF2α-III) levels were combined as oxidative damage markers (damage score). GSH, α- and γ-tocopherol (TH) levels, and individual antioxidant capacity were combined as antioxidant defence indexes (protection score). The OXY-SCORE was computed by subtracting the protection score from the damage score. Among single parameters, T-MDA and iPF2α-III significantly correlated with age; only GSH and both tocopherols correlated with male gender in healthy subjects. The OXY-SCORE was positively associated with age (p=0.004) and male gender (p=0.03). As expected, the OXY-SCORE was higher in CAD with a very significant p-value (<0.0001), after adjusting for age, gender and smoking. Combining different markers can potentially provide a powerful index in the evaluation of oxidative stress related to age, gender and CAD status.
Sex differences in 24-hour ultra-marathon performance - A retrospective data analysis from 1977 to 2012

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the changes in running performance and the sex differences between women and men in 24-hour ultra-marathons held worldwide from 1977 to 2012. METHOD: Changes in running speed and ages of the fastest 24-hour ultra-marathoners were determined using single- and multi-level regression analyses. RESULTS: From 1977 to 2012, the sex differences in 24-hour ultra-marathon performance were 4.6±0.5% for all women and men, 13.3% for the annual fastest finishers, 12.9±0.8% for the top 10 and 12.2±0.4% for the top 100 finishers. Over time, the sex differences decreased for the annual fastest finishers to 17%, for the annual 10 fastest finishers to 11.3±2.2% and for the annual 100 fastest finishers to 14.2±1.8%. For the annual fastest men, the age of peak running speed increased from 23 years (1977) to 53 years (2012). For the annual 10 and 100 fastest men, the ages of peak running speed were unchanged at 40.9±2.5 and 44.4±1.1 years, respectively. For women, the ages of the annual fastest, the annual 10 fastest and the annual 100 fastest remained unchanged at 43.0±6.1, 43.2±2.6 and 43.8±0.8 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: The gap between the annual top, annual top 10 and annual top 100 female and male 24-hour ultra-marathoners decreased over the last 35 years; however, it seems unlikely that women will outrun men in 24-hour ultra-marathons in the near future. The fastest 24-hour ultra-marathoners worldwide achieved their peak performance at the age of master athletes (>35 years).
Modeling Human Movement Systems : Ocular Dynamics and Skeletal Systems

Issues that are central to the modeling and analysis of a human movement system include musculotendon dynamics, the kinetics and kinematics of the biomechanical system, and the determination of neurological controls that are pertinent to a particular movement. In formulating a model for a biological control system, realism and complexity are always competing concerns. Human motion involves neurons, muscles, chemical reactions, bones, joints, and ligaments. How realistic can a model be made and still be simple enough for practical implementation and analytical tractability? What features of these enormously complex mechanisms are essential to include in the model, and which may be left out? Clearly, part of the answer to these questions lies in the specific model to be analyzed and the purpose for which it is to be used. This article focuses on the dynamics and control of ocular and skeletal systems. The discussion of these systems provides insights into modeling issues that are common to the study of human movement systems. One of the first human movement systems to be studied was the ocular motor system. In 1630, Descartes [1] proposed a model of eye movement based on the principle of reciprocal innervation, a notion of paired muscular activity in which a contraction of one muscle is associated with the relaxation of the other. Since that time, modeling of the human ocular system and its dynamic properties have been studied extensively by neurologists, physiologists, and engineers [2]-[14]. Both practical and theoretical motivations exist for considering the ocular movement system. Clinical applications include the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus, muscle palsy, and the effects of neurological disorders. From a control-theoretic viewpoint, the ocular system is of relatively low dimension and easier to control than other neuromuscular systems. By scrutinizing the trajectories of eye movements, it is possible to infer the effects of motoneuronal activity; to deduce the central nervous system’s control strategy; and, because of the relatively small number of actuators in this system, to more systematically observe the effects of perturbations in musculotendon parameters, as well as neural controls. Models of the musculoskeletal system also provide a means for elucidating the relationships between form and function. For instance, understanding the adaptation of femoral structures to mechanical stimuli by joint and muscle loading is basic to the notion of bone remodeling, first proposed by Wolf [15]. Since the first systematic study of the muscle-bone unloading principle by Pauwels [16], there have been several investigations into the role of muscle forces on the loading conditions of bone and subsequent stress development [17]-[24]. There are several practical and clinical motivations for studying neuromuscular effects on stress development. For
Age-related effect of visual biofeedback on human balance control

Real-time visual biofeedback (VBF) is a volunt ary control mechanism of postural activity using additional visual information of the centre of pressure (CoP) position. The aim of the study was to examine balance control performance in subjects of different age during the stance on different support surfaces with and without VBF. The study was performed on 20 young and 13 older subjects during stance on firm and foam surface in the conditions with and without VBF. Body sway was measured by force platform (CoP) and by two accelerometers located on the upper (Th4) and lower trunk (L5). Additional VBF showed the improvement of body balance with decreased CoP parameters RMS (root mean square), Ax (amplitude of postural sway in left-right direction) and Ay (amplitude of postural sway in forward-backward direction) in both age groups, but not with the same extent. Elderly subjects were able to improve their balance only during the stance on foam surface. Trunk tilts recorded by accelerometer at L5 level showed reduction of measured parameters only in the group of young subjects. Body tilts recorded by accelerometer placed at Th4 level showed no reduction of parameters. The present results confirm knowledge about the stabilizing effect of additional VBF in stance control. Young subjects are able to improve their balance using additional VBF during the stance on both types of support surface more effectively than elderly subjects. However, the extent in which VBF of the CoP position can reduce postural sway is limited mainly on CoP displacements.