Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The LOFAR Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS) - I. Survey description and first results

We present the Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS), the first northern-sky LOFAR imaging survey. In this introductory paper, we first describe in detail the motivation and design of the survey. Compared to previous radio surveys, MSSS is exceptional due to its intrinsic multifrequency nature providing information about the spectral properties of the detected sources over more than two octaves (from 30 to 160 MHz). The broadband frequency coverage, together with the fast survey speed generated by LOFAR's multibeaming capabilities, make MSSS the first survey of the sort anticipated to be carried out with the forthcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Two of the sixteen frequency bands included in the survey were chosen to exactly overlap the frequency coverage of large-area Very Large Array (VLA) and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) surveys at 74 MHz and 151 MHz respectively. The survey performance is illustrated within the "MSSS Verification Field" (MVF), a region of 100 square degrees centered at J2000 (RA,Dec)=(15h,69deg). The MSSS results from the MVF are compared with previous radio survey catalogs. We assess the flux and astrometric uncertainties in the catalog, as well as the completeness and reliability considering our source finding strategy. We determine the 90% completeness levels within the MVF to be 100 mJy at 135 MHz with 108" resolution, and 550 mJy at 50 MHz with 166" resolution. Images and catalogs for the full survey, expected to contain 150,000-200,000 sources, will be released to a public web server. We outline the plans for the ongoing production of the final survey products, and the ultimate public release of images and source catalogs.
Regulation of Copper‐Dependent Endocytosis and Vacuolar Degradation of the Yeast Copper Transporter, Ctr1p, by the Rsp5 Ubiquitin Ligase

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae high‐affinity copper transporter, Ctr1p, mediates cellular uptake of Cu(I). We report that when copper (50 μm CuSO4) is added to the growth medium of copper‐starved cells, Ctr1p is rapidly internalized by endocytosis, delivered to the lumen of the lysosome‐like vacuole and slowly degraded by vacuolar proteases. Through analysis of the trafficking and degradation of Ctr1p mutants, two lysine residues in the C‐terminal cytoplasmic tail of Ctr1p, Lys340 and Lys345, were found to be critical for copper‐dependent endocytosis and degradation. In response to copper addition, Ctr1p was found to be ubiquitylated and a mutation in the Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase largely abolished ubiquitylation, endocytosis and degradation. In a strain lacking the Rsp5p accessory factors Bul1p and Bul2p, endocytosis and degradation of Ctr1p–green fluorescent protein were substantially diminished. Surprisingly, a Ctr1p mutant that lacks Lys340 and Lys345 was still ubiquitylated in a copper‐dependent manner, indicating that ubiquitylation of Ctr1p on other sites is insufficient to drive copper‐dependent endocytosis and degradation. This study demonstrates that copper regulates turnover of Ctr1p by stimulating Rsp5p‐dependent endocytosis and degradation of Ctr1p in the vacuole.
Ultrafast endocytosis at Caenorhabditis elegans neuromuscular junctions

Synaptic vesicles can be released at extremely high rates, which places an extraordinary demand on the recycling machinery. Previous ultrastructural studies of vesicle recycling were conducted in dissected preparations using an intense stimulation to maximize the probability of release. Here, a single light stimulus was applied to motor neurons in intact Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes expressing channelrhodopsin, and the animals rapidly frozen. We found that docked vesicles fuse along a broad active zone in response to a single stimulus, and are replenished with a time constant of about 2 s. Endocytosis occurs within 50 ms adjacent to the dense projection and after 1 s adjacent to adherens junctions. These studies suggest that synaptic vesicle endocytosis may occur on a millisecond time scale following a single physiological stimulus in the intact nervous system and is unlikely to conform to current models of endocytosis. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.00723. 001
Calcium Carbonate Production, Coral Reef Growth, and Sea Level Change

Shallow, seaward portions of modern coral reefs produce about 4 kilograms of calcium carbonate per square meter per year, and protected areas produce about 0.8 kilogram per square meter per year. The difference is probably largely a function of water motion. The more rapid rate, equivalent to a maximum vertical accretion of 3 to 5 millimeters per year, places an upper limit on the potential of modern coral reef communities to create a significant vertical structure on a rising sea.
Education and the Structural Crisis of Capital: The U.S. Case

Today’s conservative movement for the reform of public education in the United States, and in much of the world, is based on the prevailing view that public education is in a state of emergency and in need of restructuring due to its own internal failures. In contrast, I shall argue that the decay of public education is mainly a product of externally imposed contradictions that are inherent to schooling in capitalist society, heightened in our time by conditions of economic stagnation in the mature capitalist economies, and by the effects of the conservative reform movement itself. The corporate-driven onslaught on students, teachers, and public schools—symbolized in the United States by George W. Bush’s No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation—is to be explained not so much by the failure of the schools themselves, but by the growing failures of the capitalist system, which now sees the privatization of public education as central to addressing its larger malaise.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
New efficient MDS array codes for RAID. Part II. Rabin-like codes for tolerating multiple (/spl ges/ 4) disk failures

For pt.1 see ibid., vol.54, no.9, p.1071-1080 (2005). A new class of binary maximum distance separable (MDS) array codes which are based on circular permutation matrices are introduced in this paper. These array codes are used for tolerating multiple (/spl ges/ 4) disk failures in redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID) architecture. The size of the information part is m /spl times/ n, where n is the number of information disks and (m + 1) is a prime integer; the size of the parity-check part is m /spl times/ r, the minimum distance is r + 1, and the number of parity-check disks is r. In practical applications, m can be very large and n ranges from 20 to 50. The code rate is R = n/(n+r). These codes can be used for tolerating up to r disk failures, with very fast encoding and decoding. The complexities of encoding and decoding algorithms are O(rmn) and O(m/sup 3/r/sup 4/), respectively. When r = 4, there need to be 9mn XOR operations for encoding and (9n + 95)(m + 1) XOR operations for decoding.
Disabilities, Spirituality, and Well-Being in Late Life: Research Foundations for Study and Practice

ABSTRACT Under the impact of increasing longevity and other trends, the number of aging people with disabilities and accompanying limitations and problems is growing. Some disabilities are pre-existing conditions to which aging adds complications. Others represent completely new circumstances to the person for which each lacks habitual coping techniques. Disabilities generate complex ethical issues for individuals and society. They also tend to arouse the personal awareness of spiritual needs. Quantitative, qualitative, and clinical research investigations have demonstrated the predominately beneficial effects of spiritual interventions on the well-being of disabled elders. The findings provide many insights on the importance of including appropriate attention to spirituality in professional interventions, the services provided by lay caregivers, and informal therapies like the spiritual life review. Yet, despite significant progress, spiritual interventions still face many limitations, problems, and deficiencies. Research on relationships between disability and spirituality is still in early stages of development. Future progress in both the research and its applications to services with and for disabled older persons hinges upon resolving complex issues of defining, measuring, applying, administering, and evaluating the intangible phenomena that are subsumed under the label of spirituality, as well as on extending the research to include cross-cultural studies that are a requisite for global applications.
An Examination of Children Exposed to Marital Violence Accessing a Treatment Intervention

SUMMARY This study examines the well-being of families accessing treatment due to children's exposure to marital violence. Participants were 47 children, aged 6–12 years, enrolled in a 10-week group treatment intervention and one of their parents who were attending a corresponding parenting group. Measures were administered prior to the commencement of the programs and again in the ninth week of the interventions. Children completed self-report measures of anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress and associated symptoms, and knowledge of abuse and safety planning. Parents reported on child competence and behavior problems, as well as their own experience of stress. Results indicated elevated rates of clinical scores on several measures compared with normative data. Parental stress was significantly correlated with reported child behavior problems, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Scores at the second assessment indicated significant changes in ratings of child behavior problems, parental stress, and child knowledge. Mediating factors of gender and child physical abuse were examined.
Further evidence on some new measures of job control, cognitive demand and production responsibility

Current approaches to job design and job stress, and their application in the context of new manufacturing technologies and practices, call for new widely applicable measures of job properties. In response to this need, Jackson, Wall, Martin and Davids (1993) described the development of new scales of timing control, method control, monitoring demand, problem-solving demand and production responsibility. This article provides further evidence concerning these measures, based on the responses of nearly 1700 employees from five separate samples. The evidence includes: investigation through confirmatory factor analysis of the applicability of the underlying five-factor measurement model on two new samples; improvement of the problem-solving demand scale; a test of the replicability of the measurement model by formal factorial invariance tests across four samples; additional information on scale reliability and construct validity; and normative data for a wide range of shopfloor and related jobs.
Acupuncture with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus acupuncture or NSAIDs alone for the treatment of chronic neck pain: an assessor-blinded randomised controlled pilot study

Objective To investigate the feasibility and sample size required for a full-scale randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of acupuncture with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic neck pain compared with acupuncture or NSAID treatment alone. Methods A total of 45 patients with chronic neck pain participated in the study. For 3 weeks the acupuncture with NSAIDs treatment group took NSAIDs (zaltoprofen, 80 mg) daily while receiving acupuncture treatment three times a week. The acupuncture treatment group received treatment three times a week and the NSAID treatment group took NSAIDs daily. The primary outcomes were to determine the feasibility and to calculate the sample size. As secondary outcomes, pain intensity and pain-related symptoms for chronic neck pain were measured. Results With regard to enrolment and dropout rates, 88.2% of patients consented to be recruited to the trial and 15.6% of participants were lost to follow-up. The sample size for a full-scale trial was estimated to be 120 patients. Although preliminary, there was a significant change in the visual analogue scale (VAS) for neck pain intensity between the baseline measurement and each point of assessment in all groups. However, there was no difference in VAS scores between the three groups. Conclusions This pilot study has provided the feasibility and sample size for a full-scale trial of acupuncture with NSAIDs for chronic neck pain compared with acupuncture or NSAID treatment alone. Further research is needed to validate the effects of acupuncture with NSAIDs. Clinical Trial Registration NIH ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01205958.
Functional Analysis of Spontaneous Cell Movement under Different Physiological Conditions

Cells can show not only spontaneous movement but also tactic responses to environmental signals. Since the former can be regarded as the basis to realize the latter, playing essential roles in various cellular functions, it is important to investigate spontaneous movement quantitatively at different physiological conditions in relation to a cell's physiological functions. For that purpose, we observed a series of spontaneous movements by Dictyostelium cells at different developmental periods by using a single cell tracking system. Using statistical analysis of these traced data, we found that cells showed complex dynamics with anomalous diffusion and that their velocity distribution had power-law tails in all conditions. Furthermore, as development proceeded, average velocity and persistency of the movement increased and as too did the exponential behavior in the velocity distribution. Based on these results, we succeeded in applying a generalized Langevin model to the experimental data. With this model, we discuss the relation of spontaneous cell movement to cellular physiological function and its relevance to behavioral strategies for cell survival.
Downregulation of Bcl-2 Expression by miR-34a Mediates Palmitate-Induced Min6 Cells Apoptosis

Recent studies have demonstrated that the expression of miR-34a is significantly upregulated and associated with cell apoptosis in pancreatic β-cell treated with palmitate. Nevertheless, the underlying detailed mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we showed that miR-34a was significantly induced in Min6 pancreatic β-cell upon palmitate treatment. Elevated miR-34a promoted Min6 cell apoptosis. Intriguingly, ectopic expression of miR-34a lowered the expression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein. Luciferase reporter assay indicated the direct interaction of miR-34a with the Bcl-2 3′-UTR. Moreover, downregulated expression of Bcl-2 induced by palmitate could be restored by inhibition of miR-34a. We conclude that direct suppression of Bcl-2 by miR-34a accounts for palmitate-induced increased apoptosis rate in pancreatic β-cell.
A response to the Devilly and Cotton article, “Psychological Debriefing and the Workplace …”

This response to the Devilly and Cotton article on psychological debriefing expresses concern that the authors have misrepresented important factual information regarding psychological debriefing. Of particular concern is the intermingling of the terms “debriefing”, “psychological debriefing”, “Critical Incident Stress Debriefing” (CISD), and Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) as if they were synonymous. Great concern is articulated in this response that Devilly and Cotton have included unsubstantiated and unscientific rhetoric within what should be a scientific article. Efforts are made to counterbalance the distortions of the Devilly and Cotton article by presenting accurate information regarding the field of Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) and its specific small group intervention, Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD).
A New Perspective on Vertex Connectivity

Edge connectivity and vertex connectivity are two fundamental concepts in graph theory. Although by now there is a good understanding of the structure of graphs based on their edge connectivity, our knowledge in the case of vertex connectivity is much more limited. An essential tool in capturing edge connectivity are edge-disjoint spanning trees. The famous results of Tutte and Nash-Williams show that a graph with edge connectivity $\lambda$ contains $\floor{\lambda/2}$ edge-disjoint spanning trees. We present connected dominating set (CDS) partition and packing as tools that are analogous to edge-disjoint spanning trees and that help us to better grasp the structure of graphs based on their vertex connectivity. The objective of the CDS partition problem is to partition the nodes of a graph into as many connected dominating sets as possible. The CDS packing problem is the corresponding fractional relaxation, where CDSs are allowed to overlap as long as this is compensated by assigning appropriate weights. CDS partition and CDS packing can be viewed as the counterparts of the well-studied edge-disjoint spanning trees, focusing on vertex disjointedness rather than edge disjointness. We constructively show that every $k$-vertex-connected graph with $n$ nodes has a CDS packing of size $\Omega(k/\log n)$ and a CDS partition of size $\Omega(k/\log^5 n)$. We prove that the $\Omega(k/\log n)$ CDS packing bound is existentially optimal. Using CDS packing, we show that if vertices of a $k$-vertex-connected graph are independently sampled with probability $p$, then the graph induced by the sampled vertices has vertex connectivity $\tilde{\Omega}(kp^2)$. Moreover, using our $\Omega(k/\log n)$ CDS packing, we get a store-and-forward broadcast algorithm with optimal throughput in the networking model where in each round, each node can send one bounded-size message to all its neighbors.
Efficient influence maximization in social networks

Influence maximization is the problem of finding a small subset of nodes (seed nodes) in a social network that could maximize the spread of influence. In this paper, we study the efficient influence maximization from two complementary directions. One is to improve the original greedy algorithm of [5] and its improvement [7] to further reduce its running time, and the second is to propose new degree discount heuristics that improves influence spread. We evaluate our algorithms by experiments on two large academic collaboration graphs obtained from the online archival database arXiv.org. Our experimental results show that (a) our improved greedy algorithm achieves better running time comparing with the improvement of [7] with matching influence spread, (b) our degree discount heuristics achieve much better influence spread than classic degree and centrality-based heuristics, and when tuned for a specific influence cascade model, it achieves almost matching influence thread with the greedy algorithm, and more importantly (c) the degree discount heuristics run only in milliseconds while even the improved greedy algorithms run in hours in our experiment graphs with a few tens of thousands of nodes. Based on our results, we believe that fine-tuned heuristics may provide truly scalable solutions to the influence maximization problem with satisfying influence spread and blazingly fast running time. Therefore, contrary to what implied by the conclusion of [5] that traditional heuristics are outperformed by the greedy approximation algorithm, our results shed new lights on the research of heuristic algorithms.
NUMBER 99 Biogeographical identification of English Channel fish and shellfish stocks

Section 2, at the Fisheries Laboratory at Lowestoft. He is co-chairman of the Channel Fisheries Study Group through which English, French and Channel Isles scientists are investigating the nature and activities of fishing fleets, and the fish and shellfish resource populations they exploit, in the English Channel. The contributions of members of the Study Group to this Laboratory Leaflet are detailed in the Acknowledgements. Acknowledgments This Technical Report is based on a report to the European Commission prepared by staff of the MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research at Lowestoft and the Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) Centres at Boulogne, Port-en-Bessin and Brest. The following people were responsible for the original extraction of information from published research papers and analyses of unpublished data held by MAFF or IFREMER, and the subsequent interpretation of each species' stock identity: MAFF (Lowestoft) D Bennett lobster, edible crab, spider crab J Casey hake D Palmer scallop W Dawson anglerfish, mackerel, scad S Flatman lemon sole T Hulme herring, sprat, pilchard S Jennings cod, whiting R Millner plaice, sole G Pickett bass, black bream M Vince spurdog, rays IFREMER (Boulogne) P Lorance mackerel, herring A Souplet cod, whiting (Port-en-Bessin) M Giret plaice, sole J Morin scallop A Tetard rays (Brest) P Berthou scallops D Latrouite edible crab, spider crab, lobster Y Morizur pollack, black bream, anglerfish, bass Biological information was also provided on edible crab by S Ozanne (Guernsey Sea Fisheries Committee), black bream by S Bossy (Jersey SFC) and cuttlefish by V Legrand (French Regional Fisheries Committee), and by D Symonds (groundfish surveys), J Riley (nursery area surveys) and R Harrop (plankton distributions), all of MAFF.
Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory

First published in 1992, this volume follows on from the programme for studying risk and blame that was implied in Purity and Danger. The first half of the book Douglas argues that the study of risk needs a systematic framework of political and cultural comparison. In the latter half she examines questions in cultural theory. Through the eleven essays contained in Risk and Blame, Douglas argues that the prominence of risk discourse will force upon the social sciences a programme of rethinking and consolidation that will include anthropological approaches.
Considering the Roles for AESA: An Argument Against Commercialism, Reductionism, and the Quest for Certainty

When we graduated with our Ph.D.s, my friends and I held a party. It was called “The Soap Box Party,” and there were two straightforward rules. Each person had to stand on the soap box and talk about their thesis for five minutes. This sounded easy enough because each of us had recently defended our dissertations, so we certainly should have been able to talk about our work for a mere five minutes. The rub was the other rule. You couldn’t cite anybody else’s work. You had to hold forth for five minutes without a single “as Dewey said,” or “according to Foucault. ” The goal was to speak with authority—as though we had achieved a level of sophistication and understanding that meant we knew what we were talking about. Nobody made it. Not a single person succeeded. Why? Well, we were too-well schooled. We learned very well what our job was as a doctoral student. We had to take a long list of classes, read lots of books, write plenty of papers—and cite source after source after source. We had to present at conferences and we had to publish our work. We had to know Plato’s Forms, Pestalozzi’s regard for young children, and that Charles Saunders Peirce’s last name is pronounced Purse, not Peirce, like it’s spelled. Indeed, we had to know what they said, when they said it,