Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complete register allocation problems

The search for efficient algorithms for register allocation dates back to the time of the first Fortran compiler for the IBM 704. Since then, many variants of the problem have been considered; depending on two factors: (1) the particular model for registers, and (2) the definition of the term “computation of a program” e.g. whether values may be computed more than once. We will show that several variants of the register allocation problem for straight line programs are polynomial complete. In particular we consider, (1) the case when each value is computed exactly once, and (2) the case when values may be recomputed as necessary. The completeness of the third problem considered is surprising. A straight line program starts with a set of initial values, and computes intermediate and final values. Suppose, for each value, the register that value must be computed into is preassigned. Then, (3) the problem of determining if there is a computation of the straight line program, that computes values into the assigned registers, is polynomial complete.
Dual-Band Rectangular Patch Hybrid Coupler

This paper presents, for the first time, the design of a rectangular patch hybrid coupler that can operate at two arbitrary frequency bands with the same quadrature phase relation between the two outputs. The design procedure of the hybrid coupler is presented. For demonstration, a dual-band rectangular patch hybrid coupler is designed to operate in the 2.4- and 5-GHz bands corresponding to the IEEE 802.11 a/b/g bands. The measured result shows 9.3% and 18.2% bandwidth for the lower and upper frequency bands.
Effect of previous strength training episode and retraining on facilitation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and contractile properties after long-term detraining in rats

In the present study, we investigated the effects of previous strength training and retraining following long-term cessation of exercise on muscle mass and contractile properties. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=24) aged eight weeks were randomly assigned one of the four groups: control (CON), detraining (DT), training (TR), and retraining (RT). The training regimen consisted of climbing ladder 5×3 sets, once every third day for eight weeks with weight attached to the tail. The weight carried during each training session was initially 50% of body weight and progressively increased by 10% per session. The rats in DT were detained for 20 weeks followed by eight weeks strength training. The rats in the both TR and RT groups underwent eight weeks training. DT was age matched new training group while RT was retraining group after 20 weeks of detraining. Soleus, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscles were harvested in order to measure the weight, and in situ contractile properties of FHL were measured including specific twitch tension (Spt) and specific tetanic tension (Spo). TR showed significant increase in muscle mass compared to CON (P<0.05). DT and RT showed significant increase in muscle mass when compared to all other groups (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in Spt and Spo among the groups. The present study showed that previous strength training facilitates retraining-induced muscle hypertrophy following long-term cessation of exercise.
Duality-Symmetric Approach to General Relativity and Supergravity

We review the application of a duality-symmetric approach to gravity and supergravity with emphasizing benefits and disadvantages of the formulation. Contents of these notes includes: 1) Introduction with putting the accent on the role of dual gravity within M-theory; 2) Dualization of gravity with a cosmological constant in D = 3; 3) On- shell description of dual gravity in D > 3; 4) Construction of the duality-symmetric action for General Relativity with/without matter fields; 5) On-shell description of dual gravity in linearized approximation; 6) Brief summary of the paper.
Information searching preferences and practices of computer science researchers

We present preliminary findings of an ongoing study of the ways that computer scientists seek, use, and store information when conducting research. Their preferred methods of information foraging has implications for the design of information retrieval systems for these researchers. Traditional indexing schemes based on controlled vocabularies see little use. Researchers rely heavily on browsing and citation searches-information gathering techniques that are not well supported by existing indexes and retrieval systems. Not surprisingly, resources that can be immediately accessed from the user's office (particularly via the Internet) are preferred to those requiring a special trip to another location (such as a university library).
Linear Learning: Landscapes and Algorithms

What follows extends some of our results of [1] on learning from examples in layered feed-forward networks of linear units. In particular we examine what happens when the ntunber of layers is large or when the connectivity between layers is local and investigate some of the properties of an autoassociative algorithm. Notation will be as in [1] where additional motivations and references can be found. It is usual to criticize linear networks because "linear functions do not compute" and because several layers can always be reduced to one by the proper multiplication of matrices. However this is not the point of view adopted here. It is assumed that the architecture of the network is given (and could perhaps depend on external constraints) and the purpose is to understand what happens during the learning phase, what strategies are adopted by a synaptic weights modifying algorithm, . [see also Cottrell et al. (1988) for an example of an application and the work of Linsker (1988) on the emergence of feature detecting units in linear networks}.
Predictors of Change in BMI From the Age of 4 to 8.

OBJECTIVES To examine appetite traits, level of physical activity, and television (TV) time as predictors of change in Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Score (BMI SDS) from age 6 to 8 and to explore the effect of BMI SDS (from age 4) on appetite traits. METHODS In all, 995 Norwegian children participated at age 4; 760 and 687 of these children took part in the assessment at ages 6 and 8, respectively. Appetite traits were assessed using the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire, activity was measured using accelerometers, and TV time was based on parental reports. RESULTS High food responsiveness predicted a steeper increase in BMI SDS. A reversed effect was also observed: High BMI SDS predicted increased food responsiveness and decreased satiety responsiveness. Physical activity and TV time were unrelated to BMI SDS. CONCLUSION Children whose eating is especially triggered by the sight and smell of food show prospective increased weight gain. Excess weight and weight gain also predict increased food-approaching behavior.
Transformations of the Welfare State: Small States, Big Lessons

Transformations of the Welfare State gives a new twist to the longstanding debate on the impact of economic globalization on the welfare state. The authors focus on several small, advanced OECD economies in order to assess whether (and how) the welfare state will be able to compete under conditions of an increasingly integrated world economy. Small states can be seen as an 'early warning system' for general trends, because of their dependence on world markets and vulnerability to competitive pressures. The book's theoretical part innovatively integrates the literature on the political economy of small states with more recent research on the impact of globalization on social policy to generate a set of ideal-typical policy scenarios. In the main body of the book, the authors systematically test these scenarios against the experience of four countries: Austria, Denmark, New Zealand, and Switzerland. The comparative, in-depth analysis of reform trajectories since the 1970s in four key policy areas -- pensions, labour market policy, health care, and family policy -- provides, according to the authors, substantial evidence of a new convergence in welfare state patterns. They go on to argue that this amounts to a fundamental transformation of the welfare state from the old Keynesian welfare state positioned 'against the market' to a new set of supply-side policies 'with' and 'for' the market. Yet one of the big lessons to be learned from this timely study is that the transformation does not match the doomsday scenario predicted by neo-classical economists in the 1990s. There is no evidence of a 'race to the bottom' of social expenditure and standards of social protection, nor of a convergence towards a 'liberal' social policy model. Looking to the possible future of the welfare state in an era newly marked by profound uncertainty, the authors sound an optimistic note for states of any size.
Cooperation in Multi-hop Cellular Networks

Naouel Ben Salem, Levente Buttyan, Jean-Pierre Hubaux and Markus Jakobsson abstract: In multi-hop cellular networks, the existence of a communication link between the mobile station and the base station is not required: a mobile station that has no direct connection with a base station can use other mobile stations as relays. Compared with conventional (single-hop) cellular networks, this new generation can lead to a better usage of the available spectrum and to a reduction of infrastructure costs. However, these benefits would vanish if the mobile nodes did not properly cooperate and forward packets for other nodes. In this paper, we propose a charging and rewarding scheme to encourage the most fundamental operation, namely packet forwarding. We analyse the robustness of our protocols against rational and malicious attacks. We show that our protocols thwart rational attacks and detect malicious attacks. We also show that our solution makes collaboration rational for selfish nodes.
Adoptive Transfer of Induced-Treg Cells Effectively Attenuates Murine Airway Allergic Inflammation

Both nature and induced regulatory T (Treg) lymphocytes are potent regulators of autoimmune and allergic disorders. Defects in endogenous Treg cells have been reported in patients with allergic asthma, suggesting that disrupted Treg cell-mediated immunological regulation may play an important role in airway allergic inflammation. In order to determine whether adoptive transfer of induced Treg cells generated in vitro can be used as an effective therapeutic approach to suppress airway allergic inflammation, exogenously induced Treg cells were infused into ovalbumin-sensitized mice prior to or during intranasal ovalbumin challenge. The results showed that adoptive transfer of induced Treg cells prior to allergen challenge markedly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment, mucus hyper-production, airway remodeling, and IgE levels. This effect was associated with increase of Treg cells (CD4+FoxP3+) and decrease of dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes, and with reduction of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell response as compared to the controls. Moreover, adoptive transfer of induced Treg cells during allergen challenge also effectively attenuate airway inflammation and improve airway function, which are comparable to those by natural Treg cell infusion. Therefore, adoptive transfer of in vitro induced Treg cells may be a promising therapeutic approach to prevent and treat severe asthma.
Calcification by Reef-Building Sclerobionts

It is widely accepted that deteriorating water quality associated with increased sediment stress has reduced calcification rates on coral reefs. However, there is limited information regarding the growth and development of reef building organisms, aside from the corals themselves. This study investigated encruster calcification on five fore-reefs in Tobago subjected to a range of sedimentation rates (1.2 to 15.9 mg cm−2 d−1). Experimental substrates were used to assess rates of calcification in sclerobionts (e.g. crustose coralline algae, bryozoans and barnacles) across key reef microhabitats: cryptic (low-light), exposed (open-horizontal) and vertical topographic settings. Sedimentation negatively impacted calcification by photosynthesising crustose coralline algae in exposed microhabitats and encrusting foram cover (%) in exposed and cryptic substrates. Heterotrophs were not affected by sedimentation. Fore-reef, turbid water encruster assemblages calcified at a mean rate of 757 (SD ±317) g m−2 y−1. Different microhabitats were characterised by distinct calcareous encruster assemblages with different rates of calcification. Taxa with rapid lateral growth dominated areal cover but were not responsible for the majority of CaCO3 production. Cryptobiont assemblages were composed of a suite of calcifying taxa which included sciaphilic cheilostome bryozoans and suspension feeding barnacles. These calcified at mean rates of 20.1 (SD ±27) and 4.0 (SD ±3.6) g m−2 y−1 respectively. Encruster cover (%) on exposed and vertical substrates was dominated by crustose coralline algae which calcified at rates of 105.3 (SD ±67.7) g m−2 y−1 and 56.3 (SD ±8.3) g m−2 y−1 respectively. Globally, encrusting organisms contribute significant amounts of carbonate to the reef framework. These results provide experimental evidence that calcification rates, and the importance of different encrusting organisms, vary significantly according to topography and sediment impacts. These findings also highlight the need for caution when modelling reef framework accretion and interpreting results which extrapolate information from limited data.
Internet Service Delivery Models: Evolution and Current Issues

This paper presents an overview of the current service delivery models that exist in the Internet, covering also the motivation that triggered the introduction of each model separately. Different Quality of Service (QoS) frameworks like Integrated Services (IntServ), Differentiated Services (DiffServ) and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) are presented taking into consideration also the alteration of each of the mechanisms proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) over time. We illustrate some important characteristics of the existing service delivery models and open issues for Internet QoS, highlighting the need of research on the measurability of the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP).
c-Maf Is Required for the Development of Dorsal Horn Laminae III/IV Neurons and Mechanoreceptive DRG Axon Projections

Establishment of proper connectivity between peripheral sensory neurons and their central targets is required for an animal to sense and respond to various external stimuli. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons convey sensory signals of different modalities via their axon projections to distinct laminae in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In this study, we found that c-Maf was expressed predominantly in the interneurons of laminae III/IV, which primarily receive inputs from mechanoreceptive DRG neurons. In the DRG, c-Maf+ neurons also coexpressed neurofilament-200, a marker for the medium- and large-diameter myelinated afferents that transmit non-noxious information. Furthermore, mouse embryos deficient in c-Maf displayed abnormal development of dorsal horn laminae III/IV neurons, as revealed by the marked reduction in the expression of several marker genes for these neurons, including those for transcription factors MafA and Rora, GABAA receptor subunit α5, and neuropeptide cholecystokinin. In addition, among the four major subpopulations of DRG neurons marked by expression of TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and MafA/GFRα2/Ret, c-Maf was required selectively for the proper differentiation of MafA+/Ret+/GFRα2+ low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMs). Last, we found that the central and peripheral projections of mechanoreceptive DRG neurons were compromised in c-Maf deletion mice. Together, our results indicate that c-Maf is required for the proper development of MafA+/Ret+/GFRα2+ LTMs in the DRG, their afferent projections in the dorsal horn and Pacinian corpuscles, as well as neurons in laminae III/IV of the spinal cord.
GDP (Gemcitabine, Dexamethasone, and Cisplatin) Is Highly Effective and Well-Tolerated for Newly Diagnosed Stage IV and Relapsed/Refractory Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerance of GDP (gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin) regimen in patients with newly diagnosed stage IV and relapsed/refractory extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL). The study enrolled 41 ENKTL patients who received GDP regimen at the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College between January 2008 and January 2015.The disease status was newly diagnosed stage IV in 15 patients and relapsed/refractory in 26 patients. The median number of cycles of chemotherapy per patient was 6 (range, 2–8 cycles). The overall response rate and complete-remission rate were 83.0% (34/41) and 41.5% (17/41), respectively. After a median follow-up of 16.2 months, 1-year progression-free survival rate and 1-year overall survival rate for the whole cohort were 54.5% and 72.7%. Grade 3 to 4 adverse events included neutropenia (34.1%), thrombocytopenia (19.5%), and anemia (14.6%). Our study has suggested high efficacy and low toxicity profile of GDP regimen in patients with newly diagnosed stage IV and relapsed/refractory ENKTL.
Quality aspects of vocational higher education, with special reference to hospitality management

Quality in vocational higher education was investigated, using hospitality management as the focus. The definitions, measurement and improvement of quality (including bench marking) were explored. An analysis of the literature on quality in higher education, using books, journal articles and publications from official bodies was made and reported in Chapters 2,3 and 4. Using the literature review, structured interviews and a focus group discussion, a questionnaire related to hospitality management education was devised. It was tested by a pilot study and subsequently modified. The final questionnaire had 90 items. It was administered in Spring 2000. The questionnaire was distributed to - 315 academics, 200 employers, 71 alumni and 171 students - stakeholders in hospitality management degree courses. Respondents were asked to evaluate, using a five point Likert scale: 1) the importance of the items for quality of the courses ("ideal scale"), and 2) the extent to which the items were being achieved ("actual scale"). The results were analysed by comparing the means for each item on each scale for the four stakeholder groups. Means on the ideal scale (aspirations) were higher, item for item, than those on the actual scale (achievements). Skills, including operational skills specific to hospitality management, were considered as important components of the courses by all stakeholder groups. Factor analysis suggested that facets of quality were: employment related, operational skills, vocational preparation, generic skills, course content, computer use, influences on courses, assessment, process, and learning experiences. Based on the results, there are proposals for improving hospitality management degree courses and suggestions for further research into the complex notion of quality in higher vocational education.
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Continuance Intention

abstract In this study, we investigate the influence of two external influences i.e., Ease of finding and Computer anxiety on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the continuance intention of using a popular course management system (CMS): WebCT. The study used a sample of 72 students that have experience using the software. The students came from four local higher education institutions. In order to study nature of the relationships among the constructs, eight (8) hypotheses were formulated and tested using a structural equation modeling technique: Partial Least Squares (PLS). The predictive power of the model was adequate and the study found support for seven of eight hypotheses. Regarding the impact of the antecedents on continuance intention in the use of technology, the results offer the following insights: when computer anxiety is low, students are able to use the system without much difficulty, and are likely to continue to use CMS in the future. Similarly, students will continue the tool as long as they find it easy to navigate. Perhaps due to contextual factors, the data did not support the relationship between Perceived usefulness and Usage. This particular finding is at variance with the TAM's results and viewpoint. The study's implications for research and practice are succinctly outlined.
Rediscovering secondary structures as network motifs - an unsupervised learning approach

MOTIVATION Secondary structures are key descriptors of a protein fold and its topology. In recent years, they facilitated intensive computational tasks for finding structural homologues, fold prediction and protein design. Their popularity stems from an appealing regularity in patterns of geometry and chemistry. However, the definition of secondary structures is of subjective nature. An unsupervised de-novo discovery of these structures would shed light on their nature, and improve the way we use these structures in algorithms of structural bioinformatics. METHODS We developed a new method for unsupervised partitioning of undirected graphs, based on patterns of small recurring network motifs. Our input was the network of all H-bonds and covalent interactions of protein backbones. This method can be also used for other biological and non-biological networks. RESULTS In a fully unsupervised manner, and without assuming any explicit prior knowledge, we were able to rediscover the existence of conventional alpha-helices, parallel beta-sheets, anti-parallel sheets and loops, as well as various non-conventional hybrid structures. The relation between connectivity and crystallographic temperature factors establishes the existence of novel secondary structures.
Comparison of 3-PP̲R parallel planar manipulators based on their sensitivity to joint clearances

In this paper, 3-PP̲R planar parallel manipulators with D- or U-shape base are compared with respect to their workspace size and kinematic sensitivity to joint clearances. First, the singularities and workspace of a general 3-PP̲R planar parallel manipulator are analyzed. Then, an error prediction model applicable to both serial and parallel manipulators is developed. As a result, two nonconvex quadratically constrained quadratic programs are formulated in order to find the maximum reference-point position error and the maximum orientation error of the moving-platform for given joint clearances. Finally, the contributions of the paper are highlighted by means of a comparative study of two manipulators.