Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MANAGEMENT OF AVULSED TOOTH AMONG KARACHI SCHOOL TEACHERS

The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of school teachers regarding management of avulsed tooth. The information about the management of avulsed tooth was collected through a specifically designed questionnaire. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed among teachers of five different private schools of Karachi who were dealing with children of 6 to 12 years old. Out of 150 teachers only 100 answered the questionnaire (66%). Majority (80 %) of the teachers knew about the importance of emergency management of tooth avulsions. One third (34%) teachers answered affirmative regarding their experience with tooth avulsions. 26 % said that they would replant the avulsed tooth by themselves. More than half (57%) of the teachers, preferred water as the best storage medium than normal saline. Knowledge of school teachers regarding management of avulsed tooth was unsatisfactory. It should be improved by continuous dental educational seminars in schools.
Knowledge Protection Challenges of Social Media Encountered by Organizations

Although social media (SM) represents a new means of creating and sharing knowledge, it also presents new challenges for protecting confidential information and other data that companies do not want to share. However, knowledge protection and security-oriented knowledge management processes related to SM have received little attention in previous studies. This research attempts to close that gap by examining which information and knowledge protection challenges arise from employees' use of SM, why they arise, and how organizations can address them. The main contribution of this study is a framework that integrates three types of knowledge protection challenges (information security challenges; reputation challenge; management challenges) with five special characteristics of SM (information distribution speed; blurry audience; merging of private and professional identity; easily collectible information; generation transition), which explain why these challenges arise. In addition, the framework presents eight questions that organizations should answer to help them address the three types of knowledge protection challenges. Our findings have practical implications: by answering the eight questions proposed in this study, companies can create knowledge management and protection policies for SM. Furthermore, the findings in this study open up several future research questions.
The effect of starvation and repletion on plasma fibronectin in man.

Since circulating fibronectin levels have been associated with trauma, the relationship between fibronectin and fasting was investigated. Eighteen healthy but obese patients fasted for 21 days, and plasma fibronectin levels were determined weekly. Fibronectin concentrations were reduced throughout the fast, but increased after food intake. This starvation-induced decrease in fibronectin may be a deleterious mechanism associated with physiological insults. ( JAMA 1982;248:2025-2027)
Recognizing Plans with Loops Represented in a Lexicalized Grammar

This paper extends existing plan recognition research to handle plans containing loops. We supply an encoding of plans with loops for recognition, based on techniques used to parse lexicalized grammars, and demonstrate its effectiveness empirically. To do this, the paper first shows how encoding plan libraries as context free grammars permits the application of standard rewriting techniques to remove left recursion and ε-productions, thereby enabling polynomial time parsing. However, these techniques alone fail to provide efficient algorithms for plan recognition. We show how the loop-handling methods from formal grammars can be extended to the more general plan recognition problem and provide a method for encoding loops in an existing plan recognition system that scales linearly in the number of loop iterations.
Monitoring the Execution of Partial-Order Plans via Regression

Partial-order plans (POPs) have the capacity to compactly represent numerous distinct plan linearizations and as a consequence are inherently robust. We exploit this robustness to do effective execution monitoring. We characterize the conditions under which a POP remains viable as the regression of the goal through the structure of a POP. We then develop a method for POP execution monitoring via a structured policy, expressed as an ordered algebraic decision diagram. The policy encompasses both state evaluation and action selection, enabling an agent to seamlessly switch between POP linearizations to accommodate unexpected changes during execution. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by comparing it empirically and analytically to a standard technique for execution monitoring of sequential plans. On standard benchmark planning domains, our approach is 2 to 17 times faster and up to 2.5 times more robust than comparable monitoring of a sequential plan. On POPs that have few ordering constraints among actions, our approach is significantly more robust, with the ability to continue executing in up to an exponential number of additional states.
Contextual Determinants of Political Participation in Democratic Countries

INTRODUCTION Political participation is described as one of the basic conditions of functioning democracy (Dahl 1998, Verba et al. 1995: 2, Norris 2002: 5), and the quality of democracy and its ability to connect citizens with political leaders has become an important political issue today. In this regard, question of what factors determine citizens political participation in democratic countries becomes highly relevant. The opening argument of this paper asserts that contemporary political participation research does not offer a satisfying answer to this question. When explaining political participation, the literature refers to individual resources such as money or education, political values, and activity in civil society that are seen as the main determinants of popular participation in politics (Armingeon 2007, Verba et al. 1995, Norris 2002, Dalton 2005: Chap. 3 and 4). This paper does not deny the significant role of these factors, but at the same time it warns that those factors alone cannot account for the whole puzzle of political participation. It argues that circumstances have an indisputable influence on political participation, and therefore a contextual perspective has to be introduced to the political participation research. Specifically, it will focus on contextual factors accounting for cross-country variation in political participation. In order to specify the contextual determinants, the paper draws on social movement literature, particularly the Political Process Approach that provides a concept of political opportunity structure (mainly Kriesi et al. 1995). On this basis, this paper assumes that the
Role of granulocytes in experimental Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis

We investigated the role of granulocytes during the induction and course of experimental Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis in rabbits by depleting blood granulocytes with nitrogen mustard. The induction of the endocarditis was not influenced by granulocytopenia: the 50% infectious dose was 5.4 X 10(4) colony-forming units in normal and granulocytopenic rabbits. However, granulocytopenia influenced the curse of the endocarditis, as shown by a significant increase in the number of colony-forming units per gram of vegetation (P less than 0.02) from 24 to 72 h after the injection of 10(5) colony-forming units of S. sanguis. This rise did not occur in the control rabbits. Furthermore, bacteremia was significantly higher in the granulocytopenic rabbits (P less than 0.05) during the first 48 h compared with the control rabbits. This was not because of altered clearance of the streptococcus inoculum or seeding of streptococci from extracardiac bacterial foci. We concluded that granulocytes have no measurable effect on the induction of S. sanguis endocarditis, but during the course of the endocarditis, granulocytes keep the endocardial infection in check.
Intracellular lipid droplet targeting by apolipoprotein A-V requires the carboxyl-terminal segment** This study was supported by Grant HL-073061 from the National Institutes of Health. Published, JLR Papers in Press, April 30, 2008.

The expression of apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V) in hepatoma cells results in homing of this protein to intracellular lipid droplets. When hepatoma cells transfected with a full-length apoA-V-green fluorescent protein fusion protein were cultured in medium that was not supplemented with oleic acid (OA), intracellular lipid droplet size and number were reduced compared with those of cells supplemented with OA. Confocal microscopy studies revealed that apoA-V associates with lipid droplets under both conditions. To define the structural requirements for apoA-V lipid droplet association, hepatoma cells were transfected with a series of C-terminal truncated apoA-V variants. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that, in a manner similar to mature full-length apoA-V (343 amino acids), truncation variants apoA-V(1-292), apoA-V(1-237), and apoA-V(1-191) associated with lipid droplets, while apoA-V(1-146) did not. Western blot analysis of the relative abundance of apoA-V in cell lysates versus conditioned medium indicated that apoA-V variants associated with lipid droplets were poorly secreted while apoA-V(1-146) was efficiently secreted. Ultracentrifugation of conditioned medium revealed that, unlike full-length apoA-V, which associates with lipoproteins, apoA-V(1-146) was present solely in the lipoprotein-deficient fraction. Deletion of the N-terminal signal peptide from apoA-V resulted in an inability of the protein to be secreted into the medium, although it associated with lipid droplets. Taken together, these data suggest that the C terminus of apoA-V is essential for lipid droplet association in transfected hepatoma cells and lipoprotein association in conditioned medium while the signal peptide is required for extracellular trafficking of this protein.
An experimental comparison of human and bovine rhodopsin provides insight into the molecular basis of retinal disease

Rhodopsin is the visual pigment that mediates dim‐light vision in vertebrates and is a model system for the study of retinal disease. The majority of rhodopsin experiments are performed using bovine rhodopsin; however, recent evidence suggests that significant functional differences exist among mammalian rhodopsins. In this study, we identify differences in both thermal decay and light‐activated retinal release rates between bovine and human rhodopsin and perform mutagenesis studies to highlight two clusters of substitutions that contribute to these differences. We also demonstrate that the retinitis pigmentosa‐associated mutation G51A behaves differently in human rhodopsin compared to bovine rhodopsin and determine that the thermal decay rate of an ancestrally reconstructed mammalian rhodopsin displays an intermediate phenotype compared to the two extant pigments.
Acute and Chronic Effects of Cannabinoids on Human Cognition – A Systematic Review Supplement 1 Supplemental Methods

Electronic searches were performed using PubMed and Scopus (2004 to current) with the following key words: (cannabi* OR marijuana) AND (cognit* OR memory OR attention* or learning OR inhibit* OR impuls* or reward OR decision making OR executive function* OR information process* OR performance OR functional brain imaging OR fMRI OR event related potential OR electroencephalogram) NOT (rats OR mice OR review OR MDMA OR ecstasy OR amphetamine). The focus of this review was specific to neuropsychological / cognitive studies. The initial search strategy was, however, designed to be as exhaustive as possible and therefore included reference to neuroimaging, so that any article that referred to functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram or event related potentials, but examined a cognitive measure separately as the primary outcome, would be captured in the search results. Scopus results were limited by Research Article type. Searches were conducted on the 18 February 2015 to capture all studies published from 1 January 2004.
Intractable Disease in the Elderly : When Conventional Therapy Fails

Chronic constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder disproportionately affecting the elderly. Immobility, polypharmacy, and physiologic changes contribute to its increased prevalence in this population. Unidentified and undertreated constipation leads to a significant negative impact on quality of life and an increase in healthcare spending. Careful physical examination and exploration of the clinical history can unmask primary and secondary forms of constipation, guiding diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Non-pharmacologic treatment options include bowel training and biofeedback as well as the addition of fiber. Laxatives are safe and can be used long term; thus, they remain the mainstay of therapy. Newer agents with specific physiologic targets have proven to be effective in adults with chronic constipation, but data is lacking for safety profile in the elderly. Consideration for surgery in medically refractory cases should be entertained, while use of neuromodulation is not ready for prime time. This is a review of the currently available treatment options for chronic constipation in adults and specifically tailored towards the elderly.
Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: Implications for Vascular and Other Complications

In recent decades, oxidative stress has become a focus of interest in most biomedical disciplines and many types of clinical research. Increasing evidence shows that oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, cancer, ageing, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, hypertension, apoptosis, cardiovascular diseases, and heart failure. Based on these studies, an emerging concept is that oxidative stress is the “final common pathway” through which the risk factors for several diseases exert their deleterious effects. Oxidative stress causes a complex dysregulation of cell metabolism and cell–cell homeostasis; in particular, oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. These are the two most relevant mechanisms in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its vascular complications, the leading cause of death in diabetic patients.
Economic Games on the Internet: The Effect of $1 Stakes

Online labor markets such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) offer an unprecedented opportunity to run economic game experiments quickly and inexpensively. Using Mturk, we recruited 756 subjects and examined their behavior in four canonical economic games, with two payoff conditions each: a stakes condition, in which subjects' earnings were based on the outcome of the game (maximum earnings of $1); and a no-stakes condition, in which subjects' earnings are unaffected by the outcome of the game. Our results demonstrate that economic game experiments run on MTurk are comparable to those run in laboratory settings, even when using very low stakes.
Risks of Adverse Outcomes in the Next Birth After a First Cesarean Delivery

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risks of cesarean first birth, compared with vaginal first birth, for adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes in the second birth. METHODS: Population-based retrospective cohort study of all singleton, second births in the South Australian perinatal data collection 1998 to 2003 comparing outcomes for 8,725 women who underwent a cesarean delivery for their first birth with 27,313 women who underwent a vaginal first birth. Predictor variables include age, indigenous status, smoking, pregnancy interval, medical and obstetric complications, gestation, patient type, hospital category, and history of ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, stillbirth or termination of pregnancy. RESULTS: The cesarean delivery cohort had increased risks for malpresentation (odds ratio [OR] 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65–2.06), placenta previa (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.30–2.11), antepartum hemorrhage (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.08–1.41), placenta accreta (OR 18.79, 95% CI 2.28–864.6), prolonged labor (OR 5.89, 95% CI 3.91–8.89), emergency cesarean (relative risk 9.37, 95% CI 8.98–9.76) and uterine rupture (OR 84.42, 95% CI 14.64-infinity), preterm birth (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04–1.31), low birth weight (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14–1.48), small for gestational age (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.23), stillbirth (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.04–2.32), and unexplained stillbirth (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.26–4.37). The range of the number of primary cesarean deliveries needed to harm included 134 for one additional preterm birth, up to 1,536 for one additional placenta accreta. CONCLUSION: Cesarean delivery is associated with increased risks for adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes in the subsequent birth. However, some risks may be due to confounding factors related to the indication for the first cesarean. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II
Finite element modelling of the common carotid artery in the elderly with physiological intimal thickening using layer-specific stress-released geometries and nonlinear elastic properties

Abstract To investigate the mechanical effects of tissue responses, such as remodelling, in the arteries of the elderly, it is important to evaluate stress in the intimal layer. In this study, we investigated a novel technique to evaluate the effect of layer-specific characteristics on stress in the arterial wall in an elderly subject. We used finite element analysis of a segment of carotid artery with intimal thickening, incorporating stress-released geometries and the stress–strain relationships for three separate wall layers. We correlated the stress–strain relationships and local curvatures of the layers with the stress on the arterial wall under physiological loading. The simulation results show that both the stress–strain relationship and the local curvature of the innermost stress-released layer influence the circumferential stress and its radial gradient. This indicates that intimal stress is influenced significantly by location-dependent intimal remodelling. However, further investigation is needed before conclusive inferences can be drawn.
E3 ligase mahogunin (MGRN1) influences amyloid precursor protein maturation and secretion

Altered processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is a well-recognized central pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and regulation of APP processing is a major focus of research in the AD field. However, how age-associated cellular and molecular changes contribute to changes in the amyloidogenic processing of APP have not been extensively clarified so far. We here provide evidence that the processing of APP is influenced by the e3 ubiquitin ligase Mahogunin (MGRN1), a neuroprotective molecule whose levels decrease with aging. Specifically, the expression of MGRN1 inhibits the maturation of APP by sequestering it in the secretory pathway. This sequestration significantly delayed the proteolytic processing of APP, resulting in a reduced β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide release into the extracellular environment. Accordingly, a reduction of MGRN1 levels in hippocampal neurons, as it occurs during physiological aging, leads to an increased Aβ40 and Aβ42 release. We therefore propose that age contributes to the amyloidogenic processing of APP by altering its intracellular trafficking along the secretory pathway due in part to the down-regulation of MGRN1.
Identification and Cloning of gusA, Encoding a New β-Glucuronidase from Lactobacillus gasseriADH

ABSTRACT The gusA gene, encoding a new β-glucuronidase enzyme, has been cloned from Lactobacillus gasseri ADH. This is the first report of a β-glucuronidase gene cloned from a bacterial source other than Escherichia coli. A plasmid library of L. gasseri chromosomal DNA was screened for complementation of an E. coli gus mutant. Two overlapping clones that restored β-glucuronidase activity in the mutant strain were sequenced and revealed three complete and two partial open reading frames. The largest open reading frame, spanning 1,797 bp, encodes a 597-amino-acid protein that shows 39% identity to β-glucuronidase (GusA) of E. coli K-12 (EC 3.2.1.31 ). The other two complete open reading frames, which are arranged to be separately transcribed, encode a putative bile salt hydrolase and a putative protein of unknown function with similarities to MerR-type regulatory proteins. Overexpression of GusA was achieved in a β-glucuronidase-negative L. gasseri strain by expressing the gusA gene, subcloned onto a low-copy-number shuttle vector, from the strong Lactobacillus P6 promoter. GusA was also expressed in E. coli from a pET expression system. Preliminary characterization of the GusA protein from crude cell extracts revealed that the enzyme was active across an acidic pH range and a broad temperature range. An analysis of other lactobacilli identified β-glucuronidase activity and gusA homologs in other L. gasseri isolates but not in otherLactobacillus species tested.
Voice assessment: updates on perceptual, acoustic, aerodynamic, and endoscopic imaging methods

Purpose of reviewThis paper describes recent advances in perceptual, acoustic, aerodynamic, and endoscopic imaging methods for assessing voice function. Recent findingsWe review advances from four major areas.Perceptual assessment: Speech-language pathologists are being encouraged to use the new consensus auditory-perceptual evaluation of voice inventory for auditory-perceptual assessment of voice quality, and recent studies have provided new insights into listener reliability issues that have plagued subjective perceptual judgments of voice quality.Acoustic assessment: Progress is being made on the development of algorithms that are more robust for analyzing disordered voices, including the capability to extract voice quality-related measures from running speech segments.Aerodynamic assessment: New devices for measuring phonation threshold air pressures and air flows have the potential to serve as sensitive indices of glottal phonatory conditions, and recent developments in aeroacoustic theory may provide new insights into laryngeal sound production mechanisms.Endoscopic imaging: The increased light sensitivity of new ultra high-speed color digital video processors is enabling high-quality endoscopic imaging of vocal fold tissue motion at unprecedented image capture rates, which promises to provide new insights into the mechanisms of normal and disordered voice production. SummarySome of the recent research advances in voice function assessment could be more readily adopted into clinical practice, whereas others will require further development.