Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FOURTEEN-YEAR-OLD STUDENTS' MISCONCEPTIONS REGARDING THE SUB-MICRO AND SYMBOLIC LEVELS OF SPECIFIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS

Learning and presenting chemical concepts at the triple level of chemical concepts provides opportunities for the development of misconceptions. The research aimed to identify potential misconceptions of chemical concepts: the states of matter, a pure substance, a mixture, an element, a compound, a physical change, and a chemical reaction at the sub-micro level when solving problems incorporating sub-microrepresentations. A total of 188 14-year old students, attending six different primary schools, participated in the research. A chemistry achievement test comprising five problems at the macroscopic, sub-micro, and symbolic levels was used to obtain data about students' misconceptions of selected concepts. The results showed that the majority of students had formed inadequate mental models (misconceptions) for the chemical concept of the liquid state of water (66.5%). The lowest level of misconceptions is related with the gaseous state of matter, because almost all students (98.5%) solved the problem correctly. It can be concluded that the results of the research are significant for chemistry teachers because they can: select and apply adequate educational strategies to avoid the deepening or development of misconceptions and make the courses practically oriented by analysing students’ misconceptions and develop teaching strategies to minimise these problems in the chemistry classroom. Keywords: chemical concepts, primary school, misconceptions, sub-micro level, symbolic level.
Self-Disclosure and Relationship Strength in Twitter Conversations

In social psychology, it is generally accepted that one discloses more of his/her personal information to someone in a strong relationship. We present a computational framework for automatically analyzing such self-disclosure behavior in Twitter conversations. Our framework uses text mining techniques to discover topics, emotions, sentiments, lexical patterns, as well as personally identifiable information (PII) and personally embarrassing information (PEI). Our preliminary results illustrate that in relationships with high relationship strength, Twitter users show significantly more frequent behaviors of self-disclosure.
Effects of Angle of Attack and Velocity on Trailing Edge Noise Determined Using Microphone Array Measurements

Trailing edge (TE) noise measurements for a NACA 63–215 airfoil model are presented, providing benchmark experimental data for a cambered airfoil. The effects of flow Mach number and angle of attack of the airfoil model with different TE bluntnesses are shown. Far-field noise spectra and directivity are obtained using a directional microphone array. Standard and diagonal removal beamforming techniques are evaluated employing tailored weighting functions for quantitatively accounting for the distributed line character of TE noise. Diagonal removal processing is used for the primary database as it successfully removes noise contaminants. Some TE noise predictions are reported to help interpret the data with respect to effects of flow speed, angle of attack, and TE bluntness on spectral shape and peak levels. Important findings include the validation of a TE noise directivity function for different airfoil angles of attack and the demonstration of the importance of the directivity function's convective amplification terms.
Determinants of Iranian youths’ marriage age: A parametric survival analysis approach

Background : Early and delayed marriage has their own effects on mothers and their children's health and social dimensions. Nowadays, Iran experiences delayed marriage due to several factors; thus, the present study was concocted to investigate the factors affecting youths’ marriage age, and to compare these factors between males and females. Methods: To study demographic, socio-economical, and some atitudinal behavior factors affecting the age of marriage, in the current cross-sectional study, 12741 Iranian pre-married youths including 6381 males and 6360 females from all provinces were selected using multi-stage stratified method and the data was collected using a structured questionnaire in 2014. The questionnaire included demographic, socio-economical, and some atitudinal behavior questions about childbearing. Kaplan-Meier, Log-Rank test, and parametric survival analysis were applied in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. , and SAS 9.3 software. Results: Gamma and Log Logistic parametric models were the best fitted models for females’ and males’ marriage age, respectively. Females and males who lived in provinces with TFR<2 were married α=0.03 (95%CI=0.02_-0.05) and α=0.05 (95%CI=0.04_0.06) times later than those who lived in provinces with TFR 2, respectively. Rural females and males married α=-0.06 (95%CI=-0.08_-0.03) and -0.02 (95%CI=-0.06_-0.03) times sooner than urban ones, respectively. As educational level, the number of siblings, and income increased, the youths’ marriage age increased ( P <0.05). Employed youths also married later compared with unemployed ones. Conclusion: Young females and males had the same factors influencing their marriage age.
Pulse-based 2-D motion sensors

We present two compact CMOS integrated circuits for computing the two-dimensional (2-D) local direction of motion of an image focused directly onto the chip. These circuits incorporate onboard photoreceptors and focal plane motion processing. With fully functional 14/spl times/13 and 12/spl times/13 implementations consuming less than 50 /spl mu/W per pixel, we conclude that practical pixel resolutions of at least 64/spl times/64 are easily achievable. Measurements characterizing the elementary one-dimensional motion detectors are presented along with a discussion of 2-D performance and example 2-D motion vector fields. As an example application of the sensor, it is shown that the array as fabricated can directly compute the focus of expansion of a 2-D motion vector field.
Integrated versus Separated Regulation: An Application to the Water Industry

The regulation of monopolistic firms has been widely investigated in the economic literature. Particular emphasis has been placed on the relationship between the regulated monopolist and the regulator. The present work deals with problems that may arise from the presence of several regulators. If regulators have different objective functions, inefficiency is likely to arise. A theoretical model with two regulators, one monopolistic firm and a renewable natural resource is presented. In this set up the level of demand relative to the sustainable use of the water resource plays a major role. The main result is the characterization of the cases in which the outcome of the regulation actually differs between the integrated-regulator and the separate-regulator scenarios. We find that the main determinants of the equilibrium are the level of demand and the marginal environmental damage. The equilibria obtained are analyzed in terms of price, environmental tax levels, and in terms of welfare distribution among the components of the regulator(s)' objective function.
Distance, Trade, and Income - the 1967 to 1975 Closing of the Suez Canal as a Natural Experiment

The negative effect of distance on bilateral trade is one of the most robust findings in international trade. However, the underlying causes of this negative relationship are less well understood. This paper exploits a temporary shock to distance, the closing of the Suez canal in 1967 and its reopening in 1975, to examine the effect of distance on trade and the effect of trade on income. Time series variation in sea distance allows for the inclusion of pair effects which account for static differences in tastes and culture between countries. The distance effects estimated in this paper are therefore more clearly about transportation costs in the trade of goods than typical gravity model estimates. Distance is found to have a significant impact on trade with an elasticity that is about half as large as estimates from typical cross sectional estimates. Since the shock to trade is exogenous for most countries, predicted trade volume from the shock can be used to identify the effect of trade on income. Trade is found to have a significant impact on income. The time series dimension allows for country fixed effects which control for all long run income differences. Because identification is through changes in sea distance, the effect is coming entirely through trade in goods and not through alternative channels such as technology transfer, tourism, or foreign direct investment.
Please Scroll down for Article the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Looking at Anything That Is Green When Hearing " Frog " : How Object Surface Colour and Stored Object Colour Knowledge Influence Language-mediated Overt Attention

To cite this Article Huettig, Falk and Altmann, Gerry T. M. (2011) 'Looking at anything that is green when hearing " frog " : How object surface colour and stored object colour knowledge influence language-mediated overt attention', The This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Mechanism of Injury Mechanism of Boys' Amateur Epical Athletes in Kyokushin Ka, Karate and Aikido

The aim of this purpose was to compare injury mechanism in boys’ amateur epical athletes in Kyokushin, Karate and Aikido. 95 Aikido athletes, 83 Kyokushin ka athletes, 76 Karate ka were randomly selected from Shiraz clubs. Data were analyzed by Χ test. The results showed that the rate of injuries in Kyokoshin was (24.1%), Karate (19.5%) (X=448.46, P=0.000). In all three fields, there were injuries in lower limbs more than other organs, but the highest were in Aikido (68.4%). Also, in Karate the technical error of partner, in Aikido the kick of partner and in Kyokoshin, knockdown were recognized as important mechanisms of injuries causes. The rate of incidences of practicing sessions were significantly higher than competition sessions (X=274.1, p=0.000). The results showed that the incident of injuries in Aikido were more than Karate and Kyokoshin. The received results in this research indicated the measure of high prevalence of injury in Aikido to ways of Qukshin and Karate. Aikido is an encounter sport, nevertheless the control ways of Karate were done under the semi – encounter laws and it has been caused the prevalence of fewer injuries in this way. So, the interested persons are recommended to partnership in the control ways of Karate. [Mohsen Ghofrani, Seyyed Hamed Mousavi. Mechanism of injury mechanism of boys’ amateur epical athletes in Kyokushin ka, Karate and Aikido. Life Sci J 2012;9(4):2593-2597] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com. 385
Measuring the Software Product Quality during the Software Development Life-Cycle: An International Organization for Standardization Standards Perspective

Problem statement: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published a set of international standards related to the software engineering, such as ISO 12207 and ISO 9126. However, there is a set of cross-references between these two standards. Approach: The ISO 9126 on software product quality and ISO 12207 on software life cycle processes had been analysed to investigate the relationships between them and to make a mapping from the ISO 9126 quality characteristics to the ISO 12207 activities and vers versa. Results: This study presented a set of comments and suggestions to improve the ISO 9126. Conclusion: The weaknesses of the cross-references between the two ISO standards had been highlighted. In addition, this study provided a number of comments and suggestions to be taken into account on the next version of the ISO 9126 international standard.
Validation and Standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the General Population

Background:The 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) is a practical self-report anxiety questionnaire that proved valid in primary care. However, the GAD-7 was not yet validated in the general population and thus far, normative data are not available. Objectives:To investigate reliability, construct validity, and factorial validity of the GAD-7 in the general population and to generate normative data. Research Design:Nationally representative face-to-face household survey conducted in Germany between May 5 and June 8, 2006. Subjects:Five thousand thirty subjects (53.6% female) with a mean age (SD) of 48.4 (18.0) years. Measures:The survey questionnaire included the GAD-7, the 2-item depression module from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and demographic characteristics. Results:Confirmatory factor analyses substantiated the 1-dimensional structure of the GAD-7 and its factorial invariance for gender and age. Internal consistency was identical across all subgroups (α = 0.89). Intercorrelations with the PHQ-2 and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were r = 0.64 (P < 0.001) and r = −0.43 (P < 0.001), respectively. As expected, women had significantly higher mean (SD) GAD-7 anxiety scores compared with men [3.2 (3.5) vs. 2.7 (3.2); P < 0.001]. Normative data for the GAD-7 were generated for both genders and different age levels. Approximately 5% of subjects had GAD-7 scores of 10 or greater, and 1% had GAD-7 scores of 15 or greater. Conclusions:Evidence supports reliability and validity of the GAD-7 as a measure of anxiety in the general population. The normative data provided in this study can be used to compare a subject's GAD-7 score with those determined from a general population reference group.
African American students’ college choice processes in a post 209 era

Abstract High-achieving African American students in California are not attending University of California (UC) campuses. Due to hyper-implementations of Proposition 209, which limited UC campuses’ ability to use race as a significant admission criteria, the UC system and individual UC campus policies have scaled back their efforts to recruit high-achieving African American students from California. This article presents findings from the qualitative portion (n = 74) of a convergent mixed-method study of over 700 African American college-going students. Findings convey the critical role that access, outreach, diversity, and climate plays in the college choice process of African American high achievers. Drawing upon higher education and critical race literature, the findings further reveal the challenges and opportunities for states and elite universities in retaining its brightest students from diverse backgrounds. This research also conveys the potential of research to inform state, systemic, and institutional policies to increase access to selective public universities.
Somatic mutation that affects transcription factor binding upstream of CD55 in the temporal cortex of a late-onset Alzheimer disease patient

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Familial cases suggest genetic components; however, monogenetic causes are few, and the vast majority of incidences have unknown cause. Sequencing efforts have focused on germline mutations, but improved technology has opened up for studies on somatic mutations in affected brain tissue samples. Here we use ultra-deep sequencing on brain and blood from early-onset AD (EOAD) and late-onset AD (LOAD) patients and non-AD individuals (n = 16). In total, 2.86 Mb of genomic regions, previously associated with AD, were targeted included 28 genes and upstream and downstream regulatory regions. Tailored downstream bioinformatics filtering identified 11 somatic single nucleotide variants in the temporal cortex in AD patients and none in the controls. One variant was validated to be present at 0.4% allele frequency in temporal cortex of a LOAD patient. This variant was predicted to affect transcription factor binding sites upstream of the CD55 gene, contributing to AD pathogenesis by affecting the complement system. Our results suggest that future studies targeting larger portions of the genome for somatic mutation analysis are important to obtain an increased understanding for the molecular basis of both EOAD and LOAD.
The properties of the young stellar populations in powerful radio galaxies at low and intermediate redshifts

We present high-quality, wide spectral coverage long-slit optical spectra for 12 powerful radio sources at low and intermediate redshifts (z < 0.7) that show evidence for a substantial ultraviolet (UV) excess. These data were taken using the William Herschel Telescope and the ESO Very Large Telescope with the aim of determining the detailed properties of the young stellar populations (YSPs) in the host galaxies as part of a larger project to investigate evolutionary scenarios for the active galactic nucleus (AGN) host galaxies. The results of our spectral synthesis model fits to the spectra highlight the importance of taking into account AGN-related components (emission lines, nebular continuum, scattered light) and reddening of the stellar populations in studies of this type. It is also clear that careful examination of the fits to the spectra, as well consideration of auxiliary polarimetric and imaging data, are required to avoid degeneracies in the model solutions. In three out of the 12 sources in our sample we find evidence for broad permitted line components, and a combination of AGN-related continuum components and an old (12.5 Gyr) stellar population provides an adequate fit to the data. However, for the remaining nine sources we find strong evidence for YSPs. In contrast to some recent studies that suggest relatively old post-starburst ages for the YSPs in radio galaxies (0.3–2.5 Gyr), we deduce a wide range of ages for the YSPs in our sample objects (0.02–1.5 Gyr), with ∼50 per cent of the sample showing evidence for young YSP ages (≲0.1 Gyr) in their nuclear regions. The nuclear YSPs are often significantly reddened [0.2 < E(B−V) < 1.4] and make up a substantial fraction (∼1–35 per cent) of the total stellar mass in the regions sampled by the spectroscopic slits. Moreover, in all the cases in which we have sufficient spatial resolution we find that the UV excess is extended across the full measurable extent of the galaxy (typically 5–30 kpc), suggesting galaxy-wide starbursts. The implications for photometric and spectroscopic studies of active galaxies are discussed.
Teacher job satisfaction by principal support and teacher cooperation: Results from the Schools and Staffing Survey

Although turnover rates are alarmingly high for early career and veteran teachers, turnover rates are even higher for those who identify as a teacher of color. To increase the retention of teachers, job satisfaction has become an important construct to analyze. Teacher cooperation and principal support within the school are two influential factors that directly relate to job satisfaction. Using the restricted 2011-2012 Schools and Staffing Survey, a nationally representative dataset, principal support, teacher cooperation, and their moderation effects were analyzed in relation to teacher job satisfaction using a series of multilevel models. After controlling for teacher- and school-level characteristics, principal support and teacher cooperation were statistically significant predictors of job satisfaction for all teachers. The moderation effect between the two variables of interest and race were also statistically significant. These findings emphasize the need to maintain professional communities where teachers can interact and collaborate with the support of their school leaders.
The relative growth of optical and radio quasars in SDSS

We cross-correlate the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 3 quasar sample with Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty centimetres (FIRST) and the Vestergaard et al. black hole (BH) mass sample to compare the mean accretion histories of optical and radio quasars. We find significant statistical evidence that radio quasars have a higher mean Eddington ratio λ at z> 2 with respect to optical quasars, while the situation is clearly reverse at z 2, radio quasars happen to be less massive than optical quasars; however, as redshift decreases radio quasars appear in increasingly more massive BHs with respect to optical quasars. These two trends imply that radio sources are not a mere random subsample of optical quasars. No clear correlation between radio activity and BH mass and/or accretion rate is evident from our data, pointing to other BH properties, possibly the spin, as the driver of radio activity. We have checked that our main results do not depend on any evident bias. We perform detailed modelling of reasonable accretion histories for optical and radio quasars, finding that radio quasars grows by a factor of a few, at the most, since z ∼ 4. The comparison between the predicted mass function of active radio quasars and the observed optical luminosity function of radio quasars, implies a significantly lower probability for lower mass BHs to be radio loud at all epochs, in agreement with what is observed in the local universe.
Algorithms for the satisfiability (SAT) problem: A survey

Abstract : The satisfiability (SAT) problem is a core problem in mathematical logic and computing theory. In practice, SAT is fundamental in solving many problems in automated reasoning, computer aided design, computer aided manufacturing, machine vision, database, robotics, integrated circuit design, computer architecture design, and computer network design. Traditional methods treat SAT as a discrete, constrained decision problem. In recent years, many optimization methods, parallel algorithms, and practical techniques have been developed for solving SAT. In this survey, we present a general framework (an algorithm space) that integrates existing SAT algorithms into a unified perspective. We describe sequential and parallel SAT algorithms including variable splitting, resolution, local search, global optimization, mathematical programming, and practical SAT algorithms. We give performance evaluation of some existing SAT algorithms. Finally, we provide a set of practical applications of the satisfiability problems.
Atomic force Microscopy of torus-bearing pit membranes

Atomic force microscopy was used to compare the structures of dried, torus-bearing pit membranes from four woody species, three angiosperms and one gymnosperm. Tori of Osmanthus armatus are bipartite consisting of a pustular zone overlying parallel sets of microfibrils that form a peripheral corona. Microfibrils of the corona form radial spokes as they traverse the margo. Margo microfibrils are loosely packed thus facilitating passage of water molecules. The pustular layer is removed by acidified sodium chlorite. Tori of Cercocarpus montanus also have a pustular surface, but lack a corona. Tori of Pinus taeda have a finely granular to amorphous torus matrix. Ulmus alata tori have microfibrils traversing the surface. The atomic force microscope proves itself a useful tool for high resolution study of pit membranes with only minimal specimen preparation.