Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reduced antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections in adults and children.

BACKGROUND Recent public health efforts, including in the UK and US, have targeted decreasing unnecessary antibiotic use. In the US, prescribing for acute non-specific respiratory infections (ARIs) has decreased, but broad-spectrum antibacterial prescribing has soared. AIM To assess recent trends in antibacterial prescribing for ARIs in the UK. DESIGN OF STUDY Retrospective cohort. SETTING The Health Improvement Network database. METHOD Outpatient ARI visits from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2004 were selected. Outcomes were antibacterial and broad-spectrum antibacterial prescriptions per thousand person-years, and the probability of receiving an antibacterial and broad-spectrum prescription conditional on an ARI visit. RESULTS From 1990 to 2004, antibacterial prescribing rates for ARIs decreased from 55.0 to 30.3 prescriptions/1000 person-years for adults and from 124.8 to 46.3 prescriptions/1000 person-years for children (P=0.001). The probability of receiving an antibacterial prescription after an ARI visit decreased from 70.8% to 59.5% for adults and from 46.1% to 30.8% for children (P=0.003 and 0.007, respectively). Antibacterial prescribing declined faster for younger than for older adults. Broad-spectrum antibacterial prescribing rates decreased from 3.8 to 2.9 prescriptions/1000 person-years for adults and from 5.2 to 2.2 prescriptions/1000 person years for children (P=0.005 and 0.003, respectively). The probability of broad-spectrum prescribing did not demonstrate a significant linear trend for adults (P=0.16), and decreased for children (P=0.01). CONCLUSION UK antibacterial prescribing for ARIs has declined, similar to US trends, but there was no concomitant increase in low broad-spectrum prescribing. The success of UK strategies for limiting antimicrobial use has implications for programmes in other countries.
Spatial and Temporal Variability in Zooplankton Distributions and Abundances Across the Gulf Stream

From November, 1981 to November { 1982, zooplankton were sampled bimonthly by oblique net tows in the upper 200 m of the Gulf Stream and nearby regions along a cross-stream 0 0 transect of 9 stations centered at 36 N 73 W, where the Stream turns offshore from Cape Hatteras. In September, 1982 and May, 19 83, extensive vertically stratified sampling of zooplankton was conducted at 3 stations al ong this same transect with a MOCNESS net system in the upper 1000 m of the water column. Th e zooplankton samples were collected concurrently with measurements of the hydrography and velocity fields of the Stream. This study was initiated in an effort to elucidate relationships between the physical oceanography and biology of the Stream. An intensive examination was made of the spatial and tempora l distribution of selected copepod species across the Gulf Stream during September, 1982. The copepod species distributions grouped together int~ distinct patterns, which were related to different environmental habitats within the Stream. Biological processes, such as temperature and depth preferences and diel vertical migration, interacted with the physical structure of the Stream to determine whether a species would be found at different cross-stream locations a nd if so, at what depths in the water c olumn. The community structure of these species groups resembled a modified ii version of the individualistic hypothesis of species distributions and community formation. Zooplankton biomass abundance and distribution was examined for all of the cruises. There was a distinct pattern of seasonal variability in zooplankton biomass with a maximum in the late spring and early summer, and a minimum in the autumn. Zooplankton biomass tended to be highest in the Slope Water, intermediate at the north wall of the Gulf Stream, and lowest in the Gulf Stream proper and Sargasso Sea. The north wall of the Gulf Stream is a frontal region where elevated plankton biomass sometimes occurred. The association of different copepod species groups with distinct environmental habitats having different velocities and directions of water movement suggests that the species have varying probabilities of downstream and cross-stream transport. Downstream transport of zooplankton species and biomass is probably greatest in the upper 100 m. Cross0 stream transport is probably greatest below the 12 C isotherm, but can also be high in the surface water.
A verified staged interpreter is a verified compiler

Dependent types and multi-stage programming have both been used, separately, in programming language design and implementation. Each technique has its own advantages --- with dependent types, we can verify aspects of interpreters and compilers such as type safety and stack invariants. Multi-stage programming, on the other hand, can give the implementor access to underlying compiler technology; a staged interpreter is a translator. In this paper, we investigate the combination of these techniques. We implement an interpreter for a simply typed lambda calculus, using dependent types to guarantee correctness properties by construction. We give explicit proofs of these correctness properties, then add staging annotations to generate a translator from the interpreter. In this way, we have constructed a verified compiler from a verified staged interpreter. We illustrate the application of the technique by considering a simple staged interpreter that provides guarantees for some simple resource bound properties, as might be found in a domain specific language for real-time embedded systems.
Computer-based grading of haematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections of urinary bladder carcinomas

Purpose : A computer-based image analysis system was developed for assessing the malignancy of urinary bladder carcinomas in a more objective manner. Tumours characterized in accordance with the WHO grading system were classified into low-risk (grades I and II) and high-risk (grades III and IV). Materials and methods : Images from 92 haematoxylin-eosin stained sections of urinary bladder carcinomas were digitized and analysed. An adequate number of nuclei were segmented from each image for morphologic and textural analysis. Image segmentation was performed by an efficient algorithm, which used pattern recognition methods to automatically characterize image pixels as nucleus or background. Image classification into low-risk or high-risk tumours was performed by means of the quadratic non-linear Bayesian classifier, which was designed employing 36 textural and morphological features of the nucleus. Results : Automatic segmentation of nuclei on all images was about 90% on average. Overall system accuracy in correctly classifying tumours into low-risk or high-risk was 88%, employing the leave-one-out method and the best combination of three textural and one morphological feature. Classification accuracy for low-risk tumours was 88.8% and for high-risk tumours 86.2%. Conclusion : The proposed image analysis system may be of value to the objective assessment of the malignancy of urine bladder carcinomas, since it relies on nuclear parameters that are employed in visual grading and their prognostic value has been proved.
A New Sea-Ice Concentration Algorithm Based on Microwave Surface Emissivities—Application to AMSU Measurements

Passive microwave sea-ice retrieval algorithms are typically tuned to brightness temperature measurements with simple treatments of weather effects. The new technique presented is a two-step algorithm that variationally retrieves surface emissivities from microwave remote sensing observations, followed by the retrieval of sea-ice concentration from surface emissivities. Surface emissivity spectra are interpreted for determining sea-ice fraction by comparison with a catalog of sea-ice emissivities to find the closest match. This catalog was computed off-line from known ocean, first-year, and multiyear sea-ice reference emissivities for a range of fractions. The technique was adjusted for application to the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU)/Microwave Humidity Sensor observations, and its performance was compared to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s AMSU heritage sea-ice algorithm and to NOAA's operational Interactive Multi-sensor Snow and Ice Mapping System taken as ground truth. Assessment results indicate a performance that is superior to the heritage algorithm particularly over multiyear ice and during the warm season.
The Leiden ranking 2011/2012: Data collection, indicators, and interpretation

The Leiden Ranking 2011/2012 is a ranking of universities based on bibliometric indicators of publication output, citation impact, and scientific collaboration. The ranking includes 500 major universities from 41 different countries. This paper provides an extensive discussion of the Leiden Ranking 2011/2012. The ranking is compared with other global university rankings, in particular the Academic Ranking of World Universities (commonly known as the Shanghai Ranking) and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The comparison focuses on the methodological choices underlying the different rankings. Also, a detailed description is offered of the data collection methodology of the Leiden Ranking 2011/2012 and of the indicators used in the ranking. Various innovations in the Leiden Ranking 2011/2012 are presented. These innovations include (1) an indicator based on counting a university's highly cited publications, (2) indicators based on fractional rather than full counting of collaborative publications, (3) the possibility of excluding non-English language publications, and (4) the use of stability intervals. Finally, some comments are made on the interpretation of the ranking and a number of limitations of the ranking are pointed out. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spontaneous and evoked activity of intercalated amygdala neurons

The intercalated cell masses are clusters of GABAergic neurons interposed between the basolateral and centromedial nuclear groups of the amygdala. Tract‐tracing studies have revealed that the main projection sites of intercalated neurons are the central amygdaloid nucleus and the basal forebrain. Through these projections, intercalated neurons could influence the activity of widespread regions of the central nervous system. However, no data are available regarding their physiological properties because of the paramount methodological difficulties raised by the small size of intercalated cell masses. Here, we have investigated the spontaneous and evoked activity of intercalated neurons in unanaesthetized, chronically implanted cats. Extracellular recording sites were identified using stringent histological criteria. The intercalated cell masses were found to contain a population of neurons firing at much higher rates than commonly observed in neighbouring amygdaloid nuclei. Individual intercalated neurons displayed state‐dependent changes in firing rates, but these varied from cell to cell. Most tested intercalated neurons displayed short‐latency orthodromic responses to cortical shocks and were responsive to a variety of auditory stimuli. Considering that the vast majority of intercalated neurons use γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a transmitter, the presence of neurons with high spontaneous firing rates within the intercalated cell masses suggests that these cell clusters may provide a tonic inhibitory input to their projection sites. Moreover, the fact that the firing probability of some intercalated neurons could be altered by the presentation of sensory stimuli suggests that this inhibitory input can be modulated as a function of environmental contingencies.
A 20% dose reduction of the original CISCA/VB regimen allows better tolerance and similar survival rate in disseminated testicular non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors: final results of a phase III randomized trial.

BACKGROUND This prospective randomized clinical trial was designed to compare the efficacy of a low-dose regimen of cisplatin, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide alternated with vinblastine and bleomycin (CISCA/VB) with the original CISCA/VB regimen in patients with disseminated nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors (NSGCT) and a predicted favorable outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty-five patients with disseminated NSGCT and a predicted favorable outcome according to the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center classification [testicular primary and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) serum level <50000 mIU/ml] were randomized to receive the original CISCA/VB regimen (100% dose) or a low-dose CISCA/VB regimen (80% dose). RESULTS Among the 124 eligible patients, there was no significant difference in the number of patients in the two treatment arms who achieved a complete response to therapy: 53 of 65 patients (82%) on the original CISCA/VB regimen and 53 of 59 patients (90%) on the low-dose CISCA/VB regimen (P = 0.29). Overall, the original CISCA/VB regimen resulted in a significantly higher relative dose intensity (P <0.0001). After a median follow-up of 6.8 years (range 0.37 to 12.94 years), there was no significant difference in disease-free survival (P = 0.87) or in overall survival (P = 0.88) between the two treatment arms. The 5-year overall survival rate was 93.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 88% to 100%] and 94.1% (95% CI 84% to 100%) in the original CISCA/VB arm and the low-dose CISCA/VB arm, respectively. The 5-year overall survival rate for the entire study population was 98% (95% CI 94% to 100%) and 88% (95% CI 76% to 100%) in the good- and intermediate-prognosis groups, respectively, as defined by the International Germ Cell Consensus Classification Group (IGCCCG). The low-dose CISCA/VB regimen resulted in significantly less neutropenic fever (P <0.001), grade 4 thrombocytopenia (P <0.03) and severe mucositis (P <0.01) than the original CISCA/VB regimen. CONCLUSIONS CISCA/VB is highly efficient in patients with good or intermediate prognosis NSGCT according to the IGCCCG criteria. Although equivalent antitumor efficacy cannot be claimed, the low-dose CISCA/VB regimen appears to be a better mode of delivery than the original CISCA/VB regimen with respect to toxicity, since survival is comparable.
Cosmological weak lensing with the HST GEMS survey

We present our cosmic shear analysis of {GEMS}, one of the largest wide-field surveys ever undertaken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Imaged with the Advanced Camera for Surveys ({ACS)}, {GEMS} spans 795 arcmin2 in the Chandra Deep Field South. We detect weak lensing by large-scale structure in high-resolution {F606W} {GEMS} data from {\textasciitilde}60 resolved galaxies per square arcminute. We measure the two-point shear correlation function, the top-hat shear variance and the shear power spectrum, performing an {E/B} mode decomposition for each statistic. We show that we are not limited by systematic errors and use our results to place joint constraints on the matter density parameter ? m and the amplitude of the matter power spectrum ? 8. We find ? 8(? m/0.3)0.65= 0.68 +/- 0.13 where the 1? error includes both our uncertainty on the median redshift of the survey and sampling variance. Removing image and point spread function ({PSF)} distortions are crucial to all weak lensing analyses. We therefore include a thorough discussion on the degree of {ACS} {PSF} distortion and anisotropy which we characterize directly from {GEMS} data. Consecutively imaged over 20 d, {GEMS} data also allow us to investigate {PSF} instability over time. We find that, even in the relatively short {GEMS} observing period, the {ACS} {PSF} ellipticity varies at the level of a few per cent which we account for with a semi-time-dependent {PSF} model. Our correction for the temporal and spatial variability of the {PSF} is shown to be successful through a series of diagnostic tests.
Downlink Cellular Network Analysis With Multi-Slope Path Loss Models

Existing cellular network analyses, and even simulations, typically use the standard path loss model where received power decays like ||x||-α over a distance ||x}}. This standard path loss model is quite idealized, and in most scenarios the path loss exponent α is itself a function of ||x||, typically an increasing one. Enforcing a single path loss exponent can lead to orders of magnitude differences in average received and interference powers versus the true values. In this paper, we study multi-slope path loss models, where different distance ranges are subject to different path loss exponents. We focus on the dual-slope path loss function, which is a piece-wise power law and continuous and accurately approximates many practical scenarios. We derive the distributions of SIR, SNR, and finally SINR before finding the potential throughput scaling, which provides insight on the observed cell-splitting rate gain. The exact mathematical results show that the SIR monotonically decreases with network density, while the converse is true for SNR, and thus the network coverage probability in terms of SINR is maximized at some finite density. With ultra-densification (network density goes to infinity), there exists a phase transition in the near-field path loss exponent α0: if α0 >1 unbounded potential throughput can be achieved asymptotically; if α0 <;1, ultra-densification leads in the extreme case to zero throughput.
The Impact of Race/Ethnicity on Preoperative Time to Hip Stabilization Procedure after Hip Fracture

Background: We sought to examine the preoperative time for hip stabilization procedure among Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks (blacks) and non-Hispanic whites (whites). Methods: This was a secondary data analysis using Medicare claims data. Our analysis included 40,321 patients admitted for hip fracture hospitalization from 2001-2005. Our primary analysis was generalized linear modeling, and our dependent variable was preoperative time. Our independent variable was race/ethnicity (Hispanics, blacks versus whites), and covariates were age, gender, income, type of hip fracture and comorbidities. Results: Bivariate analyses showed that both Hispanics and blacks experienced a longer preoperative time (P < 0.01). The average (mean) of days to surgery was 1.2 for whites, 1.6 for blacks and 1.7 for Hispanics. The delayed preoperative time among Hispanics and blacks persisted after adjusting for covariates. Conclusions: The delayed preoperative time among minorities suggests the need to closely monitor care among minorities with hip fracture to determine how to best address their developing needs.
Maltreatment History and Weapon Carrying Among Early Adolescents

This study examines the role of maltreatment in weapon carrying among 12-year-old youth (N = 797) interviewed as part of the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN), an ongoing study of the antecedents and consequences of child maltreatment. Participants reported their physical and sexual abuse history and provided responses to items assessing perceived need for a weapon and weapon carrying. There were no gender differences in rates of self-reported physical or sexual abuse. Males were more likely than females to report weapon carrying and perceived need for a weapon. A mediation analysis was conducted to examine the mediating effect of perceived need for a weapon on the association between abuse and weapon carrying. Results indicated that perceived need for a weapon fully mediated the effect of physical abuse and partially mediated the effect of sexual abuse. Results are discussed in the context of self-protection theory.
Progressive Learning for Systematic Design of Large Neural Networks

We develop an algorithm for systematic design of a large artificial neural network using a progression property. We find that some non-linear functions, such as the rectifier linear unit and its derivatives, hold the property. The systematic design addresses the choice of network size and regularization of parameters. The number of nodes and layers in network increases in progression with the objective of consistently reducing an appropriate cost. Each layer is optimized at a time, where appropriate parameters are learned using convex optimization. Regularization parameters for convex optimization do not need a significant manual effort for tuning. We also use random instances for some weight matrices, and that helps to reduce the number of parameters we learn. The developed network is expected to show good generalization power due to appropriate regularization and use of random weights in the layers. This expectation is verified by extensive experiments for classification and regression problems, using standard databases.
On Your Social Network De-anonymizablity: Quantification and Large Scale Evaluation with Seed Knowledge

In this paper, we conduct the first comprehensive quantification on the perfect de-anonymizability and partial deanonymizability of real world social networks with seed information in general scenarios, where a social network can follow an arbitrary distribution model. This quantification provides the theoretical foundation for existing structure based de-anonymization attacks (e.g., [1][2][3]) and closes the gap between de-anonymization practice and theory. Besides that, our quantification can serve as a testing-stone for the effectiveness of anonymization techniques, i.e., researchers can employ our quantified structural conditions to evaluate the potential deanonymizability of the anonymized social networks. Based on our quantification, we conduct a large scale evaluation on the de-anonymizability of 24 various real world social networks by quantitatively showing: 1) the conditions for perfect and (1− ε) de-anonymization of a social network, where ε specifies the tolerated de-anonymization error, and 2) the number of users of a social network that can be successfully de-anonymized. Furthermore, we show that, both theoretically and experimentally, the overall structural information based de-anonymization attack is much more powerful than the seed knowledge-only based deanonymization attack, and even without any seed information, a social network can be perfectly or partially de-anonymized. Finally, we discuss the implications of this work. Our findings are expected to shed light on the future research in the structural data anonymization and de-anonymization area, and to help data owners evaluate their structural data vulnerability before data sharing and publishing.
The Astrocyte as a Gatekeeper of Synaptic Information Transfer

We present a simple biophysical model for the coupling between synaptic transmission and the local calcium concentration on an enveloping astrocytic domain. This interaction enables the astrocyte to modulate the information flow from presynaptic to postsynaptic cells in a manner dependent on previous activity at this and other nearby synapses. Our model suggests a novel, testable hypothesis for the spike timing statistics measured for rapidly firing cells in culture experiments.