Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemical changes in bovine colostrum preserved with formalin or by fermentation.

Fresh bovine colstrum from second and third milkings postpartum was inoculated with either a yogurt culture or Streptococcus lactis or preserved with . 1% formalin in two separate experiments. There was a rapid decrease in pH of the fermented samples which corresponded to decreased lactose concentrations and increased lactate and titratable acidity. Titratable acidity in the fermented colostrums increased further after 10 days from the production of volatile fatty acids, but pH did not decrease. The pH of the yogurt fermentations in Experiment 2 decreased to 3.8, and the continued increase in titratable acidity was from lactic acid rather than volatile fatty acids. The lowest pH of all other fermentations was 4.1. The extent of metabolism of the formalin-preserved colostrum was much less than for the colostrum fermented by either culture.
High Spatiotemporal Resolution River Networks Mapping on Catchment Scale Using Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery and DEM Data

Characterizing and understanding the changes in the flow regimes of rivers have been challenging. Existing global river network data sets are not updated and can only identify rivers wider than 30 m. We propose a novel automated method to map river networks on a monthly basin scale for the first time at 10‐m resolution using Sentinel‐1 Synthetic Aperture Radar, Sentinel‐2 multispectral images, and the AW3D30 Digital Surface Model. This method achieved an overall accuracy of 95.8%. The total length of the Yellow River network produced is 40,280 km, approximately 3.2 times that of the Global River Widths from Landsat (GRWL) database, more effectively covering small and medium rivers. The monthly river geometry revealed a positive correlation between river network area and precipitation. This study is expected to provide a cost‐effective alternative to accurately mapping global river networks and advance our understanding of the changes and drivers of river systems.
L'eucrite de Bouvante. Chimie, pétrologie et minéralogie

L'eucrite de Bouvante, meteorite trouvee dans la Drome le 30-07-1978 est une breche basaltique monomicte recristallisee. Elle est formee de plagioclases zones et de pyroxenes dont les teneurs en MgO sont constantes (10-11 % MgO) mais dont les teneurs en FeO et CaO sont tres variables ; on observe en outre tridymite, quartz, chromite, ilmenite, merrillite, zircon, fer metallique et troilite. ; Les analyses chimiques montrent que cette eucrite, qui appartient au groupe riche en fer, contient les plus fortes concentrations d'elements en trace incompatibles de toutes les roches similaires etudiees jusqu'ici. On en deduit que ce basalte proviendrait de la fusion d'une petite quantite de roches-sources ; il se serait epanche superficiellement avant d'etre enfoui sous un manteau de debris, puis de revenir a la surface de son corps parental a l'occasion d'impacts.
Longitudinal modulation of electron and mass densities at middle and auroral latitudes: Effect of geomagnetic field strength

In this study, the effect of a reduction in magnetic field strength on the longitudinal modulation of electron density (ΔNe) and mass density (Δρ) is investigated. We study conditions during the September equinox and June and December solstices at middle and auroral latitudes in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model was employed for the theoretical study. Simulations were performed with a realistic International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model and an IGRF model reduced in strength by 50%. The reduction in field strength increased the longitudinal variations in ΔNe by 2–34% in the nighttime sector but reduced the variation by 7–20% in the daytime sector at midlatitudes in both hemispheres. Conversely, at auroral latitudes ΔNe was reduced by 2–32% at all local times. The changes during equinoxes are larger than those for the solstices. The differences with local time in the response of ΔNe to a reduction in magnetic field strength were mainly due to changes in the oxygen/molecular nitrogen (O/N2) ratio in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas the differences were due to the combined effects of vertical winds and changes in the O/N2 ratio in the Southern Hemisphere. Both vertical winds and horizontal E→×B→ convection eliminated ΔNe at high latitudes. Δρ got enhanced at both middle and auroral latitudes, which was related to the enhanced Joule heating effect when the magnetic field was reduced.
The association between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS The effect of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection on patient and allograft survival after orthotopic liver transplantation is controversial. Hepatitis C recurrence after transplant is inevitable, but studies to date have not found a survival difference between recipients with and without HCV. METHODS Using data from the United Network for Organ Sharing, we performed a retrospective cohort study of 11,036 patients who underwent 11,791 liver transplants between 1992 and 1998. The hazard rates of patient and allograft survival for patients who were HCV-positive as compared with patients who were HCV-negative were assessed by proportional-hazards analysis, with adjustment for potential confounding variables, including donor, recipient, and transplant center characteristics. RESULTS Liver transplantation in HCV-positive recipients was associated with an increased rate of death (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.35) and allograft failure (hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.21-1.39), as compared with transplantation in HCV-negative recipients. This reduction in survival persisted after adjusting for potential confounders. There was an interaction between HCV and sex (P < 0.001) with the effect of HCV on survival being most pronounced in female recipients (patient survival hazard ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.35-1.81; allograft survival hazard ratio, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.34-1.70). CONCLUSIONS HCV infection significantly impairs patient and allograft survival after liver transplantation.
The Evaluation of Tropospheric Ozone Formation in the Downwind of the South Pars Industrial Zone

Hydrocarbon Processing Industries (HPIs) emit large amounts of highly reactive hydrocarbons and Nitrogen Oxides to the atmosphere. Such simultaneous emissions of ozone precursors result in rapid and high yields ozone (O3) formation downwind. The climate of the Middle East has been shown to be favorable for O3 formation in summer. There are also vast activities in processing oil and gas in this region. This study aimed to investigate the influence of HPIs located in the Middle East on ozone formation. We chose the South Pars Zone (SPZ) located in the coastal area of the Persian Gulf with concentrated HPIs as a case study. To do this, after developing an emission inventory for O3 precursors, we used OZIPR, a Lagrangian photochemical model, coupled with SAPRC-07 chemical mechanism to describe the effects of HIPs on ozone formation in the SPZ and downwind area from June to August of (2017). Results indicate that the SPZ has a far-reaching and wide-ranging impact on O3 formation in downwind areas and an area at a distance of 300 km can be affected profoundly (Average 0.06 ppm and maximum increase 0.24 ppm). Given the large numbers of HPIs located in the Middle East, we predict that the transport of O3 and its precursors from this region play an important role in the ozone air pollution in a much wider area and the role of these industries should be taken into account for regional and interregional ozone concentration modeling.
Subcutaneous and intravenous belimumab in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of data on subcutaneous and intravenous administration

ABSTRACT Introduction: Loss of B cell tolerance is a hallmark feature of the pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Recent advances in B cell therapy have focused on targeted therapy aimed at inhibiting B cell activation and reducing B cell survival. Belimumab, a human monoclonal antibody against B cell activating factor (BAFF) was licensed in 2011 for the treatment of SLE. Areas covered: We review the data on the intravenous and subcutaneous formulations of belimumab in the management of patients with SLE. BLISS-52 and BLISS-76 demonstrated the efficacy of intravenous belimumab (10mg/kg) as an add-on therapy in SLE patients with active disease. A recent phase III trial of intravenous belimumab reported similar results in North East Asian patients. Subcutaneous belimumab (200mg/weekly) has demonstrated similar efficacy, safety and tolerability and was approved by the FDA in 2017 for the treatment of active autoantibody positive SLE patients receiving standard therapy. Expert commentary: Belimumab is generally safe and well tolerated. The most common clinical manifestations of SLE in the clinical trials were arthritis, mucocutaneous disease and serositis. Patients with severe lupus nephritis and central nervous system disease were excluded from these clinical trials.
Site Classification System and Site Coefficients for Shallow Bedrock Sites in Korea

ABSTRACT Recent studies have shown that the site coefficients obtained from site response analyses of Korean soil sites are significantly different from those specified in the current Korean seismic code, especially in the short-period portion of site response. This difference is mainly attributed to the shallow bedrock conditions (bedrock depth usually less than 30 m) in Korea. This study proposes a new site classification system and site coefficients for shallow bedrock sites based on site response analyses of more than 300 sites. The proposed site classification scheme and site coefficients proposed in this study are an improvement over the current seismic code and previous studies.
Diagnosis of Infectious Bronchitis Disease in Broiler Chickens by Serological test ( ELISA ) and RT-PCR in Duhok 1 Dyar

Infectious Bronchitis (IB) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry and it causes major economic losses in poultry industry. The study was conducted to detect Infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV) in broilers chicken farms in Duhok Governorate. To achieve this goal two tests have been used throughout the study protocol Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). One hundred and eighty Serum samples were collected from 11 chicken farms including (120) samples from 9 symptomatic non vaccinated chicken farms, (30) samples from one asymptomatic vaccinated chicken farm and another (30) samples from one asymptomatic non vaccinated chicken farm and screened for the presence of IBV antibodies by ELISA kit. The total RNAs were extracted from tracheal tissues using RNX TM-Plus reagent (Cinnagen,Iran). Eighty serum samples were positive: 50/120 (41.6%) sample were symptomatic non vaccinated, another 30/30 (100%) were asymptomatic vaccinated chickens samples, and the remaining samples (100) were negative by ELISA , including 70 /120 (58.4%) from symptomatic non vaccinated chickens, and 30/30 (100%) from asymptomatic non vaccinated chickens. The molecular detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus by use of RT-PCR was applied to extract RNAs from tracheal tissues. The test was performed on (80 symptomatic non vaccinated chickens and 36 vaccinated and non vaccinated chickens). Detection was performed using universal types of primers including XCE2+ and XCE280 symptomatic chickens were examined by RT-PCR (50 with positive ELISA and 30 with negative ELISA results), 36 (44.4 %) have detectable IBV-cDNA and the remaining 44 (55.6%) did not have detectable IBVcDNA. Another 36 (18 asymptomatic vaccinated and 18 non vaccinated chickens were examined by RT-PCR, 8 (22.2%) have detectable IBV-cDNA, and the remaining 28 (77.8%) were negative. This study has determined the presences of IBV in flocks of Duhok Governorate. The RT-PCR was used for the 1 time in detection of IBV in Duhok, and was found very efficient in detection of infected chickens. ELISA test was used and found very useful tool in diagnosis of infected chickens.
A LONG-TERM, HIGH-QUALITY, HIGH-VERTICAL-RESOLUTION GPS DROPSONDE DATASET FOR HURRICANE AND OTHER STUDIES

A hurricane is one of the most devastating extreme weather phenomena threatening the United States. In the United States, between 1980 and 2012 over $1 trillion was spent providing disaster relief aid after 151 weather disasters: overall damages and costs reached or exceeded $1 billion for each disaster (www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/). Of those 151 events, 33 of the disasters resulted from tropical cyclones, and they accounted for ~50% of the total damage in dollars. Early warning, adequate preparation time, and evacuation time rely on accurate forecasting of hurricane tracks and intensities, and these forecasts depend on accurate measurements of hurricane winds and thermodynamic structure. A dropsonde is a scientific instrument dropped from research aircraft or other platforms in the air and descends through the atmosphere by a parachute to make measurements of pressure, temperature, relative humidity (RH), and horizontal wind speed and direction profiles at any location over the globe, especially over ocean and remote regions, where other in situ measurements are hard to make. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) GPS dropsonde system called the Airborne Vertical Atmospheric Profiling System (AVAPS) was developed in the 1990s and is the only operational dropsonde system in the world capable of providing research-quality, high-resolution, reliable atmospheric profiles in hard-to-reach locations. This system consists of an onboard data acquisition and processing system and the dropsonde itself. The GPS dropsonde is currently manufactured by Vaisala, Inc., under license from NCAR, and is also known as Vaisala dropsonde RD94 (Hock and Franklin 1999; Vaisala 2014). The dropsonde includes a pressure, temperature, and humidity (PTU, also PTH) sensor module; a GPS receiver for wind measurements; and a 400-MHz telemetry transmitter to transmit data from the sonde to the onboard receiving system (see Fig. 1 in Hock and Franklin 1999). Based on Vaisala (2014), the accuracy of pressure, temperature, and RH is 0.4 hPa, 0.2°C, and 2%, respectively. The horizontal wind measurement from the u-blox GPS receiver is estimated to
Adverse effects associated with influenza vaccination in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled study

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and type of adverse reactions following influenza vaccination and its effects on lung function, dyspnoeic symptoms, exercise capacity, and clinical acute respiratory illness (ARI) in patients with COPD, and the relationship of these adverse effects to the degree of airflow obstruction.
Impediments to the enforcement of youth access laws

OBJECTIVE To recognise obstacles to the implementation of the effective enforcement of tobacco sales laws and to identify measures that could be taken to overcome these obstacles. DESIGN Interviews were conducted with health department officials in Massachusetts communities to determine why their efforts to prevent illegal sales of tobacco to minors had been only partially successful. SETTING Urban, suburban, and rural communities in Massachusetts, USA. RESULTS Organisational problems, court challenges to citations, budgetary threats, and political pressure all combined to reduce the frequency of enforcement inspections to half the intended rate. Political pressure resulted in the exclusion of older youths from compliance tests, further undermining enforcement efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Suggestions for addressing the problems include obtaining support from the community, keeping elected and court officials informed about plans for merchant education and law enforcement, using efficient enforcement protocols, setting merchant compliance goals, and advising the public and government officials about progress towards those goals, using older youths to make purchase attempts, and testing all merchants frequently.
Collection of Blood, Saliva, and Buccal Cell Samples in a Pilot Study on the Danish Nurse Cohort: Comparison of the Response Rate and Quality of Genomic DNA

In this study, we compared the response rates of blood, saliva, and buccal cell samples in a pilot study on the Danish nurse cohort and examined the quantity and quality of the purified genomic DNA. Our data show that only 31% of the requested participants delivered a blood sample, whereas 72%, 80%, and 76% delivered a saliva sample, buccal cell sample via mouth swabs, or buccal cell sample on FTA card, respectively. Analysis of purified genomic DNA by NanoDrop and agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that blood and saliva samples resulted in DNA with the best quality, whereas the DNA quality from buccal cells was low. Genotype and PCR analysis showed that DNA from 100% of the blood samples and 72% to 84% of the saliva samples could be genotyped or amplified, whereas none of the DNA from FTA cards and only 23% of the DNA from mouth swabs could be amplified and none of the DNA from swabs and 94% of the DNA from FTA cards could be genotyped. Our study shows that the response rate of self-collection saliva samples and buccal cell samples were much higher than the response rate of blood samples in our group of Danish nurses. However, only the quality of genomic DNA from saliva samples was comparable with blood samples as accessed by purity, genotyping, and PCR amplification. We conclude that the use of saliva samples is a good alternative to blood samples to obtain genomic DNA of high quality and it will increase the response rate considerably in epidemiologic studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(10):2072–6)
Bioinformatics Analysis of Alternative Polyadenylation in Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Using Transcriptome Sequences from Three Different Sequencing Platforms

Messenger RNA 3′-end formation is an essential posttranscriptional processing step for most eukaryotic genes. Different from plants and animals where AAUAAA and its variants routinely are found as the main poly(A) signal, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii uses UGUAA as the major poly(A) signal. The advance of sequencing technology provides an enormous amount of sequencing data for us to explore the variations of poly(A) signals, alternative polyadenylation (APA), and its relationship with splicing in this algal species. Through genome-wide analysis of poly(A) sites in C. reinhardtii, we identified a large number of poly(A) sites: 21,041 from Sanger expressed sequence tags, 88,184 from 454, and 195,266 from Illumina sequence reads. In comparison with previous collections, more new poly(A) sites are found in coding sequences and intron and intergenic regions by deep-sequencing. Interestingly, G-rich signals are particularly abundant in intron and intergenic regions. The prevalence of different poly(A) signals between coding sequences and a 3′-untranslated region implies potentially different polyadenylation mechanisms. Our data suggest that the APA occurs in about 68% of C. reinhardtii genes. Using Gene Ontolgy analysis, we found most of the APA genes are involved in RNA regulation and metabolic process, protein synthesis, hydrolase, and ligase activities. Moreover, intronic poly(A) sites are more abundant in constitutively spliced introns than retained introns, suggesting an interplay between polyadenylation and splicing. Our results support that APA, as in higher eukaryotes, may play significant roles in increasing transcriptome diversity and gene expression regulation in this algal species. Our datasets also provide useful information for accurate annotation of transcript ends in C. reinhardtii.
A Metric of the Relative Abstraction Level of Software Patterns

The abstraction level of the problem treated by a design pattern has wide variety, from architecture to near implementation. However, there is no objective metric indicating the abstraction level of the problems addressed by patterns. Thus, it is difficult to understand the abstraction level of each pattern and to position a new pattern. In this paper, a metric is proposed. It indicates the relative abstraction level of a pattern’s problem. We propose a metric obtained from inter-pattern relationships. We also propose a visualization method for the metric. Using such metrics, we aim to help developers easily understand the abstraction level of each pattern, therefore, to better decide about its usefulness for the problem at hand.
Direct sequence evaluation of the major outer membrane protein gene variant regions of Chlamydia trachomatis subtypes D', I', and L2'

The nucleotide sequences of variable segments (VS) 1, 2, and 4 for the major outer membrane protein gene (omp1) of Chlamydia trachomatis were determined for serologically defined subtypes D', I', and L2'. Asymmetric DNA amplification was used to produce single-stranded DNA for direct sequencing. Amino acid substitutions were detected in VS1, VS2, and VS4 for I', in VS2 for L2', and in VS4 for D'. DNA sequencing of omp1 variant regions may be an important method for evaluating the molecular epidemiology of Chlamydia spp.
Racial Settlement and Metropolitan Land-Use Patterns: Does Sprawl Abet Black-White segregation?

This paper advances a theory of how metropolitan land-use patterns affect racial settlement patterns and tests it by measuring the relationship between seven dimensions of land-use patterns and five dimensions of segregation of Blacks and Whites for a representative sample of 50 large metropolitan areas, using multiple regression analysis. We find substantial, nonlinear relationships between changes in multiple dimensions of segregation and multiple dimensions of land use, with most evincing a direct relationship between more compact patterns and segregation once a threshold value is exceeded. The results can be explained holistically by positing that variations in different dimensions of land-use patterns differentially affect land/housing prices, inter-group propinquity, interracial commonality of commuting destinations, and spatial mismatch, which in turn appear to affect the ability of a metropolitan area to desegregate. But alterations in certain aspects of land use—density/continuity and job compactness—apparently spawn a combination of forces that affect desegregation in contrary ways; which force dominates seemingly depends on how extreme the given land-use pattern has become. These findings hold implications for those designing land-use policies designed to fight sprawl.