Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of epinephrine-induced glucose intolerance in normal humans.

To evaluate the role of the splanchnic bed in epinephrine-induced glucose intolerance, we selectively assessed the components of net splanchnic glucose balance, i.e., splanchnic glucose uptake and hepatic glucose production, and peripheral glucose uptake by combining infusion of [3-(3)H]glucose with hepatic vein catheterization. Normal humans received a 90-min infusion of either glucose alone (6.5 mg/kg(-1) per min(-1)) or epinephrine plus glucose at two dose levels: (a) in amounts that simulated the hyperglycemia seen with glucose alone (3.0 mg/kg(-1) per min(-1)); and (b) in amounts identical to the control study. During infusion of glucose alone, blood glucose rose twofold, insulin levels and net posthepatic insulin release increased three- to fourfold, and net splanchnic glucose output switched from a net output (1.65+/-0.12 mg/kg(-1) per min(-1)) to a net uptake (1.56+/-0.18). This was due to a 90-95% fall (P < 0.001) in hepatic glucose production and a 100% rise (P < 0.001) in splanchnic glucose uptake (from 0.86+/-0.14 to 1.71+/-0.12 mg/kg(-1) per min(-1)), which in the basal state amounted to 30-35% of total glucose uptake. Peripheral glucose uptake rose by 170-185% (P < 0.001). When epinephrine was combined with the lower glucose dose, blood glucose, insulin release, and hepatic blood flow were no different from values observed with glucose alone. However, hepatic glucose production fell only 40-45% (P < 0.05 vs. glucose alone) and, most importantly, the rise in splanchnic glucose uptake was totally blocked. As a result, splanchnic glucose clearance fell by 50% (P < 0.05), and net splanchnic glucose uptake did not occur. The rise in peripheral glucose uptake was also reduced by 50-60% (P < 0.001). When epinephrine was added to the same dose of glucose used in the control study, blood glucose rose twofold higher (P < 0.001). The initial rise in splanchnic glucose uptake was totally prevented; however, beyond 30 min, splanchnic glucose uptake increased, reaching levels seen in the control study when severe hyperglycemia occurred. Splanchnic glucose clearance, nevertheless, remained suppressed throughout the entire study (40%-50%, P < 0.01). It is concluded that (a) the splanchnic bed accounts for one-third of total body glucose uptake in the basal state in normal humans; (b) epinephrine markedly inhibits the rise in splanchnic glucose uptake induced by infusion of glucose; and (c) this effect does not require a fall in insulin and is modulated by the level of hyperglycemia. Our data indicate that the splanchnic bed is an important site of glucose uptake in post-absorptive humans and that epinephrine impairs glucose tolerance by suppressing glucose uptake by both splanchnic and peripheral tissues, as well as by its well known stimulatory effect on endogenous glucose production.
Effects of aging on arterial distensibility in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension: comparison between urban and rural communities in China.

Arterial pulse wave velocity, an established index of arterial distensibility, was measured together with arterial pressure in a group of 524 normal subjects of both sexes 2 months to 94 years old (mean age 45.6 +/- 15.3 years [SD]) in rural Guangzhou, China, an area with known low prevalence of hypertension. Fasting serum lipid levels and overnight Na+ and K+ urinary excretion levels were determined in a subgroup of 104 subjects (ages 8 to 88 years). Comparisons were made with data obtained similarly from normal subjects in urban Beijing, an area with known high prevalence of hypertension. Serum cholesterol levels were similar and low in each group (Guangzhou, 4.34 +/- 0.12 mmol/liter [SE]; BEijing, 4.49 +/- 0.11 mmol/liter). Prevalence of hypertension (WHO criteria) was 4.9% (Guangzhou) and 15.6% (Beijing). In Guangzhou subjects pulse wave velocity was consistently lower in the aorta, arm, and leg, and increased to a lesser degree with age compared with Beijing subjects. Regression equations (x = pulse wave velocity [cm/sec], y = age [years]) were as follows: (1) aorta, Guangzhou: y = 5.1x + 533, r = . 552, p less than . 05; Beijing: y = 9.2x + 615, r = . 673, p less than . 001; (2) arm, Guangzhou: y = 0.61x + 817, r = . 121, p less than . 05; Beijing: y = 4.8x + 998, r = . 453, p less than . 001; (3) leg, Guangzhou: y = 4.43x + 718, r = . 512, p less than . 05; Beijing: y = 5.6x + 791, r = . 630, p less than . 001. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Tire Radii Estimation Using a Marginalized Particle Filter

In this paper, the measurements of individual wheel speeds and the absolute position from a global positioning system are used for high-precision estimation of vehicle tire radii. The radii deviation from its nominal value is modeled as a Gaussian random variable and included as noise components in a simple vehicle motion model. The novelty lies in a Bayesian approach to estimate online both the state vector and the parameters representing the process noise statistics using a marginalized particle filter (MPF). Field tests show that the absolute radius can be estimated with submillimeter accuracy. The approach is tested in accordance with regulation 64 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe on a large data set (22 tests, using two vehicles and 12 different tire sets), where tire deflations are successfully detected, with high robustness, i.e., no false alarms. The proposed MPF approach outperforms common Kalman-filter-based methods used for joint state and parameter estimation when compared with respect to accuracy and robustness.
Optimal Timing of Acustimulation for Antiemetic Prophylaxis as an Adjunct to Ondansetron in Patients Undergoing Plastic Surgery

We designed this study to evaluate the antiemetic efficacy of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation in combination with ondansetron when applied before, after, or both before and after plastic surgery. A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study design was used to compare three prophylactic acustimulation treatment schedules: preoperative—an active device was applied for 30 min before and a sham device for 72 h after surgery; postoperative—a sham device was applied for 30 min before and an active device for 72 h after surgery; and perioperative—an active device was applied for 30 min before and 72 h after surgery (n = 35 per group). All patients received a standardized general anesthetic, and ondansetron 4 mg IV was administered at the end of surgery. The incidence of vomiting/retching and the need for rescue antiemetics were determined at specific time intervals for up to 72 h after surgery. Nausea scores were recorded with an 11-point verbal rating scale. Other outcome variables assessed included discharge times (for outpatients), resumption of normal activities of daily living, complete antiemetic response rate, and patient satisfaction with antiemetic therapy and quality of recovery. Perioperative use of the ReliefBand® significantly increased complete responses (68%) compared with use of the device before surgery only (43%). Median postoperative nausea scores were significantly reduced in the peri- and postoperative (versus preoperative) treatment groups. Finally, patient satisfaction with the quality of recovery (83 ± 16 and 85 ± 13 vs 72 ± 18) and antiemetic management (96 ± 9 and 94 ± 10 vs 86 ± 13) on an arbitrary scale from 0 = worst to 100 = best was significantly higher in the groups receiving peri- or postoperative (versus preoperative) acustimulation therapy. For patients discharged on the day of surgery, the time to home readiness was significantly reduced (114 ± 41 min versus 164 ± 50 min; P < 0.05) when acustimulation was administered perioperatively (versus preoperatively). In conclusion, acustimulation with the ReliefBand® was most effective in reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting and improving patients’ satisfaction with their antiemetic therapy when it was administered after surgery.
DNA Barcoding as an Effective Tool in Improving a Digital Plant Identification System: A Case Study for the Area of Mt. Valerio, Trieste (NE Italy)

Background Identification keys are decision trees which require the observation of one or more morphological characters of an organism at each step of the process. While modern digital keys can overcome several constraints of classical paper-printed keys, their performance is not error-free. Moreover, identification cannot be always achieved when a specimen lacks some morphological features (i.e. because of season, incomplete development or miss-collecting). DNA barcoding was proven to have great potential in plant identification, while it can be ineffective with some closely related taxa, in which the relatively brief evolutionary distance did not produce differences in the core-barcode sequences. Methodology/Principal Findings In this paper, we investigated how the DNA barcoding can support the modern digital approaches to the identification of organisms, using as a case study a local flora, that of Mt. Valerio, a small hill near the centre of Trieste (NE Italy). The core barcode markers (plastidial rbcL and matK), plus the additional trnH-psbA region, were used to identify vascular plants specimens. The usefulness of DNA barcoding data in enhancing the performance of a digital identification key was tested on three independent simulated scenarios. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that the core barcode markers univocally identify most species of our local flora (96%). The trnH-psbA data improve the discriminating power of DNA barcoding among closely related plant taxa. In the multiparametric digital key, DNA barcoding data improves the identification success rate; in our simulation, DNA data overcame the absence of some morphological features, reaching a correct identification for 100% of the species. FRIDA, the software used to generate the digital key, has the potential to combine different data sources: we propose to use this feature to include molecular data as well, creating an integrated identification system for plant biodiversity surveys.
Malmö Treatment Referral and Intervention Study—High 12-Month Retention Rates in Patients Referred from Syringe Exchange to Methadone or Buprenorphine/Naloxone Treatment

Background Heroin dependence is associated with high mortality. Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) with methadone or buprenorphine has strong evidence for treatment of this relapsing condition. In our setting, OAT has been associated with strict and demanding intake procedures, often with requirements of social stability, but also high, approximately 80 percent 12-month retention rates. In a recent randomized controlled trial, we demonstrated high rates of successful rapid referral from a syringe exchange programme (SEP) to treatment with methadone or buprenorphine, including actual treatment initiation. The objectives of this study were to assess 12-month retention rates, in order to assess whether a novel referral program of current drug users at a SEP would achieve retention rates comparable to more traditional intake procedures. Methods The present report is a 12-month follow-up of 71 patients who successfully started treatment with methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone. Patient data from baseline and at 12 months were collected. Results Out of the 71 patients who started treatment, 58 (82%) were still in treatment after 12 months. Conclusion This was a population, referred from a SEP, with a high drug use severity on admission and no pretreatment requirement for social stability, but there were still high retention rates at 12 months comparable to regular opioid agonist clinics in our setting.
Learning with nature and learning from others: nature as setting and resource for early childhood education

Nature-based learning is an increasingly popular type of early childhood education. Despite this, children’s experiences—in particular, their form and function within different settings and how they are viewed by practitioners—are relatively unknown. Accordingly, the use of nature as a setting and a resource for learning was researched. A description and an emerging understanding of nature-based learning were obtained through the use of a group discussion and case studies. Practitioners’ views demonstrated their eagerness to share experience that ranged from positive examples to challenges encountered within practice. Case studies recorded in a Scottish nature kindergarten and two Nordic counterparts take a situated view of nature-based learning. Findings indicate that nature is utilised as setting, as resource and as educator within children’s learning and this holds true within different countries. Local, social and cultural contexts exert influence on pedagogical practice and implications for practice based upon these are given.
Knowledge, Identity and the Middle Class: From Collective to Individualised Class Formation?

This paper highlights a number of strong indications of important changes in the work and labour market experiences of professionals and managers, the core of the ‘new middle class‘ (nmc) in most contemporary class theories. Following an outline of some of these changes, it is argued that several central theoretical strategies shared by class theorists - notably a residual ‘functional essentialism’ and the choice of microfoundations - prevent them from adequately theorising these changes. The paper offers an alternative approach to theorising the contemporary nmc that avoids the reductionism of many existing approaches, and that is grounded in microfoundations focused on the relation of narratively constructed identities to social action. On this basis, an account of the contemporary emergence of a new segment of the nmc, the ‘nmc bricoleur’, is outlined, and its relation to empirical studies of the changing nmc is suggested. The paper concludes with some speculations about the likely future of Anglophone new middle classes.
Learning a Probabilistic Model of Event Sequences from Internet Weblog Stories

One of the central problems in building broad-coverage story understanding systems is generating expectations about event sequences, i.e. predicting what happens next given some arbitrary narrative context. In this paper, we describe how a large corpus of stories extracted from Internet weblogs was used to learn a probabilistic model of event sequences using statistical language modeling techniques. Our approach was to encode weblog stories as sequences of events, one per sentence in the story, where each event was represented as a pair of descriptive key words extracted from the sentence. We then applied statistical language modeling techniques to each of the event sequences in the corpus. We evaluated the utility of the resulting model for the tasks of narrative event ordering and event prediction.
“Do you like Doritos?”: preschoolers’ table talk during lunchtime

The primary intention was to explore the nature and content of preschoolers’ conversations during lunchtime in their classroom. Secondary goals included discovering how eating at school framed the children’s conversation and play, and the influence of gender on children’s conversations and forms of play. Participants were 65 primarily European‐American, middle‐income children (25 boys, 40 girls). Ages ranged from 36 to 71 months. Multiple observers recorded table conversations using a time sampling unit of five minutes. Simultaneous play and non‐verbal behaviour were also recorded. Findings revealed that children primarily conversed with peers and not with adults. Major conversation topics were food, family, and daily events. Child to teacher speech frequently involved requests for assistance. Girls conversed more than boys in almost all instances except in asking the teacher questions. Boys played with their food, told jokes and engaged in taboo humour and language play more than the girls did. Findings partially support the existing literature.
Comparing Urban and Rural Perceptions of and Familiarity With the Management of Forest Ecosystems

Forests generate market (e.g., timber) and nonmarket (e.g., wildlife) values to individuals, and multiple-use forest management involves making trade-offs between different management goals. This research uses results from six focus-groups to understand how the public perceives these trade-offs and examines differences between urban and rural groups in Michigan's Central Upper Peninsula. Results reveal differences between rural, timber-dependent and urban, non-timber-dependent participants' familiarity with forest management and ecological interactions within forests. Results support the idea that rural, timber-dependent community members are very concerned about the continued provision of both market and nonmarket forest outputs. Urban, non-timber-dependent community residents have milder concerns for sustaining multiple forest outputs but expressed strong concerns for maintaining recreational opportunities for personal uses. The results do not support the hypothesis that rural/urban views lie as expected along an anthropocentric–biocentric continuum.
Attention Modulation of Neural Tuning Through Peak and Base Rate

This study investigates the influence of attention modulation on neural tuning functions. It has been shown in experiments that attention modulation alters neural tuning curves. Attention has been considered at least to serve to resolve limiting capacities and to increase the sensitivity to attended stimulus, while the exact functions of attention are still under debate. Inspired by recent experimental results on attention modulation, we investigate the influence of changes in the height and base rate of the tuning curve on the encoding accuracy, using the Fisher information. Under an assumption of stimulus-conditional independence of neural responses, we derive explicit conditions that determine when the height and base rate should be increased or decreased to improve encoding accuracy. Notably, a decrease in the tuning height and base rate can improve the encoding accuracy in some cases. Our theoretical results can predict the effective size of attention modulation on the neural population with respect to encoding accuracy. We discuss how our method can be used quantitatively to evaluate different aspects of attention function.
AGE DIFFERENCES IN TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION DECISIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR A CHANGING WORK FORCE

This research investigated age differences in individual adoption and sustained usage of technology in the workplace using the theory of planned behavior. User reactions and technology usage behavior were studied over a 5-month period among 118 workers being introduced to a new software system. At 2 points of measurement, compared to older workers, younger workers' technology usage decisions were more strongly influenced by attitude toward using the technology. In contrast, older workers were more strongly influenced by subjective norm and perceived behavioral control, although the effect of subjective norm diminished over time. These findings were robust, even after controlling for key confounding variables identified in prior organizational behavior research (i.e., income, occupation, and education levels). Theoretical and practical implications for understanding the effects of aging on technology adoption and usage in the workplace are discussed.
Knowing Is Half the Battle

We tested whether informing women about stereotype threat is a useful intervention to improve their performance in a threatening testing situation. Men and women completed difficult math problems described either as a problem-solving task or as a math test. In a third (teaching-intervention) condition, the test was also described as a math test, but participants were additionally informed that stereotype threat could interfere with women's math performance. Results showed that women performed worse than men when the problems were described as a math test (and stereotype threat was not discussed), but did not differ from men in the problem-solving condition or in the condition in which they learned about stereotype threat. For women, attributing anxiety to gender stereotypes was associated with lower performance in the math-test condition but improved performance in the teaching-intervention condition. The results suggest that teaching about stereotype threat might offer a practical means of reducing its detrimental effects.
Children’s Theory of Mind: An Experiential Interpretation

The interpretive and theory versions of children’s theory of mind as discussed by Astington and Olson are reconsidered in the light of an experiential theory of cognitive development. Data from adults’ responses to a theory of mind task are reported, indicating that many adults (college students) provide interpretive explanations while others give straightforward logical-causal theoretical explanations of actions. Evidence from naturalistic studies of young children as well as their explanations offered in experimental situations suggest that they rely on background experientially based knowledge to interpret theory of mind tasks. We argue that a logical-causal theory of human action based on mental states is a developmental product of interpretive narrative and not its basis.
Non-Surgical Therapy for Peri-Implant Diseases: a Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Objectives The purpose of this paper was to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of non-surgical therapy for the treatment of peri-implant diseases including both, mucositis and peri-implantitis lesions. Material and Methods An electronic search in two different databases was performed including MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE from 2011 to 2016. Human studies reporting non-surgical treatment of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis with more than 10 implants and at least 6 months follow up published in English language were evaluated. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the different methods of decontamination employed in the included investigations. Risk of bias assessment was elaborated for included investigations. Results Twenty-five articles were identified of which 14 were further evaluated and included in the analysis. Due to significant heterogeneity in between included studies, a meta-analysis could not be performed. Instead, a systematic descriptive review was performed. Included investigations reported the used of different methods for implant decontamination, including self-performed cleaning techniques, and professionally delivered treatment such as laser, photodynamic therapy, supra-/sub-mucosal mechanical debridement, and air-abrasive devices. Follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 60 months. Conclusions Non-surgical treatment for peri-implant mucositis seems to be effective while modest and not-predictable outcomes are expected for peri-implantitis lesions. Limitations include different peri-implant diseases definitions, treatment approaches, as well as different implant designs/surfaces and defect characteristics.
Behavior and Neurosis

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