Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Distributed and Cooperative Environment for Computer Algebra

Abstract In this paper, we describe the Central Control , a software component that enables several symbolic systems to cooperate and exchange data. The Central Control has been designed to be the kernel of an environment for scientific computations which can offer a common and concurrent access to several tools needed by the scientist and the engineer: general purpose and specialized computer algebra systems, visualization tools, links with numerical libraries and tools to manipulate numerical programs etc . The user can interact with the Central Control through one or more (graphical) user interfaces. The Central Control achieves its goals by requiring as little as possible from the tools and by using a particular programming language to provide a unified view for the objects and the operations performed by the connected tools. The Central Control will be used as the basis of the Comprehensive Solver that will provide common access to all the programs developed within the POSSO ESPRIT/BRA project. We give a simple example of an actual use of the Central Control for computing primary decompositions of ideals.
How Much Child Sexual Abuse is “Below the Surface,” and Can We Help Adults Identify it Early?

Child sexual abuse (CSA) occurs frequently in society to children aged between 2 and 17. It is significantly more common in girls than boys, with the peak age for CSA occurring when girls are aged 13–17. Many children experience multiple episodes of CSA, as well as having high rates of other victimizations (such as physical assaults). One of the problems for current research in CSA is different definitions of what this means, and no recent review has clearly differentiated more severe forms of CSA, and how commonly this is disclosed. In general we suggest there are four types of behavior that should be included as CSA, namely (1) non-contact, (2) genital touching, (3) attempted vaginal and anal penetrative acts, and (4) vaginal and anal penetrative acts. Evidence suggests that CSA involving types (2), (3), and (4) is more likely to have significant long-term outcomes, and thus can be considered has having higher-impact. From the research to date approximately 15% of girls aged 2–17 experience higher-impact CSA (with most studies suggesting that between 12 and 18% of girls experience higher-impact CSA). Approximately 6% of boys experience higher-impact CSA (with most studies suggesting that between 5 and 8% experience higher-impact CSA). The data also suggests that in over 95% of cases the CSA is never disclosed to authorities. Thus, CSA is frequent but often not identified, and occurs “below the surface” in the vast majority of higher-impact cases. Helping adults to understand “below the surface” CSA might help them to recognize it early, but there are very few indicators specific to CSA, making this a challenging goal to achieve. Nonetheless, given that CSA frequently occurs with other types of abuse, a training program that focuses on both CSA and other abuse may offer a method to allow both early recognition and prevention by adults in the general population.
On correlated random walks and 21-cm fluctuations during cosmic reionization

Analytical approaches to galaxy formation and reionization are based on the mathematical problem of random walks with barriers. The statistics of a single random walk can be used to calculate one-point distributions ranging from the mass function of virialized haloes to the distribution of ionized bubble sizes during reionization. However, an analytical calculation of two-point correlation functions or of spatially dependent feedback processes requires the joint statistics of random walks at two different points. An accurate analytical expression for the statistics of two correlated random walks has been previously found only for the case of a constant barrier height. However, calculating bubble sizes or accurate statistics for halo formation involves more general barriers that can often be approximated as linear barriers. We generalize the two-point solution with constant barriers to linear barriers, and apply it as an illustration to calculate the correlation function of cosmological 21-cm fluctuations during reionization.
Question Classification using Head Words and their Hypernyms

Question classification plays an important role in question answering. Features are the key to obtain an accurate question classifier. In contrast to Li and Roth (2002)'s approach which makes use of very rich feature space, we propose a compact yet effective feature set. In particular, we propose head word feature and present two approaches to augment semantic features of such head words using WordNet. In addition, Lesk's word sense disambiguation (WSD) algorithm is adapted and the depth of hypernym feature is optimized. With further augment of other standard features such as unigrams, our linear SVM and Maximum Entropy (ME) models reach the accuracy of 89.2% and 89.0% respectively over a standard benchmark dataset, which outperform the best previously reported accuracy of 86.2%.
Assessing the Influence of Upper-Tropospheric Troughs on Tropical Cyclone Intensification Rates after Genesis

AbstractThe role of upper-tropospheric troughs on the intensification rate of newly formed tropical cyclones (TCs) is analyzed. This study focuses on TCs forming in the presence of upper-tropospheric troughs in the North Atlantic basin between 1980 and 2014. TCs were binned into three groups based upon the 24-h intensification rate starting at the time of genesis: rapid TC genesis (RTCG), slow TC genesis (STCG), and neutral TC genesis (NTCG). Composite analysis shows RTCG events are characterized by amplified upper-tropospheric flow with the largest upshear displacement between the TC and trough of the three groups. RTCG events are associated with greater quasigeostrophic (QG) ascent in upshear quadrants of the TC, forced by differential vorticity advection by the thermal wind, especially around the time of genesis. This pattern of QG ascent closely matches the RTCG composite of infrared brightness temperatures.Conversely, NTCG events are associated with an upper-tropospheric trough that is closest to the.
Central auditory development in children with bilateral cochlear implants.

OBJECTIVE To examine the time course of maturation of P1 latencies in infant sequential and simultaneous bilateral cochlear implant recipients. DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Pediatric collaborative cochlear implant program. PATIENTS Four children who received bilateral cochlear implants prior to age 2 years. INTERVENTION Cortical auditory evoked potential was completed to determine the latency of the P1 response in 4 children with bilateral cochlear implants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Longitudinal development of the latency of the P1 cortical auditory evoked potential in children who received bilateral cochlear implants prior to age 2 years. RESULTS In 2 patients who received sequential bilateral implants, P1 latencies recorded from the first implanted ear were within normal limits after 3 to 6 months of implant use. By comparison, P1 latencies from the second implanted ear reached normal limits as early as 1 month after implant use. In 2 patients who received simultaneous bilateral implants, P1 latencies from both ears were also within normal limits in a very short time frame (ie, by 1 month poststimulation). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a high degree of plasticity of the central auditory pathways after early bilateral implantation. We find that P1 latencies provide a clinically useful biomarker of central auditory system development in children after cochlear implantation.
Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine Anti-helicobacter Pylori Activity and Immunostimulatory Effect of Extracts from Byrsonima Crassa Nied. (malpighiaceae)

Background: Several in vitro studies have looked at the effect of medicinal plant extracts against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Regardless of the popular use of Byrsonima crassa (B. crassa) as antiemetic, diuretic, febrifuge, to treat diarrhea, gastritis and ulcers, there is no data on its effects against H. pylori. In this study, we evaluated the anti-H. pylori of B. crassa leaves extracts and its effects on reactive oxygen/nitrogen intermediates induction by murine peritoneal macrophages.
Financial Contracting with Optimistic Entrepreneurs

Optimistic beliefs are a source of nonpecuniary benefits for entrepreneurs that can explain the "Private Equity Puzzle. " This paper looks at the effects of entrepreneurial optimism on financial contracting. When the contract space is restricted to debt, we show the existence of a separating equilibrium in which optimists self-select into short-term debt and realists into long-term debt. Long-term debt is optimal for a realist entrepreneur as it smooths payoffs across states of nature. Short-term debt is optimal for optimists for two reasons: (i) "bridging the gap in beliefs" by letting the entrepreneur take a bet on his project's success, and (ii) letting the investor impose adaptation decisions in bad states.We test our theory on a large data set of French entrepreneurs. First, in agreement with the psychology literature, we find that biases in beliefs may be (partly) explained by individual characteristics and tend to persist over time. Second, as predicted by our model, we find that short-term debt is robustly correlated with "optimistic" expectation errors, even controlling for firm risk and other potential determinants of short-term leverage. The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Low-complexity codebook-based beamforming with four transmit antennas and quantized feedback channel

In this paper we propose a low-complexity codebook-based beamforming with four transmit antennas and quantized feedback channel. The codebook design aggregates the effect of power allocation and phase rotation through a simple quantized transmit scheme. The codebook-based beamforming uses the feedback information in order to maximize the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. As a result, the proposed scheme presents an array gain. An SNR analysis is performed and it is used to find the optimal feedback information in the sense of maximizing the instantaneous SNR. A bit error rate (BER) analysis for a quantized feedback channel is also derived and it is used to compare to the results obtained for the proposed scheme under different levels of quantization. Simulations are performed over quasi-static flat Rayleigh fading channels for different closed-loop codebook-based schemes with four transmit antennas and unitary transmission rate. Results illustrate that the proposed scheme achieves full diversity order and outperforms other good schemes in terms of array gain.
The roles of reconstruction and lexical storage in the comprehension of regular pronunciation variants

This paper investigates how listeners process regular pronunciation variants, resulting from simple general reduction processes. Study 1 shows that when listeners are presented with new words, they store the pronunciation variants presented to them, whether these are unreduced or reduced. Listeners thus store information on word-specific pronunciation variation. Study 2 suggests that if participants are presented with regularly reduced pronunciations, they also reconstruct and store the corresponding unreduced pronunciations. These unreduced pronunciations apparently have special status. Together the results support hybrid models of speech processing, assuming roles for both exemplars and abstract representations. Index Terms: pronunciation variation, speech comprehension, lexical storage, phonological reconstruction, speech reduction, word learning
Impaired Hair Growth and Wound Healing in Mice Lacking Thyroid Hormone Receptors

Both clinical and experimental observations show that the skin is affected by the thyroidal status. In hypothyroid patients the epidermis is thin and alopecia is common, indicating that thyroidal status might influence not only skin proliferation but also hair growth. We demonstrate here that the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) mediate these effects of the thyroid hormones on the skin. Mice lacking TRα1 and TRβ (the main thyroid hormone binding isoforms) display impaired hair cycling associated to a decrease in follicular hair cell proliferation. This was also observed in hypothyroid mice, indicating the important role of the hormone-bound receptors in hair growth. In contrast, the individual deletion of either TRα1 or TRβ did not impair hair cycling, revealing an overlapping or compensatory role of the receptors in follicular cell proliferation. In support of the role of the receptors in hair growth, TRα1/TRβ-deficient mice developed alopecia after serial depilation. These mice also presented a wound-healing defect, with retarded re-epithelialization and wound gaping, associated to impaired keratinocyte proliferation. These results reinforce the idea that the thyroid hormone nuclear receptors play an important role on skin homeostasis and suggest that they could be targets for the treatment of cutaneous pathologies.
The Sociology of Inequality

This paper presents a discussion about social inequality. Mills' (1959/2000) sociological imagination provides in a theoretical discourse into the existence and perpetuation of social injustice. Cultural perspectives formulate a historical explanation of classism, racism, gender inequality, and cultural dominance. The study lends awareness to the body of knowledge about social differences that yield states of inequality. It is hoped that this information will assist in uncovering root causes of a social phenomenon that has had a devastating impact on human relations over the course of history.
The Distinction between Psychological Kinds and Natural Kinds Revisited: Can Updated Natural-Kind Theory Help Clinical Psychological Science and beyond Meet Psychology's Philosophical Challenges?

Philosophers and psychologists have long held that mind-dependent/human (or social) kinds are not natural kinds. Yet in the last three decades philosopher of science Richard Boyd has challenged this belief to widespread acclaim in the philosophy of biology, where the natural-kind status of species taxa has been debated. Boyd proposed that natural-kind status hinges not on a kind's mind independence or on demonstration of its essential properties but rather on whether it supports inductive generalization, in which case it is a “homeostatic property cluster” (HPC) kind. Boyd indicates that any human/mental kind can in principle be a natural kind, without physical reduction of its properties, as long as it constitutes an HPC kind and so can be studied by way of the causal mechanisms that, he theorizes, underlie all natural kinds. In the last decade Boyd's HPC theory of natural kinds has influenced theory of mental disorder kinds and shares commonality with Denny Borsboom's burgeoning “symptom network” approach to psychiatric diagnosis. It therefore warrants more thoroughgoing theoretical and empirical analysis. This article revisits the heterogeneity that inheres in DSM categories and motivated alternative approaches, such as the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) of the NIMH. Also assessed are two worries about the future of “HPC kinds” of mental disorder kinds: (a) ontological relativism and reification, and (b) epistemic perspectivalism and relativistic knowledge. Though focused on clinical kinds, this analysis has implications for psychological science beyond its clinical subdiscipline.
Inadvertent Script Change and Increased Propensity for Violence: The Danger of Interactive Video Games

This article explores the idea that males are genetically predisposed to violence and aggression. It looks at the experience of men in combat and what behavior emerges in such a context, arguing that, in fact, most males are reluctant killers who will avoid killing if at all possible. The effects of military training on young men are described and related to the danger of interactive video games, which have the potential for producing violent script decisions in young males.
Preventing the Incidence of New Cases of Mental Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review

To assess the results of studies examining the effects of preventive interventions on the incidence of mental disorders, we conducted a systematic review. A literature search resulted in 13 high-quality randomized trials, six on depressive disorder (including postpartum depression), one on anxiety, one examining both anxiety and depression, three on posttraumatic stress disorders, one on psychosis, and one on any mental disorder. The overall relative risk (RR) was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.56–0.95), indicating a reduction of the risk to become a new case of a mental disorder. The seven studies on prevention of depressive disorder resulted in a RR of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.54–0.96). The risk of posttraumatic stress disorder was somewhat increased after debriefing, but not significantly (RR = 1.33), indicating a possible adverse effect. Prevention of new cases of mental disorders seems to be possible and may be an important way of reducing the enormous burden of these disorders.
Two-objective solution set optimization to maximize hypervolume and decision space diversity in multiobjective optimization

Diversity maintenance in the decision space is a recent hot topic in the field of evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO). In this paper, we propose the use of a decision space diversity measure as an objective function in a two-objective formulation of solution set optimization where the hypervolume measure is used as the other objective. In the proposed approach, a given multiobjective problem with an arbitrary number of objectives is handled as a two-objective solution set optimization problem. A solution of our two-objective problem is a set of non-dominated solutions of the original multiobjective problem. An EMO algorithm is used to search for a number of solution sets along the tradeoff surface between the diversity maximization in the decision space and the hypervolume maximization in the objective space. In this paper, first we numerically examine the diversity measure of Solow & Polasky (1994), which was used in recent studies of Ulrich et al. (2010, 2011), through computational experiments on many-objective distance minimization problems in a two-dimensional decision space. Then we formulate a two-objective solution set optimization problem to maximize the decision space diversity and the objective space hypervolume. Finally we demonstrate that a number of non-dominated solution sets can be obtained along the diversity-hypervolume tradeoff surface. Through computational experiments, we also examine the difference between the following two settings for diversity calculation: All solutions in a solution set are used in one setting while only non-dominated solutions are used in the other setting.
Personalized Security Indicators to Detect Application Phishing Attacks in Mobile Platforms

Phishing in mobile applications is a relevant threat with successful attacks reported in the wild. In such attacks, malicious mobile applications masquerade as legitimate ones to steal user credentials. In this paper we categorize application phishing attacks in mobile platforms and possible countermeasures. We show that personalized security indicators can help users to detect phishing attacks and have very little deployment cost. Personalized security indicators, however, rely on the user alertness to detect phishing attacks. Previous work in the context of website phishing has shown that users tend to ignore the absence of security indicators and fall victim of the attacker. Consequently, the research community has deemed personalized security indicators as an ineffective phishing detection mechanism. We evaluate personalized security indicators as a phishing detection solution in the context of mobile applications. We conducted a large-scale user study where a significant amount of participants that used personalized security indicators were able to detect phishing. All participants that did not use indicators could not detect the attack and entered their credentials to a phishing application. We found the difference in the attack detection ratio to be statistically significant. Personalized security indicators can, therefore, help phishing detection in mobile applications and their reputation as an anti-phishing mechanism should be reconsidered. We also propose a novel protocol to setup personalized security indicators under a strong adversarial model and provide details on its performance and usability.
Violence, revictimization and trauma-related shame and guilt. An investigation of event characteristics and mental health correlates among violenceexposed men and women from the general population and among young survivors of a terrorist attack

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a well-established risk factor for adult victimization in women, but little is known about the importance of relationship to perpetrator and exposure to other violence types. This study interviewed 2437 Norwegian women (response rate=45.0%) about their experiences with violence. Logistic regression analyses were employed to estimate associations of multiple categories of childhood violence with adult victimization. Women exposed to CSA often experienced other childhood violence, and the total burden of violence was associated with adult rape and intimate partner violence (IPV). Research and clinicians need to take into account the full spectrum of violence exposure.
Logic BIST with scan chain segmentation

This work presents a novel BIST (built-in self test) scheme with scan chain segmentation. In the scheme, a combination of pseudo random patterns and single-weight patterns have been applied to CUT (circuit under test). Scan chain is partitioned into multiple segments delimited by inverters. When a single weighted pattern is applied to a segmented scan chain, successive segments receive bit patterns with complementary weights. Several segment configurations may be required to achieve full fault coverage. In this scheme the control logic is inside the scan path and built-in self test can be implemented without compromising timing performance of CUT. Experiments show that our scheme can obtain very good fault coverage. Hardware implementation is simple and straightforward.
Low-rate identification of memory polynomials

We propose a new approach for the low-rate identification of memory polynomials (MPs), which are frequently used to model RF power amplifiers (PAs). Based on ideas from the finite rate of innovation framework, we find the coefficients of the MP in the frequency domain, which requires a relatively small number of measurements (samples), commensurate with the degrees of freedom in the model. By choosing a random set of frequency components, the stability of the identification is ensured. We show that the method can be used directly for special input signals, such as one used for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, and extend the idea for arbitrary inputs. Experiments using measured data from a class-AB PA demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. The sampling rate for identifying this PA is reduced by a factor of 1024 (from 107.52MHz to 105 kHz).