Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cap-independent translation through the p27 5′-UTR

Several recent publications have explored cap-independent translation through an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5′-UTR of the mRNA encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. The major experimental tool used in these reports was the use of bicistronic reporter constructs in which the 5′-UTR was inserted between the upstream and downstream cistrons. None of these reports has completely ruled out the possibility that the 5′-UTR has either cryptic promoter activity or a cryptic splice acceptor site. Either of these possibilities could result in expression of a monocistronic mRNA encoding the downstream cistron and false identification of an IRES. Indeed, Liu et al. recently published data suggesting that the p27 5′-UTR harbors cryptic promoter activity which accounts for its putative IRES activity. In this report, we have explored this potential problem further using promoterless bicistronic constructs coupled with RNase protection assays, siRNA knockdown of individual cistrons, RT-PCR to detect mRNA encoded by the bicistronic reporter with high sensitivity, direct transfection of bicistronic mRNAs, and insertion of an iron response element into the bicistronic reporter. The results do not support the conclusion that the p27 5′-UTR has significant functional promoter activity or cryptic splice sites, but rather that it is able to support cap-independent initiation of translation.
Trends in Engagement in Advance Care Planning Behaviors and the Role of Socioeconomic Status

We investigated the trends in advance care planning (ACP) between 2002 and 2010 and whether socioeconomic status explained such trends. We conducted a pooled regression analysis of Health and Retirement Study data from 6052 proxies of deceased individuals. We studied 3 ACP behaviors, discussing end-of-life (EOL) care preferences, providing written EOL care instructions, and appointing a durable power of attorney for health care (DPAHC). ACP increased by 12% to 23% every 2 years from 2002 to 2010. Higher household income increased the odds of having a DPAHC. Education was not associated with ACP. Socioeconomic status alone appears to play a very limited role in predicting ACP. Engagement in ACP likely depends on a constellation of many social and contextual factors.
In-situ Forming Composite Coating by Laser Cladding C/B4C

B4C and graphite(C) mixed powders were clad by laser at the surface of Ti–6Al–4V alloy in N2 environment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze the composite coatings. It was found that TiC, TiB, TiN, and TiB2 which were comprised of the coating were hard strengthening phases in-stiu formed. The microstructure of the coating were mainly dendrites and whiskers-like crstals in white light area. When the mass ratio of graphite is up to 40%, the micro-hardness of coating in specimen A was up to 1245 HV0.2, which was much greater than that of the substrate. The hardness of Ti–6Al–4V alloy was only 360 HV0.2. The micro-hardness of the coating in specimen B was from 1060 HV0.2 to 1358 HV0.2. The hardness of specimen B was about three to four times greater than that of the substrate. However, the residual graphite in the coating acted as a lubricant, which increased the wear resistant property of the laser cladding coating. The wear resistant property of specimen B was 4 times as great as that of the substrate. It was twice as great as that of specimen A.
Meta-Classifiers Easily Improve Commercial Sentiment Detection Tools

In this paper, we analyze the quality of several commercial tools for sentiment detection. All tools are tested on nearly 30,000 short texts from various sources, such as tweets, news, reviews etc. The best commercial tools have average accuracy of 60%. We then apply machine learning techniques (Random Forests) to combine all tools, and show that this results in a meta-classifier that improves the overall performance significantly.
LoENA: Low-overhead encryption based node authentication in WSN

Nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN) are susceptible to various attacks primarily due to their nature of deployment and unguarded communication. Therefore, providing security in such networks is of utmost importance. The main challenge to achieve this is to make the security solution light weight so that it is feasible to implement in such resource constrained nodes in WSN. So far, data authentication has drawn more attention than the node authentication in WSN. A robust security solution for such networks must also facilitate node authentication. In this paper, a low overhead encryption based security solution is proposed for node authentication. The proposed node authentication scheme at the sender side consists of three modules viz. dynamic key generation, encryption and embedding of key hint. Performance of the scheme is primarily analyzed by using two suitably chosen parameters such as cracking probability and cracking time. This evaluation guides us in fixing the size of the unique id of a node so that the scheme incurs low-overhead as well as achieves acceptable robustness. The performance is also compared with a couple of recent works in terms of computation and communication overheads and that confirms our scheme's supremacy over competing schemes in terms of both the metrics.
Whole‐exome sequencing of breast cancer, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor and neurofibroma from a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of multiple neurofibromas, cafe‐au‐lait spots, and Lisch nodules. Individuals with NF1 are at increased risk of developing various tumors, such as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), pheochromocytoma, leukemia, glioma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and breast cancer. Here, we describe the exome sequencing of breast cancer, MPNST, and neurofibroma from a patient with NF1. We identified a germline mutation in the NF1 gene which resulted in conversion of leucine to proline at amino acid position 847. In addition, we showed independent somatic NF1 mutations in all the three tumors (frameshift insertion in breast cancer (p.A985fs), missense mutation in MPNST (p.G23R), and inframe deletion in dermal neurofibroma (p.L1876del‐Inf)), indicating that a second hit in NF1 resulting in the loss of function could be important for tumor formation. Each tumor had a distinct genomic profile with mutually exclusive mutations in different genes. Copy number analysis revealed multiple copy number alterations in the breast cancer and the MPNST, but not the benign neurofibroma. Germline loss of chromosome 6q22.33, which harbors two potential tumor suppressor genes, PTPRK and LAMA2, was also identified; this may increase tumor predisposition further. In the background of NF1 syndrome, although second‐hit NF1 mutation is critical in tumorigenesis, different additional mutations are required to drive the formation of different tumors.
Invasive Ponto-Caspian Amphipods and Fish Increase the Distribution Range of the Acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus tereticollis in the River Rhine

Non-indigenous species that become invasive are one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide. In various freshwater systems in Europe, populations of native amphipods and fish are progressively displaced by highly adaptive non-indigenous species that can perform explosive range extensions. A total of 40 Ponto-Caspian round gobies Neogobius melanostomus from the Rhine River near Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, were examined for metazoan parasites and feeding ecology. Three metazoan parasite species were found: two Nematoda and one Acanthocephala. The two Nematoda, Raphidascaris acus and Paracuaria adunca, had a low prevalence of 2.5%. The Acanthocephala, Pomphorhynchus tereticollis, was the predominant parasite species, reaching a level of 90.0% prevalence in the larval stage, correlated with fish size. In addition, four invasive amphipod species, Corophium curvispinum (435 specimens), Dikerogammarus villosus (5,454), Echinogammarus trichiatus (2,695) and Orchestia cavimana (1,448) were trapped at the sampling site. Only D. villosus was infected with P. tereticollis at a prevalence of 0.04%. The invasive goby N. melanostomus mainly preys on these non-indigenous amphipods, and may have replaced native amphipods in the transmission of P. tereticollis into the vertebrate paratenic host. This study gives insight into a potential parasite-host system that consists mainly of invasive species, such as the Ponto-Caspian fish and amphipods in the Rhine. We discuss prospective distribution and migration pathways of non-indigenous vertebrate (round goby) and invertebrates (amphipods) under special consideration of parasite dispersal.
Cancer in the Elderly

Part 1 Introduction: sickness and health in old age, R.E. Irvine epidemiology of cancer in the elderly, D.W. Lamont hopes and fears of the elderly cancer patient, I.B. Brewin. Part 2 Principles of management of cancer in the elderly: principles of surgery, Henry Tankel principles of radiotherapy, Thurston Brewin principles of chemotherapy, Craig Lewis, Kaye & Calman terminal care, J.Welsh. Part 3 Complications of cancer in the elderly: metabolic aspects, H.M. Hodkinson paraneoplastic CNS syndromes, Chen-Ya Huang. Part 4 Organs and systems: breast cancer, Allan Langlands bronchus lung tumours, Gordon P.Canning and F.J. Caird Oesophagus, P.T. D. Symonds stomach gastric cancers, Alan Jewkes, Simon Rowley and T.J. & Priestman colon, and rectum and anus, Philip F.Schofield liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, John Chalstrey kidney, ureter and bladder, Philip P.Clark cancer of the prostate, Malcolm A.Bagshaw gynaecological cancer malignancy, L.N. Hudson skin, Rona M.MacKie lymphoma and leukaemia and malignant, John M.Dagg myeloma, J.S. Malpas, Wallace Stewart eye ophthalmic neoplasia, Bertil E.Damato and Foulds malignant disorders of bone, Frank J.Frassica, Lester E.Wold and Franklin H. & Sim head and neck cancer, D.F. N.Harrison brain and spinal cord, David A.Stewart and F.J.Caird.
The Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research Futures Prices in a Production Economy with Investment Constraints Futures Prices in a Production Economy with Investment Constraints *

We document a new stylized fact regarding the term-structure of futures volatility. We show that the relationship between the volatility of futures prices and the slope of the term structure of prices is non-monotone and has a " V-shape ". This aspect of the data cannot be generated by basic models that emphasize storage while this fact is consistent with models that emphasize investment constraints or, more generally, time-varying supply-elasticity. We develop an equilibrium model in which futures prices are determined endogenously in a production economy in which investment is both irreversible and is capacity constrained. Investment constraints affect firms investment decisions, which in turn determine the dynamic properties of their output and consequently imply that the supply-elasticity of the commodity changes over time. Since demand shocks must be absorbed either by changes in prices, or by changes in supply, time-varying supply-elasticity results in time-varying volatility of futures prices. Calibrating this model, we show it is quantitatively consistent with the aforementioned " V-shape " relationship between the volatility of futures prices and the slope of the term-structure.
Probabilistic Performance Analysis of Fault Diagnosis Schemes

The dissertation explores the problem of rigorously quantifying the performance of a fault diagnosis scheme in terms of probabilistic performance metrics. Typically, when the performance of a fault diagnosis scheme is of utmost importance, physical redundancy is used to create a highly reliable system that is easy to analyze. However, in this dissertation, we provide a general framework that applies to more complex analytically redundant or model-based fault diagnosis schemes. For each fault diagnosis problem in this framework, our performance metrics can be computed accurately in polynomial-time.First, we cast the fault diagnosis problem as a sequence of hypothesis tests. At each time, the performance of a fault diagnosis scheme is quantified by the probability that the scheme has chosen the correct hypothesis. The resulting performance metrics are joint probabilities. Using Bayes rule, we decompose these performance metrics into two parts: marginal probabilities that quantify the reliability of the system and conditional probabilities that quantify the performance of the fault diagnosis scheme. These conditional probabilities are used to draw connections between the fault diagnosis and the fields of medical diagnostic testing, signal detection, and general statistical decision theory.Second, we examine the problem of computing the performance metrics efficiently and accurately. To solve this problem, we examine each portion of the fault diagnosis problem and specify a set of sufficient assumptions that guarantee efficient computation. In particular, we provide a detailed characterization of the class of finite-state Markov chains that lead to tractable fault parameter models. To demonstrate that these assumptions enable efficient computation, we provide pseudocode algorithms and prove that their running time is indeed polynomial.Third, we consider fault diagnosis problems involving uncertain systems. The inclusion of uncertainty enlarges the class of systems that may be analyzed with our framework. It also addresses the issue of model mismatch between the actual system and the system used to design the fault diagnosis scheme. For various types of uncertainty, we present convex optimization problems that yield the worst-case performance over the uncertainty set.Finally, we discuss applications of the performance metrics and compute the performance for two fault diagnosis problems. The first problem is based on a simplified air-data sensor model, and the second problem is based on a linearized vertical take-off and landing aircraft model.
Nebula: Distributed Edge Cloud for Data Intensive Computing

Centralized cloud infrastructures have become the de-facto platform for data-intensive computing today. However, they suffer from inefficient data mobility due to the centralization of cloud resources, and hence, are highly unsuited for dispersed-data-intensive applications, where the data may be spread at multiple geographical locations. In this paper, we present Nebula: a dispersed cloud infrastructure that uses voluntary edge resources for both computation and data storage. We describe the lightweight Nebula architecture that enables distributed data-intensive computing through a number of optimizations including location-aware data and computation placement, replication, and recovery. We evaluate Nebula's performance on an emulated volunteer platform that spans over 50 PlanetLab nodes distributed across Europe, and show how a common data-intensive computing framework, MapReduce, can be easily deployed and run on Nebula. We show Nebula MapReduce is robust to a wide array of failures and substantially outperforms other wide-area versions based on a BOINC like model.
Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenic Patients: Preponderance of Off-Label Drug Use

Multiple drug class combinations are often prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia, although antipsychotic monotherapy reflects FDA labeling and scientific justification for combinations is highly variable. This study was performed to gain current data regarding drug treatment of schizophrenia as practiced in the community and to assess the frequencies of off-label drug class combinations. 200 DSM IV-diagnosed schizophrenic patients recruited from community treatment sources participated in this cross-sectional study of community based schizophrenic patients. Drug class categories include First and Second Generation Antipsychotic drugs (FGA and SGA, respectively), mood stabilizers, antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs. 25.5% of patients received antipsychotic monotherapy; 70% of patients received an antipsychotic and another drug class. A total of 42.5% of patients received more than one antipsychotic drug. The most common drug class combination was antipsychotic and a mood stabilizer. Stepwise linear discriminant function analysis identified the diagnosis of schizoaffective schizophrenia, history of having physically hurt someone and high scores on the General Portion of the PANSS rating scale predicted the combined use of an antipsychotic drug and a mood stabilizer. “Real world” pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia has developed its own established practice that is predominantly off-label and may have outstripped current data support. The economic implications for public sector payers are substantial as well as for the revenue of the pharmaceutical industry, whose promotion of off-label drug use is an increasingly problematic. These data are consistent with the recognition of the therapeutic limitations of both first and second generation antipsychotic drugs.
Utilitarian vs. hedonic robots: Role of parasocial tendency and anthropomorphism in shaping user attitudes

This study examines the differential effects of hedonic vs. utilitarian robots, using a between-subjects experimental design, whereby 48 college students in Korea were randomly assigned to interact with either a Pleo (Dinosaur robot) or a Roomba (vacuum-cleaning robot). Results revealed that hedonic robot (HR) users perceived more enjoyment than utilitarian robot (UR) users, whereas UR users perceived more usefulness and ease-of-use than HR users. Users with high tendency for parasocial interaction (PSI) and high anthropomorphism had more positive attitudes towards robots than their counterparts with low levels of these traits. HR users with high anthropomorphism and PSI had the most positive attitudes than all other combinations of variables. These results indicate that individual differences play a significant moderating role on user attitudes toward hedonic and utilitarian robots. The results of this study suggest that robot developers and marketers should take seriously the labeling of robots as hedonic or utilitarian, and also consider users' individual differences in order to maximize benefits of human-robot interactions.
Serum Levels of Carboxyterminal Propeptide of Type I Procollagen in Cancer Patients with Osteoblastic and Osteolytic Bone Metastases

Serial monitoring of serum and urinary markers of bone regeneration may provide an indirect assessment of the activity of bone metastases. We measured serum levels of carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), a new marker of bone formation, in 236 control subjects, stratified according to age and sex, and in 122 cancer patients: 80 with breast cancer (BC) (42 with osteolytic bone metastases) and 42 with prostate cancer (PC) (31 with osteoblastic bone metastases). An inverse correlation between age and serum PICP levels was found in healthy men (r = -0.30), but not in women. PICP levels were significantly higher in patients with osteoblastic metastases compared to age-matched control subjects and patients with advanced disease not involving the skeleton. The sensitivity of PICP was 64% for detecting osteoblastic metastases, and 12% for detecting osteolytic metastases. Serum PICP determination may have a diagnostic role for osteoblastic activity.
Clinical efficacy of serial computed tomographic scanning in severe closed head injury patients.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether serial computed tomographic (CT) scans of the head serve to prompt operative intervention. After the initial and 24- to 48-hour repeat scans, if no operative intervention has been performed, further serial scans are ordered on a planned basis or on the basis of changes in clinical status. METHODS This study is a retrospective review from January 1996 to December 2000. Results of the initial, follow-up, and serial CT scans were recorded for the 51 patients who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS One hundred seventeen (53.4%) serial CT scans were ordered. No urgent operative interventions were performed on the basis of the serial CT scans. Three scans (2.56%) led to nonurgent neurosurgical intervention. CONCLUSION In severe head-injured patients who are nonneurosurgical candidates on the basis of initial and repeat CT scans, serial head CT scans have little clinical efficacy and do not lead to urgent operative intervention.
Multi-source Cross-lingual Delexicalized Parser Transfer: Prague or Stanford?

We compare two annotation styles, Prague dependencies and Universal Stanford Dependencies, in their adequacy for parsing. We specifically focus on comparing the adposition attachment style, used in these two formalisms, applied in multisource cross-lingual delexicalized dependency parser transfer performed by parse tree combination. We show that in our setting, converting the adposition annotation to Stanford style in the Prague style training treebanks leads to promising results. We find that best results can be obtained by parsing the target sentences with parsers trained on treebanks using both of the adposition annotation styles in parallel, and combining all the resulting parse trees together after having converted them to the Stanford adposition style (+0.39% UAS over Prague style baseline). The score improvements are considerably more significant when using a smaller set of diverse source treebanks (up to +2.24% UAS over the baseline).
On Size and Life

It consists of forty-seven chapters, divided into five sections. The first section is a general, elementary, and brief introduction to the bacterial cell and its physiology, as well as to immunoassays and other techniques used in identification and classification of bacterial species. Section two, with 22 chapters, has been devoted to systemic bacteriology. These chapters, although brief, are well organized; almost all include a discussion about microscopy, culture appearances, biochemical reactions, serological characteristics, and, finally, infections of pathogenic members of each genus. There is, however, hardly any material about the clinical management or treatment of infections, although, where applicable, immunization has been discussed. A brief discussion about the clinical management of each bacterial infection would have been appropriate. It is also worth noting that mention of the epidemiology of bacterial species in this book pertains mostly, though not exclusively, to Britain. For example, in the discussion of infections caused by mycobacteria and corynebacteria, the main focus in terms of epidemiology is England. The third section explains the diagnostic methods used in bacteriology laboratories. This section is written almost like a manual; each chapter consists of two parts: specimen collection and laboratory procedure. A concise figure providing an overview of the laboratory procedure accompanies each chapter. Sections four and five consider a few of the important pathogenic species of protozoa and fungi, respectively. The book contains 151 excellent, mostly colorful figures, supplemented by 13 tables. (An error was noted in the presentation of biochemical reactions in differentiation of bacterial species in figure 22, where the description of an upper row of test tubes has been mistakenly given to a lower row and vice versa.) There is a detailed index; however, no bibliography or list of references is given. Overall, Bacteriology Illustrated, is well organized and clearly written; about one-fourth of the information and many of the illustrations presented are hard to find in many bacteriology textbooks, which make it a fine "supplement to more complete texts. "