Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of SCH‐23390 on dopamine D1 receptor occupancy and locomotion produced by intraaccumbens cocaine infusion

This study examined the effects of both systemic and intraaccumbens administration of SCH‐23390 in rats on dopamine D1 receptor occupancy and on locomotor activity produced by intraaccumbens infusion of cocaine. In experiment 1, rats received SCH‐23390 (0–1 mg/kg, IP) 15 minutes prior to intraaccumbens infusion of cocaine (0 or 100 μg/side). In experiment 2, rats received coinfusion of SCH‐23390 (0–1 μg/side) and cocaine (0 or 100 μg/side) into the nucleus accumbens (NAc). After behavioral testing, receptors occupied by SCH‐23390 were quantified by injecting animals with their respective dose of SCH‐23390, followed by a systemic injection of the irreversible antagonist N‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐ethoxy‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). Receptors occupied by SCH‐23390, and therefore protected from EEDQ‐induced inactivation, were quantified from autoradiograms of sections labeled with 3H‐SCH‐23390. Systemic administration of SCH‐23390 dose‐dependently (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) reversed cocaine‐induced locomotion and occupied 72–100% of D1‐like receptors in the anterior NAc. D1 receptor occupancy following systemic administration of SCH‐23390 was evident as an inverted U‐shaped, dose‐dependent change, with the greatest occupancy observed at the intermediate dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Intraaccumbens infusion of SCH‐23390 did not alter cocaine‐induced locomotor activity despite occupying 40–60% of D1‐like receptors in the anterior NAc core and shell. The findings that systemic, but not intraaccumbens, administration of SCH‐23390 potently reversed locomotion produced by intraaccumbens cocaine infusion suggest that stimulation of D1 receptors in regions other than the NAc is involved in locomotion produced by intraaccumbens infusion of cocaine, and that stimulation of D1 receptors in the NAc is not necessary for this behavior. Synapse 30:194–204, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effective-mass approach for n-type semiconductor nanowire MOSFETs arbitrarily oriented

A method which calculates the effective masses in arbitrarily oriented semiconductor nanowires is presented. In order to avoid the full three-dimensional (3D) resolution of the Schrödinger equation, the method decouples within a Cartesian system the transport direction from the cross section. Results give the new effective mass expressions for each valley and channel orientation. As a direct application, transport in [100]-oriented Ge nanowire metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) is then studied by using a self-consistent ‘mode-space’ approach expressed in the nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism. Along this wire orientation, we show that the effective masses resulting from our approach are very close to the one obtained using a sp3 tight-binding band-structure calculation for nanowires as thin as 4 nm.
OCEAN WAVE LOAD EFFFECTS ON SOFT CLAY BEHAVIOR

Results are presented from a series of static and cyclically load-triaxial compression tests performed on a soft, normally consolidated clay to study the effects of ocean wave induced stresses. Specimens were prepared in the laboratory by one-dimensional consolidation of a slurry mixture of kaolinite and water. Tests were performed under various combinations of sustained static and cyclic stress conditions employing unconsolidated-undrained (UU) testing procedures. Continuous cyclic loads were applied with a pulse form of sinusoidal shape in time. Frequencies of cyclic loading of 0.05 and 0.10 Hertz were used. Failure and reductions in strength were produced in specimens with no sustained stress within 500 cycles of load when the cyclic stress level exceeded approximately 75 percent of the conventional static strength of the specimens. Higher peak stress levels were required to produce failure when a sustained static stress was applied to specimens. Below a certain "critical" stress level cyclic loading produced an equilibrium, stiffened stress-strain response with no loss of strength due to the cyclic loading. Critical peak stress levels ranged from approximately 75 to 92 percent of conventional static strengths of specimens and were increased by increases in the sustained static stress. /Author/
A Transformer-less High-Gain Boost Converter With Input Current Ripple Cancelation at a Selectable Duty Cycle

This letter proposes a boost dc-dc converter topology with the novel capability of canceling the input current ripple at an arbitrarily preselected duty cycle. This is accomplished without increasing the count of the number of components in contrast to other solutions available in the literature. In addition, the converter features a high voltage gain without utilizing extreme values of duty cycle or boosting transformers. These features make the converter ideal to process electric power coming from low-voltage power-generating sources, such as renewables. This paper provides details on the principle of operation via topological considerations and a mathematical model. The key factor of reactive component sizing is also discussed in detail. The converter was validated in the laboratory through the construction of a hardware prototype.
RSG: Beating Subgradient Method without Smoothness and Strong Convexity

In this paper, we study the efficiency of a {\bf R}estarted {\bf S}ub{\bf G}radient (RSG) method that periodically restarts the standard subgradient method (SG). We show that, when applied to a broad class of convex optimization problems, RSG method can find an $\epsilon$-optimal solution with a low complexity than SG method. In particular, we first show that RSG can reduce the dependence of SG's iteration complexity on the distance between the initial solution and the optimal set to that between the $\epsilon$-level set and the optimal set. In addition, we show the advantages of RSG over SG in solving three different families of convex optimization problems. (a) For the problems whose epigraph is a polyhedron, RSG is shown to converge linearly. (b) For the problems with local quadratic growth property, RSG has an $O(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\log(\frac{1}{\epsilon}))$ iteration complexity. (c) For the problems that admit a local Kurdyka-\L ojasiewicz property with a power constant of $\beta\in[0,1)$, RSG has an $O(\frac{1}{\epsilon^{2\beta}}\log(\frac{1}{\epsilon}))$ iteration complexity. On the contrary, with only the standard analysis, the iteration complexity of SG is known to be $O(\frac{1}{\epsilon^2})$ for these three classes of problems. The novelty of our analysis lies at exploiting the lower bound of the first-order optimality residual at the $\epsilon$-level set. It is this novelty that allows us to explore the local properties of functions (e.g., local quadratic growth property, local Kurdyka-\L ojasiewicz property, more generally local error bounds) to develop the improved convergence of RSG. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms on several machine learning tasks including regression and classification.
Spatializing States: Toward an Ethnography of Neoliberal Governmentality

In this exploratory article, we ask how states come to be understood as entities with particular spatial characteristics, and how changing relations between practices of government and national territories may be challenging long-established modes of state spatiality. In the first part of this article, we seek to identify two principles that are key to state spatialization: vertically (thestate is "above"society) andencompassm ent (thestate "encompasses" its localities). We use ethnographic evidence from a maternal health project in India to illustrate our argument that perceptions of verticality and encompassment are produced through routine bureaucratic practices. In the second part, we develop a concept of transnational governmentality as a way of grasping how new practices of government and new forms of "grassroots" politics may call into question the principles of vertical ity and encompassment that have long helped to legitimate and naturalize states' authority over "the local. " [states, space, governmentality, globalization, neoliberalism, India, Africa] Recent years have seen a new level of anthropological concern with the modern
Interobserver variation in the histopathological scoring of Helicobacter pylori related gastritis.

AIM: To test the reproducibility between two histopathologists of features of Helicobacter pylori gastritis, using the updated Sydney classification. METHODS: 290 dyspeptic Dutch patients with biopsy proven H pylori infection were enrolled in the study. Gastric antral mucosal biopsy specimens were analysed before and after H pylori eradication treatment. The biopsies were scored semi-quantitatively by two histopathologists, according to the updated Sydney classification system. Variables analysed included the density of H pylori infection, the degree of chronic inflammation, inflammatory activity, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and surface epithelial damage. Before grading biopsy specimens, both pathologists reached a consensus on the scoring of gastritis through interactive sessions using a multiheaded microscope. Subsequently all biopsy specimens were graded. Interobserver variability was also analysed using weighted kappa scores. RESULTS: For interobserver agreement on scoring the various gastritis features a high degree of reproducibility was reached overall. Agreement on grading of atrophy was the lowest; however, moderate to good reproducibility was achieved, with weighted kappa values of 0.49 in the pretreatment biopsies and 0.52 in the post-treatment biopsies. Disagreement was most common in biopsy specimens with lesser degrees of atrophy. A high degree of agreement was obtained for intestinal metaplasia, with weighted kappa values of 0.72 in the pretreatment biopsies and 0.73 in the post-treatment biopsies. The best agreement was reached in the assessment of the density of H pylori both before and after H pylori eradication treatment, with excellent weighted kappa values of 0.76 and 0.95, respectively. The grade of reproducibility of inflammatory activity, superficial epithelial damage, and chronic inflammation was high, with weighted kappa values varying from 0.60 to 0.76 and 0.62 to 0.83 before and after eradication, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Reproducibility of grading H pylori related gastritis is high using the updated Sydney system. Despite the novel criteria for scoring atrophy, there was imperfect agreement on this feature between two independent histopathologists.
Learning to Optimize Neural Nets

Learning to Optimize is a recently proposed framework for learning optimization algorithms using reinforcement learning. In this paper, we explore learning an optimization algorithm for training shallow neural nets. Such high-dimensional stochastic optimization problems present interesting challenges for existing reinforcement learning algorithms. We develop an extension that is suited to learning optimization algorithms in this setting and demonstrate that the learned optimization algorithm consistently outperforms other known optimization algorithms even on unseen tasks and is robust to changes in stochasticity of gradients and the neural net architecture. More specifically, we show that an optimization algorithm trained with the proposed method on the problem of training a neural net on MNIST generalizes to the problems of training neural nets on the Toronto Faces Dataset, CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100.
Lipoprotein (a) and Microvascular Disease in Type 1 (Insulin‐dependent) Diabetes

The influence of albuminuria and proliferative retinopathy on concentrations of serum lipoprotein (a) was examined cross‐sectionally in 90 Type 1 diabetic patients. Concentrations of lipoprotein (a) were less in those with normoalbuminuria (90 (8–882) (median (range)) U l−1) than in those with micro‐ or macro‐albuminuria (137 (19–1722) U l−1, p < 0.05). The prevalence of patients whose lipoprotein (a) concentrations were greater than 200 U l−1 was also greater (45% vs 24%, p = 0.03) among patients with albuminuria, but no difference was found between the microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric groups (53 and 41%, respectively), or between those with or without proliferative retinopathy. The present finding that lipoprotein (a) concentrations may be increased at an early stage of diabetic renal disease may in part account for the excess ischaemic heart disease associated with diabetic nephropathy.
Electrically active ceramics for bone graft substitution.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramics are commercially available as bone graft substitute materials. The aim of the current research was to characterise the electrical properties of hydroxyapatite-barium titanate (HABT) composites and to assess in vitro biological responses to the composites in order to investigate their potential use as bone graft substitutes. A range of HABT ceramics of different compositions was manufactured and their electrical properties were measured. The microstructure and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics were both dependent on the proportion of barium titanate (BT) present. Composites containing more than 70% BT displayed piezoelectric charge coefficients (d33) of up to 86.3±7.9pCN-1 (95% BT). The ferroelectric nature of the 90 and 95% BT materials was confirmed by assessment of their ferroelectric hysteresis loops. The highest piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g33) recorded was 14x10-3Vm-1Pa-1 (90% BT). Following the assessment of the electrical properties, the HABT ceramic containing 90% BT was selected for the assessment of biological responses to the composites. The proliferation, viability, activity and morphology of human osteoblast-like cells cultured on HABT were comparable to those cultured on hydroxyapatite (HA) up to 7 days after seeding. The remnant polarisation of poled HABT induced an increase in cell attachment. This influence was independent of the nature (positive or negative) of the polarisation. Poling was not found to influence cell morphology, activity or differentiation in the first 7 days of incubation. At 14 days after seeding, results were inconsistent, indicating some variations in cell population and differentiation depending on the composition and poling of the ceramics respectively. This study has substantially defined the electrical properties of a range of HABT ceramics. It indicates their in vitro biocompatibility and thus their potential for use as bone graft substitutes. These results provide a benchmark against which future work investigating the influence of mechanical loading and longer term studies may be measured.
Leadership and the More-Important-Than-Average Effect : Overestimation of Group Goals and the Justification of Unethical Behavior

This research investigates the empirical assumptions behind the claim that leaders exaggerate the importance of their group’s goals more so than non-leaders and that they may use these beliefs to justify deviating from generally accepted moral requirements when doing so is necessary for goal achievement. We tested these biased thought processes across three studies. The results from these three studies established the moreimportant-than-average effect, both for real and illusory groups. Participants claimed that their group goals are more important than the goals of others, and this effect was stronger for leaders than for non-leading group members. In Study 3, we demonstrated the justification bias and connected this bias to beliefs about the importance of group goals. Participants indicated that they would be more justified than others in engaging in unethical behaviors to attain their group’s goals; leaders reported being more justified in such deviations than non-leaders; and the more highly leaders evaluated their group’s goals, the greater justification bias they reported.
Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of cell-based toxicity assay results

The field of toxicology is currently undergoing a global paradigm shift to use of in vitro approaches for assessing the risks of chemicals and drugs in a more mechanistic and high throughput manner than current approaches relying primarily on in vivo testing. However, reliance on in vitro data entails a number of new challenges associated with translating the in vitro results to corresponding in vivo exposures. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling provides an effective framework for conducting quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE). Their physiological structure facilitates the incorporation of in silico- and in vitro-derived chemical-specific parameters in order to predict in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. In particular, the combination of in silico- and in vitro parameter estimation with PBPK modeling can be used to predict the in vivo exposure conditions that would produce chemical concentrations in the target tissue equivalent to the concentrations at which effects were observed with in vitro assays of tissue/organ toxicity. This review describes the various elements of QIVIVE and highlights key aspects of the process, with an emphasis on extrapolation of in vitro metabolism data to predict in vivo clearance as the key element. Other important elements include characterization of free concentration in the toxicity assay and potential complications associated with intestinal absorption and renal clearance. Examples of successful QIVIVE approaches are described ranging from a simple steady-state approach that is suitable for a high throughput environment to more complicated approaches requiring full PBPK models.
Long‐term follow‐up of patients with hairy cell leukaemia treated with pentostatin: lymphocyte subpopulations and residual bone marrow infiltration

Summary. Peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) subsets and bone marrow biopsies were analysed in six patients with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) treated with 2′‐deoxycoformycin (pentostatin, DCF) according to a phase II trial of the EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group. All patients responded to DCF with four complete and two partial remissions according to conventional criteria.
Nearly ordinary Galois deformations over arbitrary number fields

Abstract Let K be an arbitrary number field, and let ρ : Gal($\math{\bar{K}}$/K) → GL2(E) be a nearly ordinary irreducible geometric Galois representation. In this paper, we study the nearly ordinary deformations of ρ. When K is totally real and ρ is modular, results of Hida imply that the nearly ordinary deformation space associated to ρ contains a Zariski dense set of points corresponding to ‘automorphic’ Galois representations. We conjecture that if K is not totally real, then this is never the case, except in three exceptional cases, corresponding to: (1) ‘base change’, (2) ‘CM’ forms, and (3) ‘even’ representations. The latter case conjecturally can only occur if the image of ρ is finite. Our results come in two flavours. First, we prove a general result for Artin representations, conditional on a strengthening of the Leopoldt Conjecture. Second, when K is an imaginary quadratic field, we prove an unconditional result that implies the existence of ‘many’ positive-dimensional components (of certain deformation spaces) that do not contain infinitely many classical points. Also included are some speculative remarks about ‘p-adic functoriality’, as well as some remarks on how our methods should apply to n-dimensional representations of Gal($\math{\bar{\QQ}}$/ℚ) when n > 2.
Vision in avian emberizid foragers: maximizing both binocular vision and fronto-lateral visual acuity

ABSTRACT Avian species vary in their visual system configuration, but previous studies have often compared single visual traits between two to three distantly related species. However, birds use different visual dimensions that cannot be maximized simultaneously to meet different perceptual demands, potentially leading to trade-offs between visual traits. We studied the degree of inter-specific variation in multiple visual traits related to foraging and anti-predator behaviors in nine species of closely related emberizid sparrows, controlling for phylogenetic effects. Emberizid sparrows maximize binocular vision, even seeing their bill tips in some eye positions, which may enhance the detection of prey and facilitate food handling. Sparrows have a single retinal center of acute vision (i.e. fovea) projecting fronto-laterally (but not into the binocular field). The foveal projection close to the edge of the binocular field may shorten the time to gather and process both monocular and binocular visual information from the foraging substrate. Contrary to previous work, we found that species with larger visual fields had higher visual acuity, which may compensate for larger blind spots (i.e. pectens) above the center of acute vision, enhancing predator detection. Finally, species with a steeper change in ganglion cell density across the retina had higher eye movement amplitude, probably due to a more pronounced reduction in visual resolution away from the fovea, which would need to be moved around more frequently. The visual configuration of emberizid passive prey foragers is substantially different from that of previously studied avian groups (e.g. sit-and-wait and tactile foragers). Summary: The visual system configuration of emberizid sparrows (single fovea, wide binocular field, high eye movement amplitude) can meet multiple sensory demands for foraging and predator detection purposes.
Childhood Obesity and Academic Performance: The Role of Working Memory

The present study examined the role of working memory in the association between childhood obesity and academic performance, and further determined whether memory deficits in obese children are domain-specific to certain tasks or domain-general. A total of 227 primary school students aged 10–13 years were analyzed for weight and height, of which 159 children (44 “obese,” 23 “overweight,” and 92 “normal weight”) filled out questionnaires on school performance and socioeconomic status. And then, all subjects finished three kinds of working memory tasks based on the digit memory task in 30 trials, which were image-generated with a series of numbers recall trial sets. After each trial set, subjects were given 5 s to recall and write down the numbers which hand appeared in the trial, in the inverse order in which they had appeared. The results showed there were significant academic performance differences among the three groups, with normal-weight children scoring higher than overweight and obese children after Bonferroni correction. A mediation model revealed a partial indirect effect of working memory in the relationship between obesity and academic performance. Although the performance of obese children in basic working memory tests was poorer than that of normal-weight children, they recalled more items than normal-weight children in working memory tasks involving with food/drink. Working memory deficits partially explain the poor academic performance of obese children. Those results indicated the obese children show domain-specific working memory deficits, whereas they recall more items than normal-weight children in working memory tasks associated with food/drink.