Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regulation of fatty acid oxidation in untrained vs. trained men during exercise.

We have recently shown that increased carbohydrate flux decreases fat oxidation during exercise by inhibition of fatty acid entry into the mitochondria. Because endurance training reduces the rate of carbohydrate flux during exercise, we hypothesized that training increases fat oxidation by relieving this inhibition. To test this hypothesis, five sedentary and five endurance-trained men exercised on a cycle ergometer at an oxygen consumption (V˙o 2) of ∼2.0 l/min, representing 80 and 40% peakV˙o 2, respectively. [1-13C]oleate and [1-14C]octanoate, long- and medium-chain fatty acids, respectively, were infused for the duration of the studies. Carbohydrate oxidation was significantly higher in the sedentary group (196 ± 9 vs. 102 ± 17 μmol ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ min-1, P < 0.05). Oleate oxidation was higher in the trained group (3.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.9 ± 0.3 μmol ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ min-1, P < 0.05), whereas octanoate oxidation was not different between the two groups. The percentage of oleate that was taken up by tissues and oxidized was higher in the trained group (76 ± 7 vs. 58 ± 3%, P < 0.05). However, the percentage of octanoate taken up and oxidized was not different (82 ± 3 vs. 85 ± 4%, not significant). Because octanoate, unlike oleate, can freely diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane, the present results suggest that the difference in fatty acid oxidation between trained and untrained individuals may be due to enhanced fatty acid entry into the mitochondria.
A Role for Neuronal Alpha-Synuclein in Gastrointestinal Immunity

Background: Alpha-synuclein (αS) is a nerve cell protein associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Accumulation of αS within the enteric nervous system (ENS) and its traffic from the gut to the brain are implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of PD. αS has no known function in humans and the reason for its accumulation within the ENS is unknown. Several recent studies conducted in rodents have linked αS to immune cell activation in the central nervous system. We hypothesized that αS in the ENS might play a role in the innate immune defenses of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Methods: We immunostained endoscopic biopsies for αS from children with documented gastric and duodenal inflammation and intestinal allograft recipients who contracted norovirus. To determine whether αS exhibited immune-modulatory activity, we examined whether human αS induced leukocyte migration and dendritic cell maturation. Findings: We showed that the expression of αS in the enteric neurites of the upper GI tract of pediatric patients positively correlated with the degree of acute and chronic inflammation in the intestinal wall. In intestinal allograft subjects who were closely monitored for infection, expression of αS was induced during norovirus infection. We also demonstrated that both monomeric and oligomeric αS have potent chemoattractant activity, causing the migration of neutrophils and monocytes dependent on the presence of the integrin subunit, CD11b, and that both forms of αS stimulate dendritic cell maturation. Interpretation: These findings strongly suggest that αS is expressed within the human ENS to direct intestinal inflammation and implicates common GI infections in the pathogenesis of PD.
Autonomic nervous control of venous pressure and secretion in submandibular gland of anesthetized dogs.

In dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, hilar venous pressure (Phv) and secretion were measured from the submandibular gland receiving spontaneous blood flow or vascular perfusion at the normal resting flow rate. Parasympathetic nerve stimulation and ACh-induced secretion increased Phv and its pulse pressure; Phv also showed an obvious arterial (or perfusion pressure)-like waveform. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) exerted similar effects on Phv but produced negligible secretion. Sympathetic nerve stimulation, phenylephrine, and clonidine did not induce secretion and had no significant action on Phv, whereas isoproterenol provoked secretion and changed Phvas with parasympathetic stimulation. Background or superimposed sympathetic nerve stimulation reduced the parasympathetic nerve-induced responses; the sympathetic inhibition was abolished by phentolamine and yohimbine but not by prazosin and propranolol. The results suggest a direct relationship between Phvand secretion during parasympathetic salivation: the elevation in Phv was primarily independent of the concurrent blood flow response, mediated via muscarinic and peptidergic mechanisms, and related to an opening of arteriovenous anastomoses. Sympathetic inhibition of parasympathetic salivation may be related to prevention of an increased Phv exerted primarily via the α2-adrenergic mechanism.
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation and Memory Performance: Sources of Uncertainty in Epidemiological Cohort Studies

Uncertainty in experimental studies of exposure to radiation from mobile phones has in the past only been framed within the context of statistical variability. It is now becoming more apparent to researchers that epistemic or reducible uncertainties can also affect the total error in results. These uncertainties are derived from a wide range of sources including human error, such as data transcription, model structure, measurement and linguistic errors in communication. The issue of epistemic uncertainty is reviewed and interpreted in the context of the MoRPhEUS, ExPOSURE and HERMES cohort studies which investigate the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones on memory performance. Research into this field has found inconsistent results due to limitations from a range of epistemic sources. Potential analytic approaches are suggested based on quantification of epistemic error using Monte Carlo simulation. It is recommended that future studies investigating the relationship between radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and memory performance pay more attention to treatment of epistemic uncertainties as well as further research into improving exposure assessment. Use of directed acyclic graphs is also encouraged to display the assumed covariate relationship.
Case Study Research Design

The word ‘case’ means ‘an instance of’ and the central feature of case study research design is the investigation of the one or more specific ‘instances of’ something that comprise the cases in the study. A case can be something relatively concrete such as an organisation, a group or an individual, or something more abstract such as an event, a management decision or a change programme. Other common features of case study include (Gomm et al. 2000, Yin 2009):
Self-Rated Health Trajectories among Married Americans: Do Disparities Persist over 20 Years?

The purpose of this study is to understand self-rated health (SRH) trajectories by social location (race/ethnicity by gender by social class) among married individuals in the United States. We estimate multilevel models of SRH using six observations from 1980 to 2000 from a nationally representative panel of married individuals initially aged 25–55 (Marital Instability Over the Life Course Study). Results indicate that gender, race/ethnicity, and social class are associated with initial SRH disparities. Women are less healthy than men; people of color are less healthy than whites; lower educated individuals are less healthy than higher educated individuals. Women's health declined slower than men's but did not differ by race/ethnicity or education. Results from complex intersectional models show that white men with any college had the highest initial SRH. Only women with any college had significantly slower declines in SRH compared to white men with any college. For married individuals of all ages, most initial SRH disparities persist over twenty years. Intersecting statuses show that education provides uneven health benefits across racial/ethnic and gender subgroups.
Utilization of skeletal muscle triacylglycerol during postexercise recovery in humans.

The utilization of muscle triacylglycerols was studied during and after prolonged bicycle ergometer exercise to exhaustion in eight healthy young men. Two days before exercise and in the postexercise recovery period, subjects were fed a carbohydrate-rich diet (65-70% of energy from carbohydrates). Exercise decreased muscle glycogen concentrations from 533 ± 18 to 108 ± 10 mmol/kg dry wt, whereas muscle triacylglycerol concentrations were unaffected (49 ± 5 before vs. 49 ± 8 mmol/kg dry wt after exercise). During the first 18 h after exercise, muscle glycogen concentrations were restored to 409 ± 20 mmol/kg dry wt. In contrast, muscle triacylglycerol concentrations decreased ( P < 0.05) to a nadir of 38 ± 5 mmol/kg dry wt, and muscle lipoprotein lipase activity increased by 72% compared with values before exercise. Pulmonary respiratory exchange ratio values of 0.80-0.82 indicated a relatively high fractional lipid combustion despite the high carbohydrate intake. From 18 to 42 h of recovery, muscle glycogen synthesis was slow and muscle triacylglycerol concentrations and lipoprotein lipase activity were restored to the preexercise values. It is concluded that muscle triacylglycerol concentrations are not diminished during exhaustive glycogen-depleting exercise. However, in the postexercise recovery period, muscle glycogen resynthesis has high metabolic priority, resulting in postexercise lipid combustion despite a high carbohydrate intake. It is suggested that muscle triacylglycerols, and probably very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerols, are important in providing fuel for muscle metabolism in the postexercise recovery period.
Ferroelastic Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

To increase the reliability of multilayer actuators, calculation of the mechanical stress inside the device during operation is important. This paper shows that the small-signal value of the elastic constant s is not sufficient to describe the complicated behavior of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics. Therefore, compressive strain and depolarization have been measured as a function of large-signal stress applied parallel to the poling direction. The nonlinear dependence of the strain and depolarization can clearly be explained by domain processes. Soft and hard PZT ceramics have been investigated. In hard PZT, domain switching appears at higher stresses than in soft PZT. Moreover, in hard PZT, the domains partly switch back during unloading. The critical stress (coercive stress) necessary for a domain-switching process shows a dependence on the Zr:Ti ratio that is quite similar to the dependence of the electric coercive field. The influence of an electric field applied parallel to the poling direction and superimposed on the compression experiment also has been examined. The coercive stress depends linearly on the electric field. The linear coefficient of this relation is given by the ratio of depolarization to compressive strain caused by domain switching.
Mental health disclosure amongst clinical psychologists in training: Perfectionism and pragmatism.

OBJECTIVES This study investigated the incidence of lived experience of mental health problems amongst UK-based trainee clinical psychologists and factors associated with anticipated disclosure for trainees both with and without lived experience. METHODS A web-based survey comprising the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, an adapted version of the Perceived Devaluation and Discrimination Scale, and questions about lived experience and anticipated likelihood of disclosure. RESULTS The survey was completed by 348 trainees across 19 UK training institutions. Sixty-seven percent reported lived experience of a mental health problem. For these trainees, there was no difference in anticipated likelihood of disclosing to different recipient types after controlling for maladaptive perfectionism. However, across all participants, anticipated disclosure was associated with maladaptive perfectionism, temporal proximity, anticipated stigma (past), and recipient type. Anticipated stigma (present) was not associated with anticipated disclosure. CONCLUSIONS Results support an approach to communicating about mental health disclosure that incorporates responsibility, interdependency, and transparency. Suggestions for further research are discussed.
Mood Fluctuation and Psychobiological Instability: The Same Core Functions Are Disrupted by Novel Psychoactive Substances and Established Recreational Drugs

Many novel psychoactive substances (NPS) have entered the recreational drug scene in recent years, yet the problems they cause are similar to those found with established drugs. This article will debate the psychobiological effects of these newer and more traditional substances. It will show how they disrupt the same core psychobiological functions, so damaging well-being in similar ways. Every psychoactive drug causes mood states to fluctuate. Users feel better on-drug, then feel worse off-drug. The strength of these mood fluctuations is closely related to their addiction potential. Cyclical changes can occur with many other core psychobiological functions, such as information processing and psychomotor speed. Hence the list of drug-related impairments can include: homeostatic imbalance, HPA axis disruption, increased stress, altered sleep patterns, neurohormonal changes, modified brain rhythms, neurocognitive impairments, and greater psychiatric vulnerability. Similar patterns of deficit are found with older drugs such as cocaine, nicotine and cannabis, and newer substances such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), mephedrone and spice. All psychoactive drugs damage human well-being through similar basic neuropsychobiological mechanisms.
Alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum function and gene expression in ischemic-reperfused rat heart.

In view of the critical role of sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) Ca2+ release and the Ca2+ pump in cardiac contraction-relaxation, this study was undertaken to assess the status of SR function, protein content, and gene expression in isolated rat hearts subjected to global ischemia for 30 min followed by 60 min of reperfusion (I/R). Attenuated recovery of contractile function in the I/R hearts was associated with reduced SR Ca2+ uptake, Ca2+ release, and ryanodine-binding activities. mRNA levels and protein contents for SR Ca2+ pump ATPase and Ca2+ release channels were markedly depressed in the I/R hearts. Perfusion of hearts with superoxide dismutase plus catalase, well-known scavengers of oxyradicals, prevented the I/R-induced alterations in cardiac function and partially prevented SR Ca2+transport activities and mRNA abundance. In hearts perfused with xanthine plus xanthine oxidase or H2O2, changes similar to those in the I/R hearts were observed. These results indicate that oxyradicals may participate in depressing the SR Ca2+ handling and gene expression in the I/R heart. It is suggested that treatment of hearts with antioxidants may improve the recovery of cardiac function by preserving the SR function and partially protecting the SR gene expression.
Subchronic Manganese Exposure Impairs Neurogenesis in the Adult Rat Hippocampus

Adult neurogenesis takes place in the brain subventricular zone (SVZ) in the lateral walls of lateral ventricles and subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (HDG), and functions to supply newborn neurons for normal brain functionality. Subchronic Mn exposure is known to disrupt adult neurogenesis in the SVZ. This study was designed to determine whether Mn exposure disturbed neurogenesis within the adult HDG. Adult rats (10 weeks old) received a single dose of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at the end of 4-week Mn exposure to label the proliferating cells. Immunostaining and cell counting data showed that BrdU(+) cells in Mn-exposed HDG were about 37% lower than that in the control (p < .05). The majority of BrdU(+) cells were identified as Sox2(+) cells. Another set of adult rats received BrdU injections for 3 consecutive days followed by 2- or 4-week Mn exposure to trace the fate of BrdU-labeled cells in the HDG. The time course studies indicated that Mn exposure significantly reduced the survival rate (54% at 2 weeks and 33% at 4 weeks), as compared with that in the control (80% at 2 weeks and 51% at 4 weeks) (p < .01). A significant time-dependent migration of newborn cells from the SGZ toward the granule cell layer was also observed in both control and Mn-exposed HDG. Triple-stained neuroblasts and mature neurons further revealed that Mn exposure significantly inhibited the differentiation of immature neuroblasts into mature neurons in the HDG. Taken together, these observations suggest that subchronic Mn exposure results in a reduced cell proliferation, diminished survival of adult-born neurons, and inhibited overall neurogenesis in the adult HDG. Impaired adult neurogenesis is likely one of the mechanisms contribute to Mn-induced Parkinsonian disorder.
Embedded Navigation and Classification System for Assisting Visually Impaired People

Loss of vision has a large detrimental impact on a person’s mobility. Every day, visually impaired people (VIPs) face various challenges just to get around in the most diverse environments. Technological solutions, called Electronic Travel Aids, help a VIP with these challenges, giving greater confidence in the task of getting around in unfamiliar surroundings. Thus, this article presents an embedded navigation and classification system for helping VIPs indoors. Using stereo vision, the system is able to detect obstacles and choose safe ways for the VIP to walk around without colliding. A convolutional neural network using a graphics processing unit (GPU) classifies the obstacles. Acoustic feedback is transmitted to the VIP. The article also features a wearable prototype, to which the system hardware is docked for use. Using the system, the prototype could detect and classify obstacles in real time defining free paths, all with battery autonomy of about 6 hours.
Classification of congenital anomalies of the hand and upper limb

The Oberg, Manske, Tonkin Classification of congenital anomalies of the hand and upper limb utilizes dysmorphological concepts to distinguish Malformations from Deformations and Dysplasias. Malformations are abnormalities of Formation and/or Differentiation of tissues. Deformations are abnormalities which occur after tissue is formed. Dysplasias are abnormalities which result from a lack of normal organization of cells into tissue. Malformations are sub-grouped according to whether the abnormality affects the hand alone or the whole of the upper limb; and according to which, if any, of the three main axes of development are primarily involved. It is not possible to satisfy all criteria which would define an ideal classification. However, this system is practical in that it retains the surgical diagnoses and sub-classifications familiar to surgeons and is easily utilized; it is expandable and may be modified without destroying its structure; it may be used to accumulate prevalence data; and, in the future, gene and chromosomal defects which are identified for specific diagnoses may be incorporated into the system.
Exome-wide Association Study Identifies CLEC3B Missense Variant p.S106G as Being Associated With Extreme Longevity in East Asian Populations

Abstract Life span is a complex trait regulated by multiple genetic and environmental factors; however, the genetic determinants of extreme longevity have been largely unknown. To identify the functional coding variants associated with extreme longevity, we performed an exome-wide association study (EWAS) on a Japanese population by using an Illumina HumanExome Beadchip and a focused replication study on a Chinese population. The EWAS on two independent Japanese cohorts consisting of 530 nonagenarians/centenarians demonstrated that the G allele of CLEC3B missense variant p.S106G was associated with extreme longevity at the exome-wide level of significance (p = 2.33×10–7, odds ratio [OR] = 1.50). The CLEC3B gene encodes tetranectin, a protein implicated in the mineralization process in osteogenesis as well as in the prognosis and metastasis of cancer. The replication study consisting of 448 Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians showed that the G allele of CLEC3B p.S106G was also associated with extreme longevity (p = .027, OR = 1.51), and the p value of this variant reached 1.87×10–8 in the meta-analysis of Japanese and Chinese populations. In conclusion, the present study identified the CLEC3B p.S106G as a novel longevity-associated variant, raising the novel hypothesis that tetranectin, encoded by CLEC3B, plays a role in human longevity and aging.
Corelease of Inhibitory Neurotransmitters in the Mouse Auditory Midbrain

The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the auditory midbrain, which integrates most ascending auditory information from lower brainstem regions, receives prominent long-range inhibitory input from the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL), a region thought to be important for temporal pattern discrimination. Histological evidence suggests that neurons in the VNLL release both glycine and GABA in the ICC, but functional evidence for their corelease is lacking. We took advantage of the GlyT2-Cre mouse line (both male and female) to target expression of ChR2 to glycinergic afferents in the ICC and made whole-cell recordings in vitro while exciting glycinergic fibers with light. Using this approach, it was clear that a significant fraction of glycinergic boutons corelease GABA in the ICC. Viral injections were used to target ChR2 expression specifically to glycinergic fibers ascending from the VNLL, allowing for activation of fibers from a single source of ascending input in a way that has not been previously possible in the ICC. We then investigated aspects of the glycinergic versus GABAergic current components to probe functional consequences of corelease. Surprisingly, the time course and short-term plasticity of synaptic signaling were nearly identical for the two transmitters. We therefore conclude that the two neurotransmitters may be functionally interchangeable and that multiple receptor subtypes subserving inhibition may offer diverse mechanisms for maintaining inhibitory homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Corelease of neurotransmitters is a common feature of the brain. GABA and glycine corelease is particularly common in the spinal cord and brainstem, but its presence in the midbrain is unknown. We show corelease of GABA and glycine for the first time in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the auditory midbrain. Glycine and GABA are both inhibitory neurotransmitters involved in fast synaptic transmission, so we explored differences between the currents to establish a physiological foundation for functional differences in vivo. In contrast to the auditory brainstem, coreleased GABAergic and glycinergic currents in the midbrain are strikingly similar. This apparent redundancy may ensure homeostasis if one neurotransmitter system is compromised.