Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Correspondence Between Attachment Dimensions and Prayer in College Students

Attachment theory applied to religious behavior suggests that at a given point in time, "avoidant" individuals (who experience discomfort with closeness) engage in less prayer overall, and less prayer during times of stress than nonavoidant individuals. Additionally, "anxious" individuals (who worry about abandonment) would be expected to engage in more help-seeking prayer than nonanxious individuals. To test these hypotheses in a college sample, the frequency of three types of prayer were individually regressed on avoidance, anxiety, anxiety × avoidance, stress, stress × avoidance, stress × anxiety, in addition to the control variables of age, church attendance during childhood and adolescence, gender, gender × avoidance, and gender × anxiety. The hypotheses were supported in so far as: (a) avoidance was significantly and negatively related to colloquial (conversational) and meditative (contemplative) prayer, (b) stress × avoidance showed the predicted relation to colloquial and meditative prayer, and (c) anxiety was a significant predictor of petitionary (materialistic help-seeking) prayer, only.
Practical EHV reactor protection

Shunt reactors are applied to long, high-voltage transmission lines to offset the impact of line charging capacitance to prevent high voltage during lightly loaded conditions. Shunt reactors are becoming more prevalent associated with the construction of long transmission lines to connect remote wind energy sources to load centers. During conditions when wind generation is at a minimum, the system is more likely to need reactive compensation to control high voltage on the transmission system. It can be difficult to design a protection system that provides adequate sensitivity to the extremely low levels of fault current for in-zone reactor faults, especially turn-to-turn faults, while remaining dependable for high-level terminal faults that are not limited by the impedance of the reactor. Current transformer (CT) selection criteria must balance sensitivity with performance during switching and internal faults. Often, standard equipment ratings put further restrictions on CT sizing selection. This paper discusses the different reactor types currently used, their characteristics, CT selection and performance issues, and different types of reactor faults. The paper also provides guidelines to practicing engineers to evaluate reactor protection design and determine protection elements and relay settings for a high-voltage transmission line shunt reactor. The discussion of various factors that affect the sensitivity and dependability of the protection elements helps in understanding the challenges encountered while determining relay settings. Detailed examples of CT performance calculations and guidelines are provided for protection element settings calculations.
Linguistic purism and language shift: a guise-voice study of the Italian Community in Sydney

In Australia, besides English, the majority official language common to all Australians, there are numerous Aboriginal and Immigrant languages used regularly in daily life. Multilingual Australia is very proud of its rieh language resources. Yet the attempts at maintaining them produce little result, äs it seems common for minority languages to be abandoned once English is acquired, albeit with different patterns of language shift. In the case of Italian, the shift is rapid, much more rapid than some of its demographic characteristics would predict. In fact numerical strength, a long history of Immigration, and dense concentrations of population would favor maintenance rather than shift (see Giles et al. 1977: 312-315). In trying to establish some rank ordering of factors affecting language ecology in Australia, Clyne (1982) explains this apparent contradiction by demonstrating that, across languages, demographic and sociocultural factors intertwine differently, and that consequently some factors are poor predictors when considered in Isolation. Our general hypothesis here is that, in the case of Italian, the relative strength of demographic factors is weakened by the fact that very few, if any, Italians in Australia speak Standard Italian, that their cohesion is broken up into numerous dialects and regional or populär varieties, and that their attitudes toward these nonstandard varieties are mostly negative. The contribution of standardization to the vitality of a language varietyhasalready been noticed in the literature (see Giles and Ryan 1982: 5).
Evaluation of Spatial Relationships between Health and the Environment: The Rapid Inquiry Facility

Background The initiation of environmental public health tracking systems in the United States and the United Kingdom provided an opportunity to advance techniques and tools available for spatial epidemiological analysis integrating both health and environmental data. Objective The Rapid Inquiry Facility (RIF) allows users to calculate adjusted and unadjusted standardized rates and risks. The RIF is embedded in ArcGIS so that further geographical information system (GIS) spatial functionality can be exploited or results can be exported to statistical packages for further tailored analyses where required. The RIF also links directly to several statistical packages and displays the results in the GIS. Methods The value of the RIF is illustrated here with two case studies: risk of leukemia in areas surrounding oil refineries in the State of Utah (USA) and an analysis of the geographical variation of risk of esophageal cancer in relation to zinc cadmium sulfide exposure in Norwich (United Kingdom). Results The risk analysis study in Utah did not suggest any evidence of increased relative risk of leukemia, multiple myeloma, or Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the populations around the five oil-refining facilities but did reveal an excess risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that might warrant further investigation. The disease-mapping study in Norwich did not reveal any areas with higher relative risks of esophageal cancer common to both males and females, suggesting that a common geographically determined exposure was unlikely to be influencing cancer risk in the area. Conclusion The RIF offers a tool that allows epidemiologists to quickly carry out ecological environmental epidemiological analysis such as risk assessment or disease mapping.
Psychometric Properties and Instructional Utility of Assessing Special Education Teacher Candidate Knowledge with Portfolios

Standardized portfolios are being used by teachers and teacher candidates to demonstrate subject matter knowledge for certification or to be considered highly qualified; however, the psychometric adequacy of data used for this purpose has not been evaluated. In the current study, we examined the interscorer reliability, concurrent, predictive, and discriminate validity, and instructional utility of an assessment portfolio used in a special education teacher education program. The estimate of interscorer reliability was . 91, validity coefficients ranged from . 53 to . 60, and the discriminate validity coefficient was -. 01. A comparison of scores for instructional objectives suggested relative difficulties writing adequate short-term objectives, which was then further emphasized in subsequent instruction and resulted in increased scores. Suggestions for practice and future research are included.
Help features in digital libraries: types, formats, presentation styles, and problems

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate Help features in digital libraries and identify problems related to their design.Design/methodology/approach – This study selects six digital libraries to represent a variety of digital libraries developed or sponsored by different types of organisations. The Help features of these selected digital libraries are examined by their types (explicit versus implicit), formats (texts, images, screenshots, multimedia materials, and interactive formats), and presentation styles (descriptive, guided, procedural, and exemplary). Findings – This study presents the types of Help features available in the selected digital libraries, and further characterises the formats and presentation styles of these Help features. In the process of analysis, the author also identifies six types of problems: lack of standards; tradeoff between using explicit Help and implicit help; tradeoff between using general Help versus specific Help; lack of interactive Help features; lack of dy.
A Metastate HMM with Application to Gene Structure Identification in Eukaryotes

We introduce a generalized-clique hidden Markov model (HMM) and apply it to gene finding in eukaryotes (C. elegans). We demonstrate a HMM structure identification platform that is novel and robustly-performing in a number of ways. The generalized clique HMM begins by enlarging the primitive hidden states associated with the individual base labels (as exon, intron, or junk) to substrings of primitive hidden states, or footprint states, having a minimal length greater than the footprint state length. The emissions are likewise expanded to higher order in the fundamental joint probability that is the basis of the generalized-clique, or "metastate", HMM. We then consider application to eukaryotic gene finding and show how such a metastate HMM improves the strength of coding/noncoding-transition contributions to gene-structure identification. We will describe situations where the coding/noncoding-transition modeling can effectively recapture the exon and intron heavy tail distribution modeling capability as well as manage the exon-start needle-in-the-haystack problem. In analysis of the C. elegans genome we show that the sensitivity and specificity (SN,SP) results for both the individual-state and full-exon predictions are greatly enhanced over the standard HMM when using the generalized-clique HMM.
The regulatory anatomy of honeybee lifespan.

Honeybee workers (Apis mellifera) may be classified as either short-lived summer bees or long-lived winter bees in temperate zones. The protein status appears to be a major determinant of honeybee lifespan, and the lipoprotein vitellogenin seems to play a crucial role. Here, we give a review of the role of the vitellogenin in honeybee workers, and present a data-driven mathematical model describing the dynamics of this representative protein in the individual bee as a function of its task profile under various regimes. The results support the hypothesis that vitellogenin is a true storage protein that is utilized for various metabolic purposes including the synthesis of brood food. Except for workers having been foragers for many days, they also suggest that the previous life histories of workers do not constrain them from becoming winter bees as long as they get ample food and time to build up their protein reserves before wintering. The results also indicate that it may not be necessary to introduce the ovary as a storage organ for vitellogenin in order to generate normal winter bees. The insights gained from these results are then discussed in a broader gerontological and life history context. Remarkably similar features concerning regulation of ageing in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and honeybees are pointed out and discussed. Furthermore, we show that in contrast to the "mutation accumulation" and the "antagonistic pleiotropy" evolutionary theories of ageing, the "disposable soma" theory is capable of explaining the bimodal longevity distribution of honeybees when interpreted in a group selection context. Finally, by showing that depletion of nutrient stores can be actively controlled by pathways connected to regulation of ageing, we strengthen the claim that age-based division of labour, with performance of risky tasks delayed until late in life by workers with depleted nutrient stores, may have evolved as an energy-saving mechanism in insect colonies.
Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Response of the Nigerian State

Nigeria has a long history of religious conflicts, some of the most virulent being those of the Maitatsine (1980s) and Boko Haram (July 2009). The latter matched the former in intensity, organization, and spread. Given the international attention to global terrorism, there is the likelihood that fundamentalist groups receive motivation, material, and ideological support or influence from a global jihadist movement. Unresolved national issues, including the weak economy, weak security and intelligence apparatuses, and the failure to define what the national culture and identity is, are critical factors. The precedent of Maitatsine and the government's handling of it suggest that government incapacity and lack of political will have served to encourage recurrence and question the state's capacity. This paper discusses the resurgence of violence under the guise of religious revivalism and draws parallels between the Maitatsine uprisings and the Boko Haram uprising. It examines the Nigerian state response to these uprisings. It concludes that unless the state addresses concretely and tackles bravely the conditions that can aid or fuel violent religious revivalism, uprisings may recur.
Mentors, Not Models: Supporting Teachers to Be Empowered in an Irish Context

This article explores the values and perceptions of Irish mentor teachers who have been involved in mentoring novice teachers. While situating this research within the historical context of the teaching profession in the Republic of Ireland, the article chronicles the establishment of the National Pilot Project on Teacher Induction and reports on a survey of the perceived needs of Irish mentors. The article illustrates that respondents gained personally from the mentoring process and recognised its potential to be a transformative agent within Irish schools, creating a framework for professional dialogue and supporting extended learning communities within staffs. The article concludes by examining the potential implications of these findings for policy and practice in new mentoring programmes.
Neuroprotective Effect of Salvianolic Acids against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of salvianolic acids (SA) against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and explored whether the neuroprotection was dependent on mitochondrial connexin43 (mtCx43) via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway. In vitro, we measured astrocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and also evaluated the morphology of astrocyte mitochondria with transmission electron microscopy. In vivo, we determined the cerebral infarction volume and measured superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Additionally, mtCx43, p-mtCx43, AKT, and p-AKT levels were determined. In vitro, we found that I/R injury induced apoptosis, decreased cell mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and damaged mitochondrial morphology in astrocytes. In vivo, we found that I/R injury resulted in a large cerebral infarction, decreased SOD activity, and increased MDA expression. Additionally, I/R injury reduced both the p-mtCx43/mtCx43 and p-AKT/AKT ratios. We reported that both in vivo and in vitro, SA ameliorated the detrimental outcomes of the I/R. Interestingly, co-administering an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT pathway blunted the effects of SA. SA represents a potential treatment option for cerebral infarction by up-regulating mtCx43 through the PI3K/AKT pathway.
Assessing the Impact of Translation Errors on Machine Translation Quality with Mixed-effects Models

Learning from errors is a crucial aspect of improving expertise. Based on this notion, we discuss a robust statistical framework for analysing the impact of different error types on machine translation (MT) output quality. Our approach is based on linear mixed-effects models, which allow the analysis of error-annotated MT output taking into account the variability inherent to the specific experimental setting from which the empirical observations are drawn. Our experiments are carried out on different language pairs involving Chinese, Arabic and Russian as target languages. Interesting findings are reported, concerning the impact of different error types both at the level of human perception of quality and with respect to performance results measured with automatic metrics.
Bilateral simultaneous cavernous sinus sampling using corticotropin-releasing hormone in the evaluation of Cushing disease.

PURPOSE To determine whether bilateral, simultaneous, cavernous sinus sampling after corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation offers as accurate detection and lateralization of Cushing disease as inferior petrosal sinus sampling does. METHODS Seventeen consecutive patients with hypercortisolism and with high-dose dexamethasone suppression test results suggesting Cushing disease underwent bilateral cavenous sinus sampling with CRH stimulation. The diagnosis of Cushing disease was established in all patients by histologic examination or, if no tumor was found at surgery, by subtotal resection of the gland or radiation therapy resulting in eventual hypocortisolism or normal adrenal function and clinical remission. RESULTS The sensitivity of cavenous sinus sampling with and without CRH in detecting Cushing disease was 94% and 71%, respectively. The abnormal side of the pituitary was correctly identified in all patients who had criteria for lateralization, yielding a positive predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSIONS This small series suggests that cavernous sinus sampling with CRH is as accurate as inferior petrosal sinus sampling in detecting Cushing disease and perhaps more accurate in lateralizing the abnormality within the pituitary gland.
Cultural Differences in Expectations of Change and Tolerance for Contradiction: A Decade of Empirical Research

Since the publication of Peng and Nisbett’s seminal paper on dialectical thinking, a substantial amount of empirical research has replicated and expanded on the core finding that people differ in the degree to which they view the world as inherently contradictory and in constant flux. Dialectical thinkers (who are more often members of East Asian than Western cultures) show greater expectation of change in tasks related to explanation and prediction and greater tolerance of contradiction in tasks involving the reconciliation of contradictory information. The authors show how these effects are manifested in the domains of the self, emotional experience, psychological well-being, attitudes and evaluations, social categorization and perception, and judgment and decision making. They note important topics in need of further investigation and offer predictions concerning possible cultural differences in unexplored domains as a function of the presence or absence of naïve dialecticism.
Negligible Effect of Spatial Precuing on Identification of Single Digits

The present study examined the effects of spatial preening on identification of a single object appearing in an otherwise empty visual field. A digit target was preceded by a valid, neutral, or invalid location cue, presented either peripherally or centrally. The target was followed by either a single mask or multiple masks covering the target and nontarget (empty) locations. Precuing significantly affected identification accuracy when multiple masks were used but had little effect when the target was followed by a single mask. The results strongly favor a model in which spatial precuing allows the contents of noncued locations to be excluded from decision (and possibly perception). Exclusion may or may hot facilitate performance, depending on what is there to be excluded. The role of spatial visual attention in modulating perception has intrigued psychologists for a long time. Helmholtz (1866/1924) noted that in a completely dark room, a person can concentrate his attention on any part of the room, so that when a spark of light illuminates the whole room, he will get an impression about the objects in that particular region only. Because the spark is too brief for an eye movement, Helmholtz reasoned that covert orienting of attention must be independent of the position and accommodation of the eyes. Modern experimental psychologists have adopted similar paradigms, albeit with better experimental controls, to study voluntary and involuntary deployment of spatial attention. In a typical experiment of this kind, a target appears in one of several locations. The manipulation of spatial attention is supposed to be accomplished by presenting a location cue shortly before the target display. This precue is valid when it indicates the location of the target. It is invalid when it cues a location where the target does not appear. It is neutral if it carries no information whatsoever about the location of the target. Researchers have examined effects of both peripheral cues (appearing near the location of the target) and
Managing diversity in organizations: An integrative model and agenda for future research

The literature on policies, procedures, and practices of diversity management in organizations is currently fragmented and often contradictory in highlighting what is effective diversity management, and which organizational and societal factors facilitate or hinder its implementation. In order to provide a comprehensive and cohesive view of diversity management in organizations, we develop a multilevel model informed by the social identity approach that explains, on the basis of a work motivation logic, the processes by, and the conditions under which employee dissimilarity within diverse work groups is related to innovation, effectiveness, and well-being. Building on this new model, we then identify those work group factors (e.g., climate for inclusion and supervisory leadership), organizational factors (e.g., diversity management policies and procedures, and top management's diversity beliefs), and societal factors (e.g., legislation, socioeconomic situation, and culture) that are likely to contribute to the effective management of diversity in organizations. In our discussion of the theoretical implications of the proposed model, we offer a set of propositions to serve as a guide for future research. We conclude with a discussion of possible limitations of the model and practical implications for managing diversity in organizations.
Influences on Detention Decisions in the Juvenile Justice System

This paper examines the pretrial detention of juveniles in County X located in a northeastern state. The sample (N=642) included Black, White, and Hispanic males and females adjudicated delinquent in the summer of 2000. The following independent variables were analyzed with respect to the dependent variable of pretrial detention: age, sex, address, race, current offense (misdemeanors, violent misdemeanors, felonies, violent felonies, and probation violations), prior offense (misdemeanors, violent misdemeanors, felonies, and violent felonies), and previous dispositions (community or placement). Several variables were found to be significant in increasing the odds of pretrial detention: probation violations, prior misdemeanors, prior residential placements, prior community interventions, age, sex, urban address, felonies, prior violent misdemeanors, and prior violent felonies. It was expected that minority youths would be more likely to be detained, but race was only significant in the absence of the variable of address. Urban youths were more likely to be detained resulting in an over-representation of minorities in detention, since most of the minority population resides in the urban area. Also included is supplemental material based on interviews with defense lawyers, judges, masters, and juvenile probation officers.