Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
X-ray chemistry in the envelopes around young stellar objects

We present chemical models of the envelope of a young stellar object (YSO) exposed to a central X-ray source. The models are applied to the massive star-forming region AFGL 2591 for different X-ray fluxes. Model results for this region show that the X-ray ionization rate with and without the effects of Compton scattering differs by only a few percent and the influence of Compton scattering on the chemistry is negligible. The total X-ray ionization rate is dominated by the “secondary” ionization rate of H 2 resulting from fast electrons. The abundance profiles of several molecular and atomic species are shown to depend on the X-ray luminosity and on the distance from the source. The carbon, sulphur and nitrogen chemistries are discussed. It is found that He + and H$_3^+$ are enhanced and trigger a peculiar chemistry. Several molecular X-ray tracers are found and compared to tracers of the far ultraviolet (FUV) field. Like ultraviolet radiation fields, X-rays enhance simple hydrides, ions and radicals. In contrast to ultraviolet photons, X-rays can penetrate deep into the envelope and affect the chemistry even at large distances from the source. Whereas the FUV enhanced species cover a region of $\approx $$200{-}300$ AU, the region enhanced by X-rays is $\gtrsim $1000 AU. We find that N 2 O, HNO, SO, SO + , HCO + , CO + , OH + , N 2 H + , SH + and HSO + (among others) are more enhanced by X-rays than by FUV photons even for X-ray luminosities as low as $L_{{\rm X}} \approx 10^{30}$ erg s -1 . CO 2 abundances are reduced in the gas-phase through X-ray induced FUV photons. For temperatures $T \lesssim 230$ K, H 2 O is destroyed by X-rays with luminosities $L_{{\rm X}} \gtrsim 10^{30}$ erg s -1 . Best-fit models for AFGL 2591 predict an X-ray luminosity $L_{{\rm X}} \gtrsim 10^{31}$ erg s -1 with a hard X-ray spectrum $T_{{\rm X}} \gtrsim 3 \times 10^7$ K. This is the first time that the X-ray flux of a highly obscured source has been estimated by its envelope chemistry. Furthermore, we find $L_{{\rm X}}/L_{{\rm bol}} \approx 10^{-6}$. The chemistry of the bulk of the envelope mass is dominated by cosmic-ray induced reactions rather than by X-ray induced ionization for X-ray luminosities $L_{{\rm X}} \lesssim 10^{33}$ erg s -1 . The calculated line intensities of HCO + and HCS + show that high- J lines are more affected than lower J lines by the presence of X-rays due to their higher critical densities, and that such differences are detectable even with large aperture single-dish telescopes. Future instruments such as Herschel-HIFI or SOFIA will be able to observe X-ray enhanced hydrides whereas the sensitivity and spatial resolution of ALMA is well-suited to measure the size and geometry of the region affected by X-rays.
The Role of VEGF and KDR Polymorphisms in Moyamoya Disease and Collateral Revascularization

We conducted a case-control study to investigate whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF −2578, −1154, −634, and 936) and kinase insert domain containing receptor (KDR −604, 1192, and 1719) polymorphisms are associated with moyamoya disease. Korean patients with moyamoya disease (n = 107, mean age, 20.9±15.9 years; 66.4% female) and 243 healthy control subjects (mean age, 23.0±16.1 years; 56.8% female) were included. The subjects were divided into pediatric and adult groups. Among the 64 surgical patients, we evaluated collateral vessel formation after 2 years and divided patients into good (collateral grade A) or poor (collateral grade B and C) groups. The frequencies and distributions of four VEGF (−2578, −1154, −634, and 936) and KDR (−604, 1192, and 1719) polymorphisms were assessed from patients with moyamoya disease and compared to the control group. No differences were observed in VEGF −2578, −1154, −634, and 936 or KDR −604, 1192, and 1719 polymorphisms between the control group and moyamoya disease group. However, we found the −634CC genotype occurred less frequently in the pediatric moyamoya group (p = 0.040) whereas the KDR −604C/1192A/1719T haplotype increased the risk of pediatric moyamoya (p = 0.024). Patients with the CC genotype of VEGF −634 had better collateral vessel formation after surgery. Our results suggest that the VEGF −634G allele is associated with pediatric moyamoya disease and poor collateral vessel formation.
Repulsive bimodal atomic force microscopy on polymers

Bimodal atomic force microscopy can provide high-resolution images of polymers. In the bimodal operation mode, two eigenmodes of the cantilever are driven simultaneously. When examining polymers, an effective mechanical contact is often required between the tip and the sample to obtain compositional contrast, so particular emphasis was placed on the repulsive regime of dynamic force microscopy. We thus investigated bimodal imaging on a polystyrene-block-polybutadiene diblock copolymer surface and on polystyrene. The attractive operation regime was only stable when the amplitude of the second eigenmode was kept small compared to the amplitude of the fundamental mode. To clarify the influence of the higher eigenmode oscillation on the image quality, the amplitude ratio of both modes was systematically varied. Fourier analysis of the time series recorded during imaging showed frequency mixing. However, these spurious signals were at least two orders of magnitude smaller than the first two fundamental eigenmodes. Thus, repulsive bimodal imaging of polymer surfaces yields a good signal quality for amplitude ratios smaller than A01/A02 = 10:1 without affecting the topography feedback.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR cDNA FROM CABBAGE AND ITS ANTIBIOSIS IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS

Plant proteinase inhibitors (Pis) are of special interest because of their role in plant defense against herbivorous insects. We isolated a cDNA clone for a serine PI from Brassica o/eracea, cabbage (BoPI). A comparison of the putative coding sequence from the cabbage clone with soybean trypsin inhibitor identified conserved amino acids and peptide motifs. Furthermore, it seems to be a member of a 6-8 gene family in cabbage. The serine PI cDNA was subcloned into a plant expression vector under the control of the CaMV 355 promoter, and transgenic Nicotiana tabacum. (tobacco) cv Xanthi were produced to test the ability of BoPI to enhance resistance against insects in a heterologous system. These plants were compared with transgenic plants containing different insect resistance transgenes (proteinase inhibitors and a Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ac). The transgenic plants containing BoPI gene outperformed over other transgenic plants produced with diffierent PI genes, and compared favorably with Bt cry1 Ac transgenic plants in a bioassay with Heliothis virescens, tobacco budworm.
The modeling of alcohol consumption: a meta-analytic review.

OBJECTIVE Modeling, or the imitation of another's behavior, has been proposed to influence alcohol consumption. The literature dealing with effects of modeling on alcohol consumption was reviewed using meta-analytic procedures in order to determine the strength of the modeling effect and the variables that moderate the effect. METHOD Thirteen studies were examined in which participant's alcohol consumption in the presence of a high consumption model was compared to a low consumption model condition or a no-model condition. Analyses were conducted for the four dependent measures utilized in the literature: amount consumed, blood alcohol concentration, number of sips taken and volume per sip. Mean effect sizes (d) were calculated for each dependent measure and moderator variables were examined. RESULTS Modeling had a significant effect on all four dependent measures, with the strongest effects being on amount consumed and blood alcohol concentration. In addition, analyses identified numerous variables that moderate the effect of modeling on alcohol consumption, including the drinking history of the participant, the drinking task used and the nature of the interaction between model and participant. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that modeling has a strong effect on alcohol consumption; however, several variables do mediate this effect.
A comparison of counselor attention, counselor attention plus modeling, and supervised study control treatments in changing study habits, attitudes, behaviors, and grades

The purpose of this study was to compare counselor attention, counselor attention plus modeling, and supervised study control treatments in changing students' study habits and attitudes, grades, and class behaviors. Several hypotheses were investigated. Among them were: (1) counselor attention will produce significantly greater change in appropriate study habits, behaviors, and attitudes, and in grade point averages than will the control condition; (2) modeling plus counselor attention procedures will produce significantly greater change in appropriate study habits, behaviors and attitudes, and in grade point averages than will the control condition; (3) IQ levels and treatment levels will interact. Other relevant contrasts were examined as they appeared.
The Cancer Card: metaphor and humour in online interactions about the experience of cancer

Employing a dynamic system approach, this chapter investigates the use of one particular metaphor—the ‘cancer card’—on an online forum dedicated to cancer. Far from being a common Card Game metaphor with a stable source-target mapping, the metaphor is collaboratively developed (i.e. used, re-used, adapted) to express the idea that patients can use their illness to their advantage in a variety of situations, while also reflecting a broader tendency to employ humor as a strategy for coping with adversity. An analysis of all 106 instances of ‘(cancer) card(s)’ on one of the threads of the forum shows that, though related to English expressions like ‘play the […] card’ and to conventional conceptual metaphors like LIFE IS A GAME, its use is specific to the interactions among the members of this online community. Our analysis of the ‘cancer card’ as a group-specific metaphoreme (Cameron & Deignan 2006) emphasizes that multiple interacting factors must be considered to account for such rich and complex phenomena as the use of metaphors in online interactions.
Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Low self-esteem and depression are strongly related, but there is not yet consistent evidence on the nature of the relation. Whereas the vulnerability model states that low self-esteem contributes to depression, the scar model states that depression erodes self-esteem. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the models are specific for depression or whether they are also valid for anxiety. We evaluated the vulnerability and scar models of low self-esteem and depression, and low self-esteem and anxiety, by meta-analyzing the available longitudinal data (covering 77 studies on depression and 18 studies on anxiety). The mean age of the samples ranged from childhood to old age. In the analyses, we used a random-effects model and examined prospective effects between the variables, controlling for prior levels of the predicted variables. For depression, the findings supported the vulnerability model: The effect of self-esteem on depression (β = -.16) was significantly stronger than the effect of depression on self-esteem (β = -.08). In contrast, the effects between low self-esteem and anxiety were relatively balanced: Self-esteem predicted anxiety with β = -. 10, and anxiety predicted self-esteem with β = -. 08. Moderator analyses were conducted for the effect of low self-esteem on depression; these suggested that the effect is not significantly influenced by gender, age, measures of self-esteem and depression, or time lag between assessments. If future research supports the hypothesized causality of the vulnerability effect of low self-esteem on depression, interventions aimed at increasing self-esteem might be useful in reducing the risk of depression.
Using Multilingual Terms for Biomedical Term Extraction

The goal of automatic term extraction often is not so much the creation of a new list of domain specific terms, but rather the (semi-) automatic extension of a list of known terms. In this paper, we focus on the use of existing terms from glossaries, thesaurus, or ontologies to extract new terms from a domain specific text. Our new method is used to extract language-specific terms with the help of multilingual terminological resources. Our baseline system combines a linguistic pattern for extracting candidate noun phrases with a statistical method (χ) for ranking candidate phrases according to their association strength in a domain-specific corpus. Our scoring method also takes into account the termhood of candidate phrases computed on the basis of a list of known terms. We show that uninterpolated average precision of the resulting term list is improved when tested using human evalu-
When the smile is a cue to familiarity

The question discussed in the two following experiments concerns the effect of facial expressions on face recognition. Famous and unknown faces with neutral or smiling expression were presented for different inspection durations (15 ms vs 1000 ms). Subjects had to categorise these faces as famous or unknown (Experiment 1), or estimate their degree of familiarity on a rating scale (Experiment 2). Results showed that the smile increased ratings of familiarity for unfamiliar faces (Experiments 1 and 2) and for famous faces (Experiment 2). These data are discussed in the framework of current face-recognition models and are interpreted in terms of social value of the smile. It is proposed that the smiling bias found here acts at the level of the decision process.
Spectral Library for Oil Types

Oil spill events are a crucial environmental issue. Although they are adequately detected using SAR images, there is a weakness regarding oil type and thickness detection. Thus, potentials of hyperspectral methods in this field are also investigated. Towards this direction, spectral signatures of different oil types for various thicknesses and in various time intervals are very useful, since they may serve as endmembers in unmixing and classification models. This paper describes the development of a relevant spectral library using spectral measurements with a GER1500 spectroradiometer. Results showed that spectral signatures of different oils types present distinctive characteristics through the whole spectral region. These characteristics are useful for oil type discrimination. Relatively high correlation has been observed between the reflectance values and the oil spill thickness, as well as the age of the oil spills. Consequently, best-fit functions, which effectively express the relationship between the reflectance and oil spill thickness as well as the age of the oil spills, have been calculated. According to these results, there is high potential of using hyperspectral imagery in order to estimate oil spill features adequately.
Insulin Resistance, Defective Insulin-Mediated Fatty Acid Suppression, and Coronary Artery Calcification in Subjects With and Without Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To assess insulin action on peripheral glucose utilization and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) suppression as a predictor of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in patients with type 1 diabetes and nondiabetic controls. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Insulin action was measured by a three-stage hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (4, 8, and 40 mU/m2/min) in 87 subjects from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes cohort (40 diabetic, 47 nondiabetic; mean age 45 ± 8 years; 55% female). RESULTS Peripheral glucose utilization was lower in subjects with type 1 diabetes compared with nondiabetic controls: glucose infusion rate (mg/kg FFM/min) = 6.19 ± 0.72 vs. 12.71 ± 0.66, mean ± SE, P < 0.0001, after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, fasting glucose, and final clamp glucose and insulin. Insulin-induced NEFA suppression was also lower in type 1 diabetic compared with nondiabetic subjects: NEFA levels (μM) during 8 mU/m2/min insulin infusion = 370 ± 27 vs. 185 ± 25, P < 0.0001, after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, fasting glucose, and time point insulin. Lower glucose utilization and higher NEFA levels, correlated with CAC volume (r = −0.42, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.41, P < 0.0001, respectively) and predicted the presence of CAC (odds ratio [OR] = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.22–0.93, P = 0.03; OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.08–5.32, P = 0.032, respectively). Insulin resistance did not correlate with GHb or continuous glucose monitoring parameters. CONCLUSIONS Type 1 diabetic patients are insulin resistant compared with nondiabetic subjects, and the degree of resistance is not related to current glycemic control. Insulin resistance predicts the extent of coronary artery calcification and may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes as well as subjects without diabetes.
An Integrative Complexity Analysis of Religious and Irreligious Thinking

Stereotypical views cast religious believers as closed-minded, unthinking individuals, and irreligious persons as comparatively more intellectual and complex. But are these perceptions accurate? To investigate, three studies assessed differences between religious and irreligious thinking on Integrative Complexity (IC). In Study 1, six atheist–Christian opponents were selected for IC. Findings revealed that Christians were significantly more complex than their atheist counterparts overall, but variability existed across comparisons. Study 2 examined persons writing about what matters most to them, finding that people more likely to generate religious language had significantly higher complexity. Study 3 evaluated a famous atheist-to-religious convert (C.S. Lewis) who wrote comparable materials during an irreligious and religious phase of his life. Results demonstrated that Lewis’ complexity was higher during his religious phase. Taken together, Studies 1 to 3 suggest that religious thinkers are sometimes more complex than nonreligious thinkers and vice versa—variability that sometimes goes unnoticed in public circles.
Attentional demands and postural control: the effect of sensory context.

BACKGROUND This study used a dual task design to examine the effect of sensory context on postural stability during the concurrent performance of an attentionally demanding cognitive task in young and older adults with and without a history of imbalance and falls. METHODS A choice reaction time auditory task was used to produce changes in attention during quiet stance in six different sensory conditions that changed the availability of accurate visual and somatosensory cues for postural control. Postural stability was quantified by using forceplate measures of center of pressure in 18 young adults, 18 healthy older adults, and 18 older adults with balance impairments and a history of recent falls. Reaction time and accuracy of verbal response to the auditory task were quantified by using a repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS In young adults the auditory task did not affect postural stability in any of the sensory conditions. However, in the older adults the effect of the auditory task depended on sensory context. For healthy older adults, the addition of an auditory tone task significantly affected sway only when both visual and somatosensory cues for postural control were removed. In the balance-impaired older adults, the addition of the auditory task significantly affected postural stability in all sensory conditions. In addition, as sensory conditions became more difficult, older adults who had been able to maintain stability in a single task context lost balance when performing a secondary task. CONCLUSION Results suggest that with aging, attentional demands for postural control increase as sensory information decreases. In addition, the inability to allocate sufficient attention to postural control under multitask conditions may be a contributing factor to imbalance and falls in some older adults.
Mutation of a Rice Gene Encoding a Phenylalanine Biosynthetic Enzyme Results in Accumulation of Phenylalanine and Tryptophan[W]

Two distinct biosynthetic pathways for Phe in plants have been proposed: conversion of prephenate to Phe via phenylpyruvate or arogenate. The reactions catalyzed by prephenate dehydratase (PDT) and arogenate dehydratase (ADT) contribute to these respective pathways. The Mtr1 mutant of rice (Oryza sativa) manifests accumulation of Phe, Trp, and several phenylpropanoids, suggesting a link between the synthesis of Phe and Trp. Here, we show that the Mtr1 mutant gene (mtr1-D) encodes a form of rice PDT with a point mutation in the putative allosteric regulatory region of the protein. Transformed callus lines expressing mtr1-D exhibited all the characteristics of Mtr1 callus tissue. Biochemical analysis revealed that rice PDT possesses both PDT and ADT activities, with a preference for arogenate as substrate, suggesting that it functions primarily as an ADT. The wild-type enzyme is feedback regulated by Phe, whereas the mutant enzyme showed a reduced feedback sensitivity, resulting in Phe accumulation. In addition, these observations indicate that rice PDT is critical for regulating the size of the Phe pool in plant cells. Feeding external Phe to wild-type callus tissue and seedlings resulted in Trp accumulation, demonstrating a connection between Phe accumulation and Trp pool size.
Attitudes of Teachers Towards Inclusive Education in Finland

ABSTRACT Positive teacher attitudes are essential for success when children with special educational needs (SEN) are placed into mainstream classrooms. The present study surveyed teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion by using a large national sample and Teachers’ Attitudes towards Inclusion Scale (TAIS). A total of 1,764 Finnish basic-school teachers participated in the e-mail survey. They included 824 classroom teachers, 575 subject teachers and 365 special-education teachers. The classroom teachers scored below and the subject teachers significantly below, the neutral midpoint of the scale. The special-education teachers’ mean scores were above the midpoint. About 20% of teachers were strong opponents of inclusion, and 8% were strong advocates. The attitudes towards inclusion had only weak associations with variables other than the teacher category. Teachers’ work orientation and self-efficacy had low associations with their attitudes towards inclusion. The results illustrate the attitudinal climate of teachers towards inclusion and indicate the existing potential for policy change.