Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trophic Effects of Transplants Following Damage to the Cerebral Cortex

One of the remarkable differences between developing and mature brains is their response to injury. A specific lesion to developing nervous system pathways usually results in rapid and profound neuron loss while the same lesion in adults may produce only gradual cell loss or no cell death at all.I4 This observation is particularly intriguing because of its apparent conflict with the well-known behavioral observation that functional recovery from damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is generally more likely if the damage occurs to developing rather than mature CNS systems? 6 Several explanations have been offered for this difference in the response of differentaged neurons to lesions. First, the fact that younger neurons are less likely to have formed sufficient numbers of sustaining inputs or sustaining collateral axons may make them much more vulnerable when those few inputs or collaterals that have developed are damaged. ’” In the CNS, collateral development is likely to be especially important to damaged neurons because these cells often have more widespread connections than neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). A second suggestion relates to the “inherent metabolic capabilities” of younger neurons versus mature neurons! As the neuron matures, so does its protein synthetic machinery, which may allow the cell to maintain itself for longer periods after lesions. Metabolic maturity seems likely to play an important role in the survival of PNS neurons after axotomy because mature synthetic processes appear to be required to support regeneration. A third idea, which may in fact encompass the other two, is that lesions to afferent or target structures separate the cell from sources of specific trophic factors supplied by these connecting cells. Developing neurons may depend more critically on these factors for both survival and continued differentiation. Mature neurons may no longer require such trophic agents,’ or may have a much lower “rate of utilization” of the factors? Support for this “trophic hypothesis,” at least for developing neurons, has come mainly from studies with nerve growth factor (NGF) in the PNS. NGF is a specific trophic agent for sensory and sympathetic ganglion cells; it is essential for the survival and differentiation of these cells during development. It is unique among the putative trophic factors that have been suggested or even partially isolated because its actions are demonstrable in vivo. Exogenous NGF can rescue naturally degenerating ganglion
Survival and growth behaviour of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in lettuce leaves and soil at various temperatures.

Over the last decades, leafy greens were involved in numerous Salmonella outbreaks. In order to control plant contamination, it is necessary to understand pathogen behaviour both on plant and in soil of producing fields. The objectives of this study were to monitor the growth and survival of Salmonella Typhimurium on lettuce leaves (uncut and shredded) stored at 4 and 22oC for up to 14 days and in soil (manure–amended and sterile) stored at 5 and 25oC for 42 days. Lettuce samples were inoculated with 1.5x106 CFU g-1 of the microorganism and enumerated following storage for 0, 2, 6, 10, 14 days when held at 4oC and after 0, 2, 3 and 7 days when held at 22oC. Soil samples were inoculated with 5x107 CFU g-1 of S. Typhimurium and enumerated after storage at 5 and 25oC at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42.The results showed that at the end of 4oC storage, populations of S. Typhimurium on uncut and shredded lettuce declined approximately one log CFU g-1, however, at 22oC populations of the microorganism increased approximately 2 and 3 log CFU g-1 on uncut and shredded lettuce, respectively within 3 days. In addition, S. Typhimurium counts were found to be significantly higher on shredded than uncut lettuce stored at 22oC. In soil, population density of S. Typhimurium was found to decrease over time. The greatest and fastest decline in level of microorganism was recorded in manure-amended soil within 21 days of storage at 25oC, meanwhile, in sterile soil stored at 5oC the pathogen showed the lowest decrease and remained detectable up to end of examination (42 days). Significantly higher levels and survival of S. Typhimurium were detected in sterile soil than manure-amended soil and at 5oC than 25oC storage.
Metaphor awareness and vocabulary retention

Various figurative expressions can often be traced back to a common metaphoric theme or source domain. The present article reports three EFL experiments which indicate that a lexical organization along such metaphoric themes or source domains can facilitate retention of unfamiliar figurative expressions. In view of these findings, the article proposes classroom activities aimed at enhancing language learners' metaphor awareness and at turning this into an additional channel for vocabulary acquisition.
Extraction of key postures from 3D human motion data for choreography summarization

Modelling and digitizing performing arts through motion capturing interfaces is an important aspect for the analysis, processing and documentation of intangible cultural heritage assets. However, existing modelling approaches may involve huge amounts of information which are difficult to process, store and analyze. To address these limitations, usually a skeleton describing the dancer motion is extracted. However, often the complexity still remains due to the high spatio-temporal dependencies of the detected skeleton joints. In this paper, an alternative approach is presented: choreography summarization. This means that a very small number of image frames are extracted to represent a choreography, thus significantly reducing the processing and storage complexity. In our approach the problem of choreography summarization is treated as an unsupervised clustering approach. Evaluation indices are introduced for monitoring the summarization performance. Experimental results on real-life dancing performances verifies the capability of the proposed method to capture the main patterns of a choreography with a very small number of trajectory points.
Phylogenetic Separation in Limb Use in Captive Gibbons (Hylobatidae): A Comparison Across the Primate Order

Although there have been few studies of self‐scratching in primates, some have reported distinct differences in whether hands or feet are used, and these variations seem to reflect the evolutionary history of the Order. Monkeys and prosimians use both hands and feet to self‐scratch while African great apes use hands almost exclusively. Gibbons represent an evolutionary divergence between monkeys and great apes and incidental observations at the Gibbon Conservation Center pointed to a difference in self‐scratching among the four extant gibbon genera (Hoolock, Nomascus, Symphalangus, and Hylobates). To validate and further explore these preliminary observations, we collected systematic data on self‐scratching from 32 gibbons, including nine species and all four genera. To supplement gibbon data, we also collected self‐scratching information from 18 great apes (four species), five prosimians (two species), 26 New World Monkeys (nine species) and 20 Old World Monkeys (seven species). All monkeys and some prosimians used both hands and feet to self‐scratch, whereas one prosimian species used only feet. All African great apes used hands exclusively (orangutans were an exception displaying occasional foot‐use). This appears to represent a fundamental difference between monkeys and great apes in limb use. Interestingly, there was a clear difference in self‐scratching between the four gibbon genera. Hylobates and Symphalangus self‐scratched only with hands (like all African great apes), while Hoolock and Nomascus self‐scratched with both hands and feet (like monkeys and prosimians). This difference in gibbon behavior may reflect the evolutionary history of gibbons as Hoolock and Nomascus are thought to have evolved before both Hylobates and Symphalangus. What evolutionary pressures led to this divergent pattern is currently opaque; however, this shift in limb preference may result from niche separation across the order facilitating differences in the behavioral repertoire associated with hind and forelimbs. Am. J. Primatol. 74:1035‐1043, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Involvement of proteasomes in gene induction by interferon and double-stranded RNA.

Cytokine induced gene expression is mediated through the ligand-dependent activation of the janus kinase (jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathway. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway functions in the controlled degradation of cellular proteins, and regulates cytokine signal transduction through the degradation of specific signaling components. Interferon (IFN) treatment induces genes that function in ubiquitin conjugation, suggesting a reciprocal regulation of proteasome activity and IFN action; however, a role for the proteasome in IFN-alpha-induced gene expression has not been examined. In this report, we find that proteasome inhibitors markedly reduce the induction of interferon-stimulated-gene 15 (ISG15), ISG43, and STAT1 by IFN-alpha and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The reduction in gene expression by proteasome inhibitors was dose-dependent, and was specific for ISGs. Neither STAT1 phosphorylation nor ISGF-3 activation was affected by proteasome inhibition at early times post-IFN treatment. Cycloheximide treatment diminished the effect of proteasome inhibitors on ISG induction, implicating an IFN/dsRNA-induced protein in this activity. These findings demonstrate that a functional proteasome is required for optimal ISG induction, and are consistent with a model in which IFN and dsRNA induce a proteasome-sensitive repressor of ISG expression.
Democratic Deliberation as the Open‐Ended Construction of Justice

An analysis of the epistemological structure of democratic deliberation as a procedure in which legal norms are constructed reveals that deliberation combines procedural and substantive aspects in a unique and inextricable manner. The co-original recognition of the private and public autonomy of all citizens provides the substantive critical standard against which the justice of norms is measured. At the same time, such recognition requires that the particular needs and values of all people concerned be taken into account. Given the privileged epistemic access people have to their own particular perspective, this requirement implies the ineliminability of actual deliberative procedures. The open-ended nature of these constructive procedures is partly due to the fact that the rules of the procedure are counterfactual and themselves subject to interpretation. More importantly, it also reflects the historical nature of our human world and the freedom of moral persons to shape and reshape their preferences.
The effect of career counsellors on the decision to pursue higher education: a mixed‐methods investigation

The article examines the role of career counsellors in secondary education in Cyprus, with emphasis on their effect on students' career decisions. Survey research was used to collect information from 611 students and 36 career counsellors in Cyprus. Students were asked to rate the importance of several factors as influences on their career decisions. This allowed for the assessment of the importance of career counsellors relative to other influencing factors. In a separate survey, career counsellors provided information on their job satisfaction and their effectiveness in providing guidance and information to students. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. According to the findings, students consider counsellors to be of little or no importance as sources of guidance and information in the decision‐making process which precedes the choice between higher education and employment. Moreover, counsellors point to serious problems at the workplace which limit their effectiveness. The article discusses ways of addressing the problems faced by career counsellors and enhancing their role as significant reference individuals in further education and career decisions.
Enzymatic method for inactivation of aminoglycosides during measurement of postantibiotic effect

To determine the postantibiotic effect of aminoglycosides, two methods are currently being used to remove the test drug: repeated washing and dilution. An enzymatic inactivation method of removing gentamicin and tobramycin was developed and compared with the dilution method. This enzymatic method provides a rapid and simple alternative method of removing aminoglycosides which results in reliable postantibiotic-effect values.
The Effect of Animated Node-Link Displays on Information Recall

Abstract The attentional effects of animation on the processing of information from node-link maps and text were explored. The authors randomly assigned college students to receive a static node-link map presentation (n =40), an animated node-link map presentation (n =37), a static text presentation (n =29), or an animated text presentation (n =27). The participants were asked to recall the information 48 hr later. The participants recalled more main-idea information from animated node-link maps than from static maps or animated text. There were no differences with regard to presentation or display format on the recall of microstructural information.
Robust, applied morphological generation

In practical natural language generation systems it is often advantageous to have a separate component that deals purely with morphological processing. We present such a component: a fast and robust morphological generator for English based on finite-state techniques that generates a word form given a specification of the lemma, part-of-speech, and the type of inflection required. We describe how this morphological generator is used in a prototype system for automatic simplification of English newspaper text, and discuss practical morphological and orthographic issues we have encountered in generation of unrestricted text within this application.
Do Local Elections in Non-Democracies Increase Accountability? Evidence from Rural China

We use unique survey data to study whether the introduction of local elections in China made local leaders more accountable towards local constituents. We develop a simple model to predict the effects on different policies of increasing local leader accountability, taking into account that there is an autocratic upper government. We exploit variation in the timing of the top-down introduction of elections across villages to estimate the causal effects of elections and find that elections affected policy outcomes in a way that is consistent with the predicted effects of increased local leader accountability.
Novel Hydroxyapatite Biomaterial Covalently Linked to Raloxifene

Since raloxifene, a drug used in osteoporosis therapy, inhibits osteoclast, but not osteoblast functions, it has been suggested to improve recovery during implant surgery. The present paper describes an effective method to link raloxifene, through a covalent bond, to a nano-Hydroxyapatite-based biomaterial by interfacing with (3-aminopropyl)-Triethoxysilane as assessed by Infra Red-Fourier Transformed (IR-FT) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). To evaluate the safety of this modified new material, the vitality of osteoblast-like cells cultured with the new biomaterial was then investigated. Raloxifene-conjugated HA-biomaterial has been shown to be a safe material easy to obtain which could be an interesting starting point for the use of a new functional biomaterial suitable in bone regeneration procedures.
Promise for Enhancing Children's Reading Attitudes Through Peer Reading: A Mixed Method Approach

ABSTRACT Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) was implemented for supplementary reading classes in a Korean elementary school. The treatment group children were exposed to PALS during 20 min sessions, 4 times a week, for 8 weeks. The impacts of PALS were investigated in 3 aspects using a mixed-methods approach: improvement in reading attitudes, reading skills, and student perceptions of the intervention. Data collection includes reading attitude measures, standardized reading comprehension test scores, student satisfaction survey, student interviews, and student journals. The PALS group students showed significantly enhanced reading attitudes and reading skills. Consistently, qualitative data analysis also revealed affirmative influence of PALS on students’ attitudes toward reading. Finally, the findings also suggested social benefits of PALS including developing cooperative skills and friendships.
You Never Get a SecoNd chaNce to Make a FirSt (iMplicit) iMpreSSioN: the role oF elaboratioN iN the ForMatioN aNd reviSioN oF iMplicit iMpreSSioNS

Conditions under which implicit and explicit impressions of an individual may change in response to new information were investigated in two experiments. Participants formed an impression of a target person based on his membership in a social group and, in some conditions, detailed behavioral evidence. Later, half of the participants were given reason to believe that the initial information they had been given was wrong, and that the target actually belonged to a different social group. Implicit and explicit measures of participants' impressions of the target were then collected. Results indicated that, while explicit impressions were effectively corrected in light of new information, implicit impressions continued to reflect initial beliefs (Experiments 1 and 2). However, when given the opportunity to re-examine the original behavioral information, implicit measures also reflected a change in participants' impressions (Experiment 2). The role of elaboration in determining implicit and explicit impression change is discussed.
Economical Two-fold Working Precision Matrix Multiplication on Consumer-Level CUDA GPUs

Dot product faithfully rounded after "as if" computed in $K$-fold working precision (K>=2)is known to be computable only with floating-point numbers defined in IEEE 754 floating-point standard.This paper presents a CUDA GPU implementation of two-fold working precision matrix multiplication based on the dot product computation method.Experimental results on a GeForce GTX580 and a GTX560Ti show that the proposed implementation has 1.84 to 1.95 timeshigher GFLOPS performance in two-fold working precision compared to the performance of CUBLAS dgemm in double-precision on a Tesla C2070 high-end GPU.The proposed implementation can be used to obtain higher performance in pseudo double-precision with low cost consumer-level GPUs whose double-precision native performance is limited.
Civic Knowledge of High School Students in Israel: Personal and Contextual Determinants

Past research on civic education suggests that students' perfornance is largely influenced by individual socioeconomic background and motivational factors. There has been little attention to the effects of school and classroom ideological and social attributes, such as the socioeconomic make-up of the school or classroom, or how interested in politics are a student's classmates. The results of the present study support the contention that contextual effects play a vital role in determining students' civic knowledge scores. Analysis of Israeli jjth graders' performance on the International Association for the Evaluation of Educa tional Achievement (IEA) civic knowledge test shows that while individual backgrounds and motivations play a significant role, school and classroom contexts greatly contribute to civic knowledge acquisition.
Religious education in the context of sub‐Saharan Africa: the Malawian example

The argument in this paper is that in spite of the acknowledgement of plurality, many countries in sub‐Saharan Africa seem reluctant to introduce multi‐faith approaches preferring to maintain Christian confessionalism in religious education. Even in those countries where new approaches are being tried, there is some unwillingness to make wholesale changes throughout the school system. In some instances this state of affairs is precipitated not by educational policy but by the socio‐religious situation, which mirrors Christian ideals. This is better illustrated in the Malawian context where largely due in part to the historical Christian influence and for the fact Christianity is the major religion in the country, multi‐faith religious education introduced in schools was opposed. As a compromise to a difficult situation, government resolved to offer both multi‐faith religious education and the historical Bible knowledge on the school curriculum. Results of a school survey seem to indicate that Bible knowledge as opposed to multi‐faith religious education is still a favoured syllabus in schools, possible reasons of which are suggested. The conclusion is that efforts should be made to interest those still wary about multi‐faith religious education considering the benefits it can bring in a world today where heterogeneity rather than homogeneity is the acceptable reality.
Anthrax Toxin-Mediated Delivery In Vivo and In Vitro of a Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitope from Ovalbumin

ABSTRACT We reported earlier that a nontoxic form of anthrax toxin was capable of delivering a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope in vivo, such that a specific CTL response was primed against the epitope. The epitope, of bacterial origin, was fused to an N-terminal fragment (LFn) from the lethal-factor component of the toxin, and the fusion protein was injected, together with the protective antigen (PA) component, into BALB/c mice. Here we report that PA plus LFn is capable of delivering a different epitope—OVA257–264 from ovalbumin. Delivery was accomplished in a different mouse haplotype,H-2Kb and occurred in vitro as well as in vivo. An OVA257–264-specific CTL clone, GA-4, recognized EL-4 cells treated in vitro with PA plus as little as 30 fmol of the LFn-OVA257–264 fusion protein. PA mutants attenuated in toxin self-assembly or translocation were inactive, implying that the role of PA in epitope delivery is the same as that in toxin action. Also, we showed that OVA257–264-specific CTL could be induced to proliferate by incubation with splenocytes treated with PA plus LFn-OVA257–264. These findings imply that PA-LFn may serve as a general delivery vehicle for CTL epitopes in vivo and as a safe, efficient tool for the ex vivo expansion of patient-derived CTL for use in adoptive immunotherapy.
Primary School Teaching as a Career: The views of the successfully recruited

This research explored the views of undergraduate and postgraduate English students, about their choice of primary (elementary) school teaching as a career. In doing so it provided in-depth insight into the motivations and concerns of such students and hard evidence to inform the debate around English recruitment strategies, where recruitment to primary teacher education courses, overall, has declined signi cantly, from 24,994 applications in 1994 to 9,875 in 1999 (Gates, 1999).