Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany.

BACKGROUND Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents, the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified, providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development. SCOPE The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates, on jasmonate perception and signalling, on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens, in symbiotic interactions, in flower development, in root growth and in light perception. CONCLUSIONS The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors, and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now, the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.
The height production function from birth to maturity

Height is the result of a complex process of growth that begins at birth and reaches the end in early adulthood. This paper studies the determinants of height from birth to maturity. A height production function is specified whose structure allows height to be the result of the accumulation of inputs (i.e., nutrition and diseases) over time. The empirical specification allows the causal identification of the age specific effects of both nutrition and diseases on height. Rich longitudinal data on Filipino children followed for more than 20 years are used. Considering the differences in growth patterns between boys and girls, the results show the existence of two critical periods for the formation of height: infancy and pre-puberty. In particular, diseases experienced during infancy, specially in the second year of life, and nutrition during pre-puberty play a major role.
CONTEXTUAL EVENT INFORMATION EXTRACTOR FOR EMAILS

A powerful tool for planning and announcement of Events is Email. Automatic detection of the Occurrence (Title) and its contextual information (Location, Temporal information, Participants) associated with the email is surely desirable to help the users manage and plan important Events. A lot of work has been done in the area of Event detection but it has various limitations from different perspectives. Firstly, the existing work mainly targets text streams like news stories, scientific documents, articles etc that are somewhat structured documents with sufficient event description as compare to the Emails that have structured, semi-structured and unstructured short descriptions with a plenty of description styles. Secondly the objective in most of the research is to detect new or hot events. Thirdly, much of the existing work aims on reporting events and our objective is to support Event Planning and Management. Another lacking thing is the use of publication time as the temporal information instead of actual temporal information contained within text that is indeed required for Event planning and management task. We have used Finite State Automata (FSA) to extract phrases revealing the Places, temporal information and the actual occurrence. The results are evaluated using different measures. Experiments show that the proposed approach performed well on the Email data Corpus.
A weak lensing analysis of a STIS dark-lens candidate ?

We perform a weak lensing analysis on a previously reported dark-lens candidate on STIS Parallel data (Miralles et al. 2002). New VLT-data indicate that the reported signal originates from a small number of galaxies tangentially aligned towards the center of the STIS field but no signature for an extended mass distribution is found. We argue that we should be able to detect a massive cluster (M > 3.2 x 10 1 4 M O .) through its lensing signal up to a redshift of z 0.6 with our data. Also the double image hypothesis of two galaxies with very similar morphologies in the STIS data is ruled out with colour information.
CXCL12-Mediated Guidance of Migrating Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Progenitors Transplanted into the Hippocampus

Stem cell therapies for neurodegenerative disorders require accurate delivery of the transplanted cells to the sites of damage. Numerous studies have established that fluid injections to the hippocampus can induce lesions in the dentate gyrus (DG) that lead to cell death within the upper blade. Using a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy, we previously observed that embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors (ESNPs) survive and differentiate within the granule cell layer after stereotaxic delivery to the DG, replacing the endogenous cells of the upper blade. To investigate the mechanisms for ESNP migration and repair in the DG, we examined the role of the chemokine CXCL12 in mice subjected to kainic acid-induced seizures. We now show that ESNPs transplanted into the DG show extensive migration through the upper blade, along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus. Seizures upregulate CXCL12 and infusion of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 by osmotic minipump attenuated ESNP migration. We also demonstrate that seizures promote the differentiation of transplanted ESNPs toward neuronal rather than astrocyte fates. These findings suggest that ESNPs transplanted into the adult rodent hippocampus migrate in response to cytokine-mediated signals.
An Analysis of Design Approaches for Crosscutting Concerns

A number of approaches have been proposed to provide support for crosscutting concerns at the design level. This paper compares some of these design approaches. A set of “good design” criteria is used to identify strengths and weaknesses of the individual approaches. The paper concludes with a proposition to unify the strengths of the discussed approaches into a more effective model.
Cournot Oligopoly with Network E ff ects

The nature of competition is quite different in network industries as compared to the other, more traditional, ones. The purpose of the present paper is to thoroughly examine the implications of these differences as reflected in the dependence of equilibrium outputs, price and profits on industry concentration. We restrict the analysis to oligopolistic competition amongst firms in a market characterized by positive (direct) network effects when the relevant network is industry-wide. The proofs rely on lattice-theoretic methods; this approach allows us to unify in a common setting the general results in the literature on network goods, weakening considerably the assumptions. As a by-product we offer an alternative explanation of the start-off phenomenon in network industries. JEL codes: C72, D43, L13, L14.
Online Professional Development of English Teachers: An analysis of Cognitive Presence via the Community of Inquiry Framework

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Effects of Combination of Rice Straw with Alfalfa Pellet on Milk Productivity and Chewing Activity in Lactating Dairy Cows

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of diets containing coarse-texture rice straw and small particle size alfalfa pellets as a part of total mixed ration (TMR) on milk productivity and chewing activity in lactating dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous Holstein dairy cows (670±21 kg body weight) in mid-lactation (194.1±13.6 days in milk) were randomly assigned to TMR containing 50% of timothy hay (TH) or TMR containing 20% of rice straw and 30% of alfalfa pellet mixture (RSAP). Geometric mean lengths of TH and RSAP were found to be 5.8 and 3.6, respectively. Dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition were measured. Moreover, eating and ruminating times were recorded continuously using infrared digital camcorders. Milk yield and milk composition were not detected to have significant differences between TH and RSAP. Dry matter intake (DMI) did not significantly differ for cows fed with TH or RSAP. Although particle size of TH was larger than RSAP, eating, ruminating and total chewing time (min/d or min/kg of DMI) on TH and RSAP were similar. Taken together, our results suggest that using a proper amount of coarse-texture rice straw with high value nutritive alfalfa pellets may stimulate chewing activity in dairy cows without decreasing milk yield and composition even though the quantity of rice straw was 40% of TH.
Associations between Risky Lifestyles and Involvement in Violent Crime during Adolescence

ABSTRACT Research shows that violent victimization and offending often overlap, and that both outcomes may be related to a risky lifestyle. The author therefore aimed to examine the associations between a risky lifestyle and the probability of being involved in violence as a victim only, offender only, or as a victim-offender, compared with being a total abstainer. In multinomial logistic regression models with data from a sample of adolescents (N = 490), a risky lifestyle was related to a higher probability of crime involvement across all groups compared with total abstainers. However, the significance of specific indicators of a risky lifestyle varied across the different outcomes. Spending a lot of time in the city center at night and frequently being inebriated were related to a higher risk of being a victim only, whereas peer deviance increased the risk for being an offender only. Frequent exposure to criminogenic settings and often being inebriated were related to a higher risk of being a victim-offender. The results indicate that studies on crime involvement and lifestyle must consider each kind of involvement separately. However, not many girls were involved in violent crime as offenders only or victim-offenders, indicating that girls may have risky lifestyles without committing acts of violence.
The Chandra view of NGC 1800 and the X‐ray scaling properties of dwarf starbursts

The superb spatial resolution of Chandra is utilized to study the X-ray morphology of the dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 1800 embedded in a small group of galaxies. Diffuse galactic emission is detected, extending several kiloparsec above the galactic plane, with an overall morphology similar to the galactic winds seen in nearby X-ray-bright starburst galaxies. This makes NGC 1800 the most distant dwarf starburst with a clear detection of diffuse X-ray emission. The diffuse X-ray luminosity of 1.3 ± 0.3 x 10 38 erg s -1 accounts for at least 60 per cent of the total soft X-ray output of the galaxy. A hot gas temperature of kT = 0.25 keV and metallicity Z 0.05 Z ○. are derived, the latter being consistent with results from optical spectroscopy of the interstellar medium. Our failure to detect any hot gas associated with the embedding galaxy group translates into an upper limit to the group X-ray luminosity of L X < 10 41 erg s -1 . There is no convincing evidence that the outflowing wind of NGC 1800 is currently interacting with any intragroup gas, and mechanical considerations indicate that the wind can escape the galaxy and its surrounding HI halo, eventually delivering energy and metals to the intragroup gas. Properties of NGC 1800 are compared to those of other dwarf starburst galaxies, and a first detailed discussion of the X-ray scaling properties of this population of objects is given, set against the equivalent results obtained for normal starburst galaxies. Results indicate that dwarf starbursts to a large degree behave as down-scaled versions of normal starburst galaxies.
Bioenergetics and redox adaptations of astrocytes to neuronal activity

Neuronal activity is a high‐energy demanding process recruiting all neural cells that adapt their metabolism to sustain the energy and redox balance of neurons. During neurotransmission, synaptic cleft glutamate activates its receptors in neurons and in astrocytes, before being taken up by astrocytes through energy costly transporters. In astrocytes, the energy requirement for glutamate influx is likely to be met by glycolysis. To enable this, astrocytes are constitutively glycolytic, robustly expressing 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatase‐3 (PFKFB3), an enzyme that is negligibly present in neurons by continuous degradation because of the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway via anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC)‐Cdh1. Additional factors contributing to the glycolytic frame of astrocytes may include 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1), pyruvate kinase muscle isoform‐2 (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase‐4 (PDK4), lactate dehydrogenase‐B, or monocarboxylate transporter‐4 (MCT4). Neurotransmission‐associated messengers, such as nitric oxide or ammonium, stimulate lactate release from astrocytes. Astrocyte‐derived glycolytic lactate thus sustains the energy needs of neurons, which in contrast to astrocytes mainly rely on oxidative phosphorylation. Neuronal activity unavoidably triggers reactive oxygen species, but the antioxidant defense of neurons is weak; hence, they use glucose for oxidation through the pentose‐phosphate pathway to preserve the redox status. Furthermore, neural activity is coupled with erythroid‐derived erythroid‐derived 2‐like 2 (Nrf2) mediated transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes in astrocytes, which boost the de novo glutathione biosynthesis in neighbor neurons. Thus, the bioenergetics and redox programs of astrocytes are adapted to sustain neuronal activity and survival. Developing therapeutic strategies to interfere with these pathways may be useful to combat neurological diseases.
Expression of mRNA for glutamate receptor subunits distinguishes the major classes of retinal neurons, but is less specific for individual cell types

Purpose To investigate the expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits by retinal neurons, to assess the extent to which different functional types of retinal neurons are characterized by the expression of the receptor subtypes. Methods Rod photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells were identified in retina dissociates. Amacrine cells were identified in dissociates from transgenic mice or by staining with an antibody against the extracellular carbohydrate epitope CD15. Ganglion cells were identified by retrograde axonal transport of FITC-dextran or by green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence in a transgenic strain. We examined the receptors simultaneously using non-quantitative single-cell reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for GluR1-R4 (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors), GluR5-R7, and KA1 and 2 (kainate receptors), δ1 and δ2 subunits, and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1, 2a-d, and 3a. Results The expression of glutamate receptors on bipolar cells and rod photoreceptors was limited: Neither expressed functional NMDA receptors, and rods were also negative for AMPA receptors. The sample of ganglion cells included examples of many ganglion cell types; these were distinguished morphologically using quantitative parameters defined in a previous cluster analysis. All types of ionotropic glutamate receptors were found to be expressed on ganglion cells. The iGluR subunits GluR4, KA2, δ1, and NR1 were expressed on almost all ganglion cells examined. Conclusions Despite the heterogeneity of ganglion cell types, differences among them in this PCR-based method were minor. Thus, retinal interneurons are characterized by expression of distinctive glutamate receptor types, but functional differences among ganglion cells seem to be reflected instead in the amounts as well as spatial distributions of a widely expressed group of receptors.
A review of the potential for competitive cereal cultivars as a tool in integrated weed management

Summary Competitive crop cultivars offer a potentially cheap option to include in integrated weed management strategies (IWM). Although cultivars with high competitive potential have been identified amongst cereal crops, competitiveness has not traditionally been considered a priority for breeding or farmer cultivar choice. The challenge of managing herbicide‐resistant weed populations has, however, renewed interest in cultural weed control options, including competitive cultivars. We evaluated the current understanding of the traits that explain variability in competitive ability between cultivars, the relationship between suppression of weed neighbours and tolerance of their presence and the existence of trade‐offs between competitive ability and yield in weed‐free scenarios. A large number of relationships between competitive ability and plant traits have been reported in the literature, including plant height, speed of development, canopy architecture and partitioning of resources. There is uncertainty over the relationship between suppressive ability and tolerance, although tolerance is a less stable trait over seasons and locations. To realise the potential of competitive crop cultivars as a tool in IWM, a quick and simple‐to‐use protocol for assessing the competitive potential of new cultivars is required; it is likely that this will not be based on a single trait, but will need to capture the combined effect of multiple traits. A way needs to be found to make this information accessible to farmers, so that competitive cultivars can be better integrated into their weed control programmes.
PLATHO - A Dynamic Plant Growth Model Considering Competition between Individuals and Allocation to Carbon-Based Secondary Compounds

To explain patterns and variations in concentration of defence-related carbon-based secondary compounds in plant tissues, different complementary and in some parts contradictory plant-defence hypotheses were developed since several years. These conceptual hypotheses cannot be fully evaluated without a plant growth simulation model and consequently, the discussion about adequacy of plant-defence hypotheses neglects to a large extent the dynamics of plant growth. To get a more realistic view of the volatile dynamics of plant internal source and sink strengths of carbon and nitrogen during different phenological growth stages, a modelling approach for allocation of carbohydrates to a pool of carbon-based secondary compounds was integrated into the functional generic plant growth model PLATHO. In this paper, we explain the fundamental assumptions of our modelling approach and present the results of a simulation study for juvenile beech and spruce trees growing in mono- and mixed cultures under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2.
Sum of MMPI scales F, 4, and 9 as a measure of aggression.

This study was supported by Grant M1726 from the National Institute of Mental Health, by Contract HSM 42-70-6 from the Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, and by the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene. The data analysis was performed with the assistance of the computation center of the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. For Part 1 of this study, Leopold Wakler was a co-investigator.
Beyond the Binary: Gender Identity and Mental Health Among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults

iv Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study. 1 Defining Gender Identity . 2 Gender Identity Research . 4 TGNC health disparities. 5 Victimization and resilience. 7 Departing the Gender Binary . 8 Summary and Present Investigation . 8 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 10 Defining Gender and Gender Identity . 11 Multiculturalism and Gender Identity. 15 Defining Identity . 17 Identity “stages” versus “statuses”. 19 Multicultural Identity Development Models . 20 History of Gender Identity Research . 23 Intersections of gender identity and sex assigned at birth. 25 TGNC Identity Development . 29 Alternative Models of TGNC Identity Development . 37 Departing the Binary . 40 Gender non-conforming children. 44 Gender non-conforming adolescents and adults. 47 Prevailing Assumptions . 48
Constructions and Noise Threshold of Hyperbolic Surface Codes

We show how to obtain concrete constructions of homological quantum codes based on tilings of 2-D surfaces with constant negative curvature (hyperbolic surfaces). This construction results in 2-D quantum codes whose tradeoff of encoding rate versus protection is more favorable than for the surface code. These surface codes would require variable length connections between qubits, as determined by the hyperbolic geometry. We provide numerical estimates of the value of the noise threshold and logical error probability of these codes against independent X or Z noise, assuming noise-free error correction.
Feminist Identity, Attitudes Toward Feminist Prototypes, and Willingness to Intervene in Everyday Sexist Events

Many women eschew the feminist label despite believing in gender equality. In order to effectively promote feminist change, it is important to understand the factors involved in feminist attitudes, identification, and behavior. In the present research, we helped clarify the relations among these factors. In a survey of 428 U.S. women, we found that participants with stronger attitudes toward gender equality and more favorable explicit and implicit attitudes toward feminist prototypes were more likely to claim a feminist label. And those who did so reported greater willingness to intervene when confronted with everyday sexist behavior, particularly if they perceived that they personally were vulnerable to the effects of sexism. We suggest that improving attitudes toward feminist prototypes may help promote feminist identification, and informing women about the pervasiveness of sexism, including their personal vulnerability, may promote willingness to act after the feminist label has been adopted. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub. com/page/pwq/suppl/index
prosoreport: an automatic tool for prosodic description: application to a radio style

The paper has two goals: to present a toolbox for prosodic and phonostylistic description, and to use it for studying a specific radio style. This tool is quasi-automatic and modular. It consists of a set of Praat-based scripts like phonetic segmentation, melodic stylisation and prominence detection. It produces a phonostylistic report – called ProsoReport – on the basis of an audio file and optionally an orthographic transcript. The tool is used here to identify phonostylistic properties of French public radio France Info features (hence FIF; chroniques radiophoniques): three two-minute-long recordings are compared with a plain neutral reading of the same texts. Results confirm our initial hypotheses about FIF phonostylistic distinctive characteristics – leaving questions open to further study.