Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Really Natural Linear Indexed Type Checking

Recent works have shown the power of linear indexed type systems for enforcing complex program properties. These systems combine linear types with a language of type-level indices, allowing more fine-grained analyses. Such systems have been fruitfully applied in diverse domains, including implicit complexity and differential privacy. A natural way to enhance the expressiveness of this approach is by allowing the indices to depend on runtime information, in the spirit of dependent types. This approach is used in DFuzz, a language for differential privacy. The DFuzz type system relies on an index language supporting real and natural number arithmetic over constants and variables. Moreover, DFuzz uses a subtyping mechanism to make types more flexible. By themselves, linearity, dependency, and subtyping each require delicate handling when performing type checking or type inference; their combination increases this challenge substantially, as the features can interact in non-trivial ways. In this paper, we study the type-checking problem for DFuzz. We show how we can reduce type checking for (a simple extension of) DFuzz to constraint solving over a first-order theory of naturals and real numbers which, although undecidable, can often be handled in practice by standard numeric solvers.
Phytochemical Screening and Anti inflammatory, Bronchodilator and Antimicrobial activities of the Seeds of Luffa cylindrica.

To find out the pytochemical constitutents in the seeds of Luffa cylindrica and determine their anti-inflammatory, Bronchodilator and Antimicrobial activity.The fruit of Luffa cylindrica collected from the village, Othakadai near Madurai, Tamilnadu, south India were dried and the seeds were separated from the fruit and extracted with petroleumether, benzene, chloroform and alcohol. The petroleum ether extract and benzene extract were mixed and chromatographed, by using solvents n-Hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, ethylacetate and methanol. Finally the compounds isolated Cu-1, Cu-2, Cu-3 and Cu-4. Phytochemical screening was carried out according to standard procedures. Anti inflammatory activity was determined by carragenan induced paw-odema method by using external standard Diclofenoc sodium and oral Brufen. Bronchodilator activity using Guinea pig trachea compared to standard Aminophylline. Anti microbial activity was effective against S.aureus and Candida albicans. For all the activities the column isolated compounds and alcohol, petroleum ether extracts were used. Sugar, protein, Alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols and glycoside were found to be present in the extracts. Cu-1 has moderate anti-inflammatory and Cu-3 has significant anti-inflammatory activity. Cu-2 and Cu-4 have significant antibacterial and antifungal activity. Cu-4 has significant Bronchodilator activity.Luffa cylindrica seed extracts and oil possess good anti inflammatory, Bronchodilator and antimicrobial activity.
Happy creativity: Listening to happy music facilitates divergent thinking

Creativity can be considered one of the key competencies for the twenty-first century. It provides us with the capacity to deal with the opportunities and challenges that are part of our complex and fast-changing world. The question as to what facilitates creative cognition—the ability to come up with creative ideas, problem solutions and products—is as old as the human sciences, and various means to enhance creative cognition have been studied. Despite earlier scientific studies demonstrating a beneficial effect of music on cognition, the effect of music listening on creative cognition has remained largely unexplored. The current study experimentally tests whether listening to specific types of music (four classical music excerpts systematically varying on valance and arousal), as compared to a silence control condition, facilitates divergent and convergent creativity. Creativity was higher for participants who listened to ‘happy music’ (i.e., classical music high on arousal and positive mood) while performing the divergent creativity task, than for participants who performed the task in silence. No effect of music was found for convergent creativity. In addition to the scientific contribution, the current findings may have important practical implications. Music listening can be easily integrated into daily life and may provide an innovative means to facilitate creative cognition in an efficient way in various scientific, educational and organizational settings when creative thinking is needed.
A review of longitudinal clinical programs in US medical schools

ABSTRACT Background: Longitudinal clinical experiences are a common component of undergraduate medical curricula, yet these programs have not been systematically characterized in US medical schools. Objective: Our study sought to identify and characterize longitudinal clinical programs (LCPs) in US medical schools and measure associations between programs’ structures and goals. Design: Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from publicly available websites. We conducted a systematic keyword search of the websites of 137 LCME-accredited US medical schools to identify LCPs. We included programs with student–patient interactions of at least six months. We categorized programs using qualitative thematic analysis and compared associations between program structures and goals. Results: We identified 98 LCPs in 69 schools. Half (52.0%) of LCPs occurred during the core clinical year. Program structures included ‘clinic attachments’ (50.0%), ‘longitudinal integrated clerkships’ (26.5%), and ‘patient attachments’ (20.4%). We identified goals in 89 programs, including ‘exposing students to specific topics, patient demographics, or practice settings’ (78.7%); ‘clinical or professional skill development’ (65.2%); and ‘understanding the patient experience’ (19.1%). Patient attachments were associated with ‘exposure to specific patient demographics’ (P = .04) and ‘understanding the patient experience’ (P = .03). Pre-clinical programs were associated with clinical skills development (P = .01). Conclusions: Our study identifies the scope and nature of LCPs in US medical schools. Understanding connections between educational structures and goals may guide program design and research investigations of educational processes and outcomes.
Depression and poverty among African American women at risk for type 2 diabetes

Poverty is associated with negative health outcomes, including depression. Little is known about the specific elements of poverty that contribute to depression, particularly among African American women at risk for type 2 diabetes. This study examined the relationships of economic and social resources to depression among African American women at high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes (N = 181) using the Conservation of Resources theory as a conceptual framework. Women were assessed at 3 time points in conjunction with a dietary change intervention. At baseline, 40% of women reported clinically significant depression, and 43.3% were below the poverty line. Depressed women reported fewer economic assets and greater economic distress than nondepressed peers. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that nonwork status, lack of home ownership, low appraisal of one’s economic situation, low self-esteem, and increased life events were significantly associated with depression at baseline. Longitudinal multivariate logistic regression models indicated that income, home ownership, future economic appraisal, life events, and self-esteem predicted depression trajectories at Time 3. These results speak to the multifaceted sources of stress in the lives of poor African American women. Interventions that address the economic and social factors associated with depression are needed.
A pilot study for robot appearance preferences among high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Implications for therapeutic use

Recent rapid technological advances have enabled robots to fulfill a variety of human-like functions, leading researchers to propose the use of such technology for the development and subsequent validation of interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although a variety of robots have been proposed as possible therapeutic tools, the physical appearances of humanoid robots currently used in therapy with these patients are highly varied. Very little is known about how these varied designs are experienced by individuals with ASD. In this study, we systematically evaluated preferences regarding robot appearance in a group of 16 individuals with ASD (ages 10–17). Our data suggest that there may be important differences in preference for different types of robots that vary according to interaction type for individuals with ASD. Specifically, within our pilot sample, children with higher-levels of reported ASD symptomatology reported a preference for specific humanoid robots to those perceived as more mechanical or mascot-like. The findings of this pilot study suggest that preferences and reactions to robotic interactions may vary tremendously across individuals with ASD. Future work should evaluate how such differences may be systematically measured and potentially harnessed to facilitate meaningful interactive and intervention paradigms.
Motor parameters estimation from industrial electrical measurements

Voltage and current sensors integrated in modern electrical equipment can enable extraction of advanced information on the network and the connected devices. While traditional methods for protection and network managements rely upon processing of these signals at low speed, high-frequency processing of the raw current and voltage signals can unveil information about the type of electrical load in the networks. In particular, the common case of three-phase induction machines is considered in this paper. Motor parameters are instrumental information for control, monitoring and diagnostic. A classical approach is to measure motor parameters using off-line dedicated measurements. In this paper, we propose a method for motor parameters estimation from electrical measurements during motor start-up. Given samples of current and voltage signals during motor start-up, the model parameters are identified using classical non-linear system identification tools. While the classical theory is developed using current sensors, in this paper the method is extended to a common type of industrial current sensors, i.e., Rogowski coil sensors, and signal processing methods are presented to overcome the non-ideality caused by this type of sensors. Numerical tests performed on real data show that effective motor parameters identification can be achieved from the raw current and voltage measurements.
Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Rapid Enhancement of Cortical Excitability in Juvenile Rats

Following a traumatic brain injury (TBI), 5–50% of patients will develop posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) with children being particularly susceptible. Currently, PTE cannot be prevented and there is limited understanding of the underlying epileptogenic mechanisms. We hypothesize that early after TBI the brain undergoes distinct cellular and synaptic reorganization that facilitates cortical excitability and promotes the development of epilepsy.
Influence of Different Concentrations of Salt Stress on In Vitro Multiplication of Some Fig (Ficus carcia L.) Cultivars

This work aimed to establish in-vitro plant formation from Ficus carica L. cultivars (i.e., Black Mission, Brown Turkey and Brunswick) and investigate their salt tolerance using different concentrations of NaCl. Plant growth regulators BAP, Kinetin, 2iP and NAA were evaluated during proliferation, elongation and rooting stages. Murashige and Skoog (MS) was the most superior medium for increasing explant development in most tissue culture techniques for all cultivars. BA was the best cytokinin for enhancing proliferation in cvs. Brown Turkey and Brunswick, while Kinetin was more effective in improving growth and greening parameters of cv. Black Mission. Shoot elongation of cv. Black Mission was increased by using hormone-free media. Shoot elongation was enhanced by addition of 0.5 mg L -1 GA3 to the culture medium of cv. Brunswick, while 1.0 mg L -1 was better for cv. Brown Turkey. IBA at 2.0 mg L -1 was most effective in maximizing cv. Brown Turkey rooting, while 1.5 mg L -1 was the best for the other cultivars. Half strength MS medium produced the best root formation compared to other media strengths. NaCl at concentrations of more than 12 g L -1 induced lethal effects on all parameters under study and 11 g L -1 had adverse effect on the plantlets of cv. Brunswick. Contents of K + , Na + , Fe ++ and Zn ++ increased incrementally with increasing NaCl levels in all cultivars. cv. Brown Turkey accumulated more K + and Na + than others.
Host Use Patterns by the European Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Its Native and Invaded Range

Accelerating introductions of forest insects challenge decision-makers who might or might not respond with surveillance programs, quarantines, eradication efforts, or biological control programs. Comparing ecological controls on indigenous vs. introduced populations could inform responses to new introductions. We studied the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, which is not a pest in its native forests, is a serious invasive pest in the southern hemisphere, and now has an uncertain future in North America after its introduction there. Indigenous populations of S. noctilio (in Galicia, Spain) resembled those in New York in that S. noctilio were largely restricted to suppressed trees that were also dying for other reasons, and still only some dying trees showed evidence of S. noctilio: 20–40% and 35–51% in Galicia and New York, respectively. In both areas, P. sylvestris (native to Europe) was the species most likely to have attacks in non-suppressed trees. P. resinosa, native to North America, does not appear dangerously susceptible to S. noctilio. P. radiata, which sustains high damage in the southern hemisphere, is apparently not innately susceptible because in Galicia it was less often used by native S. noctilio than either native pine (P. pinaster and P. sylvestris). Silvicultural practices in Galicia that maintain basal area at 25–40 m2/ha limit S. noctilio abundance. More than 25 species of other xylophagous insects feed on pine in Galicia, but co-occurrences with S. noctilio were infrequent, so strong interspecific competition seemed unlikely. Evidently, S. noctilio in northeastern North America will be more similar to indigenous populations in Europe, where it is not a pest, than to introduced populations in the southern hemisphere, where it is. However, S. noctilio populations could behave differently when they reach forests of the southeastern U.S., where tree species, soils, climate, ecology, management, and landscape configurations of pine stands are different.
The Evolution of Energetic Scaling across the Vertebrate Tree of Life

Metabolism is the link between ecology and physiology—it dictates the flow of energy through individuals and across trophic levels. Much of the predictive power of metabolic theories of ecology derives from the scaling relationship between organismal size and metabolic rate. There is growing evidence that this scaling relationship is not universal, but we have little knowledge of how it has evolved over macroevolutionary time. Here we develop a novel phylogenetic comparative method to investigate how often and in which clades the macroevolutionary dynamics of the metabolic scaling have changed. We find strong evidence that the metabolic scaling relationship has shifted multiple times across the vertebrate phylogeny. However, shifts are rare and otherwise strongly constrained. Importantly, both the estimated slope and intercept values vary widely across regimes, with slopes that spanned across theoretically predicted values such as 2/3 or 3/4. We further tested whether traits such as ecto-/endothermy, genome size, and quadratic curvature with body mass (i.e., energetic constraints at extreme body sizes) could explain the observed pattern of shifts. Though these factors help explain some of the variation in scaling parameters, much of the remaining variation remains elusive. Our results lay the groundwork for further exploration of the evolutionary and ecological drivers of major transitions in metabolic strategy and for harnessing this information to improve macroecological predictions.
Association between IPTA Gene Polymorphisms and Hematological Abnormalities in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients Receiving Combination Therapy

Background/Aims Hematological abnormalities during hepatitis C virus (HCV) combination therapy with pegylated interferon α and ribavirin often necessitate dose reduction. Variants of the ITPA gene have been reported to protect against anemia during the early stages of HCV combination treatments but have also been associated with larger decreases in platelet counts. We aimed to identify the association between specific ITPA gene polymorphisms and hematological abnormalities in patients undergoing HCV combination therapy. Methods In this retrospective study, 175 patients treated with HCV combination therapy were enrolled at St. Martin De Porres Hospital in Taiwan between 2006 and 2012. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within or adjacent to the ITPA gene (rs1127354, rs6051702) were genotyped. We investigated the effect of ITPA gene variants on hematological abnormalities during the therapy. Results The ITPA rs1127354 minor variants were significantly associated with protection against anemia at week 4 (p=1.86×10−6) and with more severe decreases in platelet counts during HCV combination therapy. SNP rs6051702 was not associated with the hemoglobin decline to >3 g/dL at week 4 in our study (p=0.055). Conclusions The ITPA SNP rs1127354 is a useful predictor of ribavirin-induced anemia in Taiwanese patients and may be related to more severe decreases in platelet counts during the early stage of HCV combination therapy.
Prevalence of trachoma in the Kayes region of Mali eight years after stopping mass drug administration

Background In 2009, three years after stopping mass treatment with azithromycin, a trachoma impact survey in four health districts in the Kayes region of Mali found a prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) among children aged 1 to 9 years of >5% and a trachomatous trichiasis (TT) prevalence within the general population (≥1-year-old) of <1%. As a result, the government’s national trachoma program expanded trichiasis surgery and related activities required to achieve trachoma elimination. Methodology/Principal findings In 2015, to assess progress towards elimination, a follow-up impact survey was conducted in the Kayes, Kéniéba, Nioro and Yélimané health districts. The survey used district level two-stage cluster random sampling methodology with 20 clusters of 30 households in each evaluation unit. Subjects were eligible for examination if they were ≥1 year. TF and TT cases were identified and confirmed by experienced ophthalmologists. In total 14,159 people were enumerated and 11,620 (82%) were examined. TF prevalence (95% confidence interval (CI)) was 0.5% (0.3–1%) in Kayes, 0.8% (0.4–1.7%) in Kéniéba, 0.2% (0–0.9%) in Nioro and 0.3% (0.1–1%) in Yélimané. TT prevalence (95% CI) was 0.04% (0–0.25%) in Kayes, 0.29% (0.11–0.6%) in Kéniéba, 0.04% (0–0.25%) in Nioro and 0.07% (0–0.27%) in Yélimané. Conclusions/Significance Eight years after stopping MDA and intensifying trichiasis surgery outreach campaigns, all four districts reached the TF elimination threshold of <5% and three of four districts reached the TT elimination threshold of <0.1%.
The Endocranial Anatomy of Therizinosauria and Its Implications for Sensory and Cognitive Function

Background Therizinosauria is one of the most enigmatic and peculiar clades among theropod dinosaurs, exhibiting an unusual suite of characters, such as lanceolate teeth, a rostral rhamphotheca, long manual claws, and a wide, opisthopubic pelvis. This specialized anatomy has been associated with a shift in dietary preferences and an adaptation to herbivory. Despite a large number of discoveries in recent years, the fossil record for Therizinosauria is still relatively poor, and cranial remains are particularly rare. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on computed tomographic (CT) scanning of the nearly complete and articulated skull of Erlikosaurus andrewsi, as well as partial braincases of two other therizinosaurian taxa, the endocranial anatomy is reconstructed and described. The wider phylogenetic range of the described specimens permits the evaluation of sensory and cognitive capabilities of Therizinosauria in an evolutionary context. The endocranial anatomy reveals a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived characters in therizinosaurians. The anatomy of the olfactory apparatus and the endosseous labyrinth suggests that olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium were well-developed in therizinosaurians and might have affected or benefited from an enlarged telencephalon. Conclusion/Significance This study presents the first appraisal of the evolution of endocranial anatomy and sensory adaptations in Therizinosauria. Despite their phylogenetically basal position among maniraptoran dinosaurs, therizinosaurians had developed the neural pathways for a well developed sensory repertoire. In particular olfaction and hearing may have played an important role in foraging, predator evasion, and/or social complexity.
On the relationship between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and Chinese literacy skills: evidence from an 8-year longitudinal study.

The present study reported data on phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and Chinese literacy skills of 294 children from an 8-year longitudinal study. Results showed that mainland Chinese children's preliterate syllable awareness at ages 4 to 6 years uniquely predicted post-literate morphological awareness at ages 7 to 10 years. Preliterate syllable awareness directly contributed to character reading and writing at age 11 years, while post-literate phonemic awareness predicted only character reading at age 11 years. In addition, preliterate syllable and morphological awareness at ages 4 to 6 years had indirect effects on character reading and writing, reading fluency, and reading comprehension at age 11 years, through post-literate morphological awareness at ages 7 to 10 years. Findings underscore the significant role of syllable awareness in Chinese character reading and writing, and the importance of morphological awareness in character-level processing and high-level literacy skills. More importantly, our results suggest the unique relation of syllable awareness and morphological awareness in Chinese as they focus on the same unit, which is also likely to map directly onto a character, the basic unit for high-level Chinese reading skills.