Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Subthreshold Oscillations at Different Membrane Potential Voltages in Neurons at Different Anatomical Positions on the Dorsoventral Axis in the Rat Medial Entorhinal Cortex

Neurons from layer II of the medial entorhinal cortex show subthreshold membrane potential oscillations (SMPOs) which could contribute to theta-rhythm generation in the entorhinal cortex and to generation of grid cell firing patterns. However, it is unclear whether single neurons have a fixed unique oscillation frequency or whether their frequency varies depending on the mean membrane potential in a cell. We therefore examined the frequency of SMPOs at different membrane potentials in layer II stellate-like cells of the rat medial entorhinal cortex in vitro. Using whole-cell patch recordings, we found that the fluctuations in membrane potential show a broad band of low power frequencies near resting potential that transition to more narrowband oscillation frequencies with depolarization. The transition from broadband to narrowband frequencies depends on the location of the neuron along the dorsoventral axis in the entorhinal cortex, with dorsal neurons transitioning to higher-frequency oscillations relative to ventral neurons transitioning to lower-frequency oscillations. Once SMPOs showed a narrowband frequency, systematic frequency changes were not observed with further depolarization. Using a Hodgkin–Huxley-style model of membrane currents, we show that differences in the influence of depolarization on the frequency of SMPOs at different dorsal to ventral positions could arise from differences in the properties of the h current. The properties of frequency changes in this data are important for evaluating models of the generation of grid cell firing fields with different spacings along the dorsal-to-ventral axis of medial entorhinal cortex.
Appendix to: On the Relation Between Low Density Separation, Spectral Clustering and Graph Cuts

A Regularity conditions on p and S We make the following assumptions about p: 1. p can be extended to a function p that is L−Lipshitz and which is bounded above by p max. 2. For 0 < t < t 0 , min(p(x), K t (x, y)p(y)dy) ≥ p min. Note that this is a property of both of the boundary ∂M and p. We note that since p is L−Lipshitz over R d , so is M K t (x, z)p (z)dz. We assume that S has condition number 1/τ. We also make the following assumption about S:-The volume of the set of points whose distance to both S and ∂M is ≤ R, is O(R 2) as R → 0. This is reasonable, and is true if S ∩ ∂M is a manifold of codimension 2. This follows from Theorem 4 (which is proved in a later section), by setting µ to be equal to 1−2 2d+2. In the proof we will use a generalization of McDiarmid's inequality from [7, 8]. We start with the with the following Definition 1 Let Ω 1 ,. , Ω m be probability spaces. Let Ω = m 1 Ω k and let Y be a random variable on Ω. We say that Y is strongly difference-bounded by (b, c, δ) if the following holds: there is a " bad " subset B ⊂ Ω, where δ = Pr(ω ∈ B). If ω, ω ∈ Ω differ only in the kth coordinate, and ω ∈ B, then |Y (ω) − Y (ω)| ≤ c.
Race Influences the Safety and Efficacy of Spironolactone in Severe Heart Failure

Background—The incidence of hyperkalemia caused by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may vary by race, but whether race influences efficacy of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure (HF) is unknown. Methods and Results—We assessed hyperkalemia and outcomes in African Americans (AAs; n=120) and non-AAs (n=1543; white 93%) with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV HF and left ventricular dysfunction who were randomized to spironolactone, titrated to 25 or 50 mg daily or placebo, in the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES). AA participants were significantly younger, less likely to have an ischemic HF pathogenesis, more likely to be NYHA functional class IV, and more likely to have a higher estimated glomerular filtration rate and heart rate, less hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or history of myocardial infarction compared with non-AA participants. Potassium increased with spironolactone in non-AAs (4.29±0.5–4.55±0.49 mmol/L) but not in AAs (4.32±0.54–4.31±0.49 mmol/L; race by treatment interaction, P=0.03) during the first month and remained higher throughout the trial. Compared with AAs, non-AAs were more likely to attain maximal spironolactone dose (13.9% versus 5.8%; P=0.04) and had higher rates of hyperkalemia (potassium>5.5 mmol/L; 9.7% versus 4.2%; P<0.046), as well as lower rates of hypokalemia (potassium<3.5 mmol/L; 5.6% versus 17.9%; P<0.001). After adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics and achieved study drug dose, spironolactone reduced the combined end point of death or hospitalization for HF in non-AAs (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.55–0.73) but not in AAs (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.67–1.71; P value for interaction=0.032). Conclusions—AAs with HF exhibited less hyperkalemia and more hypokalemia with spironolactone compared with non-AAs and seemed to derive less clinical benefit. These hypothesis-generating findings suggest that safety and efficacy of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may differ by race.
Probabilistic Planning via Determinization in Hindsight

This paper investigates hindsight optimization as an approach for leveraging the significant advances in deterministic planning for action selection in probabilistic domains. Hindsight optimization is an online technique that evaluates the one-step-reachable states by sampling future outcomes to generate multiple non-stationary deterministic planning problems which can then be solved using search. Hindsight optimization has been successfully used in a number of online scheduling applications; however, it has not yet been considered in the substantially different context of goal-based probabilistic planning. We describe an implementation of hindsight optimization for probabilistic planning based on deterministic forward heuristic search and evaluate its performance on planning-competition benchmarks and other probabilistically interesting problems. The planner is able to outperform a number of probabilistic planners including FF-Replan on many problems. Finally, we investigate conditions under which hindsight optimization is guaranteed to be effective with respect to goal achievement, and also illustrate examples where the approach can go wrong.
An adaptive leukocyte nucleus segmentation using genetic algorithm

Leukocyte segmentation and location detection is the most important preprocessing step for further recognition. In this paper, an adaptive leukocyte segmentation method is proposed. Two kinds of color spaces are considered to enhance the nuclei. With the combined color space, the variety of stain and light condition can be avoided. In order to deal with different sizes of images, an adaptive segmentation method based on genetic algorithm is proposed. The experimental result shows that we can obtain promised segmental results even apply on different color tone and size of smear images.
Capital account liberalization, free long-term capital flows, financial crises and economic development

The first part of this paper examines the theoretical and empirical case for full capital account liberalization in developing countries (DCs) and finds it unconvincing. Indeed, analysis and evidence presented here point to a strong case against it. The second part considers the liberalization of only the long-term capital account, particularly FDI--a form of inflow favored by most economists. This paper argues that a multilateral agreement on investment, which denies countries the discretion to regulate FDI, will not be in the interests of DCs.
Mantle flow pattern and geodynamic cause of the North China Craton reactivation: Evidence from seismic anisotropy

We investigate the mantle flow pattern and geodynamic cause of North China Craton (NCC) reactivation using shear wave splitting measurements from 140 broadband stations. Using a newly developed method for simulating wave propagation in a two‐dimensional anisotropic medium, we first examined the influence of sedimentary structures on SKS splitting measurements. The simulations show that a sedimentary layer, whether isotropic or anisotropic, significantly influences the waveform; however, the shear wave splitting parameters can be retrieved with negligible errors. As a result, this study included new splitting measurements at stations which were deployed within basins and not used previously. Among 121 broadband stations that contribute valid splitting results, 55 stations are newly added which were deployed within basins. This significantly improved the sampling coverage on the NCC. The complicated spatial patterns of the splitting parameters indicate that complex upper mantle deformation has occurred in the NCC. To obtain both deep kinematic and geometric information, we interpret our splitting measurements in the context of new high‐resolution tomographic results for the NCC. By comparing our observations with three end‐member conceptual models (upwelling, wedge flow, and lithospheric delamination), we found that the observed anisotropy pattern beneath the NCC is not completely consistent with any of them. Thus, we prefer a hybrid mantle flow model, where the subduction of the Pacific Plate causes a mantle wedge flow beneath the eastern Archean block and a regional upwelling beneath the central block which has been imaged as a low velocity anomaly in seismic tomography. Thus we speculate that the subduction of the Pacific Plate, compared to the NCC‐Yangtze Craton amalgamation and the India‐Eurasian collision, is most likely the geodynamic cause of the reactivation of the NCC eastern block during the Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic.
Survival of glucose phosphate isomerase null somatic cells and germ cells in adult mouse chimaeras

ABSTRACT The mouse Gpi1 gene encodes the glycolytic enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase. Homozygous Gpi1−/− null mouse embryos die but a previous study showed that some homozygous Gpi1−/− null cells survived when combined with wild-type cells in fetal chimaeras. One adult female Gpi1−/−↔Gpi1c/c chimaera with functional Gpi1−/− null oocytes was also identified in a preliminary study. The aims were to characterise the survival of Gpi1−/− null cells in adult Gpi1−/−↔Gpi1c/c chimaeras and determine if Gpi1−/− null germ cells are functional. Analysis of adult Gpi1−/−↔Gpi1c/c chimaeras with pigment and a reiterated transgenic lineage marker showed that low numbers of homozygous Gpi1−/− null cells could survive in many tissues of adult chimaeras, including oocytes. Breeding experiments confirmed that Gpi1−/− null oocytes in one female Gpi1−/−↔Gpi1c/c chimaera were functional and provided preliminary evidence that one male putative Gpi1−/−↔Gpi1c/c chimaera produced functional spermatozoa from homozygous Gpi1−/− null germ cells. Although the male chimaera was almost certainly Gpi1−/−↔Gpi1c/c, this part of the study is considered preliminary because only blood was typed for GPI. Gpi1−/− null germ cells should survive in a chimaeric testis if they are supported by wild-type Sertoli cells. It is also feasible that spermatozoa could bypass a block at GPI, but not blocks at some later steps in glycolysis, by using fructose, rather than glucose, as the substrate for glycolysis. Although chimaera analysis proved inefficient for studying the fate of Gpi1−/− null germ cells, it successfully identified functional Gpi1−/− null oocytes and revealed that some Gpi1−/− null cells could survive in many adult tissues. Summary: Some Gpi1−/− somatic cells, lacking the glycolytic enzyme GPI, survived in mouse chimaeras. Breeding experiments showed that some GPI-null oocytes and spermatozoa were viable and functional.
Epileptic low-voltage fast-activity seizure-onset detector

In this paper, we present a seizure detector that is part of an implantable CMOS integrated device intended to identify seizure onsets and trigger focal treatment to disrupt seizure progression. The detector consists of a preamplifier, voltage level detectors, digital demodulators and a high-frequency detector. Variable gain amplification, adjustable threshold voltage identification and tunable recognition of high-frequency activities provide unique detection criteria for a specific patient. Moreover, digitally-controlled low-power CMOS circuits perform accurate seizure detection. A mathematical model of the seizure detection algorithm was validated in Matlab and circuits were implemented in a CMOS 0.18-µm process. Total power consumption of the detector is 6.71 µW. Detection performance was verified using intracerebral electroencephalographic recordings from a patient with epilepsy.
Lee Distance and Topological Properties of k-ary n-cubes

In this paper, we consider various topological properties of a k-ary n-cube (Q/sub n//sup k/) using Lee distance. We feel that Lee distance is a natural metric for defining and studying a Q/sub n//sup k/. After defining a Q/sub n//sup k/ graph using Lee distance, we show how to find all disjoint paths between any two nodes. Given a sequence of radix k numbers, a function mapping the sequence to a Gray code sequence is presented, and this function is used to generate a Hamiltonian cycle. Embedding the graph of a mesh and the graph of a binary hypercube into the graph of a Q/sub n//sup k/ is considered. Using a k-ary Gray code, we show the embedding of a k(n/sub 1/)/spl times/k(n/sub 2/)/spl times/. /spl times/k(n/sub m/)-dimensional mesh into a Q/sub n//sup k/ where n=/spl Sigma//sub i=l//sup m/n/sub i/. Then using a single digit, 4-ary reflective Gray code, we demonstrate embedding a Q/sub n/ into Q/sub [n/2]//sup 4/. We look at how Lee distance may be applied to the problem of resource placement in a Q/sub n//sup k/ by using a Lee distance error-correcting code. Although the results in this paper are only preliminary, Lee distance error-correcting codes have not been applied previously to this problem. Finally, we consider how Lee distance can be applied to message routing and single-node broadcasting in a Q/sub n//sup k/. In this section we present two single-node broadcasting algorithms that are optimal when single-port and multi-port I/O is used. >
A robust evolutionary framework for multi-objective optimization

Evolutionary multi-objective optimization (EMO) methodologies, suggested in the beginning of Nineties, focussed on the task of finding a set of well-converged and well-distributed set of solutions using evolutionary optimization principles. Of the EMO methodologies, the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm or NSGA-II, suggested in 2000, is now probably the most popularly used EMO procedure. NSGA-II follows three independent principles -- domination principle, diversity preservation principle and elite preserving principle -- which make NSGA-II a flexible and robust EMO procedure in the sense of solving various multi-objective optimization problems using a common framework. In this paper, we describe NSGA-II through a functional decomposition following the implementation of these three principles and demonstrate how various multi-objective optimization tasks can be achieved by simply modifying one of the three principles. We argue that such a functionally decomposed and modular implementation of NSGA-II is probably the reason for it's popularity and robustness in solving various types of multi-objective optimization problems.
Outbreak-associated Vibrio cholerae Genotypes with Identical Pulsotypes, Malaysia, 2009

A cholera outbreak in Terengganu, Malaysia, in November 2009 was caused by 2 El Tor Vibrio cholerae variants resistant to typical antimicrobial drugs. Evidence of replacement of treatable V. cholerae infection in the region with antimicrobial-resistant strains calls for increased surveillance and prevention measures.
A QoS-Guaranteed Coverage Precedence Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

For mission-critical applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) involving extensive battlefield surveillance, medical healthcare, etc., it is crucial to have low-power, new protocols, methodologies and structures for transferring data and information in a network with full sensing coverage capability for an extended working period. The upmost mission is to ensure that the network is fully functional providing reliable transmission of the sensed data without the risk of data loss. WSNs have been applied to various types of mission-critical applications. Coverage preservation is one of the most essential functions to guarantee quality of service (QoS) in WSNs. However, a tradeoff exists between sensing coverage and network lifetime due to the limited energy supplies of sensor nodes. In this study, we propose a routing protocol to accommodate both energy-balance and coverage-preservation for sensor nodes in WSNs. The energy consumption for radio transmissions and the residual energy over the network are taken into account when the proposed protocol determines an energy-efficient route for a packet. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol is able to increase the duration of the on-duty network and provide up to 98.3% and 85.7% of extra service time with 100% sensing coverage ratio comparing with LEACH and the LEACH-Coverage-U protocols, respectively.
Cyclosporine stimulates Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport activity in cultured mouse medullary thick ascending limb cells.

BACKGROUND Cyclosporine (CsA) has been shown to alter the activity of plasma membrane transporters in kidney epithelial cells. In this study, we have investigated the effects of CsA on Na+,K+-ATPase and Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport activities in cultured cells derived from microdissected mouse medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) cells. METHODS Experiments were carried out on subcultured confluent mouse TAL cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that they expressed the mNKCC2 electroneutral Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter and ROM-K1 and ROMK2 potassium channel mRNA. Western blotting also revealed the presence of the 40 kD ROMK protein using an anti-ROMK antibody. The effect of CsA (100 ng/mL) on ion transport was assessed by measuring the influx and efflux of rubidium (86Rb+) and 36Cl-, used as tracers of K+ and Cl- movements, on cells grown on Petri dishes or permeable filters. RESULTS CsA inhibited by 38% the ouabain-sensitive component of 86Rb+ influx mediated by the Na+,K+-ATPase pumps. CsA also increased by 38% the ouabain-resistant furosemide-sensitive component (Or-Fs) of 86Rb+ influx, reflecting the Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport activity and stimulated the basolateral efflux of 36Cl- from mTAL cells grown on filters. The CsA-stimulated basal efflux of Cl- was prevented by the basal addition of the Cl- channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoate (NPPB, 10-4 mol/L). Apical addition of the K+ channel blocking agent Ba2+ (10-4 mol/L) partially prevented the CsA-stimulated basal efflux of Cl-. Adding Ba2+ to the luminal side of cells grown on Petri dishes also prevented the rise in apical 86Rb+ efflux and the increased Or-Fs component of 86Rb+ influx caused by CsA. CONCLUSION These results indicated that CsA may stimulate the Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport activity and also suggested that this immunosuppressive agent may interfere in the recycling of apical K+ in this model of cultured mouse TAL cells.
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

Seven cases of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma were seen in the Division of Radiation Oncology of the Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals from 1961 to 1977. The method of treatments and the end results are discussed. The clinical manifestations and the biological nature of this tumor are analyzed in detail, along with treatment recommendations.
Dose of dialysis based on body surface area is markedly less in younger children than in older adolescents.

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND AND OBSERVATIONS: The current denominator for dosing dialysis is the urea distribution volume (V). Normalizing Kt/V to body surface area (S) has been proposed, but the implications of doing this in children have not been examined. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Dialysis dose given to children and adolescents was calculated in terms of conventional V-based scaling and surface-area-normalized standard Kt/V (SAN-stdKt/V) calculated as stdKt/V x (Vant/S)/17.5, where Vant was an anthropometric estimate of V calculated using the Morgenstern equation. Formal 2-pool modeling was used to compute all dialysis adequacy outputs. RESULTS In 34 children (11 girls, 23 boys) dialyzed 3 times a week, age range 1.4 to 18 years, the mean delivered equilibrated Kt/V (eKt/V) was 1.40, and the mean stdKt/V was 2.49, both of which tended to be higher in younger children. The ratio of Vant to S was 15.6 +/- 2.69 and was strongly associated with age between ages 2 and 16. SAN-stdKt/V averaged 2.21 and was strongly correlated with age between ages 2 and 16. If one considers a desired target for SAN-stdKt/V to be 2.45, all children less than 10 years of age were below target, despite having relatively high values of eKt/V and stdKt/V. CONCLUSIONS If a surface-area-based denominator were to be adopted for dialysis dosing, most children under 10 years of age would receive markedly less dialysis than adolescent patients and would require 6- to 8-hour hemodialysis sessions or, for the youngest children, treatments given more frequently than 3 times/wk.
CN = CPCN

We address the issue of the learnability of concept classes under three classification noise models in the probably approximately correct framework. After introducing the Class-Conditional Classification Noise (CCCN) model, we investigate the problem of the learnability of concept classes under this particular setting and we show that concept classes that are learnable under the well-known uniform classification noise (CN) setting are also CCCN-learnable, which gives CN = CCCN. We then use this result to prove the equality between the set of concept classes that are CN-learnable and the set of concept classes that are learnable in the Constant Partition Classification Noise (CPCN) setting, or, in other words, we show that CN = CPCN.
Experimental Therapy of Ovarian Cancer with Synthetic Makaluvamine Analog: In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activity and Molecular Mechanisms of Action

The present study was designed to determine the biological effects of novel marine alkaloid analog 7-(4-fluorobenzylamino)-1,3,4,8-tetrahydropyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinolin-8(1H)-one (FBA-TPQ) on human ovarian cancer cells for its anti-tumor potential and the underlying mechanisms as a novel chemotherapeutic agent. Human ovarian cancer cells (A2780 and OVCAR-3), and Immortalized non-tumorigenic human Ovarian Surface Epithelial cells (IOSE-144), were exposed to FBA-TPQ for initial cytotoxicity evaluation (via MTS assay kit, Promega). The detailed in-vitro (cell level) and in-vivo (animal model) studies on the antitumor effects and possible underlying mechanisms of action of the compounds were then performed. FBA-TPQ exerted potent cytotoxicity against human ovarian cancer A2780 and OVCAR-3 cells as an effective inhibitor of cell growth and proliferation, while exerting lesser effects on non-tumorigenic IOSE-144 cells. Further study in the more sensitive OVCAR-3 cell line showed that it could potently induce cell apoptosis (Annexin V-FITC assay), G2/M cell cycle arrest (PI staining analysis) and also dose-dependently inhibit OVCAR-3 xenograft tumors' growth on female athymic nude mice (BALB/c, nu/nu). Mechanistic studies (both in vitro and in vivo) revealed that FBA-TPQ might exert its activity through Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-associated activation of the death receptor, p53-MDM2, and PI3K-Akt pathways in OVCAR-3 cells, which is in accordance with in vitro microarray (Human genome microarrays, Agilent) data analysis (GEO accession number: GSE25317). In conclusion, FBA-TPQ exhibits significant anticancer activity against ovarian cancer cells, with minimal toxicity to non-tumorigenic human IOSE-144 cells, indicating that it may be a potential therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer.