Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bilateral total knee replacement: staging and pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND When a bilateral total knee replacement is indicated, it is not clear whether it is preferable to operate on both knees during the same hospitalization (simultaneously) or to stage the procedures in two separate hospital stays. A greater risk of pulmonary embolism after simultaneous total knee replacement has been reported by some authors, but little national data are available. METHODS We reviewed the records of 122,385 United States Medicare enrollees who had had a total knee replacement in 2000. We noted whether they had had a unilateral procedure or two procedures and, if they had had two procedures, whether both had been done during the same hospitalization or whether the operations had been performed during two separate hospital stays. Age, sex, race, residence, Medicaid eligibility (a proxy for low income), and the Charlson comorbidity score were documented for each patient as were the total numbers of total knee replacements performed in the year 2000 by the hospital and the surgeon. The probability of a symptomatic pulmonary embolism developing in the first three months after surgery was calculated for the simultaneous, staged, and unilateral procedures. RESULTS Simultaneous procedures were much more likely to be performed in high-volume hospitals and by high-volume surgeons than were staged procedures. Men had proportionately more simultaneous procedures than did women. Hospitals in the northeastern United States were the most likely to perform simultaneous procedures. A pulmonary embolism developed in the first three months in 0.81% of the patients who had had a single procedure compared with 1.44% of the patients who had undergone a simultaneous procedure (adjusted hazard ratio 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.49, 2.20). CONCLUSIONS The systematic differences in patient gender, hospital and surgeon volume, and geographic region between those who undergo simultaneous total knee replacements and those who undergo staged procedures should be borne in mind when outcomes are being compared. The adjusted risk of pulmonary embolism is about 80% higher in the three months after a simultaneous procedure than in the three months after a single procedure, which suggests that the sum of the risks associated with the two operations of a staged procedure may equal or exceed the risk of simultaneous total knee replacement.
A Follow-Up Meta-analysis for Word-Problem-Solving Interventions for Students with Mathematics Difficulties

ABSTRACT Following a meta-analysis study conducted by Y. P. Xin and A. Jitendra (1999), the authors carried out a follow-up meta-analysis of word problem-solving interventions published from 1996 to 2009 for students with learning problems in mathematics. The authors examined the influence of education reforms as moderator variables on intervention effects, including inclusive movement, response to intervention model, standard movement, and mathematics education reform. The researchers analyzed 29 group-design studies and 10 single-subject-design studies that met the criteria for inclusion. Separate analyses were performed for group-design studies and single-subject studies using standardized mean change and percentage of nonoverlapping data (PND), respectively. The overall mean-weighted effect size (d) and PND for word problem-solving instruction were positive across the group-design studies (d = 1.848) and single-subject studies (PND = 95%). Implications for policymakers and researchers were discussed within the contexts of inclusive education, standard based movement, the response to intervention model, and mathematics education reform.
Class A pan coefficients (Kp) to estimate daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo)

O coeficiente do tanque classe A (Kp) tem sido empregado para se estimar a evapotranspiracao de referencia (ETo), importante componente no manejo de agua de culturas irrigadas, a partir da evaporacao do tanque Classe A (ECA). Existem diversos metodos para se determinar os valores de Kp, cuja maioria e baseada nas informacoes de velocidade do vento, umidade relativa e extensao e condicoes da area de bordadura, ao redor do tanque. Neste trabalho foram analisados os seguintes metodos de estimativa do Kp: Doorenbos & Pruitt (1977), Cuenca (1989), Snyder (1992) e Pereira et al. (1995); Raghuwanshi & Wallender (1998) e FAO/56 (Allen et al., 1998). Os valores de Kp, estimados e calculados pela relacao entre a ETo medida em lisimetro de pesagem e a ECA, foram comparados por meio de analise de regressao. O mesmo procedimento foi utilizado para se avaliar o desempenho dos diferentes metodos de determinacao do Kp na estimativa da ETo, a partir da ECA, cujos resultados mostraram que a concordância entre os valores de Kp calculados e estimados pelos diferentes metodos, foi pequena (R2< 0,2), o que resultou em estimativas de ETo com alta dispersao (R2< 0,8). Os melhores metodos de determinacao do Kp, para a estimativa da ETo, foram os de Pereira et al. (1995) e Cuenca (1989), ambos apresentando alta eficiencia. O uso de um Kp arbitrario e constante (0,71) na estimativa da ETo resultou na mesma precisao e exatidao das estimativas feitas com os valores de Kp determinados pelos metodos de Pereira e de Cuenca. O uso de um valor constante de Kp e uma opcao simples e pratica para se estimar ETo a partir da ECA, porem este valor necessita ser calibrado para cada local, sob diferentes condicoes climaticas.
Sensitivity to Key Change in Chorale Sequences: A Comparison of Single Voices and Four-Voice Harmony

Two experiments examined sensitivity to key change in short sequences adapted from Bach chorales. In Experiment 1, musically trained listeners identified key changes in single-voice (i.e., soprano, alto, tenor, bass) and in four-voice presentations of the sequences. There were two main findings. First, listeners judged the distance and direction of key change in single voices and in four-voice harmony with approximately equal ease. Second, for four-voice harmony but not for single voices, the direction of key change on the cycle of fifths influenced perceived distance. For an equivalent number of steps on the cycle, greater distance was associated with modulations moving in the counterclockwise, rather than in the clockwise, direction. These findings were replicated in Experiment 2, in which musically untrained listeners rated perceived distance of key change. In addition, the directional asymmetry found for four-voice harmony also was found for individual bass voices. The evidence suggests that harmony and melody operate somewhat independently in the implication of key structure. Difficulties for a strictly hierarchical model of perceived musical pitch structure are discussed and a partially hierarchical model is considered.
Crosswalk of participation self-report measures for aphasia to the ICF: what content is being measured?

Abstract Purpose: Community participation is of importance to people with aphasia, who are at risk of becoming socially isolated. This study investigates the content of measures of community and social participation for this population by crosswalking items to the ICF. This will evaluate: (1) to what extent the included assessments assessed participation only, (2) what content appeared most frequently and (3) which response formats were utilised. Methods: Instruments were identified from four systematic reviews and a literature search. 111 instruments that were self-reported, developed for adults and published in English were identified. Items were linked to ICF domains, and third-level categories of the Activities and Participation chapter. Results: Ninety instruments (2426 items) were included. Of these, 29 instruments contained over 50% participation items. The most frequently included participation categories in this subset were education, paid employment, recreation, socialising, being a carer, relating with friends, family and spouses, volunteer work, managing finances, community life, civic duties, human rights and religion/spirituality. Self-care, mobility and domestic life concepts were also frequently reported. Commonly used response formats were restriction, frequency and satisfaction. Conclusions: Few instruments solely assessed participation according to our operationalisation. This study provides a list of possible measures for use in assessing participation. Implications for Rehabilitation Participation restriction, as defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, is a key concern for people with aphasia. By conducting the crosswalk, we have identified that self-report measures of participation vary widely in content and response metrics, and often include activity, body function, environmental and quality of life items. This review may assist rehabilitation researchers and clinicians in choosing a measure of participation restriction for people with aphasia and other populations by listing instruments with over 50% participation content. These results also indicate that the construct of participation needs to be adequately and uniformly defined so that the ICF to be used effectively as a framework for health status measurement.
RECIPROCITY, TRUST, AND THE SENSE OF CONTROL

Most cognitive approaches for explaining cooperation in Prisoner's Dilemma games include the view that many people believe that mutual cooperation is generally a gainful strategy to all parties and will cooperate when they think their partner cooperates. Proceeding along these lines, we argue that many participants treat a Prisoner's Dilemma game as an assurance game, and respond in a reciprocal manner to the choice or expected choice of their partner. We examine two bases for the expectation of a partner's cooperation in one-shot games: `general trust' and a `sense of control'. Further, we discuss why we expect general trust and a `sense of control'. Further, we discuss why we expect general trust and a sense of control to play different roles in societies, particularly in Japanese society and American society. Specifically, we test a general hypothesis that a sense of control plays a relatively more important role as a foundation for expectations in Japanese society and general trust plays the more important role in American society.
Simulation of the currents involved in rhythmic oscillations in thalamic relay neurons.

1. To perform simulations of the various modes of action potential generation in thalamic relay neurons, we developed Hodgkin-and-Huxley style mathematical equations that describe the voltage dependence and kinetics of activation and inactivation of four different currents, including the transient, low-voltage-activated Ca2+ current (IT), the rapidly inactivating transient K+ current (IA), the slowly inactivating K+ current (IK2), and the hyperpolarization-activated, mixed cationic current (Ih). The modeled currents were derived either from acutely dissociated rat thalamic relay neurons (IT, IA, IK2), or from guinea pig thalamic relay cells maintained in slices in vitro (Ih). 2. The voltage dependence of steady-state activation and inactivation of IT, IA, and IK2 and the activation of Ih could be modeled with Boltzmann-style equations. Modeling of the behavior of IT to depolarizing steps in voltage clamp required the use of the constant field equation to relate permeability to T-current amplitude. The time constant of activation of IT was described by a continuous bell-shaped function with a maximum near 15 ms at threshold for activation (-75 mV) and 23 degrees C. Mathematical description of the kinetics of inactivation and removal of inactivation of this current required two separate functions. 3. The rapidly activating and inactivating K+ current IA was modeled by assuming two components with different time constants of inactivation. The kinetics of activation was described as a continuous function of voltage with the slowest time constant, near 2.5 ms, at threshold for activation (-60 mV) and 23 degrees C. In contrast, the kinetics of inactivation of both components were described as voltage independent, consistent with experimental data. The rate or removal of inactivation of both components of IA was described as continuously increasing with the degree of hyperpolarization. 4. The slowly inactivating K+ current IK2 was also modeled by assuming two components with different rates of inactivation. The kinetics of activation were described by a bell-shaped function with a maximum time constant near 80 ms at -40 mV and 23 degrees C, whereas threshold for activation was approximately -60 mV. Inactivation of both components was modeled as relatively independent of voltage, whereas removal of inactivation was described as a continuous function of membrane potential. 5. The hyperpolarization-activation cationic current, Ih, was modeled by assuming that the current activates with a single exponential relation and does not inactivate. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Racial Attitudes Among Incoming White Students: A Study of 10-Year Trends

Various authors have documented the unfriendly social climate that Black students experience on predominantly White campuses (Allen, 1985; Fleming, 1984; Sedlacek, 1987). Although racism is often thought of as an overt phenomenon, racism on campus may also be characterized by apathy and unresponsiveness on the part of White students and faculty toward Blacks (Hughes, 1987; Minatoya & Sedlacek, 1980; Regan & Sedlacek, 1989). For example, Regan and Sedlacek (1989) found that, over the years 1978-1988, incoming White students became more likely to advocate active recruitment of Black students by the university. Even in 1988, however, they tended to be neutral in their level of commitment to this issue. In both 1978 and 1988, incoming
Empirical Models of Demand for Out-Patient Physician Services and Their Relevance to the Assessment of Patient Payment Policies: A Critical Review of the Literature

This paper reviews the existing empirical micro-level models of demand for out-patient physician services where the size of patient payment is included either directly as an independent variable (when a flat-rate co-payment fee) or indirectly as a level of deductibles and/or co-insurance defined by the insurance coverage. The paper also discusses the relevance of these models for the assessment of patient payment policies. For this purpose, a systematic literature review is carried out. In total, 46 relevant publications were identified. These publications are classified into categories based on their general approach to demand modeling, specifications of data collection, data analysis, and main empirical findings. The analysis indicates a rising research interest in the empirical micro-level models of demand for out-patient physician services that incorporate the size of patient payment. Overall, the size of patient payments, consumer socio-economic and demographic features, and quality of services provided emerge as important determinants of demand for out-patient physician services. However, there is a great variety in the modeling approaches and inconsistencies in the findings regarding the impact of price on demand for out-patient physician services. Hitherto, the empirical research fails to offer policy-makers a clear strategy on how to develop a country-specific model of demand for out-patient physician services suitable for the assessment of patient payment policies in their countries. In particular, theoretically important factors, such as provider behavior, consumer attitudes, experience and culture, and informal patient payments, are not considered. Although we recognize that it is difficult to measure these factors and to incorporate them in the demand models, it is apparent that there is a gap in research for the construction of effective patient payment schemes.
Means or outcomes? Goal orientation predicts process and outcome focus

Previous research has demonstrated that the representation of goals primarily in terms of means (process focus) compared to outcomes of goal pursuit (outcome focus) increases across the lifespan. Nothing is known, however, about the processes underlying this age-related difference. The current study investigates age-related differences in growth and maintenance orientation as one of the factors contributing to age-related differences in goal focus. A self-report study (N = 123, 18 to 82 years, M = 48.59) presents first evidence that process focus is predicted by maintenance goal orientation, whereas outcome focus is predicted by growth goal orientation. Moreover, maintenance goal orientation mediates the positive association of age and process focus. Results are discussed taking a functional perspective of the role of goal orientation in age-related differences in goal focus.
Using the Effective Behavior Supports Survey to Guide Development of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support

As the use of school-based positive behavior support (PBS) spreads nationwide, the development of assessment strategies to identify intervention priorities becomes more critical. This study addresses the validity of the Effective Behavior Supports Survey (Lewis & Sugai, 1999) by examining reliability, determining whether rating differences exist across the four PBS systems and among schools, and reporting the use of the scale in schoolwide planning. Total scale internal consistency reliability reflects a moderate to high level, suggesting that the instrument does contain a cohesive set of items. A large effect size was also found differentiating ratings for the PBS systems, indicating that Individual Student Systems were considered least in place. A case example illustrating the use of the scale as a vehicle for collaborative action planning in a middle school is also discussed.
Morphological differentiation of human choriocarcinoma cells induced by methotrexate.

BeWo is a malignant human choriocarcinoma line derived from a methotrexate-resistant tumor. Under normal conditions, two BeWo phenotypes coexist in culture. The predominant form, 96 to 99% of the total population, consists of cytotrophoblast-like (CTL) cells that are proliferative, mononucleate, and moderate in size. The remaining cells are syncytiotrophoblast-like (STL), being giant, nonproliferative, and multinucleated. Treatment of BeWo cultures with 1 µm methotrexate causes a total inhibition of cell division but does not stop nuclear division or DNA or protein synthesis. Consequently, there arises a population of giant, multinucleated, nonproliferative cells that is morphologically indistinguishable from the naturally occurring STL cells. CTL BeWo cells possess prominent surface ruffles, contain moderate numbers of microvilli and filopodia, contain a prominent network of interlacing filament bundles, and are connected by fascia adherens and desmosomes. STL BeWo cells are 3 to 10 times larger than CTL's; have reduced ruffles, filopodia, cytoplasmic filament bundles, and desmosome and fascia adherens junctions; but possess increased microvilli, Golgi apparatus, smooth and dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and a variety of vesicles and granules. The methotrexate induction of STL cells is reversible upon drug removal. A comparison of our observations with literature data for the normal in utero trophoblast indicates that CTL BeWo cells are ultrastructurally similar to cells of the cytotrophoblast, while STL BeWo cells are ultrastructurally similar to the normal syncytiotrophoblast. Our findings indicate that the BeWo line provides an excellent culture model system for investigating the nontoxic, cytodifferentiative changes that chemotherapeutic agents induce in human tumor cells and raise the possibility that the BeWo line may also prove a valuable culture model system for the investigation of mammalian trophoblast development.
Developing a Creative Cluster in a Postindustrial City: CIDS and Manchester

This article takes the establishment and demise of Manchester's Creative Industries Development Service (CIDS) as an exemplary case study for the ways in which creative industry policy has intersected with urban economic policy over the last decade. The authors argue that the creative industries required specific kinds of economic development agencies that would be able to act as “intermediaries” between the distinct languages of policymakers and “creatives. ” They discuss the tensions inherent in such an approach and how CIDS attempted to manage them and suggest that the main reason for the demise of the CIDS was the domination of the “economic” over the “cultural” logic, both of which are present within the creative industries policy discourse.
School Direct: A critique

This article critically evaluates School Direct, a recently introduced Initial Teacher Education pathway for English primary schools. Through doing so, power relations emerge as a key consideration, as the growing consensus within the education community suggests this new route towards Qualified Teacher Status embodies a long-held government objective to remove Initial Teacher Education from the influence of higher education. A critical inquiry approach is applied, for its utility in highlighting power relations in society and thus exposing the forces of hegemony and injustice. This sits within an interpretive perspective, which can illuminate and explore conditions that disadvantage or exclude individuals within society. As the emergent consensus echoes Foucault’s focus on, and account of, power relations in society, a Foucauldian lens is employed in this critical analysis.
Survey: Information Flow on Trees

Consider a tree network T, where each edge acts as an independent copy of a given channel M, and information is propagated from the root. For which T and M does the configuration obtained at level n of T typically contain significant information on the root variable? This model appeared independently in biology, information theory, and statistical physics. Its analysis uses techniques from the theory of finite markov chains, statistics, statistical physics, information theory, cryptography and noisy computation. In this paper, we survey developments and challenges related to this problem.
Gender and Work Orientation

There is considerable disagreement about the extent, direction, and causes of gender differences in work values and job satisfaction. In part, these inconsistencies reflect the different samples, measures, and methodologies of various studies. To overcome these problems, this article uses closely compatible data from nine Western European countries to examine the extent of gender differences on three aspects of work orientation and to test three explanations for the differences that emerge. The results show that gender differences are small and vary according to the country and the aspect of work orientation under examination. Of the three models tested—the job, family, and social characteristics models—only the former helps to explain gender differences and then only in terms of job satisfaction. The data therefore cast doubt on the existence of gender differences in work values and job satisfaction. The results also question current explanations for the supposed differences between men's and women's work orientation.