Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The clustering of the first galaxy haloes

We explore the clustering properties of high-redshift dark matter haloes, focusing on haloes massive enough to host early generations of stars or galaxies at redshift 10 and greater. Haloes are extracted from an array of dark matter simulations able to resolve down to the ‘mini-halo’ mass scale at redshifts as high as 30, thus encompassing the expected full mass range of haloes capable of hosting luminous objects and sources of reionization. Halo clustering on large-scales agrees with the Sheth, Mo & Tormen halo bias relation within all our simulations, greatly extending the regime where large-scale clustering is confirmed to be ‘universal’ at the 10–20 per cent level (which means, e.g., that 3σ haloes of cluster mass at z = 0h ave the same large-scale bias with respect to the mass distribution as 3σ haloes of galaxy mass at z = 10). However, on small-scales, the clustering of our massive haloes (10 9 h −1 M� ) at these high redshifts is stronger than expected from comparisons with small-scale halo clustering extrapolated from lower redshifts. This implies ‘non-universality’ in the scale-dependence of halo clustering, at least for the commonly used parametrizations of the scale-dependence of bias that we consider. We provide a fit for the scale-dependence of bias in our results. This study provides a basis for using extraordinarily high-redshift galaxies (redshift ∼10) as a probe of cosmology and galaxy formation at its earliest stages. We show also that mass and halo kinematics are strongly affected by finite simulation volumes. This suggests the potential for adverse affects on gas dynamics in hydrodynamic simulations of limited volumes, such as is typical in simulations of the formation of the ‘first stars’, though further study is warranted.
A Study of the Level of Self-Efficacy, Depression and Anxiety Between Accounting and Management Students: Iranian Evidence

2 Abstract: The universities should provide numerous programs to assist students in successfully completing their degree and also help them to increase their self-efficacy. That's why the universities should be attended more attention to the physical, educational, emotional, rational, motivational and psychological aspects on the own students. The results of current study shows that management students in Iran have more depression, anxiety and stress and lower level of self-efficacy rather than accounting students.
Perception of Narrow Focus Prosody inBuenos Aires Spanish

This paper presents a pilot study which investigates the perception of narrow focus in Buenos Aires Spanish, a variety of Spanish whose intonation notably diverges from the Castilian and Latin American standards of Spanish. Previous research on Spanish intonation has provided detailed descriptions of the pitch contours and prosodic correlates contrasting broad and narrow focused utterances. The majority of these studies are dedicated to the production of focus (e.g. Sosa 1991; Toledo 1989); and many are specific to the Castilian variety of Spanish (e.g. Face 2000, 2001, 2002a, 2002b, 2006; Garrido et al. 1993). Previous work on focus intonation for many, but not all (e.g. Dominican Spanish, Willis 2003) varieties of Spanish, describes the alignment pattern of broad focus declarative pre-nuclear accents as a rising movement generally reaching its peak late in the tonic syllable or, more frequently in the posttonic syllable (Face 2001; Garrido et al. 1993; Hualde 2002; Prieto et al. 1995; Sosa 1991). Conversely, early alignment of the peak in the tonic syllable is the unmarked alignment pattern for narrow focus pre-nuclear accents. It is this generalization of peak alignment, contrasting broad from narrow focus, which is cause for the present study, since Buenos Aires Spanish (henceforth BAS) is shown to lack distinctive patterns of peak alignment for narrow and broad focus (Colantoni and Gurlekian 2002). The question that remains to be answered is what other correlates of focus become relevant for the perception of and distinction between narrow and broad focused utterances in BAS? In the ensuing paragraphs of this section, I describe the previous work on narrow and broad focus in Spanish and BAS; then I introduce the present study beginning in Section 2 with a detailed description of the methodology for data collection. Section 3 presents an analysis of the results from the perception test and in Section 4 I discuss the implications of the present study within the realm of Spanish focus research. I conclude the paper in Section 5 by framing the present work within a plan for future research of BAS intonation.
Friendship and Aggressiveness as Determinants of Conflict Outcomes in Middle Childhood

The attributions and responses of aggressive and nonaggressive boys to ambiguously intended actions of friends and nonfriends were examined. Thirty-seven aggressive and 37 nonaggressive third- and fifth-grade boys were presented with descriptions of encounters between peers in which one child experienced a negative outcome as the result of the ambiguously intended actions of another. Neither aggressive nor nonaggressive subjects were influenced by the presence or absence of friendship between themselves and the child whose behavior they were asked to interpret or respond to. Aggressive subjects attributed more hostile intent than nonaggressive subjects when the objectionable action was directed at themselves but not when directed at others. Both groups of subjects predicted less hostile responses by themselves than by others. Although a significant degree of consistency was found between subjects' attributions and responses, it was also true that most hostile responses were predicted following nonhostile attributions. This finding is inconsistent with an attributionally based explanation of hostile reactive behavior. Conflict between peers is a fact of life throughout childhood. It occurs among children of both sexes, between friends and nonfriends alike, whenever "one person does something to which a second person objects" (Hay, 1984, p. 2). Denned in this way, conflict entails a dyadic exchange in which the actions of one child are met with opposition by another. The first child need not have intended to offend the second for conflict to arise. However, if offense is intended, but none is taken, no conflict can be said to exist. Thus, an oppositional or antagonistic response by the offended party is a denning feature of conflict (Shantz, 1987). When a potential conflict situation occurs, a child's interpretation of that situation, particularly the intention that he or she attributes to the other child involved, has been shown to be important in determining the child's response (Darley, Klosson, & Zanna, 1978; Dodge, Pettit, McClaskey, & Brown, 1986; Mallick & McCandless, 1966; Rule, Nesdale, & McAra, 1974). If the child has a negative experience and believes that the other individual acted with hostile intent, then he or she is likely to respond with hostility. In contrast, if the child views the responsible peer as having acted benignly, a nonhostile response is more likely to result.
Angels versus Devils: The Portrayal of Characters in the Gun Policy Debate

This research examines the role of the devil shift and angel shift in interest group rhetoric using the case of gun policy. The Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) suggests that the devil shift—whereby political actors characterize their opponents as more malicious and powerful than they actually are—is common in intractable policy debates. Through an analysis of e-mails and press releases by two gun control organizations and two gun rights organizations, I examine how groups portray themselves and their opponents. I identify two dimensions relevant to these portrayals: (1) whether a character in a policy narrative is portrayed as good or evil, and (2) whether a character is portrayed as strong or weak. The findings indicate that while the devil shift is present, the angel shift—that is, the glorification of one's own coalition—is more common in gun policy groups' communications. Two alternative characterizations, which I call the angel in distress and the devil diminished, are also present. The use of these character portrayals varies significantly across political coalitions and as a function of communication purposes. The results suggest a need to reconceptualize character portrayals to better understand how they operate as narrative strategies in the NPF.
The Value of the Math Circle for Gifted Middle School Students

Math Circles are designed to allow students to explore mathematics using a problem-solving/inquiry approach. Many of the students attending our Math Circle are mathematically talented and curious. This study examines the perspectives of the students and their families in determining why students attend Math Circle, what they enjoy about Math Circle, and what they perceive as differences in Math Circle from their classroom mathematics instruction. Findings indicate that students and parents feel that our Math Circle offers more challenging work than students are finding in their regular classroom and that the Math Circle provides a scholarly camaraderie among participants.
The Process Matters: Ensuring Data Veracity in Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems are characterized by an IT infrastructure controlling effects in the physical world. Attacks are intentional actions trying to cause undesired physical effects. When process data originating in the physical world is manipulated before being handed to the IT infrastructure, the data security property called "veracity" or trustworthiness will be violated. There is no canonical IT security solution guaranteeing that the inputs from a sensor faithfully represent reality. However, the laws of physics may help the defender to detect impossible or implausible sensor readings. This paper proposes a process-aware approach to detect when a sensor signal is being maliciously manipulated. We present a set of lightweight real-time algorithms for spoofing sensor signals directly at the microcontroller of the field device. The detection of spoofed measurements takes the form of plausibility and consistency checks with the help of the correlation entropy in a cluster of related sensors. We use the Tennessee Eastman challenge process to demonstrate the performance of our approach and to highlight aspects relevant to the detection effectiveness.
Adolescent Versus Adult Explanations of Resilience Enablers

This aim of this article is to account for the resilience of adolescents who are challenged by structural disadvantage and to highlight that how adolescent resilience is accounted for depends on whether adolescent or adult views are foregrounded. To do so, I report a South African phenomenological study. I draw on a thematic content analysis of qualitative data and subsequent frequency count of the themes to contrast how 385 Black adolescents and 284 adults (who educate or provide services to youth) explain what enables adolescent resilience in the face of structural disadvantage. Adolescent and adult explanations differed substantially with regard to personal strengths, family support, and education pathways. These differences reflect conceptualizations of resilience, which are probably related to developmental stage and cultural fluidity and which caution that, despite adult perspectives being valuable, societies need to prioritize adolescent insights.
Good abandonments in factoid queries

It is often considered that high abandonment rate corresponds to poor IR system performance. However several studies suggested that there are so called good abandonments, i.e. situations when search engine result page (SERP) contains enough details to satisfy the user information need without necessity to click on search results. In those papers only editorial metrics of SERP were used, and one cannot be sure that situations marked as good abandonments by assessors actually imply user satisfaction. In present work we propose some real-world evidences for good abandonments by calculating correlation between editorial and click metrics.
The AIC Criterion and Symmetrizing the Kullback–Leibler Divergence

The Akaike information criterion (AIC) is a widely used tool for model selection. AIC is derived as an asymptotically unbiased estimator of a function used for ranking candidate models which is a variant of the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the true model and the approximating candidate model. Despite the Kullback-Leibler's computational and theoretical advantages, what can become inconvenient in model selection applications is their lack of symmetry. Simple examples can show that reversing the role of the arguments in the Kullback-Leibler divergence can yield substantially different results. In this paper, three new functions for ranking candidate models are proposed. These functions are constructed by symmetrizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the true model and the approximating candidate model. The operations used for symmetrizing are the average, geometric, and harmonic means. It is found that the original AIC criterion is an asymptotically unbiased estimator of these three different functions. Using one of these proposed ranking functions, an example of new bias correction to AIC is derived for univariate linear regression models. A simulation study based on polynomial regression is provided to compare the different proposed ranking functions with AIC and the new derived correction with AICc
PHOTOSPHERIC MOTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE CORONA: A NUMERICAL APPROACH

We perform a number of numerical simulations of the solar corona with the aim of understanding how it responds to different conditions in the photosphere. By changing parameters which govern the motion of the plasma at the photosphere, we study the behavior of the corona, in particular, the effects on the current density generated. A magnetohydrodynamics code is used to run simulations, using a 20 × 20 × 20 Mm3 box with timespans ranging from one hundred to several hundreds of minutes. All the experiments show a fast initial increase of the current density, followed by a stabilization around an asymptotic value which depends on the photospheric conditions. These asymptotic average current densities as well as the turnover points are discussed.
THE PRICE VARIABILITY-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP ON SPECULATIVE MARKETS

This paper concerns the relationship between the variability of the daily price change and the daily volume of trading on the speculative markets. Our work extends the theory of speculative markets in two ways. First, we derive from economic theory the joint probability distribution of the price change and the trading volume over any interval of time within the trading day. And second, we determine how this joint distribution changes as more traders enter (or exit from) the market. The model's parameters are estimated by FIML using daily data from the 90-day T-bills futures market. The results of the estimation can reconcile a conflict between the price variability-volume relationship for this market and the relationship obtained by previous investigators for other speculative markets. THIS PAPER CONCERNS the relationship between the variability of the daily price change and the volume of trading on speculative markets. Previous empirical studies [2, 3, 6, 12, 14, 16] of both futures and equity markets always find a positive association between price variability (as measured by the squared price change Ap2) and the trading volume.2 There are two explanations for the relationship. Clark's [2] explanation, which is secondary to his effort to explain why the probability distribution of the daily price change is leptokurtic, emphasizes randomness in the number of within-day transactions. In Clark's model the daily price change is the sum of a random number of within-day price changes. The variance of the daily price change is thus a random variable with a mean proportional to the mean number of daily transactions. Clark argues that the trading volume is related positively to the number of within-day transactions, and so the trading volume is related positively to the variability of the price change. The second explanation is due to Epps and Epps [6]. Their model examines the mechanics of within-day trading. The change in the market price on each within-day transaction or market clearing is the average of the changes in all of the traders' reservation prices. Epps and Epps assume there is a positive relationship between the extent to which traders disagree when they revise their reservation prices and the absolute value of the change in the market price. That is, an increase in the extent to which traders disagree is associated with a larger absolute price change. The price variability-volume relationship arises, then, because the volume of trading is positively related to the extent to which traders disagree when they revise their reservation prices.
Far-Ultraviolet Imagery of the Edge-on Spiral Galaxy NGC 4631

Far-ultraviolet (FUV) imagery of the edge-on, Sc/SBd galaxy NGC 4631 reveals very strong FUV emission, resulting from active star formation, uniformly distributed along the galactic midplane. Multiband imagery, H I and H II position-velocity curves, and extinction considerations all imply that the emission is from the outer edges of the visible galaxy. The overall FUV morphology of this edge-on disk system is remarkably similar to those of the "chain galaxies" evident at high redshift, thus suggesting a similar interpretation for at least some of those distant objects. FUV, U, B, and V magnitudes, measured for 48 star-forming regions, along with corresponding Hα and Hβ measurements are used to construct diagnostic color-color diagrams. Although there are significant exceptions, most of the star-forming regions are less massive and older than 30 Doradus. Comparison with the expectations from two star formation models yields ages of 2.7 to 10 Myr for the instantaneous burst (IB) model and star formation cutoff ages of 0 to 9 Myr for the continuous star formation (CSF) model. Interpreted in terms of the IB model the photometry implies a total created mass in the 48 star-forming regions of 2.5 × 107 M☉. When viewed as resulting from constant star formation the photometry implies a star formation rate of 0.33 M☉ yr-1. These results are compared to those derived from FIR and radio observations. Corrections for FUV emission reprocessed by interstellar grains are estimated. A large ring, ~3 kpc in diameter, of 14 star-forming regions is concentrically located with an expanding H I shell toward the eastern end of the galaxy. Our observations imply that the shell may have been generated primarily by supernovae arising from 5.3 × 104 OB stars in a massive star-forming region beginning about 20 Myr ago, and that the presently observed FUV bright emission is due to second generation stars.
The CogALex-V Shared Task on the Corpus-Based Identification of Semantic Relations

The shared task of the 5th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon (CogALex-V) aims at providing a common benchmark for testing current corpus-based methods for the identification of lexical semantic relations (synonymy, antonymy, hypernymy, part-whole meronymy) and at gaining a better understanding of their respective strengths and weaknesses. The shared task uses a challenging dataset extracted from EVALution 1.0, which contains word pairs holding the above-mentioned relations as well as semantically unrelated control items (random). The task is split into two subtasks: (i) identification of related word pairs vs. unrelated ones; (ii) classification of the word pairs according to their semantic relation. This paper describes the subtasks, the dataset, the evaluation metrics, the seven participating systems and their results. The best performing system in subtask 1 is GHHH (F1 = 0.790), while the best system in subtask 2 is LexNet (F1 = 0.445). The dataset and the task description are available at https://sites.google. com/site/cogalex2016/home/shared-task.
Neglect Dyslexia in Relation to Unilateral Visuospatial Neglect: A Review

Unilateral visuospatial neglect and neglect dyslexia are neuropsychological syndromes in which patients exhibit consistently lateralised perceptual deficits. However, there is little agreement surrounding whether neglect dyslexia is best understood as a consequence of a domain-general visuospatial neglect impairment or as an independent, content-specific cognitive deficit. Previous case studies have revealed that neglect dyslexia is an exceptionally heterogeneous condition and have strongly suggested that not all neglect dyslexia patient error patterns can be fully explained as a consequence of domain-general visuospatial neglect impairment. Additionally, theoretical models which attempt to explain neglect dyslexia as a consequence of domain-general unilateral visuospatial neglect fail to account for neglect dyslexia errors which occur when reading vertically presented words, lack of neglect errors when reading number strings, and neglect dyslexia which co-occurs with oppositely lateralised domain-general visuospatial neglect. Cumulatively, these shortcomings reveal that neglect dyslexia cannot always be accurately characterised as a side-effect of domain-general visuospatial unilateral neglect deficits. These findings strongly imply that neglect dyslexia may be better understood as a content-specific impairment.
Supervisor support, flourishing, and intention to leave in a higher education setting

This study investigated the relationship between supervisor support, flourishing at work, and intention to leave in a South African higher education setting. Participants comprised a convenience sample of 339 academic employees from three universities of technology. They completed the Supervisor Behaviour Scale (SBS), Flourishing-at-Work Scale (Short Form: FAWS-SF), and the Turnover Intention Scale (TIS). The results showed that supervisor support (autonomy, competence, and relatedness of employees) predicted employees’ flourishing at work. Higher supervisor support was associated with lower intention to leave. Employees with work flourishing were less likely to report intention to leave.
Effect of Oral Glucose Administration on Rebound Growth Hormone Release in Normal and Obese Women: The Role of Adiposity, Insulin Sensitivity and Ghrelin

Context Metabolic substrates and nutritional status play a major role in growth hormone (GH) secretion. Uncovering the mechanisms involved in GH secretion following oral glucose (OG) administration in normal and obese patients is a pending issue. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate GH after OG in relation with adiposity, insulin secretion and action, and ghrelin secretion in obese and healthy women, to further elucidate the mechanism of GH secretion after OG and the altered GH secretion in obesity. Participants and Methods We included 64 healthy and obese women. After an overnight fast, 75 g of OG were administered; GH, glucose, insulin and ghrelin were obtained during 300 minutes. Insulin secretion and action indices and the area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for GH, glucose, insulin and ghrelin. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were employed. Results The AUC of GH (μg/L•min) was lower in obese (249.8±41.8) than in healthy women (490.4±74.6), P=0.001. The AUC of total ghrelin (pg/mL•min) was lower in obese (240995.5±11094.2) than in healthy women (340797.5±37757.5), P=0.042. There were significant correlations between GH secretion and the different adiposity, insulin secretion and action, and ghrelin secretion indices. After multivariate analysis only ghrelin AUC remained a significant predictor for fasting and peak GH.