Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Questionnaire survey of physicians: Design and practical use in nephrology

As medicine grows in complexity, it is imperative for physicians to update their knowledge base and practice to reflect current standards of care. Postgraduate training offers a golden opportunity for resident physicians to create a strong foundation of concepts in medicine. There is a need for assessing the knowledge of residents regarding established clinical practice guidelines and their perceptions regarding patient care and management. In this paper, we review how questionnaire surveys can be designed and applied to identify significant gaps in resident knowledge and inappropriate attitudes and beliefs. This evaluation has important implications for program directors who can then initiate measures to improve resident education. Such efforts during residency training have the potential of improving patient outcomes. We discuss the design of the questionnaire, its pre-testing and validity measures, online distribution, efficient response collection, data analysis, and possible future research. Finally, we illustrate this method of educational research with a questionnaire survey designed to measure the awareness of chronic kidney disease among internal medicine residents.
Perinatal Distress Leads to Lateralized Medial Prefrontal Cortical Dopamine Hypofunction in Adult Rats

Obstetric complications involving anoxia or prolonged hypoxia are suspected to increase the risk for such mental disorders as schizophrenia and attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder. In previous studies, we reported evidence of enhanced nucleus accumbens (NAcc) dopamine (DA) function in adult rats subjected to intrauterine anoxia during cesarean (C) section birth. In the present study, we used voltammetry and monoamine-sensitive electrodes to investigate the possibility that this functional hyperactivity of the meso-NAcc system is attributable to a loss of inhibitory control from the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC). We monitored the DA responses to repeated once-daily stress in the right or left PFC of adult male rats born vaginally (VAG) or by C-section, either with (C + 15) or without (C + 0) an additional 15 min of intrauterine anoxia. In C + 15 animals, we observed a pronounced and persistent blunting of stress-induced DA release in the right PFC but not in the left; with repeated testing, a similar pattern of dampened right PFC DA stress responses emerged in C + 0 animals. In addition, C + 15 animals were spontaneously more active than VAG and C + 0 animals and displayed an increase in PFC DA transporter density that was also lateralized to the right hemisphere. There was no evidence, however, that PFC D1 and D2 receptor levels differed between birth groups or hemisphere. These findings suggest a mechanism by which perinatal complications involving anoxia might contribute to the etiology of mental disorders that have been linked to disturbances in central DA transmission and lateralized PFC dysfunction.
Endoscopic and histopathological evaluation of acute gastric injury in high-dose acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ingestion with suicidal intent.

AIM To evaluate endoscopic and histopathologic aspects of acute gastric injury due to ingestion of high-dose acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with respect to some risk factors and patient characteristics. METHODS The study group consists of 50 patients admitted to emergency department with high dose analgesic ingestion (group I) with suicidal intent. Thirty patients with or without mild complaints of dyspepsia (group II) were selected as the control group. The study group was stratified according to the use of type and number of analgesics. Endoscopic findings were evaluated according to the Lanza score (LS), expressing the severity of the gastroduodenal damage and biopsies according to a scoring system based on histopathologic findings of acute erosive gastritis. RESULTS Gastroduodenal damage was signifi-cantly more severe in group I compared to group II (P < 0.01). The LS was similar in both groups Ia and Ib. However LS was significantly higher in patients who had ingested multiple NSAIDs (group Ic) compared to other patients (P < 0.01). The LS was correlated to age (P < 0.01) and total amount of drug ingested (P < 0.05) in group I; but it was not correlated with Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection or duration of exposure (P > 0.05). The biopsy score (BS) was higher in group I than group II (P < 0.01), and higher in group Ib than group Ia (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The histopathologic damage was more severe among NSAID ingesting patients compared to those ingesting only acetaminophen and there is no significant difference in the endoscopic findings between the groups. There is no significant difference in the LS between the groups. This lack of significance is remarkable in terms of the gastric effects of high-dose acetaminophen.
Bad Boys: Public Schools in the Making of Black Masculinity

Statistics show that black males are disproportionately getting in trouble and being suspended from the nation's school systems. Based on three years of participant observation research at an elementary school, "Bad Boys" offers a richly textured account of daily interactions between teachers and students to understand this serious problem. Ann Arnett Ferguson demonstrates how a group of eleven- and twelve-year-old males are identified by school personnel as "bound for jail" and how the youth construct a sense of self under such adverse circumstances. The author focuses on the perspective and voices of pre-adolescent African American boys. How does it feel to be labeled "unsalvageable" by your teacher? How does one endure school when the educators predict one's future as "a jail cell with your name on it? " Through interviews and participation with these youth in classrooms, playgrounds, movie theaters, and video arcades, the author explores what "getting into trouble" means for the boys themselves. She argues that rather than simply internalizing these labels, the boys look critically at schooling as they dispute and evaluate the meaning and motivation behind the labels that have been attached to them. Supplementing the perspectives of the boys with interviews with teachers, principals, truant officers, and relatives of the students, the author constructs a disturbing picture of how educators' beliefs in a "natural difference" of black children and the "criminal inclination" of black males shapes decisions that disproportionately single out black males as being "at risk" for failure and punishment. "Bad Boys" is a powerful challenge to prevailing views on the problem of black males in our schools today. It will be of interest to educators, parents, and youth, and to all professionals and students in the fields of African-American studies, childhood studies, gender studies, juvenile studies, social work, and sociology, as well as anyone who is concerned about the way our schools are shaping the next generation of African American boys.Anne Arnett Ferguson is Assistant Professor of Afro-American Studies and Women's Studies, Smith College.
Establishment and characterization of a human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line (TSGH‐8301)

A cell line derived from a well‐differentiated human transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, designated TSGH‐8301, was established in vitro. The cultured epithelioid cells exhibited monolayer growth and loss of contact inhibition. The tumorigenicity of TSGH‐8301 had been shown by growth in soft agar and tumor induction in athymic nude mice. A reverse ratio of lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) isoenzyme in the cell line and nude mouse‐grown tumors was seen predominantly with LDH‐V. Chromosomal analysis revealed a heterodiploid stem line with a modal number of 50. Sera of urinary bladder cancer patients reacted with membrane antigens of the TSGH‐8301 cells, suggesting the existence of tumor‐associated antigens in the cells. In vitro chemosensitivity tests of these cells may provide data valuable in the selection of proper anticancer drugs for the TSGH‐8301 donor patient.
Recognition Memory for Emotional and Neutral Faces: An Event-Related Potential Study

This study examined emotional influences on the hypothesized event-related potential (ERP) correlates of familiarity and recollection (Experiment 1) and the states of awareness (Experiment 2) accompanying recognition memory for faces differing in facial affect. Participants made gender judgments to positive, negative, and neutral faces at study and were in the test phase instructed to discriminate between studied and nonstudied faces. Whereas oldnew discrimination was unaffected by facial expression, negative faces were recollected to a greater extent than both positive and neutral faces as reflected in the parietal ERP oldnew effect and in the proportion of remember judgments. Moreover, emotion-specific modulations were observed in frontally recorded ERPs elicited by correctly rejected new faces that concurred with a more liberal response criterion for emotional as compared to neutral faces. Taken together, the results are consistent with the view that processes promoting recollection are facilitated for negative events and that emotion may affect recognition performance by influencing criterion setting mediated by the prefrontal cortex.
Activation of stimulatory heterotrimeric G proteins increases glutathione and protects neuronal cells against oxidative stress

Oxidative glutamate toxicity in the neuronal cell line HT22 is a model for cell death by oxidative stress, where an excess of extracellular glutamate inhibits import of cystine, a building block of the antioxidant glutathione. The subsequent decrease in glutathione then leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and programmed cell death. We used pharmacological compounds known to interact with heterotrimeric G‐protein signalling and studied their effects on cell survival, morphology, and intracellular events that ultimately lead to cell death. Cholera toxin and phorbol esters were most effective and prevented cell death through independent pathways. Treating HT22 cells with cholera toxin attenuated the glutamate‐induced accumulation of ROS and calcium influx. This was, at least in part, caused by an increase in glutathione due to improved uptake of cystine mediated by the induction of the glutamate/cystine‐antiporter subunit xCT or, additionally, by the up‐regulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2. Gs activation also protected HT22 cells from hydrogen peroxide or inhibition of glutathione synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine, and immature cortical neurones from oxidative glutamate toxicity. Thus, this pathway might be more generally implicated in protection from neuronal death by oxidative stress.
ESSENTIALLY REDUCTIVE WEIGHTED SHIFT HILBERT MODULES

We discuss the relation between questions regarding the essen- tial normality of finitely generated essentially spherical isometries and some results and conjectures of Arveson and Guo-Wang on the closure of homoge- neous ideals in the m-shift space. We establish general results for the case of two tuples and ideals with one dimensional zero variety. Further, we show how to reduce the analogous question for quasi-homogeneous ideals, to those results for homogeneous ones. Finally, we show that the essential reductivity of positive regular Hilbert modules is directly related to a generalization of the Arveson problem.
The association between protective behavioral strategies and alcohol-related problems: An examination of race and gender differences among college drinkers

ABSTRACT This study examined race and gender differences in use of specific types of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) and the moderating effects of race and gender on the relationship between PBS use and alcohol problems, controlling for alcohol use, among a large sample of Asian, Black, and White college drinkers. There were significant racial and gender differences in the types of PBS used. Moderation analyses indicated that PBS were more protective for women than men against experiencing alcohol-related problems. There were no significant race effects or race-by-gender interaction effects on alcohol problems. Implementing PBS may be beneficial for all college students.
The Direct Involvement of SirT1 in Insulin-induced Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 Tyrosine Phosphorylation*

NAD+-dependent Sir2 family deacetylases and insulin signaling pathway are both conserved across species to regulate aging process. The interplay between these two genetic programs is investigated in this study. Protein deacetylase activity of SirT1, the mammalian homologue of Sir2, was suppressed through either nicotinamide treatment or RNA interference in several cell lines, and these cells displayed impaired insulin responses. Suppression of SirT1 activity also selectively inhibited insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), whereas it had minimal effect on that of IRS-1. Further analyses showed that both IRS-1 and IRS-2 interacted with SirT1, and the acetylation level of IRS-2 was down-regulated by insulin treatment. Inhibition of SirT1 activity prevented deacetylation and insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2. Mutations of four lysine residues to alanine in IRS-2 protein, on the other hand, led to its reduced basal level acetylation and insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. These results suggest a possible regulatory effect of SirT1 on insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2, a vital step in insulin signaling pathway, through deacetylation of IRS-2 protein. More importantly, this study may imply a pathway through which Sir2 family protein deacetylases and insulin signaling pathway jointly regulate various metabolic processes, including aging and diabetes.
Exploring the roots of village Hinduism in South Asia

This paper explores the roots of contemporary village religion. The eclectic nature and interaction of both rural and orthodox Puranic Hinduism have made any attempt to dissect the traditions difficult. The question arises as to which had the greatest impact, Puranic Hinduism or the non-Vedic cults, on the development of village religion. To answer this, this article will first establish the principal features of village Hinduism. Because of the constraints imposed by a short paper it will focus specifically on the ritual worship of the goddess in her various forms, through the development of an associated iconography. It will also explore historical continuity, through a study of texts, archaeological materials and evidence from ethno-archaeology. The paper concludes that rural religion represents an amalgam of local superstitions, non-Vedic cultic practice and orthodox Puranic Hinduism, which is itself an assimilation of many of these elements.
Pronouns, Passives, and Discourse Coherence

Abstract Four experiments examined how pronominalization of entities in different grammatical roles interacts with sentence structure (active vs passive) to promote local coherence in discourse. These experiments were conducted to evaluate and extend the centering theory of local discourse structure. A central postulate of this approach is that every sentence in a locally coherent discourse realizes a single semantic entity (the backward-looking center) that provides a link to the preceding utterance, and that the backward-looking center must be realized as a pronoun for this coherence function to be served. Recent research using self-paced reading time has supported this postulate by showing that in certain circumstances sentences in short discourses are read more slowly when they use repeated names rather than pronouns. The current experiments show that this repeated-name penalty does not depend on the thematic role (semantic function) of an entity in a sentence. Rather, it occurs for the entity realized by the grammatical subject of a sentence, independent of thematic role, if that entity was also realized in the preceding sentence. If the entity realized by the grammatical subject is new to the discourse, then the repeated-name penalty occurs for the direct object of a sentence. This suggests that the backward-looking center is determined by a hierarchy of grammatical roles.
Assessing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children: Diagnostic and Measurement Strategies

This article summarizes contemporary diagnostic and measurement approaches for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children. A brief history of PTSD in children is pre sented, and current research concerning prevalence rates is briefly summarized. Diagnostic classifications used in assessing PTSD in children are further reviewed including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood (Diagnostic Classifica tion : 0-3). Five standardized measures and one global assessment measure that have been used in screening and diagnosing children at risk for PTSD are examined in relationship to their psy chometric properties and clinical utility. Finally, the authors provide guidelines for which meas ures to use in social work practice and make suggestions for additional strategies andfurther de veloping assessment protocols in this area.
The cell cycle time in psoriasis

In the uninvolved epidermis of psoriasis and other conditions where an increased labelling index has been shown, the assumption is often made that this indicates a shortened cell cycle time producing accelerated cell replication. These studies on the uninvolved epidermis of six patients with psoriasis shows that this assumption may not always be correct.
'Brain Drain' from Turkey: Survey Evidence of Student Non-Return

Turkey’s first “brain drain” wave began in the 1960s, with doctors and engineers among the first group of emigrants. In recent years, attention has shifted to young university graduates who are seriously contemplating starting their careers abroad as a result of the current economic crisis. Postgraduate studies overseas provide the first step for many in fulfilling this goal. This paper provides an evaluation of the findings of a survey conducted during the first half of 2002 on the return intentions of Turkish students studying abroad. Various factors have been cited as important for student non‐return, including political instability, lower salaries and lack of employment opportunities in the home country when studies are completed, as well as a preference to live abroad. In addition to these factors, several other features of Turkey’s political economy are considered to be important in explaining the Turkish brain drain.
Intra- and Intermodal Word-Recognition Cues: A Reassuring Methodological Note

A matching-to-sample task was administered to 64 first graders (32 girls and 32 boys) under four conditions, two intramodal and two intermodal. The correct response was selected most frequently in all conditions. A two-factor (sex × task) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the task factor was performed on the number of correct responses. The interaction was not significant, not did number correct vary with sex; but number correct did vary with task condition (p < .001). Performance was significantly better in the visual-visual condition than in the auditory-auditory, visual-auditory or auditory-visual conditions. Performance in all four conditions was significantly related to reading achievement. The five cue types or stimulus alterations were not used differentially within condition. Proportional frequency of reversal-cue choice as compared to other cues, did not appear to be affected by the change in instructions to include the correct response.
The human carotid body releases acetylcholine, ATP and cytokines during hypoxia

What is the central question of this study? Data on human carotid body (CB) function are limited. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether the human CB releases acetylcholine, ATP or cytokines during hypoxia. What is the main finding and its importance? Using human CBs, we demonstrate hypoxia‐induced acetylcholine and ATP release, suggesting that these neurotransmitters, as in several experimental animal models, play a role in hypoxic signalling also in the human carotid body. Moreover, the human CB releases cytokines upon hypoxia and expresses cytokine receptors as well as hypoxia‐inducible factor proteins HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α in glomus cells, indicating their role in immune signalling and oxygen sensing, respectively, in accordance with previous animal data.
Childcare providers: Work stress and personal well-being

Childcare providers face multiple work-related stressors. Small studies of childcare providers have suggested that providers have high levels of depression compared to the general population. However, unlike other caregiving professions, the research examining childcare providers is sparse, and there is little information to inform practices and policies to support childcare providers. This study identifies specific work-related stressors for childcare providers and examines the impact of those work-related stressors on their personal well-being. A total of 26 home-based and centre-based providers participated in seven focus groups in Central Texas. Themes from the focus groups identify parental interaction as the most prominent stressor for providers followed by the public perception of providers as “babysitters. ” Providers also discussed the impact of stress on their personal well-being manifesting through exhaustion, sleep disturbances, and physical health problems.
Coming to Consensus on Strategic Consensus

Prior studies of strategic consensus and firm performance have yielded inconsistent results. The authors synthesize and account for these divergent findings using a mediated moderation model. Results based on a sample of manufacturing companies in Spain suggest a pattern of mediated moderation such that the relationship between competitive method consensus (i.e., means) and organizational performance, which is moderated by environmental dynamism, is mediated by consensus on objectives (i.e., goals or ends). These results provide an alternative explanation for prior inconsistencies in research results regarding the consensus–performance relationship and point to the need for a more complex conceptualization of the relationship among competitive method consensus, consensus on objectives, organizational performance, and the organization’s surrounding environment.