Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Empirical patterns of ̄ rm growth and R & D investment : a quality ladder model interpretation by Tor

We present a model of endogenous ̄rm growth with R&D investment and stochastic innovation as the engines of growth. The model for ̄rm growth is a partial equilibrium model drawing on the quality ladder models in the macro growth literature, but also on the literature on patent races and the discrete choice models of product di®erentiation. We examine to what extent the assumptions and the empirical content of our model are consistent with the ̄ndings that have emerged from empirical studies of growth, productivity, R&D and patenting at the ̄rm level. The analysis shows that the model ̄ts well with empirical patterns such as (i) a skewed size distribution of ̄rms with persistent di®erences in ̄rm sizes, (ii) ̄rm growth independent of ̄rm size, as stated in the so-called Gibrat's law, and (iii) R&D investment proportional to sales, as well as a number of other empirical patterns. ¤Previous versions of this paper have been presented at workshops at Statistics Norway, Institute for Fiscal Studies (London), the \Economics and econometrics of innovation" conference in Strasbourg (June, 1996), the NBER Summer Institute 1996 and the \Innovation, competition and employment" conference at Crete (August, 1997). We have bene ̄ted from comments at those presentations and from Petter Frenger, Tore Nilssen and Trond E. Olsen. The research of Klette and Griliches was supported by the Norwegian Research Council (N1⁄2rings-LOS) and the Mellon Foundation, respectively.
COMBINED TREE SEGMENTATION AND STEM DETECTION USING FULL WAVEFORM LIDAR DATA

The study highlights a new method for the delineation of tree crowns and the detection of stem positions of single trees from dense airborne LIDAR data. At first, we combine a method for surface reconstruction, which robustly interpolates the canopy height model (CHM) from the LIDAR data, with a watershed algorithm. Stem positions of the tallest trees in the tree segments are subsequently derived from the local maxima of the CHM. Additional stem positions in the segments are detected in a 3-step algorithm. First, all the points between the ground and the crown base height are separated. Second, possible stem points are found by hierarchically clustering these points. Third, the stem is reconstructed with a robust RANSAC-based adjustment of the stem points. The method was applied to small-footprint full waveform data, which have a point density of 25 points per m 2 . The detection rate for coniferous trees is 61 % and for deciduous trees 44 %, respectively. 7 % of the detected trees are false positives. The mean positioning error is 0.92 cm, whereas the additional stem detection improves the tree position on average by 22 cm. The analysis of waveform data in the tree structure shows that the intensity and pulse width discriminate stem points, crown points and ground points significantly. Moreover, the mean intensity of stem points turned out to be the most salient feature for the discrimination of coniferous and deciduous trees.
Enhancing the Self-Efficacy and Assertiveness Level Among the Bullied Victim School Students By Using Cognitive Behaviour Theraphy (CBT) in Group Counselling Approach

Bullied victims indeed do feel necessity for helps in elevating their self-efficacy and assertiveness in order for them to be able to develop coping skills in confronting this phenomenal delinquency. This research was group counselling-based with the employment of Cognitive Behavioral Theraphy (CBT) over the 8 bully victim students for 5 intervention sessions (research group). The Peer Aggresion Coping Self Efficacy Scale (PACSES) and Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS) were untilized to measure the level of self-efficacy and assertiveness respectively among the research group respondents for both pre and post tests. This research revealed that the self- efficacy and assertiveness level among the research group respondents got positively increased after undergoing the sessions. Therefore, this research advocated the employment of CBT for school counsellors to assist bullied victim students for developing their coping skills and selfempowerment in facing the bullying situations.
The Modulated-input Modulated-output Model the Modulated-input Modulated-output Model

In this paper we discuss why message acknowledgements are an appropriate engineering approach to meet system functionality. The data replication problem in database systems is our motivation. We introduce a new queueing theoretic model, the MIMO model, that incorporates burstiness in the sending side and busy periods in the receiving side. Based on simulation results derived from this model, we show that the bu er requirements from M/M/1/N queues are too optimistic. moskowitz@itd.nrl. navy.mil mkang@itd.nrl. navy.mil
Photochemical modeling of molecular and atomic oxygen based on multiple 
in-situ emissions measured during the Energy Transfer in the Oxygen Nightglow rocket campaign

Abstract. Electronically excited states of molecular and atomic oxygen (six of O2 and two of O) were implemented in the proposed Multiple Airglow Chemistry (MAC) model as minor species coupled with each other as well as with the ground states of O2 and O to represent the photochemistry in the upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region. The MAC model is proposed combining chemical processes of the well-known photochemical models related to identified O2 and O species and some additional processes. Concentrations of excited O2 and O species were retrieved using the MAC model on the basis of the multiple in-situ nightglow emissions measured during the Energy Transfer in the Oxygen Nightglow (ETON) rocket campaign. The proposed retrieval procedure to obtain concentrations of these MLT minor species is implemented avoiding a priori data sets. Unknown and poorly constrained reaction rates were tuned and reaction rates of the well-known models were updated with the MAC model comparing in-situ and evaluated emission profiles as well as in-situ and retrieved O concentration profiles. As a result, precursors of O2 and O species responsible for transitions considered in the MAC model are identified and validated by calculations with the MAC model.
The Observational Distribution of Internal Velocity Dispersions in Nearby Galaxy Clusters

We analyze the internal velocity dispersion σ of a sample of 172 nearby galaxy clusters (z ≤ 0.15), each of which has at least 30 available galaxy redshifts and spans a large richness range. Cluster membership selection is based on nonparametric methods. In the estimate of galaxy velocity dispersion, we consider the effects of possible velocity anisotropies in galaxy orbits, the infall of late-type galaxies, and velocity gradients. The dynamical uncertainties due to the presence of substructures are also taken into account. Previous σ-distributions, based on smaller cluster samples, are complete for the Abell richness class R ≥ 1. In order to improve σ completeness, we enlarge our sample by also including poorer clusters. By resampling 153 Abell—Abell-Corwin-Olowin clusters, according to the richness class frequencies of the Edinburgh-Durham Cluster Catalog, we obtain a cluster sample which can be taken as representative of the nearby universe. Our cumulative σ-distribution agrees with previous distributions within their σ completeness limit (σ ≳ 800 km s–1). We estimate that our distribution is complete for at least σ ≥ 650 km s–1. In this completeness range, a fit of the form dN ∝ σα dσ gives α = -(7.4–0.8+0.7 in fair agreement with results coming from the X-ray temperature distributions of nearby clusters. We briefly discuss our results with respect to p-distributions for galaxy groups and to theories of large-scale structure formation.
Association between SMN2 methylation and disease severity in Chinese children with spinal muscular atrophy

The homozygous loss of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene is the primary cause of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a neuromuscular degenerative disease. A genetically similar gene, SMN2, which is not functionally equivalent in all SMA patients, modifies the clinical SMA phenotypes. We analyzed the methylation levels of 4 CpG islands (CGIs) in SMN2 in 35 Chinese children with SMA by MassARRAY. We found that three CpG units located in CGI 1 (nucleotides (nt) −871, −735) and CGI 4 (nt +999) are significantly hypomethylated in SMA type III compared with type I or II children after receiving Bonferroni correction. In addition to the differentially methylated CpG unit of nt −871, the methylation level of the nt −290/−288/−285 unit was negatively correlated with the expression of SMN2 full-length transcripts (SMN2-fl). In addition, the methylation level at nt +938 was inversely proportional to the ratio of SMN2-fl and lacking exon 7 transcripts (SMN2-Δ7, fl/Δ7), and was not associated with the SMN2 transcript levels. Thus, we can conclude that SMN2 methylation may regulate the SMA disease phenotype by modulating its transcription. 中文概要目 的分析我国脊肌萎缩症(SMA)患儿SMN2 基因甲基化水平与其转录水平,并初步探讨该基因的甲基化修饰是否影响我国儿童型SMA 疾病的严重程度。 创新点首次在中国儿童型SMA 人群中分析SMN2 基因甲基化状态,提示该基因的甲基化模式在不同人种间具有一定保守性,而甲基化单元的甲基化状态可能具有种族差异。 本研究也初步提示SMN2基因甲基化水平除了可能影响该基因的转录,还可能影响基因的可变剪接。 方 法应用MassARRAY 的方法检测35 例SMA 患儿(SMN1 基因纯合缺失,SMN2 基因3 拷贝)外周血细胞中SMN2 基因甲基化状态;应用实时聚合酶链反应(real-time PCR)的方法检测SMN2基因不同转录本的表达水平;分析SMN2 基因甲基化与该基因的转录以及SMA 疾病严重程度的关系。 结 论位于甲基化岛1 的两个甲基化单元(nt −871 和 nt −735)和位于甲基化岛4 的nt +999 甲基化单元的甲基化水平在III 型患儿中显著低于II 型和I 型患儿;nt −871 和nt −290/−288/−285 甲基化单元的甲基化水平与SMN2 基因全长转录本(SMN2-fl)的转录水平呈负相关。 此外, nt +938甲基化单元的甲基化水平与SMN2 基因全长转录本与跳跃外显子7 转录本的比值(fl/Δ7)呈负相关,但与SMN2 的转录水平无关。 因此,我们初步得出SMN2 基因甲基化可能通过调控其转录而影响我国儿童型SMA 的疾病表型。
INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS

Abstract In recent decades the number of women and minorities elected to public office has increased significantly, prompting a wealth of studies examining the ways these different gender and racial identities shape elected officials’ appeals to constituents. However, much previous research focuses on representational differences among either men and women or Anglos and minorities, neglecting the intersection of race and gender. We seek to fill this void by examining differences in presentation styles among Latina and African American congresswomen, their Anglo female counterparts, and minority male peers. Relying on a detailed content analysis of the biographical pages available on U.S. Representatives’ websites, we conduct an exploratory examination of the differences in representatives’ presentation of self. Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative analysis, this paper identifies the unique ways minority congresswomen present themselves and issue positions to constituents. We conclude by considering the implications of our results for minority women holding and seeking public office.
Plasticity of Fission Yeast CENP-A Chromatin Driven by Relative Levels of Histone H3 and H4

The histone H3 variant CENP-A assembles into chromatin exclusively at centromeres. The process of CENP-A chromatin assembly is epigenetically regulated. Fission yeast centromeres are composed of a central kinetochore domain on which CENP-A chromatin is assembled, and this is flanked by heterochromatin. Marker genes are silenced when placed within kinetochore or heterochromatin domains. It is not known if fission yeast CENP-ACnp1 chromatin is confined to specific sequences or whether histone H3 is actively excluded. Here, we show that fission yeast CENP-ACnp1 can assemble on noncentromeric DNA when it is inserted within the central kinetochore domain, suggesting that in fission yeast CENP-ACnp1 chromatin assembly is driven by the context of a sequence rather than the underlying DNA sequence itself. Silencing in the central domain is correlated with the amount of CENP-ACnp1 associated with the marker gene and is also affected by the relative level of histone H3. Our analyses indicate that kinetochore integrity is dependent on maintaining the normal ratio of H3 and H4. Excess H3 competes with CENP-ACnp1 for assembly into central domain chromatin, resulting in less CENP-ACnp1 and other kinetochore proteins at centromeres causing defective kinetochore function, which is manifest as aberrant mitotic chromosome segregation. Alterations in the levels of H3 relative to H4 and CENP-ACnp1 influence the extent of DNA at centromeres that is packaged in CENP-ACnp1 chromatin and the composition of this chromatin. Thus, CENP-ACnp1 chromatin assembly in fission yeast exhibits plasticity with respect to the underlying sequences and is sensitive to the levels of CENP-ACnp1 and other core histones.
Overlapping Mental Operations in Serial Performance with Preview

Dual-task research has revealed a response-selection bottleneck: response selection cannot occur simultaneously in two different tasks, though perceptual processing may overlap response selection (Welford, 1952; Pashler & Johnston, 1989). In serial performance with preview, the same task is performed repeatedly, but stimuli are available well before response. Does the dual-task bottleneck limit the rate of responding in this situation, despite the fact that task set need not change? Four experiments examined manual responses to letters, varying stimulus preview. Preview increased RTs for the first response and reduced the subsequent inter-response intervals (IRIs). Preview also reduced the effect of visual intensity and response duration on IRIs, whereas effects of stimulus-response mapping variables were unchanged. These results indicate that the response-selection bottleneck limits serial performance, just as it limits concurrent performance of two unrelated tasks. This implies that the response-selection bottleneck is not caused by the need to switch task set.
Integrating the Supply Chain

Common to all manufacturing companies is the need to control the flow of material from suppliers, through the value adding processes and distribution channels, to customers. The supply chain is the connected series of activities which is concerned with planning, co‐ordinating and controlling material, parts and finished goods from supplier to customer. Traditionally, the flow of material has been considered only at an operational level. No longer, however, can the potential of integrating the supply chain be ignored. Companies that manage the supply chain as a single entity and ensure the appropriate use of tools and techniques in order to meet the needs of the market, will not get left behind in the fight for survival.
Posttraumatic stress symptoms in college students: An examination of the association with emotion regulation, posttraumatic growth, and nonsuicidal self-injury

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms, nonsuicidal self-injury, emotion regulation, and posttraumatic growth in college students. One-hundred and fifty-three participants, aged 18-57, completed self-report measures about their experiences with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), emotion regulation (ER), posttraumatic growth (PTG), and potentially traumatic events (PTEs). In line with hypotheses, results indicated a significant positive correlation between PTSS and both NSSI and PTG. Contrary to predictions, no significant relation was seen between ER and PTG and ER did not moderate the relationship between PTSS and PTG. A post hoc correlational analysis assessing potential trauma categories with relation to NSSI demonstrated that experiencing sexual assault, other unwanted sexual advance, and non-specific “other” events had a significant positive relation with NSSI. Overall, this study contributes to the literature replicating a relation between PTSS, NSSI and PTG. However, with findings from this sample not showing a relationship between ER and PTG or supporting the moderation effect of ER with PTSS and PTG more research is needed to further understanding in this area.
The Diophantine equation $b^2X^4-dY^2=1$

If b and d are given positive integers with b > 1, then we show that the equation of the title possesses at most one solution in positive integers X, Y . Moreover, we give an explicit characterization of this solution, when it exists, in terms of fundamental units of associated quadratic fields. The proof utilizes estimates for linear forms in logarithms of algebraic numbers in conjunction with properties of Pellian equations and the Jacobi symbol and explicit determination of the integer points on certain elliptic curves.
What Is Best for Esther? Building Improvement Coaching Capacity With and for Users in Health and Social Care—A Case Study

While coaching and customer involvement can enhance the improvement of health and social care, many organizations struggle to develop their improvement capability; it is unclear how best to accomplish this. We examined one attempt at training improvement coaches. The program, set in the Esther Network for integrated care in rural Jönköping County, Sweden, included eight 1-day sessions spanning 7 months in 2011. A senior citizen joined the faculty in all training sessions. Aiming to discern which elements in the program were essential for assuming the role of improvement coach, we used a case-study design with a qualitative approach. Our focus group interviews included 17 informants: 11 coaches, 3 faculty members, and 3 senior citizens. We performed manifest content analysis of the interview data. Creating will, ideas, execution, and sustainability emerged as crucial elements. These elements were promoted by customer focus—embodied by the senior citizen trainer—shared values and a solution-focused approach, by the supportive coach network and by participants' expanded systems understanding. These elements emerged as more important than specific improvement tools and are worth considering also elsewhere when seeking to develop improvement capability in health and social care organizations.
The Small Heat Shock Protein p26 Aids Development of Encysting Artemia Embryos, Prevents Spontaneous Diapause Termination and Protects against Stress

Artemia franciscana embryos enter diapause as encysted gastrulae, a physiological state of metabolic dormancy and enhanced stress resistance. The objective of this study was to use RNAi to investigate the function of p26, an abundant, diapause-specific small heat shock protein, in the development and behavior of encysted Artemia embryos (cysts). RNAi methodology was developed where injection of Artemia females with dsRNA specifically eliminated p26 from cysts. p26 mRNA and protein knock down were, respectively, confirmed by RT-PCR and immuno-probing of western blots. ArHsp21 and ArHsp22, diapause-related small heat shock proteins in Artemia cysts sharing a conserved α-crystallin domain with p26, were unaffected by injection of females with dsRNA for p26, demonstrating the specificity of protein knock down. Elimination of p26 delayed cyst release from females demonstrating that this molecular chaperone influences the development of diapause-destined embryos. Although development was slowed the metabolic activities of cysts either containing or lacking p26 were similar. p26 inhibited diapause termination after prolonged incubation of cysts in sea water perhaps by a direct effect on termination or indirectly because p26 is necessary for the preservation of diapause maintenance. Cyst diapause was however, terminated by desiccation and freezing, a procedure leading to high mortality within cyst populations lacking p26 and indicating the protein is required for stress tolerance. Cysts lacking p26 were also less resistant to heat shock. This is the first in vivo study to show that knock down of a small heat shock protein slows the development of diapause-destined embryos, suggesting a role for p26 in the developmental process. The same small heat shock protein prevents spontaneous termination of diapause and provides stress protection to encysted embryos.
Coalition Parties Versus Coalitions of Parties: How Electoral Agency Shapes the Political Logic of Costs and Benefits

This paper argues that governments formed as transient, post-election coalit ions of many parties make systematically different policy choices than single -party governments, even though parties large enough to govern alone obviously represent a coalition of interests. The basis of our argument is our claim that parties externalize costs not borne by their support groups. Larger parties represent more groups and therefore internalize more costs. We develop a model to show that even though groups do better if they are represented by large coalition parties, fragmented party systems result of equilibrium choices with proportional representation. The key prediction is that the size of the public sector should be larger, the more parties in government and the more fragmented the party system. These predictions are tested using data from the 1970's-90's in 17 European countries. We find that increasing the number of parties in government and increasing the fragmentation of the party system both substantially increase the fraction of GDP accounted for by government spending. An additional party in government leads to an increase of almost a percentage point of GDP spent in the public sector in by centrist governments. The effect of additional parties in government is more pronounced for right-wing coalitions than for those on the left.
The nucleic acid-binding zinc finger protein of potato virus M is translated by internal initiation as well as by ribosomal frameshifting involving a shifty stop codon and a novel mechanism of P-site slippage

The genes for the capsid protein CP and the nucleic acid-binding 12K protein (pr12) of potato virus M (PVM) constitute the 3' terminal gene cluster of the PVM RNA genome. Both proteins are presumably translated from a single subgenomic RNA. We have identified two translational strategies operating in pr12 gene expression. Internal initiation at the first and the second AUG codon of the pr12 coding sequence results in the synthesis of the 12K protein. In addition the protein is produced as a CP/12K transframe protein by ribosomal frameshifting. For these studies parts of the CP and pr12 coding sequences including the putative frameshift region were introduced into an internal position of the /3-glucuronidase gene. Mutational analyses in conjunction with in vitro translation experiments identified a homopolymeric string of four adenosine nucleotides which together with a 3' flanking UGA stop codon were required for efficient frameshifting. The signal AAAAUGA is the first frameshift signal with a shifty stop codon to be analyzed in the eukaryotic system. Substitution of the four consecutive adenosine nucleotides by UUUU increased the efficiency of frameshifting, while substitution by GGGG or CCCC dramatically reduced the synthesis of the transframe protein. Also, UAA and UAG could replace the opal stop codon without effect on the frameshifting event, but mutation of UGA to the sense codon UGG inhibited transframe protein formation. These findings suggest that the mechanism of ribosomal frameshifting at the PVM signal is different from the one described by the 'simultaneous slippage' model in that only the string of four adenosine nucleotides represents the slippery sequence involved in a 1 P-site slippage.