Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cereal Dietary Fibre - Physicochemical Properties and Suitability for Addition to Low-Fat Meat Products

It is well known that dietary fibre is good for the health. Cereals, and in particular the outer parts of the cereal kernels, are rich in dietary fibre. Rye bran, wheat bran, oat bran and barley fibre have been investigated regarding their suitability as additives in low-fat meat products. Two types of meat products, frankfurter-type sausages and meatballs have been evaluated in this thesis. In the sausages the meat protein network governs the texture and water-holding properties, whereas the meatballs have a more particulate structure, where a more crumble texture is perceived and the water-holding capacity is lower. Cereal bran particles can be difficult to add to a food-system without also adding a disagreeable sensation of grittiness. Evaluations of how the size and concentration of small rye bran particles in a continuous phase of varying viscosity influence the sensory perception of grittiness were performed. The threshold for the sensation of grittiness resulting from rye bran particles in a starch gel was very low and independent of the particle size. The particles were detected already at concentrations of 0.1-0.3%, despite the fact that they were so small (20-180 μm). The rheological properties of the suspension medium did not influence the detection threshold. One reason for this obvious perception of grittiness of rye bran particles could be their irregular shape and hardness. One way of altering these adverse properties of the bran particles could be by treating them with hydrolytic enzymes. The xylanases and endoglucanases evaluated in this thesis did not increase the water-holding capacity of the rye or wheat bran or the viscosity of the aqueous phase. The water-holding capacity was probably reduced because of the lower amount of insoluble material after solubilization by the enzymes, while the lower viscosity showed that the solubilized dietary fibre were degraded into smaller molecules which could no longer contribute to the viscosity. Due to the gelling ability of the inherent β-glucan of the oat bran upon heating, it was found to be the most suitable for addition to low-fat sausages. These sausages exhibited low process and frying losses, together with high values of both firmness and sensory acceptance. The barley fibre gave a poor texture of the sausages and was the least preferred. This barley β-glucan could not form a gel, probably because of a smaller molecular weight and a less favourable structure, compared to the oat β-glucan. Rye bran is suitable for addition to meatballs, probably due to its particulate nature, which is more acceptable in this type of meat product, where the gelling properties are not as important as in sausages.
Ecosystem evapotranspiration: challenges in measurements, estimates, and modeling

Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) processes at the leaf to landscape scales in multiple land uses have important controls and feedbacks for local, regional, and global climate and water resource systems. Innovative methods, tools, and technologies for improved understanding and quantification of ET and crop water use are critical for adapting more effective management strategies to cope with increasing demand for freshwater resources under global climate change. This article introduces an ASABE Special Collection of 12 articles on ET monitoring and modeling research for multiple land uses and scales. The collection focuses on recent advances in four critical topical areas: (1) reference ET (REF-ET) method development and applications, including crop management and irrigation scheduling, limitations due to sensor inaccuracies and variability, and sensitivity to climatic drivers (three articles); (2) ET process and pathway characterization, including canopy interception, transpiration, and soil evaporation measured using various state-of-the-art techniques on crop lands and plantation forests, and effects of soil moisture on grassland water balance (three articles); (3) ET simulation within hydrological models (SWAT, MIKE SHE, RZWQM, RZ-SHAW, RegCM-BATS, DRAINMOD-FOREST, and Thornthwaite water balance) as well as related processes, such as crop growth and ET/PET ratios, for grass, crop, and forest lands (four articles); and (4) geospatial technology applications, such as using remote sensing to estimate ET and its components (soil evaporation and transpiration) for various land uses (two articles). Study sites represent a range of spatial scales and ecohydrological settings, including grasslands in Inner Mongolia dry lands in northern China, semiarid high plains in Texas, corn production regions from Iowa to Colorado, forest plantations on the humid Atlantic Coastal Plain, developed coastal areas on the island of Taiwan, and the continental U.S. Results from these studies will help guide current development and assessment of REF-ET, ET, and monitoring and modeling of their components in multiple scales and ecosystems. The studies also establish a platform for addressing potential inaccuracies in data from weather sensors and algorithms used in remote sensing products for estimating ET and its parameters, including uncertainties in REF-ET estimates, for tall forest vegetation in particular. Furthermore, the studies offer insights into the interactions between climatic variability and change and vegetation through the ET process.
Impact of Siderophore Production by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 22d/93 on Epiphytic Fitness and Biocontrol Activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea 1a/96

ABSTRACT The use of naturally occurring microbial antagonists to suppress plant diseases offers a favorable alternative to classical methods of plant protection. The soybean epiphyte Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain 22d/93 shows great potential for controlling P. syringae pv. glycinea, the causal agent of bacterial blight of soybean. Its activity against P. syringae pv. glycinea is highly reproducible even in field trials, and the suppression mechanisms involved are of special interest. In this work we demonstrated that P. syringae pv. syringae 22d/93 produced a significantly larger amount of siderophores than the pathogen P. syringae pv. glycinea produced. While P. syringae pv. syringae 22d/93 and P. syringae pv. glycinea produce the same siderophores, achromobactin and pyoverdin, the regulation of siderophore biosynthesis in the former organism is very different from that in the latter organism. The epiphytic fitness of P. syringae pv. syringae 22d/93 mutants defective in siderophore biosynthesis was determined following spray inoculation of soybean leaves. The population size of the siderophore-negative mutant P. syringae pv. syringae strain 22d/93ΔSid was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of the wild type 10 days after inoculation. The growth deficiency was compensated for when wound inoculation was used, indicating the availability of iron in the presence of small lesions on the leaves. Our results suggest that siderophore production has an indirect effect on the biocontrol activity of P. syringae pv. syringae 22d/93. Although siderophore-defective mutants of P. syringae pv. syringae 22d/93 still suppressed development of bacterial blight caused by P. syringae pv. glycinea, siderophore production enhanced the epiphytic fitness and thus the competitiveness of the antagonist.
The relationship between athletic training student critical thinking skills and clinical instructor supervision : a pilot study

conceptualization involves interpreting the events that have been noticed and then realizing the relationships among them. The learner adapts to differences and is flexible among situations where similar actions are needed. Active experimentation describes how the learner can see application through action in new educational circumstances within the range of generalization. Within this context, the student takes the new understanding and translates it into predictions about what may happen next or what would happen if a specific action is performed. The Experiential Learning Process is observed during athletic training education. As skills are initially learned throughout the professional education program and further into the professional career, the learner begins each new experience as a concrete thinker performing skills from a checklist (action) or when informed of every action or step of the skills or tasks that must be performed. When maturing as a learner, the athletic training student begins to use skills he has learned and he reflects on how his actions impacted the patient's care and outcome (Reflective Observation). Further in the learning continuum, the student becomes familiar with the types of situations that occur during clinical education even though they are "new". The student can think about how he would handle similar situations and anticipate the outcome of his action(s). If the student has learned about and performed skills related to the management of an ankle sprain, when the student is exposed to a different patient who has a knee sprain, he should be able to abstract/apply the previous experience with the ankle sprain and apply it to the
Validation of a Biofeedback System for Wheelchair Propulsion Training

This paper describes the design and validation of the OptiPush Biofeedback System, a commercially available, instrumented wheel system that records handrim biomechanics and provides stroke-by-stroke biofeedback and targeting for 11 propulsion variables. Testing of the system revealed accurate measurement of wheel angle (0.02% error), wheel speed (0.06% error), and handrim loads. The maximum errors in static force and torque measurements were 3.80% and 2.05%, respectively. Measured forces were also found to be highly linear (0.985 < slope < 1.011) and highly correlated to the reference forces (r 2 > .998). Dynamic measurements of planar forces (F x and F y) and axle torque also had low error (−0.96 N to 0.83 N for force and 0.10 Nm to 0.14 Nm for torque) and were highly correlated (r > .986) with expected force and torque values. Overall, the OptiPush Biofeedback System provides accurate measurement of wheel dynamics and handrim biomechanics and may be a useful tool for improving manual wheelchair propulsion.
Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism in Alzheimer Patients in Northwest of Iran

Background and Aims: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia among the elderly, is a progressive, degenerative disorder of the brain with a loss of memory, behavior and cognition. The APOE4 allele is the only established risk factor in the development of AD. However, as the APOE4 allele is neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of AD, this emphasizes the involvement of other genetic and/or environmental factors, which alone or in combination with APOE4 can modify the risk of AD. Methods: EDTA blood from 30 AD and 30 controls were collected and DNA was extracted. The gene was amplified with RFLP-PCR and alleles frequencies for APOE of them were performed. Then results compared between AD case and control subjects by χ 2 test. Results: The frequencies of the APOE2, APOE3 and APOE4 alleles in total population were 0.075, 0.80 and 0.125 respectively (χ 2 = 4.018, P>0.05). A highly significant association was observed between the APOE4 and AD in this population. Conclusion: It seems that The APOE4 frequency in AD patients (18.33%) was about three times higher than in our normal population (8.33%). We suggest detect of APOE genotype for prediction of Alzheimer's disease.
Ubiquitous, Yet Deceptive: Hardware-Based Channel Metrics on Interfered WSN Links

The ease of acquiring hardware-based link quality indicators (LQIs) is an alluring property for fast channel estimation in time- and safety-critical wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, such as closed-loop control and interlocking. The two rudimentary hardware-based channel quality metrics, i.e., received signal strength (RSS) and LQI, are the key constituents of channel estimation and a plethora of other WSN functionalities, from routing to transmit power control. Nevertheless, this paper highlights three deficient aspects of these two indicators: 1) Overall deceptiveness, i.e., the inability to reveal the presence of interference, falsely indicating excellent channel conditions in an unacceptably high fraction of cases; 2) the burstiness of missed detection which compromises the attempts to eliminate the deceptiveness by averaging; and 3) high mutual discrepancy of the two indicators, which is observed in 39%-73% of packets, throughout different scenarios. The ability of RSS and LQI to indicate IEEE 802.11 interference is scrutinized in a variety of scenarios in typical industrial environments using commercial-off-the-shelf hardware and realistic network topologies, giving the findings of this paper high general validity and practical relevance.
Exploring Strategies for Melanoma Detection Utilizing Discrimination Training

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Although melanoma is amenable to visual identification by those who might suffer from the disease, no consensus exists on a single strategy for promoting early detection. To date, the application of behavioral principles has been all but absent from the literature attempting to address this issue. The conceptually systematic knowledgebase on learning and behavior offered by behavior analysis has the potential to contribute substantially toward developing strategies for early detection of melanoma. In particular, generalization is a ubiquitous behavioral process with an extensive literature from which to draw. As such, the purpose of the current series of studies is to employ a use-inspired translational approach to explore strategies for promoting early detection by capitalizing on behavior analytic research regarding the processes of generalization and discrimination (i.e., peak shift). The purpose of the experiments was to (1) use discrimination training to establish generalization and postdiscrimination gradients with moles as stimuli, (2) determine the effects of parametric manipulations of training on postdiscrimination gradients, and (3) evaluate training with multiple discriminative stimuli. Results from Study 1 indicated that discrimination training produced gradient shifts as compared to a control group trained only with the S+. Results from Study 2 indicated that training with an Smore distinct from the S+ produced gradient shifts, but that Sstimuli more similar to the S+ did not. Results from Study 3 indicated that training with two Sstimuli from one extreme of the stimulus array produced relatively weak shifts in postdiscrimination gradients, but that training with an Sat both extremes of the array was effective in producing highly consistent response patterns. Theoretical implications and future directions toward more clinically relevant studies are discussed.
Melatonin May Curtail the Metabolic Syndrome: Studies on Initial and Fully Established Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats

To examine the effect of melatonin given to rats simultaneously with fructose on initial and fully developed metabolic syndrome, male Wistar rats had free access to chow and 5% or 10% fructose drinking solution for 8 weeks. As compared to controls, systolic blood pressure augmented significantly under both treatments whereas excessive body weight was seen in rats receiving the 10% fructose only. Rats drinking 5% fructose showed a greater tolerance to a glucose load while rats having access to a 10% fructose drinking solution exhibited the expected impaired glucose tolerance found in the metabolic syndrome. Circulating triglyceride and low density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-c) concentration augmented significantly in rats showing a fully developed metabolic syndrome only, while high blood cholesterol levels were found at both stages examined. Melatonin (25 μg/mL drinking solution) counteracted the changes in body weight and systolic blood pressure found in rats administered with fructose. Melatonin decreased the abnormal hyperglycemia seen after a glucose load in 10% fructose-treated rats but it did not modify the greater tolerance to glucose observed in animals drinking 5% fructose. Melatonin also counteracted the changes in plasma LDL-c, triglyceride and cholesterol levels and decreased plasma uric acid levels. The results underline a possible therapeutical role of melatonin in the metabolic syndrome, both at initial and established phases.
The Axisymmetric Ejecta of Supernova 1987A

Extensive early observations proved that the ejecta of supernova 1987A (SN 1987A) are aspherical. The most important of these early observations include (1) the "Bochum event" that revealed small-scale spectroscopic structure indicating chemical inhomogeneities of the ejecta, (2) spectropolarimetry that showed deviations from spherical symmetry, and (3) speckle observations that revealed both the asymmetry of the ejecta and the "mystery spot" manifested as a secondary source off center from the bulk of the supernova ejecta. Fifteen years after the supernova explosion, the Hubble Space Telescope has resolved the rapidly expanding ejecta. The late-time images and spectroscopy provide a geometrical picture that is consistent with early observations and suggests a highly structured, axially symmetric geometry. We present here a new synthesis of the old and new data. We show that the Bochum event, presumably a clump of 56Ni, and the late-time image, the locus of excitation by 44Ti, are most naturally accounted for by sharing a common position angle of about 14°, the same as the mystery spot and early speckle data on the ejecta, and that they are both oriented along the axis of the inner circumstellar ring at 45° to the plane of the sky. We also demonstrate that the polarization represents a prolate geometry with the same position angle and axis as the early speckle data and the late-time image, and hence that the geometry has been fixed in time and throughout the ejecta. The Bochum event and the Doppler kinematics of the [Ca II]/[O II] emission in spatially resolved Hubble Space Telescope spectra of the ejecta can be consistently integrated into this geometry. The radioactive clump is deduced to fall approximately along the axis of the inner circumstellar ring and therefore to be redshifted in the north, whereas the [Ca II]/[O II] 7300 Å emission is redshifted in the south. We present a jet-induced model for the explosion and argue that such a model can account for many of the observed asymmetries. In the jet models, the oxygen and calcium are not expected to be distributed along the jet but primarily in an expanding torus that shares the plane and northern blue shift of the inner circumstellar ring.
Similar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Epithelium microRNA Expression in Never Smokers and Ever Smokers

The incidence of oral tumors in patients who never used mutagenic agents such as tobacco is increasing. In an effort to better understand these tumors we studied microRNA (miRNA) expression in tumor epithelium of never tobacco users, tumor epithelium of ever tobacco users, and nonpathological control oral epithelium. A comparison of levels among 372 miRNAs in 12 never tobacco users with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) versus 10 healthy controls was made using the reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A similar analysis was done with 8 ever tobacco users with OSCC. These comparisons revealed miR-10b-5p, miR-196a-5p, and miR-31-5p as enriched in the tumor epithelium in OSCC of both never and ever tobacco users. Examination of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project miRNA data on 305 OSCCs and 30 controls revealed 100% of those miRNAs enriched in never smoker OSCCs in this patient group were also enriched in ever smoker OSCCs. Nonsupervised clustering of TCGA OSCCs was suggestive of two or four subgroups of tumors based on miRNA levels with limited evidence for differences in tobacco exposure among the groups. Results from both patient groups together stress the importance of miR196a-5p in OSCC malignancy in both never and ever smokers, and emphasize the overall similarity of miRNA expression in OSCCs in these two risk groups. It implies that there may be great similarity in etiology of OSCC in never and ever smokers and that classifying OSCC based on tobacco exposure may not be helpful in the clinic.
Is Daily Mortality Associated Specifically with Fine Particles? Data Reconstruction and Replication of Analyses

ABSTRACT In 1996, Schwartz, Dockery, and Neas1 reported that daily mortality was more strongly associated with concentrations of PM2.5 than with concentrations of larger particles (coarse mass [CM]) in six U.S. cities (“original paper'V'original analyses”). Because of the public policy implications of the findings and the uniqueness of the concentration data, we undertook a reanalysis of these results. This paper presents results of the reconstruction of these data and replication of the original analyses using the reconstructed data. The original investigators provided particulate air pollution data for this paper. Daily weather and daily counts of total and cause-specific deaths were reconstructed from original public records. The reconstructed particulate air pollution and weather data were consistent with the summaries presented in the original paper. Daily counts of deaths in the reconstructed data set were lower than in the original paper because of restrictions on residence and place of death. The reconstruction process identified an administrative change in county codes that led to higher numbers of deaths in St. Louis. Despite these differences in daily counts of deaths, the estimated effects of par-ticulate air pollution from the reconstructed dataset, using analytic methods as described in the original paper, produced combined effect estimates essentially equivalent to the originally published results. For example, the estimated association of a 10 |j.g/m3 increase in 2-day mean particulate air pollution on total mortality was 1.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9-1.7%, t = 6.53) for PM25 based on the reconstructed dataset, compared to the originally reported association of 1.5% (95% CI 1.1-1.9%, t = 7.41). For coarse particles, the estimated association from the reconstructed dataset was 0.4% (95% CI -0.2-0.9%, t = 1.43) compared to the originally reported association of 0.4% (95% CI -0.1-1.0%, t = 1.48). These results from the reconstructed data suggest that the original results reported by Schwartz, Dockery, and Neas1 were essentially replicated.
Gender and Political Recruitment: Theorizing Institutional change

List of Tables and Figures Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 1. Introduction 2. Gender, Institutions and Political Recruitment 3. A Feminist Institutionalist Approach 4. Political Recruitment in Post-Devolution Scotland 5. Breaking With the Past? The Case of the Labour Party 6. The Story of a Selection 7. Applying a Feminist Institutionalist Lens 8. Rethinking Political Recruitment References Notes