Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats

Bottom trawling causes widespread disturbance of sediments in shelf seas and can have a negative impact on benthic fauna. We conducted a large-scale assessment of bottom trawl fishing of benthic fauna in different habitats, using a theoretical, size-based model that included habitat features. Species richness was estimated based on a generalized body mass versus species richness relationship. The model was validated by sampling 33 stations subject to a range of trawling intensities in four shallow, soft sediment areas in the North Sea. Both the model and the field data demonstrated that trawling reduced biomass, production, and species richness. The impacts of trawling were greatest in areas with low levels of natural disturbance, while the impact of trawling was small in areas with high rates of natural disturbance. For the North Sea, the model showed that the bottom trawl fleet reduced benthic biomass and production by 56% and 21%, respectively, compared with an unfished situation. Because of the many simplifications and assumptions required to synthesize these data, additional work is required to refine the model and evaluate applicability in other geographic areas. Our model enables managers to understand the consequences of altering the distribution of fishing activities on benthic production and hence on food web processes.
Deciding for Others Reduces Loss Aversion

We study risk taking on behalf of others, both with and without potential losses. A large-scale incentivized experiment is conducted with subjects randomly drawn from the Danish population. On average, decision makers take the same risks for other people as for themselves when losses are excluded. In contrast, when losses are possible, decisions on behalf of others are more risky. Using structural estimation, we show that this increase in risk stems from a decrease in loss aversion when others are affected by their choices.
Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis–stress: Recommendations for evaluating interaction effects

Abstract This report describes the state of the art in distinguishing data generated by differential susceptibility from diathesis–stress models. We discuss several limitations of existing practices for probing interaction effects and offer solutions that are designed to better differentiate differential susceptibility from diathesis–stress models and quantify their corresponding implications. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of these methods by revisiting published evidence suggesting that temperamental difficulty serves as a marker of enhanced susceptibility to early maternal caregiving across a range of outcome domains in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. We find that, with the exception of mother reports of psychopathology, there is consistent evidence in the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development that the predictive significance of early sensitivity is moderated by difficult temperament over time. However, differential susceptibility effects emerged primarily for teacher reports of academic skills, social competence, and symptomatology. In contrast, effects more consistent with the diathesis–stress model were obtained for mother reports of social skills and objective tests of academic skills. We conclude by discussing the value of the application of this work to the next wave of Gene × Environment studies focused on early caregiving experiences.
Illicit Drug Use and Educational Attainment

This paper uses data from the National Education Longitudinal Study to estimate the association between illicit drug use during high school and the number of years of schooling completed. The analysis accounts for the possibility that drug use is endogenous using two methods: (1) by controlling for individual-level characteristics measured before high school entrance; and (2) by using an instrumental variables method, with state drug policies and 8th grade school characteristics as identifying variables. Findings suggest that marijuana use and cocaine use in high school are associated with reductions in the number of years of schooling completed.
Background factors and clinical symptoms of major depression with silent cerebral infarction.

To the Editor: In their recent article, "Background factors and clinical symptoms of major depression with silent cerebral infarction," Fujikawa et al used used magnetic magnetic resonance imaging to determine whether depressed patients had or did not have silent cerebral infarction and then compared the two groups in terms of a variety of risk factors for stroke and depression. It is surprising that the authors do not relate their findings to a large body of literature reporting similar results but using different terminology, ie, leukoencephalopathy, leukoaraiosis, deep-white-matter hyperintensity, or subcortical hyperintensity. These terms are essentially used to describe hyperintensities on T2-weighted spin-echo magnetic resonance images of the brain. Small hyperintensities are related to perivascular spaces; larger hyperintensities (maximum linear dimension, >5 mm) are usually seen on pathological examination to consist of areas of myelin pallor, infarcts, or lacunes. These large signal hyperintensities are the basis of patient classification by Fujikawa et al. A brief review of the literature that links these hyperintensities to depression may be of interest to your readers. Since the publication of our initial report indicating that these hyperintensities are common in elderly depressed patients, numerous researchers have noted the high frequency and severity of these hyperintensities in elderly depressed patients compared with control subjects. ' Coffey et al also reported that lesions of the basal ganglia were frequent in depressed patients compared with control subjects. Zubenko et aH noted a higher incidence of cortical infarctions and leukoencephalopathy in depressed patients, and Figiel et al reported that the frequencies of large deep white-matter hyperintensities and lesions of the basal ganglia were greater in late-onset depressed patients than in with early-onset depressed patients of similar age. Basal-ganglia hyperintensities have also been linked to an increased likelihood of delirium induced by antidepressants or electroconvulsive treatment. ' This fairly extensive literature and the report by Fujikawa et al suggest that cerebrovascular damage may indeed be important in the pathophysiology of major depression in the elderly and worthy of further study.
Using optical defocus to denoise

Effective reduction of noise is generally difficult because of the possible tight coupling of noise with high-frequency image structure. The problem is worse under low-light conditions. In this paper, we propose slightly optically defocusing the image in order to loosen this noise-image structure coupling. This allows us to more effectively reduce noise and subsequently restore the small defocus. We analytically show how this is possible, and demonstrate our technique on a number of examples that include low-light images.
The Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation: Meta-Analysis and Test of a Process Model

According to the common-sense model of self-regulation, individuals form lay representations of illnesses that guide coping procedures to manage illness threat. We meta-analyzed studies adopting the model to (a) examine the intercorrelations among illness representation dimensions, coping strategies, and illness outcomes; (b) test the sufficiency of a process model in which relations between illness representations and outcomes were mediated by coping strategies; and (c) test effects of moderators on model relations. Studies adopting the common-sense model in chronic illness (k = 254) were subjected to random-effects meta-analysis. The pattern of zero-order corrected correlations among illness representation dimensions (identity, consequences, timeline, perceived control, illness coherence, emotional representations), coping strategies (avoidance, cognitive reappraisal, emotion venting, problem-focused generic, problem-focused specific, seeking social support), and illness outcomes (disease state, distress, well-being, physical, role, and social functioning) was consistent with previous analyses. Meta-analytic path analyses supported a process model that included direct effects of illness representations on outcomes and indirect effects mediated by coping. Emotional representations and perceived control were consistently related to illness-related and functional outcomes via, respectively, lower and greater employment of coping strategies to deal with symptoms or manage treatment. Representations signaling threat (consequences, identity) had specific positive and negative indirect effects on outcomes through problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies. There was little evidence of moderation of model effects by study design, illness type and context, and study quality. A revised process model is proposed to guide future research which includes effects of moderators, individual differences, and beliefs about coping and treatment.
Policy Invariance Under Reward Transformations: Theory and Application to Reward Shaping

This paper investigates conditions under which modi(cid:12)cations to the reward function of a Markov decision process preserve the optimal policy. It is shown that, besides the positive linear transformation familiar from utility theory, one can add a reward for transitions between states that is expressible as the di(cid:11)erence in value of an arbitrary potential function applied to those states. Further-more, this is shown to be a necessary condition for invariance, in the sense that any other transformation may yield suboptimal policies unless further assumptions are made about the underlying MDP. These results shed light on the practice of reward shaping, a method used in reinforcement learning whereby additional training rewards are used to guide the learning agent. In particular, some well-known \bugs" in reward shaping procedures are shown to arise from non-potential-based rewards, and methods are given for constructing shaping potentials corresponding to distance-based and subgoal-based heuristics. We show that such potentials can lead to substantial reductions in learning time.
Communication in Multicomputers with Nonconvex Faults

A technique to enhance multicomputer routers for fault-tolerant routing with modest increase in routing complexity and resource requirements is described. This method handles solid faults in meshes, which includes all convex faults and many practical nonconvex faults, for example, faults in the shape of L or T. As examples of the proposed method, adaptive and nonadaptive fault-tolerant routing algorithms using four virtual channels per physical channel are described.
Spatiotemporal imaging of complexity

What are the functional neuroimaging measurements required for more fully characterizing the events and locations of neocortical activity? A prime assumption has been that modulation of cortical activity will inevitably be reflected in changes in energy utilization (for the most part) changes of glucose and oxygen consumption. Are such a measures complete and sufficient? More direct measures of cortical electrophysiological activity show event or task-related modulation of amplitude or band-limited oscillatory power. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), these measures have been shown to correlate well with energy utilization sensitive BOLD fMRI. In this paper, we explore the existence of state changes in electrophysiological cortical activity that can occur independently of changes in averaged amplitude, source power or indices of metabolic rates. In addition, we demonstrate that such state changes can be described by applying a new measure of complexity, rank vector entropy (RVE), to source waveform estimates from beamformer-processed MEG. RVE is a non-parametric symbolic dynamic informational entropy measure that accommodates the wide dynamic range of measured brain signals while resolving its temporal variations. By representing the measurements by their rank values, RVE overcomes the problem of defining embedding space partitions without resorting to signal compression. This renders RVE-independent of absolute signal amplitude. In addition, this approach is robust, being relatively free of tunable parameters. We present examples of task-free and task-dependent MEG demonstrating that RVE provides new information by uncovering hidden dynamical structure in the apparent turbulent (or chaotic) dynamics of spontaneous cortical activity.
Results of Physical Therapy for Idiopathic Clubfoot: A Long‐Term Follow‐up Study

Summary: Physical therapy without anesthesia or plaster casts was used to treat 338 cases of clubfoot (CF). Our technique is based on progressive sequential manipulations at birth. We first reduce the varus and later the equinus component of the CF. The gentle stretches used in this technique are complemented by active physiotherapy stimulating the muscles, and then a simple splint is suited to the foot to fix its degree of realignment. When used alone, this technique achieves 77% good and fair results. In resistant cases, complementary surgery was used. We obtained 96% good and fair results.
Taste-active compound levels in Korean native chicken meat: The effects of bird age and the cooking process.

The effects of bird age and the cooking process on the levels of several taste-active compounds, including inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), glutamic acid, cysteine, reducing sugars, as well as oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), in the breast and leg meats from a certified meat-type commercial Korean native chicken (KNC) strain (Woorimatdag) were investigated. KNC cocks were raised under similar standard conditions at a commercial chicken farm, and breast and leg meats from birds of various ages (10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 wk; 10 birds/age group) were obtained. After raw and cooked meat samples were prepared, they were analyzed for the aforementioned taste-active compounds. Compared to the leg meat, KNC breast meat had higher levels of IMP, arachidonic acid, and DHA, but lower levels of the other taste-active compounds (P < 0.05). KNC meat lost significant amounts of all the taste-active compounds, excluding oleic and linoleic acids, during the cooking process (P < 0.05). However, bird age only had a minor effect on the levels of these taste-active compounds. The results of this study provide useful information regarding the levels of taste-active compounds in KNC meat from birds of different ages, and their fate during the cooking process. This information could be useful for selection and breeding programs, and for popularizing native chicken meat.
Physically based simulation of electromigration-induced degradation mechanisms in dual-inlaid copper interconnects

Physically based simulations are used to predict an electromigration (EM)-induced void nucleation and growth in dual-inlaid copper interconnects. Incorporation of all important atom migration driving forces into the mass balance equation and its solution together with the solution of the coupled electromagnetics, heat transfer, and elasticity problems allows one to simulate EM-induced degradation in a variety of interconnect segments characterized by different dominant channels for mass transport. The existence of the weak interfaces between copper and diffusion barriers results in different EM-induced degradation pictures in aluminum and copper interconnects. The interface bonding strengths, significantly influencing the interface diffusivity and, consequently, the mass transport along interfaces in the case of copper interconnect, result in completely different degradation and failure pictures for the weak and strengthened copper/capping layer interfaces. Strengthening of the top interface of inlaid copper interconnect metal line is a promising way to prolong the EM lifetime. The correspondence between simulation results and experimental data indicates the applicability of the developed model for the optimization of the physical and electrical design rules. By varying the interconnect architecture, segment geometry, material properties, and some of the process parameters, users will be in a position to generate on-chip interconnect systems with high immunity to EM-induced failures.
The Development of a New Sport-Specific Classification of Coping and a Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Different Coping Strategies and Moderators on Sporting Outcomes

There is an ever growing coping and sports performance literature, with researchers using many different methods to assess performance and different classifications of coping. As such, it makes it difficult to compare studies and therefore identify how coping is related to performance. Furthermore, there are no quantitative syntheses of the results from these studies. A quantitative synthesis would facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of how coping is associated with athletic performance. In order to accurately compare studies, our first aim was to develop a new coping classification that would make this possible. Firstly, we reviewed the strengths and limitations of the different coping classifications and then identified the commonalities and differences between such classifications. We opted for a three-factor classification of coping, because the evidence suggests that a three-factor classification provides a superior model fit to two-factor approaches. Our new classification of coping was based on an existing model from the developmental literature, which received an excellent model fit. We made some adaptations, however, as our classification was intended for an athletic population. As such, we classified coping as mastery (i.e., controlling the situation and eliminating the stressor), internal regulation (i.e., managing internal stress responses), or goal withdrawal (i.e., ceasing efforts toward goal attainment). Undertaking a meta-analysis, our second aim was to identify which coping strategies correlated with sports performance and whether this relationship varied according to moderator variables. Articles were sourced from online electronic databases and manual journal searches. PRISMA guidelines were used to search, select, and synthesize relevant studies. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to identify associations between coping classification and sport performance. Q, I2, and R2 values assessed heterogeneity. Eighteen published investigations, including 3900 participants and incorporating fifty-nine correlations, indicated an overall positive effect for mastery coping, a negligible negative effect for internal regulation coping, and a negative effect for goal withdrawal strategies. The findings of this meta-analysis could be used by sports practitioners to help them deliver effective coping interventions. In order to maximize performance, practitioners could encourage the use of mastery coping, but advise their athletes not to use goal withdrawal strategies.
Enumeration of Binary Trees, Lempel-Ziv'78 Parsings, and Universal Types

Binary unlabeled ordered trees (further called binary trees) were studied at least since Euler, who enumerated them. The number of such trees with n nodes is now known as the Catalan number. Over the years various interesting questions about the statistics of such trees were investigated (e.g., height and path length distributions for a randomly selected tree). Binary trees find an abundance of applications in computer science. However, recently Seroussi posed a new and interesting problem motivated by information theory considerations: how many binary trees of a given path length (sum of depths) are there? This question arose in the study of universal types of sequences. Seroussi declares that two sequences of length p have the same universal type if they generate the same set of phrases in the incremental parsing of the LempelZiv’78 scheme. (He then proves that sequences of the same type converge to the same empirical distribution.) It turns out that the number of distinct types of sequences of length p corresponds to the number of binary (unlabeled and ordered) trees, Tp, of given path length p (and also the number of different Lempel-Ziv’78 parsings of length p sequences). We first show that the number of binary trees with given path length p is asymptotically equal to Tp ∼ 22 . Then we establish various limiting distributions for the number of nodes (number of phrases in the Lempel-Ziv’78 scheme) when a tree is selected randomly among all Tp trees. Throughout, we use methods of analytic algorithmics such as generating functions and complex asymptotics, as well as methods of applied mathematics such as the WKB method and matched asymptotics.
An Experimental Study on Engineering Properties ofBentonite - Sand Mixtures

For the past few decades, compacted bentonite has been considered as potential buffer material in toxic waste disposal repositories because of its low permeability and high swelling capacity. Bentonite has been mixed with sand in appropriate proportions to make bentonite-sand mixtures that are used as backfilling material to seal the galleries of high-level toxic waste disposal repositories. The permeability of barrier should be in the range of 10-8 to 10-10 m/s in the saturated condition. Bentonite from used Bikaner, Rajasthan and local river sand in Rourkela are used for this study. The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of bentonite-sand mixtures were determined with variation in bentonite content of 10, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50% in total weight of the mixture. The permeability of bentonite-sand mixtures was determined using falling head method. For the mixtures having permeability value less than 10-9 m/s, consolidation tests were conducted to find permeability indirectly and to check the permeability values with falling head method results. Based on the permeability results swelling pressure and unconfined compression strength tests were conducted on bentonite-sand mixtures having permeability range of 10-8 to 10-10 m/s in the saturated condition. The test results show that the permeability value decrease where as swelling pressure increases with the increase in bentonite content. The maximum unconfined compressive strength was found for 40% bentonite-sand mixture.
Enhancing the Competitiveness of Small and Medium-Sized Tourism Enterprises

Dear Readers, I Tourism has been among the pioneers to apply inter-organisational systems successfullyon a large scale. The worldwide operating computer reservation systems are probably the best known and best described electronic markets. They have completely restructured the distribution channelsand the way the whole industry competes. Indeed, it is not only the major airlines that have benefited but also the small enterprises: tour operators, travel agencies, local tourism oganisations and others have been ~rovidI ed with an instrument that a l l o~s them to streamline their processes and ofI fer their services to a worldwide audience ofpotentialcustomers. The thriving touristc sites on the Web underline that there is no other medium today affording comparable efficiency and flexibility. What is the role of the Internet in this industry and how does it compare to the 'traditional' reservation systems? What are the developments and opportunities? These are topics we are covering in this issue of EMElectronic Markets. In putting this edition together we have had valuable support from our guest-editor Karsfen Mrcher from the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Karsten is just about to finish his Ph. D. on electmnic commerce in the package holiday business and will be one of our editors covering developments in tourism in the new concept of EM-Electronic Markets. With the help of your questionnaires we have developed a new image for ourjournalby adopting a more professional design and layout. We highly appreciate your feedback and hope you willenjoy reading ourpresent issue of EM-Electronic Markets.