Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoid surgery of pituitary adenoma

Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoid surgery (EETS) is increasingly used for pituitary lesions. Pre-operative CT and MRI scans and peroperative endoscopic visualization can provide useful anatomical information. EETS is indicated in sellar, suprasellar, intraventricular, retro-infundibular, and invasive tumors. Recurrent and residual lesions, pituitary apoplexy and empty sella syndrome can be managed by EETS. Modern neuronavigation techniques, ultrasonic aspirators, ultrasonic bone curette can add to the safety. The binostril approach provides a wider working area. High definition camera is much superior to three-chip camera. Most of the recent reports favor EETS in terms of safety, quality of life and tumor resection, hospital stay, better endocrinological, and visual outcome as compared to the microscopic technique. Nasal symptoms, blood loss, operating time are less in EETS. Various naso-septal flaps and other techniques of CSF leak repair could help reduce complications. Complications can be further reduced after achieving the learning curve, good understanding of limitations with proper patient selection. Use of neuronavigation, proper post-operative care of endocrine function, establishing pituitary center of excellence and more focused residency and endoscopic fellowship training could improve results. The faster and safe transition from microscopic to EETS can be done by the team concept of neurosurgeon/otolaryngologist, attending hands on cadaveric dissection, practice on models, and observation of live surgeries. Conversion to a microscopic or endoscopic-assisted approach may be required in selected patients. Multi-modality treatment could be required in giant and invasive tumors. EETS appears to be a better surgical option in most pituitary adenoma.
Construction and Deconstruction of Essence in Representating Social Groups: Identity Projects, Stereotyping, and Racism

Projecting essence onto a social category means to think, talk, and act as if the category were a discrete natural kind and as if its members were all endowed with the same immutable attributes determined by the category's essence. Essentializing may happen implicitly or on purpose in representing ingroups and outgroups. We argue that essentializing is a versatile representational tool (a) that is used to create identity in groups with chosen membership in order to make the group appear as a unitary entity, (b) that outsiders often draw on a group's essentialist self-construal in their judgements about the groups, (c) that judgements about members of forced social categories are often informed by essentialist thinking that easily switches to discrimination and racism, and (d) that under certain historical and political conditions members of social categories and groups may contest their essentialized identity, such as parts of the feminist movement, or that they may attempt to reconstruct an essentialized identity, such as parts of the homosexual movement or the largely defunct European nobility. Besides explicit political and power interests, we see communication processes and language use as a tacit force driving essentialization of social categories.
Emotions in time: Moral emotions appear more intense with temporal distance

Abstract in Undetermined How intense do people expect their future emotional reactions to be? This should depend on the fit between the social perspective (near vs. distant) involved in the emotion and the emotion-eliciting event’s temporal distance. Temporal distance and social distance are interrelated (Trope & Liberman, 2010). We therefore argue that people should anticipate experiencing emotions that involve taking a socially distant perspective (e.g., guilt and shame in contrast to pleasure and sadness) with greater intensity when they predict their emotional reactions for distant-future events. The results from a series of experiments confirmed this prediction. Moreover, it was found that when people imagine emotional experiences that necessitate taking a more socially distant perspective, they construe these experiences to be more temporally distant. (Less)
Mood states and perceived physical states as short term predictors of sport injuries: Two prospective studies

Abstract The present contribution discusses mood states and perceived physical states as elements of the process of sport injury development. The two conducted studies are based on a theoretical model, which sees psychological and psycho‐physiological states as the consequence of situational appraisals that depend on perceived tasks and psycho‐physiological situational loads. In this model, states affect both cognitive and motor functions, and thus, lead to injury‐related behavior. Both studies have prospective designs. Psychical states (mood and state of motivation) and perceived physical states were measured by the use of adjective lists at the beginning of a one‐day (Study I) or a three‐day (Study II) period. Physicians and physiotherapists measured the frequency and severity of injuries. Stepwise logistic regression models were computed with regard to injury variance; depending on the injury criterion, 28% (Study I) and 1–5% (Study II) of injury variance could be explained. Besides some inconsistent results, perceived physical health and sociability were significant predictors in both studies, insofar as a high injury rate is accompanied by low perceived health and high sociability. The results are discussed, taking into consideration the closeness of body perception to reality and the influence of sociability on prevention behavior. Furthermore, from a methodological point of view, the predictability of injuries is discussed regarding the time lag between the assessment of states and the incidence of injury.
Plasmodium falciparum Rosetting Epitopes Converge in the SD3-Loop of PfEMP1-DBL1α

The ability of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized RBC (pRBC) to form rosettes with normal RBC is linked to the virulence of the parasite and RBC polymorphisms that weaken rosetting confer protection against severe malaria. The adhesin PfEMP1 mediates the binding and specific antibodies prevent sequestration in the micro-vasculature, as seen in animal models. Here we demonstrate that epitopes targeted by rosette disrupting antibodies converge in the loop of subdomain 3 (SD3) which connects the h6 and h7 α-helices of PfEMP1-DBL1α. Both monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal IgG, that bound to epitopes in the SD3-loop, stained the surface of pRBC, disrupted rosettes and blocked direct binding of recombinant NTS-DBL1α to RBC. Depletion of polyclonal IgG raised to NTS-DBL1α on a SD3 loop-peptide removed the anti-rosetting activity. Immunizations with recombinant subdomain 1 (SD1), subdomain 2 (SD2) or SD3 all generated antibodies reacting with the pRBC-surface but only the sera of animals immunized with SD3 disrupted rosettes. SD3-sequences were found to segregate phylogenetically into two groups (A/B). Group A included rosetting sequences that were associated with two cysteine-residues present in the SD2-domain while group B included those with three or more cysteines. Our results suggest that the SD3 loop of PfEMP1-DBL1α is an important target of anti-rosetting activity, clarifying the molecular basis of the development of variant-specific rosette disrupting antibodies.
Reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, is non‐sedative and does not impair psychomotor performance in healthy subjects

A double‐blind, randomized, four‐way crossover study was performed to assess the CNS effects of reboxetine, a unique selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NRI). Eighteen volunteers received reboxetine (1 or 3 mg), imipramine (75 mg) or placebo at weekly intervals. Pharmaco‐electroencephalography was recorded under high‐ and low‐vigilance conditions and spectral difference index, total power and alpha slow‐wave index (ASI) were calculated. In addition, skilled performance on psychometric tests and well‐being were assessed. Absolute and relative power were relatively unaffected by reboxetine but increased by imipramine. Total power and ASI were unaffected or slightly increased by reboxetine, but reduced by imipramine. Reboxetine and imipramine decreased fronto‐central θ and fast β power. In pharmaco‐electroencephalography, imipramine showed a left shift in the occipito‐temporal lead, with an increase in δ and θ and a decrease in α power. Reboxetine increased α power. Following reboxetine administration, the results in performance tests either did not differ from placebo or were better (Pegboard test). After imipramine, a deterioration in the Steadiness and Pauli test occurred. Critical flicker fusion and Vienna test results were unaltered by either drug. In summary, reboxetine, unlike the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine, has no sedative effects of electroencephalography or on any behavioural variable indicative of a decline in vigilance. Furthermore, reboxetine showed a vigilance‐enhancing effect. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parents' Perceptions of Teacher Outreach and Parent Involvement in Children's Education

SUMMARY The present study investigated associations between parents' perceptions of various teacher outreach practices and self-reported parent involvement both at home and at school. A survey was administered to 246 parents whose children attended one of three inner-city schools in a Midwestern city. Overall, large percentages of parents reported helping their children with schoolwork at home, whereas smaller percentages reported engaging in ongoing school communication with classroom teachers. Results also indicated that, even after controlling for diverse sociodemographic variables (e.g., the educational and employment levels of both parents, child's grade, gender, and race) the strongest predictor of parent involvement was the parents' perceptions of teacher outreach. Specifically, the more parents perceived their child's teacher as valuing their contribution to their child's education, trying to keep them informed about their child's strengths and weaknesses, and providing them with specific suggestions to help their child, the higher the parents' involvement was both at home and at school. Implications for school-family partnership interventions are discussed.
Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and breastfeeding: opposing effects on auditory P300 latencies in 9‐year‐old Dutch children

Effects of perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on auditory P300 latencies and amplitudes were evaluated in children from a Rotterdam cohort. From this cohort of healthy, term babies, the 26 lowest and 26 highest prenatally PCB‐exposed children from the breastfed and the formula‐fed groups (n=104) were invited for P300 assessment when they were 9 years of age. For P300 assessment an auditory simple odd‐ball paradigm was used. In the 83 participating children, 60 assessments (32 males, 28 females) satisfied the measurement criteria and were included in the data analyses. After adjusting for confounding variables, children with high prenatal exposure were found to have longer P300 latencies than children with low prenatal exposure. Lactational exposure to PCBs through breastfeeding milk was not related to P300 latencies. P300 latencies were shorter in children breast‐fed for at least 16 weeks than in children breastfed for 6 to 16 weeks and formula‐fed children. P300 amplitudes were not related to perinatal PCB exposure nor breastfeeding. Results of this exploratory study suggest that prenatal exposure to environmental levels of PCBs and related compounds delays mechanisms in the central nervous system that evaluate and process relevant stimuli, whereas breastfeeding accelerates these mechanisms.
Who Adopts: The Relationship of Adoption and Social-Demographic Characteristics of Women.

Adoption has increased in the United States, at least until 1971. As adoptions have increased, they have become less concentrated among women unable to bear children, although these women are still more likely to adopt than are fertile women. There is broad normative support for adoption and about 4 percent of American women have adopted a child by the time they are 45 years old. Women who adopt are
A fast segmental Viterbi algorithm for large vocabulary recognition

The paper presents a fast segmental Viterbi algorithm. A new search strategy particularly effective for very large vocabulary word recognition. It performs a tree based, time synchronous, left-to-right beam search that develops time-dependent acoustic and phonetic hypotheses. At any given time, it makes active a sub-word unit associated to an arc of a lexical tree only if that time is likely to be the boundary between the current and the next unit. This new technique, tested with a vocabulary of 188892 directory entries, achieves the same results obtained with the Viterbi algorithm, with a 35% speedup. Results are also presented for a 718 word, speaker independent continuous speech recognition task.
Late-forming black holes and the antiproton, gamma-ray, and anti-helium excesses

Black holes long-lived enough to be the dark matter have temperatures below the MeV. Since Hawking evaporation is a quasi-thermal process, no GeV emission is predicted to be produced by black holes if they are part, or all, of the cosmological dark matter. However, black holes could be ``spawned'' at late times with masses that correspond to short lifetimes, and as such be significantly hotter and produce particles well in excess of the GeV. Here, we show that such late-forming black holes could, at once, explain the tantalizing excesses found in the gamma radiation from the Galactic center, in the flux of cosmic-ray antiproton, and in the few tentative antihelium events reported by the anti-matter spectrometer AMS-02. We compute accurate predictions for the anti-deuteron, high-energy neutrino, and positron fluxes if this scenario is realized in nature. We find that while the neutrino and positron fluxes are too small compared to the expected background, a significant number of anti-deuteron events is expected both at AMS-02 and at the future General AntiParticle Spectrometer (GAPS).
Gravitational helicity flux density from two-body systems

The helicity flux density is a novel quantity which characterizes the angular distribution of the helicity of radiative gravitons and it may be tested by gravitational wave experiments in the future. We derive a quadrupole formula for the helicity flux density due to gravitational radiation in the slow motion and the weak field limit. We apply the formula to the bound and unbound orbits in two-body systems and find that the total radiative helicity fluxes are always zero. However, the helicity flux density still has non-trivial dependence on the angle. We also find a formula for the total helicity flux by including all contributions of the higher multipoles.
High-dose therapy in diffuse large cell lymphoma: results and prognostic factors in 452 patients from the GEL-TAMO Spanish Cooperative Group.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to analyse the results and prognostic factors influencing overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in 452 patients diagnosed with diffuse large cell lymphomas (DLCL) treated with high-dose therapy (HDT) included in the Grupo Español de Linfomas/Trasplante Autólogo de Médula Osea (GEL-TAMO) Spanish registry. PATIENTS AND METHODS At transplantation, median age was 42 years (range 15-73), 146 patients (32%) were transplanted in first complete remission (1st CR), 19% in second CR (2nd CR) and 47% had active disease: sensitive disease in 157 (35%) patients [95 were in first partial remission (1st PR) and 62 in second PR (2nd PR)] and refractory disease in 55 (12%) patients. Age-adjusted International Prognostic Index (IPI) was 2 or 3 in 51 patients (12%). Conditioning regimen consisted of BEAM (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine and melphalan) in 39% of patients, BEAC (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine and cyclophosphamide) in 33%, CBV (carmustine, etoposide and cyclophosphamide) in 10% and cyclophosphamide plus total body irradiation (TBI) in 12%. RESULTS Estimated overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) at 5 years were 53% and 43%, respectively. The transplant-related mortality was 11% (53 cases). By multivariate analysis three variables significantly influenced OS and DFS: number of protocols to reach 1st CR, disease status at transplant and TBI in the conditioning regimen. Age-adjusted IPI at transplantation also influenced OS. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged OS and DFS can be achieved in patients with DLCL after HDT and our results suggest that the best line of chemotherapy should be used up-front in patients considered as candidates for HDT in order to obtain an early CR. Resistant patients are not good candidates for HDT and they should be offered newer strategies. Finally, polichemotherapy conditioning regimens offer better results compared with TBI.
Risk of acute liver injury associated with the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.

BACKGROUND Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination-associated hepatitis and jaundice was first identified in 1988. Numerous case reports and case series have been published since then, but there is no precise estimate of this risk. METHODS A retrospective cohort study in the United Kingdom to estimate the risk of acute liver injury associated with the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and compare it with the one of amoxicillin alone. Data were derived from a cohort of 93,433 users of the combination drug amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and 360,333 users of amoxicillin alone who were aged between 10 and 79 years and who were followed up from 1991 through 1992. After reviewing the information on subjects with suspected liver injury that was recorded on computer files, the clinical records of 177 patients from the attending general practitioners were requested. RESULTS They were 35 cases of idiopathic acute liver injury. None was fatal. There were 14 cases of acute liver injury among users of amoxicillin alone. The type of liver injury was hepatocellular in half the cases. There were 21 cases of acute liver injury among users of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid together. The type of liver injury was cholestatic in three quarters of the cases. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of developing acute liver injury associated with the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and amoxicillin alone were 1.7 (1.1-2.7) and 0.3 (.02-0.5) per 10 000 prescriptions, respectively. The rate ratios and 95% CIs of acute liver injury for amoxicillin and clavulanic acid together compared with amoxicillin alone were 6.3 (3.2-12.7) for all patients and 8.4 (3.6-20.8) for patients presenting with jaundice. Among users of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid together, the risk of developing acute liver injury was more than 3 times greater after a course of 2 or more consecutive prescriptions than after a single course of therapy. The risk also increased with age among users of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid together. The combination of advancing age and repeated prescriptions resulted in a risk of developing acute liver injury greater than 1 per 1000 users of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid together.
Liquid‐based cytology using cytorich red/tripath is diagnostically equivalent to conventional smears for bronchial washings and brushings and reduces the cost

A split sample study was performed on 109 bronchial brushings and washings and evaluated from conventional slides (CS) and CytoRich Red/Tripath preparations (CRR/Tripath). Unassessable bronchial washings were significantly more frequent in CS (5 vs. 0), but as all brushings were assessable with both methods, no overall diagnostic advantage was found. CS and CRR/Tripath gave discordant diagnoses in one case with a final benign diagnosis and in six cases with final malignant diagnoses. In the benign case, atypia was assessed in CS. In the malignant cases, suspected malignancy was found in one CRR/Tripath and one CS, atypia vs. benign assessment was also balanced, with three atypias in CRR/Tripath and two in CS. The better preserved cells in CRR/Tripath facilitated correct diagnosis in some cases, but might also lead to false positive diagnoses. In small cell carcinomas diagnostic hints such as smearing and moulding were less pronounced in CRR/Tripath but this did not affect the diagnostic accuracy. Overall, the diagnostic performance with CRR/Tripath was at least as good as with conventional slides, although statistically no difference could be seen. The number of slides and screening time, and thereby cost was significantly reduced with CRR/Tripath, thus the liquid‐based method is preferred for bronchial washings and brushings. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:876–884. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structuring Europe: Powersharing Institutions and British Preferences on European Integration

Scholars examining British-European relations typically ascribe UK governmental positions firstly to a combination of distinct and incompatible values, attitudes, and beliefs stemming from historical experience; secondly to a distinct and incompatible set of functional imperatives – namely less interaction with European partners than is the case for other EU member states; and third a distinct and incompatible set of domestic interests. This article challenges these views. It presents evidence to suggest that British governments have failed to assimilate social demands, and that the reason is an under-recognized and untheorized intervening variable – namely the structure of decisionmaking institutions in Parliament. It models the influence of this variable, and suggests that historical institutionalist theory captures key elements of the variable in a manner superior to extant approaches.
A Framework for Theory and Research on Adult Education Participation

Proposed is a comprehensive, multivariate, multi-realm theoretical framework with which to integrate and advance the theory and research on adult education participation (AEP). The elements of the ISSTAL model, as elaborated by D. H. Smith, are identified, defined, and exemplified in terms of the current literature on AEP. This article describes elements of the framework which have already been investigated and those for which there are gaps in the literature. Suggestions for further research to close those gaps are given. The framework has significance for theory and research on AEP as Well as more general theory-building efforts in adult education.
Cultural quarters and urban regeneration – the case of Cathedral Quarter Belfast

Elements of culture and cultural policy have now become firmly integrated within urban design and regeneration practice. Culture is recognised as a driver of economic renewal and many cities have utilised culture as an additional means of achieving regeneration outcomes through the application of designated cultural quarters. This study provides a critical evaluation of the regeneration and development of Cathedral Quarter Belfast, exploring the integration of cultural and economic strategies to encourage greater cultural provision and economic development as well as examining the role of culture as a catalyst in the regeneration process. It does so by utilising a mixed methodology incorporating qualitative key informant interviews and a quantitative survey of visitors to the quarter. This research examines and challenges existing theories in relation to culture-led regeneration making a valuable contribution to the literature on the application of cultural quarters and identifies areas for further investigation.