Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Part-Of-Speech Tagging and Chunking using Conditional Random Fields and Transformation Based Learning

In this paper we describe Part Of Speech (POS) tagging and Chunking using Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) and Transformation Based Learning (TBL) for Telugu, Hindi and Bengali. We show here how to train CRFs to achieve good performance over any other ML techniques. Improved training methods based on the morphological information, contextual and the lexical rules (developed using TBL) were critical in achieving good results. The CRF and TBL based POS tagger has an accuracy of about 77.37%, 78.66%, and 76.08% for Telugu, Hindi and Bengali, and the chunker performs at 79.15%, 80.97% and 82.74% for Telugu, Hindi and Bengali respectively.
Ocean Circulation under Globally Glaciated Snowball Earth Conditions: Steady-State Solutions

AbstractBetween ~750 and 635 million years ago, during the Neoproterozoic era, the earth experienced at least two significant, possibly global, glaciations, termed “Snowball Earth. ” While many studies have focused on the dynamics and the role of the atmosphere and ice flow over the ocean in these events, only a few have investigated the related associated ocean circulation, and no study has examined the ocean circulation under a thick (~1 km deep) sea ice cover, driven by geothermal heat flux. Here, a thick sea ice–flow model coupled to an ocean general circulation model is used to study the ocean circulation under Snowball Earth conditions. The ocean circulation is first investigated under a simplified zonal symmetry assumption, and (i) strong equatorial zonal jets and (ii) a strong meridional overturning cell are found, limited to an area very close to the equator. The authors derive an analytic approximation for the latitude–depth ocean dynamics and find that the extent of the meridional overturning ci.
Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related (GITR) Protein and Its Ligand in Antitumor Immunity: Functional Role and Therapeutic Modulation

The ability of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family member GITR to modulate immune responses has been the subject of multiple studies. Initially thought to be critically involved in governing functions of regulatory T cells, GITR and its ligand GITRL have meanwhile been found to modulate the reactivity of various different cell types and to influence a broad variety of immunological conditions including the immune response against tumors. Not only GITR, but also GITRL is capable of transducing signals, and the consequences of GITR-GITRL interaction may vary among different effector cell types, differ upon signal transduction via the receptor, the ligand, or both, depend on the level of an ongoing immune response, and even differ among mice and men. In this paper, we address available data on GITR and its ligand in immune responses and discuss the role and potential therapeutic modulation of this molecule system in antitumor immunity.
3.1.2 Two Empirical Tests of Design Principles for Survivable System Architecture

Survivability, the ability of a system to minimize the impact of a finite‐duration disturbance on value delivery, is increasingly recognized beyond military contexts as an enabler for maintaining system performance in the presence of dynamic disturbance environments. This paper attempts to validate a preliminary set of twelve general design principles for survivability through two empirical tests. Survivability features of the A‐10A “Warthog” combat aircraft and UH‐60A Blackhawk helicopter, two systems designed for reduced vulnerability, are inductively traced to an existing set of principles. Seven unique insights are derived from the analysis, and the design principles are revised to reflect the lessons learned. A new set of seventeen design principles are formalized: six aimed at reducing susceptibility and eleven aimed at reducing vulnerability. The paper concludes with propositions for future work for developing a theory of survivable system architecture and a discussion of the importance of empiricism in systems engineering.
Abrin Triggers Cell Death by Inactivating a Thiol-specific Antioxidant Protein*

Abrin A-chain (ABRA) inhibits protein synthesis by its N-glycosidase activity as well as induces apoptosis, but the molecular mechanism of ABRA-induced cell death has been obscure. Using an ABRA mutant that lacksN-glycosidase activity as bait in a yeast two-hybrid system, a 30-kDa antioxidant protein-1 (AOP-1) was found to be an ABRA(E164Q)-interacting protein. The interaction was further confirmedin vitro by a glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay. The colocalization of endogenous AOP-1 and exogenous ABR proteins in the cell was demonstrated by confocal immunofluorescence. We also demonstrated that ABRA attenuates AOP-1 antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner and the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases in ABR-treated cells. Moreover, ROS scavengersN-acetylcysteine and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl delayed programmed cell death. This indicates that ROS are important mediators of ABR-induced apoptosis. When ectopically expressed, AOP-1 blocked the release of cytochrome c and prevented apoptosis in ABR-treated cells. These findings suggest that the binding of ABRA to AOP-1 promotes apoptosis by inhibiting the mitochondrial antioxidant protein AOP-1, resulting in the increase of intracellular ROS and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol, which activates caspase-9 and caspase-3.
Focal dystonia in musicians: phenomenology, pathophysiology and triggering factors

Background: Musician’s dystonia is a task‐specific movement disorder that manifests itself as a loss of voluntary motor control in extensively trained movements. In many cases, the disorder terminates the careers of affected musicians. Approximately, 1% of all professional musicians are affected. The pathophysiology of the disorder is still unclear. Findings include: (i) reduced inhibition in different levels of the central nervous system, (ii) maladaptive plasticity, e.g. in the somatosensory cortex and in the basal ganglia and (iii) alterations in sensorimotor processing.
Serum Cystatin C as an Early Marker of Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin-positive Acute Kidney Injury Resulting from Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease.

OBJECTIVE Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication resulting from cardiopulmonary bypass in infants. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a sensitive and specific marker of such injury. In this study, we compared the performance of serum cystatin C (Cys C) and serum creatinine (Cr) as early markers of renal dysfunction in infants undergoing cardiac surgery under bypass. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS The study was designed as a prospective observational study. The study was conducted in the cardiac intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary, academic children's hospital in the United States. Infants (age <1 year) undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass were included in the study. OUTCOME MEASURE Acute kidney injury was defined based on postoperative urinary NGAL. RESULTS A total of 17 infants were included in the study, and five of them developed AKI. Serum Cys C and Cr levels were measured postoperatively on days 1, 2, and 3, and compared with baseline levels. On postoperative day 2, infants with AKI showed significant change from baseline in serum Cys C levels compared with non-AKI infants (28% vs. -9%, P = .03). The two groups did not show significant differences with respect to rise in serum Cr on any of the 3 postoperative days. Serum Cr on days 1 and 2 showed nonspecific increases in both AKI and non-AKI groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for day 2 Cys C was 0.87 (95% CI 0.67-1.00) in recognizing NGAL-positive AKI. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative serum Cys C appears to be a more specific and sensitive biomarker for NGAL-positive AKI resulting from cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in infants undergoing cardiac surgery.
Systemic in fl ammation after inspiratory loading in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Correspondence: Jaume Sauleda Servei Pneumologia. Hospital Univ. Son Dureta. Andrea Doria 55, 07014 Palma Mallorca, Spain Tel +34 971 175433 Fax +34 971 175228 Email jsauleda@hsd.es Objective: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) present systemic infl ammation. Strenuous resistive breathing induces systemic infl ammation in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that the increased respiratory load that characterizes COPD can contribute to systemic infl ammation in these patients. Patients and methods: To test this hypothesis, we compared leukocyte numbers and levels of circulating cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10), before and 1 hour after maximal incremental inspiratory loading in 13 patients with stable COPD (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV 1 ] 29 ± 2.5% ref) and in 8 healthy sedentary subjects (FEV 1 98 ± 5% ref). Results: We found that: (1) at baseline, patients with COPD showed higher leukocyte counts and IL-8 levels than controls (p 0.01); and, (2) one hour after maximal inspiratory loading these values were unchanged, except for IL-10, which increased in controls (p 0.05) but not in patients with COPD. Conclusions: This study confi rms the presence of systemic infl ammation in COPD, shows that maximal inspiratory loading does not increase the levels of pro-infl ammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8) in COPD patients or controls, but suggests that the former may be unable to mount an appropriate systemic anti-infl ammatory response to exercise.
Inhibition of CapZ during myofibrillogenesis alters assembly of actin filaments

The actin filaments of myofibrils are highly organized; they are of a uniform length and polarity and are situated in the sarcomere in an aligned array. We hypothesized that the barbed-end actin-binding protein, CapZ, directs the process of actin filament assembly during myofibrillogenesis. We tested this hypothesis by inhibiting the actin- binding activity of CapZ in developing myotubes in culture using two different methods. First, injection of a monoclonal antibody that prevents the interaction of CapZ and actin disrupts the non-striated bundles of actin filaments formed during the early stages of myofibril formation in skeletal myotubes in culture. The antibody, when injected at concentrations lower than that required for disrupting the actin filaments, binds at nascent Z-disks. Since the interaction of CapZ and the monoclonal antibody are mutually exclusive, this result indicates that CapZ binds nascent Z-disks independent of an interaction with actin filaments. In a second approach, expression in myotubes of a mutant form of CapZ that does not bind actin results in a delay in the appearance of actin in a striated pattern in myofibrils. The organization of alpha-actinin at Z-disks also is delayed, but the organization of titin and myosin in sarcomeres is not significantly altered. We conclude that the interaction of CapZ and actin is important for the organization of actin filaments of the sarcomere.
Elemental Systematics in MORB Glasses From the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

In this study, a data set of 60 elements in 319 mid‐oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) glasses representing 144 chemically distinct lava flows from the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge was acquired by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Our new data are comparable in terms of the number of elements analyzed to several recent MORB data sets, albeit limited in geographic coverage to the North Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. This extensive data set was used to examine the elemental systematics of depleted (D)‐, normal (N)‐, and enriched (E)‐MORBs. We show that elemental ratios sensitive to fluid transport in subduction zones (e.g., Th/U, Nb/U, Ba/Th, and Ba/La) are constant and similar to their primitive mantle values in N‐ and E‐MORBs, but depleted in accordance with their compatibility in D‐MORBs. The absence of evidence for subduction zone processing indicates the need to reassess the relation between MORB enrichment and recycled materials. Additionally, we reexamined the ratios of chalcophile and siderophile elements to lithophile elements of comparable compatibility, which are important in assessing planetary accretion, core formation, crust‐mantle differentiation, and hydrothermal ore formation processes. MORBs show significant negative anomalies of As, Tl, Pb, and Bi, but not of Sb, relative to lithophile elements of similar compatibility, which cannot be accounted for by melt depletion alone. The depletions of As, Tl, Pb, and Bi in MORB are complementary to significant enrichments observed in the continental crust, indicating that they have been transferred to the continental crust via fluid mobility in arcs or obduction of seafloor hydrothermal ores.
(2,2′-Bipyridine-κ2 N,N′){[(3-methoxy-2-oxidobenzylidene-κO 2)hydrazono]methanolato-κ2 N 2,O}dimethyltin(IV)

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Sn(CH3)2(C9H8N2O3)(C10H8N2)], the Sn atom exhibits a pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry defined by two C, three N and two O atoms. The bond distances for Sn—C, Sn—N and Sn—O are in the ranges 2.097 (3)–2.098 (3), 2.298 (2)–2.623 (2) and 2.157 (2)–2.266 (2) Å, respectively. The molecular structure of the monomeric compound is stabilized by three intramolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, all involving bipyridine C—H groups.
Effects of drug solubility on the release kinetics of water soluble and insoluble drugs from HPMC based matrix formulations

Effects of drug solubility on the release kinetics of water soluble and insoluble drugs from HPMC based matrix formulations The purpose of the present research work was to observe the effects of drug solubility on their release kinetics of water soluble verpamil hydrochloride and insoluble aceclofenac from hydrophilic polymer based matrix formulations. Matrix formulations were prepared by the direct compression method. The formulations were evaluated for various physical parameters. Along with the dynamics of water uptake and erosion, SEM and in vitro drug release of the tablets were studied. Applying an exponential equation, it was found that the kinetics of soluble drug release followed anomalous non-Fickian diffusion transport whereas insoluble drug showed zero-order release. SEM study showed pore formation on the tablet surface that differed depending on drug solubility. t-Test pointed to a significant difference in amount of both drugs released due to the difference in solubility. Solubility of the drug effects kinetics and the mechanism of drug release. Učinak topljivosti na kinetiku oslobađanja vodotopljivih i vodonetopljivih lijekova iz matriksnog sustava na bazi HPMC Cilj rada bio je praćenje učinka topljivosti na kinetiku oslobađdanja vodotopljivog verapamil hidroklorida i netopljivog lijeka aceklofenaka iz matriksnih sustava na bazi hidrofilnog polimera. Matriksni sustavi pripravljeni su izravnom metodom kompresije. Uz ispitivanje uobičajenih fizikalnih svojstava, ispitivana je i dinamika primanja vode, te erozija, SEM i in vitro oslobađanje ljekovite tvari iz tableta. Primjenom eksponencijalne jednadžbe utvrđeno je da mehanizam oslobađanja topljivih lijekova slijedi anomalni ne-Fickov difuzijski transport, dok netopljivi lijekovi slijede kinetiku nultog reda. SEM ispitivanja pokazala su pore na površini matriksa ovisne o topljivosti ljekovite tvari. t-test ukazuje da količina oslobođenog lijeka značajno ovisi o njegovoj topljivosti. Topljivost lijeka ima značajan učinak na kinetiku i mehanizam oslobađanja.
Representations of Design Thinking-A Review of Recent Studies

In this paper, the authors describe how the design thinking process can be represented drawing upon on a review of recent studies of design practice and designer creativity. The representation of creative design and how the resulting models can be applied to the design of computer support systems and to design education are discussed significant research, which has represented design thinking, was examined. One approach to design thinking is to extract the features of the designers' strategic knowledge, for which comparative studies between expert designers and novices are useful. Also, controlled experimental studies may be adopted in order to understand the nature of the idea generation process. Candy s model of the technologists' contribution to human creativity is intended to assist the design of computer supported creativity. Another important research area is focused on time lines in the design thinking process and Lawson has described such processes in terms of parallel lines of thought. From research by Nagai and Noguchi into design thinking as a transformation process from keywords into images, a thinking-path model has been proposed. Finally, the methods of research and representation of design thinking in order to gain a deeper understanding of the designers' creativity are proposed. The authors point out the importance of drawing upon different research approaches from cognitive science to design thinking, as well as knowledge from neurological science and computational modeling all of which are required for future research developments in design science.
Horn clauses and the fixpoint query hierarchy

A logic program consists of a set of Horn clauses, and can be used to express a query on relational data bases. It is shown that logic programs express precisely the queries in YE+ (the set of queries representable by a fixpoint applied to a positive existential query). Queries expressible by logic programs are thus not first order queries in general; nor are all the first order queries expressible as logic programs. A way of adding the negation operator to logic programs is suggested. The resulting set of clausal queries equals FP, the set of first order queries closed under fixpoints (as well as ¬, ∨, 3).
Order and disorder in columnar joints

Columnar joints are three-dimensional fracture networks that form in cooling basalt and several other media. The network organizes itself into ordered, mostly hexagonal columns. The same pattern can be observed on a smaller scale in desiccating starch. We show how surface boundary conditions in the desiccation of starch affect the formation of columnar joints. Under constant drying power conditions, we find a power law dependence of columnar cross-sectional area with depth, while under constant drying rate conditions this coarsening is eventually halted. Discontinuous transitions in pattern scale can be observed under constant external conditions, which may prompt a reinterpretation of similar transitions found in basalt. Starch patterns are statistically similar to those found in basalt, suggesting that mature columnar jointing patterns contain inherent residual disorder, but are statistically scale invariant.
Intra-arterial infusion of irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting beads (DEBIRI) versus intravenous therapy (FOLFIRI) for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: final results of a phase III study.

BACKGROUND Metastases to the liver receive most of their blood supply from the arterial route, therefore for patients with hepatic metastases from large bowel cancer, hepatic arterial infusion adopting drug-eluting beads preloaded with irinotecan (DEBIRI) may offer a chance of cure. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a multi-institutional study, 74 patients were randomly assigned to receive DEBIRI (36) versus systemic irinotecan, fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLFIRI, 38). The primary end-point was survival; secondary end points were response, recurrence, toxicity, quality of life, cost and influence of molecular markers. RESULTS At 50 months, overall survival was significantly longer for patients treated with DEBIRI than for those treated with FOLFIRI (p=0.031, log-rank). Median survival was 22 (95% Confidence Interval CI=21-23) months, for DEBIRI and 15 (95% CI=12-18) months for FOLFIRI. Progression-free survival was 7 (95% CI=3-11) months in the DEBIRI group compared to 4 (95% CI=3-5) months in the FOLFIRI group and the difference between groups was statistically significant (p=0.006, log-rank). Extrahepatic progression had occurred in all patients by the end of the study, at a median time of 13 (95% CI=10-16) months in the DEBIRI group compared to 9 (95% CI 5-13) months in the FOLFIRI group. A statistically significant difference between groups was not observed (p=0.064, log-rank). The median time for duration of improvement to quality of life was 8 (95% CI=3-13) months in the DEBIRI group and 3 (95% CI=2-4) months in the FOLFIRI group. The difference in duration of improvement was statistically significant (p=0.00002, log-rank). CONCLUSION This study showed a statistically significant difference between DEBIRI and FOLFIRI for overall survival (7 months), progression-free survival (3 months) and quality of life (5 months). In addition, a clinically significant improvement in time to extrahepatic progression (4 months) was observed for DEBIRI, a reversal of the expectation for a regional treatment. This suggests a benefit of DEBIRI treatment over standard chemotherapy and serves to establish the expected difference between these two treatment options for planning future large randomized studies.
Electroacupuncture Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion of Rat via Modulation of Apoptosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Excitotoxicity

Electroacupuncture (EA) has several properties such as antioxidant, antiapoptosis, and anti-inflammatory properties. The current study was to investigate the effects of EA on the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. EA stimulation was applied to both Baihui and Dazhui acupoints for 30 min in each rat per day for 5 successive days before MCAO (pretreatment) or when the reperfusion was initiated (treatment). Neurologic deficit scores, infarction volumes, brain water content, and neuronal apoptosis were evaluated. The expressions of related inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic molecules, antioxidant systems, and excitotoxic receptors in the brain were also investigated. Results showed that both EA pretreatment and treatment significantly reduced infarct volumes, decreased brain water content, and alleviated neuronal injury in MCAO rats. Notably, EA exerts neuroprotection against I/R injury through improving neurological function, attenuating the inflammation cytokines, upregulating antioxidant systems, and reducing the excitotoxicity. This study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the traditional use of EA.
Immune response inversion after hyperimmunisation. Possible mechanism in the pathogenesis of HLA-linked diseases.

The crosstolerance hypothesis suggests that animals sharing antigens with some microorganisms will produce low antibody levels in the early part and high levels in the latter part of an infection. Antibody responses have been measured in high responder B10.M and B10.D2 mice and low responder C3H and A.Thy-1.1, as well as F1 hybrids (B10.M X A.Thy-1.1) and (B10.M X C3H/He), after repeated immunisation with the antigen ferritin, involving altogether 483 mice. An inversion in the immune response was found to occur and similar delayed high antibody responses have been described in rheumatic fever. It is suggested a mechanism of immune inversion may operate in the pathogenesis of HLA and blood group-linked diseases.