Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beyond the facts in schizophrenia: closing the gaps in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment

Background. Although schizophrenia has been considered a distinct disease entity for the past century, its precise definition and etio-pathophysiology remain obscure and its treatment remains unsatisfactory. In this review, we summarize our state of knowledge about the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment of schizophrenia. Methodological Issues. The inadequacy of the major conceptual models of schizophrenia is a major roadblock in providing a coherent explanation for the known facts of this illness, despite these limitations and its changing definitions, the construct of schizophrenia does convey useful information: (i) patients diagnosed as having schizophrenia do have a real disease – they experience both suffering and disability; (ii) a diagnosis of schizophrenia does suggest a distinctive clinical profile – a characteristic long-term course; an admixture of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms; (iii) a diagnosis of schizophrenia has clear treatment and prognostic implications – likelihood of benefit from antipsychotic treatment and likelihood of incomplete recovery; and (iv) schizophrenia satisfies criteria for a valid diagnostic entity better than almost any other psychiatric diagnosis. Discussion. On the other hand, the concept of schizophrenia has serious shortcomings. First, it is not a single disease entity – it has multiple etiological factors and pathophysiological mechanisms but common phenotypic features. Second, its clinical manifestations are so diverse that its extreme variability has been considered by some to be a core feature. Third, its boundaries remain ill defined and not clearly demarcated from other clinical entities. Conclusions. A necessary next step is to deconstruct schizophrenia as an entity into component dimensions –endophenotypes linked to unique etiological and pathophysiological processes that may yield unique treatment targets. Innovative approaches are needed to elucidate the biological substrates of these entities because such clarity is vital for replicable research. We conclude by identifying the critical gaps in our knowledge, and unmet needs in our approaches to care, and outline steps that can move the field forward.
From Inflation to Growth: Eight Years of Transition

This paper reexamines growth in transition using panel data to 1997. It suggests that output has been strongly affected by export market growth; that inflation has been associated with weaker output only above a threshold inflation rate; that structural reform has been associated with weaker output initially, but that it stimulates higher growth thereafter; and that rapid disinflation has been associated with output losses only in the presence of pegged exchange rates.
The role of synthetic drugs in the biologic era: therapeutic strategies for treating juvenile idiopathic arthritis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most frequent chronic rheumatic disease in childhood. Synthetic disease modifying drugs (DMARDs) have been used in its treatment since the 1980s and have led to substantial improvement of quality of life and disease outcome. Recent pharmacological research has focused on newer medications, especially biologic agents. Areas covered: Synthetic DMARDS, especially methotrexate, rightfully remain the first-line treatment of most categories of juvenile arthritis, as attested by several international guidelines. A substantial body of evidence supports these medications, and recent research tries to clarify their optimal use in the clinical setting, both as monotherapy and in combination with biologics. In addition, new forms of synthetic DMARDs are in the research pipeline, or are already used for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opinion: Methotrexate remains the preferred first-line medication for polyarticular arthritis, with leflunomide as a viable alternative in case of intolerance or toxicity, despite lack of approval in Europe and the US. Sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine are used only rarely in clinical practice, considered in combination with methotrexate if biologics are not available. New synthetic DMARDS are in the research pipeline for JIA, in the form of small molecules.
Towards a dynamic structure-agency framework: Understanding patterns of participation in community-driven development in Uchira, Tanzania

This article theorises patterns of individual participation in collective development activities in Uchira, Tanzania. Drawing on literature on chronic poverty it proposes that the construction of a dynamic structure-agency framework for understanding participation may provide a guide to the specificity of the patterns of collective participation and the differential agency of individuals to shape collective spaces. Using ethnographic research in Uchira village in Tanzania, the article plots the differential participation of individuals in Uchira in relation to structural factors of gender, wealth and age, and then considers how these interact with individual agency through a discussion of local norms and behaviour, personal motivations and social relationships. Through a consideration of the dynamic interaction of structural factors and individual agency in producing certain patterns of participation; it allows for a clearer analysis of the limitations of mechanisms for enhancing local participation and c.
More Relatively‐Poor People in a Less Absolutely‐Poor World

Relative deprivation, shame and social exclusion can matter to the welfare of people everywhere. The authors argue that such social effects on welfare call for a reconsideration of how we assess global poverty, but they do not support standard measures of relative poverty. The paper argues instead for using a weakly-relative measure as the upper-bound complement to the lower-bound provided by a standard absolute measure. New estimates of global poverty are presented, drawing on 850 household surveys spanning 125 countries over 1981-2008. The absolute line is $1.25 a day at 2005 prices, while the relative line rises with the mean, at a gradient of 1:2 above $1.25 a day. The authors show that these parameter choices are consistent with cross-country data on national poverty lines. The results indicate that the incidence of both absolute and weakly-relative poverty in the developing world has been falling since the 1990s, but more slowly for the relative measure. While the number of absolutely poor has fallen, the number of relatively poor has changed little since the 1990s, and is higher in 2008 than 1981.
Value of Time by Time of Day: A Stated-Preference Study

This paper proposes an alternative, dynamic framework for estimating time-varying values of travel time savings and values of schedule delay, in which time-preferences are represented as the time-varying excess-willingness-to-pay (EWPT) to being in the one location, over being elsewhere. It is shown how the conventional linear model, with time-independent values of travel time savings and schedule delay costs, is a special case of our model, and that it is implausible particularly in that it implicitly assumes that the willingness to pay for spending a minute at home instead of being in the vehicle does not vary by time of day, even not for very early departures. The framework is applied to SP data representing the respondents' departure time choices for the morning commute. The results suggest that individuals' time-related shadow prices indeed vary strongly over the morning peak, and values of travel time savings are consequently strongly time-dependent, following plausible and intuitive patterns.
MANAGING INFORMATION IN NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW, RESEARCH PROPOSITIONS AND TENTATIVE MODEL

Many studies in new product development (NPD) single out the use of information (especially market information) as a key predictor of NPD performance, but knowledge is lacking about what type of information is needed in each phase of the NDP process to enable high NPD performance. Based on a literature review and a pilot case study, this article increases the understanding of managing information in NPD. It is argued that the capability of managing information consists of three components: acquiring, sharing, and using information. By focusing on three different phases of the NPD process, 11 propositions regarding which information, information sources and means of cross-functional integration patterns that are most important to high NPD performance have been derived in each respective phase. In addition, the article also discusses antecedents and consequences of managing information. The article concludes with implications for managers, identifies limitations and proposes an agenda for further research into this area.
Microchimerism detection by human leucocyte antigen‐specific quantitative‐polymerase chain reaction analysis in recipients of allogeneic Epstein–Barr virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Approximately 50% of patients with Hodgkin’s disease (HD) have tumours that express Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) antigens (Weis et al, 1991), which could be used for targeted therapy. Based on success in treating EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disease in transplant recipients (Rooney et al, 1995; Haque et al, 2001; Sun et al, 2002), autologous and allogeneic EBVspecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are being used in subjects with EBV-positive HD. Challenges in treating EBVpositive HD with EBV CTL include the fact that these tumours express EBV antigens as a latency II infection, with the less immunogenic latent membrane protein (LMP)1 and LMP2A expressed. We have investigated the clinical and immunologic effects of giving allogeneic EBV CTL in patients with EBVpositive HD. As previously reported, we were unable to detect donor DNA using single tandem repeat analysis from any of these subjects, although clinical responses were seen in some subjects (Lucas et al, 2004). As this technique may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect small numbers of donor cells, we decided to probe for chimerism using a quantitativepolymerase chain reaction analysis (Q-PCR) assay for mismatched donor–patient alleles (Lambert et al, 2004). Subjects with relapsed, progressive HD had their tumours tested for LMP1 and LMP2 by immunohistochemistry or for the presence of EBV RNA (EBER) by in situ hybridization. The CTL were derived from allogeneic, related or unrelated EBV sero-positive donors who shared at least one human leucocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype with the recipient. The EBV CTL were cultured as previously described, and were required to lyse patient-derived BLCL in chromium-51 release assays to qualify for infusion (Sun et al, 2002; Lucas et al, 2004). In the first cohort of three patients, three doses of 5 · 10 EBV CTL/ kg were infused, with no preinfusion chemotherapy. Fludarabine at a dose of 90 mg/m was given to Cohort II subjects prior to a single T-cell infusion of 1Æ5 · 10 CTL/kg, in order to promote donor CTL chimerism. Subjects were treated on a protocol approved by the University of Alabama at Birmingham Institutional Review Board, and blood was drawn at weekly intervals for monitoring levels of EBV CTL as well as donor cell chimerism postinfusion. The HLA-specific primers with fluorogenic probes were used to quantify chimerism by targeting non-inherited, non-shared HLA sequences, with a sensitivity of one donor cell/20 000 in these subjects. Primer
Hear today, not gone tomorrow? An exploratory longitudinal study of auditory verbal hallucinations (hearing voices).

BACKGROUND Despite an increasing volume of cross-sectional work on auditory verbal hallucinations (hearing voices), there remains a paucity of work on how the experience may change over time. AIMS The first aim of this study was to attempt replication of a previous finding that beliefs about voices are enduring and stable, irrespective of changes in the severity of voices, and do not change without a specific intervention. The second aim was to examine whether voice-hearers' interrelations with their voices change over time, without a specific intervention. METHOD A 12-month longitudinal examination of these aspects of voices was undertaken with hearers in routine clinical treatment (N = 18). RESULTS We found beliefs about voices' omnipotence and malevolence were stable over a 12-month period, as were styles of interrelating between voice and hearer, despite trends towards reductions in voice-related distress and disruption. However, there was a trend for beliefs about the benevolence of voices to decrease over time. CONCLUSIONS Styles of interrelating between voice and hearer appear relatively stable and enduring, as are beliefs about the voices' malevolent intent and power. Although there was some evidence that beliefs about benevolence may reduce over time, the reasons for this were not clear. Our exploratory study was limited by only being powered to detect large effect sizes. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
Assessing the Core and Dimensional Approaches: Human Resource Management in Public, Private, and Charter Schools

There is a long-standing debate in public administration as to the differences and similarities in management practices across sectors. A number of scholars have argued for market-based reforms as a means to transform and improve public sector services, including the educational system. Charter schools have emerged as a reform that proposes to improve the educational system through choice, competition, and autonomy from the bureaucracy of traditional public school districts, but their implications are not fully understood. This mixed-method study analyzes differences in human resource management practices across traditional public, charter, and private schools, with a focus on formalization and autonomy. In support of other research on public-private management differences, this analysis suggests that traditional public schools are more formalized and have less autonomy than private and charter schools. Findings provide support for the utility of a core approach that distinguishes between public and private organizations based on ownership. The study suggests that ownership has a significant influence on personnel management practices, but that funding generally does not.
How Partisan is the Press? Multiple Measures of Media Slant

We employ several different approaches to estimate the political position of Australian media outlets, relative to federal parliamentarians. First, we use parliamentary mentions to code over 100 public intellectuals on a left-right scale. We then estimate slant by using the number of mentions that each public intellectual receives in each media outlet. Second, we have independent raters separately code front-page election stories and headlines. Third, we tabulate the number of electoral endorsements that newspapers give to each side of politics in federal elections. Overall, we find that the Australian media are quite centrist, with very few outlets being statistically distinguishable from the middle of Australian politics. It is possible that this is due to the lack of competition in the Australian media market. To the extent that we can separate content slant from editorial slant, we find some evidence that editors are more partisan than journalists.
Share Repurchase Reasons and the Market Reaction to Actual Share Repurchases: Evidence from Australia

Using repurchase reasons provided by Australian companies for their stock repurchase programs, we ask if the market's response is different across repurchase motivations by examining actual daily share repurchases. We find that firms with the undervaluation motive experience a more positive stock price reaction when they report their repurchases to the market. We show that undervaluation motive firms repurchase fewer shares and have a lower program completion rate than other motives firms. During the 1‐year period following the repurchases, undervaluation motive firms do better than their control sample firms whereas other motive firms do not perform better or worse than their control sample firms. Overall, our results suggest that the undervaluation motive is a stronger signal than other repurchase motives, and contrary to the predictions of the standard signaling theories, management statements carry some value for the market. We also present some evidence suggesting that a costly action may not be needed for a signal to be credible.
Contracting and Coordination Under Asymmetric Production Cost Information

We analyze a supply chain consisting of a supplier and a retailer. The supplier’s unit production cost, which characterizes his type, is only privately known to him. When trading with the retailer, the supplier demands a reservation profit that depends on his unit production cost. We model this problem as a game of adverse selection. In this model, the retailer offers a menu of contracts, each of which consists of two parameters: the ordering quantity and the supplier’s share of the channel profit. We show that the optimal contract depends critically on a surrogate measure. This measure represents the size of the outside market that the supplier may serve if not trading with the retailer. An important implication from our analysis is that information asymmetry alone does not necessarily induce loss in channel efficiency. The optimal contract can coordinate the supply chain as long as the size of the outside market is comparable to the quantities required by the retailer. We further discuss the retailer’s preference of the supplier’s type under different market conditions, as well as evaluate the effects of the supplier’s reservation profit, the retail price, and the demand uncertainty on the optimal contract.
Understanding dynamics between initial trust and usage intentions of mobile banking

Mobile banking is an emerging application of mobile commerce that could become an additional revenue source to both banks and telecom service providers. It is a form of service convergence enabled by innovative technologies. Despite the alleged benefits of mobile banking, its acceptance has been short of industry expectations. One plausible explanation may be consumers' initial lack of trust in available services. The objective of our research is to reveal the mechanisms associated with the initial formation of people's trust in mobile banking and intention to use the service. For this, we attempt to understand the effect of four antecedent variables (structural assurances, relative benefits, personal propensity to trust and firm reputation) on shaping a person's initial trust in mobile banking and its usage intention. They represent four types of trust‐inducing forces: institutional offering (structural assurances), cognition (perceived benefits), personality (personal propensity) and firm characteristics (firm reputation). We examine individual significance of the selected antecedents and also their comparative reliability in explaining the two exogenous variables. The technical basis of our empirical research is the innovative mobile banking solution that uses cellphones with a built‐in smart chipset. The survey data are analyzed using structural equation modelling. The analysis showed that three variables (relative benefits, propensity to trust and structural assurances) had a significant effect on initial trust in mobile banking. Also, the perception of initial trust and relative benefits was vital in promoting personal intention to make use of related services. However, contrary to our expectation, the reputation as a firm characteristics variable failed to attract people to mobile banking.
How Do Investors Regard ESOs

All top-50 and more than 80% of the top-500 Australian listed companies now reward their executives with stock options (ESOs) of one kind or another.1 We address the question: “Which method of accounting for ESOs — current practice, the US FASB's recommended practice or the AASB's preferred position — most closely reflects investors' pricing decisions? ” We answer the question using models that relate a company's stock price to its earnings and book value of equity calculated according to these three choices of accounting treatment.
An EHR interface for viewing and accessing patient health events from collaborative sources

Physicians must collaborate with a variety of healthcare professionals during the course of their duties. This results in the accumulation of numerous pieces of patient information from a variety of sources that must be consulted in order for physicians to provide comprehensive treatment for their patients. Efficient access to laboratory results, radiology reports, correspondence with other colleagues and the physician's own notes is crucial if effective patient care is to be delivered. This paper describes a web-based user interface prototype which can allow physicians to rapidly access and retrieve data from a number of collaborative sources while at the same time preserving a contextual overview of the abundant number of health events that can occur during a patient's excursion through the healthcare system. Health events originating from a variety of domains, such as laboratories, radiology, pharmacies and other physicians, are temporally arranged on a grid to give a physician a contextual overview of all the health events that have occurred during the course of a patient's treatment. A navigation scheme is then proposed which allows physicians to effortlessly access information within a single source or across multiple sources. This provides physicians with a means of quickly accessing several sections of a patient chart without having to navigate an unwieldy number of menus, pop-up windows or pulldown lists.
Measuring Restaurant Patrons’ Perceptions and Expectations: An Importance–Performance Analysis Using the DinEX Model

This pilot study analyzes the importance and performance of specific restaurant attributes presented in the DinEX instrument, which focuses on newer dimensions such as social connectedness. An importance-performance analysis was conducted using the attributes presented in the DinEX model to assess customers’ expectations, and to analyze whether the performance of a specific casual-dining restaurant in the southeastern United States meets those expectations or not. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed and a sample of 209 respondents was obtained. Results show that food, service, and atmosphere are important attributes for customers, while social and health domains are not. Implications for practitioners and academics are discussed.
Time-Varying Parameters and the Out-of-Sample Forecasting Performance of Structural Exchange Rate Models

Varying-parameter estimation techniques based on recursive application of the Kalman filter are used to improve the predictive performance of a class of monetary exchange rate models. I find that allowing estimated parameters to vary over time enhances the models' forecasting performance for the dollar–pound, dollar–mark, and dollar–yen exchange rates. Contrary to earlier results in the literature, ex-post forecasts for the dollar-mark rate compare favorably with those obtained from the naive random walk forecasting rule.
Macroeconomic Rates of Return of Public and Private Investment: Crowding-In and Crowding-Out Effects

Using annual data from 14 European Union countries, plus Canada, Japan and the United States, we evaluate the macroeconomic effects of public and private investment through VAR analysis. From impulse response functions, we are able to assess the extent of crowding-in or crowding-out of both components of investment. We also compute the associated macroeconomic rates of return of public and private investment for each country. The results point mostly to the existence of positive effects of public investment and private investment on output. On the other hand, the crowding-in effects of public investment on private investment vary across countries, while the crowding-in effect of private investment on public investment is more generalised.