Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dual identification in multinational corporations: local managers and their psychological attachment to the subsidiary versus the global organization

This article reports the results of an empirical case study conducted in India and Pakistan on dual identification in a multinational corporation (MNC). It is often stated in the management literature that it is vital for MNC managerial employees worldwide to share the organization's core values and goals, that is, to identify with the organization as a global entity. The underlying assumption is that it is possible, not to mention desirable, for the MNC as a global entity to be the main identification focus for its managers worldwide. Yet there appears to be a general preference for identification with relatively small social units, such as what the MNC subsidiary represents. This study investigates, with the aid of social identity theory, the patterns and strength of employee identification with the local subsidiary versus the global organization. The study also examines whether the type of MNC subsidiary might have an effect on local/global patterns of employee identification. The results reveal that respondents exhibit dual identification, and generally identify more strongly with their subsidiary. The type of MNC subsidiary appears to have an effect on local/global patterns of identification.
Why Do You Control? The Concept of Control Purpose and Its Implications for IS Project Control Research

Existing IS project control research primarily draws on agency theory to conceptualize control, relating control closely to aligning behaviors of self-interested controllees with organizational objectives. Recent studies in neighboring disciplines, however, suggest that the agency view of control is too narrow to fully understand control activities. Informed by these studies as well as drawing on stewardship and coordination theory, we introduce the concept of control purpose to the IS literature. We define this concept as the intentions underlying the controller’s control activities, and distinguish between appropriationand coordination-oriented controls. To evaluate the control purpose concept, we conduct a secondary analysis of 21 IS project control case studies. Results show that, despite their stated agency focus, most studies report on controls addressing both appropriation concerns and coordination requirements. On this basis, we discuss two potential research areas, knowledge management and control dynamics, where the control purpose concept can offer novel insights.
Panic escape polyethism in worker and soldier Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Termites were the first animal to form societies. Two hundred million years of evolution provide for a multitude of innate social behaviors that can be experimentally dissected. These fine‐tuned patterns of behavior are especially interesting when observing group decision making in the panic mode. In this study, we examined behavioral patterns of termites under panic conditions to gain insight into how an escape flow self‐organizes. One hundred worker and 10 soldier Coptotermes formosanus were released into agar plates. After a disturbance was created most workers followed each other and ran along the wall of dishes, thus forming a unidirectional escape flow, whereas soldiers showed a significantly higher frequency of moving to the center of the arena or on periphery of the escape flow as compared to workers. Agonistic behavior was usually observed as soldiers moved to center or periphery. This is the first report on the behavioral repertoire of termites when panicked, with details on the behavioral polymorphism of workers and soldiers during an escape.
Change in maternal cardiac output from preconception to mid‐pregnancy is associated with birth weight in healthy pregnancies

Birth weight (BW) is thought to be determined by maternal health and genetic, nutritional and placental factors, the latter being influenced by anatomical development and perfusion. Maternal cardiovascular changes contribute to uteroplacental perfusion; however, they have not yet been investigated in relation to fetal growth or BW. Our aim was to explore the relationship between maternal cardiovascular adaptation, fetal growth and BW in healthy pregnancies.
2‐Chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine) induces apoptosis in human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells

2‐Chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine, CdA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is licensed to treat hairy cell leukaemia, and has been shown recently to have beneficial effects in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The therapeutic effects of CdA have been suggested to be mediated partly through its potent toxicity towards lymphocytes. However, the effects of CdA on other immune cells are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CdA on the induction of apoptosis in human monocytes, monocyte‐derived immature (ImDC) and mature (mDC) dendritic cells. Treatment of monocytes with CdA strongly induced apoptosis after 24 h, while apoptosis induction in DC was evident after 72 h. Furthermore, CdA treatment strongly induced caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 in monocytes, whereas activation of caspases was undetected in DC. The mitochondrial membrane potential in DC was reduced significantly after CdA treatment. DNA hypodiploid assessment showed fragmented nuclei in DC after CdA treatment together with activation of p53 protein. These results revealed that CdA induces caspase‐independent apoptosis in DC and suggest cell type specific effects of CdA. This mechanism may contribute to the effect of CdA in autoimmune diseases.
Functional organization of climbing fibre projection to the cerebellar anterior lobe of the rat

1 The input characteristics and distribution of climbing fibre field potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of various parts of the skin were investigated in the cerebellum of barbiturate anaesthetized rats. Climbing fibre responses were recorded in sagittally oriented microelectrode tracks across the mediolateral width of the anterior lobe. 2 Climbing fibres with similar response latencies and convergence patterns terminated in sagittal bands with widths of 0.5–1.5 mm. The principal organization of the anterior lobe with respect to input characteristics and locations of sagittal zones was similar to that in the cat and ferret. Hence, the sagittal bands in the rat were tentatively named the a, b, c1, c2 and d1 zones. 3 In contrast to the cat and ferret, the a zone of the rat was characterized by short latency ipsilateral climbing fibre input. Furthermore, it was divisible into a medial ‘a1′ zone with convergent, proximal input and a lateral ‘ax’ zone with somatotopically organized input. A forelimb area with similar location and input characteristics as the X zone of the cat was found, but it formed an integral part of the ax zone. A somatotopic organization of ipsilateral, short latency climbing fibre input was alsofound in the c1 zone. 4 Rostrally in the anterior lobe, climbing fibres activated at short latencies from the ipsilateral side of the body terminated in a somatotopically organized transverse band which extended from the midline to the lateral end of the anterior lobe. 5 The absence of the C3 and Y zones may be interpreted as a reflection of differences in the organization of the motor systems in the rat as compared with the cat. Skilled movements, which in the cat are controlled by the C1, C3 and Y zones via the anterior interposed nucleus, may in the rat be partly controlled by the ax zone via the rostrolateral part of the fastigial nucleus.
SEU-X: A SEu un-excitability prover for SRAM-FPGAs

We propose an un-excitability prover for Single Event Upset (SEU) faults affecting the configuration memory of logic resources of SRAM-FPGA systems. In particular, we focus on the subset of untestable faults that cannot even be excited, with the aim of optimizing the generation of test patterns, in particular for in-service testing. SEUs in configuration bits of the logic resources actually used by the system are addressed. This makes our fault model much more accurate than the classical stuck-at fault model. The tool relies on the SAL specification language for the modeling of netlists, and on the SAL model checker for the proof of the un-excitability of faults. Results from the application of the tool to some circuits from the ISCAS and ITC benchmarks are reported.
Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Modulates Trophoblast Cytokine/Chemokine Production1

It is well established that intrauterine infections can pose a threat to pregnancy by gaining access to the placenta and fetus, and clinical studies have strongly linked bacterial infections with preterm labor. Although Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) can infect the placenta and decidua, little is known about its effects on trophoblast cell immune function. We have demonstrated that Ct infects trophoblast cells to form inclusions and completes the life cycle within these cells by generating infectious elementary bodies. Moreover, infection with Ct leads to differential modulation of the trophoblast cell’s production of cytokines and chemokines. Using two human first trimester trophoblast cell lines, Sw.71 and H8, the most striking feature we found was that Ct infection results in a strong induction of IL-1β secretion and a concomitant reduction in MCP-1 (CCL2) production in both cell lines. In addition, we have found that Ct infection of the trophoblast results in the cleavage and degradation of NF-κB p65. These findings suggest that the effect of a Chlamydia infection on trophoblast secretion of chemokines and cytokines involves both activation of innate immune receptors expressed by the trophoblast and virulence factors secreted into the trophoblast by the bacteria. Such altered trophoblast innate immune responses may have a profound impact on the microenvironment of the maternal-fetal interface and this could influence pregnancy outcome.
FANET Application Scenarios and Mobility Models

FANETs are a promising solution for application scenarios involving UAVs. There are many mobility models that can be used to reproduce the behavior of the mobile nodes in an ad-hoc network, but some of these cannot simulate the realistic motion of UAVs. In this paper we list the available mobility models and try to understand which ones should be adopted for different FANET application scenarios, discussing their pros and cons.
Two-Sided Uncertainty and "Up-or-Out" Contracts

A bilateral moral-hazard problem provides a rationale for "up-or-out" employment contracts. The employer sets a wage higher than opportunity cost to induce the worker to invest in firm-specific capital. If the individual does not make the grade, it is in the firm's interest ex post to fire him. Had the initial arrangement not included provisions for firing individuals, the firm would underreport the value of the employee, wrecking the incentive scheme. The basic model permits both firm and worker to be risk neutral. Therefore, it admits a straightforward multiperiod extension, which we also investigate.
Novel organization and sequences of five genes encoding all six enzymes for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in Trypanosoma cruzi.

A 25 kb segment of genomic DNA from Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, was sequenced. It contains five genes, pyr1, pyr2, pyr3, pyr4, and pyr6-5, encoding all six enzymes involved in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, aspartate carbamoyltransferase, dihydroorotase, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase linked with orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, respectively. The pyr genes constitute a polycistronic transcription unit on an 800 kb chromosomal DNA in the order of pyr1, pyr3, pyr6-5, pyr2, and pyr4 from the 5' terminus, with intervening sequences of 2.2, 0.4, 8.1, and 0.8 kb. The amino acid sequences deduced from the trypanosomatid pyr genes, except for pyr6, showed closer similarities to mammalian and yeast sequences, and less similarity to archaeal and bacterial sequences. The last two enzymes encoded by a single gene, pyr6-5, are covalently linked in the order opposite to mammalian pyr5-6, and possess a putative glycosomal targeting signal tripeptide, serine-lysine-leucine, at the C terminus. The calculated isoelectric points of 9.3 and 9.9 are also diagnostic of the glycosomal localization of these enzymes. We conclude that the T. cruzi pyr gene organization represents an early progenitor in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in eukaryotic lineage, and that the independent pyr genes may have evolved before the gene fusion events that resulted in the three mammalian-type genes, pyr1-3-2, pyr4, and pyr5-6, for UMP synthesis. Peculiarities in the trypanosomatid pyr6-5 gene product are discussed.
The Behavioral Implications of Consumer Trust Across Brick-and-Mortar and Online Retail Channels

Abstract Changes in the retail environment have stimulated retailers to develop strategies aimed at synchronizing multiple, complementary channels to service an increasingly diverse consumer marketplace. In this research, two studies are presented to test a model of the behavioral implications of trust in brick-and-mortar and online retail channels. Results from Study 1 indicate that trust was influenced primarily by channel interactivity, and that trust, in turn, influenced behavioral loyalty to the channel as well as intention to purchase from the channel in both brick-and-mortar and online retail channels. Results from Study 2 demonstrate carry-over effects from a retailer's online channel to its brick-and-mortar channel. Academic and practitioner implications related to multi-channel retailing are presented.
Checking accounts: what do banks offer and what do consumers value?

Recent evidence shows that the supply of deposits to checking accounts is not elastic with respect to the interest rates paid. That suggests that various features attached to checking accounts may be important in determining the supply of deposits and banks' and revenues from the fees. This study uses a national survey of checking accounts offered by financial institutions in 25 major metropolitan areas in the United States to analyze the effects of restrictions and fees imposed on checking account holders on the supply of deposits and on the banks' check fee revenues. The author places particular emphasis on relatively new restrictions designed to induce customers to adopt cost-saving behavior, such as restrictions on the return of canceled checks and on the use of live tellers. She finds the supply of deposits into checking accounts to be responsive to the bank's per-item fees, check return restrictions, teller restrictions, and foreign ATM fees. Because of this sensitivity of deposit supply, raising most of those fees was found to lower bank revenues from servicing the checking accounts. Only the fee on check return and the NSF fee were found to significantly raise bank revenues.
Mocap: large-scale inference of transcription factor binding sites from chromatin accessibility

Differential binding of transcription factors (TFs) at cis-regulatory loci drives the differentiation and function of diverse cellular lineages. Understanding the regulatory interactions that underlie cell fate decisions requires characterizing TF binding sites (TFBS) across multiple cell types and conditions. Techniques, e.g. ChIP-Seq can reveal genome-wide patterns of TF binding, but typically requires laborious and costly experiments for each TF-cell-type (TFCT) condition of interest. Chromosomal accessibility assays can connect accessible chromatin in one cell type to many TFs through sequence motif mapping. Such methods, however, rarely take into account that the genomic context preferred by each factor differs from TF to TF, and from cell type to cell type. To address the differences in TF behaviors, we developed Mocap, a method that integrates chromatin accessibility, motif scores, TF footprints, CpG/GC content, evolutionary conservation and other factors in an ensemble of TFCT-specific classifiers. We show that integration of genomic features, such as CpG islands improves TFBS prediction in some TFCT. Further, we describe a method for mapping new TFCT, for which no ChIP-seq data exists, onto our ensemble of classifiers and show that our cross-sample TFBS prediction method outperforms several previously described methods.
Discretionary behavior with respect to the adoption of SFAS no. 142 and the behavior of security prices

Purpose - This study aims to examine whether managers use discretion in determining transitional goodwill impairment loss (initial impairment loss or IIL) upon the adoption of SFAS no. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, and whether and how the market reacts to the impairment loss and to the absence of goodwill amortization. Design/methodology/approach - Various empirical models are applied to a sample of 870 firms that completed the IIL test. Findings - It is found that more highly leveraged firms (firms that have undergone a recent management change) report lower (greater) goodwill impairment. Stock return is not associated with a boost in earnings caused by elimination of goodwill amortization, but it is negatively associated with an unexpected IIL, with the association being stronger for highly leveraged firms. Subsequently, analysts revise earnings forecasts for upcoming quarters downward in response to the unexpected IIL. Research limitations/implications - Possibility of measurement errors in proxies is a caveat. Practical implications - The findings are consistent with the strategic reduction of the goodwill impairment by management to avoid the violation of debt covenants and with the notion that new managers take a big bath so they can report higher earnings in the future. The market tests imply that unexpected IIL provides value-relevant information about a negative view of the future profit-making potential of the firm or an adverse impact on its debt contracts. No association with elimination of goodwill amortization can be interpreted as the market's anticipation or the lack of information content in goodwill amortization. Originality/value - This research helps better understand the importance of managers' incentives in determining IIL as well as the stock market effect of the announcement of the IIL and the exclusion of goodwill amortization.
Prevalence of radiologic superior canal dehiscence in normal ears and ears with chronic otitis media

Although labyrinth fistulae are caused mostly by cholesteatoma, they can occur in long‐standing chronic otitis media (COM) without cholesteatoma. We aimed to compare the prevalence of radiologic SCD on computed tomography (CT) between normal ears and contralateral COM ears in patients with unilateral COM and to assess the prevalence of superior canal dehiscence (SCD) according to the age.
Linearity with Project Selection and Controllable Diffusion Rate in Continuous-Time Principal-Agent Problems

I extend Holmstrom and Milgrom's model by allowing the agent to control privately or publicly the diffusion-rate process, and show that the optimal contract is still linear. I discuss the conditions under which conflicts over the choice of diffusion rate do and do not arise. As an application, I examine project- selection problems of a firm. Conflicts between the manager and investors arise because giving the manager too much incentive to work to increase the profit from ongoing operations can induce him to be too conservative in project selection, possibly resulting in optimal contracts with low sensitivities.
Cleft Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine and Moldova

List of Tables, Figures, and PicturesForeword by Francis FukuyamaAcknowledgements1. Introduction2. Cleft countries: A theoretical and comparative framework3. Regional political divisions in post-Communist Ukraine and Moldova4. Evolution of regional political cultures in Ukraine and Moldova5. Culture, ethnicity, economy, and political leadership6. ConclusionAppendicesBibliographyIndex
Share Repurchases and Firm Behavior

Share repurchases have become an increasingly popular method for companies to distribute cash to its shareholders as many countries have removed restrictions related to this activity. By using a new and unique data set with complete information of each repurchase program, the long-run share price performance following actual share repurchases and whether managers trade strategically are examined for a sample of Swedish firms. I find that the announcement effect surrounding the first repurchase date is small but that repurchasing firms on average outperform several benchmarks during the first three years and thereby exhibit superior information of the stock price. Evidence of strategic trading is documented in small market cap firms. Finally, I document that Swedish firms repurchase more in the first half compared to the second half of the program and also that a higher completion rate is associated with high abnormal return.
Web-based Learning in a Geometry Course

This study concerns applying Web-based learning with learner controlled instructional materials in a geometry course. The experimental group learned in a Web-based learning environment, and the control group learned in a classroom. We observed that the learning method accounted for a total variation in learning effect of 19.1% in the 3 rd grade and 36.5% in the 6 th grade. The main factor in the difference was attributed to the students’ ability to apply information technology. We further found that students need more communication with peers, teachers, and lecture materials when learning via the Internet. We are encouraged that progress in the technological advances of the Internet will make it more convenient and more effective for use in Web-based learning.
Impact of non-traditional activities on the efficiency of Indian banks: an empirical investigation

This article investigates the relevance of the inclusion of non-traditional activities in the specification of banks' output on the efficiency of Indian banks. The results indicate that the exclusion of non-traditional activities not only understates the cost, technical and allocative efficiencies of individual banks but also affects the ranking of ownership groups in the industry. In particular, when a proxy for non-traditional activities is accounted for in the output specification, the foreign banks appear to be more efficient than public and private sector banks. Overall, the results reinforce the prevailing view in the extant literature that the exclusion of non-traditional activities causes misspecification of banks' output, and may distort the efficiency estimates.