Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Human Respiratory Viruses in Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Jinan, China

The viral etiologies of UTRIs and LTRIs in children in Jinan city were investigated between July 2009 and June 2010. Nasal and throat swabs were collected from 397 children with URTIs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens were collected from 323 children with LRTIs. RT-PCR/PCR was used to examine all samples for IFV, PIV, RSV, RV, hMPV, HBoV, CoV, ADV, RSV, and EV. Viral pathogens were detected in 47.10% of URTI samples and 66.57% samples, and the incidence of viral coinfection was 5.29% and 21.05%, respectively. IFV was the most common virus in URTIs, with a detection rate of 19.40%, followed by PIV (10.83%), RV (10.58%), and EV (6.30%). For LRTIs, PIV and RV were both detected in 27% of samples, followed by RSV (9.91%), HBoV (8.36%), IFV (5.57%), and hMPV (5.57%). RSV and HBoV were more prevalent in the youngest children of no more than six months. Meanwhile, RV, PIV, and RSV were the most frequent viruses combined with bacterial pathogens in LRTIs. In conclusion, the spectrum of respiratory virus infections in URTIs and LRTIs differed in terms of the most common pathogens, seasonal distribution, and coinfection rate.
Trading Activity , Illiquidity Costs and Stock Returns ¤

This paper analyzes the ability of trading activity to explain cross-sectional variation in expected stock returns. We depart from the previous literature in not taking for granted that turnover is solely a proxy for liquidity. Instead, we test the impact of trading activity on monthly stock returns, after controlling for the usual factors (.rm size, book-to-market-ratio and momentum) and for illiquidity costs. We estimate illiquidity costs (price impact of a trade) using intraday data from 1993 to 2002 for a large sample of NYSE and Nasdaq stocks. The results for the entire sample period provide evidence that higher turnover rates are associated with lower future returns after controlling for these costs. We also . nd evidence that the e¤ect of illiquidity costs is related to . rm size. Yet, for large and glamour stocks, which are very liquid, the e¤ect of trading activity is still statistically and economically signi.cant. During the dot-com period of 1998-2000, we observe that the turnover e¤ect is highly volatile across months and it is not signi.cantly negative. These . ndings call into question the presumption that trading activity is solely a proxy for liquidity. JEL classi.cation: G12; G14
FROST: A Distributed Neurocomputational Model of Working Memory Maintenance

Many studies suggest that the sustained activation underlying working memory (WM) maintenance is mediated by a distributed network that includes the prefrontal cortex and other structures (e.g., posterior parietal cortex, thalamus, globus pallidus, and the caudate nucleus). A computational model of WM, called FROST (short for FROntal-Striatal-Thalamic), is proposed in which the representation of items and spatial positions is encoded in the lateral prefrontal cortex. During delay intervals, activation in these prefrontal cells is sustained via parallel, prefrontal cortical-thalamic loops. Activation reverberates in these loops because prefrontal cortical excitation of the head of the caudate nucleus leads to disinhibition of the thalamus (via the globus pallidus). FROST successfully accounts for a wide variety of WM data, including single-cell recording data and human behavioral data.
Adaptive semantic Bayesian framework for image attention

Image attention is the basic technique for many computer vision applications. In this paper, we propose an adaptive Bayesian framework to detect the image attention in color image. Firstly, three simple semantics and subtractive clustering are used to construct attention Gaussians mixture model (AGMM) and background Gaussians mixture model (BGMM). Secondly, the Bayesian framework is utilized to classify each pixel into attention objects and background objects. Thirdly, EM algorithm is used to update the parameters of AGMM, BGMM, and Bayesian framework according to the detection results. Finally, the above classification and update procedures are repeated until the detection results become steady. Experimental results on typical images exhibit the robustness of the proposed method.
An Eye Gaze Model for Dyadic Interaction in an Immersive Virtual Environment: Practice and Experience

This paper describes a behavioural model used to simulate realistic eye‐gaze behaviour and body animations for avatars representing participants in a shared immersive virtual environment (IVE). The model was used in a study designed to explore the impact of avatar realism on the perceived quality of communication within a negotiation scenario. Our eye‐gaze model was based on data and studies carried out on the behaviour of eye‐gaze during face‐to‐face communication. The technical features of the model are reported here. Information about the motivation behind the study, experimental procedures and a full analysis of the results obtained are given in [ 17 ].
THE GENETICS OF CENTRAL AND MARGINAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA SERRATA. I. GENETIC VARIATION FOR STRESS RESISTANCE AND SPECIES BORDERS

A selection experiment was used to determine if levels of genetic variance in an ecologically important trait, desiccation resistance, were different in central and marginal populations. Four populations of Drosophila serrata were sampled from central and marginal areas of its distribution, along a 3000‐km stretch of Australia's east coast. Rainfall patterns along this stretch of coastline change from a tropical cycle in the north to a temperate cycle in the south. Replicate lines from the four populations underwent selection for desiccation resistance for 14 generations. Realized heritabilities calculated after 10 and 14 generations of selection indicated that the four populations differed significantly in the level of genetic variation for desiccation resistance available to selection. Populations from the more southern marginal areas had lower realized heritabilities than more northern central populations. However, a corresponding increase in mean desiccation resistance toward the margin was not found. A mechanism by which D. serrata seemed to have responded to selection was a reduction in the extent that metabolic rate was increased when flies were exposed to low humidity. This response indicates genetic variation for the control of metabolic rate. In contrast, increased desiccation resistance was not associated with lipid or glycogen levels. Increased resistance to desiccation was accompanied by increased starvation resistance, but radiation resistance was not affected. Selection did not affect the degree that replicate lines or populations had diverged.
Recognition, management and outcome of psychological disorders in primary care: a naturalistic follow-up study

Synopsis This article addresses the issues of recognition and labelling of psychological disorders (PDs) by general practitioners (GPs), and he association of recognition with management and outcome. Nearly 2000 attenders of 25 GPs were screened with the GHQ and a stratified sample of 296 patients was examined twice, using the Present State Examination (PSE) and Groningen Social Disability Schedule (GSDS). Prevalence rates of PDs according to the GHQ, GP and PSE were 46%, 26% and 15% respectively. For the 1450 ‘new’ patients, i.e. patients who had no PD diagnosed by their GP in the 12 months prior to the enrolment visit, these rates were 38%, 14%, and 10%. GPs missed half of the PSE cases and typically assigned non-specific diagnoses to recognized cases. Depressions were more readily recognized than anxiety disorders, and the detection rates for severe disorders were higher than those for less severe disorders. Recognition was strongly associated with management and outcome. Recognized as compared to non-recognized cases were more likely to receive mental health interventions from their GP and had better outcomes in terms of both psychopathology and social functioning. Initial severity, psychological reasons for encounter, recency of onset, diagnostic category, and psychiatric comorbidity were related to both better recognition and outcome. However, these variables could not account for the association of recognition with management and outcome, but some did modify the association. A causal model of the relationships is presented and possible reasons for non-recognition and for the beneficial effects of recognition are discussed.
Anti-Apoptotic Action of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I During Human Preimplantation Embryo Development

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been shown to increase the proportion of embryos forming blastocysts and the number of inner cell mass cells in human and other mammalian preimplantation embryos. Here we examined whether the increased cell number resulted from increased cell division or decreased cell death. Normally fertilized, Day 2 human embryos of good morphology were cultured to Day 6 in glucose-free Earle's balanced salt solution supplemented with 1 mM glutamine, with (n = 42) and without (n = 45) 1.7 nM IGF-I. Apoptotic cells in Day 6 blastocysts were identified using terminal deoxynucleotidyl dUTP terminal transferase (TUNEL) labeling to detect DNA fragmentation and 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) counterstain to evaluate nuclear morphology. The number of nuclei and extent of DNA and nuclear fragmentation was assessed using laser scanning confocal microscopy. IGF-I significantly increased the proportion of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage from 49% (control) to 74% (+IGF-I) (P < 0.05). IGF-I also significantly decreased the mean proportion of apoptotic nuclei from 16.3 ± 2.9% (–IGF-I) to 8.7 ± 1.4% (+IGF-I) (P < 0.05). The total number of cells remained similar between both groups (61.7 ± 4.6 with IGF-I; 54.5 ± 5.1 without IGF-I). The increased number of blastocysts combined with reduced cell death suggests that IGF-I is rescuing embryos in vitro which would otherwise arrest and acting as a survival factor during preimplantation human development.
Pdx1 Expression in Irs2-deficient Mouse β-Cells Is Regulated in a Strain-dependent Manner*

We previously demonstrated that Irs2-/- mice develop diabetes due to β-cell growth failure and insulin resistance; however, glucose-induced insulin secretion was increased in islets isolated from Irs2-/- mice. Pdx-1, a transcription factor important for maintenance of the β-cell function, was recently reported to be severely reduced in Irs2-/- murine β-cells. We report herein that Pdx-1 expression, including the amount of Pdx-1 localized in the nucleus, is not down-regulated in our Irs2-/- murine β-cells with a C57BL/6 background. We have also demonstrated the expression of upstream genes of Pdx-1, such as HNF3β and HNF1α, as well as its downstream genes, including insulin, Glut2, and Nkx6.1, to be well preserved. We have further demonstrated Pdx-1 expression to also be preserved in β-cells of 30-week-old diabetic Irs2-/- mice. In addition, surprisingly, even in Irs2-/- mice on a high fat diet with markedly elevated blood glucose, exceeding 400 mg/dl, Pdx-1 expression was not reduced. Furthermore, we found Pdx-1 to be markedly decreased in certain severely diabetic Irs2-/- mice with a mixed C57BL/6J × 129Sv background. We conclude that 1) Pdx-1 expression in Irs2-/- mice is regulated in a strain-dependent manner, 2) Irs2-/- mice develop diabetes associated with β-cell growth failure even when Pdx1 expression is preserved, and 3) Pdx-1 expression is preserved in severely hyperglycemic Irs2-/- mice with a C57BL/6 background on a high fat diet.
ANALISIS PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KINERJA KARYAWAN(Studi Pada PT. Dok & Perkapalan Kodja Bahari (Persero) Cabang Semarang)

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi hubungan antara gaya kepemimpinan, budaya organisasi, kepuasan kerja dan kinerja karyawan dalam sampel karyawan di PT. Dok & Perkapalan Kodja Bahari (Persero) Cabang Semarang. Data diperoleh melalui kuesioner dan model penelitian diuji dengan model persamaan struktural/structural equation modeling.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa semua hipotesis diterima. Hasil akhir analisis SEM telah memenuhi kriteria indeks kelayakan model (Goodness of fit index criteria; Chi square = 261,212; Probability= 0,241; RMSEA= 0,023; GFI= 0,846; AGFI= 0,812; CFI= 0,995; TLI= 0,994; CMIN/df= 1,062, semua memenuhi kriteria kecuali nilai GFI dan AGFI adalah marginal. Selain itu diperoleh hasil bahwa semua hipotesis yang diajukan dapat diterima. Gaya kepemimpinan dan budaya organisasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan, gaya kepemimpinan dan budaya organisasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja karyawan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui kepuasan kerja. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa Budaya organisasi paling berpengaruh kuat terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kinerja karyawan. Berdasarkan hasil data, maka model yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini dapat diterima.Atas dasar hasil tersebut, implikasi manajerial yang dapat disarankan adalah peningkatan kepuasan kerja dan kinerja karyawan dapat dicapai dengan menciptakan dan menjaga budaya keterlibatan dalam budaya organisasi perusahaan, menerapkan gaya kepemimpinan partisipatif sejalan dengan memberikan tingkat gaji yang dirasa memuaskan bagi karyawan.
Creation of X-Ray Cavities in Galaxy Clusters with Cosmic Rays

We describe how AGN-produced cosmic rays form large X-ray cavities and radio lobes in the hot diffuse gas in galaxy groups and clusters. Cosmic rays are assumed to be produced in a small shocked region near the cavity center, such as at the working surface of a radio jet. The coupled equations for gas dynamics and cosmic ray diffusion are solved with various assumptions about the diffusion coefficient. To form large, long-lived cavities similar to those observed, the diffusion coefficient must not exceed κ ~ 1028 cm2 s-1 in the hot gas, very similar to values required in models of cosmic ray diffusion in the Milky Way. When κ ≲ 1028 cm2 s-1, cosmic rays are confined within the cavities for times comparable to the cavity buoyancy time, as implied by observations of X-ray cavities and their radio synchrotron emission. Collisions of proton cosmic rays with thermal plasma nuclei followed by π0-decays can result in enhanced gamma-ray emission from the cavity walls.
The Meeting Genre Across Cultures

The current study examines cross-cultural differences in norms for meetings. Following Eisenhardt, we used a broad set of conceptual dimensions for analyzing meetings as a genre of organizational communication (Yates & Orlikowski) to guide a within- and cross-case analysis of meetings in two cultures. Our goal was to discover the possible existence of patterns and interpretations within cultures, and contrasts and explanations across cultures. Data from three different data sets were analyzed encompassing a total of 10 teams each with German and U.S. American subgroups. Findings show that Germans and U.S. Americans have different expectations and practices concerning the purpose, content, structure, and timing of meetings, and the roles of participants. The underlying meaning of these differences is explored. Theoretical and practical contributions of the work are discussed.
Structure‐activity relations of amiloride and its analogues in blocking the mechanosensitive channel in Xenopus oocytes

1 Patch clamp recording techniques have been used to compare the block caused by amiloride and some of its structural analogues of the mechanosensitive (MS) cation selective channel in frog (Xenopus laevis) oocytes. 2 Like amiloride, the amiloride analogues dimethylamiloride (DMA), benzamil and bromohexa‐methyleneamiloride (BrHMA) block the MS channel in a highly voltage‐dependent manner. 3 All analogues tested were more potent blockers than amiloride with IC50's of 500 μm (amiloride), 370 μm (DMA), 95 μm (benzamil) and 34 μm (BrHMA). 4 Hill plots gave Hill coefficients of 2 (amiloride), 1.8 (DMA), 1 (benzamil) and 1.2 (BrHMA) indicating that the binding of two ligand molecules may be necessary for the block caused by amiloride, DMA and possibly BrHMA whereas only a single ligand molecule may be required for the block by benzamil. 5 The potential use of BrHMA as a light‐activated, covalent label of the MS channel protein is discussed. 6 The amiloride analogue ‘fingerprinting’ of the blocking site on the MS channel indicates it is structurally different from previously described amiloride‐sensitive ion transport pathways but may be related to the amiloride binding site on outer hair cells of the ear.
Changing of the etiology of acute pancreatitis after using a systematic search.

BACKGROUND Alcohol and gallstone are the 2 most common etiologies of acute pancreatitis (AP). In Thailand, alcohol has been believed to be the leading etiology of AP. However, a thorough and systematic search may discover real etiology of AP. MATERIAL AND METHOD During 2006 to 2007, seventy-eight patients with AP were prospectively searched for the etiology by: 1. Performing liver chemistry tests and transabdominal ultrasonography (US) for gallstone in every case; 2. Measuring serum triglyceride and calcium in every case; 3. Investigating definite drugs use or other identified etiology; 4. Asking about the amount of alcohol ingestion (amount > 80 g/day for > 5 years was required for alcoholic AP; 5. Performing CT scan (if age > 40 years) and EUS if no etiology was identified. Results were compared with the retrospective data from medical records of 66 AP patients during 2003-2005. RESULTS Of the 78 patients, the etiologies were alcohol in 32 (41%), gallstones in 29 (37%), miscellaneous in 13 (17%) and idiopathic AP in 4 patients (5%). When compared with the retrospective data of the 66 patients over the past 3 years, the etiologies were alcohol 53%, gallstone 22%, miscellaneous 11% and idiopathic 14%. Among the 45 patients of the study period (58%) who consumed alcohol more than the defined threshold for alcoholic AP, 13 (29%) were found to have other explainable causes of AP, i.e gallstones in 10, hypertriglyceridemia in 2 and AIDS cholangiopathy in 1 patient. CONCLUSION Alcohol was probably over-diagnosed as a leading etiology of AP in the past. A systematic search of the etiologies lowered the frequency of alcoholic and idiopathic AP but discovered more patients with gallstone pancreatitis. One-fourth of AP patients who were heavy drinkers had other explainable etiologies of AP.
Brain networks predict metabolism, diagnosis and prognosis at the bedside in disorders of consciousness

Recent advances in functional neuroimaging have demonstrated novel potential for informing diagnosis and prognosis in the unresponsive wakeful syndrome and minimally conscious states. However, these technologies come with considerable expense and difficulty, limiting the possibility of wider clinical application in patients. Here, we show that high density electroencephalography, collected from 104 patients measured at rest, can provide valuable information about brain connectivity that correlates with behaviour and functional neuroimaging. Using graph theory, we visualize and quantify spectral connectivity estimated from electroencephalography as a dense brain network. Our findings demonstrate that key quantitative metrics of these networks correlate with the continuum of behavioural recovery in patients, ranging from those diagnosed as unresponsive, through those who have emerged from minimally conscious, to the fully conscious locked-in syndrome. In particular, a network metric indexing the presence of densely interconnected central hubs of connectivity discriminated behavioural consciousness with accuracy comparable to that achieved by expert assessment with positron emission tomography. We also show that this metric correlates strongly with brain metabolism. Further, with classification analysis, we predict the behavioural diagnosis, brain metabolism and 1-year clinical outcome of individual patients. Finally, we demonstrate that assessments of brain networks show robust connectivity in patients diagnosed as unresponsive by clinical consensus, but later rediagnosed as minimally conscious with the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised. Classification analysis of their brain network identified each of these misdiagnosed patients as minimally conscious, corroborating their behavioural diagnoses. If deployed at the bedside in the clinical context, such network measurements could complement systematic behavioural assessment and help reduce the high misdiagnosis rate reported in these patients. These metrics could also identify patients in whom further assessment is warranted using neuroimaging or conventional clinical evaluation. Finally, by providing objective characterization of states of consciousness, repeated assessments of network metrics could help track individual patients longitudinally, and also assess their neural responses to therapeutic and pharmacological interventions.
The trouble with de Sitter space

In this paper we assume the de Sitter space version of black hole Complementarity which states that a single causal patch of de Sitter space is described as an isolated finite temperature cavity bounded by a horizon which allows no loss of information. We discuss the how the symmetries of de Sitter space should be implemented. Then we prove a no go theorem for implementing the symmetries if the entropy is finite. Thus we must either give up the finiteness of de Sitter space entropy or the exact symmetry of the classical space. Each has interesting implications for the very long time behavior. We argue that the lifetime of a de Sitter phase can not exceed the Poincar? recurrence time. This is supported by recent results of Kachru, Kallosh, Linde and Trivedi.
Differential Response of Human and Mouse Dendritic Cells to VEGF Determines Interspecies Discrepancies in Tumor-Mediated Th1/Th2 Polarity Shift

Purpose: Metastatic cancer patients exhibit systemic dysregulation of immune polarity and are biased toward Th-2 immune responses. This is due, at least in part, to effects of VEGF on antigen presenting cell (APC) function. We therefore compared immune polarity changes in mouse models of cancer with those seen in human patients. Experimental Design: We measured plasma levels of vascular growth factors and multiple cytokines via ELISA and multiplex analysis in mice with transplantable and spontaneous tumors. We compared immune cell subsets in naive and vaccinated mice with and without tumors. We assessed cytokine immune responses by multiplex analysis. Finally, we assessed gene expression and receptor surface expression in response to VEGF in mouse and human APCs. Results: Although human patients have elevated plasma cytokines and altered immune polarity in response to antigen, mice have minimal immune abnormalities. Mouse VEGF does not mediate immune repolarization in vitro. Human but not mouse APCs upregulate VEGFR2 and downregulate interleukin (IL)-12β in response to VEGF. Conclusions: Whereas humans with metastatic cancer demonstrate dysregulated immune polarity in response to excess plasma VEGF, tumor mice do not. This appears to be due to differences in APC responses to VEGF stimulation. Differential immune effects of VEGF may represent a key species difference in the context of translation of preclinical cancer immunotherapeutics into early clinical testing. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 1776–83. ©2011 AACR.