Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patient‐controlled alfentanil

We have compared the opioid effects of a patient‐demand, target‐controlled infusion of alfentanil (n = 10), with patient‐controlled bolus administration of morphine (n = 10) following major spinal surgery in Chinese patients aged from 11 to 67 years. The same general anaesthesia regimen was used in all patients. One group of patients were given intra‐operative morphine analgesia followed by postoperative intravenous morphine patient‐controlled analgesia, while the other group received an intra‐operative target‐controlled infusion of alfentanil. Following surgery, the alfentanil group were given control of a handset and were able to increase the target alfentanil plasma level in 5ng.ml‐1 increments with a 2‐min lockout interval. If analgesia was not demanded within a 15‐min period, the computer reduced the target concentration by 5ng.ml‐1. All patients had continuous pulse oximetry monitoring and hourly recording of pain, sedation, nausea scores and respiratory rate. Patients receiving alfentanil had the target concentration noted hourly and four blood samples taken during the first 24 h for measurement of plasma alfentanil concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography. The alfentanil infusion system was equally effective as an analgesic technique when compared with morphine patient‐controlled analgesia. There were no hypoxaemic episodes (oxygen saturation <94%), no difference in sedation scores and the incidence of nausea (30%) was the same in both groups. There was a significantly (p < 0.001) lower respiratory rate in the alfentanil group compared with patients receiving morphine at, clinically assessed, equianalgesia. The predicted plasma alfentanil concentrations increased rapidly from about 30ng.ml‐1 during the first 4 h to around 100ng.ml‐1 at the end of the 24‐h study period. The precision of the target‐controlled infusion system was 75.4% and the mean prediction error (bias) 58.1%, suggesting an underestimation of the measured alfentanil concentrations by the alfentanil infusion system in these Chinese patients.
An atypical case of Foreign Accent Syndrome

A new case of Foreign Accent Syndrome is described. This American woman presented with a British‐ or Australian‐ sounding accent after stroke, which resulted in a lacunar infarct in the left internal capsule. The atypical etiology and apparent changes in lexical use are described. It is hypothesized that an abnormally tense vocal tract posture may account for phonetic changes in vowel quality and a higher average fundamental frequency.
PCOS and peripheral AMH levels in relation to FSH receptor gene single nucleotide polymorphisms

Objectives: To determine if an association exists between the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene p.Asn680Ser polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or with high anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels without PCOS. Patients: Fifty-eight women with PCOS, 24 women with high AMH (>44.5 pmol/L) without PCOS and 80 healthy ethnically matched female controls. Main outcome measures: Prevalence of the FSHR p.Asn680Ser polymorphism, baseline serum AMH levels and response to ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate. Results: The frequency of FSHR p.Asn680Ser genotypes were not significantly different between PCOS patients, patients with high AMH without PCOS and controls (p = 0.88). Of the women with PCOS, 34/58 were on clomiphene citrate treatment and 12/34 were resistant. There was no association between sensitivity or resistance to clomiphene and p.Asn680Ser genotypes (p = 0.38). Conclusions: There is no evidence that FSHR p.Asn680Ser genotypes are associated with PCOS, high AMH levels or response to clomiphene citrate.
Dust evolution, a global view: III. Core/mantle grains, organic nano-globules, comets and surface chemistry

Within the framework of The Heterogeneous dust Evolution Model for Interstellar Solids (THEMIS), this work explores the surface processes and chemistry relating to core/mantle interstellar and cometary grain structures and their influence on the nature of these fascinating particles. It appears that a realistic consideration of the nature and chemical reactivity of interstellar grain surfaces could self-consistently and within a coherent framework explain: the anomalous oxygen depletion, the nature of the CO dark gas, the formation of ‘polar ice’ mantles, the red wing on the 3 μm water ice band, the basis for the O-rich chemistry observed in hot cores, the origin of organic nano-globules and the 3.2 μm ‘carbonyl’ absorption band observed in comet reflectance spectra. It is proposed that the reaction of gas phase species with carbonaceous a-C(:H) grain surfaces in the interstellar medium, in particular the incorporation of atomic oxygen into grain surfaces in epoxide functional groups, is the key to explaining these observations. Thus, the chemistry of cosmic dust is much more intimately related with that of the interstellar gas than has previously been considered. The current models for interstellar gas and dust chemistry will therefore most likely need to be fundamentally modified to include these new grain surface processes.
Global Summit Consensus Conference on International Breast Health Care: Guidelines for Countries with Limited Resources

Among women around the world, breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths (1). Breast cancer mortality is highest in economically disadvantaged countries (2). Although countries with developed and well-established health care systems have comparatively higher rates of breast cancer diagnosis, they also have higher rates of breast cancer survival (3). The reason for the better survival observed in financially advantaged countries is multifactorial. Screening for and earlier diagnosis and comprehensive treatment of breast cancer appear to play synergistic roles in creating better outcomes. A key step in improving overall health care for women is to establish general guidelines for breast health care. Many guidelines have been developed for breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment (4–6). Such guidelines define evidence-based approaches to breast health care. However, guidelines from countries with abundant resources have limited applicability in countries with limited resources. Health care resources vary tremendously in different parts of the world because of differing socioeconomic factors, health care systems, and political and geographic factors. Furthermore, it is possible that the biologic behavior of breast cancer varies in different regions of the world due to genetic and environmental factors. As a result, optimal approaches to breast health care may vary in different parts of the world. General guidelines for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer need to be established. Such guidelines can be used as a benchmark for growth of and improvement in health care, particularly in countries with limited resources. However, many regions of the world have no organized programs for breast health care. Since health care systems cannot be transformed all at once, a primary question becomes where initial efforts should be directed to best alleviate the devastating effects of this disease.
Cognitive impairment in rapid‐onset dystonia‐parkinsonism

Rapid‐onset dystonia‐parkinsonism (RDP) is caused by mutations in the ATP1A3 gene. This observational study sought to determine if cognitive performance is decreased in patients with RDP compared with mutation‐negative controls. We studied 22 familial RDP patients, 3 non‐motor‐manifesting mutation‐positive family members, 29 mutation‐negative family member controls in 9 families, and 4 unrelated RDP patients, totaling 58 individuals. We administered a movement disorder assessment, including the Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and a cognitive battery of memory and learning, psychomotor speed, attention, and executive function. The cognitive battery was designed to evaluate a wide range of functions; recognition memory instruments were selected to be relatively pure measures of delayed memory, devoid of significant motor or vocal production limitations. Comparisons of standardized cognitive scores were assessed both with and without controlling for psychomotor speed and similarly for severity of depressive symptoms. A majority of RDP patients had onset of motor symptoms by age 25 and had initial symptom presentation in the upper body (face, mouth, or arm). Among patients, the BFMDRS (mean ± SD, 52.1 ± 29.5) and UPDRS motor subscore (29.8 ± 12.7) confirmed dystonia‐parkinsonism. The affected RDP patients performed more poorly, on average, than mutation‐negative controls for all memory and learning, psychomotor speed, attention, and executive function scores (all P ≤ 0.01). These differences persisted after controlling for psychomotor speed and severity of depressive symptoms. Impaired cognitive function may be a manifestation of ATP1A3 mutation and RDP. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A Framework for Measuring and Predicting the Impact of Routing Changes

Routing dynamics heavily influence Internet data plane performance. Existing studies only narrowly focused on a few destinations and did not consider the predictability of the impact of routing changes on performance metrics such as reachability. In this work, we propose an efficient framework to capture coarse-grained but important performance degradation as a result of BGP routing events using light-weight probing. We deployed our framework across six vantage points for 11 weeks and found that the data plane experienced serious performance degradation in the form of reachability loss and forwarding loops following a significant fraction of updates affecting many destination prefixes and networks across all vantage points studied. Specifically, more than 39% of updates resulted in reachability loss, some lasting for more than 300 seconds, impacting more than 72% of probed prefixes and more than 35% of all the prefixes on the Internet. We identified that more than half of the prefixes have predictable routing behavior. Based on the stationarity of the correlation between routing changes and the data plane performance, we developed a model to accurately predict the severity of the impact due to routing changes. Such a model is directly helpful for making informed decisions for improved routing schemes such as overlay routing and backup path selection.
Survival at the threshold of viability: a nationwide survey of the opinions and attitudes of physicians in a developing country.

BACKGROUND To explore physicians' opinions and attitudes regarding resuscitation of extremely premature infants (EPIs) in a developing country with suboptimal resources. METHODS A survey was developed, revised, and pilot-tested. All 964 paediatricians registered in the Lebanese Order of Physicians were contacted; physicians involved in resuscitation of EPIs were eligible. Between February and April of 2009, anonymous surveys were mailed to consenting participants. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-eight eligible physicians agreed to participate. One hundred twenty (36%) returned the survey, 45.3% of which were neonatologists. The vast majority agreed that parents would like to be informed and to participate in the resuscitation decision of an EPI. The majority of physicians considered infants at gestational age of ≤25 weeks (78%) or ≤800 g (89%) as non-viable. Physician's age, years of practice, and practising neonatal intensive care unit level were significantly associated with the choice of birthweight at which infants were considered non-viable. CONCLUSIONS The majority of surveyed physicians consider infants at gestational age less than or equal to 25 weeks gestation or 800 g at birth as non-viable, and therefore would not attempt their resuscitation. Factors influencing threshold of viability in developing countries need to be addressed and explored further.
The energetic cost of agonistic behaviour in the velvet swimming crab, Necora (= Liocarcinus) puber (L.)

Abstract Abstract. Realistic predictions from game theory about how animals should behave in a variety of competitive situations require knowledge of the costs associated with alternative strategies. In this study, the energetic cost of agonistic behaviour in velvet swimming crabs was investigated. There was a linear relationship between the rate of oxygen consumption and the rate of beating of the ventilatory pumps (the scaphognathites) and there was no evidence of significant anaerobic energy production during agonistic interactions. Energy expenditure by the crabs should therefore have been closely related to their oxygen consumption and scaphognathite activity. An irregular pattern of scaphognathite activity was recorded during agonistic behaviour, incorporating periods of extreme hyperventilation as well as cessation of scaphognathite activity. Maximum scaphognathite rates were among the highest reported for a range of similar decapod crustaceans. During agonistic behaviour, the respiratory activity of the interactants was related both to the degree of escalation and to the duration of the interaction. Recovery was prolonged in some cases. The estimate of total energetic cost included respiratory activity during the recovery phase and was correlated with interaction content and duration for losers only. However, there was no significant difference between the estimates of energy expenditure of winners and losers. As injuries are rare, energy expenditure may account for a large proportion of the total cost of contest behaviour in this crab.
DroidBarrier: know what is executing on your android

Many Android vulnerabilities share a root cause of malicious unauthorized applications executing without user's consent. In this paper, we propose the use of a technique called process authentication for Android applications to overcome the shortcomings of current Android security practices. We demonstrate the process authentication model for Android by designing and implementing our runtime authentication and detection system referred to as DroidBarrier. Our malware analysis shows that DroidBarrier is capable of detecting real Android malware at the time of creating independent processes. A
Compact groups in the UZC galaxy sample

Applying an automatic neighbour search algorithm to the 3D UZC galaxy catalogue (Falco et al. [CITE]) we have identified 291 compact groups (CGs) with radial velocity between 1000 and 10 000 km s$^{\rm -1}$. The sample is analysed to investigate whether Triplets display kinematical and morphological characteristics similar to higher order CGs (Multiplets). It is found that Triplets constitute low velocity dispersion structures, have a gas-rich galaxy population and are typically retrieved in sparse environments. Conversely Multiplets show higher velocity dispersion, include few gas-rich members and are generally embedded structures. Evidence hence emerges indicating that Triplets and Multiplets, though sharing a common scale, correspond to different galaxy systems. Triplets are typically field structures whilst Multiplets are mainly subclumps (either temporarily projected or collapsing) within larger structures. Simulations show that selection effects can only partially account for differences, but significant contamination of Triplets by field galaxy interlopers could eventually induce the observed dependences on multiplicity.
Minimum variance beamforming combined with adaptive coherence weighting applied to medical ultrasound imaging

Currently, the nonadaptive delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformer is used in medical ultrasound imaging. However, due to its data-independent nature, DAS leads to images with limited resolution and contrast. In this paper, an adaptive minimum variance (MV)-based beamformer that combines the MV and coherence factor (CF) weighting is introduced and adapted to medical ultrasound imaging. MV-adaptive beamformers can improve the image quality in terms of resolution and sidelobes by suppressing off-axis signals, while keeping onaxis ones. In addition, CF weighting can improve contrast and sidelobes by emphasizing the in-phase signals and reducing the out-of-phase ones. Combining MV and CF weighting results in simultaneous improvement of imaging resolution and contrast, outperforming both DAS and MV beamformers. In addition, because of the power of CF in reducing the focusing errors, the proposed method presents satisfactory robustness against sound velocity inhomogeneities, outperforming the regularized MV beamformer. The excellent performance of the proposed beamforming approach is demonstrated by several simulated examples.
Viscosity methods for piecewise smooth solutions to scalar conservation laws

It is proved that for scalar conservation laws, if the flux function is strictly convex, and if the entropy solution is piecewise smooth with finitely many discontinuities (which includes initial central rarefaction waves, initial shocks, possible spontaneous formation of shocks in a future time and interactions of all these patterns), then the error of viscosity solution to the inviscid solution is bounded by O(∈|log∈| + ∈) in the L 1 -norm, which is an improvement of the O(√∈) upper bound. If neither central rarefaction waves nor spontaneous shocks occur, the error bound is improved to O(∈).
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induced cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells via regulation of Skp2, p53, p21Cip1 and p27Kip1

Prostate cancer (PCa) patients receiving the androgen ablation therapy ultimately develop recurrent castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within 1–3 years. Treatment with caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) suppressed cell survival and proliferation via induction of G1 or G2/M cell cycle arrest in LNCaP 104-R1, DU-145, 22Rv1, and C4–2 CRPC cells. CAPE treatment also inhibited soft agar colony formation and retarded nude mice xenograft growth of LNCaP 104-R1 cells. We identified that CAPE treatment significantly reduced protein abundance of Skp2, Cdk2, Cdk4, Cdk7, Rb, phospho-Rb S807/811, cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin H, E2F1, c-Myc, SGK, phospho-p70S6kinase T421/S424, phospho-mTOR Ser2481, phospho-GSK3α Ser21, but induced p21Cip1, p27Kip1, ATF4, cyclin E, p53, TRIB3, phospho-p53 (Ser6, Ser33, Ser46, Ser392), phospho-p38 MAPK Thr180/Tyr182, Chk1, Chk2, phospho-ATM S1981, phospho-ATR S428, and phospho-p90RSK Ser380. CAPE treatment decreased Skp2 and Akt1 protein expression in LNCaP 104-R1 tumors as compared to control group. Overexpression of Skp2, or siRNA knockdown of p21Cip1, p27Kip1, or p53 blocked suppressive effect of CAPE treatment. Co-treatment of CAPE with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT737 showed synergistic suppressive effects. Our finding suggested that CAPE treatment induced cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition in CRPC cells via regulation of Skp2, p53, p21Cip1, and p27Kip1.
Cross-sectional survey of the relationship of symptomatology, disability and family burden among patients with schizophrenia in Sichuan, China

Background Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that leads to high rates of disability and high levels of family burden but the interactive relationship between these variables remains unclear, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the vast majority of patients live with their families. Aim Assess the symptom severity, level of disability, and family burden among clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia in Sichuan, China. Methods A total of 101 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia who had a median duration of illness of five years were assessed using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale 2.0 (WHODAS II), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve Index scale (APGAR); and their caregivers were surveyed using the Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS). Results Among the 101 patients, 92 lived with their immediate family members, 74 had clinically significant disability, and 73 were unemployed. The level of disability was associated with the severity of symptoms (r=0.50, p<0.001), duration of illnesses (r=0.22, p=0.028), age of onset (r=-0.22, p=0.024) and patients’ level of satisfaction with family support (r=-0.30, p=0.020). Disability was also associated with the overall level of family burden (r=0.40, p<0.001), and with several subtypes of family burden: financial burden (r=0.21, p=0.040), the degree of disruption in family routines (r=0.33, p=0.001), the effect on family leisure activities (r=0.31, p=0.001) and the quality of family interactions (r=0.43, p< 0.001). Four variables remained significantly associated with the level of disability in the stepwise multivariate linear regression: duration of illness, severity of symptoms, patient satisfaction with family support, and the overall burden of the illness on the family. Conclusions Even after adjusting for the severity of patients’ symptoms, patient disability is independently associated with family burden. This highlights the importance of targeting both symptoms and disability in treatment strategies for this severe, often lifelong, condition. In countries like China where most individuals with schizophrenia live with their families, family burden is an important component of the impact of the illness on the community that should be included in measures of the relative social and economic importance of the condition.