Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interlayer and Si content of phengite in HP–LT carpholite‐bearing metapelites

Phengite occurring along with carpholite±lawsonite and/or chloritoid in HP–LT domains shows not only variable Si–(Mg+Fe) contents, but also variable interlayer contents (IC). To determine whether these chemical variations are coherently related to variation in P–T conditions on a regional scale, c. 100 rock samples were sampled in metapelites metamorphosed at conditions varying from 350 °C, 8 to 12 kbar to 450–500 °C, 18 to 20 kbar (Schistes Lustrés complex, franco‐italian Western Alps). Based on microstructural and habit criteria, four types of phengite were differentiated that are related either to the rock mineralogy (carpholite vs chloritoid bearing samples) or correspond to various generations of phengite occurring in the same rock sample or thin section. Microprobe analyses reveal that each type of phengite is characterized by a specific composition and that phengite associated with carpholite has a lower interlayer content than phengite associated with chloritoid. The successive generations of retrograde phengite overgrowing carpholite point to a large decrease of interlayer content (c. 0.9–0.7 pfu) and (Fe+Mg) content (c. 0.25–0 pfu) with decreasing P–T conditions. This change is best accounted for by a gradual increase of the pyrophyllite component. In contrast, phengite from higher‐temperature, chloritoid‐bearing rock samples shows an almost constant interlayer content (c. 0.9–0.95 pfu) but a larger decrease of (Fe+Mg) content (c. 0.6–0.1 pfu). Hence, (1) the composition of the different phengite generations occurring (metastably) in the same rock sample may be used to retrieve points in P–T loops and (2) the pyrophyllitic substitution in phengite is large at low‐temperature conditions and cannot be ignored. Thermobarometric estimates based on the Si‐content alone will therefore result in pressure over‐estimates. We propose a tentative location of the phengite Si and IC isopleths in P–T space which could allow a direct determination of the P–T conditions in carpholite‐bearing rocks. Especially in some carpholite‐bearing rocks, new thermodynamic models accounting for tschermak and pyrophyllitic substitution are also required prior to making reliable thermobarometric estimates in HP‐LT metapelites.
Geometry and Kinematics of Single-Layer Detachment Folds

Detachment folds form above, below, or above and below bed-parallel thrusts where thrust displacement is transferred into folding. Geometric and kinematic models are developed for individual single-layer detachment folds formed above the tip line of a thrust. We analyze three different detachment fold shapes (kink bands, chevron, and box detachment folds) and consider three principal detachment fold models: (1) constant limb dip where the detachment fold grows by limb lengthening, (2) constant limb length where the detachment fold grows by limb rotation, and (3) variable limb length and variable limb dip where the detachment fold grows by both limb rotation and limb lengthening. The allowance for variable forelimb thickness and excess layer-parallel shear enables us to de elop a wide range of possible detachment fold geometry. The geometric validity fields for folds with excess parallel shear are reduced when forelimb thinning takes place. Folds formed with constant limb length are likely to lock up in the initial amplification stages, whereas larger amounts of shortening can be taken up by folds formed with variable limb length. The manner in which a fold evolves affects the fracture and porosity features of the folded strata. Therefore, determining which mechanism operated to form a specific detachment fold is of particular importance in hydrocarbon exploration. The models we present are aimed at permitting more accurate geometric and kinematic interpretations of individual detachment folds. Examples of detachment folds are analyzed to illustrate the po ential benefits and limitations of the geometric model presented.
Predicting discharge and sediment for the Abay (Blue Nile) with a simple model

Models accurately representing the underlying hydrological processes and sediment dynamics in the Nile Basin are necessary for optimum use of water resources. Previous research in the Abay (Blue Nile) has indicated that direct runoff is generated either from saturated areas at the lower portions of the hillslopes or from areas of exposed bedrock. Thus, models that are based on infiltration excess processes are not appropriate. Furthermore, many of these same models are developed for temperate climates and might not be suitable for monsoonal climates with distinct dry periods in the Nile Basin. The objective of this study is to develop simple hydrology and erosion models using saturation excess runoff principles and interflow processes appropriate for a monsoonal climate and a mountainous landscape. We developed a hydrology model using a water balance approach by dividing the landscape into variable saturated areas, exposed rock and hillslopes. Water balance models have been shown to simulate river flows well at intervals of 5 days or longer when the main runoff mechanism is saturation excess. The hydrology model was developed and coupled with an erosion model using available precipitation and potential evaporation data and a minimum of calibration parameters. This model was applied to the Blue Nile. The model predicts direct runoff from saturated areas and impermeable areas (such as bedrock outcrops) and subsurface flow from the remainder of the hillslopes. The ratio of direct runoff to total flow is used to predict the sediment concentration by assuming that only the direct runoff is responsible for the sediment load in the stream. There is reasonable agreement between the model predictions and the 10‐day observed discharge and sediment concentration at the gauging station on Blue Nile upstream of Rosaries Dam at the Ethiopia–Sudan border. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Very Long-Term Survival and Durability of Mitral Valve Repair for Mitral Valve Prolapse

Background—Mitral regurgitation (MR) due to mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is often treatable by surgical repair. However, the very long-term (>10-year) durability of repair in both anterior leaflet prolapse (AL-MVP) and posterior leaflet prolapse (PL-MVP) is unknown. Methods and Results—In 917 patients (aged 65±13 years, 68% male), surgical correction of severe isolated MR due to MVP (679 repairs and 238 replacements [MVRs]) was performed between 1980 and 1995. Survival after repair was better than survival after MVR for both PL-MVP (at 15 years, 41±5% versus 31±6%, respectively;P =0.0003) and AL-MVP (at 14 years, 42±8% versus 31±5%, respectively;P =0.003). In multivariate analysis adjusting for predictors of survival, repair was independently associated with lower mortality in PL-MVP (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 0.61, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.85;P =0.0034) and in AL-MVP (adjusted RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.96;P =0.028). The reoperation rate was not different after repair or MVR overall (at 19 years, 20±5% for repair versus 23±5% for MVR;P =0.4) or separately in PL-MVP (P =0.3) or AL-MVP (P =0.3). However, the reoperation rate was higher after repair of AL-MVP than after repair of PL-MVP (at 15 years, 28±7% versus 11±3%, respectively;P =0.0006). From the 1980s to the 1990s, the RR of reoperation after repair of AL-MVP versus PL-MVP did not change (RR 2.5 versus 2.7, respectively;P =0.58), but the absolute rate of reoperation decreased similarly in PL-MVP and AL-MVP (at 10 years, from 10±3% to 5±2% and from 24±6% to 10±2%, respectively;P =0.04). Conclusions—In severe MR due to MVP, mitral valve repair compared with MVR provides improved very long-term survival after surgery for both AL-MVP and PL-MVP. Reoperation is similarly required after repair or replacement but is more frequent after repair of AL-MVP. Recent improvement in long-term durability of repair suggests that it should be the preferred mode of surgical correction of MVP whether it affects anterior or posterior leaflets and is an additional incentive for early surgery of severe MR due to MVP.
Cue Effectiveness in Communicatively Efficient Discourse Production

Recent years have seen a surge in accounts motivated by information theory that consider language production to be partially driven by a preference for communicative efficiency. Evidence from discourse production (i.e., production beyond the sentence level) has been argued to suggest that speakers distribute information across discourse so as to hold the conditional per-word entropy associated with each word constant, which would facilitate efficient information transfer (Genzel & Charniak, 2002). This hypothesis implies that the conditional (contextualized) probabilities of linguistic units affect speakers' preferences during production. Here, we extend this work in two ways. First, we explore how preceding cues are integrated into contextualized probabilities, a question which so far has received little to no attention. Specifically, we investigate how a cue's maximal informativity about upcoming words (the cue's effectiveness) decays as a function of the cue's recency. Based on properties of linguistic discourses as well as properties of human memory, we analytically derive a model of cue effectiveness decay and evaluate it against cross-linguistic data from 12 languages. Second, we relate the information theoretic accounts of discourse production to well-established mechanistic (activation-based) accounts: We relate contextualized probability distributions over words to their relative activation in a lexical network given preceding discourse.
Construction of a binding site for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 in rat CD4

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infects T lymphocytes via an interaction between the virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the CD4 antigen of T helper cells. Previous studies demonstrated that mutations in various regions of CD4 domain 1 lead to the loss of gp120 binding. In the present study the gp120 binding site was constructed in rat CD4 by replacing rat with human CD4 sequence. A series of mutants was constructed the best of which bound gp120 with an affinity only twofold less than that of human CD4. The data indicate that the gp120 binding site of human CD4 is constituted by residues 33-58 of domain 1.
A prognostic regulatory pathway in stage I epithelial ovarian cancer: new hints for the poor prognosis assessment.

BACKGROUND Clinical and pathological parameters of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) do not thoroughly predict patients' outcome. Despite the good outcome of stage I EOC compared with that of stages III and IV, the risk assessment and treatments are almost the same. However, only 20% of stage I EOC cases relapse and die, meaning that only a proportion of patients need intensive treatment and closer follow-up. Thus, the identification of cell mechanisms that could improve outcome prediction and rationalize therapeutic options is an urgent need in the clinical practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS We have gathered together 203 patients with stage I EOC diagnosis, from whom snap-frozen tumor biopsies were available at the time of primary surgery before any treatment. Patients, with a median follow-up of 7 years, were stratified into a training set and a validation set. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Integrated analysis of miRNA and gene expression profiles allowed to identify a prognostic cell pathway, composed of 16 miRNAs and 10 genes, wiring the cell cycle, 'Activins/Inhibins' and 'Hedgehog' signaling pathways. Once validated by an independent technique, all the elements of the circuit resulted associated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), in both univariate and multivariate models. For each patient, the circuit expressions have been translated into an activation state index (integrated signature classifier, ISC), used to stratify patients into classes of risk. This prediction reaches the 89.7% of sensitivity and 96.6% of specificity for the detection of PFS events. The prognostic value was then confirmed in the external independent validation set in which the PFS events are predicted with 75% sensitivity and 94.7% specificity. Moreover, the ISC shows higher classification performance than conventional clinical classifiers. Thus, the identified circuit enhances the understanding of the molecular mechanisms lagging behind stage I EOC and the ISC improves our capabilities to assess, at the time of diagnosis, the patient risk of relapse.
Glomerular disease associated with hepatitis C virus infection in native kidneys.

Is there an increased prevalence of glomerulopathies Many glomerular diseases have been described in association with liver diseases, associated or not with viral in general or of particular types of glomerulopathy? In native kidneys, the prevalence of HCV is higher in infection such as hepatitis B virus (HBV ) or hepatitis C virus (HCV ) infections. Among the glomerulopathpatients with glomerulonephritis, especially those with secondary glomerulonephritis (12/72 (16.7%)) than in ies, membranous glomerulopathy (MN) and IgA nephropathy are the most frequently found in HBVpatients with other causes of kidney diseases (6/154 (4%)) [5]. In this study, the prevalence in the general infected patients [1] and MN and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN ), with or population was ~1.03% in blood donors. However, the prevalence of glomerulonephritis in HCV-positive without cryoglobulinaemia, are the most frequently glomerulopathies described in association with HCV patients in the general population is not known. Published data on the prevalence of HCV-seropositive infection [2]. Epidemiological arguments for a simple association or a causal effect between HCV infection and -seronegative patients in each type of glomerulonephritis are reviewed below. and glomerular diseases are discussed below.
Menin: A Tumor Suppressor That Mediates Postsynaptic Receptor Expression and Synaptogenesis between Central Neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis

Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) support neuronal survival, differentiation, and even synaptic plasticity both during development and throughout the life of an organism. However, their precise roles in central synapse formation remain unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that excitatory synapse formation in Lymnaea stagnalis requires a source of extrinsic NTFs and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation. Here we show that NTFs such as Lymnaea epidermal growth factor (L-EGF) act through RTKs to trigger a specific subset of intracellular signalling events in the postsynaptic neuron, which lead to the activation of the tumor suppressor menin, encoded by Lymnaea MEN1 (L-MEN1) and the expression of excitatory nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We provide direct evidence that the activation of the MAPK/ERK cascade is required for the expression of nAChRs, and subsequent synapse formation between pairs of neurons in vitro. Furthermore, we show that L-menin activation is sufficient for the expression of postsynaptic excitatory nAChRs and subsequent synapse formation in media devoid of NTFs. By extending our findings in situ, we reveal the necessity of EGFRs in mediating synapse formation between a single transplanted neuron and its intact presynaptic partner. Moreover, deficits in excitatory synapse formation following EGFR knock-down can be rescued by injecting synthetic L-MEN1 mRNA in the intact central nervous system. Taken together, this study provides the first direct evidence that NTFs functioning via RTKs activate the MEN1 gene, which appears sufficient to regulate synapse formation between central neurons. Our study also offers a novel developmental role for menin beyond tumour suppression in adult humans.
Scanning 3D Full Human Bodies Using Kinects

Depth camera such as Microsoft Kinect, is much cheaper than conventional 3D scanning devices, and thus it can be acquired for everyday users easily. However, the depth data captured by Kinect over a certain distance is of extreme low quality. In this paper, we present a novel scanning system for capturing 3D full human body models by using multiple Kinects. To avoid the interference phenomena, we use two Kinects to capture the upper part and lower part of a human body respectively without overlapping region. A third Kinect is used to capture the middle part of the human body from the opposite direction. We propose a practical approach for registering the various body parts of different views under non-rigid deformation. First, a rough mesh template is constructed and used to deform successive frames pairwisely. Second, global alignment is performed to distribute errors in the deformation space, which can solve the loop closure problem efficiently. Misalignment caused by complex occlusion can also be handled reasonably by our global alignment algorithm. The experimental results have shown the efficiency and applicability of our system. Our system obtains impressive results in a few minutes with low price devices, thus is practically useful for generating personalized avatars for everyday users. Our system has been used for 3D human animation and virtual try on, and can further facilitate a range of home-oriented virtual reality (VR) applications.
Brown bears selectively kill salmon with higher energy content but only in habitats that facilitate choice

Pacific salmon return to spawn in thousands of streams across the Pacific Rim, from large rivers to tiny headwater streams. Once on the spawning grounds, salmon undergo dramatic biochemical changes as they metabolize stored lipid and protein reserves; at stream entrance, they will contain up to 85% more lipid and 40% more protein than at their senescent death a week or two later. Foraging brown and black bears that congregate at spawning streams thus encounter salmon that vary dramatically in their energy content and thus energetic reward. We hypothesized that bears would selectively kill salmon that are highest in energy content (fewest number of days on the spawning grounds) when they pursue salmon at small shallow streams where little effort is necessary to capture salmon, i.e. habitats that facilitate choice. In contrast, bears in environments where foraging is difficult (deeper, more complex streams) should be less selective and should capture salmon that are most available. We tested these ideas by examining predation rates on fish of different in-stream ages (i.e. energy content) at three different streams that varied in physical habitat attributes. At a very shallow, simple stream, bears preferentially killed salmon that had spent the fewest days in the stream. At two streams where deeper water and woody debris provided refuges for salmon, predation rates increased with in-stream age. At the shallowest streams encounter rates and capture success are likely equal among the high- and low-energy salmon and thus predation rates reflect active choice by bears. In contrast capture success probably increases on the older salmon at the larger streams (due to a loss of vigor), and thus ‘preference’ for these fish increases due to decreasing effort necessary to capture them.
The relationship between motivation and information sharing about products and services on Facebook

The purpose of this research is to explain the information-sharing process and investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations that may induce information sharing on Facebook. Using the theory of planned behaviour, this research distinguishes between information-sharing intention and information-sharing behaviour. Based on self-determination theory, this research selects the extrinsic and intrinsic motivations that influence intention. Based on a survey of 233 South Korean Facebook users in their 20s and 30s, this research applies a structural equation modelling approach to develop the research model. All the intrinsic motivations are found to have a significant positive influence on information sharing about products and services. However, among the extrinsic motivations, only expected reciprocal relationship is found to have a significant positive influence on information-sharing intention. This research approaches Facebook empirically from a marketing perspective and suggests a strategic direction for marketers and Facebook managers.
Afebri le Pediatric Seizures

This article is not certified for AMA PRA Category 1 Credit because disclosures have not been provided for authors of this article. TheAccreditationCouncil for ContinuingMedical Education requiresdocumentationof author credentials anddisclosure of any relevant personal financial relationship with a commercial entity that benefits the individual and may bias the content. For more information, please go to www.accme. org and review KEYWORDS
Seasonal and spatial variability of CO2 emission from a large floodplain lake in the lower Amazon

[1] The inundation status of the Amazon floodplain affects biogenic gas production and evasion. We analyzed spatial variability of dissolved CO2 concentration and gas evasion in a large floodplain lake in the lower reach of the Amazon River in four hydrological phases. We calculated surficial CO2 concentrations from measurements of pH, dissolved inorganic carbon, temperature, and conductivity and used meteorological data to calculate gas transfer coefficients to estimate CO2 evasion. Gas transfer coefficients that take into account both wind and heating and cooling at the lake's surface are on the order of 10 cm hr−1, approximately four times higher than values previously used in regional estimates of gas evasion from lakes on the Amazon floodplain. Supersaturation of CO2 occurred throughout the lake and was higher in the littoral zone and in regions receiving Amazon River inflows. CO2 concentration was reduced in regions with phytoplankton blooms. The range of CO2 concentrations was least at low water, 47 μM to 233 μM, and largest at high water, 1 μM to 656 μM; the average annual value was 125 μM. We estimate mean (±standard deviation) fluxes from open-water in L. Curuai to the atmosphere of 44 ± 15, 348 ± 13, 371 ± 23, and 364 ± 20 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1 during receding, low, rising, and high water, respectively. The error associated with these values reflects, for each hydrological phase, the spatial variation in CO2 concentration in L. Curuai, a likely range in atmospheric CO2 levels and temporal variations in gas transfer coefficient within 10-day periods.
Varieties of Minimal Rational Tangents on Uniruled Projective Manifolds

On a polarized uniruled projective manifold we pick an irreducible component K of the Chow space whose generic members are free rational curves of minimal degree. The normalized Chow space of minimal rational curves marked at a generic point is nonsingular, and its strict transform under the tangent map gives a variety of minimal rational tangents, or VMRT. In this survey we present a systematic study of VMRT by means of techniques from differential geometry (distributions,G-structures), projective geometry (the Gauss map, tangency theorems), the deformation theory of (rational) curves, and complex analysis (Hartogs phenomenon, analytic continuation). We give applications to a variety of problems on uniruled projective manifolds, especially on irreducible Hermitian symmetric manifolds S of the compact type and more generally on rational homogeneous manifolds G/P of Picard number 1, including the deformation rigidity of S and the same for homogeneous contact manifolds of Picard number 1, the characterization of S of rank at least 2 among projective uniruled manifolds in terms of G-structures, solution of Lazarsfeld’s Problem for finite holomorphic maps from G/P of Picard number 1 onto projective manifolds, local rigidity of finite holomorphic maps from a fixed projective manifold onto G/P of Picard number 1 other than Pn, and a proof of the stability of tangent bundles of certain Fano manifolds.