Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of health related physical fitness variables and psychomotor ability between rural and urban school going children

The purpose of the study was to compare the Health related physical fitness variables and psychomotor ability between rural and urban school going children. One thousand students age ranging from 17 to 30 years were selected as subjects for the study of which five hundred were Tribal and the remaining five hundred were Non-tribal School going from different schools of North 24 Parganas District, West Bengal. The subjects were tested in their respective school ground for continuously five days. The criterion measures included under Health related physical fitness directly related to improvement of health are 1) Sit and Reach test to measure lower back flexibility and was, 2) Body Fat Monitor, an electronic device manufactured by Omron model no. HBF 306 to measure Body fat percentage, 3) Aerobic /cardiovascular function was measured by the 1.5 mile run test, 4) Abdominal muscular strength and endurance was used measured by Partial Curl Ups and 5) Upper body muscular strength and endurance was measured by Right Angle Push-Ups.To measure the Psychomotor ability, reaction ability was considered and was measured by Nelson Hand Reaction Test. For the purpose of Comparison of Health related physical fitness variables and Psychomotor ability between Rural And Urban School going children, Student's 't' ratio statistical technique was used (SPSS Version 18) to analyse the data. The level of significance was set at p<0.05 level. The results showed significant differences between Rural and Urban school going children in all the Health related Physical fitness components as well as in Reaction ability under psychomotor ability and rural school going children was found better than urban school going children.
Throughput of the Magnetic Induction Based Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: Key Optimization Techniques

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) present a variety of new research challenges. Recently, a magnetoinductive (MI) waveguide technique has been proposed to cope with the very harsh propagation conditions in WUSNs. This relay-based approach allows for an extension of the transmission range, which can be quite limited if relays are not deployed. In this paper, tree-based WUSNs are considered. The objective of our work is to determine the optimal system parameters, topology, and deployment strategy in order to avoid bottlenecks in the system and achieve optimal network throughput. We compare two different deployment schemes: MI waveguides and direct MI transmission (no relays deployed) based connections between sensors. The two schemes are different in nature and propagation characteristics. Therefore, different optimization techniques are utilized. The optimal set of system parameters is chosen to maximize the channel capacity of the worst link and therefore optimize the available data rate. The bottleneck throughput of the direct MI transmission based network can be then compared with the respective results of the MI waveguides based network. In several cases, we observe a better performance of the direct MI transmission based networks.
Adenosine and Stroke: Maximizing the Therapeutic Potential of Adenosine as a Prophylactic and Acute Neuroprotectant

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Despite intensive research into the development of treatments that lessen the severity of cerebrovascular injury, no major therapies exist. Though the potential use of adenosine as a neuroprotective agent in the context of stroke has long been realized, there are currently no adenosine-based therapies for the treatment of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. One of the major obstacles to developing adenosine-based therapies for the treatment of stroke is the prevalence of functional adenosine receptors outside the central nervous system. The activities of peripheral immune and vascular endothelial cells are particularly vulnerable to modulation via adenosine receptors. Many of the pathophysiological processes in stroke are a direct result of peripheral immune infiltration into the brain. Ischemic preconditioning, which can be induced by a number of stimuli, has emerged as a promising area of focus in the development of stroke therapeutics. Reprogramming of the brain and immune responses to adenosine signaling may be an underlying principle of tolerance to cerebral ischemia. Insight into the role of adenosine in various preconditioning paradigms may lead to new uses for adenosine as both an acute and prophylactic neuroprotectant.
Recurrent Keratoconus in a Corneal Graft after Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty

Purpose To report the recurrence of keratoconus 49 months after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). Case Report A 21-year-old man with history of bilateral keratoconus who had undergone DALK in his right eye, presented with gradual visual loss 49 months after corneal transplantation. Slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed graft ectasia together with Vogt’s striae in the posterior stroma and corneal topography demonstrated inferior steepening. With a diagnosis of recurrent keratoconus in the graft, the patient underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of keratoconus in the graft. Conclusion Similar to PK, keratoconus can recur in the transplanted cornea after DALK. However, the time interval from transplantation to recurrence seems to be much shorter in DALK grafts.
Risk factors for dermatitis in submariners during a submerged patrol: an observational cohort study

Objective The aim of this pilot study was to determine risk factors, including Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage, for dermatitis in submariners during a submarine patrol. Participants and methods 36 submariners undertaking a submerged 6-week patrol participated in the study. Severity of dermatitis and its impact was assessed using visual analogue scales and questionnaires at baseline and weekly throughout the patrol. S. aureus carriage levels in submariners were determined by nasal swabbing at baseline and shortly before disembarking the submarine. Occurrence of any skin or soft tissue infections (SSTI) were reported to the medical officer and swabs of the area were taken for subsequent analysis. Results S. aureus carriers were significantly more likely than non-carriers to have previously received treatment for a cutaneous abscess (39% vs 5%, OR=13 (95% CI 1.3 to 130)) with a trend to being submariners longer (p=0.051). Skin scores at baseline and on patrol were not significantly associated with carriage status. Higher dermatitis scores were observed in those who had been submariners longer (p=0.045). Smoking and allergies were not found to be linked to carriage status or skin health score in this cohort. Conclusions This small pilot study investigates S. aureus carriage status and skin health in submariners. Length of submarine service but not S. aureus carriage was identified as a risk factor for worsening skin health in this small cohort during a 6-week patrol. This does not support S. aureus decolonisation to improve skin health in this population. Further investigation into causes of dermatitis in submariners is required. This data supports a better understanding of the potential impact of exposure to environmental factors that could affect skin health in submariners.
Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in retroviral infection: host/pathogen perspectives

Summary: Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are found in the follicles of virtually all secondary lymphoid tissues. In health, these cells trap and retain antigens (Ag) in the form of immune complexes and preserve them for months in their native conformation. FDC thus serve as a long‐term repository of extracellular Ag important for induction and maintenance of memory responses. In retroviral infection. FDC trap and retain large numbers of retroviral particles with profound effects on FDC. FDC‐trapped retrovirus induces follicular hyperplasia, and conventional Ag trapped prior to infection are lost and new Ag cannot be trapped. Concomitantly, antibody‐forming cells (AFC) specific for Ag lost from FDC decrease follow I by loss of specific serum antibody (Ab). Eventually, FDC die and follicular lysis occurs. From the pathogen perspective, binding to FDC is remarkably beneficial, bringing together virus and activated target cells that are highly susceptible to infection. Furthermore, FDC permit HIV to infect surrounding cells even in the presence of a vast excess of neutralizing Ab. Preliminary data suggest that FDC maintain virus infectivity ‐ even when the virus cannot replicate. Thus retrovirus infection monopolizes FDC networks, thereby transforming the FDC Ag repository into a highly infectious retroviral reservoir.
Fast and accurate analysis of optical metamaterials using surface integral equations and the parallel multilevel fast multipole algorithm

We present fast and accurate simulations of optical metamaterials using surface integral equations and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA). Problems are formulated with the electric and magnetic current combined-field integral equation and solved iteratively with MLFMA, which is parallelized using the hierarchical strategy on distributed-memory architectures. Realistic metamaterials involving dielectric, perfectly conducting, and plasmonic regions of finite extents are solved rigorously with the developed implementation without any periodicity assumptions.
The luminous X-ray hotspot in 4C 74.26: synchrotron or inverse-Compton emission?

We report the discovery of an X-ray counterpart to the southern radio hotspot of the largest-known radio quasar 4C 74.26 (whose redshift is z = 0.104). Both XMM-Newton and Chandra images reveal the same significant (lOarcsec i.e. 19 kpc) offset between the X-ray hotspot and the radio hotspot imaged with MERLIN. The peak of the X-ray emission may be either due to synchrotron emission or due to inverse-Compton emission. If synchrotron emission, the hotspot represents the site of particle acceleration and the offset arises from either the jet exhibiting Scheuer's 'dentist's drill' effect or a fast spine having less momentum than the sheath surrounding it, which creates the radio hotspot. If the emission arises from the inverse-Compton process, it must be inverse-Compton scattering of the cosmic microwave background in a decelerating relativistic flow, implying that the jet is relativistic (T ≥ 2) out to a distance of at least 800 kpc. Our analysis, including optical data from the Liverpool Telescope, rules out a background active galactic nucleus for the X-ray emission and confirms its nature as a hotspot, making it the most-X-ray-luminous hotspot detected at low redshift.
Emotional Availability Modulates Electrophysiological Correlates of Executive Functions in Preschool Children

Executive functions (EFs) – a set of cognitive control abilities – mediate resilience to stress and are associated with academic achievement and health throughout life. They are crucially linked to prefrontal cortex function as well as to other cortical and subcortical brain functions, which are maturing throughout childhood at different rates. Recent behavioral research suggested that children’s EFs were related to parenting quality and child attachment security, but the neural correlates of these associations are unknown. With this study we tested in 4- to 6-year-old healthy children (N = 27) how emotional availability (EA) of the mother-child-interaction was associated with behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of response inhibition (a core EF) in a Go/Nogo task, using event-related potential recordings (ERPs), and with behavioral performance in a Delay of Gratification (DoG) and a Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task (HTKS). Our data showed that the Go/Nogo task modulated children’s ERP components resembling adult electrophysiological indices of response inhibition - the N2 and P3/LPC ERPs-, but the children’s N2 and P3/LPC ERPs showed longer latencies. Higher maternal autonomy-fostering behavior and greater child responsiveness were significantly associated with smaller children’s N2 Go/Nogo effects at fronto-central and parietal sites and with greater Go/Nogo effects in the N2 time window at occipital sites, over and above children’s age and intelligence. Additionally, greater maternal sensitivity and a higher dyadic EA quality of the mother-child-interaction went along with greater occipital Go/Nogo effects in the N2 time window, but this effect clearly diminished when we controlled for children’s age and intelligence. Higher maternal autonomy-support was also positively associated with better HTKS performance, and higher dyadic EA quality went along with higher HTKS and DoG scores. However, no significant associations were found between EA variables and the behavioral response inhibition measures of the Go/Nogo task. Our results suggest that parenting qualities modulate the functionality of neural circuits involved in response inhibition, an important component of EFs. This finding, thus, indicates that parent–child interactions shape the neurocognitive development underlying EFs.
Hippocampal Oscillations in the Rodent Model of Schizophrenia Induced by Amygdala GABA Receptor Blockade

Brain oscillations are critical for cognitive processes, and their alterations in schizophrenia have been proposed to contribute to cognitive impairments. Network oscillations rely upon GABAergic interneurons, which also show characteristic changes in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to examine the capability of hippocampal networks to generate oscillations in a rat model previously shown to reproduce the stereotypic structural alterations of the hippocampal interneuron circuit seen in schizophrenic patients. This model uses injection of GABA-A receptor antagonist picrotoxin into the baso-lateral amygdala which causes cell-type specific disruption of interneuron signaling in the hippocampus. We found that after such treatment, hippocampal theta rhythm was still present during REM sleep, locomotion, and exploration of novel environment and could be elicited under urethane anesthesia. Subtle changes in theta and gamma parameters were observed in both preparations; specifically in the stimulus intensity – theta frequency relationship under urethane and in divergent reactions of oscillations at the two major theta dipoles in freely moving rats. Thus, theta power in the CA1 region was generally enhanced as compared with deep theta dipole which decreased or did not change. The results indicate that pathologic reorganization of interneurons that follows the over-activation of the amygdala–hippocampal pathway, as shown for this model of schizophrenia, does not lead to destruction of the oscillatory circuit but changes the normal balance of rhythmic activity in its various compartments.
The Beliefs of English Teachers and Their Impacts

Since teaching is a profession that is affected by individual beliefs, so a teacher’s beliefs toward her own profession can affect her teaching performance. The aim of this study was to find out and explain the impacts of the beliefs of teachers of English in Bireuen District. towards their teaching profession. This is a quantitative study which involved thirty English teachers, teaching at high schools in Bireuen as the respondents. The data was collected using two sets of questionnaires and was analyzed using SPSS descriptive statistics. The results showed that the teachers mostly agreed with overall job-related beliefs; they were satisfied with their jobs; they had high self-efficacy and they received satisfying appraisals and feedbacks. Concerning impacts of beliefs, three namely: overal job-related beliefs, job satisfaction, and self-efficacy -—gave big impacts while the last principle, appraisals and feedbacks, only had a small impact. In conclusion, teahers in Bireun have positive beliefs and this gives positive impacts as well. So, the suggestion that can be made is that because of this positivity, the teachers are suggested to focus on self-improvement as educators such as participating in more teacher development programs
Educational Leadership: The Effects of Perceived Support, Organization-Based Self-Esteem, and Citizenship Behaviors on Student Performance

It is important to retain qualified teachers in any educational environment. This is especially true for teachers who work in a structured environment fraught with administrative, logistical, and political challenges. The principal is responsible for providing a supportive educational environment, which is necessary for an atmosphere where the teacher feels comfortable. This study suggests that leadership style influences the citizenship behaviors of teachers and student performance through a covenantal model that goes beyond economic, social, and psychological exchange models. Leadership style is measured with a triangulated design where the principal's self-reported leadership style is compared with administrators’ and teachers’ evaluations so that a top-down and bottom-up measure of leadership style is assessed. The covenantal model also shows a significant positive relationship to student performance as measured by the objective state assessment scores. Limitations of the study, implications for administrators, and directions for future research issues are discussed.
An Exhaustive Resource Discovered Method with Probabilistic Guarantees for P2P network

In recent years, P2P applications are popular and lots of applications are deployed. Because a resource discovered method is important in P2P applications, it attracts much attention from researchers. However, search algorithms face huge challenges of scalability and robustness. Based on the topology of relaxed random multigraph, a probabilistic exhaustive search algorithm for P2P network is proposed. After evaluating the desired number of data and query replicas, a new mapping atom operation called Ping-Pang mapping maps query and data replicas onto peers in the network to perform reliable exhaustive search. At last the correctness of the algorithm is proved. This search algorithm brings a number of unique advantages such as scalability, resilience and also effectiveness in coping with dynamics and heterogeneity.
Pricing Stock Market Volatility : Does It Matter Whether the Volatility Is Related to the Business Cycle ?

Given two virtually separate literatures on return predictability and the risk-return relation, this paper reconciles the two literatures by investigating the underlying mechanism of the return predictability literature through exploiting the risk-return relation. In developing an empirical model to examine the business cycles-risk-return relationship, we consider the fact that market volatility increases during recessions and other short periods of liquidity crises such as the 1987 stock market crash and the 1998 Russian default. Then, the impacts that expected market volatilities, each due to two different sources, have on expected returns are investigated. Specifically, we decompose stock prices into fundamental and transitory components and then derive a bivariate model of stock returns and output growth within Campbell and Shiller's (1988) log-linear present value framework. Our empirical results show that business cycles-related market volatility has predictive power for expected return movements, while business cycles-unrelated volatility does not. We confirm the underlying mechanism of the return predictability literature, i.e. the business cycles-risk-return relationship. On the other hand, the temporary high variances during liquidity crises are not compensated by higher expected returns. Finally, a few episodes of transitory components are identified, including the 1973-4 OPEC oil shock, the 1987 crash and the 1998 Russian default. These results provide new evidence for the risk-return literature and support for the business cycles-risk-return mechanism.
Evaluating item response theory linking and model fit for data from PISA 2000–2012

ABSTRACT Based on concerns about the item response theory (IRT) linking approach used in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) until 2012 as well as the desire to include new, more complex, interactive items with the introduction of computer-based assessments, alternative IRT linking methods were implemented in the 2015 PISA round. The new linking method represents a concurrent calibration using all available data, enabling us to find item parameters that maximize fit across all groups and allowing us to investigate measurement invariance across groups. Apart from the Rasch model that historically has been used in PISA operational analyses, we compared our method against more general IRT models that can incorporate item-by-country interactions. The results suggest that our proposed method holds promise not only to provide a strong linkage across countries and cycles but also to serve as a tool for investigating measurement invariance.
Dialogue: a theoretical framework for distance education instructional systems

This paper presents a theoretical framework for viewing elements that comprise distance education instructional systems in terms of dialogue. It is assumed that learning is mediated by intrapersonal dialogue and facilitated by interpersonal dialogue. Every resource in a distance education instructional system (eg, instructor availability, asynchronous communication networks, self-instruction texts, etc) is analysed in terms of the dialogue mode it supports. The framework offers three advantages: (1) a unified, simple, and coherent description of the mechanisms at play in distance education systems, (2) clear-cut operational definitions, and (3) hypotheses that may be investigated empirically.
Cutoff Wavelengths of Elliptical Metallic Waveguides

The cutoff wavelengths lambda<sub>cmn</sub> of elliptical metallic waveguides with perfectly conducting walls are determined analytically. Two different methods are used for the evaluation. In the first, the electromagnetic field is expressed in terms of elliptical-cylindrical wave functions. In the second, a shape perturbation method, the field is expressed in terms of circular-cylindrical wave functions only, while the equation of the elliptical boundary is given in polar coordinates. Analytical expressions are obtained for the cutoff wavelengths, when the solution is specialized to small values of the eccentricity h=c/2a, (hLt1), with c the interfocal distance of the elliptical waveguide and 2a the length of its major axis. In this case, exact closed-form algebraic expressions, free of Mathieu as well as of Bessel functions, are obtained for the expansion coefficients g<sub>mn</sub> <sup>(2)</sup> and g<sub>mn</sub> <sup>(4)</sup> in the resulting relation lambda<sub>cmn</sub>(h)=lambda<sub>cmn</sub>(0) [1+g<sub>mn</sub> <sup>(2)</sup>h<sup>2</sup>+g<sub>mn</sub> <sup>(4)</sup>h<sup>4</sup>+ O(h<sup>6</sup>)] for the cutoff wavelengths. These expressions are valid for each m and n, namely, for the general mode. Numerical results for all types of modes and comparison with existing ones are also included.