Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Widespread bacterial populations at glacier beds and their relationship to rock weathering and carbon cycling

Bacterial populations found in subglacial meltwaters and basal ice are comparable to those in the active layer of permafrost and orders of magnitude larger than those found in ice cores from large ice sheets. Populations increase with sediment concentration, and 5%–24% of the bacteria are dividing or have just divided, suggesting that the populations are active. These findings (1) support inferences from recent studies of basal ice and meltwater chemistry that microbially mediated redox reactions may be important at glacier beds, (2) challenge the view that chemical weathering in glacial environments arises from purely inorganic reactions, and (3) raise the possibilities that redox reactions are a major source of protons consumed in subglacial weathering and that these reactions may be the dominant proton source beneath ice sheets where meltwaters are isolated from an atmospheric source of CO 2 . Microbial mediation may increase the rate of sulfide oxidation under subglacial conditions, a suggestion supported by the results of simple weathering experiments. If subglacial bacterial populations can oxidize and ferment organic carbon, it is important to reconsider the fate of soil organic carbon accumulated under interglacial conditions in areas subsequently overridden by Pleistocene ice sheets.
A MODEL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF COMPLEX MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES

How 'complex' or composite morphological structures like the mammalian craniomandibular region arise during development and how they are altered during evolution are two major unresolved questions in biology. Herein, we have described a model for the development and evolution of complex morphological structures. The model assumes that natural selection acts upon an array of phenotypes generated by variation in a variety of underlying genetic and epigenetic controlling factors. Selection refines the integration of the various morphogenetic components during ontogeny in order to produce a functioning structure and to adapt the organisms to differing patterns of environmental heterogeneity. The model was applied to the development and evolution of the mammalian mandible (which is used as a paradigm of complex morphological structures). The embryology of the mandible was examined in detail in order to identify the fundamental developmental units which are necessary to assemble the final morphological structure. The model is quite general since equivalent units exist for the development of many other biological structures. This model could be applied to many other developing morphological structures as well as other groups of organisms. For example, it can be applied to cell parameters during Drosophila development (Atchley, 1987). The model as discussed in this paper assumes that morphological changes in the mandible result from evolutionary changes in its underlying developmental units. The developmental units relate to characteristics of cellular condensations which are produced from the differentiation of embryonic neural crest cells. The developmental units include: the number of stem cells in preskeletal condensations (n), the time of initiation of condensation formation (t), the fraction of cells that is mitotically active within a condensation (f), the rate of division of these cells (r), and their rate of cell death (d). These units and their derivative structures are discussed in terms of types of tissue differentiation (chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, primary/secondary osteogenesis, intramembranous/endochondral ossification) and growth properties of major morphological regions of the mandible. Variation in these five units provides the developmental basis for ontogenetic and phylogenetic modification of mandibular morphology. We have discussed how these developmental units are influenced by (a) the cell lineage from which they arise, (b) epithelial-mesenchymal (inductive tissue) interactions, (c) regulation of cell differentiation, and (d) extrinsic factors such as muscles, teeth and hormones. Evidence was provided that variation in mandibular morphology is heritable, subject to modification by natural selection, and that divergence among different genetic stocks has apparently occurred through changes in these developmental units and their derivative structures. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Evaluation of a combined MxA and CRP point-of-care immunoassay to identify viral and/or bacterial immune response in patients with acute febrile respiratory infection

Background Challenges in the clinical differentiation of viral and/or bacterial respiratory infection lead to the misappropriation of antibiotics and increased healthcare costs. A tool to facilitate rapid and accurate point-of-care (POC) differentiation is needed. Methods and findings A prospective, single center, blinded, observational clinical trial was conducted at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center from December 2012 to August 2013 to determine the accuracy of a POC immunoassay to identify a clinically significant immune response to viral and/or bacterial infection. Sixty patients with acute febrile respiratory infection (19 pharyngitis and 41 lower respiratory tract infection [LRTI]) were enrolled. Participants provided fingerstick blood for immunoassay testing (myxovirus A [MxA] and c-reactive protein [CRP]) and four oropharyngeal samples for viral PCR and routine bacterial cell culture. A venous blood sample was collected. An ELISA was used to measure CRP and MxA. Paired serological testing was used to confirm atypical bacteria. A urine sample was provided for Streptococcus and Legionella antigen testing. Patients with suspected LRTI had sputum and blood cultures, chest X-ray, and WBC count measured. Viral infection was confirmed if oropharyngeal PCR was positive for viral pathogens. Bacterial infection was confirmed in positive throat or sputum cultures. Elevated immunoglobulin M antibodies or twofold increase in IgG antibodies between acute and convalescent phase indicated atypical bacteria. Positive Streptococcus or Legionella urine antigen assays also confirmed bacterial infection. The immunoassay correctly categorized subjects as 92% (22/24) negative, 80% (16/20) with bacterial infection, and 70% (7/10) with viral infection. Conclusions The interplay between an MxA value and a semi-quantitative CRP value can aid in the differentiation of infectious etiology. In isolation, neither MxA nor CRP alone is sensitive or specific. However, the pattern of results in a rapid immunoassay provides a sensitive and specific method to differentiate acute febrile respiratory infections. This diagnostic information may help reduce antibiotic misuse and resistance and lower healthcare costs.
Role of Trust in Privacy Assurance and Perceived Disease Severity on Personal Health Information Disclosure

The benefits of digitization of personal health information have been identified in many studies (Anderson and Agarwal 2011; Glaser et al. 2008; Noffsinger and Chin 2000). The studies suggest that such digitization can reduce medical errors and costs, improve patient safety and public health monitoring efficiency, and etc. However, the impact of healthcare privacy breaches on behavioral reactions is not well known although this phenomenon is an important source of healthcare privacy concern. Hence, this study attempts to examine the influence of healthcare privacy breach on health information disclosure, and the moderating role of trust in privacy assurance and perceived disease severity in healthcare privacy invasion context. To achieve these goals, we adopt communication privacy management theory, and privacy calculus. A scenario-based survey method is employed to explore the influence of privacy breaches. Several theoretical contributions and managerial implications are discussed.
Short‐ and long‐term surgical outcomes of temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis: Relationships with neuropathology

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most frequent neuropathologic finding in patients undergoing surgery for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has recently proposed a new classification of HS based on specific patterns of cell loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between HS types, their etiologic factors, and the short‐ and long‐term postsurgical outcomes of patients undergoing surgery because of drug‐resistant TLE with HS.
Non-Abelian Berry Phases and BPS Monopoles

We study a simple quantum mechanical model of a spinning particle moving on a sphere in the presence of a magnetic field. The system has two ground states. As the magnetic field is varied, the ground states mix through a non-Abelian Berry phase. We show that this Berry phase is the path ordered exponential of the smooth SU(2) ’t Hooft-Polyakov monopole. We further show that, by adjusting a potential on the sphere, the monopole becomes BPS and obeys the Bogomolnyi equations. For this choice of potential, it turns out that there is a hidden supersymmetry underlying the system and the Bogomolnyi equations are analogous to the tt* equations of Cecotti and Vafa. We conjecture that the Bogomolnyi equations also govern the Berry phase of N = (2, 2) supersymmetric sigma models with other target spaces. ∗On leave from DAMTP and Trinity College, Cambridge, j.sonner@damtp.cam. ac.uk
UV irradiation impairs in vivo encapsidation of bacteriophage T4 DNA

T4 DNA structural requirements for encapsidation in vivo were investigated, using thin-section electron microscopy to quantitate the kinetics and yields of head intermediates after synchronous DNA packaging into accumulated processed proheads. UV irradiation (254 nm) of T4-infected bacteria just before initiation of encapsidation resulted in a reduction in the rate of DNA packaged measured by electron microscopy and in the yield of viable phage progeny. In UV-irradiated infections with excision-deficient mutants (denV-), the extent of packaging decline was proportional to the UV dose and phage yields were lower than expected based on the packaging levels observed by microscopy. Rescue analysis of progeny from such infections revealed elevated levels of nonviable virions. Pyrimidine dimers were encapsidated in denV- infections, but in excision-competent infections (denV+) dimers were not packaged. A UV-independent, 15 to 20% packaging arrest was also observed when denV endonuclease was inactive during encapsidation, indicating a denV requirement to achieve normal T4 packaging levels. Pyrimidine dimers apparently represent or induce transient blockage of DNA encapsidation or both, causing a decline in the rate. This is in contrast to other DNA structural blocks to packaging induced by mutations in T4 genes 30 and 49, which appear to arrest the process.
Early and long-term outcomes and quality of life after concomitant mitral valve surgery, left atrial size reduction, and radiofrequency surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation

Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most formidable supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, which worsens the natural course of mitral valve disease. In this study, we evaluated early and long-term results and quality of life (QOL) after simultaneous surgical radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of AF, left atrial reduction and mitral valve repair or replacement. Methods: Overall, 147 patients with mitral valve diseases who underwent mitral valve surgery were included in this prospective cohort study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of operation: the study group—patients after mitral valve surgery with concomitant radiofrequency surgical ablation and left atrial reduction procedure (54 patients), and the control group—patients undergoing only mitral valve surgery (93 cases). We assessed AF recurrence and sinus rhythm restoration rates and mortality rates, QOL measures, postoperative complications rates, and left atrial size during follow-up. Results: In the study group, sinus rhythm restoration rate in the early postoperative period was 63%, but at the time of discharge it reduced to 29%; after 6 months, it significantly increased to 72% and after 3 years, to 81% (p=0.02). In the control group, the sinus rhythm restored only in 14% after 1 year, and at 3 years, it was 22%, although in the early postoperative period it, was 43%. Analysis of left atrial size before and after surgery showed that dimension significantly reduced in both groups (study group, p=0.013; control group, p=0.024). In addition, in patients undergoing surgical RFA procedure, there was a significant association between shorter heart disease history (p=0.02) and shorter AF history (p=0.074) with maintenance of sinus rhythm. The mortality rate in the study group was 4% (two patients) and in the control group 5% (five patients). Comparison of QOL measures between study and control groups after 1 year showed that patients undergoing concomitant atrial reduction surgery and RFA had significant improvement of QOL physical (p=0.03) and role (p=0.03) functioning, heartbeat (p=0.01), general (p=0.03) and mental health (p=0.01), vitality (p=0.007), and social role (p=0.02) functioning measures as compared to preoperative state, being higher than in patients who underwent only mitral valve surgery. Conclusion: Application of surgical RFA using irrigated cooling electrode and atrial reduction during mitral valve surgery is associated with higher restoration and maintenance of SR as compared to patients undergoing only mitral valve surgery. We did not observe complications related to AF surgery that required permanent pacemaker implantation. Performing concomitant surgery as surgical RFA, atrial reduction along with mitral valve surgery, improves QOL in the short- and long-term and reduces the feeling of heartbeat and discomfort. (Anatol J Cardiol 2016; 16: 797-803)
Teacher beliefs and the instructional practices of National Board Certified high school English teachers

Teacher Beliefs and the Instructional Practices of National Board Certified High School English Teachers by Rebecca Lee Drinnon This mixed-methods study explored the instructional methods that accomplished high school English teachers use in their classrooms to improve understanding of how those methods are influenced by the teachers’ beliefs. A survey regarding classroom practices and beliefs was sent to 313 National Board Certified Teachers (NBCTs) in English Language Arts—Adolescence and Young Adulthood across the United States with a response rate of 50.8%. From these data, I analyzed the variety and frequency of practices experienced teachers use and the beliefs that influence teachers’ instructional decisions. I then conducted follow-up interviews and classroom observations with selected survey participants from North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio and explored further the beliefs and motivations of those teachers who were both typical and outlying according to their survey responses. The study found that factors such as school setting, educational level, and gender had little impact on teachers’ instructional strategies, although a relationship was found between gender and approach to teaching literature. The study also found that reading instruction dominated the classroom instruction of those teachers, with writing instruction a distant second. In addition, those NBCTs were found to be teachers who developed positive relationships with students, created student-centered classrooms, challenged students academically, and were dedicated to
Age Affects Quantity but Not Quality of Antibody Responses after Vaccination with an Inactivated Flavivirus Vaccine against Tick-Borne Encephalitis

The impairment of immune functions in the elderly (immunosenescence) results in post-vaccination antibody titers that are significantly lower than in young individuals. It is, however, a controversial question whether also the quality of antibodies declines with age. In this study, we have therefore investigated the age-dependence of functional characteristics of antibody responses induced by vaccination with an inactivated flavivirus vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). For this purpose, we quantified TBE virus-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody titers in post-vaccination sera from groups of young and elderly healthy adults and determined antibody avidities and NT/ELISA titer ratios (functional activity). In contrast to the quantitative impairment of antibody production in the elderly, we found no age-related differences in the avidity and functional activity of antibodies induced by vaccination, which also appeared to be independent of the age at primary immunization. There was no correlation between antibody avidity and NT/ELISA ratios suggesting that additional factors affect the quality of polyclonal responses, independent of age. Our work indicates that healthy elderly people are able to produce antibodies in response to vaccination with similar avidity and functional activity as young individuals, albeit at lower titers.
Real-time geophysical measurements on the deep seafloor using submarine cable in the southern Kurile subduction zone

A permanent real-time geophysical observatory using a submarine cable was developed and deployed to monitor seismicity, tsunamis, and other geophysical phenomena in the southern Kurile subduction zone. The geophysical observatory comprises six bottom sensor units, two branching units, a main electro-optical cable with a length of 240 km and two land stations. The bottom sensor units are: 1) three ocean bottom broadband seismometers with hydrophone; 2) two pressure gauges (PGs); 3) a cable end station with environmental measurement sensors. Real-time data from all the undersea sensors are transmitted through the main electro-optical cable to the land station. The geophysical observatory was installed on the continental slope of the southern Kurile trench, southeast Hokkaido, Japan in July 1999. Examples of observed data are presented. Sensor noises and resolution are mentioned for the ocean bottom broadband seismometers and the PGs, respectively. An adaptable observation system including very broadband seismometers is scheduled to be connected to the branching unit in late 2001. The real-time geophysical observatory is expected to greatly advance the understanding of geophysical phenomena in the southern Kurile subduction zone.
RAGE‐dependent signaling in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, and impaired learning/memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Microglia are critical for amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ)‐mediated neuronal perturbation relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. We demonstrate that overexpression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in imbroglio exaggerates neuroinflammation, as evidenced by increased proinflammatory mediator production, Aβ accumulation, impaired learning/memory, and neurotoxicity in an Aβ‐rich environment. Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human mutant APP (mAPP) in neurons and RAGE in microglia displayed enhanced IL‐1β and TNF‐α production, increased infiltration of microglia and astrocytes, accumulation of Aβ, reduced acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and accelerated deterioration of spatial learning/memory. Notably, introduction of a signal transduction‐defective mutant RAGE (DN‐RAGE) to microglia attenuates deterioration induced by Aβ. These findings indicate that RAGE signaling in microglia contributes to the pathogenesis of an inflammatory response that ultimately impairs neuronal function and directly affects amyloid accumulation. We conclude that blockade of microglial RAGE may have a beneficial effect on Aβ‐mediated neuronal perturbation relevant to AD pathogenesis. —Fang, F. , Lue, L. ‐F. , Yan, S. , Xu, H. , Luddy, J. S. , Chen, D. , Walker, D. G. , Stern, D. M. , Yan, S. , Schmidt, A. M. , Chen, J. X. , Yan, S. S. RAGE‐dependent signaling in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, and impaired learning/memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J. 24, 1043–1055 (2010). www.fasebj. org
COMPARISON OF CIRCULATION CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES FOR PREDICTING TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION IN THE NETHERLANDS

Three existing classification schemes of daily circulation patterns are considered: (i) the subjective Grosswetterlagen; (ii) an objective scheme, the Jenkinson classification, which produces weather types similar to the subjective Lamb classification for the British Isles; and (iii) the objective P27 classification scheme developed at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. The comparison between these schemes is based on the mean-squared-error skill score (percentage of explained variance) and the correlation coefficient between the observed and predicted values. The relationship between these performance measures is examined. For the Grosswetterlagen and the P27 classification the class averages of the daily temperatures at De Bilt explain about 40 per cent of the variance of the daily temperatures at that location in the period 1949–1993. The corresponding figure for the Jenkinson classification is 29 per cent. The Grosswetterlagen perform less well for the daily temperatures prior to 1949, when upper-air data were not available to define the daily weather types. For daily precipitation characteristics the three classification schemes perform almost equally well. The class averages of the daily amounts explain 13 (summer season) to 20 per cent (winter season) of the variance of the local precipitation at De Bilt and about 25 per cent of the variance of the area-average precipitation over The Netherlands. A somewhat higher skill is achieved for precipitation occurrence. There is some evidence of systematic changes in the relationships between rainfall characteristics and weather types. The class averages of the daily values have been used to estimate monthly values. Especially for the precipitation characteristics the estimates of the monthly values have higher skill than those of the daily values. Nearly 60 per cent of the variance of the monthly area-average rainfall over The Netherlands is explained. Almost the same skill is achieved with a regression on the monthly number of cyclonic and anticyclonic days or a regression on the monthly mean vorticity index in the Jenkinson classification. © 1997 by the Royal Meteorological Society. Int. J. Climatol. , 17: 875–889 (1997) (No. of Figures: 2. No. of Tables: 8. No. of References: 22.)
Another Europe : Conceptions and practices of democracy in the European Social Forums

1. Why research democracy and the European Social Forum? An Introduction Donatella della Porta 2. The ESF organizational process in a diachronic perspective Nicolas Haering, Cristopher Haug and Lorenzo Mosca 3. Communicating the Forum Lorenzo Mosca, Dieter Rucht, Simon Teune and Sara Lopez Martin 4. Models of democracy: how activists see democracy in the movement Massimiliano Andretta and Donatella della Porta 5. Democracy from below: activists and institutions Donatella della Porta and Marco Giugni 6. The socio-demography of global activism Massimiliano Andretta, Marko Bandler, Nicolas Haeringer, Ilhame Hajji, Manuel Jimenez and Isabelle Sommier 7. The European Social Forum and the Organizational Dimension Clare Saunders, Massimiliano Andretta, Nicolas Haeringer, Ilhame Hajji, and Isabelle Sommier 8. How deliberative democracy (net)works Massimiliano Andretta, Iosif Botetzagias, Moses Boudourides, Olga Kioufegi, and Mundo Yang 9. Protest and the Forum Marco Giugni, Alessandro Nai, and Herbert Reiter 10. The European Left and the ESF Massimiliano Andretta and Herbert Reiter 11. Conclusion Donatella della Porta