Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hippo signaling: growth control and beyond

The Hippo pathway has emerged as a conserved signaling pathway that is essential for the proper regulation of organ growth in Drosophila and vertebrates. Although the mechanisms of signal transduction of the core kinases Hippo/Mst and Warts/Lats are relatively well understood, less is known about the upstream inputs of the pathway and about the downstream cellular and developmental outputs. Here, we review recently discovered mechanisms that contribute to the dynamic regulation of Hippo signaling during Drosophila and vertebrate development. We also discuss the expanding diversity of Hippo signaling functions during development, discoveries that shed light on a complex regulatory system and provide exciting new insights into the elusive mechanisms that regulate organ growth and regeneration.
Long‐Term Outcome of Cleft Lip Nasal Reconstruction in Childhood

&NA; This study documents the pattern of unilateral cleft lip nasal reconstruction in the practice of one surgeon at a tertiary cleft center, evaluating the long‐term appearance outcome of single‐operation unilateral cleft lip nasal reconstruction in childhood. A retrospective medical record review was performed for all patients with a diagnosis of unilateral cleft lip and age greater than 15 years. Operative notes were reviewed, recording 15 variables identifying specific rhinoplastic maneuvers. Nasal appearance outcome analysis was performed for all patients who underwent only one nasal surgery before 12 years of age (n = 19). Standard frontal whole face photographic images were presented as opposing pairs in a looseleaf binder to two panels, 1 of 10 lay persons and 1 of 10 plastic surgeons. Each pair consisted of photographs of the same patient at different ages in one of three combinations: preoperative‐perioperative, perioperative‐longest postoperative, or preoperative‐longest postoperative. Participants were asked to compare the appearance of the noses in the two photographs and assign a rating based on a 5‐point Likert scale. Statistical analyses were performed on the data collected in the aesthetic analysis. The effect of surgery upon nasal appearance was assessed by comparing the preoperative and perioperative photographs. The effect of growth was assessed by comparing the perioperative and long‐term postoperative photographs. The combined effect of surgery and growth was assessed by comparing the preoperative and long‐term postoperative photographs. The data were assessed by lay and professional evaluators, together and separately, to determine whether differences existed. The majority of patients did not undergo revisional nasal surgery, whereas those who did usually had one nasal operation. Most revisional nasal surgery was performed in conjunction with other cleft‐related secondary surgery. A majority of lay and professional evaluators perceived revisional nasal surgery as improving nasal appearance in the short‐term and to a lesser degree in the long‐term, as compared with the preoperative state. Evaluations of revisional nasal surgery are generally constant between the short‐term and long‐term postoperative images. Lay evaluations may be contaminated by a general decline in attractiveness with aging. Patient preference should be a major factor in the decision for nasal revision surgery. Multiple means of assessing nasal appearance outcome need to be used to validate results. Nasal appearance outcomes need to be correlated with outcomes with respect to nasal morphology and function as well as patient and parent satisfaction. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 1600, 2000.)
The Notion of Argument in Prepositional Phrase Attachment

In this article we refine the formulation of the problem of prepositional phrase (PP) attachment as a four-way disambiguation problem. We argue that, in interpreting PPs, both knowledge about the site of the attachment (the traditional noun-verb attachment distinction) and the nature of the attachment (the distinction of arguments from adjuncts) are needed. We introduce a method to learn arguments and adjuncts based on a definition of arguments as a vector of features. In a series of supervised classification experiments, first we explore the features that enable us to learn the distinction between arguments and adjuncts. We find that both linguistic diagnostics of argumenthood and lexical semantic classes are useful. Second, we investigate the best method to reach the four-way classification of potentially ambiguous prepositional phrases. We find that whereas it is overall better to solve the problem as a single four-way classification task, verb arguments are sometimes more precisely identified if the classification is done as a two-step process, first choosing the attachment site and then labeling it as argument or adjunct.
Synthesis, crystallinity control, and photocatalysis of nanostructured titanium dioxide shells

In this article, we review our recent research efforts on the synthesis, crystallinity control, and photocatalysis of nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO_2) shells. First, we introduce several synthetic methods for preparing TiO_2 shell structures using either template-free or template-assisted approaches. Several methods to change the structures from amorphous to crystalline and subsequently ways to enhance the crystallinity are then discussed, including those involving the “silica-protected calcination” and “partial etching and recalcination” strategies. We also discuss the photocatalytic applications of the TiO_2 nanoshells and the methods for improving their catalytic activities. Finally, we conclude with a summary and our perspective on the further development of the nanostructured TiO_2 shells. It is believed that more rational design and modification strategies such as well-controlled nonmetal doping, plasmonic metal decoration and the hybridization with other semiconducting materials will significantly enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO_2-based catalyst materials.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Linguistic Predictors of Adaptive Bereavement

The words people use in disclosing a trauma were hypothesized to predict improvements in mental and physical health in 2 studies. The first study reanalyzed data from 6 previous experiments in which language variables served as predictors of health. Results from 177 participants in previous writing studies showed that increased use of words associated with insightful and causal thinking was linked to improved physical but not mental health. Higher use of positive relative to negative emotion words was also associated with better health. An empirical measure that was derived from these data correlated with subsequent distress ratings. The second study tested these models on interview transcripts of 30 men who had lost their partners to AIDS. Cognitive change and empirical models predicted postbereavement distress at 1 year. Implications of using computer-based text analyses in the study of narratives are discussed. This is one of four studies analyzing from different theoretical perspectives the bereavement narratives of 30 men whose partners had died of AIDS. The data were from a longitudinal study: the Electronic mail may be sent to Electronic mail may be sent via the Internet to Traumatic experiences, such as the death of a primary partner, can affect psychological functioning on many levels. It can influence how people think about themselves, their past and future, their relationships with others, and the meaning of life. Talking with others about traumatic events is an important way in which many people confront and resolve these issues (cf. Rimé, 1995). What people say about loss not only reflects their psychological and emotional state, but may also aid them in coping with the event.
Maxmin fair scheduling in wireless networks

We consider scheduling policies for maxmin fair allocation of bandwidth in wireless ad hoc networks. We formalize the maxmin fair objective under wireless scheduling constraints. We propose a fair scheduling which assigns dynamic weights to the flows such that the weights depend on the congestion in the neighborhood and schedule the flows which constitute a maximum weighted matching. It is possible to prove analytically that this policy attains both short term and long term fairness. We consider more generalized fairness notions, and suggest mechanisms to attain these objectives.
Effect of psychosocial stress on maternal complications during pregnancy: A cohort study

Aim: To determine the effect of psychosocial stress on maternal complications during pregnancy Methods: A population based prospective cohort study was carried out in Sri Lanka from May 2001 to April 2002. Pregnant women were recruited on or before 16 weeks of gestation and followed up until delivery. The sample size was 774. The relevant exposure data were collected on average during the 12th and 28th week of gestation. Psychosocial stress was assessed using the Modified Life Events Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire 30 (GHQ 30). Maternal complications were defined as the presence of pregnancy induced hypertension or gestational diabetes or ante partum hemorrhage. Multiple logistic regression was applied and the results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: On multiple logistic regression analysis, experience of ≥2 life events during the second trimester [OR 3.0, 95%CI: 1.19, 7.64], GHQ score >5 during the second trimester [OR 3.24, 95%CI: 1.32, 7.93], body mass index >26.0 kg/m2 [OR 1.25, 95%CI: 1.31, 9.27], pre pregnancy weight >51 kg [OR 1.23, 95%CI: 1.25, 9.33] and educational level up to grade 5 [OR 1.93, 95%CI: 2.0, 23.41] were risk factors for maternal complications during pregnancy. Conclusions: Psychosocial stress during the second trimester, BMI >26 kg/m2, pre pregnancy weight >51kg and low educational level were risk factors for maternal complications during pregnancy.
The Civilizing Process and Its Discontents: Suicide and Crimes against Persons in France, 1825–18301

A spatial analysis of data for French départements assembled in the 1830s by André‐Michel Guerry and Adolphe d’Angeville examines the impacts of modernization and resistance to governmental “Frenchification” policies on measures of violence and its direction. In the context of Unnithan et al.’s integrated model of suicide and homicide, high suicide rates in the northern core and a predilection for violence against others in the southern periphery may be consistently interpreted in terms of theories of the civilizing process and internal colonialism. Alternative explanations of southern violence in 19th‐century France are explored and rejected, and additional theoretical applications are suggested.
Age- and Level-Dependence of Fatty Infiltration in Lumbar Paravertebral Muscles of Healthy Volunteers

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Normative age-related decline in paravertebral muscle quality is important for reference to disease and risk identification in patients. We aimed to establish age- and vertebral level–dependence of paravertebral (multifidus and erector spinae) muscle volume and fat content in healthy adult volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study multifidus and erector spinae fat signal fraction and volume at lumbar levels L1–L5 were measured in 80 healthy volunteers (10 women and men per decade, 20–62 years of age) by 2-point Dixon 3T MR imaging. ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni correction compared fat signal fraction and volume among subgroups. Pearson and Spearman analysis were used for correlations (P < .05). RESULTS: Fat signal fraction was higher in women (17.8% ± 10.7%) than men (14.7% ± 7.8%; P < .001) and increased with age. Multifidus and erector spinae volume was lower in women (565.4 ± 83.8 cm3) than in men (811.6 ± 98.9 cm3; P < .001) and was age-independent. No differences in fat signal fraction were shown between the right and left paravertebral muscles or among the L1, L2, and L3 lumbar levels. The fat signal fraction was highest at L5 (women, 31.9% ± 9.3%; men, 25.7% ± 8.0%; P < .001). The fat signal fraction at L4 correlated best with total lumbar fat signal fraction (women, r = 0.95; men, r = 0.92, P < .001). Total fat signal fraction was higher in the multifidus compared with erector spinae muscles at L1–L4 for both sexes (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Lumbar paravertebral muscle fat content increases with aging, independent of volume, in healthy volunteers 20–62 years of age. Women, low lumbar levels, and the multifidus muscle are most affected. Further study examining younger and older subjects and the functional impact of fatty infiltrated paravertebral muscles are warranted.
Oral candidiasis: An overview

Candida is the shortened name used to describe a class of fungi that includes more than 150 species of yeast. In healthy individuals, Candida exists harmlessly in mucus membranes such as your ears, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, mouth, nose, reproductive organs, sinuses, skin, stool and vagina, etc. It is known as your “beneficial flora” and has a useful purpose in the body. When an imbalance in the normal flora occurs, it causes an overgrowth of Candida albicans. The term is Candidiasis or Thrush. This is a fungal infection (Mycosis) of any of the Candida species, of which Candida albicans is the most common. When this happens, it can create a widespread havoc to our overall health and well-being of our body.
Managing capacity for telecommunications networks under uncertainty

The existing telecommunications infrastructure in most of the world is adequate to deliver voice and text applications, but demand for broadband services such as streaming video and large file transfer (e.g., movies) is accelerating. The explosion in Internet use has created a huge demand for telecommunications capacity. However, this demand is extremely volatile, making network planning difficult. In this paper, modern financial option pricing methods are applied to the problem of network investment decision timing. In particular, we study the optimal decision problem of building new network capacity in the presence of stochastic demand for services. Adding new capacity requires a capital investment, which must be balanced by uncertain future revenues. We study the underlying risk factor in the bandwidth market and then apply real options theory to the upgrade decision problem. We notice that sometimes it is optimal to wait until the maximum capacity of a line is nearly reached before upgrading directly to the line with the highest known transmission rate (skipping the intermediate lines). It appears that past upgrade practice underestimates the conflicting effects of growth and volatility. This explains the current overcapacity in available bandwidth. To the best of our knowledge, this real options approach has not been used previously in the area of network capacity planning. Consequently, we believe that this methodology can offer insights for network management.
Development of beak polymorphism in the African seedcracker, Pyrenestes ostrinus

SUMMARY The black‐bellied African seedcracker, Pyrenestes ostrinus, exhibits a non‐sex‐related polymorphism in beak size that enables the small‐, large‐, and mega‐billed morphs to utilize different trophic niches. The bill polymorphism between small‐ and large‐billed individuals was previously shown to be under genetic control of a single autosomal locus with the allele for a large bill being dominant. African seedcrackers offer a novel opportunity to study the genetic basis of an adaptive polymorphism driven by disruptive selection and differential niche use in wild populations. In this study, we further explore the morphology and molecular development of the beak skeleton and of the cranial musculature in all morphs, both in adults and juveniles (nestlings). We find a close correlation in growth between the two tissues, even though juvenile birds (nestlings) of all morphs are fed a soft mostly insect diet by their parents until they fledge and become independent. Molecular and histological analyses suggest a heterochronic co‐option of the mechanotransduction pathway into beak development program to produce the resource polymorphism. We also find that this plasticity is diminished after the nestling period. We suggest that a mutation affecting cranial muscle mass led to a corresponding change in jawbone morphology, allowing for apparent rapid evolution of novel functional adaptations of multiple tissues, a mechanism previously thought to be hard to achieve.
Isolation from Turkey Breeder Hens of a Reassortant H1N2 Influenza Virus with Swine, Human, and Avian Lineage Genes

SUMMARY. Type A influenza viruses can infect a wide range of birds and mammals, but influenza in a particular species is usually considered to be species specific. However, infection of turkeys with swine H1N1 viruses has been documented on several occasions. This report documents the isolation of an H1N2 influenza virus from a turkey breeder flock with a sudden drop in egg production. Sequence analysis of the virus showed that it was a complex reassortant virus with a mix of swine-, human-, and avian-origin influenza genes. A swine influenza virus with a similar gene complement was recently reported from pigs in Indiana. Isolation and identification of the virus required the use of nonconventional diagnostic procedures. The virus was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs by the yolk sac route of inoculation rather than by the typical chorioallantoic sac route. Interpretation of hemagglutination-inhibition test results required the use of turkey rather than chicken red blood cells, and identification of the neuraminidase subtype required the use of alternative reference sera in the neuraminidase-inhibition test. This report provides additional evidence that influenza viruses can cross species and cause a disease outbreak, and diagnosticians must be aware that the variability of influenza viruses can complicate the isolation and characterization of new isolates.
Genome-wide profiling of chromosome interactions in Plasmodium falciparum characterizes nuclear architecture and reconfigurations associated with antigenic variation

Spatial relationships within the eukaryotic nucleus are essential for proper nuclear function. In Plasmodium falciparum, the repositioning of chromosomes has been implicated in the regulation of the expression of genes responsible for antigenic variation, and the formation of a single, peri‐nuclear nucleolus results in the clustering of rDNA. Nevertheless, the precise spatial relationships between chromosomes remain poorly understood, because, until recently, techniques with sufficient resolution have been lacking. Here we have used chromosome conformation capture and second‐generation sequencing to study changes in chromosome folding and spatial positioning that occur during switches in var gene expression. We have generated maps of chromosomal spatial affinities within the P. falciparum nucleus at 25 Kb resolution, revealing a structured nucleolus, an absence of chromosome territories, and confirming previously identified clustering of heterochromatin foci. We show that switches in var gene expression do not appear to involve interaction with a distant enhancer, but do result in local changes at the active locus. These maps reveal the folding properties of malaria chromosomes, validate known physical associations, and characterize the global landscape of spatial interactions. Collectively, our data provide critical information for a better understanding of gene expression regulation and antigenic variation in malaria parasites.
Global Loss Diversi cation in the Insurance Sector

We study the possibility for international diversi cation of catastrophe risk by the insurance sector. Adopting the argument that large insurance losses may be a `globalizing factor' for the industry, we study the dependence of geographically distant insurance markets via equity returns. In particular, we employ conditional copula theory to model the bivariate dependence of the insurance industry. In contrast to earlier literature on this subject, we disentangle the causes of dependence stemming from the asset side from those from the liability side by conditioning on general market conditions. We nd that for both Europe America and Europe Asia the dependence is signi cant. Moreover, we nd asymmetric e ects: the international dependence is particularly high for losses, even after conditioning for the asset side dependence. Finally, we investigate the time variation in copula parameters and nd evidence that dependence in the insurance sector has increased over time, thus reducing the scope for international diversi cation of large losses in this sector.
Influence of Different Drinks on the Colour Stability of Dental Resin Composites

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the discolouration effects of artificial saliva, granule lemon juice, coffee (without sugar), coca cola, sour cherry juice, fresh carrot juice and red wine on resin-based composite materials that are commonly used in restorative dentistry. Methods Colour of four brands of resin composites (Filtek Z 250 (3M Espe), Filtek Supreme (3M Espe), Quadrant (Cavex), Charisma (Heraeus-Kulzer)) of A2 shade was measured after one day of immersion in eight different solutions. Colour measurements were obtained by using a XL-20 Trismus Colourimeter and colour differences (ΔE) were estimated. For statistical evaluation, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Dunnett and Tukey tests were used at a significance level of 0.05. Results For the four restorative materials tested, the lowest ΔE values were observed in the artificial saliva, while ΔE values were the highest in red wine group. When comparing the four different restorative materials, Filtek Supreme exhibited the least colour changes whereas Filtek Z250 was the least colour-stable. Conclusions Dental resin composites and drinking solutions were significant factors that may affect the colour stability. After immersion for one day, all materials showed visible colour changes. The red wine solution exhibited more staining than others in three groups. Filtek Supreme showed significantly the least colour change due to its nano particle sizes.
Does Otovestibular Loss in the Autosomal Dominant Disorder DFNA9 Have an Impact of on Cognition? A Systematic Review

Background and Purpose: Cognitive impairment has been observed in patients with bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) and in patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). DFNA9 is an autosomal dominant disorder that causes a combination of both sensory deficits by the 3rd to 5th decade. We therefore hypothesize a combined detrimental effect on cognition. The aim of this systematic review was to identify studies related to DFNA9 in general and its relationship with cognitive impairment more specifically. Materials and Methods: Several databases including Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Web of Science were searched to accumulate information about DFNA9-mutations, including phenotype, genotype, pathophysiology, quality of life (QOL), and imaging in general and cognitive function more specifically. A qualitative analysis was performed on the 55 articles that qualified. Results: The clinical features of DFNA9 are different along the 24 COCH mutations, described up to now. Vestibular symptoms generally present themselves a few years after SNHL onset in mutations associated with the vWFA-domain although they can precede SNHL onset in other mutations associated with the LCCL-domain. QoL has not been studied extensively in DFNA9, although scarce work is available on the positive impact of cochlear implantation to rehabilitate hearing. No studies were found evaluating cognition in DFNA9 patients. Conclusion: Although cognitive impairment has been demonstrated in patients with hearing loss as well as in patients with BVL, no studies have been reported on the combination of both sensory deficits, such as in DFNA9. Further research is warranted to correlate otovestibular status with cognition.