Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flow-Field Measurement of Device-Induced Embedded Streamwise Vortex on a Flat Plate

Detailed flow-field measurements were performed downstream of a single vortex generator (VG) using an advanced Stereo Digital Particle Image Velocimetry system. Thc passive flow-control devices examined consisted of a low-profile VG with a device height, h, approximately equal to 20 percent of the boundary-layer thickness, sigma, and a conventional VG with h is approximately sigma. Flow-field data were taken at twelve cross-flow planes downstream of the VG to document and quantify the evolution of embedded streamwise vortex. The effects of device angle of attack on vortex development downstream were compared between the low-profile VG and the conventional VG. Key parameters including vorticity, circulation, trajectory, and half-life radius - describing concentration, strength, path, and size, respectively--of the device-induced streamwise vortex were extracted from the flow-field data. The magnitude of maximum vorticity increases as angle of attack increases for the low-profile VG, but the trend is reversed for the conventional VG, probably due to flow stalling around the larger device at higher angles of attack. Peak vorticity and circulation for the low-profile VG decays exponentially and inversely proportional to the distance downstream from the device. The device-height normalized vortex trajectories for the low-profile VG, especially in the lateral direction, follow the general trends of the conventional VG. The experimental database was used to validate the predictive capability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD accurately predicts the vortex circulation and path; however, improvements are needed for predicting the vorticity strength and vortex size.
Strategy Instruction in Mathematics

Mathematics performance is conceptualized as a problem-solving situation consisting of cognitive and metacognitive processes associated with (a) representing the problem, (b) planning a solution, (c) carrying out the operations entailed by the plan, and (d) monitoring the course of solution. Strategies for accomplishing these activities have been instructed within a variety of instructional models, three of which are discussed: direct instruction, self-instruction, and mediated performance (guided learning). Strategy instruction studies representative of each method have been applied to mathematics computation tasks and to word problem solving. These studies are reviewed with a focus on what makes for effective strategy instruction for learning disabled children. Conclusions center on the need to deal explicitly with problem representation and conceptual understanding of the task, task-specific planning and computation skills, and general organizational frameworks for systematically monitoring solution progress. Finally, it is recommended that strategy instruction studies make provision for component practice sufficient to develop efficient access to and use of the available knowledge base as well as of the instructed strategies.
Conflicts of Interest in Sell-Side Research and the Moderating Role of Institutional Investors

Because sell-side analysts are dependent on institutional investors for performance ratings and trading commissions, we argue that analysts are less likely to succumb to investment banking or brokerage pressure in stocks highly visible to institutional investors. Examining a comprehensive sample of analyst recommendations over the 1994-2000 period, we find that analysts’ recommendations relative to consensus are positively associated with investment banking relationships and brokerage pressure, but negatively associated with the presence of institutional investor owners. The presence of institutional investors is also associated with more accurate earnings forecasts and more timely re-ratings following severe share price falls.
Traditional marketing channel VS network marketing channel: A multi-market competition model

This paper analyses the competition relationship between two markets, the traditional marketing channels market and the network marketing channels market. Then, on based on the Bowley model and introduction of the cooperation coefficient, we establish an improved multi-market competition model of two firms competing in two relevant markets. By calculating the numerical solution, to obtain the revenue maximization, this paper discusses what quantity of the product the firm should put into and sales in each channel market, at what price should to be sold, and how to maximize the profits. Finally, we analyzed the multi-market competition and tacit collusion using the static analysis method.
Time‐Dependent ROC Curves for Censored Survival Data and a Diagnostic Marker

Summary. ROC curves are a popular method for displaying sensitivity and specificity of a continuous marker, X, for a binary disease variable, D. However, many disease outcomes are time dependent, D(t, and ROC curves that vary as a function of time may be mire appropriate. A common examples of a time‐dependent variable is vital status, where D(t) = 1 if a patient has died prior to time t and zero otherwise. We propose summarizing the discrimination potential of a marker X, measured at baseline (t= 0), by calculating ROC Curves for cumulative disease or death incidence by time t, which we denote as ROC(t). A typical complexity with survival data is that observations may be censored. Two ROC curve estimators are proposed that can accommodate censored data. A simple estimator is based on using the Kaplan‐Meier estimated for each possible subset X > c. However, this estimator does not guarantee the necessary condition that sensitivity and specificity are monotone in X. An alternative estimator that does guarantee monotonicity is based on a nearest neighbor estimator for the bivariate distribution function of (X, T), where T represents survival time (Akritas, M. J., 1994, Annals of Statistics22, 1299–1327). We present an example where ROC(t) is used to compare a standard and a modified flow cytometry measurement for predicting survival after detection of breast cancer and an example where the ROC(t) curve displays the impact of modifying eligibility criteria for sample size and power in HIV prevention trials.
Dissecting the assembly of A β 16-22 amyloid peptides into antiparallel β-sheets

1 Summary Multiple long molecular dynamics simulations are used to probe the oligomerization mechanism of A 16;22 (KLVFFAE) peptides. The peptides, in the monomeric form, adopt either a compact random or extended-strand-like structures. The assembly of the low energy oligomers, in which the peptides form antiparallel-sheets, occurs by m ultiple pathways with the formation of an obligatory-helical intermediate. This observation and the experimental results on brillogenesis of A 1;40 and A 1;42 peptides suggest that the assembly mechanism (random coil ! -helix ! -strand) is universal. In A 16;22 oligomers bothinterpeptide hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions are critical in the formation of anti-parallel-sheet structure. Mutations of either hydrophobic or charged residues destabilize the oligomer, which implies that the 16-22 fragments of Arctic(E22G), Dutch (E22Q), and Italian (E22K) mutants are unlikely to form ordered brils.
Cross-Domain Collaborative Filtering over Time

Collaborative filtering (CF) techniques recommend items to users based on their historical ratings. In real-world scenarios, user interests may drift over time since they are affected by moods, contexts, and pop culture trends. This leads to the fact that a user's historical ratings comprise many aspects of user interests spanning a long time period. However, at a certain time slice, one user's interest may only focus on one or a couple of aspects. Thus, CF techniques based on the entire historical ratings may recommend inappropriate items. In this paper, we consider modeling user-interest drift over time based on the assumption that each user has multiple counterparts over temporal domains and successive counterparts are closely related. We adopt the cross-domain CF framework to share the static group-level rating matrix across temporal domains, and let user-interest distribution over item groups drift slightly between successive temporal domains. The derived method is based on a Bayesian latent factor model which can be inferred using Gibbs sampling. Our experimental results show that our method can achieve state-of-the-art recommendation performance as well as explicitly track and visualize user-interest drift over time.
The Token Economy: A Motivational System for Therapy and Rehabilitation.

The advent of behavior therapy was heralded by the appearance of Wolpe's book Psychotherapy By Reciprocal Inhibition in 1958. In contrast to freudian psychotherapy, behavior therapy did not arise out of empirical observations in the clinical situation from which a theory was then induced, but rather from a deliberate attempt to apply to the treatment of patients laboratory-derived learning theory which has so preoccupied American psychology for 50 years. Wolpe, as might be expected from a physician, worked largely within a framework of pavlovian learning theory and his technique or systematic desensitization has earned a solid place in the treatment of neurosis. However, the more recent developments in behavior therapy, especially with psychotic patients and children, have involved the application of that peculiarly American branch of learning theory—operant conditioning—and, in the process, behavior therapy has undergone a change of name to
Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Induction as an Additional Mechanism for Liver Receptor Homolog-1 to Negatively Regulate the Hepatic Acute Phase Response*

The liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is an orphan nuclear receptor believed to play a key role in bile acid metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis, and intestinal cell crypt renewal. LRH-1 has recently been reported to negatively regulate the hepatic acute phase response by antagonizing, at least in part, the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein signaling pathway. Here we have shown, using adenovirus-mediated LRH-1 overexpression and gene-silencing experiments, that the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) gene is a novel LRH-1 target gene in hepatic cells. Promoter mapping and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that LRH-1 regulates IL-1RA gene expression under inflammatory conditions at the transcriptional level via the binding to an LRH-1 response element. Interestingly, IL-1RA induction by an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide is significantly lower in LRH-1 heterozygous compared with wild-type mice, demonstrating the contribution of LRH-1 in IL-1RA gene regulation. Finally, RNA interference experiments indicate that LRH-1 blocks the hepatic acute phase response by, at least in part, inducing IL-1RA expression. Taken together, these results lead to the identification of IL-1RA as a novel LRH-1 target gene and demonstrate the existence of multiple mechanisms contributing to the overall anti-inflammatory properties of LRH-1 in hepatic cells.
Police Officer Perceptions of a Victim-Services Program

This study examines how police officers view their victim-services program and on which occasions they call a victim's advocate to a crime scene. The purpose of this study is to enhance the number of referrals to the victim-services program by police officers, as they are the primary means through which those just victimized become aware of services available to them. The eighty-eight police-officer participants offered extremely positive evaluations of the program and their experiences with victim advocates. Calls for an advocate, then, appear to be limited by police officers' individual evaluations of a victim's need for an advocate, victims' declining an officer's offer to request an advocate, and victims' limited knowledge about the program. Social-policy implications include revising police policies to require officers to call an advocate for all eligible crime victims or, minimally, provide all victims with written materials about the victim services available to them.
Chaos Synchronization and Communication of Cascade-Coupled Semiconductor Lasers

Numerical investigations of chaos synchronization and communication in three semiconductor lasers with cascade configuration are presented. The open-loop form composed of an external-cavity master laser and two stand-alone (intermediate and slave) lasers was chosen for the system. Through computer simulation, three possible synchronization types (complete, generalized, and hybrid synchronizations) are found. For the complete type, all lasers show the same chaotic output. For the generalized type, however, the injected lasers emit the amplified signals compared with the injecting signals, and the amplified signals show the anticipating behaviors with the propagation time in advance. Due to the synchronization relay, the synchronization degree is seen to be somewhat degraded. With proper selection of the feedback and injection parameters, the first two lasers can achieve complete synchronization, and the last two lasers can obtain generalized synchronization, i.e., the so-called hybrid synchronization, where the system shows the combined characteristics of complete and generalized synchronizations. The communication performances are also examined briefly. It is found that the original message can be extracted correctly in both the intermediate and the slave parts. Due to the synchronization relay, the decoding performances are degraded in the slave part. In addition, it shows that there is an optimized coupling level between the intermediate and the slave lasers to better demodulate the message
Frequency-Domain In-Vehicle UWB Channel Modeling

This paper aims to present a simple but robust model characterizing the frequency-dependent transfer function of an in-vehicle ultrawideband (UWB) channel. A large number of transfer functions spanning the UWB (3–11 GHz) are recorded inside the passenger compartment of a four-seated sedan. It is found that the complex transfer function can be decomposed into two terms, the first term being a real-valued long-term trend that characterizes frequency dependence with a power law and the second term forming a complex correlative discrete series that may be represented via an autoregressive (AR) model. An exhaustive simulation framework is laid out based on empirical equations characterizing trend parameters and AR process coefficients. The simulation of the transfer function is straightforward as it involves only a handful of variables; however, it is in good agreement with the actual measured data. The proposed model is further validated by comparing different channel parameters, such as coherence bandwidth, power delay profile, and root-mean-square delay spread, obtained from raw and synthetic data sets. It is also shown how the model can be compared with existing time-domain Saleh–Valenzuela-influenced models and related IEEE standards.
What Hinders Investment in the Aftermath of Financial Crises: Insolvent Firms or Illiquid Banks?

Abstract We quantify the effects of lending and balance sheet channels on corporate investment during large devaluations. We find that if currency crises are accompanied by banking crises, domestic exporters holding unhedged foreign currency debt decrease investment while foreign exporters with better access to credit increase investment despite their unhedged foreign currency debt. We do not find such a differential effect under pure currency crises. Using firm-bank matched data during the global financial crisis, we showthat both domestic and foreign-owned firms experienced a decline in bank credit from affected banks; however, foreign-owned firms substituted the lost credit.
Disruption of Oncogenic K-Ras4B Processing and Signaling by a Potent Geranylgeranyltransferase I Inhibitor(*)

Prenylation of the carboxyl-terminal CAAX (C, cysteine; A, aliphatic acid; and X, any amino acid) of Ras is required for its biological activity. We have designed a CAAX peptidomimetic, GGTI-287, which is 10 times more potent toward inhibiting geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGTase I) in vitro (IC = 5 nM) than our previously reported farnesyltransferase inhibitor, FTI-276. In whole cells, the methyl ester derivative of GGTI-287, GGTI-286, was 25-fold more potent (IC = 2 μM) than the corresponding methyl ester of FTI-276, FTI-277, toward inhibiting the processing of the geranylgeranylated protein Rap1A. Furthermore, GGTI-286 is highly selective for geranylgeranylation over farnesylation since it inhibited the processing of farnesylated H-Ras only at much higher concentrations (IC > 30 μM). While the processing of H-Ras was very sensitive to inhibition by FTI-277 (IC = 100 nM), that of K-Ras4B was highly resistant (IC = 10 μM). In contrast, we found the processing of K-Ras4B to be much more sensitive to GGTI-286 (IC = 2 μM). Furthermore, oncogenic K-Ras4B stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was inhibited potently by GGTI-286 (IC = 1 μM) but weakly by FTI-277 (IC = 30 μM). Significant inhibition of oncogenic K-Ras4B stimulation of MAP kinase by GGTI-286 occurred at concentrations (1-3 μM) that did not inhibit oncogenic H-Ras stimulation of MAP kinase. The data presented in this study provide the first demonstration of selective disruption of oncogenic K-Ras4B processing and signaling by a CAAX peptidomimetic. The higher sensitivity of K-Ras4B toward a GGTase I inhibitor has a tremendous impact on future research directions targeting Ras in anticancer therapy.
BOLD fMRI signal increases with age in selected brain regions in children

To determine whether the BOLD signal used in fMRI is age dependent in childhood, 332 healthy children (age 4.9–18.9 years) performed tasks in a periodic block design during 3 T fMRI: (1) a verb generation task interleaved with a finger tapping task; (2) a word-picture matching task interleaved with an image discrimination task. Significant correlations between percent signal change in BOLD effect and age occurred in left Broca's, middle frontal, Wernicke's, and inferior parietal regions, and anterior cingulate during the verb generation task; in precentral, postcentral, middle frontal, supplementary motor, and precuneus regions during the finger tapping task; and in bilateral lingula gyri during the word-picture matching task. Thus, BOLD effect increases with age in children during sensorimotor and language tasks.
Teaching Melodic Dictation in Advanced Placement Music Theory

In this study approaches to teaching melodic dictation skills used by Advanced Placement (AP) Music Theory teachers were examined. Twelve high school teachers from four states were interviewed. Four themes emerged from the interview transcripts: cognitive frameworks, processing strategies, rhythm, and course design. Participants generally confirmed established understandings of aural skills pedagogy, particularly in areas of pattern instruction, connecting aural and written theory, connecting sight-singing and dictation, incorporating scale degree function, targeting melodic “bookends,” focusing on the big picture, sequencing curricula, and incorporating familiar melodies. Unique to the findings of this study were participants’ positive attitudes toward a standardized test and their concern for the students’ psychological barriers inherent in learning aural skills. A general indifference to rhythm counting systems and a common acknowledgment of students’ difficulties with rhythmic notation also were found. Recommendations for further research include a large-scale survey of melodic dictation strategies taught by AP Music Theory teachers, empirical investigation of the efficacy of specific counting systems, comparison of students’ reported dictation strategies and their success with dictation on the AP exam, and exploration of the influence of psychological fortitude on the dictation process.
The Psychology of Entrepreneurs: A Self-Regulation Perspective

In this chapter, we suggest links between previous and future research into the psychology, more specifically the motivation of entrepreneurs using a self-regulation perspective. Recent research in work motivation has shifted its focus from the single concept of goal setting and intentions towards a broader understanding of self-regulation processes (Diefendorff & Lord, 2008). Self-regulation, as we see it, is the capacity of individuals to guide their activities over time and across changing circumstances (Kanfer, 1990). We aim to incorporate this broader understanding into entrepreneurship research, as we believe it allows for a better understanding of the function and form of the entrepreneurial mindset. In addition, a self-regulation perspective permits integration of empirical findings about the dynamic nature of the entrepreneurial process, while keeping goal directed individuals as the central protagonists in that process.
The Work Opportunity and Welfare-to-Work Tax Credits: Participation Rates Among Eligible Workers

This paper examines participation in the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) and the Welfare-to-Work Tax Credit (WtW), two federal employer subsidy programs. I use nationally-representative data to estimate the number of disadvantaged workers whose employers qualified for either of the credits in 1997 or 1999. I compare these estimates to the number of applications approved in each year. Estimated participation in 1999 was less than 17 percent among eligible disadvantaged youth. While participation was higher for welfare recipients, even upper-bound esimates are less than 33 percent. These low participation rates are consistent with those of similar programs in previous years.
Power production in MFCs inoculated with Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 or mixed cultures

Power densities and oxidation–reduction potentials (ORPs) of MFCs containing a pure culture of Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 were compared to mixed cultures (wastewater inoculum) in cube shaped, 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐bottle batch‐fed MFC reactor configurations. The reactor architecture influenced the relative power produced by the different inocula, with the mixed culture generating 68–480% more power than MR‐1 in each MFC configuration. The mixed culture produced the maximum power density of 858 ± 9 mW m−2 in the cubic MFC, while MR‐1 produced 148 ± 20 mW m−2. The higher power by the mixed culture was primarily a result of lower internal resistances than those produced by the pure culture. Power was a direct function of ohmic resistance for the mixed culture, but not for strain MR‐1. ORP of the anode compartment varied with reactor configuration and inoculum, and it was always negative during maximum power production but it did not vary in proportion to power output. The ORP varied primarily at the end of the cycle when substrate was depleted, with a change from a reductive environment during maximum power production (approximately −175 mV for mixed and approximately −210 mV for MR‐1 in cubic MFCs), to an oxidative environment at the end of the batch cycle (∼250 mV for mixed and ∼300 mV for MR‐1). Mixed cultures produced more power than MR‐1 MFCs even though their redox potential was less negative. These results demonstrate that differences between power densities produced by pure and mixed cultures depend on the MFC architecture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 489–498. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.