Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACQUIRED CELLULAR RESISTANCE

The resistance developed by mice during infection with Listeria monocytogenes, Brucella abortus, or Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not specifically directed against the infecting organism. The processes involved in the induction of acquired resistance, however, are highly specific and seem to depend upon two factors: a state of immunological reactivity of the host and the presence of the specific microbial antigens to which the host has become reactive. When these two coexist in the tissues the host is found to be non-specifically resistant. It is suggested that resistance, which was shown to depend upon an altered state of host macrophages, may be due to the interaction of antigen and a specific antibody adsorbed to the surface of host macrophages; and that the antibody involved in the reaction is perhaps identical with the antibody which confers the state of delayed-type hypersensitivity. The results are discussed in relation to the question of latent infection and infection immunity.
Origins of multisynaptic projections from the basal ganglia to the forelimb region of the ventral premotor cortex in macaque monkeys

The ventral premotor cortex (PMv), occupying the ventral aspect of area 6 in the frontal lobe, has been implicated in action planning and execution based on visual signals. Although the PMv has been characterized by cortico‐cortical connections with specific subregions of the parietal and prefrontal cortical areas, a topographical input/output organization between the PMv and the basal ganglia (BG) still remains elusive. In the present study, retrograde transneuronal labelling with the rabies virus was employed to identify the origins of multisynaptic projections from the BG to the PMv. The virus was injected into the forelimb region of the PMv, identified in the ventral aspect of the genu of the arcuate sulcus, in macaque monkeys. The survival time after the virus injection was set to allow either the second‐ or third‐order neuron labelling across two or three synapses. The second‐order neurons were observed in the ventral portion (primary motor territory) and the caudodorsal portion (higher‐order motor territory) of the internal segment of the globus pallidus. Subsequently, the third‐order neurons were distributed in the putamen caudal to the anterior commissure, including both the primary and the higher‐order motor territories, and in the ventral striatum (limbic territory). In addition, they were found in the dorsolateral portion (motor territory) and ventromedial portion (limbic territory) of the subthalamic nucleus, and in the external segment of the globus pallidus including both the limbic and motor territories. These findings indicate that the PMv receives diverse signals from the primary motor, higher‐order motor and limbic territories of the BG.
Exploiting independence for co-channel interference cancellation and symbol detection in multiuser digital communications

In the blind equalization of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) finite impulse response communication channels, co-channel interference (CCI) is typically cancelled by exploiting the properties of digital modulations, such as their finite alphabet (FA). This contribution takes advantage of the mutual independence of the users' signals through the application of independent component analysis (ICA). We demonstrate that ICA-based CCI suppression remarkably improves an FA-based approach. In addition, proposed ICA-assisted minimum mean square error receivers are shown to enhance the conventional detection capabilities of MIMO equalization methods relying on channel identification. The particular structure of the MIMO model yields a simplified detection scheme with improved performance at a reduced computational cost.
Democratic devices and desires

This book offers a novel account of key features of modern representative democracy. Working from the rational actor tradition, it builds a middle ground between orthodox political theory and the economic analysis of politics. Standard economic models of politics emphasise the design of the institutional devices of democracy as operated by essentially self-interested individuals. This book departs from that model by focusing on democratic desires alongside democratic devices, stressing that important aspects of democracy depend on the motivation of democrats and the interplay between devices and desires. Individuals are taken to be not only rational, but also somewhat moral. The authors argue that this approach provides access to aspects of the debate on democratic institutions that are beyond the narrowly economic model. They apply their analysis to voting, elections, representation, political departments and the separation and division of powers, providing a wide-ranging discussion of the design of democratic institutions
Beyond “Acting White”

This article investigates interactional processes by which students from non-dominant groups develop academic identities within schools that privilege the dominant group. It draws on an ethnographic study of an urban magnet school, focusing on a discourse analysis of conversations between 3 eighth-grade girls. Findings include that students supported their academic identities through strategically establishing symbolic boundaries between academic content and the standards by which they were judged. Overall, this study explores the ways in which students exercise agency as they develop symbolic boundaries that are more complex than the binary “white” versus “nonwhite” to attain identity-related goals.
Is there a “People are Stupid” school in social psychology?

This commentary notes the emergence of a “People are Stupid” school of thought that describes social behavior as mindless, automatic, and unconscious. I trace the roots of this “school,” particularly in the link between situationism in social psychology and behaviorism in psychology at large, and suggest that social psychology should focus on the role of the mind in social interaction.
Various L 2 -signatures and a topological L 2 -signature theorem

For a normal covering over a closed oriented topological manifold we give a proof of the L 2 -signature theorem with twisted coecients, using Lipschitz structures and the Lipschitz signature operator introduced by Teleman. We also prove that the L-theory isomorphism conjecture as well as the C max-version of the Baum-Connes conjecture imply the L 2 -signature theorem for a normal covering over a Poincar e space, provided that the group of deck transformations is torsion-free. We discuss the various possible denitions of L 2 -signatures (using the signature operator, using the cap product of dierential forms, using a cap product in cellular L 2 -cohomology, . . . ) in this situation, and prove that they all coincide.
Parotid secretion daily patterns and measurement with ultrasonic flow probes in conscious sheep

Five sheep under halothane anesthesia were prepared with bilateral transit time ultrasonic flow probes around the parotid ducts. The ducts were fitted with non‐obstructive sampling catheters through their oral ends. After probe encapsulation (8 days), salivary flows were continuously recorded (4‐5 days, dual‐channel ultrasonic flowmeter). For rumination, eating, resting and drinking periods, respectively, the parotid daily outputs recorded were 1.96 +/ࢤ 0.57, 0.97 +/ࢤ 0.34, 2.84 +/ࢤ 0.41 and < 0.041 and bilateral flow rates were 6.76 +/ࢤ 0.70, 5.63 +/ࢤ 1.42, 2.50 +/ࢤ 0.58 and 1.69 +/ࢤ 0.88 ml min‐1. An ipsilateral secretory reflex was evident when the sheep changed chewing side during rumination (4.44 +/ࢤ 0.96 ml min‐1 ipsilateral vs 2.63 +/ࢤ 0.90 ml min‐1 contralateral flow, P < 0.01). Secretory patterns are described in detail during rest, eating, drinking and rumination periods. The pH of parotid saliva (8.36 +/ࢤ 0.14) and the osmolality (273.8 +/ࢤ 9.9 mosmol kg‐1) were independent of secretory rates. In situ probe calibration showed high accuracy (0‐9%). The main advantages of the technique are its accuracy and good tolerance, duct integrity and maintenance of nervous supply, minimal surgery, uninterrupted salivary flow, simultaneous bilateral measurements and precise flow monitoring, permitting detailed observations.
Examinations of higher order mode cutoff frequencies in symmetrical TEM cells

Previous studies on the higher order mode cutoff frequencies for symmetrical TEM cells include matrix solutions from a mode matching method, approximate expressions based on the assumption of small gaps between the inner conductor and the sidewalls, or numerical simulations based on meshing the cross-section. Good agreement among the methods has been achieved in most cases. However, some discrepancies among results have remained, and these differences are investigated in this paper. A computer code is made available to compute higher order mode cutoff frequencies of any symmetrical TEM cells. In addition, a simple curve-fit algebraic expression for the first higher order mode cutoff frequency of 50 Ω TEM cells is presented.
IS AGE IMPORTANT? TESTING A GENERAL VERSUS A DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR*

We tested competing hypotheses derived from Gottfredson and Hirschis (1990) general theory and Moffitt's (1993a) developmental theory of antisocial behavior. The developmental theory argues that different factors give rise to antisocial behavior at different points in the life course. In contrast, the general theory maintains that the factor underlying antisocial behavior (i.e., criminal propensity) is the same at all ages. To test these competing predictions, we used longitudinal data spanning from age 5 to age 18 for the male subjects in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Using reports from three sources (parents, teachers, and the boys themselves), we estimated second-order confirmatory factor models of antisocial behavior. These models provided consistent support for the developmental theory, showing that separate latent factors underlie childhood and adolescent antisocial behavior. Moreover, we found that these childhood and adolescent factors related in ways predicted by Moffitt's developmental theory to four correlates of antisocial behavior: Childhood antisocial behavior was related more strongly than adolescent antisocial behavior to low verbal ability, by per activity, and negative/impulsive personality, whereas adolescent antisocial behavior was related more strongly than childhood antisocial behavior to peer delinquency. The two underlying latent factors also showed the predicted differential relations to later criminal convictions: Childhood antisocial behavior was significantly more strongly associated with convictions for violence, while adolescent antisocial behavior was significantly more strongly associated with convictions for nonviolent offenses.
Religious Participation and the Urban-Suburban Continuum

In this paper, I review the discussion of the influence of the urban milieu on religious practices and attempt to show that the next step should be a reevaluation of this influence in the light of the social nature of the suburbs. The evidence, based on a census of Catholic mass attenders in Montreal, inidcates that level of church attendance increases as people move from the central areas of the city to the periphery. This phenomenon is examined as an effect of the need for community identification and integration, both of which are emphasized in suburban communities. This proposition is verified when we control for the different population compositions of urban and suburban areas. Moreover, it is shown that the higher rate of church attendance in the suburbs represents mainly nominal religious participation (attendance at mass only) with the result that the proportion of churchgoer who engage in devotioanl religious practices (taking communion, etc.) is lower in the suburban areas.
Alanine Aminotransferase and Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Linear Dose-Response Relationship

Background Elevated baseline circulating alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level has been demonstrated to be associated with an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the nature of the dose-response relationship is uncertain. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published prospective cohort studies to characterize in detail the nature of the dose-response relationship between baseline ALT level and risk of incident MetS in the general population. Relevant studies were identified in a literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to December 2013. Prospective studies in which investigators reported relative risks (RRs) of MetS for 3 or more categories of ALT levels were eligible. A potential nonlinear relationship between ALT levels and MetS was examined using restricted cubic splines. Results Of the 489 studies reviewed, relevant data were available on 29,815 non-overlapping participants comprising 2,125 incident MetS events from five prospective cohort studies. There was evidence of a linear association (P for nonlinearity = 0.38) between ALT level and risk of MetS, characterised by a graded increase in MetS risk at ALT levels 6–40 U/L. The risk of MetS increased by 14% for every 5 U/L increment in circulating ALT level (95% CI: 12–17%). Evidence was lacking of heterogeneity and publication bias among the contributing studies. Conclusions Baseline ALT level is associated with risk of the MetS in a linear dose-response manner. Studies are needed to determine whether the association represents a causal relationship.
Born Losers or Flexible Adjustment? The Media Policy Dilemma of Small States

Increased attention is being paid to `smallness' as an analytical dimension as processes of internationalization and cross-media networking accelerate. To assure a certain `room for manoeuvre' of small states' media and to enhance regional identities in Europe — in some respects counteracting the integrating power of the European Community and associated market forces — political action on various levels is required. Small states' media operate under special and difficult conditions of small internal markets, shortages of resources, external dependency and vulnerability, and pressures of political corporatism. In order to preserve small states' media culture in such circumstances, media policy concepts should include integrated, cross-media oriented and `media-ecological' elements.
Sex Differences in Subjective Distress to Violations of Trust: Extending an Evolutionary Perspective

Sex differences in subjective distress were observed when men and women were asked to imagine their partners being emotionally or sexually unfaithful. Additional sex-linked "violations of trust," such as threats to the couples' economic security or threats to a partner's attractiveness, also were investigated. In Study 1 (60 men, 60 women) and Study 2 (45 men, 43 women), women were more distressed than men by emotional infidelity and by other female-linked violations (e.g., partner losing a job), and men were more distressed than women by sexual infidelity and by other male-linked violations (e.g., partner gaining a considerable amount of weight). Study 3 (30 men, 30 women) examined the possibility that the sex differences in distress reflected within-sex learned relationships among the violations rather than evolved sexual strategies. An evolutionary perspective, in contrast to the alternative analysis, provided parsimonious explanations of the sex differences in subjective distress to emotional and sexual infidelity, and to the other sex-linked violations of trust.
The Effect of Mathematics on the College Graduation Rates of Adult Students

Abstract This study analyzed the effect of mathematics courses on a cohort of students at a 4-year university in order to compare the effect of mathematics on adult students, those 25 and older, and traditional-age students. The transcripts of the 118 adult students and the 3,747 traditional-age students who were freshmen in the fall of 1999 were compared. The main findings of this study were (1) the adult cohort was less academically prepared upon entering college and had lower graduations rates than traditional-age students, (2) adult students who matriculated academically prepared for college-level mathematics had similar graduation rates as younger students with similar mathematics preparation, and (3) adult students who were unprepared for college mathematics had significantly lower graduation rates than traditional-age students beginning their college mathematics at the same level. While the adult group in this study included a larger percentage of minority and part-time students, which may have contributed to the differences between the two groups, this study illustrates the pivotal role that mathematics plays in the success of adult students.
Subjective Sense of Memory Strength and the Objective Amount of Information Accurately Remembered Are Related to Distinct Neural Correlates at Encoding

Although commonly used, the term memory strength is not well defined in humans. Besides durability, it has been conceptualized by retrieval characteristics, such as subjective confidence associated with retrieval, or objectively, by the amount of information accurately retrieved. Behaviorally, these measures are not necessarily correlated, indicating that distinct neural processes may underlie them. Thus, we aimed at disentangling neural activity at encoding associated with either a subsequent subjective sense of memory strength or with a subsequent objective amount of information remembered. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants were scanned while incidentally encoding a series of photographs of complex scenes. The next day, they underwent two memory tests, quantifying memory strength either subjectively (confidence on remembering the gist of a scene) or objectively (the number of details accurately remembered within a scene). Correlations between these measurements were mutually partialed out in subsequent memory analyses of fMRI data. Results revealed that activation in left ventral lateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction predicted subsequent confidence ratings. In contrast, parahippocampal and hippocampal activity predicted the number of details remembered. Our findings suggest that memory strength may reflect a functionally heterogeneous set of (at least two) phenomena. One phenomenon appears related to prefrontal and temporoparietal top-down modulations, resulting in the subjective sense of memory strength that is potentially based on gist memory. The other phenomenon is likely related to medial–temporal binding processes, determining the amount of information accurately encoded into memory. Thus, our study dissociated two distinct phenomena that are usually described as memory strength.
Enabling Problem Based Learning through Web 2.0 Technologies: PBL 2.0

Advances in Information and Communications Technology (ICT), particularly the so-called Web 2.0, are affecting all aspects of our life: How we communicate, how we shop, how we socialise, how we learn. Facilitating learning through the use of ICT, also known as eLearning, is a vital part of modern educational systems. Established pedagogical strategies, such as Problem Based Learning (PBL), are being adapted for online use in conjunction with modern Web 2.0 technologies and tools. However, even though Web 2.0 and progressive social-networking technologies are automatically associated with ideals such as collaboration, sharing, and active learning, it is also possible to use them in a very conservative, teacher-centred way limiting thus their impact. In this paper, we present PBL 2.0 framework, i.e., a framework combining PBL practices with Web 2.0 technologies. More specifically, we (a) explain the theoretical considerations and construct the PBL 2.0 framework; (b) develop a learning platform to support the PBL 2.0 framework approach; and (c) apply PBL 2.0 in a real-world setting for lecturing University students. Pilot results are encouraging as overall satisfaction with the developed platform and good acceptance of the new learning practices is observed. Although the full potential of PBL 2.0 could not be achieved due to different institutional and cultural obstacles, authors believe that PBL 2.0 framework provides good guidance for designing and implementing a PBL course.
Aging and Sensory Substitution in a Virtual Navigation Task

Virtual environments are becoming ubiquitous, and used in a variety of contexts–from entertainment to training and rehabilitation. Recently, technology for making them more accessible to blind or visually impaired users has been developed, by using sound to represent visual information. The ability of older individuals to interpret these cues has not yet been studied. In this experiment, we studied the effects of age and sensory modality (visual or auditory) on navigation through a virtual maze. We added a layer of complexity by conducting the experiment in a rotating room, in order to test the effect of the spatial bias induced by the rotation on performance. Results from 29 participants showed that with the auditory cues, it took participants a longer time to complete the mazes, they took a longer path length through the maze, they paused more, and had more collisions with the walls, compared to navigation with the visual cues. The older group took a longer time to complete the mazes, they paused more, and had more collisions with the walls, compared to the younger group. There was no effect of room rotation on the performance, nor were there any significant interactions among age, feedback modality and room rotation. We conclude that there is a decline in performance with age, and that while navigation with auditory cues is possible even at an old age, it presents more challenges than visual navigation.
Dynamics in an Evolving Partnership

Repeat players’ ability to cooperate in equilibrium depends on how long they expect their relationship to last (“stability”), which itself may change over time. This paper develops a theory of endogenous stability and dynamic performance in partnerships with evolving payoffs, in the context of a simple repeated Prisoners’ Dilemma with voluntary entry and exit. More stable partnerships are more productive and tend to generate less volatile profits in equilibrium, and partnerships tend to be least stable when they are neither new nor old. Further, players in a productive partnership prefer to face a less volatile environment while players in an unproductive partnership prefer to face a more volatile environment. ∗Email: mcadams@mit.edu, Post: E52-448 MIT Sloan, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02142. I thank George-Marios Angeletos, Michael Grubb, Johannes Horner, Marcus Reisinger, Roberto Rigobon, Justin Wolfers, and participants at Gerzensee 2005 for stimulating conversations, and especially Robert Gibbons for his advise and encouragement. I thank MIT’s Program on Innovation in Markets and Organizations for financial support. All errors or omissions are my own.
Efficient aperiodic service under earliest deadline scheduling

We present four new on-line algorithms for servicing soft aperiodic requests in real-time systems, where a set of hard periodic tasks is scheduled using the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) algorithm. All the proposed solutions can achieve full processor utilization and enhance aperiodic responsiveness, still guaranteeing the execution of the periodic tasks. Operation of the algorithms, performance, schedulability analysis, and implementation complexity are discussed and compared with classical alternative solutions, such as background and polling service. Extensive simulations show that algorithms with contained run-time overhead present nearly optimal responsiveness. A valuable contribution of this work is to provide the real-time system designer with a wide range of practical solutions which allow to balance efficiency against implementation complexity. <<ETX>>