Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improved Performance of Direct-Drive ICF Target Designs with Adiabat Shaping Using an Intensity Picket

18 LLE Review, Volume 93 Introduction Hydrodynamic instabilities put severe constraints on target designs for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments.1,2 A large number of papers published over the last 30 years have been dedicated to the study of the seeding and subsequent growth of the hydrodynamic instabilities that develop during the shell implosion.3 A particularly large effort (both theoretical and experimental) has been directed to understanding the growth rate of the dominant hydrodynamic instability—the Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability.4 The RT instability inevitably occurs in systems where the heavier fluid is accelerated by the lighter fluid. Such conditions arise during the shell compression in ICF implosions, where the heavier shell material is accelerated by the lighter blowoff plasma.1 The RT-instability growth amplifies the shell distortions seeded by initial surface roughness and laser nonuniformities (laser “imprint”). Grown to substantial amplitudes, the shell nonuniformities reduce the shell ρR and the neutron yield. Fortunately for ICF implosions, the thermal conduction that drives the ablation process creates several stabilizing effects that reduce both the nonuniformity seeding and the RT-growth rates.3 Indeed, seeding due to the laser nonuniformity is determined by how quickly the plasma atmosphere is created around the imploding shell. The laser radiation is absorbed at some distance from the cold shell. The larger this distance (the conduction zone), the larger the smoothing effect5 of the thermal conductivity within the conduction zone and the smaller the laser imprint. The stabilization of the RT modes is also due to the thermal conductivity that drives the mass ablation of the shell material. The ablation process is characterized by the ablation velocity Va, which is defined as the ratio of the mass ablation rate to the shell density, V m a = ̇ . ρsh The larger the value of the ablation velocity, the larger the ablative stabilization.3 Taking thermal smoothing and ablative stabilization into account, one can make a general statement that the higher the initial intensity of the drive laser pulse, the smaller the nonuniformities and the more stable the implosion. Indeed, the higher intensity tends to create the conduction zone in shorter time, reducing the laser imprint. In addition, the initial shock launched by the higher-intensity pulse is stronger, resulting in larger shock preheat. This reImproved Performance of Direct-Drive ICF Target Designs with Adiabat Shaping Using an Intensity Picket
Engendering the ‘Crisis of Democracy’: Institutions, Representation and Participation

Many democracies are widely perceived to be suffering a serious crisis of representation, participation and legitimacy. As part of this ‘crisis’, the male domination of democracy – both in terms of its institutions and who participates – has been identified as problematic, even emblematic, of a more generalized democratic crisis. Increasing the participation of women is advocated as one solution. Using examples drawn from both long-standing and newer democracies (parliamentary and presidential), particularly from Europe and Latin America, this article explores the gender dynamics of the ‘crisis of democracy’. The ‘crisis’ has two gendered aspects. First, and paradoxically, although democracy still privileges predominantly white, elite, heterosexual, men, more women now participate in democratic institutions, leading to claims that the ‘male monopoly’ has ended (Dahlerup and Leyenaar 2013). Second, the ‘crisis of democracy’ may provide opportunities to further enhance women’s participation, as the demands of those favouring greater gender equality and those looking for solutions to the ‘crisis’ appear to coincide.
Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change

The attachment behavioral system: basic concepts and principles -- A model of attachment-system functioning and dynamics in adulthood -- Normative attachment processes -- Measurement of attachment-related constructs in adulthood -- Individual differences in attachment-system functioning: development, stability, and change -- Attachment-related mental representations of self and others -- Attachment processes and emotion regulation -- Attachment orientations, behavioral self-regulation, and personal growth -- An attachment perspective on interpersonal regulation -- Attachment processes and couple functioning -- Relations between the attachment and caregiving systems -- Attachment and sex -- Attachment bases of psychopathology -- Implications of attachment theory and research for counseling and psychotherapy -- Applications of attachment theory and research in group and organizational settings -- Reflections on attachment security.
Computer-Assisted Staffing Systems: The Use of Computers in Implementing Meta-Analysis and Utility Research in Personnel Selection

Recent advances in methods of cumulating research results across studies (i.e., meta-analysis) and related advances in utility research have rapidly increased our knowledge about the usefulness of personnel selection procedures in identifying capable job applicants. This paper describes two computer-based systems, one designed to disseminate the existing knowledge base on personnel selection, and the second to expand this knowledge base. The dissemination system, called the Staffing Decision Support System (SDSS), is a computer-based information system designed to assist staffing decision makers in answering two questions: 1) What is the best personnel selection procedure for identifying capable applicants for a job 2) What is the economic value of a personnel selection procedure? This paper will summarize the research which forms the basis of the SDSS, and explain the capabilities of the system. This paper will conclude with a description of the research support system designed to update and expand the SDSS system.
NN-based solution of forward kinematics of 3DOF parallel spherical manipulator

In this paper, neural networks are trained to compute the forward kinematics of spherical parallel manipulator (PM) for laparoscopic surgery application. Instead of solving a set of nonlinear equations for the forward kinematics, neural networks are used to map the input angles of revolute joints to the orientation of the manipulator. The training data are obtained from inverse kinematic relationships and measured from the experimental prototype model of the manipulator. Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to train the neural networks, which leads to the fast convergence of the networks. The trained neural network model of forward kinematics are used in the real time interface between the graphical model and a haptic device for the laparoscopes surgery training application. Simulation and experiments are carried out to verify the performance of the proposed method.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SEVEN GLUCURONIDE CONJUGATES OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE IN HUMAN URINE

Andrographolide is one of the principal components of a famous traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Andrographis paniculate (Burm) Nees, and has been widely used in the clinic for the treatment of infectious diseases. In this paper, metabolites of andrographolide in the urine of eight healthy volunteers after oral administration were further investigated. Building on previous findings, an additional seven phase II metabolites were isolated by liquid-liquid extraction, open-column chromatography, medium-pressure liquid chromatography, and, finally, preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Structural elucidation was carried out by mass spectra and NMR spectroscopy including 1H NMR, 13C NMR and two-dimensional NMR (distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer, heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation, 1H-1H correlated spectroscopy, and nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy). All of the metabolites were characterized as glucuronide conjugates, and the structures were determined to be andrographolide-19-O-β-d-glucuronide (M-1), isoandrographolide-19-O-β-d-glucuronide (M-2), 14-deoxy-12-hydroxy-andrographolide-19-O-β-d-glucuronide (M-3), andrographolide-19-O-[6′-methyl-β-d-glucuronide] (M-4), 14-deoxy-12(13)-en-andrographolide-19-O-β-d-glucuronide (M-5), 14-deoxyandrographolide-19-O-β-d-glucuronide (M-6), and 3-oxoandrographolide-19-O-β-d-glucuronide (M-7), respectively.
Influence of trapped flux on critical currents of Josephson junctions

This paper investigates the influence of external field on the distribution of the critical current of Josephson junctions. The external field can cause trapped flux which may reduce the critical current. Experimental results show a formation of bunches in the distribution of the critical current when the external magnetic field rises a certain limit. From a theoretical point of view this formation can only be explained by attractive pinning points in the vicinity of the junction. The Josephson junctions were fabricated with the 1kA/cm2 Nb/Al2O3/Nb trilayer process of FLUXONICS Foundry.
The Government of National Unity and the Demise of the National Party in Post-settlement South Africa

Abstract This article explores the demise of the National Party (NP) in post-settlement South Africa. Principally, it focuses on the party's involvement in the Government of National Unity between 1994 and 1996 and considers the impact of this on the party's electoral fortunes. From 1948 to 1994 the NP enjoyed political hegemony. It functioned as a racial party vis-à-vis the country's white electorate and also an ethnic party with deep emotional links to the Afrikaner community. It played a crucial role in the negotiations that resulted in the end of apartheid and its leader received the Nobel Peace Prize for his peace-making efforts. Yet two or three years after the momentous transfer of power in 1994 the party lost the confidence and support of both Afrikaners and English-speaking whites. This proved terminal and resulted in the party dissolving itself in 2005. The South African case draws our attention to the challenges that an ethnic party can encounter in the post-agreement period. It also alerts us to the problems which can emerge following a negotiated settlement. The article is based upon research conducted with five former senior members of the NP.
Teacher Preparation, Social Justice, Equity: A Review of the Literature

Considering the larger sociocultural, political issues vis à vis our work as teacher educators and researchers, it is clear that attention to social justice is now even more critical than ever (Ayers, Hunt, & Quinn, 1998; Gordon, 1999; Whang & Waters, 2001). In order to chart a future for teacher education in terms of social justice and equity, we must learn from what has been documented and reported across the fields of teacher preparation and social justice and equity education for the purpose of establishing, maintaining, and strengthening the role of social justice and equity in the preparation of teachers. As such, the goal of this literature review is to identify the theories, policies, and practices currently defining the preparation of teachers for equity and social justice. Through a review of the literature of the past decade, this article focuses on current theory and practice in the preparation of teachers for social justice and equity. While there will certainly be gaps in the literature cited, key themes that define teacher education for social justice will be identified. In the process, this review crosses boundaries of discourse such as multicultural education, critical theory, and anti-racist education. My review is organized around a set of key questions: How are equity and social justice defined and conceptualized in the field of teacher education, and why are equity and social justice key themes in education? How do teacher education policies address equity and social justice? How are teachers being supported toward an equity and social justice orientation? I examine the reform context from which policies have emerged to guide teacher preparation. Specifically, I discuss the role of social justice and equity in dominant reform agendas that guide teacher preparation. I conclude with a review of practices currently defining the preparation of teachers in general, with special attention to preparing teachers for social justice and equity in partic-
Parameterisation of coronal heating: spatial distribution and observable consequences

Aims. We investigate the di erence in the spatial distribution of the energy input for parameterisations of di erent mechanisms to heat the corona of the Sun and possible impacts on the coronal emission. Methods. We use a 3D magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) model of a solar active region as a reference and compare the Ohmic-type heating in this model to parameterisations for alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) heating models; in particular, we use Alfven wave and MHD turbulence heating. We extract the quantities needed for these two parameterisations from the reference model and investigate the spatial distribution of the heat input in all three cases, globally and along individual field lines. To study di erences in the resulting coronal emission, we employ 1D loop models with a prescribed heat input based on the heating rate we extracted along a bundle of field lines. Results. On average, all heating implementations show a rough drop of the heating rate with height. This also holds for individual field lines. While all mechanisms show a concentration of the energy input towards the low parts of the atmosphere, for individual field lines the concentration towards the foot points is much stronger for the DC mechanisms than for the Alfven wave AC case. In contrast, the AC model gives a stronger concentration of the emission towards the foot points. This is because the more homogeneous distribution of the energy input leads to higher coronal temperatures and a more extended transition region. Conclusions. The significant di erence in the concentration of the heat input towards the foot points for the AC and DC mechanisms and the pointed di erence in the spatial distribution of the coronal emission for these cases show that the two mechanisms should be discriminable by observations. Before drawing final conclusions, these parameterisations should be implemented in new 3D models in a more self-consistent way.
Greenham revisited: researching myself and my sisters

Book synopsis: This book has two central aims. First, to demonstrate the importance of qualitative research through an examination of the type of data that it is capable of producing. Second, to do so using first-hand research accounts of ethnographic work. Toward these ends, the contributors cover a variety of topics: drug dealing; football hooliganism; entrepreneurial crime; the culture of policing; policing and the miners' strike; protest at Greenham Common; the politics of organizational change and race and sexuality in the field-work process. In reflecting upon personal experiences of field-work, together with the research strategies employed, the authors illustrate their arguments in both a detailed and accessible manner. The themes they discuss include the ethics and politics of field-work; reflexivity and data production; feminist field-work; the publication and production of studies, and an examination of the contrasting cultures of academia and what is normally termed the `field', where knowledges are authenticated according to different rules and power relations. As a result, Interpreting the Field, will have wide appeal for those who wish to understand the dynamics, advantages, and problems associated with ethnographic work: for example, undergraduates and post-graduates undertaking their own research. It will also be of interest to methodologists and those working in the areas of crime, deviance, and organizational studies, as well as general readers of social science literature.
Tactical Self-Enhancement in China

Is self-enhancement culturally universal or relativistic? This article highlights a nuanced dynamic in East Asian culture. Modesty is a prevailing norm in China. The authors hypothesized that because of socialization practices and prohibitive cultural pressures, modesty would be associated with and lead to low explicit self-enhancement but high implicit self-enhancement, that Chinese participants would deemphasize explicitly the positivity of the self when high on modesty or situationally prompted to behave modestly but would capitalize on their modest disposition or situationally induced behavior to emphasize implicitly the positivity of the self. In support of the hypotheses, dispositionally or situationally modest Chinese participants manifested low explicit self-esteem while manifesting high implicit self-esteem. Modesty among American participants constrained explicit self-esteem but yielded no associations with implicit self-esteem. The results showcase the tactical nature of self-enhancement in Chinese culture and call for research on when and how self-enhancement is pursued tactically in different cultures.
Rapid detection of Clostridium difficile toxin in human feces

Fifty fecal specimens were tested by three methods, bacterial isolation, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and tissue culture, for Clostridium difficile and its toxin. Ten specimens (20%) were positive by all three methods. An additional eight specimens were toxin positive only by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Although counterimmunoelectrophoresis and tissue culture are of equivalent sensitivity, the additional dilution necessary for tissue culture assay may be critical when only small concentrations of toxin are present.
Disparity Refinement Processor Architecture Utilizing Horizontal and Vertical Characteristics for Stereo Vision Systems

In embedded stereo vision systems based on semi-global matching, the matching accuracy of the initial disparity map can be degraded because of various factors. To solve this problem, weighted median-based disparity refinement hardware architectures are utilized to improve the matching accuracy. However, for the conventional hardware architectures, there is a trade-off between hardware resource utilization and re-finement performance when they are implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). Therefore, in this paper, we propose a hybrid max-median filter and its hardware architecture to improve the refinement performance and reduce hardware resource utilization. To evaluate the refinement performance, we used two public stereo datasets. When using the various window sizes for KITTI 2012 and 2015 stereo benchmark datasets, the proposed hardware architecture showed better matching accuracy performance compared with the conventional hardware architectures. In terms of the hardware resource utilization, when implemented on an FPGA, the proposed hardware architecture has low requirements for all types of hardware resources. That is, the proposed hardware architecture overcomes the trade-off between hardware resource utilization and refinement performance.
Reaching Beyond Race

If white Americans could reveal what they really thought about race, without the risk of appearing racist, what would they say? This book aims to illustrate aspects of white American thinking about the politics of race previously hidden from site. Follow-up analysis points the way towards public policies that could gain wide support and reduce the gap between black and white Americans. The authors show that prejudice, although by no means gone, has lost its power to dominate the political thinking of white Americans. Concentrating on the new race-conscious agenda, they introduce a method of hidden measurement which reveals that liberals are just as angry over affirmative action as conservatives and that racial prejudice, while more common among conservatives, is more powerful in shaping political thinking of liberals. They also find that the good will many whites express to blacks is not fiegned but represents a genuine regard for blacks, which they will stand by even when given a perfectly acceptable excuse to respond negatively to blacks.
IR-98-039 / April Continuity in Evolution : On the Nature of Transitions

To distinguish continuous from discontinuous evolutionary change, a relation of nearness between phenotypes is needed. Such a relation is based on the probability of one phenotype being accessible from another through changes in the genotype. This is exemplified by calculating the shape neighborhood of a tRNA secondary structure, and provides a characterization of discontinuous shape transformations in RNA. The simulation of replicating and mutating RNA populations under selection shows that sudden adaptive progress coincides mostly, but not always, with discontinuous shape transformations. The nature of these transformations illuminates the key role of neutral genetic drift in their realization.
A personal projected display

User interfaces using windows, keyboard and mouse have been in use for over 30 years, but only offer limited facilities to the user. Conventional displays are small, at least compared with a physical desk; conventional input devices restrict both manual expression and cognitive flexibility; remote collaboration is a poor shadow of sitting in the same room. We show how recent technological advances in large display devices and input devices can address these problems. The <i>Escritoire</i> is a desk-based interface using overlapping projectors to create a large display with a high resolution region in the centre for detailed work. Two pens provide bimanual input over the entire area, and an interface like physical paper addresses some of the affordances not provided by the conventional user interface. Multiple desks can be connected to allow remote collaboration. The system has been tested with single users and collaborating pairs.
Building Criminal Capital Behind Bars: Peer Effects in Juvenile Corrections

This paper analyzes the influence that juvenile offenders serving time in the same correctional facility have on each other's subsequent criminal behavior. The analysis is based on data on over 8,000 individuals serving time in 169 juvenile correctional facilities during a two-year period in Florida. These data provide a complete record of past crimes, facility assignments, and arrests and adjudications in the year following release for each individual. To control for the non-random assignment to facilities, we include facility and facility-by-prior offense fixed effects, thereby estimating peer effects using only within-facility variation over time. We find strong evidence of peer effects for burglary, petty larceny, felony and misdemeanor drug offenses, aggravated assault, and felony sex offenses; the influence of peers primarily affects individuals who already have some experience in a particular crime category. We also find evidence that the predominant types of peer effects differ in residential versus non-residential facilities; effects in the latter are consistent with network formation among youth serving time close to home.