Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Urquhart's and Garfield's Laws: The British controversy over their validity

The British controversy over the validity of Urquhart's and Garfield's Laws during the 1970s constitutes an important episode in the formulation of the probability structure of human knowledge. This controversy took place within the historical context of the convergence of two scientific revolutions—the bibliometric and the biometric—that had been launched in Britain. The preceding decades had witnessed major breakthroughs in understanding the probability distributions underlying the use of human knowledge. Two of the most important of these breakthroughs were the laws posited by Donald J. Urquhart and Eugene Garfield, who played major roles in establishing the institutional bases of the bibliometric revolution. For his part, Urquhart began his realization of S. C. Bradford's concept of a national science library by analyzing the borrowing of journals on interlibrary loan from the Science Museum Library in 1956. He found that 10% of the journals accounted for 80% of the loans and formulated Urquhart's Law, by which the interlibrary use of a journal is a measure of its total use. This law underlay the operations of the National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLLST), which Urquhart founded. The NLLST became the British Library Lending Division (BLLD) and ultimately the British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC). In contrast, Garfield did a study of 1969 journal citations as part of the process of creating the Science Citation Index (SCI), formulating his Law of Concentration, by which the bulk of the information needs in science can be satisfied by a relatively small, multidisciplinary core of journals. This law became the operational principle of the Institute for Scientific Information created by Garfield. A study at the BLLD under Urquhart's successor, Maurice B. Line, found low correlations of NLLST use with SCI citations, and publication of this study started a major controversy, during which both laws were called into question. The study was based on the faulty use of the Spearman rank‐correlation coefficient, and the controversy over it was instrumental in causing B. C. Brookes to investigate bibliometric laws as probabilistic phenomena and begin to link the bibliometric with the biometric revolution. This paper concludes with a resolution of the controversy by means of a statistical technique that incorporates Brookes' criticism of the Spearman rank‐correlation method and demonstrates the mutual supportiveness of the two laws.
Necessary and suﬀicient conditions for exact floating point operations

: Studying (cid:3)oating point arithmetic, authors have shown that the implemented operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root) can compute a result and an exact correcting term using the same format as the inputs. Following a path initiated in 1965, all the authors supposed that neither under(cid:3)ow nor over(cid:3)ow occurred in the process. Over(cid:3)ow is not critical as some kind of exception is triggered by such an event that creates remanent non numeric quantities. Under(cid:3)ow may be fatal to the process as it returns wrong numeric values with little warning. Our new necessary and suf(cid:2)cient conditions guarantee that the exact (cid:3)oating point operations are correct when the result is a number. We also present properties when precise rounding is not available in hardware and faithful rounding alone is performed such as using some digital signal processing circuit. We have validated our proofs against the Coq automatic proof checker. Our development has raised many questions, some of them were expected while other ones were very surprising.
Screening for Breast Cancer

SIR: Dr Ch ristie assert s' that no case can be made at present for the screening of well women, under the age of 50, when such screening includes mammography. This opinion is based largely on the HIP study of women in New York, 10 years ago, which used film techniques which have been superseded by low dose film-screen combinations. In New South Wales, according to the Cancer Regist ry of 1972, 29% of breast cancer is diagnosed in women under the age of 50, and 24% in women between the ages of 40 and 50. At Medicheck, from July 1976 to 1977, 28% (7 out of25) cancers were in women under 50. This age distribution suggests that more attention need be paid to the 40 to 50 years age group. The gulf, in the view of advocates of early detection and those interested only in self-evident disease, is artificial, and there must be a middle way. The referring doctor has the responsibility of deciding whether the worried woman with vague breast symptoms belongs to a high risk group and needs a mammogram as a complement to a physical examination. There is very little Australian data to help him, and we intend to make a contribution to this from our current studies. Dr Christie favours xeroradiography. We prefer to use a low dose film-screen combination, which delivers a measured dose of 0·1 rads to 0 ·7 rads per view," rather than xeroradiography measured at I · 5 rads to 2 rads per view. " We are not aware of published evidence which proves conclusively that one technique is superior to the other, in detection of breast cancer. Medicheck Referral Centre, 65 Bathurst Street, Sydney, N.S. W. 2000.
A Fractional Probability Calculus View of Allometry

The scaling of respiratory metabolism with body size in animals is considered by many to be a fundamental law of nature. An apparent corollary of this law is the scaling of physiologic time with body size, implying that physiologic time is separate and distinct from clock time. However, these are only two of the many allometry relations that emerge from empirical studies in the physical, social and life sciences. Herein, we present a theory of allometry that provides a foundation for the allometry relation between a network function and the size that is entailed by the hypothesis that the fluctuations in the two measures are described by a scaling of the joint probability density. The dynamics of such networks are described by the fractional calculus, whose scaling solutions entail the empirically observed allometry relations.
Hyperthermia ameliorates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis in rats: The role of heat shock proteins

Purpose: Hyperthermia is known to protect against cellular injury through the expression of heat shock proteins. In this study, the therapeutic effects of hyperthermia on experimental colitis in the rat were evaluated. Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were given a single intracolonic injection of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS). Hyperthermia was induced in anesthetized rats by placing them in a temperature-controlled water bath. We started the hyperthermic treatment on the day after the enema. The severity of colitis was evaluated pathologically, and the activities of tissue myeloperoxidase were measured 6 days after the induction of colitis. Furthermore, cytokines, and hyperthermia-induced heat shock proteins in colonic mucosa were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. We also investigated the effects of geranylgeranylacetone and zinc protoporphyrin IX on the therapeutic effect of hyperthermia. Results: Hyperthermia significantly improved the macroscopic scores of colitis. The TNBS-induced increases in the activities of myeloperoxidase in the colonic tissue were blunted significantly in hyperthermia-treated animals. Furthermore, hyperthermia attenuated increases in cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractants-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the colon. Furthermore, hyperthermia induced the production of heat shock proteins in rat colonic mucosa, and the combination of geranylgeranylacetone with hyperthermia further induced the heat shock protein HSP70, which resulted in further improvement of TNBS-induced colitis. On the other hand, the combination of zinc protoporphyrin IX with hyperthermia attenuated the therapeutic effect of hyperthermia. Conclusions: Hyperthermia ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis in rats through the expression of HSP70 and HO-1. It is postulated that hyperthermia may be useful for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Efficacy of eco-friendly insecticides against yellow stem borer under kharif rice-crop-ecosystem of Manipur valley

The Efficacy of botanicals was evaluated during Kharif, 2015 at the Entomological Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal against Yellow Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker) under kharif Rice-Crop-Ecosystem of Manipur valley. Among the various eco-friendly insecticides field evaluated against the Lepidoterous pest, (Acephate 50% + Imidacloprid 1.8) 51.8 SP@750 g a.i. ha-1 (2.11% DH) was found most effective against the yellow stem borer with a record of lowest Dead Heart damage.The maximum dead heart percent was recorded in plots treated with EMFPE @ 2500 ml/ha(3.92% DH). The pooled mean data further indicated that (Acephate 50% +Imidacloprid 1.8) 51.8 SP@750 g a.i. ha-1 proved to be the most effective insecticidal treatments in reducing white ear head (WEH) incidence with a record of 1.61% WEH as against 2.23% in untreated control.
Effects of Porosity Distribution on the Dynamic Behavior of Two Varieties of SiC

Abstract : In order to understand the microstructural reasons behind variations in ballistic material properties, plate-impact tests were conducted on two sintered silicon carbides with slightly different microstructures. Regular Hexoloy (RH) and Enhanced Hexoloy (EH) were obtained from Saint-Gobain. It was determined that the porosity distribution in EH had fewer large pores leading to an 18% increase in flexural strength over that for RH. Plate-impact experiments were conducted utilizing a VISAR to measure free-surface velocities. Tests were performed on each material to determine the Hugoniot Elastic Limit (HEL) and spall strength. Spall strength was measured as a function of impact stress, and pulse duration. Results show the difference in porosity distribution between EH and RH results in no discernable difference in their HEL values and spall strengths. The spall strengths were independent of pulse width and showed a trend similar to that found in other studies for SiC. Both materials demonstrated finite spall strength above the HEL.
Computer-aided-design methods for emerging quantum computing technologies

Emerging quantum computing technologies are poised to replace standard CMOS logic when the exponential size reduction reaches sub-atomic dimensions. Quantum circuits are reversible and therefore promise the potential of computation without energy loss. This research considers computer aided design (CAD) methods for all major aspects of quantum computing circuit design including logic synthesis, simulation, verification, and testing. The technologies we investigate include quantum cell automata (QCA) and general quantum circuits (QC), with significantly more emphasis on the later. The recently introduced quantum multi-valued decision diagram (QMDD) provides an efficient method to represent and simulate quantum (and other classical reversible) circuits. A major contribution of this dissertation is the development of a sift-like minimization as well as structure metrics based minimization techniques for QMDD. We have used the enhanced QMDD to efficiently simulate quantum circuits as well as quantum vectors. Our early investigation of reversible logic is concerned with a virtual implementation that uses a direct translation of relatively complex binary functions into circuits composed of Fredkin reversible gates. This allowed us to project size and speed complexity of complex reversible circuits, although this direct translation approach fails to minimize garbage inputs and outputs. To achieve proper garbage minimization, one must synthesize reversible logic using gate cascades with appropriate optimization methods embedded that attempt to minimize the total number of lines in the circuit. To that end, we developed a novel QMDD-based tool for cascade logic synthesis that utilizes the QMDD minimized variable order for lexicographical synthesis with garbage minimization included as an optimization criterion. We developed a synthesis tool that investigates the QCA native 3-input majority gates ability to implement complex logic circuits. In particular, we explore the benefit of transforming the logic description into exclusive sum of products (ESOP) forms prior to implementation in the majority gates. We survey recent efforts in establishing the foundation for QC testing and fault tolerant QC. We project the potential use of random tests as well as built in self test (BIST) techniques for future QC. A major contribution of this dissertation is the investigation of partially redundant reversible logic. Detection of partially redundant logic within any design, reversible or irreversible, has ramifications for logic synthesis, for design verification, and for design for test (DFT) issues.
Shock compression of crustal rocks: Data for quartz, calcite, and plagioclase rocks

Hugoniot data in the 4- to 250-kb stress range were obtained for quartzite and novaculite, sandstones of varying porosity, single-crystal calcite, marble, porous and nonporous limestone, several plagioclases of varying composition, and a basalt. Conventional plane-wave, in-contact explosive assemblies were used; the shock state was computed from measured shock velocities; particle velocities are inferred from either specimen or driver plate free-surface motion. Impedence-match solutions were obtained for porous rock. High values of the Hugoniot elastic limit were observed in nonporous rocks—approximately 40 to 90 kb in quartzite and novaculite, 40 to 50 kb in the plagioclase rocks, and 15 to 25 kb in calcite and marble. Reduced values were found for porous rocks, approximately 5 kb in sandstone and limestone. Phase transitions are inferred at 30, 45, and 95 kb in calcite, and 22, 45, and 90 kb in marble and limestone. For calcite these are indicated by multiple shock fronts. Anomalously low volumes achieved by sandstone shocked to above approximately 40 kb, and high calculated shock temperatures, suggest partial conversion to coesite or stishovite. High-pressure states observed in basalt and plagioclase agree with previously reported states for gabbro [Hughes and McQueen, 1958] above 300 kb when both data are plotted in terms of relative volume. The previously observed slope-change of the gabbro Hugoniot is believed to result from an elastic wave of perhaps 50-kb amplitude which is overdriven at 300 kb.
How Much Is Too Much? Patterns of Drinking During Alcohol Treatment and Associations With Post-Treatment Outcomes Across Three Alcohol Clinical Trials.

OBJECTIVE This secondary data analysis examined patterns of drinking during alcohol treatment and associated drinking outcomes during the first year following treatment. The goal was to provide clinicians with guidance on which patients may be most at risk for negative long-term outcomes based on drinking patterns during treatment. METHOD This study was an analysis of existing data (N = 3,851) from three randomized clinical trials for alcohol use disorder: the COMBINE Study (n = 1,383), Project MATCH (n = 1,726), and the United Kingdom Alcohol Treatment Trial (n = 742). Indicators of abstinence, non-heavy drinking, and heavy drinking (defined as 4/5 or more drinks per day for women/men) were examined during each week of treatment using repeated-measures latent class analysis. Associations between drinking patterns during treatment and drinking intensity, drinking consequences, and physical and mental health 12 months following intake were examined. RESULTS Seven drinking patterns were identified. Patients who engaged in persistent heavy drinking throughout treatment and those who returned to persistent heavy drinking during treatment had the worst long-term outcomes. Patients who engaged in some heavy drinking during treatment had better long-term outcomes than persistent heavy drinkers. Patients who reported low-risk drinking or abstinence had the best long-term outcomes. There were no differences in outcomes between low-risk drinkers and abstainers. CONCLUSIONS Abstinence, low-risk drinking, or even some heavy drinking during treatment are associated with the best long-term outcomes. Patients who are engaging in persistent heavy drinking are likely to have the worst outcomes and may require a higher level of care.
Personality and psychopathology: working toward the bigger picture.

There are systematic and meaningful links among normal and abnormal personality traits and Axis I and II constructs from the DSM. Nevertheless, much research in this area focuses on pairs of constructs (e.g., the link between personality traits and a specific Axis I disorder), rather than on the broader multivariate structure of the personality-psychopathology domain. We underscore the need for this broader perspective, a perspective that would transcend largely artificial boundaries between current constructs (e.g., normal and abnormal personality). We outline our approach to research from this perspective and we emphasize the internalizing (mood and anxiety) and externalizing (substance use and antisocial behavior) spectra as promising foci for initial research on the joint structure of personality and psychopathology.
Analysis and management of heterogeneous user mobility in large-scale downlink systems

Modern cellular networks need to serve user terminals with large disparities in mobility, which incurs different accuracy of the channel state information for each user. The impact of such heterogeneous mobility on the multi-cell downlink is analyzed in this paper. The base stations serve a multitude of users by coordinated beamforming. We derive deterministic equivalents for the user performance in a large scale system where the number of transmit antennas and user terminals grow large at a fixed ratio. We show that low and high mobility users can coexist and be served simultaneously, since the CSI imperfections of a user only harms the performance of this particular user. Simulations are used to verify the applicability of our large scale approximations for systems of practical dimensions. Furthermore, we show that the performance of high mobility users can be improved by explicitly managing the user priorities in the network.
Cholinesterase Depression and Its Association with Pesticide Exposure across the Agricultural Season among Latino Farmworkers in North Carolina

Background Farmworkers can be exposed to a wide variety of pesticides. Assessing cholinesterase activity over time can be used to monitor exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Objectives The goal of this study was to document patterns and variation in cholinesterase levels across the agricultural season (May–August) among field-workers, and to explore the association of cholinesterase depression with pesticide exposure across the agricultural season. Methods Dried blood samples collected from 231 migrant farmworkers sampled from camps in eastern North Carolina up to four times across a summer agricultural season were analyzed for cholinesterase activity, and urine samples were analyzed for metabolites of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Reductions of ≥ 15% from an individual’s highest value were identified and considered evidence of meaningful cholinesterase activity depression. Results The average cholinesterase activity levels were lowest in June, with significantly higher mean values in July and August. When adjusted for age, sex, minutes waited to shower, and days worked in the fields, the number of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides detected in urine predicted reductions in cholinesterase activity. Conclusions These data demonstrate that workers are experiencing pesticide exposure. Greater enforcement of existing safety regulations or strengthening of these regulations may be warranted. This study demonstrates that serial measurements of cholinesterase activity across an agricultural season can detect exposure to pesticides among field-workers.
Investigating the Impact of Helminth Products on Immune Responsiveness Using a TCR Transgenic Adoptive Transfer System1

Helminth infections and their products have a potent immunomodulatory effect on the host immune system and can impair immune responses against unrelated Ags. In vitro studies have suggested that the immunomodulation by helminth extracts may be the result of bystander response bias toward a Th2 phenotype and/or an Ag-specific T lymphocyte proliferative hyporesponsiveness. The aim of this study was to determine the role of these potential mechanisms of immunosuppression in vivo. Therefore, using a sensitive model of CFSE-labeled OVA-specific TCR transgenic T lymphocyte adoptive transfer, we analyzed the effect of Ascaris suum body fluid (ABF) on the kinetics and amplitude of a primary OVA-specific T cell response as well as the Th1/Th2 profile of the response in wild-type and IL-4 knockout (KO) mice. We find that inhibition of delayed-type hypersensitivity by ABF was associated with a Th1/Th2 shift in wild-type animals, but not in IL-4 KO mice. The use of this model has allowed us to demonstrate that although the kinetics of the OVA-specific primary response was not affected by ABF, the expansion of the OVA-specific T lymphocytes was significantly inhibited in both wild-type and IL-4 KO mice. This inhibition was associated with a reduced proliferative capacity of these cells in vivo, distinct from anergy.
Pesticide concentrations in the waters from a section of the Guadalquivir River Basin, Spain

When surface water is used to supply urban settlements, exhaustive studies of the composition of the source are necessary to ensure its potability, and to assess the possible environmental effects associated with contamination by pesticides. The present study centers on the pesticide content of the waters from a section of the Guadalquivir River and its affluents in southern Spain. At many of the sampling points analyzed, high concentrations of both organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides were detected. The presence of these toxic substances in dangerously high concentrations, as well as the linear tendency of the mean values for total pesticide concentration at sampling points, allows us to conclude that the agricultural character of this area has ultimately contributed to the contamination of the Guadalquivir River and its affluents, creating a sanitary and ecological hazard. In some cases the levels of contamination were found to consistently exceed the limits established by the European Union concerning water quality for human consumption. Because the substances analyzed are not eliminated through conventional water treatment methods, we conclude that the sampled section of the Guadalquivir River basin should not be currently used as a source of water for human consumption. Both pretreatment and advanced water treatment techniques would be required to reduce micropollutant concentrations to potable levels.