Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Naive Bayes Super-Resolution Forest

This paper presents a fast, high-performance method for super resolution with external learning. The first contribution leading to the excellent performance is a bimodal tree for clustering, which successfully exploits the antipodal invariance of the coarse-to-high-res mapping of natural image patches and provides scalability to finer partitions of the underlying coarse patch space. During training an ensemble of such bimodal trees is computed, providing different linearizations of the mapping. The second and main contribution is a fast inference algorithm, which selects the most suitable mapping function within the tree ensemble for each patch by adopting a Local Naive Bayes formulation. The experimental validation shows promising scalability properties that reflect the suitability of the proposed model, which may also be generalized to other tasks. The resulting method is beyond one order of magnitude faster and performs objectively and subjectively better than the current state of the art.
Impact of 4.0% Chlorhexidine Cord Cleansing on the Bacteriologic Profile of the Newborn Umbilical Stump in Rural Sylhet District, Bangladesh: A Community-Based, Cluster-Randomized Trial

Background: Randomized trials from South Asia indicate umbilical cord chlorhexidine cleansing reduces mortality and omphalitis. No community-based data are available on bacteriological profile of the cord, early neonatal colonization dynamics, or impact of cord cleansing on colonizing organisms. Such data could clarify the design of scaled chlorhexidine interventions. Methods: Umbilical swabs were collected at home (days 1, 3, 6) after birth from infants participating in a trial of 3 cord-care regimens (no chlorhexidine, single cleansing, multiple cleansing) in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Overall and organism-specific positivity rates were estimated by cord-care regimen and by day of collection. Results: Between September 2008 and October 2009, 1923 infants contributed 5234 umbilical swabs. Positivity rate was high (4057 of 5234, 77.5%) and varied substantially across groups. Immediate (day 1) reductions in cord colonization were observed in single- (prevalence rate ratio = 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.70–0.81) and multiple- (prevalence rate ratio = 0.71, 95% confidence interval: 0.66–0.77) cleansing groups. Reductions persisted and increased in magnitude through day 6 only if babies received multiple applications. On days 1, 3, and 6, respectively, multiple cleansing consistently reduced invasive organisms such as Escherichia coli (49%, 64%, and 42% lower), Klebsiella pneumoniae (46%, 53%, and 33% lower), and Staphylococcus aureus (34%, 84%, and 85% lower). Conclusions: Cord cleansing with 4.0% chlorhexidine immediately after birth reduces overall and organism-specific colonization of the stump. Reductions are greater and sustained longer with daily cleansing through the first week of life, suggesting that programs promoting chlorhexidine cleansing should favor multiple over single applications.
Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Immunopathogenesis

The prognosis of myasthenia gravis (MG) has improved dramatically due to advances in critical-care medicine and symptomatic treatments. Its immunopathogenesis is fundamentally a T-cell-dependent autoimmune process resulting from loss of tolerance toward self-antigens in the thymus. Thymectomy is based on this immunological background. For MG patients who are inadequately controlled with sufficient symptomatic treatment or fail to achieve remission after thymectomy, remission is usually achieved through the addition of other immunotherapies. These immunotherapies can be classified into two groups: rapid induction and long-term maintenance. Rapid induction therapy includes intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and plasma exchange (PE). These produce improvement within a few days after initiation, and so are useful for acute exacerbation including myasthenic crisis or in the perioperative period. High-dose prednisone has been more universally preferred for remission induction, but it acts more slowly than IVIg and PE, commonly only after a delay of several weeks. Slow tapering of steroids after a high-dose pulse offers a method of maintaining the state of remission. However, because of significant side effects, other immunosuppressants (ISs) are frequently added as "steroid-sparing agents". The currently available ISs exert their immunosuppressive effects by three mechanisms: 1) blocking the synthesis of DNA and RNA, 2) inhibiting T-cell activation and 3) depleting the B-cell population. In addition, newer drugs including antisense molecule, tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor blocker and complement inhibitors are currently under investigation to confirm their effectiveness. Until now, the treatment of MG has been based primarily on experience rather than gold-standard evidence from randomized controlled trials. It is hoped that well-organized studies and newer experimental trials will lead to improved treatments.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene polymorphism and lipid profiles in Kuwaiti children with type 1 diabetes

Abstract: Methods: We studied angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and lipid profiles in Kuwaiti children with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes. A total of 125 children with type 1 diabetes were matched in a case‐control study on age and gender to 125 non‐diabetic children as controls. Serum lipids (total cholesterol, TC; high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL; low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL‐c; triglycerides, TG; apolipoprotein A1 and B, apo A1 and B; lipoprotein(a), Lp(a)); and glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c were evaluated according to ACE genotypes.
Application of arithmetic coding to compression of VLSI test data

This paper proposes arithmetic coding for application to data compression for VLSI testing. The use of arithmetic codes results in a codeword whose length is close to the optimal value (as predicted by entropy in information theory), thus achieving a higher compression. Previous techniques (such as those based on Huffman or Golomb coding) result in optimal codes for data sets in which the probability model of the symbols satisfies specific requirements. This paper shows empirically and analytically that Huffman and Golomb codes can result in a large difference between the bound established by the entropy and the attained compression; therefore, the worst-case difference is studied using information theory. Compression results for arithmetic coding are presented using ISCAS benchmark circuits; a practical integer implementation of arithmetic coding/decoding and an analysis of its deviation from the entropy bound are pursued. A software implementation is proposed using embedded DSP cores. In the experimental evaluation, fully specified test vectors and test cubes from two different ATPG programs are utilized. The implications of arithmetic coding on manufacturing test using an ATE are also investigated.
Macro-to-micro links in the relation between income inequality and mortality.

A growing literature points to links between income inequality and mortality. Any examination of the link should distinguish, both theoretically and empirically, between shifts in inequality that result from changes in the bottom and top of the income distribution. When state-level data from the U.S. censuses of 1980 and 1990 were used to measure differences in mortality, the results indicated that inequality measures reflecting depth of poverty show stronger correlations with mortality than do inequality measures reflecting heights of affluence. In addition, longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics were used to related state-level inequality measures to individual-level data on mortality. This comparison revealed significant associations between degree of income inequality in state of residence and individual risk of death only for nonelderly individuals with middle-class incomes in 1990.
Using Syntactic Head Information in Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation

Chiang's hierarchical phrase-based (HPB) translation model advances the state-of-the-art in statistical machine translation by expanding conventional phrases to hierarchical phrases -- phrases that contain sub-phrases. However, the original HPB model is prone to over-generation due to lack of linguistic knowledge: the grammar may suggest more derivations than appropriate, many of which may lead to ungrammatical translations. On the other hand, limitations of glue grammar rules in the original HPB model may actually prevent systems from considering some reasonable derivations. This paper presents a simple but effective translation model, called the Head-Driven HPB (HD-HPB) model, which incorporates head information in translation rules to better capture syntax-driven information in a derivation. In addition, unlike the original glue rules, the HD-HPB model allows improved reordering between any two neighboring non-terminals to explore a larger reordering search space. An extensive set of experiments on Chinese-English translation on four NIST MT test sets, using both a small and a large training set, show that our HD-HPB model consistently and statistically significantly outperforms Chiang's model as well as a source side SAMT-style model.
Four Experiments on the Perception of Bar Charts

Bar charts are one of the most common visualization types. In a classic graphical perception paper, Cleveland & McGill studied how different bar chart designs impact the accuracy with which viewers can complete simple perceptual tasks. They found that people perform substantially worse on stacked bar charts than on aligned bar charts, and that comparisons between adjacent bars are more accurate than between widely separated bars. However, the study did not explore why these differences occur. In this paper, we describe a series of follow-up experiments to further explore and explain their results. While our results generally confirm Cleveland & McGill's ranking of various bar chart configurations, we provide additional insight into the bar chart reading task and the sources of participants' errors. We use our results to propose new hypotheses on the perception of bar charts.
Breakdown in the Process of Incipient Speciation in Anopheles gambiae

Understanding genetic causes and effects of speciation in sympatric populations of sexually reproducing eukaryotes is challenging, controversial, and of practical importance for controlling rapidly evolving pests and pathogens. The major African malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) is considered to contain two incipient species with strong reproductive isolation, hybrids between the M and S molecular forms being very rare. Following recent observations of higher proportions of hybrid forms at a few sites in West Africa, we conducted new surveys of 12 sites in four contiguous countries (The Gambia, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, and Republic of Guinea). Identification and genotyping of 3499 A. gambiae s.s. revealed high frequencies of M/S hybrid forms at each site, ranging from 5 to 42%, and a large spectrum of inbreeding coefficient values from 0.11 to 0.76, spanning most of the range expected between the alternative extremes of panmixia and assortative mating. Year-round sampling over 2 years at one of the sites in The Gambia showed that M/S hybrid forms had similar relative frequencies throughout periods of marked seasonal variation in mosquito breeding and abundance. Genome-wide scans with an Affymetrix high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray enabled replicate comparisons of pools of different molecular forms, in three separate populations. These showed strong differentiation between M and S forms only in the pericentromeric region of the X chromosome that contains the molecular form-specific marker locus, with only a few other loci showing minor differences. In the X chromosome, the M/S hybrid forms were more differentiated from M than from S forms, supporting a hypothesis of asymmetric introgression and backcrossing.
The P2X7 receptor regulates proteoglycan expression in the corneal stroma

Purpose Previously, the authors demonstrated that the lack of the P2X7 receptor impairs epithelial wound healing and stromal collagen organization in the cornea. The goal here is to characterize specific effects of the P2X7 receptor on components of the corneal stroma extracellular matrix. Methods Unwounded corneas from P2X7 knockout mice (P2X7−/−) and C57BL/6J wild type mice (WT) were fixed and prepared for quantitative and qualitative analysis of protein expression and localization using Real Time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Corneas were stained also with Cuprolinic blue for electron microscopy to quantify proteoglycan sulfation in the stroma. Results P2X7−/− mice showed decreased mRNA expression in the major components of the corneal stroma: collagen types I and V and small leucine-rich proteoglycans decorin, keratocan, and lumican. In contrast P2X7−/− mice showed increased mRNA expression in lysyl oxidase and biglycan. Additionally, we observed increases in syndecan 1, perlecan, and type III collagen. There was a loss of perlecan along the basement membrane and enhanced expression throughout the stroma, in contrast with the decreased localization of other proteoglycans throughout the stroma. In the absence of lyase digestion there was a significantly smaller number of proteoglycan units per 100 nm of collagen fibrils in the P2X7−/− compared to WT mice. While digestion was more pronounced in the WT group, double digestion with Keratanase I and Chondroitinase ABC removed 88% of the GAG filaments in the WT, compared to 72% of those in the P2X7−/− mice, indicating that there are more heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the latter. Conclusions Our results indicate that loss of P2X7 alters both the expression of proteins and the sulfation of proteoglycans in the corneal stroma.
Incomplete activation of Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) due to mutations in the 3' region of hlyC

Mutational analysis of the carboxy-terminal region of Escherichia coli HlyC was performed by site-directed mutagenesis. Replacement of residue Val-127 or Lys-129 reduced the activity of HlyC to about 30 or 60%, respectively, of that of the wild type, while replacement of Gly-128 reduced the activity to less than 1% of the wild-type level. Complete inactivation of HlyC was caused by a double mutation, replacement of Gly-128 with valine and of Lys-129 with isoleucine. Analysis of culture supernatants from mutants with reduced hemolytic activity by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed the production and simultaneous secretion of nonacylated, monoacylated, and fully acylated HlyA forms, demonstrating impairment of the acylation reaction, possibly due to a decreased affinity of HlyC for the individual HlyA acylation sites.
Thermodynamics of Microbial Growth Coupled to Metabolism of Glucose, Ethanol, Short-Chain Organic Acids, and Hydrogen

ABSTRACT A literature compilation demonstrated a linear relationship between microbial growth yield and the free energy of aerobic and anaerobic (respiratory and/or fermentative) metabolism of glucose, ethanol, formate, acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, and H2. This relationship provides a means to estimate growth yields for modeling microbial redox metabolism in soil and sedimentary environments.
On primal and dual sparsity of Markov networks

Sparsity is a desirable property in high dimensional learning. The <i>l</i><sub>1</sub>-norm regularization can lead to primal sparsity, while max-margin methods achieve dual sparsity. Combining these two methods, an <i>l</i><sub>1</sub>-norm max-margin Markov network (<i>l</i><sub>1</sub>-M<sup>3</sup>N) can achieve both types of sparsity. This paper analyzes its connections to the Laplace max-margin Markov network (LapM<sup>3</sup>N), which inherits the dual sparsity of max-margin models but is pseudo-primal sparse, and to a novel adaptive M<sup>3</sup>N (AdapM<sup>3</sup>N). We show that the <i>l</i><sub>1</sub>-M<sup>3</sup>N is an extreme case of the LapM<sup>3</sup>N, and the <i>l</i><sub>1</sub>-M<sup>3</sup>N is equivalent to an AdapM<sup>3</sup>N. Based on this equivalence we develop a robust EM-style algorithm for learning an <i>l</i><sub>1</sub>-M<sup>3</sup>N. We demonstrate the advantages of the simultaneously (pseudo-) primal and dual sparse models over the ones which enjoy either primal or dual sparsity on both synthetic and real data sets.
Ignition dynamics of high explosives

Mechanical insults of granular high explosives (HE) can result in localized areas of elevated temperature, or hot spots. The evolution of these hot spots is a central issue of HE science. Because of the complexity involved, it is worthwhile to study mechanical and reaction processes in isolation. Mechanical processes are isolated and studied using inert materials or weak insults where reaction may be minimal. Likewise, purely thermal processes can be considered to isolate HE reaction response. In this work the authors study the radiant ignition of various HEs of interest, including HMX (C{sub 4}H{sub 8}N{sub 8}O{sub 8}), PBX 9501 (95% HMX, 2.5% Estane, 2.5% BDNPA/BDNPF), RDX (C{sub 3}H{sub 6}N{sub 6}O{sub 6}), TATB (C{sub 6}H{sub 6}N{sub 6}O{sub 6}), and PBX 9502 (95% TATB, 5% Kel-F) and aged PBX 9502. Initial work has included unconfined samples at ambient pressure in air. Diagnostics have included photodiodes to record first light emission, high speed photography, microthermocouple and IR emission measurement to obtain surface temperature, IR emission of gases above the pellet, and a novel nonlinear optical technique to characterize the dynamic {beta}-{delta} solid phase transformation and the formation of a liquid layer. The authors find that ignition delays at various power levels is very similar for HMX and RDX; except that the minimum radiant flux needed for RDX ignition is higher. The addition of only 5% binder (PBX 9501) causes significantly longer ignition delays at lower heat fluxes compared with HMX alone. TATB and TATB-based explosives exhibit much longer ignition delays than HMX. In contrast to HMX, however, no measurable difference is observed in TATB by the addition of a binder (PBX 9502, aged or pristine).
Diagnostic and detection fault collapsing for multiple output circuits

We discuss fault equivalence and dominance relations for multiple output combinational circuits. The conventional definition for equivalence says that "two faults are equivalent if and only if the corresponding faulty circuits have identical output functions". This definition, which is based on indistinguishability of the faults, is extended for multiple output circuits as "two faults of a Boolean circuit are equivalent if and only if the pair of the output functions is identical at each output of the circuit". This is termed as diagnostic equivalence in this paper. "If all tests that detect a fault also detect another fault, not necessarily on the same output, then the two faults are called detection equivalent". Two detection equivalent faults need not be indistinguishable. The definitions for fault dominance follow on similar lines. A novel algorithm based on redundancy identification has been proposed to find the equivalence and dominance collapsed sets based on diagnostic and detection collapsing. Applying the algorithm to a 4-bit ALU would collapse the total fault set of 502 faults to 253 and 155, respectively, according to diagnostic equivalence and dominance. The collapsed sets have 234 and 92 faults, respectively, for detection equivalence and dominance. In comparison, the traditional structural equivalence and dominance collapsing results in 301 and 248 faults, respectively. Finally, we use library-based functional collapsing in a hierarchical system and find that smaller fault sets are obtained with an order of magnitude reduction in CPU time for very large circuits.
Exact critical exponent for the shortest-path scaling function in percolation

It is shown that the critical exponentg1 related to pair-connectiveness and shortest-path (or chemical distance) scaling, recently studied by Porto et al, Dokholyan et al and Grassberger, can be found exactly in two dimensions by using a crossing-probability result of Cardy, with the outcomeg1D 25=24. This prediction is consistent with existing simulation results.
A randomised phase III study on capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab with or without cetuximab in first-line advanced colorectal cancer, the CAIRO2 study of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group (DCCG). An interim analysis of toxicity.

BACKGROUND Targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor or the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has shown efficacy in advanced colorectal cancer (ACC), but no data are available on the combination of these strategies with chemotherapy in the first-line treatment. The CAIRO2 study evaluates the effect of adding cetuximab, a chimeric mAb against EGFR, to capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab in the first-line treatment of ACC. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 755 patients were randomly assigned between treatment with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab with or without cetuximab. The primary end point is progression-free survival. We here present the toxicity results in the first 400 patients that entered the study. RESULTS The incidence of overall grade 3-4 toxicity was significantly higher in arm B compared with arm A (81% versus 72%, P = 0.03). This difference is fully attributed to cetuximab-related skin toxicity. The addition of cetuximab did not result in an increase of gastrointestinal toxicity or treatment-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS The addition of cetuximab to capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab in the first-line treatment of ACC appears to be safe and feasible. No excessive or unexpected toxicity in the cetuximab-containing treatment arm was observed.
Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin after oral administration in swine.

OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin after oral administration of a single dose of tilmicosin base in swine. ANIMALS 10 healthy swine. PROCEDURE Tilmicosin base was administered via stomach tube at a single dose of 20 mg/kg (n = 5) or 40 mg/kg (5). Blood samples were obtained from a jugular vein immediately before and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after administration of tilmicosin. Tilmicosin concentrations in serum were quantified by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography procedure with UV light. Data for tilmicosin concentrations versus time were analyzed by use of compartmental and noncompartmental methods. RESULTS Tilmicosin concentrations in serum decreased in a biexponential manner after oral administration. Mean +/- SD values for absorption half-lives were 1.49 +/- 0.23 hours and 1.64 +/- 0.40 hours, distribution half-lives were 2.96 +/- 0.58 hours and 3.20 +/- 0.76 hours, elimination half-lives were 25.26 +/- 8.25 and 20.69 +/- 5.07 hours, peak concentrations were 1.19 +/- 0.30 microg/mL and 2.03 +/- 0.28 microg/mL, and time to peak concentrations was 3.12 +/- 0.50 hours and 3.48 +/- 0.77 hours after oral administration of tilmicosin base at a single dose of 20 or 40 mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In swine, tilmicosin was rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated after oral administration of a single dose of tilmicosin base powder.