Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study on the Necessity for Establishing the Theory of Public Project Governance

Public project is seen as a crucial component of the community and how to improve its management performance in economics paradigm draws more and more attentions. The theory of public project governance (PPG) emerges as the times require and the purpose of this paper is to explore the necessity for its establishment. In this study, PPG is introduced above all, and then the practical and theoretical requirement for establishing PPG theory is analyzed thoroughly. The findings show that PPG theory, which is a supplement of public project management, is based on certain practical requirement and it cannot be substituted by any other economic theory. The fire-new theory which is at its infancy has an expansively developing prospect.
Sunspot Fluctuations: A Way Out of a Development Trap?

In dynamic general-equilibrium economic models, equilibrium may be indeterminate, so a continuum of equilibrium trajectories may converge to the same steady state. Often, those mechanisms leading to indeterminacy, like increasing returns to scale, may also lead to multiple steady states and possible underdevelopment traps. But indeterminacy often allows construction of rational sunspot equilibrium as a randomization over different equilibrium trajectories or equilibria. This paper studies "rescuing" an economy from a development trap through sunspot-driven self-fulfilling expectations. The problem is stated as stochastic stability of a system of stochastic differential equations with white noise perturbations from sunspot-driven self-fulfilling expectations. The framework of, Benhabib and Farmer (1994) is used. This deterministic continuous-time model with infinitely lived agents is characterized by increasing social returns to scale due to an imperceived externality in the production function. There are two steady states. One has zero capital and zero consumption (the origin); the other has positive capital and consumption. For some parameter values, both steady states are indeterminate, and the parameter space is separated into two regions of attraction. The region of attraction at the origin is a development trap. If the economy starts in the development trap, it is possible to select a level of consumption to push the system into the positive steady-state region of attraction. However, no individual agent has an incentive to experiment, and everyone coordinates on a trajectory leading to the origin. This could be corrected if agents could form expectations corresponding to a trajectory converging to a positive steady state. Agents are unaware of such a trajectory because the externality is assumed to be unknown. If a sunspot variable - white noise - is added to the model, agents could take it into account when making their decisions. Coordinating on a sunspot white noise allows exploring new regions of the state space and can eventually move the trajectory of the system out of the trap. This happens if a zero steady state is stochastically unstable under sunspot fluctuations or if an initial condition lies outside a region of stochastic stability that may not coincide with the development trap of a deterministic system. When the economy eventually leaves the trap, it is possible to calculate the expected first-exit times from the region of attraction to a zero steady state depending on the initial conditions and magnitude of a sunspot process. This paper uses numerical simulations of stochastic differential equations to calculate the expected times of escape. Boundaries of the stochastic stability region are calculated using a stochastic averaging method. The question of asymptotic stochastic stability is studied by the Lyapunov method.
Skeletal muscle-derived trophic factors prevent motoneurons from entering an active cell death program in vitro

The purpose of the experiments reported here is to provide evidence that motoneurons (MTNs) isolated from chick embryo spinal cords go through an active process of cell death when deprived of trophic support in vitro. In order to analyze and characterize this process, MTNs were isolated with a metrizamide gradient technique and cultured in the presence of saturating concentrations of soluble muscle extract. When muscle extract was washed off from the cultures, MTNs entered a process of cell death that could be blocked with inhibitors of mRNA and protein synthesis. Two other additional criteria were used to define this process as an active one. First, ultrastructural analysis of MTNs dying as a consequence of muscle extract deprivation showed that some, but not all, of the MTNs displayed clear signs of apoptotic cell death. Those included cytoplasm condensation, fragmentation of chromatin, and preservation of cytoplasmic organelles. Second, internucleosomal degradation of DNA was detected in MTNs deprived of muscle extract. When DNA was analyzed by Southern hybridization techniques using digoxigenin-labeled genomic probes, a clear ladder pattern could be identified on muscle extract-deprived MTNs. The degradation of DNA upon trophic deprivation could be prevented by cycloheximide (CHX). In an attempt to characterize further the process of active cell death in MTNs, we found a time point of commitment to cell death of approximately 10 hr by using three different approaches: muscle extract deprivation plus readdition of muscle extract, muscle extract deprivation plus addition of CHX, and muscle extract deprivation plus addition of actinomycin D. Moreover, we show that MTNs deprived of trophic support from muscle extract but maintained alive with CHX could not be rescued from cell death by reading muscle extract if CHX was washed off the cultures within the first 15 hr of muscle extract deprivation. However, muscle extract alone was able to rescue MTNs that had been kept alive with CHX for periods of time longer than 24 hr after muscle extract deprivation. From these results we postulate that the activation of the cell death program after trophic deprivation is transient.
Knowledge Spaces, Attribute Dependencies, and Graded Knowledge States

The present paper deals with dependencies developed within the theory of knowledge spaces. Knowledge spaces represent a new paradigm in psychological approaches to assessment of knowledge. A distinguishing feature of knowledge spaces is their non-numerical character. The aim of the present paper is twofold. First, we bring up several remarks on data dependencies studied within knowledge spaces. Second, we consider the dependencies in a framework which is more general than that of classical knowledge spaces. Namely, we abandon the assumption that a knowledge state is a set of problems/questions which an individual is able to solve. Instead, we assume that a knowledge state is a graded set (fuzzy set) of problems. Our assumption accounts for situations where it is possible that an individual can solve a particular problem partially, rather than just "can solve" or "cannot solve". We propose a definition of dependencies and validity of dependencies in knowledge spaces with graded knowledge states, provide selected properties of the dependencies, and a lemma which serves as a bridge to existing results on so-called fuzzy attribute implications.
Railway Track Finding System with RFID Application

The Indian Railways is world’s fourth largest railway network in the world after USA, Russia and China. There is a severe problem of collisions of trains. So Indian railway is working in this aspect to promote the motto of “SAFE JOURNEY”. A RFID based railway track finding system for railway has been proposed in this paper. In this system the RFID tags and reader are used which are attached in the tracks and engine consecutively. So Train engine automatically get the data of path by receiving it from RFID tag and detect it. If path is correct then train continue to run on track and if it is wrong then a signal is generated and sent to the control station and after this engine automatically stop in a minimum time and the display of LCD show the “WRONG PATH”. So the collision and accident of train can be avoided. With the help of this system the train engine would be programmed to move according to the requirement. The another feature of this system is automatic track changer by which the track jointer would move automatically according to availability of trains.
Robust diffusion maximum correntropy criterion algorithm for distributed network estimation

Robust diffusion algorithms based on the maximum correntropy criterion(MCC) are developed to address the distributed networks estimation issue in impulsive(long-tailed) noise environments. The cost functions used in distributed network estimation are in general based on the mean square error (MSE) criterion, which is optimal only when the measurement noise is Gaussian. In non-Gaussian situations, such as the impulsive-noise case, MCC based method may achieve a much better performance than the MSE methods since it takes into account higher order statistics of error distribution. The proposed methods can also outperform the robust diffusion least mean p-power(DLMP) and diffusion minimum error entropy (DMEE) algorithms.
On Optimality of Myopic Policy for Restless Multi-armed Bandit Problem with Non i.i.d. Arms and Imperfect Detection

We consider the channel access problem in a multi-channel opportunistic communication system with imperfect channel sensing, where the state of each channel evolves as a non independent and identically distributed Markov process. This problem can be cast into a restless multi-armed bandit (RMAB) problem that is intractable for its exponential computation complexity. A natural alternative is to consider the easily implementable myopic policy that maximizes the immediate reward but ignores the impact of the current strategy on the future reward. In particular, we develop three axioms characterizing a family of generic and practically important functions termed as $g$-regular functions which includes a wide spectrum of utility functions in engineering. By pursuing a mathematical analysis based on the axioms, we establish a set of closed-form structural conditions for the optimality of myopic policy.
Gender Norms and the Motherhood Penalty: Experimental Evidence from India

This paper uses a field experiment to study the effect of perceived gender norms on the motherhood penalty in the Indian labor market. We randomly reported motherhood on fictitious CVs sent to service sector job openings. We generated exogenous variation in gender norms by prominently signaling patrilineal or matrilineal community origins of applicants. Employers are less likely to callback mothers relative to women or men without children, but only if they are of patrilineal origin. Mothers of matrilineal origin face no such penalty. We discuss the results in relation to the competing influence of ethnicity, the Indian context and theories of discrimination.
Long-term optical variability of PKS 2155-304

Aims. The optical variability of the blazar PKS 2155-304 is investigated to characterise the red noise behaviour at largely different time scales from 20 days to O(>10 yrs). Methods. The long-term optical light curve of PKS 2155-304 is assembled from archival data as well as from so-far unpublished observations mostly carried out with the ROTSE-III and the ASAS robotic telescopes. A forward folding technique is used to determine the best-fit parameters for a model of a power law with a break in the power spectral density function (PSD). The best-fit parameters are estimated using a maximum-likelihood method with simulated light curves in conjunction with the Lomb-Scargle periodogram and the first-order structure function (SF). In addition, a new approach based upon the so-called multiple fragments variance function (MFVF) is introduced and compared to the other methods. Simulated light curves have been used to confirm the reliability of these methods as well as to estimate the uncertainties of the best-fit parameters. Results. The light curve is consistent with the assumed broken power-law PSD. All three methods agree within the estimated uncertainties with the MFVF providing the most accurate results. The red-noise behaviour of the PSD in frequency f follows a power law with f −β , β = 1.8 +0.1 −0.2 and a break towards f
Sexual Differentiation of the Vertebrate Brain: Principles and Mechanisms

A wide variety of sexual dimorphisms, structural differences between the sexes, have been described in the brains of many vertebrate species, including humans. In animal models of neural sexual dimorphism, gonadal steroid hormones, specifically androgens, play a crucial role in engendering these differences by masculinizing the nervous system of males. Usually, the androgen must act early in life, often during the fetal period to masculinize the nervous system and behavior. However, there are a few examples of androgen, in adulthood, masculinizing both the structure of the nervous system and behavior. In the modal pattern, androgens are required both during development and adulthood to fully masculinize brain structure and behavior. In rodent models of neural sexual dimorphism, it is often the aromatized metabolites of androgen, i.e., estrogens, which interact with estrogen receptors to masculinize the brain, but there is little evidence that aromatized metabolites of androgen play this role in primates, including humans. There are other animal models where androgens themselves masculinize the nervous system through interaction with androgen receptors. In the course of masculinizing the nervous system, steroids can affect a wide variety of cellular mechanisms, including neurogenesis, cell death, cell migration, synapse formation, synapse elimination, and cell differentiation. In animal models, there are no known examples where only a single neural center displays sexual dimorphism. Rather, each case of sexual dimorphism seems to be part of a distributed network of sexually dimorphic neuronal populations which normally interact with each other. Finally, there is ample evidence of sexual dimorphism in the human brain, as sex differences in behavior would require, but there has not yet been any definitive proof that steroids acting early in development directly masculinize the human brain.
Incentives to Invest in New Technology : The E ff ect of Fuel Economy Standards on China ’ s Automakers

Technology absorption is critical to emerging market growth. To study this process I exploit fuel economy standards, which compel automakers to either acquire fuel efficiency technology or reduce vehicle quality. With novel, unique data on the Chinese auto market between 1999 and 2012, I evaluate the effect of China’s 2009 fuel economy standards on firms’ vehicle characteristic choices. Through differences-in-differences and triple differences designs, I show that Chinese firms responded to the new policy by manufacturing less powerful, cheaper, and lighter vehicles. Foreign firms manufacturing for the Chinese market, conversely, continued on their prior path. For example, domestic firms reduced model torque and price by 12% and 13% of their respective means relative to foreign firms. Private Chinese firms outperformed state-owned firms and were less affected by the standards, but Chinese firms in joint ventures with foreign firms suffered the largest negative effect regardless of ownership. My evidence suggests that fuel economy standards and joint venture mandates both intended to increase technology transfer have instead retarded Chinese firms’ advancement up the automotive manufacturing quality ladder. (Click Here for Latest Version and Appendices) JEL classifications: G3, O2, O3, P2, P3, Q4, Q5, L5, L9 ⇤Harvard University. I wish to thank Anthony Saich, Henry Lee, Wang Qing, Lu Mai, Lilei Xu, Ariel Pakes, and Martin Rotemberg. I am grateful to the China State Council Development Research Center for its support and data access. Funding for this project is from the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School and from a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. “We have been trying to exchange market access for technology, but we have barely gotten hold of any key technologies in the past 30 years” Liao Xionghui, Vice President of Lifan, a Chinese automaker (Ying 2012) “New proposed fuel-economy standards for passenger cars. [leave] foreign makers well positioned to inject new technology.That leaves locals such as Great Wall and Geely with the most work to do. ” Bhattacharya (Wall Street Journal, 2014)
New three-dimensional cephalometric analyses among adults with a skeletal Class I pattern and normal occlusion

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess new three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric variables, and to evaluate the relationships among skeletal and dentoalveolar variables through 3D cephalometric analysis. Methods Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were acquired from 38 young adults (18 men and 20 women; 22.6 ± 3.2 years) with normal occlusion. Thirty-five landmarks were digitized on the 3D-rendered views. Several measurements were obtained for selected landmarks. Correlations among different variables were calculated by means of Pearson's correlation coefficient values. Results The body of the mandible had a longer curve length in men (102.3 ± 4.4 mm) than in women (94.5 ± 4.7 mm) (p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in the maxillary basal curve length. Men had significantly larger facial dimensions, whereas women had a larger gonial angle (117.0 ± 4.0 vs. 113.8 ± 3.3; p < 0.001). Strong-to-moderate correlation values were found among the vertical and transverse variables (r = 0.71 to 0.51). Conclusions The normative values of new 3D cephalometric parameters, including the maxillary and mandibular curve length, were obtained. Strong-to-moderate correlation values were found among several vertical and transverse variables through 3D cephalometric analysis. This method of cephalometric analyses can be useful in diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with dentofacial deformities.
Economic globalization and the economic policy positions of parties

Does economic globalization influence the economic policy positions adopted by political parties in democratic countries? In this article, we identify multiple pathways through which market integration might induce ideological change among both left and right parties. Utilizing data from 51 countries between 1970 and 2014, we evaluate the degree to which leftist and rightist economic ideologies, respectively, are present in parties’ platforms. We find that traditionally leftist positions are increasingly adopted by parties on both the right and the left in response to globalization. The evidence also suggests that, though there is a general tendency among parties to shift their economic platforms leftward in response to liberalization, there is significant between-country variability in the effects. An important implication of this study is that partisan ideological evolution is not driven solely by domestic forces, but by external factors, too.
Effects of the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Raloxifene on Coronary Outcomes in The Raloxifene Use for the Heart Trial: Results of Subgroup Analyses by Age and Other Factors

Background— The Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) trial showed that raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, had no overall effect on the incidence of coronary events in women with established coronary heart disease or coronary heart disease risk factors. We provide detailed results of the effect of raloxifene on coronary outcomes over time and for 24 subgroups (17 predefined, 7 post hoc). Methods and Results— Postmenopausal women (n=10 101; mean age, 67 years) were randomized to raloxifene 60 mg/d or placebo for a median of 5.6 years. Coronary outcomes were assessed by treatment group in women with coronary heart disease risk factors and those with established coronary heart disease. Raloxifene had no effect on the incidence of coronary events in any subgroup except in the case of a post hoc age subgroup analysis using age categories defined in the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. The effect of raloxifene on the incidence of coronary events differed significantly by age (interaction P=0.0118). The incidence of coronary events in women <60 years of age was significantly lower in those assigned raloxifene (50 events) compared with placebo (84 events; hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.41 to 0.83; P=0.003; absolute risk reduction, 36 per 1000 women treated for 1 year). No difference was found between treatment groups in the incidence of coronary events in women ≥60 and <70 or ≥70 years of age. Conclusions— In postmenopausal women at increased risk of coronary events, the overall lack of benefit of raloxifene was similar across the prespecified subgroups.
Self-Control as a Personal Resource: Determining Its Relationships to Success, Perseverance, and Well-Being

Self-control is understood as the ability of the individual to manage his behavior and emotions, thoughtfully react to events that happen around him, and to prevent himself from acting out of undesirable impulses and emotions. This article presents two studies that sought to validate a Russian-language version of the Brief Self-Control Scale that was developed by June P. Tangney, Roy F. Baumeister, and Angie Luzio Boone. The studies tested samples of employees (n = 591) and students (n = 328), respectively, using the scale consisting of 13 items. We demonstrate the one-dimensional structure of the scale using confirmatory factor analysis. The scale has high reliability (Cronbach alpha of 0.84 and 0.79), and it demonstrates predictable current and potential future relationships with self-reported and objective indicators of academic and professional success. Self-control is associated with indicators of successful functioning and well-being. The obtained connections retain statistical reliability when controlling for social desirability. The results show that self-control is an important personal-motivational resource that contributes to success in life and improving psychological well-being.
ANALISIS TINGKAT BERPIKIR SISWA BERDASARKAN TEORI VAN HIELE DITINJAU DARI GAYA KOGNITIF

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tingkat pemikiran siswa berdasarkan teori Van Hiele pada materi dimensi tiga ditinjau dari gaya kognitif Field Independent (FI) dan Field Dependent (FD). Tingkat berpikir yang dimaksud adalah tingkat berpikir menurut teori Van Hiele yang terdiri dari lima tahapan, yaitu tahap 0 (visualisasi), tahap 1 (analisis), tahap 2 (deduksi informal), tahap 3 (deduksi), dan tahap 4 (rigor). Subjek penelitian ini adalah 4 siswa kelas XII di SMAN 1 Pangkajene yang terdiri 2 orang siswa yang mewakili kelompok Field Independent (FI) dan 2 orang siswa yang mewakili kelompok Field Dependent (FD). Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah GEFT (Group Embedded Figure Test), uji Geometri dan wawancara berbasis tes. Tes GEFT digunakan untuk mengukur gaya kognitif siswa apakah termasuk Field Independent (FI) atau Field Dependent (FD). Tes Geometri disusun sesuai dengan indikator tingkat berpikir berdasarkan teori Van Hiele. Tes ini digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat berpikir siswa ditinjau dari gaya kognitifnya. Sedangkan pedoman wawancara berisi sejumlah panduan yang bertujuan menelusuri dan mengklarifikasi jawaban siswa secara mendalam. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes dan wawancara dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan model analisis data Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (a) subjek pertama dan subjek kedua dengan gaya kognitif Field Independent (FI-1 dan FI-2) berada pada tingkat deduksi, (b) subjek pertama dengan gaya kognitif Dependent Dependent (FD) berada pada tingkat analisis sedangkan subjek kedua dengan gaya kognitif Dependent Dependent (FD) berada pada tingkat visualisasi. Kata Kunci : Tingkat berpikir teori van Hiele, gaya kognitif, Field Independent (FI) , Field Dependent (FD)