Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
“I Just Did Everything Physically Possible to Get in There”

This ethnographic study focuses on how men and women chemistry graduate students are socialized to “do masculinity” differently in scientific contexts. Using results from nine months of observation and 40 semistructured interviews from five labs at a research-intensive university, I argue that the link between men, science, and academia may allow men, but not women, graduate students leeway in establishing their claim to scientific authority. Thus, men graduate students may be able to perform gender in more varied and complex ways than their women peers. In contrast, women graduate students, who do not embody masculinity, may feel more pressure to conform to the strict norms of competition that are associated with traditional masculinity.
Girls, Boys and Junior Sexualities: Exploring Children's Gender and Sexual Relations in the Primary School - by Emma Renold

Girls, Boys and Junior Sexualities: Exploring Children's Gender and Sexual Relations in the Primary School. By Emma Renold. Pp. 206. London and New York: Routledge-Falmer. 2005. £21.99 (pbk). ISBN 0-415-31497-6 (pbk).
The role of pictures and gestures as a support mechanism for novel word learning: A training study with 2-year-old children

A training study examined novel word learning in 2-year-old children and assessed two nonverbal mechanisms, pictures and gestures, which are commonly used as communication support. The aim was to (1) compare these two support mechanisms and measure their effects on expressive word learning and (2) to investigate these effects on word production over an extended time period. At baseline, the children’s performance was assessed on vocabulary and grammatical skills, and the groups were matched on these key variables. Eighteen participants were taught novel words either accompanied by a gesture or by a picture. The training consisted of four 20-minute sessions per week over a period of four weeks. Following training, the children were assessed on their ability to produce novel words at three time points: immediately after training, at a 2-week follow-up and at a 6-week follow-up. Gesture training supported word learning significantly better than picture training across all three testing points. Children in both groups showed the best production immediately after training, with a small but nonsignificant decline at 2-week follow-up. There was a significant decline in time 3 compared to time 1, but the children were still able to produce 6.8 out of 10 novel words, suggesting long-term learning. Our findings suggest that gesture may be used to support word learning and could benefit children with late emerging language. The importance of these findings for language development and language intervention are discussed.
The epidemiological impact and cost-effectiveness of HIV testing, antiretroviral treatment and harm reduction programs

Objectives:To estimate trends in the HIV epidemic in China, and explore the epidemiological impact and cost-effectiveness of expanded voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), antiretroviral treatment (ART), and harm reduction programs in preventing the spread of HIV. Design and methods:A mathematical model was developed and calibrated to reflect the dynamics of disease progression and transmission through sexual contacts and needle sharing in China, and the cost-effectiveness of four interventions was analyzed. Multivariate sensitivity analysis was used to estimate uncertainty ranges for all outcomes. Results:A total of 3.4 million new HIV infections were estimated to occur over the next 30 years if no preventive measures were implemented, of which 75% will occur in high-risk groups, such as injecting drug users (IDUs) and men who have sex with men. Expanding ART treatment is most cost-effective, at 4840 (uncertainty range/UR: 3960–5980) international dollars per quality-adjusted life year gained. The optimal cost-effectiveness path is from ART to the combination strategy of ART and harm reduction, followed by the combination strategy of harm reduction, ART and VCT. Conclusion:Expanded VCT (low-risk once, high-risk annually), expanded ART, harm reduction programs and all combinations of these strategies are cost-effective relative to the base case. In order to bring China to a lower phase of the HIV epidemic, in addition to VCT and ART treatment, efforts in reducing risk behavior will be necessary.
Knowledge and Practice about Cervical Cancer Screening among Women in a Rural Population of South India

Cancer Cervix happens to be the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and fourth leading cause of death among females in the globe. Most of the cases and deaths are seen in developing countries and India attributes to about 15% of the cancer deaths in the world mostly in rural areas. Hence the objectives of this study were to find the knowledge of women regarding cervical cancer, to determine screening practices and determinants, and to identify factors for non screening. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 800 village women of age group 15 years and above using systematic random sampling technique by a predesigned and a pretested questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17. Majority of study subjects were in the age group of 30-60 years. More than the half were illiterate, majority of them were hindu and most of them were married with parity of 1-5. Most of the women belonged to poor socio-economic status. Predictors for doing Pap test were who had knowledge of screening for cervical cancer and Pap test. 57.5 per cent of women with poor knowledge scores cited knowledge factors as compared to only 5.8 per cent of women with good knowledge score for not undergoing screening. A multinomial logistic regression confirmed that those with poor knowledge were significantly more likely to cite knowledge factors than psychosocial factors (OR=3.36, CI 1.007-11.218). Similarly those with at least a primary education were less likely to report knowledge factors compared to psychosocial factors (OR=0.347, CI 0.1220.198 P<0.05). Major proportions of the rural women were not aware of the risk factors of cervical cancer, the screening process and its importance as well as good hygienic practices. A comprehensive cancer awareness and screening program should be started in the district by involving medical college staff, school teachers, government officials etc. to create awareness about carcinoma cervix and to dispel misconceptions. Efforts should be made to prevent the disease and avert untimely deaths in young women.
Mal adaptive Parenting and Child Emotional Symptoms in the Early School Years: Findings from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children

EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS ARE ONE of the primary manifestations of child mental health problems. The current study investigated whether being exposed to maladaptive parenting (high hostility and low warmth) and/or marital conflict in infancy is associated with a significantly increased risk of having emotional symptoms in the early school years. Relevant data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) were available for 3161 children (1621 boys) who had a median age of nine months (M age = 8.8 months, SD = 2.5 months) at wave 1 and a median age of 58 months (M = 57.5 months, SD = 2.8 months) at wave 3. Children who were exposed to maladaptive parenting and/or marital conflict at wave 1 were found to have a significantly increased risk of having emotional symptoms at wave 3. These findings indicate that by incorporating a focus earlier in children's development it should be possible to achieve better outcomes from programs that target parenting behaviours and family functioning.
Adherence and long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: an update -

Adherence and long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: an update Nonadherence to antipsychotics poses a major problem in the long-term management of schizophrenia. Subjective measures of adherence (self-reports, provider reports) are unreliable, more objective methods (e.g., electronic monitoring, plasma levels) are neither available in clinical practice, nor are they infallible. Risk factors include history of nonadherence, substance use, limited insight, treatment with antidepressants, medication-induced cognitive impairment, hostility, and violent behavior. Nonadherence results in partial or no response to antipsychotic treatment with many adverse consequences, including higher mortality. A recent meta-analysis somewhat surprisingly failed to prove higher adherence to long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI) than to oral antipsychotics. However, unexpectedly high adherence in the reviewed trials suggests selection bias. This is further supported indirectly by the findings from two large observational studies from Finland. They showed that LAI, as compared to oral formulations of the same drugs, were associated with a significantly lower risk of rehospitalization and drug discontinuation. Prescription data from the Czech Republic indicate that LAI are underutilized. Contrary to traditional assumptions, patients with previous exposure to LAI appraised them favorably and frequently preferred them in the long-term treatment. LAI may be considered not only for nonadherent, relapsing or difficult-to-manage patients, but also for actively participating, well-informed patients with insight.
Effect of a Protease Inhibitor-Induced Genetic Bottleneck on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env Gene Populations

ABSTRACT The initiation of drug therapy or the addition of a new drug to preexisting therapy can have a significant impact on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) populations within a person. Drug therapy directed at reverse transcriptase and protease can result in dramatic decreases in virus load, causing a contraction in the virus population that represents a potential genetic bottleneck as a subset of virus with genomes carrying resistance mutations repopulate the host. While this bottleneck exerts an effect directly on the region that is being targeted by the drugs, it also affects other regions of the viral genome. We have applied heteroduplex tracking assays (HTA) specific to variable regions 1 and 2 (V1/V2) and variable region 3 (V3) of the HIV-1 env gene to analyze the effect of a genetic bottleneck created by the selection of resistance to ritonavir, a protease inhibitor. Subjects were classified into groups on the basis of the extent of the initial drop in virus load and the duration of virus load reduction. Subjects with a strong initial drop in virus load exhibited a loss of heterogeneity in the env region at virus load rebound; in contrast, subjects with a weak initial drop in virus load exhibited little to no loss of heterogeneity at virus load rebound in either region of env examined. The duration of virus load reduction also affected env populations. Subjects that had prolonged reductions exhibited slower population diversification and the appearance of new V1/V2 species after rebound. The longer reduction of virus load in these subjects may have allowed for improved immune system function, which in turn could have selected for new escape mutants. Subjects with rapid rebound quickly reequilibrated the entry env variants back into the resistant population. When the pro gene developed further resistance mutations subsequent to virus load rebound, no changes were observed in V1/V2 or V3 populations, suggesting that the high virus loads allowed the env populations to reequilibrate rapidly. The rapid equilibration of env variants during pro gene sequence transitions at high virus load suggests that recombination is active in defining the HIV-1 sequence population. Conversely, part of the success of suppressive antiviral therapy may be to limit the potential for evolution through recombination, which requires dually infected cells.
Consequences of Ambivalence on Satisfaction and Loyalty.

The key objective of this study was to understand the consequences of subjective ambivalence on customer satisfaction, loyalty, and the satisfaction–loyalty relationship. The conceptual and theoretical discussions were derived largely from recent research in social psychology and integrated with marketing literature on satisfaction and loyalty. Given that product evaluations are typically positive and extreme, these findings indicate a negative relationship between ambivalence and satisfaction. Even though a great deal of the variance in ambivalence is shared with satisfaction, ambivalence did prove to have an independent and direct effect on loyalty. Ambivalent consumers are not only less loyal because they are less satisfied, but for other reasons, as well. Ambivalence was not found to moderate the satisfaction–loyalty relationship. The results of the study underscore the importance of taking ambivalence into consideration when measuring satisfaction and modeling satisfaction–loyalty relationships. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogeny of Phagotrophic Euglenids (Euglenozoa) as Inferred from Hsp90 Gene Sequences

ABSTRACT. Molecular phylogenies of euglenids are usually based on ribosomal RNA genes that do not resolve the branching order among the deeper lineages. We addressed deep euglenid phylogeny using the cytosolic form of the heat‐shock protein 90 gene (hsp90), which has already been employed with some success in other groups of euglenozoans and eukaryotes in general. Hsp90 sequences were generated from three taxa of euglenids representing different degrees of ultrastructural complexity, namely Petalomonas cantuscygni and wild isolates of Entosiphon sulcatum, and Peranema trichophorum. The hsp90 gene sequence of P. trichophorum contained three short introns (ranging from 27 to 31 bp), two of which had non‐canonical borders GG‐GG and GG‐TG and two 10‐bp inverted repeats, suggesting a structure similar to that of the non‐canonical introns described in Euglena gracilis. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed a closer relationship between kinetoplastids and diplonemids than to euglenids, and supported previous views regarding the branching order among primarily bacteriovorous, primarily eukaryovorous, and photosynthetic euglenids. The position of P. cantuscygni within Euglenozoa, as well as the relative support for the nodes including it were strongly dependent on outgroup selection. The results were most consistent when the jakobid Reclinomonas americana was used as the outgroup. The most robust phylogenies place P. cantuscygni as the most basal branch within the euglenid clade. However, the presence of a kinetoplast‐like mitochondrial inclusion in P. cantuscygni deviates from the currently accepted apomorphy‐based definition of the kinetoplastid clade and highlights the necessity of detailed studies addressing the molecular nature of the euglenid and diplonemid mitochondrial genome.
The effect of self-management empowerment model on the sense of coherence among elderly patients with cardiovascular disease

Abstract To correct poor quality of life due to the elderly’s limitations and cardiovascular disorders requires the identification of supporting resources, adaptation, and enhancement of the sense of coherence. While having the little evidence available, this clinical trial was performed on 96 elderly people with cardiovascular disease. The goal was to determine the effect of education based on a self-management empowerment model on the sense of coherence. The results indicate the effect of a five-step educational intervention on a total sense of coherence score in the experimental group and on its dimensions. The results can provide a framework to design nursing education for the empowerment of the elderly.
Gulf-Wide Decreases in the Size of Large Coastal Sharks Documented by Generations of Fishermen

Abstract Large sharks are top predators in most coastal and marine ecosystems throughout the world, and evidence of their reduced prominence in marine ecosystems has been a serious concern for fisheries and ecosystem management. Unfortunately, quantitative data to document the extent, timing, and consequences of changes in shark populations are scarce, thwarting examination of long-term (decadal, century) trends, and reconstructions based on incomplete data sets have been the subject of debate. Absence of quantitative descriptors of past ecological conditions is a generic problem facing many fields of science but is particularly troublesome for fisheries scientists who must develop specific targets for restoration. We were able to use quantitative measurements of shark sizes collected annually and independently of any scientific survey by thousands of recreational fishermen over the last century to document decreases in the size of large sharks from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Based on records from fishing rodeos in three U.S. coastal states, the size (weight or length) of large sharks captured by fishermen decreased by 50–70% during the 20 years after the 1980s. The pattern is largely driven by reductions in the occurrence and sizes of Tiger Sharks Galeocerdo cuvier and Bull Sharks Carcharhinus leucas and to a lesser extent Hammerheads Sphyrna spp. This decrease occurred despite increasing fishing effort and advances in technology, but it is coincident with the capitalization of the U.S. commercial shark long-line fishery in the GOM.
Legal Outcomes for Children Who Have Been Sexually Abused: The Impact of Child Abuse Assessment Center Evaluations

Fifty children who were seen at a Child Abuse Assessment Center (CAAC) were matched on age and relationship to perpetrator with 51 children not evaluated at a CAAC to determine whether the groups differed in legal outcomes in cases of sexual abuse. CAAC children were significantly more likely to have cases filed rather than no-actioned, to have more overall counts charged in filed cases, to have more counts charged against biological fathers and stepfathers who were alleged perpetrators, and to have a greater number of defendants pleading or being found guilty compared to cases involving children not seen at the CAAC. There were also significantly more cases filed for 4-to 6-year-olds and children at least 12 years old if they were seen at the CAAC. The implications of the results are discussed in light of the use of CAACs.
Career Placement of Doctor of Pharmacy Graduates at Eight U.S. Midwestern Schools

Objective. To characterize postgraduation placement plans of 2013 doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) graduates. Methods. A cross-sectional survey of PharmD graduates from 8 midwestern colleges of pharmacy was designed to capture a comprehensive picture of graduating students’ experiences and outcomes of their job search. Results. At graduation, 81% of 2013 respondents had postgraduate plans, with approximately 40% accepting jobs and 40% accepting residencies or fellowships. Eighty-four percent of graduates reported being pleased with offers received, and 86% received placement in their preferred practice setting. Students perceived that securing residencies was more difficult than securing jobs. Students who participated in key activities had a nearly sevenfold increase in successful residency placement. Conclusion. While the demand for pharmacists decreased in recent years, responses indicated successful placement by the majority of 2013 graduates at the time of graduation.
Land-Use Planning, Land Supply, and House Prices

There are clearly significant social benefits to land-use planning, but there may also be significant private and social costs which need to be taken into account. In this paper we explore the relationship between land-use planning, the supply of housing land, and the supply and price of housing. It is based on two pieces of empirical research. In the first study, an investigation was conducted of the extent to which land supply, and particularly the operation of the planning system, had affected house prices in Britain during the 1980s, and how far planning had placed a constraint on land supply or simply reorganised that supply. In the follow-up study a single planning area was looked at to examine the extent to which increased land allocations in one area can compensate for constraints on land supply in another. We conclude that the planning system imposes significant costs, which include the exacerbation of price increases in periods of economic growth, but without being able to generate higher housing output during recession. In addition the planning system tends to foster a narrower range of housing types and densities than would be expected in its absence, and so restricts the choice available to consumers.
Mutational analysis of a native substrate of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proteinase

Proteolytic processing of the gag/pol precursor by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proteinase is essential for the production of infectious viral particles. Although the sites of virus-specific cleavages have been determined, the primary amino acid sequences surrounding these sites are heterogeneous and the determinants that direct the cleavage specificity exhibited by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proteinase remain largely undefined. We performed mutational analysis of the Tyr/Pro site, which produces the amino terminus of the viral capsid protein, and the Phe/Pro site, which produces the amino terminus of the proteinase. Mutations were made in a clone encoding a frameshift mutation that results in the expression of equimolar amounts of the substrate and proteinase in the form of a truncated gag/pol precursor. After single-amino-acid substitutions were made, their effects on proteolytic processing were examined by in vitro transcription and in vitro translation of the synthetic mRNA; translation products were then processed by exogenously added purified proteinase. Single-amino-acid substitutions yielded both substrates which were processed with wild-type efficiency and substrates on which processing was impaired. At the Tyr/Pro site in gag, processing was severely inhibited by substitutions within the P4, P2, P1, and P2' positions. The Phe/Pro site in pol, however, demonstrated far greater tolerance to amino acid substitution. These data suggest that the primary amino acid sequence around a scissile bond is more critical for cleavage of the Tyr/Pro site than the Phe/Pro site.
The Effect of Glycemic Status on Kidney Stone Disease in Patients with Prediabetes

Background While the evidence supporting a positive association between diabetes mellitus and kidney stone disease (KSD) is solid, studies examining the association between impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and KSD show inconsistent results. Currently, there are no studies examining the relationship between impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and KSD. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of different glycemic statuses on KSD. The results may help to motivate patients with diabetes to conform to treatment regimens. Methods We conducted a cross sectional study of a population that underwent health check-ups between January 2000 and August 2009 at the Health Evaluation Center of National Cheng Kung University Hospital. A total of 14,186 subjects were enrolled. The following categories of glycemic status were used according to the criteria of the 2009 American Diabetes Association: normal glucose tolerance, isolated IGT, isolated IFG, combined IFG/IGT, and diabetes. The existence of KSD was evaluated using renal ultrasonography, and the presence of any hyperechoic structures causing acoustic shadowing was considered to be indicative of KSD. Results The prevalence of KSD was 7.4% (712/9,621), 9.3% (163/1,755), 10.8% (78/719), 12.0% (66/548), and 11.3% (174/1,543) in subjects with NGT, isolated IGT, isolated IFG, combined IFG/IGT, and diabetes, respectively. Isolated IFG, combined IFG/IGT, and diabetes were associated with KSD after adjusting for other clinical variables, but isolated IGT was not. Age (41 to 64 years vs. ≤40 years, ≥65 years vs. ≤40 years), male gender, hypertension, and hyperuricemia were also independently associated with KSD. Conclusion Isolated IFG, combined IFG/IGT, and diabetes, but not isolated IGT, were associated with a higher risk of KSD.