Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monetary Policy for an Open Economy: An Alternative Framework with Optimizing Agents and Sticky Prices

The ‘new open-economy macroeconomics’ seeks to provide an improved basis for monetary and exchange-rate policy through the construction of open-economy models that feature rational expectations, optimising agents, and slowly adjusting prices of goods. This paper promotes an alternative approach for constructing such models by treating imports not as finished consumer goods but rather as raw-material inputs to the home economy’s productive process. This treatment leads to a clean and simple theoretical structure that has some empirical attractions as well. A particular smalleconomy model is calibrated and its properties exhibited, primarily by means of impulse response functions. The preferred variant is shown to feature a pattern of correlations between exchange-rate changes and inflation that is more realistic than provided by a more standard specification. Important recent events are interpreted in light of the alternative models.
Review of agraphia and a proposal for an anatomically-based neuropsychological model of writing

Abstract Previous models of agraphia have been descriptive and have emphasized the association of agraphia with other disorders such as aphasia and alexia. Such models have frequently led to inconsistent descriptions of specific agraphia types. These inconsistencies have made clinical-anatomical correlations difficult. Recent studies of agraphic patients with focal cerebral lesions have made it possible to develop a new model of writing based on specific neuropsychological mechanisms. In addition, results from computerized tomography have helped delineate probable anatomic substrates for many of these mechanisms. It is hoped this model provides a means for a better understanding of the mechanisms and anatomy underlying the agraphias as well as a better understanding of the relationships of the agraphias with aphasia and alexia.
What Makes Schools Effective? A Comparison of the Relationships of Communitarian Climate and Academic Climate to Mathematics Achievement and Attendance During Middle School

Over the past few decades, scholars and policymakers have been perplexed about why students learn so little in some schools. Many researchers and reformers currently claim that school effectiveness hinges on communal organization. They contend that shared values and activities, positive adult social relations, positive teacher–student relations, and democratic governance enhance students’ school engagement and their academic achievement. Yet a competing theory—that of academic press—posits a more direct link between school processes and academic outcomes. This theory suggests that schools are effective when they offer demanding curricula and employ teachers whose educational expectations for their students are high. The present article used hierarchical modeling to compare the merits of these two theories. Analyses of longitudinal data on three cohorts of students (N > 5,600) from 23 middle schools indicated that communal organization was not related to mathematics achievement or attendance. Academic press, on the other hand, was positively related to both mathematics achievement and attendance. These results call for somewhat greater skepticism about the currently popular communitarian solution to school ineffectiveness.
The homeobox gene Gsh2 is required for retinoid production in the embryonic mouse telencephalon

We have examined the role of the homeobox gene Gsh2 in retinoid production and signaling within the ventral telencephalon of mouse embryos. Gsh2 mutants exhibit altered ventral telencephalic development, including a smaller striatum with fewer DARPP-32 neurons than wild types. We show that the expression of the retinoic acid (RA) synthesis enzyme, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 3 (Raldh3, also known as Aldh1a3), is reduced in the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) of Gsh2 mutants. Moreover, using a retinoid reporter cell assay, we found that retinoid production in the Gsh2 mutants is markedly reduced. The striatal defects in Gsh2 mutants are thought to result from ectopic expression of Pax6 in the LGE. Previously, we had shown that removal of Pax6 from the Gsh2 mutant background improves the molecular identity of the LGE in these double mutants; however, Raldh3 expression is not improved. The Pax6;Gsh2 double mutants possess a larger striatum than the Gsh2 mutants, but the disproportionate reduction in DARPP-32 neurons is not improved. These findings suggest that reduced retinoid production in the Gsh2 mutant contributes to the striatal differentiation defects. As RA promotes the expression of DARPP-32 in differentiating LGE cells in vitro, we examined whether exogenous RA can improve striatal neuron differentiation in the Gsh2 mutants. Indeed, RA supplementation of Gsh2 mutants, during the period of striatal neurogenesis, results in a significant increase in DARPP-32 expression. Thus, in addition to the previously described role for Gsh2 to maintain correct molecular identity in the LGE, our results demonstrate a novel requirement of this gene for retinoid production within the ventral telencephalon.
Characterization of Tn917 insertion mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis affected in biofilm formation

Biofilm formation is thought to result from the concerted action of primary attachment to a specific surface and accumulation in multilayered cell clusters. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of transposon (Tn917) mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis O-47 which were biofilm negative in the polystyrene microtiter plate assay. Among 5,000 Tn917 insertion mutants, 4 biofilm-negative mutants were isolated. Each mutant carried one copy of Tn917. The mutants were divided into two phenotypic classes: class A (mut1 and mut1a) and class B (mut2 and mut2a). Mutants of phenotypic class A lacked four cell surface proteins, were less hydrophobic, and were affected in primary attachment to polystyrene, but were still able to form multilayered cell clusters. They were able to form a biofilm on a glass surface, a trait that was even more pronounced than in the wild-type stain O-47. Loss of several surface proteins might have led to the reduced surface hydrophilic structures, thus favoring primary attachment to a glass surface and leading to subsequent biofilm formation. Mutants of phenotype class B were able to attach to polystyrene but were unable to form multilayered cell clusters, had unchanged cell surface proteins and hydrophobicity, and were unable to form a biofilm on a glass surface, mut1 and mut2 could be complemented by wild-type DNA fragments containing the Tn917 insertion sites of mut1 and mut2, respectively. The complemented biofilm-positive clone mut1 (pRC20) produced a 60-kDa protein which is postulated to function as the adhesin for binding to plastic. The traits of binding to polystyrene and the ability to form multilayered cell clusters are phenotypically and genetically distinct.
Binaural Hearing after Cochlear Implantation in Subjects with Unilateral Sensorineural Deafness and Tinnitus

The aim of this clinical study was to assess speech recognition in noise after cochlear implantation in subjects with single-sided deafness and incapacitating tinnitus. 20 subjects complaining of severe intractable tinnitus unresponsive to treatment received a MED-EL cochlear implant (CI). 11 subjects had normal hearing (NH group) on the contralateral side, while 9 used a hearing aid (HA group). The subjects were tested in noise in two listening conditions, i.e. with their acoustic hearing only and with adding the CI to the acoustic hearing (binaural). Subjective improvement in daily life was evaluated using the Speech Spatial and Qualities Hearing Scale (SSQ). The summation effect (3.3 dB for the HA group and 0.6 dB for the NH group) is not significant in both groups. A significant squelch effect of adding the CI was seen for the HA users (3.8 dB), but not for the NH group (1.2 dB). Additionally, a significant effect of adding the CI was found for the spatial configuration where noise is presented in front and speech on the CI side for both the HA group (6.5 dB) and the NH group (1.7 dB). Results of the SSQ show a significant overall benefit of wearing the CI for both groups. The preliminary results of these 20 subjects suggest that cochlear implantation can improve hearing in people suffering from single-sided deafness combined with tinnitus.
Comparison of Fermentation and Wines Produced by Inoculation of Hanseniaspora vineae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Interest in the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in winemaking has been increasing due to their positive contributions to wine quality. The non-Saccharomyces yeast Hanseniaspora vineae is an apiculate yeast that has been associated with the production of wine with good aromatic properties. However, little is known about the fermentation dynamics of H. vineae in natural must and its interaction with autochthonous yeasts. In the present study, we performed semi industrial fermentations of Macabeo and Merlot musts inoculated with either H. vineae or S. cerevisiae. The yeast population dynamics were monitored by plate culturing, PCR-DGGE and massive sequencing techniques. The results obtained with these techniques show that H. vineae was able dominate the autochthonous microbiota in Macabeo must but not in Merlot must, which exhibited a larger, more diverse yeast population. The presence of H. vineae throughout most of the Macabeo fermentation resulted in more fruity and flowery wine, as indicated by the chemical analysis of the final wines, which demonstrated a strong presence of phenyl ethyl acetate at concentrations higher than the threshold of perception and approximately 50 times more than that produced in wines fermented with S. cerevisiae. This compound is associated with fruity, floral and honey aromas.
Collaboration and compromise in creating and sustaining an inclusive school

This paper examines the evolution of one progressively oriented, inclusive public elementary school in the USA. Ethnographic data gathered over 4 years illustrate how support for the inclusion of children classified for special education in general education classrooms developed alongside teachers' commitment to creating classroom communities that value racial, cultural and linguistic diversity. Its story illustrates what other researchers have found as essential ingredients for successful reform: a commitment to a central philosophy and belief system; teacher initiatives supported by the building principal; structures that support on-going change and continuous improvement. Collaboration and compromise are central to the evolution and maintenance of this school's inclusive culture. Analysis of the ethnographic data demonstrates how a dialectical relationship between collaboration and autonomy supported teachers' ability to sustain learner-centred programmes and practices in the face of external pressures for curricular uniformity from an increasingly bureaucratized school system.
Entrance Examinations as Gatekeepers

Research on teacher education entrance examinations has become a significant branch of educational research in Finland. Class teacher selections are of great importance to get those applicants into training who are the most suitable for the teaching profession. This article investigates how successful entrance examinations are, as well as the predictability of the selections. The views presented here and the research data used are related to the selections of class teachers' adult education of Chydenius Institute—Kokkola University Consortium (Department of the University of Jyväskylä). The entrance examination aims to find good and motivated students but also excellent future teachers. According to many evaluators of the student selections, the best way to measure suitability for the teaching profession is the demonstration lesson. The results obtained from the demonstration lesson predict the skills which one has after one's education. Good results show most likely good teaching skills of a future teacher. On the basis of our experiences we firmly believe that the interaction skills of the applicants should be evaluated before they are selected for teacher studies.
Comparison of the EPIC Physical Activity Questionnaire with Combined Heart Rate and Movement Sensing in a Nationally Representative Sample of Older British Adults

Objectives To compare physical activity (PA) subcomponents from EPIC Physical Activity Questionnaire (EPAQ2) and combined heart rate and movement sensing in older adults. Methods Participants aged 60–64y from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development in Great Britain completed EPAQ2, which assesses self-report PA in 4 domains (leisure time, occupation, transportation and domestic life) during the past year and wore a combined sensor for 5 consecutive days. Estimates of PA energy expenditure (PAEE), sedentary behaviour, light (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were obtained from EPAQ2 and combined sensing and compared. Complete data were available in 1689 participants (52% women). Results EPAQ2 estimates of PAEE and MVPA were higher than objective estimates and sedentary time and LPA estimates were lower [bias (95% limits of agreement) in men and women were 32.3 (−61.5 to 122.6) and 29.0 (−39.2 to 94.6) kJ/kg/day for PAEE; −4.6 (−10.6 to 1.3) and −6.0 (−10.9 to −1.0) h/day for sedentary time; −171.8 (−454.5 to 110.8) and −60.4 (−367.5 to 246.6) min/day for LPA; 91.1 (−159.5 to 341.8) and 55.4 (−117.2 to 228.0) min/day for MVPA]. There were significant positive correlations between all self-reported and objectively assessed PA subcomponents (rho = 0.12 to 0.36); the strongest were observed for MVPA (rho = 0.30 men; rho = 0.36 women) and PAEE (rho = 0.26 men; rho = 0.25 women). Conclusion EPAQ2 produces higher estimates of PAEE and MVPA and lower estimates of sedentary and LPA than objective assessment. However, both methodologies rank individuals similarly, suggesting that EPAQ2 may be used in etiological studies in this population.
Three Patterns of Motion Which Change the Perception of Emotional Faces

The aim of the study was to focus on the relationship between motion and emotion. Relying on studies in Behavioral Neurology and Social Psychology, it is believed motion is one of the core components of Emotion. The study uses basic emotional faces (i.e., Happy, Surprised, Fearful, Sad, Disgusted and Angry) which are presented displaying patterns of motion (i.e., a Parabolic motion, a Translational motion and a Wave-like motion). Hypotheses are that the wave-like motion will increase perceived intensities and arou- sal related to positive emotional faces (i.e., Happy and Surprised), and simplify their recognition. Otherwise, the parabolic motion is hypothesized to increase perceived intensities and arousal related to negative emotional faces (i.e., Angry, Disgusted, Fearful and Sad), while enhancing their recognition. Results sho- wed that “Happy” is the most recognized face and “Fearful” is the least recognized one. Concerning Perceived Intensity, an Emotional Face main effect and an Interaction Motion Pattern × Emotional Face were obtained. Finally, the Arousal dimension yielded two main effects, one for the Emotional Face and one for the Motion Pattern. On one hand, results we found are very promising in understanding the part played by motion in Arousal. On the other hand, further research still has to be done so as to question the exact effects of the Translational, Parabolic and Wave-like motion patterns, especially in more dynamic contexts.
Retaining Tomorrow's Scientists: Exploring the Factors That Keep Male and Female College Students Interested in Science Careers.

h . 5 RETAINING TOMORROW'S SCIEN'|'lSTS: EXPLORING TI-IE FACTORS THAT KEEP MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS INTERESTED IN SCIENCE CAREERS Linda J. Sax Higher Education Research Institute. University of California, Los Angeles. California 9(D24 The underrepresentation of women in science and engineering is usually attributed to the experiences of young women during the elementary and secondary years. Although numerous studies document how women are lost ﬁom science during these critical years. it is also important to know what happens to the minority of women who. at the point of college entry. intend to pursue careers in the sciences. Using a national sample of 6.251 men and 9,268 women. this study examines college students’ initial interest in scientaic careers, the factors that inﬂuence science career choice during college. as well as how thesefactorsmaydioerberweenmenandwomen.Resultsindicatethatvariablestraditianaliyusedta predict science persistence (such as ability, selficoncept. and preparation) have similar ejects for bad! rnenandwomen. However. becaruethtssaadyincorporatesanextensiveanuyofvariablesthathave not been included in previous research. a number of interesting diferences emerge between men and women. Speciﬁcally. ﬁndings suggest that for men. the decision to abandon scientiﬁc career aspirations isdrivenbyﬁnancialconcerns. whereas women whodecidenottopersisttowardscientlﬁccareers appear to be more concerned with the “social good’ of their career choice. INTRODUCTION Considering that women constitute only 15% of the nation’s scientists and engineers (National Science Foundation, 1988), it is not surprising that the underrepresentation of women in science, math, and engineering ﬁelds has been the focus of much re- search in recent decades. The relatively low participation rates of women in these ﬁelds has been attributed to a myriad of explanations, including innate ability, bi- ology, elementary and secondary preparation, and sex-role socialization (Matyas, 1992; Oakes, 1990a; Vetter, 1989). However, even when many of these proposed factors have been controlled, women's likelihood of persisting in science ﬁelds dur- ing college is still below that of men's (Higher Education Research Institute, 1991). What is needed, then, is an understanding of what additional factors may be inhibiting women's scientiﬁc aspirations. This study examines career choices among men and women who, as college freshmen, intended to pursue science careers, and incorporates an extensive array of data from a national, longitudinal survey of college students. The database includes information on students’ personal and educational background, their differential college environments, as well as numerous behavioral Aneuﬂavqaimofmisuﬁckwupresenwdatdnl992MadngoftheAmaicanEmnadonﬂ ResurchAswciaﬁmmSmFrunbw. 1hkmsearchkaidedbygrnnuﬁomdnNnﬁmdSdence Foundationandtheﬁxxonﬁducationﬁundation. ISSN rm-3325/94s3.oo Copyright c 1994 by Begell House, Inc. 45
The learning organization and its dimensions as key factors in firms' performance

Managerial responses to the Dimensions of the Learning Organization Questionnaire© together with both perceptual and objective measures of firms' financial performance were analysed. Multiple regression equations were developed to examine the relationship between overall learning organization score and the performance variables return on investment (ROI), return on equity (ROE), earnings per share (EPS), net income per employee and percentage of sales from new products. The results of the study suggest that there is a positive relationship between learning organization behaviours and business performance.
Alterations in the Responses of the Sympathetic Nervous System and Renin in Borderline Hypertension

SUMMARY We investigated tbe effect of stimuli that activate tbe sympathetic nervous system on plasma catecholamines, renin activity, urinary metanepbrine and normetanephrine, and various bemodynamic parameters in normal subjects (Nls) and borderline hypertensive (BH) subjects. No differences were observed in sympathetic nervous system activity or renin activity when the subjects were in the resting state on a 150 mEq sodium diet. However, the BH group exhibited greater responses in terms of plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity in response to sodium deprivation and treadmill exercise. Although hemodynamic differences in the cold pressor test and handgrip exercise did not emerge, the ratio of atrial size decrement to venous tone increment during the Valsalva maneuver was significantly reduced in the BH group. The investigations suggest that in the basal state, BH subjects have appropriate levels of activation of the sympathetic and renin systems for a normal level of pressure but that perturbations of pressure and volume factors lead to unmasking of abnormalities in regulation of both systems. The data are also consistent with the suggestion that venous compliance is reduced in these patients.
The effects of fire, local environment and time on ant assemblages in fens and forests

We investigated the effects of the abiotic environment, plant community composition and disturbance by fire on ant assemblages in two distinct habitat types in the Siskiyou Mountains in northern California and southern Oregon, USA. Sampling over 2 years in burned and unburned Darlingtonia fens and their adjacent upland forests, we found that the effects of disturbance by fire depended on habitat type. In forests, fire intensity predicted richness in ant assemblages in both years after the fire, and plant community composition predicted richness 2 years after the fire. No factors were associated with richness in the species‐poor fen ant assemblages. Species‐specific responses to both habitat type and disturbance by fire were idiosyncratic. Assemblage composition depended on habitat type, but not disturbance by fire, and the composition of each assemblage between years was more dissimilar in burned than unburned sites.
Hypoglycemia prevalence in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes on standard insulin regimen: use of continuous glucose monitoring system.

OBJECTIVE To determine hypoglycemia prevalence in prepubertal children on thrice (TID) and twice (BID) daily insulin regimens, using the Medtronic Minimed Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-eight children aged <12 years (median 9.8, range 6.9-11.8) wore the sensor for three consecutive days and nights. Hypoglycemia was defined as glucose <60 mg/dl for >15 min. Data are expressed as the percentage of time period spent hypoglycemic. RESULTS Hypoglycemia prevalence was 10.1% (mean 2.6 h. subject(-1) x day(-1)). Hypoglycemia was more common at night compared with daytime (18.81 vs. 4.4%, P < 0.001); 78 and 43% of subjects showed hypoglycemia on at least one night and two or more nights, respectively. Nocturnal episodes were prolonged (median 3.3 h) and asymptomatic (91% of episodes). Prevalence was greater between 0400 and 0730 h than between 2200 and 0400 h (25.5 vs. 15.4%, P < 0.001). On a TID compared with a BID regimen, nocturnal hypoglycemia prevalence was reduced, particularly between 0400-0730 h (22.9 vs. 27.4%, P = 0.005), whereas hypoglycemia the following morning (0730-1200 h) was greater (7.8 vs. 2.8%, P < 0.001). Nocturnal hypoglycemia risk was associated with decreasing age (by a factor of 0.6 for a year less in age), increased insulin dose (by 1.6 for an increase of 0.1 units. kg(-1) x day(-1)), insulin regimen (by 0.2 on a BID compared with a TID regimen), and increased weight standard deviation score (SDS) (by 2.7 for a one SDS rise). CONCLUSIONS Use of standard insulin regimens results in high prevalence and large intraindividual variation in hypoglycemia, particularly at night. Independent risk factors for nocturnal hypoglycemia were younger age, greater daily insulin dose, insulin regimen, and increasing weight.