Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values

Modernization theorists from Karl Marx to Daniel Bell have argued that economic development brings pervasive cultural changes. But others, from Max Weber to Samuel Huntington, have claimed that cultural values are an enduring and autonomous influence on society. We test the thesis that economic development is linked with systematic changes in basic values. Using data from the three waves of the World Values Surveys, which include 65 societies and 75 percent of the world's population, we find evidence of both massive cultural change and the persistence of distinctive cultural traditions. Economic development is associated with shifts away from absolute norms and values toward values that are increasingly rational, tolerant, trusting, and participatory. Cultural change, however, is path dependent. The broad cultural heritage of a society—Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Confucian, or Communist—leaves an imprint on values that endures despite modernization. Moreover, the differences between the values held by members of different religions within given societies are much smaller than are cross-national differences. Once established, such cross-cultural differences become part of a national culture transmitted by educational institutions and mass media. We conclude with some proposed revisions of modernization theory.
Rape: Recent Psychological Research into Victims and Perpetrators

Introduction Rape is one of the more serious crimes, equivalent to murder and arson, frequently concerning the legal profession. This article reports on the most recent research into the causes and associated attitudes and features of rape and looks at the victims reactions to rape and its prevention and diagnosis, as well as treatment of rapists and victims. First, however, it is necessary to consider various aspects of rape and most especially who the rapist is.
Dissociated neural correlates of quantity processing of quantifiers, numbers, and numerosities

Quantities can be represented using either mathematical language (i.e., numbers) or natural language (i.e., quantifiers). Previous studies have shown that numerical processing elicits greater activation in the brain regions around the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) relative to other semantic processes. However, little research has been conducted to investigate whether the IPS is also critical for the semantic processing of quantifiers in natural language. In this study, 20 adults were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed semantic distance judgment involving six types of materials (i.e., frequency adverbs, quantity pronouns and nouns, animal names, Arabic digits, number words, and dot arrays). Conjunction analyses of brain activation showed that numbers and dot arrays elicited greater activation in the right IPS than did words (i.e., animal names) or quantifiers (i.e., frequency adverbs and quantity pronouns and nouns). Quantifiers elicited more activation in left middle temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus than did numbers and dot arrays. No differences were found between quantifiers and animal names. These findings suggest that, although quantity processing for numbers and dot arrays typically relies on the right IPS region, quantity processing for quantifiers typically relies on brain regions for general semantic processing. Thus, the IPS does not appear to be the only brain region for quantity processing. Hum Brain Mapp 35:444–454, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Correlation Relationship between P14ARF Gene DNA Methylation and Primary Liver Cancer

Background Primary liver cancer is a common malignant tumor that causes serious damage to human health. DNA methylation is common in epigenetics. DNA methylation plays an important role in the process of primary liver cancer occurrence and development. The P14ARF gene is an important tumor suppressor gene. It was found that P14ARF methylation is associated with the degree of malignancy in multiple tumors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between P14ARF methylation level and primary liver cancer malignant degree. Material/Methods Carcinoma tissues and adjacent tissues were collected from 87 primary liver cancer patients. Pyrosequencing was applied to obtain P14ARF methylation. Real-time PCR was used to detect P14ARF mRNA level. Results P14ARF methylation level in cancerous tissue was significantly higher than in the adjacent tissue (t=76.54, P<0.001). P14ARF methylation showed no significant difference in patients with different age, sex, smoking status, or drinking status. It did not present an obvious difference in tumors with different size. Its methylation level increased following the improvement of TNM stage (P<0.05). Compared with the adjacent tissue, P14ARF mRNA in carcinoma tissue decreased by 31% (t=28.91, P<0.001). P14ARF methylation showed a significant negative correlation with mRNA expression in cancerous tissue (r=−0.43, P<0.01). Conclusions P14ARF mRNA level is regulated by DNA methylation in primary liver cancer. P14ARF gene DNA methylation may be associated with the occurrence of primary liver cancer occurrence and TNM staging.
Dietary Betaine Supplementation Increases Fgf21 Levels to Improve Glucose Homeostasis and Reduce Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Mice

Identifying markers of human insulin resistance may permit development of new approaches for treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. To this end, we analyzed the fasting plasma metabolome in metabolically characterized human volunteers across a spectrum of insulin resistance. We demonstrate that plasma betaine levels are reduced in insulin-resistant humans and correlate closely with insulin sensitivity. Moreover, betaine administration to mice with diet-induced obesity prevents the development of impaired glucose homeostasis, reduces hepatic lipid accumulation, increases white adipose oxidative capacity, and enhances whole-body energy expenditure. In parallel with these beneficial metabolic effects, betaine supplementation robustly increased hepatic and circulating fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)21 levels. Betaine administration failed to improve glucose homeostasis and liver fat content in Fgf21−/− mice, demonstrating that Fgf21 is necessary for betaine’s beneficial effects. Together, these data indicate that dietary betaine increases Fgf21 levels to improve metabolic health in mice and suggest that betaine supplementation merits further investigation as a supplement for treatment or prevention of type 2 diabetes in humans.
Age-specific prevalence of and risk factors for anal human papillomavirus (HPV) among men who have sex with women and men who have sex with men: the HPV in men (HIM) study.

BACKGROUND An increasing incidence of anal cancer among men suggests a need to better understand anal canal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus-negative men. METHODS Genotyping for HPV was conducted on cells from the anal canal among men who have sex with women (MSW) and men who have sex with men (MSM), aged 18-70 years, from Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. Factors associated with anal HPV infection were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS The prevalence of any HPV type and oncogenic HPV types did not differ by city. Anal canal HPV prevalence was 12.2% among 1305 MSW and 47.2% among 176 MSM. Among MSW, reporting a lifetime number of ≥ 10 female sex partners, a primary sexual relationship <1 year in duration, and a prior hepatitis B diagnosis were independently associated with detection of any anal HPV in multivariable analysis. Among MSM, a younger age, reporting ≥ 2 male anal sex partners in the past 3 months, and never using a condom for anal sex in the past 6 months were independently associated with detection of any anal HPV in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS Number of sex partners was associated with anal HPV infection in both MSW and MSM. Anal HPV infection in men may be mediated by age, duration of sexual relationship, and condom use.
In Vitro Maturation of Dopaminergic Neurons Derived from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells: Implications for Transplantation

The obvious motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease result from a loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra. Embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor or precursor cells, adult neurons and fetal midbrain tissue have all been used to replace dying dopaminergic neurons. Transplanted cell survival is compromised by factors relating to the new environment, for example; hypoxia, mechanical trauma and excitatory amino acid toxicity. In this study we investigate, using live-cell fluorescence Ca2+ and Cl− imaging, the functional properties of catecholaminergic neurons as they mature. We also investigate whether GABA has the capacity to act as a neurotoxin early in the development of these neurons. From day 13 to day 21 of differentiation [Cl−]i progressively dropped in tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) neurons from 56.0 (95% confidence interval, 55.1, 56.9) mM to 6.9 (6.8, 7.1) mM. At days 13 and 15 TH+ neurons responded to GABA (30 µM) with reductions in intracellular Cl− ([Cl−]i); from day 21 the majority of neurons responded to GABA (30 µM) with elevations of [Cl−]i. As [Cl−]i reduced, the ability of GABA (30 µM) to elevate intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) did also. At day 13 of differentiation a three hour exposure to GABA (30 µM) or L-glutamate (30 µM) increased the number of midbrain dopaminergic (TH+ and Pitx3+) neurons labeled with the membrane-impermeable nuclear dye TOPRO-3. By day 23 cultures were resistant to the effects of both GABA and L-glutamate. We believe that neuronal susceptibility to amino acid excitotoxicity is dependent upon neuronal maturity, and this should be considered when isolating cells for transplantation studies.
Controlled versus Automatic Processes: Which Is Dominant to Safety? The Moderating Effect of Inhibitory Control

This study explores the precursors of employees' safety behaviors based on a dual-process model, which suggests that human behaviors are determined by both controlled and automatic cognitive processes. Employees' responses to a self-reported survey on safety attitudes capture their controlled cognitive process, while the automatic association concerning safety measured by an Implicit Association Test (IAT) reflects employees' automatic cognitive processes about safety. In addition, this study investigates the moderating effects of inhibition on the relationship between self-reported safety attitude and safety behavior, and that between automatic associations towards safety and safety behavior. The results suggest significant main effects of self-reported safety attitude and automatic association on safety behaviors. Further, the interaction between self-reported safety attitude and inhibition and that between automatic association and inhibition each predict unique variances in safety behavior. Specifically, the safety behaviors of employees with lower level of inhibitory control are influenced more by automatic association, whereas those of employees with higher level of inhibitory control are guided more by self-reported safety attitudes. These results suggest that safety behavior is the joint outcome of both controlled and automatic cognitive processes, and the relative importance of these cognitive processes depends on employees' individual differences in inhibitory control. The implications of these findings for theoretical and practical issues are discussed at the end.
Epidemiology, subgroups and serotypes of rotavirus diarrhea in north Indian communities.

To know prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea subgroups and serotypes, a prospective study was conducted in rural, periurban and urban communities at Chandigarh. Weekly surveillance for diarrheal episodes was carried out in 110 families each from rural, periurban and urban localities constituting 584 children < 5 years of age from October, 1988 to February, 1991. Stool samples of 218 diarrheal episodes occurring in 115 children were subjected to rotavirus detection by ELISA. Rotavirus positive samples were further analyzed for subgroups and serotypes using specific monoclonal antibodies. Overall prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea was 4.3% (25/584). Rotavirus constituted 11.5% (25/218) of total diarrheal episodes and 22% (25/115) among the children affected with acute diarrhea. Among rural, periurban and urban communities, the overall prevalences of rotavirus diarrhea were 7.3%, 3.2% and 2.3% and episode related prevalences of 31.8%, 7.4% and 5%, respectively (chi 2 test for trend was highly significant from rural to periurban to urban localities). Forty per cent (10/25 of rotavirus positive samples were subgroup I and 60% (15/25) sub-group II. Of the 25 rotavirus strains, 40% (10) were serotype 2, 24% (n = 6) serotype 3 and 36% (n = 9) serotype 4. No definite temporal or seasonal pattern of rotavirus was observed; however, more of rotavirus diarrheal episodes (16%) occurred during winter season. Subgroups and serotypes were observed to cocirculate during the rotavirus episodes. Demonstration of serotypes in our field study imply that the vaccine to be used in our country must be cross protective to have an effective impact on rotavirus infection. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Multi-Label Classifier for Predicting the Subcellular Localization of Gram-Negative Bacterial Proteins with Both Single and Multiple Sites

Prediction of protein subcellular localization is a challenging problem, particularly when the system concerned contains both singleplex and multiplex proteins. In this paper, by introducing the “multi-label scale” and hybridizing the information of gene ontology with the sequential evolution information, a novel predictor called iLoc-Gneg is developed for predicting the subcellular localization of Gram-positive bacterial proteins with both single-location and multiple-location sites. For facilitating comparison, the same stringent benchmark dataset used to estimate the accuracy of Gneg-mPLoc was adopted to demonstrate the power of iLoc-Gneg. The dataset contains 1,392 Gram-negative bacterial proteins classified into the following eight locations: (1) cytoplasm, (2) extracellular, (3) fimbrium, (4) flagellum, (5) inner membrane, (6) nucleoid, (7) outer membrane, and (8) periplasm. Of the 1,392 proteins, 1,328 are each with only one subcellular location and the other 64 are each with two subcellular locations, but none of the proteins included has pairwise sequence identity to any other in a same subset (subcellular location). It was observed that the overall success rate by jackknife test on such a stringent benchmark dataset by iLoc-Gneg was over 91%, which is about 6% higher than that by Gneg-mPLoc. As a user-friendly web-server, iLoc-Gneg is freely accessible to the public at http://icpr.jci. edu.cn/bioinfo/iLoc-Gneg. Meanwhile, a step-by-step guide is provided on how to use the web-server to get the desired results. Furthermore, for the user's convenience, the iLoc-Gneg web-server also has the function to accept the batch job submission, which is not available in the existing version of Gneg-mPLoc web-server. It is anticipated that iLoc-Gneg may become a useful high throughput tool for Molecular Cell Biology, Proteomics, System Biology, and Drug Development.
A Critical approach to the discursive construction of work and the self as an employee in present-day Greece

Estudios en varias disciplinas de las ciencias sociales han senalado que se esta desarrollando una despolitizacion estrategica del trabajo remunerado, junto con la constitucion del sujeto como emprendedor autosuficiente y la remodelacion de sociedad de acuerdo con los principios del mercado. Desde una perspectiva critica, esta tesis doctoral se centra en el punto de union entre la configuracion discursiva del significado del trabajo y la construccion de identidad, en la Grecia de hoy. Mas especificamente, explora las formas en las que los empleados griegos construyen el trabajo asalariado en su habla, las redes de significados en las que sus construcciones se basan y sus posibles implicaciones en un nivel micro- y macrosocial. En la misma linea, ilumina las posiciones subjetivas que los individuos adoptan en su comunicacion coloquial, asi como los discursos que han logrado establecer sus definiciones de la relacion laboral como evidentes. El estudio utilizo un diseno de investigacion cualitativa. En este marco, llevamos a cabo 22 entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad con 11 mujeres y 11 hombres, entre 23-43 anos; las sesiones de entrevistas fueron enriquecidas con material visual generado por los participantes, quienes contribuyeron con fotografias tomadas por ellos, respondiendo a la pregunta: "? Que significa para ti ser un empleado? ". Las entrevistas fueron grabadas y se analizaron discursivamente fragmentos seleccionados, a partir de perspectivas socio-construccionistas, en base de premisas post-estructuralistas sobre el uso de lenguaje, el sujeto y lo social. En cuanto a la configuracion discursiva del si como empleado, se identificaron tres patrones discursivos contextualmente performados y flexibles; los llamamos: el "empresario de si mismo", el "determinado socio-economicamente", y el "centrado en la profesion". En cuanto a los recursos discursivos mobilizados en el habla sobre el trabajo asalariado, se identificaron tres repertorios interpretativos: la "escuela", el "viaje" y la "esclavitud", manteniendo diferentes presuposiciones sobre la identidad y las relaciones sociales. Mediante la identificacion de patrones de comunicacion en el nivel local, nuestro estudio tambien llama la atencion sobre las redes de conocimiento y poder mas amplias, que permiten que estas practicas argumentativas resulten inteligibles; se podria argumentar que, aunque las formulaciones discursivas neoliberales y capitalocentricas parecen haber establecido sus significaciones como naturales, existen tambien discursos contra-hegemonicos, liberando espacios para la promulgacion de identidades alternativas.
12.5 THz Fco GeTe Inline Phase-Change Switch Technology for Reconfigurable RF and Switching Applications

Improvements to the GeTe inline phase-change switch (IPCS) technology have resulted in a record-performing radio-frequency (RF) switch. An ON-state resistance of 0.9 Ω (0.027 Ω·mm) with an OFF-state capacitance and resistance of 14.1 fF and 30 kΩ, respectively, were measured, resulting in a calculated switch cutoff frequency (Fco) of 12.5 THz. This represents the highest reported Fco achieved with chalcogenide switches to date. The threshold voltage (Vth) for these devices was measured at 3V and the measured third-order intercept point (TOI) was 72 dBm. Single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switches were fabricated, with a measured insertion loss less than 0.15 dB in the ON-state, and 15dB isolation in the OFF-state at 18 GHz. Single-pole, double-throw (SPDT) switches were fabricated using a complete backside process with through-substrate vias, with a measured insertion loss 0.25 dB, and 35dB isolation.
Explorations in Teachers’ Nonverbal Immediacy Behaviors and Students’ Willingness to Talk in English

This study investigated teachers’ nonverbal immediacy behaviors in relation to students’ willingness to speak English in class. A sample of 235 students was drawn from two large technology institutions in central Taiwan. The participants were asked to respond to instruments designed to measure the frequency of teachers’ nonverbal immediacy behaviors influencing students’ willingness to speak English in class. The results of the Pearson correlation indicated that teachers’ nonverbal immediacy behaviors were correlated positively and significantly with students’ willingness to talk. Multiple regression analyses revealed that four nonverbal teacher immediacy behaviors—touching, relaxed body position, looking at the board or notes, and gestures—were significant predictors of students’ willingness to talk. Limitations, implications, and suggestions for future research are addressed.
Random Series in Powers of Algebraic Integers: Hausdorff Dimension of the Limit Distribution

We study the distributions Fθ,p of the random sums ∑1∞εnθn where ε1, ε2, … are i.i. d. Bernoulli‐p and θ is the inverse of a Pisot number (an algebraic integer β whose conjugates all have moduli less than 1) between 1 and 2. It is known that, when p=. 5, Fθ,p is a singular measure with exact Hausdorff dimension less than 1. We show that in all cases the Hausdorff dimension can be expressed as the top Lyapunov exponent of a sequence of random matrices, and provide an algorithm for the construction of these matrices. We show that for certain β of small degree, simulation gives the Hausdorff dimension to several decimal places.
Flux-Grown Piezoelectric Materials: Application to α-Quartz Analogues

Using the slow-cooling method in selected MoO3-based fluxes, single-crystals of GeO2 and GaPO4 materials with an α-quartz-like structure were grown at high temperatures (T ≥ 950 ° C). These piezoelectric materials were obtained in millimeter-size as well-faceted, visually colorless and transparent crystals. Compared to crystals grown by hydrothermal methods, infrared and Raman measurements revealed flux-grown samples without significant hydroxyl group contamination and thermal analyses demonstrated a total reversibility of the α-quartz ↔ β-cristobalite phase transition for GaPO4 and an absence of phase transition before melting for α-GeO2. The elastic constants CIJ (with I, J indices from 1 to 6) of these flux-grown piezoelectric crystals were experimentally determined at room and high temperatures. The ambient results for as-grown α-GaPO4 were in good agreement with those obtained from hydrothermally-grown samples and the two longitudinal elastic constants measured versus temperature up to 850 ° C showed a monotonous evolution. The extraction of the ambient piezoelectric stress contribution e11 from the C D 11 to C E 11 difference gave for the piezoelectric strain coefficient d11 of flux-grown α-GeO2 crystal a value of 5.7(2) pC/N, which is more than twice that of α-quartz. As the α-quartz structure of GeO2 remained stable up to melting, a piezoelectric activity was observed up to 1000 ° C.
The Journal of General Physiology

The effects of tetrodotoxin, procaine, and manganese ions were examined on the Ca spike of the barnacle muscle fiber injected with Ca-binding agent as well as on the action potential of the ventricular muscle fiber of the frog heart. Although tetrodotoxin and procaine very effectively suppress the "Na spike" of other tissues, no suppressing effects are found on "Ca spike" of the barnacle fiber, while the initiation of the Ca spike is competitively inhibited by manganese ions. The initial rate of rise of the ventricular action potential is suppressed by tetrodotoxin and procaine but the plateau phase of the action potential is little affected. In contrast the suppressing effect of manganese ions is mainly on the plateau phase. The results suggest that the plateau phase of the ventricular action potential is related to the conductance increase in the membrane to Ca ions even though Na conductance change may also contribute to the plateau. Spike potentials of most excitable tissues such as the squid giant axon (Hodgkin and Katz, 1949) and the skeletal muscle fiber of the frog (Nastuk and Hodgkin, 1950) are believed to occur as a result of an increase in Na ion conductance of the membrane followed by an increase in K conductance. In contrast to this, the spike potential of some crustacean muscle fibers is produced by an increase in the membrane conductance to Ca ions; this is also followed by an increase of K conductance. The latter type of spikes can, therefore, be called the " C a spike" and the former the " N a spike. " The Ca spike was demonstrated in a crayfish muscle fiber by Fatt and Ginsborg (1958), Parnas and Abbott (1964), and in barnacle muscle fiber with low internal Ca++ concentration by Hagiwara and Naka (1964). In the action potential of the frog heart ventricle, the rapid depolarization seems to be due to an increase in Na conductance,