Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Responses to Projected Changes in Climate and UV-B at the Species Level

Abstract Environmental manipulation experiments showed that species respond individualistically to each environmental-change variable. The greatest responses of plants were generally to nutrient, particularly nitrogen, addition. Summer warming experiments showed that woody plant responses were dominant and that mosses and lichens became less abundant. Responses to warming were controlled by moisture availability and snow cover. Many invertebrates increased population growth in response to summer warming, as long as desiccation was not induced. CO2 and UV-B enrichment experiments showed that plant and animal responses were small. However, some microorganisms and species of fungi were sensitive to increased UV-B and some intensive mutagenic actions could, perhaps, lead to unexpected epidemic outbreaks. Tundra soil heating, CO2 enrichment and amendment with mineral nutrients generally accelerated microbial activity. Algae are likely to dominate cyanobacteria in milder climates. Expected increases in winter freeze-thaw cycles leading to ice-crust formation are likely to severely reduce winter survival rate and disrupt the population dynamics of many terrestrial animals. A deeper snow cover is likely to restrict access to winter pastures by reindeer/caribou and their ability to fiee from predators while any earlier onset of the snow-free period is likely to stimulate increased plant growth. Initial species responses to climate change might occur at the sub-species level: an Arctic plant or animal species with high genetic/racial diversity has proved an ability to adapt to different environmental conditions in the past and is likely to do so also in the future. Indigenous knowledge, air photographs, satellite images and monitoring show that changes in the distributions of some species are already occurring: Arctic vegetation is becoming more shrubby and more productive, there have been recent changes in the ranges of caribou, and “new” species of insects and birds previously associated with areas south of the treeline have been recorded. In contrast, almost all Arctic breeding bird species are declining and models predict further quite dramatic reductions of the populations of tundra birds due to warming. Species–climate response surface models predict potential future ranges of current Arctic species that are often markedly reduced and displaced northwards in response to warming. In contrast, invertebrates and microorganisms are very likely to quickly expand their ranges northwards into the Arctic.
Contamination and Persistence of Salmonella Enteritidis in Stressed and Unstressed Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen, causing a lot of different clinical syndromes and contamination o f the hu- man food can be a significant public health concern . The aim of this study was to assess the ability o f Salmonella Enteritidis to penetrate and persist into the tissu es of live common carps and the influence of stress on this ability. Four groups of fish were tested: control group, group of fish injected intraperitoneally with S. Enteritidis, group of unstressed ca- rps and group of oxygen-deprived carps both immersed in water containing S. Enteritidis. For assessment of the stress level blood cortisol and glucose concentrations were meas ured. Carps, subjected to reduced dissolved oxygen concentration for four days, showed higher cortisol (P ≤ 0.05) and glucose (P ≤ 0.001) levels (283.46 ± 173.49 ng mL -1 and 6.74 ± 0.93 mmol L -1 , respectively) compared to the unstressed fish (74 .81 ± 46.51 ng mL -1 and 3.61 ± 0.90 mmol L -1 , respectively). Intraperitoneally injected carps carried Salmonella up to 16 days after the inoculation. Stressed and unstressed fish contami- nated with S. Enteritidis by immersion showed presence of the pat hogen on the skin and gills 24 hours after the infe ction, but was not isolated at 4, 8 and 11 days. No differ ence was found in Salmonella persistence between these two groups.
The Case Study Method: Critical Thinking Enhanced by Effective Teacher Questioning Skills.

A diverse body of educational research provides strong theoretical support for the development of higher order cognitive learning skills through case teaching. Case study teachers can improve their questioning skills to enhance students' critical thinking. The theoretical background for questioning in case method teaching and learning is traceable to the functionalism and pragmatism of John Dewey and William James, the cognitive domain classification system of Benjamin Bloom, the cognitivists' conception of metacognition, and the reflective thinking of existentialists. The diathesis theory of human predisposition to either healthy wholeness or diseased fragmentation can be applied effectively to case study teaching. For anyone using the case study method (particularly cases involving ethical or other social issues), several factors should be considered: opportunities occur for both low and high levels of cognitive experiences, the writing-to-learn questionnaire leads to clear and succinct responses, and teachers should prepare a series of open-ended and probing discussion questions. An appendix presents a sample case involving a new teacher on the first day of the job facing a group of difficult students. The students were violent, the environment hostile, the fellow teachers belittling, and the teacher had to handle the challenge of the situation (Contains 17 references and 3 tables.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. CV 0 Minor changes have been made to Cv improve reproduction quality. kr) kr) Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 1 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
The Risk-Relevance of Securitized Mortgages during the Recent Financial Crisis

We investigate the risk-relevance of securitized subprime, non-conforming and commercial mortgages for sponsor-originators during the recent financial crisis. Using volatility of realized stock returns and option-implied volatility, we observe a pronounced increase in the riskrelevance for subprime securitizations as early as 2006. In other words, equity investors of subprime mortgage securitizers recognized the unfolding subprime risk and its retention by sponsor-originators as early as 2006. Furthermore, reflecting the notion that the financial crisis evolved in waves, we find that equity investors recognized the risk-retention of other nonconforming and commercial mortgage securitizations as the riskiness of the collateral became apparent later on during the crisis. Thus, our results indicate that risk-relevance of securitized assets for sponsor-originators evolved inter-temporally as the characteristics of these securitized assets changed over time. Additional analyses show that the risk-relevance results vary crosssectionally with issue and firm characteristics such as monoline credit-enhancement, existence of special servicers or B-piece buyers, SEC registration status, and underwriter reputation. Our results potentially inform the current debates on the opacity of securitization structures, and the risk-retention requirements outlined in the recently enacted Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Bill. In particular, our study highlights that the evaluation of risk-relevance of securitization entities should take into account heterogeneity in collateral and structure characteristics, both crosssectionally and inter-temporally. ------------------------------------Yiwei Dou, Yanju Liu, and Gordon Richardson are at University of Toronto. Dushyantkumar Vyas is at University of Minnesota. The authors thank Joy Begley, Jeffrey Callen, Giri Kanagaretanam, Tom Linsmeier, Peter Martin (CICA), Michel Magnan, Marcia Mayer (NERA), Flora Niu, Sugata Roychowdhary, Stephen Ryan, Catherine Shakespeare, Dan Taylor, and workshop participants at the University of Alberta Accounting Research Conference (Banff), 2011 Meetings of American Accounting Association, Canadian Academic Accounting Association, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Concordia University, JCAE 2010 Conference (Hong Kong), NERA Economic Consulting, and the University of Toronto for helpful comments this paper. Gordon Richardson is grateful to KPMG for their financial support.
Noninvasive determination of body segment parameters of the hind limb in Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament disease.

OBJECTIVE To determine mass, center of mass (COM), and moment of inertia (ie, body segment parameters [BSPs]) of hind limb segments by use of a noninvasive method based on computerized tomography (CT) in Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease and to provide regression equations to estimate BSPs of normal, CCL-deficient, and contralateral hind limbs. ANIMALS 14 clinically normal and 10 CCL-deficient Labrador Retrievers. PROCEDURES Bone, muscle, and fat areas were identified via CT. Mass, COM, and moment of inertia were determined on the basis of tissue densities in the thigh, crus, and foot segments. Regression models were developed to determine predictive equations to estimate BSP on the basis of simple morphometric measurements. RESULTS The thigh and crus of CCL-deficient limbs weighed less than in contralateral segments. Thighs weighed less in CCL-deficient than in normal limbs. The thigh moment of inertia was less in CCL-deficient than in contralateral limbs. The crural COM was located more distally in normal limbs, compared with other limbs. Predictive equations to estimate BSP varied by parameter, body segment, and limb status. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE BSPs of the thigh and crus varied with segment and status of the hind limb in Labrador Retrievers with or without CCL disease. Equations to estimate BSP on the basis of simple morphometric measurements were proposed, providing a basis for nonterminal studies of inverse dynamics of the hind limbs in Labrador Retrievers. This approach may offer new strategies to investigate the pathogenesis of nontraumatic joint diseases.
An explanation for long flares from extragalactic globular cluster X-ray sources

Repeatedly flaring X-ray binaries have recently been discovered in NGC 4697 by Sivakoff and collaborators. We show that these flares can be explained as the result of eccentric binaries in globular clusters which accrete more rapidly at the periastron than during the rest of the binary orbit. We show that theoretical time-scales for producing eccentricities and circularizing the binaries are consistent with what is needed to produce the observed population of flaring sources, although the circularization time-scales are highly uncertain on both observational and theoretical grounds. This model makes two clear theoretical predictions: (i) the flares should be seen to be strictly periodic if adequate sampling is provided and that periodicity should be of approximately 15 h; and (ii) this class of flaring behaviour should be seen only in globular cluster sources and predominantly in the densest globular clusters. We also test the model for producing eccentricities through fly-bys of a third star near the binary in a globular cluster against a much larger data base of millisecond pulsar observations than has been used in past work and find that the theoretical cross-sections for producing eccentricity in binaries are in reasonable agreement with most of the data, provided that the pulsar ages are about 4 × 109 yr.
Differential Effects of Nonselective Versus Selective β-Blockers on Cardiac Sympathetic Activity and Hemostasis in Patients with Heart Failure

Carvedilol, a nonselective β-blocker, may be more effective than the selective β-blocker metoprolol in reducing the risk of thromboembolic events in heart failure. The aim of this study was, first, to assess whether there is a differential response in cardiac sympathetic activity by 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) imaging when either β-blocker is used. Second, we assessed whether that response correlates with levels of various serum factors that serve as markers for coagulability. Methods: In this prospective, randomized, open-label crossover study with masked outcome assessments, stable heart failure patients (left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%) homozygous for the Arg16/Gln27 (n = 13) or Gly16/Glu27 haplotype (n = 8) of the β2-receptor were randomized to equipotent dosages of carvedilol or metoprolol for two 6-wk periods. Primary outcome was sympathetic activity as measured by 123I-MIBG myocardial washout. Secondary outcomes included markers of hemostasis. Results: 123I-MIBG cardiac washout was lower during carvedilol than metoprolol treatment (12.9% ± 3.9% vs. 22.1% ± 2.8%, respectively, P = 0.003), irrespective of β2-adrenergic receptor haplotype. In addition, treatment with carvedilol resulted in a lower von Willebrand factor than did metoprolol (149% ± 13% vs. 157% ± 13%, respectively, P = 0.01), irrespective of β2-adrenergic receptor haplotype. Conclusion: Compared with metoprolol, carvedilol resulted in greater reduction of sympathetic activity after 6 wk of treatment and lower von Willebrand factor concentrations in both Arg16/Gln27 and Gly16/Glu27 individuals. Therefore, carvedilol may reduce the risk of thromboembolic events in patients with heart failure, irrespective of β2-receptor haplotype status.
Becoming a Professional: Experimenting with Possible Selves in Professional Preparation

into that world; part of the role of professional education is to help novices craft these professional identities. During the transitional time represented by professional educa tion, students negotiate their images of themselves as professionals with the images reflected to them by their programs. This process of negotiation can be fraught with difficulty, especially when these images conflict (Britzman, 1990; Cole & Knowles, 1993). As they adapt to new roles, novices must also learn to negotiate their personal identity with the professional role, even as they navigate among the different images of professional identity offered by their programs and practitioners in the field. In this article we draw on the work of Hazel Markus and others on the development of possible selves to investigate the opportunities novices have to encounter, try out, and evaluate possible selves in the process of constructing professional identities. We use data from a study of the f w ■ preparation of teachers, clergy, and clinical psycholo att ew onje t is gists to illustrate the relationship of possible selves and
Role of genomic factors beyond thymidylate synthase in the prediction of response to 5-fluorouracil

ABSTRACT 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is still a major drug in combinations regimens for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) both in the adjuvant and palliative setting. 5FU or its oral prodrug capecitabine is usually combined with irinotecan/oxaliplatin and the novel agents bevacizumab/cetuximab. Although this improved the outcome, the overall prognosis in patients with metastasized disease is still relatively poor. Although the target for 5FU, thymidylate synthase was shown to have a predictive value, this could only predict response in a subset of patients. Given the heterogeneous and complex nature of CRC, it is likely that other aberrations can affect therapeutic response. As an alternative, we investigated Copy number alterations using oligonucleotide-based high-throughput array-comparative-genomic-hybridization (aCGH) to obtain an unbiased screening of the whole genetic spectrum. Chromosomal aberrations have been identified in 85% of CRC patients and include genomic regions harboring copy number alterations in the DNA. These alterations may change the expression of many genes and might explain the differential response to therapy as shown in recent studies with several 5FU combinations. In order to clarify new predictive parameters for 5FU, we used aCGH in a historical cohort of patients, which received treatment with single agent 5FU, and an unsupervised clustering analysis showed a statistical (p < 0.05) difference between responding and nonresponding patients. We also find that several regions showed differences between responders/non-responders, such as losses in 12p12.3–12q15 and in 18p (where TS is located) in responding patients. Genome-wide analysis may provide an additional tool to discriminate between responders and nonresponders.
An Empirical Study of the Psychodynamics of Suicide

This paper presents results from an empirical study of four key psychodynamic concepts (self-directed aggression, object loss, ego functioning disturbance, pathological object relations) of suicidal behavior. The sample consists of hospitalized psychiatric patients following a suicide attempt (attempters: n = 52) and demographically similar hospitalized psychiatric patients with no history of suicidal behavior (controls: n = 47). The study was designed to ascertain whether attempters differed from matched psychiatric control patients on the four psychodynamic constructs hypothesized to be associated with suicide. It was predicted that attempters would manifest higher levels of depression and self-targeted anger, a more significant history of loss, less adaptive defenses, and more primitive object representations. Results strongly supported an object-relational view of suicidal behavior. In addition, support for the loss hypothesis was found in the identification of one specific constellation of losses. Namely, attempters were significantly more likely to report a history of childhood loss combined with a recent loss in adulthood than were their nonattempter counterparts. Limited support was provided for the other two hypotheses in differentiating suicidal from nonsuicidal severely ill psychiatric patients. This unexpected finding is examined and suggestions are made for the refinement and greater specification of psychodynamic theories regarding the etiology of suicidal behavior, with the aim of differentiating individuals prone to such action from those with similar psychopathology and dynamic issues who do not actually attempt suicide. Limitations of the study are discussed and implications of the findings for the theory and treatment of suicidal behavior are offered.
Heterogeneity in non‐epitope loop sequence and outer membrane protein complexes alters antibody binding to the major porin protein PorB in serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis

PorB is a well‐characterized outer membrane protein that is common among Neisseria species and is required for survival. A vaccine candidate, PorB induces antibody responses that are directed against six variable surface‐exposed loops that differ in sequence depending on serotype. Although Neisseria meningitidis is naturally competent and porB genetic mosaicism provides evidence for strong positive selection, the sequences of PorB serotypes commonly associated with invasive disease are often conserved, calling into question the interaction of specific PorB loop sequences in immune engagement. In this report, we provide evidence that antibody binding to a PorB epitope can be altered by sequence mutations in non‐epitope loops. Through the construction of hybrid PorB types and PorB molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that loops both adjacent and non‐adjacent to the epitope loop can enhance or diminish antibody binding, a phenotype that correlates with serum bactericidal activity. We further examine the interaction of PorB with outer membrane‐associated proteins, including PorA and RmpM. Deletion of these proteins alters the composition of PorB‐containing native complexes and reduces antibody binding and serum killing relative to the parental strain, suggesting that both intramolecular and intermolecular PorB interactions contribute to host adaptive immune evasion.
The Incidence of Achilles Tendon Ruptures in Edmonton, Canada

Background: The incidence of Achilles tendon ruptures specific to the North American population has not been previously reported and current epidemiological data are primarily reported from European communities. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of Achilles tendon ruptures in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and to compare this data to those reported in European studies. Methods: A retrospective chart review from all five acute care hospitals in Edmonton from 1998 to 2002 (inclusive) were reviewed for Achilles tendon ruptures. Data such as gender, age, side, mechanism of injury, and season of injury were obtained. Results: The incidence of Achilles tendon ruptures ranged from an annual average of 5.5 ruptures to 9.9 ruptures per 100,000 inhabitants with an overall mean of 8.3 ruptures per 100,000 people. There was a statistically significant difference in Achilles tendon ruptures over the last two study years for both genders (women, p < 0.02; men, p < 0.03). The mean age for an Achilles tendon rupture was 40.6 years for men and 44.5 years for women. The Achilles tendon ruptures occurred most frequently in the 30 to 39 and 40 to 49 year old age groups in both men and women, respectively (p < 0.02). Most ruptures occurred in the spring season, but there was no statistical difference in the incidence of Achilles tendon ruptures by season (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of Achilles tendon ruptures in this community was comparable to those reported in European communities (range 6 to 37 ruptures per 100,000 people), although a bimodal age distribution of rupture previously reported was not observed in this study.
Peri-operative anticoagulant therapy--the case for an uninterrupted dose-adjusted warfarin regimen in the high-risk patient.

Extracted from text . 84 It is generally held that the need for bridging therapy with heparin, when patients on long-term warfarin therapy interrupt their treatment during the peri-operative period, will depend on the patient's risk of thrombo-embolism on the one hand and the risk of bleeding on the other. Although the optimal peri-operative anticoagulant management in patients with a mechanical prosthetic heart valve has not been determined on the basis of well-designed prospective randomised trials, several practical guidelines for clinicians have nevertheless been proposed.1-5 A refined approach is summarised briefly in Table I. From these recommendations it would seem that despite the .