Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutrition and respiratory health in adults: findings from the Health Survey for Scotland

There is a growing body of evidence to support the hypothesised links between consumption of antioxidant rich foods and the occurrence of obstructive airway disease. The main research question was to examine the relationships between two types of dietary exposure and two indicators of respiratory morbidity in Scottish adults. The relationships between dietary consumption of fruit, vegetables and fish, and plasma levels of vitamins A, C, E and β-carotene, and pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)) and symptoms (phlegm production and shortness of breath with wheezing), were examined in a random population sample of adults. A dose/response relationship was found between fruit consumption and pulmonary function. In comparison with eating fruit rarely or never, eating fruit at least once per day, 1–6 times per week, and 1–3 times per month were associated with differences of 132, 100 and 63 mL in FEV1, after adjustment for known confounders and dietary intake of vegetables and fish (n=6186). An sd score change in plasma vitamin C was associated with a 49 mL difference in FEV1 (n=930). Fruit and vitamin E were associated with a reduced prevalence of phlegm production for 3 months or more per year. The most beneficial combination of dietary components may be found in natural foodstuffs, particularly fresh fruit.
Escaping from modified Newtonian dynamics

We present a new test of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) on galactic scales, based on the escape speed in the Solar Neighbourhood. This test is independent from other empirical successes of MOND at reproducing the phenomenology of galactic rotation curves. The galactic escape speed in MOND is entirely determined by the baryonic content of the Galaxy and the external field in which it is embedded. We estimate that the external field in which the Milky Way must be embedded to produce the observed local escape speed of � 550 kms 1 is of the order of a0/100, where a0 is the dividing acceleration scale below which gravity is boosted in MOND. This is compatible with the external gravitational field actually acting on the Milky Way.
Approximating Unique Games Using Low Diameter Graph Decomposition

We design approximation algorithms for Unique Games when the constraint graph admits good low diameter graph decomposition. For the ${\sf Max2Lin}_k$ problem in $K_r$-minor free graphs, when there is an assignment satisfying $1-\varepsilon$ fraction of constraints, we present an algorithm that produces an assignment satisfying $1-O(r\varepsilon)$ fraction of constraints, with the approximation ratio independent of the alphabet size. A corollary is an improved approximation algorithm for the ${\sf MaxCut}$ problem for $K_r$-minor free graphs. For general Unique Games in $K_r$-minor free graphs, we provide another algorithm that produces an assignment satisfying $1-O(r \sqrt{\varepsilon})$ fraction of constraints. Our approach is to round a linear programming relaxation to find a minimum subset of edges that intersects all the inconsistent cycles. We show that it is possible to apply the low diameter graph decomposition technique on the constraint graph directly, rather than to work on the label extended graph as in previous algorithms for Unique Games. The same approach applies when the constraint graph is of genus $g$, and we get similar results with $r$ replaced by $\log g$ in the ${\sf Max2Lin}_k$ problem and by $\sqrt{\log g}$ in the general problem. The former result generalizes the result of Gupta-Talwar for Unique Games in the ${\sf Max2Lin}_k$ case, and the latter result generalizes the result of Trevisan for general Unique Games.
Peer Attachment: A Mediation Relationship Between Peer Victimization, Anxiety, and Depression

The study examined a mediation analysis of peer attachment, peer victimization, anxiety and depression at two different points. The proposed mediator was peer attachment which was hypothesized to be a protective, or resiliency factor in this study. First, it was hypothesized that the relationship between anxiety and depression at Time 1 with peer victimization at Time 2 would be mediated by peer attachment at Time 1. The second pathway studied, hypothesized the inverse; peer attachment at Time 1 would mediate the relationship between peer victimization at Time 1 with anxiety and depression at Time 2. The Baron and Kenny (1986) mediation model was used to examine both pathways with Pearson correlations. Results from the first pathway demonstrated that peer attachment mediates the relationship between previous anxiety and depression with future peer victimization. Results from the second pathway showed that peer attachment partially mediated the reverse pathway between previous peer victimization and depression. However, peer attachment completely mediated the relationship between peer victimization at Time 1 and anxiety at time 2. It can be concluded that peer attachment is a protective factor in relation to anxiety and depression symptoms and peer victimization. However, it may not be the only mediator and future studies can focus on other mechanisms and protective factors to prevent psychopathology as a result of peer victimization, and to prevent peer victimization as a result of psychopathology.
Labor Force Attachment Beyond Normal Retirement Age

It is essential to understand the labor supply incentives generated by the Social Security (SS) system to Americans beyond normal retirement age, currently 66, since the U.S. population is growing older steadily and the fiscal burden of SS is sizable. This paper analyzes the joint determination of labor supply, consumption (savings) and the decision to apply for SS benefits of elderly single males, using a dynamic programming formulation and restricted data from the Health and Retirement Study. The focus is on the participation decision rather than the retirement decision because a significant portion of the elderly return to work after being nonparticipants for a while. The model accounts for this through wage, health status and health expenses shocks. Undertaking a counterfactual analysis, I find that the year 2000 SS amendment abolishing the "earnings test" for the age group 66âˆ’70 explains one-fourth of the recent increase in the elderly labor force participation rate (LFPR). Applying the "earnings test" to my post2000 sample decreases LFPR by 3.5 percentage points and mean hours worked by 117 hours at this age group. I further find via counterfactual analyses that the elderly labor supply decision is sensitive to changes in SS benefit and payroll tax amounts on the extensive margin, but the eects on the intensive margin are not substantial. Decreasing SS benefits by 20 percent increases the participation rate of the elderly aged 66 âˆ’ 75 by 37 percent. Because a change in the payroll tax rate is effectively a change in the wage rate, I estimate labor supply elasticities for the elderly and find that the elasticities are around unit elasticity
Shame Within/Without Disabled Peoples: Re-imagining Representations

This paper calls into question the dominant conception of shame as an emotion that is located within an individual disabled subject. It explores the internalization of shame, likening but not paralleling it to processes of psychic colonization. In connection with analysis of how shame operates on the individual level and organizes disabled life illuminates why disability represented as shameful is an integral part of systemic hierarchies of power and disciplinary mechanisms that maintain the oppressive status quo. In order to imagine disability and its representation differently, this paper applies Ahmed’s concept of affective economies of hate to shame and disability. Finally, it argues that shame and pride are real human experiences, and that works that examine the nuanced nature of human emotionality are necessary in order to reconsider the value of subjugated knowledges, create the possibility for representing disability differently, and offer space for redressing the role and function of shame and pride in individuals and throughout society.
Generalized processor sharing queues with heterogeneous traffic classes

We consider a queue fed by a mixture of light-tailed and heavy-tailed traffic. The two traffic flows are served in accordance with the generalized processor sharing (GPS) discipline. GPS-based scheduling algorithms, such as weighted fair queueing (WFQ), have emerged as an important mechanism for achieving service differentiation in integrated networks. We derive the asymptotic workload behaviour of the light-tailed traffic flow under the assumption that its GPS weight is larger than its traffic intensity. The GPS mechanism ensures that the workload is bounded above by that in an isolated system with the light-tailed flow served in isolation at a constant rate equal to its GPS weight. We show that the workload distribution is, in fact, asymptotically equivalent to that in the isolated system, multiplied by a certain prefactor, which accounts for the interaction with the heavy-tailed flow. Specifically, the prefactor represents the probability that the heavy-tailed flow is backlogged long enough for the light-tailed flow to reach overflow. The results provide crucial qualitative insight in the typical overflow scenario.
Exploring the information support for speech

A well‐established feature of speech production is that talkers faced with both anticipated and unanticipated perturbations can spontaneously adjust the movement patterns of articulators such that the acoustic output remains relatively undistorted. Less clear is the nature of the underlying mechanism(s) involved. In this study we examined the production of static vowels and vowels embedded in a dynamic speech context in five subjects under normal conditions and a combined condition in which (a) the mandible was fixed via a biteblock, (b) proprioceptive information was reduced via bilateral anaesthetization of the temperomandibular joint, (c) tactile information from oral mucosa was reduced by extensive application of topical anaesthetic, and (d) auditory information was masked by white noise. Analysis of formant patterns revealed minimal distortion of the speech signal under the combined condition. These findings are unfavorable for a predictive simulation model which requires reliable peripheral informat.
Dynamic expression of trk receptors during sensory neuron differentiation

Studies over the past several years have provided evidence for the functions of neurotrophins during development of the nervous system prior to their well characterized role in target-mediated cell death. To define the potential functions of neurotrophins during this early period of development we looked at the spatial and temporal expression patterns of neurotrophin receptors throughout the formation of motorneurons, within the ventral horn of the spinal cord, and sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in an avian model. To this end we have used a highly specific panel of antibodies to the avian trkA, trkB, and trkC receptors and p75 and compared their expression to that of known neuronal cellular markers. We have found that p75 is the first of the neurotrophin receptors to be expressed (at stage 14), followed by TrkC (stage 15/16), then trkA (stage 18), and finally trkB (stage 22). At stage 18 trkA is expressed only on a subpopulation of trkC+ cells, and trkA+ and trkC+ cells show a reduction of the HNK-1 carbohydrate moiety. At stage 24, trkC is expressed by the vast majority of cells within the developing DRG, while by E6 (and beyond) trkA becomes the most prominently expressed trk receptor in the DRG. At ES, trkB and trkC are expressed primarily by cells in the VL region of the DRG while trkA predominates in the DM region of the DRG. Early in development, trk receptors are expressed in the distal regions of peripheral axon afferents. Both trkC (at stage 24) and p75 (at stage 18, 24) receptors are expressed by mitotically active cells. Finally, at E6, BEN is now coexpressed with trkA and is no longer coexpressed with trkC; while, at E13, NF ( which was expressed throughout the DRG) is now localized to the VL region of the DRG. In conclusion, our data point to two additional potential functions for neurotrophins during the development of the dorsal root ganglion: regulating proliferation of sensory neuroblasts and influencing patterns of axon outgrowth during target innervation. DYNAMIC EXPRESSION OF TRK RECEPTORS DURING SENSORY NEURON DIFFERENTIATION by Jason Thomas Rifkin A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
B Activation k -Dependent NF-ras Expression through Suppression of p21 Down-Regulation of Inflammatory Gene Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Inhibition of Farnesyltransferase Prevents

Farnesylation of p21 ras is an important step in the intracellular signaling pathway of growth factors, hormones, and immune stimulants. We synthesized a potent and selective farnesyltransferase inhibitor (LB42708) with IC 50 values of 0.8 nM in vitro and 8 nM in cultured cells against p21 ras farnesylation and examined the effects of this inhibitor in the settings of inﬂammation and arthritis. LB42708 suppressed NF- (cid:1) B activation and iNOS promoter activity by suppressing the I- (cid:1) B kinase activity and I- (cid:1) B (cid:2) degradation. The inhibitor suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF- (cid:2) , and IL-1 (cid:3) and the production of NO and PGE 2 in immune-activated macrophages and osteoblasts as well as LPS-administrated mice. Furthermore, in vivo administration of LB42708 signiﬁcantly decreased the incidence and severity of arthritis as well as mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF- (cid:2) , and IL-1 (cid:3) in the paws of collagen-induced arthritic mice compared with controls. These observations indicate that the anti-inﬂammatory and antiarthritic effects of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor may be ascribed to the inhibition of I- (cid:1) B kinase activity and subsequent suppression of NF- (cid:1) B-dependent inﬂammatory gene expression through the suppression of p21 ras farnesylation. Together, these ﬁndings reveal that the inhibitory effect of LB42708 on p21 ras -dependent NF- (cid:1) B activation may have potential therapeutic value for arthritis and other inﬂammatory diseases. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 173:
MOLECULAR CLOUDS TOWARD RCW49 AND WESTERLUND 2: EVIDENCE FOR CLUSTER FORMATION TRIGGERED BY CLOUD–CLOUD COLLISION

We have made CO(J = 2–1) observations toward the H ii region RCW 49 and its ionizing source, the rich stellar cluster Westerlund 2, with the NANTEN2 submillimeter telescope. These observations have revealed that two molecular clouds in velocity ranges of −11 to +9 km s−1 and 11 to 21 km s−1, respectively, show remarkably good spatial correlations with the Spitzer IRAC mid-infrared image of RCW 49, as well a velocity structures indicative of localized expansion around the bright central regions and stellar cluster. This strongly suggests that the two clouds are physically associated with RCW 49. We obtain a new kinematic distance estimate to RCW 49 and Wd2 of 5.4+1.1−1.4 kpc, based on the mean velocity and velocity spread of the associated gas. We argue that the acceleration of the gas by stellar winds from Westerlund 2 is insufficient to explain the entire observed velocity dispersion of the molecular gas, and suggest a scenario in which a collision between the two clouds ∼4 Myr ago may have triggered the formation of the stellar cluster.
Integrated Systems and Technologies : Mathematical Oncology p 38 g Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Motility and Metastasis through Regulation of RhoC GTPase , Cytoskeletal Architecture , and a Novel Leading Edge Behavior

Understanding the molecular alterations that confer cancer cells with motile, metastatic properties is needed to improve patient survival. Here, we report that p38g motogen-activated protein kinase regulates breast cancer cell motility and metastasis, in part, by controlling expression of the metastasis-associated small GTPase RhoC. This p38g–RhoC regulatory connection wasmediated by a novel mechanism of modulating RhoC ubiquitination. This relationship persisted across multiple cell lines and in clinical breast cancer specimens. Using a computational mechanical model based on the finite element method, we showed that p38g-mediated cytoskeletal changes are sufficient to control cell motility. This model predicted novel dynamics of leading edge actin protrusions, whichwere experimentally verified and established to be closely related to cell shape and cytoskeletal morphology. Clinical relevance was supported by evidence that elevated expression of p38g is associated with lower overall survival of patientswithbreast cancer. Taken together, our results offer a detailed characterizationof how p38g contributes to breast cancer progression. Herein we present a new mechanics-based analysis of cell motility, and report on the discovery of a leading edge behavior in motile cells to accommodate modified cytoskeletal architecture. In summary, these findings not only identify a novel mechanism for regulating RhoC expression but also advance p38g as a candidate therapeutic target. Cancer Res; 71(20); 6338–49. 2011 AACR.
A Cognitive Perspective on Policy Implementation : Reform Beliefs, Sensemaking, and Social Networks

Utilizing a cognitive perspective, this article examines the social processes through which teachers come to understand the Common Core State Standards. The authors begin by identifying three beliefs that have important implications for policy implementation: self-efficacy, resource adequacy, and value for clients. They measure those beliefs and the Common Core discussion networks that emerge among teachers at three points in time. Through the use of SIENA models, the authors explore how networks and beliefs coevolve within schools. Unlike prior research on social networks, which consistently finds strong homophilous tendencies, this research finds no evidence that teachers seek out coworkers who hold similar beliefs. Rather, teachers relied on preexisting formal and informal relationships to guide interactions. Those interactions were characterized by social influence, whereby a teacher's own beliefs adapted toward the beliefs held by the members of their social network. The findings offer a novel perspective on the complex dynamic that occurs within organizations as new policies are unveiled and employees interact with one another to understand the changes those policies entail.
Do Subjects at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis Differ from those with a Genetic High Risk? – A Systematic Review of Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities

Introduction: Pre-psychotic and early psychotic characteristics are investigated in the high-risk (HR) populations for psychosis. There are two different approaches based either on hereditary factors (genetic high risk, G-HR) or on the clinically manifested symptoms (clinical high risk, C-HR). Common features are an increased risk for development of psychosis and similar cognitive as well as structural and functional brain abnormalities. Methods: We reviewed the existing literature on longitudinal structural, and on functional imaging studies, which included G-HR and/or C-HR individuals for psychosis, healthy controls (HC) and/or first episode of psychosis (FEP) or schizophrenia patients (SCZ). Results: With respect to structural brain abnormalities, vulnerability to psychosis was associated with deficits in frontal, temporal, and cingulate regions in HR, with additional insular and caudate deficits in C-HR population. Furthermore, C-HR had progressive prefrontal deficits related to the transition to psychosis. With respect to functional brain abnormalities, vulnerability to psychosis was associated with prefrontal, cingulate and middle temporal abnormalities in HR, with additional parietal, superior temporal, and insular abnormalities in C-HR population. Transition-to-psychosis related differences emphasized prefrontal, hippocampal and striatal components, more often detectable in C-HR population. Multimodal studies directly associated psychotic symptoms displayed in altered prefrontal and hippocampal activations with striatal dopamine and thalamic glutamate functions. Conclusion: There is an evidence for similar structural and functional brain abnormalities within the whole HR population, with more pronounced deficits in the C-HR population. The most consistent evidence for abnormality in the prefrontal cortex reported in structural, functional and multimodal studies of HR population may underlie the complexity of higher cognitive functions that are impaired during HR mental state for psychosis.
Incidence of Liver Damage of Uncertain Origin in HIV Patients Not Co-Infected with HCV/HBV

Background and Aims Several studies have reported that a significant number of HIV patients not co-infected with HCV/HBV develop liver damage of uncertain origin (LDUO). The objective of our study was to evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for the development of LDUO in HIV infected patients not co-infected with HCV/HBV. Methods Prospective longitudinal study that included HIV-infected patients free of previous liver damage and viral hepatitis B or C co-infections. Patients were followed up at 6-monthly intervals. Liver stiffness was measured at each visit. Abnormal liver stiffness (ALS) was defined as a liver stiffness value greater than 7.2 kPa at two consecutive measurements. For patients who developed ALS, a protocol was followed to diagnose the cause of liver damage. Those patients who could not be diagnosed with any specific cause of liver disease were diagnosed as LDUO and liver biopsy was proposed. Results 210 patients matched the inclusion criteria and were included. 198 patients completed the study. After a median (Q1–Q3) follow-up of 18 (IQR 12–26) months, 21 patients (10.6%) developed ALS. Of these, fifteen patients were diagnosed as LDUO. The incidence of LDUO was 7.64 cases/100 patient-years. Histological studies were performed on ten (66.6%) patients and all showed liver steatosis. A higher HOMA-IR value and body mass index were independently associated with the development of LDUO. Conclusion We found a high incidence of LDUO in HIV-infected patients associated with metabolic risk factors. The leading cause of LDUO in our study was non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Connectivity of ad hoc networks: Is fading good or bad?

In this paper, we investigate the effect of Rayleigh fading on the connectivity of wireless ad hoc networks. We consider static nodes that are equipped with omnidirectional antennas and are randomly distributed in the network according to a uniform distribution. We derive an analytical model for evaluating the impact of Rayleigh fading on the network local connectivity and present an accurate upper bound for 1-connectivity. Furthermore, our numerical results show that the presence of fading can result in an improvement in the overall connectivity, although it reduces the local connectivity of the network.