Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Individual and Contextual Determinants of Periodontal Health in 12-Year-Old Schoolchildren in a Brazilian Capital City

The study aimed to describe periodontal health status and its association with individual and contextual factors among 12-year-old schoolchildren in a midwest Brazilian capital city. This cross-sectional study included data from an oral health survey carried out in 2010 in the city of Goiania, Brazil (n = 2, 075) and secondary data obtained from the local health authority. Data were collected through oral clinical examinations and interviews. For assessment of periodontal status two components of the community periodontal index (CPI) were used: calculus and bleeding after probing. Dependent variable was presence of any periodontal condition. Independent individual variables were the children's sex and color/race, and their mother's level of schooling. Contextual variables were related to the schools (type and existence of toothbrushing program) and its geographic location in the health districts. Rao-Scott test and multilevel Poisson analysis were performed. The prevalence of calculus and/or bleeding was 7%. Brown color, public schools, and those located in health district with intermediate socioeconomic indicators were associated to a higher prevalence of this condition. The prevalence of adverse periodontal condition was low and the inequalities in its distribution were determined by individual as well as contextual factors related to the schools and the geographic area.
The GEMS project: X-ray analysis and statistical properties of the group sample

The Group Evolution Multiwavelength Study (GEMS) involves a multiwavelength study of a sample of 60 galaxy groups, chosen to span a wide range of group properties. Substantial ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) observations, available for all of these groups, are used to characterize the state of the intergalactic medium in each. We present the results of a uniform analysis of these ROSAT data and a statistical investigation of the relationship between X-ray and optical properties across the sample. Our analysis improves in several respects on previous work: (i) we distinguish between systems in which the hot gas is a group-scale medium and those in which it appears to be just a hot halo associated with a central galaxy; (ii) we extrapolate X-ray luminosities to a fixed overdensity radius (r 500 ) using fitted surface brightness models, in order to avoid biases arising from the fact that cooler systems are detectable to smaller radii, and (iii) optical properties have been rederived in a uniform manner from the NASA Extragalactic Database, rather than relying on the data in the disparate collection of group catalogues from which our systems are drawn. The steepening of the L X -T X relation in the group regime reported previously is not seen in our sample, which fits well on to the cluster trend, albeit with large non-statistical scatter. A number of biases affect the fitting of regression lines under these circumstances, and until the impact of these has been thoroughly investigated it seems best to regard the slope of the group L X -T X relation as being poorly determined. A significant problem in comparing the properties of groups and clusters is the derivation of system radii, to allow different systems to be compared within regions having the same overdensity. We find evidence that group velocity dispersion (σ v ) provides a very unreliable measure of system mass (and hence radius), with a number of groups having remarkably low values of σ v , given that they appear from their X-ray properties to be collapsed systems. We confirm that the surface brightness profiles of groups are significantly flatter than those of clusters - the maximum value of the β fit parameter for our sample is 0.58, lower than the typical value of 0.67 seen in clusters - however, we find no significant tendency within our sample for cooler groups to show flatter profiles. This result is inconsistent with simple universal pre-heating models. The morphology of the galaxies in the GEMS groups is correlated to their X-ray properties in a number of ways: we confirm the very strong relationship between X-ray emission and a dominant early-type central galaxy, which has been noted since the early X-ray studies of groups, and also find that spiral fraction is correlated with the temperature of the hot gas and hence the depth of the gravitational potential. A class of spiral-rich groups with little or no X-ray emission probably corresponds to groups that have not yet fully collapsed.
Contest for Constitutional Authority: The Abortion and War Powers Debates

Most people, scholars and laypeople alike, view the judiciary as the ultimate authority in constitutional questions. Political scientist Susan Burgess sees things differently. In "Contest for Constitutional Authority," Burgess shows how such single-branch supremacy diminishes public understanding of and participation in constitutional democracy. Instead, Burgess argues that each branch of government has the right to interpret the Constitution, and that no branch has the final authority theory known as "departmental review. " In a system based on departmental review, constitutional interpretation is not solely a judicial function, but rather a shared dialogue among all the branches of government as they articulate their positions on important constitutional issues and respond to opposing arguments. Through close study of the war powers and abortion debates, Burgess demonstrates that the practice of departmental review improves the quality of constitutional debate, deepens "constitutional consciousness," and enhances respect for the rule of law. Burgess could hardly have chosen two more dramatic case studies for this exploration. First, she investigates the constitutional issues relating to the debates over Roe v. Wade and, in its wake, the 1981 Human Life Bill, 1985 Abortion Funding Restriction Act, and contemporaneous court cases. She follows with a comparative analysis of the constitutional debates that focused on the infamous 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the Persian Gulf crisis of the late 1980sone prior to and the other after the passage of the 1973 War Powers Act, which requires congressional authorization before waging war. "In Contest for Constitutional Authority" Burgess demonstrates the considerable potential (and possible drawbacks) of departmental review for creating a common constitutional language that transcends the polemical impasses characterizing much current debate, for recapturing active and thoughtful citizen participation, and for renewing our faith in the authority of the constitutional text.
Acupuncture for Acute Postoperative Pain after Back Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Acupuncture is commonly used as a complimentary treatment for pain management. However, there has been no systematic review summarizing the current evidence concerning the effectiveness of acupuncture for acute postoperative pain after back surgery. This systematic review aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment for acute postoperative pain (≤1 week) after back surgery.
Association Between Coeliac Disease and Risk of Any Malignancy and Gastrointestinal Malignancy

AbstractCoeliac disease (CD) is reported to be associated with risk of malignancy; however, this association remains unclear. We aimed to systematically evaluate the association between CD and risk of all malignancies as well as gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy specifically.The PUBMED and EMBASE databases were searched to identify eligible studies from 1960 to March 2015, without restriction. Two reviewers independently performed the study inclusion and data extraction methods. Odds ratios (ORs), risk ratios, or standardized incidence ratios were pooled using either a fixed- or a random-effects model. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were used to explore sources of heterogeneity.A total of 17 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled OR for risk of all malignancies was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.44), whereas the pooled OR for risk of GI malignancy was 1.60 (95% CI 1.39–1.84) and suggested an inverse association with CD. Moreover, patients with CD were at a higher risk of esophageal cancer (pooled OR = 3.72, 95% CI 1.90–7.28) and small intestinal carcinoma (pooled OR = 14.41, 95% CI 5.53–37.60), whereas no significant associations were observed for other GI cancers, including gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. Subgroup analyses also indicated that the results were influenced by the CD diagnostic method, as well as the follow-up time after CD diagnosis.CD was associated with increased risk of all malignancies as well as GI malignancies, including esophageal cancer and small intestinal carcinoma.
Tournament selection based fruit fly optimization and its application in template matching

In this paper, an improved fruit fly optimization algorithm based on tournament selection mechanism (TS-FFO) is put forward. In TS-FFO, considering the fact that the aggregation way in the vision optimization phase will easily cause the loss of biodiversity and make the population jump into the local extreme, tournament selection mechanism is embed into FFO to randomly generate a new conductive individual to replace the current best fruit fly. In addition, in view of the blind search surrounding the best individual in the osphresis optimization phase, the evolutionary formula is also redefined by incorporating the current individual's own information to effectively control the evolution direction and step size. Six high dimensional benchmark functions are used to test and evaluate the TS-FFO. The experimental results demonstrate that TS-FFO has quicker optimizing efficiency and better accuracy compared with the standard FFO and several advanced algorithms. TS-FFO is also used to solve the image template matching problems and the statistical results show that our proposed approach is more effective and efficient than the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential search algorithms (DSA).
Risk‐Based Explanation for the Book‐To‐Market Effect

This paper proposes a risk-based explanation for the book-to-market (B/M) effect. I decompose B/M into Net Operating Asset-to-Market (NOA/M) and Net Financing Asset-to-Market (NFA/M) components. Portfolio analysis shows that (1) positive B/M, NOA/M and NFA/M are positively related with future returns, and (2) negative B/M, NOA/M and NFA/M are negatively related with future returns. To the extent that positive B/M, NOA/M and NFA/M act as measures of asset risk and negative B/M, NOA/M and NFA/M act as inverse measures of borrowing risk, the non-linear relations between B/M, NOA/M, and NFA/M and future returns provide some evidence to support the risk-based explanation for the book-to-market effect in stock returns.
FROM CRISIS TO EMPOWERMENT: AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN COMMUNITY COLLEGES

Social challenges tear at the fabric of the African American family, revealing complexities that identify a de facto leader, the African American woman. She exists in a chasm of overt circumstances which heavily influences her successes. The purpose of this study is to identify factors that motivated seven female African American community college graduates to persist throughout crisis and to ultimately reach their academic goals and graduate. Using a qualitative narrative design, the study involved semi structured interviews with seven African American women who employed community colleges and other support strategies to accomplish appropriate responses to crises, identify practical support mechanisms, and achieve professional advancement in order to attain professional success. Findings provide a clearer picture of the elements these participants feel foster and enhance their abilities to stay enrolled, to persist and to graduate from college. The study findings illustrate the importance students place on their family’s support, the support of their faith and the support of college faculty and staff. The Bates Model for the Initial Creation of a Community College Counseling / Crisis Intervention Center is presented to foster the development of a support service center which will allow community colleges to better meet the needs of these non-traditional students.
The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) Greenseeker(TM) handheld sensor: toward the integrated evaluation of crop management. Part A - Concepts and case studies

Acknowledgements Verhulst received a scholarship from the Research Foundation – Flanders. The presented research was funded by CIMMYT and its strategic partners. Introduction to the NDVI Greenseeker TM sensor and scientific backstopping and exchange was provided by Bill Raun at Oklahoma State University and the finalization and reproduction of this training document was made possible thanks to the 2009 USAID Linkage Funds.
Divergent thinking : strategies for generating alternative uses for familiar objects

Although the Alternative Uses divergent thinking task has been widely used in psychometric and experimental studies of creativity, the cognitive processes underlying this task have not been examined in detail before the two studies are reported here. In Experiment 1, a verbal protocol analysis study of the Alternative Uses task was carried out with a think aloud group (N = 40) and a silent control group (N=64). The groups did not differ in fluency or novelty of idea production indicating no verbal overshadowing. Analysis of protocols from the think aloud group suggested that initial responses were based on a strategy of Retrieval from long term memory of pre-known uses. Later responses tended to be based on a small number of other strategies: Property-use generation, imagined Disassembly of the target object into components and scanning of Broad Use categories for possible uses of the target item. Novelty of uses was particularly associated with the Disassembly strategy. Experiment 2 (N = 103) addressed the role of executive processes in generating new and previously known uses by examining individual differences in category fluency, letter fluency and divergent task performance. After completing the task participants were asked to indicate which of their responses were new for them. It was predicted and found in regression analyses that letter fluency (an executively loading task) was related to production of " new " uses and category fluency was related to production of " old " uses but not vice versa. 3 The ability to generate many different possible solutions to a problem is an important aspect of creative thinking and has been specifically addressed in the psychometric tradition by means of divergent thinking tests (Guilford, 1971; Guilford, Christensen, Merrifield & Wilson, 1978) in which participants are asked to generate as many alternative solutions as they can (Plucker & Renzulli, 1999). These tests contrast with convergent thinking tests in which there is but a single solution, e.g., Raven " s Matrices (1960) and other standard intelligence tests. The Alternative Uses task is a prototypical divergent task in which the goal is to generate many possible uses, different from the common use, for familiar objects. In this task, the responses produced may be completely novel for the individual; for example, with the target item " barrel " , a use as " a source of termite food " might be produced by a participant who had never before seen, …
Chlamydia Detection during the Menstrual Cycle: A Cross-Sectional Study of Women Attending a Sexual Health Service

Background We investigated the detection of chlamydia at different stages of the menstrual cycle. Methods Electronic medical records for women attending Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between March 2011 and 31st December 2012, who were tested for chlamydia by nucleic acid amplification of high vaginal, cervical, or urinary samples, and who recorded a date of last normal menstrual period (LNMP) between 0–28 days were included in the analysis. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of chlamydia with menstrual cycle adjusted by demographics and behavioural variables. Chlamydia and beta globin load were determined on those with stored samples. Results Of the 10,017 consultations that included a test for chlamydia and a valid LNMP, there were 417 in which chlamydia was detected. The proportion of samples with chlamydia was greater in the luteal phase (4.8%, 184/3831) than in the follicular phase (3.4%, 233/6816) both in the crude (OR 1.29 95%CI 1.1–1.6, p = 0.01) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.4 (95%CI 1.1–1.8, p = 0.004). Among women using hormonal contraception, there was no significant association with the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (aOR 1.3, 95%CI 0.9, 1.8, p = 0.18). Among women not using hormonal contraception, there was a significant association with the luteal phase (aOR 1.6, (95% CI 1.1–2.3, p = 0.007). The chlamydia load was not significantly different in the 329 positive stored samples in weeks 3 and 4 vs weeks 1 and 2 for any site (P>0.12). Conclusions The higher detection of chlamydia detection in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in only those not taking hormonal contraception suggest that hormonal factors influence chlamydia detection. The absence of a significantly highly chlamydia load in women during the luteal phase raises questions about the mechanism.
The Dividends of Dissent: How Conflict and Culture Work in Lesbian and Gay Marches on Washington

Marching on Washington is a hallowed tradition of American political protest, and demonstrations led by the women's rights, civil rights, and antiwar movements all endure in popular memory. Between 1979 and 2000 four major lesbian and gay demonstrations took place there, and while these marches were some of the largest of their time, they have been sorely overlooked - until now. Drawing on extensive archival research, historical data, original photographs, interviews with key activists, and more than a thousand news articles, "The Dividends of Dissent" offers a thorough analysis - descriptive, historical, and sociological - of these marches and their organization.Amin Ghaziani ably puts these demonstrations into their cultural context, chronicling gay and lesbian life at the time and the political currents that prompted the protests. He then turns to each march in detail, focusing on the role that internal dissent played in its organization. Ultimately, Ghaziani concludes that infighting can contribute positively to the development of social movements, and that the debates over the marches helped define what it means to be gay in the United States.
The difficulty of getting high escape fractions of ionizing photons from high-redshift galaxies: A view from the FIRE cosmological simulations

We present a series of high-resolution (20–2000 M⊙, 0.1–4 pc) cosmological zoom-in simulations at z ≳ 6 from the Feedback In Realistic Environment (FIRE) project. These simulations cover halo masses 10^9–10^(11) M⊙ and rest-frame ultraviolet magnitude M_(UV) = −9 to −19. These simulations include explicit models of the multi-phase ISM, star formation, and stellar feedback, which produce reasonable galaxy properties at z = 0–6. We post-process the snapshots with a radiative transfer code to evaluate the escape fraction (f_(esc)) of hydrogen ionizing photons. We find that the instantaneous f_(esc) has large time variability (0.01–20 per cent), while the time-averaged f_(esc) over long time-scales generally remains ≲ 5 per cent, considerably lower than the estimate in many reionization models. We find no strong dependence of f_(esc) on galaxy mass or redshift. In our simulations, the intrinsic ionizing photon budgets are dominated by stellar populations younger than 3 Myr, which tend to be buried in dense birth clouds. The escaping photons mostly come from populations between 3 and 10 Myr, whose birth clouds have been largely cleared by stellar feedback. However, these populations only contribute a small fraction of intrinsic ionizing photon budgets according to standard stellar population models. We show that f_(esc) can be boosted to high values, if stellar populations older than 3 Myr produce more ionizing photons than standard stellar population models (as motivated by, e.g. models including binaries). By contrast, runaway stars with velocities suggested by observations can enhance f_(esc) by only a small fraction. We show that ‘sub-grid’ star formation models, which do not explicitly resolve star formation in dense clouds with n ≫ 1 cm^(−3), will dramatically overpredict f_(esc).
Greedy Deep Dictionary Learning

In this work we propose a new deep learning tool called deep dictionary learning. Multi-level dictionaries are learnt in a greedy fashion, one layer at a time. This requires solving a simple (shallow) dictionary learning problem, the solution to this is well known. We apply the proposed technique on some benchmark deep learning datasets. We compare our results with other deep learning tools like stacked autoencoder and deep belief network; and state of the art supervised dictionary learning tools like discriminative KSVD and label consistent KSVD. Our method yields better results than all.
Welfare Reform and Lone Parents Employment in the UK

The last thirty years saw dramatic increases in the employment rates of married/co-habiting mothers in the UK. Yet the employment rates of lone mothers were lower in the early 1990s than in the late 1970s, at just under 40 percent; and 25 percentage points lower than those of married mothers. In 1997 the incoming Labour government initiated a series of policy reforms aimed at reducing child poverty. A key element of their strategy was a move towards increasing employment rates among families with children. This paper evaluates how this package of policy reform impacted on lone parents employment. We use propensity score matching to construct a benchmark sample and then apply difference-in-difference estimation techniques to assess what would have happened to lone parents employment in the absence of policy reform. Our results show that, of the 11-percentage point rise in the rate of employment of lone parents between 1992 and 2002, 5-percentage points can be attribute to policy reform. This increase in employment occurred in-spite of significant rises in the level of support for non-working lone parents claiming Income Support. This is in sharp contrast to the experience of the USA, where welfare generosity did not increase and time limits and mandatory job search were employed alongside tax credits to get lone parents back to work. In the UK, further substantive policy changes are currently being phased in and so it is probable that there will be further employment gains for lone parents over the next few years. Even so, the pace of response to these reforms does not yet look sufficient to meet the Government's target of getting 70 percent of lone parents into work by 2010.
Beyond Just Text

Emoji, a set of pictographic Unicode characters, have seen strong uptake over the last couple of years. All common mobile platforms and many desktop systems now support emoji entry, and users have embraced their use. Yet, we currently know very little about what makes for good emoji entry. While soft keyboards for text entry are well optimized, based on language and touch models, no such information exists to guide the design of emoji keyboards. In this article, we investigate of the problem of emoji entry, starting with a study of the current state of the emoji keyboard implementation in Android. To enable moving forward to novel emoji keyboard designs, we then explore a model for emoji similarity that is able to inform such designs. This semantic model is based on data from 21 million collected tweets containing emoji. We compare this model against a solely description-based model of emoji in a crowdsourced study. Our model shows good perfor mance in capturing detailed relationships between emoji.