Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The spanish economic «miracle»: a disaggregated approach to productivity growth, 1958–1975*

Resumen En este trabajo se analizan las fuentes del crecimiento español durante 1958–1975 desde una perspectiva sectorial, siguiendo una metodología similar a la desarrollada por Jorgenson, Gollop y Fraumeni (1987). Para ello se mide la contribución de los inputs intermedios, el capital, el trabajo y la productividad total de los factores al crecimiento del output total para 25 ramas productivas. Los resultados atribuyen más de la mitad del crecimiento del output al crecimiento de la Productividad Total de los Factores. Este crecimiento de la productividad fue de alcance general aunque no estuvo uniformemente repartido y se apoyó en una potente contribución de algunas industrias manufactureras compartida conavances significativos en los transportes y en las comunicaciones. Abstract This paper exploits sectorial growth accounting methodology in a similar way to Jorgenson, Gollop and Fraumeni (1987) in order to provide additional insight into the sources of Spanish economic growth. We measure the contribution of intermediate inputs, capital, labour and total factor productivity to the increase in total output for 25 productive branches. We also analyse sectorial contributions to overall productivity growth and discuss the role of pioneering sectors in the whole transformation. The findings presented attribute more than fifty per cent of output growth to improvement in TFP. This productivity growth was unevenly distributed and was fuelled by some potent manufacturing industries together with advances in transportation and communications.
Domestic Embeddedness and the Dynamics of Multilevel Venue Shopping in Four EU Member States

This article describes and explains the variable extent to which domestic interest organizations seek access to the multiple venues provided by the European system of governance. A multivariate analysis of data collected in four member states—France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany—reveals substantial variance in multilevel venue shopping, differences that disconfirm some descriptive accounts reported in the Europeanization literature. Surprising is that French organizations develop extensive multilevel strategies while the strategies of Dutch organizations are rather weakly Europeanized. Our analyses offer a better understanding of the factors that stimulate domestic interest groups to seek access to European Union-level policy venues. Factors such as the nature of policy issues in which groups are involved, the group's relation with domestic parties, and overall domestic embeddedness significantly explains multilevel venue-shopping. In contrast, other factors such as policy sector or the group's resources generate little explanatory power.
Production Effects of the European Union's Single Farm Payment

Since 1992, reform of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy has involved several rounds that have gradually changed the method of support from market based intervention purchases to direct producer payments. The change in the method support provides less production incentives and is less trade distorting. The Single Farm Payment (SFP) is the latest policy instrument which is the most decoupled from production decisions. This study examines the SFP in terms of its production effects, its compliance with the Annex 2 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, and the implications for Canadian agricultural policy reform.
Outlier detection rules for fault detection in solar photovoltaic arrays

Solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays are unique power sources that may have uncleared fault current when utilizing conventional overcurrent protection devices. To monitor the PV operation and detect these unnoticed faults, outlier detection rules have been proposed for fault detection based on instantaneous PV string current. This paper discusses three rules in detail: 3-Sigma rule, Hampel identifier, and Boxplot rule. Unlike other methods, the proposed methods do not require weather measurement or efforts in model training. Our experimental results show that Hampel identifier and Boxplot rule may be recommended for PV fault detection. Furthermore, the proposed models become more reliable as the number of PV measurements increases. The developed methods may be integrated with PV monitoring system for real-time operation.
Does Reform of the Capital Gains Tax Improve Welfare

The Japanese method of capital gains taxation, in which the tax on stocks is levied according to the sale price rather than the realized capital gains, has not been used since 2003. This paper analyzes the effects of reform from the Japanese method to the conventional method of capital gains taxation on capital accumulation and social welfare. Additionally, this paper analyzes the effects of the reform from conventional capital gains taxation to other capital income taxes.JEL Classification: G32, G35, H22, H24, H25
Testing for market power in the UK salmon retail sector

Abstract This paper presents an investigation into the structure of the salmon retail market in the UK. Evidence of the potential for market power is analysed using non‐linear three‐stage least squares to estimate a dynamic error correction model (ECM) following Bresnahan (1982) and Lau (1982) theoretical approaches. Results indicate that the system is well represented by the model and that the market is competitive in both the short and long run. This is the first study using this approach for the UK fish market and our conclusions support findings from previous empirical analyses of the food retail market, albeit using a different methodology.
High Performance Firms in a Complex New China

SUMMARY A study published in the Journal of Global Marketing(Deshpandé and Farley 2000) found that, for a representative sample of Shanghai firms competing in business-to-business markets, success was related to innovativeness, a high level of market orientation, and outward-oriented organizational cultures and climates. Because of the great cultural diversity of China, questions were raised at that time and subsequently as to whether these results generalize to other parts of China. To the extent that the Shanghai results do generalize, the development of a more general strategy for dealing with Chinese business-to-business markets will be feasible. We compare organizational cultures and personal values of managers in representative samples of firms in six Chinese cities. There are indeed systematic differences among the cities- Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Shenzhen and Wuxi. Shanghai firms seem the best-positioned for transformation to a more market-oriented economy in terms of innovativeness and market orientation. There are also some differences among State-Owned Enterprises, Joint Ventures, Village-Based Enterprises and Wholly-Owned Foreign Subsidiaries. There are, however, clear patterns of similar response among firms which perform well in terms of high levels of innovativeness and market orientation, plus organizational cultures relatively open to outside influences. All kinds of firms seem to draw their managers from a pool of people who hold much the same kinds of values.
The Revolutionary 'I': Wordsworth and the Politics of Self-Presentation

Preface: The Prelude as Prologue Silencing the (Other) Self: Wordsworth as 'Wordsworth! ' in 'There was a boy' The Politics of Self Presentation: Wordsworth as Revolutionary Actor in a Literary Drama Sounds into Speech: The Two-Part Prelude of 1799 as Dialogic Dramatic Monologue Coleridge as Catalyst to Autobiography: The Wordsworthian Self as Therapeutic Gift, 1804-1805 Dialogizing Dorothy: Voicing the Feminine as Spousal Sister in The Prelude Colonizing Consciousness: Culture as Identity in Wordsworth's Prelude and Walcott's Another Life Endnotes Bibliography Index
Unintended Consequences of the Increased Asset Threshold for FDICIA Internal Controls: Evidence from U.S. Private Banks

We examine the unintended consequences of the 2005 increase from $500 million to $1 billion in the asset threshold for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA) internal control reporting requirements. We focus on a test sample of banks that increased their total assets from between $100 million and $500 million prior to the change in regulation to between $500 million and $1 billion within two years following the change. These “affected” banks are no longer subject to the internal control requirements but would have been had the regulation not been changed. We hypothesize that these affected banks are likely to make riskier loans, which will increase the likelihood of failure during the crisis period. We find evidence consistent with this hypothesis. Affected banks have higher likelihood of failure during the crisis period than banks from two different control samples. We also find that auditor reputation (i.e., whether the bank is audited by a Big 4 auditor or an industry specialist auditor) has a moderating effect on the likelihood of failure for these affected banks.
Myelin basic protein–specific T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis and controls: Precursor frequency, fine specificity, and cytotoxicity

A panel of 90 myelin basic protein (MBP)‐specific T‐cell lines were derived from peripheral blood of eight patients with multiple sclerosis and four normal subjects. The precursor frequency of MBP‐reactive T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ranged from 10−7 to 9 × 10−7 (mean, 6.7 × 10−7) in the group of patients with multiple sclerosis and from 0.5 × 10−7 to 9.8 × 10−7 (mean, 5.6 × 10−7) in the control subjects. This difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.1). These T‐cell lines expressed exclusively CD3+CD4+CD8‐ phenotypes and were restricted predominantly by HLA‐DR molecules. When tested with fragments and synthetic peptides of human MBP, these MBP‐specific T‐cell lines (45 lines for each group) displayed a limited heterogeneous pattern with a biased recognition to peptide 84‐102 and the C‐terminal peptide 149‐171. The reactivity to the 84‐102 region of MBP was associated with the HLA‐DR2, DRw15 (DRwl5,2) haplotype, whereas the recognition to peptide 149‐171 did not correlate with a particular HLA‐DR allele(s). Furthermore, the majority of T‐cell lines (>75%) were found to exhibit substantial cytotoxic activity against MBP‐coated target cells, but showing no significant difference between these two groups. This MBP‐dependent Cytotoxicity was not associated with epitope specificities of the T‐cell lines tested.
Fault and Error Tolerance in Neural Networks: A Review

Beyond energy, the growing number of defects in physical substrates is becoming another major constraint that affects the design of computing devices and systems. As the underlying semiconductor technologies are getting less and less reliable, the probability that some components of computing devices fail also increases, preventing designers from realizing the full potential benefits of on-chip exascale integration derived from near atomic scale feature dimensions. As the quest for performance confronts permanent and transient faults, device variation, and thermal issues, major breakthroughs in computing efficiency are expected to benefit from unconventional and new models of computation, such as brain-inspired computing. The challenge is then to find not only high-performance and energy-efficient, but also fault-tolerant computing solutions. Neural computing principles remain elusive, yet as source of a promising fault-tolerant computing paradigm. In the quest to fault tolerance can be translated into scalable and reliable computing systems, hardware design itself and/or to use circuits even with faults has further motivated research on neural networks, which are potentially capable of absorbing some degrees of vulnerability based on their natural properties. This paper presents a survey on fault tolerance in neural networks manly focusing on well-established passive techniques to exploit and improve, by design, such potential but limited intrinsic property in neural models, particularly for feedforward neural networks. First, fundamental concepts and background on fault tolerance are introduced. Then, we review fault types, models, and measures used to evaluate performance and provide a taxonomy of the main techniques to enhance the intrinsic properties of some neural models, based on the principles and mechanisms that they exploit to achieve fault tolerance passively. For completeness, we briefly review some representative works on active fault tolerance in neural networks. We present some key challenges that remain to be overcome and conclude with an outlook for this field.
Secondary structure determines protein topology

Using a test set of 13 small, compact proteins, we demonstrate that a remarkably simple protocol can capture native topology from secondary structure information alone, in the absence of long‐range interactions. It has been a long‐standing open question whether such information is sufficient to determine a protein's fold. Indeed, even the far simpler problem of reconstructing the three‐dimensional structure of a protein from its exact backbone torsion angles has remained a difficult challenge owing to the small, but cumulative, deviations from ideality in backbone planarity, which, if ignored, cause large errors in structure. As a familiar example, a small change in an elbow angle causes a large displacement at the end of your arm; the longer the arm, the larger the displacement. Here, correct secondary structure assignments (α‐helix, β‐strand, β‐turn, polyproline II, coil) were used to constrain polypeptide backbone chains devoid of side chains, and the most stable folded conformations were determined, using Monte Carlo simulation. Just three terms were used to assess stability: molecular compaction, steric exclusion, and hydrogen bonding. For nine of the 13 proteins, this protocol restricts the main chain to a surprisingly small number of energetically favorable topologies, with the native one prominent among them.
The Effect of the Strictness of Consultation Requirements on Fraud Consultation

ABSTRACT: We investigate how the strictness of a requirement to consult on potential client fraud affects auditors' propensity to consult with firm experts. We consider two specific forms of guidance about fraud consultations: (1) strict, i.e., mandatory and binding; and (2) lenient, i.e., advisory and non-binding. We predict that a strict consultation requirement will lead to greater propensity to consult, particularly under certain client- and engagement-related conditions. Results from two experiments with 163 Dutch audit managers and partners demonstrate that consultation propensity is higher under a strict consultation requirement, but only when underlying fraud risk is high. The strictness effect is also greater under tight versus relaxed time pressure. Further, a strict standard increases auditors' perceived probability that a fraud indicator exists. Overall, we demonstrate that the formulation of a standard can have the desired effect on the judgments of auditors while also creating unexpected inc.
How Does Investor Relations Disclosure Affect Analysts' Forecasts?

We study the relationship between investor relations disclosure and analyst forecast properties in Australian firms, a setting dominated by small firms with limited analyst coverage and requiring continuous disclosure of price sensitive information. We find increasing disclosure in the time period investigated is associated with greater accuracy in firms disclosing fewer items. Disclosure was unrelated to forecast dispersion, possibly due to the low analyst following. In periods of uncertainty, the investor relations awards effectively discriminated quality from quantity of disclosure. These findings highlight the importance of active communication with analysts, particularly in firms providing less disclosure and during periods of uncertainty.
Unrealized Potential: A Review of Perceptions and Use of Weather and Climate Information in Agricultural Decision Making

AbstractThis article reviews research on agricultural decision makers’ use and perceptions of weather and climate information and decision support tools (DSTs) conducted in the United States, Australia, and Canada over the past 30 years. Forty–seven relevant articles, with locations as diverse as Australian rangelands and the southeastern United States, ranging in focus from corn to cattle, were identified. NVivo 9 software was used to code research methods, type of climate information explored, barriers to broader use of weather information, common themes, and conclusions from each article. Themes in this literature include the role of trusted agricultural advisors in the use of weather information, farmers’ management of weather risks, and potential agricultural adaptations that could increase resilience to weather and climate variability. While use of weather and climate information and DSTs for agriculture has increased in developed countries, these resources are still underutilized. Reasons for low u.
Helping eco-labels to fulfil their promises

The economic literature has devoted relatively strong attention to eco-labelling schemes. Nevertheless, while succeeding in some markets, they often fall short of their promises. We analyse the gap between the academic design of eco-labelling schemes and their real implementation. We contend that providing information is not enough. We then use recent advances in behavioural economics to inform policy makers on the potential of behavioural interventions in order to design better eco-labelling schemes. Policy relevance Many public policies, including eco-labelling schemes, are still based on an inaccurate description of human decision making, mainly borrowed from standard economics. However, numerous psychological and behavioural studies show that people regularly behave in ways that contradict some standard assumptions of economic analysis. Departing from the conventional view that information-based policies such as eco-labelling schemes will quasi-automatically help mitigate issues such as climate change by guiding consumers' and firms decisions, we argue that information provision is necessary but not sufficient. Admitting that consumers' decisions are guided by factors other than price and information, and, taking systematically into account behavioural biases can offer to policy makers low-cost levers with first-order effects in order to increase the environmental performance of eco-labels, or at least decrease the likelihood of counterproductive effects.
Information and punitiveness: trial reconstruction in Ireland

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report results from a rape trial reconstruction in Ireland. Design/methodology/approach – A studio audience of 100 members of the Irish public were selected to attend a TV programme by the Republic of Ireland’s national broadcasting organisation. This involved the examination of the sentencing of a rape case. The audience’s sentencing preferences were measured at the outset, when they had been given only summary information about the case, and later, when full details had been disclosed. Findings – Previous research examining changes in public attitudes to crime and punishment has shown that deliberation, including the provision of new information and discussion with others and experts, tends to decrease public punitiveness and increase public leniency towards sentencing. An experiment in Ireland, however, showed that providing information does not invariably and necessarily moderate punitive attitudes. This paper presents the results, and offers some explanations.
Relationships between handwriting and keyboarding performance of sixth-grade students.

OBJECTIVES This study examined the relationships between sixth-grade students' handwriting speed and legibility and their keyboarding speed and error rate. A second purpose was to examine how well handwriting performance discriminates students as slow or fast in computer keyboarding. METHOD After participation in a school-required keyboarding class, 40 sixth-grade students were asked to copy a familiar poem using handwriting and keyboarding. Handwriting legibility and speed and keyboarding speed and errors were measured. Relationships among these variables were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlations and discriminant analysis. RESULTS Keyboarding speed correlated with handwriting legibility (n = 38, r = .361, p = .026), suggesting that handwriting performance accounts for 12% to 13% of the variance in keyboarding performance. Handwriting speed and legibility together accurately categorized 71% of students as slow or fast in keyboarding. On average, students were able to keyboard faster than handwrite. Of the 20 slowest handwriters, 75% achieved more text production with keyboarding than with handwriting. CONCLUSION Keyboarding performance demonstrated low to moderate correlation with handwriting performance, suggesting that these forms of written expression require distinctly different skills. Most students who were slow at handwriting or had poor legibility increased the quantity and overall legibility of text they produced with a keyboard. These results suggest that keyboarding has the potential to increase and improve a student's written output.
Impaired Insulin-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow in Patients With NIDDM

Patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes metlitus (NIDDM) exhibit decreased rates of skeletal muscle insulin-mediated glucose uptake (IMGU). Because IMGU is equal to the product of the arteriovenous glucose difference (AVGΔ) across and blood flow (F) into muscle (IMGU = AVGΔ × F), reduced tissue permeability (AVGΔ) and/or glucose and insulin delivery (F) can potentially lead to decreased IMGU. The components of skeletal muscle IMGU were studied in six obese NIDDM subjects (103 ± 9 kg) and compared with those previously determined in six lean (weight 68 ± 3 kg), and six obese (94 ± 3 kg) with normal glucose tolerance. The insulin dose-response curves for whole body and leg muscle IMGU were constructed using the combined euglycemic clamp and leg balance techniques during sequential insulin infusions (range of serum insulin 130–80,000 pmol/L). In lean, obese, and NIDDM subjects, whole body IMGU, femoral AVGΔ, and leg IMGU increased in a dose-dependent fashion over the range of insulin with an ED50 of 400–500 pmol/L in lean, 1000–1200 pmol/L in obese, and 4000–7000 pmol/L in NIDDM subjects (P < 0.01 lean vs. obese and NIDDM). In lean and obese subjects, maximally effective insulin concentrations increased leg blood flow ∼2-fold from basal with an ED50 of 266 pmol/L and 957 pmol/L, respectively (P < 0.01 lean vs. obese). In contrast, leg F did not increase from the basal value in NIDDM subjects (2.7 ± 0.1 vs. 3.5 ± 0.5 dl/min, NS). In the physiological range of insulin concentrations NIDDM subjects had lower body IMGU, leg F, femoral AVGΔ, and leg IMGU than obese and lean subjects, but at maximally effective insulin concentrations, femoral AVGA did not differ between obese and NIDDM subjects. Thus, 1) both reduced skeletal muscle tissue permeability and blood flow are found in NIDDM subjects and 2) impaired insulin-mediated augmentation of skeletal muscle blood flow in obese NIDDM patients is due to the diabetic state per se and not to the obesity status. Whether reduced skeletal muscle blood flow is the result or the cause of insulin resistance in patients with NIDDM remains to be elucidated.