Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Promoting Physical Education

JOPERD • Volume 80 No. 1 • January 2009 Quality physical education is defined by standards related to five critical elements: (1) who teaches it, (2) how often students receive it, (3) what is taught, (4) how well students should perform, and (5) for what purpose it is taught (National Association for Sport and Physical Education [NASPE] & American Heart Association [AHA], 2006). National organizations and leaders in the profession endorse quality physical education and recognize its potential to help children and adolescents achieve national health goals (National Association of State Boards of Education, 2000; NASPE & AHA, 2006; Pate et al., 2006; United States Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 2000). Due to its relationship to physical activity, quality physical education is also widely supported among public health organizations (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000, 2006; AHA, 1996; American Medical Association, 2007; USDHHS, 2000, 2004a, 2004b). Parents and teachers also believe that physical education is an important component in the school curriculum. Recent national surveys showed that most parents and teachers support daily required physical education in K-12 schools (NASPE, 2003) and that more than 75 percent of parent and teacher respondents opposed eliminating physical education due to budget constraints or to meet increased academic standards (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2003). Despite the support for daily quality physical education, requirements for student participation in physical education continue to decline (Burgeson, Wechsler, Brener, Young, & Spain, 2001). The primary reason is that today, more than ever, schools are accountable for producing academic achievement in order to meet the mandates of No Child Left Behind (NCLB). Education’s budgetary shortfalls have created the need to reprioritize funding, which has often had negative consequences for physical education. Physical educators face such challenges as reduced staff, large class sizes, inadequate facilities and equipment, and minimal requirements for student enrollment. Physical educators affected by these consequences are recognizing the need to respond. At the same time, many feel apprehensive and uncertain about what to do. Leaders in the profession recognize the dilemma, and advocacy is therefore a growing priority for AAHPERD. Successful advocacy at the local, state, or federal levels holds hope for improving the quality of physical education programs. Developing compelling advocacy messages that seek to change knowledge and perception is critical. To do so, it is important to understand the perceptions and priorities of school leaders. In the short term it may be important for advocates to shape messages that demonstrate the value and potential that quality physical education has to contribute to broader school goals (e.g., student achievement). Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide information necessary to build credible and Promoting Physical Education: The Link to Academic Achievement
Simultaneous Object Manipulation in Cooperative Vir tual Environments

Cooperative manipulation refers to the simultaneous manipulation of a virtual object by multiple users in an immersive virtual environment (VE). We present techniques for cooperative manipulation based on existing single-user techniques. We discuss methods of combining simultaneous user actions, based on the separation of degrees of freedom between two users, and the awareness tools used to provide the necessary knowledge of partner activities during the cooperative interaction process. We also present a framework for supporting the development of collaborative manipulation techniques. Our framework is based on a Collaborative Metaphor concept that defines rules to combine user interaction techniques. Finally, we describe an evaluation of cooperative manipulation. Results indicate that in certain situations, cooperative manipulation is more efficient and usable than single-user manipulation.
Visual Selection and Object Perception

We examined the relation between the emergence of visual selection mechanisms and object perception in infancy. Twenty-two 3-month-old infants participated in both a perceptual completion and a visual search task. In the perceptual completion task, infants were habituated to a partly occluded moving rod and subsequently viewed unoccluded broken and complete rod test stimuli. We presented the same infants with visual search displays in which single targets of varying levels of salience were cast among homogeneous static vertical distracters. Infants who provided evidence of a functional visual selective attention mechanism in the search task were the same infants whose posthabituation preference indicated unity perception in the completion task. Index Terms Visual Attention, Infancy, Object Perception, Oculomotor Control.
The IRIS Far‐Infrared Galaxy Survey: Expected Number Count, Redshift, and Perspective

Infrared Imaging Surveyor (IRIS) is a satellite that will be launched in the beginning of 2003. One of the main purposes of the IRIS mission is an all‐sky survey at far‐infrared (FIR) wavelengths with a flux limit much deeper than that of IRAS. In order to examine the performance of the survey, we estimated the FIR galaxy counts in four (50, 70, 120, and 150 μm) bands based on some models. We adopted a multicomponent model that consists of cirrus and starburst components for galaxy spectra and the nearby FIR luminosity function derived from that of IRAS galaxies. We derived the number counts, redshift distributions, and infrared diffuse background radiation spectra for (1) no evolution, (2) pure luminosity evolution, and (3) pure density evolution with q0 = 0.1 and 0.5. We found that a large number of galaxies (∼a few ×106 in the whole sky) will be detected in this survey. With the aid of a vast number of detections, we will detect the effect of galaxy evolution and evaluate the amplitude of evolution at least in the nearby universe in the IRIS survey, though it will be still difficult to constrain which type of evolution takes place from the number count alone. We also studied the estimation of redshifts of detected galaxies by their infrared colors alone. Although significant contamination takes place among nearby faint galaxies and high‐z ones, we found that rough estimation of galaxy redshift can be practicable by jointly using present and future optical surveys.
How Sure are We About Purchasing Power Parity? Panel Evidence with the Null of Stationary Real Exchange Rates

This article presents evidence on mean reversion in industrial countries' real exchange rates in a setup that accounts naturally for cross-sectional dependence, is invariant to the benchmark currency and actually tests for the null of interest, i.e. purchasing power parity. Our results are based on the Kwiatkowski et al. (1992) test for the stationarity null generalized in a multivariate random walk plus noise model by Nyblom and Harvey (2000).
Supplementary Materials for

using a high-resolution digital camera (Canon PowerShot S110) mounted on an 11-m carbon-fiber pole (Ron Thompson Gangster Carp Pole). The camera was mounted to the pole such that it could be held parallel to the ground at 10-m height. Images were recorded every second. Exposure was controlled manually to maintain consistency in changing light conditions. Within each plot, the camera rig was walked by the same individual (TCC) along parallel transects spaced 5-m apart (n = 7 transects/plot); this yielded a contiguous set of “large” images spanning approximately 3.4 ×5.9m, which collectively covered the entirety of each 30×30 m plot.
The lawful perception of apparent motion 2 3 4 Perceptual Dynamics Laboratory

11 Visual apparent motion is the experience of motion from the successive stimulation of separate spatial locations. How 12 spatial and temporal distances interact to determine the strength of apparent motion has been controversial. Some studies 13 report space–time coupling: If we increase spatial or temporal distance between successive stimuli, we must also increase 14 the other distance between them to maintain a constant strength of apparent motion (Korte’s third law of motion). Other 15 studies report space–time tradeoff: If we increase one of these distances, we must decrease the other to maintain a 16 constant strength of apparent motion. In this article, we resolve the controversy. Starting from a normative theory of motion 17 measurement and data on human spatiotemporal sensitivity, we conjecture that both coupling and tradeoff should occur, but 18 at different speeds. We confirm the prediction in two experiments, using suprathreshold multistable apparent-motion 19 displays called motion lattices. Our results show a smooth transition between the tradeoff and coupling as a function of 20 speed: Tradeoff occurs at low speeds and coupling occurs at high speeds. From our data, we reconstruct the 21 suprathreshold equivalence contours that are analogous to isosensitivity contours obtained at the threshold of visibility. 22
Exact and Heuristic Algorithms for Thrift Cyclic Scheduling

Non-preemptive schedulers, despite their many discussed drawbacks, remain a very popular choice for practitioners of real-time and embedded systems. The non-preemptive ‘thrift’ cyclic scheduler—variations of which can be found in other application areas—has recently received considerable attention for the implementation of such embedded systems. A thrift scheduler provides a flexible and compact implementation model for periodic task sets with comparatively small overheads; additionally, it can overcome several of the problems associated with traditional ‘cyclic executives’. However, severe computational difficulties can still arise when designing schedules for non-trivial task sets. This paper is concerned with an optimization version of the offset-assignment problem, in which the objective is to assign task offsets such that the required CPU clock speed is minimized whilst ensuring that task overruns do not occur; it is known that the decision version of this problem is complete for Σ2p. The paper first considers the problemof candidate solution verification—itself strongly coNP-Complete—and a fast, exact algorithm for this problem is proposed; it is shown that for any fixed number of tasks, its execution time is polynomial. The paper then proposes two heuristic algorithms of pseudopolynomial complexity for solving the offset-assignment problem, and considers how redundant choices of offset combinations can be eliminated to help speed up the search. The performance of these algorithms is then experimentally evaluated, before conclusions are drawn.
The Cepheid Distance to NGC 1637: A Direct Test of the Expanding Photosphere Method Distance to SN 1999em

Type II-plateau supernovae (SNe II-P) are the classic variety of core-collapse events that result from isolated, massive stars with thick hydrogen envelopes intact at the time of explosion. Their distances are now routinely estimated through two techniques: the expanding photosphere method (EPM), a primary distance-determining method, and the recently developed standard-candle method (SCM), a promising secondary technique. Using Cycle 10 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations, we identify 41 Cepheid variable stars in NGC 1637, the host galaxy of the most thoroughly studied SN II-P to date, SN 1999em. Remarkably, the Cepheid distance that we derive to NGC 1637, D = 11.7 ± 1.0 Mpc, is nearly 50% larger than earlier EPM distance estimates to SN 1999em. This is the first direct comparison between these two primary distance-determining methods for a galaxy hosting a well-observed, spectroscopically and photometrically normal, SN II-P. Extensive consistency checks show strong evidence to support the Cepheid distance scale, so we are led to believe either that SN 1999em is in some heretofore unsuspected way an unusual SN II-P, or that the SN II-P distance scale must be revised. Assuming the latter, this one calibration yields H0(EPM) = 57 ± 15 km s-1 Mpc-1 and H0(SCM) = 59 ± 11 km s-1 Mpc-1; additional calibrating galaxies are clearly desirable in order to test the robustness of both determinations of H0. The HST observations of NGC 1637 also captured the fading SN 1999em 2 yr after explosion, providing the latest photometry ever obtained for an SN II-P. The nebular-phase photometric behavior of SN 1999em closely follows that observed for SN 1987A at similar epochs. The V and I light curves are both declining at rates significantly greater than the decay slope of 56Co predicts. This is likely due to an increasing transparency of the envelope to gamma rays and perhaps also to the formation of dust in the cooling atmosphere of the SN. The absolute V-band brightness of SN 1999em is ~0.25 mag brighter than SN 1987A at the same epochs, which suggests that a slightly greater amount of radioactive 56Ni, ~0.09 M☉, was ejected by SN 1999em than was derived for SN 1987A (0.075 M☉).
Molecular and cellular regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins in cancer

Malignant cells are known to have accelerated metabolism, high glucose requirements, and increased glucose uptake. Transport of glucose across the plasma membrane of mammalian cells is the first rate‐limiting step for glucose metabolism and is mediated by facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins. Increased glucose transport in malignant cells has been associated with increased and deregulated expression of glucose transporter proteins, with overexpression of GLUT1 and/or GLUT3 a characteristic feature. Oncogenic transformation of cultured mammalian cells causes a rapid increase of glucose transport and GLUT1 expression via interaction with GLUT1 promoter enhancer elements. In human studies, high levels of GLUT1 expression in tumors have been associated with poor survival. Studies indicate that glucose transport in breast cancer is not fully explained by GLUT1 or GLUT3 expression, suggesting involvement of another glucose transporter. Recently, a novel glucose transporter protein, GLUT12, has been found in breast and prostate cancers. In human breast and prostate tumors and cultured cells, GLUT12 is located intracellularly and at the cell surface. Trafficking of GLUT12 to the plasma membrane could therefore contribute to glucose uptake. Several factors have been implicated in the regulation of glucose transporter expression in breast cancer. Hypoxia can increase GLUT1 levels and glucose uptake. Estradiol and epidermal growth factor, both of which can play a role in breast cancer cell growth, increase glucose consumption. Estradiol and epidermal growth factor also increase GLUT12 protein levels in cultured breast cancer cells. Targeting GLUT12 could provide novel methods for detection and treatment of breast and prostate cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Managing the Complementarity of Knowledge Integration and Process Formalization for Systems Development Performance

Systems development processes have received significant negative publicity due to failed projects, often at large costs, and performance issues that continue to plague IS managers. This study complements existing systems development research by proposing a knowledge management perspective for managing tacit and explicit knowledge in the systems development process. Specifically, it proposes that collaborative exchange and integration of explicit knowledge across phases of the development process positively influence the performance of systems development. It also suggests that process formalization not only directly impacts development performance but also moderates the performance effects of the knowledge integration factors. Data for the empirical study were collected from 60 organizations that are part of a user group for one of the world’s largest software development tool vendors.
Iterative Decoding of Concatenated Channel Coding and Trellis Shaping Based on Markov Model

The trellis shaping (TS) is an effective technique not only for average power reduction of high-order QAM signals, but also for peak power reduction of band-limited single-carrier PSK signals. Our recent work has demonstrated that signals with almost constant envelope can be generated. Compared to the unshaped PSK system, however, this shaping process introduces signal constellation expansion exclusively for peak power reduction and thus reduces the minimum Euclidean distance of the PSK signal constellation, rendering the overall system sensitive to channel noise. To overcome this drawback, this paper proposes a new decoding algorithm of the TS that exploits the Markov process property of the shaped symbols. This decoding algorithm can work alone, but becomes more effective when the shaping encoder is serially concatenated with a channel coding. The simulation results demonstrate that this serial concatenation together with an iterative decoding between shaping and coding can achieve a significant amount of coding gain.
What Drives the Commonality between Credit Default Swap Spread Changes?

This paper documents an increase in the comovement between credit default swap (CDS) spread changes during the 2007–2009 crisis and investigates the source of that increase. One possible explanation is that comovement increased because fundamental values became more correlated. However, I find that changes in fundamentals account for only 23% of the increase in covariance. The remaining increase is attributed to changes in liquidity and the market price of default risk. In contrast, counterparty risk played an insignificant role. Although both contributed, the increase in covariance was driven more by variation in exposures than factor variance–covariance.
The Bundesbank's Inflation Policy and Asymmetric Behavior of the German Term Structure

The paper analyzes the influence of the Bundesbank's inflation targeting policy on the behavior of the spread between long-term and short-term German interest rates. The term spread is considered to be a key indicator of future inflation and economic activity. The application of a momentum threshold autoregressive cointegration model enables the authors to study the adjustment process of the spread toward equilibrium in greater detail than heretofore possible, and permits relaxation of the linear and symmetric adjustment assumption underlying conventional cointegration and error correction investigations on the expectations hypothesis. The empirical findings are consistent with the hypothesized asymmetric adjustment behavior of the spread and can be explained by the Bundesbank's inflation targeting policy during the period from 1975 to 1998.
Semidefinite programming for gradient and Hessian computation in maximum entropy estimation

We consider the classical problem of estimating a density on [0,1] via some maximum entropy criterion. For solving this convex optimization problem with algorithms using first-order or second-order methods, at each iteration one has to compute (or at least approximate) moments of some measure with a density on [0,1], to obtain gradient and Hessian data. We propose a numerical scheme based on semidefinite programming that avoids computing quadrature formula for this gradient and Hessian computation.
Intake of micronutrients among Danish adult users and non-users of dietary supplements

Objectives To evaluate the intake of micronutrients from the diet and from supplements in users and non-users of dietary supplements, respectively, in a representative sample of the Danish adult population. A specific objective was to identify the determinants of supplement use. Design A cross-sectional representative national study of the intake of vitamins and minerals from the diet and from dietary supplements. Method The Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity, 2000–2004. Participants (n=4,479; 53% females) aged 18–75 years gave information about the use of dietary supplements in a personal interview. The quantification of the micronutrient contribution from supplements was estimated from a generic supplement constructed from data on household purchases. Nutrient intakes from the diet were obtained from a self-administered 7-day pre-coded dietary record. Median intakes of total nutrients from the diets of users and non-users of supplements were analysed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results Sixty percent of females and 51% of males were users of supplements. With the exception of vitamin D, the intake of micronutrients from the diet was adequate at the group level for all age and gender groups. Among females in the age group 18–49 years, the micronutrient intake from the diet was significantly higher compared with the non-users of dietary supplements. The use of dietary supplements increased with age and with ‘intention to eat healthy. ’ Conclusion Intake of micronutrients from the diet alone was considered adequate for both users and non-users of dietary supplements. Younger females who were supplement users had a more micronutrient-dense diet compared to non-users.
Southern Egypt Stroke Study: Case Fatality Rates in a Hospital-Based Setting

Background: The best approach to reduce the burden of stroke remains prevention. The large majority of epi- demiological data available focus only on western countries. A better knowledge of stroke patients characteristics in Mid- dle East and African communities will help to promote tailored campaigns by health care authorities and medical socie- ties. Objectives: to determine the characteristics of hospitalized stroke patients and case fatality in Upper Egypt governorates areas (Sohag, Quena, Aswan). Methods: prospective hospital-based study carried out in the Neurology department of Sohag University hospital, in- volved 467 consecutive stroke patients. Demographic data, stroke-subtypes, risk factors, and stroke outcome, were ana- lyzed. The study population was a consecutive series of patients admitted in the main tertiary health care level hospital of the area. Results: hemorrhagic strokes reported in 37.5% of cases. Fifty six % were above 60 years and 8.6% were juvenile events. Sixty two % of stroke occurred in autumn-winter. Hemorrhagic stroke was higher in spring-summer (53%). Hypertension was the more frequent risk factor reported in 42% of patients. In the study population smoking was present in 37.7%, ischemic heart diseases in 32.8%, dyslipidaemia in 29.5%, Diabetes (DM) in 21.6%, past history of stroke in 10.5%, obe- sity in 10.1%, positive family history for stroke in 9.6%, atrial fibrillation in 6%, Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in 5.6% of patients and alcohol abuse in 1.3%. The 1-month case fatality rate was 27.8%. Conclusion: In Upper Egypt, we reported higher prevalences of hemorrhagic events, juvenile strokes and RHD compared with other studies.
Darks Are Processed Faster Than Lights

Recent physiological studies claim that dark stimuli have access to greater neuronal resources than light stimuli in early visual pathway. We used two sets of novel stimuli to examine the functional consequences of this dark dominance in human observers. We show that increment and decrement thresholds are equal when controlled for adaptation and eye movements. However, measurements for salience differences at high contrasts show that darks are detected pronouncedly faster and more accurately than lights when presented against uniform binary noise. In addition, the salience advantage for darks is abolished when the background distribution is adjusted to control for the irradiation illusion. The threshold equality suggests that the highest sensitivities of neurons in the ON and OFF channels are similar, whereas the salience difference is consistent with a population advantage for the OFF system.