Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interference between smooth pursuit and color working memory

Spatial working memory (WM) and spatial attention are closely related, but the relationship between non-spatial WM and spatial attention still remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between color WM and smooth pursuit eye movements. A modified delayed-match-to-sample paradigm (DMS) was applied with 2 or 4 items presented in each visual field. Subjects memorized the colors of items in the cued visual field and smoothly moved eyes towards or away from memorized items during retention interval despite that the colored items were no longer visible. The WM performance decreased with higher load in general. More importantly, the WM performance was better when subjects pursued towards rather than away from the cued visual field. Meanwhile, the pursuit gain decreased with higher load and demonstrated a higher result when pursuing away from the cued visual field. These results indicated that spatial attention, guiding attention to the memorized items, benefits color WM. Therefore, we propose that a competition for attention resources exists between color WM and smooth pursuit eye movements.
What Is the Total Deuterium Abundance in the Local Galactic Disk?

Analyses of spectra obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite, together with spectra from the Copernicus and interstellar medium absorption profile spectrograph (IMAPS) instruments, reveal an unexplained, very wide range in the observed deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratios for interstellar gas in the Galactic disk beyond the Local Bubble. We argue that spatial variations in the depletion of deuterium onto dust grains can explain these local variations in the observed gas-phase D/H ratios. We present a variable deuterium depletion model that naturally explains the constant measured values of D/H inside the Local Bubble, the wide range of gas-phase D/H ratios observed in the intermediate regime [log N(H ) = 19.2-20.7], and the low gas-phase D/H ratios observed at larger hydrogen column densities. We consider empirical tests of the deuterium depletion hypothesis: (1) correlations of gas-phase D/H ratios with depletions of the refractory metals iron and silicon, and (2) correlation with the H2 rotational temperature. Both of these tests are consistent with deuterium depletion from the gas phase in cold, not recently shocked regions of the ISM, and high gas-phase D/H ratios in gas that has been shocked or otherwise heated recently. We argue that the most representative value for the total (gas plus dust) D/H ratio within 1 kpc of the Sun is ≥23.1 ± 2.4(1 σ) parts per million (ppm). This ratio constrains Galactic chemical evolution models to have a very small deuterium astration factor, the ratio of primordial to total (D/H) ratio in the local region of the Galactic disk, which we estimate to be fd ≤ 1.19(1 σ) or ≤1.12 ± 0.14(1 σ) depending on the adopted light-element nuclear reaction rates.
Cognitive Biases and Instability of Preferences in the Portfolio Choices of Retail Investors Policy Implications of Behavioural Finance

Classical financial theory assumes that individuals are perfectly rational and act by usingcomplete and homogeneous information sets. For a long time, this has been used both ondescriptive and normative grounds. However, empirical research has shown thatinvestors systematically commit reasoning or preference errors hard to reconcile with therationality assumption. These errors are reflected in “behavioural anomalies” that leadretail investors to low participation in the equity market, perception errors of the risk-returnrelationship, poor portfolio diversification and excessive trading. This papersurveys and discusses the insights of behavioural finance that help us to understandobserved anomalies using the theoretical apparatus of cognitive psychology andexperimental evidence. These insights, by providing a review of the real perceptions ofphenomena and the psychological and irrational components at the basis of individualchoices, may be helpful to strengthen the efficiency of financial regulation andsupervision. In particular, financial education in a behavioural vein can be used toimprove investors' capacity to judge and to raise their understanding of the most seriousbehavioural “traps”. The contents and presentation format of disclosure on thecharacteristics of financial products also lay themselves open to be geared to theprescriptions of behavioural finance. Finally, financial advice is an indispensablesupplement for guiding investors to make decisions that best serve their interests and forstrengthening the efficiency of financial regulation; financial advisors should thereforeendeavour to help customers to contain the most common behavioural errors. Thepurpose of this work is to stimulate debate on the behavioural analysis of the abovementioned policy issues, in order to strengthen the efficiency of instruments madeavailable to investors to understand the characteristics of financial products.
Thermal integration of a distillation column through side-exchangers

Thermal integration of a distillation column with the background process through side exchangers (side reboilers/condensers) is important for designing an energy-efficient distillation column. Thermal integration of a distillation column through side exchangers also improves the exergetic efficiency of the column. Invariant rectifying and stripping (IRS) curves are employed for thermodynamic analysis of a distillation column. Different configurations for side-exchanger integration are evaluated based on the exergetic efficiency of the distillation process and they are also compared with feed preheating options. A novel optimal configuration curve is proposed in this paper that identifies feed composition and its thermal condition for which it is beneficial to have a side reboiler in a distillation column.
Investigating Relationships and Semantic Sets amongst System Lifecycle Properties (Ilities)

The ilities are properties of engineering systems that often manifest and determine value after a system is put into initial use (e.g. resilience, interoperability, flexibility). Rather than being primary functional requirements, these properties concern wider system impacts with respect to time and stakeholders. Over the past decade there has been increasing attention to ilities in industry, government and academia. Our research suggests that investigating ilities in sets may be more meaningful than study of single ilities in isolation. Some ilities are closely related and do in fact form semantic sets. Here, we use two methods to investigate over twenty ilities in terms of their prevalence and their interrelationships. We look for trends related to ilities of interest in relation to system type and an understanding of their collective use. First, we conducted a prevalence analysis of 22 ilities using both the internet as well as the Compendex/Inspec database as a source. We found over 1,275,000 scientific articles published between 1884 and 2010 and over 1.9 billion hits on the internet, exposing a clear prevalence-based ranking of ilities. Two questions we seek to address are: why and how are the ilities related to one another, and what can we do with this information. Initial steps to answer the first question include a 2-tupel-correlation matrix analysis that exposes the strongest relationships amongst ilities based on concurrent usage. Moreover, we conducted some preliminary experiments that indicate that a hierarchy of ilities with a few major groupings may be most useful. The overall objective for this research is to develop a formal framework and prescriptive guidance for effectively incorporating sets of ilities into the design of complex engineering systems.
The development of the mucosal immune system pre- and post-weaning: balancing regulatory and effector function

The mucosal immune system fulfils the primary function of defence against potential pathogens that may enter across vulnerable surface epithelia. However, a secondary function of the intestinal immune system is to discriminate between pathogen-associated and ‘harmless’ antigens, expressing active responses against the former and tolerance to the latter. Control of immune responses appears to be an active process, involving local generation of IgA and of regulatory and/or regulated T lymphocytes. Two important periods of maximum exposure to novel antigens occur in the young animal, immediately after birth and at weaning. In both cases the antigenic composition of the intestinal contents can shift suddenly, as a result of a novel diet and of colonisation by novel strains and species of bacteria. Changes in lifestyles of man, and husbandry of animals, have resulted in weaning becoming much more abrupt than previously in evolution, increasing the number of antigens that must be simultaneously evaluated by neonates. Thus, birth and weaning are likely to represent hazard and critical control points in the development of appropriate responses to pathogens and harmless dietary and commensal antigens. Neonates are born with relatively undeveloped mucosal immune systems. At birth this factor may prevent both expression of active immune responses and development of tolerance. However, colonisation by intestinal flora expands the mucosal immune system in antigen-specific and non-specific ways. At weaning antibody to fed proteins can be detected, indicating active immune responses to fed proteins. It is proposed that under normal conditions the ability of the mucosal immune system to mount active responses to foreign antigens develops simultaneously with the ability to control and regulate such responses. Problems arise when one or other arm of the immune system develops inappropriately, resulting in inappropriate effector responses to harmless food proteins (allergy) or inadequate responses to pathogens (disease susceptibility).
Entrepreneurship in Equilibrium

This paper compares the financing of new ventures in start-ups (entrepreneurship) and in established firms (intrapreneurship). Intrapreneurship allows established firms to use information on failed intrapreneurs to redeploy them into other jobs. By contrast, failed entrepreneurs must seek other jobs in an imperfectly informed external labor market. While this external labor market leads to ex post inefficient allocations, it provides entrepreneurs with high-powered incentives ex ante. We show that two types of equilibria can arise (and sometimes coexist). In a low entrepreneurship equilibrium, the market for failed entrepreneurs is thin, making internal labor markets and intrapreneurship particularly valuable. In a high entrepreneurship equilibrium, the active labor market reduces the value of internal labor markets and encourages entrepreneurship. We also show that there can be too little or too much entrepreneurial activity. There can be too little because entrepreneurs do not take into account their positive effect on the quality of the labor market. There can be too much because a high quality labor market is bad for entrepreneurial incentives.
Neuroprotective properties of memantine in different in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity

The pathogenesis of stroke, trauma and chronic degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been linked to excitotoxic processes due to inappropriate stimulation of the N‐methyl‐d‐asparate receptor (NMDA‐R). Attempts to use potent competitive NMDA‐R antagonists as neuroprotectants have shown serious side‐effects in patients. As an alternative approach, we were interested in the anti‐excitotoxic properties of memantine, a well‐tolerated low affinity uncompetitive NMDA‐R antagonist presently used as an anti‐dementia agent. We explored in a series of models of increasing complexity, whether this voltage‐dependent channel blocker had neuroprotective properties at clinically relevant concentrations. As expected, memantine protected neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices or dissociated cultures from direct NMDA‐induced excitotoxicity. However, low concentrations of memantine were also effective in neuronal (cortical neurons and cerebellar granule cells) stress models dependent on endogenous glutamate stimulation and mitochondrial stress, i.e. exposure to hypoxia, the mitochondrial toxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Furthermore, memantine reduced lethality and brain damage in vivo in a model of neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia (HI). Finally, we investigated functional rescue (neuronal capacity to migrate along radial glia) by memantine in cerebellar microexplant cultures exposed to the indirect excitotoxin 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NP). Potent NMDA‐R antagonists, such as (+)MK‐801, are known to block neuronal migration in microexplant cultures. Interestingly, memantine significantly restored the number of neurons able to migrate out of the stressed microexplants. These findings suggest that inhibition of the NMDA‐R by memantine is sufficient to block excitotoxicity, while still allowing some degree of signalling.
KIBRA Polymorphism Is Associated with Individual Differences in Hippocampal Subregions: Evidence from Anatomical Segmentation using High-Resolution MRI

The KIBRA gene has been associated with episodic memory in several recent reports; carriers of the T-allele show enhanced episodic memory performance relative to noncarriers. Gene expression studies in human and rodent species show high levels of KIBRA in the hippocampus, particularly in the subfields. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the KIBRA C→T polymorphism is also associated with volume differences in the human hippocampus and whether specific subfields are differentially affected by KIBRA genotype. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (T2-weighted, voxel size = 0.4 × 0.4 mm, in-plane) was used to manually segment hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA) subfields, dentate gyrus (DG), and the subiculum as well as adjacent medial temporal lobe cortices in healthy carriers and noncarriers of the KIBRA T-allele (rs17070145). Overall, we found that T-carriers had a larger hippocampal volume relative to noncarriers. The structural differences observed were specific to the CA fields and DG regions of the hippocampus, suggesting a potential neural mechanism for the effects of KIBRA on episodic memory performance reported previously.
Redefining unforgiveness: Exploring victims’ experiences in the wake of unforgiven interpersonal transgressions

ABSTRACT This study explored victims’ experiences in the aftermath of unforgiven offenses. Semi-structured interviews with 13 individuals discussing two unforgiven offenses revealed considerable variability in the experiences of unforgiveness, suggesting that unforgiveness may be more multifaceted than previously believed. In addition to the negative emotions and rumination previously posited to characterize unforgiveness, novel themes emerged describing unforgiving cognitions (e.g., the offense is unforgiveable) and construals of the offender. Participants varied along each dimension, resulting in a range of outcomes (e.g., forgiveness, lingering personal distress, finding peace without forgiving). Implications for conceptualizing unforgiveness and counseling those who struggle with unforgiven offenses are discussed.
Fermentation Characteristics along the Gastrointestinal Tract after Feeding of Jerusalem Artichoke Meal to Adult Healthy Warmblood Horses

Objective: Prebiotics are used to support the gastrointestinal health via stimulating particular beneficial parts of the autochthonous microflora and enhancing their metabolism. Horses often suffer from gastrointestinal disturbances after feed changes or behavioral stress in response to transport. Therefore, the supplementation with prebiotic compounds might reduce the risk for intestinal dysregulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of supplementation with Jerusalem artichoke meal (JAM) in a recommended prebiotic dosage on fermentation characteristics in the equine gastrointestinal tract. Methods: Twelve adult healthy horses received crushed oat grains (1.2 g starch/kg BW x d-1) and meadow hay (as fed basis; 1.5 kg/100 kg BW x d-1). Additionally, they were fed either an apparently prebiotic quantity of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin (0.2 g/kg BW x d-1) via Jerusalem artichoke meal (JAM) or an equal amount of maize cob meal without grains as control (CON) over 3 weeks. On d21, horses were euthanized, gastrointestinal contents were removed from 7 different regions of the gastrointestinal tract, the dry matter (DM) content, pH value and concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), Land D-lactate and ammonia were measured. Results: JAM did not had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on any of the measured fermentation products and the pH value as well. Numerically, JAM increased the concentrations of SCFA (P > 0.05), lactate (both isomers, P > 0.05) and ammonia (P < 0.05) predominantly in the stomach but had no impact on the pH value overall. In the hindgut, the stimulation of the microbial activity was limited to the ventral colon only indicated by slightly higher SCFA (P > 0.05) and ammonia (P > 0.05) but lower L-lactate (P > 0.05) concentrations compared to control. Conclusion: FOS and inulin from JAM seem extensively be fermented already in the stomach of horses. The resulting organic acids might elevate the risk for gastric ulcers. Recently the gastric pH was buffered by concomitantly elevated ammonia, which requires a careful delineation of the influences of either individual acids or low pH levels or both together on the mucosa health in both distinct parts of the equine stomach. In the hindgut, the effect of JAM on the microbial activity seems to be much less pronounced than expected or advertised.
Influence of an Inorganic Interlayer on Exciton Separation in Hybrid Solar Cells

It has been shown that in hybrid polymer–inorganic photovoltaic devices not all the photogenerated excitons dissociate at the interface immediately, but can instead exist temporarily as bound charge pairs (BCPs). Many of these BCPs do not contribute to the photocurrent, as their long lifetime as a bound species promotes various charge carrier recombination channels. Fast and efficient dissociation of BCPs is therefore considered a key challenge in improving the performance of polymer–inorganic cells. Here we investigate the influence of an inorganic energy cascading Nb2O5 interlayer on the charge carrier recombination channels in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)–TiO2 and PbSe colloidal quantum dot–TiO2 photovoltaic devices. We demonstrate that the additional Nb2O5 film leads to a suppression of BCP formation at the heterojunction of the P3HT cells and also a reduction in the nongeminate recombination mechanisms in both types of cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the reduction in nongeminate recombination in the P3HT–TiO2 devices is due in part to the passivation of deep midgap trap states in the TiO2, which prevents trap-assisted Shockley–Read–Hall recombination. Consequently a significant increase in both the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current was achieved, in particular for P3HT-based solar cells, where the power conversion efficiency increased by 39%.
Multi-View Priors for Learning Detectors from Sparse Viewpoint Data

Abstract: While the majority of today's object class models provide only 2D bounding boxes, far richer output hypotheses are desirable including viewpoint, fine-grained category, and 3D geometry estimate. However, models trained to provide richer output require larger amounts of training data, preferably well covering the relevant aspects such as viewpoint and fine-grained categories. In this paper, we address this issue from the perspective of transfer learning, and design an object class model that explicitly leverages correlations between visual features. Specifically, our model represents prior distributions over permissible multi-view detectors in a parametric way -- the priors are learned once from training data of a source object class, and can later be used to facilitate the learning of a detector for a target class. As we show in our experiments, this transfer is not only beneficial for detectors based on basic-level category representations, but also enables the robust learning of detectors that represent classes at finer levels of granularity, where training data is typically even scarcer and more unbalanced. As a result, we report largely improved performance in simultaneous 2D object localization and viewpoint estimation on a recent dataset of challenging street scenes.
Clinical Spectrum of Cerebral Palsy and Associated Disability in South Egypt: A Local Survey Study

BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of motor disability in children with a prevalence of 2-10/1,000 live births in the developing areas. AIM: The epidemiology, clinical picture, and associated comorbidities in CP have been extensively studied in high-resource countries, but in low-resource areas, including Africa, those studies are still lacking. METHODS: Cerebral palsy cases were prospectively recruited from every physiotherapy centre in Bani-Mazar city, Egypt, in a cross-sectional study from May 2015 to November 2015. RESULTS: Two hundred cases were enrolled with a prevalence of 1 per 1000 live births. Within the study population, 72.5% were the spastic type, 16% were dyskinetic, 7% were ataxic, and 4.5% were hypotonic. The most common comorbidities were cognitive impairment and epilepsy affecting 77% and 38%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cerebral palsy in developing countries has a higher prevalence and different clinical profile regarding severity and associated disability. The perinatal and high-quality neonatal care together with physical therapy and rehabilitation programs is still lacking in developing countries.
Roughian: Rough information analysis

Rough set data analysis (RSDA), introduced by Pawlak, has become a much researched method of knowledge discovery with over 1200 publications to date. One feature which distinguishes RSDA from other data analysis methods is that, in its original form, it gathers all its information from the given data, and does not make external model assumptions as all statistical and most machine learning methods (including decision tree procedures) do. The price which needs to be paid for the parsimony of this approach, however, is that some statistical backup is required, for example, to deal with random influences to which the observed data may be subjected. In supplementing RSDA by such meta‐procedures care has to be taken that the same non‐invasive principles are applied. In a sequence of papers and conference contributions, we have developed the components of a non‐invasive method of data analysis, which is based on the RSDA principle, but is not restricted to “classical” RSDA applications. In this article, we present for the first time in a unified way the foundation and tools of such rough information analysis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploring the Frequency of Close-in Jovian Planets around M Dwarfs

We discuss our high-precision radial velocity results of a sample of 90 M dwarfs observed with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope and the Harlan J. Smith 2.7 m Telescope at McDonald Observatory, as well as the ESO VLT and the Keck I telescopes, within the context of the overall frequency of Jupiter-mass planetary companions to main-sequence stars. None of the stars in our sample show variability indicative of a giant planet in a short-period orbit, with a ≤ 1 AU. We estimate an upper limit of the frequency f of close-in Jovian planets around M dwarfs as <1.27% (at the 1 σ confidence level). Furthermore, we determine that the efficiency of our survey in noticing planets in circular orbits is 98% for companions with m sin i > 3.8MJ and a ≤ 0.7 AU. For eccentric orbits (e = 0.6) the survey completeness is 95% for all planets with m sin i > 3.5MJ and a ≤ 0.7 AU. Our results point toward a generally lower frequency of close-in Jovian planets for M dwarfs as compared to FGK-type stars. This is an important piece of information for our understanding of the process of planet formation as a function of stellar mass.