Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Star Gazing: Hollywood Cinema and Female Spectatorship.

In a historical investigation of the pleasures of cinema, Star Gazing puts female spectators back into theories of spectatorship. Combining film theory with a rich body of ethnographic research, Jackie Stacey investigates how female spectators understood Hollywood stars in the 1940's and 1950's. Her study challenges the universalism of psychoanalytic theories of female spectatorship which have dominated the feminist agenda within film studies for over two decades. Drawing on letters and questionnaires from over three hundred keen cinema-goers, Stacey investigates the significance of certain Hollywood stars in women's memories of wartime and postwar Britain. Three key processes of spectatorship - escapism, identification and consumption - are explored in detail in terms of their multiple and changing meanings for female spectators at this time. Star Gazing demonstrates the importance of cultural and national location for the meanings of female spectatorship, giving a new direction to questions of popular culture and female desire.
Changes in airway configuration with different head and neck positions using magnetic resonance imaging of normal airways: a new concept with possible clinical applications.

BACKGROUND The sniffing position is often considered optimal for direct laryngoscopy. Another concept of airway configuration involving a laryngeal vestibule axis and two curves has also been suggested. We investigated whether this theory can be supported mathematically and if it supports the sniffing position as being optimal for direct laryngoscopy. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed in 42 normal adult volunteers. The airway passage was divided into two curves-primary (oro-pharyngeal curve) and secondary (pharyngo-glotto-tracheal curve). Airway configuration was evaluated in the neutral, extension, head lift, and sniffing positions. The airway passage, point of inflection (where the two curves meet), its tangent, and the line of sight were plotted on each scan. RESULTS The point of inflection lay within the laryngeal vestibule in all positions. The head lift and sniffing positions caused the tangent to the point of inflection to approximate the horizontal plane. The sniffing, extension, and head lift positions caused a reduction in the area between the line of sight and the airway curve compared with the neutral position. CONCLUSIONS A two-curve theory is proposed as a basis for explaining airway configuration. The changes in these curves with head and neck positioning support the sniffing position as optimal for direct laryngoscopy. Application of this new concept to other forms of laryngoscopy should be investigated.
Good News and Bad News About Share Repurchases

We estimate the cross-sectional relationship between open market repurchases and accounting data for a large sample of dividend- paying and non-dividend paying firms over a twelve year period (1984-95). Consistent with the hypothesis that firms use open market repurchases to reduce the agency costs of free cash flow, we find that repurchases are positively related to proxies for free cash flow and negatively related to proxies for marginal financing costs. We also examine the extent to which management stock options influence the choice between open market repurchases and dividend payments. Because the value of management stock options--like any call option--is negatively related to expected future dividend payments, management can increase the value of its stock options by substituting share repurchases for dividend growth. We find evidence that such substitution occurs: for dividend-paying firms, share repurchases are positively related and dividend increases are negatively related to a proxy for management stock options, whereas for non-dividend-paying firms, the relationship between repurchases and options is weak and statistically insignificant.
African expatriates and race in the anthropology of humanitarianism

Anthropological critiques of humanitarianism in Africa emphasize the workings of power, usually along lines of cultural, class, economic, and political difference. While these critiques often mention race, they engage less explicitly with structural racism and white supremacy as intimately woven into humanitarian professional practice. Such an engagement requires looking at how structures of inequality, white supremacy among them, shape the everyday practices of humanitarianism: from recruitment and hiring practices to reception and expectations by local staff. Drawing on work experience (7 months, 2003–2004) and ethnographic data from post-conflict Sierra Leone (20 months, 2005–2007) and recent in-depth interviews with former colleagues (2012), I focus on African expatriates working in African countries in which they are not ‘native’ to re-format critical analyses that have emphasized translational or intermediary roles for African elites. I argue that African expatriates navigate multiple levels and scales in their work and operate under conditions in which assessments of their expertise, mobility and professional ‘success’ are racialized. Ultimately, I suggest that expatriate Africans operate as figures that call into question the metaphors of direction and scale implied in a discussion of studying up in Africa, while they also compel anthropologists to examine how institutions embody and reproduce inequalities.
The Influence of Communication Networks and Turnover on Transactive Memory Systems and Team Performance

Though transactive memory systems (TMS) help improve group performance by increasing the ability of groups to coordinate and specialize, little work has investigated under what conditions TMS is more or less helpful for a group. Past work has explored ways that TMS can be disabled, such as through member turnover, but both turnover and role change after turnover could alter a group’s ability or willingness to use its TMS to improve future performance. Sixty-eight groups of three individuals produced an electrical circuit in an experiment where both the group’s TMS and turnover were manipulated independently. Group TMS reduced errors in producing the circuit and acted as an overall mediator of group training’s influence on performance, replicating prior work. Even though turnover was not directly related to performance or TMS, turnover moderated TMS’s effect on performance when member role change was taken into account. Role change increased the strength of the relationship between TMS and performance in groups that did not experience turnover. In groups that experienced turnover, role change reduced errors and reduced the strength of the relationship between TMS and performance. This study suggests new directions for research and proposes solutions for some inconsistent findings in past literature.
Subcutaneous infusion of kisspeptin‐54 stimulates gonadotrophin release in women and the response correlates with basal oestradiol levels

Kisspeptin stimulates hypothalamic GnRH secretion resulting in gonadotrophin release and has potential as a future therapeutic. Chronic subcutaneous infusion of kisspeptin via a pump (similar to an insulin pump) may provide an alternative route of administration in the future. We investigated for the first time in humans, the gonadotrophin response to subcutaneous (SC) infusions of kisspeptin‐54 in healthy women. Women are markedly more responsive to exogenous kisspeptin in the late follicular phase preovulation when oestradiol levels are naturally high. Therefore, we further investigated whether there was a correlation between baseline oestradiol levels and LH response to kisspeptin.
Variability in the measurement of C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: implications for reference intervals and epidemiological applications.

We developed a reproducible ELISA for C-reactive protein (CRP), calibrated with WHO Reference Material, for which intra- and interassay CVs were 3.0% and 6.0%, respectively. Analytical recovery was 97.9%. The distribution of CRP in a healthy blood donor population (n = 143) was nongaussian, with 2.5th, 50th, and 97.5th percentile values of 0.08, 0.64, and 3.11 mg/L, respectively. There was no sex-related difference, and the association with age was weak. In a study of variability [by the method of Fraser and Harris (Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1989;27:409-37)], the analytical variability was 5.2%; the within-subject variability, CVI, was 42.2%; and the between-subject variability, CVG, was 92.5%. The critical difference for sequential values significant at P < or =0.05 (i.e., the smallest percentage change unlikely to be due to analytical variability or CVI) was calculated as 118%, and the index of individuality, CVI/CVG, was 0.46. This suggests that CRP, like many clinical chemistry analytes, has limited usefulness in detecting early disease-associated changes when used in conjunction with a healthy reference interval. From a molecular epidemiological standpoint, the usefulness of CRP in longitudinal studies is suggested by the small index of individuality and by observations that (a) short-term fluctuations were infrequent, (b) all data stayed within the reference interval, and (c) relative rankings of the subjects over 6 months only moderately deteriorated.
Coffee as an Antidote to Knowledge Stickiness

This paper considers the concept of space and its role in both knowledge creation and overcoming knowledge stickiness. Aristotelian concepts of 'freedom to' and 'freedom from' are used to reconceptualise space. Informal and formal spaces, concepts and places are discussed as both specific locations and as gaps providing space for knowledge development. Qualitative case data indicates that there are three types of space which need to be considered: physical, mental and virtual, as well as a range of reasons why space alone is not enough to support knowledge creation and learning. In the paper it is argued that recognising these areas and developing them in a managed way could overcome inherent organisational learning and knowledge creation barriers.
Motion planning for the 2D Stokes equations

A flatness-based design systematics is presented to realize desired velocity profiles for the Stokes equations in a 2D domain and spatially distributed interior control. The approach combines early and late lumping techniques and utilizes the spectral properties of the system operator. Re-summation techniques are integrated to enhance the domain of applicability as is illustrated in a simulation scenario.
Role of Crosslinking for Agonistic CD40 Monoclonal Antibodies as Immune Therapy of Cancer

In a comprehensive analysis of the agonistic activity of anti-human CD40 mAb CP-870,893, Richman and Vonderheide show that Fc-crosslinking of CP-870,893 is not required. In contrast, the therapeutic potency is more dependent on the CD40 epitopes recognized. Agonists of the TNF superfamily of receptors hold promise as novel therapy for cancer. Recent data on agonistic antimurine TNF receptors (TNFR) such as CD40 suggest that the specific engagement of Fc receptor (FcR) is required for optimal antitumor effects, prompting calls to engineer antihuman CD40 and other TNFR monoclonal antibodies (mAb) accordingly. CP-870,893 is a fully human anti-CD40 mAb, selected in part because it is an immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2), which is presumed to have poor reactivity with FcR; however, CP-870,893 has been evaluated in multiple clinical trials with beneficial activity in patients with melanoma, pancreatic, and other cancers. Here, we confirmed that the activity of antimurine CD40 mAb was dependent on FcγRIIB engagement, was decreased significantly in FcγRIIB−/− mice, and upon Fc-crosslinking antimouse CD40 mAb enhanced the activation of antigen-presenting cells. In contrast, the CP-870,893-mediated activation of human B cells was not enhanced with anti-IgG crosslinking nor abrogated when used as an F(ab)′2 reagent. Crosslinking of CP-870,893 using the CD32-expressing K562 cells yielded an Fc-dependent modest increase in the expression of some activation markers relative to that of the soluble CP-870,893 mAb. Classic Fc-dependent functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) were minimal for CP-870,893 as compared with the IgG1 anti-CD20 mAb rituximab, which mediated both ADCC and CMC in parallel assays. Antimouse CD40 mAb competed for the CD40 ligand binding site, but CP-870,893 did not. Thus, Fc crosslinking is not an essential requirement for agonistic antihuman CD40 mAbs, in which potency is more dependent on the CD40 epitope recognized and the strength of the signal achieved. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(1); 19–26. ©2013 AACR.
New linear codes over Z/sub ps/ via the trace map

The trace map has been used very successfully to generate cocyclic complex and Butson Hadamard matrices and simplex codes over Z<sub>4</sub> and Z<sub>2s</sub>. We extend this technique to obtain new linear codes over Z<sub>ps</sub>. It is worth nothing here that these codes are cocyclic but not simplex codes. Further we find that the construction method also gives Butson Hadamard matrices of order p<sup>sm</sup>
Simulating the formation of a protocluster at z∼ 2

We present results from two high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations of protocluster regions at z ≃ 2.1. The simulations have been compared to observational results for the so-called Spiderweb galaxy system, the core of a putative protocluster region at z = 2.16, found around a radio galaxy. The simulated regions have been chosen so as to form a poor cluster with M 200 ≃ 10 14 h -1 M ⊙ (Cl) and a rich cluster with M 200 ≃ 2 x 10 15 h-1 M ⊙ (C2) at z = 0. The simulated protoclusters show evidence of ongoing assembly of a dominating central galaxy. The stellar mass of the brightest cluster galaxy of the C2 system is in excess with respect to observational estimates for the Spiderweb galaxy, with a total star formation rate which is also larger than indicated by observations. We find that the projected velocities of galaxies in the C2 cluster are consistent with observations, while those measured for the poorer cluster Cl are too low compared with the observed velocities. We argue that the Spiderweb complex resembles the high-redshift progenitor of a rich galaxy cluster. Our results indicate that the included supernovae feedback is not enough to suppress star formation in these systems, supporting the need of introducing active galactic nuclei feedback. According to our simulations, a diffuse atmosphere of hot gas in hydrostatic equilibrium should already be present at this redshift, and enriched at a level comparable to that of nearby galaxy clusters. The presence of this gas should be detectable with future deep X-ray observations.
On the Convexified Sauer-Shelah Theorem

LetAbe a subset of {0, 1}n. Given? >0, we can find a subsetIof {1, . , n} such that the convex hull in RIof the projection ofAonto {0, 1}Icontains the cube [12? , 12+? ]I, and that cardI? n? K(n? +nlog(2n/cardA)), whereK>0 is a universal constant.
Response to Kurt Weyland’s review of Diffusion of Democracy: The Past and Future of Global Democracy

Preface 1. Understanding democracy once more 2. Factors in contributing to democratization 3. Trajectory and temporal rate of democratization 4. Democratic or autocratic future of the world? 5. Why is democracy desirable? Outcomes of democracies and autocracies 6. Epilogue: democratic/autocratic world through a journalistic lens in 2013 Appendix 1. Description of variables of expressed value, risk and countries tolerance of democracy adoption Appendix 2. Selected predictors of democratic growth Appendix 3. Statistical modelling of contrasting definitions of democratic growth.
Monospecific helminth and arthropod infections in an urban population of brown rats from Doha, Qatar

Parasitic infections were studied for the first time in an urban population of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Doha. Only one species of helminth was found, the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta, and one ectoparasite, the flea Xenopsylla astia, from a sample size of 136 rats (52 males and 84 females). The prevalence of H. diminuta was 17.6%, increasing with host age but not in relation to host sex nor season of capture. Host age was a key factor in influencing abundance of infection, although there was a significant three-way interaction with season and host sex arising through heavy infections in juvenile male rats in the summer. The prevalence of X. astia was 45.6%, although both prevalence and abundance of infestations were season and host age dependent. In the winter prevalence and abundance were similar in both host age and sex groups, but in the summer both parameters of infestation were markedly higher among juveniles compared with adults. We found evidence for some association between these two species: H. diminuta was more prevalent among rats with fleas than among those without, although this association was season-, and independently sex- and age-dependent. There were no quantitative interactions and reasons for this are discussed in relation to the foraging and breeding behaviour of the brown rat in Qatar.
Léčba rezistentní schizofrenie v praxi

Lecba rezistentni schizofrenie patři mezi zavažne medicinske problemy. I když jednotna definice rezistentni schizofrenie neexistuje, nejcastěji se za jeji kriterium považuje selhani dvou lecebných pokusů vedených antipsychotiky ze dvou různých chemických skupin v dostatecne davce po dostatecnou dobu. Clanek se zabýva možnostmi pseudorezistence, ke kterým patři zejmena chybna diagnoza, nerozpoznana komorbidita, nedostatecnost lecebných pokusů a noncompliance ze strany pacienta. V připadě potvrzeni rezistence existuje několik terapeutických možnosti, ktere lze dělit na farmakologicke a nefarmakologicke. Mezi farmakologickými metodami si klicovou pozici udržuje nasazeni klozapinu, jehož ucinnost byla opakovaně ověřena. K dalsim možnostem patři předevsim kombinace antipsychotik, jejich augmentace a z nefarmakologických pak elektrokonvulzivni terapie, experimentalně uživana repetitivni transkranialni magneticka stimulace a dale psychoterapie.
Complementary action of two independent dominant genes in Columbia soybean for resistance to Soybean mosaic virus.

A stem-tip necrosis disease was observed in the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] cultivar Columbia and its derivative OX686 when infected with a necrosis-causing strain of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) in Canada. A dominant gene named Rsv3 was found in OX686 for the necrotic reaction. In the present research we have found that Columbia is resistant to all known SMV strains G1-G7, except G4. Genetic studies were conducted to investigate the inheritance of resistance in Columbia and interactions of resistance gene(s) with SMV strains. Columbia was crossed with a susceptible cultivar, Lee 68, and with resistant lines PI96983, Ogden, and LR1, each possessing a resistance gene at the Rsv1 locus. F(1) individuals, F(2) populations, and F(2:3) lines from these crosses were inoculated with G7 or G1 in the greenhouse. Our inheritance data confirmed the presence of two independent dominant genes for SMV resistance in Columbia. Results from allelism tests further demonstrate that the two genes (referred to as R3 and R4 in this article) in Columbia were independent of the Rsv1 locus. R3 appears to be the same gene previously reported as Rsv3 in OX686, which was derived from Columbia. The R3 gene confers resistance to G7, but necrosis to G1. The other gene, R4, conditions resistance to G1 and G7 at the early seedling stage and then a delayed mild mosaic reaction (late susceptible) 3 weeks later. Plants carrying both the R3 and R4 genes were completely resistant to both G1 and G7, indicating that the two genes interact in a complementary fashion. Plants heterozygous for R3 or R4 exhibited systemic necrosis or late susceptibility, suggesting that the resistance is allele dosage dependent. The R4 gene appeared epistatic to R3 since it masked expression of necrosis associated with the response of R3. The complementary interaction of two resistance genes, as exhibited in Columbia, can be useful in development of soybean cultivars with multiple and durable resistance to SMV.
A DETECTION OF DARK MATTER HALO ELLIPTICITY USING GALAXY CLUSTER LENSING IN THE SDSS

We measure the ellipticity of isolated clusters of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) using gravitational lensing. We stack the clusters, rotating so that the major axes of the ellipses determined by the positions of cluster member galaxies are aligned. We exclude the signal from the central 0.5 h−1 Mpc to avoid problems with stacking alignment and cluster member contamination. We fit an elliptical Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) profile and find a projected, two-dimensional axis ratio for the dark matter of f = b/a = 0.48+0.14−0.09(1σ), and rule out f = 1 at 99.6% confidence thus ruling out a spherical halo. We find that the ellipticity of the cluster galaxy distribution is consistent with being equal to the dark matter ellipticity. The results are similar if we change the isolation criterion by 50% in either direction.
Angiogenic growth factors augment K–Cl cotransporter expression in erythroid cells via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α

The potassium chloride cotransporters (KCC) family of proteins are widely expressed and are involved in the transepithelial movement of potassium and chloride ions and the regulation of cell volume. KCC activity is high in reticulocytes, and contributes to the dehydration of sickle red blood cells. Because plasma levels of both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) are elevated in sickle cell individuals, and VEGF has been shown to increase KCC expression in other cells, we hypothesized that VEGF and PlGF influence KCC expression in erythroid cells. Both VEGF and PlGF treatment of human erythroid K562 cells increased both mRNA and protein levels of KCC1, KCC3b, and KCC4. VEGF‐ and PlGF‐mediated cellular signaling involved VEGF‐R1 and downstream effectors, specifically, PI‐3 kinase, p38 MAP kinase, mTOR, NADPH‐oxidase, JNK kinase, and HIF‐1α. VEGF and PlGF‐mediated transcription of KCC3b and KCC4 involved hypoxia response element (HRE) motifs in their promoters, as demonstrated by promoter analysis, EMSA and ChiP. These results were corroborated in vivo by adenoviral‐mediated overexpression of PlGF in normal mice, which led to increased expression of mKCC3 and mKCC4 in erythroid precursors. Our studies show that VEGF and PlGF regulate transcription of KCC3b and KCC4 in erythroid cells via activation of HIF‐1α, independent of hypoxia. These studies provide novel therapeutic targets for regulation of cell volume in RBC precursors, and thus, amelioration of dehydration in RBCs in sickle cell disease. Am. J. Hematol. 89:273–281, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modified Reactive Strength Index in Adolescent Athletes Competing in Different Sports and Its Relationship with Force Production

The modified reactive strength index (RSImod) is used as a measurement of reactive strength and explosiveness. The main purpose of the current study was to assess RSImod in young athletes competing in various sports and to examine the relationship between RSImod and eccentric and concentric force and vertical displacement. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant main effect for sport group, but not for age group. Soccer (0.47±0.09 m/s) and basketball players (0.49±0.1 m/s) had significantly higher values than handball players (0.36±0.07 m/s) and rowers (0.35±0.07 m/s). Among the independent variables, average eccentric force had the strongest relationship with RSImod. In conclusion, RSImod differs between athletes from different sports, but not between athletes from different age groups in the examined age period. Also, RSImod is strongly associated mainly with the average eccentric force and secondarily with the average concentric force during the countermovement jump.