Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Einstein Metrics And The Yamabe Problem

Which smooth compact n-manifolds admit Riemannian metrics of constant Ricci curvature? A direct variational approach sheds some interesting light on this problem, but by no means answers it. This article surveys some recent results concerning both Einstein metrics and the associated variational problem, with the particular aim of highlighting the striking manner in which the 4-dimensional case differs from the case of dimensions 5. 1 The Total Scalar Curvature For the purposes of this article, the term Einstein metric will mean a Riemannian metric of constant Ricci curvature. In physics jargon, that's to say that an Einstein metric g is a Euclidean-signature solution of the Einstein vacuum equations r = g; for some (unspeciied) value of the cosmological constant 2 R. Here r denotes the Ricci tensor r ab = R c acb of the (positive deenite) Riemannian metric g. Notice that the scalar curvature s = r a a = R ab ab of g is related to the the constant by s = nn; where n is the dimension of the manifold on which g is deened. Einstein metrics are the solutions of a natural variational problem which can be traced back to Hilbert 1]. Choose a smooth compact oriented manifold M of dimension n > 2, and let M = M M denote the space of C 1 Riemannian metrics on M. We may then consider the total scalar curvature functional, or Einstein-Hilbert
New standards in hypertension and cardiovascular risk management: focus on telmisartan

: Blockade of the renin–angiotensin system is an important approach in managing high blood pressure, and has increasingly been shown to affect cardiovascular disease processes mediated by angiotensin II throughout the cardiovascular and renal continua. Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) displaying unique pharmacologic properties, including a longer half life than any other ARB, that result in large and sustained reductions of blood pressure. In patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension, telmisartan has proved superior to other antihypertensive agents (valsartan, losartan, ramipril, perindopril, and atenolol) in controlling blood pressure particularly towards the end of the dosing interval. There is also clinical evidence that telmisartan reduces left ventricular hypertrophy, reduces arterial stiffness and the recurrence of atrial fibrillation, and confers renoprotection. The ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET ® ) study has demonstrated that telmisartan has similar cardiovascular protective effects to ramipril in a large, high-risk patient population but was better tolerated. The powerful and sustained blood pressure control apparent in clinical trials, together with cardiovascular protection and tolerability demonstrated in ONTARGET ® means that telmisartan may be a preferred option for patients with hypertension.
PPAR Gamma Activators: Off-Target Against Glioma Cell Migration and Brain Invasion

Today, there is increasing evidence that PPARγ agonists, including thiazolidinediones (TDZs) and nonthiazolidinediones, block the motility and invasiveness of glioma cells and other highly migratory tumor entities. However, the mechanism(s) by which PPARγ activators mediate their antimigratory and anti-invasive properties remains elusive. This letter gives a short review on the debate and adds to the current knowledge by applying a PPARγ inactive derivative of the TDZ troglitazone (Rezulin) which potently counteracts experimental glioma progression in a PPARγ independent manner.
The ROSAT-ESO flux limited X-ray (REFLEX) galaxy cluster survey. I. The construction of the cluster sample ?

We discuss the construction of an X-ray flux-limited sample of galaxy clusters, the REFLEX survey catalogue, to be used for cosmological studies. This cluster identication and redshift survey was conducted in the frame of an ESO key programme and is based on candidates selected from the southern part of the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS). For the rst cluster candidate selection from a flux-limited RASS source list, we make use of optical data from the COSMOS digital catalogue produced from the scans of the UK-Schmidt plates. To ensure homogeneity of the sample construction process, this selection is based only on this one well-dened optical data base. The nature of the candidates selected in this process is subsequently checked by a more detailed evaluation of the X-ray and optical source properties and available literature data. The nal identication and the redshift is then based on optical spectroscopic follow-up observations. In this paper we document the process by which the primary cluster candidate catalogue is constructed prior to the optical follow-up observations. We describe the reanalysis of the RASS source catalogue which enables us to impose a proper flux limit cut to the X-ray source list without introducing a severe bias against extended sources. We discuss the correlation of the X-ray and optical (COSMOS) data to nd galaxy density enhancements at the RASS X-ray source positions and the further evaluation of the nature of these cluster candidates. Based also on the results of the follow-up observations we provide a statistical analysis of the completeness and contamination of the nal cluster sample and show results on the cluster number counts. The nal sample of identied X-ray clusters reaches a flux limit of 3 10 12 erg s 1 cm 2 in the 0.1{2.4 keV band and comprises 452 clusters in an area of 4.24 ster. The results imply a completeness of the REFLEX cluster sample well in excess of 90%. We also derive for the rst time an upper limit of less than 9% for the number of clusters which may feature a dominant contribution to the X-ray emission from AGN. This accuracy is sucient for the use of this cluster sample for cosmological tests.
Power Asymmetries and Punishment in a Prisoner’s Dilemma with Variable Cooperative Investment

In many two-player games, players that invest in punishment finish with lower payoffs than those who abstain from punishing. These results question the effectiveness of punishment at promoting cooperation, especially when retaliation is possible. It has been suggested that these findings may stem from the unrealistic assumption that all players are equal in terms of power. However, a previous empirical study which incorporated power asymmetries into an iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) game failed to show that power asymmetries stabilize cooperation when punishment is possible. Instead, players cooperated in response to their partner cooperating, and punishment did not yield any additional increase in tendency to cooperate. Nevertheless, this previous study only allowed an all-or-nothing–rather than a variable–cooperation investment. It is possible that power asymmetries increase the effectiveness of punishment from strong players only when players are able to vary their investment in cooperation. We tested this hypothesis using a modified IPD game which allowed players to vary their investment in cooperation in response to being punished. As in the previous study, punishment from strong players did not increase cooperation under any circumstances. Thus, in two-player games with symmetric strategy sets, punishment does not appear to increase cooperation.
Single crystal AlGaN bulk acoustic wave resonators on silicon substrates with high electromechanical coupling

Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators using single crystal AlGaN piezoelectric films are reported. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth was used to obtain single crystal AlGaN films on 150-mm diameter <;111> silicon substrates with (0002) XRD rocking curve FWHM of 0.37°. Series-configured 12 Ω BAW resonators with resonant frequency of 2.302GHz were fabricated with insertion loss of 0.29dB and an electromechanical coupling of 4.44%. Maximum resonator Qmax was 1277, leading to a figure of merit (FOM) of 57. Unloaded acoustic Qr was 4243, leading to a FOM of 188. These FOM are the highest reported to date for MOCVD-based single crystal resonators.
Biological and Biomechanical Changes in Muscle Contractures

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is an upper motor neuron disease that results in a progressive movement disorder. Secondary to the neurological insult, muscles from CP patients often become spastic. Spastic muscle is characterized by an increased resistance to stretch, but often develops the further complication of contracture which represents a prominent disability in children with CP. This study's purpose is to characterize alterations of spastic muscle on the transcriptional level. Increased knowledge of spastic muscle may lead to novel therapies to improve the quality of life for children with CP. Method: The transcriptional profile of spastic muscles were defined in children with cerebral palsy and compared to control patients using Affymetrix U133A chips. Expression data were verified using quantitative-PCR (QPCR) and validated with SDS-PAGE for select genes. Significant genes were determined using a 2 × 2 ANOVA and results required congruence between 3 preprocessing algorithms. Results: CP patients clustered independently and 205 genes were significantly altered, covering a range of cellular processes. Placing gene expression in the context of physiological pathways, the results demonstrated that spastic muscle in CP adapts transcriptionally by altering extracellular matrix, fiber type, and myogenic potential. Extracellular matrix adaptations occur primarily in the basal lamina although there is increase in fibrillar collagen components. Fiber type is predominately fast compared to normal muscle as evidenced by contractile gene isoforms and decrease in oxidative metabolic gene transcription, despite a paradoxical increased transcription of slow fiber pathway genes. We also found competing pathways of fiber hypertrophy with an increase in the anabolic IGF1 gene in parallel with a paradoxical increase in myostatin, a gene responsible for stopping muscle growth. We found evidence that excitation-contraction coupling genes are altered in muscles from patients with CP and may be a significant component of disease. Conclusion: This is the first transcriptional profile performed on spastic muscle of CP patients and these adaptations were not characteristic of those observed in other disease states such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Further research is required to understand the mechanism of muscle adaptation to this upper motor neuron lesion that could lead to the development of innovative therapies. Published: 14 July 2009 BMC Medical Genomics 2009, 2:44 doi:10.1186/1755-8794-2-44 Received: 28 January 2009 Accepted: 14 July 2009 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1755-8794/2/44 © 2009 Smith et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CARBON CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVELOPE OF VY CANIS MAJORIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR OXYGEN-RICH EVOLVED STARS

Observations of the carbon-bearing molecules CO, HCN, CS, HNC, CN, and HCO+ have been conducted toward the circumstellar envelope of the oxygen-rich red supergiant star, VY Canis Majoris (VY CMa), using the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO). CO and HCN were also observed toward the O-rich shells of NML Cyg, TX Cam, IK Tau, and W Hya. Rotational transitions of these species at 1 mm, 0.8 mm, and 0.4 mm were measured with the ARO Submillimeter Telescope, including the J = 6 → 5 line of CO at 691 GHz toward TX Cam and W Hya. The ARO 12 m was used for 2 mm and 3 mm observations. Four transitions were observed for HCO+ in VY CMa, the first definitive identification of this ion in a circumstellar envelope. Molecular line profiles from VY CMa are complex, indicating three separate outflows: a roughly spherical flow and separate red- and blueshifted winds, as suggested by earlier observations. Spectra from the other sources appear to trace a single outflow component. The line data were modeled with a radiative transfer code to establish molecular abundances relative to H2 and source distributions. Abundances for CO derived for these objects vary over an order of magnitude, f ∼ 0.4–5 × 10−4, with the lower values corresponding to the supergiants. For HCN, a similar range in abundance is found (f ∼ 0.9–9 × 10−6), with no obvious dependence on the mass-loss rate. In VY CMa, HCO+ is present in all three outflows with f ∼ 0.4–1.6 × 10−8 and a spatial extent similar to that of CO. HNC is found only in the red- and blueshifted components with [HCN]/[HNC] ∼ 150–190, while [CN]/[HCN] ∼ 0.01 in the spherical flow. All three velocity components are traced in CS, which has a confined spatial distribution and f ∼ 2–6 × 10−7. These observations suggest that carbon-bearing molecules in O-rich shells are produced by a combination of photospheric shocks and photochemistry. Shocks may play a more prominent role in the supergiants because of their macroturbulent velocities.
Self-modulation in SISO nonlinear systems characterized by resonant uumps

The paper purpose is to present the existence and appearance of the self-modulation, in nonlinear systems that present the resonant jumps phenomenon and are described by Duffing-type equations. The conditions necessary for jump producing and for self-modulation appearance are emphasized. In order to confirm the theoretical considerations, some numerical simulations are presented.
Does Intensive Glucose Control Prevent Cognitive Decline in Diabetes? A Meta-Analysis

Diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive decline and impaired performance in cognitive function tests among type 1 and type 2 diabetics. Even though the use of tight glucose control has been limited by a reported higher mortality, few reports have assessed the impact of treatment intensity on cognitive function. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate if an intensive glucose control in diabetes improves cognitive function, in comparison to standard therapy. We included 7 studies that included type 1 or type 2 diabetics and used standardized tests to evaluate various cognitive function domains. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated for each domain. We found that type 1 diabetics get no cognitive benefit from a tight glucose control, whereas type 2 diabetics get some benefit on processing speed and executive domains but had worse performances in the memory and attention domains, along with a higher incidence of mortality when using intensive glucose control regimes.
The Relationship Between the Duration of Preschool Education and Primary School Readiness

Early childhood experiences have a great effect on the course of a child's life. Preschool education can offer benefits for children, particularly those who do not have advantages at home, including benefits related to academic skills, social-emotional development, and communication. Thus, preschool experiences are a potential key to improving school readiness, especially among disadvantaged populations. One outcome of preschool education of interest to educators and families alike is the effect of such experiences on young children's self-concept and self-esteem. This study from Turkey paid particular attention to the effect of the length of time a child spends in preschool attendance on self-concept and school readiness.
Spousal abuse and infant and child mortality in India.

Most of the studies on the relationship between child health and physical violence against mothers have been conducted in developed countries. Few studies on this topic have been conducted in developing countries such as India. Most of these studies are small-scale and have established an association between wife beating and child mortality at the state level or at an even lower level. None of these studies have tried to establish an association between the two for the country as a whole. Wife beating coupled with high levels of poverty womens having less access to money and other resources and womens powerlessness in decision-making in the household can have more severe consequences in developing countries compared with those in developed countries. Therefore the present study tries to examine the relationship between wife beating and infant and child mortality in India. India is a developing country and the problem of wife beating has been prevalent in this society for a long time. The study further explores the association between wife beating and the nutritional status of women and children wife beating and the reporting of pregnancy intendedness and wife beating and the utilization of mate mal and child health services in India.
Optimal Capital Taxation in an Economy with Capital Allocation Frictions

We study optimal capital-income taxation in an economy in which search frictions in physical capital markets give rise to flows of economic profit. These profit flows are necessary compensation for sunk search costs of entry into the capital market. Viewed in this way, profits are quasi-rents. At any point in time, however, profit flows from existing matches can also be viewed as pure rents. Whether a Ramsey government considers profit flows as pure rents or as quasirents is crucial for whether and to what extent capital-income taxation should be used to tax profits. We prove that if the government treats profits as quasi-rents, the canonical long-run zero-capital-tax prescription arises. If profits are instead treated as pure rents, the long-run optimal capital-income tax is non-zero, with a calibrated version of this economy featuring a capital-income tax rate of over 30 percent. The sharply contrasting results are not due to any lack of commitment. Rather, because profit flows are explicitly linked to free-entry conditions, a Ramsey government has an economic basis for adopting either the pure-rent view or the quasi-rent view. In the long run, however, the quasi-rent equilibrium is welfare-superior. ∗The views expressed here are solely those of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or of any other person associated with the Federal Reserve System. †E-mail address: david.m. arseneau@frb.gov. ‡E-mail address: chughs@econ.umd. edu. §E-mail address: kurmann.andre@gmail.com.
Intraretinal oxygen distribution and consumption during retinal artery occlusion and graded hyperoxic ventilation in the rat.

PURPOSE To determine intraretinal oxygen distribution and consumption in a rat model of retinal artery occlusion during air breathing and stepwise systemic hyperoxia. METHODS Laser occlusion of the pair of retinal arteries feeding the area of retina under investigation was performed. Oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes were then used to measure oxygen tension as a function of depth through the retina. Breathing mixtures were manipulated to produce stepwise increments in systemic oxygen levels, and the measurement of intraretinal oxygen distribution was repeated. Oxygen distribution in the retina was analyzed by an established eight-layer mathematical model of retinal oxygen consumption. RESULTS Intraretinal oxygen distribution in the occluded area confirmed that the choroid was the only source of retinal oxygenation. Under air-breathing conditions, the oxygen supply from the choroid was sufficient to support the photoreceptor inner segments. Any remaining oxygen was consumed by the outer plexiform layer. Increases in inspired oxygen level reduced the extent of inner retinal anoxia. However, some degree of anoxia in the innermost retina was usually present. CONCLUSIONS Occlusion of the retinal circulation renders most of the inner retina anoxic. Ventilation with 100% oxygen does not generally avoid some degree of intraretinal anoxia. With 100% oxygen ventilation, the oxygen consumption of the inner retina was more than four times that of the outer retina. A marked degree of heterogeneity in oxygen uptake of different retinal layers was evident. The dominant oxygen consumers were the inner segments of the photoreceptors, the outer plexiform layer, and the inner plexiform layer.
Confirmation Biases in the Financial Analysis of IT Investments

This paper focuses on the optimistic and confirmation biases of experts with respect to major IT investments and their interaction with financial analysts’ competencies in finance and information technology. We used an experimental design that involved asking subjects to predict the financial market’s reaction to major IT investment announcements. Drawing on the literature on optimistic biases, we showed that IT and financial expertise lead to different forecasting patterns. We found that financially competent participants are more subject to confirmatory biases and have a tendency to hold on to a currently favored hypothesis throughout their analysis. IT expertise, though, mitigates the analyst’s confirmatory bias, so that dual expertise leads to less optimistic biases.
Antibiotic Use in Children with Acute Respiratory or Ear Infections: Prospective Observational Comparison of Anthroposophic and Conventional Treatment under Routine Primary Care Conditions

Children with acute respiratory or ear infections (RTI/OM) are often unnecessarily prescribed antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a major public health problem and antibiotic prescription for RTI/OM should be reduced. Anthroposophic treatment of RTI/OM includes anthroposophic medications, nonmedication therapy and if necessary also antibiotics. This secondary analysis from an observational study comprised 529 children <18 years from Europe (AT, DE, NL, and UK) or USA, whose caregivers had chosen to consult physicians offering anthroposophic (A-) or conventional (C-) treatment for RTI/OM. During the 28-day follow-up antibiotics were prescribed to 5.5% of A-patients and 25.6% of C-patients (P < 0.001); unadjusted odds ratio for nonprescription in A- versus C-patients 6.58 (95%-CI 3.45–12.56); after adjustment for demographics and morbidity 6.33 (3.17–12.64). Antibiotic prescription rates in recent observational studies with similar patients in similar settings, ranged from 31.0% to 84.1%. Compared to C-patients, A-patients also had much lower use of analgesics, somewhat quicker symptom resolution, and higher caregiver satisfaction. Adverse drug reactions were infrequent (2.3% in both groups) and not serious. Limitation was that results apply to children of caregivers who consult A-physicians. One cannot infer to what extent antibiotics might be avoided in children who usually receive C-treatment, if they were offered A-treatment.