Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ RELUCTANCE TO SPEAK ENGLISH IN CLASS

Abstract This study was conducted in order to answer these questions; (1) What are the reluctant students’ non verbal and verbal reactions when the teacher speaks English fully in class? (2) What are students’ reasons for their reluctance in speaking English fully? It is a basic interpretive study which involved 31 students of class 8A in SMPN 4 Gresik and a certain English teacher. The data were taken by observation and interview. The results show 4 non verbal and 1 verbal reactions of reluctant students when the teacher speaks English fully in the class. Non verbal reactions include no participation, no sense of belonging, look exhausted, new activities, afraid to talk in front of the public. The verbal reaction of reluctant students include asking and answering the teacher by using Bahasa Indonesia mainly. Then, 9 reasons for the students reluctance in speaking English fully include fear negative evaluation of their classmates, lack of grammar and vocabulary, the teacher, lack of comprehension, nature, mother tongue influence, the society, lack of pronunciation, and lack of self-confidence. In conclusion, reluctant students exist in teaching and learning English. Keywords: Reluctance, Non Verbal, Verbal, Speaking English Fully Abstrak Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan; (1) Apa saja reaksi non verbal dan verbal siswa-siswa yang enggan berbicara Bahasa Inggris saat gurunya berbicara Bahasa Inggris di kelas? (2) Apakah alasan siswa-siswa enggan berbicara Bahasa Inggris di kelas? Penelitian basic interpretive ini melibatkan 31 siswa kelas 8A di SMPN 4 Gresik dan satu guru Bahasa Inggris di kelas itu. Data-data dalam penelitian ini diambil melalui observasi dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan ada 4 reaksi non verbal dan 1 reaksi verbal dari siswa-siswa yang enggan berbicara Bahasa inggris saat gurunya berbicara Bahasa Inggris di kelas. 4 non verbal reaksi itu adalah tidak ikut partisipasi, tidak memiliki keinginan untuk bergabung, terlihat lelah, dan takut untuk berbicara di hadapan orang banyak. Reaksi verbal hanya ada satu yaitu saat bertanya pada guru dan menjawab pertanyaan dari guru, siswa-siswa memilih menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia secara keseluruhan. Kemudian, ada 9 alasan yang membuat siswa-siswa enggan untuk berbicara Bahasa Inggris di kelas meliputi ketakutan terhadap penilaian buruk dari teman sekelas, kurangnya penguasaan tata bahasa dan perbendaharaan kata, guru, kurangnya pemahaman, watak, pengaruh bahasa ibu, lingkungan, penguasaan cara pengucapan yang masih kurang, dan kurangnya kepercayaan diri. Kesimpulannya, siswa yang enggan berbicara Bahasa Inggris selalu ada dalam proses belajar mengajar di kelas. Oleh karena itu, guru Bahasa Inggris seharusnya mampu memahami karakter dan alasan mereka yang enggan untuk berbicara Bahasa Inggris. Kesimpulannya, siswa yang enggan berbicara Bahasa Inggris selalu ada dalam proses belajar mengajar di kelas. Kata Kunci: Keenganan, Non Verbal, Verbal, Berbicara Bahasa Inggris
Analysis of social class by LCA in patients with schizophrenia: change in psychopathology after 12-month of treatment -

Analysis of social class by LCA in patients with schizophrenia: change in psychopathology after 12month of treatment Objective: The social factors may contribute to the heterogeneous course of schizophrenia and relationship between these factors and the level of care received is complex. Social factors may influence access to treatment and outcome of the disease. Current diagnostic systems classify longitudinal course of schizophrenia based on symptom patterns. We aimed to identify latent social classes in Turkish patients with schizophrenia who participated to IC-SOHO observational study. Latent class analysis may allow a physician to understand various patient social groups (social casemix) in a very heterogeneous patient data flow seen in everyday practice. Method: 692 outpatients with schizophrenia (ICD-10 or DSM-IV), who were initiated or switched to antipsychotic treatment, were included in this 3-year, non-interventional, prospective, observational study. Information regarding social functioning items including housing (independent, dependent, supervised, or hospitalized), work status (employed paid/unpaid, unemployed able to work/unable to work, or retired), number of social activities in past 4 weeks, and relationship with spouse or partner, were collected by interviewing the patients and relatives. We performed a latent class analysis acording to patient’s indicators of social functioning to identify social classes. We compared mean change of psychopathology among social classes for all patients and for patients treated with antipsychotic monotherapy for one year.
Measuring Correlates of Brain Metabolism With High-Resolution MRI: A Promising Approach for Diagnosing Alzheimer Disease and Mapping Its Course

As we enter the pharmacological era for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD), there is a growing urgency to diagnosis AD as early as possible. The ability to visualize the living brain with imaging techniques holds great promise in detecting the first lesions caused by AD and, because mapping the course of the disease over time is important for testing drug efficacy, imaging is potentially useful in drug development. In the last few years, we have been exploring imaging approaches designed to map AD's effect on the living brain. Here, these attempts will be reviewed, highlighting the advantages but also the potential pitfalls of imaging a dysfunctional brain.
Spontaneous transformation of rat ovarian surface epithelial cells: association with cytogenetic changes and implications of repeated ovulation in the etiology of ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND Ovarian surface epithelial cells undergo several rounds of division to repair the wound created by follicular rupture at the time of ovulation. This cyclical requirement for cell division, when not interrupted by the long anovulatory rest periods that occur during pregnancy and lactation, may contribute to the development of ovarian cancer. PURPOSE AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, we isolated rat ovarian surface epithelial cells from 10 adult female Fisher rats, initiated two mixed-population and seven clonal cell lines, and repeatedly subcultured these cells in vitro for more than 20 passages. We then tested them for the acquisition of the following four features associated with transformation: 1) the loss of contact inhibition, 2) the capacity for substrate-independent growth, 3) the ability to form tumors when injected subcutaneously and/or intraperitoneally into athymic mice, and 4) cytogenetic abnormalities. RESULTS Loss of contact inhibition was observed in all nine late-passage cell lines. Six of the nine late-passage, but none of the early-passage, cell lines tested exhibited a capacity for substrate-independent growth that was augmented in a dose-dependent manner by epidermal growth factor. Two late-passage cell lines (clone 2 and mixed-population 2) generated tumors in athymic BALB/c mice within 3 weeks following subcutaneous injection of 5 x 10(6) cells, whereas similar numbers of early-passage cells from the same cell lines failed to generate palpable tumors. Late-passage clone 7 cells were tumorigenic when 5 x 10(7) cells were injected intraperitoneally. Two of the cell lines analyzed exhibited alterations involving losses of part or all of one member of the chromosome 5 pair. Clone 2 possessed an interstitial deletion, del(5)(q21.3q24), consistent with the loss of an uncloned putative tumor suppressor gene at 5q22q23 previously reported to reside near the loci for the interferon alpha, interferon beta, and c-jun genes. Early-passage clone 7 cells exhibited chromosome 5 monosomy, while late-passage cells contained one normal chromosome 5 and a derivative (5q12q). Southern analysis of the three cell lines revealed no consistent loss of loci for the interferon and c-jun genes, although early-passage clone 7 cells had one half the gene copy number for the interferon beta and c-jun genes and both early- and late-passage clone 7 cells lacked DNA sequences hybridizing with the probe for interferon alpha. CONCLUSION This pattern of passage-dependent spontaneous transformation of rat ovarian surface epithelial cells in vitro supports the hypothesis that repetitious ovulation contributes to the etiology of human ovarian cancer.
The 2000 New Hampshire Democratic Primary and Network News

Content-coded network newscasts were used to examine the relationship between news coverage and the daily New Hampshire poll standings of Al Gore and Bill Bradley, the two major Democratic presidential candidates, in the weeks before the primary. The study found powerful network news effects, particularly with respect to “horse race” reports on which candidate gained and fell back but also with respect to televised evaluations of more substantive matters such as character and issue positions. The results cast doubt on claims by those who support New Hampshire’s status as the nation’s first primary because the state is thought to differ from the media-dominated electoral contests found elsewhere in American politics.
Randomised clinical trials in general practice: lessons from a failure.

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Microcrystallization techniques for serial femtosecond crystallography using photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus elongatus as a model system

Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) is a new emerging method, where X-ray diffraction data are collected from a fully hydrated stream of nano- or microcrystals of biomolecules in their mother liquor using high-energy, X-ray free-electron lasers. The success of SFX experiments strongly depends on the ability to grow large amounts of well-ordered nano/microcrystals of homogeneous size distribution. While methods to grow large single crystals have been extensively explored in the past, method developments to grow nano/microcrystals in sufficient amounts for SFX experiments are still in their infancy. Here, we describe and compare three methods (batch, free interface diffusion (FID) and FID centrifugation) for growth of nano/microcrystals for time-resolved SFX experiments using the large membrane protein complex photosystem II as a model system.
Becoming Woman: Or Sexual Difference Revisited

This article revisits Irigaray's theory of sexual difference in the light of more contemporary developments in terms of nomadic becomings and non-unitary subjectivity, especially in Deleuze. It defends the notion of embodied materiality on philosophical grounds, by linking it to the issues of power, access, hegemony and exclusion, which are central to post-structuralism. Through a detailed analysis of the sexual politics of difference feminism, the author argues for a non-reactive redefinition of the feminine as a project of becoming, and connects it firmly to feminist discussions about gender and queer theory.
An Investigation of Fraud in Nonprofit Organizations: Occurrences and Deterrents

Losses due to fraudulent activities are particularly troublesome in the nonprofit sector because they directly reduce resources available to address tax-exempt purposes. The ensuing bad publicity also may reduce contributions and grants in subsequent periods. This article uses data provided by Certified Fraud Examiners to report on the types of fraud they identified in nonprofit organizations and the characteristics of both the victims and the perpetrators of the fraudulent activities. Based on the analysis of the data, the authors suggest ways that fraud losses can be prevented or mitigated. In particular, governing boards are urged to consider important controls in addition to the annual financial statement audit.
Mortality and morbidity among the working population of anthophyllite asbestos miners in Finland

Meurman, L. O. , Kiviluoto, R. , and Hakama, M. (1974). British Journal of Industrial Medicine,31, 105-112. Mortality and morbidity among the working population of anthophyllite asbestos miners in Finland. A study has been made in Finland of the effects of anthophyllite asbestos on mortality and morbidity of 1 092 asbestos workers first employed at two mines between 1936 and 1969; 95% of workers were traced, 248 of whom had died. A similar number of age-sex-matched controls was selected from a township 60 km from the mines. The causes of death included an excess due to lung cancer and asbestosis, but cancers of the digestive system occurred in equal frequency, and neither the cases nor controls had any confirmed mesotheliomas. Assuming a multiplicative effect of asbestos and smoking, the relative risk of lung cancer was 17 for an asbestos worker who smokes in terms of a non-exposed non-smoker. The corresponding figures were 12 for a smoker without asbestos exposure and 1·4 for an asbestos worker who did not smoke. More heavy smokers were found among the asbestos workers than among the controls. A threefold excess of dyspnoea and a twofold excess of cough were recorded for the asbestos workers compared with the controls after adjustment for smoking.
The Effect of Abuse in Childhood and in Adolescence on Violence among Adolescents

This study of 1,031 persons from five public high schools examined the relative effects of elements of control, strain, and social learning theories on violence among younger (< 16 years of age) and older (≥16 years of age) adolescents. Of special interest were the differential effects of adult abuse during childhood and during adolescence on violence of these two age groups. Findings show that the effects of abuse by adults during childhood on violence are mediated by other study factors only among older adolescents. Attachments to female caregivers, self-esteem, and fathers' education have inverse relationships, while suicide attempts are positively related to violence only among adolescents 15 years of age or younger. Attachment to father, beliefs, and religiosity are inversely related to violence, whereas feelings of frustration and alienation are positively related to this outcome for both age groups. Implications for theory are discussed.
Relaxed stability criteria for linear neutral systems with constant delays

This paper revisits the problem of asymptotic stability analysis for linear neutral systems with commensurate constant delays. The purpose is to obtain delay-dependent stability conditions that are less conservative than the existing ones in the literature. First, a novel Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional that contains integrals related to the difference operator Dxt is employed. Combining this Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and the delay-decomposition technique yields a new delay-dependent stability criterion for the considered neutral system. Next, with the help of Jensen's integral inequality and Wirtinger-based inequality, the obtained result is further improved by relaxing the positive-definiteness restrictions on the Lyapunov matrices involved in the single integral. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to show the improvement of the present delay-dependent stability criteria over the recent ones in the literature.
On Modal Logic Interpretations of Games

Multi-agent environments comprise decision makers whose deliberations involve reasoning about the expected behavior of other agents. Apposite concepts of rational choice have been studied and formalized in game theory and our particular interest is with their integration in a logical specification language for multi-agent systems. This paper concerns the logical analysis of the game-theoretical notions of a (subgame perfect) Nash equilibrium and that of a (subgame perfect) best response strategy. Extensive forms of games are conceived of as Kripke frames and a version of Propositional Dynamic Logic is employed to describe them. We show how formula schemes of our language characterize those classes of frames in which the strategic choices of the agents can be said to be Nash-optimal. Our analysis focuses on extensive games of perfect information without repetition.
Prognostic value of thoracic FDG PET imaging after treatment for non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE We determined the prognostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) for patients with treated lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined patients who underwent FDG PET after first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. FDG PET results were correlated with survival rates to determine whether FDG PET findings were predictive of outcomes. RESULTS After initial therapy, 113 patients with non-small cell lung cancer underwent FDG PET. One hundred patients had positive FDG PET results and a median survival of 12 months (95% confidence interval, 9.2-15.4). Thirteen patients had negative FDG PET results, and 11 (85%) of these patients are still living at a median follow-up of 34 months. The difference in survival for patients with positive and negative FDG PET results was statistically significant (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION FDG PET has prognostic value and strongly correlates with survival rates of patients with treated lung cancer. Patients with positive FDG PET results have a significantly worse prognosis than patients with negative results. Additionally, FDG PET may be helpful in guiding therapeutic treatments.
Attachment, marital interaction, and relationship satisfaction: A diary study

The relations among measures of attachment, spouse behavior, and marital satisfaction were assessed in a broad sample of 193 married couples, using both questionnaire and diary methods. Insecure attachment was associated with less favorable reports of spouse behavior, as assessed by diary checklists. Marital satisfaction was predicted by attachment treasures and reports of spouse behavior. The relation between attachment security and marital satisfaction was moderated, but not mediated, by reported spouse behavior. Specifically, insecure individuals' evaluations of their relationships were more reactive to recent spouse behavior, an effect that was especially marked for fearful participants and for those in longer-term marriages. Some gender differences in patterns of prediction were obtained. The results are discussed in terms of the working models associated with attachment styles, and the processes by which relationship satisfaction may be eroded over time.
Violent Online Games Exposure and Cyberbullying/Victimization Among Adolescents

This population-based cross-sectional survey examined the association between exposure to violent online games and cyberbullying and victimization in adolescents recruited from two large cities utilizing a stratified two-stage random cluster sampling technique. Cyberbullying and victimization were assessed by the E-victimization and E-bullying scales validated in a previous study. Exposure to violent online games was measured by self-nomination of the degree of violent content in the games played. Results indicated that the majority (74.3 percent) of respondents did not experience any cyberbullying or victimization in the last 7 days before the survey, 14.4 percent reported to be victimized via cyberspace, 2.9 percent admitted that they had bullied others, and 8.4 percent reported to be both perpetrators- and- victims. One hundred and eighty seven (15.3 percent) considered games they were playing were of moderate to severe violence. Students who had been involved in cyberbullying as well as being victimized were two times as likely to have been exposed to violent online games, and nearly four times as likely for those involved in bullying others. Exposure to violent online games was associated with being a perpetrator as well as a perpetrator-and-victim of cyberbullying. Parents and clinicians need to be aware of the potential harm of these exposures. The policy implications of results were also discussed.
Levels-of-processing effects on conceptual automatic memory

This study aimed to provide converging evidence for the conceptual processing effect on conceptual priming that involved automatic retrieval. Two experiments examined whether the levels-of-processing manipulation affects the conceptual priming effect in the speeded category-production task and the relation between the magnitude of conceptual priming and the level of participants’ awareness of the study–test relationship. In the implicit category-production task, participants were required to respond to the category name with the first corresponding category member to come to mind, whereas in the explicit category-cue recall task, participants were instructed to use the category name as a cue to recall the studied word. Response speed was emphasised for all participants. The results, based on response times, suggest that the implicit groups did not shift to a conscious retrieval strategy after the practice trial. The magnitude of priming was also not related to participants’ test-awareness. Furthermore, both conceptual implicit and explicit tests were sensitive to the levels-of-processing manipulation after considering the problems of both conscious contamination and diminished lexical processing. Using a purer measure of conceptual implicit memory, this study replicated the previous findings of the levels-of-processing effect on the conceptual implicit test.
The Idd 9 / 11 genetic locus regulates diabetogenic activity of CD 4 T-cells in non-obese diabetic ( NOD ) mice

Objective: While the H2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) provides the primary pathogenic component, the development of T-cell-mediated autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice also requires contributions from other susceptibility (Idd) genes. Despite sharing the H2 MHC, the closely NOD-related NOR strain remains T1D resistant due to contributions of protective Idd5.2, Idd9/11, and Idd13 region alleles. To aid their eventual identification, we evaluated cell types in which non-MHC Idd resistance genes in NOR mice exert disease protective effects. Research Design and Methods: Adoptive transfer and bone marrow (BM) chimerism approaches tested the diabetogenic activity of CD4 and CD8 T-cells from NOR mice and NOD stocks congenic for NOR-derived Idd resistance loci. Tetramer staining and mimotope stimulation tested the frequency and proliferative capacity of CD4 BDC2.5-like cells. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) were identified by Foxp3 staining and functionally assessed by in vitro suppression assays. Results: NOR CD4 T-cells were less diabetogenic than those from NOD mice. The failure of NOR CD4 T-cells to induce T1D was not due to decreased proliferative capacity of BDC2.5 clonotypic-like cells. The frequency and function of Tregs in NOD and NOR mice were also equivalent. However, BM chimerism experiments demonstrated intrinsic factors inhibited the pathogenic activity of NOR CD4 T-cells. The NOR Idd9/11 resistance region on Chromosome 4 was found to diminish the diabetogenic activity of CD4 but not CD8 T-cells. Conclusion: In conclusion, we demonstrated that a gene(s) within the Idd9/11 region regulates the diabetogenic activity of CD4 T-cells.