Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical modeling of geophysical granular flows: 2. Computer simulations of plinian clouds and pyroclastic flows and surges

Geophysical granular flows display complex nonlinear, nonuniform, and unsteady rheologies, depending on the volumetric grain concentration within the flow: kinetic, kinetic‐collisional, and frictional. To account for the whole spectrum of granular rheologies (and hence concentrations), we have used and further developed for geophysical‐atmospheric applications a multiphase computer model initially developed by U.S. Department of Energy laboratories: (Geophysical) Multiphase Flow with Interphase Exchange. As demonstrated in this manuscript, (G)MFIX can successfully simulate a large span of pyroclastic phenomena and related processes: plinian clouds, pyroclastic flows and surges, flow transformations, and depositional processes. Plinian cloud simulations agree well with the classical plume theory and historical eruptions in the upper altitude of the cloud (HT) versus mass flux diagram. At high mass flux (>107 kg/s), plinian clouds pulsate periodically with time because of the vertical propagations of acoustic‐gravity waves within the clouds. The lowest undercooled temperature anomalies measured within the upper part of the column can be as low as −18 K, which agrees well with El Chichón and Mt. St. Helens eruptions. Vertical and horizontal speed profiles within the plinian cloud compare well with those inferred from simple plume models and from umbrella experiments. Pyroclastic flow and surge simulations show that both end‐members are closely tight together; e.g., an initially diluted flow may generate a denser basal underflow, which will eventually outrun the expanded head of the flow. We further illustrate evidence of vertical and lateral flow transformation processes between diluted and concentrated flows, particularly laterally from a turbulent “maintained over time fluidized zone” near source. Our comprehensive granular rheological model and our simulations demonstrate that the main depositional process is mainly a progressive vertical aggradation.
Rate of Force Development, Muscle Architecture, and Performance in Young Competitive Track and Field Throwers

Abstract Zaras, ND, Stasinaki, A-NE, Methenitis, SK, Krase, AA, Karampatsos, GP, Georgiadis, GV, Spengos, KM, and Terzis, GD. Rate of force development, muscle architecture, and performance in young competitive track and field throwers. J Strength Cond Res 30(1): 81–92, 2016—The rate of force development (RFD) is an essential component for performance in explosive activities, although it has been proposed that muscle architectural characteristics might be linked with RFD and power performance. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between RFD, muscle architecture, and performance in young track and field throwers. Twelve young track and field throwers completed 10 weeks of periodized training. Before (T1) and after (T2) training performance was evaluated in competitive track and field throws, commonly used shot put tests, isometric leg press RFD, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength as well as vastus lateralis architecture and body composition. Performance in competitive track and field throwing and the shot put test from the power position increased by 6.76 ± 4.31% (p < 0.001) and 3.58 ± 4.97% (p = 0.019), respectively. Rate of force development and 1RM strength also increased (p ⩽ 0.05). Vastus lateralis thickness and fascicle length increased by 5.95 ± 7.13% (p = 0.012) and 13.41 ± 16.15% (p = 0.016), respectively. Significant correlations were found at T1 and T2, between performance in the shot put tests and both RFD and fascicle length (p ⩽ 0.05). Close correlations were found between RFD, muscle thickness, and fascicle length (p ⩽ 0.05). Significant correlations were found between the % changes in lean body mass and the % increases in RFD. When calculated together, the % increase in muscle thickness and RFD could predict the % increase in shot put throw test from the power position (p = 0.019). These results suggest that leg press RFD may predict performance in shot put tests that are commonly used by track and field throwers.
Stock Liquidity and Default Risk

This paper examines the impact of stock liquidity on firm bankruptcy risk. Using the Securities and Exchange Commission decimalization regulation as a shock to stock liquidity, we establish that enhanced liquidity decreases default risk. Stocks with the highest default risk experience the largest improvements. We find two mechanisms through which stock liquidity reduces firm default risk: improving stock price informational efficiency and facilitating corporate governance by blockholders. Of the two mechanisms, the informational efficiency channel has higher explanatory power than the corporate governance channel.
Cigarette Smoking: Its Relationship to Coronary Heart Disease and Related Risk Factors in the Western Collaborative Group Study

The association of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) with smoking habits was studied for 4½ years in over 3,000 healthy, employed men, aged 39 to 59 years, at intake into a prospective, epidemiological investigation. The risk of CHD was significantly associated both with current and former cigarette usage. More specifically, this association was found to prevail in men suffering symptomatic and fatal myocardial infarction but not in men sustaining silent myocardial infarction or angina pectoris only and was much stronger in younger than in older age groups. Altered risk of CHD was not found in pipe or cigar smokers.Cigarette habits at intake were associated with differences in serum lipids and other risk variables, but when the latter were controlled statistically, the smoking-CHD associations remained.The cigarette-CHD relationship was studied further in men with and without the coronary-prone behavior pattern (type A). In the younger age decade the increased risk of CHD associated with moderate and heavy cigarette smoking occurred primarily in men with the type A behavior pattern.
Disrupted prefrontal interhemispheric structural coupling in schizophrenia related to working memory performance.

BACKGROUND Prominent regional cortical thickness reductions have been shown in schizophrenia. In contrast, little is known regarding alterations of structural coupling between regions in schizophrenia and how these alterations may be related to cognitive impairments in this disorder. METHODS T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were acquired in 54 patients with schizophrenia and 68 healthy control subjects aged 18-55 years. Cortical thickness was compared between groups using a vertex-wise approach. To assess structural coupling, seeds were selected within regions of reduced thickness, and brain-wide cortical thickness correlations were compared between groups. The relationships between identified patterns of circuit structure disruption and cognitive task performance were then explored. RESULTS Prominent cortical thickness reductions were found in patients compared with controls at a 5% false discovery rate in a predominantly frontal and temporal pattern. Correlations of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with right prefrontal regions were significantly different in patients and controls. The difference remained significant in a subset of 20 first-episode patients. Participants with stronger frontal interhemispheric thickness correlations had poorer working memory performance. CONCLUSIONS We identified structural impairment in a left-right DLPFC circuit in patients with schizophrenia independent of illness stage or medication exposure. The relationship between left-right DLPFC thickness correlations and working memory performance implicates prefrontal interhemispheric circuit impairment as a vulnerability pathway for poor working memory performance. Our findings could guide the development of novel therapeutic interventions aimed at improving working memory performance in patients with schizophrenia.
The Effect of Accuracy of Instruction, Teacher Delivery, and Student Attentiveness on Musicians' Evaluation of Teacher Effectiveness

This study is an examination of whether accuracy and delivery of teacher instruction and student attentiveness would affect evaluative perceptions of teacher effectiveness. Participants were 168 musicians and were grouped according to experience level: (a) Grades 6–8, (b) Grades 9–12, (c) undergraduate, and (d) experienced teacher. Participants viewed and evaluated a videotape of eight teaching segments for teaching effectiveness. A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures indicated significant differences due to experience level and teaching segments. Results indicated that the secondary students rated a teacher giving inaccurate instruction relatively high when the teacher demonstrated high delivery and the class was attentive. Analysis of the descriptive data suggested that the four groups attended to the delivery of the teacher more than any other variable. Experienced teachers attended to accuracy of instruction more than did any other group, and middle schoolers attended to student attentiveness, or perceived classroom management skills of the teacher, more than did any other group.
Nurses across borders: global migration of registered nurses to the US

Like many other global north countries, the US is facing a nursing shortage. In the last few years, such nursing shortages have been identified as part of a broader ‘global crisis’ in nursing. Resorting to importing internationally educated nurses is a popular strategy to address the shortfall. Importing nurses into the US is not new. However, the current shortage is different because of greatly intensified efforts to recruit nurses from overseas, and because of the unprecedented scale of global nurse migration. This article uses an analysis of Census data to track the trends and geographies associated with internationally educated registered nurses (IERNs) in the US since 1980. I show that there are important subnational differences in the distribution of IERNs; most are concentrated in a few states. By paying particular attention to subnational geographies within the US, I draw attention to the variations in and implications of the distribution of IERNs and how this impacts public policy discourses associated with the transnational migration of IERNs into and within the US.
Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives

"Maneuvers" takes readers on a global tour of the sprawling process called 'militarization'. With her incisive verve and moxie, eminent feminist Cynthia Enloe shows that the people who become militarized are not just the obvious ones - executives and factory floor workers who make fighter planes, land mines, and intercontinental missiles. They are also the employees of food companies, toy companies, clothing companies, film studios, stock brokerages, and advertising agencies. Militarization is never gender-neutral, Enloe claims: It is a personal and political transformation that relies on ideas about femininity and masculinity. Films that equate action with war, condoms that are designed with a camouflage pattern, fashions that celebrate brass buttons and epaulettes, tomato soup that contains pasta shaped like "Star Wars"' weapons - all of these contribute to militaristic values that mold our culture in both war and peace. Presenting new and groundbreaking material that builds on Enloe's acclaimed work in "Does Khaki Become You? " and "Bananas, Beaches, and Bases", "Maneuvers" takes an international look at the politics of masculinity, nationalism, and globalization. Enloe ranges widely from Japan to Korea, Serbia, Kosovo, Rwanda, Britain, Israel, the United States, and many points in between. She covers a broad variety of subjects: gays in the military, the history of 'camp followers', the politics of women who have sexually serviced male soldiers, married life in the military, military nurses, and the recruitment of women into the military. One chapter titled "When Soldiers Rape" explores the many facets of the issue in countries such as Chile, the Philippines, Okinawa, Rwanda, and the United States. Enloe outlines the dilemmas feminists around the globe face in trying to craft theories and strategies that support militarized women, locally and internationally, without unwittingly being militarized themselves. She explores the complicated militarized experiences of women as prostitutes, as rape victims, as mothers, as wives, as nurses, and as feminist activists, and she uncovers the 'maneuvers' that military officials and their civilian supporters have made in order to ensure that each of these groups of women feel special and separate.
Sleep disorders and sleep quality among patients with anxiety or depressive disorders in relation to their quality of life

Background Sleep is essential in our lives and is related to the physical, mental and psychological state of the individual. Sleep problems are prevalent among psychiatric patients with common anxiety or depressive disorders. Patients and methods In 200 patients with anxiety or depressive disorders, diagnosis of specific sleep disorders was carried out according to the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed., text revision criteria using a semistructured psychiatric interview. Comorbidity was assessed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. The quality of sleep was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress were measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and the quality of life was measured using the Short Form 36-item (SF-36). Results Overall, 36% of the patients showed sleep disorders: 43% of them had anxiety disorders and 29% of them had depressive disorders. Primary insomnia has a higher statistically significant difference among patients with anxiety or depressive disorders (27.5%) than the control group (4.0%) (P < 0.05). Patients with anxiety or depressive disorders who have sleep disorders have higher PSQI scores (P < 0.01) and lower SF-36 scores (P < 0.01) than patients with anxiety or depressive disorders who do not have sleep disorders. There was a correlation between the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales score with PSQI and SF-36 scores regarding both patients with anxiety disorders and patients with depressive disorders. Conclusion Sleep disorders and poor sleep quality would have a negative impact on important aspects of health-related quality of life of patients with anxiety or depressive disorders. Understanding of the prevalence, correlates and implications of sleep disturbances and sleep quality for healthcare utilization in this patient population could provide useful guidance for the design of services and targeted treatments that improve the quality of life of these patients. Clinicians should routinely screen for sleep problems in patients with anxiety or depressive disorders.
Lack of integrase can markedly affect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particle production in the presence of an active viral protease

The Gag-Pol polyprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is not required for efficient viral particle assembly or release. However, in this report we demonstrate that the synthesis of a truncated Gag-Pol precursor due to a premature termination codon in pol can reduce the ability of a full-length provirus to direct the formation of viral particles. Marked effects on particle production were seen when premature termination codons were introduced into the integrase (IN)-coding region. By contrast, a mutant which lacked both IN and reverse transcriptase (RT) formed particles with normal efficiency. Particle production by IN mutants was restored to wild-type levels when a second premature termination codon was introduced at the 5' end of the RT-coding sequence. Particle formation was similarly restored by a second site mutation in the viral protease (PR) gene which prevented proteolytic processing of the Gag polyprotein. Finally particle formation was restored in the presence of A77003, a specific inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 PR. These results suggest that the effects of a lack of IN sequences on particle formation require the synthesis of a Gag-Pol precursor which contains RT sequences and are due to inappropriate PR activity.
Age, discrimination, and achievement motives : a study of German employees

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to challenge the person‐related aspect of the stereotype that older employees are unmotivated. In an overall model, it seeks to examine how age, perceived age discrimination, and perceived organizational support relate to each other and how they affect the achievement motives' hope of success and fear of failure.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected in six large German enterprises using a standardized questionnaire. The sample included 631 older employees aged 50 to 64 and 624 younger employees aged 30 to 40. For the data analysis, PLS structural equation modeling was used.Findings – The results showed that older employees were more strongly affected by age discrimination than their younger colleagues. Perceived age discrimination, in turn, led to less perceived organizational support and a higher fear of failure. Age, in contrast, was not substantially related to achievement motives. Thus, the stereotype of unmotivated older employees is not justified.Practi.
Mechanisms of Cardiac Dysfunction Associated With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Cancer Therapeutics

Treatment of patients with cancer has changed radically over the last several years with the advent of “targeted therapeutics. ” Whereas traditional chemotherapy was directed at all rapidly dividing cells, whether cancerous or not, today’s anticancer drugs are increasingly tailored to the specific genetics of each cancer. This targeted approach, predominantly via inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity, has markedly improved the management of cancers including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), breast cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and colon carcinoma.1–5 Inhibitors of tyrosine kinases are of 2 classes: monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), typically targeting growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, and small molecules, referred to as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), targeting both receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. The goal of targeted therapy is to improve antitumor activity with fewer toxic side effects than traditional anticancer therapies; given the initial success of this approach, the number of targeted therapy drugs entering into development in the last 5 years has increased dramatically.6,7 However, several recent studies have revealed unanticipated side effects of targeted therapy, including left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and heart failure, the primary manifestations of cardiotoxicity we will be examining here.5,8,9 Herein, we will examine the potential risk of LV dysfunction of targeted therapy and the molecular mechanisms that underlie that risk. We will review the importance of tyrosine kinase signaling pathways both for oncogenesis and for the survival of normal cardiomyocytes. To understand basic mechanisms of cardiomyopathy of TKIs, it is critical to understand 2 general classes of toxicity. The first is “on-target” toxicity, wherein the tyrosine kinase target regulating cancer cell survival and/or proliferation (and therefore a good target in cancer therapy) also serves an important role in normal cardiomyocyte survival, and thus inhibition leads to myocardial dysfunction. “Off-target” toxicity occurs when a TKI leads to toxicity …
Encouraging the nascent cognitive neuroscience of repression

Repression has remained controversial for nearly a century on account of the lack of well-controlled evidence validating it. Here we argue that the conceptual and methodological tools now exist for a rigorous scientific examination of repression, and that a nascent cognitive neuroscience of repression is emerging. We review progress in this area and highlight important questions for this field to address.
Suggestions for the Preparation of Teachers of Gifted Children

tion, Opportunities for the Preparation of Teachers of Exceptional Children (I), summarized data reported by 175 collegiate institutions as to their offerings in the ten commonly recognized areas of special education for the school year ended with the summer of 1948. A summary table on page 6 of that report showed that speech was the field for which the greatest number of institutions (122) were making provision. According to the Office of Education 1.5 per cent of school-age children have speech defects (2:4). The field receiving attention from the next largest number of institutions (45) was that of the mentally deficient. Only six institutions gave special preparation for teaching gifted children. The last two classifications named
Roux-en-Y internal drainage is the best surgical option to treat patients with disconnected duct syndrome after severe acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND Roux-en-Y (RNY) internal drainage has been our primary surgical strategy to definitively treat disconnected duct syndrome in patients after severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). This study compares the results of internal drainage with the results of distal pancreatectomy-splenectomy (DPS) performed in a contemporaneous group of patients. METHODS For 5 years (June 1995 to June 2000), 27 consecutive patients with disconnected duct syndrome after SAP were identified: 13 treated with internal drainage and 14 with DPS. Fistula characteristics, operative management, and clinical outcome were analyzed. Comparisons between groups were made with the Student t test and Fisher exact test, with statistical significance defined as P <. 05. RESULTS Age, sex, etiology of pancreatitis, comorbid diseases, and prior operations were similar between groups. Internal drainage required less operative time (211 +/- 37 vs 269 +/- 88 minutes, P =.04), blood loss (735 +/- 706 vs 2757 +/- 3062 mL, P =.03), and transfusion requirements (0.69 +/- 1.7 vs 4.21 +/- 8.0 units, P =.05). Clinical outcomes--as measured by postoperative complication rate, reoperation rate, fistula recurrence rate, and death rate--were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS RNY internal drainage, when technically feasible, is the best surgical option to treat disconnected duct syndrome after SAP.
Learning English and Learning America: Immigrants in the Center of a Storm

In the past two decades, an unprecedented immigration wave has brought to the United States millions of immigrants from every continent to join an already richly diverse population. Some have come to flee wars, political oppression, and the aftermath of natural disasters; others to escape poverty, join family members, or to work. Many bring children. By the end of the 1990s, well over 3 million students in U.S. schools were counted officially as “limited English proficient” (LEP), a number that is almost double what it was just 10 years before (National Clearinghouse on Bilingual Education, 1999). While some of the LEP students are U.S. born, many are immigrants struggling to adjust to a new land, new culture, and new language. The effort to learn English is a central facet of young immigrants’ lives. This article examines the pain and dilemmas of language minority children at school as they go through the process of learning English and experience “language shock” as a central feature of their transition to a new land. It describes the complex issues involved when schools and communities are caught in the crossfire of a national struggle over language and the incorporation of immigrants. While the article focuses explicitly on immigrant youth, the scars and aftermath of language shock reverberate into the next generation of young people who are the U.S. born children of immigrants. The student voices quoted in this article, as well as major themes discussed, are drawn primarily from two studies on immigrants and schooling conducted by the author (Olsen, 1998: Olsen & Chen, 1988).