Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Circuit tolerance design by differential evolution with hybrid analysis method

With the continued scaling down of electronic device dimensions, circuit design under parameter variations has received increasing interests. In this paper, a new method that combine the differential evolution with hybrid analysis method is presented to solve the worst-case circuit tolerance design problem. The hybrid analysis method is comprised of two commonly used worst-case circuit tolerance analysis approaches, vertex analysis and Monte Carlo analysis. The search direction of differential evolution is leaded by vertex analysis at the first stage, through which we can reduce the computational complexity of fitness calculation dramatically. Monte Carlo analysis, a higher accuracy analysis method, is applied to ensure the quality of the solutions at the second stage. Some of the individuals are reinitialized to enhance the diversity of the population at the beginning of the second stage. By cooperating the two analysis methods, the proposed method can converge to the global optimum or near-optimum solutions more quickly. The experiment results show the effectiveness and efficiency of proposed techniques for the circuit tolerance design.
Economic Analyses of Crime in England and Wales

This thesis includes three empirical studies detecting the determinants of crime in England and Wales. We firstly apply time series analyses to look for cointegrating relationships between property crimes and unemployment as well as law enforcement instruments. We extend our study by employing panel data and corresponding techniques to control for area-specific fixed effects as well as the endogeneity of law enforcement variables. In our third study, we allow crime rate to have spatial spillover effect, in other words, the crime rate in one area is affected by, in addition to its local crime-influential factors, the crime rates and crime-related factors in its neighbouring areas. We demonstrate this result by constructing a theoretical model and testing it by applying spatial analysis regressions. Our main findings can be summarized as follows: First, property crimes are better explained by economic models of crime than violent crimes. Second, law enforcement instruments always have negative effects on both property and violent crimes, indicating their deterrence and incapacitation effects as predicted. Third, social-economic factors, such as unemployment and income level, have two effects on property crimes: opportunity and motivation. Their net effects on property crime rates depend on the type of crime as well as the time period being examined. And finally, there is indeed spillover effect existing in crime rate. For burglary, theft and handling, and robbery, the crime rate in one area is positively and significantly correlated with the crime rates from its neighbouring areas. Furthermore, the crime rate of sexual offences of one area is negatively related to such crime rates in neighbouring areas.
ENABLING PRECISE INTERPRETATIONS OF SOFTWARE CHANGE DATA

Numerous techniques mine change data captured in software a rchives to assist software engineering efforts. These change-based approaches t ypically analyze change sets – groups of co-committed changes – under the assumption that t he development work represented by change sets is both meaningful and related to a sing le change task. However, we have found that change sets often violate this assumption by containing changes that we consider to benon-essential , or less likely to be representative of the kind of meaningfu l software development effort that is most interesting to typ ical change-based approaches. Furthermore, we have found many change sets addressing mult iple subtasks– groups of isolated changes that are related to each other, but not to ot her changes within a change set. Information mined from such change sets has the potential fo r interfering with the analyses of various change-based approaches. We propose a catalog of non-essential changes and describe a n automated technique for detecting such changes within version histories. We use d our technique to conduct an empirical investigation of over 30 000 change sets capturin g over 25 years of cumulative development activity in ten open-source Java systems. Our i nvestigation found that between 3% and 26% of all modified code lines and between 2% and 16 % of all method updates consisted entirely of non-essential modifications . We further found that eliminating such modifications reduces the amount of false positive r ecommendations that would be made by an existing association rule miner. These findings are upported by a manual evaluation of our detection technique, in which we found tha t our technique falsely identifies non-essential method updates in only 0.2% of all cases. T hese observations should be kept in mind when interpreting insights derived from versio n repositories. We also propose a formal definition of “subtasks” and present an automated technique
Can natural selection favour altruism between species?

Darwin suggested that the discovery of altruism between species would annihilate his theory of natural selection. However, it has not been formally shown whether between‐species altruism can evolve by natural selection, or why this could never happen. Here, we develop a spatial population genetic model of two interacting species, showing that indiscriminate between species helping can be favoured by natural selection. We then ask if this helping behaviour constitutes altruism between species, using a linear‐regression analysis to separate the total action of natural selection into its direct and indirect (kin selected) components. We show that our model can be interpreted in two ways, as either altruism within species, or altruism between species. This ambiguity arises depending on whether or not we treat genes in the other species as predictors of an individual's fitness, which is equivalent to treating these individuals as agents (actors or recipients). Our formal analysis, which focuses upon evolutionary dynamics rather than agents and their agendas, cannot resolve which is the better approach. Nonetheless, because a within‐species altruism interpretation is always possible, our analysis supports Darwin's suggestion that natural selection does not favour traits that provide benefits exclusively to individuals of other species.
Planning in the Croatian National Sport Federations

Management is a process conducted through various functions, and planning seems to be truly one of the most important ones. Process of planning should tell us where an organisation is now, where it wants to be, and how to get there. Although mostly researched within the context of profit organisation, its importance is being stressed ever more in non-profit organisations as well. National sport federations are non-profit organisations responsible for the organisation and development of sport throughout all the layers of a single discipline (from grassroots to the elite one) at national level. As governing bodies they should set an example on how to conduct their business for all other sport organisations in their dicipline, i.e. clubs. In addition, since their customer base is quite large and different, in order to satisfy all needs, a proper process of planning is a prerequisite for achieving organisational goals. The research has shown that the level of satisfaction with the process of planning is above expected, but there is still space for improvement.
Consistency of spectral hypergraph partitioning under planted partition model

Hypergraph partitioning lies at the heart of a number of problems in machine learning and network sciences. Many algorithms for hypergraph partitioning have been proposed that extend standard approaches for graph partitioning to the case of hypergraphs. However, theoretical aspects of such methods have seldom received attention in the literature as compared to the extensive studies on the guarantees of graph partitioning. For instance, consistency results of spectral graph partitioning under the stochastic block model are well known. In this paper, we present a planted partition model for sparse random non-uniform hypergraphs that generalizes the stochastic block model. We derive an error bound for a spectral hypergraph partitioning algorithm under this model using matrix concentration inequalities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first consistency result related to partitioning non-uniform hypergraphs.
Small-Scale Magnetic Reconnection in the Quiet Sun

Recent observations indicate that small-scale magnetic re-connection ubiquitously occurs in the quiet Sun as well as in active regions. Particularly interesting is the latest nding of close associations among (1) magnetic ux cancellation seen from photospheric magne-tograms, (2) chromospheric uppow events seen in the H line and (3) transition region explosive events seen in UV lines. I present a brief review of this nding, and propose a schematic two-step magnetic recon-nection model to explain it. The essence of the model is in the formation of magnetic islands as a result of slow magnetic reconnection occurring in the low atmosphere. Magnetic islands are ejected and accelerated upward by the so-called diamagnetic melon seed mechanism, and are eventually annihilated by overlying magnetic eld lines through fast magnetic re-connection. I consider photospheric ux cancellation as a direct result of the rst magnetic reconnection, and identify chromospheric uppow events with upward moving magnetic islands, and explosive events with the hotter material ejected from the second magnetic reconnection.
Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretmen Adaylarının Öğretmenlik Mesleğine Yönelik Motivasyonlarının İncelenmesi / Investigation of Social Studies Prospective Teachers’ Motivation for Teaching Profession

Abstract In this study, it is aimed to determine motivation levels of social studies prospective teachers towards teaching profession. This is a descriptive research in survey model. The study group consists of total 2193 social studies prospective teachers of 1st 2nd 3th 4th grade at Education Faculty of 12 Universities in the 2014­2015 academic years. According to findings of this research, the perceptions of social studies prospective teachers’ motivation for teaching profession are high and agreeing. Social studies prospective teachers’ motivation for teaching profession shows a significant difference according to the gender of teacher candidates. Female prospective teachers 'perceptions are higher than male prospective teachers' perceptions. Social studies prospective teachers’ motivation for teaching profession changes significantly according to grade level. Social studies prospective teachers’ motivation for teaching profession is at the highest level in the first grade, but it is the lowest level in the 4th grade. Social studies prospective teachers’ motivation for teaching profession does not differ significantly according to university. ÖzBu çalışmada, Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik motivasyon düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Tarama modelinde betimsel bir araştırmadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2014-2015 öğretim yılında 12 üniversitede eğitim fakültelerinin İlköğretim Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmenliği 1.2. 3.4. sınıflarında öğrenim gören 2193 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Acat ve Yenilmez (2004) tarafından oluşturulan “Öğretmen Adaylarının Öğretmenlik Mesleğine İlişkin Motivasyon Düzeyleri” ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik motivasyona ilişkin Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının algılarının yüksek ve katılıyorum düzeyinde olduğu bulunmuştur. Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik motivasyonlarında öğretmen adaylarının cinsiyetine göre anlamlı bir farklılık görülmektedir. Kadın Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının algıları, erkek adayların algılarından daha yüksektir. Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik motivasyonları sınıf düzeyine göre anlamlı bir şekilde değişmektedir. Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik motivasyonları 1. Sınıfta en yüksek düzeyde; 4. Sınıfta ise en düşük düzeydedir. Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik motivasyonlarında üniversite değişkenine göre anlamlı farklılık görülmemektedir.
Velocity distribution of stars in the solar neighbourhood

A two-dimensional velocity distribution in the UV plane has been obtained for stars in the solar neighbourhood, using Hipparcos astrometry for over 4000 ‘survey’ stars with parallaxes greater than 10 mas and radial velocities found in the Hipparcos Input Catalogue. In addition to the already known grouping characteristics (field stars plus young moving groups), the velocity distribution seems to exhibit a more complex structure characterized by several longer branches running almost parallel to each other across the UV plane. By using the wavelet transform technique to analyse the distribution, the branches are visible at relatively high significance levels of 90 per cent or higher. They are roughly equidistant with a separation of about 15 km s−1 for early-type stars and about 20 km s−1 for late-type stars, creating an overall quasi-periodic structure which can also be detected by means of a two-dimensional Fourier transform. This branch-like velocity distribution might be caused by the Galactic spiral structure.
The Role of Working Memory in Information Acquisition and Decision Making: Lessons from the Binary Prediction Task

The effects of memory constraints upon information acquisition and decision making were examined in two experiments using binary prediction tasks, where participants observe outcomes for two options before deciding which one to bet upon. Our studies extend previous investigations to the case where participants learn the structure of the task through observation, but where information acquisition is separated from the task of prediction. Participants with higher cognitive capacity (larger memory span or higher intelligence) were more likely to adopt the “maximizing” strategy (always selecting the more frequent alternative). This finding conflicts with some recent investigations of similar tasks, a contrast that implies that the presence of feedback on choices may be important in determining the strategic actions of high-capacity individuals. Participants selecting the optimal strategy were in turn more efficient in their data acquisition. The behaviour of participants adopting suboptimal choice strategies was consistent with prediction based upon a “narrow window of experience”—that is, seeking to match the characteristics of small samples of observations.
Cultural adaptations in psychosocial interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder among refugees: A systematic review

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to systematically review randomized controlled trials on non-pharmaceutical interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adult refugees with a focus on identifying common cultural adaptations and reviewing possible effects of such adaptations on outcomes. The conducted systematic search yielded 11 studies. The strongest support was for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Commonly used cultural adaptations in the reviewed studies included modifications in personnel and setting context, changes in content, and translation or adaptation of evaluation tools.
Smart control of spinal alignment through active adjustment of mechanical bed properties during sleep

This study implements an algorithm for the autonomous control of spinal alignment during sleep by the active adjustment of mechanical bed characteristics according to the adopted sleep posture. Bed systems were used that allow active control of the mechanical stiffness in eight comfort zones by means of separately adjustable actuators. Mattress indentation measurements provide the input to detect body movement, recognize sleep posture, and --by combination with a subject specific human model --estimate spine shape. Comparison between the estimated spine shape and the desired shape results in new target values for the actuators. The control loop is repeated until the desired spine shape is reached. Results of overnight experiments revealed a significant improvement of spinal alignment during nights with active control of bed properties compared to a reference night without control. In addition, a significant improvement on subjectively perceived sleep quality was demonstrated after sleeping on the actively controlled systems.
Option Incentives, Leverage, and Risk-Taking

While there is extensive research on how option incentives in executive compensation relate to risk-taking by managers, the impact of capital structure on this relationship has received little empirical attention. Extant work suggests that heightened managerial career concerns arising from financial risk and monitoring by debt holders will result in leverage dampening the relationship between managerial risk-taking and equity-linked incentives. We empirically evaluate this contention and find that firm leverage is associated with a significant weakening of the positive relationship between option incentives in flow compensation and managerial risk-taking. This result holds after accounting for the endogeneity of the firm leverage and incentive compensation decisions, and is robust across alternative measures of managerial risk-taking and to using the firm's credit ratings instead of leverage. The attenuating effect of firm leverage arises from both the long-term and short-term components of debt and is significantly stronger during the financial crisis of 2007–2009. Overall, the evidence highlights the influence of capital structure on the relationship between option incentives and managerial risk-taking.
Evidence that Processing of the Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Gn/Gc Polyprotein Is Critical for Viral Infectivity and Requires an Internal Gc Signal Peptide

The severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging, highly pathogenic bunyavirus against which neither antivirals nor vaccines are available. The SFTSV glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, facilitate viral entry into host cells. Gn and Gc are generated from a precursor protein, Gn/Gc, but it is currently unknown how the precursor is converted into the single proteins and whether this process is required for viral infectivity. Employing a rhabdoviral pseudotyping system, we demonstrate that a predicted signal sequence at the N-terminus of Gc is required for Gn/Gc processing and viral infectivity while potential proprotein convertase cleavage sites in Gc are dispensable. Moreover, we show that expression of Gn or Gc alone is not sufficient for host cell entry while particles bearing both proteins are infectious, and we provide evidence that Gn facilitates Golgi transport and virion incorporation of Gc. Collectively, these results suggest that signal peptidase liberates mature Gc from the Gn/Gc precursor and that this process is essential for viral infectivity and thus constitutes a potential target for antiviral intervention.
Interdependencies between temperature and moisture sensitivities of CO 2 emissions in European land ecosystems

Abstract. Soil respiration is one of the largest terrestrial fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. Hence, small changes in soil respiration rates could have large effects on atmospheric CO2. In order to assess CO2 emissions from diverse European soils with different land-use types and climate (soil moisture and temperature), we conducted a laboratory incubation experiment. Emission measurements of CO2 under controlled conditions were conducted using soil monoliths of nine sites from a European flux network (ECLAIRE). The sites are located all over Europe – from the United Kingdom in the west to Ukraine in the east, and from Italy in the south to Finland in the north – and can be separated according to four land-use types (forests, grasslands, arable lands and one peatland). Intact soil cores were incubated in the laboratory in a two-way factorial design, with temperature (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) and water-filled pore space (WFPS; 5, 20, 40, 60 and 80 %) as the independent variables, while CO2 flux was the response variable. The latter was measured with an automated laboratory incubation measurement system. Land use generally had a substantial influence on carbon dioxide fluxes, with the order of CO2 emission rates of the different land-use types being grassland > peatland > forest/arable land (P We developed a new approach to calculate moisture sensitivity (MS) of CO2 efflux. MS was calculated as the slope of a polynomial function of second degree. Moisture sensitivities were highest under dry and wet conditions. In addition we found a positive relationship between MS of CO2 efflux and temperature for both arable lands.
The wing stent facilitates repeat bile duct cannulation for multiple stent insertion

plastic biliary stents is their short patency rate [1], as they are prone to biofilm buildup within the central lumen of the stent, resulting in impaired bile flow [2]. The wing stent (ViaDuct; GI Supply, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, USA) was engineered to overcome this problem (●" Fig. 1). The wing stent is a lumenless stent in which bile is channeled along the exterior winged grooves, theoretically reducing the risk of occlusion (●" Fig. 1) [3,4]. Computer modeling studies have shown that the wing stent offers a larger surface area for flow, a higher flow velocity, and increased flow rates compared with conventional plastic stents. A pilot study reported the successful use of thewing stent for endoscopic biliary drainage in five patients with malignant biliary obstruction, all of whom experienced a significant decline in bilirubin at 2 weeks and resolution of biliary dilation by radiologic imaging [3]. The endoscopic placement of multiple stents over time for patients with benign biliary strictures has been shown to be an effective therapy for stricture resolution [5]. The placement of multiple stents can be technically challenging for a number of reasons, including failure of repeat biliary cannulation after the first stent insertion. This can occur if a small biliary sphincterotomy was performed and/or the positioning of the first stent prevents the necessary angulation of the biliary cannula or sphincterotome. This problem can be overcome by initially placing a 7Fr or 10-Fr wing stent into position using a push catheter until the radiopaque black marker at the distal end of the stent is visualized at the biliary orifice. Subsequently, rapid repeat biliary cannulation is achieved by advancing a guidewire into the groove between two wings of the insitu wing stent and into the proximal bile duct. A conventional plastic stent is then placed over the wire and advanced into the bile duct. Additional stents can then be placed in similar manner (●" Fig. 2, ●" Video 1).
Group-type subfactors and Hadamard matrices

A hyperfinite $II_1$ subfactor may be obtained from a symmetric commuting square via iteration of the basic construction. For certain commuting squares constructed from Hadamard matrices, we describe this subfactor as a group-type inclusion $R^H \subset R \rtimes K$, where $H$ and $K$ are finite groups with outer actions on the hyperfinite $II_1$ factor $R$. We find the group of outer automorphisms generated by $H$ and $K$, and use the method of Bisch and Haagerup to determine the principal and dual principal graphs. In some cases a complete classification is obtained by examining the element of $H^3(H \ast K / Int R)$ associated with the action.