Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Another Look at Rural-Nonrural Differences in Students' Educational Aspirations.

Research suggests that rural youth have lowereducational aspirations than their nonrural counterparts. This discrepancy has important implications foreducational policy and for achieving equality ofeducational opportunity, and it has led some topropose that action is necessary to reduce the rural-nonrural variation. However, while the existence of an aspiration difference seemsclear, neither its magnitude nor thereason for its existence is similarly transparent. Before undertaking remedial actions, it is well to ascertain the nature of whatever discrepancy exists. That is the purpose of thispaper. We find that the rural-nonruraldifference in adolescents' educational aspirations is quite small, and that about half of this discrepancy can be attributed to thewell-established divergence in socioeconomic status between rural and nonrural families. Our analyses also suggest thatmuch-perhaps all-of the remaining difference derives from the slightly disparate occupational aspirations of rural and nonrural youth. We conclude that a goal to eliminate the smalldifference in rural-nonruraleducational aspirations is likely to beunachievable. The discrepancy'sroots lie in patterns of family dynamics that are largely beyond the reach of educators. If, however, the aim is simply toreduce the discrepancy, this might beaccomplished by raising the occupational aspirations of rural youth. However, that strategy has its ownproblems, most notably that it is likely to exacerbate the migration of talented youngpeople from ruralareas.
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Glioblastoma Are Associated with Specific Genomic Alterations and Related to Transcriptional Class

Purpose: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have prognostic significance in many cancers, yet their roles in glioblastoma have not been fully defined. We hypothesized that TILs in glioblastoma are associated with molecular alterations, histologies, and survival. Experimental Design: We used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to investigate molecular, histologic, and clinical correlates of TILs in glioblastomas. Lymphocytes were categorized as absent, present, or abundant in histopathologic images from 171 TCGA glioblastomas. Associations were examined between lymphocytes and histologic features, mutations, copy number alterations, CpG island methylator phenotype, transcriptional class, and survival. We validated histologic findings using CD3G gene expression. Results: We found a positive correlation between TILs and glioblastomas with gemistocytes, sarcomatous cells, epithelioid cells, and giant cells. Lymphocytes were enriched in the mesenchymal transcriptional class and strongly associated with mutations in NF1 and RB1. These mutations are frequent in the mesenchymal class and characteristic of gemistocytic, sarcomatous, epithelioid, and giant cell histologies. Conversely, TILs were rare in glioblastomas with small cells and oligodendroglioma components. Lymphocytes were depleted in the classical transcriptional class and in EGF receptor (EGFR)-amplified and homozygous PTEN-deleted glioblastomas. These alterations are characteristic of glioblastomas with small cells and glioblastomas of the classical transcriptional class. No association with survival was shown. Conclusions: TILs were enriched in glioblastomas of the mesenchymal class, strongly associated with mutations in NF1 and RB1 and typical of histologies characterized by these mutations. Conversely, TILs were depleted in the classical class, EGFR-amplified, and homozygous PTEN-deleted tumors and rare in histologies characterized by these alterations. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 4951–60. ©2013 AACR.
Unlearning the Colonial Cultures of Planning

Contents: Introduction: culture, colonialism and planning Indigenous people and their challenge to planning A colonial genealogy of planning Systematizing space: 'natures', 'cultures' and protected areas Managing the sacred Modes of governance: the difference indigeneity makes to progressive planning Unlearning privilege: towards the decolonization of planning Bibliography Index.
Expression of a novel murine homeobox gene in the developing cerebellar external granular layer during its proliferation

The TGIF homeobox gene encodes a homeoprotein that represses the 9‐cis retinoic acid receptor‐dependent transcription activation. To investigate the potential role of this gene in vertebrate development, we have isolated cDNA clones of the murine TGIF (mTGIF) gene and analyzed its expression pattern during mouse embryogenesis and postnatal development by Northern analysis, reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and in situ hybridization histochemistry. mTGIF transcripts were detected at day E16 in the emerging external granular layer (EGL), the cells of which arise from the proliferating cerebellar neuroepithelium. Expression of mTGIF transcripts was also detected at day E16 in the proliferating cells in the neuroepithelium of the hippocampal formation. Following gestation, mTGIF expression increases to a maximum between postnatal days 5 and 10 (PN5 and PN10) in the rapidly expanding cerebellar EGL. mTGIF transcripts are no longer detectable when EGL proliferation ceases on approximately day PN15. Throughout embryo development and in the adult mice, TGIF is detected in a restricted number of tissues, mostly in proliferating and differentiating cell lineages, such as tongue and testis. Our results suggest that the TGIF gene regulates target genes involved in the proliferation, migration, and/or differentiation of particular neuronal cell lineages in the developing brain. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of Photosystem Formation inRhodobacter sphaeroides

Rhodobacter sphaeroides has the capacity to grow by aerobic and anaerobic respiration and photosynthetically in the light under anaerobic conditions, as well as fermentatively. It can fix atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide. It resembles other gram-negative members of the class Proteobacteria when growing aerobically, but a reduction in oxygen tension induces an intracellular differentiation of the inner membrane, leading to the formation of the intracytoplasmic membrane system (ICM). The ICM houses the integral membrane pigment-protein complexes constituting the photosystem (PS), comprised of the reaction center (RC) and two light-harvesting (LH) complexes. For an early review of ICM biosynthesis, see reference 44. The LH complexes are designated B800-850 (LHII) and B875 (LHI), based on their respective absorption maxima. The ratio of LHI to RC is fixed at approximately 15:1, whereas the ratio of LHII to the LHI-RC unit is variable, changing in a manner inverse to the incident light intensity. These three pigment-protein complexes are the spectral complexes (SC) of the R. sphaeroides PS. Detailed structural information about these complexes in several species of Rhodobacter is emerging (72). The LH complexes capture light energy and direct that energy to the RC, where conversion of the excitation energy takes place and is intrinsically coupled with a cyclic flow of electrons, ultimately to the periplasmically localized cytochrome c2, which serves to rereduce the RC to allow a new cycle of electron flow (for further details, see references 42, 44, and 72). Bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) absorbs most of the light energy within the SCs and is critical to the assembly and final structure of the SCs (44, 84, 87). The carotenoids (Crt) have a minor role in absorbing light energy (15), but they function to protect the complexes against photo-oxidative damage, dissipate excess radiant energy, and help to maintain the structure and relative abundance of each SC (35, 50, 53). A reduction in oxygen tension is both necessary and sufficient to induce synthesis of the ICM (reviewed in references 42 and 44), which is gratuitously produced under anaerobic dark growth conditions, in the presence of an alternate electron acceptor such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Oxygen tension is the major environmental stimulus controlling PS induction, with variations in light intensity determining the cellular level of the ICM and the abundance of the different SCs. PS formation is tightly regulated, with checkpoints at all levels of information flow, from transcriptional through posttranslational. In the following sections, we will describe what we currently know about the regulatory processes controlling the formation and abundance of SCs in R. sphaeroides. We will present a working model for the regulation of PS formation in R. sphaeroides 2.4. 1 which is based on the critical role of cellular redox carriers. For clarity, we will, throughout this review, define aerobic growth as that which occurs under highly oxygenic conditions, under which there are no detectable SCs present in wild-type membranes.
Eye movement strategies during face matching

Although there is a large literature on face recognition, less is known about the process of face matching, i.e., deciding whether two photographs depict the same person. The research described here examines viewers’ strategies for matching faces, and addresses the issue of which parts of a face are important for this task. Consistent with previous research, several eye-tracking experiments demonstrated a bias to the eye region when looking at faces. In some studies, there was a scanning strategy whereby only one eye on each face was viewed (the left eye on the right face and the right eye on the left face). However, viewing patterns and matching performance could be influenced by manipulating the way the face pair was presented: through face inversion, changing the distance between the two faces and varying the layout. There was a strong bias to look at the face on the left first, and then to look at the face on the right. A left visual field bias for individual faces has been found in a number of previous studies, but this is the first time it has been reported using pairs of faces in a matching task. The bias to look first at the item on the left was also found when trying to match pairs of similar line drawings of objects and therefore is not specific to face stimuli. Finally, the experiments in this thesis suggest that the way face pairs are presented can influence viewers’ accuracy on a matching task, as well as the way in which these faces are viewed. This suggests that the layout of face pairs for matching might be important in real world settings, such as the attempt to identify criminals from security cameras.
Empowering women to achieve food security

CONTENTS: Brief 1. Overview / Agnes R. Quisumbing and Ruth S. Meinzen-Dick Brief 2. Land Rights / Eve Crowley Brief 3. Water Rights / Barbara Van Koppen Brief 4. Rights to Livestock / Beth A. Miller Brief 5. Technology / Thelma R. Paris, Hilary Sims Feldstein, and Guadalupe Duron Brief 6. Education / Elizabeth M. King and Harold Alderman Brief 7. Labor Markets and Employment / Ruthanne Deutsch, Suzanne Duryea, and Claudia Piras Brief 8. Health and Nutrition / Stuart Gillespie Brief 9. Social Capital / Mercy S. Dikito-Wachtmeister Brief 10. Microfinance / Manohar Sharma Brief 11. Safety Nets / Michelle Adato and Shelley Feldman Brief 12. Law and Legal Reform / Gita Gopal
Human Bocavirus Infection in Children with Gastroenteritis, Brazil

Human bocavirus (HBoV) was detected in 14 (2%) of 705 fecal specimens from Brazilian children with gastroenteritis. Coinfection with rotavirus, adenovirus, or norovirus was found in 3 (21.4%) HBoV-positive specimens. None of the HBoV-positive patients had respiratory symptoms.
Network Model Selection for Task-Focused Attributed Network Inference

Networks are models representing relationships between entities. Often these relationships are explicitly given, or we must learn a representation which generalizes and predicts observed behavior in underlying individual data (e.g. attributes or labels). Whether given or inferred, choosing the best representation affects subsequent tasks and questions on the network. This work focuses on model selection to evaluate network representations from data, focusing on fundamental predictive tasks on networks. We present a modular methodology using general, interpretable network models, task neighborhood functions found across domains, and several criteria for robust model selection. We demonstrate our methodology on three online user activity datasets and show that network model selection for the appropriate network task vs. an alternate task increases performance by an order of magnitude in our experiments.
Heterophilious Dynamics Enhances Consensus

We review a general class of models for self-organized dynamics based on alignment. The dynamics of such systems is governed solely by interactions among individuals or “agents,” with the tendency to adjust to their “environmental averages. ” This, in turn, leads to the formation of clusters, e.g., colonies of ants, flocks of birds, parties of people, rendezvous in mobile networks, etc. A natural question which arises in this context is to ask when and how clusters emerge through the self-alignment of agents, and what types of “rules of engagement” influence the formation of such clusters. Of particular interest to us are cases in which the self-organized behavior tends to concentrate into one cluster, reflecting a consensus of opinions, flocking of birds, fish, or cells, rendezvous of mobile agents, and, in general, concentration of other traits intrinsic to the dynamics. Many standard models for self-organized dynamics in social, biological, and physical sciences assume that the intensity of alignment in.
Participation, Representation and Expertise: Citizen Preferences for Political Decision-Making Processes

In this article, it is shown that citizen process preferences are complex and include several dimensions. The argument relies on data from a representative sample of Spanish citizens (N = 2,450) to assess these dimensions. Using confirmatory factor analysis as well as Mokken analysis, it is shown that citizen process preferences capture support for three different models: participatory, representative and expert-based. The relationships between these dimensions (where the opposition between representation and participation stands as the clearest result) and the substantive and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.
Instanton counting on Hirzebruch surfaces

We perform a study of the moduli space of framed torsion free sheaves on Hirzebruch surfaces by using localization techniques. After discussing general properties of this moduli space, we classify its fixed points under the appropriate toric action and compute its Poincare' polynomial. From the physical viewpoint, our results provide the partition function of N=4 Vafa-Witten theory on Hirzebruch surfaces, which is relevant in black hole entropy counting problems according to a conjecture due to Ooguri, Strominger and Vafa.
Gastroretentive behavior of orally administered radiolabeled tamarind seed formulations in rabbits validated by gamma scintigraphy

This study aimed to formulate floating gastroretentive tablets containing metformin hydrochloric acid (HCl), using various grades of hydrogel such as tamarind powders and xanthan to overcome short gastric residence time of the conventional dosage forms. Different concentrations of the hydrogels were tested to determine the formulation that could provide a sustained release of 12 h. Eleven formulations with different ratios of tamarind seed powder/tamarind kernel powder (TKP):xanthan were prepared. The physical parameters were observed, and in vitro drug-release studies of the prepared formulations were carried out. Optimal formulation was assessed for physicochemical properties, thermal stability, and chemical interaction followed by in vivo gamma scintigraphy study. MKP3 formulation with a TKP:xanthan ratio of 3:2 was found to have 99.87% release over 12 h. Furthermore, in vivo gamma scintigraphy study was carried out for the optimized formulation in healthy New Zealand White rabbits, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of developed formulations were obtained. 153Sm2O3 was used to trace the profile of release in the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits, and the drug release was analyzed. The time (Tmax) at which the maximum concentration of metformin HCl in the blood (Cmax) was observed, and it was extended four times for the gastroretentive formulation in comparison with the formulation without polymers. Cmax and the half-life were found to be within an acceptable range. It is therefore concluded that MKP3 is the optimal formulation for sustained release of metformin HCl over a period of 12 h as a result of its floating properties in the gastric region.
SymNet: Scalable symbolic execution for modern networks

We present SymNet, a network static analysis tool based on symbolic execution. SymNet injects symbolic packets and tracks their evolution through the network. Our key novelty is SEFL, a language we designed for expressing data plane processing in a symbolic-execution friendly manner. SymNet statically analyzes an abstract data plane model that consists of the SEFL code for every node and the links between nodes. SymNet can check networks containing routers with hundreds of thousands of prefixes and NATs in seconds, while verifying packet header memory-safety and covering network functionality such as dynamic tunneling, stateful processing and encryption. We used SymNet to debug mid- dlebox interactions from the literature, to check properties of our department’s network and the Stanford backbone. Modeling network functionality is not easy. To aid users we have developed parsers that automatically generate SEFL models from router and switch tables, firewall configura- tions and arbitrary Click modular router configurations. The parsers rely on prebuilt models that are exact and fast to an- alyze. Finally, we have built an automated testing tool that combines symbolic execution and testing to check whether the model is an accurate representation of the real code.
Nonlinear stability and post-critical analysis of an uncertain plant with describing functions and integral quadratic constraints

Two approaches to tackle the nonlinear robust stability problem of a plant are considered. The first employs a combination of the Describing Function method and μ analysis, while the second makes use of Integral Quadratic Constraints (IQCs). The model analyzed consists of an open-loop wing's airfoil subject to freeplay and LTI parametric uncertainties. One of the main contributions of the work is to provide methodologies to quantitatively determine the post-critical behaviour of the system, known as Limit Cycle Oscillation (LCO). When the first approach is adopted, this is studied by means of a worst-case LCO curve, whose definition is given in the paper. The IQC framework, typically used to find asymptotic stability certificates, is applied to this scenario by introducing a restricted sector bound condition for the nonlinearity.
Late ventricular potentials in familial Mediterranean fever with and without AA amyloidosis.

Objective Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by episodic and chronic inflammation that may lead to both accelerated coronary atherosclerosis and cardiac AA amyloidosis. We hypothesized that late ventricular potentials (LPs), an established electrocardiographic susceptibility marker of ventricular arrhythmias, will be more common in FMF than in the adjusted normal population due to these two types of inflammation-associated cardiac effects. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of LPs in FMF patients with and without amyloidosis. Material and Methods Signal-averaged electrocardiography was performed in consecutive patients with FMF using the Frank corrected orthogonal lead system. At least 200 consecutive beats were digitally recorded and averaged, and the presence of LPs was determined according to acceptable thresholds. Results There were 54 patients with colchicine-treated FMF, of whom 14 had biopsy-proven AA amyloidosis. None of the uncomplicated FMF patients and 2 of the 14 FMF amyloidosis patients had abnormal or borderline LPs. Conclusion Based on LPs as a susceptibility marker for arrhythmia, FMF patients, including the large majority of FMF patients with amyloidosis, are seemingly not at an increased risk to develop arrhythmias.
The Equivalence of Online and Paper-Pencil Measures of Emotional Intelligence

Improved access to the Internet along with technological advances in hardware and software are prompting social scientists to move their research pursuits from the laboratory into cyberspace. While evidence suggests that online research is equivalent if not superior to traditional offline (i.e., paper-pencil [PP]) methods (Buchanan & Smith, 1999; Campos et al., 2011; Lonsdale et al., 2006; Meyerson & Tryon, 2003; Naus et al., 2009; Preckel & Thiemann, 2003), caution is urged in summarily generalizing research methods and results from one format to another. To address one of the key limitations of Internet research (i.e., measurement error), scholars have begun to examine the reliability and validity of online test formats. In studies of matched or paired samples who completed electronic and PP measures of various psychological constructs (e.g., personality, burnout, intellectual giftedness), results suggest comparable psychometric properties, factor structure, and outcomes across the data collection methods (Buchanan & Smith, 1999; Campos et al., 2011; Lonsdale et al., 2006; Meyerson & Tryon, 2003; Naus et al., 2009; Preckel & Thiemann, 2003).
The Four Immeasurables Program: Training empathy and promoting altruism through meditation. An eight-week randomized controlled pilot study.

The general purpose of this randomized controlled pilot study was to investigate the potential effects of The Four Immeasurables Program on empathy and measures assumed to be related to the development of empathy and empathic concern for others such as perceived stress, mindfulness, and self-compassion. Of primary interest was to study whether the program can alter the dispositional tendency to feel empathic concern rather than personal distress when perceiving another as in need, termed other-orientation. In a randomized controlled study, an experimental group (n=21) was enrolled in an 8-week Four Immeasurables Program based on the Buddhist meditations of loving-kindness, compassion, joy and equanimity, as well as the practice of Tonglen (“taking and sending”). The control group (n=25) was assigned to a waiting-list condition. After controlling for pre-test scores, post-intervention results showed a trend towards increases in other-orientation in the experimental group - an increase that significantly correlated with meditation time and with decreases in perceived stress as well as increases in self-compassion and mindfulness. Additionally, significant increases in mindfulness and self-compassion and a significant decrease in perceived stress were obtained for the experimental group when compared to the controls.