Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Anti-Vaccination Attitudes in Social Media

The anti-vaccination movement threatens public health by reducing the likelihood of disease eradication. With social media’s purported role in disseminating anti-vaccine information, it is imperative to understand the drivers of attitudes among participants involved in the vaccination debate on a communication channel critical to the movement: Twitter. Using four years of longitudinal data capturing vaccine discussions on Twitter, we identify users who persistently hold pro and anti attitudes, and those who newly adopt anti attitudes towards vaccination. After gathering each user’s entire Twitter timeline, totaling to over 3 million tweets, we explore differences in the individual narratives across the user cohorts. We find that those with long-term anti-vaccination attitudes manifest conspiratorial thinking, mistrust in government, and are resolute and in-group focused in language. New adoptees appear to be predisposed to form anti-vaccination attitudes via similar government distrust and general paranoia, but are more social and less certain than their long-term counterparts. We discuss how this apparent predisposition can interact with social media-fueled events to bring newcomers into the anti-vaccination movement. Given the strong base of conspiratorial thinking underlying anti-vaccination attitudes, we conclude by highlighting the need for alternatives to traditional methods of using authoritative sources such as the government when correcting misleading vaccination claims.
Accounting Conservatism and the Efficiency of Debt Contracts

In this paper we examine how accounting conservatism affects the efficiency of debt contracting. We develop the statistical and informational properties of accounting reports under varying degrees of conditional and unconditional accounting conservatism, consistent with Basu's [1997] description of differential verifiability standards. Optimal debt covenants and interest rates on debt are derived from a natural tension between debt holders and equity claimants. We show how optimal covenants vary with the degree of conservatism and derive an efficiency metric that depends on the degree of conservatism. We find that accounting conservatism actually decreases the efficiency of debt contracts, contrary to the suggestions of Watts [2003] and contrary to the hypothesis in numerous empirical studies.
Donation After Cardiac Death: The University of Wisconsin Experience With Liver Transplantation

Objective:To determine whether the outcomes of liver transplantation (LTx) from donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors are equivalent to those from donation after brain death (DBD) donors. Summary Background Data:Because of the significant donor organ shortage, more transplant centers are using livers recovered from DCD donors. However, long-term, single-center outcomes of liver transplantation from DCD donors are limited. Methods:From January 1, 1993, to July 31, 2002, 553 liver transplants were performed from DBD donors and 36 were performed from DCD donors. Differences in event rates between the groups were compared with Kaplan-Meier estimates and the log-rank test. Differences in proportion and differences of means between the groups were compared with Fisher exact test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test, respectively. Results:Mean warm ischemic time at recovery in the DCD group was 17.8 ± 10.6 minutes. The overall rate of biliary strictures was greater in the DCD group at 1 year (33% versus 10%) and 3 years (37% versus 12%; P = 0.0001). The incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis, portal vein stenosis/thrombosis, ischemic-type biliary stricture (ITBS), and primary nonfunction were similar between groups. However, the incidence of both hepatic artery stenosis (16.6% versus 5.4%; P = 0.001) and hepatic abscess and biloma formation (16.7% versus 8.3%; P = 0.04) were greater in the DCD group. Trends toward worse patient and graft survival and increased incidence of ITBS were seen in DCD donors greater than 40 years compared with DCD donors less than 40 years. Overall patient survival at 1 year (DCD, 80%; versus DBD, 91%) and 3 years (DCD, 68%; versus DBD, 84%) was significantly less in the DCD group (P = 0.002). Similarly, graft survival at 1 year (DCD, 67%; versus DBD, 86%) and 3 years (DCD, 56%; versus DBD, 80%) were significantly less in the DCD group (P = 0.0001). Conclusions:Despite similar rates of primary nonfunction, LTx after controlled DCD resulted in worse patient and graft survival compared with LTx after DBD and increased incidence of biliary complications and hepatic artery stenosis. However, overall results of LTx after controlled DCD are encouraging; and with careful donor and recipient selection, LTx after DCD may successfully increase the donor liver pool.
MECHANISMS FOR TEMPORAL CHANGE IN PHYTOPLANKTON COMPOSITION IN SAN LUIS OBISPO BAY CALIFORNIA

Coastal topography and more specifically, the impact of local hydrography can significantly influence phytoplankton dynamics along the California coast. In San Luis Obispo Bay California, the local hydrography is influenced by the presence of a lee and proposed upwelling shadow in the northwest corner of the bay. These conditions allow for periods of unperturbed phytoplankton growth creating phytoplankton incubation areas. Phytoplankton dynamics including accumulation, advection, and composition were examined in San Luis Obispo Bay California from January to June 2004 using all the primary techniques of ocean monitoring encompassed in the coastal module of the Global Ocean Observing System. These techniques included remote sensing, autonomous sensing, discrete sampling and laboratory analysis. Results demonstrated that composition in the bay followed the typical seasonal shifts seen along the California coast. These findings reveal a community that was primarily dominated by dinoflagellates during the winter months giving way to a diatom dominated community in the spring and summer as upwelling season reached the coast. The model of cyclic phytoplankton accumulation and advection was shown to be valid and driven by both coastal upwelling as well as poleward displacement during periods of relaxation. In addition, due to presence of a stratified subsurface chlorophyll layer, the depth component was shown to be vital when attempting to access and sample phytoplankton communities in the bay. Map of the REMUS mission track used in this study. The transponder locations are shown in red. Missions were J-shaped in order for the vehicle to safely clear the tip of the break-wall (BW on figure) located in the northwest corner of the bay. B) REMUS mission depth map showing its surface position (flat line) as it moved offshore followed by its undulating return (jagged line). Sea surface temperature plot from 1/1/2004 through 6/30/2004 demonstrating low stable values during the winter and elevated fluctuating values during the summer. (Nearshore) measurements (blue) were reported from NOAA temperature gauge 9412110 while offshore measurements (pink) were reported from NOAA buoy 46062 (offshore). B) Difference plot demonstrating increases in SST fluctuation as summer approached. Temperature is reported as (nearshore-offshore). C) Wind data showing directional dominance from between 300 and 350 degrees. Data also demonstrates elongated periods between shifts reported during the late spring and summer. D) Wind speed data showing relaxation periods corresponding to shifts in wind direction. showing chlorophyll a accumulation. G) Graphical extrapolation of chlorophyll a concentration vs. time. Red circle shows chlorophyll …
Tunable optical de-aggregation of a 40-Gbit/s 16-QAM signal into two 20-Gbit/s 4-PAM signals using a coherent frequency comb and nonlinear processing

We experimentally de-aggregate the 16-QAM signal (EVM 6.9%) onto two 4-PAM signals (EVM 8.5%). Tunability of the approach over modulation format and bit rate is also shown by de-aggregating QPSK signals at two different baud rates.
Comparison of follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, ovarian volume, and antral follicle count, based on the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop system, among community-based women in China

ObjectiveThis study aims to describe changes in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), ovarian volume (OV), and antral follicle count (AFC), and to examine their relationships at the same menopause stage, based on the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW) system, among Chinese women in community settings. MethodsProspective longitudinal study design was used to analyze the sex hormone levels, OV, and AFC of 327 community women aged 30 to 65 years. They were followed up at 1 year. ResultsSignificant differences in FSH, E2, and OV were observed at baseline and on follow-up (all P<0.001). Significant differences in E2 were observed between baseline and follow-up for women in premenopause (−2.743, P=0.006) and late postmenopause (−5.213, P<0.001). There were significant differences in FSH between baseline and follow-up in early menopausal transition (MT) (−2.430, P=0.015) and late MT (−3.737, P<0.001). There were significant differences in OV between baseline and follow-up in late MT (−3.805, P<0.001) and early postmenopause (−4.341, P<0.001). There were significant differences in AFC between baseline and follow-up in premenopause (−2.046, P=0.041). ConclusionsThese results suggest the existence of significant associations between FSH, E2, OV, AFC, and menopause status, supporting the use of the STRAW system among community-based women in China. Further study of the MT is recommended to confirm the appropriateness of the STRAW system for Chinese women.
IX. INHIBITOR EFFECTIVENESS ON CO2 CORROSION WITH SAND Introduction

Erosion, corrosion, and erosion-corrosion are common problems in offshore pipelines, tubing and pipe fittings. Corrosion has an important impact on the total cost of oil and gas production. Considering the diversity of corrosion related problems, CO2 corrosion (sweet corrosion) is probably the material degradation mechanism most extensively assessed in this industry over the last 30 years. In the last decade, predictive models have experienced a major improvement in accuracy as well as in the development of mechanistic models of the chemistry involved in the CO2 corrosion process. Several empirical laboratory models, empirical field models and mechanistic models have been developed in this area and many parameters have been taken into account, including the effects of CO2 pressure, temperature, pH, chloride content, hydrodynamics and others. However, applicability of these models when sand is produced is still not clear.
Emergence of a Small-World Functional Network in Cultured Neurons

The functional networks of cultured neurons exhibit complex network properties similar to those found in vivo. Starting from random seeding, cultures undergo significant reorganization during the initial period in vitro, yet despite providing an ideal platform for observing developmental changes in neuronal connectivity, little is known about how a complex functional network evolves from isolated neurons. In the present study, evolution of functional connectivity was estimated from correlations of spontaneous activity. Network properties were quantified using complex measures from graph theory and used to compare cultures at different stages of development during the first 5 weeks in vitro. Networks obtained from young cultures (14 days in vitro) exhibited a random topology, which evolved to a small-world topology during maturation. The topology change was accompanied by an increased presence of highly connected areas (hubs) and network efficiency increased with age. The small-world topology balances integration of network areas with segregation of specialized processing units. The emergence of such network structure in cultured neurons, despite a lack of external input, points to complex intrinsic biological mechanisms. Moreover, the functional network of cultures at mature ages is efficient and highly suited to complex processing tasks.
Leptospira Contamination in Household and Environmental Water in Rural Communities in Southern Chile

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of global distribution that affects tropical and temperate areas. Under suitable conditions, Leptospira can survive in water and soil and contribute to human and animal infections. The objective of this study was to describe the presence of pathogenic Leptospira in peri-domestic water samples from rural households in southern Chile. Water samples, including puddles, containers, animal troughs, rivers, canals, and drinking water were collected from 236 households and tested for Leptospira using a PCR assay targeting the lipL32 gene. Evidence of Leptospira presence was detected in all sample types; overall, 13.5% (77/570) samples tested positive. A total of 10/22 (45.5%) open containers, 12/83 (14.5%) animal drinking sources, 9/47 (19.1%) human drinking sources, and 36/306 (19.3%) puddles tested positive. Lower income (OR = 4.35, p = 0.003), increased temperature (OR = 1.23, p < 0.001), and presence of dogs (OR = 15.9, p = 0.022) were positively associated with positive puddles. Increased number of rodent signs was associated with positive puddles in the household (OR = 3.22); however, only in the lower income households. There was no association between PCR positive rodents and puddles at the household level. Results revealed the ubiquity of Leptospira in the household environment and highlight the need to develop formal approaches for systematic monitoring.
Diversity of vector mosquitoes in selected areas of Sattur Taluk (Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India)

The present, study was undertaken to known the mosquito fauna with reference to diversity of selected area of Sattur Taluk, Four villages of Virudhunagar District, Tamilnadu, in India. The study period was undertaken for the period of eight months (September 2015 to April 2016). Twelve species belong to four genera was recorded. Gegion wise study on diversity of mosquitoes was almost similar with limited fluctuations. Culex quinquefasciatus was recorded as the major group of mosquitoes followed by Culex tritaeniorhynchus. The three species of mosquitoes were constantly present in the study period namely Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Armigeres subalbatus. The biodiversity index and species richness was higher during the month of December 2015.
Widely Linear Estimation for Space-Time-Coded GFDM in Low-Latency Applications

This paper presents a solution for achieving transmit diversity with generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM). Compared to previous works, the proposed solution significantly improves symbol error rate (SER) performance and latency, where both aspects are crucial for future 5G cellular networks. It is shown that widely linear estimation at the receiver side can jointly equalize and demodulate the space-time encoded GFDM signal. Moreover, maximum ratio combining can further increase the SER performance with multiple receive antennas. SER performance is evaluated in Rayleigh fading multipath channels.
The effect of bilingual term list size on dictionary-based cross-language information retrieval

Bilingual term lists are extensively used as a resource for dictionary-based cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), in which the goal is to find documents written in one natural language based on queries that are expressed in another. This paper identifies eight types of terms that affect retrieval effectiveness in CLIR applications through their coverage by general-purpose bilingual term lists, and reports results from an experimental evaluation of the coverage of 35 bilingual term lists in news retrieval application. Retrieval effectiveness was found to be strongly influenced by term list size for lists that contain between 3,000 and 30,000 unique terms per language. Supplemental techniques for named entity translation were found to be useful with even the largest lexicons. The contribution of named-entity translation was evaluated in a cross-language experiment involving English and Chinese. Smaller effects were observed from deficiencies in the coverage of domain-specific terminology when searching news stories.
Interns Overestimate the Effectiveness of Their Hand-off Communication

OBJECTIVE: Theories from the psychology of communication may be applicable in understanding why hand-off communication is inherently problematic. The purpose of this study was to assess whether postcall pediatric interns can correctly estimate the patient care information and rationale received by on-call interns during hand-off communication. METHODS: Pediatric interns at the University of Chicago were interviewed about the hand-off. Postcall interns were asked to predict what on-call interns would report as the important pieces of information communicated during the hand-off about each patient, with accompanying rationale. Postcall interns also guessed on-call interns' rating of how well the hand-offs went. Then, on-call interns were asked to list the most important pieces of information for each patient that postcall interns communicated during the hand-off, with accompanying rationale. On-call interns also rated how well the hand-offs went. Interns had access to written hand-offs during the interviews. RESULTS: We conducted 52 interviews, which constituted 59% of eligible interviews. Seventy-two patients were discussed. The most important piece of information about a patient was not successfully communicated 60% of the time, despite the postcall intern's believing that it was communicated. Postcall and on-call interns did not agree on the rationales provided for 60% of items. In addition, an item was more likely to be effectively communicated when it was a to-do item (65%) or an item related to anticipatory guidance (69%) compared with a knowledge item (38%). Despite the lack of agreement on content and rationale of information communicated during hand-offs, peer ratings of hand-off quality were high. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric interns overestimated the effectiveness of their hand-off communication. Theories from communication psychology suggest that miscommunication is caused by egocentric thought processes and a tendency for the speaker to overestimate the receiver's understanding. This study demonstrates that systematic causes of miscommunication may play a role in hand-off quality.
Scheduling with tool changes to minimize total completion time: A study of heuristics and their performance

The machine scheduling literature does not consider the issue of tool change. The parallel literature on tool management addresses this issue but assumes that the change is due only to part mix. In practice, however, a tool change is caused most frequently by tool wear. That is why we consider here the problem of scheduling a set of jobs on a single CNC machine where the cutting tool is subject to wear; our objective is to minimize the total completion time. We first describe the problem and discuss its peculiarities. After briefly reviewing available theoretical results, we then go on to provide a mixed 0–1 linear programming model for the exact solution of the problem; this is useful in solving problem instances with up to 20 jobs and has been used in our computational study. As our main contribution, we next propose a number of heuristic algorithms based on simple dispatch rules and generic search. We then discuss the results of a computational study where the performance of the various heuristics is tested; we note that the well‐known SPT rule remains good when the tool change time is small but deteriorates as this time increases and further that the proposed algorithms promise significant improvement over the SPT rule. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003
Aggregated Transfer Factors For Small Mammals Collected From the Exposed Sediments Of A 137 Cs Contaminated Reservoir

{sup 137}Cs transfer factors were computed for small mammals collected from the dried sediment areas of a partially drained, contaminated reservoir. Soil {sup 137}Cs concentrations were heterogeneous on small and large spatial scales, with a geometric mean of 253.1 Bq/kg dry weight. About 50% of the variance in cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus tissue {sup 137}Cs levels was explained by variation in soil {sup 137}Cs levels. Soil to animal transfer factors (whole body dry weight) averaged 6.0 for cotton rats and 1.2 for cotton mice Peromyscus gossypinus. These values are similar to {sup 137}Cs transfer factors for herbivorous, homeothermic animals from other contaminated ecosystems. Site-specific transfer factors can significantly affect the estimation of dose. In the RESRAD-BIOTA dose model, the default transfer factor for {sup 137}Cs in terrestrial animals is 110 resulting in an estimate of radiation dose to terrestrial biota that is 16 times more than the dose calculated with the actual measured transfer factor.
Associations of Classic Kaposi Sarcoma with Common Variants in Genes that Modulate Host Immunity

Classic Kaposi sarcoma (CKS) is an inflammatory-mediated neoplasm primarily caused by Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Kaposi sarcoma lesions are characterized, in part, by the presence of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors thought to regulate KSHV replication and CKS pathogenesis. Using genomic DNA extracted from 133 CKS cases and 172 KSHV-latent nuclear antigen-positive, population-based controls in Italy without HIV infection, we examined the risk of CKS associated with 28 common genetic variants in 14 immune-modulating genes. Haplotypes were estimated for IL1A, IL1B, IL4, IL8, IL8RB, IL10, IL12A, IL13, and TNF. Compared with controls, CKS risk was decreased with 1235T/−1010G–containing diplotypes of IL8RB (odds ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.30-0.78; P = 0.003), whereas risk was increased with diplotypes of IL13 containing the promoter region variant 98A (rs20541, alias +130; odds ratio, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-3.08; P = 0.01) when considered in multivariate analysis. Risk estimates did not substantially vary by age, sex, incident disease, or disease burden. Our data provide preliminary evidence for variants in immune-modulating genes that could influence the risk of CKS. Among KSHV-seropositive Italians, CKS risk was associated with diplotypes of IL8RB and IL13, supporting laboratory evidence of immune-mediated pathogenesis. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(5):926–34)