Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An evidence-based review of public attitudes to climate change and transport behaviour - final report

This publication reviews UK information on public attitudes to climate change and travel behaviour. It was found that there has been no consistent study on the links between these factors. The review used literature from environmental psychology, public understanding of science, travel behaviour research, marketing and sociology. The link between knowledge and awareness of climate change on one hand and travel behaviour at the individual level is considered to be weak. Transport policies that either set out to change attitude or aim to change behaviour first without necessarily changing attitudes are both considered necessary. A need to engage the public in issues of transport and climate change in new ways, rather than using a top down approach. Nine areas for further research were identified.
Chandra and XMM–Newton observations of NGC 5253: analysis of the X-ray emission from a dwarf starburst galaxy

We present Chandra and XMM‐Newton X-ray data of NGC 5253, a local starbursting dwarf elliptical galaxy, in the early stages of a starburst episode. Contributions to the X-ray emission come from discrete point sources and extended diffuse emission, in the form of what appear to be multiple superbubbles, and smaller bubbles probably associated with individual star clusters. Chandra detects 17 sources within the optical extent of NGC 5253 down to a completeness level corresponding to a luminosity of 1.5 × 10 37 erg s −1 . The slope of the point-source X-ray luminosity function is −0.54± 0.21 0.16 , similar to that of other nearby dwarf starburst galaxies. Several different types of source are detected within the galaxy, including X-ray binaries and the emission associated with star clusters. Comparison of the diffuse X-ray emission with the observed Hα emission shows similarities in their extent. The best spectral fit to the diffuse emission is obtained with an absorbed, twotemperature model giving temperatures for the two gas components of ∼0.24 and ∼0.75 keV. The derived parameters of the diffuse X-ray emitting gas are as follows: a total mass of ∼1.4 × 10 6 f 1/2 M� , where f is the volume-filling factor of the X-ray emitting gas, and a total thermal energy content for the hot X-ray emitting gas of ∼3.4 × 10 54 f 1/2 erg. The pressure in the diffuse gas is P/k ∼ 10 6 f −1/2 Kc m −3 . We find that these values are broadly commensurate with the mass and energy injection from the starburst population. Analysis of the kinematics of the starburst region suggests that the stellar ejecta contained within it can escape the gravitational potential well of the galaxy, and pollute the surrounding intergalactic medium.
A system of indoleamine-accumulating neurons in the rabbit retina

The indoleamine-accumulating neurons of the rabbit retina were labeled by intraocular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). The retinas were fixed with 2.5% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde and inspected by fluorescence microscopy. Five kinds of cell accumulated the indoleamine. They were labeled to essentially the same brightness and remained so despite variations in the concentration at which 5,7-DHT had been applied or the duration of its application. Experiments in which 5,7-DHT was applied to retinas incubated in vitro gave identical results. To see the whole shape of the cells, we visually guided micropipettes to the fluorescent cell bodies and injected the cells with Lucifer yellow CH. To study the cells as a population, we used a new method in which the fluorescence of 5,7-DHT is photochemically converted to an insoluble diaminobenzidine product. The dendrites of all of the indoleamine-accumulating cells were then simultaneously visible. Used together, these techniques revealed an interrelated system of indoleamine-accumulating neurons. All of the cells contribute processes to a dendritic plexus that lies at the inner margin of the inner plexiform layer. The plexus is roughly 4 micron thick. It is pierced by the stalks of the Muller cells and is occasionally interrupted by ganglion cell bodies, where they extend above the average margin of the ganglion cell layer. Otherwise it fills much of the space at the junction of the plexiform and ganglion cell layers. The type 1 and type 2 cells are amacrine cells with cell bodies at the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer. They have 5–8 radially branching primary dendrites which extend horizontally across the inner plexiform layer before descending to join the dendritic plexus. They differ from each other in cell body shape, dendritic morphology, and the course of their dendrites within the inner plexiform layer. Each has a “displaced” counterpart, with a morphology similar to the type 1 or type 2 cell but with a cell body located in the ganglion cell layer. The displaced cells are separate functional elements because, in contrast to the type 1 and type 2 cells, they have no dendrites (and hence can have no synaptic connections) in the outer part of the inner plexiform layer. The fifth kind of cell (type 3) appears not to have been described before. Its cell body is located at the outer margin of the inner nuclear layer. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Structural Requirements for Functional Interaction of Glutathione Tripeptide Analogs with the Human Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1)

The human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) is a primary active transporter of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione, as well as GSH-, glucuronate-, and sulfate-conjugated organic anions. In addition, the transport of certain MRP1 substrates is stimulated by the presence of GSH. To evaluate the structural features of GSH required for interaction with the protein, we investigated the ability of a series of GSH analogs to enhance GSH stimulatable transport of [3H]estrone 3-sulfate (E1SO4). We found that substitution of the γ-Glu residue with Gly, β-Asp, and α-Glu resulted in complete loss of transport stimulation. In contrast, substitution of Gly with Glu or β-Ala resulted in only a partial loss of stimulatory activity. E1SO4transport activity surpassed GSH-stimulated levels in the presence of tripeptides in which Cys was substituted with the hydrophobic amino acids Leu, Phe, and homo-Phe. Moreover, polar substitutions of Cys did not enhance transport to the same extent as nonpolar substitutions of comparable size. γ-Glu-Leu-Gly was 1.6-fold more effective than GSH in stimulating E1SO4 uptake, and kinetic analysis indicated this was due to an increasedV max. In addition, this tripeptide was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of apigenin-stimulated GSH transport (K i value of 14 μM), confirming that it either interacts with the same site on MRP1 as GSH or that the binding of the two tripeptides is mutually exclusive. These data provide insight into the architecture of the GSH binding domain of MRP1.
A Structural Model of Self-concept , Autonomous Motivation and Academic Performance in Cross-cultural Perspective 1

1 This article is based on a master's thesis submitted to University of Groningen by Wondimu Ahmed under the supervision of Dr Marjon Bruinsma. Wondimu Ahmed is currently a PhD student at this University Abstract The purpose of this study was to propose and test a motivational model of performance by integrating constructs from self-concept and self-determination theories and to explore cultural group differences in the model. To this end, self-report measures of global self-esteem, academic self-concept, academic motivation and academic performance were collected from Asian and European graduate students. Analysis consisted of structural equation models for the overall sample (N=181) and for separate cultural groups (Asian = 94) and European = 87). In the overall sample, the proposed model did fit the data reasonably with all proposed path coefficients being statistically significant. In the separate cultural group analyses although the models fit both samples data, one path coefficient was not found to be significant in the Asian sub-sample. The results are discussed using self-concept and self-determination theories as well as cultural difference perspectives.
An essential dual-function complex mediates erythrocyte invasion and channel-mediated nutrient uptake in malaria parasites

Malaria parasites evade immune detection by growth and replication within erythrocytes. After erythrocyte invasion, the intracellular pathogen must increase host cell uptake of nutrients from plasma. Here, we report that the parasite-encoded RhopH complex contributes to both invasion and channel-mediated nutrient uptake. As rhoph2 and rhoph3 gene knockouts were not viable in the human P. falciparum pathogen, we used conditional knockdowns to determine that the encoded proteins are essential and to identify their stage-specific functions. We exclude presumed roles for RhopH2 and CLAG3 in erythrocyte invasion but implicate a RhopH3 contribution either through ligand-receptor interactions or subsequent parasite internalization. These proteins then traffic via an export translocon to the host membrane, where they form a nutrient channel. Knockdown of either RhopH2 or RhopH3 disrupts the entire complex, interfering with organellar targeting and subsequent trafficking. Therapies targeting this complex should attack the pathogen at two critical points in its cycle. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.23485. 001
Factors Affecting Housing Modifications and Housing Pricing: A Case Study of Four Residential Neighborhoods in Haifa, Israel

The relationships among three groups of variablesenvironmental conditions in residential neighborhoods, postoccupancy housing changes and modifications (HCMs), and the market values of residential propertiesare investigated. While traditional hedonic modeling assumes the existence of direct links between environmental factors and property values, this paper suggests that such links are indirect and work through the investment decisions of homeowners, who choose to invest (or not to invest) in the maintenance and/or expansion of their properties. To verify this assumption, HCMs accumulated in four residential neighborhoods in Haifa, Israel are analyzed. The findings indicate a fairly strong association between environmental factors, building characteristics, rehabilitation activity and property values in these neighborhoods. The paper suggests an extra benefit for improving the environment, due to the dynamic process that may cause further investment.
The Regulation of State Social Insurance: Structure and Choices of Beneficiaries

The main focus of this article is on parental leave and allowance system in Lithuania. This study analyses main changes in this system, when in 2011 new version of Sickness and maternity social insurance law was adopted in Lithuania. Article presents and discusses theoretical models of family policy, analyses Lithuanian family policy and job/paternity reconciliation problems. With reference to different authors’, the article is based upon theoretical discussion of family policy models. Traditional male breadwinner model is opposed to other models: caregiver-parity model, dual-earner model and dual-carer model. Analysis of state social insurance parental allowance system and beneficiaries in Lithuania is conducted based on data sets from State Social Insurance Fund Board and expert interviews. There are two main questions answered in the article: what is the structure of parental leave beneficiaries and how did it change after amendment of Sickness and maternity social insurance law; what are the typical choices of those going for parental leave. What work/family model is induced by these changes and does it comply with the aims of the new Sickness and maternity social insurance law. Analysis of Lithuanian state social insurance parental allowance system and choices of beneficiaries showed clear policy tendencies to move forward to more male breadwinner model. With the emphasis on long periods of absence from work and relatively small compensations, new parental leave policy devalues family care in relation to employment and does not provide choices for women to (re-)move from family care to employment.
Enchondroma Protuberans of Ulnar Bone: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Introduction. Enchondroma protuberans is an extremely rare benign cartilaginous bone tumor. We report the first case report of enchondroma protuberans in the forearm. Presentation of Case. We report a case of enchondroma protuberans originating in the left ulnar bone of a young woman. A 20-year-old female referred to our hospital complaining of progressive sustained left forearm pain with a radiation to fourth and fifth finger. Conventional radiography revealed a well-defined eccentric osteolytic lesion in the distal diaphysis of ulna with expansion of overlying cortex (without calcification). Magnetic resonance imaging showed a well-defined ovoid intramedullary lesion, which was exophytically protruding from medial surface of left ulnar bone. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. Discussion. Enchondroma protuberans typically present as a well-defined intramedullary osteolytic lesion that may be accompanied by a fine matricidal calcification. The connection between the intramedullary portion and the exophytic protrusion can be seen well by magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion. Enchondroma protuberans should be considered in the differential diagnosis of osteochondroma, enchondroma, and periosteal chondroid tumors.
The Impact of Auctions on Residential Sales Prices in New Zealand.

The use of an auction to sell residential real estate in the United States is often associated with distressed sales such as foreclosure, bankruptcy or estate settlement. In other areas of the world, auctions are more commonly used and viewed as a viable, preferred method of selling a house. This article uses hedonic pricing methodology to compare the sale prices of houses in Christchurch, New Zealand sold at auction with those sold by private treaty. The results indicate that in some cases auctions can result in premium sale prices. In none of the cases studied did auctions result in lower prices than private-treaty sales.
Nonrenewable Resource Oligopolies And The Cartel-Fringe Game

We specify and solve a closed-loop dominant firm nonrenewable resource game, with a price-taking fringe. We show that (i) the outcomes of the closed-loop and the open-loop dominant firm nonrenewable resource game (a la Salant 1976) coincide and (ii) when the number of fringe firms becomes arbitrarily large, the equilibrium outcome of the closed-loop oligopoly game does not coincide with the equilibrium outcome of the closed-loop dominant firm nonrenewable resource game. Thus, the interpretation of the dominant firm model, where the fringe is assumed from the outset to be price-taker, as a limit case of an asymmetric oligopoly where the number of fringe firms tends to inifinity, does not extend to the case where firms can use closed-loop strategies.
THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF LYMAN BREAK GALAXIES BETWEEN REDSHIFT 4 AND 6: OBSERVING SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS OF MASSIVE GALAXIES IN FORMATION

We present new measurements of the evolution in the Lyman break galaxy (LBG) population between z ≃ 4 and z ≃ 6. By utilizing the extensive multiwavelength data sets available in the GOODS fields, we identify 2443 B, 506 V, and 137 i′-band dropout galaxies likely to be at z ≈ 4, 5, and 6. For the subset of dropouts for which reliable Spitzer IRAC photometry is feasible (roughly 35% of the sample), we estimate luminosity-weighted ages and stellar masses. With the goal of understanding the duration of typical star formation episodes in galaxies at z ≳ 4, we examine the distribution of stellar masses and ages as a function of cosmic time. We find that at a fixed rest-UV luminosity, the average stellar masses and ages of galaxies do not increase significantly between z ≃ 6 and 4. In order to maintain this near equilibrium in the average properties of high-redshift LBGs, we argue that there must be a steady flux of young, newly luminous objects at each successive redshift. When considered along with the short duty cycles inferred from clustering measurements, these results may suggest that galaxies are undergoing star formation episodes lasting only several hundred million years. In contrast to the unchanging relationship between the average stellar mass and rest-UV luminosity, we find that the number density of massive galaxies increases considerably with time over 4 ≲ z ≲ 6. Given this rapid increase of UV luminous massive galaxies, we explore the possibility that a significant fraction of massive (1011 M☉) z ≃ 2–3 distant red galaxies (DRGs) were in part assembled in an LBG phase at earlier times. Integrating the growth in the stellar mass function of actively forming LBGs over 4 ≲ z ≲ 6 down to z ≃ 2, we find that z ≳ 3 LBGs could have contributed significantly to the quiescent DRG population, indicating that the intense star-forming systems probed by submillimeter observations are not the only route toward the assembly of DRGs at z ≃ 2.
Congestion of Academic Journals Under Papers’ Imperfect Selection

Abstract This paper studies how the congestion of its editorial process affects an academic journal. In a publishing game played by researchers and editors, we assume that quality screening by editors depends on their ability to properly process the flow of submissions. When too many papers arrive, this ability declines and editors may reject good papers or accept papers with little contribution to scientific knowledge. In this game, a separating equilibrium always exists in which only good researchers submit their papers to the journal. Each paper is accepted and the quality of the journal reaches its highest level. However, when the researchers’ reward for each publication exceeds a given threshold, two hybrid equilibria are also feasible. In these equilibria, authors of low-quality papers submit their papers to the journal and, as the flow of papers exceeds the editors’ capacity of perfect assessment, the selection process becomes imperfect. This creates an opportunity for authors to submit poor quality papers, a behaviour which contributes to the congestion of the editorial process. The various strategies implemented by the editors to oppose congestion are then discussed.
Curriculum Feuding and Implementation Challenges: The Case of Senior High School (SHS) Social Studies in Ghana

The subject Social Studies in the Senior High Schools (SHS) curricula (3 & 4 year policy) in Ghana is taught mostly by graduate teachers from the country’s two teacher preparation universities-University of Cape Coast and University of Education (i.e. UCC and UEW) and graduates from other universities. Documentary analysis of their programmes reveals differences in how the subject is structured to prepare teachers to teach it at the SHS level. Qualitatively, an interpretative design was used. Documents of Social Studies course structures were analysed vis-a-vis the SHS Social Studies syllabus. The study revealed that: (a) Teacher Training Institutions (i.e. UCC & UEW) subscribe and use a particular conception of Social Studies curriculum for the production of Social Studies education graduates; and (b) Although social studies is seen as an integrated body of knowledge, there is an issue of acceptable level of integration. It was recommended that Social Studies curricula of both universities should be harmonized to focus more on attitudes and values cultivation as well as skills development of students. Key-words: Conceptions of Social Studies. Social Studies curriculum. Social Studies curriculum implementation.
Uncertainty in action-value estimation affects both action choice and learning rate of the choice behaviors of rats

The estimation of reward outcomes for action candidates is essential for decision making. In this study, we examined whether and how the uncertainty in reward outcome estimation affects the action choice and learning rate. We designed a choice task in which rats selected either the left‐poking or right‐poking hole and received a reward of a food pellet stochastically. The reward probabilities of the left and right holes were chosen from six settings (high, 100% vs. 66%; mid, 66% vs. 33%; low, 33% vs. 0% for the left vs. right holes, and the opposites) in every 20–549 trials. We used Bayesian Q‐learning models to estimate the time course of the probability distribution of action values and tested if they better explain the behaviors of rats than standard Q‐learning models that estimate only the mean of action values. Model comparison by cross‐validation revealed that a Bayesian Q‐learning model with an asymmetric update for reward and non‐reward outcomes fit the choice time course of the rats best. In the action‐choice equation of the Bayesian Q‐learning model, the estimated coefficient for the variance of action value was positive, meaning that rats were uncertainty seeking. Further analysis of the Bayesian Q‐learning model suggested that the uncertainty facilitated the effective learning rate. These results suggest that the rats consider uncertainty in action‐value estimation and that they have an uncertainty‐seeking action policy and uncertainty‐dependent modulation of the effective learning rate.
The Dynamics of Socio-Economic Development: An Introduction

1. Developing countries and the concept of development 2. Development of the international economic order, 1450-2000 3. Growth and stagnation: theories and experiences 4. Technology and development 5. Population and development 6. Health, health care and development 7. Education and development 8. Economic development, structural transformation and primary exports 9. Industrial development 10. Agricultural development and rural development 11. State formation and political aspects of development 12. Cultural dimensions of development 13. The international economic and political order since 1945 14. Foreign aid and development.
Functional characteristics of a novel murine estrogen receptor- isoform, estrogen receptor- 2

We have isolated a highly expressed splice variant mRNA of murine estrogen receptor(ER ), mER 2, containing an in-frame 54 nucleotide insertion between exons 5 and 6 of wild-type mER 1. The predicted ER 2 protein contains 18 amino acids inserted in the ligand binding domain of mER 1. Recombinant protein generated by in vitro transcription/translation showed that mER 2 had markedly reduced ligand binding (KD=17·7 4·7 nM, mean ..., n=3) compared with mER 1-bound H-estradiol (KD=0·56 0·19 nM, mean ..., n=3). Both receptors bound similarly to palindromic estrogen responsive elements (EREs) in vitro and in vivo, and similarly bent DNA. Transcriptional activity was assessed using transient transfection analysis into a homologous murine cell line, NIH 3T3 cells. mER 1 transactivated ERE-tk-CAT reporter genes similarly to mER , whereas mER 2 had little activity except at high ligand concentrations. However, under conditions in which mER 2 is unlikely to be ligand saturated, co-transfected mER 2 inhibited activity of mER and possibly mER 1 on ERE-tkCAT genes. Using a ‘novel raloxifene responsive’ gene reporter system (TGF3–CAT), we found the ability of estradiol and LY117018 to activate both mER and mER 1 on this promoter was identical, and mER 2 activity in the presence of either estradiol or LY117018 was only slightly less than that observed with either mER 1 or mER . Both mER 1 and mER 2 when liganded with LY117018 inhibited transcription at a classical ERE-regulated promoter under these transfection conditions, which was in marked contrast to their stimulatory effect at the transforming growth factor3 promoter. These data suggest that responsiveness of gene expression to a relatively highly expressed variant murine ER isoform, mER 2, is both ligand and promoter specific. Determination of the relative level of expression of mER 1 mRNA and mER 2 mRNA in mouse tissues indicated predominance of mER 2 mRNA in some but not all tissues. These data suggest that the mER 2 may have some tissue-specific and promoter-specific modulatory effects. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology (2000) 25, 229–242