Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Delinquency Across Urban and Rural Contexts

An extensive line of research has demonstrated that low socioeconomic status (SES) is a risk factor for adolescent delinquent behavior. The possibility that low SES affects adolescent’s risk for engaging in delinquent behavior has garnered a significant amount of empirical and public attention, given its implications for delinquency prevention. However, few studies have examined the association between low SES and delinquent behavior across urban and rural contexts in the United States. Moreover, much is unknown about the strength of the association between low SES and delinquency across urban and rural context after controlling for common genetic liabilities that often cluster within different levels of SES. The present study aimed to address these existing gaps in the literature by conducting a genetically informed analysis of sibling pairs from a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth. The results revealed that shared environmental factors accounted for 17% of the population variation in adolescent delinquent behavior among adolescents growing up in urban contexts, and 3% of this family-wide environmental effect was accounted for by SES. No evidence of a family-wide environmental effect on population variation in delinquent behavior was found among adolescents from rural contexts. Findings from the present study suggest that the association between low SES and delinquency in urban contexts in the United States may be a true environmental effect and highlight the utility of using genetically informed research designs to better understand the extent to which social contexts influence adolescent delinquent behavior.
Experience Design for Interactive Products: Designing Technology Augmented Urban Playgrounds for Girls

Recent technological developments have made it possible to apply experience design also in the field of highly interactive product design, an area where involvement of non-trivial technology traditionally made it impossible to implement quick design cycles. With the availability of modular sensor and actuator kits, designers are able to quickly build interactive prototypes and realize more design cycles. In this paper we present a design process that includes experience design for the design of interactive products. The design process was developed for a master level course in product design. In addition, we discuss several cases from this course, applying the process to designing engaging interactive urban playgrounds.
Memory representations guide targeting eye movements in a natural task

The change blindness phenomenon suggests that visual representations retained across saccades are very limited. In this paper we sought to specify the kind of information that is in fact retained. We investigated targeting performance for saccadic eye movements, since one need for visual representations across eye and body positions may be to guide coordinated movements. We examined saccades in the context of an ongoing sensory motor task in order to make stronger generalizations about natural visual functioning and deployment of attention. Human subjects copied random patterns of coloured blocks on a computer display. Their eye movement pattern was consistent from block to block, including a precise saccade to a previously-placed, neighbouring block during each additional block placement. This natural, consistent eye movement allowed the previously-placed, neighbouring block to serve as an implicit target without instructions to the subject. On random trials, we removed the target object from the display during a preceding saccade, so that observers were required to make the targeting saccade without a currently visible target. Targeting performance was excellent, and appeared to be influenced by spatial information that was not visible during the preceding fixation. Subjects were generally unaware of the disappearance and reappearance of the target. We conclude that spatial information about visual targets is retained across eye movements and used to guide subsequent movements.
Regional Differences in Sympathetic Reinnervation After Human Orthotopic Cardiac Transplantation

BackgroundIn the majority of humans 21 year after cardiac transplantation, cardiac norepinephrine (NE) stores reappear, suggesting late sympathetic reinnervation. Methods and ResultsTo determine whether there are regional differences in reinnervation, we measured markers of sympathetic reinnervation of the sinus node (SN) and left ventricle (LV) in five early transplant recipients (c4 months after cardiac transplantation), 45 late transplant recipients (21 year after cardiac transplantation), and seven normally innervated control patients. SN reinnervation was defined as an increase in heart rate by more than five beats per minute after injection of tyramine into the artery supplying the SN. LV reinnervation was defined as a measurable LV NE release after left main coronary injection of 8 $μg/kg tyramine. In 13 patients with previously known LV reinnervation, regional LV reinnervation was assessed by NE release after subselective injection of tyramine (4 $μg/kg) into the proximal left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. Five of five patients <4 months after cardiac transplantation had no change in heart rate and no LV NE release, confirming early, total denervation. In contrast, . 1 year after cardiac transplantation, tyramine caused a heart rate increase (eight to 49 beats per minute) in 32 of 45 patients and LV NE release in 33 of 45. Although LV NE release was correlated with the change in heart rate in late cardiac transplantation recipients (r=.61), eight of 45 had only heart rate response, nine had onl LV NE release, and four had neither. In late cardiac transplantation recipients with LV reinnervation, tyramine caused NE release from both the anterior descending and circumflex perfusion fields in 10 of 14, but one of 14 patients released NE only after circumflex tyramine and three of 14 only after left anterior descending tyramine stimulation. Tyramine caused a marked heart rate increase and LV NE release in all control patients. ConclusionsSympathetic reinnervation after cardiac transplantation is regionally heterogeneous. SN reinnervation is not associated necessarily with LV reinnervation, and LV reinnervation can involve the anterior and posterior walls together or separately.
Mechanical Impedance of the Hand Holding a Spherical Tool at Threshold and Suprathreshold Stimulation Levels

We report mechanical impedance of the hand for sinusoidal stimulation at the threshold and suprathreshold levels in the frequency range of 10-500 Hz delivered through a ball-shaped interface. The participants held the ball mounted on a minishaker in a way similar to that of holding a ball interface of a force-feedback device. A minishaker excited the ball in the vertical direction, resulting in vibrations on the skin of the hand in mostly the tangential direction. The position detection threshold curve was similar to that measured earlier using a stylus in the pen-hold posture, but the force detection threshold curve and the mechanical impedance was shifted upwards in the high frequency region. The mechanical impedance at the threshold and suprathreshold levels were essentially the same, indicating that skin characteristics do not change in the dynamic range of tactual perception for the same tool-holding posture
Performance and evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 under different topologies with Ad-hoc on demand distance vector protocol

IEEE 802.15. 4 is an emerging standard specifically designed for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN) with a focus on enabling the Wireless Sensor Networks. It attempts to provide a low data rate, low power, and low cost wireless networking on the device-level communication. This paper provides a brief description of Zigbee standards including different topologies it supports. It focuses on developing different topology models for the Zigbee standard using AODV protocol and the performance evaluation of these models using different traffic. Several simulations have been carried out at frequency of 2.4GHz with data rate of 250kbps. The performance differentials are analyzed using various metrics like packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, jitter and load factor are simulated using NS2. The paper describes all the parameters used for the simulations in detail and then compares each traffic model with topology. Based on the study we have drawn inferences and concluded star topology gives 100% packet delivery ratio in CBR and Poisson traffic, whereas tree topology also gives 95% of packet delivery with same traffic, but mesh topology has high load factor. In Poisson traffic mesh topology gives 98% of packet delivery.
Heightened eating drive and visual food stimuli attenuate central nociceptive processing

Hunger and pain are basic drives that compete for a behavioral response when experienced together. To investigate the cortical processes underlying hunger-pain interactions, we manipulated participants' hunger and presented photographs of appetizing food or inedible objects in combination with painful laser stimuli. Fourteen healthy participants completed two EEG sessions: one after an overnight fast, the other following a large breakfast. Spatio-temporal patterns of cortical activation underlying the hunger-pain competition were explored with 128-channel EEG recordings and source dipole analysis of laser-evoked potentials (LEPs). We found that initial pain ratings were temporarily reduced when participants were hungry compared with fed. Source activity in parahippocampal gyrus was weaker when participants were hungry, and activations of operculo-insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, and cerebellum were smaller in the context of appetitive food photographs than in that of inedible object photographs. Cortical processing of noxious stimuli in pain-related brain structures is reduced and pain temporarily attenuated when people are hungry or passively viewing food photographs, suggesting a possible interaction between the opposing motivational forces of the eating drive and pain.
Regulation of cyp26a1 on Th17 cells in mouse peri-implantation

Cytochrome P450 26A1 (cyp26a1) is expressed in the mouse uterus during peri‐implantation. The repression of this protein is closely associated with a reduction in implantation sites, suggesting a specific role for cyp26a1 in pregnancy and prompting questions concerning how a metabolic enzyme can generate this distinct outcome. To explore the effective downstream targets of cyp26a1 and confirm if its role in peri‐implantation depends on its metabolic substrate RA (retinoic acid), we characterized the changes in the peripheral blood, spleen and uterine implantation sites using the cyp26a1 gene vaccine constructed before. Flow cytometry results showed a significant increase in CD4+RORγt+ Th17 cells in both the peripheral blood and spleen in the experimental group. The expression of RORγt and IL‐17 presented the Th17 cells reduction in uterus followed by the suppression of cyp26a1 expression. For greater certainty, cyp26a1 antibody blocking model and RNA interference model were constructed to determine the precise target immune cell group. High performance liquid chromatography results showed a significant increase in uterine at‐RA followed by the immunization of cyp26a1 gene vaccine. Both the ascertain by measuring RARα protein levels in peri‐implantation uterus after gene vaccine immunization and researches using the specific agonist and antagonist against RARα suggested that RARα may be the main RA receptor for signal transduction. These results provided more evidence for the signal messenger role of RA in cyp26a1 regulation from the other side. Here, we showed that the cyp26a1‐regulated Th17 cells are dependent on at‐RA signalling, which is delivered through RARα in mouse peri‐implantation.
The distribution of ND 2 H in LDN 1689N

Aims. Finding tracers of the innermost regions of prestellar core s is important for understanding their chemical and dynamical evolution before the onset of gravitational collapse. While classical molec ular tracers, such as CO and CS, have been shown to be strongly depleted in cold, dense gas by condensation on grain mantles, it has been a subject of discussion to what extent nitrogen-bearing species, such as ammonia, are affected by this process. As deuterium fractionation is effi cient in cold, dense gas, deuterated species are excellent t racers of prestellar cores. A comparison of the spatial distribution of neutral and ioniz ed deuterated species with the dust continuum emission can thus provide important insights into the physical and chemical structure of such regions. Methods. We study the spatial distribution of the ground-state 335.5 GHz line of ND2H in LDN1689N, using APEX, and compare it with the distribution of the DCO + (3‐2) line, as well as the 350 µm dust continuum emission observed with the SHARC II bolometer camera at CSO. Results. While the distribution of the ND2H emission in LDN1689N is generally similar to that of the 350 µm dust continuum emission, the peak of the ND2H emission is offset by ∼10 ′′ to the East from the dust continuum and DCO + emission peak. ND2H and ND3 share the same spatial distribution. The observed offset between the ND2H and DCO + emission is consistent with the hypothesis that the deuterium peak in LDN1689N is an interaction region between the outflow shock from IRAS16293‐2422 and the dense ambient gas. We detect the J = 4 → 3 line of H 13 CO + at 346.998 GHz in the image side band serendipitously. This line shows the same spatial distribution as DCO + (3‐2), and peaks close to the 350 µm emission maximum which provides further support for the shock interaction scenario.
Connectedness and citizenship: redefining social integration.

OBJECTIVE Despite decades of deinstitutionalization, individuals with psychiatric disabilities living outside the hospital may be described as in the community, but not of it. To effectively address the persisting problem of social exclusion of persons with psychiatric disabilities, new conceptual tools are needed. To address this need, a new definition of social integration is offered. METHODS The definition is based on data from a qualitative study. Data collection consisted of individual, unstructured interviews with 56 adults who have been psychiatrically disabled (N=78 interviews) as well as ethnographic visits to five service sites working to promote social integration for their users (N=8 visits). An interpretive approach was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Social integration is defined as a process, unfolding over time, through which individuals who have been psychiatrically disabled increasingly develop and exercise their capacities for connectedness and citizenship. Connectedness denotes the construction and successful maintenance of reciprocal interpersonal relationships. Social, moral, and emotional competencies are required to sustain connectedness. Citizenship refers to the rights and privileges enjoyed by members of a democratic society and to the responsibilities these rights engender. The definition calls for full rights and responsibilities of citizenship. CONCLUSIONS The new definition sets an ideal, but not unrealistic, standard for social integration in the context of psychiatric disability. High standards encourage mental health professionals and policy makers to rethink what is possible for mental health services and to raise expectations for connectedness and citizenship among persons once disabled by mental illness.
Cooperative sensor fault recovery in multi-UAV systems

This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a Fault Detection, Identification and Recovery (FDIR) system intended for multi-UAV applications. The system exploits the information provided by internal position, attitude and visual sensors onboard the UAVs of the fleet for detecting faults in the measurements of the position and attitude sensors of any of the member vehicles. Considering the observations provided by two or more UAVs in a cooperative way, it is possible to identify the source of the fault, but also implement a Cooperative Virtual Sensor (CVS) which provides a redundant position and velocity estimation of the faulty UAV that can be used for replacing its internal sensor. The vision-based FDIR system has been validated experimentally with quadrotors in an indoor testbed. In particular, fault detection and identification has been evaluated injecting a fault pattern offline on the position measurements, while the CVS has been applied in real time for the recovery phase.
Study of perceived reasons for initiation and continuation of tobacco use among rural population

Tobacco consumption is a major public health issue globally. Majority of smokers (81%) of the world are living in low and middle income countries. is the major risk factor for six leading causes of death namely ischemic heart disease, cerebro-vascular diseases, tuberculosis, lower respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancers of trachea, bronchus and lungs. 1 More than 5 million deaths are due to direct use of tobacco, and about 600,000 non-smokers die due to passive smoking. There is an estimated 12 million cases of preventable tobacco related illnesses each year. 2 Most of deaths occur in 35 – 69 years age group due to tobacco use and an average loss of 20-25 years of life. It is estimated that the annual death toll may reach 8 million by the year 2030. 3 Tobacco use has high impact on growing economy and high expenditure on health. 4 There are more than 300 million smokers in India. 2 This includes more than 5 million child smokers, with 55,000 children taking up tobacco use every year.
Direct-Referencing Two-Dimensional-Array Digital Microfluidics Using Multilayer Printed Circuit Board

Digital (i.e., droplet-based) microfluidics, by the electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) mechanism, has shown great potential for a wide range of applications, such as lab-on-a-chip. While most reported EWOD chips use a series of electrode pads essentially in 1D line pattern designed for specific tasks, the desired universal chips allowing user-reconfigurable paths would require the electrode pads in 2D pattern. However, to electrically access the electrode pads independently, conductive lines need to be fabricated underneath the pads in multiple layers, raising a cost issue particularly for disposable chip applications. In this paper, we report the building of digital microfluidic plates based on a printed circuit board (PCB), in which multilayer electrical access lines were created inexpensively using the mature PCB technology. However, due to its surface topography and roughness and resulting high resistance against droplet movement, the as-fabricated PCB surfaces require high (~500 V) voltages unless coated with or immersed in oil. Our goal is the EWOD operations of droplets not only on oil-covered surfaces but also on dry ones. To meet the varying levels of performances, three types of gradually complex post-PCB microfabrication process are developed and evaluated. By introducing land-grid-array sockets in the packaging, a scalable digital microfluidic system with a reconfigurable and low-cost chip is also demonstrated.
Image inpainting using vanishing point analysis and scene segmentation

A new image inpainting technique is developed to fit perfectly for special categories of images that contain mainly buildings. This technique handles the need to obtain an image of building free from parking cars along sides of the roads. To do that, one needs to carefully inpaint the roads and the missing parts of images. This can be done by combining vanishing points detections and image segmentation. After detecting vanishing points, it is possible to draw the line dividing the missing regions into two parts: the road part and the building part. Each part should be then inpainted independently using a different source region for each one. A segmentation technique, which is based on color and texture features, is employed to extract a source region for road part inpainting. Simple geometric calculations are employed to detect the source region for building part inpainting.
The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior

On September 11, 2001, a group of terrorists commandeered four airliners filled with passengers and fuel in a coordinated attack on the United States. Two airplanes were flown into the World Trade Center towers in New York City, one into the Pentagon, and the fourth crashed in Pennsylvania when passengers resisted the hijackers. Not only did the attack result in the collapse of the twin towers and in severe damage to the Pentagon—prominent symbols of American financial and military might—but thousands of people lost their lives, including several hundred police officers and firefighters who came to the aid of the victims. The response of the American people was inspiring. A wave of patriotism and national pride washed across the country. Public discussion turned from issues of little substance to serious matters of life and death. The increased solidarity was not limited to words; it found expression in a multitude of private and public deeds. The American flag was prominently displayed on homes, offices, and cars; police officers were cheered in the streets of New York; monetary donations flowed into relief funds; blood banks that had faced dwindling supplies were overwhelmed by volunteer donors; and even otherwise cynical politicians joined in a spontaneous singing of God Bless America on the steps of the Capitol in Washington, DC. Clearly, the dramatic events of September 11 had a profound impact on people’s beliefs and attitudes, and the enhanced pride in country, increased solidarity with fellow citizens, and heightened sense of purpose found expression in a variety of behavioral domains. In light of such evidence, few would question the proposition that people act in accordance with their attitudes. If further evidence were needed, one only need to consider the actions of the terrorists who were prepared to sacrifice their lives for their fundamentalist religious beliefs and extremist political ideology. Yet there was a time when many social psychologists were ready to abandon the attitude construct because they had become convinced that people’s attitudes had little to do with their actual behavior. In this chapter we discuss the role of attitudes in human social behavior. We will show that, in order to understand the influence of attitudes on behavior, we must distinguish between two types of attitude. The first type are general attitudes toward physical objects (Yosemite National Park, the Empire State Building); racial, ethnic, or other groups (African Americans, Jews,
EIGENVALUES AND LINEAR QUASIRANDOM HYPERGRAPHS

Let $p(k)$ denote the partition function of $k$. For each $k\geqslant 2$, we describe a list of $p(k)-1$ quasirandom properties that a $k$-uniform hypergraph can have. Our work connects previous notions on linear hypergraph quasirandomness by Kohayakawa, Rödl, and Skokan, and by Conlon, Hàn, Person, and Schacht, and the spectral approach of Friedman and Wigderson. For each of the quasirandom properties that is described, we define the largest and the second largest eigenvalues. We show that a hypergraph satisfies these quasirandom properties if and only if it has a large spectral gap. This answers a question of Conlon, Hàn, Person, and Schacht. Our work can be viewed as a partial extension to hypergraphs of the seminal spectral results of Chung, Graham, and Wilson for graphs.