Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation by Cak1 Regulates the C-Terminal Domain Kinase Ctk1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ABSTRACT Ctk1 is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) that assembles with Ctk2 and Ctk3 to form an active protein kinase complex, CTDK-I. CTDK-I phosphorylates Ser2 within the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain, an activity that is required for efficient transcriptional elongation and 3′ RNA processing. Ctk1 contains a conserved T loop, which undergoes activating phosphorylation in other CDKs. We show that Ctk1 is phosphorylated on Thr-338 within the T loop. Mutation of this residue abolished Ctk1 kinase activity in vitro and resulted in a cold-sensitive phenotype. As with other yeast CDKs undergoing T-loop phosphorylation, Ctk1 phosphorylation on Thr-338 was dependent on the Cak1 protein kinase. Ctk1 isolated from cak1Δ cells was unphosphorylated and exhibited low protein kinase activity. Moreover, Cak1 directly phosphorylated Ctk1 in vitro. Unlike wild-type cells, cells expressing Ctk1T338A delayed growth at early stationary phase, did not show the increase in Ser2 phosphorylation that normally accompanies the transition from rapid growth to stationary phase, and had compromised transcriptional activation of two stationary-phase genes, CTT1 and SPI1. Therefore, Ctk1 phosphorylation on Thr-338 is carried out by Cak1 and is required for normal gene transcription during the transition into stationary phase.
Feminism and Advertising in Traditional and Nontraditional Women's Magazines 1950s-1980s

In this study researchers content coded advertising images in traditional and nontraditional women's magazines in 1959, 1969, 1979 and 1989 to determine the impact of the feminist movement on consumer imagery. This timeframe allowed analysis from several historical vantages: 1959 (pre-feminist movement), 1969 (developing feminist ideology), 1979 (social implementation of ideology), 1989 (post feminist movement). The data were analyzed from the perspective of three major variables, the first being time (a specific decade); the second being magazine type (traditional or nontraditional women's magazines); and the third being product category. The study answers a primary research question: To what extent do ads in women's magazines (traditional and nontraditional) reflect the goals of the second feminist movement? A secondary research question is explored: Are advertising and the feminist movement incompatable, thus dooming “feminist publications” depending on ad dollars to demise?
Irregular menses predicts ovarian cancer: Prospective evidence from the Child Health and Development Studies

We tested the hypothesis that irregular menstruation predicts lower risk for ovarian cancer, possibly due to less frequent ovulation. We conducted a 50‐year prospective study of 15,528 mothers in the Child Health and Development Studies cohort recruited from the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan from 1959 to 1966. Irregular menstruation was classified via medical record and self‐report at age 26. We identified 116 cases and 84 deaths due to ovarian cancer through 2011 via linkage to the California Cancer Registry and Vital Statistics. Contrary to expectation, women with irregular menstrual cycles had a higher risk of ovarian cancer incidence and mortality over the 50‐year follow‐up. Associations increased with age (p <0.05). We observed a 2‐fold increased incidence and mortality by age 70 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 3.4) rising to a 3‐fold increase by age 77 (95% CI = 1.5, 6.7 for incidence; 95% CI = 1.4, 5.9 for mortality). We also found a 3‐fold higher risk of mortality for high‐grade serous tumors (95% CI = 1.3, 7.6) that did not vary by age. This is the first prospective study to show an association between irregular menstruation and ovarian cancer—we unexpectedly found higher risk for women with irregular cycles. These women are easy to identify and many may have polycystic ovarian syndrome. Classifying high‐risk phenotypes such as irregular menstruation creates opportunities to find novel early biomarkers, refine clinical screening protocols and potentially develop new risk reduction strategies. These efforts can lead to earlier detection and better survival for ovarian cancer.
How to decide whether a neural representation is a cognitive concept?

Abstract A distinction should be made between the formation of stimulus-driven associations and cognitive concepts. To test the learning mode of a neural network, we propose a simple and classic input-output test: the discrimination shift task. Feed-forward PDP models appear to form stimulus-driven associations. A Hopfield network should be extended to apply the test.
Intra - and inter-examiner reproducibility in constant force probing.

This study evaluated intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility for a conventional manual probe versus a computer-interfaced force-controlled periodontal probe. 2 examiners recorded probing depths (PD) and relative attachment levels (AL) at 1128 sites in 15 periodontal maintenance patients. Each site was evaluated 2x, 7 to 10 days apart by both examiners. Probing force for the electronic probe was 15 g. PD intra-examiner reproducibility (within +/- 1.0 mm) for shallow sites (PD < or = 3 mm) was 98.6% versus 91.5% for the conventional versus the electronic probe for examiner 1 and 98.5% versus 88.7% for examiner 2. Corresponding values for deeper sites (PD > 3 mm) were 96.4% versus 85.9% for examiner 1 and 95.1% versus 77.0% for examiner 2. Generally, AL intra-examiner reproducibility was 1 to 3% lower than for PD. PD inter-examiner reproducibility (within +/- 1.0 mm) was 99.2% versus 90.7% for the conventional versus the electronic probe, respectively, for shallow sites and 95.4% versus 76.9% for deeper sites. AL inter-examiner reproducibility (within +/- 1.0 mm) was 1 to 5% lower than for PD. Both intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility was higher for anterior than for posterior sites. Mean PD and AL were similar for both examiners. However, the electronic probe consistently recorded 0.1 to 0.2 mm higher values than the conventional probe. Standard deviations indicated a greater variability for electronic than for manual probing. The results suggest that intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility may not necessarily be higher with an electronic, force-controlled periodontal probe than with a conventional manual probe.
Transcription-coupled repair in RNA polymerase I-transcribed genes of yeast

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) was measured in the individual strands of transcriptionally active and inactive ribosomal genes of yeast. Ribosomal genes (rDNA) are present in multiple copies, but only a fraction of them is actively transcribed. Restriction enzyme digestion was used to specifically release the transcriptionally active fraction from yeast nuclei, and selective psoralen crosslinking was used to distinguish between active and inactive rDNA chromatin. Removal of CPDs was followed in both rDNA populations, and the data clearly show that strand-specific repair occurs in transcriptionally active rDNA while being absent in the inactive rDNA fraction. Thus, transcription-coupled repair occurs in RNA polymerase I-transcribed genes in yeast. Moreover, the nontranscribed strand of active rDNA is repaired faster than either strand of inactive rDNA, implying that NER has preferred access to the active, non-nucleosomal rDNA chromatin. Finally, restriction enzyme accessibility to active rDNA varies during NER, suggesting that there is a change in ribosomal gene chromatin structure during or soon after CPD removal.
Unraveling the Complexity of the Increase in College Grades From the Mid-1980s to the Mid-1990s

To determine the factors contributing to the widely reported increase in average undergraduate grades, data were analyzed from students from two different time periods: 22, 792 students in the mid-1980s and 29,464 in the mid-1990s. After controlling for student background characteristics and institutional characteristics, it appears that undergraduate grades increased across different types of institutions and major fields, but the increases were not of the same magnitude or due to the same factors. Evidence of grade inflation was found only at research universities and selective liberal arts colleges, while grade deflation occurred at general liberal arts colleges and comprehensive colleges and universities and in the humanities and social sciences. Also contributing to the increase in grades were changes in student characteristics and subtle adjustments in grading reward structures at all institutional types and for all major field clusters. In general, grading reward structures favored White students, female students, and upper-division students. Equally important, students 'academic effort was rewarded consistently across time at all institutions and major fields, with students who invested more time and effort in their studies reporting higher grades.
Effects of Resveratrol on Methotrexate-Induced Testicular Damage in Rats

This study investigated the probable protective effects of resveratrol (RES), an antioxidant, against methotrexate- (MTX-) induced testis damage. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, RES, MTX, and MTX + RES groups. Rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. Plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in tissue, testicular histopathological damage scores, and testicular and epididymal epithelial apoptotic index (AI) were evaluated. The MTX group had significantly higher plasma and tissue MDA levels and significantly lower SOD and CAT activity than those of the control group. In the MTX + RES group, plasma and tissue MDA levels decreased significantly and SOD activity rose significantly compared to the MTX group. The MTX group had significantly lower Johnsen's testicular biopsy score (JTBS) values than those of the control group. JTBS was significantly higher in the MTX + RES group than in the MTX group. AI increased in the testis and epididymis in the MTX group and significantly decreased in the MTX + RES group. Our results indicate that RES has protective effects against MTX-induced testis damage at the biochemical, histopathological, and apoptotic levels.
Development and Marital Power in Mexico

Using information on spousal violence and decision making from a recent survey, this research addresses two issues pertaining to marital power in Mexican families. The first issue is the accuracy of various portraits of marital power. The results show that wives face diverse circumstances. Husband dominance is neither universal nor insurmountable. The second issue is whether marital power is associated with processes specified in the modernization or marginalization perspectives on the consequences of development. Consistent with the modernization perspective, educational attainment is a key variable affecting wives' exposure to domestic violence, likelihood of having an equal say in decisions, and satisfaction with influence in decisions. The results also suggest that economic opportunities per se are overemphasized in both perspectives. Over the last several decades, the interconnections among economic change, social change, and the status of women in developing societies have received considerable attention in the social sciences. This attention has crystallized around two alternative theoretical perspectives. The modernization perspective suggests that ideational and structural changes that accompany development enhance the status of women. The expansion of the infrastructures of mass communication, education, economics, and health care elevates the position of women within families by increasing their access to various resources. Increased access to resources erodes both the desire and the incentive to maintain patterns of family organization that limit the ability of women to adopt nontraditional roles. In contrast, the marginalization perspective suggests that developmentrelated processes marginalize women by diminishing their productive roles. Women are relegated to the margins of production by the mechanization of
Visualizing the Shrinking Brain: Longitudinal MR Studies in the Spectrum of Cognitive Decline

Background and Purpose: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is by many considered a prodromal phase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We used voxelbased morphometry (VBM) to find out whether structural differences on MRI could offer insight about the development of clinical AD in patients with amnestic MCI at three years follow-up. Methods: Twenty-four amnestic MCI patients were included. After three years 46% had progressed to AD (n=11, age [72.7, SD 4.8]; sex [women/men] 8/3). For 13 patients (age [72.4, SD 8.6]; sex [women/men] 10/3) the diagnosis remained MCI. Baseline MRI at 1.5T included a coronal heavily T1-weighted 3D gradient echo sequence. Localized grey matter differences were assessed with VBM. Results: The converters had less grey matter volume in medial (including the hippocampus) and lateral temporal lobe structures, parietal lobe structures and lateral temporal lobe structures. After correction for age, gender, total grey matter volume and neuropsychological evaluation, left-sided atrophy remained statistically significant. Specifically, converters had more left parietal atrophy (angular gyrus and inferior parietal lobule) and left lateral temporal lobe atrophy (superior and middle temporal gyrus) than stable MCI patients. Conclusion: By studying two MCI populations, converters versus non-converters, we found atrophy beyond the medial temporal lobe to be characteristic of MCI patients who will progress to dementia. Atrophy of structures such as the left lateral temporal lobe and left parietal cortex may independently predict conversion.
Indexes of Item-Objective Congruence for Multidimensional Items

The index of item-objective congruence developed by Rovinelli and Hambleton (1977) is a procedure used in test development for evaluating content validity at the item development stage. This measure is limited to the assessment of unidimensional items or items that measure specified composites of skills. In modern test development, items are sometimes developed to be multidimensional assessments or measures of multiple combinations of skills. The purpose of this research is to provide a mathematical extension to the Rovinelli and Hambleton index that is applicable for the multidimensional case.
An Attachment Perspective on Schizophrenia: The Role of Disorganized Attachment, Dissociation and Mentalization

In the second volume of his trilogy on attachment theory, John Bowlby (1973: 210) wrote: when the actual experiences they have had during childhood are known and can be taken into account, the pathological fears of adult patients can often be seen in a radically new light. Paranoid symptoms that had been regarded as autogenous and imaginary are seen to be intelligible, albeit distorted, responses to historical events. Yet 35 years later the relationships between attachment and psychotic experiences are poorly understood. While attachment security is clearly compromised in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (Dozier, 1990; Dozier and Lomax, 1994; Dozier and Lee, 1995; Mickelson et al., 1997; Tyrrell et al., 1999; Dozier et al., 2001), it is not yet clear how Q1 the developmental pathways leading to schizophrenia differ from those leading, also from insecure early attachments, to other psychopathological disorders. Likewise, no developmental pathway unique to schizophrenia has been found to lead from the low levels of parental care and high levels of parental overprotection (Parker et al., 1982; Onstad et al., 1994; Winther Helgeland and Torgersen, 1997; Willinger et al., 2002) and low security in close relationships (Tait, Birchwood and Trower, 2004; Ponizovsky, Nechamkin and Rosca, 2007) reported by persons with this diagnosis, as such experiences are reported by persons with other diagnoses as well. While these data have been helpful in developing
Putting words in their mouths: The alignment of identities with system goals through the use of Individual Learning Plans

This article analyses the role of Individual Learning Plans (ILPs) in teachers' work in the Skills for Life sector. It shows how ILPs, originally a means of formative assessment, have become part of a system of performance indicators and function as a key mediating mechanism between local interactions and system goals. The article draws on theoretical perspectives from the new literacy studies and the sociology of science to reveal the pivotal role of texts in projects of social ordering. The methodology is a version of institutional ethnography, whereby an artefact (the ILP) is tracked as it circulates across the different sites of its production and use. Documentary and interview evidence are used. The article concludes that, in its current form, the ILP shapes teaching and learning relationships and aligns both tutor and student identities. Permissive guidance, combined with a core curriculum, the demands of audit and inspection, positions tutors uncomfortably as active mediators between student experience and the policy discourse.
Psychological Distress Among HIV-Impacted African-American and Latino Males

ABSTRACT HIV infection is disproportionately more common among ethnic/racial minorities in the U. S. , yet little research has examined how this population copes with their chronic illness. The available studies have primarily focused on white, middle class gay males. Little is known about the specific psychological responses and specific coping strategies of men from communities of color. While all people infected with HIV must cope with significant psychosocial stressors such as social stigmatization, and coping with a chronic and terminal illness, people of color likely face additional stressors related to homophobia and racism. This article presents a study of 100 men, 92% of which are men of color. Participants were recruited from a midwestern medical center and data were collected regarding the presence of psychological distress, coping styles, spirituality and sexual orientation. A series of analyses examined the relationship between these variables and specific coping methods. Results included a strong relationship between increased positive mood when participants used an active coping style as compared with a passive-avoidant coping style. Greater levels of spiritual well being were correlated with positive mood. This article presents information on the psychological experience of ethnic/racial minority men who are HIV positive, have different coping styles and examines the role spirituality has in managing one's illness.
Immune Checkpoint Blockade to Improve Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes for Adoptive Cell Therapy

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has been associated with improved survival in cancer patients. Within the tumor microenvironment, regulatory cells and expression of co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules can lead to the inactivation of TIL. Hence, there is a need to develop strategies that disrupt these negative regulators to achieve robust anti-tumor immune responses. We evaluated the blockade of immune checkpoints and their effect on T cell infiltration and function. We examined the ability of TIL to induce tumor-specific immune responses in vitro and in vivo. TIL isolated from tumor bearing mice were tumor-specific and expressed co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules. Administration of monoclonal antibodies against immune checkpoints led to a significant delay in tumor growth. However, anti-PD-L1 antibody treated mice had a significant increase in T cell infiltration and IFN-γ production compared to other groups. Adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded TIL from tumors of anti-PD-L1 antibody treated mice led to a significant delay in tumor growth. Blockade of co-inhibitory immune checkpoints could be an effective strategy to improve TIL infiltration and function.
Reply: Operculo-insular pain (parasylvian pain): a distinct central pain syndromeNot all that glisters is gold—nor all that responds a primary sensory area

Sir, The purpose of our recent paper in Brain (Garcia-Larrea et al ., 2010) was to attract attention to a central pain syndrome (operculo-insular pain), which, albeit mentioned in medical literature, had not yet been individualized by the neurological community. The pain is severe and difficult to treat, its characteristics allow unequivocal diagnosis and in our experience cortical neurostimulation could provide pain relief. We are glad that our work has so rapidly gained the attention of our distinguished colleague Dr Arthur D. Craig; however, his letter focuses on marginal aspects of our paper, which primarily aimed at outlining the clinical contours of this pain syndrome. Since some of the points that Dr Craig raises are of conceptual importance, and since his letter contains a number of debatable assertions, we are willing to respond, as follows. The last paragraph of our article proposes that the posterior insula contains ‘what can be conceived as a third somatosensory area, supporting the particular attribute of somatic sensation we call “pain” ’. Dr Craig wrongly reports our words as stating ‘… an area specifically supporting temperature sensation’. Apart from this faux pas , our proposal is not agreeable to Dr Craig, who considers that the dorsal posterior insula should be considered as ‘the primary cortical sensory representation of temperature and pain in humans’. Our view is, however, based on a currently accepted concept of cortical organization not limited to the somatosensory system. External world information reaches the cortex through a variety of channels, which transform physical energies into conscious perception. Visual, auditory and somatosensory perceptions each have attributes and, for instance, a compound of luminance, contrasts, edges, colour and movement perceptions have to integrate to make up our representation of the visual world. A number of these visual attributes have their own ‘labelled lines’ and …
The Balanced Unicast and Multicast Capacity Regions of Large Wireless Networks

We consider the question of determining the scaling of the n 2 -dimensional balanced unicast and the n 2n-dimensional balanced multicast capacity regions of a wireless network with n nodes placed uniformly at random in a square region of area n and communicating over Gaussian fading channels. We identify this scaling of both the balanced unicast and multicast capacity regions in terms of ¿(n) , out of 2 n total possible, cuts. These cuts only depend on the geometry of the locations of the source nodes and their destination nodes and the traffic demands between them, and thus can be readily evaluated. Our results are constructive and provide optimal (in the scaling sense) communication schemes.
Critical Care In Korea: Present and Future

Critical (or intensive) care medicine (CCM) is a branch of medicine concerned with the care of patients with potentially reversible life-threatening conditions. Numerous studies have demonstrated that adequate staffing is of crucial importance for patient outcome. Adequate staffing also showed favorable cost-effectiveness in terms of ICU stay, decreased use of resources, and lower re-admission rates. The current status of CCM of our contry is not comparable to that of advanced countries. The global pandemic episodes in the past decade showed that our society is not well prepared for severe illnesses or mass casualty. To improve CCM in Korea, reimbursement of the government must be amended such that referral hospitals can hire sufficient number of qualified intensivists and nurses. For the government to address these urgent issues, public awareness of the role of CCM is also required.