Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bargaining and pricing in networked economic systems

Economic systems can often be modeled as games involving several agents or players who act according to their own individual interests. Our goal is to understand how various features of an economic system affect its outcomes, and what may be the best strategy for an individual agent. In this work, we model an economic system as a combination of many bilateral economic opportunities, such as that between a buyer and a seller. The transactions are complicated by the existence of many economic opportunities, and the influence they have on each other. For example, there may be several prospective sellers and buyers for the same item, with possibly differing costs and values. Such a system may be modeled by a network, where the nodes represent players and the edges represent opportunities. We study the effect of network structure on the outcome of bargaining among players, through theoretical modeling of rational agents as well as human subject experiments, when cost and values are public information. The interactions get much more complex when sellers’ cost and buyers’ valuations are private. We design and analyze revenue maximizing strategies for a seller in the presence of many buyers, when the seller has uncertain information or no information about the buyers’ valuations. We focus on developing pricing strategies, and compare their performance against truthful auctions. We also analyze trading strategies in financial markets, where a player quotes both buying and selling prices, again with uncertain or no information about future price evolution of the financial instrument.
COPid: Composition Based Protein Identification

In the past, a large number of methods have been developed for predicting various characteristics of a protein from its composition. In order to exploit the full potential of protein composition, we developed the web-server COPid to assist the researchers in annotating the function of a protein from its composition using whole or part of the protein. COPid has three modules called search, composition and analysis. The search module allows searching of protein sequences in six different databases. Search results list database proteins in ascending order of Euclidian distance or descending order of compositional similarity with the query sequence. The composition module allows calculation of the composition of a sequence and average composition of a group of sequences. The composition module also allows computing composition of various types of amino acids (e.g. charge, polar, hydrophobic residues). The analysis module provides the following options; i) comparing composition of two classes of proteins, ii) creating a phylogenetic tree based on the composition and iii) generating input patterns for machine learning techniques. We have evaluated the performance of composition-based (or alignment-free) similarity search in the subcellular localization of proteins. It was found that the alignment free method performs reasonably well in predicting certain classes of proteins. The COPid web-server is available at http://www.imtech. res.in/raghava/copid/.
Visual acuity measured with luminance-modulated and contrast-modulated noise letter stimuli in young adults and adults above 50 years old

The human visual system is sensitive in detecting objects that have different luminance level from their background, known as first-order or luminance-modulated (LM) stimuli. We are also able to detect objects that have the same mean luminance as their background, only differing in contrast (or other attributes). Such objects are known as second-order or contrast-modulated (CM), stimuli. CM stimuli are thought to be processed in higher visual areas compared to LM stimuli, and may be more susceptible to ageing. We compared visual acuities (VA) of five healthy older adults (54.0±1.83 years old) and five healthy younger adults (25.4±1.29 years old) with LM and CM letters under monocular and binocular viewing. For monocular viewing, age had no effect on VA [F(1, 8)= 2.50, p> 0.05]. However, there was a significant main effect of age on VA under binocular viewing [F(1, 8)= 5.67, p< 0.05]. Binocular VA with CM letters in younger adults was approximately two lines better than that in older adults. For LM, binocular summation ratios were similar for older (1.16±0.21) and younger (1.15±0.06) adults. For CM, younger adults had higher binocular summation ratio (1.39±0.08) compared to older adults (1.12±0.09). Binocular viewing improved VA with LM letters for both groups similarly. However, in older adults, binocular viewing did not improve VA with CM letters as much as in younger adults. This could reflect a decline of higher visual areas due to ageing process, most likely higher than V1, which may be missed if measured with luminance-based stimuli alone.
Ingroup and outgroup interconnectedness predict and promote political ideology through empathy

In 4 studies (N = 886), we investigate the effect of intergroup interconnectedness on political ideology and examine whether this is mediated through empathy. In Study 1, ingroup interconnectedness predicted approval and outgroup interconnectedness disapproval of the Trump administration’s executive order on immigration, and empathy toward immigrants differentially mediated these relationships. In Study 2, ingroup interconnectedness negatively predicted and outgroup interconnectedness positively predicted liberalism, whereas the opposite relationships were found for conservatism. Moreover, outgroup interconnectedness positively predicted liberalism through greater empathy, but negatively predicted conservatism through less empathy. Manipulating outgroup interconnectedness (against a control) increased outgroup empathy and liberalism, decreased conservatism (Study 3a), and increased support for a liberal welfare policy (Study 3b), but these effects on ideology only occurred indirectly through greater outgroup empathy. Overall, results suggest ingroup and outgroup interconnectedness differentially predict and promote political ideology through empathy.
Face Sketch-Photo Matching Using the Local Gradient Fuzzy Pattern

This article proposes a novel and accurate method for matching face-sketch images with face-photo images, and vice versa. A new local fuzzy descriptor in the gradient domain, called the local gradient fuzzy pattern (LGFP), is proposed. The LGFP is a set of membership values generated using the restricted equivalence function (REF) of the intensity (gradient value) differences between a central pixel and its neighbors in a local 3 x 3 window. The LGFP outperforms other fuzzy domain-related local binary features. It was tested on blurred, noisy, and disguised sketches, where it established its robustness and superiority over established recent methods.
Série Scientifique Scientific Series Experimental Investigation of Supplier-retailer Contracts: the Wholesale Price Contract Experimental Investigation of Supplier-retailer Contracts: the Wholesale Price Contract

ASSOCIE A :. Institut de Finance Mathématique de Montréal (IFM 2). Laboratoires universitaires Bell Canada. Réseau de calcul et de modélisation mathématique [RCM 2 ]. Réseau de centres d'excellence MITACS (Les mathématiques des technologies de l'information et des systèmes complexes) Les cahiers de la série scientifique (CS) visent à rendre accessibles des résultats de recherche effectuée au CIRANO afin de susciter échanges et commentaires. Ces cahiers sont écrits dans le style des publications scientifiques. Les idées et les opinions émises sont sous l'unique responsabilité des auteurs et ne représentent pas nécessairement les positions du CIRANO ou de ses partenaires. This paper presents research carried out at CIRANO and aims at encouraging discussion and comment. The observations and viewpoints expressed are the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily represent positions of CIRANO or its partners. Résumé / Abstract Cette étude en économie expérimentale examine les contrats de prix en gros négociés entre un détaillant et un vendeur. Nous observons que les prix et les quantités négociés sont en dessous des prévisions tirées du modèle retenue en théorie des jeux. Les résultats expérimentaux indiquent que l'efficacité de la chaîne d'approvisionnement est inférieur à 100 % tel que prédit par le modèle. Par ailleurs, les profits sont alloués de façon plus équitable que l'allocation prédite par le modèle. Mots clés : coordination dans la chaîne d'approvisionnement, organisation industrielle, économie expérimentale We examine decision making in a simple supplier-retailer wholesale price contract in the experimental economics laboratory. We observe wholesale prices and order quantities below the game-theoretical predictions. The supply chain's efficiency is as predicted but profits are more equitably allocated.
Linearization of Poisson actions and singular values of matrix products

Nous demontrons que le foncteur de linearisation de la categorie des K-actions hamiltoniennes vers celle des K-actions a valeurs dans un groupe de Lie (definie par J.-H. Lu) preserve l'operation de produit a isomorphismes symplectiques pres. Ceci donne une nouvelle demonstration de la conjecture de Thompson sur les valeurs singulieres des produits de matrices, et l'extension de cette conjecture au cas des matrices reelles. Nous donnons une formule pour les volumes de ces espaces, et obtenons la version hyperbolique de l'isomorphisme de Duflo.
Bacterial Diversity Associated with Blood Falls, a Subglacial Outflow from the Taylor Glacier, Antarctica

ABSTRACT Blood Falls is the surface manifestation of brine released from below the Taylor Glacier, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Geochemical analyses of Blood Falls show that this brine is of a marine origin. The discovery that 74% of clones and isolates from Blood Falls share high 16S rRNA gene sequence homology with phylotypes from marine systems supports this contention. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library was dominated by a phylotype that had 99% sequence identity with Thiomicrospira arctica (46% of the library), a psychrophilic marine autotrophic sulfur oxidizer. The remainder of the library contained phylotypes related to the classes Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria and the division Bacteroidetes and included clones whose closest cultured relatives metabolize iron and sulfur compounds. These findings are consistent with the high iron and sulfate concentrations detected in Blood Falls, which are likely due to the interactions of the subglacial brine with the underlying iron-rich bedrock. Our results, together with previous reports, suggest that the brine below the Taylor Glacier hosts a viable ecosystem with microorganisms capable of growth, supported by chemical energy present in reduced iron and sulfur compounds. The metabolic and phylogenetic structure of this subglacial microbial assemblage appears to be controlled by glacier hydrology, bedrock lithology, and the preglacial ecosystem.
Foreign Direct Investment, Inequality, and Growth

This paper examines the interactions between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), inequality, and growth, both from an empirical and a theoretical point of view. Using a panel of 119 developing countries, we observe that FDI promotes both inequality and growth, and tends to reduce the share of agriculture to GDP in the recipient country. We than set up a growth model of a dual economy in which the traditional (agricultural) sector uses a diminishing returns technology, while FDI is the engine of growth in the modern (industrial) sector. The main predictions of the model are consistent with the stylized facts observed in the data.
Clinical Significance of HER-2 Splice Variants in Breast Cancer Progression and Drug Resistance

Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2) occurs in 20–30% of breast cancers and confers survival and proliferative advantages on the tumour cells making HER-2 an ideal therapeutic target for drugs like Herceptin. Continued delineation of tumour biology has identified splice variants of HER-2, with contrasting roles in tumour cell biology. For example, the splice variant Δ16HER-2 (results from exon 16 skipping) increases transformation of cancer cells and is associated with treatment resistance; conversely, Herstatin (results from intron 8 retention) and p100 (results from intron 15 retention) inhibit tumour cell proliferation. This review focuses on the potential clinical implications of the expression and coexistence of HER-2 splice variants in cancer cells in relation to breast cancer progression and drug resistance. “Individualised” strategies currently guide breast cancer management; in accordance, HER-2 splice variants may prove valuable as future prognostic and predictive factors, as well as potential therapeutic targets.
Anatomical Correlate of Impaired Covert Visual Attentional Processes in Patients with Cerebellar Lesions

In the past years, claims of cognitive and attentional function of the cerebellum have first been raised but were later refuted. One reason for this controversy might be that attentional deficits only occur when specific cerebellar structures are affected. To further elucidate this matter and to determine which cerebellar regions might be involved in deficits of covert visual attention, we used new brain imaging tools of lesion mapping that allow a direct comparison with control patients. A total of 26 patients with unilateral right-sided cerebellar infarcts were tested on a covert visual attention task. Eight (31%) patients showed markedly slowed responses, especially in trials in which an invalid cue necessitated reorienting of the focus of attention for target detection. Compared with the 18 patients who performed within the range of healthy control subjects, only the impaired patients had lesions of cerebellar vermal structures such as the pyramid. We suggest that these midcerebellar regions are indirectly involved in covert visual attention via oculomotor control mechanisms. Thus, specific cerebellar structures do influence attentional orienting, whereas others do not.
Integrative treatment approaches: family satisfaction with a multidisciplinary paediatric Abdominal Pain Clinic

Objectives To assess patient and family satisfaction with evaluation received through a multidisciplinary paediatric Abdominal Pain Clinic (APC) staffed by a paediatric gastroenterologist and a paediatric psychologist as compared to a traditional gastroenterology clinic (GI) staffed by a paediatric gastroenterologist only. Methods Two hundred and ninety-eight families (145 APC, 153 GI) with a child or adolescent aged 8–17 years seen for initial evaluation of a chronic abdominal pain completed an anonymous survey to assess understanding of the treatment recommendations made, intent to follow through with various treatment recommendations, and the overall level of satisfaction with the evaluation service provided. Family perceptions of strengths and challenges of the APC evaluation process also were explored. Results APC families reported being prescribed adjunctive mental health and other therapies at significantly higher rates than GI families, while the rates of medication were comparable. APC families also reported significantly greater receptivity to beginning the treatments prescribed and higher levels of overall satisfaction with the evaluation process. The contribution of integrated medical and psychological perspectives frequently was identified as a strength of the APC evaluation process. Challenges identified for the APC evaluation were few and focused on issues related to paperwork and scheduling issues. Conclusions Integrative care approaches to the evaluation of paediatric abdominal pain appear well accepted by families, yielding high levels of satisfaction, and enhance receptivity to treatment recommendations. Integrative care starting at the time of first evaluation may be particularly well-tailored to enhance outcomes, reduce health care utilization, and yield financial savings within this population.
Sex Differential Genetic Effect of Chromosome 9p21 on Subclinical Atherosclerosis

Background Chromosome 9p21 has recently been shown to be a risk region for a broad range of vascular diseases. Since carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque are independent predictors for vascular diseases, the association between 9p21 and these two phenotypes was investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings Carotid segment-specific IMT and plaques were obtained in 1083 stroke- and myocardial infarction-free volunteers. We tested the genotypes and haplotypes of key single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 9p21 for the associations with carotid IMT and plaque. Multivariate permutation analyses demonstrated that carriers of the T allele of SNP rs1333040 were significantly associated with thicker common carotid artery (CCA) IMT (p = 0.021) and internal carotid artery (ICA) IMT (p = 0.033). The risk G allele of SNP rs2383207 was associated with ICA IMT (p = 0.007). Carriers of the C allele of SNP rs1333049 were found to be significantly associated with thicker ICA IMT (p = 0.010) and the greater risk for the presence of carotid plaque (OR = 1.57 for heterozygous carriers; OR = 1.75 for homozygous carriers). Haplotype analysis showed a global p value of 0.031 for ICA IMT and 0.115 for the presence of carotid plaque. Comparing with the other haplotypes, the risk TGC haplotype yielded an adjusted p value of 0.011 and 0.017 for thicker ICA IMT and the presence of carotid plaque respectively. Further analyzing the data separated by sex, the results were significant only in men but not in women. Conclusions Chromosome 9p21 had a significant association with carotid atherosclerosis, especially ICA IMT. Furthermore, such genetic effect was in a gender-specific manner in the Han Chinese population.
More than fun and money. Worker Motivation in Crowdsourcing - A Study on Mechanical Turk

The payment in paid crowdsourcing markets like Amazon Mechanical Turk is very low, and still collected demographic data shows that the participants are a very diverse group including highly skilled full time workers. Many existing studies on their motivation are rudimental and not grounded on established motivation theory. Therefore, we adapt different models from classic motivation theory, work motivation theory and Open Source Software Development to crowdsourcing markets. The model is tested with a survey of 431 workers on Mechanical Turk. We find that the extrinsic motivational categories (imme-diate payoffs, delayed payoffs, social motivation) have a strong effect on the time spent on the platform. For many workers, however, intrinsic motivation aspects are more important, especially the different facets of enjoyment based motivation like “task autonomy” and “skill variety”. Our contribution is a preliminary model based on established theory intended for the comparison of different crowdsourcing platforms.
The other half of gender

This book is an attempt to bring the gender and development debate full circle-from a much-needed focus on empowering women to a more comprehensive gender framework that considers gender as a system that affects both women and men. The chapters in this book explore definitions of masculinity and male identities in a variety of social contexts, drawing from experiences in Latin America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. It draws on a slowly emerging realization that attaining the vision of gender equality will be difficult, if not impossible, without changing the ways in which masculinities are defined and acted upon. Although changing male gender norms will be a difficult and slow process, we must begin by understanding how versions of masculinities are defined and acted upon.
INFORMS OS Today

Dear Fellow IOS Members: I had the pleasure to meet many of you at the INFORMS Optimization Society (IOS) conference in Princeton a couple of months back. First off, I have to thank Warren Powell (Princeton) for putting together a contemporary, vibrant, and well-organized conference. For those of you who could not make it to the conference, I want you to know that our field continues to attract top-notch scholars from so many fields that there is something for every optimization sub-specialty and taste. I feel fortunate to have made this my area of study as far back as the late 70’s. The staying power of our discipline derives
Building a Neural Machine Translation System Using Only Synthetic Parallel Data

Recent works have shown that synthetic parallel data automatically generated by translation models can be effective for various neural machine translation (NMT) issues. In this study, we build NMT systems using only synthetic parallel data. As an efficient alternative to real parallel data, we also present a new type of synthetic parallel corpus. The proposed pseudo parallel data are distinct from previous works in that ground truth and synthetic examples are mixed on both sides of sentence pairs. Experiments on Czech-German and French-German translations demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed pseudo parallel corpus, which shows not only enhanced results for bidirectional translation tasks but also substantial improvement with the aid of a ground truth real parallel corpus.
Annexin A6-Induced Alterations in Cholesterol Transport and Caveolin Export from the Golgi Complex

Annexin A6 (AnxA6) belongs to a family of Ca2+‐dependent membrane‐binding proteins and is involved in the regulation of endocytic and exocytic pathways. We previously demonstrated that AnxA6 regulates receptor‐mediated endocytosis and lysosomal targeting of low‐density lipoproteins and translocates to cholesterol‐enriched late endosomes (LE). As cholesterol modulates the membrane binding and the cellular location of AnxA6, but also affects the intracellular distribution of caveolin, we investigated the localization and trafficking of caveolin in AnxA6‐expressing cells. Here, we show that cells expressing high levels of AnxA6 are characterized by an accumulation of caveolin‐1 (cav‐1) in the Golgi complex. This is associated with a sequestration of cholesterol in the LE and lower levels of cholesterol in the Golgi and the plasma membrane, both likely contributing to retention of caveolin in the Golgi apparatus and a reduced number of caveolae at the cell surface. Further strengthening these findings, knock down of AnxA6 and the ectopic expression of the Niemann–Pick C1 protein in AnxA6‐overexpressing cells restore the cellular distribution of cav‐1 and cholesterol, respectively. In summary, this study demonstrates that elevated expression levels of AnxA6 perturb the intracellular distribution of cholesterol, which indirectly inhibits the exit of caveolin from the Golgi complex.
On the (Statistical) Detection of Adversarial Examples

Machine Learning (ML) models are applied in a variety of tasks such as network intrusion detection or Malware classification. Yet, these models are vulnerable to a class of malicious inputs known as adversarial examples. These are slightly perturbed inputs that are classified incorrectly by the ML model. The mitigation of these adversarial inputs remains an open problem. As a step towards understanding adversarial examples, we show that they are not drawn from the same distribution than the original data, and can thus be detected using statistical tests. Using thus knowledge, we introduce a complimentary approach to identify specific inputs that are adversarial. Specifically, we augment our ML model with an additional output, in which the model is trained to classify all adversarial inputs. We evaluate our approach on multiple adversarial example crafting methods (including the fast gradient sign and saliency map methods) with several datasets. The statistical test flags sample sets containing adversarial inputs confidently at sample sizes between 10 and 100 data points. Furthermore, our augmented model either detects adversarial examples as outliers with high accuracy (> 80%) or increases the adversary's cost - the perturbation added - by more than 150%. In this way, we show that statistical properties of adversarial examples are essential to their detection.