Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature-induced maternal effects and environmental predictability

SUMMARY Maternal effects could influence the persistence of species under environmental change, but the adaptive significance of many empirically estimated maternal effects remains unclear. Inferences about the adaptive significance of maternal effects depend on the correlation between maternal and offspring environments, the relative importance of frequency- or density-dependent selection and whether absolute or relative fitness measures are used. Here, we combine the monitoring of the environment over time with a factorial experiment where we manipulated both the maternal and offspring environment in a marine bryozoan (Bugula neritina). We focused on temperature as our environmental variable as temperature commonly varies over short time scales in nature. We found that offspring from mothers kept in warmer water were smaller and more variable in size, but had increased dispersal potential and higher metamorphic success than offspring from mothers kept in cooler water. Our results suggest that, under frequency- or density-independent selection, mothers that experienced higher temperatures compared with lower temperatures were favoured. Under frequency- or density-dependent selection, there were indications that mothers that experienced higher temperatures would be favoured only if their offspring encountered similar (warmer) temperatures, though these results were not statistically significant. Analysis of time series data on temperature in the field shows that the maternal thermal environment is a good predictor of the temperatures offspring are likely to experience early in life. We suggest that future studies on maternal effects estimate environmental predictability and present both absolute and relative estimates of maternal fitness within each offspring environment.
Inferring the Linear Power Spectrum from the Lyα Forest

We discuss the determination of the linear power spectrum of dark matter fluctuations from measurements of the transmitted flux Lyα forest power spectrum. We show that on most scales probed by current measurements, the flux power spectrum is significantly affected by nonlinear corrections to the linear dark matter power spectrum due to gravitational clustering. Inferring the linear dark matter power spectrum shape is therefore difficult due to nonlinear corrections driving the nonlinear power spectrum to a k-1.4 shape nearly independent of initial conditions. We argue that some methods used in previous estimates underestimate the uncertainties in the shape of the linear dark matter power spectrum.
The Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory

We present a measure, the Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (AMI), that differentiates between women's hostile and benevolent prejudices and stereotypes about men. The Hostility toward Men (HM) and Benevolence toward Men (BM) subscales of the AMI tap conventional attitudes toward men that have opposing valences. Each subscale assesses subfactors concerning men's power, gender differentiation, and heterosexuality. Three studies with predominately White, male and female participants (two with undergraduates and one with a community sample) establish the factor structure, reliability, convergent validity, and predictive validity of the AMI. The AMI was strongly related to its sister scale, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and to two established scales of attitudes toward men (Downs & Engleson, 1982; lazzo, 1983). Only the AMI, however, successfully distinguished between subjectively positive and subjectively negative beliefs about men. A copy of the 20-item AMI is provided as a tool for further exploration of women's ambivalence toward men.
Differences in muscle endurance and recovery between fallers and nonfallers, and between young and older women.

BACKGROUND Significant morbidity and mortality are associated with falls in older adults. We tested the hypothesis that older women with a history of falls demonstrate decreased muscle endurance and longer recovery times following fatiguing exercise. METHODS We evaluated dynamic endurance and recoverability of the quadriceps femoris of 29 young women (YW) (M age = 21.7), 26 older women with a history of falls (FA) (M age = 73.3), and 27 older women with no history of falls (NF) (M age = 71.2) using an isokinetic dynamometer. Subjects performed repeated maximal concentric knee extensions until the force output of two consecutive repetitions fell below 50% of their maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Recovery was defined as the time required for the return of force output > or = 80% MVC for 2 consecutive repetitions, within a set consisting of 3 maximal contractions. One minute rest was allowed between sets. We collected electromyographic (EMG) data from the quadriceps during all testing to evaluate spectral shifts. RESULTS ANOVA with a post-hoc Bonferroni-Dunn test revealed time to fatigue was significantly faster in FA than YW (p < .02) and in FA than NF (p < .05), but not different between YW and NF. Time to recovery was significantly slower in FA than YW (p = .01), but not different between YW and NF, or between FA and NF, EMG median frequency power shift (from the beginning to the end of the test) was significantly less in FA (p < .001) than either YW (p < .002) or NF (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Older women with a history of falls demonstrate decreased muscular endurance compared to YW and NF, and increased time to recover from fatiguing exercise when compared to young women.
Effect of Bilirubin on Triglyceride Synthesis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy

We aimed to elucidate the effect of bilirubin on dyslipidemia and nephropathy in a diabetes mellitus (DM) type I animal model. Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into control, DM, and bilirubin-treated DM (Bil) groups. The Bil group was injected intraperitoneally with 60 mg/kg bilirubin 3 times per week and hepatoma cells were cultured with bilirubin at a concentration of 0.3 mg/dL. The Bil group showed lower serum creatinine levels 5 weeks after diabetes onset. Bilirubin treatment also decreased the amount of mesangial matrix, lowered the expression of renal collagen IV and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and reduced the level of apoptosis in the kidney, compared to the DM group. These changes were accompanied by decreased tissue levels of hydrogen superoxide and NADPH oxidase subunit proteins. Bilirubin decreased serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), free fatty acids, and triglycerides (TGs), as well as the TG content in the liver tissues. Bilirubin suppressed protein expression of LXRα, SREBP-1, SCD-1, and FAS, factors involved in TG synthesis that were elevated in the livers of DM rats and hepatoma cells under high-glucose conditions. In conclusion, bilirubin attenuates renal dysfunction and dyslipidemia in diabetes by suppressing LXRα and SREBP-1 expression and oxidative stress. Graphical Abstract
Labor Migrations in Taiwan: Characterization and Interpretation Based on the Data of the 1990 Census

In this paper we characterize and interpret patterns of labor migration in Taiwan, including (1) lifetime labor migration up to 1990 and (2) 1985–90 labor migration, based on the data of the 1990 Census. To gain better insights, the 1985–90 migrations are decomposed into three types: primary, return, and onward. Our major findings are as follows. First, lifetime labor migration was highly efficient in transferring labor into North Region from all other regions of Taiwan and contributed to Taiwan's transformation into one of the newly industrialized economies. Second, the 1985–90 labor migration in Taiwan responded quickly to the spatially unbalanced impacts of economic restructuring and globalization in the 1980s and resulted in a major turnaround in population redistribution: a shift from a long-lasting dual-pole (north–south) concentration pattern developed since the 1930s toward a single-pole concentration pattern in the north. Third, primary migration was much more voluminous than return and onward migrations, and rural prefectures had the typical pattern of a ‘loser’: a large net loss of primary migrants, countered by a small net gain of return migrants, and somewhat aggravated by a small net loss of onward migrants. Fourth, the greatest beneficiaries in terms of educational selectivity were Taipei city (the command center of the globalized Taiwanese economic system) and Hsinchu city (the so-called silicon valley of Taiwan). Fifth, the losses in the quantity and quality of human resources due to migration did not result in socioeconomic decline in rural prefectures because these losses were compensated for largely by the rural-ward financial transfer of central government and partly by the remittances sent back by rural out-migrants.
Control of adolescents' arbitrary matching-to-sample by positive and negative stimulus relations.

In Experiment 1, four developmentally delayed adolescents were taught an A-B matching-to-sample task with nonidentical stimuli: given Sample A1, select Comparison B1; given A2, select B2. During nonreinforced test trials, appropriate matching occurred when B stimuli appeared as samples and A stimuli as comparisons, i.e., the sample and comparison functions were symmetrical (B-A matching). During A-B or B-A matching test trials in which familiar samples and correct comparisons were presented along with novel comparisons, the subjects selected the correct comparisons. In tests with familiar samples and both incorrect and novel comparisons, subjects selected the novel comparisons, demonstrating control by both positive ("matching") and negative ("nonmatching") stimulus relations in A-B and B-A arrays. In Experiment 2, 12 developmentally delayed subjects were taught a two-stage arbitrary-matching task (e.g., A-B, C-B matching). Test sessions showed sample-comparison symmetry (e.g., B-A, B-C matching) and derived sample-comparison relations (e.g., A-C, C-A matching) for 11 subjects. These subjects also demonstrated control by positive and negative stimulus relations in the derived relations.
Accentual Marking of Information Status in Dutch and French as Foreign Languages. Production and Perception

This paper explores (non-)native speakers use and perception of accent as a cue to information status in Dutch and French as foreign languages. On the production side, French-speaking learners of Dutch tend not to vary the accent distribution according to the information status of the words in the utterance and generally do not deaccent contextually given information in a nativelike fashion, whereas Dutch-speaking learners of French, though on the whole closer to the L1 French target, tend to overuse the French “focus accent” in such a way that their accent patterns more closely reflect the information status of the words than the patterns produced by L1 French speakers. These results are explained in terms of the “markedness relationships” between Dutch and French. A pilot perception experiment then investigates (non-)native listeners perception of prominence relationships in L1 and L2 Dutch. The data show that the accented elements produced by L2 speakers of Dutch are perceptually less prominent than accented elements produced by L1 speakers, that this reduced prominence makes it more difficult for L1 listeners to correctly identify the intended patterns, and that non-native listeners generally find it difficult to identify the intended accent patterns in their L2.
The Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI) Translated into French: Internal Structure and Predictive Validity

The Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI, Holton et al., 2000) considers 16 factors likely to influence the transfer of training to the workplace. The purpose of this study is to translate the Learning Transfer System Inventory into French and to examine (1) the internal structure of the translated instrument; and (2) its predictive validity. The Learning Transfer System Inventory was administered to 328 participants from six companies during the week following the end of a training program. The transfer questionnaire was filled in by 106 of those participants 1–3 months later. The results showed that a principal component analysis reveals a factor structure very similar to the original structure: the 16 original factors are replicated. Second, seven factors display statistically significant correlations with transfer: learner readiness, motivation to transfer, transfer design, opportunity to use, transfer-performance expectations, performance-outcomes expectations and performance self-efficacy. Comparisons with four similar previous studies allow us to draw directions for future research on the instrument.
Comparison of the effects of intravenous almitrine and positive end-expiratory pressure on pulmonary gas exchange in adult respiratory distress syndrome.

The effects of almitrine on pulmonary gas exchange and haemodynamics were compared to those of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in 10 patients with a severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who required continuous mechanical ventilation. Haemodynamic and gas exchange measurements were made before and after 30 min of PEEP at a level of 10 cmH2O, then 30 min later, before and at the end of the intravenous infusion of almitrine at a dose of 0.25 mg.kg-1 in 30 min. There was no significant difference between baseline gas exchange and haemodynamic parameters. PEEP and almitrine increased Pao (p = 0.001) from 10.9 to 12.6 kPa and from 10.6 to 12.6 kPa (1 kPa = 7.5 mmHg), respectively, and ratio of venous admixture to total blood flow (Qs/Qt) decreased (p less than 0.001) from 34 to 29% and from 33 to 29%, respectively, the effects of PEEP and almitrine being not significantly different. Neither PEEP nor almitrine caused a significant change in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2). The haemodynamic parameters did not change significantly with almitrine, whereas mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 85.4 to 81.1 mmHg (p less than 0.05) with PEEP. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that both treatments improve ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) distributions, by an increase in functional residual capacity in the case of PEEP and a redistribution of pulmonary perfusion in the case of almitrine.
The influence of cardinal‐, central‐, and surface‐level personality traits on consumers' bargaining and complaint intentions

This study investigates the possibility that a limited set of basic personality traits may underlie dispositions to bargain and to complain. A hierarchical model of personality was employed to investigate the relationship between cardinal-, central-, and surface-level traits and their influence on behavioral intentions. A sample of adult respondents was randomly split into two groups and multiple-group structural-equation modeling techniques were employed. The analysis revealed that the hierarchical model fit the data from both samples well and that substantial variance in the endogenous constructs was explained. Managerial implications of understanding the traits associated with bargaining and complaining are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement Equivalence Of 10 Value Types From The Schwartz Value Survey Across 21 Countries

Equivalence of measurement across cultures is a prerequisite for the generalization of an instrument. The measurement equivalence of 10 value types derived from Schwartz's structural model of values and measured with the Schwartz Value Survey questionnaire is evaluated in 21 countries. Based on previous research by Schwartz and colleagues, the measurement equivalence of the 10 value types is tested separately using nested multigroup confirmatory factor analyses. Results indicate that it is possible for most value types to reach acceptable levels of configural and metric equivalence; only the dimension of Hedonism is rejected at these two levels of equivalence. Four value types (Benevolence, Conformity, Self-Direction, and Universalism) also show factor variance equivalence. The hypotheses of scalar and reliability equivalence are rejected for all value types. Indications are also given of the number of items to be included for measuring the value types at the different levels of equivalence.
Not all Personal Goals are Personal: Comparing Autonomous and Controlled Reasons for Goals as Predictors of Effort and Attainment

Even when goals are self-generated, they may not feel truly "personal," that is, autonomous and self-integrated. In three studies (one concurrent and two prospective), we found that the autonomy of personal goals predicted goal attainment. In contrast, the strength of "controlled" motivation did not predict attainment. Studies 2 and 3 validated a mediational model in which autonomy led to attainment because it promoted sustained effort investment. In Study 3, the Goal Attainment Scaling methodology was used to provide a more objective measure of goal attainment, and additional analyses were performed to rule out expectancy, value, and expectancy x value explanations of the autonomy-to-attainment effects. Results are discussed in terms of contemporary models of volition and self-regulation.
A study of job characteristics and job dimensions as based on the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ).

Abstract : It was hypothesized that, across the spectrum of jobs, there is some underlying 'structure' of human work in terms of the human behaviors involved. The project was directed toward the identification of behaviorial job elements and of their organization into job dimensions, and the exploration of certain possible practical applications of job data based on such job elements or dimensions. The project involved the development of a job analysis instrument called the Position Analysis Questionnaires (PAQ) that included 189 job elements of a worker-oriented nature. Principal components analysis procedures were used in the analyses of two types of data based on the PAQ. One set consisted of job data for 536 jobs that were analyzed with the PAQ. The other consisted of 'attribute profiles' of the job elements; (These consisted of median ratings of the relevance of 67 human attributes to each job element). (Author)
The intelligence men, makers of the IQ controversy

Few debates have so polarized the scientific and lay communities over the past century as the IQ controversy. In this brilliant and highly readable volume, psychologist Raymond E. Fancher, author of books on Sigmund Freud and on the lives and ideas of the great psychologists, turns a historical eye toward the scientists who have played, leading roles in the intelligence debate. It is a rich and exciting narrative of the lives and ideas of such intellects as John Stuart Mill, Francis Galton, Alfred Binet, and Arthur Jensen, among others, who have shaped the concept of intelligence over the past two hundred years. This book illuminates a controversy that will not go away, one whose impact continues to be felt in many public educational systems throughout the Western world.
Static and Dynamic Facial Cues Differentially Affect the Consistency of Social Evaluations

Individuals are quite sensitive to others’ appearance cues when forming social evaluations. Cues such as facial emotional resemblance are based on facial musculature and thus dynamic. Cues such as a face’s structure are based on the underlying bone and are thus relatively static. The current research examines the distinction between these types of facial cues by investigating the consistency in social evaluations arising from dynamic versus static cues. Specifically, across four studies using real faces, digitally generated faces, and downstream behavioral decisions, we demonstrate that social evaluations based on dynamic cues, such as intentions, have greater variability across multiple presentations of the same identity than do social evaluations based on static cues, such as ability. Thus, although evaluations of intentions vary considerably across different instances of a target’s face, evaluations of ability are relatively fixed. The findings highlight the role of facial cues’ consistency in the stability of social evaluations.
Does Bully Victimization Predict Future Delinquency?

Over the past decade school bullying has emerged as a prominent issue of concern for students, parents, educators, and researchers. Bully victimization has been linked to a long list of negative outcomes, such as depression, peer rejection, school dropout, eating disorders, delinquency, and violence. Previous research relating bully victimization to delinquency has typically used standard regression techniques that may not sufficiently control for heterogeneity between bullied and nonbullied youths. Using a large, nationally representative panel dataset, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), we use a propensity score matching technique to assess the impact of bully victimization on a range of delinquency outcomes. Results show that 19% of respondents had been victimized prior to the age of 12 years (n = 8,833). Early victimization is predictive of the development of 6 out of 10 delinquent behaviors measured over a period of 6 years, including assault, vandalism, theft, other property crimes (such as receiving stolen property or fraud), selling drugs, and running away from home. Bully victimization should be considered an important precursor to delinquency.
Motivated Forgetting in Response to Social Identity Threat

Motivated forgetting is a psychological defense mechanism whereby people cope with threatening and unwanted memories by suppressing them from consciousness. A series of laboratory experiments investigate whether social identity threat can motivate people subsequently to forget identity-linked marketing promotions. To this effect, whereas social identity priming improves memory for identity-linked promotions, priming coupled with social identity threat (i.e., negative identity-related feedback) impairs memory. Importantly, this identity threat effect occurs only among people who identify strongly with their in-group and only for explicit memory. Implicit memory, in contrast, remains intact under threat. Additionally, the identity threat effect is eliminated (i.e., explicit memory is restored) if people affirm the threatened social identity, thereby mitigating the threat, prior to memory retrieval. Finally, the identity threat effect occurs only when automatic processes guide forgetting. When forgetting is guided by deliberate and controlled processes, the to-be-forgotten memories intrude into consciousness.