Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oceanic dynamic height anomaly from Geosat: A conceptual model for short collinear orbit segments

Abstract A method is derived for extracting oceanic dynamic height anomaly from collinear (exact repeat mission) GEOSAT short (∼ 1,000 km long) orbit segments. The procedure requires at least 1 year of simultaneous in situ observations and involves: (1) computing with respect to the ellipsoid, a mean sea surface height (SSH) profile solely from altimetry, (2) linear least‐squares removal of tilt and bias from individual SSH profiles with respect to the mean profile, (3) determining an independent mean dynamic height anomaly profile from hydrographic data along the orbit segment, (4) demeaning the tilt‐and‐bias removed individual SSH profiles and addition of the mean in situ dynamic height anomaly, and (5) correcting for concurrently observed dynamic height anomaly at two or more suborbital points during satellite transit. Analysis of the concept suggests root sum squared errors of ±5 cm, which can be reduced by smoothing and longer term measurements along the same orbit segment. A 1‐year comparison betwee.
Use of Enrichment Culture for Directed Evolution of the Vibrio fluvialis JS17 ω-Transaminase, Which Is Resistant to Product Inhibition by Aliphatic Ketones

ABSTRACT A novel high-throughput screening method that overcame product inhibition was used to isolate a mutant ω-transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis JS17. An enzyme library was generated using error-prone PCR mutagenesis and then enriched on minimal medium containing 2-aminoheptane as the sole nitrogen source and 2-butanone as an inhibitory ketone. An identified mutant enzyme, ω-TAmla, showed significantly reduced product inhibition by aliphatic ketone. The product inhibition constants of the mutant with 2-butanone and 2-heptanone were 6- and 4.5-fold higher than those of the wild type, respectively. Using ω-TAmla (50 U/ml) overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21, 150 mM 2-aminoheptane was successfully resolved to (R)-2-aminoheptane (enantiomeric excess, >99%) with 53% conversion with an enantioselectivity of >100.
Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Factor on Baroreceptor Reflexes

It is now evident that atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) exerts neural effects in addition to vasorelaxant, depressor, and renal effects. The study by Ferrari et al examined the effects of intravenous ANF at doses within the pathophysiological range on arterial baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate and vascular resistance in conscious rats. Their results indicate that ANF markedly potentiated reflex bradycardia in response to phenylephrine but attenuated reflex tachycardia in response to nitroprusside and did not alter reflex increases in vascular resistance caused by carotid occlusion. What might be the mechanisms underlying these complex effects of ANF on arterial baroreceptor reflex function? Previous investigators have shown that ANF markedly affects reflex control of sympathetic nerve activity.Thoren et al and Imaizumi et al demonstrated that, in anesthetized rats with intact baroreceptors, ANF inhibited sympathetic nerve activity or prevented expected reflex increases in sympathetic nerve activity during hypotension. * The sympathoinhibitory effect of ANF was abolished by bilateral vagotomy, which suggested that this effect was mediated by activation of afferent vagal activity. These results could account for the finding in the earlier studies that bilateral vagotomy attenuated hypotension induced by the administration of crude atrial extracts. ANF decreases venous return and thus cardiac filling pressure, which would deactivate cardiopulmonary receptors and induce reflex increases in sympathetic nerve activity. Therefore, the findings of Thoren et al and Imaizumi et al strongly suggest that ANF sensitizes cardiopulmonary receptors as activation of afferent vagal activity by ANF occurs despite decreased cardiac filling pressure. Other studies have reported increased sympathetic nerve activity during intravenous infusion of ANF in animals with intact baroreceptors. However, the latter results do not necessarily contradict the suggestion made by Thoren et al and Imaizumi et al. The reflex changes in sympathetic nerve activity in vivo are a
A Dominant Negative Inhibitor of the Egr Family of Transcription Regulatory Factors Suppresses Cerebellar Granule Cell Apoptosis by Blocking c-Jun Activation

To investigate the role of the Egr family of transcription regulatory factors in neuronal apoptosis, we examined the effect of a dominant negative Egr inhibitor construct in a well characterizedin vitro paradigm, cerebellar granule cell death induced by withdrawal of depolarizing concentrations of extracellular potassium. We found that this apoptotic stimulus increases the activity of a reporter gene driven by the Egr response element and that a dominant negative inhibitor of Egr-mediated transcription blocks granule cell apoptosis. In contrast, apoptosis of immature granule cells induced by cytosine arabinoside is not inhibited by the Egr inhibitor construct. Because activation of c-Jun is an essential step in granule cell death induced by potassium deprivation, but not cytosine arabinoside, we asked whether the Egr inhibitor acts by influencing c-Jun activation or its ability to induce apoptosis. We found that the Egr inhibitor does not block the ability of a constitutively active c-Jun construct to induce apoptosis in these cells but does suppress activation of c-Jun-mediated transcription induced by lowering extracellular potassium concentration. Furthermore, the Egr inhibitor blocks the ability of MEKK1 [mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase 1], an upstream kinase capable of stimulating the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase)–c-Jun pathway, to induce apoptosis and activate c-Jun. Together, these studies indicate that the Egr family of transcription factors plays a critical role in neuronal apoptosis and identify c-Jun activation as an important downstream target of the Egr family in this process.
Arctic Ocean gravity, geoid and sea‐ice freeboard heights from ICESat and GRACE

ICESat laser measurements provide a high‐resolution mapping of the sea‐ice surface of the Arctic Ocean, which can be inverted to determine gravity anomalies and sea‐ice freeboard heights by a “lowest‐level” filtering scheme. In this paper we use updated terrestrial gravity data from the Arctic Gravity Project in combination with GRACE gravity field models to derive an improved Arctic geoid model. This model is then used to convert ICESat measurements to sea‐ice freeboard heights with a coarse lowest‐level surface method. The derived freeboard heights show a good qualitative agreement to the coverage of multi‐year sea‐ice; however, comparison to an airborne lidar underflight north of Greenland shows that the lowest‐level filtering scheme may introduce a bias. We finally use the ICESat and GRACE results to derive new gravity anomalies by Fourier inversion. The satellite‐only gravity field shows all major tectonic features of the Arctic Ocean, and has an accuracy of 6 mGal compared to recent airborne gravity data, illustrating the usefulness of ICESat data for gravity field determination.
Multifaceted Feature Visualization: Uncovering the Different Types of Features Learned By Each Neuron in Deep Neural Networks

We can better understand deep neural networks by identifying which features each of their neurons have learned to detect. To do so, researchers have created Deep Visualization techniques including activation maximization, which synthetically generates inputs (e.g. images) that maximally activate each neuron. A limitation of current techniques is that they assume each neuron detects only one type of feature, but we know that neurons can be multifaceted, in that they fire in response to many different types of features: for example, a grocery store class neuron must activate either for rows of produce or for a storefront. Previous activation maximization techniques constructed images without regard for the multiple different facets of a neuron, creating inappropriate mixes of colors, parts of objects, scales, orientations, etc. Here, we introduce an algorithm that explicitly uncovers the multiple facets of each neuron by producing a synthetic visualization of each of the types of images that activate a neuron. We also introduce regularization methods that produce state-of-the-art results in terms of the interpretability of images obtained by activation maximization. By separately synthesizing each type of image a neuron fires in response to, the visualizations have more appropriate colors and coherent global structure. Multifaceted feature visualization thus provides a clearer and more comprehensive description of the role of each neuron.
Influence of Soil Texture, Moisture, and Surface Cracks on the Performance of a Root-Feeding Flea Beetle, Longitarsus bethae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a Biological Control Agent for Lantana camara (Verbenaceae)

Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the influence of soil texture, moisture and surface cracks on adult preference and survival of the root-feeding flea beetle, Longitarsus bethae Savini and Escalona (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a natural enemy of the weed, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Adult feeding, oviposition preference, and survival of the immature stages of L. bethae were examined at four soil textures (clayey, silty loam, sandy loam, and sandy soil), three soil moisture levels (low, moderate, and high), and two soil surface conditions (with or without surface cracks). Both soil texture and moisture had no influence on leaf feeding and colonization by adult L. bethae. Soil texture had a significant influence on oviposition, with adults preferring to lay on clayey and sandy soils to silty or sandy loam soils. However, survival to adulthood was significantly higher in clayey soils than in other soil textures. There was a tendency for females to deposit more eggs at greater depth in both clayey and sandy soils than in other soil textures. Although oviposition preference and depth of oviposition were not influenced by soil moisture, survival in moderately moist soils was significantly higher than in other moisture levels. Development of immature stages in high soil moisture levels was significantly slower than in other soil moisture levels. There were no variations in the body size of beetles that emerged from different soil textures and moisture levels. Females laid almost three times more eggs on cracked than on noncracked soils. It is predicted that clayey and moderately moist soils will favor the survival of L. bethae, and under these conditions, damage to the roots is likely to be high. This information will aid in the selection of suitable release sites where L. bethae would be most likely to become established.
Correlation Structure of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation Phenomenon

Abstract Relationships among the atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation and El Nino are investigated, using the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) of marine surface observations from ships of opportunity and the World Monthly Surface [Land] Station Climatology (WMSSC) for the period 1950-79. Annual mean (April–March) sea level pressure at Darwin, Australia is used as an index of the Southern Oscillation. Results are based on simple linear correlation techniques stratified by season as in the Rasmusson and Carpenter (1982) composite. Correlations on the order of +0.9 are observed between Darwin pressure, sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall in the equatorial central Pacific, and zonal wind in the equatorial western Pacific. Relations among these variables are strongest from July through November, when the month to month autocorrelation is also at its strongest. Sea surface temperature along the Peruvian coast and pressure in the eastern Pacific are also most stron.
Task Dependency Analysis for Regression Test Selection of Embedded Programs

Execution dependencies arise among the tasks of an embedded program due to issues such as task priority, task precedence, and intertask communication. We argue that execution dependencies among tasks need to be suitably considered in various embedded software engineering activities such as debugging, regression testing, and computation of complexity metrics. In this letter, we discuss how task execution dependencies among real-time tasks can be identified from static code analysis. Subsequently, we briefly describe an application of our analysis to regression test selection.
Test of Source-Parameter Inversion of the Intensities of a 54,000-Death Shock of the Seventeenth Century in Southeast Sicily

We inverted the macroseismic intensity data set (felt reports) of the M 5.4 earthquake of 1990 in SE Sicily and retrieved source parameters that were compatible with those obtained independently by other authors who treated instrumental observations. Our technique uses Voronoi polygons and our kinematic function KF. After this validation, we attempted the inversion of the macroseismic intensity data set of one of the strongest earthquakes that has ever struck the Mediterranean basin (in 1693 in southeast Sicily; 54,000 casualties). It was possible to invert the regional intensity patterns of these two earthquakes because their data sets are sufficiently uncontaminated by local site responses and retain regional traces of source effects. The 1693 source, constrained by our inversion, is a NNE-oriented fault, approximately 60 km long, dipping from 90° to 54° (80° with positive error of 10°, and negative error of 26°) toward ESE, 50% strike-slip and 50% dip-slip, which crosses SE Sicily from the Hyblean Plateau to the coast of the Ionian Sea, south of the city of Catania; the nucleation is 37.08° N 14.93° E. This source best fits the regional distribution of damage observed in the field. At the limit of the negative error of the dip angle, a value of 54° makes our line source, at depth, compatible with the trace of the Scicli active transcurrent fault, which is 12-14 km to the west. The retrieved source is also compatible with the orientation of the maximum horizontal geodynamical compressive stress, confidently measured in the area, as well as with an authoritative tectonic interpretation, independent from this study. The combined use of tessellation and of our KF model is promising for inverting intensity data sets of preinstrumental earthquakes.
Evolutionary morphology of the Tenrecoidea (Mammalia) hindlimb skeleton

The tenrecs of Central Africa and Madagascar provide an excellent model for exploring adaptive radiation and functional aspects of mammalian hindlimb form. The pelvic girdle, femur, and crus of 13 tenrecoid species, and four species from the families Solenodontidae, Macroscelididae, and Erinaceidae, were examined and measured. Results from qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrate remarkable diversity in several aspects of knee and hip joint skeletal form that are supportive of function‐based hypotheses, and consistent with studies on nontenrecoid eutherian postcranial adaptation. Locomotor specialists within Tenrecoidea exhibit suites of characteristics that are widespread among eutherians with similar locomotor behaviors. Furthermore, several characters that are constrained at the subfamily level were identified. Such characters are more indicative of postural behavior than locomotor behavior. J. Morphol. , 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic Response of the Stacks of HTS Tapes

We have performed a numerical analysis of the magnetic response of a single piece of a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tape and the stacks of rectangular pieces of HTS tapes. The number of tapes in the stacks was varied from N = 1 to 100. We have carried out the simulation in the framework of the critical state model, taking into account the double-exponential dependence of the critical current density on the external applied field that was proposed by the authors earlier. The results of the calculation of the magnetization of rectangular packages of HTS tapes are presented and discussed. We found that the value of the magnetization per one tape is reduced as the number of tapes in the stack is increased. The decrease in the normalized magnetization was shown to be due to mutual screening among tapes in the stack. We have compared the calculated magnetization with the experimental data and found a good agreement between both results. The novel method of calculations of the magnetic properties of HTS tapes can be successfully used for the calculation of the magnetization of HTS tapes and stacks with arbitrary shape.
Emotional Engagement and Active Learning in a Marketing Simulation: A Review and Exploratory Study

This paper considers the role of emotional engagement during the use of a simulation. This is placed in the context of learning about marketing. The literature highlights questions of engagement and interactivity that are entailed in the use of these simulations. It is observed here that both the anticipation of and the process of engagement with the simulation generate emotional responses. The evidence of emotional anticipation was collected through the use of vignettes and a short survey. The production of negative emotions before and after the activity was observed and considered. The particular occurrence of these emotions on the development of understanding is then discussed. There is general evidence for the mundane reality of such simulations that support learning and group engagement. The connection with activity theory was explored and proposed as a potential theoretical fit with the evidence.
The mechanical properties of muscle.

Resting muscle is soft and freely extensible. On stimulation the muscle passes into a new physical state—it becomes hard, develops tension, resists stretching, lifts loads. This article deals with the problem of defining the new physical state in exact mechanical terms. Most of the research on this subject has been performed on the striated muscle of the frog, and for the sake of clarity the conclusions will be presented in concrete form, as the results of a set of experiments performed with the apparatus shown in fig. 1. The muscle, a frog's sartorius (a), lies on an array of stimulating electrodes. Its pelvic end is clamped rigidly and its free tibial end is attached to a light duralumin lever (b) pivoted on ball-bearings. The position of this lever, and thus the length of the muscle, is recorded by a photoelectric arrangement which is not shown. Forces may be applied to the muscle by loading it (c) (the load is applied near the fulcrum in order to reduce the effects of inertia); and the length of the resting muscle adjusted by moving the stop (d). For some purposes it is necessary to have an electro-magnetic stop (e) which can beremoved at any moment during the contraction. Instead of recording length changes in the muscle, one can record tension changes by means of the transducer (f). This is a small valve (RCA 5734) whose anode can be moved from outside, thus converting changes of tension into changes of voltage.
Comparison of Maximum Signal Intensity of Contrast Agent on T1-Weighted Images Using Spin Echo, Fast Spin Echo and Inversion Recovery Sequences

Background MRI is not able to directly measure the concentration of contrast agent. It is measured indirectly from the signal intensity (SI). It is very important to know how much contrast agent should be injected to receive a maximum SI in the region of interest (ROI). Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the maximum relationship between contrast concentration and signal intensity (SI) on T1-weighted images using spin echo (SE), fast spin echo (FSE) and inversion recovery (IR) sequences. Materials and Methods To assess the relationship between SI and concentration, a water-filled phantom containing vials of different concentrations of gadolinium DTPA (Gd-DTPA) (0 to 19.77 mmol/L) or a constant concentration (1.2 mmol/L) of contrast agent was used. The vials of constant concentration were used to measure coil nonuniformity. The mean SI was obtained in the ROI using T1-weighted images. All studies were carried out using a 0.3 T clinical MR scanner with a standard head coil. Results This study shows that maximum SI will appear at different ranges in different sequences. The maximum SI can be seen at concentrations of 5.95, 4.96 and 3.98mmol/L for SE, FSE and IR, respectively. Conclusion Using standard imaging parameters, each MRI sequence reaches its maximum SI in a specific contrast concentration, which is highest in SE and least in IR in a comparison between SE, FSE and IR sequences.
Minimum description length induction, Bayesianism, and Kolmogorov complexity

The relationship between the Bayesian approach and the minimum description length approach is established. We sharpen and clarify the general modeling principles minimum description length (MDL) and minimum message length (MML), abstracted as the ideal MDL principle and defined from Bayes's rule by means of Kolmogorov complexity. The basic condition under which the ideal principle should be applied is encapsulated as the fundamental inequality, which in broad terms states that the principle is valid when the data are random, relative to every contemplated hypothesis and also these hypotheses are random relative to the (universal) prior. The ideal principle states that the prior probability associated with the hypothesis should be given by the algorithmic universal probability, and the sum of the log universal probability of the model plus the log of the probability of the data given the model should be minimized. If we restrict the model class to finite sets then application of the ideal principle turns into Kolmogorov's minimal sufficient statistic. In general, we show that data compression is almost always the best strategy, both in model selection and prediction.
Orthographic and Phonological Neighborhoods in Naming: Not All Neighbors Are Equally Influential in Orthographic Space

Abstract The neighborhood size effect refers to the finding that single word naming is faster for stimuli that are orthographically similar to numerous lexical entries. We explored the nature of this phenomenon in five experiments with French pseudowords and words, and we examined the orthographic and the phonological characteristics of neighbors through quantitative analyses of a word corpus. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the facilitatory effect of neighborhood size was determined by a subset of neighbors, called phonographic neighbors, which are also phonologically similar to the target letter string. Experiments 3 to 5 aimed at assessing the influence of phonographic neighbors as a function of the constituents shared with the target. The results suggested that the number of neighbors sharing the target rime determines the facilitation effect. The findings are discussed in relation to the structure of the French orthography and its characteristics in comparison with English. We conclude that the joined orthographic and phonological similarity between lexical neighbors and the target letter string determines the facilitation effect observed in naming.