Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can Centralized Sanctioning Promote Trust in Social Dilemmas? A Two-Level Trust Game with Incomplete Information

The problem of trust is a paradigmatic social dilemma. Previous literature has paid much academic attention on effects of peer punishment and altruistic third-party punishment on trust and human cooperation in dyadic interactions. However, the effects of centralized sanctioning institutions on decentralized reciprocity in hierarchical interactions remain to be further explored. This paper presents a formal two-level trust game with incomplete information which adds an authority as a strategic purposive actor into the traditional trust game. This model allows scholars to examine the problem of trust in more complex game theoretic configurations. The analysis demonstrates how the centralized institutions might change the dynamics of reciprocity between the trustor and the trustee. Findings suggest that the sequential equilibria of the newly proposed two-level model simultaneously include the risk of placing trust for the trustor and the temptation of short-term defection for the trustee. Moreover, they have shown that even a slight uncertainty about the type of the newly introduced authority might facilitate the establishment of trust and reciprocity in social dilemmas.
Predatory Lending and Hidden Risks

We present novel empirical evidence about the methods and consequences of predatory lending. Rather than focusing on loan or borrower features to identify predatory lending, we analyze a particular business practice in which borrowers are rejected and then approved in rapid succession by the same lender. We show that such borrowers’ ex-post characteristics and mortgage contracts are consistent with predatory steering. Specifically, steered borrowers are more likely to come from groups with lower levels of financial sophistication. They are more likely to enter non-amortizing contracts with high margins for originators that are quickly securitized. Steered borrowers default less in boom years when refinancing is easy. However, their performance deteriorates sharply once falling prices trap them in contracts with rising payments, reflecting the long-term costs of predatory lending
Problems and solutions in adopting information and communication technology in micro and small enterprises

: Micro and small enterprises (MSEs) are predominant worldwide and responsible for the greater employability of citizens, income generation, and production. However, they face resource constraints and rely on information and communication technology to remain competitive, which often causes many problems during or after the adoption process. Knowing the problems that affect micro and small enterprises and the solutions adopted may help other companies face the same issues. In this work, based on a systematic literature review (SLR), we identified and analyzed the problems that occurred during or after the implementation of information and communication technologies in micro and small enterprises and what actions were taken to solve them. We sought to understand the behavior of problems and solutions in the last 21 years and the factors that influenced them. We performed an SLR using the snowballing technique, retrieving 12,936 articles in eight iterations, and selecting and analyzing 105 papers. As a result, we identified 129 problems, divided into 12 categories, and 48 solutions. Such an analysis is advantageous for academia, governments, and business managers, as it allows one to understand problems in advance and formulate more efficient policies, plans, and projects for these enterprises.
Characterizing Mobility and its Association with HIV Outcomes in Refugee Settlements in Uganda

Background: A better understanding of refugee mobility is needed to optimize HIV care in refugee settlements. Objectives: We aimed to characterize mobility patterns among people living with HIV in refugee settlements in Uganda and evaluate the association between mobility and retention in HIV care. Methods: Refugees and Ugandan nationals accessing HIV services at seven health centers in refugee settlements across Uganda, with access to a phone, were recruited and followed for six months. Participants received an intake survey and monthly phone surveys on mobility and HIV. Clinic visit and viral suppression data were extracted from clinic registers. Mobility and HIV data were presented descriptively, and an alluvial plot was generated characterizing mobility for participants’ most recent trip. Bivariate Poisson regression models were used to describe the associations between long-term mobility (≥1 continuous month away in the past year) and demographic characteristics, retention (≥1 clinic visit/6 months) and long-term mobility, and retention and general mobility (during any follow-up month: ≥2 trips, travel outside the district or further, or spending >1–2 weeks (8–14 nights) away). Findings: Mobility data were provided by 479 participants. At baseline, 67 participants (14%) were considered long-term mobile. Male sex was associated with an increased probability of long-term mobility (RR 2.02; 95%CI: 1.30–3.14, p < 0.01). In follow-up, 185 participants (60% of respondents) were considered generally mobile. Reasons for travel included obtaining food or supporting farming activities (45% of trips) and work or trade (33% of trips). Retention in HIV care was found for 417 (87%) participants. Long-term mobility was associated with a 14% (RR 0.86; 95%CI: 0.75–0.98) lower likelihood of retention (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Refugees and Ugandan nationals accessing HIV care in refugee settlements frequently travel to support their survival needs. Mobility is associated with inferior retention and should be considered in interventions to optimize HIV care.
Haemodiafiltration—optimal efficiency and safety

Haemodiafiltration (HDF) is the blood purification therapy of choice for those who want significant removal of uraemic solutes beyond the traditional range of small molecules. Combining diffusive and convective solute transport, a HDF treatment comprises the largest number of variables among blood purification therapies, and it is important to understand how they interact in order to optimize the therapy. This review discusses the parameters that determine the efficiency of HDF and how they can be controlled in the different forms of HDF and ‘HDF-like’ therapies practised today. The key to safe and effective HDF therapy is to have access to large volumes of high-quality fluids. Starting with ultrapure dialysis fluid, on-line preparation of a sterile, non-pyrogenic substitution solution can be made an integral part of the treatment, and we describe the necessary conditions for this. On-line HDF can provide the largest removal of the widest range of solutes among available dialysis therapies, and the potential clinical benefits of this are within practical reach for the increasing number of patients dialysed with high-flux membranes and ultrapure dialysis fluid.
To Fear or Not to Fear? A Critical Review and Analysis of Fear Appeals in the Information Security Context

: Controlling organizational insiders’ security behaviors is an important management concern. Research presents fear appeals as a viable security control to promote protective security behaviors. To date, research has proven security-related fear appeals have to effectively control insiders’ security behaviors. However, from critically examining fear appeals, we find a different story. Specifically, we critically analyze security-related fear appeal research from two ontological positions: critical realism and critical constructivism. The critical realist analysis identifies several issues with existing fear appeal research, which particular research traditions may cause. We explicate these traditions and issues in the paper. The critical constructivist analysis draws on critical management studies of control and Foucault’s work to identify the identities, beliefs, and values that fear appeals promote and the ways in which fear appeals create discursive closures that limit the consideration and discussion of other positions. Based on the two analyses, we provide important directions for future fear appeal research.
TITLE: Findings from the first three seasons at Jebel Moya, Sudan

This paper outlines the ways in which the project is addressing the colonial legacy of Henry Wellcome as well as presenting the data from the first three field seasons at Jebel Moya, south-central Sudan. These data have substantially revised our chronological and socio-economic understanding of the site. Our excavations, initiated in 2017 and continued in 2019 and 2022, show a longer, more continuous occupation of the site than has been previously recognised. The faunal and botanical remains have implications for the spread of early domesticates in the eastern Sahel, climate changes and raises issues of resilience. There is confirmed human burial activity from at least the 3 rd millennium BCE onwards, while the pottery continues to yield information of the variety of decoration and also, for the final Assemblage 3, data on their usage. Overall, the continued importance of the site for the eastern Sahel is re-emphasised.
Relative Expressiveness of Nested Regular Expressions

Nested regular expressions (NREs) have been proposed as a powerful formalism for querying RDFS graphs, but not too much investigation on NREs has been pursued in a more general graph database context. In this paper we study the relative expressiveness of NREs by comparing it with the language of conjunctive regular path queries (CRPQs), which is one of the most widely studied query languages for graph databases. Among other results, we show that NREs and CRPQs are incomparable in terms of expressive power, but NREs properly extend the language of acyclic CRPQs. Even more, there is a natural fragment of NREs that coincide in expressive power with the class of acyclic CRPQs. Our results, plus previous results that show that NREs can be evaluated in linear time in combined complexity, put forward NREs as a query language for graph-structured data that deserves further attention.
Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in Slaughtered Cattle in Zanjan, Iran

Leptospirosis is a world-widely spread zoonotis disease with numerous sources which is caused through the infection produced by the pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. This research was conducted in order to determine the infection rate of the Leptospira epidemic in the cattle of Zanjan Province industrial slaughter house, southwest of Iran in 2011. In this study, a total of 135 random serum samples were collected from cows. All serum samples were serologically tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The serum samples were tested for antibodies against eight live antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovars: Australis, Icterohammorrhagiae, Hardjo, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, Autumnalis, Pomona, and Sejroe. The results of this study showed that 60 (%44.4) animals had a positive reaction against one or more serovars. The most prevalent Leptospira serovars was Hardjo and the least one belonged to serovar Pomona. The lowest dilution that each serum was considered positive was 1:200. Based on the results of this study and by considering higher abundance of prevalence of leptospira infection and dominant titer of 1:200 reveal that leptospiral infection among the cattle of the Zanjan Province Slaughter House is explanatory of the Leptospira infection for which the required hygienic measures towards preventing the Leptospirosis disease ought to be taken.
Next-generation sequencing of cancer consensus genes in lymphoma

Abstract Sensitive identification of mutations in genes related to the pathogenesis of cancer is a prerequisite for risk-stratified therapies. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in lymphoma has revealed genetic heterogeneity which makes clinical translation challenging. We established a 454-based targeted resequencing platform for robust high-throughput sequencing from limited material of patients with lymphoma. Hotspot mutations in the most frequently mutated cancer consensus genes were amplified in a two-step multiplex-polymerase chain reation (PCR) which was optimized for homogeneous coverage of all regions of interest. We show that targeted resequencing based on NGS technologies allows highly sensitive detection of mutations and assessment of clone size. The application of this or similar techniques will help the development of genotype-specific treatment approaches in lymphoma.
Self comparison performance analysis of H2O on multi spectral fluctuation pattern

This study aims to obtain the performance of a measured material (H2O) in a multi spectral fluctuation pattern by applying self-comparison method approach. This is done because the data obtained is quite large and also fluctuated. The fluctuation pattern used is HF (high fluctuation) and HHF (high high fluctuation). We propose several stages to exhibit the performance of this fluctuation design. It is started by forming of the data grouping stages that is useful for grouping each range of data. Then, we apply the coding of data set to provide the identity of data. Lastly, self comparison stage is able to analyze the fluctuation pattern activity in the data set obtained. Consequently, we divide this method into two parts, namely: ISC (inner self comparison) and OSC (outer self comparison). Furthermore, we analyze the data by comparing the two methods to the available sub of data sets. So it will indicate which of the sub data sets that have the expected standard values. Besides, there is 2D (dimension) graphics that represent the ISC result for each group. While, for the OSC result, there will be the comparison value to determine among the groups. Thus, we have found that the results obtained from the application of this method are the value of the amplitude percentage ratio that is approximately of 100% for grouping of 200 data sets.
Germs , Social Networks and Growth

Does the pattern of social connections between individuals matter for macroeconomic outcomes? If so, how does this effect operate and how big is it? Using network analysis tools, we explore how different social structures affect technology diffusion and thereby a country’s rate of technological progress. The network model also explains why societies with a high prevalence of contagious disease might evolve toward growth-inhibiting social institutions and how small initial differences can produce large divergence in incomes. Empirical work uses differences in the prevalence of diseases spread by human contact and the prevalence of other diseases as an instrument to identify an effect of social structure on technology diffusion. How does the pattern of social connections between individuals affect a country’s income? Macroeconomists typically overlook findings of sociologists and anthropologists because social characteristics are difficult to observe, to describe formally and to quantify.1 This paper uses tools from network analysis to explore how different social structures might affect a country’s rate of technological progress. The network model also explains why societies might adopt growth-inhibiting structures and allows us to quantify the potential size of these effects. Motivated by the model, we use differences in the prevalence of diseases spread by human contact and the prevalence of other diseases as an instrument to identify an effect of social structure on technology diffusion. There is a long history of measuring the speed of information or technology diffusion within various kinds of networks (Jackson (2008), Granovetter (2005)). Given these findings, a simple ∗Corresponding author: afogli@umn.edu, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, 90 Hennepin Ave. Minneapolis, MN 55405. lveldkam@stern.nyu. edu, 44 West Fourth St., rm 7-77, New York, NY 10012. We thank participants at the Minnesota Workshop in Macroeconomic Theory, NBER EF&G meetings, SED meetings, the Conference on the Economics of Interactions and Culture and Einaudi Institute, the Munich conference on Cultural Change and Economic Growth, SITE, NBER Macro across Time and Space, and NBER growth meetings and seminar participants at Bocconi, Brown, USC, Stanford, Chicago, Western Ontario, Minnesota, Penn State, George Washington, and NYU for their comments and suggestions. We thank Corey Fincher and Damian Murray for help with the pathogen data, Diego Comin, Pascaline Dupas, Chad Jones, and Marti Mestieri, for useful comments, and Isaac Baley, David Low, and Amanda Michaud for invaluable research assistance. Laura Veldkamp thanks the Hoover Institution for their hospitality and financial support through the national fellows program.
Sequencing of the complete mitochondrial genomes of eight freshwater snail species exposes pervasive paraphyly within the Viviparidae family (Caenogastropoda)

Phylogenetic relationships among snails (Caenogastropoda) are still unresolved, and many taxonomic categories remain non-monophyletic. Paraphyly has been reported within a large family of freshwater snails, Viviparidae, where the taxonomic status of several species remains questionable. As many endemic Chinese viviparid species have become endangered during the last few decades, this presents a major obstacle for conservation efforts. Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) carry a large amount of data, so they can often provide a much higher resolution for phylogenetic analyses in comparison to the traditionally used molecular markers. To help resolve their phylogenetic relationships, the complete mitogenomes of eight Chinese viviparid snails, Viviparus chui, Cipangopaludina chinensis, C. ussuriensis, C. dianchiensis (endangered), Margarya melanioides (endangered), M. monodi (critically endangered), Bellamya quadrata and B. aeruginosa, were sequenced and compared to almost all of the available caenogastropod mitogenomes. Viviparidae possess the largest mitogenomes (16 392 to 18 544 bp), exhibit the highest A+T bias (72.5% on average), and some exhibit unique gene orders (a rearrangement of the standard MYCWQGE box), among the Caenogastropoda. Apart from the Vermetidae family and Cerithioidea superfamily, which possessed unique gene orders, the remaining studied caenogastropod mitogenomes exhibited highly conserved gene order, with minimal variations. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses, used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among 49 almost complete (all 37 genes) caenogastropod mitogenomes, produced almost identical tree topologies. Viviparidae were divided into three clades: a) Margarya and Cipangopaludina (except C. ussuriensis), b) Bellamya and C. ussuriensis, c) Viviparus chui. Our results present evidence that some Cipangopaludina species (dianchiensis and cathayensis) should be renamed into the senior genus Margarya. The phylogenetic resolution obtained in this study is insufficient to fully resolve the relationships within the ‘b’ clade, but if C. chinensis proves to be a valid representative of the genus, C. ussuriensis may have to be reassigned a different genus (possibly Bellamya, or even a new genus). Non-monophyly also remains pervasive among the higher (above the family-level) Caenogastropod taxonomic classes. Gene order distance matrix produced a different phylogenetic signal from the nucleotide sequences, which indicates a limited usability of this approach for inferring caenogastropod phylogenies. As phenotypic homoplasy appears to be widespread among some viviparid genera, in order to effectively protect the rapidly diminishing endemic Viviparid populations in China, further detailed molecular phylogenetic studies are urgently needed to resolve the taxonomic status of several species.
Energibalans för bioetanol - En kunskapsöversikt

This review presents a synthesis of various Swedish and international studies on the bio-ethanol energy balance, and an analysis of how and why their results differ. Other methods, such as exergy-and emergy analysis, are discussed and compared with the energy analysis method. Finally, potential improvements of the energy efficiency in bio-ethanol production are discussed. The energy balance is here expressed as the ratio of the energy content of the fuel to the primary energy input for the entire production cycle of the fuel. The energy balance of ethanol from cereals is, on average, 1.6, and varies between 0.7 and 2.8. Corresponding average figures for ethanol from corn, sugar beets and lignocellulosic biomass (e.g. energy forest) are 1.4, 1.8 and 3.2, respectively. There are several reasons why the energy balances differ between the different studies, even where the feedstock is identical. The sources of differences can be divided between those related to differences in local and geographical conditions, and those related to differences in the methodological approach applied. Depending on the definition of the system that is studied (systems boundaries), and how the energy input is divided between the ethanol and the by-products generated in the process (allocation methods), the energy balance may differ by a factor of 5. Thus, it is impossible to make reliable and fair comparisons between different studies unless all assumptions are clearly presented and defined. Results from exergy-and emergy analysis of bio-ethanol often show significantly different results from those presented in energy analyses. It is, however, not useful to compare these different results since the various methods have different focuses and are answering different questions. The energy balance of cereal-based ethanol can be improved by more efficient cultivation methods, but mainly by improved conversion processes. One possibility is by using bio-refineries where not only ethanol but also biogas, heat and electricity are produced from cereals and, for example, energy forest.
Validation of an Italian Version of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Adolescence

An Italian adaptation of the Oxford Happiness Inventory was administered to 782 adolescents. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was used to examine the first- and second-order factorial structure of the scale and its invariance across gender; internal consistency and construct validity were also investigated. ESEM underlined a 5-factor structure (mastery and self-fulfillment, satisfaction with life, vigor, social interest, and social cheerfulness) that measures positive psychological functioning. These dimensions form a single latent construct of general psychological well-being. The scale showed adequate internal consistency values and strong measurement invariance across gender. Finally, regarding convergent validity, both total scale and subscales were positively correlated with extraversion and self-esteem, were negatively correlated with neuroticism, and displayed no correlation with psychoticism.
Chatbots as decision aids: investigating reliance in Human-Chatbot collaboration vs. Human-Human collaboration

Chatbots have the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work, but what impact do they have on our decision-making? We investigated how people rely on advice from chatbots compared to advice from humans. We found that participants were more likely to follow the advice of a chatbot, with 64% compliance compared to 31% with a human. Our study also showed that participants were more engaged when working with a human assistant. These findings have important implications for the implementation of conversational agents in various settings