Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Safe Screening of Non-Support Vectors in Pathwise SVM Computation

In this paper, we claim that some of the nonsupport vectors (non-SVs) that have no influence on the SVM classifier can be screened out prior to the training phase in pathwise SVM computation scenario, in which one is asked to train a sequence (or path) of SVM classifiers for different regularization parameters. Based on a recently proposed framework so-called safe screening rule, we derive a rule for screening out non-SVs in advance, and discuss how we can exploit the advantage of the rule in pathwise SVM computation scenario. Experiments indicate that our approach often substantially reduce the total pathwise computation cost.
An integral membrane glycoprotein associated with an endocytic compartment of Trypanosoma vivax: identification and partial characterization

A 65-kD glycoprotein (gp65) of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax was identified using a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb 4E1) that had been raised against formalin-fixed, in vitro-propagated, uncoated forms. Intracellular localization studies utilizing the mAb in immunofluorescence on fixed, permeabilized T. vivax bloodstream forms and immunoelectron microscopy on thin sections of Lowicryl K4M-embedded cells revealed labeling of vesicles and tubules in the posterior portion of the parasite. Some mAb-labeled vesicles contained endocytosed 10 nm BSA-gold after incubation of the parasites with the marker for 5-30 min at 37 degrees C, and the greatest degree of colocalization was observed after 5 min. Double labeling experiments using the mAb and a polyclonal anti-variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) antibody to simultaneously localize both gp65 and VSG demonstrated that there was little overlap in the distribution of these antigens. Thus, gp65 is associated with tubules and vesicles that are involved in endocytosis but which appear to be distinct from VSG processing pathways within the cell. Using the mAb for immunoblot analyses, gp65 was shown to be enriched in a fraction of solubilized membrane proteins eluted from either immobilized Con A or Ricinus communis agglutinin and was found to possess carbohydrate linkages cleaved by both endoglycosidase H and O-glycosidase, suggesting the presence of N- and O-linked glycans. Protease protection and crosslinking experiments suggest that gp65 is a transmembrane protein with trypsin cleavage and NH2-crosslinking sites on the lumenal face of the vesicles.
Providing a ‘‘Leg Up’’: Parental Involvement and Opportunity Hoarding in College

Although higher education scholars are increasingly exploring disparities within institutions, they have yet to examine how parental involvement contributes to social-class variation in students’ experiences. We ask, what role do parents play in producing divergent college experiences for students from different class backgrounds? Relying on interviews with 41 families, including mothers, fathers, and their daughters, we find that affluent parents serve as a ‘‘college concierge,’’ using class resources to provide youth with academic, social, and career support and access to exclusive university infrastructure. Less affluent parents, instead, describe themselves as ‘‘outsiders’’ who are unable to help their offspring and find the university unresponsive to their needs. Our findings suggest that affluent parents distinguish their children’s college experiences from those of peers, extending ‘‘effectively maintained inequality’’ beyond the K-12 education. Universities may be receptive of these efforts due to funding shifts that make recruiting affluent, out-of-state families desirable.
Evolutionary Position and Leaf Toughness Control Chemical Transformation of Litter, and Drought Reinforces This Control: Evidence from a Common Garden Experiment across 48 Species

Plant leaf litter is an important source of soil chemicals that are essential for the ecosystem and changes in leaf litter chemical traits during decomposition will determine the availability of multiple chemical elements recycling in the ecosystem. However, it is unclear whether the changes in litter chemical traits during decomposition and their similarities across species can be predicted, respectively, using other leaf traits or using the phylogenetic relatedness of the litter species. Here we examined the fragmentation levels, mass losses, and the changes of 10 litter chemical traits during 1-yr decomposition under different environmental conditions (within/above surrounding litter layer) for 48 temperate tree species and related them to an important leaf functional trait, i.e. leaf toughness. Leaf toughness could predict the changes well in terms of amounts, but poorly in terms of concentrations. Changes of 7 out of 10 litter chemical traits during decomposition showed a significant phylogenetic signal notably when litter was exposed above surrounding litter. These phylogenetic signals in element dynamics were stronger than those of initial elementary composition. Overall, relatively hard-to-measure ecosystem processes like element dynamics during decomposition could be partly predicted simply from phylogenies and leaf toughness measures. We suggest that the strong phylogenetic signals in chemical ecosystem functioning of species may reflect the concerted control by multiple moderately conserved traits, notably if interacting biota suffer microclimatic stress and spatial isolation from ambient litter.
Neuropsychological and neurobiological markers of the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease

Dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease, has a high prevalence in the elderly population. Therefore, identifying individuals who are at a high risk for early diagnosis is crucial to allow both pharmacological and behavioral therapeutic interventions, which in some cases can delay the progression of dementia. This paper describes neuropsychological and neurobiological markers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and presents the main risk factors, including neuropathological, neuroanatomical, neurofunctional, genetic, and neuropsychological. The literature shows that the combination of these markers is the best method for predicting Alzheimer's disease, years before its clinical manifestation. The most prevalent neurobiological and neuropsychological risk factors include (1) senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the medial temporal lobe and cortical regions, (2) low concentrations of Aβ1-42 peptide and high concentrations of total tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid, (3) reduced global cerebral volume, increased ventricular volume, and atrophy in the hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex, (4) global reductions in cerebral metabolism and perfusion in the temporoparietal junction, temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes, hippocampal formation, and posterior cingulate cortex, (5) the presence of the apolipoprotein E e4 allele, and (6) verbal anterograde episodic long-term memory impairment and executive dysfunction. The present review discusses the evidence for markers that identify individuals who are at a high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and the importance of longitudinal studies in this context.
Comparing Review Strategies in the Classroom

Although previous research has demonstrated that guided testing (i.e., self-testing) and question generation effectively increase retention compared to control methods, no work has simultaneously implemented both strategies in the classroom. In a semester-long study designed to maximize experimental control in a naturalistic setting, we adapted both review strategies for an introduction-level psychology course. We found that guided testing produced better student performance on exams than generating one’s own practice questions. Additionally, students evaluated guided testing more positively than question generation. These findings build upon previous guided testing and question generation work by showing that, in the context of an introductory classroom, guided testing is more effective and efficient than generating questions.
Investigating Phonological Awareness and Naming Speed as Predictors of Reading in Arabic

ABSTRACT Wolf and Bowers (1999) described a model in which phonological awareness (PA) and naming speed (NS) make independent contributions to reading ability. We tested this model in a sample of 201 Grade 3 Arabic-speaking children in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Measures of general cognitive ability, vocabulary, PA, NS, word reading, and reading comprehension were administered. Regression analyses indicated that PA and NS were significant and unique predictors of every reading outcome, after controlling the effects of age, gender, cognitive ability, and vocabulary, with PA being the more powerful factor. Results are interpreted in terms of key features of Arabic language and orthography and the reading level of the sample. Implications for assessment and instruction are discussed.
Comparison Between Wind Power Prediction Models Based on Wavelet Decomposition with Least-Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

A high penetration of wind energy into the electricity market requires a parallel development of efficient wind power forecasting models. Different hybrid forecasting methods were applied to wind power prediction, using historical data and numerical weather predictions (NWP). A comparative study was carried out for the prediction of the power production of a wind farm located in complex terrain. The performances of Least-Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) with Wavelet Decomposition (WD) were evaluated at different time horizons and compared to hybrid Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based methods. It is acknowledged that hybrid methods based on LS-SVM with WD mostly outperform other methods. A decomposition of the commonly known root mean square error was beneficial for a better understanding of the origin of the differences between prediction and measurement and to compare the accuracy of the different models. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out in order to underline the impact that each input had in the network training process for ANN. In the case of ANN with the WD technique, the sensitivity analysis was repeated on each component obtained by the decomposition.
Context matters: Explicit and implicit reminders of ingroup privilege increase collective guilt among foreigners in a developing country

We test three ways context matters in the study of intergroup inequality: where participants are approached, who interacts with participants, and how researchers ask participants questions. Regarding how, we replicate a finding that framing intergroup inequality as outgroup disadvantage rather than ingroup privilege reduces collective guilt in a novel context. Regarding where, we go beyond the laboratory to test foreigners in Nepala country where inequality is highly salient. Regarding who, we had participants approached by an ingroup (foreign) experimenter or an outgroup (Nepalese) experimenter. We found an outgroup disadvantage framing reduced collective guilt relative to ingroup privilege framing, but only when delivered by an ingroup member. This highlights the importance of taking where, who, and how into account to fully understand the contextual nature of intergroup emotion.
Perceptual expansion under cognitive guidance: Lessons from language processing

Correspondence Endre Begby, Department of Philosophy, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Email: endre.begby@gmail.com This paper aims to provide an empirically informed sketch of how our perceptual capacities can interact with cognitive processes to give rise to new perceptual attributives. In section 1, I present ongoing debates about the reach of perception and direct focus toward arguments offered in recent work by Tyler Burge and Ned Block. In section 2, I draw on empirical evidence relating to language processing to argue against the claim that we have no acquired, culture-specific, high-level perceptual attributives. In section 3, I turn to the cognitive dimension; I outline how cognitive procedures (including conceptual representation and explicit inference) can be involved in the acquisition of what ought to, nonetheless, be recognized as genuinely perceptual capacities. Finally, in section 4, I argue for the importance of distinguishing these conclusions from more familiar and radical claims about rampant “cognitive penetration” into the perceptual domain.
The Demands of Geometry on Color Vision

While studies of human color vision have made enormous strides, an overarching rationale for the circular sense of color relationships generated by two classes of color opponent neurons and three cone types is still lacking. Here we suggest that color circularity, color opponency and trichromacy may have arisen, at least in part, because of the geometrical requirements needed to unambiguously distinguish all possible spectrally different regions on a plane.
Li in NGC 6752 and the formation of globular clusters

Li abundances for 9 Turn-off (TO) stars of the intermediate metallicity cluster ([Fe/H] =-1.4) NGC 6752 are presented. The cluster is known to show abundance anomalies and anticorrelations observed in both evolved and main sequence stars. We find that Li abundance anticorrelates with Na (and N) and correlates with O in these Turn-Off stars. For the first time we observe Pop II hot dwarfs systematically departing from the Spite plateau. The observed anticorrelations are in qualitative agreement with what is expected if the original gas were contaminated by Intermediate Mass AGB - processed material. However, a quantitative comparison shows that none of the existing models can reproduce all the observations at once. The very large amount of processed gas present in the cluster does not imply a pollution, but rather that the whole protocluster cloud was enriched by a previous generation of stars. We finally note that the different abundance patterns in NGC 6397 and NGC 6752 imply different composition of the pre-enrichment ejecta for the two clusters.
Breath condensate ammonium is lower in children with chronic asthma

Exhaled breath condensate pH and ammonium reflect asthmatic status and acute exacerbations in adults. The aim of this study was to assess whether pH and ammonium could reflect asthma and its severity in children. The current study comprised two parts: 1) a cross-section of 74 children with asthma (median age 10.5 yrs) compared with 47 healthy controls (median age 10 yrs); and 2) longitudinal assessment of eight children (mean age 8.5 yrs) admitted with asthma exacerbation. Condensate pH and ammonium were compared with clinical observations. In the cross-sectional part of the study, lower per cent forced expiratory volume in one second was associated with more symptoms and treatment. There was no significant difference between median pH in children with stable asthma (6.05) compared with controls (5.90). Ammonium was significantly lower in children with asthma (median 258 µM) compared with controls (median 428 µM). No association was found between ammonium or pH and lung function or symptom-free days. In the longitudinal study, significant improvements in oxygen saturation and respiratory rate with treatment of an acute exacerbation were not reflected by changes in pH or ammonium. In conclusion, pH does not appear to reflect disease or severity in children with asthma. Ammonium was significantly lower in children with asthma when compared with controls.
Exemplar-based inference in multi-attribute decision making: Contingent, not automatic, strategy shifts?

Several studies propose that exemplar retrieval contributes to multi-attribute decisions. The authors have proposed a process theory enabling a priori predictions of what cognitive representations people use as input to their judgment process (Sigma, for “summation”; P. Juslin, L. Karlsson, & H. Olsson, 2008). According to Sigma, exemplar retrieval is a back-up system when the task does not allow for additive and linear abstraction and integration of cue-criterion knowledge (e.g., when the task is non-additive). An important question is to what extent such shifts occur spontaneously as part of automatic procedures, such as error-minimization with the Delta rule, or if they are controlled strategy shifts contingent on the ability to identify a sufficiently successful judgment strategy. In this article data are reviewed that demonstrate a shift between exemplar memory and cue abstraction, as well as data where the expected shift does not occur. In contrast to a common assumption of previous models, these results suggest a controlled and contingent strategy shift.
Model-based traffic and emission control using PWA models — A mixed-logical dynamic approach

For the purpose of traffic control a piecewise-affine (PWA) approximation of the METANET model is proposed and tested in a model-based predictive control (MPC) framework. This approximation is provided as an alternative to the rather intensive computations when using the original nonlinear nonconvex METANET traffic flow model extended with a model for vehicular emissions and fuel consumption in an MPC context. As a direct PWA-MPC computation turned out to be intractable for on-line applications due to the size of the final, full PWA model that consists of a large number of PWA regions, the PWA model equations were additionally converted into a mixed-logical dynamic (MLD) model. The resulting MLD-MPC problem — written as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) — can be solved much more efficiently as it does not explicitly state all model equations for each particular region. In a simple case study on a traffic network including a variable speed limit and an un-metered on-ramp while optimizing the total time spent (TTS), we compared the performance of the approximate MLD-MPC approach to that of model predictive traffic control when using the original nonlinear formulation of the METANET model.
Automatically partition software into least privilege components using dynamic data dependency analysis

The principle of least privilege requires that software components should be granted only necessary privileges, so that compromising one component does not lead to compromising others. However, writing privilege separated software is difficult and as a result, a large number of software is monolithic, i.e., it runs as a whole without separation. Manually rewriting monolithic software into privilege separated software requires significant effort and can be error prone. We propose ProgramCutter, a novel approach to automatically partitioning monolithic software using dynamic data dependency analysis. ProgramCutter works by constructing a data dependency graph whose nodes are functions and edges are data dependencies between functions. The graph is then partitioned into subgraphs where each subgraph represents a least privilege component. The privilege separated software runs each component in a separated process with confined system privileges. We evaluate it by applying it on four open source software. We can reduce the privileged part of the program from 100% to below 22%, while having a reasonable execution time overhead. Since ProgramCutter does not require any expert knowledge of the software, it not only can be used by its developers for software refactoring, but also by end users or system administrators. Our contributions are threefold: (i) we define a quantitative measure of the security and performance of privilege separation; (ii) we propose a graph-based approach to compute the optimal separation based on dynamic information flow analysis; and (iii) the separation process is automatic and does not require expert knowledge of the software.
Potassium Distribution in the Sand, Silt and Clay Separates of Soils Developed over Talc at Ejiba, Kogi State, Nigeria

The potassium status of soils developed over talc at Ejiba in the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Kogi State, Nigeria was evaluated by the exchangeable, acid extractable, total and residual K values in the sand, silt and clay fractions of the soils. Soil samples collected from genetic horizons of profile pits dug in six delineated mapping units were separated into the three particle sizes of sand, silt and clay and exchangeable, acid extractable, total and residual K were determined in each particle size separates. The potassium reserve which had values that were similar to those of mobile potassium, was lower in values than the total potassium and residual potassium but had greater values than the exchangeable potassium. Total K was greater than 25 cmol Kg in all the profiles; Hcl extractable K (reserved K) and HNO - extractable K (mobile K) ranged in 1 3 values from 9.26 cmol Kg to 24. 45 cmol Kg and 5.12 cmol Kg to 29. 57 cmol Kg , respectively. 11 1 1 Exchangeable K accounted for less than 1% of the total K and ranged in value from 0.20 cmol Kg to 0.50 cmol 1 Kg . In most cases, the clay fraction of the soils had the greatest values of all the forms of potassium followed 1 by the silt fraction while the sand fraction had the least values of these forms of potassium. An assessment of the potassium status of the soils, using the K saturation index revealed that the level of potassium in these soils was adequate for the sustainable production of the crops dominantly grown in Ejiba, Kogi State of Nigeria, under intensive cropping.
Nonlinear filter design using Fokker-Planck propagator in Kronecker tensor format

We consider the general continuous-discrete nonlinear filtering problem. In particular, the prediction step involving the numerical solution of the Fokker-Planck equation for the time evolution of the state probability density is known to be a challenging problem as it suffers from the curse of dimensionality. In this contribution a novel approach based on Kronecker tensor decomposition of the matrix exponential of the Fokker-Planck operator is presented. This approach allows solving high dimensional filtering problems while enlarging considerably the time propagation step size compared with finite-difference time stepping methods. We show results from simulations for a passive tracking example involving a four dimensional state vector and compare with other tensor decomposition based approaches.