Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The measurement of human capital in the u

We develop a new approach to measuring human capital that permits the distinction of both observable and unobservable dimensions of skill by associating human capital with the portable part of an individual’s wage rate. Using new large-scale, integrated employer-employee data containing information on 68 million individuals and 3.6 million firms, we explain a very large proportion (84%) of the total variation in wages rates and attribute substantial variation to both individual and employer heterogeneity. While the wage distribution remained largely unchanged between 1992-1997, we document a pronounced right shift in the overall distribution of human capital. Most workers entering our sample, while less experienced, were otherwise more highly skilled, a difference which can be attributed almost exclusively to unobservables. Nevertheless, compared to exiters and continuers, entrants exhibited a greater tendency to match to firms paying below average internal wages. Firms reduced employment shares of low skilled workers and increased employment shares of high skilled workers in virtually every industry. Our results strongly suggest that the distribution of human capital will continue to shift to the right, implying a continuing up-skilling of the employed labor force.
Discourse Expectations Are Sensitive to the Question Under Discussion: Evidence From ERPs

ABSTRACT Questions under Discussion (QUDs) have been suggested to influence the integration of individual utterances into a discourse-level representation. Previous work has shown that processing ungrammatical ellipses is facilitated when the elided material addresses an implicit QUD raised through a nonactuality implicature (NAIs). It is not clear, however, if QUDs influence discourse coherence during comprehension of fully acceptable discourse. We present two ERP studies examining the effects of QUDs introduced by NAIs using two-sentence discourses. Experiment 1 showed that processing definite NPs with inaccessible antecedents is facilitated when their content is relevant to the QUD. Using acceptable discourses, Experiment 2 showed that definite NPs failing to address a QUD elicit increased processing cost. Overall, our results indicate that QUDs raise the expectation that the following discourse will address them, providing unambiguous evidence that their influence is not limited to the processing of ungrammatical input.
Structure, bonding, and adhesion at the TiC(100)/Fe(110) interface from first principles

Metal carbide ceramics offer potential as protective coatings for steels. Here we report a pseudopotential-based density functional (DFT) investigation of one such coating, wherein we predict the atomic structure, bonding, and the ideal work of adhesion (Wadideal) of the interface between a TiC(100) coating and a bcc Fe(110) substrate. Calibration of the DFT approximations used yields TiC and Fe bulk properties in reasonable agreement with experiment. Subsequent characterization of the low-index TiC and Fe surfaces reveals that all surfaces retain near bulk termination, in agreement with experiment. Stabilities of both TiC and Fe surfaces increase with their packing densities, i.e., (110)<(111)<(100) for TiC and (111)<(100)<(110) for bcc Fe. We estimate that the minimum critical stress required for crack propagation in bcc Fe is 27% larger than that in TiC. The TiC(100)/Fe(110) interface exhibits a lattice mismatch of ∼2.1%, leading to a smooth interface with only a small structural relaxation, except for.
Implications of Human Resource Practices and Other Structural Factors on Commitment of Public Medical Professionals in India

In this paper we focus on often neglected issue and inadequately studied area of commitment of public sector health professionals and some of the issues surrounding human resources as its determinants. The paper argues that success or failure of new initiatives in health sector critically hinges on the commitment of the staff. This paper is based on the questionnaire study and focused group discussion of 175 doctors working as district medical officers at district level and holding key administrative positions at state level in four states in India. These four Indian states account for nearly 22 per cent of India’s population. The findings provide some important insights that would be useful in drawing future agenda of strengthening health sector and involving all stakeholders in implementation process. The study finds critical linkage between human resource (HR) practices and commitment of doctors working in the government. Specifically, following HR practices are found critical in influencing organizational commitment: transparency in selection/postings, supportive training and capacity strengthening climate, recognition of performance and regular performance feedback. Further, results suggest that certain work environment and structural factors facilitate these practices. Health officials’ roles need to be redefined and given complexity of coordination at various levels, officials need to be allocated higher responsibilities. There is also a need to improve interpersonal relations within departments and coordination among agencies and officials at various levels. It is also observed that the structural rigidities in the system leading to obstruction in information sharing across various levels needs to be addressed to ensure effective healthcare delivery. This study highlights the criticality of administrative and structural issues for reforms of healthcare sector in India. Addressing human resources issues is critical for ensuring commitment from staff in implementing new initiatives or health reform agenda. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) also identifies the human resources and capacities as an important challenge. Institutions that are critical vehicles to implement the NHRM would remain weak owing to low commitment of people. It would be important to focus on HR issues before any new initiative is proposed and implemented. The departments of health across states need to broaden and deepen the understanding of HR management and planning issues. For this purpose they may need to set-up HR division having appropriate competency and skill-mix to address the issues and work towards making the right changes. The papers discusses that these changes will be required at both strategic and operational levels.
CHANDRA DETECTION OF A PARSEC SCALE WIND IN THE BROAD-LINE RADIO GALAXY 3C 382

We present unambiguous evidence for a parsec scale wind in the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 382, the first radio-loud active galactic nucleus, with RL = log10(f5 GHz/f4400)>1, whereby an outflow has been measured with X-ray grating spectroscopy. A 118 ks Chandra grating (HETG) observation of 3C 382 has revealed the presence of several high ionization absorption lines in the soft X-ray band, from Fe, Ne, Mg, and Si. The absorption lines are blueshifted with respect to the systemic velocity of 3C 382 by −840 ± 60 km s−1 and are resolved by Chandra with a velocity width of σ = 340 ± 70 km s−1. The outflow appears to originate from a single zone of gas of column density NH = 1.3 × 1021 cm−2 and ionization parameter log(ξ/erg cm s−1) = 2.45. From the above measurements we calculate that the outflow is observed on parsec scales, within the likely range from 10to1000 pc, i.e., consistent with an origin in the narrow-line region.
Composition and exposure age of the Apollo 16 Cayley and Descartes regions from Clementine data: Normalizing the optical effects of space weathering

In order to quantitatively assess the composition of the lunar surface from reflectance spectroscopy, it is necessary to be able to differentiate between the optical effects due to composition and those due to exposure to space weathering processes. Laboratory analyses of returned lunar soils are used to show that limited quantitative compositional information and the exposure age of the lunar surface can be determined using straightforward calculations from remotely acquired reflectance data sampled with a small number of spectral channels. Exposure age, approximated by Is/FeO (where Is is the characteristic ferromagnetic signal from single-domain iron metal), is estimated using a ratio of the reflectance at a wavelength outside of the 1-μm ferrous iron absorption band to the reflectance at a wavelength within the band. The iron plus titanium content of a soil can then be calculated from its Is/FeO and reflectance. These combined techniques are applied to Clementine UVVIS multispectral data of the lunar highlands in the vicinity of the Apollo 16 landing site. The Is/FeO and FeO + TiO2 contents are calculated for this region. Materials associated with recently formed impact craters and recent and/or ongoing downslope movement are easily detected as nonmature. The FeO + TiO2 content of the Descartes Mountains is found to be 1–2 wt% less than the Cayley plains west of the Apollo 16 landing site. Localized areas of compositional heterogeneity associated with some small impact events are also revealed. A model for normalizing the optical contribution due to exposure to space weathering processes is applied to the Clementine UVVIS data in order to bring the data to an equivalent mature exposure state. This approach allows residual spectral differences between the observed materials to be confidently interpreted as being due to compositional differences alone rather than to differences both of composition and of exposure. The exposure-normalized data reveal that this region of the highlands is characterized by limited large-scale compositional heterogeneity that is detectable by a small number of spectral bandpasses. The Descartes Mountains are identified as being more anorthositic than the Cayley plains units. Most small impacts in the region excavated material compositionally similar to material surrounding them, with the notable exceptions of the impacts that created South Ray Crater and an unnamed crater on the floor of Abulfeda.
Heterogeneous substitution systems revisited

Matthes and Uustalu (TCS 327(1-2):155-174, 2004) presented a categorical description of substitution systems capable of capturing syntax involving binding which is independent of whether the syntax is made up from least or greatest fixed points. We extend this work in two directions: we continue the analysis by creating more categorical structure, in particular by organizing substitution systems into a category and studying its properties, and we develop the proofs of the results of the cited paper and our new ones in UniMath, a recent library of univalent mathematics formalized in the Coq theorem prover.
NLRP3 inflammasome: a novel link between lipoproteins and atherosclerosis

Introduction Pattern recognition receptor-mediated signaling pathways have recently been elucidated to bridge the innate immune system and atherosclerosis. NLRP3 is a member of the NLR family. Upon activation, it initiates IL-1β and IL-18 processing, a key step in the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis. Material and methods We used three different types of lipoproteins, ox-LDL, ox-HDL, and HDL, in Thp-1 at the concentration of 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, and 150 mg/l respectively. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, ELISA detected the expression of NLRP3 and downstream cytokines. NLRP3 siRNA was constructed to down-regulate expression of the NLRP3 gene via the RNA interference technique. 150 mg/l of ox-LDL, ox-HDL and HDL was added to the Thp-1 cell line respectively. We observed the changes in the expression of caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 when the NLRP3 gene was down-regulated. Results Ox-LDL and ox-HDL addition not only increases the expression of NLRP3, but also activates the NLRP3 downstream cytokines and caspase-1 and induces IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Moreover, the effects of activation and induction are shown to have a dose-dependent manner. Expression of NLRP3 and its downstream inflammatory cytokines is reduced in the presence of HDL (p < 0.05). Furthermore, our data demonstrated that NLRP3 siRNA downregulates NLRP3 expression in mononuclear cells, thus leading to a dramatic reduction in the expression of caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 (p < 0.05). Conclusions The data suggest that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical step in caspase-1 activation and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Interference with the NLRP3 inflammasome can significantly inhibit the generation of cytokines, thus impeding the pathogenesis of inflammation.
DBP-M: a technique for meeting end-to-end (m, k)-firm guarantee requirement in point-to-point networks

A real time message stream is said to have an (m, k) firm guarantee requirement if at least m out of any k consecutive messages from the stream must meet their deadlines to ensure adequate quality of service. M. Hamdaoui and P. Ramanathan (1995) recently proposed a scheduling policy called Distance based Priority Assignment (DBP) to better service multiple real time streams, each with its own (m, k) firm guarantee requirement. The key assumption in the DBP technique is that all messages reach their destination in one hop. This assumption, however, is not valid in most networks because there is often no direct connection between the source and the destination nodes of a real time stream. The DBP scheme is extended to deal with streams in which the messages traverse more than one hop in reaching their destination. Through empirical evaluation, it is also shown that this extended DBP scheme, called DBP-M, performs better than existing policies in reducing the probability of not meeting the (m, k) firm guarantee requirement.
Unstable Inheritance of 45S rRNA Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana

The considerable genome size variation in Arabidopsis thaliana has been shown largely to be due to copy number variation (CNV) in 45S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Surprisingly, attempts to map this variation by means of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) failed to identify either of the two likely sources, namely the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). Instead, GWAS implicated a trans-acting locus, as if rRNA gene CNV was a phenotype rather than a genotype. To explain these results, we investigated the inheritance and stability of rRNA gene copy number using the variety of genetic resources available in A. thaliana — F2 crosses, recombinant inbred lines, the multiparent advanced-generation inter-cross population, and mutation accumulation lines. Our results clearly show that rRNA gene CNV can be mapped to the NORs themselves, with both loci contributing equally to the variation. However, NOR size is unstably inherited, and dramatic copy number changes are visible already within tens of generations, which explains why it is not possible to map the NORs using GWAS. We did not find any evidence of trans-acting loci in crosses, which is also expected since changes due to such loci would take very many generations to manifest themselves. rRNA gene copy number is thus an interesting example of “missing heritability”—a trait that is heritable in pedigrees, but not in the general population.
A Study of Pre-Kindergarten Teachers' Knowledge about Children's Mathematical Thinking

WITHIN THE CURRENT ERA of educational reform, greater numbers of early childhood teachers have become engaged in teaching mathematics curricula that require teachers to have a deep understanding of children's mathematical thinking. The purpose of this study is to examine how pre-kindergarten teachers in the United States (US) notice and interpret children's mathematical thinking. To address teacher knowledge of children's mathematical thinking, a qualitative case study was conducted. The sources of data include classroom observation and post-observation interviews with each teacher. The results indicate that these teachers varied in their level of noticing and attending to students' mathematical thinking. Although some teachers could successfully engage their students' mathematical thinking, the extent to which they interpreted that thinking was different.
Angle and power adaptation in 10 Gbit/s multibeam mobile optical wireless systems with angle diversity detection

In this paper, we propose, evaluate and analyse for the first time a mobile optical wireless (OW) system that operates at 10 Gbit/s. We propose a mobile OW system that employs beam angle and beam power adaptation in a line strip multibeam spot diffusing system configuration in conjunction with an angle diversity receiver (APA-LSMS), to reduce the impact of ambient light noise, multipath dispersion and mobility induced impairments. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed APA-LSMS at a bit rate of 5 Gbit/s achieves about 30 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain over a power adaptive line strip multibeam system (PA-LSMS) where transmitter — receiver ranges up to 6 m (horizontal separation) were considered. Our results also indicate that the APA-LSMS achieves a consistent 24 dB and 21 dB SNR at 5 Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s, respectively, in the presence of background shot noise, multipath dispersion and mobility. Furthermore, the results show an increase in the channel bandwidth from 25.5 MHz for a conventional diffuse system (CDS) to approximately 7.2 GHz in our proposed system (APA-LSMS). These improvements enhance our system and enable it to operate at a higher data rate of 10 Gbit/s.
Risk Dynamics of Housing Market : Cross-sectional Variations , Time Variations and Economic Fluctuations

This paper estimates both the conditional systematic and idiosyncratic risks in the housing market using the monthly housing price data on U.S metropolitan areas over the sample period Jan 1987 to Oct 2008. Different to previous studies, this paper decomposes the total risk in housing market into both the systematic and the nonsystematic parts by introducing new model-independent approaches for the measure of aggregate systematic and idiosyncratic risks, the PCA approach, the portfolio approach as well as the cross-section dispersion approach which do not depend on any parametric specifications of the return generating process such as the CAPM model or three-factor capital asset pricing model. The time-series properties of conditional risks in the housing market are found to be time varying and highly persistent as following a random walk process. Furthermore, the housing risk fluctuations can be largely explained by macroeconomic variables such as the credit spread and the inflation rate. In addition, using the portfolio sorting methodology, this paper finds that the housing portfolio with high idiosyncratic volatility has high expected returns. The results offer the new evidences supporting Merton’s (1987) proposition that idiosyncratic volatility should be positively related to the cross-section of expected returns if investors demand compensation for imperfect diversification in presence of incomplete information. Keyword Risk Dynamics; Housing; Cross-sectional Returns; PCA; Portfolio; Time-Varying JEL Code G11; G12; G15
Forces and Moments on Flat Plates of Small Aspect Ratio with Application to PV Wind Loads and Small Wind Turbine Blades

To improve knowledge of the wind loads on photovoltaic structures mounted on flat roofs at the high angles required in high latitudes, and to study starting flow on low aspect ratio wind turbine blades, a series of wind tunnel tests were undertaken. Thin flat plates of aspect ratios between 0.4 and 9.0 were mounted on a sensitive three-component instantaneous force and moment sensor. The Reynolds numbers varied from 6 × 10 4 to 2 × 10 5 . Measurements were made for angles of attack between 0° and 90° both in the free stream and in wall proximity with increased turbulence and mean shear. The ratio of drag to lift closely follows the inverse tangent of the angle of incidence for virtually all measurements. This implies that the forces of interest are due largely to the instantaneous pressure distribution around the plate and are not significantly influenced by shear stresses. The instantaneous forces appear most complex for the smaller aspect ratios but the intensity of the normal force fluctuations is between 10% and 20% in the free-steam but can exceed 30% near the wall. As the wind tunnel floor is approached, the lift and drag reduce with increasing aspect ratio, and there is a reduction in the high frequency components of the forces. It is shown that the centre of pressure is closer to the centre of the plates than the quarter-chord position for nearly all cases.
Hypomyelination following deletion of Tsc2 in oligodendrocyte precursors

While abnormalities in myelin in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) have been known for some time, recent imaging‐based data suggest myelin abnormalities may be independent of the pathognomonic cortical lesions (“tubers”). Multiple mouse models of TSC exhibit myelination deficits, though the cell types responsible and the mechanisms underlying the myelin abnormalities remain unclear.
Do positive emotions help us cope with occupational stress

Occupational stress is considered as one of the most important work-related psychological problems. To date, research findings demonstrate that specific coping strategies lead to positive results, via the impact of specific positive elements such as relaxation and reframing. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 1998, 2001, 2003) provides an alternative approach suggesting that positive emotions experiencing leads to beneficial psychological results. In this study we examined the relationship between positive emotions and strain in a sample of 2775 professionals. The results indicate that the experiencing of positive emotions is negatively correlated with occupational strain and that overall and discrete positive emotions predict strain over and beyond stressors.
Reconstruction of Monthly Mean Oceanic Sea Level Pressure Based on COADS and Station Data (1854–1997)

Abstract An extended reconstruction of monthly mean oceanic historical sea level pressure (SLP) based on Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) release-2 observations is produced for the 1854–1997 period. The COADS data are first screened using an adaptive quality-control procedure. Land SLP data from coastal and island stations are used to supplement the COADS data. The SLP anomalies are analyzed monthly to a 2° grid using statistics based on 20 yr of assimilated atmospheric reanalysis. A first-order correction is applied to the reconstruction to minimize variations associated with spurious long-term changes in the atmospheric mass over the oceans. In the nineteenth century, the reconstruction appears to underestimate the SLP-anomaly amplitudes, and error estimates for the reconstruction are largest. After 1900 the reconstruction variance is stronger, although there are periods in the first half of the twentieth century when sampling is poor and the variance decreases. Spatial correlations betwe.
From the ground up: cultivating teacher educator knowledge from the situated knowledges of emerging, asset-oriented teacher educators

ABSTRACT This article offers findings from a qualitative study of the development of novice, asset-oriented teacher educators in the U.S. who, over three years, engaged monthly in an informal learning space inspired by Freirean Culture Circles and Boalian Theatre of the Oppressed. The article outlines the dynamic knowledges, perspectives, and tools that emerged as central to participants’ understandings about facilitating asset-oriented learning among prospective and practicing teachers in school and university settings. The article then argues that learning arrangements designed to support the coconstruction of contextualized, embodied understandings of asset-oriented teacher education hold special promise for equipping teacher educators to transform teacher education from an enterprise that centers whiteness to one that advances equity and justice.