Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A graphical class representation for integrated black- and white-box testing

Although both black- and white-box testing have the same objective, namely detecting faults in a program, they are often conducted separately. In our opinion, the reason is the lack of techniques and tools integrating both strategies, although an integration can substantially decrease testing costs. Specifically, an integrated technique can generate a reduced test suite, as single test cases can cover both specification and implementation at the same time. The paper proposes a new graphical representation of classes, which can be used for integrated class-level black-and white-box testing. Its distinguishing feature from existing representations is that each method of a class is shown from two perspectives, namely the specification and implementation view. Both the specification of a method and its implementation are represented as control flow graphs, which allows black- and white-box testing by structural techniques. Moreover, a test suite reduction technique has been developed for adjusting white-box test cases to black-box testing.
Decentralized Robust Synchronization of Unknown High Order Nonlinear Multi-Agent Systems With Prescribed Transient and Steady State Performance

In this paper, we consider the synchronization control problem for uncertain high-order nonlinear multi-agent systems in a leader-follower scheme, under a directed communication protocol. A robust decentralized control law of minimal complexity is proposed that achieves prescribed, arbitrarily fast and accurate synchronization of the following agents with the leader. The control protocol is decentralized in the sense that the control signal of each agent is calculated based solely on local relative state information from its neighborhood set. Additionally, no information regarding the agents' dynamic model is employed in the design procedure. Moreover, provided that the communication graph is connected and contrary to the related works on multi-agent systems, the controller-imposed transient and steady state performance bounds are fully decoupled from: 1) the underlying graph topology, 2) the control gains selection, and 3) the agents' model uncertainties, and are solely prescribed by certain designer-specified performance functions. Extensive simulation results clarify and verify the approach.
A New Omni-Directional EMAT for Ultrasonic Lamb Wave Tomography Imaging of Metallic Plate Defects

This paper proposes a new omni-directional electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) for the ultrasonic Lamb wave (ULW) tomography imaging (TI) of defects in metallic plates. The proposed EMAT is composed of a permanent magnet and a coil with a contra-flexure structure. This new EMAT coil structure is used for omni-directional ULW transmission and reception and ULW TI for the first time. The theoretical background and the working principles of this EMAT are presented and analyzed. The experimental results of its use on a 3 mm thick aluminum plate indicate that the EMAT with a contra-flexure coil (CFC) can transmit and receive a pure single A0 mode ULW with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Thus, the extraction of the projection data used for ULW TI may be performed accurately. The circumferential consistency of the projection data is only slightly influenced by the distortion of the eddy current field that is induced by the new CFC with an irregular shape. When the new EMAT array is used for ULW TI using the cross-hole method and SIRT arithmetic, a desirable imaging quality can be achieved, and the estimated size of an artificial corrosion defect agreed well with its actual value. The relation between the reconstruction resolution and the number of the new EMATs used is analyzed. More TI experiments are carried out when the aluminum plate defect is in two different locations relative to the EMAT array, for the further investigation of the performances of the new EMATs.
The use of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in determining the factors associated with breast cancer screening among female students in Botswana

ABSTRACT Breast cancer is the most common malignant condition afflicting females globally although there is limited information regarding the determinants that prompt females to participate in breast cancer screening in Botswana. The study explored the Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs in explaining factors associated with breast cancer screening amongst female students in Botswana. A cross-sectional study was conducted using multi-stage random sampling. Self-administered questionnaires were used to elicit information from 383 female participants. Binary logistic regression and chi-square statistic were used for inferential analysis. The results showed that 40 (10.4%) of the participants had gone for breast cancer screening and 195 (50.9%) participants obtained information on breast cancer screening via television. There was a significant relationship between breast cancer screening uptake and health professionals as the source of information (p < 0.001). A belief that screening leads to loss of breast was associated with fear of breast cancer screening uptake (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 0.532, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.330–0.857). Female students who believed that having breast examinations performed by a physician was expensive were 0.63 times less likely to have breast cancer screening (AOR: 0.626, 95% CI: 0.465–0.843). The study revealed that breast cancer screening among female students was lower than the 93% target set by the Healthy People 2020 in the United States of America. Our findings suggest that there is a need for interventional health programs to encourage breast cancer screening uptake, targeting the negative beliefs and perceptions acting as barriers to breast cancer screening.
Creativity and Mood Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Although the belief that creativity is related to psychopathology is prevalent, empirical evidence is limited. Research findings relating to mood disorder in particular are mixed, possibly as a result of differing research approaches (e.g., assessing the creativity of individuals with versus without mood disorder opposed to the prevalence of mood disorder in creative versus noncreative individuals). Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate prior research examining the link between mood disorder and creativity from three distinct research approaches. Multilevel random effects models were used to calculate the overall effect size for studies that assessed (a) creativity in a clinical versus nonclinical sample (k = 13), (b) mood disorder in a creative versus noncreative sample (k = 10), and (c) the correlation between dimensional measures of creativity and mood disorder symptoms (k = 15). Potential moderators were examined using meta-regression and subgroup analyses, as significant heterogeneity was detected among the effects in all three analyses. Results reveal a differential strength and pattern of effects across the three analyses, suggesting that the relationship between creativity and mood disorder differs according to the research approach. The theoretical implications of results and potential mechanisms responsible for the relationship between creativity and mood disorder are discussed.
Bow Shock and Radio Halo in the Merging Cluster A520

Chandra observations of the merging galaxy cluster A520 reveal a prominent bow shock with M = 2.1. This is only the second clear example of a substantially supersonic merger shock front in clusters. Comparison of the X-ray image with that of the previously known radio halo reveals a coincidence of the leading edge of the halo with the bow shock, offering an interesting experimental setup for determining the role of shocks in the radio halo generation. The halo in A520 apparently consists of two spatially distinct parts, the main turbulence-driven component and a cap-like forward structure related to the shock, where the latter may provide preenergized electrons for subsequent turbulent reacceleration. The radio edge may be caused by electron acceleration by the shock. If so, the synchrotron spectrum should have a slope of α ≃ 1.2 right behind the edge, with quick steepening farther away from the edge. Alternatively, if shocks are inefficient accelerators, the radio edge may be explained by an increase in the magnetic field and density of preexisting relativistic electrons due to gas compression. In the latter model, there should be radio emission in front of the shock with the same spectrum as that behind it, but 10-20 times fainter. If future sensitive radio measurements do not find such preshock emission, then the electrons are indeed accelerated (or reaccelerated) by the shock, and one will be able to determine its acceleration efficiency. We also propose a method to estimate the magnetic field strength behind the shock, based on measuring the dependence of the radio spectral slope upon the distance from the shock. In addition, the radio edge provides a way to constrain the diffusion speed of the relativistic electrons.
Optimization of Spacecraft Trajectories: A Method Combining Invariant Manifold Techniques and Discrete Mechanics and Optimal Control

A mission design technique that uses invariant manifold techniques together with the optimal control algorithm DMOC produces locally optimal, low ΔV trajectories. Previously, invariant manifolds of the planar circular restricted three body problem (PCR3BP) have been used to design trajectories with relatively small ΔV . Using local optimal control methods, specifically DMOC, it is possible to reduce the ΔV even further. This method is tested on a trajectory which begins in Earth orbit and ends in ballistic capture at the Moon. DMOC produces locally optimal trajectories with much smaller total ΔV applied in a distributed way along the trajectory. Additionally, DMOC allows for variable flight times, leading to smaller ΔV necessary for lunar orbit insertion. Results from different Earth to Moon missions are presented in table form to show how the DMOC results fit in with actual missions and different trajectory types. The ΔV of the DMOC results are, on average, 23%-25% better than the ΔV of trajectories produced using a Hohmann transfer.
SEARCHING FOR COOLING SIGNATURES IN STRONG LENSING GALAXY CLUSTERS: EVIDENCE AGAINST BARYONS SHAPING THE MATTER DISTRIBUTION IN CLUSTER CORES

The process by which the mass density profile of certain galaxy clusters becomes centrally concentrated enough to produce high strong lensing (SL) cross-sections is not well understood. It has been suggested that the baryonic condensation of the intracluster medium (ICM) due to cooling may drag dark matter to the cores and thus steepen the profile. In this work, we search for evidence of ongoing ICM cooling in the first large, well-defined sample of SL selected galaxy clusters in the range 0.1 < z < 0.6. Based on known correlations between the ICM cooling rate and both optical emission line luminosity and star formation, we measure, for a sample of 89 SL clusters, the fraction of clusters that have [O ii]λλ3727 emission in their brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). We find that the fraction of line-emitting BCGs is constant as a function of redshift for z > 0.2 and shows no statistically significant deviation from the total cluster population. Specific star formation rates, as traced by the strength of the 4000 Å break, D4000, are also consistent with the general cluster population. Finally, we use optical imaging of the SL clusters to measure the angular separation, Rarc, between the arc and the center of mass of each lensing cluster in our sample and test for evidence of changing [O ii] emission and D4000 as a function of Rarc, a proxy observable for SL cross-sections. D4000 is constant with all values of Rarc, and the [O ii] emission fractions show no dependence on Rarc for Rarc > 10″ and only very marginal evidence of increased weak [O ii] emission for systems with Rarc < 10″. These results argue against the ability of baryonic cooling associated with cool core activity in the cores of galaxy clusters to strongly modify the underlying dark matter potential, leading to an increase in SL cross-sections.
Pentoxifylline for heart failure: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND Recent trials have indicated a beneficial effect of pentoxifylline on measures of inflammation and markers of cardiac dysfunction in people with heart failure. However, it is uncertain whether pentoxifylline should be used routinely in the management of heart failure. OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of pentoxifylline in heart failure. DESIGN Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. METHODS We searched MEDLINE (1 January 1966 - 20 November 2004), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (issue 4, 2004), and reference lists of related papers, for randomised controlled trials of pentoxifylline in the treatment of heart failure. Prospective, randomised, double-blind controlled trials were sought for inclusion in the study. The two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data, which were analysed using RevMan statistical software. The following outcome measures were evaluated: (i) New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class; (ii) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); (iii) frequency of hospitalisation; and (iv) death from all causes. RESULTS Four studies with a total of 144 participants met the inclusion criteria. Statistical pooling (or meta-analysis) was not performed owing to the significant clinical heterogeneity and differences in reporting of the outcomes in the included studies; instead, the trials were analysed separately for the outcomes of interest. The four studies tested the use of pentoxifylline versus placebo in patients with heart failure of varying aetiology (idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, 3 studies; ischaemic cardiomyopathy, 1 study). In 2 of the idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy studies, patients were classified as NYHA class II or III, while the study population in another idiopathic cardiomyopathy study was in NYHA class IV. The trial of patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy included patients in NYHA functional classes I - IV. The use of pentoxifylline was associated with significant improvement in symptoms (i.e. NYHA functional class) and cardiac function (i.e. LVEF) in 3 out of 4 studies. The beneficial effect on symptoms of heart failure and cardiac function was seen in all grades of severity of heart failure and in patients with ischaemic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. All 4 studies showed a trend towards reduction of mortality, but this effect was not statistically significant. The effect of pentoxifylline on the frequency of hospitalisation has not been tested in randomised controlled trials. INTERPRETATION Pentoxifylline may have a beneficial effect on NYHA functional class, ejection fraction and mortality in heart failure, but published trials are too small to provide conclusive evidence. There is a need for large, placebo-controlled trials of pentoxifylline in heart failure, involving a diverse group of patients with regard to cause and severity of heart failure.
Influence of lignin content in soybean seed coat on the incidence of the storage fungus Aspergillus flavus

Seed quality may be affected by several factors, including permeability, color, and lignin content in the seed coat. This study aimed at evaluating influence of lignin content in the tegument of seed samples of six different soybean cultivars, in which half of each sample was inoculated with the fungus Aspergillus flavus, on the physical and physiological quality, and on the seed health, during 180 days storage period, under cold chamber with controlled conditions of temperature and RH. For that, at each interval of 60 days, samples were removed, and the physiological quality of these seeds was assessed by means of moisture and lignin contents; and by tests of seed health, germination, and electrical conductivity. The moisture content of seeds remained constant during all storage period. In the seed health test, it was found that inoculation was efficient, once the minimum incidence of the fungus in the inoculated seeds was 85%. In the germination test, there was a trend of reduction on percentage germination with the increase in storage period. However, there was an increase on electrical conductivity of seeds assessed. It was concluded that there is no interference of the lignin content in the seed coat on the resistance to infection by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, even after seed storage for a period of 180 days.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of MMP-2 Gene in Stroke Subtypes

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are expressed after ischemic stroke. These proteases are responsible for a higher incidence of hemorrhages, are correlated to size of infarction and influence the effects of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment. We therefore evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of MMP-2 in different subtypes of stroke patients in an association study using a case-control design. Methods: 197 stroke patients were divided according to modified TOAST criteria (small vessel disease, large vessel disease, hemorrhagic stroke and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis) and compared to 143 controls. Clinical data like age, sex, risk factors and diagnostic results including MRI or cranial CT scans and ultrasound evaluations of intra- and extracranial arteries were obtained. Genotypes of MMP-2 (12 SNP) were compared to controls and DNA samples were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed for small vessel disease to test for interactions between markers and defined clinical risk factors. Additionally, MMP-2 serum levels obtained in the first 24 h after stroke were measured. Results: From the MMP-2 gene, 5 markers (rs1030868, rs2241145, rs2287074, rs2287076, rs7201) showed a significant association with small vessel infarcts (p < 0.05) and rs7201:g.C was identified as an independent risk factor by multivariable logistic regression analysis. MMP-2 protein levels were significantly lower in this group (174 ± 48 ng/dl) versus controls (214 ± 56 ng/dl). For other stroke subtypes, no significant association with MMP-2 SNP could be found. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates an association of the MMP-2 gene with the development of lacunar stroke, and no association of MMP-2 with other stroke subtypes.
Speech segmentation in aphasia

Background: Speech segmentation is one of the initial and mandatory phases of language learning. Although some people with aphasia have shown a preserved ability to learn novel words, their speech segmentation abilities have not been explored. Aims: We examined the ability of individuals with chronic aphasia to segment words from running speech via statistical learning. We also explored the relationships between speech segmentation and aphasia severity, and short-term memory capacity. We further examined the role of lesion location in speech segmentation and short-term memory performance. Methods & Procedures: The experimental task was first validated with a group of young adults (n = 120). Participants with chronic aphasia (n = 14) were exposed to an artificial language and were evaluated in their ability to segment words using a speech segmentation test. Their performance was contrasted against chance level and compared to that of a group of elderly matched controls (n = 14) using group and case-by-case analyses. Outcomes & Results: As a group, participants with aphasia were significantly above chance level in their ability to segment words from the novel language and did not significantly differ from the group of elderly controls. Speech segmentation ability in the aphasic participants was not associated with aphasia severity although it significantly correlated with word pointing span, a measure of verbal short-term memory. Case-by-case analyses identified four individuals with aphasia who performed above chance level on the speech segmentation task, all with predominantly posterior lesions and mild fluent aphasia. Their short-term memory capacity was also better preserved than in the rest of the group. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that speech segmentation via statistical learning can remain functional in people with chronic aphasia and suggest that this initial language learning mechanism is associated with the functionality of the verbal short-term memory system and the integrity of the left inferior frontal region.
Modelling of Intrinsic Thermoacoustic Instability of Premixed Flame in Combustors with Changes in Cross Section

ABSTRACT This work investigates the effects of a moving flame front on the thermoacoustic oscillations in nonuniform combustors considering both the cavity and intrinsic resonant feedbacks. This theoretical study shows that the entropic perturbations can be generated by a perfectly premixed moving flame front in combustors with changes in cross section. Comparing with Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) results shows the influence of the perturbation of a moving flame front on the intrinsic thermoacoustic stability. Applied to the verification of experimental results of a combustor consisting of multiple components, the present work predicts correctly the frequency and growth of both chamber resonant and intrinsic thermoacoustic (ITA) modes. Numerical research shows that alteration of reflection coefficients may both stabilize the chamber resonant and ITA modes of an experimental test rig. However, stabilizing the thermoacoustic oscillation by adjusting the boundary conditions seems less efficient in complicated combustion networks.
Parametric and Nonparametric Analysis of Eye-Tracking Data by Anomaly Detection

An approach to smooth pursuit eye movement's analysis by means of stochastic anomaly detection is presented and applied to the problem of distinguishing between patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and normal controls. Both parametric Wiener model-based techniques and nonparametric modeling utilizing a description of the involved probability density functions in orthonormal bases are considered. The necessity of proper visual stimuli design for the accuracy of mathematical modeling is highlighted and a formal method for producing such stimuli is suggested. The efficacy of the approach is demonstrated on experimental data collected by means of a commercial video-based eye tracker.
Multiresolution localization and segmentation of the optical disc in fundus images using inpainted background and vessel information

In this paper we present a novel method for the automatic location and segmentation of the optical disk in fundus images. It is based on the decoupling of vessel and background information obtained with morphological segmentation and inpainting. A multiresolution optimization scheme finding elliptic contours optimally adapted to a brightness model is then applied on the inpainted brightness image, under the constraint that a reasonable amount of vasculature must be present inside the disc. An effective objective function and a multiresolution scheme allow a deterministic optimizer to converge on the OD contour with good accuracy, while the vessel-based constraint limits wrong contour detections in anomalous cases. Our initial experiments (30 DRIVE images, ground truth from two doctors) suggest that the method can provide accurate results both in term of optic disc location and contour segmentation accuracy.
The Restitution Portrait:

Introduction: Electrical restitution, relating action potential duration (APD) to diastolic interval (DI), was believed to determine the stability of heart rhythm. However, recent studies demonstrate that stability also depends on long‐term APD changes caused by memory. This study presents a new method for investigation of rate‐ and memory‐dependent aspects of restitution and for assessment of mapping models of APD.