Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scale-Invariant Neuronal Avalanche Dynamics and the Cut-Off in Size Distributions

Identification of cortical dynamics strongly benefits from the simultaneous recording of as many neurons as possible. Yet current technologies provide only incomplete access to the mammalian cortex from which adequate conclusions about dynamics need to be derived. Here, we identify constraints introduced by sub-sampling with a limited number of electrodes, i.e. spatial ‘windowing’, for well-characterized critical dynamics―neuronal avalanches. The local field potential (LFP) was recorded from premotor and prefrontal cortices in two awake macaque monkeys during rest using chronically implanted 96-microelectrode arrays. Negative deflections in the LFP (nLFP) were identified on the full as well as compact sub-regions of the array quantified by the number of electrodes N (10–95), i.e., the window size. Spatiotemporal nLFP clusters organized as neuronal avalanches, i.e., the probability in cluster size, p(s), invariably followed a power law with exponent −1.5 up to N, beyond which p(s) declined more steeply producing a ‘cut-off’ that varied with N and the LFP filter parameters. Clusters of size s≤N consisted mainly of nLFPs from unique, non-repeated cortical sites, emerged from local propagation between nearby sites, and carried spatial information about cluster organization. In contrast, clusters of size s>N were dominated by repeated site activations and carried little spatial information, reflecting greatly distorted sampling conditions. Our findings were confirmed in a neuron-electrode network model. Thus, avalanche analysis needs to be constrained to the size of the observation window to reveal the underlying scale-invariant organization produced by locally unfolding, predominantly feed-forward neuronal cascades.
Salience Games: Keeping Environmental Issues in (and out) of the Public Eye

Businesses and green activists seek to influence public attention to the social impacts of a sector — they play salience games. An activist allocates funds between campaigning against a polluting industry and other environmental projects. When public attention is scarce, a greater campaign orientation induces industry to invest more heavily in symbolic action that cloaks damage and reduces the risk of salience. This makes fundraising more challenging for the activist, diminishing funds available for both campaign and non-campaign activities. The activist strategically biases its mission away from campaigns — and in favor of broad versus narrow campaigns — but not by as much as a welfare-motivated planner would wish. When salience is avoided by a mixture of symbolic and substantive action, a greater weight on the latter induces the NGO to become more campaign-oriented, with environmental damage lower and welfare higher. Concentrated industries prefer symbolic action, and un-concentrated industries prefer substantive action.
Processes and Consequences of Peer Collaboration: A Vygotskian Analysis

A sample of 162 children aged from 5 to 9 was pretested to discover each child's “rule” for predicting the movement of a mathematical balance beam. Children then worked alone, with a partner who used the same rule, with a partner who was more competent, or with a partner who was less competent. If partners' predictions differed, the dyad members were asked to discuss and reach agreement, but were not given feedback. All children were subsequently given 2 individual posttests. The results revealed that regression in thinking was as likely a consequence as improvement, both proving stable. Benefits accrued primarily to those whose partner was more competent, but understanding of the outcomes of collaboration required attending both to the nature of the rules (whether they allowed consistent or inconsistent prediction) and the shared understanding attained during the paired session.
Dissecting the Genetic Basis of a Complex cis-Regulatory Adaptation

Although single genes underlying several evolutionary adaptations have been identified, the genetic basis of complex, polygenic adaptations has been far more challenging to pinpoint. Here we report that the budding yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus has recently evolved resistance to citrinin, a naturally occurring mycotoxin. Applying a genome-wide test for selection on cis-regulation, we identified five genes involved in the citrinin response that are constitutively up-regulated in S. paradoxus. Four of these genes are necessary for resistance, and are also sufficient to increase the resistance of a sensitive strain when over-expressed. Moreover, cis-regulatory divergence in the promoters of these genes contributes to resistance, while exacting a cost in the absence of citrinin. Our results demonstrate how the subtle effects of individual regulatory elements can be combined, via natural selection, into a complex adaptation. Our approach can be applied to dissect the genetic basis of polygenic adaptations in a wide range of species. Author Summary Adaptation via natural selection has been a subject of great interest for well over a century, yet we still have little understanding of its molecular basis. What are the genetic changes that are actually being selected? While single genes underlying several adaptations have been identified, the genetic basis of complex, polygenic adaptations has been far more challenging to pinpoint. The complex trait that we study here is the resistance of Saccharomyces yeast to a mycotoxin called citrinin, which is produced by many other species of fungi, and is a common food contaminant for both humans and livestock. We found that sequence changes in the promoters of at least three genes have contributed to citrinin resistance, by up-regulating their transcription even in the absence of citrinin. Higher expression of these genes confers a fitness advantage in the presence of citrinin, while exacting a cost in its absence— a fitness tradeoff. Our results provide a detailed view of a complex adaptation, and our approach can be applied to polygenic adaptations in a wide range of species.
Diversification, Organization, and Efficiency: Evidence from Bank Holding Companies

We use a portfolio-simulation technique to estimate the value added from di- versification by bank holding companies. Using a sample of 412 multi-bank bank holding companies (MBHCs) from 1990 to 1994, we construct pro forma benchmark portfolios for each MBHC composed of shares of single banks, weighted to correspond to the MBHC's distribution of activities. We then compare the performance and characteristics of the MBHCs to that of their pro forma benchmarks. Diversification through the holding com- pany structure does appear to bring certain benefits: the MBHCs hold less capital and engage in more lending, on average, then their pro forma benchmarks. However, these desirable characteristics do not translate into higher profits, implying some organizational inefficiencies inherent in the holding company structure. This suggests that banks should be allowed to realize the benefits of diversification without limiting them to a particular organizational form.
Celebrity Advocacy and International Development

1. Introduction 2. The Terrain of Development Advocacy 3. Celebrity Advocacy and Post-Democracy 4. A Brief History of Celebrity Advocacy for Development and Humanitarian Causes 5. The Current State of Celebrity Advocacy 6. 'Getting It' Producing Authentic Celebrity Advocacy 7. Elites and Celebrity Advocacy 8. The Witches' Pond 9. Changing the World through Celebrity Advocacy Appendix One: Methods Appendix Two: Research on Celebrity Endorsers
Material, psychosocial, behavioural and biomedical factors in the explanation of relative socio-economic inequalities in mortality: evidence from the HUNT study.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have assessed the relative importance of material, psychosocial and behavioural factors in the explanation of relative socio-economic inequalities in mortality, but research into the contribution of biomedical factors has been limited. Our study examines the relative contribution of (i) material, (ii) psychosocial, (iii) behavioural and (iv) biomedical factors in the explanation of relative socio-economic (educational and income) inequalities in mortality. METHODS Cohort study--baseline data from the Norwegian total county population-based HUNT 2 study linked to mortality data (1995/97 to 2003). In this analysis, 18 247 men and 18 278 women aged 24-80 without severe chronic disease at baseline were eligible. RESULTS No socio-economic inequalities in mortality among women were found. In men, educational- and income-related inequalities in mortality were found with a relative risk for the lowest educational group of 1.67 (1.29-2.15) and the lowest income quartile of 2.03 (1.57-2.70). Together, the four explanatory factors reduced the relative risk of mortality of the lowest educational group to 1.18 (0.90-1.55) and the relative risk of mortality in the lowest income quartile was attenuated to 1.17 (0.83-1.63). Known biomedical factors contributed least to both educational and income inequalities in mortality. CONCLUSIONS Material factors were the most important in explaining income inequalities in mortality amongst men, whereas psychosocial and behavioural factors were the most important in explaining educational inequalities. This suggests that improving the material, psychosocial and behavioural circumstances of men might bring more substantial reductions in relative socio-economic inequalities in mortality.
A survey on MANET intrusion detection

In recent years, the security issues on MANET have become one of the primary concerns. The MANET is more vulnerable to be attacked than wired network. These vulnerabilities are nature of the MANET structure that cannot be removed. As a result, attacks with malicious intent have been and will be devised to exploit these vulnerabilities and to cripple the MANET operation. Attack prevention measures, such as authentication and encryption, can be used as the first line of defense for reducing the possibilities of attacks. However, these techniques have a limitation on the effects of prevention techniques in general and they are designed for a set of known attacks. They are unlikely to prevent newer attacks that are designed for circumventing the existing security measures. For this reason, there is a need of second mechanism to â€œdetect and responseâ€? these newer attacks, i.e. â€œintrusion detectionâ€? This paper aims to explore and to classify current techniques of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) aware MANET. To support these ideas, a discussion regarding attacks, IDS architectures, and researches achievement on MANET are presented inclusively, and then the comparison among several researches achievement will be evaluated based on these parameters. By this way, several existing security problems on MANET can be probed quickly for future researches.
Automatic Detection of Perceived Stress in Campus Students Using Smartphones

This paper presents an approach to detecting perceived stress in students using data collected with smartphones. The goal is to develop a machine-learning model that can unobtrusively detect the stress level in students using data from several smartphone sources: accelerometers, audio recorder, GPS, Wi-Fi, call log and light sensor. From these, features were constructed describing the students' deviation from usual behaviour. As ground truth, we used the data obtained from stress level questionnaires with three possible stress levels: "Not stressed", "Slightly stressed" and "Stressed". Several machine learning approaches were tested: a general models for all the students, models for cluster of similar students, and student-specific models. Our findings show that the perceived stress is highly subjective and that only person-specific models are substantially better than the baseline.
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Warfarin Anticoagulated Patients: Incidence, Risk Factor, Management, and Outcome

Background. Warfarin reduces the incidence of thromboembolism but increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). GIB during warfarin anticoagulation is rarely evaluated in Asian patients. Aims. This study aimed at investigating the incidence, risk factors, management, and outcome of GIB in Taiwanese patients treated with warfarin. Methods. We analyzed a cohort of warfarin anticoagulated patients between July 1993 and May 2012. Clinical data were retrieved in a chart-reviewing manner. Results. A total of 401 warfarin anticoagulated patients were enrolled. The incidence of GIB was 3.9% per patient-years. Multivariate analysis with Cox regression showed that age >65 years old (RR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.2–5.5), a mean international normalized ratio >2.1 (RR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0–4.2), a history of GIB (RR: 5.1, 95% CI: 1.9–13.5), and cirrhosis (RR: 6.9, 95% CI: 2.0–24.5) were independent factors predicting GIB. 27.3% of the GIB patients had rebleeding after restarting warfarin while thromboembolic events were found in 16.7% of the patients discontinuing warfarin therapy. Conclusions. Warfarin was associated with a significant incidence of GIB in Taiwanese patients. The intensity of anticoagulation should be monitored closely during warfarin therapy, especially in patients with risk factors of GIB.
Biij Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal Effective Connectivity between Superior Temporal Gyrus and Heschl's Gyrus during White Noise Listening: Linear versus Non-linear Models

Purpose: This fMRI study is about modelling the effective connectivity between Heschl's gyrus (HG) and the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in human primary auditory cortices. − Materials & methods: Ten healthy male participants were required to listen to white noise stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was used to generate individual and group brain activation maps. For input region determination, two intrinsic connectivity models comprising bilateral HG and STG were constructed using dynamic causal modelling (DCM). The models were estimated and inferred using DCM while Bayesian Model Selection (BMS) for group studies was used for model comparison and selection. Based on the winning model, six linear and six non-linear causal models were derived and were again estimated, inferred, and compared to obtain a model that best represents the effective connectivity between HG and the STG, balancing accuracy and complexity. Results: Group results indicated significant asymmetrical activation (p uncorr < 0.001) in bilateral HG and STG. Model comparison results showed strong evidence of STG as the input centre. The winning model is preferred by 6 out of 10 participants. The results were supported by BMS results for group studies with the expected posterior probability, r = 0.7830 and exceedance probability, φ = 0.9823. One-sample t-tests performed on connection values obtained from the winning model indicated that the valid connections for the winning model are the unidirectional parallel connections from STG to bilateral HG (p < 0.05). Subsequent model comparison between linear and non-linear models using BMS prefers non-linear connection (r = 0.9160, φ = 1.000) from which the connectivity between STG and the ipsi-and contralateral HG is gated by the activity in STG itself. Conclusion: We are able to demonstrate that the effective connectivity between HG and STG while listening to white noise for the respective participants can be explained by a non-linear dynamic causal model with the activity in STG influencing the STG-HG connectivity non-linearly.
Talk about what might be helpful : relating meta-therapeutic dialogue to concrete interactions and exploring the relevance for therapeutic practice

• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Multi-modal simulation in conceptual processing

1 Over the course of the Medin Festschrift, we heard a lot about Doug's intellectual qualities and contributions. Certainly these are impressive and significant. Nevertheless, one thing that I've learned from adopting the embodied perspective on cognition is that this perspective often leads one to notice new things not seen from other perspectives. Given the strong cognitive orientation of most participants here, it is perhaps not surprising that we have focused so far on Doug's intellectual qualities. It might be interesting, though, to think about Doug from the embodied perspective. Perhaps we will see new qualities not noticed before. One such quality was revealed by an event that occurred the day before the Festschrift. On my flight from Atlanta to Chicago, I wore bike riding shorts, because I was going to ride the bike path along Lake Michigan after arriving. Notably, these shorts do not have a belt. Furthermore, the belt that I usually take on a trip is the one that I wear on the plane. Because I was not wearing a belt, I arrived in Chicago without one. As a result, I found myself standing around holding up my pants that evening at Sandy Waxman's welcoming party. Then a most fortuitous event occurred (especially for this story). As I was leaving the party, I ran into Doug in Sandy's front yard and asked if he could bring me a belt the next morning. Being the extremely generous guy that he is, Doug took off his belt on the spot and handed it to me. I'm sure that Sandy's neighbors are still talking about this. More importantly, though, when I put on the belt, it was about three inches too short, which I found surprising, given that I'm in pretty good physical condition. The thought that ran immediately through my mind was, " Wow, Doug is in great shape. " As anyone who has spent a few days with Doug knows, he exercises religiously and eats carefully, with the result being his gazelle-like figure. This is one of Doug's embodied qualities that might be missed from a purely cognitive perspective. Another of Doug's most notable embodied qualities is how intensely he blushes. When I pointed this out at the workshop, true to form, Doug produced one of his most intense and beautiful blushes ever. Making Doug blush is a favorite pastime of his friends. As these examples illustrate, the …
Hyperimmune bovine colostrum as a novel therapy to combat Clostridium difficile infection.

BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is a primary cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea that typically develops when gut microbiota is altered. Conventional treatment for C. difficile infection (CDI) is additional antimicrobial administration, which further disrupts normal intestinal microbiota, often resulting in poor treatment outcomes. METHODS A pregnant dairy cow was repeatedly immunized with recombinant mutants of toxins A and B produced by C. difficile, and the resultant hyperimmune bovine colostrum (HBC) was evaluated for therapeutic efficacy in gnotobiotic piglets with diarrhea due to CDI. Control piglets received nonimmune colostrum. To determine the impact of HBC on gut microbiota, 1 of 2 groups of piglets transplanted with normal human gut microbiota was treated with HBC. RESULTS Nonimmune colostrum-treated piglets developed moderate to severe diarrhea and colitis. In contrast, HBC-treated piglets had mild or no diarrhea and mild or no colitis. Lyophilization had no detectable impact on HBC efficacy. HBC had no discernible effect on the composition of normal human gut microbiota in the porcine intestinal tract. CONCLUSIONS HBC provides an oral, cost-effective, and safe alternative to antibiotic therapy for CDI. By preserving intestinal microbiota, HBC may be more efficacious than antibiotics. Additional studies are warranted to establish HBC as a viable immunotherapeutic agent for human use against CDI.
On numerical optimization design of continuous-time feedback type quantizer for networked control systems

This paper focuses on analysis and synthesis methods of continuous-time dynamic quantizers for networked control systems. Our aim is to propose a numerical optimization design method of multiple (decentralized) quantizers such that a given linear system is optimally approximated by the given linear system with the multiple quantizers. Our method is based on the invariant set analysis and the LMI technique. Also, we clarify that our proposed method naturally extends to multiobjective control problems. Finally, it is pointed out that the proposed method is helpful through a numerical example.
The non-linear redshift-space power spectrum: Ω from redshift surveys

We examine the anisotropies in the power spectrum by the mapping of real to redshift space. Using the Zel'dovich approximation, we obtain an analytic expression for the nonlinear redshift space power spectrum in the distant observer limit. For a given unbiased galaxy distribution in redshift space, the anisotropies in the power spectrum depend on the parameter f((cid:10)) (cid:25) (cid:10) 0:6 , where (cid:10) is the density parameter. We quantify these anisotropies by the ratio, R, of the quadrupole to monopole angular moments of the power spectrum. In contrast to linear theory, the Zel'dovich approximation predicts a decline in R with decreasing scale. This departure from linear theory is due to nonlinear dynamics and not a result of incoherent random velocities. The rate of decline depends strongly on (cid:10) and the initial power spectrum. However, we (cid:12)nd a universal relation between the quantity R=Rlin (where Rlin the linear theory value of R) and the dimensionless variable k=knl, where knl is a wavenumber determined by the scale of nonlinear structures. The universal relation is in good agreement with a large N-body simulation.This universal relation greatly extends the scales over which redshift distortions can be used as a probe of (cid:10). A preliminary application to the 1.2 Jy IRAS yields (cid:10) (cid:24) 0:4 if IRAS galaxies are unbiased.
Model Formulation: GEM: A Proposal for a More Comprehensive Guideline Document Model Using XML

OBJECTIVE To develop a guideline document model that includes a sufficiently broad set of concepts to be useful throughout the guideline life cycle. DESIGN Current guideline document models are limited in that they reflect the specific orientation of the stakeholder who created them; thus, developers and disseminators often provide few constructs for conceptualizing recommendations, while implementers de-emphasize concepts related to establishing guideline validity. The authors developed the Guideline Elements Model (GEM) using XML to better represent the heterogeneous knowledge contained in practice guidelines. Core constructs were derived from the Institute of Medicine's Guideline Appraisal Instrument, the National Guideline Clearinghouse, and the augmented decision table guideline representation. These were supplemented by additional concepts from a literature review. RESULTS The GEM hierarchy includes more than 100 elements. Major concepts relate to a guideline's identity, developer, purpose, intended audience, method of development, target population, knowledge components, testing, and review plan. Knowledge components in guideline documents include recommendations (which in turn comprise conditionals and imperatives), definitions, and algorithms. CONCLUSION GEM is more comprehensive than existing models and is expressively adequate to represent the heterogeneous information contained in guidelines. Use of XML contributes to a flexible, comprehensible, shareable, and reusable knowledge representation that is both readable by human beings and processible by computers.