Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classifier comparison using precision

New proposed models are often compared to state-of-the-art using statistical significance testing. Literature is scarce for classifier comparison using metrics other than accuracy. We present a survey of statistical methods that can be used for classifier comparison using precision, accounting for inter-precision correlation arising from use of same dataset. Comparisons are made using per-class precision and methods presented to test global null hypothesis of an overall model comparison. Comparisons are extended to multiple multi-class classifiers and to models using cross validation or its variants. Partial Bayesian update to precision is introduced when population prevalence of a class is known. Applications to compare deep architectures are studied.
Human Rights and Capabilities

The two concepts — human rights and capabilities — go well with each other, so long as we do not try to subsume either concept entirely within the territory of the other. There are many human rights that can be seen as rights to particular capabilities. However, human rights to important process freedoms cannot be adequately analysed within the capability framework. Furthermore, both human rights and capabilities have to depend on the process of public reasoning. The methodology of public scrutiny draws on Rawlsian understanding of ‘objectivity’ in ethics, but the impartiality that is needed cannot be confined within the borders of a nation. Public reasoning without territorial confinement is important for both.
A Mathematical Model of Chikungunya Dynamics and Control: The Major Epidemic on Réunion Island

Chikungunya is a re-emerging arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Although principally endemic to Africa and Asia, recent outbreaks have occurred in Europe following introductions by returning travellers. A particularly large outbreak occurred on Réunion Island in 2006, the published data from which forms the basis of the current study. A simple, deterministic mathematical model of the transmission of the virus between humans and mosquitoes was constructed and parameterised with the up-to-date literature on infection biology. The model is fitted to the large Réunion epidemic, resulting in an estimate of 4.1 for the type reproduction number of chikungunya. Although simplistic, the model provided a close approximation of both the peak incidence of the outbreak and the final epidemic size. Sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated the strong influence that both the latent period of infection in humans and the pre-patent period have on these two epidemiological outcomes. We show why separating these variables, which are epidemiologically distinct in chikungunya infections, is not only necessary for accurate model fitting but also important in informing control.
Role of financial risk attitude and financial behavior as mediators in financial satisfaction

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between financial knowledge, socialization and financial satisfaction with financial risk attitude and financial behavior as a mediator after demonetization and introduction of GST. Design/methodology/approach The sample consisted responses of 286 individuals from the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India and making financial decisions for the household for at least last two years. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and mediation regression analysis. Findings All sub-scales used to measure constructs had satisfactory reliabilities and internal consistencies. It was found that financial risk attitude and financial behavior both mediate the relationship between financial socialization and financial satisfaction as well as between financial knowledge and financial satisfaction. Research limitations/implications This research is based upon survey method and voluntary participation. Hence one can question generalization of findings to larger samples. Moreover, the study is limited to a restricted geographical region which could affect the generalization of findings. Practical implications Results provide insights into the antecedents of financial satisfaction of individuals from tier II city of India. Financial planners may utilize this study for enhancement of financial satisfaction of their clients and hence retention of the same. Originality/value A majority of researchers use survey without evaluation validity of instruments in the selected context and sample. This research contributed to the literature and practice by testing validation of constructs of financial satisfaction in India.
The impact of glucose on Bayesian v . heuristic-based decision making

We examine the impact of glucose in a choice task that can distinguish Bayesian from lowerlevel reinforcement heuristic choice. Drawing from a dual systems framework, we hypothesize that glucose administration will increase response times and improve Bayesian accuracy because it should shift decision making towards the more deliberate system 2 and away from the more automatic system 1 decision process. We study 113 subjects randomly assigned to either a glucose or placebo drink condition, who make choices over several incentivized easy and difficult choices of the Bayesian task. Our results indicate a significant and robust glucose effect on response times. Glucose administration has a main effect of increasing response time, as predicted, but glucose also improves the marginal decrease in response times across trials. Regarding Bayesian accuracy, we analyze subject choice possibilities as states satisfying the properties of a regular discrete Markov chain (choices may be Bayesian, Reinforcement, or also Naïve). We calculate steady-state Markov probabilities and show that glucose increases the likelihood of making a Bayesian choice over a heuristic-based choice by up to 9%. These results suggest a beneficial impact of glucose on deliberative decision making.
Awareness and filling-in of the human blind spot: linking psychophysics with retinal topography.

PURPOSE To link psychophysical thresholds for blind spot awareness and filling-in with early neural components that underpin these perceptions. METHODS Blind spot dimensions were quantified, after which an intrinsic stimulus (i.e., a rectangular bar of varying length centered within the blind spot) was used to determine blind spot awareness and filling-in for five subjects. Histologic examination of six human retinas at 20-μm intervals from the temporal and nasal neural rims of the optic nerve head out to 1040 μm allowed the quantification of outer nuclear layer thickness, a direct correlate of photoreceptor density. RESULTS Blind spot awareness was reported for bar extensions beyond 0.4° to 0.8° from the edge of the blind spot. Partial and total blind spot filling-in were reported between 1.1° and 1.3° and beyond 1.5°, respectively. Histologic measures of ONL thickness were correlated with previously published data of photoreceptor spatial density to determine the percentage of photoreceptor density required to trigger a 75% probability response. Blind spot awareness was achieved by stimulating 43% to 70% of the maximum photoreceptor density. Partial and total filling-in of the blind spot required between 78% and 83% and more than 85% photoreceptor spatial densities, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A novel intrinsic stimulus has been used to concurrently investigate blind spot awareness and blind spot filling-in. Retinal neural correlates of each visual experience have been quantified. Future computational models will have to integrate bottom-up constraints with long-range cortical receptive field activity and higher order cognitive factors.
A Sex Pheromone Receptor in the Hessian Fly Mayetiola destructor (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor Say (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), is a pest of wheat and belongs to a group of gall-inducing herbivores. This species has a unique life history and several ecological features that differentiate it from other Diptera such as Drosophila melanogaster and blood-feeding mosquitoes. These features include a short, non-feeding adult life stage (1–2 days) and the use of a long-range sex pheromone produced and released by adult females. Sex pheromones are detected by members of the odorant receptor (OR) family within the Lepidoptera, but no receptors for similar long-range sex pheromones have been characterized from the Diptera. Previously, 122 OR genes have been annotated from the Hessian fly genome, with many of them showing sex-biased expression in the antennae. Here we have expressed, in HEK293 cells, five MdesORs that display male-biased expression in antennae, and we have identified MdesOR115 as a Hessian fly sex pheromone receptor. MdesOR115 responds primarily to the sex pheromone component (2S,8E,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate, and secondarily to the corresponding Z,E-isomer. Certain sensory neuron membrane proteins (i.e., SNMP1) are important for responses of pheromone receptors in flies and moths. The Hessian fly genome is unusual in that it encodes six SNMP1 paralogs, of which five are expressed in antennae. We co-expressed each of the five antennal SNMP1 paralogs together with each of the five candidate sex pheromone receptors from the Hessian fly and found that they do not influence the response of MdesOR115, nor do they confer responsiveness in any of the non-responsive ORs to any of the sex pheromone components identified to date in the Hessian fly. Using Western blots, we detected protein expression of MdesOrco, all MdesSNMPs, and all MdesORs except for MdesOR113, potentially explaining the lack of response from this OR. In conclusion, we report the first functional characterization of an OR from the Cecidomyiidae, extending the role of ORs as long-range sex pheromone detectors from the Lepidoptera into the Diptera.
Number 914 November 2007 The Stambaugh Bias in Panel Predictive Regressions

This paper analyzes predictive regressions in a panel data setting. The standard xed e¤ects estimator su¤ers from a small sample bias, which is the analogue of the Stambaugh bias in time-series predictive regressions. Monte Carlo evidence shows that the bias and resulting size distortions can be severe. A new bias-corrected estimator is proposed, which is shown to work well in nite samples and to lead to approximately normally distributed t-statistics. Overall, the results show that the econometric issues associated with predictive regressions when using time-series data to a large extent also carry over to the panel case. The results are illustrated with an application to predictability in international stock indices. JEL classi cation: C22, C23, G1.
The Folk Theorems For Repeated Games: A Synthesis

The theory of repeated games occupies a central place in noncooperative game theory as it forms a relatively simple platform from which to study dynamic aspects of strategic interaction. In this paper we attempt a synthesis of the various folk theorems by adpting a point of view which de-emphasizes the choice of horizon.
Psychosocial risk factors in university teachers

The psychosocial factors constitute a fundamental axis of the effects that work has on people’s lives. The present research applied the adaptation and validation of the “CoPsoQIstas 21” (short version) in the Ecuadorian environment. It was applied to 435 university professors to identify the level of psychosocial affectation that they are exposed in their context. The results showed that 72% of the participating teachers were located at a high level of exposure.
Risk factors for mortality from imported falciparum malaria in the United Kingdom over 20 years: an observational study

Objectives To determine which travellers with malaria are at greatest risk of dying, highlighting factors which can be used to target health messages to travellers. Design Observational study based on 20 years of UK national data. Setting National register of malaria cases. Participants 25 054 patients notified with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, of whom 184 died, between 1987 and 2006. Main outcome measures Comparison between those with falciparum malaria who died and non-fatal cases, including age, reason for travel, country of birth, time of year diagnosed, malaria prophylaxis used. Results Mortality increased steadily with age, with a case fatality of 25/548 (4.6%) in people aged >65 years, adjusted odds ratio 10.68 (95% confidence interval 6.4 to 17.8), P<0.001 compared with 18–35 year olds. There were no deaths in the ≤5 year age group. Case fatality was 3.0% (81/2740 cases) in tourists compared with 0.32% (26/8077) in travellers visiting friends and relatives (adjusted odds ratio 8.2 (5.1 to 13.3), P<0.001). Those born in African countries with endemic malaria had a case fatality of 0.4% (36/8937) compared with 2.4% (142/5849) in others (adjusted odds ratio 4.6 (3.1 to 9.9), P<0.001). Case fatality was particularly high from the Gambia. There was an inverse correlation in mortality between region of presentation and number of cases seen in the region (R2=0.72, P<0.001). Most delay in fatal cases was in seeking care. Conclusions Most travellers acquiring malaria are of African heritage visiting friends and relatives. In contrast the risks of dying from malaria once acquired are highest in the elderly, tourists, and those presenting in areas in which malaria is seldom seen. Doctors often do not think of these as high risk groups for malaria; for this reason they are important groups to target in pre-travel advice.
Equilibrium positions, shape invariance and Askey–Wilson polynomials

We show that the equilibrium positions of the Ruijsenaars-Schneider-van Diejen systems with the trigonometric potential are given by the zeros of the Askey-Wilson polynomials with five parameters. The corresponding single particle quantum version, which is a typical example of “discrete” quantum mechanical systems with a q-shift type kinetic term, is shape invariant and the eigenfunctions are the Askey-Wilson polynomials. This is an extension of our previous study [1, 2], which established the “discrete analogue” of the well-known fact; The equilibrium positions of the Calogero systems are described by the Hermite and Laguerre polynomials, whereas the corresponding single particle quantum versions are shape invariant and the eigenfunctions are the Hermite and Laguerre polynomials.
XMM-Newton X-ray and optical monitor far UV observations of NGC 7070A and ESO 2400100 shell galaxies

Context. Shell galaxies are considered to be the debris of recent accretion/merging episodes. Their high frequency in low density environments suggests that these episodes could drive the secular evolution of at least some fraction of the early-type galaxy population. Aims. We present XMM-Newton X-ray observations of two shell galaxies, NGC 7070A and ESO 2400100, and far UV observations obtained with the optical monitor for these and for an additional shell galaxy, NGC 474, for which we also have near and far UV data from GALEX. We attempt to gain insight into the overall evolution as traced by their star formation history and hot gas content. Methods. The X-ray and far UV data are used to derive their X-ray spatial and spectral characteristics and their UV luminosity profiles. We use ad hoc models developed to investigate the age of the most recent episode of star formation from the (UV – optical) colors and line strength indices. Results. The X-ray spatial and spectral analysis show significant differences in the two objects. A low-luminosity nuclear source is the dominant component in NGC 7070A (log LX = 41. 7e rg s −1 in the 2–10 keV band). In ESO 2400100, the X-ray emission is due to a low temperature plasma with a contribution from the collective emission of individual sources. In the optical monitor image ESO 2400100 shows a double nucleus, one bluer than the other. This is probably due to a very recent star formation event in the northern nuclear region. The extension of the UV emission is consistent with the optical extent of all galaxies, at different degrees of significance in different filters. The presence of the double nucleus, corroborated by the (UV – optical) colors and line strength indices analysis, suggests that ESO 2400100 is accreting a faint companion. We explore the evolution in the X-ray luminosity during accretion processes with time. We discuss the link between the presence of gas and age, since gas is detected either before coalescence or several Gyr (>3) after.
Simulating the universe(s) III: observables for the full bubble collision spacetime

This is the third paper in a series establishing a quantitative relation between inflationary scalar field potential landscapes and the relic perturbations left by the collision between bubbles produced during eternal inflation. We introduce a new method for computing cosmological observables from numerical relativity simulations of bubble collisions in one space and one time dimension. This method tiles comoving hypersurfaces with locally-perturbed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker coordinate patches. The method extends previous work, which was limited to the spacetime region just inside the future light cone of the collision, and allows us to explore the full bubble-collision spacetime. We validate our new methods against previous work, and present a full set of predictions for the comoving curvature perturbation and local negative spatial curvature produced by identical and non-identical bubble collisions, in single scalar field models of eternal inflation. In both collision types, there is a non-zero contribution to the spatial curvature and cosmic microwave background quadrupole. Some collisions between non-identical bubbles excite wall modes, giving extra structure to the predicted temperature anisotropies. We comment on the implications of our results for future observational searches. For non-identical bubble collisions, we also find that the surfaces of constant field can readjust in the presence of a collision to produce spatially infinite sections that become nearly homogeneous deep into the region affected by the collision. Contrary to previous assumptions, this is true even in the bubble into which the domain wall is accelerating.
Inhibitors for Desktop Parallelisation

Parallel computing is notoriously challenging, making it difficult to develop efficient and correct programs. With the arrival of multicore processors, desktop environments must be parallelised if they are to benefit from these new processors. However, the parallelisation of desktop environments entails even more challenges than that in a typical parallel program. This report outlines such challenges, suggesting possible areas and solutions to investigate.
Targeted massively parallel sequencing of a panel of putative breast cancer susceptibility genes in a large cohort of multiple-case breast and ovarian cancer families

Introduction Gene panel testing for breast cancer susceptibility has become relatively cheap and accessible. However, the breast cancer risks associated with mutations in many genes included in these panels are unknown. Methods We performed custom-designed targeted sequencing covering the coding exons of 17 known and putative breast cancer susceptibility genes in 660 non-BRCA1/2 women with familial breast cancer. Putative deleterious mutations were genotyped in relevant family members to assess co-segregation of each variant with disease. We used maximum likelihood models to estimate the breast cancer risks associated with mutations in each of the genes. Results We found 31 putative deleterious mutations in 7 known breast cancer susceptibility genes (TP53, PALB2, ATM, CHEK2, CDH1, PTEN and STK11) in 45 cases, and 22 potential deleterious mutations in 31 cases in 8 other genes (BARD1, BRIP1, MRE11, NBN, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D and CDK4). The relevant variants were then genotyped in 558 family members. Assuming a constant relative risk of breast cancer across age groups, only variants in CDH1, CHEK2, PALB2 and TP53 showed evidence of a significantly increased risk of breast cancer, with some supportive evidence that mutations in ATM confer moderate risk. Conclusions Panel testing for these breast cancer families provided additional relevant clinical information for <2% of families. We demonstrated that segregation analysis has some potential to help estimate the breast cancer risks associated with mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes, but very large case–control sequencing studies and/or larger family-based studies will be needed to define the risks more accurately.
The BeppoSAX High-Energy Large-Area Survey. V. The Nature of the Hard X-Ray Source Population and Its Evolution

We present optical spectroscopic identifications of hard X-ray (5-10 keV) selected sources belonging to the High-Energy Large-Area Survey sample obtained with BeppoSAX down to a 5-10 keV flux limit of f5-10 keV ~ 3 × 10-14 ergs cm-2 s-1. The sample consists of 118 sources. There are 25 sources that have been identified through correlations with catalogs of known sources. A spectroscopic identification for 49 more has been searched for with the telescope. The results of 13 fields were empty down to R = 21. There were 37 sources identified as type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and nine as type 2 AGNs. The remaining sources are five narrow emission-line galaxies, six clusters, two BL Lac objects, one radio galaxy, and one star. Combining these objects with other hard X-ray selected AGNs from ASCA and HEAO 1, we find that the local luminosity function of type 1 AGNs (AGN 1s) in the 2-10 keV band is fairly well represented by a double power law function. There is evidence for significant cosmological evolution according to a pure luminosity evolution (PLE) model [LX(z) ∝ (1 + z)k], with k = 2.12 and 2.22 (σk ≃ 0.14) in a (Ωm, Ωλ) = (1.0, 0.0) and a (Ωm, Ωλ) = (0.3, 0.7) cosmology, respectively. The data show an excess of faint high-redshift type AGN 1s, which is well modeled by a luminosity-dependent density evolution (LDDE), similar to what is observed in soft X-rays. However, in both cosmologies, the statistics are not significant enough to distinguish between the PLE and LDDE models. The fitted models imply a contribution of AGN 1s to the 2-10 keV X-ray background from 35% up to 60%.
Functional connectivity in an f MRI working memory task in high-functioning autism

Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.cmu. edu/psychology Part of the Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Commons, Cognition and Perception Commons, Cognitive Neuroscience Commons, Cognitive Psychology Commons, Computational Neuroscience Commons, Developmental Neuroscience Commons, Discourse and Text Linguistics Commons, First and Second Language Acquisition Commons, and the Semantics and Pragmatics Commons
Photographic Agency and Agency of Photographs: Three-year-olds and Digital Cameras

THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS SOME of the results from a recently completed small–scale qualitative research study with a focus on three-year-olds and digital cameras in preschool. The aim of the study was to give children access to the agency of being camera users. The study is based on two assumptions: that photographic documentation of young children's learning and their development is an essential feature in Swedish preschools, and that it's almost always the teachers who use the camera devices. The results show—with the help of a new materialistic theoretical framework (Barad, 2003, 2007, 2014; Lenz Taguchi, 2010)—that children, together with the cameras, illustrate changed power relations when it comes to who is looking at whom, and that they make visible new and changed photographic aspects of daily activities in preschool.