Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A review of recent developments in electrical machine design optimization methods with a permanent magnet synchronous motor benchmark study

The paper systematically covers the significant developments of the last decade, including surrogate modelling of electrical machines, direct and stochastic search algorithms for both single- and multi- objective design optimization problems. The specific challenges and the dedicated algorithms for electric machine design are discussed, followed by benchmark studies comparing Response Surface (RS) and Differential Evolutionary (DE) algorithms on a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) design with 5 independent variables and a strong non-linear multi-objective Pareto front and on a function with 11 independent variables. The results show that RS and DE are comparable when the optimization employs only a small number of design candidates and DE performs better when more candidates are included.
Effects of Experimental Seaweed Deposition on Lizard and Ant Predation in an Island Food Web

In a simple island ecosystem, a rare pulse of resource input alters the interaction between predator species. The effect of environmental change on ecosystems is mediated by species interactions. Environmental change may remove or add species and shift life-history events, altering which species interact at a given time. However, environmental change may also reconfigure multispecies interactions when both species composition and phenology remain intact. In a Caribbean island system, a major manifestation of environmental change is seaweed deposition, which has been linked to eutrophication, overfishing, and hurricanes. Here, we show in a whole-island field experiment that without seaweed two predators—lizards and ants—had a substantially greater-than-additive effect on herbivory. When seaweed was added to mimic deposition by hurricanes, no interactive predator effect occurred. Thus environmental change can substantially restructure food-web interactions, complicating efforts to predict anthropogenic changes in ecosystem processes.
Mining Trajectory Patterns by Incorporating Temporal Properties

Spatio-temporal patterns extracted from historical trajectories of moving objects unveil important knowledge about movement behavior for high quality LBS services. Existing approaches transform trajectories into sequences of regional symbols and discover frequent subsequences by applying conventional sequential pattern mining algorithms. However, spatio-temporal correlations in the original data can be lost due to the inappropriate spatial and temporal approximation. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for retrieving spatiotemporal patterns in trajectory data. We study the problem that inefficient description of temporal information decreases the mining efficiency and the interpretability of extracted patterns. Using line simplification, proposed method first abstracts trajectories into spatial approximations considering movements of objects, and clusters them into spatio-temporal regions incorporating temporal constraints. Finally frequent spatiotemporal patterns are extracted from discretized sequences, based on a prefix-based projection approach. We experimentally analyze that the proposed method improves mining performance and derives more intuitive patterns. Keywords-component; Spatio-Temporal data mining, Pattern mining, Trajectories
A survey of across-target bioactivity results of small molecules in PubChem

This work provides an analysis of across-target bioactivity results in the screening data deposited in PubChem. Two alternative approaches for grouping-related targets are used to examine a compound's across-target bioactivity. This analysis identifies compounds that are selectively active against groups of protein targets that are identical or similar in sequence. This analysis also identifies compounds that are bioactive across unrelated targets. Statistical distributions of compound' across-target selectivity provide a survey to evaluate target specificity of compounds by deriving and analyzing bioactivity profile across a wide range of biological targets for tested small molecules in PubChem. This work enables one to select target specific inhibitors, identify promiscuous compounds and better understand the biological mechanisms of target-small molecule interactions. Contact: ywang@ncbi.nlm. nih.gov; bryant@ncbi.nlm. nih.gov
Modelling differences in angler choice behaviour with advanced discrete choice models

New Zealand is internationally renowned for having some of the finest and most challenging trout fishing in the world. However, due to continuing development and angling pressure many fishing sites are showing signs of environmental degradation and over fishing. This trend is almost certain to continue into the future given continued population and economic growth. Understanding the determinants of site choice, preference heterogeneity and anglers’ substitution patterns is fundamentally important to fishery managers who have the difficult task of maintaining quality angling experiences on a number of fishing sites, managing angling pressure and maintaining license sales. Recent advances in simulation techniques and computational power have improved the capability of discrete choice models to reveal preference heterogeneity and complex substitution patterns among individuals. This thesis applies and evaluates a number of stateof-the-art discrete choice models to study angler site choice in New Zealand. Recreation specialisation theory is integrated into the analysis to enhance the behavioural representation of the statistical models.
Public Infrastructure Performance in Developing Countries: The Case of Electric Power and Telecommunications Industries in Pakistan

Part 1 Introduction: background the origin of public sector in Pakistan definition of state-owned enterprises objectives and scope of the study structure of the book. Part 2 The role of infrastructure in the development process: introduction impact of infrastructure on development infrastructure and other production factors infrastructure and private investment infrastructure and poverty infrastructure and environment summary and conclusions. Part 3 Role of public sector in infrastructure provision: introduction rationale for public provision of infrastructure services problems in infrastructure summary and conclusions. Part 4 Pakistan's recent development: introduction Pakistan's economy - an overview development policies - historical background infrastructure development summary and conclusions. Part 5 Literature review on evaluating the performance of public infrastructure: introduction rationale of performance criteria for performance evaluation physical indicators financial indicators productivity measures economies of scale service quality indicators summary and conclusions. Part 6 Physical performance of state owned electric power and telecommunications industry in Pakistan: introduction data source and limitations growth in total physical output system losses total output per employee total output per unit of capital capacity utilization summary and conclusions. Part 7 Financial performance of state-owned electric power and telecommunications industries in Pakistan: introduction net profit margin on sale return on capital unit cost of production profit investment ratio summary and conclusions. Part 8 Productivity analysis of state-owned electric power and telecommunications industries in Pakistan: introduction labour productivity capital productivity total factor productivity growth production function approach economies of scale summary and conclusions. Part 9 Policy implication of public enterprise performance: introduction analysis of performance source of inefficiencies impact of inefficiencies theoretical and empirical underpinning alternative policy options summary and conclusions. Part 10 Summary and conclusions: an overview salient features of empirical results alternative policy options.
Contrasting determinants for the introduction and establishment success of exotic birds in Taiwan using decision trees models

Background Biological invasions have become a major threat to biodiversity, and identifying determinants underlying success at different stages of the invasion process is essential for both prevention management and testing ecological theories. To investigate variables associated with different stages of the invasion process in a local region such as Taiwan, potential problems using traditional parametric analyses include too many variables of different data types (nominal, ordinal, and interval) and a relatively small data set with too many missing values. Methods We therefore used five decision tree models instead and compared their performance. Our dataset contains 283 exotic bird species which were transported to Taiwan; of these 283 species, 95 species escaped to the field successfully (introduction success); of these 95 introduced species, 36 species reproduced in the field of Taiwan successfully (establishment success). For each species, we collected 22 variables associated with human selectivity and species traits which may determine success during the introduction stage and establishment stage. For each decision tree model, we performed three variable treatments: (I) including all 22 variables, (II) excluding nominal variables, and (III) excluding nominal variables and replacing ordinal values with binary ones. Five performance measures were used to compare models, namely, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), specificity, precision, recall, and accuracy. Results The gradient boosting models performed best overall among the five decision tree models for both introduction and establishment success and across variable treatments. The most important variables for predicting introduction success were the bird family, the number of invaded countries, and variables associated with environmental adaptation, whereas the most important variables for predicting establishment success were the number of invaded countries and variables associated with reproduction. Discussion Our final optimal models achieved relatively high performance values, and we discuss differences in performance with regard to sample size and variable treatments. Our results showed that, for both the establishment model and introduction model, the number of invaded countries was the most important or second most important determinant, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that future success for introduction and establishment of exotic birds may be gauged by simply looking at previous success in invading other countries. Finally, we found that species traits related to reproduction were more important in establishment models than in introduction models; importantly, these determinants were not averaged but either minimum or maximum values of species traits. Therefore, we suggest that in addition to averaged values, reproductive potential represented by minimum and maximum values of species traits should be considered in invasion studies.
Designing Web Sites for Customer Loyalty Across Business Domains: A Multilevel Analysis

Web sites are important components of Internet strategy for organizations. This paper develops a theoretical model for understanding the effect of Web site design elements on customer loyalty to a Web site. We show the relevance of the business domain of a Web site to gain a contextual understanding of relative importance of Web site design elements. We use a hierarchical linear modeling approach to model multilevel and cross-level interactions that have not been explicitly considered in previous research. By analyzing data on more than 12,000 online customer surveys for 43 Web sites in several business domains, we find that the relative importance of different Web site features (e.g., content, functionality) in affecting customer loyalty to a Web site varies depending on the Web site's domain. For example, we find that the relationship between Web site content and customer loyalty is stronger for information-oriented Web sites than for transaction-oriented Web sites. However, the relationship between functionality and customer loyalty is stronger for transaction-oriented Web sites than for information-oriented Web sites. We also find that government Web sites enjoy greater word-of-mouth effect than commercial Web sites. Finally, transaction-oriented Web sites tend to score higher on mean customer loyalty than do information-oriented Web sites.
Social Risk - the Role of Warmth and Competence

Previous research has documented a behavioral distinction between "social risk" and financial risk. For example, individuals tend to demand a premium on the objective probability of a favorable outcome when that outcome is determined by a human being instead of a randomizing device (Bohnet, Greig, Herrmann, and Zeckhauser 2008; Bohnet and Zeckhauser 2004). In this paper we ask whether social risk is always aversive, answering in the negative and identifying factors that can eliminate, or even change the sign of, the social risk premium. Motivated by the stereotype content model from the social psychology literature, which we argue has straightforward predictions for situations involving social risk (Fiske, Cuddy, and Glick 2007), we focus on two factors: "warmth," synonymous with intent, and "competence. " We investigate these factors using a between-subjects experimental design that implements slight modifications of the binary trust game of Bohnet and Zeckhauser across treatments. Our results indicate that having risk generated by another human being does not, on its own, lead to a social risk premium. Instead, we find that a positive risk premium is demanded when a counter-party has interests confl icting with one's own (low warmth) and, additionally, is competent. We find a negative social risk premium - i.e., social risk seeking - when the counter-party has contrary interests but lacks competence.
Structural Reforms in Latin America: What Has Been Reformed and How to Measure it

Since the mid-1980s a profound change of direction in the structural policies of the region has taken place. The development model based on protecting national markets and state intervention was replaced by a set of policies aimed primarily at seeking to improve efficiency, facilitate the operation of markets, and reduce the distorting effects of state intervention in economic activities. An earlier version of this article (Lora, 1997) was prompted by the absence up to that time of measurements of progress in reforms. As was then argued, the lack of direct measurements of structural policies had stood in the way of adequately evaluating the effects of the reforms on economic growth and other variables. The few studies that had attempted to analyze the effects of the reforms had used result variables, such as the foreign trade ratio of the economy, or the size of public spending, or financial depth, rather than policy variables, such as tariffs, tax rates, or reserve requirement ratios. The indices of reform that were proposed at that time served as the basis for various studies that analyzed the effects of the reforms and stimulated the construction of other reform indicators.
A Search for Very Extended Ionized Gas in Nearby Starburst and Active Galaxies

We report the results from a pilot study of 10 nearby starburst and active galaxies conducted with the Taurus Tunable Filter (TTF) on the Anglo-Australian and William Herschel telescopes. The main purpose of this imaging survey is to search for warm emission-line gas on the outskirts (galactocentric distances R ≳ 10 kpc) of galaxies to provide direct constraints on the size and geometry of the "zone of influence" of these galaxies on their environment. Gaseous complexes or filaments larger than ∼20 kpc are discovered or confirmed in six of the galaxies in the sample (NGC 1068, 1482, 4388, 6240 and 7213, and MR 2251-178). Slightly smaller structures are seen for the first time in the ionization cones and galactic winds of NGC 1365, NGC 1705, the Circinus galaxy, and ESO 484-G036. The TTF data are combined with new optical long-slit spectra, as well as published and archived radio and X-ray maps, to constrain the origin and source of ionization of these filaments. A broad range of phenomena is observed, including large-scale ionization cones and galactic winds, tidal interaction, and ram-pressure stripping by an intracluster medium. The source of ionization in this gas ranges from shock ionization to photoionization by the central AGN or in situ hot young stars. The sample is too small to draw statistically meaningful conclusions about the extent and properties of the warm ionized medium on a large scale and its relevance to galaxy formation and evolution. The next generation of tunable filters on large telescopes promises to improve the sensitivity to faint emission-line fluxes at least tenfold and allow systematic surveys of a large sample of emission-line galaxies.
Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization

Abstract. By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1) a handful of common experiments, the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP historical simulations (1850–near present) that will maintain continuity and help document basic characteristics of models across different phases of CMIP; (2) common standards, coordination, infrastructure, and documentation that will facilitate the distribution of model outputs and the characterization of the model ensemble; and (3) an ensemble of CMIP-Endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) that will be specific to a particular phase of CMIP (now CMIP6) and that will build on the DECK and CMIP historical simulations to address a large range of specific questions and fill the scientific gaps of the previous CMIP phases. The DECK and CMIP historical simulations, together with the use of CMIP data standards, will be the entry cards for models participating in CMIP. Participation in CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs by individual modelling groups will be at their own discretion and will depend on their scientific interests and priorities. With the Grand Science Challenges of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) as its scientific backdrop, CMIP6 will address three broad questions: – How does the Earth system respond to forcing? – What are the origins and consequences of systematic model biases? – How can we assess future climate changes given internal climate variability, predictability, and uncertainties in scenarios? This CMIP6 overview paper presents the background and rationale for the new structure of CMIP, provides a detailed description of the DECK and CMIP6 historical simulations, and includes a brief introduction to the 21 CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs.
Two Genetic Determinants Acquired Late in Mus Evolution Regulate the Inclusion of Exon 5, which Alters Mouse APOBEC3 Translation Efficiency

Mouse apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like editing complex 3 (mA3), an intracellular antiviral factor, has 2 allelic variations that are linked with different susceptibilities to beta- and gammaretrovirus infections among various mouse strains. In virus-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice, mA3 transcripts are more abundant than those in susceptible BALB/c mice both in the spleen and bone marrow. These strains of mice also express mA3 transcripts with different splicing patterns: B6 mice preferentially express exon 5-deficient (Δ5) mA3 mRNA, while BALB/c mice produce exon 5-containing full-length mA3 mRNA as the major transcript. Although the protein product of the Δ5 mRNA exerts stronger antiretroviral activities than the full-length protein, how exon 5 affects mA3 antiviral activity, as well as the genetic mechanisms regulating exon 5 inclusion into the mA3 transcripts, remains largely uncharacterized. Here we show that mA3 exon 5 is indeed a functional element that influences protein synthesis at a post-transcriptional level. We further employed in vitro splicing assays using genomic DNA clones to identify two critical polymorphisms affecting the inclusion of exon 5 into mA3 transcripts: the number of TCCT repeats upstream of exon 5 and the single nucleotide polymorphism within exon 5 located 12 bases upstream of the exon 5/intron 5 boundary. Distribution of the above polymorphisms among different Mus species indicates that the inclusion of exon 5 into mA3 mRNA is a relatively recent event in the evolution of mice. The widespread geographic distribution of this exon 5-including genetic variant suggests that in some Mus populations the cost of maintaining an effective but mutagenic enzyme may outweigh its antiviral function.
The Beta Problem: A Study of Abell 262

We present an investigation of the dynamical state of the cluster A262. Existing optical line-of-sight velocities for select cluster galaxies have been augmented by new data obtained with the Automated Multi-Object Spectrograph at Lick Observatory. We find evidence for a virialized early-type population distinct from a late-type population infalling from the Pisces-Perseus supercluster ridge. We also report on a tertiary population of low-luminosity galaxies the velocity dispersion of which distinguishes them from both the early- and late-type galaxies. We supplement our investigation with an analysis of archival X-ray data. A temperature is determined using ASCA GIS data, and a gas profile is derived from ROSAT HRI data. The increased statistics of our sample results in a picture of A262 with significant differences from earlier work. A previously proposed solution to the "β-problem" in A262 in which the gas temperature is significantly higher than the galaxy temperature is shown to result from using too low a velocity dispersion for the early-type galaxies. Our data present a consistent picture of A262 in which there is no "β-problem," and the gas and galaxy temperature are roughly comparable. There is no longer any requirement for extensive galaxy-gas feedback to drastically overheat the gas with respect to the galaxies. We also demonstrate that entropy floor models can explain the recent discovery that the β values determined by cluster gas and the cluster core radii are correlated.
Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects

We investigate conditions sufficient for identification of average treatment effects using instrumental variables. First we show that the existence of valid instruments is not sufficient to identify any meaningful average treatment effect. We then establish that the combination of an instrument and a condition on the relation between the instrument and the participation status is sufficient for identification of a local average treatment effect for those who can be induced to change their participation status by changing the value of the instrument. Finally we derive the probability limit of the standard IV estimator under these conditions. It is seen to be a weighted average of local average treatment effects.