Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The veil as a means of legitimization

The article raises the question of how the news narrative of the liberation of Afghan women from the Taliban regime is linked to the legitimization of military involvement in general and of German foreign policy in particular. We extend the concept of media logic put forth by Altheide and Snow (1979) by those of gender logic (the symbolic construction of male-female dichotomy) and the logic of war (the legitimization of war through the construction of self and other). The interconnectedness of these three logics leads to a specific presentation of women, which in turn serves as proof for the allegedly altered circumstances after the defeat of the Taliban. The discourse analysis of Germany’s leading news magazines Der Spiegel and Focus shows that the veiling and unveiling of women is the most prominent feature in their reports on Afghanistan. ‘The veiled woman’ becomes a highly symbolic representation that marks the other culture as both foreign and irrational.
Exercise and Optimism: Are Highly Active Individuals More Optimistic?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between reported physical activity and optimism. A secondary purpose was to determine whether physical self-efficacy and trait anxiety mediate the relationship between exercise and optimism. Participants (N = 188) were administered a battery of questionnaires assessing optimism, pessimism, physical self-efficacy, trait anxiety, and extent and nature of involvement in physical activity. Demographic information was also collected. The results indicated that high active individuals were significantly more optimistic and less pessimistic than inactive/low active individuals. In addition, the moderately and high active groups reported significantly higher physical self-efficacy and lower trait anxiety than the inactive/low active group. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that trait anxiety and physical self-efficacy accounted for significant unique variation in optimism. The findings are consistent with previous research indicating that opti.
Kisses of Death in the Graduate School Application Process

A survey of psychology graduate admissions committee chairs revealed 5 categories of mistakes applicants make that diminish their probability of acceptance. We discuss 3 strategies that psychology departments can use to decrease the likelihood that students will commit these mistakes in their graduate school applications and provide suggestions that will help students avoid these mistakes. The ideal student, seen through the eyes of graduate faculty, is gifted and creative, very bright and extremely motivated to learn, perfectly suited to the program, eager to actively pursue the lines of inquiry valued by the faculty, pleasant, responsible, and devoid of serious personal problems. —Keith-Spiegel & Wiederman (2000, p. 32)
What is Approach Motivation?

We discuss some research that has examined approach motivational urges and how this research clarifies the definition of approach motivation. Our research and that of others have raised doubts about the commonly accepted definition of approach motivation, which views it as a positive affective state triggered by positive stimuli. We review evidence that suggests: (a) that approach motivation is occasionally evoked by negative stimuli; (b) that approach motivation may be experienced as a negative state; and (c) that stimuli are unnecessary to evoke approach motivation.
On visualization and aggregation of nearest neighbor classifiers

Nearest neighbor classification is one of the simplest and most popular methods for statistical pattern recognition. A major issue in k-nearest neighbor classification is how to find an optimal value of the neighborhood parameter k. In practice, this value is generally estimated by the method of cross-validation. However, the ideal value of k in a classification problem not only depends on the entire data set, but also on the specific observation to be classified. Instead of using any single value of k, this paper studies results for a finite sequence of classifiers indexed by k. Along with the usual posterior probability estimates, a new measure, called the Bayesian measure of strength, is proposed and investigated in this paper as a measure of evidence for different classes. The results of these classifiers and their corresponding estimated misclassification probabilities are visually displayed using shaded strips. These plots provide an effective visualization of the evidence in favor of different classes when a given data point is to be classified. We also propose a simple weighted averaging technique that aggregates the results of different nearest neighbor classifiers to arrive at the final decision. Based on the analysis of several benchmark data sets, the proposed method is found to be better than using a single value of k.
Reductions in urinary collection frequency for assessment of reproductive hormones provide physiologically representative exposure and mean concentrations when compared with daily collection

To determine if reducing the frequency of urinary sample collection from daily to 5, 3, or 2 days per week during a menstrual cycle or 28‐day amenorrheic monitoring period provide accurate representations of the reproductive hormone metabolites estrone‐1‐glucuronide (E1G) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) exposure and mean concentrations.
Military Buildups, War, and Realpolitik

This article examines the role of mutual military buildups in dispute escalation to war. It is argued that the effect of the pervasive realist culture in the modern state system is to affect policy choices and perceptions in ways that alter the dynamics of militarized disputes when the countries are arming, thus raising the chance that war will be the outcome of the dispute. Previous tests of the connection between arming and escalation have been fraught with methodological controversy and have been inconclusive in their conclusions. By contrast, this study is multivariate; it incorporates other factors that might have a strong influence on arming, escalation, or both. The findings indicate that when those factors are considered (including the issue in contention, history of disputes, and relative defense burdens as well as relative power balance), preceding mutual military buildups are strongly and positively related to the likelihood of dispute escalation.
iTRAQ Protein Profile Analysis of Arabidopsis Roots Reveals New Aspects Critical for Iron Homeostasis1[C][W]

Iron (Fe) deficiency is a major constraint for plant growth and affects the quality of edible plant parts. To investigate the mechanisms underlying Fe homeostasis in plants, Fe deficiency-induced changes in the protein profile of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots were comprehensively analyzed using iTRAQ (Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantification) differential liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on a LTQ-Orbitrap with high-energy collision dissociation. A total of 4,454 proteins were identified with a false discovery rate of less than 1.1%, and 2,882 were reliably quantified. A subset of 101 proteins was differentially expressed upon Fe deficiency. The changes in protein profiles upon Fe deficiency show low congruency with previously reported alterations in transcript levels, indicating posttranscriptional changes, and provide complementary information on Fe deficiency-induced processes. The abundance of proteins involved in the synthesis/regeneration of S-adenosylmethionine, the phenylpropanoid pathway, the response to oxidative stress, and respiration was highly increased by Fe deficiency. Using Fe-responsive proteins as bait, genome-wide fishing for partners with predictable or confirmed interologs revealed that RNA processing and ribonucleoprotein complex assembly may represent critical processes that contribute to the regulation of root responses to Fe deficiency, possibly by biasing translation efficiency.
Homicide followed by suicide: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 30 incidents of homicide followed by suicide occur in England and Wales each year. Previous studies have not examined mental health characteristics in any detail. Aims: This study aims to identify the social, clinical, and criminological characteristics of a national sample of perpetrators, to identify any previous contact with mental health services and to establish risk of suicide after homicide. Method: A national cross-sectional study of perpetrators in England and Wales 1996–2005. Results: 203 incidents were recorded over 9 years. The median age of perpetrators was 41 years (range 18–88 years); most were male. Men more often killed a spouse/partner, whilst women more commonly killed their children. Eighty-four (42%) perpetrators died by suicide on the day of the homicide. The most common method of homicide was sharp instrument (44, 23%). Fifty-nine (29%) used hanging as a method of suicide. Twenty (10%) had previous contact with mental health services, 14 were seen within a year of the offence. The most common diagnoses were personality disorder and affective disorder. The risk of suicide increased the closer the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim. Conclusions: Significantly fewer perpetrators of homicide-suicide compared with homicide or suicide only were in contact with mental health services. Prevention is discussed and suggestions made for the use of psychological autopsy methodology to study rates of mental disorder.
Studies on the interaction of endorphins, substance P. and endogenous somatostatin in growth hormone and prolactin release in rats.

Substance P and various opiate receptor activators were injected into the lateral ventricle of urethane-anesthetized male rats which were pretreated with either normal sheep serum (NSS), sheep antiserum to somatostatin (anti-SS), or rabbit antiserum to substance P (anti-SP). The injection of substance P (10-9 mol) suppressed serum GH levels, but not PRL levels, in both NSS- and anti-SP-pretreated rats, whereas the suppressive effect was not observed in animals pretreated with anti-SS. In both NSS- and anti-SS-pretreated rats, β-endorphin (10-10 and 10-9 mol) and D-[Ala2]enkephalin amide (10-9 mol) stimulated both GH and PRL release, whereas α- and γ-endorphins, [Met5]enkephalin, and morphine sulfate (10-9 mol) induced only a meager GH response, but a significant PRL response. Simultaneous injection of β-endorphin (10-10 or 10-9 mol) and substance P (10-9 mol) caused greater GH and PRL responses than did β-endorphin alone in rats pretreated with either NSS, anti-SS, or anti-SP. Both GH and PRL responses to.
Lifetime correction of genetic deficiency in mice with a single injection of helper-dependent adenoviral vector

Ideally, somatic gene therapy should result in lifetime reversal of genetic deficiencies. However, to date, phenotypic correction of monogenic hyperlipidemia in mouse models by in vivo gene therapy has been short-lived and associated with substantial toxicity. We have developed a helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HD-Ad) containing the apolipoprotein (apo) E gene. A single i.v. injection of this vector completely and stably corrected the hypercholesterolemia in apoE-deficient mice, an effect that lasted the natural lifespan of the mice. At 2.5 years, control aorta was covered 100% by atherosclerotic lesion, whereas aorta of treated mice was essentially lesion-free. There was negligible toxicity associated with the treatment. We also developed a method for repeated HD-Ad vector administration that could be applied to organisms, e.g., humans, with life spans longer than 2–3 years. These studies indicate that HD-Ad is a promising system for liver-directed gene therapy of metabolic diseases.
Psychiatric diagnoses in older people with intellectual disability in comparison with the general population: a register study

Aims. To describe the occurrence of psychiatric diagnoses in a specialist care setting in older people with intellectual disability (ID) in relation to those found in the same age group in the general population. Method. A cohort of people with ID (n = 7936), aged 55 years or more in 2012, was identified, as was an age and sex-matched cohort from the general population (n = 7936). Information regarding psychiatric diagnoses during 2002–2012 was collected from the National Patient Register, which contains records from all inpatient care episodes and outpatient specialist visits in Sweden. The mean age at the start of data collection (i.e. January 1st, 2002) was 53 years (range 44–85 years). Results. Seventeen per cent (n = 1382) of the people in the ID cohort had at least one psychiatric diagnosis recorded during the study period. The corresponding number in the general population cohort was 10% (n = 817), which translates to an odds ratio (OR) of 1.84. The diagnoses recorded for the largest number of people in the ID cohort were ‘other’ (i.e. not included in any of the diagnostic groups) psychiatric diagnoses (10% of the cohort had at least one such diagnosis recorded) and affective disorders (7%). In the general population cohort, the most common diagnoses were affective disorders (4%) and alcohol/substance-abuse-related disorders (4%). An increased odds of having at least one diagnosis was found for all investigated diagnoses except for alcohol/substance-abuse-related disorders (OR = 0.56). The highest odds for the ID cohort was found for diagnosis of psychotic disorder (OR = 10.4) followed by attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (OR = 3.81), dementia (OR = 2.71), personality disorder (OR = 2.67), affective disorder (OR = 1.74) and anxiety disorder (OR = 1.36). People with ID also had an increased odds of psychiatric diagnoses not included in any of these groups (OR = 8.02). The percentage of people with ID who had at least one diagnosis recorded during the study period decreased from more than 30% among those aged 55–59 years in 2012 (i.e. born 1953–1957) to approximately 20% among those aged 75+ years in 2012 (i.e. born in or before 1937). Conclusions. Older people with ID seem to be more likely to have psychiatric diagnoses in inpatient or outpatient specialist care than their peers in the general population. If this is an effect of different disorder prevalence, diagnostic difficulties or differences in health care availability remains unknown. More research is needed to understand the diagnostic and treatment challenges of psychiatric disorders in this vulnerable group.
Network Positions and Propensities to Collaborate: An Investigation of Strategic Alliance Formation in a High-Technology Industry

I wish to acknowledge many helpful suggestions from Biil Barnett, Ron Burt, Glenn Carroll, Karel Cool, Mike Hannan, Jeff Pfeffer, Joel Podolny, and Jesper Sorensen, Comments from Mark Mizruchi and three anonymous reviewers greatiy improved this paper. Financial support for this research was provided by the FMC Scholar progfam at the University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business and from the State Farm Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship. The paper develops a net\/vork-based mapping of the technoiogicai positions of the firms in an industry and applies this model in a longitudinal study of the formation of alliances between organizations. In the analysis, the positions of high-technology firms in their competitive environment are stratified on two dimensions: crowding and prestige. Organizations in crowded positions are those that participate in technological segments in which many firms actively Innovate, and prestigious firms are those with a track record of developing seminal inventions. The study's principal empirical findings are that firms in crowded positions and those with high prestige form alliances at the highest rates. The statistical analyses, performed on a sample of semiconductor firms during a six-year period, demonstrate that crowding and prestige predict alliance formations at the firm level (which organizations establish the greatest number of alliances) and at the dyad level (which particular pairs of firms choose to collaborate). *
Language shift or maintenance within three generations: examples from three Turkish–Arabic-speaking families

Abstract Where there are two or more languages in contact, language shift is inevitable. Shift or maintenance happens at individual or societal levels due to social and psychological conditions in which community members are in. Pattern of language use in a family and the attitudes of family members towards heritage language or the language of the wider community are also important determining factors. For that reason, language patterns in three Arabic–Turkish bilingual families have been investigated through deep interviews held with third-generation representatives of each families. The results show that shift or maintenance take different directions within three generations because of, mostly, outside factors shaping the attitude of bilingual speakers.
Children: From Rights to Citizenship

This article introduces the themes of children’s rights and citizenship and surveys the authors’ contributions to this volume of The Annals. The volume marks the 20th anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly’s adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). As the most widely ratified of all human rights covenants, adoption of the CRC represents a landmark achievement in the history of childhood. Yet there remains a noticeable gap in its implementation. The United States has not ratified the CRC. The contributions to this volume take the CRC as a starting point along the path of achieving functional citizenship for children. Issues of child protection, political maturity, deliberative democracy, and intergenerational nondomination are covered. Several examples of empirical research on children’s participation in social and political matters are provided. Recommendations are made to advance the case of child citizenship over the near term. This includes the need to urge the United States to ratify the CRC.
Comprehensive analysis of intra-arterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke due to cervical artery dissection

Objective The safety and efficacy of intra-arterial treatment (IAT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to cervical artery dissection (CeAD) has not been formally studied. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, describe a large series with CeAD treated with IAT; second, analyze outcomes with CeAD receiving IAT versus (a) CeAD not treated with IAT, (b) CeAD receiving intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) alone, and (c) non-CeAD mechanism of AIS receiving IAT. Design Demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes were summarized for all CeAD patients treated with IAT from January 2010 to May 2015. Outcomes included favorable 90 day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0–2, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), recanalization (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2b-3), procedural complications, and mortality. Outcomes were analyzed with χ2 tests and multivariate logistic regression. Results There were 161 patients with CeAD: 24 were treated with IAT and comprised our target population. Dissections were more common in the internal carotid (n=18) than in the vertebral arteries (n=6). All but one patient had intracranial embolus. IAT techniques included thrombectomy (n=19), IA thrombolysis (n=17), stent (n=14), and angioplasty (n=7). Outcomes included favorable 90 day mRS score of 0–2 in 63%, 4 deaths, 1 sICH, and 3 procedural complications. After adjustment, favorable mRS in our target population was similar to comparison populations: (a) in CeAD, IAT versus no IAT (OR 0.62, p=0.56); (b) In CeAD, IAT versus IVT alone (OR 1.32, p=0.79); and (c) IAT in CeAD versus non-CeAD mechanism of AIS (OR 0.58, p=0.34). Conclusions IAT is a valid alternative therapeutic option for AIS caused by CeAD due to the low complication rate and excellent outcomes observed in this study.
Japanese speakers' judgments of grammaticality of Japanese and English bitransitive sentences with a differing number of arguments : A comparison between speakers exposed to Chomsky's generative grammar and those not

This study investigates the judgments of grammaticality of Japanese and English bitransitive sentences with a differing number of arguments. Japanese speakers exposed to Chomsky’s generative grammar (n = 30) and those not exposed (n = 28) were compared. This exposure was expected to facilitate a sentence− oriented judgment strategy that would direct speakers towards decreasing the grammaticality of the Japanese sentences lacking one or more arguments. Findings showed no effect in the judgments of Japanese sentences. However, in the judgments of the English sentences speakers exposed to generative grammar approximated to those made by native speakers of English. It was suggested that the exposure to generative grammar facilitated the sentence−oriented strategy in the judgments of English sentences, but it was not so effective as to weaken a discourse−oriented strategy used by Japanese speakers when they judged Japanese sentences.
Cultural and sex differences in aggression: A comparison between Japanese and Spanish students using two different inventories

Two self-report inventories developed to assess different dimensions of aggression, the Aggression Questionnaire and the EXPAGG, were administered to a sample (N = 400) of men and women undergraduates in two Japanese and Spanish universities. The factor structure of scales was assessed using exploratory factor analysis. Both questionnaires showed high correlations between their respective scales. In both cultures, males reported more physical aggression, verbal aggression, and hostility as well as higher instrumental beliefs, whereas females reported more expressive representation than males. Japanese students reported more physical aggression than their Spanish counterparts, who reported more verbal aggression, hostility, and anger and more expressive representation of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 27:313–322, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nine Powerful Practices

Students from families with little formal education often learn rules about how to speak, behave, and acquire knowledge that conflict with how learning happens in school. They also often come to school with less background knowledge and fewer family supports. Formal schooling, therefore, may present challenges to students living in poverty. Teachers need to recognize these challenges and help students overcome them. In my work consulting with schools that serve a large population of students living in poverty, I have found nine interventions particularly helpful in raising achievement for low-income students. 1. Build Relationships of Respect