Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Test-Case Prioritization Guided by Output Inspection

Test-case prioritization is to schedule the execution order of test cases so as to maximize some objective (e.g., revealing faults early). The existing test-case prioritization approaches separate the process of test-case prioritization and the process of test-case execution by presenting the execution order of all test cases before programmers start running test cases. As the execution information of the modified program is not available for the existing test-case prioritization approaches, these approaches mainly rely on only the execution information of the previous program before modification. To address this problem, we present an adaptive test-case prioritization approach, which determines the execution order of test cases simultaneously during the execution of test cases. In particular, the adaptive approach selects test cases based on their fault-detection capability, which is calculated based on the output of selected test cases. As soon as a test case is selected and runs, the fault-detection capability of each unselected test case is modified according to the output of the latest selected test case. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive approach, we conducted an experimental study on eight C programs and four Java programs. The experimental results show that the adaptive approach is usually significantly better than the total test-case prioritization approach and competitive to the additional test-case prioritization approach. Moreover, the adaptive approach is better than the additional approach on some subjects (e.g, replace and schedule).
A Critical Analysis of Acculturation, Sociocultural Pressures, Body Image, and Disordered Eating among Asian Immigrants in Australia, Canada, and the United States

Asian immigrants are an emerging ethnic minority in the United States, Australia, and Canada. Previous literature has examined how immigration to Western countries and the sociocultural pressures associated with a new host country, particularly the United States, impacts Asian immigrants’ body image and dietary regimen. However, there has been less of a focus on the level of acculturation of Asian immigrants in Canada and Australia and its relationship with body image dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and sociocultural pressures. The paucity of cross-cultural analysis and the inconclusive knowledge of how acculturation and sociocultural pressures may serve as predictors of poor body image and disordered eating warrant further investigation. An overview of Asian immigrants’ acculturation experiences and an in-depth analysis of existing literature with regard to acculturation, body image, sociocultural pressures, and disordered eating are provided.
P2X7 Integrates PI3K/AKT and AMPK-PRAS40-mTOR Signaling Pathways to Mediate Tumor Cell Death

Background Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as a novel danger signal that boosts antitumor immunity and can also directly kill tumor cells. We have previously reported that chronic exposure of tumor cells to ATP provokes P2X7-mediated tumor cell death, by as yet incompletely defined molecular mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we show that acute exposure of tumor cells to ATP results in rapid cytotoxic effects impacting several aspects of cell growth/survival, leading to inhibition of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Using agonist and antagonist studies together with generation of P2X7 deficient tumor cell lines by lentiviral shRNA delivery system, we confirm P2X7 to be the central control node transmitting extracellular ATP signals. We identify that downstream intracellular signaling regulatory networks implicate two signaling pathways: the known P2X7-PI3K/AKT axis and remarkably a novel P2X7-AMPK-PRAS40-mTOR axis. When exposed to high levels of extracellular ATP, these two signaling axes perturb the balance between growth and autophagy, thereby promoting tumor cell death. Conclusions Our study defines novel molecular mechanisms underpinning the antitumor actions of P2X7 and provides a further rationale for purine-based drugs in targeted cancer therapy.
Social Health Insurance-Based Simultaneous Screening for 154 Mutations in 19 Deafness Genes Efficiently Identified Causative Mutations in Japanese Hearing Loss Patients

Sensorineural hearing loss is one of the most common neurosensory disorders in humans. The incidence of SNHL is estimated to be 1 in 500–1000 newborns. In more than half of these patients, the hearing loss is associated with genetic causes. In Japan, genetic testing for the patients with SNHL using the Invader assay to screen for 46 mutations in 13 deafness genes was approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for inclusion in social health insurance coverage in 2012. Furthermore, from August 2015, this genetic testing has been expanded to screen for 154 mutations in 19 deafness genes using targeted genomic enrichment with massively parallel DNA sequencing combined with the Invader assay and TaqMan genotyping. For this study we analyzed 717 unrelated Japanese hearing loss patients. The total allele frequency of 154 mutations in 19 deafness genes was 32.64% (468/1434) and the total numbers of cases associated with at least one mutation was 44.07% (316/717). Among these, we were able to diagnose 212 (30%) patients, indicating that the present screening could efficiently identify causative mutations in hearing loss patients. It is noteworthy that 27 patients (3.8%) had coexistent multiple mutations in different genes. Five of these 27 patients (0.7%, 5/717 overall) were diagnosed with genetic hearing loss affected by concomitant with responsible mutations in more than two different genes. For patients identified with multiple mutations in different genes, it is necessary to consider that several genes might have an impact on their phenotypes.
Understanding children’s work in Zambia

The report provides an overview of the child labour phenomenon in Zambia - its extent and nature, its determinants, and its consequences on health and education. The report also addresses the national response to child labour, and policy options for its elimination. The analysis considers the economics as well as the social determinants of child labour and follows a cross-sectoral approach, especially in the identification of determinants and strategic options. Particular attention is given to the links between child labour and schooling, and to importance of child labour as a constraint to Education For All.
Innovation Diffusion Theory as a Predictor of Adoption Intention for Financial EDI

This study assesses the ability of innovation diffusion theory to predict the adoption intention of organizations for financial EDI. Six factors potentially affecting adoption intention were studied: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, observability, trialability, and risk (operational and strategic). Both present and future adoption intentions were measured, The questionnaire was developed using a process of conceptual construct validation. It was administered to three key employees of all participating organizations through a survey. Responses were subjected to a process of empirical construct validation. Results show that present adoption intention is dependent on complexity, operational risk, and strategic risk to a greater extent, and relative advantage and observability to a lesser extent. Future adoption intention is contingent upon complexity, observability, and strategic risk to a greater extent, and trialability to a lesser extent. These findings permit financial EDI operators to shape their marketing strategies to encourage adoption.
Gender Disparity and Its Impact On Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Field Study

This study examined the levels of Job Satisfaction of male and female faculty members in The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET) in Kuwait. A modified questionnaire was developed, and the reliability of the data was calculated. Data were examined using SPSS version 17.0 software. A t-test, descriptive statistics and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were implemented to reveal whether the correlation between job satisfaction and gender is statistically significant and to examine whether the two sexes are different. The target sample population participating in this study was composed of N=101 male and female faculty members consisting of 62.6% (n=58) males and 57.40 (n=43) females. Findings showed no difference between male and female faculty members in relation to overall job satisfaction and facets of job satisfaction.
Trafficking of Membrane-Associated Proteins to Cone Photoreceptor Outer Segments Requires the Chromophore 11-cis-Retinal

Lecithin retinol acyl transferase (LRAT) and retinal pigment epithelium protein 65 (RPE65) are key enzymes of the retinoid cycle. In Lrat−/− and Rpe65−/− mice, models of human Leber congenital amaurosis, the retinoid cycle is disrupted and 11-cis-retinal, the chromophore of visual pigments, is not produced. The Lrat−/− and Rpe65−/− retina phenotype presents with rapid sectorial cone degeneration, and the visual pigments, S-opsin and M/L-opsin, fail to traffic to cone outer segments appropriately. In contrast, rod opsin traffics normally in mutant rods. Concomitantly, guanylate cyclase 1, cone Tα-subunit, cone phosphodiesterase 6α′ (PDE6α′), and GRK1 (G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1; opsin kinase) are not transported to Lrat−/− and Rpe65−/− cone outer segments. Aberrant localization of these membrane-associated proteins was evident at postnatal day 15, before the onset of ventral and central cone degeneration. Protein levels of cone Tα and cone PDE6α′ were reduced, whereas their transcript levels were unchanged, suggesting posttranslational degradation. In an Rpe65−/−Rho−/− double knock-out model, trafficking of cone pigments and membrane-associated cone phototransduction polypeptides to the outer segments proceeded normally after 11-cis-retinal administration. These results suggest that ventral and central cone opsins must be regenerated with 11-cis-retinal to permit transport to the outer segments. Furthermore, the presence of 11-cis-retinal is essential for proper transport of several membrane-associated cone phototransduction polypeptides in these cones.
The Relationship between Household Economic Resources and Youth Academic Performance in Ghana: A Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling

The Government of Ghana recognizes the importance of education for improving the socioeconomic well-being of young Ghanaians and the development of the nation. Education currently accounts for the largest share: 31%) of Ghana's national budget: GNA, 2012). Educational reforms and investments have had remarkable success in improving access to education up to the Junior High School: JHS) level, but progression beyond JHS remains a challenge. More than half of JHS graduates do not gain admission into Senior High School: SHS) because of poor academic performance and the inability of those who qualify to afford the drastic increase in educational costs. Stakeholders have focused on different ways to address these educational challenges. Researchers who study the developmental effects of owning assets: e.g., savings, home, land, livestock, etc.) in particular have begun paying attention to ways in which personal: e.g., savings) and household: e.g., assets) economic resources can improve young people's educational outcomes. This emerging area of work is guided by the asset-effects framework, which posits that economic resources may influence educational outcomes directly through being able to pay for tuition and school supplies and indirectly through their influence on cognitive processes: e.g., academic self-efficacy and expectations). Empirical evidence from around the world suggests potential connections, but there are significant research gaps on how specific types of economic resources affect educational outcomes. For instance, while most studies that link income and educational outcomes find strong relationships between income and children's academic performance, others find mixed or contradictory results. The mixed results suggest the need for further conceptualization and empirical research to clarify the nature of the relationships between different types of economic resources and academic performance. To help address the research gaps, this study uses nested cross-sectional data from an ongoing youth savings experiment to examine potential direct and indirect associations between two types of economic resources – parents' income and household assets – and math and English scores of middle school-age youth in Ghana. In addition, the study assesses the possibility that gender moderates the relationships between the aforementioned types of economic resources and math and English scores. Using multilevel structural equation modeling techniques, the study does not find strong evidence to support the hypothesized direct relationship between economic resources and educational outcomes. However, the study finds strong evidence that parents' income and household assets indirectly affect math and English scores through young people's academic self-efficacy and expectations. These findings suggest that psychological factors such as academic self-efficacy and expectation are more predictive of youth academic performance than economic resources. Subgroup analyses also show that gender moderates the indirect…
Tropomyosin diffusion over actin subunits facilitates thin filament assembly

Coiled-coil tropomyosin binds to consecutive actin-subunits along actin-containing thin filaments. Tropomyosin molecules then polymerize head-to-tail to form cables that wrap helically around the filaments. Little is known about the assembly process that leads to continuous, gap-free tropomyosin cable formation. We propose that tropomyosin molecules diffuse over the actin-filament surface to connect head-to-tail to partners. This possibility is likely because (1) tropomyosin hovers loosely over the actin-filament, thus binding weakly to F-actin and (2) low energy-barriers provide tropomyosin freedom for 1D axial translation on F-actin. We consider that these unique features of the actin-tropomyosin interaction are the basis of tropomyosin cable formation.
Building Islands of Expertise in Everyday Family Activity

How do young children first learn about academic disciplines? Long before they encounter science, history, or social studies in grade school, children begin developing a wealth of informal knowledge about each topic. In science, for example, young children are actively developing nascent scientific reasoning skills, naive theories for scientific domains, knowledge of interesting science factoids, knowledge about famous scientific narratives, and even some early ideas about what different kinds of scientists do in their professional work. As this everyday academic literacy develops, children are simultaneously developing a sense of identity as individuals who are more or less interested and motivated to seek out opportunities to engage in activities that are related to various academic disciplines. As one focus of our museum learning research, we continue to explore how parents mediate children's experiences in and out of museums to help weave multiple moments of learning into broader informal knowledge about aca~_emic disciplines. In this chapter we introduce the notion of islands of expertise, explore links between related socio-cultural and information processing theory, and overview a study of family conversations while parents and children look at authentic and replica fossils in a museum.
Separating Risk Preference and Time Preference

In the studies of decision making under risk and time, an increasingly important question is whether the utility representations should be the same for both circumstances. This study aims to test the separation between risk preference and time preference in a controlled laboratory setting, where subjects make intertemporal allocation decisions under different types of correlated risks. Our results show that risk and time preferences are distinct, and furthermore support the notion proposed by Epstein and Zin (1989) on the separation between risk attitude and intertemporal substitution. In addition, the estimated parameter for risk attitude is significantly smaller than that for intertemporal substitution. These findings shed light on recent literature linking risk preference and time preference.
Experimental Investigations on Market Behavior

La tesis reune tres ensayos sobre las expectativas de inflacion, la incertidumbre de los pronosticos y la importancia de la incertidumbre en subastas secuenciales, todos ellos basados en un enfoque experimental. El Capitulo 1 estudia como los individuos predicen la inflacion en un sistema macroeconomico ficticio y analiza el efecto que las reglas de politica monetaria tienen en sus decisiones. Los resultados muestran heterogeneidad en las reglas de prevision de la inflacion y demuestran la importancia de los pronosticos adaptativos si se asume el cambio entre los modelo. El Capitulo 2 extiende el analisis del Capitulo 1 analizando la incertidumbre de los pronosticos de inflacion individuales. Los resultados evidencian que los intervalos de confianza dependen de la variabilidad de la inflacion y de las fases de los ciclos economicos, tienen una fuerte inercia y suelen ser asimetricos. Finalmente, el Capitulo 3 analiza el papel que la incertidumbre respecto al numero de postores puede tener en el comportamiento de los sujetos en una subasta secuencial experimental. Esta incertidumbre no agrava la caida del precio, pero cambia las estrategias de puja de los individuos y la eficiencia de la subasta.
Intrathecal injection of magnesium sulfate: shivering prevention during cesarean section: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled study

Background Regional anesthesia is known to significantly impair thermoregulation and predispose patients to hypothermia. We hypothesized that the addition of an intrathecal injection of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) to bupivacaine would improve perioperative shivering in female patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Methods In a block-randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial 72 patients scheduled for elective caesarean section with spinal anesthesia were separated into two groups. In the treatment group, 2 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine plus 25 mg MgSO4 (0.5 ml) were injected intrathecally, and in the control group 2 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine plus 0.5 ml normal saline were injected intrathecally. Core temperature was measured before and after drug injection at predetermined intervals. Sedation was graded using the Ramsay sedation scale. Results No significant intergroup differences in appearance of shivering were seen immediately or at 5, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 90 min after block administration. However, at 10, 15, and 20 min post block, there was a significant difference in shivering. The group administered MgSO4 showed lower shivering grades compared with the control group. Core temperature was significantly reduced in the MgSO4 group compared to the normal saline group 30 min after blocking. Conclusions Intrathecal injection of MgSO4 improved perioperative shivering in female patients undergoing elective caesarean section.
Norcantharidin Induces HL-60 Cells Apoptosis In Vitro

Norcantharidin (NCTD) is the demethylated form of cantharidin, which is the active substance of mylabris, and is known to have anticancer potentials. The aim of this paper was to assess the apoptosis-inducing effect of NCTD on HL-60 cells. Methods. The effects of NCTD were detected by flow cytometer on the cell toxicity, cell cycle, and apoptosis of HL-60 cells cultured in vitro. Results. After 48-hour treatment with NCTD, the growth of HL-60 cells was inhibited significantly. The summit of apoptosis appeared after 24 hours. The percentage of the cells in G1 phase decreased and then increased in S and G2 + M phase, while the S and G2 + M phases were blocked after treatment with 5, 10, and 50 μmol/L NCTD for 24 hours. Conclusions. NCTD can induce the apoptosis of HL-60 cells and inhibit the fissiparism, and the domino effect was obviously correlated with the time and dosage.
Protection Reduction and Diversion: Ptas and the Incidence of Antidumping Disputes

We analyze whether preferential trade agreements (PTAs) affect the incidence and pattern of antidumping (AD) filings. We estimate AD provisions in PTAs have decreased the incidence of intra-PTA AD cases by 33-55% and have increased the number of AD actions against non-PTA members by 10-30%. The net effect of PTA rules on total AD filings is small. Our results are robust to alternative estimation approaches and controlling for a myriad of other PTA-related phenomena. Our results suggest a protection analogue to the "trade creation-trade diversion" impact of PTAs. PTA members are spared from AD actions but non-PTA members face even greater AD scrutiny.
Do not build your TTS training corpus randomly

TTS voice building generally relies on a script extracted from a big text corpus while optimizing the coverage of linguistic and phonological events supposedly related to voice acoustic quality. Previous works have shown differences on objective measures between smartly reduced and random corpora, but not when subjective evaluations are performed. For us, those results do not come from corpus reduction utility but from evaluations that smooth differences. In this article, we high-light those differences in a subjective test, by clustering test corpora according to a distance between signals so as to focus on different synthesized stimuli. The results show that covering appropriate features has a real impact on the perceived quality.
Use of the MoCA in Detecting Early Alzheimer's Disease in a Spanish-Speaking Population with Varied Levels of Education

Background/Aims: Performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) has been demonstrated to be dependent on the educational level. The purpose of this study was to identify how to best adjust MoCA scores and to identify MoCA items most sensitive to cognitive decline in incipient Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a Spanish-speaking population with varied levels of education. Methods: We analyzed data from 50 Spanish-speaking participants. We examined the pattern of diagnosis-adjusted MoCA residuals in relation to education and compared four alternative score adjustments using bootstrap sampling. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed for the raw and each adjusted score. The interval reliability of the MoCA as well as item discrimination and item validity were examined. Results: We found that with progressive compensation added for those with lower education, unexplained residuals decreased and education-residual association moved to zero, suggesting that more compensation was necessary to better adjust MoCA scores in those with a lower educational level. Cube copying, sentence repetition, delayed recall, and orientation were most sensitive to cognitive impairment due to AD. Conclusion: A compensation of 3-4 points was needed for <6 years of education. Overall, the Spanish version of the MoCA maintained adequate psychometric properties in this population.