Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
U.S. Preferences for Fish and Seafood: An Evoked Set Analysis

This study used the concept of an "evoked set" to test hypotheses about the determinants of consumer preferences for seafood. Results indicate consumer preferences for seven major fish species (shrimp, lobster, catfish, cod, flounder, scallops, and salmon) are mainly a function of the consumer's geographical location and ethnicity. Consumer beliefs about fish product attributes (e.g., quality, flavor, nutrition) and product category use-experience (frequency of fish consumption) in general are not significant preference determinants, although important exceptions are noted. The composition of the evoked set may have different behavioral implications depending on whether fish consumption occurs in the home or in a restaurant setting.
Edinburgh Research Explorer High-Precision Lattice QCD Confronts Experiment

We argue that high-precision lattice QCD is now possible, for the ﬁrst time, because of a new improved staggered quark discretization. We compare a wide variety of nonperturbative calculations in QCD with experiment, and ﬁnd agreement to within statistical and systematic errors of 3% or less. We also present a new determination of α (5) MS ( M Z ); we obtain 0.121(3). We discuss the implications of this breakthrough for phenomenology and, in particular, for heavy-quark physics.
Regulation of interleukin-1β and interleukin-1β inhibitor release by human airway epithelial cells

In asthma, human airway epithelial cells (HAECs) regulate the intensity of mucosal inflammation, in part, by releasing the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β. However, the IL-1β inhibitors, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and soluble IL-1 receptor type II (sIL-1RII), regulate IL-1β bioactivity. In order to better understand the control of IL-1β activity in the airway mucosa, the role(s) of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the release of IL-1β and its inhibitors by cultured HAECs were examined. HAECs were treated with TNF-α (2–200 ng·mL−1), dibutyryl cAMP (0.01–1 mM), 8-bromo-cGMP (0.01–1 mM) or vehicle for 24 h, and cytokine levels in the HAEC-conditioned medium were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HAECs produced IL-1β, IL-1RA and sIL-1RII constitutively, but the inhibitor concentrations greatly exceeded that of IL-1β (by ∼100- and ∼550-fold, respectively). TNF-α dose-dependently increased the levels of all IL-1β cytokine family members. However, over the range of TNF-α concentrations studied, IL-1β concentration increased more than those of its inhibitors. cAMP increased constitutive and TNF-α-stimulated IL-1β release but reduced that of sIL-1RII. In contrast, cGMP had no effect on IL-1β but reduced IL-1RA and sIL-1RII release. Under basal conditions, the disproportionate release of inhibitors relative to interleukin-1β by human airway epithelial cells probably prevents interleukin-1β-mediated biological effects. Tumour necrosis factor-α, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate may potentiate mucosal inflammation by increasing interleukin-1β levels relative to those of its inhibitors in the airway mucosa.
Impact of Income and Education on Socio-Political Values of Women: An Empirical Study of Pakistani Working Women

A significant number of studies indicate that economic prosperity promotes higher values such as democracy, equality and freedom of choice. Pakistan has witnessed a considerable increase in the size of the middle class contributing to the increased participation of women in the labour force. This increase may translate into higher values among working women across income classes. This article draws on structured interviews (n = 350) with working women in the metropolis Lahore to investigate the extent their socioeconomic status is linked with self-expressive values. By using the ordinal logit model, this paper observes that significant differences exist in women’s perceptions and values across income and education groups. This study confirms that women with higher income and education levels are more independent in their choices. They exercise more authority in their personal and public life. Results also confirm their considerable interest in the democratization process and diminishing involvement in religious practices relative to middle- and lower-income and education groups. JEL Classification: A13, F63 Z13, C30
Organizational Trust Levels of Elementary Teachers: A Qualitative Study

Gunumuzde iyi isleyen bir orgutun temel ozellikleri arasinda orgute duyulan guven yer alir. Arastirmada ilkogretim kurumlarinda gorev yapmakta olan ogretmenlerin, orgutsel guvenin olusmasinda hangi olgulara ihtiyac duydugu ve orgutsel guven olusumundaki faktorlerin orgut iklimi uzerindeki etkisi arastirilmistir. Arastirma nitel desende gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirmanin calisma grubunu Elâzig Ili merkez ilcesi sinirlari icinde gorev yapan 50 ogretmen olusturmaktadir. Calisma konusu ile ilgili literatur incelenerek gorusme formu hazirlanmistir. Gorusme formlarinin icerik ve gorunus gecerliligi, alanda uzman ogretim uyelerinin gorusleri (n=3) alinarak saglanmistir. Gorusme formlari, calismanin tek veri kaynagi olarak kullanilmistir. Arastirmada orgutsel guvenin; orgutsel baglilik, orgutsel tukenmislik, orgutsel vatandaslik, orgutsel sinisizm, orgutle ozdeslesme, verim gibi orgutsel acidan onemli sonuclari nasil etkiledigi ogretmenlerin algilarina gore degerlendirilmistir. Sonuc olarak orgutsel guvenin, orgutsel baglilik, orgutsel tukenmislik ve orgutsel iletisim duzeylerini onemli olcude etkiledigi gorulmektedir
ForceClicks: Enabling Efficient Button Interaction with Single Finger Touch

ForceClicks is a novel touch button input technique for consecutive clicking which incorporates touch force sensors. From force data of a single continuous touch over time, ForceClicks detects peaks and generates discrete clicks. Compared to typical button interaction, this is effective in a sense that consecutive clicks do not require finger positional movements. Additionally, stable force over a certain time threshold can trigger an alternate state, long press, and can be mapped to other actions. The usability of ForceClicks has been evaluated in terms of a) scattering level and b) efficiency. Results suggest higher stability than typical touch, especially when the task requires visual engagement on remote content. The relatively scatter-free characteristic of ForceClicks allows it to be applied on rapid clicking while gaming, and reduce of visual dedication allows easier control of external devices, and two applications, a shooting game and a number picker, are presented for demonstration.
Important Issues to Quality of Life Among Norwegian Older Adults: An Exploratory Study

The increasing numbers of older people and higher expectations of a “good life” within societies, has lead to international interest in the enhancement of quality of life (QoL) among older adults. Understanding whether the same aspects of life are equally important to the life quality of subgroups of older people is important in helping health professionals plan social and health care policy and caring strategies. The purpose of this study was to describe the importance given to 38 areas of QoL among Norwegian older adults and to identify differences in importance ratings by age, gender, marital and health status. This exploratory study was conducted with 379 older adults (mean age 73.3 years, SD 6.9) consisting of two cohorts. The first cohort (n = 287) comprised of non-hospitalized participants, were recruited from two national senior organizations, two political senior organizations and a voluntary organization in Eastern Norway. Participants responded to a postal survey. The second cohort (n = 92) comprised of hospitalized and ambulatory patients, were recruited from three medical wards and one outpatient clinic at a county hospital in Eastern Norway. Data was collected by personal interviews and interview assisted. All importance ratings were found to reflect substantial areas of importance. Highest mean importance was assigned to activities of daily living, mobility, sensory abilities, health and home environment. Least important was sex life, adequate social help, chance to learn new skills, body image and appearance and free of dependence on medications and treatment. There were a number of significant mean group differences by age, gender, marital and health status. Sixteen of the items detected significant between- group differences. Future application of the importance questions could facilitate understanding and recognition of important issues in subgroups of older adults.
The Cost of Renting versus Owning a Home

have an average equity of $7,300.1 For homeowning families the home is typically their largest single investment. Though occupancy costs are a large item in family budgets, and homeownership is one of the most important investments American families make, there is a paucity of rigorous, analytical comparisons showing whether homeownership is more economical or expensive than renting as a way to procure the services of housing.
The Penn Arabic Treebank: Building a Large-Scale Annotated Arabic Corpus

From our three year experience of developing a large-scale corpus of annotated Arabic text, our paper will address the following: (a) review pertinent Arabic language issues as they relate to methodology choices, (b) explain our choice to use the Penn English Treebank style of guidelines, (requiring the Arabic-speaking annotators to deal with a new grammatical system) rather than doing the annotation in a more traditional Arabic grammar style (requiring NLP researchers to deal with a new system); (c) show several ways in which human annotation is important and automatic analysis difficult, including the handling of orthographic ambiguity by both the morphological analyzer and human annotators; (d) give an illustrative example of the Arabic Treebank methodology, focusing on a particular construction in both morphological analysis and tagging and syntactic analysis and following it in detail through the entire annotation process, and finally, (e) conclude with what has been achieved so far and what remains to be done.
Training Working Memory to Reduce Rumination

Cognitive symptoms of depression, such as rumination, have shown to be associated with deficits in working memory functioning. More precisely, the capacity to expel irrelevant negative information from working memory seems to be affected. Even though these associations have repeatedly been demonstrated, the nature and causal direction of this association is still unclear. Therefore, within an experimental design, we tried to manipulate working memory functioning of participants with heightened rumination scores in two similar experiments (n = 72 and n = 45) using a six day working memory training compared to active and passive control groups. Subsequently the effects on the processing of non-emotional and emotional information in working memory were monitored. In both experiments, performance during the training task significantly increased, but this performance gain did not transfer to the outcome working memory tasks or rumination and depression measures. Possible explanations for the failure to find transfer effects are discussed.
The dark side of girlhood: recent trends, risk factors and trajectories to aggression and violence.

INTRODUCTION Over the past two decades, rates of aggressive behavior have increased disproportionately for girls as compared to boys. However research on aggressive and violent behavior has focused primarily on boys and consequently we know relatively little about what places girls at risk, what protects them, and how those who become involved in aggressive behavior navigate a path toward adulthood. METHOD In this paper we review recent trends on girls' involvement in aggressive behavior, briefly discuss risk and protective factors, and summarize current thinking on developmental trajectories. RESULTS Although much progress has been made in the past decade, we still know relatively little about the pathways, causes and correlates of aggressive behavior in girls and young women. DISCUSSION We emphasize the need for research that is guided by developmental theory and an appreciation of the complex interplay of risk and protective factors over the course of development.
Characterization of a Novel Bile Alcohol Sulfate Released by Sexually Mature Male Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

A sulphate-conjugated bile alcohol, 3,12-diketo-4,6-petromyzonene-24-sulfate (DKPES), was identified using bioassay-guided fractionation from water conditioned with sexually mature male sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). The structure and relative stereochemistry of DKPES was established using spectroscopic data. The electro-olfactogram (EOG) response threshold of DKPES was 10−7 Molar (M) and that of 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (3 KPZS; a known component of the male sea lamprey sex pheromone) was 10−10 M. Behavioural studies indicated that DKPES can be detected at low concentrations by attracting sexually mature females to nests when combined with 3 KPZS. Nests baited with a mixture of DKPES and 3 KPZS (ratio 1∶29.8) attracted equal numbers of sexually mature females compared to an adjacent nest baited with 3 KPZS alone. When DKPES and 3 KPZS mixtures were applied at ratios of 2∶29.8 and 10∶29.8, the proportion of sexually mature females that entered baited nests increased to 73% and 70%, respectively. None of the sexually mature females released were attracted to nests baited with DKPES alone. These results indicated that DKPES is a component of the sex pheromone released by sexually mature male sea lamprey, and is the second biologically active compound identified from this pheromone. DKPES represents the first example that a minor component of a vertebrate pheromone can be combined with a major component to elicit critical sexual behaviors. DKPES holds considerable promise for increasing the effectiveness of pheromone-baited trapping as a means of sea lamprey control in the Laurentian Great Lakes.
The Everyday Spaces of Humanitarian Migrants in Denmark

OF THESIS THE EVERYDAY SPACES OF HUMANITARIAN MIGRANTS IN DENMARK Through an analysis of the Danish Immigration Law and asylum system, this research illustrates how the Danish state through state practices and policies permeates and produces the everyday space of humanitarian migrants. Furthermore, it examines how humanitarian migrants experience their everyday life in the Danish asylum system. An examination of state practices in conjunction with humanitarian migrants’ narratives of space and everyday practices, offers an opportunity to explore what kind of politics and political subjectivities that can emerge in the space of humanitarian migrants. This research contribute to our understanding of first, how the securitization of migration has direct impact on the everyday life of humanitarian migrants, second, second, how the state through practices and space governs and de-politicizes humanitarian migrants, and third, humanitarian migrants are able to act politically. Furthermore, this research problematizes the categorization of humanitarian migrants as “asylum seeker” in order to illustrate how the group of humanitarian migrants is a very diverse group of people from different places with various skills and education-, social-, and economic backgrounds. Even though “asylum seekers” are often portrayed as a homogenous group of vulnerable people we cannot assume that these people understand themselves as vulnerable docile “asylum seekers”.
Counter-Examples to the Optimality of MWS-α Policies for Scheduling in Generalized Switches

It has been conjectured that MWS-α scheduling policies with α going to zero are heavy-traffic optimal for scheduling in a generalized switch when the objective is to minimize the number of backlogged packets in the system. We examine this conjecture by first deriving optimal or heavy-traffic optimal policies for small switches and then comparing them to MWS-α policies. Our conclusion is that the conjecture is not true in general, i.e., there are simple topologies for which there exist policies which outperform MWS-α in heavy traffic.
A fully enzymatic method for site-directed spin labeling of long RNA

Site-directed spin labeling is emerging as an essential tool to investigate the structural and dynamical features of RNA. We propose here an enzymatic method, which allows the insertion of a paramagnetic center at a specific position in an RNA molecule. The technique is based on a segmental approach using a ligation protocol with T4 RNA ligase 2. One transcribed acceptor RNA is ligated to a donor RNA in which a thio-modified nucleotide is introduced at its 5′-end by in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase. The paramagnetic thiol-specific reagent is subsequently attached to the RNA ligation product. This novel strategy is demonstrated by introducing a paramagnetic probe into the 55 nucleotides long RNA corresponding to K-turn and Specifier Loop domains from the Bacillus subtilis tyrS T-Box leader RNA. The efficiency of the coupling reaction and the quality of the resulting spin-labeled RNA were assessed by Mass Spectrometry, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). This method enables various combinations of isotopic segmental labeling and spin labeling schemes, a strategy that will be of particular interest to investigate the structural and dynamical properties of large RNA complexes by NMR and EPR spectroscopies.
Calibration and Internal no-Regret with Partial Monitoring

Calibrated strategies can be obtained by performing strategies that have no internal regret in some auxiliary game. Such strategies can be constructed explicitly with the use of Blackwell's approachability theorem, in an other auxiliary game. We establish the converse: a strategy that approaches a convex $B$-set can be derived from the construction of a calibrated strategy. We develop these tools in the framework of a game with partial monitoring, where players do not observe the actions of their opponents but receive random signals, to define a notion of internal regret and construct strategies that have no such regret.
Synthesis and Properties of 1,8-Carbazole-Based Conjugated Copolymers

A new series of conjugated carbazole polymers based on the 1,8-carbazolylene unit was synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed polycondensation between the 1,8-diiodocarbazole derivative and various bifunctional counter comonomers. An alkyne spacer was found to be a key to increasing the molecular weight of the resulting polymers. All the obtained polymers showed good solubilities in the common organic solvents, and they were fully characterized by Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and 1H NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopies. The UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra revealed the relationship between the chemical structure and effective conjugation length. The efficiency order of the carbazole connectivity was 2,7-carbazolylene > 1,8-carbazolylene > 3,6-carbazolylene. The electrochemical properties of these polymers suggested the relatively facile oxidation at ca. +0.5–0.7 V vs. Fc/Fc+ or a high potential as p-type semiconductors. The combination of the electrochemical oxidation potentials and the optical band gaps allowed us to estimate the HOMO and LUMO levels of the polymers. It was shown that the energy levels of the 1,8-carbazole-based conjugated polymers can be tunable by selecting the appropriate comonomer structures.
Fossil Imprints of the First-Generation Supernova Ejecta in Extremely Metal-deficient Stars

Using the results of nucleosynthesis calculations for theoretical core-collapse supernova models with various progenitor masses, it is shown that the abundance patterns of C, Mg, Si, Ca, and H that are seen in extremely metal-deficient stars with [Fe/H]≲-2.5 follow those seen in the individual first-generation supernova remnants (SNRs). This suggests that most of the stars with [Fe/H]≲-2.5 were made from individual supernova (SN) events. To obtain the ratio of heavy elements to hydrogen, a formula is derived to estimate the mass of hydrogen swept up by an SNR when it occurs in the interstellar matter with the primordial abundances. We use [Mg/H] to indicate the metallicities instead of [Fe/H]. The metallicities [Mg/H] predicted from these SNRs range from ~-4 to ~-1.5, and the mass of Mg in an SN is well correlated with its progenitor mass. Thus, the observed [Mg/H] in an extremely metal-deficient star has a correspondence to the progenitor mass. A larger [Mg/H] corresponds to a larger progenitor mass. Therefore, the so-called "age-metallicity relation" does not hold for stars with [Fe/H]≲-2.5. In contrast, the [Mg/Fe] ratios in the theoretical SNRs have a different trend from those in extremely metal-deficient stars. It is also shown that from the observed trend of [Mg/Fe], one can predict the Fe yield of each SN given the correspondence of [Mg/H] to the progenitor mass. The Fe yields thus obtained are consistent with those derived from SN light-curve analyses. This indicates that there is still a problem in modeling a core-collapse supernova at the beginning of its explosion or mass cut. The abundance determination of O in extremely metal-deficient stars, which has not been done from observational analyses, is strongly desired in order to test the hypothesis that the elements in an extremely metal-deficient star come from a single SN event and to obtain reliable yields for SNe.
InfoGather: entity augmentation and attribute discovery by holistic matching with web tables

The Web contains a vast corpus of HTML tables, specifically entity attribute tables. We present three core operations, namely entity augmentation by attribute name, entity augmentation by example and attribute discovery, that are useful for "information gathering" tasks (e.g., researching for products or stocks). We propose to use web table corpus to perform them automatically. We require the operations to have high precision and coverage, have fast (ideally interactive) response times and be applicable to any arbitrary domain of entities. The naive approach that attempts to directly match the user input with the web tables suffers from poor precision and coverage. Our key insight is that we can achieve much higher precision and coverage by considering indirectly matching tables in addition to the directly matching ones. The challenge is to be robust to spuriously matched tables: we address it by developing a holistic matching framework based on topic sensitive pagerank and an augmentation framework that aggregates predictions from multiple matched tables. We propose a novel architecture that leverages preprocessing in MapReduce to achieve extremely fast response times at query time. Our experiments on real-life datasets and 573M web tables show that our approach has (i) significantly higher precision and coverage and (ii) four orders of magnitude faster response times compared with the state-of-the-art approach.