Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Familial Reciprocity and Subjective Well-Being in Ghana.

The authors investigated variations in reciprocity and the impact of reciprocity on well-being in a West African society. They hypothesized that household size and income diversity encourage reciprocity, which in turn enhances subjective well-being. In empirical testing of these hypotheses the authors used the data of the Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire of Ghana, a national sample of household heads (N males = 33,949, N females = 13,900) collected in 2003. A regression analysis showed that remittance facilitates balanced or credited reciprocity, whereas size-related measures (marital status and generational relationships) produce mixed results. Reciprocity clearly strengthens perceived economic security and level of happiness among Ghanaians. This research suggests that extensive reciprocity among kin, rather than household configurations, should be stressed in efforts to understand the structure of familial relationships and its consequences for well-being.
HELMINTHS OF SYMPATRIC STRIPED, HOG-NOSED, AND SPOTTED SKUNKS IN WEST-CENTRAL TEXAS

Twenty-eight hog-nosed skunks (Conepatus leuconotus), 23 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and nine spotted skunks (Spilogale gracilis) from an area of sympatry in west-central Texas were examined for helminth parasites. Shared helminth species among all three host species were one nematode (Physaloptera maxillaris), two acanthocephalans (Pachysentis canicola, Macracanthorhynchus ingens), and one cestode (Mathevotaenia mephitis). Two nematodes (Gongylonema sp. and Filaria taxidaea) occurred in both the striped and hog-nosed skunks. One nematode (Filaroides milksi) and one acanthocephalan (Oncicola canis) were collected only from C. leuconotus. The most common helminth infections for striped and hog-nosed skunks were P. maxillaris and P. canicola. Helminth species richness was highest in hog-nosed skunks, but striped skunks had the highest prevalences and intensities of all the common helminth species. The helminth fauna of spotted skunks was markedly depauperate in terms of species richness and helminth abundance compared to the other two host species. Differences in helminth communities across these three sympatric skunks may be related to differences in their relative abundance, behavior, food habits, and geographic range.
Ethnic Belonging and Traditional Masculinity Ideology Among African Americans, European Americans, and Latinos

African American, European American, and Latino males (N = 378) completed the Ethnic Belonging scale of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM; 3. S. Phinney, 1992), the Male Role Norms Scale (MRNS; E. H. Thompson & J. H. Pleck, 1986; a traditional masculinity ideology questionnaire), and demographic items including participant age and family income. Ethnic belonging was the best predictor of traditional masculinity ideology, a finding unique to this study. Ethnicity was the 2nd best predictor, with Latinos endorsing the highest level of traditional male gender roles, followed by European Americans and African Americans. However, ethnicity interacted with ethnic belonging, indicating that the obtained positive association between ethnic belonging and traditional male gender role endorsements was stronger and more consistent for European Americans than for Latinos. Data analysis also indicated a slight positive relationship between age and traditional masculinity ideology.
Hardware-based systems for partial sorting of streaming data

Fast data sorting is an essential component of many high-performance computing systems. High-throughput and highly parallel sorting algorithms are very appropriate for devices which provide massive parallelism like FPGAs and APSoCs. One of the major drawbacks of these platforms is amount of available resources which is a serious obstacle for design of hardware sorters. However, for many practical applications complete sorting is not important and only partial sorting for extraction of maximum and minimum subsets of the data is required. In this paper we investigate the maximum and minimum extraction problem, present a hardware-based extracting circuit based on pipelined periodic sorting networks and compare it with known alternatives.
Growth requirements of hyperthermophilic sulfur-dependent heterotrophic archaea isolated from a shallow submarine geothermal system with reference to their essential amino acids

Three hyperthermophilic sulfur-dependent heterotrophs were isolated from a shallow submarine hydrothermal system at an inlet of Kodakara-jima island, Kagoshima, Japan. The isolates grew at 60 to 97 degrees C, with the optimum temperatures at 85 to 90 degrees C. Sensitivity to rifampin and the existence of ether lipids indicated that the isolates are hyperthermophilic archaea. Partial sequencing of the genes coding for 16S rRNA showed that the three isolates are closely related to the genus Thermococcus. They grew on proteinaceous mixtures, such as yeast extract, Casamino Acids, and purified proteins (e.g., casein and gelatin), but not on carbohydrates or organic acids as sole carbon and energy sources. Nine amino acids were essential for growth of isolate KS-1 (Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Met, Phe, His, Tyr, and Arg). Isolate KS-2 required Lys in addition to the nine amino acids, and KS-8 required Lys instead of Tyr. In comparative studies, it was shown that Thermococcus celer DSM 2476 required 10 amino acids (Thr, Leu, Ile, Val, Met, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Lys, and Arg) while Pyrococcus furiosus DSM 3638 required only Ile and Val. The hyperthermophilic fermentative eubacterium Thermotoga neapolitana DSM 4359 did not require any amino acids for growth.
Effectiveness of deception detection training: a meta-analysis

Abstract A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the overall effectiveness of deception detection training and to identify conditions that may moderate training effectiveness. The analysis was based on a total of 16 studies with 30 separate hypothesis tests, representing the behavior of 2847 trainees. Results indicated that the effect of deception detection training on detection accuracy was positive, significant, and of medium magnitude. Moreover, training effectiveness was moderated by the type of training implemented, training content, trainee expertise, and the type of lie told. Discussion centers on implications for training design and implementation.
New Cytotoxic Triterpenoid Saponins from the Roots of Albizia gummifera (J.F.Gmel.) C.A.Sm.

As part of our search for new bioactive saponins from Cameroonian medicinal plants, two new oleanane‐type saponins, named gummiferaosides D and E (1 and 2), along with one known saponin, julibroside J8 (3), were isolated from the roots of Albizia gummifera. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR (1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, DEPT, COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, HSQC‐TOCSY, and HMBC) and HR‐ESI‐MS studies, and by chemical evidence. The apoptotic effect of saponins 1 – 3 was evaluated on the A431 human epidermoid cancer cell. Flow cytometric analyses showed that saponins 1 – 3 induced apoptosis of human epidermoid cancer cell (A431) in a dose‐dependent manner.
GM3-enriched Microdomain Involved in Cell Adhesion and Signal Transduction through Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interaction in Mouse Melanoma B16 Cells*

Mouse melanoma B16 cells are characterized by the predominant presence of ganglioside GM3 and adhere to lactosylceramide- or Gg3-coated plates through interaction of GM3 with lactosylceramide or Gg3, whereby not only adhesion but also spreading and enhancement of cell motility occur (Kojima, N., Hakomori, S. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 17552–17558). We now report that the adhesion process is based essentially on a glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomain (GEM) at the B16 cell surface, since >90% of GM3 present in the original cells is found in GEM, and GEM is also enriched in several signal transducer molecules, e.g. c-Src, Ras, Rho, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). GEM was isolated as a low density membranous fraction by homogenization of B16 cells in lysis buffer under two different conditions (i.e. buffer containing 1% Triton X-100, or hypertonic sodium carbonate without detergent), followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A close association of GM3 with c-Src, Rho, and FAK was indicated by co-immunoprecipitation of GM3 present in GEM by anti-GM3 monoclonal antibody DH2, followed by Western blotting with antibodies directed to these transducer molecules. The following data indicate that GEM is a structural and functional unit for initiation of GM3-dependent cell adhesion coupled with signal transduction. 1) Tyrosine phosphorylation in FAK was greatly enhanced in B16 cells adhered to Gg3-coated plates but was minimal in cells adhered to GM3-coated, GlcCer-coated, or noncoated plates. 2) GTP loading on Ras and Rho increased significantly when cells were adhered to Gg3-coated plates, compared with GM3-coated, GlcCer-coated, or noncoated plates. Since Ras and Rho are closely associated with GM3 in GEM, cell adhesion/stimulation through GM3 in GEM may induce activation of Ras and Rho through enhanced GTP binding.
Regulation of Kisspeptin Synthesis and Release in the Preoptic/Anterior Hypothalamic Region of Prepubertal Female Rats: Actions of IGF‐1 and Alcohol

BACKGROUND Alcohol (ALC) causes suppressed secretion of prepubertal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and kisspeptin (Kp) are major regulators of LHRH and are critical for puberty. IGF-1 may be an upstream mediator of Kp in the preoptic area and rostral hypothalamic area (POA/RHA) of the rat brain, a region containing both Kp and LHRH neurons. We investigated the ability of IGF-1 to stimulate prepubertal Kp synthesis and release in POA/RHA, and the potential inhibitory effects of ALC. METHODS Immature female rats were administered either ALC (3 g/kg) or water via gastric gavage at 0730 hours. At 0900 hours, both groups were subdivided where half received either saline or IGF-1 into the brain third ventricle. A second dose of ALC (2 g/kg) or water was administered at 1130 hours. Rats were killed 6 hours after injection and POA/RHA region collected. RESULTS IGF-1 stimulated Kp, an action blocked by ALC. Upstream to Kp, IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) activation, as demonstrated by the increase in insulin receptor substrate 1, resulted in activation of Akt, tuberous sclerosis 2, ras homologue enriched in brain, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). ALC blocked the central action of IGF-1 to induce their respective phosphorylation. IGF-1 specificity and ALC specificity for the Akt-activated mTOR pathway were demonstrated by the absence of effects on PRAS40. Furthermore, IGF-1 stimulated Kp release from POA/RHA incubated in vitro. CONCLUSIONS IGF-1 stimulates prepubertal Kp synthesis and release following activation of a mTOR signaling pathway, and ALC blocks this pathway at the level of IGF-1R.
Neurocognitive function in an extended Afrikaner-ancestry family with affective illness.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the neuropsychological profile of an extended family with unipolar depression (UPD) and other forms of affective illness. METHOD We administered a battery of neuropsychological tasks measuring various aspects of executive function and visual and verbal memory to 49 individuals in 1 extended family. Six participants had 1 lifetime episode of major depression (MDE-S), 15 were diagnosed with recurrent major depression (MDE-R), 11 had another DSM-IV diagnosis and 17 subjects were unaffected. RESULTS After controlling for multiple confounding factors, including mood and medication, the MDE-R sample made significantly more errors than unaffected relatives on the Stroop Task, a measure of cognitive control. CONCLUSION There may be at least 1 subtype of UPD characterized by a state-independent deficit in cognitive control.
Understanding the challenges to caring for low birthweight babies in rural southern Malawi: a qualitative study exploring caregiver and health worker perceptions and experiences

Background Low birthweight (LBW) babies account for >80% of neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and those who survive the neonatal period are still at risk of detrimental outcomes. LBW is a major public health problem in Malawi and strongly contributes to the country’s high neonatal mortality rate. We aimed to get a better understanding of the care of LBW babies in rural Malawi in order to inform action to improve their outcomes. Methods Qualitative methods were used to identify challenges faced by caregivers and health workers within communities and at the rural facility level. We conducted 33 in-depth interviews (18 with caregivers; 15 with health workers) and 4 focus group discussions with caregivers. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and translated. Thematic analysis was used to index the data into themes and develop a robust analytical framework. Results Caregivers referred to LBW babies as weak, with poor health, stunted growth, developmental problems and lack of intelligence. Poor nutrition of the mother and illnesses during pregnancy were perceived to be important causes of LBW. Discrimination and stigma were described as a major challenge faced by carers of LBW babies. Problems related to feeding and the high burden of care were seen as another major challenge. Health workers described a lack of resources in health facilities, lack of adherence to counselling provided to carers and difficulties with continuity of care and follow-up in the community. Conclusion This study highlights that care of LBW babies in rural Malawi is compromised both at community and rural facility level with poverty and existing community perceptions constituting the main challenges. To make progress in reducing neonatal mortality and promoting better outcomes, we must develop integrated community-based care packages, improve care at facility level and strengthen the links between them.
Immunoglobulin E Blockade in the Treatment of Asthma

Patients with moderate‐to‐severe asthma often have persistent symptoms despite aggressive pharmacotherapy, enthusiastic patient compliance, and proper technique in using delivery devices. Persistent symptoms have detrimental effects on patients' quality of life and result in a tremendous financial burden because of an increased utilization of health care resources. Guidelines from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program list symptom prevention, near‐normal lung function, and participation in activities (e.g., school, work) as goals of successful asthma therapy. The development of pharmacologic and biologic therapies that target different aspects of airway inflammation will help patients with persistent asthma symptoms achieve these goals. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is increasingly recognized as a key component of asthma pathophysiology and contributes to both the early‐ and late‐phase inflammatory cascade of the airways by inhibiting allergen‐induced activation of mast cells. Both epidemiologic and clinical evidence support the use of IgE blockade for asthma treatment. Omalizumab is currently the only IgE‐targeted therapy approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for asthma treatment. The drug improves symptoms, reduces exacerbations, and improves quality of life in certain patient populations.
X-Linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Cardiospecific Phenotype of Dystrophinopathy

X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLDCM) is a distinct phenotype of dystrophinopathy characterized by preferential cardiac involvement without any overt skeletal myopathy. XLDCM is caused by mutations of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene and results in lethal heart failure in individuals between 10 and 20 years. Patients with Becker muscular dystrophy, an allelic disorder, have a milder phenotype of skeletal muscle involvement compared to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and sometimes present with dilated cardiomyopathy. The precise relationship between mutations in the DMD gene and cardiomyopathy remain unclear. However, some hypothetical mechanisms are being considered to be associated with the presence of some several dystrophin isoforms, certain reported mutations, and an unknown dystrophin-related pathophysiological mechanism. Recent therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the severe dystrophinopathy phenotype, appears promising, but the presence of XLDCM highlights the importance of focusing on cardiomyopathy while elucidating the pathomechanism and developing treatment.
Reading: What Children need to learn and how teachers can help them

Note A fuller version of this paper, entitled Words and Worlds: Reading in the early years of school is published in booklet form jointly by the National Association of Advisors in English and the National Association for the Teaching of English, and is available from NATE at 50 Broadfield Road, Sheffield S8 OXJ for £3.50 to non members and £2.95 to members.
Bioinformatics Original Paper Improved Scoring of Functional Groups from Gene Expression Data by Decorrelating Go Graph Structure

Motivation: The result of a typical microarray experiment is a long list of genes with corresponding expression measurements. This list is only the starting point for a meaningful biological interpretation. Modern methods identify relevant biological processes or functions from gene expression data by scoring the statistical significance of prede-fined functional gene groups, e.g. based on Gene Ontology (GO). We develop methods that increase the explanatory power of this approach by integrating knowledge about relationships between the GO terms into the calculation of the statistical significance. Results: We present two novel algorithms that improve GO group scoring using the underlying GO graph topology. The algorithms are evaluated on real and simulated gene expression data. We show that both methods eliminate local dependencies between GO terms and point to relevant areas in the GO graph that remain undetected with state-of-the-art algorithms for scoring functional terms. A simulation study demonstrates that the new methods exhibit a higher level of detecting relevant biological terms than competing methods.
A Cross-Cultural Exploration of the Reference Dependence of Crucial Group Decisions under Risk

This study investigates risky group decision making in Japan from a prospect theory perspective. Hypotheses concerning the effects of the reference point on risk preferences in group decision making were tested by content analyzing transcripts of Japanese leaders' deliberations prior to their 1941 decision for war and subsequent attack on Pearl Harbor. Consistent with prospect theory, the results show systematic associations between the reference point used and the riskiness of policy recommendations. The highly risky decision for war appears to have been influenced by the group's reference point, which framed the group's alternatives as a choice between losses. The decision for war thus appears to have been motivated by a desire to avoid what were otherwise perceived as certain losses.
The last frontier? Autonomy, uncertainty and standardisation in general practice

Abstract Earlier studies, mainly based in the UK, the US, Canada and the Netherlands, indicate that GPs are reluctant to follow guidelines. This study explores the rationale behind GPs’ reluctance to follow guidelines through focus group interviews with Norwegian GPs. A central concern appearing in the interviews is the GPs’ notion of professional identity. The GP was identified as an autonomous generalist with a close alliance to the patient and a sceptical distance to academic medicine and health authorities. Guidelines are seen to conflict with the GPs’ sense of clinical autonomy. Another aspect discussed by the GPs was an authority-based clinical insecurity which made them sceptical about the evidence. The findings highlight the need to ground the debate about standardisation of practice in the practitioners’ professional identity. The study also underlines the importance of transparency in the standardisation process.
Choosing vocational education: some views from young people in West Yorkshire

How young people make career/occupational choices and why they enter particular careers/occupations are questions to which the answers are complex. One hundred and ninety seven-students drawn from two non-selective comprehensive schools and two further education (FE) colleges in the North of England took part in a questionnaire survey relating to their perceptions of education and training. Forty-seven of these students were subsequently interviewed. The data, collected during 2005 and 2006, suggests a level of student uncertainty that may arise from being attuned to the ambivalent status surrounding vocational education and associated careers. There were indications that perceptions of earning capacity were a key factor in shaping ideas about careers, and that students aspired to courses that they believed offered the highest potential for future earnings. The uncertainty evident in young people’s responses to questions about vocational courses may suggest that schools had failed to adequately inform them about vocationally related-qualifications, though there are, it is contended, socially embedded values and attitudes that simultaneously both shape and cloud their thinking.
Extensive phosphorylation with overlapping specificity by Mycobacterium tuberculosis serine/threonine protein kinases

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes 11 serine/threonine protein kinases (STPKs) that are structurally related to eukaryotic kinases. To gain insight into the role of Ser/Thr phosphorylation in this major global pathogen, we used a phosphoproteomic approach to carry out an extensive analysis of protein phosphorylation in M. tuberculosis. We identified more than 500 phosphorylation events in 301 proteins that are involved in a broad range of functions. Bioinformatic analysis of quantitative in vitro kinase assays on peptides containing a subset of these phosphorylation sites revealed a dominant motif shared by six of the M. tuberculosis STPKs. Kinase assays on a second set of peptides incorporating targeted substitutions surrounding the phosphoacceptor validated this motif and identified additional residues preferred by individual kinases. Our data provide insight into processes regulated by STPKs in M. tuberculosis and create a resource for understanding how specific phosphorylation events modulate protein activity. The results further provide the potential to predict likely cognate STPKs for newly identified phosphoproteins.