Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Organogenesis by the Caenorhabditis elegans FoxA Protein PHA-4

The pha-4 locus encodes a forkhead box A (FoxA/HNF3) transcription factor homolog that specifies organ identity for Caenorhabditis elegans pharyngeal cells. We used microarrays to identify pharyngeal genes and analyzed those genes to determine which were direct PHA-4 targets. Our data suggest that PHA-4 directly activates most or all pharyngeal genes. Furthermore, the relative affinity of PHA-4 for different TRTTKRY (R = A/G, K = T/G, Y = T/C) elements modulates the onset of gene expression, providing a mechanism to activate pharyngeal genes at different developmental stages. We suggest that direct transcriptional regulation of entire gene networks may be a common feature of organ identity genes.
Stealing Deposits: Deposit Insurance, Risk-Taking and the Removal of Market Discipline in Early 20th Century Banks

Deposit insurance reduces liquidity risk but it also can increase insolvency risk by encouraging reckless behavior. A handful of U.S. states installed deposit insurance laws before the creation of the FDIC in 1933, and those laws only applied to some depository institutions within those states. These experiments present a unique testing ground for investigating the effect of deposit insurance. We show that deposit insurance increased risk by removing market discipline that had been constraining erstwhile uninsured banks. Taking advantages of the rising world agricultural prices during World War I, insured banks increased their insolvency risk, and competed aggressively for the deposits of uninsured banks operating nearby. When prices fell after the War, the insured systems collapsed and suffered especially high losses.
The social studies classroom: attitudes and perspective from the deaf and hard of hearing students through literature

3 Introduction of Literature Review 4-7 The Content of Social Studies . 8 Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students 8-15 Students of Social Studies Classrooms in General 15-26 Implications for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Social Studies. 26-28 The Last Word . 28-29 References . 30-32
Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Increase above the Age of 40

We measured vestibular perceptual thresholds in 105 healthy humans (54F/51M) ranging from 18 to 80 years of age. Direction-recognition thresholds were measured using standard methods. The motion consisted of single cycles of sinusoidal acceleration at 0.2 Hz for roll tilt and 1.0 Hz for yaw rotation about an earth-vertical axis, inter-aural earth-horizontal translation (y-translation), inferior–superior earth-vertical translation (z-translation), and roll tilt. A large subset of this population (99 of 105) also performed a modified Romberg test of standing balance. Despite the relatively large population (54F/51M), we found no difference between thresholds of male and female subjects. After pooling across sex, we found that thresholds increased above the age of 40 for all five motion directions investigated. The data were best modeled by a two-segment age model that yielded a constant baseline below an age cutoff of about 40 and a threshold increase above the age cutoff. For all subjects who passed all conditions of the balance test, the baseline thresholds were 0.97°/s for yaw rotation, 0.66°/s for 1-Hz roll tilt, 0.35°/s for 0.2-Hz roll tilt, 0.58 cm/s for y-translation, and 1.24 cm/s for z-translation. As a percentage of the baseline, the fitted slopes (indicating the threshold increase each decade above the age cutoff) were 83% for z-translation, 56% for 1-Hz roll tilt, 46% for y-translation, 32% for 0.2-Hz roll tilt, and 15% for yaw rotation. Even taking age and other factors into consideration, we found a significant correlation of balance test failures with increasing roll-tilt thresholds.
Analysis of cell-cycle gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using microarrays and multiple synchronization methods

Microarray analysis of gene expression during the yeast division cycle has led to the proposal that a significant number of genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are expressed in a cell-cycle-specific manner. Four different methods of synchronization were used for cell-cycle analysis. Randomized data exhibit periodic patterns of lesser strength than the experimental data. Thus the cyclicities in the expression measurements in the four experiments presented do not arise from chance fluctuations or noise in the data. However, when the degree of cyclicity for genes in different experiments are compared, a large degree of non-reproducibility is found. Re-examining the phase timing of peak expression, we find that three of the experiments (those using alpha-factor, CDC28 and CDC15 synchronization) show consistent patterns of phasing, but the elutriation synchrony results demonstrate a different pattern from the other arrest-release synchronization methods. Specific genes can show a wide range of cyclical behavior between different experiments; a gene with high cyclicity in one experiment can show essentially no cyclicity in another experiment. The elutriation experiment, possibly being the least perturbing of the four synchronization methods, may give the most accurate characterization of the state of gene expression during the normal, unperturbed cell cycle. Under this alternative explanation, the observed cyclicities in the other three experiments are a stress response to synchronization, and may not reproduce in unperturbed cells.
Changes in the Administrative Incidence of Schizophrenia

First-admission rates to psychiatric hospitals, and data from certain psychiatric case registers suggest that there may have been a substantial decline in the administrative incidence of schizophrenia in recent years. However, data from the Nottingham case register show that rates for first-onset schizophrenia remained stable between 1975 and 1987. It is suggested that variations in trends between different parts of the UK may be partly explained by differences in the proportion of migrants and their children in the population at risk.
Comparative study on inhomogeneous field breakdown in natural ester liquid and mineral oil

Using natural ester liquids as insulation material in power transformers offers many advantages compared to conventional mineral oils. There are, for example, higher flash and fire point, greater water solubility, and better environmental sustainability. Despite several studies confirmed the equivalent dielectric capacity for the typical construction elements of transformers, some studies representing extremely inhomogeneous field distributions have indicated a lower breakdown voltage for vegetable-based oils. This investigation illustrates the influence of the electric field distribution on the breakdown voltage of vegetable-based oils compared to mineral oils. The breakdown voltage tests are performed using different experimental setups and different types of excitation voltage. The breakdown voltage of a standard 1.2 / 50 μs lightning impulse is measured based on the breakdown test defined in ASTM D3300. Different types of electrodes are used in different gap distances, for representing several levels of inhomogeneity of the electric field. The less inhomogeneous field distribution is achieved using two sphere electrodes at low sparking distance. For the extremely inhomogeneous field distribution, one sphere electrode is substituted by a needle electrode having a defined tip radius. Oils used are Envirotemp™ FR3™ fluid as natural ester liquid and Lyra X as mineral oil. Both oils are dried and degassed to a relative moisture content of <; 15 % saturation before starting tests. The result of the breakdown voltage obtained from a slightly inhomogeneous electric field distribution show a comparable dielectric strength for both oils. However, in extremely inhomogeneous electric fields, a decrease of breakdown voltage of natural ester liquid compared to mineral oil occurs. This is due to differences in the chemical structure and discharge mechanisms in natural ester in comparison to mineral oil. The main aim of study is to determine the limit of inhomogeneity for keeping the equivalency of dielectric behavior.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Receptors: Comparison of Bovine αV Integrin Utilization by Type A and O Viruses

ABSTRACT Three members of the αV integrin family of cellular receptors, αVβ1, αVβ3, and αVβ6, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in vitro. The virus interacts with these receptors via a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) amino acid sequence motif located within the βG-βH (G-H) loop of VP1. Other αV integrins, as well as several other integrins, recognize and bind to RGD motifs on their natural ligands and also may be candidate receptors for FMDV. To analyze the roles of the αV integrins from a susceptible species as viral receptors, we molecularly cloned the bovine β1, β5, and β6 integrin subunits. Using these subunits, along with previously cloned bovine αV and β3 subunits, in a transient expression assay system, we compared the efficiencies of infection mediated by αVβ1, αVβ3, αVβ5, and αVβ6 among three strains of FMDV serotype A and two strains of serotype O. While all the viruses could infect cells expressing these integrins, they exhibited different efficiencies of integrin utilization. All the type A viruses used αVβ3 and αVβ6 with relatively high efficiency, while only one virus utilized αVβ1 with moderate efficiency. In contrast, both type O viruses utilized αVβ6 and αVβ1 with higher efficiency than αVβ3. Only low levels of viral replication were detected in αVβ5-expressing cells infected with either serotype. Experiments in which the ligand-binding domains among the β subunits were exchanged indicated that this region of the integrin subunit appears to contribute to the differences in integrin utilizations among strains. In contrast, the G-H loops of the different viruses do not appear to be involved in this phenomenon. Thus, the ability of the virus to utilize multiple integrins in vitro may be a reflection of the use of multiple receptors during the course of infection within the susceptible host.
Types of monotonic language learning and their characterization

The present paper deals with strong-monotonic, monotonic and weak-monotonic language learning from positive data as well as from positive and negative examples. The three notions of monotonicity reflect different formalizations of the requirement that the learner has to produce always better and better generalizations when fed more and more data on the concept to be learnt. We characterize strong-monotonic, monotonic, weak-monotonic and finite language learning from positive data in terms of recursively generable finite sets, thereby solving a problem of Angluin (1980). Moreover, we study monotonic inference with iteratively working learning devices which are of special interest in applications. In particular, it is proved that strong-monotonic inference can be performed with iteratively learning devices without limiting the inference capabilities, while monotonic and weak-monotonic inference cannot.
Efficient activity detection with max-subgraph search

We propose an efficient approach that unifies activity categorization with space-time localization. The main idea is to pose activity detection as a maximum-weight connected subgraph problem over a learned space-time graph constructed on the test sequence. We show this permits an efficient branch-and-cut solution for the best-scoring - and possibly non-cubically shaped - portion of the video for a given activity classifier. The upshot is a fast method that can evaluate a broader space of candidates than was previously practical, which we find often leads to more accurate detection. We demonstrate the proposed algorithm on three datasets, and show its speed and accuracy advantages over multiple existing search strategies.
Disordered Thinking and the Rorschach: Theory, Research, and Differential Diagnosis

1. Conceptualizing Disordered Thought 2. The Rorschach Assessment of Disordered Thinking II. Thought Disorder Scoring Systems 3. The Rapaport Method 4. Holt's Primary Process Scoring System 5. The Thought Disorder Index (TDI) 6. Exner's Special Scores and Schizophrenia Index (SCZI) 7. Secondary Thought Disorder Scoring Systems III. Conceptual and Theoretical Underpinnings 8. Psychoanalytic Understanding of Thought Disorder Scores 9. Confabulatory Thinking 10. Combinative Thinking 11. Contaminated Thinking 12. Paleologic Thinking IV. Differential Diagnosis of Rorschach Thought Disorder 13. Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders 14. Affective Disorders 15. Borderline Syndromes 16. Disordered Thinking Associated with Other Conditions 17. Creativity of Disordered Thinking? 18. Final Thoughts
Epileptic encephalopathy in a girl with an interstitial deletion of Xp22 comprising promoter and exon 1 of the CDKL5 gene

We report a 2‐year‐old girl with early onset seizures variant of Rett syndrome with a deletion at Xp22 detected by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technique. This patient presented with tonic seizures at 7 days of life. Subsequently, she developed infantile spasms at three months and finally refractory myoclonic epilepsy. She demonstrated severe encephalopathy with hypotonia, deceleration of head growth, with eye gaze but limited eye pursuit, no language, limited hand use, and intermittent hand stereotypies. This combination of clinical features, suggestive of early onset variant of Rett syndrome led us to screen the CDKL5 gene. In a first step, screening of the whole coding sequence of the CDKL5 gene revealed no point mutations. In a second step, we searched gross rearrangements by MLPA and identified a microdeletion affecting both the promoter and exon 1 in CDKL5. Subsequent analysis on a Nimblegen HD2 microarray confirmed a deletion of approximately 300 kb at Xp22, including the BEND2, SCML2, and CDKL5 genes. In conclusion, our report suggests that searching for large rearrangements in CDKL5 should be considered in girls with early onset seizures and Rett‐like features. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of space-time processing for ISI- and CCI-suppression in industrial scenarios

This paper shows simulation results of the performance of linear and decision-feedback space-time equalizers for a single carrier system with 24 Msym/s data rate at 5.2 GHz carrier frequency. Thereby the radio channel is realistically modeled by using measurement data of a vector channel sounder gathered in two industrial scenarios. A comparison is given for a variety of equalizer complexities, various channel conditions and different numbers of co-channel interferers. For a proper selection of the complexity good performance values can be obtained under the presence of strong multipath propagation.
Factors contributing to commitment in Chinese interethnic couples

Interethnic relationships are increasingly common in society, yet interethnic couples also have a higher divorce rate compared to intraethnic couples. Given these facts, it is important that researchers identify factors that contribute to couples commitment in interethnic relationships, but to date, such research is rare. This thesis investigated the factors that contribute to the commitment of Chinese interethnic relationships. In order to do that, a qualitative study and a quantitative study were conducted. Johnson s commitment framework was found suitable in the qualitative study. Thus a cultural model that incorporated Johnson s personal commitment and a new construct couple cultural identity was established for the quantitative study to find whether love, satisfaction (i.e. dyadic adjustment) and couple cultural identity (i.e. acculturation to the partner and similarity of couple s individualism/collectivism) would predict personal commitment and whether each variable would account for unique variance in personal commitment of the participants. The quantitative study found significant relationships between love and personal commitment, satisfaction and personal commitment of Chinese interethnic couples. Also, couple cultural identity was important for women s personal commitment. These findings suggest that partners in interethnic relationships may define personal commitment in different ways with men emphasising love and satisfaction, and women emphasising love and acculturation to their partner.
Counts of maps to Grassmannians and intersections on the moduli space of bundles

We show that intersection numbers on the moduli space of stable bundles of coprime rank and degree over a smooth complex curve can be recovered as highestdegree asymptotics in formulas of Vafa-Intriligator type. In particular, we explicitly evaluate all intersection numbers appearing in the Verlinde formula. Our results are in agreement with previous computations of Witten, Jeffrey-Kirwan and Liu. Moreover, we prove the vanishing of certain intersections on a suitable Quot scheme, which can be interpreted as giving equations between counts of maps to the Grassmannian.
Infectious Disease Hospitalizations among Older American Indian and Alaska Native Adults

Objectives. American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) adults ≥65 years of age (older adults) have the second highest age group-specific infectious disease (ID) hospitalization rate. To assess morbidity and disparities of IDs for older AI/AN adults, this study examined the epidemiology of overall and specific infectious disease hospitalizations among older AI/AN adults. Methods. ID hospitalization data for older AI/AN adults were analyzed by using Indian Health Service hospital discharge data for 1990 through 2002 and comparing it with published findings for the general U.S. population of older adults. Results. ID hospitalizations accounted for 23% of all hospitalizations among older AI/AN adults. The average annual ID hospitalization rate increased 5% for 1990–1992 to 2000–2002; however, the rate increased more than 20% in the Alaska and the Southwest regions. The rate for older AI/AN adults living in the Southwest region was greater than that for the older U.S. adult population. For 2000–2002, lower respiratory tract infections accounted for almost half of all ID hospitalizations followed by kidney, urinary tract, and bladder infections, and cellulitis. Conclusions. The ID hospitalization rate increased among older AI/AN adults living in the Southwest and Alaska regions, and the rate for the older AI/AN adults living in the Southwest region was higher than that for the U.S. general population. Prevention measures should focus on ways to reduce ID hospitalizations among older AI/AN adults, particularly those living in the Southwest and Alaska regions.
Psychometric assessment of alopecia areata patients before and after dermatological treatment

SUMMARY: PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF ALOPECIA AREATA PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER DERMATOLOGICAL TREATMENT Object: Alopecia Areata (AA) is reported to account for 2% of dermatology clinical visits with incidence figures ranging up to 3.5 %. The role of stressful life events in the appearance of AA is uncertain. Besides reports associating anxiety and affective disorders with the onset of AA, there has also been studies which did not confirm such an association. There have been reports documenting the efficacy of antidepressants in AA. We wanted to see whether dermatological treatment and recovery in AA patients induces any change in psychometric variables. We wanted to test whether the well-being of patients after dermatological treatment has any association to psychic factors. Method: Eighteen patients were recruited in the study and they were assessed with Beck Depression and Hopelessness Scales, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Brief Symptom Inventory. Patients were given steroid therapy with 3 week intervals and they all responded favorably to treatment. Three months after initial assessment patients were reassessed with the same psychometric scales. Results: No statistically significant change was found. Conclussions: Despite the limitations of the study, this result may be interpreted as the independence of dermatological recovery from psychological factors. A placebo-controlled study is necessitated to further validate the results of this study.
He 2 2 + molecular ion can exist in a magnetic field

We present a detailed study of the ground state of the Coulomb system $(\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\alpha}ee)$ which corresponds to the ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}^{2+}$ molecular ion in a magnetic field $B=0\ensuremath{-}4.414\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{13}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{G}$ in parallel configuration (it is assumed that infinitely massive $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles are situated along a magnetic-field line). One uses a variational method, introducing a trial function which includes electronic correlation in the form $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{\gamma}{r}_{12})$, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is a variational parameter. It is shown that the quantum numbers of the lowest total-energy state depend on the magnetic-field strength. This state evolves from the spin-singlet $^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}$ metastable state at $0\ensuremath{\le}B\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.85\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}. \mathrm{u}. $ to a repulsive spin-triplet $^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}$ state for $0.85\ensuremath{\lesssim}B\ensuremath{\lesssim}1100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}. \mathrm{u}. $ and, finally, to a stable strongly bound spin-triplet $^{3}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}$ state at stronger fields $B\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}. \mathrm{u}. $ The lowest vibrational energy for the latter case is calculated.
Developmental Milestones

• On the basis of observational studies (level C), preterm birth is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental disabilities in children, and the degree of neurodevelopmental disability is inversely correlated with gestational age at birth. When comparing performance of preterm children to developmental norms, “corrected age” or age from due date rather than birth date should be used for the first 24 to 36 months. • On the basis of observational studies (level C), clinicians should pay specific attention to sensory function in children born preterm because the incidence of visual and hearing impairments is higher in preterm than term children. Due to the elevated risk of cognitive and behavioral disabilities, clinicians caring for children born preterm should be vigilant when performing developmental assessments to improve outcomes. • On the basis of observational studies (level C), early identification of developmental delays allows for referral to therapeutic services, and children referred for early intervention are more likely to make gains in developmental milestones.