Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EEG Alpha Power Modulation of fMRI Resting-State Connectivity

In the past decade, the fast and transient coupling and uncoupling of functionally related brain regions into networks has received much attention in cognitive neuroscience. Empirical tools to study network coupling include functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based functional and/or effective connectivity, and electroencephalography (EEG)/magnetoencephalography-based measures of neuronal synchronization. Here we use simultaneously recorded EEG and fMRI to assess whether fMRI-based connectivity and frequency-specific EEG power are related. Using data collected during resting state, we studied whether posterior EEG alpha power fluctuations are correlated with connectivity within the visual network and between the visual cortex and the rest of the brain. The results show that when alpha power increases, BOLD connectivity between the primary visual cortex and occipital brain regions decreases and that the negative relation of the visual cortex with the anterior/medial thalamus decreases and the ventral-medial prefrontal cortex is reduced in strength. These effects were specific for the alpha band, and not observed in other frequency bands. The decreased connectivity within the visual system may indicate an enhanced functional inhibition during a higher alpha activity. This higher inhibition level also attenuates long-range intrinsic functional antagonism between the visual cortex and the other thalamic and cortical regions. Together, these results illustrate that power fluctuations in posterior alpha oscillations result in local and long-range neural connectivity changes.
The coding of uniform colour figures in monkey visual cortex

Psychophysical studies indicate that perception of the colour and brightness of a surface depends on neural signals evoked by the borders of the surface rather than its interior. The visual cortex emphasizes contrast borders, but it is unclear whether colour surface signals also exist, whether colour border signals are orientation selective or mainly non‐oriented, and whether cortical processing tends to separate colour and form information. To address these questions we examined the representation of uniform colour figures by recording single neuron activity from areas V1 and V2 in alert macaque monkeys during behaviourally induced fixation. Three aspects of coding were quantified: colour, orientation and edge selectivity. The occurrence of colour selectivity was not correlated with orientation or edge selectivity. The fraction of colour‐selective cells was the same (64 % in layers 2 and 3 of V1, 45 % in V2) for oriented and non‐oriented cells, and for edge‐selective and surface‐responsive cells. Oriented cells were often highly selective in colour space, and about 40 % of them were selective for edge polarity or border ownership. Thus, contrary to the idea of feature maps, colour, orientation and edge polarity are multiplexed in cortical signals. The results from V2 were similar to those from upper‐layer V1, indicating that cortical processing does not strive to separate form and colour information. Oriented cells were five times more frequent than non‐oriented cells. Thus, the vast majority of colour‐coded cells are orientation tuned. Based on response profiles across a 4 deg square figure, and the relative frequency of oriented and non‐oriented cells, we estimate that the cortical colour signal is 5–6 times stronger for the edges than for the surface of the figure. The frequency of oriented colour cells and their ability to code edge polarity indicate that these cells play a major role in the representation of surface colour.
The neural substrates of social emotion perception and regulation are modulated by adult attachment style

Adult attachment style (AAS) refers to individual differences in the way people experience and regulate their social relationships and corresponding emotions. Based on developmental and psychological research, it has been hypothesized that avoidant attachment style (AV) entails deactivating strategies in social contexts, whereas anxious attachment style (AX) involves hyper vigilance and up-regulation mechanisms. However, the neural substrates of differences in social emotion regulation associated with AAS have not been systematically investigated. Here we used fMRI in 19 healthy adults to investigate the effect of AAS on the processing of pleasant or unpleasant social and nonsocial scenes. Participants were asked either to naturally attend (NAT), cognitively reappraise (REAP), or behaviorally suppress (ESUP) their emotional responses. Avoidantly attached participants showed increased prefrontal and anterior cingulate activation to social negative scenes when making spontaneous emotion judgments. They also exhibited persistent increases in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left amygdala activity for the same stimuli during reappraisal, as well as additional activation in supplementary motor area and ventral caudate during the suppression of social positive emotions. These results suggest that AV may imply less efficient reappraisal strategies to regulate social negative emotions, and lead to higher conflict or effortful control when suppression cannot be employed. In contrast, anxiously attached participants showed differential increases in the right amygdala and left parahippocampal cortex for social negative and positive stimuli, respectively, but only when making spontaneous emotion judgments. No effect of AX was found during down-regulation conditions. This suggests heightened arousal to negative information without difficulty in down-regulating emotions through cognitive re-evaluation or suppression. Taken together, these findings reveal for the first time the neural underpinnings of attachment-related differences in social emotion regulation.
Discussion—The Usefulness of MD&A Disclosures in the Retail Industry

The paper by Cathy Cole and Chris Jones presented at the 2004 JAAF Conference is one that addresses a question of long-standing interest to academic accountants: to what extent are firms’ forward-looking disclosures useful to analysts and investors? Their focus is on forward-looking disclosures by retailers in the Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) section of the firm’s SEC Form 10-K. The paper makes an incremental contribution by extending our knowledge of the informational role of industry-specific, forward-looking disclosures. There are broader issues underlying policy-relevant papers that examine the statistical association between accounting numbers and metrics of information utilization (e.g., stock price changes and analyst forecast revisions). ’ The intent of examining such associations is presumably to say something substantive about disclosure regulation, in this case, mandatory forward-looking disclosures communicated via MD&A. My discussion will focus on the implicit assumptions that often lie beneath the surface of such research and how these hidden assumptions subtly limit what we can learn from the empirical research we conduct. I emphasize two implicit assumptions, which I suggest are more characteristic of a regulator’s “worldview. ” One assumption is that no substitute exists for regulatory action in producing beneficial investor protection. Another assumption is that regulatory action is not subject to diminishing marginal returns, even at high levels of regulation. The extreme variant of such assumptions is in stark contrast to the more economically plausible assumptions that substitutes exist in varying degrees for all economic goods and all human activity is eventually subject to the law of diminishing marginal returns. If we as researchers adopt a prior belief that accords too much weight to the views of a regulator, we will implicitly adopt the same assumptions about how the world works under varying degrees of accounting and disclosure regulation. I argue that the consequences of according excessive weight to this view is that we will not fully recognize the investor protection benefits that can emerge in the absence
Multi-Class Protein Fold Recognition Using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms

Protein fold recognition (PFR) is an important approach to structure discovery without relying on sequence similarity. In the pattern recognition terminology, PFR is a multi-class classification problem to be solved by employing feature analysis and pattern classification techniques. This paper reformulates PFR into a multi-objective optimization problem (7) and proposes a Multi-Objective Feature Analysis and Selection Algorithm (MOFASA). We use support vector machines as the classifier. Experimental results on the Structural Classification of Protein (SCOP) data set indicate that MOFASA is capable of achieving comparable performances to the results reported in (10). In addition, MOFASA identifies relevant features for further biological analysis.
Financing as a Supply Chain: The Capital Structure of Banks and Borrowers

We develop a model of the joint capital structure decisions of banks and their borrowers. Strikingly high bank leverage emerges naturally from the interplay between two sets of forces. First, seniority and diversification reduce bank asset volatility by an order of magnitude relative to that of their borrowers. Second, previously unstudied supply chain effects mean that highly levered financial intermediaries are the most efficient. Low asset volatility enables banks to safely take on high leverage; supply chain effects compel them to do so. Firms with low leverage also arise naturally as borrowers internalize the systematic risk costs they impose on their lenders. Because risk assessment techniques from the Basel II framework underlie our structural model, we can quantify the impact capital regulation and other government interventions have on bank leverage, firm leverage, and fragility. Deposit insurance and the expectation of government bailouts lead not only to risk taking by banks, but increased risk taking by firms. Capital regulation lowers bank leverage but can lead to compensating increases in the leverage of firms, as well as a small increase in borrowing costs.
Distribution of fluoroquinolone MICs in Helicobacter pylori strains from Korean patients.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence rate of primary fluoroquinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates from Korean patients over the past 16 years. METHODS One hundred and thirty-five strains of H. pylori (34 strains in 1987, 36 in 1994 and 65 in 2003) were isolated from antral gastric mucosal biopsy specimens. The determination of MICs for the H. pylori isolates of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was examined by using the serial 2-fold agar dilution method. DNA sequences of the gyrA gene in fluoroquinolone-resistant strains were determined. RESULTS The distribution of fluoroquinolone MICs (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin) shifted to higher concentrations during 1987-2003. All of the levofloxacin- or moxifloxacin-resistant strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Sequence analysis in fluoroquinolone-resistant strains showed point mutation of the gyrA gene at A272G and G271A, indicating mutations of the codon Asp-91 in the fluoroquinolone-resistance-determining region of the DNA gyrase. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that resistance to fluoroquinolones has been increasing in the Korean population and the resistance is most likely mediated through point mutation in gyrA.
Multiple-Fault Rupture of the M7.1 Hector Mine, California, Earthquake from Fault-Zone Trapped Waves Generated by Explosions and Aftershocks

[1] We studied the complex multiple-faulting pattern of the 40-km-long rupture zone of the 1999 M7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake with fault zone trapped waves generated by near-surface explosions and aftershocks, and recorded by linear seismic arrays deployed across the surface rupture. The explosion excited trapped waves, with relatively large amplitudes at 3–5 Hz and a long duration of S coda waves, are similar to those observed for aftershocks but have lower frequencies and travel more slowly. Three-dimensional finite difference simulations of fault zone trapped waves indicate a 75- to 100-m-wide low-velocity and low-Q zone (waveguide) along the rupture surface on the Lavic Lake fault (LLF) in the Bullion Mountains. The S velocity within the waveguide varies from 1.0 to 2.5 km/s at depths of 0–8 km, reduced by ∼35–45% from the wall rock velocity, and Q is ∼10–60. The pattern of aftershocks for which we observed trapped waves shows that this low-velocity waveguide has two branches in the northern and southern portions of the rupture zone, indicating a multiple-fault rupture at seismogenic depth. North of the Bullion Mountains, although only the rupture segment on the northwest LLF broke to the surface, a rupture segment on a buried fault also extended ∼15 km in the more northerly direction from the main shock epicenter. To the south, the rupture on the LLF intersected the Bullion fault (BF) and bifurcated. The rupture on the south LLF extended ∼10 km from the intersection and diminished while there was minor rupture on the southeast BF, which dips to the northeast and disconnects from the LLF at depth. Thus the analysis of fault zone trapped waves helps delineate a more complex set of rupture planes than the surface breakage, in accord with the complex pattern of aftershock distribution and geodetic evidence that the Hector Mine event involved several faults which may also rupture individually. Our simulations of dynamic rupture using a finite element code show that generic models are able to produce the general features of the northern part of the rupture, including slips on subparallel fault segments. The models indicate that such a faulting pattern is physically plausible and consistent with observations.
Influence of Glucose on the Transmembrane Action Potential of Anoxic Papillary Muscle

The response of the cat papillary muscle to anoxia has been found to alter depending on the glucose concentration in the medium. At a glucose concentration of 5 mM anoxia caused a marked reduction in force of contraction and action potential duration within 20 minutes. At a glucose concentration of 50 mM anoxia induced similar changes in the force of contraction but little or no change in action potential duration. Elevation of glucose concentration during an anoxic interval reversed the anoxia-induced changes in action potential but had little effect on force of contraction. This effect of glucose could be partially duplicated by xylose and 2-deoxyglucose and in addition, 2-deoxyglucose has been found to prevent the effect of subsequently added glucose. These sugars appear to be transported by a system responsible for glucose transport but are not metabolized to any extent. It would appear therefore that transport of glucose is in some way related to transport of potassium as increased potassium permeability is thought by many to be responsible for anoxia-induced changes in action potential duration.
The Influence of the Type of Relationship on the Generation of Innovations in Buyer–Supplier Collaborations

Recent research pointed at the potential of buyer–supplier collaborations for joint innovation generation. However, studies reveal mixed results. Since multiple contingency factors influence the results of cooperation, this study analyses different relationship patterns as a context for joint innovation generation and problem solving. A comprehensive model of buyer–supplier relationships is conceptualized drawing on social psychology literature. Based on a sample of 250 small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) from the German machinery construction sector, buyer–supplier relationships are empirically classified into four distinct types. These then are related to the innovation outcomes. The results indicate that a relational context fosters joint innovation generation and problem solving. Interestingly, a high degree of formalization, if it is legitimated, can also lead to innovation. Sporadic superficial interactions as well as interactions dominated by tension hinder joint innovation generation, though. The results help managers to consider the potential innovative outcomes when making decisions about supplier cooperation.
The New York State Agricultural Immigration and Human Resource Management Issues Study

The purpose of this study is to gather information from farm operators regarding agricultural workforce issues in New York agriculture. In the fall of 2007 the USDANASS New York field office agreed to add one page of agricultural labor related questions to its annual surveys of the New York fruit, vegetable, dairy and livestock industries. The 1,245 survey responses provide new insights in four key topic areas: the number of farm workers in New York agriculture, attitudes toward labor supply issues, attitudes toward immigration reform and attitudes regarding human resource management practices. The survey procedures allowed estimates of the number of workers on farms primarily involved with fruit, vegetable, dairy or livestock production. The total agricultural workforce for fruit, vegetable and dairies in New York, including part-time, full-time, family and non-family workers totaled 46,800. In addition it was estimated that the number of contract workers hired on New York fruit, vegetable and dairy farms was 6,700. Farm managers were asked how concerned they were that there may not be sufficient workers to employ in their business over the next three years. Survey respondents expressed considerable concern with more than 60% of the farmers who employed Hispanic workers indicating that they were very concerned about attracting sufficient workers over the next three years. Survey participants were also asked how important national immigration reform, a path to citizenship and a guest worker program were to their business. Importance was rated on a five point scale with 1 being not important and 5 being very important. Farm operators with Hispanic workers rated national immigration reform a 4.43 in importance. They rated a path to citizenship a 3.34 in importance and a guest worker program a 4.29 in importance. So while all three issues were important to farm managers a path to citizenship was reported to be less important than national immigration reform or a guest worker program. Respondents were also asked how important they felt five human resource practices were. Again a 5 point scale was used. Respondents placed a higher importance on competitive wages and benefits (3.87), safe comfortable working conditions (4.34) and opportunities for advancement (3.23). They felt that off-site training opportunities and continuing training and development were of slightly less importance. The survey provides new information about attitudes and concerns of farm employers at a time when labor supply and immigration reform issues are very important to the future of their businesses. These results allow leaders in NY agriculture to more accurately describe current conditions surrounding agricultural labor in the state. The survey also provides a starting point for additional research on immigration and labor supply issues.
Salivary inflammatory markers and microbiome in normoglycemic lean and obese children compared to obese children with type 2 diabetes

Background There is emerging evidence linking diabetes with periodontal disease. Diabetes is a well-recognized risk factor for periodontal disease. Conversely, pro-inflammatory molecules released by periodontally-diseased tissues may enter the circulation to induce insulin resistance. While this association has been demonstrated in adults, there is little information regarding periodontal status in obese children with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesized that children with T2D have higher rates of gingivitis, elevated salivary inflammatory markers, and an altered salivary microbiome compared to children without T2D. Methods Three pediatric cohorts ages 10–19 years were studied: lean (normal weight—C), obese (Ob), and obese with T2D (T2D). Each subject completed an oral health survey, received a clinical oral examination, and provided unstimulated saliva for measurement of inflammatory markers and microbiome analysis. Results The diabetes group was less likely to have had a dental visit within the last six months. Body mass index (BMI) Z-scores and waist circumference/height ratios were similar between Ob and T2D cohorts. The number of carious lesions and fillings were similar for all three groups. The gingival index was greater in the T2D group compared to the Ob and C groups. Although salivary microbial diversity was minimal between groups, a few differences in bacterial genus composition were noted. Conclusions Obese children with T2D show a trend toward poorer oral health compared to normal weight and obese children without T2D. This study characterizes the salivary microbiome of children with and without obesity and T2D. This study supports a modest link between T2D and periodontal inflammation in the pediatric population.
Changes in Human Parechovirus Profiles in Hospitalized Children with Acute Gastroenteritis after a Three-Year Interval in Lanzhou, China

The changing profile of infection over time for Human Parechoviruses (HPeVs) is not well known and no detailed study has been reported to date in China. This investigation on HPeV infection in hospitalized children in Lanzhou, China revealed variations in epidemiological characteristics after a three-year interval. To assess the changes that had occurred, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HPeVs were characterized and compared with previously reported data by our group. A comparable positivity rate (25.3%, 73/289) was revealed after the three-year interval with the majority of the infected children (95.9%, 70/73) being younger than two years of age. While a temporal change in the seasonal distribution was noted in the current study, HPeVs were more frequently detected during July to November compared to September to December in the previous study. Changes in HPeV genotypes patterns, a temporal change in the prevalence of HPeV1, a younger susceptible age to HPeV3 compared with HPeV1 and a tendency of older children to be infected with HPeV4 are in contrast to our previous report. HPeV2, a rarely reported genotype, was identified for the first time in China. In addition, an exclusive trinucleotide (GAT) insertion in the HPeV4 nucleotide sequence was identified. However, the profiles of co-infection with other enteric related viruses were similar to our previous findings. In summary, these data suggest temporal variation in the seasonal distribution of HPeV and changing patterns of HPeV genotypes over time in the study region.
WATCH, WAIT, AND WONDER: TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A NEW APPROACH TO MOTHER-INFANT PSYCHOTHERAPY

This research compared two forms of psychodynamic psychotherapeutic interventions for 67 clinically referred infants and their mothers. One was an infant-led psychotherapy delivered through a program called Watch, Wait, and Wonder (WWW). The other was a mother- infant psychotherapy (PPT). Infants ranged in age from 10 to 30 months at the outset of treatment, which took place in weekly sessions over approximately 5 months. A broad range of measures of attachment, qualities of the mother- infant relationship, maternal perception of parenting stress, parenting competence and satisfaction, depression, and infant cognition and emotion regulation were used. The WWW group showed a greater shift toward a more organized or secure attachment relationship and a greater improvement in cognitive development and emotion regulation than infants in the PPT group. Moreover, mothers in the WWW group reported