Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Small Limb Movements During REM Sleep to Dreamed Limb Action

&NA; Ten adult subjects, selected for good dream recall and ability to produce spontaneously fine limb movements in the laboratory, reported their last dream experience after awakenings from REM sleep during various limb movement and no movement conditions. The reports were rated for amount and girdle location of dreamed actions by judges blind to the awakening condition. There was a significant correlation between the number of girdles moving before awakening and the amount of dreamed action. Also, when dreams from single girdle movement awakening conditions were examined, the girdle active before awakening was dreamed as moving to a significant degree.
Hybrid indoor and outdoor tracking for mobile 3D mixed reality

This paper describes a new hybrid tracking system that integrates standard outdoor augmented reality trackers with a low cost indoor tracker based on the use of fiducial markers. We use multiple cameras, separate orientation sensing, and scene graph integration to improve on similar previous systems. This hybrid tracker allows applications to operate within large indoor and outdoor environments with minimal scaling costs. Tracking is performed using GPS style world coordinates both indoors and outdoors, and has been integrated into our existing mobile 3D modelling applications.
Robust Video Restoration by Joint Sparse and Low Rank Matrix Approximation

This paper presents a new patch-based video restoration scheme. By grouping similar patches in the spatiotemporal domain, we formulate the video restoration problem as a joint sparse and low-rank matrix approximation problem. The resulting nuclear norm and $\ell_1$ norm related minimization problem can also be efficiently solved by many recently developed numerical methods. The effectiveness of the proposed video restoration scheme is illustrated on two applications: video denoising in the presence of random-valued noise, and video in-painting for archived films. The numerical experiments indicate that the proposed video restoration method compares favorably against many existing algorithms.
Self-reported Olfactory Imagery Ability is neither related to Odor Identification nor Episodic Recognition Performance

Participants claiming to be good at evoking vivid olfactory images are assumed to have better access to odor memory. It was hypothesized that this would be reflected in better odor naming and recognition task performance. Two extreme groups of participants high and low in self-reported olfactory imagery ability were exposed to familiar and unfamiliar odors in an incidental learning session. This was followed by an episodic odor recognition and odor naming task 20 minutes later. Imagery ability was unrelated to naming and recognition. This might indicate that if high imagers have a better access to odor memory, it is not due to a stronger link between language and odor memory or better incidental encoding.
Relationship between Corneal Thickness and Radius to Body Height.

PURPOSE To investigate the possible association between body stature (height) and corneal thickness and radius in younger-adult Caucasians, especially within the context of previously published literature. METHODS Body height and weight were measured in 109 healthy subjects, with an average age of 24 ± 6 years (mean ± SD). Subjects underwent an ophthalmic assessment including anterior segment imaging by Scheimpflug topography and specular microscopy. Central and peripheral corneal thickness and corneal radius were analyzed. The relationship between body stature and corneal parameters was assessed using simple and multiple regression analysis. Effect size was determined by generating regression and correlation coefficients. RESULTS Body height ranged from 1.54 to 1.86 m (mean ± SD 1.67 ± 0.08 m), central corneal thickness from 465 to 629 μm (554 ± 33 μm), whereas corneal radius measured between 7.16 and 8.49 mm (7.75 ± 0.24 mm). Body height was weakly associated with central corneal thickness and peripheral corneal thickness (r ≥ -0.180), and moderately with corneal radius (r = 0.351). Based on the regression equations, central corneal thickness decreases by 8 μm, whereas corneal radius increases by 0.11 mm for each 0.1-m difference in body height. No significant correlations were found for similar assessments using body weight or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Differences in corneal radius and corneal thickness can be linked to body stature. However, effect sizes were consistently small and no more than 13% of the variability in corneal curvature could be explained by variations in body stature.
A Study of the Effectiveness of Supplemental Educational Services for Title I Students in Baltimore City Public Schools

Abstract:The authors of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 anticipated that a majority of school districts or schools would not be able to attain state and national achievement standards without assistance. Consequently, the Act created a major tenet known as Supplemental Educational Services (SES) programs to improve the learning outcomes of students placed ‘at-risk and to hold public schools accountable for increasing the proficiency levels of students in reading and mathematics. This study examined whether provision of supplemental educational services significantly improved academic achievement of students in Baltimore City Public Schools after they received supplemental services. A quasi-experimental research design was utilized in this study to compare SES participants and non-participants.
Induced ribonucleic acids in cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus.

Summary RNA molecules labelled in BHK 21 cells following infection with vesicular stomatitis virus in the presence of Actinomycin D and 32PO4 were examined. A complex pattern was obtained when the RNA was centrifuged in sucrose gradients, at least five radioactive peaks being found. These had sedimentation coefficients in sucrose gradients in 0.1 m-sodium acetate, pH 5.0, of approx, 38 S, 28 S, 20 S, 12 S and less than 4 S. Two, 2, 12, 16 and 8% respectively of the radioactive RNA was resistant to ribonuclease 1 µg. /ml. Treatment of the unfractionated induced RNA with ribonuclease 1 µg. /ml. yielded a product which had a heterogeneous sedimentation profile (7 to 11 S) in sucrose gradients. Recentrifuging individual fractions of this peak in separate gradients confirmed that the ribonuclease-resistant RNA was heterogeneous. The ribonuclease-resistant RNA also gave a heterogeneous profile in caesium sulphate gradients, with a density range of 1.61 to 1.65 g. /ml. The induced RNA which sedimented most slowly in the sucrose gradients could be separated from the labelled cellular 4 S RNA by filtration through Sephadex G-75. The base composition of this RNA was significantly different from those of the faster sedimenting induced RNA molecules. Its association with vesicular stomatitis virus infection was confirmed by the failure to detect a similar slowly sedimenting RNA in uninfected cells or in cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.
A longitudinal study of vergence adaptation in incipient presbyopia

Background: To investigate vergence adaptation during the incipient phase of presbyopia, when the amplitude of accommodation approaches the level where the first reading addition is required. The study aimed to assess the ability of the vergence system to counteract changes in the component contributions to the overall vergence response with the decline in the amplitude of accommodation in presbyopia, although previous reports on the nature of changes in accommodative, tonic and proximal vergence are equivocal.
Towards a lazier symbolic pathfinder

To explore the state space of programs with complex user-defined data structures, most symbolic execution engines use the lazy initialization algorithm. Symbolic Pathfinder (SPF) is the symbolic execution engine for the Java PathFinder (JPF) model checker; SPF too contains an implementation of the lazy initialization algorithm. A number of extensions to the original lazy initialization algorithm have since been published. One such extension is the lazier# algorithm which demonstrated dramatic performance gains over the other algorithms. There is, however, no open-source implementation of the lazier# algorithm available. This work is an implementation of the the lazier# algorithm within the Symbolic PathFinder framework. In addition, this work describes the implementation of two heap bounding techniques in SPF, namely k-bounding and n-bounding. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the nature of the improvements, implementation details, usage and performance test results.
Learning in Description Logics with Fuzzy Concrete Domains

Description Logics (DLs) are a family of logic-based Knowledge Representation (KR) formalisms, which are particularly suitable for representing incomplete yet precise structured knowl- edge. Several fuzzy extensions of DLs have been proposed in the KR field in order to handle im- precise knowledge which is particularly pervading in those domains where entities could be better described in natural language. Among the many approaches to fuzzification in DLs, a simple yet interesting one involves the use of fuzzy concrete domains. In this paper, we present a method for learning within the KR framework of fuzzy DLs. The method induces fuzzy DL inclusion axioms from any crisp DL knowledge base. Notably, the induced axioms may contain fuzzy concepts au- tomatically generated from numerical concrete domains during the learning process. We discuss the results obtained on a popular learning problem in comparison with state-of-the-art DL learning algorithms, and on a test bed in order to evaluate the classification performance.
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Activation Responses Induced by Hippocampal Kindling Are Mediated by Reactive Astrocytes

Hippocampal kindling, a model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, is developed through repetitive stimulation of the hippocampus and leads to increased after-discharges as measured by EEG and an enduring seizure-prone state. Synthesis of new proteins is thought to form the basis for sustained seizure-induced physiological and/or pathological changes in synaptic reorganization and apoptotic/necrotic neuronal death. Here we examined the effect of kindling on stimulus-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 phosphorylation, events postulated to lie upstream of seizure-induced changes in gene transcription. We found that stimulus-induced phosphorylation of JNK, but not of p38, is significantly enhanced in kindled animals compared with their naive counterparts in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed this region-specific pattern of JNK activation and revealed that reactive astrocytes mediate this effect. Astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy, as well as upregulation of vimentin protein levels, common markers of astrogliosis, were present after 4 d of kindling. Moreover, this reactive astrogliosis was associated with neuronal death as visualized with Fluoro-jade B and anti-active caspase-3 staining. Stimulus-induced phosphorylation of the JNK substrate paxillin was enhanced in kindled animals, but not that of c-Jun. Moreover, a pan-antibody against MAPK/CDK (mitogen-activated protein kinases/cyclin-dependent kinase) substrates indicated the presence of phosphorylated proteins in cytosolic, membrane, and nuclear fractions. The consequence of these phosphorylation events is not completely understood, but these findings suggest a selective astrocytic signaling response to aberrant synaptic activity, signaling that may modulate kindling progression and/or neuronal death.
Youth, Intercultural Learning and Cultural Politics in Europe: Some Current Debates

Intercultural education has been central to the field of European youth work since at least the 1960s, and arguably it has been one of its most formative influences and projects. Currently the field of intercultural education is subject to intense debate concerning its relevance to young people in diverse, multicultural environments. This article examines some of the ways in which intercultural learning has become inflated and over-burdened, and relates this to a general culturalisation of political education and the problematics of ‘culture’ as an over-determining concept. The argument is developed theoretically and through a discussion of research stemming from intercultural education training courses. In conclusion the article suggests some ways in which intercultural education can be re-politicised and reinvented.
Learning about the mind from evidence: Children's development of intuitive

Where does our understanding of the mind come from? Different theoretical perspectives have different views on this question. Strong modularity and core knowledge theories (e.g. Leslie, 2005) propose that the essentials of our adult understanding of others are in place initially, and development involves relatively'<small changes in that knowledge around the edges. Strong "embodiment" and "resonance" theories (e.g. simulation and mirror-neuron based accounts of mindreading, such as Gordon, 1996 or Gallese & Goldman, 1998) also do not focus on developmental change and argue that our understanding of the mind is fundamentally not inductive. Rather than learning about the mind from evidence, both these views see our understanding as due to relatively automatic and specialized triggering or resonance processes. We "take on" the mental states of others or project our own experiences on to them-rather than inferring those states from evidence. In contrast, "theory-theory" accounts (Gopnik & Meltzoff, 1997; Gopnik & Wellman, 1994) propose that our understanding of the mind, at least in large part, involves learning abstract causal structures from evidence-hence, the analogy to theory change in science-involving inital hypotheses, tests, and conceptual revision. In the past, these claims were largely made on the basis of the naturally occurring changes in children's understanding of the mind over time. Moreover, it was unclear just what kinds oflearning mechanism would allow children to learn about a complex and invisible system like the mind so swiftly and effectively. In the past 10 years, however, this has begun to change. First, there are results from training studies with young children, which show that providing evidence can lead to changes in chil-dren's understanding of the mind. For example, Amsterlaw and Wellman (2006) and Slaughter and Gopnik (1996) both showed that three-and-a-half-year-olds who received evidence about beliefs shifted to a new understanding ofbeliefmore quickly than those who did not. Importantly, this extended not only to their performance on the classic false-belief task, but to their understanding of related concepts like the appearance/reality distinction and the sources of beliefs. Interestingly, children showed this effect most clearly when they were asked to explain, rather than just describe the evidence. Moreover, naturally occurring variations in the availability of evidence children receive can change the timing of their belief understanding. For example, deaf children of hearing parents have markedly delayed false-belief understanding (see Gopnik & Wellman, 2012, for a review). Even with these training effects, however, we might argue that …
Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species as a Potential Causative Factor in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

AbstractThe Helicobacter species in the gut microbiota comprise Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) and enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS), which can colonize the intestinal mucosa. However, it is unclear whether EHS are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to examine the association between EHS and IBD.PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, as well as abstracts from conference proceedings were searched to identify studies that used polymerase chain reaction to detect Helicobacter species in intestinal samples from patients with IBD.After screening, we carefully reviewed 20 of the 2955 identified studies, and performed a meta-analysis of the findings from 14 studies (11 adult studies and 3 pediatric studies) using STATA v12.0. These studies evaluated 1407 individuals, including 433 patients with Crohn's disease, 306 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 668 controls. The prevalence of Helicobacter species was higher among the patients with IBD, compared to that among the controls, which corresponded to a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.59 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–2.27). The RRs for adult and pediatric patients with IBD were 1.61 (95% CI: 1.03–2.52) and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.17–2.64), respectively. Compared to the controls, the patients with IBD tended to have a higher prevalence of EHS in the intestinal mucosa (RR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.36–2.98), although the prevalence of H pylori was not significantly higher (RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.77–1.95). Compared to the controls, the RRs for EHS in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis were 1.72 (95% CI: 1.20–2.47) and 3.27 (95% CI: 0.93–11.44), respectively.It appears that EHS was associated with IBD, while intestinal H pylori infection was not significantly associated with IBD. Further studies are needed to determine the involvement of EHS in the microbiological etiology of IBD.
Performance evaluation and comparison of Westwood+, New Reno, and Vegas TCP congestion control

TCP congestion control has been designed to ensure Internet stability along with fair and efficient allocation of the network bandwidth. During the last decade, many congestion control algorithms have been proposed to improve the classic Tahoe/Reno TCP congestion control. This paper aims at evaluating and comparing three control algorithms, which are Westwood+, New Reno and Vegas TCP, using both Ns-2 simulations and live Internet measurements. Simulation scenarios are carefully designed in order to investigate goodput, fairness and friendliness provided by each of the algorithms. Results show that Westwood+ TCP is friendly towards New Reno TCP and improves fairness in bandwidth allocation whereas Vegas TCP is fair but it is not able to grab its bandwidth share when coexisting with Reno or in the presence of reverse traffic because of its RTT-based congestion detection mechanism. Finally results show that Westwood+ remarkably improves utilization of wireless links that are affected by losses not due to congestion.
Social Contacts and Ecstasy Offers: Findings of a Population-Based Study

Abstract Ecstasy (MDMA) use is relatively common among young adults in many developed countries. However, little is known about how young non-users are first introduced to Ecstasy, including the relative contribution of peer networks and individual risk factors. We assess the role of social contact with Ecstasy-using peers in regard to young adults’ exposure to offers of Ecstasy, using data from the Natural History Study, a population-based study conducted in Australia. Population screening of young adults (19- to 23-year-olds) identified a sample of young Ecstasy users (N = 315) and a comparison group of Ecstasy-naïve participants (N = 199). Two outcomes are considered: being exposed to any Ecstasy offers and being exposed to > 3 offers. Extensive social contact with Ecstasy users was defined as knowing >10 Ecstasy users. Of the Ecstasy-naïve young adults, >40% had ever received Ecstasy offers. Extensive social contact with Ecstasy users independently predicted exposure to multiple (> 3) Ecstasy offers for Ecstasy-naïve young adults. These findings indicate that Ecstasy offers are widespread among users and non-users of Ecstasy. For non-users, exposure to Ecstasy offers occurs through social contact with drug-using peers independently of individual risk factors. The pervasiveness of Ecstasy offers suggests that universal education concerning Ecstasy use is required.
CTLA-4+CD8+ T Cells That Encounter B7-2+ Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells Express Their Own B7-2 to Achieve Global Suppression of T Cell Activation1

Pigment epithelial (PE) cells cultured from the eye possess the novel property of suppressing TCR-dependent activation of T cells in vitro. Iris PE (IPE) cells accomplish this suppression by a direct cell contact mechanism in which B7-2 expressed by the PE cells interacts with CTLA-4 on responding T cells. Because CTLA-4 expression is constitutively expressed on a very small proportion of naive splenic T cells and since exposure of splenic T cells to IPE leads to global T cell suppression, we have inquired into the mechanism by which suppression is achieved. Using splenic T cells and IPE from donor mice with disrupted genes for CD80 (B7-1), CD86 (B7-2), CTLA-4, and/or CD28, we report that B7-2+ IPE in the presence of anti-CD3 supported selectively the activation of CTLA-4+ CD8+ T cells that express their own B7-2 and secrete enhanced amounts of active TGFβ. By contrast, activation of CTLA-4-negative T cells, especially CD4+ cells, in these cultures was profoundly suppressed. Because global suppression of T cell activation in these cultures was obtained only when both IPE and T cells possessed B7-2 genes and expressed the costimulators as surface molecules, we propose that T cells activated in the presence of parenchymal cells from the eye (an immune privileged site) express B7-2 in a manner that equips them to suppress bystander T cells. Thus, B7-2 expression on T cells participates in their eventual ability to function as regulators in vitro.
Nitrate Toxicity

Stressful growing conditions often result in high concentrations of nitrates in plant tissue. When feeding animal forages containing toxic levels of nitrates, poor productivity or death may occur. This publication summarizes the effect that high nitrates have on the animal, presents the conditions to expect in toxic concentrations of nitrates, and outlines strategies that could prevent or reduce the risk of nitrate toxicity.
Protein Kinase Cδ Mediates Neurogenic but Not Mitogenic Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Neuronal Cells

ABSTRACT In several neuronal cell systems, fibroblast-derived growth factor (FGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) act as neurogenic agents, whereas epidermal growth factor (EGF) acts as a mitogen. The mechanisms responsible for these different cellular fates are unclear. We report here that although FGF, NGF, and EGF all activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (extracellular signal-related kinase [ERK]) in rat hippocampal (H19-7) and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, the activation of ERK by the neurogenic agents FGF and NGF is dependent upon protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), whereas ERK activation in response to the mitogenic EGF is independent of PKCδ. Antisense PKCδ oligonucleotides or the PKCδ-specific inhibitor rottlerin inhibited FGF- and NGF-induced, but not EGF-induced, ERK activation. In contrast, EGF-induced ERK activation was inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, which had no effect upon FGF-induced ERK activation. Rottlerin also inhibited the activation of MAP kinase kinase (MEK) in response to activated Raf, but had no effect upon c-Raf activity or ERK activation by activated MEK. These results indicate that PKCδ functions either downstream from or in parallel with c-Raf, but upstream of MEK. Inhibition of PKCδ also blocked neurite outgrowth induced by FGF and NGF in PC12 cells and by activated Raf in H19-7 cells, indicating a role for PKCδ in the neurogenic effects of FGF, NGF, and Raf. Interestingly, the PKCδ requirement is apparently cell type specific, since FGF-induced ERK activation was independent of PKCδ in NIH 3T3 murine fibroblasts, in which FGF is a mitogen. These data demonstrate that PKCδ contributes to growth factor specificity and response in neuronal cells and may also promote cell-type-specific differences in growth factor signaling.