Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A study on burnout syndrome in healthcare providers to people living with HIV

Abstract Dedicating physical and psychological care to other people is a tiring activity, not only because of the responsibility but also, more importantly, because of the emotional aspects involved in this relationship, which lead to stress and, if this stress continues, to burnout syndrome. Some authors report that the demands of caring for HIV-positive people are greater than those for other types of patients, increasing the chances of burnout. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of burnout in healthcare providers of HIV-positive patients in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Through the use of a questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), 87 people were evaluated. The averages for the MBI were 19.07 for emotional exhaustion (EE), 4.18 for depersonalisation (DE) and 39.60 for personal accomplishment (PA). There were 26.4% of people with high scores on EE, 17.2% presenting elevated DE and 10.5% showing diminished PA in their work. It was observed that the majority of the carers were in this occupation for a short period of time (74.7% for less than five years), while 42.5% spent up to 20 hours per week in the activity. Among the healthcare providers, 63.2% were volunteers. The variables ‘sex’ and ‘working time’ have showed themselves as significant predictors for DE as well as ‘age’ for PA. Taking these characteristics into account, it can be seen that it is necessary to give some special attention to this group of workers, in order to enable them to access preventive and/or interventional measures.
Characterization of prostate‐specific antigen binding peptides selected by phage display technology

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is an important marker for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. Free PSA has been shown to be more extensively cleaved in sera from benign prostatic hyperplasia patients than in sera from prostate cancer patients. Moreover, the presence of enzymatically activatable PSA was characterized previously in sera from patients with prostate cancer by the use of the specific anti‐free PSA monoclonal antibody (mAb) 5D3D11. As an attempt to obtain ligands for the specific recognition of different PSA forms including active PSA, phage‐displayed linear and cyclic peptide libraries were screened with PSA coated directly into microplate wells or presented by two different anti‐total PSA mAbs. Four different phage clones were selected for their ability to recognize PSA and the inserted peptides were produced as synthetic peptides. These peptides were found to capture and to detect specifically free PSA, even in complex biological media such as sera or tumour cell culture supernatants. Alanine scanning of peptide sequences showed the involvement of aromatic and hydrophobic residues in the interaction of the peptides with PSA whereas Spotscan analysis of overlapping peptides covering the PSA sequence identified a peptide binding to the kallikrein loop at residues 82–87, suggesting that the peptides could recognize a non‐clipped form of PSA. Moreover, the PSA‐specific peptides enhance the enzymatic activity of PSA immobilized into microplate wells whereas the capture of PSA by the peptides inhibited totally its enzymatic activity while the peptide binding to PSA had no effect in solution. These PSA‐specific peptides could be potential tools for the recognition of PSA forms more specifically associated to prostate cancer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vincristine modulates the expression of Ki67 and apoptosis in naturally occurring canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)

Abstract We investigated eight adult dogs that were brought to veterinary clinics with a history of transmissible venereal tumors (TVT). Our goal was to demonstrate the occurrence of apoptosis and the cessation of cell proliferation at every phase of scheduled chemotherapy for naturally occurring TVT. Tissue samples were collected immediately after weekly treatments with vincristine sulfate and processed for histological purposes. Sections 5 μm thick were stained by the TUNEL reaction for apoptosis and immunostained for Ki67 as a proliferation marker. We observed that after vincristine applications, tumor cell proliferation ceased and apoptosis increased. Ki67 HSCORE values were significantly lowered after the first and second treatments with the chemotherapeutic agent compared to controls, whereas TUNEL HSCORE values were significantly higher after two applications of vincristine compared to controls. Our results suggest that scheduled vincristine sulfate applications stabilize the induction of tumor regression by inducing apoptosis and preventing cell proliferation.
A structural model of knowledge management across borders

Knowledge has been cited as the most important strategic asset for managing innovation in the hyper-competitive environment of the 21st century. However, the sharing and creation of knowledge at the organizational level is a difficult process that will not proceed without incentives and conscious efforts by management. The complexity of knowledge management is further compounded by the influence of a wide variety of factors such as leadership, ba, organizational culture, organizational characteristics and individual work styles. Based on a large dataset gathered from a questionnaire survey of a multi-national Japanese pharmaceutical company and its subsidiary in the United States, we compare how the aforementioned organizational factors influence the processes of knowledge management, expressed through the SECI model of socialization, externalization, combination and internalization. Results of a structural equation modeling path analysis show that although part of the same corporate group with similar goals, the two companies' knowledge management programs were affected by very different organizational factors. This implies that knowledge management activities need to be tailored to the organizational idiosyncrasies of each local office, without betraying the global vision of a corporation.
A disease‐specific enteral nutrition formula improves nutritional status and functional performance in patients with head and neck and esophageal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy: Results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial

In patients with head and neck and esophageal tumors, nutritional status may deteriorate during concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of enteral nutrition enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on body composition and nutritional and functional status.
Assessment of Digenean Parasitism in Nassarius reticulatus (L.) along the Portuguese Coast: Evaluation of Possible Impacts on Reproduction and Imposex Expression

Abstract A survey was performed between June and September 2006 along the Portuguese coast to assess the prevalence of digenean parasitism in the netted whelk Nassarius reticulatus, a bioindicator of tributyltin (TBT) pollution. It was also intended to evaluate the effect of parasites on the reproduction of this gastropod species and their interference on the development of imposex (the superimposition of male characters onto prosobranch females) and male penis, based on field data. Five digenean species (Lepocreadium album, Gynaecotyla longiintestinata, Himasthla quissetensis, Diphtherostomum brusinae, and Cardiocephalus longicollis), plus 1 unidentified species, were found to infect N. reticulatus. Parasitism was spread along the Portuguese coast, but the higher values of prevalence were found in sheltered inshore areas where up to 67.4% of the animals were affected per sampling station. Parasitism has a castrating impact on the whelks and a reducing effect on male penis size, which causes serious disorders in the reproduction of N. reticulatus and may have an important impact in its population dynamics. However, no relationship between imposex severity and parasite infestation was found.
A Longitudinal Examination of Regulatory Focus Theory's Application to Adolescent Psychopathology

A Longitudinal Examination of Regulatory Focus Theory’s Application to Adolescent Psychopathology by Megan McCrudden Klenk Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Timothy Strauman, Supervisor ___________________________ Philip Costanzo ___________________________ John Curry ___________________________ Marilyn Essex An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Megan McCrudden Klenk 2011 iv Abstract Higgins’ regulatory focus theory (1997) postulates two cognitive/motivational systems for pursuing desired end states: the promotion and prevention systems. The theory predicts that failure in each system is discriminantly associated with dysphoric and anxious affect respectively; and that significant failure in these systems creates vulnerability to depression and anxiety. This study tested these hypotheses among adolescents who took part in the longitudinal Wisconsin Study of Families and Work. We found partial support for the theory’s predictions. Specifically, the original adult Selves Questionnaire (SQ), which was administered at age 13, did not demonstrate the expected discriminant associations with dysphoric and anxious affect and symptoms. However, the Selves Questionnaire – Adolescent Version, which was administered at age 15, yielded partial support for the theory. Ideal self-discrepancy was discriminantly associated with depressive affect but ought self-discrepancy was not discriminantly associated with anxious affect. However, feared self-discrepancy was discriminantly associated with anxious affect, which adds to the literature suggesting that feared selfdiscrepancy might be a better construct to use in measuring prevention failure among adolescents. The association between self-discrepancy and affect was found crosssectionally but not longitudinally. The study also tested recently formulated predictions of regulatory focus theory which state that significant failure in one regulatory system is likely to negatively impact the other system (Klenk, Strauman, & Higgins, 2011). No
Tropical respiratory medicine. 1. Pulmonary infections in the tropics: impact of HIV infection.

Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is so common in tropical areas that the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates more than 75% of the 8-10 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) annually occur therein. Infection with HIV is also common in the tropics; the WHO estimated in 1992 that 9-11 million adults were infected with HIV, mostly in developing countries. This tropical overlap of HIV infection and pulmonary pathogens makes pulmonary infections a common manifestation of HIV infection, especially TB and bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia accounts for at least 25% of medical admissions to one of East Africa's largest hospitals and recent cohort and case-control studies have shown increased rates of disease among HIV-infected individuals. Of all the pulmonary infections encountered in the tropics, however, M. tuberculosis is one of the most significant pathogens. Data from sub-Saharan Africa and Haiti have shown that 17-66% of TB cases are seropositive for HIV-1. Moreover, 50% of seropositive patients presenting with pulmonary symptoms have TB. This review, however, focuses upon non-tuberculosis pathogens affecting HIV-infected patients in tropical and developing countries. Pneumococcus, nocardiosis, and melioidosis are discussed under bacterial pneumonia and are followed by cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, and penicillium marneffei under fungal pneumonia. Other sections explore pneumocystis pneumonia, parasitic pneumonia (strongyloidiasis), pleural effusions, and the evaluation of HIV-infected patients with pulmonary disease.
Effects of exogenous xylanase on performance, nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acid production and digestive tract thermal profiles of broilers fed on wheat- or maize-based diet

Abstract 1. A previous experiment reported that caecal temperature was negatively correlated with d 49 feed conversion ratio (FCR). This increased temperature in the caeca may indicate a prebiotic effect. An experiment was designed to investigate whether caecal temperature was affected in diets based on maize and whether other portions of the tract were affected. 2. A total of 25 Ross 308-d-old male broilers were allocated to each of 8 replicate pens per treatment. Treatments followed a 2 × 3 factorial design: two diets based on wheat or maize and three levels of enzyme addition, 0, 16 000 or 32 000 BXU/kg. Growth performance was assessed between d 1 and 49. Digestibility measurements were taken at d 28 and 49. On d 49, the excised small and large intestine of each bird was thermally imaged, weighed and volatile fatty acids (VFA) measured. 3. On d 28 and d 49, birds on the maize diets had higher feed intake and weight gain than those offered wheat diets. Additionally, on d 28, birds that received the maize diet had lower FCR than those offered the wheat diet. Enzyme improved FCR at d 49, independently of cereal. On d 28, enzyme improved the coefficient of apparent ileal DM digestibility and the coefficient of apparent ileal nitrogen digestibility. Enzyme only improved apparent ileal digestible energy in wheat-based diets (interactive term). On d 49, all digestibility parameters were improved by enzyme. Enzyme increased gizzard weight in maize-fed birds and the caeca of those fed wheat were heavier. The higher enzyme dose decreased duodenal temperature. In summary of VFA data, wheat-based diets produced more total VFAs and the total amount also increased with enzyme. 4. It appears from this study that there is equal potential in both wheat and maize diets for xylanase to improve performance of broilers probably through different mechanisms.
Cortico-Cortical, Cortico-Striatal, and Cortico-Thalamic White Matter Fiber Tracts Generated in the Macaque Brain via Dynamic Programming

Probabilistic methods have the potential to generate multiple and complex white matter fiber tracts in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Here, a method based on dynamic programming (DP) is introduced to reconstruct fibers pathways whose complex anatomical structures cannot be resolved beyond the resolution of standard DTI data. DP is based on optimizing a sequentially additive cost function derived from a Gaussian diffusion model whose covariance is defined by the diffusion tensor. DP is used to determine the optimal path between initial and terminal nodes by efficiently searching over all paths, connecting the nodes, and choosing the path in which the total probability is maximized. An ex vivo high-resolution scan of a macaque hemi-brain is used to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of DP. DP can generate fiber bundles between distant cortical areas (superior longitudinal fasciculi, arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, and fronto-occipital fasciculus), neighboring cortical areas (dorsal and ventral banks of the principal sulcus), as well as cortical projections to the hippocampal formation (cingulum bundle), neostriatum (motor cortical projections to the putamen), thalamus (subcortical bundle), and hippocampal formation projections to the mammillary bodies via the fornix. Validation is established either by comparison with in vivo intracellular transport of horseradish peroxidase in another macaque monkey or by comparison with atlases. DP is able to generate known pathways, including crossing and kissing tracts. Thus, DP has the potential to enhance neuroimaging studies of cortical connectivity.
On the Prediction of Optical Aberrations by Personalized Eye Models

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to develop and analyze a method to obtain optical schematic models of individual eyes. Each model should be able to reproduce the measured monochromatic wave aberration with high fidelity. Methods. First, we choose a generic eye model as the input guess and then apply a two-stage customization procedure. Stage 1 consists of replacing, in the initial generic model, those anatomic and optical parameters with experimental data measured on the eye under analysis. The set of experimental data was that provided by a standard clinical preoperative examination, namely lens topography, ultrasound biometry, and total wave aberration. Then, the second stage is to find the unknown lens structure that would reproduce the measured wave aberration through optical optimization. Two totally different initial eye models have been compared; one considers a simpler constant refractive index for the lens, whereas the second model has a gradient-index (GRIN) lens. Results. This automatic customization method has been applied to 19 eyes with different degrees of spherical ametropia (from +0.4 D to -8 D). Two models have been obtained for each eye (constant and gradient index lens). The results were highly satisfactory, with 100% convergence, and with average RMS prediction errors approximately &lgr;/100. This is one order of magnitude lower than typical measurement errors. The models with a constant refractive index lens tended to overestimate surface curvatures, whereas for the GRIN model, lens surfaces were too flat. Conclusions. The proposed method is highly efficient and robust giving a high-fidelity reproduction of the wavefront in all cases attempted so far. Limitations found in reproducing the geometry of the lens seem to be associated with the use of inaccurate models of its refractive index.
Short communication: High prevalence of transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance among newly HIV type 1 diagnosed adults in Mombasa, Kenya.

Abstract In view of the recent antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up in Kenya, surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR) is important. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among newly HIV-1 diagnosed, antiretroviral-naive adults in Mombasa, Kenya. Surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) were identified according to the 2009 WHO list. HIV-1 subtypes were determined using REGA and SCUEAL subtyping tools. Genotypic test results were obtained for 68 of 81 participants, and SDRMs were identified in 9 samples. Resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (K103N) occurred in five participants, yielding a TDR prevalence of 7.4% (95% confidence interval 2.4-16.3%). Frequencies of HIV-1 subtypes were A (70.6%), C (5.9%), D (2.9%), and unique recombinant forms (20.6%). The TDR prevalence found in this survey is higher than previously reported in different regions in Kenya. These findings justify increased vigilance with respect to TDR surveillance in African regions where ART programs are scaled-up in order to inform treatment guidelines.
Perceptions of sex education for young people in Lesotho

This study aimed to identify the views of young people, parents and teachers concerning sex education in Lesotho. It was conducted at a time when the national government was considering the introduction of Population and Family Life Education, which includes sex education, into the national school curriculum. Forty‐six focus group discussions were held with young people (10), parents (30) and teachers (6) to identify current sources of sex education and views of the proposed introduction of school‐based sex education in Lesotho. Findings show the limited and problematic sources of sex education for adolescents in Lesotho. They also highlight broad support for the introduction of sex education in the national school curriculum among young people, parents and teachers. Of key importance for the development of a sex education curriculum is the balance between providing young people with information and developing their skills in sexual empowerment and negotiating sexual pressure. The use of pupil‐centred interactive pedagogies was seen as essential. Teachers, however, highlighted the need for training in the delivery of sex education, which includes instruction on course materials, teaching methodologies and developing sensitivity to teaching sexual issues to young people.
Screening for Alzheimer's Disease: The Memory Impairment Screen Versus the Conventional Three‐Word Memory Test

OBJECTIVES: To improve screening for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with the Memory Impairment Screen (MIS), a 4‐minute, four‐item delayed free and cued recall memory test with controlled learning and high discriminative validity. To assess the discriminative validity of the MIS for AD and to compare it with the conventional three‐word memory test, a delayed free recall task, widely recommended as a dementia‐screening test in clinical practice.
Investigating Neuroanatomical Features in Top Athletes at the Single Subject Level

In sport events like Olympic Games or World Championships competitive athletes keep pushing the boundaries of human performance. Compared to team sports, high achievements in many athletic disciplines depend solely on the individual’s performance. Contrasting previous research looking for expertise-related differences in brain anatomy at the group level, we aim to demonstrate changes in individual top athlete’s brain, which would be averaged out in a group analysis. We compared structural magnetic resonance images (MRI) of three professional track-and-field athletes to age-, gender- and education-matched control subjects. To determine brain features specific to these top athletes, we tested for significant deviations in structural grey matter density between each of the three top athletes and a carefully matched control sample. While total brain volumes were comparable between athletes and controls, we show regional grey matter differences in striatum and thalamus. The demonstrated brain anatomy patterns remained stable and were detected after 2 years with Olympic Games in between. We also found differences in the fusiform gyrus in two top long jumpers. We interpret our findings in reward-related areas as correlates of top athletes’ persistency to reach top-level skill performance over years.
Minimizing average latency in oblivious routing

We consider the problem of minimizing average latency cost while obliviously routing traffic in a network with linear latency functions. This is roughly equivalent to minimizing the function Σe(load(e))2, where for a network link e, load(e) denotes the amount of traffic that has to be forwarded by the link. We show that for the case when all routing requests are directed to a single target, there is a routing scheme with competitive ratio O(log n, where n denotes the number of nodes in the network. As a lower bound we show that no oblivious scheme can obtain a competitive ratio of better than Ω(√log n). This latter result gives a qualitative difference in the performance that can be achieved by oblivious algorithms and by adaptive online algorithms, respectively, since there exist a constant competitive online routing algorithm for the cost-measure of average latency [2]. Such a qualitative difference (in general undirected networks) between the performance of online algorithms and oblivious algorithms was not known for other cost measures (e.g. edge-congestion).