Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generating Simple Bricks and Braces

The bicontraction of a vertex of degree two in a graph consists of contracting both the edges incident with that vertex. The retract of a graph is the graph obtained from it by bicontracting all its vertices of degree two. An edge e of a brick G is thin if the retract of G− e is a brick, and is strictly thin if that retract is a simple brick. Thin and strictly thin edges in braces on six or more vertices are similarly defined. We showed in [3] that every brick distinct from K4, C6 and the Petersen graph has a thin edge. In Section 2, we shall show that every brace has a thin edge. McCuaig [7] showed that every brace, which is not a biwheel or a prism or a Möbius ladder, has a strictly thin edge. Analogously, Norine and Thomas [8] showed that every brick, which is different from the Petersen graph and is not in any one of five well-defined infinite families of graphs, has a strictly thin edge. These theorems yield procedures for generating simple braces and bricks, respectively. In Sections 4 and 5, we shall show that the results of McCuaig [7] on braces, and of Norine and Thomas [8] on bricks, may be deduced fairly easily from ours mentioned above. The proofs of these results are so remarkably similar that we are able to present them simultaneously.
Numerical simulations of compressively driven interstellar turbulence. I. Isothermal gas

Context. Supersonic turbulence is ubiquitous in the interstellar me dium and plays an important role in contemporary star formation. Aims. To perform a high-resolution numerical simulation of supersonic isothermal turbulence driven by compressive large-scale forcing and to analyse various statistical properties. Methods. The compressible Euler equations with an external stochastic force field dominated by rotation-free modes are solved wi th the piecewise parabolic method. Both a static grid and adaptive mesh refinement is used with an effective resolution N = 768 3 . Results. After a transient phase dominated by shocks, turbulence evolves into a steady state with root mean square Mach number ≈ 2.2. 2.5, in which cloud-like structures of over-dense gas are surr ounded by highly rarefied gas. The index of the turbulence ene rgy spectrum functionβ≈ 2.0 in the shock-dominated phase. As the flow approaches statis tical equilibrium, the spectrum flattens, with β≈ 1.9. For the scaling exponent of the root mean square velocity fl uctuation, we obtainγ≈ 0.43 from the velocity structure functions of second order. These results are well within the range of observed scaling properties for the velocity dispersion in molecular clouds. Calculating structure functions of order p = 1,. , 5, we find for all scaling exponents significant deviations from the Kolmogor ovBurgers model proposed by Boldyrev. Our results are very well described by a general log-Poisson model with a higher degree of intermittency, which implies an influence of the forcing on t he scaling properties. The spectral index of the quadratic l ogarithmic density fluctuation βδ≈ 1.8. Contrary to previous numerical results for isothermal turbulence, we obtain a skewed probability density function of the mass density fluctuations that is not consist ent with log-normal statistics and entails a substantially higher fraction of mass in the density peaks than implied by the Padoan-Nordlund relation between the variance of the density fluctuation s and the Mach number. Conclusions. Even putting aside further complexity due to magnetic fields , gravity or thermal processes, we question the notion that Larson-type relations are a consequence of universal supersonic turbulence scaling. For a genuine understanding, it seems necessary to account for the production mechanism of turbulence in the ISM.
Brain growth and the cognitive map.

Does the human brain actually grow or shrink to reflect the cognitive demands of the environment? The paper by Maguire et al. (1) claims exactly this. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging and sophisticated image analysis techniques, the investigators demonstrated enlarged posterior hippocampal gray matter volume in London taxi drivers, a group required to undergo extensive navigational training to maintain their licenses. At first blush, it might seem that their approach is simply a high-tech reincarnation of the failed methods used by the phrenologists (Fig. 1) of the late 18th century. Although this chapter in the history of scientific thought often is ridiculed, the basic approach of correlating behavioral skills (or deficits) with the size of different brain areas still is very much used today. An extreme case is the recent attribution of Albert Einstein's genius to his relatively large parietal cortex (2).
Parameter selection in keyboard-based dialog boxes

Recent keyboard-based alternatives to WIMP interfaces do not have good support for commands that require multiple parameters. We remedy this by extending a previous design and mimicking dialog boxes to provide good visual feedback while still keeping the advantages of keyboard input. A laboratory study showed the new technique to be competitive with dialog boxes on speed and error rate, but strongly preferred over dialog boxes by experienced command line users. This is a marked improvement over the previous design, which was also preferred by the target user group but did not compete with dialog boxes in terms of performance.
Research Note - The Influences of Online Service Technologies and Task Complexity on Efficiency and Personalization

Online retailers are increasingly providing service technologies, such as technology-based and human-based services, to assist customers with their shopping. Despite the prevalence of these service technologies and the scholarly recognition of their importance, surprisingly little empirical research has examined the fundamental differences among them. Consequently, little is known about the factors that may favor the use of one type of service technology over another. In this paper, we propose the Model of Online Service Technologies MOST to theorize that the capacity of a service provider to accommodate the variability of customer inputs into the service process is the key difference among various types of service technologies. We posit two types of input variability: Service Provider-Elicited Variability SPEV, where variability is determined in advance by the service provider; and User-Initiated Variability UIV, where customers determine variability in the service process. We also theorize about the role of task complexity in changing the effectiveness of service technologies. We then empirically investigate the impact of service technologies that possess different capacities to accommodate input variability on efficiency and personalization, the two competing goals of service adoption. Our empirical approach attempts to capture both the perspective of the vendor who may deploy such technologies, as well as the perspective of customers who might choose among service technology alternatives. Our findings reveal that SPEV technologies i.e., technologies that can accommodate SPEV are more efficient, but less personalized, than SPEUIV technologies i.e., technologies that can accommodate both SPEV and UIV. However, when task complexity is high vs. low, the superior efficiency of SPEV technologies is less prominent, while both SPEV and SPEUIV technologies have higher personalization. We also find that when given a choice, a majority of customers tend to choose to use both types of technologies. The results of this study further our understanding of the differences in efficiency and personalization experienced by customers when using various types of online service technologies. The results also inform practitioners when and how to implement these technologies in the online shopping environment to improve efficiency and personalization for customers.
Motivational Control of Instrumental Performance: The Role of Prior Experience of The Reinforcer

In four experiments we investigated the conditions that are necessary for instrumental performance to adjust appropriately to a change in drive state. Rats were trained to press a lever and pull a chain concurrently, with one action being reinforced by sucrose solution and the other by food pellets. In Experiment 1 for animals that were hungry throughout training the rate of lever pressing in an extinction test under thirst was unaffected by the type of reinforcer produced by this action during training, even though the sucrose solution would maintain a higher rate than the food pellets during training under thirst. In contrast, animals that experienced the instrumental contingencies arranged by the concurrent schedule while thirsty at some point during training pressed the lever more during the extinction test under thirst when this action had been reinforced with the sucrose solution rather than the food pellets. The remaining three experiments demonstrated that for this incentive effect to occur it is sufficient that the sucrose solution be delivered non-contingently under thirst at some stage of training. Thus, it would appear that performance mediated by an instrumental contingency adjusts appropriately to reinforcer revaluation brought about by a drive shift only if the animals have had prior experience with the incentive under the test drive state. This observation was interpreted in terms of Tolman's “cathexis” theory of motivation.
The effect of two grading systems on the performance of medical students during oral examinations.

INTRODUCTION Either a pass/fail approach or a seven-point grading scale are used to evaluate students at the Danish universities. The aim of this study was to explore any effect of the assessment methods on student performances during oral exams. METHODS In a prospective study including 1,037 examinations in three medical subjects, we investigated the difference in the test scores between the spring- and autumn semester. In the spring semester, the students could either pass or fail the subject (pass/fail) while in the following autumn semester, the students were assessed by tiered grading (seven-point grading scale). Unknown to the students, the examiners assessed the students by the seven-point grading scale also in the spring semester. Students at the international classes who were officially assessed by the seven-point grading scale during both semesters served as control group. RESULTS The grading scores were significantly higher among students who were aware of being evaluated with the seven-point grading scores compared with the pass/fail group (p < 0.0001). In comparison, no significant difference between the exam results was observed from the spring- to the autumn semester for the control group (p = 0.45). Moreover, the average mark was higher among the international students (mean = 10.3, on the seven-point grading scale) than in the Danish speaking classes (mean = 9.1). CONCLUSION The seven-point grading scale seems to motivate students to yield a better performance; hence tiered-grading should probably be preferred to a simple pass/fail approach. FUNDING none. TRIAL REGISTRATION not relevant.
LMNA‐associated cardiocutaneous progeria: An inherited autosomal dominant premature aging syndrome with late onset

Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disorder caused by mutations in LMNA, which encodes the nuclear scaffold proteins lamin A and C. In HGPS and related progerias, processing of prelamin A is blocked at a critical step mediated by the zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24. LMNA‐linked progerias can be grouped into two classes: (1) the processing‐deficient, early onset “typical” progerias (e.g., HGPS), and (2) the processing‐proficient “atypical” progeria syndromes (APS) that are later in onset. Here we describe a previously unrecognized progeria syndrome with prominent cutaneous and cardiovascular manifestations belonging to the second class. We suggest the name LMNA‐associated cardiocutaneous progeria syndrome (LCPS) for this disorder. Affected patients are normal at birth but undergo progressive cutaneous changes in childhood and die in middle age of cardiovascular complications, including accelerated atherosclerosis, calcific valve disease, and cardiomyopathy. In addition, the proband demonstrated cancer susceptibility, a phenotype rarely described for LMNA‐based progeria disorders. The LMNA mutation that caused LCPS in this family is a heterozygous c.899A>G (p.D300G) mutation predicted to alter the coiled–coil domain of lamin A/C. In skin fibroblasts isolated from the proband, the processing and levels of lamin A and C are normal. However, nuclear morphology is aberrant and rescued by treatment with farnesyltransferase inhibitors, as is also the case for HGPS and other laminopathies. Our findings advance knowledge of human LMNA progeria syndromes, and raise the possibility that typical and atypical progerias may converge upon a common mechanism to cause premature aging disease. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Keep calm and age well : behavioural and electrophysiological investigations into the effects of cumulative stress exposure on ageing cognition

The research presented in this thesis comprises a body of work dedicated to continuing and enriching past exploration into the impact cumulative life stress exerts on ageing cognition. In order to extend previous work into this topic, behavioural measures were paired with electroencephalographic recordings of the cortical oscillatory activity thought to underlie cognitive operations. In a theoretical sense, work presented in this thesis strengthens past investigations highlighting the adverse effects of life stress on elderly peoples’ working memory abilities by replicating the effect under conditions of increased experimental rigour. It further provides evidence that the detrimental effects of cumulative stress extend to the domains of executive control and spatial memory. Electrophysiological findings obtained during task execution and at rest indicate pronounced changes in the oscillatory activity of aged high stress individuals’ delta, theta, alpha and gamma bands and are thus the first to demonstrate that cumulative stress affects the underlying neural processes related to successful task execution. As such, from a methodological standpoint, the current research strongly advocates the use of neuroscientific tools such as the electroencephalogram to gain an increased understanding of the mechanisms by which increased stress exposure evokes progressive cognitive decline in old age. Combined, the work presented in this thesis demonstrates the negative consequences of leading a highly stressful life for the integrity of multiple cognitive functions in old age and is the first to provide an indication of how cumulative stress affects both cortical and (indirectly) subcortical regions of the brain necessary for successful cognitive functioning.
Emotional gait: Effects on humans' perception of humanoid robots

Humanoid robots have this formidable advantage to possess a body quite similar in shape to humans. This body grants them, obviously, locomotion but also a medium to express emotions without even needing a face. In this paper we propose to study the effects of emotional gaits from our biped humanoid robot on the subjects' perception of the robot (recognition rate of the emotions, reaction time, anthropomorphism, safety, likeness, etc.). We made the robot walk towards the subjects with different emotional gait patterns. We assessed positive (Happy) and negative (Sad) emotional gait patterns on 26 subjects divided in two groups (whether they were familiar with robots or not). We found that even though the recognition of the different types of patterns does not differ between groups, the reaction time does. We found that emotional gait patterns affect the perception of the robot. The implications of the current results for Human Robot Interaction (HRI) are discussed.
Hodgkin's disease diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of a periduodenal lymph node

Hodgkin's disease rarely presents as obstructive jaundice. We report a case of Hodgkin's disease arising in periduodenal lymph nodes, presenting with biliary obstruction, definitively diagnosed on cytologic material obtained by endosonographically-guided real-time fine needle aspiration biopsy and confirmed at laparotomy. The medical literature pertaining to the use of endosonography and fine needle aspiration biopsy for pancreatic lesions and abdominal lymphoma is reviewed. Currently available data support the use of fine needle aspiration biopsy in establishing the diagnosis of lymphoma. This case highlights the utility of endoscopic ultrasonography with endosonographically guided real-time fine needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosing and managing patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction or suspected abdominal lymphoma. Pairing endosonographically guided real-time fine needle aspiration biopsy with on-site cytologic assessment and immediate specimen triage can lead to definitive diagnosis of abdominal lymphoma, avoiding surgical intervention in many cases.
The impact of immigration under the defined-benefit pension system

This paper investigates whether or not the admission of unskilled immigrants, whose children incur assimilation costs in order to become skilled workers, has a positive impact on the net benefits for native residents and immigrants under a defined-benefit pension system (DB system). The results under the DB system are compared with those under the DC system, showing that the number of immigrants under the DB system to render the net benefits for the native residents positive is higher than that under the DC system.
Failure of anterior cingulate activation and connectivity with the amygdala during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety disorder.

OBJECTIVE Clinical data suggest that abnormalities in the regulation of emotional processing contribute to the pathophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder, yet these abnormalities remain poorly understood at the neurobiological level. The authors recently reported that in healthy volunteers the pregenual anterior cingulate regulates emotional conflict on a trial-by-trial basis by dampening activity in the amygdala. The authors also showed that this process is specific to the regulation of emotional, compared to nonemotional, conflict. Here the authors examined whether this form of noninstructed emotion regulation is perturbed in generalized anxiety disorder. METHOD Seventeen patients with generalized anxiety disorder and 24 healthy comparison subjects underwent functional MRI while performing an emotional conflict task that involved categorizing facial affect while ignoring overlaid affect label words. Behavioral and neural measures were used to compare trial-by-trial changes in conflict regulation. RESULTS Comparison subjects effectively regulated emotional conflict from trial to trial, even though they were unaware of having done so. By contrast, patients with generalized anxiety disorder were completely unable to regulate emotional conflict and failed to engage the pregenual anterior cingulate in ways that would dampen amygdalar activity. Moreover, performance and brain activation were correlated with symptoms and could be used to accurately classify the two groups. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that patients with generalized anxiety disorder show significant deficits in the noninstructed and spontaneous regulation of emotional processing. Conceptualization of anxiety as importantly involving abnormalities in emotion regulation, particularly a type occurring outside of awareness, may open up avenues for novel treatments, such as by targeting the medial prefrontal cortex.
Relation between Bid-Ask Spread, Impact and Volatility in Double Auction Markets

We show that the cost of market orders and the profit of infinitesimal market-making or -taking strategies can be expressed in terms of directly observable quantities, namely the spread and the lag-dependent impact function. Imposing that any market taking or liquidity providing strategies is at best marginally profitable, we obtain a linear relation between the bid-ask spread and the instantaneous impact of market orders, in good agreement with our empirical observations on electronic markets. We then use this relation to justify a strong, and hitherto unnoticed, empirical correlation between the spread and the volatility_per trade_, with R^2s exceeding 0.9. This correlation suggests both that the main determinant of the bid-ask spread is adverse selection, and that most of the volatilitycomes from trade impact. We argue that the role of the time-horizon appearing in the definition of costs is crucial and that long-range correlations in the order flow, overlooked in previous studies, must be carefully factored in. We find that the spread is significantly larger on the nyse, a liquid market with specialists, where monopoly rents appear to be present.
Comparison of an Automated Ribotyping System to Restriction Endonuclease Analysis and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Differentiating Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolates

ABSTRACT The RiboPrinter Microbial Characterization System was compared with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), and epidemiological data for typing 45 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) isolates. In 21 clinically related isolates, 90 to 100% were similar by PFGE and REA, but only 57% were similar by the RiboPrinter. In another eight clinically related isolates, three isolates similar by PFGE and REA were all unique by the RiboPrinter. In contrast, in 16 clinically unrelated isolates, the predominant RiboPrinter ribotype represented 50% of the strains, while the largest PFGE and REA clones represented less than 19% of the strains. These data suggest that the RiboPrinter is not reliable for VRE investigation.
Patient safety incidents reported by Finnish dentists; results from an internet-based survey

Abstract Background. Few data are available on dental patient safety (PS), as most PS studies have focused on other activities in health care. Objective. To detect types and causes of dental PS incidents (PSIs), including adverse events (AEs) and near misses (NMs), in Finnish dental care. Material and methods. Altogether 1041 privately or publicly employed dentists in southern Finland completed a structured questionnaire using an internet-based system (Webropol) in 2010. Results. Nearly one third of the dentists reported some PSI in the previous 12 months. Of the 872 reported events, 53% were classified as AEs, 45% as NMs and 2% remained unclassified. Nearly half of the PSIs had occurred during some form of dental treatment. One third of the AEs were related to dental equipment, devices and supplies. Most of the reported AEs resulted in little or no permanent harm to patients. However, 13% of AEs were considered as serious enough to potentially cause severe harm or did in fact cause permanent harm. Conclusions. Reported dental PSIs in Finland are in many respects similar to those reported in other countries. Compared to all annual dental visits in Finland, severe dental AEs seem to be relatively rare. Less severe AEs and NMs are not uncommon, especially in dental surgery, endodontic and restorative treatment. The results of this retrospective study, however, reveal more about incident types than their true prevalence and that further studies on dental PS are needed.