Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Muscle insulin resistance: A case of fat overconsumption, not mitochondrial dysfunction

Insulin resistance—an impairment in the ability of insulin to appropriately regulate glucose and lipid metabolism—is an early and key defect associated with weight gain (obesity), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and other disorders of metabolism. The etiology of insulin resistance is still not completely understood, but it is now clear that a strong association exists between insulin resistance and excess lipid accumulation in nonadipose tissues, particularly muscle and liver. Whether muscle cytosolic lipid accumulation causes insulin resistance still requires definitive proof, but highly plausible mechanisms have been elucidated supporting this possibility. These mechanisms involve links between metabolically active cytosolic lipid intermediates, such as diacylglycerols and ceramides, and specific steps in insulin signaling (1) (see blue shaded box in Fig. 1). Certainly we know that excess dietary fat intake in animals over the course of several weeks (or acute pharmacological elevation of circulating fatty acids over several hours) can cause muscle insulin resistance and that both conditions are accompanied by cytosolic lipid accumulation. Tissue accumulation of lipids could occur as a result of increased fatty acid uptake, a decreased rate of fatty acid utilization, or a combination of both. Accordingly, there has been considerable interest in recent reports that have used a variety of techniques (e.g., gene expression, 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, histological analyses) to indicate that insulin-resistant, obese, or T2D subjects have a reduced mitochondrial content and/or impaired mitochondrial function (2, 3). The conclusion from many of these studies is that mitochondrial dysfunction could be a major factor contributing to muscle lipid accumulation and insulin resistance. However, an important study by Hancock et al. (4) in this issue of PNAS shows that insulin resistance can develop in animals in response to the feeding of high-fat diets, despite a significant increase in mitochondrial content.
Two-, Three-, and Four-Factor PCL-R Models in Applied Sex Offender Risk Assessments

The authors compared 2-, 3-, 4-factor, and 2-factor/4-facet Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) models in a previously unpublished sample of 1,566 adult male sex offenders assessed under applied clinical conditions as part of a comprehensive state-mandated community notification risk assessment procedure. “Testlets” significantly improved the performance of all models. The 3-factor model provided the best fit to the current data, followed by the 2-factor/4-facet model. The 2-factor model was not supported.
Benchmarking Australian and New Zealand university meta-policy in an increasingly regulated tertiary environment

The agencies responsible for tertiary education quality assurance in Australia and New Zealand have established regulatory regimes that increasingly intersect with tertiary institution policy management. An examination of university meta-policies identified good practices guiding university policy and policy management. Most Australian and half of New Zealand universities have developed meta-policy, or policy on policy, with the most comprehensive articulating policy definitions, range and application of policy instruments, categorisation, approval authorities and policy cycle stages. Sound meta-policy provides an essential framework for good policy-making, and is the key to the development of positive policy outcomes. Increasing tertiary sector regulation provides a contemporary imperative to embrace university meta-policy as one mechanism to embed good practice policy process to facilitate these improved policy outcomes.
Human parotid secretion in response to pleasant and unpleasant odorants.

Unilateral parotid secretion was determined for 12 Ss using a precision sialometer, in response to the odors of distilled water, three pleasant stimuli (vanillin, β-phenylethanol, anethol), three unpleasant stimuli (pyridine, diethylsulfide, butyric acid), and two irritating stimuli (ethyl alcohol, ammonia). Flow rates were compared with the Ss' rated intensity and affective responses to the same solutions. Flow rates were significantly higher for male than for female Ss, with both secreting significantly more saliva in response to ammonia, ethyl alcohol, and butyric acid, as compared to water. Correlations between flow rates and degree of liking, and between flow rates and rated intensity were not significant.
Stock Prices and Economic News

This paper examines the daily response of stock prices to announcements about the money supply, inflation, real economic activity, and the discountrate. Except for the discount rate, survey data on market participants' expectations of these announcements are used to identify the unexpected component of the announcements in order to test the efficient markets hypothesis that only the unexpected part of any announcement, the surprise,moves stock prices. The empirical results support this hypothesis and indicate further that surprises related to monetary policy significantly affect stock prices. There is only limited evidence of an impact from inflation surprises and no evidence of an impact from real activity surprises on the announcement days. There is also only weak evidence of stock price responses to surprises beyond the announcement day.
Regulating Banking Bonuses in the European Union: A Case Study in Unintended Consequences

Beginning in 2014, the European Union (EU) will limit the amount of bankers' bonuses to the amount of fixed remuneration; the cap could be increased to 2:1 with the backing of a supermajority of shareholders. I demonstrate that the pending EU regulations restrictions will: (1) increase rather than decrease incentives for excessive risk taking; (2) result in significant increase in fixed remuneration; (3) reduce incentives to create value; (4) reduce the competitiveness of the EU banking sector; and (5) result in a general degradation in the quality of EU investment bankers, thereby decreasing access to capital and increasing the cost of capital.
Higher Education in a Period of Consolidation: 1975-1985.

For any future historian looking back on developments in Western Europe's systems of higher education, the 1970s must stand as a landmark. For it was during this decade-the exact moment will, naturally vary according to individual countriesthat these systems assumed the level of dealing with mass higher education. Some might also point out that this event was a mere three decades later than its precedent in the United States of America or in the Soviet Union. Whatever the interpretation it may serve in the future, the fact itself is noteworthy. What is understood by mass higher education, the institutional forms, the stratification and its relationship to either the polity or to the labour market involves vastly differing concepts as to the role and mission of that institution. And this too will vary from country to country. Nevertheless, this 'tipping point' is not simply statistical, though obviously the statistical dimension is of vital significance. Indeed, the whole concept of 'mass' as opposed to 'elite' higher education rests upon it. Quantitatively speaking, the borderline between the two is held to have been passed when 15% of the relevant age cohort attends such institutions (Trow, 1974). In the case of France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy, this point was reached early in the decade. For the United Kingdom, it is still a matter of dispute whether this statistical metamorphosis has as yet taken place (Neave, 1985a). In higher education, as in much else, definitions are everything! The usual criterion in these matters identifies higher education as consisting of those courses of a nature and standard that lead directly to postgraduate study (OECD, 1969-71). Nor, despite thin and querulous complaints of anticipated doom, did this growth cease in the course of the decade. Agreed, it has not been as rapid as the ten years from 1960 to 1970 (Cerych, Colton & Jallade, 1981). It is difficult to see how it could be. In place of a period of outrageous growth came what some have termed a 'period of decrement' which, translated, seems to be a 'period of less growth', but growth there most certainly continued to be. Recently, this too has had to undergo drastic revision. At the present time, the largest age cohorts are working their way through Western Europe's systems of higher education-not all, to be sure. There are still exceptions even to this. The Republic of Ireland is one, France is another. Both countries will not see their largest cohort reach the gates of higher education until the midto late-1990s (Neave, 1984a).
Relapse prevention in pediatric patients with ADHD treated with atomoxetine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is typically treated over extended periods; however, few placebo-controlled, long-term studies of efficacy have been reported. METHOD In a global multicenter study, children and adolescents who responded to an initial 12-week, open-label period of treatment with atomoxetine, a nonstimulant treatment for ADHD, were randomized to continued atomoxetine treatment or placebo for 9 months under double-blind conditions. RESULTS A total of 416 patients completed acute atomoxetine treatment and were randomized. At end point, atomoxetine was superior to placebo in preventing relapse defined as a return to 90% of baseline symptom severity (proportion relapsing: atomoxetine 65 of 292 [22.3%], placebo 47 of 124 [37.9%], p =.002). The proportion of patients with a 50% worsening in symptoms post-randomization was also lower on atomoxetine (atomoxetine 83 of 292 [28.4%], placebo 59 of 124 [47.6%], p <.001). Compared with patients in the placebo group, atomoxetine-treated patients had superior psychosocial functioning at end point. Discontinuations for adverse events were low in both groups, and tolerability was similar to that observed in acute treatment trials. CONCLUSIONS In patients who responded favorably to 12 weeks of initial treatment, atomoxetine was superior to placebo in maintaining response for the ensuing 9 months. This result supports the value of maintenance treatment with atomoxetine in patients with ADHD who respond to initial treatment.
Effect of improving depression care on pain and functional outcomes among older adults with arthritis: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT Depression and arthritis are disabling and common health problems in late life. Depression is also a risk factor for poor health outcomes among arthritis patients. OBJECTIVE To determine whether enhancing care for depression improves pain and functional outcomes in older adults with depression and arthritis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Preplanned subgroup analyses of Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT), a randomized controlled trial of 1801 depressed older adults (> or =60 years), which was performed at 18 primary care clinics from 8 health care organizations in 5 states across the United States from July 1999 to August 2001. A total of 1001 (56%) reported coexisting arthritis at baseline. INTERVENTION Antidepressant medications and/or 6 to 8 sessions of psychotherapy (Problem-Solving Treatment in Primary Care). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Depression, pain intensity (scale of 0 to 10), interference with daily activities due to arthritis (scale of 0 to 10), general health status, and overall quality-of-life outcomes assessed at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS In addition to reduction in depressive symptoms, the intervention group compared with the usual care group at 12 months had lower mean (SE) scores for pain intensity (5.62 [0.16] vs 6.15 [0.16]; between-group difference, -0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.92 to -0.14; P =.009), interference with daily activities due to arthritis (4.40 [0.18] vs 4.99 [0.17]; between-group difference, -0.59; 95% CI, -1.00 to -0.19; P =.004), and interference with daily activities due to pain (2.92 [0.07] vs 3.17 [0.07]; between-group difference, -0.26; 95% CI, -0.41 to -0.10; P =.002). Overall health and quality of life were also enhanced among intervention patients relative to control patients at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS In a large and diverse population of older adults with arthritis (mostly osteoarthritis) and comorbid depression, benefits of improved depression care extended beyond reduced depressive symptoms and included decreased pain as well as improved functional status and quality of life.
HIV Testing in Pregnant Women

TO THE EDITOR: I agree with Nakchbandi and colleagues [1] that voluntary, not mandatory, HIV testing in pregnant women is the superior policy option. For practicing clinicians to effectively use this analysis, however, epidemiologic and ethical factors not addressed in this analysis must also be considered. Roughly 2 million births occur in the United States each year. With the conservative assumption that 80% of these are single births, 1.6 million pregnant women could be subject to mandatory HIV testing each year. Screening tests for HIV are excellent, with sensitivity and specificity both almost 99%. However, in the general U.S. population, where the seroprevalence of HIV disease is low (0.5%), we would expect approximately 24 000 positive test results, of which only one third would truly reflect disease (positive predictive value, 33.15%). Nakchbandi and colleagues' prediction that 1200 of 2000 HIV-infected infants might be saved by mandatory screening must be balanced against the huge number of pregnant women screened and a false-positive rate of 67%. From an ethical standpoint, mandatory screening and subsequent treatment of pregnant women with zidovudine would violate patient autonomy. This doctrine states that everyone has a right to be free of interference and control by others. Autonomy safeguards the patient's right to make decisions that are consistent with his or her own values, even if those decisions are contrary to what others believe is in their best interest [2]. Incorporated in this construct is the idea that patients should not be required to receive information against their will. Testing a pregnant woman who does not want to be tested would certainly violate these rights. Society currently requires HIV testing in certain population categories (military personnel, federal prisoners, some immigrant populations). Nakchbandi and colleagues' decision analysis should strongly dissuade us from making pregnant women the next category.
Natural hybridization between Rhododendron delavayi and Rhododenron cyanocarpum ( Ericaceae ) , from morphological , molecular and reproductive evidence

The natural hybridization that occurs between two sympatric species of Rhododendron subgenus Hymenanthes in Yunnan, China, was investigated. In field observations, it was noted that the putative hybrids between Rhododendron delavayi (Franch.) and Rhododendron cyanocarpum (Franch.) W.W. Smith had intermediate morphologies. On the basis of morphology, chloroplast DNA (trnL-rpl32) and nuclear DNA (waxy), hybrids and parental species were identified. Hybridization occurred in both directions, but was asymmetrical, with R. delavayi as the major maternal parent. Reciprocal hand pollination treatments showed that either species, as pollen donor or pollen receiver, could produce fruits. It was noted that fruit set varied among teatments. The same pollinators (bumblebees) were shared in both parental species. From these results, we conclude that individuals with intermediate morphologies are indeed of hybrid origin from natural hybridization between R. cyanocarpum and R. delavayi. Furthermore, we presume the hybridization at the study site could have been initiated by habitat disturbance in the 1950s, and we may hence witness the early stages of hybrid swarm formation.
Herpes simplex virus gene expression in transformed cells. I. Regulation of the viral thymidine kinase gene in transformed L cells by products of superinfecting virus

In this paper we show that the expression of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gene for thymidine kinase (tk) in HSV-transformed cells is subject to regulation by two viral products synthesized during productive infection of these cells with a tk- mutant of HSV-1. The cell line used in this study is a derivative of tk-deficient mouse L cells that, after exposure to UV-inactivated HSV-1, had acquired the HSV-1 gene for tk (which we term a resident viral gene) and consequently expressed the tk+ phenotype (LVtk+ cells). Productive infection of these cells with HSV-1(tk-) at appropriate multiplicities caused significant enhancement of the viral tk activity. The results of several experiments allow us to conclude that this enhancement was due to increased synthesis of tk specified by the HSV-1 gene resident in the LVtk+ cells and that a specific protein made early after infection with HSV-1(tk-) mediated the enhancement, probably by increasing the production of mRNA from the viral tk gene resident in the LVtk+ cells. Our data also indicate that another HSV-1(tk-) product acted to turn off tk synthesis. The finding that tk activity continued to increase for a longer time after infection of the LVtk+ cells at 2 PFU/cell than after infection at higher multiplicities suggested the synthesis of a product which inhibited tk synthesis and whose concentration reached critical levels earlier at higher multiplicities of infection. Inhibition of DNA synthesis after infection, a treatment that depresses the synthesis of late viral proteins, prolonged the synthesis of tk in LVtk+ cells infected at either 2 or 5 PFU/cell. Infection of the LVtk+ cells with HSV-2(tk-) resulted in only small increases in tk activity, indicating some type specificity in recognition of viral products that can modify the expression of the HSV-1 tk gene resident in these cells.
A management note on: The costs of case processing in the Florida criminal courts

Increasingly, courts influence the spending decisions of other public agencies. Yet, financial and cost accounting techniques have only recently been applied to improve judicial management practices. Using the unexpected influx of Cuban "Marier refugees in the early 1980s as a case study, this article examines case management problems in the criminal division of a large urban court. Results confirm the need to better integrate criminal justice information systems and develop means of estimating court costs. Further, the application of cost accounting techniques commonly used in the private sector may be limited by the unique financial and budgetary environment of the courts. Conclusions urge more research before judges and court administrators have the necessary analytical tools to manage information, evaluate programs, and control costs. Courts in our era commonly experience budgetary pressures. On one hand, administrators will testify that courts, like other public agencies, too frequently experience budgets inadequate to accommodate expanded workloads, particularly in an environment of cost increases for essential public services. On the other hand, because of taxpayer expectations that public agencies be administered efficiently and effectively, courts, like other public agencies are being asked to manage information, evaluate program effectiveness, and control costs (Hoffman, 1982). Responding to public demands for lower taxes, judges, state's attorneys, court administrators, and public defenders must monitor expenses more closely, analyze the relationship between budgets and expenditures, and develop independent measures of performance based on predicted expenditure levels. Agencies may also consider adopting procedures prevalent in the private sector which provide an objective basis for selection of projects, a rational allocation formula for scarce resources, and a verifiable basis for forecasting future service needs. Without such
Testing price volume relationships for Indian commodity futures

Purpose – The nature of price volume relationship in asset market has been an interesting subject in financial research as it reveals a very important aspect which has implications for market efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to examine price volume relationships in Indian commodity futures market.Design/methodology/approach – There are two competing models in price volume relationship. Mixture of distribution hypothesis, suggesting a positive contemporaneous relationship and sequential information arrival hypothesis (SIH), suggesting a positive intertemporal causal relationship. Both are tested using correlation coefficient and Granger causality test with vector auto regressive methodology.Findings – Though there exists contemporaneous correlation between volume and price change in some of the cases, but in general on the basis of the presence of Granger causality it follows that SIH is supported.Research limitations/implications – As only three commodities futures have been studied in this paper,.
Can Derivative Information Predict Stock Price Jumps

This study examines the predictability of jumps in stock prices using options-trading information, the futures basis spread, the cross-sectional standard deviation of returns on components in the stock index, and exchange rates. A stock price jump was defined as a large fluctuation in the stock price that deviated from the distribution thresholds of the past rates of return. This empirical analysis shows that the implied volatility spread between ATM call and put options was a significant predictor for both upward and downward jumps, whereas the volatility skew was less significant. In addition, the futures basis spread was moderately significant for downward stock price jumps. Both the cross-sectional standard deviation of the rates of return on component stocks in the KOSPI 200 and the won-dollar exchange rates were significant predictors for both upward and downward jumps.
Rat ovarian mast cells: Distribution and cyclic changes

Numerous tissue mast cells are present in the ovarian medulla and hilus and in the oviduct of rats. In the medulla, most of these mast cells are in the connective tissue of the stroma near blood and lymphatic vessels. During proestrus, many of the medullary mast cells totally degranulate and thus are not visible histochemically; they then regranulate during estrus. In contrast, the number of stainable mast cells in the ovarian hilus and oviduct does not change during the estrous cycle. Histofluorometric methods demonstrate that mast cells in the ovarian medulla and hilus, as well as the oviduct, contain histamine. In addition, the lining of small blood vessles in the ovarian medulla contains histamine. Thus, mast cell and blood vessel histamine secretion may play a role in ovarian function.
Fertility Differentials and Educational Attainment in Portugal: a Non-Linear Relationship

This analysis of the Portuguese case shows a non-linear relationship between the number of children and education in recent years. Using the data from ten years before this hypothesis was confirmed, and we can see that the general decline in Portuguese fertility within the last decade was due to the fertility decrease of the less educated people, although partly attenuated by the fertility increase of the upper social groups. The reasons for a non-linear relationship are discussed within the context of female employment rates and salary differentials by educational attainment. The main hypothesis is that differences in fertility are related to an ‘education-work’ effect amongst those in the less educated groups and to an ‘education-income’ effect amongst the more educated.