Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the complex k-Fibonacci numbers

We first study the relationship between the k-Fibonacci numbers and the elements of a subset of . Later, and since generally studies that are made on the Fibonacci sequences consider that these numbers are integers, in this article, we study the possibility that the index of the k-Fibonacci number is fractional; concretely, . In this way, the k-Fibonacci numbers that we obtain are complex. And in our desire to find integer sequences, we consider the sequences obtained from the moduli of these numbers. In this process, we obtain several integer sequences, some of which are indexed in The Online Enciplopedy of Integer Sequences (OEIS).
Error Patterns

In coding theory the problem of decoding focuses on error vectors. In the simplest situation code words are (0, 1)-vectors, as are the received messages and the error vectors. Comparison of a received word with the code words yields a set of error vectors. In deciding on the original code word, usually the one for which the error vector has minimum Hamming weight is chosen. In this note some remarks are made on the problem of the elements 1 in the error vector, that may enable unique decoding, in case two or more code words have the same Hamming distance to the received message word, thus turning error detection into error correction. The essentially new aspect is that code words, message words and error vectors are put in one-one correspondence with graphs.
RbfA from 30 S ribosome during a late stage of ribosome biosynthesis

RsgA is a 30S ribosomal subunit-binding GTPase with an unknown function, shortage of which impairs maturation of the 30S subunit. We identified multiple gain-of-function mutants of Escherichia coli rbfA, the gene for a ribosomebinding factor, that suppress defects in growth and maturation of the 30S subunit of an rsgA-null strain. These mutations promote spontaneous release of RbfA from the 30S subunit, indicating that cellular disorders upon depletion of RsgA are due to prolonged retention of RbfA on the 30S subunit. We also found that RsgA enhances release of RbfA from the mature 30S subunit in a GTP-dependent manner but not from a precursor form of the 30S subunit. These findings indicate that the function of RsgA is to release RbfA from the 30S subunit during a late stage of ribosome biosynthesis. This is the first example of the action of a GTPase on the bacterial ribosome assembly described at the molecular level. The EMBO Journal (2011) 30, 104–114. doi:10.1038/ emboj.2010. 291; Published online 23 November 2010 Subject Categories: RNA; proteins
The Stellar Content of the Super-Star Clusters in NGC 1569

We discuss HST Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) ultraviolet spectroscopy and Near-Infrared Camera and Multiobject Spectrometer (NICMOS) photometry of four young super–star clusters in the central region of the irregular starburst galaxy NGC 1569. The new observations, coupled with previous HST WFPC2 photometry and ground-based optical spectroscopy, allow us to isolate and age-date the hot and cool stellar components of these massive clusters. We analyze the two components, A1 and A2, of the brightest super–star cluster NGC 1569-A. This cluster received previous attention owing to the simultaneous presence of Wolf-Rayet stars and red supergiants. The FOS spectra provide the first evidence for O stars in NGC 1569-A, indicating a young (≤5 Myr) stellar component in A1 and/or A2. Comparison with other high-mass star-forming regions suggests that the O and Wolf-Rayet stars are spatially coincident. If so, cluster A2 could be the host of the very young O and Wolf-Rayet population, and the somewhat older red supergiants could be predominantly located in A1. The mass-to-light ratio of NGC 1569-A1 is analyzed in five optical and infrared photometric bands and compared with evolutionary synthesis models. No indications for an anomalous initial mass function are found, consistent with a scenario where this cluster is the progenitor of present-day globular clusters. The clusters A1 and A2 are compared with clusters B and No. 30. The latter two clusters are older and fully dominated by red supergiants. All four super–star clusters provide a significant fraction (20%–25%) of the total optical and near-infrared light in the central region of the galaxy. The photometric properties of the super–star cluster population in NGC 1569 resemble those of the populous clusters in the Magellanic Clouds.
Management of bleeding emergencies: when to use recombinant activated Factor VII

Recombinant activated Factor VII (rVIIa) was originally released as a clotting factor, with use limited to a select group of patients who had few other treatment options. Due to the apparent ability of rVIIa to stop bleeding, no matter what the underlying cause, there is great interest in use of rVIIa in a wide range of bleeding patients. This article discusses rVIIa and its uses in a variety of patients, especially liver disease and trauma patients, and makes suggestions for appropriate use. Although most of the reports on rVIIa are anecdotes and case series, there is increasing data for clinical trials to help guide usage.
Structural MRI in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Magnetic resonance (MR) examination provides a powerful tool for investigating brain structural changes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We review recent advances in the understanding of structural MR correlates of ASD. We summarize findings from studies based on voxel-based morphometry, surface-based morphometry, tensor-based morphometry, and diffusion-tensor imaging. Finally, we discuss diagnostic models of ASD based on MR-derived features.
Blind Denoising with Random Greedy Pursuits

Denoising methods require some assumptions about the signal of interest and the noise. While most denoising procedures require some knowledge about the noise level, which may be unknown in practice, here we assume that the signal expansion in a given dictionary has a distribution that is more heavy-tailed than the noise. We show how this hypothesis leads to a stopping criterion for greedy pursuit algorithms which is independent from the noise level. Inspired by the success of ensemble methods in machine learning, we propose a strategy to reduce the variance of greedy estimates by averaging pursuits obtained from randomly subsampled dictionaries. We call this denoising procedure Blind Random Pursuit Denoising (BIRD). We offer a generalization to multidimensional signals, with a structured sparse model (S-BIRD). The relevance of this approach is demonstrated on synthetic and experimental MEG signals where, without any parameter tuning, BIRD outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms even when they are informed by the noise level. Code is available to reproduce all experiments.
Positive implicit attitudes toward odor words.

Associations between certain odors and for instance health effects may lead to positive or negative attitudes toward these odors. However, in experiments we conducted using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), we encountered attitudes even to odor "words. " The IAT is based on the principle that reaction times measuring the association between words from a target dimension (in this case, odor vs. a neutral reference category) and an attribute dimension (i.e., positive or negative words) reflect the attitude to the target, where attitude-congruent associations between target and attribute are reflected by shorter reaction times. In a first experiment, we found distinctly positive attitudes to the concept odor in a student sample, which was replicated in a second experiment. In the main experiment, subjects in the aromatherapy group, who prefer using scented consumer products for relaxation purposes, showed a significantly more positive attitude toward odor words in the IAT than a control group, who did not have such a preference. The fact that results from the implicit test were not always associated with explicitly stated attitudes toward the odor words attests to the fact that the IAT measures the attitude of interest in a different way. As such, the IAT has added value in circumstances where explicit tests can be biased.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of parapharyngeal tumors

Background: Parapharyngeal tumors are rare and often pose diagnostic difficulties due to their location and plethora of presentations. Objectives: The study was undertaken to study the occurrence in the population and to evaluate the exact nature by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Materials and Methods: A total of five hundred and six cases of lateral neck lesions were studied over three and half years. Of these 56 suspected parapharyngeal masses were selected by clinical and radiological methods. Cytopathology evaluation was done by fine needle aspiration cytology with computed tomography and ultrasonography guidance wherever necessary. Histopathology confirmation was available in all the cases. Results: On FNAC diagnosis could be established in 54 cases while in two cases the material was insufficient to establish a diagnosis. The tumors encountered were, pleomorphic adenoma (33), schwannoma (3), neurofibroma (11), paraganglioma (5), angiofibroma (1) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (1). Four false positives and two false negative cases were encountered. Overall sensitivity was 96%, with specificity of 99% and accuracy being 98.8%. Conclusions: With proper clinical and radiological assessment, FNAC can be extremely useful in diagnosing most of these lesions except a few which need histopathological and even immunohistochemical confirmation.
Phase I Randomised Clinical Trial of an HIV-1CN54, Clade C, Trimeric Envelope Vaccine Candidate Delivered Vaginally

We conducted a phase 1 double-blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a HIV-1 envelope protein (CN54 gp140) candidate vaccine delivered vaginally to assess immunogenicity and safety. It was hypothesised that repeated delivery of gp140 may facilitate antigen uptake and presentation at this mucosal surface. Twenty two healthy female volunteers aged 18–45 years were entered into the trial, the first receiving open-label active product. Subsequently, 16 women were randomised to receive 9 doses of 100 µg of gp140 in 3 ml of a Carbopol 974P based gel, 5 were randomised to placebo solution in the same gel, delivered vaginally via an applicator. Participants delivered the vaccine three times a week over three weeks during one menstrual cycle, and were followed up for two further months. There were no serious adverse events, and the vaccine was well tolerated. No sustained systemic or local IgG, IgA, or T cell responses to the gp140 were detected following vaginal immunisations. Repeated vaginal immunisation with a HIV-1 envelope protein alone formulated in Carbopol gel was safe, but did not induce local or systemic immune responses in healthy women. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00637962
Booby trapping software

Cyber warfare is asymmetric in the current paradigm, with attackers having the high ground over defenders. This asymmetry stems from the situation that attackers have the initiative, while defenders concentrate on passive fortifications. Defenders are constantly patching the newest hole in their defenses and creating taller and thicker walls, without placing guards on those walls to watch for the enemy and react to attacks. Current passive cyber security defenses such as intrusion detection, anti-virus, and hardened software are not sufficient to repel attackers. In fact, in conventional warfare this passivity would be entirely nonsensical, given the available active strategies, such as counterattacks and deception. Based on this observation, we have identified the technique of booby trapping software. This extends the arsenal of weaponry available to defenders with an active technique for directly reacting to attacks. Ultimately, we believe this approach will restore some of the much sought after equilibrium between attackers and defenders in the digital domain.
NFAT 5 in cellular adaptation to hypertonic stress – regulations and functional significance

The Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells-5 (NFAT5), also known as OREBP or TonEBP, is a member of the nuclear factors of the activated T cells family of transcription factors. It is also the only known tonicity-regulated transcription factor in mammals. NFAT5 was initially known for its role in the hypertonic kidney inner medulla for orchestrating a genetic program to restore the cellular homeostasis. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that NFAT5 might play a more diverse functional role, including a pivotal role in blood pressure regulation and the development of autoimmune diseases. Despite the growing significance of NFAT5 in physiology and diseases, our understanding of how its activity is regulated remains very limited. Furthermore, how changes in tonicities are converted into functional outputs via NFAT5 remains elusive. Therefore, this review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the functional roles of NFAT5 in osmotic stress adaptation and the signaling pathways that regulate its activity.
Absolute motion parallax weakly determines visual scale in real and virtual environments

The determinants of visual scale (size and distance) under monocular viewing are still largely unknown. The problem of visual scale under monocular viewing becomes readily apparent when one moves about within a virtual environment. It might be thought that the absolute motion parallax of stationary objects (both in real and virtual environments), under the assumption of the stationarity, would immediately determine their apparent size and distance for an observer who is walking about. We sought to assess the effectiveness of observer- produced motion parallax in scaling apparent size and distance within near space. We had subjects judge the apparent size and distance of real and virtual objects under closely matched conditions Real and virtual targets were 4 spheres seen in darkness at eye level. the targets ranges in diameter from 3.7 cm to 14.8 cm and were viewed monocularly from difference distances, with a subset of the size/distance combinations resulting in projectively equivalent stimuli at the viewing origin. subjects moved laterally plus and minus 1 m to produce large amounts of motion parallax. when angular size was held constant and motion parallax acted as a differential cue to target size and distance, judged size varied by a facto or 1.67 and 1.18 for the real and virtual environments, respectively, well short of the fourfold change in distal size. Similarly, distance judgments varied by factors of only 1.74 and 1.07 respectively. We conclude that absolute motion parallax only weakly determines the visual scale of nearby objects varying over a fourfold range in size.
Development of a Food Group-Based Diet Score and Its Association with Bone Mineral Density in the Elderly: The Rotterdam Study

No diet score exists that summarizes the features of a diet that is optimal for bone mineral density (BMD) in the elderly. Our aims were (a) to develop a BMD-Diet Score reflecting a diet that may be beneficial for BMD based on the existing literature, and (b) to examine the association of the BMD-Diet Score and the Healthy Diet Indicator, a score based on guidelines of the World Health Organization, with BMD in Dutch elderly participating in a prospective cohort study, the Rotterdam Study (n = 5144). Baseline dietary intake, assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, was categorized into food groups. Food groups that were consistently associated with BMD in the literature were included in the BMD-Diet Score. BMD was measured repeatedly and was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BMD-Diet Score considered intake of vegetables, fruits, fish, whole grains, legumes/beans and dairy products as “high-BMD” components and meat and confectionary as “low-BMD” components. After adjustment, the BMD-Diet Score was positively associated with BMD (β (95% confidence interval) = 0.009 (0.005, 0.012) g/cm2 per standard deviation). This effect size was approximately three times as large as has been observed for the Healthy Diet Indicator. The food groups included in our BMD-Diet Score could be considered in the development of future dietary guidelines for healthy ageing.
Distribution of Biglycan and Decorin in Collateral and Cruciate Ligaments and Menisci of the Rabbit Knee Joint

The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (PGs) biglycan and decorin, and their mRNAs, have been localized during neonatal development and aging (3 weeks to 2 years) of collateral and cruciate ligaments and of menisci of the rabbit knee joint. In the collateral ligaments, biglycan and decorin are found between the bundles of collagen fibers at all ages. In cruciate ligaments the PGs are primarily around the cells. In neonatal ligaments all the cells express the mRNAs for biglycan and decorin, but in the collateral ligaments the number expressing the mRNAs is reduced at 8 months. In 3–week menisci the PGs are uniformly distributed in the matrix, but by 8 months biglycan is present primarily in the central fibrocartilaginous regions, whereas decorin is found peripherally. In neonates, all the cells express the mRNAs but the number is reduced in 8-month menisci. The results illustrate the precise localizations of biglycan and decorin in healthy rabbit ligaments and menisci which, after injury, must be reproduced in the repair tissue for normal strength to be regained.
Eurographics/ Acm Siggraph Symposium on Computer Animation (2006) Parametric Motion Graphs

We present a motion synthesis technique that allows automated authoring of high-fidelity, controllable motion streams for interactive applications, such as video games and simulations. Our technique uses a new data structure called a parametric motion graph (PMGs) that describes valid ways of producing streams of motion by con-catenating motion clips dynamically generated through parametric synthesis. PMGs can provide accurate control of individual motion clips while generating seamless linear blend transitions between them in realtime. The key to our technique is using sampling methods to identify and represent good transitions between parameterized spaces of motion. Because PMGs contain a single, controllable node for each type of motion, they are highly structured, facilitating fast decision-making for interactive character control. We have created characters that seamlessly perform requested actions in realtime using different kinds of motion, such as cartwheeling and boxing.
Response of Southern Ocean phytoplankton and bacterioplankton production to short‐term experimental warming

We examined the potential response of Southern Ocean pelagic ecosystems to warming through changes in total primary production (particulate plus dissolved = PPP + DPP) and bacterial production (BP), determined simultaneously at ambient temperature (−1.4 to 0.4°C) and at 2°C in eight experiments performed near the Antarctic Peninsula in late spring 2002. Short (<6 h) time course experiments of radiocarbon uptake and photosynthesis‐irradiance relationships consistently showed that a significant amount of photosynthate appeared as dissolved substances, with a mean 35% extracellular release (PER). Whereas PPP remained virtually unchanged (0.7 mg C m−3 h−1), DPP increased significantly at 2°C from 0.5 to 0.9 mg C m−3 h−1. The corresponding increase in PER (54% on average) was significantly and positively correlated with the temperature difference among treatments, suggesting that an increase in DPP could be expected with a temperature rise in the Southern Ocean. BP, estimated via [3H]leucine incorporation, tended to increase at 2°C only at low absolute values, and this increment was inversely related to PPP. However, our results show that the estimated bacterial carbon demand (BCD) was generally well below concurrent DPP at both treatments (mean BCD:DPP ratios of 0.60 and 0.27 at ambient temperature and 2°C, respectively), indicating that temperature‐related extra inputs of organic substrates were not fully and immediately processed by bacteria. To the extent that these results reflect general ecophysiological trends, warming of Southern Ocean surface waters could produce changes in plankton‐mediated biogeochemical processes leading to a greater importance of dissolved organic matter fluxes.
Hepatic iron overload: diagnosis and quantification with MR imaging.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of MR imaging in the diagnosis of liver hemochromatosis and its ability to quantify hepatic iron concentration (HIC). SUBJECTS AND METHODS MR images were prospectively obtained in 58 patients suspected to have hemochromatosis. We used a scanner with a 0.5-T magnet and two sequences: gradient-echo T1-weighted (400/12 [TR/TE], 90 degrees flip angle) and gradient-echo T2*-weighted (700/30, 30 degrees flip angle) sequences. Measurement of the liver-to-muscle signal-intensity ratio was compared with the HIC value measured at biopsy for each patient. RESULTS Both MR sequences showed significant correlation between decreased signal-intensity ratios and increased HIC (r = -.87 for T1-weighted sequences and r = -.74 for T2*-weighted sequences). The sensitivity and specificity of the T2*-weighted sequence (signal-intensity ratio < 0.8) to detect iron overload (HIC > 36 mumol/g) were 91% and 88%, respectively. The best correlation was obtained with T2*-weighted sequences, when patients had an HIC less than 100 mumol/g (r = -.71); with T1-weighted sequences, the best correlation was obtained when patients had an HIC of 100-324 mumol/g (r = -.67). We found a significant correlation between the HIC revealed on MR images, calculated from both sequences, and that measured at biopsy when patients had an HIC of less than 300 mumol/g (r = -.93, p < .01). CONCLUSION MR imaging shows promise in differentiating normal from abnormal hepatic iron concentration and in grossly quantifying moderate degrees of hepatic iron overload.
Brains, Innovations and Evolution in Birds and Primates

Several comparative research programs have focused on the cognitive, life history and ecological traits that account for variation in brain size. We review one of these programs, a program that uses the reported frequency of behavioral innovation as an operational measure of cognition. In both birds and primates, innovation rate is positively correlated with the relative size of association areas in the brain, the hyperstriatum ventrale and neostriatum in birds and the isocortex and striatum in primates. Innovation rate is also positively correlated with the taxonomic distribution of tool use, as well as interspecific differences in learning. Some features of cognition have thus evolved in a remarkably similar way in primates and at least six phyletically-independent avian lineages. In birds, innovation rate is associated with the ability of species to deal with seasonal changes in the environment and to establish themselves in new regions, and it also appears to be related to the rate at which lineages diversify. Innovation rate provides a useful tool to quantify inter-taxon differences in cognition and to test classic hypotheses regarding the evolution of the brain.