Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation.

DAMAGE to striate cortex and neighbouring regions in man is well known to produce severe loss of visual capacity in correlated legions of the visual field (Holmes, 1918; Teuber, Battersby and Bender, 1960). Depending on the duration, nature and extent of the damage, and the method of measurement, the resultant blindness may be more or less absolute. In the most extreme examples, a patient may acknowledge no visual information or only the onset or offset of a light in the scotoma. In less extreme cases vigorously moving or flickering stimuli may be seen (Riddoch, 1917). It is generally held, however, that man is more severely impaired by damage to the visual cortex than the monkey, even though the anatomical organizations of the visual pathways and cortex are closely similar. Indeed, the more thoroughly the monkey has been studied, the more remarkable has been the extent of residual visual capacity found: for example, the ability to discriminate twodimensional patterns even when the whole of the striate cortex has been removed, with complete retrograde degeneration of the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei (Pasik and Pasik, 1971). It has even been suggested that the monkey without striate cortex may be capable of qualitatively normal pattern vision but with reduced visual acuity (Weiskrantz, 1972; cf. Ward and Masterton, 1970). Recent animal results, however, also suggest strongly that a severe penalty is inflicted when damage to neighbouring posterior cortical areas is added to that of the striate cortex (Pasik and Pasik, 1971). For this reason, human cases in which damage is relatively restricted to area 17 (the only known cortical projection from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus), with only minimal damage to surrounding tissue, have a renewed interest. There also have been suggestions, based on animal research, that the type of visual information processed by the direct pathway from the retina to the mid-brain is qualitatively different from that by the geniculo-cortical route (the "two visual system" hypothesis: Schneider, 1969; Trevarthen, 1968; Ingle, 1967). The former, it has been claimed, is primarily concerned with the detection of "salient" visual events in space and the control of ocular fixation, and the latter with the identification
Are "visitor effects" overestimated? Behaviour in captive lemurs is mainly driven by co-variation with time and weather

The potential influence of visitors on behaviour of captive animals is well known. However, little research on “visitor effects” has also evaluated time of day and weather, which can affect behaviour directly and often also co-vary with visitor numbers. Here, we examine visitor effects on captive ring-tailed lemurs Lemur catta in a walk-through enclosure, where potential for visitor effects is especially high, while specifically considering weather and time of day (between 10:00 hr when lemurs were released into their outdoor enclosure and 16:00 hr when then returned to overnight accommodation). Time, weather and visitor variables interacted in complex ways, but time and weather exerted the strongest effect on behaviour. Weather strongly affected resting, feeding/foraging, and locomotion. Sunbathing was highest in mornings; locomotion increased in afternoons. Visitor numbers were negatively associated with feeding/foraging and sunbathing; visitor activity was positively associated with locomotion and alertness. Crucially, however, “visitor effects” were small both overall and in relation to underlying effects of time/weather. Univariate models suggested visitors accounted for ~20% of behavioural variation; after time/weather had been included this dropped to ~6-8%. We conclude that underlying visitor : time and visitor : weather correlations can lead to overestimation of visitor effects and offer recommendations for future work.
Face Cartoon Synthesis Based on the Active Appearance Model

In this paper, we propose a new method to synthesize a face cartoon from a face photo based on the Active Appearance Model (AAM). Compared with the current block-based methods, our algorithm matches the patches using the position of the facial feature points. The method consists of two steps, i.e., feature points searching and cartoon face synthesis. In the first step, feature points are constructed using the AAM which searches the outline of the facial features. In the second step, the hair is processed through image segmentation and image gradient, the contour is drawn directly according to the feature points obtained by the AAM, and the facial organs are synthesized by patches from the training database. This algorithm is trained and tested on the CUHK student database. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a good performance compared with the state-of-art methods.
Social Mobilization and the Russification of Soviet Nationalities

This paper examines certain major demographic bases of ethnic identity change among the mass populations of the non-Russian nationalities of the USSR. Ethnic identity is defined here as an individual's affective attachment to certain core symbols of his nationality group: the group name and its historic language. The hypotheses tested concern the impact of social mobilization, contact with Russians, and traditional religion on ethnic identity change. The levels of Russification of 46 indigenous nationalities whose official national homelands have Autonomous Oblast status or higher are examined on the basis of 1959 Soviet census materials. By use of regression analysis it is shown that: (a) social mobilization is strongly conducive to the Russification of non-Russian nationalities residing in their official areas; (b) exposure to Russians is conducive to the Russification of both mobilized and unmobilized local populations, but the Russification effect of exposure to Russians is much smaller for the unmobilized than for the mobilized populations; (c) even where exposure to Russians is extensive and enduring, both socially mobilized and unmobilized Muslim ethnic groups are much less likely to be Russified than non-Muslims; it is proposed that a Muslim ethnic ideology mediates between the dynamic demographic influences on Russification and the actual manifestation of Russification.
GLAD: group anomaly detection in social media analysis

Traditional anomaly detection on social media mostly focuses on individual point anomalies while anomalous phenomena usually occur in groups. Therefore it is valuable to study the collective behavior of individuals and detect group anomalies. Existing group anomaly detection approaches rely on the assumption that the groups are known, which can hardly be true in real world social media applications. In this paper, we take a generative approach by proposing a hierarchical Bayes model: Group Latent Anomaly Detection (GLAD) model. GLAD takes both pair-wise and point-wise data as input, automatically infers the groups and detects group anomalies simultaneously. To account for the dynamic properties of the social media data, we further generalize GLAD to its dynamic extension d-GLAD. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate our models on both synthetic and real world datasets. The empirical results demonstrate that our approach is effective and robust in discovering latent groups and detecting group anomalies.
A Discrete-Time Terminal Sliding-Mode Control Approach Applied to a Motion Control Problem

Terminal sliding-mode (TSM) control (TSMC) is known for its high gain property nearby the vicinity of the equilibrium while retaining reasonably low gain elsewhere. This is desirable in digital implementation where the limited sampling frequency may incur chattering if the controller gain is overly high. In this paper, we integrate a linear switching surface with a terminal switching surface. The switching surface can be designed according to the precision requirement, and for the first time, real-time implementation of TSM is carried out. The analysis and experimental investigation show that the TSMC design outperforms the linear sliding-mode control.
Randomized Effectiveness Trial of an Internet, Pure Self-Help, Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults

This study evaluated an Internet-delivered, cognitive behavioral skills training program versus a treatment-as-usual (TAU) control condition targeting depression symptoms in young adults aged 18 to 24 years. Potential participants were mailed a recruitment brochure; if interested, they accessed the study website to complete an online consent and baseline assessment. Intervention participants could access the website at their own pace and at any time. Reminder postcards were mailed periodically to encourage return use of the intervention. The pure self-help intervention was delivered without contact with a live therapist. The primary depression outcome measure was the Patient Health Questionnaire, administered at 0, 5, 10, 16, and 32 weeks after enrollment. A small but significant between-group effect was found from Week 0 to Week 32 for the entire sample (N = 160, d = .20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00–0.50), with a moderate effect among women (n = 128, d .42, 95%C1 = 0.09–0.77). Greater depression reduction was associated with two measures of lower website usage, total minutes, and total number of page hits. Although intervention effects were modest, they were observed against a background of substantial TAU depression pharmacotherapy and psychosocial services. Highly disseminable, low-cost, and self-help interventions such as this have the potential to deliver a significant public health benefit.
Mapatumumab and lexatumumab induce apoptosis in TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 antibody-resistant NSCLC cell lines when treated in combination with bortezomib

Mapatumumab and lexatumumab are fully human monoclonal antibodies that bind and activate human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptors 1 and 2, respectively. These antibodies induce apoptosis in various tumor cell types, although the degree of sensitivity can vary from highly sensitive to completely resistant. Importantly, tumor cells that are partially or completely resistant to mapatumumab or lexatumumab can often be sensitized when treated in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. In this regard, the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has recently shown synergistic activity against established lymphoma cell lines and primary lymphomas when combined with mapatumumab and lexatumumab. Here, we report similar findings using a panel of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Specifically, we show that bortezomib rapidly induces sensitivity to mapatumumab and lexatumumab in NSCLC cell lines that are completely resistant to antibody alone and that bortezomib concentrations as low as 25 nmol/L sensitize NSCLC cells to the antibodies. Furthermore, bortezomib at the tested concentration has minimal effect on its own, indicating the combination generates synergistic cytotoxicity. Combination treatment induces activation of the caspase cascade and the effect of the combination is caspase dependent. Bortezomib treatment increases the intracellular levels of several important apoptosis regulators that may mediate enhanced sensitivity to mapatumumab and lexatumumab. These results suggest future evaluation of mapatumumab or lexatumumab in combination with bortezomib is warranted in NSCLC patients. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(2):292–302]
Influence of pregnancy on the risk for cardiac events in patients with hereditary long QT syndrome. LQTS Investigators.

BACKGROUND The effects of pregnancy on women with the hereditary long QT syndrome are currently unknown. The appropriate medical management of pregnant patients with the long QT syndrome has not been established. METHODS AND RESULTS The study was a retrospective analysis of the 422 women (111 probands affected with the long QT syndrome and 311 first-degree relatives) enrolled in the long QT syndrome registry who had one or more pregnancies. The first-degree relatives were classified as affected (QTc >0.47), borderline (QTc=0.45 to 0.47), and unaffected (QTc <0.45). Cardiac events were defined as the combined incidence of long QT syndrome-related death, aborted cardiac arrest, and syncope. The incidence of cardiac events was compared during equal prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum intervals (40 weeks each). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed by use of a mixed-effects model to identify independent predictors of cardiac events among probands. The pregnancy and postpartum intervals were not associated with cardiac events among first-degree relatives. The postpartum interval was independently associated with cardiac events among probands (odds ratio [OR], 40.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1 to 540; P=.01); the pregnancy interval was not associated with cardiac events. Treatment with beta-adrenergic blockers was independently associated with a decrease in the risk for cardiac events among probands (OR, 0.023; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.44; P=.01). CONCLUSIONS The postpartum interval is associated with a significant increase in risk for cardiac events among probands with the long QT syndrome but not among first-degree relatives. Prophylactic treatment with beta-adrenergic blockers should be continued during the pregnancy and postpartum intervals in probands with the long QT syndrome.
Reconstructive Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy

Background: As the rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in breast cancer patients increases, more women are seeking immediate bilateral breast reconstruction. The authors evaluated complication rates in the index and prophylactic breasts in patients undergoing bilateral immediate reconstruction. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of all consecutive patients undergoing immediate postmastectomy bilateral reconstruction for an index breast cancer combined with a contralateral prophylactic mastectomy between 2005 and 2010. Patient, tumor, reconstruction, and outcome characteristics were compared between the index and prophylactic breasts in the same patient. Patients were classified by reconstruction method: implant, abdominal flap, or latissimus dorsi flap/implant. Regression models evaluated patient and reconstruction characteristics for potential predictive or protective associations with postoperative complications. Results: Of 497 patients included, 334 (67.2 percent) underwent implant reconstruction, 142 (28.6 percent) had abdominal flap reconstruction, and 21 (4.2 percent) had latissimus dorsi flap/implant reconstruction. Index reconstructions had a complication rate (22.5 percent) equivalent to that of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy reconstructions (19.1 percent; p = 0.090). Overall, 101 patients (20.3 percent) developed a complication in one reconstructed breast, and 53 (10.7 percent) developed complications in both breasts. Of the 154 patients who developed complications, 42 (27.3 percent) developed a complication in the prophylactic breast. Conclusions: Immediate index and contralateral prophylactic breast reconstructions appear to have equivalent outcomes, both overall and across reconstruction classifications. Together, patients, reconstructive surgeons, and extirpative surgeons should carefully consider the oncologic benefits of a contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in light of the risk of increased surgical morbidity of this type of mastectomy and reconstruction. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.
A client-benefits oriented taxonomy of ERP maintenance

The worldwide installed base of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems has increased rapidly in size over the past 10 years now comprising tens of thousands of installations in large- and medium-sized organizations and millions of licensed users. Similar to traditional Information Systems (IS), ERP systems must be maintained and upgraded. It is therefore not surprising that EPP maintenance activities have become the largest budget provision in the IS departments of ERP-adopting organizations. Yet, there has been very limited study conducted on ERP maintenance activities. Are they simply instances of traditional software maintenance activities to which traditional software maintenance research findings can be generalized? Or are they fundamentally different activities, such that new research, specific to ERP maintenance, is required to help alleviate the ERP maintenance burden? This paper reports a case study of a large organization that implemented ERP (an SAP system) two years ago. From the case study and data collected, we observe that (1) an ERP-employing organization does not only maintain user change request but also implement maintenance introduced by the vendor; (2) request for user-support. concerning the ERP system usage, and training constitutes a main part of ERP maintenance activities; and (3) configuration is a major ERP maintenance component. We find that ERP maintenance activities are indeed different from traditional in-house software maintenance in a way that these maintenance activities cannot be sufficiently described by existing taxonomies used to classify traditional software maintenance activities. We propose a benefits-oriented taxonomy that better represents ERP enhancement maintenance activities.
Patients’ silence following healthcare staff’s ethical transgressions

The aim of this study was to examine to what extent patients remained silent to the health care system after they experienced abusive or wrongful incidents in health care. Female patients visiting a women’s clinic in Sweden (n = 530) answered the Transgressions of Ethical Principles in Health Care Questionnaire (TEP), which was constructed to measure patients’ abusive experiences in the form of staff’s transgressions of ethical principles in health care. Of all the patients, 63.6% had, at some point, experienced staff’s transgressions of ethical principles, and many perceived these events as abusive and wrongful. Of these patients, 70.3% had remained silent to the health care system about at least one transgression. This silence is a loss of essential feedback for the health care system and should not automatically be interpreted as though patients are satisfied.
Performance Evaluation of TCP Tahoe , Reno , Reno with SACK , and NewReno Using OPNET Modeler

Over the past two decades, numerous Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) congestion control algorithms have been proposed for deployed wireless and wired networks. The main goal of these algorithms was to successfully manage congestion, reliably handle loss, and minimize transmission errors. In this paper, we use OPNET Modeler to simulate four TCP versions (Tahoe, Reno, Reno with Selective Acknowledgment (SACK), and NewReno) in several wireless and wired networks. We analyze congestion window maintenance and recovery process for each TCP algorithm by observing congestion window size, file download response time, throughput, and goodput. We observe that in wireless networks with signal attenuation, fading, and multipath, TCP Reno has larger congestion window size, shorter file download response time, and higher throughput and goodput than the remaining three TCP algorithms. In case of wired networks, TCP Reno with SACK has the best overall performance.
The Cultural Psychology of the Emotions: Evidence and Approaches

Recently, considerable attention has been focused on the emotions. Scholars from within anthropology and in related fields such as psychology and philosophy have rediscovered the emotions and reinvigorated their study. While not long ago, some skeptics may have noted that the exploration of the emotions was a realm best left to poets and artists, the current crop of work on the topic indicates that
Challenge the science-stereotype. Der Einfluss von Technik-Freizeitkursen auf das Naturwissenschaften-Stereotyp von Schülerinnen und Schülern

Der Aufsatz untersucht Aspekte von Kultur, die die individuelle Interessen- und Leistungsentwicklung von Schulerinnen und Schulern pragen . Es stehen die Kulturen spezifischer Schulfacher im Vordergrund. Im Aufsatz werden kulturell geteilte Annahmen uber mathematisch- naturwissenschaftliche Schulfacher im Unterschied zu geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen untersucht; namlich stereotype Vorstellungen uber den Gegenstandsbereich, uber Unterrichtsscripts, uber typische Lehrpersonen und Schuler/innen, die die jeweiligen Facher mogen oder ablehnen. (DIPF/Orig.)
The combined effect of rosuvastatin and ischemic pre- or post-conditioning on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat heart.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the combined effect of rosuvastatin and ischemic preconditioning or postconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in in vivo rat heart. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninenty-six male adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned to eight groups: Sham group, ischemia-reperfusion, rosuvastatin preconditioning, rosuvastatin postconditioning, ischemic preconditioning, ischemic postconditioning, ischemic + pharmacologic preconditioning and ischemic + pharmacologic postconditioning groups. Blood samples were taken for creatine kinase evaluation at selected time points. Six rats in each group were separated for either infarct size assessment or immunohistochemical staining with Bcl-2 antibody. RESULTS The staining with Bcl-2 was significantly lower in groups Sham, ischemic + pharmacologic preconditioning and ischemic + pharmacologic postconditioning groups which is well correlated with the decrease in infarct size for the same groups. The creatine kinase enzyme levels were also reduced to their lowest levels in ischemic + pharmacologic preconditioning and ischemic + pharmacologic postconditioning groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that enriching the composition of reperfusate with rosuvastatin along with ischemic preconditioning or postconditioning procedures at the opposite sides of ischemia may interact synergistically for protecting ischemic myocardium from reperfusion injury. The combined application of rosuvastatin with ischemic preconditioning or ischemic postconditioning may provide a new therapeutic option in clinical interventions when compared to single treatment with ischemic and rosuvastatin preconditioning or postconditioning.
Rho‐kinase inhibition enhances axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury

Abstract In injured adult neurons, the process of axonal regrowth and reestablishment of the neuronal function have to be activated. We assessed in this study whether RhoA, a key regulator of neurite elongation, is activated after injury to the peripheral nervous system. RhoA is activated in motoneurons but not in Schwann cells after mouse sciatic nerve injury. To examine whether the activation of RhoA and its effector, Rho‐kinase, retards axon regeneration of injured motoneurons, we employed a Rho‐kinase inhibitor, fasudil. Amplitudes of distally evoked compound muscle action potentials are increased significantly faster after axonal injury in mice treated with fasudil compared with controls. Histological analysis shows that fasudil treatment increases the number of regenerating axons with large diameter, suggesting that axon maturation is facilitated by Rho‐kinase inhibition. In addition, fasudil does not suppress the myelination of regenerating axons. These findings suggest that RhoA/Rho‐kinase may be a practical molecular target to enhance axonal regeneration in human peripheral neuropathies.