Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combined static and dynamic automated test generation

In an object-oriented program, a unit test often consists of a sequence of method calls that create and mutate objects, then use them as arguments to a method under test. It is challenging to automatically generate sequences that are legal and behaviorally-diverse, that is, reaching as many different program states as possible. This paper proposes a combined static and dynamic automated test generation approach to address these problems, for code without a formal specification. Our approach first uses dynamic analysis to infer a call sequence model from a sample execution, then uses static analysis to identify method dependence relations based on the fields they may read or write. Finally, both the dynamically-inferred model (which tends to be accurate but incomplete) and the statically-identified dependence information (which tends to be conservative) guide a random test generator to create legal and behaviorally-diverse tests. Our Palus tool implements this testing approach. We compared its effectiveness with a pure random approach, a dynamic-random approach (without a static phase), and a static-random approach (without a dynamic phase) on several popular open-source Java programs. Tests generated by Palus achieved higher structural coverage and found more bugs. Palus is also internally used in Google. It has found 22 previously-unknown bugs in four well-tested Google products.
Assessing Attachment Needs and Potential in High-Risk Infants1

This paper outlines a clinical response to these pressures through the development of rigorous, evidence-based approaches to the early assessment of the young child in out-of-home care, with a primary focus on the potential of a caregiver to parent that child in line with his or her developmental needs. The approach described aims for “depth” understanding of the traumatised attachment relationship, its historical underpinnings, and its psychological trajectories for parent and child. Above all, it aims to clearly delineate, from an evidence base, the capacity of the relationship to recover, within a time frame that is developmentally appropriate for the child.
Prospective, Observational Study of Voriconazole Therapeutic Drug Monitoring among Lung Transplant Recipients Receiving Prophylaxis: Factors Impacting Levels of and Associations between Serum Troughs, Efficacy, and Toxicity

ABSTRACT Voriconazole prophylaxis is common following lung transplantation, but the value of therapeutic drug monitoring is unknown. A prospective, observational study of lung transplant recipients (n = 93) receiving voriconazole prophylaxis was performed. Serum voriconazole troughs (n = 331) were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The median initial and subsequent troughs were 1.91 and 1.46 μg/ml, respectively. The age of the patient directly correlated with initial troughs (P = 0.005). Patients that were ≥60 years old and cystic fibrosis patients were significantly more likely to have higher and lower initial troughs, respectively. In 95% (88/93) of patients, ≥2 troughs were measured. In 28% (25/88) and 32% (28/88) of these patients, all troughs were ≤1.5 μg/ml or >1.5 μg/ml, respectively. Ten percent (10/93) and 27% (25/93) of the patients developed invasive fungal infection (tracheobronchitis) and fungal colonization, respectively. The median troughs at the times of positive and negative fungal cultures were 0.92 and 1.72 μg/ml (P = 0.07). Invasive fungal infections or colonization were more likely with troughs of ≤1.5 μg/ml (P = 0.01) and among patients with no trough of >1.5 μg/ml (P = 0.007). Other cutoff troughs correlated less strongly with microbiologic outcomes. Troughs correlated directly with aspartate transferase levels (P = 0.003), but not with other liver enzymes. Voriconazole was discontinued due to suspected toxicity in 27% (25/93) of the patients. The troughs did not differ at the times of suspected drug-induced hepatotoxicity, central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, or nausea/vomiting and in the absence of toxicity. Voriconazole prophylaxis was most effective at troughs of >1.5 μg/ml. A cutoff for toxicity was not identified, but troughs of >4 μg/ml were rare. The data support a target range of >1.5 to 4 μg/ml.
UnLinked: Private Proximity-based Off-line OSN Interaction

The recent decade has witnessed a rapid increase in popularity of mobile personal devices (notably, smartphones) t hat function as all-purpose personal communication portals. Concurrently, On-line Social Networks (OSNs) have continued their impressive proliferation. Meanwhile, the notion of "OSN privacy" remains elusive and even self-contradictory. Centralized nature of prominent OSNs is unlikely to change, which does not bode well for OSN users' privacy. However, some user privacy can be gained from making certain OSN functionality available off-line, such as discovering common contacts and other features, as well as establishing affinity- based connections. OSN providers stand to gain from this, since users could avail themselves of OSN functionality in scenarios where none currently exists, e.g., whenever Internet connectivity is unavailable, expensive or insufficient. At the same time, OSN users benefit from increased privacy because off-line interactions can be made opaque to OSN providers. This paper explores off-line private proximity-based use of OSNs. Although our approach is quite general, the proposed system (called UnLinked) is grafted atop a specific and popular OSN -- LinkedIn. One key challenge is how to ensure authenticity and privacy of users' information (e.g., connections and other profile data) when they engage in off-line interactions. This is addressed by designing an efficient technique for authorized two-way private set intersection (ATW-PSI), which allows two OSN users to jointly learn only the intersection of their input sets, while being assured of the authenticity of each others' input. The paper describes and evaluates a practical prototype that allows physically proximate LinkedIn users to commit to a connection if they have a mutually acceptable number of common connections.
The City as World-Place: Transterritorial Flows and Territorial Order in a Nuremberg Neighbourhood

Approaching struggles for political representation through a perspective of ‘methodological transterritorialism’, we seek to make sense of recent developments evolving around a territorialised urban neighbourhood. Werderau, a garden suburb founded by a mechanical engineering company at the beginning of the 20th century, enjoyed relative protection from globalising frictions and struggles until the ‘world-in-motion’ suddenly penetrated the community a few years ago. We begin by charting the production of the bounded settlement as a site of alternate social ordering at a time of hyper-industrialisation and its imaginary role as a territorial heterotopia, symbolising order in a seemingly chaotic urban world. Turning to the owner's decision to sell the neighbourhood in 1998, we then argue that long-term inhabitants discursively frame the events following the decision as ‘transterritorial pollution’ of their bounded community, reflected in the commodification of their neighbourhood and in an ‘invasion’ of non-German home-owners. After discussing how longer term residents attempt to restabilise their identities by taking up a xenophobic discourse, we conclude by criticising policymakers for responding solely in a territorial logic and for one-sidedly taking up the discourse advanced by long-term residents. Instead, we advance a utopian vision of the city as a worldly site where people live under conditions of ‘transcultural Gleich-Gültigkeit’ in the double meaning of the German term: understood as being ‘indifferent’ towards the proximate other as well as referring to equality and equal rights.
Grasp or Brush for Biliary Sampling at Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography? A Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVES Brushing, the standard sampling method at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), lacks sensitivity for cancer detection. We assessed a novel sampling method using a grasping basket.METHODS Fifty-six patients with a suspected malignant biliary stricture were randomized to biliary sampling at ERC using a basket (basket group, N = 30) or a brush (brush group, N = 26), followed by the alternate device. When deemed necessary, strictures were dilated (using 6-mm balloons exclusively). The primary end point was sensitivity for cancer detection at cytopathological examination of the first sample collected in each patient; the cytopathologist was blinded to clinical details and sampling method. All analyses followed an intention-to-treat principle.RESULTS All 56 patients had successful sampling with both techniques; 50 (89%) had a final diagnosis of malignant stricture. Sensitivity for cancer detection with the first sample collected in each patient was significantly higher in the basket compared to brush group (20/25 [80%] vs 12/25 [48%], respectively, P = 0.018, OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.24–15.21). Seventeen (34%) of the 50 sample pairs collected from malignant cases showed discordant cytopathological results: 15 patients had a positive basket and a negative brush result while two had the inverse association (P = 0.002, OR 7.5, 95% CI 1.65–47.44). Basketting more frequently yielded positive samples from malignant strictures in case of presampling balloon dilation (27/32 [84%] vs 10/18 [56%], respectively, P = 0.043, OR 4.32, 95% CI 1.14–16.37). Specificity was 100% (both methods). CONCLUSION Biliary sampling at ERC using a dedicated basket provided a significantly higher sensitivity for cancer detection than brushing; presampling stricture dilation significantly increased sensitivity.
Development and validation of a nomogram predicting the outcome of prostate biopsy based on patient age, digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen.

PURPOSE We developed and validated a nomogram which predicts presence of prostate cancer (PCa) on needle biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used 3 cohorts of men who were evaluated with sextant biopsy of the prostate and whose presenting prostate specific antigen (PSA) was not greater than 50 ng/ml. Data from 4,193 men from Montreal, Canada were used to develop a nomogram based on age, digital rectal examination (DRE) and serum PSA. External validation was performed on 1,762 men from Hamburg, Germany. Data from these men were subsequently used to develop a second nomogram in which percent free PSA (%fPSA) was added as a predictor. External validation was performed using 514 men from Montreal. Both nomograms were based on multivariate logistic regression models. Predictive accuracy was evaluated with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve and graphically with loess smoothing plots. RESULTS PCa was detected in 1,477 (35.2%) men from Montreal, 739 (41.9%) men from Hamburg and 189 (36.8%) men from Montreal. In all models all predictors were significant at 0.05. Using age, DRE and PSA external validation AUC was 0.69. Using age, DRE, PSA and %fPSA external validation AUC was 0.77. CONCLUSIONS A nomogram based on age, DRE, PSA and %fPSA can highly accurately predict the outcome of prostate biopsy in men at risk for PCa.
Distinctions between CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell regenerative pathways result in prolonged T-cell subset imbalance after intensive chemotherapy.

Rapid recovery of CD4+ T cells after intensive chemotherapy is limited by an age-dependent decline in thymopoiesis. Here we sought to determine whether similar limitations exist for CD8+ T-cell regeneration. After intensive chemotherapy, CD8+ T cells had a faster effective doubling time than CD4+ T cells (median, 12.6 v 28.2 days, P < .05). Accordingly, at 3 months posttherapy, mean CD8+ T-cell number had returned to baseline, whereas mean CD4+ T-cell number was only 35% of pretherapy values (P < .05). These differences were primarily due to very rapid expansion of CD8+CD57+ and CD8+CD28- subsets. At 3 months posttherapy, there was no relationship between age and CD8+ T-cell number (R = -.02), whereas CD4+ T-cell number was inversely related to age (R = -.66) and there were no discernible differences in CD8+ recovery among patients with or without thymic enlargement, whereas CD4+ recovery was enhanced in patients with thymic enlargement after chemotherapy (P < .01). Therefore thymic-independent pathways of T-cell regeneration appear to rapidly regenerate substantial numbers of CD8+, but not CD4+ T cells, resulting in prolonged T-cell subset imbalance after T-cell depletion. These inherent distinctions between CD4+ v CD8+ T-cell regeneration may have significant implications for immunotherapeutic strategies undertaken to eradicate minimal residual neoplastic disease after cytoreductive chemotherapy.
Impact of cold on the immune system of burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Insect overwintering is one of the most astonishing phases of the insect life cycle. Despite vast amounts of knowledge available about the physiological mechanisms of this phenomenon, the impact of stress factors on insect immune system functioning during the winter is still unknown. The aim of this study is to analyze how low temperatures influence the immune system of the beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. The results show that the beetle's immune system is differently modulated by cold induced in laboratory settings than that which occurs in natural conditions. Among beetles cultured in conditions similar to summer, low temperatures, did not influence the number of circulating haemocytes, phenoloxidase activity, haemocytes morphology, and percentage ratio of haemocyte types. In these beetles, differences were noted only in the ability of haemocytes to perform phagocytosis. Individuals acclimated in natural conditions in autumn had a higher level of humoral response and a different percentage ratio of haemocyte types. During the winter period, the number of haemocytes in the beetles decreased, but the percentage ratio of phagocytic haemocytes increased. Furthermore, we noted an increase of phenoloxidase activity. Our study also showed mitotic divisions of haemocytes in haemolymph collected from burying beetles after cold exposure and from burying beetles collected from natural conditions during autumn and winter. Differences in response to low temperatures in laboratory conditions and the natural environment suggest that the simultaneous presence of other stress factors during winter such as desiccation and starvation have a significant influence on the activity of burying beetle's immune system.
Body weight reduction, sympathetic nerve traffic, and arterial baroreflex in obese normotensive humans.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that sympathetic cardiovascular outflow is increased in obese normotensive subjects and that this increase is associated with a baroreflex impairment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these abnormalities are irreversible or can be favorably affected by body weight reduction. METHODS AND RESULTS In 20 obese normotensive subjects (age, 31.3+/-1.7 years; body mass index, 37.6+/-0.9 kg/m2, mean+/-SEM), we measured beat-to-beat arterial blood pressure (Finapres technique), heart rate (ECG), postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography at a peroneal nerve), and venous plasma norepinephrine (high-performance liquid chromatography) at rest and during baroreceptor stimulation and deactivation induced by increases and reductions of blood pressure via stepwise intravenous infusions of phenylephrine and nitroprusside. Measurements were repeated in 10 subjects after a 16-week hypocaloric diet with normal sodium content (4600 to 5000 J and 210 mmol NaCl/d) and in the remaining 10 subjects after a 16-week observation period without any reduction in the caloric intake. The hypocaloric diet significantly reduced body mass index, slightly reduced blood pressure, and caused a significant and marked decrease in both muscle sympathetic nerve activity (from 50.0+/-5.1 to 32.9+/-4.6 bursts per 100 heart beats, P<.01) and plasma norepinephrine (from 356.2+/-43 to 258.4+/-29 pg/mL, P<.05). This was associated with a significant improvement in the sensitivity of the baroreceptor heart rate (+71.5 +/- 11%, P<.01) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (+124.5 +/- 22%, P<.001) reflex. Total body glucose uptake also increased significantly (+60.8 +/- 12.0%, P<.05), indicating an increase in insulin sensitivity. All variables remained unchanged in subjects not undergoing caloric restriction. CONCLUSIONS In obese normotensive subjects, a reduction in body weight induced by a hypocaloric diet with normal sodium content exerts a marked reduction in sympathetic activity owing to central sympathoinhibition. This can be due to the consequences of an increased insulin sensitivity but also to a restoration of the baroreflex control of the cardiovascular system with weight loss.
Object Representation in Multiattribute Choice

We propose a theoretical framework for understanding how everyday choice objects are represented and how decisions involving these objects are made. Our framework combines insights regarding object and concept representation in semantic memory research with multiattribute choice rules proposed by scholars of decision making. We also outline computational techniques for using our framework to quantitatively predict naturalistic multiattribute choices. We test our approach in two-object and three-object forced choice experiments involving common books, movies, and foods. Despite using complex naturalistic stimuli, we find that our approach achieves high predictive accuracy rates, and is also able to provide a good account of decision time distributions.
Deep Learning for Semantic Part Segmentation with High-Level Guidance

In this work we address the task of segmenting an object into its parts, or semantic part segmentation. We start by adapting a state-of-the-art semantic segmentation system to this task, and show that a combination of a fully-convolutional Deep CNN system coupled with Dense CRF labelling provides excellent results for a broad range of object categories. Still, this approach remains agnostic to high-level constraints between object parts. We introduce such prior information by means of the Restricted Boltzmann Machine, adapted to our task and train our model in an discriminative fashion, as a hidden CRF, demonstrating that prior information can yield additional improvements. We also investigate the performance of our approach ``in the wild'', without information concerning the objects' bounding boxes, using an object detector to guide a multi-scale segmentation scheme. We evaluate the performance of our approach on the Penn-Fudan and LFW datasets for the tasks of pedestrian parsing and face labelling respectively. We show superior performance with respect to competitive methods that have been extensively engineered on these benchmarks, as well as realistic qualitative results on part segmentation, even for occluded or deformable objects. We also provide quantitative and extensive qualitative results on three classes from the PASCAL Parts dataset. Finally, we show that our multi-scale segmentation scheme can boost accuracy, recovering segmentations for finer parts.
The role of research and planning units in law enforcement organizations

Purpose – This paper seeks to empirically describe the role of research and planning units within contemporary, local police organizations in the US.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from a national survey of police organizations, municipal police agencies and sheriffs' offices in the US and analyzed using univariate statistics.Findings – The findings demonstrate that the task scope of research and planning units (RPU) within local law enforcement organizations is heterogeneous. RPUs perform a range of tasks and these tasks differ from one agency to another. When separate tasks are aggregated into broader categories, the data reveal that, overall, RPUs focus primarily on administrative tasks.Practical implications – These findings suggest that RPUs primarily focus on administrative support tasks rather than research and planning projects. Thus, RPUs may be underutilized by law enforcement organizations. These findings suggest that administrators consider how the task scope of RPUs can be r.
Abuse and diversion of gabapentin among nonmedical prescription opioid users in Appalachian Kentucky.

Gabapentin (Neurontin®) is FDA-approved as an adjunctive anti-epileptic for refractory partial seizures and as an analgesic for post-herpetic neuralgia. It is presumed to interact with calcium channels to regulate various neurotransmitter release (1) and is commonly prescribed off-label for other pain syndromes as well as mood and anxiety disorders (2), with few reports of abuse (2–5). However, with decreasing availability of commonly abused prescription opioids, it has been suggested that non-medical users of prescription opioids are substituting other licit (6) and illicit (7) drugs for abuse.
Gender and Political Representation in the UK: The State of the ‘Discipline’

Who governs is a traditional question in the study of politics: who is absent and who is present in the domains of public power? Feminist political scientists have taken and transformed this conventional question by focusing on the intractable problem of the relative exclusion of women. In so doing, the under-representation of women in parliaments and in national, local and regional assemblies has moved from the footnotes of political science to the focus of a flourishing international sub-field of scholarly inquiry. Academic interest has mirrored and paralleled growing political activism and advocacy around the issue by actors in local, national and international arenas. Despite global trends towards transformations in gender roles, such processes do not translate in a straightforward way into opportunities for political leadership (Inglehart and Norris 2003). During the 1980s and 1990s the political under-representation of women was reframed as a serious problem for democracy and human development, which was seen to raise awkward and crucial questions about the distribution of power. Governments and political parties were placed under increasing pressure to counter women’s chronic minority status in political institutions through affirmative action such as gender candidate quotas.
An Evaluation of Two Typical RAID-6 Codes on Online Single Disk Failure Recovery

Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks RAID is a popular storage architecture with high performance and reliability. RAID-6 with a higher level of reliability based on MDS (Maximum Distance Separable) code is well studied, for its optimal storage efficiency. RAID-6 could offer continuous services in degraded mode, during the period of online failure recovery. However, the online recovery would bring a considerable I/O workflow to the storage system, that almost all the surviving data in the system need to be accessed. Due to the limitation of disk bandwidth, user response time would be significantly affected by the recovery workflow. In this paper, we examine the online recovery performance of two typical MDS RAID-6 codes RDP code and P-code. To our observation, P-code significiantly outperforms RDP in user response time and recovery duration during a single disk failure recovery. To our analysis, the difference comes from not only the parity layout but also the parity organization. Therefore, we propose a new categorization for existing MDS RAID-6 codes, based on the methodology of parity organization. By our approach, all the MDS RAID-6 codes could be categorized to Sym-codes with only one type of parity, and Asym-codes with at least two different types of parity.