Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design of a robotic wheelchair with a motor imagery based brain-computer interface

This paper presents a prototype for an electro-encephalogram (EEG) based brain-actuated wheelchair system using motor imagery. To overcome some of the limitations of other previous works, such as gaze dependence and unnecessary stops, five commands (left, left-diagonal, right, right-diagonal, and forward) were decoded based on the motor imagery correlates in EEG signals. Also, the system was modularized into three components: BCI control, and network. On the basis of the conclusions, we can expect a robust brain-actuated wheelchair system, which can allow the user's intention to control the wheelchair in multi-directional movements, thereby increasing the user's authority compared with many of the alternative approaches.
Trojan Horses of Race

Recent social cognition research - a mixture of social psychology, cognitive psychology, and cognitive neuroscience - has provided stunning results that measure our implicit bias against various social categories. In particular, they reveal that most of us have implicit biases in the form of negative beliefs (stereotypes) and attitudes (prejudice) against racial minorities. This is notwithstanding sincere self-reports to the contrary. These implicit biases have been demonstrated to have real-world consequence - in how we interpret actions, perform on exams, interact with others, and even shoot a gun. The first half of this Article imports this remarkable science into the law reviews and sets out a broad intellectual agenda to explore its implications. The second half explores where implicit bias comes from, and focuses on vicarious experiences with racial others mediated through electronic communications. This, in turn, raises a timely question of communications policy concerning how the public interest standard was recently reshaped in the FCC's controversial June 2003 Media Ownership Order. There, the FCC repeatedly justified relaxing ownership rules by explaining how it would increase, of all things, local news. Since local news was viewed as advancing diversity and localism, two of the three core elements of the public interest, any structural deregulation that increased local news was lauded.Troubling is what's on the local news. Sensationalistic crime stories are disproportionately shown: If it bleeds, it leads. Racial minorities are repeatedly featured as violent criminals. Consumption of these images, the social cognition research suggests, exacerbates our implicit biases against racial minorities. Since implicit bias is fueled in part by what we see, the FCC has recently redefined the public interest so as to encourage the production of programming that make us more biased. We seek local news for valuable information necessary to plan our lives, but embedded in that information transfer is a sort of Trojan Horse that increases our implicit bias. Unwittingly, the FCC linked the public interest to racism. Potential responses, such as recoding the public interest, and examining potential firewalls and disinfectants for these viruses are discussed. These solutions are explored in light of both psychological and constitutional constraints.
Computational Modeling and Flow Diverters: A Teaching Moment

Less than a decade ago AJNR published some of the first case studies of cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics using the then-novel combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 3D medical imaging. AJNR has since become the pre-eminent venue for such “image-based” or “patient-specific” CFD
Interobserver agreement of confocal laser endomicroscopy for detection of head and neck neoplasia

We have described the feasibility of using the probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) in differentiating benign from malignant lesions of the head and neck. Therefore, we wanted to determine the interobserver agreement of pCLE offline images of noncancerous, precancerous, and cancerous lesions of the head and neck.
Can Scientific Research From the Laboratory be of Any Use to Teachers?

Behavior in a psychology laboratory—constrained by the need to efficiently replicate tasks, record individual responses, and avoid contamination from external factors—is different in systematic ways from behavior within an everyday environment where similar tasks are undertaken and problems solved. This article describes a program of research that identified the sources of this "ecological invalidity" of laboratory settings. The authors connect these insights to current attempts to apply laboratory controls in field research in schools where measures of the effectiveness of instructional programs can be based on high-stakes testing. While recognizing important applications of controlled experimentation both in the laboratory and in the educational policy research, they also find potential for the experimental controls themselves to lead researchers and decision makers to the wrong conclusion.
Spontaneous outgrowth of epstein‐barr virus‐positive B‐cell lines from circulating human B cells of different buoyant densities

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) has potent cell‐growth‐transforming activity for human B lymphocytes in vitro, yet appears to persist in the circulating B‐cell pool of virus carriers in vivo as a largely asymptomatic (i.e., non‐growth‐transforming) infection. The true nature of this infection, and the identity of the cells involved, remain to be determined. Studies of Lewin et al. (1987) have suggested (i) that the frequency of virus‐infected cells in the circulating B‐cell pool differs in different buoyant density fractions, being most abundant in the low‐density population, and (ii) that rare virus‐infected cells with the capacity for direct in vitro outgrowth to EBV‐transformed cell lines are segregated within the high‐density population. We have repeated this work using B‐cell fractions from a much larger panel of asymptomatic virus carriers and find (i) that the incidence of virus‐infected B cells Is not significantly different between high‐and low‐density fractions, and (ii) that virus‐infected cells from both fractions give rise to EBV‐transformed cell lines in culture predominantly through a 2‐step mechanism of virus replication and secondary infection rather than by direct outgrowth.
Family migration and the employment of married women and men.

"This research reconsiders the human capital hypothesis that married women have a lower probability of employment after family migration. The empirical analysis focuses on a sample of married parents in the economically active population residing in the midwestern United States in 1980. Our analysis establishes that, after controlling for the effects of migration self-selection bias, family migration increases the probability of employment among married women by 9 percent but has no effect on the probability of employment among married men. This research demonstrates the limitations of the human capital model of family migration and indicates the need for reconceptualizing family migration behavior. "
Observation of a spin gap in SrCu2O3 comprising Ssin-12 quasi-1D two-leg ladders.

Magnetic properties of Sr${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{5}$, containing two-leg and three-leg $S=\frac{1}{2}$ ladders made of antiferromagnetic Cu-O-Cu linear bonds, were investigated. The susceptibility of the two-leg ladder material, Sr${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, is characteristic of thermal excitation from a nonmagnetic ground state with a spin gap of about 420 K, while the susceptibility of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{5}$, containing three-leg ladders, reflects a gapless spin excitation spectrum. The temperature dependence of the nuclear-spin lattice relaxation rate, $\frac{1}{{T}_{1}}$, of $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$ NMR also indicates the existence of a spin gap only for Sr${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The spin gap we observed for Sr${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ confirms a recent theoretical prediction for the magnetic behavior of spin = \textonehalf{} antiferromagnetically coupled Heisenberg chains.
Adversarial Forensic Science Experts: An Empirical Study of Jury Deliberation

Abstract Surprisingly little is known about ways that juries resolve differences of opinion between competing scientific forensic experts. Concerns have been raised that juries defer unduly to scientific experts and are susceptible to the ‘white coat effect’. The study reported in this article examined jury decision-making in the context of a live, simulated homicide trial that incorporated traditional legal procedural safeguards against jury error: cross-examination, the use of rebuttal expert witnesses, judicial directions and group deliberation. Following the presentation of opposing expert opinions on analyses of trace evidence, 12 juries deliberated to a verdict. Deliberation transcripts were systematically analysed to discern prominent topics discussed in the jury room. Using a text-mining method, shifts in deliberation focus were explored in response to two interventions: (a) a judicial caution about the non-binding nature of expert illustrative visual aids; and (b) uneven versus evenly balanced rebuttal expert evidence. Results indicated that juries were not deferential to the experts, but did not ignore them either. They found the experts' sophisticated interactive visual aids useful, but appropriately discerned that the scientific evidence did not resolve the issues before them. No evidence emerged for ‘the white coat effect’. Excerpts from deliberations substantiated the quantitative outcomes.
Atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ as revealed by large-core needle breast biopsy: results of surgical excision.

OBJECTIVE This investigation compares the frequency of histologic underestimation of breast carcinoma that occurs when a large-core needle biopsy reveals atypical ductal hyperplasia or ductal carcinoma in situ with the automated 14-gauge needle, the 14-gauge directional vacuum-assisted biopsy device, and the 11-gauge directional vacuum-assisted biopsy device. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Evaluation of 428 large-core needle biopsies yielding atypical ductal hyperplasia (139 lesions) or ductal carcinoma in situ (289 lesions) was performed. The results of subsequent surgical excision were retrospectively compared with the needle biopsy results. RESULTS For lesions initially diagnosed as ductal carcinoma in situ, underestimation of invasive ductal carcinoma was significantly less frequent using the 11-gauge directional vacuum-assisted biopsy device when compared with the automated 14-gauge needle (10% versus 21%, p < 0.05) but was not significantly less frequent when compared with the 14-gauge directional vacuum-assisted device (10% versus 17%, p > 0.1). For lesions diagnosed initially as atypical ductal hyperplasia, underestimation of ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma was significantly less frequent using the 11-gauge directional vacuum-assisted biopsy device compared with the 14-gauge directional vacuum-assisted device (19% versus 39%, p = 0. 025) and with the automated 14-gauge needle (19% versus 44%, p = 0. 01). CONCLUSION The frequency of histologic underestimation of breast carcinoma in lesions initially diagnosed as atypical ductal hyperplasia or ductal carcinoma in situ using large-core needle biopsy is substantially lower with the 11-gauge directional vacuum-assisted device than with the automated 14-gauge needle and with the 14-gauge directional vacuum-assisted device.
Control at work: A generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.
Simultaneous optimization of the linear and nonlinear microwave response of YBCO films and devices

We present results of a systematic study of the effect of film deposition temperature on both the linear and nonlinear response of superconducting YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (YBCO) thin films and devices at microwave frequencies. Measurements of the unpatterned films show that samples grown by pulsed laser deposition at a lower substrate temperature (740/spl deg/C) display a smaller low-temperature residual surface resistance compared to films grown at a higher substrate temperature (780/spl deg/C). However, the same films which display low residual surface resistance also show increased nonlinear effects (measured by third harmonic generation) at all temperatures. Analysis of these results suggests that the increased defects present in the films grown at the lower deposition temperature are responsible for both the lower surface resistance and the higher third harmonic generation observed in these samples. We discuss the consequences of these results for the simultaneous optimization of both linear and nonlinear microwave properties of HTS thin films and devices.
Paleoenvironmental basis of cognitive evolution in great apes

A bias favoring tree‐dominated habitats and ripe‐fruit frugivory has persisted in great ape evolution since the early Miocene. This bias is indicated by fossil ape paleoenvironments, molar morphology, dental microwear, the geographic pattern of extinctions, and extant apes' reliance on wooded settings. The ephemeral aspect of high‐quality fruit has placed a premium on cognitive and social means of finding and defending food sources, and appears related to great apes' affinity since the Miocene for wooded, fruit‐rich environments. These habitats have, however, undergone a severe withdrawal toward the low latitudes of Africa and Southeast Asia since the late Miocene, corresponding to a decline in the diversity of great apes beginning 9.5 million years ago. Plio‐Pleistocene records imply that wooded settings of Africa and SE Asia were prone to substantial fragmentation and coalescence. Once apes were confined to equatorial settings, therefore, habitat instability heightened the spatial/temporal uncertainty of ripe‐fruit sources. Prolonged learning, the assignment of attributes to distant places, mental representation, and reliance on fallback foods were all favored in this dynamic environmental context. These abilities helped sustain forest frugivory in most lineages. Fluid social grouping afforded the animals opportunities to locate ephemeral foods in continuous and fragmented forests. Fission‐fusion grouping also magnified the problems of object impermanence (of individuals) and dispersion manifested by food sources in the ecological realm. Thus the spatial and temporal dynamics of fruit and wooded habitats since the Miocene are reflected in important components of great ape cognition, foraging, and sociality. In contrast to great apes, cercopithecoid monkeys have increased their plant dietary options and diversified in seasonal environments since the late Miocene. Early hominins eventually severed the habitat bias that characterized the evolution of great apes, and later expanded into diverse environments. Am. J. Primatol. 62:209‐228, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethics Code Awareness, Perceived Ethical Values, and Organizational Commitment

This study examines the relationships among ethics code awareness, perceived corporate ethical values, and organizational commitment. Three key findings emerged. First, those aware of the existence of an ethics code in their organizations perceived their organizations as having more ethical values than those not aware of an ethics code in their organizations. Second, respondents exhibited higher levels of organizational commitment when they were aware of an ethics code in their companies. Finally, the relationship between ethics code awareness and organizational commitment was fully mediated by perceptions of an organization’s ethical values. The results suggest that ethics codes may lead to higher levels of organizational commitment by increasing the belief that their organizations have strong ethical values, as long as the existence of ethics codes are adequately communicated.
Developing and benchmarking show & tell robotic puppet for preschool education

Robots have been shown to assist in education and development of social skills in children. However, there has been no study yet that benchmarks the effectiveness of robots with respect to traditional playtools found inside a classroom, such as pretend play items and blocks. This paper presents the design, development and testing of robotic puppets, which would be used to support teaching in kindergarten education. Different types of robotic puppet design were considered before settling on a glove-type puppet. To benchmark the robot performance, a total of 52 five year-old children were observed, from which quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The result of the study indicates that when playing with the robotic puppets, the performance of the children with respect to thinking and learning, creativity and imagination, and social interaction and independence, is comparable to other traditional playtools.
Evaluation of the Language Acquisition through Motor Planning (LAMP) program with children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

The National Standards Report recently produced by the National Autism Centre lists AAC as a treatment for ASD that is emerging and cannot be discounted as an effective treatment at this point in time (National Autism Centre, 2009). Yet although the use of AAC with individuals with ASD is becoming common practice, it is recognised that there is little quantitative data to support such treatments (Hill, 2006). Furthermore, researchers have indicated that there are still questions that need answering with regard to the effectiveness of using AAC with people with ASD (Mirenda, 2001; Schlosser & Blischak, 2001). This calls for more high quality research in the area.
Occult herpes family viral infections are endemic in critically ill surgical patients

ObjectiveHerpes family viruses have been recognized as pathogens for many years in immunosuppressed transplant or human immunodeficiency virus patients, but they have garnered little attention as potential pathogens in the nonimmunosuppressed critically ill. The objective of this study was to define the prevalence of and risk factors for development of herpes family virus infection in chronic critically ill surgical patients. DesignProspective epidemiologic study. SettingA 38-bed surgical intensive care unit in a major university hospital. PatientsNonimmunosuppressed intensive care unit patients in intensive care unit for ≥5 days. InterventionsNone; patients received no antiviral treatment during the study. Measurements and Main ResultsWeekly cultures for cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus, viral serologies, and T-cell counts were performed. The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of positive respiratory cultures for herpes simplex or CMV was 35% (22–49%); 15% (5–25%) cultured positive for CMV, 23% (11–35%) cultured positive for herpes simplex virus, and one patient’s respiratory secretions culturing positive for both CMV and herpes simplex virus. The prevalence of CMV viremia was only 5.8% (1–10%). CMV+ patients had longer hospital admissions, intensive care unit admissions, and periods of ventilator dependence than CMV− patients, despite having comparable severity of illness scores. CMV+ patients also had significantly higher numbers of blood transfusions, prevalence of steroid exposure, and prevalence of hepatic dysfunction, and all were immunoglobulin G positive at the beginning of the study. In contrast, herpes simplex virus–positive patients had lengths of hospital admissions, lengths of intensive care unit admissions, and periods of ventilator dependence comparable with patients without viral infections (p > .05). ConclusionsThere is a significant prevalence (22–49%) of occult active herpes family viruses in chronic critically ill surgical patients. The clinical significance of these viral infections is unknown, although CMV+ patients have significantly higher morbidity rates than CMV− patients. Several factors suggest pathogenicity, but further study is needed to define causality.
NGC 4435: a bulge‐dominated galaxy with an unforeseen low‐mass central black hole

We present the ionised gas kinematics of the SB0 galaxy NGC 4435 from spectra obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. This galaxy has been selected on the basis of its ground-based spectroscopy, for displaying a positio n velocity diagram consistent with the presence of a circumnuclear Keplerian disc rotating around a supermassive black hole
National tuberculin survey of Kenya, 1986-1990.

SETTING The first tuberculin survey conducted in Kenya by the World Health Organisation in 1958-1959 found an annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) of 2.5%. OBJECTIVE To estimate the ARTI and its trend in recent years and to compare the estimated incidence rates with the notification rates. DESIGN A tuberculin survey was held in 12 randomly selected districts in the period 1986-1990. Tuberculin testing with 2TU PPD RT 23 + Tween 80 was performed in 40,365 primary schoolchildren aged 6-13. RESULTS Of 14,984 non BCG-vaccinated children, 1,380 (9.2%) had indurations of > or = 10 mm. Double testing with PPD RT 23 and PPD-scrofulaceum in 980 non BCG-vaccinated children revealed a high level of infections due to mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT). Therefore, the prevalence of tuberculous infection was based on the sum of 50% of the indurations of 17 mm and all indurations of 18 mm or more multiplied by two. The prevalence of tuberculous infection in schoolchildren aged on average 8.4 years, 'weighted' for the population size according to the provisional results of the 1989 census, was calculated at 5.5%. The corresponding ARTI is 0.6%. CONCLUSION The ARTI has declined by an average 4.6% per year. The tuberculosis problem differs from one area to the next, with the highest prevalences of infection on the coast and in Eastern Kenya, and the lowest in Western Kenya. Although the average ratio of observed and estimated incidences indicate that 70% of incident cases are notified, considerable inter-district variations are observed.