Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dealing With Misbehavior at Schools in Kentucky

To test and compare theoretical explanations of the use of corporal punishment in school, the authors examine how well county-level measures of culture, socioeconomic strain, and social capital predict the prevalence and incidence of corporal punishment in Kentucky schools. Although several variables are significantly correlated with corporal punishment use, multi-variate regression analyses reveal that high socioeconomic strain and low levels of social capital are the best predictors of (a) the prevalence of corporal punishment in a county's public school system(s) and (b) a high incidence of corporal punishment in those counties where it is practiced. Explanations and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Exploring Children's Social and Moral Behaviour in a Technology Context

The central argument of this thesis is that disclosure of certain information via computer-mediated communication technologies influence specific behaviours in relation to trust, and betrayal for children and young people. The main aim of this thesis is to extend the computer mediated communication literature by investigating young people‘s use of digital communication devices in an effort to explore interactions between methods of computer mediated communication and young people‘s subsequent social and moral behaviour. The thesis begins with qualitative analyses of data gathered via focus groups to raise a broad range of issues important to the young user rather than the issues deemed important by parents and educators. Young people indicate clearly that they are aware of the safety issues that concern parents and academics eager to protect them from predators. Whilst the single most popular reason they identify for engaging with technology is to communicate, they identify three key areas of concern related to technology use; usage preferences, positive aspects of technology use and negative aspects of technology use. The topics relating to the latter two themes combine social and moral behaviours forming a preliminary framework for understanding behaviour within the HCI agenda. Subjective and objective methodology is implemented, typically via questionnaires and content analysis. In depth examination and assessment of those concerns deemed important to the young user is achieved via questionnaire studies developed from the issues raised in the focus groups. Building upon the preliminary framework identified in the first study, the thesis employs a questionnaire study to examine whether technology has an impact on trust by young people and how any betrayal of trust might impact on their subsequent behaviour. The questionnaire studies reveal that for young people dynamics of trust and forgiveness are functions of both type of medium chosen to convey information, as well as the recipient to whom the information is related. Further investigation confirms that similar elements exist for older users communicating via digital communication technologies. Subsequent investigation reveals that as young users of computer mediated communication adopt each new alternative communication medium, they then manipulate that new medium to fit their communication needs by using them in such a way as to enhance the speed and quality of communication.
Acute Liver Failure in the United States

Why did the researchers do this particular study? Acute liver failure is a potentially deadly condition that affects about 2000 Americans each year. Most often, liver failure develops over a period of years as an insult to the liver (such as alcohol abuse or infection with hepatitis virus) slowly damages it. Less commonly, liver failure is acute, meaning that it occurs over a period of days or weeks. The things that can cause acute liver failure include hepatitis virus infections, drugs, pregnancy, autoimmune disease, and sudden low blood flow to the liver. Little is known about how often each of these things is responsible for acute liver failure in the United States. Information about the causes and outcomes of acute liver failure would be helpful to doctors who care for patients with this condition. Who was studied? 308 patients with acute liver failure who received care between January 1998 and May 2001 at 1 of 17 U.S. medical centers that specialize in liver disease. All patients were 15 years of age or older. How was the study done? Each of the 17 participating centers kept careful records of patients' information, including the cause of the liver failure, physical examination and laboratory findings, and information about how the patients were doing 3 weeks after they first presented to a study center. The researchers used this information to determine the frequency of the various causes of acute liver failure. They also looked for associations among patient characteristics, cause of liver failure, and patient outcomes. What did the researchers find? The most frequent causes of acute liver failure were overdose of acetaminophen (an over-the-counter pain and fever medicine), other drug reactions, and hepatitis A or B virus infection. In 17% of cases, the cause was unknown. At 3 weeks, 67% of the patients were alive. Of the patients who were alive at 3 weeks, 29% had undergone a liver transplantation. Survival varied greatly with cause. Of the patients with acetaminophen overdose who had not received a liver transplant, 68% were alive at 3 weeks compared with only 17% who had liver failure of unknown cause. Older age and being in a coma at the time of presentation were also associated with worse outcomes. What were the limitations of the study? The patients with acute liver failure at the 17 specialized centers in this study may be different from those who get care at other places. What are the implications of the study? In the United States, drugs, particularly acetaminophen, seem to be a more common cause of acute liver disease than hepatitis infection or other conditions. However, this study does not suggest that acetaminophen taken in recommended doses is dangerous to the liver. Among patients with acute liver failure in this study, those with acetaminophen overdose and those who were not in comas fared best.
Residues in a Highly Conserved Claudin-1 Motif Are Required for Hepatitis C Virus Entry and Mediate the Formation of Cell-Cell Contacts

ABSTRACT Claudin-1, a component of tight junctions between liver hepatocytes, is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) late-stage entry cofactor. To investigate the structural and functional roles of various claudin-1 domains in HCV entry, we applied a mutagenesis strategy. Putative functional intracellular claudin-1 domains were not important. However, we identified seven novel residues in the first extracellular loop that are critical for entry of HCV isolates drawn from six different subtypes. Most of the critical residues belong to the highly conserved claudin motif W30-GLW51-C54-C64. Alanine substitutions of these residues did not impair claudin-1 cell surface expression or lateral protein interactions within the plasma membrane, including claudin-1-claudin-1 and claudin-1-CD81 interactions. However, these mutants no longer localized to cell-cell contacts. Based on our observations, we propose that cell-cell contacts formed by claudin-1 may generate specialized membrane domains that are amenable to HCV entry.
Actions that Build Interpersonal Trust: A Relational Signalling Perspective

Abstract A priority in trust research is to deepen our understanding of trust processes: how does trust develop and break down? This requires further understanding of what actions have what effects on trust in interpersonal interactions. The literature offers a range of actions that have effects on trust, but gives little explanation of why they do so, and how the actions “hang together” in their effects on trust. The question is what different classes of trust building actions there may be. Using a “relational signalling” perspective, we propose hypotheses for classes of action that trigger the attribution of mental frames (by the trustor to the trustee), and trigger the adoption of those frames by the trustor. A survey-based empirical test of trust building actions among 449 managers in 14 European countries confirms the hypotheses.
Traditional and Nontraditional Gender Roles and Work—Family Interface for Men and Women

In this article, we examine traditional and nontraditional gender roles and work—family interface for men and women. Recent empirical literature is reviewed and implications for career counselors are discussed. We discuss changing gender roles in career, marriage, and parenting and provide strategies for helping clients to cope with work—family role strain and to find a satisfying balance between life roles. Directions for future research are also discussed.
What co-morbidities do people with malaria have and what are their patterns of health seeking in Nigeria?

BACKGROUND This study assessed the comorbidities associated with malaria and patterns of health seeking in southeast Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey was undertaken in Enugu state, Southeast Nigeria. Data were collected from 500 householders, 200 in-patient and outpatient exit surveys and data abstraction from 125 inpatient and outpatient records. RESULTS A total of 307 (64.2%) households had an episode of malaria within 1 month of the interview. The most common malaria comorbidities were upper respiratory tract infection and diarrhea. Most patients first sought treatment from patent medicine vendors. The average monthly cost of treating the comorbidities was 270 Naira (1.75 USD) and 601 Naira (3.89 USD) for outpatient department and inpatient department respectively. CONCLUSION The economic burden of malaria is compounded by comorbidities and inappropriate health seeking behavior. Interventions to control malaria are required to also control common comorbidities.
The mechanisms and effects of modifying attentional biases to threatening information

Patients with both depression and anxiety show an increased tendency to deploy attention towards negative information. Cognitive models of the illnesses predict that these negative attentional biases are causally related to the symptoms of the disorders. Consistent with this, modifying attentional bias using either antidepressant medication or simple, computer based training tasks has previously been associated with altered symptomatology in both non-clinical and clinical populations. The current thesis aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which attentional bias training tasks alter attention. The investigations were conducted within an experimental neuroscience framework which has previously been successfully deployed in studies of antidepressant medication. The thesis then sought to use these initial results to improve the basic understanding of attentional control processes and, ultimately, guide the development of novel treatment strategies. The initial studies of the thesis characterised the behavioural and neural effects of attentional bias training. Behaviourally, a high degree of generalisation of the training effect was found across a range of emotional stimuli. Neurally, training was found to alter activity in a network of prefrontal regions known to be involved in the control of attention. Further analysis, utilising a computational learning model, suggested that the attentional control systems identified in this study could be understood in terms of expectation based processes. These studies therefore indicated that, in contrast to the predominately limbic effects of antidepressant medication, training initially altered the response of frontal control circuitry. The later studies of the thesis investigated possible strategies for extending the use of attentional bias training. Firstly, combining training with antidepressant medication was found to produce an interference effect on emotional memory suggesting that administering both interventions concurrently is likely to erode their cognitive impact. Lastly, attentional bias training was found not to alter attention in patients with bipolar disorder, with the results of the study indicating that standard assessments of attentional bias in this clinical population are likely to be unreliable. Overall, these studies indicate that attentional bias training may be used to alter the top-down control of attention to emotional information and suggest that such effects may interfere with the bottom-up effects of antidepressant drugs. More generally the work demonstrates the utility of using a cognitive-neuroscientific framework to explore the mechanisms and impact of novel therapeutic strategies.
Assessment of Eating Disorders in Women

This article reviews current eating disorder self-report and interview measures and makes recommendations for choosing assessment devices for practice and research. The authors also incorporate overviews of related measures, such as body satisfaction and restrained eating. The presentation of women with eating disorders on measures of general psychological functioning (such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is also discussed. Implications and recommendations for practice are presented, as are recommendations for future research. The lack of validation of, and urgent need for, eating disorder assessment measures with ethnic minority women is discussed throughout.
Sources of support for pre‐service teachers during school experience

The purpose of the study was to report on the changing sources of support structures utilised by pre‐service teachers during a series of school experiences (SEs). A sample of pre‐service teachers was interviewed after their final SE. These students were in their last year of a four‐year Bachelor of Education degree at a college in southern England. The interviews were semi‐structured and focused on categories that originated from previous research. Sources of support were both formal (college tutors and teacher tutors) and informal (other pre‐service teachers, host families and other teachers). It appeared that the respondents moved from formal to informal sources of support as they progressed through the series of SEs. They particularly valued immediate professional support and advice from their teacher tutors and also the social support of their pre‐service and teacher colleagues. This supports the view that learning to teach is a constructivist activity where novitiates move from peripheral participation on SE into a full community of practice (the world of teachers) as suggested by situated learning theory. A further theme that emerged was that of the split responsibility for assessment between college tutors and teacher tutors.
Identification of genes specifically required for the anaerobic metabolism of benzene in Geobacter metallireducens

Although the biochemical pathways for the anaerobic degradation of many of the hydrocarbon constituents in petroleum reservoirs have been elucidated, the mechanisms for anaerobic activation of benzene, a very stable molecule, are not known. Previous studies have demonstrated that Geobacter metallireducens can anaerobically oxidize benzene to carbon dioxide with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor and that phenol is an intermediate in benzene oxidation. In an attempt to identify enzymes that might be involved in the conversion of benzene to phenol, whole-genome gene transcript abundance was compared in cells metabolizing benzene and cells metabolizing phenol. Eleven genes had significantly higher transcript abundance in benzene-metabolizing cells. Five of these genes had annotations suggesting that they did not encode proteins that could be involved in benzene metabolism and were not further studied. Strains were constructed in which one of the remaining six genes was deleted. The strain in which the monocistronic gene Gmet 0232 was deleted metabolized phenol, but not benzene. Transcript abundance of the adjacent monocistronic gene, Gmet 0231, predicted to encode a zinc-containing oxidoreductase, was elevated in cells metabolizing benzene, although not at a statistically significant level. However, deleting Gmet 0231 also yielded a strain that could metabolize phenol, but not benzene. Although homologs of Gmet 0231 and Gmet 0232 are found in microorganisms not known to anaerobically metabolize benzene, the adjacent localization of these genes is unique to G. metallireducens. The discovery of genes that are specifically required for the metabolism of benzene, but not phenol in G. metallireducens is an important step in potentially identifying the mechanisms for anaerobic benzene activation.
Young Learners: The Home Literacy Environments of Australian Four-Year-Olds

This study investigated the home literacy environments (HLEs) of 4-year-old children attending an early childhood program prior to school entry and the association between the HLE and children's interests in and attitudes to literacy. One hundred and thirty-eight parents and 140 children participated in the study. Parents completed a questionnaire and children were interviewed. Results showed that, generally, these parents created “somewhat rich” literacy environments, and that traditional literacy (as opposed to techno-literacy) materials predominated. Frequency of the parents' own reading was positively associated with the frequency with which parents read to their children. Richness of parents' reading habits was positively associated with the frequency with which parents read to their children, but not necessarily associated with the children's own interests in or orientation to literacy.
Responding to the Double Implication of Telemarketers’ Opinion Queries

During a call, telemarketers sometimes solicit respondent’s opinions about a product or service. This turns out to be a query with multiple implications, and respondents are alive to them. On the one hand, the recipient orients to a local preference to evaluate the telemarketer’s product positively. On the other hand, a positive assessment may result in expectations and commitments that survive the sequence and that are relevant for the call’s outcome. The recipient is faced with two types of preference structures, one grounded in the sequence and the other one in the course of action it is part of. The preferences may be incompatible. Analysis shows that the shape of response turns with congruent preferences is observably different from response turns with cross-cutting preferences. In the latter case, the dispreferred character of the response to the caller’s ultimate purpose – that is, making a proposal for a commercial transaction – dominates over the response to the opinion query as just an opinion query in its own right. To generalize, the analysis shows that preparatory sequences in standardized courses of action in institutional settings are a special type of presequence. The participants develop a course of action through ordered series of preparatory sequences. Although locally responding to initiatives of the interlocutor, each response shows an orientation to both the local contingencies of the ongoing sequence and to the overall course of action it is contributing to.
Simultaneous Examination of the Antecedents and Consequences of Efficacy Beliefs at Multiple Levels of Analysis

Theoretical models have assumed that efficacy beliefs operate similarly (i.e., are homologous) across levels of analysis (e.g., Lindsley, Brass, & Thomas, 1995), yet limited empirical support exists to confirm this supposition. This research empirically tested a multilevel model to determine if individual-level and team-level relations involving experience, achievement motivation, efficacy beliefs, and performance are in fact homologous across levels. Members of action teams in both lab and field settings completed measures assessing individual differences and efficacy beliefs. Subsequent ratings of individual performance and objective team performance were obtained following multiple performance episodes. Results revealed both similarities and dissimilarities between individual-level and team-level antecedents and consequences of efficacy beliefs, suggesting the assumption of homology in models of efficacy beliefs should be revisited. Contributions and implications to efficacy research and other multilevel research are discussed.
The Essence of Leadership? Existentialism and Leadership

The article outlines dominant themes in existential thinking and considers what this perspective might offer in developing our understanding of leadership. It explores existential concepts primarily using the writings of Sartre. The existential focus on the concepts of essence and existence is outlined and the current concerns with essentialism discussed in relation to this philosophical approach. The article notes that much research into leadership takes an objectivist approach which, while providing important insights into dimensions of leadership, fails to capture the subjective experience of the leadership relationship. The discussion then details existential themes such as freedom, responsibility and meaninglessness and discusses what questions these provoke for the further study of leadership.
Energy metabolism of leukemia cells: glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation

For generation of energy, cancer cells utilize glycolysis more vigorously than oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (Warburg effect). We examined the energy metabolism of four leukemia cell lines by using glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) and inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, oligomycin. NB4 was relatively sensitive to 2-DG (IC50: 5.75 mM), consumed more glucose and produced more lactate (waste product of glycolysis) than the three other cell lines. Consequently, NB4 was considered as a “glycolytic” leukemia cell line. Dependency on glycolysis in NB4 was confirmed by the fact that glucose (+) FCS (−) medium showed more growth and survival than glucose (−) FCS (+) medium. Alternatively, THP-1, most resistant to 2-DG (IC50: 16.14 mM), was most sensitive to oligomycin. Thus, THP-1 was recognized to be dependent on oxidative phosphorylation. In THP-1, glucose (−) FCS (+) medium showed more growth and survival than glucose (+) FCS (−) medium. The dependency of THP-1 on FCS was explained, at least partly, by fatty acid oxidation because inhibitor of fatty acid β-oxidation, etomoxir, augmented the growth suppression of THP-1 by 2-DG. We also examined the mechanisms by which THP-1 was resistant to, and NB4 was sensitive to 2-DG treatment. In THP-1, AMP kinase (AMPK), which is activated when ATP becomes limiting, was rapidly phosphorylated by 2-DG, and expression of Bcl-2 was augmented, which might result in resistance to 2-DG. On the other hand, AMPK phosphorylation and augmentation of Bcl-2 expression by 2-DG were not observed in NB4, which is 2-DG sensitive. These results will facilitate the future leukemia therapy targeting metabolic pathways.