Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dutch and German 3-Year-Olds’ Representations of Voicing Alternations

The voicing contrast is neutralized syllable and word finally in Dutch and German, leading to alternations within the morphological paradigm (e.g., Dutch ‘bed(s)’, be[t]-be[d]en, German ‘dog(s)’, Hun[t]-Hun[d]e). Despite structural similarity, language-specific morphological, phonological and lexical properties impact on the distribution of this alternation in the two languages. Previous acquisition research has focused on one language only, predominantly focusing on children’s production accuracy, concluding that alternations are not acquired until late in the acquisition process in either language. This paper adapts a perceptual method to investigate how voicing alternations are represented in the mental lexicon of Dutch and German 3-year-olds. Sensitivity to mispronunciations of voicing word-medially in plural forms was measured using a visual fixation procedure. Dutch children exhibited evidence of overgeneralizing the voicing alternation, whereas German children consistently preferred the correct pronunciation to mispronunciations. Results indicate that the acquisition of voicing alternations is influenced by language-specific factors beyond the alternation itself.
High‐resolution 3D arteriography of chronic total peripheral occlusions using a T1‐W turbo spin‐echo sequence with inner‐volume imaging

Percutaneous revascularization of peripheral artery chronic total occlusion (CTO) is challenging under X‐ray guidance without direct image feedback, due to poor visualization of the obstructed segment and underappreciation of vessel tortuosity. Operators are required to steer interventional devices relatively “blindly,” and therefore procedural failure or perforation may occur. Alternatively, MRI may allow complete visualization of both patent and occluded arterial segments. We designed and implemented a 3D high‐resolution, T1‐weighted (T1‐W) turbo spin‐echo (TSE) MRI sequence with inner‐volume (IV) imaging to enable detailed peripheral artery CTO imaging. Using this sequence, high‐resolution volumes of interest (VOIs) around the vessel were achieved within 5−10 min. This imaging approach may be used for rapid pre‐ and postprocedural evaluations, and as a 3D roadmap that can be overlaid during real‐time X‐, MR‐, or XMR‐guided catheterization. Experiments were successfully performed on a carotid CTO model in swine ex vivo, and in peripheral arteries in normal volunteers and patients in vivo. Delineation of the vascular architecture, including contrast differences between the patent and occluded artery segments, and lesion morphology heterogeneity were visualized. Magn Reson Med 57:40–49, 2007. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effectiveness and Compatibility of Non-Tropical Bio-Monitoring Indices for Assessing Pollution in Tropical Rivers - A Review

In Tropical regions, bio-monitoring indices for assessing pollution in streams and rivers are not yet in place. As a result, indices that have been developed inconsistently in different non-tropical regions using their local macro-invertebrate species are adopted and used for assessing pollution in tropical rivers. In Africa, only one review on existing non-tropical bio-monitoring indices to assess river quality in southern Africa was previously reported in conjunction with comparisons with those developed in United States of America, Asia, Australia, Canada, and European countries. However, a comprehensive overview of the complete body of bio-monitoring applications of these indices to streams and rivers in tropical African countries, particularly East and Central Africa was not addressed. Similarly, comparisons of the different sampling techniques, taxonomic resolutions and sensitivity of bio-indicators' species that were used in different studies to develop the existing indices were not covered in that review. In that regard, this review work has highlighted the geographical compatibility, effectiveness, and capability of existing non-tropical bio-monitoring indices to assess pollution in tropical African rivers, in a view of improving bio-monitoring programmes. The need for tropical African regions to have or develop their own bio-monitoring index that will be more reliable than adopting indices from other geographical areas (i.e., non-tropical regions) is a supreme.
Thermal measurements on flip-chipped system-on-chip packages with heat spreader integration

Amongst the cooling solutions proposed to mitigate heat hazard effects in microelectronics, heat spreaders seem to be one of the most suitable when thickness and space constraints are considered. This work proposes the use of graphite-based materials as heat spreaders for thermal management of flipchip configurations. Experimental tests and numerical simulations show a significant improvement in the thermal dissipation capabilities of the stack when adding this layer. An additional configuration with a copper heat sink added on top of the heat spreader is also studied. Results indicate a significant reduction of the peak temperature for an integrated graphite heat spreader and a reduction of the average chip temperature if the heat spreader is linked to a copper heat sink. Experimental results are then analyzed by retrosimulation and the thermal path is investigated with or without heatspreader.
Chitinase activities, scab resistance, mycorrhization rates and biomass of own-rooted and grafted transgenic apple

This study investigated the impact of constitutively expressed Trichoderma atroviride genes encoding exochitinase nag70 or endochitinase ech42 in transgenic lines of the apple cultivar Pinova on the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We compared the exo- and endochitinase activities of leaves and roots from non-transgenic Pinova and the transgenic lines T386 and T389. Local and systemic effects were examined using own-rooted trees and trees grafted onto rootstock M9. Scab susceptibility was also assessed in own-rooted and grafted trees. AMF root colonization was assessed microscopically in the roots of apple trees cultivated in pots with artificial substrate and inoculated with the AMF Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae. Own-rooted transgenic lines had significantly higher chitinase activities in their leaves and roots compared to non-transgenic Pinova. Both of the own-rooted transgenic lines showed significantly fewer symptoms of scab infection as well as significantly lower root colonization by AMF. Biomass production was significantly reduced in both own-rooted transgenic lines. Rootstock M9 influenced chitinase activities in the leaves of grafted scions. When grafted onto M9, the leaf chitinase activities of non-transgenic Pinova (M9/Pinova) and transgenic lines (M9/T386 and M9/T389) were not as different as when grown on their own roots. M9/T386 and M9/T389 were only temporarily less infected by scab than M9/Pinova. M9/T386 and M9/T389 did not differ significantly from M9/Pinova in their root chitinase activities, AMF root colonization and biomass.
From Freebase to Wikidata: The Great Migration

Collaborative knowledge bases that make their data freely available in a machine-readable form are central for the data strategy of many projects and organizations. The two major collaborative knowledge bases are Wikimedia's Wikidata and Google's Freebase. Due to the success of Wikidata, Google decided in 2014 to offer the content of Freebase to the Wikidata community. In this paper, we report on the ongoing transfer efforts and data mapping challenges, and provide an analysis of the effort so far. We describe the Primary Sources Tool, which aims to facilitate this and future data migrations. Throughout the migration, we have gained deep insights into both Wikidata and Freebase, and share and discuss detailed statistics on both knowledge bases.
Social Supports in Inclusive Settings: An Essential Component to Community Living.

Inclusion has increased the participation rates of individuals with disabilities in school, employment and recreation activities. Proper supports are needed in these environments to encourage adequate self‐ esteem and successful social interactions. Without positive social interactions, individuals may experience loneliness and isolation that could negatively affect emotional and physical health. This project provides insight into the inclusive experiences of persons with developmental disabilities through in‐depth interviews. The data showed that social supports (i.e., family, peers, and church) are an essential component of successful community living. A rural advantage was evident, in that the community as a whole acted as an informal support system.
Effects of Environmental Disturbance on Phenotypic Variation: An Integrated Assessment of Canalization, Developmental Stability, Modularity, and Allometry in Lizard Head Shape

When populations experience suboptimal conditions, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of phenotypic variation can be challenged, resulting in increased phenotypic variance. This kind of disturbance can be diagnosed by using morphometric tools to study morphological patterns at different hierarchical levels and evaluate canalization, developmental stability, integration, modularity, and allometry. We assess the effect of urbanization on phenotypic variation in the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) by using geometric morphometrics to assess disturbance to head shape development. The head shapes of urban lizards were more variable and less symmetric, suggesting that urban living is more likely to disturb development. Head shape variation was congruent within and across individuals, which indicated that canalization and developmental stability are two related phenomena in these organisms. Furthermore, urban lizards exhibited smaller mean head sizes, divergent size-shape allometries, and increased deviation from within-group allometric lines. This suggests that mechanisms regulating head shape allometry may also be disrupted. The integrated evaluation of several measures of developmental instability at different hierarchical levels, which provided in this case congruent results, can be a powerful methodological guide for future studies, as it enhances the detection of environmental disturbances on phenotypic variation and aids biological interpretation of the results.
The solution for the branching factor of the alpha-beta pruning algorithm and its optimality

M. Douglas Mcllroy* and Data Structures Editor stop(top). In such a situation, the element top has to be deleted from the stack and more operations are required to generate the next combination. When k > top > 2, one can show that the probability for a specific value of top that a[top] = stop(top) is a(top + l ) /a( top) , which reduces to (k top + l ) / (n top). Hence, when k is small compared to n, it is very unlikely that the next combination is generated by using the theoretical maxim u m number of operations. I f k is very small compared to n, then P(I) , the probabili ty that a combination is generated by changing only a[1], is approximately 1. In this case, almost all the combinations are generated by the single statement a[1] := a[1] 1. It is doubtful that any combination algorithm would require less work than this to generate a combination.
REAL-VALUED ITERATIVE ALGORITHMS FOR COMPLEX SYMMETRIC LINEAR SYSTEMS∗

We consider real-valued preconditioned Krylov subspace methods for the solution of complex linear systems, with an emphasis on symmetric (non-Hermitian) problems. Different choices of the real equivalent formulation are discussed, as well as different types of block preconditioners for Krylov subspace methods. Numerical experiments illustrating the performance of the various approaches are presented.
Abscisic Acid Coordinates Nod Factor and Cytokinin Signaling during the Regulation of Nodulation in Medicago truncatula

Nodulation is tightly regulated in legumes to ensure appropriate levels of nitrogen fixation without excessive depletion of carbon reserves. This balance is maintained by intimately linking nodulation and its regulation with plant hormones. It has previously been shown that ethylene and jasmonic acid (JA) are able to regulate nodulation and Nod factor signal transduction. Here, we characterize the nature of abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of nodulation. We show that application of ABA inhibits nodulation, bacterial infection, and nodulin gene expression in Medicago truncatula. ABA acts in a similar manner as JA and ethylene, regulating Nod factor signaling and affecting the nature of Nod factor–induced calcium spiking. However, this action is independent of the ethylene signal transduction pathway. We show that genetic inhibition of ABA signaling through the use of a dominant-negative allele of ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE1 leads to a hypernodulation phenotype. In addition, we characterize a novel locus of M. truncatula, SENSITIVITY TO ABA, that dictates the sensitivity of the plant to ABA and, as such, impacts the regulation of nodulation. We show that ABA can suppress Nod factor signal transduction in the epidermis and can regulate cytokinin induction of the nodule primordium in the root cortex. Therefore, ABA is capable of coordinately regulating the diverse developmental pathways associated with nodule formation and can intimately dictate the nature of the plants' response to the symbiotic bacteria.
Impact of Medicare Part D on Coverage, Access, and Disparities Among New Jersey Seniors

The authors used a population-based survey of New Jersey residents to assess outcomes associated with implementation of the Medicare Part D program. Between 2001 and 2009, there was a 24% increase in prescription drug coverage among elderly individuals, but also an increase in cost-related access problems. Compared with the pre–Part D period, seniors reporting access problems post–Part D were less likely to be uninsured and more likely to be publicly insured. Cost-related access disparities among elderly Blacks and Hispanics relative to elderly Whites persisted from 2001 to 2009, and were partly driven by ongoing disparities related to low income. Such cost-based access problems 3 years into implementation implies that they are not transitory and may reflect inadequate subsidy levels alongside the importance of physician advice about prescriptions in ensuring low-cost medication options for vulnerable patients. Finally, the findings, may also reflect success in enrolling high-need seniors into Part D.
Perception and Priming of Affective Faces in Temporal Lobectomy Patients

Eighteen patients who had undergone standard anterior temporal lobectomy including removal of the amygdala and hippocampus (9 left, LTL; 9 right, RTL) were administered an Affective Task composed of faces depicting negative emotions, and a Neutral Task consisting of faces with different lighting and orientation conditions. Both tasks required judgment of poser identity and indication of decision by pressing a reaction time button. Subjects were shown a set of photos in an Exposure Phase, followed by a Test Phase in which the photos previously seen (primed) were mixed with new photos (unprimed). The LTL subjects performed better than the RTL subjects for both the RT and accuracy data in both the Neutral and Affective Tasks. The performance of the LTL subjects improved when the task had an affective component (Affective vs. Neutral Task), whereas the RTL subjects did not show this benefit. In terms of specific emotions, for the LTL group, pain was responded to most slowly and shock was the emotion responded to most quickly, and significantly more quickly than in the RTL group. Fear was the emotion responded to most slowly by the RTL group and significantly more slowly when compared to the LTL group. The only priming effect was a reverse priming for pain, such that stimuli seen before were responded to less accurately than new stimuli; this was not related to lesion side.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Polyomavirus BK Sequences

ABSTRACT Polyomavirus BK (BKV) has emerged as an important pathogen in kidney transplant patients. Existing taxonomic classifications of BKV come from conventional DNA sequence alignments based on limited data derived from the VP1 gene. We have used a phylogenetic whole-genome approach to examine the pattern of diversity and evolutionary relationships between 45 BKV strains isolated from multiple clinical settings. This analysis supports the classification of BKV into six genotypes, of which types V and VI have not been previously recognized. BKV strains hitherto classified as type I are, in fact, quite heterogeneous, and several cluster with our newly defined genotypes V and VI. The sequence information needed for assigning genotypes can be captured by VP1, VP2, VP3, or large T-gene sequencing. The most polymorphic coding region in the viral genome is VP1, but significant variation is also present in the large T-antigen gene, wherein polymorphisms are found in 11.39% of all nucleotide sites, 46.22% of which are cluster specific. Type-specific amino acid changes within the VP1 region are predicted to map to the BC and DE loops. The number of taxonomically informative amino acid changes in the large T antigen exceeds even that of the VP1 region. Viral strains isolated from healthy subjects and from patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and vasculopathy with capillary leak syndrome formed distinct subclusters. However, within the kidney transplant population, BKV strains derived from patients with asymptomatic viruria did not show complete separation from strains associated with allograft nephropathy.
Mini-Review: Factors Affecting Multiple Invasions of Erythrocytes in Plasmodium and other Malaria-like Parasites. A Neglected Characteristic of Infections

Multiple invasions (MIs) are produced when the same erythrocyte is infected by more than one parasite cell. These MIs commonly occur in different haemosporidia species including Plasmodium and other malaria-like parasites. However, the frequency of MIs has been traditionally considered in studies both in vivo and in vitro as an artefact pro- duced by high parasite densities, leading most researchers to think that MIs does not have a true biological meaning but they are merely the product of chance. Other proposed explanations for the occurrence of MIs include an adaptive host strategy to reduce parasite damage and hinder parasite transmission success and an adaptive parasite strategy which fa- vours parasite transmission success. Here we review the relevant literature supporting or rejecting these hypotheses pro- posed to explain the occurrence of MIs. Although the possibility that MIs being due to higher parasite densities has re- ceived much support, more studies are clearly necessary to reveal the potential importance of host defences and parasite strategies on the occurrence of MIs in nature.
Undernutrition in Hospitalized Older Adults: Patterns and Correlates, Outcomes, and Opportunities for Intervention with a Focus on Processes of Care

Undernutrition in hospitalized older adults is increasingly being recognized as a serious problem with implications for both patient care and outcomes and health service utilization and costs. This article presents an overview of research that has been conducted examining undernutrition in hospitalized older adults. First, findings from observational studies examining patterns and predictors of undernutrition in hospitalized older adults will be described, with a focus on methodological challenges. Second, clinical outcomes and costs associated with undernutrition in hospitalized older adults will be presented, both while in the hospital and subsequent to discharge. Third, a description of interventions that have already been implemented in hospitalized older adults will be described. Finally, future areas of inquiry and opportunities for evidence-based nutritional interventions targeted at older adults during and following hospitalization will be suggested. The emphasis of the discussion on interventions will focus on processes of care and the hospital environment.
Analyser les écarts de salaires à l'aide des modèles de régression. Vertus et limites d'une méthode. Le cas des migrants de Tunisie en région parisienne après 1956

Les analyses descriptives menees sur un echantillon de retraites originaires de la Tunisie post-coloniale et ayant travaille en region parisienne des annees 1960 a la fin des annees 1980 mettent en lumiere d’importantes variations des revenus salariaux selon le genre et la nationalite des individus. Quoique controversees, les methodes de regression s’averent particulierement utiles pour decomposer les ecarts observes au sein de notre echantillon. Dans cette famille de methode, les regressions multiniveaux conduisent a des resultats quelque peu differents de ceux obtenus a l’aide des modeles classiques : ils montrent notamment que les effets de discrimination pure lies au genre et a la nationalite tendent a disparaitre a mesure que l’on controle plus finement les effets d’endogeneite et d’heterogeneite non observee. Quel que soit le modele choisi, les analyses de regression soulignent en revanche l’influence determinante de l’espace de travail sur les ecarts de salaires – les differences sectorielles jouant en la matiere un role negligeable au regard de l’effet du segment de marche.
Relaxation-induced cortisol changes within lunch breaks—An experimental longitudinal worksite field study.

The aim of the worksite study presented here is to elucidate the cortisol reducing impact of different ways of spending lunch breaks. With the help of the so-called silent room cabin concept it was possible to induce a relaxation opportunity that provides visual and territorial privacy. In order to evaluate its proposed effects, 14 call centre agents were distributed to either 20 min progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) or small talk break group. Participants were analysed in a controlled trial for a period of 6 months (1 day each month with five daily measurements at awakening, awakening +30 min, start of lunch break, end of lunch break, and bedtime) using saliva cortisol measurements as a stress indicator. Results indicated that only the PMR break reduced awakening, lunchtime, and bedtime cortisol response. Although further intervention research is required, our results suggest that post-lunch PMR may sustainably reduce participants' cortisol states in real worksite settings.
Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1), a “Multitasking” ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter*

The multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) encoded by ABCC1 was originally discovered as a cause of multidrug resistance in tumor cells. However, it is now clear that MRP1 serves a broader role than simply mediating the ATP-dependent efflux of drugs from cells. The antioxidant GSH and the pro-inflammatory cysteinyl leukotriene C4 have been identified as key physiological organic anions effluxed by MRP1, and an ever growing body of evidence indicates that additional lipid-derived mediators are also substrates of this transporter. As such, MRP1 is a multitasking transporter that likely influences the etiology and progression of a host of human diseases.