Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Global Assessment of Salmon Aquaculture Impacts on Wild Salmonids

Since the late 1980s, wild salmon catch and abundance have declined dramatically in the North Atlantic and in much of the northeastern Pacific south of Alaska. In these areas, there has been a concomitant increase in the production of farmed salmon. Previous studies have shown negative impacts on wild salmonids, but these results have been difficult to translate into predictions of change in wild population survival and abundance. We compared marine survival of salmonids in areas with salmon farming to adjacent areas without farms in Scotland, Ireland, Atlantic Canada, and Pacific Canada to estimate changes in marine survival concurrent with the growth of salmon aquaculture. Through a meta-analysis of existing data, we show a reduction in survival or abundance of Atlantic salmon; sea trout; and pink, chum, and coho salmon in association with increased production of farmed salmon. In many cases, these reductions in survival or abundance are greater than 50%. Meta-analytic estimates of the mean effect are significant and negative, suggesting that salmon farming has reduced survival of wild salmon and trout in many populations and countries.
Attitudes to drought in outback communities in South Australia

This paper explores the perceptions of drought by residents in outback South Australia and their associated responses to the drought. Behavioural Geography methodology is used with data drawn from interviews with pastoralists, business owners, and residents of small outback towns and Aboriginal communities. Although they were not resident in the region, the perceptions of tourists were also garnered. The results show that perceptions varied between the groups of people interviewed. Outback residents contrasted their own frugal water use with reports of wasteful behaviour by foreign tourists. Local inhabitants were largely ‘accepting’ of the drought, having survived worse droughts in the past and over many years. They were therefore of the sentiment that they would cope with future droughts. Despite the sentiments of acceptance, the dropping groundwater levels and continued lack of rainfall were leading to growing concerns for the future. The concerns point to a boundary to community resilience to drought in outback South Australia.
The Effect of Torque Application Technique on Screw Preload of Implant-Supported Prostheses.

PURPOSE To examine the effect of different torque application techniques (torqued, retorqued once, and retorqued twice) on the removal torque of implant-supported fixed complete dental prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four Nobel Biocare implants (4.3 × 13 + 3; 13-mm thread height + 3-mm collar height) were stabilized temporarily inside four holes made in an acrylic mandibular master model. A metal framework was constructed, casted, and finished using a standardized technique. A passively fitting framework was achieved by removing the implants from the acrylic master model and hand-screwing them to the metal framework. Then, the whole assembly was restabilized in the acrylic master model. The torque experiment consisted of three protocols: (1) torquing screws to 35 Ncm a single time; (2) torquing the screws to 35 Ncm and then immediately retorquing the same screws to the same value; and (3) torquing the same screws to 35 Ncm three consecutive times. Removal torque was recorded for each implant using a digital torque meter. RESULTS The highest torque value was recorded for the retorqued-once application technique (29.5 ± 1.5 Ncm); next was the torqued technique (27.9 ± 0.7 Ncm); and, last was the retorqued-twice technique (27.2 ± 1.6 Ncm). The Games-Howell post hoc test showed that the retorqued-once application technique resulted in significantly higher torque values than the torqued and retorqued-twice torque application techniques (P ≤ .05). CONCLUSION Retightening abutment screws once after the initial torquing could enhance the removal torque of the screw. Care must be taken when retorquing the screws more than once, as this may inversely affect the removal torque.
Etiological epidemiology of viral diarrhea on the basis of sentinel surveillance in children younger than 5 years in Gansu, northwest China, 2009–2013

To explore the etiological spectrum of diarrhea and its epidemiological characteristics in diarrhea symptoms surveillance cases younger than 5 years from 2009 to 2013 in Gansu province, northwest China. Systematic diarrhea symptoms surveillance were conducted in 27 sentinel sites in Gansu province and outpatients with three or more loose, watery, or sticky pus stools per day were defined as surveillance cases. All stool specimens were tested for Rotavirus, Human calicivirus, Adenovirus, and Astrovirus. Totally, 1,119 cases (51.54%) were identified as any enteric virus. The average isolation rate of Rotavirus was 51.13%, Astrovirus was 10.84%, Adenovirus was 6.94%, and Human calicivirus was 6.60% (P < 0.01). Rotavirus was identified with the highest frequency among these enteric pathogens except in 2011, with a notable downward trend over time (P < 0.01). Rotavirus A was the most proportion in rotavirus, G3P[8] and G9P[8] were the most common combination. Rotavirus mixed Human calicivirus infections was the most common mixed infected patterns. Viral‐positive rate was higher among children aged group of 0–12 and 13–24 months (P < 0.01, respectively). The isolation rates of four enteric viral pathogens showed a similar distinct seasonal variation with a higher rate in spring, autumn, and winter months. Rotavirus was the major epidemiological viral pathogen in diarrhea symptom surveillance cases in Gansu province, northwest China, during period 2009–2013. Seasonal and age‐related variations were observed in enteric viral pathogen isolation rate. The comprehensive and continuous surveillance is needed to identify the prevalence of different enteric viral pathogens. J. Med. Virol. 87:2048–2053, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human activity suggested by the taphonomy of 60 ka and 50 ka faunal remains from Sibudu Cave

A taphonomic study of a full range of faunal specimens from selected layers in the Middle Stone Age (MSA) reveals that the non-human contribution was minimal in Sibudu Cave. Human signatures are abundant in the form of carcass processing, human-related burning and post-depositional modification on bone. Comparison with other MSA assemblages from southern Africa shows that the Sibudu material is unusual. Thus work is still needed to understand animal acquisition and disposal at ~60 ka and ~50 ka.
Standard versus Flywheel-Based Resistive Exercise

Copyright: © 2012 Caruso JF. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Resistive exercise is an increasingly popular modality to improve numerous performance and health-related outcomes. Due to its popularity and the results it provides, greater numbers of persons utilize resistive exercise to attain a myriad of benefits. While standard resistive exercise equipment has proved useful for a variety of fitness goals, some perceive drawbacks to this modality. Persons reluctant to use standard (barbells, dumbbells, etc.) resistive exercise equipment claim such devices are awkward and intimidating to use. Such persons include disuse models (cancer, HIV, aging, space flight, etc.) for whom resistive exercise may substantially improve their condition. Due to the prevalence of disuse models in modern society, their collective reticence towards standard equipment undermines their health and contributes towards a vast financial healthcare burden [1]. Newer resistive exercise equipment that requires less physical coordination and training to operate includes flywheel-based devices. Mounted onto the axles of exercise machines, the flywheel’s radii dictate the magnitude of forces required to cause their rotation in order to complete repetitions. Since muscle forces and not Earth’s gravitational pull impact flywheel rotation rates, such machines may be used during space flight to abate the adverse physical changes seen in astronauts. Flywheel-based machines offer concentric and eccentric resistance; unlike standard equipment, the kinetic energy imparted as muscles shorten dictates the magnitude of the muscle-lengthening load on the former device. This is contrary to the manner the standard resistive exercise devices operate; training adaptations from these two types of equipment may therefore yield divergent outcomes. Thus some question are, which type of resistive exercise equipment yields better results.
Stress Distribution in Single Dental Implant System: Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Based on an In Vitro Experimental Model

AbstractThis study aimed to analyze the stress distribution in single implant system and to evaluate the compatibility of an in vitro model with finite element (FE) model. The in vitro model consisted of Brånemark implant; multiunit set abutment of 5 mm height; metal–ceramic screw-retained crown, and polyurethane simulating the bone. Deformations were recorded in the peri-implant region in the mesial and distal aspects, after an axial 300 N load application at the center of the occlusal aspect of the crown, using strain gauges. This in vitro model was scanned with micro CT to design a three-dimensional FE model and the strains in the peri-implant bone region were registered to check the compatibility between both models. The FE model was used to evaluate stress distribution in different parts of the system. The values obtained from the in vitro model (20–587 &mgr;&egr;) and the finite element analysis (81–588 &mgr;&egr;) showed agreement among them. The highest stresses because of axial and oblique load, respectively were 5.83 and 40 MPa for the cortical bone, 55 and 1200 MPa for the implant, and 80 and 470 MPa for the abutment screw. The FE method proved to be effective for evaluating the deformation around single implant. Oblique loads lead to higher stress concentrations.
The bullwhip effect in complex supply chains

This paper reviews the various methods of modelling the dynamics of supply chains. We then present recently documented causes of the Bullwhip effect in production supply chains, and the methodologies used to describe and measure the importance of these causes. We examine the limitations of these methodologies and suggest a combined approach discrete event-continuous simulation modelling approach to further study this phenomenon in complex production supply chains.
Non-isothermal microwave leaching kinetics of zinc removal from basic oxygen furnace dust

The basic oxygen furnace (BOF) dust is a hazardous metallurgical waste generated in the collection of particulate material during steel making processes. The occurrence and recovery of metallurgical wastes from steelmaking and iron making processes become nowadays a great problem, mainly due to the big amount and environmental pollution by heavy metals potential. The research of nonisothermal kinetics by microwave heating was evaluated. Experimental results indicate that the most important factor that strongly affected microwave acid extraction was the microwave power input. It is shown that approximately from 22 to 50°C the process is controlled by diffusion with a low apparent activation energy value of Ea = 1.15 kJ/mol. With increasing temperature the Arrhenius slope is more steeper with the apparent activation energy value of Ea = 22.01 kJ/mol, which proves that the microwave leaching process from 50°C is under control by the surface chemical reaction. This indicates that the microwave promotes the mineral solid particle to burst effectively, makes the particle to expose a fresh surface and strengthens the leaching process.
2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 . XH Has Antitumor Effects When Combined with Conventional Therapies

1Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China 2Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China 3Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2, Chongwenmennei Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China 4Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 3 Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
CHRONOLOGY, SITE FORMATION, AND THE WOODLAND-MISSISSIPPIAN TRANSITION AT BAYSHORE HOMES, FLORIDA

Abstract Bayshore Homes (8PI41) is a large mound and midden complex on Florida’s west-central Gulf Coast that was investigated originally by William Sears in the 1950s. From 1999 to 2009, the authors conducted survey, test excavations, and soil coring to address questions regarding site formation, chronology, and cultural affiliation. Radiocarbon dates and ceramic analysis indicate two separate occupations during the Woodland and Mississippi periods, cal. A.D. 140–565 and cal. A.D. 890–1390 (2 sigma). The earlier occupation is associated with the Manasota archaeological culture, sand-tempered plain pottery, burials in midden deposits, and interments in a sand mound accompanied by Weeden Island–related mortuary ceramics. The later occupation is associated with Weeden Island–related decorated and Pinellas Plain ceramics in midden deposits and represents the transition from terminal Weeden Island to the Englewood phase of Early Safety Harbor. A large burial mound and a platform mound are associated with this period of site use. Our results also indicate that the unusual ceramic sequence identified by Sears in the site’s large shoreline shell midden is the result of redeposition, which occurred sometime after cal. A.D. 1220. Possible explanations for the redeposition event include monumental mound construction or the elevation of the midden ridge to serve as a foundation for structures to protect them from rising sea levels or storm surges.
Influence of an enriched dietary sodium chloride regime during gestation and suckling and post-natally on the ontogeny of hypertension in the rat.

Brattleboro rats without diabetes insipidus were subjected to sodium chloride enrichment (20-fold increase in dietary salt) at various stages of their development. Salt supplementation in the adult rat produced higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), particularly in males (142 +/- 3 versus 110 +/- 3 mmHg in control. The blood pressures of females on salt-supplemented diets during pregnancy decreased from 136 +/- 1 to 121 +/- 2 mmHg, although throughout this period the blood pressures for these rats were greater than for the control pregnant rats. Pregnant females on salt-supplemented diets also showed higher sodium concentrations in the amniotic fluid compared with controls (155 +/- 3.4 versus 134.1 +/- 6.0 mmol/l). Salt supplemented lactating mothers produced milk with similar sodium concentrations to those of the controls, but the urinary sodium concentrations of pups suckling on the former were greater than in the controls. It is concluded that the suckling pups were also salt-enriched. Rats were submitted to salt-enriched regimes in utero, during suckling, post-weaning and post-pubertally, or permutations thereof. Salt supplementation post-weaning led to consistent elevation in arterial blood pressure with males being more susceptible than females. The degree of elevation was increased if the salt-supplement was present during suckling (132 +/- 1 versus 112 +/- 1 mmHg) and was greatest when the salt-supplemented regime was administered both in utero and during the post-weaning period (154 +/- 2 versus 112 +/- 1 mmHg). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ionized Intracellular Calcium Concentration Predicts Excitotoxic Neuronal Death: Observations with Low-Affinity Fluorescent Calcium Indicators

Cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) is an important mediator of neuronal signal transduction, participating in diverse biochemical reactions that elicit changes in synaptic efficacy, metabolic rate, and gene transcription. Excessive [Ca2+]i also has been implicated as a cause of acute neuronal injury, although measurement of [Ca2+]i in living neurons by fluorescent calcium indicators has not consistently demonstrated a correlation between [Ca2+]i and the likelihood of neuronal death after a variety of potentially lethal insults. Using fluorescence videomicroscopy and microinjected calcium indicators, we measured [Ca2+]i in cultured cortical neurons during intense activation with either NMDA (300 μm) or AMPA (450 μm). At these concentrations NMDA killed >80% of the cultured neurons by the next day, whereas neuronal death from AMPA was <20%. Using the conventional calcium indicator, fura-2/AM, we estimated [Ca2+]i elevations to be ∼300–400 nm during exposure to either glutamate agonist. In contrast, indicators with lower affinity for calcium, benzothiazole coumarin (BTC), and fura-2/dextran reported [Ca2+]i levels >5 μmduring lethal NMDA exposure, but [Ca2+]i levels were <1.5 μm during nonlethal activation of AMPA receptors or voltage-gated calcium channels. Fura-2 reported [Ca2+]i responses during brief exposure to glutamate, NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and elevated extracellular K+ between 0.5 and 1 μm. With the use of BTC, only NMDA and glutamate exposures resulted in micromolar [Ca2+]i levels. Neurotoxic glutamate receptor activation is associated with sustained, micromolar [Ca2+]i elevation. The widely used calcium indicator fura-2 selectively underestimates [Ca2+]i, depending on the route of entry, even at levels that appear to be within its range of detection.
Experimental Study of Edge Loading of Ice Plates

The interaction of an ice cover and a fixed narrow structure was modelled by edge loading large rectangular (0.4 m × 0.5 m) plates of columnar-grained ice. The plates were set on one of the long edges and the load was applied to the opposite edge by means of indentors of widths varying between 12 and 150 mm. Ice plates 25 to 100 mm thick were used. Observations were made of the dependence of the indentation load on indentor width and ice thickness. All loading was within the range of ductile behavior of the ice. The study indicated that the indentation pressure was a function of the width of the indentor, but not of the thickness of the ice plate. The mode of deformation was observed to be primarily two dimensional. The results of this study are in contrast to observations under field conditions, from which it is concluded that the indentation pressure depends on the ratio of the width of the indentor to the thickness of the ice cover. This suggests the presence of an effect which must be given attention .
OF Herbage intake in Danish Jersey and Danish Holstein steers on perennial ryegrass / white clover pasture

B. Nielsen*, S.M. Thamsborg, H.R. Andersen, T. Kristensen Organic Animal Health and Production, Department of Animal Science and Animal Health, Royal Veterinary Agricultural University, Groennegaardsvej 2, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Foulum, Postbox 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark Department of Agricultural Systems, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Foulum, Postbox 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark O Received 31 December 2002; received in revised form 16 June 2003; accepted 2 September 2003
Clinico-mycological evaluation of onychomycosis at Bangalore and Jorhat.

INTRODUCTION Clinical and mycological features of onychomycosis show variation with time and place. MATERIAL AND METHODS A study to analyze the morphological variants and mycological isolates of onychomycosis was carried out in 50 patients attending the dermatology out-patient departments at the Air Force Hospitals at Bangalore and at Jorhat. Nail clippings were subjected to direct microscopy and cultured on Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar. RESULTS The commonest age group affected (56%) was the 20-40 year age group. The fingernails alone were involved in 24 (48%) patients, the toenails alone in 15 (30%) patients, and both in 11 (22%) patients. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis was encountered in 41 (82%) patients, proximal superficial onychomycosis and total dystrophic onychomycosis in 3 each (6%), paronychia in 2 (4%) and superficial white onychomycosis in 1. Of the 59 samples cultured, dermatophytes were grown in 14 (23.7%), non-dermatophyte moulds (NDM) in 13 (22.0%), candida in 10 (16.8%) and no growth in 22 (37.2%) samples. CONCLUSION Among the dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and among the NDM, Aspergillus spp. , were the commonest isolates.
Threatened and Endangered Species on U.S. Department of Defense Lands in the Arid West, USA

Department of Defense (DOD) lands in the arid western United States provide important habitat for many threatened and endangered species (TES). We explore the status of these species and evaluate threats to their survival and recovery. Thirty-two military sites located in the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mojave, and Great Basin deserts collectively support 34 listed and candidate species and one delisted species. We assess the relationship between the status of these species and land degradation by categorizing species according to major habitat type and enumerating the major threats to their survival and recovery. Habitat loss and degradation due to increasing human activities throughout the region are the most significant factors is affecting these species. Urban and suburban development, agricultural conversion, and over-grazing are most important among Arid Grassland/Desert Scrub species, while hydrologic alternation is notable among Riparian and Aquatic species. Nonnative species impact TES through habitat modification, as well as direct predation and competion. Specific conservation issues are discussed for selected species. While military disturbances have the potential to impact many of these species, poor watershed management practices of the past and the influx of humans are primarily responsible for the current status of TES and the ecosystems upon which they depend. Their continued survival and recovery requires coordinated conservation activities at the regional level.
Telling the Story of African-Americans in Hattiesburg, Mississippi: A Case Study of Socially Sustainable Tourism?

This case study from Hattiesburg, Mississippi focuses on recent efforts of the Hattiesburg Convention Commission to forge a partnership with city and state governments and African-American civic organizations with the goal of developing a local tourism industry that celebrates the racially diverse history of this community in the American South. Our research, conducted in 2012-13, relies on field observations and in-depth interviews with local stakeholders and is informed by recent literature on sustainable development and tourism. Our findings suggest this emergent tourism in Hattiesburg has achieved a degree of social sustainability—defined here in terms of its success in forging multi-racial partnerships and creating narratives of places that partly mitigate their conflictive histories. Financial sustainability—which we define as profitability—has proven more elusive and will likely be achieved only over the long term.