Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Yahoo! Answers as a Space for Informal Language Learning

Online social spaces, where users can exchange information, opinions and resources, have achieved wide popularity and are gaining attention in many research fields, including education. Their actual potential support to learning, however, still requires investigation, especially because portals can widely differ as concerns purpose and internal structure. This paper aims to contribute in this respect, by concentrating on question answering, a kind of social space not yet widely discussed in education. We analyzed a small corpus of posts from the Languages section of Yahoo! Answers Italy, checking if the questions reveal some inclination to learning or just the desire to obtain a service and if the answers provided by the community members can be considered as reliable sources of knowledge. Our analysis highlights the presence of a variety of question/answer types, from mere information exchange or help for task completion, up to language-related questions prompting valuable short lessons. The quality of answers may widely vary as concerns pertinence, correctness and richness of supporting elements. We found a high number of purely task-oriented questions and answers, but also a higher number of learning-oriented questions and correct, informative answers. This suggests that this kind of social space actually has valuable potential for informal learning.
Ethylene glycol intoxication: Electrophysiological studies suggest a polyradiculopathy

Multiple bilateral cranial nerve impairment is a delayed sequela of ethylene glycol intoxication and usually develops 5 to 20 days after ingestion.1-4⇓⇓⇓ It is often associated with limb weakness, areflexia, and CSF albuminocytologic dissociation, mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). 2 The pathogenesis is unknown, although deposition of oxalate crystals in the meninges has been observed.5,6⇓ Although this disorder has been called a neuropathy, electrophysiologic and pathologic evidence has been lacking. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) and brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) were abnormal in one case,4 but no other electrophysiologic studies have been reported. We report a case of ethylene glycol intoxication in which the electrophysiologic findings suggested a proximal nerve root disorder without significant distal neuropathy. 40-year-old previously healthy man ingested antifreeze liquid and was admitted to a community hospital with high anion gap acidosis and acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Twelve days after ingestion, he developed weakness leading to a presumptive diagnosis of GBS. Neurologic examination revealed bilateral impairment of cranial nerves II, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XII, with severe bifacial …
Priming Effects of Heat on Aggressive Thoughts

To investigate the effects of aversive conditions on priming of aggressive thoughts, 16 men and 16 women were assigned to either a normal temperature condition (21°C) or a hot condition (33°C). Participants completed story stems under the guise of studying how a variety of environmental factors such as noise, heat, and lighting might affect performance. Some story stems were ambiguous, in that either aggressive or nonaggressive endings were both plausible. Other stems were neutral, omitting cues that aggression might occur. The results revealed that people in the hot condition completed the neutral story stems with no more aggressive content than was found for the normal-temperature group. Low levels of aggressive content were found in the normal-temperature group's completion of the ambiguous stems. In contrast, the hot-temperature subjects employed significantly more negative emotions, frustrators, and aggression in the completion of the ambiguous story stems. These data support the premise that exposur.
Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis for eribulin mesilate-associated neutropenia.

AIMS Eribulin mesilate is an inhibitor of microtubule dynamics that is approved for the treatment of late-stage metastatic breast cancer. Neutropenia is one of the major dose-limiting adverse effects of eribulin. The objective of this analysis was to develop a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for eribulin-associated neutropenia. METHODS A combined data set of 12 phase I, II and III studies for eribulin mesilate was analysed. The population pharmacokinetics of eribulin was described using a previously developed model. The relationship between eribulin pharmacokinetic and neutropenia was described using a semi-physiological lifespan model for haematological toxicity. Patient characteristics predictive of increased sensitivity to develop neutropenia were evaluated using a simulation framework. RESULTS Absolute neutrophil counts were available from 1579 patients. In the final covariate model, the baseline neutrophil count (ANC0) was estimated to be 4.03 × 10(9) neutrophils l(-1) [relative standard error (RSE) 1.2%], with interindividual variability (IIV, 37.3 coefficient of variation % [CV%]). The mean transition time was estimated to be 109 h (RSE 1.8%, IIV 13.9CV%), the feedback constant (γ) was estimated to be 0.216 (RSE 1.4%, IIV 12.2CV%), and the linear drug effect coefficient (SLOPE) was estimated to be 0.0451 μg l(-1) (RSE 3.2%, IIV 54CV%). Albumin, aspartate transaminase and receival of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were identified as significant covariates on SLOPE, and albumin, bilirubin, G-CSF, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were identified as significant covariates on mean transition time. CONCLUSIONS The developed model can be applied to investigate optimal treatment strategies quantitatively across different patient groups with respect to neutropenia. Albumin was identified as the most clinically important covariate predictive of interindividual variability in the neutropenia time course.
The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health

New instruments iire described for the measurement of both job-related and non-job int-nta! health. These cover two axes of affective well-being, based upon dimensions of pleasure and arousal, and aLso reported competence, aspiration and negative job carry-over. Baseline data are presented from a sample of I6S6 job-holders, and earlier uses ot the well-being scales are summarized. The instruments appear to be psychomertilally acceptable, and are associated with demographic and occupational features in i-xpected ways For example, older employees report greater job-relaced well-being; occupational level ispositivcly correlated with job depressiiin enthusiasm burnegatively ;issociated with job anxiety-contentment; deprL-,ssion-cnthusiasm is mure predictable Irom (ow-to-medium opportunity for skill use and task variety, wiiereas anxietyI ontentment is more a funcrinn {)i wcjrkload or iinccTtainty. Many studies have examined the impact of work and careers on job-related and non-job mental health. Nevertheless, there is still a shortage of instruments whose psychometric properties have been determined through data from large samples of employees of both genders and several occupational levels. In particular, there is a need for measures which can provide information about atiective well-being, SLibjective competence and aspiration, through scores which can be compared with known means and standard deviations from appropriate demographic groups. This paper aims to address those deficiencies, by describing new instruments and summarizing values obtained from a large sample of British job-holders. The approach to affective well-being is through two principal axes ('anxiety-contentment' and 'deprcssion-enrhusiasm') which have emerged us important m non-ocrupacionaJ research, and which will be examined through parallel measures in both job-related and non-job settings. No other instruments are currently available which cover the full range of those axes in both types ol setting. The approach taken is one which emphasizes practicality as well as psychometric acceptability. Many occupational researchers are deterred by the length and cumbersome language ot some previous instruments, and are tempted to introduce their own miidihcations or creare new scales for one-off application. Such cjevelopments prevent the accumulation (jt comparative data and encourage an over-extensive range of instruments which all purport to tap the same construct. It is hoped that the straightforward nature of the stales introduced in this paper will be of value in many occupational settings.
Multiple Parietal Reach Regions in Humans: Cortical Representations for Visual and Proprioceptive Feedback during On-Line Reaching

Reaching toward a visual target involves at least two sources of information. One is the visual feedback from the hand as it approaches the target. Another is proprioception from the moving limb, which informs the brain of the location of the hand relative to the target even when the hand is not visible. Where these two sources of information are represented in the human brain is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the cortical representations for reaching with or without visual feedback from the moving hand, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. To identify reach-dominant areas, we compared reaching with saccades. Our results show that a reach-dominant region in the anterior precuneus (aPCu), extending into medial intraparietal sulcus, is equally active in visual and nonvisual reaching. A second region, at the superior end of the parieto-occipital sulcus (sPOS), is more active for visual than for nonvisual reaching. These results suggest that aPCu is a sensorimotor area whose sensory input is primarily proprioceptive, while sPOS is a visuomotor area that receives visual feedback during reaching. In addition to the precuneus, medial, anterior intraparietal, and superior parietal cortex were also activated during both visual and nonvisual reaching, with more anterior areas responding to hand movements only and more posterior areas responding to both hand and eye movements. Our results suggest that cortical networks for reaching are differentially activated depending on the sensory conditions during reaching. This indicates the involvement of multiple parietal reach regions in humans, rather than a single homogenous parietal reach region.
Rats with lesions of the hippocampus are impaired on the delayed nonmatching‐to‐sample task †

Rats with ibotenic acid lesions of the hippocampus (H‐IBO) were trained on the trial‐unique delayed nonmatching‐to‐sample task (DNMS) using a short delay of 4 s. The H‐IBO group learned the nonmatching rule as quickly as control animals. However, performance was impaired on the DNMS task when the delay between the sample and choice phase was increased to 1 or 2 min. The use of 4‐s delay (probe) trials indicated that the H‐IBO animals retained the nonmatching‐to‐sample rule throughout testing. In a second experiment, using the same groups of rats, extended training at the 1‐min delay did not ameliorate the deficit produced by H‐IBO lesions. The finding of impaired recognition memory in rats after hippocampal lesions is consistent with findings from humans and monkeys. Several methodological issues are considered that have complicated the interpretation of earlier studies of recognition memory in rats following hippocampal lesions. The capacity for recognition memory in humans, monkeys, and rodents is discussed as a straightforward example of hippocampus‐dependent (declarative) memory. Hippocampus 2001;11:176–186. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of cross‐cultural color emotion

This study investigates the relationship between color perceptual attributes and color emotions, as well as the influence of different cultural backgrounds. Totally 214 color samples were evaluated on 12 emotion variables by subjects from seven different region groups in the psychophysical experiment. By factor analysis, it was found that three factors were sufficient to represent 80 11 "region-emotion" variables. For each variable, there is no distinct difference among different region groups. The 12 emotion variables could be divided into four categories, namely, activity index, potency index, definition index, and temperature index. Factor scores were further calculated to study the determinants on each factor. The analysis showed that the three factors were mainly related to chroma, lightness, and hue, respectively. It was concluded that chroma and lightness were the most important factors on color emotion, whereas the influences of hue and cultural background were very limited. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Commitment to telos—a sustained critical rhetoric

Our paper attempts to illustrate how a commitment toward telos enhances the critical process. We argue that self‐critical and “skeptical” scholarship is not an end in itself. Such work does not demonstrate, sufficiently, the contingent nature of criticism and its relationship to the society in which the critic is a member. Self‐reflective criticism isolates the critic and fates her to reproducing a lonely account of what culture is and how it functions. We call for an orientation toward criticism that acknowledges the contingent nature of meaning formation. Critics have a stake in the critical act itself and therefore should describe their purpose through telos. Telos is not teleological or Utopian; rather, telos is the continuous, ever changing purpose, as ephemeral and enduring as putting pen to paper, of the critic and society. It is the temporary fixing of meaning that admits the political nature of criticism, hence its need to affect change. We offer three examples of what a commitment toward telos w.
Neuropsychological evidence for the temporal dynamics of category-specific naming

ABSTRACT Multiple accounts have been proposed to explain category-specific recognition impairments. Some suggest that category-specific deficits may be caused by a deficit in recurrent processing between the levels of a hierarchically organized visual object recognition system. Here, we tested predictions of interactive processing theories on the emergence of category-selective naming deficits in neurologically intact observers and in patient GA, a single case showing a category-specific impairment for natural objects after a herpes simplex encephalitis infection. Fragmented object outlines were repeatedly presented until correct naming occurred (maximum 10 times), and the fragments increased in length with every repetition. We studied how shape complexity, object category, and fragment curvature influence the timing of correct object identification. The results of a survival analysis are consistent with the idea that deficits in recurrent processing between low- and high-level visual object representations can cause category-selective impairments.
Gender, Context, and Television Advertising: A Comprehensive Analysis of 2000 and 2002 House Races

Are men and women portrayed differently in campaigns? Much scholarship and commentary expects that this is so, yet previous studies provide ambiguous evidence on the extent of gender difference.The authors provide a comprehensive analysis of gender differences in television advertisements in congressional races in 2000 and 2002 with data that allow them to take into account the frequency of airings, the sponsorship of the advertisements, partisanship, and competitiveness of the race. Although some gender differences emerge, the analysis reveals undeniable similarity in the presentation of male and female candidates in television advertisements.
Deep Reinforcement Learning With Macro-Actions

Deep reinforcement learning has been shown to be a powerful framework for learning policies from complex high-dimensional sensory inputs to actions in complex tasks, such as the Atari domain. In this paper, we explore output representation modeling in the form of temporal abstraction to improve convergence and reliability of deep reinforcement learning approaches. We concentrate on macro-actions, and evaluate these on different Atari 2600 games, where we show that they yield significant improvements in learning speed. Additionally, we show that they can even achieve better scores than DQN. We offer analysis and explanation for both convergence and final results, revealing a problem deep RL approaches have with sparse reward signals.
The Ups and Downs of Bureaucratic Organization

Why do democracies give birth to bureaucracies and bureaucrats? How and why has a seemingly undesirable and unviable organizational form weathered relentless criticism over many years, and why do some see it experiencing a renaissance? Normative democratic theory, theories of formal organizations, and Weber's ideas are used in this essay to explore debureaucratization efforts since the late 1970s and the rediscovery of bureaucracy since the mid 1990s. One conclusion is that there has not been a monotonic development toward bureaucratization, as argued by Weber, or debureaucratization, as argued by his critics. Several normative and organizational components have coexisted; the significance of each component and their relationships has varied over time. Although elements of a theoretical framework are suggested, no great optimism for a comprehensive theory of bureaucratization and debureaucratization is offered. Institutions, agency, and macro forces all matter, but there is no agreement regarding the cond.
Microwave Chemical Sensor Using Substrate-Integrated-Waveguide Cavity

This research proposes a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity sensor to detect several chemicals using the microwave frequency range. The frequency response of the presented SIW sensor is switched by filling a very small quantity of chemical inside of the fluidic channel, which also causes a difference in the effective permittivity. The fluidic channel on this structure is either empty or filled with a chemical; when it is empty the structure resonates at 17.08 GHz. There is always a different resonant frequency when any chemical is injected into the fluidic channel. The maximum amount of chemical after injection is held in the center of the SIW structure, which has the maximum magnitude of the electric field distribution. Thus, the objective of sensing chemicals in this research is achieved by perturbing the electric fields of the SIW structure.
Lumbar puncture in pediatric bacterial meningitis: defining the time interval for recovery of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens after parenteral antibiotic pretreatment.

OBJECTIVE Despite the lack of evidence defining a time interval during which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture yield will not be affected by previous antibiotic therapy, recent publications cite a "minimum window" of 2 to 3 hours for recovery of bacterial pathogens after parenteral antibiotic administration. We conducted a retrospective review of children with bacterial meningitis to describe the rate at which parenteral antibiotic pretreatment sterilizes CSF cultures. METHODS The medical records of pediatric patients who were discharged from a tertiary children's hospital during a 5-year period with the final diagnosis of bacterial meningitis or suspected bacterial meningitis were reviewed. The decay in yield of CSF cultures over time was evaluated in patients with lumbar punctures (LP) delayed until after initiation of parenteral antibiotics and in patients with serial LPs before and after initiation of parenteral antibiotics. RESULTS The pathogens that infected the 128 study patients were Streptococcus pneumoniae (49), Neisseria meningitidis (37), group B Streptococcus (21), Haemophilus influenzae (8), other organisms (11), and undetermined (3). Thirty-nine patients (30%) had first LPs after initiation of parenteral antibiotics, and 55 (43%) had serial LPs before and after initiation of parenteral antibiotics. After >/=50 mg/kg of a third-generation cephalosporin, 3 of 9 LPs in meningococcal meningitis were sterile within 1 hour, occurring as early as 15 minutes, and all were sterile by 2 hours. With pneumococcal disease, the first negative CSF culture occurred at 4.3 hours, with 5 of 7 cultures negative from 4 to 10 hours after initiation of parenteral antibiotics. Reduced susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics occurred in 11 of 46 pneumococcal isolates. Group B streptococcal cultures were positive through the first 8 hours after parenteral antibiotics. Blood cultures were positive in 74% of cases without pretreatment and in 57% to 68% of cases with negative CSF cultures. CONCLUSIONS The temptation to initiate antimicrobial therapy may override the principle of obtaining adequate pretreatment culture material. The present study demonstrates that CSF sterilization may occur more rapidly after initiation of parenteral antibiotics than previously suggested, with complete sterilization of meningococcus within 2 hours and the beginning of sterilization of pneumococcus by 4 hours into therapy. Lack of adequate culture material may result in inability to tailor therapy to antimicrobial susceptibility or in unnecessarily prolonged treatment if the clinical presentation and laboratory data cannot exclude the possibility of bacterial meningitis.
Person-Organization Fit and Research on Instruction

Research from industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology indicates that outside of K–12 education, employees’ sense of fit with their organizations is often associated with job satisfaction, performance, commitment, and retention. Person-organization (P-O) fit has been conceptualized as the degree of congruence between an individual’s values, goals, and/or cognitive skills and abilities and the characteristics or requirements of their workplace. This essay reviews research from I-O psychology on how P-O fit predicts key outcomes for workers outside of K–12 education and discusses recent studies of P-O fit and teacher commitment and retention. We then theorize ways in which P-O fit can be used in research on teachers’ instruction, using research on teachers’ enactment of ambitious mathematics instruction as an example. Finally, the essay concludes by identifying directions for future research.
The Handbook of Emotion and Memory : Research and Theory

Contents: Foreword. Preface. Part I: General Perspectives. G.H. Bower, How Might Emotions Affect Learning? M.K. Johnson, K.S. Multhaup, Emotion and MEM. B.A. Tobias, J.F. Kihlstrom, D.L. Schacter, Emotion and Implicit Memory. G. Mandler, Memory, Arousal, and Mood: A Theoretical Integration. Part II: Methodological Issues. W. Revelle, D.A. Loftus, The Implications of Arousal Effects for the Study of Affect and Memory. F. Heuer, D. Reisberg, Emotion, Arousal, and Memory for Detail. M.D. Leichtman, S.J. Ceci, P.A. Ornstein, The Influence of Affect on Memory: Mechanism and Development. J.C. Yuille, P.A. Tollestrup, A Model of Diverse Effects of Emotion on Eyewitness Memory. S-A. Christianson, J. Goodman, E.F. Loftus, Eyewitness Memory for Stressful Events: Methodological Quandaries and Ethical Dilemmas. Part III: Biological Aspects. J.L. McGaugh, Affect, Neuromodulatory Systems, and Memory Storage. J.E. LeDoux, Emotion as Memory: Anatomical Systems Underlying Indelible Neural Traces. L-G. Nilsson, T. Archer, Biological Aspects of Memory and Emotion: Affect and Cognition. S-A. Christianson, Remembering Emotional Events: Potential Mechanisms. Part IV: Clinical Observations. M.J. Horowitz, S.P. Reidbord, Memory, Emotion, and Response to Trauma. K.D. Harber, J.W. Pennebaker, Overcoming Traumatic Memories. M. Treadway, M. McCloskey, B. Gordon, N. Cohen, Landmark Life Events and the Organization of Memory: Evidence From Functional Retrograde Amnesia. B.G. Braun, E.J. Frischholz, Remembering and Forgetting in Patients Suffering From Multiple Personality Disorder. M.W. Eysenck, K. Mogg, Clinical Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, and Memory Bias. J.M. G. Williams, Autobiographical Memory and Emotional Disorders.