Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Analysis of Variance and Correlation Methods for Investigating Cognitive Development With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Statistical approaches used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study cognitive development are varied and evolving. Two approaches have generally been used. These are between-group end-point analysis of variance (ANOVA) and age-related regression. Differences in these 2 approaches could produce different results when applied to a single data set. Event-related fMRI data from a group of typically developing participants (n = 95; age range = 7–35 years) performing controlled lexical processing tasks were analyzed using both methods. Results from the 2 approaches showed significant overlap, but also noteworthy differences. The results suggest that for regions showing age-related changes, correlation was relatively more sensitive to more linear changes whereas ANOVA was relatively more sensitive to less-linear changes. These findings suggest that full characterization of developmental dynamics will require converging methodologies.
India's Missing Women: Disentangling Cultural, Political and Economic Variables

The severe anti-female bias in natality and child mortality that gives rise to India's missing women has been widely documented and various explanations ranging from agricultural labor demand to dowries have been offered in the literature. In general, the low demand for girls has been interpreted as a rational response to economic constraints. This paper shows the importance of culture both in determining the value of girls and in shaping parental economic constraints. We find that conservative cultural attitudes, proxied by the electoral success of religious parties, are positively correlated with anti-female bias. Moreover, higher household expenditure is negatively correlated with the number of girls. This suggests that we cannot rely on rising income levels, brought about by economic growth, to improve the demographic disadvantage faced by Indian women. Our policy recommendations therefore focus on changing attitudes of son-preference that motivate anti-female bias as much as enforcement of gender-equality legislation.
Bound to Plan: Exploiting Classical Heuristics via Automatic Translations of Tail-Recursive HTN Problems

Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning is a formalism that can express constraints which cannot easily be expressed by classical (non-hierarchical) planning approaches. It enables reasoning about procedural structures and domain-specific search control knowledge. Yet the cornucopia of modern heuristic search techniques remains largely unincorporated in current HTN planners, in part because it is not clear how to estimate the goal distance for a partially-ordered task network. When using SHOP2-style progression, a task network of yet unprocessed tasks is maintained during search. In the general case it can grow arbitrarily large. However, many — if not most — existing HTN domains have a certain structure (called tail-recursive) where the network's size is bounded. We show how this bound can be calculated and exploited to automatically translate tail-recursive HTN problems into non-hierarchical STRIPS representations, which allows using both hierarchical structures and classical planning heuristics. In principle, the approach can also be applied to non-tail-recursive HTNs by incrementally increasing the bound. We give three translations with different advantages and present the results of an empirical evaluation with several HTN domains that are translated to PDDL and solved by two current classical planning systems. Our results show that we can automatically find practical bounds for solving partially-ordered HTN problems. We also show that classical planners perform similarly with our automatic translations versus a previous hand-bounded HTN translation which is restricted to totally-ordered problems.
Resourceful Contextual Bandits

We study contextual bandits with ancillary constraints on resources, which are common in real-world applications such as choosing ads or dynamic pricing of items. We design the first algorithm for solving these problems that handles constrained resources other than time, and improves over a trivial reduction to the non-contextual case. We consider very general settings for both contextual bandits (arbitrary policy sets, e.g. Dudik et al. (UAI'11)) and bandits with resource constraints (bandits with knapsacks, Badanidiyuru et al. (FOCS'13)), and prove a regret guarantee with near-optimal statistical properties.
Stability of the viscously spreading ring

We study analytically and numerically the stability of the pressure-less, viscously spreading accretion ring. We show that the ring is unstable to small non-axisymmetric perturbations. To perform the perturbation analysis of the ring we use a stretching transformation of the time coordinate. We find that to 1st order, one-armed spiral structures, and to 2nd order additionally two-armed spiral features may appear. Furthermore, we identify a dispersion relation determining the instability of the ring. The theoretical results are confirmed in several simulations, using two different numerical methods. These computations prove independently the existence of a secular spiral instability driven by viscosity, which evolves into persisting leading and trailing spiral waves. Our results settle the question whether the spiral structures found in earlier simulations of the spreading ring are numerical artifacts or genuine instabilities.
Prevalencia y consecuencias del cyberbullying: una revisión

Prevalence and Consequences of Cyberbullying: A review. This paper reviews the studies of a new form of peer harassment, cyber-bullying (CB), which uses new information and communication technologies, mostly Internet and mobile phones, to harass colleagues. We analyzed the studies that have investigated the prevalence and effects of CB. The results of this review reveal a high prevalence of CB in all countries. Approximately, 40% and 55% of students are involved in some way (victims, perpetrators, observers), between 20% and 50% reported experiences of victimization, but only between 2% and 7% have suffe- red severely. It confirms variations according to the country, ages of the samples, and the time period over which information is requested. Regarding the effects, studies show that cyber-victims experience anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, stress, fear, low self-esteem, feelings of anger and frustration, helplessness, nervousness, irritability, somatization, sleep disturbances, and concentration difficulties that affect their academic performance; whereas cyber-attackers show a lack of empathy, aggressive and criminal behavior, higher use of alcohol and drugs, dependence on technology, and truancy. The discussion focuses on the importance of taking action to prevent CB and on intervention when it has already occurred.
Student Motivation and the Alignment of Teacher Beliefs

Abstract Given that many high school students come to school unmotivated to learn, the purpose of this article is to examine various motivational constructs and to determine if educators are incorporating the most effective motivational strategies. In fact, adolescents vary from adults physically, cognitively, emotionally, and physiologically and, therefore, they generally differ in their perceptions on the effectiveness of a variety of motivational practices. Students are more likely to attribute their own motivation to their intrinsic desire to learn or as a result of the goals they adopt. Teachers, on the other hand, believe students are more likely to be motivated as a result of the teachers’ actions. Teachers do not always recognize which motivational constructs are the most effective, demonstrating the value of pre-service and in-service programs that stress student motivation. If educators wish to maximize student academic achievement, they must understand how to motivate students successfully.
The CHEVI tethering complex: facilitating special deliveries

VPS33B and VIPAR comprise the two known components of the recently christened class C Homologues in Endosome–Vesicle Interaction (CHEVI) complex, thought to act as a tethering complex in endosomal trafficking distinct from the HOPS and CORVET complexes in mammalian cells. A recent paper in The Journal of Pathology further explores the role of the CHEVI complex in the biogenesis of α‐granules in megakaryocytes, identifying two novel interactors of this complex: α‐tubulin and SEC22B, and demonstrating that VPS33B expression is required for the localization of SEC22B and the α‐granule cargo VWF to proplatelets in megakaryocytes. These findings advance the current knowledge of the function of the CHEVI complex in α‐granule biogenesis and together with studies in other systems, corroborate its role in the specialized delivery of cargo in different cell types. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LeakMiner: Detect Information Leakage on Android with Static Taint Analysis

With the growing popularity of Android platform, Android application market becomes a major distribution center where Android users download apps. Unlike most of the PC apps, Android apps manipulates personal information such as contract and SMS messages, and leakage of such information may cause great loss to the Android users. Thus, detecting information leakage on Android is in urgent need. However, till now, there is still no complete vetting process applied to Android markets. State-of-the-art approaches for detecting Android information leakage apply dynamic analysis on user site, thus they introduce large runtime overhead to the Android apps. This paper proposes a new approach called Leak Miner, which detects leakage of sensitive information on Android with static taint analysis. Unlike dynamic approaches, Leak Miner analyzes Android apps on market site. Thus, it does not introduce runtime overhead to normal execution of target apps. Besides, Leak Miner can detect information leakage before apps are distributed to users, so malicious apps can be removed from market before users download them. Our evaluation result shows that Leak Miner can detect 145 true information leakages inside a 1750 app set.
Suicide and Language: Why we Shouldn't Use the 'C' Word.

Suicide is not a sin and is no longer a crime, so we should stop saying that people ‘commit’ suicide. We now live in a time when we seek to understand people who experience suicidal ideation, behaviours and attempts, and to treat them with compassion rather than condemn them. Part of this is to use appropriate, non-stigmatising terminology when referring to suicide.
Compressive Sensing for Millimeter Wave Antenna Array Diagnosis

The radiation pattern of an antenna array depends on the excitation weights and the geometry of the array. Due to wind and atmospheric conditions, outdoor millimeter wave antenna elements are subject to full or partial blockages from a plethora of particles like dirt, salt, ice, and water droplets. Handheld devices are also subject to blockages from random finger placement and/or finger prints. These blockages cause absorption and scattering to the signal incident on the array, modify the array geometry, and distort the far-field radiation pattern of the array. This paper studies the effects of blockages on the far-field radiation pattern of linear arrays and proposes several array diagnosis techniques for millimeter wave antenna arrays. The proposed techniques jointly estimate the locations of the blocked antennas and the induced attenuation and phase-shifts given knowledge of the angles of arrival/departure. Numerical results show that the proposed techniques provide satisfactory results in terms of fault detection with reduced number of measurements (diagnosis time) provided that the number of blockages is small compared to the array size.
African Americans show increased risk for pressure ulcers: A retrospective analysis of acute care hospitals in America

In an earlier study, we reported a significantly increased risk of pressure ulcer hospital discharge diagnoses in African Americans, higher age groups, and those with certain medical conditions. The objectives of the present study were to: (a) investigate the demographics associated with a higher odds ratio (OR) in African Americans and (b) determine whether African Americans have different rates of medical risk factors. The 2003 Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was queried. Patients with pressure ulcers were identified by discharge diagnoses using ICD‐9 codes 707.0–707.09. Discharge diagnosis was examined using the agency for healthcare research and quality clinical classifications software (CCS). The present study used identified CCS discharge diagnoses present in at least 5% of all patients, with an OR>2. African Americans exhibited a higher incidence of an OR>2 for 28 identified CCS risk factors for pressure ulcers. The pressure ulcer diagnoses tended to occur at younger ages in African Americans. No significant differences were noted in African Americans with pressure ulcers when a subanalysis was conducted by zip code income quartile, region of the country, or teaching status of the hospital. Hospitalized African Americans exhibit an age‐dependent, higher prevalence of pressure ulcers compared with Caucasians. Socioeconomic factors tracked within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample do not provide an explanation for this phenomenon.
Comparing FPGA vs. custom cmos and the impact on processor microarchitecture

As soft processors are increasingly used in diverse applications, there is a need to evolve their microarchitectures in a way that suits the FPGA implementation substrate. This paper compares the delay and area of a comprehensive set of processor building block circuits when implemented on custom CMOS and FPGA substrates. We then use the results of these comparisons to infer how the microarchitecture of soft processors on FPGAs should be different from hard processors on custom CMOS. We find that the ratios of the area required by an FPGA to that of custom CMOS for different building blocks varies significantly more than the speed ratios. As area is often a key design constraint in FPGA circuits, area ratios have the most impact on microarchitecture choices. Complete processor cores have area ratios of 17-27x and delay ratios of 18-26x. Building blocks that have dedicated hardware support on FPGAs such as SRAMs, adders, and multipliers are particularly area-efficient (2-7x area ratio), while multiplexers and CAMs are particularly area-inefficient (>100x area ratio), leading to cheaper ALUs, larger caches of low associativity, and more expensive bypass networks than on similar hard processors. We also find that a low delay ratio for pipeline latches (12-19x) suggests soft processors should have pipeline depths 20% greater than hard processors of similar complexity.
Assembly of large-area, highly ordered, crack-free inverse opal films

Whereas considerable interest exists in self-assembly of well-ordered, porous “inverse opal” structures for optical, electronic, and (bio)chemical applications, uncontrolled defect formation has limited the scale-up and practicality of such approaches. Here we demonstrate a new method for assembling highly ordered, crack-free inverse opal films over a centimeter scale. Multilayered composite colloidal crystal films have been generated via evaporative deposition of polymeric colloidal spheres suspended within a hydrolyzed silicate sol-gel precursor solution. The coassembly of a sacrificial colloidal template with a matrix material avoids the need for liquid infiltration into the preassembled colloidal crystal and minimizes the associated cracking and inhomogeneities of the resulting inverse opal films. We discuss the underlying mechanisms that may account for the formation of large-area defect-free films, their unique preferential growth along the 〈110〉 direction and unusual fracture behavior. We demonstrate that this coassembly approach allows the fabrication of hierarchical structures not achievable by conventional methods, such as multilayered films and deposition onto patterned or curved surfaces. These robust SiO2 inverse opals can be transformed into various materials that retain the morphology and order of the original films, as exemplified by the reactive conversion into Si or TiO2 replicas. We show that colloidal coassembly is available for a range of organometallic sol-gel and polymer matrix precursors, and represents a simple, low-cost, scalable method for generating high-quality, chemically tailorable inverse opal films for a variety of applications.
Consumer–Brand Engagement

Consumer–brand engagement can be defined as a multidimensional construct that encompasses other marketing constructs. Moreover, consumer–brand engagement can be regarded as a meta-organizer of the dynamic and process-based relationship between a brand and its consumers. In this essay, first we draw a definition of the concept, then we present a short review of academic and professional literature on consumer–brand engagement, and finally, we point out the basic differences between consumer–brand engagement and other apparently overlapping marketing constructs (involvement, commitment, emotional attachment, and brand experience). Keywords: consumer–brand engagement; relationship management; brand experience; postmodern marketing; consumer behavior
Quiet: The Power of Introvert in a World That Can’t Stop Talking

Do you pay attention to the differences between extroversion and introversion? It can be fascinating to consider who is and is not aware of the distinction between the two, as well as the significant formative role they both play in daily perceptions and interactions. In my experience, more often than not it is the introverts who recognize and appreciate the difference, while too many extroverts remain unaware. In Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking(2012), Susan Cain reminds us of the potency and power of the gift of introversion. She challenges her readers to recognize and celebrate the unique insights and contributions that may be latent in communities and organizations—present, but hidden from view, and likely to remain so unless given the space to flourish and to find a voice. She also suggests that creating a space for the introvert voice may bring unforeseen blessings to an organization or community.
Rituximab for refractory granulomatous eye disease

Objective To determine the effectiveness of rituximab therapy for patients with granulomatous disease of the eye. Methods Retrospective review was undertaken of cases seen at a single institution for ocular antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis or sarcoidosis with persistent ocular disease despite systemic therapy. All patients were treated with rituximab and followed for at least 6 months. Results Nine patients were identified (five with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, four with sarcoidosis), and all were treated for at least 6 months. Eight experienced improvement of eye disease and were able to reduce prednisone and other drug therapies. One patient remained stable, but still required high dosages of prednisone. All five patients with lung disease improved with rituximab therapy. Rituximab treatment was well tolerated. Two patients discontinued the drug due to leukopenia; however, both patients reinstituted rituximab at modified doses. Conclusion Rituximab therapy was effective in controlling granulomatous ocular disease in most cases. The drug was corticosteroid-sparing and effective in refractory cases, with no severe adverse events encountered.
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and probiotic properties of wild‐strain Pichia kudriavzevii isolated from frozen idli batter

The present research was undertaken to study the probiotic characteristics of Pichia kudriavzevii isolated from frozen idli batter. Polymerase chain reaction amplification with 18S rRNA primers confirmed Pichia kudriavzevii, a xylose‐utilizing probiotic strain. It was resistant to physiological concentrations of bile salts, pepsin and pancreatic enzyme. It also showed efficient auto‐aggregation as well as co‐aggregation ability with four commercial probiotic yeasts and exhibited good hydrophobicity in xylene and toluene. The strain inhibited the growth of 13 enteropathogens and showed a commensal relationship with four commercial probiotic yeast and bacteria. Moreover, it was resistant to 30 antibiotics with different modes of action. The yeast exhibited thermotolerance up to 95 °C for 2 h. The cell‐free supernatants were also found to be heat stable, indicating the presence of thermostable secondary metabolites. Hence it could be exploited as starter culture, co‐culture or probiotic in the preparation of fermented products or incorporated in heatable foods as well. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of random chromosomal rearrangements activating the drug resistance gene, MDR1/P‐glycoprotein, in drug‐selected cell lines and patients with drug refractory ALL

Drug resistance, both primary and acquired, is a major obstacle to advances in cancer chemotherapy. In vitro, multidrug resistance can be mediated by P‐glycoprotein (PGY1), a cell surface phosphoglycoprotein that acts to efflux natural products from cells. PGY1 is encoded by the MDR1 gene located at 7q21.1. Overexpression of MDR1 has been demonstrated in many cancers, both in patient tumors and in cell lines selected with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. Recent studies in drug‐selected cell lines and patients samples have identified hybrid mRNAs comprised of an active, but apparently random, gene fused 5′ to MDR1. This observation indicates that random chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations and inversions, leading to “capture” of MDR1 by constitutively expressed genes may be a mechanism for activation of this gene following drug exposure. In this study, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using whole chromosome paints (WCP) and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)‐derived probes showed structural rearrangements involving 7q in metaphase and interphase cells, and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) revealed high levels of amplification at chromosomal breakpoints. In an adriamycin‐selected resistant colon cancer line (S48–3s/Adr), WCP4/WCP7 revealed t(4;7)(q31;q21) and BAC‐derived probes demonstrated that the breakpoint lay between MDR1 and sequences 500–1000 KB telomeric to it. Similarly, in a subline isolated following exposure to actinomycin D (S48–3s/ActD), a hybrid MDR1 gene composed of heme oxygenase‐2 sequences (at 16p13) fused to MDR1 was identified and a rearrangement confirmed with WCP7 and a subtelomeric 16p probe. Likewise, in a paclitaxel‐selected MCF‐7 subline where CASP sequences (at 7q22) were shown to be fused to MDR1, WCP7 showed an elongated chromosome 7 with a homogeneously staining regions (hsr); BAC‐derived probes demonstrated that the hsr was composed of highly amplified MDR1 and CASP sequences. In all three selected cell lines, CGH demonstrated amplification at breakpoints involving MDR1(at 7q21) and genes fused to MDR1 at 4q31, 7q22, and 16p13.3. Finally, in samples obtained from two patients with drug refractory ALL, BAC‐derived probes applied to archived marrow cells demonstrated that a breakpoint occurred between MDR1 and sequences 500–1000 KB telomeric to MDR1, consistent with a random chromosomal rearrangement. These results support the proposal that random chromosomal rearrangement leading to capture and activation of MDR1 is a mechanism of acquired drug resistance. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:44–54, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.