Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fluent rereading: Repetition, automaticity, and discrepancy.

Six experiments examined readers'sensitivity to discrepancies introduced into familiar texts. Across 4 or 5 trials, Ss crossed out misspellings as they read. Reading times decreased across repeated readings, and even though misspellings differed on every reading, their detection remained constant or improved across readings. Thus reading became fluent but remained accurate across experiences. On the final reading small discrepancies were unexpectedly introduced into the familiar texts. Results showed clear sensitivity to discrepancies in visual features (Experiments 1, 2, and 5) and in lexical and semantic characteristics (Experiments 3, 4, and 6) of familiar texts. Experiments 5 and 6 showed that this sensivity was on-line, occuring in the interval in which the discrepancy was encountered
Mitochondrial biogenesis in the anticonvulsant mechanism of the ketogenic diet

The full anticonvulsant effect of the ketogenic diet (KD) can require weeks to develop in rats, suggesting that altered gene expression is involved. The KD typically is used in pediatric epilepsies, but is effective also in adolescents and adults. Our goal was to use microarray and complementary technologies in adolescent rats to understand its anticonvulsant effect.
Self-Esteem and Coping Strategies in Child Molesters

This study assessed the social self-esteem and the coping styles of child molesters, nonsex offenders, and nonoffenders. Child molesters were found to have lower self-esteem than the other participants, and they more typically made use of emotion-focused (i.e., ineffective) coping strategies. A combination of low self-esteem and poor coping was found to predict being a child molester, although the causal pathway was somewhat obscure and appeared to involve a complex feedback loop. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and treatment implications.
Neutralizing workplace bullying: the buffering effects of contextual factors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the direct and buffering effects of three workplace contextual factors – constructive leadership, perceived organizational support, and organizational anti‐bullying initiatives – on bullying and its relationships with relevant criteria. Further, the paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of organizational initiatives against bullying as perceived by targets and non‐targets.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 727 employees in nine New Zealand healthcare organizations. Of these, 133 employees were classified as bullied, as they had experienced at least two negative acts per week over the last six months.Findings – Correlations revealed negative relationships between the three contextual work factors and bullying. Moderated regression showed that perceived organizational support buffered the relationship of bullying with self‐rated job performance, and that organizational initiatives against bullying buffered the relationship of bullyi.
Depletion of CD52‐positive cells inhibits the development of central nervous system autoimmune disease, but deletes an immune‐tolerance promoting CD8 T‐cell population. Implications for secondary autoimmunity of alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis

The objective was to determine whether CD52 lymphocyte depletion can act to promote immunological tolerance induction by way of intravenous antigen administration such that it could be used to either improve efficiency of multiple sclerosis (MS) inhibition or inhibit secondary autoimmunities that may occur following alemtuzumab use in MS. Relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in ABH mice and immune cell depletion was therapeutically applied using mouse CD52 or CD4 (in conjunction with CD8 or CD20) depleting monoclonal antibodies. Immunological unresponsiveness was then subsequently induced using intravenous central nervous system antigens and responses were assessed clinically. A dose–response of CD4 monoclonal antibody depletion indicated that the 60–70% functional CD4 T‐cell depletion achieved in perceived failed trials in MS was perhaps too low to even stop disease in animals. However, more marked (~75–90%) physical depletion of CD4 T cells by CD4 and CD52 depleting antibodies inhibited relapsing disease. Surprisingly, in contrast to CD4 depletion, CD52 depletion blocked robust immunological unresponsiveness through a mechanism involving CD8 T cells. Although efficacy was related to the level of CD4 T‐cell depletion, the observations that CD52 depletion of CD19 B cells was less marked in lymphoid organs than in the blood provides a rationale for the rapid B‐cell hyper‐repopulation that occurs following alemtuzumab administration in MS. That B cells repopulate in the relative absence of T‐cell regulatory mechanisms that promote immune tolerance may account for the secondary B‐cell autoimmunities, which occur following alemtuzumab treatment of MS.
Sequence-specific DNA Cleavage by Fe2+-mediated Fenton Reactions Has Possible Biological Implications*

Preferential cleavage sites have been determined for Fe2+/H2O2-mediated oxidations of DNA. In 50 mm H2O2, preferential cleavages occurred at the nucleoside 5′ to each of the dG moieties in the sequence RGGG, a sequence found in a majority of telomere repeats. Within a plasmid containing a (TTAGGG)81human telomere insert, 7-fold more strand breakage occurred in the restriction fragment with the insert than in a similar-sized control fragment. This result implies that telomeric DNA could protect coding DNA from oxidative damage and might also link oxidative damage and iron load to telomere shortening and aging. In micromolar H2O2, preferential cleavage occurred at the thymidine within the sequence RTGR, a sequence frequently found to be required in promoters for normal responses of many procaryotic and eucaryotic genes to iron or oxygen stress. Computer modeling of the interaction of Fe2+ with RTGR in B-DNA suggests that due to steric hindrance with the thymine methyl, Fe2+ associates in a specific manner with the thymine flipped out from the base stack so as to allow an octahedrally-oriented coordination of the Fe2+ with the three purine N7 residues. Fe2+-dependent changes in NMR spectra of duplex oligonucleotides containing ATGA versus those containing AUGA or A5mCGA were consistent with this model.
Clinicomicrobiological spectrum of infective endocarditis - from a tertiary care centre in south India

Background and Objectives: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of the endothelial surface of the cardiac-valves. Rapid diagnosis, effective treatment and prompt recognition of complications are essential, in order to improve the outcome. We retrospectively reviewed and determined the clinical characteristics, microbiological profile and management strategies of IE cases, changing microbial spectrum of pathogens and outcome in Native Valve Endocarditis (NVE) and Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis (PVE) cases. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 191 patients, clinically diagnosed with IE, based on modified Dukes criteria, from January 2011 to December 2016. Blood cultures received from all these patients were processed, using BacT/Alert system (bioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France). Results: Sixty eight (68/191) cases were positive for bacterial pathogens. Twenty four (24/191) cases had PVE and 167/191 had NVE. Nineteen cases (19/24, 79.1%) were PVE positive and forty nine (49/167, 29.3%) were NVE positive. Culture negative endocarditis cases were 123/191 (64.39%). The most common pathogen isolated from NVE cases, in our study was Streptococcus mitis, followed by methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococcus (MRCONS) in PVE. The NVE were treated intravenously with a combination of a β-lactam or glycopeptide with an aminoglycoside, for prolonged period of 4–6 weeks, with a successful outcome. The PVE cases were treated with the appropriate antibiotics as per the antibiotic susceptibility report. Conclusion: The high morbidity and mortality rates are associated with IE and hence accurate identification of aetiological agents and appropriate antimicrobial therapy is required.
Effects on Atrial Fibrillation in Aged Hypertensive Rats by Ca2+-Activated K+ Channel Inhibition

We have shown previously that inhibition of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels is antiarrhythmic in models of acutely induced atrial fibrillation (AF). These models, however, do not take into account that AF derives from a wide range of predisposing factors, the most prevalent being hypertension. In this study we assessed the effects of two different SK channel inhibitors, NS8593 and UCL1684, in aging, spontaneously hypertensive rats to examine their antiarrhythmic properties in a setting of hypertension-induced atrial remodeling. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats and the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rat strain were divided in 2×3 groups of animals aged 3, 8, and 11 months, respectively. The animals were randomly assigned to treatment with NS8593, UCL1684, or vehicle, and open chest in vivo experiments including burst pacing–induced AF were performed. The aging spontaneously hypertensive rats were more vulnerable to AF induction both by S2 stimulation and burst pacing. Vehicle affected neither the atrial effective refractory period nor AF duration. SK channel inhibition with NS8593 and UCL1684 significantly increased the atrial effective refractory period and decreased AF duration in both the normotensive and hypertensive strains with no decline in efficacy as age increased. In conclusion, SK channel inhibition with NS8593 and UCL1684 possesses antiarrhythmic properties in a rat in vivo model of paroxysmal AF with hypertension-induced atrial remodeling. The present results support the notion that SK channels may offer a promising new therapeutic target in the treatment of AF.
Findings of the Second Shared Task on Multimodal Machine Translation and Multilingual Image Description

We present the results from the second shared task on multimodal machine translation and multilingual image description. Nine teams submitted 19 systems to two tasks. The multimodal translation task, in which the source sentence is supplemented by an image, was extended with a new language (French) and two new test sets. The multilingual image description task was changed such that at test time, only the image is given. Compared to last year, multimodal systems improved, but text-only systems remain competitive.
Skills training to avoid inadvertent plagiarism: results from a randomised control study

Plagiarism continues to be a concern within academic institutions. The current study utilised a randomised control trial of 137 new entry tertiary students to assess the efficacy of a scalable short training session on paraphrasing, patch writing and plagiarism. The results indicate that the training significantly enhanced students' overall knowledge about in-text referencing protocols. Importantly, this knowledge was found to translate into applied skills, with the intervention group performing significantly better in a practical skills application task. Moreover, the findings suggest that it is confidence in writing in English, not language background per se, which plays a significant role in students' practical skills in referencing and their confidence in performing assignment preparation tasks that can help them avoid claims of inadvertent plagiarism.
Historical and comparative linguistics

In any course of historical and comparative linguistics there will be students of different language backgrounds, different levels of linguistic training, and different theoretical orientation. This textbook attempts to mitigate the problems raised by this heterogeneity in a number of ways. Since it is impossible to treat the language or language family of special interest to every student, the focus of this book is on English in particular and Indo-European languages in general, with Finnish and its closely related languages for contrast. The tenets of different schools of linguistics, and the controversies among them, are treated eclectically and objectively; the examination of language itself plays the leading role in our efforts to ascertain the comparative value of competing theories. This revised edition (1989) of a standard work for comparative linguists offers an added introduction dealing mainly with a semiotic basis of change, a final chapter on aspects of explanation, particularly in historical and human disciplines, and added sections on comparative syntax and on the semiotic status of the comparative method.
Embryonic Stem Cell-Specific miR302-367 Cluster: Human Gene Structure and Functional Characterization of Its Core Promoter

ABSTRACT MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a central role in the regulation of multiple biological processes including the maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency. Recently, the miRNA cluster miR302-367 was shown to be differentially expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Unfortunately, very little is known about the genomic structure of miRNA-encoding genes and their transcriptional units. Here, we have characterized the structure of the gene coding for the human miR302-367 cluster. We identify the transcriptional start and functional core promoter region which specifically drives the expression of this miRNA cluster. The promoter activity depends on the ontogeny and hierarchical cellular stage. It is functional during embryonic development, but it is turned off later in development. From a hierarchical standpoint, its activity decays upon differentiation of ESCs, suggesting that its activity is restricted to the ESC compartment and that the ESC-specific expression of the miR302-367 cluster is fully conferred by its core promoter transcriptional activity. Furthermore, algorithmic prediction of transcription factor binding sites and knockdown studies suggest that ESC-associated transcription factors, including Nanog, Oct3/4, Sox2, and Rex1 may be upstream regulators of miR302-367 promoter. This study represents the first identification, characterization, and functional validation of a human miRNA promoter in stem cells. This study opens up new avenues to further investigate the upstream transcriptional regulation of the miR302-367 cluster and to dissect how these miRNAs integrate in the complex molecular network conferring stem cell properties to ESCs.
Improving group task performance: The role of group goals and group efficacy.

The generalizability of goal setting to groups was tested for direct and interac- tive effects of assigned group goal difficulty and group efficacy on group goal commitment, actual group goals, group cohesiveness, and group task perfor- mance. Thirty-six groups of three subjects (N = 108) participated in an inter- dependent task. Results showed that (a) group goal commitment and group cohesiveness were higher when assigned goals were congruent with group effi- cacy beliefs, (b) actual group goals mediated the effects of assigned group goal difficulty on group task performance, (c) actual group efficacy mediated the effects of group efficacy condition on group task performance, (d) groups assigned difficult goals performed better than those assigned moderate or do best goals, (e) high-efficacy groups performed better than moderate-efficacy groups, (f) more committed and more cohesive groups outperformed less committed and less cohesive groups under difficult goal conditions. These results are discussed in .
Relevance of recruitment-synchronization in the scheduling of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in a slow-growing acute myeloid leukemia of the rat.

Abstract The relevance of recruitment of resting leukemic cells into cycle has been investigated in an acute myeloid leukemia of the rat (brown Norway myeloid leukemia) that, because of its slow growth rate, has been considered a good model for comparative studies. At Day 15 after transplantation, when more than 50% of the leukemic cells are nonproliferating, a single high dose of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (200 mg/kg body weight) produces a block in cell proliferation followed by a synchronous recruitment of the resting population into cycle. A second dose of the drug given when most of the cells are engaged in DNA synthesis results in a very significant reduction in the tumor load. On the contrary, the reduction in the tumor load produced by an injection of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine when most of the recruited cells are out of S phase is not very significant. The toxicity towards the normal hemopoietic system, tested with the colony-forming units-spleen assay, is the same with the two schedules. Moreover, the mean survival time of animals treated repeatedly with the first schedule (interval, 12 hr) is prolonged to 41 days, whereas it is only 31 days with the second schedule (interval, 24 hr). If the treatment is started early in the development of the disease, when presumably no leukemic cells are in the resting state, no difference is seen between the two schedules. It is concluded that in late stages of the disease the recruitment of leukemic cells into cycle increases the antileukemic effect of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine without a parallel increased toxicity for the normal hemopoietic cells and that changes in kinetic parameters during the development of the disease modify the schedule dependence of the leukemic cells.
Contextualizing concepts using a mathematical generalization of the quantum formalism

We outline the rationale and preliminary results of using the state context property (SCOP) formalism, originally developed as a generalization of quantum mechanics, to describe the contextual manner in which concepts are evoked, used and combined to generate meaning. The quantum formalism was developed to cope with problems arising in the description of (i) the measurement process, and (ii) the generation of new states with new properties when particles become entangled. Similar problems arising with concepts motivated the formal treatment introduced here. Concepts are viewed not as fixed representations, but entities existing in states of potentiality that require interaction with a context—a stimulus or another concept—to ‘collapse’ to an instantiated form (e.g. exemplar, prototype, or other possibly imaginary instance). The stimulus situation plays the role of the measurement in physics, acting as context that induces a change of the cognitive state from superposition state to collapsed state. The collapsed state is more likely to consist of a conjunction of concepts for associative than analytic thought because more stimulus or concept properties take part in the collapse. We provide two contextual measures of conceptual distance—one using collapse probabilities and the other weighted properties—and show how they can be applied to conjunctions using the pet fish problem.
Temperament and Attachment: Individuals and Relationships

10. S.P. Tipper, Selection for action: The role of inhibitory mechanisms Current Directions in Psy chological Science, 1, 105-109 (1992); T.W. Neill, Lexical ambiguity and context: An activation suppression model, in Resolving Semantic Ambigu ity, D.S. Gorfein, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989). 11. M.E. Bouton and J.B. Nelson, Context specificity of target versus feature inhibition in a fea ture-negative discrimination, Journal of Experimen tal Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 20, 51 65 (1994). R.W. Hendersen, Fearful memories: The motivational significance of forgetting, in Affect, Conditioning, and Cognition: Essays on the Deter minants of Behavior, in F.R. Brush and J.B. Over mier, Eds. (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1985). 12. D.C Brooks and M.E. Bouton, A retrieval cue for extinction attenuates spontaneous recovery, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behav ior Processes, 19, 77-89 (1993); D.C. Brooks and M.E. Bouton, A retrieval cue for extinction attenu ates renewed performance resulting from a change of context, manuscript in preparation (1993). 13. It did not elicit responding on its own, and it failed both summation and retardation tests for con ditioned inhibition; see, e.g., R.A. Rescorla, Pavlov ian conditioned inhibition, Psychological Bulletin, 72, 77-94(1969).
National Testing of Pupils in Europe: Objectives, Organisation and Use of Results

Use of Results), French (Les évaluations standardisées pour les élèves en Europe: objectifs, organisation et utilisation des résultats) and German (Nationale Lernstandserhebungen von Schülern in Europa: Ziele, Aufbau und Verwendung der Ergebnisse). The contents of this publication may be reproduced in part, except for commercial purposes, provided the extract is preceded b y a reference to 'Eurydice network', followed by the date of publication of the document. PREFACE Improving the quality and efficiency of education is at the centre of education policy debate at both national and EU level. It has a crucial role to play in Europe's Lisbon strategy to build its future prosperity and social cohesion. It lies at the heart of the EU's goals for education and training in the period up to 2020. It involves raising performance in compulsory education, in particular with regard to the high percentage of low-achieving 15-year-olds in reading, maths and science and more generally preparing young people for the knowledge society of the 21st century. In this context, reliable information on pupil performance is key to the successful implementation of targeted education policies and it is not surprising that in the past two decades national tests have emerged as an important tool for providing a measure of educational achievement. This Eurydice report provides a review of the context and organisation of national tests in 30 European countries and the use made of test results for individual pupils and at school and national levels. It presents the diverse choices made by European countries regarding the objectives, frequency and scope of national tests and points to important aspects of national tests where countries could learn from each others' experiences. It also emphasises the need to develop coherent systems of pupil assessment that establish a balance between nationwide tests and other forms of assessment which aim not only to grade pupils but to help them improve. I am confident that this new Eurydice publication will make a significant contribution to the debate on the role of national tests which is ongoing in many European countries, and that it will be a useful and up-to-date source of information of interest to education decision-makers, experts and practitioners alike.
Plasma Procalcitonin Concentration in Healthy Horses and Horses Affected by Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

Background The diseases most frequent associated with SIRS in adult horses are those involving the gastrointestinal tract. An early diagnosis should be the goal in the management of horses with SIRS. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma procalcitonin (PCT) concentration in healthy and SIRS horses to assess differences between the two groups. Animals Seventy‐eight horses (30 healthy and 48 SIRS). Methods Prospective in vivo multicentric study. Horses were classified as SIRS if at least 2 of the following criteria were met: abnormal leukocyte count or distribution, hyperthermia or hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea. Healthy horses showed no clinical or laboratory signs of SIRS. Plasma PCT concentrations were measured with a commercial ELISA assay for equine species. Results were expressed as mean±standard deviation. T‐test for unpaired data was performed between healthy and SIRS group. SIRS group was divided in 4 subgroups and t‐test was performed between healthy versus each subgroup. Results PCT concentrations in healthy and SIRS horses were 18.28 ± 20.32 and 197.0 ± 117.0 pg/mL, respectively. T‐test showed statistical differences between healthy versus SIRS group and between healthy versus all subgroups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Results showed an increase in PCT concentration in SIRS horses as previously reported in humans and dogs. PCT could be used as a single assay in equine practice for detection of SIRS.