Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Acquisition of Lexical Formality

There has been relatively little work focused on determining the formality level of individual lexical items. This study applies information from large mixed-genre corpora, demonstrating that significant improvement is possible over simple word-length metrics, particularly when multiple sources of information, i.e. word length, word counts, and word association, are integrated. Our best hybrid system reaches 86% accuracy on an English near-synonym formality identification task, and near perfect accuracy when comparing words with extreme formality differences. We also test our word association method in Chinese, a language where word length is not an appropriate metric for formality.
Dealer Pricing of Consumer Credit

Price discrimination incentives may induce dealers to bear the financial cost of their customers' credit purchases. We focus on how financial market imperfections make it possible to segment the customer population. When borrowing and lending rates differ from each other and from the rate of interest on a durable good purchase, the structure of those rates influences customers' choices to purchase on credit or cash terms, and the scope for dealers' price discrimination. Empirical analysis of a set of installment-credit, personal-loan, and regional interest rate data offers considerable support to the assumptions and implications of our theoretical framework.
IPO Post-Issue Markets: Questionable Predilections But Diligent Learners?

There appear to be no anomalies in the aftermarket of a sample of 4,848 U.S. IPOs over the period 1975 to 1995, except issues offered below 6. Risk is priced in the aftermarket in accordance with Rubin-stein's asset-pricing model. Unlike under the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH), however, market priors about the probability of future default are not unbiased at the IPO date. Still, subsequent learning is rational: the market uses Bayes' law with a correct-likelihood function (of news given the eventual fate of an issue). That is, the hypothesis of an efficiently learning market (ELM) cannot be rejected. We produce direct evidence in support of these statements, based on a new class of tests. We also provide indirect evidence, by documenting a gradual convergence of IPO prices towards EMH as issues mature.
Measurement of the Nanoscale Roughness by Atomic Force Microscopy: Basic Principles and Applications

Nanoscale science is the study of objects and phenomena at a very small scale and it has been an emerging, interdisciplinary science involving Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Engineering, Material Science, Computer Science and other areas. The main interest in studying in the nanoscale is related to how nanosized particles have different properties than large particles of the same substance. Nanoscale science allow us to learn more about the nature of matter, develop new theories, discover new questions and answers in many areas including health care, energy and technology and also discover how to make new technologies and products that can improve people’s life. Although nanoscale science is a recent development in the scientific community, the development of its main concepts happened over a long period of time and the emergence of nanotechnology is related to experimental advances such as the invention of the Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM), a branch of microscopy that captures surface imagery using physical probes that scan the specimen.
High Sensitivity, Wearable, Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors Based on Irregular Microhump Structures and Its Applications in Body Motion Sensing.

UNLABELLED A pressure sensor based on irregular microhump patterns has been proposed and developed. The devices show high sensitivity and broad operating pressure regime while comparing with regular micropattern devices. Finite element analysis (FEA) is utilized to confirm the sensing mechanism and predict the performance of the pressure sensor based on the microhump structures. Silicon carbide sandpaper is employed as the mold to develop polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microhump patterns with various sizes. The active layer of the piezoresistive pressure sensor is developed by spin coating PEDOT PSS on top of the patterned PDMS. The devices show an averaged sensitivity as high as 851 kPa(-1) , broad operating pressure range (20 kPa), low operating power (100 nW), and fast response speed (6.7 kHz). Owing to their flexible properties, the devices are applied to human body motion sensing and radial artery pulse. These flexible high sensitivity devices show great potential in the next generation of smart sensors for robotics, real-time health monitoring, and biomedical applications.
The everyday language of white racism

Preface and Acknowledgments vi 1 The Persistence of White Racism 1 2 Language in White Racism: An Overview 31 3 The Social Life of Slurs 49 4 Gaffes: Racist Talk without Racists 88 5 Covert Racist Discourse: Metaphors, Mocking, and the Racialization of Historically Spanish-Speaking Populations in the United States 119 6 Linguistic Appropriation: The History of White Racism is Embedded in American English 158 7 Everyday Language, White Racist Culture, Respect, and Civility 175 Notes 183 References 197 Index 217
The Effect of a School-Based Sun Protection Intervention on the Development of Melanocytic Nevi in Children: 6-Year Follow-up

Because nevi share risk factors with melanoma and are strong risk factors for melanoma, they are suitable biomarkers for evaluating sun protection programs. Kidskin was a trial of a school-based sun protection program in Western Australia that included high and moderate intervention groups and a control group. Schools were assigned nonrandomly to groups. The primary outcome was number of nevi on the back. Nevi were counted at baseline, after 4 years intervention and again 2 years later. Linear growth models, allowing for correlated data within schools and children were fitted to the data. The primary analysis included 639 control children, 414 in the moderate and 355 in the high intervention group. Compared with the control group, the relative increase in number of nevi on the back was 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.99) for the high intervention group and 0.94 (95% confidence interval, 0.86-1.04) for the moderate group (P = 0.09). In subgroup analyses of nevi on the back, the association was stronger in boys (P < 0.001) than in girls (P = 0.7), although the test for interaction was not significant (P = 0.11). For the chest, examined in boys, the associations were similar to that for nevi on the back in boys. Associations were weak for nevi on the face and arms (P = 0.2); for this site, there was weak evidence of heterogeneity by sex. Overall, there was weak evidence that the Kidskin intervention reduced the number of new nevi over a 6-year period, but there was stronger evidence of an effect on the trunk in boys.
Intelligent Agent based Mobile Learning System

We propose in this paper, that the popular elearning process can also be pursued through the use of mobile devices, which we call as mobile learning (m-learning), another application under mobile commerce. It may be mentioned that it is difficult to pursue mlearning through PDAs or mobile phones because of their memory size being very limited and also the screen size is not that big enough to view the learning material or download them. In view of this we here propose considering mobile learning using Notebooks or Tablet PCs, since these have also become as mobile devices these days. Taking into consideration the constraints on the availability of internet connectivity and a human tutor to be physically present at the other end for information dissemination, we propose an intelligent agent, replicating the tutor, in the m-learning domain. The validation of the proposed scheme has been carried out using JADE development kit and the details are presented in this paper
Integration of light and circadian signals that regulate chloroplast transcription by a nuclear‐encoded sigma factor

Summary We investigated the signalling pathways that regulate chloroplast transcription in response to environmental signals. One mechanism controlling plastid transcription involves nuclear‐encoded sigma subunits of plastid‐encoded plastid RNA polymerase. Transcripts encoding the sigma factor SIG5 are regulated by light and the circadian clock. However, the extent to which a chloroplast target of SIG5 is regulated by light‐induced changes in SIG5 expression is unknown. Moreover, the photoreceptor signalling pathways underlying the circadian regulation of chloroplast transcription by SIG5 are unidentified. We monitored the regulation of chloroplast transcription in photoreceptor and sigma factor mutants under controlled light regimes in Arabidopsis thaliana. We established that a chloroplast transcriptional response to light intensity was mediated by SIG5; a chloroplast transcriptional response to the relative proportions of red and far red light was regulated by SIG5 through phytochrome and photosynthetic signals; and the circadian regulation of chloroplast transcription by SIG5 was predominantly dependent on blue light and cryptochrome. Our experiments reveal the extensive integration of signals concerning the light environment by a single sigma factor to regulate chloroplast transcription. This may originate from an evolutionarily ancient mechanism that protects photosynthetic bacteria from high light stress, which subsequently became integrated with higher plant phototransduction networks.
Characterization of textile grasping experiments

Grasping highly deformable objects, like textiles, is an emerging area of research that involves both percep- tion and manipulation abilities. As new techniques appear, it becomes essential to design strategies to compare them. However, this is not an easy task, since the large state-space of textile objects explodes when coupled with the variability of grippers, robotic hands and robot arms performing the manipulation task. This high variability makes it very difficult to design experiments to evaluate the performance of a system in a repeatable way and compare it to others. We propose a framework to allow the comparison of different grasping methods for textile objects. Instead of measuring each component separately, we there- fore propose a methodology to explicitly measure the vision- manipulation correlation by taking into account the throughput of the actions. Perceptions of deformable objects should be grouped into different clusters, and the different grasping actions available should be tested for each perception type to obtain the action-perception success ratio. This characterization potentially allows to compare very different systems in terms of specialized actions , perceptions or widely useful actions , along with the cost of performing each action. We will also show that this categorization is useful in manipulation planning of deformable objects.
AIDS impact special issue 2015: interpersonal factors associated with HIV partner disclosure among HIV-infected people in China

ABSTRACT HIV partner disclosure may facilitate social support, improve psychological well-being among HIV-infected individuals, and promote HIV testing and HIV prevention among their sexual partners. A growing literature emphasizes the critical role of interpersonal factors may play in decision-making and practice regarding HIV partner disclosure. However, there is a dearth of empirical studies that investigate how interpersonal factors may be associated with HIV partner disclosure. Using cross-sectional data collected from 791 HIV-infected people in Guangxi China, we examined the associations between these two interpersonal factors (quality of relationship with partner and family communication) and HIV partner disclosure. Descriptive analysis, t-test analysis, and gender stratified GLM analysis were conducted. We find that disclosing HIV status to partners was significantly related to better quality of relationship with partners and open and effective family communication. Gender and partner HIV status might moderate the associations between interpersonal factors and HIV partner disclosure. Our findings suggest the importance of considering relationship quality and enhancing open and comfortable family communication in HIV disclosure interventions. Gender difference and partner HIV status should be also considered in HIV disclosure intervention to address the diverse needs of HIV-infected people.
Genetic polymorphisms and folate status

Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia‐induced low folate status is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, dementia, and depression. Folate is an essential cofactor in the one‐carbon metabolism pathway and is necessary in amino acid metabolism, purine and thymidylate synthesis, and DNA methylation. In the folate cycle and homocysteine metabolism, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and vitamin B2 are important cofactors. Many enzymes are involved in folate transport and uptake, the folate pathway, and homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism, and various polymorphisms have been documented in these enzymes. Serum folate and total Hcy (tHcy) levels are influenced by folate intake and genetic polymorphisms in 5,10‐methylenetertahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) such as C677T. The prevalence of the MTHFR 677TT genotype varies across ethnic groups and regions, with a frequency of approximately 15% in Japanese populations. Individuals with the TT genotype have significantly higher tHcy levels and lower folate levels in serum than those with the CT and TT genotypes. However, administration of folic acid has been shown to eliminate these differences. Moreover, data have suggested that interventions based on genotype may be effective for motivating individuals to change their lifestyle and improve their nutrition status. Accordingly, in this review, we discuss the effects of MTHFR C677T polymorphisms on serum tHcy and folate levels with folic acid intervention and evaluate approaches for overcoming folic acid deficiency and related symptoms.
Behavioral and Developmental Effects of Neem Extracts on Clavigralla scutellaris (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) and Its Egg Parasitoid, Gryon fulviventre (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

Abstract Extracts of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, negatively affected feeding and development of Clavigralla scutellaris (Westwood), a coreid pest of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh. Labial dabbing, pod wall penetration, and seed damage by fifth instars were significantly reduced on beans, Phaseolus vulgaris (L.), that had been dipped in aqueous, methanolic, or hexane extracts of neem seed kernel. When fourth instars were dipped directly into aqueous extract, developmental abnormalities of the wings occurred at all levels tested and fecundity dropped to zero at concentrations above 0.3125%. The LC50 value was 3.14% (220 ppm azadirachtin) at 8 d. The scelionid wasp Gryon fulviventre (Crawford) is an important natural enemy of Clavigralla spp. ; egg mortality from this parasitoid ranged from 37 to 85% during the fall cropping season. Feeding by newly emerged wasps was dramatically reduced when honey was mixed with aqueous neem suspension, but 6-d survivorship of adults did not differ significantly from that of the control. Wasp oviposition behavior was altered slightly when coreid eggs were treated with neem: the period of antennation was significantly extended, but time for drilling, oviposition, and marking was unaffected. Neem-dipped eggs were accepted for oviposition and progeny emerged successfully from these treated eggs. Exposure of already parasitized eggs to neem did not interfere with progeny emergence, longevity, or sex ratio. Thus, neem extract and egg parasitoids seem to be compatible and promising control strategies for C. scutellaris. Our results suggest that use of neem against pod-sucking bugs will not interfere with natural control provided by G. fulviventre.
Combining evidence for effective information filtering

As part of NLqT/ARPA’s TREC Wcckshop, we used Semamk Indexing (LSl) for filtering 33~ incoming dotemere from diveae ~ (aew~es, I~ttenta tedmiotl ~mractO for SO t~i~ of ~ We develot~edrepmeematiom of user intems~ ~ mtea, for these topics ~ two mu~ces of emmi~ infmmalion. A Won/F/~r used just the weeds in the ~#c mmnems, and a Re/Do~ F//~r u~d just ̄ e known n/ram t~s do~.me~ and ~ ~e ~#c ,memm. U~ the mlevam mdnin8 documents (a variant of relevance &edback) was mote effective than ~ ̄ detailed natural ’-,,-mage description of in~ts. Coral/nins these two vec~n provided some ~ iml~ovemmm in mmdn~ On averap, 7 ~ the top 10 docmnmes ~md 44 of the top 1(]0 ~ ~ mlev ̄llt nslno the combined ~ metlwd. Dam coml/nation ’~n~_ the results of the Wa/d and RelDoca reuieval . -ts was not generally succe,dul in ~ pe~onm~e ~oqmed m the best individual method, thoNlh we believe it might be if additional murces me used. These ~ mmtmds me quite gen. end and applicable to ̄ variety of muting aad feedback
Combining Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) with Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: A Qualitative Systematic Review of Analgesic Efficacy for Acute Postoperative Pain

BACKGROUND:There has been a trend over recent years for combining a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) with paracetamol (acetaminophen) for pain management. However, therapeutic superiority of the combination of paracetamol and an NSAID over either drug alone remains controversial. We evaluated the efficacy of the combination of paracetamol and an NSAID versus either drug alone in various acute pain models. METHODS:A systematic literature search of Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and PubMed covering the period from January 1988 to June 2009 was performed to identify randomized controlled trials in humans that specifically compared combinations of paracetamol with various NSAIDs versus at least 1 of these constituent drugs. Identified studies were stratified into 2 groups: paracetamol/NSAID combinations versus paracetamol or NSAIDs. We analyzed pain intensity scores and supplemental analgesic requirements as primary outcome measures. In addition, each study was graded for quality using a validated scale. RESULTS:Twenty-one human studies enrolling 1909 patients were analyzed. The NSAIDs used were ibuprofen (n = 6), diclofenac (n = 8), ketoprofen (n = 3), ketorolac (n = 1), aspirin (n = 1), tenoxicam (n = 1), and rofecoxib (n = 1). The combination of paracetamol and NSAID was more effective than paracetamol or NSAID alone in 85% and 64% of relevant studies, respectively. The pain intensity and analgesic supplementation was 35.0% ± 10.9% and 38.8% ± 13.1% lesser, respectively, in the positive studies for the combination versus paracetamol group, and 37.7% ± 26.6% and 31.3% ± 13.4% lesser, respectively, in the positive studies for the combination versus the NSAID group. No statistical difference in median quality scores was found between experimental groups. CONCLUSION:Current evidence suggests that a combination of paracetamol and an NSAID may offer superior analgesia compared with either drug alone.
Performance evaluation of multiple access M-ary DS-UWB communication system

Ultra wideband (UWB) is a well known technology in wireless personal area networks (WPANs). Our work analyzes a multiple access code-selected M-ary direct sequence (DS) UWB communication system. The objective is to get a high data rate multiple access M-ary modulation scheme of UWB system. M-ary modulation is obtained by assigning a DS code set to each user, which is different with the traditional M-ary modulation schemes, such as pulse position modulation (PPM) and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) etc. For this multiple access code-selected M-ary modulation UWB system, with the increase of the modulation level M, we can keep the same number of users, the data transmission rate and the multiple access performance while reduce the required transmitter power. In this paper, the signal processing algorithm is provided and the simulation results prove the efficiency of this multiple access M-ary UWB system.
Depression, not PTSD, is associated with attentional biases for emotional visual cues in early traumatized individuals with PTSD

Using variants of the emotional Stroop task (EST), a large number of studies demonstrated attentional biases in individuals with PTSD across different types of trauma. However, the specificity and robustness of the emotional Stroop effect in PTSD have been questioned recently. In particular, the paradigm cannot disentangle underlying cognitive mechanisms. Transgenerational studies provide evidence that consequences of trauma are not limited to the traumatized people, but extend to close relatives, especially the children. To further investigate attentional biases in PTSD and to shed light on the underlying cognitive mechanism(s), a spatial-cueing paradigm with pictures of different emotional valence (neutral, anxiety, depression, trauma) was administered to individuals displaced as children during World War II (WWII) with (n = 22) and without PTSD (n = 26) as well as to non-traumatized controls (n = 22). To assess whether parental PTSD is associated with biased information processing in children, each one adult offspring was also included in the study. PTSD was not associated with attentional biases for trauma-related stimuli. There was no evidence for a transgenerational transmission of biased information processing. However, when samples were regrouped based on current depression, a reduced inhibition of return (IOR) effect emerged for depression-related cues. IOR refers to the phenomenon that with longer intervals between cue and target the validity effect is reversed: uncued locations are associated with shorter and cued locations with longer RTs. The results diverge from EST studies and demonstrate that findings on attentional biases yield equivocal results across different paradigms. Attentional biases for trauma-related material may only appear for verbal but not for visual stimuli in an elderly population with childhood trauma with PTSD. Future studies should more closely investigate whether findings from younger trauma populations also manifest in older trauma survivors.
Does everyone with inflammatory bowel disease need to be treated with combination therapy?

Purpose of review This article describes the evolution of combination therapy in inflammatory bowel disease and how to determine when combination may not be necessary. Recent findings The combination of an immunosuppressive agent with an antibody to tumor necrosis factor has proven to be more effective than monotherapy with either an immunosuppressive agent or an antibody to tumor necrosis factor alone. The emergence of therapeutic drug monitoring has identified the importance of maintaining adequate circulating drug levels and suppressing antibody formation to the biological agent. The concomitant use of an immunosuppressive agent can help effect this. Although this may be optimal therapy in moderately ill patients. I review why there still remains a role for using monotherapy with immunosuppressive agents, as well as consideration of therapy withdrawal. Summary Although combination therapy is the treatment of choice in persons with moderate to severe disease or who have lost response to biological monotherapy, there remains a role for monotherapy with immunosuppressive agents. Though the newer biological therapies are mostly not used in combination, this may be a future approach considering their response rates are also correlated with higher drug levels. Many persons with inflammatory bowel disease can remain well on an immunosuppressive agent alone and some can even maintain a longstanding remission off all therapy.