Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gestational Chronodisruption Impairs Hippocampal Expression of NMDA Receptor Subunits Grin1b/Grin3a and Spatial Memory in the Adult Offspring

Epidemiological and experimental evidence correlates adverse intrauterine conditions with the onset of disease later in life. For a fetus to achieve a successful transition to extrauterine life, a myriad of temporally integrated humoral/biophysical signals must be accurately provided by the mother. We and others have shown the existence of daily rhythms in the fetus, with peripheral clocks being entrained by maternal cues, such as transplacental melatonin signaling. Among developing tissues, the fetal hippocampus is a key structure for learning and memory processing that may be anticipated as a sensitive target of gestational chronodisruption. Here, we used pregnant rats exposed to constant light treated with or without melatonin as a model of gestational chronodisruption, to investigate effects on the putative fetal hippocampus clock, as well as on adult offspring’s rhythms, endocrine and spatial memory outcomes. The hippocampus of fetuses gestated under light:dark photoperiod (12:12 LD) displayed daily oscillatory expression of the clock genes Bmal1 and Per2, clock-controlled genes Mtnr1b, Slc2a4, Nr3c1 and NMDA receptor subunits 1B-3A-3B. In contrast, in the hippocampus of fetuses gestated under constant light (LL), these oscillations were suppressed. In the adult LL offspring (reared in LD during postpartum), we observed complete lack of day/night differences in plasma melatonin and decreased day/night differences in plasma corticosterone. In the adult LL offspring, overall hippocampal day/night difference of gene expression was decreased, which was accompanied by a significant deficit of spatial memory. Notably, maternal melatonin replacement to dams subjected to gestational chronodisruption prevented the effects observed in both, LL fetuses and adult LL offspring. Collectively, the present data point to adverse effects of gestational chronodisruption on long-term cognitive function; raising challenging questions about the consequences of shift work during pregnancy. The present study also supports that developmental plasticity in response to photoperiodic cues may be modulated by maternal melatonin.
Elementary heating events - magnetic interactions between two flux sources

Magnetic fragments in the photosphere are in continuous motion and, due to the complex nature of the magnetic field in the solar atmosphere, these motions are likely to drive a lucrative coronal energy source: the passing of initially- unconnected opposite-polarity fragments that release energy through both closing and then re-opening the same fieldlines. Three-dimensional, time-dependent MHD and potential models are used to investigate the passing of fragments in an overly- ing field. The processes of closing and opening the field generally occur through separator and separatrix reconnection, respectively. The rates of flux reconnection in these processes are determined. They are found to be dependent on the direction of the surrounding magnetic field relative to the motion of the fragments and the velocity of the sources. In particular, separator reconnection rates (closing) and separatrix-surface reconnection rates (opening) are directly related to the rate of flux transport perpendicular to the current sheet (overlying field). The results suggest that both types of reconnection are fast with the peak rates of separator and separatrix reconnection occurring at 58% and 29% of the peak potential reconnection rate, respectively, when the sources are driven at a hundredth of the peak Alfven velocity in the box. Moreover, the slower the system is driven the closer the flux reconnection rates are to the instantaneous potential rates. Furthermore, there is a maximum reconnection rate for both types of reconnection as the driving speed tends to the Alfven speed with the separatrix reconnection rate typically half that of separator reconnection. These results suggest that, on the Sun, reconnection driven by the passing of small-scale network and intranetwork fragments is a highly efficient process that is very likely to contribute significantly to the heating of the background solar corona. The three-dimensional reconnection processes are efficient because, unlike in two-dimensions, there are many places within the current sheets where reconnection can take place simultaneously giving rise to fine-scale structure along the boundaries between the open, closed and re-opened flux. Furthermore, due to the complexity of the magnetic field above the photosphere the reconnection all takes place low down at less than a quarter of the separation of the initial fragments above the photosphere.
Resolution-equivalent vs. sensitivity-equivalent effective diameter in pinhole collimation: experimental verification

To account for photon penetration, the formulas used to calculate the geometric resolution of a pinhole collimator use an effective diameter de rather than the physical diameter of the aperture. The expressions commonly used for de, however, were originally derived to include penetration in sensitivity calculations. To predict the full width at half maximum (FWHM) resolution of the point spread function (PSF) of a pinhole collimator, we have previously proposed simple expressions for a resolution-equivalent effective diameter dre. Unlike those for de, expressions for dre predict both a dependence on the polar angle of the source (thetas) and a non-isotropic PSF. The new theory was tested with a novel setup to measure experimentally the FWHM of the PSF as a function of several geometric parameters always at the same location on the detector, so that its intrinsic response was independent of thetas. Our first results confirm the theoretical predictions that: (a) dre provides the best estimates of the experimental FWHM as a function of thetas and of the direction in the plane of the pinhole; (b) Paix's expression for de tends to overestimate the FWHM; (c) Anger's is a better approximation, but it is still inaccurate and cannot predict the dependence on thetas; and (d) the FWHM decreases with decreasing thetas, i.e. resolution improves for sources at the edge of the field-of-view
Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae and Its Prevalence in the Australian Population

Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Objective Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are a common congenital anomaly, and they can be accurately identified on anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of the lumbosacral spine. This study attempts to determine the prevalence of this congenital anomaly and to increase awareness among all clinicians to reduce the risk of surgical and procedural errors in patients with LSTV. Methods A retrospective review of 5,941 AP and lateral lumbar radiographs was performed. Transitional vertebrae were identified and categorized under the Castellvi classification. Results The prevalence of LSTV in the study population was 9.9%. Lumbarized S1 and sacralized L5 were seen in 5.8 and 4.1% of patients, respectively. Conclusion LSTV are a common normal variant and can be a factor in spinal surgery at incorrect levels. It is essential that all clinicians are aware of this common congenital anomaly.
Development of a measure of functioning for stroke recovery: The functional recovery measure

Purpose. To develop a parsimonious measure of functioning for persons after stroke. Method. A sub-set of 206 community-dwelling subjects with a first stroke from a larger cohort was interviewed within 9 months using 39 items from five indices assessing functioning. Information was collected on influencing variables: age, stroke type and severity, and previous health. Two statistical methods, factor analysis and Rasch analysis, confirmed the item structure, hierarchy and dimensionality of the measure. Statistics confirmed fit to the model; internal consistency was also assessed. Items were deleted iteratively based on fit and relationship to the construct. Results. The subjects were predominately male (63%) aged on average 68 years old. A 12-item unidimensional functioning measure was developed. All items and persons fit the Rasch model with stable item – person reliability indices of 0.98 and 0.91, respectively. Item precision (standard errors) ranged from 0.14 – 0.37 logits. Gaps in measurement occurred at the extremes of the measure and there was a small ceiling effect. Conclusions. A 12-item measure captured the concept of functioning that could be used as a prototype to quantify recovery post-stroke. These items could form the basis for a measure of functioning.
Virtual Environments as a Tool for Improving Sequence Ability of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children

The study examined the efficacy of an early intervention program to improve children’s sequential time perception through virtual versus pictorial training in arranging episodes of temporal scripts. The researchers examined 65 deaf and hard of hearing children ages 4–7 years who were divided into two groups: (a) virtual environments technological intervention and (b) pictorial nontechnological intervention. Participants completed pretest and posttest measures. Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in sequential time achievement following intervention. However, the improvement was much more significant in the technological group.
Circumferential Negative-Pressure Dressing (VAC) to Bolster Skin Grafts in the Reconstruction of the Penile Shaft and Scrotum

This paper presents 4 consecutive cases using negative-pressure dressings (VAC) to bolster skin grafts in male genital reconstruction. In this series reconstruction followed 1 case of tumor ablation and 3 cases of debridement of abscesses or Fornier’s gangrene. The VAC was applied circumferentially to the penis to secure skin grafts either directly to the penile shaft or to facilitate skin grafting to the scrotum. Graft areas ranged from 75 to 250 cm. All cases resulted in successful genital wound coverage; minor complications are described. Three practical points are brought forth. First, the VAC facilitates skin grafting to the complex contour of male genitalia. Second, the VAC can be applied circumferentially to the penis without the need for perfusion monitoring or fears of avascular necrosis. Third, with the use of the VAC, bolster use can likely be discontinued as early as 72 hours with good graft adherence and survival.
Physico-chemical Properties of Water Samples from Manipur River System, India

Assessment of physico-chemical parameters were carried out during April 2008 to March 2009 from four rivers namely the Imphal, Iril, Thoubal and Manipur located in Manipur, a north-eastern State of India bordering Myanmar. Sites I, IV, V and VI were subjected to various anthropogenic activities of man, passing through the urban residential areas while sites II and III from Manipur river were located in a forested watershed and free from human disturbances. Maxima of TDS 870 mg/l, conductivity 467μS/cm, NO3-N 0.550 mg/l, PO4-P 0.068 mg/l and K 9.00 mg/l were recorded during rainy season while maxima of free CO2 22.3 mg/l, total alkalinity 168.0 mg/l, Chloride 42.63 mg/l and total hardness 136.0 mg/l were observed during summer from the rivers indicating degradation of water quality during rainy season than summer. Values of DO was below the minimum permissible limit (4.43 mg/l) and free CO2 beyond the maximum limit (22.30 mg/l) during summer season at site V . The values of the studied parameters were more during rainy season in Thoubal river followed by Imphal, Iril and Manipur rivers. The results indicated that most of the physico-chemical parameters from Manipur river system were within the WHO limits for drinking water and, therefore, may be suitable for domestic purposes. @ JASEM. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. December, 2010, Vol. 14 (4) 85 - 89
Speech recognition using the atomic speech units constructed from overlapping articulatory features

In recent years, the development of a feature‐based general statistical framework has been pursued for automatic speech recognition via novel designs of minimal or atomic units of speech, aiming at a parsimonious scheme to share the interword and interphone speech data and at a unified way to account for the context‐dependent behaviors in speech. The basic design philosophy has been motivated by the theory of distinctive features and by a new form of phonology which argues for use of multidimensional articulatory structures. In this paper, the most recently developed feature‐based recognizer is presented, which is capable of operating on all classes of English sounds. Detailed descriptions of the design considerations for the recognizer and of key aspects of the design process are provided. This process, which is called lexicon ‘‘compilation,’’ consists of three elements (1) establishing a feature‐specification system; (2) constructing a probabilistic and fractional temporal overlapping pattern across the features; and (3) mapping from the feature‐overlap pattern to a state‐transition graph. A standard phonetic classification task from the TIMIT database is used as a test bed to evaluate the performance of the recognizer. The experimental results provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of the feature‐based approach to speech recognition.
Extension and integration of atmospheric carbon dioxide data into a globally consistent measurement record

Atmospheric transport models are used to constrain sources and sinks of carbon dioxide by requiring that the modeled spatial and temporal concentration patterns are consistent with the observations. Serious obstacles to this approach are the sparsity of sampling sites and the lack of temporal continuity among observations at different locations. A procedure is presented that attempts to extend the knowledge gained during a limited period of measurements beyond the period itself resulting in records containing measurement data and extrapolated and interpolated values. From limited measurements we can define trace gas climatologies that describe average seasonal cycles, trends, and changes in trends at individual sampling sites. A comparison of the site climatologies with a reference defined over a much longer period of time constitutes the framework used in the development of the data extension procedure. Two extension methods are described. The benchmark trend method uses a deseasonalized long-term trend from a single site as a reference to individual site climatologies. The latitude reference method utilizes measurements from many sites in constructing a reference to the climatologies. Both methods are evaluated and the advantages and limitations of each are discussed. Data extension is not based on any atmospheric models but entirely on the data themselves. The methods described here are relatively straightforward and reproducible and result in extended records that are model independent. The cooperative air sampling network maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, provides a test bed for the development of the data extension method; we intend to integrate and extend CO2 measurement records from other laboratories providing a globally consistent atmospheric CO2 database to the modeling community.
A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: a conceptual framework and five validation studies.

In an attempt to study predisposition to bipolar manic-depressive disorder, we developed a behavioral paradigm to identify persons at risk for various forms of the disorder. We provide a theoretical discussion for denning bipolar disorder within the broader framework of common human diseases and then employ this framework to derive dimensions of bipolar disorder that define its distinctness from the normal phenotype. These dimensions (behavioral and nonbehavioral features of disorder) are operationalized in the form of a self-report inventory which estimates the probability that an individual is at risk. Five external validation studies using nontest criteria are presented, including interview, roommate, family history, clinical characteristics, and longitudinal mood rating investigations. Results indicate that the inventory serves as a promising first-stage case identification procedure for bipolar disorder when employed in a research context.
Deformation history of the Naraku Batholith, Mt Isa Inlier, Australia: Implications for pluton ages and geometries from structural study of the Dipvale Granodiorite and Levian Granite

Plutons of the Naraku Batholith were emplaced into Proterozoic metasediments of the northern portion of the Eastern Fold Belt of the Mt Isa Inlier during two intrusive episodes approximately 200 million years apart. Structural relationships and geochronological data suggest that the older plutons (ca 1750 Ma) are contemporaneous with granites of the Wonga Batholith to the west. The Dipvale Granodiorite and the Levian Granite represent these older intrusive phases of the Naraku Batholith, and both contain an intense tectonic foliation, S1, which is interpreted to have formed during the north‐south shortening associated with D1 of the Isan Orogeny. The geometry of S1 form surfaces at the southern end of the Dipvale Granodiorite, and of the previously unrecognised sheeted contact, defines a macroscopic, steeply south‐southwest‐plunging antiform, which was produced by the regional D2 of the Isan Orogeny. S1 form surfaces in the Levian Granite define open F2 folds with wavelengths of several hundred metres. The structural age of emplacement of the Dipvale Granodiorite and the Levian Granite is interpreted to be pre‐ or syn‐ the regional D1. An intense foliation present in some of the younger (ca 1505 Ma) granites that comprise the bulk of the Naraku Batholith is interpreted to represent S3 of the Isan Orogeny. Foliations commonly have similar styles and orientations in both the pre‐D1 and younger plutons. This emphasises the simplicity with which regional fabrics can be, and probably have been, miscorrelated in the Eastern Fold Belt, and that the classification of granites in general on the basis of structural and geometric criteria alone is fraught with danger.
On the performance of percolation graph matching

Graph matching is a generalization of the classic graph isomorphism problem. By using only their structures a graph-matching algorithm finds a map between the vertex sets of two similar graphs. This has applications in the de-anonymization of social and information networks and, more generally, in the merging of structural data from different domains. One class of graph-matching algorithms starts with a known seed set of matched node pairs. Despite the success of these algorithms in practical applications, their performance has been observed to be very sensitive to the size of the seed set. The lack of a rigorous understanding of parameters and performance makes it difficult to design systems and predict their behavior. In this paper, we propose and analyze a very simple percolation - based graph matching algorithm that incrementally maps every pair of nodes (i,j) with at least r neighboring mapped pairs. The simplicity of this algorithm makes possible a rigorous analysis that relies on recent advances in bootstrap percolation theory for the G(n,p) random graph. We prove conditions on the model parameters in which percolation graph matching succeeds, and we establish a phase transition in the size of the seed set. We also confirm through experiments that the performance of percolation graph matching is surprisingly good, both for synthetic graphs and real social-network data.
Big Data in UK industries: An intangible investment approach

In Goodridge and Haskel (2015b) we present an economic framework for measuring the contribution of Big Data to UK growth, building on measures of investment and employment presented in Goodridge and Haskel (2015a) and Chebli, Goodridge et al. (2015) respectively. In this paper we extend that framework to present industry estimates of UK investment and employment in producing data-based information and knowledge assets, and their contribution to industry-level growth. In doing so, we focus on industries that are considered to be intensive users of knowledge or intangible capital, including for instance Financial services and Manufacturing. We find that the four industries: Information and Communication, Professional and Administrative Services, Financial Services and Manufacturing account for 88% of big data employment and 89% of investments in data-based assets in the UK market sector. Similarly, of the total contribution of data-based assets to UK growth, we find that it is fully accounted for by these four industries. *Contacts: Peter Goodridge, Jonathan Haskel, Imperial College Business School, Imperial College, London. SW7 2AZ. p.goodridge10@ic.ac. uk j.haskel@ic.ac. uk. We thank Omar Chebli for the dataset used. We are very grateful for financial support for this research from EPSRC (EP/K039504/1 and EP/I038837/1). We also thank Rashik Parmar (IBM) and attendees of a forum hosted by TechUK for useful thoughts and insights. This work contains statistical data from ONS which is Crown copyright and reproduced with the permission of the controller of HMSO and Queen's Printer for Scotland. The use of these data does not imply the endorsement of the data owner or the UK Data Service at the UK Data Archive in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the data. This work uses research datasets which may not exactly reproduce National Statistics aggregates. All errors are of course our own.
Dyck-based characterizations of Indexed Languages

Indexed languages are a generalization of context-free languages and form a proper subset of context-sensitive languages. We propose to generalize to indexed languages several well known characterizations of context-free languages: namely, the characterization by rational transductions defined by Nivat, the Chomsky-Sch\"utzenberger theorem, and the logical characterization proved by Lautemann et al.
Pixel and object-based classification approaches for mapping forest fuel types in Tenerife Island from ASTER data

Four classification algorithms have been assessed and compared with mapped forest fuel types from Terra-ASTER sensor images in a representative area of Tenerife Island (Canary Islands, Spain). A BEHAVE fuel-type map from 2002, together with field data also obtained in 2002 during the Third Spanish National Forest Inventory, was used as reference data. The BEHAVE fuel types of the reference dataset were first converted into the Fire Behaviour Fuel Types described by Scott and Burgan, taking into account the vegetation of the study area. Then, three pixel-based algorithms (Maximum Likelihood, Neural Network and Support Vector Machine) and an Object-Based Image Analysis were applied to classify the Scott and Burgan fire behaviour fuel types from an ASTER image from 3 March 2003. The performance of the algorithms tested was assessed and compared in terms of quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement. Within the pixel-based classifications, the best results were obtained from the Support Vector Machine algorithm, which showed an overall accuracy of 83%; 14% of disagreement was due to allocation and 3% to quantity disagreement. The Object-Based Image Analysis approach produced the most accurate maps, with an overall accuracy of 95%; 4% disagreement was due to allocation and 1% to quantity disagreement. The object-based classification achieved thus an overall accuracy of 12% above the best results obtained for the pixel-based algorithms tested. The incorporation of context information to the object-based classification allowed better identification of fuel types with similar spectral behaviour.