Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Partial agonism through a zinc-Ion switch constructed between transmembrane domains III and VII in the tachykinin NK(1) receptor.

Partly due to lack of detailed knowledge of the molecular recognition of ligands the structural basis for partial versus full agonism is not known. In the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor the agonist binding site has previously been structurally and functionally exchanged with an activating metal-ion site located between AspIII:08-or a His residue introduced at this position in transmembrane domain (TM)-III-and a Cys residue substituted for AsnVII:06 in TM-VII. Here, this interhelical, bidentate metal-ion site is without loss of Zn(2+) affinity transferred to the tachykinin NK(1) receptor. In contrast to the similarly mutated beta(2)-adrenergic receptor, signal transduction-i.e., inositol phosphate turnover-could be stimulated by both Zn(2+) and by the natural agonist, Substance P in the mutated NK(1) receptor. The metal-ion acted as a 25% partial agonist through binding to the bidentate zinc switch located exactly one helical turn below the two previously identified interaction points for Substance P in, respectively, TM-III and -VII. The metal-ion chelator, phenantroline, which in the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor increased both the potency and the agonistic efficacy of Zn(2+) or Cu(2+) in complex with the chelator, also bound to the metal-ion site-engineered NK(1) receptor, but here the metal-ion chelator complex instead acted as a pure antagonist. It is concluded that signaling of even distantly related rhodopsin-like 7TM receptors can be activated through Zn(2+) coordination between metal-ion binding residues located at positions III:08 and VII:06. It is suggested that only partial agonism is obtained through this simple well defined metal-ion coordination due to lack of proper interactions with residues also in TM-VI.
Dynamics of cryogen deposition relative to heat extraction rate during cryogen spray cooling

Goal is to investigate how delivery nozzle design influences the cooling rate of cryogen spray as used in skin laser treatments. Cryogen was sprayed through nozzles that consist of metal tubes with either a narrow or wide diameter and two different lengths. Fast-flashlamp photography showed that the wide nozzles, in particular the long wide one, produced a cryogen jet (very small spray cone angle) rather than a spray (cone angles of about 15 degrees or higher) and appeared to atomize the cryogen less finely than the narrow nozzles. We measured the cooling rate by spraying some cryogen on an epoxy-block with thermocouples embedded. The heat extraction rate of the wide nozzles was higher than that of the narrow nozzles. The results suggest that finely atomized droplets produced by the narrow nozzles do not have enough kinetic energy to break through a layer of liquid cryogen accumulated on the object, which may act as a thermal barrier and, thus, slow down heat extraction. Presumably, larger droplets or non- broken jets ensure a more violent impact on this layer and therefore ensure an enhanced thermal contact. The margin of error for the heat extraction estimate is analyzed when using the epoxy-block. We introduce a complementary method for estimating heat extraction rate of cryogen sprays.
Applying of Theory of Planned Behavior to Promote Physical Activity and Exercise Behavior among Older Adults

Regular physical activity (PA) is foremost important for well-being and independent living in older age. However, recently, more than 75% of older adults have not been involved in any PA/exercise program at the suggested levels. Understanding their perspective towards PA/exercise provide important information in development of interventions for improving their exercise behavior. A conceptual framework that has been successfully applied for exercise behavior is the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The TPB has well shown the relationship between attitudes and PA/exercise behavior directly or indirectly through intention. Attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control are three independent concepts of this theory. In fact, positive attitude, better perceived social pressure, and greater behavioral control result in stronger intention to perform a given behavior. PA/exercise intention is explained more by the TPB constructs in older compared to younger adults. Advancing age is associated with reduction in PA/exercise intention; however, the translation of intention to behavior increases. Furthermore, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control are considered as the strongest determinants of PA/exercise intention among older adults. Hence, the interventions targeting these factors will be valuable in promoting exercise behavior in the elderly.
Effects of intensive glucose lowering in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial.

The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial was designed to test whether treatment targeting nearly normal glycemic control reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This aim was based on consistent epidemiological evidence that higher glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are associated with greater cardiovascular risk, together with inconclusive results from smaller and shorter interventional studies.1 All 10 251 participants in ACCORD were randomized to either a standard treatment strategy that targeted HbA1c levels between 7% and 7.9% or an intensive strategy that sought to attain an HbA1c <6.0%. With each strategy, investigators could prescribe any antihyperglycemic agent approved by regulatory authorities. The median HbA1c with the standard strategy was 7.5%; the intensive strategy achieved a median HbA1c of 6.4%. 2 However, the intensive strategy was stopped after a median follow-up of 3.4 years, ≈60% of that planned, because of 22% higher all-cause mortality.2 Participants previously using the intensive strategy were switched to the standard strategy and continued in the trial. The cardiovascular and microvascular effects after the full 5 years of follow-up will soon be reported. Meanwhile, debate continues as to why there was higher mortality with intensive treatment and the clinical implications. Several analyses of the data obtained during randomized treatment have shed light on these issues. As expected, various factors such as age and presence of comorbidities were associated with higher risk of death during randomized treatment.3 After adjustment for these factors, 3 baseline characteristics emerged as independent predictors of excess risk with the intensive strategy. Notably, a baseline HbA1c value >8.5% predicted 64% higher risk. History of taking aspirin (perhaps indicating perceived high …
Contextual influences on adolescent development

Part I. Interpersonal Influences. 1. Parent-Child Relationships during Adolescence (Brett Laursen and W. Andrew Collins). 2. Adolescents' Relationships with Siblings (Patricia East). 3. Peer Relationships in Adolescence (B. Bradford Brown and James Larson). 4. Romantic Relationships in Adolescence (Jennifer A. Connolly and Caroline McIsaac). 5. Mentoring in Adolescence (Jean E. Rhodes and Sarah Ryan Lowe). Part II. Institutional Influences. 6. Schooling Adolescents (Richard F. Elmore). 7. Adolescent Out-of-school Activities (Joseph Mahoney, Deborah Vandell, Sandra Simpkins, and Nicole Zarrett). 8. Adolescents and the World of Work (Jeremy Staff, Emily E. Messersmith, and John E. Schulenberg). 9. Adolescence, Adolescents, and Media (Don F. Roberts, Lisa Henriksen, and Ulla G. Foehr). 10. The Legal Regulation of Adolescence (Jennifer L. Woolard and Elizabeth S. Scott). 11. The Development of Citizenship (Lonnie R. Sherrod and James Lauckhardt). Part III. The Broader Context Of Adolescence. 12. Neighborhood Influences on Adolescent Development (Tama Leventhal, Veronique Dupere, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn). 13. Poverty and Socioeconomic Disadvantage in Adolescence (Vonnie C. McLoyd, Rachel Kaplan, Kelly M. Purtell, Erika Bagley, Cecily R. Hardaway, and Ciara Smalls). 14. The Transition to Adulthood: Challenges of Poverty and Structural Lag (Stephen F. Hamilton and Mary Agnes Hamilton). 15. Ethnicity and Immigration (Andrew Fuligni, Diane L. Hughes, and Niobe Way). 16. Cross-Cultural Issues in the Study of Adolescent Development (Alice Schlegel). 17. Globalization, Societal Change, and Adolescence across the World (Reed Larson, Suzanne Wilson, and Aimee Rickman). 18. A Shared Commitment to Youth: The Integration of Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy (Aida B. Balsano, Christina Theokas, and Deborah L. Bobek).
Co-evolution of social and affiliation networks

In our work, we address the problem of modeling social network generation which explains both link and group formation. Recent studies on social network evolution propose generative models which capture the statistical properties of real-world networks related only to node-to-node link formation. We propose a novel model which captures the co-evolution of social and affiliation networks. We provide surprising insights into group formation based on observations in several real-world networks, showing that users often join groups for reasons other than their friends. Our experiments show that the model is able to capture both the newly observed and previously studied network properties. This work is the first to propose a generative model which captures the statistical properties of these complex networks. The proposed model facilitates controlled experiments which study the effect of actors' behavior on the evolution of affiliation networks, and it allows the generation of realistic synthetic datasets.
Knowledge Transfer in Multinational Companies - Evidence from Hungary

The article has the aim to contribute to the understanding of knowledge transfer features of multinational organizations. The framework for the research is provided by the Central and Eastern European International Research Team (CEEIRT), which consists of researchers from universities in Central and Eastern Europe and which is studying the changing human resource management practices in this region. The paper first analyses some of the critical issues of knowledge transfer at multinational companies, based on international human resource management research. After the review of literature, knowledge sharing is studied with the help of a research project conducted with the participation of the authors of this paper. Using data on 74 Hungarian subsidiaries of multinational enterprises, this paper analyses knowledge transfer aspects in the HR practice and compares them with international research results. It finds that Hungarian subsidiaries are important places of HR-related learning, the success of which is highly dependent on the ability and on the motivation of people to knowledge transfer.
A development of learning widget on m-learning and e-learning environments

This article describes the development of learning widget on m-learning and e-learning environments. A widget is a small, simple and useful application supporting user-oriented contents. The user may select and install widgets that are convenient as well as an auto-updating application including weather or calendar. These widgets are especially more useful, because they are able to be installed on a mobile device, a website or a desktop computer. If we take advantage of widgets for education, we may use this learning tool for delivering and pulling learning contents, essences of lessons or word learning. To that end, we developed an effective learning widget and then verified its usability, usefulness and effectiveness for m-learning and e-learning. That is, we evaluated the learning widget with a heuristic evaluation method. We identified 72 interface problems by using a set of 10 usability criteria or heuristics. In addition, we considered how to design the learning widget with consideration given to devices on m-learning and e-learning. Moreover, we experimented by conducting a pilot test with 34 students, a field test with 60 teachers and technology acceptance model (TAM) analysis with 15 teachers. We verified the effectiveness and usefulness of learning with a questionnaire, a quiz and TAM, where the subjects, after using the learning widget in real learning activities, rated the widget's efficacy. The result shows that the learning widget is useful for m-learning and e-learning environments.
Characterization of Uncultured Genome Fragment from Soil Metagenomic Library Exposed Rare Mismatch of Internal Tetranucleotide Frequency

Exploring the genomic information of a specific uncultured soil bacterium is vital to understand its function in the ecosystem but is still a challenge due to the lack of culture techniques. To examine the genomes of uncultured bacteria, a metagenomic bacterial artificial chromosome library derived from a soil sample was screened for 16S rDNA-containing clones. Five clones (4C6, 5E7, 5G4, 5G12, and 5H7) containing uncultured soil bacteria genome fragment (with low 16S rDNA similarity to isolated bacteria) were selected for sequencing. Clone 5E7 and 5G4 showed only 82 and 83% of 16S rDNA identity to known sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA indicated that 5E7 and 5G4 were potentially from new class of Chloroflexi. Only one-third of the 5G4 open reading frames have significant hits against HMMER. Internal tetranucleotide frequency analysis indicated that the unknown region of 5G4 was poorly correlated with other parts of the clone, indicating that this section might be obtained through lateral transfer. It was suggested that this region rich for unknown genes is under fast evolution.
Taste interaction of ethyl alcohol with sweet, salty, sour and bitter compounds.

The influence of ethyl alcohol in concentrations ranging from 4 to 24%, on the perceived taste intensities of sucrose, citric acid, quinine, and sodium chloride was determined by 24 subjects. A paired comparison method was used in which subjects selected the sample with the greater taste intensity (sweetness, sourness, bitterness or saltiness) as well as rating the intensity on a 13-point scale. The alcohol generally enhanced the sweetness of sucrose, with results varying slightly according to the subjects' task. The sourness of citric acid, and the saltiness of sodium chloride at all but the lowest concentration, were depressed by increasing additions of alcohol. Alcohol significantly enhanced the bitterness of quinine at all four concentrations. Although these results disagree with previously reported electrophysiological measurements on alcohol-quinine mixtures, they were internally consistent, and meaningful in terms of alcoholic beverage consumption behaviour.
The Political Context

Politics is the final, and perhaps the most influential , frame of reference in analysing how knowledge is acquired in Arab countries. As emphasised earlier, the vitality of a knowledge system depends on the political environment in which it grows. Among the most important conditions are intellectual freedom and diversity protected by the rule of law, other institutional foundations of good governance and a political context that supports the efficient dissemination and production of knowledge. Where do Arab countries stand in relation to this model? The global explosion of knowledge has not only accelerated global economic integration. It has given rise to regional blocs around the world that challenge the new international order for the purpose of extracting maximum gains for individual groupings of countries seeking to join the global economy on advantageous terms. New ties within the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are just three examples of a changing world map. How is knowledge acquisition in Arab countries affected by regional and global politics? What regional and global policies would help Arab countries create knowledge societies in the Arab world under these conditions? Knowledge is the totality of symbolic structures held by individuals or owned by society and it guides human behaviour at all levels of society and in all fields. Politics, on the other hand, is the science of managing the public affairs of a society through material and non-material means, including knowledge as just defined. The ruling power plays a key role in directing knowledge and in influencing its development or retardation. Since a ruling power works to foster knowledge patterns compatible with its orientation and goals, it inevitably resists or even suppresses other patterns that contradict its general direction. Knowledge conflicts in the Arab world are often versions of political conflicts in societies where both the sanctioned knowledge paradigm and that con-testing it are motivated and sustained by the deep and opposing ideological objectives of ruling powers and their opponents. Glancing through the many strategic reports of political parties, associations or blocs across the region provides abundant evidence of this polarised split. Some documents adopt the official knowledge paradigm and are seen as supporting the prevailing political power, whether or not their authors are actively associated with it; other publications take a challenging stance in flat opposition to that power and its version …
The variational multiscale method for laminar and turbulent incompressible flow

The present thesis addresses a new approach for solving numerically instationary, incompressible flow governed by the appropriate set of Navier-Stokes equations. This approach named 'variational multiscale method' has recently been introduced as a powerful means for problems of computational mechanics having to deal with large ranges of scales. Such notably widened scale ranges emerge in various flow situations. At large, this study aims firstly at the development of a general framework for the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations based on the variational multiscale method. Secondly, a specific implementation within a Galerkin finite method is realized based on this general framework. Finally, an extensive test program for the developed method in form of sample laminar and turbulent flow situations is conducted. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt einen neuen Ansatz fur die numerische Losung instationarer, inkompressibler Stromungen, die mathematisch vom zugehorigen Navier-Stokes'schen Gleichungssystem beschrieben werden. Dieser neue Ansatz, 'variationelle Mehrskalen-Methode' genannt, ist kurzlich als vielversprechendes Mittel zur Losung von Problemen der Numerischen Mechanik mit sehr breiten Skalenspektren eingefuhrt worden. Solche deutlich erweiterten Skalenspektren treten in einer Vielzahl von Stromungssituationen auf. In Ihrer Gesamtheit zielt diese Studie zunachst auf die Entwicklung eines allgemeinen Rahmensystems fur die numerische Losung der Navier-Stokes Gleichungen basierend auf der variationellen Mehrskalen-Methode. auf Grundlage dieses allgemeinen Rahmensystems wird hieran anschliesend eine spezielle Implementierung innerhalb einer Galerkin Finite Element Methode vollzogen. Zum Schluss dieser Arbeit wird ein umfangreiches Testprogramm fur die entwickelte Methode in Form von laminaren und turbulenten Beispielstromungen durchgefuhrt.
A Phenomenological Study of Music Education Majors' Identity Development in Methods Courses Outside Their Areas of Focus

A Phenomenological Study of Music Education Majors' Identity Development in Methods Courses Outside Their Areas of Focus Author(s): Elizabeth Cassidy Parker and Sean R. Powell Source: Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, No. 201 (Summer 2014), pp. 2341 Published by: on behalf of the University of Illinois Press Council for Research in Music Education Stable URL: http://www.jstor. org/stable/10.5406/bulcouresmusedu.201. 0023 Accessed: 27-08-2015 18:34 UTC
Neural networks for action representation: a functional magnetic-resonance imaging and dynamic causal modeling study

Automatic mimicry is based on the tight linkage between motor and perception action representations in which internal models play a key role. Based on the anatomical connection, we hypothesized that the direct effective connectivity from the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) to the ventral premotor area (PMv) formed an inverse internal model, converting visual representation into a motor plan, and that reverse connectivity formed a forward internal model, converting the motor plan into a sensory outcome of action. To test this hypothesis, we employed dynamic causal-modeling analysis with functional magnetic-resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-four normal participants underwent a change-detection task involving two visually-presented balls that were either manually rotated by the investigator's right hand (“Hand”) or automatically rotated. The effective connectivity from the pSTS to the PMv was enhanced by hand observation and suppressed by execution, corresponding to the inverse model. Opposite effects were observed from the PMv to the pSTS, suggesting the forward model. Additionally, both execution and hand observation commonly enhanced the effective connectivity from the pSTS to the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), the IPL to the primary sensorimotor cortex (S/M1), the PMv to the IPL, and the PMv to the S/M1. Representation of the hand action therefore was implemented in the motor system including the S/M1. During hand observation, effective connectivity toward the pSTS was suppressed whereas that toward the PMv and S/M1 was enhanced. Thus, the action-representation network acted as a dynamic feedback-control system during action observation.
The Emerging Role of Data Scientists on Software Development Teams

Creating and running software produces large amounts of raw data about the development process and the customer usage, which can be turned into actionable insight with the help of skilled data scientists. Unfortunately, data scientists with the analytical and software engineering skills to analyze these large data sets have been hard to come by; only recently have software companies started to develop competencies in software-oriented data analytics. To understand this emerging role, we interviewed data scientists across several product groups at Microsoft. In this paper, we describe their education and training background, their missions in software engineering contexts, and the type of problems on which they work. We identify five distinct working styles of data scientists: (1) Insight Providers, who work with engineers to collect the data needed to inform decisions that managers make; (2) Modeling Specialists, who use their machine learning expertise to build predictive models; (3) Platform Builders, who create data platforms, balancing both engineering and data analysis concerns; (4) Polymaths, who do all data science activities themselves; and (5) Team Leaders, who run teams of data scientists and spread best practices. We further describe a set of strategies that they employ to increase the impact and actionability of their work.