Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Law as adjunct to custom? : Abkhaz custom and law in today's state-building and 'modernisation' (studied through dispute resolution)

The setting for research is Abkhazia a small country south of the Caucasus Mountains and bordering Europe and the Near East. The Abkhaz hold onto custom – apswara – to make of state law an adjunct to custom as the state strives to strengthen its powers to ‘modernise’ along capitalist lines. This institution of a parallel-cum-interwoven and oppositional existence of practices and the laws questions the relationship of the two in a novel way. The bases of apswara are its concepts of communality and fairness. Profound transformations have followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the breakaway from and subsequent war with Georgia, none of which have brought the bright prospects that were hoped-for with independence. The element of hope in post-Soviet nostalgia provides pointers to what the Abkhaz seek to enact for their future, to decide the course of change that entertains the possibility of a non-capitalist modernisation route and a customary state. Apswara is founded on the direct participatory democracy of non-state regulation. It draws members of all ethnicities into the generation of nationalist self-awareness that transcends ethnicity and religions, and forms around sacred shrines and decisions taken by popular assemblies. It has topical significance for other societies where custom and law co-habit through contestation, and questions some widely accepted theories about the relationship of the two, as well as problematising anthropological concepts of ‘legal pluralism’ and post-Sovietics. The study suggests new topics for research.
A Panel Data Study of Physicians' Labor Supply: The Case of Norway

Physicians are key personnel in a sector which is important due to its size as well as the quality of service it provides. We estimate the labor supply of physicians employed at hospitals in Norway, using personnel register data merged with other public records. A dynamic labor supply equation is estimated using a sample of 1303 male physicians observed over the period 1993-1997. The methods of estimation are GMM and system GMM. We reject the static model in favor of a dynamic model and obtain short run wage elasticities around 0.3. This is higher than previously estimated for physicians, in particular for those who are not self-employed.
GPU algorithms for comparison-based sorting and for merging based on multiway selection

1 Ich erkläre hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit eigenhändig angefertigt habe und keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. (Nikolaj Leischner) 2 3 Special thanks go to Sebastian Bauer and Olaf Liebe for helpful discussions, and for enduring my endless rantings about the painful debugging of GPU programs. Further thanks go to my supervisor Vitaly Osipov, foremost for supporting my work and also for giving me motivation when I needed it.
Non{axisymmetric accretion on the classical TTS RW Aur A ?

High{resolution spectroscopic monitoring of the exceptionally active classical T Tauri star (CTTS) RW Aur A was carried out in three seasons of 1996, 1998 and 1999 with simultaneous B, V photometry. The high quality spectra revealed a multicomponent structure of the spectrum, which includes: 1) a veiled photospheric spectrum of a K1{K4 star, 2) broad emission lines of neutrals and ions, 3) narrow emission lines of He i and He ii, 4) red{shifted accretion features of many lines, 5) shell lines at about the stellar velocity, 6) blue{shifted wind features and 7) forbidden lines. Periodic modulations in many spectral features were found. The photospheric absorption lines show sinusoidal variations in radial velocity with an amplitude of 6k m s 1 and a period of about 2: 77. The radial velocities of the narrow emission lines of He vary with the same period but in anti{phase to the photospheric lines. The equivalent widths of the narrow emissions vary with a phase{shift with respect to the velocity curve. The strength of the red{shifted accretion components of Na D and other lines is also modulated with the same period. The broad emission lines of metals vary mostly with the double period of about 5: d 5. One unexpected result is that no correlation was found between the veiling and the brightness, although both parameters varied in wide ranges. This is partly due to a contribution of the shell absorption to the photospheric line proles, which make them vary in width and depth thus simulating lower veiling. The spectral lines of the accreting gas show two distinct components: one is formed at low velocity at the beginning of the accretion column, and the other at high velocity near the stellar surface. The low velocity components are strong in low excitation lines of neutrals, while the high velocity components are strong in high excitation lines of ions, thus showing the gradients of temperature and density along the accretion column. Most of the observed features can be interpreted in the framework of non{axisymmetric magnetospheric accretion, but the origin of this asymmetry can be explained in dierent ways. We consider two possible models. The rst model suggests that RW Aur A is a binary with a brown dwarf secondary in a nearly circular orbit with a period of 2: d 77. The orbiting secondary generates a moving stream of enhanced accretion from one side of the disk towards the primary. The other model assumes that RW Aur A is a single star with a rotational period of 5: d 5a nd with two footpoints of channeled accretion streams within a global magnetosphere which is tilted relative to the rotational axis or otherwise non{axisymmetric. Both models can explain qualitatively and quantitatively most of the observed variations, but there are some details which are less well accounted for.
Hierarchical Classifier Combination and Its Application in Networks Intrusion Detection

Intrusion detection is an effective mechanism to dealing with the attacks in computer networks. Pattern recognition techniques have been used for network intrusion detection for more than a decade. Almost all of such intrusion detection systems (IDSs) use an individual classifier to distinguish normal behavior patterns from attack signatures. Moreover these systems have a high false alarm rate and high cost. In this paper, a hierarchical classifier combiner is proposed to detect network intrusions based on the fusion of multiple well-known and efficient classifiers. The KDDCUP99 dataset is used to train and test the classifiers. The overall performance in terms of the overall error rate, average cost and the false alarm rate is investigated and discussed. Also, the performance of the proposed approach is compared with the performance of the most common non- hierarchical combination approaches as well as individual classifiers.
Towards increased expressiveness in service level agreements

The aim of this paper is to argue for the benefits of increased expressiveness in service level agreements (SLAs). Such benefits may be obtained from the use of analytical expressions to specify a SLA's agreement terms as functions and not as variable or constant values or ranges. The main idea behind this thinking is that functions may contain variables defined in the SLA or be drawn from the known set of reference variables, such as wall‐clock time, job start time, current bandwidth of the resource, etc. Experiences and conclusions drawn are in the context of SLA‐based job management systems. We demonstrate that the use of analytical expressions in SLAs can potentially reduce the overheads associated with job renegotiation and/or reduce the number of failed agreements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond CSR: organisational learning for global responsibility

This contribution argues that it is time to move beyond corporate social responsibility (CSR) to ‘global responsibility. ’ As long as the field retains its old label, the learning agenda for organisations will be too narrow to address the full range of challenges for a sustainable world. It sets too small a stage, invites too few actors to participate and restricts the types of roles they can play. Global responsibility reframes the way issues are defined and the paths along which solutions may be found. After building the argument for the term, the contribution draws on research about organisational learning to identify the kinds of learning that organisations must become skilled at in order to tackle global responsibility. It then illustrates learning processes in a co-operative bank and an international non-governmental association, a multinational corporation, and a multi stakeholder platform created by the United Nations. These cases show how organisations are combining various types of learning and using physical and virtual learning spaces to generate knowledge for action. The contribution concludes by discussing how to increase the number of organisations engaging in such global responsibility and how to speed up their learning. To this end, lessons are drawn from experiences with the diffusion of voluntary and mandatory approaches to corporate social reporting over the past forty years.
The Revealed Preference Approach to Collective Consumption Behavior: Testing, Recovery, and Welfare Analysis

We extend the nonparametric 'revealed preference' methodology for analyzing collective consumption behavior (with consumption externalities and public consumption), to ren- der it useful for empirical applications that deal with welfare-related questions. First, we provide a nonparametric necessary and su¢ cient condition for collectively rational group behavior that incorporates the possibility of assignable quantity information. This charac- terizes collective rationality in terms of feasible personalized prices, personalized quantities and income shares (representing the underlying sharing rule). Subsequently, we present nonparametric testing tools for data consistency with special cases of the collective model, which impose specific structure on the preferences of the group members (in terms of con- sumption externalities and public consumption); and we show that these testing tools in turn allow for nonparametrically recovering (bounds on) feasible personalized prices, per- sonalized quantities and income shares that underlie observed (collectively rational) group behavior. In addition, we present formally similar testing and recovery tools for the general collective consumption model, which imposes minimal a priori structure. Interestingly, the proposed testing and recovery methodology can be implemented through integer program- ming (IP and MILP), which is attractive for practical applications. Finally, while we argue that assignable quantity information generally entails more powerful recovery results, we also demonstrate that precise nonparametric recovery (i.e. tight bounds) can be obtained even if no assignable quantity information is available.
Estimating Food Quality from Trade Data: An Empirical Assessment

Recent developments in international trade theory give growing emphasis to the quality of the exported products, showing that it affects both the direction of trade and the countries’ export performances. However, as quality is unobservable, a measurement problem clearly emerges. In this paper we measure product quality relying on a nested logit demand structure developed by Berry (1994) and then applied to trade data by Khandelwal (2010). Our main goal is to investigate the reliability and the properties of the estimated qualities, focusing on the EU food sector, where the growing attention on quality and safety issues is leading to an increase in the demand for high quality products. Main results give credence to the accuracy of the quality estimates, which display some interesting properties. Indeed, the quality rankings we draw are in line with the expectations, and quality growth proves to be strongly correlated with TFP growth. Moreover, results reveal that the competitive strategy of countries (high-quality vs. low-price) tends to change when moving from OECDs to non-OECDs. Finally, we provide evidence that the quality and price components of export unit values behave differently when testing their relationship with trade costs.
Assessing the feeding values of leaves, seeds and seeds-removed pods of Moringa stenopetala using in vitro gas production technique

This study presents the feeding values of leaves, seeds and seeds-removed pods of Moringa stenopetala for ruminants as evaluated by in vitro gas production technique. Feed samples were analyzed for proximate nutrients using official methods. Each feed samples (200 mg) were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 96 h and fermentation characteristics were estimated using established in vitro gas production models. Metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were calculated from corrected 24 h gas production data. The gross energy content (MJ/kg DM) was 24.9, 18.6 and 16.8 for seeds, leaves and seeds-removed pods, respectively. The crude protein ranged from 11.2% in seeds-removed pods to 39.5% in seeds, the average being 16.8%. The sugar content was 10.7 and 7.3% for leaves and seeds respectively. The OMD value was highest in leaves (74.3%) followed by seeds (52.3%) and seeds-removed pods (38.1%). The highest SCFA (103 mmol) was obtained from leaves and the lowest from seeds-removed pods (31 mmol). The ME (MJ/kg DM) ranged from 4.15 in seeds-removed pods to 9.94 in leaves. The average gas production from insoluble but with time fermentable fraction was 53.0, 32.4, and 26.1 ml/200 mg DM for leaves, seeds and seeds-removed pods, respectively. In vitro gas volumes at various incubation times were positively correlated with ash, sugar, nitrogen free extract and non-fiber carbohydrate; while they were negatively correlated with cellulose, hemicelluloses, neutral and acid detergent fibers. In conclusion, Moringa stenopetala leaves can be used as potential sources of protein and energy supplements to tropical livestock feeding system by replacing expensive conventional feed resources. Keywords: Chemical compositions, feeding values, in vitro gas production, leaves, M. stenopetala , seeds, seeds-removed pods
High throughput toxicity screening and intracellular detection of nanomaterials

With the growing numbers of nanomaterials (NMs), there is a great demand for rapid and reliable ways of testing NM safety—preferably using in vitro approaches, to avoid the ethical dilemmas associated with animal research. Data are needed for developing intelligent testing strategies for risk assessment of NMs, based on grouping and read‐across approaches. The adoption of high throughput screening (HTS) and high content analysis (HCA) for NM toxicity testing allows the testing of numerous materials at different concentrations and on different types of cells, reduces the effect of inter‐experimental variation, and makes substantial savings in time and cost. HTS/HCA approaches facilitate the classification of key biological indicators of NM‐cell interactions. Validation of in vitro HTS tests is required, taking account of relevance to in vivo results. HTS/HCA approaches are needed to assess dose‐ and time‐dependent toxicity, allowing prediction of in vivo adverse effects. Several HTS/HCA methods are being validated and applied for NM testing in the FP7 project NANoREG, including Label‐free cellular screening of NM uptake, HCA, High throughput flow cytometry, Impedance‐based monitoring, Multiplex analysis of secreted products, and genotoxicity methods—namely High throughput comet assay, High throughput in vitro micronucleus assay, and γH2AX assay. There are several technical challenges with HTS/HCA for NM testing, as toxicity screening needs to be coupled with characterization of NMs in exposure medium prior to the test; possible interference of NMs with HTS/HCA techniques is another concern. Advantages and challenges of HTS/HCA approaches in NM safety are discussed. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1413. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1413 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Going Mobile: Substitutability between Fixed and Mobile Access

We empirically estimate the substitutability of fixed and mobile services for telecommunications access using a large, U.S. household survey conducted over the period 2000-2001. Estimated cross-price elasticities confirm that second fixed line and mobile services are substitutes for one another. The extent of fixed-mobile substitution has important implications for policy toward fixed network unbundling, fixed-mobile vertical separation, and universal service.
A Configurational Approach to Information Technology Outsourcing

As scholarly interest in IT outsourcing has gained momentum recently, the ability to integrate this line of research into a coherent and consistent body of evidence seems to have been constrained by the difficulty of reconciling the contradictory findings that have emerged from outsourcing studies. This paper suggests that the recurring call for an integrative view of outsourcing can be addressed by breaking away from the reductionistic approach of contingency theory toward the holistic approach of configurational theory. The paper adopts a configurational approach to develop a framework of IT outsourcing effectiveness. Drawing on the relational view of the firm and taking a process view of outsourcing, the framework identifies four high-level dimensions that correspond to an organization's resource position in four key areas: organizational IT value position, organizational IT asset position, relational asset position, and relational capability position. A novel structured method is used to identify the congruent (internally consistent) outsourcing configurations within the range of possible outsourcing configurations based on the interdependencies among the four dimensions. Furthermore, a settheoretic approach and Boolean algebra are applied to formally demonstrate the logic underlying the framework. Three congruent outsourcing configurations, labeled as asset dependence, relational dependence, and independence, emerge from this analysis. Drawing on the assumptions of configurational theory about organizational change and taking a dynamic perspective, the framework is extended to describe how organizations transition between outsourcing configurations over time. The discussion concluding this paper uses the framework to demonstrate how a configurational approach can effectively address the limitations of the outsourcing literature and advance outsourcing research. While configurational theory offers a holistic and multifaceted way of modeling the intricate interactions between IT and organizational attributes, previous IT studies have drawn on it to a limited extent, primarily as a lens to describe frequently recurring patterns of attributes. Hence, an important contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the potential value of comprehensively adopting a configurational approach for IT research in general and outsourcing research in particular.
Allergic reaction to Croscarmellose sodium used as excipient of a generic drug.

Croscarmellose sodium is a very commonly used pharmaceutical additive approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. It is used in injectable preparations as a suspending agent to promote solubilization of compounds with poor water solubility; it is also present in tablets as binder, glidant and antiadherent, in bulk laxatives as active principle and as an additive in food products. Croscarmellose hypersensitivity is a rarely reported event. We describe a case of a woman who developed allergic reaction to Croscarmellose used as excipient of a generic drug (generic preparation of oral furosemide) during treatment for chronic heart failure. A 87-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital in January 2010 for acute pulmonary edema; on physical examination and chest radiograph, we found signs of congestive heart failure with blood pressure 155/80 mmHg; we started treatment with oxygen supplementation; furosemide, morphine and nitrates were administered intravenously. Echocardiography showed …
The Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC) and prostate cancer. A role as clear as black and white?

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer‐related death among men in the United States. African American men have a 60% greater incidence of prostate cancer and a twofold higher mortality rate than Caucasian men. The Duffy antigen/receptor for che‐mokines (DARC) is a receptor expressed on erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells that binds to and clears angiogenic chemokines. The DARC also functions as the erythrocyte receptor for invasion by malarial parasites. Approximately 70% of African Americans lack erythrocyte expression of the DARC as a genetic mechanism of protection against malaria infection. Given the importance of angiogenic chemokines in the development of tumor vascular networks and the che‐mokine binding properties of the DARC, the possibility that a lack of DARC expression on erythrocytes may represent an epigenetic factor that predisposes African American men to a greater incidence and mortality of prostate cancer should be considered. —Lentsch, A. B. The Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC) and prostate cancer. Arole as clearas black and white? FASEB J. 16, 1093–1095 (2002)
An investigation into distributed leadership in primary schools

This study investigates factors that help and hinder primary schools in their distribution of leadership in England. Distributed leadership is defined as collaborative leadership within a culture of shared action and interaction. The research extends beyond teacher leadership and delegated leadership, which are limitations of previous studies, whilst contributing to the developing knowledge of distributed leadership practice in the UKabout which little has been previously written. Ofsted reports and LA recommendations were used to select four primary schools within North East Lincolnshire. Schools selected were identified as good schools and believed to distribute leadership. Using a mixed methods approach, 53 questionnaires were analysed using SPSS, to screen two schools for further study. These schools were further investigated using a multiple case study design. Semi structured interviews were conducted with two primary headteachers, one deputy and one assistant head, two teachers and two teaching assistants, enabling the researcher to consider the interactions and analysis of leadership practice at group level, and the complexities of the situation. A narrow research focus on four primary schools, and subsequent interviews with eight stakeholders in two schools is a very small sample size, and indicative of further study. However, the study is apposite at a time of demographic crisis in teaching in England; with 40% headteachers in primary schools over fifty and likely to retire in the next decade, the increasing numbers of part time teachers, and the increased number and extended use of teaching assistants in primary education. The study provides a framework of thinking about distributed leadership in primary schools, which at a pragmatic level might help other schools in the development and sustainability of leadership. This framework includes: processes, school culture, structural organisation of schools, sources of leadership, and barriers to distributed leadership. Findings show that whilst all collaborative leadership is distributed, not all distributed leadership is collaborative. Distributed leadership was found to exist alongside other forms of leadership, and although it was frequently planned, it sometimes occurred by default or through desperation. It was particularly effective where schools invested in the leadership development of all stakeholders, and in a culture of trust, support and encouragement. The Senior Management Team was particularly influential within this. Barriers that inhibited distributed leadership included traditional structures and systemsboth within the schools and the local authority.