Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Stromal Heat Shock Protein 70 System Functions in Protein Import into Chloroplasts in the Moss Physcomitrella patens[C][W][OA]

This work uses reverse genetic and biochemical approaches to provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that an Hsp70 system plays a heretofore unrecognized role in chloroplast protein import. Heat shock protein 70s (Hsp70s) are encoded by a multigene family and are located in different cellular compartments. They have broad-ranging functions, including involvement in protein trafficking, prevention of protein aggregation, and assistance in protein folding. Hsp70s work together with their cochaperones, J domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (e.g., GrpEs), in a functional cycle of substrate binding and release accompanied by ATP hydrolysis. We have taken advantage of the gene targeting capability of the moss Physcomitrella patens to investigate the functions of chloroplast Hsp70s. We identified four Hsp70 genes and two GrpE cochaperone homolog genes (CGE) in moss that encode chloroplast proteins. Disruption of one of the Hsp70 genes, that for Hsp70-2, caused lethality, and protein import into heat-shocked chloroplasts isolated from temperature-sensitive hsp70-2 mutants was appreciably impaired. Whereas the double cge null mutant was not viable, we recovered a cge1 null/cge2 knock down mutant in which Hsp70-2 was upregulated. Chloroplasts isolated from this mutant demonstrated a defect in protein import. In addition, two different precursors staged as early import intermediates could be immunoprecipitated with an Hsp70-2–specific antibody. This immunoprecipitate also contained Hsp93 and Tic40, indicating that it represents a precursor still in the Toc/Tic translocon. Together, these data indicate that a stromal Hsp70 system plays a crucial role in protein import into chloroplasts.
Biodegradation of plastics in soil and effects on nitrification activity. A laboratory approach

The progressive application of new biodegradable plastics in agriculture calls for improved testing approaches to assure their environmental safety. Full biodegradation (≥90%) prevents accumulation in soil, which is the first tier of testing. The application of specific ecotoxicity tests is the second tier of testing needed to show safety for the soil ecosystem. Soil microbial nitrification is widely used as a bioindicator for evaluating the impact of chemicals on soil but it is not applied for evaluating the impact of biodegradable plastics. In this work the International Standard test for biodegradation of plastics in soil (ISO 17556, 2012) was applied both to measure biodegradation and to prepare soil samples needed for a subsequent nitrification test based on another International Standard (ISO 14238, 2012). The plastic mulch film tested in this work showed full biodegradability and no inhibition of the nitrification potential of the soil in comparison with the controls. The laboratory approach suggested in this Technology Report enables (i) to follow the course of biodegradation, (ii) a strict control of variables and environmental conditions, (iii) the application of very high concentrations of test material (to maximize the possible effects). This testing approach could be taken into consideration in improved testing schemes aimed at defining the biodegradability of plastics in soil.
A comparison of urban–rural injury mortality rates across two South African provinces, 2007

This study explored urban–rural variations in the magnitude and patterns of fatal injuries in South Africa. The National Injury Mortality Surveillance System was utilised to select South African mortality cases for the 2007 period and a cross-sectional methodology was employed in order to comparatively analyse injury mortality rates in the urban province of Gauteng and the rural province of Mpumalanga. The results reveal several differences in urban–rural injury trends across the two South African provinces. Overall, homicide and unintentional (non-transport) injury death rates were significantly higher in the urban province (40.28/100,000 versus 28.48/100,000; (RR = 1.41 [1.32–1.51]) and 18.30/100,000 versus 13.19/100,000; (RR = 1.39 [1.25–1.54]), respectively), whilst transport-related injury mortality rates were significantly higher in the rural province (66.57/100,000 versus 45.83/100,000; (RR = 0.69 [0.66–0.71])). Such results could be attributed to economical, environmental, and infrastructural differences between urban–rural locations and suggest that injury control strategies could be better targeted to the needs of specific geographic populations in South Africa.
The Effect of Fusarium Oxysporum and Macrophomina Phaseolina on the Proximate Composition of Jatropha Curcas Seed a Biofuel Plant

A study was carried out on the effects of Fusarium oxysporum and Macrophomina phaseolina on the proximate compositions of Jatropha curcas seeds. The proximate composition of the various nutrient component (Dry matter, Moisture, Lipids, Free fatty Acid, Carbohydrates, Ash, Fibre, Crude protein and Amino acid) in both fungus-inoculated and uninoculated seeds at the incubation period of 7 days were measured by the methodology proposed by the Association Official Analytical Chemists [1]. The results obtained from each food component were subjected to statistical analysis using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). In the results of the proximate analysis, Fusarium oxysporum and Macrophomina phaseolina caused significant increase (P=0.05) in moisture content 7.0% and 6.0%, crude protein 2.1% and 1.7%, and 0.2% and 0.7% ash, respectively in seeds inoculated at room temperature (28 ± 2°C) for 7days when compared with uninoculated controls. There was a remarkable reduction of 11% and 10.5% in dry matter, 0.8% and 0.2% in carbohydrate, 5.0% and 3.3% in lipids, 2.6% and 5.7% in fibre content of the seeds inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum and Macrophomina phaseolina, respectively when compared with their controls. The results are discussed in relation to the changes in the nutritional composition of the seeds due to the activities of these pathogenic fungi.
The repeated evolution of dental apicobasal ridges in aquatic-feeding mammals and reptiles

Since the Permian, Earth’s aquatic ecosystems have been ecologically dominated by numerous lineages of predatory amniotes. Many of these groups evolved elevated ridges of enamel that run down the apical–basal axis of their teeth, referred to here as apicobasal ridges. This trait is commonly used as a taxonomic tool to identify fossil species and higher groupings, but the function of the ridges and their associated ecological significance are poorly understood. Here, we aim to clarify the phylogenetic distribution of apicobasal ridges among amniotes and to examine how the morphology of apicobasal ridges varies across species. We show that these ridges have evolved independently numerous times and are almost exclusively found in aquatic-feeding species. Ridge morphology varies, including tall, pronounced ridges, low, undulating ridges and interweaving ridges. Their internal structure also varies from tooth crowns with locally thickened enamel to undulating enamel–dentine interface. We assess the relative merits of different hypothetical functions of the ridges and propose that although apicobasal ridges might provide some strengthening of the tooth, their morphology and pattern of evolution do not indicate that this is their primary function. Instead, we suggest that apicobasal ridges serve to increase the efficiency of puncture, grip and/or removal. applyparastyle “fig//caption/p[1]”
Multiple Epoxide Hydrolases in Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici and Their Relationship to Medium Composition and Host-Specific Toxin Production

ABSTRACT The production of Alternaria alternata f. sp.lycopersici host-specific toxins (AAL toxins) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) activity were studied during the growth of this plant-pathogenic fungus in stationary liquid cultures. Media containing pectin as the primary carbon source displayed peaks of EH activity at day 4 and at day 12. When pectin was replaced by glucose, there was a single peak of EH activity at day 6. Partial characterization of the EH activities suggests the presence of three biochemically distinguishable EH activities. Two of them have a molecular mass of 25 kDa and a pI of 4.9, while the other has a molecular mass of 20 kDa and a pI of 4.7. Each of the EH activities can be distinguished by substrate preference and sensitivity to inhibitors. The EH activities present at day 6 (glucose) or day 12 (pectin) are concomitant with AAL toxin production.
Serotonin transporter 5‐HTTLPR genotype moderates the effects of childhood adversity on posttraumatic stress disorder risk: A replication study

We reported that the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) moderates the effect of childhood adversity on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk [Xie et al. (2009); Arch Gen Psychiatry 66 (11): 1201–1209]. In the present study, we considered 5,178 subjects (a group with generally high substance dependence comorbidity, as for our previous study) using similar methodology to replicate our previous results. We used logistic regression analyses to explore the interaction effect of 5‐HTTLPR genotype and childhood adversity on PTSD risk. We found that, as reported in our previous study, in individuals with childhood adversity, the presence of one or two copies of the S allele of 5‐HTTLPR increased the risk to develop PTSD. This gene–environment interaction effect was present in European Americans (EAs), but not in African Americans (AAs; EAs, OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.07–2.08, P = 0.019; AAs, OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.60–1.35, P = 0.62). The statistical power to detect this interaction effect was increased when data were combined with those from our previous study [Xie et al. (2009); Arch Gen Psychiatry 66 (11): 1201–1209]. The findings reported here replicate those from our previous work, adding to a growing body of research demonstrating that the 5‐HTTLPR genotype moderates risk for anxiety and depression phenotypes in the context of stress and adverse events. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transport protocol optimization for energy efficient wireless embedded systems

For wireless embedded systems, the power consumption in the network interface (radio) plays a dominant role in determining battery life. In this paper, we explore transport protocol optimizations for reducing the energy consumption of wireless LAN interfaces. Our work is based on the observation that, the transport protocol, which implements flow control to regulate the network traffic, plays a significant role in determining the workload of the network interface. Hence, by monitoring run-time parameters in the transport protocol, coarse-granularity idle periods, which present the best opportunities for network interface power reduction, can be accurately identified. We further show that, by tuning parameters in the protocol software implementation, we can shape the activity profile of the network interface, making it more energy efficient while remaining compliant to the TCP standard. We have performed extensive current measurements using an experimental testbed that consists of a Compaq iPAQ PDA with a Cisco Aironet wireless network adapter, to validate the proposed techniques. Our measurements indicate energy savings ranging from 28% to 69% compared to the use of state-of-the-art MAC layer power reduction techniques, with little or no impact on performance.
On the capacity of Rayleigh fading cooperative systems under adaptive transmission

In this letter, the use of adaptive source transmission with amplify-and-forward relaying is proposed. Three different adaptive techniques are considered: (i) optimal simultaneous power and rate adaptation; (ii) constant power with optimal rate adaptation; (iii) channel inversion with fixed rate. The capacity upper bounds of these adaptive protocols are derived for the amplify-and-forward cooperative system over both independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh fading and non-i.i. d. Rayleigh fading environments. The capacity analysis is based on an upper bound on the effective received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The tightness of the upper bound is validated by the use of a lower bound and by Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that at high SNR the optimal simultaneous power and rate adaptation and the optimal rate adaptation with constant power provide roughly the same capacity. Channel inversion is shown to suffer from a deterioration in capacity relative to the other adaptive techniques.
Bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in asthmatic and healthy volunteers after controlled exposure to ozone and filtered purified air.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To characterize the pulmonary response of asthmatic and healthy nonsmoking adult men to 0.20 ppm ozone by controlled chamber exposure. DESIGN A prospective, crossover study of five atopic asthmatic and five normal subjects randomly exposed to ozone and filtered purified air (FPA) for 6 h, consisting of 30-min alternating periods of rest and moderate exercise. The two exposures were separated by at least 30 days. SETTING A controlled exposure in a stainless steel chamber. PATIENTS Five atopic asthmatic and five normal subjects between 18 and 45 years of age. Treatment with medications was withheld from asthmatics prior to the exposures. All subjects were nonsmokers. INTERVENTIONS Symptoms were assessed throughout the exposures. Pulmonary function was measured at baseline, hourly throughout an exposure, and after an exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 18 h after the completion of an exposure. The BAL fluid (BALF) was analyzed for cell count and differential; the cell-free supernatant was analyzed for albumin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8). RESULTS There were statistically significant increases in IL-8 levels, as well as percent polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and PMNs per milliliter of lavage in asthmatics exposed to ozone as compared with the same asthmatics exposed to FPA and the same normal subjects exposed to ozone and FPA. Interleukin 6 was also significantly increased in asthmatics exposed to ozone. The BALF albumin, TNF, and IL-1 levels were not significantly different among the four groups. There were no differences between asthmatics and healthy controls exposed to ozone or FPA in baseline to postexposure FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and sRaw. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that asthmatics exposed to ozone develop a significant BALF neutrophilia and increased levels of the cytokines, IL-8 and IL-6. These BALF findings occur even though the level of ozone exposure was not significant enough to reduce pulmonary function.
Single dose nasal 17beta‐estradiol administration reduces sympathovagal balance to the heart in postmenopausal women

Aim: Long‐term estrogen replacement therapy has favorable results on autonomic cardiovascular functions in postmenopausal women. Although acute estrogen administration has beneficial modulations on autonomic tone in animal studies, there are still controversies about the effects of acute estrogen on autonomic modulation to the heart in humans. The aim of this double‐blind study was to investigate the acute effects of intranasal 17beta‐estradiol administration on autonomic control of heart rate.
The s-Process in Metal-Poor Stars: Abundances for 22 Neutron-Capture Elements in CS 31062-050

The CH star CS 31062-050 ([Fe/H] = -2.42) is one of the most useful stars yet discovered for evaluating the s-process in metal-poor stars. It is very abundant in heavy elements (e.g., [La/Fe] = 2.2), and its relatively cool temperature and low gravity mean that there are many lines of interesting elements present in the spectrum. We measured the abundances of 22 elements with Z ≥ 29, including the rarely measured Lu and Pd. We derive an upper limit on the Th abundance as well. The abundances in CS 31062-050 show a similar pattern to many other metal-poor CH stars: high [Pb/Fe] and [Pb/La] ratios, low [Y/La] ratios and high [Eu/La] values compared to the solar system s-process. However, the Th limit, with additional assumptions, is not consistent with the idea that the excess Eu in CS 31062-050 is contributed by the r-process. In addition, the observed [Eu/Tb] cannot be explained by any ratio of solar-system s-process and r-process abundances. We therefore argue that the abundance pattern in CS 31062-050 is most likely the result of the s-process, and we discuss possible modifications that could explain the non-solar-system pattern observed.
Effect of marjoram leaves on injured liver in experimental rats

This Study aimed to determinate some chemical composition of marjoram and investigates the treatment effect of marjoram leaves, hydro-alcoholic extract and essential oils on injured liver in experimental rats. 30 adult male Sprague Dawely rats classified into normal control (five rats) and liver injured rats groups which were non- treated group and treated groups with silymarin, marjoram leaves powder , oil and extract(each five rats). The chemical composition of marjoram leaves showed higher value of ash, protein, carbohydrate and fiber in dry weight than marjoram weight weight. Phenolic fractionations of marjoram in descending manner were protocathoic, chlorogenic, catechol, coumarone, cinnamic, caffein, vanillic, caffeic, synergic and chrisin. Marjoram leaves oils fractionations in descending manner were terpinene-4-ol, P-cymene, myrcene, γ-terpinene, β-pinene borneol, limonene, α-Pinene ,eugenol and sabinene. In compared to non treated group, the treated group with silymarin showed a significant decrease in final weight, weight gain, weight gain percent and FER and also serum ALT A2(12):181-191). (ISSN: 1553-9873). http://www.sciencepub. net.
A Comparative Study of Code Query Technologies

When analyzing software systems we face the challenge of how to implement a particular analysis for different programming languages. A solution for this problem is to write a single analysis using a code query language, abstracting from the specificities of languages being analyzed. Over the past ten years many code query technologies have been developed, based on different formalisms. Each technology comes with its own query language and set of features. To determine the state of the art of code querying we compare the languages and tools for seven code query technologies: Grok, Rscript, JRelCal, Semmle Code, JGraLab, CrocoPat and JTransformer. The specification of a package stability metric is used as a running example to compare the languages. The comparison involves twelve criteria, some of which are concerned with properties of the query language (paradigm, types, parametrization, polymorphism, modularity, and libraries), and some of which are concerned with the tool itself (output formats, interactive interface, API support, interchange formats, extraction support, and licensing). We contextualize the criteria in two usage scenarios: interactive and tool integration. We conclude that there is no particularly weak or dominant tool. As important improvement points, we identify the lack of library mechanisms, interchange formats, and possibilities for integration with source code extractors.
Comparison of Various Encryption Algorithms and Techniques for improving secured data Communication

Information security is the process of protecting information. It protects its availability, privacy and integrity. Access to stored information on computer databases has increased greatly. More companies store business and individual information on computer than ever before. Much of the information stored is highly confidential and not for public viewing. To write this paper we have Study about information security using cryptography technique. After the detailed study of Network security using cryptography, I am presenting my proposed work. This paper is dividing in four sections contain of basic introduction about Information Security using cryptography, detailed description of Information security using cryptography and various algorithms, also; we are presenting proposed algorithm, Presenting summary and references where we have completed my research. The proposed algorithm has the batter speed compared with the comparing encryption algorithm. Nevertheless, the proposed algorithm improves encryption security by inserting the symmetric layer. The proposed algorithm will be useful to the applications which require the same procedure of encryption and decryption. In this paper also, we have developed a new cryptography algorithm which is based on block cipher concept. In this algorithm we have used logical operation like XOR and shifting operation. Experimental results show that proposed algorithm are very efficient and secured, and this paper covers the various techniques and algorithms used for the data security.
Neurocognitive Performance in Hypertensive Patients after Spine Surgery

Background:Cognitive dysfunction is fairly common after noncardiac surgery and may be related to intraoperative blood pressure management. The authors present an analysis of risk factors for cognitive deterioration after spine surgery in older patients, with particular emphasis on intraoperative blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Methods:This is a post hoc cohort analysis of 45 patients enrolled before undergoing lumbar laminectomy or microdiscectomy. The patients underwent a battery of 5 neuropsychometric tests preoperatively, and 1 day and 1 month postoperatively. Computerized anesthesia records were used to obtain intraoperative mean arterial pressure (MAP) data. Simple linear regressions between intraoperative MAP and postoperative cognitive performance were performed, and multivariate linear regression models of postoperative cognitive performance were constructed to analyze potential risk factors for cognitive decline after surgery. Results:Twenty-one normotensive patients (mean age, 62.4 yr) and 24 hypertensive patients (mean age, 67.9 yr) were included in this analysis. There was a significant positive relationship between minimum intraoperative MAP values and 1-day cognitive performance by simple linear regression in hypertensive (P = 0.003), but not normotensive, patients. In multivariate linear regression analysis of cognitive performance, there was a significant interaction between hypertension and minimum intraoperative MAP at 1 day and 1 month. Conclusions:In hypertensive patients, there was a significant relationship between minimum intraoperative MAP and decline in cognitive function 1 day and 1 month after surgery. A prospective controlled trial of intraoperative blood pressure control, especially during induction of anesthesia when MAP values typically drop, is needed to confirm these findings.
Treatment of the Psychostimulant‐Sensitized Animal Model of Schizophrenia

Behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants in rodents is associated with the alteration of dopaminergic neurotransmission, and has been proposed as a useful model of schizophrenia due to its progressively intensifying, easily relapsing, and long‐lasting features. Pharmacological treatments that reverse the established sensitization may have potential therapeutic values for schizophrenia. The present aim is to review pharmacological treatments that induce the reversal of established sensitization to psychostimulants. In addition, we discuss possible mechanisms for the reversal of sensitization. Reversal of sensitization is induced by chronic dopamine D1 receptor agonism, D2 or D1/D2 receptor agonism combined with mild N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism or serotonin (5‐HT2A or 5‐HT3) receptor antagonism, 5‐HT1A receptor agonism, and 5‐HT2A or 5‐HT3 receptor antagonism. Chronic treatments with these drugs likely adjust altered dopaminergic neurotransmission in sensitized animals. Especially, chronic dopamine D1 receptor agonism, which may adjust mesolimbic hyperdopaminergic and mesocortical hypodopaminergic functions in sensitized animals, is an attractive therapeutic approach for schizophrenia.