Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-Efficacy and Externality in Adolescence: Theoretical Conceptions and Measurement in New Zealand and German Secondary School Students

It is argued that the development of self-efficacy represents a central aspect of development in adolescence for 3 reasons. First, self-efficacy is an important predictor for actual efficacy and, thus, is a major component of the individual's ability to act suc-cessfully. Second, self-efficacy is a major action-guiding aspect of the self-concept. Third, both aspects can be combined in an action model of personality, which provides the framework for the development of a standardized questionnaire for self-efficacy and externality from a personality psychology point of view. To validate this questionnaire, a study was conducted with 215 New Zealand and 221 German secondary school students ages 16 to 17 years using a German and an English version of the inventory. Item parameters as well as scale parameters of the English and the German versions of the inventory, were satisfactory and comparable. First validity analyses reveal no significant scale differences for girls versus boys; no significant scale differences between New Zealand and German adolescents; and some rather weak, but significant, positive correlations of self-efficacy to academic performance and perceived classroom climate.
Malign or benign? English national identities and cricket

This essay examines English cricket discourse in an attempt to expand upon existing analyses of English sporting nationalism. It is argued that there has been a marked strengthening of English national identity in recent years, both in sport and other spheres, and that certain historical peculiarities stand in the way of the emergence of a coherent, or unified, sense of Englishness. This essay argues that whilst discourses of Englishness and cricket were dominated by a malign sense of Englishness during the 1980s and 1990s, in the early years of the twenty-first century, a benign form of Englishness has come to the fore. It is suggested that this is a manifestation of a growing consciousness amongst those in the media and in administrative and political positions that the openness and tolerance characteristic of benign Englishness is how an increasing number of English people would like themselves to be seen.
Indices for Testing Neural Codes

One of the most critical challenges in systems neuroscience is determining the neural code. A principled framework for addressing this can be found in information theory. With this approach, one can determine whether a proposed code can account for the stimulus-response relationship. Specifically, one can compare the transmitted information between the stimulus and the hypothesized neural code with the transmitted information between the stimulus and the behavioral response. If the former is smaller than the latter (i.e., if the code cannot account for the behavior), the code can be ruled out.The information-theoretic index most widely used in this context is Shannon's mutual information. The Shannon test, however, is not ideal for this purpose: while the codes it will rule out are truly nonviable, there will be some nonviable codes that it will fail to rule out. Here we describe a wide range of alternative indices that can be used for ruling codes out. The range includes a continuum from Shannon information to measures of the performance of a Bayesian decoder. We analyze the relationship of these indices to each other and their complementary strengths and weaknesses for addressing this problem.
Enhanced Compressive Imaging Using Model-Based Acquisition: Smarter sampling by incorporating domain knowledge

Compressive imaging (CI) is a subset of computational photography where a scene is captured via a series of optical, transform-based modulations before being recorded at the detector. However, unlike previous transform imagers, compressive sensors take advantage of the inherent sparsity in the image and use specialized algorithms to reconstruct a high-resolution image with far lower than 100% of the total measurements. Initial CI systems exploited the properties of random matrices used in other areas of compressive sensing (CS); however, in the case of imaging, there are immense benefits to be derived by designing measurement matrices that optimize specific objectives and enable novel capabilities. In this article, we survey recent results on measurement matrix designs that provide the ability of real-time previews, signature-selective imaging, and reconstruction-free inference.
Glucose Regulates Insulin Gene Transcription by Hyperacetylation of Histone H4*

Induction of insulin gene expression in response to high blood glucose levels is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis. Although several transcription factors including Beta-2, Ribe3b1, and Pdx-1 have been shown to play a role in glucose stimulation of insulin gene expression, the exact molecular mechanism(s) by which this regulation occurs is unknown. Previous data demonstrate that the transcription factors Beta-2/NeuroD1 and Pdx-1, which are involved in glucose-stimulated insulin gene expression, interact with the histone acetylase p300, suggesting a role for histone acetylation in glucose regulation of the insulin gene expression. We report that exposure of mouse insulinoma 6 cells to high concentrations of glucose results in hyperacetylation of histone H4 at the insulin gene promoter, which correlates with the increased level of insulin gene transcription. In addition, we demonstrate that hyperacetylation of histone H4 in response to high concentrations of glucose also occurs at the glucose transporter-2 gene promoter. Using histone deacetylase inhibitors, we show that increases in histone H4 acetylation cause stimulation of insulin gene transcription even in the absence of high concentrations of glucose. Furthermore, we show that fibroblasts, which lack insulin gene expression, also lack histone acetylation at the insulin gene promoter. In summary, our data support the idea that high concentrations of glucose stimulate insulin gene expression by causing hyperacetylation of histone H4 at the insulin gene promoter.
High dispersity of carbon nanotubes diminishes immunotoxicity in spleen

Background From the various physiochemical material properties, the chemical functionalization order of single-walled carbon nanotubes (swCNTs) has not been considered as a critical factor for modulating immunological responses and toxicological aspects in drug delivery applications. Although most nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, are specifically accumulated in spleen, few studies have focused on spleen immunotoxicity. For this reason, this study demonstrated that the dispersity of swCNTs significantly influenced immunotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods For cytotoxicity of swCNTs, MTT assay, reactive oxygen species production, superoxide dismutase activity, cellular uptake, and confocal microscopy were used in macrophages. In the in vivo study, female BALB/c mice were intravenously administered with 1 mg/kg/day of swCNTs for 2 weeks. The body weight, organ weight, hematological change, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and lymphocyte population were evaluated. Results Different orders of chemical functionalization of swCNTs controlled immunotoxicity. In short, less-dispersed swCNTs caused cytotoxicity in macrophages and abnormalities in immune organs such as spleen, whereas highly dispersed swCNTs did not result in immunotoxicity. Conclusion This study clarified that increasing carboxyl groups on swCNTs significantly mitigated immunotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Our findings clarified the effective immunotoxicological factors of swCNTs by increasing dispersity of swCNTs and provided useful guidelines for the effective use of nanomaterials.
Relationships among pain, anxiety, and depression in primary care

Pain, anxiety, and depression are commonly seen in primary care patients and there is considerable evidence that these experiences are related. This study examined associations between symptoms of pain and symptoms and diagnoses of anxiety and depression in primary care patients. Results indicate that primary care patients who endorse symptoms of muscle pain, headache, or stomach pain are approximately 2.5–10 times more likely to screen positively for panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or major depressive disorder. Endorsement of pain symptoms was also significantly associated with confirmed diagnoses of several of the anxiety disorders and/or major depression, with odds ratios ranging from approximately 3 to 9 for the diagnoses. Patients with an anxiety or depressive disorder also reported greater interference from pain. Similarly, patients endorsing pain symptoms reported lower mental health functioning and higher scores on severity measures of depression, social anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Mediation analyses indicated that depression mediated some, but not all of the relationships between anxiety and pain. Overall, these results reveal an association between reports of pain symptoms and not only depression, but also anxiety. An awareness of these relationships may be particularly important in primary care settings where a patient who presents with reports of pain may have an undiagnosed anxiety or depressive disorder. Depression and Anxiety 0:1–8, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reinventing nilai-nilai Islam, budaya, dan Pancasila dalam pengembangan pendidikan karakter

Character education has become an important part of the national education system for character education has been positioned to be one step for curing social illness. However,it is still asked about what the content and process that will be done by the leaders of educational character of this nation. The moral values which are to be developed in the educational character of the nation of Indonesia consist of religious values, cultural values, and the values of Pancasila. Those are character educations which can be regarded as an authentic or specific character education in Indonesia. Pendidikan karakter telah menjadi bagian penting dari sistem pendidikan nasional karena pendidikan karakter telah diposisikan menjadi salah satu langkah untuk menyembuhkan penyakit sosial. Namun demikian, masih perlu dipertanyakan apa sesunggunya isi dan proses, yang hendak dijalankan oleh para pemimpin pendidikan karakter bangsa ini. Nilai ideal yang dikembangkan dalam pendidikan karakter Indonesia terdiri dari nilai agama, budaya dan nilai yang terkandung dalam Pancasila. Pendidikan karakter yang seperti itulah yang bisa dikatakan sebagai susuatu yang otentik atau khas pendidikan karakter Indonesia.
Is It Real or Is It Fiction? Children's Bias Toward Reality

Children aged 3 to 8 years old and adults were tested on a reality–fantasy distinction task. They had to judge whether particular entities were real or fantastical, and response times were collected. We further manipulated whether the entity is a specific character or a generic fantastical entity. The results indicate that children, unlike adults, show a tendency to err by judging fantastical entities as real (response bias toward reality). All children were significantly slower when categorizing fantastical stimuli compared with real stimuli. We conclude that the process of classifying items into real versus fantastical categories develops at least until children are 7 to 8 years old.
PAK5, a New Brain-Specific Kinase, Promotes Neurite Outgrowth in N1E-115 Cells

ABSTRACT We have characterized a new member of the mammalian PAK family of serine/threonine kinases, PAK5, which is a novel target of the Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac. The kinase domain and GTPase-binding domain (GBD) of PAK5 are most closely related in sequence to those of mammalian PAK4. Outside of these domains, however, PAK5 is completely different in sequence from any known mammalian proteins. PAK5 does share considerable sequence homology with the Drosophila MBT protein (for “mushroom body tiny”), however, which is thought to play a role in development of cells in Drosophila brain. Interestingly, PAK5 is highly expressed in mammalian brain and is not expressed in most other tissues. We have found that PAK5, like Cdc42, promotes the induction of filopodia. In N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells, expression of PAK5 also triggered the induction of neurite-like processes, and a dominant-negative PAK5 mutant inhibited neurite outgrowth. Expression of activated PAK1 caused no noticeable changes in these cells. An activated mutant of PAK5 had an even more dramatic effect than wild-type PAK5, indicating that the morphologic changes induced by PAK5 are directly related to its kinase activity. Although PAK5 activates the JNK pathway, dominant-negative JNK did not inhibit neurite outgrowth. In contrast, the induction of neurites by PAK5 was abolished by expression of activated RhoA. Previous work has shown that Cdc42 and Rac promote neurite outgrowth by a pathway that is antagonistic to Rho. Our results suggest, therefore, that PAK5 operates downstream to Cdc42 and Rac and antagonizes Rho in the pathway, leading to neurite development.
The Impact of the Mode of Thought in Complex Decisions: Intuitive Decisions are Better

A number of recent studies have reported that decision quality is enhanced under conditions of inattention or distraction (unconscious thought; Dijksterhuis, 2004; Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 2006; Dijksterhuis et al., 2006). These reports have generated considerable controversy, for both experimental (problems of replication) and theoretical reasons (interpretation). Here we report the results of four experiments. The first experiment replicates the unconscious thought effect, under conditions that validate and control the subjective criterion of decision quality. The second and third experiments examine the impact of a mode of thought manipulation (without distraction) on decision quality in immediate decisions. Here we find that intuitive or affective manipulations improve decision quality compared to analytic/deliberation manipulations. The fourth experiment combines the two methods (distraction and mode of thought manipulations) and demonstrates enhanced decision quality, in a situation that attempts to preserve ecological validity. The results are interpreted within a framework that is based on two interacting subsystems of decision-making: an affective/intuition based system and an analytic/deliberation system.
Human Affection Exchange: VIII. Further Evidence of the Benefits of Expressed Affection

Affection exchange theory speaks to the benefits that affectionate communication elicits, not only when it is received but also when it is communicated to others. Previous research has provided evidence for the individual and relational benefits of having a high trait affection level, yet these benefits may partially be accounted for by the affectionate behavior one elicits from others by being affectionate in the first place. We addressed the validity of this alternative hypothesis in this project, first by re-analyzing data in which we compared correlations between trait affection level and various benefits with the same correlations after controlling for received affection. Next, in three studies involving a total sample of 1,144 people, we further investigated the benefits of expressed affection, both on its own and when received affection is covaried out. Results indicated that affection expressed to others is associated with numerous individual and relational benefits, including increased happiness and self esteem, decreased fear of intimacy and susceptibility to depression, and higher relationship satisfaction. Many of these effects are attenuated—and some are intensified—when affection received from others is held constant.
Perceptual Accent Rating and Attribution in Psychogenic FAS: Some Further Evidence Challenging Whitaker’s Operational Definition

A 40-year-old, non-aphasic, right-handed, and polyglot (L1: French, L2: Dutch, and L3: English) woman with a 12-year history of addiction to opiates and psychoactive substances, and clear psychiatric problems, presented with a foreign accent of sudden onset in L1. Speech evolved toward a mostly fluent output, despite a stutter-like behavior and a marked grammatical output disorder. The psychogenic etiology of the accent foreignness was construed based on the patient’s complex medical history and psychodiagnostic, neuropsychological, and neurolinguistic assessments. The presence of a foreign accent was affirmed by a perceptual accent rating and attribution experiment. It is argued that this patient provides additional evidence demonstrating the outdatedness of Whitaker’s (1982) definition of foreign accent syndrome, as only one of the four operational criteria was unequivocally applicable to our patient: her accent foreignness was not only recognized by her relatives and the medical staff but also by a group of native French-speaking laymen. However, our patient defied the three remaining criteria, as central nervous system damage could not conclusively be demonstrated, psychodiagnostic assessment raised the hypothesis of a conversion disorder, and the patient was a polyglot whose newly gained accent was associated with a range of foreign languages, which exceeded the ones she spoke.
Organizational citizenship behaviour and employee's strain: Examining the buffering effects of leader support and participation in decision making

Investing in citizenship behaviours could entail personal costs for the employee. Specifically, we argue that OCB contributes to employee's strain above and beyond the impact of role conflict, role ambiguity, and role overload. To study the buffering role of leader support and participation in decision making (PDM) on this relationship, we collected data from 457 employees at various organizations at different time points from multisources. The results supported our hypotheses: Higher levels of OCB were related to higher levels of employee's strain, above and beyond the impact of role overload, role ambiguity, and role conflict; and the relationship between OCB and strain was weaker for those enjoying a high degree of leader support or PDM.
Probabilistic models for PP-attachment resolution and NP analysis

We present a general model for PP attachment resolution and NP analysis in French. We make explicit the different assumptions our model relies on, and show how it generalizes previously proposed models. We then present a series of experiments conducted on a corpus of newspaper articles, and assess the various components of the model, as well as the different information sources used.
Trigeminal Cardiac Reflex and Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation

The stimulation of some facial regions is known to trigger the trigemino-cardiac reflex: the main stimulus is represented by the contact of the face with water. This phenomenon called diving reflex induces a set of reactions in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems occurring in all mammals, especially marine (whales, seals). During the immersion of the face in the water, the main responses are aimed at reducing the oxygen consumption of the organism. Accordingly reduction in heart rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, blood pooling in certain organs, especially the heart, and brain and an increase in blood pressure have been reported. Moreover, the speed and intensity of the reflex is inversely proportional to the temperature of the water: more cold the water, more reactions as described are strong. In the case of deep diving an additional effect, such as blood deviation, has been reported: the blood is sequestered within the lungs, to compensate for the increase in the external pressure, preventing them from collapsing. The trigeminal-cardiac reflex is not just confined to the diving reflex; recently it has been shown that a brief proprioceptive stimulation (10 min) by jaw extension in rats produces interesting effects both at systemic and cerebral levels, reducing the arterial blood pressure, and vasodilating the pial arterioles. The arteriolar dilation is associated with rhythmic diameter changes characterized by an increase in the endothelial activity. Fascinating the stimulation of trigeminal nerve is able to activate the nitric oxide release by vascular endothelial cells. Therefore, the aim of this review was to highlight the effects due to trigeminal cardiac reflex induced by a simple mandibular extension. Opposite effects, such as hypotension, and modulation of cerebral arteriolar tone, were observed, when these responses were compared to those elicited by the diving reflex.
Time-Related Alteration in Flow- (Shear Stress-) Mediated Remodeling in Resistance Arteries from Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. As flow-mediated outward remodeling has a key role in postischemic revascularization, we investigated this remodeling in mesenteric resistance arteries of normotensive (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) aged 3 to 9 months. Sequential ligation of mesenteric resistance arteries allowed modifying blood flow in vivo, thus exposing arteries to low, normal, or high flow. After 1, 3, 8, or 24 weeks, arteries were isolated for in vitro study. High flow (HF) induced outward hypertrophic remodeling in WKY rats after 1 week and persisted until 24 weeks without change in wall to lumen ratio. In SHRs, diameter increase was delayed, occurring only after 3 weeks. Nevertheless, it was reduced at 8 weeks and no longer significant after 24 weeks. In parallel, media cross-section area increased more with time in SHRs than in WKY rats and this was associated with increased contractility and oxidative stress with decreased NO-dependent relaxation. Low flow induced progressive inward remodeling until 24 weeks in both strains with excessive hypertrophy in SHRs. Thus, a chronic increase in flow induced transitory diameter expansion and long-lasting hypertrophy in SHRs. This could contribute to the higher susceptibility of hypertensive subjects to ischemic diseases.
Using Goal Orientation to Enhance College Retention and Graduation Rates

In this study goal orientation theory, a model used to explore achievement motivation that is commonly covered in introductory psychology textbooks, is used to improve student success. Some variants of the theory posit that mastery goals are associated with adaptive behaviours that can lead to increased success. As a result, the authors of this study developed an intervention designed to increase the pursuit of mastery goals. In previous research, they found that the intervention was associated with altered goals and improved grades. In the current study, they examined the consequences for retention and graduation rates. During the fall 2005 semester, the intervention was extended to 221 students enrolled in introductory psychology classes. A similar set of students who did not receive the intervention served as a comparison group. Five years later, the authors examined the students' transcripts for persistence in school. Students who were at risk for failure and who completed the intervention enrolled in courses at the university at nearly twice the rate of the comparison group in each of the subsequent years, and they graduated at nearly twice the rate of the comparison group. Thus, this intervention was associated with increased retention and graduation rates.