Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global biogeography of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae): evidence for Gondwanan vicariance and limited transoceanic dispersal

Scaly tree ferns, Cyatheaceae, are a well‐supported group of mostly tree‐forming ferns found throughout the tropics, the subtropics and the south‐temperate zone. Fossil evidence shows that the lineage originated in the Late Jurassic period. We reconstructed large‐scale historical biogeographical patterns of Cyatheaceae and tested the hypothesis that some of the observed distribution patterns are in fact compatible, in time and space, with a vicariance scenario related to the break‐up of Gondwana.
A Model to Predict Spray-tip Penetration for Time-varying Injection Profiles

A new model to predict spray-tip penetration for a time-varying injection profile has been formulated based on gasjet theory. The approach involves using an effective injection velocity for the spray tip based on a representative spray response time. It is assumed that the instantaneous injection velocity affects the spray tip with an exponential response function and that the response time is the particle residence time, consistent with the theory of translation of jet vortex rings from Helmholtz’s vortex motion analysis [11]. This Helmholtz theory is also shown to yield the well-known velocity decay rate of turbulent gas jets. A Duhamel superposition integral is used to determine the effective injection velocity for time-varying injection rates. The model is tested with different injection profiles and different ambient densities. The results are also compared with numerical results from a CFD code that has been calibrated for spray simulations. The comparisons agree very well and the new spray penetration model offers an efficient method to predict penetrations. The model also can be used to predict equivalence ratio distributions for combusting sprays and jets.
Preliminary exercise: a two-factor theory.

Abstract Sixty male subjects performed 10 min. of preliminary exercise of pedaling a bicycle ergometer against a workload of either 350, 500, 650, 800, or 950 kpm/min. The criterion task consisted of working for 10 min. against an initial workload of 1,632 kpm/min. Necessarily, the rate declined progressively with increasing fatigue. The criterion task was also performed without preliminary exercise with each subject serving as his own control. A balanced order design was utilized. The difference scores (Δ), calculated by subtracting the experimental from the control condition were cumulated progressively by minute to permit analysis of the time pattern. The two-factor theory postulates concurrent facilitory and fatigue factors resulting from preliminary exercise; the net effect rising to an optimum then declining to eventually become negative as the preliminary task is progressively increased. Generally, the results support the two-factor theory. Considered as a function of the amount of preliminary exer.
Development of the osteoblastic phenotype in human alveolar bone-derived cells grown on a collagen type I-coated titanium surface.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of the osteoblastic phenotype in human alveolar bone-derived cells grown on collagen type I-coated titanium (Ti) surface (Col-Ti) obtained by plasma deposition acrylic acid grafting compared with machined Ti (M-Ti). MATERIAL AND METHODS Osteoblastic cells were cultured until subconfluence and subcultured on Col-Ti and M-Ti for periods of up to 21 days. RESULTS Cultures grown on Col-Ti and M-Ti exhibited similar cell morphology. Cell adhesion, total protein content, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were not affected by Ti surface modification in all evaluated periods. Growth analyses indicated that there were significantly more cells in cultures grown on Col-Ti at day 3. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteopontin (OPN), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression of cells subcultured on Col-Ti was higher, whereas collagen type I (COL) was lower compared with M-Ti. Ti surface modification neither affected the osteocalcin (OC), ALP and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) mRNA expression nor the calcium content extracted from mineralized matrix. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that Col-Ti favours cell growth during the proliferative phase (day 3) and osteoblastic differentiation, as demonstrated by changes in mRNA expression profile during the matrix mineralization phase (day 14), suggesting that this Ti surface modification may affect the processes of bone healing and remodelling.
Coverage of common cancer types in UK national newspapers: a content analysis

Objective To determine whether recent newspaper coverage of the four most common cancer types relates to their relative burden and national awareness months, and to identify the subject focus during high-coverage periods. Design Content analysis using the Nexis newspaper article database. Setting UK 2011–2012. Outcome measures Annual number and ranking, monthly proportions and subject of articles on breast, lung, bowel and prostate cancers. Results 9178 articles were identified during 2011 and 2012 featuring breast (4237), prostate (1757), lung (1746) and bowel (1438) cancer. Peaks in monthly proportions above the 99% upper confidence limit were identified for each. Breast cancer had the highest coverage of 12% and 17% during its awareness month. Smaller peaks (11%) were identified during Bowel Cancer Awareness month. Prostate cancer received high coverage in relation to the case of the man convicted of the Lockerbie bombing who had been diagnosed with the cancer, and lung cancer in relation to the deaths of celebrities. Breast cancer was covered most often overall and by newspaper category while the lower coverage of other cancer types did not consistently mirror the relative number of new cases each year. The peaks by newspaper category were similar to the overall coverage with few exceptions. Conclusions UK newspaper coverage of common cancer types other than of the breast appears under-represented relative to their population burden. Coverage of breast cancer and bowel cancer appears to be influenced by their awareness months, while that of prostate cancer and lung cancer is influenced by other media stories. Health-promoting public bodies and campaigners could learn from the success of Breast Cancer Awareness Month and work more closely with journalists to ensure that the relevant messages reach wider audiences.
Estimating the Impact of Reducing Under-Nutrition on the Tuberculosis Epidemic in the Central Eastern States of India: A Dynamic Modeling Study

Background Tuberculosis (TB) and under-nutrition are widespread in many low and middle-income countries. Momentum to prioritize under-nutrition has been growing at an international level, as demonstrated by the "Scaling Up Nutrition" movement. Low body mass index is an important risk factor for developing TB disease. The objective of this study was to project future trends in TB related outcomes under different scenarios for reducing under-nutrition in the adult population in the Central Eastern states of India. Methods A compartmental TB transmission model stratified by body mass index was parameterized using national and regional data from India. We compared TB related mortality and incidence under several scenarios that represented a range of policies and programs designed to reduce the prevalence of under-nutrition, based on the experience and observed trends in similar countries. Results The modeled nutrition intervention scenarios brought about reductions in TB incidence and TB related mortality in the Central Eastern Indian states ranging from 43% to 71% and 40% to 68% respectively, relative to the scenario of no nutritional intervention. Modest reductions in under-nutrition averted 4.8 (95% UR 0.5, 17.1) million TB cases and 1.6 (95% UR 0.5, 5.2) million TB related deaths over a period of 20 years of intervention, relative to the scenario of no nutritional intervention. Complete elimination of under-nutrition in the Central Eastern states averted 9.4 (95% UR 1.5, 30.6) million TB cases and 3.2 (95% UR 0.7-, 10.1) million TB related deaths, relative to the scenario of no nutritional intervention. Conclusion Our study suggests that intervening on under-nutrition could have a substantial impact on TB incidence and mortality in areas with high prevalence of under-nutrition, even if only small gains in under-nutrition can be achieved. Focusing on under-nutrition may be an effective way to reduce both rates of TB and other diseases associated with under-nutrition.
Computing Probabilistic Bounds for Extreme Eigenvalues of Symmetric Matrices with the Lanczos Method

We study the Lanczos method for computing extreme eigenvalues of a symmetric or Hermitian matrix. It is not guaranteed that the extreme Ritz values are close to the extreme eigenvalues---even when the norms of the corresponding residual vectors are small. Assuming that the starting vector has been chosen randomly, we compute probabilistic bounds for the extreme eigenvalues from data available during the execution of the Lanczos process. Four different types of bounds are obtained using Lanczos, Ritz, and Chebyshev polynomials. These bounds are compared theoretically and numerically. Furthermore we show how one can determine, after each Lanczos step, a probabilistic upper bound for the number of steps still needed (without performing these steps) to obtain an approximation to the largest or smallest eigenvalue within a prescribed tolerance.
Effect of Partial Replacement of Wheat Flour with High Quality Cassava Flour on the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Sensory Quality, and Microbial Quality of Bread

In the current study, wheat flour was mixed with high quality cassava flour (HQCF) in several ratios: 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40, and used to prepare 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) cassava bread, respectively. 100% wheat bread was prepared as a control (100% wheat bread). Five bread samples were prepared per group. Antioxidant assays [i.e., 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging assay, reducing power assay] revealed that the bread samples had considerable antioxidant capacities. Substitution of wheat flour with HQCF at various concentrations resulted in dose dependent decreases in the mineral and protein contents of the resulting bread samples. The crude fiber content of the bread samples was minimal, while the carbohydrate content of the bread samples ranged from 43.86% to 48.64%. A 20% substitution of wheat flour with HQCF yielded bread samples with a general acceptability that was comparable to that of 100% wheat bread. The mean bacteria counts of the bread samples ranged from 2.0×103 CFU/mL to 1.4×104 CFU/mL, while the fungal counts ranged from 0 CFU/mL to 3×103 CFU/mL. There was a positive correlation between the DPPH antioxidant activities and the reducing powers of the bread samples (R2=0.871) and a positive correlation between the DPPH antioxidant activities and the flavonoid contents of the bread samples (R2=0.487). The higher microbial load of the NRCRI cassava bread samples indicates that these bread samples may have a shorter shelf life than the 100% wheat bread. The significant positive correlation between total flavonoid content and reducing power (R2=0.750) suggests that the flavonoids present in the lipophilic fractions of the bread samples could be responsible for the reductive capacities of the bread samples.
An Improved Phase Correlation Method Based on 2-D Plane Fitting and the Maximum Kernel Density Estimator

In this letter, an improved phase correlation (PC) method based on 2-D plane fitting and the maximum kernel density estimator (MKDE) is proposed, which combines the idea of Stone's method and robust estimator MKDE. The proposed PC method first utilizes a vector filter to minimize the noise errors of the phase angle matrix and then unwraps the filtered phase angle matrix by the use of the minimum cost network flow unwrapping algorithm. Afterward, the unwrapped phase angle matrix is robustly fitted via MKDE, and the slope coefficients of the 2-D plane indicate the subpixel shifts between images. The experiments revealed that the improved method can effectively avoid the impact of outliers on the phase angle matrix during the plane fitting and is robust to aliasing and noise. The matching accuracy can reach 1/50th of a pixel using simulated data. The real image sequence tracking experiment was also undertaken to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed PC method with a registration accuracy of root-mean-square error better than 0.1 pixels.
Evaluation of constitutive equations for polymer melts and solutions in complex flows

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Ibudilast: a review of its pharmacology, efficacy and safety in respiratory and neurological disease

Ibudilast is a relatively nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor which has been marketed for almost 20 years in Japan for treating asthma. More recently it has been found to have anti-inflammatory activity in both the peripheral immune system and in the CNS via glial cell attenuation. This CNS-directed anti-inflammatory activity is of potential use in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, and in the improved efficacy and safety of opioids by decreasing opioid tolerance, withdrawal and reinforcement. Its suitable pharmacokinetics and generally good tolerability make it a promising potential treatment for these conditions.
Effect of chronic hypergastrinemia on human enterochromaffin-like cells: insights from patients with sporadic gastrinomas.

BACKGROUND & AIMS The effect of chronic hypergastrinemia alone on gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in humans is largely unknown because in the common chronic hypergastrinemic states (atrophic gastritis, chronic proton pump inhibitor use), it is not possible to separate the effect of hypergastrinemia and other factors, such as gastritis or atrophy. Studies of patients with sporadic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) allow this separation. METHODS In 106 patients with ZES, gastric biopsies were taken, and the qualitative ECL cell pattern/grade and the alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (alpha-hCG) expression were determined. RESULTS In patients with active disease, 99% had ECL hyperplasia and abnormal alpha-hCG staining. Fifty percent had advanced changes in both of these, with 7% having dysplasia and 0% having carcinoids. Advanced ECL cell and alpha-hCG changes were most affected by the level of hypergastrinemia. For ECL cell changes, even mild hypergastrinemia had an effect. Advanced ECL change was also affected by the duration of drug treatment, cure status, and presence of atrophic gastritis, but not by sex or previous vagotomy. The alpha-hCG expression independently predicted dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS In humans, chronic hypergastrinemia alone causes advanced ECL cell change and abnormal expression of mucosal alpha-hCG. No threshold for this effect was detected, as reported by some, and in contrast to animal studies, sex and vagal tone did not play a major role. The long-term risk of developing gastric carcinoids with chronic hypergastrinemia is low in patients with sporadic gastrinomas (at least 100 times less than in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with ZES) for at least 15-20 years.
Inhibition of noradrenaline uptake by drugs

Sm,-The in vivo studies of Axelrod, Whitby & Hertting (1961), Hertting, Axelrod & Whitby (1961), Hertting, Axelrod & Patrick (1962) and Axelrod, Hertting & Potter (1962) and the in v i m studies of Dengler, Spiegel & Titus (1961) showed that the uptake of noradrenaline into sympathetically innervated tissues can be inhibited by a wide variety of drugs. Among the compounds reported to act as inhibitors of noradrenaline uptake were cocaine, reserpine, guanethidine, imipramine, chlorpromazine and the adrenergic blocking agents dichloroisoprenaline (DCI), ergotamine and phenoxybenzamine. The present study was undertaken as a quantitative investigation of the potencies of these and certain other drugs as inhibitors of noradrenaline uptake. In previous reports from this laboratory the kinetics of noradrenaline uptake in the isolated perfused rat heart and the inhibition of this process by a group of sympathomimetic amines have been described (Iversen, 1963 ; 1964). The methods used in the present experiments are described in these papers. Drugs were added to the perfusing medium, which also contained 14C-noradrenaline. The uptake of noradrenaline was measured by analysing the '*C-noradrenaline content of the heart at the end of a 10 min. perfusion. Each drug concentration was tested on a group of four hearts and the results were expressed as the mean percentage inhibition of noradrenaline uptake in the drug-treated group when compared with the uptake in drug-free controls. When sufficient data were available the drug concentration required to produce a 50% inhibition of noradrenaline uptake (ID50) was calculated.
Galectin-3 expression is a potent prognostic marker in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside-binding protein whose expression has been correlated with progression and metastasis in colon cancer. It is expressed at elevated levels in a variety of neoplastic cells. The current study was designed to investigate, by clinicopathological analysis, the relationship between prognosis and galectin-3 expression, in colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Galectin-3 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining in 121 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer. The relationship between galectin-3 expression and clinicopathological factors was analyzed. RESULTS Galectin-3-positive expression was detected in 79 patients (65%). The incidence of lymph node and distant metastasis in galectin 3-positive cancer was significantly higher than that in galectin-3-negative cases (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.014, respectively). Furthermore, cancers with galectin-3-positive expression revealed frequent venous invasion (p = 0.005) and lymphatic permeation (p = 0.041), larger size (p = 0.016) and deeper invasion to wall(p = 0.01) than in galectin-3-negative cases. While univariate analysis showed that survival in patients with galectin-3-positive expression was significantly poorer than in galectin-3-negative cases (p = 0.0027), galectin-3 expression was a prognostic factor independent of Dukes' stage and lymph node metastasis by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION We propose that galectin-3 expression is an independent factor for prognosis in colorectal cancer.
One Pixel Attack for Fooling Deep Neural Networks

Recent research has revealed that the output of deep neural networks (DNNs) can be easily altered by adding relatively small perturbations to the input vector. In this paper, we analyze an attack in an extremely limited scenario where only one pixel can be modified. For that we propose a novel method for generating one-pixel adversarial perturbations based on differential evolution (DE). It requires less adversarial information (a black-box attack) and can fool more types of networks due to the inherent features of DE. The results show that 67.97% of the natural images in Kaggle CIFAR-10 test dataset and 16.04% of the ImageNet (ILSVRC 2012) test images can be perturbed to at least one target class by modifying just one pixel with 74.03% and 22.91% confidence on average. We also show the same vulnerability on the original CIFAR-10 dataset. Thus, the proposed attack explores a different take on adversarial machine learning in an extreme limited scenario, showing that current DNNs are also vulnerable to such low dimension attacks. Besides, we also illustrate an important application of DE (or broadly speaking, evolutionary computation) in the domain of adversarial machine learning: creating tools that can effectively generate low-cost adversarial attacks against neural networks for evaluating robustness.
Symptoms experienced by intensive care unit patients at high risk of dying*

Objective:To provide a focused, detailed assessment of the symptom experiences of intensive care unit patients at high risk of dying and to evaluate the relationship between delirium and patients' symptom reports. Design:Prospective, observational study of patients' symptoms. Setting:Two intensive care units in a tertiary medical center in the western United States. Patients:One hundred seventy-one intensive care unit patients at high risk of dying. Interventions:None. Measurements and Main Results:Patients were interviewed every other day for up to 14 days. Patients rated the presence, intensity (1 = mild; 2 = moderate; 3 = severe), and distress (1 = not very distressing; 2 = moderately distressing; 3 = very distressing) of ten symptoms (that is, pain, tired, short of breath, restless, anxious, sad, hungry, scared, thirsty, confused). The Confusion Assessment Method-Intensive Care Unit was used to ascertain the presence of delirium. A total of 405 symptom assessments were completed by 171 patients. Patients' average age was 58 ± 15 yrs; 64% were males. Patients were mechanically ventilated during 34% of the 405 assessments, and 22% died in the hospital. Symptom prevalence ranged from 75% (tired) to 27% (confused). Thirst was moderately intense, and shortness of breath, scared, confusion, and pain were moderately distressful. Delirium was found in 34.2% of the 152 patients who could be evaluated. Delirious patients were more acutely ill and received significantly higher doses of opioids. Delirious patients were significantly more likely to report feeling confused (43% vs. 22%, p = .004) and sad (46% vs. 31%, p = .04) and less likely to report being tired (57% vs. 77%, p = .006) than nondelirious patients. Conclusions:Study findings suggest that unrelieved and distressing symptoms are present for the majority of intensive care unit patients, including those with delirium. Symptom assessment in high-risk intensive care unit patients may lead to more focused interventions to avoid or minimize unnecessary suffering.