Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Components of German Nominal Compounds

Word prediction systems (such as those embedded in most current augmentative and alternative communication systems) aim to predict what a user wants to type next on the basis of corpus-extracted n-gram counts. Good performance of such a system depends crucially on the size and quality of the underlying lexicon. Compounding is a common cross-linguistic way to form complex words. In German as in some other languages, compounds are commonly written as single orthographic strings. Because compounding is a very productive process, this leads to a considerable amount of orthographic words that cannot, even in principle, be listed in a lexicon. We present a solution to this problem based on the idea that compounds should not be predicted as units, but as the concatenation of their components. In particular, we designed a word prediction system in which the prediction of German two-element nominal compounds (by far the most common compound type in German) is split into the prediction of the modifier (left element) and the prediction of the head (right element). Both components are predicted on the basis of uni- and bigram statistics collected treating modifiers and heads as independent units, and on the basis of the type frequency of nouns in head and modifier context in the training corpus. We show that our system brings a dramatic improvement in keystroke saving rate over a word prediction scheme in which compounds are treated as units. In particular, our results indicate that the type frequency of nouns in head/modifier context in the training corpus is a very good predictor of which nouns will occur in head/modifier context in new text.
Vision-based 3-D trajectory tracking for unknown environments

This paper describes a vision-based system for 3-D localization of a mobile robot in a natural environment. The system includes a mountable head with three on-board charge-coupled device cameras that can be installed on the robot. The main emphasis of this paper is on the ability to estimate the motion of the robot independently from any prior scene knowledge, landmark, or extra sensory devices. Distinctive scene features are identified using a novel algorithm, and their 3-D locations are estimated with high accuracy by a stereo algorithm. Using new two-stage feature tracking and iterative motion estimation in a symbiotic manner, precise motion vectors are obtained. The 3-D positions of scene features and the robot are refined by a Kalman filtering approach with a complete error-propagation modeling scheme. Experimental results show that good tracking and localization can be achieved using the proposed vision system.
The Orbital Structure and Potential of NGC 1399

Accurate and radially extended stellar kinematic data reaching R = 97″ from the center are presented for the cD galaxy of Fornax NGC 1399. The stellar rotation is small (≤30 km s-1); the stellar velocity dispersion remains constant at 250–270 km s-1. The deviations from Gaussian line-of-sight velocity distributions are small, at the percent level. We construct dynamical models of the galaxy, deprojecting its nearly round (E0–E1) surface brightness distribution and determining the spherical distribution function that best fits (at the 4% level) the kinematic data on a grid of parameterized potentials. We find that the stellar orbital structure is moderately radial, with β = 0.3 ± 0.1 for R ≤ 60″, similar to results found for some normal giant elliptical galaxies. The gravitational potential is dominated by the luminous component out to the last data point, with a mass-to-light ratio M/LB = 10(M/L)⊙, although the presence of a central black hole of M ≈ 5 × 108 M⊙ is compatible with the data in the inner 5″. The influence of the dark component is marginally detected starting from R ≈ 60″. Using the radial velocities of the globular clusters and planetary nebulae of the galaxy, we constrain the potential more strongly, ruling out the self-consistent case and finding that the best-fit solution agrees with X-ray determinations. The resulting total mass and mass-to-light ratio are M = 1.2–2.5 × 1012 M⊙ and M/LB = 2-48(M/L)⊙ inside R = 417″ or 35 kpc for D = 17.6 Mpc.
Individual Characteristics and Peer Bullying/Victimization of Adolescents

This study investigated the relation of individual characteristics and peer bullying/victimization as experienced by middle school first-grade children. The major findings of the research were as follows; First, adolescents perceived lower 'appearance', and 'cognitive ability' scores than the medium. Second, aggression was the most significant factor affecting the direct and relational bullying, while withdrawal was the main significant factor affecting the direct and relational victimization in the children. In conclusion, there was a significant gender difference in the peer bullying/victimization.
Features for audio and music classification

Four audio feature sets are evaluated in their ability to classify five general audio classes and seven popular music genres. The feature sets include low-level signal properties, mel-frequency spectral coefficients, and two new sets based on perceptual models of hearing. The temporal behavior of the features is analyzed and parameterized and these parameters are included as additional features. Using a standard Gaussian framework for classification, results show that the temporal behavior of features is important for both music and audio classification. In addition, classification is better, on average, if based on features from models of auditory perception rather than on standard features.
Spread of X-chromosome inactivation into autosomal sequences: role for DNA elements, chromatin features and chromosomal domains

X-chromosome inactivation results in dosage equivalence between the X chromosome in males and females; however, over 15% of human X-linked genes escape silencing and these genes are enriched on the evolutionarily younger short arm of the X chromosome. The spread of inactivation onto translocated autosomal material allows the study of inactivation without the confounding evolutionary history of the X chromosome. The heterogeneity and reduced extent of silencing on autosomes are evidence for the importance of DNA elements underlying the spread of silencing. We have assessed DNA methylation in six unbalanced X-autosome translocations using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 array. Two to 42% of translocated autosomal genes showed this mark of silencing, with the highest degree of inactivation observed for trisomic autosomal regions. Generally, the extent of silencing was greatest close to the translocation breakpoint; however, silencing was detected well over 100 kb into the autosomal DNA. Alu elements were found to be enriched at autosomal genes that escaped from inactivation while L1s were enriched at subject genes. In cells without the translocation, there was enrichment of heterochromatic features such as EZH2 and H3K27me3 for those genes that become silenced when translocated, suggesting that underlying chromatin structure predisposes genes towards silencing. Additionally, the analysis of topological domains indicated physical clustering of autosomal genes of common inactivation status. Overall, our analysis indicated a complex interaction between DNA sequence, chromatin features and the three-dimensional structure of the chromosome.
Behavioral / Systems / Cognitive Selective Visual Attention to Emotion

Harald T. Schupp,1 Jessica Stockburger,1 Maurizio Codispoti,2 Markus Junghöfer,3 Almut I. Weike,4 and Alfons O. Hamm4 1Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany, 2Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy, 3Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany, and 4Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
Principles of Psychopathology: Two Worlds, Two Minds, Two Hemispheres

Introduction Philosophy and Psychology Psychopathology and Psychiatry Neuropsychology and Neurology Neuropsychology Alternative Worlds Summary and Conclusions Space Time Alternative Frameworks Summary and Conclusions Philosophy Psychopathology Neuropsychology Philosophy Psychopathology Neuropsychology Philosophy Psychopathology Neuropsychology Philosophy Psychopathology Neuropsychology Philosophy Psychopathology Neuropsychology Sex, Age, IQ, Handedness, Culture, etc Summary and Conclusions
Surfactant and Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Acute Lung Injury

Received June 28, 2000 Pulmonary surfactant is routinely used in immature newborns for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Inhaled nitric oxide (INO) is a new respiratory therapy, recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, for selective pulmonary vasodilation in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborns (PPHN) and in hypoxic respiratory failure in neonates and infants. It is noteworthy that these two most eminent therapies, developed in 80's and 90's, respectively, revolutionized neonatal respiratory care, and are still the foci of basic and clinical investigation for infants, children and adults with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute (or adult type) RDS (ARDS), the pathogenesis of which differs from primary surfactant deficiency in RDS and primary or secondary PPHN, but is related to, among other mechanisms, surfactant dysfunction and abnormal metabolism, and impairment of pulmonary vasodilatation due to hypoxic vasoconstriction. Pulmonary surfactant is a phospholipid-protein complex produced by the type II alveolar epithelial cells. Theoratically, in a normal adult lung, about 0.3 μg of tightly packed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayer is needed to cover 1 cm of alveolar inner Abstract Surfactant replacement and inhaled nitric oxide are two important respiratory therapies for neonatal respiratory distress and persistent pulmonary hypertension. However, limitation of each therapy alone in various respiratory disorders raised questions as to whether we should use them in a combined manner, or in combination with other effective treatment modalities, so that the problems in both alveolar space and intrapulmonary vasculature may well be dealt with simultaneously. In recent years, a number of experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that combined surfactant and inhaled nitric oxide consistently showed better effects than that of the independent therapy, suggesting that the adequate use of these two therapies may have a potential to improve clinical management of severe respiratory problems in infants and children.
Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in human esophageal cancer and in vitro inhibition by a specific COX‐2 inhibitor, NS‐398

Background: The purpose of the present paper was to study the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in normal squamous epithelium, squamous dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus, to elucidate the role of COX‐2 in esophageal carcinogenesis, and to evaluate the in vitro effect and mechanism of a COX‐2 inhibitor, NS‐398, in inducing growth inhibition and apoptosis of human esophageal cancer cells.
Differences in Antibiotic-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses between Laboratory and Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae

ABSTRACT Oxidants were shown to contribute to the lethality of bactericidal antibiotics in different bacterial species, including the laboratory strain Streptococcus pneumoniae R6. Resistance to penicillin among S. pneumoniae R6 mutants was further shown to protect against the induction of oxidants upon exposure to unrelated bactericidal compounds. In the work described here, we expanded on these results by studying the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the context of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance by including S. pneumoniae clinical isolates. In S. pneumoniae R6, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, and kanamycin but not the bacteriostatic linezolid, erythromycin, or tetracycline induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. For the three bactericidal compounds, resistance to a single molecule prevented the accumulation of oxidants upon exposure to unrelated bactericidal antibiotics, and this was accompanied by a reduced lethality. This phenomenon does not involve target site mutations but most likely implicates additional mutations occurring early during the selection of resistance to increase survival while more efficient resistance mechanisms are being selected or acquired. Bactericidal antibiotics also induced oxidants in sensitive S. pneumoniae clinical isolates. The importance of oxidants in the lethality of bactericidal antibiotics was less clear than for S. pneumoniae R6, however, since ciprofloxacin induced oxidants even in ciprofloxacin-resistant S. pneumoniae clinical isolates. Our results provide a clear example of the complex nature of the mode of action of antibiotics. The adaptive approach to oxidative stress of S. pneumoniae is peculiar, and a better understanding of the mechanism implicated in response to oxidative injury should also help clarify the role of oxidants induced by antibiotics.
Perceptual Relearning of Complex Visual Motion after V1 Damage in Humans

Damage to the adult, primary visual cortex (V1) causes severe visual impairment that was previously thought to be permanent, yet several visual pathways survive V1 damage, mediating residual, often unconscious functions known as “blindsight. ” Because some of these pathways normally mediate complex visual motion perception, we asked whether specific training in the blind field could improve not just simple but also complex visual motion discriminations in humans with long-standing V1 damage. Global direction discrimination training was administered to the blind field of five adults with unilateral cortical blindness. Training returned direction integration thresholds to normal at the trained locations. Although retinotopically localized to trained locations, training effects transferred to multiple stimulus and task conditions, improving the detection of luminance increments, contrast sensitivity for drifting gratings, and the extraction of motion signal from noise. Thus, perceptual relearning of complex visual motion processing is possible without an intact V1 but only when specific training is administered in the blind field. These findings indicate a much greater capacity for adult visual plasticity after V1 damage than previously thought. Most likely, basic mechanisms of visual learning must operate quite effectively in extrastriate visual cortex, providing new hope and direction for the development of principled rehabilitation strategies to treat visual deficits resulting from permanent visual cortical damage.
Fast interpretation of thromboelastometry in non-cardiac surgery: reliability in patients with hypo-, normo-, and hypercoagulability.

BACKGROUND Conventional coagulation test are not useful to guide haemostatic therapy in severe bleeding due to their long turn-around time. In contrast, early variables assessed by point-of-care thromboelastometry (ROTEM(®)) are available within 10-20 min and increasingly used to guide haemostatic therapy in liver transplantation and severe trauma. However, the reliability of early ROTEM(®) variables to predict maximum clot firmness (MCF) in non-cardiac surgery patients with subnormal, normal, and supranormal MCF has not yet been evaluated. METHODS Retrospective data of 14,162 ROTEM(®) assays (3939 EXTEM(®), 3654 INTEM(®), 3287 FIBTEM(®), and 3282 APTEM(®) assays) of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery were analysed. ROTEM(®) variables [clotting time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), α-angle, A5, A10, and A15] were related to MCF by linear or non-linear regression, as appropriate. The Bland-Altman analyses to assess the bias between early ROTEM(®) variables and MCF and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were also performed. RESULTS Taking the best and worst correlation coefficients for each assay type, CT (r=0.18-0.49) showed the worst correlation to MCF. In contrast, α-angle (r=0.85-0.88) and CFT (r=0.89-0.92) demonstrated good but non-linear correlation with MCF. The best and linear correlations were found for A5 (r=0.93-0.95), A10 (r=0.96), and A15 (r=0.97-0.98). ROC analyses provided excellent area under the curve (AUC) values for A5, A10, and A15 (AUC=0.962-0.985). CONCLUSIONS Early values of clot firmness allow for fast and reliable prediction of ROTEM(®) MCF in non-cardiac patients with subnormal, normal, and supranormal MCF values and therefore can be used to guide haemostatic therapy in severe bleeding.
Study of advanced rheumatoid arthritis

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatic diseases are considered public health problems affecting millions of people worldwide resulting in high and rising health-care costs. In this work, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy associated to Partial Least Square regression (PLS) analysis was used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from human serum. METHODS: The sera of 94 individuals were collected, which included 47 from rheumatic patients and 47 from healthy individuals. The results from PLS analysis were compared to standard clinical trials such as anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies, C- Reactive protein, and Rheumatoid factor. RESULTS: For clinical diagnosis, the anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies of second generation proved to be the most specific to diagnosis rheumatoid arthritis even after long periods of drug therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The qualitative PLS analysis has shown higher values of IgM of RA group, but the difference was very small. The RA patients were under medication, which interfered with the IgM concentration.
The Viral and Cellular MicroRNA Targetome in Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus linked to a number of B cell cancers and lymphoproliferative disorders. During latent infection, EBV expresses 25 viral pre-microRNAs (miRNAs) and induces the expression of specific host miRNAs, such as miR-155 and miR-21, which potentially play a role in viral oncogenesis. To date, only a limited number of EBV miRNA targets have been identified; thus, the role of EBV miRNAs in viral pathogenesis and/or lymphomagenesis is not well defined. Here, we used photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) combined with deep sequencing and computational analysis to comprehensively examine the viral and cellular miRNA targetome in EBV strain B95-8-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). We identified 7,827 miRNA-interaction sites in 3,492 cellular 3′UTRs. 531 of these sites contained seed matches to viral miRNAs. 24 PAR-CLIP-identified miRNA:3′UTR interactions were confirmed by reporter assays. Our results reveal that EBV miRNAs predominantly target cellular transcripts during latent infection, thereby manipulating the host environment. Furthermore, targets of EBV miRNAs are involved in multiple cellular processes that are directly relevant to viral infection, including innate immunity, cell survival, and cell proliferation. Finally, we present evidence that myc-regulated host miRNAs from the miR-17/92 cluster can regulate latent viral gene expression. This comprehensive survey of the miRNA targetome in EBV-infected B cells represents a key step towards defining the functions of EBV-encoded miRNAs, and potentially, identifying novel therapeutic targets for EBV-associated malignancies.
Cerebral white matter lesions and subjective cognitive dysfunction

Objective: To determine the relationship between cerebral white matter lesions (WML) and subjective cognitive dysfunction. Background: Subjective cognitive dysfunction is present when a person perceives failures of cognitive function. When annoying enough, these failures will be expressed as complaints. Subjective cognitive dysfunction may be a prelude to or coincide with objective cognitive impairment. WML have been related to objective cognitive impairment and dementia, but their relationship with subjective cognitive dysfunction is not clear. Previous population-based studies on the latter relationship have been limited in sample size, recording of subjective cognitive function, and assessment of WML severity. Methods: We randomly sampled 1,049 elderly nondemented participants from the general population. Data on subjective cognitive dysfunction and its progression were derived from a 15-item questionnaire. Objective cognitive performance was assessed using a series of neuropsychological tests. WML were scored on MRI for periventricular and subcortical regions separately. Results: WML were associated with more subjective cognitive failures. WML were more severe for participants reporting progression of these failures compared with participants without these failures, especially within participants with better than average cognitive performance (p = 0.008, for periventricular WML). Participants with severe WML reported progression of cognitive failures more than twice as often than did those with little or no WML. The relationship between the severity of WML and subjective cognitive failures was present for periventricular and subcortical WML. Conclusions: WML are associated with subjective cognitive failures and in particular with reporting progression of these failures, even in the absence of objective cognitive impairment.
Failure classification and analysis of the Java Virtual Machine

This paper presents a failure analysis of the Java Virtual Machine providing useful insights into the nature of reported failures and to improve the understanding of its dependability aspects. Failure data is extracted from publicly available bug databases, where developers and users of Java applications usually submit failures/bugs. Presented results clearly indicate that much more efforts have still to be done in order to improve the dependability of the JVM. In particular, the conducted analysis revealed that i) builtin error detection mechanism are characterized by a low coverage; ii) the JVM does not achieve the same levels of dependability across different platforms iii) developers have to pursue a tradeoff between performance and reliability. Finally, code fragments reproducing failures submitted in bug database are injected into Java Applications. Preliminary results show that often these faults could be removed changing the environment of the JVM.
A Layout-Aware Analysis of Networks-on-Chip and Traditional Interconnects for MPSoCs

The ever-shrinking lithographic technologies available to chip designers enable performance and functionality breakthroughs; yet, they bring new hard problems. For example, multiprocessor systems-on-chip featuring several processing elements can be conceived, but efficiently interconnecting them while keeping the design complexity manageable is a challenge. Traditional buses are easy to deploy, but cannot provide enough bandwidth for such complex systems. A departure from legacy architectures is therefore called for. One radical path is represented by packet-switching networks-on-chip, whereas a more conservative approach interleaves bandwidth-rich components (e.g., crossbars) within the preexisting fabrics. This paper is aimed at analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of these alternative approaches by performing a thorough analysis based on actual chip floorplans after the interconnection place&route stages and after a clock tree has been distributed across the layout. Performance, area, and power results will be discussed while keeping an eye on the scalability prospects in future technology nodes