Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prime Implicates and Prime Implicants in Modal Logic

The purpose of this paper is to extend the notions of prime implicates and prime implicants to the basic modal logic κ. We consider a number of different potential definitions of clauses and terms for κ, which we evaluate with respect to their syntactic, semantic, and complexity-theoretic properties. We then continue our analysis by comparing the definitions with respect to the properties of the notions of prime implicates and prime implicants that they induce. We provide algorithms and complexity results for the prime implicate generation and recognition tasks for the two most satisfactory definitions.
Data Deduplication Mechanism for Cloud Storage Systems

Cloud storage systems are able to provide low-cost and convenient network storage service for users, which makes them more and more popular. However, the storage pressure on cloud storage system caused by the explosive growth of data is growing by the day, especially a vast amount of redundant data waste plenty of storage space. Data deduplication can effectively reduce the size of data by eliminating redundant data in storage systems. However, current researches on data deduplication, which mainly focus on the static scenes such as the backup and archive systems, are not suitable for cloud storage system due to the dynamic nature of data. In this paper, we propose the architecture of deduplication system for cloud storage environment and give the process of avoiding duplication at the file-level and chunk-level on the client side. In the storage nodes (Snodes), DelayDedupe, a delayed target-deduplication scheme based on the chunk-level deduplication and the access frequency of chunks, are proposed to reduce the response time. Combined with replica management, this method determines whether new duplicated chunks for data modification are hot and removes the hot duplicated chucks when they aren't hot. The experiment results demonstrate that the DelayDedupe mechanism can effectively reduce the response time and achieve the storage load of Snodes more balanced.
Characterization of the Asian myopathy patients with VCP mutations

Background and purpose: Mutations in the valosin‐containing protein (VCP) gene are known to cause inclusion body myopathy with Paget’s disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite an increasing number of clinical reports, only one Asian family with IBMPFD has been described.
Interactions of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) with haemagglutinating human enteroviruses: utilizing variation in primate DAF to map virus binding sites.

A cellular receptor for the haemagglutinating enteroviruses (HEV), and the protein that mediates haemagglutination, is the membrane complement regulatory protein decay accelerating factor (DAF; CD55). Although primate DAF is highly conserved, significant differences exist to enable cell lines derived from primates to be utilized for the characterization of the DAF binding phenotype of human enteroviruses. Thus, several distinct DAF-binding phenotypes of a selection of HEVs (viz. coxsackievirus A21 and echoviruses 6, 7, 11-13, 29) were identified from binding and infection assays using a panel of primate cells derived from human, orang-utan, African Green monkey and baboon tissues. These studies complement our recent determination of the crystal structure of SCR(34) of human DAF [Williams, P., Chaudhry, Y. , Goodfellow, I. G. , Billington, J., Powell, R. , Spiller, O. B. , Evans, D. J. & Lea, S. (2003). J Biol Chem 278, 10691-10696] and have enabled us to better map the regions of DAF with which enteroviruses interact and, in certain cases, predict specific virus-receptor contacts.
Inter-rater reliability between nurses for a new paediatric triage system based primarily on vital parameters: the Paediatric Triage Instrument (PETI)

Introduction The major paediatric triage systems are primarily based on flow charts involving signs and symptoms for orientation and subjective estimates of the patient's condition. In contrast, the 4-level Paediatric Triage Instrument (PETI) is primarily based on vital parameters and was developed exclusively for paediatric triage in patients with medical symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess the inter-rater reliability of this triage system in children when used by nurses. Methods A design was employed in which triage was performed simultaneously and independently by a research nurse and an emergency department (ED) nurse using the PETI. All patients aged ≤12 years who presented at the ED with a medical symptom were considered eligible for participation. Results The 89 participants exhibited a median age of 2 years and were triaged by 28 different nurses. The inter-rater reliability between nurses calculated with the quadratic-weighted κ was 0.78 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.89); the linear-weighted κ was 0.67 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.80) and the unweighted κ was 0.59 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.73). For the patients aged <1, 1–3 and >3 years, the quadratic-weighted κ values were 0.67 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.94), 0.86 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.97) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.97), respectively. The median triage duration was 6 min. Conclusions The PETI exhibited substantial reliability when used in children aged ≤12 years and almost perfect reliability among children aged 1–3 years. Moreover, rapid application of the PETI was demonstrated. This study has some limitations, including sample size and generalisability, but the PETI exhibited promise regarding reliability, and the next step could be either a larger reliability study or a validation study.
EyeOpener

Closed eyes and look-aways can ruin precious moments captured in photographs. In this article, we present a new framework for automatically editing eyes in photographs. We leverage a user’s personal photo collection to find a “good” set of reference eyes and transfer them onto a target image. Our example-based editing approach is robust and effective for realistic image editing. A fully automatic pipeline for realistic eye editing is challenging due to the unconstrained conditions under which the face appears in a typical photo collection. We use crowd-sourced human evaluations to understand the aspects of the target-reference image pair that will produce the most realistic results. We subsequently train a model that automatically selects the top-ranked reference candidate(s) by narrowing the gap in terms of pose, local contrast, lighting conditions, and even expressions. Finally, we develop a comprehensive pipeline of three-dimensional face estimation, image warping, relighting, image harmonization, automatic segmentation, and image compositing in order to achieve highly believable results. We evaluate the performance of our method via quantitative and crowd-sourced experiments.
An investigation into the behaviors of high school leaders: Gender and its relationship to leader orientations to persons and systems

"The purpose of this research was to determine if principals' behaviors or actions related to a systems orientation or person orientation as defined by the trait approach to leadership theory. Also important to the study was to determine if teachers' perceptions of principal leadership behaviors were gender specific,i.e., to determine if subordinates (i.e. teachers) perceived male and female principals differently, as well as to determine if those perceptions differ according to subordinate gender (i.e. do male and female teachers view male and female principals differently? ). Data were gathered from a school district in the southeastern United States. Approximately 300 teachers from eleven traditional high schools were surveyed using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) based on the work of Ralph Stogdill and the Ohio State University Leadership Studies. The survey was uploaded and administered as a web based survey, with respondents contacted through email. The evidence from the study shows that there was no statistical difference in the leadership styles of mid level and high performing men and women principals as reported by teachers. However, male principals were reported more often to be in the lower performing quadrants (Structured or Passive Leaders)than women leaders. Female principals were reported as being more attentive to systems and person orientations than their male counterparts. Data gathered outside of the LBDQ provided evidence that women and men teachers both report being more satisfied with female principals than with male principals, as indicated by responses to the question of "do you feel your principal is effective? " "--Abstract from author supplied metadata.
Microstructural Analysis and Rheological Modeling of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Asphalt Materials

The use of recycled materials in pavement construction has seen, over the years, a significant increase closely associated with substantial economic and environmental benefits. During the past decades, many transportation agencies have evaluated the effect of adding Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), and, more recently, Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) on the performance of asphalt pavement, while limits were proposed on the amount of recycled materials which can be used. In this paper, the effect of adding RAP and RAS on the microstructural and low temperature properties of asphalt mixtures is investigated using digital image processing (DIP) and modeling of rheological data obtained with the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). Detailed information on the internal microstructure of asphalt mixtures is acquired based on digital images of small beam specimens and numerical estimations of spatial correlation functions. It is found that RAP increases the autocorrelation length (ACL) of the spatial distribution of aggregates, asphalt mastic and air voids phases, while an opposite trend is observed when RAS is included. Analogical and semi empirical models are used to back-calculate binder creep stiffness from mixture experimental data. Differences between back-calculated results and experimental data suggest limited or partial blending between new and aged binder.
Attitudes toward Science among School Students of Different Nations: A Review Study.

This review examines the effects of nationality on attitudes of students to study science. It compares data from many countries published in refereed research journals, research reports, book chapters, and conference papers. The main aim is to identify the commonalities and variations in the students’ attitudes with particular focus on students from developing and developed countries. The search of bibliographical databases yielded a lot of researches. After title and abstract screening and after eliminating duplicates and applying inclusion criteria, this search ended up to include 15. Findings make it clear that students in different parts of the world develop differing attitudes toward science. It is observed that students are positive internationally; however, students in developing countries are more positive than the students in rich and developed countries, especially in Japan and Korea. Biology is most favourite, particularly of girls, whereas boys favour physics. It is also felt that comparing available attitude data is not simple and must be done with caution.
Comparison of Systemic Cytokine Levels in Mycobacterium spp. Seropositive and Seronegative Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)

Abstract Mycobacterium spp. infection is an important health concern for Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) populations worldwide. The disease is of particular concern considering its potential to affect not only the individual animal but also herd and public health. Although elephant tuberculosis susceptibility is poorly understood, immune function alterations are central to disease pathogenesis in other species and probably affect outcome of mycobacterial infections in elephants. Measurement of immune mediator (cytokine) levels within blood samples can provide information regarding immune function that may elucidate disease susceptibility. For this study, mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12; interferon (IFN)-γ; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were measured using elephant-specific, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays in RNA-preserved whole blood samples from 106 Asian elephants, 15% of which were Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex seropositive. The Elephant TB STAT-PAK® (Chembio Diagnostics, Inc., Medford, New York 11763, USA), a novel lateral flow antibody detection assay developed for specific use in elephants, was used to determine serologic status for the study. Seropositive animals had higher levels of TNF-α and lower levels of TGF-β than seronegative animals; these differences between groups were statistically significant when levels were analyzed as categorical variables. Trends toward higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 and slightly lower levels of IL-10 and IL-12 were noted in the seropositive group, although differences between groups were not statistically significant. Presence of other inflammatory conditions was found to be a significant confounding variable in the analysis of the relationship between tuberculosis status and TNF-α levels, necessitating its inclusion in statistical models. Age and sex were not found to significantly affect the relationship between tuberculosis status and any of the cytokines measured. Interleukin-2 levels were below the sensitivity of the real-time RT-PCR assay irrespective of tuberculosis status. These findings provide a foundation for future research into the immunopathogenesis of elephant tuberculosis.
Effects of lung volume on diaphragm EMG signal strength during voluntary contractions.

The use of esophageal recordings of the diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) signal strength to evaluate diaphragm activation during voluntary contractions in humans has recently been criticized because of a possible artifact created by changes in lung volume. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is an artifactual influence of lung volume on the strength of the diaphragm EMG during voluntary contractions. The second aim was to measure the required changes in activation for changes in lung volume at a given tension, i.e., the volume-activation relationship of the diaphragm. Healthy subjects (n = 6) performed contractions of the diaphragm at different transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) targets (range 20-160 cmH2O) while maintaining chest wall configuration constant at different lung volumes. The diaphragm EMG was recorded with a multiple-array esophageal electrode, with control of signal contamination and electrode positioning. The effects of lung volume on the EMG were studied by comparing the crural diaphragm EMG root mean square (RMS), an index of crural diaphragm activation, with an index of global diaphragm activation obtained by normalizing Pdi to the maximum Pdi at the given muscle length (Pdi/Pdimax@L) at the different lung volumes. We observed a direct relationship between RMS and Pdi/Pdimax@L independent of diaphragm length. The volume-activation relationship of the diaphragm was equally affected by changes in lung volume as the volume-Pdi relationship (60% change from functional residual capacity to total lung capacity). We conclude that the RMS of the diaphragm EMG is not artifactually influenced by lung volume and can be used as a reliable index of diaphragm activation. The volume-activation relationship can be used to infer changes in the length-tension relationship of the diaphragm at submaximal activation/contraction levels.
3,3′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(6-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine) monohydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C20H24N2O4·H2O, contains one half-organic molecule (an inversion centre generates the other half of the molecule) and a half-molecule of water (the O atom has site symmetry 2). The near planarity of the fused-benzene ring is illustrated by the very small deviations of all the atoms from the plane [largest deviation = 0.0092 (11) Å. The six-membered N,O-containing ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The observed N—CH2 and CH2—O bond lengths can be correlated to the manifestation of an anomeric effect in the N—CH2—O unit. In the crystal, the molecules are connected into zigzag chains parallel to [001] through O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds formed between the oxazinic N atom and the solvent water molecule. The chains are consolidated by C—H⋯O interactions.
A comparison between fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy GRA for the vertical handover decision making

Among the infinite issues in the world of internet, the vertical handover (VH) is one of the most important, in fact, the number of internet users is exponentially growing, and such fast that it has reached multi-millions of people these last two decades, moreover, users are willing to connect wirelessly anytime and anywhere, to the best available technology, under the Always Best Connected (ABC) paradigm. this provokes Vertical Handovers (VHs) to happen, the VH is the changing of the wireless access technology (Ex: from Wi-Fi to 4G), unlike the horizontal handover, which means changing the base station or access point, while staying within the same wireless technology. Thus, the VH process needs to be improved, especially the decision phase, which is the most crucial, while the sensors and antennas' technologies are developing very fast, to collect more efficient metrics, to make more precise decisions anytime. To deal with VH decision making problems, different theories have been used, like utility function, fuzzy theory, neural networks, artificial intelligence, and Multi-Attributes Decision Making (MADM). Naturally, MADM methods are the most suitable for this kind of decision making issues, moreover, these algorithms are relatively simple to implement, and are executing fast enough, to ensure a “seamless” handover, without the session breaking. In this paper, we present a comparison study of two hybrid methods, which are the results of the combination of the fuzzy logic and two MADM methods, the hybrid methods are named the Fuzzy Technique for Order Preferences by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) and the Fuzzy Gray Relational Analysis (FGRA). These methods are compared to see which one is relatively the best in the context of VH decision making problem, which is the network selection.
Behavior and personality : psychological behaviorism

In this capstone work, Arthur Staats synthesises more than four decades of research, theory, and study into a new generation of behaviourism that offers insights and future directions for researchers, professionals, and students. Staats's unified theory of psychological behaviourism builds on current theories in child development, personality, psychological measurement, and abnormal behaviour. His theoretical model provides new ways to consider human behaviour as a whole that will have implications for research, theory, and practice.
Systematic Testing for Detecting Concurrency Errors in Erlang Programs

We present the techniques used in Concuerror, a systematic testing tool able to find and reproduce a wide class of concurrency errors in Erlang programs. We describe how we take advantage of the characteristics of Erlang's actor model of concurrency to selectively instrument the program under test and how we subsequently employ a stateless search strategy to systematically explore the state space of process interleaving sequences triggered by unit tests. To ameliorate the problem of combinatorial explosion, we propose a novel technique for avoiding process blocks and describe how we can effectively combine it with preemption bounding, a heuristic algorithm for reducing the number of explored interleaving sequences. We also briefly discuss issues related to soundness, completeness and effectiveness of techniques used by Concuerror.
Addressing Nature Deficit Disorder Through Primitive Camping Experiences

Today's youth suffer from Nature Deficit Disorder, a condition that has been connected to ADHD, shortage of creativity, and general lack of knowledge about the outdoors. A team of educators and specialists are addressing this issue with primitive camping. County educators were trained using experiential learning and train-the-trainer techniques. Through these methods, educators are now confident about teaching and leading primitive camping experiences. The ultimate result from the project is 4-H educators taking more youth camping and getting them out-of-doors. Primitive camping experiences can help youth overcome Nature Deficit Disorder and its associated symptoms.
Variation in nucleotide sequences coding for the N-terminal regions of the matrix and nonstructural proteins of influenza A viruses

Nucleotide sequences have been determined for complementary DNA transcribed from the 3' ends of RNA segments 7 (matrix gene) and 8 (nonstructural gene) from a number of human influenza A viruses isolated over a period of 43 years and representing H0N1, H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 subtypes. The pattern of nucleotide variation in both genes suggests that RNA segments 7 and 8 were conserved during the reassortment events which were responsible for the antigenic shifts H1N1 leads to H2N2 and H2N2 leads to H3N2. During the 23-year period between the isolation of A/PR/8/34(H0N1) and A/RI/5-/57(H2N2), substitutions have occurred at 7 of 230 nucleotides in RNA segment 7 and 13 of 220 nucleotides in RNA segment 8, and in 20 years A/RI/5-/57(H2N2) to A/Canberra Grammar/77(H3N2) substitutions have occurred at 5 of 230 nucleotides in RNA segment 7 and 12 of 220 nucleotides in RNA segment 8. These give rise to 2 of 67, 5 of 64, 1 of 67, and 5 of 64 amino acid changes, respectively. The number of nucleotide and amino acid changes observed is of the same order of magnitude as that which occurs over a comparable period of drift in RNA segments 4 and 6, which code for the variable antigenic determinants hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
Cultural psychology: Cultural psychology – what is it?

A discipline is emerging called “cultural psychology. ” It is not general psychology. It is not cross-cultural psychology. It is not psychological anthropology. It is not ethnopsychology. It is cultural psychology. And its time may have arrived, once again. While the authors in this volume were never asked to define or explicitly address the idea of a cultural psychology, several of the chapters turned out to be examples of it. They inspired this essay – which is a preliminary attempt to say, taxonomically and narratively, and briefly – what the discipline of cultural psychology was, is, and ought to be about. Ultimately it is a story of cyclical return. In the short run, however, the essay is a story of one of the pitfalls of the “cognitive revolution” of the 1960s, the failure of the cognitive revolution to develop an adequate theory of the “person,” because of the prevailing Platonism implicit in its scientific agenda. The essay is also a scouting expedition across the boundaries of some very treacherous disciplinary territories in the search to recover an important interdisciplinary identity. Cultural psychology is the study of the way cultural traditions and social practices regulate, express, transform, and permute the human psyche, resulting less in psychic unity for humankind than in ethnic divergences in mind, self, and emotion. Cultural psychology is the study of the ways subject and object, self and other, psyche and culture, person and context, figure and ground, practitioner and practice live together, require each other, and dynamically, dialectically, and jointly make each other up.