Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role Of Empathy In Hindsight Bias

Hindsight bias has been operationally defined as “. the tendency for people with outcome knowledge (hindsight) to believe falsely that they would have predicted the reported outcome of an event” (Hawkins and Hastie, 1990, pg. 311). The role of empathy in hindsight bias has not received systematic attention. Previous research has shown that giving participants prevention information increased hindsight bias (Kubany, 2005). Thus, the current study hypothesized that hindsight participants placed in empathic situations should show greater probability judgments for the outcome than hindsight participants in no empathic conditions, and both should be greater than participants in foresight conditions. Participants were 166 male and female college students recruited from Introductory Psychology classes at a Midwestern university. For the current study, the empathy manipulation did not produce significant results. This could be due to the story content, the empathy induction method, or the time of the empathy assessment. Overall, no effect for hindsight bias was demonstrated. The empathy manipulation was not shown to be effective nor did the prevention information appear to increase levels of Hindsight Bias/Responsibility. These results, which contradict previous research, indicate need for further exploration of hindsight bias, which could impact therapist effectiveness and the symptom severity of mental health diagnoses.
Comparison of ramosetron's and ondansetron's preventive anti-emetic effects in highly susceptible patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy

Background This study compared the preventive effects of ramosetron and ondansetron on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in highly susceptible patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Methods In a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study, a total of 120 highly susceptible women (nonsmokers, those receiving opioid-based IV patient-controlled analgesia [PCA]) undergoing abdominal hysterectomy were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups and each group received either 0.3 mg of ramosetron or 4 mg of ondansetron, IV. All patients received fentanyl-based IV PCA during the 48 h postoperative periods. The incidences of PONV and side effects of 5-HT3 antagonists (headache and dizziness) were assessed at 3 intervals (<2 h, 2-24 h and 24-48 h) postoperatively. Results Patients in the ramosetron group showed a significantly higher ratio of complete response and lower incidence of nausea during the 24-48 h interval after surgery compared with those the ondansetron group. Conclusions Ramosetron (0.3 mg) is more effective in preventing delayed PONV in highly susceptible women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy compared with ondansetron (4 mg).
The Fair Division of a Fixed Supply Among a Growing Population

We reconsider the traditional problem of fair division. Division principles should be general enough to accommodate changes in what is to be divided as well as variations in the number of agents among whom the division is to take place. In the usual treatment of the question, this number is assumed to be fixed. Here, we explicitly allow it to vary.Agents are assumed to have von Neumann--Morgenstern utility functions and division problems are defined as subsets of the utility space. Our approach is axiomatic. Apart from the familiar axioms of Pareto-optimality, scale invariance, continuity and anonymity, we formulate and impose an axiom of monotonicity with respect to changes in the number of agents , stating that if sacrifices have to be made to support an additional agent, then everybody should contribute. There is a unique division principle that satisfies them all: it is the natural extension to the n -person case of the two-person solution proposed by Kalai and Smorodinsky.
A General Approach to Measuring Test-Taking Effort on Computer-Based Tests

ABSTRACT There has been an increased interest in the impact of unmotivated test taking on test performance and score validity. This has led to the development of new ways of measuring test-taking effort based on item response time. In particular, Response Time Effort (RTE) has been shown to provide an assessment of effort down to the level of individual item responses. A limitation of RTE, however, is that it is intended for use with selected response items that must be answered before a test taker can move on to the next item. The current study outlines a general process for measuring item-level effort that can be applied to an expanded set of item types and test-taking behaviors (such as omitted or constructed responses). This process, which is illustrated with data from a large-scale assessment program, should improve our ability to detect non-effortful test taking and perform individual score validation.
Radiosensitization and DNA repair inhibition by the combined use of novel inhibitors of DNA-dependent protein kinase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1.

The DNA repair enzymes, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), are key determinants of radio- and chemo-resistance. We have developed and evaluated novel specific inhibitors of DNA-PK (NU7026) and PARP-1 (AG14361) for use in anticancer therapy. PARP-1- and DNA-PK-deficient cell lines were 4-fold more sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR) alone, and showed reduced potentially lethal damage recovery (PLDR) in G(0) cells, compared with their proficient counterparts. NU7026 (10 micro M) potentiated IR cytotoxicity [potentiation factor at 90% cell kill (PF(90)) = 1.51 +/- 0.04] in exponentially growing DNA-PK proficient but not deficient cells. Similarly, AG14361 (0.4 micro M) potentiated IR in PARP-1(+/+) (PF(90) = 1.37 +/- 0.03) but not PARP-1(-/-) cells. When NU7026 and AG14361 were used in combination, their potentiating effects were additive (e.g., PF(90) = 2.81 +/- 0.19 in PARP-1(+/+) cells). Both inhibitors alone reduced PLDR approximately 3-fold in the proficient cell lines. Furthermore, the inhibitor combination completely abolished PLDR. IR-induced DNA double strand break (DNA DSB) repair was inhibited by both NU7026 and AG14361, and use of the inhibitor combination prevented 90% of DNA DSB rejoining, even 24-h postirradiation. Thus, there was a correlation between the ability of the inhibitors to prevent IR-induced DNA DSB repair and their ability to potentiate cytotoxicity. Thus, individually, or in combination, the DNA-PK and PARP-1 inhibitors act as potent radiosensitizers and show potential as tools for anticancer therapeutic intervention.
Gene Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis Using Interferon β-Secreting Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Interferon-beta (IFN-β), a well-established standard treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), has proved to exhibit clinical efficacy. In this study, we first evaluated the therapeutic effects for MS using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) as delivery vehicles with lesion-targeting capability and IFN-β as therapeutic gene. We also engineered hBM-MSCs to secret IFN-β (MSCs-IFNβ) via adenoviral transduction and confirmed the secretory capacity of MSCs-IFNβ by an ELISA assay. MSCs-IFNβ-treated mice showed inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) onset, and the maximum and average score for all animals in each group was significantly lower in the MSCs-IFNβ-treated EAE mice when compared with the MSCs-GFP-treated EAE mice. Inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in the lumbar spinal cord also significantly decreased in the MSCs-IFNβ-treated EAE mice compared to PBS- or MSCs-GFP-treated EAE mice. Moreover, MSCs-IFNβ treatment enhanced the immunomodulatory effects, which suppressed proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and conversely increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Importantly, injected MSCs-IFNβ migrated into inflamed CNS and significantly reduced further injury of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in EAE mice. Thus, our results provide the rationale for designing novel experimental protocols to enhance the therapeutic effects for MS using hBM-MSCs as an effective gene vehicle to deliver the therapeutic cytokines.
Noncommutative Riesz transforms -- a probabilistic approach

For $2\le p<\infty$ we show the lower estimates \[ \|A^{\frac 12}x\|_p \kl c(p)\max\{\pl \|\Gamma(x,x)^{{1/2}}\|_p,\pl \|\Gamma(x^*,x^*)^{{1/2}}\|_p\} \] for the Riesz transform associated to a semigroup $(T_t)$ of completely positive maps on a von Neumann algebra with negative generator $T_t=e^{-tA}$, and gradient form \[ 2\Gamma(x,y)\lel Ax^*y+x^*Ay-A(x^*y)\pl . \] As additional hypothesis we assume that $\Gamma^2\gl 0$ and the existence of a Markov dilation for $(T_t)$. We give applications to quantum metric spaces and show the equivalence of semigroup Hardy norms and martingale Hardy norms derived from the Markov dilation. In the limiting case we obtain a viable definition of BMO spaces for general semigroups of completely positive maps which can be used as an endpoint for interpolation. For torsion free ordered groups we construct a connection between Riesz transforms and the Hilbert transform induced by the order.
Role of Innovativeness of Consumer in Relationship between Perceived Attributes of New Products and Intention to Adopt

According to the literature, the two key factors that govern consumers’ adoption of innovative products are perceived product attributes and consumer traits. An IT product, iPad, is considered in a case study of how consumer innovativeness and new product attributes affect consumers’ intentions to adopt. The investigation also discusses the effect of consumer innovativeness on the relationship between new product attributes and adoption intentions. Consumer innovativeness and perceived new product attributes are found to influence the adoption of new products, and consumer innovativeness is found moderately to affect the relationships between perceived new production attributes and consumers’ adoption intentions.
Romantic Satisfaction in Young Adults as a Function of Sexual Debut

Our primary goal was to examine associations between sexual debut (i.e., timing of first sexual intercourse) and romantic relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction within a relationship. A secondary goal was to compare these associations across biological sex and relationship status (currently in a relationship or reflecting on a previous relationship). We also examined whether sexual debut was related to the duration of a failed relationship. Undergraduate men and women who were currently in or had been in a physically intimate romantic relationship rated relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction in their current or most recent relationship. Young adults who waited more than 2 months to have sexual intercourse reported higher relationship satisfaction than those who had sex earlier (p = .011, ηp = .03). However, no significant association was observed between sexual debut and sexual satisfaction (p = .123, ηp = .01). Further, sexual debut predicted the timing of relationship dissolution: Young adults who had sexual intercourse after 2 months reported longer relationships than those who had sex earlier (p = .006, ηp = .10). These patterns of results were comparable for men and women and across different forms of intercourse (oral or vaginal/anal). Our data support the sexual restraint theory (Busby, Carroll, & Willoughby, 2010), which claims that delaying sexual intercourse is associated with greater relationship satisfaction and success. https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN22. 2.121
Nonsymmetric Lorenz Attractors from a Homoclinic Bifurcation

We consider a bifurcation of a flow in three dimensions from a double homoclinic connection to a fixed point satisfying a resonance condition between the eigenvalues. For correctly chosen parameters in the unfolding, we prove that there is a transitive attractor of Lorenz type. In particular we show the existence of a bifurcation to an attractor of Lorenz type which is semiorientable, i.e., orientable on one half and nonorientable on the other half. We do not assume any symmetry condition, so we need to discuss nonsymmetric one-dimensional Poincare maps with one discontinuity and absolute value of the derivative always greater than one. We also apply these results to a specific set of degree four polynomial differential equations. The results do not apply to the actual Lorenz equations because they do not have enough parameters to adjust to make them satisfy the hypothesis.
Evaluating sanitization of toothbrushes using ultra violet rays and 0.2% chlorhexidine solution: A comparative clinical study

Background: Toothbrushes may play a significant role in plaque control. Toothbrushes should be correctly stored, disinfected and changed at regular intervals. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate solution and ultra violet (UV) toothbrush-sanitizer for toothbrush disinfection. Materials and Methods: Fresh tooth brushes were distributed to fifteen study subjects, who were selected randomly and who met the study criteria. All the study participants were asked to brush their teeth with the tooth brush provided. No special instructions were given regarding the brushing techniques. Toothbrushes were collected after 7 days. All tooth brushes were randomly allocated to three groups. Tooth brushes were subjected to microbial analysis and total bacterial count was assessed. Tooth brushes allocated to Group I were soaked in 2% CHX mouthwash for 12 h, Group II were kept in UV-light toothbrush holder for 7 min, and Group III were soaked in normal saline for 12 h. All the toothbrushes were subjected for microbial analysis and mean bacterial count was determined. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between mean colony-forming unit count pre-sanitization and post-sanitization in all the groups, using 0.2% CHX gluconate, UV rays and normal saline (P < 0.007). However, the mean bacterial count reduced drastically after the treatment with UV rays (P = 0.001). Conclusions: CHX, UV rays and normal saline are effective in a reduction of bacterial count on toothbrushes. UV rays treatment was more effective, when compared to CHX and normal saline.
The Experience of Villagisation : Lessons from Ethiopia , Mozambique , and Tanzania

This report evaluates the process of villagisation in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Tanzania and draws out issues from the experience of these three countries that are relevant to Rwanda or any other country considering or implementing a villagisation policy today. The report shows that villagisation is much more complicated than a simply physical process of shifting people. Its rationale may be social, political, environmental, agricultural, militaristic, administrative, or a mix of several of these. The motivations for and methods of villagisation have differed between countries; likewise, the implementation and the experience of those villagised have differed considerably within countries. Yet there are some overarching lessons to be learned from the experience of villagisation in these three countries, in particular the possible consequences of villagisation if it is implemented in certain ways. Heeding these lessons may help other countries to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past and, if villagisation is deemed the best way forward, to pursue it in a more informed and hopefully more successful manner.
How to add to knowledge

Research is considered beneficial when it addresses an issue of significance or adds to the existing body of knowledge in a field. Most respected journals use these criteria to judge the publishability of research articles. But how does one add to knowledge and how can research be conducted in such a way that it contributes to the field? The ability to identify and articulate ways in which a study contributes to our understanding of a discipline is an essential skill that any researcher should master. It helps justify the need for a study as well as highlight the significance of its findings. There are several ways that a study can add to knowledge. In what follows, I briefly discuss some of these and then demonstrate how each of the five studies published in this issue of Language Teaching Research has achieved this goal. In one example, a study can add to knowledge by addressing a gap in the literature. Inherent to any good study is the identification of a research gap. This can be achieved by a systematic review of the literature to identify an area that has not been addressed. This does not require a completely new topic. A quick search on any topic may reveal many studies already conducted in a given area. But within that domain, there might be issues that need further investigation. For instance, previous research may have examined the effect of a particular type of instruction on learning by adults but not by children. A gap exists that can be filled by conducting a study with children. Of course, we add significantly to knowledge by conducting research that is groundbreaking or explores a completely new area. Such research can lead to new developments or ideas that have not been proposed before. It can also serve as a model or guide for future investigations. Another way of adding to existing knowledge is by utilizing a new methodology to study a previously addressed issue. Improving on a previous research design can enhance its validity or reliability. For example, if a study has used only quantitative measures to assess the impact of a particular variable, a new study can use an approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative measures. Called a mixed methods design, this approach can significantly improve our understanding by providing and integrating multiple sources of data. A study can also contribute to knowledge by adopting a different
On Performance Measurement of Cricketers and Selecting an Optimum Balanced Team

A cricket squad that participates in a tournament generally comprises of fifteen players. A balanced squad contains players having different expertise like batting, bowling, wicket keeping, etc. Keeping in view the cricketing requirements, selecting an optimal squad is a difficult decision-making problem. In order to attain that, the study proposes a composite index to measure the performance of cricketers irrespective of their expertise. Then using a binary (0-1) integer programming method a balanced squad of 15 players is selected. To apply the tool to practice, optimum balanced squads are selected from amongst the Indian players who participated in the Indian Premier League (IPL), based on the proposed performance measure for different seasons. The team so selected is compared to the actual Indian team selected for the International Cricket Council (ICC) Twenty20 World Cups following the IPLs in the year 2009, 2010 and 2012. It is seen that the actual Indian team is not much variant to the optimal squad of ICC Twenty20 World Cup 2012 but things are different during the years 2009 and 2010. The optimization technique discussed in this study can be helpful for the balanced team selection of other team sports as well.
Fast cross-validation via sequential testing

With the increasing size of today's data sets, nding the right parameter configuration in model selection via cross-validation can be an extremely time-consuming task. In this paper we propose an improved cross-validation procedure which uses nonparametric testing coupled with sequential analysis to determine the best parameter set on linearly increasing subsets of the data. By eliminating underperforming candidates quickly and keeping promising candidates as long as possible, the method speeds up the computation while preserving the power of the full cross-validation. Theoretical considerations underline the statistical power of our procedure. The experimental evaluation shows that our method reduces the computation time by a factor of up to 120 compared to a full cross-validation with a negligible impact on the accuracy.
Exploring the Experiences of Special Educators Following the Joplin Tornado.

On May 22, 2011, an EF5 tornado ripped through Joplin, MO, leaving many residents without homes and destroying or damaging several school buildings. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how special education teachers responded to the needs of their students with disabilities following the Joplin tornado. Purposeful sampling was used to select three participants who were special education teachers working in schools that were damaged or destroyed by the tornado. The researcher used semi-structured interviews to collect data that was then coded to identify categorical themes. The results showed the types of challenges experienced by special educators and their students, following the tornado, and the supports that were provided to help mitigate those needs. Exploring the Experiences of Special Educators Following the Joplin Tornado On May 22, 2011, the city of Joplin, Missouri experienced the destructive effects of a natural disaster when an EF5 tornado ripped through the town. The tornado is considered one of the costliest and deadliest tornados in U.S. history (National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, 2011). The tornado injured thousands, killed 162 people, and “destroyed or damaged 10 Joplin School District buildings, displacing thousands of students” (Kennedy, 2011; Ryan, 2011). The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how special educators responded to the needs of students with disabilities following this devastating natural disaster. By investigating the experiences of special educators in Joplin following the tornado, the hope was to gain a better understanding of the challenges teachers face when their students are experiencing loss and trauma. A primary goal was to learn more about the kinds of supports special educators provided students with disabilities who were coping with the stresses caused by a traumatic event. As a result, the study sought to discover some basic principles of how to best support teachers and students affected by traumatic events. The following primary research questions were explored: What were the experiences of special educators working in schools affected by the Joplin tornado? According to special education teachers, what were the challenges that students with disabilities faced after the Joplin tornado? What kinds of supports did special educators provide students with disabilities after the Joplin tornado? Conceptual Framework
EXTRACTING MICROSCOPIC PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS FROM VIDEO DATA : RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTO PEDESTRIAN WALKING BEHAVIOR

This paper discusses an approach to extract individual pedestrian data from digital video footage. In this specific case, the footage was collected during a large scale walking experiment performed at the Delft University of Technology. A group of approximately 80 pedestrians conducted different tests, while being observed using a video camera mounted at the ceiling of the hall. In the first phase of the pedestrian tracking process, different image processing operations, such as radiometric correction and correction for lens distortion are applied. Next, the pedestrians are detected by identifying the special colored caps the pedestrians were wearing during the experiment. This detection occurs in a special zone where conditions are such that pedestrian detection is optimal. Next pedestrian tracking is achieved by application of a newly developed tracking technique. This is achieved by minimizing the so-called merit-function. A Kalman filter is applied to reduce the errors made during tracking. The paper concludes by showing some of the tracking results, and accuracy estimates. It turns out that the pedestrian trajectories can be determined with high accuracy. Also, some interesting findings pertaining to the behavior of pedestrians are reported