Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of dust deposition and river discharges on trace metal composition of Trichodesmium spp. in the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean

We present the elemental composition (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, Zn, and P) of field‐collected Trichodesmium populations. To distinguish the effects of river discharges (Amazon and Niger Rivers) and Saharan dust deposition on metal concentrations in the colonies, samples were collected both in the western (February 2001, July‐August 2001, and April‐May 2003) and eastern (May‐June 2003) basins of the North Atlantic. Metal composition (medians normalized to P) in Trichodesmium ranged from 0.011 mmol mol−1 for Co to 39 mmol mol−1 for Fe and varied over an order of magnitude among different locations. A comparison of metal ratios measured in the Trichodesmium colonies with ratios reported for the potential sources suggests that the most important sources of trace metals to the tropical and subtropical Atlantic during our sampling were the Amazon and Niger Rivers, rather than dust deposition from the Sahara.
Fiduciary finance ≠ stakeholder management: a reply to Cadman's governance theory

This article deals with the question of the integration of climate-change concern in the investment industry. The article is motivated by the prevailing institutional approach to understanding organizational governance set out in Tim Cadman (2011) [Evaluating the governance of responsible investment institutions: an environmental and social perspective. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment 1, no. 1: 20–9]. A case is used to illustrate problems with the framework that has been put forward. The analytical approach draws on critical discourse and visual semiotics methods, and interview research. Attention is directed to the ways in which text and illustration, in combination, are read. Used for this purpose is material bearing on the involvement or otherwise of the funds management sector in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change policy regime. The examined material, it is argued, reinforces imagined levels of prosperity through business activity, while assuming away any need to downscale that activity. Maintenance of the policy regime is not the central issue here: what is at stake is human communities and ecological systems. The governance framework put forward by Cadman can be considered in that light.
Fishermen Willingness to Participate in an Insurance Program in Oman

This study is based on a survey of 210 fishermen in Oman to investigate their willingness to pay (WTP) for and enroll in an insurance scheme. The survey was designed to evaluate fishermen's willingness to adopt a safety measures program. Most fishermen showed a low level of prudence except for community controlled measures. Actually, 82% of fishermen fish in groups rather than individually, 98% inform their families about the site where they are going to fish, and 76% listen to the weather forecast before leaving. A linear and a Logit model were used in this study. Results from the linear model show that virtually all the socioeconomic, boat characteristics, attitudinal, and wealth variables are important in explaining the amount of the insurance premium the fishermen are willing to pay for; however, only a few variables were significant in the Logit model. Overall, 52% of the respondents indicated WTP for insurance, which is a clear indication that the demand for insurance is substantial. The estimated annual insurance premium varies between Rials Omani (RO) 23.13 and RO 29.25, depending on whether it is a voluntary or legally required. WTP is estimated at RO 18.7.
Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Is Required for Microcystin-induced Apoptosis*

The potent natural toxins microcystin, nodularin, and okadaic acid act rapidly to induce apoptotic cell death. Here we show that the apoptosis correlates with protein phosphorylation events and can be blocked by protein kinase inhibitors directed against the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). The inhibitors used comprised a battery of cell-permeable protein kinase antagonists and CaMKII-directed peptide inhibitors introduced by microinjection or enforced expression. Furthermore, apoptosis could be induced by enforced expression of active forms of CaMKII but not with inactive CaMKII. It is concluded that the apoptogenic toxins, presumably through their known ability to inhibit serine/threonine protein phosphatases, can cause CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation events leading to cell death.
Photosynthetic acclimation to light changes in tropical monsoon forest woody species differing in adult stature.

We studied morphological and physiological leaf and whole-plant features of seedlings of six late-successional woody species common in the Xishuangbanna lowland rain forest in southwest China. Study species differed in adult stature and shade tolerance and included the shrubs Lasianthus attenuatus Jack and Lasianthus hookeri C.B. Clarke ex Hook. f. ; the sub-canopy species Barringtonia macrostachya (Jack) Kurz and Linociera insignis C.B. Clarke; the canopy tree Pometia tomentosa (Blume) Teijsm. & Binn. ; and the emergent species Shorea chinensis (Wang Hsie) H. Zhu. After 1 year of growth in low light (4.5% full sun), seedlings were transferred to high light (24.5% full sun) to investigate acclimation responses of existing leaves to forest gap opening and to determine whether seedling capacity for acclimation is a limiting factor in its natural regeneration. Leaves of the shrub species are shade-adapted, as indicated by their low photosynthetic capacity, efficiency in using sunflecks, low stomatal density, low Chl a/b ratio and high spongy/palisade mesophyll ratio. The shrub species utilized sunflecks efficiently because they had a short photosynthetic induction time and low induction loss. In all species, transfer of seedlings to high light resulted in a substantial initial reduction in the dark-adapted quantum yield of photosystem II (variable chlorophyll fluorescence/maximum chlorophyll fluorescence; Fv/Fm) at midday. Predawn Fv/Fm of the taller species did not change greatly, but predawn Fv/Fm of the shrub species decreased significantly without complete recovery within 25 days of transfer to high light, indicating chronic photoinhibition and damage to the previously shade-adapted leaves. Maximum net photosynthetic rate and dark respiration of the four taller species increased considerably after transfer to high light, but not in the shrub species. Similar trends were observed for the number of newly formed leaves and relative height growth rate. We conclude that the shrubs L. hookeri and L. attenuatus have limited potential for developmental and physiological acclimation to high light, which explains their absence from forest gaps. Compared with the shrub species, the taller tree species, which are more likely to experience high light during their life span, showed a greater potential for light acclimation. Physiological differences among the four tree species were not consistent with differences in adult stature.
Knowledge Conversion in GSS-Aided Virtual Teams: An Empirical Study

The functionalities of collaboration technologies (CT) help shape the nature of group interaction in virtual teams. This paper builds on Nonaka 's theory of organizational knowledge creation, and related research, to present and test a research model that focuses on knowledge conversion in CT-supported group work. The model is validated through a laboratory experiment that involved 44 teams of geographically dispersed members. Three levels of technology support were tested. The results demonstrate that the level of technology support impacts knowledge conversion, which influences the teams' shared understanding. Implications for research and practice are highlighted.
Efficacy of implantable loop recorders in establishing symptom-rhythm correlation in young patients with syncope and palpitations.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy of the recently introduced implantable loop recorder (ILR) in establishing symptom-rhythm correlation in young patients with syncope, near syncope, palpitations, and acute life-threatening events (ALTEs). METHODS A retrospective study was conducted with patients with ILR from 3 pediatric centers. Inclusion criteria were age <or=25 years and a minimum follow-up of 1 month. All ILR-stored events were analyzed regularly for the presence or absence of an arrhythmia at the time of the symptomatic event. RESULTS Twenty-one patients (12 male, 9 female) with an average age of 12.3 +/- 5.3 years (range: 0.8-22 years) were included in the study. Five (24%) patients had structural heart disease, 2 (10%) had a family history of sudden cardiac death, 3 (14%) had QT prolongation on electrocardiogram, and 11 had no cardiovascular disease. Indications for ILR were recurrent syncope and near syncope (n = 15), palpitations (n = 2), and ALTE (n = 2). Fourteen (67%) patients continued to have symptoms, and 7 (33%) had no symptoms after ILR over a follow-up period of 8.4 +/- 4.7 months (range: 1.9-16 months). Symptom-rhythm correlation was possible in all 14 patients who continued to have symptoms (supraventricular tachycardia in 4, ventricular tachycardia in 2, torsades de points in 1, asystole in 1, junctional bradycardia in 1, and sinus rhythm in 5). CONCLUSIONS ILR is useful in determining the presence or absence of an arrhythmia during symptoms of syncope, near syncope, and palpitations as well as ALTEs in patients with and without structural heart disease when conventional diagnostic testing, such as electrocardiogram, Holter monitoring, and/or external loop recording, is inconclusive.
Medium of instruction policies: which agenda? whose agenda?

Contents: Preface. A.B. M. Tsui, J.W. Tollefson, The Centrality of Medium-of-Instruction Policy in Sociopolitical Processes. Part I: Minority Languages in English-Dominant States. S. May, Maori-Medium Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand. D.V. Jones, M. Martin-Jones, Bilingual Education and Language Revitalization in Wales: Past Achievements and Current Issues. T.L. McCarty, Dangerous Difference: A Critical-Historical Analysis of Language Education Policies in the United States. Part II: Language in Post-Colonial States. A.B. M. Tsui, Medium of Instruction in Hong Kong: One Country, Two Systems, Whose Language? A. Pakir, Medium-of-Instruction Policy in Singapore. S.K. Gill, Medium-of-Instruction Policy in Higher Education in Malaysia: Nationalism Versus Internationalization. I. Nical, J.J. Smolicz, M.J. Secombe, Rural Students and the Philippine Bilingual Education Program on the Island of Leyte. E. Annamalai, Medium of Power: The Question of English in Education in India. H. Alidou, Medium of Instruction in Post-Colonial Africa. Part III: Managing and Exploiting Language Conflict. V. Webb, Language Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa. K.A. King, C. Benson, Indigenous Language Education in Bolivia and Ecuador: Contexts, Changes, and Challenges. J.W. Tollefson, Medium of Instruction in Slovenia: European Integration and Ethnolinguistic Nationalism. J.W. Tollefson, A.B. M. Tsui, Contexts of Medium-of-Instruction Policy.
Corrigendum to “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Behavioral Interventions for Pediatric Insomnia”

In the published article, the authors have noted two errors. First, the Cortesi, Giannotti, Sebastiani, Panunzi, & Valente (2012) article was coded under the “children/adolescents” category when the population studied was exclusively children with autism spectrum disorders and thus should have been in the category of “special populations. ” Second, the Blunden 2011 study was labeled as “graduated extinction” when it is more appropriately described as a “responsive behavioral sleep intervention. ” This article presents the revised Tables I, III, and IV and two text paragraphs. These corrections do not affect any other results or the conclusions reached in this review.
DCAD: it's not just for dry cows.

Dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) is an index of the relative proportions of the strong cations (potassium and sodium) and anions (chloride) in the diet. The dietary strong ions are virtually 100% absorbed from the diet and play a critical role in regulation of osmotic balance and electrochemical charge in rumen and digestive system, blood, and intracellular fluids, and urinary acid-base excretion in the dairy cow. Low and negative DCAD diets in dry cow diets have been used to prevent milk fever for more than 20 years. However, the importance of DCAD in the lactating dairy cow cannot be underemphasized. Inadequate DCAD in the milking cow diet can lead to impaired acid-base balance and reduced feed intake, milk production, and milk fat content. There is no minimum NRC requirement for DCAD. Meta-analysis of published literature on DCAD suggested that increasing DCAD from 0 to 400 mEq/kg diet dry matter (DM) would increase DM intake, milk production, and milk fat yield by 3.3, 2.2, and 0.33 lb/cow/ day, respectively. Increasing DCAD from 0 to 400 mEq/kg increased DM digestibility by 3 percentage units, with the majority of the increase due to improved fiber digestibility. The manipulation of DCAD through ingredient selection and supplementation of mineral salts is discussed. The primary economic response to DCAD is milk fat yield and a practical suggested 1Contact at: Room 3129, Animal Science/Ag Engineering Building, 8127 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, (301) 405-4243, FAX: (301) 405-7980, Email: erdman@umd.edu. minimum DCAD appears to be about 300 mEq/ kg.
Radiographic Identification of the Primary Lateral Ankle Structures

Background: Lateral ankle ligament injuries rank among the most frequently observed athletic injuries, requiring repair or reconstruction when indicated. However, there is a lack of quantitative data detailing the ligament attachment sites on standard radiographic views. Purpose: To quantitatively describe the anatomic attachment sites of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) on standard radiographic views with respect to reproducible osseous landmarks to assist with intraoperative and postoperative assessment of lateral ankle ligament repairs and reconstructions. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Twelve nonpaired, fresh-frozen cadaveric foot and ankle specimens were dissected to identify the origins and insertions of the 3 primary lateral ankle ligaments. Ligament footprint centers were marked with 2-mm stainless steel spheres shallowly embedded at the level of the cortical bone prior to obtaining standard lateral and mortise radiographs. Measurements were performed twice by 2 blinded raters independently to calculate mean distances and assess reliability via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: Radiographic measurements demonstrated excellent reproducibility between raters (all interobserver ICCs > 0.97) and across trials (all intraobserver ICCs >0.99). On the lateral view, the ATFL fibular attachment (mean ± SD) was 8.4 ± 1.8 mm proximal and anterior to the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus and attached on the talus 13.8 ± 2.0 mm proximal and anterior to the apex of the lateral talar process. The CFL originated 5.0 ± 1.4 mm superior and anterior to the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus and inserted on the calcaneus 18.5 ± 4.6 mm posterior and superior to the posterior point of the peroneal tubercle. On the mortise view, the ATFL origin was 4.9 ± 1.4 mm proximal to the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus and inserted on the talus 9.0 ± 2.1 mm medial and superior of the apex of the lateral talar process and 18.9 ± 3.1 mm inferior and slightly lateral to the superior lateral corner of the talar dome. The fibular CFL origin was 2.9 ± 1.6 mm proximal and slightly medial to the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus and inserted on the calcaneus 18.0 ± 5.1 mm distal to the apex of the lateral talar process. Conclusion: Radiographic parameters quantitatively describing the anatomic origins and insertions of the lateral ankle ligaments were defined with excellent reproducibility and agreement between reviewers. Clinical Relevance: Quantitative radiographic anatomy data will assist in preoperative planning, improve intraoperative localization, and provide objective measures for postoperative assessment of anatomic repairs and reconstructions.
DIMACS Technical Report 2005-25 September 2005 Towards an Algorithmic Theory of Compressed Sensing by Graham Cormode 1 Bell Labs

In Approximation Theory, the fundamental problem is to reconstruct a signal A ∈ R from linear measurements 〈A, ψi〉 with respect to a dictionary Ψ for R. Recently, there has been tremendous excitement about the novel direction of Compressed Sensing [10] where the reconstruction can be done with very few—Õ(k)—linear measurements over a modified dictionary Ψ′ if the information of the signal is concentrated in k coefficients over an orthonormal basis Ψ. These results have reconstruction error on any given signal that is optimal with respect to a broad class of signals. In a series of papers and meetings over the past year, a theory of Compressed Sensing has been developed by mathematicians. We develop an algorithmic perspective for the Compressed Sensing problem, showing that Compressed Sensing results resonate with prior work in Group Testing, Learning theory and Streaming algorithms. Our main contributions are new algorithms that present the most general results for Compressed Sensing with 1 + approximation on every signal, faster algorithms for the reconstruction, as well as succinct transformations of Ψ to Ψ′.
The M2 Demand in Japan: Shifted and Unstable?

This paper investigates the stability of M2 demand in Japan using the statistical technique recently developed by Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1989). Long-run equilibrium money demand function is identified and estimated along with the fourvariable vector error correction model (VECM). The results strongly suggests that the function shifted upwards - while leaving the income elasticity unchanged - in mid-1985, when the interest rates on large time deposits were deregulated.
Aerodynamics of wing-assisted incline running in birds

SUMMARY Wing-assisted incline running (WAIR) is a form of locomotion in which a bird flaps its wings to aid its hindlimbs in climbing a slope. WAIR is used for escape in ground birds, and the ontogeny of this behavior in precocial birds has been suggested to represent a model analogous to transitional adaptive states during the evolution of powered avian flight. To begin to reveal the aerodynamics of flap-running, we used digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) and measured air velocity, vorticity, circulation and added mass in the wake of chukar partridge Alectoris chukar as they engaged in WAIR (incline 65–85°; N=7 birds) and ascending flight (85°, N=2). To estimate lift and impulse, we coupled our DPIV data with three-dimensional wing kinematics from a companion study. The ontogeny of lift production was evaluated using three age classes: baby birds incapable of flight [6–8 days post hatching (d.p.h.)] and volant juveniles (25–28 days) and adults (45+ days). All three age classes of birds, including baby birds with partially emerged, symmetrical wing feathers, generated circulation with their wings and exhibited a wake structure that consisted of discrete vortex rings shed once per downstroke. Impulse of the vortex rings during WAIR was directed 45±5° relative to horizontal and 21±4° relative to the substrate. Absolute values of circulation in vortex cores and induced velocity increased with increasing age. Normalized circulation was similar among all ages in WAIR but 67% greater in adults during flight compared with flap-running. Estimated lift during WAIR was 6.6% of body weight in babies and between 63 and 86% of body weight in juveniles and adults. During flight, average lift was 110% of body weight. Our results reveal for the first time that lift from the wings, rather than wing inertia or profile drag, is primarily responsible for accelerating the body toward the substrate during WAIR, and that partially developed wings, not yet capable of flight, can produce useful lift during WAIR. We predict that neuromuscular control or power output, rather than external wing morphology, constrain the onset of flight ability during development in birds.
The characteristic of event-related potentials and brain topographic maps of cochlear implant users

The study was to compare the characteristics of event-related potentials (ERPs) and brain topographic maps in normal group and cochlear implant (CI) group six months after device `switch on'. Results showed more negative N1 component by standard and target stimuli and lower P2 amplitudes were observed for the CI group. The amplitudes of MMN component were a little smaller than those of normal group. The latency of MMN was about 13ms delayed and the latencies of N1 and P2 by standard and target stimuli were also delayed compared with normal group. The brain topographic maps may help assess the function of central auditory for CI users.
Small families of complex lines for testing holomorphic extendibility

Let $B$ be the open unit ball in ${\Bbb C}^2$. This paper deals with the analog of Hartogs' separate analyticity theorem for CR functions on the sphere $bB$. We prove such a theorem for functions in $C^\infty (bB)$: If $a, b\in\overline B$, $a\not=b$ and if $f\in C^\infty (bB)$ extends holomorphically into $B$ along any complex line passing through either $a$ or $b$, then $f$ extends holomorphically through $B$. On the other hand, for each $k\in\Bbb{N}$ there is a function $f\in C^k(bB)$ which extends holomorphically into $B$ along any complex line passing through either $a$ or $b$ yet $f$ does not extend holomorphically through $B$. More generally, in the paper we obtain a fairly complete description of pairs of points $a, b\in{\Bbb C}^2$, $a\not= b$, such that if $f\in C^\infty (bB)$ extends holomorphically into $B$ along every complex line passing through either $a$ or $b$ that meets $B$, then $f$ extends holomorphically through $B$.
Comparison of ciliate communities in the anoxic hypolimnia of three lakes: general features and the influence of lake characteristics

The ciliate communities and their food sources were investigated in the anoxic hypolimnia of three lakes with differing water chemistry. Bacterial biomass and, as a result, the biomass of bactenvor- ous ciliates were correlated with lake trophy. Additionally, high sulfate and sulfide concentrations led to high bacterial biomass of sulfate reducers and anaerobic phototrophic and heterotrophic bacteria, which in turn sustained large ciliate populations. The anaerobic ciliate communities of the lakes shared many characteristics. They were comprised of the same or closely related species; this was attributed to a low diversity of food sources. Ciliate to prey biomass ratios were 1.2-3.8% which is consistent with a low theoretical growth efficiency of anaerobic metabolism. Grazing pressure on anaerobic ciliates by metazoa was insignificant. In all three lakes, ciliate populations showed distinct vertical non-random distribution patterns which were often correlated with the distribution of the corresponding food sources. It is suggested that the microbial communities in anoxic water bodies are largely influenced by few common environmental conditions and are therefore often inhabited by similarly structured ciliate communities.