Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Judgmental sampling.

This type of sampling technique is also known as purposive sampling and authoritative sampling. Purposive sampling is used in cases where the specialty of an authority can select a more representative sample that can bring more accurate results than by using other probability sampling techniques. The process involves nothing but purposely handpicking individuals from the population based on the authority's or the researcher's knowledge and judgment.
MAINTENANCE OF GAINS FOLLOWING MULTIFACTORIAL AND UNIFACTORIAL MEMORY TRAINING IN LATE ADULTHOOD

This study compared the effects of a multifactorial memory training program (encoding operations, attentional functions, and relaxation) with those of a unifactorial program (encoding operations) on memory performance in older adults. A control group received no training. Results showed that the multifactorial group improved performance following training in free recall of concrete words and maintained that improvement six months after completion of training. The unifactorial group showed less improvement following training on free recall of concrete words and also maintained the improvement six months later. All three groups improved slightly in recall of abstract words across time. Finally, none of the groups showed any improvement in digit span and the Benton visual retention test. These patterns of data indicate that multifactorial training may result in larger gains immediately after training compared with unifactorial training but that both programs lead to maintenance of improvement. Furthermore, t.
The Best Kept Secret in Social Work: Empirical Support for Contemporary Psychodynamic Social Work Practice

Psychoanalysis is a theoretical and practice discipline that has produced an extensive body of literature over the past 100 years. Psychodynamic psychotherapy developed from psychoanalytic thought and has been studied using both qualitative and quantitative methods including experimental studies, content analyses and case studies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relevance of psychodynamic theories to social work and to review evidence that supports psychodynamic social work practice. We first provide a brief introduction to several relevant psychodynamic theories, including self psychology, intersubjectivity theory and relational theory. Next, we discuss the debates and controversies surrounding the study of psychodynamic psychotherapy. A review of existing evidence for psychodynamic practice with adults, children and adolescents is presented, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, literature reviews and other research. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of further research on psychodynamic and other forms of social work practice and the benefit of promoting psychodynamic theories in social work education.
Communication within Ongoing Intimate Relationships

An attempt is made to explore current notions regarding attribution processes within the framework of ongoing intimate relationships and to question whether such an attribution classification as the dispositional-situational dichotomy captures the complexities of cognitive functioning unique to intimate relating. The "interpersonal attribution" category is proposed as a means of refining and expanding current conceptualizations regarding attribution processes of actors and observers within dyadic units. The implications of the interpersonal attribution for relationship stability, conflict, and dissatisfaction are explored. Heuristic applications and questions for future attribution research are suggested.
“Bands of Others”? Attitudes toward Muslims in Contemporary American Society

The obvious explanation for the unpopularity of Muslims in contemporary American society centers on the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. However, we contend that feelings about Muslims are shaped primarily by a general sense of affect for groups that fall outside of the cultural mainstream and the personality and value orientations typically associated with such affect. Thus, the current structure of Muslim evaluations should not differ much from that before the 9/11 attacks. Moreover, Muslims may be distinctive in that, unlike most minority groups, they are associated with both positively viewed racial and religious minority groups and with negatively viewed cultural minority groups. Analyses of data from the 2004 American National Election Study and other surveys conducted between 2000 and 2007 strongly support our argument.
The language of felt experience: emotional, evaluative and intuitive

The problem analysed is how the phenomenology of feelings is linguistically expressed as opposed to simply reported. Three kinds of felt experience are distinguished: emotion and evaluation, which are classed as affect, and intuition, which is the compulsive sense of a non-propositional ‘meaning’. It is argued that these are extra-linguistic semiotic or cognitive systems. Emotions are construals of bodily arousal; evaluations are construals of experiences on scales from positive to negative; and intuitions are construals of properties of language itself. These are said to be sociohistorical. Higher level discourse and lexical resources for expressing affect are presented. Then, drawing from Halliday, Labov, Martin and Lemke, it is suggested that felt experiences are expressed iconically, but either concretely or abstractly. The iconicity is on the dimensions of intensity and prosody, and also intertwines different types of experience. Any linguistic feature that can express this iconicity can be deployed; for example, gradability. Five classes of linguistic realization are discussed. These are exemplified through the analysis of a passage of religious writing, Julian of Norwich’s Showings. The importance of analysing texts as linguistic expressions of complex felt experiences is suggested.
Supporting One-Time Point Annotations for Gesture Recognition

This paper investigates a new annotation technique that reduces significantly the amount of time to annotate training data for gesture recognition. Conventionally, the annotations comprise the start and end times, and the corresponding labels of gestures in sensor recordings. In this work, we propose a one-time point annotation in which labelers do not have to select the start and end time carefully, but just mark a one-time point within the time a gesture is happening. The technique gives more freedom and reduces significantly the burden for labelers. To make the one-time point annotations applicable, we propose a novel BoundarySearch algorithm to find automatically the correct temporal boundaries of gestures by discovering data patterns around their given one-time point annotations. The corrected annotations are then used to train gesture models. We evaluate the method on three applications from wearable gesture recognition with various gesture classes (10-17 classes) recorded with different sensor modalities. The results show that training on the corrected annotations can achieve performances close to a fully supervised training on clean annotations (lower by just up to 5 percent F1-score on average). Furthermore, the BoundarySearch algorithm is also evaluated on the ChaLearn 2014 multi-modal gesture recognition challenge recorded with Kinect sensors from computer vision and achieves similar results.
Bilingualism as a window into the language faculty: The acquisition of objects in French-speaking children in bilingual and monolingual contexts*

Where do the two languages of the bilingual child interact? The literature has debated whether bilingual children have delays in the acquisition of direct objects. The variety of methods and languages involved have prevented clear conclusions. In a transitivity-based approach, null objects are a default structural possibility, present in all languages. Since the computation of lexical and syntactic transitivity depends on lexical acquisition, we propose a default retention hypothesis, predicting that bilingual children retain default structures for aspects of syntactic development specifically linked to lexical development (such as objects). Children acquiring French (aged 3;0–4;2, N = 34) in a monolingual context and a French/English bilingual context participated in a study eliciting optional and obligatory direct objects. The results show significant differences between the rates of omissions in the two groups for both types of objects. We consider two models of how the bilingual lexicon may determine the timetable of development of transitivity.
Robustness and Optimality of Light Harvesting in Cyanobacterial Photosystem I

As most biological species, photosynthetic lifeforms have evolved to function optimally, despite thermal disorder and with fault tolerance. It remains a challenge to understand how this is achieved. To address this challenge, the function of the protein−pigment complex photosystem I (PSI) of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus is investigated theoretically. The recently obtained high-resolution structure of this complex exhibits an aggregate of 96 chlorophylls that are electronically coupled to function as a light-harvesting antenna complex. This paper constructs an effective Hamiltonian for the chlorophyll aggregate to describe excitation transfer dynamics and spectral properties of PSI. For this purpose, a new kinetic expansion method, the sojourn expansion, is introduced. Our study shows that at room temperature fluctuations of site energies have little effect on the calculated excitation lifetime and quantum yield, which compare favorably with experimental results. The efficiency of the system .
ethA, inhA, and katG Loci of Ethionamide-Resistant Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates

ABSTRACT Ethionamide (ETH) is a structural analog of the antituberculosis drug isoniazid (INH). Both of these drugs target InhA, an enzyme involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis. INH requires catalase-peroxidase (KatG) activation, and mutations in katG are a major INH resistance mechanism. Recently an enzyme (EthA) capable of activating ETH has been identified. We sequenced the entire ethA structural gene of 41 ETH-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. We also sequenced two regions of inhA and all or part of katG. The MICs of ETH and INH were determined in order to associate the mutations identified with a resistance phenotype. Fifteen isolates were found to possess ethA mutations, for all of which the ETH MICs were ≥50 μg/ml. The ethA mutations were all different, previously unreported, and distributed throughout the gene. In eight of the isolates, a missense mutation in the inhA structural gene occurred. The ETH MICs for seven of the InhA mutants were ≥100 μg/ml, and these isolates were also resistant to ≥8 μg of INH per ml. Only a single point mutation in the inhA promoter was identified in 14 isolates. A katG mutation occurred in 15 isolates, for which the INH MICs for all but 1 were ≥32 μg/ml. As expected, we found no association between katG mutation and the level of ETH resistance. Mutations within the ethA and inhA structural genes were associated with relatively high levels of ETH resistance. Approximately 76% of isolates resistant to ≥50 μg of ETH per ml had such mutations.
Preliminary comparison of the endoscopic transnasal vs the sublabial transseptal approach for clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas.

OBJECTIVE To assess the advantages and disadvantages of an endoscopic transnasal approach to pituitary surgery for a select group of clinically nonfunctioning macroadenomas and to compare results of this approach with the sublabial transseptal approach at a single institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 26 patients with clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas approached endoscopically and 44 matched control patients with the same tumors approached sublabially between January 1, 1995, and October 31, 1997. RESULTS At baseline, the groups were not significantly different for age, sex distribution, number of comorbid conditions, visual field defects, degree of anterior pituitary insufficiency, or preoperative assessment of tumor volume or invasiveness. Mean (SD) operative times were significantly reduced in the endoscopic group vs the sublabial group: 2.7 (0.7) hours vs 3.4 (0.9) hours (P < .001). Postoperative assessment of surgical resection and postoperative alterations of anterior pituitary function or visual fields were not significantly different between groups, and complication rates were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION This endoscopic transnasal approach to pituitary resection results in significantly shorter operative time without compromising the extent of tumor resection. The distinct disadvantage of this approach is an off-center view of the sella and a diminished working channel to the sella turcica. For these reasons, the endoscopic approach or its variation is an alternative to the sublabial approach but should be considered only by experienced pituitary neurosurgeons.
Cardiorespiratory responses to hypercarbia in tambaqui Colossoma macropomum: chemoreceptor orientation and specificity

SUMMARY Experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to hypercarbia (elevated water PCO2) in the tambaqui Colossoma macropomum are stimulated by externally oriented receptors that are sensitive to water CO2 tension as opposed to water pH. Cardiorespiratory responses to acute hypercarbia were evaluated in both the absence and presence of internal hypercarbia (elevated blood PCO2), achieved by treating fish with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide. Exposure to acute hypercarbia (15 min at each level, final water CO2 tensions of 7.2, 15.5 and 26.3 mmHg) elicited significant increases in ventilation frequency (at 26.3 mmHg, a 42% increase over the normocarbic value) and amplitude (128%), together with a fall in heart rate (35%) and an increase in cardiac stroke volume (62%). Rapid washout of CO2 from the water reversed these effects, and the timing of the changes in cardiorespiratory variables corresponded more closely to the fall in water PCO2 (PwCO2) than to that in blood PCO2 (PaCO2). Similar responses to acute hypercarbia (15 min, final PwCO2 of 13.6 mmHg) were observed in acetazolamide-treated (30 mg kg-1) tambaqui. Acetazolamide treatment itself, however, increased PaCO2 (from 4.81±0.58 to 13.83±0.91 mmHg, mean ± s.e.m.; N=8) in the absence of significant change in ventilation, heart rate or cardiac stroke volume. The lack of response to changes in blood PCO2 and/or pH were confirmed by comparing responses to the bolus injection of hypercarbic saline (5% or 10% CO2; 2 ml kg-1) into the caudal vein with those to the injection of CO2-enriched water (1%, 3%, 5% or 10% CO2; 50 ml kg-1) into the buccal cavity. Whereas injections of hypercarbic saline were ineffective in eliciting cardiorespiratory responses, changes in ventilation and cardiovascular parameters accompanied injection of CO2-laden water into the mouth. Similar injections of CO2-free water acidified to the corresponding pH of the hypercarbic water (pH 6.3, 5.6, 5.3 or 4.9, respectively) generally did not stimulate cardiorespiratory responses. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that in tambaqui, externally oriented chemoreceptors that are predominantly activated by increases in water PCO2, rather than by accompanying decreases in water pH, are linked to the initiation of cardiorespiratory responses to hypercarbia.
Learning a category independent object detection cascade

Cascades are a popular framework to speed up object detection systems. Here we focus on the first layers of a category independent object detection cascade in which we sample a large number of windows from an objectness prior, and then discriminatively learn to filter these candidate windows by an order of magnitude. We make a number of contributions to cascade design that substantially improve over the state of the art: (i) our novel objectness prior gives much higher recall than competing methods, (ii) we propose objectness features that give high performance with very low computational cost, and (iii) we make use of a structured output ranking approach to learn highly effective, but inexpensive linear feature combinations by directly optimizing cascade performance. Thorough evaluation on the PASCAL VOC data set shows consistent improvement over the current state of the art, and over alternative discriminative learning strategies.
A Comparison of Factors Affecting Aesthetic Outcomes of TRAM Flap Breast Reconstructions

The aesthetic results of TRAM flap breast reconstructions were assessed in 237 consecutive breast cancer patients. Nine independent judges, none of whom were plastic surgeons or members of the reconstructive team, assigned an aesthetic score to each patient after viewing postoperative photographs. We found that bilateral reconstructions were aesthetically superior to unilateral reconstructions (p = 0.0013), that immediate reconstructions were aesthetically superior to delayed reconstructions (p = 0.0001), and that previous irradiation of the chest wall reduced the mean aesthetic score (p = 0.0010). We also found that the mean aesthetic score assigned to patients who had reconstructions with free TRAM flaps was superior to that assigned to those who had reconstructions with conventional TRAM flaps, but when tested by multiple regression analysis, this trend was not statistically significant (p = 0.2972). (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 96: 860, 1995.)
Resident Involvement in Activity in Small Community Homes for People with Learning Disabilities

Background Determining the relative importance of variables including client characteristics, setting features, staffing and care practices on the lives of people with learning disabilities in residential care continues to be a relevant topic for research. Methods Measurements were made of the adaptive and problem behaviour of 343 adults with intellectual disabilities living in 76 residential homes and of various aspects of staffing, care practices (extent of active support) and resident engagement in meaningful activity. Ordinal and logistic regression was used to identify variables best predicting engagement and care practices. Results Only adaptive behaviour and care practices predicted resident engagement in meaningful activity; only age and adaptive behaviour predicted care practices. Conclusions Given the limited scope for changing resident adaptive behaviour, attention should be given to improve active support in residential homes in order to promote greater engagement in meaningful activity by people with learning disabilities.
The prevention approach to relationship problems

Abstract The rationale for a preventive approach in helping couples in marriage is presented. While divorce rates are high and many other couples remain together but miserable, this is surely not what couples desire from the outset. The conflict and breakdown of these crucial relationships contributes to mental and medical health problems for adults and children, behavioural disturbance in children, problems in worker productivity, and serious economic difficulties for families and societies. Too many couples seek help only after significant, and often irreversible, damage has occurred. But it does not have to be that way. A variety of approaches are available that can be used to teach couples the skills, behaviours and attitudes of good relationships before they encounter damage to their unions. Here, one particular cognitive-behavioural approach is described, along with a review of research on the effectiveness of such approaches and a description of some of the strategies of this model. A list of commo.
Shunt-associated migraine responds favorably to atrial septal repair: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been reported to improve migraine in patients with cerebrovascular disorders in noncontrolled studies. The aim of the study was to compare the course of migraine assessed prospectively over a 12-month period in symptomatic (for cerebrovascular disease) and asymptomatic patients undergoing PFO closure and in patients with PFO treated medically. METHODS Twenty-three stroke symptomatic (SS; 39+/-10 years of age; males/females [M/F] 5/18) and 27 stroke asymptomatic (SA; 40+/-12 years of age; M/F 5/22) patients with migraine underwent PFO closure. Twenty-seven patients with migraine and PFO (controls [CTRLS]; 36+/-11 years of age; M/F 4/23) were followed up medically. Migraine severity was assessed at baseline with a scale that takes into account the frequency, duration, and intensity of the attacks and the occurrence of aura (score range 0 to 10). Six months later, the patients were given a structured diary to annotate monthly with the same scale the characteristics of the attacks for the next 6 months. By the end of 1 year, the migraine score was averaged for the last 6 months. RESULTS Baseline severity of migraine did not differ between groups (6.3 to 6.1 and 6.7 in SS, SA, and CTRLS groups, respectively). At the 1-year assessment, the overall migraine score had significantly improved by 3.7 and 2.8 points in SS and SA, respectively (P<0.001 on repeated-measure ANOVA), whereas it had nonsignificantly worsened by 0.1 points in CTRLS. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the improvement in SS and SA was independent of migraine type, age, and cerebrovascular risk factors. Twenty-one of 21 patients with migraine with aura in the CTRLS group still had aura at the end of follow-up, whereas only 3 of 14 among SA and 4 of 19 among SS continued to have migraine preceded by aura (P<0.0001 on Fisher exact test). CONCLUSIONS Compared with medical treatment, closure of PFO brings about a significant overall improvement in migraine. This seems to occur irrespective of migraine type and of previous cerebrovascular disease. In addition to the overall improvement, in migraine with aura, the occurrence of aura is dramatically reduced.
Methodological Measurement Fruitfulness of Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM): New Approaches to Key Substantive Issues in Motivation and Engagement

The most popular measures of multidimensional constructs typically fail to meet standards of good measurement: goodness of fit, measurement invariance, lack of differential item functioning, and well-differentiated factors that are not so highly correlated as to detract from their discriminant validity. Part of the problem, the authors argue, is undue reliance on overly restrictive independent cluster models of confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) in which each item loads on one, and only one, factor. Here the authors demonstrate exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), an integration of the best aspects of CFA and traditional exploratory factor analyses (EFA). On the basis of responses to the 11-factor Motivation and Engagement Scale (n = 7,420, M age = 14.22), we demonstrate that ESEM fits the data much better and results in substantially more differentiated (less correlated) factors than corresponding CFA models. Guided by a 13-model taxonomy of ESEM full-measurement (mean structure) invariance, the authors then demonstrate invariance of factor loadings, item intercepts, item uniquenesses, and factor variancescovariances, across gender and over time. ESEM has broad applicability to other areas of research that cannot be appropriately addressed with either traditional EFA or CFA and should become a standard tool for use in psychometric tests of psychological assessment instruments.