Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP)

During the 1990s, ocean sampling expeditions were carried out as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), and the Ocean Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES). Subsequently, a group of U.S. scientists synthesized the data into easily usable and readily available products. This collaboration is known as the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Results were merged into a common format data set, segregated by ocean. For comparison purposes, each ocean data set includes a small number of high‐quality historical cruises. The data were subjected to rigorous quality control procedures to eliminate systematic data measurement biases. The calibrated 1990s data were used to estimate anthropogenic CO2, potential alkalinity, CFC watermass ages, CFC partial pressure, bomb‐produced radiocarbon, and natural radiocarbon. These quantities were merged into the measured data files. The data were used to produce objectively gridded property maps at a 1° resolution on 33 depth surfaces chosen to match existing climatologies for temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nutrients. The mapped fields are interpreted as an annual mean distribution in spite of the inaccuracy in that assumption. Both the calibrated data and the gridded products are available from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Here we describe the important details of the data treatment and the mapping procedure, and present summary quantities and integrals for the various parameters.
Insider Bank Runs: Community Bank Fragility and the Financial Crisis of 2007

From 2007 to 2010, more than 200 community banks in the United States failed. Many of these failed community banking organizations (CBOs) held less than $1 billion in total assets. As economic conditions worsen, banking organizations are expected to preserve capital to withstand unexpected losses. This study examines CBOs prior to failure or becoming problem institutions to understand if, on average, a run on capital by insiders via dividend payouts led to greater financial fragility at the onset of the crisis. We use a control group of similar-sized banks that did not fail or become problem institutions to compare our results and to draw statistical conclusions. We use standard control variables highlighting corporate governance and managerial ownership, such as S-corporation designation and bank complexity that might create incentives more conducive to insider enrichment than to the welfare of depositors or debtholders. Although the new Dodd-Frank legislation exempted smaller banks from many proposed requirements, our results show that capital distributions to insiders contributed to community bank weakness during the financial crisis.
Colonization, migration, and right-wing extremism: The constitution of embodied life of a dispossessed undocumented immigrant woman

The aim of this essay is to illuminate the lived experiences of Victoria—an undocumented immigrant woman of Mexican origin working and living in the United States. Drawing on an in-depth interview conducted with Victoria following the election of Donald Trump as president of the United States, we identify a set of discursive and material conditions that inform her lived reality. By examining three mutually constituting stages of Victoria’s life, we invite readers to consider how the imbricated nexus between global manifestations of colonization, migration, and the political rise of right-wing extremism is embodied and negotiated locally by one particular woman. To aid in theoretically informing the excerpts provided by Victoria, we draw on Judith Butler’s recent works in which she develops, individually and collaboratively, ideas of dispossession and precariousness. We find that dispossession and precariousness foreground the currents of vulnerability that are located palpably in Victoria’s narrative. Finally, by engaging with a genre of feminine writing that collapses the traditional boundaries between theory and practice, we revisit the question of praxis in relation to the researchers’ responsibility toward the participants of their study.
Effective interactions between rigid polyelectrolytes and like-charged planar surfaces

We study the effective interaction between a planar array of uniformly negatively charged, stiff rods parallel to a negatively charged planar substrate in the absence of salt in a continuous, isotropic dielectric medium. Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we examine the general effects of counterion valence, rod spacing, macroion charge densities, and the rod size on the attractive rod-surface interaction force. At room temperature divalent as well as monovalent counterions mediate an interaction that can be repulsive or attractive upon adjusting either the macroion charge densities or the rod radius. Finally, we examine the effects of discretizing the surface charge as laterally mobile monovalent anions and of electrostatic images in the substrate.
Automatic Detection of Defective Zebrafish Embryos via Shape Analysis

In this paper, we present a graph-based approach to automatically detect defective zebrafish embryos. Here, the zebrafish is segmented from the background using a texture descriptor and morphological operations. In this way, we can represent the embryo shape as a graph, for which we propose a vectorisation method to recover clique histogram vectors for classification. The clique histogram represents the distribution of one vertex with respect to its adjacent vertices. This treatment permits the use of a codebook approach to represent the graph in terms of a set of codewords that can be used for purposes of support vector machine classification. The experimental results show that the method is not only effective but also robust to occlusions and shape variations. represent the embryo shape as a graph, for which we propose a vectorisation method to recover clique histogram vectors for classification. The clique histogram represents the distribution of one vertex with respect to its adjacent vertices. This treatment permits the use of a codebook approach to represent the graph in terms of a set of codewords that can be used for purposes of support vector machine classification. The experimental results show that the method is not only effective but also robust to occlusions and shape variations.
T cell- but not tumor cell-produced TGF-β1 promotes the development of spontaneous mammary cancer

During their development, tumors acquire multiple capabilities that enable them to proliferate, disseminate and evade immunosurveillance. A putative mechanism is through the production of the cytokine TGF-β1. We showed in our recent studies that T cell-produced TGF-β1 inhibits antitumor T cell responses to foster tumor growth raising the question of the precise function of TGF-β1 produced by tumor cells in tumor development. Here, using a transgenic model of mammary cancer, we report that deletion of TGF-β1 from tumor cells did not protect mice from tumor development. However, ablation of TGF-β1 from T cells significantly inhibited mammary tumor growth. Additionally, absence of TGF-β1 in T cells prevented tumors from advancing to higher pathological grades and further suppressed secondary tumor development in the lungs. These findings reveal T cells but not tumor cells as a critical source of TGF-β1 that promotes tumor development.
FSM-based programmable memory BIST with macro command

We propose a structured design methodology to construct FSM-based programmable memory BIST. The proposed BIST can be programmed on-line, with a "macro command", to select a test algorithm from a predetermined set of algorithms that are built in the memory BIST. In general, there are a variety of heterogeneous memory modules in SOC, and it is not possible to test all of them with a single algorithm. Thus, the proposed scheme greatly simplifies the testing process. Besides, the proposed is more efficient in terms of circuit size and test data to be applied, and it requires less time to configure the BIST. We also develop a programmable memory BIST generator that automatically produces RTL model of the proposed BIST architecture for a given set of test algorithms. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a good flexibility with smaller circuit size compared with previous methods.
ISOCAM survey and dust models of 3CR radio galaxies and quasars

We present a survey of all 3CR sources imaged with ISOCAM onboard the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) . The sample consists mostly of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN). For each source, we present spatially integrated mid-infrared (MIR, $5{-}18~\mu$m) fluxes measured from newly calibrated ISOCAM images. In total, we detected 68 objects of the 3CR catalogue, at redshifts $z \le 2.5$, and obtained upper limits for 17 objects. In addition, we detected 10 galaxies not listed in the 3CR catalogue. The one with the highest redshift is 4C+72.26 at $z = 3.53$. ISOCAM data are combined with other photometric measurements to construct the spectral energy distribution (SED) from optical to radio wavelengths. The MIR emission may include synchrotron radiation of the AGN, stars of the host galaxy or dust. Extrapolation of radio core fluxes to the MIR show that the synchrotron contribution is in most cases negligible. In order to describe dust emission we apply new radiative transfer models. In the models the dust is heated by a central source which emits photons up to energies of 1 keV. By varying three parameters, luminosity, effective size and extinction, we obtain a fit to the SED for our objects. Our models contain also dust at large (several kpc) distances from the AGN. Such a cold dust component was neglected in previous computations which therefore underestimated the AGN contribution to the far infrared (FIR). In 53 cases (~$ 75$% of our detected 3CR sources), the MIR emission can be attributed to dust. The hot dust component is mainly due to small grains and PAHs. The modelling demonstrates that AGN heating suffices to explain the ISO broad band data, starburst activity is not necessary. In the models, a type 1 AGN is represented by a compact dust distribution, the dust is therefore very warm and emission of PAHs is weak because of photo-destruction. In AGNs of type 2, the dust is relatively colder but PAH bands are strong.
Government Spending, Intrinsic Motivation And Fertility

Naturally, the decision of having a certain number of children is a family matter. However, regardless of the factors that would affect the decision, if happened that all parents in the country, decided to have children below the replacement level, then this become a national matter. We examine the impact of government spending on child cash allowances and spending on child care and early education in order to promote fertility. We consider an overlapping generation model with endogenous fertility and human capital formation with Total Intrinsic Motivation. The results show that in addition to the effect of government spending on child care and early education, the Total Intrinsic Motivation also plays an important role to promote fertility decision. On the other hand, child cash allowances are ineffective in promoting fertility.
On a New Correlation Coefficient, its Orthogonal Decomoposition, and Associated Tests of Independence

A possible drawback of the ordinary correlation coefficient p for two real random variables X and Y is that zero correlation does not imply independence. In this paper we introduce a new correlation coefficient p* which assumes values between zero and one, equalling zero iff the two variables are independent and equalling one iff the two variables are linearly related. The coefficients p* and p2 are shown to be closely related algebraically, and they coincide for distributions on a 2x2 contingency table. We derive an orthogonal decomposition of p* as a positively weighted sum of squared ordinary correlations between certain marginal eigenfunctions. Estimation of p* and its component correlations and their asymptotic distributions are discussed, and we develop visual tools for assessing the nature of a possible association in a bivariate data set. The paper includes consideration of grade (rank) versions of p* as well as the use of p* for contingency table analysis. As a special case a new generalization of the Cramer-von Mises test to K ordered samples is obtained.
Maximum-a-Posteriori-Based Decoding for End-to-End Acoustic Models

This paper presents a novel decoding framework for acoustic models (AMs) based on end-to-end neural networks (e.g., connectionist temporal classification). The end-to-end training of AMs has recently demonstrated high accuracy and efficiency in automatic speech recognition (ASR). When using the trained AM in decoding, although a language model (LM) is implicitly involved in such an end-to-end AM, it is still essential to integrate an external LM trained with a large text corpus to achieve the best results. While there is no theoretical justification, most of the studies suggest using a naive interpolation of the end-to-end AM score and the external LM score, empirically. In this paper, we propose a more theoretically sound decoding framework derived from a maximization of the posterior probability of a word sequence given an observation. As a consequence of the theory, the subword LM is newly introduced to seamlessly integrate the external LM score with the end-to-end AM score. Our proposed method can be achieved by a small modification of the conventional weighted finite-state transducer-based implementation, without having to heavily increase the graph size. We tested the proposed decoding framework on ASR experiments with the Corpus of the Wall Street Journal and the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese. The results showed that the proposed framework achieved significant and consistent improvements over the conventional interpolation-based decoding framework.
Multi-sensor Object Recognition: The Case of Electronics Recycling

In automated object recognition systems, measurements from a single source of information do not always suffice for the reconstruction of the underlying scene. Incompleteness, inaccuracy and unreliability of the information often leaves room for multiple interpretations of the world which are consistent with the available data. Combination of scene descriptions from multiple sensors can in these cases help to resolve the ambiguity. This thesis discusses the issues involved in the design of a multi-sensor system for object recognition and illustrates these issues in the light of a system for recycling of electronic components mounted on printed circuit boards. Integrated circuits, electrolytic capacitors, batteries and oscillators are the main electronic components of interest that are encountered on printed circuit boards, because these objects are either valuable for re-use or harmful for the environment when they are incinerated. The shape and surface material of these electronic components contain sufficient clues for the discrimination of the different object classes. In order to capture these properties, a pilot system was built which incorporates a range image sensor, a colour camera a high-resolution grey-level camera and an eddy current sensor.
Plans and resource‐bounded practical reasoning

An architecture for a rational agent must allow for means‐end reasoning, for the weighing of competing alternatives, and for interactions betwen these two forms of reasoning. Such an architecture must also address the problem of resource boundedness. We sketch a solution of the first problem that points the way to a solution of the second. In particular, we present a high‐level specification of the practical‐reasoning component of an architecture for a resource‐bounded rational agent. In this architecture, a major role of the agent's plans is to constrain the amount of further practical reasoning she must perform.
Effects of Probucol on Restenosis after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a remained clinical problem which limits long-term success of PCI. Although there was recognition that probucol in treating restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, the efficacy of probucol on restenosis after stent-implantation is controversial. So this meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between probucol and late restenosis. Methods Articles were assessed by four trained investigators, with divergences resolved by consensus. PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Central Register of clinical trials were searched for pertinent studies. Inclusion criteria were random allocated to treatment and a comparison of probucol-treated patients and control patients (not treated with lipid-lowering drug) undergoing PCI. Results Fifteen studies with 859 subjects were analyzed. Major outcome, binary angiographic restenosis defined as >50% stenosis upon follow-up angiography, was significantly decreased with probucol treatment (RR = 0.59 [0.43, 0.80] among vessels, P = 0.0007; and RR = 0.52 [0.40, 0.68] among patients, P<0.00001). Probucol also increased the minimal luminal diameter (SMD = 0.45 [0.30, 0.61], P<0.00001) and decreased late loss upon follow-up after 6 months (SMD = -0.41 [-0.60, -0.22], P<0.0001). Moreover, there was a significantly lower incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in the probucol group than control group (RR = 0.69 [0.51, 0.93], P = 0.01). Conclusion Probucol is more than a lipid-lowering drug. It is also effective in reducing the risk of restenosis and incidence of MACE after PCI.
Preparation to Inhibit a Response Complements Response Inhibition during Performance of a Stop-Signal Task

Inhibition of inappropriate responses is an essential executive function needed for adaptation to changing environments. In stop-signal tasks, which are often used to investigate response inhibition, subjects make “go” responses while they prepare to stop at a suddenly given “stop” signal. However, the preparatory processes ongoing before response inhibition have rarely been investigated, and it remains unclear how the preparation contributes to response inhibition. In the present study, a stop-signal task was designed so that the extent of the preparation could be estimated using behavioral and neuroimaging measures. Specifically, in addition to the conventional go trials where preparation to stop was required (“uncertain-go” trials), another type of go trial was introduced where a stop-signal was never given and such preparation was unnecessary (“certain-go” trials). An index reflecting the “preparation cost” was then calculated by subtracting the reaction times in the certain-go trials from those in the uncertain-go trials. It was revealed that the stop signal reaction time, a common index used to evaluate the efficiency of response inhibition, decreased as the preparation cost increased, indicating greater preparation supports more efficient inhibition. In addition, imaging data showed that response inhibition recruited frontoparietal regions (the contrast “stop vs uncertain-go”) and that preparation recruited most of the inhibition-related frontoparietal regions (the contrast “uncertain-go vs certain-go”). It was also revealed that the inhibition-related activity declined as the preparation cost increased. These behavioral and imaging results suggest preparation makes a complementary contribution to response inhibition during performance of a stop-signal task.
Synthetic description of the piano soundboard mechanical mobility

An expression of the piano soundboard mechanical mobility (in the direction normal to the soundboard) depending on a small number of parameters and valid up to several kHz is given in this communication. Up to 1.1 kHz, our experimental and numerical investigations confirm previous results showing that the soundboard behaves like a homogeneous plate with isotropic properties and clamped boundary conditions. Therefore, according to the Skudrzyk mean-value theorem (Skudrzyk 1980), only the mass of the structure M, the modal density n(f), and the mean loss factor eta(f), are needed to express the average driving point mobility. Moreover, the expression of the envelope - resonances and antiresonances - of the mobility can be derived, according to (Langley 1994). We measured the modal loss factor and the modal density of the soundboard of an upright piano in playing condition, in an anechoic environment. The measurements could be done up to 2.5 kHz, with a novel high-resolution modal analysis technique (see the ICA companion-paper, Ege and Boutillon (2010)). Above 1.1 kHz, the change in the observed modal density together with numerical simulations confirm Berthaut's finding that the waves in the soundboard are confined between adjacent ribs (Berthaut et al. 2003). Extending the Skudrzyk and Langley approaches, we synthesize the mechanical mobility at the bridge up to 2.5 kHz. The validity of the computation for an extended spectral domain is discussed. It is also shown that the evolution of the modal density with frequency is consistent with the rise of mobility (fall of impedance) in this frequency range and that both are due to the inter-rib effect appearing when the half-wavelength becomes equal to the rib spacing. Results match previous observations by Wogram (1980), Conklin (1996), Giordano (1998), Nakamura (1983) and could be used for numerical simulations for example. This approach avoids the detailed description of the soundboard, based on a very high number of parameters. However, it can be used to predict the changes of the driving point mobility, and possibly of the sound radiation in the treble range, resulting from structural modifications.
Quantitative approaches in climate change ecology

Contemporary impacts of anthropogenic climate change on ecosystems are increasingly being recognized. Documenting the extent of these impacts requires quantitative tools for analyses of ecological observations to distinguish climate impacts in noisy data and to understand interactions between climate variability and other drivers of change. To assist the development of reliable statistical approaches, we review the marine climate change literature and provide suggestions for quantitative approaches in climate change ecology. We compiled 267 peer‐reviewed articles that examined relationships between climate change and marine ecological variables. Of the articles with time series data (n = 186), 75% used statistics to test for a dependency of ecological variables on climate variables. We identified several common weaknesses in statistical approaches, including marginalizing other important non‐climate drivers of change, ignoring temporal and spatial autocorrelation, averaging across spatial patterns and not reporting key metrics. We provide a list of issues that need to be addressed to make inferences more defensible, including the consideration of (i) data limitations and the comparability of data sets; (ii) alternative mechanisms for change; (iii) appropriate response variables; (iv) a suitable model for the process under study; (v) temporal autocorrelation; (vi) spatial autocorrelation and patterns; and (vii) the reporting of rates of change. While the focus of our review was marine studies, these suggestions are equally applicable to terrestrial studies. Consideration of these suggestions will help advance global knowledge of climate impacts and understanding of the processes driving ecological change.