Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single and Multiphase Flow Characterization by Means of an Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Grid

This study introduces a new approach to characterize single and multiphase flow of water and air/water blends, respectively, by means of the utilization of optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) arranged in a grid pattern. Here, the FBGs act as transducers between the force applied on the optical fiber surface by the liquid or air/liquid flow and the strain-induced Bragg wavelength shift. Since the force is proportional to the square of the velocity, associated to the kinetic energy, it is possible to establish a relationship between the Bragg wavelength shift and flow speed for single-phase flow monitoring. When multiphase flows are taken in consideration, a sudden Bragg wavelength shift represents an abrupt change in the force applied onto the fiber, which means a transition between liquid and air. It is hard to localize turbulences in single phase flow or establish the bubble position for multiphase flow from the response of a single FBG. Therefore, the sensors in this study have been arranged forming an 8 × 8 grid, with a total of 16 different FBGs multiplexed in wavelength. FBG grid enables the detection of turbulences or air bubbles within the pipe by means of an adequate aggregation and processing of the response of the FBGs at each crossing point, with a total of 64 crossings (12 crossings are out of the cylindrical shape pipe). Different flow speeds and void conditions with distinct void fractions and flow rates have been studied. The optical fiber sensors performance agreed with that of a wire-mesh system, which is conventionally used as a reference high performance measurement tool for multiphase flow. Results showed the great potential of this technique that reduces in more than a half the costs, complexity and size of actual devices used for the same purpose.
Characteristics of effective anti-bullying interventions : what research says

School bullying has been universally recognised as damaging psychological, social, academic and even physical development of children (Marsh, Parada, Craven & Finger, 2004; Pellegrini, 2004). A well-designed anti-bully program that tackles school bullying is therefore an important mission for establishing desirable educational environments and positive pathways to self-reliance for children. The purpose of this paper is to review the extant anti-bullying research to identify salient features of successful interventions and identify directions for future research. Findings indicate effective intervention programs have some common features in that they: (1) are theoretical grounded; (2) gain commitment from the school and research team; (3) adopt a whole-school approach impacting on the school ethos, assisting teachers, informing parents and educating students; (4) use robust measures and analysis; (5) create safe and supportive school environments; (6) provide specialised formal teacher training showing teachers how to actively manage bullying behaviours; (7) use intervention strategies at individual and peer levels, as well as integrating cognitive-behavioural strategies to maintain long-term change; and (8) gain support from parents. Further, while some intervention programs considered in this review meet some of these criteria (e.g., Olweus, 1997; Rigby & Slee, 1993), their effectiveness has not been adequately determined by state-of-the art research methodology. To address the latter suggested strategies for strengthening anti-bullying intervention research are presented.
THE ONSET AND EFFECT OF COGNITIVE FATIGUE ON SIMULATED SPORT PERFORMANCE

This document is dedicated to everyone who has helped me become who I am today, I am forever grateful. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although there is only one name directly associated with the following text, there would be no text without the influence of numerous significant individuals. I would therefore like to extend my gratitude to those who have made a significant impact on this manuscript and on my development. I first would like to thank my dedicated committee members, Dr. for challenging me to achieve my fullest academic potential. I also extend my gratitude to Steve Coombes for the countless hours of technical development dedicated to this project and for the troubleshooting that he and Aaron Duley have provided me with. I also would like to offer my thanks to Derek Mann, for their ice hockey insight and feedback. More personally, I would like to recognize the unconditional support and patience bestowed upon me by my family and their tolerance of the miles between us. For these reasons, as well as a million others, I would like to thank my parents, Helene and John, brother Jonathan, grandmothers, Jen and Helen, and the spirit of my grandfathers, Charlie and John. Finally, I would like to thank Derek Mann for making me feel truly alive every day.
Developmental versus language-based factors in metaphor interpretation

This study examines the respective roles of language proficiency and more general developmental factors (e.g., mental capacity, knowledge) in children's metaphor interpretation. Subjects were Spanish-English-speaking and monolingual-English children from 7 to 12 years of age. The samples were English-speaking middle-class (n ffi 31) and working-class children (n = 34) and Spanish-English-speaking children who were either long-term residents (n = 39) or recent immigrants to Canada (n = 21). These samples were equal in measured mental capacity but differed on measures of language proficiency in English. With a previously validated procedure, subjects' metaphor interpretations were scored for cognitive complexity. Metaphor score increased with age, and the developmental curves were parallel across the four samples. For metaphor score, effects due to language or socioeconomic status were of small magnitude in relation to those due to age.
Semiparametric Estimation of Markov Decision Processes with Continuous State Space

We propose a general two-step estimation method for the structural parameters of popular semiparametric Markovian discrete choice models that include a class of Markovian Games and allow for continuous observable state space. The estimation procedure is simple as it directly generalizes the computationally attractive methodology of Pesendorfer and Schmidt-Dengler (2008) that assumed finite observable states. This extension is non-trivial as the value functions, to be estimated nonparametrically in the first stage, are defined recursively in a non-linear functional equation. Utilizing structural assumptions, we show how to consistently estimate the infinite dimensional parameters as the solution to some type II integral equations, the solving of which is a well-posed problem. We provide sufficient set of primitives to obtain root-T consistent estimators for the finite dimensional structural parameters and the distribution theory for the value functions in a time series framework.
Failure Rate of Direct High-Viscosity Glass-Ionomer Versus Hybrid Resin Composite Restorations in Posterior Permanent Teeth - a Systematic Review

Purpose Traditionally, resin composite restorations are claimed by reviews of the dental literature as being superior to glass-ionomer fillings in terms of restoration failures in posterior permanent teeth. The aim of this systematic review is to answer the clinical question, whether conventional high-viscosity glass-ionomer restorations, in patients with single and/or multi-surface cavities in posterior permanent teeth, have indeed a higher failure rate than direct hybrid resin composite restorations. Methods Eight databases were searched until December 02, 2013. Trials were assessed for bias risks, in-between datasets heterogeneity and statistical sample size power. Effects sizes were computed and statistically compared. A total of 55 citations were identified through systematic literature search. From these, 46 were excluded. No trials related to high-viscosity glass-ionomers versus resin composite restorations for direct head-to-head comparison were found. Three trials related to high-viscosity glass-ionomers versus amalgam and three trials related to resin composite versus amalgam restorations could be included for adjusted indirect comparison, only. Results The available evidence suggests no difference in the failure rates between both types of restoration beyond the play of chance, is limited by lack of head-to-head comparisons and an insufficient number of trials, as well as by high bias and in-between-dataset heterogeneity risk. The current clinical evidence needs to be regarded as too poor in order to justify superiority claims regarding the failure rates of both restoration types. Sufficiently large-sized, parallel-group, randomised control trials with high internal validity are needed, in order to justify any clinically meaningful judgment to this topic.
You Can Teach for Meaning.

Consider the following classroom scenarios (Tharp, Estrada, & Yamauchi, 2000). A 6th grade teacher asks students to collect data from home on the height and weight of various family members. Students discuss the following questions in groups: How could we represent these data? What is the most effective way? Students decide on specific approaches and share them with the class. A spirited discussion takes place on the best approach.
Reactogenicity and immunogenicity at preschool age of a booster dose of two three-component diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines in children primed in infancy with acellular vaccines.

OBJECTIVES To determine the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a fourth dose of 2 three-component acellular pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) when administered at preschool age to children primed in infancy with 3 doses of the same DTaP and who had received a diphtheria-tetanus (DT) dose at the age of 12 months. SETTING Local health units of 4 Italian regions. STUDY DESIGN Three thousand five hundred twenty-two children, who had been randomized in the first year of life to be immunized with a DTaP vaccine by either SmithKline Beecham or Chiron Biocine, were offered a booster of the same vaccine or, if refusing, a DT vaccine at the age of 5 to 6 years. Families of children were aware of the vaccine administered. The occurrence of adverse events was compared between the children who received a DTaP booster and those boosted with a DT only. Antibody titers to pertussis vaccine components (pertussis toxin, filamentous hemoagglutinin, and pertactin) were determined on 558 paired sera taken before and 30 days after the DTaP booster administration. RESULTS Four episodes of temperature >/=39.5 degrees C, 2 in each DTaP group, were recorded. Fever >/=38 degrees C occurred infrequently in both DTaP and DT recipients (DTaP range: 2.5%-2.8%; DT range: 0%-4.8%), as did irritability (DTaP range: 10.1%-11.7%; DT range: 7.4%-12.6%). The frequency of local reactions was significantly higher for DTaP recipients (range: 44.0%-52.8%), with respect to DT recipients (range: 29.5%-44.4%). Extensive local reactions were observed in 1.2% of DTaP recipients and in.5% of DT recipients. Both DTaP vaccines induced high antibody titers against pertussis toxin, filamentous hemoagglutinin, and pertactin, with an increase of >10 times the prebooster geometric mean titers. CONCLUSIONS A booster dose of DTaP at preschool age in children primed with the same acellular pertussis vaccine is safe and immunogenic. However, the frequency of local reactions is higher compared with that following primary immunization and with that following booster with DT only, and parents should be informed of the potential for these reactions to occur.
Prevalence of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain and associated factors in Australia: a cross-sectional study protocol

Introduction Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder. Women with PPGP report difficulty performing everyday functional activities, such as standing and walking. However, the magnitude of the problem remains unknown in Australia. It is important to determine how many women are affected by this condition and the factors associated with PPGP as this will direct healthcare services to being able to better manage women during pregnancy. Thus, this study aims to determine the prevalence of PPGP and associated factors in a Western Sydney population. Methods and analysis This study is a cross-sectional study to be conducted at a single hospital in Australia. Participants will be over 18 years of age, between 14 and 38 weeks gestation and recruited randomly from all pregnant women attending antenatal care. Participants will have anthropomorphic measures recorded, such as height and body weight, and be asked to complete questionnaires about their current pregnancy, sociodemographic information, ethnoculture, occupational factors and participation in functional activities. The classification of PPGP will be made as per the published guidelines and will include a physical examination. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been granted by the Human Research Ethics Committees of Westmead Hospital, Sydney, and Western Sydney University, Sydney. Dissemination of results will be via journal articles and conference presentations. Trial registration number ACTRN12617000904370.
Time Domain Studies of X-Ray Shot Noise in Cygnus X-1

We investigate the variability of Cyg X-1 in the context of shot-noise models and employ a peak detection algorithm to select individual shots. For a long observation of the low, hard state, the distribution of time intervals between shots is found to be consistent with a purely random process, contrary to previous claims in the literature. The detected shots are fit to several model templates and found to have a broad range of shapes. The fitted shots have a distribution of timescales from below 10 ms to above 1 s. The coherence of the cross spectrum of light curves of these data in different energy bands is also studied. The observed high coherence implies that the transfer function between low- and high-energy variability is uniform. The uniformity of the transfer function implies that the observed distribution of shot widths cannot have been acquired through Compton scattering. Our results in combination with other results in the literature suggest that shot luminosities are correlated with one another. We discuss how our experimental methodology relates to nonlinear models of variability.
This Course Has A Bloom Rating Of 3.9

This paper analyses the cognitive difficulty of six courses that may be taken as credit towards an IT degree offered by a regional Australian University. The assessment requirements of these six courses are evaluated using Bloom's taxonomy and from this a difficulty metric, called here a Bloom Rating, is computed for each course. The analysis reveals that some quite lowly courses in terms of their ordering in the programme, such as first-year programming, are comparatively high in their cognitive demands, whereas some of the more advanced non-programming courses have relatively low levels of cognitive difficulty. An explanation for these trends is offered.
Depressive symptoms after a sexual assault among women: understanding victim-perpetrator relationships and the role of social perceptions.

OBJECTIVES Although mental health impact of gender based violence has been documented for many decades, the impact of the socio-cultural dimensions and type of perpetrator on mental health outcomes has not been described outside of developed countries. We explore depression symptomatology four to six weeks post-rape in South Africa and examine whether this differs according to the circumstances of the rape. METHOD 140 participants recruited from public hospital services in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces were interviewed within two weeks after completing the post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) medication. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic and sexual assault characteristics including perpetrator. Depressive symptomatology was measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. RESULTS 84.3% (95% CI: 78.1-90.3) women were found to have high levels of depressive symptoms, but lower levels were found among women raped in circumstances in which there was a lesser likelihood of blame such as those raped by strangers rather than intimate partners (Odds Ratio: (OR) 0.28 (95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.11-0.69) and higher levels were associated with experiencing four or more side effects related to PEP medication (OR: 3.79: CI: 1.03-13.94). Receiving support and severe sexual assaults (involving weapons and multiple perpetrators) were not associated with depression. CONCLUSION The study does not support the general assumption that more violent rape causes more psychological harm. These results have important implications for individual treatment because it is more generally assumed that multiple perpetrator rapes, stranger rapes and those with weapons would result in more psychological trauma and thus more enduring symptoms. Our findings point to the importance of understanding the socio-cultural dimensions, including dynamics of blame and stigma, of rape on mental health sequelae.
Endoscope-Assisted Keyhole Technique for Hypertensive Cerebral Hemorrhage in Elderly Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study in 184 Patients.

AIM Hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage (HCH) is a potentially life-threatening cerebrovascular disease with high mortality. In case of a massive hematoma, surgical drainage is a crucial treatment. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of the endoscope-assisted keyhole technique in elderly patients with intracerebral hematoma who needed a flap craniotomy as traditional treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred-eighty-four elderly patients with HCH, who had craniotomy indications after conservative treatment for 6-24 hours after onset, were randomly divided into two groups. In the craniotomy group, traditional hematoma drainage was performed. In the keyhole group, an endoscope-assisted keyhole technique was used. Anesthesia time, blood loss, hematoma drainage rate, and complications were compared. The clinical primary outcome was the six-month efficacy rate (defined by the activities of daily living (ADL) score). RESULTS Anesthesia time was longer in the craniotomy group (3.43 ± 0.65 vs. 1.53 ± 0.52 h, P < 0.01), and blood losses were more important (256 ± 129 vs. 96 ± 39 ml P < 0.01). There was no difference in hematoma drainage rate between the two groups (77.25 ± 13.44 vs. 83.52 ± 27.51% P > 0.05). Complications, including tracheotomy (P < 0.01), pulmonary infection (P < 0.01) and hypoproteinemia (P < 0.05) were more frequent in the craniotomy group. There was no difference in the occurrence of other complications, including revision surgery digestive tract ulcer and epilepsy. Proportion of patients with good prognosis (ADL I-III) was larger in the keyhole group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In elderly HCH patients with an indication for hematoma drainage, better outcomes were achieved using an endoscope-assisted keyhole technique.
Removal of fibrous epulis with Er,Cr:YSGG laser: case report.

BACKGROUND Epulis is a benign tumour located in the area of the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and marginal gingiva. A clinical case of Epulis, treated using an Er,Cr:YSGG laser in our Paediatric Dentistry division of the PTV Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, is described. CASE REPORT A pink, sessile, broad-based lesion, elastic in consistency, was detected on the maxillary vestibular gum above the lateral right incisor. The lesion was removed with Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2780 nm) without anaesthetic infiltration, power ranged from 1,5 to 2,0 Watts at 20 Hz repetition rate under 20%-15% air-water spray. The histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of fibrous epulis. The immediate postoperative course was excellent, with no pain or need for anti-inflammatory or analgesic drugs. Wound healing was good after 1 week, and was completed after 1 month. The patient was followed up for 3-6 months, and checked again after 1 and 2 years to assess possible relapse. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser has several treatment advantages, fundamental in Paediatric Dentistry: it requires only topical anaesthesia, it has a high clinical safety, there is a short treatment time, no surgical sutures are required; no complications were encountered during or immediately following laser surgery, all resulting in excellent patient cooperation.
Pathological voice assessment

Voice diseases are increasing dramatically nowadays due mainly to unhealthy social habits and voice abuse. These diseases must be diagnosed and treated at an early stage. It is widely recognized that voice diseases do not necessarily cause changes in voice quality as perceived by a listener. Acoustic analysis is a useful tool to diagnose such diseases; furthermore, it presents two main advantages: it is a non-invasive tool, and provides an objective diagnosis, being a complementary tool to those methods based on the direct observation of the vocal folds using laryngoscopy. This paper is focused on the main acoustic features used in pathological voice assessment. Analysis of voice signal is usually performed by the extraction of acoustic parameters using digital signal processing techniques. These parameters are analyzed to determine the particular characteristic of the voice. The state of the art in acoustic analysis allows to estimate a large amount of long-term acoustic parameters such the pitch, jitter, shimmer, Amplitude Perturbation Quotient (APQ), Pitch Perturbation Quotient (PPQ), Harmonics to Noise Ratio (HNR), Normalized Noise energy (NNE), Voice Turbulence Index (VTI), Soft Phonation Index (SPI), Frequency Amplitude Tremor (FATR), Glottal to Noise Excitation (GNE), and many others, conceived to measure the quality of voice records. However, their reliable estimation is based on an accurate measurement of the fundamental frequency: a difficult task, especially in the presence of certain pathologies. In the last recent years newer approaches are found using short-time analysis of the speech. It is well known that the acoustic signal itself contains information about the vocal tract and the excitation waveform as well. The basic idea for this research is to use a non-parametric approach able of modelling the effects of pathologies on both the excitation (vocal folds) and the system (vocal tract). Short-term Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) features together with other features (fundamental frequency, energy, noise features), both of which are not computationally intensive to measure, can be reliably employed for rapid assessment of normal and pathological voices. 2. ACOUSTICS These measures, when proven reliable and reproducible, provide a means of following changes in the voice over time or between subjects.