Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What constitutes a “reasonable belief” in consent to sex? A thematic analysis

Abstract The prosecution of rape frequently requires a jury to decide whether the defendant reasonably believed that the complainant consented to sexual intercourse, thereby assuming a shared understanding of what constitutes a “reasonable belief in consent”. This study provides a thematic analysis of interviews with 18 university students, studying in London, UK, to explore their perceptions of “a reasonable belief in consent” when considering other people's behaviour. The findings suggest that whilst these participants rejected many stereotypical ideas in judging reasonable belief in consent, the discussion regarding vulnerability, responsibility and the consumption of alcohol was less clear-cut. Discussions frequently sought to avoid directly blaming the victim for being raped, but would instead blame her for getting drunk or otherwise “allowing” herself to become vulnerable. The implications of these findings for the prosecution of rape and wider public education are considered.
Peaks Beyond Phonology: Adolescence, Incrementation, and Language Change

What is the mechanism by which a linguistic change advances across successive generations of speakers? We explore this question by using the model of incrementation provided in Labov 2001 and analyzing six current changes in English. Extending Labov's focus on recent and vigorous phonological changes, we target ongoing morphosyntactic(-semantic) and discourse-pragmatic changes. Our results provide a striking validation of the incrementation model, confirming its value as a key to understanding the evolution of linguistic systems. However, although our findings reveal the predicted peak in the apparent-time progress of a change and corroborate the female tendency to lead innovation, there is no absolute contrast between men and women with respect to incrementation. Instead, quantitative differences in the social embedding of linguistic change correlate with the rate of the change in the speech community.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and exposure to breast implants.

BACKGROUND Animal studies and uncontrolled case series in humans have suggested a possible association between breast implant exposure and monoclonal gammopathy. OBJECTIVE To assess whether there is an increased risk of monoclonal gammopathy in women with silicone breast implants, we conducted a retrospective study of women exposed to breast implants and matched nonexposed women nested within a prospective cohort study (the Nurses' Health Study). METHODS We used serum protein electrophoresis and immunoglobulin subtype by immunofixation to test 288 women exposed to breast implants and 288 age-matched, nonexposed women who previously had provided a blood sample (1989-1990) for monoclonal proteins. RESULTS Among the women exposed to breast implants, 5 had monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) compared with 4 women among those not exposed (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-6.39). The distribution of isotypes was similar across exposure groups. The exposed women with MGUS tended to be older than the nonexposed women (mean age, 60.4 years vs 52.5 years, respectively; P =.03). None of the 9 women with MGUS had reported multiple myeloma or other hematologic malignancies up through 1996. CONCLUSIONS We find little evidence to support a substantial increased risk of MGUS in women exposed to breast implants. Larger studies are needed to determine if a more modest relationship exists.
Rethinking the language of politics in 21st century Zimbabwe: A critical discourse analysis perspective

The struggle for political supremacy in postcolonial Zimbabwe has of late assumed a new form in which discourse contestations have taken centre-stage. The Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF) politicians have engaged in discourse construction and discourse manipulation as tools of discrediting, vilifying and outmanoeuvring their perceived political opponents. This has been evident during and after the execution of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (the Third Chimurenga) and the urban slums clearance exercise (Operation Murambatsvina). Applied propaganda techniques in the form of discourse control, semantic twists, popular appeal, word approval, semantic forgery and semantic shifts have been deployed in attempting to justify the nobility of unpopular government programmes that have been condemned both locally and internationally. The article concentrates on ZANU PF political discourse because other political players in do not have access to the state controlled media. In attempting to unravel these deep-seated political machinations of the ZANU PF government, the article uses a mixed conceptual framework of hegemony theory and critical discourse analysis, coupled with empiricism. LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research Vol.3 () 2006: pp.223-235
Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil improves exercise economy and reduces perceived exertion during submaximal steady-state exercise in normal healthy untrained men

Based on the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on reduction of blood viscosity, we theorized that PUFA could improve aerobic performance by increasing oxygen supply to tissues. Twenty male subjects were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10): a fish oil group (FG) and a control (CG). Maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise were measured using a cycle ergometer. For 8 weeks, the FG then ingested capsules containing 3.6 g/day of EPA-rich fish oil, while the CG took 3.6 g/day of a medium-chain triglyceride. After supplementation, erythrocyte EPA and DHA in the FG were significantly increased. In the FG, a negative linear correlation was detected in the change between erythrocyte EPA and whole oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise pre- and post-supplementation. The present study showed that EPA-rich fish oil supplementation improves exercise economy in humans. Graphical Abstract Supplementation with fish oil for 8 weeks improved exercise economy and reduced perceived exertion during exercise in normal healthy untrained men.
Realizability of dynamic subgrid-scale stress models via stochastic analysis

Abstract Large eddy simulations involving dynamic subgrid-scale stress models reveal questions regarding the formulation of dynamic stress models. The dynamic Smagorinsky model, for example, yields large fluctuations and can easily become unstable. An analysis explains the reasons for these problems: it is shown that the dynamic Smagorinsky model involves an incorrect scale dependence which may produce significant errors leading to instabilities. These problems are addressed by analyzing the implications of the realizability constraint, this means the constraint that an acceptable turbulence closure model be based on the statistics of a velocity field that is physically achievable or realizable. The realizable dynamic stress models obtained have strong theoretical support: these models are the result of a well based systematic development of stress models. From a practical point of view, the realizable dynamic stress models obtained have the advantage that they do not support the development of instabilities due to possibly huge model errors. It is also shown that the consideration of nonlinear dynamic stress models further improves the accuracy of simulations.
Family issues implicit in living donation

Abstract Living renal donation is increasing and is an important source of kidneys for patients with end stage renal disease. Such donations have major quality of life implications for donors and recipients. The majority of studies in this field address physical health issues; live donation, however, also involves complex psychological, social, and cultural needs. It is important to have an understanding of this complexity to ensure that the quality of life of recipient and donor is not harmed. This paper reports the findings of an ethnographic study, which examined aspects of live donation from psychological, social, and cultural perspectives. Issues discussed include family relationships, complexities of seeking a donor from within the family, gift reciprocity, donor moral imperatives, and difficulties encountered within the donor decision-making process. The findings show: the degree and nature of the dependence and interdependence felt between donors and recipients; the difficulties encountered in both the decision to donate and the refusal to donate; the longer term obligations that may arise; and the impact on the family unit, demonstrating psychological, social, and cultural risks within the live donation process. These important findings should be recognised and addressed by relevant pre- and post-operative professional care, thus maintaining the integrity of the family unit and also, more importantly, the autonomy of both the donor and the recipient.
Patients' acceptance of Internet-based home asthma telemonitoring

We studied asthma patients from a low-income inner-city community without previous computer experience. The patients were given portable spirometers to perform spirometry tests and palmtop computers to enter symptoms in a diary, to exchange messages with physician and to review test results. The self-testing was performed at home on a daily basis. The results were transmitted to the hospital information system immediately after completion of each test. Physician could review results using an Internet Web browser from any location. A constantly active decision support server monitored all data traffic and dispatched alerts when certain clinical conditions were met. Seventeen patients, out of 19 invited, agreed to participate in the study and have been monitored for three weeks. They have been surveyed then using standardized questionnaire. Most of the patients (82.4%) characterized self-testing procedures as "not complicated at all. " In 70.6% of cases self-testing did not interfere with usual activities, and 82.4% of patients felt the self-testing required a "very little" amount of their time. All patients stated that it is important for them to know that the results can be reviewed by professional staff in a timely manner. However, only 29.5% of patients reviewed their results at least once a week at home independently. The majority of the patients (94.1%) were strongly interested in using home asthma telemonitoring in the future. We concluded that Internet-based home asthma telemonitoring can be successfully implemented in the group of patients without previous computer background.
Investigation of transverse oscillation method

Conventional ultrasound scanners can display only the axial component of the blood velocity vector, which is a significant limitation when vessels nearly parallel to the skin surface are scanned. The transverse oscillation (TO) method overcomes this limitation by introducing a TO and an axial oscillation in the pulse echo field. The theory behind the creation of the double oscillation pulse echo field is explained as well as the theory behind the estimation of the vector velocity. A parameter study of the method is performed, using the ultrasound simulation program Field II. A virtual linear-array transducer with center frequency 7 MHz and 128 active elements is created, and a virtual blood vessel of radius 6.4 mm is simulated. The performance of the TO method is found around an initial point in the parameter space. The parameters varied are: flow angle, transmit focus depth, receive apodization, pulse length, transverse wave length, number of emissions, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and type of echo-canceling filter used. Using an experimental scanner, the performance of the TO method is evaluated. An experimental flowrig is used to create laminar parabolic flow in a blood mimicking fluid, and the fluid is scanned under different flow-to-beam angles. The relative standard deviation on the transverse velocity estimate is found to be less than 10% for all angles between 50deg and 90deg. Furthermore, the TO method is evaluated in the flowrig using pulsatile flow, which resembles the flow in the femoral artery. The estimated volume flow as a function of time is compared to the volume flow derived from a conventional axial method at a flow-to-beam angle of 60deg. It is found that the method is highly sensitive to the angle between the flow and the beam direction. Also, the choice of echo canceling filter affects the performance significantly
School Reform: The District Policy Implications of the Effective Schools Literature

cation [1983]). While the latter are generally critical of the nation's schools, the former attempts to identify the characteristics of exemplary schools (e.g., Cohen 1983; MacKenzie 1983). Providentially, the reports criticizing education in the United States have focused public attention on schools and the need for change at precisely the time when over a decade of research suggests means by which this change might be accomplished. In this paper we will briefly review findings from the school effectiveness literature and, based on that literature, suggest local strategies and policies that will stimulate and facilitate school
Terrorism as a Desperate Game

This article examines terrorism both theoretically and empirically. A typology is presented to identify different types of terrorist events and characteristics particular to each. Following this, the negotiations involved in hostage situations are examined with emphasis on government / terrorist response options and event outcomes. Throughout the article, assumptions of the theoretical model are empirically tested utilizing the ITERATE data set. Decision routes are mapped as a method for conceptualizing the tactics involved in bargaining communications. Formal game theory is utilized to explore the complexities involved in modeling government/terrorist interaction regarding: (a) developing an extensive game form; (b) specifying utilities; and (c) constructing illustrative games. Probability functions for an empirically-based decision model are generated by an examination of government/ terrorist responses and outcomes for the cases in the data set. Discriminant function analysis is employed to specify quantitatively the degree to which theoretically identified types are distinct as posited. The argument presented emphasizes the significance of the communications (implicit and direct, calculated and manipulative) which result from the terrorist/target bargaining interaction.
Conscientiousness and the Theory of Planned Behavior: Toward a more Complete Model of the Antecedents of Intentions and Behavior

Two studies explored the relationship between past behavior, personality traits, intentions, and behavior. Study 1 (N = 181) considered intentions to engage in goal-directed activity (health protection). Cognitions specified by the Theory of Planned Behavior were examined as mediators of the relationship between past behavior, personality, and intentions. The effect of conscientiousness on intention was partially mediated by cognitions, whereas the effect of past behavior was partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness. Study 2 (N = 123) examined predictions of intentions and self-reported behavior in relation to both health protection and exercise, a more specific behavior. In both cases, the effect of conscientiousness on intention was totally mediated, whereas the effect on behavior was partially mediated. Similarly, the effects of past behavior on intentions were totally mediated, whereas the effects on behavior were partially mediated by cognitions and conscientiousness. Thus, combining personality traits and cognitions provided a more sufficient account of the determinants of intentions and behavior.
Adolescent self-esteem, problem behaviors, and perceived social support in Turkey

This study was conducted as a predictive examination of family conflict and parent and peer support on adolescent self-esteem, depression, and problem behaviors. The other aim of the study was to determine whether adolescent self-esteem, depression, and problem behaviors differed according to gender. The study sample consisted of 1,734 high school students. The results support the general hypothesis that perceptions of high conflict in the family context are related to lower levels of self-esteem and higher levels of depression; and lower levels of self-esteem are related to higher levels of depression, which are expected to lead to higher levels of involvement in problem behaviors. To increase the level of wellness in adolescents, improving friendship quality and solving parent-adolescent crises are recommended. At the same time, prevention and intervention programs for problem behaviors and emotional problems could be beneficial for adolescents.
The development of an offender personality disorder strategy

This article explores the development of an offender personality disorder strategy for the Department of Health (DH) and National Offender Management Service (NOMS). The strategy has two strands: offenders who present a high risk of serious harm to others, and workforce development. This article primarily considers the first of these. The strategy builds upon the learning so far from the Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) programme and democratic therapeutic communities in prisons. This indicates the need for NOMS and the NHS to take joint responsibility for the assessment, treatment and management of this population and to deliver services, where appropriate, through joint operations. A greater focus is required on the early identification of personality disordered offenders who present a high risk of serious harm to others, leading to an active pathway of intervention predominately based in the criminal justice system (CJS).
Model‐free group analysis shows altered BOLD FMRI networks in dementia

FMRI research in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) typically is aimed at determining regional changes in brain function, most commonly by creating a model of the expected BOLD‐response and estimating its magnitude using a general linear model (GLM) analysis. This crucially depends on the suitability of the temporal assumptions of the model and on assumptions about normality of group distributions. Exploratory data analysis techniques such as independent component analysis (ICA) do not depend on these assumptions and are able to detect unknown, yet structured spatiotemporal processes in neuroimaging data. Tensorial probabilistic ICA (T‐PICA) is a model free technique that can be used for analyzing multiple subjects and groups, extracting signals of interest (components) in the spatial, temporal, and also subject domain of FMRI data. We applied T‐PICA and model‐based GLM to study FMRI signal during face encoding in 18 AD, 28 MCI patients, and 41 healthy elderly controls. T‐PICA showed activation in regions associated with motor, visual, and cognitive processing, and deactivation in the default mode network. Six networks showed a significantly decreased response in patients. For two networks the T‐PICA technique was significantly more sensitive to detect group differences than the standard model‐based technique. We conclude that T‐PICA is a promising tool to identify and detect differences in (de)activated brain networks in elderly controls and dementia patients. The technique is more sensitive than the commonly applied model‐based method. Consistent with other research, we show that networks of activation and deactivation show decreased reactivity in dementia. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Analysis of Accountability Policies in Finland and the United States

This study examines student achievement and prevalence of students with disabilities in Finland and the United States (U.S.), by analysing international test scores, national reports, and special education legislation. The variables of interest include institutional design of each country, resources invested in and values surrounding public education, disability policies, and student diversity. Our findings indicate that the quality of the teaching profession, access to materials, intensive early interventions, equitable resource distribution, and values grounded on equity versus access are related to both student achievement and the prevalence of students with disabilities. We discuss implications of institutional arrangements and early intervention for policy formulation.
Determinants of Length of Hospitalization due to Acute Odontogenic Maxillofacial Infections: A 2009–2013 Retrospective Analysis

Objectives: To investigate the determinants of the length of hospitalization (LOH) due to acute odontogenic maxillofacial infections (AOMIs) from 2009 to 2013. Materials and Methods: Dental records of adult patients with AOMIs and related data were retrieved from the Vilnius University's dental hospital. The LOH was related to several determinants in each of the following domains: outpatient primary care, severity of AOMIs, lifestyle and disease domains. Determinants were also associated with the LOH using multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 285 patients were hospitalized with AOMIs, of which 166 (58.2%) were males and 119 (41.8%) were females. The mean LOH was 8.3 ± 4.9 days. The bivariate analysis did not reveal any statistically significant differences in LOH between patients with AOMIs who received urgent outpatient primary care and those who did not receive such care prior to hospitalization. All AOMI severity-related determinants were associated with the LOH. The LOH was related to coexisting systemic conditions but not to the higher severity of dental or periodontal diseases. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses revealed similar trends, where the most significant determinants of a longer LOH were related to the severity of AOMIs. Conclusion: The most important determinants regarding longer hospitalization were indicators of infection severity such as an extension of the odontogenic infection and the need for an extraoral incision to drain the infection.
Effect of a leadership intervention on subordinate well-being

Purpose – Leadership behaviours are shown to contribute to subordinate well-being. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of a 7.5-day personal growth-orientated leadership intervention among line supervisors on subordinate well-being at work in a public sector construction organization. Design/methodology/approach – A quasi-experimental design was applied to investigate the effects on the subordinates’ perceptions of the psychosocial work environment, leadership, and well-being. The intervention group comprised the subordinates (n=49) of the leadership intervention units and the control group comprised the subordinates (n=96) of the non-participating units. Data were collected with pre- and post-measurement surveys and analysed with repeated measures ANCOVA. Findings – The intervention improved the flow of information after adjusting for the subordinates’ level of participation in the organizational stress management programme and background variables. The subordinates’ perception of lead.
SCHIZOPHRENIA: REVIEW OF THE WORK OF PROF. EUGEN BLEULER

Since coming to the United States I have had the valuable experience of realizing that the conceptions of schizophrenia are very different here from those held in our clinic at Burgholzli. In the following pages I shall try to emphasize the points of difference and to cover briefly the views held in common here and in Switzerland. My father considered it an important step in the understanding of schizophrenia to separate the primary from the secondary symptoms. His purpose was to discover, among the confusingly large number of schizophrenic signs described by Kraepelin, the ones that were present in every case and had to be regarded as the basic difficulties from which the secondary signs developed. This development of the secondary signs on the structure of the primary lesions he considered as due to normal environmental irritations and to normal psychologic and physiologic mechanisms. For the sake of clarity, this