Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late Quaternary ice sheet, lake and sea history of southwest Scandinavia – a synthesis

Based on a large number of new boreholes in northern Denmark, and on the existing data, a revised event‐stratigraphy is presented for southwestern Scandinavia. Five significant Late Saalian to Late Weichselian glacial events, each separated by periods of interglacial or interstadial marine or glaciolacustrine conditions, are identified in northern Denmark. The first glacial event is attributed to the Late Saalian c. 160–140 kyr BP, when the Warthe Ice Sheet advanced from easterly and southeasterly directions through the Baltic depression into Germany and Denmark. This Baltic ice extended as far as northern Denmark, where it probably merged with the Norwegian Channel Ice Stream (NCIS) and contributed to a large discharge of icebergs into the Norwegian Sea. Following the break up, marine conditions were established that persisted from the Late Saalian until the end of the Early Weichselian. The next glaciation occurred c. 65–60 kyr BP, when the Sundsøre ice advanced from the north into Denmark and the North Sea, where the Scandinavian and British Ice Sheets merged. During the subsequent deglaciation, large ice‐dammed lakes formed before the ice disintegrated in the Norwegian Channel, and marine conditions were re‐established. The following Ristinge advance from the Baltic, initiated c. 55 kyr BP, also reached northern Denmark, where it probably merged with the NCIS. The deglaciation, c. 50 kyr BP, was followed by a long period of marine arctic conditions. Around 30 kyr BP, the Scandinavian Ice Sheet expanded from the north into the Norwegian Channel, where it dammed the Kattegat ice lake. Shortly after, c. 29 kyr BP, the Kattegat advance began, and once again the Scandinavian and British Ice Sheets merged in the North Sea. The subsequent retreat to the Norwegian Channel led to the formation of Ribjerg ice lake, which persisted from 27 to 23 kyr BP. The expansion of the last ice sheet started c. 23 kyr BP, when the main advance occurred from north–northeasterly directions into Denmark. An ice‐dammed lake was formed during deglaciation, while the NCIS was still active. During a re‐advance and subsequent retreat c. 19 kyr BP, a number of tunnel‐valley systems were formed in association with ice‐marginal positions. The NCIS finally began to break up in the Norwegian Sea 18.8 kyr BP, and the Younger Yoldia Sea inundated northern Denmark around 18 kyr BP. The extensive amount of new and existing data applied to this synthesis has provided a better understanding of the timing and dynamics of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) during the last c. 160 kyr. Furthermore, our model contributes to the understanding of the timing of the occasional release of large quantities of meltwater from the southwestern part of the SIS that are likely to enter the North Atlantic and possibly affect the thermohaline circulation.
FIELD ESTIMATION OF MACROPORE FUNCTIONING AND SURFACE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN A FEN PEAT

A limitation of existing models of water and solute movement in fen peats is that they fail to represent processes in the unsaturated zone. This limitation is largely due to a lack of data on the hydraulic properties of unsaturated peat, in particular the relationship between hydraulic conductivity (K) and pressure head (ψ). A tension infiltrometer was used to measure K(ψ) of a fen peat in Somerset, England. It was found that macropores could be important in water and solute movement in this soil type. It was also found that (i) variability of K in this peat was less than that reported for other peats and mineral soils, and (ii) the K data were better described by a log-normal distribution than a normal distribution in accord with findings from other peat and mineral soils. Recommendations on improving the understanding of water and solute movement in the unsaturated zone of this soil type are made. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Middle and Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera of the Western Mediterranean area

Planktonic foraminifera from sections in predominantly pelagic and hemipelagic sediments of Late Albian to Late Maastrichtian age in southern Spain, central Tunisia and northern Italy were studied. Their vertical distribution allows for the recognition of 21 zones. They are correlated with the calcareous nannofossil zonation of Verbeek (1977), which was essentially based on the same material. Recent data from stratotypes allow for a rather detailed correlation with the chronostratigraphic scale. An improved calibration of the planktonic biozonations and the Middle and Late Cretaceous magnetostratigraphic scale is proposed. Late Aptian, Late Albian and Cenomanian reversals are documented with micropaleontological evidence from the actual cores. The systematics and phylogeny of several groups of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera are discussed. The subdivision of post-Cenomanian globotruncanids into genera, as now widely accepted, is shown to be unrealistic from an evolutionary point of view. The genus Globotruncana Cushman is shown to be polyphyletic. Turonian and younger globotruncanids can be subdivided into a number of natural groups by means of conservative diagnostic features, which remain constant throughout the ranges of the groups. Generic features appear to be progressive and develop analogously in each of the groups. The evolution of Middle and Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera appears to be closely related to the occurrence of two major crises in the oxygenation of the World's ocean waters. Entirely new associations of keeled forms appear immediately after these anoxic events, which occurred during most of the Aptian and Albian and at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. A third event, close to the Santonian-Campanian boundary, is thought to be due to fundamental changes in the oceanic circulation pattern in relation with the opening history of the Atlantic Ocean. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary extinction is briefly discussed. Its explanation must be essentially different from that of the other three major events. Taxonomic notes are made on the most important species. New generic names for apparently natural groups have not been introduced and incorrect names for important zonal markers have not been altered as this would hamper the comparison between the zonal scheme as proposed here and previous ones.
Toward a new approach in fruit recognition using hybrid RGBD features and fruit hierarchy property

We present hierarchical multi-feature classification (HMC) system for multiclass fruit recognition problem. Our approach to HMC exploits the advantages of combining multimodal features and the fruit hierarchy property. In the construction of hybrid features, we take the advantage of using color feature in the fruit recognition problem and combine it with 3D shape feature of depth channel of RGBD (Red, Green, Blue, Depth) images. Meanwhile, given a set of fruit species and variety, with a preexisting hierarchy among them, we consider the problem of assigning images to one of these fruit variety from the point of view of a hierarchy. We report on computational experiment using this approach. We show that the use of hierarchy structure along with hybrid RGBD features can improve the classification performance.
The forward problem algorithm based on modified element free Galerkin method for bioluminescence tomography

As an emerging and promising molecular imaging modality, bioluminescence tomography (BLT) can reconstruct the internal light source with the photon fluence on the small animal surface to reveal non-invasive molecular and cellular activities directly. In order to obtain higher precision and better spatial resolution in source reconstruction, the solution accuracy for the forward problem of BLT should be improved as high as possible. In this contribution, we present a modified element free Galerkin method (MEFGM) to calculate photon propagation in the biological tissue. This method is based on moving least squares (MLS) approximation which requires only a series of nodes in the region of interest, so complicated meshing task can be avoided compared with finite element method (FEM). Furthermore, MLS shape functions are further modified to satisfy the delta function property, which can simplify the processing of boundary conditions in comparison with traditional meshless methods. Finally, the numerical simulation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of this proposed method by comparing the solution of MEFGM with that of FEM.
Perfluorocarbon blocks tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced interleukin‐8 release from alveolar epithelial cells in vitro

Objective: To determine whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α‐induced interleukin (IL)‐8 production by pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells is blocked by perfluorocarbon (PFC). Design: Controlled, laboratory investigation of IL‐8 production by pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells after exposure to PFC in vitro. Setting: University research laboratory. Subject: The human alveolar epithelial cell line with pulmonary type II (A549) cell properties. Interventions: The A549 cells on a polycarbonate porous filter were stimulated either on the apical or the basolateral side with TNF‐α. To determine TNF‐α‐induced IL‐8 production, IL‐8 was measured by using a human IL‐8 kit in both control and experimental groups. Measurements and Main Results: TNF‐α stimulation induced a large increase in IL‐8. When PFC was added to the medium immediately after TNF‐α stimulation, PFC separated the medium from the cells and IL‐8 production was markedly reduced (TNF‐α alone, 8342 ± 470 pg vs. TNF‐α followed by PFC, 417 ± 88 pg, p < .05). Preincubation of A549 cells with PFC for 24 hrs before stimulation with TNF‐α followed by removal of PFC did not affect IL‐8 production (8834 ± 204 vs. 8342 ± 470 pg; p = NS). When added to the lower chamber, TNF‐α also induced IL‐8 production unaffected by the addition of PFC to the upper chamber. The decrease in TNF‐α‐induced IL‐8 production depended on the time of PFC administration after the initiation of TNF‐α stimulation. The earlier PFC was added, the more pronounced the diminution was in IL‐8. Conclusions: PFC appears to function as a physical barrier, thus reducing cytokines produced by alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. This mechanism may partially explain the decreased inflammatory response observed during liquid ventilation in models of acute lung injury.
Empirical validation of the buckley-osthus model for the web host graph: degree and edge distributions

We consider the Buckley-Osthus implementation of preferential attachment and its ability to model the web host graph in two aspects. One is the degree distribution that we observe to follow the power law, as often being the case for real-world graphs. Another one is the two-dimensional edge distribution, the number of edges between vertices of given degrees. We fit a single "initial attractiveness" parameter a of the model, first with respect to the degree distribution of the web host graph, and then, absolutely independently, with respect to the edge distribution. Surprisingly, the values of a we obtain turn out to be nearly the same. Therefore the same model with the same value of the parameter a fits very well the two independent and basic aspects of the web host graph. In addition, we demonstrate that other models completely lack the asymptotic behavior of the edge distribution of the web host graph, even when accurately capturing the degree distribution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study confirming the ability of preferential attachment models to reflect the distribution of edges between vertices with respect to their degrees in a real graph of Internet.
Holocene and Lateglacial relative sea‐level change in north‐west England: implications for glacial isostatic adjustment models

Relative sea‐level (RSL) change is reconstructed for central Cumbria, UK, based on litho‐ and biostratigraphical analysis from the Lateglacial to the late Holocene. The RSL curve is constrained using ten new radiocarbon‐dated sea‐level index points in addition to published data. The sea‐level curve identifies a clear Lateglacial sea‐level highstand approximately 2.3 m OD at c. 15–17 k cal a BP followed by rapid RSL fall to below −5 m OD. RSL then rose rapidly during the early Holocene culminating in a mid‐Holocene highstand of approximately 1 m OD at c. 6 k cal a BP followed by gradual fall to the present level. These new data provide an important test for the RSL predictions from glacial isostatic adjustment models, particularly for the Lateglacial where there are very little data from the UK. The new RSL curve shows similar broad‐scale trends in RSL movement predicted by the models. However, the more recent models fail to predict the Lateglacial sea level highstand above present reconstructed by the new data presented here. Future updates to the models are needed to reduce this mismatch. This study highlights the importance for further RSL data to constrain Lateglacial sea level from sites in northern Britain. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by post-operative trastuzumab for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus trastuzumab (NCT) increases the rate of pathological complete response (pCR) and event-free survival (EFS) compared to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) alone in women with HER2 positive breast cancer (BC). pCR in this setting is associated with improved EFS. Whether NCT preferentially improves EFS in comparison to NC followed by adjuvant trastuzumab initiated postoperatively (NCAT) has not been addressed. Using clinical data from women with HER2 positive BC treated at 7 European institutions between 2007 and 2010 we sought to investigate the impact on breast cancer outcomes of concomitant (NCT) versus sequential (NCAT) treatment in HER2 positive early BC. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for event free survival with NCT compared with NCAT was 0.63 (95% CI 0.37–1.08; p = 0.091). Multivariable analysis revealed that treatment group, tumour size and ER status were significantly associated with EFS from diagnosis. In the whole group NCT was associated with a reduced risk of an event relative to NCAT, an effect that was confined to ER negative (HR: 0.25; 95% CI, 0.10–0.62; p = 0.003) as opposed to ER positive tumours (HR: 1.07; 95% CI, 0.46–2.52; p = 0.869). HER2 positive/ER negative BC treated with NC gain greatest survival benefit when trastuzumab is administered in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant period rather than in the adjuvant period alone. These data support the early introduction of targeted combination therapy in HER2 positive/ER negative BC.
Gene family encoding the major toxins of lethal Amanita mushrooms

Amatoxins, the lethal constituents of poisonous mushrooms in the genus Amanita, are bicyclic octapeptides. Two genes in A. bisporigera, AMA1 and PHA1, directly encode α-amanitin, an amatoxin, and the related bicyclic heptapeptide phallacidin, a phallotoxin, indicating that these compounds are synthesized on ribosomes and not by nonribosomal peptide synthetases. α-Amanitin and phallacidin are synthesized as proproteins of 35 and 34 amino acids, respectively, from which they are predicted to be cleaved by a prolyl oligopeptidase. AMA1 and PHA1 are present in other toxic species of Amanita section Phalloidae but are absent from nontoxic species in other sections. The genomes of A. bisporigera and A. phalloides contain multiple sequences related to AMA1 and PHA1. The predicted protein products of this family of genes are characterized by a hypervariable “toxin” region capable of encoding a wide variety of peptides of 7–10 amino acids flanked by conserved sequences. Our results suggest that these fungi have a broad capacity to synthesize cyclic peptides on ribosomes.
Weighted Subspace Distance and Its Applications to Object Recognition and Retrieval With Image Sets

We address the problem of measuring the distance between two subspaces, each of which is spanned by an image set. In the existing methods, only the orthonormal basis is used to represent the subspace. However, the images are usually distributed in a limited area, rather than the whole subspace. Therefore, the characteristics of the distribution should also be considered. In this letter, a weighted subspace distance (WSD) is proposed, in which the principal component values of the data set are adopted to calculate the weights. Experimental results on object recognition and retrieval with image sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposal.
Case finding for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a model for optimising a targeted approach

Objectives Case finding is proposed as an important component of the forthcoming English National Clinical Strategy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because of accepted widespread underdiagnosis worldwide. However the best method of identification is not known. The extent of undiagnosed clinically significant COPD in England is described and the effectiveness of an active compared with an opportunistic approach to case finding is evaluated. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was carried out using using Health Survey for England (HSE) 1995–1996 data supplemented with published literature. A model comparing an active approach (mailed questionnaires plus opportunistic identification) with an opportunistic-only approach of case finding among ever smokers aged 40–79 years was evaluated. There were 20 496 participants aged ≥30 years with valid lung function measurements. The main outcome measure was undiagnosed clinically significant COPD (any respiratory symptom with both forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) <0.7 and FEV1 <80% predicted). Results 971 (4.7%) had clinically significant COPD, of whom 840 (86.5%) did not report a previous diagnosis. Undiagnosed cases were more likely to be female, and smoked less. 25.3% had severe disease (FEV1 <50% predicted), 38.5% Medical Research Council (MRC) grade 3 dyspnoea and 44.1% were current smokers. The active case-finding strategy can potentially identify 70% more new cases than opportunistic identification alone (3.8 vs 2.2 per 100 targeted). Treating these new cases could reduce hospitalisations by at least 3300 per year in England and deaths by 2885 over 3 years. Conclusions There is important undiagnosed clinically significant COPD in the population, and the addition of a systematic case-finding approach may be more effective in identifying these cases. The cost-effectiveness of this approach needs to be tested empirically in a prospective study.
Statistical Studies of Low Frequency Oscillations in Satellite-Observed Stratospheric Temperatures.

Low-frequency analyses are reported for four years of 3-day-mean satellite microwave and infrared data representative of temperatures in the stratosphere. In data representative of 30-150 mb temperatures, oscillations with 40-50 day periods are observed as a tropical dipole pattern in the Indonesia/central Pacific. In addition, the first evidence is presented for such oscillations in the southeast Pacific. Furthermore, significant 40-50 day oscillations are observed in the middle and upper stratosphere, centered near 60S latitude.
Burial, claystones remagnetization and some consequences for magnetostratigraphy

Abstract We investigate the broad lines of magnetic mineral formation for non-metamorphic claystones. More particularly, we focus on the formation of magnetite from c. 20 day-experiments aiming to reproduce burial conditions. It is shown that the sole action of temperature from 50 °C to 250 °C leads to the formation of magnetite. The neoformed magnetites carry a chemical remanent magnetization which equates at least the natural remanent magnetization. We propose a schematic of burial with three magnetic windows where a chemical remanent magnetization superimposed the natural remanent magnetization. These are the greigite window (subsurface), the magnetite window (depth > 2 km) and the pyrrhotite window (depth > 6 km). The formation of magnetic minerals has profound consequences for the magnetostratigraphy record. We propose a conceptual model that shows that the continuous production of magnetite during burial may result in magnetozones that have no relation to the age of the sediment.
Analytical Model of Undoped Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Transistors Consistent With Pao-Sah Model

A physical-based analytical direct current model is developed for undoped polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors including both subthreshold and above-threshold regimes by assuming an exponential density of trap states. Based on the charge sheet method, diffusion and drift currents are calculated in the subthreshold regime. The parameter is introduced to describe the increase in trapped charge with increasing gate voltage in the above-threshold regime, and a new simple drain current expression is presented. The proposed model is compared with the Pao-Sah model and verified with the experimental data. A good agreement is obtained.
Microstratigraphic study of meristic variation in an Eocene fish from a 10 000-year varved interval at Horsefly, British Columbia

Varved, lacustrine rocks of the Middle Eocene Horsefly deposits in British Columbia are ideal for microstratigraphic studies. Temporal resolution in such varved deposits can theoretically be as small as a year. In the Horsefly beds, specimens can be assigned precisely to their position in the stratigraphic section by comparing the laminations enclosing the fossils with those of a reference section. Each fossil can thus be assigned to a relative year of death. Some 700 specimens of the catostomid fish Amyzon aggregatum from the 10 000-year "H3" varved interval are examined for meristic variation. Very few of the meristic variables are significantly correlated with each other. Meristic series that are the last to develop ontogenetically are also the most phenotypically variable. In the studied interval, meristic variation has a strong temporal component, particularly in the case of fin rays and in the ratio between precaudal and caudal vertebral counts. Much, but not all, of this temporal variation occurs i.
DTC-SVM-based position regulation of an induction motor: a comparison between different strategies

This work is aimed at looking into potential advantages of direct torque control (DTC) strategies for position regulation applications. Of particular interest is the capability exhibited by DTC strategies to develop the maximum torque at standstill. Within this background, the paper is devoted to the presentation of a comparison study between three DTC strategies dedicated to position control of an induction motor, such that: 1) the basic DTC strategy; 2) the DTC strategy with a look-up table including only active voltage vectors; 3) the DTC-SVM strategy with hysteresis controllers and imposed commutation frequency. Following simulation works, it has been found that the third strategy offers the lower torque ripples. Furthermore, it exhibits a high capability to reject the demagnetisation problem which penalises the stator flux regulation at low speeds in the Takahashi basic strategy. However, the DTC-SVM requires a control system with higher CPU frequencies in such a way its implementation scheme is more complex than the basic DTC strategy.