Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variation in nuclear DNA content in the genus vicia.

recent years much evidence has been gathered to support the idea that many 'Zganisms contain far more DNA than would be required to specify the proteins required for structural and metabolic functions if each DNA message were carried only once. In addition, large changes in DNA content per genome can evolve quite rapidly (see review by HOLLIDAY 1970). In view of these findings, three main hypotheses have been proposed: 1. The segmental duplication hypothesis: Rearrangement of a chromosomal segment, consequent upon breakage and rejoining, may lead to the formation of gametes bearing the segment in duplicate (REES and JONES 1967; JONES and REES 1968). 2. The local multiplicity hypothesis: Short chromosomal segments, comparable in size to that of a gene, are replicated and joined end to end within a singlestranded chromosome. When referring to this hypothesis, the chief mechanism implied will be that proposed by KEYL (1965). However, for the purpose of this paps , duplications which are the result of unequal crossing over at meiosis, as a t the Bar locus in Drosophila melanogaster (STURTEVANT 1925), are indistinguishable. 3. The lateral multiplicity hypothesis: The total basic genetic information in the chromosome is multiplied to produce a multistranded chromosome. Evidence distinguishing between these hypotheses must also be relevant to the p-oblem of how DNA is organized into chromosomes. Various other approaches have been made toward solving this problem; these include electron microscopy of chromosomes ( KAUFMANN, GAY and MCDONALD 1960; DUPRAW 1965; SOLARI 1967; LAFONTAINE and LORD 1969; WOLFE and MARTIN 1968; ABUELO and MOORE 1969), kinetics of chromosome breakage (GALL 1963), the study of meiosis in hybrids formed between species with different DNA contents (KEYL 1965; JONES and REES 1968), studies on the mechanisms of chromosome replication (TAYLOR 1958; PEACOCK 1963; HEDDLE 1969), and radiosensitivity of chromosomes (SPARROW and EVANS 1961). In general, these attempts have achieved only limited success. More definite results have, however, been achieved in studies using the methods of DNA-DNA hybridization; these have shown that many organisms contain a fraction of DNA with nucleotide sequence of varying degrees of repetition (BRITTEN and KOHNE 1968; WALKER, MCLAREN and FLAMM 1969). The following is an investigation of the nuclear DNA variation and karyotype variation in 45 species of the genus Vicia. It reveals that widespread changes in nuclear DNA content and karyotype accompanied the divergence and evolution
Graves’ disease and slipped capital femoral epiphysis:a rare association

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) which is also called adolescent coxa vara is the most common adolescent hip disorder. SCFE refers to a posterior and inferior slippage of the proximal femoral epiphysis (femoral head) on the metaphysis (femoral neck), occurring through the epiphyseal growth plate during the early adolescent growth spurt.1 Several classifications of SCFE exist but the stability classification is the most useful in terms of predicting prognosis regarding subsequent a vascular necrosis and establishing a treatment plan.2 In this classification system, a child is considered to have ‘stable’ SCFE if the child is able to walk with or without clutches. Where the child is unable to walk with or without clutches, the child is considered to have ‘unstable’ SCFE. Although the aetiopathogenesis of SCFE remains poorly understood, it is believed to involve mechanical, growth, endocrine and metabolic factors.2 In this regard, the plane of cleavage in most SCFEs occurs through the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate.2 The pathogenetic mechanisms include factors that either reduces the resistance to shear forces or that increase the stresses across the proximal femoral epiphysis.3 Endocrine and metabolic factors are capable of weakening the growth plate but the cellular mechanisms involved are not known with certainty.4 Witbreuk et al, after reviewing 56 papers on the subject, concluded that SCFE is most likely the result of a multi factorial event during adolescence when height and weight increase dramatically coupled with disturbances of the delicate hormonal equilibrium secondary to the changing hormonal levels characteristic of adolescence.4
An Analysis of Information Sources for Trust Development in Managerial Relationships

This paper provides a conceptual analysis to address which factors that influence interpersonal trust are subject to change in their relative importance over the course of a manager-employee relationship and which factors are more likely to remain salient over time. The authors examine the utility of disposition to trust, social categories, trustor’s moods/emotions, third party influences, history of interaction, and shared perspectives as sources of trust-related data over time. As a number of propositions are formulated to encourage future intellectual dialogue on trust development in managerial relationships, we suggest that some of the trust parameters may not receive the same weight in influencing people’s cognitive processing to form trust over time and third party influences are the only trust parameter that may generate relatively strong effects on trust judgments in both initial and mature relationships.
The Effects of In-Ovo Injection of Propolis on Egg Hatchability and Starter Live Performance of Japanese Quails

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of in-ovo injection of a propolis water extract on hatchability, embryonic mortality, starter live performance, and livability of Japanese quails. In total, 500 fresh hatching eggs were randomly distributed into five treatment groups of 100 eggs per treatment with four replicates of 25 eggs each. On day 14 of incubation, eggs from group 1 were not injected (control), group 2 was injected with distilled water (water), group 3 was injected with 1% propolis water extract (1% propolis), group 4 was injected with 2% propolis water extract (2% propolis), and group 5 was injected with 3% propolis water extract (3% propolis). A completely randomized design was applied, and data were analyzed using the least-square methodology. Hatchability and embryonic mortality in the 2% propolis and 3% propolis treatment groups were significantly lower compared with the control group, but no significant differences were observed between the 1% propolis and control groups. There were no significant bodyweight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or livability differences among treatments. The results of this study demonstrated that in-ovo injection of propolis water extract, especially at doses of 2% and 3% propolis, had negative effects on hatchability and embryonic mortality, but 1% propolis had no detrimental effects on hatchability or embryonic mortality. In all treatment groups, propolis did not negatively affect body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or livability.
The Introduction of Derivatives on the Dow Jones Industrial Average and Their Impact on the Volatility of Component Stocks

This article examines the impact of trading in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) index futures and futures options on the conditional volatility of component stocks. It investigates the contention that the introduction of futures and futures options on the DJIA could increase volatility in the 30 stocks comprising the DJIA. The conditional volatility of intraday returns for each stock before and after the introduction of derivatives is estimated with the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model. Estimated parameters of conditional volatility in prefutures and postfutures periods are then compared to determine if the estimated parameters have changed significantly after the introduction of the various derivatives. The results suggest that the introduction of index futures and futures options on the DJIA has produced no structural changes in the conditional volatility of component stocks. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21: 633–653, 2001
Indigenous Values and Water Resource Management: A Case Study from the Northern Territory

Indigenous people have a significant stake in water resource management arising from customary socio-ecological relationships, in which water is a highly valued element or property, and also from customary and contemporary management practice. In many regions of Australia, Indigenous people are also significant landowners, with rights to aquatic, living resources. Whilst rivers and wetlands are now being recognised as legitimate ‘users’ of water, Indigenous interests in water-allocation processes, including their ecological knowledge, have tended to be neglected. In a small number of Australian catchments, incipient water allocation processes are now endeavouring to acknowledge and protect Indigenous ‘cultural values’ of water and water-dependent ecosystems. Where north Australian Indigenous values have been considered, there has been a tendency to assume that a surrogate environmental flow will address cultural requirements. This paper describes the nature of Indigenous values in a specific region of the Northern Territory undergoing intensive natural resource management planning. I argue that the subjective, intangible and highly distinct values underpinning Indigenous people's relationships to water do not easily translate into Western environmental management frameworks, which have a utilitarian focus, and are highly reliant on objectification, quantification (e.g. environmental flows) and monetary valuations as a basis for resource allocation, regulation and management.
The Information Revolution and Developing Countries

From the Publisher: In this book Ernest Wilson provides a clear, nuanced analysis of the major transformations resulting from the global information revolution. He shows that the information revolution is rooted in societal dynamics, political interests, and social structure. Using an innovative Strategic ReStructuring (SRS) model, he uncovers links between the big changes taking place around the world and the local initiatives of individual information activists, especially in developing countries. Indeed, Wilson shows that many of the structural changes of the information revolution, such as shifts from public to private ownership or from monopoly to competition, are driven by activists struggling individually and collectively to overcome local apathy and entrenched opposition to reform. Wilson applies his SRS model to the politics of Internet expansion in Brazil, China, and Ghana to illustrate the real-world challenges facing policy-makers and practitioners. Examples of such challenges include starting Internet companies, reforming regulatory laws, and formulating NGO strategies for dealing with the digital divide. Wilson identifies the tremendous possibilities for innovation and advancement in developing countries while acknowledging the structural, institutional, and cultural constraints that work against their realization.
Explaining pricing conduct in a product-differentiated oligopolistic market: An empirical application of a price conjectural variations model

A generalized Bertrand-type model is applied to gain insights on Japanese firms' pricing conduct regarding milk beverages made from fresh milk and reconstituted milk. The empirical results, based on weekly scanner data, indicate the original Bertrand model is inappropriate for our empirical analysis. The estimated model resulted in substantially more elastic own-price elasticities than previous estimates in Japan based on aggregate market data, supporting the Japanese retailers' contention that fluid milk is a more price-elastic product than what previous studies had found. Incorporating estimated price conjectures into the model resulted in considerable discrepancies between partial and perceived own-price elasticities. The result shows that a firm's price conjecture can be an important factor in determining the firm's perceived own-price elasticity. The estimated conjectural variations were tested to determine whether they represent consistent pricing behavior, and the results indicated that consistent pricing behavior could not be statistically supported. lEcon-Lit citations: Q110, Q130r © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frontier Production Functions and Technical Efficiency Measures

The concept of technical efficiency is central to measuring the firm performance. The measurement of technical efficiency has proved difficult and complex, and the literature provides a range of methodologies. This paper reviews the various methodologies for measuring technical efficiency and offers a comparison between established methods of measurements. The discussion is literary with less mathematical jargons and equations. The objective of this paper is not to be exhaustive, but to be up-to-date and to provide a significant discussion on some of the core methods of measuring technical efficiency. Copyright 1999 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd
N-(2,4-Dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanamide

In the title compound, C16H20N2O3S, the thiazolidine ring is approximately planar [maximum deviation = 0.020 (2) Å] and forms a dihedral angle of 86.20 (11)° with the benzene ring. The mean plane through the propanamide unit forms dihedral angles of 88.54 (12) and 76.36 (12)°, respectively, with the thiazolidine and benzene rings. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked into chains along the a axis by N—H⋯O interactions. These chains are interconnected into two-dimensional arrays parallel to the ab plane by three different C—H⋯O interactions. The crystal structure is further stabilized by weak intermolecular C—H⋯π and N⋯O [2.713 (2) Å] interactions.
Galactorrhea with antidepressants: A case series

Galactorrhoea is a rare but distressing, and often embarrassing adverse effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) treatment. Here we report three cases that developed galactorrhoea with combination of SSRIs or combination of SSRI and SNRI/TCA and also review the literature of galactorrhoea with SSRIs.
Structural breaks in volatility: the case of UK sector returns

Evidence in favour of long memory has recently been questioned by tests that allow for structural breaks. This article tests for periodic breaks in the unconditional variance of stock return data on eight UK sectors, as well as the market index. Using the modified Iterative Cumulative Sum of Squares (ICSS) algorithm, we observe breaks in seven sectors and the index series. The breaks range from two or three for basic materials and industrials, to five and more for financials, technology and the telecoms sector. Hence, the more traditional stocks exhibit fewer breaks than the newer sectors. The implications of such breaks are numerous, in terms of volatility dynamics and forecasting and portfolio management. With respect to volatility dynamics, further analysis reveals that accounting for breaks substantially reduces the degree of persistence over a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) model that maintains a constant unconditional variance. Moreover, the mean to which volatility reverts is time varying; as such, failure to account for breaks will lead to severe forecast errors. Regarding portfolio management, there is substantial evidence of sector specific volatility breaks. Hence, estimation of a market model over the whole sample will lead to errors in both the riskiness of individual sectors and the ability to take advantage of possible above market returns.
Cross‐Divisional Innovation in the Large Corporation: Thoughts and Evidence on its Value and the Role of the Early Stages of Innovation

Forty‐five years after Ansoff's seminal work on synergies, many multi‐divisional corporations still struggle to create additional value. Therefore, it is surprising that in times of open innovation, little research has been conducted on the impact of cross‐divisional product development. In our paper, we derive conceptual arguments for the relevance of joint initiatives and examine the role of cross‐divisional collaboration in the early stages of the innovation process. Our research model is tested using a quantitative survey in 110 multi‐divisional firms. We find that the extent of collaboration in the early stages of innovation strongly determines the impact of cross‐divisional products on corporate success. To achieve collaboration, our results highlight the relevance of appropriate integration mechanisms and incentives.
Contingent Credibility: The Impact of Investment Treaty Violations on Foreign Direct Investment

Abstract During the past few decades governments have signed nearly 2,700 bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with one another in an attempt to attract greater levels of foreign direct investment (FDI). By signing BITs, which contain strong enforcement provisions, investment-seeking governments are thought to more credibly commit to protecting whatever FDI they receive, which in turn should lead to increased confidence among investors and ultimately greater FDI inflows. Our unique argument is that the ability of BITs to increase FDI is contingent on the subsequent good behavior of the governments who sign them. BITs should increase FDI only if governments actually follow through on their BIT commitments; that is, if they comply with the treaties. BITs allow investors to pursue alleged treaty violations through arbitration venues like the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), a heavily utilized and widely observed arbitral institution that is part of the World Bank. Being taken before ICSID, then, conveys negative information about a host country's behavior to the broader investment community, which could result in a sizeable loss of future FDI into that country. We test these contingent effects of BITs using cross-sectional, time-series analyses on all non-OECD countries during a period spanning 1984–2007. We find that BITs do increase FDI into countries that sign them, but only if those countries are not subsequently challenged before ICSID. On the other hand, governments suffer notable losses of FDI when they are taken before ICSID and suffer even greater losses when they lose an ICSID dispute.
Diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with tuberculosis in Indonesia.

SETTING Diabetes mellitus is a known risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), but no studies have been reported from South-East Asia, which has a high burden of TB and a rapidly growing prevalence of diabetes. OBJECTIVE To examine if and to what extent diabetes is associated with an increased risk of TB in an urban setting in Indonesia. DESIGN Case-control study comparing the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose level >126 mg/dl) among newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients and matched neighbourhood controls. RESULTS Patients and control subjects had a similar age (median 30 years) and sex distribution (52% male), but malnutrition was more common among TB patients (median body mass index 17.7 vs. 21.5 kg/m2). HIV infection was uncommon (1.5% of patients). Diabetes mellitus was present in 60 of 454 TB patients (13.2%) and 18 of 556 (3.2%) control subjects (OR 4.7; 95%CI 2.7-8.1). Adjustment for possible confounding factors did not reduce the risk estimates. Following anti-tuberculosis treatment, hyperglycaemia reverted in a minority (3.7%) of TB patients. CONCLUSION Diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with TB in young and non-obese subjects in an urban setting in Indonesia. This may have implications for TB control and patient care in this region.
Expression and release of chemokines associated with apoptotic cell death in human promonocytic U937 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells

To characterize mechanisms which may determine the fate of apoptotic cells, we investigated chemokine expression in apoptotic promonocytic U937 cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Exposure of U937 cells to etoposide (VP‐16) or the nitric oxide (NO) donor DETA‐NO, both inducers of apoptosis in these cells, was associated with increased expression of the chemokines IL‐8 and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1 α. Up‐regulation of IL‐8 mRNA expression by VP‐16 or DETA‐NO was observed as early as 4 h or 6 h, respectively, after onset of treatment and was still detectable after 19 h of exposure. A serine protease inhibitor prevented both VP‐16‐induced apoptosis and release of IL‐8, whereas inhibition of p38 MAP kinases reduced IL‐8 secretion only. Moreover, we observed that incubation with 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA) up‐regulated release of IL‐8 from adherent PBMC in parallel to induction of apoptosis. In these cells a modest but significant induction of TNF‐α release by CdA was also detected. In addition, CdA augmented release of IL‐8 from whole blood cultures. By facilitating adequate recruitment of phagocytes to sites of cell death, stress‐induced up‐regulation of chemokines associated with apoptosis may contribute to mechanisms aiming at efficient removal of apoptotic cells.
Farm Debt in the CIS: A Multi-Country Study of the Major Causes and Proposed Solutions

The objective of this study is to support the farm privatization and restructuring process in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) by presenting a wide range of strategic and tactical options that could be applied to eliminate, or at least reduce, the main factors responsible for the destructive accumulation of debt in large farm enterprises. This objective has accomplished by documenting and analyzing the indebtedness of large-scale farms in five countries of CIS (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine) developing appropriate proposals, and initiating a dialogue with the government on the subject of farm debt resolution. The study presents a region-wide analysis of the farm debt problem based on data collected from selected countries in CIS, and develops proposals for the respective countries as well as for the region as a whole.
The Theory of the Niche and Spending on Mass media: The Case of the "Video Revolution"

This article briefly reviews research on the principle of relative constancy and concludes that further research using aggregate consumer and advertiser spending data should be suspended because the principle does not represent a theoretically based hypothesis but is simply an unexplained empirical generalization. Instead, I propose that further theory building and research is necessary to explain consumer and advertiser spending on the media and offer suggestions on the conduct of such research. I employ the theory of the niche and elements of the theory to explain the anomaly of the "video revolution" that stands as a major exception to constancy.
Intellectual Property Protection and U.S. Foreign Direct Investment

This is one of the first empirical studies of the relationship between a developing country's system of intellectual property protection and the volume and composition of U.S. foreign direct investment in that country. Based on data obtained from almost one hundred U.S. firms regarding their perceptions of how weak or strong such protection is in various countries, the authors' results are consistent with the view that a country's system of intellectual property protection influences the volume and composition of U.S. foreign direct investment. Copyright 1996 by MIT Press.