Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hunmorph: Open Source Word Analysis

Common tasks involving orthographic words include spellchecking, stemming, morphological analysis, and morphological synthesis. To enable significant reuse of the language-specific resources across all such tasks, we have extended the functionality of the open source spellchecker MySpell, yielding a generic word analysis library, the runtime layer of the hunmorph toolkit. We added an offline resource management component, hunlex, which complements the efficiency of our runtime layer with a high-level description language and a configurable precompiler.
Providing Connection-Oriented Network Services to Mobile Hosts

Mobile computers using wireless networks, along with multimedia applications, are two emerging trends in computer systems. This new mobile multimedia computing environment presents many challenges, due to the requirements of multimedia applications and the mobile nature of hosts. We present several alternative schemes for maintaining network connections used to provide multimedia service, as hosts move through a nano-cellular radio network. These algorithms modify existing connections by partially reestablishing them to perform handoffs. Using a simple analytical model, we compare the schemes on the basis of the service disruption caused by handoffs, required buffering, and excess resources required to perform the handoffs.
Hydroxyapatite coating converts fibrous tissue to bone around loaded implants.

In previous studies, we have demonstrated a fibrocartilaginous membrane around hydroxyapatite-coated implants subjected to micromovement in contrast to the fibrous connective tissue which predominates around similarly loaded titanium alloy implants. In the present study, in mature dogs, we investigated the effect of immobilising titanium (Ti)- or hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated implants already surrounded by a movement-induced fibrous membrane and compared the results with those of similar implants in which continuous micromovement was allowed to continue. The implants were inserted in the medial femoral condyles of 14 dogs and subjected to 150 microns movements during each gait cycle. After four weeks (when a fibrous membrane had developed), half the implants were immobilised to prevent further micromovement. The dogs were killed at 16 weeks and the results were evaluated by push-out tests and histological analysis. The continuously loaded Ti-coated implants were surrounded by a fibrous membrane, whereas bridges of new bone anchored the HA-coated implants. The immobilised implants were surrounded by bone irrespective of the type of coating. Push-out tests of the continuously loaded implants showed better fixation of those with HA coating (p < 0.001). The immobilised Ti-coated implants had four times stronger fixation than did continuously loaded Ti-coated implants (p < 0.01) but there was no equivalent difference between the two groups of HA-coated implants. The amount of bone ingrowth was greater into immobilised HA-coated implants than into immobilised Ti-coated implants (p < 0.01). Two-thirds of the HA coating had been resorbed after 16 weeks of implantation, but 25% of this resorbed HA had been replaced by bone. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Remembering the past and imagining the future: Differences in event specificity of spontaneously generated thought

A growing interest has emerged in the role that autobiographical memory retrieval plays in simulation of future events. Cognitive explorations in this domain have generally relied on cue word paradigms with instructions to develop specific (relating to one particular day) memories or future events. However, the usefulness of this paradigm has been questioned with respect to its ability to assess habitual patterns of retrieval within autobiographical memory. The current study investigated similarities and differences in how participants spontaneously remember the past and imagine the future when the specificity constraints inherent in the cue word task are removed. A total of 93 undergraduate students completed two sentence-completion tasks, probing for past and future events. A number of differences emerged between past and future thought; in particular, they were less specific when simulating future events compared with past events. This reduction in specificity was the result of participants producing more future thoughts relating to extended lifetime periods and semantic associates. The findings are discussed in relation to the underlying cognitive processes involved in autobiographical memory retrieval and future event simulation.
Looking Across and Looking Beyond the Knowledge Frontier: Intellectual Distance, Novelty, and Resource Allocation in Science

Selecting among alternative projects is a core management task in all innovating organizations. In this paper, we focus on the evaluation of frontier scientific research projects. We argue that the “intellectual distance” between the knowledge embodied in research proposals and an evaluator’s own expertise systematically relates to the evaluations given. To estimate relationships, we designed and executed a grant proposal process at a leading research university in which we randomized the assignment of evaluators and proposals to generate 2,130 evaluator–proposal pairs. We find that evaluators systematically give lower scores to research proposals that are closer to their own areas of expertise and to those that are highly novel. The patterns are consistent with biases associated with boundedly rational evaluation of new ideas. The patterns are inconsistent with intellectual distance simply contributing “noise” or being associated with private interests of evaluators. We discuss implications for policy, managerial intervention, and allocation of resources in the ongoing accumulation of scientific knowledge.
Factorial Designs Application to Study Enhanced Bioremediation of Soil Artificially Contaminated with Weathered Bonny Light Crude Oil through Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation Strategy

The objective of this study was designed to evaluate the effects of biostimulation and bioaugmentation amendment agents (NPK fertilizer, Tween 80 and mixed culture) on the bioremediation of tropical soil samples artificially contaminated with Weathered Bonny Light Crude Oil (WBLCO). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box Behnken Design (BBD) was used with three levels and three factors of NPK fertilizer (2 - 6 g), Tween 80 (5 - 15 mg/l) and mixed culture (0.5 - 1.5 g/l) as independent variables and WBLCO removal as dependent variable (response) in a six weeks remediation period. The results showed that the rate of WBLCO removal generally increased with increase in the amount of NPK fertilizer, Tween 80 and mixed culture (biomass), respectively. A statistically significant (P < 0.0001) second-order quadratic regression model for WBLCO removal (using design-expert statistical program (v. 6.0.8)) with a coefficient of determination, R (=0.9996) was obtained. Numerical optimization technique based on desirability function was carried out to optimize the bioremediation process. The optimum values for biostimulation and bioaugmentation amendment agents to achieve a predicted maximum WBLCO removal of 84.88 percent were found to be: NPK fertilizer, 4.25 g; Tween 80, 10.22 mg/l and mixed culture, 0.46 g/l. At this optimum point, the observed WBLCO removal was found to be 83.79 percent. The statistical analyses and the closeness of the experimental results and model predictions show the reliability of the regression model and thus, biostimulation and bioaugmentation of indigenous microbial density and activity can reduce remediation period of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated environment and subsequently the cost of remediation.
Whole ecosystem measurements of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions.

We intended to determine rates of biogenic VOC and OVOC emissions from one of the dominant conifer ecosystems of California. Specifically, we needed to develop and deploy a new measurement system for ecosystem scale biogenic emissions of 2-methyl3-buten-2-ol (MBO), acetone, monoterpenes, and other oxygenated hydrocarbons, and supporting the California Air Resources Board use of this data to validate their biogenic emissions inventory system (BEIGIS). OVOCs were predominantly of natural origin. However, the relative impact of biogenic and anthropogenic emissions was different for each individual OVOC. MBO emissions were completely of biogenic origin, whereas methanol, ethanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde all had a combination of anthropogenic and biogenic sources. We found that biogenically emitted compounds included MBO, methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, and several monoterpenes. These were the most abundant VOCs at this site, excluding methane, and biogenic compounds dominated the total VOC reactivity in the region. The OVOCs were highly correlated with each other, especially during daytime. Fluxes were dominated by MBO and methanol with daytime average emissions of ~1.3 mg C m h. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, monoterpene, and acetone fluxes were approximately a factor of 5 lower. All fluxes showed diurnal cycles with maxima around noon and minima at night. Temperature and light were the main drivers for the MBO emissions, and the canopy level flux responses were virtually identical with previously measured leaf level fluxes from ponderosa pine trees at the same site. Ambient temperature appeared to be the most important driver of the other VOC fluxes, but moisture also played a role, particularly for monoterpenes, ethanol and acetone. Humidity impacts monoterpene fluxes particularly during extreme events, such as summer rain storms or prolonged summer droughts, both relatively common in the Mediterranean climate of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Soil and litter emissions, measured using a Pyrex glass chamber, contributed significantly to the canopy level fluxes of methanol, acetaldehyde, monoterpenes and acetone, and had a much smaller contribution to the canopy fluxes of ethanol. Analyses of concentration of ozone, isoprene and isoprene’s oxidation products showed that a substantial amount of the ozone observed at the mid elevations of the Sierra Nevada Mountains was formed through
Comparison of Sertraline, Venlafaxine and Desipramine Effects on Depression, Cognition and the Daily Living Activities in Alzheimer Patients

Abstract Rationale: The effects of antidepressants on mood, cognition and the daily activities of Alzheimer patients are ambiguous. The effects of antidepressants SSRIs (serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors), TCAs (tricyclic antidepressants) and SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), in particular, are unknown. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of sertraline, venlafaxine and desipramine on depression, cognition and the daily activities of Alzheimer patients. Methods: This randomized double-blind trial was approved by the Research and Ethics Committees of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 59 moderate Alzheimer patients with major depressive disorder were randomly divided into 3 groups (sertraline, venlafaxine and desipramine), treated for 12 weeks (150 mg maximum dose) and assessed by the Hamilton Depression Test (HRSD), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Barthel index at the week 0 and the 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th weeks thereafter. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, using ANOVA and paired t-tests. Results: In the sertraline group, the results of all 3 tests, HRSD, MMSE and Barthel, in the 12th week showed significant improvements in comparison to the baseline (P<0.05 in all 3 tests). In the venlafaxine group, the results of MMSE and Barthel revealed significant improvements (P<0.05 in both tests). In the desipramine group, there was a significant improvement only in the Barthel test at the 12th week (P<0.05). Conclusion: In this trial, sertraline treatment was associated with superior effectiveness in relation to depressive, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms.
R Auditor Independence and Earnings Quality

We examine whether the provision of non-audit services by auditors is negatively correlated with firm value and the quality of earnings. Because of concerns regarding the effect of non-audit services on auditor independence, the Securities and Exchange Commission recently issued revised auditor independence rules requiring firms to disclose in their annual proxy statement the amount of fees paid to auditors for audit and non-audit services. Using data collected from over 4,000 proxies filed between February 5, 2001 and June 15, 2001, we find a significant negative market reaction to proxy statements filed by firms reporting higher than expected non-audit fees. Our evidence also indicates an inverse relation between the magnitude of non-audit fees and earnings management. Firms purchasing more non-audit services from their auditor are more likely to just meet or beat three earnings benchmarks – analysts’ expectations, prior year earnings, and zero earnings – and to report large discretionary accruals.
Load Pro ling for E cient Route Selection in Multi Class Networks

High speed networks such as ATM networks are ex pected to support real time Quality of Service QoS guarantees required by many applications such as those that involve voice and video communication To sup port such services routing algorithms that allow for the reservation of the needed bandwidth over a Virtual Cir cuit VC have been proposed Commonly these algo rithms assign VCs to routes using the least loaded con cept and thus result in balancing the load over the set of all candidate routes In this paper we show that for such reservation based VC routing algorithms which allow for the exclusive use of a preset fraction of a re source s bandwidth for an extended period of time load balancing is not desirable as it results in resource frag mentation which adversely a ects the likelihood of ac cepting new VC requests We present an on line VC routing scheme that is based on the concept of load pro ling which allows a distribution of available bandwidth across a set of candidate routes to match the characteristics of incoming VC QoS requests We show the e ectiveness of our load pro ling approach when compared to traditional load balancing and load packing VC routing schemes
Analysis of Quantitative Inheritance of Body Size in Mice. I. Hybridization and Maternal Influence.

BOUT 40 years ago in his extensive experiments with hooded rats, CASTLE (1916) A demonstrated that by selective breeding the average grade of coloration could be carried far beyond the limits of variation of the foundation stock. He was among the first to prove that selection could produce permanent change in quantitative characters. CASTLE'S results on quantitative variation have stimulated investigation in different fields of genetics which continue to the present day. Contributions concerning gene action as well as estimation of number of factors affecting quantitative characters have been derived from both Drosophila and plant experiments. A few extensive studies with laboratory mammals have achieved remarkable success, in spite of the d8culties in obtaining a large amount of well controlled genetic material, the longer periods of breeding required and the complicated environmental effects encountered. In three crosses between race? of rabbits having different mean body weight, CASTLE (1921) estimated the minimum number of segregating factors as 3, 14 and 22. WRIGHT (1934) found a minimum of 4 segregating units in a cross between a 4-toed and 3-toed strain of guinea pigs. GREEN (1950) reported at least 3 factors involved in a cross between two strains of mice with different number of lumbar vertebrae. All these estimates were minimum and based on rather restricted assumptions. Selection experiments for large and small body size in mice have been successful. Both GOODALE (1941) and MACARTWR (1944) have separately established relatively large-bodied strains of mice by continuous selection. MACARTHUR also established a small-bodied strain. From mouse populations (originated from MACARTHUR'S stock) of large, medium and small body size, WARWICK and LEWIS (1953) demonstrated that selection for large and small 60-day weight through five generations was effective, both in populations in the process of inbreeding and in outbred. The same authors (1954) reported in a cross-breeding experiment that the body size of most of the progenies were intermediate between the parental types. FALCONER (1952) showed again the effectiveness of selection by starting with entirely different foundation stocks. The latter has estimated at least 19 pairs of genes involved in his experiment and at least 54 in MACARTHUR'S. He also concluded that the genes acted on a geometric scheme. The current study is based on crosses between mouse strains with different body sizes, which ranged from extremely low to extremely high. Only results based on the data of pure strains and their FI hybrids are given …
Iron deficiency causes a shift in AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) catalytic subunit composition in rat skeletal muscle

To determine effects of iron deficiency on LKB1/AMPK signaling, rats were fed a control (C=0.29 mg/g Fe) or iron deficient (ID=0 mg/g Fe) diet for 8 wks resulting in hematocrits of 47.5% ± 1.0% and 16.5% ± 0.6% respectively. Iron deficiency resulted in 28.3% greater muscle fatigue (p<0.01) in response to 10 min of stimulation (1 twitch/sec) and was associated with a greater reduction in phosphocreatine (C: 45.6%; ID: 85.9%) and ATP levels (C: 0%; ID: 24.0%). AMPK activation increased with stimulation in muscles of C and ID animals. A reduction in Cytochrome c and other heme‐containing mitochondrial proteins was observed in ID animals (p<0.01). The two isoforms of the AMPK catalytic subunit (α) are known to sense and respond differently to energy challenges. In ID animals, the AMPKα2 subunit protein content was reduced by 28.4% (p<0.05), however this did not result in a significant difference in resting AMPKα2 activity. AMPKα1 protein was unchanged, however an overall increase in AMPKα1 activity was observed (C: 1375.8 pmol/mg/min; ID: 2229.8 pmol/mg/min, p<0.01). Resting phospho Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (pACC) was also increased by 17‐fold (p<0.05), indicating greater AMPK activity that was not determined by the AMPK activity assay. This study indicates that chronic iron deficiency causes a shift in the expression of AMPKα subunit composition and potentially altered sensitivity to cellular energy challenges.
Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury

Traumatic injury to the adult spinal cord results in a massive loss of cells and permanent functional deficits. However, recent studies demonstrate that there is a proliferative response of endogenous glial precursors and progenitors and perhaps also pluripotent neural stem cells. These cells may prove to be an important new therapeutic target to improve recovery after injury to the spinal cord and brain.
The Crowd-Median Algorithm

The power of human computation is founded on the capabilities of humans to process qualitative information in a manner that is hard to reproduce with a computer. However, all machine learning algorithms rely on mathematical operations, such as sums, averages, least squares etc. that are less suitable for human computation. This paper is an effort to combine these two aspects of data processing. We consider the problem of computing a centroid of a data set, a key component in many data-analysis applications such as clustering, using a very simple human intelligence task (HIT). In this task the workers must choose the outlier from a set of three items. After presenting a number of such triplets to the workers, the item chosen the least number of times as the outlier is selected as the centroid. We provide a proof that the centroid determined by this procedure is equal the mean of a univariate normal distribution. Furthermore, as a demonstration of the viability of our method, we implement a human computation based variant of the k-means clustering algorithm. We present experiments where the proposed method is used to find an "average" image in a collection, and cluster images to semantic categories.
Fire-sale Spillovers and Systemic Risk

We construct a new systemic risk measure that quantifies vulnerability to fire-sale spillovers using detailed regulatory balance sheet data for U.S. commercial banks and repo market data for broker-dealers. Even for moderate shocks in normal times, fire-sale externalities can be substantial. For commercial banks, a 1 percent exogenous shock to assets in 2013-Q1 produces fire sale externalities equal to 21 percent of system capital. For broker-dealers, a 1 percent shock to assets in August 2013 generates spillover losses equivalent to almost 60 percent of system capital. Externalities during the last financial crisis are between two and three times larger. Our systemic risk measure reaches a peak in the fall of 2007 but shows a notable increase starting in 2004, ahead of many other systemic risk indicators. Although the largest banks and broker-dealers produce â€“ and are victims of â€“ most of the externalities, leverage and linkages of financial institutions also play important roles.
Development of a Microbial Model for the Combined Effect of Temperature and pH on Spoilage of Ground Meat, and Validation of the Model under Dynamic Temperature Conditions

ABSTRACT The changes in microbial flora and sensory characteristics of fresh ground meat (beef and pork) with pH values ranging from 5.34 to 6.13 were monitored at different isothermal storage temperatures (0 to 20°C) under aerobic conditions. At all conditions tested, pseudomonads were the predominant bacteria, followed by Brochothrix thermosphacta, while the other members of the microbial association (e.g., lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae) remained at lower levels. The results from microbiological and sensory analysis showed that changes in pseudomonad populations followed closely sensory changes during storage and could be used as a good index for spoilage of aerobically stored ground meat. The kinetic parameters (maximum specific growth rate [μmax] and the duration of lag phase [λ]) of the spoilage bacteria were modeled by using a modified Arrhenius equation for the combined effect of temperature and pH. Meat pH affected growth of all spoilage bacteria except that of lactic acid bacteria. The “adaptation work,” characterized by the product of μmax and λ(μmax × λ) was found to be unaffected by temperature for all tested bacteria but was affected by pH for pseudomonads and B. thermosphacta. For the latter bacteria, a negative linear correlation between ln(μmax × λ) and meat pH was observed. The developed models were further validated under dynamic temperature conditions using different fluctuating temperatures. Graphical comparison between predicted and observed growth and the examination of the relative errors of predictions showed that the model predicted satisfactorily growth under dynamic conditions. Predicted shelf life based on pseudomonads growth was slightly shorter than shelf life observed by sensory analysis with a mean difference of 13.1%. The present study provides a “ready-to-use,” well-validated model for predicting spoilage of aerobically stored ground meat. The use of the model by the meat industry can lead to effective management systems for the optimization of meat quality.