Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Argos-CLS Kalman Filter: Error Structures and State-Space Modelling Relative to Fastloc GPS Data

Understanding how an animal utilises its surroundings requires its movements through space to be described accurately. Satellite telemetry is the only means of acquiring movement data for many species however data are prone to varying amounts of spatial error; the recent application of state-space models (SSMs) to the location estimation problem have provided a means to incorporate spatial errors when characterising animal movements. The predominant platform for collecting satellite telemetry data on free-ranging animals, Service Argos, recently provided an alternative Doppler location estimation algorithm that is purported to be more accurate and generate a greater number of locations that its predecessor. We provide a comprehensive assessment of this new estimation process performance on data from free-ranging animals relative to concurrently collected Fastloc GPS data. Additionally, we test the efficacy of three readily-available SSM in predicting the movement of two focal animals. Raw Argos location estimates generated by the new algorithm were greatly improved compared to the old system. Approximately twice as many Argos locations were derived compared to GPS on the devices used. Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) for each optimal SSM were less than 4.25km with some producing RMSE of less than 2.50km. Differences in the biological plausibility of the tracks between the two focal animals used to investigate the utility of SSM highlights the importance of considering animal behaviour in movement studies. The ability to reprocess Argos data collected since 2008 with the new algorithm should permit questions of animal movement to be revisited at a finer resolution.
Why Johnny can't or Won't Spreadsheet

This paper reports the results from a study on spreadsheet program use conducted in several departments within a city administration. Fourteen volunteer participants began the study by taking a two-day course on the spreadsheet program in question. The purpose of t.he project was to study spreadsheet program use longitudinally in a natural setting. That only three of the fourteen participants became spreadsheet program users made the question of why the others did not start using the spreadsheet program an interesting one. This paper explores the non-use phenomenon in the context of the spreadsheet program and focuses on four aspects: implementation, organizational support, the spreadsheet program package, and personal and task characteristics. The study suggests that different factors contribute to non-use.
Parallel Preoptic Pathways for Thermoregulation

Sympathetic premotor neurons in the rostral medullary raphe (RMR) regulate heat conservation by tail artery vasoconstriction and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. These neurons are a critical relay in the pathway that increases body temperature. However, the origins of the inputs that activate the RMR during cold exposure have not been definitively identified. We investigated the afferents to the RMR that were activated during cold by examining Fos expression in retrogradely labeled neurons after injection of cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) in the RMR. These experiments identified a cluster of Fos-positive neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and dorsal hypothalamic area (DMH/DHA) with projections to the RMR that may mediate cold-induced elevation of body temperature. Also, neurons in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and dorsolateral preoptic area (DLPO) and in the A7 noradrenergic cell group were retrogradely labeled but lacked Fos expression, suggesting that they may inhibit the RMR. To investigate whether individual or common preoptic neurons project to the RMR and DMH/DHA, we injected CTb into the RMR and Fluorogold into the DMH/DHA. We found that projections from the DLPO and MnPO to the RMR and DMH/DHA emerge from largely separate neuronal populations, indicating they may be differentially regulated. Combined cell-specific lesions of MnPO and DLPO, but not lesions of either one alone, caused baseline hyperthermia. Our data suggest that the MnPO and DLPO provide parallel inhibitory pathways that tonically inhibit the DMH/DHA and the RMR at baseline, and that hyperthermia requires the release of this inhibition from both nuclei.
Population Census of a Large Common Tern Colony with a Small Unmanned Aircraft

Small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) may be useful for conducting high-precision, low-disturbance waterbird surveys, but limited data exist on their effectiveness. We evaluated the capacity of a small UAS to census a large (>6,000 nests) coastal Common tern (Sterna hirundo) colony of which ground surveys are particularly disruptive and time-consuming. We compared aerial photographic tern counts to ground nest counts in 45 plots (5-m radius) throughout the colony at three intervals over a nine-day period in order to identify sources of variation and establish a coefficient to estimate nest numbers from UAS surveys. We also compared a full colony ground count to full counts from two UAS surveys conducted the following day. Finally, we compared colony disturbance levels over the course of UAS flights to matched control periods. Linear regressions between aerial and ground counts in plots had very strong correlations in all three comparison periods (R 2 = 0.972–0.989, P < 0.001) and regression coefficients ranged from 0.928–0.977 terns/nest. Full colony aerial counts were 93.6% and 94.0%, respectively, of the ground count. Varying visibility of terns with ground cover, weather conditions and image quality, and changing nest attendance rates throughout incubation were likely sources of variation in aerial detection rates. Optimally timed UAS surveys of Common tern colonies following our method should yield population estimates in the 93–96% range of ground counts. Although the terns were initially disturbed by the UAS flying overhead, they rapidly habituated to it. Overall, we found no evidence of sustained disturbance to the colony by the UAS. We encourage colonial waterbird researchers and managers to consider taking advantage of this burgeoning technology.
Comparison of Characteristics According to Reflux Type in Patients With Laryngopharyngeal Reflux

Objectives To analyze laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) as an acidic, nonacidic, or mixed type according to 24-hour multi-channel intraluminal impedance (MII) pH monitoring and the clinical characteristics of each type. Methods Ninety patients were prospectively enrolled in this study. All patients underwent 24-hour MII pH monitoring as a diagnostic tool. Eighty-three patients were diagnosed with LPR. The patients were classified into three groups according to the pH of the hypopharyngeal probe: the acid reflux group, nonacid reflux group, and mixed reflux group. Subjective symptoms and objective findings were evaluated based on patients’ responses to the Short Form 12 Survey (SF-12), LPR health-related quality of life (LPR-HRQOL), reflux symptom index, and reflux finding score. Results The results of each group were compared. As a result, 34 patients were classified into the nonacid reflux group and 49 into the mixed reflux group. There were no patients classified as having acid reflux alone. There was no significant difference between the two groups when comparing the reflux symptom index, reflux finding score, LPR-HRQOL, or the mental component score of the SF-12. However, the physical component score of the SF-12 was higher in the nonacid reflux group (P=0.018). The DeMeester composite score (P=0.015) and total number of LPR events (P=0.001) were lower in the nonacid reflux group than in the mixed reflux group. Conclusion In conclusion, no LPR patient had only acid reflux. The nonacid reflux LPR patients showed similar clinical characteristics and findings compared to the mixed reflux group, but exhibited significantly fewer LPR episodes.
Investigating the nature of classroom willingness to communicate (WTC): A micro-perspective

Recent years have witnessed a shift in empirical investigations of language learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) from quantitative studies examining the ways in which WTC antecedents co-act and contribute to communication, treating the concept as a stable characteristic, to a mixed-methods approach that allows the examination of stable behavioral tendencies and dynamic changes brought about by contextual variables. The rationale behind this study comes from the assumption that more profound understanding of motives underlying learners’ readiness or reluctance to speak may help create classroom conditions that facilitate communication, thus contributing to linguistic attainment. More specifically, the study represents an attempt to tap factors that shape advanced learners’ WTC during conversation classes in four different groups of students. Each time, the data were collected by means of self-ratings (i.e. indications of the level of WTC on a scale from −10 to +10) and immediate reports (i.e. questionnaires including closed and open-ended items). A combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis revealed that the extent to which WTC fluctuated was impacted by a range of contextual and individual factors. It was enhanced in particular when students were given the opportunity to communicate with familiar receivers in small groups or pairs on topics related to personal experiences.
Over the last several years a handful of international relations scholars , most

you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We enable the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Prospect theory has emerged as a leading alternative to expected utility as a theory of decision under risk and has very recently begun to attract attention in the literature on international relations. The theory is best known for its hypothesis that individuals are risk-averse with respect to gains and risk-acceptant with respect to losses andfor its emphasis on the importance of the actor's framing of decisions around a reference point. I begin this essay with a brief summary of expected utility theory and of some of the apparent empirical anomalies in the theory. I then show how prospect theory integrates these descriptive patterns into an alternative theory of risky choice. I discuss both the framing of decisions and the evaluation of prospects in terms of a value function and a probability weight-ing function.
Documentation and Identification of the One Known Freshwater Sponge Discovered in the California Delta

Extensive sampling for freshwater sponges was carried out at a representative site in the California Delta system, USA. The results provide the first documented account of freshwater sponges in this habitat. Using scanning electron microscopy Heteromeyenia tubisperma Potts, 1881 was identified, and the results presented aim to contribute to the identification of gemmules of this sponge. This study describes the first known occurrence of a single sponge species at this particular habitat.
Influence of age on respiratory modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure and baroreflex function in humans

What is the central question of this study? Does ageing influence the respiratory‐related bursting of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and the association between the rhythmic fluctuations in MSNA and blood pressure (Traube–Hering waves) that occur with respiration? What is the main finding and its importance? Despite the age‐related elevation in MSNA, the cyclical inhibition of MSNA during respiration is similar between young and older individuals. Furthermore, central respiratory–sympathetic coupling plays a role in the generation of Traube–Hering waves in both young and older humans.
Cyclophilin A Renders Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Sensitive to Old World Monkey but Not Human TRIM5α Antiviral Activity

ABSTRACT TRIM5α is an important mediator of antiretroviral innate immunity influencing species-specific retroviral replication. Here we investigate the role of the peptidyl prolyl isomerase enzyme cyclophilin A in TRIM5α antiviral activity. Cyclophilin A is recruited into nascent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions as well as incoming HIV-1 capsids, where it isomerizes an exposed proline residue. Here we show that cyclophilin A renders HIV-1 sensitive to restriction by TRIM5α in cells from Old World monkeys, African green monkey and rhesus macaque. Inhibition of cyclophilin A activity with cyclosporine A, or reducing cyclophilin A expression with small interfering RNA, rescues TRIM5α-restricted HIV-1 infectivity. The effect of cyclosporine A on HIV-1 infectivity is dependent on TRIM5α expression, and expression of simian TRIM5α in permissive feline cells renders them able to restrict HIV-1 in a cyclosporine A-sensitive way. We use an HIV-1 cyclophilin A binding mutant (CA G89V) to show that cyclophilin A has different roles in restriction by Old World monkey TRIM5α and owl monkey TRIM-Cyp. TRIM-Cyp, but not TRIM5α, recruits its tripartite motif to HIV-1 capsid via cyclophilin A and, therefore, HIV-1 G89V is insensitive to TRIM-Cyp but sensitive to TRIM5α. We propose that cyclophilin A isomerization of a proline residue in the TRIM5α sensitivity determinant of the HIV-1 capsid sensitizes it to restriction by Old World monkey TRIM5α. In humans, where HIV-1 has adapted to bypass TRIM5α activity, the effects of cyclosporine A are independent of TRIM5α. We speculate that cyclophilin A alters HIV-1 sensitivity to a TRIM5α-independent innate immune pathway in human cells.
Unproven Links

The high degree of overlap of race and poverty in our society has led to the presumption in both research and practice that ethnic disproportionality in special education is in large measure an artifact of the effects of poverty. This article explores relationships among race, poverty, and special education identification to arrive at a more precise estimate of the contribution of poverty to racial disparities. District-level data for all 295 school corporations in a midwestern state were analyzed for this study. Records included information on disability category, general and special education enrollment by race, socioeconomic level, local resources, and academic and social outcomes for 1 school year. Simple correlations among the variables demonstrate that correlations between race and poverty of even moderate strength do not guarantee that the 2 variables will function in the same way with respect to outcome variables, such as identification for special education services. Results of regression analyses indicate that poverty makes a weak and inconsistent contribution to the prediction of disproportionality across a number of disability categories. On the other hand, rates of suspension and expulsion consistently predict district rates of special education disproportionality. Inconsistent relationships between special education disproportionality and achievement may indicate a developmental trend in the systemic contribution to racial disparity. Ideal-type analyses examining race— poverty relationships indicate that where poverty makes any contribution above and beyond race in predicting disability identification, its primary effect is to magnify existing racial disparity.
Image-based bidirectional scene reprojection

We introduce a method for increasing the framerate of real-time rendering applications. Whereas many existing temporal upsampling strategies only reuse information from previous frames, our bidirectional technique reconstructs intermediate frames from a pair of consecutive rendered frames. This significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of data reuse since very few pixels are simultaneously occluded in both frames. We present two versions of this basic algorithm. The first is appropriate for fill-bound scenes as it limits the number of expensive shading calculations, but involves rasterization of scene geometry at each intermediate frame. The second version, our more significant contribution, reduces both shading and geometry computations by performing reprojection using only image-based buffers. It warps and combines the adjacent rendered frames using an efficient iterative search on their stored scene depth and flow. Bidirectional reprojection introduces a small amount of lag. We perform a user study to investigate this lag, and find that its effect is minor. We demonstrate substantial performance improvements (3--4x) for a variety of applications, including vertex-bound and fill-bound scenes, multi-pass effects, and motion blur.
Comparison of Alternative Evidence Summary and Presentation Formats in Clinical Guideline Development: A Mixed-Method Study

Background Best formats for summarising and presenting evidence for use in clinical guideline development remain less well defined. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of different evidence summary formats to address this gap. Methods Healthcare professionals attending a one-week Kenyan, national guideline development workshop were randomly allocated to receive evidence packaged in three different formats: systematic reviews (SRs) alone, systematic reviews with summary-of-findings tables, and ‘graded-entry’ formats (a ‘front-end’ summary and a contextually framed narrative report plus the SR). The influence of format on the proportion of correct responses to key clinical questions, the primary outcome, was assessed using a written test. The secondary outcome was a composite endpoint, measured on a 5-point scale, of the clarity of presentation and ease of locating the quality of evidence for critical neonatal outcomes. Interviews conducted within two months following completion of trial data collection explored panel members’ views on the evidence summary formats and experiences with appraisal and use of research information. Results 65 (93%) of 70 participants completed questions on the prespecified outcome measures. There were no differences between groups in the odds of correct responses to key clinical questions. ‘Graded-entry’ formats were associated with a higher mean composite score for clarity and accessibility of information about the quality of evidence for critical neonatal outcomes compared to systematic reviews alone (adjusted mean difference 0.52, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.99). There was no difference in the mean composite score between SR with SoF tables and SR alone. Findings from interviews with 16 panelists indicated that short narrative evidence reports were preferred for the improved clarity of information presentation and ease of use. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ‘graded-entry’ evidence summary formats may improve clarity and accessibility of research evidence in clinical guideline development. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN05154264
Anatomical Changes in Leaves of Puma Rye in Response to Growth at Cold-Hardening Temperatures

Rye plants were cold hardened by growth at 4/2 C day/night (D/N); unhardened control plants remained at 25/20 C D/N. Leaves from hardened plants contained 33% less water on a dry weight basis than those from unhardened plants. The osmolar concentration of expressed sap from hardened leaves was 1.5 times greater than that of unhardened leaves. The number of cell layers in fresh leaves remained constant, but leaves from hardened plants were about 1.5 times thicker than those from unhardened plants Increased leaf thickness was caused by increased mesophyll cell size. The structure of the vascular bundle and both stomatal frequency and distribution patterns of the upper and lower epidermal surfaces were altered.
Intracellular trafficking of new anticancer therapeutics: antibody–drug conjugates

Antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) is a milestone in targeted cancer therapy that comprises of monoclonal antibodies chemically linked to cytotoxic drugs. Internalization of ADC takes place via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and pinocytosis. Conjugation strategies, endocytosis and intracellular trafficking optimization, linkers, and drugs chemistry present a great challenge for researchers to eradicate tumor cells successfully. This inventiveness of endocytosis and intracellular trafficking has given considerable momentum recently to develop specific antibodies and ADCs to treat cancer cells. It is significantly advantageous to emphasize the endocytosis and intracellular trafficking pathways efficiently and to design potent engineered conjugates and biological entities to boost efficient therapies enormously for cancer treatment. Current studies illustrate endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of ADC, protein, and linker strategies in unloading and also concisely evaluate practically applicable ADCs.
Basic study on effectiveness of tactile interface for warning presentation in driving environment

The aim of this study was to get insight into the development of tactile interface for automobile warning system. In other words, it was investigated whether the important driving information in the right and left peripheral visual fields can be recognized faster using tactile warning system as compared with auditory warning system. The participants were required to simultaneously carry out a tracking task (main task), a switch pressing task such as selection of light-on function, and a judgment task of important information which randomly appeared to the right or left peripheral visual field. The tracking error, the number of lane deviation, the percentage correct of switch pressing, and the response time to right and left peripheral stimulus were measured. It was examined how age, the modality of alarm presentation (no alarm, auditory, and tactile), the addition of direction in alarm presentation, and the existence of disturbance sound, and the location of tactile sensor (steering or foot) affected the measures above. The young adults performed better than older adults. The response time was not affected by the modality of alarm presentation, and the disturbance sound. The addition of direction of alarm presentation affected the performance. The tactile sensor attached to the foot led to faster response than that attached to the steering wheel.