Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social Smoking Among US College Students

Objective. Young smokers commonly identify themselves as “social smokers,” a pattern of smoking behavior that is poorly understood. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of social smoking among US college students. Methods. Cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 10 904 students enrolled at 119 nationally representative US colleges in 2001. Results. A total of 51% of 2401 current (past 30-day) smokers were social smokers. (To assess social smoking, students were asked, “In the past 30 days, do you smoke mainly when you are with people, mainly when you are alone, or do you smoke as often by yourself as with others? ” Students who stated that they smoked mainly with others rather than alone or equally by themselves and others were defined as social smokers for this analysis.) Social smoking was independently associated with a lower frequency and intensity of tobacco use, less nicotine dependence, less intention to quit, and fewer recent quit attempts. Conclusions. Social smoking is a distinct pattern of tobacco use that is common among college students and may represent a stage in the uptake of smoking.
Gender and Class Mobility: Evidence from the Republic of Ireland

Gender has frequently been identified as the most controversial issue confronting class analysis. In this paper we make use of data from the Republic of Ireland to assess the extent to which the incorporation of women in class mobility analysis alters our understanding of the central processes of social mobility. We find that for married women their husband's class is a more powerful predictor of household poverty and life-style than their own `class' as indicated by current or previous occupation. With regard to employment mobility we find that the sole source of gender variation in mobility chances relates to differences in the objective opportunity structures faced by men and women. Applying a measured variable model to `men only' and `complete' mobility tables reveals only modest differences in the patterns of social fluidity. The inclusion of women in class mobility tables requires little in the way of substantial modification of our understanding of the pattern of class relationships underlying the observed pattern of mobility.
Epigenetic Control of Phenotypic Plasticity in the Filamentous Fungus Neurospora crassa

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes under different environmental or developmental conditions. Phenotypic plasticity is a ubiquitous feature of living organisms, and is typically based on variable patterns of gene expression. However, the mechanisms by which gene expression is influenced and regulated during plastic responses are poorly understood in most organisms. While modifications to DNA and histone proteins have been implicated as likely candidates for generating and regulating phenotypic plasticity, specific details of each modification and its mode of operation have remained largely unknown. In this study, we investigated how epigenetic mechanisms affect phenotypic plasticity in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. By measuring reaction norms of strains that are deficient in one of several key physiological processes, we show that epigenetic mechanisms play a role in homeostasis and phenotypic plasticity of the fungus across a range of controlled environments. In general, effects on plasticity are specific to an environment and mechanism, indicating that epigenetic regulation is context dependent and is not governed by general plasticity genes. Specifically, we found that, in Neurospora, histone methylation at H3K36 affected plastic response to high temperatures, H3K4 methylation affected plastic response to pH, but H3K27 methylation had no effect. Similarly, DNA methylation had only a small effect in response to sucrose. Histone deacetylation mainly decreased reaction norm elevation, as did genes involved in histone demethylation and acetylation. In contrast, the RNA interference pathway was involved in plastic responses to multiple environments.
The relationship between creatine kinase kinetics and exercise intensity in human forearm is unchanged by age.

Using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, creatine kinase (CK) reaction kinetics was assessed in the forearm flexor digitorum profundus muscle of healthy young (n = 11, age 34.7 +/- 5 yr) and older (n = 20, age 73.5 +/- 8 yr) subjects at rest, intermittent exercise at 20% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and 40% MVC. Exercise resulted in a significant increase in the average ratio of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) to phosphocreatine (PCr) from resting values of 0.073 +/- 0.031 (young) and 0.082 +/- 0.037 (older) to 0. 268 +/- 0.140 (young, P < 0.01) and 0.452 +/- 0.387 (older, P < 0. 01) at 40% MVC. At 40% MVC, intracellular pH decreased significantly, from resting values of 7.08 +/- 0.08 (young) and 7.08 +/- 0.11 (older) to 6.84 +/- 0.19 (young, P < 0.05) and to 6.75 +/- 0.25 (older, P < 0.05). Average values of the pseudo-first-order reaction rate k((PCr-->ATP)) at rest were 0.07 +/- 0.04 s(-1) in the young and 0.07 +/- 0.03 s(-1) in the older group. At both exercise levels, the reaction rate constant increased compared with the resting value, but only the difference between the resting value and the 20% MVC value, which showed an 86% higher reaction rate constant in both groups, reached statistical significance (P < 0.05). No difference in the reaction rate constant between the young and older groups was observed at either exercise level. As with k((PCr-->ATP)), the average phosphorus flux through the CK reaction increased during exercise at 20% MVC (P < 0.05 in the older group) but decreased toward resting values at 40% MVC in both groups. The data in our study suggest that normal aging does not significantly affect the metabolic processes associated with the CK reaction.
Global Fund investments in human resources for health: innovation and missed opportunities for health systems strengthening.

BACKGROUND Since the early 2000s, there have been large increases in donor financing of human resources for health (HRH), yet few studies have examined their effects on health systems. OBJECTIVE To determine the scope and impact of investments in HRH by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund), the largest investor in HRH outside national governments. METHODS We used mixed research methodology to analyse budget allocations and expenditures for HRH, including training, for 138 countries receiving money from the Global Fund during funding rounds 1-7. From these aggregate figures, we then identified 27 countries with the largest funding for human resources and training and examined all HRH-related performance indicators tracked in Global Fund grant reports. We used the results of these quantitative analyses to select six countries with substantial funding and varied characteristics-representing different regions and income levels for further in-depth study: Bangladesh (South and West Asia, low income), Ethiopia (Eastern Africa, low income), Honduras (Latin America, lower-middle income), Indonesia (South and West Asia, lower-middle income), Malawi (Southern Africa, low income) and Ukraine (Eastern Europe and Central Asia, upper-middle income). We used qualitative methods to gather information in each of the six countries through 159 interviews with key informants from 83 organizations. Using comparative case-study analysis, we examined Global Fund's interactions with other donors, as well as its HRH support and co-ordination within national health systems. RESULTS Around US$1.4 billion (23% of total US$5.1 billion) of grant funding was allocated to HRH by the 138 Global Fund recipient countries. In funding rounds 1-7, the six countries we studied in detail were awarded a total of 47 grants amounting to US$1.2 billion and HRH budgets of US$276 million, of which approximately half were invested in disease-focused in-service and short-term training activities. Countries employed a variety of mechanisms including salary top-ups, performance incentives, extra compensation and contracting of workers for part-time work, to pay health workers using Global Fund financing. Global Fund support for training and salary support was not co-ordinated with national strategic plans and there were major deficiencies in the data collected by the Global Fund to track HRH financing and to provide meaningful assessments of health system performance. CONCLUSION The narrow disease focus and lack of co-ordination with national governments call into question the efficiency of funding and sustainability of Global Fund investments in HRH and their effectiveness in strengthening recipient countries' health systems. The lessons that emerge from this analysis can be used by both the Global Fund and other donors to improve co-ordination of investments and the effectiveness of programmes in recipient countries.
A Variational Approach for Sharpening High Dimensional Images

Earth-observing satellites usually not only take ordinary red-green-blue images but also provide several images including the near-infrared and infrared spectrum. These images are called multispectral, for about four to seven different bands, or hyperspectral, for higher dimensional images of up to 210 bands. The drawback of the additional spectral information is that each spectral band has rather low spatial resolution. In this paper we propose a new variational method for sharpening high dimensional spectral images with the help of a high resolution gray-scale image while preserving the spectral characteristics used for classification and identification tasks. We describe the application of split Bregman minimization to our energy, prove convergence speed, and compare the split Bregman method to a descent method based on the ideas of alternating directions minimization. Finally, we show results on Quickbird multispectral as well as on AVIRIS hyperspectral data.
Recognition or Redistribution?

Dans cet article, l'A tente de comprendre le changement normatif opere entre ideal de redistribution des richesses, et le besoin de reconnaissance individuel, base selon lui sur une desillusion profonde des individus. Il tente de clarifier la notion et rapelle les theories hegeliennes de la reconnaissance reciproque
American Indian Ways of Leading and Knowing

Having drawn some brief historical lines for our research, we suggest that significant differences exist between American Indian and western approaches to, and perspectives on, leadership, and we illustrate some of these differences drawing particularly upon Indian educational leadership. American Indian leadership was often interpreted by non-indigenous observers as an inability to lead rather than a different ability to lead. Western models are often rooted in positional approaches, despite their assertions to the contrary, whereas Indian models are more concerned with persuasive techniques, and while western approaches are almost always individual in form, American Indian models are more concerned with how different forms of leadership in different circumstances can serve the community rather than enhance the reward and reputation of their individual embodiment. We illustrate this with a model of American Indian leadership that exposes the differences by concentrating upon the methods through which persuasion works, especially the different deployment of the written or spoken word.
The Inferior Temporal Lobe Mediates Distracter-Resistant Visual Search of Patients with Spatial Neglect

Although impaired visual search is a core deficit of patients with spatial neglect, current evidence is not conclusive about the mechanisms underlying this failure. We present evidence from 14 neglect patients searching for a target defined by two perceptual features that visual search is mediated by mechanisms of attentional competition. Participants were tested in three search conditions with constant target and distracter positions: Distracters did not share any feature with the target; distracters shared one feature with the target; two distracters shared one feature and one distracter shared the other feature with the target (mixed condition). Whereas search performance of healthy participants was comparable across conditions, neglect patients had a significant contralesional slowing in the mixed condition compared with the other two conditions. A detailed lesion analysis revealed that involvement of the parietal lobe did not predict the degree of distractibility in visual search. In contrast, neglect patients with high distractibility had more frequent damage to the inferior temporal lobe, suggesting a preliminary role of this region for competitive attentional processes involved in visual search of spatial neglect patients.
Decision Making and the Search for Fundamental Psychological Regularities: What Can Be Learned from a Process Perspective?

This article starts with a description of decision research in the past as a development towards an understanding of decision making as a process in which a decision maker's decision rules and problem representations interact in the creation of a final choice. The Differentiation and Consolidation Theory (Svenson, 1992) is presented briefly to provide a framework for a discussion of process studies and regularities in human decision processes. Subsequently, recent findings about pre- and postdecision processes are presented followed by some methodological considerations for future decision research. For example, it is argued that within subjects designs should be used whenever possible and that interindividual differences concerning importance of attributes must be accommodated before aggregating group data. The paper ends with a section presenting a number of suggestions of areas and problems deserving more attention and research efforts in the future.
A passivity-based decentralized strategy for generalized connectivity maintenance

The design of decentralized controllers coping with the typical constraints on the inter-robot sensing/communication capabilities represents a promising direction in multi-robot research thanks to the inherent scalability and fault tolerance of these approaches. In these cases, connectivity of the underlying interaction graph plays a fundamental role: it represents a necessary condition for allowing a group or robots to achieve a common task by resorting to only local information. The goal of this paper is to present a novel decentralized strategy able to enforce connectivity maintenance for a group of robots in a flexible way, that is, by granting large freedom to the group internal configuration so as to allow establishment/deletion of interaction links at anytime as long as global connectivity is preserved. A peculiar feature of our approach is that we are able to embed into a unique connectivity preserving action a large number of constraints and requirements for the group: (i) the presence of specific inter-robot sensing/communication models; (ii) group requirements such as formation control; and (iii) individual requirements such as collision avoidance. This is achieved by defining a suitable global potential function of the second smallest eigenvalue λ2 of the graph Laplacian, and by computing, in a decentralized way, a gradient-like controller built on top of this potential. Simulation results obtained with a group of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles, and experimental results obtained with four quadrotor UAVs, are finally presented to thoroughly illustrate the features of our approach on a concrete case study.
Organizational Change and Organizational Mortality.

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Xl World Congress of Sociology, New Delhi, India, in August 1986. We gratefully acknowledge the involvement of Howard Aldrich, Glenn Carroll, and Paul DiMaggio at the initial stages of our research program on voluntary organizations in metropolitan Toronto. Specific thanks are due to Howard Aldrich and James G. March for insightful comments on an earlier draft. We would specially like to thank Agnes Meinhard for outstanding statistical support and anonymous ASQ reviewers for helpful suggestions. This research was supported by grant number 410-84-0632 from SSHRC, Canada, and grant number 4555-55-7 from the National Welfare Grants Directorate, Health and Welfare, Canada. This study explores whether an ecological, an adaptation, or a random organizational action perspective more appropriately describes the impact of organizational change in a population of voluntary social service organizations. The results indicate that some changes are disruptive, some have no impact on organizational mortality, and others are adaptive. One plausible interpretation of the results is that the effects of organizational changes depend on the location of the changes in the organization -whether in the core or the periphery. Core changes, which are thought to be more disruptive, are best described by an ecological view. Peripheral changes are best described by an adaptation view. The study shows that selection and adaptation are complementary rather than contradictory views, and one clear implication is the need for simultaneous modeling of selection and adaptation processes to build a more complete theory of organizational change.
Differences in Cultural Frame of Reference

There are at least two prerequisites for understanding the academic performance of minorities in contemporary urban industrial societies. The first is to distinguish among different types of minority status; the second is to distinguish different types of cultural difference. The distinctions between voluntary and involuntary minorities and between primary and secondary cultural differences are used as explanatory concepts. Voluntary minorities do not have persistent basic academic difficulties, no matter what their primary cultural differences from the dominant majority. The people who have the most difficulty with academic achievement are involuntary minorities. These difficulties stem from the responses that involuntary minorities have made to their forced incorporation and subsequent treatment, especially their formation of oppositional identity and oppositional cultural frame of reference. Such responses constitute secondary cultural differences. Unlike primary cultural differences, secondary cultural differences do not predate contact between the minority and the majority groups; rather, they are responses to the difficult nature of the contact.
Hydrocarbon rank signatures correlate with differential oophagy and dominance behaviour in Polistes dominulus foundresses

SUMMARY Social life offers animals increased fitness opportunities. However, the advantages are not evenly distributed and some individuals benefit more than others. The ultimate advantage of reaching the highest rank in a dominance hierarchy is the achievement of reproduction monopoly. In social insects, dominant individuals and queens keep their reproductive control through differential oophagy of unwanted eggs (egg policing). Egg recognition is the main proximate mechanism for maintaining reproductive dominance. In the social wasp Polistes dominulus, subordinate queens often lay eggs in the presence of the dominant individual. Combining gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and laboratory bioassays, we found that chemical differences between eggs of subordinate and dominant foundresses can explain the differential success in oophagy enjoyed by dominant individuals. We propose that dominance behaviour is an investigative behaviour as well as a ritualized agonistic behaviour. In fact, the frequency of dominance acts increases with the chemical similarity of the surfaces of dominant- and subordinate-laid eggs. Therefore, dominant individuals probably perform dominance behaviour to test the cuticular signatures of subordinates and so better assess the chemical profiles of subordinate eggs. Finally, we provide evidence that in particular social contexts, subordinate Polistes foundresses can develop ovaries as large as those of dominant individuals but nevertheless lay very few eggs. The subordinates probably lay a limited number of eggs to avoid unnecessary energy loss, as a result of efficient queen policing, but will start laying eggs as soon as the queen fails.
Evaluation of Diagnostic Criteria and Incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness in Preverbal Children

Objective The Children's Lake Louise Score (CLLS) established the diagnostic criteria for acute mountain sickness (AMS) in preverbal children. Prospective application of the CLLS and interobserver agreement for the score had not been evaluated in a controlled trial. A study of children and their parents was used to evaluate the CLLS and determine the incidence of AMS in preverbal children. Methods A prospective, controlled trial. Children ≥3 months and ≤36 months old and their parents living below 1645 m were studied over 7 separate days. The CLLS, measured daily by the mother as well as by the father on days 5 and 6, is the sum of scores for fussiness (FS), eating (E), playfulness (P), and sleep (S). Children were studied on days 1 and 2 at home, on day 3 after travel without altitude gain to a hotel, on day 4 at home, on days 5 and 6 at a hotel at 3109 m, and on day 7 at home. Using our previous criteria, AMS was diagnosed if the CLLS was ≥7 with both the FS ≥4 and the E + P + S ≥3. Agreement between mothers’ and fathers’ CLLS values was measured with the kappa statistic (κ). Adults were also evaluated for AMS by the CLLS on days 5 and 6. Results Thirty-seven children (mean age ± SD = 16.5 ± 10.5 months; 21 girls) participated, and AMS occurred in 7 of them (19%; 95% CI, 8.35%). Among 33 adults, 8 (24%; 95% CI, 9.39%) had AMS. Although the agreement of the parents on the CLLS components was poor, the agreement on the classification of AMS between mother and father was excellent (κ = .67; P < .001), with both parents’ scores exceeding the CLLS threshold for AMS. Conclusions In this prospective trial, parents demonstrated excellent interobserver agreement for independent use of the CLLS to detect AMS. Consistent with our previous retrospective study, the incidence of AMS at moderate altitude in preverbal children (19%) was similar to that in adults (24%).
Advances in understanding the evolution of HIV.

© Lippincott Williams & Wilkins S1 From the aDepartment of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA and bSAIC Frederick, Frederick Cancer Research & Development Center, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA. Sponsorship: This work was supported by a James A. Shannon Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Award, and NIH grant #R01 HD34350-01A1. Correspondence to Dr Keith A. Crandall, 574 Widtsoe Building, Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5255, USA. Tel: +1 801 378 3495; fax: +1 801 378 7423; e-mail: kac@email.byu. edu Advances in understanding the evolution of HIV