Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PERCEIVED INTRAGROUP VARIABILITY AS A FUNCTION OF GROUP STATUS AND IDENTIFICATION

Judgments of intragroup variability were examined as a function of relative group status and identification with the group. In the first study (n = 131), psychology students received false feedback that their group was more or less intelligent than a comparable outgroup (business students) in order to manipulate relative ingroup status. Subjects were divided into high and low identifiers on the basis of their scores on an ingroup identification measures. As well as rating both groups on a series of comparative dimensions, subjects rated the similarities within their group. Although there was no difference in similarity ratings between high and low identifiers when ingroup status was high, low status subjects who identified weakly with their group rated within-group similarity as significantly less than high identifiers. In the second study (n = 101) both status and group identification were manipulated experimentally. Subjects were categorized as belonging to one of two groups, ostensibly on the basis of their problem solving style, and they received false feedback on a subsequent task indicating that their group had performed better or worse than the other group on a series of personnel decision problems. Group identification was manipulated by means of false feedback reinforced by a "bogus pipeline" procedure. Ratings of ingroup (and outgroup) variability as measured by the perceived range of group scores on various positive dimensions, replicated the interaction obtained the first study. In the high status condition, ingroup identification did not affect the perceived range of group scores whereas under low group status, subjects in the low identification condition perceived greater intragroup variation than did subjects in the high identification condition. The differential perception and use of variability judgments by high and low group identifiers in the face of a threatened group image is discussed in terms of social identity principles.
Caries Prevalence in Swedish 20-Year-Olds in Relation to Their Previous Caries Experience

Background/Aim: There are few studies of caries development and caries-related factors from early age to young adulthood. The aim of the present study is to analyse caries prevalence in 20-year-olds in relation to their previous caries experience. Method: Oral health from 3 to 20 years of age was followed longitudinally in a cohort of 499 individuals. The clinical and radiographic incidence of caries and restorations in 494 20-year-olds was related to caries data at 3, 6 and 15 years of age. Results: Twenty-six per cent of the 20-year-olds were caries-free. The mean number of initial and manifest lesions and restorations (Di + mFS) was 5.8. Initial lesions comprised 40% of the Di + mFS. Of the occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars, 12 and 4%, respectively, had manifest caries or restorations. Compared with individuals who had been caries-free during childhood (primary dentition) and adolescence, those with a history of caries activity while growing up had statistically significantly more approximal lesions at the age of 20 (DmFSa 0.6 vs. DmFSa 4.6, respectively). Those with manifest caries during childhood but caries-free at 15 years had a low caries prevalence at 20 years of age (DmFSa 1.3). Few new lesions developed after age 15. However, 50% of initial lesions at this age had progressed to manifest lesions at age 20. Conclusion: There is a relationship between caries prevalence at age 20 and early caries experience.
ELECTRORETINOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN PATIENTS WITH STARGARDT DISEASE AND FUNDUS FLAVIMACULATUS

Purpose: To characterize the clinical and electroretinogram (ERG) features of our cohort of patients with Stargardt disease (STGD) exhibiting coding sequence variations in the ABCA4 gene. Methods: Review of 76 patients with the clinical diagnosis of Stargardt disease/fundus flavimaculatus (STGD/FF) from the University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (41 patients) and the Casey Eye Institute (35 patients). Clinical examination, Goldmann perimetry, and electroretinography were performed on all 76 patients. Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of their funduscopic and electroretinographic features: (1) a normal ERG by the standards of the laboratory; (2) minimal rod or cone abnormalities; (3) severe ERG dysfunction. The latter category was further subdivided on the basis of a cone-dominated loss of function (C > R or “cone-rod dystrophy”) or diffuse depression of rods and cones (C = R). Mutational analysis of the coding sequence of the ABCA4 gene was performed by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by automated DNA sequencing. Each electroretinographic group was analyzed for the presence of disease causing changes using exact tests of binomial proportions corrected for multiple comparisons by Bonferroni method. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) was performed on patients who were homozygous for disease causing changes in the ABCA4 gene to rule out the possibility of deletions. Results: Overall, 56 of 76 patients (and 77 of 152 alleles) exhibited coding sequence variations that were compatible with high-penetrance disease-causing mutations. The most common of these were His423Arg (9), frameshift mutations (7), Ala1038Val (7), and Pro1380Leu (6). Although no patients with His423Arg presented with normal ERGs, no significant correlation was observed between specific sequence variations and the electroretinographic characteristics or fundus appearance. However, a significantly greater fraction of patients with normal ERG studies failed to exhibit detectable disease-causing coding sequence variations in the ABCA4 gene identified on either allele (P = 0.0006). Conclusion: STGD/FF patients in our cohort exhibit a wide range of electroretinographic abnormalities, some of which are more prevalent than previously suspected. No direct correlation between clinical appearance, electrophysiologic characteristics and specific ABCA4 alleles could be identified, although a significantly lower number of our cohort with a normal ERG exhibited detectable coding sequence variations in the ABCA4 gene. However, four patients with ERG dysfunction were homozygous for a His423Arg change proven by QPCR not to be an artifact of a deletion. The presence of electrophysiologic dysfunction is not uncommon in our cohort of patients with STGD. Thus, the ERG provides clinically important information of retinal function for STGD/FF and, as such, is still indicated as part of the evaluation of these patients.
How do We Learn to Trust? A Confirmatory Tetrad Analysis of the Sources of Generalized Trust

In this paper we ask whether individuals decide that people are generally trustworthy or untrustworthy by extrapolating from their experiences in localized interactions or whether a more fixed predisposition drives assessments of trustworthiness. These two contrasting theoretical perspectives on generalized trust can be translated into empirically testable models and adjudicated using confirmatory tetrad analysis. This paper is among the first substantive applications of confirmatory tetrad analysis and illustrates an important advantage of this technique—the ability to distinguish between causal and reflective indicators of a latent variable. We find that individuals develop a generalized expectation of trustworthiness based on their experiences with different groups of people in localized settings. We demonstrate the robustness of our results across disparate samples and spatially dissimilar survey sites.
Designing your sample efficiently: clustering effects in education surveys

Background: Education, and information about education, is highly structured: individuals are grouped into classes, which are grouped into schools, which are grouped into local authorities, which are grouped into countries. The degree of similarity among members of a group, such as a school or classroom, is a very important factor in the design and analysis of studies in education. Purpose: The aim of this article is to provide information on this degree of similarity within schools to enable those involved in carrying out surveys of schools to do so most efficiently in terms of resources and minimum disturbance of schools. Sources of data: This paper uses data from 13 studies at primary and secondary level conducted by the National Foundation for Educational Research in England and Wales. Main argument: The degree of similarity among members of a group is measured by two statistics, the intra-cluster correlation and the design effect. The study described here classifies outcomes into a number of categories and estimates intra-cluster correlation and design effect. The relevance of the results to survey design and analysis is discussed, and examples of how to use these are given. Conclusions: The main findings of this study, rather than conclusions as such, are the intra-cluster correlations for each topic category. However, the paper reaches some tentative conclusions about the degree of clustering by topic. Using Hox's convention (Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications, Lawrence Erlbaum, London, 2002) for the size of intra-cluster correlations, it was found that the degree of clustering of achievement was high, while ethnic and language variables were highly clustered in secondary but not primary. By contrast, attitudes towards school, educationally relevant home characteristics, and perception of school policies have quite low values of ρ (mean < 0.05), defined as small.
Predictors of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms among South African Police Personnel

The present study investigated the relationship between coping style, perceived social support, length of service experience, age, and gender on symptoms of post-traumatic stress among members of the South African Police Service (SAPS) in the Western Cape. In Phase 1 of the study, 19 police officers participated in a series of qualitative interviews aimed at eliciting a list of duty-related stressors that formed the basis of a stressor questionnaire. In Phase 2 of the study 97 officers from twelve police stations in the western metropolis of Cape Town completed a battery of questionnaires that assessed stressful experiences, symptoms of post-traumatic stress, coping, social and family support, and various demographic variables. The first multiple regression analysis showed that problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping and perceived social support explained 42.6% of the variance in the severity of posttraumatic stress scores, although problem-focused coping was positively associated with symptom severity (β = 0.68). In the second multiple regression analysis, coping was entered as a composite variable and, together with perceived social support, accounted for 29.3% of the variance in post-traumatic stress scores. These results imply a need to enhance specific coping skills among police officers in addressing duty-related traumatic stressors and to fortify social support structures both within the police service and in the private lives of officers.
Practically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion of Japan

Praying for practical benefits is a common religious activity in Japan. Basing their work on a fusion of textual, ethnographic, historical and contemporary studies, the authors of this volume demonstrate that far from being marginal, the concepts and practices surrounding "genze riyaku" lie at the very heart of the Japanese religious world. The authors discuss the economic and commercial aspects of how and why institutions promote practical benefits, drawing attention to the dynamism and flexibility in the religious marketplace. The authors also examine the business of guidebooks, which combine travel information with religious advice, including forms of prayer for the protection against embarrassing physical problems and sexual diseases.
Functional analysis of optineurin and some of its disease‐associated mutants

Optineurin is a multifunctional protein involved in a variety of cellular functions such as protein trafficking by vesicles, autophagy, and signal transduction. Certain mutations in optineurin (gene OPTN) are associated with neurodegenerative diseases like glaucoma and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Optineurin is also seen in pathological structures present in several other neurodegenerative diseases. In glaucoma, loss of vision occurs due to progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and perhaps loss of photoreceptor cone cells as well. Most of the glaucoma‐associated mutations of optineurin are heterozygous missense mutations, whereas the ALS‐associated mutations include deletion, truncation, and missense mutations. Optineurin mediates its functions by interacting with various proteins, often acting as an adaptor to provide a link between two or more proteins. Disease‐causing mutations alter these interactions leading to functional defects in membrane vesicle trafficking, autophagy, signaling, aggregate formation, and other processes. Some of these functional defects, caused by glaucoma‐associated mutants of optineurin, led to retinal cell death mediated by apoptosis and therefore may contribute to pathogenesis directly. Other mutations are likely to cause glaucoma by indirect mechanisms involving other cell types. Mechanisms of ALS pathogenesis by optineurin mutations are yet to be investigated in detail; however, some ALS‐associated mutants cause defects in signaling, autophagy, and ubiquitin binding, which might contribute to pathogenesis. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(2):120–128, 2015
Paraphrase Alignment for Synonym Evidence Discovery

We describe a new unsupervised approach for synonymy discovery by aligning paraphrases in monolingual domain corpora. For that purpose, we identify phrasal terms that convey most of the concepts within domains and adapt a methodology for the automatic extraction and alignment of paraphrases to identify paraphrase casts from which valid synonyms are discovered. Results performed on two different domain corpora show that general synonyms as well as synonymic expressions can be identified with a 67.27% precision.
Robust Networked Control Scheme for Distributed Secondary Control of Islanded Microgrids

Distributed secondary control (DSC) is a new approach for microgrids (MGs) by which frequency, voltage, and power can be regulated by using only local unit controllers. Such a solution is necessary for anticipated scenarios that have an increased number of distributed generators (DGs) within the MG. Due to the constrained traffic pattern required by the secondary control, it is viable to implement a dedicated local area communication functionality among the local controllers. This paper presents a new wireless-based robust communication algorithm for the DSC of MGs. The algorithm tightly couples the communication and the control functionality, such that the transmission errors are absorbed through an averaging operation performed in each local controller, resulting in a very high reliability. Furthermore, transmissions from each DG are periodic and prescheduled broadcasts, and in this way, contention over the shared wireless medium is avoided. Real-time simulation and experimental results are presented in order to evaluate the feasibility and robustness endowed by the proposed algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm is very robust with respect to communication impairments, such as packet delays and random packet losses.
A case of intracranial hypotension complicated with hydrocephalus.

AIM Intracranial hypotension may have variable clinical presentation. The imaging characteristics of intracranial hypotension are especially well depicted on magnetic resonance imaging studies. Although the clinical and radiological manifestations of spontaneous intracranial hypotension are increasingly recognized in many reports, many other abnormalities in this disorder and complicating cases still exist. MATERIAL AND METHODS A 16-year-old patient suffering from nausea vomiting and blurred consciousness was admitted to the hospital. MRI showed diffuse pachymeningeal thickening resembling intracranial hypotension and ventricular enlargement like compensated hydrocephalus. The patient was investigated and treated using endoscopic third ventriculostomy. CONCLUSION The authors presented a case of intracranial hypotension complicated with hydrocephalus. Specific causes for intracranial hypotension as well as additional new treatment options will also be discussed.
Estratégias de capacitação de professores do ensino fundamental em atividade física e alimentação saudável

The study evaluated the learning effects generated by long (IL) and short (IC) educational interventions in health eating and physical activity knowledge. 42 teachers from two public elementary schools completed knowledge questionnaires with a 0-10 grade, pre and post-intervention. IL offered a 40 hours course and IC offered a 30 minutes lecture, and both groups received the same printed educational material. The intervention produced a statistically significant (p<0.05) increased in averaged health eating knowledge [IL: +1.19 (SE=0.31) and CI: +1.18 (SE 0.34) points]. In physical activity, change in average knowledge was only statically significant in IL [IL + 1.69 (SE=0.52) and IC -0.36; (SE=0.45) points]. There were significant differences between groups in final notes for physical activity knowledge. Simple educational activities produced positive effects on health eating knowledge however, for physical activity may be necessary longer intervention.
Goals and Personality in Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of personality factors in the value allotted by adolescents to various groups of goals. For this purpose, the ‘Cuestionario de Personalidad Situacional, CPS’ (Situational Personality Questionnaire) and the ‘Cuestionario de Metas para Adolescentes, CMA’ (Goals for Adolescents Questionnaire) were administered to a representative sample from the province of Navarra, Spain, made up of 1179 adolescents (565 girls and 614 boys), ages between 15 and 19 years old, from public and affiliated school centres and from various socioeconomic levels. After performing a principal components factor analysis on the CPS data, the results revealed that, to a great extent, personality factors – Adjustment, Emotivity, Superiority, Independence and Sociability – predict goals pursued by adolescents.
Social identity, distinctiveness, and in-group homogeneity.

Although the relative difference between perceived heterogeneity of in-groups and out-groups has been referred to as the “out-group homogeneity effect,” it could just as well be conceptualized in terms of perceptions of in-group heterogeneity. The present paper seeks to reconcile findings that in-groups are often perceived as differentiated or variable with predictions from Social Identity theory regarding in-group homogeneity. It is argued that perceived variability of in-groups (but not out-groups) is subject to motivational forces associated with the need for self-identity and differentiation from others. A theory of optimal distinctiveness is proposed which holds that perceived in-group homogeneity will depend on group distinctiveness and level of social identification.
Beyond the Bosphorus?: Comparing public discourses on Turkey’s EU application in the German, French and British quality press

This article examines the impact of national borders on public discourses, based on a case study of the struggle surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union (EU). Comparing opinions, reasons and interpretation patterns in quality press commentaries about enlarging the EU beyond the Bosphorus, the article confirms the importance and robustness of national cleavages between the German and the French public spheres on the one hand and the British public sphere on the other. Whereas Turkish membership was predominantly rejected on the continent, the British commentators strongly and almost unanimously supported Ankara’s request. These similarities and divergences, I argue, are first and foremost the result of competing visions of Europe’s finality, especially regarding various constitutional ideas and cultural principles. Against this background, the Turkey question was partly exploited as an instrument to advance or to suppress different concepts on the future of European integration.
A Multidisciplinary Model of Evaluation Capacity Building

Evaluation capacity building (ECB) has become a hot topic of conversation, activity, and study within the evaluation field. Seeking to enhance stakeholders' understanding of evaluation concepts and practices, and in an effort to create evaluation cultures, organizations have been implementing a variety of strategies to help their members learn from and about evaluation. Though there is a great deal of ECB occurring in a wide range of organizations, there is no overarching conceptual model that describes how ECB should be designed and implemented to maximize its success. If ECB is about learning how to think evaluatively and how to engage in sound evaluation practice, then something is missing in our work. The purpose of this article is to describe a model of ECB that may be used for designing and implementing capacity building activities and processes as well as for conducting empirical research on this topic.
Distinct Effects of Contraction-Induced Injury In Vivo on Four Different Murine Models of Dysferlinopathy

Mutations in the DYSF gene, encoding dysferlin, cause muscular dystrophies in man. We compared 4 dysferlinopathic mouse strains: SJL/J and B10.SJL-Dysfim/AwaJ (B10.SJL), and A/J and B6.A-Dysfprmd/GeneJ (B6.A/J). The former but not the latter two are overtly myopathic and weaker at 3 months of age. Following repetitive large-strain injury (LSI) caused by lengthening contractions, all except B6.A/J showed ~40% loss in contractile torque. Three days later, torque in SJL/J, B10.SJL and controls, but not A/J, recovered nearly completely. B6.A/J showed ~30% torque loss post-LSI and more variable recovery. Pre-injury, all dysferlinopathic strains had more centrally nucleated fibers (CNFs) and all but A/J showed more inflammation than controls. At D3, all dysferlinopathic strains showed increased necrosis and inflammation, but not more CNFs; controls were unchanged. Dystrophin-null DMDmdx mice showed more necrosis and inflammation than all dysferlin-nulls. Torque loss and inflammation on D3 across all strains were linearly related to necrosis. Our results suggest that (1) dysferlin is not required for functional recovery 3 days after LSI; (2) B6.A/J mice recover from LSI erratically; (3) SJL/J and B10.SJL muscles recover rapidly, perhaps due to ongoing myopathy; (4) although they recover function to different levels, all 4 dysferlinopathic strains show increased inflammation and necrosis 3 days after LSI.
Calcineurin Inhibitor Withdrawal from Sirolimus‐Based Therapy in Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials

Being an investigator in the largest and longest trial included in the analysis of Mulay et al., I read with considerable interest their review of randomized trials employing sirolimus-based therapy for calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal in kidney transplantation (1). On the basis of the 12-month results of six trials, they found that there was an increased risk of rejection in the short term associated with a significant improvement in renal function and reduction in hypertension. I would like to address their final conclusion that longer follow-up is needed from both concrete and philosophical points of view.