Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing Lightweight Aggregate Efficiency for Maximizing Internal Curing Performance

This paper describes how internal curing (IC), which has been extensively investigated in the last decade, has been shown to enhance hydration, diminish autogenous shrinkage, and mitigate early-age cracking due to self-desiccation in high-performance concrete. IC also increases the internal porosity of concrete, which might reduce mechanical properties. Thus, a better understanding of what makes a lightweight aggregate (LWA) effective and efficient for IC is fundamental to maximize the gains and minimize the shortcomings. This paper analyzes the performance of a wide set of LWAs for IC, including artificial and natural LWAs. The water uptake, water release, and pore structure of the LWAs were determined, as well as their performance in concrete, which was assessed using the degree of hydration, compressive strength, chloride ion permeability, and autogenous shrinkage. The results presented in the paper showed that natural LWAs possess higher, coarser, and more interconnected porosity than artificial LWAs. This allows natural LWAs to store more water and present higher and faster water release for IC. Natural LWAs produced concrete with a similar or better performance than that of artificial LWAs in spite of requiring lower dosages. When selecting an LWA for IC, it is important to consider not only its effectiveness in reducing autogenous shrinkage, but also its efficiency and other performance criteria, such as transport properties and compressive strength.
Investigation of variations in energy, macronutrients and sodium intake based on the places meals are provided: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 1998-2009)

This study was conducted to investigate nutrient consumption by Korean adults in various places. To accomplish this, we used the 1998-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects of this investigation were over 19 years and the study included 37,160 people. The meals were categorized as breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks consumed at home, or while eating-out. Investigation of the rate of consumption at serving places based on daily meals and years showed that eating-out generally increased with time. The consumption of meals prepared at home was higher than that of meals consumed anyplace else in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007-2009. However, the rate of consumption of home meals decreased from 1998 to 2007-2009, while the rate of eating-out increased during this period. Annual nutrient intake according to serving places with respect to meals, energy, fat, and sodium were significantly lower in home meals than those consumed elsewhere in 2007-2009 relative to 1998. The sodium intake and energy distribution ratio of fat in meals consumed while eating-out increased significantly from 1998 to 2007-2009. The energy, fat and sodium intake and energy contribution ratio of fat consumed in meals at institutions was significantly higher in 2007-2009 than in 1998. Based on these results, additional research is required to develop guidelines for dietary life improvement at each serving place and to address education and policies for balanced nutrition intake.
Hybrid One-Way Full-Duplex/Two-Way Half-Duplex Relaying Scheme

In this paper, we propose a hybrid one-way full-duplex (OWFD)/two-way half-duplex (TWHD) relaying scheme to improve the performance of the relay system with asymmetric channel gains and traffic requirements. In the proposed scheme, the transmit time interval is decomposed to three subintervals, and in each subinterval the relay operates in OWFD or TWHD mode. The duration of each subinterval is optimized to minimize the system outage probability. We show that the subinterval time optimization can be formulated as a linear programming problem. By exploiting the structure of the problem, the closed-form solution of the problem was derived. We also present a power control scheme to mitigate the effect of residual self-interference (RSI) when the relay is operated in the OWFD mode. Simulation results show that the hybrid scheme achieves better outage performance under the asymmetric environment when compared with the traditional schemes. Moreover, the scheme is robust to the RSI caused by the full-duplex operation.
Aberrant canal configuration of the maxillary first molar

Aberrations in the root canal anatomy are a commonly occurring phenomenon. A thorough knowledge of the basic root canal anatomy and its variations is necessary for successful completion of the endodontic treatment. Maxillary first molars usually have three roots and three or four canals (two mesiobuccal canals, one distobuccal and one palatal canal). The incidence of two palatal canals in a palatal root is quite rare. This case provides an evidence of variations in the root canals in palatal root of maxillary first molar. Clinicians should thoroughly examine the pulpal floor and radiographs for the possibility of additional canals. The clinician must know not only the normal root canal anatomy but also variation from the normal. It is also paramount for the clinician to seek out every possible aberration of root canal anatomy for all teeth undergoing treatment.
Platyhelminth Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Redox Homeostasis Is Controlled by a Single Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase and Dependent on Selenium and Glutathione*

Platyhelminth parasites are a major health problem in developing countries. In contrast to their mammalian hosts, platyhelminth thiol-disulfide redox homeostasis relies on linked thioredoxin-glutathione systems, which are fully dependent on thioredoxin-glutathione reductase (TGR), a promising drug target. TGR is a homodimeric enzyme comprising a glutaredoxin domain and thioredoxin reductase (TR) domains with a C-terminal redox center containing selenocysteine (Sec). In this study, we demonstrate the existence of functional linked thioredoxin-glutathione systems in the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments of Echinococcus granulosus, the platyhelminth responsible for hydatid disease. The glutathione reductase (GR) activity of TGR exhibited hysteretic behavior regulated by the [GSSG]/[GSH] ratio. This behavior was associated with glutathionylation by GSSG and abolished by deglutathionylation. The Km and kcat values for mitochondrial and cytosolic thioredoxins (9.5 μm and 131 s–1, 34 μm and 197 s–1, respectively) were higher than those reported for mammalian TRs. Analysis of TGR mutants revealed that the glutaredoxin domain is required for the GR activity but did not affect the TR activity. In contrast, both GR and TR activities were dependent on the Sec-containing redox center. The activity loss caused by the Sec-to-Cys mutation could be partially compensated by a Cys-to-Sec mutation of the neighboring residue, indicating that Sec can support catalysis at this alternative position. Consistent with the essential role of TGR in redox control, 2.5 μm auranofin, a known TGR inhibitor, killed larval worms in vitro. These studies establish the selenium- and glutathione-dependent regulation of cytosolic and mitochondrial redox homeostasis through a single TGR enzyme in platyhelminths.
Use of bronchoalveolar lavage to detect lung damage.

The assay of bronchoalveolar washings from acutely exposed animals has proven useful as a rapid screen for lung injury from inhaled airborne toxins. The screen is useful for choosing appropriate compounds and exposure levels for subsequent in-depth studies in which complete histopathologic evaluations will be made. An inflammatory response can be detected by the appearance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and an increase in protein content of lung washings. The release of the cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, into the acellular portion of the lavage fluid serves as an indication of cell death or membrane damage. A large increase in some lysosomal enzymes has been found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from animals chronically exposed to insoluble particles. Angiotensin-converting enzyme has been found to be elevated in bronchoalveolar washings from animals with endothelial cell damage in the pulmonary capillaries. The correlation of these cellular and biochemical alterations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with morphological indications of damage has served to validate this method of detecting acute lung injury. Further study is needed to validate indicators of developing chronic disease. ImagesFIGURE 1.FIGURE 4. C1FIGURE 4. C2FIGURE 4. C3FIGURE 6.FIGURE 6.FIGURE 6.FIGURE 6.
Deformation of crosslinked semiflexible polymer networks

Motivated by the cellular cytoskeleton, we investigate the mechanical properties of networks of crosslinked semiflexible polymers in two dimensions and at zero temperature. A novel simulation method is constructed which allows us to probe the linear response of such networks to an imposed macroscopic shear. Above a rigidity percolation transition, we observe two regimes: an affine regime in which the bulk of the elastic energy is due to filament stretching, and a non‐affine regime which is dominated by bending modes. We quantify the crossover between these regimes and re‐express it in terms of more natural parameters for experiments.
Identification and Analysis of Genes and Pseudogenes within Duplicated Regions in the Human and Mouse Genomes

The identification and classification of genes and pseudogenes in duplicated regions still constitutes a challenge for standard automated genome annotation procedures. Using an integrated homology and orthology analysis independent of current gene annotation, we have identified 9,484 and 9,017 gene duplicates in human and mouse, respectively. On the basis of the integrity of their coding regions, we have classified them into functional and inactive duplicates, allowing us to define the first consistent and comprehensive collection of 1,811 human and 1,581 mouse unprocessed pseudogenes. Furthermore, of the total of 14,172 human and mouse duplicates predicted to be functional genes, as many as 420 are not included in current reference gene databases and therefore correspond to likely novel mammalian genes. Some of these correspond to partial duplicates with less than half of the length of the original source genes, yet they are conserved and syntenic among different mammalian lineages. The genes and unprocessed pseudogenes obtained here will enable further studies on the mechanisms involved in gene duplication as well as of the fate of duplicated genes.
Undulatory physical resistance training program increases maximal strength in elderly type 2 diabetics

Objective To investigate the effects of a specific protocol of undulatory physical resistance training on maximal strength gains in elderly type 2 diabetics. Methods The study included 48 subjects, aged between 60 and 85 years, of both genders. They were divided into two groups: Untrained Diabetic Elderly (n=19) with those who were not subjected to physical training and Trained Diabetic Elderly (n=29), with those who were subjected to undulatory physical resistance training. The participants were evaluated with several types of resistance training’s equipment before and after training protocol, by test of one maximal repetition. The subjects were trained on undulatory resistance three times per week for a period of 16 weeks. The overload used in undulatory resistance training was equivalent to 50% of one maximal repetition and 70% of one maximal repetition, alternating weekly. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between pre-test and post-test over a period of 16 weeks. Results The average gains in strength were 43.20% (knee extension), 65.00% (knee flexion), 27.80% (supine sitting machine), 31.00% (rowing sitting), 43.90% (biceps pulley), and 21.10% (triceps pulley). Conclusion Undulatory resistance training used with weekly different overloads was effective to provide significant gains in maximum strength in elderly type 2 diabetic individuals.
The benefits of local depletion: The centrosome as a scaffold for ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation

ABSTRACT The centrosome is the major microtubule-organizing center in animal cells but is dispensable for proper microtubule spindle formation in many biological contexts and is thus thought to fulfill additional functions. Recent observations suggest that the centrosome acts as a scaffold for proteasomal degradation in the cell to regulate a variety of biological processes including cell fate acquisition, cell cycle control, stress response, and cell morphogenesis. Here, we review the body of studies indicating a role for the centrosome in promoting proteasomal degradation of ubiquitin-proteasome substrates and explore the functional relevance of this system in different biological contexts. We discuss a potential role for the centrosome in coordinating local degradation of proteasomal substrates, allowing cells to achieve stringent spatiotemporal control over various signaling processes.
Running head : 1 Hydrogen , stomatal closure and drought tolerance

Running head: 1 Hydrogen, stomatal closure and drought tolerance 2 3 Authors: 4 Yanjie Xie, Yu Mao, Wei Zhang, Diwen Lai, Qingya Wang, Wenbiao Shen 5 6 Address: 7 1 College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China 8 2 Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 9 210095, China 10 11 *Corresponding author 12 Wenbiao Shen 13 College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China 14 Tel/Fax: +86-25-8439-6542 15 E-mail: wbshenh@njau.edu. cn 16 17 Research area: 18 Signaling and Response 19 20 Plant Physiology Preview. Published on April 14, 2014, as DOI:10.1104/pp.114. 237925
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Ethnicity: A Literature Review

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most expensive mental disorders, costing U.S. citizens $77 billion every year (Reinberg, 2004). Although ADHD effects between 3-7% of U.S. children (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000), there are many misconceptions about the disorder and concerns have been raised regarding appropriate diagnosis and treatment in children, adolescents, and adults. In addition to these concerns, several authors have noted that there is a lack of research regarding ethnicity and ADHD. The limited research that has been done is confusing with some studies indicating that there is no difference in rates of ADHD diagnoses (Nigg, 2001) and other studies indicating that African American children are placed in behaviorally disordered classrooms at higher rates (Maddox & Wilson, 2004). Reid, Casat, Norton, Anastopoulus, and Temple (2001) found that teachers were more likely to exhibit a bias in their rating scales if their students were African American. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on ADHD, with a particular focus on the research of ethnicity and ADHD.
Distinguishing between Selective Sweeps from Standing Variation and from a De Novo Mutation

An outstanding question in human genetics has been the degree to which adaptation occurs from standing genetic variation or from de novo mutations. Here, we combine several common statistics used to detect selection in an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework, with the goal of discriminating between models of selection and providing estimates of the age of selected alleles and the selection coefficients acting on them. We use simulations to assess the power and accuracy of our method and apply it to seven of the strongest sweeps currently known in humans. We identify two genes, ASPM and PSCA, that are most likely affected by selection on standing variation; and we find three genes, ADH1B, LCT, and EDAR, in which the adaptive alleles seem to have swept from a new mutation. We also confirm evidence of selection for one further gene, TRPV6. In one gene, G6PD, neither neutral models nor models of selective sweeps fit the data, presumably because this locus has been subject to balancing selection.
Resetting the path integrator: a basic condition for route-based navigation

SUMMARY During short excursions away from home, some mammals are known to update their position with respect to their point of departure through path integration (dead reckoning) by processing internal (idiothetic) signals generated by rotations and translations. Path integration (PI) is a continuously ongoing process in which errors accumulate. To remain functional over longer excursions, PI needs to be reset through position information from stable external references. We tested the homing behaviour of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus W.) during hoarding excursions following a rotation of the arena and nest. In continuous darkness, the hamsters returned to their point of departure at the rotated nest, and therefore depended on PI only. In other trials, the animals were briefly presented with visual room cues during or at the end of the outward trip, visual cues being pitted by 67° or 98° against the animal's current self-generated position vector. After a fix, the animals headed for the usual (unrotated) nest location, as defined by room cues, independent of the timing of the fix. These results were obtained in two different geometrical settings and showed that, after the fix, the animals update their position, and not merely their head direction or internal compass, in a new reference frame. Thus, episodic fixes on familiar external references reset the PI and therefore greatly enhance the functional signification of navigation that is based on feedback information from locomotion.
Low complexity Turbo space-frequency equalization for single-carrier MIMO wireless communications

Turbo equalization and frequency-domain equalization (FDE) have both been proved to be effective to combat frequency-selective fading channels. By combining the two techniques, we propose a low complexity Turbo space-frequency equalization (TSFE) structure for single-carrier (SC) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, which provides close performance to its full complexity version with a huge complexity reduction. It is shown that TSFE outperforms the previously proposed Turbo space-time equalization (TSTE) especially at a high delay spread, with much lower complexity. TSFE also provides better performance than its Turbo orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (TOFDM) counterpart with the increase of the number of iterations, at a comparable complexity.
Purulent pericarditis in the antibiotic era.

In this review of 20 cases of purulent pericarditis, we emphasize that aerobic Gramnegative bacillary and anaerobic pericarditis are being recognized more frequently than previously. This fact should be taken into consideration in reviewing Gram-stained material and in selecting an appropriate antibacterial regimen in cases of purulent pericarditis. Furthermore, survival may be related to the type of organism causing the infection. When Gram-negative bacilli were present, prognosis was quite poor, while when pneumococci, staphylococci, or anaerobic organisms were isolated from patients in whom a clinical diagnosis was made, the prognosis was better.
Diurnal Variability in Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during Winter Using Online Measurement of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon

Understanding the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation is among most important topics in the field of aerosol research because its poor understanding leads to large uncertainty in the assessment of aerosol effects on air quality and climate. This study reports the diurnal and temporal variability in SOA formation over a site (Patiala: 30.2°N, 76.3°E, 249 m amsl) located in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) during winter using the first online measurements of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) over India. Online WSOC, measured with particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) connected to total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer, ranged from 0.1 to 99 μg m^(-3) (avg: 15.6, sd: 9.4) with a considerable day-to-day and within the day variability, and attributed to meteorological conditions and regional sources. Diurnal trends of online WSOC suggest significant SOA formation during 7:00 to 22:00 hrs when sources of SOA precursors are active; and loss of SOA occurs during afternoon when ambient air temperature is at its peak. In parallel to online measurements, filterbased particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_(2.5)) samples were also collected and analyzed for major cations, anions and carbonaceous aerosols. Filter-based PM2.5 composition suggests that the emissions from biomass burning contribute more to carbonaceous aerosols than those from fossil fuel burning. In spite of this, average primary WSOC was only ~20% whereas secondary WSOC (or SOA) dominated the total WSOC concentration with ~80% contribution. A strong linear relationship between PM1 and WSOC (R^2=0.83, slope=0.113, intercept=4.7), suggests that a significant fraction of fine particles are SOA.
Swedish Farmers’ Opinions about Biosecurity and Their Intention to Make Professionals Use Clean Protective Clothing When Entering the Stable

The study was part of a series of studies aiming to increase knowledge about spread and prevention of livestock diseases in Sweden. A specific biosecurity behavior, i.e., making professionals (e.g., veterinarian, repairman, livestock transporter) wear clean protective clothing when entering the stables was investigated through focus groups and a questionnaire survey. This behavior was seen as a proxy for other biosecurity behaviors. As part of questionnaire development, three focus group discussions with a total of 11 participating livestock farmers were held. The questionnaire was based on the model of Theory of Planned Behavior. Response was received from 2,081 farmers. In the focus groups, farmers expressed a willingness to provide visitors with clean protective clothing. However, some had experienced difficulties in making veterinarians use protective clothing, and mentioned a reluctance to correct their veterinarians. The participants mostly focused on diseases regulated by control programs, especially Salmonella. In parts, participants were well informed but some showed a lack of knowledge concerning routes of disease spread. They also mentioned external factors that made them deviate from biosecurity recommendations. Farmers called for biosecurity advice with focus on cost–benefit return. Among survey respondents, the intention to make visitors wear protective clothing was moderate. Analysis of underlying elements showed that a majority of farmers (88%) had a neutral attitude, i.e., they were neither in favor nor against this behavior. Measures of subjective norm indicated a varying degree of social pressure among respondents. However, the majority (63%) indicated a strong behavioral control, thus suggesting that they could make visitors use protective clothing if they wanted to. Although most farmers (84%) indicated a strong willingness to comply with the opinion of their veterinarians in biosecurity matters, 30% replied that their farm veterinarian is indifferent or negative toward making visitors use protective clothing. Demographic factors were significantly associated with the intention, and farmers with pigs, larger herds, and female farmers had a stronger intention. Regional differences were also found. The findings provide new insights into why farmers apply, or do not apply, biosecurity routines, and will be useful in the on-going work to improve farm biosecurity in Sweden.