Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Noun-Modifying Constructions in Japanese: A Frame-Semantic Ap-

Relativization and noun complementation have received considerable amount of attention in the literature since the advent of generative grammar. Consequently, Japanese noun modifying constructions including relative clauses and noun complements have been studied under the strong influence of generative studies of English relativization (cf. Okutsu (1974), Murasugi (1991)). At the same time, it has been observed both in descriptive studies (cf. Teramura (1975-78 [1992], 1980)) and in pedagogical studies (cf. Matsui (1979: Ch. 3.I)) that noun-modifying constructions in Japanese are fundamentally different from their English counterparts, which makes it hard for Japanese learners of English to appropriately translate Japanese noun-modifying constructions into English. Matsumoto (1997), which has grown out of her dissertation work conducted at the University of California at Berkeley, is an attempt to show that previous syntactic approaches are not fully adequate to
Does the role of observer countries in the regional trade agreement matter for intra-regional trade ?

ABSTRACT This article investigates the effects of trade by observed economies on the intra-regional trade by South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) members using Poison pseudo maximum likelihood estimator (PPML) gravity models with panel data over the period 2008–2014. Eight SAARC members and eight observed countries, including the EU, are analysed in capturing the trade effect of observed economies on intra-regional trade in SAARC. This article provides an empirical measure of observers’ trade, FDI and Official development assistance (ODA) with SAARC if the exports and imports of observers to/from SAARC have positive or negative signs for intra-regional exports and imports. The results show that the exports and imports of observers to SAARC members have positive effects on bilateral exports among the members. The FDI of observers reduces the bilateral intra-imports in SAARC and ODA also has a negative effect on bilateral exports among the members. These results imply that the imports by SAARC members from observer countries increase intra-regional trade in the region. The FDI and ODA increase and decrease intra-regional trade in SAARC, respectively, implying that the policies for both FDI inflow from observers and efficient aid management are needed to increase regional welfare. The study also recommends that trade between SAARC members and its observers help to increase intra-regional trade in SAARC.
Identification and characterization of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein gM as a nonessential virion component

Sequence analysis within BamHI fragment 3 of the pseudorabies virus (PrV) genome revealed an open reading frame homologous to the UL10 gene of herpes simplex virus. A rabbit antiserum directed against a synthetic oligopeptide representing the carboxy-terminal 18 amino acids of the predicted UL10 product recognized a major 45-kDa protein in lysates of purified Pr virions. In addition, a second protein of 90 kDa which could represent a dimeric form was observed. Enzymatic deglycosylation showed that the PrV UL10 protein is N glycosylated. Therefore, it was designated PrV gM according to its homolog in herpes simplex virus. A PrV mutant lacking ca. 60% of UL10 coding sequences was able to productively replicate on noncomplementing cells, demonstrating that PrV gM is not required for viral replication in cell culture. However, infectivity of the mutant virus was reduced and penetration was delayed, indicating a modulatory role of PrV gM in the initiation of infection.
A new implicit solvent model for protein–ligand docking

A new implicit solvent model for computing the electrostatics binding free energy in protein–ligand docking is proposed. The new method is based on an adaptation of the screening coulombic potentials proposed originally by Hassan et al. (J Phys Chem B 2000;104:6490–6498). In essence, it relies on two basic assumptions; (i) solvent screening can be accounted for by means of radially dependent sigmoidal dielectric functions and; (ii) the effective atom Born radii can be expressed only as a function of the exposed atom surface. Parameters of the model other than radii and charges are generic. These were optimized for a dataset of 826 protein–ligand complexes, comprising both X‐ray complexes for 23 receptors as well as decoys generated by docking computations. We show that the new model provides satisfactory results when benchmarked against reference values based on the numerical solution of the Poisson equation, with a root mean square error of 4.2 kcal/mol over a range of ∼40 kcal/mol in electrostatics binding free energies, a cross‐validated r2 of 0.81, a slope of 0.97, and an intercept of 1.06 kcal/mol. We show that the model is appropriate for ligands of different sizes, polarities, overall charge, and chemical composition. Furthermore, not only the total value of the electrostatic contribution to the binding free energy, but also its components (coulombic term, receptor desolvation, and ligand desolvation) are reasonably well reproduced. Computation times of ∼0.030 s per pose are obtained on a single processor desktop workstation. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for adjunctive tuberculosis treatment.

from failures in drug supply and from drug intolerance. Shortening of the tuberculosis treatment period for both drugsusceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis would greatly improve tuberculosis management and infection control. Immunotherapy has been considered as a possible approach toward shortening the duration of chemotherapy, with a wide range of cytokines or their inhibitors and chemical or biological immunomodulatory compounds being explored [2]. However, the factors that determine the replication rate of M. tuberculosis and synergize or antagonize the effectiveness of mycobactericidal drugs remain poorly understood. Efforts at developing new drugs that act on replicating populations of M. tuberculosis, which thrive under the influence of nitric oxide and hypoxia, identified rhodanines [3]. Postchemotherapy relapse was shown to require cyclosporine-sensitive and genetically influenced host immunity, which develops early after infection [4]. Such a relapse can be alleviated by the immunomodulatory agent muramyl dipeptide [5 ]o r by passive antibody, combined with interferon γ (IFN-γ) and anti-interleukin 2 treatment [6]. Recently, an antiinflammatory drug, oxyphenbutazone, was found to be cidal against both replicating and dormant forms of M. tuberculosis [7]. Adjunct treatment for tuberculosis in
Leadership in a Cross-Cultural Context : A Qualitative Study of Cross-Cultural Leadership Competence in a Multinational Organization in China

The essay aims to generate deeper understanding of leadership competences in a multinational organization in China, i.e. what competences that are required for managing professionals in a cross-cultural context. Previous research within this field of study discuss this topic from the perspective of Western or Chinese expatriate managers, but the authors of this study regard that it is of interest to study Chinese employees in a Western organization in China in order to understand how the global Western culture interacts with the local Chinese culture. The research questions were thus formulated to study what competences that are required in a managerial position in a multinational organization in China according to different organizational actors and documents, and what differences there are in the meaning of the various descriptions. The study has been conducted with a qualitative approach and the results indicate that To Manage, To Have Expertise and To Communicate are the most important competences needed in the managerial role. The results also indicate that the different sources are very similar in the description of cross-cultural leadership competence, which can be understood as the influence of a strong organizational culture. Finally, one can see that the younger employees differ slightly in expectations of leadership, which can be understood as leadership not being formed only by national culture but also by generational culture. In other words, the results from the study show that the meaning of cross-cultural leadership competence in this specific context is not merely restricted to the necessity of understanding national culture when exercising leadership; it is also about generational differences in culture.
Non-Linguistic Grammar Learning by 12-Month-Old Infants: Evidence for Constraints on Learning

ABSTRACT Infants acquiring their native language are adept at discovering grammatical patterns. However, it remains unknown whether these learning abilities are limited to language, or available more generally for sequenced input. The current study is a conceptual replication of a prior language study, and was designed to ask whether infants can track phrase structure-like patterns from nonlinguistic auditory materials (sequences of computer alert sounds). One group of 12-month-olds was familiarized with an artificial grammar including predictive dependencies between sounds concatenated into strings, simulating the basic structure of phrases in natural languages. A second group of infants was familiarized with a grammar that lacked predictive dependencies. All infants were tested on the same set of familiar strings vs. novel (grammar-inconsistent) strings. Only infants exposed to the materials containing predictive dependencies showed successful discrimination between the test sentences, replicating the results from linguistic materials, and suggesting that predictive dependencies facilitate learning from nonlinguistic input.
Corporate governance: the impact of director and board structure, ownership structure and corporate control on the performance of listed companies on the Ghana stock exchange

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance of listed Ghanaian companies. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts a longitudinal and cross-sectional data set of 20 sampled companies over a period of five years. The data were analyzed using a panel regression and ANOVA analysis to establish the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. Corporate governance is defined in terms of three indices – board structure, ownership structure and corporate control, while firm performance is measured by return on assets, return on equity, net profit margin and Tobin’s Q. Findings The empirical results show that ownership concentration and female representation on board have a positive impact on performance. Although the results revealed no evidence to support the impact of board size and audit committee size on performance, there is significant evidence to support the fact that independent directors and audit committee frequency both adversely affect firm performance. Research limitations/implications The scope of this paper can be expanded to include non-listed firms. In addition, other corporate governance mechanisms could be considered to broaden the scope of the paper. Originality/value This paper contributes to the scarce literature on corporate governance and firm performance in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper provides useful information that is of great value to policymakers, academics and other stakeholders.
Assessment of Debris-Flow Erosion and Deposit Areas by Morphometric Analysis and a GIS-Based Simplified Procedure: A Case Study of Paupisi in the Southern Apennines

This paper proposes a simplified GIS-based procedure which aims to preliminary assess areas exposed to debris flows by evaluating erosion and deposition area into channels and along alluvial fans. The methodology is based on the definition of several morphometric parameters on Digital Elevation Models (DEMs); it is independent from landslide volume and its rheological characteristics. By solving a set of parametric equations and excluding, from time to time, the unlikely areas by means of an analysis process that uses on/off-raster masks, potential erosion and deposition areas can be identified. The procedure was applied at six intra-mountain basins upstream of the village of Paupisi, Southern Italy, which was involved in multiple debris flow events in October 2015. The model estimated that a range between 15–21% of the selected basin drainage channels may be identified as erosion areas. Moreover, comparison of the recent debris flow paths with model outputs shows a good performance of the procedure, which was able to predict about 46% of the total actual propagation and invasion areas and about 62% of the distribution deposit areas. The methodology can be considered a useful screening for the identification of debris flow-susceptible channels, suitable for use in preliminary hazard evaluations.
The genesis of cartilage size and shape during development and evolution

How do cartilaginous elements attain their characteristic size and shape? Two intimately coupled processes underlie the patterned growth of cartilage. The first is histogenesis, which entails the production of cartilage as a discrete tissue; the second is morphogenesis, which pertains to the origins of three-dimensional form. Histogenesis relies on cues that promote the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells, whereas morphogenesis requires information that imbues cartilage with stage-specific (e.g. embryonic versus adult), region-specific (e.g. cranial versus appendicular) and species-specific size and shape. Previous experiments indicate that early programmatic events and subsequent signaling interactions enable chondrogenic mesenchyme to undergo histogenesis and morphogenesis, but precise molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate cartilage size and shape remain unclear. In the face and jaws, neural crest-derived mesenchyme clearly plays an important role, given that this embryonic population serves as the source of chondrocytes and of species-specific patterning information. To elucidate mechanisms through which neural crest-derived mesenchyme affects cartilage size and shape, we made chimeras using quail and duck embryos, which differ markedly in their craniofacial anatomy and rates of maturation. Transplanting neural crest cells from quail to duck demonstrates that mesenchyme imparts both stage-specific and species-specific size and shape to cartilage by controlling the timing of preceding and requisite molecular and histogenic events. In particular, we find that mesenchyme regulates FGF signaling and the expression of downstream effectors such as sox9 and col2a1. The capacity of neural crest-derived mesenchyme to orchestrate spatiotemporal programs for chondrogenesis autonomously, and to implement cartilage size and shape across embryonic stages and between species simultaneously, provides a novel mechanism linking ontogeny and phylogeny.
Correlation of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Expression in Palatal Mucoperiosteal Tissue with Dental Arch Relationships in Operated Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients

Scar formation after palate repair affects maxillary growth in patients with cleft lip and palate. In a previous study on denuded rat palate, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) administration suppressed the postoperative scar formation. We analyzed the correlation between bFGF expression in palatal mucoperiosteal tissue and maxillary growth using the Great Ormond Street, London and Oslo (GOSLON) Yardstick in operated unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. GOSLON Yardstick from dental casts of 8 operated cleft lip and palate patients was used. Palatal mucoperiosteal tissue samples were collected from the cleft patients during alveolar bone grafting surgery. Microscopic analysis with immunohistochemistry and modified Masson’s trichrome were performed. GOSLON Yardstick and bFGF expression in palatal mucoperiosteal tissue showed a strong negative correlation (r = −0.637, Spearman test). Further, this expression differed significantly between the favorable and unfavorable GOSLON groups (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). GOSLON Yardstick and modified Masson’s trichrome staining results showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.900, Spearman test). bFGF expression was correlated with dental arch relationships in operated cleft lip and palate patients wherein it regulated collagen fiber formation and minimized scar formation. bFGF may promote maxillary growth after cleft lip and palate repair. Experimental article (J Int Dent Med Res 2019; 12(1): 61-70)
A note on picker blocking models in a parallel-aisle order picking system

This note develops analytical picker blocking models to simply and accurately assess picker blocking in parallel-aisle order picking systems when multiple picks occur at a pick point. The Markov chain--based models characterize the two bounding walking speeds for modeling picker movement: unit walk time and instantaneous walk time. The unit walk time model has a state-space transition matrix that is reduced by a factor of 16 for both narrow-aisle and wide-aisle systems. Additionally, the model improves upon the existing literature by providing a closed-form expression for the narrow-aisle system with instantaneous walk time. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate how picker blocking is influenced by pick density in a variety of scenarios under varying assumptions regarding the maximum number of picks at a pick point. These results broaden those previously presented in the literature, as well as demonstrate the improved efficiency of the proposed model.1
Generic Inference in Latent Gaussian Process Models

We develop an automated variational method for inference in models with Gaussian process (GP) priors and general likelihoods. The method supports multiple outputs and multiple latent functions and does not require detailed knowledge of the conditional likelihood, only needing its evaluation as a black-box function. Using a mixture of Gaussians as the variational distribution, we show that the evidence lower bound and its gradients can be estimated efficiently using empirical expectations over univariate Gaussian distributions. Furthermore, the method is scalable to large datasets which is achieved by using an augmented prior via the inducing-variable approach underpinning most sparse GP approximations, along with parallel computation and stochastic optimization. We evaluate our method with experiments on small datasets, medium-scale datasets and a large dataset, showing its competitiveness under different likelihood models and sparsity levels. Moreover, we analyze learning in our model under batch and stochastic settings, and study the effect of optimizing the inducing inputs. Finally, in the large-scale experiment, we investigate the problem of predicting airline delays and show that our method is on par with the state-of-the-art hard-coded approach for scalable GP regression.
Incidence, risk factors, and phenomenological characteristics of postoperative delirium in patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: a prospective cohort study

Background Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IVPCA) is a common method of relieving pain which is a risk factor of postoperative delirium (POD). However, research concerning POD in IVPCA patients is limited. Objective We aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors, and phenomenological characteristics of POD in patients receiving IVPCA. Methods A prospective, cohort study was conducted in post-general anesthesia IVPCA patients aged ≥60 years. POD was measured by the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (NuDESC; 0–10). Delirium, pain severity at rest and/or on movement, and side effects of IVPCA during 3 postoperative days were examined twice-daily by the acute pain service team. Pain severity is measured by an 11-point verbal numerical rating scale (11-point VNRS) (0–10). An 11-point VNRS >3 was considered inadequate pain relief. If POD (detected by NuDESC ≥1) is suspected, consulting a neurologist or a psychiatrist to confirm suspected POD is required. Results In total, 1,608 patients were included. The incidence rate of POD was 2.2%. Age ≥70 years and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status >III were the risk factors of POD in IVPCA patients. Approximately three-quarters of all POD cases occurred within the first 2 postoperative days. For pain at rest, patients with inadequate pain relief had significantly greater rates of POD than patients with adequate pain relief (day 1, 8.4% vs 1.5%, P<0.001; day 2, 9.6% vs 2.0%, P=0.028; day 3, 4.1% vs 2.1%, P=0.412). However, the incidence of POD was not associated with movement-evoked pain relief. Most (79.9%) POD cases in IVPCA patients showed either one or two symptoms. The symptoms of POD were ranked from high to low as disorientation (65.7%), illusions/hallucinations (37.1%), inappropriate communication (31.4%), inappropriate behavior (25.7%), and psychomotor retardation (14.2%). Conclusion The incidence rate of POD in IVPCA patients was low. Further research is warranted concerning POD and IVPCA pain management.
Static Thermal-Aware Task Assignment and Scheduling for Makespan Minimization in Heterogeneous Real-Time MPSoCs

In this paper, the authors address the problem of allocating and scheduling tasks of bag-of-tasks applications (BoTs) to multiprocessors for achieving makespan minimization under the thermal and timing constraints. The proposed scheme first selects the processor with highest allocation probability for every task. The allocation probability is calculated under the consideration of processor workload and temperature profiles. In addition, the higher allocation probability of a processor indicates the better performance in terms of makespan and temperature can be achieved by executing the task on this processor. Then, the operating frequencies of tasks are determined and tasks on the processor are executed in the alternate order of being hot-cool to reduce the on-chip peak temperature. Task splitting, that is, splitting a hot task into multiple sections and executing the hot subtasks with idle time alternatively, is also utilized to ensure the peak temperature constraint. Extensive simulations were performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The proposed scheme achieves 15.31% and 19.56% reduction in makespan as compared to benchmarking scheme RATM and ? -VSTM, respectively. The peak temperature of the proposed algorithms can be up to 4.38% and 4.49% lower than that of benchmarking schemes, respectively.
Contract Design with Limited Commitment

We consider the problem of a principal who wishes to contract with a privately informed agent and is not able to commit to not renegotiating any mechanism. That is, we allow the principal, after observing the outcome of a mechanism to renegotiate the resulting contract without cost by proposing a new mechanism any number of times. We provide a general characterization of renegotiation-proof states of such a renegotiation. The proposed solution concept provides an effective and easy-to-use tool to analyze contracting problems with limited commitment. We apply the solution concept to a setting with a continuous type space, private values and non-linear contracts. We find that the optimal contracts for the principal are pooling and satisfy a "no-distortionat-the-bottom" property.