Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Actin Filaments Play a Critical Role in Vacuolar Trafficking at the Golgi Complex in Plant Cells

Actin filaments are thought to play an important role in intracellular trafficking in various eukaryotic cells. However, their involvement in intracellular trafficking in plant cells has not been clearly demonstrated. Here, we investigated the roles actin filaments play in intracellular trafficking in plant cells using latrunculin B (Lat B), an inhibitor of actin filament assembly, or actin mutants that disrupt actin filaments when overexpressed. Lat B and actin2 mutant overexpression inhibited the trafficking of two vacuolar reporter proteins, sporamin:green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Arabidopsis thaliana aleurain-like protein:GFP, to the central vacuole; instead, a punctate staining pattern was observed. Colocalization experiments with various marker proteins indicated that these punctate stains corresponded to the Golgi complex. The A. thaliana vacuolar sorting receptor VSR-At, which mainly localizes to the prevacuolar compartment, also accumulated at the Golgi complex in the presence of Lat B. However, Lat B had no effect on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi trafficking of sialyltransferase or retrograde Golgi to ER trafficking. Lat B also failed to influence the Golgi to plasma membrane trafficking of H+-ATPase:GFP or the secretion of invertase:GFP. Based on these observations, we propose that actin filaments play a critical role in the trafficking of proteins from the Golgi complex to the central vacuole.
Dual Temporal and Spatial Sparse Representation for Inferring Group-Wise Brain Networks From Resting-State fMRI Dataset

Recently, sparse representation has been successfully used to identify brain networks from task-based fMRI dataset. However, when using the strategy to analyze resting-state fMRI dataset, it is still a challenge to automatically infer the group-wise brain networks under consideration of group commonalities and subject-specific characteristics. In the paper, a novel method based on dual temporal and spatial sparse representation (DTSSR) is proposed to meet this challenge. First, the brain functional networks with subject-specific characteristics are obtained via sparse representation with online dictionary learning for the fMRI time series (temporal domain) of each subject. Next, based on the current brain science knowledge, a simple mathematical model is proposed to describe the complex nonlinear dynamic coupling mechanism of the brain networks, with which the group-wise intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) can be inferred by sparse representation for these brain functional networks (spatial domain) of all subjects. Experiments on Leiden_2180 dataset show that most group-wise ICNs obtained by the proposed DTSSR are interpretable by current brain science knowledge and are consistent with previous literature reports. The robustness of DTSSR and the reproducibility of the results are demonstrated by experiments on three different datasets (Leiden_2180, Leiden_2200, and our own dataset). The present work also shed new light on exploring the coupling mechanism of brain networks from perspective of information science.
A Cellular Timetable of Autumn Senescence1

We have studied autumn leaf senescence in a free-growing aspen (Populus tremula) by following changes in pigment, metabolite and nutrient content, photosynthesis, and cell and organelle integrity. The senescence process started on September 11, 2003, apparently initiated solely by the photoperiod, and progressed steadily without any obvious influence of other environmental signals. For example, after this date, senescing leaves accumulated anthocyanins in response to conditions inducing photooxidative stress, but at the beginning of September the leaves did not. Degradation of leaf constituents took place over an 18-d period, and, although the cells in each leaf did not all senesce in parallel, senescence in the tree as a whole was synchronous. Lutein and β-carotene were degraded in parallel with chlorophyll, whereas neoxanthin and the xanthophyll cycle pigments were retained longer. Chloroplasts in each cell were rapidly converted to gerontoplasts and many, although not all, cells died. From September 19, when chlorophyll levels had dropped by 50%, mitochondrial respiration provided the energy for nutrient remobilization. Remobilization seemed to stop on September 29, probably due to the cessation of phloem transport, but, up to abscission of the last leaves (over 1 week later), some cells were metabolically active and had chlorophyll-containing gerontoplasts. About 80% of the nitrogen and phosphorus was remobilized, and on September 29 a sudden change occurred in the δ15n of the cellular content, indicating that volatile compounds may have been released.
The kinematic bicycle model: A consistent model for planning feasible trajectories for autonomous vehicles?

Most autonomous driving architectures separate planning and control phases in different layers, even though both problems are intrinsically related. Due to limitations on the available computational power, their levels of abstraction and modeling differ; in particular, vehicle dynamics are often highly simplified at the planning phase, which may lead to inconsistency between the two layers. In this paper, we study the kinematic bicycle model, which is often used for trajectory planning, and compare its results to a 9 degrees of freedom model. Modeling errors and limitations of the kinematic bicycle model are highlighted. Lastly, this paper proposes a simple and efficient consistency criterion in order to validate the use of this model for planning purposes.
Nitric Oxide Induces Stomatal Closure and Enhances the Adaptive Plant Responses against Drought Stress 1

Nitric oxide (NO) is a very active molecule involved in many and diverse biological pathways where it has proved to be protective against damages provoked by oxidative stress conditions. In this work, we studied the effect of two NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine SNP-treated on the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to water stress conditions. After 2 and 3 h of drought, detached wheat leaves pretreated with 150 mm SNP retained up to 15% more water than those pretreated with water or NO2 /NO3 . The effect of SNP treatment on water retention was also found in wheat seedlings after 7 d of drought. These results were consistent with a 20% decrease in the transpiration rate of SNP-treated detached wheat leaves for the same analyzed time. In parallel experiments, NO was also able to induce a 35%, 30%, and 65% of stomatal closure in three different species, Tradescantia sp. (monocotyledonous) and two dicotyledonous, Salpichroa organifolia and fava bean (Vicia faba), respectively. In SNP-treated leaves of Tradescantia sp. , the stomatal closure was correlated with a 10% increase on RWC. Ion leakage, a cell injury index, was 25% lower in SNP-treated wheat leaves compared with control ones after the recovery period. Carboxy-PTIO (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline1-oxyl-3-oxide), a specific NO scavenger, reverted SNP action by restoring the transpiration rate, stomatal aperture, and the ion leakage to the level found in untreated leaves. Northern-blot analysis showed that SNP-treated wheat leaves display a 2-fold accumulation of a group three late embryogenesis abundant transcript with respect to control leaves both after 2 and 4 h of drought periods. All together, these results suggest that the exogenous application of NO donors might confer an increased tolerance to severe drought stress conditions in plants.
Phosphatidylinositol 3- and 4-Phosphate Are Required for Normal Stomatal Movements Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.004143.

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) metabolism plays a central role in signaling pathways in both animals and higher plants. Stomatal guard cells have been reported to contain PI 3-phosphate (PI3P) and PI 4-phosphate (PI4P), the products of PI 3-kinase (PI3K) and PI 4-kinase (PI4K) activities. In this study, we tested the roles of PI3P and PI4P in stomatal movements. Both wortmannin (WM) and LY294002 inhibited PI3K and PI4K activities in guard cells and promoted stomatal opening induced by white light or the circadian clock. WM and LY294002 also inhibited stomatal closing induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Furthermore, overexpression in guard cells of GFP:EBD (green fluorescent protein:endosome binding domain of human EEA1) or GFP:FAPP1PH (PI-four-P adaptor protein-1 pleckstrin homology domain), which bind to PI3P and PI4P, respectively, increased stomatal apertures under darkness and white light and partially inhibited stomatal closing induced by ABA. The reduction in ABA-induced stomatal closing with reduced levels of PI monophosphate seemed to be attributable, at least in part, to impaired Ca2+ signaling, because WM and LY294002 inhibited ABA-induced cytosolic Ca2+ increases in guard cells. These results suggest that PI3P and PI4P play an important role in the modulation of stomatal closing and that reductions in the levels of functional PI3P and PI4P enhance stomatal opening.
CO(2)-concentrating: consequences in crassulacean acid metabolism.

The consequences of CO(2)-concentrating in leaf air-spaces of CAM plants during daytime organic acid decarboxylation in Phase III of CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) are explored. There are mechanistic consequences of internal CO(2) partial pressures, p(i)(CO(2)). These are (i) effects on stomata, i.e. high p(i)(CO(2)) eliciting stomatal closure in Phase III, (ii) regulation of malic acid remobilization from the vacuole, malate decarboxylation and refixation of CO(2) via Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), and (iii) internal signalling functions during the transitions between Phases II and III and III and IV, respectively, in the natural day/night cycle and in synchronizing the circadian clocks of individual leaf cells or leaf patches in the free-running endogenous rhythmicity of CAM. There are ecophysiological consequences. Obvious beneficial ecophysiological consequences are (i) CO(2)-acquisition, (ii) increased water-use- efficiency, (iii) suppressed photorespiration, and (iv) reduced oxidative stress by over-energization of the photosynthetic apparatus. However, the general potency of these beneficial effects may be questioned. There are also adverse ecophysiological consequences. These are (i) energetics, (ii) pH effects and (iii) Phase III oxidative stress. A major consequence of CO(2)-concentrating in Phase III is O(2)-concentrating, increased p(i)(CO(2)) is accompanied by increased p(i)(O(2)). Do reversible shifts of C(3)/CAM-intermediate plants between the C(3)-CAM-C(3) modes of photosynthesis indicate that C(3)-photosynthesis provides better protection from irradiance stress? There are many open questions and CAM remains a curiosity.
Increased PD-L1 expression in erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cells with MET gene amplification is reversed upon MET-TKI treatment

Introduction Cancer cells can achieve immune evasion by expressing the programmed death receptor 1 ligand (PD-L1) on the cell surface. Blockade of the receptor (PD-1) can avert this evasion. Here we aim at investigating PD-L1 expression in erlotinib-resistant lung cancer cells with MET proto-oncogene (MET) gene amplification. Materials and Methods We employed an erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cell line with MET gene amplification. PD-L1 mRNA (qPCR) and protein (flow cytometry) expression was investigated after treatment with MET and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) targeting drugs (crizotinib and SCH772984, respectively). Results We demonstrate that PD-L1 expression is increased in erlotinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with MET gene amplification. Targeted inhibition of MET significantly decreases both gene and protein expression of PD-L1. Further, we demonstrate that inhibiting MAPK also results in a significant decrease in PD-L1 expression. Taken together these results show that expression of PD-L1 in the erlotinib-resistant cell line is associated with MET activity, and the downstream MAPK pathway. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that PD-L1 expression is increased in erlotinib resistant NSCLC cells with MET gene amplification and that the increase can be averted by targeted inhibition of MET.
Is magnetic resonance imaging‐targeted biopsy a useful addition to systematic confirmatory biopsy in men on active surveillance for low‐risk prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

To systematically review and meta‐analyse evidence regarding the additional value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI‐targeted biopsies to confirmatory systematic biopsies in identifying high‐grade prostate cancer in men with low‐risk disease on transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) biopsy, as active surveillance (AS) of prostate cancer is recommended for men with Gleason 3 + 3 on standard TRUS‐guided biopsy. Confirmatory assessment can include repeat standard TRUS‐guided biopsy, and/or MRI with targeted biopsy when indicated.
Phylogenetic conservatism in plant phenology

Phenological events – defined points in the life cycle of a plant or animal – have been regarded as highly plastic traits, reflecting flexible responses to various environmental cues. The ability of a species to track, via shifts in phenological events, the abiotic environment through time might dictate its vulnerability to future climate change. Understanding the predictors and drivers of phenological change is therefore critical. Here, we evaluated evidence for phylogenetic conservatism – the tendency for closely related species to share similar ecological and biological attributes – in phenological traits across flowering plants. We aggregated published and unpublished data on timing of first flower and first leaf, encompassing ˜4000 species at 23 sites across the Northern Hemisphere. We reconstructed the phylogeny for the set of included species, first, using the software program Phylomatic, and second, from DNA data. We then quantified phylogenetic conservatism in plant phenology within and across sites. We show that more closely related species tend to flower and leaf at similar times. By contrasting mean flowering times within and across sites, however, we illustrate that it is not the time of year that is conserved, but rather the phenological responses to a common set of abiotic cues. Our findings suggest that species cannot be treated as statistically independent when modelling phenological responses. Synthesis. Closely related species tend to resemble each other in the timing of their life‐history events, a likely product of evolutionarily conserved responses to environmental cues. The search for the underlying drivers of phenology must therefore account for species' shared evolutionary histories.
Black-phosphorus-analogue tin monosulfide: an emerging optoelectronic two-dimensional material for high-performance photodetection with improved stability under ambient/harsh conditions

It is widely known that excellent intrinsic electronic and optoelectronic advantages of black phosphorus (BP) make it attractive for applications in transistor, logic and optoelectronic devices. However, easy degradation upon exposure to ambient conditions turns out to be the most critical bottleneck in restricting its practical applications. In order to simultaneously achieve good stability and high device performance, a two-dimensional (2D) size-selected black-phosphorus-analogue (BPA), tin monosulfide nanosheets (SnS Ns), with enhanced chemical stability was successfully fabricated by a facile liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method, followed by a liquid cascade centrifugation (LCC) technique. Similar to BP, SnS shows thickness modulated bandgap energy. The as-prepared SnS Ns were employed to fabricate working electrodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type broadband photodetection for the first time, and they exhibit an appropriate capacity for a self-powered broadband photoresponse. More importantly, due to the weak polar character of Sn–S bonds, the SnS-based photodetector shows strong long-term temporal and cycling stability of ON/OFF switching behaviour without any external protection not only in regular basic electrolytes but also under strong polar conditions including harsh acidic and neutral electrolytes. We therefore anticipate that SnS as an emerging optoelectronic material might be developed towards versatile applications such as photodetection, sensing and modulation, etc.
Surfacing the Submerged State: Operational Transparency Increases Trust in and Engagement with Government

Problem definition: As trust in government reaches historic lows, frustration with government performance approaches record highs. Academic/practical relevance: We propose that in coproductive settings such as government services, people’s trust and engagement levels can be enhanced by designing service interactions to allow them to see the often-hidden work—via increasing operational transparency—being performed in response to their engagement. Methodology and results: Three studies, conducted in the field and laboratory, show that surfacing the submerged state through operational transparency impacts citizens’ attitudes and behavior. Study 1 leveraged proprietary data from a mobile phone application developed by the City of Boston, Massachusetts, through which residents submit service requests; the city’s goal was to increase engagement with the app. Users who received photographs of government addressing their service requests submitted 60% more requests and in 38% more categories over the ensuing 13 months than users who did not receive photographs. These significant increases in engagement persisted for 11 months following users’ initial exposure to operational transparency and were highest for users who had experienced government to be at least moderately responsive to their requests in the past. In study 2, residents of Boston who interacted with a website that visualized both service requests (e.g., potholes and broken street lamps) and efforts by the city’s government to address those requests became 14% more trusting and 12% more supportive of government. Moreover, residents who received additional transparency into the growing backlog of service requests that government was failing to fulfill, revealing government to be less responsive, were no more nor less trusting and supportive of government than residents who received no transparency. Study 3 replicated findings from the first two studies and documented underlying mechanisms: operational transparency increases trust and engagement by two causal pathways—through consumers’ increased perceptions of effort by the government and through increased perceptions that engaging with it is impactful. Responsiveness increases feelings of personal efficacy, which boosts willingness to engage both directly and indirectly through the other causal paths. Managerial implications: Taken together, our results suggest that showing more work performed by government—via operational transparency—encourages people to do more work themselves. These results have implications for the design of a broad array of coproductive services where operations are hidden and consumer trust and engagement are critical.
Situational and Dispositional Factors that Predict Motivation: a Multilevel Study

Abstract This study aimed to test a multilevel mediation model which examined the relationship between the perceived motivational climate created by coaches at team level and motivational regulations towards sport at individual level, as mediated by individual goal orientations. 211 university athletes from 20 teams training in different types of sport completed a battery of instruments that measured the variables included in the model. The statistics significance level was . 05. Results of the multilevel mediation model revealed that the task-involving climate at team level positively predicted individual task orientation (γ01 = .77, p < .001) and autonomous motivation for sport practice (γ01 = .68, p = .03). Task orientation positively predicts the autonomous motivation (γ10 =.51, p < .01), and inversely the non motivation (γ10 = –.76, p < .001). Also task orientation partially mediated the relationship between task-involving climate and autonomous motivation (b1b2 = .39; 95% CI = [.11, .68]; τ = .68, p < .05), and fully mediated the relationship between task-involving climate and amotivation (b1b2 = –.58; 95% CI = [–.92, –.25]; τ = –.62, p >.05). The results are in line with previous research that have focused in the study of motivational climate at individual level, but the present study make a novel contribution by providing the perspective of a multilevel mediation model and thereby clarifying the phenomenon at team level.
Chronic Administration of Baicalein Decreases Depression-Like Behavior Induced by Repeated Restraint Stress in Rats

Baicalein (BA), a plant-derived active flavonoid present in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, has been widely used for the treatment of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders including depression. Previous studies have demonstrated that repeated restraint stress disrupts the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in depression. The behavioral and neurochemical basis of the BA effect on depression remain unclear. The present study used the forced swimming test (FST) and changes in brain neurotransmitter levels to confirm the impact of BA on repeated restraint stress-induced behavioral and neurochemical changes in rats. Male rats received 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg BA (i.p.) 30 min prior to daily exposure to repeated restraint stress (2 h/day) for 14 days. Activation of the HPA axis in response to repeated restraint stress was confirmed by measuring serum corticosterone levels and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor in the hypothalamus. Daily BA administration significantly decreased the duration of immobility in the FST, increased sucrose consumption, and restored the stress-related decreases in dopamine concentrations in the hippocampus to near normal levels. BA significantly inhibited the stress-induced decrease in neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the ventral tegmental area and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings indicate that administration of BA prior to the repeated restraint stress significantly improves helpless behaviors and depressive symptoms, possibly by preventing the decrease in dopamine and BDNF expression. Thus, BA may be a useful agent for the treatment or alleviation of the complex symptoms associated with depression.
A Robust Measurement Placement Method for Active Distribution System State Estimation Considering Network Reconfiguration

The influences of network reconfiguration and distributed generations (DGs) on distribution system state estimation (DSSE) and measurement placement should not be ignored in active distribution systems. In this paper, considering network reconfiguration and the output uncertainties of DGs, a robust measurement placement method for active distribution systems is proposed based on measurement saturation analysis and heuristic algorithm. First, the saturation number determined by measurement saturation characteristic is chosen as the measurement number. Then, the impacts of different network topologies are represented by various weights in the robust measurement placement model, which are computed by Markov chain and analytic hierarchy process. In addition, Gaussian mixture model is applied to approximate the power fluctuations of DGs. Uncertainties caused by measurements are considered by Monte Carlo simulations. The accuracy of DSSE in different network topologies can be guaranteed by the proposed robust measurement placement method. Simulation results based on the IEEE 33-bus and 119-bus distribution systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.