Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In nite-Valued Logic Based on Two-Valued Logic and Probability Part 1.3. Reference Experiments and Label Sets

The TEE model for grades of membership claims that there is a connection between the fact that an object is labeled (e.g., =old) in a natural language discourse on the one hand; and the assignment to the object of a high grade of membership in on the other. In preparation for a more precise formulation of this assertion we de ne here 1) LB (labeling) and 2) YN (yes-no) experiments which simulate the natural language situation; and 3) MU experiments which elicit subjective membership values. It is shown that the results of such experiments can be ambiguous unless they are referred to a given label set such as = fVERY young, young, middle-aged, old, VERY oldg . Furthermore the results of MU experiments can be highly ambiguous unless the subject knows whether they refer to an LB or YN situation. Starting with the simplest case of an exact LB experiment, and working our way up to a nonexact experiment, we present some reasonable assumptions of the TEE model concerning human information processing in connection with the assignment of labels to objects in a natural language situation. Such labels are chosen from a `nonredundant label set' which partitions the universe U of estimated attribute values, resulting in a nonfuzzy step { or square-pulse { shaped function of U for each element of . The softening of this curve to the Sor bell-shaped grade of membership curve elicited in a MU experiment is discussed in the next paper. The fuzzy set `one-minus' postulate for the negation, and the experimentally observed displacement between the membership curve of a label and its `VERY' modi cation, as well as between the negation of a label and its antonym, are derived from the simple assumption of subjective, nonfuzzy thresholds of a given label for YN and LB (but not for MU) experiments in the universe of estimated attribute values. This paper was nished and distributed to a number of colleagues on February 19-th, 1988. It was rst printed as a research report on October 8-th, 1990.
An Alternating Minimization Algorithm for Binary Image Restoration

The problem we will consider in this paper is binary image restoration. It is, in essence, difficult to solve because of the combinatorial nature of the problem. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a new minimization model by making use of a new variable to enforce the image to be binary. Based on the proposed minimization model, we present a fast alternating minimization algorithm for binary image restoration. We prove the convergence of the proposed alternating minimization algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective for binary image restoration.
Robust Dynamic Mechanism Design

In situations in which the social planner has to make several decisions over time, before agents have observed all the relevant information, static mechanisms may not su¢ ce to induce agents to reveal their information truthfully. This paper focuses on questions of partial and full implementation in dynamic mechanisms, when agents’ beliefs are unknown to the designer (hence the term “robust”). It is shown that a social choice function (SCF) is (partially) implementable for all models of beliefs if and only if it is ex-post incentive compatible. Furthermore, in environments with single crossing preferences, strict ex-post incentive compatibility and a “contraction property” are su¢ cient to guarantee full robust implementation. This property limits the interdependence in agents’valuations. Full robust implementation requires that, for all models of agents beliefs, all the perfect Bayesian equilibria of a mechanism induce outcomes consistent with the SCF. This paper shows that, for a weaker notion of equilibrium and for a general class of dynamic games, the set of all such equilibria can be computed by means of a “backwards procedure”which combines the logic of rationalizability and backward induction reasoning. It thus provides foundation to a tractable approach to the implementation question, allowing at the same time stronger implementation
Orthogonal Rational Functions and Structured Matrices

The linear space of all proper rational functions with prescribed poles is considered. Given a set of points zi in the complex plane and the weights wi we define the discrete inner product $$ \langle \phi,\psi \rangle := \sum_{i=0}^n |w_i|^2 \overline{\phi(z_i)} \psi(z_i). $$ In this paper we derive a method to compute the coefficients of a recurrence relation generating a set of orthonormal rational basis functions with respect to the discrete inner product. We will show that these coefficients can be computed by solving an inverse eigenvalue problem for a matrix having a specific structure. In the case where all the points zi lie on the real line or on the unit circle, the computational complexity is reduced by an order of magnitude.
Diversity-multiplexing tradeoff for QAM based Multiuser Cooperation Strategies

For multiple users cooperating to communicate to a destination, two practical cooperation schemes based on QAM symbols were recently proposed by the authors. The first scheme was a two-phase cooperation strategy based on QAM space-time codes. The second scheme, known as the Self-information Canceling Linear (SCL) scheme was specifically designed for a two-user system for higher coding gain but at a higher complexity. In this work, we perform a diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) analysis of the error probability with these two schemes. For multiplexing gains higher than zero, the size of the inherent QAM constellation is increased with the signalto-noise ratio. The DMT analysis is performed accounting for the decoding errors in the inter-user communication. It is found that the two-phase scheme achieves the diversity order of the outage probability of this strategy for all multiplexing gains. However, the diversity order with the SCL scheme is uniformly greater than that with the two-phase scheme and the SCL scheme also achieves the maximum multiplexing gain inherent in the system. Such achievability results had not been obtained before for any practical scheme that also accounted for the inter-user communication errors.
INFLUENCE OF MUSICAL SIMILARITY ON MELODIC SEGMENTATION: REPRESENTATIONS AND ALGORITHMS

In this paper a computational model is presented that extracts patterns from a given melodic surface and, then, following the assumption that the beginning and ending points of 'significant' repeating musical patterns influence the segmentation of a musical surface, the discovered patterns are used as a means to determine probable segmentation points of the melody. ‘Significant’ patterns are defined primarily in terms of frequency of occurrence and pattern length. The special status of non-overlapping immediately repeating patterns is examined. All the discovered patterns merge into a single ‘pattern’ segmentation profile that signifies points in the surface that are most likely to be perceived as points of segmentation. The effectiveness of the proposed melodic representations and algorithms is tested against a series of melodic examples.
An Introspective Approach to Speculative Execution

In the introspective computing model, on-chip resources are divided into those used for computing and those used for introspection. The introspective processor or processors may perform sophisticated online observation and analysis of the computation and use the extracted information to improve performance, reliability, or other system properties. This paper considers the possibility of online construction of graphical models representing program behavior and the use of such models to perform better branch prediction. The particular graphical model that we employ is that of decision trees. We explore the space of decision tree models, consider the feasibility of implementation of the introspective processor, then present the performance of this model on the SPEC2000 benchmark suite.
The origin and fate of short-period low-mass black-hole binaries

We present results of a population synthesis study for semidetached short orbital period binaries which contain low-mass ( 4 M� ) compact accretors, which in our model represent black holes. Evolution of these binaries is determined by nuclear evolution of the donors and/or orbital angular momentum loss due to magnetic braking by the stellar wind of the donors and gravitational wave radiation. According to our model the estimated total number of this type of black-hole binaries in the Galaxy is >10 000. If the magnetic braking removing angular momentum in semidetached black-hole binaries is described by the Verbunt & Zwaan formula, the model predicts that among them around 3000 systems with periods >2 h would be transient. In addition one finds several hundreds of luminous and stable systems with periods between 3 and 8 h. Several dozens of these bright systems should be observed above the RXTE ASM sensitivity limit. The absence of such systems implies that upon Roche-lobe overflow by the low-mass donor angular momentum losses are reduced by a factor more than 2 with respect to the Verbunt & Zwaan prescription. In such a case short period black-hole soft X-ray transients (SXT) may have donors that overflow the Roche lobe in the core hydrogen-burning stage. We show that it is unlikely that the transient behaviour of black-hole short-period X-ray binaries is explained by the evolved nature of the stellar companion. On the other hand a substantial fraction of black-hole binaries with periods >3 h could be faint with truncated, stable cold accretion discs as proposed by Menou et al. Most of the semidetached black-hole binaries are expected to have periods shorter than ∼2 h. Properties of such, still to be observed, very small mass-ratio (q = M2/M1 < 0.02) binaries are different from those of their longer period cousins.
Forecasting Extreme Financial Risk: A Critical Analysis of Practical Methods for the Japanese Market

The various tools for risk measurement and management, especially for value-at-risk (VaR), are compared, with special emphasis on Japanese market data. Traditional Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH-type methods are compared to extreme value theory (EVT). The distribution of extremes, asymmetry, clustering, and the dynamic structure of VaR all count as criteria for comparison of the various methods. We find that the GARCH class of models is not suitable for VaR forecasting for the sample data, due to both the inaccuracy and the high volatility of the VaR forecasts. In contrast, EVT forecasting of VaR resulted in much better VaR estimates, and more importantly, the EVT forecasts were considerably more stable, enhancing their practical applicability for Japanese market risk forecasts.
Stereotypes Focus Defensive Projection

Defensive projection is the process of perceiving one’s undesirable qualities in others. The present research shows how stereotypes guide and justify the projection of specific traits onto specific group members. In four studies, the authors demonstrated that people who experienced a threat to a specific dimension of their self-concept selectively activated this dimension in a stereotype and derogated stereotyped others on this dimension. They further showed that stereotyped individuals are more likely to serve as targets of projection than are nonstereotyped individuals. These results demonstrate the functional role of stereotypes in guiding and constraining motivated self-enhancement.
Deconstructing neuropsychological practice effects: Contributions of learning and response to task novelty

Practice effects (PEs) have recently gained popularity in research as a potential indicator of early cognitive decline in older adults. A majority of studies demonstrate decreasing PEs with cognitive decline, presumably due to declining memory; however, some studies have demonstrated larger PEs in the context of cognitive decline. One possible explanation for the inconsistencies in findings is that PEs are the result of multiple cognitive processes that change differentially with cognitive decline. These processes include not only memory, but also the ability to rapidly adapt to novel task demands, termed the novelty effect. We examined PE and its hypothesized components, novelty effect and learning, in 63 older adults with cognitive status ranging from normal to moderately impaired. We investigated the independent contributions of learning and novelty effect to PEs and tested whether two component processes mediated changes in PE across declining cognitive status. Novelty effect and learning each predicted PE on a different test and mediated the relationship between cognitive status and PE on those respective tests. These findings provide support for novelty effect and learning as independent contributors to PE and highlight the need for a better understanding of component processes of PE to improve its utility as a diagnostic indicator.
Inference with Seperately Specified Sets of Probabilities in Credal Networks

We present new algorithms for inference in credal networks -- directed acyclic graphs associated with sets of probabilities. Credal networks are here interpreted as encoding strong independence relations among variables. We first present a theory of credal networks based on separately specified sets of probabilities. We also show that inference with polytrees is NP-hard in this setting. We then introduce new techniques that reduce the computational effort demanded by inference, particularly in polytrees, by exploring separability of credal sets.
Facial emotion expression, recognition and production of varying intensity in the typical population and on the autism spectrum.

The current research project aimed to investigate facial emotion processing from especially developed and validated video stimuli of facial emotional expressions including varying levels of intensity. Therefore, videos were developed showing real people expressing emotions in real time (anger, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, happiness, contempt, embarrassment, contempt, and neutral) at different expression intensity levels (low, intermediate, high) called the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set – Bath Intensity Variations (ADFES-BIV). The ADFES-BIV was validated on all its emotion and intensity categories. Sex differences in facial emotion recognition were investigated and a female advantage in facial emotion recognition was found compared to males. This demonstrates that the ADFES-BIV is suitable for investigating group comparisons in facial emotion recognition in the general population. Facial emotion recognition from the ADFES-BIV was further investigated in a sample of individuals that is characterised by deficits in social functioning; individuals with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A deficit in facial emotion recognition was found in ASD compared to controls and error analysis revealed emotion-specific deficits in detecting emotional content from faces (sensitivity) next to deficits in differentiating between emotions from faces (specificity). The ADFES-BIV was combined with face electromyogram (EMG) to investigate facial mimicry and the effects of proprioceptive feedback (from explicit imitation and blocked facial mimicry) on facial emotion recognition. Based on the reverse simulation model it was predicted that facial mimicry would be an active component of the facial emotion recognition process. Experimental manipulations of face movements did not reveal an advantage of facial mimicry compared to the blocked facial mimicry condition. Whereas no support was found for the reverse simulation model, enhanced proprioceptive feedback can facilitate or hinder recognition of facial emotions in line with embodied cognition accounts.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in uveal melanoma: a predictor for metastatic disease and a potential therapeutic target.

PURPOSE To investigate the expression of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) with special focus on its role in cell growth in uveal melanoma. METHODS Paraffin material from 36 clinicopathologically well characterized cases of primary uveal melanomas (18 of which had metastasized to the liver) with more than 15 years' follow-up was used for immunohistochemical analysis. In the experimental studies, three uveal melanoma cell lines (OCM-1, OCM-3, and 92-1) were used. The expression level of IGF-1R in the cell lines was modulated by glycosylation inhibitors, and the IGF-1R was neutralized with the antibody alphaIR-3. Expression of IGF-1R was assayed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Cell growth and survival were analyzed by cell counting, thymidine incorporation, and viability assays. RESULTS Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry confirmed that IGF-1R is expressed in uveal melanoma. Although 10 of 18 patients who died of metastasizing disease showed high IGF-1R expression, only 5 of 18 tumors from patients who survived for 15 years or more after enucleation exhibited a high IGF-1R expression. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant association (P = 0.035) between a high IGF-1R expression and death due to metastatic uveal melanoma. Using in vitro experimental models, we found that inhibition of the IGF-1R activity (tyrosine phosphorylation) was associated with a drastic decrease in uveal melanoma cell viability. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest an important role of IGF-1R in uveal melanoma. The significant association between high IGF-1R expression and death due to metastatic disease may be explained by the fact that IGF-1 is mainly produced in the liver, which is the preferential site for uveal melanoma metastases. These data also point to the possibility of therapeutically interfering with IGF-1R, which appears to be expressed preferentially in uveal melanomas that appear to follow an aggressive clinical course.
Gaussian Filter based on Deterministic Sampling for High Quality Nonlinear Estimation

In this paper, a Gaussian filter for nonlinear Bayesian estimation is introduced that is based on a deterministic sample selection scheme. For an effective sample selection, a parametric density function representation of the sample points is employed, which allows approximating the cumulative distribution function of the prior Gaussian density. The computationally demanding parts of the optimization problem formulated for approximation are carried out off-line for obtaining an efficient filter, whose estimation quality can be altered by adjusting the number of used sample points. The improved performance of the proposed Gaussian filter compared to the well-known unscented Kalman filter is demonstrated by means of two examples.
Lauren classification and individualized chemotherapy in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. During the last 50 years, the histological classification of gastric carcinoma has been largely based on Lauren's criteria, in which gastric cancer is classified into two major histological subtypes, namely intestinal type and diffuse type adenocarcinoma. This classification was introduced in 1965, and remains currently widely accepted and employed, since it constitutes a simple and robust classification approach. The two histological subtypes of gastric cancer proposed by the Lauren classification exhibit a number of distinct clinical and molecular characteristics, including histogenesis, cell differentiation, epidemiology, etiology, carcinogenesis, biological behaviors and prognosis. Gastric cancer exhibits varied sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs and significant heterogeneity; therefore, the disease may be a target for individualized therapy. The Lauren classification may provide the basis for individualized treatment for advanced gastric cancer, which is increasingly gaining attention in the scientific field. However, few studies have investigated individualized treatment that is guided by pathological classification. The aim of the current review is to analyze the two major histological subtypes of gastric cancer, as proposed by the Lauren classification, and to discuss the implications of this for personalized chemotherapy.
Chandra observations of the globular cluster M 54

We have carried out a Chandra observation of the globular cluster M 54. We detected 7 sources located within the half-mass radius of M 54, at a flux limit of 1.5 x 10 -15 erg s -1 cm -2 in the 0.3-8 keV energy band. The spatial distribution and the colour/spectral properties of the 7 sources suggest that they are likely to be cataclysmic variables or LMXBs in the globular cluster. M 54 shows the largest number of X-ray sources with luminosities greater than 10 32 erg s -1 compared to other globular clusters observed using Chandra and XMM-Newton. We searched for a correlation between the number of sources above this luminosity level with globular cluster parameters. We found evidence that the number of sources peaks at a King concentration parameter c ∼ 1.7-1.9, with globular clusters which are core-collapsed or have low-c values having a smaller number of sources. We speculate on possible reasons for this.
The Relationship between Mechanical Hyperalgesia Assessed by Manual Tender Point Examination and Disease Severity in Patients with Chronic Widespread Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study

The clinical utility of tender point (TP) examination in patients reporting chronic widespread pain (CWP) is the subject of contemporary debate. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between mechanical hyperalgesia assessed by manual TP examination and clinical disease severity. 271 women with CWP were recruited from a clinical setting. Data collection included patient-reported symptoms, health-related quality of life variables, and observation-based measures of functional ability, muscle strength, 6-minute walk, and pressure pain thresholds measured by cuff algometry. TP examination was conducted according to ACR-guidelines. Relationships between disease variables and TP count (TPC) were analyzed with logistic regression in a continuum model, allowing the TPC to depend on the included disease variables and two regression models carried out for a TPC threshold level, varying between 1 and 17. The threshold analyses indicated a TPC threshold at 8, above which a large number of disease variables became consistently significant explanatory factors, whereas none of the disease variables reached a significance level in the continuum model. These results support the premise that the presence of mechanical hyperalgesia influences symptomatology in CWP and that the severity of clinical expression is related to a threshold of TPs, rather than being part of a continuum.
Learning Organisation Activities and Innovativeness of Tech-based SMEs within Korean Technoparks: The Mediating Role of Learning Transfer

Developing talented human resources through learning entails nurturing innovation and improving competitiveness; to achieve innovation, tech-based SMEs within or around Korean technoparks must undertake learning organisation activities (LOAs). Our results demonstrate that six dimensions of the LOA model have more validity or a better model fit than the previous seven dimensions of the LOA model. Furthermore, three important sub-variables of LOAs (i.e., creating continuous learning opportunities, establishing systems to capture and share learning and providing strategic leadership for learning) have a positive and significant effect on learning transfer. Finally, transferring LOAs was found to mediate the relationship between LOAs and innovativeness by creating continuous learning opportunities (and future directions) and by providing strategic leadership for learning.