Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The attitudes of Urologists and Gynecologists about overactive bladder and treatment of it in Turkey: A questionnaire survey.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to review the approaches of urologist and gynecologist in the management of overactive bladder (OAB). MATERIAL AND METHODS A questionnaire consisting of 12 items were answered by 375 urologist and 46 gynecologist. The differences between frequency of encountering OAB, their viewpoints concerning conservative treatment, and their experience related to anticholinergic drug use and the management of refractory OAB were compared. RESULTS The majority of the urologists, and gynecologists responded to the question "How often do you encounter OAB patients in your daily practice? " as 'in 10-25, and 50% of our patients', respectively (<0.001). The most common complaint consulted to urologists, and gynecologists were urge incontinence (51.1% vs. 64.8). The frequency of using questionnaire and voiding diary was similar in both specialties (23.9% vs. 25.1%, p=0.892). It was observed that 38.6% of the urologists, and 50% of the gynecologists had recommended conservative treatment as a first-line treatment of overactive bladder (p=0.049). The low sociocultural level was the most important obstacle confronting application of conservative treatment methods (54.3% vs. 37%, p=0.012). The survey participants indicated that the most important factor which affected their decision to select an anticholinergic agent as the first-line treatment of overactive bladder was higher effectiveness of these drugs (urologists; 55.7%, and gynecologists 64%, p=0.371). The patients who started to receive anticholinergic drugs most frequently complained both to their urologists, and/or gynecologists about dry mouth (76.3 vs. 74.5%). Based on the responses of the urologists, and gynecologists, the most frequent reason of anticholinergic drug withdrawal was patients' inability to tolerate side effects of these drugs (48% vs. 47.8%, p=0.697). The participants indicated that in case of unsatisfactory response to one anticholinergic agent, swithching rate to another anticholinergic drug was 56.9% among urologists vs. 59.6%, among gynecologists. In addition, 36.9% of urologists and 38.5% of gynecologists recommended another pharmaceutical form of the drug with a higher dose to their patients (p=0.279). Similar number of physicians indicated that the prescribed anticholinergic drug should be continued for at least 3 months and in case of unresponsiveness patient could be considered refractory. Majority of urologists (68.8%), and gynecologists (56.5%) chose to perform urodynamic tests in patients who are unresponsive to anticholinergic treatment, (p=0.093). CONCLUSION The attitudes of urologist and gynecologist for diagnosis and treatment of OAB are mostly correlating with current guideline practices with few exceptions. Urologists tend to use bladder diaries or questionnaires less frequently whereas, gynecologists refer to urodynamic studies in patients with refractory OAB less than the urologists do. However, irrespective of the clinical speciality, conservative treatment modalities are rarely administered.
Development of vocalization and hearing in American mink (Neovison vison)

SUMMARY American mink (Neovison vison) kits are born altricial and fully dependent on maternal care, for which the kits' vocalizations appear essential. We used auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to determine: (1) hearing sensitivity of adult females from two breeding lines known to differ in maternal behaviour and (2) development of hearing in kits 8–52 days of age. We also studied sound production in 20 kits throughout postnatal days 1 to 44. Adult female mink had a broad hearing range from 1 kHz to above 70 kHz, with peak sensitivity (threshold of 20 dB SPL) at 8–10 kHz, and no difference in sensitivity between the two breeding lines (P>0.22) to explain the difference in maternal care. Mink kits showed no signs of hearing up to postnatal day 24. From day 30, all kits had ABRs indicative of hearing. Hearing sensitivity increased with age, but was still below the adult level at postnatal day 52. When separated from their mothers, kits vocalized loudly. Until the age of 22 days, 90% of all kits vocalized with no significant decline with age (P=0.27). From day 25, concurrent with the start of hearing, the number of vocalizing kits decreased with age (P<0.001), in particular in kits that were re-tested (P=0.004). Large numbers of mink are kept in fur industry farms, and our results are important to the understanding of sound communication, which is part of their natural behaviour. Our results also suggest mink as an interesting model for studying the development of mammalian hearing and its correlation to sound production.
African American perspectives and informal science educational experiences

This qualitative study examined the perspectives of African American parents as it pertained to informal science education. The following questions guided this study: (1) What are the desires of African American parents/guardians with respect to informal science programs and experiences for their children? ; (2) What happens in Jordan Academy, an enrichment program that has successfully recruited African American students? ; and (3) What are the African American parents'/guardians' opinions of the program? We inductively and deductively analyzed classroom observations; academy curriculum; photos and videotaped class sessions students' written responses to open-ended items on the program's evaluation; and teachers' and parents' responses to semistructured, audio-recorded interviews. We viewed the analysis results from Boykin's Black cultural ethos (BCE). We further interpreted the study's findings from a critical sociocultural perspective that employed a model synthesized from Cole's cultural-historical framework, Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, and Boykin's triple quandary. Results indicated that most of the African American parents' desires and opinions align with seven of the nine dimensions of Boykin's BCE. The parents' opinions highlight the potential impact of culture on parental choice to enroll their children into an informal science program. The study has important implications for practices within and research on informal science education. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed93: 293–321, 2009
Vascular calcification in South African dialysis patients: Ethnic variation, prevalence, detection and haemodynamic correlates

Aim: Studies from the US have shown little effect of ethnicity on vascular calcification in dialysis patients. This has not been examined in the multi‐ethnic population of South Africa where genetic and environmental differences may exist. We assessed the extent and severity of vascular calcification in South African dialysis patients according to race and known risk factors. We further evaluated the association of abdominal aorta calcification with coronary artery calcification.
Effects of Sensory Modality and Task Duration on Performance, Workload, and Stress in Sustained Attention

The workload and stress associated with a 40-min vigilance task were examined under conditions wherein observers monitored an auditory or a visual display for changes in signal duration. Global workload scores fell in the midrange of the NASA Task Load Index, with scores on the Frustration subscale increasing linearly over time. These effects were unrelated to the sensory modality of signals. However, sensory modality was a significant moderator variable for stress. Observers became more stressed over time as indexed by responses to the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire, with evidence of recovery in the auditory but not the visual condition toward the end of the watch. This result and the finding that signal detection accuracy - although equated for difficulty under alerted conditions - favored the auditory mode, indicate that display modality and time on task should be considered carefully in the design of operations requiring sustained attention in order to enhance performance and reduce stress. Actual or potential applications of this research include domains in which monitoring is a crucial part, such as baggage screening, security operations, medical monitoring, and power plant operations.
Workplace Friendship and Employees’ Productivity: LMX Theory and the Case of the Seoul City Government

“Do workplace friendships influence employee work attitudes? ” This topic is relatively under-examined by researchers and scholars because most of the emphasis has focused on the negative effects of workplace friendships. In addition, there is controversy over whether workplace friendship is possible inside bureaucracies. However, the positive potential for both individuals and the organization of having friendships at work may override the negative aspects. This study examines the impact of workplace friendship on employee productivity. Workplace friendship is conceptualized as friendship opportunity and quality of friendship between superior and subordinates. The findings indicate that workplace friendship can lead employees to have positive work attitudes, but the quality of friendship has a stronger influence on positive work attitudes by employees than friendship opportunity. Theoretically, the findings support the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory in terms of emphasizing the importance of workplace friendship to increase the positive work attitudes and performance of employees. The findings imply that organizations may benefit from encouraging friendships among employees.
Protégé selection by mentors: what makes the difference?

This study examined protege characteristics that mentors reported were most influential when choosing a protege. Based on existing research, two variables were identified related to protege selection: perceptions regarding the protege's potential/ability and perceptions regarding the protege's need for help. The relationships of these two factors with perceived barriers to mentoring others, mentor advancement aspirations, and mentor gender were investigated. Data from 282 mentors revealed that mentors were more likely to choose a protege based on perceptions regarding the protege's ability/potential than based on perceptions regarding the protege's need for help. Additionally, women were more likely to choose a protege based on the protege's perceived ability than were men. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GENETIC ANALYSIS FOR GRAIN QUALITY TRAITS IN PAKISTANI WHEAT VARIETIES

A set of eight parental diallel involving seven commercial wheat cultivars and one breeding line was made to investigate the nature of gene action determining inheritance pattern of grain quality characters. Highly significant differences were observed among the genotypes for 1000 grain weight, protein content, wet gluten and lysine content. Adequacy tests were employed to estimate the fitness of data sets to additive dominance model. Both the tests i.e. analysis of uniformity of Wr, Vr and joint regression analysis validated the data of these traits for genetic analysis. Gene actions for grain quality traits were ascertained following Hayman’s analysis of variance. Results of the genetic analysis revealed that both additive and dominance genetic components were involved in the manifestation of characters under study. However, additive gene effects were more pronounced in the genetic control of these traits. Non significance of b1, b2 and b3 values revealed the absence of directional dominance, symmetrical distribution of genes among the parental lines and absence of specific genes action respectively in all the traits. Maternal effects were also noted in 1000 grain weight, protein content and wet gluten percentage. It is concluded that additive effects are crucial in the expression of grain quality characters of wheat in germplasm under study and single plant selection may be recommended in segregating generations for effective improvement in these characters.
Behavioural changes after anaesthesia: validity and liability of the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire in a Swedish paediatric population.

AIM To study the validity and liability of a Swedish translation of the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ) in children in Sweden. METHODS The PHBQ was translated using a back-translation method. The subjects were 340 children, ages 2-13 y, admitted for elective surgery or diagnostic procedure with anaesthesia. The results were analysed using exploratory factor analysis with principal component analysis with Oblimin rotation. The fit to data was examined using confirmative factor analysis with a good measure of fit for the model (p>0.09 for all factors). RESULTS Five factors emerged as being most consistent: general anxiety-withdrawal, eating disturbances, separation anxiety, regression-aggression and sleep anxiety. A panel of child psychologists confirmed the face validity of factors. Internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha) was adequate (0.75-0.87) for subscales and excellent for total score (0.93). Children less than 5 y old had higher scores than older children (mean 0.046+/-0.018 vs -0.0089+/-0.014, p<0.001). There were no gender differences. CONCLUSION The results support a conclusion that a five-factor model better fits data from Swedish children than the original six-factor model.
Mother, I'd still rather do it myself: some further non-effects of ‘motherese’

Considerable disagreement persists among researchers concerning the effects of maternal language behaviours upon children's language development. Does the relative simplicity of 'motherese' make sentence structures more apparent to children, such that modelling of basic forms facilitates their acquisition (Nelson 1977, Furrow, Nelson & Benedict [FNB] 1979)? Or, is it only when maternal behaviours prove compatible with the child's own processing tendencies that any developmental facilitation can occur (Newport, Gleitman & Gleitman [ N G G ] 1977, Gleitman, Newport & Gleitman [ G N G ] , 1984) ? As all parties acknowledge, the resolution of this controversy has been hindered by the paucity of empirical tests between these hypotheses in longitudinal samples, and by the methodological differences and disparity of results among the handful of available studies (Hoff-Ginsberg 1981 and Barnes, Gutfreund, Satterly & Wells 1983, in addition to the aforementioned). The goals of the present investigation were mainly empirical: to avoid some of the shortcomings of prior analyses, and to discover which effects would hold up under replication. For the sake of brevity, a detailed review of the relevant literature will not be presented. The reader may refer to other accounts of the controversy over the efficacy of motherese (e.g. Hoff-Ginsberg & Shatz 1982, Schwartz & Camarata 1985). Instead, comparable aspects of past studies will be described as the methods and results of our replicative study are introduced.
Peripherin Is a Relevant Neuroendocrine Autoantigen Recognized by Islet-Infiltrating B Lymphocytes1

Most of our knowledge of the antigenic repertoire of autoreactive B lymphocytes in type 1 diabetes (T1D) comes from studies on the antigenic specificity of both circulating islet-reactive autoantibodies and peripheral B lymphocyte hybridomas generated from human blood or rodent spleen. In a recent study, we generated hybridoma cell lines of infiltrating B lymphocytes from different mouse strains developing insulitis, but with different degrees of susceptibility to T1D, to characterize the antigenic specificity of islet-infiltrating B lymphocytes during progression of the disease. We found that many hybridomas produced mAbs restricted to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), thus indicating an active B lymphocyte response against PNS elements in the pancreatic islet during disease development. The aim of this study was to identify the autoantigen recognized by these anti-PNS mAbs. Our results showed that peripherin is the autoantigen recognized by all anti-PNS mAbs, and, therefore, a relevant neuroendocrine autoantigen targeted by islet-infiltrating B lymphocytes. Moreover, we discovered that the immune dominant epitope of this B lymphocyte immune response is found at the C-terminal end of Per58 and Per61 isoforms. In conclusion, our study strongly suggests that peripherin is a major autoantigen targeted during T1D development and poses a new question on why peripherin-specific B lymphocytes are mainly attracted to the islet during disease.
Psychological distress and help-seeking among Taiwanese college students: role of gender and student status

ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship between psychological distress and attitudes toward seeking professional help and whether the relationship was moderated by gender and student status (traditional vs. non-traditional) among Chinese college students in Taiwan. 961 first-year university students completed standardised measures of depression, anxiety, attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and a demographic questionnaire. Results from the multiple regression analysis found that while higher levels of depression were adversely correlated with help-seeking attitudes, gender was positively correlated with help-seeking attitudes. Chinese female students held more favourable attitudes toward seeking psychological help than their male counterparts. Additionally, gender interacted with depression and anxiety in affecting attitudes toward help-seeking. These results were discussed within the Chinese cultural context and recommendations were given for student outreach programme aimed at increasing utilisation of mental health services on campus.
Who uses web search for what: and how

We analyze a large query log of 2.3 million anonymous registered users from a web-scale U.S. search engine in order to jointly analyze their on-line behavior in terms of who they might be (demographics), what they search for (query topics), and how they search (session analysis). We examine basic demographics from registration information provided by the users, augmented with U.S. census data, analyze basic session statistics, classify queries into types (navigational, informational, transactional) based on click entropy, classify queries into topic categories, and cluster users based on the queries they issued. We then examine the resulting clusters in terms of demographics and search behavior. Our analysis of the data suggests that there are important differences in search behavior across different demographic groups in terms of the topics they search for, and how they search (e.g., white conservatives are those likely to have voted republican, mostly white males, who search for business, home, and gardening related topics; Baby Boomers tend to be primarily interested in Finance and a large fraction of their sessions consist of simple navigational queries related to online banking, etc.). Finally, we examine regional search differences, which seem to correlate with differences in local industries (e.g., gambling related queries are highest in Las Vegas and lowest in Salt Lake City; searches related to actors are about three times higher in L.A. than in any other region).
[A cohort study on mortality and risk of death among population diagnosis as dementia, at base-line survey, in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE To study the mortality and risk of death on dementia among ageing population. METHODS A random sample including 2788 elderly residents was studied. Dementia was diagnosed under the two-phase procedure in 1997. In phase 1, questionnaire was administered, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) tested. In phase 2, all the elderly who showed low MMSE score and some with normal MMSE score, were examined by neurologists. The clinical diagnosis of dementia was set up by two neurologists according to the criteria of DSM-III-R and NINCDS-ADRDA. The same sample was followed up in 2000 and 2004 the same way and data on deaths and causes was gathered. The overall time for follow-up was 7.25 years. RESULTS 171 cases with dementia were diagnosed from 2788 subjects in 1997, with a crude death rate (CDR) of dementia was 7.8 per 1000 person-years and age-standardized CDR as 5.5 per 1000 person-years. The death rate was increased exponentially with age. In the dementia group, the total number of deaths was 133, with the CDR as 236 per 1000 person-years and the age-standardized CDR as 206 per 1000 person-years, in the end of the survey. In the non-dementia group, the total number of deaths was 680, with CDR as 40 per 1000 person-years and the age-standardized CDR as 31 per 1000 person-years. The difference in the two groups was statistically significant. The hazard ratio (HR) of dementia death appeared to be the biggest in the 60 - 74 - year group than the other groups. Data was analyzed with the Cox proportional hazards model after making necessary adjustment on potential covariates with the HR of dementia as 2.181 (95%CI: 1.751 - 2.717). The HRs were 2.524 (95%CI: 1.964 - 3.243) in Alzheimer's disease and 1.859 (95%CI: 1.213 - 2.850) in vascular dementia. CONCLUSION The CDR and HR of dementia were higher than the non-dementia group in the aging population, showing that dementia was one of the most important risk factors on death in the aging population.
Unwanted Intercourse: The Difficulty of Saying No

Unwanted intercourse occurs when a reluctant partner is induced to acquiesce against her (his) will by psychological pressure from the would-be lover, but without the use of or the threat of force. An earlier study found that 30% of a representative probability sample of senior women in a liberal arts college had experienced unwanted intercourse. College women's (N = 76) perceptions of the unwanted intercourse situation were assessed by projective and by questionnaire methods, using a videotaped stimulus cue. Results indicate that highly negative feelings are attributed to the man in the refuse situation, and to the majority of the women in both the accept and refuse situations. A hedonic calculus analysis based on the ratio of negative to positive feelings in the stories demonstrates the cost-benefit superiority of accepting unwanted intercourse in spite of the fact that the women's feelings are predominantly negative. A theory of unwanted intercourse is proposed that attributes the high rate of unwanted intercourse to four societal norms: (a) current remnants of the ideology of male supremacy, (b) the norm of male initiative, (c) the lack of positive sexual experience norms for women, and (d) the “stroking norm” for women.
Validation of the observational version of the motivation for treatment scale

In this study, the psychometric properties of a clinician's observation version of Motivation for Treatment (MfT-O) were assessed and compared with the patient's version (MfT). The sample was composed of 243 inpatients that started inpatient treatment for substance dependence in The Netherlands. The EuropASI and the Motivation for Treatment (MfT) scales were administered to patients while the MfT-O was completed by clinicians during the first week of treatment. With minor adjustments, the MfT-O replicated the factorial structure of the MfT. The items were distributed into four scales: General Problem Recognition (PR1), Specific Problem Recognition (PR2), Desire for Help (DH), and Treatment Readiness. The MfT-O had an adequate reliability for all the scales (all α > 0.72). The MfT-O was related to the severity of problems as assessed by the EuropASI. The DH MfT-O scale was more predictive of time in treatment than the DH MfT scale.