Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New EMBO Member ’ s Review The E 2 F family : specific functions and overlapping interests

The E2F transcription factors are key regulators of cell cycle progression and the E2F field has made rapid advances since its advent in 1986. Yet, while our understanding of the roles and functions of the E2F family has made enormous progress, with each discovery new questions arise. In this review, we summarise the most recent advances in the field and discuss the remaining key questions. In particular, we will focus on how specificity is achieved among the E2Fs. The EMBO Journal (2004) 23, 4709–4716. doi:10.1038/ sj.emboj. 7600481; Published online 11 November 2004 Subject Categories: chromatin & transcription; cell cycle
THE STELLAR MASS DENSITY AND SPECIFIC STAR FORMATION RATE OF THE UNIVERSE AT z ∼ 7

We use a robust sample of 11 z ∼ 7 galaxies (z850 dropouts) to estimate the stellar mass density (SMD) of the universe when it was only ∼750 Myr old. We combine the very deep optical to near-infrared photometry from the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys and NICMOS cameras with mid-infrared Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) imaging available through the GOODS program. After carefully removing the flux from contaminating foreground sources, we have obtained reliable photometry in the 3.6 μm and 4.5 μm IRAC channels. The spectral shapes of these sources, including their rest-frame optical colors, strongly support their being at z ∼ 7 with a mean photometric redshift of 〈z〉 = 7.2 ± 0.5. We use Bruzual & Charlot synthetic stellar population models to constrain their stellar masses and star formation histories. We find stellar masses that range over (0.1–12) × 109 M☉ and average ages from 20 Myr to 425 Myr with a mean of ∼300 Myr, suggesting that in some of these galaxies most of the stars were formed at z > 8 (and probably at z ≳ 10). The best fits to the observed SEDs are consistent with little or no dust extinction, in agreement with recent results at z ∼ 4–8. The star formation rates (SFRs) are in the range from 5 to 20 M☉ yr-1. From this sample, we measure an SMD of 6.6+5.4−3.3 × 105 M☉ Mpc-3 to a limit of MUV,AB < −20 (or 0.4L*z = 3). Combined with a fiducial lower limit for their ages (80 Myr), this implies a maximum SFR density of 0.008 M☉ yr−1 Mpc−3. This is well below the critical level needed to reionize the universe at z ∼ 8 using standard assumptions. However, this result is based on luminous sources (>L*) and does not include the dominant contribution of the fainter galaxies. Strikingly, we find that the specific SFR is constant from z ∼ 7 to z ∼ 2 but drops substantially at more recent times.
Neutropenic patients and their infectious complications at a University Hospital

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics and infectious complications of neutropenic patients in a referral hospital. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out between April and September 2008, which enrolled all neutropenic patients identified by daily blood counts in the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Demographic data and information on infections were obtained from the Hospital Infection Control Committee. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results One hundred and sixteen patients were followed up during 129 hospitalizations. The patients had a mean age of 48.7 years old. Sixty-four (55.2%) patients were male and 25 (21.6%) died during the follow-up. In 97 (75.2%) of the hospitalizations, patients had episodes of febrile neutropenia. Patients classified as low-risk had a mortality rate of 16.2% (n = 12) vs. 39.1% (n = 9) among high-risk patients (p-value = 0.02). The death rate of the patients who had been submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 13.5% (n = 5) vs. 26.7% (n = 16) among patients not submitted to transplantation (p-value = 0.13). Of the 155 infections diagnosed, 45.5% were defined as clinically documented. The etiological agent most frequently isolated was Escherichia coli and the main topography reported was bloodstream infections. The most used antimicrobial agents were cefepime, vancomycin and fluconazole. Approximately 24% of patients evolved with impaired renal function during hospitalization. Conclusion Most reported infections in neutropenic patients were defined as clinically documented, which shows the importance of suspicion in patients without specific signs and symptoms for early diagnosis and the need for the classification of risk for timely interventions.
Synthetic stellar populations: single stellar populations, stellar interior models and primordial protogalaxies

ABSTRACT We present a new set of stellar interior and synthesis models for predicting the inte-grated emission from stellar populations in star clusters and galaxies of arbitrary ageand metallicity. This work diﬀers from existing spectral synthesis codes in a number ofimportant ways, namely (1) the incorporation of new stellar evolutionary tracks, withsuﬃcient resolution in mass to sample rapid stages of stellar evolution; (2) a phys-ically consistent treatment of evolution in the HR diagram, including the approachto the main sequence and the eﬀects of mass loss on the giant and horizontal-branchphases. Unlike several existing models, ours yield consistent ages when used to datea coeval stellar population from a wide range of spectral features and colour indexes.We use Hipparcos data to support the validity of our new evolutionary tracks. Werigorously discuss degeneracies in the age-metallicity plane and show that inclusion ofspectral features blueward of 4500 ˚A suﬃces to break any remaining degeneracy andthat with moderate S/N spectra (10 per 20˚A resolution element) age and metallicityare not degenerate. We also study sources of systematic errors in deriving the ageof a single stellar population and conclude that they are not larger than 10 − 15%. We illustrate the use of single stellar populations by predicting the colors of primor-dial proto-galaxies and show that one can ﬁrst ﬁnd them and then deduce the formof the IMF for the early generation of stars in the universe. Finally, we provide ac-curate analytic ﬁtting formulas for ultra fast computation of colors of single stellarpopulations.Key words: galaxies: stellar populations; stars: stellar evolution
Atomistic Investigation of Load Transfer Between DWNT Bundles “Crosslinked” by PMMA Oligomers

The production of carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns possessing high strength and toughness remains a major challenge due to the intrinsically weak interactions between “bare” CNTs. To this end, nanomechanical shear experiments between functionalized bundles of CNTs are combined with multiscale simulations to reveal the mechanistic and quantitative role of nanotube surface functionalization on CNT‐CNT interactions. Notably, the in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) functionalization of CNT bundles by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐like oligomers is found to enhance the shear strength of bundle junctions by about an order of magnitude compared with “bare” van der Waals interactions between pristine CNTs. Through multiscale simulations, the enhancement of the shear strength can be attributed to an interlocking mechanism of polymer chains in the bundles, dominated by van der Waals interactions, and stretching and alignment of chains during shearing. Unlike covalent bonds, such synergistic weak interactions can re‐form upon failure, resulting in strong, yet robust fibers. This work establishes the significance of engineered weak interactions with appropriate structural distribution to design CNT yarns with high strength and toughness, similar to the design paradigm found in many biological materials.
Human-Robot Interaction Design: Understanding User Needs and Requirements

Goal-Directed Task Analysis is being applied to assessing the needs and requirements for developing novel techniques and tools to permit a small number of humans to supervise large robotic teams. The paper presents a preliminary overall goal hierarchy as well as a preliminary communication goal hierarchy based upon the initial analysis. This research involves working directly with the Nashville Metro Police department's Bomb Squad and the Nashville Metro Fire Department's HAZMAT team. The focus is the assessment of actual user needs and requirements employing well-defined user centered design practices in combination with Goal-Directed Task Analysis. The resulting Goal- Decision-SA structure will be employed to develop potential human-robot interaction designs for further qualitative and qualitative evaluation. The objective is to successfully integrate robots into the Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive device search and rescue tasks such that the robots complement and augment the current human capabilities.
On the structure of left and right F-, SM-, andE-quasigroups

It is proved that any left F-quasigroup is isomorphic to the direct product of a left F-quasigroup with a unique idempotent element and isotope of a special form of a left distributive quasigroup. The similar theorems are proved for right F-quasigroups, left and right SM- and E-quasigroups. Information on simple quasigroups from these quasigroup classes is given; for example, nite simple F-quasigroup is a simple group or a simple medial quasigroup. It is proved that any left F-quasigroup is isotopic to the direct product of a group and a left S-loop. Some properties of loop isotopes of F-quasigroups (including M-loops) are pointed out. A left special loop is an isotope of a left F-quasigroup if and only if this loop is isotopic to the direct product of a group and a left S-loop (this is an answer to Belousov \1a" problem). Any left E-quasigroup is isotopic to the direct product of an abelian group and a left S-loop (this is an answer to Kinyon-Phillips 2.8(1) problem). As corollary it is obtained that any left FESM-quasigroup is isotopic to the direct product of an abelian group and a left S-loop (this is an answer to Kinyon-Phillips 2.8(2) problem). New proofs of some known results on the structure of commutative Moufang loops are presented.
INVOLVEMENT OF PARAOXONASE ( PON ) IN OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCED BY CHLORPYRIFOS IN ALBINO RATS

Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) exert their toxic effect through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AchE). In addition, accumulated evidences indicated that oxidative stress involved in OPs neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity. However, the mechanism underlay OPs induces oxidative stress still so far unclear. Recent reports were focused on the role of paraoxonase (PON), the HDL-associated A-esterase, in the degradation of the oxon form of the organophosphate. This enzyme, which known to play a critical role in OPs metabolism has a vital role in preventing both LDL and HDL from Peroxidation. Based on the previous observation we propose that the interaction of OPs with PON is the key step in initiating lipid Peroxidation and oxidative stress. To test this suggestion, chlorpyrifos (CPF) was orally gavaged at dose levels of 3, 6, and 12 mg/Kg/day to adult male albino rats for 28 consecutive days. Animals were weighed weekly and blood samples were withdrawn after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days from the start of treatment. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed and organs were weighed. The brain and the liver were frozen and kept till the biochemical analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total protein level were determined. Also, PON, carboxyl esterase (CE), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity were determined. In addition, PON and CE isozymes were separated on Native-PAGE electrophoresis. Results indicated that CPF produced constant and dose dependent inhibition in both plasma ChE and liver ChE whereas brain AchE was weakly affected. A pattern of adaptation was observed in plasma CE. Brain CE was the most affected, whereas, plasma PON did not affected by (CPF) treatment. Brain PON seemed to be highly susceptible and the effect was dose dependent. The same pattern was observed with AE. The native PAGE confirmed the biochemical determinations. Treatment also increased plasma MDA. GSH levels in blood, liver and brain were increased whereas, GST activity increased only in plasma. The cholesterol and triglyceride levels increased, whereas, HDL level didn't affect by treatment. The analysis of correlation also showed significant correlation between PON and MDA in brain and liver. These results support the suggestion that OPs interfere with the antioxidant system. In addition, it was clear that animals were developed an adaptation mechanism as a result of repetition chlorpyrifos treatment and more work should be offer to clear the role of PON in oxidative stress induced by OPs.
CCL20 Secretion from the Nucleus Pulposus Improves the Recruitment of CCR6-Expressing Th17 Cells to Degenerated IVD Tissues

Background Studies elucidated that Th17 cells are important contributors to the pathogenesis of many immune-mediated diseases, and IL-17A is present in pathologic intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues. However, the mechanisms, how these cells traffic into the degenerate discs are not clear. Materials and Methods The samples collected from 53 patients had been divided into 3 groups: Group P (annulus fibrosus was intact), Group E (annulus fibrosus was reptured) and normal control. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of CCL20, CCR6, IL-17A, TNF–α and CD4 in IVD tissues. Moreover, nucleus pulposus (NP) cells had been cultured in the presence and absence of Th17 associated cytokines. The supernatants were detected for CCL20 concentrations by ELISA, and the NP cells for the expression of CCL20 mRNA. Additionally, peripheral blood (PB) samples had undergone detection for the expression of CCR6 mRNA and the proportion of IL-17-producing cells, including the surface expression of CCR6. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed that CCL20 and TNF-α were expressed in degenerated NP cells. Double-labeled immunofluorescence elaborated, IL-17-producing cells (CD4+IL-17A+ and CD4+CCR6+) appeared in the Group E samples, but no traces or expression in Group P and normal control. IL-17A and TNF-α, alone or combined, could enhance CCL20 secretion in a dose-dependent manner, which was obtained through RT-PCR results. There was a notable difference of CCR6 mRNA expression between patients and normal controls. In comparison to controls, flow cytometry data indicated that the proportion of IL-17-producing cells and the CCR6 expression in PB were significantly increased. Conclusion Our results provide a potential explanation for involvement of the CCL20-CCR6 system in the trafficking of IL-17-producing cells to degenerated IVD tissues. Additionally, our results explain the contribution of Th17 associated cytokines to the development of degenerated discs via the up-regulation of CCL20 secretion from NP cells, which forms a positive chemotactic feedback loop.
Androgen Receptor: A Complex Therapeutic Target for Breast Cancer

Molecular and histopathological profiling have classified breast cancer into multiple sub-types empowering precision treatment. Although estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) are the mainstay therapeutic targets in breast cancer, the androgen receptor (AR) is evolving as a molecular target for cancers that have developed resistance to conventional treatments. The high expression of AR in breast cancer and recent discovery and development of new nonsteroidal drugs targeting the AR provide a strong rationale for exploring it again as a therapeutic target in this disease. Ironically, both nonsteroidal agonists and antagonists for the AR are undergoing clinical trials, making AR a complicated target to understand in breast cancer. This review provides a detailed account of AR’s therapeutic role in breast cancer.
Is Convertible Bond Offering a Backdoor Equity Offering?

We explore the idea that certain convertible bond offerings are basically back‐door equity offerings. We examine several methods of detecting equity components in convertible bonds and then test for market reactions to the offering announcements and also long‐run post offering performances. By dividing the sample of convertible bond offerings into a debt‐like versus equity‐like portfolio, we find market reactions follow a hierarchy predicted by the pecking order hypothesis. Consistent with empirical evidence from equity offerings, we find that the buy and hold stock returns of the equity‐like portfolio significantly underperforms as compared to that of the debt‐like portfolio. Similarly, the operating performance of the equity‐like portfolio is worse than that of the debt‐like counterpart. In addition, we find that the equity‐like portfolio's idiosyncratic risk increase significantly after the offering. Our results suggest that the market participants are able to determine whether the convertible bond offerings are indeed back‐door equity offerings.
Shared reading interactions : identifying and developing reading behaviours between parents and preschool children

Research has shown that parent-child shared reading interactions in the preschool period can enhance children's early language and literacy skills, and it is acknowledged that the way parents read with their children is particularly important. This thesis explores the shared reading behaviours of parents and young children in order to identify and develop reading behaviours, especially those that may promote language and literacy skills. Two studies are reported. First, a short, intensive, techniques-based reading intervention programme, called 'dialogic reading' designed to enhance children's language skills was carried out using an experimental design. Programme group parents were shown a number of 'dialogic' techniques to use when reading with their children. Interviews showed that parents were implementing the techniques and that they valued the programme. The early literacy skills of the programme group were significantly enhanced by the intervention although there were no effects on their language skills. The second study explored in some depth how parents and children read together, and whether behaviours that promoted language and literacy development could be identified. Eight mothers with three-year-old children from varying socioeconomic backgrounds were videotaped reading together. Two methods of analysis were employed: a holistic and a more systematic approach. There were substantial differences in the ways mothers and children read, although all mothers used a wide variety of reading behaviours. There was evidence that referring to abstract events and situations, or high-level demand language, promoted language and literacy development. All mothers used some dialogic behaviours, particularly when supporting their children's attempts to read to them. Study 2 also demonstrated that the type of books read affected interactions, with expository books generating the most interaction. Dyads ranked higher on a measure of education and occupation, the educational occupational ranking (EOR), tended to engage in the highest levels of participation, high-level demand language and the longest episodes. The findings show that the range of shared reading behaviours used by parents is far more extensive than those promoted by dialogic reading; indeed, dialogic reading largely overlooks important behaviours, such as high-level demand language.
Plasma C peptide level and cognitive function among older women without diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperinsulinemia may be related to diminished cognition. To help differentiate between the effects of diabetes and insulin, we examined the relation of insulin to cognitive function among nondiabetic participants of the Nurses' Health Study. METHODS We measured the C peptide level, representing insulin secretion, in blood samples provided by 718 women from June 14, 1989, to October 4, 1990, when they were aged 61 to 69 years. We administered telephone interviews an average of 10 years after blood collection, testing general cognition, verbal memory, category fluency, and attention; second cognitive assessments were conducted 2 years later. The primary outcomes were global cognitive function across all tests and verbal memory. We used regression models to estimate multivariable-adjusted mean differences in cognitive function and cognitive decline, and odds of cognitive impairment, across C peptide levels. RESULTS Cognitive function was worse among women in the fourth C peptide quartile compared with those in the first quartile (eg, on the global score combining all cognitive tests, the multivariable-adjusted mean difference was -1.7 standard units [95% confidence interval, -2.9 to -0.6 standard units]; P = .002); the odds of cognitive impairment (defined as the worst 10% of the distribution) were 3-fold higher among women in the fourth vs first quartile (95% confidence interval, 1.3-7.8). On verbal memory, women in the fourth quartile scored significantly worse than those in the first quartile; the odds of impairment were 2.8-fold higher (95% confidence interval, 1.1-7.0). Consistent findings were observed for cognitive decline. CONCLUSION Higher insulin secretion may be related to worse cognition, even among those without diabetes.
Changing expectations of care among older Tibetans living in India and Switzerland

ABSTRACT Using interview data from 30 Tibetan elders living in India and Switzerland, the paper explores the support they received, their perception of intergenerational relationships, and their acceptance of different levels of intergenerational exchange. All of the sample had aged in either India or Switzerland and so provide excellent comparison groups, from respectively a developing and a developed country, by which to study changing filial piety with time, context and socio-economic conditions. With limited resources in old age, most of the participants in India needed financial support. Among them, parents with many children and children in developed countries received better financial support and collective care than those with one child or all children living in India. In contrast, the participants in Switzerland were entitled to state old-age benefits, and so required mainly affirmation and emotional support. A consequence of living in a developed nation was dissatisfaction when the children adopted western values and the family's cultural continuity was threatened. The findings support two recommendations: in developing countries, the provision of old-age benefits to ensure a minimum level of financial security and independence among older adults; and in developed countries, the promotion of a mutual understanding of filial piety among different generations of older refugees and immigrants to help ameliorate intergenerational differences.
Predictive Anonymization: Utility-Preserving Publishing of Sparse Recommendation Data

Recently, recommender systems have been introduced to predict user preferences for products or services. In order to seek better prediction techniques, data owners of recommender systems such as Netflix sometimes make their customers’ reviews available to the public, which raises serious privacy concerns. With only a small amount of knowledge about individuals and their ratings to some items in a recommender system, an adversary may easily identify the users and breach their privacy. Unfortunately, most of the existing privacy models (e.g., k-anonymity) cannot be directly applied to recommender systems. In this paper, we study the problem of privacy-preserving publishing of recommendation datasets. We represent recommendation data as a bipartite graph, and define several attacks on the graph that can re-identify users and determine their rated items and ratings. To deal with these attacks, we give formal privacy definitions in recommender systems. We develop a robust and efficient anonymization algorithm, Predictive Anonymization, to achieve the privacy goals. Our experimental results show that Predictive Anonymization can prevent the attacks with very little impact to prediction accuracy.