Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RETRACTED: Pros and Cons of General Anaesthesia on Total Knee Angioplasty (TKA) and Total Hip Angioplasty (THA)

Short Retraction Notice The paper does not meet the standards of "Open Journal of Orthopedics". This article has been retracted to straighten the academic record. In making this decision the Editorial Board follows COPE's Retraction Guidelines. The aim is to promote the circulation of scientific research by offering an ideal research publication platform with due consideration of internationally accepted standards on publication ethics. The Editorial Board would like to extend its sincere apologies for any inconvenience this retraction may have caused. Editor guiding this retraction: Dr. Samer El Hage (EB of OJO) The full retraction notice in PDF is preceding the original paper, which is marked "RETRACTED".
Is Compact Growth Good for Air Quality?

Abstract Problem: Explicitly prohibited from regulating the land use planning activities of municipal and county governments by the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 131), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been forced to pursue an end-of-the-pipe approach to air quality management that has not proved successful in fully reducing ozone and fine particulate matter below health-based standards in many large U.S. cities. The persistence of these pollutants, in combination with a rapid rise in vehicle travel in recent decades, has raised concerns within the planning and public health communities about the long-term success of an air quality management program that is effectively divorced from the land use planning process. Purpose: This work, which is part of an EPA-sponsored study titled Projecting the Impact of Land Use and Transportation on Future Air Quality (PLUTO), was intended to assess the effectiveness of compact growth in improving air quality at a geographic scale compatible with secondary pollution formation and transport and over a planning horizon sufficient to capture the longer-term benefits of regional land use change. Methods: Future air quality is associated with alternative land development scenarios in this study through the integration of three separate and previously unrelated modeling components. These components consist of a set of standard population projection techniques, a household vehicle travel activity framework, and a mobile source emissions model (MOBILE 6) developed by the EPA. Results and conclusions: The results of our analysis find the median elasticity of vehicle travel with respect to density change over time to be −0.35, suggesting metropolitan areas can expect a 10% increase in population density to be associated with a 3.5% reduction in household vehicle travel and emissions. In addition, vehicle elasticities derived for urban and suburban census tracts across the 11 metro regions suggest density increments within urban zones (−0.43) to be more than twice as effective in reducing vehicle travel and emissions as density increments within suburban zones (−0.19). Takeaway for practice: We found compactness to be associated with greater reductions in vehicle travel than in previous studies, which suggests land use change can play a measurable role in improving regional air quality over time. Importantly, we found where compact growth occurs to be critically important to determining the extent to which higher density development reduces vehicle travel and emissions. We found the densifi-cation of urban zones to be more than twice as effective in reducing vehicle miles of travel and emissions as the densification of suburban zones, suggesting compact growth to be better for air quality than historical patterns of growth when densifying urban zones is given priority over non-urban zones.
Teaching Responsibility through Sport Education: Prospects of a Coalition

Abstract The purpose of this study was to provide a databased analysis of a combined sport model and from this to develop a theory from practice. In particular, the original concern was to examine the extent to which the teaching of personal and social responsibility (TPSR) could form a coalition with the Sport Education model. Forty-five 6th-grade boys, who had a previous history of struggling with the fair play requirements of Sport Education, participated in a 26-lesson season of Xball, an invasion game designed by those students. As a general summary, it was found that some of the features of TPSR strengthened the foundation of Sport Education, but due to the need to introduce new tasks and problems for students, a hybrid model (Empowering Sport) was developed. This hybrid, with a predominately ecological integration perspective, presents a curriculum model that allows for achievement within a powerful triangle of goals—sport skill competence, social responsibility, and personal empowerment.
Accounting Research in Family Firms: Theoretical and Empirical Challenges

Abstract Family firms play a significant role in the global economy. Consistently, over the last two decades academia has turned its attention to the family dimension as a determinant of business phenomena, and this interest has increased over time. While family business research has reached an age of ‘adolescence’ as a field of study, accounting research to date seems to have been rather slow to pick up on the distinctive characteristics of family firms, and their implications for accounting and reporting practices. In an attempt to accelerate and support research in the field, in this article we highlight theoretical and empirical challenges that accounting scholars need to consider when addressing issues related to accounting and reporting in family firms. These challenges include the selection and potential mixing of appropriate theoretical frameworks, and complications in defining operationally what family firms are. We also provide a ‘state of the art’ of studies in financial accounting, management accounting and auditing, identifying which issues in relation to family firms have been addressed in the research, and which theories, research methods and types of data have been used in these studies. We conclude by providing directions for future research that can advance our understanding of accounting and reporting in family firms.
RESISTANCE IS FUTILE BUT TOLERANCE CAN EXPLAIN WHY PARASITES DO NOT ALWAYS CASTRATE THEIR HOSTS

The disease caused by parasites and pathogens often causes sublethal effects that reduce host fecundity. Theory suggests that if parasites can “target” the detrimental effects of their growth on either host mortality or fecundity, they should always fully sterilize. This is because a reduction in host fecundity does not reduce the infectious period and is therefore neutral to a horizontally transmitted infectious organism. However, in nature fully castrating parasites are relatively rare, no doubt in part because of defense mechanisms in the host. Here, we examine in detail the evolution of host defense to the sterilizing effects of parasites and show that intermediate levels of sterility tolerance are found to evolve for a wide range of cost structures. Our key result arises when the host and parasite coevolve. Investment in tolerance by the host may prevent castration, but if host defense is through resistance (by controlling the parasite's growth rate) coevolution by the parasite results in the complete loss of infected host fecundity. Resistance is therefore a waste of resources, but tolerance can explain why parasites do not castrate their hosts. Our results further emphasize the importance of tolerance as opposed to resistance to parasites.
Business Characteristics of Male and Female Small and Medium Enterprises in the UK: Implications for Gender-based Entrepreneurialism and Business Competence Development

The aim of this paper is to identify differences, if any, between the characteristics of male and female businesses and to establish whether female businesses do constitute a distinct entrepreneurial group. The paper presents the results of an ongoing study based on a national survey of nearly 6000 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the UK. Given that existing research tends to focus, in the main, on the pre-start up and start-up differences, this study aims to identify gender-based differences between male and female owned/managed businesses in their post-formation stage. A gender-based business competence development model is developed and a case is made for what is termed ‘gender-based entrepreneurialism’. It is argued given that established male and female businesses exhibit different characteristics, gender-based entrepreneurialism should be acknowledged and considered by policy makers within the SME sector. Female owned/managed businesses may require differentiated policies beyond the pre-start up and start-up stages for developing business competencies and to nurture their growth and development.
Tumor‐associated antigen 90K/Mac‐2‐binding protein: Possible role in colon cancer

The tumor‐associated antigen 90K (TAA90K)/Mac‐2‐binding protein implicated in cancer progression and metastasis is modified by β1‐6 branched N‐linked oligosaccharides in colon cancer cells, glycans shown to contribute to cancer metastasis. To elucidate the role of TAA90K in colon cancer, we examined its expression and function in human colon tumors and colon carcinoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical analyses of colon tumors revealed elevated expression of TAA90K in all samples analyzed compared to normal colon. To examine the function of TAA90K in colon cancer, we carried out protein and cell binding assays using TAA90K‐His purified from HT‐29 cells colon carcinoma cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing TAA90K containing a C‐terminal poly‐histidine tag. TAA90K‐His bound to fibronectin, collagen IV, laminins‐1, ‐5, and ‐10 and galectin‐3 (Mac‐2) but poorly to collagen I and galectin‐1. As expected, binding of TAA90K to galectin‐3 was dependent on carbohydrate since it was inhibitable by lactose and asiolofetuin, and a TAA90K‐His glycoform purified from HT‐29 cells treated with the glycosylation inhibitor 1‐deoxymannojirimycin bound poorly to galectin‐3. Unlike TAA90K isolated from other cell types, TAA90K‐His isolated from colon cancer cells failed to mediate adhesion of colon cancer and normal cell lines, possibly due to cell‐type specific glycosylation of TAA90K‐His and/or its putative cellular receptor. However, at low concentrations, TAA90K‐His enhanced galectin‐3‐mediated HT‐29 cell adhesion while at high concentrations, it inhibited cell adhesion. Thus, a possible mechanism by which TAA90K may contribute to colon cancer progression is by modulating tumor cell adhesion to extracellular proteins, including galectin‐3. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 1351–1366, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal Expression of knotted1 in Maize Leaves Leads to Reestablishment of Proximal/Distal Patterning and Leaf Dissection1[W][OA]

Maize (Zea mays) leaves provide a useful system to study how proximal/distal patterning is established because of the distinct tissues found in the distal blade and the proximal sheath. Several mutants disrupt this pattern, including the dominant knotted1-like homeobox (knox) mutants. knox genes encode homeodomain proteins of the TALE superclass of transcription factors. Class I knox genes are expressed in the meristem and down-regulated as leaves initiate. Gain-of-function phenotypes result from misexpression in leaves. We identified a new dominant allele of maize knotted1, Kn1-DL, which contains a transposon insertion in the promoter in addition to a tandem duplication of the kn1 locus. In situ hybridization shows that kn1 is misexpressed in two different parts of the blade that correlate with the different phenotypes observed. When kn1 is misexpressed along the margins, flaps of sheath-like tissue form along the margins. Expression in the distal tip leads to premature termination of the midrib into a knot and leaf bifurcation. The gain-of-function phenotypes suggest that kn1 establishes proximal/distal patterning when expressed in distal locations and lead to the hypothesis that kn1 normally participates in the establishment of proximal/distal polarity in the incipient leaf.
Neural correlates of arousal‐induced circadian clock resetting: hypocretin/orexin and the intergeniculate leaflet

In Syrian hamsters, some procedures for stimulating behavioural arousal (e.g. running in a novel wheel and sleep deprivation by gentle handling with minimal activity) markedly phase‐advance circadian rhythms when applied during the middle of the daily rest period, while other arousal procedures do not (e.g. physical restraint, caffeine and modafinil). The neural basis for this differential effect of arousal procedures on clock resetting is unknown. We used c‐fos expression as a marker for neuronal activation to determine whether these arousal procedures differentially activate two nonphotic inputs to the circadian system, the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL; a proposed nonphotic gateway to the circadian clock) and the hypothalamic hypocretin system (which depolarizes arousal‐related cell groups throughout the brain and innervates both the IGL and the peri‐suprachiasmatic nucleus region). c‐FOS in hypocretin‐1‐immunoreactive neurons, in hypothalamic nonhypocretin neurons and in the IGL was significantly increased by novel wheel running, gentle handling and physical restraint, but only weakly by systemic injections of modafinil (300 mg/kg) or caffeine (75 mg/kg), at doses that are strongly alerting. Spatial analysis revealed few regional differences in the percentage of cells double‐labelled for hypocretin‐1 and c‐FOS following each treatment. These results suggest that activation of hypocretin neurons (as in the restraint condition) is not sufficient to induce phase shifts, and that gating of arousal effects on circadian clock phase may be downstream from the hypocretin system and from IGL neurons activated by these procedures.
Tailoring quality improvement interventions to identified barriers: a multiple case analysis.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The prevailing view on implementation interventions to improve the organization and management of health care is that the interventions should be tailored to potential barriers. Ideally, possible barriers are analysed before the quality improvement interventions are developed to influence both type and content of the implementation intervention. While tailoring educational improvement interventions generally requires the assessment of professional knowledge and skills, less is known about methods to tailor organizational interventions. In the present study, the results of previous studies on the development of educational and organizational interventions to improve the quality of health care are examined. METHOD Qualitative analyses were conducted on a purposeful sample of 20 quality improvement studies reporting barrier analyses and covering both educational and organizational interventions. RESULTS Several methods were used to identify barriers, including focus group discussions, face-to-face interviews and telephone interviews. Attention to barriers prior to the development of the intervention did not always mean that the choice of a specific type of intervention was based on such, although identified barriers were often used to adjust the specific content of the intervention. A few methods to link improvement interventions to identified barriers were described, including theory-based reasoning and iterative design processes. Results suggest there is often a mismatch between the level of identified barriers and the type of interventions selected for use. No differences in the tailoring of educational or organizational interventions could be identified. CONCLUSIONS The design of quality improvement interventions appears to still be in its infancy. The translation of identified barriers into tailor-made implementation interventions is still a black box for both educational and organizational interventions.
Factors affecting the online travel buying decision: a review

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on theories affecting consumers' online purchase intention of travel products. It seeks to explore the literature on the theoretical foundation of factors influencing customers' online purchase intentions in general and in the travel industry specifically. It also suggests areas for further research on online travel buying decisions.Design/methodology/approach – The conceptual framework of factors affecting customer online buying decisions – including customers' attitudes, quality of web site design, customer satisfaction, and customer trust – is developed by examining the theoretical foundation for each online purchase intention of travel product. The theoretical foundations and literature review include discussions of the theory of planned behavior, consumer trust literature, quality of travel web site design, and consumer satisfaction literature.Findings – The paper identifies antecedents of consumers' online purchase intention, including .
c-Jun N-Terminal Protein Kinase 1 (JNK1), but Not JNK2, Is Essential for Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced c-Jun Kinase Activation and Apoptosis

ABSTRACT Two ubiquitously expressed isoforms of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), JNK1 and JNK2, have shared functions and different functions. However, the molecular mechanism is unknown. Here we report that JNK1, but not JNK2, is essential for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced c-Jun kinase activation, c-Jun expression, and apoptosis. Using mouse fibroblasts deficient in either Jnk1 or Jnk2, we found that JNK1 was activated by TNF-α, whereas JNK2 activation was negligible. In addition, JNK2 interfered with JNK1 activation via its “futile” phosphorylation by upstream kinases. Consequently, expression and activation of c-Jun, which depends on JNK activity, were impaired in Jnk1 null cells but enhanced in Jnk2 null cells. TNF-α-induced apoptosis was also suppressed in Jnk1 null fibroblasts but increased in Jnk2 null cells. Thus, our results provide a molecular mechanism underlying the different biological functions of JNK isoforms.
THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF CRRT—CURRENT STATUS: Intensity of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury

The intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is generally assessed on the basis of small solute clearance with dosing usually expressed in terms of total effluent volume per unit time (e.g., ml/kg/hour). Although several clinical trials have suggested an improvement in survival with higher doses of CRRT, results have not been consistent across all studies. The results of recent trials of intensity of CRRT are reviewed. The largest and most recent trials suggest that there is no additional benefit to using effluent flow rates in excess of 20 ml/kg/hour, although earlier studies suggested improved survival with doses of 35 to 45 ml/kg/hour.
The Valuation of Multivariate Contingent Claims in Discrete Time Models

There are several examples in the literature of contingent claims whose payoffs depend on the outcomes of two or more stochastic variables. Familiar cases of such claims include options on a portfolio of options, options whose exercise price is stochastic, and options to exchange one asset for another. This paper derives risk neutral valuation relationships (RNVRs) in a discrete time setting that facilitate the pricing of such complex contingent claims in two specific cases: joint lognormally distributed underlying variables and constant proportional risk aversion on the part of investors, and joint normally distributed underlying variables and constant absolute risk aversion preferences, respectively. This methodology is then applied to the valuation of several interesting complex contingent claims such as multiperiod bonds, multicurrency option bonds, and investment options.
Epidemiological Analysis of Factors Influencing an Episode of Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in High School Students

Background An episode of rhabdomyolysis occurred after an endurance test in high school students in Taipei County in November 2003. Purpose To determine the incidence, outcome, and risk factors in an episode of exertional rhabdomyolysis in high school students. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods We enrolled all 225 high school students who had performed an endurance test. Using data from retrospective questionnaires, we estimated the incidence and assessed risk factors of exertional rhabdomyolysis among these students. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine risk factors associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis. Results The completed questionnaire was returned by 70% (157 of 225) of the students. Of these, 43.3% (68 of 157) were identified as having exertional rhabdomyolysis, and the incidence was not statistically different between male and female students (P= .49). Dark urine was noted in only 25% of the students. None of the students developed acute renal failure. The risk of exertional rhabdomyolysis was significantly higher in those students who had not exercised 1 day before the endurance test (odds ratio [OR], 6.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.00-18.00) and those who had performed postexercise stretching of the legs (OR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.28-7.69) or performed complete squats during the test (OR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.12-10.00). There were no statistically significant differences in gender, body mass index, presence of flulike symptoms, previous exercise routine, and medication history between students with or without exertional rhabdomyolysis. Conclusion Our findings suggest that exertional rhabdomyolysis is not uncommon in strenuous eccentric exercise in both men and women, but the risk of developing acute renal failure is very low. Exercise 1 day before eccentric exercise was significantly associated with a reduced risk of exertional rhabdomyolysis, whereas postexercise stretching of the involved extremities might increase the risk.
Post-illumination cellular effects of photodynamic treatment

Increased interest in clinical application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in various medical fields poses a demand for better understanding of processes triggered by photo-treatment. Most of the work on PDT performed so far has focused on the immediate effects of photo-treatment. It is generally accepted that cellular damage occurs during light exposure and within a short period thereafter. If cells are not killed during the PDT, they might recover, depending on the extent of the photo-induced damage. Little is known, however, about the relationship between the properties of photosensitizers (PSs) and the delayed consequences of PDT. The aim of this work was to investigate cellular responses to sub-lethal photodynamic treatment and how toxicogenic potency may be affected by molecular features of the PS. Results demonstrated that for cationic porphyrin-based PSs, lipophilicity is the main factor determining the fate of the cells in the 24-hour post-illumination period. PSs with amphiphilic properties initiated oxidative reactions that continued in the dark, long after light exposure, and caused suppression of metabolism and loss of cell viability with concomitant changes in electrophoretic mobility of proteins, including caspases. Apoptotic activity was not stimulated in the post-illumination period. This study demonstrated that in PDT mediated by amphiphilic cationic metalloporphyrin PSs, even when immediate photo-damage is relatively mild, destructive oxidative processes initiated during PDT continue in the absence of light to substantially impair metabolism, and that post-illumination protein modification may modify utilization of cell death pathways.