Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal Location of Traits Associated with Wheat Seedling Water and Phosphorus Use Efficiency under Different Water and Phosphorus Stresses

The objective of this study was to locate chromosomes for improving water and phosphorus-deficiency tolerance of wheat at the seedling stage. A set of Chinese Spring-Egyptian Red wheat substitution lines and their parent Chinese Spring (recipient) and Egyptian Red (donor) cultivars were measured to determine the chromosomal locations of genes controlling water use efficiency (WUE) and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) under different water and phosphorus conditions. The results underlined that chromosomes 1A, 7A, 7B, and 3A showed higher leaf water use efficiency (WUEl = Pn/Tr; Pn = photosynthetic rate; Tr = transpiration rate) under W-P (Hoagland solution with 1/2P), -W-P (Hoagland solution with 1/2P and 10% PEG). Chromosomes 7A, 3D, 2B, 3B, and 4B may carry genes for positive effects on individual plant water use efficiency (WUEp = biomass/TWC; TWC = total water consumption) under WP (Hoagland solution), W-P and -W-P treatment. Chromosomes 7A and 7D carry genes for PUE enhancement under WP, -WP (Hoagland solution with 10% PEG) and W-P treatment. Chromosome 7A possibly has genes for controlling WUE and PUE simultaneously, which indicates that WUE and PUE may share the same genetic background. Phenotypic and genetic analysis of the investigated traits showed that photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr), Tr and WUEl showed significant positive and negative correlations under WP, W-P, -WP and -W-P, W-P, -WP treatments, respectively. Dry mass (DM), WUEP, PUT (phosphorus uptake) all showed significant positive correlation under WP, W-P and -WP treatment. PUE and phosphorus uptake (PUT = P uptake per plant) showed significant negative correlation under the four treatments. The results might provide useful information for improving WUE and PUE in wheat genetics.
Supercooling of type 1 polar stratospheric clouds: The freezing of submicron nitric acid aerosols having HNO3 mol fractions less than 0.5

We report the freezing temperatures for nitric acid/water aerosol particles having radii about 0.2 μm and concentrations in the range 0.24 < xHNO3 < 0.46 (xHNO3 = nitric acid mol fraction). The aerosols supercool by up to 85 K. The droplets having xHNO3 = 0.33 have the highest freezing point in this concentration range; they supercool by 60 K and produce nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) upon freezing. We describe a simplified principal components analysis that improves the detection of the freezing point and allows the identification of the solid that precipitates upon freezing. This procedure shows that for the temperature range and experimental conditions explored, only NAD precipitates in the concentration range 0.33 < xHNO3 < 0.42 and both NAD and nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) precipitate for the range 0.24 < xHNO3 < 0.33. The temperature dependences of our measured freezing points correlate strongly with NAD saturation ratios, but have no relationship with NAT supersaturation at any concentration. Thus NAD nucleates preferentially from supercooled aerosols in this composition range, probably because of kinetic constraints on the nucleation of NAT. We conclude that NAD nucleation is possible during rapid cooling events in the polar stratosphere, if temperatures lower than 185 K are reached. During the freezing of stratospheric aerosol droplets in this concentration range, it seems likely that NAD nucleates first, thereby providing a surface on which NAT may crystallize.
A prognostic scoring system for arm exercise stress testing

Objective Arm exercise stress testing may be an equivalent or better predictor of mortality outcome than pharmacological stress imaging for the ≥50% for patients unable to perform leg exercise. Thus, our objective was to develop an arm exercise ECG stress test scoring system, analogous to the Duke Treadmill Score, for predicting outcome in these individuals. Methods In this retrospective observational cohort study, arm exercise ECG stress tests were performed in 443 consecutive veterans aged 64.1 (11.1) years. (mean (SD)) between 1997 and 2002. From multivariate Cox models, arm exercise scores were developed for prediction of 5-year and 12-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and 5-year cardiovascular mortality or myocardial infarction (MI). Results Arm exercise capacity in resting metabolic equivalents (METs), 1 min heart rate recovery (HRR) and ST segment depression ≥1 mm were the stress test variables independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by step-wise Cox analysis (all p<0.01). A score based on the relation HRR (bpm)+7.3×METs−10.5×ST depression (0=no; 1=yes) prognosticated 5-year cardiovascular mortality with a C-statistic of 0.81 before and 0.88 after adjustment for significant demographic and clinical covariates. Arm exercise scores for the other outcome end points yielded C-statistic values of 0.77–0.79 before and 0.82–0.86 after adjustment for significant covariates versus 0.64–0.72 for best fit pharmacological myocardial perfusion imaging models in a cohort of 1730 veterans who were evaluated over the same time period. Conclusions Arm exercise scores, analogous to the Duke Treadmill Score, have good power for prediction of mortality or MI in patients who cannot perform leg exercise.
Quantitative analogue flume‐model study of river–shelf systems: principles and verification exemplified by the Late Quaternary Colorado river–delta evolution

ABSTRACT Physical modelling of clastic sedimentary systems over geological time spans has to resort to analogue modelling since full scaling cannot be achieved within the spatial and temporal restrictions that are imposed by a laboratory set‐up. Such analogue models are suitable for systematic investigation of a sedimentary system's sensitivity to allocyclic changes by isolating governing parameters. Until now, analogue models of landscape evolution were mainly qualitative in nature. In this paper, we present a quantitative approach. The quantitative experimental results are verified and discussed by comparison with high‐resolution data from the Colorado river–shelf system of the Texas shelf that we used as a prototype.
FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC E region observations and daytime foE at middle latitudes

[1] Ionosonde observations at Rome and Gibilmanna (Sicily) for some months of 2006–2007 were analyzed in the connection with recent COSMIC NmE results. Italy was completely located in the NmE enhanced zone according to COSMIC observations for the periods in question. COSMIC-observed NmE values in the NmE enhanced zone do not coincide with NmE scaled from ionograms in accordance with the URSI Recommendations, but the IRI model correctly describes monthly median NmE contrary to the Chu et al. (2009) conclusion. Three month averaged COSMIC NmE values turn out to be close to monthly median NmE corresponding to the blanketing frequency fbEs. A conclusion is made that sporadic E practically permanently existing during daytime hours in summer strongly contributes to NmE observed by COSMIC. Possible reasons for the occurrence of the NmE enhanced zones at middle latitudes are discussed.
Climatology of surface‐based inversions in the North American Arctic

The annual cycle of surface-based inversions at nine Arctic weather stations is examined, based on a 20-year set of daily 1200 UT significant level radiosonde data. All stations are at or near the coast. Inversions in winter months are primarily the result of strongly negative net radiation at the surface, whereas in summer, inversions more commonly result from near-surface cooling of warm air masses. Inversion frequency is at a maximum in winter (generally >70% of days) when inversions range from {approximately}400 to {approximately}850 m in thickness. Inversion thickness and strength (temperature change across the inversion) are strongly related to surface temperature. Inversions may involve temperature changes of >30{degrees}C in 6{degrees}C 100 m{sup {minus}1} during periods of extreme warm air advection aloft. Midwinter inversions commonly persist for 2-4 days, but may remain undisturbed for several weeks, affecting lower tropospheric chemistry. 9 refs., 11 figs., 5 tabs.
New approaches to combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder

Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex disorder associated with an intricate biological and psychological symptom profile and various common comorbidities. Despite an existing myriad of evidence-based and experimental treatments, PTSD is often difficult to treat. This reality necessitates a discussion of the potential of emerging treatments. Areas covered: A literature search using PubMed and PsychInfo was done using the following keywords: randomized clinical trials, treatment guidelines, pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, all in addition to PTSD. A comprehensive treatment review establishes that early intervention approaches have not yet been found to prevent PTSD in trauma survivors. However, psychotherapy research provides substantial support for cognitive behavioral therapies and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for chronic PTSD, and psychopharmacological approaches are myriad – although at present there is FDA approval only for sertraline and paroxetine. However, the efficacy of these treatments varies and, unfortunately, not everyone will achieve remission. Expert opinion: So far, the mental health field has tended to focus on either biological or psychological targets. We propose that maximizing treatment success may require an integrated approach that does not dichotomize biological and psychological aspects. Exciting new developments reflecting this perspective include psychopharmacologic augmentation strategies that enhance the mechanisms of psychotherapy.
Evoked brain responses are generated by feedback loops

Neuronal responses to stimuli, measured electrophysiologically, unfold over several hundred milliseconds. Typically, they show characteristic waveforms with early and late components. It is thought that early or exogenous components reflect a perturbation of neuronal dynamics by sensory input bottom-up processing. Conversely, later, endogenous components have been ascribed to recurrent dynamics among hierarchically disposed cortical processing levels, top-down effects. Here, we show that evoked brain responses are generated by recurrent dynamics in cortical networks, and late components of event-related responses are mediated by backward connections. This evidence is furnished by dynamic causal modeling of mismatch responses, elicited in an oddball paradigm. We used the evidence for models with and without backward connections to assess their likelihood as a function of peristimulus time and show that backward connections are necessary to explain late components. Furthermore, we were able to quantify the contribution of backward connections to evoked responses and to source activity, again as a function of peristimulus time. These results link a generic feature of brain responses to changes in the sensorium and a key architectural component of functional anatomy; namely, backward connections are necessary for recurrent interactions among levels of cortical hierarchies. This is the theoretical cornerstone of most modern theories of perceptual inference and learning.
Response of upper ocean currents to Typhoon Fanapi

The response of upper ocean currents to Typhoon Fanapi in fall 2010 was studied using an extensive air‐deployed drifter array. Separation of the observations into near‐inertial and sub‐inertial motions quantified the importance of strong advection by the sub‐inertial circulation for the evolution of the cold wake formed by Typhoon Fanapi. The near‐inertial currents generated during the storm showed the expected rightward bias, with peak magnitudes of up to 0.6 m/s and an e‐folding time of about 4 days for the strong currents within the cold wake. The shear of the near‐inertial currents is crucial for the storm‐induced cooling and deepening of the mixed layer and such instabilities were here directly observed across the base of the mixed layer in Typhoon Fanapi's cold wake. During the recovery, the diurnal cycle—a dominant process for the wake warming—was found to be noticeably reduced when the near‐inertial motions were strongest.
AAV natural infection induces broad cross-neutralizing antibody responses to multiple AAV serotypes in chimpanzees.

Cross-sectional studies of primates have revealed that natural neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses to adeno-associated viruses (AAV) span multiple serotypes. This differs from the phenotype of the NAb response to an AAV vector delivered to sero-negative nonhuman primates which is typically restricted to the administered AAV serotype. To better understand the mechanism by which natural AAV infections result in broad NAb responses, we conducted a longitudinal study spanning 10 years in which we evaluated serum-circulating AAV NAb levels in captive-housed chimpanzees. In a cohort of 25 chimpanzees we identified three distinct groups of animals: those which never sero-converted to AAV (naïve); those which were persistently seropositive (chronic); and those that seroconverted during the 10 year period (acute). For the chronic group we found a broad sero-response characterized by NAbs reacting to multiple AAV serotypes. A similar cross-neutralization pattern of NAbs was observed in the acute group. These data support our hypothesis that a single natural infection with AAV induces a broadly cross-reactive NAb response to multiple AAV serotypes.
Tensor‐Guided Fitting of Subducting Slab Depths

Abstract Geophysical measurements are often acquired at scattered locations in space. Therefore, interpolating or fitting the sparsely sampled data as a uniform function of space (a procedure commonly known as gridding) is a ubiquitous problem in geophysics. Most gridding methods require a model of spatial correlation for data. This spatial correlation model can often be inferred from some sort of secondary information, which may also be sparsely sampled in space. In this paper, we present a new method to model the geometry of a subducting slab in which we use a data‐fitting approach to address the problem. Earthquakes and active‐source seismic surveys provide estimates of depths of subducting slabs but only at scattered locations. In addition to estimates of depths from earthquake locations, focal mechanisms of subduction zone earthquakes also provide estimates of the strikes of the subducting slab on which they occur. We use these spatially sparse strike samples and the Earth’s curved surface geometry to infer a model for spatial correlation that guides a blended neighbor interpolation of slab depths. We then modify the interpolation method to account for the uncertainties associated with the depth estimates.
Evaluation of the High-Resolution CMORPH Satellite Rainfall Product Using Dense Rain Gauge Observations and Radar-Based Estimates

AbstractThis study focuses on the evaluation of the NOAA–NCEP Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing technique (CMORPH) satellite-based rainfall product at fine space–time resolutions (1 h and 8 km). The evaluation was conducted during a 28-month period from 2004 to 2006 using a high-quality experimental rain gauge network in southern Louisiana, United States. The dense arrangement of rain gauges allowed for multiple gauges to be located within a single CMORPH pixel and provided a relatively reliable approximation of pixel-average surface rainfall. The results suggest that the CMORPH product has high detection skills: the probability of successful detection is ~80% for surface rain rates >2 mm h−1 and probability of false detection <3%. However, significant and alarming missed-rain and false-rain volumes of 21% and 22%, respectively, were reported. The CMORPH product has a negligible bias when assessed for the entire study period. On an event scale it has significant biases that exceed 100%. The fine-re.
Precise Foreground Detection Algorithm Using Motion Estimation, Minima and Maxima Inside the Foreground Object

In this paper the precise foreground mask is obtained in a complex environment by applying simple and effective methods on a video sequence consisting of multi-colour and multiple foreground object environment. To detect moving objects we use a simple algorithm based on block-based motion estimation, which requires less computational time. To obtain a full and improved mask of the moving object, we use an opening-and-closing-by-reconstruction mechanism to identify the minima and maxima inside the foreground object by applying a set of morphological operations. This further enhances the outlines of foreground objects at various stages of image processing. Therefore, the algorithm does not require the knowledge of the background image. That is why it can be used in real world video sequences to detect the foreground in cases where we do not have a background model in advance. The comparative performance results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Sevelamer Carbonate Reduces Inflammation and Endotoxemia in an Animal Model of Uremia

Background: Renal failure is associated with activation of inflammatory response, but the mechanisms behind this observation and potential anti-inflammatory strategies are yet to be defined. Endotoxin (ET) translocation from the intestinal lumen can potentially trigger systemic inflammatory response, and ET binding represents a potential anti-inflammatory strategy in renal failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ET-binding capacity of sevelamer carbonate in an animal model of renal failure. Material and Methods: Rats were 5/6 nephrectomized to induce uremia (U) and sham-operated rats were allocated to receive normal chow (controls) or a diet with 3% sevelamer carbonate added (+SC) for 60 days. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and ET were measured in plasma on days 7, 30 and 60 in all animals. Results: Renal failure induced an inflammatory response, since TNF-α levels were undetectable in all control animals in contrast to the uremic group (3.18 ± 0.62, 2.58 ± 0.54 and 1.86 ± 0.47 pg/ml, respectively, on days 7, 30 and 60; p < 0.05 at all time points). Similarly, uremic rats presented an increase in ET levels (0.038 ± 0.007 EU/ml) when compared to sham-operated animals (0.008 ± 0.006 EU/ml; p < 0.05). During the study, TNF-α levels in U + SC rats were significantly lower compared with U-control animals (p < 0.05). Similarly, ET levels in U + SC rats were lower when compared with U-control rats (p < 0.005). Conclusion: In conclusion, induction of renal failure triggered inflammation and induced endotoxemia in this experimental model of chronic kidney disease, which were reduced by sevelamer treatment. This data suggests that sevelamer carbonate induces an anti-inflammatory effect in parallel to a reduction in ET.
Breath testing as potential colorectal cancer screening tool

Although colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is included in organized programs of many countries worldwide, there is still a place for better screening tools. In this study, 418 breath samples were collected from 65 patients with CRC, 22 with advanced or nonadvanced adenomas, and 122 control cases. All patients, including the controls, had undergone colonoscopy. The samples were analysed with two different techniques. The first technique relied on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) for identification and quantification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The T‐test was used to identify significant VOCs (p values < 0.017). The second technique relied on sensor analysis with a pattern recognition method for building a breath pattern to identify different groups. Blind analysis or leave‐one‐out cross validation was conducted for validation. The GC‐MS analysis revealed four significant VOCs that identified the tested groups; these were acetone and ethyl acetate (higher in CRC), ethanol and 4‐methyl octane (lower in CRC). The sensor‐analysis distinguished CRC from the control group with 85% sensitivity, 94% specificity and 91% accuracy. The performance of the sensors in identifying the advanced adenoma group from the non‐advanced adenomas was 88% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 94% accuracy. The performance of the sensors in identifying the advanced adenoma group was distinguished from the control group was 100% sensitivity, 88% specificity, and 94% accuracy. For summary, volatile marker testing by using sensor analysis is a promising noninvasive approach for CRC screening.
Phase relations among tellurides, sulfides, and oxides; Pt. II, Applications to telluride-bearing ore deposits

Data on telluride-bearing mineral assemblages from various types of ore deposits are compiled and interpreted in terms of the prevailing fugacities of Te 2 , S 2 , and the temperature during deposition. In the majority of hydrothermal deposits, the appearance of tellurides after initial deposition of sulfides reflects an increase in the f (sub Te 2 ) /f (sub S 2 ) ratio, most likely due to input of H 2 Te from a magmatic source. In some vein deposits such as Boulder County (Colorado), initial deposition of native tellurium is followed by deposition of minerals with progressively lower tellurium content, indicating a decrease in f (sub Te 2 ) over the course of telluride deposition. This trend may reflect local isolation of early formed minerals from the hydrothermal fluids and/or progressive depletion of tellurium at the source. Ore minerals in other deposits, such as Mahd Adh Dhahab (Saudi Arabia), reveal systematic temporal or spatial variations in mineralogy that are attributed to introduction of a tellurium-rich fluid into a preexisting sulfide assemblage, and subsequent buffering of f (sub Te 2 ) and f (sub S 2 ) by reactions such as 2PbS + Te 2 = 2PbTe + S 2 . This buffering may exert considerable control on vein minerals, such as the presence and relative abundance of gold and calaverite, and the presence or absence of native tellurium.
Levels of Polyamines and Kinetic Characterization of Their Uptake in the Soybean Pathogen Phytophthora sojae

ABSTRACT Polyamines are ubiquitous biologically active aliphatic cations that are at least transiently available in the soil from decaying organic matter. Our objectives in this study were to characterize polyamine uptake kinetics in Phytophthora sojae zoospores and to quantify endogenous polyamines in hyphae, zoospores, and soybean roots. Zoospores contained 10 times more free putrescine than spermidine, while hyphae contained only 4 times as much free putrescine as spermidine. Zoospores contained no conjugated putrescine, but conjugated spermidine was present. Hyphae contained both conjugated putrescine and spermidine at levels comparable to the hyphal free putrescine and spermidine levels. In soybean roots, cadaverine was the most abundant polyamine, but only putrescine efflux was detected. The selective efflux of putrescine suggests that the regulation of polyamine availability is part of the overall plant strategy to influence microbial growth in the rhizosphere. In zoospores, uptake experiments with [1,4-14C]putrescine and [1,4-14C]spermidine confirmed the existence of high-affinity polyamine transport for both polyamines. Putrescine uptake was reduced by high levels of exogenous spermidine, but spermidine uptake was not reduced by exogenous putrescine. These observations suggest that P. sojae zoospores express at least two high-affinity polyamine transporters, one that is spermidine specific and a second that is putrescine specific or putrescine preferential. Disruption of polyamine uptake or metabolism has major effects on a wide range of cellular activities in other organisms and has been proposed as a potential control strategy for Phytophthora. Inhibition of polyamine uptake may be a means of reducing the fitness of the zoospore along with subsequent developmental stages that precede infection.