Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shared Randomness and Quantum Communication in the Multi-party Model

We study shared randomness in the context of multi-party number-in-hand communication protocols in the simultaneous message passing model. We show that with three or more players, shared randomness exhibits new interesting properties that have no direct analogues in the two-party case. First, we demonstrate a hierarchy of modes of shared randomness, with the usual shared randomness where all parties access the same random string as the strongest form in the hierarchy. We show exponential separations between its levels, and some of our bounds may be of independent interest. For example, we show that the equality function can be solved by a protocol of constant length using the weakest form of shared randomness, which we call XOR-shared randomness. Second, we show that quantum communication cannot replace shared randomness in the k-party case, where k ≥ 3 is any constant. We demonstrate a promise function GPk that can be computed by a classical protocol of constant length when (the strongest form of) shared randomness is available, but any quantum protocol without shared randomness must send nΩ(1) qubits to compute it. Moreover, the quantum complexity of GPk remains nΩ(1) even if the “second strongest” mode of shared randomness is available. While a somewhat similar separation was already known in the two-party case, in the multi-party case our statement is qualitatively stronger: · In the two-party case, only a relational communication problem with similar properties is known. · In the two-party case, the gap between the two complexities of a problem can be at most exponential, as it is known that 2O(c) log n qubits can always replace shared randomness in any c-bit protocol. Our bounds imply that with quantum communication alone, in general, it is not possible to simulate efficiently even a three-bit three-party classical protocol that uses shared randomness.
Early versus Delayed Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV and Tuberculosis Co-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective To compare important clinical outcomes between early and delayed initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in adults who had a co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB). Methods We performed a systematic search for relevant publications on PubMed, EMBASE, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared early ART initiation (within four weeks after anti-TB treatment starting) and delayed ART initiation (after eight weeks but less than twelve weeks of anti-TB treatment starting) in the course of TB treatment. Pooled estimates with corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated with random-effects model. Sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the stability of pooled estimates. Results A meta-analysis was evaluated from six RCTs with 2272 participants. Compared to delayed ART initiation, early ART initiation significantly reduces all-cause mortality in HIV-positive patients with TB [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.75, 95%CI 0.59 to 0.95; I2 = 0.00%; p = 0.67], even though there is an increased risk for IRD [IRR 2.29, 95%CI 1.81 to 2.91; I22 = 0.00%; p = 0.56]. Additionally, early ART initiation was not associated with an increased risk for grade 3-4 drug-related adverse events [IRR 0.99, 95%CI 0.83 to 1.18; I2 = 0.00%; p = 0.56]. Conclusions Although limited evidence, our results provide support for early ART initiation in the course of anti-TB treatment. However, more well-designed cohort or intervention studies are required to further confirm our findings.
Independence of extracellular tortuosity and volume fraction during osmotic challenge in rat neocortex

The structural properties of brain extracellular space (ECS) are summarised by the tortuosity (λ) and the volume fraction (α). To determine if these two parameters were independent, we varied the size of the ECS by changing the NaCl content to alter osmolality of bathing media for rat cortical slices. Values of λ and α were extracted from diffusion measurements using the real‐time ionophoretic method with tetramethylammonium (TMA+). In normal medium (305 mosmol kg−1), the average value of λ was 1.69 and of α was 0.24. Reducing osmolality to 150 mosmol kg−1, increased λ to 1.86 and decreased α to 0.12. Increasing osmolality to 350 mosmol kg−1, reduced λ to about 1.67 where it remained unchanged even when osmolality increased further to 500 mosmol kg−1. In contrast, α increased steadily to 0.42 as osmolality increased. Comparison with previously published experiments employing 3000 Mr dextran to measure λ, showed the same behaviour as for TMA+, including the same constant λ in hypertonic media but with a steeper slope in the hypotonic solutions. These data show that λ and α behave differently as the ECS geometry varies. When α decreases, λ increases but when α increases, λ rapidly attains a constant value. A previous model allowing cellular shape to alter during osmotic challenge can account qualitatively for the plateau behaviour of λ.
Gender Differences in Pay Expectations: The Roles of Job Intention and Self-View

Because pay expectations play a role in the persistent gender pay gap, we surveyed 435 undergraduate students to examine the impacts of gender, job intentions, and self-views on the pay expectations of pre-career women and men. Our findings showed a gender gap in which women expected to be paid less than men expected to be paid at the beginning and at the peak of their careers. Findings also showed a gap in job intentions such that women and men who intended to hold female-dominated jobs expected to be paid less than those pursuing male-dominated jobs at both time periods. Further exploration showed that job intentions fully mediated the link between gender and entry-level pay expectations but did not mediate the link between gender and peak-career pay expectancies. After controlling for the gender type of the intended job, self-esteem did not moderate the relationship between gender and pay expectations at either career point, but self-efficacy did at both points. Increased self-efficacy raised the entry-level pay expectations of women and reduced the peak-career pay expectations of men. Our results highlight the importance of encouraging cross-stereotypic job pursuits for both women and men and indicate the importance of self-efficacy in curbing the gap in pay expectations.
Axonal Transport Blockade in the Neonatal Rat Optic Nerve Induces Limited Retinal Ganglion Cell Death

Optic nerve section in the newborn rat results in a rapid apoptotic degeneration of most axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This massive process of neuronal death has been ascribed mainly to the interruption of a trophic factor supply from target structures rather than to the axonal damage per se. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we induced a reversible axonal transport blockade in the developing optic nerve by topical application of a local anesthetic (lidocaine). Light and electron microscopy showed no alterations in the fine structure of treated optic nerves. Retinae of treated and control rats were stained with cresyl violet and examined at different times after surgery. We found that axonal transport blockade induced only a limited number of pyknotic RGCs. Degeneration of these cells was completely prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis during lidocaine application. We conclude that the rapid degeneration of RGCs after axotomy can be ascribed only partly to the loss of retrogradely transported trophic factors.
Historical Zoonoses and Other Changes in Host Tropism of Staphylococcus aureus, Identified by Phylogenetic Analysis of a Population Dataset

Background Staphylococcus aureus exhibits tropisms to many distinct animal hosts. While spillover events can occur wherever there is an interface between host species, changes in host tropism only occur with the establishment of sustained transmission in the new host species, leading to clonal expansion. Although the genomic variation underpinning adaptation in S. aureus genotypes infecting bovids and poultry has been well characterized the frequency of switches from one host to another remains obscure. We sought to identify sustained switches in host tropism in the S. aureus population, both anthroponotic and zoonotic, and their distribution over the species phylogeny. Methodologies/Results We have used a sample of 3042 isolates, representing 696 distinct MLST genotypes, from a well-established database (www.mlst.net). Using an empirical parsimony approach (AdaptML) we have investigated the distribution of switches in host association between both human and non-human (henceforth referred to as animal) hosts. We reconstructed a credible description of past events in the form of a phylogenetic tree; the nodes and leaves of which are statistically associated with either human or animal habitats, estimated from extant host-association and the degree of sequence divergence between genotypes. We identified 15 likely historical switching events; 13 anthroponoses and two zoonoses. Importantly, we identified two human-associated clade candidates (CC25 and CC59) that have arisen from animal-associated ancestors; this demonstrates that a human-specific lineage can emerge from an animal host. We also highlight novel rabbit-associated genotypes arising from a human ancestor. Conclusions S. aureus is an organism with the capacity to switch into and adapt to novel hosts, even after long periods of isolation in a single host species. Based on this evidence, animal-adapted S. aureus lineages exhibiting resistance to antibiotics must be considered a major threat to public health, as they can adapt to the human population.
Adaptive test flow for mixed-signal ICs

Adaptive test is a promising direction for reducing the manufacturing test cost. It aims to dynamically adjust the test program on a device-by-device or on a wafer-by-wafer basis. Adjusting the test program could involve eliminating tests, changing test limits, re-ordering tests, etc. The objective is to spend the minimum possible test time per device without sacrificing fault coverage. In this paper, we present an adaptive test flow for mixed-signal ICs and we demonstrate its effectiveness on a sizable production dataset from a large mixed-signal IC. The adaptive test flow first eliminates seemingly redundant tests on a wafer-by-wafer basis and then it may refine the test content on a device-by-device basis so as to ensure high fault coverage. In addition, it estimates the test escape risk so as to provide confidence in the binning of devices.
SMART in Mathematics? Exploring the effects of in-class-level differentiation using SMARTboard on math proficiency

This paper explored the effects of in-class-level differentiation by making innovative use of an interactive whiteboard (SMARTboard) on math proficiency. Therefore, this paper evaluates the use of SMARTboard in class, in combination with teacher training, using a randomized field experiment among 199 pre-vocational students in seventh grade in the Netherlands. During 6 weeks, students in the intervention group participated in math classes in which the SMARTboard was used to apply level differentiation. The teachers of these classes received a specific training (Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge [TPACK]) in using the SMARTboard in class. Control classes were taught by teachers without the training, who did not use the SMARTboard in class. The results showed that level differentiation in class, which was possible because of the efficient use of the SMARTboard, significantly increased math proficiency with 0.25 points.
Coloring Spatial Point Processes With Applications to Peer Discovery in Large Wireless Networks

In this paper, we study distributed channel assignment in wireless networks with applications to peer discovery in ad hoc wireless networks. We model channel assignment as a coloring problem for spatial point processes in which n nodes are located in a unit cube uniformly at random and each node is assigned one of K colors, where each color represents a channel. The objective is to maximize the spatial separation between nodes of the same color. In general, it is hard to derive the optimal coloring algorithm, and we therefore consider a natural online greedy coloring algorithm first proposed by Ko and Rubenstein in 2005. We prove two key results: 1) with just log n/log log n colors, the distance separation achieved by the greedy coloring algorithm asymptotically matches the optimal distance separation that can be achieved by an algorithm which is allowed to optimally place the nodes but is allowed to use only one color; and 2) when K=Ω(log n), the greedy coloring algorithm asymptotically achieves the best distance separation that can be achieved by an algorithm which is allowed to both optimally color and place nodes. The greedy coloring algorithm is also shown to dramatically outperform a simple random coloring algorithm. Moreover, the results continue to hold under node mobility.
Peripheral monocytes and CD4+ cells are potential Sources for increased circulating levels of TGF‐β and substance P in autoimmune myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis is an uncommon phenomenon associated with a variety of neoplastic and inflammatory processes. Although there is evidence that cytokines elaborated by clonal malignant hematopoietic cells are implicated in myelofibrosis in primary hematologic disorders, there has been little data to date on the pathophysiology of myelofibrosis in autoimmune disorders. Here we report a case of autoimmune myelofibrosis with pancytopenia. Peripheral blood monocytes and CD4‐positive lymphocytes produced significantly elevated levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) compared to similar cells from healthy volunteer controls. TGF‐β has been implicated in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis associated with primary hematological malignancies. Furthermore, substance P, previously linked to myelofibrosis, was also detected in elevated levels in the patient's serum and correlated negatively with the levels of the patient's blood counts. These findings suggest a role for both TGF‐β and substance P in the pathophysiology of autoimmune myelofibrosis. This is the first report of deregulated production of TGF‐β by monocytes in the pathobiology of autoimmune myelofibrosis. Am. J. Hematol. 81:51–58, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solving Generalized Least-Squares Problems with LSQR

An iterative method for solving augmented linear systems in a generalized least-squares sense is given. The method, LSQR(A-1), is shown to be a natural extension of the LSQR algorithm of Paige and Saunders [ACM Trans. Math. Software, 8 (1982), pp. 43--71], with generalized orthogonality properties so that the Cholesky factor of A is not required. Instead it is only assumed that some method of calculating the effect of (A-1) on a vector is available. Numerical experiments comparing LSQR(A-1)with similar preconditioned Krylov methods are described which demonstrate that the new method exhibits superior numerical properties when the Schur complement BTA-1B is ill conditioned.
Trends and Outcomes of Adolescent Bariatric Surgery in California, 2005–2007

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate trends, and outcomes of adolescents who undergo bariatric surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients younger than 21 years who underwent elective bariatric surgery between 2005 and 2007 were identified from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the type of surgery. RESULTS: Overall, 590 adolescents (aged 13–20 years) underwent bariatric surgery in 86 hospitals. White adolescents represented 28% of those who were overweight but accounted for 65% of the procedures. Rates of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) increased 6.9-fold from 0.3 to 1.5 per 100 000 population (P < .01), whereas laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) rates decreased from 3.8 to 2.7 per 100 000 population (P < .01). Self-payers were more likely to undergo LAGB (relative risk [RR]: 3.51 [95% confidence interval: 2.11–5.32]) and less likely to undergo LRYGB (RR: 0.45 [95% confidence interval: 0.33–0.58]) compared with privately insured adolescents. The rate of major in-hospital complication was 1%, and no deaths were reported. Of the patients who received LAGB, 4.7% had band revision/removal. In contrast, 2.9% of those who received LRYGB required reoperations. CONCLUSIONS: White adolescent girls disproportionately underwent bariatric surgery. Although LAGB has not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in children, its use has increased dramatically. There was a complication rate and no deaths. Long-term studies are needed to fully assess the efficacy, safety, and health care costs of these procedures in adolescents.
Computer Attitudes as a Function of Age, Gender, Math Attitude, and Developmental Status

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the variables of age, gender, attitudes toward mathematics, and student type are significantly related to the following four dimensions of computer attitude: anxiety, confidence, liking, and usefulness. Data were collected via a survey instrument that combined demographics with the Loyd and Gressard (1984) Computer Attitude Scale and the Fennema-Sherman (1976) Mathematics Attitude Scale. The 351 male and female participants, in three age groups, were approximately equally divided between developmental and non-developmental students. A multiple analysis of variance revealed no main effect for gender with respect to dimensions of computer attitude. A main effect was found for age, indicating that the youngest group of students reported less computer anxiety and higher levels of confidence than did the other age groups. However, the oldest students reported the highest levels of computer liking and perceived usefulness of computers. Also, students with the highest level of math attitudes had the highest score for all four dimensions of computer attitude. Finally, relative to non-developmental students, developmental students reported significantly more positive attitudes toward the dimensions of computer attitude except perceived usefulness. Implications are discussed.
Toward Semantic-Based Exploration of Parallelism in Production Systems

We propose a new approach for the parallel execution of production system programs. This approach embodies methods of decomposition abstraction using declarative mechanisms. Application semantics can then be exploited to achieve a much higher degree of concurrency. In this paper we present the underlying object-based framework of production systems and discuss the ensuing semantic-based dependency analysis technique. In particular, we define a new notion of functional dependency to characterize associative relationships among data objects, which can be used to determine concurrently executable rules. A byproduct of this research is a new technique for rapid system development and evaluation. the technique eliminates the possible inaccurancy of simulation as well as the high cost of full-fledged system implementation.
Social Psychology Across Cultures: Analysis and Perspectives

Part 1 The worldview of the social psychology textbook: an instructive cross-cultural episode. Part 2 The world of social psychology: the where and when of social psychology how well do the classic studies replicate? some second thoughts on replication culture - the neglected concept what is culture? nations and cultures culture as a theoretical cure-all the search of universals of social behaviour gender relations emotional expression personality traits aggression pro-social behaviour some interim conclusions going back to one's roots - the search for indigenous psychologies social identity theory the theory of social representation Third World psychologies. Part 3 Social cognition: the self in its social context the self in its physical context perceiving others success and failure comparing oneself and others progress review the individual and the group - pathways to harmony the nature of group membership distributive justice co-operation and competition negotiation conflict resolution intimate relationships. Part 4 Social influence processes: communication style time perspective conformity revisited minority influence leadership and hierarchy. Part 5 The characteristics of cross-cultural interaction: meeting others identifying the other beliefs about out-group members communication with foreigners communication breakdown one more time - Mr Chan and Mrs Robertson, conclusion the consequences of cross-cultural contact culture shock cross-cultural outcomes cultural loss? cultural gains? improving outcomes organizational considerations. Part 6 Cross-cultural social psychology - history or a helping hand toward the future? : social psychology as history? how do cultures change? the convergency hypothesis the evidence against convergence a middle way between convergence and divergence future contributions.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Managing Radical and Incremental Creativity

This research extends creativity theory by re-conceptualizing creativity as a two-dimensional construct (radical and incremental) and examining the differential effects of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic rewards, and supportive supervision on perceptions of creativity. We hypothesize and find two distinct types of creativity that are associated with different motivational factors. We further consider how combinations of motivational factors are linked to the different types of creativity. Finally, theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
CCTα and CCTδ Chaperonin Subunits Are Essential and Required for Cilia Assembly and Maintenance in Tetrahymena

Background The eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin CCT is a hetero-oligomeric complex formed by two rings connected back-to-back, each composed of eight distinct subunits (CCTα to CCTζ). CCT complex mediates the folding, of a wide range of newly synthesised proteins including tubulin (α, β and γ) and actin, as quantitatively major substrates. Methodology/Principal Findings We disrupted the genes encoding CCTα and CCTδ subunits in the ciliate Tetrahymena. Cells lacking the zygotic expression of either CCTα or CCTδ showed a loss of cell body microtubules, failed to assemble new cilia and died within 2 cell cycles. We also show that loss of CCT subunit activity leads to axoneme shortening and splaying of tips of axonemal microtubules. An epitope-tagged CCTα rescued the gene knockout phenotype and localized primarily to the tips of cilia. A mutation in CCTα, G346E, at a residue also present in the related protein implicated in the Bardet Biedel Syndrome, BBS6, also caused defects in cilia and impaired CCTα localization in cilia. Conclusions/Significance Our results demonstrate that the CCT subunits are essential and required for ciliary assembly and maintenance of axoneme structure, especially at the tips of cilia.