Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving Pivot Translation by Remembering the Pivot

Pivot translation allows for translation of language pairs with little or no parallel data by introducing a third language for which data exists. In particular, the triangulation method, which translates by combining source-pivot and pivot-target translation models into a source-target model, is known for its high translation accuracy. However, in the conventional triangulation method, information of pivot phrases is forgotten and not used in the translation process. In this paper, we propose a novel approach torememberthe pivot phrases in the triangulation stage, and use a pivot language model as an additional information source at translation time. Experimental results on the Europarl corpus showed gains of 0.4-1.2 BLEU points in all tested combinations of languages 1 .
Integration of 3D Structure from Disparity into Biological Motion Perception Independent of Depth Awareness

Images projected onto the retinas of our two eyes come from slightly different directions in the real world, constituting binocular disparity that serves as an important source for depth perception - the ability to see the world in three dimensions. It remains unclear whether the integration of disparity cues into visual perception depends on the conscious representation of stereoscopic depth. Here we report evidence that, even without inducing discernible perceptual representations, the disparity-defined depth information could still modulate the visual processing of 3D objects in depth-irrelevant aspects. Specifically, observers who could not discriminate disparity-defined in-depth facing orientations of biological motions (i.e., approaching vs. receding) due to an excessive perceptual bias nevertheless exhibited a robust perceptual asymmetry in response to the indistinguishable facing orientations, similar to those who could consciously discriminate such 3D information. These results clearly demonstrate that the visual processing of biological motion engages the disparity cues independent of observers’ depth awareness. The extraction and utilization of binocular depth signals thus can be dissociable from the conscious representation of 3D structure in high-level visual perception.
The Effect of Clinical Experience on Perceived and Self-Reported Empathy in Novice Speech- Language Pathology Clinicians

v Chapter One: Introduction . 1 The Evidence Based Practice Triangle and its Foundation . 1 Chapter Two: Review of Relevant Literature . 5 The Empathy Conundrum . 5 Empathy in Medical Communication . 6 Interpersonal Empathy through the Lens of Social Cognitive Neuroscience . 7 Measurement of Empathy in Medicine and Allied Health Professions . 10 Is There a Gold Standard? 12 Empathic Pitfalls . 13 Empathy Trajectories in Medicine and Allied Health Professions . 13 Empathy Trajectories in Rehabilitation Providers . 17 Empathy in Speech-Language Pathology . 18 Research Questions . 21 Chapter Three: Methods . 25 Study Design . 25 Participants, Recruitment, and Informed Consent . 25 Inclusion Criteria and Recruitment of Speech-Language Pathology Supervisors . 26 Description of Supervisors . 27 Inclusion Criteria and Recruitment of Novice Speech-Language Pathology Clinicians . 27 Description of Novice Speech-Language Pathology Clinicians . 28 Quantitative Measures . 30 Demographic Questionnaire . 30 The Consultation and Relational Empathy Measure . 30 Empathy Assessment Instrument . 33 Qualitative Measures . 38 CARE Measure: Qualitative Component . 38 Semi-Structured Debriefing Questionnaire . 39 Procedures for Data Collection . 39 Chapter Four: Results . 41 Question One . 41 Question Two . 41 Quantitative Analysis . 41 Qualitative Analysis . 45 ii Question Three . 52 Quantitative Analysis . 52 Qualitative Analysis . 55 Question Four . 59 Chapter Five: Discussion . 61 Conclusions, Limitations and Future Directions . 69 References . 74 Appendices . 81 Appendix 1: Demographic questionnaire . 81 Appendix 2: The CARE measure modified for ratings including mother of pediatric client . 82 Appendix 3: Script for High Empathy Video . 83 Appendix 4: Script for Low Empathy Video . 87 Appendix 5: Cover Letter explaining task for novice clinicians . 90 Appendix 6: Qualitative component added to the CARE measure . 91 Appendix 7: Debriefing questionnaire . 92 Appendix 8: Client Assignments for the LP Practica . 94 Appendix 9: Client Assignments for the VFN Practica . 96 Appendix 10: Directions for independent raters on how to code high and low empathy videos using a-priori codes . 98 Appendix 11: Negative Clinicians’ Personal Opinions for the High Empathy Video Organized by Themes . 100 Appendix 12: Negative Clinicians’ Personal Opinions for the Low Empathy Video Organized by Themes . 101 Appendix 13: Directions for independent raters on how to code high and low empathy videos using a-priori codes . 103 Appendix 14: Comments Regarding the “Most Rewarding Aspects” of the Semester Organized by Codes (Groups Combined) . 104 Appendix 15: Comments Regarding the “Most Frustrating Aspects” of the Semester Organized by Codes (Groups Combined) . 116 Appendix 16: IRB Approval Letters . 124 Appendix 17: IRB Approval Letters . 126
Explaining the influence of younger siblings on firstborns' understanding of minds in middle childhood : a longitudinal investigation of the mother-firstborn relationship

This thesis focuses on the influence of younger siblings on firstborns’ understanding of minds in middle childhood. This topic was investigated in the context of the Cardiff Child Development Study (CCDS): a prospective longitudinal study of firstborn children and their families living in Wales, UK. As reported in Chapter 3, presence of a younger sibling resulted in an advantage on a second-order false belief task at 7 years of age. However, this advantage was only true for firstborns who experienced the birth of a sibling after their second birthday. It was hypothesised that the positive contribution of a younger sibling is mediated by changes to features of mother-firstborn conversation in dyadic interactions. To test this hypothesis, in Chapter 4 I described an expanded internal state language coding scheme for analysing mothers’ speech at 6 months, 21 months and 7 years. Mothers’ references to their 7-year-olds’ cognitive states positively predicted understanding of second- order false belief. As reported in Chapter 5, mothers who had a second child referred to cognitive states more than those with one child in middle childhood. Mothers’ variety of references to cognitive states partially mediated the association between presence of a sibling and firstborns’ understanding of second-order false belief. In Chapter 6, I investigated the families who experienced the birth of an early arrival younger sibling. Early arrival siblings were predicted by mothers’ symptoms of conduct disorder. Mothers who had an early arrival sibling present by 21 months referred to cognitive states less than mothers who did not. The findings in this thesis contribute to knowledge about the influence of younger siblings on the child’s development of theory of mind. The findings demonstrate the importance of examining how the arrival, and timing of arrival, of a younger sibling affects the dynamics of children’s other close relationships that influence children’s developing understanding of minds.
Assessing Chemical Incapacitant Sprays

Much attention has been given to the potential of chemical incapacitant sprays in alleviating many of the tensions police officers face when using force. This paper provides a detailed analysis of one assessment of the utility of such sprays in order to examine many of the general claims made about them. It is argued that significant areas of concern and uncertainty exist in relation to the deployment of incapacitant sprays. Those police forces considering such a use of force option are advised to do so with considerable caution and a healthy degree of scepticism regarding the benefits of these devices.
Inhibitory effects of amines from Citrus reticulata on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal lung disease for which, thus far, there are no effective treatments. The pericarp of Citrus reticulata, as a traditional herbal drug, has been used for the clinical treatment of lung-related diseases in China for many years. In the present study, the amines from the pericarp of Citrus reticulata were isolated, and their hydrochlorides were prepared. The results of screening using cultured human embryonic lung fibroblasts (hELFs) revealed that, of the amines, 4-methoxyphenethylamine hydrochloride (designated as amine hydrochloride 1) possessed the most potent inhibitory effect. Further in vivo experiments using a rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis demonstrated that the oral administration of amine hydrochloride 1 significantly lowered the hydroxyproline content in both serum and lung tissue, and alleviated pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that amine hydrochloride 1 exerted its inhibitory effect against IPF through the downregulation of lung transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 protein expression. Our results demonstrated that amine hydrochloride 1 prevented the development of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. Thus, our data suggest that the amines from the pericarp of Citrus reticulata have therapeutic potential for use in the treatment of IPF.
Food Insecurity Across the Adult Life Span for Persons With Disabilities

Food insecurity is an inability to afford the food necessary for a healthy, active life. Using pooled data from the 2011–2014 National Health Interview Survey, this study compares food insecurity among young adults, working-age adults, and older adults with and without disabilities. Results confirm that adults with disabilities have higher odds of living in food-insecure households than adults without disabilities. For adults with and without disabilities, working-age persons face the highest levels of food insecurity compared with other age groups. Older adults face the lowest odds of living in food-insecure households. Across all age groups, persons with mental health limitations are particularly vulnerable.
Conservative Reasoning about the Probability of Failure on Demand of a 1-out-of-2 Software-Based System in Which One Channel Is "Possibly Perfect"

In earlier work, [11] (henceforth LR), an analysis was presented of a 1-out-of-2 software-based system in which one channel was “possibly perfect”. It was shown that, at the aleatory level, the system pfd (probability of failure on demand) could be bounded above by the product of the pfd of channel A and the pnp (probability of nonperfection) of channel B. This result was presented as a way of avoiding the well-known difficulty that for two certainly-fallible channels, failures of the two will be dependent, i.e., the system pfd cannot be expressed simply as a product of the channel pfds. A price paid in this new approach for avoiding the issue of failure dependence is that the result is conservative. Furthermore, a complete analysis requires that account be taken of epistemic uncertainty-here concerning the numeric values of the two parameters pfdA and pnpB. Unfortunately this introduces a different difficult problem of dependence: estimating the dependence between an assessor's beliefs about the parameters. The work reported here avoids this problem by obtaining results that require only an assessor's marginal beliefs about the individual channels, i.e., they do not require knowledge of the dependence between these beliefs. The price paid is further conservatism in the results.
A kernel based technique for MSER equalisation for non-linear channels

Adaptive channel equalisation is a signal processing technique to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) in a time dispersive channel. To this end, the use of least mean squares (LMS) algorithm and its variants is widespread since they minimise the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) criteria by online stochastic gradient algorithms and they asymptotically tend to the optimal Weiner solution for linearly separable channels. The kernel least mean squares (KLMS) algorithm and its variants are based on the MMSE based algorithms for non-linear channels. However, as has been pointed out in the literature, the minimum bit/symbol error rate (MBER/MSER) criterion is a better choice for adapting an equaliser as compared to the traditional approaches based on MMSE criterion. In this paper, we propose a novel equaliser that is inspired from the recently proposed MSER adaptation by Gong et al. using the kernel trick for non-linear channel equalisation.
Engaging Undergraduate Psychology Students with Research Methods and with the Process of Conducting Research

Undergraduate (UG) students are the most frequently used participants in psychological research. Here we report on the results of a qualitative exploration of the research participation experience, as seen from the perspective of UG psychology students. Following retrospective ‘opt out’ consent procedures, 143 first and third year psychology students’ responses to a research methods exam question, “You’ve been invited to participate in a number of research projects this semester; what have you learned from this experience? ” were de-identified, transcribed, and thematically analysed. The results provide a rich, nuanced and contextually sensitive account of the perceived value of the research participation experience. The major theme to emerge was that participating in research provides psychology students with increased insight into the research process. We propose that this educational gain may be further enhanced through greater integration of research participation with the teaching of research methods. STUDENT PERSPECTIVES ON RESEARCH PARTICIPATION 3 Student Perspectives on the Value of Research Participation In 1946, McNemar quipped that “the existing science of human behavior is largely the science of the behavior of sophomores” (p. 333). Although much has changed in the intervening half-century, undergraduate (UG) students have remained as one of psychology’s favourite sampling frames. For example, Wintre, North, and Sugar (2001) reported that 68% of articles published in six major psychology journals representing five subdivisions of psychology during 1995 were based on UG student research participants. This figure has remained virtually unchanged since 1975 (Wintre et al., 2001). Within subdisciplines of psychology, the prevalence of the use of student samples varies, with over 70% in personality and social psychology (Higbee, Millard, & Folkman, 1982; Korn, 1999; Sieber & Saks, 1989) and closer to 90% in the areas of perception and cognition (Korn,
Myofibroblast distribution is associated with invasive growth types of colorectal cancer

Both the invasive growth types of colorectal cancer (CRC) and the number of myofibroblasts have been associated with histopathological factors such as lymph node and liver metastasis, and local recurrence. However, there are few studies, that have assessed the association between invasive growth type and myofibroblast distribution in CRC. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathological factors of CRC and two invasive growth types, the expanding and infiltrating types. We categorized 150 cases of pT3 CRC into the expanding and infiltrating types and measured the myofibroblast density of three histological layers: the submucosa (SM), the muscularis propria (MP) and the subserosa (SS). We compared these two invasive growth types and analyzed the relationship between clinicopathological factors and myofibroblast density. Myofibroblast density was significantly higher in the infiltrating type than that in the expanding type (P<0.05). In the lymph node metastasis-positive group of the infiltrating type, myofibroblast density in MP was significantly higher than that in the lymph node metastasis-negative group (P<0.001). In the infiltrating type, the group with the higher level of lymphatic invasion had a significantly higher density of myofibroblasts in the MP than the group with the lower level of lymphatic invasion (P<0.01). These results suggest that myofibroblasts participate more in the infiltrating type compared with the expanding type of CRC. It would appear that myofibroblasts present in the MP play an important role in the malignant potential of the infiltrating type compared to the expanding type.
Virtual Economics: Applying Economics to the Study of Game Worlds

Complex computer games, especially massively multiplayer online games, contain narrative and mechanisms that mimic real economic activities, such as production, trade, and consumption. This has prompted some scholars to apply concepts and techniques from economics to study the complicated interactions inside games worlds. In this paper I review their work, attempt to argue why the approach has merit, and examine its limits and possibilities. In the final part I suggest a possible new avenue, using transaction cost economics to analyse and influence the size and composition of player guilds.
Transformations in Flagellar Structure ofRhodobacter sphaeroides and Possible Relationship to Changes in Swimming Speed

ABSTRACT Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a photosynthetic bacterium which swims by rotating a single flagellum in one direction, periodically stopping, and reorienting during these stops. Free-swimming R. sphaeroides was examined by both differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, which allows the flagella of swimming cells to be seen in vivo, and tracking microscopy, which tracks swimming patterns in three dimensions. DIC microscopy showed that when rotation stopped, the helical flagellum relaxed into a high-amplitude, short-wavelength coiled form, confirming previous observations. However, DIC microscopy also revealed that the coiled filament could rotate slowly, reorienting the cell before a transition back to the functional helix. The time taken to reform a functional helix depended on the rate of rotation of the helix and the length of the filament. In addition to these coiled and helical forms, a third conformation was observed: a rapidly rotating, apparently straight form. This form took shape from the cell body out and was seen to form directly from flagella that were initially in either the coiled or the helical conformation. This form was always significantly longer than the coiled or helical form from which it was derived. The resolution of DIC microscopy made it impossible to identify whether this form was genuinely in a straight conformation or was a low-amplitude, long-wavelength helix. Examination of the three-dimensional swimming pattern showed that R. sphaeroides changed speed while swimming, sometimes doubling the swimming speed between stops. The rate of acceleration out of stops was also variable. The transformations in waveform are assumed to be torsionally driven and may be related to the changes in speed measured in free-swimming cells. The roles of and mechanisms that may be involved in the transformations of filament conformations and changes in swimming speed are discussed.
One of the gang: supporting in-group behavior for embodied mediated communication

As an emerging technology that enables geographically distributed work teams, mobile remote presence (MRP) systems present new opportunities for supporting effective team building and collaboration. MRP systems are physically embodied mobile videoconferencing systems that remote co-workers control. These systems allow remote users, pilots, to actively initiate conversations and to navigate throughout the local environment. To investigate ways of encouraging team-like behavior among local and remote co-workers, we conducted a 2 (visual framing: decoration vs. no decoration) x 2 (verbal framing: interdependent vs. independent performance scoring) between-participants study (n=40). We hypothesized that verbally framing the situation as interdependent and visually framing the MRP system to create a sense of self-extension would enhance group cohesion between the local and the pilot. We found that the interdependent framing was successful in producing more in-group oriented behaviors and, contrary to our predictions, visual framing of the MRP system weakened team cohesion.
Efficient, High-Quality Force-Directed Graph Drawing

We propose a graph drawing algorithm that is both efficient and high quality. This algorithm combines a multilevel approach, which effectively overcomes local minimums, with the Barnes and Hut [1] octree technique, which approximates shortand long-range force efficiently. Our numerical results show that the algorithm is comparable in speed to Walshaw’s [2] highly efficient multilevel graph drawing algorithm, yet gives better results on some of the difficult problems. In addition, an adaptive cooling scheme for the force-directed algorithms and a general repulsive force model are proposed. The proposed graph drawing algorithm and others are included with Mathematica 5.1 and later versions in the package DiscreteMath‘GraphÑ Plot.
The Surgical Correction of Urogenital Sinus in Patients with DSD: 15 Years after Description of Total Urogenital Mobilization in Children

Total urogenital sinus mobilization has been applied to the surgical correction of virilized females and has mostly replaced older techniques. Concerns have been raised about the effect of this operation on urinary continence. Here we review the literature on this topic since the description of the technique 15 years ago. Technical aspects and correct nomenclature are discussed. We emphasize that the term “total” refers to an en-bloc dissection and not to the extent of the proximal dissection. No cases of urinary incontinence have been reported following this operation. It is yet too early to evaluate results regarding sexual function but it is likely that the use of a posterior skin flap to augment the introitus will minimize the development of introital stenosis.
The Mauve Stinger Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775). Distribution, Ecology, Toxicity and Epidemiology of Stings. A Review

The toxicity of Cnidaria is a subject of concern due to its influence on humans. In particular, jellyfish blooms can highly affect human economical activities, such as bathing, fishery, tourism, etc., as well as the public health. Stinging structures of Cnidaria (nematocysts) produce remarkable effects on human skin, such as erythema, swelling, burning and vesicles, and at times further severe dermonecrotic, cardio- and neurotoxic effects, which are particularly dangerous in sensitive subjects. In several zones the toxicity of jellyfish is a very important health problem, thus it has stimulated the research on these organisms; to date toxicological research on Cnidarian venoms in the Mediterranean region is not well developed due to the weak poisonousness of venoms of jellyfish and anemones living in this area. In spite of this, during last decades several problems were also caused in the Mediterranean by stinging consequent to Cnidarian blooms mainly caused by Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) which is known to be the most venomous Mediterranean jellyfish. This paper reviews the knowledge on this jellyfish species, particularly considering its occurrence and toxicity.