Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Auxiliar: a case-based system to assist online courses

This paper presents the REASONING, the third module of a computerized system (AUXILIAR), designed to help human-tutors redefine information for those students who have difficulties in grasping deployed educational topics. To this end, there is an intelligent mechanism that facilitates the assessment process and searches for similar cases produced by other students in past situations. This search enables the system to redefine the information content to be rendered to the student in order to eliminate deficiencies detected during a formative assessment without considerable intervention by the tutor. To reach these goals, concepts of artificial intelligence (case-based reasoning, more specifically) and man-machine interaction are exploited. Thereby, there are presented the format of a case, the structure of the case library, as well as the intelligent retrieval mechanism that was developed.
Towards spatial awareness in recommender systems

Recommender systems aggregate information about users and items to be recommended to generate adequate recommendations. This paper proposes two approaches to include information about spatial releationships of users and items in order to improve the quality of recommendations. The two approaches are compared with non-spatial recommendation using a set of evaluation metrics. Special ramp-up problems, occurring when including spatial information into recommender systems and different application areas for spatial recommender systems are discussed.
Developing a keystroke dynamics based agent using rough sets

Software based biometrics, utilising keystroke dynamics has been proposed as a cost effective means of enhancing computer access security. Keystroke dynamics has been successfully employed as a means of identifying legitimate/illegitimate login attempts based on the typing style of the login entry. In this paper, we collected keystroke dynamics data in the form of digraphs from a series of users entering a specific login ID. We wished to determine if there were any particular patterns in the typing styles that would indicate whether a login attempt was legitimate or not using rough sets. Our analysis produced a sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 94% and an overall accuracy of 97% with respect to detecting intruders. In addition, our results indicate that typing speed and particular digraph combinations were the main determinants with respect to automated detection of system attacks.
ESTIMATES FOR COVERING NUMBERS IN SCHAUDER'S THEOREM ABOUT ADJOINTS OF COMPACT OPERATORS

Let T : X ! Y be a bounded linear map between Banach spaces X and Y. Let T � : Y � ! Xbe its adjoint. Let BX and BY ∗ be the closed unit balls of X and Yrespectively. We obtain apparently new estimates for the covering numbers of the set T � (BY ∗). These are expressed in terms of the covering numbers of T (BX), or, more generally, in terms of the covering numbers of a "significant" subset of T (BX). The latter more general esti- mates are best possible. These estimates follow from our new quantitative version of an abstract compactness result which generalizes classical theorems of Arzela-Ascoli and of Schauder. Analogous estimates also hold for the cov- ering numbers of T (BX), in terms of the covering numbers of T � (BY ∗) or in terms of a suitable "significant" subset of T � (BY ∗).
Semi-classical open string corrections and symmetric Wilson loops

In the AdS/CFT correspondence, an AdS2 × S2 D3-brane with electric flux in AdS5 × S5 spacetime corresponds to a circular Wilson loop in the symmetric representation or a multiply wound one in N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory. In order to distinguish the symmetric loop and the multiply wound loop, one should see an exponentially small correction in large 't Hooft coupling. We study semi-classically the disk open string attached to the D3-brane. We obtain the exponent of the term and it agrees with the result of the matrix model calculation of the symmetric Wilson loop.
Epigenetic effects of in utero bisphenol A administration: Diabetogenic and atherogenic changes in mice offspring

Objective(s): Bisphenol A (BPA) that is a monomer of plastic products may possibly interfere with epigenetics and be involved in onset and progression of several diseases. This study was aimed to detect the epigenetic effects of in utero BPA exposure in mice offspring. Materials and Methods: All experiments were performed according to the national guidelines for laboratory animals and after ethical approval. Thirty adult BALB/c female mice were divided into 3 equal groups, G1 (controls), G2 (ethanol 0.10 ml/100ml of PBS so that final concentration would be 0.01%) vehicle control and G3 (BPA 10 mg/kg). Chemicals were given twice a week throughout the pregnancy. Once delivered at term, female offspring were observed for body weight, behavior and movements. Blood glucose, serum insulin, cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) were measured at 5 and 15 months postnatal. Animals were sacrificed at 15 months and pancreas, kidney, adipose tissue and uterine tissue were taken and stained with either Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) or immunostaining and examined under light microscope. Results: Offspring of group G3 revealed abnormal changes of body weight, behavior and movements. Blood glucose, serum insulin, cholesterol and HDLc were high in group G3 offspring compared to controls. H & E staining showed changes in the parenchyma of pancreas, kidneys and uterus, which were confirmed by staining with anti- islet-1, kidney-specific (Ksp) cadherin, and anti- MLH antibody. Conclusion: In utero exposure of BPA exerts diabetogenic and atherogenic effects with less parenchymal tissue in endocrine pancreas, kidney and uterus.
Digital Commons @ Trinity Digital Commons @ Trinity

The futility of using a general-purpose metric to characterise ‘the* complexity of a program has recently been argued to support the design of specific metrics for the different stages of the software life-cycle. An analysis of the module testing activity is performed, providing evidence of the absurdity of all-purpose metrics, as well as a methodical means with which to measure testing complexity. Several standard metrics are seen to serve as component measures for the intricacies of testing. The methodology is applied to compare traditional and adaptive means of testing. It is shown that previous informal arguments asserting the superiority of adaptive methodologies are formally confirmed.
Directional Statistics and Shape

There have been various developments in shape analysis in the last decade. We describe here some relationships of shape analysis with directional statistics. For shape, rotations are to be integrated out or to be optimized over whilst they are the basis for directional statistics. However, various concepts are connected. In particular, certain distributions of directional statistics have emerged in shape analysis, such a distribution is Complex Bingham Distribution. This paper rst gives some background to shape analysis and then it goes on to directional distributions and their applications to shape analysis. Note that the idea of using tangent space for analysis is common to both manifold as well.
Comparing the Effect of Topical Application of Human Milk and Dry Cord Care on Umbilical Cord Separation Time in Healthy Newborn Infants

Objective Comparing the effect of topical human milk application and dry cord care on cord separation time. Methods This research was a randomized clinical trial study on 130 singleton and mature newborns. Newborns were placed randomly in groups of topical application of human milk and dry cord care. The umbilical separation time was compared in the two groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Independent Samples t-Test, χ2, Fisher were used in this study. Findings Median time of cord separation in human milk application group (150.95±28.68 hours) was significantly shorter than dry cord care group (180.93±37.42 hours) (P<0.001). Conclusion Topical application of human milk on the remaining part of the cord reduces the cord separation time and it can be used as an easy, cheap and non invasive way for cord care.
Naturally Acquired Binding-Inhibitory Antibodies to Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein in Pregnant Women Are Associated with Higher Birth Weight in a Multicenter Study

A vaccine to eliminate malaria would need a multi-stage and multi-species composition to achieve robust protection, but the lack of knowledge about antigen targets and mechanisms of protection precludes the development of fully efficacious malaria vaccines, especially for Plasmodium vivax (Pv). Pregnant women constitute a risk population who would greatly benefit from a vaccine preventing the adverse events of Plasmodium infection during gestation. We hypothesized that functional immune responses against putative targets of naturally acquired immunity to malaria and vaccine candidates will be associated with protection against malaria infection and/or poor outcomes during pregnancy. We measured (i) IgG responses to a large panel of Pv and Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) antigens, (ii) the capacity of anti-Pv ligand Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) antibodies to inhibit binding to Duffy antigen, and (iii) cellular immune responses to two Pv antigens, in a subset of 1,056 pregnant women from Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, India, and Papua New Guinea (PNG). There were significant intraspecies and interspecies correlations for most antibody responses (e.g., PfMSP119 versus PfAMA1, Spearman’s rho = 0.81). Women from PNG and Colombia had the highest levels of IgG overall. Submicroscopic infections seemed sufficient to boost antibody responses in Guatemala but not antigen-specific cellular responses in PNG. Brazil had the highest percentage of Duffy binding inhibition (p-values versus Colombia: 0.040; Guatemala: 0.047; India: 0.003, and PNG: 0.153) despite having low anti-PvDBP IgG levels. Almost all antibodies had a positive association with present infection, and coinfection with the other species increased this association. Anti-PvDBP, anti-PfMSP1, and anti-PfAMA1 IgG levels at recruitment were positively associated with infection at delivery (p-values: 0.010, 0.003, and 0.023, respectively), suggesting that they are markers of malaria exposure. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Pv-infected women presented fewer CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells and secreted more G-CSF and IL-4 independently of the stimulus used in vitro. Functional anti-PvDBP levels at recruitment had a positive association with birth weight (difference per doubling antibody levels: 45 g, p-value: 0.046). Thus, naturally acquired binding-inhibitory antibodies to PvDBP might confer protection against poor outcomes of Pv malaria in pregnancy.
Imatinib Mesylate Elicits Positive Clinical Response in Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Involving the Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta

displayed comparable or even higher levels of Fc RII expression than B lymphocytes from healthy volunteers (Figure 1). No significant differences in Fc RII expression were observed between CD5 and CD5 B lymphocytes from control donors (not shown). Discrepancy between Damle et al’s findings and ours could not be attributed to antigen loss due to cryopreservation, as we obtained comparable results with fresh and thawed B-CLL cells. In conclusion, our findings show that B-CLL cells from patients in early or advanced stage disease express comparable or even higher levels of Fc RII than normal peripheral B lymphocytes, suggesting that Fc RII expression is not a useful parameter to define antigen experience of B-CLL cells. However, given that Fc RII is far from being just a cell marker, we believe that the receptors’ role in B-CLL deserves further analysis. The main isoform expressed by B cells, Fc RIIb, functions as an inhibitory receptor.2,5 Its coaggregation with B-cell receptors (BCRs) dampens B-cell activation by recruitment of a limited number of Src homology 2 domain (SH2)–containing phosphatases, predominantly SHIP (SH2-containing inositol phosphatase), which causes a dramatic and immediate hydrolysis of PIP3 (phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate). 5 Fc RIIb and SHIP are able to inhibit not only BCR-mediated signals but also signals induced by other cell surface receptors that require PIP3 generation.6 On the other hand, Fc RIIb can also signal independently of BCR colligation to directly mediate an apoptotic response.7 Whether or not this receptor is functional in B-CLL cells remains to be solved.
A study of the awareness, identification, diagnosis and management of Auditory Processing Disorder in children and its impact within a Dubai based private primary school

This investigation focuses on professionals’ current awareness, knowledge, identification, diagnosis and management of Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) working with primary aged English speaking children in Dubai and explores the impact on one specific child with suspected APD. It provides an overview of how the deficiency of a comprehensive definition has led to no general conformity in assessment, diagnosis and treatment. This is amplified in Dubai where there is no comprehensive ‘care pathway’ for non-local, expatriate children. Private schools, in the majority, are profit making ventures, as are clinics wherein the professionals do not work collectively and legislation to protect people with Special Education Needs is in its infancy. It reviews the current practices within a school with regards identifying a child with suspected APD. Recommendations are made concerning future professional development, collaboration between parties, and including the Ministry of Education. زززززكري زززززه زززززحبل زززززلع زززززل يعو زززززل يزززززينهمل ييل،زززززحل ل زززززي حت ل ي زززززشت ةر إو ر ززززززض ززززززجل،عمل يعمززززززسل ززززززل ،ززززززف لأ ي ززززززل و ززززززحتي ززززززي يلجنلإ يززززززف يززززززب ززززشكتسيو ري ززززت ه ززززلع ززززف ززززح و يززززعم بتززززشي ززززم ين،ززززعي ززززن ب ر ززززض ززززجل،عمل يعمسل . ززززز ت زززززس ر ل زززززحمل زززززم،ع زززززع زززززيفيكل يزززززتل أ ،زززززهب ززززز ن ل زززززيرعت ل م،زززززش زززززلإ ززززع وززززجو ب،زززز ت ،ززززع يززززف يززززي تل ي ززززشتل و ززززعل و . يززززف ززززم ،فتم ل،ززززسم ه ززززهو وزززززجو زززززعل بزززززسن يزززززب " ر،زززززسم زززززي،عر " م،زززززش ،زززززف لأل رزززززيغ ،زززززف و ييت ر،زززززملإ يبرزززززتغمل . ف ر زززززمل، زززززص، ل يزززززف رزززززبتعت ،زززززهبلغ ير،زززززشم برزززززلل ل زززززكو ،زززززيعل زززززيح يززززززينهمل لا ي ززززززلمع و كززززززشب يع،ززززززمج أ ززززززك ،عيرززززززشتل ززززززي،محل ، ززززززشلأ يو ،ج،يتحلا يميلعتل ص، ل يف ربتعت ،ه هم . ززززززس ر ل رعتززززززس ،ززززززسر،ممل ززززززيل،حل زززززز ززززززسر مل ،ززززززميف ززززززلعتي ززززززي حتب ززززززف ل بتشمل ي ل ب ر ض جل،عمل يعمسل . ،ززززززمك زززززز ت ززززززس ر ل ،يززززززصوت ززززززشب ريوزززززز تل يززززززنهمل يززززززف ب تززززززسمل و،ززززززعتل و يززززززب ر لأ ينعمل ،مب يف ل ةر و و يبرتل يلعتل .
Cholera Incidence and Mortality in Sub-Saharan African Sites during Multi-country Surveillance

Background Cholera burden in Africa remains unknown, often because of weak national surveillance systems. We analyzed data from the African Cholera Surveillance Network (www.africhol.org). Methods/ Principal findings During June 2011–December 2013, we conducted enhanced surveillance in seven zones and four outbreak sites in Togo, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Guinea, Uganda, Mozambique and Cote d’Ivoire. All health facilities treating cholera cases were included. Cholera incidences were calculated using culture-confirmed cholera cases and culture-confirmed cholera cases corrected for lack of culture testing usually due to overwhelmed health systems and imperfect test sensitivity. Of 13,377 reported suspected cases, 34% occurred in Conakry, Guinea, 47% in Goma, DRC, and 19% in the remaining sites. From 0–40% of suspected cases were aged under five years and from 0.3–86% had rice water stools. Within surveillance zones, 0–37% of suspected cases had confirmed cholera compared to 27–38% during outbreaks. Annual confirmed incidence per 10,000 population was <0.5 in surveillance zones, except Goma where it was 4.6. Goma and Conakry had corrected incidences of 20.2 and 5.8 respectively, while the other zones a median of 0.3. During outbreaks, corrected incidence varied from 2.6 to 13.0. Case fatality ratios ranged from 0–10% (median, 1%) by country. Conclusions/Significance Across different African epidemiological contexts, substantial variation occurred in cholera incidence, age distribution, clinical presentation, culture confirmation, and testing frequency. These results can help guide preventive activities, including vaccine use.
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior

The prefrontal cortex in primates guides behavior by selecting relevant stimuli for the task at hand, mediated through excitatory bidirectional pathways with structures associated with sensory processing, memory, and emotions. The prefrontal cortex also has a key role in suppressing irrelevant stimuli through a mechanism that is not well understood. Recent findings indicate that prefrontal pathways interface with laminar-specific neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in sensory cortices, terminate extensively in the frontal and sensory sectors of the inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus, and target the inhibitory intercalated masses of the amygdala. Circuit-based models suggest that prefrontal pathways can select relevant signals and efficiently suppress distractors, in processes that are disrupted in schizophrenia and in other disorders affecting prefrontal cortices. NEUROSCIENTIST 13(5):532—545, 2007. DOI: 10.1177/1073858407301369
Use of SWAT to Model Impact of Climate Change on Sediment Yield and Agricultural Productivity in Western Oregon, USA

Climate change predictions for the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America include increasing temperatures, intensification of winter precipitation, and a shift from mixed snow/rain to rain-dominant events, all of which may increase the risk of soil erosion and threaten agricultural and ecological productivity. Here we used the agricultural/environmental model SWAT with climate predictions from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) “high CO2 emissions” scenario (RCP8.5) to study the impact of altered temperature and precipitation patterns on soil erosion and crop productivity in the Willamette River Basin of western Oregon. An ensemble of 10 climate models representing the full range in temperature and precipitation predictions of CIMP5 produced substantial increases in sediment yield, with differences between yearly averages for the final (2090-2099) and first (2010-2019) decades ranging from 3.9 to 15.2 MT·ha-1 among models. Sediment yield in the worst case model (CanESM2) corresponded to loss of 1.5 - 2.7 mm·soil·y-1, equivalent to potentially stripping productive topsoil from the landscape in under two centuries. Most climate models predicted only small increases in precipitation (an average of 5.8% by the end of the 21st century) combined with large increases in temperature (an average of 0.05°C·y-1). We found a strong correlation between predicted temperature increases and sediment yield, with a regression model combining both temperature and precipitation effects describing 79% of the total variation in annual sediment yield. A critical component of response to increased temperature was reduced snowfall during high precipitation events in the wintertime. SWAT characterized years with less than basin-wide averages of 20 mm of precipitation falling as snow as likely to experience severe sediment loss for multiple crops/land uses. Mid-elevation sub-basins that are projected to shift from rain-snow transition to rain-dominant appear particularly vulnerable to sediment loss. Analyses of predicted crop yields indicated declining productivity for many commonly grown grass seed and cereal crops, along with increasing productivity for certain other crops. Adaptation by agriculture and forestry to warmer, more erosive conditions may include changes in selection of crop kinds and in production management practices.
Prevalence of Multiple Antibiotics Resistant (MAR) Pseudomonas Species in the Final Effluents of Three Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities in South Africa

The final effluents of three (Alice, Dimbaza, and East London) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were evaluated to determine their physicochemical quality and prevalence of multiple antibiotics resistant (MAR) Pseudomonas species, between August 2007 and July 2008. The annual mean total Pseudomonas count (TPC) was 1.20 × 104 (cfu/100 mL), 1.08 × 104 (cfu/100 mL), and 2.66 × 104 (cfu/100 mL), for the Alice, Dimbaza, and East London WWTPs respectively. The effluents were generally compliant with recommended limits for pH, temperature, TDS, DO, nitrite and nitrate; but fell short of target standards for turbidity, COD, and phosphate. The tested isolates were highly sensitive to gentamicin (100%), ofloxacin (100%), clindamycin (90%), erythromycin (90%) and nitrofurantoin (80%); whereas high resistance was observed against the penicillins (90–100%), rifampin (90%), sulphamethoxazole (90%) and the cephems (70%). MAR index ranged between 0.26 and 0.58. The study demonstrated that MAR Pseudomonas species were quite prevalent in the final effluents of WWTPs in South Africa; and this can lead to serious health risk for communities that depend on the effluent-receiving waters for sundry purposes.
A long-wave estimation for the damping coefficient at a flat water–water vapour interface with a phase transition

Gravitational–capillary waves, arising in a system of thick layers of two aggregate states of a substance, are studied using the example of water and its vapour. Their initially flat interface is in hydrostatic and thermodynamic equilibrium at atmospheric pressure and the corresponding saturation temperature $100\,^{\circ }\text{C}$ , provided that a balance is maintained for heat fluxes transported through immovable phases in the process of heat conduction. From the problem of linear stability for small perturbations, estimation relations for their damping coefficient and eigenfrequency shift are obtained, including the factors of viscosities of the media and phase transition. The first two contributions, proportional to the kinematic viscosity of the liquid and the square root of the kinematic viscosity of its vapour, respectively, are consistent, accurate to additionally accounted for capillary forces, with the result of Dore’s analysis, which is a development of the weakly viscous Lamb theory for ‘deep water’. Numerical calculations have shown that, with increasing wavelength, the accuracy of the proposed approximation increases, especially for the wave damping coefficient, and the contribution of the viscosity of the light phase increases in percentage terms. As for the phase transition effect, which was previously overestimated using the quasi-equilibrium approximation, it remains insignificant at the level of heat fluxes acceptable in the model of thick layers of homogeneous media. The factor of thermocapillarity is found to be very weak; it becomes qualitatively noticeable only on the background of disappearing heating. Here, together with the factor of dependence of the saturation temperature on the phase pressure, it determines a non-zero correction to the wave damping coefficient.
Tax Evasion and Incomplete Tax Transparency

This article discusses the impact of incomplete tax transparency on tax evasion. While FATCA and CRS address some forms of tax evasion, tax evaders may still use other tax evasion opportunities. Anti-tax evasion measures might not be effective or cost-efficient if tax evaders can continue evading taxes through alternative tax evasion channels. Automatic exchange of information (AEOI) might also exacerbate the social harm from tax evasion if tax evaders take costly actions to avoid reporting. This article explores policy responses that could better address the problems created by incomplete tax transparency.