Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Research of Frame and Key Technologies for Intrusion Detection System in IEEE 802.11-based Wireless Mesh Networks

The architecture and characteristic of wireless mesh networks (WMN), as well as the significance of intrusion detection system (IDS) in its application were investigated. Based on the embedded analyzing of IDS technologies in ad hoc network and WLAN (wireless local area network), combined with the security requirements in WMN itself, it is concluded that both the architecture of distributed and cooperative IDS in ad hoc network and distributed IDS in WLAN can not be applied directly in WMN. A new architecture of asymmetric distributed and cooperative IDS for WMN based on the application of agent was proposed in the paper. This new architecture of IDS in WMN was then simulated by the attack detection of IEEE 802.11 MAC selfish behavior in NS2, using the IDS selfish behavior attack detection model ground on the judgment mechanism of double mode, which was also brought forward. The result of the simulation shows that the given new architecture of asymmetric distributed and cooperative IDS and the IDS selfish behavior attack detection model fitted WMN well.
The Story of Captain Baby Face and the Coffee Maker: An Entrepreneurial Narrative Perspective on Corruption

This article calls into question the frequently used negative moral labels assigned to corruption by describing gift giving as a form of narrative entrepreneurship that bridges ontologies between public service organizations. To effectively make the comparison, this article utilizes a unique methodology to explore corruption: the layered account autoethnography. The empirical setting of this story is a jointly operated military corrections facility in Iraq. It illustrates how gaps were perceived in the U.S.–Iraqi joint bureaucracy creating a space for play, and how corrupt behavior metaphorically bridged these gaps. Engaging in a minute form of gift giving provided remarkable insight into how partner organizations respond to traditional and corruption-friendly practices. This article is of benefit to practitioners and academicians alike because it illustrates at an individual level how corrupt bureaucracies function and how to promote successful interactions between alternate organizational ontologies.
Principles of Evaluation in Natural Language Processing

In this special issue of TAL, we look at the fundamental principles underlying evaluation in natural language processing. We adopt a global point of view that goes beyond the horizon of a single evaluation campaign or a particular protocol. After a brief review of history and terminology, we will address the topic of a gold standard for natural language processing, of annotation quality, of the amount of data, of the difference between technology evaluation and usage evaluation, of dialog systems, and of standards, before concluding with a short discussion of the articles in this special issue and some prospective remarks
Soldier Background and Postinvestigative Events Associated With Timing of Suicide Following Deployment of U.S. Army National Guard Soldiers

The present study examined the timing of suicide and its associated soldier background and postinvestigative events among deployed Army National Guard (ARNG) soldiers from calendar years 2007 through 2014. Suicide deaths were nearly equally distributed between soldiers who had been deployed and those who had not. Among those deployed, however, suicides occurred mostly 1 year or more after having returned from deployment. Soldier background and postsuicide investigative events were associated with the timing of suicide. Having more years of military service, more previous deployments, and being married were associated with in-theater suicides. Soldiers younger in age (17–24 years), single, nonprior service, and lower in rank, in addition to having parent-family conflicts, full-time employment problems, and military transition problems were associated with suicides that had occurred 1–120 days and 120–365 days since return from deployment. Soldiers aged (24–29 years), married, and higher in rank, along with more reported problems including past behavioral health conditions, postdeployment behavior health referrals, criminal behaviors, and military performance were associated with suicides that had occurred 1 year or more after return. Findings likely represent time periods of suicide vulnerability for identifiable groups of soldiers, based on soldier background and events surrounding the suicide. Practical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
Practical automated vulnerability monitoring using program state invariants

Despite the growing attention to security concerns and advances in code verification tools, many memory errors still escape testing and plague production applications with security vulnerabilities. We present RCORE, an efficient dynamic program monitoring infrastructure to perform automated security vulnerability monitoring. Our approach is to perform extensive static analysis at compile time to automatically index program state invariants (PSIs). At runtime, our novel dynamic analysis continuously inspects the program state and produces a report when PSI violations are found. Our technique retrofits existing applications and is designed for both offline and production runs. To avoid slowing down production applications, we can perform our dynamic analysis on idle cores to detect suspicious behavior in the background. The alerts raised by our analysis are symptoms of memory corruption or other-potentially exploitable-dangerous behavior. Our experimental evaluation confirms that RCORE can report on several classes of vulnerabilities with very low overhead.
Mental health and blame attribution of prisoners in Iceland

The object of the current study was to assess Icelandic prisoners´ mental health as well as the interrelationship between mental health and blame attribution. Seventy two percent of male prisoners population in Iceland participated in the study. The Beck Hopelessness Scale along with Bradburn´s Affect Balance Scale were used to assess mental health, and the Gudjonsson Blame Attribution Inventory was used to estimate blame attribution. Hopelessness was associated with external blame attribution and guilt feelings, and guilt feelings negatively correlated with affect balance. Older prisoners had longer sentences than younger ones, and those who had long sentences had more time left to serve than those who had short sentences. Prisoners did not differ in any way between prisons. Moreover, they did not differ in mental health or blame attribution, no matter what type of crime they had committed.
Expertise Analysis in a Question Answer Portal for Author Ranking

An online question answering (QA) portal provides users a way to socialize and help each other to solve problems. The majority of the online question answer systems use user-feedback to rank userspsila answers. This way of ranking is inefficient as it involves ongoing efforts by the users and is subjective. Currently researchers have utilized link analysis of user interactions for this task. However, this is not accurate in some circumstances. A detailed structural analysis of an online QA portal is conducted in this paper. A novel approach based on userspsila reputation reflecting the usage patterns is proposed to rank and recommend the user answers. The method is compared with a popular link topology analysis method, HITS. The result of the proposed method is promising.
Enacting motherhood: time and social change in Chile

AbstractMotherhood is changing. An increasing number of women are deciding to remain childless, having fewer children, postponing their transition to motherhood, and simultaneously pursuing careers. These changes are deeply embedded in a reconfiguration of the times of motherhood. Although the intersection of motherhood and time has been widely acknowledged by gender and feminist studies, less attention has been paid to how in the making of motherhood women reproduce, negotiate and subvert time mandates and norms. This article aims to underscore the importance of time and how it relates to the enactment of motherhood in contemporary societies by analysing the planning, timing, sequencing, and simultaneity of the transition to motherhood in Chile. Through the analysis of 15 life story interviews with urban women from Santiago de Chile, this article addresses the intersection between social change, motherhood and time by showing how in the making of the transitions to motherhood women reproduce, negotiate a.
An E cient Approximation Algorithmfor the Survivable Network Design Problem

The survivable network design problem is to construct a minimum-cost subgraph satisfying certain given edge-connectivity requirements. The rst polynomial-time approximation algorithm was given by Williamson et al. 21]. This paper gives an improved version that is more eecient. Consider a graph of n vertices and connectivity requirements that are at most k. Both algorithms nd a solution that is within a factor 2k ? 1 of optimal for k 2 and a factor 2 of optimal for k = 1. Our algorithm improves the time from O(k 3 n 4) to O(k 2 n 2 + kn 2 p loglog n). Our algorithm shares features with 21] but also diiers from it at a high level, necessitating a diierent analysis of correctness and accuracy; our analysis is based on a combinatorial characterization of the \redundant" edges. Several other ideas are introduced to gain eeciency. These include a generalization of Padberg and Rao's characterization of minimum odd cuts, use of a representation of all minimum (s; t) cuts in a network, and a new priority queue system. The latter also improves the eeciency of the approximation algorithm of Goemans and Williamson 8] for constrained forest problems such as minimum-weight matching, generalized Steiner trees and others.
Waiting Time Distribution for Pattern Occurrence in a Constrained Sequence: an Embedding Markov Chain Approach

In this paper we consider the distribution of a pattern of interest in a binary random (d; k)-sequence generated by a Markov source. Such constrained sequences are frequently encountered in communication systems. Unlike the previous approach based on generating function we have chosen here to use Markov chain embedding techniques. By doing so, we get both previous results (sequence constrained up to the rth occurrence), and new ones (sequence constrained up to its end). We also provide in both cases efficient algorithms using basic linear algebra only. We then compare our numerical results to previous ones and finally propose several interesting extensions of our method which further illustrate the usefulness of our approach. That is to say higher order Markov chains, renewal occurrences rather than overlapping ones, heterogeneous models, more complex patterns of interest, and multistate trial sequences.
6TiSCH centralized scheduling: When SDN meet IoT

The Deterministic Networking paradigm, which is prevalent in Operational Technology (OT), is now getting traction at the IETF and the IEEE, to enable the convergence of OT with Information Technology (IT), and the Industrial Internet vision, whereby the automation world can leverage IT technology to optimize OT processes. New Working Groups (WGs) are now emerging at the IETF to develop new routing and resource allocation schemes for IPv6/MPLS-based deterministic Layer-3 networks. In this work, we present the challenges that the DetNet and the 6TiSCH efforts will be facing to enable that convergence, particularly how DetNet can apply Software Defined Networking (SDN) centralized methods to provide global optimizations, and how 6TiSCH can reuse and extend the DetNet work for LowPower Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).
Top-down Mechanisms for Working Memory and Attentional Processes

Acknowledgements We wish to thank David Sturman for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript. Introduction Maintaining information in working memory (WM), such as when we rehearse the route to a restaurant, as well as directing attention, such as when we search for a familiar face in the crowd, constitute fundamental cognitive capabilities of the primate brain. Both activities are considered " top-down " , as they depend on goal-directed processes that rely on previous knowledge, and not incoming sensory stimulation. Top-down processes should be contrasted to " bottom-up " ones, such as the deployment of attention in reaction to a sudden movement in the periphery of the visual field, which is a sensory-driven, reflexive process. Understanding the neural bases of top-down control involved in WM and visual attention, is among the most challenging goals of cognitive neuroscience. In this chapter, we will review neuroimaging studies that have investigated this question in the past decade or so. The picture emerging from this line of research points to considerable overlap between the neural substrates that control WM and those that control attention. At the same time, there is growing evidence that the control structures for attention differ according to the type of attentive process, in that goal-directed and reflexive attention appear to be mediated by separable networks of frontal and parietal regions.
Contrasting languages and cultures

The present study investigates the concept of SHAME from a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective. This concept, overarching the field of negative self-eva-luative emotions, is operationalized through two lexical categories ('shame' and 'embarrassment') that are comparable in the languages under investigation. The usage of the adjectival exponents of these categories is analyzed in four communities of British English, American English, French and Polish. The study has two goals, one descriptive, the other methodological. Firstly, it aims to identify the conceptual structuring of the two lexical categories relative to their respective socio-cultural contexts. The result will be four sets of culture-sensitive usage profiles. Secondly, the study further advances corpus-driven quantitative methodology for the description of intersubjectively-grounded abstract concepts. The results obtained here provide partial evidence for the existence of a cultural continuum ranging from the Anglo-Saxon communities, through France to Poland along the descriptive dimension of individualism-collectivism.
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced Innate Immune Responses in a Canadian Dené First Nations Cohort

Canadian First Nations (FN) population experiences a high burden of tuberculosis. Vitamin D is known to enhance the expression of innate immune effectors, including cathelicidin LL-37, for protection against infections. In this study we performed longitudinal analyses to investigate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on macrophage responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lipoprotein (TLR2/1L), in Canadian Dené FN participants compared to Caucasian participants. Serum 25(OH)D and LL-37 levels were evaluated by ELISA. Transcriptional responses and protein expression of TLR2/1L-induced LL-37 and other innate immune cytokines were monitored in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) before and after 8 months of vitamin D supplementation. In this study we showed that serum levels of LL-37 decreased after vitamin D supplementation in both Dené and Caucasian participants. There was no difference in TLR2/1L-induced LL-37 expression in MDMs in the two groups, either pre- or post-vitamin D supplementation. However, vitamin D supplementation markedly enhanced TLR2/1L-induced responses in MDMs e.g. IL-6, IL-12 and IL-23 among Caucasians but not in the Dené participants. In contrast, after vitamin D supplementation TLR2/1L-induced responses e.g. IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-12 were significantly reduced in the Dené MDMs. These results indicate that vitamin D supplementation enhanced TLR2/1L-induced innate immune macrophage responses in the Caucasian but not in the Dené participants. We hypothesize that cytokines may be differentially regulated in Canadian FN compared to Caucasians, in particular those that influence Th-1 and Th-17 responses required for the control of Mtb.
Tinnitus and Neural Plasticity of the Brain

Objective: To describe the current ideas about the manifestations of neural plasticity in generating tinnitus. Data Sources: Recently published source articles were identified using MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library according to the key words mentioned below. Study Selection: Review articles and controlled trials were particularly selected. Data Extraction: Data were selected systematically, scaled on validity and comparability. Conclusion: An altered afferent input to the auditory pathway may be the initiator of a complex sequence of events, finally resulting in the generation of tinnitus at the central level of the auditory nervous system. The effects of neural plasticity can generally be divided into early modifications and modifications with a later onset. The unmasking of dormant synapses, diminishing of (surround) inhibition and initiation of generation of new connections through axonal sprouting are early manifestations of neural plasticity, resulting in lateral spread of neural activity and development of hyperexcitability regions in the central nervous system. The remodeling process of tonotopic receptive fields within auditory pathway structures (dorsal cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, and the auditory cortex) are late manifestations of neural plasticity. The modulation of tinnitus by stimulating somatosensory or visual systems in some people with tinnitus might be explained via the generation of tinnitus following the nonclassical pathway. The similarities between the pathophysiological processes of phantom pain sensations and tinnitus have stimulated the theory that chronic tinnitus is an auditory phantom perception.
Security metrics for source code structures

Software security metrics are measurements to assess security related imperfections (or perfections) introduced during software development. A number of security metrics have been proposed. However, all the perspectives of a software system have not been provided specific attention. While most security metrics evaluate software from a system-level perspective, it can also be useful to analyze defects at a lower level, i.e., at the source code level. To address this issue, we propose some code-level security metrics which can be used to suggest the level of security of a code segment. We provide guidelines about where and how these metrics can be used to improve source code structures. We have also conducted two case studies to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed metrics.
Local Circuits for Contrast Normalization and Adaptation Investigated with Two-Photon Imaging in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Sensory neurons encode stimulus intensity in their instantaneous spike rate and adjust the set-points of the stimulus–response relationships by adaptation. In the visual cortex, adaptation is crucial because the mechanism of fast gain control (normalization) increases the contrast sensitivity of individual neurons at the cost of encoding a far narrower range of contrasts than is encountered in natural scenes. The mechanism of adaptation, however, is a slow process and has a time constant of seconds. Here we use two-photon calcium imaging of identified excitatory and inhibitory neurons in superficial layers of cat primary visual cortex to answer two questions: for a given set-point, what is range of contrasts represented within a local pool of neurons, and what accounts for the slow time constant of contrast adaptation? We found that a local patch of excitatory neurons has a large diversity of contrast tunings, which effectively extends the range of contrast that can be encoded instantaneously in cortex. Additionally, we identified a pool of parvalbumin-positive GABAergic neurons and neurons in the upper tier of imaging sites that showed a paradoxical slow increase in activity during adaptation, thus implicating them in the slow set-point adaptation of the excitatory population. Our results provide new insights into the circuits and mechanisms underlying cortical adaptation and gain control. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) respond near instantaneously over a limited range of contrasts but can also shift their operating range according to the average contrast of the scene. This “contrast adaptation” takes 5–10 s and ensures that a full range of contrasts can be encoded in V1, while remaining sensitive to small changes in local contrast. By optically recording many layer 2 neurons simultaneously, we discovered that networks of neurons collectively code for a much wider range of contrasts. Whereas most neurons responded to sustained increases in contrast by decreasing their spike firing rates, two types of inhibitory neurons in the cat's visual cortex paradoxically increased their firing rates and so could inhibit other neurons to produce contrast adaptation.
Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems ( PACIS ) 2014 TO USE A TREE OR A FOREST IN BEHAVIORAL INTENTION

Cloud computing is a new technology that has been applied to education and has e nabled the development of cloud computing classrooms; however, student behavioral intentions toward cloud computing remain unclear. Most researchers have evaluated, integrated, or compared few (1 to 3) theories to examine user behavioral intentions and few have addressed additional theories or models. In this study, we test, compare, and unify six well -known theories, namely, service quality (SQ), self efficacy (SE), the motivational model (MM), technology acceptance model (TAM), theory of reason action (TRA)/theory of planned behavior (TPB), and innovation diffusion theory (IDT) in the context of cloud computing classrooms. This empirical study was conducted using an online survey. The data collected from the samples (n=478) were analyzed using structural equation modeling. We independently analyzed each of the six theories, formulating a united model. The analysis yielded three valuable findings. First, comparing the explained variance and degree of freedom (df) difference, yielded the following ranking in explained variance: MM=TAM>IDT>TPB>SE=SQ (equal =; superior to>). Second, comparing the explained variance yielded the following ranking in explained variance: MM>TAM>IDT>TPB>SE=SQ. Third, based on the united model of six theories, some factors significantly affect behavioral intention and others do not. The implications of this study are critical for both researchers and practitioners.
Convolution Kernels for Opinion Holder Extraction

Opinion holder extraction is one of the important subtasks in sentiment analysis. The effective detection of an opinion holder depends on the consideration of various cues on various levels of representation, though they are hard to formulate explicitly as features. In this work, we propose to use convolution kernels for that task which identify meaningful fragments of sequences or trees by themselves. We not only investigate how different levels of information can be effectively combined in different kernels but also examine how the scope of these kernels should be chosen. In general relation extraction, the two candidate entities thought to be involved in a relation are commonly chosen to be the boundaries of sequences and trees. The definition of boundaries in opinion holder extraction, however, is less straightforward since there might be several expressions beside the candidate opinion holder to be eligible for being a boundary.