Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Couple Bargaining or Socio-Economic Status?

ABSTRACT The quality of time dedicated to child care has potentially positive effects on children's life chances. However, the determinants of parental time allocation to child care remain largely unexplored. We assess two main explanations for differences among parents in the amount of time spent with children. The first, based on the relative resources hypothesis, links variation in time spent with children to the relative attributes (occupation, education or income) of one partner with the other. The second, derived from the social status hypothesis, suggests that variation in time spent with children can be attributed to the relative social position of the couple (i.e. higher status couples spend more time with children regardless of within-couple difference). To investigate these questions, we use a sample of parents living in a partnership with children younger than 10 years old from the 2002 to 2003 Spanish Time Use Survey (STUS) (n = 7438). We find little support for the ‘relative resources hypothesis’, although it has some explanatory power on supervisory and routine activities performed with children. Instead, consistent with the ‘social status hypothesis’, we find that time spent on child care is attributable to the social position of the couple, regardless of between-parent differences in income or education. The ‘social status hypothesis’ is especially relevant for explaining the time that parents devote to activities that have a higher potential for the development of the child's cognitive and social capabilities.
Mechanisms of Control in Emergent Interorganizational Networks

The delegation of decision-making capacity from one actor to another—known variously as authority or control—is a central phenomenon of organizational sociology. Despite its theoretical and practical significance, however, the dynamics of control within disrupted settings (such as disasters) remain poorly understood. Here, we shed light on this question by a reexamination of historical data on multiorganizational disaster response networks, using recently developed statistical methods for robust inference from error-prone informant reports. Specifically, we test competing hypotheses about the relationship of control during the response process to the structure of interorganizational communication. We find that both the realized and normative response hierarchies are likely shaped by coordination among both nonadjacent alters and along indirect channels. Our results suggested that the communication structure of these networks is consistent with a control at a distance model of command. This article makes a substantial contribution to understanding the role of network structure in the emergence of control between organizations in disrupted settings. Additionally, our innovative approach to network inference will guide researchers in dealing with error-prone data in their own research on policy networks.
Inverse wave field extrapolation: a different NDI approach to imaging defects

Nondestructive inspection (NDI) based on ultrasound is widely used. A relatively recent development for industrial applications is the use of ultrasonic array technology. Here, ultrasonic beams generated by array transducers are controlled by a computer. This makes the use of arrays more flexible than conventional single-element transducers. However, the inspection techniques have principally remained unchanged. As a consequence, the properties of these techniques, as far as characterization and sizing are concerned, have not improved. For further improvement, in this paper we apply imaging theory developed for seismic exploration of oil and gas fields on the NDI application. Synthetic data obtained from finite difference simulations is used to illustrate the principle of imaging. Measured data is obtained with a 64-element linear array (4 MHz) on a 20-mm thick steel block with a bore hole to illustrate the imaging approach. Furthermore, three examples of real data are presented, representing a lack of fusion defect, a surface breaking crack, and porosity
Increased apoptotic peripheral blood neutrophils in systemic lupus erythematosus: relations with disease activity, antibodies to double stranded DNA, and neutropenia

OBJECTIVE To quantify the percentage of apoptotic peripheral blood neutrophils in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to determine the relations with disease activity and neutropenia. METHODS Neutrophil apoptosis in SLE patients (n =50) was assessed by flow cytometry using annexin V binding and fluorescent labelled anti-fas. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n =20) and inflammatory bowel disease patients (IBD, n =20) were studied as disease controls. RESULTS The percentage of apoptotic neutrophils, determined by annexin V binding, was increased in peripheral blood of SLE patients (median = 3.25%) compared with normal healthy donors (n =20, median = 1.20%) and disease controls (RA: median = 1.15%) (IBD: median = 1.15%). SLE neutrophil apoptosis correlated positively with lupus disease activity measured by SLAM score. SLE patients with increased antibodies to dsDNA (>10 mg/ml) had increased apoptotic neutrophils. Eight of 14 neutropenic SLE patients had increased apoptotic neutrophils. Increased neutrophil fas expression compared with normal controls was observed in SLE, RA, and IBD. CONCLUSION Neutrophil fas expression is increased non-specifically in inflammatory disease. Increased circulating apoptotic neutrophils in SLE correlate positively with disease activity (SLAM) and may contribute to autoantigen excess including dsDNA.
Tissue CEA in premalignant epithelial lesions and epidermoid carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Prognostic significance

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied by the indirect triple‐bridge immunoperoxidase method in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens from 191 patients with premalignant epithelial lesions or epidermoid carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated 12 years ago. The frequency of tissue CEA positivity was found to increase with advancing clinical disease in the following manner: mild dysplasia, 25%; severe dysplasia, 37%; carcinoma in situ, 60%; invasive carcinoma stage I, 60%; stage lla, 65%; stage Mb, 80%; and stages III and IV, 69%. The prognostic significance of the tissue CEA positivity was studied in two groups of patients formed on the basis of clinical spread and treatment of the disease. The first group of 60 patients with stage I and Ma cancers had undergone radical surgery. The second group of 44 patients with more advanced carcinomas had been treated by radiotherapy alone. No significant difference in the survival rates was observed in either group between patients with CEA‐positive and CEA‐negative tumours. In the light of the absence of CEA from normal cervical epithelium, the increasing occurrence of CEA from premalignant lesions to advancing malignant growth suggests that CEA reflects an aggressive potential in premalignant lesions. However, the survival data on patients with CEA‐positive and ‐negative invasive carcinomas suggest that CEA‐positive cancers are not more malignant than CEA‐negative cancers.
Ultrathin Gas Permeable Oxide Membranes for Chemical Sensing: Nanoporous Ta2O5 Test Study

Conductometric gas sensors made of gas permeable metal oxide ultrathin membranes can combine the functions of a selective filter, preconcentrator, and sensing element and thus can be particularly promising for the active sampling of diluted analytes. Here we report a case study of the electron transport and gas sensing properties of such a membrane made of nanoporous Ta2O5. These membranes demonstrated a noticeable chemical sensitivity toward ammonia, ethanol, and acetone at high temperatures above 400 °C. Different from traditional thin films, such gas permeable, ultrathin gas sensing elements can be made suspended enabling advanced architectures of ultrasensitive analytical systems operating at high temperatures and in harsh environments.
Ambivalence - a logical response to legal abortion: A prospective study among women and men

The aim of the study was to elucidate ambivalence in relation to legal abortion by studying emotions, attitudes, motives for abortion and ethical reasoning in a-strategic sample of women and men who, 1 year after abortion, expressed both positive and painful feelings in relation to the abortion. The study shows that social perspectives legitimate the decision to have an abortion whilst ethical perspectives complicate the decision. Nearly all women and men described having the abortion as an expression of responsibility. Almost one-half also had parallel feelings of guilt, as they regarded the abortion as a violation of their ethical values. The majority of the sample expressed relief while simultaneously experiencing the termination of the pregnancy as a loss coupled with feelings of grief/emptiness, in spite of the ambivalence, only one woman regretted the abortion. For the vast majority, the impact of the abortion had led to increased maturity and deepened self-knowledge. Thus, ambivalence might be regarded not only as problematic but also as indicating openness to the complexity of the abortion issue. Since incompatible values clash in connection with abortion, experiences of ambivalence become both logical and understandable.
Beyond the Hazard Rate: More Perturbation Algorithms for Adversarial Multi-armed Bandits

Recent work on follow the perturbed leader (FTPL) algorithms for the adversarial multi-armed bandit problem has highlighted the role of the hazard rate of the distribution generating the perturbations. Assuming that the hazard rate is bounded, it is possible to provide regret analyses for a variety of FTPL algorithms for the multi-armed bandit problem. This paper pushes the inquiry into regret bounds for FTPL algorithms beyond the bounded hazard rate condition. There are good reasons to do so: natural distributions such as the uniform and Gaussian violate the condition. We give regret bounds for both bounded support and unbounded support distributions without assuming the hazard rate condition. We also disprove a conjecture that the Gaussian distribution cannot lead to a low-regret algorithm. In fact, it turns out that it leads to near optimal regret, up to logarithmic factors. A key ingredient in our approach is the introduction of a new notion called the generalized hazard rate.
Ultraviolet B light attenuates the systemic immune response in central nervous system autoimmunity

Environmental conditions (eg, latitude) play a critical role in the susceptibility and severity of many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of immune regulatory processes induced in the skin by moderate ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity.
Attribution: An Introduction to Theories, Research and Applications

Series Preface. Introduction. Part I: Central Questions and Basic Assumptions. The Topics of Attribution Research. When do We Make Attributions? Part II: Antecedents of Perceived Causality. Heider's Analysis of Naive Psychology. Antecedents of Phenomenal Causality. Antecedents of Attributions to Intention. Covariation-based Causal Inferences. Configuration Concepts. Shortcomings and Errors in the Attribution Process. Part III: Consequences of Causal Attributions. Intrapersonal Consequences. Interpersonal Consequences. Part IV: The Communication of Attributions. Language and Causal Explanations. Indirect Communication of Attributions. Part V: Applications of Attribution Principles. Attributional Retraining. Conclusions. References. Author Index. Subject Index.
Voices of Hunger: Addressing Health Disparities Through the Culture‐Centered Approach

Hunger is a key marker of health disparity, depicting the everyday consequences of inequalities that are physiologically felt directly by the most vulnerable segments of the population, often resulting from the broader structural inequities in a society. In this project, we report our work with food insecurity in West Bengal, India and Indiana, USA. Through interviews, focus groups, community-wide discussions, photo exhibits cocreated through the PhotoVoice method, and community meetings, community members develop solutions that are meaningful to their everyday lived experiences. White Papers, policy briefs, exhibits, community meetings, and coalitions emerge as solutions developed through our partnerships that focus on addressing specific problems related to food insecurity by fostering spaces for listening to the voices of the food insecure.
The Impact of Psychic Distance on Consumers' Behavior in International Online Purchasing

ABSTRACT This article investigates the link between psychic distance (PD) and consumers' behavior toward international online vendors (IOVs). A combination of individual and focus group interviews, involving 51 individuals, provide the data for findings that show (1) high uncertainty hindering exchange with IOVs associated with high PD, (2) PD changes as the customers gain access to information forming trust toward specific IOVs, and (3) a better understanding of PD's impact on consumers' behavior can be gained through a relationship and network approach. The article's customer perspective on the impact of PD broadens the understanding of international online behavior and contributes to the debate on PD in international marketing.
Investigating Feelings towards Mathematics among Chinese Kindergarten Children

Prior to entering schooling settings, many children exhibit intuitive knowledge of mathematics and many have mastered basic addition combinations. However, often as a result of formal instruction, some children begin to dislike or fear mathematics. In this study, children at a kindergarten in China took a smiley-face survey to determine how their feelings and beliefs about mathematics were affected throughout their kindergarten years. Results suggest that even children in this study have a better number sense and mathematics achievement, they appear to develop mathematics anxiety in Chinese cultural context.
Effect of (Cd:Zn)S Particle Concentration and Photoexcitation on the Electrical and Ferroelectric Properties of (Cd:Zn)S/P(VDF-TrFE) Composite Films

The influence of semiconductor particle concentration and photoexcitation on the electrical and ferroelectric properties of ferroelectric-semiconductor-composites was investigated. For this purpose, 32 µm thin films of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) with (Cd:Zn)S particle concentrations of between 0 and 20 vol % were fabricated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and optical spectroscopy. It was shown that the particle concentration has only a negligible influence on the molecular structure of the polymer but strongly determines the optical properties of the composite. For (Cd:Zn)S particle concentrations below 20 vol %, the I-V characteristics of the composites is only marginally affected by the particle concentration and the optical excitation of the composite material. On the contrary, a strong influence of both parameters on the ferro- and pyroelectric properties of the composite films was observed. For particle fractions that exhibit ferroelectric hysteresis, an increased remanent polarization and pyroelectric coefficient due to optical excitation was obtained. A theoretical approach that is based on a “three phase model” of the internal structure was developed to explain the observed results.
Colour , textural properties , cooking characteristics and fibre content of chicken patty added with oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus sajor-caju )

The optical and textural properties of chicken patty formulated with different level of grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) at 0, 25 or 50% to replace chicken meat were investigated. The addition of up to 50% oyster mushroom to chicken patty formulations did not change colour a* (redness), compared with the control patty. Chicken patties containing oyster mushroom had lower L* value ranging from 51.02 – 52.65 compared to that of the control patty (57.86). All oyster mushroom-based patties had lower colour b* (yellowness) value compared to chicken patty without mushroom. The hardness of chicken patty decreased proportionally with the level of oyster mushroom. On the other hand, oyster mushroom-based patties were springier than the control patty. Chicken which was replaced with 25% of fresh mushroom, recorded the highest moisture retention (77.19%) and cooking yield (80.71%), respectively. However, replacement of 25% of oyster mushroom with chicken breast in chicken patty formulation was not change the moisture retention, fat retention and cooking yield compared to control patty. Chicken patty added with 50% ground oyster mushroom the highest concentration of total dietary fibre (TDF) at 4.90 g/100 g compared to chicken patty containing 25% of mushroom (3.40 g/100 g) and control (1.90 g/100 g). In summary, the addition of oyster mushroom in chicken patties has decreased the lightness, yellowness, hardness and chewiness while no changes were noted in the redness of the patties.
Adversarial Perturbations Against Deep Neural Networks for Malware Classification

Deep neural networks, like many other machine learning models, have recently been shown to lack robustness against adversarially crafted inputs. These inputs are derived from regular inputs by minor yet carefully selected perturbations that deceive machine learning models into desired misclassifications. Existing work in this emerging field was largely specific to the domain of image classification, since the high-entropy of images can be conveniently manipulated without changing the images' overall visual appearance. Yet, it remains unclear how such attacks translate to more security-sensitive applications such as malware detection - which may pose significant challenges in sample generation and arguably grave consequences for failure. In this paper, we show how to construct highly-effective adversarial sample crafting attacks for neural networks used as malware classifiers. The application domain of malware classification introduces additional constraints in the adversarial sample crafting problem when compared to the computer vision domain: (i) continuous, differentiable input domains are replaced by discrete, often binary inputs; and (ii) the loose condition of leaving visual appearance unchanged is replaced by requiring equivalent functional behavior. We demonstrate the feasibility of these attacks on many different instances of malware classifiers that we trained using the DREBIN Android malware data set. We furthermore evaluate to which extent potential defensive mechanisms against adversarial crafting can be leveraged to the setting of malware classification. While feature reduction did not prove to have a positive impact, distillation and re-training on adversarially crafted samples show promising results.
The Effect of Plasma Homocysteine Levels on Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Background:Several reports have shown that homocysteine promotes thrombosis by disturbing the procoagulant-anticoagulant balance, whereas alterations in coagulation and fibrinolysis have been suggested as important pathogenetic and prognostic determinants of mortality in acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of plasma homocysteine levels on the outcomes of patients with ALI/ARDS. Methods:Sixty-nine consecutive ventilated patients with ALI/ARDS were studied. Blood samples were drawn within 3 days of clinical recognition of ARDS. Measurement of plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12, folate, creatinine, protein C and plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 antigen levels, and genotyping of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene C677T and A1298C polymorphisms were carried out. The primary outcomes were 28- and 90-day mortality, whereas secondary outcomes included nonpulmonary organ failure-free days, liberation from mechanical ventilation up to day 28, and ventilator-free days during the 28 days after enrollment. Results:In the multivariable analysis, plasma homocysteine concentration adjusted for age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, and levels of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 antigen, protein C, creatinine, vitamin B12, and folate was not found to affect significantly mortality at 28 and 90 days (P = 0.39 and P = 0.83, respectively), days without organ failure besides lungs (P = 0.38), the probability of being free from mechanical ventilation at day 28 (P = 0.63), and days without ventilation assistance (P = 0.73). Conclusion:Our data suggest that increased plasma homocysteine levels, either alone or in synergy with other thrombophilic risk factors, do not seem to adversely affect the prognosis in patients with ALI/ARDS.
Gesture and voice prototyping for early evaluations of social acceptability in multimodal interfaces

Interaction techniques that require users to adopt new behaviors mean that designers must take into account social acceptability and user experience otherwise the techniques may be rejected by users as they are too embarrassing to do in public. This research uses a set of low cost prototypes to study social acceptability and user perceptions of multimodal mobile interaction techniques early on in the design process. We describe 4 prototypes that were used with 8 focus groups to evaluate user perceptions of novel multimodal interactions using gesture, speech and nonspeech sounds, and gain feedback about the usefulness of the prototypes for studying social acceptability. The results of this research describe user perceptions of social acceptability and the realities of using multimodal interaction techniques in daily life. The results also describe key differences between young users (18-29) and older users (70-95) with respect to evaluation and approach to understanding these interaction techniques.
[Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy].

The seizures characteristic of ADNFLE tend to occur in clusters, with each one lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes. Some people have mild seizures that simply cause them to wake up from sleep. Others have more severe episodes that can include sudden, repetitive movements such as flinging or throwing motions of the arms and bicycling movements of the legs. The person may get out of bed and wander around, which can be mistaken for sleepwalking. The person may also cry out or make moaning, gasping, or grunting sounds. These episodes are sometimes misdiagnosed as nightmares, night terrors, or panic attacks.
Stream learning and anomaly-based intrusion detection in the adversarial settings

Despite existing many anomaly-based intrusion detection studies in the literature, they are not frequently adopted by the industry in production environments (products). Such a usage gap occurs mainly due to the difficulty to maintain the detection rate in acceptable level, given the occurrence of false alarms. In general, the literature does not consider the adversarial settings, when an opponent attempt to evade the detection system, thus possibly rendering the system unreliable over time. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a new approach to reliably perform real time stream learning for anomaly-based intrusion detection. We employ a class-specific stream outlier detector to automatically update the intrusion detection engine over the time, and a rejection mechanism, which makes it possible to obtain indications that an evasion attempt might being happening. Furthermore, the proposal is resilient to causative attacks, providing a secure intrusion detection mechanism even when the attacker can inject misclassified instances in the training dataset. The evaluation tests show that the proposed approach is resilient to exploratory attacks, allowing the system administrator to know when an evasion attempt might be occurring.