Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Whispering Truth to Power: Everyday Resistance to Reconciliation in Postgenocide Rwanda

For 100 days in 1994, genocide engulfed Rwanda. Since then, many in the international community have praised the country's postgenocide government for its efforts to foster national unity and reconciliation by downplaying ethnic differences and promoting "one Rwanda for all Rwandans. " Examining how ordinary rural Rwandans experience and view these policies, "Whispering Truth to Power" challenges the conventional wisdom on postgenocide Rwanda. Susan Thomson finds that many of Rwanda's poorest citizens distrust the local officials charged with implementing the state program and believe that it ignores the deepest problems of the countryside: lack of land, jobs, and a voice in policies that affect lives and livelihoods. Based on interviews with dozens of Rwandan peasants and government officials, this book reveals how the nation's disenfranchised poor have been engaging in everyday resistance, cautiously and carefully "whispering" their truth to the powers that be. This quiet opposition, Thomson argues, suggests that some of the nation's most celebrated postgenocide policies have failed to garner the grassroots support needed to sustain peace. Reveals the lengths [to which] the current government has gone to restructure all spaces of Rwandan society, and how Rwandans continue to resist this state interference in their everyday lives. "Ethnic and Racial Studies" Thomson s elegant research is praiseworthy and her arguments are forthright. This important publication will be of great value to scholars of Rwanda and genocide as well as students of reconciliation politics and transitional justice. "Human Rights Quarterly" Sobering and disturbing. The peasant peoples resistance to official policies of national unity and reconciliation emerged because these national schemes do not reflect the peasants own lived realities and experiences of state power, genocide, and day-to-day living within their communities. Instead, these official policies disrupt everyday life and endanger existing networks of mutual support and dependence. "Canadian Journal of Development Studies" Outstanding Academic Title, "Choice" Magazine"
The Role of Carotenoids in Human Skin

The human skin, as the boundary organ between the human body and the environment, is under the constant influence of free radicals (FR), both from the outside in and from the inside out. Carotenoids are known to be powerful antioxidant substances playing an essential role in the reactions of neutralization of FR (mainly reactive oxygen species ROS). Carotenoid molecules present in the tissue are capable of neutralizing several attacks of FR, especially ROS, and are then destroyed. Human skin contains carotenoids, such as α-, γ-, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene and their isomers, which serve the living cells as a protection against oxidation. Recent studies have reported the possibility to investigate carotenoids in human skin quickly and non-invasively by spectroscopic means. Results obtained from in-vivo studies on human skin have shown that carotenoids are vital components of the antioxidative protective system of the human skin and could serve as marker substances for the overall antioxidative status. Reflecting the nutritional and stress situation of volunteers, carotenoids must be administered by means of antioxidant-rich products, e.g., in the form of fruit and vegetables. Carotenoids are degraded by stress factors of any type, inter alia, sun radiation, contact with environmental hazards, illness, etc. The kinetics of the accumulation and degradation of carotenoids in the skin have been investigated.
Provider support of spontaneous pushing during the second stage of labor.

OBJECTIVE To describe the association between provider communication and actual maternal pushing behavior in second-stage labor and to test differences in length of second stage and total maternal pushing time by maternal pushing behavior. DESIGN Descriptive. SETTING Midwest hospital birth unit. PARTICIPANTS Twenty primigravidas who gave birth vaginally. INTERVENTION Type of provider communication (supportive of spontaneous or directed pushing). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Maternal pushing behavior (spontaneous or directed) documented by videotape review. RESULTS The percentage of provider communication supporting spontaneous pushing versus directed pushing and the percentage of actual spontaneous versus directed maternal pushing behavior were associated (Pearson r = .80, p = .001, for spontaneous and r = .89, p = .001, for directed). Neither duration of second stage (t = .06, p = .95) nor time spent pushing (t = .15, p = .89) differed by spontaneous versus directed pushing style. CONCLUSION The proportion of spontaneous pushing by the birthing woman was positively and significantly associated with the proportion of caregiver communication supporting and encouraging spontaneous pushing. Importantly, spontaneous pushing did not significantly lengthen the duration of second-stage labor or total time spent pushing.
Diagnostic markers for child speech‐sound disorders: introductory comments

The four papers in this issue report findings from a research programme on the etiological origins of child speech‐sound disorders of currently unknown origin. Overviews elsewhere describe an evolving classificatory framework that posits six putative subtypes within this general domain of communicative disorders (cf. Shriberg, 2002). The following introductory comments provide brief historical and clinical perspectives on the primary objective of this research: the availability of a suite of computer‐assisted diagnostic markers that clinicians and clinical researchers can use to classify six etiological subtypes of child speech‐sound disorders.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI ’16).

In multi-tenant environments, Linux containers managed by Docker or Kubernetes have a lower resource footprint, faster startup times, and higher I/O performance compared to virtual machines (VMs) on hypervisors. Yet their weaker isolation guarantees, enforced through software kernel mechanisms, make it easier for attackers to compromise the conﬁdentiality and integrity of application data within containers. We describe SCONE, a secure container mechanism for Docker that uses the SGX trusted execution support of Intel CPUs to protect container processes from outside attacks. The design of SCONE leads to (i) a small trusted computing base (TCB) and (ii) a low performance overhead: SCONE offers a secure C standard library interface that transparently encrypts/decrypts I/O data; to reduce the performance impact of thread synchronization and system calls within SGX enclaves, SCONE supports user-level threading and asynchronous system calls. Our evaluation shows that it protects unmodiﬁed applications with SGX, achieving 0.6 ✓ –1.2 ✓ of native throughput.
Analysis and Optimization of Feedback Control Algorithms for Data Transfers in High-Speed Networks

Two linear feedback control algorithms for handling and preventing congestion in high-speed networks are proposed and analyzed. The fluid approximation model is described with a continuous-time system of delay-differential equations. The algorithms are asymptotically stable, and the transient processes are nonoscillatory. The control parameters are locally optimal (optimality is based on the asymptotic rate of convergence). The results of numerical experiments suggest that these parameters are globally optimal as well. The dependence of the quality of service on the duration of the control intervals is analyzed, and the performance of algorithms in a nonstationary environment is addressed.
IGE AND IGGA ANTIBODY-MEDIATED RELEASE OF HISTAMINE FROM RAT PERITONEAL CELLS

IgGa, in contrast to IgE, antibodies mediated the antigen-induced release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells without a requirement for a latent period and without the capacity to bind firmly to the target cell. Nonetheless, IgGa anti-DNP antibody interfered with the capacity of rat anti-N. brasiliensis antiserum rich in IgE antibodies to prepare the target cells for histamine release by worm antigen. Further, interaction of IgE antibody-prepared cells with IgGa anti-DNP antibody and DNP-BSA at 0°C so as to achieve sterile activation, or at 30°C to permit histamine release, inactivated such cells as determined by the subsequent failure to release histamine upon challenge with worm antigen. Thus, although IgE and IgGa antibodies are immunochemically distinct homologous immunoglobulins and exhibit different functional characteristics, their interaction at the target cell involves a common receptor and at least one common point in the pathway to the release of pharmacologic agents from the cell.
Increase in upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric aerosol levels and its potential connection with Asian pollution

Satellite observations have shown that the Asian Summer Monsoon strongly influences the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) aerosol morphology through its role in the formation of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II solar occultation and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar observations show that summertime UTLS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) between 13 and 18 km over Asia has increased by three times since the late 1990s. Here we present the first in situ balloon measurements of aerosol backscatter in the UTLS from Western China, which confirm high aerosol levels observed by CALIPSO since 2006. Aircraft in situ measurements suggest that aerosols at lower altitudes of the ATAL are largely composed of carbonaceous and sulfate materials (carbon/sulfur elemental ratio ranging from 2 to 10). Back trajectory analysis from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization observations indicates that deep convection over the Indian subcontinent supplies the ATAL through the transport of pollution into the UTLS. Time series of deep convection occurrence, carbon monoxide, aerosol, temperature, and relative humidity suggest that secondary aerosol formation and growth in a cold, moist convective environment could play an important role in the formation of ATAL. Finally, radiative calculations show that the ATAL layer has exerted a short‐term regional forcing at the top of the atmosphere of −0.1 W/m2 in the past 18 years.
The Chemical Compositions of the Extreme Halo Stars HE 0107–5240 and HE 1327–2326 Inferred from Three-dimensional Hydrodynamical Model Atmospheres

We investigate the impact of realistic three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamical model stellar atmospheres on the determination of elemental abundances in the carbon-rich, hyper-iron-poor stars HE 0107-5240 and HE 1327-2326. We derive the chemical compositions of the two stars by means of a detailed 3D analysis of spectral lines under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The lower temperatures of the line-forming regions of the hydrodynamical models cause changes in the predicted spectral line strengths. In particular, we find the 3D abundances of C, N, and O to be lower by about -0.8 dex (or more) than estimated from a 1D analysis. The 3D abundances of iron peak elements are also decreased but by smaller factors (about -0.2 dex). We caution, however, that the neglected non-LTE effects might actually be substantial for these metals. We finally discuss possible implications for studies of early Galactic chemical evolution.
Selective degeneration of central photoreceptors after hyperbaric oxygen in normal and metallothionein-knockout mice.

PURPOSE Metallothioneins (MTs) in the brain and retina are believed to bind metals and reduce free radicals, thereby protecting neurons from oxidative damage. This study was undertaken to investigate whether retinal photoreceptor (PR) cells lacking MTs are more susceptible to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)-induced cell death in vivo. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and MT-knockout (MT-KO) mice lacking metallothionein (MT)-1 and MT-2 were exposed to three atmospheres of 100% oxygen for 3 hours, 3 times per week for 1, 3, or 5 weeks. The control animals were not exposed. Histologic analysis of PR viability was performed by counting rows of nuclei in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). Ultrastructure studies verified PR damage. RESULTS HBO exposure produced a major loss of PR cells in the central retinas of WT and MT-KO mice, with no effect on the peripheral retina even at the longest (5 weeks) exposures. The degree of PR damage and cell death increased with duration of HBO exposure. One week of HBO exposure was insufficient to cause PR death, but tissue damage was observed in the inner and outer segments. At 3 weeks, the rows of PR nuclei in the central retina were significantly reduced by 38% in WT and 28% in MT-KO animals. At 5 weeks, PR loss was identical in WT (34%) and MT-KO (34%) animals and was comparable to that in WT at 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that MT-1 and -2 alone are not sufficient for protecting PRs against HBO-induced cell death. The selective degeneration of central PRs may provide clues to mechanisms of oxidative damage in retinal disease.
Single nucleotide polymorphism-based dispersal estimates using noninvasive sampling

Quantifying dispersal within wild populations is an important but challenging task. Here we present a method to estimate contemporary, individual-based dispersal distance from noninvasively collected samples using a specialized panel of 96 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). One main issue in conducting dispersal studies is the requirement for a high sampling resolution at a geographic scale appropriate for capturing the majority of dispersal events. In this study, fecal samples of brown bear (Ursus arctos) were collected by volunteer citizens, resulting in a high sampling resolution spanning over 45,000 km2 in Gävleborg and Dalarna counties in Sweden. SNP genotypes were obtained for unique individuals sampled (n = 433) and subsequently used to reconstruct pedigrees. A Mantel test for isolation by distance suggests that the sampling scale was appropriate for females but not for males, which are known to disperse long distances. Euclidean distance was estimated between mother and offspring pairs identified through the reconstructed pedigrees. The mean dispersal distance was 12.9 km (SE 3.2) and 33.8 km (SE 6.8) for females and males, respectively. These results were significantly different (Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test: P-value = 0.02) and are in agreement with the previously identified pattern of male-biased dispersal. Our results illustrate the potential of using a combination of noninvasively collected samples at high resolution and specialized SNPs for pedigree-based dispersal models.
Low birth weight and high birth weight infants are both at an increased risk to have type 2 diabetes among schoolchildren in taiwan.

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of birth weight on risk of type 2 diabetes in the schoolchildren in Taiwan. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS From 1992 to 1997, all schoolchildren aged 6-18 years were screened for diabetes in Taiwan Province. This cohort consisted of 1,966 patients with diabetes and 1,780 randomly selected subjects with normal fasting glycemia (NFG). Questionnaire interviewing was designed to classify diabetes. The birth weight was obtained from the Taiwan's Birth Registry. After merging the data, there were 978 subjects, including 429 with type 2 diabetes and 549 with of NFG enrolled in the present analyses. RESULTS The odds ratios (95% CI) for type 2 diabetes, after adjusting age, sex, BMI, family history of diabetes, and socioeconomic status, were 2.91 (1.25-6.76) for children with low birth weight (<2,500 g) and 1.78 (1.04-3.06) for those with high birth weight (> or =4,000 g) when compared with the referent group (birth weight 3,000-3,499 g). The risk of diabetes was still 64% higher in the high birth weight group [odds ratio (OR) 1.64 (95% CI 0.91-2.96)], even after adjustment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Patients with type 2 diabetes who were born with high birth weight were more likely to have a higher BMI and diastolic blood pressure as well as a higher family history of diabetes compared with those with low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS A U-shaped relationship between birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes was found in the schoolchildren aged 6-18 years in Taiwan. Schoolchildren with type 2 diabetes who were born with low birth weight had different metabolic phenotypes compared with those born with high birth weight.
Practical Static Ownership Inference

There are many proposals for ownership type systems designed to control aliasing in object-oriented programs. Most systems require significant annotation effort and therefore it may be difficult to adopt these systems in software practice. Ownership inference has received less attention, while it is an important problem because it could ease the annotation effort and facilitate application of ownership type systems in real-world software systems. This paper presents novel static analyses for Java that infers ownership according to two known ownership protocols: the owner-as-dominator protocol, and the owner-as-modifier protocol. Our analyses do not require annotations. They are based on the cubic Andersen-style points-to analysis, and therefore, remains relatively inexpensive. We perform experiments on a set of Java programs. The experiments show that the analyses are practical and relatively precise. In addition, the experiments show that ownership occurs frequently in real-world applications, and that the owner-as-dominator protocol and the owner-asmodifier protocol capture distinct ownership properties.
To Be a Star Is Not Only Metaphoric: From Popularity to Social Linkage

The emergence of online platforms allowing to mix self publishing activities and social networking offers new possibilities for building online reputation and visibility. In this paper we present a method to analyze the online popularity that takes into consideration both the success of the published content and the social network topology. First, we adapt the Kohonen self organizing maps in order to cluster the users of online platforms depending on their audience and authority characteristics. Then, we perform a detailed analysis of the manner nodes are organized in the social network. Finally, we study the relationship between the network local structure around each node and the corresponding user’s popularity. We apply this method to the MySpace music social network. We observe that the most popular artists are centers of star shaped social structures and that it exists a fraction of artists who are involved in community and social activity dynamics independently of their popularity. This method based on a learning algorithm and on network analysis appears to be a robust and intuitive technique for a rich description of the online behavior.
Debt-Equity Choices, R&D Investment and Market Timing

In this paper, we examine whether managers time their debt-equity choices to exploit market mispricing. Controlling for the level of external financing and corporate investment activities, we find evidence consistent with the market timing hypothesis. We find managers issue more equity relative to debt when analysts are relatively optimistic about firms’ long-term growth prospects. Moreover, equity issuers earn lower returns than debt issuers at subsequent earnings announcements. Controlling for research and development (R&D) investment, we find that, consistent with the market timing hypothesis and inconsistent with the extant empirical literature, the debt-equity composition of external financing predicts year-ahead stock return.
Assessing Knowledge Management System User Acceptance with the Technology Acceptance Model

This article presents the results of a study investigating the applicability of Davisâ€™ Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to user acceptance of a knowledge management system (KMS) in a modern organizational environment. The study endeavors to expand empirical research of two important and complex research questions: (1) What are the important factors, conditions, and mechanisms that affect peopleâ€™s acceptance and usage of collaborative and interdependent KMS in the modern organizational environment? , and (2) How applicable is the TAM, and the substantial body of information technology (IT) research around this model, to user acceptance and usage of a KMS in a modern organizational environment where collaboration, knowledge sharing, and role based system usage is necessary for the organization to function competitively? The study provides preliminary evidence suggesting previous TAM research may serve as a foundation for research of KMS user acceptance. Relationships among primary TAM constructs found in this study are in substantive agreement with those of previous research. These findings are significant because they suggest that the considerable body of previous TAM related IT research may be usefully applied to the knowledge management (KM) domain where interdependent social processes that require knowledge creation, storage and retrieval, transfer, and application are required for effective organizational functioning.
On the evolution of the Fe abundance and of the Type Ia supernova rate in clusters of galaxies

The study of the Fe abundance in the intracluster medium (ICM) provides strong constraints on the integrated star formation history and supernova rate of the cluster galaxies, as well as on the ICM enrichment mechanisms. In this Letter, using chemical evolution models for galaxies of different morphological types, we study the evolution of the Fe content of clusters of galaxies. We assume that the ICM Fe enrichment occurs by means of galactic winds arising from elliptical galaxies and from gas stripped from the progenitors of S0 galaxies via external mechanisms, due to the interaction of the interstellar medium with the ICM. The Fe-rich gas ejected by ellipticals accounts for the XFe,ICM values observed at z > 0.5, whereas the gas stripped from the progenitors of the S0 galaxies accounts for the increase of XFe,ICM observed at z < 0.5. We test two different scenarios for Type Ia supernova (SN) progenitors and we model the Type Ia SN rate observed in clusters, finding a good agreement between our predictions and the available observations.
A Leukocyte Score to Improve Clinical Outcome Predictions in Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Adults

In multivariate analysis, a leukocyte score that adds 1 point each for neutropenia, lymphopenia and monocytopenia was associated with 30-day mortality in 192 patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. By reflecting immunoparalysis, this score could improve clinical outcome predictions in BPP.
Stabilization of 2-D recursive digital filters by the DHT method

In this paper, we discuss the discrete Hilbert transform (DHT) method of stabilizing unstable two-dimensional (2-D) recursive digital filters originally proposed by Read and Treitel (se IEEE Trans. Geo. Sci. Electron., vol. GE-II, p. 153-60, 207, July 1973). We show that even in the one-dimensional case, the DHT method may yield an unstable polynomial when the given unstable polynomial has zeros on the unit circle. This is the case in the example presented by Read and Treitel, where the given 2-D polynomial has zeros on the unit bicircle. We show that the DHT method cannot guarantee stability if the unstable 2-D polynomial has zeros on the unit bicircle.