Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Single Amino Acid Difference in Human APOBEC3H Variants Determines HIV-1 Vif Sensitivity

ABSTRACT Several variants of APOBEC3H (A3H) have been identified in different human populations. Certain variants of this protein are particularly potent inhibitors of retrotransposons and retroviruses, including HIV-1. However, it is not clear whether HIV-1 Vif can recognize and suppress the antiviral activity of A3H variants, as it does with other APOBEC3 proteins. We now report that A3H_Haplotype II (HapII), a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 in the absence of Vif, can indeed be degraded by HIV-1 Vif. Vif-induced degradation of A3H_HapII was blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and a Cullin5 (Cul5) dominant negative mutant. In addition, Vif mutants that were incapable of assembly with the host E3 ligase complex factors Cul5, ElonginB, and ElonginC were also defective for A3H_HapII suppression. Although we found that Vif hijacks the same E3 ligase to degrade A3H_HapII as it does to inactivate APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F), more Vif motifs were involved in A3H_HapII inactivation than in either A3G or A3F suppression. In contrast to A3H_HapII, A3H_Haplotype I (HapI), which differs in only three amino acids from A3H_HapII, was resistant to HIV-1 Vif-mediated degradation. We also found that residue 121 was critical for determining A3H sensitivity and binding to HIV-1 Vif.
Effect of Ion Implantation on DLC Preparation Using PBIID Process

This paper discusses the effects of ion implantation on a diamond-like carbon (DLC) preparation using a hybrid process of plasma-based ion implantation and deposition (PBIID) using superimposed RF and negative high-voltage pulses. Adhesion strength of a DLC film on A-5052 and SUS304 was enhanced by carbon ion implantation to substrate materials. Cross section of interface between the DLC film and substrate was observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that the amorphouslike mixing layer of graded carbon component and substrate materials was produced in the ion-implanted region of substrate and the oxide layer on the substrate surface was destroyed. Besides the reduction of residual stress in the DLC film, the formation of amorphouslike mixing layer and the destruction of oxide layer led to the enhancement in adhesion strength of the DLC film. Residual stress, sp3 fraction, hardness, density, and hydrogen content of the DLC films deposited from acetylene and toluene plasma have the variation with negative pulsed voltage for ion implantation
The Embeddedness of Academic Online Groups in Offline Social Networks

This article examines the conditions under which members of academic Internet discussion groups (IDGs) are motivated to provide help and answers to colleagues during group discussions on the Internet. It presents a simple microeconomic model that specifies mechanisms by which the embeddedness of IDGs in academic social networks provides incentives for active participation of members during group discussions. According to the reputation model, the sending of public email messages is a means for the researcher to gain reputation in the academic community. Hypotheses of the models are tested with the help of data on the observed communication behaviour of researchers in 49 academic IDGs. The results provide some support for the hypotheses of the model. Most important, they show that the embeddedness of academic IDGs in social networks stimulates the active participation in online discussions. The findings contribute to filling an important gap. They help understand how offline networks influence online communication by showing which characteristics of offline networks have what impact. Conclusions are drawn for the social design of online groups.
The Arts and Staying Cool

Art can be messy. Teaching art can be messy. Teaching can be a messy process. The art of making a space for the playfulness and messiness of teaching requires courage and letting go. This article develops the verandah metaphor for re-thinking the place of the arts in education, in order to make space for some of the institutionalised ambivalence in arts education. Four sites of practice are examined, where contingencies come into play, and where current practices act to both enable and constrain our ways of working with young children. The article concludes with some new (messy) possibilities for seeing and thinking about arts education.
A study of colour emotion and colour preference. Part II: Colour emotions for two‐colour combinations

Eleven colour-emotion scales, warm–cool, heavy–light, modern–classical, clean–dirty, active–passive, hard–soft, harmonious–disharmonious, tense–relaxed, fresh–stale, masculine–feminine, and like–dislike, were investigated on 190 colour pairs with British and Chinese observers. Experimental results show that gender difference existed in masculine–feminine, whereas no significant cultural difference was found between British and Chinese observers. Three colour-emotion factors were identified by the method of factor analysis and were labeled “colour activity,” “colour weight,” and “colour heat. ” These factors were found similar to those extracted from the single colour emotions developed in Part I. This indicates a coherent framework of colour emotion factors for single colours and two-colour combinations. An additivity relationship was found between single-colour and colour-combination emotions. This relationship predicts colour emotions for a colour pair by averaging the colour emotions of individual colours that generate the pair. However, it cannot be applied to colour preference prediction. By combining the additivity relationship with a single-colour emotion model, such as those developed in Part I, a colour-appearance-based model was established for colour-combination emotions. With this model one can predict colour emotions for a colour pair if colour-appearance attributes of the component colours in that pair are known. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 292–298, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20024
Binaural interaction in the cat superior olive S segment.

With the exception of low‐frequency characteristic frequency (CF) units, the ipsilaterally evoked discharge of the majority of S‐segment cells can be inhibited with simultaneous stimulation of the contralateral ear. The contralateral inhibitory CF is usually identical to the ipsilateral excitatory CF. The width of the contralateral inhibitory tuning curve is similar to the width of the ipsilateral excitatory tuning curve. Partial inhibition of the ipsilaterally evoked discharge increases the interspike intervals and increases the variability of the discharge. Inhibition, like excitation, is tonically acting. The contralateral inhibitory input with equally intense tones (measured in terms of decibels above threshold) is either about as effective as the excitatory input or less effective, rarely more effective. The primary factor determining the spike output from S‐segment cells is not the absolute intensity level of the stimulus but rather the relative intensity difference of the stimulus at the two ears.
The use of control mechanisms in coalition governments

In this article I argue that coalitions will tend to employ control mechanisms to facilitate the adoption of compromise policies only when the expected benefit of their use is high enough. When partners are already satisfied with log-rolling policies (compartmentalized by jurisdiction), or when compromise is already attainable self-enforcingly, there are few incentives to use them. Conversely, when partners are interested in compromise policies but are unable to reach that outcome in equilibrium, then control mechanisms are likely to be implemented. The empirical evidence offered tends to support the two main hypotheses of this work: control mechanisms are less necessary when the tangentiality of partners’ preferences is high and when they foresee frequent mutual interactions. However, that seems to work better for the allocation of watchdog junior ministers rather than for the writing of comprehensive policy agreements.
News Media and Peace Building in Asymmetrical Conflicts: The Flow of News between Jordan and Israel

This study explores the role of the news media in asymmetrical conflicts after countries have signed a peace agreement. While most research has focused on the inherently negative role the press plays in attempts to bring peace, this study attempts to look at this issue using a more dynamic perspective. The theoretical argument focuses on how political factors affect the quantity and quality of the news flow and some of the ways in which leaders can sometimes overcome the obstacles they face in promoting encouraging news about peace. The model considers two political factors that have a major impact on media performance: the relative level of political power of the two sides and the varying amount of hostility. To illustrate the importance of these factors we focus on the flow of news between Jordan and Israel between 1999 and 2002. The major findings from content analyses of news articles (N = 859) appearing in both countries show that while Jordanians are exposed to massive amounts of mostly negative information about Israel, the Israeli public reads almost nothing about Jordan. Despite all this, it was also found that the initiation of diplomatic relations between the former enemies allowed for the creation of important ‘news slots’ that were previously unavailable. This development created space for less threatening types of news and also allowed leaders from both Jordan and Israel to initiate some positive stories about peace, even during some of the darkest periods.
Organizational routines and cognition: an introduction to empirical and analytical contributions

Abstract: This article introduces this special issue on routines. It offers some suggestions as to why the concept of routines is considered central in methodological considerations of capabilities and organizational evolution. The contributors to this special issue propose various analytical tools, and provide some missing pieces from the puzzle related to the prominent role of routines. Issues discussed in the papers include methodological individualism. Routines lie between the individual and the firm levels of analysis because they are enacted by individuals in a social context. It is also suggested that a multilevel research agenda provides a finer-grained analysis because organizational routines are not isolated units but are entangled among the various organizational layers.
Socialization and Risk Behavior in Two Countries:

Rates of risk behavior are discussed in terms of the differences and similarities in the socialization environments of Denmark and the United States. Adolescents aged 17-18 in middle-class communities in the two countries were compared on various aspects of socialization and risk behavior. Overall, socialization was narrower among the Danish adolescents, in the sense that they had more household obligations, greater community stability, and more adults beyond their immediate families who were involved in their socialization. Rates of risk behavior were higher for American adolescents in the areas of automobile driving (high-speed and drunk driving) and minor criminal behavior (shoplifting and vandalism), whereas Danish adolescents were higher in their rates of driving a bicycle or moped while intoxicated. Danish adolescents had higher rates of sexual intercourse than American adolescents, but American adolescents were less likely to use contraception, so the overall rates of sex without contraception were almost identical in the two countries.
Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial.

CONTEXT Alendronate sodium reduces fracture risk in postmenopausal women who have vertebral fractures, but its effects on fracture risk have not been studied for women without vertebral fractures. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that 4 years of alendronate would decrease the risk of clinical and vertebral fractures in women who have low bone mineral density (BMD) but no vertebral fractures. DESIGN Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Eleven community-based clinical research centers. SUBJECTS Women aged 54 to 81 years with a femoral neck BMD of 0.68 g/cm2 or less (Hologic Inc, Waltham, Mass) but no vertebral fracture; 4432 were randomized to alendronate or placebo and 4272 (96%) completed outcome measurements at the final visit (an average of 4.2 years later). INTERVENTION All participants reporting calcium intakes of 1000 mg/d or less received a supplement containing 500 mg of calcium and 250 IU of cholecalciferol. Subjects were randomly assigned to either placebo or 5 mg/d of alendronate sodium for 2 years followed by 10 mg/d for the remainder of the trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical fractures confirmed by x-ray reports, new vertebral deformities detected by morphometric measurements on radiographs, and BMD measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Alendronate increased BMD at all sites studied (P<.001) and reduced clinical fractures from 312 in the placebo group to 272 in the intervention group, but not significantly so (14% reduction; relative hazard [RH], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-1.01). Alendronate reduced clinical fractures by 36% in women with baseline osteoporosis at the femoral neck (>2.5 SDs below the normal young adult mean; RH, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.50-0.82; treatment-control difference, 6.5%; number needed to treat [NNT], 15), but there was no significant reduction among those with higher BMD (RH, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.87-1.35). Alendronate decreased the risk of radiographic vertebral fractures by 44% overall (relative risk, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.39-0.80; treatment-control difference, 1.7%; NNT, 60). Alendronate did not increase the risk of gastrointestinal or other adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS In women with low BMD but without vertebral fractures, 4 years of alendronate safely increased BMD and decreased the risk of first vertebral deformity. Alendronate significantly reduced the risk of clinical fractures among women with osteoporosis but not among women with higher BMD.
Clinical features and treatment status of hemifacial spasm in China

Background Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a facial nerve disorder characterized by episodic involuntary ipsilateral facial muscle contraction. Information on Chinese patients with HFS has not been well‐characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical feature and the treatment status of HFS across China. Methods A cross‐sectional study including 1003 primary HFS patients had been carried out in 15 movement disorder clinics in China in 2012. The investigated information was acquired from questionnaires and medical records including demographic data, site of onset, aggravating and relieving factors, treatments prior to the investigation, etc. Results In this study, the ratio of male to female was 1.0:1.8, the mean age at onset was (46.6±11.5) years. About 1.0% patients were bilaterally affected. The most often site of initial onset was the orbicularis oculi muscle. The most often affected sites were orbicularis oculi, zygomatic, and orbicularis oris muscles. Stress/anxiety and relaxation were most often aggravating and relieving factors, respectively; 2.3% patients had family history, 28.4% cases were combined with hypertension, and 1.4% patients were with trigeminal neuralgia. Botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) injection was the most commonly used treatment, followed by acupuncture and oral medication. BTX‐A maintained the highest repeat treatment ratio (68.7%), while 98.4% patients gave up acupuncture. The mean latency of BTX‐A effect was (5.0±4.7) days, the mean total duration of the effect was (19.5±11.7) weeks, and 95.9% patients developed improvements no worse than moderate in both severity and function. The most common side effect was droopy mouth. Conclusions The onset age of HFS in China is earlier than that in western countries. The most often used two treatments are BTX‐A injection and acupuncture, while the latter kept the poor repeat treatment ratio because of dissatisfactory therapeutic effect.
Sensor based planning: a control law for generating the generalized Voronoi graph

We introduce a new control law for robots that explore unknown environments and configuration spaces. Unlike numerical continuation methods, which produce a jagged path because of the predictor-corrector approach, the control law, introduced in this paper, performs sensor based planning by directing the head of a robot to follow continuously a roadmap. Recall that a roadmap is a one-dimensional representation of a robot's environment. Once the robot exhaustively traces out the roadmap using this control law, it has in essence explored an environment. Experiments on a mobile robot validate the control law.
An efficient and scalable data compression approach to classification

Learning algorithms are effective means of inducing predictive models of a phenomenon starting from a set of instances of the phenomenon itself. However, the impressive growth of the amount of stored data makes scalability of both the learning and classification procedures a compelling requisite for their effective application in data mining tasks, at least as important as accuracy of the induced model. In this paper we show the features of a stochastic gradient algor i thm for the minimization of the average misclassification risk performed by a Labeled Vector Quantizer, both in terms of scalability and accuracy. The performance are compared with those of other related algorithms, often adopted in data mining, on both artificial and real data experiments.
Does Online Community Participation Foster Risky Financial Behavior?

Although consumers increasingly use online communities for various activities, little is known about how participation in them affects people's decision-making strategies. Through a series of field and laboratory studies, the authors demonstrate that participation in an online community increases people's risk-seeking tendencies in their financial decisions and behaviors. The results reveal that participation in an online community leads consumers to believe that they will receive help or support from other members should difficulties arise. Such a perception leads online community participants to make riskier financial decisions than nonparticipants. The authors also discover a boundary condition to the effect: Online community members are more risk seeking only when they have relatively strong ties with other members; when ties are weak, they exhibit similar risk preferences as nonmembers.
Perceptions of AAC: An Ethnographic Investigation of Mexican-American Families

Ethnographic methodologies were used to describe and interpret the experiences of four Mexican-American families of individuals with complex communication needs regarding the impact of using AAC devices. Findings suggest that the AAC devices were not perceived by family members to be useful for interactions with their children. Additionally, family members perceived that the fluency and complexity of the conversations with their children were not improved with the use of an AAC device because of language barriers and cultural preferences for speed and intimacy. All of the participating families valued and strongly supported the use of the device for educational purposes and in educational environments.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Heine, Lehman / Culture and Self-satisfaction Culture, Self-discrepancies, and Self-satisfaction

In contrast to the reliable effects observed with North Americans, research with Japanese has failed to detect self-enhancing biases. The authors considered the possibility that, owing to the need to adapt themselves to others' expectations, Japanese are more critical of themselves than are North Americans. A comparison of actual-ideal self-discrepancies indeed revealed larger discrepancies for Japanese than for either European or Asian Canadians. Moreover, the magnitude of the cultural differences were larger for characteristics that participants viewed as more important, and the relation between depression scores and actual-ideal discrepancies was weaker for Japanese than for European Canadi-ans. The data support the notions that (a) Japanese are more likely than North Americans to be dissatisfied with themselves and (b) these self-critical attitudes are less distressful for Japanese. Research on the self in North America has had a strong focus on biases in self-perceptions. This research has demonstrated that the typical (North American) individual's self-evaluation is fraught with inaccuracies and distortions. These do not occur randomly but rather are biased systematically toward casting the self in an unrealistically positive light. These positive self-distortions have emerged across a variety of paradigms and in fact are so common that many argue that they are basic and fundamental ways of thinking, at least in North America where the bulk of this research has been conducted. These biases have been construed as information-processing errors (Miller & Ross, 1975), egocentric knowledge organizations growing out of an " intrapsychic evolution " (Greenwald, 1980), and self-protective tactics that serve to bolster the individual's subjective well-and the biases demonstrated in these studies have been shown to be associated with psychological maladjustment and narcissism. There is thus considerable controversy over the characteristics associated with these biases, the methodologies that are appropriate to study them, and the proportion of the population embracing them. Nonetheless, across these (North American) samples there is consensus that the distortions are systematically in a positive direction (self is better than is actually the case) and that these biases are resistant to change (Krueger & Clement, 1994; Wein-stein & Klein, 1995). Despite the frequency with which self-enhancing biases are observed in the West, they do not appear to characterize the typical thinking pattern of people from Eastern cultures, particularly Japanese (Markus & Kita-yama, 1991b). For example, the unrealistic optimism bias, whereby individuals view negative future life events as more likely to happen to others than to themselves (see …
Returning to work after suffering from burnout syndrome: Perceived changes in personality, views, values, and behaviors connected with work

To date only a few studies have focused on returning to work after suffering from burnout syndrome. Participants were asked about their perceived work effectiveness, changes in their personal values, and obstacles and support factors that they encountered when they returned to work. Among the 27 individuals of various professions included in the study, 18 achieved an average or a high score on the Maslach Burnout Inventory, which was used to conduct a semi-structured interview. The answers were later processed by analyzing the content. The results showed that burned-out individuals only slowly return to work after recovery. When they return to work, they encounter changes in personality, personal values, and work effectiveness, and they only receive partial support from the environment. The results draw attention to insufficient detection of the disease by medical staff and employers in Slovenia. Recovering from burnout is a long-term process, which depends most on individuals themselves. At the same time, they can receive the necessary support from their family and coworkers, especially in terms of understanding them and partially adapting their responsibilities at work when they return. This study draws attention to a number of factors that can influence an individual’s process of returning to work and can be used as a basis for developing systematic rehabilitation programs.