Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Features, Bagging, and System Combination for the Chinese POS Tagging Task

In recent years more and more NLP packages become available to the public, and many of them are implementations of general machine learning methods. A natural question is how one can quickly build a good system using those packages. To address this issue, we built three part-of-speech taggers (i.e., trigram, TBL, and MaxEnt taggers) for Chinese using existing packages. Our experiments showed that adapting and extending a package is relative easy if the package is wellwritten and source code is available. We studied the contribution of each type of feature templates to the tagging accuracy and showed that adding some templates could help one tagger but hurt another one. Furthermore, we demonstrated that bagging (Breiman, 1996) provides a moderate gain for the TBL tagger, and combining TBL and MaxEnt taggers work better than using all three taggers.
The Japanese High School: Silence and Resistance

class in Hiraizumi vis-a-vis the imperial and aristocratic patronage in Kyoto, particularly that of the retired emperor Shirakawa and his descendants. Her detailed reconstruction of the temple complexes and icons, and her knowledge of Buddhism and political history allow her to convincingly demonstrate that Kiyohira and Shirakawa, both vigorously establishing new regimes, used Buddhist art as a visual statement of the new political order to legitimize their right to rule. The Oshu Fujiwara imitated the imperial and aristocratic visual language of power, and in so doing they challenged the imperial household and Kyoto aristocracy. The fifth chapter is dedicated to the two extant original structures at Kiyohira's Chusonji complex: Konjikido (Hall of Gold), a puzzling Buddhist monument that contains the mummies of the three military leaders and that reveals strong connections with the Ainu; and the Sutra Repository that contains a wonderful Monju image accompanied by four attendants. Yiengpruksawan presents the various interpretations of each of the buildings and its contents, and strives to reconstruct the intentions of the patron. She argues that both buildings were conceived to recreate at Chusonji the golden world of the Chinese religious site of Wutaishan. Two works commissioned by the last of the Oshu Fujiwara leaders are discussed in chapter six. Before his death in 1187 and before Hiraizumi fell to Minamoto Yoritomo and his forces in 1189, Hidehira ordered an image of the Ichiji Kinrin, a form of the Cosmic Buddha Dainichi, and a Golden Light Sutra set with the text written in gold. Yiengpruksawan sees in these two objects the desire of Hidehira to protect his domains and to proclaim himself as a virtuous and penitent ruler. She concludes her book with a discussion of the artists involved in such an extensive production of Buddhist art, and proposes that in the twelfth century there was a Hiraizumi visual rhetoric that expressed the identity of the Oshu Fujiwara as descendants of the Emishi. Yiengpruksawan's book is well written, clearly organized, and discusses in detail extant as well as lost works of art. In addition, the book provides a solid historical background and clarifies various Buddhist beliefs and practices. Undoubtedly, her major contribution is the creation of a model for the study of Buddhist art that responds to the challenges of new trends in the discipline of art history in the West. Hiraizumi is a major resource for the study of Japanese cultural history, art, and religion. Thought provoking and issue oriented, it establishes a high standard of scholarship and a foundation for future research.
Section Ii-exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine the Effect of Patellar Taping on Squat Depth and the Perception of Pain in People with Anterior Knee Pain Material and Methods

Patellar taping is a treatment adjunct commonly used in the management of anterior knee pain. The aim of this cross sectional study was to investigate the effects of medial glide patellar taping on sagittal plane lower-limb joint kinematics and knee pain during a unilateral squat in a symptomatic population complaining of anterior knee pain. Ten participants with a history of unilateral or bilateral anterior knee pain were included in the study. Subjects were required to squat on the symptomatic leg under three conditions: placebo tape, patellar tape and no tape. Kinematic data was recorded using the CODA mpx64 motion analysis system and subjects' pain was assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale. Patellar taping resulted in a significantly greater single-legged squat depth compared to placebo tape (p=0.008) and no tape (p=0.001) and a statistically significant reduction in pain during a squat compared to placebo tape (p=0.001) or no tape (p=0.001). Significant differences were not identified for maximum knee flexion in the patella taping compared to the no tape condition. This study may have significant clinical implications as participants reported less pain and alterations in sagittal plane movement following the application of patellar tape. Introduction Anterior knee pain (AKP) is a common symptom complex typically characterized by diffuse retropatellar or peripatellar knee pain exacerbated by activities that load the flexed knee joint. Such activities include ascending or descending stairs, squatting, walking, running or sitting for prolonged periods of time (Fulkerson, 2002). The literature suggests that patients with longstanding AKP have an associated lateral displacement of the patella within the femoral trochlea groove (Merchant, 1988; Crossley et al., 2000; Herrington and Nester, 2004). This may be a result of impaired activation or timing of vastus medialis oblique (VMO) in relation to vastus lateralis (VL), which contributes to increased stresses at the patellofemoral joint (Crossley et al., 2000). Authors have reported kinematic alterations in individuals with anterior knee pain including reduced knee flexion during functional weight-bearing activities. These compensatory movement patterns are thought to be adopted by people with AKP in order to reduce the load across the patellofemoral joint, reducing subsequent demand on the quadriceps (Greenwald et al., 1996; Nadeau et al., 1997). Reduced activation of the quadriceps in this manner leads to weakness of VMO and VL, a common clinical finding in patients with AKP (Thomee et al., 1999). This in turn may lead to altered stabilisation of the patella and further …
Color categories: confirmation of the relativity hypothesis

The question of whether language affects our categorization of perceptual continua is of particular interest for the domain of color where constraints on categorization have been proposed both within the visual system and in the visual environment. Recent research (Roberson, Davies, & Davidoff, 2000; Roberson et al., in press) found substantial evidence of cognitive color differences between different language communities, but concerns remained as to how representative might be a tiny, extremely remote community. The present study replicates and extends previous findings using additional paradigms among a larger community in a different visual environment. Adult semi-nomadic tribesmen in Southern Africa carried out similarity judgments, short-term memory and long-term learning tasks. They showed different cognitive organization of color to both English and another language with the five color terms. Moreover, Categorical Perception effects were found to differ even between languages with broadly similar color categories. The results provide further evidence of the tight relationship between language and cognition.
Neither Daredevils Nor Wimps: Attitudes toward Physical Risk Takers as Mates

Farthing (2005) tested a prediction derived from costly-signaling theory, that women would prefer physical risk takers (brave, athletic, fit) over risk-avoiders as long-term mates. Using scenarios involving high-risk acts, the prediction was confirmed for heroic (brave, altruistic) but not for non-heroic (brave, non-altruistic) acts. Apparently, women's concerns over risks to their mates overrode any positive signal value of men's risk taking, when the acts were highly risky and had no redeeming practical value. The present studies revisited the costly-signaling hypothesis using both medium- and high-risk scenarios, and it was predicted that for non-heroic acts women would prefer risk takers over risk avoiders for medium-level risks but not for highly risky acts. The prediction was supported in two studies. In Study 1, risk takers were preferred for non-heroic medium-risk acts, but risk avoiders were preferred for high-risk acts. For heroic acts, risk takers were preferred for both high- and medium-risk acts. Study 2 crossed two act risk levels with two actor skill levels, with non-heroic risks. Risk takers were preferred for the least risky combination (medium-risk act, high-skill actor) and also for the two moderately risky combinations, but risk avoiders were preferred for the riskiest combination (high-risk act, medium-skill actor). In Study 1, participants compared high-level risk takers versus risk avoiders on several person adjectives. Both heroic and non-heroic risk takers were perceived as more brave, athletic, physically fit, impulsive, attention-seeking, and foolish, and less emotionally stable and self-controlled, compared to risk avoiders. But only heroic risk takers were perceived as more altruistic, agreeable, conscientious, and sexy than risk avoiders.
Developing Human Capabilities Through Law: Is Indian Law Failing?

The Capability Approach envisages a human-centred idea of development instead of an income-based idea of development. Economic development is only one of the components in human capability development. Economic development by itself cannot ensure capability promotion amongst individuals, specially in developing countries like India where majority of the population suffers from various kinds of capability deprivation. What is required under such circumstances is enabling the population to make use of economic development by enhancing their capabilities. The judicial system is an important institution in this regard. However, judicial interpretation in India is not helping the cause of capability promotion amongst the population. The judiciary is blinded by the rhetoric of economic development. Judicial interpretations show that the judiciary believes economic development by itself is sufficient enough condition in the development of the country and its people. This article, by choosing the example of labour law, shows that the judiciary is acting under a mistaken belief of development in interpreting labour jurisprudence in India. If human development is the goal of the labour laws, the judiciary needs to focus on providing social and institutional conditions for the promotion of capabilities rather than eroding such conditions in the name of economic development.
Prediction of Outcome in Mild to Moderate Head Injury: A Review

This paper reviews the functional outcome of patients sustaining mild and moderate head injury (HI). Discrepancies across studies in the definition of minor, mild, and moderate HI are discussed in terms of hindering the interpretation of recovery. The predictive value of acute severity indices, neuroimaging findings, and the results of other techniques are summarized. Measurement of outcome based solely on the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) is critiqued, and it is recommended that a differentiated outcome scale involving emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physical domains should be used.
The Data of Levy and Levy (2002) "Prospect Theory: Much Ado About Nothing?" Actually Support Prospect Theory

Levy and Levy ( Management Science 2002) present data that, according to their claims, violate prospect theory. They suggest that prospect theory's hypothesis of an S-shaped value function, concave for gains and convex for losses, is incorrect. However, all the data of Levy and Levy are perfectly consistent with the predictions of prospect theory, as can be verified by simply applying prospect theory formulas. The mistake of Levy and Levy is that they, incorrectly, thought that probability weighting could be ignored.
Preand Postcapillary Vascular Responses to Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation in DOCA‐Hypertensive Dogs

SUMMARY Measurements of precapillary resistance (R.), postcapillary resistance (Rv), and mean capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pci) were made during sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) under constantflow perfusion in isolated hindlimbs from deoxycorticosterooe acetate (DOCA)-hypertensiTe dogs. We found that both preand postcapillary vascular responses to SNS were greater in the DOCA-hypertensive group when compared to the control group. Intraarterial injections of norepinephrine produced a dose-response curve for precapillary vessels in the hypertensive group that was asymmetrically shifted to the left (increased slope) and exhibited a significant decrease in vasoconstrictor threshold. These results, coupled with our earlier observations, suggest that the hyperresponslveness of the precapillary segment in DOCA-hypertensive dogs could be attributed to both structural and intrinsic alterations of the resistance vessels. We present evidence that suggests, however, that the increased postcapillary resistance with SNS may be explained by a structural alteration causing a decrease in the diameter of existing postcapillary vessels, or may be due to a decrease in the actual number of postcapillary vessels, or both. It is concluded that in this model of hypertension, postcapillary vascular changes also contribute to the overall increase in total peripheral resistance.
Synaptic Plasticity and Calcium Signaling in Purkinje Cells of the Central Cerebellar Lobes of Mormyrid Fish

Climbing fiber (CF)-evoked calcium transients play a key role in plasticity at parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje cell synapses in the mammalian cerebellum. Whereas PF activation alone causes long-term potentiation (LTP), coactivation of the heterosynaptic CF input, which evokes large dendritic calcium transients, induces long-term depression (LTD). This unique type of heterosynaptic interaction is a hallmark feature of synaptic plasticity in mammalian Purkinje cells. Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of mormyrid electric fish are characterized by a different architecture of their dendritic trees and by a more pronounced separation of CF and PF synaptic contact sites. We therefore examined the conditions for bidirectional plasticity at PF synapses onto Purkinje cells in the mormyrid cerebellum in vitro. PF stimulation at elevated frequencies induces LTP, whereas LTD results from PF stimulation at enhanced intensities and depends on dendritic calcium influx and metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 activation. LTD can also be observed after pairing of low intensity PF stimulation with CF stimulation. Using a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and fluorometric calcium imaging, we characterized calcium transients in Purkinje cell dendrites. CF activation elicits calcium transients not only within the CF input territory (smooth proximal dendrites) but also within the PF input territory (spiny palisade dendrites). Paired PF and CF activation elicits larger calcium transients than stimulation of either input alone. A major source for dendritic calcium signaling is provided by P/Q-type calcium channels. Our data show that despite the spatial separation between the two inputs CF activity facilitates LTD induction at PF synapses.
Assessment of Stress Level among Dental Undergraduate Students: A Questionnaire Survey

Introduction: Stress is a state of mental or emotional strain resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances. Student’s life imposes inevitable stress, which involves physiological and practical challenges. Dentistry is a stressful profession resulting in anxiety, depression, burnout, etc. Aims: The aim was to assess the various sources of stress, any particular stressor related to the year of study and gender and to determine the role of parents in inducing stress in students. Materials and Methods: A total of 96 undergraduates students were included in our study and stress was measured using modified dental environment stress questionnaire and Likert scale with response options as: (1) Not stressful, (2) slightly stressful, (3) moderately stressful, and (4) severely stressful. Results: The primary top stressors were fear of failing, need to find own patients. Students whose secondary choice of joining dentistry due to parental pressure showed high-stress factor than those who joined of their self-interest. Male students experienced greater stress than females. Conclusion: Appropriate environment needs to be created to relieve the stress in undergraduate students and also parents should not force their children in their career decision.
Perioperative cultures and the role of antibiotics during stone surgery

Urinary tract infection and urosepsis are the most common complications associated with the procedures urologists employ to manage stone disease. Recommendations regarding antibiotic prophylaxis and utilization of perioperative urine and stone culture prior to shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) or endoscopic intervention have evolved overtime. We sought to provide readers with a comprehensive consensus regarding these most recent recommendations.
Adaptation in Tunably Rugged Fitness Landscapes: The Rough Mount Fuji Model

Much of the current theory of adaptation is based on Gillespie’s mutational landscape model (MLM), which assumes that the fitness values of genotypes linked by single mutational steps are independent random variables. On the other hand, a growing body of empirical evidence shows that real fitness landscapes, while possessing a considerable amount of ruggedness, are smoother than predicted by the MLM. In the present article we propose and analyze a simple fitness landscape model with tunable ruggedness based on the rough Mount Fuji (RMF) model originally introduced by Aita et al. in the context of protein evolution. We provide a comprehensive collection of results pertaining to the topographical structure of RMF landscapes, including explicit formulas for the expected number of local fitness maxima, the location of the global peak, and the fitness correlation function. The statistics of single and multiple adaptive steps on the RMF landscape are explored mainly through simulations, and the results are compared to the known behavior in the MLM model. Finally, we show that the RMF model can explain the large number of second-step mutations observed on a highly fit first-step background in a recent evolution experiment with a microvirid bacteriophage.
Treatment limitations at admission to intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand: Prevalence, outcomes, and resource use*

Background:Previous studies have addressed patients in whom treatment is withheld or withdrawn after a period of intensive care unit management. However, no studies have investigated the epidemiology of patients with treatment limitations in place at the time of intensive care unit admission. Objective:To report the epidemiology and outcome of patients with treatment limitations at intensive care unit admission and to identify characteristics associated with survival and discharge to home. Design:Retrospective database study using data from the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Adult Patient Database. Setting:Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Patients:One hundred eighty-seven thousand four hundred and one intensive care patients collected over a 3-yr period, 5,989 (3.2%) of whom had treatment limitations at admission to the intensive care unit. Interventions:Retrospective database study with no interventions. Data collected included patient characteristics, length of stay, mortality, and discharge destination. Mean intensive care unit bed days were used as a surrogate for resource consumption. Measurements and Main Results:Between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2009, 5,989 (3.2%) patients were reported to the Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Adult Patient Database who had treatment limitation orders at admission to intensive care unit. Mortality was 53% (95% confidence interval 51.7%–54.3%) compared with 9% (95% confidence interval 8.9%–9.1%) in patients admitted for full active management (p ⩽ .001). Overall, 30% of patients with treatment limitations were discharged directly to their homes. Intensive care unit bed day usage was similar between the two groups. Within the treatment limitation group, younger patients, those with less comorbid diseases, less acute physiological disturbance, and those admitted following elective surgery, were more likely to survive and be discharged home. Admission diagnosis was an important determinant of outcome with intracranial or subarachnoid hemorrhage predicting a extremely high mortality. Conclusions:Patients with treatment limitations on intensive care unit admission comprise approximately 2,000 patients per year in Australia and New Zealand. Despite such limitations, almost half of these patients survive their hospital admission and a third return directly to their home.
Religion and Drug Dependency: A Comparative Study of Malay Male Youth in Malaysia

This study examined the relationship between religion and drug dependency of Malay Muslim youth. A comparison between addicts and nonaddicts were conducted. The comparison was conducted to study the degree of their religiosity, and the effect of that religiosity on their drug behavior. Other factors such as parental relationship, peer influence and personal attitudes were also looked at. The findings showed an overwhelming percentage of the addicts were ignorant to the teachings of their religion, and they took religion lightly. The addicts scored low on the religiosity scales, while the opposite was true for the nonaddicts.
Sediment Losses in Watersheds in the Western-Center Meso-Region Rio-grandense

The permanent monitoring of sediment losses in small-paired watersheds is still incipient, especially in what concerns the search for information that combines variables that are part of an open and dynamic system. In this sense, this work investigated sediment losses in watersheds in the Western Meso-region Rio-grandense from 07/2010 to 12/2012. The auxiliary variables were composed of rainfall, surface and base flow and kinetic energy – in comparison to the morphometry of each microbasin and its use – to the concentration of suspended sediments and total sediment loss. Statistical analysis of the data was based on descriptive statistics, taking into account the indicators of cumulative, average, standard deviation, standard error and variance, as well as regression analysis. The largest mild to smooth corrugate relief area of the smallest river basins is not sufficient to provide lower superficial runoff values. The increase in rainfall directly contributes to the increase in kinetic energy, and leads to greater sediment losses in both small hydrographic basins. The larger area occupied by natural water reservoirs contributes efficiently to the reduction of suspended sediment losses. The watershed with larger area is more susceptible to the triggering of erosive processes than to the smaller area, in 8 (2010), 6 (2011) and 4 (2012) times.