Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Devil is in the Tails: Fine-grained Classification in the Wild

The world is long-tailed. What does this mean for computer vision and visual recognition? The main two implications are (1) the number of categories we need to consider in applications can be very large, and (2) the number of training examples for most categories can be very small. Current visual recognition algorithms have achieved excellent classification accuracy. However, they require many training examples to reach peak performance, which suggests that long-tailed distributions will not be dealt with well. We analyze this question in the context of eBird, a large fine-grained classification dataset, and a state-of-the-art deep network classification algorithm. We find that (a) peak classification performance on well-represented categories is excellent, (b) given enough data, classification performance suffers only minimally from an increase in the number of classes, (c) classification performance decays precipitously as the number of training examples decreases, (d) surprisingly, transfer learning is virtually absent in current methods. Our findings suggest that our community should come to grips with the question of long tails.
Effectiveness of planning and management interventions for improving age-appropriate immunization in rural India.

OBJECTIVE To study the effectiveness of planning and management interventions for ensuring children in India are immunized at the appropriate age. METHODS The study involved children aged less than 18 months recruited from Haryana, India, in 2005-2006: 4336 in a pre-intervention cohort and 5213 in a post-intervention cohort. In addition, immunization of 814 hospitalized children from outside the study area was also assessed. Operational barriers to age-appropriate immunization with diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccine were investigated by monitoring vaccination coverage, observing immunization sessions and interviewing parents and health-care providers. An intervention package was developed, with community volunteers playing a pivotal role. Its effectiveness was assessed by monitoring the ages at which the three DPT doses were administered. FINDINGS The main reasons for delayed immunization were staff shortages, non-adherence to plans and vaccine being out of stock. In the post-intervention cohort, 70% received a third DPT dose before the age of 6 months, significantly more than in the pre-intervention cohort (62%; P = 0.002). In addition, the mean age at which the first, second and third DPT doses were administered decreased by 17, 21 and 34 days, respectively, in the study area over a period of 18 months (P for trend < 0.0001). No change was observed in hospitalized children from outside the study area. CONCLUSION An intervention package involving community volunteers significantly improved age-appropriate DPT immunization in India. The Indian Government's intention to recruit village-based volunteers as part of a health sector reform aimed at decentralizing administration could help increase timely immunization.
[Protein C system in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis--preliminary report].

INTRODUCTION The natural anticoagulant-activated protein C system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration of protein C (PC), protein S (PS), thrombomodulin (TM), selectin E (sSelE), and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). MATERIAL AND METHODS Study group consisted of 11 patients aged 51.5 +/- 8.62 years with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 20 healthy adults as control. Concentration of PC, PS TM, sSelE and TAT in plasma with ELISA method was assessed. RESULTS We observed significantly lower plasma concentration of PC (98.24 +/- 16.17% vs. 130.59 +/- 19.03%), PS (71.31 +/- +/- 12.95% vs. 93.47 +/- 18.63%), TM (2.67 +/- 0.40 ng/ml vs. 3.99 +/- 1.16 ng/ml) and significantly higher level of TAT complex (Me = 4.00 mg/ml vs. 2.20 mg/ml) and sSelE (Me = 36.40 ng/ml vs. 22.84 ng/ml) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as compared to controls. CONCLUSION In presented pilot study we observed decreased activity of protein C system and increased thrombin generation in peripheral blood of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Noncertainty equivalent adaptive control of robot manipulators without velocity measurements

This paper presents a noncertainty equivalent adaptive motion control scheme for robot manipulators in the absence of link velocity measurements. A new output feedback adaptation algorithm, based on the attractive manifold design approach, is developed. A proportional-integral adaptation is selected for the adaptive parameter estimator to strengthen the passivity of the system. In order to relieve velocity measurements, an observer is designed to estimate the velocities. The controller guarantees semiglobal asymptotic motion tracking and velocity estimation, as well as L∞ and L2 bounded parameter estimation error. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified by simulations for a two-link robot manipulator and a four-bar linkage. The results are further compared with the earlier certainty-equivalent adaptive partial and full state feedback controller to highlight potential closed-loop performance improvements. Graphical Abstract
Weakly-Calibrated Visual Control of Mobile Robots using the Trifocal Tensor and Central Cameras

In this paper, we present the synthesis of two control schemes that exploit the properties of the trifocal tensor computed from bearing measurements (1D TT), for the poseregulation problem of mobile robots. Both control schemes are valid for vision systems obeying a central projection model, in such a way that visibility constraint problems can be overcome. The use of the 1D TT avoids the need of a complete camera calibration for any type of central camera, so that, weaklycalibrated control schemes are obtained. This benefit of the 1D TT as measurement is exploited in an image-based (IB) approach as well as in a position-based (PB) approach. The IB scheme employs direct feedback of the elements of the tensor without commuting to any other approach during the control task. The PB approach relies on the feedback of the pose estimated dynamically from the 1D TT. Both visual control schemes are evaluated through real-world experiments using a hypercatadioptric imaging system.
Relationship Quality and Virtuousness

Virtuousness in organizations involves individuals and teams being resilient, or bouncing back from setbacks in ways that allow them to adapt and grow. In two studies, we focus on emotional carrying capacity (ECC), wherein relationship partners express more of their emotions, express both positive and negative emotions, and do so constructively, as a source of resilience in individuals and in teams. Study 1’s findings indicate that ECC is positively related to individual resilience and that ECC mediates the link between relationship closeness and individual resilience. Study 2’s findings indicate a similar pattern for resilience at the team level: ECC is positively related to team resilience and mediates the connection between trust and team resilience. Together, these studies provide insight into how emotional expression in relationships is a key mechanism in explaining resilience, a foundational element for the pursuit of long-term virtuousness for individuals and for teams.
Effect of dexmedetomidine priming on convulsion reaction induced by lidocaine

Abstract To study the effect of dexmedetomidine priming on convulsion reaction induced by lidocaine. The New Zealand white rabbits were applied for the mechanism study of dexmedetomidine priming for preventing convulsion reaction induced by lidocaine. The influence of dexmedetomidine priming with different doses on the time for convulsion occurrence and the duration time of convulsion induced by lidocaine, as well as contents of excitatory amino acids (aspartate [Asp], glutamate [Glu]) and inhibitory amino acids (glycine [Gly], &ggr;-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) in the brain tissue were investigated. With 3 and 5 &mgr;g/kg dexmedetomidine priming, the occurrence times of convulsion were prolonged from 196 seconds to 349 and 414 seconds, respectively. With dexmedetomidine priming, the contents of excitatory amino acids (Asp, Glu) were much reduced at occurrence time of convulsion comparing with that without dexmedetomidine priming, while content of inhibitory amino acids Gly was much enhanced. The application of dexmedetomidine before local anesthetics can improve intoxication dose threshold of the lidocaine, delay occurrence of the convulsion, and helped for the recovery of convulsion induced by lidocaine. The positive effect of dexmedetomidine on preventing convulsion would owe to not only the inhibition of excitatory amino acids (Asp, Glu), but also the promotion of inhibitory amino acids Gly secretion.
Cerebroplacental ratio in prediction of adverse perinatal outcome and fetal heart rate disturbances in uncomplicated pregnancy at 40 weeks and beyond

Introduction The aim of the study was to determine the usefulness of Doppler velocimetry, based on cerebroplacental ratio (C/U) evaluation, in predicting intrapartum fetal heart rate abnormalities and adverse neonatal outcome in uncomplicated pregnancies at 40 weeks and beyond. Material and methods One hundred and forty-eight women in uncomplicated pregnancies, between 40 and 42 completed weeks, were divided into control and study groups: with the absence (n = 79) and with the presence of a fetal brain-sparing effect (n = 69), respectively. Pulsatility and resistance indices in the middle cerebral, the umbilical artery and the C/U ratio were evaluated daily by Doppler ultrasonography. C/U < 1.1 was reported as suggestive of a brain-sparing effect. Abnormal flow indices were analyzed and compared to adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcome determinants. Results In the abnormal C/U group the abnormal CTG records were significantly more frequently observed (62.3%) than in normal C/U group (19.0%) (p = 0.0001). The comparison of selected Doppler indices revealed that C/U showed the highest sensitivity in prediction of both the intrapartum abnormal FHR (74.1%) and the adverse neonatal outcome (87.8%). Conclusions The C/U index shows the highest sensitivity in prediction of FHR abnormalities and adverse neonatal outcome in uncomplicated pregnancies at 40 weeks and beyond. The C/U index is useful in clinical practice in antenatal monitoring of these women in order to select those at high risk of intra- and postpartum complications.
It Takes a Family

Black family structures, dynamics, and processes in the United States have had a long history of investigation in the social sciences. And recently, research on sexual orientation disclosure has become an important feature of the scholarship on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations. The various ways in which the family affects a person’s decision to be an out LGBT person, or outness, are less known. Using a national sample of Black LGBT people (N = 2,166), this article assesses the relative importance of a variety of characteristics in understanding outness levels. Regression modeling reveals that having family support is the strongest predictor of outness for Black LGBTs. Two other predictors include the belief that one’s sexual orientation is an important part of one’s identity and having a connection to the LGBT community. The significance of these findings is discussed regarding future research with Black LGBT populations.
Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery: Experience From Cincinnati

Prospective studies were done to determine the outcome of allografts and autografts used for revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The allograft group was comprised of 65 patients observed for a mean of 42 months postoperatively; the autograft (bone-patellar ligament-bone) group contained 20 patients observed for a mean of 27 months postoperatively. KT-2000 testing and a comprehensive knee examination were done on all the patients. The Cincinnati Knee Rating System was used for assessment. Significant improvements were noted in all patients for symptoms, functional limitations, anteroposterior displacements, pivot shift tests, and overall rating scores. KT-2000 results showed 53% of the allograft group and 67% of the autograft group had less than 3 mm increased displacement (not statistically significant). The overall failure rates were 33% for the allografts and 27% for the autografts. Preoperative planning and technical aspects of anterior cruciate ligament revision procedures are described. The authors prefer bone-patellar ligament-bone autografts for anterior cruciate ligament revision, although the data presented were considered preliminary. Bone-patellar ligament-bone allografts may be used when autogenous tissues are not available, because they offer reasonable success rates for patients who are symptomatic with daily activities.
The Effects of Modafinil on Convergent and Divergent Thinking of Creativity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Modafinil is a drug licensed for the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep apnea. Recently, modafinil has been reported to be used as a pharmacological cognitive enhancer by healthy individuals with no psychiatric disorders. This paper reports on a study that investigated the effects of modafinil on divergent and convergent thinking tasks of creativity. Sixty-four healthy male (n = 31) and female (n = 33) volunteers participated in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel group design study. For the convergent thinking tasks, modafinil had no significant main effect on the Group Embedded Figures Task and the Remote Associates Task (RAT). However, a median split analysis showed that modafinil participants low in creativity personality trait had significantly higher RAT scores (Mean [M] = 6.85, SD = 3.39; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 5.53–8.2) than those high in creativity personality trait (M = 4.27, SD = 3.0; 95% CI: 2.4–6.0). For the divergent thinking tasks, relative to placebo (M = 1.195, SD = 0.28; 95% CI: 1.0–1.3), modafinil (M = 0.77, SD = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.63–0.92) significantly reduced the performance of flexibility scores and marginally reduced the elaboration scores as measured by the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA). Overall, participants on modafinil (M = 6.3, SD = 2.6; 95% CI: 5.3–7.4) had significantly lower ATTA scores relative to participants on placebo (M = 9.5, SD = 2.3; 95% CI: 8.6–10.4). These results indicate that modafinil might reduce divergent thinking of creativity in healthy individuals. They suggest that, rather than being a more general cognitive enhancer, modafinil might have negative and subtle effects on creativity. However, the results are from a small-scale trial, which tested a small number of participants. Therefore, the results need to be interpreted with caution. A replication with a large sample of participants is recommended.
Symposium 4: New methodologies and insights in the regulation of fat metabolism during exercise Intramyocellular triacylglycerol as a substrate source during exercise

The role of intramyocellular triacylglycerol (IMTG) as a substrate source during exercise has recently regained much attention as a result of the proposed functional relationship between IMTG accumulation and the development of insulin resistance. It has been speculated that elevated NEFA delivery and/or impaired fatty acid (FA) oxidation result in intramyocellular accumulation of triacylglycerol and FA metabolites, which are likely to induce defects in the insulin signalling cascade, causing insulin resistance. The progressive accumulation of IMTG in sedentary patients and patients who are obese and/or have type 2 diabetes should therefore form a major therapeutic target, and efforts should be made to develop interventions that prevent excess IMTG accretion by stimulating their rate of oxidation. Although regular exercise is likely to represent such an effective means, there is much controversy about the actual contribution of the IMTG pool as a substrate source during exercise. The apparent discrepancy in the published literature might be explained by differences in the applied research protocol and the selected subject population, but most of all by the techniques that have been employed to estimate IMTG use during exercise. Data obtained in trained-endurance athletes indicate that athletes can substantially reduce their IMTG pool following a single exercise session. With the growing awareness that skeletal muscle has a tremendous potential to oxidise IMTG during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise, more research is warranted to develop combined exercise, nutritional and/or pharmacological interventions that can stimulate IMTG oxidation in sedentary patients and patients who are obese and/or have type 2 diabetes.
Azimuthal asymmetry in the risetime of the surface detector signals of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The azimuthal asymmetry in the risetime of signals in Auger surface detector stations is a source of information on shower development. The azimuthal asymmetry is due to a combination of the longitudinal evolution of the shower and geometrical effects related to the angles of incidence of the particles into the detectors. The magnitude of the effect depends upon the zenith angle and state of development of the shower and thus provides a novel observable, $(\sec \theta)_\mathrm{max}$, sensitive to the mass composition of cosmic rays above $3 \times 10^{18}$ eV. By comparing measurements with predictions from shower simulations, we find for both of our adopted models of hadronic physics (QGSJETII-04 and EPOS-LHC) an indication that the mean cosmic-ray mass increases slowly with energy, as has been inferred from other studies. However, the mass estimates are dependent on the shower model and on the range of distance from the shower core selected. Thus the method has uncovered further deficiencies in our understanding of shower modelling that must be resolved before the mass composition can be inferred from $(\sec \theta)_\mathrm{max}$.
X‐Ray Computed Microtomography Imaging of Abiotic Carbonate Precipitation in Porous Media From a Supersaturated Solution: Insights Into Effect of CO2 Mineral Trapping on Permeability

Abiotic carbonate precipitation has garnered significant interest as a mechanism for mineral trapping of carbon dioxide (CO2) in geologic carbon storage, as a natural diagenetic process frequently occurring in marine environments, and as an engineering approach for soil improvement. This study explored pore‐scale precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and its effect on the permeability of porous media, using X‐ray computed microtomography (CMT). In a column experiment, CaCO3 was precipitated in a sand pack from a supersaturated CaCO3 solution, while porosity, pore volume fraction of carbonate, and permeability were being monitored and X‐ray CMT images were being acquired. Permeability reduction by ~99.94% was observed when precipitated carbonate occupied ~46–47% of pore volume. The X‐ray CMT images showed that carbonate crystals were initially nucleated onto sand grain surfaces, which facilitated subsequent precipitation, indicating a predominantly grain‐coating behavior. The scanning electron microscopy revealed the carbonate crystals of ~1–20 μm in size and the presence of internal pores in the carbonate layers at the submicrometer scale. Variations in carbonate layer thickness and geometric tortuosity, and preferential carbonate precipitation behavior with local clogging were examined through morphological analysis and phase segmentation. Particularly, the pore‐scale precipitation pattern and hence the pore geometry were found to evolve with continued precipitation from a grain‐coating behavior, through a pore‐filling behavior, and finally into a dramatic pore‐throat‐clogging behavior. Our results provide unique experiment data for predictive modeling of long‐term CO2 transport and provide new insights into the changes in physical and transport properties during CO2 mineral trapping.
Cognition and character traits as determinants of young children’s behaviour in traffic situations

Young children, 3 to 6 years’ old, were observed in two situations: (1) a traffic model, where they used dolls to enact the movements of two children on the way to and from day care; and (2) as they crossed a lightly trafficked, minor road in a situation analogous to that in the model. Atotal of 131 children participated. All were tested in the model situation (a), both on understanding of safety and safety devices and on road-crossing behaviour. The latter was seen as a task consisting of three components (i) using a zebra crossing, (ii) stopping at the curb, and (iii) looking for cars. Asubgroup of 47 children was tested on three character traits, activity, distraction, and impulsivity. Another subgroup of 45 children participated in the roadside situation (b). The results show that although both age and understanding were important predictors of appropriate behaviour in both traffic situations, the behaviour components were differentially related to these factors. Of the character traits, impulsivity was found to be reliably related to traffic behaviour.
Effects of lycopene-enriched tomato oleoresin on 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors.

Consumption of carotenoids has frequently been inversely correlated with cancer incidence. In this report we used the 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumor model to compare the effect of lycopene-enriched tomato oleoresin on the initiation and progression of these tumors with that of beta-carotene. Rats were injected i.p. with lycopene-enriched tomato oleoresin or beta-carotene (10 mg/kg, twice per week) for 2 weeks prior to tumor induction by DMBA and for an additional 16 weeks after carcinogen administration. HPLC analysis of carotenoids extracted from several tissues showed that both carotenoids were absorbed into blood, liver, mammary gland, and mammary tumors. The tomato oleoresin-treated rats developed significantly fewer tumors, and the tumor area was smaller than that of the unsupplemented rats. Rats receiving beta-carotene showed no protection against the development of mammary cancer.
In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis.

Experimental research on intergroup discrimination in favor of one's own group is reviewed in terms of the basis of differentiati on between in-group and outgroup and in terms of the response measure on which in-group bias is assessed. Results of the research reviewed suggest that (a) factors such as intergroup competition, similarity, and status differentials affect in-group bias indirectly by influencing the salience of distinctions between in-group and out-group, (b) the degree of intergroup differentiation on a particular response dimension is a joint function of the relevance of intergroup distinctions and the favorableness of the in-group's position on that dimension, and (c) the enhancement of in-group bias is more related to increased favoritism toward in-group members than to increased hostility toward out-group members. The implications of these results for positive applications of group identification are discussed. In 1906, sociologist William Sumner articulated a functionalist approach to the nature of intergroup attitudes in his exposition of the concept of ethnocentrism . The differentiation of peoples into distinct ethnic groups originates, according to Sumner, in context of the "conditions of the struggle for existence. " At the individual level, the psychological consequences of this differentiation both reflect and sustain the basic state of conflict between the in-group (or "we-group") and out-groups (or "others-groups"):