Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the Self-Monitoring Scale.

A factor analysis of the Self-Monitoring Scale yielded three replicated factors: Acting, Extraversion, and Other-Directedness. Acting includes being good at and liking to speak and entertain. Other-Directedness is a willingness to change one's behavior to suit other people, and Extraversion is self-explanat ory. OtherDirectedness correlates positively with Shyness and Neuroticism and negatively with Self-Esteem. Extraversion correlates negatively with Shyness and positively with Self-Esteem and Sociability. Two of the scale's three factors, therefore, have opposite patterns of correlations with other personality dimensions. The three distinct factors help to explain certain discrepancies found in previous research with the Self-Monitoring Scale. For future research, we suggest that scores for each of the factors are more appropriate than full scale scores. We conclude that there may be a gap between the construct of Self-Monitori ng and how it is operationalized in the scale. Stage actors make gestures, speak dialogue, and respond to cues—all in the service of portraying a particular character or role written by the author. Several decades ago, Erving Goffman (1956) used the stage metaphor to characterize the way each of us acts in social contexts. He suggested that we behave the way others expect us to, that we are alert to subtle cues in our social environment, and that in general we engage in self-presentation. A sociologist, Goffman ignored individual differences, but surely people vary in the extent to which they stage-manage their social behavior. To assess such individual differences, Mark Snyder developed the Self-Monitoring Scale (1974). A description of the high selfmonitor is also a definition of the concept: The prototypic high selt-monitoring individual is one who, out of concern for the situational and interpersonal appropriateness of his or her social behavior, is particularly sensitive to the expression and self-presentation of relevant others in social situations and uses these cues as guidelines for selfmonitoring (that is, regulating and controlling) his
Effects of Interpretive Guiding Outcomes on Tourist Satisfaction and Behavioral Intention

This study examined the effects of both cognitive and affective tour guide interpretation outcomes on tourist satisfaction and behavioral intention in a heritage tourism context. Data were collected via a survey of 282 inbound mainland Chinese tourists to Sovereign Hill, Ballarat, a heritage tourism site in Victoria, Australia. A hierarchical structural model was constructed based on a comprehensive literature review of tour guiding, interpretation, and tourist satisfaction and was tested applying partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results show that cognitive interpretation outcome has a greater impact on tourist satisfaction and sustaining visitor arrivals than affective interpretation outcome, whereas satisfaction with the guided tour experience directly affects behavioral intention and largely mediates the effect of cognitive interpretation outcome on behavioral intention. The study offers both theoretical insights in relation to interpretation and tourist satisfaction and practical implications for interpretive tour guiding.
From Indoctrination to Initiation: A Non-Coercive Approach to Faith-Learning Integration

THIS ARTICLE CONTRIBUTES to ongoing discussions related to the nature, scope, and methods of faith-learning integration. The “initiation” approach developed by Tim McDonough (2011) is adapted to faith-learning integration in an attempt to bridge polarizing discussions regarding indoctrination versus rational autonomy and critical inquiry. The three stages of initiation are reconceived as conflict, creativity, and commitment. Using this model of initiation, teachers in Christian schools may strive toward educating students to be creative and responsive thinkers within the context of the tradition and community of the Christian faith. Ultimately, as the students of today become the scholars of tomorrow, they must be prepared to solve problems, face conflict, and deal with ambiguity. Initiation, as a non-coercive alternative to indoctrination, provides an opportunity to achieve such goals.
THE ROLE OF SOLVENTS IN THE LIVES OF KENYAN STREET CHILDREN: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE

This paper explores the use of solvents among a group of street children in Ruiru, a satellite town of Nairobi. Solvent use is functional- dulling the senses against the hardship of the streetyet it also provides a link to the support structure of the ‘street family’ as a potent symbol of shared experience. Organisations working to rehabilitate street children are criticised for failing to appreciate the social context of solvent dependence amongst street children. Dependence on glue is preceded by dependence on ‘street families’, therefore organisations working to rehabilitate street children need to ensure they work through, rather than in conflict with, the ‘street family’. Key Words: Solvents, street children, Kenya, ethnography
Abdominal CT findings in sarcoidosis: radiologic and clinical correlation.

PURPOSE To estimate the prevalence of abdominal computed tomographic (CT) findings in sarcoidosis and to correlate these findings with those at chest radiography, clinical status, and level of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Abdominal CT examinations in 59 patients with sarcoidosis were evaluated for adenopathy, liver and spleen size, and discrete lesions within the liver or spleen. RESULTS Extensive adenopathy was seen in 10% of patients. Marked hepatic and splenic enlargement was seen in 8% and 6%, respectively. Nodules were seen in the spleen in eight (15%) patients and in the liver in three (5%). Although liver size, spleen size, and adenopathy were directly related (P < .0001), the presence of nodules was not strongly related to organ size. Abdominal CT findings were related to clinical status and elevated ACE levels but not to chest radiographic stage. CONCLUSION Marked abdominal CT findings are uncommon in sarcoidosis and correlate with disease activity but not chest radiographic stage.
Lawlessness in the Federal Sentencing Process: A Test for Uniformity and Consistency in Sentence Outcomes

One of the important goals of the federal sentencing guidelines was to reduce inter‐judge disparity in sentencing. In this paper, we test the assumption that structuring discretion produced uniformity in federal sentencing and consistency in the process by which judges arrive at the appropriate sentence. We also examine whether background characteristics of judges affect the sentences they impose on similarly situated offenders. We used hierarchical linear modeling, nesting the offenders in the judges that sentenced them in order to examine the sentencing decisions of federal judges in three U.S. District Courts. While we found that significant variation between judges in sentencing is largely accounted for by our level 1 characteristics, we also found that judges arrive at decisions regarding the appropriate sentence in different ways, by attaching differential weights to several of the legally relevant case characteristics and legally irrelevant offender characteristics.
The impact of stereotype threat on older adults’ performance on a diagnostic test for dementia

This thesis is presented in three parts. The overall focus of the thesis is the impact of stereotype threat on older adults’ cognitive performance. Part one presents a systematic review of research that investigates the evidence for a stereotype threat effect on memory in older adults, and further explores possible mediators and moderators which might explain this effect. Part two is an empirical paper that extends this framework to explore issues encountered in clinical practice by investigating the effects of stereotype threat on older adults taking a diagnostic test for dementia. Part three is a critical appraisal of the investigation presented in the empirical paper. Consideration is given to a number of conceptual and methodological issues pertinent to this study in particular, the applicability of the stereotype threat framework to older adults and cognitive performance and the generalisability of these findings given the characteristics of the sample used in this study. The appraisal concludes with some ideas on the experience of the participants in this study and ways this research may have been conducted differently.
Two Replication Studies for Evaluating Artefact Models in RE: Results and Lessons Learnt

Artefact-based requirements engineering (RE) describes the idea of establishing a company-wide reference model by putting the focus on the RE artefacts and their dependencies rather than dictating a strict process with interconnected methods. Although we could make first empirical studies on the benefits and shortcomings of artefact-based RE, however, we still have little evidence for our first results. The reason is that the conducted case studies focus on the isolated application of artefact-based RE approaches in individual socio-economic contexts and, thus, the findings can hardly be generalised. The contribution of this paper is to report on two conducted replication studies to strengthen our confidence on the benefits and shortcomings of applying artefact orientation in RE. To this end, we replicated an industrial case study with partners from two companies. Those replications form part of a research project where all partners are working with the same artefact-based RE approach and its tool-supported realisation. Our results give deeper insights into artefact-based RE and contribute to a reliable database due to comparability among the studies. This allows for first conclusions on the actual impact artefact orientation has on RE.
Chuvash Language in Chuvashia's Instruction System: An Example of Educational Language Policies in Post-Soviet Russia

This article presents the situation of the Chuvash language in the education system of the Republic of Chuvashia and its evolution since the end of the Soviet period. The analysis relies on several sources: governmental statistics, observations on the ground, interviews with teachers and school officers, and a sociolinguistic survey among secondary and upper secondary school students. The data show that most of the gains for Chuvash, achieved by the language policies in education in the early 1990s, had already been neutralized 10 years later. Since the mid-2000s Chuvash-language instruction has steadily decreased, and seems to have lost the weak support it had from the Chuvash authorities. At the same time, perhaps paradoxically, Chuvash has been declared compulsory in the districts where it was an optional subject, although the teaching of Chuvash, especially as a state language of the republic, is clearly inefficient. The conclusion is that it is not the letter of Russia’s education reforms in Putin’s era that is crucial in this case, but the spirit. A republic such as Chuvashia, which is dependent on Moscow’s subsidies, does not seem able or even willing to counteract the state-promoted language ideology.
The Moderating Effect of Perceived Risk on Consumers’ Evaluations of Product Incongruity: Preference for the Norm

Research supports the existence of a "moderate incongruity effect" such that an option that is moderately inconsistent with an evoked product category schema is sometimes preferred to a congruent option. We propose that perceived risk is an important situational factor that moderates the impact of congruity on evaluations. Three studies show that the positive evaluation of moderately incongruent products, relative to congruent ones, does not appear when there is risk associated with product selection. When consumers perceive high risk associated with a purchase, the moderate incongruity effect is reversed such that the congruent is preferred to the moderately incongruent product. Only in conditions where subjects perceived no real risk did the positive effect of moderate incongruity appear. The limiting effect of perceived risk appears to be due to consumers' "preferences for the norm" under high-risk conditions. The set of findings are discussed as they relate to and extend current thinking about the effects of moderate incongruity on evaluations. Copyright 2001 by the University of Chicago.
A framework for the analysis of cleft constructions

This paper proposes a framework for the analysis of cleft constructions across languages. It takes as its point of departure Jespersen's second (1937), non-derivational, analysis of it-cleft sentences, in which the matrix sequence it is and the relative pronoun or complementizer are analyzed as grammatical elements that do not enter into the semantic composition of the sentence. To account for the defining property of clefts, that is, the expression of a single proposition via biclausal syntax, the paper postulates a grammatical division of labor between matrix and subordinate clause: while the relative-clause predicator assigns a semantic role to the shared argument, the matrix predicator assigns it a pragmatic role (that of focus). The paper then presents a framework for the discourse-functional analysis of clefts and addresses certain problems in the analysis of the prosodic structure of cleft sentences. It introduces the concept of focus category and argues that cleft formation is one of several devices languages can use to express deviations from the unmarked predicate-focus type. A formal and functional taxonomy of cleft sentences is developed using examples from various languages. The variety of cleft types is shown to be much greater than previously assumed in the literature.
Basin-Wide Analysis of the Dynamics of Fecal Contamination and Fecal Source Identification in Tillamook Bay, Oregon

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to elucidate spatial and temporal dynamics in source-specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA genetic marker data across a watershed; to compare these dynamics to fecal indicator counts, general measurements of water quality, and climatic forces; and to identify geographic areas of intense exposure to specific sources of contamination. Samples were collected during a 2-year period in the Tillamook basin in Oregon at 30 sites along five river tributaries and in Tillamook Bay. We performed Bacteroidales PCR assays with general, ruminant-source-specific, and human-source-specific primers to identify fecal sources. We determined the Escherichia coli most probable number, temperature, turbidity, and 5-day precipitation. Climate and water quality data collectively supported a rainfall runoff pattern for microbial source input that mirrored the annual precipitation cycle. Fecal sources were statistically linked more closely to ruminants than to humans; there was a 40% greater probability of detecting a ruminant source marker than a human source marker across the basin. On a sample site basis, the addition of fecal source tracking data provided new information linking elevated fecal indicator bacterial loads to specific point and nonpoint sources of fecal pollution in the basin. Inconsistencies in E. coli and host-specific marker trends suggested that the factors that control the quantity of fecal indicators in the water column are different than the factors that influence the presence of Bacteroidales markers at specific times of the year. This may be important if fecal indicator counts are used as a criterion for source loading potential in receiving waters.
Greed-Grievance Reconsidered: The Role of Power and Survival in the Motivation of Armed Groups

Although the greed-grievance approach has brought significant insight to the causes and conduct of civil wars by providing a coherent explanation of armed group motivations, it is increasingly being called into question. This article reconsiders the approach in light of insights gleaned from International Relations theory, specifically Realism. In particular, it will use the levels of analysis approach and the analytical separation between means and ends and between rhetoric and action to critique both greed and grievance explanations. The paper then proposes that the fungible concept of power and the primary motivation of survival provide superior explanations of armed group motivation and, more broadly, the conduct of internal conflicts. A case study of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), an armed group which is poorly understood in terms of greed-grievance, will illustrate the functional utility of a power-security approach.
Restructuring teaching in the USA and England: moving towards the differentiated, flexible teacher

Abstract This paper examines the place of teacher restructuring in school reform in England and the USA. It contrasts the language of reform with the shifting conditions of work in teaching and suggests that school reform is underpinned by the rise of differentiation and flexibility in teachers’ work. Lastly, it contrasts the response of the teacher unions to reform and restructuring.
THE EFFECT OF PASSIVELY ADMINISTERED ANTIBODY ON ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS

Suppression of the primary response of rabbits to intravenously administered KLH can be achieved with very small amounts of hyperimmune anti-KLH administered a day later since the rabbit apparently rapidly eliminates most of the KLH by nonimmunologic means. The amount of passive anti-KLH needed to achieve immunosuppression was directly proportional to the dose of injected antigen. Antibody passively administered as much as 6–8 days after antigen still can be strongly immunosuppressive, which suggests that the antibody must be reacting with immunogen in or on responding cells or perhaps in the process of transfer between cells. There was no evidence that the presence of passively administered hyperimmune anti-KLH prior to the injection of antigen had any immunosuppressive action beyond the direct neutralization of the injected antigen. When KLH was injected in Freund adjuvant, anti-KLH incorporated with the KLH in the adjuvant was much more efficient in causing immunosuppression than anti-KLH given intravenously. The primary responses to 2 mg KLH given intravenously and 2 µg given in adjuvant reached approximately equal peaks and were suppressible by comparable amounts of intravenously administered anti-KLH. Two observations suggest that passive antibody neutralizes the immunogenic stimulus at the level of individual antigenic determinants and not merely by aggregating or precipitating entire antigenic molecules. First, anti-abalone hemocyanin (AH) which cross-reacts approximately 50% with KLH was only partially immunosuppressive even in extremely large amounts, i.e., amounts which could react with and precipitate much more KLH than could the smaller but more suppressive doses of anti-KLH. Second, when KLH and anti-KLH were given together in adjuvant, effective immunosuppression was achieved only with amounts of anti-KLH sufficient to saturate or cover virtually all available antigenic determinants. The immunosuppressive quality of passive antibody increases with time after immunization and with repeated immunization of the donor. In view of their relatively weak immunosuppressive properties, antibodies formed in the first weeks of a primary response may not contribute significantly to the turning off of the antibody response. In any event, results obtained by passive transfer of hyperimmune antibody to animals early in a primary response cannot be applied to the natural events in a primary response.
Assessing the 'Other': Constructions of 'Asainness' in Risk Assessments by Probation Officers

This article reports findings from a study comparing pre-sentence reports and risk-assessment schedules prepared on white and Asian offenders by a probation service in north-west England. The development and use of risk assessment by the Probation Service in England and Wales are reviewed, and it is argued that it is important that risk assessment should be included in ethnic monitoring and research. Considerable differences in the attribution of remorse and acceptance of responsibility were found in the pre-sentence reports, and there were also differences in the scoring of factors associated with offending in the risk assessments. These findings are discussed in relation to existing research on 'race' and criminal justice, and in relation to research on constructions of Asian 'Otherness'.
Ultrastructural studies of platelet aggregates from human subjects receiving clopidogrel and from a patient with an inherited defect of an ADP-dependent pathway of platelet activation.

Our study investigated the effect of the antithrombotic drug clopidogrel (75 mg/d for 7 days) on the ultrastructure of platelet aggregates induced by ADP or 2-methylthio-ADP (2-MeS-ADP) in citrated platelet-rich plasma and examined the activation state of the GP IIb/IIIa complexes. Results were compared with those obtained for patient M.L. , who has a congenital disorder characterized by a reduced and reversible platelet response to ADP. When untreated normal platelets were stimulated with high-dose ADP, electron microscopy revealed large and stable aggregates often surrounded by a layer of what appeared to be degranulated platelets. The reversible aggregates of platelets from subjects receiving clopidogrel or from patient M.L. did not show this layer. Electron microscopy showed that in both situations, the aggregates were composed of loosely bound platelets with few contact points. Immunogold labeling of ultrathin sections of Lowicryl-embedded aggregates formed by ADP or 2-MeS-ADP showed a much decreased platelet surface staining by (1) a polyclonal anti-fibrinogen antibody and (2) AP-6, a murine anti-ligand-induced binding site monoclonal antibody specific for GP IIb/IIIa complexes occupied with fibrinogen. Similar findings were seen after disaggregation, when many single platelets were present that showed no signs of secretion. Flow cytometry confirmed that the number of ligand-occupied GP IIb/IIIa complexes was much lower on platelets stimulated with ADP or 2-MeS-ADP after clopidogrel treatment. As expected from previous studies, ADP-induced platelet shape change and Ca2+ influx were unaffected by clopidogrel. These results agree with the hypothesis that platelet activation by ADP is biphasic and highlight a receptor-induced activation pathway affected by clopidogrel (or congenitally impaired in patient M.L.) that is necessary for the full activation of GP IIb/IIIa and the formation of stable macroaggregates.
SYND: a Fast Code-Based Stream Cipher with a Security Reduction

In this note we reconsider the code-based pseudorandom generator proposed by Fischer and Stern. This generator is proven as secure as the syndrome decoding problem but has two main drawbacks: it is slow (3000 bits/s) and a large size of memory is needed (88 kiloBytes). We propose a variation on the scheme which avoid them: the use of regular words speeds the system up and the use of quasi-cyclic codes allows a decrease of the memory requirements. We eventually obtain a generator as fast as AES in counter mode using only about 8000 bits of memory. We also give a more precise security reduction.