Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experiments concerning the automated search for elegant proofs

The research reported in this technical report was spawned by the request to find an elegant proof (of a theorem from Boolean algebra) to replace the known proof consisting of 816 deduced steps. The request was met by finding a proof consisting of 100 deduced steps. The methodology used to obtain the far shorter proof is presented in detail through a sequence of experiments. Although clearly not an algorithm, the methodology is sufficiently general to enable its use for seeking elegant proofs regardless of the domain of study. The methodology relies heavily on the assistance of McCune`s automated reasoning program OTTER. Of the aspects of proof elegance, the main focus here is on proof length, with brief attention paid to the type of term present, the number of variables required, and the complexity of deduced steps. The methodology is iterative, relying heavily on the use of three strategies: the resonance strategy, the hot list strategy, and McCune`s ratio strategy. To provide some insight regarding the value of the methodology, the author discusses its successful application to other problems from Boolean algebra and to problems from lattice theory. Research suggestions and challenges are also offered.
Evaluation of neighbourhood, class setting and academy school effects on education outcomes in the UK

This thesis includes three chapters that explore contemporary topics within the area of education in the UK. The initial empirical chapter examines whether living in a deprived neighbourhood impacts upon the probability of obtaining the benchmark GCSE outcomes, when adopting a propensity score matching methodology. The chapter also examines whether there is a differential impact of neighbourhood deprivation upon children with educated parents, relative to those with uneducated parents. The results show that living in a deprived neighbourhood negatively influences the probability of gaining the observed GCSE outcomes; individuals with educated parents lose out to a greater extent by living in a deprived neighbourhood, relative to individuals with uneducated parents. The subsequent chapter examines whether setting, which involves separating children into classes based on ability, influences the attitudes and behaviours of primary school children. A fixed effects methodology is initially adopted to identify the impact of being set in maths; the results signal that the behaviour of girls may be improved by setting. The chapter also investigates whether the level of the maths set in which the child is sorted influences behaviour by adopting an instrumental variables approach to overcome the likely endogeneity issue surrounding the set placement. The results indicate that whilst internalising behaviour was improved for girls placed in the lowest set, this set placement was detrimental to the internalising behaviour of boys. The final chapter analyses the impact of post-2010 primary converter academies on pupil progress. Adopting a difference-in-difference methodology, individuals who experience academy conversion are compared with those whose school converted after leaving from the same school year cohort. The results indicate that converter academies had a positive impact upon pupil progress. When examining the effect by neighbourhood deprivation, the positive impact of converter academies is more consistent for schools in the least deprived neighbourhoods.
EFFECT OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE ON SURVIVAL, GROWTH, BIOCHEMICALCONSTITUENTS AND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN THE PRAWN MACROBRACHIUMROSENBERGII

A probiotic yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was incorporated in basal diet prepared with fish meal, soybean meal, groundnut oil cake, corn flour, tapioca flour, egg albumin, cod liver oil and vitamin Bcomplex, at four different concentrations (10g, 20g, 30g and 40g kg-1) and fed to Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae (PL) for 90 days. The effect of this probiotic incorporation on the growth and survival performances, concentration of protein, amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid, and energy utilization was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher at 40g kg-1 followed by 30g, 20g and 10g kg-1. 40g kg-1 S. cerevisiae incorporation was found to be established the highest rate of colony formation, 234x10-4 cfu (colony formation units). Actually, presence of Bacillus spp. , Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas spp. , Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp. , and Klebsiella pneumoniae were deducted in water medium and the PL gut of control group. There is a general belief that Pseudomonas spp. and K. pneumonia are pathogenic to prawns. The establishment of S. cerevisiae colony in the gut of experimental PL has eradicated these pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, it is suggested that establishment of S. cerevisiae colony has led to better growth, survival and biochemical constituents in M. rosenbergii PL. Thus, S. cerevisiae could be taken as a useful probiotic in M. rosenbergii culture.
Predicting users’ privacy boundary management strategies on Facebook

This study examines the process by which Facebook users regulate their interpersonal privacy and information sharing. By tracing the influence of gender, Facebook usage, and privacy-protecting behaviors that are determined by knowledge and attitude, this research identifies a dynamic management process through which Facebook users maintain personal and interpersonal boundaries. Two distinct strategies are used – a privacy-setting control and a self-disclosure control. Based on data collected in a survey of 432 college students conducted in Hong Kong, our results suggest that different uses of Facebook activities (i.e., social interaction, social browsing, and entertainment) can be used to predict different boundary management strategies. Gender and privacy-related psychological factors (i.e., privacy literacy and concern about privacy) also showed significant effects. We concluded that the privacy setting options available on social networking sites such as Facebook were useful in providing users with a base point and a psychological sense of security, but they had little influence on the actual patterns of self-disclosure. To regulate their privacy boundaries, users were more likely to rely on frequently changing their privacy settings and on controlling their levels of self-disclosure.
Associations between Source-Specific Fine Particulate Matter and Emergency Department Visits for Respiratory Disease in Four U.S. Cities

Background: Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Determining which sources of PM2.5 are most toxic can help guide targeted reduction of PM2.5. However, conducting multicity epidemiologic studies of sources is difficult because source-specific PM2.5 is not directly measured, and source chemical compositions can vary between cities. Objectives: We determined how the chemical composition of primary ambient PM2.5 sources varies across cities. We estimated associations between source-specific PM2.5 and respiratory disease emergency department (ED) visits and examined between-city heterogeneity in estimated associations. Methods: We used source apportionment to estimate daily concentrations of primary source-specific PM2.5 for four U.S. cities. For sources with similar chemical compositions between cities, we applied Poisson time-series regression models to estimate associations between source-specific PM2.5 and respiratory disease ED visits. Results: We found that PM2.5 from biomass burning, diesel vehicle, gasoline vehicle, and dust sources was similar in chemical composition between cities, but PM2.5 from coal combustion and metal sources varied across cities. We found some evidence of positive associations of respiratory disease ED visits with biomass burning PM2.5; associations with diesel and gasoline PM2.5 were frequently imprecise or consistent with the null. We found little evidence of associations with dust PM2.5. Conclusions: We introduced an approach for comparing the chemical compositions of PM2.5 sources across cities and conducted one of the first multicity studies of source-specific PM2.5 and ED visits. Across four U.S. cities, among the primary PM2.5 sources assessed, biomass burning PM2.5 was most strongly associated with respiratory health. Citation: Krall JR, Mulholland JA, Russell AG, Balachandran S, Winquist A, Tolbert PE, Waller LA, Sarnat SE. 2017. Associations between source-specific fine particulate matter and emergency department visits for respiratory disease in four U.S. cities. Environ Health Perspect 125:97–103; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/EHP271
Electrophysiological and metabolic evidence that high‐frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus bridles neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra reticulata

HIGH‐FREQUENCY STIMULATION (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been shown to produce a dramatic alleviation of motor symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Its functional mechanism, however, remains obscure. We used extracellular recording and in situ cytochrome oxidase (CoI) mRNA hybridization to investigate the effects of HFS of the STN on neuronal activity of the STN and the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) in normal rats and rats with 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesion of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc). To allow detection of spikes and analysis of firing activity, artifacts recorded during stimulation were scaled down using a template subtraction method. In both normal and lesioned rats, the activity of a majority of STN neurons was inhibited during stimulation. In the SNr, HFS also induced an inhibition of the activity of a majority of neurons in normal and lesioned rats. In situ hybridization histochemistry confirmed these results in that it showed a significant decrease in levels of CoI mRNA expression in the STN and SNr in both normal and lesioned rats during stimulation. These data afford an interesting insight into the functional mechanism of deep brain stimulation and support the hypothesis that HFS exerts an inhibitory influence on STN neuronal firing. —Tai, C. ‐H. , Boraud, T. , Bezard, E. , Bioulac, B. , Gross, C. , Benazzouz, A. Electrophysiological and metabolic evidence that high‐frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus bridles neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra reticulata. FASEB J. 17, 1820–1830 (2003)
Chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia: response of imatinib mesylate and significance of Sokal score, age and disease duration in predicting the hematological and cytogenetic response.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the response of imatinib mesylate in chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia and to observe the significance of Sokal score and various factors which predict the response. METHODS This was a descriptive, prospective study conducted from May 2001 to September 2006. One hundred and thirty six patients with diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase were analyzed. Hematologic and cytogenetic responses were assessed according to defined criteria. RESULTS The median age at time of diagnosis was 33 years (range, 12-65 years). Among them 86 were males, 50 were females. At the end of study response was analyzed overall and according to Sokal score. At median follow-up of 18 months, 122 patients were evaluable for cytogenetic response. Complete hematologic response was seen 86% while complete and major cytogenetic response was observed in 34.4% and 49.2% cases respectively. Analysis of variables like younger age, disease duration at time of starting imatinib failed to show any significant influence on response to imatinib mesylate, however, response was found to be higher in patients who had low Sokal score at the time of presentation. CONCLUSION Imatinib mesylate has substantial activity in chronic phase of CML. Low Sokal score at time of presentation predict the higher hematologic as well as cytogenetic response in patients with chronic phase.
Heritabilities of Directional Asymmetry in the Fore- and Hindlimbs of Rabbit Fetuses

Directional asymmetry (DA), where at the population level symmetry differs from zero, has been reported in a wide range of traits and taxa, even for traits in which symmetry is expected to be the target of selection such as limbs or wings. In invertebrates, DA has been suggested to be non-adaptive. In vertebrates, there has been a wealth of research linking morphological asymmetry to behavioural lateralisation. On the other hand, the prenatal expression of DA and evidences for quantitative genetic variation for asymmetry may suggest it is not solely induced by differences in mechanic loading between sides. We estimate quantitative genetic variation of fetal limb asymmetry in a large dataset of rabbits. Our results showed a low but highly significant level of DA that is partially under genetic control for all traits, with forelimbs displaying higher levels of asymmetry. Genetic correlations were positive within limbs, but negative across bones of fore and hind limbs. Environmental correlations were positive for all, but smaller across fore and hind limbs. We discuss our results in light of the existence and maintenance of DA in locomotory traits.
A New Keynesian Model with Overtime Labor

This paper extends the standard New Keynesian model by incorporating labor adjustment costs and overtime work. I show that labor frictions help reconcile the frequent price changes found in the microdata with the degree of sluggishness in inflation adjustment to output changes at the macro level. The introduction of labor frictions affects the dynamic behavior of economic variables (particularly employment and inflation) and implies that firms marginal costs should be measured in overtime costs. Marginal costs measured in overtime hours are procyclical and are predicted by inflation as suggested by theory.
Sexuality, intellectual disability, and human rights legislation

Sexuality constitutes a central feature of what it is to be human, yet health practitioners, families, and caregivers frequently perceive romantic and sexually intimate relationships among persons with intellectual disabilities to be inappropriate tending to regard such individuals as either ‘asexual’ or ‘hyper-sexed’. A number of myths, stereotypes, and prejudices intersect in a manner that has deleterious consequences for persons with intellectual disabilities. This article reviews the literature on sexuality and barriers to sexual expression among persons with intellectual disabilities. Relevant legislative frameworks and human rights issues, in particular, the tensions between protecting persons with intellectual disabilities from exploitation, and the promotion of sexual autonomy also receive consideration. In addition, the article explores issues relating to competency to consent to sexual acts and concludes with a synthesis of the current knowledge.
Submillimetre observations of luminous z>4 radio-quiet quasars and the contribution of AGN to the submm source population

We present sensitive 850µm SCUBA photometry of a statistically-complete sample of six of the most luminous (MB 10 13 L⊙), z > 4 radio-quiet quasars, reaching noise levels (1� � 1.5mJy) comparable with the deep blank sky surveys. These observations probe the rest frame far infrared region (�150µm), at luminosity levels for thermal sources comparable with those that IRAS permitted for low redshift quasars. One quasar (BR2237 0607; z = 4.55) is detected at 850µm with a flux of 5.0±1.1mJy (4.5�), whilst a second (BR0019 1522; z=4.52) has a detection at the 2� level. When combined with our previous millimetre measurements of z>4 quasars, we find that there is a large range (5–10) in far infrared (FIR) luminosity (LFIR) at fixed UV luminosity, and that the typical quasar has a LFIR and mass of cool (50K) dust similar to that of the archetyepal low redshift (z=0.018) ultraluminous IRAS galaxy(ULIRG) Arp220 (LFIR � 5 × 10 12 L⊙; Md(cool) � 10 8 M⊙). If one assumes a fiducial FIR luminosity of 5 × 10 12 L⊙ for for all quasars with MB 15 per cent of the sources in the SCUBA deep surveys could be classical broad-lined radio-quiet AGN. Thus if one considers the observed ratio of Seyfert II to Seyfert I galaxies at low redshift and any contribution from totally optically obscured AGN, a significant fraction of the SCUBA source population will harbour AGN and hence the inferred star formation rates from submm fluxes may be overestimated if the active nuclei are bolometrically dominant or the IMF is top heavy.
Hedging foreign currency, freight, and commodity futures portfolios—A note

Foreign exchange hedging ratios are simultaneously estimated alongside freight and commodity ratios in a time-varying portfolio framework. Foreign exchange futures are found to be by far the most important derivative instrument to be employed in order to reduce uncertainty for traders. Our results lend support to the decision by LIFFE to cease trading the BIFFEX freight futures contract because of its low levels of trading activity, which likely resulted from its apparent unattractiveness as a hedging instrument.
Non-linear Unemployment Effects in Sickness Absence: Discipline or Composition Effects?

By applying Smooth Transition Regressions (Terasvirta, 1998) we test whether effects on short (STA) and long term (LTA) sickness absence depend on the level of unemployment. The main question is to what extent unemployment affects sickness absence through so-called discipline and/or composition effects. The empirical analysis is carried out on time series data referring to blue collar workers in Norway. For LTA we conclude that only discipline effects are present. Concerning STA, none of these effects seems present among women, whereas both effects may be present among men. Non-linear effects of wage and sick pay scheme changes support these conclusions.
Investigation of the Relationship between Myopia and Intelligence in a Sample of Undergraduate Students

In a sample of undergraduate students, myopia was associated with higher Math and Total SAT score, and males had higher Math and Total SAT scores than females. The association between myopia and higher Math and Total SAT scores was significant only among males, and the gender differences in Math and Total SAT scores were significant only among allergic participants. There were also significant associations between ethnicity and both myopia and SAT scores, but regression analyses revealed that ethnicity, gender, and myopia each made significant independent contributions to Math SAT scores. The findings provide support for Storfer’s theory of myopia and brain growth.
Optimal robust disturbance attenuation for continuous time-varying systems

We consider the optimal robust disturbance attenuation problem (ORDAP) for continuous time-varying systems subject to time-varying unstructured uncertainty. We show that for causal (possibly time-varying) continuous systems, ORDAP is equivalent to finding the smallest fixed point of a "two-disk" type optimization problem under time-varying feedback control laws. Duality is applied in the context of nest algebra of causal stable systems, to prove existence of optimal continuous time-varying controllers. We also show that for time-invariant nominal plants, time-varying control laws offer no improvement over time-invariant feedback control laws and hence generalizing previous results obtained for discrete time-varying systems.
Low-Loss Patterned Ground Shield Interconnect Transmission Lines in Advanced IC Processes

In this paper, we provide an extensive experimental and theoretical study of the benefits of patterned ground shield interconnect transmission lines over more conventional layouts in advanced integrated-circuit processes. As part of this experimental work, we present the first comparative study taken on truly differential transmission line test structures. Our experimental results obtained on transmission lines with patterned ground shields are compared against a predictive compact equivalent-circuit model. This model employs exact closed-form expressions for the inductances, and describes key performance figures such as characteristic impedance and attenuation loss with excellent accuracy
Health Impact Assessment for Second-Hand Smoke Exposure in Germany—Quantifying Estimates for Ischaemic Heart Diseases, COPD, and Stroke

Evidence of the adverse health effects attributable to second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure is available. This study aims to quantify the impact of SHS exposure on ischaemic heart diseases (IHD), chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), and stroke in Germany. Therefore, this study estimated and forecasted the morbidity for the three outcomes in the German population. Furthermore, a health impact assessment was performed using DYNAMO-HIA, which is a generic software tool applying a Markov model. Overall 687,254 IHD cases, 231,973 COPD cases, and 288,015 stroke cases were estimated to be attributable to SHS exposure in Germany for 2014. Under the assumption that the population prevalence of these diseases and the prevalence of SHS exposure remain constant, the total number of cases will increase due to demographic aging. Assuming a total eradication of SHS exposure beginning in 2014 leads to an estimated reduction of 50% in cases, compared to the reference scenario in 2040 for all three diseases. The results highlight the relevance of SHS exposure because it affects several chronic disease conditions and has a major impact on the population’s health. Therefore, public health campaigns to protect non-smokers are urgently needed.
Investigation on the Comparative Persistence and Convergence of Risk and Non-Risk Adjusted Bank Capital Ratios

We depart from the fact that in Europe, unlike the leverage ratio, risk-based capital ratios are formally under capital regulation with specified minimum thresholds to be respected. Building on this difference, we study their comparative persistence and convergence. For this purpose, we borrow the graphical analysis of Lemmon et al. (2008) and use the empirical partial adjustment model. Overall, consistent with the findings from the corporate finance literature, we find that bank capital structure is quite stable over long periods of time: banks that have high (low) capital ratios tend to remain as such for over eight years. Nevertheless, we find that even though all future capital ratios are influenced by initial capital ratios, this influence seems comparatively more relevant for the non risk-based (or leverage) capital ratio highlighting its high persistent phenomenon. Our findings also point to the role played by market participants in the trend and the relative rapid convergence of the risk-adjusted capital ratios compare to the simple leverage ratio. Our results are thus broadly supportive of recent policy initiatives that aim to strengthen the bank capital regulation by introducing a minimum leverage ratio and by simultaneously improving market discipline.