Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introducing Functional Thinking in Year 2: A Case Study of Early Algebra Teaching

Sixty-five Year 2 children with ages ranging from six to seven years participated in a teaching experiment to introduce functional thinking. The results show that young children are capable of generalising, can provide examples of relations and functions, can describe the inverse of such relationships and give valid reasons for how they found the inverse relationships. They also indicate that specific features of instruction assist this process, particularly abstracting underlying mathematical relationships, notably the materials used by the teacher and the children, the types of activities and the questions asked by the teacher. This leads to specific implications for the teaching of arithmetic in the early years.
On the differentiation of achievement goal orientations in physical education: a Rasch analysis approach

In two cross‐sectional studies, we investigated to what extent elementary (Study 1) and middle school (Study 2) students pursue similar, yet distinct, mastery‐related and performance‐related goals in physical education. We found that students were more likely to endorse outcome goals in conjunction with mastery‐related goals and ability goals in conjunction with normative goals. Rasch modelling suggested that students tended to endorse mastery‐approach goals than learning and outcome goals and that they tended to favour ability goals than performance‐approach goals. Differential item functioning analyses showed that autonomously motivated students were more likely to endorse learning goals and mastery‐approach goals and less likely to endorse outcome goals than less autonomously motivated students. They were also more likely to endorse ability goals and less likely to endorse normative goals than controlled motivated students. Results are discussed within the achievement goal framework and the self‐determination theory.
Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims, and bully‐victims

Bullies, victims, bully-victims, and control children were identified from a sample of 1062 children (530 girls and 532 boys), aged 10 to 12 years, participating in the study. Their reactive and proactive aggression was measured by means of peer and teacher reports. Peer and teacher reports were more concordant with respect to reactive than proactive aggression. Comparing the children in different bullying roles in terms of their reactive and proactive aggression, bully-victims were found to be the most aggressive group of all. For this group, it was typical to be highly aggressive both reactively and proactively. Although bullies were significantly less aggressive than bully-victims, they scored higher than victims and controls on both reactive and proactive aggression. However, observations at the person level, i.e., cross-tabulational analyses, indicated that bullies were not only overrepresented among children who were both reactively and procatively aggressive but also among the only reactively aggressive as well as the only proactively aggressive groups. Victims scored higher than control children on reactive aggression, but they were not proactively aggressive. Furthermore, even their reactive aggression was at a significantly lower level than that of bullies and bully-victims.
Gendered Post-Compulsory Educational Choices of Non-Heterosexual Youth

Gender and socio-economic background are widely acknowledged factors influencing the educational choices of young people. Following their compulsory education, young people in Finland choose between academically oriented general upper secondary schools and vocational upper secondary schools. Gender and class intertwine in these choices in many ways. This is particularly visible in vocational education, which is highly gender-segregated. This article focuses on the post-compulsory educational choices of non-heterosexual young people. It argues that, in addition to class and gender, sexuality is another relevant factor affecting processes related to educational and career choices. Based on interviews and stories produced with young non-heterosexual people, it analyse how gender, class and sexual orientation were constructed as meaningful in the educational choices these young people made. Young non-heterosexual people take part in processes where they are expected to construct educational and labour-market citizenship. They are often expected to be and act heterosexual; their non-heterosexuality is neither visible nor considered relevant when they consider their educational paths. However, many of these youth resist the gendered expectations forced on them and choose differently.
An integrated model of entrepreneurial intentions

The present research investigates whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991) and the model of the entrepreneurial event (Shapero and Sokol, 1982) can be integrated into one model of entrepreneurial intentions, and clarifies the differences between different types of entrepreneurial intentions. The model is tested using data from 324 Russian university business students. The results indicate that the two intentions models can be successfully integrated into one, where attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control determine desirability-feasibility, which in turn, determines intentions.
Shaping Early Reorganization of Neural Networks Promotes Motor Function after Stroke

Neural plasticity is a major factor driving cortical reorganization after stroke. We here tested whether repetitively enhancing motor cortex plasticity by means of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) prior to physiotherapy might promote recovery of function early after stroke. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to elucidate underlying neural mechanisms. Twenty-six hospitalized, first-ever stroke patients (time since stroke: 1–16 days) with hand motor deficits were enrolled in a sham-controlled design and pseudo-randomized into 2 groups. iTBS was administered prior to physiotherapy on 5 consecutive days either over ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1-stimulation group) or parieto-occipital vertex (control-stimulation group). Hand motor function, cortical excitability, and resting-state fMRI were assessed 1 day prior to the first stimulation and 1 day after the last stimulation. Recovery of grip strength was significantly stronger in the M1-stimulation compared to the control-stimulation group. Higher levels of motor network connectivity were associated with better motor outcome. Consistently, control-stimulated patients featured a decrease in intra- and interhemispheric connectivity of the motor network, which was absent in the M1-stimulation group. Hence, adding iTBS to prime physiotherapy in recovering stroke patients seems to interfere with motor network degradation, possibly reflecting alleviation of post-stroke diaschisis.
Potential Role of miRNAs in Developmental Haemostasis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small non-coding RNAs that are negative regulators in a crescent number of physiological and pathological processes. However, their role in haemostasis, a complex physiological process involving multitude of effectors, is just beginning to be characterized. We evaluated the changes of expression of miRNAs in livers of neonates (day one after birth) and adult mice by microarray and qRT-PCR trying to identify miRNAs that potentially may also be involved in the control of the dramatic change of hepatic haemostatic protein levels associated with this transition. Twenty one out of 41 miRNAs overexpressed in neonate mice have hepatic haemostatic mRNA as potential targets. Six of them identified by two in silico algorithms potentially bind the 3′UTR regions of F7, F9, F12, FXIIIB, PLG and SERPINC1 mRNA. Interestingly, miR-18a and miR-19b, overexpressed 5.4 and 8.2-fold respectively in neonates, have antithrombin, a key anti-coagulant with strong anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory roles, as a potential target. The levels of these two miRNAs inversely correlated with antithrombin mRNA levels during development (miR-19b: R = 0.81; p = 0.03; miR-18a: R = 0.91; p<0.001). These data suggest that miRNAs could be potential modulators of the haemostatic system involved in developmental haemostasis.
DnaC Inactivation in Escherichia coli K-12 Induces the SOS Response and Expression of Nucleotide Biosynthesis Genes

Background Initiation of chromosome replication in E. coli requires the DnaA and DnaC proteins and conditionally-lethal dnaA and dnaC mutants are often used to synchronize cell populations. Methodology/Principal Findings DNA microarrays were used to measure mRNA steady-state levels in initiation-deficient dnaA46 and dnaC2 bacteria at permissive and non-permissive temperatures and their expression profiles were compared to MG1655 wildtype cells. For both mutants there was altered expression of genes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis at the non-permissive temperature. Transcription of the dnaA and dnaC genes was increased at the non-permissive temperature in the respective mutant strains indicating auto-regulation of both genes. Induction of the SOS regulon was observed in dnaC2 cells at 38°C and 42°C. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that dnaC2 mutant cells at non-permissive temperature had completed the early stages of chromosome replication initiation. Conclusion/Significance We suggest that in dnaC2 cells the SOS response is triggered by persistent open-complex formation at oriC and/or by arrested forks that require DnaC for replication restart.
Suboptimal Responses in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

The high response rates and increased survival associated with imatinib therapy prompted a paradigm shift in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia. However, 25% to 30% of imatinib‐treated patients develop drug resistance or intolerance, increasing the risk of disease progression and poor prognosis. In 2006, the European LeukemiaNet proposed criteria to identify patients with a suboptimal response to, or failure associated with, imatinib; these recommendations were updated in 2009. Suboptimal responders represent a unique treatment challenge. Although they may respond to continued imatinib therapy, their long‐term outcomes may not be as favorable as those for optimally responding patients. Validation studies demonstrated that suboptimal responders are a heterogeneous group, and that the prognostic implications of suboptimal response vary by time point. There are few data derived from clinical trials to guide therapeutic decisions for these patients. Clinical trials are currently underway to assess the efficacy of newer tyrosine kinase inhibitors in this setting. Identification of suboptimal responders or patients failing treatment using hematologic, cytogenetic, and molecular techniques allows physicians to alter therapy earlier in the treatment course to improve long‐term outcomes. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The Use and Abuse of Political Ethos for the Study of Urban Politics

I hope that my remarks on &dquo;The Applicability of the Ethos Theory to Specific Ethnic Groups and the Prediction of Urban Forms&dquo; will not be judged contrary to the aims sought by urbanists like Eckert interested in ethnicity and political structures and policies; they are meant as a suggested corrective for future research so that inquiry on this topic may become cumulatively instructive. In particular I wish to quarrel with the repeated use of political ethos as a basis for such research; it seems to me that this concept, probably more than others, suffers from a myopic transformation by many urbanists, including Eckert, of a set of political claims into a kind of pseudoscientific theory. Using the study of structures and policies as indicators of a political ethos suffers from a serious
Jane versus John: facial evaluation as a function of informative eye gaze

The ability to comprehend the mental states of others is key to successful social interactions. Essential to this "mind reading" ability is a mechanism specialized for registering gaze direction. Do we evaluate more favorably individuals whose eye gaze is informative? Eye gaze cued the subsequent (stimulus onset asynchronies of 100 or 700 ms) onset of a target. Unbeknownst to the participants, eye gaze predicted target location with 80%, 50%, or 20% validity. Cueing was more effective at the shorter SOA; unaffected by ability of eye gaze to predict target location; and more pronounced for cross gender faces. Attractiveness ratings from before and after the cueing experiment increased as a function of eye gaze validity differentially for own versus cross gender faces. Thus, both social attention via eye gaze cueing and its influence on facial evaluation depends on the gender of who's looking where and the gender of who perceives it.
Syndecan-Fc Hybrid Molecule as a Potent In Vitro Microbicidal Anti-HIV-1 Agent

ABSTRACT In the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for the development of safe and effective topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study, we proposed to develop a novel class of microbicides using syndecan as the antiviral agent. Specifically, we generated a soluble syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule by fusing the ectodomain of syndecan-1 to the Fc domain of a human IgG. We then tested the syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule for various in vitro microbicidal anti-HIV-1 properties. Remarkably, the syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule possesses multiple attractive microbicidal properties: (i) it blocks HIV-1 infection of primary targets including T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC); (ii) it exhibits a broad range of antiviral activity against primary HIV-1 isolates, multidrug resistant HIV-1 isolates, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV); (iii) it prevents transmigration of HIV-1 through human primary genital epithelial cells; (iv) it prevents HIV-1 transfer from dendritic cells to CD4+ T cells; (v) it is potent when added 2 h prior to addition of HIV-1 to target cells; (vi) it is potent at a low pH; (vii) it blocks HIV-1 infectivity when diluted in genital fluids; and (viii) it prevents herpes simplex virus infection. The heparan sulfate chains of the syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule are absolutely required for HIV-1 neutralization. Several lines of evidence suggest that the highly conserved Arg298 in the V3 region of gp120 serves as the locus for the syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule neutralization. In conclusion, this study suggests that the syndecan-Fc hybrid molecule represents the prototype of a new generation of microbicidal agents that may have promise for HIV-1 prevention.
Cancer patients' demographic characteristics and ratings of patient-centered nursing care.

PURPOSE To examine relationships between patients' demographic characteristics and patients' reports of patient-centered care. DESIGN Secondary analysis of data (N = 423) from a study in the northeastern United States focused on the psychometric properties of the Oncology Patients' Perceptions of the Quality of Nursing Care Scale (OPPQNCS). METHODS The quality of four interpersonal nursing interventions, representing patient-centered nursing care, was measured with the OPPQNCS subscales. Patients' characteristics included race (White or non-White), sex, age, education, income, and hospitalization for cancer. Four separate ordinary least squares regression models were constructed. FINDINGS Hospitalization was inversely related to intervention quality in each model. Income was the only statistically significant characteristic for nonhospitalized patients, and only in the coordination model. For hospitalized patients, education was statistically significant in the coordination model, and income in the proficiency model. An interaction term for education and income was statistically significant in the responsiveness model, and a term for gender and education in the individualization model. CONCLUSIONS Hospitalized patients' exposure to nursing care may indicate a wider range of care quality than for nonhospitalized patients, possibly accounting for the inverse relationship between hospitalization and patient-centered care. Groups identified at risk for lower quality care--minorities, women, elders, and people in low-income groups--did not report a lower level of patient-centered nursing care. Nurses' contributions to patient-centered care and care equity are important components of care quality, particularly for hospitalized cancer patients.
Innate B-1 B Cells Are Not Enriched in Red Blood Cell Autoimmune Mice: Importance of B Cell Receptor Transgenic Selection

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) results from breakdown of humoral tolerance to RBC antigens. Past analyses of B-cell receptor transgenic (BCR-Tg) mice that recognize RBC autoantigens led to a paradigm in which autoreactive conventional B-2 B cells are deleted whereas extramedullary B-1 B cells escape deletion due to lack of exposure to RBCs. However, BCR-Tg mice utilized to shape the current paradigm were unable to undergo receptor editing or class-switching. Given the importance of receptor editing as mechanism to tolerize autoreactive B cells during central tolerance, we hypothesized that expansion of autoreactive B-1 B cells is a consequence of the inability of the autoreactive BCR to receptor edit. To test this hypothesis, we crossed two separate strains of BCR-Tg mice with transgenic mice expressing the BCR target on RBCs. Both BCR-Tg mice express the same immunoglobulin and, thus, secrete antibodies with identical specificity, but one strain (SwHEL) has normal receptor editing, whereas the other (IgHEL) does not. Similar to other AIHA models, the autoreactive IgHEL strain showed decreased B-2 B cells, an enrichment of B-1 B cells, and detectable anti-RBC autoantibodies and decreased RBC hematocrit and hemoglobin values. However, autoreactive SwHEL mice had induction of tolerance in both B-2 and B-1 B cells with anti-RBC autoantibody production without anemia. These data generate new understanding and challenge the existing paradigm of B cell tolerance to RBC autoantigens. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that immune responses vary when BCR-Tg do not retain BCR editing and class-switching functions.
Leadership skills of first‐year students at public universities in Jordan

The purpose of this study was to examine the pre‐college leadership skills of first‐year students and examine differences by gender on eight distinct scales. The Student Leadership Outcomes Inventory defined these eight scales. A total of 296 participants were chosen to participate in the study from a population of all first‐year students at a public university in Jordan. Participants reported moderate levels of leadership skills on all eight scales. However, differences by gender were found on the technology scale of the instrument. Overall, it would seem that students matriculate with some intact leadership skills. Administrators might use this baseline skill level when designing leadership development opportunities for students.
Effect of a human urinary protease inhibitor (Ulinastatin) on respiratory function in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND We performed this prospective randomized study to determine the effect of a human urinary protease inhibitor (Ulinastatin) on respiratory function in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS Twenty-two children were included in this study. They were randomly allocated to 1 of the following groups; a control group (n=11) or a Ulinastatin group (n=11) in which patients received 5000 U/kg of Ulinastatin. Arterial blood samples were obtained before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), immediately after CPB, and 30 min after protamine administration, as well as 3 hours after and 18 hours after CPB, and Interleukin-8 and neutrophil elastase concentration were evaluated. RESULTS CPB time and aortic clamp time did not differ between the groups. Interleukin 8 and neutrophil elastase concentrations before CPB increased significantly immediately after CPB, these concentrations did not differ between the groups. However, neutrophil elastase concentrations of a Ulinastatin group were significantly lower than that of a control group at 30 min after protamine administration (a Ulinastatin group: 1011.3+/-539.1 mg/ml, a control group: 1619.7+/-595.7 mg/ml, p<0.05) and A-aDO2 of a Ulinastatin group was significantly lower than that of a control group at 2 hours after CPB (a Ulinastatin group: 67.1+/-70.6 mmHg, a control group: 169.2+/-116.3 g, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Ulinastatin suppresses the increase in neutrophil elastase and protects the respiratory function in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.
Planning for Tourism Education and Training in the 1990s: Bridging the gap between industry and education

Abstract Geographers have played an important role in developing degree programmes in tourism studies during the 1980s and 1990s. This paper examines trends and developments in education for tourism in the 1990s and considers the development of degree programmes in tourism within a geography department. It highlights potential labour market problems and the need for closer contact between education and industry. The paper argues that education for tourism at degree level needs to be more industry‐centred and it reports the results of a questionnaire survey of major tourism employers in Kent and the implications for future course and curriculum development.
Patterns and predictors of atypical language representation in epilepsy

In the majority of the normal population, the left hemisphere is dominant for language. In epilepsy, a higher proportion of ‘atypical’ language representation is encountered. This can follow one of three patterns: (1) altered interhemispheric representation, where the spectrum of lateralisation is shifted to the right; (2) interhemispheric dissociation of linguistic subfunctions; or (3) intrahemispheric changes in representation. Knowledge of these patterns is essential for avoiding postoperative language deficits in epilepsy patients undergoing surgery. Several predictors of atypical language representation exist. It is more prevalent in left-handed individuals. Lesions in rough proximity to classical language areas are more associated with atypical language, although in some cases, remote lesions, such as in the hippocampus, can also lead to altered language representation. The more disruptive the lesion, the more likely atypical language is to be found. Widespread and frequent interictal epileptiform discharges are also associated with atypical language. Atypical language representation is more likely to be present when injury or epilepsy onset occurred at a young age. Thus, a subgroup of patients can be defined in whom atypical language representation is more likely to be found.
Evaluation of Anterior Talofibular Ligament Lesion Using 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) imaging for the diagnosis of anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injury. Methods: Six patients with lateral instability of ankle joint were examined with 3D CT preoperatively. Three patients had chronic ATFL tear, and the others had os subfibulare. 3D CT images were compared with magnetic resonance imaging and the operative findings. Results: The ATFL in the uninvolved side could be depicted clearly by 3D CT in all patients. In patients with chronic ATFL tear, 3D CT could evaluate the condition of ATFL remnant much better than MRI. In patients with os subfibulare, the relationship between bone fragment and ATFL was clearly imaged in 3D CT. Surgical findings in all patients were correlated well with 3D CT. Conclusions: This study showed that 3D CT has the possibility of being a useful diagnostic tool for evaluation of ATFL lesion.