Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sexual abuse as a factor in child maltreatment by adolescent mothers of preschool aged children

Abstract We examined the role of a history of sexual abuse as a predictor of child maltreatment by adolescent mothers in a prospective study of 104 mother-child dyads. Mothers were interviewed about any experienced abuse, and the mother-child dyads were observed in a teaching interaction and in the Strange Situation when the children were 1 year old. Three and a half years later, the mothers were interviewed about their Child Protective Service (CPS) contacts since the birth of their children. The percentage of mothers reporting CPS contacts for their own children was 15.4%, 38.5%, and 83.3%, respectively, for those mothers with no history of sexual abuse, a history of a single incident or brief duration of sexual abuse, and those mothers with a history of chronic sexual abuse (median 24 months duration; test of increasing trend significant at p < .000009). Mothers who reported having been chronically sexually abused as children were significantly more likely to have CPS contacts for their own children, after controlling for history of physical abuse, quality of early teaching interactions, and infant attachment security (both of which also predicted CPS contacts), race, IQ, welfare status at 1 year postpartum, and history of foster care.
Abrupt shift in the observed runoff from the southwestern Greenland ice sheet

We find an abrupt 80% increase in observed Greenland ice sheet runoff in 2003 to be related to atmospheric circulation change. The recent decades of accelerating mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet have arisen from an increase in both surface meltwater runoff and ice flow discharge from tidewater glaciers. Despite the role of the Greenland ice sheet as the dominant individual cryospheric contributor to sea level rise in recent decades, no observational record of its mass loss spans the 30-year period needed to assess its climatological state. We present for the first time a 40-year (1975–2014) time series of observed meltwater discharge from a >6500-km2 catchment of the southwestern Greenland ice sheet. We find that an abrupt 80% increase in runoff occurring between the 1976–2002 and 2003–2014 periods is due to a shift in atmospheric circulation, with meridional exchange events occurring more frequently over Greenland, establishing the first observation-based connection between ice sheet runoff and climate change.
Parametric non-rigid registration using a stationary velocity field

The Free-Form Deformation (FFD) algorithm is a widely-used approach for non-rigid registration. Modifications have previously been proposed to ensure topology preservation and invertibility within this framework. However, in practice, none of these yield the inverse transformation itself, and one loses the parsimonious B-spline parameterisation. We present a novel log-Euclidean FFD approach, in which a spline model of a stationary velocity field is exponentiated to yield a diffeomorphism, using an efficient scaling-and-squaring algorithm. The log-Euclidean framework allows easy computation of a consistent inverse transformation, and offers advantages in group-wise atlas building and statistical analysis. We optimise the Normalised Mutual Information plus a regularisation term based on the Jacobian determinant of the velocity field. The proposed method has been assessed against the conventional FFD using T1-weighted magnetic resonance brain images, following a published protocol with an openly available data-set (MGH10) to enable comparison with many other algorithms. The proposed method performed similarly to the state of the art.
Enterprise Architecture Management's Impact on Information Technology Success

Both practitioners and researchers put forward enterprise architecture management as a mean for achieving success with information technology. Many arguments have been put forward to support the benefits claimed to arise from mature enterprise architecture management and a considerable amount of literature describes the components of mature (successful) enterprise architecture management. However, few studies have empirically tested whether the enterprise architecture management activities impact organizations' success with information technology. This paper tests the relationship between organizations' success with information technology and enterprise architecture management activities. Significant correlations are found between these variables.
Reactive Astrocytes Protect Tissue and Preserve Function after Spinal Cord Injury

Reactive astrocytes are prominent in the cellular response to spinal cord injury (SCI), but their roles are not well understood. We used a transgenic mouse model to study the consequences of selective and conditional ablation of reactive astrocytes after stab or crush SCI. Mice expressing a glial fibrillary acid protein-herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase transgene were given mild or moderate SCI and treated with the antiviral agent ganciclovir (GCV) to ablate dividing, reactive, transgene-expressing astrocytes in the immediate vicinity of the SCI. Small stab injuries in control mice caused little tissue disruption, little demyelination, no obvious neuronal death, and mild, reversible functional impairments. Equivalent small stab injuries in transgenic mice given GCV to ablate reactive astrocytes caused failure of blood-brain barrier repair, leukocyte infiltration, local tissue disruption, severe demyelination, neuronal and oligodendrocyte death, and pronounced motor deficits. Moderate crush injuries in control mice caused focal tissue disruption and cellular degeneration, with moderate, primarily reversible motor impairments. Equivalent moderate crush injuries combined with ablation of reactive astrocytes caused widespread tissue disruption, pronounced cellular degeneration, and failure of wound contraction, with severe persisting motor deficits. These findings show that reactive astrocytes provide essential activities that protect tissue and preserve function after mild or moderate SCI. In nontransgenic animals, crush or contusion SCIs routinely exhibit regions of degenerated tissue that are devoid of astrocytes. Our findings suggest that identifying ways to preserve reactive astrocytes, to augment their protective functions, or both, may lead to novel approaches to reducing secondary tissue degeneration and improving functional outcome after SCI.
Learning Conversational Systems that Interleave Task and Non-Task Content

Task-oriented dialog systems have been applied in various tasks, such as automated personal assistants, customer service providers and tutors. These systems work well when users have clear and explicit intentions that are well-aligned to the systems' capabilities. However, they fail if users intentions are not explicit. To address this shortcoming, we propose a framework to interleave non-task content (i.e. everyday social conversation) into task conversations. When the task content fails, the system can still keep the user engaged with the non-task content. We trained a policy using reinforcement learning algorithms to promote long-turn conversation coherence and consistency, so that the system can have smooth transitions between task and non-task content. To test the effectiveness of the proposed framework, we developed a movie promotion dialog system. Experiments with human users indicate that a system that interleaves social and task content achieves a better task success rate and is also rated as more engaging compared to a pure task-oriented system.
Applying Persuasion Strategies to Alter HIV-Relevant Thoughts and Behavior

Health communication strategies are at the core of both mass media campaigns and public health interventions conducted at the community level concerning the prevention of HIV/AIDS. They are often nested in complex contexts that prevent us from being able to identify the persuasive impact of a specific message. The authors attempt to account for an array of factors contributing to the persuasiveness of messages about HIV. The aim is to synthesize the psychological literature on persuasion and thus provide a conceptual framework for understanding message effects in HIV communications. This discussion concerns fear appeals, message framing, tailoring, cultural targeting, and additional factors pertaining to the message, source, and channel of the communication. Whenever possible, recommendations for further research are formulated.
Perceived and Measured Levels of Environmental Pollution: Interdisciplinary Research in the Subarctic Lowlands of Northeast European Russia

Abstract Using interdisciplinary field research in the Usa Basin, northeast European Russia, we compared local inhabitants' perception of environmental problems with chemical and remote-sensing signatures of environmental pollution and their local impacts. Extensive coal mining since the 1930s around Inta and Vorkuta has left a legacy of pollution, detected by measuring snowpack, topsoil, and lichen chemistry, together with remote-sensing techniques and analysis of lake water and sediments. Vorkuta and its environs suffered the worst impacts, with significant metal loading and alkalization in lakes and topsoils, elevated metals and cations in terricolous (reindeer) lichens, and changes in vegetation communities. Although the coal industry has declined recently, the area boasts a booming oil and gas industry, based around Usinsk. Local perceptions and concerns of environmental pollution and protection were higher in Usinsk, as a result of increased awareness after a major oil spill in 1994, compared with Vorkuta's inhabitants, who perceived air pollution as the primary environmental threat. Our studies indicate that the principal sources of atmospheric emissions and local deposition within 25 to 40 km of Vorkuta were coal combustion from power and heating plants, coal mines, and a cement factory. Local people evaluated air pollution from direct observations and personal experiences, such as discoloration of snow and respiratory problems, whereas scientific knowledge played a minor role in shaping these perceptions.
Transient calcium‐dependent potassium current in magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the rat supraoptic nucleus.

1. Magnocellular neurosecretory neurones were impaled in the supraoptic nucleus of perfused explants of rat hypothalamus. Membrane currents were studied at 35 degrees C using the single‐microelectrode voltage‐clamp technique. 2. Depolarizing voltage steps applied from ‐100 mV evoked a transient outward current (TOC) from a threshold of ‐75 mV. From this potential, the amplitude of the current increased non‐linearly with voltage. 3. Following its activation TOC reached a peak within 7 ms and subsequently decayed monotonically with a time constant of 30 ms. This time constant did not vary significantly with voltage between ‐75 and ‐55 mV. 4. The TOC showed complete steady‐state inactivation at potentials positive to ‐55 mV. Inactivation was removed by hyperpolarization, with a mid‐point near ‐80 mV. The removal of inactivation followed a complex time course with distinct fast (tens of milliseconds) and slow (hundreds of milliseconds) components. 5. Tail current measurements revealed that the TOC equilibrium potential (ETOC) lies near ‐97 mV in the presence of 3 mM [K+]o. Increasing [K+]o caused a decrease of TOC amplitude and a shift in ETOC of 57 mV/log [K+]o. The TOC is therefore predominantly a K+ current. 6. The TOC was unaffected by tetraethylammonium (up to 12 mM) but was reversibly reduced by 4‐aminopyridine (ca. 50% block at 1.0 mM) and dendrotoxin (ca. 50% block at 4 nM). 7. The TOC was strongly inhibited (greater than 70%) by adding Co2+ or Mn2+ (1‐3 mM) or Cd2+ (50‐400 microM) to Ca‐containing solutions, or by removal of Ca2+ from the perfusate. These effects were not accompanied by detectable changes in threshold voltage. The amplitude of TOC was also depressed by the organic Ca2+ channel blocker methoxyverapamil (D600). Finally replacement of Ca2+ by Ba2+ in the perfusate completely and reversibly abolished the TOC. 8. These findings suggest that neurosecretory neurones of the rat supraoptic nucleus display a transient K+ current which is strongly dependent on the presence of external Ca2+. The possible role of this current is briefly discussed.
Getting to Grips with Idioms: Greek Learners vis-à-vis English Idioms

The present paper aims at examining Greek learners’ comprehension and production errors in L2 idiom learning. To this end, four exercises – two focusing on receptive skills and two on productive ones – were distributed to 50 Greek native speakers of advanced English Proficiency in order to assess which idiom-type(s) and exercises cause the biggest problem to Greek learners. It was shown that L2 learners made more errors in idiom-production exercises than in comprehension-based ones and that the biggest error percentage was found in idioms with both structural and semantic dissimilarity to L1 idioms. These findings suggest that Greek learners of English tend to understand the meaning of L2 idiomatic expressions through the use of contextual information and conceptual knowledge but are unable to use them in their own language production, thus making structural, grammatical and contextual mistakes.
Model of the control of saccades by superior colliculus and cerebellum.

Experimental evidence indicates that the superior colliculus (SC) is important but neither necessary nor sufficient to produce accurate saccadic eye movements. Furthermore both clinical and experimental evidence points to the cerebellum as an indispensable component of the saccadic system. Accordingly, we have devised a new model of the saccadic system in which the characteristics of saccades are determined by the cooperation of two pathways, one through the SC and the other through the cerebellum. Both pathways are influenced by feedback information: the feedback determines the decay of activity for collicular neurons and the timing of the activation for cerebellar neurons. We have modeled three types of cells (burst, buildup, and fixation neurons) found in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. We propose that, from the point of view of motor execution, the burst neurons and the buildup neurons are not functionally distinct with both providing a directional drive to the brain stem circuitry. The fixation neurons determine the onset of the saccade by disfacilitating the omnipause neurons in the brain stem. Excluding noise-related variations, the ratio of the horizontal to the vertical components of the collicular drive is fixed throughout the saccade (i.e., its direction is fixed); the duration of the drive is such that it always would produce hypermetric movements. The cerebellum plays three roles: first, it provides an additional directional drive, which improves the acceleration of the eyes; second, it keeps track of the progress of the saccade toward the target; and third, it ends the saccade by choking off the collicular drive. The drive provided by the cerebellum can be adjusted in direction to exert a directional control over the saccadic trajectory. We propose here a control mechanism that incorporates a spatial displacement integrator in the cerebellum; under such conditions, we show that a partial directional control arises automatically. Our scheme preserves the advantages of several previous models of the saccadic system (e.g., the lack of a spatial-to-temporal transformation between the SC and the brain stem; the use of efference copy feedback to control the saccade), without incurring many of their drawbacks, and it accounts for a large amount of experimental data.
The Role of the Department and Discipline in Doctoral Student Attrition: Lessons from Four Departments

This paper explains doctoral student attrition as a consequence of inadequate academic integration, a concept developed to explain undergraduate attrition. Theoretically, poor integration results from either isolation from or mismatch with the departmental (local) or disciplinary (national) communities. Interviews with students who left four departments at one university reveal six reasons (each present in at least three of the departments) that fit into a modified framework. A third category, "the discipline as filtered through the department," is added.
Emotional processes in psychotherapy: evidence across therapeutic modalities

This article briefly reviews recent process research on emotion in humanistic, cognitive, behavioural and psychodynamic psychotherapies. Cognitive therapy has traditionally shown less interest in emotional processes than the other therapies, but the interest of the others has not always borne fruit in empirical research. At the present time there is an interest in emotion research in therapy that cuts across all therapeutic modalities. Emotional processing and depth of experiencing, two heavily-researched emotion process categories of the behaviourists and humanists respectively, have been shown to have a robust association with outcome. There is accumulating evidence that both the in-session activation of specific, relevant emotions and the cognitive exploration and elaboration of the significance and meaning of these emotions are important for therapeutic change. Further research on emotional processes in psychotherapy is required. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Career Development of Young Black Females

Recently a great deal of the counseling literature has focused on the career development of minorities and women. For the most part, however, the career development needs of ethnic minority females have not been addressed. Programmatic and theoretical issues regarding the career development of ethnic minorities have generally focused on minority males, while research on women has tended to concentrate on white females. This article focuses on the career development of black female adolescents and college students. Adolescence is broadly defined as that period covering the ages between 12 and 21, the time span during which young people attempt to deal with a number of life and career-related development tasks. A major theme of the article is the career development of young black female adolescents as influenced by the dual status of their ethnic and sex membership groups. There are a number of reasons for focusing on the career development of black female adolescents. In many respects, young black females constitute the forgotten adolescents. As Lightfoot (1976: 239) has stated, &dquo;Young black girls are an
Penile and preputial squamous cell carcinoma in the horse: a retrospective study of treatment of 77 affected horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The most common penile and preputial neoplasm in the horse is the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but no large surveys of treatment and effects of the grade of the tumour, based on the degree of differentiation, on outcome of affected horses are available. OBJECTIVES Analysis of treatment of male horses affected with SCC of the external genitalia and long-term results of treatment. METHODS Seventy-seven cases of SCC were evaluated. Data recorded included treatment, outcome, post operative histopathology and retrospective tumour grading. RESULTS Treatments included: cryosurgery, excision, partial phallectomy, partial phallectomy and sheath ablation, and en bloc penile and preputial resection with penile retroversion and removal of inguinal lymph nodes. The incidence of recurrence after partial phallectomy was 25.6% (10/39) and following incomplete removal was 17.9% (7/39). The incidence of recurrence after en bloc resection with retroversion was 12.5% (1/8). In horses with confirmed inguinal lymph node metastasis, the incidence of recurrence was 25.0% (1/4). Poorly differentiated SCCs were more likely to metastasise than well differentiated SCCs, and there was a greater chance that the treatment would be unsuccessful. The success of treatment, complete removal and in preventing recurrence of the tumour, of male horses with SCC of the external genitalia was 55.7%. CONCLUSIONS Horses that receive only partial phallectomy for treatment for SCC of the external genitalia have a high incidence of recurrence in contrast to horses that receive an en bloc resection. Tumour grading of SCC can help predict prognosis and guide selection of treatment.
Paediatric Acute Kidney Injury in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria: Prevalence, Causes and Mortality Rate

Background The modest decline in child mortality in Africa raises the question whether the pattern of diseases associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in children in Nigeria has changed. Methods A database of children, aged between one month and 16 years, with AKI (using modified pediatric RIFLE criteria) was reviewed. The cause of AKI was defined as the major underlying disease. The clinical and laboratory features of children with AKI who survived were compared to those who died. Results Of the 4 015 children admitted into Lagos University Teaching Hospital between July 2010 and July 2012, 70 episodes of AKI were recorded equalling 17.4 cases per 1000 children. The median age of the children with AKI was 4.8 (range 0.1–14.4) years and 68.6% were males. Acute kidney injury was present in 58 (82.9%) children at admission with 70% in ‘failure’ category. Primary kidney disease (38.6%), sepsis (25.7%) and malaria (11.4%) were the commonest causes. The primary kidney diseases were acute glomerulonephritis (11) and nephrotic syndrome (8). Nineteen (28.4%) children with AKI died. Need for dialysis [odds ratio: 10.04 (2.94–34.33)], white cell >15 000/mm3 [odds ratio: 5.72 (1.65–19.89)] and platelet <100 000/mm3 [odds ratio: 9.56 (2.63–34.77)] were associated with death. Conclusion Acute kidney injury is common in children admitted to hospitals. The common causes remain primary kidney diseases, sepsis and malaria but the contribution of sepsis is rising while malaria and gastroenteritis are declining. Acute kidney injury-related mortality remains high.
Identity processing style and cognitive attributional strategies: similarities and difference across different contexts

Identity processing style refers to the manner in which individuals approach or manage to avoid identity relevant problems and decisions. Two studies were designed to investigate the relationship between identity style and the specific cognitive and attributional strategies youth deploy in achievement and affiliative contexts. In Study 1, 198 American late adolescents filled in the revised Identity Style Inventory and a Strategy and Attribution Questionnaire. In Study 2, 109 Finnish late adolescents filled in the same measures. Study 1 revealed that diffuse/avoidant‐oriented American youth relied on maladaptive strategies in both contexts. Information‐oriented youth engaged in more strategic planning than did their normative and diffuse/avoidant counterparts. Study 2 indicated an identical pattern of associations among the identity processing styles and cognitive and attributional strategies for Finnish youth in achievement but not in interpersonal settings. The results are discussed in the context of a social–cognitive theory of identity development. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Pathogen, M. mungi

Seven outbreaks involving increasing numbers of banded mongoose troops and high death rates have been documented. We identified a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex pathogen, M. mungi sp. nov., as the causative agent among banded mongooses that live near humans in Chobe District, Botswana. Host spectrum and transmission dynamics remain unknown.