Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Bilingualism and Cognitive Control

In the past decade, there has been an upsurge of research on bilingualism. A theme in this work is that the bilingual's two languages are always active, at times converging with one another to produce benefits to comprehension and production, but at other times conflicting, with the requirement to negotiate cross-language competition. A goal in the recent work has been to characterize the cognitive processes that enable bilinguals to negotiate the cross-talk between their two languages. The ease with which highly proficient bilinguals are able to speak each of their languages without frequent errors or intrusions and, at the same time, switch between the two languages in contexts in which code switching is appropriate or encouraged, suggests the presence of a high level of cognitive control. At the same time, behavioral and neurocognitive studies have shown that bilinguals differ from monolinguals in their performance on tasks that are purely cognitive, often showing advantages relative to monolinguals, and clear differences in neural function and structure. A key question is how we might begin to relate the findings on language control to the documented cognitive consequences of bilingualism. The papers in this special issue on Bilingualism and Cognitive Control represent the best of the new research on each of these issues to understand how control in language processing is achieved and how domain-general cognitive processes are themselves affected by language experience.
Amodal Processing in Human Prefrontal Cortex

Information enters the cortex via modality-specific sensory regions, whereas actions are produced by modality-specific motor regions. Intervening central stages of information processing map sensation to behavior. Humans perform this central processing in a flexible, abstract manner such that sensory information in any modality can lead to response via any motor system. Cognitive theories account for such flexible behavior by positing amodal central information processing (e.g., “central executive,” Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; “supervisory attentional system,” Norman and Shallice, 1986; “response selection bottleneck,” Pashler, 1994). However, the extent to which brain regions embodying central mechanisms of information processing are amodal remains unclear. Here we apply multivariate pattern analysis to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to compare response selection, a cognitive process widely believed to recruit an amodal central resource across sensory and motor modalities. We show that most frontal and parietal cortical areas known to activate across a wide variety of tasks code modality, casting doubt on the notion that these regions embody a central processor devoid of modality representation. Importantly, regions of anterior insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex consistently failed to code modality across four experiments. However, these areas code at least one other task dimension, process (instantiated as response selection vs response execution), ensuring that failure to find coding of modality is not driven by insensitivity of multivariate pattern analysis in these regions. We conclude that abstract encoding of information modality is primarily a property of subregions of the prefrontal cortex.
Substantial energy expenditure for locomotion in ciliates verified by means of simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption rate and swimming speed

SUMMARY In order to characterize the energy expenditure of Paramecium, we simultaneously measured the oxygen consumption rate, using an optic fluorescence oxygen sensor, and the swimming speed, which was evaluated by the optical slice method. The standard metabolic rate (SMR, the rate of energy consumption exclusively for physiological activities other than locomotion) was estimated to be 1.18×10–6 J h–1 cell–1 by extrapolating the oxygen consumption rate into one at zero swimming speed. It was about 30% of the total energy consumed by the cell swimming at a mean speed of 1 mm s–1, indicating that a large amount of the metabolic energy (about 70% of the total) is consumed for propulsive activity only. The mechanical power liberated to the environment by swimming Paramecium was calculated on the basis of Stokes' law. This power, termed Stokes power, was 2.2×10–9 J h–1 cell–1, indicating extremely low efficiency (0.078%) in the conversion of metabolic power to propulsion. Analysis of the cost of transport (COT, the energy expenditure for translocation per units of mass and distance) revealed that the efficiency of energy expenditure in swimming increases with speed rather than having an optimum value within a wide range of forced swimming, as is generally found in fish swimming. These characteristics of energy expenditure would be unique to microorganisms, including Paramecium, living in a viscous environment where large dissipation of the kinetic energy is inevitable due to the interaction with the surrounding water.
What excludes an Alternative in Coherence Relations?

This paper identifies features that occur frequently in coherence relations labelled CHOSEN ALTERNATIVE. This achieves two goals: (1) to identify evidence for an argument being considered an alternative excluded from further consideration, and (2) to contribute to the automatic identification of coherence relations and their arguments. It is shown that the simplest of these features occur significantly more often in implicit CHOSEN ALTERNATIVE relations than in explicit CHOSEN ALTERNATIVE relations, where a connective helps signal this sense.
Dissociable antidepressant-like and abuse-related effects of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and MK-801 in rats.

DISSOCIABLE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE AND ABUSE-RELATED EFFECTS OF THE NONCOMPETITIVE NMDA RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS KETAMINE AND MK-801 IN RATS By Todd M. Hillhouse, M.S. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014 Major Director: Joseph H. Porter, Ph.D Professor, Department of Psychology The noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine produces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in patients suffering from major depressive disorder. However, abuse liability is a concern. To further evaluate the relationship between antidepressant-like and abuserelated effects of NMDA receptor antagonists, this study evaluated the effects of ketamine, MK801, and phencyclidine in male Sprague-Dawley rats responding under two procedures that have been used to assess antidepressant-like effects [differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) 72 s schedule of food reinforcement] and abuse-related drug effects [intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)]. Under DRL 72 s, ketamine produced an antidepressant-like effect by increasing reinforcers, decreasing responses, and producing a rightward shift in the peak location of the interresponse time (IRT) distributions. Phencyclidine produced a modest antidepressant-like effect by increasing reinforcers and decreasing responses, but did not shift the IRT distributions. In contrast, MK-801 produced a psychostimulant-like effect by decreasing reinforcers, increasing responses, and producing a leftward shift in the peak location of the IRT distributions. The antidepressant-like effects of ketamine on the DRL 72 s procedure do not appear to be mediated by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin via serotonin transporters or antagonism of 5-HT2 receptors. Additionally, the dissociable effects of ketamine and MK-801 in the DRL 72 s procedure may be mediated by 5-HT2 receptors. Following acute administration, ketamine produced only doseand time-dependent depression of ICSS and failed to produce an abuserelated facilitation of ICSS at any dose or pretreatment time. Repeated dosing with ketamine produced dose-dependent tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of ketamine but failed to unmask expression of ICSS facilitation. Termination of ketamine treatment failed to produce withdrawalassociated decreases in ICSS. In contrast, MK-801 and phencyclidine effects produced doseand time-dependent facilitation of ICSS by MK-801. Taken together, our findings provide further evidence that expression of these antidepressant-like and abuse-related effects of ketamine, phencyclidine, and MK-801 may be related to NMDA receptor affinity.
Practice Variation in Spontaneous Breathing Trial Performance and Reporting

Background. Spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) are standard of care in assessing extubation readiness; however, there are no universally accepted guidelines regarding their precise performance and reporting. Objective. To investigate variability in SBT practice across centres. Methods. Data from 680 patients undergoing 931 SBTs from eight North American centres from the Weaning and Variability Evaluation (WAVE) observational study were examined. SBT performance was analyzed with respect to ventilatory support, oxygen requirements, and sedation level using the Richmond Agitation Scale Score (RASS). The incidence of use of clinical extubation criteria and changes in physiologic parameters during an SBT were assessed. Results. The majority (80% and 78%) of SBTs used 5 cmH2O of ventilator support, although there was variability. A significant range in oxygenation was observed. RASS scores were variable, with RASS 0 ranging from 29% to 86% and 22% of SBTs performed in sedated patients (RASS < −2). Clinical extubation criteria were heterogeneous among centres. On average, there was no change in physiological variables during SBTs. Conclusion. The present study highlights variation in SBT performance and documentation across and within sites. With their impact on the accuracy of outcome prediction, these results support efforts to further clarify and standardize optimal SBT technique.
A feasibility trial of narrow band imaging endoscopy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Narrow band imaging (NBI) endoscopy system enhances visualization of microvasculature and mucosal patterns. This study assessed the utility of NBI in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms. METHODS Patients with and without GERD symptoms completed 2 validated GERD questionnaires prior to enrollment. The distal esophagus was examined by standard white light endoscopy followed by NBI. The features seen only by NBI were compared between GERD patients and controls. RESULTS Overall, 80 patients (50 GERD, 30 controls) were eligible for final analysis (mean age, 58.4 years; males, 93.7%; white, 82.5%). A significantly higher proportion of patients with GERD had increased number (OR, 12.6; 95% CI: 3.7-42; P < .0001), dilatation (OR, 20; 95% CI: 6.1-65.3; P < .0001), tortuosity of intrapapillary capillary loops (IPCLs) (OR, 6.9; 95% CI: 2.5-19; P < .0001), presence of microerosions (P < .0001), and increased vascularity at the squamocolumnar junction (OR, 9.3; 95% CI: 1.9-43.6; P = .001) compared with controls. On multivariate analysis, increased number (OR, 5.5; 95% CI: 1.4-21.6) and dilatation (OR, 11.3; 95% CI: 3.2-39.9) of IPCLs were the best predictors for diagnosing GERD. The maximum, minimum, and average number of IPCLs/field were significantly greater in the GERD group compared with controls (P < .0001). Although the interobserver agreement for the various NBI findings was very good, the intraobserver agreement was modest. CONCLUSIONS NBI endoscopy may represent a significant improvement over standard endoscopy for the diagnosis of GERD. These preliminary findings including inter- and intraobserver agreement need to be evaluated in future prospective, controlled, and blinded GERD trials.
Digital Scholarship in the Tenure, Promotion and Review Process

Introduction, Deborah Lines Andersen Part I. Policies and Procedures: Studies from the Field, Deborah Lines Andersen 1. Mutually Exclusive? Information Technology and the Tenure, Promotion, and Review Process, Lynn C. Hattendorf Westney 2. To Web or Not to Web: The Evaluation of World Wide Web Publishing in the Academy, Kathleen Carlisle Fountain 3. Valuing Digital Scholarship in the Tenure, Promotion, and Review Process: A Survey of Academic Historians, Deborah Lines Andersen and Dennis A. Trinkle 4. Rewards for Scholarly Communication, Rob Kling and Lisa Spector Part II. Creation of Digital Scholarship: Cases from Academe, Deborah Lines Andersen 5. Digital Scholarship, Peer Review, and Hiring, Promotion, and Tenure: A Case Study of the Journal of Multimedia History, Gerald Zahavi and Susan L. McCormick 6. Transforming the Learning Process: A Case Study on Collaborative Web Development in an Upper Level Information Science Course, Thomas P. Mackey 7. Technology in the Classroom: A United Kingdom Experience, Ian G. Anderson 8. Teaching in a Classroom Without Walls: What It Takes to Cultivate a Rich Online Learning Community, Daphne Jorgensen 9. Learning Together and Moving Towards Tenure: Special Collections and Teaching Faculty Collaboration in the Development of an Online Sheet Music Exhibition, Jessica Lacher-Feldman Part III. The Present and the Future, Deborah Lines Andersen 10. Guidelines for Evaluating Digital Media Activities in Tenure, Promotion, and Review, Dennis A. Trinkle 11. The Development of Criteria for the Inclusion of Digital Publications in the Tenure Process: A Case Study of Washington State University Libraries, Ryan Johnson 12. Scholars, Digital Intellectual Property, and the New Economics of Publication and Preservation, Terrence Maxwell 13. Stories of the Future, David J. Staley
Recent advances in understanding Cushing disease: resistance to glucocorticoid negative feedback and somatic USP8 mutations

Cushing’s disease is a rare disease with a characteristic phenotype due to significant hypercortisolism driven by over-secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and to high morbidity and mortality if untreated. It is caused by a corticotroph adenoma of the pituitary, but the exact mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis are not clear. Recent advances in molecular biology such as the discovery of somatic mutations of the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 8 ( USP8) gene allow new insights into the pathogenesis, which could be translated into exciting and much-needed therapeutic applications.
Comment on "Slip-Rate Measurements on the Karakorum Fault May Imply Secular Variations in Fault Motion"

Chevalier et al . ([ 1 ][1]) presented cosmic-ray exposure dates for glacial deposits offset by movement along the Karakorum Fault. They inferred a late Quaternary slip rate on this fault, 10.7 ± 0.7 mm/year, that is higher than rates reported in recent field studies ([ 2 ][2]). The reported rate
Fluid simulation via disjoint translating grids

Most computer graphics applications have leaned towards the Eulerian approach, where the Navier-Stokes equations are expressed in a fixed global coordinate frame. Finite-difference methods can be made unconditionally stable with semi-Lagrangian methods as suggested by [Stam 1999], and have been used to simulate gases and liquids. Eulerian methods excel at representing interfaces via Levelset methods, and incompressibility can be enforced efficiently using the projection method. While Eulerian methods can be unconditionally stable, excessively large time steps introduce severe numerical viscosity, and hence ruin physical and visual accuracy. This is why [Enright et al. 2002] recommends limiting the time step to no more than 5 times the Courant-Friedrich-Levy (CFL) condition. For splashy simulations, this can lead to excessively small time steps.
Enhancing Mathematics Performance through Reflection-on-Mathematics-Self-Efficacy and Skill Training in Elementary-School

Learning mathematics requires cognitive and meta-cognitive effort. Self-efficacy is a very important component of motivation. High-efficacious students achieve more than low-efficacious students. Therefore, very important in mathematical education is the nurturing of students' self-efficacy. This qualitative action-research on 18 sixth graders implemented reflection-on-self-efficacy-to-learn-mathematics and skill training. Research tools were 20 students' reflection tasks, 10 non-participant observations, and 15 field notes. The study resulted in students' mathematics high self-efficacy and achievement. The theoretical contribution of this study is the successful intervention that fostered mathematics learning. Enhanced self-efficacy reinforced skill acquisition, which in turn contributed to higher efficacy beliefs, and vice versa.
Search for an Optimal Rapid-Charging Pattern for Li-Ion Batteries Using the Taguchi Approach

Lithium-ion batteries are playing important roles as energy storage solutions for portable devices, automotive electronics, and renewable energy systems. In order to maximize the performance of lithium-ion batteries, an advanced rapid-charging pattern is required. In this paper, a Taguchi-based algorithm is presented. Orthogonal arrays are implemented to determine the optimal rapid-charging pattern for multistage constant-current (CC)-charging method. Experimental results show that the obtained rapid-charging pattern is capable of charging lithium-ion batteries to 75% capacity in 40 min. The obtained pattern also provides 60% more cycle life than the conventional CC-constant-voltage method.
Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations and the Dynamics of Retail Trade Industries on the U.S.-Canada Border

Consumers living near the U.S.-Canada border can shift their expenditures between the two countries, so real exchange rate fluctuations can act as demand shocks to border areas' retail trade industries. Using annual county-level data, we estimate the effects of real exchange rates on the number of establishments and their average payroll in border counties for four retail industries. In three of the four industries we consider, the number of operating establishments responds either contemporaneously or with a lag of one year to real exchange rate movements. For these industries, the response of retailers' average size is less pronounced. The rapid response of net entry is inconsistent with any model of persistent deviations from purchasing power parity that depends on retailers' costs of changing nominal prices.
Treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures: A randomized minimum 5-year follow-up study of screws and bipolar hemiprostheses in 100 patients

In a randomized study of 100 patients having displaced femoral neck fractures (Garden types 3-4), we compared internal fixation using 2 von Bahr screws (n = 53) with a bipolar Variokopf prosthesis (n = 47) . The duration of surgery was shorter and the blood loss was less in the group with screws. Dislocation of the prosthesis occurred in 7/47 patients, all within 4 months. After a minimum follow-up of 5 years, 34 of 53 patients had been reoperated on in the screw group and 3/47 patients in the prosthesis group. No differences in patient mortality were noted between the groups after 2 or 5 years. The bipolar prosthesis seems to be a suitable alternative for primary treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures.
Using narrative inquiry in a study of information systems professionals

The research reported in this paper employed narrative inquiry in an innovative way in a study of the key factors that influence the career paths of information systems (IS) professionals. The interview technique was based upon McCracken's (1988) 'long interview', which allows the research participants to reflect upon the domain of discourse in a relatively unbiased and free-flowing manner. Individual resumes were employed as the main instrument to guide the interview and to document the narratives. The resumes helped ground the discussion in the IS professionals' personal experiences, assisted these professionals to reflect upon and report these experiences in a sequential account of events as they transpired throughout their careers. The use of individual resumes framed within McCraken's 'long interview' brings a certain amount of structure to the narrative inquiry technique, allowing for an in-depth investigation and the gathering of rich biographical personal accounts of the IS professional's interpretations of specific career path impacts.
Alcoholic hepatitis: current trends in management

Purpose of review Alcohol consumption is increasing globally, as are complications of alcohol-related liver disease, including the most severe manifestation, alcoholic hepatitis. Despite the increased prevalence, many patients hospitalized with alcoholic hepatitis are either not diagnosed or inadequately treated leading to significant morbidity and high mortality rates. The purpose of this review is to discuss current challenges in the diagnosis and management of this frequently fatal condition. Recent findings Recent studies and meta-analyses have improved our understanding of both the evaluation and treatment of alcoholic hepatitis including the diagnostic criteria, appropriate use of glucocorticoids and other therapeutic modalities including novel disease-specific therapeutic agents and indications for considering liver transplantation. Summary Glucocorticoid therapy and enteral nutrition represent the best options for reducing short-term mortality in patients with the severe form of acute alcoholic hepatitis. The efficacy of other medications such as pentoxifylline as currently used does not support a role for use outside clinical trials. While the current management options for alcoholic hepatitis remain insufficient, improvements in diagnosis, determining prognosis and severity and the potential role of novel treatments provides encouragement that outcomes from this devastating condition will improve.
A Review of the Psychomotor Effects of Paroxetine

Studies on the behavioural effects of paroxetine on healthy young volunteers, elderly volunteers, and patients suffering from major depressive illness failed to show any evidence of detrimental effects on a battery of objective and subjective measures even when alcohol was taken. In contrast, the chosen verum, amitriptyline or lorazepam, prodced significant impairment. The study on depressed patients showed improvement in cognitive functions among the paroxetine group from the start, whereas these functions were initially, significantly impaired in the dothiepin group. Moreover, the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire indicated that dothiepin produced, with respect to paroxetine, a significantly poorer quality of sleep.
Analysis of the Underlying Cellular Mechanisms of Anti-CD154-Induced Graft Tolerance: The Interplay of Clonal Anergy and Immune Regulation1

Although it has been shown that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) contribute to long-term graft acceptance, their impact on the effector compartment and the mechanism by which they exert suppression in vivo remain unresolved. Using a CD4+ TCR transgenic model for graft tolerance, we have unveiled the independent contributions of anergy and active suppression to the fate of immune and tolerant alloreactive T cells in vivo. First, it is shown that anti-CD154-induced tolerance resulted in the abortive expansion of the alloreactive, effector T cell pool. Second, commensurate with reduced expansion, there was a loss of cytokine production, activation marker expression, and absence of memory T cell markers. All these parameters defined the tolerant alloreactive T cells and correlated with the inability to mediate graft rejection. Third, the tolerant alloreactive T cell phenotype that is induced by CD154 was reversed by the in vivo depletion of Treg. Reversal of the tolerant phenotype was followed by rapid rejection of the allograft. Fourth, in addition to Treg depletion, costimulation of the tolerant alloreactive T cells or activation of the APC compartment also reverted alloreactive T cell tolerance and restored an activated phenotype. Finally, it is shown that the suppression is long-lived, and in the absence of anti-CD154 and donor-specific transfusion, these Treg can chronically suppress effector cell responses, allowing long-lived graft acceptance.