Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PDDL2.1: An Extension to PDDL for Expressing Temporal Planning Domains

In recent years research in the planning community has moved increasingly towards application of planners to realistic problems involving both time and many types of resources. For example, interest in planning demonstrated by the space research community has inspired work in observation scheduling, planetary rover exploration and spacecraft control domains. Other temporal and resource-intensive domains including logistics planning, plant control and manufacturing have also helped to focus the community on the modelling and reasoning issues that must be confronted to make planning technology meet the challenges of application. The International Planning Competitions have acted as an important motivating force behind the progress that has been made in planning since 1998. The third competition (held in 2002) set the planning community the challenge of handling time and numeric resources. This necessitated the development of a modelling language capable of expressing temporal and numeric properties of planning domains. In this paper we describe the language, PDDL2.1, that was used in the competition. We describe the syntax of the language, its formal semantics and the validation of concurrent plans. We observe that PDDL2.1 has considerable modelling power -- exceeding the capabilities of current planning technology -- and presents a number of important challenges to the research community.
Morphology and Reproductive Processes of the L Forms of Bacteria II. Comparative Study of L Forms and Mycoplasma with the Electron Microscope

Representative electron micrographs, from the study of eight strains of L forms and one strain of Mycoplasma, are presented. A- and B-type L forms were derived from two strains of Proteus, two other L forms were derived from a diphtheroid and from a staphylococcus strain, and two strains (designated as LX) were isolated from L forms derived from a group A β-hemolytic streptococcus and from a staphylococcus. The Mycoplasma strain was isolated from goats. Sections were made of young colonies grown within agar and from parts of surface colonies embedded in the agar. B-type L colonies of Proteus were produced by inoculation of bacteria into media containing penicillin. The large bodies developing from the bacteria and the organisms in B-type L colonies of Proteus, like the parent bacteria, had a cell wall consisting of a plasma membrane and an outer cell wall. The loss of rigidity in the cell wall indicated an alteration in its structure. The A-type L cultures of Proteus consisted of irregular branching masses extending in several directions, of small dense organisms corresponding to the elementary corpuscles present in cultures of Mycoplasma, and of intermediary forms. In contrast to the B-type, all organisms in the A-type colonies were surrounded by a single unit membrane corresponding to the plasma membrane of bacteria. The structures inside the cell membrane, both in the A- and B-type, seemed to correspond to the structure of the parent bacteria, which contained ribosomes and threads of DNA. The elementary corpuscles formed chains and filaments, and, apparently, these corpuscles took part in the multiplication by gradual enlargement. The organisms seen in the cultures of all L forms and Mycoplasma studied, except in the B-type L forms of Proteus, corresponded in size, shape, and structure, as well as in the development of elementary corpuscles, to the organisms in the A-type L form of Proteus. In contrast to the spherical organisms usually seen in broth cultures, the organisms in young cultures of Mycoplasma, which were grown within the agar, were similar in morphology, as well as in the discernible structure of the organisms, to L forms. Significant morphological and structural differences were not apparent between the L forms and Mycoplasma (in cultures grown within agar media) under the conditions of this investigation.
Antibiotic penetration into lung tissues.

Effective antibiotic treatment for lung infections requires an amount of drug at the site of infection sufficient to achieve or exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for that antibiotic against the pathogen. Recent developments in methodology have enabled concentrations of many antibiotics to be measured in small samples of tissue. The two main assay techniques are either a microbiological assay system where inhibition of growth of an indicator organism exposed to a sample of tissue is quantified, or high performance liquid chromatography. The sensitivity and reproducibility of these assay systems are remarkably high. The bioassay technique has the advantage of only measuring active amounts of the antibiotic, but has the disadvantage with some antibiotics such as clarithromycin of not differentiating between parent compound and active metabolites. ' As well as sputum, other sites in the lung that have been investigated for concentrations of antibiotic include the bronchial mucosa, alveolar macrophages, and epithelial lining fluid.2 Mucosal concentrations have been measured by taking several biopsies during bronchoscopy; the samples are then ultrasonicated and assayed. Using the technique of bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages and epithelial lining fluid may be obtained. The epithelial lining fluid often requires freeze drying to concentrate the samples about 10 times before assay. Rapid separation of cells and epithelial lining fluid is achieved by immediate centrifugation of the lavage aspirate to prevent efflux of some antibiotics such as quinolones or macrolides from macrophages. These techniques are extensively reviewed elsewhere. ' Quantification of concentrations in the epithelial lining fluid remains problematical because of movement of solute and solvent across the alveolar-capillary barrier during the lavage procedure.4
Predictors of Successful Cardioversion with Vernakalant in Patients with Recent‐Onset Atrial Fibrillation

Vernakalant is a novel atrial‐selective antiarrhythmic drug able to convert recent‐onset atrial fibrillation (AF) with reportedly low proarrhythmic risk. Successful cardioversion predictors are largely unknown. We sought to evaluate clinical and electrocardiographic predictors of cardioversion of recent‐onset AF with vernakalant.
I Feel Like I'm Taking Selfies All Day!: Towards Understanding Biometric Authentication on Smartphones

We present the results of an MTurk survey (n=383) on the reasons for using and not using biometric authentication systems on smartphones. We focused on Apple's Touch ID as well as Android's Face Unlock as they are the most prevalent systems on the market. For both systems, we categorized the participants as a) current users, b) former users that deactivated it at some point and c) nonusers. The results show that usability is one of the main factors that influences the decision on whether or not to use biometric verification on the smartphone. To our surprise and as opposed to previous research on biometric authentication, privacy and trust issues were not among the most important decision factors.
Daily mortality and air pollutants: findings from Köln, Germany.

STUDY OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: For the APHEA study, the short term effects of air pollutants on human health were investigated in a comparable way in various European cities. Daily mortality was used as one of the health effects indicators. This report aims to demonstrate the steps in epidemiological model building in this type of time series analysis aimed at detecting short term effects under a poisson distribution assumption and shows the tools for decision making. In addition, it assesses the impact of these steps on the pollution effect estimates. SETTING: Köln, Germany, is a city of one million inhabitants. It is densely populated with a warm, humid, unfavourable climate and a high traffic density. In previous studies, smog episodes were found to increase mortality and higher sulphur dioxide (SO2) levels were connected with increases in the number of episodes of croup. PARTICIPANTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Daily total mortality was obtained for 1975-85. SO2, total suspended particulates, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data were available from two to five stations for the city area, and size fractionated PM7 data from a neighbouring city. The main tools were time series plots of the raw data, predicted and residual data, the partial autocorrelation function and periodogram of the residuals, cross correlations of prefiltered series, plots of categorised influences, chi 2 statistics of influences and sensitivity analyses taking overdispersion and autocorrelation into account. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: With regard to model building, it is concluded that seasonal and epidemic correction are the most important steps. The actual model chosen depends very much on the properties of the data set. For the pollution effect estimates, trend, season, and epidemic corrections are important to avoid overestimation of the effect, while an appropriate short term meterology influence correction model may actually prevent underestimation. When the model leaves very little over-dispersion and autocorrelation in the residuals, which indicates a good fit, correction for them has consequently little impact. Given the model, most of the range of SO2 values (5th centile to 95th centile) led to a 3-4% increase in mortality (significant), particulates led to a 2% increase (borderline significant, less data than for SO2), and NO2 had no relationship with mortality (measurements possibly not representative of actual exposure). Effects were usually delayed by a day.
Hearing technology and cognition.

PURPOSE To summarize existing data on the interactions of cognitive function and hearing technology in older adults. METHOD A narrative review was used to summarize previous data for the short-term interactions of cognition and hearing technology on measured outcomes. For long-term outcomes, typically for 3-24 months of hearing aid use, a computerized database search was conducted. RESULTS There is accumulating evidence that cognitive function can impact outcomes following immediate or short-term use of hearing aids and that hearing aids can impact immediate cognitive function. There is limited evidence regarding the long-term impact of hearing aids on cognition, and the most rigorous studies in this area have not observed a positive effect. CONCLUSIONS Although interactions have been observed between cognition and use of hearing aids for measures obtained following immediate or short-term usage of hearing technology, limited evidence is available following long-term usage, and that evidence that is available does not support an effect of hearing aids on cognitive function. More research is needed, however, including rigorous studies of older adults following longer periods of hearing aid usage.
Risk factors for mortality in patients with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in a tertiary care hospital in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES To investigate the determinants of outcome in patients with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia. METHODS All patients >or=18 years old with MRSA bacteraemia for >or=7 days from 2000 to 2008 treated at National Taiwan University Hospital were investigated. The associations of mortality with clinical characteristics, management and vancomycin MICs for serial MRSA isolates were analysed. RESULTS Persistent MRSA bacteraemia occurred in 227 patients. Decreasing trends in the incidence of MRSA bacteraemia (P < 0.001) and persistent MRSA bacteraemia (P = 0.031) were found. Elevated vancomycin MICs for subsequent MRSA isolates were found in 49 (24.6%) of 199 patients, especially those with infective endocarditis (41.9% versus 21.4%; P = 0.027). Metastatic infection [odds ratio (OR) 5.23; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.17-12.59; P < 0.001], congestive heart failure (OR 4.78; 95% CI 2.19-10.42; P < 0.001) and elevated vancomycin MICs for subsequent MRSA isolates (OR 3.21; 95% CI 1.46-7.07; P = 0.004) were independent predictors of MRSA-related mortality, while metastatic infection (OR 3.01; 95% CI 1.45-6.28, P = 0.003) and congestive heart failure (OR 2.85; 95% CI 1.44-5.56, P = 0.003) were predictors of 30 day mortality. No significant impact of empirical glycopeptide therapy on MRSA-related (P = 0.89) or 30 day mortality (P = 0.26) was found. The 30 day mortality rate was lower in patients who received complete foci eradication (35.6% versus 51.1%; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Congestive heart failure and metastatic infections were predictors of mortality. Isolates with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin that emerged during persistent MRSA bacteraemia were associated with mortality. Aggressive attempts to completely eradicate foci should be encouraged.
Insights into the Damage Mechanism of Teflon® FEP from the Hubble Space Telescope

Metallized Teflon® FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) thermal control material on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has been found to be degrading in the space environment. Teflon® FEP thermal control blankets (space-facing FEP) retrieved during the first servicing mission (SM1) were found to be embrittled on solar-facing surfaces and contained microscopic cracks. During the second servicing mission (SM2) astronauts noticed that the FEP outer layer of the multi-layer insulation (MLI) covering the telescope was cracked in many locations around the telescope. Large cracks were observed on the light shield, forward shell and equipment bays. A tightly curled piece of cracked FEP from the light shield was retrieved during SM2 and was severely embrittled, as witnessed by ground testing. A failure review board was organized to determine the mechanism causing the MLI degradation. Density, x-ray crystallinity and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses of the FEP retrieved during SM1 were inconsistent with results of FEP retrieved during SM2. Because the retrieved SM2 material was curled while in space, it experienced a higher temperature extreme during thermal cycling, estimated at 200°C, than the SM1 material, estimated at 50°C. An investigation on the effects of heating pristine FEP and FEP retrieved from the HST was therefore conducted. Samples of pristine, SM1 and SM2 FEP were heated to 200°C and evaluated for changes in density and morphology. Elevated-temperature exposure was found to have a major impact on the density of the retrieved materials. The characterization of the polymer morphology of the as-received and heated FEP by NMR provided results that were consistent with the density results. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was conducted on pristine, SM1 and SM2 FEP. DSC results provided evidence of chain scission and increased crystallinity in the space exposed FEP, which supported the density and NMR results. Samples exposed to simulated solar flare x-rays, thermal cycling and long-term thermal exposure provided information on the environmental contributions to degradation. These findings have provided insight into the damage mechanisms of FEP in the space environment.
Enhancing the software architecture analysis and design process with inferred macro-architectural requirements

Traditionally the flow of authoritative information and control in requirements and software engineering is from requirements to architecture, design, development, implementation and testing. Iterative, spiral and agile methods, among others, have introduced increments and iterations in eliciting and discovering requirements within the project life cycle. Yet the authoritative flow of information across organizational boundaries within the enterprise continues to be from requirements to architecture to design. We argue that two additional implicit sources of information should be included in the requirements engineering process, contextual environment concerns and architectural patterns and heuristics. To account for these two sources of implicit requirements information we introduce the concept of forward and backward inferred macro-architectural requirements. Forward inferred macro-architectural requirements are elicited from contextual environment concerns. Backward inferred macro-architectural requirements are extracted through a reverse requirements elicitation process from architectural heuristics and patterns. We have observed significant improvements in the efficiency of the development processes and the quality of the final software products as a result of making inferred macro-architectural requirements explicit.
A Study of Application of Western Strategic Planning Model for Small Medium Entrepreneurs in Norther

The study examined whether small medium enterprise (SME) in the northern states of Malaysia do strategic planning and if they do, does the Wheelen and Hunger model ( 2008) applies so them . A total of 108 respondents which were from SMEs in Perlis, Kedah and Penang are participated in this research. Results of the study showed that SMEs do have strategic planning and more than half said that their strategic planning process resembled the strategic planning model of Wheelen and Hunger (2008). The strategic planning process of the SMEs was not much different from that of the Wheelen and Hunger (2008) model.
Aerodynamic effects of flexibility in flapping wings

Recent work on the aerodynamics of flapping flight reveals fundamental differences in the mechanisms of aerodynamic force generation between fixed and flapping wings. When fixed wings translate at high angles of attack, they periodically generate and shed leading and trailing edge vortices as reflected in their fluctuating aerodynamic force traces and associated flow visualization. In contrast, wings flapping at high angles of attack generate stable leading edge vorticity, which persists throughout the duration of the stroke and enhances mean aerodynamic forces. Here, we show that aerodynamic forces can be controlled by altering the trailing edge flexibility of a flapping wing. We used a dynamically scaled mechanical model of flapping flight (Re ≈ 2000) to measure the aerodynamic forces on flapping wings of variable flexural stiffness (EI). For low to medium angles of attack, as flexibility of the wing increases, its ability to generate aerodynamic forces decreases monotonically but its lift-to-drag ratios remain approximately constant. The instantaneous force traces reveal no major differences in the underlying modes of force generation for flexible and rigid wings, but the magnitude of force, the angle of net force vector and centre of pressure all vary systematically with wing flexibility. Even a rudimentary framework of wing veins is sufficient to restore the ability of flexible wings to generate forces at near-rigid values. Thus, the magnitude of force generation can be controlled by modulating the trailing edge flexibility and thereby controlling the magnitude of the leading edge vorticity. To characterize this, we have generated a detailed database of aerodynamic forces as a function of several variables including material properties, kinematics, aerodynamic forces and centre of pressure, which can also be used to help validate computational models of aeroelastic flapping wings. These experiments will also be useful for wing design for small robotic insects and, to a limited extent, in understanding the aerodynamics of flapping insect wings.
Anti-GD2-ch14.18/CHO coated nanoparticles mediate glioblastoma (GBM)-specific delivery of the aromatase inhibitor, Letrozole, reducing proliferation, migration and chemoresistance in patient-derived GBM tumor cells

Aromatase is a critical enzyme in the irreversible conversion of androgens to oestrogens, with inhibition used clinically in hormone-dependent malignancies. We tested the hypothesis that targeted aromatase inhibition in an aggressive brain cancer called glioblastoma (GBM) may represent a new treatment strategy. In this study, aromatase inhibition was achieved using third generation inhibitor, Letrozole, encapsulated within the core of biodegradable poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). PLGA-NPs were conjugated to human/mouse chimeric anti-GD2 antibody ch14.18/CHO, enabling specific targeting of GD2-positive GBM cells. Treatment of primary and recurrent patient-derived GBM cells with free-Letrozole (0.1 μM) led to significant decrease in cell proliferation and migration; in addition to reduced spheroid formation. Anti-GD2-ch14.18/CHO-NPs displayed specific targeting of GBM cells in colorectal-glioblastoma co-culture, with subsequent reduction in GBM cell numbers when treated with anti-GD2-ch14.18-PLGA-Let-NPs in combination with temozolomide. As miR-191 is an estrogen responsive microRNA, its expression, fluctuation and role in Letrozole treated GBM cells was evaluated, where treatment with premiR-191 was capable of rescuing the reduced proliferative phenotype induced by aromatase inhibitor. The repurposing and targeted delivery of Letrozole for the treatment of GBM, with the potential role of miR-191 identified, provides novel avenues for target assessment in this aggressive brain cancer.
Bis(2-amino-3-carboxypyrazin-1-ium) sulfate dihydrate

The crystal structure of the title compound, 2C5H6N3O2 +·SO4 2−·2H2O, displays a variety of N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds in which all potential donors and acceptors are involved. In the crystal, cations and anions are interconnected, forming R 3 3(10) and R 2 2(8) ring motifs whereas the anions and water molecules form R 2 3(10) rings, which develop in chains running along [100]. The resulting three-dimensional network exhibits undulating sheets parallel to (011), marked by the presence of R 6 6(26) rings in which six cations are involved.
Uncertainty , Liquidity Constraints and the Option Value of Saving

This paper shows that future expected income uncertainty can have significant effects on saving levels in a simple model with a quadratic utility function in which consumers face potentially binding liquidity constraints. By interpreting saving as the option to consume in the future if income happens to be low and the liquidity constraint binds, I propose a theoretical framework for the existence of a significant role for income uncertainty. The existence of liquidity constraints that might bind in the future implies that the ability to postpone irreversible consumption decisions is valuable because it gives consumers the option to avoid or reduce welfare losses in the event of bad states of income. This option value of saving is larger, the greater the income uncertainty that consumers perceive. The paper also proposes to use variables that reflect the status of the labor market as a proxy for income uncertainty in the empirical estimation of the consumption function. (JEL D1, D8, D9, E2) ∗ I am grateful to George Akerlof, Roger Craine and Mark Rubinstein for helpful intuitions. I thank Kris Mitchener, Mark Rodini and Sally Woodhouse for valuable comments. My greatest debt is to David Romer for his numerous and extremely useful suggestions that helped to shape this paper. The responsibility for all mistakes is mine. ∗∗ Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley. 549 Evans Hall # 3880, Berkeley, C.A. 94720. cev@econ.berkeley. edu (510) 642-7924. Fax (510) 524-0398.