Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of calcium in peri- and postmenopausal women: 2006 position statement of the North American Menopause Society.

OBJECTIVE To update the evidence-based consensus opinion published by The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) in 2001 on the role of calcium in peri- and postmenopausal women. DESIGN NAMS followed the general principles established for evidence-based guidelines to create this document. A panel of clinicians and researchers acknowledged to be experts in the field of calcium and women's health was enlisted to review the previous position statement and data published since then, compile supporting statements, and make recommendations. Their advice was used to assist the NAMS Board of Trustees in publishing this position statement. RESULTS Adequate calcium intake (in the presence of adequate vitamin D status) has been shown to reduce bone loss in peri- and postmenopausal women and reduce fractures in postmenopausal women older than age 60 with low calcium intakes. Adequate calcium is considered a key component of any bone-protective therapeutic regimen. Calcium has also been associated with beneficial effects in several nonskeletal disorders, primarily hypertension, colorectal cancer, obesity, and nephrolithiasis, although the extent of those effects has not been fully elucidated. The calcium requirement rises at menopause. The target calcium intake for most postmenopausal women is 1,200 mg/day. Adequate vitamin D status, defined as 30 ng/mL or more of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (usually achieved with a daily oral intake of at least 400 to 600 IU), is required to achieve the nutritional benefits of calcium. The best source of calcium is food, and the best food source is dairy products. High-quality calcium supplements (taken in divided doses) are alternative sources for women unable to consume enough dietary calcium. There are no reported cases of calcium intoxication from food sources, and cases associated with supplements are rare (high intake levels of 2,150 mg/day have resulted in a 17% increase in renal calculi in one recent study, but not others). Because no accurate test to determine calcium deficiency exists, clinicians should focus instead on encouraging women to consume enough calcium to meet the recommended levels. CONCLUSIONS The most definitive role for calcium in peri- and postmenopausal women is in bone health, but, like most nutrients, calcium has beneficial effects in many body systems. Based on the available evidence, there is strong support for the importance of ensuring adequate calcium intake in all women, particularly those in peri- or postmenopause.
The Stability of the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio of Triggered Noise and Earthquake Recordings

The aim of this work is to analyze the stability of the amplification function obtained by the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) for a sedimentary site with a simple geomorphological situation. We have estimated the stability of the HVSR analyzing two years of data, composed of 674 triggered noise records (man-made seismic waves strong enough to reach the threshold set for earthquake detection) and 132 earthquakes (local, regional, and teleseismic events). The resonance peaks obtained with the two different data sets converge on an average both in frequency and amplitude. We examined and rejected the possible presence of periodicity of the fundamental frequency in the time sequences and its relevant amplification obtained by the HVSR of both triggered noises and earthquakes. Then, we performed a correlation analysis between these sequences and other parameters. In particular they have been correlated with signal amplitude, rainfall, and magnitude (for earthquakes only). A weak, negative correlation has been estimated between the rainfall and fundamental frequency and between the fundamental peak9s amplification and magnitude. Finally, we validated the HVSR transfer function with a 1D model using a V s profile obtained with the noise analysis of surface wave technique (Louie, 2001).
Limitations to the manipulation of growth

Many areas of science become associated with both a particular centre and with the scientists who staff it, and there is no more famous trilogy than growth, Cambridge and the Hammond School. It is therefore difficult to see how the contributions of this distinguished group of workers and their numerous disciples can be incorporated into an original review which substantially supplements the many excellent summaries of growth in mammals which already exist. Perhaps the only justification is that for each true disciple of Hammond there are imitators. In no other area of animal production is it so easy, or so frequently practised, for marginal adjustments to the conclusions arising from experimental studies to be made and then, as a result of many such modifications, for the over-all interpretation to be so different from those of the original author. The objective of this paper is to attempt to discuss those aspects of growth which can be generally accepted so that areas of ignorance, matters for debate or controversy can be identified. It is impossible to justify each statement in this paper with a comprehensive catalogue of references. The studies quoted should be considered merely as examples of specific features of growth rather than as either a comprehensive list of references or even the most important examples available since many of the experiments quoted are those in which the author had had some particular interest. It is accepted that this approach is subjective in terms of the material selected and others may reach very different conclusions by using different sources of information. The greatest achievements of the Hammond School, probably best summarized by Palsson (1955), were to provide data on the growth of farm livestock which had not previously been published, to provide a cadre of workers who were fascinated by growth and to provide a series of papers from which emerged principles concerned with growth and development. These papers resulted in a confidence that the manipulation of growth was possible and that such techniques could be usefully and profitably incorporated into the technology of animal production. The individual experiments, acting as catalysts for change, inaugurated a new interest in animal husbandry. In particular the experiments of Wallace (1948) and McMeekan (1940) provided evidence that the strategic use of nutrition could lead to the control of growth in early life and reduce mortality as well as enable the tailoring of the carcass to meet both the needs of the consumer and the farmer. It would be nake to believe that such concepts were new, they were at least as old as Virgil, but the Hammond School and the world-wide sub-
Effect of influenza vaccination on international normalized ratio during chronic warfarin therapy

What is known and Objective:: Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant, well‐known for its interactions with medications and foods. Vaccinations, particularly the influenza vaccine, have been thought to potentially interfere with anticoagulation response in those on chronic warfarin. Our objective was to systematically review the literature to assess the validity and clinical significance of this association.
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral Cortex

Introduction. The mammalian visual system contains numerous visual areas that collectively occupy a large fraction of cerebral cortex. For cortical cartographers interested in vision, a fundamental set of objectives is to identify in key species of interest the overall extent of visual cortex, the total number of visual areas, the identities of these areas, and their location in relation to one another and to various gyral and sulcal landmarks. Over the past three decades there has been much progress in this endeavor for a number of primate and non-primate species. However, the task remains far from complete. Numerous qualitatively different partitioning schemes abound, even for the most intensively studied species. Our fragmentary and rapidly evolving understanding is reminiscent of the situation faced by cartographers of the earth's surface many centuries ago, when maps were replete with uncertainties and divergent portrayals of most of the planet's surface.
The Extent and Significance of Telomere Loss with Age

Abstract: By imposing a limit on the proliferative life span of some human cell types, telomere loss and the subsequent onset of replicative senescence have been proposed to contribute to age‐related disease. Although there is a large body of in vitro data to reveal the mechanisms by which telomere erosion triggers senescence, technical limitations have hampered our ability to understand the full extent of telomere erosion in vivo. Thus far, we have evidence of age‐related telomere loss; however, the lack of resolution of existing technologies does not allow us to determine if telomere erosion is extensive enough to trigger replicative senescence in vivo. This coupled with the considerable interindividual heterogeneity, and the overlap in telomere lengths between young and elder individuals, render any correlation weak and the significance unclear. However, recent technical developments, including adaptations of quantitative telomere fluorescence, in situ hybridization (Q‐FISH), and the PCR‐based single telomere length analysis (STELA), have increased the resolution of telomere length analysis. These technologies promise to provide the evidence required to address the full extent and significance of telomere loss in the human aging process. Here, we review published data on the dynamics of telomere erosion with age in the human body.
Isotopic enrichment of nitrous oxide (15N14NO, 14N15NO, 14N14N18O) in the stratosphere and in the laboratory

Nitrous oxide (N2O) extracted from stratospheric whole air samples has been analyzed for its 15N and 18O isotopic composition, and strong enrichments in the heavy isotopes are observed concomitant with decreasing N2O mixing ratio. Notably, the N enrichment is strongly different at the two nonequivalent positions in the molecule. Laboratory broadband photolysis experiments at wavelengths representative for the stratosphere confirm that photolysis is the prime cause for the observed fractionation in the stratosphere. However, the in situ stratospheric fractionation constants are significantly reduced compared to the laboratory data, reflecting the importance of dynamic processes. In addition, small but significant variations in the ratio of the two 15N fractionation constants indicate the influence of additional chemical processes like the oxidation of N2O by O(1 D).
Reconstructing The Trajectory of The August 1680 Hurricane From Contemporary Records

This paper draws on a range of contemporary documentary evidence from the New and Old Worlds as well as from the oceanic regions to reconstruct the trajectory and intensity of an Atlantic hurricane from August 1680. In doing so, it offers the example of one of the earliest and most comprehensive hurricane reconstructions thus far attempted. The source material includes evidence from land-based observers and some of the earliest examples of instrumental barometric data from the Caribbean and from Europe; importantly, it also calls on the written accounts offered in ships' logbooks from various parts of the Atlantic. The latter provide the opportunity of tracking the system across the otherwise data-deficient areas of the North Atlantic as it recurved toward Europe. The findings are of intrinsic interest in documenting a notable historical event. They also offer a methodological model of how such a variety of documentary sources can be drawn together and used to identify, track, and reconstruct such events .
Toxicological assessment using Clarias gariepinus and characterization of an edible oil mill wastewater

Among the environmental problems in Nigeria is the lack of proper management of industrial waste-waters, which is capable of causing toxicity to aquatic organisms via leachate or direct discharge to the surrounding aquatic environment. In this study, characterization of an oil mill company wastewater revealed that concentration levels for some of the parameters (Total hardness -17726.15 ± 18.14 mg/l.CaCO3, Electrical conductivity - 756.17 ± 21.43mS/cm, BOD - 87.39 ± 0.47mg/l, PO4-P -2535.87 ± 30.10 mg/l, NO3-N -102.67 ± 14.22 mg/l, and Sulphate - 16500.21 ± 65.47 mg/l) have potential toxic effects. The acute toxicity of the wastewater to fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus was determined in 96-hour static renewal bioassays. Symptoms of toxicity observed in the fish include various behavioral responses like rapid and erratic swimming, uncoordinated movement, vertical darting, with occasional agitated movement, swimming alternately on the lateral and ventral sides and rapid opercula movement. Prior to mortality recorded at some concentrations, there was negative thigmotropism with prolonged gaping of jaws. These observations as well as mortality records were dose – dependent. The toxic action of the oil mill company wastewater appeared to be a joint consequence of precipitation of mucus on the gills and stress. These changes may have lead to an overall reduction in the efficiency of the gill filament to aid diffusion of oxygen across the gill filament, resulting in death. The traces of blood observed around the gill covering, tips and base of tail fins and barbels on dead fishes and the reduced PVC in some concentration tanks suggest that the fish might have suffered from gill haemorrage. In the LC50 study, no death was recorded in the control. The mortality in the various test concentrations tanks varied between10% to 80%. The 96 hr LC50 obtained using the probit method was 55.3623ml/ with 95% confidence lower and upper limits of 44.9268ml/l and 67.3248ml/l respectively. The threshold for the oil mill wastewater is 98.4130ml/l.
Unremarkable computing

In this paper, we seek to contribute to the Ubiquitous Computing agenda by focusing on one of its earliest, but most difficult, design ambitions - making technology "invisible in use". We draw on field studies of domestic life as this domain is becoming increasingly important for new technologies and challenges many of the assumptions we take for granted in the design of technologies for the workplace. We use some examples of domestic routines to identify a number of insights into what it means for features of activities to be "unremarkable". We conclude by using these insights to critique some of the current emphases in Ubiquitous Computing research, and suggest how we might better understand the HCI issues of what will be required to develop technologies that really are "invisible in use"
Thiols as major determinants of the total antioxidant capacity

The proper functioning of aerobic organisms subjected to the danger of uncontrolled oxidation depends critically on the efficient antioxidant system. This system includes antioxidant enzymes, low-molecular weight antioxidants and biological chelators of transition metal ions. What is an antioxidant? According to the apparently most useful definition, antioxidant is “any substance that, when present at low concentrations compared with those of an oxidizable substrate, significantly delays or prevents oxidation of that substrate” [1]. The usefulness of this definition lies, i. a. , in its instrumentality as it suggests straightforward means of testing antioxidant properties of chemical compounds. In fact, testing the delay or inhibition of a chosen oxidation reaction allows for a simple measurement of the sum of all antioxidants present in the sample studied. This parameter is usually referred to as Total Antioxidant Activity or, as recommended lately, Total Antioxidant Capacity [2]. Total Antioxidant Capacity is an increasingly frequently measured parameter. While lacking detailed information about the composition and concentrations of individual antioxidant species present in a sample, it provides an easy and rapid means of evaluation of “antioxidant power” of the examined material. An obvious field of application of TAC assay is analysis of plants, food products and beverages. However, there are many attempts to apply this analysis for evaluation of antioxidant status of body fluids (especially blood plasma) in normal human subjects and animals. For research purposes, it is also of interest to evaluate TAC of cells and tissue homogenates in animals subjected to different treatments. There are numerous methods of estimating TAC. One group of methods is based on the inhibition of free-radical induced oxidation of an indicator compound or of a substrate yielding an indicator [3–5]. The
Efficient human action recognition by cascaded linear classifcation

We present a human action recognition system suitable for very short sequences. In particular, we estimate Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOGs) for the current frame as well as the corresponding dense flow field estimated from two frames. The thus obtained descriptors are then efficiently represented by the coefficients of a Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF). To further speed up the overall process, we apply an efficient cascaded Linear Discriminant Analysis (CLDA) classifier. In the experimental results we show the benefits of the proposed approach on standard benchmark datasets as well as on more challenging and realistic videos. In addition, since other state-of-the-art methods apply weighting between different cues, we provide a detailed analysis of the importance of weighting for action recognition and show that weighting is not necessarily required for the given task.
Air Retained in Pool by Plunging Water Jet

The volume of air retained in a receiving pool by plunging water jets of different characteristics was measured using an air concentration probe. The effect of jet diameter, height of fall, and turbulence intensity on the total volume of air in the stilling pool was investigated. The results showed the significance of the turbulence level of the jet on the total volume of air and the entrainment process within the pool. The minimum entrainment velocity and the disintegration length were found to depend on the degree of roughness of the falling jet. The results were correlated using a dimensionless plot and yielded a semi-empirical relationship between volume of air retained in the pool and other jet characteristics. These relationships can be used, within limitations, to estimate the volume of air retained in a stilling pool by a falling water jet.
Detection of symptoms by adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes during experimental induction of mild hypoglycemia: role of hormonal and psychological variables.

OBJECTIVE To identify hormonal, psychological, and demographic predictors of symptom detection and accuracy of blood glucose estimation during mild hypoglycemia in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS During an insulin-glucose clamp study, 53 adolescents and 19 young adults estimated blood glucose levels and reported symptoms at euglycemia and after 30 min of mild hypoglycemia (3.3 mmol/l). Epinephrine and pancreatic polypeptide were measured, and both change in anxiety level during hypoglycemia and baseline level of anxiety were measured with the Spielberger Anxiety Inventory. Elevated levels of anxiety during euglycemia were used as an indicator of the psychological trait "negative affectivity. " Previous studies have suggested that individuals with higher negative affectivity are more internally focused and, therefore, more likely to report somatic and visceral changes. RESULTS During mild hypoglycemia, 42% of the sample subjects reported an increase in autonomic symptoms; 29% reported an increase in neuroglycopenic symptoms, and 28% estimated blood glucose levels accurately (within 10% of actual). Hormonal excursions did not predict any outcome, but higher anxiety levels during the euglycemic baseline were associated with better detection of hypoglycemic symptoms and more accurate estimation of blood glucose values after controlling for change in anxiety level during hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Psychological factors such as elevated anxiety levels ("negative affectivity") can influence blood glucose estimation and symptom detection in adolescents and young adults and may explain why some individuals are more adept than others at reducing their risk of severe hypoglycemia after participation in a formal blood glucose awareness training program.
Incidence of decreased hip range of motion in youth soccer players and response to a stretching program: a randomized clinical trial.

CONTEXT After years of focusing on the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, the most common soccer-related injuries, the orthopedic community has concluded that soccer players have a wide range of variation in joint biomechanics and has thus started to focus research efforts on the morphological factors that might contribute to ACL trauma. One such factor is decreased hip-rotation range of motion (ROM), which may be due to compensatory musculoskeletal changes occurring in response to longstanding soccer practice since childhood. OBJECTIVE This study sought to assess decreased hip rotation and the influence of stretching exercises on the behavior of the hip joint in players of the youth soccer categories of a Brazilian soccer team. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS 262 male soccer players. INTERVENTIONS Subjects were randomly allocated into 2 groups-control or a stretching program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjects were reassessed after 12 wk. RESULTS The findings suggest that hip-rotation ROM decreases over the years in soccer players. In the study sample, adherence to a stretching program improved only external hip-rotation ROM in the nondominant limb. CONCLUSION Playing soccer can restrict rotation ROM of the hip, and adherence to stretching exercises may decrease the harmful effects on the hip joints.
Soft Breakdown of Ultra-Thin Gate Oxide Layers

The dielectric breakdown of ultra-thin 3 to 4 nm SiO2 layers used as a gate dielectric in poly-Si gate capacitors is investigated with tunnel current stressing. A soft breakdown phenomenon is demonstrated for these ultra-thin gate oxide layers that corresponds with an anomalous increase of the stress induced leakage current and the occurrence of fluctuations in the current. The occurrence of soft breakdown in these ultra-thin gate oxide layers however is difficult to detect during a standard high-field time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) test.
Probabilistic Modeling of Floodwater Level for Dam Reservoirs

A probabilistic method of modeling the floodwater level in a dam reservoir is described the purpose of this paper is to add a probability dimension to hydraulic loading computations. Unlike the standard engineering approach, the method presented here incorporates two innovative aspects. First, the method uses a probabilistic hydrological method (simulated hydrographs for flood probability estimation method) based on simulation techniques, for generating multiple hydrological scenarios. Second, it can address the variability in reservoir level at the time of the occurrence of the flood event. The method generates a random set of floodwater levels from a random selection of flood hydrographs and headwater levels. Statistical analysis of the sample of reservoir levels obtained over a given period allows one to assess a probability distribution for floodwater levels. The method was tested on three applications representing dams having different operating rules and hydromorphological properties. The lessons learned with the present method as compared with the standard engineering approach are discussed from the viewpoint of inclusion in the modeling of the hydraulic loading on the dam and the assessment of the hydraulic safety of the dams.