Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The use of facemasks to prevent respiratory infection: a literature review in the context of the Health Belief Model.

INTRODUCTION Acute respiratory infections are prevalent and pose a constant threat to society. While the use of facemasks has proven to be an effective barrier to curb the aerosol spread of such diseases, its use in the local community is uncommon, resulting in doubts being cast on its effectiveness in preventing airborne infections during epidemics. We thus aimed to conduct a literature review to determine the factors that influence the use of facemasks as a primary preventive health measure in the community. METHODS A search for publications relating to facemask usage was performed on Medline, PubMed, Google, World Health Organization and Singapore government agencies' websites, using search terms such as 'facemask', 'mask', 'influenza', 'respiratory infection', 'personal protective equipment', 'disease prevention', 'compliance' and 'adherence'. Findings were framed under five components of the Health Belief Model: perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived severity, perceived barriers and cues to action. RESULTS We found that individuals are more likely to wear facemasks due to the perceived susceptibility and perceived severity of being afflicted with life-threatening diseases. Although perceived susceptibility appeared to be the most significant factor determining compliance, perceived benefits of mask-wearing was found to have significant effects on mask-wearing compliance as well. Perceived barriers include experience or perception of personal discomfort and sense of embarrassment. Media blitz and public health promotion activities supported by government agencies provide cues to increase the public's usage of facemasks. CONCLUSION Complex interventions that use multipronged approaches targeting the five components of the Health Belief Model, especially perceived susceptibility, are needed to increase the use of facemasks in the community. Further studies are required to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented interventions.
Lewis's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook

SECTION HEADINGS AN APPROACH TO THE DISCIPLINE: The Art of the Science: A Child, Family and Systems-Centered Approach / Prevailing and Shifting Paradigms: A Historical Perspective / Ethics / Education and Training / Child and Family Policy / Money Matters: Funding Care Diverse Populations: Cultural Child and Adolescent/ The Hearing or Visually Impaired SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS: Research Methodology Understanding Research Methods and Statistics / Evidence-Based Practice / Respect for Children EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH Epidemilogy GENETICS From Genes to Brain/ Assessing Risk Molecular Basis of Select Childhood NEUROSCIENCES Neuroimaging Methods in the Study of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders /Neurochemistry,Harmacodynamics,and Biological Psychiatry A DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK: * NORMAL DEVELOPMENT The Infant and Toddler / The Preschool child/ Development of School-Age Children / Adolescence / Developmental Psychopathology NOSOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION, AND DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT Classification DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT Clinical Assessment of Infants and Toddlers/ Clinical Assessment of Children and Adolescents SPECIFIC DISORDERS AND SYNDROMES DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS Autism and the Persuasive Developmental Disorders/ Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents Causes and Management ANXIETY DISORDERS Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/ Trichotillomania /Tic Disorders EATING DISORDERS Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa / Obesity / Sleep Disorders / Somatoform Disorders / Delirium and Catatonia/ Elimination Disorders: Enuresis and Encopresis / Gender Identity Disorders / Personality Disorders in Children and Adolescents NEGLECT, ABUSE, AND TRAUMA-RELATED CONDITIONS Child Abuse and Neglect /Posttraumatic Stress Disorder / Reactive Attachment Disorder Treatment PEDIATRIC PSYCHOOPHARMACOLOGY PSYCHOTHERAPIES THE CONTINUUM OF CARE AND LOCATION-SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS INTERFACE AREAS OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY PEDIATRICS The Consultation and Liaison Processes to Pediatrics/ Mental Health Issues in the Medically Ill Child or Adolescent THE LAW The Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist in Court/ Divorce and Child Custody
Robust quantification of orientation selectivity and direction selectivity

Neurons in the visual cortex of all examined mammals exhibit orientation or direction tuning. New imaging techniques are allowing the circuit mechanisms underlying orientation and direction selectivity to be studied with clarity that was not possible a decade ago. However, these new techniques bring new challenges: robust quantitative measurements are needed to evaluate the findings from these studies, which can involve thousands of cells of varying response strength. Here we show that traditional measures of selectivity such as the orientation index (OI) and direction index (DI) are poorly suited for quantitative evaluation of orientation and direction tuning. We explore several alternative methods for quantifying tuning and for addressing a variety of questions that arise in studies on orientation- and direction-tuned cells and cell populations. We provide recommendations for which methods are best suited to which applications and we offer tips for avoiding potential pitfalls in applying these methods. Our goal is to supply a solid quantitative foundation for studies involving orientation and direction tuning.
Intestinal transplantation in children: five-year experience.

The introduction of the new immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf) in 1989 allowed more consistent survival of human intestinal allograft recipients.1 We report here the first 41 pediatric patients treated with this drug, all but the last 7 with follow-up of 1 to 5 years (range 0.5 to 5 years).
DIETARY SURVEYS AND NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Lactase non-persistence as a determinant of milk avoidance and calcium intake in children and adolescents

This study examines if lactase non-persistent (LNP) children and adolescents differ from those who are lactase persistent (LP) as regards milk avoidance and Ca intake. We also studied potential differences in anthropometric features related to obesity, and examined if milk avoidance is associated with lactasepersistence status. Additionally, we aimed to determine if heterozygous subjects showed an intermediary phenotype as regards Ca intake. Furthermore, we tested if LP and LNP influence vitamin D intake. The European Youth Heart Study is an ongoing international, multi-centre cohort study primarily designed to address CVD risk factors. Children (n 298, mean age 9·6 years) and adolescents (n 386, mean age 15·6 years) belonging to the Swedish part of the European Youth Heart Study were genotyped for the LCT-13910 C > T polymorphism. Mendelian randomisation was used. Milk avoidance was significantly more common in LNP adolescents (OR 3·2; 95% CI 1·5, 7·3). LP subjects had higher milk consumption (P < 0·001). Accordingly, energy consumption derived from milk and Ca intake was lower in LNP (P< 0·05 and P < 0·001, respectively). Heterozygous subjects did not show an intermediary phenotype concerning milk consumption. LP or LNP status did not affect vitamin D intake or anthropometric variables. LNP in children and adolescents is associated with reduced intake of milk and some milk-product-related nutritional components, in particular Ca. This reduced intake did not affect the studied anthropometric variables, indicators of body fat or estimated vitamin D intake. However, independently of genotype, age and sex, daily vitamin D intake was below the recommended intakes. Milk avoidance among adolescents but not children was associated with LNP.
Best Usage Context Prediction for Music Tracks

Recommender Systems (RSs) are software tools and techniques providing suggestions for items to be of use to a user. Often, better recommendations can be generated if the context of the recommendation is known, e.g., in a music RS, the user mood or activity. However, to adapt the recommendations to the context the dependency of the user preferences from the contextual conditions must be modeled. This requires explicit user evaluations/ratings for items in alternative contexts. In this work we investigate a novel approach for collecting and using contextually dependent ratings in recommender systems. We introduce the concept of \best context", i.e., the contextual conditions most suited for a particular item to be recommended. We designed an interface for collecting such data for music tracks. The collected data was then used to evaluate the quality of several \best context" prediction methods based on user-to-user collaborative ltering. The results, in opposition to what we expected, show that the notion of best context is user dependent. Moreover, among the approaches we tried, the best performing one uses a k-nearest neighbors classier where the user-to- user similarity measures the agreement of two users in assigning the best context to items.
The role of supervisory screens and econometric models in off-site surveillance

Off-site surveillance involves using financial ratios to identify banks likely to develop safety-and-soundness problems. Bank supervisors use two tools to flag developing problems: supervisory screens and econometric models. Despite the statistical dominance of models, supervisors continue to rely heavily on screens. We use data from the 1980s and 1990s to compare, once again, the performance of the two approaches to off-site surveillance. Our study explicitly addresses supervisors' criticisms of econometric models. In particular, we offer a new econometric model - one designed to forecast downgrades in supervisory ratings - that is more forward-looking than existing models. As in earlier comparisons, econometric models consistently outperform supervisory screens for our sample. These results do not, however, suggest that screens should be dropped from the surveillance toolbox. When abrupt changes in the causes of bank failures and CAMEL downgrades occur, supervisors can modify their screens long before models can be revised to reflect the new conditions. We conclude that both screens and models add value in off-site surveillance, but that supervisors should rely more heavily on econometric models in the future than they have in the past.
Intercell Interference Management in OFDMA Networks: A Decentralized Approach Based onReinforcement Learning

This paper presents a decentralized framework for dynamic spectrum assignment in multicell orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) networks. The proposed framework allows each cell to autonomously decide the frequency resources it should use through a procedure that incorporates concepts from self-organization and machine learning in multiagent systems (MASs). Simulation results have been obtained for several scenarios, including both macrocells (MCs) and femtocells (FCs), revealing important improvements in terms of spectral efficiency and intercell interference mitigation over reference approaches, and close performance with the one obtained by a centralized strategy. Results also suggest that the framework would be practical for future FC cellular deployments where a high degree of independence of the network nodes is expected to reduce operational costs.
Caregiving : readings in knowledge, practice, ethics, and politics

Introduction 1. In the Gloaming -Alice Elliott Dark 2. The Cared-For -Nel Noddings 3. Caring Practice -Patricia Benner, Suzanne Gordon 4. Caring: A Negotiated Process That Varies -Barbara Tarlow 5. Facing Up to Moral Perils: The Virtues of Care in Bioethics -Alisa L. Carse 6. The Heather Blazing -Colm Toibin 7. Mothering as a Practice -Victoria Wynn Leonard 8. Nursing Loved Ones with AIDS: Knowledge Development for Ethical Practice -Richard MacIntyre 9. Hearing the Whole Story -Jeannie Chaisson 10. The Caring Professional -Nel Noddings 11. Ella -Suzanne Gordon 12. Two Stories of Caring in Teaching -James G. Henderson 13. The Phenomenology of Knowing the Patient -Christine A. Tanner, Patricia Benner, Catherine Chesla, Deborah Gordon 14. Money Managers Are Unraveling the Tapestry of Nursing -Ellen D. Baer, Suzanne Gordon 15. The Rationality of Caring -Kari Waerness 16. Feminism and Caring -Suzanne Gordon 17. The Mormon Caregiving Network -Judith Dushku 18. Let Me Take a Listen to Your Heart -Rita Charon List of Contributors Index
GaAsSb/InAlAs/InGaAs Tunnel Diodes for Millimeter Wave Detection in 220–330-GHz Band

We report on high-frequency performance and temperature stability of zero-bias GaAsSb/InAlAs/InGaAs tunnel diodes for millimeter-wave detection in 220-330-GHz band. The average voltage sensitivity of 1400 V/W has been achieved in 0.8 × 0.8μm2 mesa devices at room temperature. Measured current-voltage characteristics revealed a superior temperature stability of the devices compared with Schottky barrier diodes. The expected sensitivity variations over a temperature range from T=17-300 K are 1.7 dB.
The role of domain information in Word Sense Disambiguation

This paper explores the role of domain information in word sense disambiguation. The underlying hypothesis is that domain labels, such as MEDICINE, ARCHITECTURE and SPORT, provide a useful way to establish semantic relations among word senses, which can be profitably used during the disambiguation process. Results obtained at the SENSEVAL-2 initiative confirm that for a significant subset of words domain information can be used to disambiguate with a very high level of precision.
Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It's Intended to Help, and Why Universities Won't Admit It

At the very beginning of the affirmative action era in the early 1970s powerful voices were raised against racial preference policies not only on grounds of fairness and colorblind ideals of justice, but out of concern with the concrete harms such preferences might impose on their intended beneficiaries. Economist Thomas Sowell, based on his experiences with racial preferences at Cornell University, where he taught in the late 1960s, was the most influential of these early critics. Many of the black students admitted to Cornell, Sowell found, were on academic probation or otherwise struggling with their academic work because their high school background and training had not prepared them to succeed in the hothouse intellectual atmosphere of a top-rated university like Cornell. But most of these struggling students, Sowell discovered, had SAT scores above the national average for American college students and were clearly capable of handling college-level work. The real problem was the preference regime at Cornell, which had accepted black students who could meet the normal entrance standards at innumerable lesser schools but encountered enormous difficulties trying to survive in a school composed mainly of the nation’s highest academic achievers. The special black admits at Cornell, Sowell said, were “mismatched” by being placed in a competitive Ivy League setting where they had to struggle just to keep their heads above water. Though not motivated by ill will, Cornell’s racial preference policy, Sowell concluded, was doing great harm to the very people it was intended to benefit. Sowell’s term “mismatch” quickly caught on among preference policy opponents, and even the most influential supporters of such policies had to take seriously Sowell’s charges. Valiant efforts were made to discredit Acad. Quest. (2013) 26:90–98 DOI 10.1007/s12129-013-9335-x
Word Epoch Disambiguation: Finding How Words Change Over Time

In this paper we introduce the novel task of "word epoch disambiguation," defined as the problem of identifying changes in word usage over time. Through experiments run using word usage examples collected from three major periods of time (1800, 1900, 2000), we show that the task is feasible, and significant differences can be observed between occurrences of words in different periods of time.
A decoupled image space approach to visual servo control of a robotic manipulator

An image-based visual servo control is presented for a robotic manipulator. The proposed control design addresses visual servo of 'eye-in-hand' type systems. Using a novel representation of the visual error based on a spherical representation of target centroid information along with a measure of the rotation between the camera and the target, the control of the position and orientation is decoupled. A non-linear gain introduced into the orientation feedback kinematics prevents the target image from leaving the visual field. Semi-global convergence of the closed loop system is proved.
Actual self‐concept versus ideal self‐concept: An examination of image congruence and consumers in the health club industry

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to investigate the extent to which actual and ideal self‐congruities (image) are associated with health club patronage, a conspicuous consumption situation. Previous studies which have examined the applicability of the image congruence hypothesis to consumer behavior have scarcely examined its effect in the services industry. An integrative model of self‐concept, self‐congruity and health club image provides the foundation for hypotheses development.Design/methodology/approach – A survey‐based methodology was employed in the current investigation, as paper‐and‐pencil surveys were administered on‐site at several local health clubs and an on‐line version of the questionnaire was made available to college students.Findings – Consumers’ actual self‐image, rather than ideal self‐image, was more strongly associated with their perception of their health club's brand image and, thus, served as a stronger indicator of health club patronage.Practical implications – Health c.
Quality of peer relationships in adolescents of same-sex parents

Literature has shown that peer relationships play an integral role in an adolescent’s emotional and social development. For an adolescent raised by a same-sex couple, his or her peer relationships may be influenced by societal contexts that may contribute to a pre-conceived stigma against homosexual parents. In this study adolescents from homosexual and heterosexual parent-families were surveyed on their perceptions of their peer relationships. Using a quantitative approach, this study identified emergent themes and compared the nature of peer relationships for adolescents raised in a household with same-sex parents with adolescents raised by opposite-sex parents. Results indicate that adolescents raised with same-sex parents have comparable levels of social acceptance, were comfortable telling peers about their family makeup, and were treated more favorably by female peers.
CORRELATION BASED FEATURE SELECTION (CFS) TECHNIQUE TO PREDICT STUDENT PERFROMANCE

Education data mining is an emerging stream which helps in mining academic data for solving various types of problems. One of the problems is the selection of a proper academic track. The admission of a student in engineering college depends on many factors. In this paper we have tried to implement a classification technique to assist students in predicting their success in admission in an engineering stream.We have analyzed the data set containing information about student’s academic as well as sociodemographic variables, with attributes such as family pressure, interest, gender, XII marks and CET rank in entrance examinations and historical data of previous batch of students. Feature selection is a process for removing irrelevant and redundant features which will help improve the predictive accuracy of classifiers. In this paper first we have used feature selection attribute algorithms Chi-square.InfoGain, and GainRatio to predict the relevant features. Then we have applied fast correlation base filter on given features. Later classification is done using NBTree, MultilayerPerceptron, NaiveBayes and Instance based –K- nearest neighbor. Results showed reduction in computational cost and time and increase in predictive accuracy for the student model
The Pyro Toolkit for AI and Robotics

This article introduces Pyro, an open-source Python robotics toolkit for exploring topics in AI and robotics. We present key abstractions that allow Pyro controllers to run unchanged on a variety of real and simulated robots. We demonstrate Pyro's use in a set of curricular modules. We then describe how Pyro can provide a smooth transition for the student from symbolic agents to real-world robots, which significantly reduces the cost of learning to use robots. Finally we show how Pyro has been successfully integrated into existing Al and robotics courses.
The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome on response execution and inhibition: an event-related potential study.

BACKGROUND Both executive function deficits and slower processing speed are characteristic of children with fetal alcohol exposure, but the temporal dynamics of neural activity underlying cognitive processing deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder have rarely been studied. To this end, event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the nature of alcohol-related effects on response inhibition by identifying differences in neural activation during task performance. METHODS We recorded ERPs during a Go/No-go response inhibition task in 2 groups of children in Cape Town, South Africa (M age = 11.7 years; range = 10 to 13)-one diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or partial FAS (FAS/PFAS; n = 7); the other, a control group whose mothers abstained or drank only minimally during pregnancy (n = 6). Children were instructed to press a "Go" response button to all letter stimuli presented except for the letter "X," the "No-go" stimulus, which occurred relatively infrequently. RESULTS Task performance accuracy and reaction time did not differ between groups, but differences emerged for 3 ERP components-P2, N2, and P3. The FAS/PFAS group showed a slower latency to peak P2, suggesting less efficient processing of visual information at a relatively early stage ( approximately 200 ms after stimulus onset). Moreover, controls showed a larger P2 amplitude to Go versus No-go, indicating an early discrimination between conditions that was not seen in the FAS/PFAS group. Consistent with previous literature on tasks related to cognitive control, the control group showed a well-defined, larger N2 to No-go versus Go, which was not evident in the FAS/PFAS group. Both groups showed the expected larger P3 amplitude to No-go versus Go, but this condition difference persisted in a late slow wave for the FAS/PFAS group, suggesting increased cognitive effort. CONCLUSIONS The timing and amplitude differences in the ERP measures suggest that slower, less efficient processing characterizes the FAS/PFAS group during initial stimulus identification. Moreover, the exposed children showed less sharply defined components throughout the stimulus and response evaluation processes involved in successful response inhibition. Although both groups were able to inhibit their responses equally well, the level of neural activation in the children with FAS/PFAS was greater, suggesting more cognitive effort. The specific deficits in response inhibition processing at discrete stages of neural activation may have implications for understanding the nature of alcohol-related deficits in other cognitive domains as well.