Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Descriptive Algorithm for Sobel Image Edge Detection

Image edge detection is a process of locating the e dge of an image which is important in finding the approximate absolute gradient magnitude at each point I of an input grayscale image. The problem of getting an appropriate absolute gradient magnitude for edges lies in the method used. The Sobel operator performs a 2-D spatial gradient measurement on images. Transferring a 2-D pixel array into statistically uncorrelated data se t enhances the removal of redundant data, as a result, reduction of the amount of data is required to represent a digital image. The Sobel edge detector uses a pair of 3 x 3 convolution masks, one estimating gradient in the x-direction and the other estimating gradient in y‐direction. The Sobel detector is incredibly sensit ive to noise in pictures, it effectively highlight them as edges. Henc e, Sobel operator is recommended in massive data communication found in data transfer.
Effect of State of Stress on Velocity of Low-Amplitude Shear Waves Propagating along Principal Stress Directions in Dry Sand.

Abstract : The effect of state of stress on shear wave velocity was examined for shear waves propagated as body waves through a sand mass. Testing was performed in a triaxial device, which was designed to hold a cubic soil sample measuring 7 ft (2.1 m) on a side and which was used to apply an isotropic, biaxial or triaxial state of stress of the sample. The triaxial device is essentially a steel box, constructed of reinforced steel, which uses rubber membranes to apply a confining pressure along each of the principal axes of the cube. Dry sand was placed in the cube for this initial testing program. Shear waves were propagated along the principal axes of the cube over the pressure range from 10 to 40 psi (68.9 to 276 kPa). Shear wave particle motion was monitored by three-dimensional accelerometers embedded in the sand. Stress cells and strain sensors were also embedded in the sand mass to examine stress-strain properties of the sand for the applied loading. All wave testing was performed at low-amplitude strains and at wave frequencies less than 2400 Hz. Therefore, it was assumed that the shear modulus was rate independent in this study.
Seismic Characteristics and Mechanisms of Rockbursts

Abstract : Rockbursts and related mining-induced seismicity present several interesting problems for seismic monitoring of potential underground nuclear explosion tests. Such events occur in mining areas throughout the world and may be quite frequent at levels currently of interest for CTBT. The shallow focal depths of rockbursts prevent their discrimination from nuclear tests on the basis of depth identification. Many rockbursts also appear to be inefficient in excitation of long-period surface waves which negates the effectiveness of the traditional M sub S-vs-m sub b discriminant. This research project is aimed at finding alternative ways to identify rockbursts or related mine tremors. One additional aspect of interest is that mine tremors may be deliberately triggered, which could provide an evasion opportunity if timing of such events can be accurately predicted. Our investigations have focussed primarily on regional seismic signal characteristics and source mechanisms which may distinguish mine tremors from other source types. Over the past year or two, there have been several rockbursts in widely different tectonic environments. We have taken a close look at some of these events, including the February 3, 1995 (M = 5.2) mine collapse in southwestern Wyoming, the January 5, 1995 (M = 4.4) rockburst in the central Ural mountains, the October 30, 1994 (M = 5.6) mine tremor in South Africa, the March 11, 1995 (M = 4.0) mine bump in eastern Kentucky, and the March 12, 1994 (M = 3.6) mine collapse in northern New York. A consistent feature of the regional signals from all of these events appears to be relatively large S/P or Lg/P ratios. This behavior is similar to that seen in many earthquakes. The regional signals for rockbursts also often appear more complex than those from other source types.
Elicitation of moral obligation and self-sacrificing behavior: an experimental study of volunteering to be a bone marrow donor.

It was hypothesized that self-sacrificing behavior is positively related to the salience of consequences for others and to the salience of the actor's personal responsibility in an appeal for help, and negatively related to the odds of incurring costs. Theoretically, the former two variables promote activation of moral norms, while the latter fosters neutralization of norms. These variables were manipulated in appeals to 144 subjects in a field experiment to donate bone marrow. Volunteering increased with responsibility (p <.05), but was unrelated to odds. The relationship between volunteering and consequences under 1/25 odds was curvilinear, with high salience of consequences producing the lowest rate of volunteering. To explain this curvilinear relationship, it was proposed that psychological reactance is expressed overtly as refusal when pressure in an appeal seems illegitimate. Volunteering was positively related to socioeconomic status (p < .01). The strikingly high rate of volunteering is traced to the momentum of compliance.
Design Pattern Recovery in Architectures for Supporting Product Line Development and Application

Product lines can improve the efficiency of software development. Product lines offer reference architecture for the development of similar products. This architecture is developed in an evolutionary process while using existing systems and reusable components. The start of the development of product lines very often is based on the reengineering and generalization of several similar existing applications. Design Patterns can support the understanding of former architectures and the application of product line reference architectures. In this paper a short explanation of the development and application of product lines points out the relevance of patterns. The paper discusses existing pattern search methods and describes an approach suitable for the automated search. This approach enlarges the existing search criterion based methods for pattern recognition for the automated detection of all Gamma Patterns.
Analysis of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolated from human and chickens by repetitive sequence-PCR fingerprinting, antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles

A total of 22 Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) strains isolated from human and chicken were subjected to DNA fingerprinting by repetitive sequence PCR using ERIC and BOX primers, antibiotic resistance and plasmid patterns. Both ERIC and BOX PCR amplification data revealed a highly genetic homogeneity between isolates from human and chicken except one isolate, which originated from chicken and showed a different DNA band pattern from others. Eleven of 22 S. Enteritidis isolates (50%) were resistant to more than one antibiotics and characterized by 5 resistance patterns. The most common pattern was penicillin resistant (63.6%). Only one isolate from chicken showed a multiple drug resistance patterns to 4 antibiotics. All 22 S. Enteritidis isolates harbored more than two plasmids with eight different plasmid profiles including two to six plasmids with approximate molecular size ranging from 1.9 to 21 kb. A band of 15 kb size was detected in all isolates tested, however, the band sizes smaller than 15 kb were found only in isolates from chicken.
mRNA levels of dipeptidyl peptidase IV decrease during intestinal adaptation.

BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) has recently been shown to be a potent enterotrophic factor that may mediate mucosal hyperplasia during intestinal adaptation. The intestinal brush-border protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) cleaves GLP-2 to an inactive form. It has been postulated that DPP IV activity limits the enterotrophic activity of GLP-2 in rats and humans. Massive small bowel resection (MSBR) in rats is an animal model of intestinal adaptation that has been used successfully to characterize factors involved in the modulation of adaptation. METHODS Total RNA was extracted from normal terminal ileum or terminal ileum post-MSBR from Sprague-Dawley rats which were sacrificed 2, 4, and 7 days postresection. A partial rat DPP IV clone was isolated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Northern blot analysis of rat DPP IV mRNA levels in normal small bowel and small bowel post-MSBR was performed. RESULTS Within normal small bowel, DPP IV mRNA levels were greatest in the terminal ileum; levels in the duodenum and jejunum were approximately 50% of those in the terminal ileum. DPP IV mRNA levels decreased in terminal ileum post-MSBR 2, 4, and 7 days after resection. CONCLUSION The decreased DPPIV gene expression suggests a novel mechanism by which the effects on mucosal growth of GLP-2 may be further enhanced, and further that GLP-2 may be a more useful therapeutic agent in humans than currently anticipated.
URBAN AREA CLASSIFICATION IN HIGH RESOLUTION SAR BASED ON TEXTURE FEATURES

Texture features in high resolution TerraSAR-X data were used for classification in this paper. In single band and single polarized SAR image, texture holds useful information for interpreting objects in urban area. In this paper, the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was computed to extract texture images. We used contrast, energy, correlation and mean measures combination based on GLCM to characterize texture images. Window size is an important parameter for mapping textures. Larger windows lead to more stable texture features but tend to blur the edges, while smaller windows lead to erroneous boundary delineation and misclassify the boundary itself as an incorrect class. To get the appropriate window size, nine window sizes 3×3, 5×5, 7×7.19×19 were tested on the filtered SAR image. The transformed divergence (TD) distance was computed for comparing separability between two classes from vegetation, roads, buildings and water body. According to the TD distance, the windows with size smaller than 11×11 would lead to unstable seperability and not be enough to fully separate four classes. And when the windows were set from 11×11 to 19 × 19, the separability was stable and better. So, we adopted the 11×11 window size considering both separability of classes and boundary delineation. Then, SVM classification techniques were used. We had a conclusion that, with texture features as accessorial data, the accuracy has a great more improvement, which proves an effective method to classify high spatial resolution SAR image. * Corresponding author. Tel. +86-10-88217728.
Social-Aware Peer Discovery for D2D Communications Underlaying Cellular Networks

With emerging demands for local area services, device-to-device (D2D) communication is conceived as a vital component for the next-generation cellular networks to improve spectral reuse, bring hop gains, and enhance system capacity. Ripening these benefits depends on efficiently solving several main technical problems, among which peer discovery aiming to probe the D2D communication contacts is critically challenging. In this paper, we propose a social-aware peer discovery scheme for D2D communications, which exploits social network characteristics for assisting the ad hoc peer discovery. In this scheme, the D2D users in the network are first divided into groups according to their social metrics of community and centralities, and then optimal beacons probing rate with constant intervals is decided for each group of users. Through extensive simulations with real human mobility traces, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme, which significantly increases the peer discovery ratio and enhances the data transmission performance compared with the existing schemes.
Effect of serotonin on ciliary beating and intracellular calcium concentration in identified populations of embryonic ciliary cells

SUMMARY Embryos of the pond snail Helisoma trivolvis express three known subtypes of ciliary cells on the surface of the embryo early in development: pedal, dorsolateral and scattered single ciliary cells (SSCCs). The pedal and dorsolateral ciliary cells are innervated by a pair of serotonergic sensory-motor neurons and are responsible for generating the earliest whole-animal behavior, rotation within the egg capsule. Previous cell culture studies on unidentified ciliary cells revealed that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) produces a significant increase in the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in a large proportion of ciliary cells. Both Ca2+ influx and a unique isoform of protein kinase C (PKC) were implicated in the signal transduction pathway underlying the cilio-excitatory response to 5-HT. The goal of the present study was to characterize the anatomical and physiological differences between the three known populations of superficial ciliary cells. The pedal and dorsolateral ciliary cells shared common structural characteristics, including flat morphology, dense cilia and lateral accessory ciliary rootlets. By contrast, the SSCCs had a cuboidal morphology, reduced number of cilia, increased ciliary length and absence of lateral accessory rootlets. In cultures containing unidentified ciliary cells, the calcium/calmodulin-dependent enzyme inhibitor calmidazolium (2 μmol l–1) blocked the stimulatory effect of 5-HT (100 μmol l–1) on CBF. In addition, 50% of unidentified cultured cells responded to 5-HT (100 μmol l–1) with an increase in [Ca2+]i. To facilitate the functional analyses of the individual populations, we developed a method to culture identified ciliary subtypes and characterized their ciliary and calcium responses to 5-HT. In cultures containing either pedal or dorsolateral ciliary cells, 5-HT (100μ mol l–1) produced a rapid increase in CBF and a slower increase in [Ca2+]i in all cells examined. By contrast, the CBF and [Ca2+]i of SSCCs were not affected by 100μ mol l–1 5-HT. Immunohistochemistry for two putative 5-HT receptors recently cloned from Helisoma revealed that pedal and dorsolateral ciliary cells consistently express the 5-HT1Hel protein. Intense 5-HT7Hel immunoreactivity was observed in only a subset of pedal and dorsolateral ciliary cells. Cells neighboring the SSCCs, but not the ciliary cells themselves, expressed 5-HT1Hel and 5-HT7Hel immunoreactivity. These data suggest that the pedal and dorsolateral ciliary cells, but not the SSCCs are a homogeneous physiological subtype that will be useful for elucidating the signal transduction mechanisms underlying 5-HT induced cilio-excitation.
A practical approach to electrode-skin impedance unbalance measurement

Unbalance between electrode-skin impedances is a major problem in biopotential recordings, leading to increased power-line interference. This paper proposes a simple, direct method to measure that unbalance at power-line frequency (50-60 Hz), thus allowing the determination of actual recording conditions for biopotential amplifiers. The method is useful in research, amplifier testing, electrode design and teaching purposes. It has been experimentally validated by using both phantom impedances and real electrode-skin impedances.
The Molecular Immunology of Mucositis: Implications for Evidence-Based Research in Alternative and Complementary Palliative Treatments

The terms ‘mucositis’ and ‘stomatitis’ are often used interchangeably. Mucositis, however, pertains to pharyngeal-esophago-gastrointestinal inflammation that manifests as red, burn-like sores or ulcerations throughout the mouth. Stomatitis is an inflammation of the oral tissues proper, which can present with or without sores, and is made worse by poor dental hygiene. Mucositis is observed in a variety of immunosuppressed patients, but is most often consequential to cancer therapy. It appears as early as the third day of intervention, and is usually established by Day 7 of treatment. Mucositis increases mortality and morbidity and contributes to rising health care costs. The precise immune components involved in the etiology of mucositis are unclear, but evidence-based research (EBR) data has shown that applications of granulocyte–macrophage-colony stimulating factor prevent the onset or the exacerbation of oropharyngeal mucositis. The molecular implications of this observation are discussed from the perspective of future developments of complementary and alternative treatments for this condition. It must be emphasized that this article is meant to be neither a review on mucositis and the various treatments for it, nor a discussion paper on its underlying molecular immunology. It is a statement of the implications of EBR for CAM-based interventions for mucositis. It explores and discusses the specific domain of molecular immunology in the context of mucositis and its direct implications for EBR research in CAM-based treatments for mucositis.
Marital status independently predicts gastric cancer survival after surgical resection--an analysis of the SEER database

Marital status was found to be an independent prognostic factor for survival in various cancer types, but it hasn't been studied in gastric cancer. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database was used to compare survival outcomes with marital status. A total of 16,106 eligible patients were identified. Patients in the widowed group had the highest proportion of women, more common site of stomach, more prevalence of elderly patients, higher percentage of adenocarcinoma, and more tumors at localized stage (P < 0.05). Patients in married group had better 5year cause-specific survival (CSS) than those unmarried (P < 0.05). Further analysis showed that widowed patients always presented the lowest CSS compared with that of other groups. Widowed patients had 7.1% reduction in 5-year CSS compared with married patients at Localized stage (77.2% vs 70.1%, P < 0.001), 9.6% reduction at Regional stage (38.2% vs 28.6%, P < 0.001), and 4.7% reduction at Distant stage (13.3% vs 8.6%, P < 0.001). These results showed that unmarried patients were at greater risk of cancer specific mortality. Despite favorable clinicpathological characteristics, widowed patients were at highest risk of death compared with other groups.
Intracellular distribution of nontargeted quantum dots after natural uptake and microinjection

Background: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of natural uptake of nonfunctionalized quantum dots in comparison with microinjected quantum dots by focusing on their time-dependent accumulation and intracellular localization in different cell lines. Methods: The accumulation dynamics of nontargeted CdSe/ZnS carboxyl-coated quantum dots (emission peak 625 nm) was analyzed in NIH3T3, MCF-7, and HepG2 cells by applying the methods of confocal and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Intracellular colocalization of the quantum dots was investigated by staining with Lysotracker®. Results: The uptake of quantum dots into cells was dramatically reduced at a low temperature (4°C), indicating that the process is energy-dependent. The uptake kinetics and imaging of intracellular localization of quantum dots revealed three accumulation stages of carboxyl-coated quantum dots at 37°C, ie, a plateau stage, growth stage, and a saturation stage, which comprised four morphological phases: adherence to the cell membrane; formation of granulated clusters spread throughout the cytoplasm; localization of granulated clusters in the perinuclear region; and formation of multivesicular body-like structures and their redistribution in the cytoplasm. Diverse quantum dots containing intracellular vesicles in the range of approximately 0.5–8 μm in diameter were observed in the cytoplasm, but none were found in the nucleus. Vesicles containing quantum dots formed multivesicular body-like structures in NIH3T3 cells after 24 hours of incubation, which were Lysotracker-negative in serum-free medium and Lysotracker-positive in complete medium. The microinjected quantum dots remained uniformly distributed in the cytosol for at least 24 hours. Conclusion: Natural uptake of quantum dots in cells occurs through three accumulation stages via a mechanism requiring energy. The sharp contrast of the intracellular distribution after microinjection of quantum dots in comparison with incubation as well as the limited transfer of quantum dots from vesicles into the cytosol and vice versa support the endocytotic origin of the natural uptake of quantum dots. Quantum dots with proteins adsorbed from the culture medium had a different fate in the final stage of accumulation from that of the protein-free quantum dots, implying different internalization pathways.
Differential neural circuitry and self-interest in real vs hypothetical moral decisions

Classic social psychology studies demonstrate that people can behave in ways that contradict their intentions—especially within the moral domain. We measured brain activity while subjects decided between financial self-benefit (earning money) and preventing physical harm (applying an electric shock) to a confederate under both real and hypothetical conditions. We found a shared neural network associated with empathic concern for both types of decisions. However, hypothetical and real moral decisions also recruited distinct neural circuitry: hypothetical moral decisions mapped closely onto the imagination network, while real moral decisions elicited activity in the bilateral amygdala and anterior cingulate—areas essential for social and affective processes. Moreover, during real moral decision-making, distinct regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) determined whether subjects make selfish or pro-social moral choices. Together, these results reveal not only differential neural mechanisms for real and hypothetical moral decisions but also that the nature of real moral decisions can be predicted by dissociable networks within the PFC.
RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications

This memorandum describes RTP, the real-time transport protocol. RTP provides end-to-end network transport functions suitable for applications transmitting real-time data, such as audio, video or simulation data, over multicast or unicast network services. RTP does not address resource reservation and does not guarantee quality-of-service for real-time services. The data transport is augmented by a control protocol (RTCP) to allow monitoring of the data delivery in a manner scalable to large multicast networks, and to provide minimal control and identification functionality. RTP and RTCP are designed to be independent of the underlying transport and network layers. The protocol supports the use of RTP-level translators and mixers.
The Gross–Pitaevskii equation and Bose–Einstein condensates

The Gross–Pitaevskii equation (GPE) is discussed at the level of an advanced course on statistical physics. In the standard literature the GPE is usually obtained in the framework of the second quantization formalism, which in many cases goes beyond the material covered in many advanced undergraduate courses. In this paper, we motivate the derivation of the GPE in relationship to concepts from statistical physics, highlighting a number of applications from the dynamics of a Bose–Einstein condensate to the excitations of the gas cloud. This paper may be helpful for encouraging the discussion of modern developments in a statistical mechanics course, and can also be of use in other contexts such as mathematical physics and modelling. The paper is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as for general physicists.