Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward an instance theory of automatization.

This article presents a theory in which automatization is construed as the acquisition of a domainspeciSc knowledge base, formed of separate representations, instances, of each exposure to the task. Processing is considered automatic if it relies on retrieval of stored instances, which will occur only after practice in a consistent environment. Practice is important because it increases the amount retrieved and the speed of retrieval; consistency is important because it ensures that the retrieved instances will be useful. The theory accounts quantitatively for the power-function speed-up and predicts a power-function reduction in the standard deviation that is constrained to have the same exponent as the power function for the speed-up. The theory accounts for qualitative properties as well, explaining how some may disappear and others appear with practice. More generally, it provides an alternative to the modal view of automaticity, arguing that novice performance is limited by a lack of knowledge rather than a scarcity of resources. The focus on learning avoids many problems with the modal view that stem from its focus on resource limitations.
The constructivist approach

Abstract In this article we outline the constructivist (or usage-based) approach to children's language development. We argue that linguistic abstractions emerge from the interaction between children's desire to communicate, their intention-reading skills and a distributional analysis of the input. We illustrate our approach by discussing: the development of constituency; inflectional marking; utterance level constructions; more complex syntax in the form of complement-clause structures and relative clauses. We also address explanations for some systematic errors made by English-speaking children that have been much discussed in the literature: optional infinitive errors, accusative for nominative errors and wh-inversion errors. We conclude with some outstanding issues for this approach.
Strategies for Developing Positive Behaviour Management. Teacher Behaviour Outcomes and Attitudes to the Change Process

This paper describes an extended action research project run in a large secondary school over an 18‐month period. The work was part of a wider strategy for change within the school. The data presented here describes some of the features of the change process and reflections on its impact. A key aim was to challenge and enable teachers to modify their behaviour in order to increase the number of specific positive feedback statements they made in their classrooms to their students. The paper reports on three main strands of data that were collected: observation of teacher and pupil behaviours in classrooms, feedback from questionnaires completed by teachers who took part in staff groups formed to discuss behaviour management, and qualitative data from interviews and a focus group with staff at the end of the project. All provide evidence of a change in teachers’ behaviour and information about teachers’ attitudes to the change process.
Deploying the post-colonial predicaments of researching on/with ‘Asia’ in education: a standpoint from a rich peripheral country

Against the current infatuation with Asia in Australian education, this article rearticulates the notion of ‘Asia literacy’ to explore new ways of researching on/with/through Asia. Drawing on the post-colonial critique of Western social science knowledge, I first demonstrate the problematic nature of Australian knowledge production on and with Asia in social science and education. And yet, I also highlight the contribution that Australian scholars have made to decolonizing knowledge work, with particular attention to their critique of internationalization of cultural studies in the 1990s. In so doing, I identify the particular epistemic standpoint of Australian scholarship, which has emerged out of its ambivalent location in the global politics of academic knowledge production. Then, I identify three types of engagement by Asian researchers with Western knowledge. Situating Australian education scholarship among them, I explore what ‘Asia literate’ education research might look like from the vantage point of Australia.
Apoptosis, bcl-2 Expression, and p53 Expression in Gastrointestinal Stromal/Smooth Muscle Tumors

The authors investigated the relations between outcome and apoptosis, immunohistochemical demonstration of bcl-2 protein, and immunohistochemical staining for p53 protein in patients with gastrointestinal stromal/smooth muscle tumors (GIST). Patients whose tumors demonstrated cellular apoptosis using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2´-deoxyuridine 5´-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay had an improved survival over those whose tumors did not improve. In contrast, patients whose tumors demonstrated staining for bcl-2 protein had a decreased survival compared with those whose tumors did not demonstrate bcl-2. There was no relation between p53 immunoreactivity and survival. These results suggest that inhibition of apoptosis may be associated with malignant behavior in patients with gastrointestinal stromal/smooth muscle tumors.
Revisiting the notion of Boundary Object

In an article which has since achieved some renown, entitled “Institutional ecology, “translations”, and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals” – Susan L. Star and James R. Griesemer (Star and Griesemer, 1989) introduced the notion of boundary object on the basis of an ethnographical study of the coordination mechanisms of scientific work. Since, the concept has enjoyed a vigorous academic career, being deployed in particular in the field of knowledge management. It has paved the way to a conceptual progeny – boundary work, boundary spanning, boundary organisation -, traversed a variety of disciplinary fields (sociology, management, educational science, design engineering, etc.) and incorporated increasingly diversified “genres” of knowledge objects and artefacts. The purpose of this introduction of the special issue on "boundary object" is therefore to revisit the concept in order to look at its analytical scope whilst taking care to maintain the close articulation between interpretive flexibility and infrastructure.
Priming by Hexanoic Acid Induce Activation of Mevalonic and Linolenic Pathways and Promotes the Emission of Plant Volatiles

Hexanoic acid (Hx) is a short natural monocarboxylic acid present in some fruits and plants. Previous studies reported that soil drench application of this acid induces effective resistance in tomato plants against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae and in citrus against Alternaria alternata and Xanthomonas citri. In this work, we performed an in deep study of the metabolic changes produced in citrus by the application of Hx in response to the challenge pathogen A. alternata, focusing on the response of the plant. Moreover, we used 13C labeled hexanoic to analyze its behavior inside the plants. Finally, we studied the volatile emission of the treated plants after the challenge inoculation. Drench application of 13C labeled hexanoic demonstrated that this molecule stays in the roots and is not mobilized to the leaves, suggesting long distance induction of resistance. Moreover, the study of the metabolic profile showed an alteration of more than 200 molecules differentially induced by the application of the compound and the inoculation with the fungus. Bioinformatics analysis of data showed that most of these altered molecules could be related with the mevalonic and linolenic pathways suggesting the implication of these pathways in the induced resistance mediated by Hx. Finally, the application of this compound showed an enhancement of the emission of 17 volatile metabolites. Taken together, this study indicates that after the application of Hx this compound remains in the roots, provoking molecular changes that may trigger the defensive response in the rest of the plant mediated by changes in the mevalonic and linolenic pathways and enhancing the emission of volatile compounds, suggesting for the first time the implication of mevalonic pathway in response to hexanoic application.
Antibacterial activity of potential retrograde root filling materials.

The antibacterial activity of potential retrograde root filling materials was assessed using the agar diffusion inhibitory test. A light-cured glass ionomer cement (Vitrebond) and three reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cements (Kalzinol, IRM & ethoxybenzoic acid [EBA] cement) were compared with amalgam, a commonly used retrograde root filling material. Forty standardized pellets of each material were produced. Fresh, and materials aged for 1 week in sterile distilled water, were placed on blood agar plates inoculated with Streptococcus anginosus (milleri) or Enterococcus faecalis. At intervals of 3, 7 and 10 days, the presence and diameter of zones of inhibition were recorded. The diameter of the zones of inhibition increased with time for all materials, both fresh and aged. Vitrebond had the most pronounced antibacterial activity against both bacteria, producing the largest zone of inhibition, followed by Kalzinol. Amalgam had no measurable inhibitory effect whether aged or fresh, regardless of the period of exposure. There was no statistically significant difference in the response of the two bacteria. However, there were statistically significant differences between materials, period of exposure, and between fresh and aged materials (P < 0.001). Kalzinol, IRM and EBA cement were more antibacterial when aged than fresh, whilst Vitrebond was more active when fresh. Vitrebond was the only material for which the diameter of the zones of inhibition was reduced after ageing but it had the most pronounced antibacterial activity compared with the other materials. The antibacterial activity of the materials was ranked in the following order: Vitrebond > Kalzinol > (IRM = EBA cement) > amalgam.
An Analytical Framework for Estimating Scale-Out and Scale-Up Power Efficiency of Heterogeneous Manycores

Heterogeneous manycore architectures have shown to be highly promising to boost power efficiency through two independent ways: (1) enabling massive thread-level parallelism, called “scale-out” approach, and (2) enabling thread migration between heterogeneous cores, called “scale-up” approach. How to accurately model the profitability of power efficiency of the two ways, particularly in an analytical and computational-effective manner, is essential to reap the power efficiency of such architectures. We propose a comprehensive analytical model to predict the power efficiency from the two independent ways. Given power efficiency is measured by performance per watt, this model is composed of a performance and a power model. The performance model is built by two orthogonal functions a and β. Function a describes the scale-out speedup from multithreading; function β presents the scale-up speedup from core heterogeneity. Thus, the performance model can clearly capture the overall speedup of any multithreading and thread-to-core mapping strategies. The power model predicts the power of corresponding scale-out and scale-up configurations. It simultaneously captures the power variations caused by thread synchronization and thread migration between heterogeneous cores. We build both performance and power model in an analytical way and keep the computational complexity in mind. This merit leads to a suit of comprehensive and low-complexity models for runtime management. These models are validated on large-scale heterogeneous manycore architecture with full-system simulations. For performance prediction, the average error is below 12 percent, lower than that of the state-of-the-art methods. For power prediction, the average error is 7.74 percent. On top of the models, we introduce two heuristic scheduling algorithms, performance-oriented MAX-P and power efficiency-oriented MAX-E, to demonstrate the usage of these models. The results show that MAX-P outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by 18 percent in performance averagely; MAX-E outperforms the baseline by 70 percent in power efficiency on average.
Commentary on Nonliteral Language: Processing and Use

The three articles in this issue deal with how metaphors and irony are understood as well as with the uses of metaphor and irony in discourse. I discuss alternative models of metaphor comprehension and also propose a general. model of discourse irony that is consistent with the findings reported by Dews and Winner and by Kreuz and Roberts. In both the metaphor and irony models, literal meaning is treated as an integral part of the comprehension process wherein literal meanings are used directly to arrive at the figurative intentions of speakers.
Inpatient or day clinic treatment? Results of a multi-site-study

Objective: This naturalistic study aimed to identify criteria which are of relevance for making a decision as to whether inpatient or day hospital treatment is indicated. Methods: In 567 patients who were consecutively admitted to 10 departments of psychosomatic medicine (day hospital or inpatient setting) in Germany, symptom severity at admission and discharge was measured (Symptom-Check-List-90-R, Global Assessment of Functioning). Before admission, clinicians rated aspects that might be important for differential indication (Rating Scale of Indication Criteria). A regression analysis was conducted to reveal relationships between outcome in each setting and possible predictors (criteria of relevance). Results: At admission inpatients and day clinic patients already showed some differences referring to aspects clinicians used to select patients for each setting. Good outcome in day hospital patients was associated with a high motivation and higher burdens at home, whereas reduced drive and loss of interest was correlated with a less favourable course. Inpatients did less well if their symptoms were triggered by situations at home and if they showed a high potential for regression. Conclusion: Results give first hints for criteria which are relevant for making a decision between inpatient and day hospital treatment in psychosomatic medicine.
Modeling and identification of soil-tool interaction in automated excavation

In the process of automating an earthmoving machine, we have developed a model of soil-tool interaction that predicts resistive forces experienced at the tool during digging. The predicted forces can be used to model the closed loop behavior of a controller that servoes the joints of the excavator so as to fill the bucket. In this paper, we extend the state of the art in two ways. First, we present a reformulated version of the classical fundamental equation of earthmoving often used to model soil-tool interaction. The new model includes consideration of previously unaccounted phenomena in the interaction of an excavator bucket as it moves through soil. Secondly, given that soil properties can vary even within a work site, we present an online method to estimate soil parameters from measured force data. Finally, we show how the predicted resistive force is used to estimate bucket trajectories.
Corruption, Underdevelopment, and Extractive Resource Industries: Addressing the Vicious Cycle

The systemic role of corruption and its link to low human development is explored. The extractive resource industry is presented as an arena where conditions for corruption—monopoly and discretion without accountability—are especially intense. Corruption is maintained by a self-reinforcing cycle. Multiple stakeholders are involved in the maintenance of and/or opposition to the cycle: investing corporations, host country regimes and officials, inter-governmental bodies like the OECD, industry associations, non-governmental organization (NGO) watchdogs like Transparency International, and international agencies facilitating global investment like the World Bank. Complementarity of interests between the demand and supply sides provides strong incentives for entrenched players to maintain corruptive relationships, to protect past gains and sustain current ones. Compulsory international regulation, maximum transparency, effective detection, and enforcement are recommended to enhance accountability, thereby reversing the cycle. It is also necessary to create a corporate culture built on integrity, if regulation itself is to succeed.
Changes in Communication and Relationship Pattern for Undergraduate Nursing Students After 'Satir Communication Education'

Purpose: This study was to deduce the changes of communication style and relationship patterns via self-analysis after Satir communication education for undergraduate nursing students. Methods: Thirty seven students participated in this study. The age of participants was 20 ~ 22 years and all of them were female students. Before the first semester and after the last class in 2011, we collected an evaluation from students of how their own communication style and relationship patterns changed. Using qualitative content analysis method, the data were analyzed. Results: After qualitative contents analysis, five change-related themes and 16 experience-related subjects emerged. Five themes were from self-contentment to discreet, from behavior of speaking and listening to understanding, from agreement to empathy, from your fault to my fault, and from feeling emotion to expressing emotion. Conclusion: From the results of this study, we found the essential points of changes for communication and relation ship experiences after Satir communication education and self-reflection could reinforce change in undergraduate nursing students` experiences.
Empowering plant evo‐devo: Virus induced gene silencing validates new and emerging model systems

It is increasingly recognized that current established model systems are not sufficient to understand the evolution of biodiversity. The main limitation in developing additional model systems is the difficulty or inability to perform functional studies of target genes. Evolutionary developmental (evo‐devo) biologists have adopted a transient transgenic technique, developed over the last decade for agricultural applications, which is allowing functional studies in the most disparate plant lineages. From monocots to dicots and from herbs to trees, virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) has opened up a world of opportunities in plant evo‐devo.
Testing limits to adaptation along altitudinal gradients in rainforest Drosophila

Given that evolution can generate rapid and dramatic shifts in the ecological tolerance of a species, what prevents populations adapting to expand into new habitat at the edge of their distributions? Recent population genetic models have focused on the relative costs and benefits of migration between populations. On the one hand, migration may limit adaptive divergence by preventing local populations from matching their local selective optima. On the other hand, migration may also contribute to the genetic variance necessary to allow populations to track these changing optima. Empirical evidence for these contrasting effects of gene flow in natural situations are lacking, largely because it remains difficult to acquire. Here, we develop a way to explore theoretical models by estimating genetic divergence in traits that confer stress resistance along similar ecological gradients in rainforest Drosophila. This approach allows testing for the coupling of clinal divergence with local density, and the effects of genetic variance and the rate of change of the optimum on the response to selection. In support of a swamping effect of migration on phenotypic divergence, our data show no evidence for a cline in stress-related traits where the altitudinal gradient is steep, but significant clinal divergence where it is shallow. However, where clinal divergence is detected, sites showing trait means closer to the presumed local optimum have more genetic variation than sites with trait means distant from their local optimum. This pattern suggests that gene flow also aids a sustained response to selection.
Insertion sequence AS5 (ISAS5) is involved in the genomic plasticity of Aeromonas salmonicida

The genome of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida harbors a large number of insertion sequences (ISs), many of which are located on plasmids. In the present study, we analyzed the small plasmid profile of A. salmonicida strains to identify evidences of plasmid alterations. Ten out of 78 strains analyzed displayed an unconventional plasmid profile. However the HER1104 strain was unique, having a positive PCR signal for pAsal1 plasmid despite not carrying this plasmid. Instead, HER1104 was bearing a plasmid at higher molecular weight than pAsal1. We characterized this new larger plasmid, which we called pAsal1B since it is a derivative of pAsal1 containing one more complete IS (ISAS5) than the parental plasmid. An additional 96 bp relic of ISAS5 was also present in pAsal1B. These results propose that ISAS5 is another active mobile genetic element in A. salmonicida subsp salmonicida and provided further proof of the genomic plasticity of this bacterium.
Mortality of workers exposed to ethylene oxide: extended follow up of a British cohort

Aims: To obtain further information about the risks of cancer associated with occupational exposure to ethylene oxide Methods: Follow up was extended by 13 years for a cohort of 2876 men and women with definite or potential exposure to ethylene oxide in the chemical industry or in hospital sterilising units. Subjects were traced through National Health Service and social security records, and their mortality was compared with that expected from rates in the national population by the person-years method. Results: Analysis was based on 565 deaths, of which 339 had occurred during the additional period of follow up. Mortality was close to or below expectation for all causes (565 deaths v 607.6 expected), all cancers (188 v 184.2), and for all specific categories of malignancy including stomach cancer (10 v 11.6), breast cancer (11 v 13.2), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (7 v 4.8), and leukaemia (5 v 4.6). All five deaths from leukaemia occurred in the subset of subjects with greatest potential for exposure to ethylene oxide, but even in this group the excess of deaths was small (2.6 expected). Conclusions: The balance of evidence from this and other epidemiological investigations indicates that any risk of human cancer from ethylene oxide is low, particularly at the levels of occupational exposure that have occurred in Britain over recent decades. This may reflect the capacity of human cells to repair DNA damage caused by the chemical, which is a potent genotoxin and animal carcinogen.