Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2) Is Expressed by Normal and Tumor Cutaneous Mast Cells and Langerhans Cells of the Skin but Is Absent from Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Monoamine storage in secretory granules is mediated by the vesicular monoamine transporters 1 and 2 (VMAT1 and VMAT2). The aim of our study was to identify monoamine-handling normal and neoplastic inflammatory cells in the skin by their expression of VMAT1 and VMAT2. Normal skin from various parts of the body, as well as 21 cases of cutaneous mastocytosis and 10 cases of cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, radioactive in situ hybridization, and double-fluorescence confocal microscopy. VMAT2-positive cells in the subepidermal layer were identified as mast cells by their expression of tryptase. Neoplastic mast cells in all cases of cutaneous mastocytosis retained their VMAT2 positivity. The intraepidermal VMAT2-expressing cells were identified as Langerhans cells by their CD1a positivity. VMAT2 was absent from Langerhans cell histiocytosis. VMAT2 is an excellent marker for normal and neoplastic mast cells. The expression of VMAT2 demonstrates the capacity of mast cells for monoamine storage and handling. The presence of VMAT2 in epidermal Langerhans cells revealed a previously unrecognized monoamine-handling phenotype of these cells and indicates possible involvement of amine storage and release associated with antigen presentation. Absence of VMAT2 in neoplastic Langerhans cells indicates a loss of monoamine handling capacity of these cells during tumorigenesis. (J Histochem Cytochem 52:779–788, 2004)
Cost-Sensitive Classification on Pathogen Species of Bacterial Meningitis by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering

We propose a pathogen-classification system using the Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) platform. The system differentiates the pathogens based on their SERS spectra, which are believed to be related to the surface chemical components. The specialty of the system is to not only consider the usual classification accuracy, but also pay attention to the different types of costs during misclassification. For instance, due to the effectiveness of treatments, the cost of classifying a Gram-positive bacterium as another Gram-positive one should be lower than the cost of classifying a Gram-positive bacterium as a Gram-negative one. We express the task as the cost-sensitiveclassification problem, and take state-of-the-art cost-sensitiveclassification algorithms from the machine learning community to conquer the task. Our experimental study validates the usefulness of those algorithms on building the system.
Assessing Adolescent Substance Abuse Programs With Updated Quality Indicators: The Development of a Consumer Guide for Adolescent Treatment

When adolescent substance abuse requires treatment, few parents know which treatment features are important and which treatment programs are effective. There are few resources to help them select appropriate care. We describe early work on an evaluation method and comparative treatment guide for parents based upon the premise that the quality of a program and its potential effectiveness is a function of the number and frequency of evidence-based treatment practices (EBPs) delivered. Thus, we describe the development of and measurement approach for a set of EBPs toward the goal of developing a Consumer Guide to Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment.
End of Study Transition From Study Drug to Open-Label Vitamin K Antagonist Therapy: The ROCKET AF Experience

Background—To evaluate the previously reported excess of thromboembolic events during the 30 days after the end of study (EOS) visit when participants transitioned from blinded therapy to open-label vitamin K antagonist. Methods and Results—At the EOS visit, open-label vitamin K antagonist was recommended, and the international normalized ratio (INR) was not to be measured until 3 days later to preserve blinding. We analyzed transition strategies, clinical outcomes, and INR values. Event rates are per 100 patient-years. A total of 9248 (65%) participants were taking study drug at EOS, and, between days 3 and 30, an excess of stroke and systemic embolic events were observed in participants assigned to rivaroxaban (rivaroxaban 22 events, event rate 6.42; warfarin 6 events, event rate 1.73; hazard ratio, 3.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.51–9.16; P=0.0044). No INR values were reported for ≈5% of participants transitioned to warfarin. By 30 days after EOS, 83% of the warfarin group and 52% of the rivaroxaban group had ≥1 therapeutic INR value. Median time to first therapeutic INR was 3 days in the warfarin group and 13 days in the rivaroxaban group. Conclusions—The excess of events at EOS was likely because of a period of inadequate anticoagulation in rivaroxaban participants switched to vitamin K antagonist therapy. If transition from rivaroxaban to vitamin K antagonist is needed, timely monitoring and careful dosing should be used to ensure consistent and adequate anticoagulation.
Thermal and non-thermal components of the interstellar medium at sub-kiloparsec scales in galaxies

Aims. We present new radio continuum observations of ten BIMA SONG galaxies, taken at 1.4 GHz with the Very Large Array. These observations allow us to extend the study of the relationships between the radio continuum (RC) and CO emission to 22 CO luminous galaxies for which single dish CO images have been added to interferometric data. New Spitzer infrared (IR) images of six of these galaxies have been released. The analysis of these high resolution images allowed us to probe the RC-IR-CO correlations down to linear scales of a few hundred pc. Methods. We compare the point-by-point RC, CO and mid-IR intensities across entire galaxy disks, producing radial profiles and spatially resolved images of the RC/CO and RC/mid-IR ratios. Results. For the 22 galaxies analysed, the RC-CO correlation on scales from ~10 kpc down to ~100 pc is nearly linear and has a scatter of a factor of two, i.e. comparable to that of the global correlations. There is no evidence for any severe degradation of the scatter below the kpc scale. This also applies to the six galaxies for which high-resolution mid-IR data are available. In the case of NGC 5194, we find that the non-thermal radio spectral index is correlated with the RC/FIR ratio. Conclusions. The scatter of the point-by-point correlations does not increase significantly with spatial resolution. We thus conclude that we have not yet probed the physical scales at which the correlations break down. However, we observe local deviations from the correlations in regions with a high star formation rate, such as the spiral arms, where we observe a flat radio spectrum and a low RC/FIR ratio. In the intra-arm regions and in the peripheral regions of the disk, the RC/FIR is generally higher and it is characterized by a steepening of the radio spectrum.
Material Models and Properties in the Finite Element Analysis of Knee Ligaments: A Literature Review

Knee ligaments are elastic bands of soft tissue with a complex microstructure and biomechanics, which are critical to determine the kinematics as well as the stress bearing behavior of the knee joint. Their correct implementation in terms of material models and properties is therefore necessary in the development of finite element models of the knee, which has been performed for decades for the investigation of both its basic biomechanics and the development of replacement implants and repair strategies for degenerative and traumatic pathologies. Indeed, a wide range of element types and material models has been used to represent knee ligaments, ranging from elastic unidimensional elements to complex hyperelastic three-dimensional structures with anatomically realistic shapes. This paper systematically reviews literature studies, which described finite element models of the knee, and summarizes the approaches, which have been used to model the ligaments highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with improvement.

• Of 52 patients fulfilling the criteria of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 20 (38%) did not improve after intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, two (4%) had a short-lasting improvement and subsequent infusions had no effect, nine (17%) reached a spontaneously or therapeutically induced complete remission, and 21 patients (40%) needed intermittent infusions to maintain improvement. All patients who improved initially had symptoms that significantly interfered with life-style. After treatment, 90% of these patients were independent in their daily activities. Significantly associated with improvement were disease duration of less than 1 year, progression of weakness until treatment, absence of discrepancy in weakness between arms and legs, areflexia of the arms, and slowed nerve conduction velocity of the motor median nerve. The probability of improvement if all these features are present is 93%.
Thyroid Cancer in Childhood

From 1956 to 1975 21 patients (13 females and 8 males) with thyroid cancer developed by age 14 have been observed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. Follicular adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 4 cases and papillary adenocarcinoma in 17. Five patients (24%) had been given previous cervical irradiation for benign conditions. At admission lung metastases were evident in 2 patients (one affected by follicular and the other by papillary adenocarcinoma). All patients were submitted to surgical treatment, which in most cases consisted in total thyroidectomy plus elective lymph node dissection; serious postoperative complications were not observed. External irradiation was given to 4 patients, since surgery had not been radical. Radioiodine treatment was performed in the 2 patients with lung metastases: in the patient with follicular adenocarcinoma metastases disappeared after 131I treatment, whereas in the other one they still persist unmodified 10 years later. A local recurrence occurred in 3 cases and pulmonary metastases in one: all of them made an apparent recovery after surgical and/or radioiodine treatment. All patients are alive and, except one, without evidence of disease after a follow-up period from 14 months to 21 years. Although differences in evolution have been noted according to the histotype, the prognosis of thyroid cancer in childhood is good, evenif distant metastases are present.
Children's Peer Relations and Their Psychological Adjustment: Differences between Close Friendships and the Larger Peer Group

In a longitudinal study that followed children from fourth through sixth grades, we tested whether problems in children's peer relations preceded psychological maladjustment and whether adjustment difficulties paved the way for poor social relationships. Both close friendships and peer group acceptance were examined. Our findings indicated that less peer acceptance predicted more internalizing and externalizing symptoms and less global self-worth two years later but that psychological adjustment did not predict future peer acceptance. Conversely, the lack of a supportive close friendship did not predict worse psychological functioning; however, depressive symptoms and low self-worth did predict less close friend support two years later. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing the different kinds of social bonds that children form with peers.
Writer Adaptation Using Bottleneck Features and Discriminative Linear Regression for Online Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition

This paper presents a novel approach to writer adaptation using bottleneck features and discriminative linear regression for the recognition of online handwritten Chinese characters. First, bottleneck features extracted from a bottleneck layer of a deep neural network representing a nonlinear and discriminative transformation of the input features are verified to be much more effective in adaptation of writing styles than the conventional features after linear discriminant analysis transformation. Second, discriminative linear regression via a so-called sample separation margin based minimum classification error criterion is adopted for writer adaptation. The experiments on an in-house developed online Chinese handwriting corpus with a vocabulary of 15,167 characters and testing data collected from user inputs of Smartphones show that our proposed approach can achieve very significant improvements of recognition accuracy compared with a state-of-the-art adaptation approach for writer adaptation.
Performance—complexity tradeoffs of rateless codes

We analyze performance-complexity tradeoffs of rateless codes over noisy symmetric channels. Unlike in erasure channels, the decoder for such codes needs to use all received symbols in noisy channels because each of them have some information about the transmitted message. To reduce the complexity, the receiver can discard some unreliable symbols, but it must receive more symbols due to the lost information. This results in a performance-complexity tradeoff. We also consider another scenario where a rateless code is concatenated with a fixed-rate code, which is typically used in practice, e.g., in [1]. The fixed-rate code provides a soft-decision decoding and only correctly decoded blocks are used in the rateless code decoder. If some soft information of error-detected blocks is also used, the receiver can decode the message with less received symbols at the expense of increased processing. This results in another type of performance-complexity tradeoff. For these scenarios, we find the optimal tradeoffs and show sub-optimal tradeoffs achievable by practical rateless codes.
Determining the optimal time of mating in bitches : particularities

Timing the day of ovulation in the bitch is important, especially when using frozen semen. Clinical signs (vulval oedema, aspect of vulval discharge) or clinical techniques (vaginal cytology, vaginal endoscopy) used to detect ovulation in the bitch are not accurate enough. Hormonal assays are therefore commonly used by veterinarians to assess ovulation in the bitch. LH assays are difficult to perform and expensive. The estimation of the day of the pre-ovulatory LH-peak using progesterone assays maylead to some errors, as some bitches show a premature slight rise of blood progesterone several days before ovulation. However, it has been recently demonstrated that the progesterone plasma level at the time of ovulation, whatever the breed, is fairly constant. Therefore progesterone assays appear as a fairly reliable technique to assess ovulation in the bitch. At the Alfort Veterinary College (France), we investigated the use of ovarian ultrasonography to detect ovulation in the bitch. The oestrus period was followed using ultrasound and hormonal assays in several bitches belonging to 36 different breeds. The day of ovulation was clearly detected in 91.7% of the bitches (44/48). In most bitches the ovulation process appeared to be completed within 24 hours. No significant difference in ovulation time was seen between the left and the right ovary. Compared with progesterone assays, ovulation detection using ultrasound increased the accuracy of diction of the ovulation in 10.1% of the bitches, in which the delay between ovulation detected by ultrasonography and ovulation estimated by progesterone levels was more than 24 hours. Furthermore, one daily ovarian scanning was sufficient to perform a correct time of ovulation. The ultrasound features of the canine ovaries just before ovulation, during the ovulation process, and just after ovulation, are also described in this article.
Patient safety in developing countries: retrospective estimation of scale and nature of harm to patients in hospital

Objective To assess the frequency and nature of adverse events to patients in selected hospitals in developing or transitional economies. Design Retrospective medical record review of hospital admissions during 2005 in eight countries. Setting Ministries of Health of Egypt, Jordan, Kenya, Morocco, Tunisia, Sudan, South Africa and Yemen; the World Health Organisation (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean and African Regions (EMRO and AFRO), and WHO Patient Safety. Participants Convenience sample of 26 hospitals from which 15 548 patient records were randomly sampled. Main outcome measures Two stage screening. Initial screening based on 18 explicit criteria. Records that screened positive were then reviewed by a senior physician for determination of adverse event, its preventability, and the resulting disability. Results Of the 15 548 records reviewed, 8.2% showed at least one adverse event, with a range of 2.5% to 18.4% per country. Of these events, 83% were judged to be preventable, while about 30% were associated with death of the patient. About 34% adverse events were from therapeutic errors in relatively non-complex clinical situations. Inadequate training and supervision of clinical staff or the failure to follow policies or protocols contributed to most events. Conclusions Unsafe patient care represents a serious and considerable danger to patients in the hospitals that were studied, and hence should be a high priority public health problem. Many other developing and transitional economies will probably share similar rates of harm and similar contributory factors. The convenience sampling of hospitals might limit the interpretation of results, but the identified adverse event rates show an estimate that should stimulate and facilitate the urgent institution of appropriate remedial action and also to trigger more research. Prevention of these adverse events will be complex and involves improving basic clinical processes and does not simply depend on the provision of more resources.
Context-driven moving vehicle detection in wide area motion imagery

Detection of moving vehicles in wide area motion imagery (WAMI) is increasingly important, with promising applications in surveillance, traffic scene understanding and public service applications such as emergency evacuation and policy security. However, the large camera motion, along with low contrast between vehicles and backgrounds, makes detection a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel moving vehicle detection approach by embedding the scene context, which is a road network estimated online. A two-step framework is used in the work. First, with an initial vehicle detection, trajectories are achieved by vehicle tracking. Then, the road network is extracted and used to reduce false detections. Quantitative evaluation demonstrates that the proposed contextual model remarkably improves the detection performance.
Differential localization of glioblastoma subtype: implications on glioblastoma pathogenesis

Introduction The subventricular zone (SVZ) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma. Whether molecular subtypes of glioblastoma arise from unique niches of the brain relative to the SVZ remains largely unknown. Here, we tested whether these subtypes of glioblastoma occupy distinct regions of the cerebrum and examined glioblastoma localization in relation to the SVZ. Methods Pre-operative MR images from 217 glioblastoma patients from The Cancer Imaging Archive were segmented automatically into contrast enhancing (CE) tumor volumes using Iterative Probabilistic Voxel Labeling (IPVL). Probabilistic maps of tumor location were generated for each subtype and distances were calculated from the centroid of CE tumor volumes to the SVZ. Glioblastomas that arose in a Genetically Modified Murine Model (GEMM) model were also analyzed with regard to SVZ distance and molecular subtype. Results Classical and mesenchymal glioblastomas were more diffusely distributed and located farther from the SVZ. In contrast, proneural and neural glioblastomas were more likely to be located in closer proximity to the SVZ. Moreover, in a GFAP-CreER; PtenloxP/loxP; Trp53loxP/loxP; Rb1loxP/loxP; Rbl1−/− GEMM model of glioblastoma where tumor can spontaneously arise in different regions of the cerebrum, tumors that arose near the SVZ were more likely to be of proneural subtype (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Glioblastoma subtypes occupy different regions of the brain and vary in proximity to the SVZ. These findings harbor implications pertaining to the pathogenesis of glioblastoma subtypes.
Rapid Mixing of Geodesic Walks on Manifolds with Positive Curvature

We introduce a Markov chain for sampling from the uniform distribution on a Riemannian manifold $\mathcal{M}$, which we call the $\textit{geodesic walk}$. We prove that the mixing time of this walk on any manifold with positive sectional curvature $C_{x}(u,v)$ bounded both above and below by $0 < \mathfrak{m}_{2} \leq C_{x}(u,v) \leq \mathfrak{M}_2 < \infty$ is $\mathcal{O}^*\left(\frac{\mathfrak{M}_2}{\mathfrak{m}_2}\right)$. In particular, this bound on the mixing time does not depend explicitly on the dimension of the manifold. In the special case that $\mathcal{M}$ is the boundary of a convex body, we give an explicit and computationally tractable algorithm for approximating the exact geodesic walk. As a consequence, we obtain an algorithm for sampling uniformly from the surface of a convex body that has running time bounded solely in terms of the curvature of the body.
Conditional Copula-Based Spatial–Temporal Drought Characteristics Analysis—A Case Study over Turkey

In this study, commonly used copula functions belonging to Archimedean and Elliptical families are fitted to the univariate cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of the drought characteristics duration ( LD ), average severity ( S ¯ ), and average areal extent ( A ¯ ) of droughts obtained using standardized precipitation index (SPI) between 1960 and 2013 over Ankara, Turkey. Probabilistic modeling of drought characteristics with seven different fitted copula functions and their comparisons with independently estimated empirical joint distributions show normal copula links drought characteristics better than other copula functions. On average, droughts occur with an average LD of 6.9 months, S ¯ of 0.94, and A ¯ of 73%, while such a drought event happens on average once in every 6.65 years. Results also show a very strong and statistically significant relation between S ¯ and A ¯ , and drought return periods are more sensitive to the unconditioned drought characteristic, while return periods decrease by adding additional variables to the analysis (i.e., trivariate drought analysis compared to bivariate).
Topic detection in broadcast news

We propose a system for the Topic Detection and Tracking (TDT) detection task concerned with the unsupervised grouping of news stories according to topic. We use an incremental k-means algorithm for clustering stories. For comparing stories, we utilize a probabilistic document similarity metric and a traditional vector-space metric. We note that that the clustering algorithm requires two different types of metrics and adapt similarity metrics for each purpose. The system achieves a topic-weighted miss rate of 12% at a false accept rate of 0.22%.