Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis--it all depends on your point of view.

OBJECTIVES Knee pain and disability in older people may occur in the apparent absence of radiographic osteoarthritis. However, the view chosen to define radiographic osteoarthritis may be critical. We have investigated the prevalence and compartmental distribution of radiographic osteoarthritis in people with knee pain using different combinations of three separate radiographic views. METHODS We performed a population-based study of 819 adults aged 50 yr and over with knee pain (part of the Clinical Assessment Study - Knee [CAS(K)]). Three radiographic views were obtained: weight-bearing posteroanterior (PA) semiflexed/metatarsophalangeal view; supine skyline; and supine lateral. RESULTS Complete data for all three views were available on 777 subjects. The distribution of compartmental radiographic osteoarthritis was 314 (40%) combined tibiofemoral/patellofemoral, 186 (24%) isolated patellofemoral, 31 (4%) isolated tibiofemoral and 246 (32%) normal. Hence, the overall prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis was 531/777 (68.3%) in this symptomatic population. Using a PA view alone (reflecting tibiofemoral osteoarthritis only) would identify 56.7% of the 531, whilst the addition of a skyline or lateral view increased this to 87.0%. When using both skyline and lateral views in addition to the PA view, 98.7% cases of radiographic osteoarthritis were identified. In addition to prevalence, compartmental distribution altered markedly when different combinations of views were used. CONCLUSIONS Multiple views detect more radiographic osteoarthritis than single views alone. When different combinations of views are used, the prevalence and compartmental distribution of osteoarthritis changes and this may alter the accepted relationship, or lack of it, between symptoms and radiographic change.
Experiments to Investigate the Factors That Affect the Rate of Sex Constitution

This paper reports a study on mice and human to check the theory of Stolkowski which hypothesizes that mineral (Na, K, Ca) imbalance in the diet of the female before fertilization affects the sex ratio of the progeny. For this aim, total 40 female and 16 male 2 months age white mice used; which were separated into 8 groups, each of them consisted of 5 female and 2 male animals. Group 1 was a control, group 2-3-4-5-6-7 and 8 were treated as experimental groups. (0.5 g Na/kg feed, 2,0 g K/kg feed and 5,0 g Ca/kg feed); feed was given to group 1 while group 2-3-4-5-6-7 and 8 received in their feed 1.5 g Na/kg feed, 6,0 g K/kg feed and 15,0 g Ca/kg feed during 30 days before mating. K had the highest male ratio in their litter followed by those given Ca+K. Population of Canakkale was evaluated by traditional nutrition of habits and no found statistical differences in sex both m/f (P>0.10).
A Survey of Star-forming Galaxies in the 1.4 ≲ z ≲ 2.5 Redshift Desert: Overview

The redshift interval 1.4 ≲ z ≲ 2.5 has been described by some as the "redshift desert" because of historical difficulties in spectroscopically identifying galaxies in that range. In fact, galaxies can be found in large numbers with standard broadband color selection techniques coupled with follow-up spectroscopy with UV and blue-sensitive spectrographs. In this paper we present the first results of a large-scale survey of such objects, carried out with the blue channel of the LRIS spectrograph (LRIS-B) on the Keck I Telescope. We introduce two samples of star-forming galaxies, "BX" galaxies at ⟨z⟩ = 2.20 ± 0.32 and "BM" galaxies at ⟨z⟩ = 1.70 ± 0.34. In seven survey fields we have spectroscopically confirmed 749 of the former and 114 of the latter. Interlopers (defined as objects at z < 1) account for less than 10% of the photometric candidates, and the fraction of faint active galactic nuclei is ~3% in the combined BX/BM sample. Deep near-IR photometry of a subset of the BX sample indicates that, compared with a sample of similarly UV-selected galaxies at z ~ 3, the z ~ 2 galaxies are on average significantly redder in (ℛ-Ks), indicating longer star formation histories, increased reddening by dust, or both. Using near-IR Hα spectra of a subset of BX/BM galaxies to define the galaxies' systemic redshifts, we show that the galactic-scale winds that are a feature of star-forming galaxies at z ~ 3 are also common at later epochs and have similar bulk outflow speeds of 200-300 km s-1. We illustrate with examples the information that can be deduced on the stellar populations, metallicities, and kinematics of redshift desert galaxies from easily accessible rest-frame far-UV and rest-frame optical spectra. Far from being hostile to observations, the universe at z ~ 2 is uniquely suited to providing information on the astrophysics of star-forming galaxies and the intergalactic medium, and the relationship between the two.
Learning from experience and learning from others: how congenital and interorganizational learning substitute for experiential learning in young firm internationalization

This article addresses a critical issue for entrepreneurs and managers pursuing internationalization strategies: how firms can accumulate the knowledge and skills required for successful international expansion. Specifically, we examine how young firms may compensate for their lack of firm-level international experience by utilizing other sources of knowledge. Drawing on organizational learning theory, we develop an integrative framework that looks at the joint and interactive effects of experiential learning by the firm, the management team's pre-start-up international experience (i.e., congenital learning), and interorganizational learning from key exchange partners (customers, suppliers, investors, etc.). Utilizing empirical data on 114 young, technology-based firms in Flanders, Belgium, we find that a firm's level of international experience negatively moderates the effects of congenital and interorganizational learning on the extent of internationalization. That is, the lower a firm's experiential learning, the more significant the effects of the start-up team's prior international knowledge base and the knowledge and skills acquired through key partners. These results make important theoretical and empirical contributions to the international entrepreneurship and organizational learning literatures by highlighting some of the factors underlying learning advantages of newness that facilitate the internationalization of young firms and by explicating substitutive interrelationships among different learning mechanisms. Copyright © 2010 Strategic Management Society.
The Nature of Space Time

We first examine the approximation involved in the conventional differentiable spacetime manifold. We then analyse how, going beyond this approximation, we reach the non commutative spacetime of recent approaches. It is shown that this provides the rationale for El Naschie's transfinite Cantorian spacetime. The nature and form of the consequent Generalized Uncertainity Principle is also briefly investigated.
Texas pharmacists' knowledge of reporting serious adverse drug events to the Food and Drug Administration.

OBJECTIVES To assess Texas pharmacists' knowledge of adverse drug event (ADE) reporting to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and to determine demographic and practice characteristics associated with this knowledge. DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING Austin, TX, in June and July 2009. PARTICIPANTS 377 pharmacists practicing in hospital and community settings. INTERVENTION Survey instrument mailed to participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Scores on an eight-item test were used to assess pharmacists' knowledge about ADE reporting to FDA. Pharmacists' demographic and practice characteristics, as well as past reporting, were also measured. RESULTS 1,500 surveys were mailed and 377 usable responses were obtained (26.4% response rate). Most (67.9%) pharmacists had never reported ADEs to FDA. A majority of pharmacists (65.7%) reported having inadequate knowledge about ADE reporting. Pharmacists had low knowledge scores on ADE reporting, and the pass rate for all items ranged from 56.7% to 96.0%. Pharmacists' age (r = -0.106, P = 0.042) and years of experience (-0.134, P = 0.010) were negatively correlated with knowledge levels, whereas hours worked by pharmacists was positively correlated with knowledge levels (0.130, P = 0.012). Mean knowledge levels differed by practice setting, job title, and area/setting of primary place of employment (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Texas pharmacists have knowledge gaps concerning ADE reporting to FDA. Pharmacists need more education, awareness, and training on ADE reporting, especially regarding reportable ADEs, how to report, and what constitutes a good report.
Animal models of Williams syndrome

In recent years, researchers have generated a variety of mouse models in an attempt to dissect the contribution of individual genes to the complex phenotype associated with Williams syndrome (WS). The mouse genome is easily manipulated to produce animals that are copies of humans with genetic conditions, be it with null mutations, hypomorphic mutations, point mutations, or even large deletions encompassing many genes. The existing mouse models certainly seem to implicate hemizygosity for ELN, BAZ1B, CLIP2, and GTF2IRD1 in WS, and new mice with large deletions of the WS region are helping us to understand both the additive and potential combinatorial effects of hemizygosity for specific genes. However, not all genes that are haploinsufficient in humans prove to be so in mice and the effect of genetic background can also have a significant effect on the penetrance of many phenotypes. Thus although mouse models are powerful tools, the information garnered from their study must be carefully interpreted. Nevertheless, mouse models look set to provide a wealth of information about the neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and molecular pathways that underlie WS and in the future will act as essential tools for the development and testing of therapeutics. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Weighted Threshold Secret Sharing Based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem

A secret sharing scheme derives from a given secret certain shares (or shadows) which are distributed to users. The secret can be recovered only by certain predetermined groups. In the first secret sharing schemes only the number of the participants in the reconstruction phase was important for recovering the secret. Such schemes have been referred to as threshold secret sharing schemes. In the weighted threshold secret sharing schemes, the users do not have the same status. More exactly, a positive weight is associated to each user and the secret can be reconstructed if and only if the sum of the weights of all participants is greater than or equal to a fixed threshold. In this paper we extend the threshold secret sharing schemes based on the Chinese remainder theorem in order to realize weighted threshold secret sharing.
Boyle's law and gravitational instability

We have re-examined the classical problem of the macroscopic equation of state for a hydrostatic isothermal self-gravitating gas cloud bounded by an external medium at constant pressure. We have obtained analytical conditions for its equilibrium and stability without imposing any specific shape and symmetry to the cloud density distribution. The equilibrium condition can be stated in the form of an upper limit to the cloud mass; this is found to be inversely proportional to the power $3/2$ of a form factor μ characterizing the shape of the cloud. In this respect, the spherical solution, associated with the maximum value of the form factor, $\mu = 1$, turns out to correspond to the shape that is most difficult to realize. Surprisingly, the condition that defines the onset of the Bonnor instability (or gravothermal catastrophe) can be cast in the form of an upper limit to the density contrast within the cloud that is independent of the cloud shape. We have then carried out a similar analysis in the two-dimensional case of infinite cylinders, without assuming axisymmetry. The results obtained in this paper generalize well-known results available for spherical or axisymmetric cylindrical isothermal clouds that have had wide astrophysical applications, especially in the study of the interstellar medium.
Obesity, Diet, and Activity in relation to Asthma and Wheeze among Rural Dwelling Children and Adolescents

Aims and Objectives. We investigated associations between weight status, activity level, and diet with asthma or wheeze as well as the interrelationship between these factors. Methods. We conducted a case-control study of 6–18-year olds from 2005 to 2007. Cases (n = 87) were subjects reporting episodes or breathing medication use along with doctor-diagnosed asthma or wheeze in the past 12 months. Controls were randomly selected (n = 208) and without asthma or wheeze. Data regarding health outcomes, diet, and activity were obtained from questionnaire. Objectively measured height and weight were collected. Results. In the adjusted analysis, there was a trend (P = 0.07) towards an increased risk of asthma or wheeze associated with high fast food and/or pop consumption. Among cases, a significantly lower proportion (66%) classified as overweight participated in hard exercise in ≥9 of the past 14 days compared to those who were not overweight (86%). This pattern was not seen among controls (76% participating in hard exercise versus 78%, resp.). However, based on perceived weight status by the parent, the patterns were similar regardless of case-control status. Conclusions. Overweight status may negatively impact activity level among those with asthma or wheeze. Efforts should be made to encourage healthy food choices, and activity programming must consider the needs of overweight children with asthma.
Lyme Arthritis Synovial γδ T Cells Instruct Dendritic Cells via Fas Ligand1

γδ T cells participate in the innate immune response to a variety of infectious microorganisms. They also link to the adaptive immune response through their induction of maturation of dendritic cells (DC) during the early phase of an immune response when the frequency of Ag-specific T cells is very low. We observe that in the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi, synovial Vδ1 T cells from Lyme arthritis synovial fluid potently induce maturation of DC, including production of IL-12, and increased surface expression of CD40 and CD86. The activated DC are then able to stimulate the Vδ1 T cells to up-regulate CD25. Both of these processes are initiated primarily by Fas stimulation rather than CD40 activation of DC via high expression of Fas ligand by the Vδ1 T cells. DC are resistant to Fas-induced death due to expression of high levels of the Fas inhibitor c-FLIP. This effect serves to divert Fas-mediated signals from the caspase cascade to the ERK MAPK and NF-κB pathways. The findings affirm the importance of the interaction of certain T cell populations with DC during the early phases of the innate immune response. They also underscore the view that as levels of c-FLIP increase, Fas signaling can be diverted from induction of apoptosis to pathways leading to cell effector function.
The Construct of Mindfulness

After mindfulness is defined, a brief history of the research on the topic to date is reviewed. This work essentially falls into three categories: health, business, and education. Considerations of mindlessness as a social issue are then addressed. A brief introduction to the articles in this issue follows. These articles speak to mindfulness as it relates to potential solutions to social problems.
Structural Experimentation to Distinguish between Models of Risk Sharing with Frictions in Rural Paraguay

We conduct dictator-type games in rural Paraguay; different treatments involve manipulating players’ information and choice sets. From individuals’ choices in the games, we draw inferences regarding impediments to efficient risk sharing in the larger village supergame. Outcomes from the experimental games suggest that players in most villages are reacting to the kinds of incentives that we would predict from a private information model with hidden investments, while in others players act in a manner consistent with the predictions of a model with limited commitment. No single one of our models can explain outcomes in all villages, but outcomes in nearly every village are consistent with one or more of our models.
Observer-Based State-Space Current Controller for a Grid Converter Equipped With an LCL Filter: Analytical Method for Direct Discrete-Time Design

State-space current control enables high dynamic performance of a three-phase grid-connected converter equipped with an LCL filter. In this paper, observer-based state-space control is designed using direct pole placement in the discrete-time domain and in grid-voltage coordinates. Analytical expressions for the controller and observer gains are derived as functions of the physical system parameters and design specifications. The connection between the physical parameters and the control algorithm enables automatic tuning. Parameter sensitivity of the control method is analyzed. The experimental results show that the resonance of the LCL filter is well damped, and the dynamic performance specified by direct pole placement is obtained for the reference tracking and grid-voltage disturbance rejection.
Derivation of PAPR Distribution for OFDM Wireless Systems Based on Extreme Value Theory

It has been widely known that one of the key design parameters in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is the distribution of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Recently some theoretical approaches to determine the PAPR distribution have been proposed based on the assumption that all subcarriers are allocated with equal power. However, this assumption may not be valid due to the following facts. First, in all realistic OFDM systems, usually only a subset: of subcarriers are used to carry information (active subcarriers) and the rest (inactive subcarriers) are set to zero. Second, due to the efficiency concerns transmission power should be allocated to active subcarriers. Third, power allocation may vary depending on different constellations used by different active subcarriers and their signal-to-noise-ratios. In this paper, we propose a general approach to identify PAPR distribution in OFDM systems. Specifically, a more accurate analytical expression of the PAPR distribution is derived with the help of Extreme Value Theory for Chi-squared-2 process in OFDM systems with unequal power distribution strategy. To validate the analytical results, extensive simulations have been conducted, showing a very good match between the identified PAPR distribution and that of real OFDM systems.
New-Teacher Induction 2.0

Abstract The purpose of this program evaluation study was to design, implement, and evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating an online learning community as part of a comprehensive new-teacher induction program. The researcher, who serves as the middle school principal and new induction coordinator for the school district, used a mixed-method approach to collect and analyze the results of the study. First, the researcher created an online learning community model based on the results of a comprehensive review of literature and a previous year’s pilot study. Next, the researcher implemented an online learning community in the form of a wiki. The study evaluated the implementation of the model through the perspectives of all the participants: new teachers and contributors (veteran teachers, principals, central office administrators, and professors from schools of education). The data (pre- and postsurveys, questionnaires, and focus-group sessions) revealed positive results for the new-induction online learning community format.
Magnetic Field in Supernova Remnant SN 1987A

A nonlinear kinetic theory of cosmic-ray (CR) acceleration in supernova remnants is employed to investigate the properties of the remnant SN 1987A. It is shown that a large downstream magnetic field Bd ≈ 10 mG is required to fit the existing observational data. Such a strong field, together with the strong shock modification due to CR back-reaction, provides the steep and concave radioemission spectrum and considerable synchrotron cooling of high-energy electrons that diminish their X-ray synchrotron flux below the observed Chandra flux, which has to be considered as an upper limit for nonthermal X-ray emission. The expected γ-ray energy flux at TeV energies at the current epoch is 2 × 10-13 ergs (cm2 s)-1.
Design of 1.2-V Broadband High Data-Rate MMW CMOS I/Q Modulator and Demodulator Using Modified Gilbert-Cell Mixer

In this paper, low-voltage evolution and high-speed operation mixer design are presented for millimeter-wave (MMW) CMOS in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator and demodulator. The modified Gilbert-cell mixer architecture, which eliminates the three-level transistors stacking in the conventional Gilbert-cell mixer, can operate at a reduced supply voltage while maintaining reasonable performance. In addition, IF transimpedance amplifier buffer and wideband RF design are introduced to increase the operation speed of the mixer for MMW gigabit wireless transmission link applications. Using a 0.13-μm CMOS process, the I/Q modulator and demodulator formed with the modified Gilbert-cell mixers are demonstrated at the MMW. Under 1.2-V standard supply voltage, the modulator and demodulator exhibit excellent conversion gain (CG) flatness of -3.5 ±1.5 dB and -3 ±1.5 dB from 41 to 69.5 GHz and 31 to 69 GHz, respectively. For 60-GHz wireless personal area network applications, π/4 differential quadrature phase-shift keying, 16 quadrature amplitude modulation, and binary phase-shift keying modulation signal tests are successfully performed through the direct-conversion system. The results show that the presented monolithic microwave integrated circuits can operate at low-voltage and low-power while providing good CG and high data rate, even up to multigigabit.
Isolated Lymphoid Follicle Formation Is Inducible and Dependent Upon Lymphotoxin-Sufficient B Lymphocytes, Lymphotoxin β Receptor, and TNF Receptor I Function1

The gastrointestinal mucosa contains a complex network of lymphoid compartments that have evolved to efficiently protect the host from invading pathogens. Recently, an additional lymphoid structure resembling Peyer’s patches (PP) in composition and architecture has been identified in the murine small intestine, the isolated lymphoid follicle (ILF). In this study we examine the nature and factors required for ILF formation. We observed a spectrum of structures fitting the previous descriptions of ILFs, ranging from clusters of B220+ cells (which we have termed immature ILFs) to well-organized lymphoid nodules (which we have termed mature ILFs). Here we demonstrate that that similar to PP formation, ILF formation requires lymphotoxin (LT)- and LTβ receptor-dependent events. However unlike PP formation, the LT- and LTβ receptor-dependent events required for ILF formation can occur in adulthood and require LT-sufficient B lymphocytes. We demonstrate that mature ILF formation occurs in response to lumenal stimuli, including normal bacterial flora, and requires TNF receptor I function. These findings suggest that ILFs are organized intestinal lymphoid structures whose formation can be induced and whose mass can be expanded in response to mucosal challenges.