Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Bock iteration for the ODE estimation problem

The Bock iteration [2] is a method for the minimization of an objective function in the form of a sum of squares subject to a set of equality constraints. It was formulated originally as a method for solving the problem of estimating parameters in a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE) posed in its simultaneous form, and this remains its principal application. The simultaneous method requires that the discretized ODE be imposed as equality constraints on the objective function of the data fitting problem. However, not only is the data fitting problem explicitly constrained, but the constraint system possesses the key additional feature that it becomes unbounded in size as the scale of the discretization ∆t→ 0, n→∞, where n is the number of independent observations in the estimation problem. Constraints introduce Lagrange multipliers into the necessary conditions for the simultaneous method, and it is required to estimate these in ∗Mathematical Sciences Institute, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia. mailto:Mike.Osborne@maths.anu. edu.au This paper is dedicated to Hans Georg Bock on the occasion of his 60’th birthday.
Orientation Congruency Effects for Familiar Objects

How do observers recognize objects after spatial transformations? Recent neurocomputational models have proposed that object recognition is based on coordinate transformations that align memory and stimulus representations. If the recognition of a misoriented object is achieved by adjusting a coordinate system (or reference frame), then recognition should be facilitated when the object is preceded by a different object in the same orientation. In the two experiments reported here, two objects were presented in brief masked displays that were in close temporal contiguity; the objects were in either congruent or incongruent picture-plane orientations. Results showed that naming accuracy was higher for congruent than for incongruent orientations. The congruency effect was independent of superordinate category membership (Experiment 1) and was found for objects with different main axes of elongation (Experiment 2). The results indicate congruency effects for common familiar objects even when they have dissimilar shapes. These findings are compatible with models in which object recognition is achieved by an adjustment of a perceptual coordinate system.
Single-pass restore after a media failure

When persistent storage fails, traditional media recovery first restores an old backup image followed by replaying the recovery log since the last backup operation. Restoring a backup can take hours, but log replay often takes much longer due to its random access pattern. We introduce single-pass restore, a technique in which restoration of all backups and log replay are performed in a single operation. This allows hiding log replay within the initial restore of the backup, thus substantially reducing the time and cost of media recovery and, incidentally, rendering incremental backup techniques unnecessary. Single-pass restore is enabled by a new organization of the log archive, created by a continuous process that is easily incorporated into the traditional log archiving process. Our empirical analysis shows that the imposed overhead is negligible in comparison with the substantial benefits provided.
Predicting Spatial Patterns of Plant Recruitment Using Animal-Displacement Kernels

For plants dispersed by frugivores, spatial patterns of recruitment are primarily influenced by the spatial arrangement and characteristics of parent plants, the digestive characteristics, feeding behaviour and movement patterns of animal dispersers, and the structure of the habitat matrix. We used an individual-based, spatially-explicit framework to characterize seed dispersal and seedling fate in an endangered, insular plant-disperser system: the endemic shrub Daphne rodriguezii and its exclusive disperser, the endemic lizard Podarcis lilfordi. Plant recruitment kernels were chiefly determined by the disperser's patterns of space utilization (i.e. the lizard's displacement kernels), the position of the various plant individuals in relation to them, and habitat structure (vegetation cover vs. bare soil). In contrast to our expectations, seed gut-passage rate and its effects on germination, and lizard speed-of-movement, habitat choice and activity rhythm were of minor importance. Predicted plant recruitment kernels were strongly anisotropic and fine-grained, preventing their description using one-dimensional, frequency-distance curves. We found a general trade-off between recruitment probability and dispersal distance; however, optimal recruitment sites were not necessarily associated to sites of maximal adult-plant density. Conservation efforts aimed at enhancing the regeneration of endangered plant-disperser systems may gain in efficacy by manipulating the spatial distribution of dispersers (e.g. through the creation of refuges and feeding sites) to create areas favourable to plant recruitment.
NATRIOREXIGENIC EFFECT OF DAMGO IS DECREASED BY BLOCKING AT 1 RECEPTORS IN THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA 16 17 18 19 20

20 J. YAN, a,b H. SUN, a,c Q. WANG, a K. CHEN, a B. SUN, a L. SONG, a W. YAN, a X. ZHAO, a S. ZHAO, a Y. ZHANG, a H. QIAO, a B. HU a AND J. YAN * Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# West Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China Department of Physiology, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263# Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, Henan 471023, PR China Department of Oral Biology, Xi’an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98# Xiwu Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
Comparison of Coconut Coir, Rockwool, and Peat Cultivations for Tomato Production: Nutrient Balance, Plant Growth and Fruit Quality

Rockwool (RC) and peat are two common substrates used worldwide in horticultural crop production. In recent years environmental and ecological concerns raised the demand for reducing the use of RC and peat. Although coconut coir (CC) has been increasingly used as an alternative to RC and peat, it is still needed to comprehensively evaluate the feasibility of CC before widely used. To meet this need, CC, RC, and peat-vermiculite (PVC) cultivations were used as tomato cultivation substrates to evaluate their effects on EC, pH and mineral ions in root-zone solution and drainage, nutrient uptake by crops, nutrient balance of cultivation system, plant growth and fruit quality. In general, CC significantly increased K and S uptake by crops, photosynthesis, individual fruit weight and total fruit yield compared to RC, and increased P and K uptake by crops and total fruit yield compared to PVC. Moreover, CC significantly increased organic acid of fruit in first truss compared to both RC and PVC. The uncredited nutrient was overally lower under CC than under RC and PVC (the lower, the better). For all substrates, the blossom-end rot (BER) of fruit increased gradually from 3rd to 13th trusses. The BER of fruit was not significantly influenced by CC compared to RC or PVC, but was sginificantly decreased by PVC compared to RC. Our results infer that CC was a potential substrate that could be widely used in tomato production. However, the inhibition of BER was still a challenge when CC was used as cultivation substrate for tomato.
New method to measure metallurgical length and application to improve computational models

Accurate knowledge of metallurgical length (ML), the distance where solidification is sufficiently complete, is important to control the positioning of soft reduction and containment rolls, in order to avoid centerline segregation, bulging, and whale formation during continuous casting of steel. Previous methods to measure ML are surveyed briefly, and typically involve expensive instrumentation of support rolls. In this work, a new "sensor-less" method infers the ML by observing when a particular roll first starts turning during small step increases in casting speed. This method was applied to the thin (90 mm) slab caster at Nucor Decatur and the trial results were used to calibrate a real-time computational heat-transfer model, which is currently in use at this caster. The calibrated model was then validated against published measurements, based on strain gauges installed on support rolls, at a conventional (260 mm) slab caster.
Under Consideration for Publication in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming a Constructive Semantic Characterization of Aggregates in Answer Set Programming

This technical note describes a monotone and continuous fixpoint operator to compute the answer sets of programs with aggregates. The fixpoint operator relies on the notion of aggregate solution. Under certain conditions, this operator behaves identically to the three-valued immediate consequence operator Φ aggr P for aggregate programs, independently proposed in (Pelov 2004; Pelov et al. 2004). This operator allows us to closely tie the computational complexity of the answer set checking and answer sets existence problems to the cost of checking a solution of the aggregates in the program. Finally, we relate the semantics described by the operator to other proposals for logic programming with aggregates.
Effects of skeletal muscle energy availability on protein turnover responses to exercise

ABSTRACT Skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training is a consequence of repeated contraction-induced increases in gene expression that lead to the accumulation of functional proteins whose role is to blunt the homeostatic perturbations generated by escalations in energetic demand and substrate turnover. The development of a specific ‘exercise phenotype’ is the result of new, augmented steady-state mRNA and protein levels that stem from the training stimulus (i.e. endurance or resistance based). Maintaining appropriate skeletal muscle integrity to meet the demands of training (i.e. increases in myofibrillar and/or mitochondrial protein) is regulated by cyclic phases of synthesis and breakdown, the rate and turnover largely determined by the protein's half-life. Cross-talk among several intracellular systems regulating protein synthesis, breakdown and folding is required to ensure protein equilibrium is maintained. These pathways include both proteasomal and lysosomal degradation systems (ubiquitin-mediated and autophagy, respectively) and the protein translational and folding machinery. The activities of these cellular pathways are bioenergetically expensive and are modified by intracellular energy availability (i.e. macronutrient intake) and the ‘training impulse’ (i.e. summation of the volume, intensity and frequency). As such, exercise–nutrient interactions can modulate signal transduction cascades that converge on these protein regulatory systems, especially in the early post-exercise recovery period. This review focuses on the regulation of muscle protein synthetic response-adaptation processes to divergent exercise stimuli and how intracellular energy availability interacts with contractile activity to impact on muscle remodelling. Summary: Skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training serves to blunt the homeostatic intracellular perturbations caused by accelerated energetic demands, and these responses are influenced by exogenous and endogenous energy availability.
Body shape in terrestrial isopods: A morphological mechanism to resist desiccation?

Woodlice are fully terrestrial crustaceans and are known to be sensitive to water loss. Their half‐ellipsoidal shapes represent simple models in which to investigate theoretical assumptions about organism morphology and rates of exchange with the environment. We examine the influence of surface area and mass on the desiccation rates in three eco‐morphologically different species of woodlice: Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber, and Armadillidium vulgare. Our analysis indicates that the rate of water loss of an individual depends on both the initial weight and the body surface area. Interspecific and intraspecific analyses show that the mass‐specific water loss rate of a species decreases along with the ratio of surface area to volume. In particular, we show that body shape explains the difference in mass‐specific water loss rates between A. vulgare and P. scaber. This observation also explains several known ecological patterns, for example, the distribution and survivorship of individuals. However, in addition to body size and shape, water loss in terrestrial isopods depends also on the coefficient of permeability (i.e., a measure of water loss rate per surface unit), which is high in O. asellus and lower (and at similar levels) in P. scaber and A. vulgare. We discuss morphological, physiological, and behavioral aspects of water loss avoidance in terrestrial isopods. J. Morphol. 276:1283–1289, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative PCR-Based Competitive Index for High-Throughput Screening of Salmonella Virulence Factors

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an intracellular pathogen and a main cause of food-borne illness. In this study, a quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based competitive index (CI) method was developed to simultaneously compare the growth of multiple Salmonella strains. This method was applied to a mixture of 17 Salmonella mutants lacking regulator genes, and their survival ratios were compared based on expression of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1). Nramp1, as a major host innate immune component, controls the intracellular replication of pathogens. Deletion strains containing unique DNA barcodes in place of regulator genes were mixed with the parental control, and the bacteria were inoculated into congenic mice differing only at Nramp1. Most of the deletion strains were outcompeted by wild-type bacteria in either mouse strain, and the lack of Nramp1 didn't increase the tested strain/parent control replication ratios. When the same collection of mutants was tested in congenic mouse-derived primary macrophages, a major Nramp1-expressing cell type, six strains (ΔhimD, ΔphoP/phoQ, ΔrpoE, ΔrpoS, ΔompR/envZ, and Δhfq strains) grew better in Nramp1−/− than in Nramp1+/+ macrophages, suggesting that these six regulators may play roles in overcoming Nramp1-mediated bactericidal activity in primary macrophages. The discrepancy in survival of macrophages and that of mice suggests either that there are differences in macrophage populations or that other cell types expressing Nramp1 control Salmonella proliferation in the host. The method described allows competitive infection analysis to be carried out on complex mixtures of bacteria and provides high reproducibility from independent biological replicates.
Unit-selection text-to-speech synthesis using an asynchronous interpolation model

We describe the Asynchronous Interpolation Model, which represents speech as a composition of several different types of feature streams that are computed using asynchronous interpolation of neighboring basis vectors, according to transition weights. When applied to the acoustic inventory of a concatenative Text-to-Speech synthesizer, the model eliminates concatenation errors and affords opportunities for high rates of compression and voice transformation. We propose a particular instance of the model that uses formant frequency values and formant-normalized complex spectra as two types of streams, in conjunction with a unit-selection synthesizer. During analysis, basis vectors and transition weights were estimated automatically, using three different labeling schemes and dynamic programming methods. An evaluation of the intelligibility and quality of the synthesized speech showed significant improvements over a standard, size-matched compression scheme. The proposed method was also able to convincingly transform speaker characteristics through replacement of basis vectors.
A Deep Learning Approach for Intrusion Detection Using Recurrent Neural Networks

Intrusion detection plays an important role in ensuring information security, and the key technology is to accurately identify various attacks in the network. In this paper, we explore how to model an intrusion detection system based on deep learning, and we propose a deep learning approach for intrusion detection using recurrent neural networks (RNN-IDS). Moreover, we study the performance of the model in binary classification and multiclass classification, and the number of neurons and different learning rate impacts on the performance of the proposed model. We compare it with those of J48, artificial neural network, random forest, support vector machine, and other machine learning methods proposed by previous researchers on the benchmark data set. The experimental results show that RNN-IDS is very suitable for modeling a classification model with high accuracy and that its performance is superior to that of traditional machine learning classification methods in both binary and multiclass classification. The RNN-IDS model improves the accuracy of the intrusion detection and provides a new research method for intrusion detection.
Mannose 6–Phosphate Receptors Are Sorted from Immature Secretory Granules via Adaptor Protein AP-1, Clathrin, and Syntaxin 6–positive Vesicles

The occurrence of clathrin-coated buds on immature granules (IGs) of the regulated secretory pathway suggests that specific transmembrane proteins are sorted into these buds through interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins. By quantitative immunoelectron microscopy of rat endocrine pancreatic β cells and exocrine parotid and pancreatic cells, we show for the first time that the mannose 6–phosphate receptors (MPRs) for lysosomal enzyme sorting colocalize with the AP-1 adaptor in clathrin-coated buds on IGs. Furthermore, the concentrations of both MPR and AP-1 decline by ∼90% as the granules mature. Concomitantly, in exocrine secretory cells lysosomal proenzymes enter and then are sorted out of IGs, just as was previously observed in β cells (Kuliawat, R., J. Klumperman, T. Ludwig, and P. Arvan. 1997. J. Cell Biol. 137:595–608). The exit of MPRs in AP-1/clathrin-coated buds is selective, indicated by the fact that the membrane protein phogrin is not removed from maturing granules. We have also made the first observation of a soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor, syntaxin 6, which has been implicated in clathrin-coated vesicle trafficking from the TGN to endosomes (Bock, J.B., J. Klumperman, S. Davanger, and R.H. Scheller. 1997. Mol. Biol. Cell. 8:1261–1271) that enters and then exits the regulated secretory pathway during granule maturation. Thus, we hypothesize that during secretory granule maturation, MPR–ligand complexes and syntaxin 6 are removed from IGs by AP-1/clathrin-coated vesicles, and then delivered to endosomes.
Onion bulb cells in mice deficient for myelin genes share molecular properties with immature, differentiated non‐myelinating, and denervated Schwann cells

Onion bulb formation is a pathological feature observed in peripheral nerves of patients suffering from inherited peripheral neuropathies such as Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth and Déjérine‐Sottas diseases. An onion bulb consists of small circumferentially oriented (supernumerary) cells and their processes surrounding a large caliber axon. In the present study, we investigated the molecular phenotype of supernumerary cells at the light and electron microscopic levels. The major motor (quadriceps muscle) branch of the femoral nerve from 16‐ to 24‐month‐old mice with an inactivated allele of the myelin protein zero gene or deficient for myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG; PO‐ ‐ and MAG‐ ‐ mice, respectively), which have numerous onion bulbs, was teased to obtain single nerve fibers, which were then processed for immunocytochemistry. Corresponding nerves from wild‐type mice served as controls. In both PO‐ ‐ and MAG‐ ‐ mice, supernumerary cells expressed S‐100, the low‐affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75, NGFr), the cell adhesion molecule L1, the neural cell adhesion molecule (N‐CAM), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). At the electron microscopic level, the cell surface of supernumerary cells was NGFr immunoreactive and L1 and N‐CAM were expressed at points of contact between supernumerary cells. NGFr, L1, and N‐CAM were also present in the basal lamina surrounding myelinated axons associated with onion bulbs. Both S‐100 and GFAP immunoreactivities were seen in the cytoplasm of supernumerary cells. In contrast, in wild‐type mice myelinating Schwann cells only expressed S‐100 intracellularly and L1 and N‐CAM in their basal lamina, whereas non‐myelinating Schwann cells expressed all five molecules investigated. The present study indicates that supernumerary cells in onion bulbs have a molecular phenotype characteristic of immature, differentiated non‐myelinating, and denervated Schwann cells, thus excluding the possibility that supernumerary cells are perineurial cells. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
International Journal of Hospitality Management Board Structure and Ceo Compensation: Evidence from U.s. Lodging Industry

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: a b s t r a c t Using a sample of U.S. lodging firms, this paper examines the relationship between board of director characteristics and chief executive officer (CEO) compensation. Previous research shows that larger boards are detrimental to the effectiveness of the board of directors and deteriorate the control imposed on CEO actions and pay. Board independence is also suggested as an important quality to emphasize the control on the CEO. We propose that U.S. lodging firms' board of directors provide a nice setting to investigate the effects of size and independence on CEO compensation level. Our findings suggest that CEO compensation is not related to board size, and positively related to proportion of the outside board members. These findings are contrary to the findings of previous studies. Our findings may provide significant insights to lodging firms' board of directors to structure efficient compensation packages.
Institute of Physics Publishing Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering Composite Ferromagnetic Photoresist for the Fabrication of Microelectromechanical Systems

This paper describes a simple method for the microfabrication of mechanically compliant, magnetically-responsive microstructures. These microstructures were fabricated in one step by using a ferromagnetic photoresist, which, in turn, was prepared by suspending nickel nanospheres in a negative photosensitive epoxy (SU8). The nominal diameter of the nickel nanospheres was 80–150 nm, that is, much smaller than the wavelength of the UV light (365 and 405 nm) used to expose the photoresist. Diffraction and scattering of light from the nanospheres allowed for full exposure of the photoresist, even after the incorporation of nanospheres at levels at which it became opaque. The ferromagnetic photoresist was cross-linked after exposure and development, and yielded a stable, compliant, ferromagnetic pattern. The paper characterizes the effect of the weight density of the nickel nanospheres on the transmittance of films made by this technique at wavelengths from 330 nm to 610 nm. It also describes a number of microstructures made with the photoresist: examples include lines, posts and meshes. As a demonstration, the procedure was applied to the microfabrication of a set of magnetically-actuated micromirrors. These micromirrors achieved large deflections: deflection at the tip of a 12 mm long, 250 µm wide and 70 µm thick cantilever of the ferromagnetic photoresist exceeded 1.4 mm, when actuated by a NbFeB permanent magnet with field strength ∼120 mT. The cantilever maintained its mechanical properties after cycling ∼10 6 times.