Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A theory of causal processing

A theory of causal processing is proposed. The theory is based on the notion that people understand the causal connection as a generative relation representing the operation of a causal power of some thing under some appropriate releasing condition. Much causal processing is automatic and involves the perception of apparent generative relations with the aid of this basic concept and more particular beliefs about the causal powers of the things involved. Controlled causal processing occurs when automatic causal processing cannot and when its occurrence is in the interest of some practical concern. This also involves identifying some causal power or releasing condition that is already believed to be a possible cause of the effect in question. The origins and development of this way of understanding causation are briefly discussed. The preferred method of testing ideas about possible causes involves gathering more information about the occasion in question, not sampling other occasions, as in covariation-based models. Evidence supporting this contention is reported. Application of this basic theory in particular domains of knowledge is briefly discussed.
Resilience: a Conceptual Lens for Rural Studies?

This paper examines the concept of resilience and its increasing application within rural studies in the face of both economic uncertainty and ecological crisis. Two approaches to resilience are firstly explored: an equilibrium (or bounce-back) approach, based on ‘return to normal’ assumptions, and an evolutionary (or bounce-forward) approach characterised by an emphasis on adaptive capacity and transformation. While resilience overlaps with the existing literature within rural studies and rural development, the paper argues that resilience thinking opens up new perspectives and provides the potential to ‘re-frame’ rural studies debates, provides a bridging concept. Two key contributions of resilience are identified: Firstly, resilience offers alternative analytical methods and insights for rural studies, particularly when drawing on evolutionary economic geography ideas of path dependencies and path creation, a relational perspective of rural space, and identification of place attributes which may enhance or undermine resilience. Secondly, resilience provides an alternative policy narrative for rural development practice. This includes an emphasis on adaptive networked governance, embedding ecological concerns into rural development practices and a call for blending the local and global in rural development processes. The paper concludes by identifying future research directions for rural resilience.
Algorithms for Learning Kernels Based on Centered Alignment

This paper presents new and effective algorithms for learning kernels. In particular, as shown by our empirical results, these algorithms consistently outperform the so-called uniform combination solution that has proven to be difficult to improve upon in the past, as well as other algorithms for learning kernels based on convex combinations of base kernels in both classification and regression. Our algorithms are based on the notion of centered alignment which is used as a similarity measure between kernels or kernel matrices. We present a number of novel algorithmic, theoretical, and empirical results for learning kernels based on our notion of centered alignment. In particular, we describe efficient algorithms for learning a maximum alignment kernel by showing that the problem can be reduced to a simple QP and discuss a one-stage algorithm for learning both a kernel and a hypothesis based on that kernel using an alignment-based regularization. Our theoretical results include a novel concentration bound for centered alignment between kernel matrices, the proof of the existence of effective predictors for kernels with high alignment, both for classification and for regression, and the proof of stability-based generalization bounds for a broad family of algorithms for learning kernels based on centered alignment. We also report the results of experiments with our centered alignment-based algorithms in both classification and regression.
Emotional Labor Since

The phrase "emotional labor" was coined by sociologist Arlie Hochschild in 1983 in her classic book, The Managed Heart. Jobs requiring emotional labor typically necessitate contact with other people external to or within the organization, usually involving face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact, especially in service work. In this article, the authors summarize Hochschild's pathbreaking work and assess the state of the current multi- and interdisciplinary literature on emotional labor. They distinguish between two interrelated areas of research on emotional labor. The first area involves predominantly, though not exclusively, qualitative case studies of employees at workplaces in the service sector. A second set of studies, primarily quantitative, investigates the link between emotional labor at home, in different jobs, or in nurturing activities (a specific form of emotional labor) and its consequences for individual employees' job satisfaction, productivity, and pay.
A Spiritual Strategy for Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Alienation Between Religion and Psychology The New Zeitgeist Western and Eastern Spiritual World Views A Theistic Spiritual View of Personality and Mental Health A Theistic Spiritual View of Psychotherapy Ethical Issues and Guidelines Religious and Spiritual Assessment Religious and Spiritual Practices as Therapeutic Interventions Spiritual Interventions Used by Contemporary Psychotherapists Case Reports of Spiritual Issues and Interventions in Psychotherapy A Theistic Spiritual View of Science and Research Methods Directions for the Future.
The Effects of Populist Emotive Appeals Within Direct-Democratic Campaigning

A substantial body of literature has shown that emotive appeals affect citizens' voting behavior. This study addresses the question of whether emotive appeals can affect citizens during homogeneous, intense, and emotive campaigning. We conduct an experiment that manipulates the emotive contents of populist campaign communication during two Swiss direct-democratic campaigns: a proposed ban on minaret construction and a proposed ban on arms exports. The results are mixed, but show the importance of campaign concept accessibility in one's cognition. Although the emotive contents of populist campaign communication advocating the arms exports initiative enhance attention, for the remaining scenarios, campaign accessibility triggers attention regardless of the emotive argumentation contents. Emotive contents tend to influence vote choice for either advocacy campaign, if the campaign is cognitively accessible to the subject. These nuanced results highlight the complexity of the interaction of campaign accessibility and emotive campaigns.
Developing forward‐looking and innovative school leaders: the Singapore Leaders in Education Programme

The Leaders in Education Programme is a six‐month full‐time programme for specially selected vice‐principals and ministry officers in Singapore to prepare them for school leadership. This paper describes and analyses the design of the programme and identifies the key underlying principle as that of knowledge construction, sharing and application using a social constructivism paradigm. In particular, it examines one particular component, the Future School project, in detail so as to illustrate these principles and how they operate in action. Drawing from the experiences of the Future School project, this paper suggests some pointers to designing a programme for school leadership.
Auditory Nerve: Electrical Stimulation in Man

Auditory perceptions produced in a person deaf to acoustic stimulation were studied by electrically exciting the auditory nerve through permanently implanted electrodes. Pulsed current as small as 1 microampere peak-to-peak could be perceived. Pitch, as reported by the subject, varied with electrode selection, current amplitude, and pulse repetition rate from about 70 to at least 300 pulses per second. Loudness increased with amplitude and duration of pulse stimuli, and to a lesser extent with repetition rate. The total range in amplitude of the stimulus, from threshold to an uncomfortable loudness, was 15 to 20 decibels. Simultaneous stimulation in separate electrodes produced a number of complex effects.
Evaluation of Tetraploid Switchgrass (Poales: Poaceae) Populations for Host Suitability and Differential Resistance to Four Cereal Aphids

ABSTRACT Switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L. , is being developed as a bioenergy feedstock. The potential for large-scale production has encouraged its evaluation as a host for important grass pests. Eight no-choice studies were performed for two developmental stages of two switchgrass cultivars (‘Kanlow’ and ‘Summer’) and two experimental strains, K×S, and S×K produced by reciprocal mating of these cultivars followed by selection for high yield. Plants were evaluated for host suitability and damage differences to herbivory by four important cereal aphids, Sipha flava (Forbes), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (biotype I), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). All switchgrasses were found to be unsuitable feeding and reproductive hosts to R. padi and D. noxia, which were unable to establish on the plants. However, both S. flava and S. graminum were able to establish on all switchgrasses tested. Differential levels of resistance to S. flava and S. graminum were detected among the switchgrasses by both cumulative aphid days (CAD) and plant damage ratings. Kanlow was consistently rated as highly resistant based on CAD and damage ratings for both aphid species, while Summer was consistently among the most susceptible to both aphids at both developmental stages, with relatively high damage ratings. The resistance of the K×S and S×K populations in relationship to their Summer and Kanlow parents indicted that they inherited some resistance to S. graminum and S. flava from their Kanlow parent. These studies provide valuable baseline information concerning the host suitability of switchgrass to four cereal aphids and the plant-insect interactions within a system that has been largely overlooked and indicate that there are genetic differences among switchgrass populations for resistance to some insects.
Effect of haemodialysis and residual renal function on serum levels of galectin‐3, B‐type natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponin T

Levels of plasma markers of myocardial fibrosis (galectin‐3), stretch (B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP)) and injury (high‐sensitivity troponin T (hs‐TnT)) are affected by haemodialysis, residual renal function (RRF) and cardiac pathology. We aimed to determine the association of RRF, urine output and haemodialysis itself on cardiac biomarkers in haemodialysis patients.
Texture synthesis and the controlled generation of natural stimuli using convolutional neural networks

It is a long standing question how biological systems transform visual inputs to robustly infer high-level visual information. Research in the last decades has established that much of the underlying computations take place in a hierarchical fashion along the ventral visual pathway. However, the exact processing stages along this hierarchy are difficult to characterise. Here we present a method to generate stimuli that will allow a principled description of the processing stages along the ventral stream. We introduce a new parametric texture model based on the powerful feature spaces of convolutional neural networks optimised for object recognition. We show that constraining a spatial summary statistic over feature maps suffices to synthesise high-quality natural textures. Moreover we establish that our texture representations continuously disentangle high-level visual information and demonstrate that the hierarchical parameterisation of the texture model naturally enables us to generate novel types of stimuli for systematically probing mid-level vision.
Researching Higher Education

Part 1: Recently published research on higher education Introduction Journals Books Part 2: Issues and approaches in researching higher education Researching teaching and learning Researching course design Researching the student experience Researching quality Researching system policy Researching institutional management Researching academic work Researching knowledge and research Part 3: The process of researching higher education Method and methodology in researching higher education Theory in higher education research Researching higher education at different levels The process of researching References
Cognitive Corpus Linguistics: five points of debate on current theory and methodology

Within cognitive linguistics, there is an increasing awareness that the study of linguistic phenomena needs to be grounded in usage. Ideally, research in cognitive linguistics should be based on authentic language use, its results should be replicable, and its claims falsifiable. Consequently, more and more studies now turn to corpora as a source of data. While corpus-based methodologies have increased in sophistication, the use of corpus data is also associated with a number of unresolved problems. The study of cognition through off-line linguistic data is arguably indirect, even if such data fulfils desirable qualities such as being natural, representative, and plentiful. Several topics in this context stand out as particularly pressing matters. This discussion note addresses (1) converging evidence from corpora and experimentation, (2) whether corpora mirror psychological reality, (3) the theoretical value of corpus linguistic studies of 'alternations', (4) the relation of corpus linguistics and grammaticality judgments, and lastly (5) the nature of explanations in cognitive corpus linguistics. We do not claim to resolve these issues nor cover all possible angles; instead we strongly encourage reactions and further discussion.
Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is proposed as an early marker of kidney injury. We report the association of urinary NGAL with indexes of intraoperative renal hypoperfusion (cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross-clamp time) and acute kidney injury (AKI) after adult cardiac surgery. STUDY DESIGN Diagnostic test accuracy. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Adult cardiac surgical patients (n = 426) in a single center from 2004 to 2006. INDEX TEST Urinary NGAL immediately and 3, 18, and 24 hours after cardiac surgery, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. REFERENCE TEST OR OUTCOME Serum creatinine-based definition for AKI (increase in serum creatinine from preoperative values by >50% or >0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours). RESULTS Mean urinary NGAL level was 165 +/- 663 (SD) ng/mL preoperatively, peaked immediately after cardiac surgery at 1,490 +/- 102 ng/mL, and remained significantly higher 3, 18, and 24 hours after surgery. 85 patients (20%) developed AKI. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for urinary NGAL immediately after and 3, 18, and 24 hours later as a predictor for AKI were 0.573 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.506 to 0.640), 0.603 (95% CI, 0.533 to 0.674), 0.611 (95% CI, 0.544 to 0.679), and 0.584 (95% CI, 0.510 to 0.657), respectively. Urinary NGAL, but not serum creatinine, level correlated significantly with cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves for cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross-clamp time to predict AKI were 0.592 (95% CI, 0.518 to 0.666) and 0.593 (95% CI, 0.523 to 0.665), respectively. LIMITATIONS Limited sensitivity of changes in serum creatinine levels for kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS Urinary NGAL has limited diagnostic accuracy to predict AKI defined by change in serum creatinine after cardiac surgery.
Why We Feel: The Science Of Human Emotions

Biopsychologist Victor Johnston explores the origins of human emotions. Drawing on computer science, neurobiology, and evolutionary psychology, he argues that emotions are not an accident of nature, but are instead the basis of learning and reasoning, and help us to adapt to a complex, rapidly changing environment. In the process, he offers a new view of reality - what we see, hear, smell and feel is not an accurate representation of the world around us; rather, our feelings are illusions, shaped by millions of years of evolution.
Riskier Sexual Partners Contribute to the Increased Rate of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Youth With Substance Use Disorders

Background: Youth with alcohol or marijuana dependence or disorders (substance use disorders [SUDs]) are at increased risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sexual partner characteristics may explain the relationship between SUD and STD. Methods: Clinical criteria for SUD, clinical STD diagnosis, and sexual partner characteristics were assessed among 15- to 24-year-old STD clinic attendees between 1999 and 2002 (n = 412). We used exact logistic regression and path analysis to examine the mediation effect of sexual partner characteristics (age discordance, incarceration, STD diagnosis, other partners, perceived alcohol problem, perceived marijuana problem, and a calculated composite measure) on the relationship between SUD and STD, adjusting for important demographics and condom use. Results: We found evidence of mediation by partner characteristics on the relationship between SUD and STD. For the logistic regression analysis, adding the partner characteristic composite reduced the strength of the association between SUD and STD from a statistically significant odds ratio of 1.7 (95% confidence interval = 1.0–2.7) to a statistically nonsignificant odds ratio of 1.5 (95% confidence interval = 0.9–2.5). In the path analysis, adding the partner characteristic composite reduced the significant direct effect of SUD on STD (&bgr; = 0.5, P = 0.04) to statistically nonsignificant effect (&bgr; = 0.1, P = 0.2). We estimated that 31% of the total effect of SUD on STD was attributable to the indirect path through the composite partner characteristic measure. Conclusions: Even when controlling for demographics and condom use, partner characteristics partially explained the association between SUD and STD.
Intensity coding by TMJ-responsive neurons in superficial laminae of caudal medullary dorsal horn of the rat.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represent a family of recurrent conditions that often cause pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region and muscles of mastication. To determine if TMJ-responsive neurons encoded the intensity of pro-inflammatory chemical signals, dose-effect relationships were assessed after direct injection bradykinin into the joint space and compared with responses after injection of glutamate or saline. Neurons were recorded from superficial laminae of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical cord junction region (Vc/C(2)) and identified by palpation of the TMJ region in barbiturate-anesthetized male rats. The majority (62 of 84) of units received convergent input from facial skin, while 26% were driven only by deep input from the TMJ region. Conduction-velocity based on the latency to firing after electrical stimulation of the TMJ region indicated 64% of units were driven by A-delta fiber input only. Bradykinin (0.1-10 microM) excited 69% of neurons tested, and 70% (19 of 27) of these units were activated by the lowest dose (0.1 microM). Glutamate (50-200 mM) excited 27% of units; however, when tested after bradykinin, 58% of units were activated by glutamate. Some TMJ units (17%) were excited by saline injection alone and not enhanced further by bradykinin or glutamate. Most (88%) TMJ units were activated by injection of the small fiber excitant, mustard oil (20% solution), into the TMJ region. Units responsive to bradykinin or glutamate were not restricted to particular classes [e.g., wide dynamic range (WDR), nociceptive specific (NS), deep only]. A small percentage of TMJ units (approximately 15%) were activated antidromically from the contralateral posterior thalamus. In parallel studies using c-fos immunocytochemistry, bradykinin (1 microM) injection into the TMJ region produced a greater number of Fos-positive neurons at the Vc/C(2) region than glutamate (200 mM) or saline. These results revealed two broad classes of TMJ units that encoded the intensity of pro-inflammatory chemical stimuli applied to the TMJ region, units that received convergent nociceptive input from facial skin (i.e., WDR and NS units) and units that responded only to deep input from the TMJ region. On the basis of encoding properties and efferent projection status, it is concluded that activation of TMJ units within the superficial laminae at the Vc/C(2) region contribute to the diffuse and spreading nature of TMD pain sensation.
Social support, life events and physical symptoms: A prospective study of chronic and recent life stress in men and women

The objective of this study was to examine whether functional social support buffers the effects of chronic and recent life stress on physical symptom reporting in men and women and assess whether perceptions of support remain stable over time. A longitudinal design was used. Self-ratings of stressful experiences were completed every 3 months over a period of 1 year. Physical symptoms were assessed at 6 and 12 months, and perceptions of social support were measured at baseline and at 12 months. Three groups were formed on the basis of average stress values for the first and second 6 months of the year: chronic low stress, chronic high stress and a recent high-stressed group consisting of individuals who reported low stress for the first 6 months, but high stress for the second 6 months of the year. As expected, high life stress was associated with greater symptom reporting. Perceptions of support remained stable and did not decline over the 12 months. After controlling for negative affectivity and physical symptoms at 6 months, no main effects of social support were found on reported physical health. However, perceived social support did moderate physical symptom reporting in those reporting recent high stress. For chronically high-stressed individuals there was no significant difference in physical symptoms between those with high or low social support. It was concluded that social support moderates the impact of recent but not chronic life stress on physical symptom reporting.
Visually perceiving what is reachable.

Four experiments designed to assess observers' ability to perceive whether or not something is within reach, under a variety of circumstances, are reported. Actual reaching ability is influenced by the posture in which reaching is to be done (e.g., with the arm alone, extending the arm while bending from the hip, and main- taining balance while bending from an upright standing position) and by the surface layout that confronts the reacher (e.g., the height of a surface to be reached and the presence of barriers to bending). Our investigation reveals that perceivers are sensitive to these influences on their reaching ability, although some are quite complex biomechanically. The results are discussed in the context of the demands that they place on computational and ecological accounts of perceiving what is within reach.
Evaluation of immunohematologic routine methods using the new erythrocyte‐magnetized technology on the QWALYS 2 system

BACKGROUND: QWALYS 2 is a fully automated system for ABO/D grouping, Rh phenotyping, K typing, and antibody screening (ABS). Its new erythrocyte‐magnetized technology (EMT) is based on the use of magnetic nanoparticles and avoids centrifugation and washing steps.