Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linear Response Function of Bond-Order

We present the linear response function of bond-orders (LRF-BO) based on a real space integration scheme for molecular systems. As in the case of the LRF of density, the LRF-BO is defined as the response of the bond order of the molecule for the virtual perturbation. Our calculations show that the LRF-BO enables us not only to detect inductive and resonating effects of conjugating systems, but also to predict pKa values on substitution groups via linear relationships between the Hammett constants and the LRF-BO values for meta- and para-substituted benzoic acids. More importantly, the LRF-BO values for the O-H bonds strongly depend on the sites to which the virtual perturbation is applied, implying that the LRF-BO values include essential information about reaction mechanism of the acid-dissociation of substituted benzoic acids.
Rapidly-exploring random trees : a new tool for path planning

We introduce the concept of a Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) as a randomized data structure that is designed for a broad class of path planning problems. While they share many of the bene cial properties of existing randomized planning techniques, RRTs are specifically designed to handle nonholonomic constraints (including dynamics) and high degrees of freedom. An RRT is iteratively expanded by applying control inputs that drive the system slightly toward randomly-selected points, as opposed to requiring point-to-point convergence, as in the probabilistic roadmap approach. Several desirable properties and a basic implementation of RRTs are discussed. To date, we have successfully applied RRTs to holonomic, nonholonomic, and kinodynamic planning problems of up to twelve degrees of freedom.
Momentum effect on the Russian stock market. Whether emerging markets are not profitable for Momentum Strategies (WP World Finance & Banking Symposium, Singapore 2014)

Our study examines whether price momentum strategy (cross section momentum effect on longshort portfolios) can be profitable on Russian stock market. We testing the statistical significance of zero cost portfolio excess returns. Our sample covers the period from 2004 to 2013 capturing different states of Russian economy. We implement relative strength strategy with 10% quantile to construct equal-weighted 16 portfolios with different analysis and holding windows. Consistent with Jegadeesh and Titman (1993), monthly portfolio returns are calculated on an overlapping holding period basis. Our testing gets some recommendations for investors. Firstly, investor may get successful results (1.5% excess monthly return) buying 3-month past “winners” and selling 3-month past “losers” and holding such portfolios for 3 months during the whole period from 2004 to 2013. Secondly, momentum strategy generates losses during the periods of crisis (due to past “winners”) and recovery (due to past “losers”). Thirdly, investor can increase the trading results by selling past medium – term “winners” and buying past medium – term “losers” with average monthly excess return about 1.2-1.7%. In the pre-crisis period the performance of momentum strategy is the best in comparison with other states of economy. We show that momentum effect is stronger with liquid stocks of large capitalization companies. The seasonal effect (January effect) is significant to build momentum strategies in Russian stocks. In addition, our paper examines the impact of total transaction costs on momentum strategies. We obtain that losers have substantially higher transaction costs than winners what is typical for emerging markets. Nevertheless, buying past winners (with consideration of transaction costs) allows beating the market during the whole analyzing period. JEL classification: G11; G12; G14
Peripheral blood lymphocyte apoptosis and its relationship with thyroid function tests in adolescents with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease

Introduction Failures in apoptotic pathways can contribute to various autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease (GD). The aim of the present research was to assess changes in the degree of peripheral blood (PB) lymphocyte apoptosis during methimazole (MMI) treatment in the group of teenage children, and to describe its relationship with thyroid function tests. Material and methods The percentage of PB apoptotic lymphocytes, assessed by the decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (CMXRos staining), was measured in 30 adolescents at the time of diagnosis and after obtaining normalization of the thyroid hormone levels. Results The percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes in previously untreated patients with GD (5.16 ±2.81%) was significantly lower (p = 0.000001) than the percentage of apoptotic cells in the same group of patients after obtaining methimazole-induced euthyroidism (10.72 ±4.66%). There was a correlation between the increase of the mean percentages of apoptotic lymphocytes and the reduction of FT4 levels (R = 0.63, p < 0.0001), as well as the reduction of TT3 levels (R = 0.95, p < 0.0001). The more signs and symptoms accompanying the diagnosis of GD, the higher was the increment of the degree of lymphocyte apoptosis observed during the MMI-treatment (R = 0.74, p < 0.0000001). The methimazole dosage correlated (R = 0.85, p < 0.0001) with the percentage of apoptotic cells. Conclusions The use of methimazole in treatment of hyperthyroidism due to GD leads to an increment of apoptotic cells in PB. Higher doses of methimazole cause a higher increase of apoptotic lymphocytes. Apoptosis induction of human PB lymphocytes seems to be one of the indicators of proper hyperthyroidism treatment.
The Freedom of Information Act and the Race Towards Information Acquisition

We document a little-known source of information exploited by sophisticated institutional investors: the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), a law that allows for the disclosure of previously unreleased information by the U.S. Government. Through FOIA requests, we identify several sophisticated institutional investors, chiefly hedge funds, that request information from the FDA. We explore the type of information commonly requested by funds and the types of firms that are targets of FDA-FOIA requests, and we show that FOIA requests allow these investors to generate abnormal returns. Thus, we illustrate a detailed mechanism through which costly information becomes incorporated into market prices.
Modulation of glycine potency in rat recombinant NMDA receptors containing chimeric NR2A/2D subunits expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes

Heteromeric NMDARs are composed of coagonist glycine‐binding NR1 subunits and glutamate‐binding NR2 subunits. The majority of functional NMDARs in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contain two NR1 subunits and two NR2 subunits of which there are four types (A–D). We show that the potency of a variety of endogenous and synthetic glycine‐site coagonists varies between recombinant NMDARs such that the highest potency is seen at NR2D‐containing and the lowest at NR2A‐containing NMDARs. This heterogeneity is specified by the particular NR2 subunit within the NMDAR complex since the glycine‐binding NR1 subunit is common to all NMDARs investigated. To identify the molecular determinants responsible for this heterogeneity, we generated chimeric NR2A/2D subunits where we exchanged the S1 and S2 regions that form the ligand‐binding domains and coexpressed these with NR1 subunits in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Glycine concentration–response curves for NMDARs containing NR2A subunits including the NR2D S1 region gave mean glycine EC50 values similar to NR2A(WT)‐containing NMDARs. However, receptors containing NR2A subunits including the NR2D S2 region or both NR2D S1 and S2 regions gave glycine potencies similar to those seen in NR2D(WT)‐containing NMDARs. In particular, two residues in the S2 region of the NR2A subunit (Lys719 and Tyr735) when mutated to the corresponding residues found in the NR2D subunit influence glycine potency. We conclude that the variation in glycine potency is caused by interactions between the NR1 and NR2 ligand‐binding domains that occur following agonist binding and which may be involved in the initial conformation changes that determine channel gating.
Efficient SAO coding algorithm for x265 encoder

x265 is an open-source HEVC encoder which utilizes many optimization techniques and thus has fast coding speed as well as excellent coding performance. As a key technique in HEVC, sample adaptive offset (SAO) is also adopted by x265 to reduce the distortion between reconstructed frames and original ones. Although x265 is implemented in parallel with many speed up techniques, less efforts have been focused on the reduction of SAO related computation, which makes SAO become the speed bottleneck due to its great computational complexity. In this paper, we first thoroughly investigate and analyze the implementation and complexity of SAO in x265. Then, we propose a fast algorithm to early terminate SAO process based on inter prediction mode, CTU spatial-domain correlations, and relations between luma and chroma. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can save 72.2% SAO processing time with only 0.52% BDBR increase or 0.014 dB BDPSNR loss which is negligible.
Forecasting Euro Area Inflation Using Dynamic Factor Measures of Underlying Inflation

Standard measures of prices are often contaminated by transitory shocks. This has prompted economists to suggest the use of measures of underlying inflation to formulate monetary policy and assist in forecasting observed inflation. Recent work has concentrated on modelling large data sets using factor models. In this paper we estimate factors from data sets of disaggregated price indices for European countries. We then assess the forecasting ability of these factor estimates against other measures of underlying inflation built from more traditional methods. The power to forecast headline inflation over horizons of 12 to 18 months is adopted as a valid criterion to assess forecasting. Empirical results for the five largest euro area countries, as well as for the euro area itself, are presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced Toxicity of Shiga Toxin (Stx) Type 2c in Mice Compared to Stx2d Is Associated with Instability of Stx2c Holotoxin

Shiga toxin (Stx) is an AB5 ribotoxin made by Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). These organisms cause diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. STEC make two types of Stxs, Stx1 and/or Stx2. Stx2 has one prototype (a) and six subtypes (b–g), but only STEC that make Stx2a, and/or Stx2c, or Stx2d are associated with severe disease. However, Stx2c is about 10-fold less toxic than Stx2d in vivo despite only two amino acid differences in the A subunit at positions 291 and 297. We made mutations at these two sites to create intermediate toxins between Stx2c and Stx2d, and determined the 50% cytotoxic dose on Vero cells before and after heat treatment, and the 50% lethal dose in mice of the toxins. We found that serine 291 was associated with increased toxicity in vivo and that either amino acid change from that in Stx2c to that in Stx2d increased heat stability. We also assessed the secondary structure of Stx2c and Stx2d by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The CD studies suggest that Stx2c has a less-ordered secondary structure than Stx2d. We conclude that both amino acids at positions 291 and 297 in Stx2c contribute to its decreased stability and in vivo toxicity compared to Stx2d.
Mixing Mathematics with Tribes Learning Communities: Implications for Decreasing Mathematics Anxiety

Mathematics is a subject area that causes a lot of anxiety within many individuals and is oftentimes a subject that is avoided by many. Over time, the approach to teaching this material has been transitioning to include a more interactive and student-centered model. This research study focused on how elementary teachers are implementing Tribes Learning Communities in their classrooms and what outcomes they have observed for students who experience mathematics anxiety. This study was conducted using a qualitative research approach involving a literature review and semi-structured interviews with teachers working in the Greater Toronto Area who have been actively practicing the Tribes process within their classrooms. The findings suggest that Tribes creates a safe and inclusive environment, which helps decrease mathematics anxiety, as students feel comfortable taking risks while actively engaging in the learning process. Moreover, it was found that Tribes fosters an environment for growth mindsets to flourish. The implications of these findings suggest that more needs to be done to support current and new teachers in becoming better prepared to teach mathematics using the new collaborative model.
Language and Cognition Interaction Neural Mechanisms

How language and cognition interact in thinking? Is language just used for communication of completed thoughts, or is it fundamental for thinking? Existing approaches have not led to a computational theory. We develop a hypothesis that language and cognition are two separate but closely interacting mechanisms. Language accumulates cultural wisdom; cognition develops mental representations modeling surrounding world and adapts cultural knowledge to concrete circumstances of life. Language is acquired from surrounding language “ready-made” and therefore can be acquired early in life. This early acquisition of language in childhood encompasses the entire hierarchy from sounds to words, to phrases, and to highest concepts existing in culture. Cognition is developed from experience. Yet cognition cannot be acquired from experience alone; language is a necessary intermediary, a “teacher. ” A mathematical model is developed; it overcomes previous difficulties and leads to a computational theory. This model is consistent with Arbib's “language prewired brain” built on top of mirror neuron system. It models recent neuroimaging data about cognition, remaining unnoticed by other theories. A number of properties of language and cognition are explained, which previously seemed mysterious, including influence of language grammar on cultural evolution, which may explain specifics of English and Arabic cultures.
The research of moisture detection in transformer oil based on ultrasonic method

Transformer is one of the most important equipment in the power industry. The moisture content of a power transformer insulation system is a key parameter for the estimation of its aging condition and operation reliability. Therefore detection of the moisture content is a very essential task within power transformer diagnostics. This paper puts forward a moisture detection method in transformer oil based on the ultrasonic transit time difference. The ultrasonic velocity of oil is closer to the water, but has a relatively large difference with ice; the oil-water mixture is frozen to enable the water to become ice in this paper. Because different moisture content will lead to change of propagation time, the moisture content will be obtained from ultrasonic transit time difference. This paper analyses ultrasonic transmit time in the suspension in theory, then verify the theoretical analysis in experimental. The experimental results are in agreement with theoretical analysis. It is clearly showed that the use of ultrasonic on transformer oil moisture detection is feasible.
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in Previously Shunted Children

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a routine and safe procedure for therapy of obstructive hydrocephalus. The aim of our study is to evaluate ETV success rate in therapy of obstructive hydrocephalus in pediatric patients formerly treated by ventriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunt implantation. From 2001 till 2011, ETV was performed in 42 patients with former V-P drainage implantation. In all patients, the obstruction in aqueduct or outflow parts of the fourth ventricle was proved by MRI. During the surgery, V-P shunt was clipped and ETV was performed. In case of favourable clinical state and MRI functional stoma, the V-P shunt has been removed 3 months after ETV. These patients with V-P shunt possible removing were evaluated as successful. In our group of 42 patients we were successful in 29 patients (69%). There were two serious complications (4.7%)—one patient died 2.5 years and one patient died 1 year after surgery in consequence of delayed ETV failure. ETV is the method of choice in obstructive hydrocephalus even in patients with former V-P shunt implantation. In case of acute or scheduled V-P shunt surgical revision, MRI is feasible, and if ventricular system obstruction is diagnosed, the hydrocephalus may be solved endoscopically.
Long-Term Potentiation Promotes Proliferation/Survival and Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells

Neural stem cell (NSC) replacement therapy is considered a promising cell replacement therapy for various neurodegenerative diseases. However, the low rate of NSC survival and neurogenesis currently limits its clinical potential. Here, we examined if hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), one of the most well characterized forms of synaptic plasticity, promotes neurogenesis by facilitating proliferation/survival and neuronal differentiation of NSCs. We found that the induction of hippocampal LTP significantly facilitates proliferation/survival and neuronal differentiation of both endogenous neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and exogenously transplanted NSCs in the hippocampus in rats. These effects were eliminated by preventing LTP induction by pharmacological blockade of the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) via systemic application of the receptor antagonist, 3-[(R)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl]-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP). Moreover, using a NPC-neuron co-culture system, we were able to demonstrate that the LTP-promoted NPC neurogenesis is at least in part mediated by a LTP-increased neuronal release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its consequent activation of tropomysosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptors on NSCs. Our results indicate that LTP promotes the neurogenesis of both endogenous and exogenously transplanted NSCs in the brain. The study suggests that pre-conditioning of the host brain receiving area with a LTP-inducing deep brain stimulation protocol prior to NSC transplantation may increase the likelihood of success of using NSC transplantation as an effective cell therapy for various neurodegenerative diseases.
Priming and Negative Priming in Violent Video Games

This is a thesis about priming and negative priming in video games. In this context, priming refers to an effect in which processing some concept makes reactions to related concepts easier. Conversely, negative priming refers to an effect in which ignoring some concept makes reactions to related concepts more difficult. The General Aggression Model (GAM) asserts that the depiction of aggression in VVGs leads to the priming of aggression-related concepts. Numerous studies in the literature have seemingly confirmed that this relationship exists. However, recent research has suggested that these results may be the product of confounding. Experiments in the VVG literature commonly use different commercial off-the-shelf video games as different experimental conditions. Uncontrolled variation in gameplay between these games may lead to the observed priming effects, rather than the presence of aggression-related content. Additionally, in contrast to the idea that players of VVGs necessarily process in-game concepts, some theorists have suggested that players instead ignore in-game concepts. This suggests that negative priming rather than priming might happen in VVGs. The first series of experiments reported in this thesis show that priming does not happen in video games when known confounds are controlled. These results also suggest that negative priming may occur in these cases. However, the games used in these experiments were not as realistic as many VVGs currently on the market. This raises concerns that these results may not generalise widely. I therefore ran a further three experiments. In these experiments, a variety of different kinds of VVG realism were manipulated and the effects of this realism on priming measured. These experiments suggest that increased realism in VVGs does not lead to increased priming of aggression-related concepts, and therefore that the effects outlined above should generalise to a variety of games regardless of their level of realism.
Efficiency and Fragility in Loss Networks

2 Liquidity as a resource 5 2.1 Lower truncated liquidity process . 5 2.2 On reserve requirements . 7 2.3 Liquidity cost minimization . 7 2.4 Approximation . 8 2.5 Traffic burstiness . 8
Older women: Employment and wellbeing in later life

This article explores the older worker discourse on wellbeing and work by highlighting the labour market re-entry and work experiences of a small group of older women who returned to New Zealand 'rejuvenated' after completing self-initiated expatriation (SIE), a period of extended travel and work overseas. The women explored a diverse range of organisational employment options and despite their intention to engage in appropriate and meaningful work pathways, their experiences were marred by discrimination, disadvantage and disappointment. However the participants, buoyed by the freedom, challenges and learnings derived from their recent SIE, were no longer prepared to compromise their personal wellbeing by engaging in unsatisfactory work roles and looked to alternative avenues, outside formal organisational work to preserve their sense of wellbeing. This research contributes to the older worker and wellbeing discourses by encouraging employers and other stakeholders to embrace a broad range of 'older' employee pathways, in a spirit of employer-employee reciprocity that support and enhance individual and organisational wellbeing.
The Dimension of Random Ordered Sets

Let P = (X, 0, there exist δ, c > 0 so that: (1) if (log1+ϵn)/n n- cnlp log n for almost all P ∈Ω(n, p). The first inequality is best possible up to the value of the constant δ when p > (log2+en)/n. As to the accuracy of the second inequality, we have the trivial upper bound dim(P)≦n for all P∈Ω(n, p). We then develop a nontrivial upper bound which holds for almost all P ∈Ω(n, p), when p ≧ 1 /log n. This upper bound has the same form as the lower bound when p is constant. We also study the space ℒ(n) of all labelled ordered sets on n points and show that there exist positive constants c1, c2 so that n/4 - c1n/log n < dim(P)
Conflicts of Interest and Research Quality of Affiliated Analysts : Evidence from IPO Underwriting

The quality of financial analysts’ equity research is pivotal for an efficient capital market. This study investigates the quality of earnings forecasts and stock recommendations for initial public offerings (IPOs) in Germany. The empirical study includes 12,605 earnings forecasts and 6,209 stock recommendations of individual analysts for the time period from 1997 to 2004. The focus of this study is on analyzing the potential conflicts of interest and agency problems that arise when the analyst is affiliated with the underwriter of an IPO. In a universal banking system these conflicts of interest are usually more pronounced and therefore interesting to investigate. The empirical findings for the German financial market suggest that the earnings forecasts and stock recommendations of the analysts belonging to the leadunderwriter are on average inaccurate and biased, indicating some conflicts of interest. Moreover, the stock recommendations of the analysts that are affiliated with the lead-underwriter are often too optimistic resulting in a significant long-run underperformance. In contrast, analysts of the co-underwriter as well as unaffiliated analysts provide superior earnings forecasts and stock recommendations.