Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microbial Control of Sea Spray Aerosol Composition: A Tale of Two Blooms

With the oceans covering 71% of the Earth, sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles profoundly impact climate through their ability to scatter solar radiation and serve as seeds for cloud formation. The climate properties can change when sea salt particles become mixed with insoluble organic material formed in ocean regions with phytoplankton blooms. Currently, the extent to which SSA chemical composition and climate properties are altered by biological processes in the ocean is uncertain. To better understand the factors controlling SSA composition, we carried out a mesocosm study in an isolated ocean-atmosphere facility containing 3,400 gallons of natural seawater. Over the course of the study, two successive phytoplankton blooms resulted in SSA with vastly different composition and properties. During the first bloom, aliphatic-rich organics were enhanced in submicron SSA and tracked the abundance of phytoplankton as indicated by chlorophyll-a concentrations. In contrast, the second bloom showed no enhancement of organic species in submicron particles. A concurrent increase in ice nucleating SSA particles was also observed only during the first bloom. Analysis of the temporal variability in the concentration of aliphatic-rich organic species, using a kinetic model, suggests that the observed enhancement in SSA organic content is set by a delicate balance between the rate of phytoplankton primary production of labile lipids and enzymatic induced degradation. This study establishes a mechanistic framework indicating that biological processes in the ocean and SSA chemical composition are coupled not simply by ocean chlorophyll-a concentrations, but are modulated by microbial degradation processes. This work provides unique insight into the biological, chemical, and physical processes that control SSA chemical composition, that when properly accounted for may explain the observed differences in SSA composition between field studies.
A Hybrid Stochastic Approach for Self-Location of Wireless Sensors in Indoor Environments

Indoor location systems, especially those using wireless sensor networks, are used in many application areas. While the need for these systems is widely proven, there is a clear lack of accuracy. Many of the implemented applications have high errors in their location estimation because of the issues arising in the indoor environment. Two different approaches had been proposed using WLAN location systems: on the one hand, the so-called deductive methods take into account the physical properties of signal propagation. These systems require a propagation model, an environment map, and the position of the radio-stations. On the other hand, the so-called inductive methods require a previous training phase where the system learns the received signal strength (RSS) in each location. This phase can be very time consuming. This paper proposes a new stochastic approach which is based on a combination of deductive and inductive methods whereby wireless sensors could determine their positions using WLAN technology inside a floor of a building. Our goal is to reduce the training phase in an indoor environment, but, without an loss of precision. Finally, we compare the measurements taken using our proposed method in a real environment with the measurements taken by other developed systems. Comparisons between the proposed system and other hybrid methods are also provided.
Using Punishment Threats to Attenuate Social Loafing Effects among Swimmers

Members of high-school swim teams (n = 120) swam a 100-yard freestyle either as members of a four-person relay team or as individuals swimming alone. In all cases, a performance time goal established in pretesting to be perceived as difficult, but acceptable, was announced by the coaches (i.e., the desired time to swim the required distance by either an individual or by the relay team as a whole). Further announced was a punishment threat for failing to meet this standard—a number of penalty laps established in pretesting to be perceived as either a severe threat, a moderate threat, or no threat. Consistent with previous research on the social loafing effect, it was found that individuals in groups performed worse (i.e., swam slower) than individuals performing alone under conditions in which punishment threats were not issued. In contrast, when substandard performance was threatened with punishment, group performance improved, and the social loafing effect was attenuated. The implications and limitations of these findings for maximizing task performance are discussed.
Studies on the Charactenrstics of the Control System Governing Sodium Excretion in Uremic Man

Dr. Ivan 0. Elkan is a Research Associate at the John Cochran Veterans Administration Hospital. Dr. Neal S. Bricker is a recipient of a U. S. Public Health Service Career Research Award. Received for publication 5 June 1967 and in revised form 1 November 1967. excretion averaged only 19% of the A filtered load; moreover, changes in fractional sodium reabsorption were considerably smaller than those observed during saline loading. The data implicate the presence of a factor other than GFR and mineralocorticoid changes in the modulation of sodium excretion in uremic man.
RESPONSIBILITY ATTITUDES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SYMPTOMS IN A STUDENT POPULATION

Excessive responsibility has been proposed as a cognitive factor in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In the present study the relationships of Salkovskis' measure of Responsibility Attitudes (RAS) (Salkovskis et al., 2000) with the total scale and the subscales of the PI-WSUR (Burns, Koertge, Formea, & Sternberger, 1996) measure of obsessive compulsive symptoms, as well as with a measure of depression (CES-D), were studied with a sample of 356 students (108 males and 248 females). As expected, the correlation between RAS and PI-WSUR was stronger than the correlation between RAS and CES-D, supporting the specific role of excessive responsibility in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Among the subscales of PI-SWUR the strongest correlation of RAS was with Obsessional Thoughts About Harm to Self/Others (OTAHSO) and then with Checking. The OTAHSO was the only PI-WSUR subscale to show a significant partial correlation with RAS when other subscales and CES-D scores were taken into consideration. These results indicate that responsibility attitudes may play quite different roles in relation to different obsessive-compulsive symptom domains and that cognitive theory should take this more explicitly into account.
Children's Understanding of Others' Need for Help: Effects of Problem Explicitness and Type.

PEARL, RUTH. Children's Understanding of Others' Need for Help: Effects of Problem Explicitness and Type. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1985, 56, 735-745. This study examined developmental changes in children's understanding of the need for helpful behavior as a fuinction of characteristics of the situations in which help is needed. 4-year-olds and 9-year-olds were shown a series of videotaped vignettes of 2 child actors, 1 of whom experienced a problem as a result of either lacking a necessary skill to complete a project or being physically unable to performnn a task. Each child saw 1 of' 4 versions of these scenes, with the different versions varying in the explicitness of the child's problem and distress. Results indicated that the nature of the cues in the situation had virtually no effect on the older children, who consistently recognized the problem and suggested appropriate action. However, the explicitness of the cues was an important influence on the younger children, who were generally more likely to be-aware that the actor was having trouble and to suggest a helpful response when the cues indicating the distress and its cause were explicit than when they were subtle. The problem type also influenced whether the younger children suggested a helpful response, and whether they thought that the helper would be a peer or an adult.
Women's Representation in National Politics in the World's Democratic Countries: A Research Note

In this research note, I introduce a new concept for examining women's political representation. This concept deals with women's representation both in parliaments and governments. I name the new concept “women's representation in national politics. ” The empirical results of this study demonstrate that the independent variable region is the variable with the greatest explanatory power of the independent variables used in this study. The results show that Scandinavia has extraordinarily high levels of female representation in national politics. The results also show that three countries in Oceania—Nauru, Palau, and Tuvalu—do not have any female representation in national politics.
DIETARY FAT AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE: A REVIEW

CORONARY HEART DISEASE is by far the most important cause of death and disability in Australia. Because of the sinister natural history and the sudden, unheralded and frequently fatal onset of manifest disease, the main hope of reducing its toll in the community is by prevention. Five preventive measures have suggested themselves as a result of many epidemiological studies. These are giving up cigarette smoking, reduction of excess weight, increasing physical fitness, and the control of high blood ,pressure and high blood lipid levels. This report concerns the control of high blood lipid levels by modification of diet, and particularly of dietary fat intake; it was prepared by a Standing Subcommittee of the Foundation which periodically reviews the scientific literature on this subject. The first report prepared by the committee was published in 1967 (National Heart Foundation, 1967). Subsequent review in 1968 revealed little change of practical significance in the field, but in 1969 and 1970 further important developments have occurred. This second report deals with laboratory, clinical and epidemiological developments in these fields since the first report.
Attitudes Toward Flexibility

Although worker flexibility may well be beneficial for team performance, it may also have unanticipated social side effects. This study examines to what extent task interdependence and perceived task autonomy are related to the beliefs of team members that being flexible brings social benefits and social downsides. Completed questionnaires are returned by 432 employees and their supervisors, working in 90 flexible teams across 15 organizations. The results demonstrate a positive relationship between perceived task autonomy and the perceived social benefits of worker flexibility, but only for teams with high levels of task interdependence. In addition, task autonomy, in the sense of having discretion over the use of flexibility, proves to be negatively related to the perceived social downsides of being flexible, but only if task interdependence is high. The results suggest that it is important to match the level of task autonomy with the level of task interdependence.
A Latent-Variable Modeling Approach to Assessing Reliability and Validity of a Creativity Instrument

ABSTRACT: A multiple-choice paper-and-pencil test was developed based on the constructs from the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT). The rationale of this new instrument was to shorten the amount of time required for the administration and scoring of creativity tests. This instrument was translated into Spanish and administered along with the TTCT and the Villa and Auzmendi Creativity Test (VAT) to 2,270 students in Spain. Teachers' ratings of student creativity were also obtained. Using a traditional concurrent validation approach from an earlier study, we found low but significant correlations between the scores of the four subscales of the new test and the same subscales of the VAT and TTCT, as well as the students' academic achievement measures. In terms of reliability, mostly moderate (internal consistency) reliability coefficients were found for the new test. As an alternative to the traditional approach, this study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) with multiple indicators to examine the validity and reliability of the new creativity test. The results indicated that substantial improvements in the validity and reliability estimation over the traditional approaches can be made by using SEM with multiple indicators.
The Present Situation of the History of Economic Thought in France

For historical reasons, history of economic thought (hereafter HET) has been until today in France more an integral part of economics in general than a specialized subdiscipline in the field of economics or in the history of sciences and culture. There is no doubt that inherited idiosyncrasies have played a role in maintaining until now the weight of HET in the teaching and research system. But I shall argue that its present strength may also be explained by the way economics in France repudiated around 1970 its past insularity and opened itself to foreign influences. HET then developed through an active link with modern theory. Today, the threat to the future of HET is not the outcome of the lifting of barriers supposedly protecting French economics, but the consequence of a change in foreign influences. Nevertheless, some signs of hope exist, which should prevent French historians of economic thought from falling into nostalgia. I shall first mention some facts about HET in France, before stressing which type of HET they have shaped. Finally, I shall describe the elements that sketch an uncertain future.
Activating stereotypes undermines task performance expectations

According to the theory of stereotype threat (C. M. Steele, 1997; C. M. Steele & J. Aronson, 1995), activating stereotypes about a group's typical underperformance on a task can undermine a group member's performance on that task. The goal of the present research was to more fully delineate the contexts that activate task-performance stereotypes and the mechanisms that might lead to, or potentially prevent, such performance decrements. In 2 experiments, individuals led to believe that they had high ability on a task predicted that they would do better on future performances of the same or similar tasks than did those given ambiguous feedback about their task abilities when stereotypes were not accessible. However, activating group stereotypes-for instance, by creating expected solo status-undermined these positive expectations.
Self-Serving Attributions in Corporate Annual Reports: A Replicated Study

This study is a replication of Bettman and Weitz (1983) in the Singapore context. Data from Letters to Shareholders in 208 annual reports published in 1985 and 1994 were used to analyse the patterns of causal explanations for corporate performance outcomes. The general self-serving pattern of attributions found in the original study was also identified in this study. However, the data of the original study do not unequivocally support either the motivational or informational explanation for the existence of self-serving attributions, whereas the latter explanation is strongly supported by the data of this study. This finding is consistent with the growing evidence provided by cross-cultural psychological research indicating East Asians' greater sensitivity to situational influences when making causal attributions. In short, the present study clearly illustrates the important role of replication in the knowledge accumulation and theory development of strategy research.
Specific Recognition and Killing of Glioblastoma Multiforme by Interleukin 13-Zetakine Redirected Cytolytic T Cells

The interleukin (IL) 13 receptor α2 (IL13Rα2) is a glioma-restricted cell-surface epitope not otherwise detected within the central nervous system. Here, we describe a novel approach for targeting glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with IL13Rα2-specific cytolytic T cells (CTLs) by their genetic modification to express a membrane-tethered IL13 cytokine chimeric T-cell antigen receptor, or zetakine. Our prototype zetakine incorporates an IL13 E13Y mutein for selective binding to IL13Rα2. Human IL13-zetakine+CD8+ CTL transfectants display IL13Rα2-specific antitumor effector function including tumor cell cytolysis, TC1 cytokine production, and zetakine-regulated autocrine proliferation. The E13Y amino acid substitution of the IL13 mutein of the zetakine endows CTL transfectants with the capacity to discriminate between IL13Rα2+ GBM targets from targets expressing IL13Rα1. In vivo, the adoptive transfer of IL13-zetakine+CD8+ CTL clones results in the regression of established human glioblastoma orthotopic xenografts. Pilot clinical trials have been initiated to evaluate the feasibility and safety of local-regional delivery of autologous IL13-zetakine redirected CTL clones in patients with recurrent GBM. Our IL13-zetakine is a prototype of a new class of chimeric immunoreceptors that signal through an engineered immune synapse composed of membrane-tethered cytokine muteins bound to cell-surface cytokine receptors on tumors.
Gender differences in personality predictors of counterproductive behavior

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in personality predictors of a specific form of workplace aggression: counterproductive work behaviors directed at individuals (CWB‐I). Design/methodology/approach – Students (n=212) who were part‐time employees working at least 15 hours per week completed a measure of the five‐factor model (FFM) personality traits and two circumplex personality traits (Calmnesss and Pleasantness), as well as a measure of CWB‐I. Hierarchical regressions and tests of mean differences were used to examine hypotheses pertaining to gender differences in personality predictors of interpersonal aggression.Findings – Results generally supported the hypotheses as shown by the significant interactions between gender and personality traits in predicting CWB‐I. Agreeableness and Pleasantness significantly (negatively) predicted CWB‐I among males, but not females. Emotional Stability significantly (negatively) predicted CWB‐I among females, but not males.Research lim.
Multiple Biomarkers for the Prediction of Ischemic Stroke: The PRIME Study

Objective—To simultaneously evaluate 14 biomarkers from distinct biological pathways for risk prediction of ischemic stroke, including biomarkers of hemostasis, inflammation, and endothelial activation as well as chemokines and adipocytokines. Methods and Results—The Prospective Epidemiological Study on Myocardial Infarction (PRIME) is a cohort of 9771 healthy men 50 to 59 years of age who were followed up over 10 years. In a nested case–control study, 95 ischemic stroke cases were matched with 190 controls. After multivariable adjustment for traditional risk factors, fibrinogen (odds ratio [OR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.28), E-selectin (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.06–2.93), interferon-&ggr;-inducible-protein-10 (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.06–2.78), resistin (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.30–6.27), and total adiponectin (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.04–3.19) were significantly associated with ischemic stroke. Adding E-selectin and resistin to a traditional risk factor model significantly increased the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve from 0.679 (95% CI, 0.612–0.745) to 0.785 and 0.788, respectively, and yielded a categorical net reclassification improvement of 29.9% (P=0.001) and 28.4% (P=0.002), respectively. Their simultaneous inclusion in the traditional risk factor model increased the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve to 0.824 (95% CI, 0.770–0.877) and resulted in an net reclassification improvement of 41.4% (P<0.001). Results were confirmed when using continuous net reclassification improvement. Conclusion—Among multiple biomarkers from distinct biological pathways, E-selectin and resistin provided incremental and additive value to traditional risk factors in predicting ischemic stroke.
Language‐based earnings differentials on the Swiss labour market: is Italian a liability?

This paper examines wage rate differentials that set off speakers of Italian (Switzerland’s third national language community) from the rest of the population. Although second language skills are used here as control variables, the focus is on agents’ first language, which can be interpreted as a proxy for ethnicity. This paper uses a unique data set, and to our knowledge, is the first paper, to address the issue of language‐based inequality in Switzerland. Our chief aim is to provide an overview and to identify priorities for further research. The methodology is accordingly kept simple. After presenting general information on Switzerland′s Italian‐speaking community, we discuss the conceptual and methodological issues involved in the identification and operationalization of the data necessary to assess its relative socio‐economic status. Results show that outside the predominantly Italian‐language region of Tessin, male speakers of Italian are at a significant disadvantage on the labour market, even after controlling for the effect of other determinants of earnings, including competence in Switzerland’s other national languages. Therefore, the Swiss way of dealing with linguistic diversity, which relies on the territoriality principle (i.e., a one‐to‐one correspondence between language and territory, making for fairly homogeneous language regions), is not just an institutional arrangement; it also appears to be backed up by labour market outcomes, because interregional mobility may carry a significant cost.
Further to the right: Uncertainty, political polarization and the American “Tea Party” movement

The Tea Party entered U.S. politics in a time of economic uncertainty, positioning itself far to the right of the conservative movement. Its highly conservative position has allowed it to provide a clear self-definition that contrasts with more moderate and liberal political views. To examine the Tea Party's influence on American political prototypes, we manipulated the comparative context in which participants received an extreme pro-normative message from a Tea Party group. Conservatives (N = 47), primed with self-uncertainty, supported the extreme position, indicating more conservative views for both themselves and similar others when primed with an intergroup versus an intragroup context. Results are discussed in terms of the ability for extreme ingroup factions to polarize prototypes under self-conceptual uncertainty.
Antifungal Mechanism of Action of Lactoferrin: Identification of H+-ATPase (P3A-Type) as a New Apoptotic-Cell Membrane Receptor

ABSTRACT Human lactoferrin (hLf) is a protein of the innate immune system which induces an apoptotic-like process in yeast. Determination of the susceptibility to lactoferrin of several yeast species under different metabolic conditions, respiratory activity, cytoplasmic ATP levels, and external medium acidification mediated by glucose assays suggested plasma membrane Pma1p (P3A-type ATPase) as the hLf molecular target. The inhibition of plasma membrane ATPase activity by hLf and the identification of Pma1p as the hLf-binding membrane protein confirmed the previous physiological evidence. Consistent with this, cytoplasmic ATP levels progressively increased in hLf-treated Candida albicans cells. However, oligomycin, a specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial F-type ATPase proton pump (mtATPase), abrogated the antifungal activity of hLf, indicating a crucial role for mtATPase in the apoptotic process. We suggest that lactoferrin targeted plasma membrane Pma1p H+-ATPase, perturbing the cytoplasmic ion homeostasis (i.e., cytoplasmic H+ accumulation and subsequent K+ efflux) and inducing a lethal mitochondrial dysfunction. This initial event involved a normal mitochondrial ATP synthase activity responsible for both the ATP increment and subsequent hypothetical mitochondrial proton flooding process. We conclude that human lactoferrin inhibited Pma1p H+-ATPase, inducing an apoptotic-like process in metabolically active yeast. Involvement of mitochondrial H+-ATPase (nonreverted) was essential for the progress of this programmed cell death in which the ionic homeostasis perturbation seems to precede classical nonionic apoptotic events.