Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Migration as a Rite of Passage: Young Afghans Building Masculinity and Adulthood in Iran

Migration is part of the Afghan social and cultural landscape. In spite of the unprecedented wave of returns following the fall of the Taliban regime and the establishment of a government backed by the international community, multidirectional cross-border movements will not come to an end. This paper focuses on the case of Hazara male migrants moving between the mountains of Central Afghanistan and the cities of Iran. For many young men, migration offers the opportunity to broaden their social networks beyond narrow kinship and neighborhood ties. It may be conceived as a necessary stage in their existence, a rite of passage to adulthood and a step toward manhood: the perilous journey may be understood as a spatial and partially social separation from the families and homes which contributes to cut the links with the period of childhood; their stay in Iran, during which they have to prove their capacity to face hardship and to save money while living among itinerant and temporary working teams, represents a period of liminality; at their return to their village of origin, they will be reincorporated as adult marriageable men, although they will keep commuting between Afghanistan and Iran for part of their life. 1This paper is based on several field researches in Iran supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation in 1996 and 1998, by the Mellon Foundation in 2003 (for a project of the Refugee Studies Centre of Oxford supervised by Dawn Chatty and entitled Children and Adolescents in Sahrawi and Afghani Refugee Households in Algeria and Iran: Living with the Effects of Prolonged Conflict and Forced Migration), and by the MacArthur Foundation in 2004 (for a personal project entitled Beyond the Boundaries: Hazara Migratory Networks from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran toward Western Countries). I would like to thank the reviewer, M. Jamil Hanifi, and Sarah Kamal for their helpful comments.
Principles for a Cultural Psychology of Creativity

This article focuses on a novel theoretical paradigm emerging in the study of human creativity: the cultural-psychological approach. It starts by differentiating between the long past of individualistic accounts of creativity (the lonely genius) and the short history of psychological understandings (the creative individual). The social and the cross-cultural psychology of creativity are both considered, together with their advantages and current limitations. Creativity is generally conceptualized as a process of artifact generation and five broad principles for a cultural psychology of creativity are presented. In clarifying the nature of creativity, a special consideration is given to the relationship between individuals, creativity, and culture. Finally, the role of the community in fostering and assessing creativity is suggested as a more realistic solution to the individual—society debate.
The Association between Racial Socialization and Depression

The authors use a profile analysis strategy to identify five composite types of racial socialization practices or “racial socialization meta-messages. ” The authors assess the association between racial socialization meta-messages received during late adolescence and depressive symptoms in young adulthood. They find that a guarded racial socialization meta-message (one that combines warnings about discrimination with direction to be wary and cautious when dealing with majority group members) is associated with elevated depressive symptoms when respondents are between the ages of 20 and 22 years. The authors also find that an empowered racial socialization meta-message (one that combines warnings about discrimination with strategies for overcoming racial prejudice) partially buffers respondents against the mental health consequences of racial discrimination.
Provoking Jealousy and Envy: Domain Relevance and Self-Esteem Threat

In two studies, feelings of jealousy and envy in a life domain were reliably associated with (a) the importance of the domain to oneself, (b) the degree to which one assesses actual performance in a domain as not measuring up to ideal expectations, and (c) low global self-esteem. The first study reported results from a survey of 6,482 readers of a national magazine. A more conventional sample of 220 adults drawn from the local community participated in the second, replication study. The results suggest the value of self-evaluation maintenance theory and self-discrepancy theory for understanding situations that provoke jealousy and envy, and the nature of these complex emotional experiences.
Factor Structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale (CES–D) Among Older Men and Women Who Provide Care to Persons with Dementia

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale (CES–D) is among the most widely used depression screening measures. Existing research suggests a higher order factor structure of responses among older adults (factors labeled as Depressive Affect, Absence of Well-being, Somatic Symptoms, and Interpersonal Affect each loading on a 2nd-order depression factor). This study extended this research to ascertain whether this structure is equivalent (or invariant) between men and women. Findings suggest that the number and relative contribution of each factor is similar for male and female caregivers of persons with dementia. Furthermore, interpretation of CES–D items is statistically indistinguishable for 17 of 20 items across gender within this randomly identified, national sample of respondents. Results of this study support the higher order factor structure of the CES–D and provide data in support of the concurrent validity and reliability of responses within a population at elevated risk for depression.
Importation and Deprivation Explanations of Juveniles’ Adjustment to Correctional Facilities

Two theoretical explanations, importation and deprivation, are commonly used to explain inmate adjustment to the correctional environment. This study examined the relation- ship of selected importation and deprivation factors on juveniles’ anxiety levels while they were confined to institutions. Self-reported data collected from 3,986 juveniles and aggregate level data collected from interviews with administrators at 48 U.S. correctional facilities were used in a probit regression analysis. Importation and deprivation factors were found to have a significant impact on juveniles’ anxiety levels. Youth who were younger, White, or had a history of exposure to family violence experienced more anxiety. Youth confined to an institution modeled after military boot camps reported higher levels of anxiety. Juveniles who perceived their institution as having less justice and permitting less activity reported more anxiety. Consistent with prior literature, support was provided for a combined theoretical model of importation and deprivation factors for explaining juveniles’ institutional adjustment.
Behavioral Equipoise: A Way to Resolve Ethical Stalemates in Clinical Research

Randomized trials depend on clinicians feeling that they are morally justified in allowing their patients to be randomized across treatment arms. Typically such justification rides on what has been called “clinical equipoise”—when there is disagreement of opinion among the community of experts about whether one treatment is better than another, then physicians can ethically enter their patients into a clinical trial, even if individual physicians are not at equipoise. Recent debates over prominent studies, however, illustrate that controversy can be easily created rather than dispelled by trials, with many clinicians choosing not to use the proven therapy until they receive more convincing evidence of its superiority. In such situations, we propose that a new standard of equipoise be used to guide decisions about the ethical justifications for research trials—a standard of behavioral equipoise. Under behavioral equipoise, a trial is potentially justifiable if it addresses behavioral resistance to prior scientific evidence.
The Winds of Change: Thomas Kuhn and the Revolution in the Teaching of Writing.

In 1963, the University of Chicago Press published a book titled The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, written by Thomas Kuhn, a University of California professor of the history of science. In the book Kuhn hypothesizes about the process by which major changes come about in scientific fields, and conjectures that they probably do not evolve gradually from patient and orderly inquiry by established investigators in the field. Rather, he suggests, revolutions in science come about as the result of breakdowns in intellectual systems, breakdowns that occur when old methods won't solve new problems. He calls the change in theory that underlies this kind of revolution a paradigm shift. I believe we are currently at the point of such a paradigm shift in the teaching of writing, and that it has been brought about by a variety of developments that have taken place in the last 25 years. Briefly, Kuhn's thesis in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is this. When a scientific field is going through a stable period, most of the practitioners in the discipline hold a common body of beliefs and assumptions; they agree on the problems that need to be solved, the rules that govern research, and on the standards by which performance is to be measured. They share a conceptual model that Kuhn calls a paradigm, and that paradigm governs activity in their profession. Students who enter the discipline prepare for membership in its intellectual community by studying that paradigm. But paradigms are not necessarily immutable. When several people working in a field begin to encounter anomalies or phenomena that cannot be explained by the established model, the paradigm begins to show signs of instability. For a while, those who subscribe to the paradigm try to ignore the contradictions and inconsistencies that they find, or they make improvised, ad hoc changes to cope with immediate crises. Eventually, however, when enough anomalies accumulate to make a substantial number of scientists in the field question whether the traditional paradigm can solve many of the serious problems that face them, a few innovative thinkers will devise a new model. And if enough scientists become convinced that the new paradigm works better than the old one, they will accept it as the new norm.
Investigating the persistence of the rubber hand illusion: the effects of shape and texture

In this paper, we have investigated the extent to which the rubber hand illusion is affected by visual discrepancies between the artificial rubber hand and a real hand. In contrast to earlier studies, we have explored the effects of shape and texture independently, by systematically manipulating these qualities of the artificial object. We found that discrepancies in terms of shape ( p 2 = 71.7%, p < .01) are more detrimental to the illusion than discrepancies in terms of texture ( p 2 = 16.0%, p = .05). Surprisingly, no such differences were found in the extent to which participants misperceived the position of their occluded hand (i.e., proprioceptive drift; 2 3.5%, p .38). Overall, our results corroborate earlier studies that point towards a role of top-down knowledge about the body schema in engendering the
Contributions of Parental Attachments to View of Self and Depressive Symptoms among Early Adolescents

Three causal models, examining the relationship of parental attachment to view of self and level of depressive symptoms, were examined for a sample of eighth-grade girls (n = 92) and boys (n = 115). Consistent with the Bowlby construct of the internal working model of self structural equation modeling provided tentative support for the mediating role of view of self in influencing depressive symptoms. Gender differences were found for levels of depressive symptoms and global self-worth. Longitudinal studies with additional variables and multiple informants are needed to further assess the validity of the proposed model
Model Risk Adjusted Hedge Ratios

Most option pricing models assume all parameters except volatility are fixed; yet they almost invariably change on re‐calibration. This article explains how to capture the model risk that arises when parameters that are assumed constant have calibrated values that change over time and how to use this model risk to adjust the price hedge ratios of the model. Empirical results demonstrate an improvement in hedging performance after the model risk adjustment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:1021–1049, 2009
Understanding the learning process of peer feedback activity: An ethnographic study of Exploratory Practice

This ethnographic study attempts to find, reveal and understand the learning possibilities, from the social learning perspective, in the process of peer feedback activity in a College English classroom for non-English majors in China. The study reveals the nature of Exploratory Practice (EP), and the investigation is guided by EP principles, aiming at exploring the viability of the practice in this specific teaching and learning context. Through classroom observation, discourse analysis, discussion, interviews and drafts of students’ writing, the study finds five group cooperative patterns, represented by the five patterns of discursive interaction: collaborative, expert–novice, dominant–dominant, dominant–passive and passive–passive. Wherein the former two patterns witness the obvious reciprocal nature, the latter three seem not to. The subsequent classroom discussion reveals a general conformability of the teacher and students’ understanding of the virtues and problems of the activity, and the broadening of the teacher’s understanding in this social process. Meanwhile through discussion and interview, the practitioners reached a consensus that the teacher’s tutoring is necessary to turn the problems into possible learning opportunities where the learners act as the learning agents. The study also discussed the possible ways of the teacher’s tutoring in the activity in a specific context.
European Mixed Forests: definition and research perspectives

Aim of study : We aim at (i) developing a reference definition of mixed forests in order to harmonize comparative research in mixed forests and (ii) review the research perspectives in mixed forests. Area of study : The definition is developed in Europe but can be tested worldwide. Material and Methods : Review of existent definitions of mixed forests based and literature review encompassing dynamics, management and economic valuation of mixed forests. Main results : A mixed forest is defined as a forest unit, excluding linear formations, where at least two tree species coexist at any developmental stage, sharing common resources (light, water, and/or soil nutrients). The presence of each of the component species is normally quantified as a proportion of the number of stems or of basal area, although volume, biomass or canopy cover as well as proportions by occupied stand area may be used for specific objectives. A variety of structures and patterns of mixtures can occur, and the interactions between the component species and their relative proportions may change over time. The research perspectives identified are (i) species interactions and responses to hazards, (ii) the concept of maximum density in mixed forests, (iii) conversion of monocultures to mixed-species forest and (iv) economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by mixed forests. Research highlights : The definition is considered a high-level one which encompasses previous attempts to define mixed forests. Current fields of research indicate that gradient studies, experimental design approaches, and model simulations are key topics providing new research opportunities. Keywords: COST Action; EuMIXFOR; mixed-species forests; admixtures of species.
Determinants of the essential one-carbon metabolism metabolites, homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and folate, in cerebrospinal fluid

Abstract Background: Disturbances in the levels of one-carbon (1C) metabolism metabolites have been associated with a wide variety of neuropsychiatric diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of homocysteine (Hcy) and the other 1C metabolites, nor their interrelatedness and putative determinants, have been studied extensively in a healthy population. Methods: Plasma and CSF samples from 100 individuals free from neuropsychiatric diseases were analyzed (55 male, 45 female; age 50±17 years). In blood, we measured plasma Hcy, serum folate and serum vitamin B12. In CSF, we measured total Hcy, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF). Highly selective analytical methods like liquid chromatography combined with either mass spectrometry or fluorescence detection were used. Results: CSF Hcy was inversely correlated with CSF 5-methylTHF and positively with plasma Hcy, independent of serum folate status. CSF SAH correlated with age, lower CSF 5-methylTHF and higher CSF Hcy. CSF 5-methylTHF showed independent negative correlations with age and positive correlations with serum folate. CSF SAM did not correlate with any of the 1C metabolites. Conclusions: Aging is characterized by a reduction in CSF 5-methylTHF levels and increased CSF levels of the potentially neurotoxic transmethylation inhibitor SAH. CSF 5-methylTHF, which is itself determined in part by systemic folate status, is a powerful independent determinant of CSF levels of Hcy and SAH.
Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Bacterial Markers in a Tropical River Receiving Hospital and Urban Wastewaters

The occurrence of emerging biological contaminants including antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and Faecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB) is still little investigated in developing countries under tropical conditions. In this study, the total bacterial load, the abundance of FIB (E. coli and Enterococcus spp. (ENT)), Pseudomonas spp. and ARGs (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaNDM and aadA) were quantified using quantitative PCR in the total DNA extracted from the sediments recovered from hospital outlet pipes (HOP) and the Cauvery River Basin (CRB), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. The abundance of bacterial marker genes were 120, 104 and 89 fold higher for the E. coli, Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. , respectively at HOP when compared with CRB. The ARGs aadA and blaTEM were most frequently detected in higher concentration than other ARGs at all the sampling sites. The ARGs blaSHV and blaNDM were identified in CRB sediments contaminated by hospital and urban wastewaters. The ARGs abundance strongly correlated (r ≥ 0.36, p < 0.05, n = 45) with total bacterial load and E. coli in the sediments, indicating a common origin and extant source of contamination. Tropical aquatic ecosystems receiving wastewaters can act as reservoir of ARGs, which could potentially be transferred to susceptible bacterial pathogens at these sites.
[Vitex agnus castus extract in the treatment of luteal phase defects due to latent hyperprolactinemia. Results of a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study].

The efficacy of a Vitex agnus castus preparation (Strotan capsules) was investigated in a randomized double blind study vs. placebo. This clinical study involved 52 women with luteal phase defects due to latent hyperprolactinaemia. The daily dose was one capsule (20 mg) Vitex agnus castus preparation and placebo, respectively. Aim of the study was to prove whether the elevated pituitary prolactin reserve can be reduced and deficits in luteal phase length and luteal phase progesterone synthesis be normalized. Blood for hormonal analysis was taken at days 5-8 and day 20 of the menstrual cycle before and after three month of therapy. Latent hyperprolactinaemia was analysed by monitoring the prolactin release 15 and 30 min after i.v. injection of 200 micrograms TRH. 37 complete case reports (placebo: n = 20, verum: n = 17) after 3 month of therapy were statistically evaluated. The prolactin release was reduced after 3 months, shortened luteal phases were normalised and deficits in the luteal progesterone synthesis were eliminated. These changes were significant and occurred only in the verum group. All other hormonal parameters did not change with the exception of 17 beta-estradiol which rouse up in the luteal phase in patients receiving verum. Side effects were not seen, two women treated with the Vitex agnus castus preparation got pregnant. The tested preparation is thought to be an efficient medication in the treatment of luteal phase defects due to latent hyperprolactinaemia.
Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder With Psychoanalytically Oriented Partial Hospitalization

An 18-Month Follow-Up Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether the substantial gains made by patients with borderline personality disorder following completion of a psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization program, in comparison to patients treated with standard psychiatric care, were maintained over an 18-month follow-up period. Method: Forty-four patients who participated in the original study were assessed every 3 months after completion of the treatment phase. Outcome measures included frequency of suicide attempts and acts of self-harm, number and duration of inpatient admissions, service utilization, and self-reported measures of depression, anxiety, general symptom distress, interpersonal functioning, and social adjustment. Results: Patients who completed the partial hospitalization program not only maintained their substantial gains but also showed a statistically significant continued improvement on most measures in contrast to the patients treated with standard psychiatric care, who showed only limited change during the same period. Conclusions: The superiority of psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization over standard psychiatric treatment found in a previous randomized, controlled trial was maintained over an 18-month follow-up period. Continued improvement in social and interpersonal functioning suggests that longer-term changes were stimulated.
Adolescence et adoptions internationales : une nouvelle problématique ?

Les adoptions internationales representent actuellement les trois quarts des adoptions en France. L’adolescence est, pour ces enfants adoptes a l’etranger, une periode " a risque ", au cours de laquelle des troubles psychopathologiques, souvent sous la forme de conduites agies, peuvent apparaitre brutalement. Il existe en effet une resonance entre la problematique de l’adolescence et celle de l’adoption, l’adoption fonctionnant alors comme un amplificateur fantasmatique. Le fantasme de l’etranger dans la maison, la quete des origines et l’attaque de la filiation sont trois exemples de themes presents de facon universelle chez les adolescents, mais dont la dimension fantasmatique est amplifiee par la rencontre avec la realite de l’adoption. Dans les situations d’adoptions internationales, d’autres pistes de reflexion emergent, telles que l’alterite inscrite dans le corps de ces enfants, la difficulte d’etre vu comme un etranger dans le regard d’autrui, la place du pays d’origine et de sa culture, l’importance des affiliations et, enfin, la repercussion sur la construction de la parentalite du parcours souvent eprouvant des parents adoptifs. Une situation clinique permet d’illustrer ces differentes questions.