Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transabdominal ultrasound for standardized measurement of bowel wall thickness in normal children and those with Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND The intestinal wall can be visualized using high resolution transabdominal ultrasound (TUS). TTUS measurement of the bowel wall thickness has been described in adults but data are lacking in children. The purpose of this prospective study was to sonographically investigate bowel wall thickness in healthy children and children with Crohn's disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS TUS (5-15 MHz) of the intestine was performed in 58 healthy children (age range 3 to 16 years) and in 30 children with Crohn's disease (age range 8 to 17 years). The following regions were assessed and bowel wall thickness measured: terminal ileum, cecum, right flexure, and sigmoid colon. In patients with Crohn's disease, the involved region was additionally assessed regarding length of involved segment and sonographic signs of transmural inflammation and fistula. RESULTS TUS allowed adequate measurement of bowel wall thickness in all 58 healthy children (100%) and in all 30 Crohn's disease patients (100%). The bowel wall thickness significantly differed between groups. Bowel wall thickness (mean +/- SD) in all segments was less then 2 mm in all healthy children (1.0+/-0.1 mm terminal ileum, 1.1+/-0.1 mm cecum, 1.1+/-0.1 mm right flexure, and 1.3+/-0.1 mm sigmoid colon). In Crohn's disease patients, bowel wall thickness was ≥ 3 mm in the ileocecal region and was significantly increased (5.1+/-1.9 mm) compared to the healthy children. The mean length of involved segment was 15+/-6.5 cm [5 - 30 cm]. Additional findings in Crohn's disease patients were: transmural inflamation (3/30), interenteric fistula (3/30), gastrocolic fistula (1/30) and vesicoenteric fistula (1/30). CONCLUSIONS Similar to adults, normal bowel wall thickness in children is always less than 2 mm. In all patients with Crohn's disease, increased bowel wall thickness could be detected. TUS is a helpful tool in the diagnosis and assessment of activity and complications in Crohn's disease.
Wilson disease: Novel mutations in the ATP7B gene and clinical correlation in Brazilian patients

Wilson disease (WD) is a rare inherited autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in a metal transporting P‐type ATPase, resulting in copper overload in various tissues and cells. The aim was to assess both the phenotype in Brazilian WD patients and the corresponding ATP7B genotype. Sixty subjects belonging to 46 pedigrees diagnosed as WD were included in this study. Direct sequencing of all 21 exons within ATP7B and their flanking introns was performed. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and histopathological data at the time of diagnosis were obtained. We identified twenty‐five mutations, twelve of them reported for the first time. The c.3402delC mutation had the highest allelic frequency (30.8%), followed by the c.2123T>C (p.L708P) (16.7%). Exons 8 and 15 were the site of 62.5% of the mutations. The common European mutation c.3207C>A (p.H1069Q) was not present at all. Phenotype varied greatly among individuals with the same ATP7B genotype. Our data confirm the heterogeneity of ATP7B genotype in Brazilian WD patients. The mutational spectrum is compatible with the Brazilian history of Mediterranean immigration; however, new mutations, and different frequencies and phenotype associated with the previously known mutations characterize this population. Exons 8 and 15 should be preferentially screened in WD cases from Brazil. Phenotype variation among subjects with the same ATP7B genotype suggests that modifying factors play an additional role in the pathogenesis of WD. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ON INHOMOGENEOUS p-ADIC POTTS MODEL ON A CAYLEY TREE

We consider a nearest-neighbor inhomogeneous p-adic Potts (with q≥2 spin values) model on the Cayley tree of order k≥1. The inhomogeneity means that the interaction Jxy couplings depend on nearest-neighbors points x, y of the Cayley tree. We study (p-adic) Gibbs measures of the model. We show that (i) if q∉pℕ then there is unique Gibbs measure for any k≥1 and ∀ Jxy with | Jxy |< p-1/(p -1). (ii) For q∈p ℕ, p≥3 one can choose Jxy and k≥1 such that there exist at least two Gibbs measures which are translation-invariant.
Total Cerebral Blood Flow in the Monkey Measured by Hydrogen Clearance

Simple hydrogen-sensitive polarographical electrodes of thin platinum wire were inserted into the torcular Herophili of Rhesus monkeys. Hydrogen was administered by inhalation for ten minutes, after which the hydrogen clearance was recorded from torcular blood. At a Paco2 of 32 mm Hg (SD ± 2.3), flow in the fast flow compartment was 102 ml/100 gm per minute (SD ± 19.1), and flow in the slow flow compartment was 28 ml/100 gm per minute (SD ± 5.8). Mean total cerebral blood flow was 52 ml/100 gm per minute (SD ± 10.5). Coefficient of variation was less than 10%. Our experience suggests that one may reliably measure average total cerebral blood flow in the experimental setting by following the clearance of hydrogen from torcular blood. The method is relatively simple, inexpensive and radiation-free. It can be easily combined with the standard hydrogen clearance technique for measuring local tissue blood flow, thereby permitting the simultaneous recording of both local and total brain blood flow.
Precedence of the Eye Region in Neural Processing of Faces

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has revealed multiple subregions in monkey inferior temporal cortex (IT) that are selective for images of faces over other objects. The earliest of these subregions, the posterior lateral face patch (PL), has not been studied previously at the neurophysiological level. Perhaps not surprisingly, we found that PL contains a high concentration of “face-selective” cells when tested with standard image sets comparable to those used previously to define the region at the level of fMRI. However, we here report that several different image sets and analytical approaches converge to show that nearly all face-selective PL cells are driven by the presence of a single eye in the context of a face outline. Most strikingly, images containing only an eye, even when incorrectly positioned in an outline, drove neurons nearly as well as full-face images, and face images lacking only this feature led to longer latency responses. Thus, bottom-up face processing is relatively local and linearly integrates features—consistent with parts-based models—grounding investigation of how the presence of a face is first inferred in the IT face processing hierarchy.
The Atmosphere During the Younger Dryas

One of the most dramatic climate change events observed in marine and ice core records is the Younger Dryas, a return to near-glacial conditions that punctuated the last deglaciation. High-resolution, continuous glaciochemical records, newly retrieved from central Greenland, record the chemical composition of the arctic atmosphere at this time. This record shows that both the onset and the termination of the Younger Dryas occurred within 10 to 20 years and that massive, frequent, and short-term (decadal or less) changes in atmospheric composition occurred throughout this event. Changes in atmospheric composition are attributable to changes in the size of the polar atmospheric cell and resultant changes in source regions and to the growth and decay of continental biogenic source regions.
Drivers Display Anger-Congruent Attention to Potential Traffic Hazards

Previous research has suggested that angry drivers may respond differently to potential hazards. This study replicates and extends these findings. Under simulated driving conditions, two groups of drivers experienced conditions that would either increase angry mood (N = 12; men = 6) or not (control group, N = 12; men = 6). All drivers then performed a neutral drive, during which they encountered a number of traffic events not experienced in the initial drive. These included vehicles emerging from driveways into their path and jaywalking pedestrians. Subjective anger, eye-movement behaviour and driving behaviours (speed and reaction times) were measured as drivers drove. Subjective moods (Profile of Mood States) were assessed before and after each drive. Anger-provoked drivers reported reliably higher increases in angry mood when compared with the control group after the initial drive, and these increases remained stable across the subsequent neutral drive. During the neutral drive, anger-provoked drivers demonstrated evidence of more heuristic style processing of potential hazards, with shorter initial gazes at less apparent hazards and longer latencies to look back at jaywalking pedestrians obscured by parked vehicles. Anger-provoked drivers also took longer to make corrective actions to avoid potential collisions. It is concluded that anger-provoked drivers may initially make more superficial assessments of certain driving situations and consequently underestimate the inherent risk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Co-Teaching vs. Solo Teaching: Comparative Effects on Fifth Graders' Math Achievement.

Current educational reform in K-12 schools in this nation is much driven by the No Child Left Behind Act. One central goal of NCLB is to “bring all students (including special education children) up to grade level in reading and math, to close the achievement gap and to hold schools accountable for results”(ed.gov). Varied innovative efforts are being undertaken by school systems to ensure they meet the NCLB mandate, and one such instructional strategy is co-teaching (McDuffie, Mastropieri, & Scruggs, 2009). Co-teaching may have different names such as team teaching, parallel teaching, alternative teaching, or collaborative teaching, but the essential is having two qualified teachers in the classroom working together to plan, teach, and assess students learning (Dieker & Murawski, 2003,; Bouck 2007). But research on effects of co-teaching in elementary schools is emerging and inconclusive (Dugan & Letterman, 2008). The purpose of this action research project was to compare the effects of co-teaching vs. solo teaching on students’ academic achievement in the elementary school, specifically this research focused the comparative effects on fifth graders’ math achievement. Participants of this study were the students of two fifth grade math classes in one elementary school, one with a regular education teacher (solo-teaching) and the other with the same regular education teacher and a special education teacher (co-teaching). Participants’ math achievement as measured by both standardized and non-standardized tests including Unit tests, 120 Day test, CRCT, and ITBS) was analyzed for comparison. A series of unpaired t-tests was conducted comparing the various math scores of students in the two classes, solo teaching and co-teaching. No statistical significant difference was found, but noticeable differences in 9 out the 10 sets of math scores did seem to favor co-teaching. Results of the study indicate that co-teaching appears to have more positive effect on students’ achievement in elementary schools. Due to limitations of this study (intact classes, no random selection of subjects, small sample size, teacher as researcher), further research is needed.
Optimizing Question Answering Accuracy by Maximizing Log-Likelihood

In this paper we demonstrate that there is a strong correlation between the Question Answering (QA) accuracy and the log-likelihood of the answer typing component of our statistical QA model. We exploit this observation in a clustering algorithm which optimizes QA accuracy by maximizing the log-likelihood of a set of question-and-answer pairs. Experimental results show that we achieve better QA accuracy using the resulting clusters than by using manually derived clusters.
AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF EMAIL PROCESSING STRATEGIES

An indispensable mode of communication and information sharing in modern organizations is email. In particular, emails have been known to cause interruptions in the processing of knowledge workers' primary tasks, thereby increasing information overload. There is a penalty, in terms of extra reimmersion time, associated with every task that gets interrupted by email. So, how often should one process email? In this study, we have modeled and compared different ways in which this interruption effect of emails can be reduced. We use simulation to study the interruption effects on two different types of tasks (longer tasks and shorter tasks). Prior research has suggested that the best policy to respond to emails is every 45 minutes. Contrary to prior research, the findings of this study seem to suggest that, in most cases, knowledge worker performance could be improved by responding to emails 4 times in a given working day. Another major contribution of the paper is a contingency framework that prescribes a policy to use in responding to emails in various working environments so as to reduce the effect of interruptions caused by emails. Keywords-Emails, interruptions, information overload, task analysis & simulation.
Communication: X-ray coherent diffractive imaging by immersion in nanodroplets

Lensless x-ray microscopy requires the recovery of the phase of the radiation scattered from a specimen. Here, we demonstrate a de novo phase retrieval technique by encapsulating an object in a superfluid helium nanodroplet, which provides both a physical support and an approximate scattering phase for the iterative image reconstruction. The technique is robust, fast-converging, and yields the complex density of the immersed object. Images of xenon clusters embedded in superfluid helium droplets reveal transient configurations of quantum vortices in this fragile system.
THE INVESTIGATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NARCISSISM, EXTRAVERSION AND AGGRESSION IN YOUNG GIRLS OF KARAJ (IRAN)

The present study seeks to investigate the relation between narcissism, extraversion and aggression of young girls of Karaj. The statistical population of this study included all young girls of Karaj city in 2013 of which 100 subjects were randomly selected as the statistical sample of this study. The instrument used in this study includes Buss and Perry aggression scale (1992), narcissism scale (2006) and Eysenck personality scale (1965). Testing of research hypothesis was done through Pearson correlation and regression methods in meaningful level of 0.05. The obtained results showed that there is positive significant relation between narcissism, extraversion and aggression.
Multiple gonococcal opacity proteins are expressed during experimental urethral infection in the male

The opacity (Opa) proteins of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are a family of outer membrane proteins demonstrating phase and antigenic variation. N. gonorrhoeae strain FA0190 has 11 opa loci that encode at least 8 antigenically distinct Opa proteins. To determine if expression of one Opa protein or a subset of them is favored during gonococcal infection, we inoculated Opa-negative variants of strain FA1090 intraurethrally into male volunteers. The Opa phenotype of gonococci isolated from urine and urethral swab cultures from nine infected subjects was determined. Opa proteins were expressed in a large proportion of the reisolates from the infected subjects. Gonococci cultured from urine or urethral swab samples from six of the subjects were uniformly Opa positive, with the predominant Opa variants differing among subjects. Three different Opa proteins were represented as the predominant type in at least one subject each. In three subjects, there was more heterogeneity in Opa phenotype of the reisolates, including the presence of Opa-negative variants. An increase in the proportion of isolates expressing multiple Opa proteins occurred over time in most subjects. Passage of the inoculum in vitro did not result in similar changes in Opa expression. There was no detectable difference in infectivity of an Opa-negative variant and one expressing an Opa protein (OpaF) that was highly represented in reisolates from the original nine subjects. Reisolates from three infected volunteers inoculated with the OpaF variant showed continued expression of OpaF alone or in conjunction with other Opa proteins. These results demonstrate that there is strong selection for expression of one or more Opa proteins by strain FA1090 in vivo, but that no single protein is preferentially expressed during early infection in the male urethra.
Living in-between: A Narrative Inquiry into the Identity Work of a Chinese Student in Australia

As a Chinese international student and a researcher, in this autoethnographic narrative I examine my gradual but intense identity work in Australia in the period between 2010 and 2013. Drawing on relevant theories of everyday life, identity and space, I explore small stories from my diaries as narrations of the changing nature of selfhood, as reflected in my academic learning, part-time work, homesickness and my emotional attachment to Australia. In narrating these stories, I seek to unravel the effects of the complex forces that have been re-shaping my identity. My interpretation of my lived experiences in the framework of the complicated identity work of Chinese international students and migrants during their overseas life contributes to the body of cross-cultural autoethnography.
The effect of glyphosate on the growth and competitive effect of perennial grass species in semi-natural grasslands

Biodiversity within European semi-natural biotopes in agro-ecosystem is declining, and herbicide drift from neighbouring fields is considered as an important factor for the decline. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the growth and competitive interactions in a model system of two perennial grass species, Festuca ovina and Agrostis capillaris, are affected by sub-lethal doses of glyphosate in field margins. In a glasshouse experiment with ample nitrogen, the interspecific competitive interactions were found to be significantly affected by glyphosate; the competitive effect of F. ovina on A. capillaris increased and the competitive effect of A. capillaris on F. ovina decreased with increasing doses of glyphosate. Furthermore, the importance of interspecific competition increased with the glyphosate dose. The results of the study of competitive interactions are in agreement with the observed plant community dynamics at the field site where F. ovina was found to be more dominant in plots treated with a relatively high dose of glyphosate. Importantly, the effects of glyphosate on the plant community dynamics critically depended on the effect of glyphosate on the plant competitive interactions. The study concludes that the current practice in the environmental risk assessment of non-target effects of herbicides, where single species are tested in the greenhouse, may be inadequate for assessing the effect of herbicides in semi-natural plant communities. The presented methods can be used for assessing the importance of competitive interactions for the sensitivity of non-target plants to herbicides in risk assessment.
Proteolytic Processing of Alzheimer's Disease βA4 Amyloid Precursor Protein in Human Platelets (*)

The processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and production of βA4 amyloid are events likely to influence the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease, since βA4 is the major constituent of amyloid deposited in this disorder. Our previous studies showed that human platelets contain full-length APP (APPFL) and are a suitable substrate to study normal APP processing. In the present study, we show that a 22-kDa βA4-containing carboxyl-terminal fragment (22-CTF) of APP is present in unstimulated platelets. Both APPFL and 22-CTF are proteolytically degraded when platelets are activated with thrombin, collagen, or calcium ionophore A23187. Complete cleavage of APPFL and 22-CTF require the presence of extracellular calcium. Following stimulation in the presence of calcium, a new CTF of 17 kDa is generated, and the NH2-terminal epitope of βA4 amyloid is lost. Preincubation of platelets with the cell-permeable cysteine protease inhibitors calpeptin, (2S,3S)-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucyl-amido-3-methylbutane ethyl ester (E64d), Naα-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, or calcium chelator EGTA before platelet stimulation inhibits the degradation of both APPFL and 22-CTF. Divalent metal ions including zinc, copper, and cobalt inhibit the degradation of APPFL and 22-CTF. This study suggests that a calcium-dependent neutral cysteine protease is involved in the proteolytic processing of an amyloidogenic species of APP in human platelets.
INSIGHT INTO MECHANICSMS AND REVIEW OF AVAILABLE MODELS FOR CRITICAL HEAT FLUX (CHF) IN POOL BOILING

Critical Heat Flux (CHF) has been a subject of interest for boiling equipment designers from design as well safety as viewpoints. Although considerable data exists in literature, a fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the CHF phenomenon is needed to develop better predictive methods and efficient enhancement strategies. A critical assessment of th e CHF models available in the literature is presented here, highlighting the needs for future research in this area.
Nitric oxide synthase‐like immunoreactivity in lumbar dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of rat and monkey and effect of peripheral axotomy

With the immunofluorescence technique, nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐like immunoreactivity (LI) was found in a few medium‐sized and small sensory neurons in lumbar (L) 4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of normal rat, and in most of these neurons, NOS‐LI coexisted with calcitonin gene‐related peptide and sometimes with substance P and galanin. NOS‐immunoreactive nerve fibers, terminals and small neurons were also located in the dorsal horn of the segments 4 and 5 of the rat lumbar spinal cord with the highest density in inner lamina II. Many NOS‐positive neurons and fibers were seen in the area around the central canal. A sparse network of NOS‐immunoreactive nerve fibers was found in the ventral horn. After unilateral sciatic nerve cut in the rat, the number of NOS‐positive neurons increased in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 DRGs, mainly in medium and small neurons, but also in some large neurons and very small neurons. NOS‐LI could now also be seen in the ipsilateral dorsal roots, and in an increased number of fibers and terminals in both outer and inner lamina II of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. The number of NOS‐immunoreactive neurons in lamina II of the ipsilateral dorsal horn was reduced. In the monkey L4 and L5 DRGs, many small neurons were NOS‐immunoreactive, but only a few weakly stained nerve fibers and terminals were found in laminae I‐IV of the dorsal horn at L4 and L5 lumbar levels. A few NOS‐positive neurons were present in lamina X. The number of NOS‐immunoreactive neurons was somewhat reduced in DRGs 14 days after peripheral axotomy, but no certain effect was seen in the dorsal horn. These results, together with earlier in situ hybridization studies, demonstrate that axotomy in rat induces a marked upregulation of NOS synthesis in primary sensory neurons, thus suggesting a role for NO in lesioned sensory neurons. In contrast, no such effect was recorded in monkey, perhaps indicating distinct species differences. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
REDUCING SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN PUNJABI SIKH COMMUNITIES

This article outlines the importance of exploring spirituality in working with Punjabi Sikh men who have substance abuse issues and have committed violence towards their spouse. Seventeen in-depth interviews were conducted with South Asian front-line workers that included police officers, probation officers, counselors, social workers, child protection workers and victim service workers. The audio-taped data were transcribed and analyzed by identification of themes and subthemes. Participant comments around religion and the role it can play in prevention and intervention are highlighted. Front-line social service practitioners who work with Punjabi Sikh men need to consider the role the men's religious beliefs can play in substance abuse and intimate partner violence interventions.