Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plasma cell leukemia in North India: retrospective analysis of a distinct clinicohematological entity from a tertiary care center and review of literature

Background Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and aggressive plasma cell neoplasm. In PCL, clonal plasma cells comprise ≥20% of the peripheral blood (PB) leukocytes and/or the absolute clonal PB plasma cell count is ≥2×109/L. Primary PCL (PPCL) originates de novo, whereas, secondary PCL (SPCL) evolves from pre-existing multiple myeloma. Methods Clinicohematological features, immunophenotypic profile, and survival of PCL patients were analyzed retrospectively. Results Between January 2007 and December 2014, ten PPCL and four SPCL patients were investigated (8 PPCLs and 3 SPCLs had complete clinical data). All were North Indians, sharing common geography and ethnicity. Our cohort showed less frequent renal failure, more frequent hepatomegaly, and non-secretory type disease. In contrast to western literature, flow cytometric immunophenotyping of our cohort revealed altered expression of CD138 (67%), CD56 (33%), and CD20 (0%). With novel therapeutic agents, these PPCL patients had a median overall survival of 15 months. Conclusion We highlight that our PPCL patients from North India had distinct clinicohematological and immunophenotypic profiles. The significance of our findings must be tested in a larger patient cohort and must be supported by molecular and cytogenetic investigations to unmask possible significant effects on pathogenesis.
The Luminosity Function of Morphologically Classified Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

The morphological dependence of the luminosity function is studied, using a sample containing approximately 1500 bright galaxies classified into Hubble types by visual inspection, for a homogeneous sample obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey northern equatorial stripes. Early-type galaxies are shown to have a characteristic magnitude 0.45 mag brighter than that of spiral galaxies in the r* band, consistent with the "universal characteristic luminosity" in the B band. The shape of the luminosity function differs rather little among different morphological types: we do not see any symptoms of the sharp decline in the faint end of the luminosity function for early-type galaxies at least 2 mag fainter than the characteristic magnitude, although the faint-end behavior shows a slight decline (α ≲ -1) compared with the total sample. We also show that the rather flat faint-end slope for early-type galaxies is not due to an increasing mixture of dwarf galaxies, which have softer cores. This means that there are numerous faint early-type galaxies with highly concentrated cores.
Destined for deprivation: human capital formation and intergenerational poverty in nineteenth-century England.

Abstract A model illustrates the intergenerational transmission of poverty through the effects of shocks to family income on children's general education and health and subsequently on their capacity to work and earn as adults. Evidence for 19th-century Britain shows that being fatherless, and so likely poor, had an adverse effect on children's human capital acquisition. However, policy intervention in the form of the Old Poor Law blocked the transmission of poverty and avoided permanent pauperism. Even at an early stage of development, redistribution emerges as a positive contribution to economic growth, not a luxury that poor countries can ill afford.
Applying MODFLOW to wet grassland in-field habitats: a casestudy from the Pevensey Levels, UK

Historical drainage improvements have created complex hydrological regimes in many low-lying, wet coastal grassland areas. The manipulation of ditch water levels is a common management technique to maintain important in-stream and in-field habitats in such areas. However, in wet grasslands with low soil conductivities the water table in the centre of each field is not closely coupled to variations in ditch stage. Consequently rainfall and evaporation have a greater influence on the depth to water table and water table fluctuations within each field. In-field micro-topographic variations also lead to subtle variations in the hydrological regime and depth to water table that create a mosaic of different wetness conditions and habitats. The depth, duration, timing and frequency of flooding from accumulated rainfall, surface water and standing groundwater also influence the availability of suitable in-field habitats. Land drainage models are often used for studies of wet grasslands, but tend to be more complex and require more field variables than saturated zone models. This paper applies a 3D groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, to simulate groundwater levels within a single field in a wet coastal grassland underlain by a low permeability sequence and located in the central part of Pevensey Levels, Sussex, UK. At this scale, the influence of vertical leakage and regional groundwater flow within the deeper, more permeable part of the sequence is likely to be small. Whilst available data were not sufficient to attempt a full calibration, it was found that the sequence could be represented as a single, unconfined sequence having uniform hydraulic properties. The model also confirmed that evaporation and rainfall are the dominant components of the water balance. Provided certain information requirements are met, a distributed groundwater model, such as MODFLOW, can benefit situations where greater hydrological detail in space and time is required to represent complex and subtle changes influencing the in-field habitats in wet grasslands with low permeability soils. Keywords: wetlands, hydrology,groundwater, MODFLOW
Tuberculosis and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection.

SIRIn a recent review of the infectious complications of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection, Marsh [1] suggested that those individuals infected with HTLV-I may be at increased risk of tuberculosis. This risk may be due to reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity to PPD in asymptomatic patients infected with HTLV-l. Up to 14% of the population in Papua New Guinea are infected with HTLV-I [2] and this Melanesian virus is genetically distinct from HTLV-1 isolated elsewhere [3]. Tuberculosis is the commonest reason for hospital admissions of adults in Papua New Guinea, and the national incidence of active disease is estimated to be 0.9 per 1,000 population per annum [4]. Tuberculosis complicates symptomatic HIV infection in 69% of patients in Papua New Guinea (author's unpublished data), but as yet, rates of HIV infections are low among patients receiving treatment at tuberculosis clinics. Despite these findings, investigators who recently studied a heterogeneous population in Papua New Guinea with use of a particle agglutination test [5] failed to detect any patients with HTLV-I infection among 102 HIV-negative patients with laboratory-proven tuberculosis (86 cases of pulmonary infection and 16 cases of extrapulmonary infection). Although the possibility of an associa~ion between tuberculosis and HTLV-1 infection is compelling, it IS not yet clinically obvious in Papua New Guinea, where both infections are endemic. Other established clinical associations with HTLV-1 infection in Papua New Guinea remain elusive. The relatively short life expectancy of Papua New Guinea residents coupled with the long latent period of disease related to HTLV-1 that has been reported elsewhere may make such associations -in particular an association with tuberculosis, which is primarily a disease of children and young to middle-aged adults-difficult to identify. Detection of HTLV-l-related disease in Papua New Guinea may be improved if specific ethnic groups with high seroprevalence rates, such as the highland fringe-dwelling Hagahai [2], are targeted.
Responses to Social Security by Men and Women: Myopic and Far-Sighted Behavior

The labor supply response to critical aspects of the Social Security program depends on whether behavior is "myopic" (conditioned by current benefits only) or "far-sighted" (conditioned by the entire future benefit stream). This behavior reflects attitudes toward risk and ability to borrow, as well as underlying time preferences. The individual's effective time horizon is treated as an empirical question in this paper. Responses to the Social Security earnings test and the delayed retirement credit are examined, as well as the question of whether older men and women are able to work while keeping their earnings below the exempt earnings limit, in other words, whether the earnings test affects participation as well as hours of work. Hazard functions for labor market reentry after retirement are estimated using the Longitudinal Retirement History Study. We find striking gender differences, in that women respond to Social Security wealth and are not deterred from working by the earnings test, while men respond to current benefits and their labor force participation is impeded by the test. Increases in the delayed retirement credit, as provided by the 1983 amendments to the Social Security Act, should therefore increase the labor supply of older women but not of men, though its intention was to increase the supply of both; however, increasing or abolishing the earnings limit, as proposed in Congress, would increase older men's participation but not that of older women.
Fuzzy Change in Change Secondary Job Market Paper

Fuzzy Dierences in Dierences (DID) have often been used to measure treatment eects, but they rely on strong assumptions. They require common trends across groups, both for potential outcomes and for potential treatments. Therefore, they are even more sensitive than standard DID to logs versus levels problems; estimated treatment eects might substantially change when the scale of the outcome is changed. Moreover, quantile treatment eects are not identified in this model. In this paper, we extend the change in change (CIC) model of Athey and Imbens (2006) to tackle those two shortcomings. Under a mild strengthening of their assumptions, we show that treatment eects in a population of compliers are point identified when the treatment rate does not change in the control group, and partially identified otherwise. We also define a stronger set of assumptions under which treatment eects are point identified, even when the treatment rate changes in the control group. We show that simple plug-in estimators of treatment eects are asymptotically normal, and that the bootstrap is valid. Finally, we apply our framework to measure the eectiveness of a treatment for giving up smoking.
Smooth moduli spaces of associative submanifolds

Let M a 7-dimensional manifold with holonomy in G2, and containing a compact associative 3-dimensional submanifold Y . It is known since McLean [9] that the problem of the associative deformations of Y is related to a Dirac-like operator on Y , hence is elliptic and of vanishing index. In this paper we adapt the Bochner method to give sufficient metric conditions which implies that Y is isolated. In the case where Y has boundary in a coassociative 4-dimensional submanifold X, it has been proved in [5] that the related deformation problem is still elliptic, and moreover its index is in general non vanishing. In this case, we give a vanishing theorem that mixes the ambient curvature and the geometry of the boundary, and which insures the smoothness of the moduli space of associative deformations of Y . Thanks, we are able to describe explicit smooth moduli spaces for some families of examples in R^7 and in Calabi-Yau extensions. In particular, we prove that the moduli space of associative deformations of product of a special lagrangian by S^1 in a Calabi-Yau manifold times S^1 is always smooth and of dimension b^1(L) + 1.
Semantics-based Question Generation and Implementation

This paper presents a question generation system based on the approach of semantic rewriting. State-of-the-art deep linguistic parsing and generation tools are employed to map natural language sentences into their meaning representations in the form of Minimal Recursion Semantics ( mrs ) and vice versa. By carefully operating on the semantic structures, we obtain a principled way of generating questions which avoids ad-hoc manipulation of syntactic structures. Based on the (partial) understanding of the sentence meaning, the system generates questions that are semantically grounded and purposeful. As the generator uses a deep linguistic grammar, the grammaticality of the generation results is licensed by the grammar. With a specialized ranking model, the linguistic realizations from the general purpose generation model are further reﬁned for the question generation task. The evaluation results from QGSTEC2010 show promising results for the proposed approach.
On actively closing loops in grid-based FastSLAM

Acquiring models of the environment belongs to the fundamental tasks of mobile robots. In the past, several researchers have focused on the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). Classical SLAM approaches are passive in the sense that they only process the perceived sensor data and do not influence the motion of the mobile robot. In this paper, we present a novel integrated approach that combines autonomous exploration with simultaneous localization and mapping. Our method uses a grid-based version of the FastSLAM algorithm and considers at each point in time actions to actively close loops during exploration. By re-entering already visited areas, the robot reduces its localization error and in this way learns more accurate maps. Experimental results presented in this paper illustrate the advantage of our method over previous approaches that lack the ability to actively close loops.
EM-algorithm in software reliability modeling

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview on the use of the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm in software reliability modeling. This algorithm is related to Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLE) of parameters in a context of missing data. Different ways to implement this algorithm are highlighted for hidden Markov models in software reliability.
Monocular Human Motion Tracking in Latent Space based on Sequential Immune Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, we formulate human motion tracking as a high dimensional constrained dynamic optimization problem. A novel generative method, called Sequential Immune Genetic Algorithm, is proposed for human motion tracking. The main contribution is that we introduce immune genetic algorithm (IGA) for pose optimization in latent space of human motion. As the latent space is low-dimensional and contains the prior knowledge of human motion, it makes pose analysis more efficient and accurate. We apply IGA for pose optimization. Compared with GA and other evolutionary methods, its main advantage is the ability to use the prior knowledge of human motion. As motion tracking is a dynamic optimization problem, we incorporate the temporal continuity information into the traditional IGA and propose a sequential IGA (S-IGA) algorithm. We demonstrate our methods on different videos of different motion types. Experimental results show that the S-IGA motion tracking method can achieve accurate and stable tracking of 3D human motion.
Two Ways to Match the Context : How Verbal Constructional Bias and Lexical-Class Concord Shape Motor Simulation Effects

Prior studies suggest that language users perform motoric simulations when construing action sentences, and that verbs and constructions each contribute to simulation-based representation (Glenberg & Kaschak, 2002; Richardson et al., 2003; Bergen et al., 2007; Bergen & Wheeler 2010). This raises the possibility that motorically grounded verb and construction meanings can interact during sentence understanding. In this experiment, we use the action-sentence compatibility effect methodology to investigate how a verb’s lexical-class membership, constructional context and constructional bias modulate motor simulation effects. Stimuli represent two classes of transfer verbs and two constructions that encode transfer events, Ditransitive and Oblique Goal (Goldberg, 1995). Findings reveal two kinds of verb-construction interactions. First, verbs in their preferred construction generate stronger simulation effects overall than those in their dispreferred construction. Second, verbs that entail change of possession generate strong motor-simulation effects irrespective of constructional context, while those entailing causation of motion exert such effects only when enriched up to change-of-possession verbs in the semantically mismatched Ditransitive context. We conclude that simulation effects are not isolable to either verbs or constructions but instead arise from the interplay of verb and construction meaning.
New Americans By Choice: Political Perspectives Of Latino Immigrants

The design and implementation of the national Latino immigrant survey interpreting the results of the national Latino immigrant survey social and demographic characteristics information environment and associational characteristics organizational and electoral behaviour attachment to the United States and the path to United States citizenship citizens, noncitizens and intending citizens among Latino immigrants - reexamination of selected data.
Update on the Development of Anti-Viral Agents Against Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects nearly 170 million people worldwide and causes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The search for a drug regimen that maximizes efficacy and minimizes side effects is quickly evolving. This review will discuss a wide range of drug targets currently in all phases of development for the treatment of HCV. Direct data from agents in phase III/IV clinical trials will be presented, along with reported side-effect profiles. The mechanism of action of all treatments and resistance issues are highlighted. Special attention is given to available trial data supporting interferon-free treatment regimens. HCV has become an increasingly important public health concern, and it is important for physicians to stay up to date on the rapidly growing novel therapeutic options.
Spatial Audio Quality Perception (Part 1): Impact of Commonly Encountered Processes

Spatial audio processes (SAPs) commonly encountered in consumer audio reproduction systems are known to generate a range of impairments to spatial quality. Two listening tests (involving two listening positions, six 5-channel audio recordings, and 48 SAPs) indicate that the degree of quality degradation is determined largely by the nature of the SAP but that the effect of a particular SAP can depend on program material and on listening position. Combining off-center listening with another SAP can reduce spatial quality significantly compared to auditioning that SAP centrally. These findings, and the associated listening test data, can guide the development of an artificial-listener-based spatial audio quality evaluation system.
Quantitative Measurement of Eyestrain on 3D Stereoscopic Display Considering the Eye Foveation Model and Edge Information

We propose a new method for measuring the degree of eyestrain on 3D stereoscopic displays using a glasses-type of eye tracking device. Our study is novel in the following four ways: first, the circular area where a user's gaze position exists is defined based on the calculated gaze position and gaze estimation error. Within this circular area, the position where edge strength is maximized can be detected, and we determine this position as the gaze position that has a higher probability of being the correct one. Based on this gaze point, the eye foveation model is defined. Second, we quantitatively evaluate the correlation between the degree of eyestrain and the causal factors of visual fatigue, such as the degree of change of stereoscopic disparity (CSD), stereoscopic disparity (SD), frame cancellation effect (FCE), and edge component (EC) of the 3D stereoscopic display using the eye foveation model. Third, by comparing the eyestrain in conventional 3D video and experimental 3D sample video, we analyze the characteristics of eyestrain according to various factors and types of 3D video. Fourth, by comparing the eyestrain with or without the compensation of eye saccades movement in 3D video, we analyze the characteristics of eyestrain according to the types of eye movements in 3D video. Experimental results show that the degree of CSD causes more eyestrain than other factors.
The effects of CPOE on ICU workflow: an observational study

Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) has had demonstrated benefits in error reduction and guideline adherence, but its implementation has often been complicated by disruptions in established workflow processes. We conducted an observational study of the healthcare team in an intensive care unit after the implementation of mandatory CPOE. We found that policies designed to increase flexibility and safety led to an increased coordination load on the healthcare team, and created opportunities for new sources of error. We attribute this in part to implicit assumptions in the CPOE system design that execution of physician orders is a linear work process. Observational workflow studies are an important tool to understand how to redesign CPOE systems so as to avoid harm and achieve the full potential of benefit for improved patient safety.
SeaWiFS discrimination of harmful algal bloom evolution

The discrimination of harmful algal blooms (HABs) from space would benefit both the capability of early warning systems and the study of environmental factors affecting the initiation of blooms. Unfortunately, there are no published techniques using global monitoring satellite sensors to distinguish the resulting subtle changes in ocean colour, so in situ sampling is needed to identify the species in any observed bloom. This paper investigates multivariate classification as an objective means to discriminate harmful and harmless algae and monitor their dynamics using ocean colour data derived from satellite sensors. The classifier is trained and tested using Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data, though the method is designed to be generic for other sensors. Time‐series results are presented using the new HAB likelihood index and suggest that SeaWiFS has some capability for observing the dynamic evolution of harmful blooms of Karenia mikimotoi, Chattonella verruculosa and cyanobacteria. Further, a multi‐band spatial subtraction algorithm is described to automate the identification of bloom regions and improve the accuracy in discriminating HABs.
Immigration and House Prices in Norway

During the past decades, many developed countries including Norway have experienced a remarkable rise in both house prices and immigration inflows. Extant studies have aimed to shed light on how immigration inflows affect housing prices. Given the large weight that housing consumption has on the household budget, the immigration’s impact on housing prices could be an important matter (Sa, 2011). This thesis studies the short term and long term effect of immigration on house prices in Norway’s largest cities from 1986 to 2012. I find that immigration has had a significantly positive effect on house prices. An immigration inflow equal to 1% of a city’s total population is coincident with an increase in housing prices of about 2,9%. These results are consistent with the findings of previous studies. My findings indicate that on average, immigration contributes to nearly one fifth of the total increase of housing prices in Norway. I did not find evidence that the short term effect of immigration on house prices has been greater than the long term effect, although economic theory suggests that the short term effect should be greater than the long term effect since in the long run the supply of housing will adapt to the demand.