Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinship and business: how entrepreneurial households facilitate business growth

Building on studies that have stressed the importance of context and the role of the family in business growth, this study explores the role of the entrepreneurial household in the process of business development and growth. We seek to understand how household strategy influences the development of new businesses, the ways in which household characteristics and dynamics influence business growth strategy decisions and how business portfolios are managed and developed by the household. To examine these questions, comparative case studies were undertaken drawing data from four entrepreneurial households located in remote rural regions of Norway and Scotland. The data reveal the role of the entrepreneurial household in the evolution of business creation and growth, examining the processual aspects of entrepreneurial growth, the interactions between business activities and entrepreneurial households and how business portfolios are developed in practice. Three analytical themes emerged from the analyses: the tightly interwoven connections between the business and the household, the use of family and kinship relations as a business resource base and how households mitigate risk and uncertainty through self-imposed growth controls. Although previous studies have viewed entrepreneurial growth largely as an outcome of personal ambition and business strategy, these results reveal the importance of the entrepreneurial household and the household strategy in determining business growth activities.
Simultaneous Removal of Benzyl and Benzyloxycarbonyl Protective Groups in 5′-O-(2-Deoxy-α-D-Glucopyranosyl)Uridine by Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenolysis

Synthesis of N 3,2′,3′-O-tris-(benzyloxycarbonyl)uridine and its use in the synthesis of 5′-O-(2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosyl)uridine is described. Simultaneous removal of benzyl and benzyloxycarbonyl groups was accomplished by catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis in the presence of Pearlman's catalyst without competing side reactions.
Housing Careers: Immigrants in Local Swedish Housing Markets

Immigration to Sweden has changed character between the 1960s and today. Early immigration occurred as a response to labour market need whereas immigrants arriving during the last decade have had difficulties entering the labour market. The aim of this study is to analyse the housing careers of different immigrant groups within different local housing markets. The housing careers of immigrant groups are then compared and related to the housing career of the total population. Earlier studies have shown that the year of immigration is of importance for the type of housing career made as well as the cultural distance between the immigrant group and the Swedish population. The immigrants included in this study have arrived from Finland, ex-Yugoslavia, Chile, Africa, Iran and Turkey, representing the three different phases of immigration to Sweden. The analyses here show that both the structure of the local housing market and time spent in Sweden are important to the housing careers of immigrants.
The effects of book-tax conformity and tax accounting incentives on financial accounting: evidence from public and private limited companies in Germany

Using as a natural experiment, the German corporate tax rate decrease in 2001, this paper studies the effect of tax accounting incentives on financial statements in a setting where book-tax conformity is strong. We find that companies that generally balance their overall accounting strategy, i.e., they focus on tax accounting and financial accounting concurrently, are less willing to engage in tax-induced earnings management than are companies that do not focus on accounting strategy balancing. Moreover, we observe that tax accounting incentives in our natural experiment influence the earnings management behaviour of private companies but not of public companies. Our findings highlight the impact of tax accounting incentives on financial accounting when book-tax conformity is strong; therefore, these findings offer a new starting point for a sound discussion on the future of book-tax conformity.
Altered NADH/NAD+ Ratio Mediates Coresistance to Isoniazid and Ethionamide in Mycobacteria

ABSTRACT The front-line antituberculosis drug isoniazid (INH) and the related drug ethionamide (ETH) are prodrugs that upon activation inhibit the synthesis of mycolic acids, leading to bactericidal activity. Coresistance to INH and ETH can be mediated by dominant mutations in the target gene inhA, encoding an enoyl-ACP reductase, or by recessive mutations in ndh, encoding a type II NADH dehydrogenase (NdhII). To address the mechanism of resistance mediated by the latter, we have isolated novel ndh mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The M. smegmatis ndh mutants were highly resistant to INH and ETH, while the M. bovis BCG mutants had low-level resistance to INH and ETH. All mutants had defects in NdhII activity resulting in an increase in intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratios. Increasing NADH levels were shown to protect InhA against inhibition by the INH-NAD adduct formed upon INH activation. We conclude that ndh mutations mediate a novel mechanism of resistance by increasing the NADH cellular concentration, which competitively inhibits the binding of INH-NAD or ETH-NAD adduct to InhA.
National Parliamentary Control of European Union Affairs: A Cross-national and Longitudinal Comparison

Recent research on national parliamentary control of European Union affairs relies primarily on cross-sectional, contemporary data, whereas information on the nature and frequency of changes within countries and over time is currently lacking. This lack of data not only limits our substantive knowledge of the role of national parliaments in EU affairs but also constrains studies of the causes of parliamentary control. This research note offers a cross-national and longitudinal comparison of all member state parliaments from 1958 to today. Thus, it refines and updates recent measurements and provides a starting point for more conclusive analyses of cross-national and temporal variation.
Antitrust Law and Distributive Politics in the American States

State enforcement by state attorneys general (AGs) has become a major component of American antitrust law. Much has been written about state antitrust enforcement, but existing accounts of AG incentives and behavior are incomplete. As elected officials in forty‐three states, AGs must represent their constituents and, therefore, will be drawn to cases that maximize the level of settlement reward - cases with large, wealthy defendants. I hypothesize and find that state AGs represent their constituents along ideological lines, but this relationship is conditioned by case characteristics that involve the potential settlement reward. Moreover, incentives to participate are likely to be higher when there are clear violations of the law, as in price‐fixing cases, rather than in merger cases, where no wrongdoing has necessarily been established. The study adds to our understanding of antitrust law but also has implications for how distributive politics shapes political responsiveness to the electorate.
Transnational Transitions: The Diffusion and Integration of Mechanical Cooling

In less than a generation, air conditioning has spread around the world, increasing energy consumption and producing demand where none existed before. How has this come about? This article asks whether transition theories (and the multilevel perspective as an exemplar) are of value in addressing this question and what other approaches might be developed. It is concluded that what seems to be the transnational diffusion of mechanical cooling is best understood as an outcome of multisited processes in which air conditioning is integrated into practices like those of office work, nursing, taking a luxury break or simply living at home. Rather than mapping diffusion across a stable terrain, this perspective argues for a more sophisticated interpretation of how mechanical cooling remakes practices and the places in which they are reproduced. This conclusion has implications for efforts to stem air conditioning and the energy demand associated with it.
Desigualdad geográfica en Chile

Despite success in reducing poverty over the last twenty years, inequality in Chile has remained virtually unchanged, making Chile one of the least equal countries in the world. High levels of inequality have been shown to hamper further reductions in poverty as well as economic growth and local inequality has been shown to affect such outcomes as violence and health. The study of inequality at the local level is thus crucial for understanding the economic well-being of a country. Local measures of inequality have been difficult to obtain, but recent theoretical advances have enabled the combination of survey and census data to obtain estimators of inequality that are robust at disaggregated geographic levels. In this paper, we employ this methodology to produce consistent estimators of inequality for every county in Chile. We find a great deal of variation in inequality, with countylevel Gini coefficients ranging from 0.41 to 0.63.
Compromise and learning when negotiating sustainabilities: the brownfield development of Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm

This article examines the environmental management of Stockholm's large brownfield development Hammarby Sjöstad through the concept of negotiating sustainabilities. An Environmental Programme injected exceptional aims into an ongoing, ordinary planning process involving developers, consultants, contractors and other stakeholders. In parallel, a project team was established and given the task of realising aims through governing, networking, negotiation and persuasion. Discourse theory is used to analyse the epistemological disagreement between actors on how to operationalise the aims. Theories on governance networks and meta-governance facilitate the understanding of the project team's role in negotiations. The analysis is divided into two parts: ‘Playing the game’ focuses on the aim contents and how these were negotiated between actors, while ‘… but the game was staged’ highlights how negotiations were conditioned from the outside. The results indicate that negotiations on, for example, development contracts were circumscribed by a prehistory of institutional and interactive positioning, thus leaving only a small imprint on the actual outcome. Negotiations during events unburdened by path dependency affected outcomes more. Staging of the project team's activities was initially strong, but gradually waned. Learning within the team was rapid and gradually resulted in a higher level of aim fulfilment. After 10 years, learning is clearly discernible in other Stockholm developments too, such as the Royal Seaport. International interest, as manifested through study visits to the area, remains high. The main general lessons learned include the need for introducing exceptional aims and project organisations early in the project, and the potentially positive effects of active networking to increase actor collaboration and thus the project's field of options.
Cold climate in Copenhagen: China and the United States at COP15

The latest round in the UN climate change negotiations, COP15, held in Copenhagen in December 2009, was intended to determine binding goals, targets and measures for the time beyond 2012, when the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period ends. Instead, it produced a non-binding political agreement – the Copenhagen Accord. To explain why, the key contributions of China and the United States are assessed. Domestic institutions and circumstances influenced and constrained these states' actions, with consequences that amplified longstanding weaknesses in the UNFCCC and shaped the COP's result.
The Attraction of Baseball Games in a Small-Size League: Are the Effects of Outcome Uncertainties Really Important?

This paper investigates the determinants of game-day attendance in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) from 2001 to 2007. We include measures of league-level uncertainty and game uncertainty for two rivals at the same time in a quantile regression model. The results support the hypothesis of outcome uncertainties. Closer wins by the competing teams within a league and a smaller gap in terms of the winning percentage between two teams induces more outcome uncertainty, and consequently leads to higher attendance. Moreover, the results of the quantile regression show that these effects are especially enhanced in high box-office (high quantile) games. These results hold for different measures of competitive balance. Other factors such as the quality of play and the Derby effect also significantly influence game-day attendance. Moreover, the transportation cost of a game is less important in a league with a high density of stadiums.
Attrition in Panel Data: The Effectiveness of Weighting

Although weighting seems to be a popular strategy for coping with panel attrition in sociological research it is not clear how effective it is in reducing attrition bias. This article aims to fill this gap by giving an assessment of the effectiveness of weighting in the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). Estimates of the distribution of social class and education appear to be dropout biased in the ECHP. Moreover, the direction of the bias differs across countries. Weighting with the ECHP longitudinal weight tends to reduce this bias to some extent; yet, unexpectedly, it also sometimes increases it. The latter problem is largely avoided, however, by replacing the available ECHP-weight with a new longitudinal weight that includes better predictors of dropout, such as covariates related to the interview process, to respondents' previous interview experiences, and education.
Residential Investment and Interest Rates: An Empirical Test of Land Development as a Real Option

In real options models, investment can increase under some conditions when interest rates rise. This research tests for these positive interest rate responses in the context of the Capozza-Li model of land development. In the model variable capital intensity is a sufficient condition for positive responses to interest rates that can occur when growth rates are high or uncertainty is high. The empirical analysis uses a panel data set on residential investment in the 1980s and finds that 25-50% of the sample lies in the positive response region. Copyright 2001 by the American Real Estate and Urban Ecopnomics Assocaition.
Imbalances in the Euro Area

In the run-up to the economic crisis, distinctive macroeconomic imbalances emerged in the euro area. Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain experienced a considerable deterioration of their international competitiveness and incurred high current account deficits. By contrast, Germany, among other countries, improved its competitiveness and achieved a large current account surplus. These imbalances continue to exist and are likely to threaten the economic recovery, the long-term growth perspectives and the cohesion of the EMU.
The new political settlement in Iraq : an examination of the role of Shi’a NGOs

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Can Severe Fiscal Contractions Be Expansionary? Tales of Two Small European Countries

According to conventional wisdom, a fiscal consolidation is likely to contract real aggregate demand. It has often been argued, however, that this conclusion is misleading as it neglects the role of expectations of future policy; if the fiscal consolidation is read by the private sector as a signal that the share of government spending in GDP is being permanently reduced, households will revise upward the estimate of their permanent income, and will raise current and planned consumption. Only the empirical evidence can sort out which of these two contending views about fiscal policy is more appropriate-i.e., how often the contractionary effect of a fiscal consolidation prevails on its expansionary expectational effect. This paper brings new evidence to bear on this issue drawing on the European exercise in fiscal rectitude of the 1980s, and focusing, in particular, on its two most extreme cases-Denmark and Ireland. We find that at least in the experience of these two countries the expectations view has a serious claim to empirical relevance.
Implementing Radical Innovation in the Business: The Role of Transition Modes in Large Firms

Extensive research has emphasized the relevance and importance of separating explorative from exploitative activities within firms. Recently, several scholars have argued that, in order to be successful, the outcomes of such structurally separated explorative activities need to be integrated in the operational business units of the firm. Nevertheless, detailed research on how such integration can be realized is lacking. Based on in-depth case studies of seven large multinational, technology intensive companies, we find five transition modes on how interfaces between radical innovation units and operational business are managed effectively as a means to implement radical innovation on a company level: (1) external validating; (2) liaison channeling; (3) showcasing innovation; (4) network building; and (5) integrative innovation planning.
The Government‐Sponsored Enterprises and the Mortgage Crisis: The Role of the Affordable Housing Goals

The U.S. mortgage crisis that began in 2007 generated questions about the role played by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the Government-Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs), in its causes. Some have claimed that the Affordable Housing Goals (AHGs), introduced by Congress through the GSE Act of 1992, and the resulting purchases of single-family mortgages the GSEs made to meet those goals, drove lending to high-risk borrowers. Using regression discontinuity analysis, I measure the effect of one of the goals, the Underserved Areas Goal (UAG), on the number of whole single-family mortgages purchased by the GSEs in targeted census tracts from 1996 to 2002. Focusing additionally on tracts that became UAG-eligible in 2005-2006, when the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) began to determine eligibility using the 2000 Census, I measure the effect of the UAG on the GSEs' whole single-family mortgage purchases during peak years for the subprime mortgage market. Under the first approach, I estimate that the GSEs purchased 0 to 3 percent more goal-eligible mortgages than they would have without the UAG in place. Under the second approach, I estimate this effect to be 2.5 to 5 percent. The results suggest a small UAG effect and challenge the view that the goals caused the GSEs to supply substantially more credit to high-risk borrowers than they otherwise would have supplied. Although the goals may have spurred the GSEs to purchase more multi-family mortgages and REMICs than they otherwise would have, my analyses suggest that the GSEs' purchases of whole single-family mortgages to satisfy the goals did not drive the subprime lending boom of 2002-2006.
Abnormal DNA methylation and deoxycytosine‐deoxyguanine content in nucleosomes from lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by an accelerated apoptosis of peripheral lymphocytes and an impairment of the clearance of apoptotic cells. Since changes in DNA methylation and in deoxycytosine and deoxyguanine (GC) content have been shown to enhance the potential of DNA to activate murine and human B lymphocytes, we tested the capacity of lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis (under conditions that mimic the deletion of self‐reactive cells after antigen receptor engagement) to generate nucleosomes with a particular base composition. Using two cell culture systems and four apoptosis triggers, we found an increase of deoxymethylcytosine in fragmented chromosomal DNA of apoptotic B and T lymphocytes. However, this increase was not associated with modulation of DNA (cytosine‐5) methyltransferase, the enzyme that methylates eukaryotic DNA, which suggests that the changes in DNA methylation patterns are not linked to the process of de novo DNA methylation during cell death. In addition, we could not detect a unique methylation pattern in highly repetitive Alu sequences present in the human genome of SLE subjects, as compared with controls. However, the abnormal DNA methylation of apoptotic nucleosomes was associated with an unusual pattern of nucleaseresistant, GC‐rich regions in these DNA fragments. We propose that the combination of an accelerated apoptosis with a defect in the clearance of apoptotic cells results in release of increased amounts of nucleosomes with abnormally methylated, GC‐rich DNA and provides an autologous stimulation that could bypass tolerance to self in systemic autoimmune diseases. These findings support the concept that the structure and dynamics of nucleosomes are critical in determining their immunogenicity in SLE. — Huck, S. , Deveaud, E. , Namane, A. , Zouali, M. Abnormal DNA methylation and deoxycytosine‐deoxyguanine content in nucleosomes from lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis. FASEB J. 13, 1415–1422 (1999)
Optimal Cash Balance Levels

The problem considered in this paper deals with the optimal policies for keeping cash in anticipation of future net expenses. It is an inventory problem in which the inventory level can either decrease or increase, and the decision maker is allowed to change the inventory level in any direction at the beginning of each period. In addition to the usual holding and shortage costs, the problem involves fixed and proportional costs for deciding to change the inventory level. This paper shows the form of the optimal policy if the expected holding and shortage cost is convex and if deciding either to increase or to decrease the inventory level does not involve a fixed cost.
Changes in income inequality and welfare under economic transition: evidence from urban China

The paper examines the changes in income inequality and welfare in urban China from 1981 to 1999. While the Lorenz curves estimated using Kakwani's interpolation method indicate that the level of income inequality in urban China has increased significantly since 1981, welfare comparisons based on generalized Lorenz curves suggest that the rise in real average income has more than compensated for the increase in inequality and has therefore brought about continuous improvement in welfare since 1981, except in 1988 and 1989 due to high inflation rates. Nevertheless, it is becoming very critical for China to develop welfare programmes and a social security system to provide a guaranteed living standard for low-income households.
Addressing religion and spirituality in psychotherapy: clients’ perspectives1

Abstract Twelve adult clients described the role of religion and spirituality in their lives and in therapy as a whole, as well as their specific experiences of discussing religious–spiritual topics in individual outpatient psychotherapy with nonreligiously affiliated therapists. Data were analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR; Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997). Results indicated that clients were regularly involved in religious–spiritual activities, usually did not know the religious–spiritual orientation of their therapists, but often found them open to such discussions. Specific helpful discussions of religion–spirituality were often begun by clients in the 1st year of therapy, were related to clients’ presenting concerns, were facilitated by therapists’ openness, and yielded positive effects. Specific unhelpful discussions were raised equally by clients and therapists early in therapy, made clients feel judged, and evoked negative effects. Implications for practice and research are addressed.