Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ratio‐dependent significance thresholds in reciprocal 15N‐labeling experiments as a robust tool in detection of candidate proteins responding to biological treatment

Metabolic labeling of plant tissues with 15N has become widely used in plant proteomics. Here, we describe a robust experimental design and data analysis workflow implementing two parallel biological replicate experiments with reciprocal labeling and series of 1:1 control mixtures. Thereby, we are able to unambiguously distinguish (i) inherent biological variation between cultures and (ii) specific responses to a biological treatment. The data analysis workflow is based on first determining the variation between cultures based on 15N/14N ratios in independent 1:1 mixtures before biological treatment is applied. In a second step, ratio‐dependent SD is used to define p‐values for significant deviation of protein ratios in the biological experiment from the distribution of protein ratios in the 1:1 mixture. This approach allows defining those proteins showing significant biological response superimposed on the biological variation before treatment. The proposed workflow was applied to a series of experiments, in which changes in composition of detergent resistant membrane domains was analyzed in response to sucrose resupply after carbon starvation. Especially in experiments involving cell culture treatment (starvation) prior to the actual biological stimulus of interest (resupply), a clear distinction between culture to culture variations and biological response is of utmost importance.
Strong, active women: (Re)doing rural femininity through equestrian sport and leisure

Horse riding is a popular leisure activity within rural Britain. Straddling two masculinized social contexts – rural, land-based society and sport/physical recreation – horse riding is a feminized, yet mixed-sex, milieu. This article presents data from an ethnography of the social world of horse riding to consider how women within this context do and redo gender in ways that may begin to challenge ideas about what women are, and what they are capable of, within rural and sporting contexts. Women’s active leisure in the countryside has been rendered largely invisible for decades, yet women’s sport/physical recreation forms an important part of rural leisure worlds. This ethnographic study of women and horse riding offers examples of how feminine identities help shape the rural leisure landscape in ways that begin to redefine gender relations and gender identities within the British countryside in small, yet potentially significant, ways.
DISRUPTION OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION IN INTERPOPULATION HYBRIDS OF TIGRIOPUS CALIFORNICUS

Abstract Electron transport system (ETS) function in mitochondria is essential for the aerobic production of energy. Because ETS function requires extensive interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear gene products, coadaptation between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes may evolve within populations. Hybridization between allopatric populations may then expose functional incompatibilities between genomes that have not coevolved. The intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus has high levels of nucleotide divergence among populations at mitochondrial loci and suffers F2 hybrid breakdown in interpopulation hybrids. We hypothesize that hybridization results in incompatibilities among subunits in ETS enzyme complexes and that these incompatibilities result in diminished mitochondrial function and fitness. To test this hypothesis, we measured fitness, mitochondrial function, and ETS enzyme activity in inbred recombinant hybrid lines of Tigriopus californicus. We found that (1) both fitness and mitochondrial function are reduced in hybrid lines, (2) only those ETS enzymes with both nuclear and mitochondrial subunits show a loss of activity in hybrid lines, and (3) positive relationships exist between ETS enzyme activity and mitochondrial function and between mitochondrial function and fitness. We also present evidence that hybrid lines harboring mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mitochondrial RNA polymerase (mtRPOL) from the same parental source population have higher fitness than those with mtDNA and mtRPOL from different populations, suggesting that mitochondrial gene regulation may play a role in disruption of mitochondrial performance and fitness of hybrids. These results suggest that disruption of coadaptation between nuclear and mitochondrial genes contributes to the phenomenon of hybrid breakdown.
Information Hiding using Least Significant Bit Steganography and Blowfish Algorithm

Security is the most challenging aspects in the World Wide Web. In present time information sharing and transfer has increased exponentially. So to find out best solution this is providing necessary protection of our data against malicious attacks from intruders. Cryptography and Steganography are the two major techniques for secret communication. Cryptography converts information from its original form (plaintext) into unreadable form (cipher text); where as in steganography the secret message is hidden into the cover medium. There are many different techniques are available for cryptography and stagnography. In this paper two techniques BLOWFISH algorithm for cryptography and LSB approach for stagnography are used. First encryption of data is done by using BLOWFISH algorithm which is one of the most powerful techniques and then hide encrypted message using LSB approach. Our proposed model gives two layers of security for secret data.
The Pre-transmembrane 1 Domain of Acid-sensing Ion Channels Participates in the Ion Pore*

The acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) subunits ASIC1, ASIC2, and ASIC3 are members of the amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel/degenerin family of ion channels. They form proton-gated channels that are expressed in the central nervous system and in sensory neurons, where they are thought to play an important role in pain accompanying tissue acidosis. A splice variant of ASIC2, ASIC2b, is not active on its own but modifies the properties of ASIC3. In particular, whereas most members of the amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel/degenerin family are highly selective for Na+ over K+, ASIC3/ASIC2b heteromultimers show a nonselective component. Chimeras of the two splice variants allowed identification of a 9-amino acid region preceding the first transmembrane (TM) domain (pre-TM1) of ASIC2 that is involved in ion permeation and is critical for Na+ selectivity. Three amino acids in this region (Ile-19, Phe-20, and Thr-25) appear to be particularly important, because channels mutated at these residues discriminate poorly between Na+ and K+. In addition, the pH dependences of the activity of the F20S and T25K mutants are changed as compared with that of wild-type ASIC2. A corresponding ASIC3 mutant (T26K) also has modified Na+selectivity. Our results suggest that the pre-TM1 region of ASICs participates in the ion pore.
A reverse converter for the new 4-moduli set {2n + 3, 2n + 2, 2n + 1, 2n}

In this paper, we propose a new 4-moduli set {2n + 3, 2n + 2, 2n + 1, 2n} that increases the dynamic range and the processing parallelism enabling efficient reverse conversion. First, we assume a general 4-moduli set {m<inf>i</inf>}i=1,4, m<inf>1</inf> ≫ m<inf>2</inf> ≫ m<inf>3</inf> ≫ m<inf>4</inf>, with the dynamic range M = Π<sup>4</sup><inf>i=1</inf> m<inf>i</inf> and introduce a modified Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) that requires mod-m<inf>4</inf> instead of mod-M calculations. Subsequently, we further simplify the conversion process by focussing on the {2n + 3, 2n + 2, 2n + 1, 2n} moduli set, which has a common factor of 2. Given that for such a moduli set, CRT cannot be directly applied, we introduce a CRT based approach for this case, which first requires the conversion of {2n + 3, 2n + 2, 2n + 1, 2n} set into the moduli set with relatively prime moduli, i.e., {m<inf>1</inf>, m<inf>2</inf>/2, m<inf>3</inf>, m<inf>4</inf>}, valid for n even, which are not multiples of 3. We demonstrate that such a conversion can be easily done and doesn't require the computation of any multiplicative inverses. For this case, the proposed CRT utilizes the same or slightly larger area when compared to other existing techniques but all the operations are mod-m<inf>4</inf>. This outperforms state of the art CRTs in terms of the magnitude of the numbers involved in the calculation and due to this fact, our proposal results in less complex adders and multipliers.
TrkB‐like immunoreactivity is present on geniculocortical afferents in layer IV of kitten primary visual cortex

Exogenous administration of the neurotrophins brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin‐4/5 (NT‐4/5), or blockade of their endogenous actions, have been reported to affect the anatomic organization and physiological responses of neurons in developing mammalian primary visual cortex. Experimental alteration of levels of these neurotrophic factors can also influence the morphology of the geniculocortical afferents that project from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to primary visual cortex. BDNF and NT‐4/5 are ligands of the TrkB tyrosine kinase receptor. Although multiple populations of cortical neurons express TrkB, it is not known whether geniculocortical afferents express this receptor on their axon branches in visual cortex. We have anatomically labeled geniculocortical afferents of postnatal day 40 kittens with the anterograde neuronal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) and performed double‐label immunofluorescence with a panel of anti‐TrkB antibodies. Confocal microscopy and object‐based colocalization analysis were used to measure levels of TrkB‐like immunoreactivity (IR) on geniculocortical afferents in layer IV of primary visual cortex. By using a conservative analysis involving a comparison of measured colocalization with the amount of colocalization expected based on random overlap of TrkB puncta and PHA‐L–labeled afferents, 3 of 5 anti‐TrkB antibodies tested showed significant colocalization with the geniculocortical axons. Results for the other two antibodies were indeterminate. The indices obtained for colocalization of TrkB and geniculocortical afferents were also compared with the equivalent index obtained for GAD65, a protein that has a similar overall expression pattern to that of TrkB but is not expressed on geniculocortical axons. This analysis indicated that TrkB was present on geniculocortical axons for all five TrkB antibodies tested. TrkB‐like IR was also observed on neuronal somata in the LGN. These results indicate that TrkB receptors on geniculocortical afferents are potential mediators of the actions of BDNF and NT‐4/5 in developing visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:391–398, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sociolinguistic functions of codeswitching between Standard Arabic and Dialectal Arabic

Abstract This study examines the social functions of codeswitching (CS) between Standard Arabic (SA) and Dialectal Arabic (DA). The data came from thirty-five audio and video recordings in the domains of religious lectures, political debates, and soccer commentaries. The findings suggest that speakers create a functional division between the two varieties by designating issues of importance, complexity, and seriousness to SA, the High code, and aligning less important, less serious, and accessible topics with DA, the Low code. The CS patterns therefore reproduce the unequal social values and distribution of SA and DA in the Arabic sociolinguistic landscape and simultaneously call for a reconceptualization of the notion of diglossia as presented in Ferguson's (1959) work. Other functions of CS as a marker of speakers' attitudes and as an index of pan-Arab or Muslim identities are discussed. (Arabic, bidialectal codeswitching, High/Low dichotomy, functional diglossia, identity, language attitudes)*
Brainstem Acoustic Evoked Responses: Maturational Aspects from Cochlea to Midbrain

BAEPs were recorded from 92 healthy children with a gestational age of 35 weeks up to 16 years. The maturation kinetic of I-III and I-V interpeak latency can well be approximated by the exponential regressions I-V : y = 0.9588 x e -0.9215 x x + 3.9728; r = 0.87; I-III : y = 0.6182 x e -1.1737 x x + 2.1759; r = 0.81; Adult values are reached by about two years of life. In contrast to this immaturity of the central auditory pathways the slopes of latency--intensity functions of waves I and V show no significant differences between premature infants and neonates versus older children over three years. Caused by the prolonged I-V IPL wave V latency is about 1 ms longer in the first group, whereas wave I is only slightly prolonged (0.2 ms) within the first three months of life.
The Mexican American Struggle for Equal Educational Opportunity in Mendez v. Westminster: Helping to Pave the Way for Brown v. Board of Education.

Few people in the United States are aware of the central role that Mexican Americans have played in some of the most important legal struggles regarding school desegregation. The most significant such case is Mendez v. Westminster (1946), a classaction lawsuit filed on behalf of more than 5,000 Mexican American students in Orange County, California. The Mendez case became the first successful constitutional challenge to segregation. In fact, in Mendez the U.S. District Court judge ruled that the Mexican American students’ rights were being violated under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision was affirmed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Although the Mendez case was never appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, a number of legal scholars at that time hailed it as a case that could have accomplished what Brown eventually did eight years later: a reversal of the High Court’s 1896 ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson, which had sanctioned legal segregation for nearly 60 years. Even though Mendez did not bring about the reversal of Plessy, it did lay some of the important groundwork for the landmark case that would. In this article, I use the lens of critical race theory to examine how Mendez and Brown were strongly connected and how Mendez served as a harbinger for Brown. This linkage can be captured in at least two ways. First, Mendez was a federal, Fourteenth Amendment case grounded in a theoretical argumentFknown as integration theoryFthat stresses the harmful effects of segregation on Mexican American students. Secondly, in order to make this Fourteenth Amendment argument, the attorneys in Mendez used social science expert testimony. Such testimony, grounded in similar theoretical arguments, proved very useful in Brown. For these reasons it is important to remember the role of Mexican Americans and the Mendez case, in particular, in the broader struggle for equal educational opportunity in the United States and appreciate how they helped pave the way for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
The universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies II: the dark matter distribution out to the virial radius

In the current ACDM cosmological scenario, N-body simulations provide us with a universal mass profile, and consequently a universal equilibrium circular velocity of the virialized objects, as galaxies. In this paper we obtain, by combining kinematical data of their inner regions with global observational properties, the universal rotation curve of disc galaxies and the corresponding mass distribution out to their virial radius. This curve extends the results of Paper I, concerning the inner luminous regions of Sb-Im spirals, out to the edge of the galaxy haloes.
Tailored and targeted health communication: strategies for enhancing information relevance.

OBJECTIVE To discuss tailored messages in the broader context of communication strategies designed to enhance the relevance of health information to a given audience. METHODS Describe specific mechanisms through which tailored health communication can enhance message relevance and identify situations in which the use of tailoring is most appropriate. RESULTS Overall, tailored messages appear to stimulate greater cognitive activity than do messages that are not tailored. However, non-tailored messages that happen to be a good fit for a given individual also have similar effects. CONCLUSION Health communication programs and materials that succeed in making information relevant to their intended audience will be more effective than those that do not. Tailoring is a proven approach to enhancing message relevance, but not the only approach to do so, and under many circumstances may not be the preferred choice.
A Lyapunov Approach to Cascade Interconnection of Integral Input-to-State Stable Systems

This technical note deals with the stability of cascade interconnection of integral input-to-state (iISS) time-varying systems. A new technique to construct smooth Lyapunov functions of cascaded systems is proposed. From the construction, sufficient conditions for internal stability and stability with respect to external signals are derived. One of the derived conditions is a trade-off between slower convergence of the driving system and steeper input growth of the driven system. The trade-off is no more necessary if the speed of convergence of the driven system is not radially vanishing. The results are related to trajectory-based approaches and small-gain techniques for feedback interconnection. The difference between the feedback case and the cascade case is viewed from the requirement on convergence speed of autonomous parts.
Transport to the plasma membrane is regulated differently early and late in the cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Traffic from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane is thought to occur through at least two different independent pathways. The chitin synthase Chs3p requires the exomer complex and Arf1p to reach the bud neck of yeast cells in a cell-cycle-dependent manner, whereas the hexose transporter Hxt2p localizes over the entire plasma membrane independently of the exomer complex. Here, we conducted a visual screen for communalities and differences between the exomer-dependent and exomer-independent transport to the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that most of the components that are required for the fusion of transport vesicles with the plasma membrane, are involved in localization of both Chs3p and Hxt2p. However, the lethal giant larva homologue Sro7p is required primarily for the targeting of Chs3p, and not Hxt2p or other cargoes such as Itr1p, Cwp2p and Pma1p. Interestingly, this transport defect was more pronounced in large-budded cells just before cytokinesis than in small-budded cells. In addition, we found that the yeast Rab11 homologue Ypt31p determines the residence time of Chs3p in the bud neck of small-budded, but not large-budded, cells. We propose that transport to and from the bud neck is regulated differently in small- and large-budded cells, and differs early and late in the cell cycle.
SuperMatrix: a multithreaded runtime scheduling system for algorithms-by-blocks

This paper describes SuperMatrix, a runtime system that parallelizes matrix operations for SMP and/or multi-core architectures. We use this system to demonstrate how code described at a high level of abstraction can achieve high performance on such architectures while completely hiding the parallelism from the library programmer. The key insight entails viewing matrices hierarchically, consisting of blocks that serve as units of data where operations over those blocks are treated as units of computation. The implementation transparently enqueues the required operations, internally tracking dependencies, and then executes the operations utilizing out-of-order execution techniques inspired by superscalar microarchitectures. This separation of concerns allows library developers to implement algorithms without concerning themselves with the parallelization aspect of the problem. Different heuristics for scheduling operations can be implemented in the runtime system independent of the code that enqueues the operations. Results gathered on a 16 CPU ccNUMA Itanium2 server demonstrate excellent performance.
Duplication of the tuf gene: a new insight into the phylogeny of eubacteria

The conservation and duplication of the tuf gene encoding the elongation factor EF-Tu were used to define phylogenetic relationships among eubacteria. When the tufA gene of Escherichia coli was used as a probe in hybridization experiments, duplicate tuf genes were found in gram-negative bacteria from three major phyla: purple bacteria, bacteroides, and cyanobacteria. Only a single copy of tuf was found in gram-positive bacteria, including mycobacteria and mycoplasmas. Gram-positive clostridia were found to carry two copies of tuf.
Combining information on multiple instrumental variables in Mendelian randomization: comparison of allele score and summarized data methods

Mendelian randomization is the use of genetic instrumental variables to obtain causal inferences from observational data. Two recent developments for combining information on multiple uncorrelated instrumental variables (IVs) into a single causal estimate are as follows: (i) allele scores, in which individual‐level data on the IVs are aggregated into a univariate score, which is used as a single IV, and (ii) a summary statistic method, in which causal estimates calculated from each IV using summarized data are combined in an inverse‐variance weighted meta‐analysis. To avoid bias from weak instruments, unweighted and externally weighted allele scores have been recommended. Here, we propose equivalent approaches using summarized data and also provide extensions of the methods for use with correlated IVs. We investigate the impact of different choices of weights on the bias and precision of estimates in simulation studies. We show that allele score estimates can be reproduced using summarized data on genetic associations with the risk factor and the outcome. Estimates from the summary statistic method using external weights are biased towards the null when the weights are imprecisely estimated; in contrast, allele score estimates are unbiased. With equal or external weights, both methods provide appropriate tests of the null hypothesis of no causal effect even with large numbers of potentially weak instruments. We illustrate these methods using summarized data on the causal effect of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol on coronary heart disease risk. It is shown that a more precise causal estimate can be obtained using multiple genetic variants from a single gene region, even if the variants are correlated. © 2015 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Effects of Leader Motivating Language Use on Employee Decision Making

This study examines the link between strategic leader verbal communication and effective employee decision making. Results show that leader communication (as measured by the motivating language scale) is significantly and positively related to augmented worker decision making. Structural equation modeling results indicate an expected 2.5% improvement in worker decision making for every 10% increase in leader language use. These results can be helpful to researchers and managers because they advance motivating language theory, and are easily understood as an applied communications framework for improving employee decision making.