Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of lingual frenulum lengths in skeletal malocclusion.

BACKGROUND The orofacial musculature plays a pivotal role in maintaining a balance in positioning of the teeth and any imbalance which occurs in this , results in malocclusion. Lingual frenum is a soft tissue structure which tethers the ventral surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to analyze the lingual frenal lengths in skeletal class I, class II and Class III malocclusion and to correlate relationship between both. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study comprised of 30 subjects, with 10 in each group and an impression was made with the maximum mouth opening position and the tip of tongue touching the incisive papilla. The length of the lingual frenum was then measured from the casts. The maximum mouth opening position was also determined by measuring the interincisal distance with the maximum mouth opening position. Statistical analysis was done to analyze the relationship between both. RESULTS The lingual frenum was found to be longest in class III malocclusion, with a statistical significant value of p<0.01. The class II and class I malocclusion did not show much difference. The maximum mouth opening position was also increased in class III malocclusion, followed by class II and class I malocclusion, in a descending order. CONCLUSION The lingual frenum exerts erratic forces and a long lingual frenum pushes the mandibular anteriors forwards, resulting in malocclusion. Hence, a relationship between the lingual frenum and malocclusion is essential, so that the erratic forces can be eliminated and excellent results can be achieved, following the correction of malocclusion.
Down's syndrome and thyroid disorder.

The thyroid status of 106 adults with Down's syndrome was assessed. Six were previously diagnosed as hypothyroid and were already receiving thyroxine. A further 37 patients showed abnormal thyroid function. Biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism (T4 less than 50 nmol/l and T.S.H. greater than 4 mu/less than) was found in one person. Six patients were found to have an unequivocally elevated T.S. H. but normal T4 (T4 greater than 50 nmol/l and T.S.H. greater than 20 mu/l) and 29 were found to have a modest elevation of T.S. H. but normal T4 concentration (T4 greater than 50 nmol/l and T.S.H. between 4 and 20 mu/l). There was one patient with mild thyrotoxicosis (T4 = 180 nmol/l and T.S.H. less than 0.1 mu/l). Clinical findings were of little use in making a diagnosis of hypothyroidism in this group of patients. A raised level of thyroid microsomal auto-antibodies was found in about a third of the patients, this occurred more commonly in females and slightly more often in those with a raised thyroid stimulating hormone. The importance of this is discussed. Recommendations for regular biochemical screening are made.
Analysis of Risk Factors for Postoperative Morbidity in Perforated Peptic Ulcer

Purpose Emergency operations for perforated peptic ulcer are associated with a high incidence of postoperative complications. While several studies have investigated the impact of perioperative risk factors and underlying diseases on the postoperative morbidity after abdominal surgery, only a few have analyzed their role in perforated peptic ulcer disease. The purpose of this study was to determine any possible associations between postoperative morbidity and comorbid disease or perioperative risk factors in perforated peptic ulcer. Materials and Methods In total, 142 consecutive patients, who underwent surgery for perforated peptic ulcer, at a single institution, between January 2005 and October 2010 were included in this study. The clinical data concerning the patient characteristics, operative methods, and complications were collected retrospectively. Results The postoperative morbidity rate associated with perforated peptic ulcer operations was 36.6% (52/142). Univariate analysis revealed that a long operating time, the open surgical method, age (≥60), sex (female), high American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score and presence of preoperative shock were significant perioperative risk factors for postoperative morbidity. Significant comorbid risk factors included hypertension, diabetes mellitus and pulmonary disease. Multivariate analysis revealed a long operating time, the open surgical method, high ASA score and the presence of preoperative shock were all independent risk factors for the postoperative morbidity in perforated peptic ulcer. Conclusions A high ASA score, preoperative shock, open surgery and long operating time of more than 150 minutes are high risk factors for morbidity. However, there is no association between postoperative morbidity and comorbid disease in patients with a perforated peptic ulcer.
Exploring the efficiency of users' visual analytics strategies based on sequence analysis of eye movement recordings

Visual analytics is often based on the intuition that highly interactive and dynamic depictions of complex and multivariate databases amplify human capabilities for inference and decision-making, as they facilitate cognitive tasks such as pattern recognition, association, and analytical reasoning (Thomas and Cook 2005). But how do we know whether visual analytics really works? This article offers a generic evaluation approach combining theory- and data-driven methods based on sequence similarity analysis. The approach systematically studies users' visual interaction strategies when using highly interactive interfaces. We specifically ask whether the efficiency (i.e., speed) of users can be characterized by specific display interaction event sequences, and whether studying user strategies could be employed to improve the (interaction) design of the dynamic displays. We showcase our approach using a very large, fine-grained spatiotemporal dataset of eye movement recordings collected during a controlled human subject experiment with dynamic visual analytics displays. With this methodological approach based on empirical evidence, we hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of how people make inferences and decisions with highly interactive visualization tools and complex displays.
Multiobjective Optimization of Friction Stir Welding Process Parameters on Aluminum Alloy AA 5083 Using Taguchi-Based Grey Relation Analysis

This article presents the optimization of process parameters in friction stir welding (FSW) of Aluminum Alloy AA 5083 with multiple responses based on orthogonal array with grey relational analysis. The L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi experimental design is used for optimizing the FSW process parameters on tensile strength of FSW welds and total input power required for the process. The process parameters considered for optimization are the Rotational speed of the tool in rpm, transverse speed in mm/min, and the axial force in KN. The objective of this article is to find the optimum levels of the process parameters in which it yields maximum tensile strength and consumes minimum power. Based on the grey relational grade, optimum levels of parameters have been identified, and significant contribution of parameters is determined by ANOVA. The optimum levels of the process parameters are determined and validated by the confirmation run.
Pseudoenhancement of renal cysts: influence of lesion size, lesion location, slice thickness, and number of MDCT detectors.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of renal cyst size and location on pseudoenhancement in human subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simple renal cysts obtained with 16-, 40-, and 64-MDCT scanners were analyzed for the presence of pseudoenhancement. Cyst size, location, and attenuation in the unenhanced and nephrographic phases were recorded. Pseudoenhancement was defined as an attenuation increase of 10 HU or more on nephrographic phase compared with unenhanced images. RESULTS The pseudoenhancement rate was 22% (51/233). There was a statistically significant increase in the pseudoenhancement rate of lesions smaller than 10 mm (38/233) compared with those 10 mm and larger (13/233) (odds ratio, 6.4; p<0.0001). Twelve of 62 cysts measuring 10-14 mm exhibited pseudoenhancement. There was a statistically significant increase in the pseudoenhancement rate of central (39/53) compared with peripheral (12/51) cysts (odds ratio, 2.7; p<0.0001). The pseudoenhancement rates for the 16-, 40-, and 64-MDCT scanners were 20%, 19%, and 26% with no statistically significant difference between them. CONCLUSION Pseudoenhancement of renal cysts significantly correlates with size smaller than 1 cm and central location. Although pseudoenhancement increases with larger numbers of detectors, the correlation was not statistically significant. Cysts in the 1- to 1.5-cm range have a 19% likelihood of pseudoenhancement.
Independent and dependent contributions of advanced maternal and paternal ages to autism risk

Reports on autism and parental age have yielded conflicting results on whether mothers, fathers, or both, contribute to increased risk. We analyzed restricted strata of parental age in a 10‐year California birth cohort to determine the independent or dependent effect from each parent. Autism cases from California Department of Developmental Services records were linked to State birth files (1990–1999). Only singleton births with complete data on parental age and education were included (n=4,947,935, cases=12,159). In multivariate logistic regression models, advancing maternal age increased risk for autism monotonically regardless of the paternal age. Compared with mothers 25–29 years of age, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for mothers 40+ years was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.35–1.70), or compared with mothers <25 years of age, aOR=1.77 (95% CI, 1.56–2.00). In contrast, autism risk was associated with advancing paternal age primarily among mothers <30: aOR=1.59 (95% CI, 1.37–1.85) comparing fathers 40+ vs. 25–29 years of age. However, among mothers >30, the aOR was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.01–1.27) for fathers 40+ vs. 25–29 years of age, almost identical to the aOR for fathers <25 years. Based on the first examination of heterogeneity in parental age effects, it appears that women's risk for delivering a child who develops autism increases throughout their reproductive years whereas father's age confers increased risk for autism when mothers are <30, but has little effect when mothers are past age 30. We also calculated that the recent trend towards delayed childbearing contributed approximately a 4.6% increase in autism diagnoses in California over the decade.
Effect of gas flow rates in optimising silicon nitride films for large-area multicrystalline silicon solar cells

Silicon nitride (SiNx:H) film is a promising material for antireflection coatings and for surface passivation in the conventional crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell process. In this work, SiNx:H antireflective coating films were successfully fabricated by using conventional batch-type plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition system. Film thickness and refractive index (RI) of the samples were evaluated as functions of growth parameters, such as growth pressure, total gas flow rate, radio frequency power and NH3 to SiH4 gas ratio. In this work, an attempt has been made to elucidate the variation of electrical parameters of the multicrystalline silicon solar cells with respect to the gas flow rates and RI. The gas flow rate ratio, , was varied in the range of 0.09 to 0.12 by maintaining the total flow rate of the process gases at 7600 sccm. The variation of RI from 2.03 to 2.18 and the electrical parameters of the solar cells with respect to the gas flow ratio were interpreted and incorporated. Also the variation of efficiency correlated with the flow rate of SiH4 during the deposition of silicon nitride process.
Skeletal muscle weakness in patients with sarcoidosis and its relationship with exercise intolerance and reduced health status

Background: Skeletal muscle weakness is assumed to be present in patients with sarcoidosis but has never been reported in a consecutive group of patients. Moreover, its relationship with previously observed exercise intolerance and reduced health status has never been studied in these patients. Methods: Pulmonary function, skeletal and respiratory muscle forces, peak and functional exercise capacity, health status, and the circulating levels of inflammatory and anabolic markers were determined in 25 patients with sarcoidosis who complained of fatigue (15 men) and in 21 healthy subjects (13 men). Results: Patients with sarcoidosis had lower respiratory and skeletal muscle forces, reduced exercise capacity and health status, higher anxiety and depression scores, and higher circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor-α than healthy subjects (all p⩽0.01). Its soluble receptor p75 tended to be higher (p = 0.04). Circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, insulin-like growth factor I and its binding protein 3 were not significantly different between the two groups. Skeletal muscle weakness was related to exercise intolerance, depression, and reduced health status in patients with sarcoidosis, irrespective of age, sex, body weight and height (p⩽0.05). Quadriceps peak torque was inversely related to fatigue but not to the circulating levels of inflammatory or anabolic markers. The mean daily dose of corticosteroids received in the 6 month period before testing was related to quadriceps peak torque only in patients who received oral corticosteroids. Conclusion: Skeletal muscle weakness occurs in patients with sarcoidosis who complain of fatigue and is associated with reduced health status and exercise intolerance.
Clustered factor analysis of multineuronal spike data

High-dimensional, simultaneous recordings of neural spiking activity are often explored, analyzed and visualized with the help of latent variable or factor models. Such models are however ill-equipped to extract structure beyond shared, distributed aspects of firing activity across multiple cells. Here, we extend unstructured factor models by proposing a model that discovers subpopulations or groups of cells from the pool of recorded neurons. The model combines aspects of mixture of factor analyzer models for capturing clustering structure, and aspects of latent dynamical system models for capturing temporal dependencies. In the resulting model, we infer the subpopulations and the latent factors from data using variational inference and model parameters are estimated by Expectation Maximization (EM). We also address the crucial problem of initializing parameters for EM by extending a sparse subspace clustering algorithm to integer-valued spike count observations. We illustrate the merits of the proposed model by applying it to calcium-imaging data from spinal cord neurons, and we show that it uncovers meaningful clustering structure in the data.
Eosinophilic granuloma/Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Pediatric neurosurgery update

Case 1 A 23‐month‐old female was admitted to the neurosurgery service with a 3‐month history of a progressively enlarging neck mass. There was associated redness, swelling, and tenderness to palpation, but no neurological deficits on examination. A noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast showed an osteolytic contrast‐enhancing lesion primarily involving the C2 posterior elements, with a compressive circumferential epidural component extending from C2 to C5 [Figure 1]. A skeletal survey was negative for any other osseous lesions. She underwent C2 to C5 laminectomy with partial resection of the lesion without complication. Pathology was consistent with Langerhans cell (LC) histiocytosis (LCH). She was discharged home several days after her operation and subsequently started outpatient chemotherapy with cytarabine.
A study of equivalent and stubborn mutation operators using human analysis of equivalence

Though mutation testing has been widely studied for more than thirty years, the prevalence and properties of equivalent mutants remain largely unknown. We report on the causes and prevalence of equivalent mutants and their relationship to stubborn mutants (those that remain undetected by a high quality test suite, yet are non-equivalent). Our results, based on manual analysis of 1,230 mutants from 18 programs, reveal a highly uneven distribution of equivalence and stubbornness. For example, the ABS class and half UOI class generate many equivalent and almost no stubborn mutants, while the LCR class generates many stubborn and few equivalent mutants. We conclude that previous test effectiveness studies based on fault seeding could be skewed, while developers of mutation testing tools should prioritise those operators that we found generate disproportionately many stubborn (and few equivalent) mutants.
The type III transforming growth factor-β receptor inhibits proliferation, migration, and adhesion in human myeloma cells

Here we demonstrate that the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily coreceptor, the type III TGF-β receptor, functions to suppress multiple myeloma disease progression through inhibition of multiple myeloma cell proliferation, heterotropic cell–cell adhesion, and migration, in a manner largely independent of its ligand presentation role.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Presenting with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

We report the case of a 58-year-old immunocompetent man presenting with fever, cough, anorexia, weight loss, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Blood investigations revealed severe neutropenia with monocytosis. Chest imaging showed bilateral reticular infiltrates with mediastinal widening. Bronchoalveolar lavage culture and molecular test were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and treatment with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol was started. Although pulmonary tuberculosis could explain this clinical presentation we suspected associated blood dyscrasias in view of significant monocytosis and mild splenomegaly. Bone marrow aspiration revealed acute myeloid leukemia. Thereafter the patient received induction chemotherapy and continued antituberculous treatment. After first induction of chemotherapy patient was in remission and successfully completed 6 months antituberculosis therapy without any complications. To our knowledge there has been no such case reported from the State of Qatar to date.
The effect of air-jet nozzle structural parameters on new cotton rotor-jet spun yarn properties

In this paper, a hybrid spinning system the so-called “rotor-jet spinning method” which utilizes the air-jet nozzle in rotor spinning process is presented. Thus, air-jet nozzles with different structures of 90S, 90Z, 60Z, and 30Z (the values of 90, 60, and 30 are orifice angles and S and Z are air rotational directions) were designed and constructed and then mounted between the take-up nozzle position and doffing tube in a rotor spinning machine. The air-jet pressure was changed at 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1, 1.2 and 1.5 bar values. The physical properties of cotton rotor-jet spun yarns with yarn count 20 Tex and nominal yarn twist of 938 TPM were investigated and compared with that of normal rotor-spun yarn. The experimental results indicated that by utilizing a 90Z air-jet nozzle at 1 bar air pressure, the highest yarn tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and twist, and lowest elongation are obtained compared with those of normal rotor as well as rotor-jet spun yarns with 30Z, 60Z, and 90S air-jet nozzle types. However, the rotor-jet spun yarn irregularity produced with 90Z air-jet nozzle is almost identical to normal rotor-spun yarn. It is also shown that the rotor-jet spun yarn hairiness properties which were produced with a 90Z air-jet nozzle at air pressure values of 0.2, 0.5 and 1 bar is almost similar to normal rotor-spun yarn while the lowest yarn hairiness is achieved at air pressure value of 0.8 bar. The experimental results of this paper suggest that the newly developed rotor-jet spun yarn is superior to normal rotor-spun yarn from the point of view of yarn tensile, abrasion resistance, twist, and partially hairiness properties.
Phytosphingosine-phosphate is a signal for AtMPK6 activation and Arabidopsis response to chilling.

• Long-chain bases (LCBs) are pleiotropic sphingolipidic signals in eukaryotes. We investigated the source and function of phytosphingosine-1-phosphate (PHS-P), a phospho-LCB rapidly and transiently formed in Arabidopsis thaliana on chilling. • PHS-P was analysed by thin-layer chromatography following in vivo metabolic radiolabelling. Pharmacological and genetic approaches were used to identify the sphingosine kinase isoforms involved in cold-responsive PHS-P synthesis. Gene expression, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and growth phenotypes of three LCB kinase mutants (lcbk1, sphk1 and lcbk2) were studied following cold exposure. • Chilling provoked the rapid and transient formation of PHS-P in Arabidopsis cultured cells and plantlets. Cold-evoked PHS-P synthesis was reduced by LCB kinase inhibitors and abolished in the LCB kinase lcbk2 mutant, but not in lcbk1 and sphk1 mutants. lcbk2 presented a constitutive AtMPK6 activation at 22°C. AtMPK6 activation was also triggered by PHS-P treatment independently of PHS/PHS-P balance. lcbk2 mutants grew comparably with wild-type plants at 22 and 4°C, but exhibited a higher root growth at 12°C, correlated with an altered expression of the cold-responsive DELLA gene RGL3. • Together, our data indicate a function for LCBK2 in planta. Furthermore, they connect PHS-P formation with plant response to cold, expanding the field of LCB signalling in plants.
Refutation of Richard Gill's Argument Against my Disproof of Bell's Theorem

I identify a number of errors in Richard Gill's purported refutation of my disproof of Bell's theorem. In particular, I point out that his central argument is based, not only on a rather trivial misreading of my counterexample to Bell's theorem, but also on a simple oversight of a freedom of choice in the orientation of a Clifford algebra. What is innovative and original in my counterexample is thus mistaken for an error, at the expense of the professed universality and generality of Bell's theorem
SOLVABILITY IN SOBOLEV SPACES OF A PROBLEM FOR A SECOND ORDER PARABOLIC EQUATION WITH TIME DERIVATIVE IN THE BOUNDARY CONDITION

In this paper we consider the initial boundary value problem for a second order parabolic equation with both time and spatial derivatives in the boundary condition. The unique solvability in Hölder function spaces, in weighted Hölder function spaces, and in Sobolev function spaces in the case p = 2 for problems with such a boundary condition in domains with smooth boundaries was obtained in the papers [1–5]. Here we obtain the unique solvability of the problem in the Sobolev function spaces in the case p > n+ 2. Condition (20) in Theorem 5 is a usual assumption on the combination of signs in the boundary condition. In the case of another combination the problem is ill-posed, it was shown in [6]. In §2 we consider the model problem for the heat equation in a half-space and obtain Lp-estimates for its solution using some results on Fourier multipliers [7, 8]. This allows us to prove the solvability of the problem in a domain with smooth boundary by the construction of a regularizer in the same way as in [9, 3]. In §3 we make this for a periodic case. Periodic problem (19) arose in studying the periodic one-phase Stefan problem [10]. In §4 we reduce the assumptions on the smoothness of the boundary which is usually made in the construction of a regularizer. Assuming that the boundary belongs to W 2−1/p p , we prove the solvability of the problem with time derivative in the boundary condition. We also consider in §2 a model problem with time derivative in the conjugation condition which is useful in studying the two-phase Stefan problem in the Sobolev function spaces.