Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Proton Pump Inhibitors Decrease Calcium Absorption?

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) increase osteoporotic fracture risk presumably via hypochlorhydria and consequent reduced fractional calcium absorption (FCA). Existing studies provide conflicting information regarding the direct effects of PPIs on FCA. We evaluated the effect of PPI therapy on FCA. We recruited women at least 5 years past menopause who were not taking acid suppressants. Participants underwent three 24‐hour inpatient FCA studies using the dual stable isotope method. Two FCA studies were performed 1 month apart to establish baseline calcium absorption. The third study occurred after taking omeprazole (40 mg/day) for 30 days. Each participant consumed the same foods during all FCA studies; study meals replicated subjects' dietary habits based on 7‐day diet diaries. Twenty‐one postmenopausal women ages 58 ± 7 years (mean ± SD) completed all study visits. Seventeen women were white, and 2 each were black and Hispanic. FCA (mean ± SD) was 20% ± 10% at visit 1, 18% ± 10% at visit 2, and 23% ± 10% following 30 ± 3 days of daily omeprazole (p = .07, ANOVA). Multiple linear regression revealed that age, gastric pH, serum omeprazole levels, adherence to omeprazole, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels were unrelated to changes in FCA between study visits 2 and 3. The 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 level at visit 2 was the only variable (p = .049) associated with the change in FCA between visits 2 and 3. PPI‐associated hypochlorhydria does not decrease FCA following 30 days of continuous use. Future studies should focus on identifying mechanisms by which PPIs increase the risk of osteoporotic fracture. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Are We All Online Content Creators Now? Web 2.0 and Digital Divides

Despite considerable interest in online content creation there has been comparatively little academic analysis of the distribution of such practices, both globally and among social groups within countries. Drawing on theoretical frameworks used in digital divide studies, I outline differences in motivation, access, skills, and usage that appear to underlie and perpetuate differences in online content creation practices between social groups. This paper brings together existing studies and new analyses of existing survey datasets. Together they suggest online content creators tend to be from relatively privileged groups and the content of online services based on their contributions may be biased towards what is most interesting or relevant to them. Some implications of these findings for policymakers and researchers are considered.
PTE: Predictive Text Embedding through Large-scale Heterogeneous Text Networks

Unsupervised text embedding methods, such as Skip-gram and Paragraph Vector, have been attracting increasing attention due to their simplicity, scalability, and effectiveness. However, comparing to sophisticated deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks, these methods usually yield inferior results when applied to particular machine learning tasks. One possible reason is that these text embedding methods learn the representation of text in a fully unsupervised way, without leveraging the labeled information available for the task. Although the low dimensional representations learned are applicable to many different tasks, they are not particularly tuned for any task. In this paper, we fill this gap by proposing a semi-supervised representation learning method for text data, which we call the predictive text embedding (PTE). Predictive text embedding utilizes both labeled and unlabeled data to learn the embedding of text. The labeled information and different levels of word co-occurrence information are first represented as a large-scale heterogeneous text network, which is then embedded into a low dimensional space through a principled and efficient algorithm. This low dimensional embedding not only preserves the semantic closeness of words and documents, but also has a strong predictive power for the particular task. Compared to recent supervised approaches based on convolutional neural networks, predictive text embedding is comparable or more effective, much more efficient, and has fewer parameters to tune.
A Molecular Framework for Two-Step T Cell Signaling: Lck Src Homology 3 Mutations Discriminate Distinctly Regulated Lipid Raft Reorganization Events1

Costimulation by CD28 or lipid-raft-associated CD48 potentiate TCR-induced signals, cytoskeletal reorganization, and IL-2 production. We and others have proposed that costimulators function to construct a raft-based platform(s) especially suited for TCR engagement and sustained and processive signal transduction. Here, we characterize TCR/CD48 and TCR/CD28 costimulation in T cells expressing Lck Src homology 3 (SH3) mutants. We demonstrate that Lck SH3 functions after initiation of TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and concentration of transducers within rafts, to regulate the costimulation-dependent migration of rafts to the TCR contact site. Expression of kinase-active/SH3-impaired Lck mutants disrupts costimulation-dependent raft recruitment, sustained TCR protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and IL-2 production. However, TCR-induced apoptosis, shown only to require “partial” TCR signals, is unaffected by expression of kinase-active/SH3-impaired Lck mutants. Therefore, two distinctly regulated raft reorganization events are required for processive and sustained “complete” TCR signal transduction and T cell activation. Together with recent characterization of CD28 and CD48 costimulatory activities, these findings provide a molecular framework for two signal models of T cell activation.
Building Better Bridges into STEM: A Synthesis of 25 Years of Literature on STEM Summer Bridge Programs

This review of 46 reports on 30 unique science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) bridge programs published over the past 25 years notes the characteristics and goals of each program and whether programs were successful in meeting their goals. A set of recommendations for STEM bridge programs is presented in hopes of encouraging development of better bridges into college.
Human Mutation

The Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada West of Scotland Genetic Services, Level 2B, Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK Cologne Center for Genomics, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Explaining Women's Success: Technological Change and the Skill Content of Women's Work

In this study, we explore a new approach for analyzing changes in the gender pay gap that uses direct measures of job tasks and gives a comprehensive characterization of how work for men and women has changed in recent decades. Using data from West Germany, we find that women have witnessed relative increases in nonroutine analytic and interactive tasks. The most notable difference between the genders is, however, the pronounced relative decline in routine task inputs among women, driven, at least in part, by technological change. These changes explain a substantial fraction of the closing of the gender wage gap.
The Electronic Structure and Transmission Characteristics of Disordered AlGaAs Nanowires

Perfect nanowires may be studied from both the bandstructure and transmission perspectives, and relating features in one set of curves to those in another often yields much insight into their behavior. For random-alloy nanowires, however, only transmission characteristics and virtual-crystal approximation (VCA) bands have been available. This is a serious shortcoming since the VCA cannot properly capture disorder at the primitive cell level: those bulk properties which it can satisfactorily reproduce arise from spatially extended states and measurements which average out primitive cell-level fluctuations. Here we address this deficiency by projecting approximate bands out of supercell states for Al0.15Ga0. 85As random alloy nanowires. The resulting bands correspond to the transmission characteristics very closely, unlike the VCA bands, which cannot explain important transmission features. Using both bandstructure and transmission results, we are better able to explain the operation of these nanowires
Anytime Reliability of Spatially Coupled Codes

Anytime transmission was previously shown to be necessary and sufficient for tracking and controlling an unstable plant over a noisy channel. In this paper, we propose an efficient channel coding scheme for anytime transmission. We design this coding scheme based on spatially coupled codes and investigate its performance over binary erasure channels (BEC) and binary input additive white Gaussian noise (BIAWGN) channels. Through density evolution analysis, we asymptotically show the desired anytime properties of the proposed code. For the BEC, we derive the corresponding delay-exponent and numerically predict the finite-length performance of the proposed anytime code. We also propose adaptive window decoding techniques to ensure low complexity anytime receivers.
Fish Waste Alchemy: Innate and Acquired Immunity Assessment Followed Vaccinated against Kocuriasis and Investigate the Function of Low Molecular Weight Peptides of Kilka Fish Stick-water As Both Immunostimulant and Adjuvant in Farmed Rainbow Trout

Investigation of the immunogenicity of Caspian sea sprat stick-water, rich in hydrolysate protein was set as the aim of this study. Therefore, peptides below 3 kilo Daltons were isolated, and then the concentration of low molecular peptides (μg/μl) was measured. Kocuria rhisophila bacterium, which is known as one of the pathogenic agents of rainbow trout reared, was formalin- killed to make its vaccine with concentration of 2×109 CFU/ml in Tris-Buffered Saline. Eight treatments with 3 repetitions, consist of 240 individuals were considered. Three treatments were injected by concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 mg/body weight of stick-water containing low molecular peptides. In one treatment, bacterin was injected alone; in the three treatments, bacterin was injected along with doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/body weight of the stick-water. In addition, Tris-Buffered Saline was injected into the control treatment. Next, to measure immunity, innate immunity factors were examined. Finally, in order to check the specific immunity, the challenge was done by immersion with a concentration of 1.2 x 108 CFU/ml of Kocuria rhizophila, after 14 days, the blood bacteremia test of all treatments was performed. According to the results, stick-water containing low molecule peptides was immunogenic in low doses.
An observational test of common-envelope evolution

By analysing and modelling the change in the abundance ratio of $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C and $^{16}$O/$^{17}$O on the surface of the lower mass star of a binary during the common-envelope (CE) phase of evolution, we propose a simple observational test of the CE scenario. The test is based on the infrared measurement of either the $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C or $^{16}$O/$^{17}$O ratio of red dwarfs in post-common envelope binaries (PCEB's). In certain cases (main-sequence red dwarf secondaries in PCEB's without planetary nebulae), as well as determining whether or not accretion has occurred during the CE phase, we can determine the amount of mass accreted during the CE phase and hence the initial mass of the red dwarf component prior to the CE phase. In the other cases considered (low-mass red dwarfs in PCEB's and red dwarf's in PCEB's with planetary nebulae) we can only say whether or not accretion has occurred during the CE phase.
CCL2 expression is mediated by type I IFN receptor and recruits NK and T cells to the lung during MVA infection

Migration of leukocytes to the site of microbial infection is important for the development of effective host immunity. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara is frequently used as a viral vector vaccine in preclinical and clinical studies. In comparison to other vaccinia virus strains, modified vaccinia virus Ankara robustly induces chemokine expression and rapid attraction of leukocytes. In particular, chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) has been shown to be critical for leukocyte recruitment to the lung. In this study, MVA‐induced CCL2 expression in murine macrophages was dependent on type I interferon receptor and not Toll‐like receptor‐2. The critical role of type I interferon receptor signaling for CCL2 production in the lung was confirmed in type I interferon receptor–deficient mice (Ifnar1−/−). In addition, comparing Ifnar1−/− and Ccl2−/− mice with wild‐type mice, we observed a similar impairment in the recruitment of natural killer and T cells to the lung after intranasal infection with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Conversely, neutrophil recruitment was not affected in Ifnar1−/− and Ccl2−/− mice. We conclude that type I interferons, besides their known antiviral properties, can initiate the recruitment and activation of leukocytes via induction of chemokine expression including CCL2.
Vertical Structure of Gas Pressure-dominated Accretion Disks with Local Dissipation of Turbulence and Radiative Transport

We calculate the vertical structure of a local patch of an accretion disk in which heating by dissipation of MRI-driven MHD turbulence is balanced by radiative cooling. Heating, radiative transport, and cooling are computed self-consistently with the structure by solving the equations of radiation MHD in the shearing-box approximation. Using a fully three-dimensional and energy-conserving code, we compute the structure of this disk segment over a span of more than five cooling times. After a brief relaxation period, a statistically steady state develops. Measuring height above the midplane in units of the scale height predicted by a Shakura-Sunyaev model, we find that magnetic pressure causes the disk atmosphere to stretch upward, with the photosphere rising to ≃7H, in contrast to the ≃3H predicted by conventional analytic models. This more extended structure, as well as fluctuations in the height of the photosphere, may lead to departures from Planckian form in the emergent spectra. Dissipation is distributed across the region within ≃3H of the midplane but is very weak at greater altitudes. As a result, the temperature deep in the disk interior is less than that expected when all heat is generated in the midplane. With only occasional exceptions, the gas temperature stays very close to the radiation temperature, even above the photosphere. Because fluctuations in the dissipation are particularly strong away from the midplane, the emergent radiation flux can track dissipation fluctuations with a lag that is only 0.1-0.2 times the mean cooling time of the disk. Long-timescale asymmetries in the dissipation distribution can also cause significant asymmetry in the flux emerging from the top and bottom surfaces of the disk. Radiative diffusion dominates Poynting flux in the vertical energy flow throughout the disk.
(Butoxymethylidene)dimethylazanium tetraphenylborate acetonitrile monosolvate

In the title solvated salt, C7H16NO+·C24H20B−·C2H3N, the C—N bond lengths in the cation are 1.2831 (19), 1.467 (2) and 1.465 (2) Å, indicating double- and single-bond character, respectively. The C—O bond length of 1.2950 (18) Å shows a double-bond character, pointing towards charge delocalization within the NCO plane of the iminium ion. The two C atoms of the n-butyl group are disordered over the two sites, with refined occupancy ratios of 0.890 (5):0.110 (5) and 0.888 (4):0.112 (4). In the crystal, C—H⋯π interactions occur between the methine H atom, H atoms of the –N(CH3)2 and –CH2 groups of the cation, and two of the phenyl rings of the tetraphenylborate anion. The latter interaction forms an aromatic pocket in which the cation is embedded. Thus, a two-dimensional pattern is created in the ac plane.
Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injuries and Risk Factors for Complete Injuries in Guangdong, China: A Retrospective Study

Background Spinal cord injuries are highly disabling and deadly injuries. Currently, few studies focus on non-traumatic spinal cord injuries, and there is little information regarding the risk factors for complete injuries. This study aims to describe the demographics and the injury characteristics for both traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injuries and to explore the risk factors for complete spinal cord injuries. Methods A retrospective study was performed by reviewing the medical records of 3,832 patients with spinal cord injuries who were first admitted to the sampled hospitals in Guangdong, China. The demographics and injury characteristics of the patients were described and compared between the different groups using the chi-square test. Logistic regression was conducted to analyze the risk factors for complete spinal cord injuries. Results The proportion of patients increased from 7.0% to 14.0% from 2003 to 2011. The male-to-female ratio was 3.0∶1. The major cause of spinal cord injuries was traffic accidents (21.7%). Many of the injured were workers (36.2%), peasants (22.8%), and unemployed people (13.9%); these occupations accounted for 72.9% of the total sample. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed that the OR (95% CI) for male gender compared to female gender was 1.25 (1.07–1.89), the OR (95%CI) for having a spinal fracture was 1.56 (1.35–2.60), the OR (95%CI) for having a thoracic injury was 1.23 (1.10–2.00), and the OR (95%CI) for having complications was 2.47 (1.96–3.13). Conclusion The proportion of males was higher than the proportion of females. Workers, peasants and the unemployed comprised the high-risk occupational categories. Male gender, having a spinal fracture, having a thoracic injury, and having complications were the major risk factors for a complete injury. We recommend that preventive measures should focus on high-risk populations, such as young males.
Ca2+ Current versus Ca2+ Channel Cooperativity of Exocytosis

Recently there has been significant interest and progress in the study of spatiotemporal dynamics of Ca2+ that triggers exocytosis at a fast chemical synapse, which requires understanding the contribution of individual calcium channels to the release of a single vesicle. Experimental protocols provide insight into this question by probing the sensitivity of exocytosis to Ca2+ influx. While varying extracellular or intracellular Ca2+ concentration assesses the intrinsic biochemical Ca2+ cooperativity of neurotransmitter release, varying the number of open Ca2+ channels using pharmacological channel block or the tail current titration probes the cooperativity between individual Ca2+ channels in triggering exocytosis. Despite the wide use of these Ca2+ sensitivity measurements, their interpretation often relies on heuristic arguments. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the Ca2+ sensitivity measures probed by these experimental protocols, present simple expressions for special cases, and demonstrate the distinction between the Ca2+ current cooperativity, defined by the relationship between exocytosis rate and the whole-terminal Ca2+ current magnitude, and the underlying Ca2+ channel cooperativity, defined as the average number of channels involved in the release of a single vesicle. We find simple algebraic expressions that show that the two are different but linearly related. Further, we use three-dimensional computational modeling of buffered Ca2+ diffusion to analyze these distinct Ca2+ cooperativity measures, and demonstrate the role of endogenous Ca2+ buffers on such measures. We show that buffers can either increase or decrease the Ca2+ current cooperativity of exocytosis, depending on their concentration and the single-channel Ca2+ current.
Polyphenolic composition of grape stem extracts affects antioxidant activity in endothelial and muscle cells

The aim of the present study was the assessment of the antioxidant effects of polyphenolic extracts derived from the stems of three Greek grape varieties (Moshomayro, Mavrotragano and Mandilaria) in endothelial (EA.hy926) and muscle (C2C12) cells. We also investigated the effects of the polyphenolic composition on the antioxidant effects of the grape stem extracts. For this purpose, the endothelial and muscle cells were treated with low non-cytotoxic concentrations of the extracts for 24 h in order to assess the effects of the extracts on cellular redox status using oxidative stress biomarkers. The oxidative stress markers were thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl (CARB) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and glutathione (GSH) levels. The results revealed that treatment of the EA.hy926 cells with Mandilaria extract significantly decreased the TBARS levels by 14.8% and the CARB levels by 25.9 %, while it increased the GSH levels by 15.8% compared to the controls. Moreover, treatment of the EA.hy926 cells with Mavrotragano extract significantly increased the GSH levels by 20.2%, while it significantly decreased the TBARS and CARB levels by 12.5% and 16.6%, respectively. Treatment of the C2C12 cells with Mandilaria extract significantly decreased the TBARS levels by 47.3 %, the CARB levels by 39.0 % and the ROS levels by 21.8%, while it increased the GSH levels by 22.6% compared to the controls. Moreover, treatment of the C2C12 cells with Mavrotragano significantly decreased the TBARS, CARB and ROS levels by 36.2%, 35.9% and 16.5%, respectively. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledgel, our results demonstrate for the first time that treatment with grape stem extracts at low concentrations improves the redox status of endothelial and muscle cells. Thus, grape stem extracts may be used for developing antioxidant food supplements or biofunctional foods. However, it was also found that the polyphenolic composition of grape stem extracts affects their antioxidant capacity. For example, the results suggested that trans-resveratrol, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, coumaric acid and kaempferol may be essential for the antioxidant activity of grape stem extracts.