Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Author ' s personal copy Just do it ? Investigating the gap between prediction and action in toddlers ’ causal inferences

Adults’ causal representations integrate information about predictive relations and the possibility of effective intervention; if one event reliably predicts another, adults can represent the possibility that acting to bring about the first event might generate the second. Here we show that although toddlers (mean age: 24 months) readily learn predictive relationships between physically connected events, they do not spontaneously initiate one event to try to generate the second (although older children, mean age: 47 months, do; Experiments 1 and 2). Toddlers succeed only when the events are initiated by a dispositional agent (Experiment 3), when the events involve direct contact between objects (Experiment 4), or when the events are described using causal language (Experiment 5). This suggests that causal language may help children extend their initial causal representations beyond agent-initiated and direct contact events. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. suppose that an individual ape . for the first time observes the wind blowing a tree such that the fruit falls to the ground. we believe that most primatologists would be astounded to see the ape, just on the bases of having observed the wind make fruit fall . create the same movement of the limb . the problem is that the wind is completely independent of the observing individual and so causal analysis would have to proceed without references to the organism’s own behavior (Tomasello & Call, 1997; italics theirs) Tomasello and Call’s thought experiment suggests that the ability to recognize predictive relations among events may not entail the ability to recognize that such relations potentially support intervention. Recently, researchers have expressed a similar intuition across a variety of fields. Philosophers have suggested that only a cognitively sophisticated being would recognize ‘‘that the very same relationship that he exploits in intervening also can be present both when other agents intervene and in nature even when no other agents are involved” (Woodward, 2007). Similarly, psychologists have suggested that causal knowledge requires understanding causal relations as non-egocentric, stable relations among diverse events, not merely relations ‘‘that involve rewards or punishments (as in classical or operant conditioning), not just object movements and collisions (as in the Michottean effects), and not just events that immediately result from (one’s own) actions (as in operant conditioning or trial-and-error learning)” (Gopnik et al., 2004). The implication is that human beings may be unique among animals in having a single representation (‘‘causal knowledge”) that encodes what 0010-0277/$ see front matter ! 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cognition. 2009.12. 001 * Corresponding author. Address: 5427 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94708, United States. Tel. : +1 617 893 0125. E-mail address: liz_b@berkeley.edu (E.B. Bonawitz). Cognition 115 (2010) 104–117
Uncovering Hospitalists’ Information Needs from Outside Healthcare Facilities in the Context of Health Information Exchange Using Association Rule Learning

Summary Background: Important barriers to health information exchange (HIE) adoption are clinical work-flow disruptions and troubles with the system interface. Prior research suggests that HIE interfaces providing faster access to useful information may stimulate use and reduce barriers for adoption; however, little is known about informational needs of hospitalists. Objective: To study the association between patient health problems and the type of information requested from outside healthcare providers by hospitalists of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: We searched operational data associated with fax-based exchange of patient information (previous HIE implementation) between hospitalists of an internal medicine department in a large urban tertiary care hospital in Florida, and any other affiliated and unaffiliated healthcare provider. All hospitalizations from October 2011 to March 2014 were included in the search. Strong association rules between health problems and types of information requested during each hospitalization were discovered using Apriori algorithm, which were then validated by a team of hospitalists of the same department. Results: Only 13.7% (2 089 out of 15 230) of the hospitalizations generated at least one request of patient information to other providers. The transactional data showed 20 strong association rules between specific health problems and types of information exist. Among the 20 rules, for example, abdominal pain, chest pain, and anaemia patients are highly likely to have medical records and outside imaging results requested. Other health conditions, prone to have records requested, were lower urinary tract infection and back pain patients. Conclusions: The presented list of strong co-occurrence of health problems and types of information requested by hospitalists from outside healthcare providers not only informs the implementation and design of HIE, but also helps to target future research on the impact of having access to outside information for specific patient cohorts. Our data-driven approach helps to reduce the typical biases of qualitative research.
Logic programming and knowledge representation—The A-Prolog perspective

In this paper we give a short introduction to logic programming approach to knowledge representation and reasoning. The intention is to help the reader to develop a ‘feel’ for the ﬁeld’s history and some of its recent developments. The discussion is mainly limited to logic programs under the answer set semantics. For understanding of approaches to logic programming built on well-founded semantics, general theories of argumentation, abductive reasoning, etc., the reader is referred to other publications.  2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Tight Complexity Bounds for Optimizing Composite Objectives

We provide tight upper and lower bounds on the complexity of minimizing the average of $m$ convex functions using gradient and prox oracles of the component functions. We show a significant gap between the complexity of deterministic vs randomized optimization. For smooth functions, we show that accelerated gradient descent (AGD) and an accelerated variant of SVRG are optimal in the deterministic and randomized settings respectively, and that a gradient oracle is sufficient for the optimal rate. For non-smooth functions, having access to prox oracles reduces the complexity and we present optimal methods based on smoothing that improve over methods using just gradient accesses.
Course of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis before, during and after natalizumab

The consequences of interruption of natalizumab treatment are incompletely known. The objective was to assess the confirmed annualized relapse rates for patients preceding initiation, during and following suspension of natalizumab therapy. A chart review was conducted and data were analyzed using the Generalized Estimating Equations. During natalizumab therapy the confirmed annualized relapse rate was 0.08, compared to 0.52 (p = 0.0003) during the prior 12 months and to 0.35 (p = 0.0032) during the following 3 to 24 months. Similar results were found when confirmed and unconfirmed were analyzed. To conclude, following cessation of natalizumab therapy disease activity rapidly returned to pre-natalizumab levels.
NET-FLi

The ever-increasing number of intrusions in public and commercial networks has created the need for high-speed archival solutions that continuously store streaming network data to enable forensic analysis and auditing. However, "turning back the clock" for post-attack analyses is not a trivial task. The first major challenge is that the solution has to sustain data archiving under extremely high-speed insertion rates. Moreover, the archives created need to be stored in a format that is compressed but still amenable to indexing. The above requirements make general-purpose databases unsuitable for this task, and, thus, dedicated solutions are required. In this paper, we describe a prototype solution that satisfies all requirements for high-speed archival storage, indexing and data querying on network flow information. The superior performance of our approach is attributed to the on-the-fly compression and indexing scheme, which is based on compressed bitmap principles. Typical commercial solutions can currently process 20,000--60,000 flows per second. An evaluation of our prototype implementation on current commodity hardware using real-world traffic traces shows its ability to sustain insertion rates ranging from 500,000 to more than 1 million records per second. The system offers interactive query response times that enable administrators to perform complex analysis tasks on-the-fly. Our technique is directly amenable to parallel execution, allowing its application in domains that are challenged by large volumes of historical measurement data, such as network auditing, traffic behavior analysis and large-scale data visualization in service provider networks.
The Road Not Taken

This article describes a theoretical model of reading disability that integrates a wide range of research findings in cognitive psychology, reading, and education across the age and grade span. The model shows how reading disability relates to normal reading acquisition, and includes four possible patterns of reading disability: nonalphabetic readers, compensatory readers, nonautomatic readers, and readers delayed in the acquisition of word-recognition skills. We compare our model to the models of other investigators and argue that our model is especially useful to practitioners. Finally, we discuss some of the educational implications of the model.
Distribution of ‘Ehrlichia walkeri’ in Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) from the Northern Part of Italy

Abstract The prevalence of ‘Ehrlichia walkeri’ in Ixodes ricinus in northern Italy was studied. A total of 456 ticks were collected from seven places around Belluno, and 292 living ticks were examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nineteen ticks were positive for gltA of ‘E. walkeri’, and the prevalence rate for each place ranged from 0 to 12.8%. The disparity of prevalence rates among areas examined suggests that ‘E. walkeri’ is not widespread in ticks and requires an animal host for its maintenance in nature.
Infection of monocyte-derived macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Monocyte-tropic and lymphocyte-tropic strains of HIV-1 show distinctive patterns of replication in a panel of cell types

To characterize the host range of different strains of HIV-1, we have used four types of cells, primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), primary PBL, a promonocyte cell line (U937), and a CD4+ T cell line (SUP-T1). These cells were infected with three prototype strains of HIV- 1, a putative lymphocyte-tropic strain (IIIB), and two putative monocyte-tropic strains (SF162 and DV). Infections were monitored by assays for infectious virus, for cell-free and cell-associated viral antigen (p24), and for the proportion of cells infected by immunohistochemical staining. It was concluded that: (a) the use of four different cell types provides a useful biological matrix for distinguishing the tropism of different strains of HIV-1; this matrix yields more information than the infection of any single cell type. (b) A monocyte-tropic strain of HIV-1, such as strain SF162, shows a reciprocal host range when compared with a lymphocyte-tropic strain such as IIIB; strain SF162 replicates well in primary MDM but not in U937 or SUP-T1 cells, while strain IIIB replicates well in both U937 and SUP-T1 cells but not in MDM. (c) Both lymphocyte-tropic and monocyte-tropic strains of HIV-1 replicate well in PBL. (d) The promonocyte cell line, U937, and the T cell line, SUP-T1, differ markedly from primary cells, such as MDM and PBL, in their ability to support the replication of different strains of HIV-1; these cell lines cannot be used as surrogates for primary cells in host range studies of HIV-1 strains.
A comparison of the socio-economic determinants of growth retardation in South African and Filipino infants

Abstract Objective To examine the association between household socio-economic status (SES) at birth and poor infant growth such as small for gestational age (SGA) and stunting across two different socio-cultural settings: South Africa and the Philippines. Design Data were from two longitudinal birth cohorts, the Birth to Twenty (Bt20) study in South Africa and the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) in the Philippines. Subjects Bt20 infants (n 2293 total; reduced to 758 (SGA), 450 (stunting 1 year) and 401 (stunting 2 years)) and CLHNS infants (n 2513 total; reduced to 2161 (SGA), 1820 (stunting 1 year) and 1710 (stunting 2 years)). Results CLHNS infants were significantly more likely to be born SGA (20·9 v. 11·7 %) and be stunted at 1 year (32·6 v. 8·7 %) and 2 years (48·9 v. 21·1 %) compared with Bt20 infants. Logistic regression analyses showed that SES (index) was a significant predictor of stunting at 1 and 2 years of age in the CLHNS cohort. SES (index or individual variables) was not a significant predictor of SGA in either cohort, or of stunting in the Bt20 cohort. Maternal education, ownership of a television and toilet facilities were all independent predictors of stunting in the CLHNS cohort. Conclusions The social and economic milieu within the Philippines appears to place CLHNS infants at greater risk of being born SGA and being stunted compared with Bt20 infants. The present research highlights the importance of investigating the individual SES variables that predict infantile growth faltering, to identify the key areas for context-specific policy development and intervention.
Update on Interventional Electrophysiology in Congenital Heart Disease: Evolving Solutions for Complex Hearts

Cardiac arrhythmias remain a major source of morbidity and mortality for patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). This is especially true for those who underwent successful operative correction or palliation during childhood, only to present decades later with a complex arrhythmogenic substrate caused by their abnormal anatomy, surgical scars, and suboptimal hemodynamics of long duration. Surgical advances are attenuating some of the hemodynamic and suture-related proarrhythmic factors; however, they cannot be eliminated totally and are only part of the puzzle. Inherent preoperative abnormalities and chronic remodeling1,2 continue to affect conduction properties of the myocardium, despite many intelligent modifications in surgical approach.3,4 Although antiarrhythmic medications retain a role under certain circumstances, there is growing reliance on interventional procedures to address rhythm disturbances in children and adults with CHD.5 This article will provide an update on clinical data and technological advances in this field, with a focus on ablation and device therapy. Atrial tachycardias are the most common arrhythmias observed in patients with CHD. They are a major cause of symptomatology, and in some cases they can contribute to sudden cardiac death (SCD). Bouchardy et al6 found in a large cohort of adults with CHD that the prevalence of some type of atrial tachycardia was 15%, with a lifetime risk of ≈50% regardless of severity of the CHD lesion. Atrial arrhythmias were associated with a 50% increase in mortality, a 2-fold increased risk of heart failure or stroke, and a 3-fold higher risk of requiring some major cardiac intervention. Single ventricle patients with a Fontan circulation and those with transposition of the great arteries after Mustard or Senning operations have the highest burden of atrial tachycardia, but even simple atrial septal defect closure can be associated with atrial rhythm disturbances.7 Most atrial tachycardias …
Soil Dust Aerosols and Wind as Predictors of Seasonal Meningitis Incidence in Niger

Background: Epidemics of meningococcal meningitis are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa during the dry season, a period when the region is affected by the Harmattan, a dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind blowing from the Sahara into the Gulf of Guinea. Objectives: We examined the potential of climate-based statistical forecasting models to predict seasonal incidence of meningitis in Niger at both the national and district levels. Data and methods: We used time series of meningitis incidence from 1986 through 2006 for 38 districts in Niger. We tested models based on data that would be readily available in an operational framework, such as climate and dust, population, and the incidence of early cases before the onset of the meningitis season in January–May. Incidence was used as a proxy for immunological state, susceptibility, and carriage in the population. We compared a range of negative binomial generalized linear models fitted to the meningitis data. Results: At the national level, a model using early incidence in December and averaged November–December zonal wind provided the best fit (pseudo-R2 = 0.57), with zonal wind having the greatest impact. A model with surface dust concentration as a predictive variable performed indistinguishably well. At the district level, the best spatiotemporal model included zonal wind, dust concentration, early incidence in December, and population density (pseudo-R2 = 0.41). Conclusions: We showed that wind and dust information and incidence in the early dry season predict part of the year-to-year variability of the seasonal incidence of meningitis at both national and district levels in Niger. Models of this form could provide an early-season alert that wind, dust, and other conditions are potentially conducive to an epidemic. Citation: Pérez García-Pando C, Stanton MC, Diggle PJ, Trzaska S, Miller RL, Perlwitz JP, Baldasano JM, Cuevas E, Ceccato P, Yaka P, Thomson MC. 2014. Soil dust aerosols and wind as predictors of seasonal meningitis incidence in Niger. Environ Health Perspect 122:679–686; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/ehp.1306640
Impact of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Children and Their Caregivers: Quality of Life, Cognitive, and Emotional Outcomes

Objective:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with decreased quality of life (QOL) and neurocognitive dysfunction in adults, but little is known about its impact on children and their caregivers. Patients and Methods:We studied the QOL, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive functioning of 114 treatment-naïve children with HCV enrolled in a placebo-controlled, randomized, multisite clinical trial evaluating peginterferon α-2a alone or with ribavirin. Baseline assessment included measures of children's QOL, cognitive functioning, behavioral adaptation, and depression. Caregivers' QOL also was assessed. Results:Relative to published normative data, caregivers were more likely to believe that their children's health was poor and would likely worsen (t = 3.93; P < 0.0001), and reported higher concern about their children's health status (t = 6.63; P < 0.0001) and that this concern limited family activities (t = 2.45; P < 0.01); they also viewed their children as having more internalizing behavioral problems (t = 1.98; P < 0.05). Only 2 (2%) children had a score in the clinically depressed range. Children with HCV had worse cognitive functioning than the normative sample but significantly better functioning than children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Caregivers' QOL scores did not differ significantly from the normative sample, but infected mothers had lower QOL than noninfected caregivers. Caregivers were highly distressed about their children's medical circumstances. Conclusions:Although HCV infection, in its early stages, does not lead to global impairment in QOL, cognitive, behavioral, or emotional functioning in children, it is associated with higher caregiver stress and strain on the family system, and it may be associated with some cognitive changes in children.
Improvements in Symptoms and Quality of Life following Exercise Training in Older Adults with Moderate/Severe Persistent Asthma

Background: Some individuals with moderate/severe persistent asthma develop irreversible airway obstruction. These individuals present with dyspnoea, exercise intolerance and impaired quality of life (QOL), all of which could potentially be alleviated with exercise training. Objective: To investigate whether exercise training improves functional exercise capacity and QOL in middle-aged and older adults with fixed airway obstruction asthma (FAOA). Methods: 35 subjects aged 67.8 ± 10.6 years, with FEV1 59 ± 16% of predicted, were randomised to a 6-week ‘intervention’ period of supervised exercise training (n = 20) or usual care (n = 15). This period was preceded by a 3-week run-in period during which asthma control was assessed weekly. Functional exercise capacity (6-min walk distance, 6MWD) and QOL (Asthma QOL Questionnaire, AQLQ) were measured before, immediately following and 3 months after the intervention period. Results: 34 subjects (exercise group, n = 19, and control group, n = 15) completed the intervention period. Relative to the control group, the exercise group had greater improvements immediately following and 3 months after the intervention in the AQLQ symptom domain (0.61, p = 0.001, and 0.57 points per item, p = 0.005) and AQLQ activity limitation domain (0.43, p = 0.04, and 0.55 points per item, p = 0.04). 6MWD increased (36 ± 37 m, p < 0.01) in the exercise group immediately following training and remained elevated (34 ± 45 m, p < 0.01) at the 3-month follow-up. The magnitude of change in 6MWD between groups was not significant, despite no change in the control group. Conclusions: Supervised exercise training improves symptoms and QOL in adults with FAOA.
Maximum Secrecy Throughput of Transmit Antenna Selection with Eavesdropper Outage Constraints

We evaluate the effective secrecy throughput of the multiple-input multiple-output multiple-antenna eavesdropper (MIMOME) wiretap channel with antenna selection at the legitimate transmitter. The optimal target secrecy rate that maximizes the effective secrecy throughput is obtained and confirmed by numerical results. Differently from previous works, we constrain the maximum allowed secrecy outage probability (SOP) and show that, the single-input single-output multi-antenna eavesdropper (SISOME) scheme recently proposed in the literature presents a much lower resilience to the decrease of the maximum allowed SOP than that obtained by MIMOME scheme.
Skeletal muscle weakness caused by carrageenan‐induced inflammation

Introduction: The skeletal muscle weakness associated with many chronic diseases has been attributed to the catabolic effect of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. We aimed to determine if local muscle inflammation has direct affects on contractile function and contributes to muscle weakness independent of muscle atrophy or mechanical injury. Methods: Local muscle inflammation was induced by injecting an algal‐derived polysaccharide, carrageenan (10 mg/kg), into the right tibialis anterior muscle in healthy ARC mice. The contralateral muscle was injected with sterile isotonic saline, and the muscles were removed after 24 h for measurement of contractile function and cytokine concentration. Results: Carrageenan significantly reduced maximum specific force, decreased the maximum rate of force development, altered the force‐frequency relationship, and increased intramuscular levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Conclusions: These results indicate that carrageenan directly affects contractile function and causes skeletal muscle weakness. Local muscle inflammation may contribute to the weakness observed in inflammatory related disorders. Muscle Nerve 46: 413–420, 2012