Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Erlenmeyer flask deformity.

OBJECTIVE Erlenmeyer flask deformity is a common radiological finding in patients with Gaucher's disease; however, no definition of this deformity exists and the reported prevalence of the deformity varies widely. To devise an easily applied definition of this deformity, we investigated a cohort of knee radiographs in which there was consensus between three experienced radiologists as to the presence or absence of Erlenmeyer flask morphology. METHODS Using the presence or absence of Erlenmeyer flask morphology as a benchmark, we measured the diameter of the femur at the level of the physeal scar and serially at defined intervals along the metadiaphysis. RESULTS A measured ratio in excess of 0.57 between the diameter of the femoral shaft 4 cm from the physis to the diameter of the physeal baseline itself on a frontal radiograph of the knee predicted the Erlenmeyer flask deformity with 95.6% sensitivity and 100% specificity in our series of 43 independently diagnosed adults with Gaucher's disease. Application of this method to the distal femur detected the Erlenmeyer flask deformity reproducibly and was simple to carry out. CONCLUSION Unlike diagnostic assignments based on subjective review, our simple procedure for identifying the modelling deformity is based on robust quantitative measurement: it should facilitate comparative studies between different groups of patients, and may allow more rigorous exploration of the pathogenesis of the complex osseous manifestations of Gaucher's disease to be undertaken.
Influence of the socioeconomic status on the prevalence of malocclusion in the primary dentition

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of socioeconomic background on malocclusion prevalence in primary dentition in a population from the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: This cross-sectional study comprised 652 children (males and females) aged between 3 to 6 years old. Subjects were enrolled in private preschools (higher socioeconomic status - HSS, n = 312) or public preschools (lower socioeconomic status - LSS, n = 340) in Belém, Pará, Brazil. Chi-square and binomial statistics were used to assess differences between both socioeconomic groups, with significance level set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: A high prevalence of malocclusion (81.44%) was found in the sample. LSS females exhibited significantly lower prevalence (72.1%) in comparison to HSS females (84.7%), particularly with regard to Class II (P < 0.0001), posterior crossbite (P = 0.006), increased overbite (P = 0.005) and overjet (P < 0.0001). Overall, malocclusion prevalence was similar between HSS and LSS male children (P = 0.36). Early loss of primary teeth was significantly more prevalent in the LSS group (20.9%) in comparison to children in the HSS group (0.9%), for both males and females (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic background influences the occurrence of malocclusion in the primary dentition. In the largest metropolitan area of the Amazon, one in every five LSS children has lost at least one primary tooth before the age of seven.
The prevalence and characteristics of disability in Eastern Nepal.

BACKGROUND Disability is related to poverty and development. Enough information and documentation is not available for developing countries like Nepal. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To assess the self-reported prevalence of disability in terms of age, sex, types, cause and age of onset. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional house to house census was carried out by means of structured questionnaires. RESULTS A total of 31,160 individuals (4.87%) were found disabled out of a total of 640,259 individuals. The three most common types of disability are physical affecting limbs, hearing and vision. The most common perceived cause of disability is inborn syndrome followed by injury/accidents. DISCUSSION Various publications for the prevalence of reported disability show a figure between three and ten percent, with physical disability affecting locomotion and manipulation as the leading type of disability. The prevalence rate can vary depending upon the disability indicators, methods and population surveyed and perceptions of the people. CONCLUSION The self-reported prevalence of disability in Sunsari District is 4.87%, with inborn-syndrome as the leading perceived cause.
Dopaminergic regulation of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone and glucose levels in the hemolymph of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii.

The effects of dopamine on crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) release and hemolymph glucose levels in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii were investigated. A quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antibodies specific for Prc CHH was developed and characterized. The sensitivity of the ELISA was about 1 fmol/well. Specific measurement of CHH in hemolymph samples by the ELISA was demonstrated by the parallelism between CHH standard curve and sample (hemolymph) titration curve. Moreover, thermally stressed P. clarkii exhibited a characteristic change of hemolymph CHH levels as revealed by the ELISA. CHH and glucose levels increased significantly within 30 min of dopamine injection, peaked at 1 h, and returned to the basal levels at 4 h. Dose-dependent effects of dopamine on CHH and glucose levels were observed between 10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/animal. Dopamine-induced increases in CHH and glucose levels were absent in eyestalk-ablated animals. Finally, dopamine significantly stimulated the release of CHH from in vitro incubated eyestalk ganglia. These results suggest that dopamine enhances release of CHH into hemolymph that in turn evokes hyperglycemic responses and that the predominant site of dopamine-induced CHH release is the X-organ-sinus gland complex located within the eyestalk.
The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia

• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Send Orders of Reprints at Reprints@benthamscience.org Multiple Acetabular Revisions in Tha -poor Outcome despite Maximum Effort

A consecutive series of 52 acetabular revisions was evaluated retrospectively. Inclusion criteria for all patients were at least one former exchange of the acetabular component. Reconstruction was performed with reliable techniques and implants other than extensively porous coated device (e.g. tantalum). The mean follow up was 5.63 (0.01-14.05) years. Cumulative survival at 14.05 years with removal of the acetabular component due to aseptic loosening or the worst case criterion (removal of the acetabular component for any cause and/or lost to follow-up) as the end point was 66.38 (95 % C. The cumulative survival rate with mechanical failure of the acetabular reconstruction as the endpoint was significantly lower in patients with two or more previous revisions in comparison to those with only one former procedure (log rank test: p=0,0112 respectively). The mean Merle d'Aubignée-score improved from 7.3 (0-14) preoperatively to 10.6 (0-17) points at latest follow up examination. Survival of acetabular reconstructions with common techniques and implants is decreasing with the number of previous revisions. This may cause major concerns with regard to the rising number of patients needing repeated revisions. Maximizing durability of primary THA, precise preoperative planning as well as improved techniques and implants for revision may decrease this problem in the long term.
Glycosaminoglycan Interactions in Murine Gammaherpesvirus-68 Infection

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) commonly participate in herpesvirus entry. They are thought to provide a reversible attachment to cells that promotes subsequent receptor binding. Murine gamma-herpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) infection of fibroblasts and epithelial cells is highly GAG-dependent. This is a function of the viral gp150, in that gp150-deficient mutants are much less GAG-dependent than wild-type. Here we show that the major MHV-68 GAG-binding protein is not gp150 but gp70, a product of ORF4. Surprisingly, ORF4-deficient MHV-68 showed normal cell binding and was more sensitive than wild-type to inhibition by soluble heparin rather than less. Thus, the most obvious viral GAG interaction made little direct contribution to infection. Indeed, a large fraction of the virion gp70 had its GAG-binding domain removed by post-translational cleavage. ORF4 may therefore act mainly to absorb soluble GAGs and prevent them from engaging gp150 prematurely. In contrast to gp70, gp150 bound poorly to GAGs, implying that it provides little in the way of adhesion. We hypothesize that it acts instead as a GAG-sensitive switch that selectively activates MHV-68 entry at cell surfaces.
The Strength Model of Self-Control

Self-control is defined as the capacity to override natural and automatic tendencies; and to conscious control one’s behavior. The strength model of self-control suggests that the exertion of self-control depends on a limited resource. Research has supported the strength model in the domains of impulsive behaviors, interpersonal processes, decision making and judgments. Factors that appear to have impact on the self control strength include personality, emotion, motivation and self-control programs. It is necessary to identify the difference between fatigue and ego depletion and to access the contributions of motivation and beliefs in self control in the future research. Finding a reliable way to improve self-control in real world settings would be another helpful direction for further work.
A Summary of Three Predictive Studies with the MAP

Recently, threestudies exploring the predictive validity of the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP) (Miller, 1982) have been completed. Cohn (1986) studied 134Colorado childrenafter an interval of 1.25 to 2.5 years. Lemerand (1985) studied 273Michigan childrenafteran interval ofone year. Miller (1986) studied a national sample of 338 children after an interval of four years. All three studies examined the MAP's recommended 5% and 25% cutpoints. Cohn (1986) employed t tests to analyze the relationship between MAP scores and later criterion measures; Lemerand (1985) compared MAP predictions to the base rate of reponed occurrence in the population; and Miller (1986) examined correlations of the MAP to later criterion measures.
Knowledge and Power

This article is concerned with how the development of mixed methods research is influenced by the many aspects of human interplay occurring between researchers representing different disciplines. It examines findings from interviews, field notes, and written documentation from a case study involving a team of health science researchers doing mixed methods research on athletes with knee injuries. The researchers experienced that they did not succeed in integrating quantitative and qualitative data collected from this research. From the collected data, a multiplicity of forms of interplay is identified and discussed. The article suggests that more attention needs to be given to power relations as an important aspect of collaboration between researchers belonging to different epistemic cultures.
Gibbsian On-Line Distributed Content Caching Strategy for Cellular Networks

In this paper, we develop Gibbs sampling-based techniques for learning the optimal placement of contents in a cellular network. We consider the situation where a finite collection of base stations are scattered on the plane, each covering a cell (possibly overlapping with other cells). Mobile users request downloads from a finite set of contents according to some popularity distribution which may be known or unknown to the base stations. Each base station has a fixed memory space that can store only a strict subset of the contents at a time; hence, if a user requests content that is not stored at any of its serving base stations, the content has to be downloaded from the backhaul. Hence, we consider the problem of optimal content placement which minimizes the rate of download from the backhaul, or equivalently maximize the cache hit rate. It is known that, when multiple cells can overlap with one another (e.g., under dense deployment of base stations in small cell networks), it is not optimal to place the most popular contents in each base station. However, the optimal content placement problem is NP-complete. Using the ideas of Gibbs sampling, we propose simple sequential content update rules that decide whether to store content at a base station (if required from the base station) and which content has to be removed from the corresponding cache, based on the knowledge of contents stored in its neighboring base stations. The update rule is shown to be asymptotically converging to the optimal content placement for all nodes under the knowledge of content popularity. Next, we extend the algorithm to address the situation where content popularities and cell topology are initially unknown, but are estimated as new requests arrive to the base stations; we show that our algorithm working with the running estimates of content popularities and cell topology also converges asymptotically to the optimal content placement. Finally, we demonstrate the improvement in cache hit rate compared with the most popular content placement and independent content placement strategies via numerical exploration.
Role of Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (Drp1)-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission in Oxygen Sensing and Constriction of the Ductus Arteriosus

Rationale: Closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA) is essential for the transition from fetal to neonatal patterns of circulation. Initial PO2-dependent vasoconstriction causes functional DA closure within minutes. Within days a fibrogenic, proliferative mechanism causes anatomic closure. Though modulated by endothelial-derived vasodilators and constrictors, O2 sensing is intrinsic to ductal smooth muscle cells and oxygen-induced DA constriction persists in the absence of endothelium, endothelin, and cyclooxygenase mediators. O2 increases mitochondrial-derived H2O2, which constricts ductal smooth muscle cells by raising intracellular calcium and activating rho kinase. However, the mechanism by which oxygen changes mitochondrial function is unknown. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether mitochondrial fission is crucial for O2-induced DA constriction and closure. Methods and Results: Using DA harvested from 30 term infants during correction of congenital heart disease, as well as DA from term rabbits, we demonstrate that mitochondrial fission is crucial for O2-induced constriction and closure. O2 rapidly (<5 minutes) causes mitochondrial fission by a cyclin-dependent kinase- mediated phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) at serine 616. Fission triggers a metabolic shift in the ductal smooth muscle cells that activates pyruvate dehydrogenase and increases mitochondrial H2O2 production. Subsequently, fission increases complex I activity. Mitochondrial-targeted catalase overexpression eliminates PO2-induced increases in mitochondrial-derived H2O2 and cytosolic calcium. The small molecule Drp1 inhibitor, Mdivi-1, and siDRP1 yield concordant results, inhibiting O2-induced constriction (without altering the response to phenylephrine or KCl) and preventing O2-induced increases in oxidative metabolism, cytosolic calcium, and ductal smooth muscle cells proliferation. Prolonged Drp1 inhibition reduces DA closure in a tissue culture model. Conclusions: Mitochondrial fission is an obligatory, early step in mammalian O2 sensing and offers a promising target for modulating DA patency.
Análisis de rasgos de personalidad positiva y bienestar psicológico en personas mayores practicantes de ejercicio físico vs no practicantes

The aim of the present study is to analyze the differences between practitioners and non-practitioners of physical exercise, as well as the gender differences in relation to psychological wellbeing and certain positive personality traits, such as optimism and hope, of the elderly. Moreover, the relationship among psychological wellbeing, physical exercise and positive personality traits is also analyzed. This study involved150 individuals between the age of 60-85 (73 practitioners and 77 non-practitioners). The participants responded several questionnaires assessing the aforementioned attributes. Results have shown several differences which are statistically significant in each scale among practitioners and nonpractitioners. A positive correlation has arisen between dedication to practicing exercise and these psychological aspects. The results support the theoretical presumption that physical activity is related to multiple psychological advantages for the elderly where we can find attributes such as optimism and hope, as well as psychological well-being. Specifically, physical activity is associated with these attributes of mental toughness.
Sleep-facilitating effect of exogenous melatonin in healthy young men and women is circadian-phase dependent.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of a physiologic and a pharmacologic dose of exogenous melatonin on sleep latency and sleep efficiency in sleep episodes initiated across a full range of circadian phases. DESIGN Double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group design in a 27-day forced desynchrony paradigm with a 20-hour scheduled sleep-wake cycle. SETTING Private suite of a general clinical research center, in the absence of time-of-day information. SUBJECTS Thirty-six healthy, 18- to 30-year-old, men (n = 21) and women (n = 15). INTERVENTIONS Oral melatonin (0.3 mg or 5.0 mg) or identical-appearing placebo was administered 30 minutes prior to each 6.67-hour sleep episode during forced desynchrony. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Both doses of melatonin improved polysomnographically determined sleep efficiency from 77% in the placebo group to 83% for sleep episodes occurring during circadian phases when endogenous melatonin was absent. However, this remained below the average sleep efficiency of 88% observed during sleep episodes scheduled during the circadian night, when endogenous melatonin was present. Melatonin did not significantly affect sleep initiation or core body temperature. Melatonin appeared to maintain efficacy across the study and did not significantly affect percentages of slow-wave sleep or rapid eye movement sleep. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous melatonin administration possesses circadian-phase-dependent hypnotic properties, allowing for improved consolidation of sleep that occurs out of phase with endogenous melatonin secretion during the circadian night. The results support the hypothesis that both exogenous and endogenous melatonin attenuate the wake-promoting drive from the circadian system.
Cumulative Effects of Nutrient Enrichment and Elevated Temperature Compromise the Early Life History Stages of the Coral Acropora tenuis

Inshore coral reefs are experiencing the combined pressures of excess nutrient availability associated with coastal activities and warming seawater temperatures. Both pressures are known to have detrimental effects on the early life history stages of hard corals, but studies of their combined effects on early demographic stages are lacking. We conducted a series of experiments to test the combined effects of nutrient enrichment (three levels) and elevated seawater temperature (up to five levels) on early life history stages of the inshore coral Acropora tenuis, a common species in the Indo-Pacific and Red Sea. Gamete fertilization, larval survivorship and larval settlement were all significantly reduced as temperature increased, but only fertilization was further affected by simultaneous nutrient enrichment. Combined high temperatures and nutrient enrichment affected fertilization in an additive manner, whereas embryo abnormalities increased synergistically. Higher than normal temperatures (32°C) increased coral juvenile growth rates 1.6-fold, but mortality also increased by 50%. The co-occurrence of nutrient enrichment with high temperatures reduced juvenile mortality to 36%, ameliorating temperature stress (antagonistic interaction). Overall, the types of effect (additive vs synergistic or antagonistic) and their magnitude varied among life stages. Gamete and embryo stages were more affected by temperature stress and, in some cases, also by nutrient enrichment than juveniles. The data suggest that coastal runoff events might exacerbate the impacts of warming temperatures on fertilization if these events co-occur during corals spawning. The cumulative impacts of simultaneous exposure to nutrient enrichment and elevated temperatures over all early life history stages increases the likelihood for failure of larval supply and recruitment for this coral species. Our results suggest that improving the water quality of river discharges into coastal areas might help to enhance the thermal tolerances of early life history stages in this common coral species.
CD11b+, Ly6G+ Cells Produce Type I Interferon and Exhibit Tissue Protective Properties Following Peripheral Virus Infection

The goal of the innate immune system is containment of a pathogen at the site of infection prior to the initiation of an effective adaptive immune response. However, effector mechanisms must be kept in check to combat the pathogen while simultaneously limiting undesirable destruction of tissue resulting from these actions. Here we demonstrate that innate immune effector cells contain a peripheral poxvirus infection, preventing systemic spread of the virus. These innate immune effector cells are comprised primarily of CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G- monocytes that accumulate initially at the site of infection, and are then supplemented and eventually replaced by CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G+ cells. The phenotype of the CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G+ cells resembles neutrophils, but the infiltration of neutrophils typically occurs prior to, rather than following, accumulation of monocytes. Indeed, it appears that the CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G+ cells that infiltrated the site of VACV infection in the ear are phenotypically distinct from the classical description of both neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages. We found that CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G+ cells produce Type I interferons and large quantities of reactive oxygen species. We also observed that depletion of Ly6G+ cells results in a dramatic increase in tissue damage at the site of infection. Tissue damage is also increased in the absence of reactive oxygen species, although reactive oxygen species are typically thought to be damaging to tissue rather than protective. These data indicate the existence of a specialized population of CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G+ cells that infiltrates a site of virus infection late and protects the infected tissue from immune-mediated damage via production of reactive oxygen species. Regulation of the action of this population of cells may provide an intervention to prevent innate immune-mediated tissue destruction.