Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Genetic History of Indigenous Populations of the Peruvian and Bolivian Altiplano: The Legacy of the Uros

The Altiplano region of the South American Andes is marked by an inhospitable climate to which the autochthonous human populations adapted and then developed great ancient civilizations, such as the Tiwanaku culture and the Inca Empire. Since pre-Columbian times, different rulers established themselves around the Titicaca and Poopo Lakes. By the time of the arrival of Spaniards, Aymara and Quechua languages were predominant on the Altiplano under the rule of the Incas, although the occurrence of other spoken languages, such as Puquina and Uruquilla, suggests the existence of different ethnic groups in this region. In this study, we focused on the pre-Columbian history of the autochthonous Altiplano populations, particularly the Uros ethnic group, which claims to directly descend from the first settlers of the Andes, and some linguists suggest they might otherwise be related to Arawak speaking groups from the Amazon. Using phylogeographic, population structure and spatial genetic analyses of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data, we inferred the genetic relationships among Uros populations (Los Uros from Peru, Uru-Chipaya and Uru-Poopo from Bolivia), and compared their haplotype profiles with eight Aymara, nine Quechua and two Arawak (Machiguenga and Yanesha) speaking populations from Peru and Bolivia. Our results indicated that Uros populations stand out among the Altiplano populations, while appearing more closely related to the Aymara and Quechua from Lake Titicaca and surrounding regions than to the Amazon Arawaks. Moreover, the Uros populations from Peru and Bolivia are genetically differentiated from each other, indicating a high heterogeneity in this ethnic group. Finally, our results support the distinctive ancestry for the Uros populations of Peru and Bolivia, which are likely derived from ancient Andean lineages that were partially replaced during more recent farming expansion events and the establishment of complex civilizations in the Andes.
Effects of acute and repeated treatment with the biased mu opioid receptor agonist TRV130 (oliceridine) on measures of antinociception, gastrointestinal function, and abuse liability in rodents

Rationale: TRV130 (oliceridine; N-[(3-methoxythiophen-2-yl)methyl]-2-[(9R)-9-pyridin-2-yl-6-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-9-yl]ethanamine) is a novel mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist that preferentially activates G-protein versus β-arrestin signaling pathways coupled to MORs. Prevailing evidence suggests that TRV130 and other G-protein-biased MOR agonists may produce therapeutic analgesic effects with reduced adverse effects compared to existing MOR agonists. Objectives: This study compared the effects of acute and repeated TRV130 administration on measures of antinociception, gastrointestinal function, and abuse liability in rodents. We hypothesized that TRV130 would produce robust and sustained antinociception and abuse-related effects during repeated treatment, but that tolerance would develop to gastrointestinal inhibition. Methods: Antinociception was assessed using a warm-water tail-withdrawal procedure in mice. Gastrointestinal function was assessed in mice using an in vivo measure of fecal output and in vitro assays of colonic propulsion and of colon and ileum circular muscle contraction. Abuse liability was assessed in rats using an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. (+)-TRV130 was administered with acute and repeated dosing regimens, and (–)-TRV130 was also examined in the ICSS procedure to assess stereoselectivity. Results: Acute (+)-TRV130 treatment produced robust antinociception, complete inhibition of gastrointestinal function, and weak abuse-related effects. Repeated (+)-TRV130 treatment failed to produce tolerance to antinociception or gastrointestinal inhibition, and abuse-related effects were enhanced by repeated treatment. Effects of acute and repeated (+)-TRV130 in these procedures resemble effects of morphine, with the exception that TRV130 antinociception was more resistant to tolerance. (–)-TRV130 was inactive. Conclusions: These results suggest that TRV130 retains undesirable constipating and abuse-related effects during repeated treatment despite its bias for G-protein signaling.
The effect of pyridoxin deficiency on certain organs of the rat

Some preliminary studies on the histological appearance of certain organs of the pyridoxin-deficient rat have been made. During an attempt to interpret the results of these studies, it was found that conflicting accounts of adrenal changes in pyridoxin deficiency occurred in the literature. Further experiments were undertaken in an attempt to clear up this point and to discover the relative rates at which changes took place in the organs studied.
Diversity and Prevalence of Trematodes in Livers of Sheep and Goat in Quetta, Pakistan

A study was conducted to investigate diversity and prevalence of helminth parasites of livers of sheep and goats in the district of Quetta between August 2001 and March 2002. Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica and Paramphistomum explanatum were recorded. Overall trematodiasis was 23.75% in sheep and 27.90% in goats. Mixed infection of F. hepatica and F. gigantica was higher (12.26 and 20.93% in sheep and goats, respectively) compared with infection with parasites alone, or in mixed combination with P. explanatum. An increase in prevalence and intensity of parasites was seen during and after the rainy season. Presence of F. gigantica strongly suggests that animal transport influences epidemiological findings.
Prolonged Instability Prior to a Regime Shift

Regime shifts are generally defined as the point of ‘abrupt’ change in the state of a system. However, a seemingly abrupt transition can be the product of a system reorganization that has been ongoing much longer than is evident in statistical analysis of a single component of the system. Using both univariate and multivariate statistical methods, we tested a long-term high-resolution paleoecological dataset with a known change in species assemblage for a regime shift. Analysis of this dataset with Fisher Information and multivariate time series modeling showed that there was a∼2000 year period of instability prior to the regime shift. This period of instability and the subsequent regime shift coincide with regional climate change, indicating that the system is undergoing extrinsic forcing. Paleoecological records offer a unique opportunity to test tools for the detection of thresholds and stable-states, and thus to examine the long-term stability of ecosystems over periods of multiple millennia.
Geometry and Loading Effects on the Compressive Strength of Fibrous Composites

This work addresses the important engineering problem of the com pressive strength of fibrous laminated composites, bridging the micromechanics relevant to compressive failure due to fiber kinking with the global characteristics of a composite structure Simple modeling incorporates the influence of boundary conditions, laminate thickness and layup configuration, as well as the importance of the microgeometry. The mechanism of failure under compression is assumed to be microbuckling of fibers that localizes at points with the maximum initial imperfection and leads to the formation and, under critical conditions, propagation of kink bands. To analyze the mechanics of kinking and to calculate the critical compressive stress, a steady state kink propagation model is utilized for the layers under compression in the fiber direction. The analysis results are used to gain a better understanding of the influence of the macrogeometry (laminate thick ness and gauge length) in addition to the microgeometry (fiber diameter and fiber volume fraction), and the fiber and matrix material properties The predictions of the model are compared with experimental results for carbon/thermoplastic unidirectional laminates under direct compression and cross-ply laminates under four-point bending.
Transient storage as a function of geomorphology, discharge, and permafrost active layer conditions in Arctic tundra streams

Transient storage of solutes in hyporheic zones or other slow‐moving stream waters plays an important role in the biogeochemical processes of streams. While numerous studies have reported a wide range of parameter values from simulations of transient storage, little field work has been done to investigate the correlations between these parameters and shifts in surface and subsurface flow conditions. In this investigation we use the stream properties of the Arctic (namely, highly varied discharges, channel morphologies, and subchannel permafrost conditions) to isolate the effects of discharge, channel morphology, and potential size of the hyporheic zone on transient storage. We repeated stream tracer experiments in five morphologically diverse tundra streams in Arctic Alaska during the thaw season (May–August) of 2004 to assess transient storage and hydrologic characteristics. We compared transient storage model parameters to discharge (Q), the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor (f), and unit stream power (ω). Across all studied streams, permafrost active layer depths (i.e., the potential extent of the hyporheic zone) increased throughout the thaw season, and discharges and velocities varied dramatically with minimum ranges of eight‐fold and four‐fold, respectively. In all reaches the mean storage residence time (tstor) decreased exponentially with increasing Q, but did not clearly relate to permafrost active layer depths. Furthermore, we found that modeled transient storage metrics (i.e., tstor, storage zone exchange rate (αOTIS), and hydraulic retention (Rh)) correlated better with channel hydraulic descriptors such as f and ω than they did with Q or channel slope. Our results indicate that Q is the first‐order control on transient storage dynamics of these streams, and that f and ω are two relatively simple measures of channel hydraulics that may be important metrics for predicting the response of transient storage to perturbations in discharge and morphology in a given stream.
Retinal guanylyl cyclase activating protein 1 forms a functional dimer

Retinal guanylyl cyclases (RetGCs) in vertebrate photoreceptors are regulated by the guanylyl cyclase activator proteins (GCAP1 and GCAP2). Here, we report EPR double electron-electron resonance (DEER) studies on the most ubiquitous GCAP isoform, GCAP1 and site-directed mutagenesis analysis to determine an atomic resolution structural model of a GCAP1 dimer. Nitroxide spin-label probes were introduced at individual GCAP1 residues: T29C, E57C, E133C, and E154C. The intermolecular distance of each spin-label probe (measured by DEER) defined restraints for calculating the GCAP1 dimeric structure by molecular docking. The DEER-derived structural model of the GCAP1 dimer was similar within the experimental error for both the Mg2+-bound activator and Ca2+-bound inhibitor states (RMSD < 2.0 Å). The GCAP1 dimer possesses intermolecular hydrophobic contacts involving the side chain atoms of H19, Y22, F73 and V77. The structural model of the dimer was validated by GCAP1 mutations (H19R, Y22D, F73E, and V77E) at the dimer interface that each abolished protein dimerization. Previous studies have shown that each of these mutants either diminished or completely suppressed the ability of GCAP1 to activate the cyclase. These results suggest that GCAP1 dimerization may affect compartmentalization of GCAP1 in the photoreceptors and/or affect regulation of the cyclase activity.
Updated Functional Classification of β-Lactamases

ABSTRACT Two classification schemes for β-lactamases are currently in use. The molecular classification is based on the amino acid sequence and divides β-lactamases into class A, C, and D enzymes which utilize serine for β-lactam hydrolysis and class B metalloenzymes which require divalent zinc ions for substrate hydrolysis. The functional classification scheme updated herein is based on the 1995 proposal by Bush et al. (K. Bush, G. A. Jacoby, and A. A. Medeiros, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:1211-1233, 1995). It takes into account substrate and inhibitor profiles in an attempt to group the enzymes in ways that can be correlated with their phenotype in clinical isolates. Major groupings generally correlate with the more broadly based molecular classification. The updated system includes group 1 (class C) cephalosporinases; group 2 (classes A and D) broad-spectrum, inhibitor-resistant, and extended-spectrum β-lactamases and serine carbapenemases; and group 3 metallo-β-lactamases. Several new subgroups of each of the major groups are described, based on specific attributes of individual enzymes. A list of attributes is also suggested for the description of a new β-lactamase, including the requisite microbiological properties, substrate and inhibitor profiles, and molecular sequence data that provide an adequate characterization for a new β-lactam-hydrolyzing enzyme.
Exploring the Interaction of Implicit and Explicit Processes to Facilitate Individual Skill Learning

Abstract : This work advances basic research in the areas of learning and training. One product is a conceptual framework, which addresses the ways explicit and implicit knowledge interact to produce skills. This framework suggests that human performance may be controlled by either a subconceptual knowledge base (the implicit mode) or application of a symbolic conceptual model (the explicit mode). A computational cognitive architecture, CLARION, significantly different from other existing cognitive architectures, is developed in this work to capture a range of data related to the interaction. It helps us to explain (and eventually to predict) training and learning processes. The results of the experiments support the theory of the interactions of implicit and explicit learning processes during skill acquisition. The outcomes (data, models, and theories) provide a more detailed, clearer and more comprehensive perspective on skill learning.
Determining composition of micron-scale protein deposits in neurodegenerative disease by spatially targeted optical microproteomics

Spatially targeted optical microproteomics (STOMP) is a novel proteomics technique for interrogating micron-scale regions of interest (ROIs) in mammalian tissue, with no requirement for genetic manipulation. Methanol or formalin-fixed specimens are stained with fluorescent dyes or antibodies to visualize ROIs, then soaked in solutions containing the photo-tag: 4-benzoylbenzyl-glycyl-hexahistidine. Confocal imaging along with two photon excitation are used to covalently couple photo-tags to all proteins within each ROI, to a resolution of 0.67 µm in the xy-plane and 1.48 µm axially. After tissue solubilization, photo-tagged proteins are isolated and identified by mass spectrometry. As a test case, we examined amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model and a post-mortem AD case, confirming known plaque constituents and discovering new ones. STOMP can be applied to various biological samples including cell lines, primary cell cultures, ex vivo specimens, biopsy samples, and fixed post-mortem tissue. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.09579. 001
Tests of the Accelerating Cryomodules for the European X-Ray Free Electron Laser

The European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) is currently under construction in Germany in Hamburg area. A 2.1 km long superconducting linear accelerator, part of the XFEL, consists of 101 accelerating cryomodules. The XFEL cryomodule is assembled with eight superconducting RF cavities, one cold magnet and Beam Position Monitor (BPM). The cryomodules are tested in dedicated test facility before installation in the XFEL tunnel. The testing procedures for the cryomodules were prepared with use of DESY expertise from TTF (Tesla Test Facility) Collaboration and FLASH (Freie-Elektronen-Laser in Hamburg). This paper describes the full set of testing procedure and incoming and outgoing inspections as well.
The Gulf Stream: A Physical and Dynamical Description. By HENRY STOMMEL. Second edition. 248 pp. $6.00.

F. Cheers complains with some justice that, for the purpose of an adequate appreciation of the principles behind the design of modern engines, textbooks on fluid mechanics usually have less than enough to say about compressible flow, that books on thermodynamics have less than enough to say about duct flow and that books on gas dynamics are too much oriented towards the needs of aircraft designers and missile technologists. He set himself the task of providing a textbook which makes it possible for a student to proceed to read the more advanced books and papers on engine design. The students he teaches in his own university are presumed to have a good knowledge of thermodynamics, and to have taken a course in classical hydrodynamics and to be attending a complementary course on incompressible fluids, including viscous flow, boundary-layer theory and turbulence, while following the course on which this book is based. It is clear that some such background is necessary for students attempting to use the book, which has little to say on these topics. There are chapters giving a straightforward account in simple terms of onedimensional unsteady and two-dimensional steady flow, including the properties of shock waves and Prandtl-Meyer expansions of relevance to flow in ducts. There follows a chapter on supersonic nozzles and diffusers indicating the types of flow that are possible. Next comes an account of numerical methods for problems of flow in two dimensions; the wavelet design method is used to calculate a nozzle for a supersonic wind tunnel. The method of characteristics is outlined as a means of dealing with, for example, flows with shock waves present, but this section is left rather in suspense, since it is neither written in generality nor actually applied to a specific problem. The next chapter is concerned with the linearized equations of subsonic and supersonic flow. The limitations of the theory are indicated. There is a short chapter on real gas flows and transonic flow and another on measurements in incompressible flow. The book ends with a collection of almost wholly numerical examples on the work of each chapter. Throughout the book charts are used and the author encourages their use. The mathematics is kept very simple. The text is well supplied with useful sketches, but what a pity there is not a single plate to illustrate the reality of a shock or expansion wave! The Symposium Transsonicum met in 1962 at Aachen with the support of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. The meeting provided an opportunity for a distinguished group of workers in this field to give accounts of the present state of research and to draw attention to the many as yet unsolved problems in a subject which is still of the greatest physical 166pp. 36s.
Error Evaluation on Measuring the Apparent Poisson's Ratios of Textile Fabrics by Uniaxial Tensile Test

In order to measure the apparent Poisson's ratio of textile fabrics by uniaxial tensile testing, error mechanism was studied and new evaluation method was proposed. Using Lloyd-Hearle method, experimental mechanism and resulting error were investigated by comparison with theoretical FEM calculation with experimental data. In Lloyd-Heare method, theoretical error of apparent Poisson's ratio can be reduced by uniaxial tension testing at two extreme conditions, i. e. either at large (gauge length)/(sample width) ratio or at small ratio. When the gauge length is short, the experimental results were markedly affected by the slip between the chucks and sample. In order to correct the experimental error caused by the above reason, samples having various dimensions were utilized for the experiment. Some concrete examples to get apparent Poisson's ratios of fabrics by uniaxial tension test were also shown. This method is applicable for simulations of cloth draping and deformation which need apparent Poisson's ratios.
STRUCTURE STABILITY STUDY ON A NEWLY DEVELOPED NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOY—ALLVAC ® 718PLUS ™

Recently a new Ni base superalloy to be used at 700°C has been developed by ATI Allvac designated as Allvac ® 718Plus TM . The critical criterion for this alloy is long time structure stability at 700°C that is closely related to the nature of phases and their stability in this alloy. In this study phase identification of 718Plus at as-heat treated and long-term thermal exposed conditions was conducted by various means. Phase prediction of 718Plus was calculated by Thermo-Calc software and the detailed phase identification was conducted by SEM, TEM, EDS, SAD and XRD. Quantitative determination of different phases were conducted by electrolytic phase isolation and followed by micro-chemical analyses. The results show that alloy 718Plus is predominantly γ’ strengthened alloy with very good structure stability at 700°C. The formation of δ phase occurred during heat treatment and thermal exposure. A new phase Ni3Al0.5Nb0. 5 with HCP structure was found. The phase precipitation behavior in combination with good mechanical properties makes 718Plus a very good candidate superalloy to be used at 700°C.
Multi-axial strain monitoring of fibre reinforced thermosetting plastics using embedded highly birefringent optical fibre Bragg sensors

There is a growing interest in the use of fibre reinforced plastics (FRPs) as high-grade construction material for variouw applications that need to be lightweight, yet strong in sometimes harsh loading conditions. Despite the growing popularity of structural composite materials, one has to realize that their mechanical behaviour is significantly different compared to conventional isotropic construction materials. Strain monitoring of an in-service structure should greatly enhance the insight and confidence in the (long-term) behaviour of high performance composite structures. Structural health monitoring necessitates the possibility of measuring multi-axials strain fields. High birefringent optical fibres (HiBi-fibres) with Bragg grating can become a solution in this matter. Designing a multi-axial strain sensor based on optical FBGs should meet several basic requirements which are discussed in this dissertation.
Ag 3 PO 4 Enhanced TiO 2 for Visible Light Photocatalysis of 2-Chlorophenol in Wastewater

Facile in-situ synthesis and characterization of stable Ag3PO4/TiO2 nanoparticles and their effectiveness for visible light photocatalysis has been reported. The surface morphology, crystal structure and chemical properties of the photocatalyst were characterized by using UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, FSEM, XRD, XPS, TEM and nitrogen physisorption. The synthesized nanoparticles were polycrystalline with calculated energy band gap in the range of 2.3-2.5 eV. Deposition of Ag3PO4 over the surface of TiO2 resulted in stability increase and a significant shift in the UV absorption spectrum towards visible region. The photocatalytic experiments were performed under 112 W visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). The catalyst showed complete degradation of 15 mg/L 2-CP within 120 minutes while 92.5 % degradation of 25 mg/L 2-CP was achieved under optimized conditions. The study confirmed that Ag3PO4 /TiO2 has high potential for degradation of 2-CP from wastewater under visible-light irradiation. Keywords— Ag3PO4/TiO2 nanoparticles, 2-chlorophenol, visible light photocatalysis, wastewater.