Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does social capital count? The case of solid waste management and public safety in Dobsonville and Yeoville, South Africa.

Urban conditions in the cities of the developing world are deteriorating and the gaze of international development has increasingly fallen upon the local context. In the context of decentralisation policies and weak local states, urban policy makers and academics have begun searching for remedies at the local level, including new frameworks for understanding the social resources available to assist in local level development. Social capital has become one of the conceptual frameworks and explanatory tools taken up to factor in the role of social and institutional relationships at the urban scale. While general development debates are fairly advanced in terms of the role of social relationships in governance, the literature falls short at the urban scale. This thesis takes up the challenge of investigating social capital in the context of a complex urban environment, where the relationships and patterns of state-society engagement, increasingly described in development discourse as social capital, are often disparate and difficult to pin down. The focus of the research is Johannesburg, South Africa, where the existence and operation of social capital within two residential localities are explored. Each locality has a different history of collective action and state-society relationships. These state- society relations are investigated in relation to two urban services, solid waste management and public safety. The research methods used for this study were qualitative and included semi-structured and in-depth interviews with area-based key informants, politicians and local government employees; focus group discussions; and participant observation of daily routines, meetings and community life in the two localities. The research findings first reveal that the mobilisation of social capital depends on the context. Particularly important are place and history and, more specifically, the local legacy of collective action. Second, the mobilisation of social capital depends on the issue involved. In this case, it is found that the urban service at stake has a bearing on the extent to which social capital is significant for local governance. Nevertheless, the two case studies also demonstrate how contexts with different histories may have similar outcomes in circumstances of change and flux. As such the constructability or mobilisation of social capital cannot be taken as a given. It is further argued that the possibilities of utilising social capital as a development resource remain inadequately theorised. An important conceptual conclusion is that social capital can provide an effective analytical framework for understanding urban governance but the notion falls short in operational terms. Consequently, the usefulness of social capital as a development resource lies primarily in its explanatory power.
Physiological Correlation of Airway Pressure and Transpulmonary Pressure Stress Index on Respiratory Mechanics in Acute Respiratory Failure

Background:Stress index at post-recruitment maneuvers could be a method of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. However, airway pressure (Paw) stress index may not reflect lung mechanics in the patients with high chest wall elastance. This study was to evaluate the Paw stress index on lung mechanics and the correlation between Paw stress index and transpulmonary pressure (PL) stress index in acute respiratory failure (ARF) patients. Methods:Twenty-four ARF patients with mechanical ventilation (MV) were consecutively recruited from July 2011 to April 2013 in Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China and Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista-Molinette Hospital, Turin, Italy. All patients underwent MV with volume control (tidal volume 6 ml/kg) for 20 min. PEEP was set according to the ARDSnet study protocol. The patients were divided into two groups according to the chest wall elastance/respiratory system elastance ratio. The high elastance group (H group, n = 14) had a ratio ≥30%, and the low elastance group (L group, n = 10) had a ratio <30%. Respiratory elastance, gas-exchange, Paw stress index, and PL stress index were measured. Student's t-test, regression analysis, and Bland–Altman analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results:Pneumonia was the major cause of respiratory failure (71.0%). Compared with the L group, PEEP was lower in the H group (5.7 ± 1.7 cmH2O vs. 9.0 ± 2.3 cmH2O, P < 0.01). Compared with the H group, lung elastance was higher (20.0 ± 7.8 cmH2O/L vs. 11.6 ± 3.6 cmH2O/L, P < 0.01), and stress was higher in the L group (7.0 ± 1.9 vs. 4.9 ± 1.9, P = 0.02). A linear relationship was observed between the Paw stress index and the PL stress index in H group (R2= 0.56, P < 0.01) and L group (R2= 0.85, P < 0.01). Conclusion:In the ARF patients with MV, Paw stress index can substitute for PL to guide ventilator settings. Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02196870 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02196870).
Determinants of the Risk Tolerance of Individual Investors

This study presents new evidence on determinants of risk tolerance of individual investors of Pakistan. The main objective of the research is to evaluate the factors that determine the individuals’ decisions. It is essential to understand the factors of risk tolerance and how to manage these factors to enhance the ability of risk tolerance in making investment decisions and increasing economic growth. The survey instrument used to investigate the determinants of risk tolerance is based on a questionnaire developed by Dow Jones and Company in 1998 that is in Bodie et al. (2007). The questionnaire contains two parts. The first part includes demographic information about and second part includes questions or cases, while univariate analysis is used to calculate the significance of the results. Four hypotheses have been formulated and tested. Relying on the results of the study, the author concludes that men are less risk averse then women, educated investors are more likely to take risk, less wealthy investors are less risk tolerant then wealthy investors and the interesting fact found is that there is no as such strong relation between age and the level of individual risk tolerance although the risk tolerance of each age group is significantly different. Education and wealth are highly correlated with risk tolerance. Improving the level of education to make investors more risk tolerant towards risky investments of higher gains, understand the factor of gender to find the reason why women are less risk tolerant then men, and why they are not contributing in the economic growth of the country, don’t treat investors as a homogeneous group, whether they should consider men and women as a separate market groups, each group has its own requirements and strategies. The results also support the importance of proper training programs for risk assessment, acceptance and management should be conducted in order to design risk accepting behavior of the individuals in a useful way. This research would be significant for the investors to enhance their investment decisions in a risky situation. This research would also be helpful for the financial institutions, investment companies, Government, NGOs and social activist in treating the investors in such a way so that their risk tolerance ability can be increased which in return contribute in economic growth. Keywords: Risk Tolerance, Gender Differences, Target Market, Investment Programs JEL Classification: G32
Explaining Organizations' IT Governance Modes Choice from the Institutional Perspective: A Theoretical Framework Development

This study uses the institutional theory as a lens for explaining choice of IT governance modes in organizations. Reasons are given to show how an IT governance mode can in itself be considered a legitimized institution. A conceptual framework is then developed, and several hypotheses are presented. The framework considers the IT governance modes from a non-rational perspective. It posits that coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures have an influence on the choice of IT
Flexible Inflation Forecast Targeting: Evidence from Canada

We test whether the Bank of Canada pursues a flexible inflation forecast target, one that weights output growth as well as inflation. For the period 1996–2007, we find evidence that the Bank did effectively pursue such a target over the forecast horizon of 12 to 18 months. We find the relative weight that the Bank gives to output growth in its target to be positive and statistically significant within the range of 0.2 to 0.4. Resume La poursuite de cibles de prevision d'inflation flexibles : resultats pour le Canada. On met au test la proposition a savoir si la Banque du Canada poursuit une cible flexible de prevision d'inflation—une cible qui tient compte de la croissance du produit tout autant que l'inflation. Pour la periode 1996–2007, les resultats montrent que la Banque a poursuivi une cible sur un horizon de prevision de 12 a 18 mois. On montre que la ponderation relative que la Banque donne a la croissance du produit dans son ciblage est positive et statistiquement significative dans l’eventail entre 0.2 et 0.4.
Essential skills needed by accounting graduates in a developing country: the views of practising accountants and accounting educators in Botswana

This article reports the views of practicing accountants and accounting educators on essential skills for accounting students in Botswana. The data collected using questionnaires from all lecturers in three accountancy training institutions and a sample of accounting practitioners was used to extract the respondents' views on the importance of some technical, vocational and information technology skills taught to students. Results show that all technical skills were considered important. Furthermore, results of t-tests show that the composition of the top six courses on the basis of importance is the same for the two groups. There were few significant differences in opinion between educators and practitioners. The views, however, suggest that the accounting profession is still stuck in the past, taking into account the impact information technology and globalisation are having on the accounting profession. Accounting educators also do not seem to appreciate the wider role of accountants in a modern organisation.
The Difference Between Platelet and Plasma FXIII Used to Study the Mechanism of Platelet Microvesicle Formation

Summary The formation of microvesicles from platelets was induced either by activation of the complement system by a monoclonal antibody to CD9, or by incubation of platelets with the calcium ionophore A23187. A filter technique to isolate the microvesicles without plasma contamination is described. The microvesicles contained FXIIIa2 from the platelet cytoplasm which shows that these particles contain significant amounts of intracellular material. This was shown by the use of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit antibodies to total human platelet proteins in the second dimension gel and polyclonal antibodies against the a- and b-subunit of FXIII in the intermediate gel. The FXIIIa2 in the microvesicle was found to be functional as an enzyme. To prove this, it was shown that FXIII in its immunoprecipitate arc could catalyze the incorporation of monodansylcadaverine into casein as identified by fluorescence of this arc in ultraviolet light. The observation that the plasma form of FXIII (FXIIIa2b2) was absent from the microvesicles collected by the filtration technique, whereas it was present in platelet fragments obtained by mechanical disruption by ultrasonication, indicates that the activation-dependent microvesicles are formed by a true budding process with the inclusion of intracellular, but not extracellular material.
Numerical simulation for hoghorn design

The paper describes full-wave numerical simulations for design of hoghorn, which is formed by a sectoral horn, flaring in only one plane, with parabolic cylinder. Hoghorns possess high efficiencies, low levels of back lobe radiations, good impedance matching and reasonable radiation pattern stabilities. However, near-by sidelobes are relatively higher. The numerical results are compared with the measurements.
Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in acute respiratory distress without prior chronic respiratory failure.

We evaluated the efficacy of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) in alleviating distress and avoiding intubation in patients with de novo acute respiratory failure complicating primary medical disorders. Eleven consecutive patients with severe respiratory distress were entered. In all patients a decision to intubate on an urgent basis had been made, but NIMV could be initiated within minutes. The patients suffered from acute pulmonary edema (five), sepsis/ARDS (two), status asthmaticus (two), and severe pneumonia (two). Dyspnea score (max=10) was (+/- SD) 8.4 +. - 1.6, scale for accessory muscle use (max=5) was 4.2 +/- 0.7, and respiratory rate was 37.6 +/- 3.8 min -1. Pa CO2, pH, and base excess (BE) were 48 +/- 18 mm Hg, 7.27 +/- 0.13, and -5.5 +/- 7.4, respectively, with five patients showing severe metabolic acidosis (BE < - 10). NIMV was applied using proportional assist ventilation. There were three early failures. These included the two patients with sepsis/ARDS who did not tolerate the mask. One patient failed because Pa CO2 and pH deteriorated despite subjective improvement. The remaining eight patients demonstrated progressive improvement, and none required intubation. The duration of NIMV was 3 h to 2 d. We conclude that when NIMV is made available on a "few minutes" basis, selected patients with severe de novo respiratory distress/failure caused by reversible medical disorders, who would otherwise have been intubated, can be given substantial relief and be spared intubation.
Changes in molar position associated with missing opposed and/or adjacent tooth: a 12-year study in women.

The aim of this study was to radiographically analyse long-term changes in (i) overeruption of unopposed molars and (ii) tipping of molars with a mesial edentulous space, and whether there is an interaction between the two events. A further aim was to analyse if loss of alveolar bone height might influence overeruption and tipping. The sample consisted of panoramic radiographs taken at an interval of 12 years of 292 subjects from a prospective population study of women. The panoramic radiographs were scanned and analysed. Changes in tipping, overeruption and alveolar bone height of molars and control teeth were measured. The results showed that unopposed molars were more commonly found in the upper jaw and that unopposed molars showed 4·9 times higher risk of overeruption of ≥2 mm (95% CI 1·5-15·3) than opposed molars during the 12-year observation period. The average overeruption for the unopposed molars was 4·5% (s.d. 7·6), which corresponds to approximately 0·9 mm. The degree of overeruption increased with decreased bone support. Molars with a mesial edentulous space were most prevalent in the lower jaw, but neither an edentulous space nor alveolar bone level/bone level change were found to have a significant effect on tipping of the molars. The average mesial tipping was 0·8° (s.d. 5·6). In conclusion, unopposed molars showed a significantly increased risk for overeruption. Molars facing a mesial edentulous space showed a low risk for mesial tipping, but a significant interaction between overeruption and tipping was identified.
Sector-shaped dual-polarized patch antenna for UMTS/WIMAX applications

A dual band dual-polarized antenna that employs a portion of a circular disc is presented. The circular disc sector is truncated at its corner to obtain a fan-shape. The coaxial probe-fed structure is fabricated on FR4 substrate and has dimensions of 50×50mm2. The antenna resonates in the UMTS (1920-2170MHZ) and WiMAX (3.4-3.7GHz) bands with circular and linear polarizations respectively.
Latent Semantic Indexing of medical diagnoses using UMLS semantic structures.

The relational files within the UMLS Metathesaurus contain rich semantic associations to main concepts. We invoked the technique of Latent Semantic Indexing to generate information matrices based on these relationships and created "semantic vectors" using singular value decomposition. Evaluations were made on the complete set and subsets of Metathesaurus main concepts with the semantic type "Disease or Syndrome. " Real number matrices were created with main concepts, lexical variants, synonyms, and associated expressions. Ancestors, children, siblings, and related terms were added to alternative matrices, preserving the hierarchical direction of the relation as the imaginary component of a complex number. Preliminary evaluation suggests that this technique is robust. A major advantage is the exploitation of semantic features which derive from a statistical decomposition of UMLS structures, possibly reducing dependence on the tedious construction of semantic frames by humans.
Cooperative and noncooperative R&D in an oligopoly with spillovers

This paper examines the positive and normative effects of cooperative R&D--whereby member firms commit themselves to the joint profit-maximizing level of R&D in a "precompetitive stage" but remain fierce competitors in the product market--vis-a-vis noncooperative R&D, socially first-best R&D, and socially second-best R&D. In the presence of sufficiently large R&D spillovers, neither noncooperative nor cooperative equilibria achieve even second-best R&D levels. In the absence of spillover effects, however, while the cooperative R&D level remains socially insufficient, the noncooperative level may overshoot first- and second-best levels of R&D. Copyright 1992 by American Economic Association.
ANALISIS PENGARUH EKONOMI MAKRO, INDEKS DOW JONES, DAN INDEKS NIKKEI 225 TERHADAP INDEKS HARGA SAHAM GABUNGAN (IHSG) DI BEI PERIODE 2007-2011

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekonomi makro terhadap IHSG agar investor dapat berinvestasi dengan baik dan benar. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah SBI, Harga Minyak Dunia, Harga Emas Dunia, Kurs Rupiah terhadap Dollar, Indeks Nikkei 225 dan Index Dow Jones. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan model analisis regresi linier berganda dan menggunakan uji stasioner pada pengolahan datanya karena terdapat data time series. Penelitian ini menggunakan periode 2007-2011. Jumlah observasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 360 observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel SBI dan Harga Minyak Dunia berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan terhadap IHSG. Variabel Harga Emas Dunia, Indeks Nikkei 225 dan Index Dow Jones berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap IHSG. Sedangkan variabel Kurs Rupiah terhadap Dollar memiliki pengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap IHSG. Koefisien determinasi (R2) sebesar 0,6154. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa IHSG yang dapat diterangkan oleh variabel-variabel seperti SBI, Harga Minyak Dunia, Harga Emas Dunia, Kurs Rupiah terhadap Dollar, Indeks Nikkei 225 dan Indeks Dow Jones sebesar 61,54%. Sedangkan sisanya sebesar 38,46% dapat diterangkan oleh variabel diluar variabel tersebut.
Foreign Institutional Ownership and Stock Market Liquidity: Evidence from Indonesia

From January 2002 to August 2007, foreign institutions held almost 70% of the free-float value of the Indonesian equity market, or 41% of the total market capitalization. Over the same period, liquidity on the Jakarta Stock Exchange improved substantially with the average bid-ask spread more than halved and the average depth more than doubled. In this study we examine the Granger causality between foreign institutional ownership and liquidity, while controlling for persistence in foreign ownership and liquidity measures. We find that foreign holdings have a negative impact on future liquidity: a 10% increase in foreign institutional ownership in the current month is associated with approximately 2% increase in the bid-ask spread, 3% decrease in depth, and 4% rise in price sensitivity in the next month, challenging the view that foreign institutions enhance liquidity in small emerging markets. Our findings are consistent with the negative liquidity impact of institutional investor ownership in developed markets.
Economic growth: a panacea for child labour?

In this paper, we test whether economic growth decreases child labour by bringing together data from the National Sample Survey of India and state-level macro data to estimate a bivariate probit model of schooling and labour. Our results lead us to conclude that contrary to popular wisdom, growth actually increases rather than decreases child labour because it increases the demand for child workers. The level of state NDP, village wages and household incomes are seen as the conduits through which growth influences the supply side of the child labour market.
Research productivity and research system attitudes

The release of the 2014 REF results in the UK is a timely reminder that many national governments have aimed to increase the research productivity of universities, by introducing performance-based research systems. This paper examines whether there is a relationship between attitudes to these research systems and research productivity, using interview data from three universities in Australia, New Zealand and the UK. It concludes that attitudes are not strongly related to productivity, and that only a better understanding of system limitations will help to improve them.
Proteomic analysis reveals a novel role for the actin cytoskeleton in vincristine resistant childhood leukemia – An in vivo study

Intrinsic or acquired resistance to vincristine (VCR), an antimicrotubule agent used in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is a major clinical problem. Using a clinically relevant NOD/SCID mouse xenograft model of ALL, we established that alterations in the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton are involved in in vivo VCR resistance. Altered protein expression between VCR‐sensitive ALL xenografts, and xenografts with intrinsic or acquired VCR resistance, was identified using 2‐D DIGE coupled with MS. Of the 19 proteins displaying altered expression, 11 are associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Altered expression of the actin‐ and/or tubulin‐binding proteins gelsolin, moesin, ezrin, tropomyosin, CAP‐G, HSP27, HSP70, TCP‐1, and stathmin were associated with in vivo VCR resistance. The actin‐regulating protein gelsolin was increased in both acquired and resistant leukemia as confirmed by immunoblotting and gene expression. The major cytoskeletal protein, γ‐actin, was down‐regulated in the VCR‐resistant leukemia xenografts; in contrast, there was no significant change in β‐actin expression. This study provides the first evidence for a role of the actin cytoskeleton in intrinsic and acquired in vivo antimicrotubule drug resistance in childhood leukemia and highlights the power of 2‐D DIGE for the discovery of resistance markers, pharmacoproteomics, and signaling pathways in cancer.