Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface wind variability and its implications for the Yucatan basin-Caribbean Sea dynamics

[1] Sea surface wind data from the QuikSCAT satellite and two meteorological stations collected over 1 decade (1999–2008) were used to study the dominant time scales of the wind regime in the Yucatan basin. Wind data were used to quantify its implications on regional hydrodynamics by evaluating Ekman pumping and Ekman transport. The annual cycle of surface wind revealed different features than the Caribbean wind regime with a relative wind stress maximum observed in the Yucatan basin in June caused by the Caribbean low-level jet. The strongest wind stress occurred during November presumably due to the collapse of the Atlantic warm pool. This feature provides new evidence of the importance of local atmosphere-ocean coupling. Synoptic scale variability was detected during fall and winter, leaving spring and summer almost free from these activities. Empirical orthogonal functions revealed three dominant time scales of variability: an annual scale in mode 1 (46.3% of the total variance), a synoptic scale in mode 2 (27.7%), and a semiannual scale in mode 3 (6.4%). The third mode featured extreme pulses (six tropical storms and nine hurricanes). Ekman transport was found to contribute the most (93%) to total transport, whereas Ekman pumping contributed only 7%. However, upwelling induced by Ekman pumping persisted during some synoptic pulses, underscoring the importance of tropical storms and hurricanes. Offshore Ekman transport over the continental shelf north of the Yucatan Peninsula favored upwelling all year long. Onshore transport toward the coasts of southern Cuba and the eastern Yucatan Peninsula favored downwelling.
Flexural behavior of stiffened syntactic foam core sandwich composites

Sandwich composite with phenolic syntactic foam as a core and glass polymeric laminates as face skins are widely used in ship hull structures because of its high specific properties and buoyant nature. In the present work, syntactic foam is prepared by uniform mixing of cenosphere and phenolic resin in equal proportions. The effect of stiffening the syntactic foam core by resin-impregnated paper honeycomb structure on flexural behavior of sandwich composites is experimentally investigated under flatwise and edgewise loading configuration. Microscopic features of fractured coupons are also investigated to predict the failure mode. The results reveal that use of resin-impregnated paper honeycomb structure in syntactic foam to form the core leads to considerable improvement in the flexural properties of sandwich composites in both flatwise and edgewise loading configurations. The span of sandwich composite has significant role in altering the magnitudes of core shear strength, skin bending strength and mode of failure. Coupons under edgewise configuration failed in progressive failure mode; however, in flatwise configuration coupons failed in sudden brittle mode.
The Performance versus Ability Distinction Following Social Comparison Feedback.

Previous research suggests that self-evaluations can be influenced by social comparison feedback. The present study tested whether social comparison feedback has stronger effects on self-evaluations of performance than ability. Participants received social comparison feedback indicating that they had performed above or below average. In addition to rating their performance and ability, participants listed the criteria they used to make these ratings. The results show that social comparison had a stronger effect on performance judgments than ability judgments and that most participants reported using test feedback to evaluate performance and existing self-knowledge to evaluate ability.
ColorHOR-novel graphical algorithm for fast scan of alpha satellite higher-order repeats and HOR annotation for GenBank sequence of human genome

MOTIVATION GenBank data are at present lacking alpha satellite higher-order repeat (HOR) annotation. Furthermore, exact HOR consensus lengths have not been reported so far. Given the fast growth of sequence databases in the centromeric region, it is of increasing interest to have efficient tools for computational identification and analysis of HORs from known sequences. RESULTS We develop a graphical user interface method, ColorHOR, for fast computational identification of HORs in a given genomic sequence, without requiring a priori information on the composition of the genomic sequence. ColorHOR is based on an extension of the key-string algorithm and provides a color representation of the order and orientation of HORs. For the key string, we use a robust 6 bp string from a consensus alpha satellite and its representative nature is tested. ColorHOR algorithm provides a direct visual identification of HORs (direct and/or reverse complement). In more detail, we first illustrate the ColorHOR results for human chromosome 1. Using ColorHOR we determine for the first time the HOR annotation of the GenBank sequence of the whole human genome. In addition to some HORs, corresponding to those determined previously biochemically, we find new HORs in chromosomes 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 19. For the first time, we determine exact consensus lengths of HORs in 10 chromosomes. We propose that the HOR assignment obtained by using ColorHOR be included into the GenBank database.
Automated search for livestock enclosures of rectangular shape in remotely sensed imagery

We introduce an approach for the detection of approximately rectangular structures in gray scale images. Our research is motivated by the Silvretta Historica project that aims at automated detection of remains of livestock enclosures in remotely sensed images of alpine regions. The approach allows detection of enclosures with linear sides of various sizes and proportions. It is robust to incomplete or fragmented rectangles and tolerates deviations from a perfect rectangular shape. Morphological operators are used to extract linear features. They are grouped into parameterized linear segments by means of a local Hough transform. To identify appropriate configurations of linear segments we define convexity and angle constraints. Configurations meeting these constraints are rated by a proposed rectangularity measure that discards overly fragmented configurations and configurations with more than one side completely missing. The search for appropriate configurations is efficiently performed on a graph. Its nodes represent linear segments and edges encode the above constraints. We tested our approach on a set of aerial and GeoEye-1 satellite images of 0.5m resolution that contain ruined livestock enclosures of approximately rectangular shape. The approach showed encouraging results in finding configurations of linear segments originating from the objects of our interest.
Obesity management: what brings success?

The upward trend in obesity prevalence across regions and continents is a worldwide concern. Today a majority of the world’s population live in a country where being overweight or obese causes more deaths than being underweight. Only a portion of those qualifying for treatment will get the health care they need. Still, a minor weight loss of 5–10% seems to be sufficient to provide a clinically significant health benefit in terms of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Diet, exercise and behavior modifications remain the current cornerstones of obesity treatment. Weight-loss drugs play a minor role. Drugs which were available and reasonably effective have been withdrawn because of side effects. The fact that the ‘old’ well known, but pretty unexciting tools remain the basic armamentarium causes understandable concern and disappointment among both patients and therapists. Hence, bariatric surgery has increasingly been recognized and developed, as it offers substantial weight loss and prolonged weight control. The present review highlights the conventional tools to counter obesity, lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery, including some of the barriers to successful weight loss: (1) unrealistic expectations of success; (2) high attrition rates; (3) cultural norms of self-acceptance in terms of weight and beliefs of fat being healthy; (4) neighborhood attributes such as a lack of well-stocked supermarkets and rather the presence of convenience stores with low-quality foods; and (5) the perception of the neighborhood as less safe and with low walkability. Prevention is the obvious key. Cost-effective societal interventions such as a tax on unhealthy food and beverages, front-of-pack traffic light nutrition labeling and prohibition of advertising of junk food and beverages to children are also discussed.
A bilateral cortico-striate projection

During the course of studies on the projection of the cerebral cortex upon the striatum in the rabbit (Carman, Cowan, and Powell, 1963) and the cat (Webster, 1964) degeneration was seen bilaterally in Nauta preparations of the striatum in some, but not all, animals. For two main reasons this observation was not included in the earlier study. First, because of the difficulty of interpreting any findings of bilateral degeneration in silver preparations, and, particularly as it is well known that the striatum commonly shows pseudo-degeneration, it was imperative to exclude this possibility by the preparation of further material using both the frozen and paraffin Nauta methods. Secondly, because degeneration was seen in the contralateral striatum in only a certain number of brains, and it was not until a systematic study of these, and other, brains was undertaken that it became apparent that in all these cases the sensori-motor cortex had been involved to a greater or lesser extent. In view of the obvious significance of this finding for functional studies, and as it represents a striking departure from the generally accepted views concerning the organization of neocortical projection fibres within the telence-phalon, it was felt necessary to establish the validity of the observations as rigorously as possible. Repeated examination of the earlier material and of several brains especially prepared for this purpose
Evaluation of the agreement between guidelines and initial antihypertensive drug treatment using a national health care reimbursement database.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To test the agreement between guidelines for the management of hypertension and medical practices while avoiding frequent limitations such as the use of non-representative samples of practitioners and self-reporting of their practices over a short period of time. METHODS The characteristics of initial antihypertensive drug treatment in a large representative sample of the French population aged 50-80 (n = 17 855) were collected from a national health care reimbursement database and compared with national guidelines over a 5-year period. RESULTS Major discrepancies are observed including the use of non-recommended drug classes such as loop and potassium sparing diuretics alone or in association and the absence of distinction between patients according to their age. More minor discrepancies are the preferential use of mono-therapies over drug combinations and of some bi-therapies among those recommended. Some degree of concordance with the guidelines is also observed including the specific characteristics of the treatment of diabetics compared with other categories of patients and the preferential use of long-acting dihydropyridine calcium antagonists and of low-dose thiazide diuretics when these drug classes are chosen. Several of these discrepancies or concordances, which mainly reflect general practitioner (GP) activity, show time trends over the entire follow-up period with no significant effect of the guideline released during this period. CONCLUSIONS At the French national level, the agreement between initial antihypertensive drug treatment and guidelines varies considerably depending on the characteristics of the treatment that are considered. The GPs who delivered the treatment do not seem to have been influenced by the guidelines released over the last decade.
Continuous Dissolved Oxygen Measurements and Modelling Metabolism in Peatland Streams

Stream water dissolved oxygen was monitored in a 3.2km2 moorland headwater catchment in the Scottish Highlands. The stream consists of three 1st order headwaters and a 2nd order main stem. The stream network is fringed by peat soils with no riparian trees, though dwarf shrubs provide shading in the lower catchment. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is regulated by the balance between atmospheric re-aeration and the metabolic processes of photosynthesis and respiration. DO was continuously measured for >1 year and the data used to calibrate a mass balance model, to estimate primary production, respiration and re-aeration for a 1st order site and in the 2nd order main stem. Results showed that the stream was always heterotrophic at both sites. Sites were most heterotrophic in the summer reflecting higher levels of stream metabolism. The 1st order stream appeared more heterotrophic which was consistent with the evident greater biomass of macrophytes in the 2nd order stream, with resulting higher primary productivity. Comparison between respiration, primary production, re-aeration and potential physical controls revealed only weak relationships. However, the most basic model parameters (e.g. the parameter linking light and photosynthesis) controlling ecosystem processes resulted in significant differences between the sites which seem related to the stream channel geometry.
Complex coronary lesions and rotational atherectomy: one hospital’s experience

To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of rotational atherectomy followed by drug eluting stent (DES) implantation in patients with complex coronary lesions. From August 2006 to August 2012, 253 consecutive patients with 289 lesions and who underwent rotational atherectomy in our center were enrolled in this study. The overall procedure success rate was 98% with the cost of two (0.8%) coronary perforations, three (1.2%) dissections, five (2.0%) slow flows or no flows, three (1.2%) peri-procedure myocardial infarctions, and two (0.8%) in hospital deaths. During follow-up (mean three years), one (0.4%) patient died, two (0.8%) patients had acute myocardial infarction, 14 (5.5%) had restenosis, and target lesion revascularization occurred in eight patients (3.2%). Rotational atherectomy followed by DES implantation is a safe and effective technique for patients with complex coronary lesions, especially calcified and non-dilatable lesions.
Fearful Foragers: Honey Bees Tune Colony and Individual Foraging to Multi-Predator Presence and Food Quality

Fear can have strong ecosystem effects by giving predators a role disproportionate to their actual kill rates. In bees, fear is shown through foragers avoiding dangerous food sites, thereby reducing the fitness of pollinated plants. However, it remains unclear how fear affects pollinators in a complex natural scenario involving multiple predator species and different patch qualities. We studied hornets, Vespa velutina (smaller) and V. tropica (bigger) preying upon the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana in China. Hornets hunted bees on flowers and were attacked by bee colonies. Bees treated the bigger hornet species (which is 4 fold more massive) as more dangerous. It received 4.5 fold more attackers than the smaller hornet species. We tested bee responses to a three-feeder array with different hornet species and varying resource qualities. When all feeders offered 30% sucrose solution (w/w), colony foraging allocation, individual visits, and individual patch residence times were reduced according to the degree of danger. Predator presence reduced foraging visits by 55–79% and residence times by 17–33%. When feeders offered different reward levels (15%, 30%, or 45% sucrose), colony and individual foraging favored higher sugar concentrations. However, when balancing food quality against multiple threats (sweeter food corresponding to higher danger), colonies exhibited greater fear than individuals. Colonies decreased foraging at low and high danger patches. Individuals exhibited less fear and only decreased visits to the high danger patch. Contrasting individual with emergent colony-level effects of fear can thus illuminate how predators shape pollination by social bees.
Child Psychology

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Treatment of breast abscesses with US-guided percutaneous needle drainage without indwelling catheter placement.

PURPOSE To assess ultrasonographically (US) guided needle aspiration of breast abscesses as an alternative to surgical incision and drainage or indwelling catheter placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors reviewed hospital records from 1995 to 1997 for patients undergoing US-guided aspiration of breast abscesses. Two radiologists reviewed the US, mammographic, and US-guided aspiration studies for the size, appearance, and drainage of abscesses. The medical records were reviewed for follow-up data. RESULTS Thirteen patients aged 15-69 years underwent US-guided percutaneous aspiration of 13 breast abscesses. All patients presented with a palpable mass, nine of which were retroareolar. At US, four abscesses were oval, nine (including three with septa) were irregularly shaped, and five had a thick rind. Of seven abscesses 2.4 cm or smaller, two were almost completely drained and five were completely aspirated. All seven abscesses resolved without surgery. Of six women with incompletely aspirated abscesses larger than 2.4 cm (one 3 cm, four 4 cm, one 7 cm), five required surgical referral; one of these cases was referred after repeat aspiration had been performed. CONCLUSION Percutaneous aspiration of breast abscesses can enable diagnosis of abscesses and be used to treat small abscesses if they are completely drained. Partial drainage of abscesses larger than 3 cm may be palliative, but incision and drainage still may be necessary for definitive treatment.
Central gene expression changes associated with enhanced neuroendocrine and autonomic response habituation to repeated noise stress after voluntary wheel running in rats

Accumulating evidence indicates that regular physical exercise benefits health in part by counteracting some of the negative physiological impacts of stress. While some studies identified reductions in some measures of acute stress responses with prior exercise, limited data were available concerning effects on cardiovascular function, and reported effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis responses were largely inconsistent. Given that exposure to repeated or prolonged stress is strongly implicated in the precipitation and exacerbation of illness, we proposed the novel hypothesis that physical exercise might facilitate adaptation to repeated stress, and subsequently demonstrated significant enhancement of both HPA axis (glucocorticoid) and cardiovascular (tachycardia) response habituation to repeated noise stress in rats with long-term access to running wheels compared to sedentary controls. Stress habituation has been attributed to modifications of brain circuits, but the specific sites of adaptation and the molecular changes driving its expression remain unclear. Here, in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to examine regulation of select stress-associated signaling systems in brain regions representing likely candidates to underlie exercise-enhanced stress habituation. Analyzed brains were collected from active (6 weeks of wheel running) and sedentary rats following control, acute, or repeated noise exposures that induced a significantly faster rate of glucocorticoid response habituation in active animals but preserved acute noise responsiveness. Nearly identical experimental manipulations also induce a faster rate of cardiovascular response habituation in exercised, repeatedly stressed rats. The observed regulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor systems across several brain regions suggests widespread effects of voluntary exercise on central functions and related adaptations to stress across multiple response modalities.
Comparison of bioaerosol collection methods in the detection of airborne influenza virus

Detection of airborne influenza virus is needed in order to determine exposure and prevent and control infections. Few researchers have successfully detected airborne influenza virus in environmental settings with current bioaerosol samplers. Therefore, new sampling strategies should be considered to increase the likelihood of detection. This study compared four bioaerosol samplers in collection of airborne influenza virus – the SKC Biosampler, NIOSH Biosampler, Andersen N6 single-stage impactor containing a liquid media, and the newly developed Next Generation Inhalable Aerosol Sampler (NGIAS). Ten 30-minute laboratory trials were completed by aerosolizing active influenza virus (H1N1) in a bioaerosol chamber to compare the ability of four bioaerosol samplers to collect aerosolized virus. Samples were analyzed using RTqPCR. The mean total virus particles per liter of sampled air (TVP) recovered with the NGIAS was significantly less than that measured by all other samplers (p < 0.001). The TVP recovered with the SKC Biosampler (111.41) and Andersen N6 sampler (102.36) was substantially larger than that recovered with the NIOSH Biosampler (58.59), however the difference in TVP between these samplers was not statistically significant (SKC – NIOSH p-value = 0.187 ; Andersen – NIOSH p-value = 0.297). Our results demonstrated that liquid based bioaerosol samplers recovered more TVP than dry collection samplers. The high flow rate sampler, the Andersen N6, did not collect more TVP, but had a lower limit of detection than other samplers. Furthermore, the SKC Biosampler collected the most TVP. Therefore, future investigators should
Parallel Lagrange-Newton-Krylov-Schur Methods for PDE-Constrained Optimization. Part II: The Lagrange-Newton Solver and Its Application to Optimal Control of Steady Viscous Flows

In part I of this article, we proposed a Lagrange--Newton--Krylov--Schur (LNKS) method for the solution of optimization problems that are constrained by partial differential equations. LNKS uses Krylov iterations to solve the linearized Karush--Kuhn--Tucker system of optimality conditions in the full space of states, adjoints, and decision variables, but invokes a preconditioner inspired by reduced space sequential quadratic programming (SQP) methods. The discussion in part I focused on the (inner, linear) Krylov solver and preconditioner. In part II, we discuss the (outer, nonlinear) Lagrange--Newton solver and address globalization, robustness, and efficiency issues, including line search methods, safeguarding Newton with quasi-Newton steps, parameter continuation, and inexact Newton ideas. We test the full LNKS method on several large-scale three-dimensional configurations of a problem of optimal boundary control of incompressible Navier--Stokes flow with a dissipation objective functional. Results of numerical experiments on up to 256 Cray T3E-900 processors demonstrate very good scalability of the new method. Moreover, LNKS is an order of magnitude faster than quasi-Newton reduced SQP, and we are able to solve previously intractable problems of up to 800,000 state and 5,000 decision variables at about 5 times the cost of a single forward flow solution.