Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Resistance to Foreign Occupation

Understanding Resistance to Foreign Occupation Simon Collard-Wexler There have been some 163 foreign occupations since 1900. In many cases, military occupations have led to bloody and protracted resistance, while in most cases occupiers faced little resistance at all. This dissertation seeks to answer the puzzle: under what conditions do foreign occupations produce consequential resistance? Conventional wisdom holds that resistance is driven by nationalism. However, states exhibit different levels of resistance to different occupiers, indicating that not only the nature of the occupied but also the nature and the policies of occupiers play a role. Specifically, I look at the role of political dislocation and trust. First, domestic groups that would have otherwise waited out the occupation may be driven to resistance when occupiers implement policies or establish institutions that permanently weaken their relative domestic position, what I call political dislocation. Second, resistance will be muted when occupiers can credibly commit to treating the population benignly and vacating occupied territory promptly. I argue that democracies, international organizations, and co-religionists are better able to make credible commitments and therefore more likely to elicit trust among occupied communities. Conversely, occupiers that victimize the occupied population will face greater resistance. I test these hypotheses on an original dataset of occupier fatalities in every occupation since 1900. Drawing on geospatial data, I then conduct a sub-national quantitative and qualitative study of resistance in Afghanistan. Finally, in order to ensure that these findings are generalizable, I conduct a set of case studies comparing the Soviet and German occupations of Lithuania; the Vietnamese and UN occupations of Cambodia; and the Syrian, Multinational, UN, and Israeli occupations of Lebanon. I find that political dislocation, in the form of forceful regime change, increases the likelihood of resistance. I also find that occupations led by democracies, international organizations, and co-religionists are generally less likely to face resistance. Thus, the nature and context of occupation are some of the most important predictors of resistance.
Incidence, time and determinants of tuberculosis treatment default in Yaounde, Cameroon: a retrospective hospital register-based cohort study

Objectives High rates of antituberculosis treatment discontinuation have been reported in some areas of Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the rate, time to and determinants of antituberculosis treatment default in Yaounde. Design This was a retrospective cohort study based on hospital registers. Tuberculosis treatment default or antituberculosis treatment discontinuation was defined as any interruption of treatment for at least 2 months following treatment initiation. Sociodemographic and clinical predictors of treatment discontinuation were investigated with the use of Cox regressions models. Setting This study was carried out in the tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment centre at Yaounde Jamot Hospital, which serves as a referral centre for tuberculosis and respiratory diseases for the capital city of Cameroon (Yaounde) and surrounding areas. Participants All (1688) patients started on antituberculosis treatment at the centre between January and December 2009 were enrolled. Outcome measures were antituberculosis treatment default and time to treatment default. Results Of the 1688 included patients, 337 (20%) defaulted from treatment, 86 (5.1%) died, treatment failed in 6 (0.4%) and 104 (6.2%) were transferred. Therefore, treatment was successfully completed in 1154 (68.4%) patients. Median duration to treatment discontinuation was 90 days (IQR 30–150), and 62% of treatment discontinuation occurred during the continuation phase. Hospitalisation during the intensive phase (adjusted HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.89) and non-consenting for HIV screening (1.65; 1.24 to 2.21) were the main determinants of defaulting from treatment in multivariable analysis. Conclusions The default incidence rate is relatively high in this centre and treatment discontinuation occurs frequently during the continuation phase of treatment. Action is needed to improve adherence to treatment when received on an ambulatory basis, to clarify the association between HIV testing and antituberculosis treatment default, and to identify other potential determinants of treatment discontinuation in this setting.
elf-imposed length limits in recreational fisheries

A primary motivating factor on the decision to harvest a fish among consumptive-orientated anglers is the size of the fish. There is likely a cost-benefit trade-off for harvest of individual fish that is size and species dependent, which should produce a logistic-type response of fish fate (release or harvest) as a function of fish size and species. We define the self-imposed length limit as the length at which a captured fish had a 50% probability of being harvested, which was selected because it marks the length of the fish where the probability of harvest becomes greater than the probability of release. We assessed the influences of fish size, catch per unit effort, size distribution of caught fish, and creel limit on the selfimposed length limits for bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus and white crappie Pomoxis annularis combined, white bass Morone chrysops, and yellow perch Perca flavescens at six lakes in Nebraska, USA. As we predicted, the probability of harvest increased with increasing size for all species harvested, which supported the concept of a size-dependent trade-off in costs and benefits of harvesting individual fish. It was also clear that probability of harvest was not simply defined by fish length, but rather was likely influenced to various degrees by interactions between species, catch rate, size distribution, creel-limit regulation and fish size. A greater understanding of harvest decisions within the context of perceived likelihood that a creel limit will be realized by a given angler party, which is a function of fish availability, harvest regulation and angler skill and orientation, is needed to predict the influence that anglers have on fish communities and to allow managers to sustainable manage exploited fish populations in recreational fisheries. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Patterns of pancytopenia in Yemen.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of pancytopenia in relation to sex and age and to become aware of the clinical manifestations of pancytopenic patients according to the causes of pancytopenia. MATERIALS-METHODS This was a prospective descriptive study that included all patients with pancytopenia admitted to or attending the Hematology-Oncology Department in Al-Gamhouria Teaching Hospital, Aden, during the period 1 January-31 December 2005. RESULTS The most common causes of pancytopenia were malaria and hypersplenism in > 45% of patients, followed by megaloblastic anemia in 14.7%, and aplastic anemia and acute leukemia in 13.3% each. The other causes as determined in the present study were myelodysplasia in 8.0%, myelofibrosis in 4.0% and iron deficiency anemia in 1.3%. The most common symptom was fever in 86.7% of patients. Pallor and splenomegaly were the most common physical findings. CONCLUSIONS Hypersplenism and malaria were the most common causes of pancytopenia followed by megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia and acute leukemia.
A Novel SuperSteep Subthreshold Slope Dual-Channel FET Utilizing a Gate-Controlled Thyristor Mode-Induced Positive Feedback Current

For the first time, we experimentally demonstrate an FET with a polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) device featuring supersteep subthreshold slope (SS) around 20 mV/decade at room temperature. This novel dual-channel device is a three-wordline (WL) transistor fabricated in a poly-Si channel, with p<sup>+</sup> source and n<sup>+</sup> drain. The outer two WLs serve as the pass gates that control the virtual junction of the center WL device (main gate). Whether n-channel or p-channel characteristics are achieved depend on the bias polarity applied to the pass gates. Both read modes exhibit supersteep SS behavior for the center main gate. Theoretical analysis suggests that this three-WL FET device creates a gate-controlled thyristor mode, where a positive feedback current is induced when the center main gate voltage is above the onset value to induce the turned-on thyristor. Different from the usual tunneling FET (with reverse-biased junction bias), the p<sup>+</sup>/n<sup>+</sup> junction is forward biased, and thus, the read current can approach <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10~\mu \text{A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> even for a narrow-width (~32 nm) poly-Si thin-film transistor, amounting to 0.3-mA/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> drive current. This device displays no hysteresis between forward and reverse voltage sweeping, and the steep SS has weak temperature/size dependence.
Towards applied Security-by-Design for DER units

For upcoming smart grid information and communication architectures, security is an indispensable requirement in order to ensure security of supply, to prevent damages to the electricity supply, loss or manipulation of personal or accounting information, etc. This must be taken into account throughout all developmental phases when creating such a framework, i.e., from the design phase on. Therefore, a Security-by-Design (SbD) approach has to be used which is able to address all potential harms to the envisioned system. Especially through the integration of distributed energy resources, new stakeholders (who may have low awareness of potential security risks) have to be considered, e.g., private households with photovoltaic/battery systems. Through the usage of the Internet for the exchange of sensitive data, intrusions from malicious attackers are facilitated. To cope with this, distributed energy resources have to include a comprehensive security subsystem. In this paper, an exemplary solution for the consideration of these issues in highly distributed infrastructures is given.
Non-dioxin-like PCB and PBDE deposition on Zea mays L. leaves: modelled contamination in milk from dairy animals fed on silage

Maize (Zea mays L.) can intercept airborne pollutants before their deposition on soil. Selected non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ6NDL-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Σ8PBDEs) with feed and food safety relevance were measured on maize leaves harvested for silage in dairy animals from 28 fields in Italy. Analyses were carried out by gas chromatography coupled to high- and low-resolution mass spectrometry. Contamination ranged from 0.65 to 5.3 ng g−1 with 12% moisture for Σ6NDL-PCBs, and from 2.7 to 6.2 for Σ8 PBDEs. Modelled contamination in cow’s milk was estimated to fall within the range 0.27–16 ng g−1 for PCBs, 0.17–1.9 for PBDE number 47, and 0.22–2.1 for PBDE number 99 on a lipid basis. The results indicate that maize silage alone may raise Σ6NDL-PCB contamination in dairy milk up to the 95th percentile in the European Union. Results are discussed in terms of air quality standards able to support food safety. Graphical Abstract
Determinants of Ownership and Utilization of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets for Malaria Control in Eastern Ethiopia

Background. Malaria remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the world, and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine ownership and utilization of ITNs among households with children under five in the previous night. Methods. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gursum district in Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 335 households were surveyed using a pretested structured questionnaire administered though house-to-house interviews. Results. Household ownership for at least one mosquito net and use of nets were 62.4% (95% CI 57.2–67.6%) and 21.5% (95% CI 17.1–25.9%), respectively. Households who received or were told about ITN in the last 6 months were three times more likely to have used it than those who were not (OR 3.25; 95% CI 1.5–7.10). Households whose heads were engaged as a farmer (adjusted OR 0.137; 95% CI: 0.04–0.50) and housewife (OR 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08–0.82) were less likely to use ITN than those of other occupations. Conclusion. The findings indicate low ITN ownership and utilization among the households. Intensive health education and community mobilization effort should be employed to increase the possession and proper utilization of insecticide treated bed nets.
Influence of cation substitution on spin-state transitions in mixed RE cobaltites and chromites

Phase and structural behaviour of new mixed cobaltites R<inf>1−x</inf>R′xCoO<inf>3</inf> (R, RR′ = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) and cobaltites-chromites RCo<inf>0.5</inf>Cr0.5O<inf>3</inf> (R = Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd) has been studied in the temperature range of 298–1173K. Strong anomalies in the lattice expansion reflecting the changes in spin state of Co<sup>3+</sup> ions, are found. Correlations between the structural parameters, characteristic temperatures of thermal expansion coefficients and the temperatures of spin-state transitions in the mixed RE cobaltites has been established.
Health Care Seeking Behavior for Safe Motherhood: Findings from Rural Bangladesh

This study aims to explore women's health care seeking behavior for safe motherhood in rural Bangladesh. Using random sampling method, the study collects data from 118 married women aged between 15 and 45 years in three villages namely Attanda, Srifala, and Lokkhinathkathi in Keshabpur Upazila in the District of Jessore. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to collect data. As a significant finding, the study reports that 69.39 percent women receive healthcare services from village doctors ( polli chikitshok ), followed by 21.43 percent from drugstore salespersons, and 5.10 percent from kobiraj . Another key finding of the study is that financial insolvency is the main reason for not receiving healthcare services from qualified providers during pregnancy. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the government take an integrated approach to increasing women's educational level, creating more income-generating opportunities for them, and providing basic healthcare facilities in rural areas of Bangladesh.
Is There a Causal Link Between Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Adult Homosexuality?

SUMMARY The correlation between childhood gender conformity or nonconformity and adult sexual orientation is well established, but is it causal? The Exotic-Becomes-Erotic (EBE) theory of sexual orientation asserts that it is. A path analysis of data from a large sample of twins demonstrates that childhood gender conformity or nonconformity is an intervening step in the developmental path from the genotype to sexual orientation. The possibility that EBE theory provides viable strategies for influencing a child's future sexual orientation is discussed.
Undercorrection of Myopia Reduces Lag of Accommodation in School Children in Kumasi, Ghana. -

Purpose: This study sought to explore decreased lag of accommodation as a possible explanation for decreased myopia progression in undercorrected myopic children. This study also compared the accommodative stimulus-response curves (ASRC) of myopic children (-1.25 to -4.50D) who wore full correction with those who were under-corrected by +0.50D. Methods: The ASRCs of 75 children (10 to 15 years) in either a full correction or undercorrection group were measured with the open-field Grand Seiko WR-5100K autorefractor (Japan) under binocular and monocular viewing conditions. The accommodative responses of 75 children in each of the two groups were taken while viewing letter targets at 4m, 40cm, 33cm and 25cm distances. Due to the high Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the two eyes (+0.9), only measurements from the right eye are presented in this paper. The ASRC slopes for each group was calculated and compared at 5% level of significance. Results: Children who wore full correction accommodated significantly less to real targets at near distances compared to those who wore undercorrection. The ASRC slopes with full correction and undercorrection were 0.65 and 0.79 respectively (p=0.0005) under monocular viewing. Under binocular viewing, the ASRC were 0.86 and 0.97 with full correction and undercorrection respectively (p = 0.001). Conclusion: When children with myopia between -1.25 and -4.50D were undercorrected by +0.50D, accommodative accuracy to reading materials improved significantly compared to those who were fully corrected. If hyperopic defocus increases lag of accommodation and the rate of myopia progression, then reduced hyperopic defocus induced by under-correcting myopic children could contribute to a reduction in lag of accommodation and control of myopia progression.
Glaucoma Role of the Autotaxin-LPA Pathway in Dexamethasone-Induced Fibrotic Responses and Extracellular Matrix Production in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells

Megumi Honjo, Nozomi Igarashi, Junko Nishida, Makoto Kurano, Yutaka Yatomi, Koji Igarashi, Kuniyuki Kano, Junken Aoki, and Makoto Aihara Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Saitama, Japan Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
ปัจจัยเชิงเหตุและผลของการเรียนรู้ด้วยการนำตนเองของนิสิตมหาวิทยาลัยศรีนครินทรวิโรฒ (Antecedent and Consequence Factors of Self-Directed Learning of Undergraduate Students at Srinakarinwirot University)

The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the antecedents in terms of psychological, family environment, and university environment factors of self-directed learning and (2) to examine the consequences of self-directed learning toward lifelong learning. The sample comprised 1,179 undergraduate students at Srinakharinwirot University who were randomly selected and stratified by 3 stages. The results of the research can be summarized as follows : (1) The antecedent and consequence models of self-directed learning were consistent with the empirical data. (2) The psychological factor contributed to 0.71 direct effects on self-directed learning. (3) The family environment factor exerted 0.11 directed effects on self-directed learning. (4) The university environment factor exerted 0.56 indirect effects on self-directed learning. (5) The three latent variables, such as psychological, family environment, and university environment factors were the co-variance explanation of self-directed learning at 64 percent. (6) Self-directed learning affected 0.52 indirect effects on lifelong learning with statistical significance at the . 01 level. (7) Latent variables, such as psychological, family environment, university environment factors, and self-directed learning were the co-variance explanation of lifelong learning at 60 percent. Keywords: self-dirceted learning, lifelong learning บทคดยอ งานวจยนมจดมงหมายเพอศกษาปจจยเชงเหตดานจตลกษณ สภาพแวดลอมในครอบครว และสภาพแวดลอมในสถานศกษาตอการเรยนรดวยการนำตนเอง และเพอศกษาผลของการเรยนรดวยการนำตนเองทมตอการเรยนรตลอดชวต กลมตวอยางในการวจยเปนนสตมหาวทยาลยศรนครนทรวโรฒ ระดบปรญญาตร ชนปท 1 ถงชนปท 4 ภาคเรยนท 2 ปการศกษา 2549 จำนวน 1,179 คน โดยใชการสมตวอยางแบบชนภม 3 ขนตอน ผลการวจยสรปวา (1) โมเดลปจจยเชงเหตและผลของการเรยนรดวยการนำตนเอง มความสอดคลองกบขอมลเชงประจกษ (2) ปจจยจตลกษณสงผลทางตรงตอการเรยนรดวยการนำตนเอง โดยมคาอทธพลเทากบ 0.71 (3) ปจจยสภาพแวดลอมในครอบครว สงผลทางตรงตอการเรยนรดวยการนำตนเอง โดยมคาอทธพลเทากบ 0.11 (4) ปจจยสภาพแวดลอมในสถานศกษาสงผลทางออมตอการเรยนรดวยการนำตนเอง โดยมคาอทธพลเทากบ 0.56 (5) ปจจยเชงเหตทง 3 ตว ไดแก จตลกษณ สภาพแวดลอมในครอบครว และสภาพแวดลอมในสถานศกษา สามารถรวมอธบายความแปรปรวนของการเรยนรดวยการนำตนเองไดรอยละ 64 (6) การเรยนรดวยการนำตนเองสงผลตอการเรยนรตลอดชวตอยางมนยสำคญทางสถตทระดบ . 01 โดยมคาอทธพลเทากบ 0.52 (7) ปจจยเชงเหตทงหมดในโมเดล คอ จตลกษณ สภาพแวดลอมในครอบครว สภาพแวดลอมในสถานศกษา และการเรยนรดวยการนำตนเอง สามารถรวมอธบายความแปรปรวนของการเรยนรตลอดชวตไดรอยละ 60 คำสำคญ: การเรยนรดวยการนำตนเอง, การเรยนรตลอดชวต
On a H2-optimization problem under asymptotic tracking and decoupling constraints

In this paper, a servomechanism problem is considered in which a stabilizing controller is to be chosen as the solution of a H2-optimization problem with asymptotic tracking and (exact or approximate) decoupling constraints. An explicit parametrization is presented of all controllers which ensure asymptotic tracking (of a class of persistent signals) and satisfy the exact decoupling constraint, on the basis of which the optimization problem in question is re-posed as an unconstrained problem. Two versions of the approximate decoupling constraint are considered which lead to H2-problems with, respectively one or several H2constraints. The effect on the attained optimal cost value of the exact and approximate decoupling constraints is illustrated in a numerical example.
EphA2 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

EphA2 is a member of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which interact with cell‐bound ligands known as ephrins. EphA2 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry with an anti‐EphA2 monoclonal antibody in 80 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who had undergone surgery. EphA2 overexpression was positive in 40 of the 80 patients (50%). A significant correlation was observed between EphA2 expression and regional lymph node metastasis (p=0.023), number of lymph node metastases (p=0.011) and poor degree of tumor differentiation (p=0.004). The survival rates of EphA2‐positive patients were poorer than those of EphA2‐negative patients (p=0.014). The 5‐year survival rate of patients without EphA2 overexpression was 68%, whereas that of patients with EphA2 overexpression was 29%. EphA2 expression was also investigated in 7 ESCC cell lines (TE‐1, ‐2, ‐8, ‐13, ‐15, TT and TTn) and 1 immortalized human esophageal keratinocyte cell line (CHEK‐1). Western blotting revealed different levels of EphA2 expression in the 8 cell lines. EphA2 was expressed at a high level in the ESCC cell lines compared to CHEK‐1. EphA2 phosphorylation was demonstrated in all cell lines. Northern blot analysis showed that EphA2 mRNA expression in TE‐1 was greater than that in the other ESCC cell lines. The observation of small gaps on Western blot analysis of the ESCC cell lines suggests that there may be a mechanism for EphA2 regulation at the point of translation. In conclusion, EphA2 overexpression appears to be related to poor degree of tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in ESCC. Consequently, patients with EphA2 overexpression have a poorer prognosis than those without. EphA2 is a potential target to prevent ESCC cells spreading into the lymphatic drainage. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hacia la comprensión del abandono universitario en Catalunya: el caso de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

The article presents the results of a research that aims to unfold the reasons behind students’ dropout at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). Data is analyzed, and interviews and focus groups with students who have dropout, study degree’s coordinators and institutional authorities are carried out. Results indicate that part of the abandonment taking place is voluntary, natural and even necessary, when the student does not enter the desired option or discovers that the studies do not fi t with their vocational interests, but it also represents a misalignment between the academic offer and the students’ capabilities, performance and motivation.