Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Average Mass Profile of Galaxy Clusters

The average mass density profile measured in the Canadian Network for Observational Cosmology cluster survey is well described with the analytic form ρ(r) = Ar-1(r + aρ)-2, as advocated on the basis of n-body simulations by Navarro, Frenk, & White. The predicted core radii are aρ = 0.20 (in units of the radius where the mean interior density is 200 times the critical density) for an Ω = 0.2 open cold dark matter model and aρ = 0.26 for a flat Ω = 0.2 model, with little dependence on other cosmological parameters for simulations normalized to the observed cluster abundance. The dynamically derived local mass-to-light ratio, which has little radial variation, converts the observed light profile to a mass profile. We find that the scale radius of the mass distribution, 0.20 ≤ aρ ≤ 0.30 (depending on modeling details, with a 95% confidence range of 0.12-0.50), is completely consistent with the predicted values. Moreover, the profiles and total masses of the clusters as individuals can be acceptably predicted from the cluster rms line-of-sight velocity dispersion alone. This is strong support for the hierarchical clustering theory for the formation of galaxy clusters in a cool, collisionless, dark-matter-dominated universe.
Keratinocytes Determine Th1 Immunity during Early Experimental Leishmaniasis

Experimental leishmaniasis is an excellent model system for analyzing Th1/Th2 differentiation. Resistance to Leishmania (L.) major depends on the development of a L. major specific Th1 response, while Th2 differentiation results in susceptibility. There is growing evidence that the microenvironment of the early affected tissue delivers the initial triggers for Th-cell differentiation. To analyze this we studied differential gene expression in infected skin of resistant and susceptible mice 16h after parasite inoculation. Employing microarray technology, bioinformatics, laser-microdissection and in-situ-hybridization we found that the epidermis was the major source of immunomodulatory mediators. This epidermal gene induction was significantly stronger in resistant mice especially for several genes known to promote Th1 differentiation (IL-12, IL-1β, osteopontin, IL-4) and for IL-6. Expression of these cytokines was temporally restricted to the crucial time of Th1/2 differentiation. Moreover, we revealed a stronger epidermal up-regulation of IL-6 in the epidermis of resistant mice. Accordingly, early local neutralization of IL-4 in resistant mice resulted in a Th2 switch and mice with a selective IL-6 deficiency in non-hematopoietic cells showed a Th2 switch and dramatic deterioration of disease. Thus, our data indicate for the first time that epidermal cytokine expression is a decisive factor in the generation of protective Th1 immunity and contributes to the outcome of infection with this important human pathogen.
Whole-Body Vibration Training Improves Heart Rate Variability and Body Fat Percentage in Obese Hispanic Postmenopausal Women.

The present study examined the effects of a 6-week whole-body vibration training (WBVT) regimen on heart rate variability (HRV) and body composition in obese Hispanic postmenopausal women. Participants were randomly assigned to either WBVT (n = 13) or a nonexercising control group (n = 14). HRV and body composition were measured before and after 6 weeks. There was a significant group by time interaction (P < .05) for heart rate, sympathovagal balance, and body fat percentage (BF%) such that all significantly decreased (P < .05); and R-R intervals significantly increased (P < .05) following WBVT compared to no changes after control. The changes in sympathovagal balance were correlated with changes in BF% (r = .63, P < .05). Our findings indicate that WBVT improves HRV and BF% in obese Hispanic postmenopausal women. The improvement in BF% partially explained the decrease in sympathovagal balance. Since obese and older individuals are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, they could potentially benefit from WBVT.
Neurovascular Interaction and the Pathophysiology of Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most severe of the several ocular complications of diabetes, and in the United States it is the leading cause of blindness among adults 20 to 74 years of age. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of DR, there is a pressing need to develop novel therapeutic treatments that are both safe and efficacious. In the present paper, we identify a key mechanism involved in the development of the disease, namely, the interaction between neuronal and vascular activities. Numerous pathological conditions in the CNS have been linked to abnormalities in the relationship between these systems. We suggest that a similar situation arises in the diabetic retina, and we propose a logical strategy aimed at therapeutic intervention.
An Efficient Merkle-Tree-Based Authentication Scheme for Smart Grid

Smart grid has emerged as the next generation of power grid, due to its reliability, flexibility, and efficiency. However, smart grid faces some critical security challenges such as the message injection attack and the replay attack. If these challenges cannot be properly addressed, an adversary can maliciously launch the injected or replayed message attacks to degrade the performance of smart grid. To cope with these challenging issues, in this paper, we propose an efficient authentication scheme that employs the Merkle hash tree technique to secure smart gird communication. Specifically, the proposed authentication scheme considers the smart meters with computation-constrained resources and puts the minimum computation overhead on them. Detailed security analysis indicates its security strength, namely, resilience to the replay attack, the message injection attack, the message analysis attack, and the message modification attack. In addition, extensive performance evaluation demonstrates its efficiency in terms of computation complexity and communication overhead.
Simian Virus 40 Small t Antigen Mediates Conformation-Dependent Transfer of Protein Phosphatase 2A onto the Androgen Receptor

ABSTRACT The tumor antigens simian virus 40 small t antigen (ST) and polyomavirus small and medium T antigens mediate cell transformation in part by binding to the structural A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). The replacement of B subunits by tumor antigens inhibits PP2A activity and prolongs phosphorylation-dependent signaling. Here we show that ST mediates PP2A A/C heterodimer transfer onto the ligand-activated androgen receptor (AR). Transfer by ST is strictly dependent on the agonist-activated conformation of AR, occurs within minutes of the addition of androgen to cells, and can occur in either the cytoplasm or the nucleus. The binding of ST changes the conformation of the A subunit, and ST rapidly dissociates from the complex upon PP2A A/C heterodimer binding to AR. PP2A is transferred onto the carboxyl-terminal half of AR, and the phosphatase activity is directed to five phosphoserines in the amino-terminal activation function region 1, with a corresponding reduction in transactivation. Thus, ST functions as a transfer factor to specify PP2A targeting in the cell and modulates the transcriptional activity of AR.
Short-term storage of the oocytes affects the ploidy status in the yellowtail tetra Astyanax altiparanae

Summary In fish, many factors can affect reproduction during in vitro fertilization, therefore determination of the factors that affect affecting gamete quality is needed. However, few studies have focused on gamete quality and the ploidy status. This study was conducted to elucidate whether oocyte storage can affect ploidy status, survival, and embryo viability in the characid species Astyanax altiparanae. Oocytes were stored in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 26°C, then aliquots were fertilized immediately after extrusion (control) and also after 60, 120, 180, and 240 min of storage. Fertilization and hatching rates were measured, and the developmental stages were analyzed at each stage before describing the main abnormalities. Ploidy status was analyzed by flow cytometry and blood smear. In the control group, 100% of the samples were diploid. After treatment for 60 min, 95.56 ± 4.44% samples were diploid and 4.44 ± 4.44% were triploid. After 120 min, 94.44 ± 9.62% of the samples was diploid and 5.56 ± 5.56% were triploid; 100% of the samples were diploid after 180 min and, after 240 min, there was no survival. In other treatments, the highest percentage of hatching was after 60 min (88.93 ± 5.15%; P = 0.015), and treatment with 180 min storage resulted in the highest percentage of abnormal larvae (95.76 ± 12.67%; P = 0.012). These results show that oocyte storage can affect ploidy status and may be an interesting parameter for analysis in studies on chromosome set manipulation and micromanipulation.
Perceptually Hue-Oriented Power-Saving Scheme with Overexposure Corrector for AMOLED Displays

Active matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) display is an emerging technology that has been widely used in mobile devices. It incorporates a varying power-demand character, which is particularly inefficient for displaying bright colors. This paper presents a power-saving scheme for AMOLED display based on the pixel dimming transformation. Initially, the proposed method suppresses luminance and reconstructs colors of any overexposed region. Then, each pixel is transformed using coefficients derived from the SSIM metric, of which the set point is determined from the prior image. Weighted coefficients are employed specifically for high-frequency visible spectra. According to the measurements of three datasets on a smartphone with AMOLED display, up to 75% of displaying power can be reduced with mean visual saliency index of 0.955.
Paranoia in the general population: A revised version of the General Paranoia Scale for adults

Background Paranoid ideation has been regarded as a cognitive and a social process used as a defence against perceived threats. According to this perspective, paranoid ideation can be understood as a process extending across the normal–pathological continuum. Methods In order to refine the construct of paranoid ideation and to validate a measure of paranoia, 906 Portuguese participants from the general population and 91 patients were administered the General Paranoia Scale (GPS), and two conceptual models (one- and tridimensional) were compared through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results Results from the CFA of the GPS confirmed a different model than the one-dimensional model proposed by Fenigstein and Vanable, which comprised three dimensions (mistrust thoughts, persecutory ideas, and self-deprecation). This alternative model presented a better fit and increased sensitivity when compared with the one-dimensional model. Further data analysis of the scale revealed that the GPS is an adequate assessment tool for adults, with good psychometric characteristics and high internal consistency. Conclusion The model proposed in the current work leads to further refinements and enrichment of the construct of paranoia in different populations, allowing the assessment of three dimensions of paranoia and the risk of clinical paranoia in a single measure for the general population.
Individual differences in cognitive reappraisal use and emotion regulatory brain function in combat‐exposed veterans with and without PTSD

Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit marked deficits in emotion regulation. Past research has demonstrated underengagement of the prefrontal cortex during regulation of negative affect in those with PTSD, but has been unable to find evidence of impaired downregulation of the amygdala. One possibility is that there exists variability in amygdala reactivity that cuts across diagnostic status and which can be characterized using a continuous measure of individual differences. In healthy/nontraumatized volunteers, individual variability in amygdala engagement during emotion processing and regulation has been shown to relate to habitual use of regulation strategies.
Rapid Blood Clearance of Immunoglobulin G 2 a and Immunoglobulin G 2 b in Nude Mice 1

An extremely rapid blood clearance rate of murine IgG2a antibodies was found in all strains tested of outbred Swiss nu/nu mice, including mice from the major commercial suppliers. The clearance half-life was less than 5 h, in comparison to a 4-5-day half-life in BALB/c mice. Therefore, most of the IgG2a antibody injected i.v. in such mice is cleared before it can reach interstitial fluid, which interferes with immunotherapy and immunodetection experiments. Individual nude mice varied greatly in their IgG2a clearance rates, which hampered investigation of the phenomena. In our experience, approximately three-fourths of nude mice had a rapid or intermediate clearance rate, whereas the remainder had an approximately normal clearance rate. The clearance rate in nude mice was age-dependent, at least in some instances, in that a rapid clearance rate was observed at 2 months of age, whereas the same mice retested at 4 months of age had a normal clearance rate. Rapid clearance could be inhibited by increasing the dose injected: 100 Â¿tg/mouseresulted in a normal clearance rate, whereas 30 Â¿tg/mousewas insufficient to inhibit rapid clearance. The clearance rate of IgG2b antibodies was affected similarly to that of IgG2a, whereas the clearance rate of IgGl and IgG3 was not affected. The Fc region of IgG2a was required in order for rapid clearance to occur. Biodistribution experiments demonstrated that rapid blood clearance was due, at least partially, to binding to the liver and spleen. To determine the genetic basis for rapid IgG2a clearance, ap proximately 20 inbred and outbred mouse strains were tested. Unexpect edly, nu/+ as well as nu/nu outbred Swiss mice displayed rapid clearance, whereas control +/+ mice did not, so this phenotype appears to be a dominant effect of the nu mutation. BALB/c nu/nu and nu/+ mice did not display rapid clearance, which may be due to expression of the Igh1*gene, which codes for the IgG2a present in BALB/c mice and in the monoclonal antibodies used in these studies. In conclusion, this clearance effect must be considered in experiments involving murine IgG2a or IgG2b antibodies in outbred Swiss nude mice, except those in which high antibody doses of >0.1 mg/mouse are used. One method of circumventing this problem is to increase the antibody dose injected; a better but more long-range method is to develop strains of outbred nude mice that do have this characteristic.
Democratising Turkey through student-centred pedagogy: opportunities and pitfalls

Global reform talk on pedagogy has been converging around student-centred pedagogy (SCP) in recent decades. One of the significant appeals of this pedagogical model is its democratisation potentials. This article seeks to empirically study SCP's role in democratising learning and promoting social democratisation by taking the case of Turkey, a country whose democracy has been defined as being in acute crisis. The data are drawn from interviews with teachers and school management at eight public primary schools in Ankara. The study is mainly concerned with the potential of SCP in promoting democratic learning in classrooms, and understanding how broader social, cultural and political contexts support or impede such democratisation efforts. The paper will explore if adherence to democratic learning is more than rhetoric, particularly when serious limitations to social and political democratisation continue to persist in Turkey under the regime of the AKP.
Comparison of Long‐Term Outcomes of Myomectomy and Uterine Artery Embolization

OBJECTIVE To compare long‐term outcomes of uterine artery embolization and abdominal myomectomy in patients with symptomatic uterine myomas. METHODS At a single institution in an 18‐month time, 59 patients had bilateral uterine artery embolization and 38 patients had abdominal myomectomy to treat symptomatic uterine myomas. We reviewed medical records and surveyed patients 3 or more years after their procedures to assess how many needed further surgical procedures in the intervening years, to what extent symptoms remained improved, and how satisfied the patients were with the long term results of the index procedure. RESULTS Follow‐up was available on 51 embolization and 30 myomectomy patients and ranged from 37 to 59 months. Patients who had embolization were older (44 versus 38 years, P < .001) and more likely to have had previous surgical procedures (P < .001) than those who had myomectomy. Taking into account the variable follow‐up period, embolization patients were more likely to have had further invasive treatment for myomas (29% versus 3%) (P = .004). Among women not needing further surgery, overall symptoms improved in 92% (33/36) of embolization and 90% (26/29) of myomectomy patients (P = .78). Ninety‐four percent (34/36) of embolization patients and 79% (23/29) of myomectomy patients were at least somewhat satisfied with their choice of procedure (P = .06). CONCLUSION Women who had embolization were more likely than those who had myomectomy to need further invasive treatment (surgery or repeat embolization) in the 3–5 years after the index procedure. Among women who did not need such treatment, satisfaction and relief of symptoms were similar. Large, randomized trials are needed to more accurately compare these two procedures.
American Sign Language Curricula: A Review

There is an exponential growth in the number of schools that offer American Sign Language (ASL) for foreign language credit and the different ASL curricula that were published. This study analyzes different curricula in its assumptions regarding language, learning, and teaching of second languages. It is found that curricula vary in their assumptions, and can be classified along the three main theoretical frameworks: behaviorism, linguisticism, and communication. Strengths and weaknesses of each theoretical framework are identified in second language acquisition research. Current second language theories of language, learning, and teaching are described, and suggestions are offered for future curriculum in ASL.
Match-play running demands and technical performance among elite Gaelic footballers: Does divisional status count?

The aim of the current study was to compare positional differences in running demands and technical performance variables among elite Gaelic football teams from separate Divisions. Data were obtained from a Division 1 (26.7 ± 2.9 years, 179.2 ± 21.3 cm, 89.9 ± 21.2 kg) and a Division 3 (25.7 ± 3.5 years, 183.0 ± 4.7 cm, 84.4 ± 6.5 kg) team. Match-play running variables were collected using 4-Hz global positioning system (GPS) units (VX Sport, New-Zealand) (Match data sets; Division 1: n = 107, Division 3: n = 97). Selected variables assessed were high speed running distance (HSR) (≥17 km·h), number of high-speed efforts (HSE) (≥ 17 km·h), relative high-speed distance (RHSD) (≥ 17 km·h; m·min) and percentage of time at high speed (%HS). Each variable was analysed across the 5 positional groups in Gaelic football (full-back, half-back, midfield, half-forward, full-forward). The same 25 competitive games were analysed using GPS and the Sports Code video analysis system (Sports Code Elite V9, Sportstec, NSW, Australia). Technical performance variables selected for analysis were total kick/hand passes, tackles, shots and percentage of time in possession. HSR running demands were differentiated between the divisions; the Division 3 team demonstrated significantly greater HSR, HSE, RHSD and %HS than the Division 1 team (p <0.05). Positional-specific analysis found that the Division 3 fullback and midfield positional lines had significantly greater HSR, RHSD and %HS than their Division 1 counterparts. The Division 1 team made a greater number of total tackles, with significantly more tackles in the middle third (p <0.05). The Division 3 team performed a significantly greater number of hand passes and unsuccessful shots per game (p <0.01). The results of the present study indicate that overall technical proficiency, rather than high-speed running profiles, differentiate Division 1 and 3 Gaelic football teams.
Modeling Developable Folds on a Strip

A common operation in clothing and shoe design is to design a folding pattern over a narrow strip and then superimpose it with a smooth surface; the shape of the folding pattern is controlled by the boundary curve of the strip. Previous research results studying folds focused mostly on cloth modeling or in animations, which are driven more by visual realism, but allow large elastic deformations and usually completely ignore or avoid the surface developability issue. In reality, most materials used in garment and shoe industry are inextensible and uncompressible and hence any feasible folded surface must be developable, since it eventually needs to be flattened to its 2D pattern for manufacturing. Borrowing the classical boundary triangulation concept from descriptive geometry, this paper describes a computer-based method that automatically generates a specialized boundary triangulation approximation of a developable surface that interpolates a given strip. The development is achieved by geometrically simulating the folding process of the sheet as it would occur when rolled from one end of the strip to the other. Ample test examples are presented to validate the feasibility of the proposed method.
The Effects of Fear Appeal: A Moderating Role of Culture and Message Type

This study explores the moderating role that culture plays on the effects of fear-appeal advertisements on subjects’ message acceptance. Secondly, this study investigates the role of message type in two different cultures (South Korea and the United States). As predicted, culture played as a moderating variable in the process of fear-arousing, antismoking ads. The main difference, however, was found in the collectivistic culture; although no significant difference was found for the individualistic culture. Further, the findings also suggest that the different message strategy should be considered in the different cultures to increase message acceptance among people.
R5 HIV env and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Protein Cooperate To Mediate Fusion to Naïve CD4+ T Cells

ABSTRACT Naïve CD44 T cells are resistant to both HIV R5 env and vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G)-mediated fusion. However, viral particles carrying both HIV R5 env and VSV-G infect naïve cells by an unexplained mechanism. We show that VSV-G-pseudotyped virus cannot fuse to unstimulated cells because the viral particles cannot be endocytosed. However, virions carrying both HIV R5 env and VSV-G can fuse because CD4 binding allows viral uptake. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism by which R5 HIV env and VSV-G cooperate to allow entry to naïve CD4+ T cells, providing a tool to target naïve CD4+ T cells with R5 HIV to study HIV coreceptor signaling and latency.