Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wildlife population, structure and reproduction based on hunters’ returns to a bush meat market in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria

Assessment of the population structure and reproductive status based on hunters’ returns to bush meat market were carried out in Ogun state, Nigeria. Information on animal species was collected before they are dissected or processed; names of species, age class, sex, weight and sources. After dissection, its reproductive status viz number of foetus and stages of development were observed. The data collected covered a period of three months. The result from the study showed that nine hundred and eighty-nine animals were returned by hunters to the market within the period. The highest hunters’ returns occurred at week four while the highest returns were also during the first four weeks. Canerat (Thryonomys swinderianus) and Maxwell duiker (Cephalophus maxwelli) were animals with the highest frequency returned. The result shows that 342 fetuses were recorded from all the species. The highest of fetuses was from Cane rat and Maxwell duiker. Seven orders of mammals were discovered in the population and rodentia had the highest percentage followed by artiodactyla. In terms of sex structure of the wild animal returned, female had the highest population (558) than male which has 431 animals. Also, for the age class structure, the adult had the highest frequency and percent than the sub-adult and juvenile. The patterns of returns by hunters from various sources showed that the highest animal return was from Tibo (157) and the least from Oba (8). The highest mean weight of animals returned was 19.0±0.00kg and the least mean weight of animal was 0.46±0.22kg. It is therefore, recommended that wildlife resources should be treated as an asset to be conserved, managed and given emphasis in land management for the benefit of all humanity. Vigorous efforts towards checking indiscriminate hunting of animals of all sexes and reproductive conditions must be pursued.
Level of physical activity and characteristics associated with change following breast cancer diagnosis and treatment

Objective: While the physical and psychosocial benefits of participating in physical activity (PA) during and following breast cancer treatment are well understood, less is known about rates and uptake of PA following diagnosis. This paper explores the levels and patterns of PA among women recently diagnosed with breast cancer and the factors associated with change in activity levels.
Podocyte Detachment and Reduced Glomerular Capillary Endothelial Fenestration in Human Type 1 Diabetic Nephropathy

The aim of this study was to investigate the structural characteristics of podocytes and endothelial cells in diabetic nephropathy. We studied 18 patients with type 1 diabetes (seven normoalbuminuric, six microalbuminuric, and five proteinuric), and six normal control subjects. Groups were not different for age. Type 1 diabetic groups were not different for diabetes duration or age at diabetes onset. Podocyte foot process width (FPW), fraction of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) surface with intact nondetached foot processes (IFP), fraction of glomerular capillary luminal surface covered by fenestrated endothelium [SS(Fenestrated/cap)] and classic diabetic glomerulopathy lesions were morphometrically measured. Albumin excretion (AER) and glomerular filtration (GFR) rates were also measured. GFR correlated inversely and AER directly with GBM and mesangial measurements in diabetic patients. FPW correlated inversely with GFR (r = −0.71, P = 0.001) and directly with AER (r = 0.66, P = 0.003), GBM, and mesangial parameters. The GBM fraction covered by IFP was decreased in proteinuric versus control subjects (P = 0.001), normoalbuminuric patients (P = 0.0002) and microalbuminuric patients (P = 0.04) and correlated with renal structural and functional parameters, including AER (r = −0.52, P = 0.03). Only 78% of GBM was covered by IFP in proteinuric patients. SS(Fenestrated/cap) was reduced in normoalbuminuric (P = 0.03), microalbuminuric (P = 0.03), and proteinuric (P = 0.002) patients versus control subjects. SS(Fenestrated/cap) correlated with mesangial fractional volume per glomerulus (r = −0.57, P = 0.01), IFP (r = 0.61, P = 0.007), and FPW (r = −0.58, P = 0.01). These novel studies document that podocyte detachment and diminished endothelial cell fenestration are related to classical diabetic nephropathy lesions and renal function in type 1 diabetic patients and support a need for further studies of podocyte/GBM adherence and podocyte/endothelial cell functional interactions in diabetic nephropathy.
Hookworm-Related Anaemia among Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives Hookworm infection is among the major causes of anaemia in poor communities, but its importance in causing maternal anaemia is poorly understood, and this has hampered effective lobbying for the inclusion of anthelmintic treatment in maternal health packages. We sought to review existing evidence on the role of hookworm as a risk factor for anaemia among pregnant women. We also estimate the number of hookworm infections in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods Structured searches using MEDLINE and EMBASE as well as manual searches of reference lists were conducted, and unpublished data were obtained by contacting authors. Papers were independently reviewed by two authors, and relevant data were extracted. We compared haemoglobin concentration (Hb) according to intensity of hookworm infection and calculated standardised mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. To estimate the number of pregnant women, we used population surfaces and a spatial model of hookworm prevalence. Findings One hundred and five reports were screened and 19 were eligible for inclusion: 13 cross-sectional studies, 2 randomised controlled trials, 2 non-randomised treatment trials and 2 observational studies. Comparing uninfected women and women lightly (1–1,999 eggs/gram [epg]) infected with hookworm, the standardised mean difference (SMD) was −0.24 (95% CI: −0.36 to −0.13). The SMD between women heavily (4000+ epg) infected and those lightly infected was −0.57 (95% CI: −0.87 to −0.26). All identified intervention studies showed a benefit of deworming for maternal or child health, but since a variety of outcomes measures were employed, quantitative evaluation was not possible. We estimate that 37.7 million women of reproductive age in SSA are infected with hookworm in 2005 and that approximately 6.9 million pregnant women are infected. Conclusions Evidence indicates that increasing hookworm infection intensity is associated with lower haemoglobin levels in pregnant women in poor countries. There are insufficient data to quantify the benefits of deworming, and further studies are warranted. Given that between a quarter and a third of pregnant women in SSA are infected with hookworm and at risk of preventable hookworm-related anaemia, efforts should be made to increase the coverage of anthelmintic treatment among pregnant women.
Ecological significance and complexity of N-source preference in plants.

BACKGROUND Plants can utilize two major forms of inorganic N: NO3(-) (nitrate) and NH4(+) (ammonium). In some cases, the preference of one form over another (denoted as β) can appear to be quite pronounced for a plant species, and can be an important determinant and predictor of its distribution and interactions with other species. In many other cases, however, assignment of preference is not so straightforward and must take into account a wide array of complex physiological and environmental features, which interact in ways that are still not well understood. SCOPE This Viewpoint presents a discussion of the key, and often co-occurring, factors that join to produce the complex phenotypic composite referred to by the deceptively simple term 'N-source preference'. CONCLUSIONS N-source preference is much more complex a biological phenomenon than is often assumed, and general models predicting how it will influence ecological processes will need to be much more sophisticated than those that have been so far developed.
Characterization of stereomicroscopically identified preneoplastic lesions during dimethylhydrazine‐induced colonic carcinogenesis

Abstract. Preneoplastic mucosal changes were studied at six different time‐points during dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐induced colorectal carcinogenesis in the rat. After 40 weeks of treatment, seven of 10 animals were bearing a total of 11 colorectal adenocarcinomas. The crypt cell production rate in the normal mucosa of DMH‐treated animals was greatly increased in the left colon and rectum and further rose with the duration of the experiment. Focal disturbances of the mucosal architecture could be detected as early as 4 weeks after the initiation of DMH‐treatment using a stereomicroscope. Their incidence was greatest in the left colon and rectum and increased strongly with the duration of carcinogen exposure. Characterization of these mucosal alterations, by means of conventional histology, morphometry after microdissection, cell kinetics, mucin histochemistry and quantitative enzyme histo‐chemistry performed with serial sections, revealed mild epithelial dysplasia, a considerable elongation and dilatation of the crypts and a marked increase of the crypt cell production, including a shift of the main proliferative compartment from the basal to the medial crypt segment as well as the occurrence of mitotic figures in the luminal epithelium. In affected crypts, the goblet cells completely lacked sulphomucins and exclusively contained sialomucins. The activities of the enzymes diaminopeptidase IV (brush‐border), succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondria) and acid β‐galactosidase (lysosomes) were markedly reduced. We conclude that these early mucosal alterations are indeed preneoplastic lesions and indicate the existence of the adenoma‐carcinoma sequence in this animal model. The easy detection of these microadenomas under the stereomicroscope and the existence of similar findings in man suggest possible clinical applications.
Disciplinary responses to misconduct among female prison inmates with mental illness, substance use disorders, and co-occurring disorders.

OBJECTIVE Most female inmates have mental health, substance use, or co-occurring disorders (CODs), which can create greater difficulty adjusting to incarceration and higher rates of prison misconduct. The response of prison officials to institutional misbehaviors has important implications for female inmates' experiences while incarcerated, their likelihood of parole, and the clinical course of their condition. This article examined whether disciplinary actions are more severe for women with CODs. METHOD Data were provided by the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections for all female state prison inmates incarcerated between January 1, 2007, and July 30, 2009 (N = 2,279). The final sample of 211 women included those who had committed a minor misconduct during their incarceration. Disorder categories were created based on intake assessments, and multivariate models were estimated to determine the effect of disorder category on whether the prison imposed a severe or minor disciplinary response to the misconduct. RESULTS The odds of receiving severe disciplinary responses to minor misconduct was significantly greater for women with CODs than those with the singular disorders of mental illness or substance abuse disorders, or those with no disorders. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Findings suggest correctional institutions are responding in a punitive manner to the symptomatic manifestations of CODs in female inmates. These findings suggest the importance of screening instruments in correctional settings that assess for the presence of dual disorders. In addition, correctional administrators must implement training protocols for correctional officers and staff on the complexity of CODs and the ability to identify behavioral and emotional symptoms associated with this vulnerable subset of the offender population. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Transformation of Research Findings into Scientific Knowledge

conducting detailed and 'micro'-scale studies of scientific research. This has often been accompanied by a belief that the sociology of science ought to be cast within an 'interpretive' rather than within a 'normative' paradigm.1 As a result, some sociologists have begun to inquire about the everyday practices of research scientists, and others have looked at the ways in which knowledge of research techniques and innovations are transmitted from one scientist to another.2 At the same time, there has been an increasing emphasis on the importance of considering the intellectual context of research as an integral part of the sociological study of science. At present, however, the majority of this work is concerned with what might loosely be called the 'context of discovery'3 - that is, with the social processes associated with the creation of research findings within the scientific community. Some valuable studies have resulted from the adoption of this approach, and more can be expected. This paper, however, will be concerned with a different aspect of the creation of scientific knowledge. It will explore in a preliminary way the process whereby a scientist's research findings are transformed into accredited factual knowledge.4 Thus I shall here be concerned primarily with the 'context of justification'. Although this has long been of great interest to philosophers of science, who have sought to define rational or ideal procedures to divide true knowledge from false claims, it is an issue which has been relatively infrequently
Do School Experiences Predict Life Satisfaction in Turkish College Students

The aim of this research is to examine the predictive role of school experiences on life satisfaction. Participants were 311 college students. In this study, the Perceived School Experiences Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were used. The relationships between school experiences and life satisfaction were examined using correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. In correlation analysis, academic press, academic motivation, and school connectedness were found positively related to life satisfaction. According to regression results, academic press, academic motivation, and school connectedness predicted life satisfaction in a positive way. School experiences have explained 26% of the variance in life satisfaction. The results were discussed in the light of the related literature and dependent recommendations to the area were given. © 2015 IOJES. All rights reserved
Deep learning on small datasets using online image search

This paper tackles the unsolved important problem of training deep models with small amounts of annotated data. We propose a semi-supervised self-training bootstrap to deep learning on small datasets by retrieving and utilizing additional images from internet image search. We adapt the pseudolabel method proposed by Dong-Hyun Lee in 2013, previously used on the elementary MNIST handwritten digit classification task. We show that by suitable modifications to its example weighting and selection mechanisms it can be adapted to general image classification tasks supported by online image search. The proposed approach does not require any human supervision, it is practical and efficient, and it actively avoids overtraining. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated on the SUN 397 dataset with only 50 training images per category. When exploiting results of Google's Image Search, we achieve a significant improvement, with a classification accuracy of 51%, as opposed to 39% without these results.
Psychics and ESP: The Role of Population Stereotypes

While ostensibly investigating telepathically sent messages, the present experiment examined subjects' preferred responses, i.e. population stereotypes. Undergraduate students (N = 351) were asked a series of questions such as: “I am thinking of a number from 1 to 10. Write down the first number that comes to mind. ” Throughout the series the experimenter thought of, or “sent”, non‐stereotyped answers in order to test for the effects of ESP. While there was no evidence to support the presence of ESP, the expectation that some responses, population stereotypes, would occur with frequencies greater than chance was confirmed. 1986 Australian Psychological Society
Understanding what verb phrases and adjective phrases have in common: Evidence from Mandarin alternations

Lam, Charles T.K. Ph.D., Purdue University, August 2015. Understanding What Verb Phrases and Adjective Phrases Have in Common: Evidence from Mandarin Alternations. Major Professor: Ronnie Wilbur. The goal of the present study is to investigates the relation between syntax and semantics. To this end, this study looks at the Mandarin verbal alternation (ba-construction and SVO order) and comparative alternation (transitive comparative and bi-comparative). In both alternations, it is observed that one variant is selective to its complement predicates. This study proposes that the selectivity of ba-construction and the transitive comparative in syntax comes from the semantic boundedness. Specifically, the selective functional head (little-v0 or Deg0, respectively) is hypothesized to require its complements to be bounded, which can be encoded in various ways, such as secondary predicates or perfective marking in the verbal domain and closed scale adjectives or measure phrase in the adjectival domain. On the other hand, the SVO order and the bi-comparative are hypothesized to be unselective and compatible with all types of predicates. A two-part experimental study was conducted to test the hypothesis. The judgment task elicits informants’ acceptance of the alternations in a 7-point Likert scale. The comprehension task, in which participants indicate their interpretation of sentences by choosing a picture, shows that participants are sensitive to the presence of the bounded markers tested in the experiment. The results from the acceptability judgment task confirmed the hypothesis that a variant (ba and tran-
Barriers to living donor kidney transplantation among black or older transplant candidates.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Lower rates of living donor kidney transplant (LDKT) among transplant candidates who are black or older may stem from lower likelihoods of (1) recruiting potential living donors or (2) potential donors actually donating (donor "conversion"). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS A single-center, retrospective cohort study was performed to determine race, age, and gender differences in LDKT, donor recruitment, and donor conversion. RESULTS Of 1617 kidney transplant candidates, 791 (48.9%) recruited at least one potential living donor, and 452 (28.0%) received LDKTs. Black transplant candidates, versus non-blacks, were less likely to receive LDKTs (20.5% versus 30.6%, relative risk [RR] = 0.67), recruit potential living donors (43.9% versus 50.7%, RR = 0.86), and receive LDKTs if they had potential donors (46.8% versus 60.3%, RR = 0.78). Transplant candidates ≥60 years, versus candidates 18 to <40 years old, were less likely to receive LDKTs (15.1% versus 43.2%, RR = 0.35), recruit potential living donors (34.0% versus 64.6%, RR = 0.53), and receive LDKTs if they had potential donors (44.5% versus 66.8%, RR = 0.67). LDKT and donor recruitment did not differ by gender. Race and age differences persisted in multivariable logistic regression models. Among 339 candidates who recruited potential donors but did not receive LDKTs, blacks (versus non-blacks) were more likely to have potential donors who failed to donate because of a donor-related reason (86.9% versus 72.5%). CONCLUSIONS Black or older kidney transplant candidates were less likely to receive LDKTs because of lower likelihoods of donor recruitment and donor conversion.
Equality of Opportunity and Cognitive Ability Norway over the 20th Century

This paper studies the evolution of the IQ distribution as a function of parental background in Norway over the cohorts born from 1930’s to mid 1970’s. We use IQ test score data from the Norwegian military that can be linked to register data on earnings and educational attainment. We show that in Norway the average gains in IQ (Flynn eect) over the latter half of the 20th century have been driven by the lower tail of the distribution and by individuals from low-educated families. Conditioning on test-taker’s own education at the time of the test accounts for most of the changes in IQ distribution. To examine the role of educational policy in shaping the IQ distribution, we estimate the causal eect of the Norwegian comprehensive school reform on the IQ distribution by dierences-in-die rences approach exploiting the fact that the reform was implemented gradually across the country. The reform changed the IQ distribution by increasing the scores of the conscripts from low-educated families. However, the reform eects are not large enough to explain the observed changes in the IQ distribution.
Simple test of synergy between ampicillin and vancomycin for resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium

The combination of ampicillin and vancomycin kills some but not all strains of ampicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. We compared a simple test for synergy utilizing a commercially available microdilution susceptibility system with time-kill studies and determined acceptable breakpoints for this test for 20 strains of ampicillin- and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. The combination of ampicillin and vancomycin was tested for synergy by time-kill, broth macrodilution, and broth microdilution procedures. Repeat testing of isolates by macro- and microdilution synergy methods yielded MICs that were within one twofold dilution of each other for both intra- and intertest comparisons. Synergy was always detected by time-kill studies when the MIC of ampicillin in the combination synergy screen was < or = 8 micrograms/ml in the presence of vancomycin. No synergy was detected when the MIC was > 16 micrograms/ml in the combination microdilution synergy screen. The determination of the synergy by the broth microdilution procedure appears to be simple, convenient, and accurate.
Comparison Facilitates Children's Learning of Names for Parts

Learning names for parts of objects can be challenging for children, as it requires overcoming their tendency to name whole objects. We test whether comparing items can facilitate learning names for their parts. Applying the structure-mapping theory of comparison leads to two predictions: (a) young children will find it easier to identify a common part between two very similar items than between two dissimilar items (because the similar pair is easier to align); (b) close alignments potentiate far alignments: children will be better able to extend a novel part name to a dissimilar object after having extended it to a similar object. In three studies, 227 preschool children mapped novel part terms to new animals or objects. Both predictions were confirmed. Children more accurately extended novel part terms to objects that were similar to the standard than to objects that were dissimilar (Experiments 1 and 2), and children more accurately extended novel part names to dissimilar objects after having extended them to similar objects (Experiment 3). We conclude that structure-mapping processes can support part learning.