Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Were Spanish migrants attracted by industrial agglomerations? An analysis for the interwar years in the light of the new economic geography

In this paper we examine whether access to markets had a significant influence on migration choices of Spanish internal migrants in the inter-war years. We perform a structural contrast of a New Economic Geography model that focus on the forward linkage that links workers location choice with the geography of industrial production, one of the centripetal forces that drive agglomeration in the NEG models. The results highlight the presence of this forward linkage in the Spanish economy of the inter-war period. That is, we prove the existence of a direct relation between workers localization decisions and the market potential of the host regions. In addition, the direct estimation of the values associated with key parameters in the NEG model allows us to simulate the migratory flows derived from different scenarios of the relative size of regions and the distances between them. We show that in Spain the power of attraction of the agglomerations grew as they increased in size, but the high elasticity estimated for the migration costs reduced the intensity of the migratory flows. This could help to explain the apparently low intensity of internal migrations in Spain until its upsurge during the 1920s. This also explains the geography of migrations in Spain during this period, which hardly affected the regions furthest from the large industrial agglomerations (i.e., regions such as Andalusia, Estremadura and Castile-La Mancha) but had an intense effect on the provinces nearest to the principal centres of industrial development.
NO-mediated apoptosis in yeast

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small molecule with distinct roles in diverse physiological functions in biological systems, among them the control of the apoptotic signalling cascade. By combining proteomic, genetic and biochemical approaches we demonstrate that NO and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) are crucial mediators of yeast apoptosis. Using indirect methodologies and a NO-selective electrode, we present results showing that H2O2-induced apoptotic cells synthesize NO that is associated to a nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like activity as demonstrated by the use of a classical NOS kit assay. Additionally, our results show that yeast GAPDH is a target of extensive proteolysis upon H2O2-induced apoptosis and undergoes S-nitrosation. Blockage of NO synthesis with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester leads to a decrease of GAPDH S-nitrosation and of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, increasing survival. These results indicate that NO signalling and GAPDH S-nitrosation are linked with H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death. Evidence is presented showing that NO and GAPDH S-nitrosation also mediate cell death during chronological life span pointing to a physiological role of NO in yeast apoptosis.
A Mutation in g-Tubulin Alters Microtubule Dynamics and Organization and Is Synthetically Lethal with the Kinesin-like Protein Pkl 1 p □ V

Mitotic segregation of chromosomes requires spindle pole functions for microtubule nucleation, minus end organization, and regulation of dynamics. g-Tubulin is essential for nucleation, and we now extend its role to these latter processes. We have characterized a mutation in g-tubulin that results in cold-sensitive mitotic arrest with an elongated bipolar spindle but impaired anaphase A. At 30°C cytoplasmic microtubule arrays are abnormal and bundle into single larger arrays. Three-dimensional time-lapse video microscopy reveals that microtubule dynamics are altered. Localization of the mutant g-tubulin is like the wild-type protein. Prediction of g-tubulin structure indicates that non-a/b-tubulin protein–protein interactions could be affected. The kinesin-like protein (klp) Pkl1p localizes to the spindle poles and spindle and is essential for viability of the g-tubulin mutant and in multicopy for normal cell morphology at 30°C. Localization and function of Pkl1p in the mutant appear unaltered, consistent with a redundant function for this protein in wild type. Our data indicate a broader role for g-tubulin at spindle poles in regulating aspects of microtubule dynamics and organization. We propose that Pkl1p rescues an impaired function of g-tubulin that involves non-tubulin protein–protein interactions, presumably with a second motor, MAP, or MTOC component.
Communication Links for Distributed Quantum Computation

Distributed quantum computation requires quantum operations that act over a distance on error correction-encoded states of logical qubits, such as the transfer of qubits via teleportation. We evaluate the performance of several quantum error correction (QEC) codes and find that teleportation failure rates of one percent or more are tolerable when two levels of the [[23, 1, 7]] code are used. We present an analysis of performing QEC on QEC-encoded states that span two quantum computers, including the creation of distributed logical zeros. The transfer of the individual qubits of a logical state may be multiplexed in time or space, moving serially across a single link or in parallel across multiple links. We show that the performance and reliability penalty for using serial links is small for a broad range of physical parameters, making serial links preferable for a large, distributed quantum multicomputer when engineering difficulties are considered. Such a multicomputer will be able to factor a 1,024-bit number using Shor's algorithm with a high probability of success.
Outcome evaluation of therapeutic community model in iran.

BACKGROUND Evaluation of treatment programs in addiction field is a prerequisite to improve the quality of care. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Therapeutic Community (TC) program in Iran. METHODS Individuals who had voluntarily enrolled in the TC center within a period of seven years, from early 2005 to late 2011, entered the study. Those who successfully completed the 14-week residential course were considered as 'completers'. They were subsequently called in for urine test and interviews using Maudsley Addiction Profile. Urine test was conducted to determine if they were positive for heroin, opium, methadone, methamphetamine, bupronorphine, hashish, and tramadol. RESULTS A number of 378 individuals with mean (±SD) age of 32.5 ± 7.8 enrolled in the TC program during the study period, 240 individuals of whom completed the 14 weeks course (69.0%). At the end of the sixth year, 22% of the participants were in abstinence. Physical and mental health in abstainers proved to be of better conditions than those of non-abstainers (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Considering the TC outcome in other countries, it seems that TC maintains an acceptable effectiveness in Iran. Prospective controlled studies are warranted to investigate the outcomes in more details.
Scribbles to vectors: preparation of scribble drawings for CAD interpretation

This paper describes the work carried out on off-line paper based scribbles such that they can be incorporated into a sketch-based interface without forcing designers to change their natural drawing habits. In this work, the scribbled drawings are converted into a vectorial format which can be recognized by a CAD system. This is achieved by using pattern analysis techniques, namely the Gabor filter to simplify the scribbled drawing. Vector line are then extracted from the resulting drawing by means of Kalman filtering.
Business and Trade Relationships between the EU and Central Asia. EUCAM Working Papers No. 1, June 2009

The European Union is seeking to establish a place for itself in Central Asia in the face of a Chinese presence that is growing exponentially and a Russian influence that continues to be strong. Grand speeches about the EU’s partnership with the Central Asian states notwithstanding, relations between both regions have remained rather limited. The EU strategy also aims to encourage exports, economic diversification and market-economic structures, in particular by developing public-private partnerships. The EU’s commercial involvement in Central Asia enables it to further European goals in the region. These include consolidating the overall EU-Central Asia relationship, avoiding an excessive reliance by Central Asian countries on a few markets; helping to strengthen the institutions of civil society, which in turn could speed up the arrival of a substantial European presence; developing the rule of law, the private sector and transparency in government; and finally, addressing poverty, the root cause of instability. This EUCAM working paper thus reflects upon the pertinence of having a collective EU business and trade agenda with Central Asia, what stands to be won and lost both economically and socially, and the goals it might include. It has become essential to ascertain whether or not this agenda ought to be placed at the service of more global European strategies for promoting its social model, and if so, to what extent. Also available in Spanish and Russian.
The ‘exceptional male teacher’ and the ‘vulnerable male student’: constructions of men and masculinities in vocational education and training in Estonia

ABSTRACT This article takes a critical perspective on the construction of men and masculinities in vocational education and training (VET). We focus on ways in which key stakeholders in VET – teachers, heads of schools and VET experts – conceptualise men as educators and learners in VET, drawing on the case of Estonia. We identified two related discourses produced by the stakeholders which we labelled as ‘the exceptional male teacher’ and ‘the vulnerable male student’, which draw on and support the broader discourse of ‘feminisation of education’ prevalent in many Western societies. Treating men as exceptional, vulnerable and deserving special attention in VET leaves unchallenged and reproduces male privilege and endorses traditional ways of doing masculinity in this context. Such an institutional environment produced by the VET stakeholders may not be conducive to the emergence of more egalitarian masculinities in VET schools. More broadly, these two discourses on men in VET have important implications for gendered power relations and possibilities to advance gender equality in VET and in the labour market.
How Tapping Affects Talking: Reversals of Action-language Interaction Effects

A growing body of research shows that there is a close functional connection between motor and language systems of the human brain. Behavioural and TMS investigations document a causal influence between language and motor systems, an influence that is bidirectional and which can be facilitatory or inhibitatory. While it is still not fully clear what determines the sign of the interaction effect (inhibition or facilitation) between action and language, some factors have shown to have an influence on the sign of the effect. A few studies have even managed to successfully reverse the sign of the effect between language and motor processes. This paper provides a short review of these reversals of action-language effects and discusses how this flexibility of motor-language interaction may be explained.
Comparing design options for allocating communication media in cooperative safety-critical contexts: a method and a case study

In this article we present a method for evaluating and comparing design options for allocating communication media. The method pays particular attention to how such options support cooperation in an interactive safety-critical system. The comparison is performed using threesets of criteria based on task performance, analysis of user deviations and consequent hazards, and coordination. The explicit emphasis on hazards and communication issues, using actual tasks to guide the evaluation, ensures that designers attention is focused on the interactions where problems are likely to occur. We describe an application of the method to the design of access to new communication technology in an air traffic control environment.
Seven schools of macroeconomic thought

This book offers an excellent survey of various macroeconomic topics which feature prominently in the research agenda and have inspired both theoretical and policy debate. The book presents an authoritative and comprehensive summary and original critique of modern macroeconomic approaches by a scholar whose own contribution to the field is considerable. In each of his seven chapters, the author reviews one school of economic thought. These are: the Keynesian school of macroeconomics; the monetarist school; the New Classical school; the New-Keynesian school; supply side macroeconomics, and `non-monetary' models of macroeconomics - the real business cycle theory and the `structuralist school' which views changes in unemployment as the outcome of shifts in the structural characteristics of the economy. The book is the text of the first series of Ryde Lectures, established by Lund University in Sweden.
Designing Innovative Alternatives to Traditional High Schools: What Leaders Need to Know

This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact pdxscholar@pdx.edu. Recommended Citation Edwards, Chester Roy, "Designing Innovative Alternatives to Traditional High Schools: What Leaders Need to Know" (2013). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1036.
Separate universe approach and the evolution of nonlinear superhorizon cosmological perturbations

In this paper we review the separate universe approach for cosmological perturbations and point out that it is essentially the lowest order approximation to a gradient expansion. Using this approach, one can study the nonlinear evolution of inhomogeneous spacetimes and find the conditions under which the long wavelength curvature perturbation can vary with time. When there is one degree of freedom or a well-defined equation of state the nonlinear long wavelength curvature perturbation remains constant. With more degrees of freedom it can vary and this variation is determined by the nonadiabatic pressure perturbation, exactly as in linear theory. We identify combinations of spatial vectors characterizing the curvature perturbation which are invariant under a change of time hypersurfaces.
Alteration of Interleukin 4 Production Results in the Inhibition of T Helper Type 2 Cell–Dominated Inflammatory Bowel Disease in T Cell Receptor α Chain–Deficient Mice

T cell receptor α chain–deficient (TCR-α−/−) mice are known to spontaneously develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The colitis that develops in these mice is associated with increased numbers of T helper cell (Th)2-type CD4+TCR-ββ (CD4+ββ) T cells producing predominantly interleukin (IL)-4. To investigate the role of these Th2-type CD4+ββ T cells, we treated TCR-α−/− mice with anti–IL-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Approximately 60% of TCR-α−/− mice, including those treated with mock Ab and those left untreated, spontaneously developed IBD. However, anti–IL-4 mAb–treated mice exhibited no clinical or histological signs of IBD, and their levels of mucosal and systemic Ab responses were lower than those of mock Ab–treated mice. Although TCR-α−/− mice treated with either specific or mock Ab developed CD4+ββ T cells, only those treated with anti–IL-4 mAb showed a decrease in Th2-type cytokine production at the level of mRNA and protein and an increase in interferon γ–specific expression. These findings suggest that IL-4–producing Th2-type CD4+ββ T cells play a major immunopathological role in the induction of IBD in TCR-α−/− mice, a role that anti–IL-4 mAb inhibits by causing Th2-type CD4+ββ T cells to shift to the Th1 type.
and ecosystem services.

1 Balkanized research in ecological engineering revealed by a bibliometric analysis of earthworms and ecosystem services. Abstract Energy crisis, climate changes and biodiversity losses have reinforced the drive for more ecologically-based approaches for environmental management. Such approaches are characterized by the use of organisms rather than energy-consuming technologies. Although earthworms are believed to be potentially useful organisms for managing ecosystem services, there is actually no quantification of such a trend in literature. This bibliometric analysis aimed to measure the evolution of the association of " earthworms " and other terms such as ecosystem services (primary production, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, soil structure and pollution remediation), " ecological engineering " or " biodiversity " , to assess their convergence or divergence through time. In this aim, we calculated the similarity index, an indicator of the paradigmatic proximity defined in applied epistemology, for each year between 1900 and 2009. We documented the scientific fields and the geographical origins of the studies, as well as the land uses, and compare these characteristics with a 25 year old review on earthworm management. The association of earthworm related keywords with ecosystem services related keywords was increasing with time, reflecting the growing interest in earthworm use in biodiversity and ecosystem services management. Conversely, no significant increase in the association between earthworms and disciplines such as ecological engineering or restoration ecology was observed. This demonstrated that general ecologically-based approaches have yet to emerge and that there is little exchange of knowledge, methods or concepts among balkanized application realms. Nevertheless, there is a strong need for crossing the frontiers between fields of application and for developing an umbrella discipline to provide a framework for the use of organisms to manage ecosystem services.
Reading Comprehension Interventions for Middle School Students With Learning Disabilities

The authors conducted a synthesis of studies of reading comprehension interventions for middle school students (Grades 6–8) identified with a learning disability. They identified 12 studies between 1979 and 2009 with treatment and comparison designs and 2 single-participant studies. Findings from the studies indicate large effect sizes for researcher-developed comprehension measures. Few studies (n = 4) reported standardized measures of reading comprehension, which indicated medium effect sizes. The majority of study treatments (n = 13) utilized strategy instruction related to main idea or summarization.
The Relationship Evaluation Process scale: A multidimensional measure of how people assess the quality of their romantic relationships

Improving on previous measures, we developed a multidimensional measure of relationship evaluation processes (REPs). In Study 1 (N = 523), we used exploratory factor analysis to identify the following eight dimensions: personal standards, social comparison, upward social comparison, past comparison, upward past comparison, feedback, negative behavior, and feared future. In Study 2 (N = 469), we used a more diverse sample to confirm the factor structure. In both studies, bivariate correlations suggested that people who more frequently engage in REPs tend to have lower relationship satisfaction. Negative behavior and feared future were strong predictors of relationship dissatisfaction in both studies; Study 2 showed that these factors mediate the relationship between neuroticism and satisfaction. The present research moves the literature beyond its focus on personal standards and social comparison to consider the important roles of other REPs.
Human monoclonal IgG isotypes differ in complement activating function at the level of C4 as well as C1q

Humanized antibodies are likely to have a major role in therapy and it is important to define their interaction with physiological effectors. By comparing a matched series of chimeric human mAbs we found that igG1 was most efficient in complement lysis, although IgG3 bound more C1q. To resolve this paradox we compared the ability of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, and IgE and rat IgG2b to cause C1q binding, C1 binding and activation, C4 activation, C4b binding, and C3b binding. Rat IgG2b was included because this isotype has already successfully been used for therapy. Human IgG1 was less efficient than IgG3 and fixing C1q and C1 on the cell surface, but the number of C4 molecules bound per C1 was 10- fold greater for IgG1 than for IgG3. This difference, amplified through later stages of the complement cascade, can account for the superiority of IgG1 for cell lysis. The efficiency of IgG1 in fixing C4 was not due to a favored binding site on the antibody molecule, since virtually all of the bound C4b was attached to the cells. Rather, it appeared that the activation of C4 by C1s was greatly favored by IgG1 compared with IgG3. It should be possible to combine the optimal properties of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies to produce an improved therapeutic reagent.
QoS scheduling for IEEE 802.16e mesh mode using Genetic Algorithms

IEEE 802.16e amendments for the mesh mode do not specify particular QoS mechanisms. However, each Mesh Subscriber Station (MSS) transmits its own traffic and forwards the traffic of its children while each traffic flow has its particular QoS constraints. As all forwarded traffics use the same link, one MSS may experience starvation or act selfishly. Besides, the MSS's mobility adds important complexity as all the affected flows need to be re-routed, re-admitted and re-scheduled while respecting their original QoS requirements. In this paper, we adopt the concept of assigning five virtual nodes to each MSS reflecting the five QoS classes of IEEE 802.16e and we propose scheduling the uplink transmissions of the real-time Polling Service (rtPS) traffic class by adopting the Genetic Algorithms concept. We define the priority assigner component which communicates with the scheduler of the mesh BS in order to set and update flows' priority and we optimize the time spent by a flow in the queue while implementing the mobility constraints within the mutation function.
Methodological considerations for documenting the energy demand of dance activity: a review

Previous research has explored the intensity of dance class, rehearsal, and performance and attempted to document the body's physiological adaptation to these activities. Dance activity is frequently described as: complex, diverse, non-steady state, intermittent, of moderate to high intensity, and with notable differences between training and performance intensities and durations. Many limitations are noted in the methodologies of previous studies creating barriers to consensual conclusion. The present study therefore aims to examine the previous body of literature and in doing so, seeks to highlight important methodological considerations for future research in this area to strengthen our knowledge base. Four recommendations are made for future research. Firstly, research should continue to be dance genre specific, with detailed accounts of technical and stylistic elements of the movement vocabulary examined given wherever possible. Secondly, a greater breadth of performance repertoire, within and between genres, needs to be closely examined. Thirdly, a greater focus on threshold measurements is recommended due to the documented complex interplay between aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Lastly, it is important for research to begin to combine temporal data relating to work and rest periods with real-time measurement of metabolic data in work and rest, in order to be able to quantify demand more accurately.