Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vehicle Model Year and Crash Outcomes: A CIREN Study

Objective: To quantify the effect of model year (MY) on the occurrence of severe injuries and death after involvement in motor vehicle crashes. Methods: Cases involving adult front seat occupants of vehicles MY ≥ 1994 equipped with frontal airbags were selected from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) database. Cases were grouped by MY: 1994–1997, 1998–2004, and 2005–2007 (MY groups [MYG] 1, 2, and 3, respectively. MYGs were compared in relation to mortality, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and the occurrence of Abbreviated Injury Severity score (AIS) 3+ and AIS4+ injuries to each body region using Mantel Haenszel chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Bonferroni corrected t test. To adjust for confounders, multiple logistic regression models were built to explore the association of MYG with death. Covariates included age, BMI, delta v, principal direction of force (PDOF), restraint use, and vehicle type. Results: A total of 1888 cases was distributed within MYG1 (34%), MYG2 (62%), and MYG (34%). Age, gender, BMI, and PDOF distribution did not differ among MYGs. Though ISS distribution was not different, a decrease in the occurrence of AIS4+ of the thorax and spine regions was noted over time. Mortality also decreased over time (18, 9, and 4% MYG 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed a protective effect of MYG2 and MGY3 (odds ratio [OR], 0.57 [0.44–0.75] and 0.22 [0.07–0.50], respectively) in relation to death. Conclusions: Front seat occupants of later MY vehicles injured during crashes experience a decreased likelihood of very severe thoracic injuries, spinal injuries, and death.
Building European‐level Quality Assurance Structures: Views from Within ENQA

Abstract The current article discusses the changes in the role of the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA) in the Bologna Process, mainly from the ENQA point of view. This paper argues that ENQA’s development to its current status as a European‐level policy maker is to a great extent a result of the European Union’s policy of supporting European‐level cooperation and transparency in the field of quality assurance. ENQA was not the only contestant for the role it now has in European quality assurance. The European University Association (EUA) had long‐term experience in quality assurance and also had its own interests in the field of quality assurance. The tension between ENQA and EUA is visible in the policy statements of these organisations and in interviews of past and current ENQA actors that were carried out for this study. In order to have a fuller picture of the development of European‐level quality assurance structures, it is necessary to complement this study with further interviews from the point of view of other stakeholders, notably the EUA and the Commission of the European Union.
Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Levels on the Performance of Broiler Chickens under Sudan Condition

This study was conducted in New Halfa town, Kassala State, Sudan, to investigate the effect of supplementing Sodium bicarbonate in the drinking water on the performance of broiler chickens under heat stress. Broiler chickens were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with three replicates of eight birds each. The birds were supplemented ad libitum with 0.5 g/L water sodium bicarbonate (B) and 1.0 g /L water sodium bicarbonate(C) throughout the experimental period during summer(37.3-42 C) and winter (28.2-32.8C) and the control group (A) was not supplemented. The duration of the experiment was 45 day. In the summer temperature caused reduction in feed consumption, leading to a reduction in live weight while the water consumption was significantly increased. 0.5% sodium bicarbonate in birds water in the experiment of summer did not record any significant differences in body weight, respiratory rate, body temperature and growth rates but in the winter led to a decrease in body temperature and low respiratory rate and a significant increase in body weight and an increase in weight gain and feed consumption. When comparing the summer and winter experiments the results showed that the low temperature in winter, led to a significant increase in the consumption of feed and weight also led to a significant decrease in respiration rates and body temperature. The study showed that the addition of (0.5%) sodium bicarbonate was superior on all measurements during winter.
Fast n-gram language model look-ahead for decoders with static pronunciation prefix trees

Decoders that make use of token-passing restrict their search space by various types of token pruning. With use of the Language Model Look-Ahead (LMLA) technique it is possible to increase the number of tokens that can be pruned without loss of decoding precision. Unfortunately, for token passing decoders that use single static pronunciation prefix trees, full n-gram LMLA increases the needed number of language model probability calculations considerably. In this paper a method for applying full n-gram LMLA in a decoder with a single static pronunciation tree is introduced. The experiments show that this method improves the speed of the decoder without an increase of search errors.
Effects of functional septoplasty on the facial growth of ferrets.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of functional septoplasty on the facial growth of ferrets. DESIGN Pilot study. SETTING Medical center. MATERIALS Nine 4-week-old female ferrets. INTERVENTIONS The ferrets were divided into 3 groups of 3. The first group served as the control group and only had bilateral mucoperichondrial flaps raised. The second group had a 5 x 3-mm piece of septal cartilage removed with preservation of the dorsal and caudal septal struts. The third group had a 4-mm piece of vomer (bone) excised with preservation of all septal cartilage. All groups had the mucoperichondrium preserved. The ferrets grew until 14 weeks of age (well beyond their growth spurt) and were then killed. Lateral cephalograms were then performed and facial analysis conducted to discern any changes in facial growth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Facial growth based on cephalometric analysis. RESULTS Analysis of variance testing showed no statistically significant differences in facial growth either within or between the 3 groups. CONCLUSION Functional septoplasty has no effect on the facial growth of ferrets.
EFFECT OF NUMBER OF CORPORA LUTEA AND FETUSES ON CONCENTRATIONS OF PROGESTERONE IN BLOOD OF GOATS

The objectives of this study were to assess relationships between 1) number of corpora lutea (CL) and concentrations of progesterone (P) in plasma of goats from onset of estrus (d 0) to d 45 of pregnancy and 2) concentration of P and number of fetuses on d 45. Blood from 79 pregnant goats was obtained on d 0 and 1 and at 48-h intervals thereafter to d 25 of gestation. Additional samples were collected every 5 d from d 25 to d 45. Plasma samples were analyzed for P by RIA. Fetuses and CL were counted at laparotomy on d 45 f 3. Six does had one CL, 47 had two and 26 had three or four. Concentrations of P were compared for 1) animals with different numbers of CL and 2) animals with the same number of CL but different numbers of fetuses on d 45. Concentration of P increased in all animals from d 3 to a maximum of 8.5 f . 3 ng /d on d 13, then P declined to 5 f . 3 ng/ml by d 35. Goats with multiple CL had higher P than goats with one CL (P c .01) from d 7 to d 30. Of goats with two CL, those with two fetuses at d 45 had higher P on d 13 than those with one fetus (P < .01). The number of CL or fetuses did not influence the concentration of P after d 30.
Gene Sequence Analyses of the Healthy Oral Microbiome in Humans and Companion Animals

It has long been accepted that certain oral bacterial species are responsible for the development of periodontal disease. However, the focus of microbial and immunological research is shifting from studying the organisms associated with disease to examining the indigenous microbial inhabitants that are present in health. Microbiome refers to the aggregate genetic material of all microorganisms living in, or on, a defined habitat. Recent developments in gene sequence analysis have enabled detection and identification of bacteria from polymicrobial samples, including subgingival plaque. Diversity surveys utilizing this technology have demonstrated that bacterial culture techniques have vastly underestimated the richness and diversity of microorganisms in vivo, since only certain bacteria grow in vitro. Surveys using gene sequence analysis have demonstrated that the healthy oral microbiome is composed of an unexpectedly high number of diverse species, including putative pathogens. These findings support the view that coevolution microorganisms and macroscopic hosts has occurred in which certain microorganisms have adapted to survive in the oral cavity and host immune tolerance has allowed the establishment of a symbiotic relationship in which both parties receive benefits (mutualism). This review describes gene sequence analysis as an increasingly common, culture-independent tool for detecting bacteria in vivo and describes the results of recent oral microbiome diversity surveys of clinically healthy humans, dogs, and cats. Six bacterial phyla consistently dominated the healthy oral microbiome of all 3 host species. Previous hypotheses on etiology of periodontitis are reviewed in light of new scientific findings. Finally, the consideration that clinically relevant periodontal disease occurs when immune tolerance of the symbiotic oral microbiome is altered to a proinflammatory response will be discussed.
Repression and Repressors

The present article reviews and evaluates the history of theory and research on the concept of repression and, its personality characteristic, the repressive coping style. The four-factor theory (Eyseneck, 1997), a comprehensive cognitive theory of repressors, attempts to provide evidence for the avoidant or defensive cognitive processors allegedly underlying repression. According to the four-factor theory, individuals with a repressive coping style (repressors) possess opposite cognitive biases for both external and internal stimuli. In other words, they avoid attending to, and tend to interpret, four sources of information — environmental stimuli, their own physiological activity, their own behavior, and information stored in long term memory — in a nonthreatening fashion. Some evidence consistent with these predictions is discussed. Also, the four-factor theory attempts to account for some failures of concordance among the self-report, behavioral, physiological, measures of anxiety found in repressors.
The role of NMDA receptors in the pigeon prefrontal cortex (Nidopallium caudolaterale)

The prefrontal cortex is involved in various aspects of working memory like stimulus maintenance and response selection functions. Neurobehavioral studies and neurocomputational models assume a role for NMDA receptors in prefrontal cortex for maintenance processes, while our previous studies on NMDA receptors in the avian prefrontal cortex-analogue, the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), showed them to be involved in response selection functions. Various tasks used in PFC-related research address in fact both functions, so they cannot disambiguate their separate contributions to performance. In order to investigate the role of NMDA receptors in avian NCL for stimulus maintenance and response selection, we trained pigeons in a delayed matching-to sample (DMTS) task, requiring both functions, and a simultaneous matching to sample (SMTS) task, requiring only response selection. After reaching criterion, pigeons had to perform the tasks alternately under local NMDA receptor blockade in NCL (DL-AP5) and after infusion of vehicle (saline solution). Blockade of NCL-based NMDA receptors led to significant increases in error rates in both DMTS and SMTS—compared with the same subjects’ performance during training and in the control condition. However, there was no additional increase in errors due to the additional maintenance component, so the impairment appears to be due to deficits in adequate selection of responses, the function necessary for both tasks. We conclude that NMDA receptors in the pigeon NCL participate in response selection rather than stimulus maintenance in tasks requiring the processing of context information. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Research Article: The Impact of an MBA Programme on Managerial Abilities

Despite the growing concerns about the impact of graduate management education, few studies have documented their effect on a student′s managerial abilities. An outcome assessment study was conducted on entering and graduating students in an MBA programme. A value‐added, crosssectional design was used with proper random sampling. Graduates of the MBA programme were found to have significantly greater levels of six skills, as compared to entering students. The results indicate that attending an MBA adds value on a number of abilities related to effective managerial performance. The lack of impact on interpersonal and leadership abilities was consistent with frequently cited criticisms of MBA programmes.
Analysis of a Free Surface Film From a Controlled Liquid Impinging Jet Over a Rotating Disk Including Conjugate Effects, With and Without Evaporation

Abstract A detailed analysis of the liquid film characteristics and the accompanying heat transfer of a free surface controlled liquid impinging jet onto a rotating disk are presented. The computations were run on a two-dimensional axi-symmetric Eulerian mesh while the free surface was calculated with the volume of fluid method. Flow rates between 3 and 15 lpm with rotational speeds between 50 and 200 rpm are analyzed. The effects of inlet temperature on the film thickness and heat transfer are characterized. The evaporative effects are captured when the fluid impinges on the disk at saturated conditions. The conjugate heating effect is modeled, and was found to effect the heat transfer results the most at both the inner and outer edges of the heated surface. The heat transfer was enhanced with both increasing flow rate and increasing rotational speeds. When evaporative effects were modeled, the evaporation was found to increase the heat transfer at the lower flow rates the most because of a fully developed thermal field that was achieved. The evaporative effects did not significantly enhance the heat transfer at the higher flow rates.
The Perils of Hedonic Editing

Retrospective hedonic editing occurs when people combine events to frame a previous experience in its most positive light. Although reflecting positively on the past has psychological and physiological benefits, it may also be used to justify potentially irresponsible behavior. In a gambling context the consequences may be perilous. The results of study 1 show that when they have the opportunity, potentially irresponsible gamblers use hedonic editing strategies to reconstruct the past as more positive. The more positive memory provides them with evidence to support their desired outcome—playing again. The results of studies 2 and 3 reveal that the processes underlying hedonic editing include both the temporal categorization of positive and negative events and the strategic allocation of attention. Study 3 also investigates the independence of motivation and opportunity.
Successful Aging at Work

The expression successful aging at work and related terms such as active, healthy, and productive aging at work are frequently used by organizational researchers and practitioners. However, there are no concrete definitions or theoretical frameworks that explain their meaning, assumptions, and underlying processes. In this paper, I first review conceptualizations of successful aging in the fields of gerontology and life span psychology. Second, I propose a working definition of successful aging at work based on four key elements: criteria, explanatory mechanisms, facilitating and constraining factors, and temporal patterns. I distinguish successful aging at work from usual and unsuccessful aging and from other age-related developments in the work context. Third, I introduce a theoretical framework organized around 5 principles on intraindividual age-related change over time, person and contextual mediators and moderators, and work outcomes. Fourth, I review theoretical and empirical research on age in the workplace published in the past decade through the lens of the proposed theoretical framework. Finally, I conclude this paper by outlining suggestions for future research on successful aging at work, including methodological considerations.
Building Trust in Multi-stakeholder Partnerships: Critical Emotional Incidents and Practices of Engagement

This paper explores trust-building in multi-stakeholder partnerships. Through an analysis of the development of one multi-stakeholder partnership between a multinational corporation, two levels of government, and local indigenous peoples, we found that trust-building is a dynamic process in which emotionality plays a key role. Critical emotional incidents can unexpectedly punctuate the partnership process, serving as turning points in the development of trust. We also found that the practices used by the partners to navigate these incidents transformed negative emotions into positive ones. We theorize on the role that critical emotional incidents and emotional engagement practices play in multi-stakeholder partnerships.
Media Agenda-Setting in City and State Election Campaigns

, A traditional focus of mass communication research has been investigating the effects of the media in influencing elections, centering around the impact of the media on voting behaviors. More recently, interest has centered on another area of effects: the media's influence on the political information the public has and the issues the public considers salient. This has come to be known as the "agenda-setting" function of the mass media and is succintly characterized by Cohen:
Base Station Operation and User Association Mechanisms for Energy-Delay Tradeoffs in Green Cellular Networks

Energy-efficiency, one of the major design goals in wireless cellular networks, has received much attention lately, due to increased awareness of environmental and economic issues for network operators. In this paper, we develop a theoretical framework for BS energy saving that encompasses dynamic BS operation and the related problem of user association together. Specifically, we formulate a total cost minimization that allows for a flexible tradeoff between flow-level performance and energy consumption. For the user association problem, we propose an optimal energy-efficient user association policy and further present a distributed implementation with provable convergence. For the BS operation problem (i.e., BS switching on/off), which is a challenging combinatorial problem, we propose simple greedy-on and greedy-off algorithms that are inspired by the mathematical background of submodularity maximization problem. Moreover, we propose other heuristic algorithms based on the distances between BSs or the utilizations of BSs that do not impose any additional signaling overhead and thus are easy to implement in practice. Extensive simulations under various practical configurations demonstrate that the proposed user association and BS operation algorithms can significantly reduce energy consumption.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy With Behavior Problem Children: Generalization of Treatment Effects to the School Setting

Evaluated generalization of treatment effects from home to school setting in ten 2to 7-year-old children who were referred for treatment of severe conduct problem behaviors occurring both at home and in the classroom. Families received 14 weeks of parent-child interaction therapy. No direct classroom interventions were conducted. The treatment group displayed significantly greater improvements than two control groups on all measures of conduct problem behavior in the classroom. Results in the areas of hyperactivity/distractibility and social behavior were less supportive of generalization. Positive school generalization results contradict previous findings that children's behavior in the classroom either shows minimal improvement or worsens following parent training.
Self‐Reported Use of Pharmaceuticals and Primary Ovulatory Infertility

Over 1.5 billion prescriptions were filled by pharmacies in 1990, but little information exists on the effect that pharmaceutical agents have on female reproductive capacity. As part of a case-control study of risk factors for primary ovulatory infertility, we examined self-reported use of several prescription and nonprescription medications in 597 women with ovulatory infertility and 3,833 controls admitted for delivery at seven hospitals. Only women reporting use of a drug for at least 6 months, beginning before the onset of infertility in cases and before conception in controls, were considered exposed. An elevated risk of ovulatory infertility was found for women who ever used thyroid preparations [relative risk (RR) = 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–3.5] or antidepressants (RR = 2.9, 95% CI = 0.9–8.3), although the latter estimate was based on only five cases who reported having taken antidepressants. Current users of tranquilizers and ever-users for more than 2 years were also at greater risk of infertility than never-users (RR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.1–8.5 and RR = 2.9, 95% CI = 0.8–11, respectively). Women who used asthma medication before age 21 had more than a twofold increase in risk of ovulatory infertility (RR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.0–5.9).
Effects of Practica Type, Experience, and Gender on Attitudes of Undergraduate Physical Education Majors Toward Disabled Persons

The purpose of this study was to determine variables that affect change of attitudes of undergraduate physical education majors toward disabled persons. The subjects (175) were assigned to one of four practicum sites. They were not matched with a particular disabled person, nor were they given a choice of practicum sites. The practica were with (a) preschool disabled, (b) adult CP disabled, (c) elementary school disabled, and (d) adolescent MR disabled. The practica was for 12 weeks, 2 days per week. The physical education majors were administered the Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale, Form A, on a pre- and posttest basis. Of the total subjects, 109 (63%) had negative attitudes toward disabled persons before the practica experience but had a change in attitude at the completion of the practica experience. Another 20 (11%) had negative attitudes before the practicum and remained unchanged. The remaining 46 (26%) had positive attitudes and remained positive in their attitudes toward the disabled. Ther.