Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic imaging of the pallidal target

In 48 consecutive patients, we applied a new stereotactic imaging technique to individually visualize the pallidal target before surgery. A turbo spin‐echo proton density sequence (acquisition time, 6 minutes 5 seconds) was used for 2‐mm‐thick contiguous axial scanning. Pallidocapsular border, medial putaminal border, and optic tract were visualized bilaterally in all patients. Boundaries of globus pallidus internus, globus pallidus externus, and lamina medullaris interna were clearly visualised in 71% of the patients. The anatomic target point was chosen in the middle of the visualized posteroventral pallidum, irrespective of the position of this point in relation to commissures. The lateralities of pallidocapsular border, lamina medullaris interna, and medial boundary of putamen were measured bilaterally in each patient, and the width of the posteroventral pallidum was assessed. The laterality of structures (measured from a point 2 mm anterior to midcommissural point and at a level 2–4 mm below anterior commissure–posterior commissure line) showed a wide range. The position of the pallidocapsular border varied by up to almost 1 cm between the most medial and the most lateral one. There were also variations in the position of the pallidal structures between left and right hemispheres in the same patients. The posteroventral pallidum was slightly more wide on the left than the right side. Given the significant inter‐ and intra‐individual variabilities of the position of pallidal structures, it may be hazardous to rely solely on the atlas and the commissures for targeting. A magnetic resonance imaging sequence that enables visualization in each individual patient of the target area and its surroundings may contribute to less electrode passes during intraoperative physiological exploration and to more exact location of the lesion or chronic electrode in the posteroventral pallidum. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Experiments with a musical machine: musical style replication in 3–5-year-old children

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Asserting ethnic identity and power through language

This paper examines excerpts from interviews in which informants from six European border communities formulate explicit or implicit reflections on the ‘linguistic universe’ – including language use, linguistic diversity and language variation. Our results show that not only is linguistic diversity considered a fundamental element of ethnic and cultural identity, but that the very concept of diversity is used to assert, confirm or defend power interests. Evaluation of the individual languages is legitimated through apparently rational arguments incorporating marks of prestige or stigma which emerge from language attitudes based on linguistic prejudice and stereotyping. The linguistic ideology at work here is founded both on the concept of the ‘mother tongue’ (informants on both the east and west sides of the border claim that the unique ‘character’ or ‘mentality’ of each ‘people’ is created by their mother tongue), as well as on the ‘one nation, one language’ principle. This linguistic ideology gives rise to three key issues of linguistic ecology: the restriction of societal bilingualism to minority groups; the risk of minority language endangerment or obsolescence; and the close ties between the prestige or stigma of the language and resulting social power. In general, communities on the western side of the border are not interested in learning the language of their eastern neighbours. Eastern communities, on the other hand, are strongly motivated to learn western languages. The importance attributed to English as the ‘language of globalisation’ is common to both sides.
(Dis)ordering Teacher Education: From problem students to problem-based learning

This paper takes issue with the 'disabling' of students enrolled in teacher education courses, perpetrated by definitions of students' learning disorders and by the structures and pedagogies engaged by teacher educators. Focusing on one case, but with relevance for similarly affected systems, the paper begins by outlining the changed student entry credentials of Australian universities and their faculties of education. These are seen as induced by a shift from elite to mass provision of higher education and the particular effect on teacher education providers (especially those located in regional institutions) of the politics of government funding and the continuing demand for teachers by education systems. While these changed conditions are often used to argue an increased university population of students with learning disorders, the paper suggests that such arguments often have more to do with how student problems are defined by institutions and how these definitions serve to secure additional government funding. More pertinently, the paper argues that such definition tends to locate the problem in individual students, deferring considerations of teacher educators' pedagogy and the learning arrangements of their institutions. The paper concludes that the place to begin addressing these issues of difficulty would seem to be with a different conception of knowledge production.
AIDS, relações conjugais e confiança: um estudo sobre representações sociais

This paper has the goal of understanding how social representations of HIV influence preventive measures against this virus in conjugal relations between heterosexual men and women. Forty-eight people took part on this research, half men and half women, heterosexuals living as couples. Age ranged from 19 to 74 years. For the analysis of collected material, a descending hierarchical classification of narratives (ALCESTE) was used. Results have showed through AIDS social representations that the interviewed subjects proceeded with caution when dealing with people from specific social groups, adopting the idea of "unsafe groups". Besides, it was identified that they related AIDS to fear and sex with people who had not safe sexual behaviors. It was possible to discover, with this study, that the known partner is less dangerous than the unknown ones. There was a specific way of denial of the risk by the subjects, due to stable relationships they had.
Downregulation of MAGE family member H1 enhances hepatocellular carcinoma progression and serves as a biomarker for patient prognosis.

AIM The MAGE family member H1 (MAGEH1) belongs to melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) superfamily. The role of MAGEH1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is largely undefined. MATERIALS & METHODS We used quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunohistochemistry to detect MAGEH1 expression in HCC tissues. CCK-8 assay, wound healing migration assay and Transwell Matrigel invasion assay were used to measure HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability. RESULTS MAGEH1 expression was downregulated in HCC tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal liver tissues and in samples from patients with tumor recurrence. MAGEH1 reduced HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability. Low MAGEH1 expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. CONCLUSION MAGEH1 may serve as a potential biomarker and a new prognostic factor for HCC.
Enriching Word Sense Embeddings with Translational Context

Vector-space models derived from corpora are an effective way to learn a representation of word meaning directly from data, and these models have many uses in practical applications. A number of unsupervised approaches have been proposed to automatically learn representations of word senses directly from corpora, but since these methods use no information but the words themselves, they sometimes miss distinctions that could be possible to make if more information were available. In this paper, we present a general framework that we call context enrichment that incorporates external information during the training of multi-sense vector-space models. Our approach is agnostic as to which external signal is used to enrich the context, but in this work we consider the use of translations as the source of enrichment. We evaluated the models trained using the translation-enriched context using several similarity benchmarks and a word analogy test set. In all our evaluations, the enriched model outperformed the purely word-based baseline soundly.
Synthetic human beta‐globin 5′HS2 constructs function as locus control regions only in multicopy transgene concatamers.

Transgenes linked to the beta‐globin locus control region (LCR) are transcribed in a copy‐dependent manner that is independent of the integration site. It has previously been shown that the LCR 5′HS2 region does not require its NF‐E2 dimer binding site for LCR activity. In this paper we analyse synthetic 5′HS2 core constructs containing point mutations in the other factor binding sites 3′ of the NF‐E2 dimer site. The results show that 5′HS2 core is a partially active LCR that functions in a concatamer of at least two copies but not when present as a single copy in transgenic mice and that no single binding site within 5′HS2 is required for position‐independent expression. In addition, the H‐BP factor is identical to upstream stimulatory factor (USF) and full enhancement levels by 5′HS2 core in MEL cells require a combination of all the factor binding sites. We suggest that 5′HS2 cores in a concatamer interact with each other to establish an area of open chromatin and that this process may be the basis of LCR function.
Alliance Management as a Source of Competitive Advantage

Strategic alliances are an important source of resources, learning, and thereby competitive advantage. Few firms have all of the resources needed to compete effectively in the current dynamic landscape. Thus, firms seek access to the necessary resources through alliances. We examine the management of strategic alliances using the theoretical frames of transactions cost, social network theory and the resource-based view. Alliances must be effectively managed for their benefits to be realized. Effective alliance management begins with selecting the right partner. Furthermore, alliances must be managed to build social capital and knowledge. To maximize cooperation among the partners, a trust-based relationship must be developed. Therefore, we conclude that managing alliances is crucial for firms to gain competitive advantage and create value with strategic alliances.
In Protection of Ourselves: Black Girls' Perceptions of Self-Reported Delinquent Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to explore Black adolescent girls' perceptions of self-reported delinquent behaviors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 Black girls enrolled in alternative schools designated for “delinquent” adolescents. Using dimensional analysis, two general categories emerged from the data: defending/protecting self and self-interest. All of the girls indicated that they used aggressive behaviors to protect themselves from perceived threats. Generally, the girls protected themselves using two strategies: “Hold off strategies were used to avoid physical and/or verbal conflicts, and “face down” strategies were used to physically confront threats. To a lesser degree, girls discussed gaining materially from specific behaviors (e.g., stealing and lying). One important implication of this research study is that aggressive Black girls may often perceive their environment to be hostile and nonsupportive. Consequently, support needs to be provided for Black girls who engage in aggressive behaviors.
Workplace Bullying, Psychological Perspectives and Industrial Relations: Towards a Contextualized and Interdisciplinary Approach

Workplace bullying is increasingly recognized as an important area of debate, particularly among researchers adopting a psychological perspective of work. This paper examines definitions of workplace bullying and explores less orthodox approaches within a British context. It focuses primarily on managers as perpetrators, and comments on the ‘bullying organization’, the relevance of human resource management and of gender. Context, the workplace balance of power, workers’ collective resistance and trade unions are then emphasized as significant factors and the potential for developing a contextualized, politicized and interdisciplinary approach to workplace bullying is suggested. Links with mobilization theory are explored, and the issue is also examined within the UK public sector environment.
Modelling Analysis of Students’ Processes of Generating Scientific Explanatory Hypotheses

It has recently been determined that generating an explanatory hypothesis to explain a discrepant event is important for students’ conceptual change. The purpose of this study is to investigate how students generate new explanatory hypotheses. To achieve this goal, questions are used to identify students’ prior ideas related to electromagnetic induction. After showing conflicting phenomena, six college students are asked to suggest explanatory hypotheses to explain the phenomena. Using interviews, the processes of generating explanatory hypotheses are analyzed and three types of hypotheses suggested by students are subsequently identified: theoretical, experiential, and auxiliary hypotheses. In addition, models of generating each type of explanatory hypothesis are also suggested. It is concluded that subjects use similarity‐based reasoning to relate their background knowledge or experiences with the conflicting phenomena to be explained. Background knowledge plays a very important role in generating new theoretical explanatory hypotheses. An example of a scientific inquiry activity for improving the skill of “generating scientific hypotheses” is also presented in this paper.
A psycholinguistic approach to oral language assessment

This paper presents a framework for incorporating the assessment of psycholinguistic constructs into spoken language proficiency testing. Although response time and automaticity of language processing are vital factors in language acquisition, as constructs they are rarely explicitly assessed in language tests. It is proposed that efficiency of processing, although it does not appear in most models of communicative language competence, might be viewed as a language competence in its own right. In contrast to communicative approaches to testing which evaluate mastery of complex language structures or domain-specific vocabulary, an approach which emphasizes efficiency of processing evaluates the speed and accuracy with which a learner processes familiar language, as this provides equally useful information about their L2 proficiency. In a study to demonstrate this, the speech of 147 test takers was evaluated as they performed on conceptually simple and straightforward performance tasks such as elicited imit.
Degrees of Difficulty: An ecological account of learning in Australian higher education

In this article, the difficulties some Australian university students experience in academic learning environments are explored. Particular attention is given to the experiences of students whose difficulties are often portrayed as intrinsic to them, and who are diagnosed as having learning disabilities or 'disorders'. In so doing, dominant neuro-psychological perspectives on students' learning 'problems' are challenged, broadening the discussion to include sociocultural explanations of students' difficulties. Research that foregrounds these students' own accounts of their problems is reported, identifying a number of tests of time, association and dissimulation that they experience in coming to terms with the particular institutional requirements of university life. At the very least, these explanations draw attention to the need for university teaching scholars to also be learners, and to consider their own practices in the construction of learning difficulties for their students.
Social Capital and the Equalizing Potential of the Internet

Internet communication tends to complement real-world interaction; it does not destroy (public good) social capital. The Internet can support and enhance communities that to some extent depend on face-to-face interaction. Taking the online communication of computer professionals as a model, this article seeks to demonstrate the power of virtual communities. Examples are the development of Linux and users’ reactions to a bug in the Pentium processor. Online communication, facilitated by personal home pages and search engines, offers isolated workers opportunities for increasing their private good social capital as well. On the level of infrastructure, key characteristics of the Internet match those of social capital: the network aspect itself, cooperation, voluntary work, giving, standards of social behavior, and the fact that it is not designed. Downsides of the Internet also correspond to downsides of social capital. Realizing the equalizing potential of the Internet in terms of social capital requires action.
Parents' Role in Adolescents' Educational Expectations

The present study examined the extent to which mothers' and fathers' expectations for their offspring's future education, their level of education, and adolescents' academic achievement predict adolescents' educational expectations. To investigate this, 230 adolescents were examined twice while they were in comprehensive school (in the 7th and 9th grades). Their parents also filled in questionnaires at the same time points. The results showed that high parental expectations concerning their offspring's future education predicted high educational expectations among adolescents and they became more similar in the 9th grade compared to 7th grade. Parents' high level of education predicted both mothers' and adolescents' high level of educational expectations in the 7th grade, which then contributed to adolescents' high expectations in 9th grade.
Logics of practice in the ‘risk environment’

This paper explores the salience of the work of Pierre Bourdieu for theorising young men's experience of risk and drugs within a working class community in the North East of England identified by official discourses as a ‘risk environment. ’ First, the concepts of field, habitus and practice are introduced. We then discuss the usefulness of these concepts for understanding diversity and contradiction in drug use, risk calculation and everyday life amongst a sample of young men. Data is presented from focus groups and individual interviews taken from a 3-year qualitative study of a ‘risk community,’ identified with reference to the incidence of crime, high unemployment and prevalence of illegal drug use in an area regeneration project. Social-structural determinants of dispositions towards drug use risk and risky behaviours are identified and the role of ‘risk environment’ highlighted. By combining theory with a rigorous empiricism, Bourdieu's work can be useful when exploring ‘risk environments’ and the concept of habitus can enhance understandings of young men's dispositions towards risk and risk taking.
Thermal effects of a combined irrigation method during implant site drilling. A standardized in vitro study using a bovine rib model.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temperature changes during implant osteotomies with a combined irrigation system as compared to the commonly used external and internal irrigation under standardized conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Drilling procedures were performed on VII bovine ribs using a computer-aided surgical system that ensured automated intermittent drilling cycles to simulate clinical conditions. A total of 320 drilling osteotomies were performed with twist (2 mm) and conical implant drills (3.5/4.3/5 mm) at various drilling depths (10/16 mm) and with different saline irrigation (50 ml/min) methods (without/external/internal/combined). Temperature changes were recorded in real time by two custom-built thermoprobes with 14 temperature sensors (7 sensors/thermoprobe) at defined measuring depths. RESULTS The highest temperature increase during osteotomies was observed without any coolant irrigation (median, 8.01°C), followed by commonly used external saline irrigation (median, 2.60°C), combined irrigation (median, 1.51°C) and ultimately with internal saline irrigation (median, 1.48°C). Temperature increase with different drill diameters showed significant differences (P < 0.05) regarding drill depth, confirming drill depth and time of drilling as influencing factors of heat generation. Internal saline irrigation showed a significantly smaller temperature increase (P < 0.05) compared with combined and external irrigation. A combined irrigation procedure appears to be preferable (P < 0.05) to an external irrigation method primarily with higher osteotomy depths. CONCLUSIONS Combined irrigation provides sufficient reduction in temperature changes during drilling, and it may be more beneficial in deeper site osteotomies. Further studies to optimize the effects of a combined irrigation are needed.
Solubility enhancement of miconazole nitrate: binary and ternary mixture approach

Abstract Context: Enhancement of aqueous solubility of very slightly soluble Miconazole Nitrate (MN) is required to widen its application from topical formulation to oral/mucoadhesive formulations. Objective: Aim of the present investigation was to enhance the aqueous solubility of MN using binary and ternary mixture approach. Materials and methods: Binary mixtures such as solvent deposition, inclusion complexation and solid dispersion were adopted to enhance solubility using different polymers like lactose, beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and polyethylene-glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), respectively. Batches of binary mixtures with highest solubility enhancement potentials were further mixed to form ternary mixture by a simple kneading method. Drug polymer interaction and mixture morphology was studied using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the scanning electron microscopy, respectively along with their saturation solubility studies and drug release. Results: An excellent solubility enhancement, i.e. up to 72 folds and 316 folds of MN was seen by binary and ternary mixture, respectively. Up to 99.5% drug was released in 2 h from the mixtures of MN and polymers. Discussion: Results revealed that solubility enhancement by binary mixtures is achieved due to surface modification and by increasing wettability of MN. Tremendous increase in solubility of MN by ternary mixture could possibly be due to blending of water soluble polymers, i.e. lactose and PEG 6000 with β-CD which was found to enhance the solubilizing nature of β-CD. Conclusion: Owing to the excellent solubility enhancement potential of ternary mixtures in enhancing MN solubility from 110.4 μg/ml to 57 640.0 μg/ml, ternary mixture approach could prove to be promising in the development of oral/mucoadhesive formulations.