Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel approach for sensitivity analysis in linear programs with trapezoidal fuzzy numbers

There are several methods in the literature to deal with the sensitivity analysis of fuzzy linear programming (FLP) problems. In this paper, the shortcomings of some existing methods are pointed out and to overcome these shortcomings, a new method is proposed to handle the sensitivity analysis of that kind of FLP problems in which the elements of the coefficient matrix of the constraints are represented by real numbers, and the remaining parameters are represented by symmetric trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. To the best of our knowledge, till now there is no method in the literature to deal with the sensitivity analysis of such FLP problems without converting them to the crisp linear programming problems. The advantages of the proposed method over existing methods are discussed. To illustrate the approach a numerical example is examined by using the proposed method and the obtained results are discussed. The method is easy to understand and to apply for dealing with the sensitivity analysis of the same problems occurring in real life situations.
Epitope mapping with solid‐phase peptides: identification of type‐, subspecies‐, species‐ and genus‐reactive antibody binding domains on the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis

The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydiatrachomatis carries serovar‐, subspecies‐, species‐ and genus immunodomains, antibodies to which may be protective. We have compared the inferred amino acid sequences for MOMP from different servoars of C. trachomatis and from Chlamydia psittaci to identify the likely locations of these sero‐taxonomic epitopes. Overlapping peptides corresponding to each of these regions were synthesized on a solid phase and probed with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of appropriate specificities. We describe the primary structures of the binding sites of MAb to each of these four epitopes on C. trachomatis serovarL1 MOMP
Evaluation of Moyer's mixed dentition space analysis in Indian children

Aim and Objectives: Tooth size prediction values are not universal for all ethnic and racial groups. The present study evaluated the applicability of Moyer's mixed dentition space analysis in the Marwari community of Rajasthan, India. Materials and Methods: The mesiodistal dimension of permanent mandibular incisors, maxillary and mandibular canine, and premolars of both sides were measured and averaged in 200 adolescents (100 males and 100 females) of the Marwari population in Rajasthan using digital Vernier caliper. Data were statistically analyzed using Student's t–test. The data were then compared with Moyer's predicted values. The tooth measurements of male and female participants were compared with unpaired t-test. Results: Moyer's prediction chart was not comparable with the study population group. The coefficient of correlation and coefficient of determination in our study was 0.57 and 0.25, respectively. Mesiodistal width of measured teeth was lesser in females compared to males for both canine and premolars (P = 0.471 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: There was significant statistical difference between values of the present study and Moyer's prediction values. Hence, new regression equation and prediction table can be used to predict mesiodistal dimensions of canine and premolars in Marwari children of Rajasthan.
The selection of fusion levels using torsional correction techniques in the surgical treatment of idiopathic scoliosis.

STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective, consecutive case series, with the index patient included. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the evolution and effectiveness of instrumentation techniques designed to untwist the scoliosis deformity. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Three-dimensional studies of the idiopathic scoliosis deformity are consistent with the theory that the deformity or deformities evolve as an imperfect torsion or torsions. METHODS From 1989 through 1995, 102 consecutive patients (84 females, 18 males) underwent surgery with increasing emphasis on torsional correction. One hundred patients (98%), with an average age of 14.3 years (range, 10.5-20.8 years), were observed for an average of 40 months (range, 24-81 months). The upper instrumented vertebra evolved to be the centered vertebra. The lower instrumented vertebra was chosen based on its ability to become horizontal on contralateral bend radiographs and was termed the caudal foundation vertebra. Because these techniques evolved over the first 3 years of the study period, a split analysis was performed to evaluate improvements in correction and correction maintenance over the course of the study. RESULTS The average Cobb angle was 59 degrees before surgery, 18 degrees after surgery (69% correction), and 22 degrees (63% correction) at latest follow-up. A comparison of the first half of the series with the second half showed no significant demographic differences. Curve correction was significantly improved for King-Moe IIB (thoracolumbar-lumbar curve only), King-Moe III, and King-Moe V curve types in the second half of the series. In the last 4 years, curve correction at latest follow-up for King-Moe IIB curves was 61% for the thoracic curve and 65% for the thoracolumbar-lumbar curve. King-Moe III curves had a 68% correction, and King-Moe V curves had a 50% high thoracic and a 72% thoracic curve correction. Thoraco-lumbar, lumbar, and King-Moe I curves averaged 81% correction of the thoracolumbar-lumbar curve. The angle of thoracic curve inclination improvement at 1 year was maintained at latest follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This method of selecting instrumentation levels while using torsional correction techniques is safe and reliable. The results were improved with the evolution of these techniques and appear to provide improved correction and correction maintenance compared with that of historical controls.
AS imple, Fast Dominance Algorithm

Th ep roblem of finding the dominators in a control-flow graph has a long history in the literature. The original algorithms suffered from a large asymptotic complexity but were easy to understand. Subsequent work improved the time bound, but generally sacrificed both simplicity and ease of implementation. This paper returns to a simple formulation of dominance as a global data-flow problem. Some insights into the natur eo f dominance lead to an implementation of an O(N 2 )a lgorithm that runs faster, in practice, than the classic Lengauer-Tarjan algorithm, which has a timebound of O(E ∗ log(N )). We compare the algorithm to Lengauer-Tarjan because it is the best known and most widely used of the fast algorithms for dominance. Working from the same implementatio ni nsights, we also rederive (from earlier work on control dependence by Ferrante, et al. )a method for calculating dominance frontiers that we show is faster than the original algorithm by Cytron, et al. The aim of this paper is not to present a new algorithm, but, rather, to make an argument based on empirical evidence that algorithms with discouraging asymptotic complexities can be faster in practice than those more commonly employed. We show that, in some cases, careful engineering of simple algorithms can overcome theoretical advantages, even when problems grow beyond realistic sizes. Further, we argue that the algorithms presented herein are intuitive and easily implemented, making them excellent teaching tools.
Protein restriction for diabetic renal disease.

BACKGROUND Diabetic renal disease (diabetic nephropathy) is a leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Once the process has started, it cannot be reversed by glycaemic control, but progression might be slowed by control of blood pressure and protein restriction. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with diabetes. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Proceedings, Science Citation Index Expanded and bibliographies of included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and before and after studies of the effects of a modified or restricted protein diet on diabetic renal function in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes following diet for at least four months were considered. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers performed data extraction and evaluation of quality independently. Pooling of results was done by means of random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS Twelve studies were included, nine RCTs and three before and after studies. Only one study explored all-cause mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as endpoints. The relative risk (RR) of ESRD or death was 0.23 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07 to 0.72) for patients assigned to a low protein diet (LPD). Pooling of the seven RCTs in patients with type 1 diabetes resulted in a non-significant reduction in the decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 0.1 ml/min/month (95% CI -0.1 to 0.3) in the LPD group. For type 2 diabetes, one trial showed a small insignificant improvement in the rate of decline of GFR in the protein-restricted group and a second found a similar decline in both the intervention and control groups. Actual protein intake in the intervention groups ranged from 0.7 to 1.1 g/kg/day. One study noted malnutrition in the LPD group. We found no data on the effects of LPDs on health-related quality of life and costs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The results show that reducing protein intake appears to slightly slow progression to renal failure but not statistically significantly so. However, questions concerning the level of protein intake and compliance remain. Further longer-term research on large representative groups of patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus is necessary. Because of the variability amongst patients, there might perhaps be a six month therapeutic trial of protein restriction in all individuals, with continuation only in those who responded best. Trials are required of different types of protein.
Are Class Size Differences Related to Pupils' Educational Progress and Classroom Processes? Findings from the Institute of Education Class Size Study of Children Aged 5-7 Years

Despite evidence from the USA that children in small classes of less than 20 do better academically there is still a vociferous debate about the effects of class size differences in schools, and considerable gaps in our understanding of the effects of class size differences. This article summarises results from the most complete UK analysis to date of the educational consequences of class size differences. The study had two aims: first, to establish whether class size differences affect pupils’ academic achievement; and second, to study connections between class size and classroom processes, which might explain any differences found. The study had a number of features that were designed to be an improvement on previous research. It used an ‘observational’ approach, rather than an interventionist one, in order to capture the nature of the relationship between class size and achievement across the full range of observed classes, and it employed a longitudinal design with baseline assessment to adjust for po.
Histological and ultrastructural evaluation of bone around Bio-Oss particles in sinus augmentation.

AIM The aim of the present study was to evaluate histological and ultrastructural features of bone surrounding Bio-Oss particles retrieved, in the same patient, 20 months and 7 years after sinus augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 54-year patient who needed sinus elevation before implant rehabilitation participated in this study. Two bone cores at two different times were harvested from a Bio-Oss regenerated sinus and processed for examination under light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Under light microscopy, in the 20-month specimen, most of the particles were surrounded by a thin layer of newly formed bone; in the 7-year specimen there was mainly compact bone in direct contact with the particles. Under transmission electron microscopy, it was possible to characterize the bone-biomaterial interface; in the 20-month specimen an electron-dense layer was seen, whereas, almost no electron-dense lines were seen at the interface in the 7-year specimen. CONCLUSIONS Bio-Oss particles did not interfere with bone-healing processes after sinus augmentation procedures and promoted new bone formation. This study can help clinicians to understand better the morphological characteristics of bone regeneration processes using Bio-Oss after 20 months and, most importantly, after a longer time of interaction with surrounding tissues.
LARGE-N GAUGE THEORIES: LATTICE PERSPECTIVES AND CONJECTURES

I summarise what recent lattice calculations tell us about the large-N limit of SU(N) gauge theories in 3+1 dimensions. The focus is on confinement, how close SU(oo) is to SU(3), new stable strings at larger N, deconfinement, topology and theta-vacua. I discuss the effective string theory description, as well as master fields, space-time reduction and non-analyticity.
Number and Markedness: A View from Dagaare

Semantic theories of number currently debate whether the plural is weak (referring to both collections and individuals) or strong (referring to collections but not individuals). The former view holds that the plural is ‘unmarked’ as it is less specific; for the latter view, the singular is simpler and therefore ‘unmarked’. This paper examines the inverse number marking system of Dagaare (Gur; Niger-Congo), which proves problematic for both sides of the debate. The data demonstrate that the cross-linguistic facts are more complicated than if only the singular or plural were unmarked, instead markedness is conditioned upon a nominal’s level of individuation. Applying the logic of both strong and weak plural analyses shows that the strong plural analysis has better empirical traction in such systems.
GAMMA GLOBULIN TURNOVER AND INTESTINAL DEGRADATION OF GAMMA GLOBULIN IN THE DOG.

Increased catabolism of plasma proteins by leakage into the gastrointestinal tract and subsequent digestion by the intestinal enzymes are frequently the causes of hypoproteinemia (1-5). The presence of plasma proteins has been demonstrated both in saliva and in the gastric and intestinal juice of normal individuals; therefore, gastrointestinal leakage of plasma proteins may account for a substantial part of their normal degradation (6-12). The passage of plasma al-bumin into the intestine has been studied quantitatively by 1131-labeled albumin. This technique is complicated by the secretion of inorganic iodide in saliva and gastric juice (13, 14) and by secretion and reabsorption of iodide in the small intestine (12, 15). Consequently, only transfer of protein-bound radioactivity is a measure of transfer of I131-labeled protein. In man one-third of the total amount of albumin catabolized was found to be broken down in the gastrointestinal tract (8), and in dogs from one-half to two-thirds of albumin catabolism was found to be due to gastrointestinal leakage (12). In sheep a substantial amount of albumin was recovered from the intestinal contents without inhibiting the proteolytic enzymes (9). Jeejeebhoy and Coghill (10) estimated that 50%o of albumin catabolism takes place in the gas-trointestinal tract of man; they measured fecal radioactivity after oral administration of an ion-exchange resin. Thus iodide passing into the intestinal lumen is bound by the resin and excreted in the stool. Their figure, however, may not reflect intestinal catabolism, since the fecal radioactivity may have been derived from nonprotein-bound iodide secreted in the gastrointestinal juice (15). All classes of plasma proteins seem to leak into the gastrointestinal lumen (6), but only albumin has been studied quantitatively. In the present investigation, the role of the small intestine for the catabolism of gamma globulin has been studied in the dog. The total turnover was determined by isolated and I131-labeled canine gamma globulin. Four to 7 weeks later another dose of I'31-labeled gamma globulin was injected into the same dogs, and the transfer of protein-bound radioactivity from plasma to the lumen of intestinal segments was measured. METHODS Material. The study was carried out in ten mongrel dogs weighing 4.3 to 16.5 kg. All were apparently healthy; hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma proteins, and serum creatinine were normal. Autopsy at the end of each experiment revealed normal organs. Gamma globulin was isolated from the serum of normal dogs by column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose 1 (16). Serum was dialyzed …
Piggery waste treatment by using down-flow anaerobic fixed bed reactors

A study of the role of the depth in the performance of laboratory-scale down-flow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors (DFAFBR) was carried out at different nominal hydraulic retention times (HRT N ) using piggery waste as substrate at different influent concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 g COD/L). The profiles of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) (SCOD), organic nitrogen (O.N.), ammonia nitrogen (A.N.), pH and electrical conductivity (E.C.) through the reactor depths showed an initial highly active zone, which was located around the first half of the reactor depth, and a second zone with a lower biological activity. It was found that the depth of the active zone decreased as the HRT N increased and that the slopes of the profiles obtained increased with the rise in the influent concentration. A hydraulic test showed an increase in the dispersion number when the HRT N increased. The reactors showed a hydraulic pattern between plug-flow and back-mix. The real values of HRT (Θ) also defined as real contact times were determined to be 0.7, 2.1, 3.4, 4.7, 6.4 and 8 days for values of HRT N of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days, respectively. It was found that the concentration of SCOD within the reactor decreased exponentially with the increase in the value of θ. Additionally, the influent concentration had a strong influence on the SCOD variation concentration, mainly at values of θ under 1.5 days, which corresponded to the first part of the reactors.
Comparison of vortioxetine versus venlafaxine XR in adults in Asia with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind study

Abstract Objective: This randomized, double-blind 8 week study compared the efficacy and tolerability of fixed-dose treatment with vortioxetine (10 mg/day) and venlafaxine extended release (XR) (150 mg/day) in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Research design and methods: Patients aged 18–65 years with a primary diagnosis of recurrent MDD, a Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score ≥26 and a Clinical Global Impression–Severity (CGI-S) score ≥4 were randomized (1:1) to treatment with either vortioxetine or venlafaxine XR. The primary endpoint was change from baseline to Week 8 in MADRS total score (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA], full-analysis set [FAS], last observation carried forward [LOCF]), using a non-inferiority margin of +2.5 points. Pre-specified secondary endpoints included MADRS response and remission rates, anxiety symptoms (HAM-A), CGI, overall functioning (SDS), and health-related quality of life (Q-LES-Q). Clinical trial registration: This study (SOLUTION) has the www.ClinicalTrials. gov identifier: NCT01571453. Results: On the primary efficacy endpoint at Week 8, non-inferiority was established with a difference of −1.2 MADRS points in favor of vortioxetine (95% CI: −3.0 to 0.6). The MADRS total score decreased (improved) from 32.3 ± 4.6 at baseline to 13.6 ± 9.6 (vortioxetine: n = 209) and from 32.3 ± 4.5 to 14.8 ± 10.4 (venlafaxine XR: n = 215) (FAS, LOCF). At Week 8, the HAM-A and SDS total scores, CGI and Q-LES-Q scores, and response and remission rates demonstrated similar improvement for vortioxetine and venlafaxine XR, with remission rates (MADRS ≤10) of 43.1% (vortioxetine) versus 41.4% (venlafaxine XR) (LOCF). Fewer vortioxetine than venlafaxine XR patients withdrew for any reason (18.0% versus 27.4%) or for adverse events (6.6% versus 13.7%). The most frequent adverse events (≥5%) for both treatments were nausea, dizziness, headache, and dry mouth. In addition, accidental overdose, decreased appetite, constipation and insomnia were reported by (≥5%) of patients treated with venlafaxine XR. Limitations: The inclusion and exclusion criteria may limit the generalizability of the study. Since patients with a history of lack of response to venlafaxine XR were excluded from this study, there is a selection bias in favor of venlafaxine XR. Conclusion: Vortioxetine was at least as efficacious as venlafaxine XR and was safe and better tolerated than venlafaxine XR.
Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Development of Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes

Background Kidney function is critical in homocysteine clearance, and plasma homocysteine level is frequently increased in patients with renal failure. On the other hand, recent studies in animals have shown that hyperhomocysteinemia induces renal injury. In this study, we determined whether hyperhomocysteinemia can be a risk factor for the development of microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods A nested case-control study. Of 887 patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have microalbuminuria at baseline, 76 developed microalbuminuria during follow-up (mean, 36.0 ± 11.7 months; range, 18 to 76 months). The control group consisted of 152 age- and sex-matched subjects who did not develop microalbuminuria. Baseline plasma homocysteine concentrations were measured in stored samples. Results Baseline plasma homocysteine concentrations and mean HbA1C levels during follow-up were significantly higher in patients who developed microalbuminuria than in those who remained normoalbuminuric. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that baseline plasma homocysteine level and mean HbA1C were independent predictors of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. Conclusion Hyperhomocysteinemia was associated with increased risk of microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes supporting the concept that hyperhomocysteinemia has an etiologic role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
Rapid Chloride Permeability Testing of Silica-Fume Concrete

For long-lasting, reinforced-concrete structures exposed to the environment, low permeability concretes are required. ASTM C 1202 (Electrical Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration) is a rapid test that indirectly measures the permeability of concrete. The results of the rapid test have been related to direct measurements of permeability (e.g., ponding test) and have been found to be useful and valid provided that possible interferences are accounted for. For comparisons between tests, similar concretes should be tested at similar ages. The addition of silica fume results in a reduction in the permeability of concretes. The rapid test has been able to provide information on relative permeability of concretes with or without silica fume. This finding has been confirmed by the results of the extended ponding test.