Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
G1 arrest and down-regulation of cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine are dependent on the retinoblastoma protein in the bladder carcinoma cell line 5637.

The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine has been shown to induce G1 phase arrest in normal cells but not in most transformed cells. Staurosporine did not induce G1 phase arrest in the bladder carcinoma cell line 5637 that lacks a functional retinoblastoma protein (pRB-). However, when infected with a pRB-expressing retrovirus [Goodrich, D. W. , Chen, Y. , Scully, P. & Lee, W. -H. (1992) Cancer Res. 52, 1968-1973], these cells, now pRB+, were arrested by staurosporine in G1 phase. This arrest was accompanied by the accumulation of hypophosphorylated pRB. In both the pRB+ and pRB- cells, cyclin D1-associated kinase activities were reduced on staurosporine treatment. In contrast, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2 and cyclin E/CDK2 activities were inhibited only in pRB+ cells. Staurosporine treatment did not cause reductions in the protein levels of CDK4, cyclin D1, CDK2, or cyclin E. The CDK inhibitor proteins p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p27 (Kip1) levels increased in staurosporine-treated cells. Immunoprecipitation of CDK2, cyclin E, and p2l from staurosporine-treated pRB+ cells revealed a 2.5- to 3-fold higher ratio of p2l bound to CDK2 compared with staurosporine-treated pRB- cells. In pRB+ cells, p2l was preferentially associated with Thrl6O phosphorylated active CDK2. In pRB- cells, however, p2l was bound preferentially to the unphosphorylated, inactive form of CDK2 even though the phosphorylated form was abundant. This is the first evidence suggesting that G1 arrest by 4 nM staurosporine is dependent on a functional pRB protein. Cell cycle arrest at the pRB- dependent checkpoint may prevent activation of cyclin E/CDK2 by stabilizing its interaction with inhibitor proteins p2l and p27.
Unionization and Profitability: Evidence of Spillover Effects

Ruback and Zimmerman's (1984) event study, which showed that formal union-organizing activity significantly lowers a firm's market value, provides compelling evidence that unionization reduces a firm's profitability. Union-organizing activity may also have sizable cross-firm or spillover effects on the performance of neighboring firms. Thus the total impact of union organizing on the wealth of firm owners may be substantially understated by focusing only on the firm in which the union-organizing activity occurs. This paper presents an alternative approach for estimating union spillover effects on profitability using a data set and methodology similar to Ruback and Zimmerman's. We find that the total negative effects of unionization on profits, after cross-firm or spillover effects are included, are nearly three times as large as the own-firm effects reported by Ruback and Zimmerman. The hypothesis that changes in unionization have spillover effects on nonunion firms is well known. Formal union-organizing activity at one firm may increase the threat of unionization at other firms. Neighboring firms may respond to the greater threat of unionization
Exploring the role of environmental enteropathy in malnutrition, infant development and oral vaccine response

Environmental enteropathy (EE) is a poorly defined state of intestinal inflammation without overt diarrhoea that occurs in individuals exposed over time to poor sanitation and hygiene. It is characterized pathologically by small intestine villous blunting and inflammation. In children from low-income countries, it is implicated as a cause of malnutrition, oral vaccine failure and impaired cognitive development. Here we review the search for non-invasive biomarkers to measure EE non-invasively, and assess the current evidence linking EE to malnutrition, vaccine failure and neurocognitive development.
A Supply and Demand Based Volatility Model for Energy Prices - the Relationship between Supply Curve Shape and Volatility

This paper proposes a new volatility model for energy prices using the supply-demand relationship, which we call a supply and demand based volatility model. We show that the supply curve shape in the model determines the characteristics of the volatility in energy prices. It is found that the inverse Box-Cox transformation supply curve reflecting energy markets causes the inverse leverage effect, i.e., positive correlation between energy prices and volatility. The model is also used to show that an existing (G)ARCH-M model has the foundations on the supply-demand relationship. Additionally, we conduct the empirical studies analyzing the volatility in the U.S. natural gas prices.
Does Antidumping Address 'Unfair' Trade? The European Union's Experience

While antidumping laws were originally developed as the international trade analogue of domestic competition or antitrust policies, most vestiges of competition policy disappeared early in their evolution. Nonetheless, the formal justification for modern antidumping practice remains founded on the bedrock of countering “unfair” trading practices and preserving competitive markets. Consistent with this formal rationale, antidumping law has been replaced by competition policy mechanisms in some instances, such as in the European Union’s internal market and in a number of bilateral free trade agreements. We update and consolidate a relatively thin literature that has examined this issue formally. Adapting the established methodology, we develop a “likelihood of predatory practice” index which categorizes antidumping cases in line with the probability that they indeed constitute cases of predatory behavior which might legitimately have triggered competition policy actions had they occurred in a domestic market context. We apply this index to the European Union’s use of antidumping proceedings in its extra-EU trade over the period 2001 to 2010. Overall, we find more instances than previous studies where the EU antidumping measures address cases which would attract competition policy actions, although these are still a minority.
Acute Effects of a Thermogenic Nutritional Supplement on Energy Expenditure and Cardiovascular Function at Rest, During Low-Intensity Exercise, and Recovery from Exercise

Ryan, ED, Beck, TW, Herda, TJ, Smith, AE, Walter, AA, Stout, JR, and Cramer, JT. Acute effects of a thermogenic nutritional supplement on energy expenditure and cardiovascular function at rest, during low-intensity exercise, and recovery from exercise. J Strength Cond Res 23(3): 807-817, 2009-The purpose of present study was to examine the acute effects of a thermogenic nutritional supplement on energy expenditure (EE) and cardiovascular function at rest, during low-intensity exercise, and recovery from exercise. Twenty-eight healthy sedentary participants (mean ± SD; age, 22.3 ± 1.9 years; body mass index, 24.0 ± 3.7) volunteered for this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Each experimental trial was divided into 4 phases: (a) 30 minutes of initial resting, followed by the placebo or thermogenic nutritional supplementation, (b) 50 minutes of postsupplementation resting, (c) 60 minutes of treadmill walking (3.2-4.8 km·h−1), and (d) 50 minutes of postexercise recovery. Gas exchange variables measured by indirect calorimetry and heart rate (HR) were recorded during all 4 phases, blood pressure was only measured at rest, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was only recorded during exercise. EE and oxygen consumption rate (&OV0312;o2) were greater for the supplement than the placebo at 50 minutes after supplementation. Also, during the postsupplementation period, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was higher at all time periods, whereas the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was higher at 20 and 30 minutes for the supplement. During exercise, only &OV0312;o2 and minute ventilation (&OV0312;E) were greater for the supplement than the placebo, with HR being less than the placebo at 20 minutes for the men. Postexercise EE, &OV0312;o2, systolic blood pressure (SBP), DBP, and HR (men only) at 10, 20, 30, and 50 minutes were greater for the supplement than the placebo. These findings indicated that the thermogenic nutritional supplement increased resting EE and exercise &OV0312;o2 with only minimal effects on blood pressure and HR and no meaningful effects on RER or RPE. These results suggested that the combination of thermogenic ingredients in this nutritional supplement may be useful to help maintain a negative caloric balance but may not influence substrate use or perceived exertion.
Curriculum Evaluation in Greece

The role of curriculum in the official educational process is widely recognized by the international scientific community. Beginning in the 19th century, and perhaps even earlier, curriculum research began, not only to be systematized, but to also constitute an autonomous field of study. On the other hand, curriculum evaluation has captured the attention of experts involved in the Science of Education over the last few years. This article will present the results arising from research with respects to curriculum evaluation in Greece along with a micro-model proposed for the evaluation of the Cross-Thematic Unified Curriculum Framework (C-T.U.C.F.) and the corresponding Individual Subject Curricula (I.S.C.) that are applied today in compulsory Greek education.
Contractionary Currency Crashes in Developing Countries

To update a famous old statistic: a political leader in a developing country is almost twice as likely to lose office in the 6 months following a currency crash as otherwise. This difference, which is highly significant statistically, holds regardless whether the devaluation takes place in the context of an IMF program. Why are devaluations so costly? Many of the currency crises of the last ten years have been associated with output loss. Is this, as alleged, because of excessive reliance on raising the interest rate as a policy response? More likely it is because of contractionary effects of devaluation. There are various possible contractionary effects of devaluation, but it is appropriate that the balance sheet effect receives the most emphasis. Passthrough from exchange rate changes to import prices in developing countries is not the problem: this coefficient fell in the 1990s, as a look at some narrowly defined products shows. Rather, balance sheets are the problem. How can countries mitigate the fall in output resulting from the balance sheet effect in crises? In the shorter term, adjusting promptly after inflows cease is better than procrastinating by shifting to short-term dollar debt, which raises the costliness of the devaluation when it finally comes. In the longer term, greater openness to trade reduces vulnerability to both sudden stops and currency crashes.
Return-Based Investment Strategies in the New Zealand Stock Market: Momentum Wins

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the profitability of return‐based investment strategies in the New Zealand stock market; 16 such strategies are examined for the period from January 1995 to December 2004.Design/methodology/approach – The paper shows that, at the end of each month of the sample period, every security is ranked in ascending order using their past J‐month formation period cumulative return (J=3, 6, 9 and 12). Then these securities are allocated to three groups; group 1 represents the loser portfolio, while group 3 represents the winner portfolio. Finally, equally weighted average returns of winner and loser portfolios are calculated over the next K‐month holding period (K=3, 6, 9, and 12). The statistical significance of the returns earned from buying winners and shorting losers is tested in order to determine the profitability of proposed strategies.Findings – The findings in this paper show that a strong momentum effect, rather than a reversal effect, is present in this ma.
Evidence on What Cfos Think About the IPO Process: Practice, Theory, and Managerial Implications

Many privately held companies aspire to go public through an initial public offering. But the IPO process is time-consuming, expensive, and fraught with uncertainty. With the aim of shedding light on the process and reducing at least some of the uncertainty, the authors asked several hundred CFOs to share their experiences and perceptions with regard to six specific aspects of the IPO process: (1) motives for going public; (2) the timing of IPOs; (3) criteria for choosing an underwriter; (4) cause of IPO underpricing; (5) IPO signaling; and (6) reasons to stay private. 2006 Morgan Stanley.
Subspace Learning Based on Tensor Analysis

Linear dimensionality reduction techniques have been widely used in pattern recognition and computer vision, such as face recognition, image retrieval, etc. The typical methods include Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which is unsupervised and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) which is supervised. Both of them consider an m1 × m2 image as a high dimensional vector in Rm1×m2 . Such a vector representation fails to take into account the spatial locality of pixels in the image. An image is intrinsically a matrix. In this paper, we consider an image as the second order tensor in Rm1⊗Rm2 and propose two novel tensor subspace learning algorithms called TensorPCA and TensorLDA. Our algorithms explicitly take into account the relationship between column vectors of the image matrix and the relationship between the row vectors of the image matrix. We compare our proposed approaches with PCA and LDA for face recognition on three standard face databases. Experimental results show that tensor analysis achieves better recognition accuracy, while being much more efficient. ∗ The work was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation NSF IIS-02-09199/IIS-03-08215. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.
The Internationalisation of Advertising

World expenditure on advertising has grown faster than world gross product in recent years. Organisational structure is highly dichotomised between small and large firms: the latter have engaged in restructuring into major transnational networks co-ordinated by holding companies. This is the most effective way to service multinational clients which have globalised product development but sell locally. But trade in advertising services is restricted by barriers to market access, national treatment and the opportunities created by global agreements such as the GATS. Technology may, however, be a more important influence on the internationalisation of agenceis than trade liberalisation.
Discussion: “Earnings and Risk Changes around Private Placements of Equity”

Hertzel and Rees provide a rational explanation for a positive stock market reaction to the announcements of private sales of common equity by publicly traded firms. While previous research by Wruck (1989) and Hertzel and Smith (1993) focused on studying returns to equity holders, Hertzel and Rees focus on examining why the stock returns around the announcements are significantly positive. The authors examine two potential explanations: a change in risk and a change in future earnings. Their empirical findings are consistent with a change in earnings explanation but not with a change in risk explanation.
Tourists’ and Residents’ Perceptions Toward Casino Gaming Development in Hong Kong

This study investigates the perceptions of tourists and residents toward developing casino gaming in Hong Kong and compares differences in perceptions among respondents of different demographics. The results show that residents had more negative views than tourists did on the social impact of casino gaming such as increasing demand of loan sharking, gang involvement, crime rates and the problem of drug abuse. Compared to residents, somewhat more tourists envisioned that casino gaming would bring economic benefits such as job opportunities to Hong Kong. Based on the results of this study, stakeholders, including government authority and casino operators should take note of the concerns about the social impacts when assessing the feasibility of casino gaming. Furthermore, encouraging public participation in policy formulation and environmental assessment is critical if the development of casino gaming in Hong Kong is to take place.
AltitudeOmics: Rapid Hemoglobin Mass Alterations with Early Acclimatization to and De-Acclimatization from 5260 m in Healthy Humans

It is classically thought that increases in hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) take several weeks to develop upon ascent to high altitude and are lost gradually following descent. However, the early time course of these erythropoietic adaptations has not been thoroughly investigated and data are lacking at elevations greater than 5000 m, where the hypoxic stimulus is dramatically increased. As part of the AltitudeOmics project, we examined Hbmass in healthy men and women at sea level (SL) and 5260 m following 1, 7, and 16 days of high altitude exposure (ALT1/ALT7/ALT16). Subjects were also studied upon return to 5260 m following descent to 1525 m for either 7 or 21 days. Compared to SL, absolute Hbmass was not different at ALT1 but increased by 3.7±5.8% (mean ± SD; n = 20; p<0.01) at ALT7 and 7.6±6.6% (n = 21; p<0.001) at ALT16. Following descent to 1525 m, Hbmass was reduced compared to ALT16 (−6.0±3.7%; n = 20; p = 0.001) and not different compared to SL, with no difference in the loss in Hbmass between groups that descended for 7 (−6.3±3.0%; n = 13) versus 21 days (−5.7±5.0; n = 7). The loss in Hbmass following 7 days at 1525 m was correlated with an increase in serum ferritin (r = −0.64; n = 13; p<0.05), suggesting increased red blood cell destruction. Our novel findings demonstrate that Hbmass increases within 7 days of ascent to 5260 m but that the altitude-induced Hbmass adaptation is lost within 7 days of descent to 1525 m. The rapid time course of these adaptations contrasts with the classical dogma, suggesting the need to further examine mechanisms responsible for Hbmass adaptations in response to severe hypoxia.
Forecaster Behaviour and Bias in Macroeconomic Forecasts

This paper documents the presence of systematic bias in the real GDP and inflation forecasts of private sector forecasters in the G7 economies in the years 1990–2005. The data come from the monthly Consensus Economics forecasting service, and bias is measured and tested for significance using parametric fixed effect panel regressions and nonparametric tests on accuracy ranks. We examine patterns across countries and forecasters to establish whether the bias reflects the inefficient use of information, or whether it reflects a rational response to financial, reputational and other incentives operating for forecasters. In several G7 countries – Japan, Italy, Germany and France – there is evidence of a change in the trend growth rate. In these circumstances, standard tests for rationality are inappropriate, and a bias towards optimism in the consensus forecast is inevitable as rational forecasters learn about the new trend. In all countries there is evidence that individual forecasters converge on the consensus forecast too slowly. However, the persistent optimism of some forecasters, and the persistent pessimism of others, is not consistent with the predictions of models of “rational bias” that have become popular in the finance and economics literature.
Inflation Uncertainty, Real-Interest-Rate Uncertainty, and the Liquidity Premium on Government Bonds

This paper shows that the components of uncertainty about nominal interest rates, real-rate uncertainty and inflation uncertainty, have different effects on the liquidity premium. An increase in inflation uncertainty should increase the equilibrium liquidity premium because investors reduce the effect of inflation uncertainty on the riskiness of their portfolios by holding more short-term bonds. In contrast, an investor can reduce the effects of uncertainty about future ex-ante real rates on portfolio return by matching more closely the maturity dates of the bonds held with the date on which the portfolio is to be liquidated for consumption purposes. Thus, the effect of an increase in real-rate uncertainty on the equilibrium liquidity premium is ambiguous, depending on the relative magnitudes of long-term and short-term saving and the proportions of short-term and long-term bonds issued by the government. Copyright 1991 by MIT Press.
Effect of Organic Agriculture and Soil Forming Factors on Soil Quality and Physiology of Olive Trees

We studied the soil quality and the response of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) to organic agriculture. Three factors were considered: management (organic and conventional), soil parent material (calcareous colluvium and marl), and slope (upper, middle, and lower). An increase in soil quality was observed in organic plots and colluvial soils. Moreover, we noticed an increase in the assimilation rate of CO2 and lower water deficit in leaves of trees under organic management, which are of great importance in semi-arid environments. These results indicate a relationship between soil quality and physiological responses of olive trees that should be taken into account by agronomists and policymakers.
In vitro digestibility of hydrothermally modified Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean L.) starch and flour

Abstract In‐vitro digestibility and functional properties of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) (BG) flour, and its native and hydrothermally modified starches were investigated. The isolated native starch (BNS) was modified by annealing at 50°C for 48 hr (BAS), and heat‐moisture treated at 100°C for 16 hr at 25% moisture level (BHS). The crude protein of BG flour was 16.88%. The amylose content of the flour and native starch was 6.10% and 27.70%, respectively. Hydrothermal modification increased the gelatinization profile of the starch but reduces its pasting properties. Swelling and solubility of the flour and starches increased with increase in temperature. X‐ray diffraction revealed BNS and BAS exhibited “Type C” crystallinity pattern while BHS was “Type A. ” The BNS granule was oval, its diameter between 22 and 30 μm, with no significant change in the morphology of BAS and BHS. The BG flour had 33% resistant starch and 11.63% digestible starch. Heat‐moisture treatment enhanced the resistant starch content of the native starch significantly.
Dissection of in service aged coils and bars and correlation with different diagnostic testing techniques

In the past few years, opportunities at Hydro Quebec to perform a whole range of diagnostic tests on generators scheduled for rewinding or rehabilitation came along a number of times. After the completion of the tests, selected bars or coils were carefully removed and taken to the lab for dissection (preferably from the phase and neutral end of the same phase). When time permitted, breakdown tests were performed on phase windings and failed specimens were also taken for dissection. Several degradation features could be observed: partial discharge (PD) damage, delamination or loss of adhesion between layers, heat damage to the strand/strand insulation from eddy currents, vibration damage to strand insulation, loss of conductivity of the semi-conducting screen and fabrication defects (although rarely). Signs of internal PD and slot PD were quite obvious and corresponded well with PDAH and PRPD patterns. However delamination was neither well detected nor well characterized by most diagnostic methods. For delamination, neither PD nor DC polarization/depolarization tests nor DC ramp test results were clear-cut. Differences in dielectric properties between phase and neutral end bars or coils were quite apparent. Dissections in a few cases of in service failures are also reported. They showed that breakdowns occur in many different ways and no particular mechanism dominates insofar as we could tell from a small number of samples.