Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Test of the Cognitive Assumptions of Magnitude Estimation: Commutativity does not Hold for Acceptability Judgments

The introduction of the psychophysical technique of magnitude estimation to the study of acceptability judgments (Bard et al. 1996) has led to a surge of interest in formal acceptability-judgment experiments over the past fifteen years. One of the primary reasons for its popularity is that it was developed as a tool to measure actual units of perception, offering the possibility of data that is inherently more informative than previous scaling tasks. However, there are several untested cognitive assumptions that must hold in order for ME to be the perceptual measurement test that it is purported to be. Building on the recent formalization of these assumptions in the psychophysics literature (Narens 1996, Luce 2002), this article presents two experiments designed to test whether these assumptions hold for acceptability-judgment experiments. The results suggest that the cognitive assumptions of magnitude estimation do not hold for participants in acceptability-judgment experiments, eliminating any reason to believe that ME could deliver inherently more meaningful data than other acceptability-judgment tasks.
Psychiatric Symptoms and Perceived Need for Psychiatric Care After Divorce

Abstract The study investigated level of psychiatric symptoms and perceived need for psychiatric care among recently divorced males and females. Furthermore, various demographic factors and characteristics of the marriage and divorce related to psychiatric symptoms and perceived need for psychiatric care, were identified. Six hundred fifty eight recently divorced males and females living in five different counties in Norway participated. Their level of psychiatric symptoms was compared with the general Norwegian population. Divorced individuals had substantially higher level of psychiatric symptoms as compared to the general population. No consistent gender differences were observed. For both males and females, level of conflict with the ex-spouse and being leaver or being left, were the variables being most strongly related to psychiatric symptoms and need of psychiatric care. However, the variables accounted for only a modest proportion of the variance in the mental health outcome.
Sportsmanship as a Moral Category

SPORTSMANSHIP, long and inexplicably ignored by philosophers IL and theologians, has always pretended to a certain moral relevancy, although its precise place among the moral virtues has been uncertain. In spite of this confusion, distinguished advocates have made some remarkable claims for sportsmanship as a moral category. Albert Camus, Nobel prize winner for literature in 1957, said that it was from sports that he learned all that he knew about ethics. ' Former President Hoover is quoted as saying: "Next to religion, the single greatest factor for good in the United States in recent years has been sport. "2 Dr. Robert C. Clothier, past president of Rutgers University, paraphrased the words of Andrew Fletcher and commented: "I care not who makes the laws or even writes the songs if the code of sportsmanship is sound, for it is that which controls conduct and governs the relationships between men. "3 Henry Steele Commager, professor of history at Columbia University, has argued that it was on the playing fields that Americans learned the lessons of courage and honor which distinguished them in time of war. Commager sums up: "In one way or another, this code of sportsmanship has deeply influenced our national destiny. "4 For Lyman Bryson, of Columbia University, sportsmanship was of extraordinary value:
Benzo[a]pyrene, Aflatoxine B1 and Acetaldehyde Mutational Patterns in TP53 Gene Using a Functional Assay: Relevance to Human Cancer Aetiology

Mutations in the TP53 gene are the most common alterations in human tumours. TP53 mutational patterns have sometimes been linked to carcinogen exposure. In hepatocellular carcinoma, a specific G>T transversion on codon 249 is classically described as a fingerprint of aflatoxin B1 exposure. Likewise G>T transversions in codons 157 and 158 have been related to tobacco exposure in human lung cancers. However, controversies remain about the interpretation of TP53 mutational pattern in tumours as the fingerprint of genotoxin exposure. By using a functional assay, the Functional Analysis of Separated Alleles in Yeast (FASAY), the present study depicts the mutational pattern of TP53 in normal human fibroblasts after in vitro exposure to well-known carcinogens: benzo[a]pyrene, aflatoxin B1 and acetaldehyde. These in vitro patterns of mutations were then compared to those found in human tumours by using the IARC database of TP53 mutations. The results show that the TP53 mutational patterns found in human tumours can be only partly ascribed to genotoxin exposure. A complex interplay between the functional impact of the mutations on p53 phenotype and the cancer natural history may affect these patterns. However, our results strongly support that genotoxins exposure plays a major role in the aetiology of the considered cancers.
Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Severe Bacterial Keratitis

Purpose: To determine whether a combination of early amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) and early topical corticosteroid treatment could be a safe adjuvant therapy during antibacterial treatment in severe bacterial keratitis (BK) for relieving pain, avoiding iatrogenic epithelial toxicity, and allowing earlier use of topical steroids. Methods: In a prospective noncomparative case series, 12 patients with severe microscopically-proven BK were treated with immediate maximal topical antibiotics followed by AMT at 48 hours (single-layer epithelial side-down or multilayer epithelial side-up), plus topical steroid treatment at 72 hours. Pain relief (NRS-11 numeric rating pain scale) and the corneal epithelium healing were measured. Results: The follow-up rate was 7.5 person-months, with AMT performed once in 2 patients and twice in 10 patients with BK caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1), Moraxella cattharalis (1), Staphylococcus aureus (1), Staphylococcus epidermidis (2), or Streptococcus pneumoniae (1). A significant decrease in the pain score was noted from the admission day (median, 8; range, 7-10) to shortly after AMT (at day 3: median, 2; range, 1-3). Epithelial healing was achieved between 8 and 45 days (mean, 25.5 ± 9.7 days). Neither perforation nor neovascularization was observed. Conclusions: Early AMT combined with topical corticosteroid in severe BK provides immediate pain relief and allows epithelial healing.
The continual need for improvement to avoid derailment: a study of college and university administrators

Understanding what relates to the behaviours associated with derailment (i.e. failure or burnout in managerial positions) may prevent costly outcomes of derailment for the manager, co‐workers and the organization. The outcomes of derailment are especially pertinent with those working in college and university administration as many, including faculty, other staff and students, depend on these administrators. Data collected about 173 middle‐ and top‐level college and university administrators from 88 different colleges and universities across the USA revealed that self‐ and observer‐ratings (peers and direct reports) of willingness to improve negatively related to boss ratings of derailment. Specifically, the more administrators were willing to improve (and the more others believed those administrators were willing to improve), the less likely it was that bosses believed those administrators displayed the characteristics and behaviours associated with derailment. We conclude with a discussion of our findings including guidance for college and university administrators.
Searching for Dark Matter Halos in the Suprime-cam 2 Sq Deg Field

We report the first result of weak gravitational lensing surv ey on a 2.1 deg 2 Rc-band image taken with a wide field camera (Suprime-Cam) on the prime focus of 8.2 m Subaru T elescope. The weak lensing mass reconstruction is applied to the data to search for dark matter halos of clust er scale;M ≥ 10M⊙. The reconstructed convergence field is divided by 1σ noise to obtain the signal-to-noise ratio map (S/N-map) of t he detection. Local maxima and minima are searched on the S/N-map and the probability di stribution function (PDF) of the peaks are created to compare with model predictions. We found excess over nois e PDF created from the randomized realization on both positive and negative sides. Negative peaks imply the p resence of voids in the dark matter distribution and this is the first report of the detection. Positive peaks, on t he other hand, represent the dark matter halos and the number count of the halos on the 2.1 deg 2 image is 4.9±2.3 for S/N> 5 where the Gaussian smoothing radius of the convergence map is 1 . The result is consistent with the prediction assuming the P ress-Schechter mass function and the NFW halo profile under the cluster normalize d CDM cosmology. Although the present statistics is not enough due to the limited field of view, this work demons trates that dark matter halo count via weak lensing is a promising way to test the paradigm of structure formatio n and cosmological model. Subject headings: cosmology: observations—dark matter—large scale structu e of universe—gravitational lensing
Linguistically Modulated Perception and Cognition: The Label-Feedback Hypothesis

How does language impact cognition and perception? A growing number of studies show that language, and specifically the practice of labeling, can exert extremely rapid and pervasive effects on putatively non-verbal processes such as categorization, visual discrimination, and even simply detecting the presence of a stimulus. Progress on the empirical front, however, has not been accompanied by progress in understanding the mechanisms by which language affects these processes. One puzzle is how effects of language can be both deep, in the sense of affecting even basic visual processes, and yet vulnerable to manipulations such as verbal interference, which can sometimes nullify effects of language. In this paper, I review some of the evidence for effects of language on cognition and perception, showing that performance on tasks that have been presumed to be non-verbal is rapidly modulated by language. I argue that a clearer understanding of the relationship between language and cognition can be achieved by rejecting the distinction between verbal and non-verbal representations and by adopting a framework in which language modulates ongoing cognitive and perceptual processing in a flexible and task-dependent manner.
Insatisfação com a imagem corporal e relação com estado nutricional, adiposidade corporal e sintomas de anorexia e bulimia em adolescentes

Objetivos: Identificar a prevalencia de insatisfacao com a imagem corporal e de sintomas de anorexia e bulimia em adolescentes do sexo feminino da cidade de Santa Maria (RS) e verificar a associacao da insatisfacao com a imagem corporal com estado nutricional, adiposidade corporal e sintomas de anorexia e bulimia. Metodo: Foram analisadas 258 adolescentes do sexo feminino (11 a 13 anos), estudantes de escolas publicas. Aplicou-se o Body Shape Questionnaire e o Teste de Atitudes Alimentares (EAT-26). Foram calculados o indice de massa corporal e o percentual de gordura. Foram utilizados o teste qui-quadrado e a regressao logistica. Resultados: A prevalencia de insatisfacao com a imagem corporal foi de 25,3% e a de sintomas de anorexia e bulimia foi de 27,6%. A insatisfacao com a imagem corporal apresentou associacao com o estado nutricional, sendo que as adolescentes com excesso de peso apresentaram maior insatisfacao (razao de chances = 2,64; IC95%= 1,02-6,83). Conclusao: As prevalencias de insatisfacao corporal e sintomas de anorexia e bulimia foram elevadas. O estado nutricional parece ser o melhor preditor da insatisfacao corporal.
Visual feedback therapy using electropalatography (EPG) for articulation disorders associated with cleft palate

Abstract This study investigates the effects of visual feedback therapy using electropalatography (EPG) on abnormal /t/ and /s/ tongue–palate contact patterns in children and young adults with articulation disorders associated with repaired cleft palate. Twelve subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment regimes. Subjects in regime 1 received four sessions of individual therapy using EPG for visual feedback (‘EPG therapy’) followed by four sessions of therapy without EPG (‘non-EPG therapy’). Subjects in regime 2 had four sessions of non-EPG therapy followed by four sessions of EPG therapy. Analysis of tongue contact patterns showed that the majority (75%) of subjects had more normal articulatory patterns for /t/ and /or /s/ targets after EPG therapy. Non-EPG therapy had no apparent effect on articulatory patterns for most (92%) subjects. Three subjects (25%) failed to respond to either EPG or non-EPG therapy. The results indicate that EPG therapy has a positive effect on abnormal articulatory patterns in many, but not all, cleft palate speakers with articulation errors. The results also suggest that EPG therapy is more efficient than non- EPG therapy in changing articulatory patterns in subjects with cleft palate.
`Our Right is the Right to Be Killed'

This study seeks to understand the ways in which street children in Guatemala City are empowered or disempowered to defend their basic rights, on the street and in the courts. Through in-depth interviews with youths living on the street and those who work with them, I look closely at the process by which street children decide to file denuncias - to take the first step in opening a legal case to seek justice for abuses suffered. I argue that the decision to take legal action is not based on concrete expectations of legal redress so much as belief in basic human rights principles. The likelihood that an individual child will find human rights rhetoric as relevant has less to do with his or her lived experience of the legal system, and more to do with his or her perceived connectedness to mainstream society and its institutions. The more marginalized a child perceives herself to be, the more likely she is to eschew conventional attempts to convince her she has rights to be defended. In social spaces of truly extreme marginality, legal rights lose meaning. This has clearly important implications for any attempt to secure rights for the marginalized.
Myodegeneration With Fibrosis and Regeneration in the Pectoralis Major Muscle of Broilers

A myopathy affecting the pectoralis major muscle of the commercial broiler has emerged creating remarkable economic losses as well as a potential welfare problem of the birds. We here describe the macroscopic and histologic lesions of this myopathy within 10 pectoralis major muscles of 5- to 6-week-old broilers in Finland. Following macroscopic evaluation and palpation of the muscles, a tissue sample of each was fixed in formalin, processed for histology, and histologically evaluated. The muscles that were macroscopically hard, outbulging, pale, and often accompanied with white striping histologically exhibited moderate to severe polyphasic myodegeneration with regeneration as well as a variable amount of interstitial connective tissue accumulation or fibrosis. All affected cases also exhibited perivenular lymphocyte accumulation. The etiology of this myodegenerative lesion remains yet open. Polyphasic myodegeneration is associated with several previously known etiologies, but palpatory hardness focusing on the pectoralis major, together with perivenular lymphocytes, has not been described in relation to them. The results of this study provide the pathological basis for further studies concerning the etiology of the currently described myopathy.
This Paper Is Included in the Proceedings of the 12th Usenix Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (osdi '16). Ec-cache: Load-balanced, Low-latency Cluster Caching with Online Erasure Coding Ec-cache: Load-balanced, Low-latency Cluster Caching with Online Erasure Coding

Data-intensive clusters and object stores are increasingly relying on in-memory object caching to meet the I/O performance demands. These systems routinely face the challenges of popularity skew, background load imbalance , and server failures, which result in severe load imbalance across servers and degraded I/O performance. Selective replication is a commonly used technique to tackle these challenges, where the number of cached replicas of an object is proportional to its popularity. In this paper, we explore an alternative approach using era-sure coding. EC-Cache is a load-balanced, low latency cluster cache that uses online erasure coding to overcome the limitations of selective replication. EC-Cache employs erasure coding by: (i) splitting and erasure coding individual objects during writes, and (ii) late binding, wherein obtaining any k out of (k + r) splits of an object are sufficient, during reads. As compared to selective replication, EC-Cache improves load balancing by more than 3× and reduces the median and tail read latencies by more than 2×, while using the same amount of memory. EC-Cache does so using 10% additional bandwidth and a small increase in the amount of stored metadata. The benefits offered by EC-Cache are further amplified in the presence of background network load imbalance and server failures.
Dentoalveolar abscess among children attending a dental clinic in Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence and causes of dentoalveolar abscess among children attending an outpatient dental clinic in Nigeria. MATERIAL AND METHODS This is a retrospective study of paediatric dental patients treated in University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City from October 2010 to September 2011. RESULTS The incidence of dentoalveolar abscess was 6.4% (53/824). However only 42 cases had their case notes retrieved for final research analysis. It occurred mostly in the lower right quadrant of the mouth. The affected children were majorly males and first or second child of monogamous family. A total 17 (40.5%) of the affected children were in the 6-11 years age group. This was the first dentist consultation among 35 (83.3%) of the children. The presenting complaint was toothache among two-thirds of the children. History of asthma, tonsillitis, peptic ulcer disease and previous surgery were medical history elicited from 6 (14.3) of the patients. The most implicated tooth was deciduous first molar. The causes of abscess include untreated dental caries 35 (83.3%), trauma 5 (11.9%), failed restoration 1 (2.4%) and periodontal diseases 1 (2.4%). Periapical radioluscency was predominant radiological finding among affected children. Tooth extraction was commonest treatment done. CONCLUSION The incidence of dentoalveolar abscess among children was significant. The high frequency of untreated dental caries as the cause of dentoalveolar abscess indicates the need for school and community-based preventive strategies like encouraging infant oral health and preventive dentistry programs and early treatment intervention and dental health education.
A performance analysis framework for SOCP algorithms in noisy compressed sensing

Solving under-determined systems of linear equations with sparse solutions attracted enormous amount of attention in recent years, above all, due to work of \cite{CRT,CanRomTao06,DonohoPol}. In \cite{CRT,CanRomTao06,DonohoPol} it was rigorously shown for the first time that in a statistical and large dimensional context a linear sparsity can be recovered from an under-determined system via a simple polynomial $\ell_1$-optimization algorithm. \cite{CanRomTao06} went even further and established that in \emph{noisy} systems for any linear level of under-determinedness there is again a linear sparsity that can be \emph{approximately} recovered through an SOCP (second order cone programming) noisy equivalent to $\ell_1$. Moreover, the approximate solution is (in an $\ell_2$-norm sense) guaranteed to be no further from the sparse unknown vector than a constant times the noise. In this paper we will also consider solving \emph{noisy} linear systems and present an alternative statistical framework that can be used for their analysis. To demonstrate how the framework works we will show how one can use it to precisely characterize the approximation error of a wide class of SOCP algorithms. We will also show that our theoretical predictions are in a solid agrement with the results one can get through numerical simulations.
The Self--The Global Factor of Emotional Maturity.

The road to emotional maturity involves the integration of various aspects of personality into the self. The intra‐ and interpersonal aspects are dealt with from different standpoints (Freud, James, Gardner and others), the emotional aspect being seen not as the opposite of the intellectual, but as complementary to it in the child's and adult's personalities. The self contains everything that has passed through consciousness; it is the most important element of consciousness. Thanks to drives for knowing, for feeling, for creating, which are always active, we achieve a self which is more than the sum of its components and becomes a global factor in our personality. This global factor is the difference between the idiot savant and the creative, actualizing, gifted personality.
Molecular Serotype-Specific Identification of Non-type b Haemophilus influenzae by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Over the past four decades, the incidence of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae in children has decreased due to widespread vaccination against H. influenzae type b (Hib). The incidence of invasive diseases due to H. influenzae types not included in the vaccines, however, has increased. At present, there are a limited number of diagnostics available to detect non-type b H. influenzae. To address this issue, we developed a rapid, simple, and cost-effective method for detecting serotypes of H. influenzae. We designed LAMP primer sets based on published sequences for H. influenzae capsular types a, c, d, e, and f. The assay was evaluated to determine test reactivity, specificity, and sensitivity. To support its use in patients with suspected meningitis, we evaluated the detection limit of the non-Hib serotype specific LAMP assay using bacterial genomic DNA-spiked cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens. The reactivity and specificity of the LAMP assays were confirmed using six serotypes and non-typeable H. influenzae strains, plus eight strains of other Haemophilus species and non-Haemophilus genera. The detection limits of the LAMP assay for capsular types a, c, d, e, and f were 102, 102, 102, 103, and 10 copies per reaction, while those of the PCR assay were 104, 104, 103, 103, and 104 genome copies per reaction, respectively. Using DNA-spiked CSF specimens, the detection limit of the LAMP assay was equivalent to that using purified DNA as the template. However, the detection limit of the PCR was reduced from 103 to 104 genome copies per reaction for serotype d and from 103 to 105 genome copies per reaction for serotype e. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a serotype-specific identification assay for H. influenzae using the LAMP method. Our results suggest the potential of LAMP methods for patients with suspected meningitis in resource-limited laboratories or public health surveillance systems.