Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth in Height in Childhood and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Adult Men and Women

Background Adult height is inversely associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but it is still unknown which phase of the human growth period is critical for the formation of this association. We investigated the association between growth in height from 7 to 13 years of age and the risk of CHD in adulthood. Methods and Findings The heights of almost all children born 1930 through 1976 who attended school in the Copenhagen municipality (232,063 children) were measured annually from 7 to 13 years of age. Birth weight data were available since 1936. Fatal and non-fatal CHD events were ascertained by register linkage until 2008 (25,214 cases). Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression for height z-scores (standard deviation units) and change in height z-scores. Height z-scores were inversely related to the risk of CHD. The association was strongest at 7 years of age (HR = 0.91, CI 0.90–0.92 in boys and 0.88, CI 0.86–0.90 in girls) and steadily weakened thereafter, yet it still remained at 13 years of age (HR = 0.95, CI 0.94–0.97 and 0.91, CI 0.89–0.93, boys and girls respectively). The associations were not modified by birth weight. Independent of the age-specific risk, rapid growth was associated with an increased CHD risk, most pronounced between 9 and 11 years in girls (HR = 1.22, CI 1.14–1.31) and between 11 and 13 years in boys (HR = 1.28, CI 1.22–1.33) per unit increase in z-score. Adjustment for body mass index somewhat strengthened the associations of CHD risk with height and weakened the association with growth. Conclusions/Significance Risk of CHD in adulthood is inversely related to height at ages 7 through 13 years, but strongest in the youngest, and, independently hereof, the risk increased by growth velocity.
Using Feature Selection to Decorrelate Nearest Neighbor Errors between Error-correcting Output Bits Content Areas: Machine Learning

Error-correcting output codes (ECOCs) represent classes with a set of binary output bits, where each bit uniquely partitions the classes. ECOC algorithms learn the function corresponding to each bit, and combine them to generate class predictions. ECOCs can reduce both variance and bias errors for multiclass classiication tasks when the errors made at the output bits are not correlated. They work well with global (e.g., C4.5) but not with local (e.g., nearest neighbor) classiiers because the latter use the same information to predict each bit's value, which yields correlated errors. This is distressing because local learners are excellent classiiers for some types of applications. We show that the output bit errors of local learners can be decorrelated by selecting diierent features for each bit. This yields bit-speciic distance functions, which retrieve diierent neighbors for each bit's prediction. We describe promising empirical results for this combination of ECOCs, nearest neighbor, and feature selection. We also describe modiications to racing algorithms for feature selection that improve their performance in this context.
Integrating emotions and affect in theories of management

Scholars have studied emotions and affect in organizational settings for over twenty years, providing numerous insights into understanding how organizations and the people who work in them behave. With such a rich accumulation of knowledge, the time seemed right to call for today’s scholars of management to propose new and exciting theory. The eight articles in this Special Topic Forum address topics that cross multiple levels of analysis and include a range of different theories, explicating: how anger and fear can spark productivity, how employees respond to abusive supervision over time, how leader-member exchanges are shaped by affective events, the social functions of emotional complexity for leaders, team entrepreneurial passion, the effects of institutional beliefs on emotional displays, the nexus of affective climate and organizational effectiveness, and the role of gratitude in organizations. In this introduction, we briefly summarize the main points from each article, and discuss new research directions arising from the articles. To spur even deeper research into this important and still unfolding field of discovery, and stimulated by the articles in this STF, we conclude with additional thoughts and ideas on the role of emotions and affect in organizations.
ARCS-based tactics to improve students' motivation in computer programming course

Most students find computer programming difficult subject, which frustrates them and affects their performance. In this paper, we present our experience of using ARCS model to improve students' motivation when learning computer programming. Different tactics were used to implement ARCS's four components: attention, relevance, confidence and satisfaction. A survey was used to determine the effectiveness of these tactics on students' motivation. Also, students' performance is compared with their peers' performance last year. It is found that these tactics make students highly motivated and interested in this subject, which ultimately improves their performance.
MULTISCALE HIERARCHICAL DECOMPOSITION OF IMAGES WITH APPLICATIONS TO DEBLURRING, DENOISING AND SEGMENTATION ∗

We extend the ideas introduced in (33) for hierarchical multiscale decompositions of images. Viewed as a function f ∈ L2(­), a given image is hierarchically decomposed into the sum or product of simpler "atoms" uk, where uk extracts more refined information from the previous scale uki1. To this end, the uk's are obtained as dyadically scaled minimizers of standard functionals arising in image analysis. Thus, starting with vi1 := f and letting vk denote the residual at a given dyadic scale, ¸k ∼ 2k, the recursive step (uk,vk) = arginf QT (vki1,¸k) leads to the desired hierarchical decomposition, f ∼ P T uk; here T is a blurring operator. We characterize such QT -minimizers (by duality) and expand our previous energy estimates of the data f in terms of k ukk . Numerical results illustrate applications of the new hierarchical multiscale decomposition for blurry images, images with additive and multiplicative noise and image segmentation.
Vasorelaxing action of rutaecarpine: effects of rutaecarpine on calcium channel activities in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells.

Rutaecarpine (Rut) has been shown to induce hypotension and vasorelaxation. In vitro studies indicated that the vasorelaxant effect of Rut was largely endothelium-dependent. We previously reported that Rut increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in cultured rat endothelial cells (ECs) and decreased [Ca2+]i in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle (VSMCs) cells. The present results showed that the hypotensive effect of Rut (10-100 microgram/kg i.v.) was significantly blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine. In aortic rings, Rut (0. 1-3.0 microM)-induced vasorelaxation was inhibited by Nomega-nitro-L-arginine and hydroquinone but not by antagonists of the various K+ channels, 4-aminopyridine, apamin, charybdotoxin, or glibenclamide. Rut (0.1 and 1.0 microM) inhibited the norepinephrine-induced contraction generated by Ca2+ influx and at 1.0 microM increased cyclic GMP (cGMP) production in endothelium-intact rings and to a lesser extent in endothelium-denuded rings. In whole-cell patch-clamp recording, nonvoltage-dependent Ca2+ channels were recorded in ECs and Rut (0.1, 1.0 microM) elicited an opening of such channels. However, in VSMCs, Rut (10.0 microM) inhibited significantly the L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. In ECs cells, Rut (1.0, 10.0 microM) increased nitric oxide release in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Taken together, the results suggested that Rut lowered blood pressure by mainly activating the endothelial Ca2+-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway to reduce smooth muscle tone. Although the contribution seemed to be minor in nature, inhibition of contractile response in VSMCs, as evidenced by inhibition of Ca2+ currents, was also involved. Potassium channels, on the other hand, had no apparent roles.
The Working Alliance: From Global Outcome Prediction to Micro-Analyses of Within-Session Fluctuations

ABSTRACT The working alliance, originally a psychoanalytic concept, is probably the most empirically studied psychotherapy process variable. There are many studies showing that a better alliance predicts better outcomes (e.g., Horvath et al., 2011), although the causal direction of this relationship is still debated (Barber et al., 2000; DeRubeis, Brotman, and Gibbons, 2005; Falkenström, Granström, and Holmqvist, 2013). Additionally, most of the empirical research on the working alliance is limited in clinical utility because of the relative simplicity of the research. Specifically, most empirical research on the working alliance has aimed to link patient-therapist dyads’ overall level of working alliance with global treatment outcomes. In actual clinical practice, therapists may be most interested in the fluctuations in the alliance from one session to the next, or even from one moment to the next within a session. There is a rich tradition in psychoanalysis of evaluating the results of therapeutic interventions by examining the patient’s responses. With the help of modern statistical methods, we believe the impact of a single intervention or series of interventions on factors such as working alliance, symptomatic improvement, or emotional experiences can be studied. Although this research is still in its infancy, we believe it is the future of scientific investigation of the talking cure.
A Targeted Bypass Screen Identifies Ynl187p, Prp42p, Snu71p, and Cbp80p for Stable U1 snRNP/Pre-mRNA Interaction

ABSTRACT To understand how DEXD/H-box proteins recognize and interact with their cellular substrates, we have been studying Prp28p, a DEXD/H-box splicing factor required for switching the U1 snRNP with the U6 snRNP at the precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) 5′ splice site. We previously demonstrated that the requirement for Prp28p can be eliminated by mutations that alter either the U1 snRNA or the U1C protein, suggesting that both are targets of Prp28p. Inspired by this finding, we designed a bypass genetic screen to specifically search for additional, novel targets of Prp28p. The screen identified Prp42p, Snu71p, and Cbp80p, all known components of commitment complexes, as well as Ynl187p, a protein of uncertain function. To examine the role of Ynl187p in splicing, we carried out extensive genetic and biochemical analysis, including chromatin immunoprecipitation. Our data suggest that Ynl187p acts in concert with U1C and Cbp80p to help stabilize the U1 snRNP-5′ splice site interaction. These findings are discussed in the context of DEXD/H-box proteins and their role in vivo as well as the potential need for more integral U1-snRNP proteins in governing the fungal 5′ splice site RNA-RNA interaction compared to the number of U1 snRNP proteins needed by metazoans.
The Cognitive Complexity of Miss Piggy and Osama Bin Laden: Examining Linguistic Differences Between Fiction and Reality

Is fiction a reflection of reality? Previous psychological research presents a contradicting picture. While Tetlock’s value pluralism model (Tetlock, 1986) and research focused on the complexity of lying (Repke, Conway, & Houck, in press; Newman, Pennebaker, Berry, & Richards, 2003) would argue against fiction being a reflection, the concept of prototypes (Rosch, 1978) argues for it. The subsequent paper presents 2 studies that hopefully provide a clearer picture and an answer to the aforementioned question by comparing the integrative complexity of fictional characters to their real-life counterparts. Study 1 utilized a deep-but-narrow approach, comparing a single salient, prototypical category, while Study 2 utilized the opposite approach, comparing 10 varied, prototypical categories. Overall, both Study 1’s and Study 2’s result upheld a clear, overwhelming divergence between fiction and reality (the fictional characters were consistently simpler than the nonfictional characters); however, an intraclass correlation in Study 2 revealed surprising and significant levels of overlap between fiction and reality that differed depending on the unique category. While this research is still too raw and novel to do more than speculate on the exact reasoning behind the differing levels of overlap, the mere existence of the levels of overlap themselves indicate a nuanced answer to the research question. Fiction is both psychologically a representation of reality and a divergence from it.
TECHNOLOGY AND MUSLIMS: A FIELD STUDY OF IRANIAN SCHOLARS

Muslim scholars have had different approaches toward modern technologies. Deﬁning the situation in various Islamic countries is dependent on knowing the approaches adopted by their scholars. Theseapproaches createnorms which can shedlight on thereasons for the success and failure of access to technology and its transference. The present article sets out to analyze the views of the Qom semi-nary scholars in Iran about the development of modern technologies within the framework of the development sociology using the qualitative methodology of grounded theory. To this end, such techniques as conducting interviews and investigating documents have been used to gather the data. The authors ﬁnd four paradigm models regarding modern technologies among the Qom seminary scholars. These models are classiﬁed into two general categories: optimistic and pessimistic. In the end, an “appropriate technology” approach is introduced as an approach singled out by the researchers.
The sound of many voices: Investigating how principals view and influence massed singing in secondary boys' schools

This research focused on how three principals in Melbourne boys-only schools view and influence the place of massed singing within their respective school cultures. The views of the principals themselves and their own capacity for self-reflection were critical to the thesis. The study was underpinned by three theoretical propositions: principals, although not usually involved in the teaching of massed singing, nevertheless exert an influence on it; massed singing has a unique power to enhance the broader school culture; and, cultural assumptions about gendered participation in music-making can affect student attitudes towards massed singing. The review of literature highlighted three themes which informed the conceptual framework underpinning the research: organisational and educational leadership; the construct of masculinity in boys’ education and in leadership; and the nature and benefits of massed singing. Given the themes of the review, it seemed appropriate to undertake a study which would be essentially qualitative, interpretive, and based on indepth interviews with the key stakeholders. In the case of each of the three participating principals, data was collected from key documents produced by the schools, from a written questionnaire, and from a semistructured interview. The questionnaire was designed both to collect data and to raise participants’ consciousness prior to the interview. The questionnaire’s 17 questions, structured so as to address the three themes identified through the review of literature, were designed to create a flexible framework for an in-depth exploration of key issues in the context of the interview itself.
Star formation in extremely faint dwarf galaxies

We study the relationship between the gas column density (Σ gas ) and the star formation rate (SFR) surface density (Σ SFR ) for a sample of 23 extremely faint dwarf irregular galaxies drawn from the Faint Irregular Galaxy GMRT (Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope) Survey (FIGGS). Our sample galaxies have a median H I mass of 2.8 x 10 7 M ⊙ and a median blue magnitude M B ∼ -13.2. Σ SFR is derived from Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) data, while Σ gas is derived from the GMRT-based FIGGS HI 21-cm survey data. We find that Σ gas averaged over the star-forming region of the disc lies below most estimates of the 'threshold density' for star formation, and that the average Σ SFR is also lower than would be expected from the 'Kennicutt-Schmidt' law. This deviation is indicative of an environmental dependence of star formation efficiencies, since the Kennicutt relation was derived from data on the central regions of large spiral and starburst galaxies. The star formation efficiency in small galaxies may be more relevant to modelling of star formation in gas-rich, low-metallicity systems in the early universe. We also use our data to look for small-scale (400 and 200 pc) correlations between Σ SFR and Σ gas . For 18 of our 23 galaxies, we find that Σ SFR can be parametrized as having a power-law dependence on Σ gas . The power-law relation holds until one reaches the sensitivity limit of the GALEX data, i.e. we find no evidence for a 'threshold density' below which star formation is completely cut off. The power-law slopes and coefficients however vary substantially from galaxy to galaxy, and are in general steeper than the value of ∼1.4 derived for large galaxies by Kennicutt. Further, as for the globally averaged quantities, the Σ SFR at 400 pc resolution is in general lower than that predicted by the Kennicutt relation, with the deviation decreasing with increasing Σ gas . Our computation of Σ SFR uses a calibration that assumes solar metallicity and a standard Salpeter initial mass function (IMF), similarly, the Eg as we use is not corrected for the molecular gas density. Incorporating corrections for molecular gas and low metallicity will increase the deviation from the Kennicutt relation. Conversely, truncating the IMF at the high-mass end would decrease the deviation from the Kennicutt relation. For the five galaxies for which a power law does not provide a good parametrization of the (Σ SFR , Eg as ) relation, there are substantial offsets between the ultraviolet (UV) bright regions and the HI high column density maps. Four of these five galaxies have H I masses near the lower end of our sample distribution, while the remaining galaxy has a large central HI hole. We have 200 pc resolution images for 10 of our galaxies. At this resolution, the offsets between the peaks in the HI and UV images are more pronounced, and a power-law parametrization is possible for only five of the 10 galaxies.
Prognostic value of lymph node ratio in patients with small-cell carcinoma of the cervix based on data from a large national registry

Objective To investigate the prognostic value of the lymph node ratio (LNR) in patients with small-cell carcinoma of the cervix (SCCC) after cancer-directed surgery using a population-based national registry (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results [SEER]). Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data of SCCC patients in the SEER database from 1980 to 2012. The prognostic impact of LNR with respect to cause-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) was analyzed. Results A total of 118 patients with SCCC were identified. The median follow-up was 30.5 months. All these patients were treated with cancer-directed surgery and lymphadenectomy. Sixty (50.8%) patients had nodal metastases. The median LNR was 0.16 in patients with positive lymph nodes. Univariate analysis showed that prognostic factors such as International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, nodal status, LNR, and local treatment modalities affected CSS and OS (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that LNR was an independent prognostic factor for CSS and OS. Patients with a higher LNR had worse CSS (hazard ratio [HR]: 8.832; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.762–20.738; P<0.001) and OS (HR: 8.462; 95% CI: 3.613–19.821; P<0.001). LNR was associated with CSS and OS by stage, especially in FIGO stage I–II patients. Conclusion LNR is an independent prognostic factor in SCCC patients and it may help to individualize adjuvant therapy.
De novo determination of protein structure by NMR using orientational and long-range order restraints.

Orientational and novel long-range order restraints available from paramagnetic systems have been used to determine the backbone solution structure of the cytochrome c' protein to atomic resolution in the complete absence of restraints derived from the nuclear Overhauser effect. By exploiting the complementary geometric dependence of paramagnetic pseudocontact shifts and the recently proposed Curie-dipolar cross correlated relaxation effect, in combination with orientational constraints derived from residual dipolar coupling, autorelaxation rate ratios and secondary structure constraints, it is possible to define uniquely the fold and refine the tertiary structure of the protein (0.73 A backbone rmsd for 82/129 amino acid residues) starting from random atomic Cartesian coordinates. The structure calculation protocol, developed using specific models to describe the novel constraint interactions, is robust, requiring no precise a priori estimation of the various interaction strengths, and provides unambiguous convergence based only on the value of the target function. Tensor eigenvalues and their component orientations are allowed to float freely, and are thus simultaneously determined, and found to converge, during the structure calculation.
Contrasting patterns of polymorphism and selection in bacterial-sensing toll-like receptor 4 in two house mouse subspecies

Detailed investigation of variation in genes involved in pathogen recognition is crucial for understanding co-evolutionary processes between parasites and their hosts. Triggering immediate innate response to invading microbes, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong presently among the best-studied receptors of vertebrate immunity. TLRs exhibit remarkable interspecific variation and also intraspecific polymorphism is well documented. In humans and laboratory mice, several studies have recently shown that single amino acid substitution may significantly alter receptor function. Unfortunately, data concerning polymorphism in free-living species are still surprisingly scarce. In this study, we analyzed the polymorphism of Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) over the Palearctic range of house mouse (Mus musculus). Our results reveal contrasting evolutionary patterns between the two recently (0.5 million years ago) diverged house mouse subspecies: M. m. domesticus (Mmd) and M. m. musculus (Mmm). Comparison with cytochrome b indicates strong directional selection in Mmd Tlr4. Throughout the whole Mmd western Palaearctic region, a single variant of the ligand-binding region is spread, encoded mainly by one dominant haplotype (71% of Mmd). In contrast, Tlr4 in Mmm is much more polymorphic with several haplotypes at intermediate frequencies. Moreover, we also found clear signals of recombination between two principal haplogroups in Mmm, and we identified eight sites under positive selection in our dataset. Our results suggest that observed differences in Tlr4 diversity may be attributed to contrasting parasite-mediated selection acting in the two subspecies.
Drastic change of local stiffness distribution correlating to cell migration in living fibroblasts.

Sequential images of the local stiffness distribution of living fibroblasts (NIH3T3) were captured under a culture condition using scanning probe microscopy in a force modulation mode. We found a clear relation between cell migration and local stiffness distribution on the cell: When cells were stationary at one position, the stiffness distribution of their cellular surface was quite stable. On the other hand, once the cells started to move, the stiffness in their nuclear regions drastically decreased. Possible explanations for the correlation between the cell migration and the cell stiffness are proposed.