Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Species delimitation and phylogeny estimation under the multispecies coalescent

This article describes a Bayesian method for inferring both species delimitations and species trees under the multispecies coalescent model using DNA sequences from multiple loci. The focus here is on species delimitation with no a priori assignment of individuals to species, and no guide tree. The method uses a new model for the population sizes along the branches of the species tree, and three new operators for sampling from the posterior using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. The correctness of the moves is demonstrated both by proofs and by tests of the implementation. Current practice, using a pipeline approach to species delimitation under the multispecies coalescent, has been shown to have major problems on simulated data [10]. The same simulated data set is used to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the present method. The method is implemented in a package called STACEY for BEAST2.
Optimal Approaches for Measuring Tongue-Pressure Functional Reserve

Tongue-palate pressure is a parameter of considerable interest in the field of dysphagia. Maximum isometric tongue-palate pressures (MIPs) decline in healthy aging and in dysphagia. Functional reserve (FR) is the difference between MIPs and swallowing pressures. Reduced FR is thought to constitute a risk for developing functional swallowing impairments. We compare different approaches for calculating FR and recommend an optimal approach. Tongue-palate pressure data were collected from 78 healthy adults (40 < age 40; 38 > 60) during anterior and posterior MIPs, regular (RESS) and effortful (ESS) saliva swallows, and water swallows (4 repetitions per task). Six different measures of reserve were calculated using maximum anterior MIPs or ESS pressures at the top, and mean or maximum RESS or water swallow pressures at the bottom of the range. Correlations with age and MIPs were explored to confirm suitability for measuring FR. The impact of normalization to maximum MIP range was explored. We conclude that an optimal measure of FR involves the comparison of maximum MIP with mean saliva swallowing pressures. This parameter declines with age, but when normalized to an individual's MIP range, the relationship is no longer evident. This suggests that FR does not necessarily decline in healthy aging.
Recent Research Developments Affecting Nonlife Insurance — The Cas Risk Premium Project 2011 Update

This article reports the main results of the 2013 Risk Premium Project update, a yearly review of actuarial and finance literature on the theory and empirics of risk assessment for property–casualty insurance. The literature review reveals a broad variety of topics, with a strong leaning toward catastrophe risk, market efficiency, and new valuation techniques. Within the field of catastrophe risk, the role of weather and climate-related risks for the insurance sector is reviewed and both the threats and the opportunities arising from the changing risk landscape are discussed.
Iterative channel equalization, channel decoding and source decoding

The performance of soft source decoding is evaluated over dispersive AWGN channels. By employing source codes having error-correcting capabilities, such as reversible variable-length codes (RVLC) and variable-length error-correcting (VLEC) codes, the soft-in/soft-out (SISO) source decoder benefits from exchanging information with the MAP equalizer, and effectively eliminates the intersymbol interference (ISI) after a few iterations. It was also found that the soft source decoder is capable of significantly improving the attainable performance of the turbo receiver provided that channel equalization, channel decoding and source decoding are carried out jointly and iteratively. At SER0=1/sup -4/ the performance of this three-component turbo receiver is about 2 dB better in comparison to the benchmark scheme carrying out channel equalization and channel decoding jointly, but source decoding separately. At this SER value, the performance of the proposed scheme is about 1 dB worse than that of the 1/2 -rate convolutional coded non-dispersive AWGN channel.
Variable gearing in pennate muscles

Muscle fiber architecture, i.e., the physical arrangement of fibers within a muscle, is an important determinant of a muscle's mechanical function. In pennate muscles, fibers are oriented at an angle to the muscle's line of action and rotate as they shorten, becoming more oblique such that the fraction of force directed along the muscle's line of action decreases throughout a contraction. Fiber rotation decreases a muscle's output force but increases output velocity by allowing the muscle to function at a higher gear ratio (muscle velocity/fiber velocity). The magnitude of fiber rotation, and therefore gear ratio, depends on how the muscle changes shape in the dimensions orthogonal to the muscle's line of action. Here, we show that gear ratio is not fixed for a given muscle but decreases significantly with the force of contraction (P < 0.0001). We find that dynamic muscle-shape changes promote fiber rotation at low forces and resist fiber rotation at high forces. As a result, gearing varies automatically with the load, to favor velocity output during low-load contractions and force output for contractions against high loads. Therefore, muscle-shape changes act as an automatic transmission system allowing a pennate muscle to shift from a high gear during rapid contractions to low gear during forceful contractions. These results suggest that variable gearing in pennate muscles provides a mechanism to modulate muscle performance during mechanically diverse functions.
Quantization of the black hole area as quantization of the angular momentum component

In transforming from Schwarzschild to Euclidean Rindler coordinates the Schwarzschild time transforms to a periodic angle. As is well-known, this allows one to introduce the Hawking temperature and is an origin of black hole thermodynamics. On the other hand, according to quantum mechanics this angle is conjugate to the z component of the angular momentum. From the commutation relation and quantization condition for the angular momentum component it is found that the area of the horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole is quantized with the quantum {delta}A=8{pi}l{sub P}{sup 2}. It is shown that this conclusion is also valid for a generic Kerr-Newman black hole.
Conjunctive Adverbials in Chinese ESL Postgraduates’ Expository Writing

Conjunctive adverbials perform important cohesive and connective functions in discourse. Logically linking sentences into paragraphs and paragraphs into an essay might impose great challenge for ESL learners. This paper investigated the use of conjunctive adverbials in the expository writings of Chinese postgraduate students. Learner corpus of 365 pieces of writings was compiled for analysis. The findings indicated that the participants tended to use additive and sequential types of linking adverbials than adversative and causal types. The results also showed that the students relied more heavily on a limited set of conjunctive adverbials and were not aware of the writing registers.
Classical β-Lactamase Inhibitors Potentiate the Activity of Daptomycin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii

ABSTRACT We asked whether beta-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) increased the activity of daptomycin (DAP) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the peptide antibiotic colistin (COL) against the emerging Gram-negative nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii, and the human host defense peptide cathelicidin LL37 against either pathogen. DAP and LL37 kill curves were performed with or without BLIs against MRSA, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), and heterogeneous VISA (hVISA). COL and LL37 kill curves were performed against A. baumannii. Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-labeled DAP binding to MRSA grown with the BLI tazobactam (TAZ) was assessed microscopically. The combination of COL plus TAZ was studied in a murine model of A. baumannii pneumonia. TAZ alone lacked in vitro activity against MRSA or A. baumannii. The addition of TAZ to DAP resulted in a 2- to 5-log10 reduction in recoverable MRSA CFU at 24 h compared to the recoverable CFU with DAP alone. TAZ plus COL showed synergy by kill curves for 4 of 5 strains of A. baumannii tested. Growth with 20 mg/liter TAZ resulted in 2- to 2.5-fold increases in the intensity of BODIPY-DAP binding to MRSA and hVISA strains. TAZ significantly increased the killing of MRSA and A. baumannii by LL37 in vitro. TAZ increased the activity of COL in a murine model of A. baumannii pneumonia. Classical BLIs demonstrate synergy with peptide antibiotics. Since BLIs have scant antimicrobial activity on their own and are thus not expected to increase selective pressure toward antibiotic resistance, their use in combination with peptide antibiotics warrants further study.
Exploring Authentic Leadership In Relation To Job Satisfaction in Public and Private Sector Universities

The study aims to explore the authentic leadership attributes (ALA) and its impact on job satisfaction. The objectives of the study were to investigate the ALA of leaders and measure the relationship between ALA and job satisfaction at the university level. The population of the study was 6975. The sample of the study was 967. The mixed method approach was used to collect information from the sample through a modified form of ALQ developed by Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardener, Wernsing, & Peterson (2008) and interviews. The analysis was done with percentage, Mean, STD, independent sample t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson’s rank correlation and thematic analysis. It was found that r value (.426) which was significant at . 000 showed significant positive and average level correlations between ALA and job satisfaction at the university level. It is recommended that research studies may be conducted at primary, secondary and college level as these areas are in need of authentic leaders.
A Year-Long Study of Fourth Graders? Sense-Making with Modeling across Phenomena

phenomenon. During students’ interviews regarding their windmill models, there were still instances of students interchanging “energy” and “electricity. ” However, there was also evidence that some students who interchanged these terms during the water wheel interview were beginning to make distinctions between these terms. For example, Kiara shifted from saying “making energy” during the water wheel interview to “making electricity” during her windmill interview.
Parallelizing the Hough Transform Computation

The Hough transform, a widely used operation in image processing, suffers from being computationally intensive. In this letter, we propose a method called additive Hough transform (AHT) to accelerate Hough transform computation. It is based on parallel processing of k2 points, obtained by dividing the edge map into uniform blocks using a k times k grid. It has been shown that AHT on verification gives the same Hough profile as the conventional Hough transform. Further, AHT reduces the total computation time by at least k2 times as compared to existing Hough transform architectures.
Iatrogenic Biliary Injuries: Multidisciplinary Management in a Major Tertiary Referral Center

Background. Iatrogenic biliary injuries are considered as the most serious complications during cholecystectomy. Better outcomes of such injuries have been shown in cases managed in a specialized center. Objective. To evaluate biliary injuries management in major referral hepatobiliary center. Patients & Methods. Four hundred seventy-two consecutive patients with postcholecystectomy biliary injuries were managed with multidisciplinary team (hepatobiliary surgeon, gastroenterologist, and radiologist) at major Hepatobiliary Center in Egypt over 10-year period using endoscopy in 232 patients, percutaneous techniques in 42 patients, and surgery in 198 patients. Results. Endoscopy was very successful initial treatment of 232 patients (49%) with mild/moderate biliary leakage (68%) and biliary stricture (47%) with increased success by addition of percutaneous (Rendezvous technique) in 18 patients (3.8%). However, surgery was needed in 198 patients (42%) for major duct transection, ligation, major leakage, and massive stricture. Surgery was urgent in 62 patients and elective in 136 patients. Hepaticojejunostomy was done in most of cases with transanastomotic stents. There was one mortality after surgery due to biliary sepsis and postoperative stricture in 3 cases (1.5%) treated with percutaneous dilation and stenting. Conclusion. Management of biliary injuries was much better with multidisciplinary care team with initial minimal invasive technique to major surgery in major complex injury encouraging early referral to highly specialized hepatobiliary center.
Strategic Leadership: Top Executives and Their Effects on Organizations

S trategic Leadership is a major work of scholarship. Finkelstein and Hambrick present their own considerable number of studies and review many related studies by other researchers. Thus the book synthesises a large and fascinating body of work. Management, especially the upper echelons, is centre stage. Thus this book is a welcome corrective to the fashion in some business school research to ignore managers. The book opens with a discussion of why top executives need to be studied, by arguing that who makes the decisions matters. The authors invoke John Child's now classic formulation that top executives exercise strategic choice, and then they go on to build their own detailed model of these processes. They begin with cognitive aspects in terms of information filtering, values and personality of top executives. These psychological factors are related back to tenure, age and like demographic variables. Then the group aspects of interactions between executives in top management teams are considered. A contingency aspect is also introduced with the effect of different environments being made explicit. Then the discussion turns to changes in top management in terms of executive turnover and succession. Next, corporate governance is analysed by bringing in the board of directors and its relationship to top management. This leads in turn to the topic of executive compensation. Throughout, the interest is to analyse the relationship between the executives' decisions and their background, and the environment, structure and performance of the organisation. Numerous different theories (eg, agency, economic, political, equity theories, etc.) are drawn upon in an eclectic spirit and carefully appraised regarding their explanatory value for each phenomenon. There are many intriguing causal diagrams that model the interactions between variables. There are also many tables that summarise large sets of studies of a topic. The argument is given added clarity and coherence through the use of causal propositions. Towards the end of each section the authors move beyond what research has shown to date, by speculating about what future research might show by building inferences from theories that have shown promise. These speculative propositions are offered as a guide for future research. The penultimate chapter analyses the research literature noting trends in theories and methods. The final chapter takes a different tack from the reliance on statistical results that is the mainstay of the book. It presents a case study of William Agee as CEO and Chair of Morrison Knudsen. The …
High-speed spectral nanocytology for early cancer screening

Abstract. High-throughput partial wave spectroscopy (HTPWS) is introduced as a high-speed spectral nanocytology technique that utilizes the field effect of carcinogenesis to perform minimally invasive cancer screening on at-risk populations. HTPWS uses fully automated hardware and an acousto-optic tunable filter to scan slides at low magnification, to select cells, and to rapidly acquire spectra at each spatial pixel in a cell between 450 and 700 nm, completing measurements of 30 cells in 40 min. Statistical quantitative analysis on the size and density of intracellular nanostructures extracted from the spectra at each pixel in a cell yields the diagnostic biomarker, disorder strength (Ld). Linear correlation between Ld and the length scale of nanostructures was measured in phantoms with R2=0.93. Diagnostic sensitivity was demonstrated by measuring significantly higher Ld from a human colon cancer cell line (HT29 control vector) than a less aggressive variant (epidermal growth factor receptor knockdown). Clinical diagnostic performance for lung cancer screening was tested on 23 patients, yielding a significant difference in Ld between smokers and cancer patients, p=0.02 and effect size=1.00. The high-throughput performance, nanoscale sensitivity, and diagnostic sensitivity make HTPWS a potentially clinically relevant modality for risk stratification of the large populations at risk of developing cancer.
Multigrid Algorithms for hp-Discontinuous Galerkin Discretizations of Elliptic Problems

We present W-cycle $h$-, $p$-, and $hp$-multigrid algorithms for the solution of the linear system of equations arising from a wide class of $hp$-version discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of elliptic problems. Starting from a classical framework in geometric multigrid analysis, we define a smoothing and an approximation property, which are used to prove uniform convergence of the W-cycle scheme with respect to the discretization parameters and the number of levels, provided the number of smoothing steps is chosen of order $p^{2+\mu}$, where $p$ is the polynomial approximation degree and $\mu=0,1$. A discussion on the effects of employing inherited or noninherited sublevel solvers is also presented. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical results.
A Preliminary Understanding of Search Words used by Children, Teenagers and Young Adults in Seeking Information about Depression and Anxiety Online

Abstract There is a dearth of research related to mental health search word literacy for under 25's. The knowledge of a young person's mental health information search practices is piecemeal, derived from general search literacy studies. A young person’s access to mental health information online is highly due to the level of stigma and poor mental health literacy surrounding depression and anxiety. This study explored what search words young people aged 5–26 (N = 630) used to identify information and/or help for depression and anxiety. The research hypothesis was supported that those under age 13 would have a more limited use of “disorder” phrases (compared to “thoughts/feeling” phrases) in their search for mental health information related to their symptoms. All age and gender groups were as likely to use thoughts/feelings terms, however, those over 13 years were almost three times more likely to combine their thoughts/feelings terms with disorder terms, compared to those less than 13 years. Results give indication that search engine optimization by expert mental health sources should take into account feeling-based vocabulary used by specific age and gender groups, in order to guide these young people to authoritative mental health information.
Optimal control of innate immune response

Treatment of a pathogenic disease process is interpreted as the optimal control of a dynamic system. Evolution of the disease is characterized by a non‐linear, fourth‐order ordinary differential equation that describes concentrations of pathogens, plasma cells, and antibodies, as well as a numerical indication of patient health. Without control, the dynamic model evidences sub‐clinical or clinical decay, chronic stabilization, or unrestrained lethal growth of the pathogen, depending on the initial conditions for the infection. The dynamic equations are controlled by therapeutic agents that affect the rate of change of system variables. Control histories that minimize a quadratic cost function are generated by numerical optimization over a fixed time interval, given otherwise lethal initial conditions. Tradeoffs between cost function weighting of pathogens, organ health, and use of therapeutics are evaluated. Optimal control solutions that defeat the pathogen and preserve organ health are demonstrated for four different approaches to therapy. It is shown that control theory can point the way toward new protocols for treatment and remediation of human diseases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profit Sharing and Training

We analyze the impact of profit sharing on the share of workers receiving training. An effect is plausible because: 1) profit sharing is a credible commitment by firms to reward firm-specific skills acquired by formal or informal training, 2) profit sharing may reduce turnover and increase the returns to training, 3) a common payment for the whole workforce leads to peer group pressure to participate in training courses and raises incentives to help co-workers. In order to eliminate possible selectivity effects, we combine a matching approach with difference-in-differences. We identify the proportion of employees participating in profits and differentiate profit sharing according to the percentage of the workers covered by such remuneration schemes. Using German establishment data we find that profit sharing only has a significant effect on training intensity if the majority of the workforce benefits from it.