Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Community development: Creating community alternatives : vision, analysis, and practice

*The Crisis in Human Services and the Need for Community The crisis in the welfare state Community-based services as an alternative The missing ingredient: community development The next steps *Foundations of Community Work: An Ecological Perspective Environmental crisis Environmental responses and green responses Themes within green analysis An ecological perspective: is it enough? *Foundations of Community Work: A Social Justice Perspective Structural disadvantage Empowerment Need Rights Peace and non-violence Participatory democracy *Ecology and Social Justice: A Vision for Community Development Ecology and social justice Emerging concepts Community Development An alternative vision: grounds for hope *Autonomy, Decentralisation, and Community Control Ideological foundations Autonomy Decentralisation Discretion Self-reliance Participation Co-operation Urban, suburban, and rural issues Community-based human services Getting there *Community Development: Social, economic and Political Integrated community development Social development Economic development Political development *Community Development: Cultural, environmental and Personal/Spiritual Cultural development Environmental development Personal and spiritual development Balanced development *Principles of Community Development The application of principles to practice The 22 principles Making connections *Community Work Roles The language of roles Facilitative roles Educational roles Representational roles Technical roles Two special cases: needs assessment and evaluation *Community Work Skills The problem with "cook books" Competencies Practice, theory, reflection and praxis Developing skills Demystifying skills Core community work skills Skill sharing *Practice Issues Practice frameworks Organisational context Values and ethics Professionalism Education and training The use and abuse of power Internal and external community work Long-term commitment Support Passion, vision, and hope
Effect of MHD on Jeffery-Hamel Flow in Nanofluids by Differential Transform Method

In this paper, the problem of Jeffery-Hamel flow of nanofluid with magnetic effect is analyzed. The basic governing equations which are highly nonlinear are solved analytically using a semi-numerical-analytical technique called differential transform method (DTM) and numerically using Runge-Kutta shooting method (RKSM). The principle of differential transformation is briefly introduced, and then applied for the aforementioned problem. Results for velocity filed in a divergent channel are presented for various values of nanoparticle solid volume fraction, Hartmann number and Reynolds number. The values obtained by DTM and RKSM are agree to the order of 10. Further the values obtained by DTM are justified by comparing with the values obtained by Moghimi et al. [1,2] and Sheikholeslami et al. [3] and the values agree to the order of 10, 10 -5 and 10 -4 respectively.
The Butcher–Oemler effect at z∼ 0.35: a change in perspective

In this paper we focus on the much debated Butcher-Oemler effect: the increase with redshift of the fraction of blue galaxies in clusters. Considering a representative cluster sample made of seven groups/clusters at z ∼ 0.35, we have measured the blue fraction from the cluster core to the cluster outskirts and the field mainly using wide-field Cerro Tololo Inter- American Observatory images. This sample represents a random selection of a volume complete X-ray selected cluster sample, selected so that there is no physical connection with the studied quantity (blue fraction), to minimize observational biases. In order to statistically assess the significance of the Butcher-Oemler effect, we introduce the tools of Bayesian inference. Furthermore, we have modified the blue fraction definition in order to take into account the reduced age of the Universe at higher redshifts, because we should no longer attempt to reject an unphysical universe in which the age of the Universe does depend on redshift, whereas the age of its content does not. We have measured the blue fraction from the cluster centre to the field and we find that the cluster affects the properties of the galaxies up to two virial radii at z ∼ 0.35. Data suggest that during the last 3 Gyr no evolution of the blue fraction, from the cluster core to the field value, is seen beyond that needed to account for the varying age with the redshift of the Universe and of its content. The agreement of the radial profiles of the blue fraction at z = 0 and z ∼ 0.35 implies that the pattern infall did not change over the last 3 Gyr, or, at least, its variation has no observational effect on the studied quantity.
Fiscal Policy and Growth: The Case of the Spanish Regions

This paper studies the effects of several fiscal variables on the regional growth of labour productivity in Spain over the period 1965-1997. Panel estimates are reported for this sample. The results show that public consumption affects growth negatively whereas public investment exerts a positive (but not always significant) effect on the productivity growth rate. Public investment in education has a positive impact on the dependent variable, while the opposite is true for public investment in health. Our findings also detect that taxes and social benefits are growth-impeding. Estimates dealing with specification problems are considered.
Locus Ceruleus Norepinephrine Release: A Central Regulator of CNS Spatio-Temporal Activation?

Norepinephrine (NE) is synthesized in the Locus Coeruleus (LC) of the brainstem, from where it is released by axonal varicosities throughout the brain via volume transmission. A wealth of data from clinics and from animal models indicates that this catecholamine coordinates the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) and of the whole organism by modulating cell function in a vast number of brain areas in a coordinated manner. The ubiquity of NE receptors, the daunting number of cerebral areas regulated by the catecholamine, as well as the variety of cellular effects and of their timescales have contributed so far to defeat the attempts to integrate central adrenergic function into a unitary and coherent framework. Since three main families of NE receptors are represented—in order of decreasing affinity for the catecholamine—by: α2 adrenoceptors (α2Rs, high affinity), α1 adrenoceptors (α1Rs, intermediate affinity), and β adrenoceptors (βRs, low affinity), on a pharmacological basis, and on the ground of recent studies on cellular and systemic central noradrenergic effects, we propose that an increase in LC tonic activity promotes the emergence of four global states covering the whole spectrum of brain activation: (1) sleep: virtual absence of NE, (2) quiet wake: activation of α2Rs, (3) active wake/physiological stress: activation of α2- and α1-Rs, (4) distress: activation of α2-, α1-, and β-Rs. We postulate that excess intensity and/or duration of states (3) and (4) may lead to maladaptive plasticity, causing—in turn—a variety of neuropsychiatric illnesses including depression, schizophrenic psychoses, anxiety disorders, and attention deficit. The interplay between tonic and phasic LC activity identified in the LC in relationship with behavioral response is of critical importance in defining the short- and long-term biological mechanisms associated with the basic states postulated for the CNS. While the model has the potential to explain a large number of experimental and clinical findings, a major challenge will be to adapt this hypothesis to integrate the role of other neurotransmitters released during stress in a centralized fashion, like serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine, as well as those released in a non-centralized fashion, like purines and cytokines.
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temperature of the Earth varied by 0.6°C. We analyze here the response of tropospheric water vapor to these variations. Height-resolved measurements of specific humidity (q) and relative humidity (RH) are obtained from NASA's satellite-borne Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). Over most of the troposphere, q increased with increasing global-average surface temperature, although some regions showed the opposite response. RH increased in some regions and decreased in others, with the global average remaining nearly constant at most altitudes. The water-vapor feedback implied by these observations is strongly positive, with an average magnitude of l q = 2.04 W/m 2 /K, similar to that simulated by climate models. The magnitude is similar to that obtained if the atmosphere maintained constant RH everywhere.
Framing Finance: The Boundaries of Markets and Modern Capitalism

As the banking crisis and its effects on the world economy have made plain, the stock market is of colossal importance to our livelihoods. In "Framing Finance", Alex Preda looks at the history of the market to figure out how we arrived at a point where investing is not only commonplace, but critical, as market fluctuations threaten our plans to send our children to college or retire comfortably. As Preda discovers through extensive research, the public was once much more skeptical. For investing to become accepted, a deep-seated prejudice against speculation had to be overcome, and Preda reveals that over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries groups associated with stock exchanges in New York, London, and Paris managed to redefine finance as a scientific pursuit grounded in observational technology. But Preda also notes that as the financial data in which they trafficked became ever more difficult to understand, charismatic speculators emerged whose manipulations of the market undermined the benefits of widespread investment. And so, "Framing Finance" ends with an eye on the future, proposing a system of public financial education to counter the irrational elements that still animate the appeal of finance.
Differential effects on inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant stanol and plant sterol esters in apoE−/− mice

Aims ‘Functional foods’ supplemented with plant sterol esters (PSE) and plant stanol esters (PSA) are therapeutic options for the management of hypercholesterolaemia. However, their effects on blood monocytes, endothelial function, atherogenesis, and sterol tissue concentrations are poorly understood. Methods and results Male apoE−/− mice (n= 30) were randomized to three different diets for 6 weeks (n= 10 per group): high-cholesterol (1.25%) western-type diet (WTD), WTD + 2% PSE, and WTD + 2% PSA. Both supplements reduced serum cholesterol. WTD + PSE resulted in increased plant sterol serum concentrations and increased inflammatory Ly-6C(high) monocyte numbers. WTD + PSA increased plant stanol serum concentrations and Ly-6C-monocyte numbers, but decreased vascular superoxide release, lipid hydroperoxides, and inflammatory cytokines in aortic tissue, in plasma, and in circulating monocytes. Despite reduced serum cholesterol concentrations, both supplements impaired endothelial vasodilation compared with WTD. WTD + PSA reduced the development of atherosclerotic lesions compared with WTD alone (12.7 ± 3.7 vs. 28.3 ± 3.5%), and WTD + PSE was less effective (17.5 ± 3.7%). WTD + PSE and WTD + PSA reduced the cholesterol content in the liver, but not in the brain. However, WTD + PSE and WTD + PSA increased plant sterol and plant stanol concentrations in the liver as well as in the brain. Conclusion PSE and PSA supplementation reduced serum cholesterol, but increased plant sterol and plant stanol concentrations. Elevated levels of PSE and PSA were associated with endothelial dysfunction and increased central nervous system depositions. Atherosclerotic lesion retardation was more pronounced in WTD + PSA, coinciding with higher regenerative monocyte numbers, decreased oxidative stress, and decreased inflammatory cytokines compared with WTD + PSE.
Smoothness Estimates for Soft-Threshold Denoising via Translation-Invariant Wavelet Transforms

Abstract In this paper, we study a generalization of the Donoho–Johnstone denoising model for the case of the translation-invariant wavelet transform. Instead of soft-thresholding coefficients of the classical orthogonal discrete wavelet transform, we study soft-thresholding of the coefficients of the translation-invariant discrete wavelet transform. This latter transform is not an orthogonal transformation. As a first step, we construct a level-dependent threshold to remove all the noise in the wavelet domain. Subsequently, we use the theory of interpolating wavelet transforms to characterize the smoothness of an estimated denoised function. Based on the fact that the inverse of the translation-invariant discrete transform includes averaging over all shifts, we use smoother autocorrelation functions in the representation of the estimated denoised function in place of Daubechies scaling functions.
Vehicle Stability Control of Heading Angle and Lateral Deviation to Mitigate Secondary Collisions

The objective of this study is to develop a post-impact vehicle stability control system that regulates both heading angle and lateral deviation from the original driving path, so that the severity of possible subsequent (secondary) crashes can be reduced. To characterize the vehicle motion after a crash event, an impact force estimation method and a vehicle motion prediction scheme are proposed. If the predicted unmitigated final heading angle is undesirable, and/or a large lateral deviation is expected, then proper differential braking and possibly steering action will be taken to drive the vehicle motion to a desired final state. Simulations and analysis results of the proposed state estimation and prediction algorithm will be evaluated, followed by the presentation on the proposed control algorithm.
THE "GREENHOUSE" EFFECT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

The presence of radiatively active gases in the Earth's atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone) raises its global mean surface temperature by 30 K, making our planet habitable by life as we know it. There has been an increase in carbon dioxide and other trace gases since the Industrial Revolution, largely as a result of man's activities, increasing the radiative heating of the troposphere and surface by about 2 W m -2. This heating is likely to be enhanced by resulting changes in water vapor, snow and sea ice, and cloud. The associated equilibrium temperature rise is estimated to be between 1 and 2 K, there being uncertainties in the strength of climate feedbacks, particularly those due to cloud. The large thermal inertia of the oceans will slow the rate of warming, so that the expected temperature rise will be smaller than the equilibrium rise. This increases the uncertainty in the expected warming to date, with estimates ranging from less than 0.5 K to over 1 K. The observed increase of 0.5 K since 1900 is consistent with the lower range of these estimates, but the variability in the observed record is such that one cannot necessarily conclude that the observed temperature change is due to increases in trace gases. The prediction of changes in temperature over the next 50 years depends on assumptions concerning future changes in trace gas concentrations, the sensitivity of climate, and the effective thermal inertia of the oceans. On the basis of our current understanding a further warming of at least 1 K seems likely. Numerical models of climate indicate that the changes will not be uniform, nor will they be confined to temperature. The simulated warming is largest in high latitudes in winter and smallest over sea ice in summer, with little seasonal variation in the tropics. Annual mean precipitation and runoff increase in high latitudes, and most simulations indicate a drier land surface in northern mid-latitudes in summer. The agreement between different models is much better for temperature than for changes in the hydrological cycle. Priorities for future research include developing an improved representation of cloud in numerical models, obtaining a better understanding of vertical mixing in the deep ocean, and determining the inherent variability of the ocean-atmosphere system. Progress in these areas should enable detection of a man-made "greenhouse" warming within the next two decades.
Big Science vs. Little Science: How Scientific Impact Scales with Funding

Agencies that fund scientific research must choose: is it more effective to give large grants to a few elite researchers, or small grants to many researchers? Large grants would be more effective only if scientific impact increases as an accelerating function of grant size. Here, we examine the scientific impact of individual university-based researchers in three disciplines funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). We considered four indices of scientific impact: numbers of articles published, numbers of citations to those articles, the most cited article, and the number of highly cited articles, each measured over a four-year period. We related these to the amount of NSERC funding received. Impact is positively, but only weakly, related to funding. Researchers who received additional funds from a second federal granting council, the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, were not more productive than those who received only NSERC funding. Impact was generally a decelerating function of funding. Impact per dollar was therefore lower for large grant-holders. This is inconsistent with the hypothesis that larger grants lead to larger discoveries. Further, the impact of researchers who received increases in funding did not predictably increase. We conclude that scientific impact (as reflected by publications) is only weakly limited by funding. We suggest that funding strategies that target diversity, rather than “excellence”, are likely to prove to be more productive.
Priming Cross-Linguistic Interference in Spanish-English Bilingual Children

While it is a defining fact of bilingualism that bilingual speakers know two languages, the way that those languages are organized in the mind is far from self-evident. Hypotheses about bilingual grammatical architecture range from the claim that there must be two separate grammars, one corresponding to each language (Genesee, Nicoladis, & Paradis, 1995; De Houwer, 2005), to the position that there is only one grammar, parts of which are used by one language alone but much of which overlaps (‘shared-syntax’: Hartsuiker, Pickering, & Veltkamp, 2004). While it is possible in principle for each language to be represented in its own isolated module, certain aspects of bilingual language use suggest that there is at least some degree of grammatical overlap between the two languages, both during development and in adulthood. For example, children and adults alike are susceptible to structural priming between their two languages, reusing a structure recently heard in one language in a production in the other. Identifying the nature of structural environments in which crosslinguistic influence can occur is critical for determining the extent of grammatical overlap in the bilingual mind, which in turn places a substantial constraint on explanations of language development in this population. One potentially restricting case for grammatical sharing concerns structures that are grammatical in only one of a speaker’s two languages, e.g., a verb-final embedded clause for a German-English bilingual. Bilingual adults generally do not experience overt structural intrusions from one language into the other (Grosjean, 1989), but children sometimes do (e.g., Döpke, 1998). This indicates that at some point the overlap between language representations may extend even to structures that should be associated with one language only. If this overlap does exist, then it should be possible to elicit the production of
Phase‐resolved spectroscopy and photometry of the eclipsing polar EP Draconis (=H1907+690)

We present phase-resolved optical spectroscopy and CCD photometry of the faint eclipsing polar EP Dra (H1907+690). A revised ephemeris is derived which connects all 32000 binary cycles since its discovery by Remillard et al. (1991). We found no difference between spin and and orbital periods of the white dwarf. Changes in the light curve morphology are attributed to a different beaming behaviour which might change on timescales as short as one or several orbital periods. Optical light curve modelling was used to estimate the co-latitude of the accretion spot, which must be larger than 40 degrees. We have detected Zeeman absorption lines of Halpha originating in an accretion halo in a field of 16MG. The low-resolution spectra reveal no indication of resolved cyclotron harmonics, which is also suggestive of a relatively low field strength in the accretion region. The Balmer emission lines contain significant contributions from the UV-illuminated hemisphere of the companion star, whereas the HeII4686 emission originates predominantly from the accretion stream. The emission lines have a multi-component structure and we could single out a narrow emission line in the Hbeta and Hgamma lines. Its radial velocity amplitude suggests a low mass for the white dwarf, if the lines are interpreted as being of reprocessed origin from the whole illuminated hemisphere of the companion star.
Black hole entropy from entanglement: a review

We review aspects of the thermodynamics of black holes and in particular take into account the fact that the quantum entanglement between the degrees of freedom of a scalar field, traced inside the event horizon, can be the origin of black hole entropy. The main reason behind such a plausibility is that the well-known Bekenstein-Hawking entropy-area proportionality -- the so-called `area law' of black hole physics -- holds for entanglement entropy as well, provided the scalar field is in its ground state, or in other minimum uncertainty states, such as a generic coherent state or squeezed state. However, when the field is either in an excited state or in a state which is a superposition of ground and excited states, a power-law correction to the area law is shown to exist. Such a correction term falls off with increasing area, so that eventually the area law is recovered for large enough horizon area. On ascertaining the location of the microscopic degrees of freedom that lead to the entanglement entropy of black holes, it is found that although the degrees of freedom close to the horizon contribute most to the total entropy, the contributions from those that are far from the horizon are more significant for excited/superposed states than for the ground state. Thus, the deviations from the area law for excited/superposed states may, in a way, be attributed to the far-away degrees of freedom. Finally, taking the scalar field (which is traced over) to be massive, we explore the changes on the area law due to the mass. Although most of our computations are done in flat space-time with a hypothetical spherical region, considered to be the analogue of the horizon, we show that our results hold as well in curved space-times representing static asymptotically flat spherical black holes with single horizon.