Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Artificial Noise Aided Physical Layer Security in Multi-Antenna Small-Cell Networks

In this paper, physical layer security in multi-antenna small-cell networks is investigated, where the multi-antenna base stations (BSs), cellular users, and eavesdroppers are all randomly distributed according to three independent Poisson point processes. To improve the secrecy performance, artificial noise (AN) aided transmission is adopted at each BS. Based on the stochastic geometry, we first derive the closed-form expressions of the connection and secrecy outage probabilities, and then comprehensively analyze the impact of different parameters through asymptotic analysis. It shows that in a low cell-load case, deploying more BSs will improve the connection and secrecy outage performance, and deploying more transmit antennas at each BS will only improve the connection outage performance. For a fixed-rate transmission, the condition under which AN becomes unnecessary is derived. We also derive a semi closed-form expression of the lower bound of the achievable average secrecy rate, which is numerically efficient to evaluate. Finally, we extend the study to a high cell-load case and adopt the zero-forcing beamforming scheme to support multi-user transmission. The connection and secrecy outage probabilities are also analyzed. Moreover, the optimal number of users maximizing the secrecy area spectral efficiency is discussed, and it is shown to be a fixed portion of the number of transmit antennas. Simulation results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis.
Predictors for Recurrent Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Population-based Study

Background and Purpose— Underlying comorbidities, previous strokes, and medication may increase the risk for primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH) and its recurrence. The aim of this study was to determine the independent predictors for recurrent PICH. Methods— We identified 961 subjects with first-ever PICH from 1993 to 2008 among the population of Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. Hospital and death records were reviewed and data on drug use were obtained from the national register of prescribed medicines. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to demonstrate predictors for recurrence of PICH. Results— Total follow-up time of the 961 patients was 3481 person-years. During the follow-up time, 58 subjects had altogether 68 recurrent PICHs. The annual average incidence of first recurrence was 1.67%. Cumulative 5- and 10-year incidence rates were 9.6% and 14.2%, respectively. In univariable analysis, history of ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus, and aspirin use were associated with a higher recurrence rate. In multivariable analysis, only previous ischemic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–4.05; P=0.009) independently predicted PICH recurrence. Diabetes mellitus tended to increase (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–5.80; P=0.056), whereas treated hypertension tended to decrease (0.45, 0.20–1.01; P=0.054) the risk for fatal recurrent PICH. Conclusions— Previous ischemic stroke independent of confounding factors may increase the risk for PICH recurrence.
PARTICIPATION OF THREE CELL TYPES IN THE ANTI-SHEEP RED BLOOD CELL RESPONSE IN VITRO

Spleen cells of unprimed CBA mice were shown to produce anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies comparable in amount in vivo and in vitro. Under identical culture conditions spleen cells of C57BL mice did not respond. CBA spleen cells, passed through columns of cotton wool (CBAf), were equally inactive in vitro. However combined cultures containing both CBAf and C57BL cells yielded as many or more plaque-forming cells than the same number of unfractionated CBA spleen cells. Analysis of the contribution of each cell population to the synthesis of antibody in the combined cultures has disclosed the participation of three cell types. A thymus-dependent, radiosensitive cell was derived from the CBAf population, while the C57BL was the source of the precursor of the antibody-forming cell and of a radioresistant cell. The latter two were partially separated in a Staput apparatus.
Early Infant Exposure to Excess Multivitamin: A Risk Factor for Autism?

Autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects boys more than girls, is often associated with altered levels of monoamines (serotonin and catecholamines), especially elevated serotonin levels. The monoamines act as both neurotransmitters and signaling molecules in the gastrointestinal and immune systems. The evidence related to monoamine metabolism may be summarized as follows: (i) monoamine neurotransmitters are enzymatically degraded/inactivated by three mechanisms: oxidative deamination, methylation, and sulfation. The latter two are limited by the supply of methyl groups and sulfate, respectively. (ii) A decrease in methylation- and sulfation-mediated monoamine inactivation can be compensated by an increase in the oxidative deamination catalyzed by monoamine oxidase, an X-linked enzyme exhibiting higher activity in females than in males. (iii) Vitamins can, on one hand, facilitate the synthesis of monoamine neurotransmitters and, on the other hand, inhibit their inactivation by competing for methylation and sulfation. Therefore, we postulate that excess multivitamin feeding in early infancy, which has become very popular over the past few decades, may be a potential risk factor for disturbed monoamine metabolism. In this paper, we will focus on the relationship between excess multivitamin exposure and the inactivation/degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters and its possible role in the development of autism.
HAT-Trie: A Cache-Conscious Trie-Based Data Structure For Strings

Tries are the fastest tree-based data structures for managing strings in-memory, but are space-intensive. The burst-trie is almost as fast but reduces space by collapsing trie-chains into buckets. This is not however, a cache-conscious approach and can lead to poor performance on current processors. In this paper, we introduce the HAT-trie, a cache-conscious trie-based data structure that is formed by carefully combining existing components. We evaluate performance using several real-world datasets and against other high-performance data structures. We show strong improvements in both time and space; in most cases approaching that of the cache-conscious hash table. Our HAT-trie is shown to be the most efficient trie-based data structure for managing variable-length strings in-memory while maintaining sort order.
A unified approach to solve ill-posed inverse problems in econometrics

We consider the general issue of estimating a nonparametric function x from the inverse problem r = Tx given estimates of the function r and of the linear transform T. Two typical examples include the estimation of a probability density function fromdata contaminated by a noise whose distribution is unknown (blind deconvolution) and the nonparametric instrumental regression. We provide a unified framework based on Hilbert scales that synthesizes most of existing results in the econometric literature and also covers new relevant structural models. Results are given on the rate of convergence of the estimator of x as well as of its derivatives.
Formalizing and Integrating SA/SD with a Program Design Calculus

The notations and parts of a process for Structured Analysis and Structured Design [2, 15] are formalized within a program design calculus [5]. The formalizations are used in an application of a metamethod for formal method integration, combining SA/SD and the program design calculus of [5]. The methods are integrated so as to provide more rigor to the informal method, and to make the program design calculus more applicable for use in large-scale systems development. Two integrations are proposed, and the two approaches are applied in some detail to an example.
Predicting readmissions: poor performance of the LACE index in an older UK population.

INTRODUCTION interventions to prevent hospital readmission depend on the identification of patients at risk. The LACE index predicts readmission (and death) and is in clinical use internationally. The LACE index was investigated in an older UK population. METHODS randomly selected alive-discharge episodes were reviewed. A LACE score was calculated for each patient and assessed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. A logistic regression model was constructed, compared with the LACE and validated in a separate population. RESULTS a total of 507 patients were included with a mean (SD) age of 85 (6.5) years; 17.8% were readmitted and 4.5% died within 30 days. The median LACE score of those readmitted compared with those who were not was 12.5 versus 12 (P = 0.13). The Lace index was only a fair predictor of both 30-day readmission and death with c-statistics of 0.55 and 0.70, respectively. Only the emergency department visit was an independent predictor of readmission, with a c-statistic of 0.61 for readmission. In a validation cohort of 507 cases, the c-statistic of the regression model was 0.57. CONCLUSION the LACE index is a poor tool for predicting 30-day readmission in older UK inpatients. The absence of a simple predictive model may limit the benefit of readmission avoidance strategies.
A Philosophical Defense of the Idea that Individuals Can Be Held in Personhood by Others : Intercorporeal Personhood in Dementia Care

Since John Locke, regnant conceptions of personhood in Western philosophy have focused on individual capabilities for complex forms of consciousness that involve cognition such as the capability to remember past events and one’s own past actions, to think about and identify oneself as oneself, and/or to reason. Conceptions of personhood such as this one qualify as cognition-oriented, and they often fail to acknowledge the role of embodiment for personhood. This article offers an alternative conception of personhood from within the tradition of phenomenology of the body. The article presents a phenomenological analysis of joint musical activity in dementia care and outlines an intercorporeal conception of personhood based on this analysis. It also provides a philosophical basis for the idea that others can hold us in personhood and it questions a strict one-body-one-person logic that has pertained in much personhood debate.
Development and Validation of the Music Performance Self-Efficacy Scale

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Music Performance Self-Efficacy Scale (MPSES). The MPSES was designed to measure Bandura’s (1977, 1986) four sources of self-efficacy (i.e., mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal/social persuasion, and physiological state) in music performance among secondary school students. Participants (N = 293) attended a middle school in the southeastern United States. Scores generated from the MPSES were internally consistent (α = .97) and indicated strong relationships between the sources and the composite construct. Results of confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence of good fit between the data and Bandura’s model χ² (224) = 568.49, p < . 001, CFI = . 95, RMSEA = . 07, and SRMR = . 04. This may be the most important finding of the study. It confirmed that Bandura’s four sources of self-efficacy contribute to the development of self-efficacy for music in ways similar to other subjects. Additional evidence supporting the use of the MPSES as a measure of music performance self-efficacy included (a) significant differences between music and non-music students on measures of the sources of self-efficacy, Ʌ = 0.63, F(4,287) = 42.88, p < . 001, (b) a positive correlation between teacher ratings of student self-efficacy and MPSES scores (r = .44), and (c) discriminant evidence established by comparisons of correlations between MPSES scores and scores from other self-efficacy measures. These findings suggest that the MPSES is a valid and reliable measure of self-efficacy in music performance among secondary school students. Evaluation with a larger and more diverse sample was recommended.
PrimPol—Prime Time to Reprime

The complex molecular machines responsible for genome replication encounter many obstacles during their progression along DNA. Tolerance of these obstructions is critical for efficient and timely genome duplication. In recent years, primase-polymerase (PrimPol) has emerged as a new player involved in maintaining eukaryotic replication fork progression. This versatile replicative enzyme, a member of the archaeo-eukaryotic primase (AEP) superfamily, has the capacity to perform a range of template-dependent and independent synthesis activities. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of PrimPol as a leading strand repriming enzyme and describe the mechanisms responsible for recruiting and regulating the enzyme during this process. This review provides an overview and update of the current PrimPol literature, as well as highlighting unanswered questions and potential future avenues of investigation.
Propensity Score Matching in Randomized Clinical Trials

Summary Cluster randomization trials with relatively few clusters have been widely used in recent years for evaluation of health‐care strategies. On average, randomized treatment assignment achieves balance in both known and unknown confounding factors between treatment groups, however, in practice investigators can only introduce a small amount of stratification and cannot balance on all the important variables simultaneously. The limitation arises especially when there are many confounding variables in small studies. Such is the case in the INSTINCT trial designed to investigate the effectiveness of an education program in enhancing the tPA use in stroke patients. In this article, we introduce a new randomization design, the balance match weighted (BMW) design, which applies the optimal matching with constraints technique to a prospective randomized design and aims to minimize the mean squared error (MSE) of the treatment effect estimator. A simulation study shows that, under various confounding scenarios, the BMW design can yield substantial reductions in the MSE for the treatment effect estimator compared to a completely randomized or matched‐pair design. The BMW design is also compared with a model‐based approach adjusting for the estimated propensity score and Robins‐Mark‐Newey E‐estimation procedure in terms of efficiency and robustness of the treatment effect estimator. These investigations suggest that the BMW design is more robust and usually, although not always, more efficient than either of the approaches. The design is also seen to be robust against heterogeneous error. We illustrate these methods in proposing a design for the INSTINCT trial.
Reduced abundance and earlier collection of bumble bee workers under intensive cultivation of a mass‐flowering prairie crop

Abstract One of the most commonly seeded crops in Canada is canola, a cultivar of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). As a mass‐flowering crop grown intensively throughout the Canadian Prairies, canola has the potential to influence pollinator success across tens of thousands of square kilometers of cropland. Bumble bees (Bombus sp.) are efficient pollinators of many types of native and crop plants. We measured the influence of this mass‐flowering crop on the abundance and phenology of bumble bees, and on another species of social bee (a sweat bee; Halictus rubicundus), by continuously deploying traps at different levels of canola cultivation intensity, spanning the start and end of canola bloom. Queen bumble bees were more abundant in areas with more canola cover, indicating that this crop is attractive to queens. However, bumble bee workers were significantly fewer in these locations later in the season, suggesting reduced colony success. The median collection dates of workers of three bumble bee species were earlier near canola fields, suggesting a dynamic response of colonies to the increased floral resources. Different species experienced this shift to different extents. The sweat bee was not affected by canola cultivation intensity. Our findings suggest that mass‐flowering crops such as canola are attractive to bumble bee queens and therefore may lead to higher rates of colony establishment, but also that colonies established near this crop may be less successful. We propose that the effect on bumble bees can be mitigated by spacing the crop more evenly with respect to alternate floral resources.
Strategies for molecular imaging dementia and neurodegenerative diseases

Dementia represents a heterogeneous term that has evolved to describe the behavioral syndromes associated with a variety of clinical and neuropathological changes during continuing degenerative disease of the brain. As such, there lacks a clear consensus regarding the neuropsychological and other constituent characteristics associated with various cerebrovascular changes in this disease process. But increasing this knowledge has given more insights into memory deterioration in patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and other subtypes of dementia. The author reviews current knowledge of the physiological coupling between cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the light of state-of-the-art-imaging methods and its changes in dementia with special reference to Alzheimer’s disease. Different imaging techniques are discussed with respect to their visualizing effect of biochemical, cellular, and/or structural changes in dementia. The pathophysiology of dementia in advanced age is becoming increasingly understood by revealing the underlying basis of neuropsychological changes with current imaging techniques, genetic and pathological features, which suggests that alterations of (neuro) vascular regulatory mechanisms may lead to brain dysfunction and disease. The current view is that cerebrovascular deregulation is seen as a contributor to cerebrovascular pathologies, such as stroke, but also to neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease. The better understanding of these (patho) physiological mechanisms may open an approach to new interventional strategies in dementia to enhance neurovascular repair and to protect neurovascular coupling.
Dissociation of category-learning systems via brain potentials

Behavioral, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging evidence has suggested that categories can often be learned via either an explicit rule-based (RB) mechanism critically dependent on medial temporal and prefrontal brain regions, or via an implicit information-integration (II) mechanism relying on the basal ganglia. In this study, participants viewed sine-wave gratings (Gabor patches) that varied on two dimensions and learned to categorize them via trial-by-trial feedback. Two different stimulus distributions were used; one was intended to encourage an explicit RB process and the other an implicit II process. We monitored brain activity with scalp electroencephalography (EEG) while each participant: (1) passively observed stimuli represented of both distributions; (2) categorized stimuli from one distribution, and, 1 week later; (3) categorized stimuli from the other distribution. Categorization accuracy was similar for the two distributions. Subtractions of Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) for correct and incorrect trials were used to identify neural differences in RB and II categorization processes. We identified an occipital brain potential that was differentially modulated by categorization condition accuracy at an early latency (150–250 ms), likely reflecting the degree of holistic processing. A stimulus-locked Late Positive Complex (LPC) associated with explicit memory updating was modulated by accuracy in the RB, but not the II task. Likewise, a feedback-locked P300 ERP associated with expectancy was correlated with performance only in the RB, but not the II condition. These results provide additional evidence for distinct brain mechanisms supporting RB vs. implicit II category learning and use.
Natural Language Reasoning Using Proof-Assistant Technology: Rich Typing and Beyond

In this paper, we study natural language inference based on the formal semantics in modern type theories (MTTs) and their implementations in proof-assistants such as Coq. To this end, the type theory UTT with coercive subtyping is used as the logical language in which natural language semantics is translated to, followed by the implementation of these semantics in the Coq proof-assistant. Valid inferences are treated as theorems to be proven via Coq’s proof machinery. We shall emphasise that the rich typing mechanisms in MTTs (much richer than those in the simple type theory as used in the Montagovian setting) provide very useful tools in many respects in formal semantics. This is exemplified via the formalisation of various linguistic examples, including conjoined NPs, comparatives, adjectives as well as various linguistic coercions. The aim of the paper is thus twofold: a) to show that the use of proof-assistant technology has indeed the potential to be developed into a new way of dealing with inference, and b) to exemplify the advantages of having a rich typing system to the study of formal semantics in general and natural language inference in particular.
New versions of Suen's correlation inequality

1. Introduction Suen 8] found a remarkable correlation inequality, giving estimates for the probability that a collection of dependent random indicator variables vanish simultaneously, or in other words, for the probability that none of a collection of dependent events occurs. The present author 4, 3] has found similar inequalities for a much more restricted situation; when applicable, these inequalities are somewhat better than Suen's, although the diierence is negligible in many cases. (See Section 8 below.) Those inequalities have been used by several diierent authors for a variety of problems; there are, however, many situations where they are not applicable (see 8, 5] for two examples) and then Suen's inequality is a very attractive choice. The purpose of the present note is to present some improvements and mod-iications of Suen's original inequality which (we hope) will be easy to apply in diierent situations. The estimates considered here are exponential (unlike for example Cheby-shev's inequality), in the sense that they typically are similar to the estimate exp() for the independent case, where is the expected number of events. They are thus aimed at the case when the studied probability is very small, and has to be shown to be very small. In many applications, constants oc-curing in the estimates, even in the exponents, are immaterial; on the other hand, there are applications where very precise estimates are desired. For this reason, and because diierent versions of the inequality turn out to be useful in diierent situations, we will give several diierent versions of our estimates. We give several upper bounds to the probability of simultaneous vanishing of a collection of indicator variables in Section 3; these are perhaps the main results of the paper. We give some corresponding lower bounds in Section 4, and in Section 5 an upper bound for the probability that only a few of the variables are non-zero. Section 6 contains the proofs of the results, while Section 7 contains three examples related to the sharpness of the results. Finally, Section 8 contains a short discussion of the results and some open problems. Acknowledgement. This paper has beneetted from discussions with par