Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring counsellor theoretical orientation

Previous studies of counsellors' and psychotherapists' theoretical orientations have suggested the importance of two superordinate dimensions of beliefs about therapeutic practice: an analytical-experiential dimension and an objective-subjective dimension. A 40-item measure was developed which tapped both these. A study involving 132 counsellors found evidence that the Counsellor Theoretical Position Scale is a reliable and valid measure of important aspects of theoretical orientation to counselling practice.
Transplantation of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor-Expressing Adult Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Promotes Remyelination and Functional Recovery after SpinalCord Injury

Demyelination contributes to the dysfunction after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). We explored whether the combination of neurotrophic factors and transplantation of adult rat spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) could enhance remyelination and functional recovery after SCI. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was the most effective neurotrophic factor to promote oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and survival of OPCs in vitro. OPCs were infected with retroviruses expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or CNTF and transplanted into the contused adult thoracic spinal cord 9 d after injury. Seven weeks after transplantation, the grafted OPCs survived and integrated into the injured spinal cord. The survival of grafted CNTF-OPCs increased fourfold compared with EGFP-OPCs. The grafted OPCs differentiated into adenomatus polyposis coli (APC+) OLs, and CNTF significantly increased the percentage of APC+ OLs from grafted OPCs. Immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic analyses showed that the grafted OPCs formed central myelin sheaths around the axons in the injured spinal cord. The number of OL-remyelinated axons in ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) or lateral funiculus (LF) at the injured epicenter was significantly increased in animals that received CNTF-OPC grafts compared with all other groups. Importantly, 75% of rats receiving CNTF-OPC grafts recovered transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potential and magnetic interenlargement reflex responses, indicating that conduction through the demyelinated axons in VLF or LF, respectively, was partially restored. More importantly, recovery of hindlimb locomotor function was significantly enhanced in animals receiving grafts of CNTF-OPCs. Thus, combined treatment with OPC grafts expressing CNTF can enhance remyelination and facilitate functional recovery after traumatic SCI.
Feasibility and Validity of Computerized Ecological Momentary Assessment in Schizophrenia

Background: Computerized Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMAc) techniques permit the assessment of daily life behaviors and experiences. The present investigation examined the feasibility and validity of this assessment methodology in outpatients with schizophrenia. Methods: Outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 54) received a battery of standard laboratory clinical and functional outcome measures and then completed electronic questionnaires on a personal digital assistant (PDA) microcomputer 4 times per day for 1 week. Results: Generally good compliance (87%) with EMAc was found, and participants rated their experience with the study positively. The data collected in daily life demonstrated expected patterns across the assessment week and were significantly associated with scores from standard laboratory instruments measuring similar constructs. Conclusions: EMAc is a feasible and valid approach to data collection in community-dwelling people with schizophrenia, and it may provide important information that is inaccessible via standard clinical and functional outcome measures administered in the laboratory.
Primary School Teachers' Understanding of Environmental Issues: An interview study

In the light of an increased emphasis on environmental education in revisions of the National Curriculum to be introduced in September 2000, this study used in-depth interviews to explore the understanding of a non-random sample of 12 practising primary school teachers in four areas: biodiversity, the carbon cycle, ozone and global warming. A methodological innovation in this research was the prior identification of basic scientific explanations of each area for a primary teachers, and the use of these as benchmarks for judging understanding. The study was able to identify those underpinning science concepts which were well understood, and those which were not so well understood. Some missing concepts and misconceptions are also reported. Although the findings cannot be generalised to all primary teachers, the fairly strong science backgrounds of eight teachers in the sample suggest that some of the difficulties reported may be found more widely. It is suggested that both the basic explanations and the difficulties of understanding displayed by the teachers can usefully inform programmes of professional development for environmental education. An outline of a guide for teacher education adopting this approach is provided.
Studies of the toxicity of copper to pigs

1. Six groups of four litter-mate female Large White pigs of about 17 kg live weight were allocated according to a 2×2 factorial design in each of two experiments in which rations containing 0 or 750 ppm copper were offered with either 0 and 500 ppm zinc, or 0 and 750 ppm iron. 2. Severity of toxicosis was assessed by determining aspartate transaminase activity in serum, observing the incidence of jaundice and determining the hemoglobin concentration in whole blood and Cu concentration in serum and liver. 3. Addition of 750 ppm Cu to the diet caused toxicity in nine out of twelve animals; it was most severe after about 4 weeks when two-to five-fold increases in serum Cu and aspartate transaminase levels were found and seven pigs were jaundiced. Serum Cu and aspartate transaminase concentrations and degrees of jaundice were apparently interrelated and returned to normal levels after 6 weeks, suggesting adaptation to the high Cu intake. Growth depression and a microcytic hypochromic anaemia persisted. 4. Addition of 500 ppm Zn or 750 ppm Fe in the presence of 750 ppm Cu eliminated jaundice and produced serum Cu and aspartate transaminase concentrations similar to control values after 4 weeks. Only supplementary Fe afforded protection against anaemia. 5. Variability in the response of the pig to Cu supplements could be partly due to variations in the intake of Fe and Zn. The addition of Fe and Zn supplements to pig diets supplemented with Cu would probably reduce the small risk of causing Cu poisoning.
How regulatory focus influences consumer behavior

According to Higgins (1997) the theory of regulatory focus says that in terms of both information processing and motivation it makes a difference whether people have a promotion or prevention focus. In this paper, this theory will be applied to the area of consumer psychology. In three experiments we show that consumer's regulatory focus either measured or induced in a given situation influences product evaluations. Study 1 shows that consumers are interested in different product features depending on their focus; whereas in the prevention focus they are more interested in safety-oriented aspects, in the promotion focus they concentrate more on comfort-oriented qualities. In Study 2, a typical prevention product and a typical promotion product are compared with one another and data shows that focus compatible products are evaluated more positively. In Study 3 we demonstrate that advertisments that correspond to the focus of the consumer lead to more positive evaluations of the product than advertisments that are incompatible with the focus of the consumer. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Search in the Physical World

This thesis examines search in the physical world, which differs significantly from the searches in the digital world that we perform every day on our computers. When searching the internet, for instance, success is a matter of informed indexing that allows the information to be retrieved quickly. In these cases, there is no consideration of the physical nature of the world, and the search is not cognizant of space, time, or traversal distance. In contrast, search in the physical world must consider a target that could be continuously moving, possibly even trying to evade being found. The environment may be partially known, and the search proceeds with information gathered during the search itself. In many cases, such as guaranteeing capture of an adversarial target, the problem cannot be solved with a single searcher, and all group members must coordinate their actions with others on the team. Prior work has explored limited instances of such problems, but existing techniques either scale poorly or do not have performance guarantees. Two of the main variations of search in the physical world are considered: efficient search and guaranteed search. During efficient search, robots move to optimize the average-case performance of the search given a model of the target's motion. During guaranteed search, robots coordinate to minimize the worst-case search time if the target is adversarial. This thesis unifies these search problems and shows them to be NP-hard, which suggests that a scalable and optimal algorithm is unlikely. In addition, it is shown that efficient search admits a bounded approximation, and guaranteed search does not. Despite these hardness results, algorithms using implicit coordination can provide scalable and high-performing solutions to many real-world search problems. Implicit coordination is defined as the sharing of locations, measurements, and/or actions to improve the team plan. In accord with this design strategy, a linearly scalable efficient search algorithm is presented that utilizes implicit coordination to achieve bounded performance. In addition, this thesis contributes a novel approach that augments the coordination with a pre-search spanning tree generation step, which leads to an anytime algorithm for guaranteed search. With a focus on decentralized and online operation, the proposed search algorithms are extended to take into account team constraints, limited communication, and partially known environments. The techniques are illustrated using a scenario from the literature that incorporates both efficient and guaranteed search, and they are validated both in simulation and on human-robot search teams operating in the physical world. The developed framework enables teams of autonomous agents to search environments outside the scope of previous techniques, and the analysis provides insight into the complexity of multi-robot coordination problems.
Feeling good, feeling bad, and feeling at‐risk: a review of incidental affect's influence on likelihood estimates of health hazards and life events

The recent increased interest among researchers in the ways in which emotion, mood, and affect influence risk perceptions is an important step in better understanding how people understand and perceive health risk information. However, the literature involving incidental affect (ambient mood) is not as well known. The 23 years of research examining incidental affect's influence on likelihood estimates of health hazards and life events has not previously been integrated and examined critically. This comprehensive review found that incidental affect influenced likelihood estimates in a predictable way. Individuals experiencing positive affect made more optimistic likelihood estimates than did individuals experiencing negative affect. Individuals experiencing negative affect made more pessimistic likelihood estimates than did individuals experiencing positive affect. Anger was unique among negatively valenced emotions by influencing judgments in the same way as positive affect (i.e., relatively optimistic likelihood estimates). Three theoretical explanations are offered, including one that addresses the role of anger specifically.
Forms of Leadership that Promote Inclusive Education in Cypriot Schools

A primary goal of many educational systems in different countries of the world is the offering of equal opportunities in education. My engagement with the literature that relates to inclusive education as well as the literature that relates to educational leadership leads to the conclusion that if we are interested in moving towards more inclusive practices one of the factors that has to be studied in depth, is leadership and its role in the development of these practices. This article studies, through four cases studies of Cypriot schools, the forms of leadership that promote inclusive education and how these forms of leadership manifest in the practices, activities and behaviours of the schools’ headteachers. By studying the four schools it became apparent that the patterns of leadership that supported inclusion were not static. Leaders were trying to understand the local context and then developed their own strategies. They also supported learning in informal learning environments and took into consideration children’s voices.
A Model for Early Afterdepolarizations: Induction With the Ca2+ Channel Agonist Bay K 8644

Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) are one mechanism proposed to cause certain cardiac arrhythmias. We studied the effect of the Ca2+ channel agonist Bay K 8644 (1 ± 10−8 to 5 ± 10−5 M) on normally polarized sheep and canine cardiac Purkinje fiber short segments. EADs occurred with higher Bay K 8644 concentrations and had an average take-off potential of −34 mV. The initiation of EADs was preceded by lengthening of action potential duration and flattening of the plateau. Induction of EADs with Bay K 8644 was enhanced by low stimulation frequencies, lowering of [K]0, addition of tetraethylammonium chloride, or application of depolarizing constant current pulses during the plateau. EADs were abolished by increasing stimulation frequency, raising [K]0, the addition of tetrodotoxin, lidocaine, ethmozin, verapamil, and nitrendipine, or application of repolarizing constant current pulses. Using current pulses to modify the action potential plateau, a steep inverse relationship was found between the EAD peak voltage and its take-off potential, and EADs could be initiated over only a narrow range of take-off potentials. Thus, interventions that suppressed EADs shortened action potential duration or shifted the plateau away from the voltage.range needed to initiate EADs. These observations suggest that mechanisms dependent on both time and voltage underlie EADs, and provide a unifying hypothesis for the induction of the EADs. We propose that induction of EADs requires 1) lengthening of action potential duration within a plateau voltage range where 2) recovery from inactivation and reactivation of an inward current possibly carried through Ca2+ channels can occur.
Examining the organizational culture and organizational performance link

Examines organizational culture and organizational performance via a discussion of the models of culture and the empirical research conducted to investigate the causal relationship between them. Despite claims of a causal relationship, the culture‐performance link remains unclear. There is a need to improve on the application of the concepts involved. Methodological issues as well as the influence of moderator variables are suggested for consideration in future research.
Sodium channel gating: models, mimics, and modifiers.

Springing from work utilizing numerous preparations and varied bio­ chemical and electrophysiological approaches, a small flood of articles, reviewing diverse studies on sodium channels, has appeared in the last few years (6, 22, 29, 3 1, 37, 77, 138, 139, 170, 174). Rapidly converging lines of work employ techniques for isolation of channel receptor proteins (13, 37, 139), voltage clamp studies of cellular preparations in which channels are modified by group-specific chemical reagents (29), reconstitution of functional channels into lipid vesicles (101, 170, 172), measurements of intramembrane charge movement (3, 6, 22), and treatment by various drugs that modify or mimic physiological sodium channel gating (174). The patch clamp technique (79, 121, 122) has recently made possible the recording of single sodium channel currents in a variety of preparations (65, 89, 90, 160). While much detailed work remains to be done, all of the elements required to assemble a complete description of sodium channel gating, from the response of macromolecular intramembrane charges to a change in membrane field, through the opening and closing of single channels, to the generation of time-variant, voltage-dependent macroscopic currents across the membrane, are now experimentally accessible. The culminating physiological description will require the gathering of all these elements from a single preparation, and their integration into a quantitatively accurate picture.
Master Concepts in the Field of Death, Dying, and Bereavement: Coping Versus Adaptive Strategies

This article proposes that thanatological studies attempt to develop broad master concepts that integrate knowledge both within the field and in relation to other disciplines. The authors then debate the adequacy of two possible master concepts—coping or adaptation—as ways to increase understandings of responses to events related to death and loss, such as dying, bereavement, grief, and mourning. Each of the co-authors of this article offers arguments and a rejoinder or rebuttal on behalf of one of these favored concepts. The article concludes by noting areas in which they agree in this discussion and by suggesting ways in which the discussion itself can benefit our field.
Gender Differences in Drug Use, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Risky Sexual Behavior Among Arrested Youths

Data was collected on arrested youths processed at a centralized intake facility, including youths released back to the community and those placed in secure detention. This article reports the results of a test of a structural model involving newly arrested male and female youths' sexually transmitted diseases (STD) test results, urine analysis results for recent cocaine and marijuana use, and self-reported engaging in risky sexual behavior. The across-gender, multiple-group model involved (1) a confirmatory factor analysis of these variables, reflecting a latent variable labeled Risk, (2) a regression of Risk on the youths' age, and (3) an examination of the covariance between Risk and the youths' race and seriousness of arrest charge. Results indicate the youths' STD status, drug use, and reported risky sexual behavior are interrelated phenomena, similarly experienced across gender. Age was the only correlate of Risk status that demonstrated a significant gender group difference. The youths' race and seriousness of arrest charges did not significantly affect Risk, regardless of gender. Research and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Gender, Jealousy, and Reason

Research has suggested that men are especially bothered by evidence of their partner's sexual infidelity, whereas women are troubled more by evidence of emotional infidelity One evolutionary account (Buss, Larsen, Westen, & Semmelroth, 1992) argues that this is an innate difference, arising from men's need for paternity certainty and women's need for male investment in their offspring We suggest that the difference may instead be based on reasonable differences between the sexes in how they interpret evidence of infidelity A man, thinking that women have sex only when in love, has reason to believe that if his mate has sex with another man, she is in love with that other A woman, thinking that men can have sex without love, should still be bothered by sexual infidelity, but less so because it does not imply that her mate has fallen in love as well A survey of 137 subjects confirmed that men and women do differ in the predicted direction in how much they think each form of infidelity implies the other, proposing innate emotional differences may, therefore, be gratuitous
Effort is virtuous: teacher preferences of pupil effort, ability and grading in physical education

Summary Based on contemporary psychological approaches to attribution and emotions, this paper reports on three groups of pre‐ and inservice teachers and their preferences for different grading criteria for pupils based on the amount of effort and ability displayed in physical education. Consistent with our hypothesis derived from social psychological theories of social emotion, we found a clear preference for working with pupils who show effort. Two primary education student samples preferred students to achieve success in PE through effort rather than ability, whereas a sample of secondary PE teachers had a slight preference for high effort and high ability. This confirms other attributional research where ‘effort is virtuous’. As far as grading procedures were concerned, all three groups preferred to use pupil progress and effort the most. Scores on physical fitness tests and the performance of pupils relative to others were the least preferred options. Effort‐based grading procedures were correlated w.
Perceived holistic health effects of three levels of music participation

A study was conducted, utilizing measurements of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and cortisol to investigate the effects of active and passive participation in music. Researchers found a significant increase in sIgA between pre and post group singing, following two practices and a performance. It was also found that cortisol significantly decreased after practices, but significantly increased following the performance. A significant increase in sIgA between pre and post group singing was found without any increase for pre and post listening, while conduct research with members of a professional choir. A significant decrease in cortisol was also found between pre and post listening without any increase between pre and post singing. The members of three choirs were asked to participate in a survey, investigating effects of experiences of music. The items related to the 3 levels of participation were mixed with other items of choir practices.