Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The control processes and subjective well-being of Chinese teachers: evidence of convergence with and divergence from the key propositions of the motivational theory of life-span development

An analytical review of the motivational theory of life-span development reveals that this theory has undergone a series of elegant theoretical integrations. Its claim to universality nonetheless brings forth unresolved controversies. With the purpose of scrutinizing the key propositions of this theory, an empirical study was designed to examine the control processes and subjective well-being of Chinese teachers (N = 637). The OPS-Scales (Optimization in Primary and Secondary Control Scales) for the Domain of Teaching were constructed to assess patterns of control processes. Three facets of subjective well-being were investigated with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Life Satisfaction Scale, and the Subjective Vitality Scale. The results revealed certain aspects of alignment with and certain divergences from the key propositions of the motivational theory of life-span development. Neither “primacy of primary control” nor “primacy of secondary control” was clearly supported. Notably, using different criteria for subjective well-being yielded different subtypes of primary and secondary control as predictors. The hypothesized life-span trajectories of primary and secondary control received limited support. To advance the theory in this area, we recommend incorporating Lakatos' ideas about sophisticated falsification by specifying the hard core of the motivational theory of life-span development and articulating new auxiliary hypotheses.
The French Betrayal of Rwanda

After the Holocaust, the victorious Allies pledged "never again" and enshrined their promise in the UN Convention on Genocide. Daniela Kroslak explores what the responsibility to prevent genocide entails by asking the following questions about what happened in Rwanda in 1994: To what extent can external actors, such as the French government, be held responsible for not preventing or suppressing genocide? Why did outsiders remain passive while Hutu extremists perpetrated genocide against their compatriots? How can the French government's responsibility be evaluated? What was France's role in the chilling events that took place in Rwanda? Focusing on three key themes French awareness of the impending disaster, French involvement before the genocide, and French diplomatic efforts and military capacity to change the tide Kroslak concludes that "never again" must be upheld by action and accountability. "
A Frequent Itemsets Mining Algorithm Based on Matrix in Sliding Window over Data Streams

According to the nature of data stream which can only scans database several times, this paper proposed a mining frequent item sets algorithm based on matrix in sliding window over data streams. The algorithm used two 0-1 matrices to store transaction and 2-itemsets, then we could get frequent item sets through some relative operation of the two matrices. Experimental results demonstrated the efficiency of the algorithm.
A POCS Algorithm Based on Text Features for the Reconstruction of Document Images at Super-Resolution

In order to address the problem of the uncertainty of existing noise models and of the complexity and changeability of the edges and textures of low-resolution document images, this paper presents a projection onto convex sets (POCS) algorithm based on text features. The current method preserves the edge details and smooths the noise in text images by adding text features as constraints to original POCS algorithms and converting the fixed threshold to an adaptive one. In this paper, the optimized scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm was used for the registration of continuous frames, and finally the image was reconstructed under the improved POCS theoretical framework. Experimental results showed that the algorithm can significantly smooth the noise and eliminate noise caused by the shadows of the lines. The lines of the reconstructed text are smoother and the stroke contours of the reconstructed text are clearer, and this largely eliminates the text edge vibration to enhance the resolution of the document image text.
C4.5 and Imbalanced Data sets: Investigating the eect of sampling method, probabilistic estimate, and decision tree structure

Imbalanced data sets are becoming ubiquitous, as many applications have very few instances of the \interesting" or \abnormal" class. Traditional machine learning algorithms can be biased towards majority class due to over-prevalence. It is desired that the interesting (minority) class prediction be improved, even if at the cost of additional majority class errors. In this paper, we study three issues, usually considered separately, concerning decision trees and imbalanced data sets | quality of probabilistic estimates, pruning, and eect of preprocessing the imbalanced data set by over or undersampling methods such that a fairly balanced training set is provided to the decision trees. We consider each issue independently and in conjunction with each other, highlighting the scenarios where one method might be preferred over another for learning decision trees from imbalanced data sets.
Admission Control and QoS for Continuous Media Displays in MANETs

We consider continuous media delivery over a mobile ad-hoc network of vehicles equipped with car-to-car peer-topeer (C2P2) devices. While the provision of high-bandwidth continuous media content with tight QoS requirements is challenging even in static networks, it is considerably more challenging when the network topology is dynamic due to node mobility. In this paper, we develop a unified client-centric, distributed admission control framework for such a C2P2 network. Under this framework, we develop several admission control strategies, namely, server count-based admission (SC), server bandwidthbased admission (SB), path bandwidth-based admission (PB), and finally a mobility-based admission (MAD [4]) policy, which can be further enhanced using a second-level sampling-based admission policy. We also develop QoS utility models to quantify the performance of these policies. These policies are then evaluated through extensive experimental simulations. Our results show conclusively that traditional admission control strategies do not work, and that MAD can provide orders of magnitude improvement when compared with no admission control.
An Empirical Study on the Structural Complexity Introduced by Core and Peripheral Developers in Free Software Projects

Background: Several factors may impact the process of software maintenance and evolution of free software projects, including structural complexity and lack of control over its contributors. Structural complexity, an architectural concern, makes software projects more difficult to understand, and consequently more difficult to maintain and evolve. The contributors in a free software project exhibit different levels of participation in the project, and can be categorized as core and peripheral developers. Research aim: This research aims at characterising the changes made to the source code of 7 web server projects written in C with respect to the amount of structural complexity added or removed and the developer level of participation. Method: We performed a observational study with historical data collected from the version control repositories of those projects, recording structural complexity information for each change as well as identifying each change as performed by a core or a peripheral developer. Results and conclusions: We have found that core developers introduce less structural complexity than peripheral developers in general, and that in the case of complexity-reducing activities, core developers remove more structural complexity than peripheral developers. These results demonstrate the importance of having a stable and healthy core team to the sustainability of free software projects.
Evidence for Narrow Transfer after Short-Term Cognitive Training in Older Adults

The degree to which “brain training” can improve general cognition, resulting in improved performance on tasks dissimilar from the trained tasks (transfer of training), is a controversial topic. Here, we tested the degree to which cognitive training, in the form of gamified training activities that have demonstrated some degree of success in the past, might result in broad transfer. Sixty older adults were randomly assigned to a gamified cognitive training intervention or to an active control condition that involved playing word and number puzzle games. Participants were provided with tablet computers and asked to engage in their assigned training for 30 45-min training sessions over the course of 1 month. Although intervention adherence was acceptable, little evidence for transfer was observed except for the performance of one task that most resembled the gamified cognitive training: There was a trend for greater improvement on a version of the corsi block tapping task for the cognitive training group relative to the control group. This task was very similar to one of the training games. Results suggest that participants were learning specific skills and strategies from game training that influenced their performance on a similar task. However, even this near-transfer effect was weak. Although the results were not positive with respect to broad transfer of training, longer duration studies with larger samples and the addition of a retention period are necessary before the benefit of this specific intervention can be ruled out.
Non-thermal bremsstrahlung from supernova remnants and the effect of Coulomb losses

Aims. We investigate the shape of the electron cosmic ray spectrum in the range up to ∼1000 keV, assuming that the acceleration process at the shock results in a power law in momentum, and that downstream of the shock the spectrum is affected by Coulomb interactions with background electrons only. Methods. In the non-relativistic regime one can analytically determine the energy of an electron starting with a certain energy, and use this result to produce an electron cosmic ray spectrum, modified by Coulomb losses. Results. An analytic expression for the electron spectrum is obtained that depends on the parameter net, which can be estimated from a similar parameter used to characterize the line spectra of supernova remnants. Conclusions. For the brightest supernova remnants net > 10 11 cm −3 s, and most of the electrons accelerated to <100 keV have lost their energy. Because of its high radio flux, Cas A is the most likely candidate for non-thermal bremsstrahlung. Although it has net ∼ 2 × 10 11 cm −3 s, one may expect to pick up non-thermal bremsstrahlung above 100 keV with current hard X-ray detectors.
Suppression of proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes by a tetravalent guanylhydrazone

An overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines by activated macrophages/monocytes mediates the injurious sequelae of inflammation, septic shock, tissue injury, and cachexia. We recently synthesized a tetravalent guanylhydrazone compound (CNI-1493) that inhibits cytokine- inducible arginine transport and nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages, and protects mice against lethal endotoxemia and carrageenan-induced inflammation. During these investigations we noticed that CNI-1493 effectively prevented lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced NO production, even when added in concentrations 10-fold less than required to competitively inhibit L-arginine uptake, suggesting that the suppressive effects of this guanylhydrazone compound might extend to other LPS-induced responses. Here, we report that CNI-1493 suppressed the LPS-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukins 1beta and 6, macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta) from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cytokine suppression was specific, in that CNI-1493 did not inhibit either the constitutive synthesis of transforming growth factor beta or the upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). In contrast to the macrophage suppressive actions of dexamethasone, which are overridden in the presence of IFN-gamma, CNI-1493 retained its suppressive effects even in the presence of IFN-gamma. The mechanism of cytokine- suppressive action by CNI-1493 was independent of extracellular L- arginine content and NO production and is not restricted to induction by LPS. As a selective inhibitor of macrophage activation that prevents TNF production, this tetravalent guanylhydrazone could be useful in the development of cytokine-suppressive agents for the treatment of diseases mediated by overproduction of cytokines.
Guaranteed Tensor PCA with Optimality in Statistics and Computation

Tensors, or high-order arrays, attract much attention in recent research. In this paper, we propose a general framework for tensor principal component analysis (tensor PCA), which focuses on the methodology and theory for extracting the hidden low-rank structure from the high-dimensional tensor data. A unified solution is provided for tensor PCA with considerations in both statistical limits and computational costs. The problem exhibits three different phases according to the signal-noise-ratio (SNR). In particular, with strong SNR, we propose a fast spectral power iteration method that achieves the minimax optimal rate of convergence in estimation; with weak SNR, the information-theoretical lower bound shows that it is impossible to have consistent estimation in general; with moderate SNR, we show that the non-convex maximum likelihood estimation provides optimal solution, but with NPhard computational cost; moreover, under the hardness hypothesis of hypergraphic planted clique detection, there are no polynomial-time algorithms performing consistently in general. Simulation studies show that the proposed spectral power iteration method have good performance under a variety of settings. Anru Zhang is Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, E-mail: anruzhang@stat.wisc. edu; Dong Xia is Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, E-mail: dongxia@stat.wisc. edu.
Poststroke Hip Fracture: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, Mineral-Bone Metabolism, Outcomes, and Gaps in Prevention

Objective. To assess the prevalence, clinical and laboratory characteristics, and short-term outcomes of poststroke hip fracture (HF). Methods. A cross-sectional study of 761 consecutive patients aged ≥60 years (82.3 ± 8.8 years; 75% females) with osteoporotic HF. Results. The prevalence of poststroke HF was 13.1% occurring on average 2.4 years after the stroke. The poststroke group compared to the rest of the cohort had a higher proportion of women, subjects with dementia, history of TIA, hypertension, coronary artery disease, secondary hyperparathyroidism, higher serum vitamin B12 levels (>350 pmol/L), walking aid users, and living in residential care facilities. The majority of poststroke HF patients had vitamin D insufficiency (68%) and excess bone resorption (90%). This group had a 3-fold higher incidence of postoperative myocardial injury and need for institutionalisation. In multivariate analysis, independent indicators of poststroke HF were female sex (OR 3.6), history of TIA (OR 5.2), dementia (OR 4.1), hypertension (OR 3.2), use of walking aid (OR 2.5), and higher vitamin B12 level (OR 2.3). Only 15% of poststroke patients received antiosteoporotic therapy prior to HF. Conclusions. Approximately one in seven HFs occurs in older stroke survivors and are associated with poorer outcomes. Early implementation of fracture prevention strategies is needed.
The relation between physiological signals and F0: a quantitative analysis method

Measurements were obtained o f several physiologi­ cal mechanisms which are known to be important in the control o f fundamental frequency (Fo). The data were analysed by means o f a multiple regression analysis in which F0 is the criterion and the physiologi­ cal signals are the predictors. Separate analyses were carried out for statements and questions, and for fall­ ing and rising F0 . The results reveal no considerable differences in the control of F0 for the various datasets.
Efficacy and safety of a switch to latanoprost 0.005% + timolol maleate 0.5% fixed combination eyedrops from latanoprost 0.005% monotherapy

Background The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect and safety of latanoprost 0.005% + timolol maleate 0.5% fixed combination eyedrops, now available in Japan. Materials and methods Thirty-one patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma who had an insufficient intraocular pressure (IOP) decrease with latanoprost 0.005% eyedrop monotherapy were enrolled. The latanoprost 0.005% eyedrops were discontinued, and administration of latanoprost 0.005%/timolol maleate 0.5% fixed combination eyedrops was initiated without any washout period. IOP was compared before and at months 1, 3, and 6 after the switch. The incidence of adverse reactions was investigated at every follow-up visit. Results Mean IOP was 17.3 ± 2.7 mmHg before the switch, 15.5 ± 2.6 mmHg one month after the switch, 14.9 ± 2.4 mmHg 3 months after the switch, and 15.1 ± 2.2 mmHg 6 months after the switch, indicating that IOP decreased significantly after the change. The IOP reduction rate was 9.9% ± 11.5% after one month, 13.1% ± 10.9% after 3 months, and 11.2% ± 11.8% after 6 months. Two patients (6.5%) discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions (one case each of itchiness and bradycardia). Conclusion When latanoprost 0.005% eyedrop monotherapy was replaced by latanoprost 0.005% + timolol maleate 0.5% fixed combination eyedrops, IOP decreased significantly without increasing the frequency of administration, and safety was satisfactory.
Composition and Structure of a Large Online Social Network in the Netherlands

Limitations in data collection have long been an obstacle in research on friendship networks. Most earlier studies use either a sample of ego-networks, or complete network data on a relatively small group (e.g., a single organization). The rise of online social networking services such as Friendster and Facebook, however, provides researchers with opportunities to study friendship networks on a much larger scale. This study uses complete network data from Hyves, a popular online social networking service in the Netherlands, comprising over eight million members and over 400 million online friendship relations. In the first study of its kind for the Netherlands, I examine the structure of this network in terms of the degree distribution, characteristic path length, clustering, and degree assortativity. Results indicate that this network shares features of other large complex networks, but also deviates in other respects. In addition, a comparison with other online social networks shows that these networks show remarkable similarities.
Distinguishing Quantitative Electroencephalogram Findings between Adjustment Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder

Objective Adjustment disorder (ADJ) is a common diagnosis. However, it is difficult to distinguish ADJ from other major Axis I disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this study was to determine the distinguishing neurophysiological characteristics between ADJ and MDD using quantitative analysis of an electroencephalogram (QEEG). Methods The study included 30 patients with ADJ and 51 patients with MDD. Resting (eye closed) vigilance controlled EEG recordings were assessed at 19 electrode sites according to the international 10/20 system. QEEG absolute power and coherence were calculated for the delta, theta, alpha and beta bandwidths. Results Absolute powers of alpha and high beta bands, particularly at the frontocentral area, differed between MDD and ADJ group (p<0.05). Interhemispheric coherence values for the delta and beta bands were lower in the ADJ group than in the MDD group (p<0.05). Intrahemispheric coherence values for the alpha band were also lower in the ADJ group (p<0.05). Conclusion The differences in QEEG power and coherence in our investigation suggest that underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms may be different between ADJ and MDD.
E ¢ cient Distributed Simulation Through Dynamic Load Balancing

With recent advances in parallel computation, distributed simulation has become a viable way of dealing with time-consuming simulations. For distributed simulations to run e¢ciently, care must be taken in assigning the tasks (work) in the simulated system to the available physical processors in the computer system. An ine¢cient assignment can result in excessive communication times between processors and unfavorable load conditions. This leads to long run times, possibly giving performance worse than that with a uniprocessor sequential event-list implementation. This paper establishes the feasibility, and in some cases the necessity, of using dynamic task allocation (rather than a priori static allocation) in distributed simulation. A dynamic reallocation strategy is developed, and experiments on an iPSC/2 Hypercube indicate that signi.cant improvements in run time can be achieved at low cost.
Multiple-Instance Learning from Distributions

We propose a new theoretical framework for analyzing the multiple-instance learning (MIL) setting. In MIL, training examples are provided to a learning algorithm in the form of labeled sets, or "bags," of instances. Applications of MIL include 3-D quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction for drug discovery and content-based image retrieval for web search. The goal of an algorithm is to learn a function that correctly labels new bags or a function that correctly labels new instances. We propose that bags should be treated as latent distributions from which samples are observed. We show that it is possible to learn accurate instance - and bag-labeling functions in this setting as well as functions that correctly rank bags or instances under weak assumptions. Additionally, our theoretical results suggest that it is possible to learn to rank efficiently using traditional, well-studied "supervised" learning approaches. We perform an extensive empirical evaluation that supports the theoretical predictions entailed by the new framework. The proposed theoretical framework leads to a better understanding of the relationship between the MI and standard supervised learning settings, and it provides new methods for learning from MI data that are more accurate, more efficient, and have better understood theoretical properties than existing MI-specific algorithms.
Limits of (certain) CAT(0) groups, II: The Hopf property and the shortening argument

This is the second in a series of papers about torsion- free groups which act properly and cocompactly on a CAT(0) met- ric space with isolated flats and relatively thin triangles. Our approach is to adapt the methods of Sela and others for word- hyperbolic groups to this context of non-positive curvature. The main result in this paper is that (under certain technical hy- potheses) such a group as above is Hopfian. This (mostly) answers a question of Sela.