Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Power and Energy Characterization of an Open Source 25-Core Manycore Processor

The end of Dennard’s scaling and the looming power wall have made power and energy primary design goals for modern processors. Further, new applications such as cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) continue to necessitate increased performance and energy efficiency. Manycore processors show potential in addressing some of these issues. However, there is little detailed power and energy data on manycore processors. In this work, we carefully study detailed power and energy characteristics of Piton, a 25-core modern open source academic processor, including voltage versus frequency scaling, energy per instruction (EPI), memory system energy, network-on-chip (NoC) energy, thermal characteristics, and application performance and power consumption. This is the first detailed power and energy characterization of an open source manycore design implemented in silicon. The open source nature of the processor provides increased value, enabling detailed characterization verified against simulation and the ability to correlate results with the design and register transfer level (RTL) model. Additionally, this enables other researchers to utilize this work to build new power models, devise new research directions, and perform accurate power and energy research using the open source processor. The characterization data reveals a number of interesting insights, including that operand values have a large impact on EPI, recomputing data can be more energy efficient than loading it from memory, on-chip data transmission (NoC) energy is low, and insights on energy efficient multithreaded core design. All data collected and the hardware infrastructure used is open source and available for download at http://www.openpiton. org.
The Development of a New Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor for Low Pressures

This paper presents the design methodology and fabrication process of a novel piezoresistive pressure sensor with a combined cross-beam membrane and peninsula (CBMP) diaphragm structure for micropressure measurements. The sensor is then analyzed through various experiments. The sensor is primarily designed based on the optimized sensitivity, and a finite-element method is used to predict the stresses that are induced in the piezoresistors and the deflection of the membrane under different pressures. Compared to other traditional diaphragm types, a significant increase in sensitivity can be achieved by the proposed sensor, and the membrane deflection and nonlinearity error considerably decrease. The sensor fabrication process is performed on an n-type single-crystal silicon wafer, and photolithography is used with five masks to fabricate the sensing elements. Additionally, piezoresistors are formed by boron implantation. The experimental results indicate that the fabricated sensor with the CBMP membrane yields a high sensitivity of 25.7 mV/kPa and a low nonlinearity of −0.28% full-scale span for a pressure range of 0–5 kPa at room temperature.
Effects of summer and winter harvesting on element phytoextraction efficiency of Salix and Populus clones planted on contaminated soil

ABSTRACT The clones of fast-growing trees (FGTs) were investigated for phytoextraction of soil contaminated with risk elements (REs), especially Cd, Pb, and Zn. As a main experimental factor, the potential effect of biomass harvesting time was assessed. The field experiment with two Salix clones (S1 – (Salix schwerinii × Salix viminalis) × S. viminalis, S2 – S. × smithiana) and two Populus clones (P1 – Populus maximowiczii × Populus nigra, P2 – P. nigra) was established in April 2009. Shoots of all clones were first harvested in February 2012. After two further growing seasons, the first half of the trees was harvested in September 2013 before leaf fall (summer harvest) and the second half in February 2014 (winter harvest). Remediation factors (RFs) for all clones and all REs (except Pb for clone S1) were higher in the summer harvest. The highest annual RFs for Cd and for Zn (1.34 and 0.67%, respectively) were found for clone S2 and were significantly higher than other clones. Although no increased mortality of trees harvested in the summer was detected in the following season, the effect of summer harvesting on the phytoextraction potential of FGTs clones should be investigated in long-term studies.
Dependency of planned dose perturbation (PDP) on the spatial resolution of MapCHECK 2 detectors

The purpose of this study is to determine the dependency of the planned dose perturbation (PDP) algorithm (used in Sun Nuclear 3DVH software) on spatial resolution of the MapCHECK 2 detectors. In this study, ten brain (small target), ten brain (large target), ten prostate, and ten head‐and‐neck (H&N) cases were retrospectively selected for QA measurement. IMRT validation plans were delivered using the field‐by‐field technique with the MapCHECK 2 device. The measurements were performed using standard detector density (standard resolution; SR) and a doubled detector density (high resolution; HR) by merging regular with shifted measurements. SR and HR measurements were fed into the 3DVH software and ROI (region of interest), planning target volume (PTV), and organ at risk (OAR)) dose statistics (D95,Dmean. and Dmax) were determined for each. Differences of the dose statistics normalized to prescription dose for ROIs between original planning and PDP‐perturbed planning were calculated for SR(ΔDSR) and HR(ΔDHR), and difference between ΔDSR and ΔDHR(ΔDSR−HR=ΔDSR−DLDHR) was also calculated. In addition, 2D and 3D γ passing rates (GPRs) were determined for both resolutions, and a correlation between GPRs and ΔDSR or ΔDHR for PTV dose metrics was determined. No considerably high mean differences between ΔDSR and ΔDHR were found for almost all ROIs and plans (<2%); however, |ΔDSR|,|ΔDHR|, and |ΔDSR−HR| for PTV were found to significantly increase as the PTV size decreased (e.g., PTV size<5cc). And statistically significant differences between SR and HR were observed for OARs proximal to targets in large brain target and H&N cases. As plan modulation represented by fractional MU/prescription dose (MU/cGy) became more complex, the 2D/3D GPRs tended to decrease; however, the modulation complexity did not make any noticeable distinctions in the DVH statistics of PTV between SR and HR, excluding the small brain cases whose PTVs were extremely small (PTV=11.0±10.1cc). Moderate to strong negative correlations (−1<r<−0.3) between GPRs and PTV dose metrics indicated that small clinical errors for PTV occur at the higher GPRs. In conclusion, doubling the detector density of the MapCHECK 2 device is recommended for small targets (i.e., PTV<5cc) and multiple targets with complex geometry with minimum setup error in the DVH‐based plan evaluation. PACS numbers: 87.55. dk, 87.55. kd, 87.55. km, 87.55. Qr, 87.56. Fc
MAT 1 A variants are associated with hypertension , stroke , and markers of DNA damage and are modulated by plasma vitamin B-6 and folate 1 – 3

Background: The S-adenosylmethionine synthetase type 1 (MAT1A) gene encodes a key enzyme in one-carbon nutrient metabolism. Objective: This study aimed to determine the association ofMAT1A variants with homocysteine, DNA damage, and cardiovascular dis-
Ieee Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering Slashburn: Graph Compression and Mining beyond Caveman Communities

—Given a real world graph, how should we layout its edges? How can we compress it? These questions are closely related, and the typical approach so far is to find clique-like communities, like the 'cavemen graph', and compress them. We show that the block-diagonal mental image of the 'cavemen graph' is the wrong paradigm, in full agreement with earlier results that real world graphs have no good cuts. Instead, we propose to envision graphs as a collection of hubs connecting spokes, with super-hubs connecting the hubs, and so on, recursively. Based on the idea, we propose the SLASHBURN method to recursively split a graph into hubs and spokes connected only by the hubs. We also propose techniques to select the hubs and give an ordering to the spokes, in addition to the basic SLASHBURN. We give theoretical analysis of the proposed hub selection methods. Our view point has several advantages: (a) it avoids the 'no good cuts' problem, (b) it gives better compression, and (c) it leads to faster execution times for matrix-vector operations, which are the backbone of most graph processing tools. Through experiments, we show that SLASHBURN consistently outperforms other methods for all datasets, resulting in better compression and faster running time. Moreover, we show that SLASHBURN with the appropriate spokes ordering can further improve compression while hardly sacrificing the running time.
Schema learning for the cocktail party problem

Significance The “cocktail party problem” is encountered when sounds from different sources in the world mix in the air before arriving at the ear, requiring the brain to estimate individual sources from the received mixture. Sounds produced by a given source often exhibit consistencies in structure that might be useful for separating sources if they could be learned. Here we show that listeners rapidly learn the abstract structure shared by sounds from novel sources and use the learned structure to extract these sounds when they appear in mixtures. The involvement of learning and memory in our ability to hear one sound among many opens an avenue to understanding the role of statistical regularities in auditory scene analysis. The cocktail party problem requires listeners to infer individual sound sources from mixtures of sound. The problem can be solved only by leveraging regularities in natural sound sources, but little is known about how such regularities are internalized. We explored whether listeners learn source “schemas”—the abstract structure shared by different occurrences of the same type of sound source—and use them to infer sources from mixtures. We measured the ability of listeners to segregate mixtures of time-varying sources. In each experiment a subset of trials contained schema-based sources generated from a common template by transformations (transposition and time dilation) that introduced acoustic variation but preserved abstract structure. Across several tasks and classes of sound sources, schema-based sources consistently aided source separation, in some cases producing rapid improvements in performance over the first few exposures to a schema. Learning persisted across blocks that did not contain the learned schema, and listeners were able to learn and use multiple schemas simultaneously. No learning was evident when schema were presented in the task-irrelevant (i.e., distractor) source. However, learning from task-relevant stimuli showed signs of being implicit, in that listeners were no more likely to report that sources recurred in experiments containing schema-based sources than in control experiments containing no schema-based sources. The results implicate a mechanism for rapidly internalizing abstract sound structure, facilitating accurate perceptual organization of sound sources that recur in the environment.
Modeling a superficial radiotherapy X‐ray source for relative dose calculations

The purpose of this study was to empirically characterize and validate a kilovoltage (kV) X‐ray beam source model of a superficial X‐ray unit for relative dose calculations in water and assess the accuracy of the British Journal of Radiology Supplement 25 (BJR 25) percentage depth dose (PDD) data. We measured central axis PDDs and dose profiles using an Xstrahl 150 X‐ray system. We also compared the measured and calculated PDDs to those in the BJR 25. The Xstrahl source was modeled as an effective point source with varying spatial fluence and spectra. In‐air ionization chamber measurements were made along the x‐ and y‐axes of the X‐ray beam to derive the spatial fluence and half‐value layer (HVL) measurements were made to derive the spatially varying spectra. This beam characterization and resulting source model was used as input for our in‐house dose calculation software (kVDoseCalc) to compute radiation dose at points of interest (POIs). The PDDs and dose profiles were measured using 2, 5, and 15 cm cone sizes at 80, 120, 140, and 150 kVp energies in a scanning water phantom using IBA Farmer‐type ionization chambers of volumes 0.65 and 0.13 cc, respectively. The percent difference in the computed PDDs compared with our measurements range from −4.8% to 4.8%, with an overall mean percent difference and standard deviation of 1.5% and 0.7%, respectively. The percent difference between our PDD measurements and those from BJR 25 range from −14.0% to 15.7%, with an overall mean percent difference and standard deviation of 4.9% and 2.1%, respectively — showing that the measurements are in much better agreement with kVDoseCalc than BJR 25. The range in percent difference between kVDoseCalc and measurement for profiles was −5.9% to 5.9%, with an overall mean percent difference and standard deviation of 1.4% and 1.4%, respectively. The results demonstrate that our empirically based X‐ray source modeling approach for superficial X‐ray therapy can be used to accurately compute relative dose in a homogeneous water‐equivalent medium. They also show limitations in the accuracy of the BJR 25 PDD data. PACS number: 87.55. kh
Geometry function of a linear brachytherapy source

An equation is derived for the TG43 geometry function, G(r,θ), of a linear brachytherapy source in terms of its active length. This equation is validated by comparison to published values. It is then used to calculate values of the geometry function for the Model 200 103Pd seed, which is a segmented linear source. PACS number(s): 87.53. –j
Cognitive and Interpersonal Features of Intellectual Humility

Four studies examined intellectual humility—the degree to which people recognize that their beliefs might be wrong. Using a new Intellectual Humility (IH) Scale, Study 1 showed that intellectual humility was associated with variables related to openness, curiosity, tolerance of ambiguity, and low dogmatism. Study 2 revealed that participants high in intellectual humility were less certain that their beliefs about religion were correct and judged people less on the basis of their religious opinions. In Study 3, participants high in intellectual humility were less inclined to think that politicians who changed their attitudes were “flip-flopping,” and Study 4 showed that people high in intellectual humility were more attuned to the strength of persuasive arguments than those who were low. In addition to extending our understanding of intellectual humility, this research demonstrates that the IH Scale is a valid measure of the degree to which people recognize that their beliefs are fallible.
Biometric and Emotion Identification: An ECG Compression Based Method

We present an innovative and robust solution to both biometric and emotion identification using the electrocardiogram (ECG). The ECG represents the electrical signal that comes from the contraction of the heart muscles, indirectly representing the flow of blood inside the heart, it is known to convey a key that allows biometric identification. Moreover, due to its relationship with the nervous system, it also varies as a function of the emotional state. The use of information-theoretic data models, associated with data compression algorithms, allowed to effectively compare ECG records and infer the person identity, as well as emotional state at the time of data collection. The proposed method does not require ECG wave delineation or alignment, which reduces preprocessing error. The method is divided into three steps: (1) conversion of the real-valued ECG record into a symbolic time-series, using a quantization process; (2) conditional compression of the symbolic representation of the ECG, using the symbolic ECG records stored in the database as reference; (3) identification of the ECG record class, using a 1-NN (nearest neighbor) classifier. We obtained over 98% of accuracy in biometric identification, whereas in emotion recognition we attained over 90%. Therefore, the method adequately identify the person, and his/her emotion. Also, the proposed method is flexible and may be adapted to different problems, by the alteration of the templates for training the model.
Carotid Endarterectomy in Women versus Man: Patient Characteristics and Perioperative Complication (<30 Day)

AIM: Compare the basic characteristics of patients and to examine the existence of higher rates of perioperative complications (0 - 30 days) in women versus men after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS: This is a retrospective-prospective study included 270 patients with significant stenosis of carotid in whom CEA was performed, during the period from 2012 to 2017. Patients they were divided: group 1 - 100 female patients, group 2 - 170 male patients. RESULTS: No statistically significant age difference was observed between the two groups, group 1 - 66.01 years (SD 8.42, 46 to 86 years), group 2 - 66.46 years (SD 8.03, 47 to 85 years) (p = 0.659). Risk factors represent a greater prevalence in group 2, but the observed difference is not statistically significant. The average duration of surgery and the time of carotid artery clamping time were longer in group 1: (p = 0.002; p = 0.005). The number of classic endarterectomy with the patch was higher in women (41 (41%) versus 31 (18. 2%), p = 0.005), while the number of bilateral CEAs was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results of this study of this study did not indicate a greater presence of perioperative complications (< 30 days) in women versus male patients after CEA.
Livestock ownership is associated with higher odds of anaemia among preschool‐aged children, but not women of reproductive age in Ghana

Abstract Livestock ownership may influence anaemia through complex and possibly contradictory mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to determine the association of household livestock ownership with anaemia among women aged 15–49 years and children aged 6–59 months in Ghana and to examine the contribution of animal source foods (ASFs) to consumption patterns as a potential mechanism mediating this association. We analysed data on 4,441 women and 2,735 children from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey and 16,772 households from the Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6. Haemoglobin measurements were used to define anaemia (non‐pregnant women: <120 g/L; children: <110 g/L). Child‐ and household‐level ASF consumption data were collected from 24‐hour food group intake and food consumption and expenditure surveys, respectively. In multiple logistic regression models, household livestock ownership was associated with anaemia among children (OR, 95% CI: 1.5 [1.1, 2.0]), but not women (1.0 [0.83, 1.2]). Household ownership of chickens was associated with higher odds of anaemia among children (1.6 [1.2, 2.2]), but ownership of other animal species was not associated with anaemia among women or children. In path analyses, we observed no evidence of mediation of the association of household livestock ownership with child anaemia by ASF consumption. Ownership of livestock likely has limited importance for consumption of ASFs among young children in Ghana and may in fact place children at an increased risk of anaemia. Further research is needed to elucidate if and how pathogen exposure associated with livestock rearing may underlie this increased risk of anaemia.
Proteomics study of serum exosomes in Kawasaki disease patients with coronary artery aneurysms

Background To study the protein profile of the serum exosomes of patients with coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) caused by Kawasaki disease (KD). Methods Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to identify proteins from the exosomes of serum obtained from children with CAA caused by KD, as well as healthy controls. Differentially expressed proteins were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) analysis. Results Thirty two differentially expressed proteins were identified (18 up-regulated and 14 downregulated) from serum exosomes of children with CAA and were compared to healthy controls. The expression levels of 4 proteins (TN, RBP4, LRG1, and APOA4) were validated using Western blotting. Classification analysis and protein–protein network analysis showed that they are associated with multiple functional groups, including host immune response, inflammation, apoptotic process, developmental process, and biological adhesion process. Conclusions These findings establish a comprehensive proteomic profile of serum exosomes from children with CAA caused by KD, and provide additional insights into the mechanisms of CAA caused by KD.
Characterization of tensile fracture properties of paper

A relationship between stress and deformation can be evaluated from the load and elongation recorded in the tensile test of a strip of paper. This relationship characterizes the fracture properties of the paper. It shows how the stress acting across a fracture region decreases as the deformation increases.The relationship can be used in strength analysis by the finite element method and for the determination of various conventional fracture parameters such as fracture energy.The theory of characterization, a test method, and test results for three papers are presented.
Ensemble based real-time indoor localization using stray WiFi signal

Accurate indoor localization using minimalist hardware has a huge potential for energy savings and smart homes. Current indoor localization techniques involve deployment of complex arrays of sensors such as Bluetooth beacons, PIR sensors, etc. However, these sensors are commonly intrusive and the techniques require extra hardware, which might not be available in most homes, especially in underdeveloped countries. In this paper, we present an ensemble based learning technique to localize a user in an apartment (located in a residential complex) at room-level granularity. The method involves training an ensemble of classifiers on a weighted averages of RSSI of WiFi signals within a time window. The method uses only the existing WiFi infrastructure in the complex. The analysis was done on the data collected by us in a residential setup using an android application. The setup included 4 locations (2 Bedrooms, Living Room and a Kitchen). The total prediction accuracy achieved was 85.7%. The localization method was reaffirmed on the Dutch Residential Energy dataset (DRED), the accuracy achieved was 86.7%. The method is also tested on bluetooth beacon data of the DRED (accuracy of 96.8 % was achieved) to see the performance of the method when, much more stable and uniformly spread signal sources are available. The method can be utilized to impart better intelligence to smart home devices by imparting knowledge about the user(s) location.
Bulk-Limited Current Conduction in Amorphous InGaZnO Thin Films

The current conduction mechanism in radio frequency sputtered amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) films was investigated using model devices designed to mimic the carrier injection from an electrode to an a-IGZO channel in thin-film transistors. Interface-limited mechanisms, such as thermionic emission and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, clearly fail to fit the current-voltage (I-V) curves. Instead, the I-V characteristics of the a-IGZO devices fit well within the framework of space-charge-limited current, whereas the conduction is enhanced by the Frenkel effect at high field (>0.1 MV/cm).