Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Internal Migration on Local Labor Markets: American Cities during the Great Depression

The Great Depression offers a unique laboratory to investigate the causal impact of migration on local labor markets. We use variation in the generosity of New Deal programs and extreme weather events to instrument for migrant flows to and from U.S. cities. In-migration had little effect on the hourly earnings of existing residents. Instead, in-migration prompted some residents to move away and others to lose weeks of work or access to relief jobs. For every 10 arrivals, we estimate that 1.9 residents moved out, 2.1 were prevented from finding a relief job, and 1.9 shifted from full-time to part-time work.
UR Scholarship Repository UR Scholarship Repository Layoffs, Top Executive Pay, and Firm Performance Layoffs, Top Executive Pay, and Firm Performance Layoffs, Top Executive Pay, and Firm Performance

This paper examines the connection between layoffs, executive pay, and stock prices. Firms that announce layoffs in the previous year pay their CEOs more, and give their CEOs larger percentage raises than firms which do not have at least one layoff announcement in the previous year. However, the likelihood of announcing a layoff varies dramatically along other dimensions, for example firm size, which are also correlated with CEO pay. Once firm-specific fixed effects are controlled for, the CEO pay premium for laying off workers disappears. In addition, there is a small negative share price reaction to layoff announcements.
Sudden Death and Gradual Decay in Visual Working Memory

General Douglas MacArthur remarked that “old soldiers never die; they just fade away. ” For decades, researchers have concluded that visual working memories, like old soldiers, fade away gradually, becoming progressively less precise as they are retained for longer periods of time. However, these conclusions were based on threshold-estimation procedures in which the complete termination of a memory could artifactually produce the appearance of lower precision. Here, we use a recall-based visual working memory paradigm that provides separate measures of the probability that a memory is available and the precision of the memory when it is available. Using this paradigm, we demonstrate that visual working memory representations may be retained for several seconds with little or no loss of precision, but that they may terminate suddenly and completely during this period.
Development of a Recombination System for the Generation of Occlusion Positive Genetically Modified Anticarsia Gemmatalis Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus

Anticarsia gemmatalis is an important pest in legume crops in South America and it has been successfully controlled using Anticarsia gemmatalis Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) in subtropical climate zones. Nevertheless, in temperate climates its speed of kill is too slow. Taking this into account, genetic modification of AgMNPV could lead to improvements of its biopesticidal properties. Here we report the generation of a two-component system that allows the production of recombinant AgMNPV. This system is based on a parental AgMNPV in which the polyhedrin gene (polh) was replaced by a bacterial β-galactosidase (lacZ) gene flanked by two target sites for the homing endonuclease I-PpoI. Co-transfection of insect cells with linearized (I-PpoI-digested) parental genome and a transfer vector allowed the restitution of polh and the expression of a heterologous gene upon homologous recombination, with a low background of non-recombinant AgMNPV. The system was validated by constructing a recombinant occlusion-positive (polh+) AgMNPV expressing the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp). This recombinant virus infected larvae normally per os and led to the expression of GFP in cell culture as well as in A. gemmatalis larvae. These results demonstrate that the system is an efficient method for the generation of recombinant AgMNPV expressing heterologous genes, which can be used for manifold purposes, including biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications and the production of orally infectious recombinants with improved biopesticidal properties.
Implementations of Context Based Value Predictors

Execution paradigms that eliminate data dependences based on value prediction h ave been shown to have significant performance potential. High accuracy value prediction is es sential for the success of such paradigms. Recently it was shown that context-basedprediction can predict values with high accuracy. A context-based predictor learns the values that follow a particular contex t (s quence of values) and predicts one of the values when the context repeats. However, the goal of t he earlier study was to determine the limits of value predictability using unbounded tables. In this paper we discuss implementations of context-based value predicto rs using two level table organizations. The important new elements introduced in this paper are fix ed size tables and sharing of prediction information among instructions. Some other dimensions of context-based prediction such as context order, aliasing and hash functions are also examined. A variety o f implementations of the proposed value predictor are evaluated for SPECINT95 benchmarks by com paring their prediction performance to the “ideal” performance with unbounded tables. Such predicto rs obtain accuracies that approach that of “ideal” predictors. Aliasing is found to be a significant cau se for misprediction. Aliasing is mitigated by using tables that capture accurate value history per instru ction. Prediction rates for SPECFP95 benchmarks are evaluated and found to often exceed 90% accuracy. The pro pos d predictor is also compared against stride and last value predictors. Stride and last v alue do better than contextbased prediction for small tables but context-based prediction is superio r with increasing table size. The sensitivity of the context-based prediction to the size of the in put data is explored and found to be relatively insignificant.
Pro-Inflammatory Activated Kupffer Cells by Lipids Induce Hepatic NKT Cells Deficiency through Activation-Induced Cell Death

Background Dietary lipids play an important role in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through alternation of liver innate immune response. Aims The present study was to investigate the effect of lipid on Kupffer cells phenotype and function in vivo and in vitro. And further to investigate the impact of lipid on ability of Kupffer cell lipid antigen presentation to activate NKT cells. Methods Wild type male C57BL/6 mice were fed either normal or high-fat diet. Hepatic steatosis, Kupffer cell abundance, NKT cell number and cytokine gene expression were evaluated. Antigen presentation assay was performed with Kupffer cells treated with certain fatty acids in vitro and co-cultured with NKT cells. Results High-fat diet induced hepatosteatosis, significantly increased Kupffer cells and decreased hepatic NKT cells. Lipid treatment in vivo or in vitro induced increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells expressed high levels of CD1d on cell surface and only presented exogenous lipid antigen to activate NKT cells. Ability of Kupffer cells to present antigen and activate NKT cells was enhanced after lipid treatment. In addition, pro-inflammatory activated Kupffer cells by lipid treatment induced hepatic NKT cells activation-induced apoptosis and necrosis. Conclusion High-fat diet increase Kupffer cells number and induce their pro-inflammatory status. Pro-inflammatory activated Kupfffer cells by lipid promote hepatic NKT cell over-activation and cell death, which lead to further hepatic NKT cell deficiency in the development of NAFLD.
International Relations in Psychiatry: Britain, Germany, and the United States to World War II.

The decades around 1900 were crucial in the evolution of modern medical and social sciences, and in the formation of various national health services systems. The modern fields of psychiatry and mental health care are located at the intersection of these spheres. There emerged concepts, practices, and institutions that marked responses to challenges posed by urbanization, industrialization, and the formation of the nation-state. These psychiatric responses were locally distinctive, and yet at the same time established influential models with an international impact. In spite of rising nationalism in Europe, the intellectual, institutional, and material resources that emerged in the various local and national contexts were rapidly observed to have had an impact beyond any national boundaries. In numerous ways, innovations were adopted and refashioned for the needs and purposes of new national and local systems. International Relations in Psychiatry: Britain, Germany, and the United States to World War II brings together hitherto separate approaches from the social, political, and cultural history of medicine and health care and argues that modern psychiatry developed in a constant, though not always continuous, transfer of ideas, perceptions, and experts across national borders. Contributors: John C. Burnham, Eric J. Engstrom, Rhodri Hayward, Mark Jackson, Pamela Michael, Hans Pols, Volker Roelcke, Heinz-Peter Schmiedebach, Mathew Thomson, Paul J. Weindling, Louise Westwood Volker Roelcke is professor and director at the Institute for the History of Medicine, Giessen University, Germany. Paul J. Weindling is professor in the history of medicine, Oxford Brookes University, UK. Louise Westwood is honorary research reader, University of Sussex, UK.
A comparison of two visual inspection methods for cervical cancer screening among HIV-infected women in Kenya.

OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal strategy for cervical cancer screening in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by comparing two strategies: visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) and VIA followed immediately by visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI) in women with a positive VIA result. METHODS Data from a cervical cancer screening programme embedded in two HIV clinic sites in western Kenya were evaluated. Women at a central site underwent VIA, while women at a peripheral site underwent VIA/VILI. All women positive for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN 2+) on VIA and/or VILI had a confirmatory colposcopy, with a biopsy if necessary. Overall test positivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and the CIN 2+ detection rate were calculated for the two screening methods, with biopsy being the gold standard. FINDINGS Between October 2007 and October 2010, 2338 women were screened with VIA and 1124 with VIA/VILI. In the VIA group, 26.4% of the women tested positive for CIN 2+; in the VIA/VILI group, 21.7% tested positive (P < 0.01). Histologically confirmed CIN 2+ was detected in 8.9% and 7.8% (P = 0.27) of women in the VIA and VIA/VILI groups, respectively. The PPV of VIA for biopsy-confirmed CIN 2+ in a single round of screening was 35.2%, compared with 38.2% for VIA/VILI (P = 0.41). CONCLUSION The absence of any differences between VIA and VIA/VILI in detection rates or PPV for CIN 2+ suggests that VIA, an easy testing procedure, can be used alone as a cervical cancer screening strategy in low-income settings.
Public Management and Performance: Public service motivation and performance

Public administration is a hybrid field of study that has borrowed heavily from other disciplines such as management, political science and economics. One mark of the field’s vitality and sustainability is how well it has leveraged this interactive knowledge base to create new insights and lines of inquiry that advance the state of knowledge overall. Public service motivation (PSM) is one example of a native public management concept that represents this type of progress. (Another example is red tape which is covered in Chapter 5 of this volume.) The relationship between PSM and performance is a matter of utmost importance to scholars and practitioners in the field of public administration. Scholars want to identify predictable linkages between what motivates individuals and drives organizational performance. Practitioners, in turn, are searching for ways to achieve goals and produce results in public organiza­tions. PSM may thus be a way to improve individual and organizational performance. But is PSM related to performance in fact? Brewer (2008) recently noted the importance of the relationship between PSM and performance and conducted a comprehensive review of empirical studies on the topic. He turned up only a handful of studies and found that the evidence was inconclusive. He then called for more research. Fortunately, scholars have been responsive to this call; they have published several additional studies in recent years that help to clarify the relationship between PSM and performance. h at work is brought current in this chapter, which assesses the current state of knowledge on the PSM–performance relationship and seeks to advance our understanding of it. The chapter begins with an introductory section on the origin and development of the PSM concept, followed by a discussion of the theoretical and practical bases for expecting a positive relationship between PSM and performance. Evidence from previous research is then reviewed in detail.
A Guide to Graduate Study in Economics: Ranking Economics Departments by Fields of Expertise

Ph.D. programs in economics are ranked overall and by subject field. The results provide insight to students researching graduate programs in economics in specific subject fields. Results indicate that (i) differences in overall research productivity measures diminish as a university's rank declines; (ii) a university ranked highly in a particular subject field may be the result of a single, extremely productive faculty member; and (iii) many programs outside the traditional top 20 programs are ranked high in specific subject fields.
ODE/DAE Integrators and MOL Problems

The method of lines has been successfully used in many areas of science and engineering to solve partial differential equations numerically. It has long been noted that the finite dimensional problem that is actually integrated is often a differential algebraic equation (DAE). In recent years there has been considerable progress on a variety of numerical methods for DAEs. This paper examines some of the new kinds of behavior that need to be watched out for as DAE integrators are used on finite dimensional approximations of wider classes of problems.
A Comprehensive Review on Fluid Dynamics and Transport of Suspension/Liquid Droplets and Particles in High-Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) Thermal Spray

In thermal spraying processes, molten, semi-molten, or solid particles, which are sufficiently fast in a stream of gas, are deposited on a substrate. These particles can plastically deform while impacting on the substrate, which results in the formation of well-adhered and dense coatings. Clearly, particles in flight conditions, such as velocity, trajectory, temperature, and melting state, have enormous influence on the coating properties and should be well understood to control and improve the coating quality. The focus of this study is on the high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying and high velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS) techniques, which are widely used in academia and industry to generate different types of coatings. Extensive numerical and experimental studies were carried out and are still in progress to estimate the particle in-flight behavior in thermal spray processes. In this review paper, the fundamental phenomena involved in the mentioned thermal spray techniques, such as shock diamonds, combustion, primary atomization, secondary atomization, etc., are discussed comprehensively. In addition, the basic aspects and emerging trends in simulation of thermal spray processes are reviewed. The numerical approaches such as Eulerian-Lagrangian and volume of fluid along with their advantages and disadvantages are explained in detail. Furthermore, this article provides a detailed review on simulation studies published to date.
One sex, one school, who wins: How single-sex learning environments impact educational attainment, socio-emotional health, and ambitions

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact ecommons@luc.edu. iii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I feel it necessary to express my deep and undying gratitude to the people who made this work possible. I would first and foremost like to thank Loyola University Chicago for providing me with the tools and resources necessary, both as an undergraduate and graduate student, to complete this project. I extend a particular debt of gratitude to Kate Phillippo for her patience and guidance throughout, not only the project, but the entirety of my time in the program. I would also like to thank Noah Sobe for lending his eyes and time to this paper, his contributions were invaluable. I would also like to thank all the fine educators I had the privilege of learning under at Omaha Creighton Prep, particularly Jeannie Brayman and Barbara Hake who played an instrumental role in shaping my skills and passions. Thank you is not a strong enough word for both of my parents, Bill and Linda Kirshenbaum. I could fill a volume the size of Memorial Stadium and still not hit half of the ways they have helped and sacrificed to enable me to reach where I am today. In that same breath I also must thank my sister who pushes me to always try harder. To the greatest friends in the world, thank you for your support, feigned interest, and helping me keep everything basic in this project. In that same vein, thank you to my past and present students who probably teach me more than I teach them. iv iv Last, but most certainly not least, my undying thanks to Alexandra Jones, without whom I would have almost certainly lost my mind months ago. Thank you for always being there. I could not have done this without any of you. v v ABSTRACT Research on single-sex schools has covered a variety of matters regarding the effectiveness of their programs. This paper examines research on single-sex schools over the past 30 years in an effort to harmonize the past discourse with present trends. Journal articles and government research were used to synthesize the variety of methods used to ascertain whether single-sex schools have a positive influence on …
Some assembly required: leveraging Web science to understand and enable team assembly

Recent advances on the Web have generated unprecedented opportunities for individuals around the world to assemble into teams. And yet, because of the Web, the nature of teams and how they are assembled has changed radically. Today, many teams are ad hoc, agile, distributed, transient entities that are assembled from a larger primordial network of relationships within virtual communities. These assemblages possess the potential to unleash the high levels of creativity and innovation necessary for productively addressing many of the daunting challenges confronting contemporary society. This article argues that Web science is particularly well suited to help us realize this potential by making a substantial interdisciplinary intellectual investment in (i) advancing theories that explain our socio-technical motivations to form teams, (ii) the development of new analytic methods and models to untangle the unique influences of these motivations on team assembly, (iii) harvesting, curating and leveraging the digital trace data offered by the Web to test our models, and (iv) implementing recommender systems that use insights gleaned from our richer theoretical understanding of the motivations that lead to effective team assembly.
Estimation of the bronchodilatory effect of deep inhalation after a free run in children

The bronchomotor effects of a deep inhalation (DI) may provide relevant information about the mechanisms of exercise-induced airway obstruction in children and may be assessed by respiratory conductance (Grs) measured using the forced oscillation technique. The aims of the present study were to assess the effect of DI on Grs after exercise in relationship to the lung function response to exercise. Grs at 12 Hz using a head generator and spirometric data were measured in 62 children suspected of asthma before and 5 min after a 6-min free run. After exercise, Grs was significantly increased by DI in 38 subjects, who also showed larger Grs and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) responses to exercise than the 24 nonresponders. Stepwise regression indicated significant correlation between the response of Grs to DI and both Grs and FEV1/FVC responses to exercise. The data are consistent with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction being reversed by deep inhalation.
The International Monetary Fund in the Global Economy: Banks, Bonds, and Bailouts

1. The International Monetary Fund in the global economy 2. Global finance and the politics of IMF lending: theory 3. Global finance and the politics of IMF lending: evidence 4. Global finance and IMF lending to Mexico, 1983-1995 5. Global finance and IMF lending to South Korea, 1983-1997 6. Conclusions.
Combination notes: market segmentation and equity transfer

This paper empirically analyzes a particular type of notes observed in securitization transactions: combination notes. Combination notes are formed by combining parts of two or more tranches of securitization transactions, where one part usually consists of a share of the first loss piece. It is analyzed whether combination notes are purely demand driven, or whether combination notes also appear to be structured to enable equity transfer. Results indicate that combination notes serve both purposes: market segmentation severely determines the structuring of combination notes, but risk transfer needs seem to be catered by combination notes as well. Further, an analysis of launch spreads indicates, that the observed equity transfer via combination notes has an impact on the pricing of the ordinary tranches of each deal. This paper makes use of unique data on 126 deals containing 1385 tranches, thereof 398 combination notes.
The spatial variability of runoff and precipitation in the Rio de la Plata basin

Abstract A few aspects of spatial variability, connected with climate variability, in the Rio de la Plata basin are analysed through changes in the basin runoff considered as indicative of the annual integrated precipitation. Those changes contain better information on climate variability than the sparse records of precipitation and temperature in view of the high spatial and temporal variability of those parameters. The precipitation data are applied in the most active zones of the basin, however, in order to assess aspects of hydrological variability that the lack of data causes in the studied region. The hydrological series employed correspond to average monthly and yearly flows at stations selected along the main rivers, both due to stability in their gauging stations and to the availability and quality of data for the 1931–1992 period. This period includes the longest series of simultaneous observations for the stations selected. Similar approaches were applied to the series of precipitation. Through.