Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linguistic characteristics of individuals with high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome

This study examined the linguistic characteristics of high functioning individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Each group consisted of 10 participants who were matched on sex, chronological age, and intelligence scores. Participants generated a narrative after watching a brief video segment of the Social Attribution Task video. Each participant was then asked 10 questions related to the stimulus video. The narrative samples and responses to the questions were analysed linguistically. Individuals with high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome performed similarly on most measures of language function; however, results suggest there may be pragmatically‐based differences between the groups in the use of verb tense markers.
Reading compound words by adult Korean-English bilinguals

The present study investigated how Korean-English bilinguals read compound words in Korean L1 and English L2. Two masked priming lexical decision experiments were conducted, in which written compound words (e.g., ‘bedroom’) and monomorphemic words with a compound-like structure (e.g., ‘hammock’) served as visual targets and were preceded by constituent visual primes (e.g., ‘room’, ‘mock’). In Experiment 1, within-language prime-target pairs (Korean constituent-Korean compound word), and in Experiment 2, cross-language prime-target pairs (Korean L1 constituent-English L2 compound word) were presented. In Experiment 2, the time course of cross-language activation was examined by manipulating the prime duration (36 ms, 48 ms vs. 100 ms). Experiment 1 showed that Korean compound words are processed based on the morpheme unit rather than the salient visual syllable form. In Experiment 2, when reading English L2 compound words, L1 morphological and phonological information are both activated in the early stage (36 ms prime duration), regardless of semantic relatedness. In the later stage (48 and 100 ms prime durations), L1 morphological activation is constrained by semantic relatedness. Shared phonological (form) information without morphological relatedness between L1 and L2 did not facilitate L2 complex word recognition at all stages. Taken together, these findings suggest that bilingual readers are more sensitive to morphological information than form information in both L1 and L2. There is a quick cross-language activation of L1 morphemic information in reading L2 complex words.
Safety climate in English general practices: workload pressures may compromise safety

Abstract Objectives Although most health care interactions in the developed world occur in general practice, most of the literature on patient safety has focused on secondary care services. To address this issue, we have constructed a patient safety toolkit for English general practices. We report how practice and respondent characteristics affect scores on our safety climate measure, the PC‐Safequest, and address recent concerns with high levels of workload in English general practices. Methods We administered the PC‐Safequest, a 30‐item tool that was designed to measure safety climate in primary care practices, to 335 primary care staff members in 31 practices in England. Practice characteristics, such as list size and deprivation in the area the practice served, and respondent characteristics, such as whether the respondent was a manager, were also collected and used in a multilevel analysis to predict PC‐Safequest scores. Results Managers gave their practices significantly higher safety climate scores than did non‐managers. Respondents with more years of experience had a more negative perception of the level of workload in their practice. Practices with more registered patients and in areas of higher deprivation provided lower safety climate scores. Conclusions Managers rated their practices more positively on our safety climate measure, so the differences between the perceptions of managers and other staff may need to be reduced in order to build a strong safety culture. Excessive workload for more experienced staff and lower safety climate scores for larger practices may reflect ‘burnout’. Concerns that pressures in primary care could affect patient safety are discussed.
How Do Alcohol and Relationship Type Affect Women’s Risk Judgment of Partners With Differing Risk Histories?

Understanding how women judge male partners’ sexual risk is important to developing risk reduction programs. Applying a cognitive mediation model of sexual decision making, our study investigated effects of alcohol consumption (control, low dose, high dose) and relationship type (disrupted vs. new) on women’s risk judgments of a male sexual partner in three sexual risk conditions (low, unknown, and high). After random assignment to an experimental condition, 328 participants projected themselves into a story depicting a sexual interaction. The story was paused to assess primary appraisals of sexual and relationship potential and secondary appraisals of pleasure, health, and relationship concerns, followed by sexual risk judgments. In all risk conditions, alcohol and disrupted relationship increased sexual potential, whereas disrupted relationship increased relationship potential in the low- and high-risk conditions. In the unknown-risk condition, women in the no-alcohol, new relationship condition had the lowest primary sexual appraisals. In all conditions, sexual appraisals predicted all secondary appraisals, but primary relationship appraisals predicted only secondary relationship appraisals. Secondary health appraisals led to increased risk judgments, whereas relationship appraisals predicted lower risk judgments. Possible intervention points include helping women to re-evaluate their safety beliefs about past partners as well as to develop behavioral strategies for decreasing hazardous drinking.
Breakdown of Perineal Laceration Repair After Vaginal Delivery: A Case-Control Study

Objective The aim of the study was to estimate risk factors associated with breakdown of perineal laceration repair after vaginal delivery. Methods This is a case-control study of women who sustained a breakdown of perineal laceration repair after vaginal delivery between 2002 and 2015. Cases were patients who sustained a perineal wound breakdown after vaginal delivery and repair of a second-, third-, or fourth-degree laceration. Controls, matched 1:1, were patients who either sustained a second-, third-, or fourth-degree perineal laceration and repair without evidence of breakdown and who delivered on the same day and institution as the case. Results A total of 104,301 deliveries were assessed for breakdown of perineal laceration. One hundred forty-four met the inclusion criteria. These were matched with 144 controls. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that smoking is associated with increased risk for breakdown of perineal laceration (adjusted odds ratio [adj. OR], 6.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–38.5), whereas a previous vaginal delivery is protective (adj. OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.05-0.3). In addition, third- or fourth-degree laceration (adj. OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1–15.7), presence of episiotomy at time of delivery (adj. OR, 11.1; 95% CI, 2.9–48.8), operative delivery (adj. OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.2–10.3), midwife performing the laceration repair (adj. OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.5–15.8), and use of chromic suture (adj. OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.6–9.8) were independent risk factors for breakdown of perineal laceration. Conclusions Smoking, nulliparity, episiotomy, operative delivery, third- or fourth-degree laceration, repair by a midwife, and use of chromic suture are independent risk factors for breakdown of perineal laceration repair after vaginal delivery.
Characterization of a second gene involved in bacterio-opsin gene expression in a halophilic archaebacterium

Southern blot analysis and nucleotide sequencing of DNA from three bacterio-opsin-deficient mutants of the archaebacterium Halobacterium halobium (M86, W105, and W109) revealed that they each contain an alteration in a region 2,000 to 3,800 base pairs (bp) upstream of the bacterio-opsin gene (bop). Nucleotide sequence analysis of this region, which is also located downstream of the previously characterized brp gene, revealed that it contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 2,022 bp. This 2,022-bp ORF has a start codon which overlaps the stop codon of the brp gene and is read in the same direction. The ORF could encode an acidic protein of 73,334 daltons (674 amino acids) with a predicted secondary structure typical of a soluble protein. Bop mutant M86 contains a 1,883-bp deletion extending from bp 351 of the ORF, to 197 bp beyond the stop codon. Mutant W105 has an ISH2 element integrated at bp 1239 of the ORF, and mutant W109 has an ISH26 element integrated at bp 1889. Our results suggest that the ORF is a gene (designated bat for bacterio-opsin activator gene) involved in bop gene expression.
Anxieties and Attitudes Related to Mathematics in Grades 3 and 6

Abstract Little is known about the development of mathematics anxiety in elementary school students. To address this gap in knowledge, the authors evaluated students in Grades 3 and 6 on measures of mathematics anxiety, school test anxiety, and attitudes toward mathematics to determine (a) whether different forms of mathematics anxiety exist, (b) whether mathematics test anxiety differs from school test anxiety, and (c) whether mathematics anxiety is related to different attitudes toward mathematics. Evidence was found for two distinct forms of mathematics anxiety: test and problem-solving anxiety. Mathematics test anxiety increased with age relative to mathematics problem-solving anxiety; this result demonstrated that children become more anxious about mathematics testing situations as they progress through school. Mathematics test anxiety was related, but not identical, to school test anxiety, and students in both grades were less anxious about math tests than about academic testing generally. Finally, .
The Paradoxical Nature of The Relationship Between Training and Learning

The difficulty of explaining the paradoxical nature of organizational life has resulted in reductionist approaches, which present the relationships between processes as causal and linear. The relationship between training and economic performance, the contribution of training to individuals’ adaptability to change and the significance of knowledge and learning to organizational competitiveness are just some examples of the perceived linearity of the relationships between processes. The relationship between training and learning falls in the same category in that it is assumed to be very strong. This article makes a contribution to this debate by providing new insights about the relationship between training and learning. Using recent empirical findings from a longitudinal study in the Financial Services Sector, this article examines some of the basic differences between training and learning using the individual manager as the unit of analysis. These differences reveal some of the conditions that shape the relationship between training and learning. The findings from the study suggest that the relationship between training and learning may appear strong on the surface; however in essence it may be superficial and mechanistic.
Automatically documenting program changes

Source code modifications are often documented with log messages. Such messages are a key component of software maintenance: they can help developers validate changes, locate and triage defects, and understand modifications. However, this documentation can be burdensome to create and can be incomplete or inaccurate. We present an automatic technique for synthesizing succinct human-readable documentation for arbitrary program differences. Our algorithm is based on a combination of symbolic execution and a novel approach to code summarization. The documentation it produces describes the effect of a change on the runtime behavior of a program, including the conditions under which program behavior changes and what the new behavior is. We compare our documentation to 250 human-written log messages from 5 popular open source projects. Employing a human study, we find that our generated documentation is suitable for supplementing or replacing 89% of existing log messages that directly describe a code change.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cichorium intybus root extract using orthogonal matrix design.

Solvent, impregnation time, sonication repetitions, and ultrasonic power were important factors in the process of ultrasound-assisted extraction from chicory (Cichorium intybus) root, while there were no studies about optimizing these 4 factors for extract yield, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity of the extracts using orthogonal matrix design. The present research demonstrated that the solvent composition played a significant role in the improving extract yield, TPC, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The other 3 factors had inequable effect on different purposes, ultrasonic power could improve TPC and antioxidant activity, but long time of extraction lowered antioxidant activity. The TPC increased from 22.34 to 27.87 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/100 g (dry extracts) with increasing solvent polarity. The half inhibition concentration (IC(50,) μg/mL) of the radical scavenging activity of the chicory extracts ranged from 281.00 to 983.33 μg/mL. The content of caffeoylquinic acids of root extract, which was extracted by the optimal combination was 0.104%. Several extracts displayed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhi, while Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. resisted against all the extracts. Combination of 70% ethanol v/v, 24-h impregnation time, 3 sonication rounds, and 300-W ultrasonic input power was found to be the optimal combination for the chicory extract yield, TPC, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity.
Congenital Hearing Loss

Congenital hearing loss, for the purposes of this fact sheet, is defined as permanent and is bilateral or unilateral, is sensory or conductive, and averages 30 dB or more in the frequency region important for speech recognition. Congenital hearing loss has many etiologies, with at least half associated with genetic risk factors. Congenital nonsyndromic hearing loss is usually categorized by mode of inheritance—autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked, or mitochondrial.
Measuring Cognitive Translation Effort with Activity Units

Despite the increased quality of Machine Translation output, human interaction will remain a crucial activity to guarantee the quality of the final translation products. Human-computer interaction in translation will likely be the more successful the more we understand the properties and complementarities of both partners. This paper traces cognitive approaches in machine translation back to the mid-1980s and argues that we now have the technologies available that will allow us to eventually arrive at an in-depth understanding of the human translation processes. It illustrates some of the research methods in empirical translation process research and suggests ngrams of Activity Units for measuring the translation process.
Open versus closed management of the abdomen in the surgical treatment of severe secondary peritonitis: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and intensive care support, operative treatment remains the foundation of the management of patients with severe secondary peritonitis (SSP). This management is based on three fundamental principles: (1) Elimination of the source of infection; (2) reduction of bacterial contamination of the peritoneal cavity; and (3) prevention of persistent or recurrent intra-abdominal infection. Although recent studies have emphasized the role of open management of the abdomen and planned re-laparotomies to fulfill these principles, controversy surrounds the optimal approach because no randomized studies exist. METHODS Patients with SSP, documented clinically, with calculated Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) scores and appropriate ancillary studies, were allocated randomly to two groups for the management of the abdomen after operation for SSP (group A: open; group B: closed). Both surgical strategies were standardized, and patients were followed up until cure or death. RESULTS During a 24-month period, 40 patients with SSP were admitted for treatment. Patients in group A (n = 20) and group B (n = 20) did not differ in sex, age, site of origin (etiology), APACHE II score (24 vs. 22), SOFA score (15 vs. 15), or previous operative treatment (< or =1: 20 vs. 20). Postoperatively, there were no differences in the likelihood of acute renal failure (25% vs. 40%), duration of mechanical ventilatory support (10 vs. 12 days), need for total parenteral nutrition (80% vs. 75%), or rate of residual infection or need for reoperation because of the latter (15% vs. 10%). Although the difference in the mortality rate (55% vs. 30%) did not reach statistical significance (p < 0.05; chi-square and Fisher exact test), the relative risk and odds ratio for death were 1.83 and 2.85 times higher in group A. This clinical finding, as evidenced by the clear tendency toward a more favorable outcome for patients in group B, led to termination of the study at the first interim analysis. CONCLUSION This randomized study from a single institution demonstrates that closed management of the abdomen may be a more rational approach after operative treatment of SSP and questions the recent enthusiasm for the open alternative, which has been based on observational studies.
Low-volume PFC rectifier based on non-symmetric multi-level boost converter

This paper introduces a universal-input digitally-controlled single-phase rectifier with power factor correction (PFC) based on a modified multi level boost converter topology. In comparison with the conventional boost-based systems and other multi-level solutions the new PFC rectifier has significantly smaller inductor and lower switching losses. The improvements are achieved by replacing the output capacitor of the boost converter with a non-symmetric active capacitive divider and by utilizing downstream converter stage for the divider charge balancing. Experimental results obtained from a 400W, 200KHz, universal input voltage (90V-260V) to 400V PFC prototype demonstrate three times smaller inductor current ripple, allowing for the same inductor reduction, and up to 50% reduction in power losses, resulting in 6% efficiency improvement compared to a conventional boost PFC.
Religious Discourse in Nineteenth-century Ontario

Max Weber’s ethos of work was not an integral part of the pre-industrial culture of Ontario. It had to be inculcated to encourage the formation of a culture conducive to the industrial era. This article examines the formative role of religious discourse in fostering just such a work ethic by considering sermons, diaries, manuscripts, and other publications preserved in the archives of Anglican, Presbyterian, and United (Methodist) churches. It also analyzes denominational literature, which played an important role in shaping the popular culture in an industrializing Ontario (1885–1910). Alternative voices, which challenged the nascent ethos of industrialization, are also examined. This article finds that values promoting an emerging industrial order were prominent in sermons of the era, which often dealt with issues of social control, justification of social inequities, and the development of an appropriate work ethic.
Aspiration à la retraite, santé et satisfaction au travail: une comparaison européenne

Ce travail utilise la premiere vague de l'enquete europeenne SHARE pour analyser l'effet de l'etat de sante et de la satisfaction au travail sur les preferences en matiere d'âge de depart en retraite dans 10 pays europeens. Les preferences concernant l'âge de depart sont mesurees par la probabilite de reponse positive a une question sur le souhait de partir a la retraite le plus rapidement possible. Nous nous interessons aux roles joues par la sante et les conditions de travail pour expliquer a la fois les differences de preference au niveau individuel et les differences de preference entre les pays. Au niveau individuel, les effets obtenus sont conformes aux attentes, mais ne contribuent que faiblement a expliquer les differences moyennes constatees entre pays. A etat de sante et conditions de travail individuelles identiques, nous observons un gradient nord-sud du souhait de depart precoce a la retraite qui reste proche de l'effet brut. Ces resultats sont robustes au controle par des indicateurs de contexte institutionnel (generosite des systemes de retraite) et au controle du biais de selection lie au fait que la question ne touche que des individus encore en activite.
Understanding text: Achieving explanatory coherence through on‐line inferences and mental operations in working memory

The question of whether global, causal inferences are made during comprehension is studied following a three‐pronged approach. First, potential inferences were first identified a priori in texts generated by the causal network model for narrative discourse. Second, verbal protocol data in the form of “talking aloud” during the reading of sentences in stories were used to evaluate whether or not people made the predicted inferences. The global, causal inferences occurred where anticipated by the discourse analysis. The talk‐aloud data also revealed that subjects used four main mental operations during comprehension of a text sentence: maintaining, retrieving, elaborating, and explaining. Third, the talk‐aloud data predicted recognition priming of superordinate goal statements, reading times of sentences, coherence ratings of stories, and long‐term retention of stories. The data are discussed with reference to constructivist versus minimalist processing claims, working‐memory models, and what verbal protoco.