Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Group Innovation

The complexity of skills and processes needed in the development of today's products and services requires that managers attend to the role of tacit knowledge during innovation. Knowledge held in people's bodies and heads, our unarticulated knowledge, is the very basis of creativity and is not easily captured nor codified. The process of innovation is both an exploration and synthesis. This article examines ways in which managers can begin to deal with tacit knowledge; how to create an environment for a divergent process that includes a wide and healthy proliferation of ideas and a successful convergent process in which options are narrowed and a solution is decided upon and implemented.
L-Arginine Derivatives Are Associated with the Hyperthyroid State in the General Population.

BACKGROUND Arginine (ARG) derivatives and thyroid function independently influence atherosclerotic processes. Since thyroid hormones may mediate the association between ARG derivatives and atherosclerosis, this study investigated whether asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines (ADMA and SDMA, respectively) as well as homoarginine (hARG) are associated with parameters of thyroid function in the general population. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 3689 individuals aged 20-81 years from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-0) were analyzed. Thyroid function was defined according to serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4). Low and high serum TSH were defined by the cutoffs 0.3 mIU/L and 3 mIU/L, respectively. Serum concentrations of ARG, ADMA, SDMA, and hARG were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ARG, ADMA, SDMA, and hARG were associated with serum concentrations of TSH, fT3, and fT4 by median regression and with categorized TSH values by multinomial logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. RESULTS Levels of ADMA (relative risk [RR] = 5.40 [confidence interval (CI) 1.96-14.86]) and SDMA (RR = 3.55 [CI 1.01-12.70]) were associated with low TSH. In addition, ADMA (β = 0.38 [CI 0.23-0.45]) was positively associated with fT3, while both ADMA (β = 0.98 [CI 0.43-1.54]) and SDMA (β = 1.19 [CI 0.50-1.88]) were positively associated with fT4. No consistent associations of ARG and hARG with thyroid function were detected. CONCLUSIONS The positive associations of ADMA and SDMA with low TSH, fT3, and fT4 argue for a relationship of arginine derivatives with increased thyroid function. This suggests that the atherogenic properties of ADMA and SDMA may be partially mediated by thyroid function.
Spectroscopic signatures of ozone at the air–water interface and photochemistry implications

Significance Ozone is one of the most important atmospheric trace gases in Earth's atmosphere. It can interact with water in the gas phase as well as with water in cloud droplet surfaces. This work identifies unique spectral signatures for ozone adsorbed at the surface of cloud water droplets in the UV and visible light domains. The adsorption process itself is thermodynamically spontaneous. With this information, it is found that the photochemistry of ozone at the air–water interface is a significant previously unidentified source of OH radicals generated at the surface of clouds. The broader implication is that the surface of cloud water droplets can be an active chemical reactor that contributes to the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere on a global scale. First-principles simulations suggest that additional OH formation in the troposphere can result from ozone interactions with the surface of cloud droplets. Ozone exhibits an affinity for the air–water interface, which modifies its UV and visible light spectroscopic signatures and photolytic rate constant in the troposphere. Ozone cross sections on the red side of the Hartley band (290- to 350-nm region) and in the Chappuis band (450–700 nm) are increased due to electronic ozone–water interactions. This effect, combined with the potential contribution of the O3 + hν → O(3P) + O2(X3Σg−) photolytic channel at the interface, leads to an enhancement of the OH radical formation rate by four orders of magnitude. This finding suggests that clouds can influence the overall oxidizing capacity of the troposphere on a global scale by stimulating the production of OH radicals through ozone photolysis by UV and visible light at the air–water interface.
p53 Expression as a Prognostic Marker in Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Purpose: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer. Nuclear expression of p53 protein in breast cancer correlates with more aggressive tumors. We retrospectively analyze the expression of p53 as a prognostic marker to predict pathological complete response and survival in patients with IBC. Experimental Design: Fifty-nine patients with IBC were treated from January 1994 to April 2000. Forty-eight patients were included. Diagnostic core biopsies were taken before treatment was started. Expression of hormone receptors and p53 was determined by immunohistochemistry. All patients received an anthracycline-based regimen preoperatively; 22 patients (46%) also received paclitaxel. Forty-four patients (92%) achieved an objective clinical response and underwent mastectomies. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 48 years. Thirty patients (63%) had hormone receptor-negative tumors. Twenty-eight patients (58%) had p53-positive tumors, and 20 patients (42%) had p53-negative tumors. Nine patients (19%) achieved a pathological complete response. At a median follow-up of 77 months, 28 recurrences (58%) and 26 deaths (54%) had occurred. Patients with p53-positive tumors were younger (P = 0.02) and tended to have lower 5-year progression-free survival rates (35% versus 55%; P = 0.3) and overall survival rates (44% versus 54%; P = 0.4). Conclusions: This retrospective analysis demonstrates that nuclear p53 protein expression may represent an adverse prognostic marker in IBC and may provide a valuable tool for selecting treatment for this aggressive disease.
A Spatial Analysis of Residential Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area

Residential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area are spatially analyzed to determine the impact of urban form on emission‐causing activities. The key finding is that over the entire region, emissions from private auto use are on par with those from fuel use for building heating. Once beyond the transit‐intensive central core, private auto emissions surpass the emissions from building operations. Variation in total auto‐ and building‐related emissions is quite significant between census tracts, ranging from 3.1 to 13.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year. Of all tracts, the top ten in terms of GHG emission are located in the lower‐density suburbs, and their high emissions were largely due to private auto use.
Calcium waves in colonic myocytes produced by mechanical and receptor-mediated stimulation

Young, S. H. , H. S. Ennes, J. A. McRoberts, V. V. Chaban, S. K. Dea, and E. A. Mayer. Calcium waves in colonic myocytes produced by mechanical and receptormediated stimulation. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 39): G1204–G1212, 1999. —The mechanisms underlying intracellular Ca21 waves induced by either mechanical or receptor-mediated stimulation of myocytes isolated from the longitudinal muscle layer of the rabbit distal colon were compared using fura 2 and fluorescence videomicroscopy. Light focal mechanical deformation of the plasma membrane or focal application of substance P resulted in localized intracellular Ca21 concentration ([Ca]i) transients that propagated throughout the cell. In both cases, the Ca21 response consisted of a transient peak response followed by a delayed-phase response. Substance P-mediated [Ca]i responses involved generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and release of Ca21 from thapsigargin-sensitive stores, whereas mechanically induced responses were partially (29%) dependent on La31-sensitive influx of extracellular Ca21 and partially on release of intracellular Ca21 from thapsigargininsensitive stores gated by ryanodine receptors. The delayedphase response in both cases was dependent on extracellular Ca21. However, although the response to substance P was sensitive to La31, that after mechanical stimulation was not. In the later case, the underlying mechanism may involve capacitative Ca21 entry channels that are activated after mechanical stimulation but not by substance P.
Subalternating Currents: Electrification and Power Politics in Bulawayo, Colonial Zimbabwe, 1894–1939

Compared to other themes, there is very little written about Africa's electrification history. This neglect has led one scholar to claim that, outside South Africa, electricity only emerged in sub-Saharan Africa towards the end of the first half of the twentieth century. Nothing is further from the truth. This article demonstrates that public electricity supplies became available in Bulawayo, colonial Zimbabwe's second largest city, as early as 1897 and subsequently developed to become the major source of power and lighting for industries and homes by the 1930s. The article has two major thrusts; first, it traces how the Bulawayo Town Council nurtured home electrical mechanisation by subsidising both electricity consumption and the purchase of electrical home appliances. Second, it demonstrates that this electrical modernisation was a parochial project that benefited white settler residents of the town almost to the total exclusion of Africans. It concludes that, while electricity was a luxury enjoyed by those who were privileged to use it, the town council also harnessed it to control and police the underprivileged in a way that accentuated racial segregation in the town. * This article originates from my MA thesis: ‘Electrification, Urbanization and Social Inequality in Southern Rhodesia: The Case of Bulawayo, 1894–1945’, Dalhousie University, September 2004. I presented an earlier version of it to the Dalhousie ‘History across the Disciplines’ Graduate Conference, 13 March 2005. I thank the Killam Memorial Scholarship Trusts and the IEEE, Rutgers University, for co-funding the research. Many colleagues, including Phil Zachernuk and Max Zhira, commented on various versions of the paper. Thanks to Glen Ncube for help with the research. I am equally indebted to the three anonymous referees for their crucial comments on an earlier version of this article and to David Simon for his editorial input.
A Study on Taiwan Consumers' Adoption of Online Financial Services

Despite Taiwan financial institutions’ huge investments in online financial services systems, Taiwan consumers’ adoption of online financial services has been slower than anticipated. So far, online financial services research in Taiwan is still in its infancy, hence receiving little academic attention. This suggests a need to understand Taiwan Internet users’ adoption behavior of online financial services and to identify the potential factors that may motivate or impede Taiwan Internet users’ acceptance of online financial services. The research framework of this study is constituted by the extended version of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM2). Other variables, which have proven academically important in influencing consumers’ intentions to use information technology, were added to the conceptual framework. The results strongly support that the extended TAM (TAM2) is a valid model to predict Taiwan consumers’ intention to use online financial services and to explain the intention difference between adopters and non-adopters. The results also demonstrated that perceived privacy protection, perceived security, and consumer innovativeness not only have a significant, positive relationship with Taiwan consumers’ intention to use online financial services but also can significantly predict who is more likely to be an online financial service adopter in Taiwan. The research findings may help Taiwan financial institutions and other interested parties to formulate appropriate marketing strategies and design effective online financial services systems and accelerate the diffusion of online financial services in the future.
Ethical Climate in Nonprofit Organizations: Propositions and Implications

The authors discuss a number of variables that may influence the perception of ethical climate in the nonprofit sector, including individual, organizational, and significant other (peers, coworkers, and superiors) variables. The basis of this discussion is the model developed by Agarwal and Malloy (1999) identifying a framework for nonprofits that is distinct from the for-profit orientation. The authors provide ten propositions and discuss their implications.
Political Relationship Marketing: some macro/micro thoughts

Relationship Marketing, and more broadly the placement of networks at the heart of marketing theory and practice, has sometimes been seen by practitioners and theorists alike as a universal panacea. Yet, given the contemporary phenomenon of rapid decline in direct participation in politics, with tumbling party membership rosters, the relevance of relationship marketing and its capacity to re-energise democratic politics has intuitive plausibility. We therefore seek to theorise about relationship marketing in a political context, arguing that the development of a theoretical construct and rigorous conceptual frameworks would invigorate current research on political marketing. We distinguish in particular two approaches - a micro view dealing with specific entity and exchange-oriented aspects, while a macro-perspective will look at the interplay with the wider political structures and the overall political system. Beyond this, the authors are also acutely conscious of the applied perspective and explore various methods by which the concept could be operationalised and grounded in practice. In this article we therefore seek to remedy the literature's remarkable neglect of relationship marketing in politics. There is a crisis in democracy when people perceive politics as something which happens to them rather than something over which they exert ownership, and such a crisis was created in part by the substitution of political marketing tools for face to face contact. These authors thus suggest how political marketing potentially can help solve a dilemma it has helped create.
Free Trade Agreements and the Prospects for Regional Integration in East Asia

Trade policy in East Asia has switched from non‐discriminatory unilateral liberalization, reinforced by General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO) commitments, to discriminatory free trade agreements (FTA). The paper surveys the FTA activity of the major regional players: China, the ASEAN countries, Japan, and South Korea. It concludes that emerging FTAs are weak and partial. A hub‐and‐spoke pattern of dirty FTAs will not drive regional economic integration or further integration with the global economy. Rather, it could be a force of regional economic disintegration – especially if the multilateral trading system weakens further. At the same time, FTA activity is distracting attention from the WTO, and, more fundamentally, from unilateral liberalization and domestic structural reforms. Hence, East Asian trade policies need to be rebalanced, with better‐quality FTAs and more focus on the WTO. However, more important than the WTO and FTAs is a fresh spurt of unilateral liberalization and structural reform outside trade negotiations.
Understanding Growth in China's Regional Economies

This paper applies growth equations to examine the impact of region-specific factors on China's growth in the 1980s and 1990s. In particular, this study focuses on investigating the role of capital formation, initial conditions, labour productivity, human capital, openness, infrastructure, foreign capital and economic reform in China's regional growth. It is found that those variables account for 70–90% of China's growth in the past decades. The robustness of the findings in this study is tested by estimating alternative models.
Delayed Recurrent SIADH Associated with SSRIs

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common problem in elderly patients and is frequently treated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). OBJECTIVE: To report a case of delayed recurrent hyponatremia after switching from one SSRI to another. CASE SUMMARY: An 87-year-old depressed woman began treatment with fluvoxamine. One week later, she was diagnosed with hyponatremia, most likely syndrome of inadequate antidiuretic hormone. Following discontinuation of fluvoxamine, the serum sodium concentration normalized. Later, she began treatment with paroxetine. Sixteen months after initiating paroxetine, she developed symptomatic recurrent hyponatremia. After paroxetine was discontinued, the sodium concentration normalized. DISCUSSION: In this case, unlike those previously reported, hyponatremia recurred 16 months after a different SSRI was initiated. The Naranjo probability scale indicates a probable relationship between recurrent hyponatremia and paroxetine. The mechanism of SSRI-induced hyponatremia is multifactorial. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates that replacement of one SSRI with another can cause delayed, recurrent hyponatremia in elderly patients. Plasma sodium concentrations must be monitored, not only in the first weeks of treatment, but throughout the full course.
On Reliability Evaluation of Multistate Weighted k-out-of-n System Using Present Value

A new reliability evaluation methodology for multistate weighted k-out-of-n systems is presented in this article. The present value of the cash flow generated by the system components is used as a reliability value. We take a financial view of reliability and consider functioning periods and the time value of money in system reliability analysis. Two approaches, the universal generating function (UGF) and recursive algorithm, are applied to evaluate the reliability of the multistate weighted k-out-of-n system. An illustrative example is calculated based on the proposed system reliability evaluation methodology. It is shown that this evaluation method can also be used to find the value of the maintenance policy. Finally, the UGF and recursive algorithm approaches are compared with each other for large system reliability assessment.
Effect of a Laser irradiation on the vascularisation of safety and X-ray radiated bone

Thermal preconditioning induces a cytoprotective effect and promotes tissue recovering. Laser is an appropriated method to generate a controlled and reproducible heating. Bone healing, a crucial challenge in medicine, is affected by X- ray radiation which induces a chronic antiangiogenic effect. So, this study aims to investigate the role of laser preconditioning on the vascularisation of bone after X-ray radiation. An optical bone chamber allowed the study of the vascularization process. The vascular density (VD) was determined using image processing. A longitudinal study was performed on 20 rabbits divided in four groups: #1: control group (n=5); #2: laser irradiation alone (diode laser 810 nm, fluence= 48 J/cm2) (n=5). #3: X-ray radiation (18.75 Gy) alone (n=5), #4: laser preconditioning 24 hours before a X-ray radiation (n=5). VD remained stable during 12-week follow up for groups #1 and #2. X-ray radiation lead to an important decrease of the superficial bone vascularization in group #3. The decrease of the vascularization was limited in group #4 highlighting a different evolution between group #3 and #4. Those results were confirmed by histological analysis. Our preliminary findings show that laser preconditioning preserves vascularization in X-ray radiated bone site, outlining a novel approach for the bone healing in which the vascular supply has been injured.
The shortage-surplus paradox: a literature review of primary health care accessibility

The National Primary Health Care Strategy in Australia recommends primary health care services need to be clinically and culturally appropriate and delivered in a timely and affordable manner. However simultaneously recognised, access is still inequitable in among various population groups and many areas of Australia. Geographical Information System (GIS) have been used to explore geographical health disparities, planning health care service delivery and provide data in a meaningful way to inform public health strategies. Moreover, GIS has also been used to spatially analyse, measure and provide insight into a population's accessibility to health care services. A literature search was conducted to identify studies which examined primary health care accessibility using GIS techniques among various urban and rural populations. A limited number of studies demonstrated in addition to distance; time; and location, low socioeconomic status, Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) background among other factors influences health care access. In addition, other factors were identified to impact health care access, which is an individualised process, influenced by individual characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, and an individual's activity space. As health care accessibility becomes more prominent within policy, among practitioners and increasingly researched, it has the potential to move beyond recognising areas of poor accessibility among individuals and communities. With a greater integration of both spatial and aspatial data, the process has the likelihood, to provide greater insight into patient behaviour, public perception, amelioration service quality and improve population health and wellbeing.
Assumptions underlying self‐directed learning may be false

This issue of Medical Education contains an article originating from the Graduate School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia. This school, following paths excavated by others, is in the process of implementing a new problem-based curriculum. It wrestles, like so many other schools, with how to encourage, even teach, students to become self-directed learners, and offers some valuable insights and advice in this respect. The article has led me to re ̄ect on some aspects of self-directed learning (SDL) that are mostly ignored, but appear to be of relevance to those who engage in educational innovation of the problem-based kind. Schools that pursue the student-centred approach to medical education implicitly seem to accept four assumptions about SDL. The ®rst is that teacher-learn instructional environments (such as problem-based learning) do indeed enable students to pursue their personal learning needs. The second assumption is that, by doing so, the development of SDL skills is fostered. The third assumption is that skills acquired by practising SDL in the educational context transfer to subsequent professional practice. And the fourth assumption is that this is good. Our society presumably needs professionals having these skills, because knowledge outdates very quickly and humans must school themselves permanently. This Commentary challenges some of these assumptions. How self-directed is SDL?
The dynamics of the boardroom

The article discusses research pertaining to the impact of boardroom dynamics on corporate governance. Researchers identified five attributes of effective boards. They are knowledge, information, power, rewards, and opportunity/time. The study showed that board process had an important relationship to board effectiveness and corporate performance. This was found to be even more important than board structure. There were positive correlations between constructive board behaviors and corporate performance. Experts say boards need to have open, challenging interchange between directors and the chief executive officers (CEO).