Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Clostridium Group IV Species Dominates and Suppresses a Mixed Culture Fermentation by Tolerance to Medium Chain Fatty Acids Products

A microbial community is engaged in a complex economy of cooperation and competition for carbon and energy. In engineered systems such as anaerobic digestion and fermentation, these relationships are exploited for conversion of a broad range of substrates into products, such as biogas, ethanol, and carboxylic acids. Medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), for example, hexanoic acid, are valuable, energy dense microbial fermentation products, however, MCFA tend to exhibit microbial toxicity to a broad range of microorganisms at low concentrations. Here, we operated continuous mixed population MCFA fermentations on biorefinery thin stillage to investigate the community response associated with the production and toxicity of MCFA. In this study, an uncultured species from the Clostridium group IV (related to Clostridium sp. BS-1) became enriched in two independent reactors that produced hexanoic acid (up to 8.1 g L−1), octanoic acid (up to 3.2 g L−1), and trace concentrations of decanoic acid. Decanoic acid is reported here for the first time as a possible product of a Clostridium group IV species. Other significant species in the community, Lactobacillus spp. and Acetobacterium sp. , generate intermediates in MCFA production, and their collapse in relative abundance resulted in an overall production decrease. A strong correlation was present between the community composition and both the hexanoic acid concentration (p = 0.026) and total volatile fatty acid concentration (p = 0.003). MCFA suppressed species related to Clostridium sp. CPB-6 and Lactobacillus spp. to a greater extent than others. The proportion of the species related to Clostridium sp. BS-1 over Clostridium sp. CPB-6 had a strong correlation with the concentration of octanoic acid (p = 0.003). The dominance of this species and the increase in MCFA resulted in an overall toxic effect on the mixed community, most significantly on the Lactobacillus spp. , which resulted in a decrease in total hexanoic acid concentration to 32 ± 2% below the steady-state average. As opposed to the current view of MCFA toxicity broadly leading to production collapse, this study demonstrates that varied tolerance to MCFA within the community can lead to the dominance of some species and the suppression of others, which can result in a decreased productivity of the fermentation.
Signed Network Embedding in Social Media

Network embedding is to learn low-dimensional vector representations for nodes of a given social network, facilitating many tasks in social network analysis such as link prediction. The vast majority of existing embedding algorithms are designed for unsigned social networks or social networks with only positive links. However, networks in social media could have both positive and negative links, and little work exists for signed social networks. From recent ﬁndings of signed network analysis, it is evident that negative links have distinct properties and added value besides positive links, which brings about both challenges and opportunities for signed network embedding. In this paper, we propose a deep learning framework SiNE for signed network embedding. The framework optimizes an objective function guided by social theories that provide a fundamental understanding of signed social networks. Experimental results on two real-world datasets of social media demonstrate the eﬀectiveness of the proposed framework SiNE.
Towards Digital Refocusing from a Single Photograph

This paper explores an image processing method for synthesizing refocused images from a single input photograph containing some defocus blur. First, we restore a sharp image by estimating and removing spatially-variant defocus blur in an input photograph. To do this, we propose a local blur estimation method able to handle abrupt blur changes at depth discontinuities in a scene, and we also present an efficient blur removal method that significantly speeds up the existing deconvolution algorithm. Once a sharp image is restored, refocused images can be interactively created by adding different defocus blur to it based on the estimated blur, so that users can intuitively change focus and depth-of-field of the input photograph. Although information available from a single photograph is highly insufficient for fully correct refocusing, the results show that visually plausible refocused images can be obtained.
How our brains are wired: Are the applications of diffusion imaging useful given the current limitations?

Diffusion imaging (DI) enables researchers to study white matter (WM) pathways in the human brain in-vivo by labelling water molecules and measuring their diffusion into different directions. Connectivity patterns are inferred assuming that water diffuses rather along than across fibre bundles. This paper introduces the concept of DI, addresses suitable applications and evaluates gains versus limitations. Common applications are (1) generating WM atlases, (2) mapping connectional models of functionally subdivided brain regions, (3) linking disorders to connectivity abnormalities, (4) verifying WM pathways from animal studies, (5) linking personality traits to particular connectivity patterns, (6) measuring structural changes resulting from experience or ageing and (7) presurgical planning. Despite limitations like the moderate spatial resolution, or – more fundamentally – the lack of a gold standard and the kissing/crossing problem, DI can be regarded as a useful tool if researchers choose methods carefully and consider the known limitations.
FDTD Analysis of the Dispersion Characteristics of the Metal PBG Structures

Two dimensional metallic photonic band gap (PBG) structures, which have higher power handling capability, have been analyzed for their dispersion characteristics. The analysis has been performed using flnite difierence time domain (FDTD) method based on the regular orthogonal Yee's cell. A simplifled unit cell of triangular lattice PBG structure has been considered for the TE and TM modes of propagation. The EM fleld equations in the standard central-difierence form have been taken in FDTD method. Bloch's periodic boundary conditions have been used by translating the boundary conditions along the direction of periodicity. For the source excitation, a wideband Gaussian pulse has been used to excite the possible modes in the computational domain. Fourier transform of the probed temporal flelds has been calculated which provides the frequency spectrum for a set of wave vectors. The determination of eigenfrequencies from the peaks location in the frequency spectrum has been described. This yields the dispersion diagram which describes the stop and pass bands characteristics. Efiort has been made to describe the estimation of defect bands introduced in the PBG structures. Further, the present orthogonal FDTD results obtained have been compared with those obtained by a more involved non-orthogonal FDTD method. The universal global band gap diagrams for the considered metal PBG structure have been obtained by varying the ratio of rod radius to lattice constant for both polarizations and are found identical with those obtained by other reported methods. Convergence of the analysis has been studied to establish the reliability of the method. Usefulness of these plots in designing the devices using 2-D metal PBG structure has also been illustrated.
Metastable Massive Gravitons from AN Infinite Extra Dimension

Motivated by stringy considerations, Randall and Sundrum have proposed a model where all the fields and particles of physics, save gravity, are confined on a four-dimensional brane embedded in five-dimensional anti-de Sitter space. Their scenario features a stable bound state of bulk gravity waves and the brane that reproduces standard general relativity. We demonstrate that in addition to this zero-mode, there is also a discrete set of metastable bound states that behave like massive four-dimensional gravitons which decay by tunneling into the bulk. These are resonances of the bulk-brane system akin to black hole quasinormal modes — as such, they give rise to the dominant corrections to four-dimensional gravity. The phenomenology of braneworld perturbations is greatly simplified when these resonant modes are taken into account, which is illustrated by considering gravitational radiation emitted from nearby sources and early universe physics.
Autotuning techniques for digitally-controlled point-of-load converters with wide range of capacitive loads

This paper addresses auto-tuning of digital controllers for point-of-load (POL) switching converters with wide range of capacitive loads. Two auto-tuning methods are considered with particular attention given to robustness and feasibility. The first method is derived from the well known relay-feedback autotuning technique, where specific frequencies are excited to gain information on the power stage. In the second, system-identification based method, compensator parameters are computed based on on-line identification of the power stage frequency response. The tuning techniques proposed in this paper have been specifically developed to handle wide capacitance and ESR range, and important extensions of the basic algorithms are implemented in order to face practical issues such as limit cycling conditions, output voltage tolerance specification, closed-loop bandwidth maximization and phase margin constraints. Simulation and experimental results on a 12-to-1.5 V, 9 A, 200 kHz POL converter are provided to show the effectiveness and to compare the considered techniques.
Organizational Subcultures in a Soft Bureaucracy: Resistance Behind the Myth and Facade of an Official Culture

The primary purpose of this study was to compare and contrast an organization's official culture and its subcultures. The proposition that soft bureaucracies project a rigid exterior appearance, symbolizing what key stakeholders expect, while masking a loosely-coupled set of interior practices, guided this analysis of a police organization. The official culture (crime-fighting command bureaucracy) was examined as an arbitrary set of symbols and meaning structures arranged according to top management preferences. Using qualitative and quantitative data, the organization's subcultures were profiled. It was demonstrated that top management was unable to impose organization-wide conformance with the official culture. There was close conformance to the official culture in only one of five distinct clusters of officers (“crime-fighting commandoes,” 21 percent of the sample). Officers in the other clusters (“crime-fighting street professionals,” “peace-keeping moral entrepreneurs,” “ass-covering legalists,” and “anti-military social workers”) substantially modified or rejected top management's dictates. They represented resistance subcultures, similar in their opposition to official culture, but unique in form. It was concluded that other organizations, not known for their monolithic image and solidarity, also encompass subcultures.
Automatic Discovery of Association Orders between Name and Aliases from the Web using Anchor Texts-based Co-occurrences

Many celebrities and experts from various fields may have been referred by not only their personal names but also by their aliases on web. Aliases are very important in information retrieval to retrieve complete information about a personal name from the web, as some of the web pages of the person may also be referred by his aliases. The aliases for a personal name are extracted by previously proposed alias extraction method. In information retrieval, the web search engine automatically expands the search query on a person name by tagging his aliases for complete information retrieval thereby improving recall in relation detection task and achieving a significant mean reciprocal rank (MRR) of search engine. For the further substantial improvement on recall and MRR from the previously proposed methods, our proposed method will order the aliases based on their associations with the name using the definition of anchor texts-based co-occurrences between name and aliases in order to help the search engine tag the aliases according to the order of associations. The association orders will automatically be discovered by creating an anchor texts-based co-occurrence graph between name and aliases. Ranking support vector machine (SVM) will be used to create connections between name and aliases in the graph by performing ranking on anchor texts-based co-occurrence measures. The hop distances between nodes in the graph will lead to have the associations between name and aliases. The hop distances will be found by mining the graph. The proposed method will outperform previously proposed methods, achieving substantial growth on recall and MRR.
Stable T-cell reactivity after successful tapering of azathioprine in HLA-identical living-related kidney transplant recipients despite minor histocompatibility antigen mismatches.

BACKGROUND Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical living-related (LR) kidney transplant recipients often receive the standard regimen of immunosuppression. We wondered whether these patients should be exposed to the side effects of these drugs any longer. Safe tapering of immunosuppression should not result in rejection and high donor-directed T-cell responses. In the present study, we investigated the effect of tapering azathioprine (AZA) on T-cell reactivity. METHODS Fifteen HLA-identical LR kidney transplant recipients receiving a median of 150 mg/day AZA and 5-10 mg/day prednisone were tapered to a median of 50 mg/day AZA. Donor-, third-party and tetanus toxoid (TET)-reactivity were determined in interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-13 Elispot assays, which reflect the T-helper (Th)1 and T-helper (Th)2 response. RESULTS After the tapering of AZA, none of the patients developed acute rejection and the renal function remained stable, even at 1-year follow-up. The frequency of donor-specific IFN-gamma and IL-13 producing cells (pc) was low. Tapering of AZA did not influence the frequency of both IFN-gamma and IL-13 pc. Also, the reactivity against third-party cells and TET remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS The AZA-dose can be safely reduced in recipients of an HLA-identical LR kidney transplant without affecting kidney function and without increasing T-cell responses directed against donor or other antigens.
Egocentric Maps on Mobile Devices

The increasing resources and computing power of mobile computers leads to high performance user support in application fields like personal task management systems, navigation aids or interactive maps. The special needs of an user oriented visualisation tool for displaying maps and floor plans leads to innovative application and usable techniques for mobile devices. This report describes the idea, conception, and experimental evaluation of a user oriented, egocentric map on a mobile device that is orientated using the sun position or sensor information of an electronic compass
FP-tree Based Spatial Co-location Pattern Mining

A co-location pattern is a set of spatial features frequently located together in space. A frequent pattern is a set of items that frequently appears in a transaction database. Since its introduction, the paradigm of frequent pattern mining has undergone a shift from candidate generation-and-test based approaches to projection based approaches. Co-location patterns resemble frequent patterns in many aspects. However, the lack of transaction concept, which is crucial in frequent pattern mining, makes the similar shift of paradigm in co-location pattern mining very difficult. This thesis investigates a projection based co-location pattern mining paradigm. In particular, a FP-tree based co-location mining framework and an algorithm called FP-CM, for FP-tree based co-location miner, are proposed. It is proved that FP-CM is complete, correct, and only requires a small constant number of database scans. The experimental results show that FP-CM outperforms candidate generation-and-test based co-location miner by an order of magnitude.
FA ] 2 9 Ju l 2 00 8 Sparse Regularization with l q Penalty Term

We consider the stable approximation of sparse solutions to non-linear operator equations by means of Tikhonov regularization with a subquadratic penalty term. Imposing certain assumptions, which for a linear operator are equivalent to the standard range condition, we derive the usual convergence rate O( √ δ) of the regularized solutions in dependence of the noise level δ. Particular emphasis lies on the case, where the true solution is known to have a sparse representation in a given basis. In this case, if the differential of the operator satisfies a certain injectivity condition, we can show that the actual convergence rate improves up to O(δ). MSC: 65J20; 65J22, 49N45.
Stamps of Power and Conflict: Imprinting and Influence in the U.S. Senate, 1973-2005

Gains in power are often assumed to lead to greater influence. Yet people vary in their ability to convert power into influence. We bring a temporal, historical perspective to account for this heterogeneity. We propose that — even when they have had considerable prior experience — people can acquire organization-specific imprints when they join a new organization and that these career imprints can affect how influential they become when they later gain or lose power. We theorize about two such imprints: a stamp of power, which refers to rigidities that accrue to individuals who enter an organization as part of a dominant coalition; and a stamp of conflict, which references the learning benefits that people gain when they participate early on in conflictual work groups. We propose that the former negatively moderates, while the latter positively moderates, a person’s ability to translate downstream changes in power into influence. We evaluate and find support for these propositions in analyses of the U.S. Senate from 1973 to 2005. We discuss implications for research on power, conflict, and imprinting.
Vector solid texture synthesis using two-scale shaping model

Solid textures exhibit several benefits over traditional texture mapping, such as no demanding for parameterization and providing internal information. However, the difficulty in accessing and high memory consumption seriously limit the usage of solid textures. We present an efficient approach to directly synthesize vector solid textures comprising 3D particles from 2D examples. Two-scale shaping model is introduced to automatically and accurately reconstruct 3D particle outlines from 2D cross sections. Low frequency spherical harmonics are used to morph smooth outlines while high frequency ones model particle surface details. These outlines are further converted to signed distance field grids for vector representation. Particle volume color is represented by radial basis functions. We arrange particles using simplified particle proxies to improve efficiency. Particles' position offsets are calculated according to the particle itself and one-ring neighbor particles' shapes iteratively. Finally, our cell-building algorithm constructs containers and computes scale for each particle instance. Experiments show that our algorithm can generate vector solid textures with plausible 3D particles.
Money and Prices in Germany. Empirical Results for 1962 to 1994

In this paper the linkages between money growth and innation are investigated. Two vector error correction models are estimated one with data before and the other one with data including the German monetary union (GMU), which took place on 1 July 1990. The models contain the variables money, prices, output, and interest rate. We found one cointegrating relation, which can be interpreted as a long-run money demand equation. Including the GMU this relation remains stable if the structural break is captured by dummy variables. Although the dynamic structure of the two vector error correction models is nearly not innuenced by the GMU, the impulse response functions show diierent behaviour before and including GMU.
Association of socioeconomic status with psychiatric problems and violent behaviours in a nationally representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study

Objectives The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and psychiatric problems and violent behaviours in a nationally representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents, based on nationwide surveillance programme data, 2011–2012. Methods Overall, 14 880 students, aged 6–18 years, were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method from rural and urban areas of 30 provinces in Iran. SES was estimated based on a main summarised component, extracted from principle component analysis of family assets and parents' jobs and education. For statistical analysis, SES was classified as ‘low’, ‘middle’ and ‘high’. The WHO-Global School Based Student Health Survey (WHO-GSHS) questionnaire was used to assess psychiatric problems and violent behaviours. Results In total, 13 486 students (participation rate 90.6%) completed the study: 50.8% were boys and 75.6% were urban residents, with a mean age of 12.47±3.36 years. In the multivariate model, the ORs of depression, anxiety, feeling worthless, anger, insomnia, confusion and physical fights were lower in students with high SES compared with those with low SES (p<0.05) but physical fights was lower in the high SES group than in the low SES group (p<0.05). No significant relationship was documented between SES and other variables, including getting worried, history of bullying and being victimised. Conclusions Children and adolescents with low SES were at higher risk for psychiatric problems and violent behaviours. Mental health policies and public interventional strategies should be considered at the public level, notably for low SES families.
Changes in blood gas transport of altitude native soccer players near sea-level and sea-level native soccer players at altitude (ISA3600)

Objectives The optimal strategy for soccer teams playing at altitude is not known, that is, ‘fly-in, fly-out’ versus short-term acclimatisation. Here, we document changes in blood gas and vascular volumes of sea-level (Australian, n=20) and altitude (Bolivian, n=19) native soccer players at 3600 m. Methods Haemoglobin-oxygen saturation (Hb-sO2), arterial oxygen content (CaO2), haemoglobin mass (Hbmass), blood volume (BV) and blood gas concentrations were measured before descent (Bolivians only), together with aerobic fitness (via Yo-YoIR1), near sea-level, after ascent and during 13 days at 3600 m. Results At baseline, haemoglobin concentration [Hb] and Hbmass were higher in Bolivians (mean±SD; 18.2±1.0 g/dL, 12.8±0.8 g/kg) than Australians (15.0±0.9 g/dL, 11.6±0.7 g/kg; both p≤0.001). Near sea-level, [Hb] of Bolivians decreased to 16.6±0.9 g/dL, but normalised upon return to 3600 m; Hbmass was constant regardless of altitude. In Australians, [Hb] increased after 12 days at 3600 m to 17.3±1.0 g/dL; Hbmass increased by 3.0±2.7% (p≤0.01). BV decreased in both teams at altitude by ∼400 mL. Arterial partial pressure for oxygen (PaO2), Hb-sO2 and CaO2 of both teams decreased within 2 h of arrival at 3600 m (p≤0.001) but increased over the following days, with CaO2 overcompensated in Australians (+1.7±1.2 mL/100 mL; p≤0.001). Yo-YoIR1 was lower on the 3rd versus 10th day at altitude and was significantly related to CaO2. Conclusions The marked drop in PaO2 and CaO2 observed after ascent does not support the ‘fly-in, fly-out’ approach for soccer teams to play immediately after arrival at altitude. Although short-term acclimatisation was sufficient for Australians to stabilise their CaO2 (mostly due to loss of plasma volume), 12 days appears insufficient to reach chronic levels of adaption.