Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection of the 2175 Å extinction feature and 21-cm absorption in two Mg ii systems at z ∼ 1.3

We have discovered two dusty intervening Mg ii absorption systems at z∼ 1.3 in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data base. The overall spectra of both quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) are red (u−K > 4.5 mag) and are well modelled by the composite QSO spectrum reddened by the extinction curve from the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC2) Supershell redshifted to the rest frame of the Mg ii systems. In particular, we detect clearly the presence of the ultraviolet (UV) extinction bump at λrest∼ 2175A. Absorption lines of weak transitions like Si iiλ1808, Cr iiλ2056, Cr ii+ Zn iiλ2062, Mn iiλ2594, Ca iiλ3934 and Ti iiλ1910 from these systems are detected even in the low signal-to-noise ratio and low-resolution SDSS spectra, suggesting high column densities of these species. The depletion pattern inferred from these absorption lines is consistent with that seen in the cold neutral medium of the LMC. Using the LMC AV versus N(H i) relationship, we derive N(H i) ∼ 6 × 1021 cm−2 in both systems. Metallicities are close to solar. Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) observations of these two relatively weak radio QSOs (fν∼ 50 mJy) resulted in the detection of 21-cm absorption in both the cases. We show that the spin temperature of the gas is of the order of or smaller than 500 K. These systems provide a unique opportunity to search for molecules and diffuse interstellar bands at z > 1.
Individual neuron and network spontaneous activity 1 Title : Relationship between individual neuron and network spontaneous activity in developing 1 mouse cortex

1 Title: Relationship between individual neuron and network spontaneous activity in developing 1 mouse cortex 2 3 Authors: 4 Heather M. Barnett 5 Julijana Gjorgjieva 6 Keiko Weir 7 Cara Comfort 8 Adrienne L. Fairhall 9 William J. Moody 10 11 Affiliation: 12 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington 13 Center for Brain Science, Harvard University 14 Department of Biology, University of Washington 15 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington 16 Undergraduate Neurobiology Program, University of Washington 17 18 Running Head: Individual neuron and network spontaneous activity 19 20 Address for Correspondence: Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. William J. Moody, 21 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. 22 profbill@u.washington. edu 23 24 Phone: (206)-295-7794 25 Fax: (206)-543-3041 26 27
Monte Carlo Markov Chain Algorithms for Sampling Strongly Rayleigh Distributions and Determinantal Point Processes

Strongly Rayleigh distributions are natural generalizations of product and determinantal probability distributions and satisfy strongest form of negative dependence properties. We show that the "natural" Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) is rapidly mixing in the support of a {\em homogeneous} strongly Rayleigh distribution. As a byproduct, our proof implies Markov chains can be used to efficiently generate approximate samples of a $k$-determinantal point process. This answers an open question raised by Deshpande and Rademacher.
Knowledge of Ischemic Stroke Risk Factors and Warning Signs After a Health Education Program by Medical Students

Background and Purpose— A delay in recognizing early warning signs (WS) and risk factors (RF) of ischemic stroke causes a delay in treatment. We evaluated knowledge of RF and WS and the impact of an educational program by medical students. Methods— We first surveyed individuals to determine knowledge of WS and RF. Then, after a 6-month education program, knowledge was reassessed. The questionnaire included sociodemographic and comorbidity data. A &khgr;2 and Mann-Whitney U test, as well as a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine variables associated with knowledge, were used. Results— We performed 329 baseline and 355 posteducation surveys. Initially, 57.1% mentioned at least 1 RF; this later increased to 65.9%. Mentions of obesity, dyslipidemias, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus increased significantly. With regard to WS, 37.6% mentioned at least 1, which increased to 48.1% who mentioned weakness in 1 limb, in half the body, severe headache, and altered vision. Educational level (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.42–4.53; P=0.001), employment (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.08–2.74; P=0.021), a family history of brain infarction (OR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.35–4.11; P=0.02), obesity (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.026–2.6; P=0.038), and having received information in the last 6 months (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.51–4.83; P=0.001) were associated with a better understanding of RF and WS. Conclusions— The educational program was cost-effective and had a positive impact on knowledge of RF and WS of ischemic stroke. More education programs are required to improve knowledge of ischemic stroke.
THE ACADEMIC CONSEQUENCES OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOURS IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD AND LINKAGES BETWEEN EXTERNALISING AND INTERNALISING DIFFICULTIES

Numerous studies have documented relationships between problem behaviours and academic achievement measures. This study was initiated to address the relationship between parent-reported problem behaviour symptoms (externalising and internalising) and standardised measures of academic achievement. The sample comprised of 3678 boys and 3846 girls in Ireland who were tracked over two time points. The first wave of data was collected when the children were 9 years old, followed by a second wave when they turned 13 years. An autoregressive model linking data at age 9 and age 13 is used to test the linkages between problems behaviours (externalising and internalising) and academic achievement over time, while simultaneously controlling for within-time association. Secondarily, the study also seeks to clarify the association between symptoms of externalising and internalising within the broader domain of problem behaviours itself. Results suggest that problems behaviours evident in middle childhood appeared to undermine academic competence by early adolescence. Likewise, early academic failures were associated with later problem behaviours. On the other hand, externalising and internalising difficulties showed reciprocal relationships over time. Implications of cascade effects for research and intervention are discussed.
Assessing Impacts of a Power User Attack on a Matrix Factorization Collaborative Recommender System

Collaborative Filtering (CF) Recommender Systems (RSs) help users deal with the information overload they face when browsing, searching, or shopping for products and services. Power users are those individuals that are able to exert substantial influence over the recommendations made to other users, and RS operators encourage the existence of power user communities and leverage them to help fellow users make informed purchase decisions, especially on new items. Attacks on RSs occur when malicious users attempt to bias recommendations by introducing fake reviews or ratings; these attacks remain a key problem area for system operators. Thus, the influence wielded by power users can be used for both positive (addressing the “new item” problem) or negative (attack) purposes. Our research is investigating the impact on RS predictions and top-N recommendation lists when attackers emulate power users to provide biased ratings for new items. Previously we showed that power user attacks are effective against user-based CF RSs and that item-based CF RSs are robust to this type of attack. This paper presents the next stage in our investigation: (1) an evaluation of heuristic approaches to power user selection, and (2) evaluation of power user attacks in the context of matrix-factorization (SVD) based recommenders. Results show that social measures of influence such as degree centrality are more effective for selection of power users, and that matrix-factorization approaches are susceptible to power user attacks.
Permutations Containing and Avoiding 123 and 132 Patterns

We prove that the number of permutations which avoid 132-patterns and have exactly one 123-pattern equals (n-2)2^(n-3). We then give a bijection onto the set of permutations which avoid 123-patterns and have exactly one 132-pattern. Finally, we show that the number of permutations which contain exactly one 123-pattern and exactly one 132-pattern is (n-3)(n-4)2^(n-5).
Critical sample size for the Lp-norm estimator in linear regression models

In the presence of non-Gaussian noise the least squares estimator for the parameters of a regression model can be suboptimal. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider other norms. Lp-norm estimators are a useful alternative, particularly when the residuals are heavy-tailed. We analyze the convergence properties of such estimators as a function of the number samples available for estimation. An analysis based on the Random Energy Model (REM), a simplified model used to describe the thermodynamic properties of amorphous solids, shows that, in a specific limit, a second order phase transition takes place: For small sample sizes the typical and average values of the estimator are very different. For sufficiently large samples, the most probable value of the estimator is close to its expected value. The validity analysis is illustrated in the problem of predicting intervals between subsequent tweets.
A techno-economic analysis and optimization of Li-ion batteries for light-duty passenger vehicle electri fi cation

We conduct a techno-economic analysis of Li-ion NMC-G prismatic pouch battery and pack designs for electric vehicle applications. We develop models of power capability and manufacturing operations to identify the minimum cost cell and pack designs for a variety of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV) requirements. We find that economies of scale in battery manufacturing are reached quickly at a production volume of ~200e300 MWh annually. Increased volume does little to reduce unit costs, except potentially indirectly through factors such as experience, learning, and innovation. We also find that vehicle applications with larger energy requirements are able to utilize cheaper cells due in part to the use of thicker electrodes. The effect on cost can be substantial. In our base case, we estimate pack-level battery production costs of ~$545 kWh 1 for a PHEV with a 10 mile (16 km) all-electric range (PHEV10) and ~$230 kWh 1 for a BEV with a 200 mile (320 km) allelectric range (BEV200). This 58% reduction, from $545 kWh 1 to $230 kWh 1, is a larger effect than the uncertainty represented by our optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. Electrodes thicker than about 100 or 125 microns are not currently used in practice due to manufacturing and durability concerns, but relaxing this constraint could further lower the cost of larger capacity BEV200 packs by up to an additional 8%. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Impulsive responding in alcoholics.

BACKGROUND Impaired decision-making is one diagnostic characteristic of alcoholism. Quantifying decision-making with rapid and robust laboratory-based measures is thus desirable for the testing of novel treatments for alcoholism. Previous research has demonstrated the utility of delay discounting (DD) tasks for quantifying differences in decision-making in substance abusers and normal controls. In DD paradigms subjects choose between a small, immediate reward and a larger, delayed reward. METHODS We used a novel computerized DD task to demonstrate that abstinent alcoholics (AA, n=14) choose the larger, delayed option significantly less often than control subjects (n=14; p<0.02). This difference in choice tendency was independent of subject age, gender, years of education, or socio-economic status. RESULTS All subjects discounted as a function of reward delay and amount, with alcoholics demonstrating steeper discounting curves for both variables. This tendency to discount delayed rewards was positively correlated with subjective reports of both alcohol addiction severity (Drug Use Screening Inventory-Revised, Domain 1, p<0.01), and impulsivity (Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11, p<0.004). Novel aspects of this new paradigm include an element of time pressure, an additional experimental condition that evaluated motor impulsivity by assessing the ability to inhibit a pre-potent response, and another control condition to requiring non-subjective choice. CONCLUSIONS Non-alcoholic controls and alcoholics did not differ on motor impulsivity or non-subjective choice, suggesting that the differing choice behavior of the two groups was due mainly to differences in cognitive impulsivity.
Scheduling of outputs in grammar-based hardware synthesis of data communication protocols

We present a grammar based specification method for hardware synthesis of data communication protocols in which the specification is independent of the port size. Instead, it is used during the synthesis process as a constraint. When the width of the output assignments exceed the chosen output port width, the assignments are split and scheduled over the available states. We present a solution to this problem and results of applying it to some relevant problems.
The BPP program for species tree estimation and species delimitation

This paper provides an overview and a tutorial of the BPP program, which is a Bayesian MCMC program for analyzing multi-locus genomic sequence data under the multispecies coalescent model. An example dataset of five nuclear loci from the East Asian brown frogs is used to illustrate four different analyses, including estimation of species divergence time and population size parameters under the multispecies coalescent model on a fixed species phylogeny (A00), species tree estimation when the assignment and species delimitation are fixed (A01), species delimitation using a fixed guide tree (A10), and joint species delimitation and species-tree estimation or unguided species delimitation (A11). For the joint analysis (A11), two new priors are introduced, which assign uniform probabilities for the different numbers of delimited species, which may be useful when assignment, species delimitation, and species phylogeny are all inferred in one joint analysis. The paper ends with a discussion of the assumptions, the strengths and weaknesses of the BPP analysis [Current Zoology 61 (5) : – , 2015 ].
Topical ocular delivery to laser-induced choroidal neovascularization by dual internalizing RGD and TAT peptide-modified nanoparticles

A nanoparticle (NP) was developed to target choroidal neovascularization (CNV) via topical ocular administration. The NPs were prepared through conjugation of internalizing arginine-glycine-aspartic acid RGD (iRGD; Ac-CCRGDKGPDC) and transactivated transcription (TAT) (RKKRRQRRRC) peptide to polymerized ethylene glycol and lactic-co-glycolic acid. The iRGD sequence can specifically bind with integrin αvβ3, while TAT facilitates penetration through the ocular barrier. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that up to 80% of iRGD and TAT were conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol)– poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). The resulting particle size was 67.0±1.7 nm, and the zeta potential of the particles was −6.63±0.43 mV. The corneal permeation of iRGD and TAT NPs increased by 5.50- and 4.56-fold compared to that of bare and iRGD-modified NPs, respectively. Cellular uptake showed that the red fluorescence intensity of iRGD and TAT NPs was highest among primary NPs and iRGD- or TAT-modified NPs. CNV was fully formed 14 days after photocoagulation in Brown Norway (BN) rats as shown by optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography analyses. Choroidal flat mounts in BN rats showed that the red fluorescence intensity of NPs followed the order of iRGD and TAT NPs > TAT-modified NPs > iRGD-modified NPs > primary NPs. iRGD and TAT dual-modified NPs thus displayed significant targeting and penetration ability both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that it is a promising drug delivery system for managing CNV via topical ocular administration.
The Study of the Relationship between Individual Perception of Loneliness and Socialization with Recreational Activities: A Research on University Students

Recreational activity is an important means of socialization, as well as providing psychological relief in order to achieve socialization and to overcome loneliness. Accordingly, the aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between the perception of loneliness and socialization with recreational activities. Another aim of this study is to analyze whether there is a statistically significant difference between the demographic variables and the sense of loneliness of the individuals. In this context, relations between variables were tested using the data based on the questionnaire applied to university students studying at state universities in Konya and the theoretical hypotheses were tested. In addition, in the analysis of the research, descriptive statistics, difference tests were used to determine the difference between demographic variables and loneliness perception and correlation analysis was used to determine the relation between loneliness variable and the variable of socialization with recreational activities. As a result of the analyses, it was detected that there was a positive and meaningful relationship between loneliness perception and the variable of socialization with recreational activities. In this respect, as mentioned in the findings, it was determined that the individuals who have perceptions of loneliness are trying to increase their level of socialization by participating in recreational activities.
Relation between working memory and self-control capacity in participants with mild intellectual disability

Working memory is activated in situations which require active control of directing attention, processing information and making it available for a short time. Its content is limited in capacity and changes with regard to the context of a performed activity. Self-control is the capacity of a voluntary conscious effort to persist in achieving a previously set goal. The aim of this research was to determine the relation of verbal and visuospatial aspects of working memory with self-control skills in persons with mild intellectual disability (ID). The sample included 40 participants 8-12 years of age (M=10.65, SD=1.19). Memorizing a Maze task, adapted for participants with ID, was used to determine the capacity of visuospatial aspect of working memory. Memorizing Animals task was used to assess verbal aspect of working memory, and Self-Control Rating Scale was used to determine the acquisition level of self-control skills. It was determined that verbal aspects of working memory were significantly related to the acquired level of self-control skills (p=0.002). There was no significant relation between the results of tasks assessing the capacity of visuospatial working memory and the success on the scale assessing self-control capacity (p=0.089). The relation between self-control and verbal aspect of working memory may be explained by close links between using speech and applying self-regulation strategies.
Genetic mapping of Foxb1-cell lineage shows migration from caudal diencephalon to telencephalon and lateral hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is a brain region with vital functions, and alterations in its development can cause human disease. However, we still do not have a complete description of how this complex structure is put together during embryonic and early postnatal stages. Radially oriented, outside‐in migration of cells is prevalent in the developing hypothalamus. In spite of this, cell contingents from outside the hypothalamus as well as tangential hypothalamic migrations also have an important role. Here we study migrations in the hypothalamic primordium by genetically labeling the Foxb1 diencephalic lineage. Foxb1 is a transcription factor gene expressed in the neuroepithelium of the developing neural tube with a rostral expression boundary between caudal and rostral diencephalon, and therefore appropriate for marking migrations from caudal levels into the hypothalamus. We have found a large, longitudinally oriented migration stream apparently originating in the thalamic region and following an axonal bundle to end in the anterior portion of the lateral hypothalamic area. Additionally, we have mapped a specific expansion of the neuroepithelium into the rostral diencephalon. The expanded neuroepithelium generates abundant neurons for the medial hypothalamus at the tuberal level. Finally, we have uncovered novel diencephalon‐to‐telencephalon migrations into septum, piriform cortex and amygdala.
he neural correlates of specific versus general autobiographical memory onstruction and elaboration

We examined the neural correlates of specific (i.e., unique to time and place) and general (i.e., extended in or repeated over time) autobiographical memories (AMs) during their initial construction and later elaboration phases. The construction and elaboration of specific and general events engaged a widely distributed set of regions previously associated with AM recall. Specific (vs. general) event construction preferentially engaged prefrontal and medial temporal lobe regions known to be critical for memory
Organizational perceptions and their relationships to job attitudes effort, performance and organizational citizenship behaviors

v Introduction . 1 Method . 25 Results . 31 Discussion . 59 References . 76 Appendix A: Employee Survey Measures . 84 Appendix B: Supervisor Survey Measures . 87 Appendix C: Instructions for Employees . 89 Appendix D: Instructions for Supervisors . 90 Appendix E: Employee Survey . 91 Appendix F: Supervisor Survey . 95 Appendix G: Item-Testlet Relationships . 98 Vita . 99
Bayesian Fusion of Multi-Scale Detectors for Road Extraction from SAR Images

This paper introduces an innovative road network extraction algorithm using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery for improving the accuracy of road extraction. The state-of-the-art approaches, such as fraction extraction and road network optimization, failed to obtain continuous road segments in separate successions, since the optimization could not change the parts ignored by the fraction extraction. In this paper, the proposed algorithm integrates the fraction extraction and optimization procedure simultaneously to extract the road network: (1) the Bayesian framework is utilized to transfer the road network extraction to joint reasoning of the likelihood of fraction extraction and the priority of network optimization; (2) the multi-scale linear feature detector (MLFD) and the network optimization beamlet are introduced; (3) the conditional random field (CRF) is used to reason jointly. The result is the global optimum since the fraction extraction and network optimization are exploited at the same time. The proposed algorithm solves the problem that the fractions are bound to reduce in the process of network optimization and has demonstrated effectiveness in real SAR images applications.