Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formal Verification of Scalable NonZero Indicators

Concurrent algorithms are notoriously difficult to design correctly, and high performance algorithms that make little or no use of locks even more so. In this paper, we describe a formal verification of a recent concurrent data structure Scalable NonZero Indicators. The algorithm supports incrementing, decrementing, and querying the shared counter in an efficient and linearizable way without blocking. The algorithm is highly non-trivial and it is challenging to prove the correctness. We have proved that the algorithm satisfies linearizability, by showing a trace refinement relation from the concrete implementation to its abstract specification. These models are specified in CSP and verified automatically using the model checking toolkit PAT.
MOTHERS' CHILD-REARING ATTITUDES AND VERBAL BEHAVIOR: A COMPARATIVE STUDY 1

This paper focuses on a salient aspect within the context of a broader comparative study on family socialization, namely, on the relationship between the actual verbal behavior of mothers of early adolescent children and their reported child-rearing attitudes. We compared mothers of early adolescent (10-13 yrs.) children from three different groups – Estonians living in Estonia, and two samples of bicultural Estonians residing in Sweden. The mothers’ responses to statements on child rearing were compared with the frequency of verbal regulation of the child’s behavior and speech that was obtained from real-life interactions. A significant correlation between a reported belief and the respective behavior appeared only in respect to attitudes towards controlling the child’s behavior. The cultural context had a significant effect on the frequency of verbal regulation of target children’s behavior, which was much higher in mothers residing in Estonia.
Assessing the accuracy of high-resolution X-ray computed tomography of primate trabecular bone by comparisons with histological sections.

Different lines of evidence suggest that trabecular bone architecture contains a functional signal related to an organism's locomotor behavior. An understanding of the interspecific and intraspecific variation in extant nonhuman primate trabecular structure is needed to evaluate its usefulness as a tool to reconstruct the locomotor habits of extinct primates. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) is a new imaging approach with a resolution in the tens of microns that allows nondestructive access to the internal structure of bony elements. Previous studies indicate that such resolution is necessary to accurately quantify structural parameters of trabecular bone. The primary goal of this study was to test the accuracy of HRXCT by comparing stereological measurements from HRXCT images and histological thin sections of cancellous bone taken from the proximal femur and humerus of baboons. To this end, 11 bone samples were scanned on an HRXCT scanner and then thin-sectioned to reveal the scanned plane. HRXCT images were thresholded using a modified half-maximum height protocol. The stereological measurements included bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), bone surface to volume ratio (BS/BV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp). The measurement errors on the HRXCT images were 10.90% for BV/TV, 6.06% for Tb.N, 14.19% for BS/BV, 14.33% for Tb.Th, and 7.09% for Tb.Sp, but none of these measurements were significantly different from the histological standards (alpha = 0.05). A second goal of this study was to examine the influence of thresholding, a necessary step in any morphometric study using computed tomography, on the accuracy of the quantitative morphometry. Threshold values derived from a modified half-maximum height protocol showed that parameters derived from the region of interest (area in which stereological measurements were later taken) produced better reconstructions of the actual bone structure than threshold values derived from more inclusive areas of bone. We conclude that HRXCT can accurately reconstruct the complex architecture of trabecular bone, and that thresholding is a nontrivial step in trabecular bone studies, with even slight changes in the protocol greatly affecting the morphometric data. HRXCT represents a valuable analytical tool that should be of interest to a great many researchers in physical anthropology because it allows nondestructive access to internal morphology, thereby preserving valuable and limited skeletal collections.
Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup (GCIG) Consensus Review for Uterine Serous Carcinoma

Objectives Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) represents a rare and aggressive histologic subtype of endometrial cancer, associated with a poor prognosis. This article critically reviews the literature pertinent to the epidemiology, pathology, molecular biology, diagnosis, management, and perspectives of patients with USC. Methods As one of a series of The Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup (GCIG) Rare Tumor Working Group in London, November 2013, we discussed about USC many times with various experts among international GCIG groups. Results Both USC and approximately 25% of high-grade endometrioid tumors represent extensive copy number alterations, few DNA methylation changes, low estrogen and progesterone levels, and frequent P53mutations. Uterine serous carcinoma shares molecular characteristics with ovarian serous and basal-like breast carcinomas. In addition to optimal surgery, platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy should be considered in the treatment of both early- and advanced-stage disease. The combination of radiation and chemotherapy appears to be associated with the highest survival rates. The role of radiation therapy in the management of this disease, with a high propensity for distant failures, remains elusive. Conclusions Uterine serous carcinoma is a unique and biologically aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer and should be studied as a distinct entity. Futures studies should identify the optimized chemotherapy and radiation regimens, sequence of therapy and schedule, and the role of targeted biologic therapy.
Equations for Estimating the Amount of Nitrogen Mineralized from Crop Residues

The amount of N mineralized or immobilized during the decomposition of a crop residue will influence the amount of N available for crop uptake and will ultimately impact N-management practices and groundwater quality. The objective of this work was to determine quantitative relationship(s) between a crop residue's chemical properties and the potential net amount of N that would mineralize in a season. Eight experiments (six from the literature and two conducted by the authors) were combined to determine general relationships between net N mineralized and residue chemical characteristics. Regression analysis indicated that 75 and 72% of the variability in the measured amounts of N mineralized in the eight experiments could be explained using either the C/N ratio or the square-root transformation of N concentration of the residue, respectively. The break point between net N mineralization and net immobilization was calculated to be at a C/N ratio of 40, which corresponds to a N concentration of about 10 g N/kg (assuming residue C is 400 g/ kg). Eighty percent of the variability in the amount of N mineralized could be explained by a regression equation that included N and the lignin-to-N ratio as independent variables. The fitted equations provide estimates of the maximum amount of N that potentially will mineralize in a season from incorporated crop residues of different
Stochastically Generated North American Megadroughts

The importance of interannual-to-decadal sea surface temperature (SST) influences on drought in the United States is examined using a suite of simulations conducted with the T3133 resolution version of the NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM1.0.3). The model captures tropical Pacific teleconnections to North American precipitation reasonably well, although orographic features are somewhat enhanced at higher resolution. The contribution of SST anomalies is isolated by comparing two idealized, 1000-yr CESM1.0. 3 experiments: a fully coupled control and an atmosphere-only (CAM4) run forced with the SST climatologyfromthecontrol.Droughtsareidentified usingthePalmerDroughtSeverityIndex(PDSI),which is computedoverfour U.S. regionsfrom the CESM1.0. 3experiments and comparedwiththe North American Drought Atlas(NADA). The CESM1.0. 3reproduces the persistence of NADA droughtsquitewell, although the model underestimates drought severity. Within the CESM1.0. 3 framework, SST forcing does not significantly affect drought intensity or frequency of occurrence, even for very persistent ‘‘megadroughts’’ of 15yr or more in length. In both the CESM1.0. 3 and NADA, with the exception of the Southeast United States, droughts in all regions have intensities, persistence lengths, and occurrence frequencies statistically consistent with a red noise null hypothesis. This implies that SST forcing is not the dominant factor in generating drought and therefore that many decadal megadroughts are caused by a combination of internal atmospheric variability and coupling with the land surface, with SST anomalies playing only a secondary role.
Genetic analysis of the MEN1 gene and HPRT2 locus in two Italian kindreds with familial isolated hyperparathyroidism

OBJECTIVES Familial hyperparathyroidism may occur as part of hereditary syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 2 (MEN1 and MEN2A), hyperparathyroidism‐jaw tumour (HPT‐JT) syndrome and familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP). It is unclear whether the latter is a distinct genetic entity or a variant of MEN1 or HPT‐JT, where, because of reduced penetrance, only primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is present. In the present study, we describe two unrelated Italian kindreds with FIHP, in which the clinical, histopathological and genetic analyses of the MEN1 gene and HPRT2 locus at 1q21‐32 suggest that both might be a variant of MEN1 and HPT‐JT syndromes.
Sediment mining in alluvial channels: physical effects and management perspectives

Based on a review of a number of documented case studies from various countries and a detailed analysis of sediment exploitation from five rivers in Italy and Poland, we discuss alluvial river response to extensive sediment mining. A sediment deficit caused by in‐stream mining typically induces upstream‐ and downstream‐progressing river incision, lateral channel instability and bed armouring. The resultant incision alters the frequency of floodplain inundation along the river courses, lowers valley‐floor water tables and frequently leads to destruction of bridges and channelization structures. Mining also results in the loss or impoverishment of aquatic and riparian habitats. In the rivers of Italy and southern Poland studied, where mining coincided with other human activities that reduce sediment delivery to the channels, deep river downcutting, changes in channel pattern and, in one case, transformation from alluvial to bedrock boundary conditions were recorded over recent decades.
Increasing seasonal influenza vaccination uptake using community pharmacies: experience from the Isle of Wight, England

Influenza vaccination rates achieved by general medical practice on the Isle of Wight, England, have been consistently lower than regional and national averages despite practices pursuing an active programme of patient engagement. The objective of this work was to determine whether inclusion of community pharmacies in an influenza vaccination programme improves vaccination rates and is acceptable to patients.
Optical font recognition for multi-font OCR and document processing

In this paper we present a multi-font OCR system to be employed for document processing, which performs, at the same time, both the character recognition and the font-style detection of the digits belonging to a subset of the existing fonts. The detection of the font-style of the document words can guide a rough automatic classification of documents, and can also be used to improve the character recognition. The system uses the tangent distance as a classification function in a nearest neighbour approach. We have to discriminate among different digits and, for the same character, we have to discriminate among different font-styles. The nearest neighbour approach is always able to recognize the digit, but the performance in font detection is not optimal. To improve the performance of the system, we have used a discriminant model, the TD-Neuron, which is employed to discriminate between two similar classes. Some experimental results and prospective use in document processing applications are presented.
Effectiveness of Multidisciplinary Group-Based Intervention versus Individual Physiotherapy for Improving Chronic Low Back Pain in Nursing Staff: A Clinical Trial with 3- and 6-Month Follow-Up Visits from Tehran, Iran

Study Design Clinical trial. Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary group-based intervention on improving pain and disability among Iranian nurses with chronic low back pain in Tehran, Iran. Overview of Literature Although low back pain (LBP) is one of the most important health problems, the challenge remains on how to find an effective intervention to reduce pain and related disabilities. Methods Overall, 136 eligible nurses with chronic mechanical LBP were classified into two groups. The intervention group (n=66 participants) participated in a physiotherapy educational program (for 120 minutes) plus a health educational program based on predictive constructs of the social cognitive theory (for 120 minutes). These interventions were delivered by a physiotherapist and a health education specialist. The control group (n=70 participants) participated in a physiotherapy educational program (for 120 minutes). Disability rate, pain severity, and back pain prevention behavior were measured initially and at 3- and 6-month follow-up visits using the visual analogue scale, Roland-Morris Disability, and Nursing Low Back Pain Preventive Behaviors Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 16. Results There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the main outcome measures immediately after the educational program and at 3- and 6-month follow-up visits. Preventive behaviors of participants in the intervention group were improved at 3- and 6- month follow-up visits (p<0.001). The mean scores of predictive constructs regarding LBP preventive behaviors in the intervention group were improved after 3 and 6 months (p<0.001). Finally, in the intervention group, pain severity and disability were decreased significantly. Conclusions This study showed that a multidisciplinary educational program intervention can be an effective approach for reducing LBP and related disabilities among nurses.
Numerical Investigation into Secondary Currents and Wall Shear in Trapezoidal Channels

This paper presents the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to determine the distribution of the bed and sidewall shear stresses in trapezoidal channels. The impact of the variation of the slant angle of the side walls, aspect ratio, and composite roughness on the shear stress distribution is analyzed. The shear stress data can be directly output from the CFD models at the boundaries, but they can also be derived using the Guo and Julien equations for the average bed and side wall shear stresses. These equations compute the shear stress as a function of three components; gravitational, secondary flows, and interfacial shear stress, and are hence used to gauge the respective merits of the different components of wall shear. The results show a significant contribution from the secondary currents and internal shear stresses on the overall shear stress at the boundaries. This work also extends previous work of the authors on rectangular channels.
SK&F 95654-Induced Acute Cardiovascular Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley Rats—Histopathologic, Electron Microscopic, and Immunohistochemical Studies

The characteristics and pathogenesis of the cardiovascular toxicity induced by the type III selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor SK&F 95654 were examined in 2 studies. Sprague—Dawley rats received either a single sc injection of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg SK&F 95654 and were euthanized at 24 hours after administration of the drug (Study 1), or were given a single subcutaneous (sc) injection of 100 mg/kg SK&F 95654 and euthanized at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours, or 2 weeks after treatment (Study 2). Control rats received either DMSO or saline. Myocardial lesions and vascular lesions of the mesentery, spleen, and pancreas were seen 24 hours after dosing with either 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg SK&F 95654. The frequency and severity of these lesions (evaluated after the 100 mg/kg dose) increased with time over a period of 1 to 24 hours. By 2 weeks, the lesions subsided. Cardiac lesions consisted of myocyte necrosis with hypercontraction bands, inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial hemorrhage, and interstitial edema. Vascular lesions of the mesentery were most prominent and consisted of vasodilatation and inflammation in the small-sized vessels, arterial medial necrosis and hemorrhage, and venous thrombosis. The vascular lesions included: leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, transendothelial migration of leukocytes, and inflammatory cell infiltration into vessel walls. Affected vessels included arteries, terminal arterioles, capillaries, postcapillary venules, and veins. Apoptosis of endothelial and smooth muscle cells was detected in the mesenteric vasculature by both TUNEL assay and electron microscopy. Evidence of endothelial cell activation in the mesenteric arteries and veins was also observed by electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining detected enhanced endothelial cell expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in the mesenteric arteries and veins. Mast cells were noted to be more prevalent in affected mesenteric tissue from drug-treated animals. The present findings suggest that apoptosis of endothelial and smooth muscle cells, activation of endothelial cells, recruitment of mast cells, and increased expression of adhesion molecules are important factors to the overall pathogenesis of SK&F 95654-induced vasculitis.
Seismic velocity structure of the lunar mantle

I have inverted the recently completed set of seismic arrival times from the Apollo lunar seismic network to estimate the average seismic velocities in three sections of the lunar mantle: two for the upper mantle and one for the middle mantle. The method used is a variation of the linearized least squares inversion where the inversion is accomplished in steps. The estimated average velocities in the upper mantle decrease from Vp = 7.74 km/s and Vs = 4.49 km/s in the section above 270-km depth to Vp = 7.46 km/s and Vs = 4.25 km/s in the section between 270- and 500-km depth, confirming the earlier finding of negative gradients based on seismic amplitude variations. The average velocities in the middle mantle between the depths of 500 km and 1000 km of Vp = 8.26 km/s and Vs = 4.65 km/s are significantly higher than those in the upper mantle, contradicting earlier estimates based on more limited data. The higher velocities may suggest initial melting of the moon down to at least 1000-km depth.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Case History: A 77-year-old man presents with fatigue and shortness of breath with minimal exertion. He is brought into the examination room in a wheelchair due to shortness of breath with ambulation. He has a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease with prior stent to left anterior descending artery. Examination is notable for a harsh III/VI late-peaking systolic murmur in the right upper sternal border that radiates to the carotid arteries. EKG shows left ventricular hypertrophy with strain. Laboratory results are notable for serum creatinine of 2.0 mg/dL. Echocardiography is notable for an ejection fraction of 35%, with global hypokinesis in a hypertrophied ventricle. The aortic valve is calcified and stenotic with a peak velocity of 4.2 m/s, a mean gradient of 45 mm Hg, and a calculated aortic valve area of 0.7 cm2. Computed tomography scan of the thorax reveals a densely calcified aorta (Figure 1). Figure 1. Computed tomography scan of thoracic aorta of patient with critical aortic stenosis. Left panel shows a transverse section and a densely and circumferentially calcified aorta (arrow). The right panel shows the calcified segment (arrow) in a 3D reconstructed view. Calcific aortic stenosis is a disease most commonly found in the elderly, with an estimated incidence of 2% to 4% in people >65 years of age,1 making it the most common acquired valvular disease seen in the developed world. Aortic stenosis may affect younger patients who have either congenitally bicuspid aortic valves or, less commonly in the developed world, a history of rheumatic fever as a child. The pathophysiology of calcific aortic stenosis is not completely understood, but the disease is thought to be secondary to leaflet stress and shares some features histopathologically with atherosclerosis; inflammatory-rich plaques develop on the leaflets and subsequently become mineralized.1 The …
Standard cosmic ray energetics and light element production

The recent observations of an approximately linear relationship between both Be and B and iron in metal-poor stars has led to a reassessment of the origin of the light elements in the early Galaxy. In addition to standard secondary production of BeB, it is necessary to introduce a production mechanism which is independent of the interstellar metallicity (primary), and in which freshly synthesized C, O and He are accelerated by supernova shock waves. Primary mechanisms are expected to be dominant at low metallicity. At metallicities higher than (O=H) > 1:75, some existing data indicate that secondary production is dominant. In this paper, we focus on the secondary process, related to the standard Galactic cosmic rays, and we examine the cosmic ray energy requirements for both present and past epochs. We nd the power input to maintain the present-day Galactic cosmic ray flux is about 1: 51 0 41 erg= s=51 0 50 erg=century; this estimate includes energy losses from both the escape of high-energy particle and ionization losses from low-energy particles. This implies that, if supernovae are the sites of cosmic ray acceleration, the fraction of explosion energy going to accelerated particles is about 30%, a value which we obtain consistently both from considering the present cosmic ray flux and connement and from the present 9 Be and 6 Li abundances. Using the abundances of 9 Be (and 6 Li) in metal-poor halo stars, we extend the analysis to show the eect of the interstellar gas mass on the standard Galactic cosmic ray energetic constraints on models of Li, Be, and B evolution. The eciency of the beryllium production per erg may be enhanced in the past by a factor of about 10; thus the energetic requirement by itself cannot be used to rule out a secondary origin of light elements. Only a clear and indisputable observational determination of the O-Fe relation in the halo will discriminate between the two processes.
Tunable Diode Laser Based Concentration Measurements of Water Vapour and Methane on a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

This paper presents concentration measurements of water vapour and methane, taken in-situ on an operational solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) test rig using tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS). Methane concentration measurements are presented for the TDLS system and are compared with concentration measurements taken using gas chromatography (GC). Furthermore, purge times for the SOFC gas-analysis system have been calculated using TDLS, which are measurements that cannot be obtained directly using GC. Finally, water vapour concentration measurements in the SOFC cathode are shown for different system operating conditions: a dry cathode cycle and during the introduction of water vapour. As GC cannot be used to measure water vapour in the SOFC cathode stream, a direct comparison cannot be made with the TDLS measurements.