Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Fairfax, Murdoch and Packer Dynasties in Twentieth-century Australia

On 10 September 2001 reporters and photographers accompanying the Australian Prime Minister, John Howard, on an of cial visit to the USA rushed to an exclusive restaurant in Washington. The Australian media had learned that Howard was to have an intimate tête-à-tête with the Australian-born media tycoon, Rupert Murdoch, at the Occidental Grill. Flashing camera bulbs bathed the pair in light as they sat down to dinner, and Australian commentators speculated about what this private meeting signi ed just months before an Australian election [1]. Rupert Murdoch is now an American citizen and runs his global media and entertainment group, News Corporation, from New York. However, his Australian arm, News Limited, still controls about 70% of national and metropolitan circulation, has monopolies in some metropolitan newspaper markets, and has extensive interests in pay television and telecommunications in Australia [2]. In 1903, 2 years after federation, Australia’s six capital cities had between them 21 daily newspapers. These newspapers were owned by 17 different proprietaries [3]. By the time Murdoch began spreading his wings overseas in the late 1960s, the Australian news media was dominated by three families—the Murdoch, Fairfax and Packer dynasties. When the century drew to a close, the Murdoch and Packer empires controlled most of the nation’s major print and electronic media outlets. This paper explores the history of the Australian media in the twentieth century through the history of its ownership and control. The business history of the Australian media is a complicated story of acquisitions and sales, mergers and closures, the decline of competition and diversity, the emergence of newspaper and television empires, and political patronage and political suspicion.
Role of cytokines in the response to erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND Cytokines are regulatory factors of erythropoiesis, especially in pathologic conditions. Even though a relevant role for a deranged cytokine production in the pathogenesis of dialysis anemia has been suggested, no data are available that analyze the role of cytokines in the key therapeutic issue of the needs of erythropoietin. The aim of the present study in hemodialysis patients was, therefore, to examine the relationship between the dose of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) and the production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). METHODS After the exclusion of subjects with major active causes of EPO resistance, data from 34 hemodialysis patients were available for analysis. Cytokine levels were measured in the supernatants of stimulated [with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)] and unstimulated PBMC. Mean yearly values of hematocrit, hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, ferritin, parathormone (PTH) and aluminum levels and EPO doses (U/kg/week) were calculated. For analysis, the 34 patients were divided according to their cutoff requirements for EPO: patients with requirements of EPO > or = 60 U/kg/week (group A1, 26 subjects) versus EPO < 60 U/kg/week (group B1, 8 subjects) and patients with requirements of EPO > or = 100 U/kg/week (group A2, 18 subjects) versus <100 U/kg/week (group B2, 16 subjects). RESULTS A significant direct correlation between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) production values and EPO doses was found (P = 0.039 and P = 0.02 respectively). On the other hand, there was a significantly negative correlation between interleukin-12 (IL-12) production values and EPO doses (P = 0.029). Patients of groups A1 and A2 had spontaneously higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and lower IL-12 and IFNgamma production compared to patients from groups B1 and B2. CONCLUSIONS Our data disclose a previously undescribed pattern of cytokine alteration that is relevant to determine increased needs of EPO in hemodialysis patients. The present results have potential applicability in designing strategies to improve EPO resistance.
Maternal Teaching During Play With Four-Year-Olds: Variation by Ethnicity and Family Resources

Mothers’ spontaneous teaching of their 4-year-olds was observed during block play in 230 dyads from low-income African American, Mexican, Dominican, and Chinese backgrounds. Blocks contained graphics that could be used to teach concepts in literacy, math, construction, or body/color. Coders noted how often mothers taught each of the concepts, and whether they taught at basic (“This is an ‘A’”) or advanced (“C-a-t spells cat”) levels. Additionally, mothers’ negative and positive affect and feedback were coded. Ethnic differences were seen in the concepts that mothers taught, the levels of their teaching, and the amount and valence of mothers’ feedback and affect towards their children. Within immigrant families, English-language use was positively associated with amount of teaching, engagement in advanced teaching, and feedback to children. The sociodemographic characteristics of families shape parents’ structuring of learning opportunities for children and in turn influence children’s developing skills and school readiness.
ERPs and Neural Oscillations during Volitional Suppression of Memory Retrieval

Although investigations of memory and the dynamics of ERP components and neural oscillations as assessed through EEG have been well utilized, little research into the volitional nature of suppression over memory retrieval have used these methods. Oscillation analyses conducted on the Think/No-Think (TNT) task and volitional suppression of retrieval are of interest to broaden our knowledge of neural oscillations associated not only during successful memory retrieval but also when retrieval is unwanted or suppressed. In the current study, we measured EEG during a TNT task and performed ERP and EEG spectral power band analyses. ERP results replicated other researchers' observations of increases in 500–800 msec parietal effects for items where retrieval was instructed to be elaborated compared with being suppressed. Furthermore, EEG analyses indicated increased alpha (8–12 Hz) and theta (3–8 Hz) oscillations across parietal electrodes for items that were instructed to be suppressed versus those to be elaborated. Additionally, during the second half of the experiment (after repeated attempts at control), increases in theta oscillations were found across both frontal and parietal electrodes for items that were instructed to be suppressed and that were ultimately forgotten versus those ultimately remembered. Increased alpha power for items that were instructed to be suppressed versus elaborated may indicate reductions of retrieval attempts or lack of retrieval success. Increased theta power for items that were instructed to be suppressed versus elaborated may indicate increased or prolonged cognitive control to monitor retrieval events.
Measuring the Function of School Refusal Behavior: The School Refusal Assessment Scale

Addressed deficiencies of traditional classification approaches to school refusal behavior through the development of the School Refusal Assessment Scale (SRAS). The scale identifies maintaining variables of school refusal behavior, including dimensions of negative and positive reinforcement. Results indicated child and parent versions of the scale to be reliable across time and between parent raters. Correlational data supported the hypothesis that separate functional conditions could be distinguished. The SRAS is proposed as a potentially useful clinical tool for objectively assigning prescriptive treatment strategies for this population. Recommendations for further research are discussed.
Radiation exposure during endourologic procedures using over-the-table fluoroscopy sources.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fluoroscopy is used daily by endourologic surgeons worldwide without knowledge of received radiation doses. We wanted to assess the radiation exposure of endourologic surgeons by frequently performed endourologic interventions with an over-the-table x-ray system. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this prospective single-center study, 235 endourologic interventions in 188 patients from April to September 2010 were included. Sixty-seven ureteral stent placements (USP), 51 ureteral stent changes (USC), 67 percutaneous stent changes (PSC), 11 percutaneous nephrolithotomies (PCNL), and 39 ureterorenoscopies (URS) were performed by 12 surgeons. The surgeon`s radiation exposure was measured with one thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) at the forehead and one at the ring finger. TLDs were analyzed at a central institute. The radiation dose detected at the forehead was counted as representative for the lens of the eye and the thyroid. RESULTS Mean patient age was 60.6 (± 18.8) years. Analysis of the TLD showed the following average values at the forehead for each intervention: USP and USC 0.04 mSv; PSC 0.03 mSv; PCNL 0.18 mSv; URS 0.1 mSv. Average finger values are: USP 0.13 mSv; USC 0.21 mSv; PSC 0.20 mSv; PCNL 4.36 mSv; URS 0.15 mSv. CONCLUSIONS This report evaluates surgeons' radiation exposure by everyday endourologic interventions of different complexity. Most can be performed with an over-the-table x-ray system without exceeding statutory limits. Especially for PCNL, surgeons should consider possible protective action.
Conducting task‐based interviews with pairs of children: consensus, conflict, knowledge construction and turn taking

This article explores theoretical and methodological issues associated with task‐based interviews conducted with pairs of children. We explore different approaches to interviews from sociological, psychological and subject‐based perspectives. Our interviews, concerning mathematical questions and carried out with pairs of 10 and 11‐year‐olds, are drawn on and we conclude that the consensus and conflict identified as being associated with paired interviews in social science paradigms are also relevant to task‐based interviews, but take different forms. Children interviewed in pairs about tasks they have previously completed sometimes show cognitive conflict related to mathematics, but sometimes the conflict has social bases. Children interviewed in pairs whilst they work on tasks often search for consensus, which can take the form of co‐construction of knowledge.
Towards a relationally-orientated approach to therapy: empirical support and analysis

Drawing on contemporary evidence in the counselling and psychotherapy research field, this paper argues that there is growing support for a relationship-orientated approach to therapeutic practice. The paper reviews findings from a range of meta-analytical and individual studies which provide strong evidence for the centrality of relational factors to the successfulness of therapy, and then goes on to examine the specific variables that appear to be linked to positive therapeutic change. Having considered some of the empirical evidence that challenges this position and highlighted the importance of individual differences, the paper concludes by arguing that we need to develop and expand our understanding of the kind of relational factors and processes that most facilitate therapeutic change.
Niacin metabolism and Parkinson’s disease

Epidemiological surveys suggest an important role for niacin in the causes of Parkinson’s disease, in that niacin deficiency, the nutritional condition that causes pellagra, appears to protect against Parkinson’s disease. Absorbed niacin is used in the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the body, and in the metabolic process NAD releases nicotinamide by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, the activation of which has been reported to mediate 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson’s disease. Recently nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (EC2.1.1.1) activity has been discovered in the human brain, and the released nicotinamide may be methylated to 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA), via this enzyme, in the brain. A deficiency in mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex 1) activity is believed to be a critical factor in the development of Parkinson’s disease. MNA has been found to destroy several subunits of cerebral complex 1, leading to the suggestion that MNA is concerned in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Based on these findings, it is hypothesized that niacin is a causal substance in the development of Parkinson’s disease through the following processes: NAD produced from niacin releases nicotinamide via poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, activated by the hydroxyl radical. Released excess nicotinamide is methylated to MNA in the cytoplasm, and superoxides formed by MNA via complex I destroy complex 1 subunits directly, or indirectly via mitochondrial DNA damage. Hereditary or environmental factors may cause acceleration of this cycle, resulting in neuronal death.
On climate change skepticism and denial in tourism

The period leading to and immediately after the release of the IPCC's fifth series of climate change assessments saw substantial efforts by climate change denial interests to portray anthropogenic climate change (ACC) as either unproven theory or a negligible contribution to natural climate variability, including the relationship between tourism and climate change. This paper responds to those claims by stressing that the extent of scientific consensus suggests that human-induced warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Second, it responds in the context of tourism research and ACC, highlighting tourism's significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, as well as climate change's potential impacts on tourism at different scales. The paper exposes the tactics used in ACC denial papers to question climate change science by referring to non-peer-reviewed literature, outlier studies, and misinterpretation of research, as well as potential links to think tanks and interest groups. The paper concludes that climate change science does need to improve its communication strategies but that the world-view of some individuals and interests likely precludes acceptance. The connection between ACC and sustainability illustrates the need for debate on adaptation and mitigation strategies, but that debate needs to be grounded in scientific principles not unsupported skepticism.
Duality-symmetric string theory and the cosmological-constant problem.

We propose an ansatz for a low-energy effective action {ital {bar S}} for a gravity-plus-matter system which is given by the usual action {ital S} (integral over space-time) {ital divided} by the space-time volume, {ital {bar S}}={ital S}/{ital V}. The resulting gravitational equation is independent of the value of the cosmological constant that is present in {ital S}. We suggest that {ital {bar S}} can be considered as an approximation for the effective action in the duality-symmetric'' closed-string theory in which the string coordinates {ital x} and their duals'' {ital {tilde x}} are treated as independent.
Ideas, Complexity, and Innovation.

A version of this paper was read at the 1978 meetings of the International Sociological Association in Uppsala, Sweden. The Research Foundation of the City University of New York provided funds for the research. The authors acknowledge suggestions made by John Hammond and especially want to thank Hilary Silver for her help with the computer analysis. We are indebted to the ASQ reviewers, whose detailed criticisms on earlier drafts were extremely valuable.
Effect of a periodized exercise training and active recovery program on antitumor activity and development of dendritic cells.

AIM Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that promote antitumor immunity in vivo when pulsed with tumor antigen. No studies have indicated that exercise training affects DC function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 5-week periodized exercise training and active recovery program on the development of DCs, and to test their effect on the antitumor immunity of mononuclear cells (MNC) from blood and spleen against human leukemic U937 and murine lymphoma Yac-1 cells, respectively. METHODS Male Fisher 344 rats were divided into 2 groups: exercise and non-exercise group. The training protocol consisted of running on a motor-driven treadmill 6 days a week for consecutive 5 weeks, during which the running time, treadmill speed, and incline gradient were increased weekly. Active recovery parameters were set at 30% of the intensity of the previous day. RESULTS DC numbers increased significantly (P<0.05) in the exercise group compared to controls, but there were no significant changes in the expression of surface antigens CD80 and CD86. In exercise group MNC-conditioned medium (CM) prepared with 50 microg/mL phytohemagglutinin (PHA) significantly inhibited proliferation of U937 cells, and splenocyte-CM with PHA at 20 and 40 microg/mL significantly inhibited proliferation of YAC-1 cells greater than control group. CONCLUSIONS The 5-week periodized exercise training with active recovery promotes the number of DCs and enhances the activity of DCs against tumor cells.
Equity theory and exchange and communal orientation from a cross-national perspective

Abstract The present study explored differences between subjects from the United States and the Netherlands with respect to the evaluation of potential contributions to an intimate relationship, sex role attitudes, and communal and exchange orientation; the applicability of equity theory to intimate relationships; and the possible moderator effect of individual difference variables (i.e., exchange and communal orientation). The sample consisted of 133 students from the United States (41 male, 92 female; mean age, 20.9 years) and 143 students from the Netherlands (40 male, 103 female; mean age, 22.9 years). Clear differences were found between the American and Dutch subjects. They evaluated several contributions to an intimate relationship differently, and there were greater differences between American male and female students than between Dutch male and female students. American subjects had more sex role stereotyped attitudes and were more exchange oriented; equity theory fit better among the Americans,.
Factors affecting study-related burnout among Finnish university students: teaching-learning environment, achievement motivation and the meaning of life

This study of a large sample (n = 3035) examined relationships between study-related burnout and components of the teaching-learning environment, achievement motivation and the perceived meaning of life. The overall model, tested with structural equation modelling, revealed that the factor of the teaching-learning environment correlated with both student conceptions of perceived proper workload and achievement motivation. No direct relationship between university students’ conceptions of the teaching-learning environment and burnout was found. In addition, the relation between workload and burnout was minor. Achievement motivation mediates student perceptions of the teaching-learning environment (as well as the perceived workload and the meaning of life). This finding stresses the meaning of teachers’ daily pedagogical decisions. Those are essential for students’ positive perceptions that in turn support efficacy beliefs and increase motivation and, indirectly, well-being. This implication should be taken into account in further research concerning study-related burnout and in university teachers’ pedagogical training.
The Effect of Selected Residential Carpet and Pad on the Balance of Healthy Older Adults

The purpose of this research was to determine whether selected residential carpet and pad contributed to balance problems among healthy, community-dwelling older adults. Twenty-five older adults (mean age 73.25; SD± 7.48) were recruited, and balance was measured using the NeuroCom Computerized Posturography balance machine. Participants were exposed to the Sensory Organization Test while standing on the selected residential carpet (i.e., a 36-ounce, 1/2-inch pile height, 1/8-inch gauge, cut pile carpet) and pad (i.e., a rebonded polyurethane, 6-pound density, 7/16-inch thick padding). Postural sway significantly increased on the carpet only when participants had their eyes closed and the forceplate on the balance machine moved. Balance strategy was not affected by the carpet. Participants were able to adjust to the sensory limitations by adopting an ankle strategy regardless of the floor surface. The results of this study indicate limited participant difficulty maintaining static balance when standing on the selected carpet.
Lysyl Oxidase and the Tumor Microenvironment

The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of oxidases contains a group of extracellular copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking of collagen and elastin by oxidation, thus maintaining the rigidity and structural stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant expression or activation of LOX alters the cellular microenvironment, leading to many diseases, including atherosclerosis, tissue fibrosis, and cancer. Recently, a number of studies have shown that LOX is overexpressed in most cancers and that it is involved in the regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. In contrast, a few reports have also indicated the tumor-suppressing role of LOX. In this short review, we discuss recent research on the correlations between LOX and cancer. Further, the role of LOX in tumor microenvironment remodeling, tumorigenesis, and metastasis and the underlying mechanisms have also been elucidated.
Blowing the whistle : Determinants of responses to sexual harassment

This research used a scenario study and survey data to examine the effects of 3 factors (position power, personal power, and organizational efficacy) on responses to sexual harassment. Results of the scenario study revealed that the position power and personal power of the victim and the efficacy with which the organization dealt with previous incidents of sexual harassment were positively associated with the likelihood that participants actively responded to a hypothetical incident of sexual harassment. Similarly, analyses of the survey data revealed that position power, personal power, and organizational efficacy significantly predicted actual victims' responses to experienced sexual harassment. However, contrary to prediction, personal power was negatively associated with the number of active responses taken by actual victims. Results also suggested that the effects of position power, personal power, and organizational efficacy were not significantly moderated by individuals' previous experience with s.
A Retrospective Study of Career Development: I. Relationship among First Aspirations, Parental Occupations, and Current Occupations

Brief interviews were conducted with 620 full-time employed adults between the ages of 40 and 55 years to identify their first realistic career aspirations and the ages at which they were made. A majority (59%) indicated a first career aspiration before the age of 13. Exact matches with current occupations were rare but increased in frequency with higher age of first aspiration. Aspirations and occupations were classified according to Holland's (1985) six occupational categories. Forty-one percent of the childhood aspirations and 46% of the adolescent aspirations matched current occupations. Those reporting early aspirations within the same category as their fathers' occupations were more likely to remain within the same category at middle age than those whose early career aspirations did not match their fathers' occupations.