Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experiences of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Students on Social Work Programmes: Developing a Framework for Educational Practice

This article reports on a qualitative study with lesbian, gay and bisexual students and key informants from social work programmes and the wider higher education institution (HEI) that aimed to examine participants' views about this group of students' progression on and experiences of social work programmes in England. Student participants did not consider that their progression had been adversely affected by reactions to their sexual orientation; however, key informants were unable to supply data on this. Although some students were broadly satisfied with their experiences, others reported specific instances of discrimination against them and, more commonly, homophobic comments by other students. Although key informants expressed a general commitment to combating unfair discrimination, few explicit accounts of mechanisms, policies or practices to achieve this were given. A lack of attention to these issues in both academic and practice curricula was also indicated. The paper develops a framework for social work educators and institutions to evaluate and audit their educational practice, which could be used to create more inclusive learning environments. Some ways in which institutions and individual educators could improve their practice are suggested.
Evaluation of a diversion from custody scheme at magistrates' courts

Abstract A psychiatric liaison service to the four magistrates' courts lying within the catchment area of the forensic mental health service based at the Bracton Clinic was established in February 1991. The principal aim was to decrease the frequency and length of custodial remands for psychiatric reports by diverting, whenever appropriate, mentally disordered offenders from custody. We report on the preliminary analysis of a consecutive series of the first 150 defendants referred by the court for a psychiatric opinion. Overall 77% of the referrals were seen in custody and following assessment 64% of these were diverted, i.e. given bail, given a non-custodial disposal, or admitted to hospital. Over 50% of the cases were concluded on the day of the assessment and within 21 days three-quarters of the cases had been disposed of. There were 23 admissions, representing 15% of all referrals. Many more defendants received psychiatric treatment on a voluntary basis in the community, which was often combined with .
Causal interactions between fronto-parietal central executive and default-mode networks in humans

Significance Three large-scale neural networks are thought to play important roles in cognitive and emotional information processing in humans. It has been theorized that the “central executive” and “salience” networks achieve this by regulating the “default mode” network. Support for this idea comes from correlational neuroimaging studies; however, direct evidence for this neural mechanism is lacking. We tested this hypothesized mechanism by exciting or inhibiting nodes within the central executive and salience networks using noninvasive brain stimulation and observed the results using simultaneous brain imaging. We found that the default mode network is under inhibitory control specifically from a node in the central executive network, which provides mechanistic insights into prior work that implicates these networks in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Information processing during human cognitive and emotional operations is thought to involve the dynamic interplay of several large-scale neural networks, including the fronto-parietal central executive network (CEN), cingulo-opercular salience network (SN), and the medial prefrontal-medial parietal default mode networks (DMN). It has been theorized that there is a causal neural mechanism by which the CEN/SN negatively regulate the DMN. Support for this idea has come from correlational neuroimaging studies; however, direct evidence for this neural mechanism is lacking. Here we undertook a direct test of this mechanism by combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with functional MRI to causally excite or inhibit TMS-accessible prefrontal nodes within the CEN or SN and determine consequent effects on the DMN. Single-pulse excitatory stimulations delivered to only the CEN node induced negative DMN connectivity with the CEN and SN, consistent with the CEN/SN’s hypothesized negative regulation of the DMN. Conversely, low-frequency inhibitory repetitive TMS to the CEN node resulted in a shift of DMN signal from its normally low-frequency range to a higher frequency, suggesting disinhibition of DMN activity. Moreover, the CEN node exhibited this causal regulatory relationship primarily with the medial prefrontal portion of the DMN. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the causal mechanisms by which major brain networks normally coordinate information processing. Given that poorly regulated information processing is a hallmark of most neuropsychiatric disorders, these findings provide a foundation for ways to study network dysregulation and develop brain stimulation treatments for these disorders.
The reliability of the comprehensive system for the Rorschach: A comment on Meyer (1997)

Elsewhere the authors have called attention to fundamental problems with the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach (CS). G. Meyer (1997) attempts to refute the authors' criticisms of CS interrater reliability, but misrepresents what they actually stated, and several of his arguments are based on psychometric errors and misunderstandings. The meta-analysis in Meyer's article is flawed and fails to demonstrate CS interrater reliability. Instead of defending the CS with unsound arguments and shaky numbers, Rorschach proponents need to accept valid criticisms and undertake high-quality, replicated studies of reliability and validity.
On-line relevant anomaly detection in the Twitter stream: an efficient bursty keyword detection model

On-line social networks have become a massive communication and information channel for users world-wide. In particular, the microblogging platform Twitter, is characterized by short-text message exchanges at extremely high rates. In this type of scenario, the detection of emerging topics in text streams becomes an important research area, essential for identifying relevant new conversation topics, such as breaking news and trends. Although emerging topic detection in text is a well established research area, its application to large volumes of streaming text data is quite novel. Making scalability, efficiency and rapidness, the key aspects for any emerging topic detection algorithm in this type of environment. Our research addresses the aforementioned problem by focusing on detecting significant and unusual bursts in keyword arrival rates or bursty keywords. We propose a scalable and fast on-line method that uses normalized individual frequency signals per term and a windowing variation technique. This method reports keyword bursts which can be composed of single or multiple terms, ranked according to their importance. The average complexity of our method is O(n log n), where n is the number of messages in the time window. This complexity allows our approach to be scalable for large streaming datasets. If bursts are only detected and not ranked, the algorithm remains with lineal complexity O(n), making it the fastest in comparison to the current state-of-the-art. We validate our approach by comparing our performance to similar systems using the TREC Tweet 2011 Challenge tweets, obtaining 91% of matches with LDA, an off-line gold standard used in similar evaluations. In addition, we study Twitter messages related to the SuperBowl football events in 2011 and 2013.
‘Everybody’s a Nobody in School’

The experiences of 20 male young offenders who had been excluded from secondary school are reported in this article. Participants were interviewed about their school experiences and data analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three themes are discussed here. The first relates to participants’ perceptions that their individuality and autonomy were threatened in the school environment, which was believed to value conformity and uniformity. The second reports a particular dislike of certain rules and the ways in which rules were enforced. Finally, participants discussed the appeal of material consumption, which allowed for the purchase of goods which enhanced their sense of individuality. Most of the money acquired by participants was through crime practised whilst truanting. These results are discussed within Eccles et al.’s (1993) stage-environment fit framework.
Teachers' attitudes towards Computer-Assisted Language Learning in Australia and Spain

A review of the existing literature shows that when it comes to studying attitudes towards CALL (Computer-Assisted Language Learning), researchers have traditionally focused on students’ perspectives and ignored teachers’ views. This study focuses on teachers’ attitudes towards CALL in order to gain a better understanding of what issues, advantages, and disadvantages teachers come across when incorporating CALL into their teaching. Furthermore, a group of teachers from Australia and Spain has been interviewed to compare how views on CALL vary across professionals in these two countries. As some authors have previously proved, the more IT literate teachers are, the more likely they are to use CALL in their teaching.
Event knowledge and children's recall of television based narratives

Recent research has established that young children can rapidly develop scripts for familiar events, and use such scripts to comprehend and recall information. Most of the available research has concerned everyday experiences, but relatively little attention has been paid to children's use of event knowledge in processing media content. A total of 96 children aged, 5, 7, 9 and 11 years participated in a study to investigate developmental reliance upon event knowledge in recalling television based narratives. Children viewed an event based television story presented in a canonical or jumbled version. Their responses to immediate and delayed recall tests were analysed for completeness and sequencing accuracy. In general, children who viewed the canonical version recalled more story units and organized their recall more accurately than children who viewed the jumbled version. Young children tended also to reorder the story units in the jumbled version to preserve canonicity. From 9 years of age onwards, children's recall of the jumbled version was as coherent as that of their same age counterparts who watched the canonical version. These results suggest that young children tend to depend on their event knowledge primarily in its canonical form, and with age children become more flexible in using their event knowledge in recalling routine television narratives.
Attitudes towards people with physical or intellectual disabilities among nursing, social work and medical students

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To examine and compare undergraduate healthcare students' attitudes towards people with physical or intellectual disabilities in Greece. BACKGROUND The experience that people with disabilities have with health care is a complex interaction between their medical condition and the social and physical environment. Attitudes of the nursing and healthcare staff affect the quality of care and people's adaptation to their disability, self-image and rehabilitation outcomes. DESIGN Descriptive cross-sectional survey. METHODS Nursing, Social Work and Medicine students (N = 1007, 79.4% female) attending three universities (Athens, Crete) completed during 2014-2016 two standardised scales regarding physical (ATDP-B) and intellectual disability (CLAS-ID). Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Attitudes towards people with physical disabilities in Greece (ATDP-B scores) were poor with scores just above the mid-point. Medical studies and higher knowledge and work with individuals with physical disabilities signified marginally more positive attitudes. Gender and age displayed no associations with attitudes. Regarding intellectual disability (CLAS-ID scores), nursing students had slightly less positive attitudes in "Similarity" but more positive attitudes in "Sheltering" subscales. Previous work and contact was related to more favourable and higher age to less favourable "Similarity" and "Sheltering" attitudes. Males had higher "Exclusion" scores. Those who knew people with intellectual disabilities had less favourable "Empowerment" attitudes. Knowledge was related to more positive attitudes in all four CLAS-ID subscales. CONCLUSIONS Greek health and social care students showed poor attitudes towards people with physical and intellectual disability. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE When holding unfavourable attitudes, healthcare professionals become less involved with the people they care for and they do not provide nursing care to the best of their abilities. Undergraduate and continuing education, along with workplace enhancements, should aim to provide high-quality health care to people with disabilities.
WHAT SEEMINGS SEEM TO BE

Abstract According to Phenomenal Conservatism (PC), if it seems to a subject S that P, S thereby has some degree of (defeasible) justification for believing P. But what is it for P to seem true? Answering this question is vital for assessing what role (if any) such states can play. Many have appeared to adopt a kind of non-reductionism that construes seemings as intentional states which cannot be reduced to more familiar mental states like beliefs or sensations. In this paper I aim to show that reductive accounts need to be taken more seriously by illustrating the plausibility of identifying seemings and conscious inclinations to form a belief. I briefly close the paper by considering the implications such an analysis might have for views such as PC.
Selective impairments in self-ordered working memory in a patient with a unilateral striatal lesion

Abstract A patient is described with a strlatocapsular infarct resulting In damage to the left caudate-putamen, sparing the left ventral striaturn and globus pallidus, who exhibits relatively selective deficits In self-ordered working memory performance. These deficits were shown repeatedly over several months, with several different types of test and material. The impairments were shown In the absence of obvious perceptual, visuospatial constructional, motor or language deficits. Recognition memory and cued recall performance was intact, although free recall was poor on some occasions. Aspects of executive performance were also Intact, including set-shifting performance, but there were significant deficits in planning. The results are discussed in terms of the operation of parallel, functionally segregated cortlco-striatal ‘loops’.
Planning, Sustainability and Airport-Led Urban Development

Airports are no longer places where planes just take off and land but have evolved into major business enterprises with spatial impacts and functional implications that extend deep into metropolitan areas. They are vital hubs in the global space of flows. Airport-led urban development, notwithstanding its employment and income generating capabilities and potentials, comes with costs and risks: economic, environmental, and cultural. A host of planning issues are raised. Traditional NIMBY reactions against airport expansion are evolving into more fundamental critiques of aviation around issues such as climate change. Mediating the conflict between the aviation industry's pro-growth stance and more sceptical perspectives is the concept of sustainable aviation. This may prove an oxymoron but it remains vital to link airport planning to the broader planning of sustainable communities and regions.
Releasing Dentate Nucleus Cells from Purkinje Cell Inhibition Generates Output from the Cerebrocerebellum

The cerebellum generates its vast amount of output to the cerebral cortex through the dentate nucleus (DN) that is essential for precise limb movements in primates. Nuclear cells in DN generate burst activity prior to limb movement, and inactivation of DN results in cerebellar ataxia. The question is how DN cells become active under intensive inhibitory drive from Purkinje cells (PCs). There are two excitatory inputs to DN, mossy fiber and climbing fiber collaterals, but neither of them appears to have sufficient strength for generation of burst activity in DN. Therefore, we can assume two possible mechanisms: post-inhibitory rebound excitation and disinhibition. If rebound excitation works, phasic excitation of PCs and a concomitant inhibition of DN cells should precede the excitation of DN cells. On the other hand, if disinhibition plays a primary role, phasic suppression of PCs and activation of DN cells should be observed at the same timing. To examine these two hypotheses, we compared the activity patterns of PCs in the cerebrocerebellum and DN cells during step-tracking wrist movements in three Japanese monkeys. As a result, we found that the majority of wrist-movement-related PCs were suppressed prior to movement onset and the majority of wrist-movement-related DN cells showed concurrent burst activity without prior suppression. In a minority of PCs and DN cells, movement-related increases and decreases in activity, respectively, developed later. These activity patterns suggest that the initial burst activity in DN cells is generated by reduced inhibition from PCs, i.e., by disinhibition. Our results indicate that suppression of PCs, which has been considered secondary to facilitation, plays the primary role in generating outputs from DN. Our findings provide a new perspective on the mechanisms used by PCs to influence limb motor control and on the plastic changes that underlie motor learning in the cerebrocerebellum.
Language-Relative Construal of Individuation Constrained by Universal Ontology: Revisiting Language Universals and Linguistic Relativity

Objects and substances bear fundamentally different ontologies. In this article, we examine the relations between language, the ontological distinction with respect to individuation, and the world. Specifically, in cross-linguistic developmental studies that follow Imai and Gentner (1997), we examine the question of whether language influences our thought in different forms, like (1) whether the language-specific construal of entities found in a word extension context (Imai & Gentner, 1997) is also found in a nonlinguistic classification context; (2) whether the presence of labels per se, independent of the count-mass syntax, fosters ontology-based classification; (3) in what way, if at all, the count-mass syntax that accompanies a label changes English speakers' default construal of a given entity? On the basis of the results, we argue that the ontological distinction concerning individuation is universally shared and functions as a constraint on early learning of words. At the same time, language influences one's construal of entities cross-lingistically and developmentally, and causes a temporary change of construal within a single language. We provide a detailed discussion of how each of these three ways language may affect the construal of entities, and discuss how our universally possessed knowledge interacts with language both within a single language and in cross-linguistic context.
Self Priming: A Short term Benefit of Repetition

Burton, Bruce, and Johnston (1990) developed an interactive activation and competition (IAC) model of person recognition that gives a parsimonious account of semantic and repetition priming effects with seen faces and names. This model predicts that a familiarity decision to a person's name should be facilitated if the name is immediately preceded by the same person's face (or vice versa); Burton et al. (1990) called this effect “self priming”. In three experiments, we explored properties of self priming predicted from Burton et al.'s (1990) IAC model. When each stimulus is seen on only one trial, the Burton et al. (1990) model predicts that within-domain self priming (e.g. name prime-name target) should produce more facilitation than cross-domain self priming (e.g. face prime-name target). This prediction was investigated in Experiments 1 and 2; results were consistent with it. Two further predictions from the Burton et al. (1990) model are that the amounts of within and cross-domain self priming should not differ when subjects are primed to recognize the targets by prior encounters during the experiment, and that self priming should produce more facilitation than semantic priming. Results of Experiment 3 were again consistent with both predictions. We conclude that the Burton et al. (1990) IAC model stands the test of further rigorous examination.
The stellar populations of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei – III. Spatially resolved spectral properties

In a recently completed survey of the stellar population properties of low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs) and LINER/H II transition objects (TOs), we have identified a numerous class of galactic nuclei which stand out because of their conspicuous 10 8-9 yr populations, traced by high-order Balmer absorption lines and other stellar indices. These objects are called 'young-TOs', because they all have TO-like emission-line ratios. In this paper we extend this previous work, which concentrated on the nuclear properties, by investigating the radial variations of spectral properties in low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs). Our analysis is based on high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) long-slit spectra in the 3500-5500 A interval for a sample of 47 galaxies. The data probe distances of typically up to 850 pc from the nucleus with a resolution of ∼100 pc (∼1 arcsec) and S/N ∼30. Stellar population gradients are mapped by the radial profiles of absorption-line equivalent widths and continuum colours along the slit. These variations are further analysed by means of a decomposition of each spectrum in terms of template galaxies representative of very young (≤10 7 yr), intermediate age (10 8-9 yr) and old (10 10 yr) stellar populations. This study reveals that young-TOs also differ from old-TOs and old-LINERs in terms of the spatial distributions of their stellar populations and dust. Specifically, our main findings are as follows. (i) Significant stellar population gradients are found almost exclusively in young-TOs. (ii) The intermediate age population of young-TOs, although heavily concentrated in the nucleus, reaches distances of up to a few hundred pc from the nucleus. Nevertheless, the half width at half-maximum of its brightness profile is more typically 100 pc or less. (iii) Objects with predominantly old stellar populations present spatially homogeneous spectra, be they LINERs or TOs. (iv) Young-TOs have much more dust in their central regions than other LLAGNs. (v) The B-band luminosities of the central ≤1 Gyr population in young-TOs are within an order of magnitude of M B = -15, implying masses of the order of ∼10 7 -10 8 M ○. This population was 10-100 times more luminous in its formation epoch, at which time young massive stars would have completely outshone any active nucleus, unless the AGN too was brighter in the past.