Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The transition from college to work during the great recession: employment, financial, and identity challenges

This study examines the challenges that recent college graduates face in a hard-hit US region during the Great Recession. In their poignant and sometimes heartbreaking perceptions of their ‘biggest challenges,’ graduates vividly illustrate the negative implications of degree completion during the recession. Based on an analysis of both closed and open-ended survey data of Michigan's 2012 graduates, we find that women and first generation college graduates fare the worst in terms of their employment status, debt and income levels, and subjective assessments of job opportunities and financial stress. In contrast, men, especially those whose parents have at least a bachelor's degree, were more likely than their counterparts to report that their ‘biggest challenge’ since graduation was linked with making the transition into adult roles. Taken together, these findings suggest widespread difficulty after graduating from college during the Great Recession, and the ways in which these difficulties are linked with gender and class inequalities.
p57kip2 regulates glial fate decision in adult neural stem cells

Our recent studies revealed p57kip2 as an intrinsic regulator of late gliogenesis and demonstrated that in oligodendroglial precursor cells p57kip2 inhibition leads to accelerated maturation. Adult neural stem cells have been described as a source of glial progenitors; however, the underlying mechanisms of cell fate specification are still poorly understood. Here, we have investigated whether p57kip2 can influence early events of glial determination and differentiation. We found that Sox2/GFAP double-positive cells express p57kip2 in stem cell niches of the adult brain. Short-hairpin RNA-mediated suppression of p57kip2 in cultured adult neural stem cells was found to strongly reduce astroglial characteristics, while oligodendroglial precursor features were increased. Importantly, this anti-astrogenic effect of p57kip2 suppression dominated the bone morphogenetic protein-mediated promotion of astroglial differentiation. Moreover, we observed that in p57kip2 knockdown cells, the BMP antagonist chordin was induced. Finally, when p57kip2-suppressed stem cells were transplanted into the adult spinal cord, fewer GFAP-positive cells were generated and oligodendroglial markers were induced when compared with control cells, demonstrating an effect of in vivo relevance.
Teaching ethnic minority entrepreneurship through parables

Ethnic minority entrepreneurship operates in increasingly complex and ambiguous environments. Thus there is the need for entrepreneurship educators to prepare students to handle ambiguity and to develop a more comprehensive, contextualised and individualised understanding of ethnic minority entrepreneurship. In this paper, we present parables as a pedagogical tool to facilitate an understanding of ethnic minority entrepreneurship through the embracing and tackling of ambiguity by students. This is done through student interviews conducted with immigrant entrepreneurs in Sweden, followed by the construction of parables based on the interviews. The liberatory type of pedagogy where the student is the storyteller highlights multiple layers of meaning, including power, hegemony and exploitation in the interpretation and teaching about ethnic minority entrepreneurship. Such parable pedagogy encourages entrepreneurship educators to give more emphasis to ethnic minority entrepreneurship in the content and design of their curriculum.
On distractor-repetition benefits in the negative-priming paradigm

The present study investigates the effects of distractor repetitions between prime and probe displays on behaviour in the negative-priming (NP) paradigm. Investigating this condition is theoretically significant because inhibition-based accounts and episodic retrieval accounts of NP on one side and the temporal-discrimination theory on the other side make opposite predictions with regard to the effects of distractor repetition. In particular, the former accounts predict distractor-repetition benefits while the latter theory does not. Two experiments further explored the distractor-repetition effects. Experiment 1 replicated previous findings. Experiment 2 further showed that distractor-repetition benefits are still observed when the prime-display distractor and the probe-display target are not correlated. The pattern of results is consistent both with inhibition-based and with retrieval-based accounts of NP, but the results are inconsistent with temporal-discrimination theory.
Credit Supply and Corporate Innovations

We present causal evidence that financial development plays a key role in the technological progress. We focus on firms’ innovative performance, measured by patent-based metrics, and exploit the staggered deregulation of banking activities across U.S. states during the 1980s and 1990s as a source of variation in the supply of credit. We find that the interstate banking deregulations had significant beneficial effects on innovation activities, especially for firms operating in sectors highly dependent upon external capital. This effect, which does not become evident until some years after deregulations, is partly driven by a greater ability of deregulated banks to diversify credit risk, and thus by a relaxation of financial constraints for bank-dependent firms.
Motivation for Creativity in Design Students

The purpose was to study motivation for creativity in design students in the framework of the cognitive orientation theory which defines motivation as a function of beliefs of four types (about goals, norms, oneself and reality) concerning themes identified as relevant for creativity. It was hypothesized that scores of the four belief types would enable predicting creativity. The participants were 52 design students who were administered an actual design task and questionnaires: The Survey about Attitudes, Questionnaire about Designing and the Cognitive Orientation of Creativity (COQ-CR). The independent variables were the scores of the belief types based on the COQ-CR. The dependent variables were the evaluation of the creativity of the designs by four expert architects, and various variables based on self-evaluation of the students in the questionnaires referring to the design and designing process: fluency, flexibility, elaboration, fulfilling requirements, considering the context, having a central idea, meaningfulness of the task, involvement of feelings in designing, and handling constraints. Regression analyses showed that the majority of variables referring to creativity were predicted significantly by the predictors. The findings support the validity of the COQ-CR for assessing motivation for creativity and of the cognitive motivational approach to creativity.
Factor Analysis of an Afrikaans Translation of the Comrey Personality Scales

The factorial validity of an Afrikaans translation of the Comrey Personality Scales, was investigated using a sample of 804 South African university students. Nine factors were extracted and rotated. Eight of the factors were clearly recognisable as the eight factors that comprise Comrey's 1970 taxonomy of personality traits. Coefficients of congruence indicated that seven of the factors were very similar to the factors obtained in the American normative sample. Loadings for The Social Conformity factor were not as high as expected, but this may have been due to the fact that the participants were nonvolunteers who may have been hesitant to reveal nonconforming attitudes and behaviors. These results lend additional support for the factorial validity of the traits in Comrey's taxonomy which have now been identified and replicated in several countries and languages.
Trauma patients warrant upper and lower extremity venous duplex ultrasound surveillance

Background: Due to the high incidence of thromboembolic events (deep venous thrombosis [DVT] and pulmonary embolus [PE]) after injury, many trauma centers perform lower extremity surveillance duplex ultrasounds. We hypothesize that trauma patients are at a higher risk of upper extremity DVTs (UEDVTs) than lower extremity DVTs (LEDVTs), and therefore, all extremities should be evaluated. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart and trauma registry review of Intensive Care Unit trauma patients with upper and LEDVTs detected on surveillance duplex ultrasound from January 2010 to December 2014 was carried out. Variables reviewed were age, gender, injury severity score, injury mechanism, clot location, day of clot detection, presence of central venous pressure catheter, presence of inferior vena cava filter, mechanical ventilation, and fracture. Results: A total of 136 patients had a DVT in a 5-year period: upper - 71 (52.2%), lower - 61 (44.9%), both upper and lower - 4 (2.9%). Overall, 75 (55.2%) patients had a UEDVT. Upper DVT vein: Brachial (62), axillary (26), subclavian (11), and internal jugular (10). Lower DVT vein: femoral (58), popliteal (14), below knee (4), and iliac (2). 10.3% had a PE: UEDVT - 5 (6.7%) and LEDVT - 9 (14.8%) P = 0.159. Conclusions: The majority of the DVTs in the study were in the upper extremities. For trauma centers that aggressively screen the lower extremities with venous duplex ultrasound, surveillance to include the upper extremities is warranted.
Fifteen new species of Penicillium

We introduce 15 new species of Penicillium isolated from a diverse range of locations, including Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Tanzania, USA and the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, from a variety of habitats, including leaf surfaces in tropical rain forests, soil eaten by chimpanzees, infrabuccal pockets of carpenter ants, intestinal contents of caterpillars and soil. The new species are classified in sections Aspergilloides (1), Canescentia (2), Charlesia (1), Exilicaulis (3), Lanata-Divaricata (7) and Stolkia (1). Each is characterised and described using classical morphology, LC-MS based extrolite analyses and multigene phylogenies based on ITS, BenA and CaM. Significant extrolites detected include andrastin, pulvilloric acid, penitrem A and citrinin amongst many others.
Genetic covariance between components of male reproductive success: within-pair vs. extra-pair paternity in song sparrows

The evolutionary trajectories of reproductive systems, including both male and female multiple mating and hence polygyny and polyandry, are expected to depend on the additive genetic variances and covariances in and among components of male reproductive success achieved through different reproductive tactics. However, genetic covariances among key components of male reproductive success have not been estimated in wild populations. We used comprehensive paternity data from socially monogamous but genetically polygynandrous song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to estimate additive genetic variance and covariance in the total number of offspring a male sired per year outside his social pairings (i.e. his total extra‐pair reproductive success achieved through multiple mating) and his liability to sire offspring produced by his socially paired female (i.e. his success in defending within‐pair paternity). Both components of male fitness showed nonzero additive genetic variance, and the estimated genetic covariance was positive, implying that males with high additive genetic value for extra‐pair reproduction also have high additive genetic propensity to sire their socially paired female's offspring. There was consequently no evidence of a genetic or phenotypic trade‐off between male within‐pair paternity success and extra‐pair reproductive success. Such positive genetic covariance might be expected to facilitate ongoing evolution of polygyny and could also shape the ongoing evolution of polyandry through indirect selection.
Meta-analysis of psychological interventions to promote adherence to treatment in pediatric chronic health conditions.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the effectiveness of adherence-promoting psychological interventions for pediatric populations with chronic health conditions. METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted on 70 adherence-promoting psychological intervention studies among chronically ill youth using a weighted least squares approach and random effect model. RESULTS Medium effects sizes were found for the behavioral (mean d =.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34-0.73, n = 10) and multi-component interventions (mean d =.51, 95% CI = 0.45-0.57, n = 46), while educational interventions displayed a small effect size with adherence (mean d =.16, 95% CI = 0.10-0.22, n = 23). Study designs incorporating pre-post comparisons yielded effect sizes approaching the medium range (mean d =.42, 95% CI = 0.36-0.48, n = 30). CONCLUSIONS Behavioral and multi-component interventions appear to be relatively potent in promoting adherence among chronically ill youth. Recommendations for future research and methodological issues are presented.
Grouped Versus Randomized Format: An Investigation of Scale Convergent and Discriminant Validity Using LISREL Confirmatory Factor Analysis

LISREL maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analyses (Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1984) were conducted to explore the effects of two questionnaire formats (grouping versus randomizing items) on the conver gent and discriminant validity of two sets of question naire measures. The first set of measures consisted of satisfaction scales that had demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties in earlier studies; the second set of scales were job characteristics measures that had shown discriminant validity problems in previous re search. Correlational data were collected from two groups of employed business administration students (N = 80 in each group) concurrently (Study 1) and at two points in time (Study 2). The results of the anal yses showed that the grouped format was superior to the random format, particularly with respect to the weaker measures (the job characteristics scales). The results also illustrated and supported the usefulness of LISREL confirmatory factor analysis in studies of con vergent and discriminant validity. Index terms: con firmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, discrim inant validity, LISREL analysis, questionnaire formats, scale validity.
Spectroscopic and computational studies of reduction of the metal versus the tetrapyrrole ring of coenzyme F430 from methyl-coenzyme M reductase.

Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) catalyzes the final step in methane biosynthesis by methanogenic archaea and contains a redox-active nickel tetrahydrocorphin, coenzyme F430, at its active site. Spectroscopic and computational methods have been used to study a novel form of the coenzyme, called F330, which is obtained by reducing F430 with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). F330 exhibits a prominent absorption peak at 330 nm, which is blue shifted by 100 nm relative to F430. Mass spectrometric studies demonstrate that the tetrapyrrole ring in F330 has undergone reduction, on the basis of the incorporation of protium (or deuterium), upon treatment of F430 with NaBH4 (or NaBD4). One- and two-dimensional NMR studies show that the site of reduction is the exocyclic ketone group of the tetrahydrocorphin. Resonance Raman studies indicate that elimination of this pi-bond increases the overall pi-bond order in the conjugative framework. X-ray absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and computational results show that F330 contains low-spin Ni(II). Thus, conversion of F430 to F330 reduces the hydrocorphin ring but not the metal. Conversely, reduction of F430 with Ti(III) citrate to generate F380 (corresponding to the active MCR(red1) state) reduces the Ni(II) to Ni(I) but does not reduce the tetrapyrrole ring system, which is consistent with other studies [Piskorski, R. , and Jaun, B. (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 13120-13125; Craft, J. L. , et al. (2004) J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 9, 77-89]. The distinct origins of the absorption band shifts associated with the formation of F330 and F380 are discussed within the framework of our computational results. These studies on the nature of the product(s) of reduction of F430 are of interest in the context of the mechanism of methane formation by MCR and in relation to the chemistry of hydroporphinoid systems in general. The spectroscopic and time-dependent DFT calculations add important insight into the electronic structure of the nickel hydrocorphinate in its Ni(II) and Ni(I) valence states.
The Impact of Loyalty and Equality on Implicit Ingroup Favoritism

Extending recent investigations into the malleability of implicit ingroup favoritism, three experiments examined the role of indirect activation of equality and loyalty. Results showed that priming equality decreased implicit favoritism, measured through the Implicit Association Test and Go/No-Go Association Task, whereas priming loyalty enhanced it; spontaneous behavior (seating distance) was similarly influenced. A boundary condition was observed, namely change of intergroup setting: the effects of priming equality and loyalty ceased when these were primed after an irrelevant ingroup identity was made salient. In general, implicit favoritism can be reduced or increased after the activation of equality and loyalty respectively, and this underlines the importance of tackling discrimination by both lessening its expression, and removing factors that exacerbate it.
Migration of styrene monomer, dimers and trimers from polystyrene to food simulants

Migration experiments with polystyrene were performed in two-sided contact with n-heptane and distilled water as the food simulants at temperatures of 10, 24 and 40, and 40, 60 and 90°C, respectively. The surface/volume ratios in the migration cell were set at 8.04 and 10.05 dm2 l−1 for n-heptane and distilled water, respectively. Styrene monomer, styrene dimers and styrene trimers migrating to the food simulants were determined by GC-FID analysis. Heptane fully extracted the styrene monomer and the oligomers from the polystyrene sheet, whereas in the distilled water only the migrated styrene trimers could be detected. To determine the apparent diffusion coefficient, the migration process was analysed based on Fick's law. The higher the molecular weight of the oligomers, the more significant the reduction in the diffusion coefficient. Higher molecular weight oligomers also had lower activation energy of diffusion when the temperature dependence of diffusivity was analysed by the Arrhenius equation. The diffusion coefficient of the trimers was much higher for heptane contact than for water. The activation energy of the diffusion of trimers for water contact was higher than that for heptane.
The Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene is expressed throughout B cell differentiation, from early precursor B cell stages preceding immunoglobulin gene rearrangement up to mature B cell stages

X‐linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an immunodeficiency disease in man, resulting from an arrest in early B cell differentiation. The gene defective in XLA has recently been identified and encodes a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase, named Bruton's tyrosine kinase (btk), essential for cell differentiation and proliferation at the transition from pre‐B to later B cell stages. In this study we investigated btk expression by Northern blotting experiments in a series of human (precursor‐) B cell lines, acute lymphoblastic leukemias and plasmacytomas, btk was found to be already expressed in very early stages of B cell differentiation, even prior to immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) or light (L) chain gene rearrangements. Transcripts were also detected at the pre‐B cell stage and in mature B cells, irrespective of the Ig H chain class expressed. Approximately at the transition from mature B cells to plasma cells, expression of the btk gene is down‐regulated. In addition, the btk gene was found to be expressed in myeloid cell lines and acute myeloid leukemias. btk expression in myeloid cells is probably not a prerequisite for myeloid differentiation, since myeloid cells in XL A patients seem not to be affected. No btk expression was found in T‐lineage cells. The btk expression profile, i.e. from early precursor‐B cell stages preceding Ig rearrangement up to mature B cells, supports the hypothesis that the XLA defect resides in a critical step of B cell development which is independent of the Ig gene recombination machinery.
Acute and chronic alcohol dose: population differences in behavior and neurochemistry of zebrafish

The zebrafish has been in the forefront of developmental genetics for decades and has also been gaining attention in neurobehavioral genetics. It has been proposed to model alcohol‐induced changes in human brain function and behavior. Here, adult zebrafish populations, AB and SF (short‐fin wild type), were exposed to chronic treatment (several days in 0.00% or 0.50% alcohol v/v) and a subsequent acute treatment (1 h in 0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50% or 1.00% alcohol). Behavioral responses of zebrafish to computer‐animated images, including a zebrafish shoal and a predator, were quantified using videotracking. Neurochemical changes in the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems in the brain of the fish were measured using high‐precision liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The results showed genetic differences in numerous aspects of alcohol‐induced changes, including, for the first time, the behavioral effects of withdrawal from alcohol and neurochemical responses to alcohol. For example, withdrawal from alcohol abolished shoaling and increased dopamine and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in AB but not in SF fish. The findings show that, first, acute and chronic alcohol induced changes are quantifiable with automated behavioral paradigms; second, robust neurochemical changes are also detectable; and third, genetic factors influence both alcohol‐induced behavioral and neurotransmitter level changes. Although the causal relationship underlying the alcohol‐induced changes in behavior and neurochemistry is speculative at this point, the results suggest that zebrafish will be a useful tool for the analysis of the biological mechanisms of alcohol‐induced functional changes in the adult brain.
Attitudes of heterosexuals toward homosexuality: A Likert‐type scale and construct validity

Abstract This article reports on three phases of the development of a Likert‐type scale measuring heterosexual attitudes toward homosexuality. Phase 1 describes the development of the scale. Item analysis yielded 20 statements with item‐total correlations ranging from . 57 to . 74. In Phase 2 the 20‐item Heterosexual Attitudes Toward Homosexuality (HATH) Scale was administered to 82 subjects. Analysis yielded a corrected split‐half correlation of . 92, and the scale was found to discriminate between individuals based on sex, academic major, and church attendance. In Phase 3 (a validation study) the HATH was administered with several additional attitude scales and indexes of an exploratory nature. Analysis yielded a corrected split‐half correlation of . 92. As in Phase 2, a significant effect of sex was found; females appear more tolerant than males. In addition, the HATH correlated significantly with peer attitudes, religiosity, and authoritarianism. The scale has satisfactory reliability and shows promising .