Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Object Categorization: The Neurophysiology and Computational Mechanisms of Object Representation

A concise description of the representation of objects and faces provided by inferior temporal cortex neurons in the primate (macaque) brain is followed by new findings about how this representation operates in natural scenes and allows a number of objects and their relative spatial position in a scene to be encoded. Then a computational approach to how the object recognition processes described are performed in the primate brain is discussed as well as the types of strategy that the human brain uses to solve the enormous computational problem of invariant object recognition in complex natural scenes (Rolls 2008b; Rolls and Deco 2002; Rolls and Stringer 2006b). This contribution aims to provide a closely linked neurophysiological and computational approach to object recognition and categorization. Other approaches are represented in this volume and elsewhere (Biederman 1987; Fukushima 1989; Riesenhuber and Poggio 2000; Serre et al. 2007), and are compared with current approaches (Rolls 2008b; Rolls and Deco 2002; Rolls and Stringer 2006b).
Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor p53 by Mot-2, a hsp70 Family Member*

The mortalin genes, mot-1 andmot-2, are hsp70 family members that were originally cloned from normal and immortal murine cells, respectively. Their proteins differ by only two amino acid residues but exhibit different subcellular localizations, arise from two distinct genes, and have contrasting biological activities. We report here that the two proteins also differ in their interactions with the tumor suppressor protein p53. The pancytosolic mot-1 protein in normal cells did not show colocalization with p53; in contrast, nonpancytosolic mot-2 and p53 overlapped significantly in immortal cells. Transfection ofmot-2 but not mot-1 resulted in the repression of p53-mediated transactivation in p53-responsive reporter assays. Inactivation of p53 by mot-2 was supported by the down-regulation of p53-responsive genes p21WAF-1 andmdm-2 in mot-2-transfected cells only. Furthermore, NIH 3T3 cells transfected with expression plasmid encoding green fluorescent protein-taggedmot-2 but not mot-1 showed an abrogation of nuclear translocation of wild-type p53. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism of p53 inactivation by mot-2 protein.
Professional fluoride varnish treatment for caries control: a systematic review of clinical trials

The aim of this paper was systematically to evaluate the caries‐preventive effect of professional fluoride varnish treatments. A search of the literature for articles published between 1966 and August 2003 was carried out in electronic databases, reference lists of articles, and selected textbooks in accordance with the strategy of the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care. Out of 302 identified papers, 24 randomized and controlled clinical trials comparing fluoride varnish with placebo, no active treatment or other fluoride preventive regimens of at least 2 years' study duration were included. The trials that met the inclusion criteria were assessed independently and systematically by at least two reviewers and scored from A to C according to predetermined criteria for methodology and performance. The main outcome measure was the preventive fraction expressed as a percentage. The results displayed limited evidence (evidence level 3) for the caries preventive effect of topical applications of fluoride varnishes in permanent teeth. The average prevented fraction was 30% (0–69%) when compared with untreated controls. Inconclusive evidence (evidence level 4) was found for fluoride varnish treatment in the primary dentition and in adults. This systematic review reinforces the need for future clinical research of high quality, incorporating modern concepts of clinical performance and evaluation to assess dental caries control using professional fluoride varnish.
Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia Improves Functional Recovery from Myocardial Stunning in Conscious Dogs

The effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) on the contractile performance of ischemic and postischemic myocardium have not been well investigated.The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of TEA on severity and duration of myocardial stunning in an experimental model for sublethal acute myocardial ischemia. Seven dogs were chronically instrumented for measurement of heart rate (HR), left atrial (LAP), aortic and left ventricular pressure (LVP), LV dP/dtmax, and myocardial wall-thickening fraction (WTF). An occluder around the left anterior descending artery (LAD) allowed induction of reversible LAD ischemia. TEA was performed with lidocaine 4 mg/kg through a chronically implanted epidural catheter at the second thoracic level. Regional myocardial blood flow was determined with colored microspheres. Two experiments were performed in a cross-over design on separate days: Experiment 1, induction of 10 min of LAD ischemia without TEA; and Experiment 2, induction of 10 min of LAD ischemia with TEA. WTF was measured at baseline (BL) and predetermined time points until complete recovery from ischemic dysfunction occurred. LAD ischemia caused a significant decrease of LAD-WTF with (-28% +/- 5.1% versus BL) and without TEA (-15.5% +/- 5.3% versus BL). After 3 h of reperfusion, WTF as percent of BL values was significantly higher with TEA (P < 0.001). BL values of WTF were reached after 24 h with TEA and after more than 48 h without TEA (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences for mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), LVP, LAP, and LVdP/dt (max) between the groups during ischemia and reperfusion. In nonischemic myocardium TEA caused an increase of subendocardial blood flow. During ischemia neither the subendocardial/subepicardial nor the occluded/normal zone blood flow was affected by TEA. TEA attenuates myocardial stunning in conscious dogs. This finding is consistent with data regarding a reduction of infarct size due to TEA. (Anesth Analg 1996;83:935-40)
Estimating and testing high-dimensional mediation effects in epigenetic studies

MOTIVATION High-dimensional DNA methylation markers may mediate pathways linking environmental exposures with health outcomes. However, there is a lack of analytical methods to identify significant mediators for high-dimensional mediation analysis. RESULTS Based on sure independent screening and minimax concave penalty techniques, we use a joint significance test for mediation effect. We demonstrate its practical performance using Monte Carlo simulation studies and apply this method to investigate the extent to which DNA methylation markers mediate the causal pathway from smoking to reduced lung function in the Normative Aging Study. We identify 2 CpGs with significant mediation effects. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION R package, source code, and simulation study are available at https://github.com/YinanZheng/HIMA CONTACT: lei.liu@northwestern.edu.
Development of the larval lymphatic system in zebrafish

The lymphatic vascular system is a hierarchically organized complex network essential for tissue fluid homeostasis, immune trafficking and absorption of dietary fats in the human body. Despite its importance, the assembly of the lymphatic network is still not fully understood. The zebrafish is a powerful model organism that enables study of lymphatic vessel development using high-resolution imaging and sophisticated genetic and experimental manipulation. Although several studies have described early lymphatic development in the fish, lymphatic development at later stages has not been completely elucidated. In this study, we generated a new Tg(mrc1a:egfp)y251 transgenic zebrafish that uses a mannose receptor, C type 1 (mrc1a) promoter to drive strong EGFP expression in lymphatic vessels at all stages of development and in adult zebrafish. We used this line to describe the assembly of the major vessels of the trunk lymphatic vascular network, including the later-developing collateral cardinal, spinal, superficial lateral and superficial intersegmental lymphatics. Our results show that major trunk lymphatic vessels are conserved in the zebrafish, and provide a thorough and complete description of trunk lymphatic vessel assembly. Summary: Generation of a zebrafish transgenic line expressing GFP in lymphatic vessels allows visualization of the developing lymphatic network, demonstrating a stereotyped, stepwise assembly.
Understanding and Estimating Effective Population Size for Practical Application in Marine Species Management

Abstract: Effective population size (Ne) determines the strength of genetic drift in a population and has long been recognized as an important parameter for evaluating conservation status and threats to genetic health of populations. Specifically, an estimate of Ne is crucial to management because it integrates genetic effects with the life history of the species, allowing for predictions of a population's current and future viability. Nevertheless, compared with ecological and demographic parameters, Ne has had limited influence on species management, beyond its application in very small populations. Recent developments have substantially improved Ne estimation; however, some obstacles remain for the practical application of Ne estimates. For example, the need to define the spatial and temporal scale of measurement makes the concept complex and sometimes difficult to interpret. We reviewed approaches to estimation of Ne over both long‐term and contemporary time frames, clarifying their interpretations with respect to local populations and the global metapopulation. We describe multiple experimental factors affecting robustness of contemporary Ne estimates and suggest that different sampling designs can be combined to compare largely independent measures of Ne for improved confidence in the result. Large populations with moderate gene flow pose the greatest challenges to robust estimation of contemporary Ne and require careful consideration of sampling and analysis to minimize estimator bias. We emphasize the practical utility of estimating Ne by highlighting its relevance to the adaptive potential of a population and describing applications in management of marine populations, where the focus is not always on critically endangered populations. Two cases discussed include the mechanisms generating Ne estimates many orders of magnitude lower than census N in harvested marine fishes and the predicted reduction in Ne from hatchery‐based population supplementation.
The digestion and absorption of protein in man

1. The absorption of the amino acid components of two protein-containing test meals has been studied in six healthy volunteers. One meal contained 15 g of milk protein and the other contained 15 g of gelatin. In a control experiment a meal was given which contained a negligible amount of protein. 2. The subjects were intubated with a single lumen tube; then each meal was swallowed and intestinal residues were obtained from known levels. The amino acid composition of the intestinal contents was compared with that of the original meal. Correction was made for net water shifts by reference to a non-absorbable marker compound (polyethylene glycol 4000). 3. The results showed that at least 70–75% of the milk protein test meal had been absorbed when the sampling holes were 230 cm from the nose. It is suggested, however, that most, if not all, of the meal had been absorbed when the sampling holes were 140 cm from the nose. 4. Amino acids were absorbed at rates proportional to their concentrations in the meal. 5. Gelatin, a protein known to be relatively resistant to enzymic hydrolysis, was poorly absorbed from the region of the small intestine under study. 6. Estimates of the amount of endogenous protein secreted in response to the test meals ranged from z to 8 g, equivalent to 13–53% of the protein containing test meals. 7. The absorption of certain amino acids, e.g. the dicarboxylic amino acids, was more rapid than was expected; glutamic and aspartic acids are absorbed slowly from a mixture of amino acids, both in vitro and in vivo.
BER expressions for differentially detected π/4 DQPSK modulation

Closed form bit-error rate (BER) expressions for differentially detected /spl pi//4-shifted differentially encoded quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation (/spl pi//4 DQPSK) are derived for both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh-fading channels. The derivations are carried out in an exact and most general manner in that in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channel bit-error probabilities P/sub cl/ and P/sub cQ/ are separately obtained in terms of the same-quadrature and cross-quadrature noise Correlation functions, including a measure of noise nonstationarity. We then specialize the general expressions for uncorrelated noise and equal noise powers in successive symbol periods to obtain a useful bit-error probability expression for the AWGN channel in the form P/sub e//spl ap/Q(/spl radic/(1.1716/spl middot/E/sub b//N/sub 0/)) where Q(/spl middot/) is the Gaussian distribution Q-function and E/sub b//N/sub 0/ is the bit energy-to-noise density ratio. Exact BER expressions for the Rayleigh-fading channel that involve the noise parameters are also given and are extended to the case of L-fold diversity combining.
House Price Estimation from Visual and Textual Features

Most existing automatic house price estimation systems rely only on some textual data like its neighborhood area and the number of rooms. The final price is estimated by a human agent who visits the house and assesses it visually. In this paper, we propose extracting visual features from house photographs and combining them with the house's textual information. The combined features are fed to a fully connected multilayer Neural Network (NN) that estimates the house price as its single output. To train and evaluate our network, we have collected the first houses dataset (to our knowledge) that combines both images and textual attributes. The dataset is composed of 535 sample houses from the state of California, USA. Our experiments showed that adding the visual features increased the R-value by a factor of 3 and decreased the Mean Square Error (MSE) by one order of magnitude compared with textual-only features. Additionally, when trained on the benchmark textual-only features housing dataset, our proposed NN still outperformed the existing model published results.
Mental capacity to consent to treatment in anorexia nervosa: explorative study

Background Mental capacity to consent to treatment in anorexia nervosa is a neglected area in clinical decision-making. Aims To examine clinical and neuropsychological parameters associated with diminished mental capacity in anorexia nervosa. Method An explorative study was conducted in 70 adult female patients with severe anorexia nervosa. Mental capacity to consent to treatment was assessed by experienced psychiatrists. Further measurements included the MacCAT-T (to assess mental capacity status), a range of clinical measures (body mass index (BMI) and comorbidity) and neuropsychological tests assessing decision-making, central coherence and set-shifting capacity. Results Diminished mental capacity occurs in a third of patients with severe anorexia nervosa and is associated with a low BMI, less appreciation of illness and treatment, previous treatment for anorexia nervosa, low social functioning and poor set shifting. Conclusions Assessment of diminished mental capacity in anorexia nervosa requires careful evaluation of not only BMI, but also the degree of appreciation of illness and treatment, history and the tendency to have a rigid thinking style.
MATERNAL AND FETAL ALPHAFETOPROTEIN (AFP) LEVELS AT TERM

Abstract. Serum α‐fetoprotein (AFP) was measured in maternal, cord arterial and venous blood. Samples were collected at the time of vaginal delivery from 105 women at 36–42 weeks' gestation. There was a significant correlation between maternal, cord arterial and venous AFP. Umbilical cord arterial and venous AFP levels were considerably higher in male infants than in females. Umbilical AFP levels declined with lengthening gestation and increasing birth‐weight for both male and female infants and a similar pattern was seen in the mother. Fetal AFP levels were significantly higher in subjects giving birth at 40 weeks whose infants had a birthweight below the population mean vis‐a‐vis those above the mean. It is concluded that the absolute size of the fetus as well as gestational age may play a significant role in determining maternal and fetal AFP concentrations.
Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice by Howard Gardner Commentary: Putting Multiple Intelligences in Context: Some Questions and Observations

Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice is y t another penetrating and lucid contribution to the educational literature from Howard Gardner and his colleagues. A collection of many—but not all—previously published essays on this subject, the volume addresses the theoretical and practical issues that have been raised since Frames of Mind was published in 1983. I t is common for books of readings, and this is one such, to suffer from a lack of connectedness. They often appear to be a variant of Pirandello’s S i x Characters in Search of an Author . Not so with Multiple Intelligences . There is sufficient connective tissue among the chapters to give it intellectual coherence. This alone is no small achievement. As attractive as its features may be, my aim in this brief essay is not primarily to comment on the way in which Gardner’s book has been organized nor simply to provide accolades to Gardner. The first is uninteresting and the latter is unnecessary. Howard Gardner has made a major contribution to discussions of mind and increasingly to the content and aims of education. Virtually anyone engaged in the field who reads the literature is aware of that fact. My aim here is to identify some of the issues arising from Project Zero’s efforts to conceptualize and assess varieties of human intelligence and, more recently, to follow the implications of its A SYMPOSIUM
Long-Term Mortality Associated With Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Mitral Regurgitation Due to Flail Leaflets: A Multicenter Analysis

Background—Ejection fraction (EF) as a marker of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and the appropriate thresholds for diagnosing severe or mild/moderate LV dysfunction in mitral regurgitation are doubted and poorly followed in clinical practice. We aimed at assessing the role of EF in a large registry of organic mitral regurgitation to objectively establish thresholds for various degrees of LV dysfunction and to analyze whether mitral surgery remains beneficial in those subsets of patients. Methods and Results—We investigated the relation between EF and mortality in 1875 patients with mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets in sinus rhythm (65±13 years; median EF, 66% [60%–71%]) enrolled in the Mitral Regurgitation International Database (MIDA) registry. With EF <60%, mortality after diagnosis increased precipitously under medical management (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.59 [1.19–2.12]) and during the entire follow-up (adjusted HR, 1.51 [1.22–1.87]). Severe LV dysfunction, if defined by EF <30%, would affect a minuscule number of patients (0.3%). Conversely, EF <45% was more frequent (2.9%) and was associated with considerable mortality under medical management (adjusted HR, 2.43 [1.50–3.95]) and during the entire follow-up (adjusted HR, 2.46 [1.67–3.61]). The group with EF of 45% to 60% represented a large proportion of patients (23%), exhibited rarely overt symptoms, and had higher mortality compared with EF >60%. Above 60%, no EF threshold further determined survival. The benefit of surgery remained considerable in the groups with EF <45% (adjusted HR, 0.28 [0.17–0.56]) and with EF of 45% to 60% (adjusted HR, 0.34 [0.21–0.64]). Conclusions—EF is valuable in defining presence and severity of LV dysfunction in organic mitral regurgitation. Patients with EF <45% have severe LV dysfunction, catastrophic outcome under medical management, and should not be denied surgery. Although there is no survival gain with EF ranges >60%, with EF dropping <60%, mortality increases precipitously and prompt surgical referral is critical to outcome.
Developing a model for understanding mindfulness as a potential intervention for obsessive-compulsive disorder

xii Chapter 1. Review of Background Literature and Statement of the Problem . 1 Background . 1 Purpose of the Study . 2 Research Topic . 4 Literature Review . 4 Theoretical Models of OCD . 4 Current OCD Treatments . 7 Origins of Mindfulness in Psychotherapy . 10 Chapter 2. Review and Analysis Procedures . 15 Study Design . 15 Methodology . 15 Search Methods . 16 Review Strategies . 17 Chapter 3. Models and Mechanisms of Mindfulness . 19 Models of Mindfulness . 19 Coffey and Hartmann’s Model . 19 Holzel and Colleagues’ Model . 19 Brown, Ryan, and Creswell’s Model . 20 Baer’s Model . 21 Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, and Freedman’s Model . 22 Meta-Model of Mindfulness . 23 Efficacy of Various Mechanisms By Category . 24 Exposure . 26 Values Clarification . 28 Relationship to Thoughts . 29 Physiological Effects . 33 Self-Regulatory Processes . 34 DEVELOPING A MODEL v Chapter 4. Components of OCD . 39 Early Theories . 39 Components of Obsessions . 41 Rumination . 42 Thought Suppression . 42 Escape and Avoidance Behavior . 45 Cognitive Distortions . 46 Low Distress Tolerance/Negative Emotionality . 48 Thought-Action Fusion . 51 Cognitive Inflexibility . 52 Chapter 5. Discussion and Application . 55 Summary of Findings . 55 Proposed Model . 56 Limitations . 60 Clinical Implications . 60 Further Research . 61 Conclusion . 62 References . 64 APPENDIX A: IRB Approval . 79 DEVELOPING A MODEL vi
Electromagnetic form factors of the in lattice QCD

We present results on the Omega baryon electromagnetic form factors using $N_f=2+1$ domain-wall fermion configurations for three pion masses in the range of about 350 to 300 MeV. We compare results obtained using domain wall fermions with those of a mixed-action (hybrid) approach, which combine domain wall valence quarks on staggered sea quarks, for a pion mass of about 350 MeV. We pay particular attention in the evaluation of the subdominant electric quadrupole form factor to sufficient accuracy to exclude a zero value, by constructing a sequential source that isolates it from the dominant form factors. The $\Omega^-$ magnetic moment, $\mu_{\Omega^{-}}$, the electric charge and magnetic radius, $\langle r^{2}_{E0/M1} \rangle$, are extracted for these pion masses. The electric quadrupole moment is determined for the first time using dynamical quarks.
HermiT: A Highly-Efficient OWL Reasoner

HermiT is a new OWL reasoner based on a novel “hypertableau” calculus. The new calculus addresses performance problems due to nondeterminism and model size—the primary sources of complexity in state-of-the-art OWL reasoners. The latter is particularly important in practice, and it is achieved in HermiT with an improved blocking strategy and and an optimization that tries to reuse existing individuals rather than generating new ones. HermiT also incorporates a number of other novel optimizations, such as a more efficient approach to handling nominals, and various techniques for optimizing ontology classification. Our tests show that HermiT is usually much faster than other reasoners when classifying complex ontologies, and it is already able to classify a number of ontologies which no other reasoner has been able to handle.