Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fears and Misperceptions of the Ebola Response System during the 2014-2015 Outbreak in Sierra Leone

Background Future infectious disease epidemics are likely to disproportionately affect countries with weak health systems, exacerbating global vulnerability. To decrease the severity of epidemics in these settings, lessons can be drawn from the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. There is a dearth of literature on public perceptions of the public health response system that required citizens to report and treat Ebola cases. Epidemiological reports suggested that there were delays in diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of our study was to explore the barriers preventing Sierra Leoneans from trusting and using the Ebola response system during the height of the outbreak. Methods Using an experienced ethnographer, we conducted 30 semi-structured in-depth interviews in public spaces in Ebola-affected areas. Participants were at least age 18, spoke Krio, and reported no contact in the recent 21 days with an Ebola-infected person. We used inductive coding and noted emergent themes. Findings Most participants feared that calling the national hotline for someone they believed had Ebola would result in that person’s death. Many stated that if they developed a fever they would assume it was not Ebola and self-medicate. Some thought the chlorine sprayed by ambulance workers was toxic. Although most knew there was a laboratory test for Ebola, some erroneously assumed the ubiquitous thermometers were the test and most did not understand the need to re-test in the presence of Ebola symptoms. Conclusion Fears and misperceptions, related to lack of trust in the response system, may have delayed care-seeking during the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone. Protocols for future outbreak responses should incorporate dynamic, qualitative research to understand and address people’s perceptions. Strategies that enhance trust in the response system, such as community mobilization, may be particularly effective.
Interaction of Mean Temperature and Daily Fluctuation Influences Dengue Incidence in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Local weather influences the transmission of the dengue virus. Most studies analyzing the relationship between dengue and climate are based on relatively coarse aggregate measures such as mean temperature. Here, we include both mean temperature and daily fluctuations in temperature in modelling dengue transmission in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. We used a negative binomial generalized linear model, adjusted for rainfall, anomalies in sea surface temperature (an index for El Niño-Southern Oscillation), population density, the number of dengue cases in the previous month, and the long term temporal trend in dengue incidence. In addition to the significant associations of mean temperature and temperature fluctuation with dengue incidence, we found interaction of mean and temperature fluctuation significantly influences disease transmission at a lag of one month. High mean temperature with low fluctuation increases dengue incidence one month later. Besides temperature, dengue incidence was also influenced by sea surface temperature anomalies in the current and previous month, presumably as a consequence of concomitant anomalies in the annual rainfall cycle. Population density exerted a significant positive influence on dengue incidence indicating increasing risk of dengue in over-populated Dhaka. Understanding these complex relationships between climate, population, and dengue incidence will help inform outbreak prediction and control.
DPYD, TYMS, TYMP, TK1, and TK2 Genetic Expressions as Response Markers in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients Treated with Fluoropyrimidine-Based Chemoradiotherapy

This study is to investigate multiple chemotherapeutic agent- and radiation-related genetic biomarkers in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients following fluoropyrimidine-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for response prediction. We initially selected 6 fluoropyrimidine metabolism-related genes (DPYD, ORPT, TYMS, TYMP, TK1, and TK2) and 3 radiotherapy response-related genes (GLUT1, HIF-1 α, and HIF-2 α) as targets for gene expression identification in 60 LARC cancer specimens. Subsequently, a high-sensitivity weighted enzymatic chip array was designed and constructed to predict responses following CCRT. After CCRT, 39 of 60 (65%) LARC patients were classified as responders (pathological tumor regression grade 2 ~ 4). Using a panel of multiple genetic biomarkers (chip), including DPYD, TYMS, TYMP, TK1, and TK2, at a cutoff value for 3 positive genes, a sensitivity of 89.7% and a specificity of 81% were obtained (AUC: 0.915; 95% CI: 0.840–0.991). Negative chip results were significantly correlated to poor CCRT responses (TRG 0-1) (P = 0.014, hazard ratio: 22.704, 95% CI: 3.055–235.448 in multivariate analysis). Disease-free survival analysis showed significantly better survival rate in patients with positive chip results (P = 0.0001). We suggest that a chip including DPYD, TYMS, TYMP, TK1, and TK2 genes is a potential tool to predict response in LARC following fluoropyrimidine-based CCRT.
COHOMOLOGY OF FACTORS WITH PROPERTY Γ

The main result of this paper is that the kth continuous Hochschild cohomology groups Hk(M,M) and Hk(M, B(H)) of a von Neumann factor M ⊆ B(H) of type II1 with property Γ are zero for all positive integers k. The method of proof involves the construction of hyperfinite subfactors with special properties and a new inequality of Grothendieck type for multilinear maps. We prove joint continuity in the ‖·‖2-norm of separately ultraweakly continuous multilinear maps, and combine these results to reduce to the case of completely bounded cohomology which is already solved. Partially supported by a Scheme 4 collaborative grant from the London Mathematical Society. Partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
Gene Transfer Mediated by Sphingosine/ Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine Liposomes in the Presence of Poloxamer 188

A cationic liposome system consisting of sphingosine (SP) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) was developed for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer. A nonionic surface active agent of poloxamer 188 was incorporated in the formulations to stabilize the DNA/liposome complex. Comparison of the results obtained from systems with and without the effect of poloxamer 188 was made to investigate the efficiency of gene expression. In vitro transfection study of the DNA/liposome complex showed that with the effect of poloxamer 188, gene transfer into some cell lines was enhanced. In vivo systemic delivery of the DNA/liposome complex with poloxamer 188 demonstrated gene expression with improved luciferase activity in all major organs including lung, spleen, heart, liver, and kidney. High level transgene activity was found in lung and spleen with prolonged gene expression. This was attributed to poloxamer 188 that stabilized the liposome system and produced homogeneous DNA/liposome complex for enhancement of gene delivery.
Decline in Esophageal Candidiasis and Use of Antimycotics in European Patients with HIV

BACKGROUND:Esophageal candidiasis (EC) remains one of the most common AIDS defining illnesses in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), but little is known about factors associated with EC after starting HAART.OBJECTIVES:To describe changes in the use of antimycotic medication, the incidence of EC and factors associated with EC before and after starting HAART.METHODS:Patients from EuroSIDA, a pan-European longitudinal, prospective observational study. Generalized linear models and poisson regression models were used to investigate the relationships.RESULTS:A total of 9,873 patients did not have EC at recruitment, subsequently 537 (15.8%) developed EC. The proportion of patients taking any antimycotic dropped from 18% at January 1995 to 2% at January 2004 (p < 0.0001); the duration of treatment declined from 10 to 3 months over the same period (p < 0.0001). There was a 32% annual decline in the incidence of EC (95% CI 30–35%, p < 0.0001). There was a significant annual decline in the incidence of EC pre-HAART in time-updated, adjusted models, (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.80, 95% CI 0.76–0.85, p < 0.0001) but not post-HAART (IRR 0.97; 95% CI 0.90–1.06, p= 0.54). Older patients and those with low CD4 counts had the greatest incidence of EC in the post-HAART era.CONCLUSIONS:There has been a marked decline in the incidence of EC between 1994 and 2004. This was accompanied by a decline in markers associated with fungal disease, including use of antimycotics and a decline in duration of treatment.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of the Fe(001) $\vert$ MgO(001) Interface for Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is employed to characterize ex situ the interface between the bottom Fe (001) electrode and MgO (001) barrier in a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) deposited by molecular beam epitaxy. High resolution TEM images are compared with multislice-based simulations of oxidized and sharp interfaces to conclude that at least the part of the interface is not oxidized. In addition, the spacing between the Fe and O layers at the interface is measured and found to be comparable with theoretical calculations in the literature of sharp interfaces. This result offers a methodology to characterize the interface structure of MTJs, which is important to determine the magneto-transport properties of the device
African American Fathers' Contributions to Children's Early Academic Achievement: Evidence From Two-Parent Families From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort

Research Findings: This study utilized a large sample (N = 750) of 2-parent families from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort to examine the contributions of African American fathers' home literacy involvement, play activities, and caregiving at 24 months to children's reading and math achievement in preschool. After family characteristics and child characteristics were controlled for, both mother and father characteristics predicted child achievement. Mother age predicted math achievement but not reading. Furthermore, even after mother predictors were entered into the hierarchical regressions, fathers' education and home literacy involvement also significantly predicted achievement. African American fathers who engaged in more frequent shared book reading, telling stories, singing songs, and provided more children's books in their homes at 24 months had children with better reading and math scores in preschool. Practice or Policy: These findings support growing evidence that fathers contribute to child development. Implications for research on early academic achievement in ethnically diverse samples are discussed.
Self‐esteem and intergroup discrimination in the minimal group paradigm

Social identity theory assigns self-esteem a central motivational role in intergroup discrimination. There are two corollaries: (1) successful discrimination elevates self-esteem, and (2) depressed self-esteem motivates discrimination. Previous research yields contradictory findings which may partly be attributable to failure to conduct appropriate tests of the hypotheses. The present experiment tests both corollaries under conditions designed to overcome some of these limitations. Social categorization and prior transitory self-esteem were manipulated in a 2 (group/individual) x 2 (success/failure) minimal group study. Additional control subjects run simultaneously with experimental subjects provided pre-test self-esteem measures to compare with experimental subjects' post-test self-esteem. Corollary 2 was upheld: lower self-esteem subjects who were explicitly categorized discriminated significantly more than subjects in other conditions. Corollary 1 was not upheld: greater discrimination was not associated with higher post-test or greater increase in self-esteem. Some implications of these findings for the self-esteem hypothesis in social identity theory are suggested.
한국인 주관적 계층의식의 특성과 결정요인

한국에서 사회계층연구는 계층구조에 집중되어 있었고, 주관적 계층의식에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 부족하였다. 이에 이 연구는 첫째, 주관적 계층의식을 ‘중간층 귀속의식’, ‘중산층 귀속의식’, ‘계층구조 이미지’로 구분하여 각각에 대한 한국인의 특성이 무엇인지 밝히고, 둘째, 주관적 계층귀속의식이 성, 연령, 학력수준 및 소득과 같은 개인배경변수와는 어떤 관련이 있는지, 또한 자신의 소득, 재산, 문화생활, 사회적 지위에 대한 주관적인 평가와 주관적 계층귀속의식간에 어떤 관련이 있는지 살펴보았다. 연구결과를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중간층 귀속의식은 질문문항이 몇 단계로 구분되어 있느냐에 의해 크게 좌우되었다. 중간층에 속하는 단계가 전체 단계에서 차지하는 비율이 높을수록 중간층 귀속의식은 높게 나온다. 그러나 전반적으로 중간층 귀속의식 추이를 요약한다면, 1980년대는 큰 변화가 없었으나 1990년대 중반이후 늘고 있다고 할 수 있다. 둘째, 중산층 귀속의식은 비교적 여러 번 연구된 부분이다. 그러나 중산층이라는 용어를 통해 자신을 분류하는 데 익숙하지 못한 집단이 일부 존재하기 때문에, 매우 광범위하게 사용되는 용어임에 틀림없지만, ‘중산층’이라는 용어를 직접 사용하여 중산층 귀속의석비율을 알아내는 방식은 여전히 매우 조심스럽게 추진해야 할 것이다. 한편, 중산층 귀속의식의 변화추이를 보면 1980년대에서 중반에서 1990년대 중반사이 다소 증가하였으며, 소득수준은 물론 교육수준이 중산층 귀속의식 여부와 관계가 있다는 점이 확인되었다. 셋째, 한국사회에 대한 계층구조 이미지를 살펴보면, 다이아몬드형 계층구조를 이루고 있다고 보는 사람이 과반수였으며, 이어서 피라밋형 계층구조를 갖고 있다는 사람이 1/3정도였다. 그리고 계층구조 이미지는 주관적 계층 귀속의식과 관련되어 있으며, 상층 귀속의식을 가진 사람이 한국사회를 안정적으로 보고 경향이 있음을 알 수 있다. 넷째, 주관적 계층귀속의식을 결정하는 객관적 변수로는 소득이 가장 중요하고 이어서 교육수준, 직업의 순 이었다. 한편, 객관적 변수이상으로 생활만족도라는 주관적 변수가 계층의식을 결정하는데 매우 중요하다는 것을 알게 되었다. 다섯째, 주관적 계층귀속의식에 대한 분포는 사회불평등을 구성하는 다른 요소에 대한 분포보다 ‘중간층’에 집중되어 있었으며, 소득수준에 대한 귀속의식분포가 주관적 계층의식 분포와 가장 유사하였다.
How Should Carriage Disputes in Digital Media Be Addressed?

Disagreements between television networks or channels like AMC or Viacom, and media distributors like Comcast or DISH are endemic. In this research, we study the nature of contractual relationship between the television networks and media distributors in a multilayered two-sided framework to explain why carriage disputes (which are obviously non-equilibrium outcomes) have become so common in the current media marketplace. We find that there is a strategic tension between the interests of TV network companies and media distributor companies, and that maintaining agreements between these firms require non-contractible actions. These non-contractible actions are very different from the natural behavior of the firms, so the agreement can only be maintained if each firm has recourse to a credible, costly, and temporary threat- a carriage dispute.
Scholarly Holds Lead over Popular and Instructional: Text Type Influences Epistemological Reading Outcomes.

Scholarlyscientificliteratureconveysepistemologicalassumptionsscientists operate on. Popular scientific literature and instructional science texts deviate in their portrayal of science from these epistemological assumptions. Thus, scholarly scientific literature holds more potential for improving students' epistemological understanding of science. In an experimental study, we had 78 high school students read an original report from a scholarly scientific journal, a version of the same research article modified for low-knowledge readers, a popular scientific article, or a chapter from a science textbook. Students who had read the research article or the modified research article improved significantly strongest in their understanding of the constructive nature of science and the argumentative nature of science. We conclude that scholarly scientific literature produces more beneficial epistemological reading outcomes than popular scientific literature and instructional science texts. Therefore, science teachers should be encouraged to incorporate scholarly scientific literature in classroom reading activities. C
Understanding Participation in E-Learning in Organizations: A Large-Scale Empirical Study of Employees

Much remains unknown in the increasingly important field of e-learning in organizations. Drawing on a large-scale survey of employees (N = 557) who had opportunities to participate in voluntary e-learning activities, the factors influencing participation in e-learning are explored in this empirical paper. It is hypothesized that key variables derived from the theories of planned behaviour and instructional design – general-person characteristics, motivation to learn, general and task-specific self-efficacy, situational barriers and enablers, and instructional design characteristics – will predict participation in e-learning. Using structural equation modelling, we find statistical support for the overall theoretical model proposed. We discuss the implications for practice.
Ontology Alignment at the Instance and Schema Level

We present PARIS, an approach for the automatic alignment of ontologies. PARIS aligns not only instances, but also relations and classes. Alignments at the instance-level cross-fertilize with alignments at the schema-level. Thereby, our system provides a truly holistic solution to the problem of ontology alignment. The heart of the approach is probabilistic. This allows PARIS to run without any parameter tuning. We demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm and its precision through extensive experiments. In particular, we obtain a precision of around 80% in experiments with two of the world's largest ontologies.
Correlation Between Body Mass Index and Prevalence of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer in Korean Patients With Endometrial Cancer

Objective The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) in Korean women with endometrial cancer. Methods Among 227 patients with endometrial cancer in the study population, 20 patients (8.8%) had HNPCC. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the BMI: nonobese (BMI ⩽25 kg/m2) and obese (BMI >25 kg/m2); then the nonobese group was subdivided into 2 groups: normal weight (BMI <23 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI, 23–25 kg/m2). The distributions of BMI categories were compared between patients with sporadic endometrial cancer and with HNPCC-related endometrial cancer. Results Among 207 patients with sporadic endometrial cancer, 119 (57.5%) were nonobese and 88 patients (42.5%) were obese. Of 20 patients with endometrial cancer related to HNPCC, 10 (50.0%) were nonobese and 10 (50.0%) were obese. In a subgroup analysis of only nonobese patients, 68 patients with sporadic endometrial cancer had normal weight and 51 were overweight. On the other hand, all 10 patients with HNPCC related to endometrial cancer had normal weight. There was no significant difference between the group with HNPCC-related endometrial cancer and the group with sporadic endometrial cancer according to BMI (P = 0.221). However, BMI proportions in HNPCC related to endometrial cancer were significantly different from those in sporadic endometrial cancer (P = 0.016). Among a subgroup of nonobese patients, the proportion of normal weight was significant higher in patients with HNPCC-related endometrial cancer compared to those in sporadic endometrial cancer (P = 0.006). Conclusion Body mass index was not different between sporadic endometrial cancer and HNPCC-related endometrial cancer in Koreans. However, BMI proportions in the patients with HNPCC related to endometrial cancer was significantly different from those in sporadic endometrial cancer. Specifically, among nonobese patients, the proportion of normal weight was significantly high in Korean women with HNPCC.
The reproducibility of repeat measures of airway inflammation in stable atopic asthma.

Measures of airway inflammation are increasingly being used as outcome measures in asthma intervention studies. Meaningful interpretation of observed changes in bronchial mucosal cell numbers should depend, in part, on the reproducibility of repeat measures over time. We wanted to investigate the reproducibility of immunopathologic and physiologic parameters after short and long measurement intervals. We therefore performed spirometry, bronchial provocation challenge, and fiberoptic bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy (always right upper lobe second-generation bronchus) at baseline, after 2 wk, and again after 8 wk on nine subjects with stable atopic asthma (receiving inhaled placebo and beta-agonist therapy only). Numbers of T cells, memory T cells (CD45Ro(+)), macrophages (CD68(+)), and eosinophils (EG1(+) and EG2(+)) on immunohistochemical stains of bronchial biopsies were quantified by computerized image analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of reproducibility were calculated for repeat measures of each parameter and a high ICC (greater than 0.6) was interpreted as "highly reproducible. " Repeat measures of FEV(1), FEF(25-75%), and PC(20) were highly reproducible after short (2-wk) and long (8-wk) intervals. Only repeat measures of EG2(+) had an ICC greater than 0.6 after 8 wk. Repeat measures of CD45Ro(+), EG2(+), and T cell numbers (but not CD68(+) and EG1(+) cells) are highly reproducible and reliable parameters of asthmatic airway inflammation after a 2 wk interval.
Rehabilitation of argument structure deficits in aphasia

Background: The syntactic impairment which frequently emerges in aphasia is mostly due to damage to the ability to map thematic information to the corresponding verb argument structure (VAS). In agrammatic patients this disorder is usually associated with initiation difficulties. Aims: The present study describes a new technique for the rehabilitation of VAS deficits in the matrix clause. Methods & Procedure: The treatment is organised in six levels, and is based on a set of sentence lists of increasing VAS complexity. The efficacy of the treatment was tested on a sample of five chronic (more than 1 year post-onset) agrammatic patients and three chronic severe non-classifiable aphasic patients suffering from predominant impairment in mapping thematic information to the appropriate VAS. Two sentence list sets were employed: one for the evaluation and treatment phases and the other for the evaluation phase only. Improvement in performance on the first list indicates efficacy of the training programme on the treated material, while improvement on the second list indicates generalisation to untreated material. The treatment efficacy and generalisation to other communicative conditions were also tested with a picture-naming task of nouns and verbs, a picture description task, and a spontaneous speech sample (mean sentence length). The patients' syntactic abilities were tested at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, and again after a 6–12-month follow-up. Outcomes & Results: Patients improved significantly on both lists (i.e., there was significant training effect as well as generalisation effect to the untreated material) and on the verb-naming task, the picture description task, and on mean sentence length in spontaneous speech. The treatment effect was seen to be stable at the 6–12-month follow-up. Conclusions: The VAS training described in the present study is an efficacious technique for the treatment of severe syntactic impairments of the matrix clause; furthermore, the procedure employed for testing the efficacy of the technique is valid for assessing the generalisation of training effects to untreated material.
The Presence of Stigma Among Users of the MMORPG RMT

In those massive multiplayer online role-play games in which the real money trade (RMT) is specifically prohibited by the end user license agreement and terms of service, researchers should be aware of the impact of their work into potentially sensitive topic areas. If these users of the RMT secondary market feel they are a stigmatized community, this will potentially directly affect access to data, data integrity, data bias, and the ability to disclose and disseminate back to the research community. A hypothetical qualitative case study approach is applied using three separate research elements to aid in the understanding of why prospective research candidates could potentially feel stigmatized.