Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Addressing Client Heterogeneity in Synchronous Federated Learning: The CHAFL Approach

Federated learning (FL) is proposed to address the security vulnerabilities of conventional distributed deep learning. Since the capabilities of participating FL clients are highly variable in terms of both statistical and system aspects, FL training will face diminished convergence accuracy and speed. Hence, we propose CHAFL (client heterogeneity aware federated learning) to address client heterogeneity (i.e., statistical and system heterogeneity) in synchronous FL. CHAFL selects clients based on global loss with contribution, defined as local loss, enabling higher round-to-accuracy for the global model than previous studies. Additionally, to handle system heterogeneity, it proposes a lightweight algorithm that eliminates the profiling process previously employed to calculate adaptive local epochs in existing studies, thereby improving time-to-accuracy. In order to verify the effectiveness of CHAFL, we exploit three benchmark datasets on non-IID and system heterogeneous setting for empirical evaluation. Compared to the baseline, CHAFL achieves an accuracy improvement of 3.1 to 5.7%, along with 1.04 to 1.73x higher round-to-accuracy and 1.03 to 1.98x higher time-to-accuracy.
Entrepreneurial action and the Euro-American social science tradition: pragmatism, realism and looking beyond ‘the entrepreneur’

Entrepreneurship studies are dominated by the disciplines of economics and psychology and work within a limiting methodological frame of reference; a ‘scientistic’ and individualistic framework that dominates the US-led mainstream of research. To achieve a more balanced scholarship, it is helpful to look at an alternative style of research and analysis which has deep and intertwined European and American roots. This looks to other social sciences such as sociology, as well as to history and the philosophy of science. Its adoption would encourage to shift the focus away from ‘entrepreneurs’ and onto the much broader phenomenon of entrepreneurial action or ‘entrepreneuring’ in its societal and institutional contexts. Such a shift would open up a greatly expanded range of research questions and enable a better balance to be achieved between attention to individual entrepreneurial actors and their organizational, societal and institutional contexts. A pragmatist and realist frame of reference, which recognizes both the importance of processes of social construction and the existence of a ‘real world’, has considerable potential to enrich and expand the scope of entrepreneurship scholarship.
Complicating the Case for Teacher Education: Asking Different Questions

Abstract The purpose of this case study was to analyze the way the Professional Development School (PDS) model was institutionalized at a large research university in the mid-west. Data was gathered through interviews with key players (Professors, Administrators and Master teachers), document analysis and critical discourse analysis of the surrounding texts. Texts included research produced through the PDS, foundational literature such as Holmes Group documents and scholarly literature about PDS. This article presents the themes and foundational concepts that emerged from the data and suggests a number of interesting conclusions. Overall, it is clear that PDS is a very complicated reform model and that there is a tendency to valorize institutional efforts and results. Also, the origin of the reform model indicates a top-down implementation that involves an exclusivist gendered model of professionalization and suggests that only ‘good teachers’ were invited and that failure occurred but was not well documented.
Individual differences in conditional reasoning: A dual-process account

Dual-process theories of conditional reasoning predict that relationships among four basic logical forms, and to intellectual ability and thinking predictions, are most evident when conflict arises between experiential and analytic processing (e.g., Stanovich & West, 2000). To test these predictions, 210 undergraduates were presented with conditionals for which the consequents were either weakly or strongly associated with alternative antecedents (i.e., WA and SA problems, respectively). Consistent with predictions, modus ponens inferences were not related to inferences on the uncertain forms (affirmation of the consequent, denial of the antecedent). On WA problems, modus tollens, affirmation of the consequent, and denial of the antecedent were related to each other and to verbal ability. Modus ponens was linked to verbal ability only when disabling conditions were activated. In accord with the predictions of Stanovich and West (2000), on most problems, thinking dispositions predicted variance in inferences independently from verbal ability. We argue that a largely automatic experiential processing system governs performance on modus ponens, unless disablers are activated. Consciously controlled analytic processing predominates on the uncertain forms and, under some conditions, on modus tollens.
Rice GROWTH UNDER DROUGHT KINASE Is Required for Drought Tolerance and Grain Yield under Normal and Drought Stress Conditions1[C][W][OPEN]

A drought stress-inducible receptor-like kinase is important for plant growth and grain yield in rice. Rice (Oryza sativa) is the primary food source for more than one-half of the world’s population. Because rice cultivation is dependent on water availability, drought during flowering severely affects grain yield. Here, we show that the function of a drought-inducible receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, named GROWTH UNDER DROUGHT KINASE (GUDK), is required for grain yield under drought and well-watered conditions. Loss-of-function gudk mutant lines exhibit sensitivity to salinity, osmotic stress, and abscisic acid treatment at the seedling stage, and a reduction in photosynthesis and plant biomass under controlled drought stress at the vegetative stage. The gudk mutants interestingly showed a significant reduction in grain yield, both under normal well-watered conditions and under drought stress at the reproductive stage. Phosphoproteome profiling of the mutant followed by in vitro assays identified the transcription factor APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR OsAP37 as a phosphorylation target of GUDK. The involvement of OsAP37 in regulating grain yield under drought through activation of several stress genes was previously shown. Our transactivation assays confirmed that GUDK is required for activation of stress genes by OsAP37. We propose that GUDK mediates drought stress signaling through phosphorylation and activation of OsAP37, resulting in transcriptional activation of stress-regulated genes, which impart tolerance and improve yield under drought. Our study reveals insights around drought stress signaling mediated by receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, and also identifies a primary regulator of grain yield in rice that offers the opportunity to improve and stabilize rice grain yield under normal and drought stress conditions.
FedSKG: Self-supervised Federated Learning with Structural Knowledge of Global Model

Federated self-supervised learning (FedSSL) is an emerging method in the domain of machine learning. It collaboratively learns a powerful feature extractor among multiple participants by utilizing distributed unlabeled data. However, conventional FedSSL suffers from statistical heterogeneity due to the non-independent and identically distributed (Non-IID) data among participants. In this work, we introduce a novel method to tackle the Non-IID data issue in FedSSL. First, the relation knowledge distillation is utilized to enhance the learning from global models. Then, we dynamically update the local model with divergence-aware update (DAU) method to preserve the client’s knowledge of Non-IID data. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms other methods by up to 8% on linear evaluation, verifying the effectiveness of our approach.
Using Prompt Training and Reinforcement to Reduce Transition Times in a Transitional Kindergarten Program for Students with Severe Behavior Disorders

ABSTRACT This article examines prompt training and reinforcement to decrease the amount of time between routine transitions within a self contained transitional kindergarten. A comparison between baseline results for two kindergarten classes for students with behavior disorders and that of prompting plus reinforcement produced an overall decrease in transition time across transitional settings. The use of physical prompting by consequences was found to be an easily implemented and effective set of strategies to reduce the amount of time between transitions in the preschool classroom. Weaknesses in the present research as well as suggestions for future research are provided.
Link between intraphagosomal biotin and rapid phagosomal escape in Francisella

Cytosolic bacterial pathogens require extensive metabolic adaptations within the host to replicate intracellularly and cause disease. In phagocytic cells such as macrophages, these pathogens must respond rapidly to nutrient limitation within the harsh environment of the phagosome. Many cytosolic pathogens escape the phagosome quickly (15–60 min) and thereby subvert this host defense, reaching the cytosol where they can replicate. Although a great deal of research has focused on strategies used by bacteria to resist antimicrobial phagosomal defenses and transiently pass through this compartment, the metabolic requirements of bacteria in the phagosome are largely uncharacterized. We previously identified a Francisella protein, FTN_0818, as being essential for intracellular replication and involved in virulence in vivo. We now show that FTN_0818 is involved in biotin biosynthesis and required for rapid escape from the Francisella-containing phagosome (FCP). Addition of biotin complemented the phagosomal escape defect of the FTN_0818 mutant, demonstrating that biotin is critical for promoting rapid escape during the short time that the bacteria are in the phagosome. Biotin also rescued the attenuation of the FTN_0818 mutant during infection in vitro and in vivo, highlighting the importance of this process. The key role of biotin in phagosomal escape implies biotin may be a limiting factor during infection. We demonstrate that a bacterial metabolite is required for phagosomal escape of an intracellular pathogen, providing insight into the link between bacterial metabolism and virulence, likely serving as a paradigm for other cytosolic pathogens.
Adolescents’ Perceptions of Male Involvement in Relational Aggression: Age and Gender Differences

This study compared age and gender differences in adolescents' perceptions of male involvement in relational aggression (RA). After viewing two of four video clips portraying RA, each participating adolescent (N = 314; Grades 8−12) answered questions related to rationalizing bullying behaviors—specifically minimizing bullying, blaming victims, and excusing bullies. Although age differences were not detected, differences in male and female perceptions were noted. Although males were more likely to minimize the impact of RA, both males and females particularly minimized the impact of male-to-male homophobic RA. In comparison to males, females expressed more sympathy for male victims and perceived bystanders as enjoying RA. Implications for bullying prevention/intervention efforts include giving greater consideration to the differences between male and female perceptions of RA; directly focusing on adolescents’ rationalizations for tolerating/condoning male homophobic bullying; and expanding beyond the bully–victim dyad to consider the broader social context surrounding bullying.
Gender Differences in Educational Achievement to Age 25

Gender differences in educational achievement were examined in a cohort of 1265 individuals studied from birth to age 25. There was a small but pervasive tendency for females to score better than males on standardised tests and to achieve more school and post-school qualifications. The differences could not be explained by differences in cognitive ability as males and females had similar IQ scores. Teacher ratings of classroom behaviour revealed that males were more prone to inattentive, restless and distractible behaviours and aggressive, antisocial and oppositional behaviours than females. When the associations between gender and measures of educational achievement were adjusted for teacher ratings of classroom behaviour the gender differences were reduced substantially. These results suggest that one approach to reducing gender differences in educational achievement lies in improving classroom behaviour.
Les réseaux mixtes franchise-succursalisme: apports de la littérature et implications pour le marketing des réseaux de points de vente

De nombreux réseaux de points de vente adoptent la pluralité des formes, mixant franchise et succursalisme. Le modèle de Bradach, bien que limité aux chaînes de restauration rapide américaines arrivées à maturité, constitue une tentative de synthèse des défis qu'une chaîne de points de vente doit relever pour assurer son développement et sa survie. La pluralité des formes permet de relever ces défis et de résoudre certaines contradictions dans le marketing des réseaux de points de vente.
Screening for depression in primary care patients: dimensionality of the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory

In an attempt to discover factors that might explain the high misclassification rate of the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) as a screening tool for depression in primary health care patients (primarily due to false positives), confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the dimensionality of the instrument with data from a sample of 598 family practice outpatients. A dual-factor specification provided a superior fit, with two moderately correlated factors (r =.722), identified and labeled Nonsomatic Symptoms and Somatic Symptoms. The items work inhibition and Fatigue loaded together on the Somatic Symptoms factor, whereas the anorexia item loaded on both factors, and it is hypothesized that these symptoms are elevated in otherwise nondepressed, medically ill patients
Restrictive antenna rules limiting PID degradation for MOS transistors with connected MIM-capacitors

The plasma processing steps required for the implementation of the various layers of Metal-Insulator-Metal capacitors in a metal stack can cause severe damage for a directly connected MOS transistor. Such plasma damage requires a thorough characterization and subsequent design rules which restricting the antenna ratio of a Metal-Insulator-Metal capacitor as an antenna. A new set of antenna design rules are proposed on the basis of reliability stress data and results from the literature. Worst case antenna geometries as well as protection methods are presented.
Marine aspidogastrids (Trematoda) from fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Of the aspidogastrids Multicalyx cristata, Lobatostoma ringens, Cotylogaster basiri, and C. dinosoides sp. n. , the last two had not been previously known from the Gulf of Mexico. The latter differs from other members of its genus by having relatively large equatorial marginal alveoli in comparison to those at the anterior and posterior ends of the holdfast. It also possesses extensive transverse musculature connecting opposed lateral alveoli. New host records are included for all four species, and we report preadults of what appear to be the first two species.
Outage Probability Minimization in a Multi-User RIS-Assisted RSMA System

In this paper, the problem of outage probability min-imization in a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-assisted Rate-Splitting Multiple Access (RSMA)-based multi-user network is investigated. The Access Point (AP) serves Near Users (NUs) and Cell Edge Users (CEUs) through a RIS, and the objective is to improve fairness by minimizing the maximum outage probability among all users. The problem is formulated as a min-max outage probability problem, which can be written as a nonlinear program but cannot be solved using conventional methods. Thus, we propose an iterative Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP)-based search algorithm that can solve the problem efficiently. The simulation results show a similar performance of the proposed solution as compared to the Exhaustive Search (ES) method for both RSMA and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA). Moreover, the proposed solution achieves significant reduction in complexity order when compared to the ES solution while outperforming baseline methods.
Examining the Reciprocal Nature of the Health-Violence Relationship: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample

The correlation between health and offending is typically regarded as the result of confounding factors such as socioeconomic status and drug use, with little consideration given to the plausibility of reciprocal effects. Using two waves of data collected on 14,738 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a simultaneous structural equations modeling approach was used to determine whether there is a symbiotic relationship between health and violence. Findings indicate that minor health problems have delayed effects on violence and that involvement in violence also negatively affects future health. Discussion centers on this reciprocal relationship, implications for future research, and public health and delinquency prevention policy.
Being aware of consciousness and cultures

Darwin, Sex and Status argues that a human sociobiology that mistakes evolutionary theory for theories of psychology and culture is wrong, as are psychologies that could never have evolved or social sciences that posit impossible psychologies. Status develops theories of human self-awareness, cognition, and cultural capacity that are compatible with evolutionary theory. Recurring themes include: the importance of sexual selection in human evolution; our species' preoccupation with self-esteem and relative standing; the individual as an active strategist, regularly revising culturally provided information; and awareness as an impressionmanagement device. Culture is a somewhat structured information pool that itself evolves, often in ways that reduce the genetic fitness of its participants.
Academic Achievement and Future Time Perspective as a Cognitive-Motivational Concept

A new approach to future time perspective (FTP) was taken by integrating FTP into cognitive theories of motivation. Valence and instrumentality measurements of 23 general motivational goals were made in a group of 251 high-school boys. Goals were classified in three time zones: near future, distant future, and open present. Results showed that students with high grade point averages (GPA) and high study persistence attached significantly higher valence to goals in the distant future and perceived studying hard as more instrumental for reaching goals in the distant future and open present, than students with low GPA and low study persistence.
Deterministic matrices matching the compressed sensing phase transitions of Gaussian random matrices

In compressed sensing, one takes samples of an N-dimensional vector using an matrix A, obtaining undersampled measurements . For random matrices with independent standard Gaussian entries, it is known that, when is k-sparse, there is a precisely determined phase transition: for a certain region in the (,)-phase diagram, convex optimization typically finds the sparsest solution, whereas outside that region, it typically fails. It has been shown empirically that the same property—with the same phase transition location—holds for a wide range of non-Gaussian random matrix ensembles. We report extensive experiments showing that the Gaussian phase transition also describes numerous deterministic matrices, including Spikes and Sines, Spikes and Noiselets, Paley Frames, Delsarte-Goethals Frames, Chirp Sensing Matrices, and Grassmannian Frames. Namely, for each of these deterministic matrices in turn, for a typical k-sparse object, we observe that convex optimization is successful over a region of the phase diagram that coincides with the region known for Gaussian random matrices. Our experiments considered coefficients constrained to for four different sets , and the results establish our finding for each of the four associated phase transitions.
The time-course of visual threat processing: High trait anxious individuals eventually avert their gaze from angry faces

Several experiments have shown that anxious individuals have an attentional bias towards threat cues. It is also known, however, that exposure to a subjectively threatening but relatively harmless stimulus tends to lead to a reduction in fear. Accordingly, some authors have hypothesised that high trait anxious individuals have a vigilant-avoidant pattern of visual attention to threatening stimuli. In the present study, 52 high trait anxious and 48 low trait anxious subjects were shown pairs of emotional faces, while their direction of gaze was continuously monitored. For 0-1000 ms, both groups were found to view angry faces more than happy faces. For 2000-3000 ms, however, only high trait anxious subjects averted their gaze from angry faces more than they did from happy faces.
What Do We Really Know About Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction?

Objective Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is a clinical program, developed to facilitate adaptation to medical illness, which provides systematic training in mindfulness meditation as a self-regulatory approach to stress reduction and emotion management. There has been widespread and growing use of this approach within medical settings in the last 20 years, and many claims have been made regarding its efficacy. This article will provide a critical evaluation of the available state of knowledge regarding MBSR and suggestions for future research. Methods A review of the current literature available within the medical and social sciences was undertaken to provide an evaluation regarding what we know about the construct of mindfulness, the effectiveness of MBSR, and mechanisms of action. Results There has been a paucity of research and what has been published has been rife with methodological problems. At present, we know very little about the effectiveness of this approach. However, there is some evidence that suggests that it may hold some promise. Conclusions The available evidence does not support a strong endorsement of this approach at present. However, serious investigation is warranted and strongly recommended.
Thrust to Wholeness: The Nature of Self-Protection

Although the literature enlists “self-protection” to explain widely varied behavior (e.g., startle, defense mechanism, hoarding), the concept is not defined, nor are its varied modes classified. Few textbooks even index the term. To help remedy this odd neglect, the author postulated the protective motive as a biologically given “thrust to wholeness,” modified by experience and dependent on social support. Utilizing mechanisms of homeostasis, defense, prevention, healing, and “outreach” (i.e., wholeness expressed), the motive disposes the individual to maintain and express the functional integrity of body and self (including “all that is mine”). Seemingly unrelated phenomena (e.g., immune response, quest for immortality, forgiveness, sharing, urge to procreate) are thus afforded common explanation. Prospectively, the thrust to wholeness affords conceptual unity, parsimony, and pedagogical utility. Also, it may furnish a conceptual anchor for well-being and its paradoxes, self-defeat and suicide.