Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recursively enumerable sets of positive integers and their decision problems

Introduction. Recent developments of symbolic logic have considerable importance for mathematics both with respect to its philosophy and practice. That mathematicians generally are oblivious to the importance of this work of Gödel, Church, Turing, Kleene, Rosser and others as it affects the subject of their own interest is in part due to the forbidding, diverse and alien formalisms in which this work is embodied. Yet, without such formalism, this pioneering work would lose most of its cogency. But apart from the question of importance, these formalisms bring to mathematics a new and precise mathematical concept, that of the general recursive function of Hërbrand-GödelKleene, or its proved equivalents in the developments of Church and Turing. It is the purpose of this lecture to demonstrate by example that this concept admits of development into a mathematical theory much as the group concept has been developed into a theory of groups. Moreover, that stripped of its formalism, such a theory admits of an intuitive development which can be followed, if not indeed pursued, by a mathematician, layman though he be in this formal field. It is this intuitive development of a very limited portion of a sub-theory of the hoped for general theory that we present in this lecture. We must emphasize that, with a few exceptions explicitly so noted, we have obtained formal proofs of all the consequently mathematical theorems here developed informally. Yet the real mathematics involved must lie in the informal development. For in every instance the informal "proof" was first obtained; and once gotten, transforming it into the formal proof turned out to be a routine chore. We shall not here reproduce the formal definition of recursive function of positive integers. A simple example of such a function is an
Mutations in twinstar, a Drosophila gene encoding a cofilin/ADF homologue, result in defects in centrosome migration and cytokinesis

We describe the phenotypic and molecular characterization of twinstar (tsr), an essential gene in Drosophila melanogaster. Two P-element induced alleles of tsr (tsr1 and tsr2) result in late larval or pupal lethality. Cytological examination of actively dividing tissues in these mutants reveals defects in cytokinesis in both mitotic (larval neuroblast) and meiotic (larval testis) cells. In addition, mutant spermatocytes show defects in aster migration and separation during prophase/prometaphase of both meiotic divisions. We have cloned the gene affected by these mutations and shown that it codes for a 17-kD protein in the cofilin/ADF family of small actin severing proteins. A cDNA for this gene has previously been described by Edwards et al. (1994). Northern analysis shows that the tsr gene is expressed throughout development, and that the tsr1 and tsr2 alleles are hypomorphs that accumulate decreased levels of tsr mRNA. These findings prompted us to examine actin behavior during male meiosis to visualize the effects of decreased twinstar protein activity on actin dynamics in vivo. Strikingly, both mutants exhibit abnormal accumulations of F- actin. Large actin aggregates are seen in association with centrosomes in mature primary spermatocytes. Later, during ana/telophase of both meiotic divisions, aberrantly large and misshaped structures appear at the site of contractile ring formation and fail to disassemble at the end of telophase, in contrast with wild-type. We discuss these results in terms of possible roles of the actin-based cytoskeleton in centrosome movement and in cytokinesis.
Biomechanical Investigations of the Human Thoracolumbar Spine

Quasistatic axial tensile loading on ligaments, compressive loads on vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, and flexure and compression-flexion force vectors on ligamentous columns, intact torsos and torsos and injured spines were applied to delineate the biomechanical and functional patho-anatomic characteristics
CEO Compensation and Board Oversight

In response to the corporate scandals in 2001-2002, the major U.S. exchanges came up with new requirements from corporate boards which are intended to increase board oversight. We use this regulation event to shed light on the effect of board oversight on executive compensation. We find that firms that were affected the most by these requirements decreased the CEO compensation by about 25% after the regulations, compared to firms that were already complying with these requirements. The significant decrease in compensation is due to a decrease in the option-based portion of the compensation. The results suggest that board oversight is a significant determinant of the size and structure of executive compensation.
Evolution of ERP Systems

This paper describes the development of ERP systems over time. It explores both the functionality and the technology of ERP-systems. It explains the increased importance of ERP systems in practice. The paper also addresses the difficulties encountered in implementing ERP systems in real life. Modern ERP systems are very flexible, and can be tuned to many different business environments. This flexibility leads to increased complexity. The paper explains the nature of the flexibility and the complexity. It discusses promising ways to master complexity such as enterprise modeling. Modern ERP systems are well suited for support of a multi-site enterprise. However, smooth cooperation of such systems in a supply chain of independent partners is still a long way to go.
Ruminal volatile fatty acid production in relation to animal production from grass

T h e studies of Sir Joseph Barcroft and his colleagues (Phillipson & McAnalIy, 1942; Barcroft, McAnally & Phillipson, 1944) at Cambridge in the early 1940s established that the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced during the fermentation of foodstuffs within the rumen of sheep and cattle are absorbed through the rumen wall and metabolized by the tissues. I t has since been shown (see Annison & Lewis, 1959) that the VFAs arise largely from fermentation of dietary carbohydrates, and of glycerol liberated on hydrolysis of triglycerides, and that only a small part of the soluble carbohydrates escapes degradation. Also, in addition to the major VFAs present in the rumen-acetic, propionic and n-butyric acids---n-valeric acid and branched-chain isomers of butyric and valeric acids (isobutyric, a-methylbutyric and isovaleric) have been found in low concentrations, more particularly in animals on protein-rich diets (el-Shazly, 1952a,b; Annison, 1954). Formic acid, although undoubtedly an intermediate in the fermentation processes, is rapidly dissimilated in the rumen and is present only in very low concentrations (Johns, 1955 ; Bensadoun, Paladines & Reid, I 962). Only traces of lactic acid are found in rumen liquor, with the exception of transient high levels shortly after feeding in animals given diets containing large amounts of cooked, starchy foods (Balch & Rowland, 1957).
ANGULAR MOMENTUM TRANSFER AND LACK OF FRAGMENTATION IN SELF-GRAVITATING ACCRETION FLOWS

Rapid inflows associated with early galaxy formation lead to the accumulation of self-gravitating gas in the centers of proto-galaxies. Such gas accumulations are prone to nonaxisymmetric instabilities, as in the well known Maclaurin sequence of rotating ellipsoids, which are accompanied by a catastrophic loss of angular momentum (J). Self-gravitating gas is also intuitively associated with star formation. However, recent simulations of the infall process display highly turbulent continuous flows. We propose that J-transfer, which enables the inflow, also suppresses fragmentation. Inefficient J loss by the gas leads to decay of turbulence, triggering global instabilities and renewed turbulence driving. Flow regulated in this way is stable against fragmentation, while staying close to the instability threshold for bar formation—thick self-gravitating disks are prone to global instabilities before they become unstable locally. On smaller scales, the fraction of gravitationally unstable matter swept up by shocks in such a flow is a small and decreasing function of the Mach number. We conclude counterintuitively that gas able to cool down to a small fraction of its virial temperature will not fragment as it collapses. This provides a venue for supermassive black holes to form via direct infall, without the intermediary stage of forming a star cluster. Some black holes could have formed or grown in massive halos at low redshifts. Thus the fragmentation is intimately related to J redistribution within the system: it is less dependent on the molecular/metal cooling but is conditioned by the ability of the flow to develop virial, supersonic turbulence.
Brain connectivity in autism

With the increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the pace of research aimed at understanding the neurobiology of this complex neurodevelopmental disorder has accelerated. Neuroimaging and postmortem studies have provided evidence for disruptions in functional and structural connectivity in the brains of individuals with ASD (Vissers et al., 2012). This burgeoning literature continues to struggle with methodological and conceptual issues inherent to discovering relationships between brain and behavior. While there has been considerable progress, many open questions remain. In this special topic, a collection of empirical contributions and reviews from leaders in the field attempt to synthesize and extend prior work investigating brain connectivity in autism. Multiple theoretical perspectives and neuroimaging methods are brought together with the aim of addressing outstanding questions about the nature and extent of brain connectivity aberrations in autism.
Subsurface structural mapping using gravity data of the northern edge of the Congo craton , South Cameroon

In this work, the subsurface structures in a part of the northern edge of the Congo craton in South Cameroon between the latitudes 2° 30' to 4° 30' N and the longitudes 11° to 13° E, has been estimated by the interpretation of gravity data. For quantitative interpretation of the sources of the anomaly, a 3D density model of the upper crust was designed by means of forward modelling and inversion constrained by surface geology and results from Euler deconvolution and spectral analysis methods. The Bouguer anomaly map of the area is characterized by elongated SW–NE trending negative gravity anomaly which correspond to a collapsed structure associated with a granitic intrusion beneath the center of the region and by various gravity highs associated with an uplift of the Pan-African basement in the north and delimited by a strong gradient in relation with the tectonic boundary between the Congo craton and the Pan-African belt. Our result demonstrated that tectonic structures associated to observed gravity anomalies in the region were put in place during a major continental collision.
A scalable, decentralized coordination infrastructure for grid environments

While Grid computing is rapidly emerging as the dominant paradigm for distributed problem solving for a wide range of application domains, the heterogeneity, dynamism, and uncertainty of Grid environments result in significant application coordination challenges. A key challenge is managing the runtime dependencies and interactions among the elements. These dependencies and interactions can be complex and various and both system entities and interactions between them can be ad hoc and opportunistic. As a result, realizing these coordinations becomes extremely challenging. This research investigates a shared-space based decentralized architecture model for addressing scalable and robust coordination for Grid applications. This model employs fully decentralized architecture and provides a global virtual shared-space abstraction that can be associatively accessed by all peers in the system. In this research, we design and develop Comet coordination infrastructure to demonstrate the conceptual architecture model. The architecture of the Comet is based on a content-based distributed hash table, which employs a locality preserving mapping to map the multi-dimensional information space used by the coordinating entities to the one-dimensional peer node index space. The resulting shared-space maintains content locality and guarantees that content-based information queries are delivered with bounded costs. The key contribution of this thesis is a conceptual architecture model and an implementation infrastructure for realizing coordination abstractions that support dynamic, scalable, and asynchronous application interactions on wide-area Grid environments. The developed architecture model and the Comet infrastructure are used to support coordination and computation in Grid environments. Two prototype systems have been implemented and evaluated. The first prototype, CometG, provides a decentralized (peer-to-peer) computational infrastructure that extends Desktop Grids to support parallel asynchronous applications. CometG constructs decentralized coordination spaces and programming abstractions for parallel asynchronous iterative computations and asynchronous formulation of the replica exchange algorithm for molecular dynamics applications. The second prototype, Rudder coordination framework provides agent abstractions and coordination protocols for supporting dynamic composition of Grid applications. Experimental evaluations of these prototypes demonstrate the flexibility, scalability and effectiveness of the infrastructure, as well as its ability to support complex coordination requirements of Grid applications.
ePlace: Electrostatics based placement using Nesterov's method

ePlace is a generalized analytic algorithm to handle large-scale standard-cell and mixed-size placement. We use a novel density function based on electrostatics to remove overlap and Nesterov's method to minimize the nonlinear cost. Steplength is estimated as the inverse of Lipschitz constant, which is determined by our dynamic prediction and backtracking method. An approximated preconditioner is proposed to resolve the difference between large macros and standard cells, while an annealing engine is devised to handle macro legalization followed by placement of standard cells. The above innovations are integrated into our placement prototype ePlace, which outperforms the leading-edge placers on respective standard-cell and mixed-size benchmark suites. Specifically, ePlace produces 2.83%, 4.59% and 7.13% shorter wirelength while runs 3.05×, 2.84× and 1.05× faster than BonnPlace, MAPLE and NTUplace3-unified in average of ISPD 2005, ISPD 2006 and MMS circuits, respectively.
Influence of Different Positive Emotions on Persuasion Processing: a Functional Evolutionary Approach the Traditional Approach: Affect Valence and Cognition Recent Advances: Discrete Emotions and Cognition a New Approach: Functional Definitions of Discrete Positive Emotions Research Overview Study 1

Much research has found that positive affect facilitates increased reliance on heuristics in cognition. However, theories proposing distinct evolutionary fitness-enhancing functions for specific positive emotions also predict important differences among the consequences of different positive emotion states. Two experiments investigated how six positive emotions influenced the processing of persuasive messages. Using different methods to induce emotions and assess processing, we showed that the positive emotions of anticipatory enthusiasm, amusement, and attachment love tended to facilitate greater acceptance of weak persuasive messages (consistent with previous research), whereas the positive emotions of awe and nurturant love reduced persuasion by weak messages. In addition, a series of mediation analyses suggested that the effects distinguishing different positive emotions from a neutral control condition were best accounted for by different mediators rather than by one common mediator. These findings build upon approaches that link affective valence to certain types of processing, documenting emotion-specific effects on cognition that are consistent with functional evolutionary accounts of discrete positive emotions. Imagine that you are watching a pleasant TV program. The program may be a travel show featuring awe-inspiring natural wonders or an animal program about a litter of puppies; it may be a sitcom that makes you laugh or an exciting sporting event. At some point during the program, you are likely to encounter a commercial message intended to persuade you. Given that any of these programs will elicit positive feelings, are you likely to process the persuasive message more carefully or more carelessly than if you felt no emotion at all? The answer to this question might initially appear simple: Much research already finds that positive affect leads people to process messages in a more heuristic or careless manner (e. In the present research, we demonstrate the complexity layered upon this general effect and address some of the mechanisms behind this complexity. Whereas traditional approaches have examined the influence of affective valence on cognition, our approach emphasizes differences among the likely evolutionary, fitness-enhancing functions of discrete emotions of the same va-lence and suggests that emotions of the same valence can have 2000). However, the question of how specific positive emotions might influence cognition has received far less attention (for notable exceptions, see Bartlett & DeSteno, 2006, and Tiedens & Linton, 2001). The current research aims to redress this imbalance by investigating systematically the effects of six positive emotions on the processing of persuasive messages, as well as …
A Note on the Partition Function of ABJM Theory on S3

We study the partition function Z of U(N)_k x U(N)_{-k} Chern-Simons matter theory (ABJM theory) on S^3 which is recently obtained by the localization method. We evaluate the eigenvalue integral in Z exactly for the N=2 case. We find that Z has a different dependence on k for even k and odd k. We comment on the possible implication of this result in the context of AdS/CFT correspondence.
A Simple Approach for Determining the Characteristic Distance in the Point Stress Criterion for Holed CFRP Unidirectional Laminates

This paper presents a fracture criterion for predicting the strength of a CFRP unidirectional laminate with a hole. We formulated the point stress criterion (PSC) for notched composites with the characteristic distance at which the Tsai–Hill criterion for orthotropic materials was satisfied. The strengths of CFRP off-axis unidirectional laminates with a hole predicted by the PSC agreed well with the measured strengths, and the validity of the characteristic distance determined by the Tsai–Hill criterion was confirmed. Moreover, we observed the fractured surfaces of the holed specimens with small off-axis angles and found that the fracture mode within the characteristic distance (fiber breakage mode) was different from that away from the hole (shear fracture mode). These observations of the fractured surfaces suggested that the characteristic distance represented the size of the initially damaged area at the notch tip.
Region-specific neuron and synapse loss in the hippocampus of APPSL/PS1 knock-in mice

Transgenic mouse models with knock-in (KI) expression of human mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) and/or human presenilin 1 (PS1) may be helpful to elucidate the cellular consequences of APP and PS1 misprocessing in the aging brain. Age-related alterations in total numbers of neurons and in numbers of synaptophysin-immunoreactive presynaptic boutons (SIPB), as well as the amyloid plaque load were analyzed in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, and CA1-2 of 2- and 10-month-old APPSL/PS1 homozygous KI, APPSL (expressing human mutant APP751 carrying the Swedish [K670N/M671L] and London [V717I] mutations under Thy-1 promoter), and PS1 homozygous KI mice (expressing human PS1 mutations [M233T and L235P]). APPSL/PS1 homozygous KI mice, but neither APPSL mice nor PS1 homozygous KI mice, showed substantial agerelated loss of neurons (−47.2%) and SIPB (−22.6%), specifically in CA1-2. PS1 homozygous KI mice showed an age-related increase in hippocampal granule cell numbers (+37.9%). Loss of neurons and SIPB greatly exceeded the amount of local extracellular Aβ aggregation and astrocytes, whereas region-specific accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ preceded neuron and synapse loss. An age-related increase in the ratio of SIPB to neuron numbers in CA1-2 of APPSL/PS1 homozygous KI mice was suggestive of compensatory synaptic plasticity. These findings indicate a region-selectivity in intra- and extraneuronal Aβ accumulation in connection with neuron and synapse loss in the hippocampus of APPSL/PS1 homozygous KI mice.
Reaching for the Holy Grail: insights from infection/cure models on the prospects for vaccines for Trypanosoma cruzi infection

Prevention of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mammals likely depends on either prevention of the invading trypomastigotes from infecting host cells or the rapid recognition and killing of the newly infected cells by T. cruzi-specific T cells. We show here that multiple rounds of infection and cure (by drug therapy) fails to protect mice from reinfection, despite the generation of potent T cell responses. This disappointing result is similar to that obtained with many other vaccine protocols used in attempts to protect animals from T. cruzi infection. We have previously shown that immune recognition of T. cruzi infection is significantly delayed both at the systemic level and at the level of the infected host cell. The systemic delay appears to be the result of a stealth infection process that fails to trigger substantial innate recognition mechanisms while the delay at the cellular level is related to the immunodominance of highly variable gene family proteins, in particular those of the trans-sialidase family. Here we discuss how these previous studies and the new findings herein impact our thoughts on the potential of prophylactic vaccination to serve a productive role in the prevention of T. cruzi infection and Chagas disease.
Chlorhexidine bathing for the prevention of colonization and infection with multidrug-resistant microorganisms in a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation unit over a 9-year period

AbstractHealth care associated infections (HAIs) are currently among the major challenges to the care of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of 2% chlorhexidine (CHG) bathing on the incidence of colonization and infection with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative pathogens, and to evaluate their CHG minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) after the intervention.A quasi-experimental study with duration of 9 years was conducted. VRE colonization and infection, HAI rates, and MDR gram-negative infection were evaluated by interrupted time series analysis. The antibacterial susceptibility profile and mechanism of resistance to CHG were analyzed in both periods by the agar dilution method in the presence or absence of the efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and presence of efflux pumps (qacA/E, qacA, qacE, cepA, AdeA, AdeB, and AdeC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The VRE colonization and infection rates were significantly reduced in the postintervention period (P = 0.001). However, gram-negative MDR rates in the unit increased in the last years of the study. The CHG MICs for VRE increased during the period of exposure to the antiseptic. A higher MIC at baseline period was observed in MDR gram-negative strains. The emergence of a monoclonal Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone was observed in the second period.Concluding, CHG bathing was efficient regarding VRE colonization and infection, whereas no similar results were found with MDR gram-negative bacteria.