Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Violence risk and gang affiliation in youth offenders: a recidivism study

Abstract Youth gangs are ubiquitous around the world and have been problematic for the social and criminal justice agencies. Despite widespread public concern, there has been relatively scarce empirical scrutiny of youth gangs internationally and little outside of America and Europe. In particular, the activities of youth gangs, the function of gang membership, the criminogenic needs of gang-affiliated youth, and the risk of criminal recidivism for gang-affiliated youth remain unclear. Against this background, this study explored the sociodemographic characteristics, risk and rate of criminal recidivism in a cohort of 165 male youth offenders in Singapore, of which 58 were gang-affiliated. Multivariate analyses revealed that gang-affiliated youth offenders were significantly more likely to have histories of substance use, weapon use and violence than nongang-affiliated youth offenders. Gang-affiliated offenders also scored higher on measures of risk for recidivism (SAVRY and YLS/CMI), and engaged in violent and other criminal behaviors more frequently during follow-up. These differences indicate a significant relationship between gang affiliation and criminal recidivism in youth offenders. Furthermore, these findings have important clinical and policy implications, indicating an increased requirement for additional and more intensive assessment and tailored interventions for gang-affiliated youth offenders.
Interfacial gravity currents. II. Wave excitation

We examine the response of a two- and three-layer salt-stratified fluid to the collapse of a mixed region intruding along the middle layer. For sufficiently deep middle layers, the intrusion (an interfacial gravity current) excites a double-humped solitary wave appearing in the interfacial layer in front of the intrusion head. When the solitary wave is generated the current stops propagating. Trailing the intrusion are large-amplitude trapped internal waves. We study the effect of middle-layer depth and density difference to determine the conditions under which a solitary wave is generated. We propose that this transition occurs because the intrusion resonantly couples with trapped internal waves for a sufficiently thick interface.
Nutrient density of beverages in relation to climate impact

The food chain contributes to a substantial part of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and growing evidence points to the urgent need to reduce GHGs emissions worldwide. Among suggestions were proposals to alter food consumption patterns by replacing animal foods with more plant-based foods. However, the nutritional dimensions of changing consumption patterns to lower GHG emissions still remains relatively unexplored. This study is the first to estimate the composite nutrient density, expressed as percentage of Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) for 21 essential nutrients, in relation to cost in GHG emissions of the production from a life cycle perspective, expressed in grams of CO2-equivalents, using an index called the Nutrient Density to Climate Impact (NDCI) index. The NDCI index was calculated for milk, soft drink, orange juice, beer, wine, bottled carbonated water, soy drink, and oat drink. Due to low-nutrient density, the NDCI index was 0 for carbonated water, soft drink, and beer and below 0.1 for red wine and oat drink. The NDCI index was similar for orange juice (0.28) and soy drink (0.25). Due to a very high-nutrient density, the NDCI index for milk was substantially higher (0.54) than for the other beverages. Future discussion on how changes in food consumption patterns might help avert climate change need to take both GHG emission and nutrient density of foods and beverages into account.
On mutual information-based control of range sensing robots for mapping applications

In this paper we examine the correlation between the information content and the spatial realization of range measurements taken by a mapping robot. To do so, we consider the task of constructing an occupancy grid map with a binary Bayesian filter. Using a beam-based sensor model (versus an additive white Gaussian noise model), we prove that any controller tasked to maximize a mutual information reward function is eventually attracted to unexplored space. This intuitive behavior is derived solely from the geometric dependencies of the occupancy grid mapping algorithm and the monotonic properties of mutual information. Since it is dependent on both the robot’s position and the uncertainty of the surrounding cells, mutual information encodes geometric relationships that are fundamental to robot control, thus yielding geometrically relevant reward surfaces on which the robot can navigate. We also provide an algorithmic implementation for computing mutual information and show that its worst-case time and space complexities are quadratic and linear, respectively, with respect to the map’s spatial resolution. Lastly, we present the results of experiments employing an omnidirectional ground robot equipped with a laser range finder. Our experimental results support our theoretical and computational findings.
Teaching (un)Connected Mathematics: Two teachers' enactment of the Pizza problem

This paper documents the ways mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) and curriculum materials appear to contribute to the enactment of a 7th grade Connected Mathematics Project lesson on comparing ratios. Two teachers with widely differing MKT scores are compared teaching this lesson. The comparison of the teachers' lesson enactments suggests that MKT appears to contribute to the mathematical richness of the lesson, teacher ability to capitalize on student ideas, and capacity to emphasize and link key mathematical ideas; yet the relationship of MKT to whether and how students participated in mathematical reasoning was more equivocal. Curriculum materials seemed to contribute to instructional quality, in that the novel tasks contained in the curriculum laid the groundwork for in-depth student problem-solving experiences; they also prevented the low-MKT teacher from making a mathematical error. At the same time, these ambitious materials influenced enactment because of the difficulties they caused teachers: the lesson's tasks needed to be ‘repaired' to enable students to engage with the main mathematical ideas, and off-track student responses to these tasks required remediation. Only the higher-MKT teacher was successfully able to meet the challenge, a finding suggestive of the confluence of MKT and the curriculum materials in informing instructional quality.
Reasons for using workplace wellness services: Cross-sectional study among 6000 employees

Aims: While workplace wellness services are proactively established to improve well-being and reduce sickness absence, knowledge of reasons for using these services remains sparse. This study investigates which factors determine use of an in-house wellness service at a large organization (the Danish Police) with several departments in different geographical locations. Methods: All potential users of the Wellness service (n = 15,284) were invited to respond to a cross-sectional questionnaire. Of 6060 eligible respondents, 58% had used the service at least once (any use) and 17% had used the service at least three times (frequent users). Two items assessed the frequency of statements of justifications for using or not using the Wellness service. Associations between 32 demographic and psychosocial variables and use of the Wellness service were evaluated with unadjusted bivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: The two primary justifications for using the Wellness service were: to get a blood pressure assessment (37%) and to rehabilitate injury (26%). The two most common justifications for not using the Wellness service were: no perceived need (44%) and already physically active (34%). Of the 32 demographical and psychosocial variables included, 28 were associated with any use and 24 with frequent use. Conclusions: Use of the Wellness service appears to be driven by a complex configuration of factors that resist easy translation into practical advice. Non-participation was accounted for in terms of both positive and negative barriers. Use of the service for purposes of primary prevention and health promotion was, relatively speaking, lagging behind.
Ethanol increases fetal human neurosphere size and alters adhesion molecule gene expression.

BACKGROUND Ethanol (ETOH) consumption by pregnant women can result in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). To date, the cellular targets and mechanisms responsible for FASD are not fully characterized. Our aim was to determine if ETOH can affect fetal human brain-derived neural progenitor cells (NPC). METHODS Neural progenitor cells were isolated by positive selection from normal second trimester fetal human brains (n = 4) and cultured, for up to 72 hours, in mitogenic media containing 0, 1, 10, or 100 mM ETOH. From 48 to 72 hours in culture, neurospheres generated in these conditions were filmed using time-lapse video microscopy. At the end of 72 hours, neurosphere diameter and roundness were measured using videographic software. Mitotic phase analysis of cell-cycle activity and apoptotic cell count were also performed at this time, by flow cytometry using propidium iodide (PI) staining. Real-time PCR was used to estimate expression of genes associated with cell adhesion pathways. RESULTS Neurosphere diameter correlated positively (r = 0.87) with increasing ETOH concentrations. There was no significant difference in cell-cycle activity and no significant increase in apoptosis with increasing ETOH concentrations. Time-lapse video microscopy showed that ETOH (100 mM) reduced the time for neurosphere coalescence. Real-time PCR analysis showed that ETOH significantly altered the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion. There was an increase in the expression of alpha and beta Laminins 1, beta Integrins 3 and 5, Secreted phosphoprotein1 and Sarcoglycan epsilon. No change in the expression of beta Actin was observed while the expression of beta Integrin 2 was significantly suppressed. CONCLUSIONS ETOH had no effect on NPC apoptosis but, resulted in more rapid coalescence and increased volume of neurospheres. Additionally, the expression of genes associated with cell adhesion was significantly altered. ETOH induced changes in NPC surface adhesion interactions may underlie aspects of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in FASD.
Schooling, Ability, and Earnings: Cross-Sectional Findings 8 to 14 Years after High School Graduation

This paper extends and modifies the Sewell and Hauser (1975) analysis of annual earnings cross-sections of male Wisconsin high school graduates through the 14th year following high school graduation. In the first part of the analysis, we estimate a simple recursive model of earnings attainment (including social background, mental ability, and post-secondary educational attainment) for annual earnings cross-sections for the years 1965 to 1971 (8 to 14 years after high school). We find that the degree and manner in which the variables in our model influence earnings vary across annual cross-sections. In the second part of the analysis, we shift earnings profiles to allow for the assessment of the returns to schooling net of work experience. The results of the "experience controlled" analysis suggest that (1) the economic returns to post-secondary schooling are approximately 10 percent per year if a bachelor's degree is obtained and approximately 6 percent per year if a bachelor's degree is not obtained, and (2) the economic returns to post-secondary schooling are quite constant across experience levels. Bias in the estimation of economic returns to schooling and interactions between the effects of ability and other variables on earnings are also examined.
The SCUBA Bright Quasar Survey (SBQS): 850-μm observations of the z>≳ 4 sample

We present initial results of a new, systematic search for massive star formation in the host galaxies of the most luminous and probably most massive radio-quiet quasars . The survey, undertaken at 850 I¼m using SCUBA at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), has a target sensitivity limit of , set to identify sources suitable for detailed follow-up, e.g. continuum mapping and molecular line diagnostics. A total of 38 radio-quiet quasars have been observed at 850 I¼m, of which eight were detected (>3Iƒ) with (submillimetre-loud). The new detections almost triple the number of optically selected, submillimetre-loud radio-quiet quasars known to date. We include a detailed description of how our quasar sample is defined in terms of radio and optical properties. As a by-product of our selection procedure, we have identified 17 radio-loud quasars with . There is no strong evidence for trends in either detectability or 850-I¼m flux with absolute magnitude, MB. We find that the weighted mean flux of the undetected sources is , consistent with an earlier estimate of âˆ¼3 mJy based on more sensitive observations of a sample radio-quiet quasars. This corresponds to an inferred star formation rate of âˆ¼1000 MâS™ yrâˆ’1, similar to Arp220. The typical star formation time-scale for the submillimetre-bright sources is âˆ¼1 Gyr, 10 times longer than the typical accretion-driven e-folding time-scale of âˆ¼ . Our 850-I¼m detection of the quasar PSS J1048+4407, when analysed in conjunction with 1.2-mm single-dish and interferometric observations, suggests that this source is resolved on angular scales of . In addition, we present a new optical spectrum of this source, identifying it as a broad absorption line (BAL) quasar. The new redshift is outside that covered in a recent CO line search, highlighting the need for accurate redshifts for the observation and interpretation of high-redshift line studies.
The PollsPolitics and Law and Order

The Republican leadership position on law and order is confirmed by GOP opinion at the grass-roots level. The polls show Republicans more repressive and authoritarian than Democrats, though the entire American public is in a progressively more punitive mood these days. GOP voters are significantly more in favor of strict penalties for criminal convictions, and more inclined to call the courts too lenient. In 1972, Gallup found 62 per cent of Republicans and 51 per cent of Democrats favoring the death penalty. Eighty-six per cent of the GOP but 77 per cent of Democrats would vote for a candidate who favored tougher sentences for lawbreakers. It cannot be said that the Republicans are alone in reacting repressively to the crime rate, but Democrats are significantly less uptight. Republicans not only tend to downgrade the Supreme Court more than their political opponents do, but they are less inclined to agree with questions of due process of law, so many of which emerged from Supreme Court decisions. Republicans are also inclined to support the police more enthusiastically than do their opponents. Democrats are more severe only in favoring strict gun control. Only 58 per cent of GOP voters but 68 per cent of Democrats want stricter control of firearms (Gallup, 1972). Greatest partisan differences occur on the questions of court ratings and severity of penalties. Smallest partisan disagreements show up on questions of due process and ratings of law enforcement performance. A most interesting deviation in attitudes toward law and order lies in the fact that Democrats are usually on the same side of a crime issue as more educated groups. This occurs in spite of the fact that the average educational level of Republicans is much higher. In September, 1973, the Harris Survey reported that 42 per cent of Republicans had attended college, compared with only 28 per cent of Democratic voters. On the following poll questions on crime and justice, Democrats and college people take the same side of an issue on seven out of ten questions. That is not to say that Democrats and the educated have identical opinions, but only that on most of these issues Democrats come closer to college opinion than do GOP voters. Democrats and the college group actually react quite differently depending on the issue. College people are invariably more favorably disposed to the Supreme Court and due process of law. They also surpass the Democrats in criticizing law enforcement most of the time. Conversely, Democrats almost always outstrip the educated in their opposition to uncontrolled possession of weapons. Punitive attitudes toward sentencing are split equally-half the time the Democrats advocate more leniency and half the time they are more punitive than the college people. The phenomenon of the less-educated Democrats frequently holding the views of the educated is, of course, related to the high correlations between the young
Psychological Barriers to Tobacco Cessation in Indian Buprenorphine-Naloxone Maintained Patients: A Pilot Study

Context: The prevalence of smoking in opioid agonist treatment programmes remains high, leading to significant tobacco related health hazards and mortality. This is the first study from India addressing tobacco cessation and related barriers among recipients of buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance treatment. Aims: The purpose of the study was to investigate Indian buprenorphine-naloxone maintained patients’ willingness to quit tobacco use, to determine its possible association with demographic, agonist maintenance treatment, tobacco use related variables and personal health and risk perceptions related to health hazards associated with tobacco use. Settings and Design: The study was cross-sectional, observational. It was conducted in the out-patient department of a national level de-addiction centre in India. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five males on buprenorphine-naloxone treatment were assessed using Tobacco Use Characteristics, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND and FTND-ST), Readiness to Change questionnaire (RCQ), Smoker's Perceived Health Risk Evaluation (SPHERE), Importance of Intervention scale and a semi-structured questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis Chi-square test, Spearman rank order correlation, paired-t test, ANOVA (STATA 9.2 statistical package). Results: Around 65.4% of the subjects were smokers, 9% were using smokeless tobacco only whereas 25.6% were using both. Mean duration of tobacco use was 20 ± 1.5 years. Only 20% had past quit attempts. Only 24% were in action phase of change. Personal health and risk perceptions were poor and only 61.62% considered intervention tobacco smoking cessation important. Conclusions: Higher severity of nicotine dependence, low perception of harm from tobacco warrant immediate attention and need for on-site treatment opportunity.
Microgram amounts of abscisic acid in fruit extracts improve glucose tolerance and reduce insulinemia in rats and in humans

2‐Cis,4‐trans‐abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that is present also in animals. Several lines of evidence suggest that ABA contributes to the regulation of glycemia in mammals: nanomolar ABA stimulates insulin release from β‐pancreatic cells and glucose transporter‐4‐mediated glucose uptake by myoblasts and adipocytes in vitro; plasma ABA increases in normal human subjects, but not in diabetic patients, after a glucose load for an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The presence of ABA in fruits prompted an exploration of the bioavailability of dietary ABA and the effect of ABA‐rich fruit extracts on glucose tolerance. Rats underwent an OGTT, with or without 1 μg/kg ABA, either synthetic or present in a fruit extract. Human volunteers underwent an OGTT or a standard breakfast and lunch, with or without a fruit extract, yielding an ABA dose of 0.85 or 0.5 μg/kg, respectively. Plasma glucose, insulin, and ABA were measured at different time points. Oral ABA at 0.5–1 μg/kg significantly lowered glycemia and insulinemia in rats and in humans. Thus, the glycemia‐lowering effect of low‐dose ABA in vivo does not depend on an increased insulin release. Low‐dose ABA intake may be proposed as an aid to improving glucose tolerance in patients with diabetes who are deficient in or resistant to insulin. —Magnone, M. , Ameri, P., Salis, A. , Andraghetti, G. , Emionite, L. , Murialdo, G. , De Flora, A. , Zocchi, E. Microgram amounts of abscisic acid in fruit extracts improve glucose tolerance and reduce insulinemia in rats and in humans. FASEB J. 29, 4783–4793 (2015). www.fasebj. org
Random Graph Isomorphism

A straightforward linear time canonical labeling algorithm is shown to apply to almost all graphs (i.e. all but $o(2^{( \begin{subarray}{l} n \\ 2 \end{subarray} )} )$) of the $2^{( \begin{subarray}{l} n \\ 2 \end{subarray} )} $ graphs on n vertices). Hence, for almost all graphs X, any graph Y can be easily tested for isomorphism to X by an extremely naive linear time algorithm. This result is based on the following: In almost all graphs on n vertices, the largest $n^{0.15} $ degrees are distinct. In fact, they are pairwise at least $n^{0.03} $ apart.
A Constraint Based Approach to Integrated Planning and Scheduling

In this paper we describe an integrated planning and scheduling architecture which leverages causal reasoning (typically the domain of classical planning) and constraint-based temporal and resource-related reasoning (scheduling). The overall solver is obtained through the so-called meta-CSP approach to multi-solver integration. We provide a preliminary evaluation of its performance through a set of experiments in a temporallyand resource-rich variant of the well-known Blocks World domain.
Testing the importance of forgiveness for reducing repeat offending

Braithwaite’s (1989) Reintegrative Shaming Theory has gained worldwide popularity in criminology. The main focus of the theory is on shaming as a tool for reducing repeat offending. However, recent criticisms levelled at the theory have questioned the effectiveness and reliability of shaming for reducing re-offending, particularly in Western jurisdictions. Some scholars have suggested that the reintegrative notion of forgiveness may prove a more effective strategy for reducing repeat offending. In response to these suggestions, this study will examine whether forgiveness might offer an effective approach for reducing recidivism among tax offenders. Using survey data collected from tax offenders who had been caught and punished by the Australian Tax Office, it will be shown that stigmatizing shaming had no direct impact on their subsequent compliance-related behaviours. Instead, stigmatizing shaming served to displace taxpayers’ sense of responsibility for their wrong-doing. Forgiveness, in contrast, was found to play an important independent role in reducing taxpayers’ repeat offending, and for increasing their cooperation with the tax authority. These results have important implications for both the theory of reintegrative shaming and for public policy, particularly in relation to identifying strategies that effectively and reliably reduce repeat offending.