Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comprehension-Based Learning: The Limits of ‘Do It Yourself’

In previous publications, the authors reported on the English skills of students who had learned ESL in an experimental comprehension-based program. The performance of grade 4 and 5 students with two or three years of reading and listening was compared to that of students with three years of audio-lingual instruction. On most measures, the students in the comprehension-based program performed as well as or better than the comparison group (Lightbown 1992a; Lightbown & Halter, 1989). In the present paper, the authors report on a follow-up study carried out when students were in grade 8. After six years of an essentially comprehension-based program in ESL, they performed as well as comparison groups of students on measures of comprehension and some measures of oral production but not on measures of written production. This paper includes a description of some particular gaps in the written language of students in the comprehension-based program, includes a follow-up study with secondary school students who .
Transcendent Vocations: Their Relationship to Stress, Depression, and Clarity of Self-Concept

This study explores the relationship between transcendent vocations— work to which one feels “called”—and stress, depression, and clarity of self-concept. Participants (N = 127) completed a questionnaire containing four independent scales (the Self-Concept Confusion Scale [SCCS], the Perceived Stress Scale [PSS], the Costello-Comrey Depression Scale [CCDS], and the Engagement in Meaningful Work Scale [EMWS]) along with two essay questions. In addition, 6 of these participants—3 high EMWS and 3 low EMWS—were selected for postquestionnaire interviews. As predicted by individuation, self-actualization, and flow theories, being engaged in meaningful work as a calling was correlated negatively with stress and depression and correlated positively with clarity of self-concept. Also, clarity of self-concept was correlated negatively with stress and depression, whereas stress and depression were correlated positively with each other. Furthermore, engagement in meaningful work was correlated positively to problem-focused coping and correlated negatively to emotion-focused (avoidance) coping.
The effect of hedonic and utilitarian values on satisfaction and behavioural intentions for dining in fast-casual restaurants in Iran

Purpose – This study seeks to examine the influence of hedonic and utilitarian values on customers' satisfaction and behavioural intentions for dining out in the context of fast-casual restaurants in Iran. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 379 surveys were collected (342 deemed usable) from respondents who had experienced dining out in a fast-casual restaurant at least once within one month prior to the survey collection time. A research model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the research hypotheses. Findings – Results of the study revealed that both hedonic and utilitarian values significantly influenced satisfaction and behavioural intentions. Besides, satisfaction was also found to have a significant positive influence on behavioural intentions. The study also showed that utilitarian value has a more powerful influence on the behavioural intention of customers in the context of fast food restaurants. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation of this s.
Emotion regulation and intragroup conflict: when more distracted minds prevail

Purpose – In order to shed light on whether and how leaders should help manage group members' emotions related to intragroup conflict, the aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of several outcomes associated with two cognitive emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and distraction, in the presence of two distinct types of conflict, relationship or task-oriented. Design/methodology/approach – A 2×3 between subjects' experimental design was employed to investigate the influence of intragroup conflict and emotion regulations strategies on individual-level discrete emotions and group processes and outcomes. Findings – Results suggest that emotion regulation plays an important role in moderating the negative consequences associated with relationships conflict. Specifically, distraction served a critical function to those in the relationship conflict conditions such that both cohesion levels and task performance levels were elevated when group members used distraction as a means of regu.
Testing children’s ability to correctly use the “Shadow Rule” for sun protection

Introduction: The “Shadow Rule” (SR) is a useful, immediate indicator of sunburn risk following the mnemonic “Short shadow? Seek shade! ” However, some question people’s ability to discern when their shadows are shorter or longer than them. Methods: N = 76 10-year-old children were taught the SR and then asked to estimate their sun-cast shadow length relative to their height and whether this meant they should seek shade. Children were then asked to estimate a doll’s shadow length at 10 systematically randomised angles. Results: Children experienced greatest difficulty judging their shadows’ lengths when they were equal to their height. At all other angles, they demonstrated high accuracy and 92 % of the time on average could correctly interpret the SR. Conclusions: Ten-year-old children appear capable, and by extension adults too, of applying the SR. Future research is now required to establish if education about the SR will translate into sun protection behaviour change.
Practical privacy-aware opportunistic networking

Opportunistic networks have been the study of much research --- in particular on making end-to-end routing efficient. Users' privacy concerns, however, have not been the subject of much research. What privacy concerns might opportunistic network users have? Is it possible to build opportunistic networks that can mitigate users' privacy concerns while maintaining routing performance? Our work-to-date has tackled the problem of creating privacy-preserving routing protocols, with less emphasis on discovering users' actual privacy concerns. We summarise our current results, and describe a future experiment that we have planned to better understand users' privacy concerns.
Global instruction scheduling for superscalar machines

To improve the utilization of machine resources in superscalar processors, the instructions have to be carefully scheduled by the compiler. As internal parallelism and pipelining increases, it becomes evident that scheduling should be done beyond the basic block level. A scheme for global (intra-loop) scheduling is proposed, which uses the control and data dependence information summarized in a Program Dependence Graph, to move instructions well beyond basic block boundaries. This novel scheduling framework is based on the parametric description of the machine architecture, which spans a range of superscakis and VLIW machines, and exploits speculative execution of instructions to further enhance the performance of the general code. We have implemented our algorithms in the IBM XL family of compilers and have evaluated them on the IBM RISC System/6000 machines.
Enriching the Theoretical Horizons of Phenomenography, Variation Theory and Learning Studies

The aim of this article is to introduce some theoretical frameworks which may develop the research going on within phenomenography and variation theory. Central concepts from the epistemological and cognitive theories of Charles S. Peirce, Niklas Luhmann and Margaret Boden are presented and their implications for phenomenography and variation theory are discussed. Peirce's concept of the semiotic triad clarifies the interrelations of conceptions, their linguistic expressions and their meanings or referents. Luhmann's concepts of primary and secondary distinctions point out an implicit hierarchy of dimensions of variation. Boden's notion of conceptual spaces as grounds for explorative and transformative creativity points to the relevance and value of becoming familiar with the conceptional spaces of the outcomes of phenomenographic studies. Finally, I point to the possibility of including the notion of a “hidden curriculum” of the discipline as an implicit dimension of variation in classroom studies based on variation theory.
Measurement of Social Communication Skills of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders During Interactions With Typical Peers

The Social-Communication Assessment Tool (S-CAT) Was created as a direct observation instrument to quantify specific social and communication deficits of children With autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Within educational settings. In this pilot study, the instrument's content validity and interrater reliability Were investigated to determine the degree to Which the S-CAT categorically discriminated betWeen children With ASD and those Without ASD. S-CAT ratings of 16 children With ASD Were compared to the ratings of 16 children Without ASD using a one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences in verbal initiations, verbal responses, joint attention, and total interactions Were significant at the . 01 level. Differences in nonverbal communication attempts Were not significant. The results suggest that the S-CAT is valid for discriminating betWeen children With and Without ASD.
Too Bad for the Women or Does It Have to Be? Gender and Negotiation Research over the Past Twenty-Five Years

One overriding question that scholars have addressed over the past twenty-five years is: are women the same or different from men when it comes to negotiating and what might explain these differences? The inquiry has shifted and has become more nuanced over time, but in its essence the issue of individual difference still dominates much of our thinking and research on the topic. The purpose of this article is to provide a structured overview of this considerable literature on gender and negotiation as it has evolved over the past twenty-five years. In doing this, the article highlights how the social construction of gender has generally changed the discourse from essentialist concepts of differences between men and women to seeing gender as a more complex and shifting dimension of individual identity that is shaped by the contexts in which negotiation occurs. The second purpose of this article is to consider how recent feminist perspectives on gender, which have shifted from viewing gender as a property of individuals to considering the role of institutionalized social practices that sustain gender differences and inequities, can be incorporated into our understanding of gender relations in negotiation theory, practice, and research.
Knowledge and Use of Testing and Measurement Literacy of Elementary and Secondary Teachers

Abstract The purposes of the present descriptive study were (a) to determine the educational testing and measurement literacy of elementary and secondary teachers, (b) to examine the degree to which various testing and measurement concepts are applied in the classroom assessment environment, and (c) to determine if assessment strategies vary across elementary and secondary teachers. Ninety-five elementary and secondary teachers completed a survey that described their knowledge of testing and measurement, their use of assessment strategies, and their grade and content areas along with additional demographic information. The teachers' knowledge bases were somewhat inadequate, but the teachers regularly used the knowledge they did possess when assessing student progress. Few differences were noted between elementary and secondary teachers' knowledge and uses of assessment practices.
Neurons, potassium, and glia in proximal retina of Necturus

Light-evoked K+ flux and intracellular Muller (glial) cell and on/off- neuron responses were recorded from the proximal retina of Necturus in eyecups from which the vitreous was not drained. On/off-responses, probably arising from amacrine cells, showed an initial transient and a sustained component that always exhibited surround antagonism. Muller cell responses were small but otherwise similar to those recorded in eyecups drained of vitreous. The proximal K+ increase and Muller cell responses had identical decay times, and on some occasions the latency and rise time of the K+ increase nearly matched Muller cell responses, indicating that the recorded K+ responses were not always appreciably degraded by electrode "dead space. " The spatiotemporal distribution of the K+ increase showed that both diffusion and active reuptake play important roles in K+ clearance. The relationship between on/off-neuron responses and the K+ increase was modelled by assuming that (a) K+ release is positively related to the instantaneous amplitude of the neural response, and (b) K+ accumulating in extracellular space is cleared via mechanisms with approximately exponential time-courses. These two processes were approximated by low-pass filtering the on/off- neuron responses, resulting in modelled responses that match the wave form and time-course of the K+ increase and behave quantitatively like the K+ increase to changes in stimulus intensity and diameter. Thus, on/off-neurons are probably a primary source of the proximal light- evoked K+ increase that depolarizes glial cells to generate the M-wave.
Matching Styles: A Historical Look.

Francis Bacon introduced the scientific method of investigation in the 16th century. A century later, John Locke, with his idea of the blank mind (tabula rasa) explained that we place on this slate only that which comes through our experiences. Locke realized that through experience individuals use their five senses to learn, but exactly how this happened was left to conjecture. Three hundred years passed before scientific evidence was collected to deter-
Organization, Gender and Culture

Gender concerns have been almost totally ignored within organizational analysis. This paper attempts to redress that ignorance. It has four related tasks: (1) to illustrate examples of gender-blind approaches to the study of organizations; (2), by way of a selective review of the organizations and culture debate, to argue for the utility of an organizational culture focus for an understanding of gender; (3), to root an organizational culture focus, along with gender concerns, within a feminist materialist method of analysis; (4), to explore, by way of a strategic application of Clegg's (1981) 'rule' focus, the potential of a feminist materialist analysis for understanding the relationship between gender and organizational culture.
Academic leadership under siege: possibilities and limits of executive deanship

We argue in this article that translation of executive deanship into managerialism, a practice which is currently being uncritically embraced in many South African higher education institutions, is doomed to failure. It may prove disastrous to much-needed institutional rejuvenation. We contend that, given the legacy of bureaucratic or autocratic management styles under apartheid, what is needed is stronger academic and intellectual leadership. Such leadership would concentrate on changing relationships, promoting new forms of academic and scholarly socialization, and building 'enabling' institutional identities and environments. Solutions in this line should draw on the strengths of the rich intellectual legacies of individual institutional histories and cultures, where collegial practices have gained momentum. Corporate restructuring with a mere fiscal and performativity tool-box will not do the job. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol.18(2) 2004: 34-58
Effects of feedback on the overestimated capacity to detect lies and the underestimated ability to tell lies

People tend to overestimate their capacity to detect lying in others and to underestimate their own ability to tell lies. These biases were demonstrated in a sample of 60 police officers. In a lie-detection task, the officers evaluated their accuracy as high and were overconfident in their judgements. In fact, their performance was below chance level. Participants also received false feedback about their performance. When the feedback suggested that they had performed better than they thought, this further enhanced their perceived lie-detection capacity and also increased their belief in their ability to conceal their own lies. When the feedback suggested they had performed worse than they thought, their ratings of both lie detection and their lie-telling abilities were lowered. Results are discussed in terms of anchoring, availability, and the self-assessment bias. On a practical level, the tendency of police interrogators to overestimate their ability to detect deception could change suspicion into certainty and increase the risk of a false confession. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Early referential understanding: Infants' ability to recognize referential acts for what they are.

Previous research has documented infants' ability to follow adults' line-of-regard and pointing gestures by 9-12 months of age, but it has not been clear whether infants appreciate that such cues are a privileged source of information about word reference. Study 1 demonstrated that this is understood by at least 19-20 months: Infants wed referential cues to guide a new word-object mapping even though this required that they ignore competition from temporal contiguity. In Study 2, the effects observed in Study 1 were not obtained with actions that served to enhance the salience of an object nonreferentially (e.g., manipulating without looking), suggesting that infants appreciate that actions that accompany labeling are not necessarily referential
A genome-wide association scan of biological processes involved in oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background: In this study, the molecular mechanisms underlying malignant transformation from oral lichen planus (OLP) to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were examined. Methods: High-throughput sequencing of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs of normal subjects and patients with OLP and OSCC was conducted. RNA-seq reads were mapped, lncRNA and mRNA transcripts were assembled, and expression levels were estimated. The targets of lncRNAs were predicted. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNA targets were performed. Results: High-quality sequence data were generated and the mapping ratios for OSCC, normal, and OLP samples were high. In total, 820, 656, and 582 DEGs were obtained from OPL vs. normal, OSCC vs. normal, and OSCC vs. OPL, respectively. A total of 1721 known lncRNAs and 133 predicted lncRNAs and targets were obtained. Keratinization was significantly enriched by OSCC-related DEGs, but not OPL-related DEGs. The pathway of olfactory transduction was enriched by OPL- and OSCC-related DEGs. Defense response to virus and viral carcinogenesis were enriched by DEGs and lncRNA targets in all comparisons. GO term related to the metabolic process was enriched by lncRNA targets in the OPL vs normal comparison, and antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I was significantly enriched by lncRNA targets in the other 2 comparisons. Conclusion: Keratinization and MHC class I antigen processing and presentation were activated during the malignant transformation from OLP to OSCC. Additionally, the olfactory transduction pathway may be important for OSCC.
Science Mass Communication

This article provides a conceptual history of science mass communication, which is seen as divided into the scientific literacy and interactive science traditions. The origins of the ideas that underlie the scientific literacy and interactive science traditions, as well as some of the issues researchers have raised, are introduced. The author argues the two traditions are not mutually exclusive, although the interactive tradition is a response to the applied problems within the scientific literacy model. It is argued that the pace of research might be accelerated if there were a more comprehensive collaboration among science communication, health communication, and risk communication scholarship.
Unexpected Heterodivalent Recruitment of NOS1AP to nNOS Reveals Multiple Sites for Pharmacological Intervention in Neuronal Disease Models

The protein NOS1AP/CAPON mediates signaling from a protein complex of NMDA receptor, PSD95 and nNOS. The only stroke trial for neuroprotectants that showed benefit to patients targeted this ternary complex. NOS1AP/nNOS interaction regulates small GTPases, iron transport, p38MAPK-linked excitotoxicity, and anxiety. Moreover, the nos1ap gene is linked to disorders from schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and autism to cardiovascular disorders and breast cancer. Understanding protein interactions required for NOS1AP function, therefore, has broad implications for numerous diseases. Here we show that the interaction of NOS1AP with nNOS differs radically from the classical PDZ docking assumed to be responsible. The NOS1AP PDZ motif does not bind nNOS as measured by multiple methods. In contrast, full-length NOS1AP forms an unusually stable interaction with nNOS. We mapped the discrepancy between full-length and C-terminal PDZ motif to a novel internal region we call the ExF motif. The C-terminal PDZ motif, although neither sufficient nor necessary for binding, nevertheless promotes the stability of the complex. It therefore potentially affects signal transduction and suggests that functional interaction of nNOS with NOS1AP might be targetable at two distinct sites. We demonstrate that excitotoxic pathways can be regulated, in cortical neuron and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures from rat, either by the previously described PDZ ligand TAT-GESV or by the ExF motif-bearing region of NOS1AP, even when lacking the critical PDZ residues as long as the ExF motif is intact and not mutated. This previously unrecognized heterodivalent interaction of nNOS with NOS1AP may therefore provide distinct opportunities for pharmacological intervention in NOS1AP-dependent signaling and excitotoxicity.
Simple conditions for guaranteeing higher normal forms in relational databases

A key is simple if it consists of a single attribute. It is shown that if a relation schema is in third normal form and every key is simple, then it is in projection-join normal form (sometimes called fifth normal form), the ultimate normal form with respect to projections and joins. Furthermore, it is shown that if a relation schema is in Boyce-Codd normal form and some key is simple, then it is in fourth normal form (but not necessarily projection-join normal form). These results give the database designer simple sufficient conditions, defined in terms of functional dependencies alone, that guarantee that the schema being designed is automatically in higher normal forms.
Separating AC0 from depth-2 majority circuits

We prove that AC<sup>0</sup> cannot be efficiently simulated by MAJºMAJ circuits. Namely, we construct an AC<sup>0</sup> circuit of depth 3 that requires MAJºMAJ circuits of size 2<sup>Ω(n<sup>1/5</sup>)</sup>. This matches Allender's classic result that AC<sup>0</sup> can be simulated by MAJºMAJºMAJ circuits of quasipolynomial size. Our proof is based on communication complexity. To obtain the above result, we develop a novel technique for communication lower bounds, the Degree/Discrepancy Theorem. This technique is a separate contribution of our paper. It translates lower bounds on the threshold degree of a Boolean function into upper bounds on the discrepancy of a related function. Upper bounds on the discrepancy, in turn, immediately imply communication lower bounds as well as lower bounds against threshold circuits. As part of our proof, we use the Degree/Discrepancy Theorem to obtain an explicit AC<sup>0</sup> circuit of depth 3 that has discrepancy 2<sup>-Ω(n<sup>1/5</sup>)</sup>, under an explicit distribution. This yields the first known AC<sup>0</sup> function with exponentially small discrepancy. Finally, we apply our work to learning theory, showing that polynomial-size DNF and CNF formulas have margin complexity 2<sup>Ω(n<sup>1/5</sup>)</sup>.