Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MECHANISMS OF CIRCULATORY DEPRESSION DURING SIMULATED CENTRAL APNEAS IN THE ANESTHETIZED DOG

We recently reported that during simulated central apneas (SCA) heart frequency was more severely depressed than during obstructive apneas. In the present study, we examined factors influencing this response including hypoxia, hypercapnia, mechanoreceptor input and the role of the vagus nerve. In 11 paralyzed and mechanically ventilated animals, SCA was produced by turning the ventilator off for 1 min and on for 1 min. This was done with and without hypoxia, before and after bilateral cervical vagotomy. We also compared the effects of SCA with matched intermittent hypoxia. Under all conditions during room air breathing arterial pO2 fell and pCO2 rose to approximately the same values: 49 and 57 torr, respectively. Compared with baseline, during SCA following room air breathing blood pressure and cardiac output did not change significantly, and heart frequency decreased by 47% (p<0.001). Following 100% O2 breathing, during SCA mean blood pressure did not change, cardiac output decreased by 20% (p<0.05) and heart frequency decreased by 27% (p<0.02), a decrease which was significantly less than that following room air breathing (p<0.02). Immediately upon resuming ventilation, on room air, heart frequency increased by 15 bpm (p<0.02); heart frequency did not increase post-apnea an 100% O2. After vagotomy, following room air breathing, blood pressure increased during apnea by 32% (p<0.001) and heart frequency decreased by only 10% (p<0.05). Oxygen breathing prevented the increase in blood pressure during apnea but heart frequency was still reduced by 16% (p<0.05). During intermittent hypoxia matched for periodicity and pO2 to SCA, there were no changes in heart frequency. We conclude that the cardiovascular response to apnea is more than just that to intermittent hypoxia, and is critically dependent on loss of respiratory mechanoreceptor afferent input, hypercapnia, and an intact vagus nerve. Blood pressure responses are also dependent on the vagus nerve.
Beliefs, Doubts and Learning: Valuing Economic Risk

This paper explores two perspectives on the rational expectations hypothesis. One perspective is that of economic agents in such a model, who form inferences about the future using probabilities implied by the model. The other is that of an econometrician who makes inferences about the probability model that economic agents are presumed to use. Typically it is assumed that economic agents know more than the econometrician, and econometric ambiguity is often withheld from the economic agents. To understand better both of these perspectives and the relation between them, I appeal to statistical decision theory to characterize when learning or discriminating among competing probability models is challenging. I also use choice theory under uncertainty to explore the ramifications of model uncertainty and learning in environments in which historical data may be insufficient to yield precise probability statements. I use both tools to reassess the macroeconomic underpinnings of asset pricing models. I illustrate how statistical ambiguity can alter the risk-return tradeoff familiar from asset pricing; and I show that when real time learning is included risk premia are larger when macroeconomic growth is lower than average.
The relationships between golf and health: a scoping review

Objective To assess the relationships between golf and health. Design Scoping review. Data sources Published and unpublished reports of any age or language, identified by searching electronic databases, platforms, reference lists, websites and from consulting experts. Review methods A 3-step search strategy identified relevant published primary and secondary studies as well as grey literature. Identified studies were screened for final inclusion. Data were extracted using a standardised tool, to form (1) a descriptive analysis and (2) a thematic summary. Results and discussion 4944 records were identified with an initial search. 301 studies met criteria for the scoping review. Golf can provide moderate intensity physical activity and is associated with physical health benefits that include improved cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic profiles, and improved wellness. There is limited evidence related to golf and mental health. The incidence of golfing injury is moderate, with back injuries the most frequent. Accidental head injuries are rare, but can have serious consequences. Conclusions Practitioners and policymakers can be encouraged to support more people to play golf, due to associated improved physical health and mental well-being, and a potential contribution to increased life expectancy. Injuries and illnesses associated with golf have been identified, and risk reduction strategies are warranted. Further research priorities include systematic reviews to further explore the cause and effect nature of the relationships described. Research characterising golf's contribution to muscular strengthening, balance and falls prevention as well as further assessing the associations and effects between golf and mental health are also indicated.
An effective method for optimistic message logging based on group communication links

This paper presents a new method to considerably reduce rollback propagation effect of the conventional optimistic message logging by utilizing positive features of reliable FIFO group communication links. To satisfy this goal, the proposed method forces group members to keep different receive sequence numbers (RSNs) of each same message to their group they assigned the message respectively in their volatile memories. As the degree of redundancy of RSNs increases, the possibility of local recovery of each crashed process may significantly be higher while raising failure-free overhead coming from log information synchronization.
Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships Between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use, and Adolescents’ Depressed Mood

Although a variety of studies have examined the predictors or outcomes of adolescents’ social networking site use, these studies did not incorporate (1) an integrated, longitudinal approach to examine these relationships longitudinally in a single comprehensive model or (2) a differential approach to distinguish between different types of social networking site use. Therefore, this two-wave panel study (N = 1,612) developed an integrated and differential model to provide a deeper understanding of the relationships among loneliness, specific types of Facebook use, and adolescents’ depressed mood. Using structural equation modeling, the results point to the presence of a poor-get-richer effect regarding active public Facebook use but reveal a poor-get-poorer effect regarding passive Facebook use. The discussion focuses on the explanation and understanding of these findings.
Correlation Clustering of Stable Angina Clinical Care Patterns for 506 Thousand Patients

Objectives Our goal was to apply statistical and network science techniques to depict how the clinical pathways of patients can be used to characterize the practices of care providers. Methods We included the data of 506,087 patients who underwent procedures related to ischemic heart disease. Patients were assigned to one of the 136 primary health-care centers using a voting scheme based on their residence. The clinical pathways were classified, and the spectrum of the pathway types was computed for each center, then a network was built with the centers as nodes and spectrum correlations as edge weights. Then Louvain clustering was used to group centers with similar pathway spectra. Results We identified 3 clusters with rather distinct characteristics that occupy quite compact spatial areas, though no geographical information was used in clustering. Network analysis and hierarchical clustering show the dominance of medical university clinics in each cluster. Conclusion Though clinical guidelines provide a uniform regulation for medical decisions, doctors have great freedom in daily clinical practice. This freedom leads to regional preferences of certain clinical pathways, the intercenter professional links, and geographical locality and coupled with quantifiable consequences in terms of care costs and periprocedural risk of patients.
Occurrence of Metacaligus rufus (Wilson, 1908) (Copepoda, Caligidae) parasitizing the cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill, 1815) (Elasmobranchii, Myliobatidae) in Brazil.

aNúcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Litoral Norte, Instituto de Pesca, Av. Cais do Porto, 2275, CEP 11680-000, Ubatuba, SP, Brazil bCurso de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Rodovia BR 465, Km 07, s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil cDepartamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Rodovia BR 465, Km 07, s/n, Zona Rural, CEP 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
Polynomial solutions to constant coefficient differential equations

Let D 1 ,. , D r ∈C[∂/∂x 1 ,. , ∂/∂x n ] be constant coefficient differnetial operators with zero constant term. Let S={f∈C[x 1 ,. , x n ]|D j (f)=0 for all 1≤j≤r} be the space of polynomial solutions to the system of simultaneous differential equations D j (f)=0. It is proved that S is a module over D(V), the ring of differential operators on the affine scheme V with coordinate ring C[∂/∂x 1 ,. , ∂/∂x n ]/ . If V is smooth and irreducible, then S is a simple D(V)-module, S=1. D(V), and the generators for D(V) yield an algorithm for obtaining a basis for S
Renin-Angiotensin Activation and Oxidative Stress in Early Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Animal models have suggested a role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation and subsequent cardiac oxidation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Nevertheless, RAS blockade has failed to show efficacy in treatment of HFpEF. We evaluated the role of RAS activation and subsequent systemic oxidation in HFpEF. Oxidative stress markers were compared in 50 subjects with and without early HFpEF. Derivatives of reactive oxidative metabolites (DROMs), F2-isoprostanes (IsoPs), and ratios of oxidized to reduced glutathione (E h GSH) and cysteine (E h CyS) were measured. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) levels and activity were measured. On univariate analysis, HFpEF was associated with male sex (p = 0.04), higher body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.003), less oxidized E h CyS (p = 0.001), lower DROMs (p = 0.02), and lower IsoP (p = 0.03). Higher BMI (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1–1.6) and less oxidized E h CyS (OR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1–1.4) maintained associations with HFpEF on multivariate analysis. Though ACE levels were higher in early HFpEF (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01–1.05), ACE activity was similar to that in controls. HFpEF is not associated with significant systemic RAS activation or oxidative stress. This may explain the failure of RAS inhibitors to alter outcomes in HFpEF.
Desensitization Properties of AMPA Receptors at the Cerebellar Mossy Fiber–Granule Cell Synapse

Native AMPA receptors (AMPARs) exhibit rapid and profound desensitization in the sustained presence of glutamate. Desensitization therefore contributes to short-term depression at synapses in which glutamate accumulates. At synapses that do not exhibit desensitization-dependent depression, AMPARs are thought to be protected against prolonged or repetitive exposure to synaptically released glutamate. At the cerebellar mossy fiber to granule cell (GC) synapse, in which high release probability and glutamate spillover produce a substantial buildup of glutamate concentration in the cleft ([Glut]cleft) during high-frequency transmission, only moderate desensitization of the phasic AMPAR EPSC occurs. To investigate how such currents are produced, we examined the kinetic properties of synaptic AMPARs in GCs using glutamate uncaging. Photolysis of 4-methoxy-7-nitroindolinyl-caged l-glutamate with large illumination spots produced step-like increases in [Glut]cleft that could be used to systematically probe AMPAR kinetics. At low levels of activation, synaptic AMPARs exhibited little desensitization. With larger activations, the desensitization time course became faster, but the level of desensitization was only weakly dependent on receptor occupancy. Indeed, a substantial desensitization-resistant current component remained (17%) in saturating glutamate. Photolysis with small illumination spots produced brief [Glut]cleft waveforms and transient AMPAR activations, similar to the EPSC current components. Paired-pulse uncaging with such spots revealed little desensitization after spillover-like activations and modest depression after activations that mimicked quantal and spillover components together. Our results show that GC AMPARs exhibit a resistance to desensitization at low occupancies and that this property is crucial for sustaining high-frequency transmission at a synapse in which glutamate accumulates.
The False Consensus Effect: Predicting Adolescents' Tobacco Use from Normative Expectations

A longitudinal sample of 916 adolescents was examined to assess the extent to which the perceived smoking prevalence of adults' or peers' smoking was related to cigarette smoking. Questionnaires were distributed to junior high school students in Grade 7 and again in Grade 9. Prevalence of perceived peers' smoking and prevalence of perceived adults' smoking were significantly related to cigarette smoking both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Adolescents who believed that half or more than half of all adults or peers smoked cigarettes showed the most smoking involvement, and those who believed that fewer than half of adults or peers smoked were least involved. These findings provide further evidence that adolescent normative expectations about cigarette smoking are an important determinant of smoking initiation.
Proofs that count

Counting arguments are among the most basic proof methods in mathematics. Within the field of formal verification, they are useful for reasoning about programs with infinite control, such as programs with an unbounded number of threads, or (concurrent) programs with recursive procedures. While counting arguments are common in informal, hand-written proofs of such programs, there are no fully automated techniques to construct counting arguments. The key questions involved in automating counting arguments are: how to decide what should be counted? , and how to decide when a counting argument is valid? In this paper, we present a technique for automatically constructing and checking counting arguments, which includes novel solutions to these questions.
Joint Training for Pivot-based Neural Machine Translation

While recent neural machine translation approaches have delivered state-of-the-art performance for resource-rich language pairs, they suffer from the data scarcity problem for resource-scarce language pairs. Although this problem can be alleviated by exploiting a pivot language to bridge the source and target languages, the source-to-pivot and pivot-to-target translation models are usually independently trained. In this work, we introduce a joint training algorithm for pivot-based neural machine translation. We propose three methods to connect the two models and enable them to interact with each other during training. Experiments on Europarl andWMTcorpora show that joint training of source-to-pivot and pivot-to-target models leads to significant improvements over independent training across various languages.
Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE A high frequency of infections complicating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been described in reports of case series. This retrospective longitudinal cohort study was undertaken to compare the frequency of infections in a population-based incidence cohort of RA patients with that in a group of individuals without RA from the same population. METHODS RA patients included all members of an incidence cohort of Rochester, Minnesota residents ages >or=18 years who were first diagnosed as having RA between 1955 and 1994. One age- and sex-matched subject without RA was selected for each patient with RA. Study subjects were followed up by review of their entire medical record until death, migration from the area, or study end (January 1, 2000), and details of all documented infections, along with information on potential risk factors for infection, were recorded. Hazard ratios for infections were estimated using stratified Andersen-Gill proportional hazards models, with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS The 609 RA patients and 609 non-RA study subjects (mean age 58.0 years; 73.1% female) were followed up for a mean of 12.7 years and 15.0 years, respectively, reflecting higher mortality among the group with RA. Hazards ratios for objectively confirmed infections, infections requiring hospitalization, and any documented infection in patients with RA were 1.70 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.42-2.03), 1.83 (95% CI 1.52-2.21), and 1.45 (95% CI 1.29-1.64), respectively, after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, leukopenia, corticosteroid use, and diabetes mellitus. Sites of infection with the highest risk ratios were bone, joints, skin, soft tissues, and the respiratory tract. CONCLUSION In this study, patients with RA were at increased risk of developing infections compared with non-RA subjects. This may be due to immunomodulatory effects of RA, or to agents with immunosuppressive effects used in its treatment.
Framing international conflicts:Media coverage of fighting in the Middle East

Media framing of foreign conflicts determines the way in which the public and policymakers perceive the causes, consequences and importance of those conflicts and where diplomatic and material resources are committed. Framing is manifested in, among other things, the amount of media coverage of a particular conflict and the language used to describe the actors and events in that conflict. The type of framing employed determines whether the public will empathize with one of the sides involved or feel detached from events taking place far from them. This article builds on earlier research on media framing through a study of two foreign conflicts that had a number of key similarities but were framed very differently. Framing is analysed through a comparison of New York Times coverage of army sieges of two Palestinian refugee camps: the first in the town of Jenin in the West Bank in 2002 and the second in Nahr al-Bared in Lebanon in 2007. The research examines the depth of coverage and the language used to portray the context of events, the two armies, combatants within the camps, civilian casualties, damage to property and the effectiveness of the military operations. Analysis of differences in the reporting of these two conflicts expands on existing literature on media framing, discusses causes of inconsistent framing and elucidates the effect of framing on perceptions of reality in foreign conflict and the subsequent effect on policy-making.
Families coming together in prison: An examination of visitation encounters

Despite great strides in research on the collateral consequences of incarceration, we know relatively little about family life during imprisonment. In an effort to extend prior work, the current study examines family processes among caregivers, prisoners, and children during prison visitation. Drawing from in-depth interviews with 52 caregivers of children of incarcerated parents, we use open and axial coding techniques to identify the interactions and interpersonal exchanges that take place among family members during prison visitation. Analyses revealed that in addition to universal engagement in Family Time, three familial processes unfolded in the carceral setting: Attempts to Bond, Declarations of Family Responsibilities, and Messages of Reform. Our findings illuminate the complex needs and fragile relationships of prisoners and their families, and have important implications for reentry, offender rehabilitation, and family well-being.
Emplacing a Cooling-Limited Rhyolite Lava Flow: Similarities with Basaltic Lava Flows

Accurate forecasts of lava flow length rely on estimates of eruption and magma properties and, potentially more challengingly, an understanding of the relative influence of characteristics such as the apparent viscosity, the yield strength of the flow core, or the strength of the surface crust. Consequently, even the most straightforward models of lava advance involve sufficient parameters that constraints can be relatively easily fitted within the uncertainties involved, at the expense of gaining insight. Here, for the first time, we incorporate morphological observations from during and after flow field evolution to improve model constraints and reduce uncertainties. After demonstrating the approach on a basaltic lava flow (Mt. Etna, 2001), we apply it to the 2011-12 Cordon Caulle rhyolite flow, where unprecedented observations and syn-emplacement satellite imagery of an advancing silica-rich lava flow have indicated an important crustal influence on flow emplacement. Our results show that an initial phase of viscosity-controlled advance at Cordon Caulle was followed by later crustal control, accompanied by formation of flow surface folds and large-scale crustal fractures. Where the lava was unconstrained by topography, the cooled crust ultimately halted advance of the main flow and led to the formation of breakouts from the flow front and margins, influencing the footprint of the lava, its advance rate, and the duration of flow advance. Highly similar behaviour occurred in the 2001 Etna basaltic lava flow. The processes controlling the advance of crystal-poor rhyolite and basaltic lava flow therefore appear similar, indicating common controlling mechanisms that transcend profound rheological and compositional differences.
Lac repressor. Specific proteolytic destruction of the NH 2 -terminal region and loss of the deoxyribonucleic acid-binding activity.

Abstract Lac repressor is characterized by the amino acid sequence of its first 59 amino acid residues and the sequence of additional peptides, accounting for a total of 104 residues, or about 30% of the molecule. Trypsin and chymotrypsin readily inactivate the DNA binding of repressor without a loss in binding properties for the inducer isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside. Characterization of the trypsinized repressor shows that digestion under native conditions yields a trypsin-resistant core molecule, which is still a tetramer and exhibits full inducer binding. The inducer binding activity as well as the tetrameric structure can be recovered after denaturation in a random coil solvent. The monomer molecular weight of the tryptic core is approximately 28,000, compared to 38,000 for the intact repressor polypeptide chain indicating the release of about 80 to 90 amino acid residues in the form of tryptic peptides. Characterization of these peptides indicates that they include the NH2-terminal 59 residues of the lac repressor and that they all probably come from the NH2-terminal region of the molecule. Thus, trypsin or chymotrypsin is able to attack the NH2-terminal regions of the repressor tetramer without inducing any further internal nicks in the polypeptide chain. These findings provide substantial support for the hypothesis that the NH2-terminal region of lac repressor is required for binding to the lac operator, but not for the binding of inducer or for the folding of the subunit and its association into a tetrameric structure.