Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Normalizing the Temperature Function of Clusters of Galaxies

We reexamine the constraints that can be robustly obtained from the observed temperature function of X-ray studies of cluster of galaxies. The cluster mass function has been thoroughly and analytically studied in simulations, but a direct simulation of the temperature function is presented here for the first time. Adaptive hydrodynamic simulations using the cosmological Moving Mesh Hydro code are used to calibrate the temperature function for different popular cosmologies. Applying the new normalizations to the present-day cluster abundances, we find σ8=0.53±0. 05Ω−0.450 for a hyperbolic universe and σ8 = 0.53±0. 05Ω−0.530 for a spatially flat universe with a cosmological constant. The simulations followed the gravitational shock heating of the gas and dark matter and used a crude model for energy injection by supernova heating. The error bars are dominated by uncertainties in the heating/cooling models. We present fitting formulae for the mass-temperature conversions and cluster abundances based on these simulations.
Ongoing Temporal Coding of a Stochastic Stimulus as a Function of Intensity: Time-Intensity Trading

Stimulus-locked temporal codes are increasingly seen as relevant to perception. The timing of action potentials typically varies with stimulus intensity, and the invariance of temporal representations with intensity is therefore an issue. We examine the timing of action potentials in cat auditory nerve to broadband noise presented at different intensities, using an analysis inspired by coincidence detection and by the binaural “latency hypothesis. ” It is known that the two cues for azimuthal sound localization, interaural intensity or level differences and interaural time differences (ITDs), interact perceptually. According to the latency hypothesis, the increase in intensity for the ear nearest to a sound source off the midline causes a decrease in response latency in that ear relative to the other ear. We found that changes in intensity cause small but systematic shifts in the ongoing timing of responses in the auditory nerve, generally but not always resulting in shorter delays between stimulus onset and neural response for increasing intensity. The size of the temporal shifts depends on characteristic frequency with a pattern indicating a fine-structure and an envelope response regime. Overall, the results show that ongoing timing is remarkably stable with intensity at the most peripheral neural level. The results are not consistent in a simple way with the latency hypothesis, but because of the acute sensitivity to ITDs, the subtle effects of intensity on timing may nevertheless have perceptual consequences.
PENGARUH MODEL GUIDED DISCOVERY TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN KONSEP SISWA PADA MATERI KOLOID SMA

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan ada tidaknya perbedaan pemahaman konsep siswa pada materi koloid, antara siswa yang diajar menggunakan model guided discovery dengan model pembelajaran konvensional dan besarnya pengaruh model tersebut terhadap pemahaman konsep. Sampel dipilih berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling yaitu kelas XI IPA 1 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas XI IPA 2 sebagai kelas kontrol. Bentuk penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen semu dengan rancangan yang digunakan adalah nonequivalent control group design. Alat pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu tes kognitif dan lembar observasi. Berdasarkan hasil uji U-Mann Whitney diperoleh perbedaan pemahaman konsep antara siswa yang diajar menggunakan model guided discovery dengan menggunakan model konvensional dengan rata-rata hasil tes kognitif berturut-turut 77,07 dan 63,25. Model guided discovery juga memberikan pengaruh sebesar 43,45% terhadap pemahaman konsep siswa. Kata Kunci : guided discovery, pemahaman konsep, koloid Abstract: This research aims to know differences in student’s understanding of concept on material coloid, between students who are taught by using guided discovery and conventional models and the influence of this model to understanding the concept. Sample was choosen by purposive sampling technique, XI IPA 1 as the experiment class and XI IPA 2 as control class. The research form used was quasi experimental and the research design that used is a non equivalent control group design. The tool for collecting data is cognitive test and observation paper. The result of the U-Mann Whitney we can show the differences understanding of concept between students who are taught by using guided discovery and conventional models with average value of cognitive test in 77,07 and 63,25. The guided discovery model is also an impact of 43,45% of the student's understanding of the concept. Keywords: guided discovery, understanding of concept, coloid.
Argonaute proteins regulate HIV-1 multiply spliced RNA and viral production in a Dicer independent manner

Abstract Argonaute (Ago) proteins associate with microRNAs (miRNAs) to form the core of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing of target mRNAs. As key players in anti-viral defense, Ago proteins are thought to have the ability to interact with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA. However, the role of this interaction in regulating HIV-1 replication has been debated. Here, we used high throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP) to explore the interaction between Ago2 and HIV-1 RNA in infected cells. By only considering reads of 50 nucleotides length in our analysis, we identified more than 30 distinct binding sites for Ago2 along the viral RNA genome. Using reporter assays, we found four binding sites, located near splice donor sites, capable of repressing Luciferase gene expression in an Ago-dependent manner. Furthermore, inhibition of Ago1 and Ago2 levels in cells expressing HIV-1 led to an increase of viral multiply spliced transcripts and to a strong reduction in the extracellular CAp24 level. Depletion of Dicer did not affect these activities. Our results highlight a new role of Ago proteins in the control of multiply spliced HIV-1 transcript levels and viral production, independently of the miRNA pathway.
Robust Filtering Design for Stochastic System With Mode-Dependent Output Quantization

This work is to investigate the problem of filter design for uncertain stochastic systems with mode-dependent quantized output measurements. The issues involved in this correspondence are output logarithmic quantization, Markovian jump parameters, Itô stochastic noise, and state noise. By employing an effective mathematical transformation, the quantization error of the output in the system equation is converted into a bounded nonlinearity. Based on the proposed model, a mode-dependent H∞ filter is designed, and sufficient conditions are established such that the filtering error system is robustly stochastically stable. A simulation example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Getting off the GoldVarb Standard: Introducing Rbrul for Mixed-Effects Variable Rule Analysis

The variable rule program is one of the predominant data analysis tools used in sociolinguistics, employed successfully for over three decades to quantitatively assess the influence of multiple factors on linguistic variables. However, its most popular current version, GoldVarb, lacks flexibility and also isolates its users from the wider community of quantitative linguists. A new version of the variable rule program, Rbrul, attempts to resolve these concerns, and with mixed-effects modelling also addresses a more serious problem whereby GoldVarb overestimates the significance of effects. Rbrul's superior performance is demonstrated on both simulated and real data sets.
Hydrogen Peroxide Induce Human Cytomegalovirus Replication through the Activation of p38-MAPK Signaling Pathway

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major risk factor in transplantation and AIDS patients, which induces high morbidity and mortality. These patients infected with HCMV experience an imbalance of redox homeostasis that cause accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the cellular level. H2O2, the most common reactive oxygen species, is the main byproduct of oxidative metabolism. However, the function of H2O2 on HCMV infection is not yet fully understood and the effect and mechanism of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on H2O2-stimulated HCMV replication is unclear. We, therefore, examined the effect of NAC on H2O2-induced HCMV production in human foreskin fibroblast cells. In the present study, we found that H2O2 enhanced HCMV lytic replication through promoting major immediate early (MIE) promoter activity and immediate early (IE) gene transcription. Conversely, NAC inhibited H2O2-upregulated viral IE gene expression and viral replication. The suppressive effect of NAC on CMV in an acute CMV-infected mouse model also showed a relationship between antioxidants and viral lytic replication. Intriguingly, the enhancement of HCMV replication via supplementation with H2O2 was accompanied with the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Similar to NAC, the p38 inhibitor SB203580 inhibited H2O2-induced p38 phosphorylation and HCMV upregulation, while upregulation of inducible ROS was unaffected. These results directly relate HCMV replication to H2O2, suggesting that treatment with antioxidants may be an attractive preventive and therapeutic strategy for HCMV.
Developing an autism specific framework for forensic case formulation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the initial development of a framework to assist in clinical case formulation for individuals diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) who have been convicted of violent and other offences. Design/methodology/approach The proposed framework obtains information on the presence of ASD features from an individual’s developmental history, index offence and offence paralleling behaviours. Through obtaining information across these three domains the framework helps the practitioner make an informed assessment of the possible contribution of ASD to offending. Findings The framework aims to assist the practitioner to develop a clinical formulation based on hypothesised linkages between these domains for use in forensic assessment reports and to aid treatment planning. The use of the proposed framework is illustrated through a reference formulation based on a fictive case example. Research limitations/implications The framework is still in the early stages of development and has not been tested. The next stage is to utilise case information data to assess the validity of the items. This does not preclude the use of the framework by practitioners as an aid to generating clinical hypotheses about the possible link between autism and offending as the development of the tool has been informed by research on ASD and offending. Practical implications The framework may be used in conjunction with structured professional judgement tools. For example, the recently published third version of the HCR-20 includes pervasive developmental disorders as a historical risk item. This possible relevance of this item in terms of forensic risk could be presented using information obtained from the framework outlined in this paper. This in turn could be used to inform the formulation section of the HCR-20 and in the generation of treatment plans. In the longer term, the framework may help inform our understanding of possible relationships between violence risk and ASD and therefore aid effective assessment and treatment planning. Social implications In the longer term, the framework may help inform our understanding of possible relationships between violence risk and ASD and therefore aid effective assessment and treatment planning. Originality/value Although there is an emergent body of research on ASD and offending this has not yet been translated into a tool to help practitioners. This paper sets out an approach to do this and therefore makes an original contribution to the literature.
Everyday leisure and happiness in worktown: a comparison of 1938 and 2014

ABSTRACT This paper presents an analytical comparison of two surveys of subjective perceptions of leisure and happiness. The first was undertaken in 1938 by Mass Observation for its ethnographic study of everyday working-class life in Bolton, or “Worktown”. Leisure was found to be important to happiness insofar as it formed part of an everyday communal life, working through friendship, the appreciation of music and enjoyment of nature, reading and involvement in informal active citizenship. The second survey was undertaken in 2014 as a part-replication of the 1938 survey, using the method adopted by Mass Observation of linking a series of everyday situations and experiences to happiness. A total of 489 self-selecting respondents completed a questionnaire modelled on that used in 1938. The 2014 survey revealed a number of important continuities and differences from the survey of 1938 and the importance of leisure as an agent of happiness rose from eighth place in 1938 to third place in 2014.
Cybernetic modeling of iron‐limited growth and siderophore production

The cybernetic modeling framework developed by Ramkrishna and co‐workers has been applied to a case of bacterial metabolite production, namely the production of siderophores (iron‐chelating agents) associated with iron‐limiting fermentation conditions. Experimental growth data showed that, even though final biomass levels were controlled by exhaustion of the carbon source, iron‐limiting conditions also affected the biomass yield. A structured model which includes the process of an iron‐limiting energy resource production was able to quantitatively account for this apparent dual‐substrate limitation over a wide range of batch and continuous operating conditions. The experiments data also showed quite large difference in iron uptake over the wide range of operating condition and iron levels investigated. The inclusion in the model of the processes of low and high (siderophore‐mediated) affinity iron transport, and siderophore production led to simulation results that were in good quantitative agreement with the siderophore, medium and cell iron levels, in both batch and steady‐state continuous culture operating conditions.
Study on Test Generation of Sequential Circuits Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Ant Algorithm

This paper presents a new method of automatic test generation for sequential circuits based on particle swarm optimization and ant algorithms. The hybrid algorithm utilizes characteristics of ant algorithm such as positive feedback and keeps basic characteristic of particle swarm optimization to guide the search further. Experiments based on the hybrid algorithm model are implemented. It can achieve higher fault coverages when compared with the results based on particle swarm optimization, yet execute time of test generation for both of them is nearly identical, and more compact test sets are achieved when compared with the results based on ant algorithm.
Validity of Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT)

OF DISSERTATION VALIDITY OF IMMEDIATE POST-CONCUSSION ASSESSMENT AND COGNTIVE TESTING (IMPACT) Sports concussions have been recognized as significant injuries among young athletes with research demonstrating that return-to-play prior to becoming asymptomatic can have significant repercussions, including risk of sustaining cognitive deficits. In tracking and monitoring concussions during sports seasons, many programs have begun utilizing computerized testing rather than traditional neuropsychological tests to 1) determine baseline scores, 2) track symptoms, and 3) measure cognitive deficits following concussion. Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is one such instrument. The current study examined ImPACT’s convergent, discriminant, and diagnostic validity by comparing scores from post-concussion athletes (SPORT) to those from non-concussed controls (CONT). SPORT included 29 athletes, ages 12-16, referred for neuropsychological testing following sports-related concussions. CONT included 25 healthy athletes, ages 12-16, who had not sustained a concussion in the past year. Overall, results showed general support for ImPACT, when used to screen cognition. In fact, all ImPACT domains successfully differentiated between CONT and SPORT athletes; evidence supporting appropriate convergent validity was best for the Visual Memory domain. ImPACT domains demonstrated variable discriminant validity. Overall examination of validity demonstrated that ImPACT has some weaknesses but may have utility in detecting post-concussion cognitive impairment.
Modulation of Phosphate Uptake and Amphotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Entry by Posttranslational Modifications of PIT-2

ABSTRACT PIT-2 is a type III sodium phosphate cotransporter and the receptor for amphotropic murine leukemia viruses. We have investigated the expression and the functions of a tagged version of PIT-2 in CHO cells. PIT-2 remained equally abundant at the cell surface within 6 h following variation of the phosphate supply. In contrast, the efficiency of phosphate uptake and retrovirus entry was inversely related to the extracellular phosphate concentration, indicating that PIT-2 activities are modulated by posttranslational modifications of cell surface molecules induced by phosphate. Conformational changes of PIT-2 contribute to both activities, as shown by the inhibitory effect of sulfhydryl reagents known as inhibitors of type II cotransporters. A physical association of PIT-2 with actin was demonstrated. Modifications of the actin network were induced by variations of the concentrations of extracellular phosphate, cytochalasin D, or lysophosphatidic acid. They revealed that the formation of actin stress fibers determines the cell surface distribution of PIT-2, the internalization of the receptor in response to virus binding, and the capacity to process retrovirus entry. Thus, the presence of PIT-2 at the cell surface is not sufficient to ensure phosphate transport and susceptibility to amphotropic retrovirus infection. Further activation of cell surface PIT-2 molecules is required for these functions.
The Extraction of Simple Relationships in Growth Factor-Specific Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output Systems in Cell-Fate Decisions by Backward Elimination PLS Regression

Cells use common signaling molecules for the selective control of downstream gene expression and cell-fate decisions. The relationship between signaling molecules and downstream gene expression and cellular phenotypes is a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) system and is difficult to understand due to its complexity. For example, it has been reported that, in PC12 cells, different types of growth factors activate MAP kinases (MAPKs) including ERK, JNK, and p38, and CREB, for selective protein expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) such as c-FOS, c-JUN, EGR1, JUNB, and FOSB, leading to cell differentiation, proliferation and cell death; however, how multiple-inputs such as MAPKs and CREB regulate multiple-outputs such as expression of the IEGs and cellular phenotypes remains unclear. To address this issue, we employed a statistical method called partial least squares (PLS) regression, which involves a reduction of the dimensionality of the inputs and outputs into latent variables and a linear regression between these latent variables. We measured 1,200 data points for MAPKs and CREB as the inputs and 1,900 data points for IEGs and cellular phenotypes as the outputs, and we constructed the PLS model from these data. The PLS model highlighted the complexity of the MIMO system and growth factor-specific input-output relationships of cell-fate decisions in PC12 cells. Furthermore, to reduce the complexity, we applied a backward elimination method to the PLS regression, in which 60 input variables were reduced to 5 variables, including the phosphorylation of ERK at 10 min, CREB at 5 min and 60 min, AKT at 5 min and JNK at 30 min. The simple PLS model with only 5 input variables demonstrated a predictive ability comparable to that of the full PLS model. The 5 input variables effectively extracted the growth factor-specific simple relationships within the MIMO system in cell-fate decisions in PC12 cells.
Pregnancy Decreases Rat CYP1A2 Activity and Expression

Pregnancy results in increased CYP3A- and CYP2D6-mediated clearance but decreases the clearance of CYP1A2 probe drugs. The aim of this study was to determine whether the decreased CYP1A2 activity during human pregnancy could be explained by decreased expression of CYP1A2 protein and mRNA using the rat as a model. Potential mechanisms leading to decreased CYP1A2 activity and expression were also investigated. Hepatic CYP1A2 activity, protein, and mRNA were measured during mid- and late gestation and compared to nonpregnant control levels. In addition, the effect of 17-β-estradiol and progesterone on CYP1A2 mRNA levels was assessed using rat hepatocytes, and the effect of estrogens or progesterone on CYP1A2 activity in vitro was tested. CYP1A2-mediated probe clearance decreased between 48 and 62% (p < 0.05) during pregnancy, with no difference in CYP1A2 activity between mid- and late pregnancy. This decrease in probe clearance was accompanied by a 33 ± 8% (midpregnancy) and 29 ± 27% (late pregnancy) decrease in CYP1A2 protein expression (p < 0.05) and a 53% decline in methoxyresorufin O-demethylation Vmax (p < 0.05). CYP1A2 mRNA was not significantly different from controls at midpregnancy and decreased by 27 ± 20% (p < 0.05) of control during late pregnancy. Estradiol and progesterone had no effect on CYP1A2 mRNA in rat hepatocytes and did not inhibit CYP1A2 activity. These data demonstrate that pregnancy decreases CYP1A2 activity and expression with a modest effect on CYP1A2 mRNA and suggest that the rat can be used as a model to study mechanisms by which pregnancy decreases CYP1A2 activity in humans.