Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The diffusion of development-through-sport: analysing the history and practice of the Olympic Movement's grassroots outreach to Africa

The idea of sport as a tool for development has a long and ambitious history, up to and including a recent proliferation of international sport programmemes targeting grassroots development. The popularity of these programmes, however, raises interesting questions about the influence of sport across diverse contexts: how do ambitious claims about the universal value of sport diffuse into actual practices in distinct cultural communities? This essay uses the case of the Olympic Movement's grassroots outreach to Africa to document a historical pattern of grand and problematic ambitions for the role of sport in development consistently diffusing into modest, diverse and generally neutral practices. To analyse this pattern, the essay begins by drawing on concepts from existing scholarship related to the cultural diffusion of sport, and then considers examples in two parts: first, analysing the historical record of Olympic Movement outreach to Africa and second, analysing ethnographic examples from fieldwork in Angola with a contemporary development-through-sport programmes descended from the Olympic Movement. The essay concludes with a brief discussion of how analysing empirical examples from the history and practice of grassroots sport outreach might inform understandings of the development-through-sport endeavour.
Accelerated habit formation following amphetamine exposure is reversed by D1, but enhanced by D2, receptor antagonists

Repeated exposure to the psychostimulant amphetamine has been shown to disrupt goal-directed instrumental actions and promote the early and abnormal development of goal-insensitive habitual responding (Nelson and Killcross, 2006). To investigate the neuropharmacological specificity of this effect as well as restore goal-directed responding in animals with pre-training amphetamine exposure, animals were treated with the non-selective dopamine antagonist α-flupenthixol, the selective D1 antagonist SCH 23390 or the selective D2 antagonist eticlopride, prior to instrumental training (three sessions). Subsequently, the reinforcer was paired with LiCL-induced gastric-malaise and animals were given a test of goal-sensitivity both in extinction and reacquisition. The effect of these dopaminergic antagonists on the sensitivity of lever press performance to outcome devaluation was assessed in animals with pre-training exposure to amphetamine (Experiments 1A–C) or in non-sensitized animals (Experiment 2). Both α-flupenthixol and SCH23390 reversed accelerated habit formation following amphetamine sensitization. However, eticlopride appeared to enhance this effect and render instrumental performance compulsive as these animals were unable to inhibit responding both in extinction and reacquisition, even though a consumption test confirmed they had acquired an aversion to the reinforcer. These findings demonstrate that amphetamine induced-disruption of goal-directed behavior is mediated by activity at distinct dopamine receptor subtypes and may represent a putative model of the neurochemical processes involved in the loss of voluntary control over behavior.
Glucose Homeostasis in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse at the Prediabetic Stage.

Because few data were available on glucose homeostasis at the early prediabetic stage in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, we investigated glycemia, insulinemia, and pancreatic insulin content under basal conditions in both sexes of 4-, 6-, and 8-week-old fed NOD mice, compared with sex- and age-matched fed C57BL/6 mice. We also investigated glucose tolerance in both sexes of fasting 8-week-old NOD and C57BL/6 mice. The main results obtained under basal fed conditions, when comparing both strains, were lower glycemia and higher insulinemia in NOD females at all ages investigated and in NOD males (particularly at 6 weeks of age). Glucose tolerance tests showed that: 1) the blood glucose response to 1 g/kg i.p. glucose was less sustained in both sexes of 8-week-old NOD mice than in their control counterparts; 2) the blood insulin response to glucose (1 g/kg i.p.) appeared earlier in both sexes of NOD mice than in sex-matched C57BL/6 mice; 3) an unusual sexual dimorphism existed in NOD mice, compared with controls, with females secreting, in response to glucose, twice as much insulin as males; 4) dose-response studies (1-6 g/kg glucose) confirmed the lower increase in blood glucose levels in both sexes of NOD mice and their unusual sexual dimorphism in insulin secretion; and 5) glucose tolerance tests in 4- to 8-week-old NOD mice showed that although the sexual dimorphism in insulin secretion was not observed in 4-week-old mice, it was particularly striking at 6 weeks of age. Taken together, these results suggest that beta-cell hyperactivity exists in the NOD mouse at the early prediabetic stage, especially in NOD females.
Enforcing strong object typing in flexible hypermedia

The presentation layer of hypermedia systems could benefit from standard object querying functionality and this is most effective if strong typing is enforced. By strong typing we mean the direct representation of data semantics as object types in an object database as oposed to a “slotted frames” representation. On the other hand, the flexible emergent nature of structure must be considered in the authoring activity and in this sense premature typing and organizing is counterproductive. Reflecting on these apparently contradictory issues and the past proposals to handle the problem, we extend the strongly typed data model of a prototype hypermedia system, WorldView, to support semi-automatic object submission and type metamorphosis. Weak types are also necessary for some constructs, so they coexist with strong types, but these are enforced. We emphasize the benefits available to the presentation layer of keeping a uniform object oriented structure. In particular we implement a dynamic linking capability that uses queries to retrieve the objects related to some object attribute and suggest other improvements. We stress that most object oriented hypermedia systems are frame-based, especially in what concerns user-defined and emergent structure.
Soil Nitrogen-Cycling Responses to Conversion of Lowland Forests to Oil Palm and Rubber Plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia

Rapid deforestation in Sumatra, Indonesia is presently occurring due to the expansion of palm oil and rubber production, fueled by an increasing global demand. Our study aimed to assess changes in soil-N cycling rates with conversion of forest to oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations. In Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, we selected two soil landscapes – loam and clay Acrisol soils – each with four land-use types: lowland forest and forest with regenerating rubber (hereafter, “jungle rubber”) as reference land uses, and rubber and oil palm as converted land uses. Gross soil-N cycling rates were measured using the 15N pool dilution technique with in-situ incubation of soil cores. In the loam Acrisol soil, where fertility was low, microbial biomass, gross N mineralization and NH4 + immobilization were also low and no significant changes were detected with land-use conversion. The clay Acrisol soil which had higher initial fertility based on the reference land uses (i.e. higher pH, organic C, total N, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and base saturation) (P≤0.05–0.09) had larger microbial biomass and NH4 + transformation rates (P≤0.05) compared to the loam Acrisol soil. Conversion of forest and jungle rubber to rubber and oil palm in the clay Acrisol soil decreased soil fertility which, in turn, reduced microbial biomass and consequently decreased NH4 + transformation rates (P≤0.05–0.09). This was further attested by the correlation of gross N mineralization and microbial biomass N with ECEC, organic C, total N (R=0.51–0. 76; P≤0.05) and C:N ratio (R=-0.71 – -0.75, P≤0.05). Our findings suggest that the larger the initial soil fertility and N availability, the larger the reductions upon land-use conversion. Because soil N availability was dependent on microbial biomass, management practices in converted oil palm and rubber plantations should focus on enriching microbial biomass.
Ieee Transactions on Wireless Communications Error Performance of Mimo-bicm with Zero-forcing Receivers in Spatially-correlated Rayleigh Channels

— In this letter we derive tight analytical expressions for the coded bit error rate of MIMO bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) in spatially-correlated Rayleigh fading channels. We consider the case where low complexity zero-forcing receivers are employed. The analysis is simpler and more direct than the standard BICM error event expurgation technique, and yields efficient, accurate expressions for the error probability. Based on the analytical results, we obtain the diversity order and show that it is independent of the spatial correlation. Moreover, we show that the presence of spatial correlation induces an SNR loss with respect to i.i. d. channels. We quantify this loss, and show that it is a function of the antenna configuration and the eigenvalues of the spatial correlation matrices, and is independent of the coding and modulation parameters. I. INTRODUCTION Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) is a pragmatic technique which can achieve large diversity orders in fading wireless channels [1]. Recently, BICM was employed in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with maximum likelihood (ML) detection [2], and was shown to outperform space-time trellis codes in fast fading conditions. Unfortunately, the computational complexity of the ML receiver increases exponentially with the product of the number of transmit antennas and the number of bits per modulation symbol, thereby making it prohibitive in practice. A reduced complexity scheme was proposed in [3], and analyzed in [4], which employed a linear zero-forcing (ZF) receiver. It was shown in [4] that this receiver has desirable signal-space properties in i.i. d. Rayleigh fading MIMO-BICM systems, which allow near-ML performance to be achieved in many scenarios. The challenge is to investigate the performance of this practical low-complexity receiver in the more common case of spatially-correlated channels. In this letter, we derive tight analytical expressions for the coded bit error rate (BER) of MIMO-BICM with ZF receivers
Beclomethasone aerosol in childhood asthma

Twenty children have been treated with the steroid aerosol beclomethasone, half of them in an open trial and the other half in a controlled cross-over trial. Children were assessed by means of clinical examination, diary records, and twice-daily peak flow rate measurements made at home. After 1 to 2 months all but 1 of the 16 children who were initially taking systemic steroids or corticotrophin were weaned off these drugs. The cross-over trial showed a significant improvement on the active drug, in terms of diary score, bronchodilator use, steroid dose, and twice-daily peak expiratory flow measurements. Adrenal function was entirely normal after 1 and 3 months on the drug as measured by morning cortisol levels and the response to tetracosactrin. There were no side effects, apart from the reappearance of hay fever or eczema in some children previously on systemic steroids. Follow-up for a mean of 4·5 ± 2·2 (SD) months showed the continuing efficacy of beclomethasone, though an increase in dose has been needed in some children. The advantages of aerosol steroid therapy in children are noted.
TagLDA: Bringing a document structure knowledge into topic models

Latent Dirichlet Allocation models a document by a mixture of topics, where each topic itself is typically modeled by a unigram word distribution. Documents however often have known structures, and the same topic can exhibit dif ferent word distributions under different parts of the structure. We extend laten t Dirichlet allocation model by replacing the unigram word distributions with a factored r epresentation conditioned on both the topic and the structure. In the resultant m odel each topic is equivalent to a set of unigrams, reflecting the structure a wo rd is in. The proposed model is more flexible in modeling the corpus. The factore d representation prevents combinatorial explosion and leads to efficient parame terization. We derive the variational optimization algorithm for the new model. The mode l shows improved perplexity on text and image data, but not significant ac cur y improvement when used for classification.
Clinical Significance of Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase in Adjuvant 5-Fluorouracil Liver Perfusion Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer

Objective:To clarify the relationship between intratumoral dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) expression and response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) liver perfusion chemotherapy (LPC) in pancreatic cancer patients, we evaluated DPD expression immunohistochemically in resected pancreatic cancer tissues. Summary Background Data:Pancreatic cancer is considered a disease with a poor prognosis even if aggressive resection is performed. One of the main causes of death is hepatic metastasis soon after surgery. As a treatment, we have assessed adjuvant LPC via the portal vein using 5-FU just after pancreatectomy for advanced pancreatic cancer since 1994. However, the results remain unsatisfying. Methods:Sixty-eight resected specimens were obtained from patients with pancreatic cancer from 1988 to 2000. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were immunostained with polyclonal anti-DPD antibody. The relation between intratumoral DPD expression and the prognoses of pancreatic cancer patients was investigated statistically. Results:Of the 68 tumors studied, 27 carcinomas (39.7%) were DPD(+), and 41 (60.3%) were DPD(−). In the DPD(+) group, there was no significant difference between the LPC(+) and LPC(−) subgroups, whereas in the DPD(−) group the LPC(+) subgroup showed a significantly higher survival rate than the LPC(−) subgroup. Moreover, in the LPC(+) group, overall survival in the DPD(−) subgroup was significantly better than in the DPD(+) subgroup. Conclusions:An immunohistochemical evaluation of intratumoral DPD expression might be useful in predicting responsiveness to 5-FU-based chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer patients. In the DPD(−) group, liver perfusion chemotherapy using 5-FU via the portal vein is effective adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer once pancreatectomy has been performed.
Risks Surrounding Drug Trade Involvement Among Street-Involved Youth

Background: Street-involved youth have been shown to be involved in the street-level illicit drug trade in a number of jurisdictions, though little is known about risk factors and sequelae of this behavior. The present study was therefore conducted to investigate factors associated with the street-level drug trade involvement among street-based youth. Methods: We used logistic regression to examine factors associated with drug dealing among participants in the At-Risk Youth Study in Vancouver, Canada. We also examined motivations for drug trade involvement and types of drugs sold by participants. Results: Overall, 529 street-involved youth were followed during the study period, of whom 307 (58.0%) reported having been involved in the drug trade in the last six months. In a logistic regression analysis, crack cocaine use (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.28–2.67), homelessness (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.04–2.40), and having been assaulted by police (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.14–3.00) were independently associated with drug dealing among cohort participants. Among participants who reported drug dealing, 263 (85.6%) individuals stated that the main reason that they sold drugs was to pay for their personal drug use. Conclusions: In our setting, street-involved youth implicated in the drug trade are characterized by drug-related and sociodemographic vulnerabilities. These individuals also appear to be motivated by drug dependence and report elevated levels of police violence. Our findings have immediate implications for drug strategies targeting street-level drug dealing.
Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and its dependence on event kinematic properties

We present new measurements of the inclusive forward-backward ttbar production asymmetry, AFB, and its dependence on several properties of the ttbar system. The measurements are performed with the full Tevatron data set recorded with the CDF II detector during ppbar collisions at sqrt(s) = 1.96 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9.4 fb^(-1). We measure the asymmetry using the rapidity difference Delta-y=y_(t)-y_(tbar). Parton-level results are derived, yielding an inclusive asymmetry of 0.164+/-0.047 (stat + syst). We observe a linear dependence of AFB on the top-quark pair mass M(ttbar) and the rapidity difference |Delta-y| at detector and parton levels. Assuming the standard model, the probabilities to observe the measured values or larger for the detector-level dependencies are 7.4*10^(-3) and 2.2*10^(-3) for M(ttbar) and |Delta-y| respectively. Lastly, we study the dependence of the asymmetry on the transverse momentum of the ttbar system at the detector level. These results are consistent with previous lower-precision measurements and provide additional quantification of the functional dependencies of the asymmetry.
The Effect of Financial Development on Convergence

We introduce imperfect creditor protection in a multicountry Schumpeterian growth model. The theory predicts that any country with more than some critical level of financial development will converge to the growth rate of the world technology frontier, and that all other countries will have a strictly lower long-run growth rate. We present evidence supporting these and other implications, in the form of a cross-country growth regression with a significant and sizable negative coefficient on initial per-capita GDP (relative to the United States) interacted with financial intermediation. In addition, we find that other variables representing schooling, geography, health, policy, politics, and institutions do not affect the significance of the interaction between financial intermediation and initial per capita GDP, and do not show any independent effect on convergence in the regressions. Our findings are robust to removal of outliers and to alternative conditioning sets, estimation procedures, and measures of financial development.
Reversal of the Cry-Wolf Effect: An Investigation of Two Methods to Increase Alarm Response Rates

In complex task environments such as airplane cockpits, false alarms have been shown to lead to a "cry-wolf" effect, with potentially disastrous implications for primary task and alarm response performances. This research examined the feasibility of two methods to reverse the cry-wolf effect: a hearsay method, where subjects were given information by a confederate about the frequency of false alarms in an alarm set, and an urgency method, where the urgency of a set of alarms was increased. Three groups of 20 undergraduate students performed two consecutive sessions of a psychomotor task. During each session, subjects were presented ten visual/aural alarms on a 50% reliability schedule (50% true alarms, 50% false alarms). As in a typical false alarm situation, there were no visual or aural differences between true and false alarms, but verbal feedback was given about response appropriateness. In Session 1, all subjects were presented 10 moderate-urgency alarms (as recorded from a B-757/767 simulator) to establish the cry-wolf effect. After Session 1, subjects in the Hearsay group were told that the next session would include alarms that were 75% true (in reality there was no reliability change). They were then presented a second session of alarms on a 50% reliability schedule. Subjects in the Urgency group were also presented alarms that were 50% true in the second session, but the urgency level of the Session 2 alarms was greater. Finally, for Control subjects there was no difference between Session 1 and Session 2 alarms. Response frequency data were analyzed by using a series of t-tests to compare Session 1 and 2 response rates for each group. Results indicated that only the hearsay strategy increased subject responding. Hearsay subjects responded to significantly more alarms in Session 2 (Q < .05); however, subjects in the Urgency and Control groups showed no change in alarm response frequency.
ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING: OBSERVATIONS TOWARD A THEORY,

Abstract : The objective of this research was an exploratory one. Close observations of a team faced with a complex and prolonged task in a management simulation exercise resulted in comprehensive discussions of how organizations learn. Each of these discussions lacked coverage for some of the things that had been observed in the game; however, a synthesis was proposed which makes learning in organization a product of different kinds of stress. It presumes that organizational learning is sporadic and step-wise rather than continuous and gradual and that learning what preferences and goals are goes hand-in-hand with learning how to achieve them. It postulates separate mechanisms to control adaptation of the organization as a total system. Links are also proposed to show how the interactions between subsystem and total-system adaptation determine the overall course of organizational learning and development. (Author)
The Contact Hypothesis

This survey study involving 1,357 students attending a multi-cultural high school explored how thefeatures identified by the contact hypothesis reduce intergroup bias. Specifically, the study examined predictions derived from the common ingroup identity model that equal status, cooperative interdependence, interaction and egalitarian norms reduce bias, in part, because they alter cognitive representations of the student body from different groups to a more inclusive ingroup. The survey measured students'impressions of thefeatures of contact at school, their representations of the student body (e.g., as one group or different groups), and bias in their affective reactions and overall attitudinal favorability toward groups at school. In general, reductions in bias were predicted by stronger common ingroup representations, weaker representations of two groups, and ethnic/racial identities that included a superordinate American identity. Furthermore, as predicted, cognitive representations (e.g., as one group) mediated the relation between contact and reductions in bias. The findings were integrated into a more complex model in which intergroup affective reactions are conceived to be a major determinant of overall attitudinal favorability.