Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphological priming during reading: Evidence from eye movements

We report an eye movement experiment that investigated whether prior exposure to morphologically related and unrelated primes influenced processing of a target word that appeared later in the same sentence. Prime-target pairs had a semantically transparent (e.g., marshy-marsh) or only an apparent morphological relationship (e.g., secretary-secret), or were morphologically unrelated but overlapped in orthography (e.g., extract-extra). Reading times for target words revealed facilitation effects in measures of both early and late processing only for targets that followed semantically transparent morphological primes, providing evidence of semantically mediated priming between words read normally in a sentence. In addition, an increase in target word skipping and in regressions from a posttarget region when targets followed primes rather than control words, regardless of the morphological relationship between the words, suggests that prime-target orthographic overlap influences parafoveal processing of target words. We discuss our findings in relation to morphological priming during isolated word recognition and the process of lexical identification during reading.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Assessment of Vocal Jazz Improvisation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the assessment of vocal jazz improvisation achievement. Subjects were 101 college students enrolled in vocal jazz courses. The following aspects of vocal jazz improvisation were measured: (a) tonal (intonation, correct tones, appropriate language, variety, originality, motivic development, and unity): (1) rhxthm (steady pulse, appropriate feel, appropriate figures, varietvx originalitv, motivic development, and unity); and (c) expression (appropriate scat svllables, appropriate tone quality, variety in tone quality. varietv in range, and variety in dynamics). These items were measured by three judges using fivepoint rating scales for two tasks, a blues and a ii-V7-1 progression. The major findings of this study were as follows: (a) interjudge reliability for items ranged from 47 to 89; (b) interjudge reliability for the composite measure was 90; (c) a high correlation (.88) was found between the blues and ii-V7-I tasks; (d) moderately strong correlations were found among the dimensions of tone, rhythm, and expression, ranging from 76 to 78; and (e) three underlying factors of vocal jazz improvisation were identifiedRhythm, accounting for 66% of the variance; Tonal, accounting for an additional 8%; and Divergence, accounting for 6%.
Athletes' perceptions of how cognitive interference during competition influences concentration and effort

Abstract This paper investigates athletes' perception of the relationship between cognitive interference and its effects on concentration and effort during sport performance. The sample consisted of 115 volleyball players that took part in a national university tournament. Three different kinds of thoughts were investigated: ‘performance worries’, ‘situation-irrelevant thoughts’, and ‘thoughts of escape’. Path analysis was used to examine the relationships. All kinds of thoughts were reported to be detrimental to concentration, whereas different patterns of associations emerged between different thoughts and subsequent effort. ‘Performance worries’ were reported to be related to increases in effort for athletes holding higher goal attainment expectancies and decreases in effort for athletes holding lower goal attainment expectancies. ‘Thoughts of escape’ were reported to be related to decreases in effort, while no significant relation between ‘situation irrelevant thoughts’ and effort emerged. Results stress the importance of further examining the role of interfering thoughts athletes experience during competition.
The hunt for disability: The new eugenics and the normalization of school children

This paper is an attempt to reconsider issues of sameness, difference, equality, and democracy in present public school systems. It focuses on the question of (dis)ability and the implications of rethinking (dis)ability as an ontological issue before its inscription as an educational one concerning the politics of inclusion. The everyday dividing, sorting, and classifying practices of schooling are reconsidered through an analysis of old and new discourses of eugenics as “quality control” of national populations. The paper suggests that in the transmogrification of old to new eugenic discourses, disability becomes reinscribed as an outlaw ontology reinvesting eugenic discourse in a new language that maintains an ableist normativity. The paper concludes by considering the very difficult question of trying to imagine alternatives to sending the posse out in schools. Thoughtful students . of the psychology of adolescence will refuse to believe that the American public intends to have its children sorted before their teens into clerks, watchmakers, lithographers, telegraph operators, masons, teamsters, farm laborers, and so forth, and treated differently in their schools according to the prophecies of their appropriate life careers. Who are to make these prophecies? Charles Eliot ~1905, pp. 330‐331; original emphasis!
Leader‐member exchange, differentiation, and task interdependence: implications for individual and group performance

Summary We investigated the effects of leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation on individual and group performance with a sample of 120 work groups consisting of 834 employees who represented six different organizations. LMX differentiation was defined as the degree of variability in the quality of LMX relationships formed within work groups. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) results did not indicate support for a main effect of LMX differentiation on individual performance. Rather,the results demonstrated that LMX moderatedthe relation between LMX differentiation and individual performance, such that increases in LMX differentiation were accompanied by increases in individual performance for low LMX members, but no change in individual performance for high LMX members. At the group level, therewas not a main effect for LMX differentiation on group performance. However, the hierarchical regression results revealed that the relation between LMX differentiation and group performance was moderated by task interdependence, such that for groups high in task interdependence, the greater the differentiation among group members, the higher the performance of the group. Conversely, for groups with relatively lower levels of task interdependence, differentiation among subordinates was not related to group performance. Finally, LMX differentiation was positively related to group performance in groups with a low LMX median, but was not related to performance in groups with a high LMX median. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self-healing of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

The study of self-healing materials is inspired by biological systems in which damage triggers an autonomous healing response. In recent years, this concept of autonomic healing material, where initiation of repair is integral to the material, is being considered for engineering applications. The concept offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional ability of counteracting service degradation in addition to achieving the primary, usually structural integrity, requirement. Self-healing materials also have the benefit of offering lighter and optimized structures as well as reduced maintenance cost. Previous works on polymer matrix composites have shown that significant fractions of mechanical properties can be restored through self-healing in damaged materials. The self-healing composite material developed in this study is a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite. The study has three major categories of self-healing composite systems. In the initial study, a single fiber polymer matrix self-healing composite system is developed and analyzed. In the latter stage of the study, multiple commercial glass fibers are used as a reinforcing material in the self-healing system. The inclusion of functionalized carbon nanotubes in the healing medium to further enhance the healing process is considered at the final stage of the study. The self-healing approach utilizes a releasable healing agent contained in a hollow fiber that is embedded in a resin system. Specimens are produced using a hollow glass fiber and epoxy resin. In addition, in the case of multiple fibers test, e-glass fibers are incorporated in the composite. When a crack is initiated and propagates through the composite breaking the hollow fiber, a liquid healing agent comes out and fills the crack gap. Polymerization of the monomer healing agent is facilitated when it contacts a catalyst that is pre-coated on the outside surface of the hollow glass fiber. Healed, damaged and virgin specimens are tested in tension for all the different sets of composites investigated. The results demonstrate that a considerable portion of the tensile strength is recovered by the self-healing functionality of both the single fiber and fiber-reinforced polymer composites. A major advantage of this research is the fact that the healing is found to be localized allowing further multiple healing of the composite in the presence of several cracks. Incorporation of functionalized carbon nanotubes in the healing medium has provided additional efficiency in the composites compared to those without carbon nanotubes.
Seven Risks Emerging From Life Patents and Corporate Science

This article examines some of the controversial issues emerging from the privatization of biomedical research and commercialization of biotechnology. The aim is to identify the dominant social, political, and ethical risks associated with the recent shift from academic to corporate science and from the increasing emphasis on investing in research projects that will result in the award of a monopoly patent. Identifying these risks may ultimately assist policy makers in designing new policies or reforming existing practices that will come closer to achieving an equitable balance between science pursued for the advance of knowledge and science pursued for patents and profit. The discussion may also assist the research directors or managers of biopharmaceutical companies in designing corporate policies that will optimize the balance between the serendipity of scientific discovery and the discipline of strategic business planning.
Community Violence and Adolescent Development

This study measures the degree of exposure to violence through actual attack, witnessing violent events, and delinquent peer associations among500 African American high school students in the state of Virginia. In seeking to account for problem behavior, attention is given to sociodemographic characteristics, exposure to guns and violence as risk factors, and the moderating effects of coping strategies utilized by African American adolescents. Relying on recent research examining the relationship between victimization events and problem behavior, the study examines the development of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems (i.e., delinquency, anxiety, depression) in response to violent victimization and emphasizes the emotional adjustment among African American youth exposed to violence. Findings suggest a linkage between the indicators of exposure to violence, problem behavior, and coping strategy among youth. Implications for future research are addressed.
Violence Between the Police and the Public

Stress of police officers is assumed to be one of the causes for an increased use of force, but to date, very few studies have tested this relationship empirically. This study examines influences of perceived work-related stress, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and burnout on the use of force by police officers in Zurich, Switzerland (n = 422). A new approach is developed by including the officer's routine activities (herein referred to as job profile) and victimization experiences as two situational controls and by capturing a continuum of self-reported force used in typical operational situations. Although bivariate results show significant relationships between use of force and work stress, job satisfaction, commitment, and burnout, multivariate analyses using structural equation models show no influence of stress-related factors on the amount of force. The job profile remains the only predictor of police use of force, whereas victimization is strongly correlated with use of force.
Gender and the Metaphorics of Translation

In a letter to the nineteenth-century violinist Joseph Joachim, Clara Schumann declares, "Bin ich auch nicht producierend, so doch reproducierend" (Even if I am not a creative artist, still I am recreating). ' While she played an enormously important role reproducing her husband's works, both in concert and later in preparing editions of his work, she was also a composer in her own right; yet until recently, historians have focused on only one composer in this family. Indeed, as feminist scholarship has amply demonstrated, conventional representations of women-whether artistic, social, economic, or political-have been guided by a cultural ambivalence about the possibility of a woman artist and about the status of woman's "work. " In the case of Clara Schumann, it is ironic that one of
Cognitive neuropsychological rehabilitation: The emperor’s new clothes?

It has often been claimed that cognitive neuropsychology allows a far better diagnosis and understanding of the nature of a patient’s language disorder than classical clinical diagnoses, and that a theoretically-driven therapeutic intervention can only be based on a cognitive diagnosis. In this paper we argue that: (1) Cognitive neuropsychologists have fostered and made explicit knowledge about the nature of aphasia which can be a rational starting point for intervention; however, former aphasia therapy was not atheoretical, but always based on existent theories of aphasia. (2) The new cognitive dyslexia and dysgraphia syndromes are perhaps more homogeneous than the classical diagnoses but no more informative or useful for rehabilitation planning. (3) Due to the modularity assumption, cognitive rehabilitation has sometimes been planned with only the damaged module/s being taken into consideration. We argue that the whole functional structure of the model adopted should be addressed because it can dictate the focus of rehabilitation. We conclude that cognitive neuropsychology allows a more detailed analysis of the functional damage but provides no indication as to how to implement rehabilitation for a given patient−even if it does evidence the lack of rationality of many interventions.
Nonlinear conjugate gradients algorithm for 2-D magnetotelluric inversion

We investigate a new algorithm for computing regularized solutions of the 2-D magnetotelluric inverse problem. The algorithm employs a nonlinear conjugate gradients (NLCG) scheme to minimize an objective function that penalizes data residuals and second spatial derivatives of resistivity. We compare this algorithm theoretically and numerically to two previous algorithms for constructing such “minimum‐structure” models: the Gauss‐Newton method, which solves a sequence of linearized inverse problems and has been the standard approach to nonlinear inversion in geophysics, and an algorithm due to Mackie and Madden, which solves a sequence of linearized inverse problems incompletely using a (linear) conjugate gradients technique. Numerical experiments involving synthetic and field data indicate that the two algorithms based on conjugate gradients (NLCG and Mackie‐Madden) are more efficient than the Gauss‐Newton algorithm in terms of both computer memory requirements and CPU time needed to find accurate solutio.
Temptation and Commitment in the Laboratory

Temptation and self-control in intertemporal choice environments are receiving increasing attention in the theoretical economics literature. Nevertheless, there remains a scarcity of empirical evidence from controlled environments informing behavior under repeated temptations. This is unfortunate in light of the fact that in many natural environments, the same temptation must be repeatedly resisted. This paper fills that gap by reporting data from a novel laboratory study of economic decisions under repeat temptations. Subjects are repeatedly offered an option with instantaneous benefit that also entails a substantial reduction to overall earnings. We show that this option is “tempting” in the sense that a substantial fraction of our subjects incur pecuniary costs to eliminate the choice, and thus commit to not choosing the tempting alternative. We compare the timing and price-elasticity of these commitment decisions to predictions from existing theoretical models of decision under temptation. Our data are broadly consistent with theory, with the notable exception that commitment often occurs with delay rather than at the first opportunity. Moreover, the timing of commitment is significantly impacted by the cost of the commitment device. The patterns we report have direct implications for economic theory, and are a first step toward designing mechanisms that promote prudent economic decisions under temptation.
“Locked Up but Shouldn't Be Forgotten”: Basic Educational Training and Career Placement as Potential Tools for the Reintegration and Rehabilitation of Former Prisoners in Nigeria

This article highlights the importance of basic educational training and career placement in the process of reintegrating offenders who have completed their jail term into Nigerian society. Proceeding from the position that the majority of incarcerated offenders lack the basic educational qualifications that could facilitate sustainable employment for them before and/or after their prison term, which may also have implications for the increased rate of recidivism, this article argues that offender rehabilitation in Nigeria should focus on literacy programs that could provide opportunities for postrelease employment. This article explores the structure of the prison system in Nigeria, provides empirical data about the sociodemographic characteristics of the inmates, explores the available rehabilitation programs, and identifies the gaps in the existing ones. The conclusion considers basic literacy/numeracy skills and career placement as vital in the process of rebuilding the hopes of former inmates, and ultimately reintegrating them into the larger society upon their release.
The Relationship of Skill Level and Age to the Use of Imagery by Golfers

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of an objective measure of skill level, golf handicap, and age to the use of imagery. Five different functions of imagery were assessed through the Sport Imagery Questionnaire: cognitive specific, cognitive general, motivational specific, motivational general-arousal, and motivational general-mastery. Pearson correlations indicated handicap was significantly related to all five functions of imagery, while age was significantly related to the cognitive specific, cognitive general, and motivational general-mastery functions. As handicap decreased there was a corresponding increase in imagery use. As age increased there was a corresponding decrease in imagery use. Five hierarchical regressions were performed and handicap predicted the use of all five functions of imagery. The addition of age to the regression equations significantly added to the prediction of the cognitive functions of imagery use. Also, the interaction between handicap and age had a significant effect on the use of motivational general-mastery imagery.
Automatic Stereotype Activation Is Context Dependent

Processes involving an automatic activation of stereotypes in different contexts were investigated using a priming paradigm with the lexical decision task. The names of social categories were combined with background pictures of specific situations to yield a compound prime comprising category and context information. Significant category priming effects for stereotypic attributes (e.g., Bavarians – beer) emerged for fitting contexts (e.g., in combination with a picture of a marquee) but not for nonfitting contexts (e.g., in combination with a picture of a shop). Findings indicate that social stereotypes are organized as specific mental schemas that are triggered by a combination of category and context information.
A Mid-Level Approach to Contour-based Categorical Object Recognition

This paper proposes a method for detecting generic classes of objects from their representative contours that can be used by a robot with vision to find objects in cluttered environments. The approach uses a mid-level image operator to group edges into contours which likely correspond to object boundaries. This mid-level operator is used in two ways, bottom-up on simple edges and top-down incorporating object shape information, thus acting as the intermediary between low-level and high-level information. First, the mid-level operator, called the image torque, is applied to simple edges to extract likely fixation locations of objects. Using the operator’s output, a novel contour-based descriptor is created that extends the shape context descriptor to include boundary ownership information and accounts for rotation. This descriptor is then used in a multi-scale matching approach to modulate the torque operator towards the target, so it indicates its location and size. Unlike other approaches that use edges directly to guide the independent edge grouping and matching processes for recognition, both of these steps are effectively combined using the proposed method. We evaluate the performance of our approach using four diverse datasets containing a variety of object categories in clutter, occlusion and viewpoint changes. Compared with current state of the art approaches, our approach is able to detect the target with less false alarms in most object categories. The performance is further improved when we exploit depth information available from the Kinect RGB-Depth sensor by imposing depth consistency when applying the image torque.
Cross-National Perspectives on Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory

Abstract Parental acceptance-rejection theory (PARTheory) is a theory of socialization that seeks to predict and explain major causes, consequences, and other correlates of parental acceptance-rejection worldwide. In effect, the theory searches for verifiable universals in parent-child relations insofar as these universals relate to issues surrounding perceived parental acceptance-rejection. In this article, we focus on four major issues within the theory. First, we review the common meaning-structure used by children cross-nationally to assess the extent to which they are accepted or rejected by their parents. Second, we describe the apparently universal psychological outcome of experiencing specific degrees of parental acceptance or rejection. Third, we review sociocultural factors that tend to be associated cross-nationally with variations in parental acceptance-rejection. Finally, we review other sociocultural factors, especially expressive correlates such as a people's institutionalized religious beliefs, that are known to be associated cross-nationally (universally) with perceived acceptance-rejection.