Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ocean Acidification-Induced Restructuring of the Plankton Food Web Can Influence the Degradation of Sinking Particles

Ocean acidification (OA) is expected to alter plankton community structure in the future ocean. This, in turn, could change the composition of sinking organic matter and the efficiency of the biological carbon pump. So far, most OA experiments involving entire plankton communities have been conducted in meso- to eutrophic environments. However, recent studies suggest that OA effects may be more pronounced during prolonged periods of nutrient limitation. In this study, we investigated how OA-induced changes in low-nutrient adapted plankton communities of the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean may affect particulate organic matter (POM) standing stocks, POM fluxes, and POM stoichiometry. More specifically, we compared the elemental composition of POM suspended in the water column to the corresponding sinking material collected in sediment traps. Three weeks into the experiment, we simulated a natural upwelling event by adding nutrient-rich deep-water to all mesocosms, which induced a diatom-dominated phytoplankton bloom. Our results show that POM was more efficiently retained in the water column in the highest CO2 treatment levels (>800 μatm pCO2) subsequent to this bloom. We further observed significantly lower C:N and C:P ratios in post-bloom sedimented POM in the highest CO2 treatments, suggesting that degradation processes were less pronounced. This trend is most likely explained by differences in micro- and mesozooplankton abundance during the bloom and post-bloom phase. Overall, this study shows that OA can indirectly alter POM fluxes and stoichiometry in subtropical environments through changes in plankton community structure.
Lummaa post-reproductive survival in pre-industrial Finland A trade-off between having many sons and shorter maternal

Supplementary data ml http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/suppl/2013/02/20/rsbl.2013. 0034.DC1. ht "Data Supplement" References http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/9/2/20130034.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 25 articles, 11 of which can be accessed free Subject collections (68 articles) health and disease and epidemiology  (615 articles) evolution  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections
Cell Volume Regulation in Chondrocytes

Chondrocytes are the cells within cartilage which produce and maintain the extracellular matrix. Volume regulation in these cells is vital to their function and occurs in several different physiological and pathological contexts. Firstly, chondrocytes exist within an environment of changing osmolarity and compressive loads. Secondly, in osteoarthritic joint failure, cartilage water content changes and there is a notable increase in chondrocyte apoptosis. Thirdly, endochondral ossification requires chondrocyte swelling in association with hypertrophy. Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and regulatory volume increase (RVI) have both been observed in articular chondrocytes and this review focuses on the mechanisms identified to account for these. There has been evidence so far to suggest TRPV4 is central to RVD; however other elements of the pathway have not yet been identified. Unlike RVD, RVI appears less robust in articular chondrocytes and there have been fewer mechanistic studies; the primary focus being on the Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter. The clinical significance of chondrocyte volume regulation remains unproven. Importantly however, transcript abundances of several ion channels implicated in volume control are changed in chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage. A critical question is whether disturbances of volume regulation mechanisms lead to, result from or are simply coincidental to cartilage damage.
May We Have Your Attention Please? Human-Rights NGOs and the Problem of Global Communication

Historically, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have relied on mainstream news media to expose human-rights violations and encourage governments to pressure the perpetrators. Thanks to the Internet, NGOs are crafting new strategies for conducting information politics. Despite the obvious democratization of access to the means of communication, however, the new media may in fact represent a more challenging environment in which to be heard for some groups seeking global attention. We draw on agenda-setting research to develop a theory of global attention bottlenecks and use it to explain the success of 257 transnational human-rights groups at generating attention in both international mainstream news media and social media outlets. We conclude that most NGOs lack the organizational resources to compete effectively for either traditional news coverage or for public attention and that the Internet is unlikely to resolve the problem of global communication.
Association between fish and shellfish, and omega-3 PUFAs intake and CVD risk factors in middle-aged female patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This study was performed to investigate the association between the dietary intake of fish and shellfish, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the middle-aged Korean female patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). SUBJECTS/METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was performed with 356 female patients (means age: 55.5 years), who were recruited from the Huh's Diabetes Clinic in Seoul, Korea between 2005 and 2011. The dietary intake was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis program (CAN-Pro) version 4.0 software. RESULTS In a multiple regression analysis after the adjustment for confounding factors such as age, BMI, duration of diagnosed T2D, alcohol consumption, fiber intake, sodium intake, and total energy intake, fish and shellfish intake of the subjects was negatively associated with triglyceride and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Omega-3 PUFAs intake was negatively associated with triglyceride, systolic blood pressures, diastolic blood pressures, and PWV. The multiple logistic regression analysis with the covariates showed a significant inverse relationship between the omega-3 PUFAs consumption and prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia [OR (95% CI) for greater than the median compared to less than the median: 0.395 (0.207-0.753)]. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the consumption of fish and shellfish, good sources of omega-3 PUFAs, may reduce the risk factors for CVD in the middle-aged female patients with T2D.
Brief Analysis of the Research on the Negative Motivation of English Language Learning in China

It is found in the analysis of the literature relevant to the research on the negative motivation of English language learning in China by use of 66 papers from 2007 to 2013collected in CNKI database of Chinese Journal Network that the level of the research generally shows an increasing tendency,the present research tends to be normal and scientific but short of theoretical support,the empirical study is dominantly focused on the application of questionnaire as the research method but lack of qualitative research,the confirmation and description to the negative motivation influencing factors is taken as the main subject of the research but short of the relative research on other factors,and the object in the research is only involved with undergraduates but less attention paid to others.
A donor and recipient candidate gene association study of allograft loss in renal transplant recipients receiving a tacrolimus‐based regimen

This work investigated, in two large cohorts of French renal transplants treated with tacrolimus, the influence of donor and recipient ABCB1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 genotypes on the risk of allograft loss. A discovery and a replication population of 330 and 369 adult renal transplant patients, each from a different transplantation center and all receiving a tacrolimus‐based immunosuppressive regimen, were retrospectively genotyped. The influence of genetic factors and other known risk factors on allograft loss was investigated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses. The existence of previous transplantations (per unit HR = 1.89 [1.10‐3.26] P = .0216) and the donor ABCB1 c.1199GA/AA genotype (GA/AAvs GG: HR = 3.22 [1.14‐9.09], P = .0288) were associated with an increased risk of allograft loss in the discovery cohort and with graft loss due to humoral rejection in the replication cohort (per unit HR = 2.26 [1.34‐3.81], P = .00229; GA/AAvs GG HR = 3.42 [1.28‐9.16], P = .0142). Genotyping the donor for the ABCB1 c.1199 G>A (exon 11, rs2229109) allele may be of interest before prescribing tacrolimus to the recipient, although this polymorphism is rather rare and its effect may be limited to certain mechanisms of graft loss.
Ibotenic acid lesions of the substantia nigra pars reticulata ipsilateral to a visual cortical lesion fail to restore visual orienting responses in the cat

Unilateral removal of all known visual cortical areas in the cat renders the animal hemianopic in the contralateral visual field as measured by visual perimetry and other behavioral tests. We have shown that visual orientation behavior can be restored to the previously blind hemifield by destruction of a critical zone in the substantia nigra pars reticulata contralateral to a cortical lesion (Wallace et al., J. Comp. Neurol. 296:222–252, 1990). The model proposed to explain this recovery postulates that damage to the crossed nigrotectal projection disinhibits the superior colliculus ipsilateral to the cortical lesion and this leads to recovery. If disinhibition can account for recovery, then destruction of the uncrossed nigrotectal projection, which is known to exert a tonic inhibition on the superior colliculus, should also result in recovery.
Intra- and inter-rater reliability for judgement of cough following citric acid inhalation

Abstract This study investigated the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of subjective judgements of cough in patients following inhalation of citric acid. Eleven speech-language pathologists (SLPs) currently using cough reflex testing in their clinical practice (experienced raters) and 34 SLPs with no experience using cough reflex testing (inexperienced raters) were recruited to the study. Participants provided a rating of strong, weak, or absent to 10 video segments of cough responses elicited by inhalation of nebulized citric acid. The same video segments presented in a different sequence were re-evaluated by the same clinicians following a 15-minute break. Inter-rater reliability for experienced raters was calculated with a Fleiss’ generalized kappa of . 487; intra-rater reliability was higher with a kappa of . 700. Inexperienced raters showed similar reliability, with kappa values for inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of . 363 and . 618, respectively. In conclusion, SLPs demonstrate only fair-to-moderate reliability in subjectively judging a patient's cough response to citric acid. Experience in making cough judgements does not improve inter-rater reliability significantly. Further validity and reliability research, including an evaluation of the effect of training on judgement reliability, would be beneficial for guiding clinical policies.
Long non-coding RNA SNHG1 regulates NOB1 expression by sponging miR-326 and promotes tumorigenesis in osteosarcoma

The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) has been demonstrated to participate in the deterioration of many types of cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of SNHG1-mediating functions in osteosarcoma (OS) have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, our results showed that SNHG1 was upregulated in OS tissues and cell lines, and high SNHG1 expression predicts poor overall survival of OS patients. Knockdown of SNHG1 inhibited cell growth and metastasis of OS in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that there was reciprocal repression between SNHG1 and miR-326 which act as a tumor suppressor in OS cells, and exhibiting a strong negative relationship between SNHG1 and miR-326 expression in OS tissues. Additionally, we identified that SNHG1 increased human nin one binding protein (NOB1), an oncogene, through sponging miR-326 as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), finally prompting cell growth, migration and invasion in OS. Collectively, these findings not only uncovered that the SNHG1/miR-326/NOB1 signaling axis has a key role in OS progression but also suggested the potential application of SNHG1 and miR-326 as biomarkers in the OS diagnosis and treatment.
Time and Emergence in Grammar: Dislocation, topicalization and hanging topic in French talk-in-interaction

This monograph examines how language contributes to the social coordination of actions in talk-in-interaction. Focusing on a set of frequently used constructions in French (left-dislocation, right-dislocation, topicalization, and hanging topic), the study provides an empirically rich contribution to the understanding of grammar as thoroughly temporal, emergent, and contingent upon its use in social interaction. Based on data from a range of everyday interactions, the authors investigate speakers’ use of these constructions as resources for organizing social interaction, showing how speakers continuously adapt, revise, and extend grammatical trajectories in real time in response to local contingencies. The book is designed to be both informative for the specialized scholar and accessible to the graduate student familiar with conversation analysis and/or interactional linguistics.
Fast Solvers for Cahn-Hilliard Inpainting

The solution of Cahn--Hilliard variational inequalities is of interest in many applications. We discuss the use of them as a tool for binary image inpainting. This has been done before using double-well potentials but not for nonsmooth potentials as considered here. The existing bound constraints are incorporated via the Moreau--Yosida regularization technique. We develop effective preconditioners for the efficient solution of the Newton steps associated with the fast solution of the Moreau--Yosida regularized problem. Numerical results illustrate the efficiency of our approach. Moreover, precise eigenvalue intervals are given for the preconditioned system using a double-well potential. A comparison between the smooth and nonsmooth Cahn--Hilliard inpainting models shows that the latter achieves better results.
The novel Cladosporium fulvum lysin motif effector Ecp6 is a virulence factor with orthologues in other fungal species

During tomato leaf colonization, the biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum secretes several effector proteins into the apoplast. Eight effectors have previously been characterized and show no significant homology to each other or to other fungal genes. To discover novel C. fulvum effectors that might play a role in virulence, we utilized two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D‐PAGE) to visualize proteins secreted during C. fulvum–tomato interactions. Three novel C. fulvum proteins were identified: CfPhiA, Ecp6 and Ecp7. CfPhiA shows homology to proteins found on fungal sporogenous cells called phialides. Ecp6 contains lysin motifs (LysM domains) that are recognized as carbohydrate‐binding modules. Ecp7 encodes a small, cysteine‐rich protein with no homology to known proteins. Heterologous expression of Ecp6 significantly increased the virulence of the vascular pathogen Fusarium oxysporum on tomato. Furthermore, by RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated gene silencing we demonstrate that Ecp6 is instrumental for C. fulvum virulence on tomato. Hardly any allelic variation was observed in the Ecp6 coding region of a worldwide collection of C. fulvum strains. Although none of the C. fulvum effectors identified so far have obvious orthologues in other organisms, conserved Ecp6 orthologues were identified in various fungal species. Homology‐based modelling suggests that the LysM domains of C. fulvum Ecp6 may be involved in chitin binding.
Mind-modelling with corpus stylistics in David Copperfield

We suggest an innovative approach to literary discourse by using corpus linguistic methods to address research questions from cognitive poetics. In this article, we focus on the way that readers engage in mind-modelling in the process of characterisation. The article sets out our cognitive poetic model of characterisation that emphasises the continuity between literary characterisation and real-life human relationships. The model also aims to deal with the modelling of the author’s mind in line with the modelling of the minds of fictional characters. Crucially, our approach to mind-modelling is text-driven. Therefore we are able to employ corpus linguistic techniques systematically to identify textual patterns that function as cues triggering character information. In this article, we explore our understanding of mind-modelling through the characterisation of Mr. Dick from David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. Using the CLiC tool (Corpus Linguistics in Cheshire) developed for the exploration of 19th-century fiction, we investigate the textual traces in non-quotations around this character, in order to draw out the techniques of characterisation other than speech presentation. We show that Mr. Dick is a thematically and authorially significant character in the novel, and we move towards a rigorous account of the reader’s modelling of authorial intention.
Near-Infrared Photometry of the High-Redshift Quasar RD J030117+002025: Evidence for a Massive Starburst at z = 5.5

With a redshift of z = 5.5 and an optical blue magnitude MB ~ -24.2 mag (~4.5 × 1012 L☉), RD J030117+002025 is the most distant, optically faint (MB > -26 mag) quasar known. Max-Planck Millimeter Bolometer (MAMBO) continuum observations at λ = 1.2 mm (185 μm rest frame) showed that this quasar has a far-infrared (FIR) luminosity comparable to its optical luminosity. We present near-infrared J- and K-band photometry obtained with the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRC) on the Keck I telescope, tracing the slope of the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of this quasar. The observed spectral index is close to the value of αν ~ -0.44 measured in composite spectra of optically bright SDSS quasars. It thus appears that the quasar does not suffer from strong dust extinction, which further implies that its low rest-frame UV luminosity is due to an intrinsically faint active galactic nucleus (AGN). The FIR to optical luminosity ratio is then much larger than that observed for the more luminous quasars, supporting the suggestion that the FIR emission is not powered by the AGN but by a massive starburst.
3 Animal Models of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development : Opportunities and Future Directions

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the leading cause of respiratory failure and viral death in infants (Thompson et al., 2003). In HRSV bronchiolitis, plugs of mucus, epithelial cell debris, and innate inflammatory cells obstruct the airways leading to pulmonary obstruction (Aherne et al., 1970; Lugo and Nahata, 1993). In autopsy lung tissues from fatal HRSV disease cases, epithelial damage and mechanical airway obstruction are implicated as key features of HRSV pathogenesis (Johnson et al., 2007; Welliver et al., 2007). Although laboratory animal models of HRSV pathogenesis have been widely used to determine pathogenic mechanisms of HRSV infection, the commonly used lab strains of HRSV do not cause airway epithelial cell desquamation, airway mucus production, or lung dysfunction in mice (Moore et al., 2009a; Peebles et al., 2001). However, some strains of HRSV (e.g. line 19 and clinical isolate A2001/2-20) were shown to cause airway mucus expression and lung dysfunction in mice, and clinical isolates can cause airway epithelial cell desquamation in mice (Moore et al., 2009a; Stokes et al., 2011). The fusion (F) glycoprotein of HRSV strain line 19 was implicated in the mechanism of line 19-induced airway mucus (Moore et al., 2009a). Variation in HRSV glycoprotein sequence may contribute to disease variation observed clinically. The pathogenesis of HRSV is likely due to a combination of host and viral genetic determinants. HRSV strainspecific virulence in mice facilitates mechanistic studies of HRSV pathogenesis and may provide more robust challenge models to test whether vaccines have potential to prevent HRSV disease.
A school-based program to prevent adolescent dating violence: a cluster randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether an interactive curriculum that integrates dating violence prevention with lessons on healthy relationships, sexual health, and substance use reduces physical dating violence (PDV). DESIGN Cluster randomized trial with 2.5-year follow-up; prespecified subgroup analyses by sex. SETTING Grade 9 health classes. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1722 students aged 14-15 from 20 public schools (52.8% girls). Intervention A 21-lesson curriculum delivered during 28 hours by teachers with additional training in the dynamics of dating violence and healthy relationships. Dating violence prevention was integrated with core lessons about healthy relationships, sexual health, and substance use prevention using interactive exercises. Relationship skills to promote safer decision making with peers and dating partners were emphasized. Control schools targeted similar objectives without training or materials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome at 2.5 years was self-reported PDV during the previous year. Secondary outcomes were physical peer violence, substance use, and condom use. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. RESULTS The PDV was greater in control vs intervention students (9.8% vs 7.4%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-6.02; P = .05). A significant group x sex interaction effect indicated that the intervention effect was greater in boys (PDV: 7.1% in controls vs 2.7% in intervention students) than in girls (12.1% vs 11.9%). Main effects for secondary outcomes were not statistically significant; however, sex x group analyses showed a significant difference in condom use in sexually active boys who received the intervention (114 of 168; 67.9%) vs controls (65 of 111 [58.6%]) (P < .01). The cost of training and materials averaged CA$16 per student. CONCLUSION The teaching of youths about healthy relationships as part of their required health curriculum reduced PDV and increased condom use 2.5 years later at a low per-student cost.
SNR enhancement of a spin-MEMS microphone by optimum bias magnetic field and demonstration of operation sound monitoring of rotating equipment

We report on a wide-bandwidth Spin-MEMS microphone, in which spintronic strain-gauge sensors (Spin-SGSs) based on magnetic tunnel junctions are integrated on a diaphragm, with a mechanical resonance frequency of over 70 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 49 dB A. SNR enhancement is realized by adopting an optimum bias magnetic field. We compare operation sounds of defective and normal bearings using the packaged microphone. The Spin-MEMS microphone detects differences in the operation sounds between the defective and normal bearings at the high-frequency range of 10 kHz to 50 kHz, which is a promising result for fault prediction of rotating equipment.
The Legacy of Historical Conflict: Evidence from Africa

This article exploits variation between and within countries to examine the legacy of recorded conflicts in Africa in the precolonial period between 1400 and 1700. There are three main findings. First, we show that historical conflict is correlated with a greater prevalence of postcolonial conflict. Second, historical conflict is correlated with lower levels of trust, a stronger sense of ethnic identity, and a weaker sense of national identity across countries. Third, historical conflict is negatively correlated with subsequent patterns of development looking at the pattern across grid cells within countries.