Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Equity Financing in a Myers-Majluf Framework with Private Benefits of Control

This paper generalizes the Myers and Majluf (1984) model by introducing an agency cost structure based on private benefits of control. This new model predicts that many corporate finance variables each have opposing effects on under- and overinvestment. Private benefits exacerbate overinvestment but, interestingly, a small amount of private benefits can enhance firm value by alleviating underinvestment. Likewise, an increase in insider ownership alleviates overinvestment but aggravates underinvestment. When private benefits are small, the adverse effect of insider ownership on underinvestment tends to dominate. When there are considerable private benefits, the incentive-alignment effect of insider ownership is pronounced. Additionally, this model reconciles existing equity financing theories on announcement effects. It helps resolve the puzzle that small-growth firms do not seem to have an asymmetric information disadvantage when they issue new equity.
Sectoral Price Rigidity and Aggregate Dynamics

This paper studies the business cycle implications of sectoral heterogeneity in price rigidity using a highly disaggregated multi-sector model. The model is estimated by the Simulated Method of Moments using a mix of aggregate and sectoral U.S. data. The frequencies of price changes implied by our estimates are consistent with those reported in micro-based studies. We show that heterogeneity in price rigidity is the primary factor explaining the heterogeneity in the responses of sectoral output and inflation to a monetary policy shock. We also find that ignoring sectoral heterogeneity in price rigidity leads to the mismeasurement of the relative importance of aggregate and sector-specific shocks in aggregate and sectoral fluctuations.
Assessment of Pollution Hazards of Shallow Well Water in Abeokuta and Environs, Southwest, Nigeria

Problem statement: Pollution of well water, either from point or non-p oint sources, has become a thing of health concern both in urban and rural areas. Approach: This study aim at assessing the pollution hazards of groundwater resource by sa mpling some shallow wells from urban and peri- urban area of Abeokuta. Collected samples were anal yzed for water quality parameters using standard procedures. The parameters determined were: Static water level, color, turbidity, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, Total Dissolved S olids (TDS) Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Solids (TS), total hardness, cations {potassium (K) sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), magnesium (mg), Manganese (Mn), iron (Fe)}, anionsChloride (Cl - ), Nitrate (NO 3), Sulphate (SO 4), Phosphate (PO 4)}, heavy metals {lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu)} and microbiological parameters {Bacteria count and Total Coliform count (TC)}. Results: Results were subjected to statistical evaluations using SPSS 15.0 for descriptive statistics and Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). The mean values of TDS, TS, EC and PO 4 were higher in well water collected from urban are as compared to peri-urban areas during wet season. It was also observed that during the dry se ason, TDS, TSS, TS, EC, Mg, Fe, Cl - , PO 4 and total hardness were also higher in samples collected from urban areas relative to peri-urban well water samples. Conclusion: Water quality parameters such as Fe, Pb, NO 3, EC, Bacteria count and total coliform have mean values greater than World Health Organization maximum permissible standards for drinking water. Elevated values of these parame ters are of great concern to public health when the water from these wells is consumed by people without treatment.
Analytical Coverage Probability Framework and Spectrum Sharing Prohibition Zone in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks with Sectored-FFR

—In this work, an analytical coverage probability framework is derived for all the User Equipment (UE) types in a Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)-aided heterogeneous network leveraging tools of stochastic geometry. This framework is used to determine the minimum distance for edge femtocells to safely reuse same spectrum resources utilized by center macro users (MUEs) for successful signal transmission and decoding. A spectrum sharing prohibition zone is thus created in which only orthogonal spectrum usage is allowed between the two tiers to avoid violating the system outage constraint, and is found to be sensitive to macrocell antenna azimuth and other key network parameters. Using the macrocell center radius, m R and the derived co-channel femtocells distance, min co F r  , a new spatial partitioning threshold, f R is obtained for the femtocell network, extending the spectrum sharing prohibition zone for further interference reduction. Analytical and numerical results show that the introduction of f R and use of extended co-channel prohibition zone offers improved protection to UEs against severe cross-tier interference with enhanced throughput performance, compared to most schemes employing a single spatial partitioning parameter. The proposed scheme therefore provides guidelines for efficient deployment of closed-access femtocells with hybrid spectrum usage in multi-tier networks for lower power consumption and improved throughput performance.
Domestication , and Evolution of Forest Trees

of genes and phenotypes and to integrate molecular and quantitative genetics for the analysis of adaptive traits (Frewen et al. 2000; Wullschleger et al. 2002; Brunner et al. 2004). Genomics provides answers to fundamental questions of tree biology and addresses practical problems in tree plantations, forest management, and conservation. Genomic association of natural allelic variation with improved growth and wood properties is being incorporated into tree-breeding programs through allele-specific evaluation and selection (Neale 2007; Grattapaglia et al. 2009). The following are four main areas of genomerelated investigation in forest trees.
Serum high mobility group box‐1 is a powerful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Extracellular high mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) contributes to tumor growth and invasiveness. We evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic ability of serum HMGB1 for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Serum HMGB1 measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were compared among normal, chronic pancreatitis, PDAC group in both training (n = 25, each group) and independent validation set (n = 45, each group). To determine the usability of serum HMGB1 as a diagnostic predictor of PDAC, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with sensitivity/specificity and logistic regression were evaluated. To assess the HMGB1‐associated prognosis of PDAC, Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox proportional‐hazards regression were applied. Serum HMGB1 was correlated with presence and advanced‐stage of PDAC. Logistic regression exhibited serum HMGB1 was a remarkable biomarker to predict PDAC as a single or multiple‐markers; sensitivity/specificity of serum HMGB1 were superior to carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19‐9 or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in both training and independent datasets. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed PDAC patients with high serum HMGB1 levels (>30 ng/mL; median survival, 192 days) had a worse prognosis than patients with low HMGB1 levels (≤30 ng/mL; 514 days) by log‐rank (P = 0.017). Cox proportional‐hazards model showed the relative hazard ratios in high‐serum HMGB1 group was 3.077 compared with the low‐serum HMGB1 group. In conclusion, serum HMGB1 is a desirable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for PDAC compared with pre‐existing PDAC biomarkers, CA19‐9 and CEA.
‘I’m Gonna Ask You about Yourself, so I Can Put It on Paper’: Analysing Street-Level Bureaucracy through Form-Related Talk in Social Work

Standardised formats in social work have often been seen as neo-liberal and linked to New Public Management. Analysing naturally occurring data from social work interactions (conversations) in a homeless shelter, we argue that examining street-level bureaucracy from a discursive perspective enables us to discover new aspects of formrelated interaction. By investigating several approaches to form-talk, we see how standardisation, routinisation, time and documentation function in concert to accomplish social work. We argue that, while some talk strictly adheres to questionnaires, allowing little space for client voice, other types of form-related talk do not adhere directly to form questions, providing more space for client voice. Importantly, the former interactions are discursively narrow spaces for client participation but provide transparency of the accountable event in play, while the latter discussions are more participatory client spaces that reduce transparency of the accountable event. As a result, we are both critical of the use of forms in the casework context and cautiously optimistic in terms of implications for social work.
Evaluation of in-service training program named Technology Usage Course in Education Eğitimde Teknoloji Kullanımı Kursu hizmetiçi eğitim programının değerlendirilmesi

The aim of present study evaluate in-service training program named technology using course in education within the scope of FATIH project according to opinion of teachers and formator teachers. Convergent parallel mixed research method was used in the study. For the quantitative strand of the research, data were collected through survey from totally 92 teachers. The qualitative data were collected through interview from 49 teachers and 5 formator teachers who volunteered to participate in the study. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data obtained from research and the content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. According to research findings, in-service training program was partially successful but there are some shortcomings and problems related to in service training program. Teachers reported that in-service training program contribute to teachers in the context of integration of technology in education but there are problems related to in-service training program as a points of time, infrastructure, practice and qualification of formator teachers. Formator teachers reported that in-service training program contribute to teachers in the point of using educational Technologies but they reported that there are problems in the points of participant characteristics, quality of program, infrastructure and time. The result of study shows that quality of this in-service training program is not on desired level and this result has been shown to be supported by quantitative and qualitative findings in this study. OzetBu arastirmanin amaci FATIH projesi kapsaminda ogretmenlere verilen “Egitimde Teknoloji Kullanimi Kursu” hizmetici programini ogretmen ve formator ogretmen goruslerine gore degerlendirmektir. Calismada karma arastirma desenlerinden “yakinsayan paralel karma desen kullanilmistir. Arastirmanin nicel kismina iliskin veriler 92 ogretmenden anket yoluyla, nitel kismina iliskin veriler ise arastirmaya gonullu katilan 49 ogretmen ve 5 formator ogretmenden gorusme yoluyla elde edilmistir. Arastirmadan elde edilen nicel verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistik, nitel verilerin analizinde icerik analizi kullanilmistir. Arastirma bulgularina gore Egitimde Teknoloji Kullanimi Kursu hizmetici egitim programinin kismen basarili oldugu ancak aksakliklarin ve sorunlarinda oldugu hem ogretmenler hem de formator ogretmenler tarafindan vurgulanmistir. Ogretmenler programin, egitimde teknoloji entegrasyonu baglaminda katki sagladigi ancak zaman, alt yapi ve pratik yapma, egitmen niteligi gibi konularda sorunlarin oldugunu belirtmislerdir. Formator ogretmenlerde programin egitim teknolojileri kullanma ozelligi acisindan ogretmenlere katki sagladigini ancak katilimci ozellikleri, programin niteligi, alt yapi ve zaman konularinda sorunlarin oldugunu ifade etmislerdir. Arastirmanin sonucuna gore bu hizmetici egitim programinin istenilen duzeyde olmadigi ve bu durumun nicel-nitel bulgularla desteklendigi gorulmustur.
Hope College Digital Commons Hope College Digital Commons

Women who base their self-worth on appearance or others’ approval are vulnerable to low body esteem when they view media images of thin models. We explored one way religion might mitigate the harmful media effects in these women. We tested whether basing self-worth on appearance or others’ approval was positively related to body comparisons and body surveillance. We tested whether reading religious body-affirming statements enhanced feelings of being loved, which would increase body esteem in women who base self-worth on appearance or others’ approval. This experiment manipulated the type of body-affirming statements (religious, spiritual, control) and assessed women’s body esteem before and after they viewed thin models. Results showed basing self-worth on appearance or others’ approval was positively related to body comparisons and surveillance. Furthermore, reading religious body-affirmations increased feeling loved, which in turn increased weight esteem in women who based self-worth on appearance or others’ approval.
Behavioral Impact, Acceptability, and HIV Incidence Among Homosexual Men With Access to Postexposure Chemoprophylaxis for HIV

Background:Little is known about the behavioral impact, acceptability, and incidence of HIV infection in persons with easy access to post–sexual exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to prevent HIV. Methods:Participants were recruited from a well-characterized, high-risk HIV seronegative homosexual male cohort in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, given a 4-day supply of zidovudine and lamivudine, and instructed to begin PEP immediately after an eligible exposure. For eligible exposures, an additional 24-day supply was provided. Reported behavior, PEP utilization, adverse events, and incident HIV infection were the main study outcomes. The observed and expected incidences of HIV infection were compared. Results:Two hundred subjects were enrolled and followed for a median of 24.2 months. The median age was 28 years. PEP was initiated 109 times by 68 participants (34.0%). In comparison to reported behavior at baseline, reported high-risk sexual activities on average declined over time for both PEP and non-PEP users. There were no serious drug-related adverse events. There were 11 HIV seroconversions, 10 among non-PEP users and 1 that was a PEP failure. The overall seroincidence was 2.9 per 100 person-years (95% CI = 1.4, 5.1). The expected number of new HIV infections and corresponding expected seroincidence based on the risk profile were 11.8 and 3.1, respectively (P > 0.97). The most commonly reported reasons for not initiating PEP among seroconverters were sex with a steady partner and not considering the exposure to be of sufficiently high risk to warrant PEP. Conclusion:PEP was safe and did not appear to be associated with increases in reported high-risk behavior in our cohort. Ready access to PEP did not appear to substantially affect HIV transmission, suggesting a limited public health impact of this intervention.
Effect of zirconia surface treatments on the shear bond strength of veneering ceramic

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of surface treatments of zirconia (grinding and sandblast with 50μm, 100 μm) on shear bond strength between zirconia core and veneering ceramic. Material and methods: Twenty-eight presintered Y-TZP ceramic specimens (IPS e.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar vivadent) were fabricated and sintered according to manufacturer’s instructions. The core specimens were divided randomly in to 4 groups, group 1: no surface treatment, group2: zirconia specimens were ground with silicon carbide paper up to1200 grit under water cooling, group3: zirconia specimens were ground and sandblast with 100 μm alumina, group 4: zirconia specimens were ground and sandblast with 50 μm alumina. Surface roughness of specimens were analyzed by surface profilometer, then veneering ceramic (IPS e.max ceramic, Ivoclar vivadent) was applied on the specimens& fired according to manufacturer’s instructions. All specimens were subjected to shear force in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. The shear bond strength values were analyzed with one-way ANOVA; the fractured surfaces were examined with a stereo-microscope to observe the failure mode. Results: The mean of shear bond strength values in MPa were 24.75 for group 4, (17.72) for group 3, (17.68) for group2, (14.61) for group 1.The airborne-particle abrasion with 50μm group showed significantly higher bond strength than other groups. The airborne-particle-abraded with 100 μm group was not significantly different from grinding group. Conclusion: With limit of this study, the sandblast with 50 μm alumina was enhance the SBS between zirconia &veneering ceramic, and zirconia-veneering ceramic bonding is not only influenced by surface roughness. But also may be other factors.
MIB‐1 immunostaining on cytological samples: a protocol without antigen retrieval

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of fixation procedures on MIB‐1 immunostaining on microwave‐treated Papanicolaou‐stained slides and to establish protocol for MIB‐1 immunostaining on cytological samples without microwave pre‐treatment. Cytospins for immunostaining and nuclear suspension for DNA measurement were prepared from human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7). Following fixation, the cytospins were either stained by Papanicolaou, stored in methanol or air‐dried. Antigen retrieval by microwave was used before MIB‐1 immunostaining only for Papanicolaou‐stained cytospins. Air‐dried cytospins and cytospins stored in methanol were immunostained without pre‐treatment. The percentage of MIB‐1 positive cells was compared with the S phase fraction of MCF‐7 cells calculated from DNA histograms. Variations in fixation procedures used before Papanicolaou staining had no influence on the percentage of MIB‐1 positive cells. The difference between the percentage of the MIB‐1‐positive cells on microwave‐treated Papanicolaou‐stained cytospins and on methanol‐fixed cytospins without microwave pre‐treatment was not significant. There was a strong correlation between the percentage of the MIB‐1‐positive cells and S phase fraction. Monoclonal antibody MIB‐1 recognized Ki‐67 antigen in Papanicolaou‐stained cytospins treated by microwave as well as in cytospins that were fixed and stored in methanol without microwave pre‐treatment.
How We Know It Hurts: Item Analysis of Written Narratives Reveals Distinct Neural Responses to Others' Physical Pain and Emotional Suffering

People are often called upon to witness, and to empathize with, the pain and suffering of others. In the current study, we directly compared neural responses to others' physical pain and emotional suffering by presenting participants (n = 41) with 96 verbal stories, each describing a protagonist's physical and/or emotional experience, ranging from neutral to extremely negative. A separate group of participants rated “how much physical pain”, and “how much emotional suffering” the protagonist experienced in each story, as well as how “vivid and movie-like” the story was. Although ratings of Pain, Suffering and Vividness were positively correlated with each other across stories, item-analyses revealed that each scale was correlated with activity in distinct brain regions. Even within regions of the “Shared Pain network” identified using a separate data set, responses to others' physical pain and emotional suffering were distinct. More broadly, item analyses with continuous predictors provided a high-powered method for identifying brain regions associated with specific aspects of complex stimuli – like verbal descriptions of physical and emotional events.
Evolving Novel Chemical Entities for Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND Proliferation of the smooth muscle and epithelial cells within the prostatic transition zone in older men leads to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is hallmarked by the troublesome lower urinary tract symptoms. The affair responsible for the initiation and promotion of disease is still unresolved, though alpha-blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors are used as management options for relief from the dynamic and static components respectively. METHOD Combination therapy including both the alpha blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor is emerging as inclusive parcel for treatment. However, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) are the other management resources, which are in the limelight. RESULT This review gives a glimpse of BPH and the various chemical entities which have been reported in literature till date for the condition since 2005.
Does IQ Cause Race Differences in Well-being?

Fuerst and Kirkegaard (this issue; hereafter, “F&K”) present comprehensive, balanced analyses of aggregate-level data (i.e., state, nation) for the people of the Americas. They report moderate to strong correlations between racial admixture, intelligence, and a global measure of socioeconomic well-being. One possible explanation for these correlations is that IQ mediates race/well-being relationships. In fact, F&K show that racial ancestry has essentially no effect on socioeconomic outcomes, after partialing IQ out of the outcomes. I received their manuscript on 9/15/2015, and I present the following evaluation of their findings, together with supporting analyses for just the USA.
Calibration of numerical models for small debris flows in Yosemite Valley, California, USA

Abstract. This study compares documented debris flow runout distances with numerical simulations in the Yosemite Valley of California, USA, where about 15% of historical events of slope instability can be classified as debris flows and debris slides (Wieczorek and Snyder, 2004). To model debris flows in the Yosemite Valley, we selected six streams with evidence of historical debris flows; three of the debris flow deposits have single channels, and the other three split their pattern in the fan area into two or more channels. From field observations all of the debris flows involved coarse material, with only very small clay content. We applied the one dimensional DAN (Dynamic ANalysis) model (Hungr, 1995) and the two-dimensional FLO-2D model (O'Brien et al., 1993) to predict and compare the runout distance and the velocity of the debris flows observed in the study area. As a first step, we calibrated the parameters for the two softwares through the back analysis of three debris- flows channels using a trial-and-error procedure starting with values suggested in the literature. In the second step we applied the selected values to the other channels, in order to evaluate their predictive capabilities. After parameter calibration using three debris flows we obtained results similar to field observations We also obtained a good agreement between the two models for velocities. Both models are strongly influenced by topography: we used the 30 m cell size DTM available for the study area, that is probably not accurate enough for a highly detailed analysis, but it can be sufficient for a first screening.
Family Size and Achievement

The children born since the end of the postwar baby boom are the first in American history to come primarily from small familiesfamilies of three or fewer children. Judith Blake calls this momentous change the sibsize revolution, and this book focuses on the cognitive and educational consequences to children of families of different sizes. "