Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Mediating Role of Self-Discrepancies in the Relationship Between Media Exposure and Well-Being Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents

Extant research suggests that exposure to depictions of sexuality in the media may influence the well-being of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents. Far less is known about the underlying processes that may explain this relationship. Self-discrepancy theory was utilized to predict that relationships between media exposure and well-being among LGB adolescents would be mediated by self-discrepancies in identity. A national survey of 573 LGB adolescents revealed that exposure to gay- and lesbian-oriented media was positively related to the well-being of LGB teens. The relationship between gay- and lesbian-oriented media exposure and well-being was mediated by self-discrepancies in identity for LGB adolescents low in sexual identity commitment. This finding suggests that increased exposure to gay- and lesbian-oriented media could decrease uncommitted LGB teens' perceived differences between their actual selves and their ideal selves, which, in turn, could increase their well-being. A positive relationship between mainstream media exposure and well-being was not mediated by self-discrepancies. The discussion focuses on the role of media in the identity development and sexual socialization of LGB adolescents.
Language Planning and Policy in Paraguay

Paraguay is unique among the countries of the Americas in that nearly 90% of the largely non-indigenous population speaks an indigenous language, Guaraní. The majority of the country is also bilingual in Guaraní and Spanish. Since the end of Stroessner's 35 years of dictatorship in 1989, Paraguay has made significant progress in language planning and policy within a more democratic framework. An initiative to implement universal, two-way bilingual education in Guaraní and Spanish has resulted in the widespread, if still somewhat limited, use of Guaraní in the classroom. Despite disagreement over the purism of textbook Guaraní, the programme has been received positively by parents, students, and teachers. As documented in a recent report on human rights in Paraguay (United States Department of State, 2000), the situation of indigenous populations is precarious. Their survival will depend not only on more clearly articulated language policy that upholds their linguistic rights, but as well on support by the government of other basic human rights, such as preventive medical care and land reform.
Requestioning, Reimagining, and Retooling Philanthropy

The quest for effectiveness in American philanthropy is a work in progress with inconclusive results. The best way to answer the question of how philanthropy can improve its chances for creating important social impacts is by asking a series of questions.Foundation leaders who question their institutional strategies and assumptions are best positioned to improve their own institutions and the wider field. Based on his own work as a foundation president, the author reflects on a series of critical questions—about theory of change, grantee-grantor relations, and institutional change—that prompted a radical redesign in the foundation’s strategy and practices.
“A Fly in the Ointment”

This study draws from a larger phenomenological study on African American academic persistence and career aspirations in education. This article highlights three African American males’ experiences with concentrated forms of stereotype threat in teacher education. Their voices revealed dimensions of how power and privilege operate in teacher education. Three themes emerged as significant factors, stereotype threat, grappling with marginalization, and significant role models, in their schooling experiences and motivations to teach. Findings of this study suggest practical implications for teacher-credential programs, faculty practice, and prospective African American male teachers.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Clinician-Led Tactile Stimulation to Reduce Pain During Vaccination in Infants

Background. Clinician-led tactile stimulation (rubbing the skin adjacent to the injection site or applying pressure) has been demonstrated to reduce pain in children and adults undergoing vaccination. Objective. To evaluate the analgesic effectiveness of clinician-led tactile stimulation in infants undergoing vaccination. Methods. This was a partially blinded randomized controlled trial that included infants undergoing vaccination in a private clinic in Toronto. Infants were randomly allocated to tactile stimulation or no tactile stimulation immediately prior to, during, and after vaccination. The primary outcome was infant pain, assessed using a validated observational measure, the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS; range = 0-10). Results. Altogether, 121 infants participated (n = 62 tactile stimulation; n = 59 control); demographics did not differ (P > .05) between groups. MBPS scores did not differ between groups: mean = 7.2 (standard deviation = 2.4) versus 7.6 (1.9); P = . 245. Conclusion. Tactile stimulation cannot be recommended as a strategy to reduce vaccination pain in infants because of insufficient evidence of a benefit.
Toward an integrative account of social cognition: marrying theory of mind and interactionism to study the interplay of Type 1 and Type 2 processes

Traditional theory of mind (ToM) accounts for social cognition have been at the basis of most studies in the social cognitive neurosciences. However, in recent years, the need to go beyond traditional ToM accounts for understanding real life social interactions has become all the more pressing. At the same time it remains unclear whether alternative accounts, such as interactionism, can yield a sufficient description and explanation of social interactions. We argue that instead of considering ToM and interactionism as mutually exclusive opponents, they should be integrated into a more comprehensive account of social cognition. We draw on dual process models of social cognition that contrast two different types of social cognitive processing. The first type (labeled Type 1) refers to processes that are fast, efficient, stimulus-driven, and relatively inflexible. The second type (labeled Type 2) refers to processes that are relatively slow, cognitively laborious, flexible, and may involve conscious control. We argue that while interactionism captures aspects of social cognition mostly related to Type 1 processes, ToM is more focused on those based on Type 2 processes. We suggest that real life social interactions are rarely based on either Type 1 or Type 2 processes alone. On the contrary, we propose that in most cases both types of processes are simultaneously involved and that social behavior may be sustained by the interplay between these two types of processes. Finally, we discuss how the new integrative framework can guide experimental research on social interaction.
The Process of Emotion Regulation Is Different From Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation: Conceptual Arguments and a Focus on Individual Differences

Gross’s (this issue) thoughtful and detailed model of the process of emotion regulation and related valuative processes is a considerable contribution to our understanding of the complex processes involved in actual regulation of emotion in context. He provides a framework for framing what is involved in regulating emotions, what contributes to emotion regulation, and what can go well or poorly in the process. He also mentions a number of important directions for inquiry, including individual differences, culture, and development. In this commentary, we attempt to expand on some of these topics as well as discuss the place of Gross’s model in the literature on emotion regulation and self-regulation. Specifically, after discussing more general conceptual issues and the difference between the process of emotion regulation in context and abilities related to individual differences in dispositional emotion self-regulation, we turn to the role of development, parental socialization, and culture in individual differences in emotion-related self-regulation.
Die Bedeutung kultureller Wertorientierungen für das Commitment gegenüber der Organisation, dem Vorgesetzten, der Arbeitsgruppe und der eigenen Karriere

Zusammenfassung. Vor dem Hintergrund zunehmender Globalisierung von Markten und Unternehmen stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit kulturelle Unterschiede das Erleben und Verhalten der Mitarbeiter beeinflussen. Diese Studie untersucht auf der individuellen Ebene an einer deutschen Stichprobe mit 349 Beschaftigten den Zusammenhang kultureller Wertorientierungen (Individualismus-Kollektivismus, Machtdistanz und Unsicherheitsvermeidung) mit dem Commitment der Mitarbeiter. Dabei werden unterschiedliche Foci (Organisation, Vorgesetzter, Arbeitsgruppe und die eigene Karriere) mit jeweils drei Komponenten (affektiv, kalkulatorisch und normativ) unterschieden. Mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen konnte zunachst die differenzierte Struktur des Commitment-Modells bestatigt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen erwartungsgemase Zusammenhange zwischen den Kulturorientierungen und Commitment. Kollektivismus korreliert vor allem mit dem Commitment gegenuber der Arbeitsgruppe und der Organisation. Machtdistanz steht in Zusamme.
Modeling trends of health and health related indicators in Ethiopia ( 1995-2008 ) : a time-series study

Background: The Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia has been publishing Health and Health related indicators of the country annually since 1987 E.C. These indicators have been of high importance in indicating the status of health in the country in those years. However, the trends/ patterns of these indicators and the factors related to the trends have not yet been investigated in a systematic manner. In addition, there were minimal efforts to develop a model for predicting future values of Health and Health related indicators based on the current trend. Objectives: The overall aim of this study was to analyze trends of and develop model for prediction of Health and Health related indicators. More specifically, it described the trends of Health and Health related indicators, identified determinants of mortality and morbidity indicators and developed model for predicting future values of MDG indicators. Methods: This study was conducted on Health and Health related indicators of Ethiopia from the year 1987 E.C to 2000 E.C. Key indicators of Mortality and Morbidity, Health service coverage, Health systems resources, Demographic and socio-economic, and Risk factor indicators were extracted and analyzed. The trends in these indicators were established using trend analysis techniques. The determinants of the established trends were identified using ARIMA models in STATA. The trend-line equations were then used to predict future values of the indicators. Results: Among the mortality indicators considered in this study, it was only Maternal Mortality Ratio that showed statistically significant decrement within the study period. The trends of Total Fertility Rate, physician per 100,000 population, skilled birth attendance and postnatal care coverage were found to have significant association with Maternal Mortality Ratio trend. There was a reversal of malaria parasite prevalence in 1999 E.C from Plasmodium Falciparum to Plasmodium Vivax. Based on the prediction from the current trend, the Millennium Development Goal target for under-five mortality rate and proportion of people having access to basic sanitation can be achieved. Conclusion: The current trend indicates the need to accelerate the progress of the indicators to achieve MDGs at or before 2015, particularly for Maternal Health and access to safe water supply. Published: 13 December 2009 Health Research Policy and Systems 2009, 7:29 doi:10.1186/1478-4505-7-29 Received: 21 September 2009 Accepted: 13 December 2009 This article is available from: http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/7/1/29 © 2009 Abraha and Nigatu; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A Coevolutionary Approach to the Capitalist Space Economy

What happens to technologies, firms, regional outputs, interregional accessibility, and trade when they are understood as coevolving? This paper offers a relational mathematical approach to this question, one whose embrace of disequilibrium, context, history, uncertainty, both monetary and material perspectives on economic activity, and complexity resonates productively with many qualitative theoretical approaches. I present a multiregion, multisector, multifirm model of a society shaped by the pursuit of profit and explore some of its theoretical implications through the narration of simulations, including points of contrast with the approaches and implications of geographical economics. Under different conditions, various economic geographies emerge, including interregional divergence and convergence, specialisation and diversification, as well as the possibility of transitions between these dynamical paths. The relational quantitative method advanced here suggests directions for future research into the theoretical landscapes of economic geographies emerging beyond equilibrium.
We Have Never Been Latourian: Archaeological Ethics and the Posthuman Condition

This article is motivated by the recent proposal of a ‘symmetrical’ approach in archaeology. Symmetrical archaeology takes its starting point in Bruno Latour's contention that we have – paradoxically – always been able to practice a symmetry between humans and non-humans, and that we have, simultaneously, also always been able to distinguish humans from non-humans. It has been argued by its proponents that symmetrical archaeology has ethical ramifications, yet this dimension remains only vaguely described in the current literature. This article seeks to explore what it might mean to extend ethics from humans to non-humans, and it contends that such a relationship is already being practised. Archaeological practice and heritage management are salient examples of how the ability to distinguish and conflate humans and non-humans frequently occurs along the lines of a number of undeclared and un-critiqued political and ethical logics. In effect, some things and some people are embraced by an empathetic embroidery, while others are disenfranchised. The article contends that a symmetrical principle in archaeology and heritage poses central ethical challenges to the ways in which the archaeological Other is defined and identified.
“I’d rather we be neighbours than lovers”: The two-sidedness of multiculturalism

Multiculturalism can be viewed as promoting positive intergroup relations in the public domain (neighbours, classmates) and heritage culture maintenance in the romantic domain (marriage). The present study examined this “two-sidedness” of multiculturalism by focusing on intergroup social distance in relation to endorsement of multiculturalism, group identifications, and group status. The study was conducted in Mauritius amongst 1,784 adolescents from the three main ethnic groups, Hindus (n = 844), Muslims (n = 630), and Creoles (n = 310). In agreement with the “two-sidedness,” participants made a distinction between public and romantic social distance, and intergroup differentiation in social distance was stronger in the romantic compared to the public domain. The endorsement of multiculturalism was associated to lower out-group public distance and lower in-group romantic distance. National identification predicted lower public and romantic out-group social distance. Ethnic identification was associated with higher out-group social distances and lower in-group social distances, particularly for the high-status group of Hindus.
Recruitment Consultant Revenue: Relationships with IQ, Personality, and Emotional Intelligence

The objective of this paper is to address the predictive validity of the workplace Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test. The first aim of this research project was to identify whether financial revenue earned by consultants in an Australian professional recruitment company were related to their levels of emotional intelligence (EI). The second aim was to assess whether EI competencies were more strongly related to revenue performance than measures of IQ and personality. The study consisted of 100 recruitment consultants from a large Australian‐based company who had their IQ assessed and completed a questionnaire battery consisting of measures of personality and EI. Revenue accrued by the recruitment consultants was also collected and related to the psychometric measures. Results showed that emotional competencies and personality traits are valuable predictors of job performance as measured by the revenue accrued by recruitment consultants. Further to this, the EI competencies were observed to be more strongly related to this measure of performance, and were able to predict a significant proportion of variance in performance in comparison to IQ and personality.
The effect of Filmed modeling on the anxious and cooperative behavior of 4-6 years old children during dental treatment: A randomized clinical trial study

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Filmed modeling in comparison with commonly used Tell-Show-Do technique (T.S.D) on the anxious and cooperative behavior of 4-6 years old children during dental practice. Materials and Methods: Forty six children aged 4-6 years were enrolled in this study and randomly allocated into two groups. Group I: At the first visit, the procedure of Tell-Show-Do, and at the second visit, the treatment procedures were performed by the dentist for the children. Group II: At the first visit, children watched a film consisting of the procedure of Tell-Show-Do performed on a child model. At the second visit, treatment procedures were performed. In both groups, during the treatment procedure, index of heart rate was measured and behaviors of children were recorded. The children's anxious and cooperative behaviors on the recordings were quantified according to Venham and Frankl rating scales, respectively. The data were compared between two groups using T-test method. All statistical references were made at 0.05. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate measures, clinical anxiety and cooperative behavior scores of children between the two groups (P = 0.6). Conclusion: Filmed modeling can be an efficient alternative method to Tell-Show-Do technique in pre-appointment preparation of the 4-6 years old children during dental treatment.
Spectrotemporal sound preferences of neighboring inferior colliculus neurons: implications for local circuitry and processing

How do local circuits in the inferior colliculus (IC) process and transform spectral and temporal sound information? Using a four-tetrode array we examined the functional properties of the IC and metrics of its micro circuitry by recording neural activity from neighboring single neurons in the cat. Spectral and temporal response preferences were compared for neurons found on the same and adjacent tetrodes (ATs), as well as across distant recording sites. We found that neighboring neurons had similar preferences while neurons recorded across distant sites were less similar. Best frequency (BF) was the most correlated parameter between neighboring neurons and BF differences exhibited unique clustering at ~0.3 octave intervals, indicative of the frequency band lamina. Other spectral and temporal parameters of the receptive fields were more similar for neighboring neurons than for those at distant sites and the receptive field similarity was larger for neurons with small differences in BF. Furthermore, correlated firing was stronger for neighboring neuron pairs and increased with proximity and decreasing BF difference. Thus, although response selectivities are quite diverse in the IC, spectral, and temporal preference within a local microcircuit are functionally quite similar. This suggests a scheme where local circuits are organized into zones that are specialized for processing distinct spectrotemporal cues.
Awareness of cognitive strategies: The relationship between university students' metacognition and their performance

ABSTRACT This study is part of an exploratory research project on first-year university students' metacognition. Using data from structured interviews, the investigation examines the way university students describe, judge and justify their cognitive strategies. This paper explores in particular the relationship between students' metacognition and their academic performance. In a sample of 35 economics students, a relationship was found between performance and some students' metacognitive knowledge characteristics. In particular, it was found that high achieving students seem to be aware of more cognitive rules and to evoke metacognitive knowledge about cognitive processes and cognitive results more frequently (for instance, justification of a cognitive rule by an anticipated cognitive result). Their metacognitive knowledge also seemed more structured and hierarchically organised; for instance, high achieving students describe more frequently their cognitive strategy as a complex sequence including severa.
Major depression and the environment : A psychiatric genetic perspective

Genetic factors can interact with environmental factors to influence the vulnerability to major depression (MD) in subtle ways. I explore two such mechanisms: "genetic control of sensitivity to the environment," and "genetic control of exposure to the environment. " "Genetic control of sensitivity to the environment" suggests that genes, in part, render individuals relatively vulnerable or relatively invulnerable to the pathogenic effects of environmental stress. In support of this hypothesis, evidence is presented that the depressogenic effect of stressful life events is substantially greater in those at high versus low genetic risk to the MD. "Genetic control of exposure to the environment" suggests that genetic factors influence the probability that individuals will select themselves into high vs. low risk environments. In support of this hypothesis, evidence from a population based twin study suggests that certain classes of stressful life events are modestly heritable. The genetic risk factors for MD in part express themselves by influencing the probability that individuals will experience stressful life events, particularly of an interpersonal nature.
Anxiety in Visually Handicapped Children and Youth

This study was designed to assess anxiety in visually handicapped children and youth using multiple measures. Seventy-five visually handicapped children and youth were assessed in special education programs in Illinois. The primary purpose was to replicate and extend the few studies in the area, by establishing reliability data on the scales, examining the interrelationship of the Self-Evaluation Questionnaire, Fear Survey Schedule for Children, and Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale on self-report. Reliability coefficients of . 74 on the Self-Evaluation Questionnaire to . 96 on the Fear Survey Schedule were found. These data show good internal consistency and suggest that a unitary construct is being measured. Second, the correlation between the total scores for all three measures and State-Trait factors of the Self-Evaluation Questionnaire were measured and proved that the two factors and total score on the scale were measuring a related construct. Conversely, the Fear Survey Schedule and Child Manifest An.