Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
“I’d rather injure somebody else than get injured”: An introduction to the study of exposure to physical violence among young people experiencing homelessness

ABSTRACT Homeless young people are at risk for a range of negative health and behavioral outcomes, and they commonly report exposure to physical violence, as both perpetrators and victims. Semi-structured interviews focusing on exposure to physical violence were conducted with 18 homeless young people in Victoria, Australia. Results showed perpetration of physical violence occurred as a form of self-protection. Painful experiences of physical victimization were also described. Injuries were sustained as a result of both physical violence perpetration and victimization. Results suggest an important duality exists between homeless young people’s acceptance of exposure to physical violence as normal and requiring emotional detachment at the time of its occurrence, and later reflection about exposure to physical violence with emotional engagement and problematizing the necessity of normalization and detachment. Shame, stigma, and unequal power relationships were described in relation to interactions with health professionals. Future research exploring violence as a response to vulnerability and subsequent feelings of shame and stigma in homeless young people is especially warranted.
Mathematical Analysis of Multi-Agent Systems

We review existing approaches to mathematical modeling and analysis of multi-agent systems in which complex collective behavior arises out of local interactions between many simple agents. Though the behavior of an individual agent can be considered to be stochastic and unpredictable, the collective behavior of such systems can have a simple probabilistic description. We show that a class of mathematical models that describe the dynamics of collective behavior of multi-agent systems can be written down from the details of the individual agent controller. The models are valid for Markov or memoryless agents, in which each agents future state depends only on its present state and not any of the past states. We illustrate the approach by analyzing in detail applications from the robotics domain: collaboration and foraging in groups of robots.
Towards decolonising teaching strategies: How to 'domesticate' and 'infuse' Western science with indigenous knowledge

Through recent violent protests, university students across South Africa have demanded a decolonised curriculum that includes incorporating indigenous knowledge into it. In response to that demand I pursue three aims in this article. First, I examine why it is important to infuse both indigenous knowledge and Western science into the school science curriculum. Second, I discuss Jegede’s collateral learning theory and Piaget’s theories relating to cognitive development in order to explain not only how African learners learn science but, more specifically, the cognitive challenges they might face when the focus is only on Western knowledge. Third, I recommend some teaching approaches on how to domesticate and infuse Western science with indigenous knowledge in the science classroom. Accordingly, I present practical examples of the ways in which teachers can teach both bodies of knowledge to make science more meaningful and appropriate to most African learners. I want to stimulate thinking about the importance of indigenous knowledge in school science today, as well as consider the implications for a shift in teacher pedagogy that a decolonial curriculum requires.
Performance analysis of beamspace MUSIC with beamforming angle

The relation between beamforming and related beamspace high resolution direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is studied in this paper. Good DOA estimates are obtainable by applying MUSIC to the beam outputs directly. DOA estimation performance is related to the beamforming angle and inter-beam angle. This paper uses the forward-backward spatial smoothing technique as the preprocessor of beamspace MUSIC. We show by computer simulation that DOA estimates vary with inter-beam angle. We also show that DOA estimates of beamspace MUSIC are changed with beamforming angle.
Malnutrition and mortality in Kohistan District, Afghanistan, April 2001.

CONTEXT The humanitarian situation in Afghanistan has been deteriorating for more than 3 years because of civil war and severe drought. Because of recent events, the international community is predicting a severe worsening of the country's current situation. OBJECTIVE To assess the magnitude and causes of mortality and prevalence of malnutrition in Kohistan district, Faryab province, Afghanistan. DESIGN Two-stage, 30-cluster household survey conducted April 4 through 10, 2001, which included anthropometric measurements, assessment of food coping mechanisms, and retrospective mortality data collection for November 26, 2000, through April 4, 2001. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 378 households comprising 3165 people living in Kohistan district, Faryab province, Afghanistan. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Crude mortality rate, mortality rate among children younger than 5 years, causes of death, prevalence of wasting and stunting among children aged 6 to 59 months (weight-for-height and height-for-age z scores <-2, respectively), and food coping mechanisms. RESULTS The crude mortality rate among the 3165 persons surveyed during the period of interest was 2.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-3.5) per 10 000 per day and the mortality rate among 763 children younger than 5 years was 5.9 (95% CI, 2.0-8.8) per 10 000 per day. Diarrhea (25.0%), respiratory tract infections (19.4%), measles (15.7%), and scurvy (6.5%) caused most of the 108 deaths. The prevalences of wasting and stunting among 708 children aged 6 to 59 months were 7.0% (95% CI, 5.9%-9.0%) and 63.7% (95% CI, 58.6%-68.8%), respectively. Evidence of late-stage food coping mechanisms and prefamine indicators existed among the population. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that, by April 2001, a humanitarian crisis already existed in Kohistan. Essential humanitarian services, including food aid and public health programs, are urgently required in such regions of Afghanistan and will be crucial if a worsening humanitarian crisis is to be avoided. For these services and programs to be implemented, the international community needs to create adequate humanitarian space (ie, a secure and accessible location where humanitarian organizations can provide services to emergency-affected populations) to ensure that humanitarian organizations have access to populations within Afghanistan as well as to refugees who flee to surrounding countries.
Some questions concerning Hrushovski's amalgamation constructions

Abstract In order to construct a counterexample to Zilber's conjecture—that a strongly minimal set has a degenerate, affine or field-like geometry—Ehud Hrushovski invented an amalgamation technique which has yielded all the exotic geometries so far. We shall present a framework for this construction in the language of standard geometric stability and show how some of the recent constructions fit into this setting. We also ask some fundamental questions concerning this method.
Vacuum-assisted drainage in cardiopulmonary bypass: advantages and disadvantages

Systematic review of vacuum assisted drainage in cardiopulmonary bypass, demonstrating its advantages and disadvantages, by case reports and evidence about its effects on microcirculation. We conducted a systematic search on the period 1997-2012, in the databases PubMed, Medline, Lilacs and SciELO. Of the 70 selected articles, 26 were included in the review. Although the vacuum assisted drainage has significant potential for complications and requires appropriate technology and professionalism, prevailed in literature reviewed the concept that vacuum assisted drainage contributed in reducing the rate of transfusions, hemodilutions, better operative field, no significant increase in hemolysis, reduced complications surgical, use of lower prime and of smaller diameter cannulas.
The Role of Trust in Postadoption IT Exploration: An Empirical Examination of Knowledge Management Systems

In this study, we examine trust in information technology's (IT) relationship with postadoption exploration of knowledge management systems (KMS). We introduce and distinguish between trust in IT and trust in IT support staff as object-specific beliefs that influence technology's infusion into organizations. We suggest that these object-specific beliefs' influence on intention to explore KMS is mediated by behavioral beliefs about IT (e.g., perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use). To test the model, we completed two studies. Study 1 examined users' perceptions of a knowledge portal. Study 2 examined IT professionals' perceptions of KMS. Across studies, our analysis suggests that trust in IT exerts direct effects on behavioral beliefs leading to intentions to explore KMS. Further, when compared to trust in IT support, we found that trust in IT played a more central role in shaping behavioral beliefs leading to exploration of IT. Implications for research and practice are offered.
Physiological and molecular responses of the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) to high environmental ammonia: scavenging for nitrogen

In teleosts, a branchial metabolon links ammonia excretion to Na+ uptake via Rh glycoproteins and other transporters. Ureotelic elasmobranchs are thought to have low branchial ammonia permeability, and little is known about Rh function in this ancient group. We cloned Rh cDNAs (Rhag, Rhbg and Rhp2) and evaluated gill ammonia handling in Squalus acanthias. Control ammonia excretion was <5% of urea-N excretion. Sharks exposed to high environmental ammonia (HEA; 1 mmol −1 NH4HCO3) for 48 h exhibited active ammonia uptake against partial pressure and electrochemical gradients for 36 h before net excretion was re-established. Plasma total ammonia rose to seawater levels by 2 h, but dropped significantly below them by 24–48 h. Control ΔPNH3 (the partial pressure gradient of NH3) across the gills became even more negative (outwardly directed) during HEA. Transepithelial potential increased by 30 mV, negating a parallel rise in the Nernst potential, such that the outwardly directed NH4+ electrochemical gradient remained unchanged. Urea-N excretion was enhanced by 90% from 12 to 48 h, more than compensating for ammonia-N uptake. Expression of Rhp2 (gills, kidney) and Rhbg (kidney) did not change, but branchial Rhbg and erythrocytic Rhag declined during HEA. mRNA expression of branchial Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) increased at 24 h and that of H+-ATPase decreased at 48 h, while expression of the potential metabolon components Na+/H+ exchanger2 (NHE2) and carbonic anhydrase IV (CA-IV) remained unchanged. We propose that the gill of this nitrogen-limited predator is poised not only to minimize nitrogen loss by low efflux permeability to urea and ammonia but also to scavenge ammonia-N from the environment during HEA to enhance urea-N synthesis.
From health to performance

PurposeBuilding on theoretical foundation of personal information management (PIM) in information science, this paper seeks to understand how activity tracker users manage their personal health information generated by their devices and to elucidate future activity tracking technology in support of personal health information management (PHIM). This paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a web survey study with a specific group of activity tracker users – amateur runners. This survey collected both quantitative and qualitative data on participants’ engagement with activity tracking technology, their PHIM practices with the information generated by the technology and how their needs were being met by their activity tracking technology use and PHIM practices.FindingsAmateur runners surveyed in this study exhibit long-term engagement and frequent interaction with activity tracking technology. They also engage in PHIM practices by using a range of PHIM tools and performing various PHIM activities. Furthermore, they use activity tracking technology and engage in PHIM practices to meet various health/fitness-related needs and information needs, while some of these needs such as performance needs and overarching needs are only partially met or unmet.Originality/valueThis research discusses amateur runners as power users of activity tracking technology, provides timely updates to PIM and PHIM research in light of a new type of personal health information, and generates design considerations for future activity tracking technology in support of PHIM. It also brings together previously disparate research regarding everyday life PHIM in information science, human–computer interaction and health informatics.
A micromethod for the in vitro micronucleus assay.

A micromethod for the in vitro micronucleus assay was developed using L5178Y cells to enable the rapid screening of a large number of molecules. The method is quick, simple to perform and needs very small amounts of compound, i.e. <10 mg. In this methodology, three types of treatment were carried out in parallel, enabling an optimal detection of both aneugenic and clastogenic compounds: two treatments without metabolic activation with or without a recovery period after a 24 h continuous treatment and one treatment with metabolic activation by Aroclor 1254-induced rat or hamster liver S9 mix. Seventeen known genotoxins (12 clastogens and five aneugens) and seven known non-genotoxins were tested. The in vitro micronucleus micromethod using L5178Y cells exhibited good sensitivity (16 positive/17 known genotoxins tested) and specificity (7 negative/7 known non-genotoxins tested) for the 24 test compounds studied with or without metabolic activation. Furthermore, this test showed a good correlation with other in vitro micronucleus tests performed using macromethods with various mammalian cell cultures. We conclude that the in vitro micronucleus micromethod with L5178Y cells could be used in the earliest stages of development of new molecules as a preliminary short-term screening assay before starting regulatory tests.
Divergent Destinies: Children of Immigrants Growing Up in the United States

More than a quarter century of research has generated fruitful results and new insights into the understanding of the lived experiences of the new second generation, which broadly includes both native-born and foreign-born children of immigrant parentage. We critically review the burgeoning literature on the divergent trajectories and unequal outcomes of this new second generation. Given recent changes in immigration policy and in contexts of both exit and reception for new immigrants, we pay special attention to the significance of selectivity and immigration status. We begin by revisiting the canonical literature on assimilation and presenting the original formulation of the segmented assimilation theory as a critique. We then assess the impressive body of empirical research and discuss alternative concepts, models, and paradigms. We conclude our review by discussing the implications for future research on the children of immigrants.
Second generation Australians and their aspirations: Do gender and ethnic background matter?

Occupational and educational aspirations can influence socioeconomic outcomes but they are impacted by social change. Aspirations can also reflect current social norms, expectations and the barriers individuals perceive to socioeconomic attainment. This paper examines the role of gender and ethnic background on the future aspirations of children of migrants. Datum are derived from a large sample of Grade 8 students in Queensland. Preliminary analyses suggest that ethnicity is associated with only some of migrant children‟s aspirations, while gender affects occupational but not educational aspirations.
Genome Wide Host Gene Expression Analysis in Chicken Lungs Infected with Avian Influenza Viruses

The molecular pathogenesis of avian influenza infection varies greatly with individual bird species and virus strain. The molecular pathogenesis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) or the low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infection in avian species remains poorly understood. Thus, global immune response of chickens infected with HPAI H5N1 (A/duck/India/02CA10/2011) and LPAI H9N2 (A/duck/India/249800/2010) viruses was studied using microarray to identify crucial host genetic components responsive to these infection. HPAI H5N1 virus induced excessive expression of type I IFNs (IFNA and IFNG), cytokines (IL1B, IL18, IL22, IL13, and IL12B), chemokines (CCL4, CCL19, CCL10, and CX3CL1) and IFN stimulated genes (OASL, MX1, RSAD2, IFITM5, IFIT5, GBP 1, and EIF2AK) in lung tissues. This dysregulation of host innate immune genes may be the critical determinant of the severity and the outcome of the influenza infection in chickens. In contrast, the expression levels of most of these genes was not induced in the lungs of LPAI H9N2 virus infected chickens. This study indicated the relationship between host immune genes and their roles in pathogenesis of HPAIV infection in chickens.
Why Wait? a Century of Life Before IPO

Firms that entered the stock market in the 1990s were younger than any earlier cohort since World War I. Surprisingly, however, firms that IPO'd at the close of the 19th century were just as young as the companies that are entering today. We argue here that the electrification-era and the IT-era firms came in young because the technologies that they brought in were too productive to be kept out very long. The model assumes that the stage before IPO is a learning period during which the firm refines the idea before committing to it at the IPO stage. The better the idea, the higher is the opportunity cost of a delay in its implementation, and the earlier the firm will have its IPO.
International Technological Specialisation in Industrial Countries : Patterns and Dynamics

This paper employs a distribution dynamics approach to examine the empirical dynamics of technological specialisation in industrial countries. Using patent data, cross-sectional distributions at different time periods and Markov stochastic kernels are estimated nonparametrically for each country. Three are the main findings. There is a strong country size effect: economically “large” countries spread their innovation activities across a wider range of technologies and display a higher degree of persistence. Mobility is nevertheless high. Mobility is also asymmetric: it appears mostly difficult for a country to improve the specialisation level in very disadvantaged technologies, while high comparative advantages in technologies show a fairly general tendency to revert towards lower specialisation levels. These findings cast doubt on the theory of technological accumulation and pathdependence, hence on its implication of persistence in national patterns of industrial specialisation and on the effectiveness of targeted industrial and technology policies. JEL codes: C10, C14, C23, F14, O34, O57
Viral community-acquired pneumonia in nonimmunocompromised adults.

INTRODUCTION Viral community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been poorly studied and clinically characterized. Using strict criteria for inclusion, we studied this type of infection in a large series of hospitalized adults with CAP. MATERIALS AND METHODS All nonimmunocompromised adult patients with a diagnosis of CAP having paired serology for respiratory viruses (RVs) [338 patients] were prospectively included in the study from 1996 to 2001 at our 1,000-bed university teaching hospital, and subsequently were followed up. We compared patients with pure viral (PV), mixed viral (RV + bacteria), and pneumococcal CAP. RVs (ie, influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus) were diagnosed by means of paired serology. RESULTS Sixty-one of 338 patients (18%) with paired serology had an RV detected, and in 31 cases (9%) it was the only pathogen identified. Influenza was the most frequent virus detected (39 patients; 64%). Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) had an increased risk of acquiring PV CAP (8 of 26 patients; 31%) when compared to a mixed viral/bacterial etiology (2 of 26 patients; 8%; p = 0.035) or CAP caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (1 of 44 patients; 2%; p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that CHF (odds ratio [OR], 15.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 163; p = 0.024) and the absence of expectoration (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.6; p = 0.006) were associated with PV pneumonia compared to pneumococcal CAP. CONCLUSION RVs are frequent etiologies of CAP (single or in combination with bacteria). Patients with CHF have an increased risk of acquiring a viral CAP.
AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOMOMORPHISMS INDUCED BY MAPS IN HOMOLOGY

This paper is devoted to giving the theoretical background for an algorithm for computing homomorphisms induced by maps in homology. The principal idea is to insert the graph of a given continuous map f into ag raph of a multi-valued representable map F. The multi-valued representable maps have well developed continuity properties and admit a nite coding that per- mits treating them by combinatorial methods. We provide the construction of the homomorphism F induced by F such that F = f. The presented construction does not require subsequent barycentric subdivisions and simpli- cial approximations of f. The main motivation for this paper comes from the project of computing the Conley Index for discrete dynamical systems.
PON in adolescence: from TDMA to WDM-PON

Passive optical networks are used for fiber-to-the-home/curb/cabinet/building applications. Today, two PON variants with time-domain multiple access, GPON and EPON, are being used for mass roll-outs. WDM-PONs are the next step up from these PONs to accommodate traffic growth and new applications. This article analyzes WDM-PON variants and proposes they be used for a unified optical access and back-hauling network.
Real World Compromises: Policy and Practice Impacts of Kindergarten Entry Assessment-Related Validity and Reliability Challenges. Research Report. ETS RR-18-13.

Kindergarten entry assessments (KEAs) have increasingly been incorporated into state education policies over the past 5 years, with much of this interest stemming from Race to the Top—Early Learning Challenge (RTT-ELC) awards, Enhanced Assessment Grants, and nationwide efforts to develop common K–12 state learning standards. Drawing on information included in RTT-ELC annual progress reports, published research, and a variety of other KEA-relevant documents, in this report, I share the results of case studies of 7 recently implemented state KEAs. The focus of this inquiry was the assessment- and teacher-related validity and reliability challenges that contributed to adjustments to the content of these measures, the policies regarding when they are to be administered, and the training and technical support provided to teachers who are tasked with the role of KEA assessor and data interpreter. Although these 7 KEAs differ, the results of the study suggest that they experienced common validity and reliability issues and subsequent policy and practice revisions. These findings also suggest the value of iterative research as a means for highlighting these issues and informing the policies and practices that can impact KEA validity and reliability.
Using an Observer to Transform Linear Systems Into Strictly Positive Real Systems

In this note, we study the extension of the class of linear time invariant plants that may be transformed into SPR systems introducing an observer. It is shown that for open loop stable systems a cascaded observer achieves the result. For open loop unstable systems an observer-based feedback is required to succeed. In general any stabilizable and observable system may be transformed into an SPR system defining a new output based on the observer state. This overcomes the old conditions of minimum phase and relative degree one for the case of keeping the original output. The result is illustrated with some examples.