Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Information Cost and Consumer Choices of Healthy Foods

This article examines whether or not a reduction in consumer search cost for nutritional information increases the probability that heterogeneous consumers will choose healthier food products. Empirical results from the ready-to-eat breakfast cereal (RTEC) market confirm the conceptual analysis that lowering information cost via simplified nutritional labeling increases the healthfulness of consumer choices. The healthfulness attribute weighs 28.44% more heavily in consumers' decision-making with simpler labeling systems. On average, introducing front-of-package labeling increased the probability of a consumer choosing a healthy RTEC by 3.49% and reduced the probability of choosing an unhealthy RTEC by 3.81%. Calories, sugar, saturated fat, and sodium consumption decrease by 0.31%, 2.63%, 6.94%, and 1.97%, respectively. Fiber intake increases by 3.24%. Further results show that less-educated and smaller households with less frequent purchases benefit the most from a reduction in information cost. Overall, this article shows the potentially positive role that voluntary, more convenient labeling could play in improving market and public health outcomes.
Network Coding over a Noisy Relay : a Belief Propagation Approach

In recent years, network coding has been investigated as a method to obtain improvements in wireless networks. A typical assumption of previous work is that relay nodes performing network coding can decode the messages from sources perfectly. On a simple relay network, we design a scheme to obtain network coding gain even when the relay node cannot perfectly decode its received messages. In our scheme, the operation at the relay node resembles message passing in belief propagation, sending the logarithm likelihood ratio (LLR) of the network coded message to the destination. Simulation results demonstrate the gain obtained over different channel conditions. The goal of this paper is not to give a theoretical result, but to point to possible interaction of network coding with user cooperation in noisy scenario. The extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart is shown to be a useful engineering tool to analyze the performance of joint channel coding and network coding in the network.
The modulation of savouring by prediction error and its effects on choice

When people anticipate uncertain future outcomes, they often prefer to know their fate in advance. Inspired by an idea in behavioral economics that the anticipation of rewards is itself attractive, we hypothesized that this preference of advance information arises because reward prediction errors carried by such information can boost the level of anticipation. We designed new empirical behavioral studies to test this proposal, and confirmed that subjects preferred advance reward information more strongly when they had to wait for rewards for a longer time. We formulated our proposal in a reinforcement-learning model, and we showed that our model could account for a wide range of existing neuronal and behavioral data, without appealing to ambiguous notions such as an explicit value for information. We suggest that such boosted anticipation significantly drives risk-seeking behaviors, most pertinently in gambling. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.13747. 001
Mitochondria-Derived Superoxide Links to Tourniquet-Induced Apoptosis in Mouse Skeletal Muscle

Our previous study has reported that superoxide mediates ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced necrosis in mouse skeletal muscle. However, it remains poorly understood whether IR induces apoptosis and what factors are involved in IR-induced apoptosis in skeletal muscle. Using a murine model of tourniquet-induced hindlimb IR, we investigated the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in skeletal muscle. Hindlimbs of C57/BL6 mice were subjected to 3 h ischemia and 4 h reperfusion via placement and release of a rubber tourniquet at the greater trochanter. Compared to sham treatment, tourniquet-induced IR significantly elevated mitochondria-derived superoxide production, activated opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and caused apoptosis in the gastrocnemius muscles. Pretreatment with a superoxide dismutase mimetic (tempol, 50 mg/kg) or a mitochondrial antioxidant (co-enzyme Q10, 50 mg/kg) not only decreased mitochondria-derived superoxide production, but also inhibited mPTP opening and apoptosis in the IR gastrocnemius muscles. Additionally, an inhibitor of mPTP (cyclosporine A, 50 mg/kg) also inhibited both mPTP opening and apoptosis in the IR gastrocnemius muscles. These results suggest that mitochondria-derived superoxide overproduction triggers the mPTP opening and subsequently causes apoptosis in tourniquet-induced hindlimb IR.
Ca2+ Channel to Synaptic Vesicle Distance Accounts for the Readily Releasable Pool Kinetics at a Functionally Mature Auditory Synapse

Precise regulation of synaptic vesicle (SV) release at the calyx of Held is critical for auditory processing. At the prehearing calyx of Held, synchronous and asynchronous release is mediated by fast and slow releasing SVs within the readily releasable pool (RRP). However, the posthearing calyx has dramatically different release properties. Whether developmental alterations in RRP properties contribute to the accelerated release time course found in posthearing calyces is not known. To study these questions, we performed paired patch-clamp recordings, deconvolution analysis, and numerical simulations of buffered Ca2+ diffusion and SV release in postnatal day (P) 16–19 mouse calyces, as their release properties resemble mature calyces of Held. We found the P16–P19 calyx RRP consists of two pools: a fast pool (τ ≤ 0.9 ms) and slow pool (τ ∼4 ms), in which release kinetics and relative composition of the two pools were unaffected by 5 mm EGTA. Simulations of SV release from the RRP revealed that two populations of SVs were necessary to reproduce the experimental release rates: (1) SVs located close (∼5–25 nm) and (2) more distal (25–100 nm) to VGCC clusters. This positional coupling was confirmed by experiments showing 20 mm EGTA preferentially blocked distally coupled SVs. Lowering external [Ca2+] to in vivo levels reduced only the fraction SVs released from the fast pool. Therefore, we conclude that a dominant parameter regulating the mature calyx RRP release kinetics is the distance between SVs and VGCC clusters.
Stylistic text classification using functional lexical features

Most text analysis and retrieval work to date has focused on the topic of a text; that is, what it is about. However, a text also contains much useful information in its style, or how it is written. This includes information about its author, its purpose, feelings it is meant to evoke, and more. This article develops a new type of lexical feature for use in stylistic text classification, based on taxonomies of various semantic functions of certain choice words or phrases. We demonstrate the usefulness of such features for the stylistic text classification tasks of determining author identity and nationality, the gender of literary characters, a text’s sentiment (positive/ negative evaluation), and the rhetorical character of scientific journal articles. We further show how the use of functional features aids in gaining insight about stylistic differences among different kinds of texts.
A New Subtype Classification of Ischemic Stroke Based on Treatment and Etiologic Mechanism

A new subtype classification of ischemic stroke was developed to reflect recent therapeutic strategies as well as evolving concepts of stroke definitions and mechanisms. In 200 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke, the inter-rater reliability and proportion of subtypes of the new classification system were assessed and compared with those of the Trial of ORG 10172 in the Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification. The most frequent subtype of the new classification was atherothrombosis (n = 80, 40%), followed by stroke of undetermined etiology (n = 54, 27%), small artery disease (n = 33, 16.5%), cardioembolism (n = 26, 13%), and stroke of other determined etiology (n = 7, 3.5%). Three raters agreed to the stroke subtype diagnosis in 165 out of 200 cases and the overall ĸ value was excellent (ĸ = 0.82). The new classification system for brain infarction was easy to use and had high inter-rater reliability.
Effect of Metformin and Flutamide on Anthropometric Indices and Laboratory Tests in Obese/Overweight PCOS Women under Hypocaloric Diet

Background This study was designed to investigate the effect of metformin and flutamide alone or in combination with anthropometric indices and laboratory tests of obese/overweight PCOS women under hypocaloric diet. Methods This single blind clinical trial was performed on 120 PCOS women. At the beginning, hypocaloric diet was recommended for the patients. After one month while they were on the diet, the patients were randomly divided in 4 groups; metformin (500 mg, 3/day), flutamide (250 mg, 2/day), combined, metformin (500 mg, 3/day) with flutamide (250 mg, 2/day) and finally placebo group. The patients were treated for 6 months. Anthropometric indices and laboratory tests (fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin levels, lipid profile and androgens) were measured. A one-way ANOVA (Post Hoc) and paired t-test were performed to analyze data. A p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results After treatment, reduction in weight, BMI, hip circumference was significantly greater in the metformin group in comparison to other groups (p<0.05). In addition, the fasting insulin was significantly greater in metformin group and flutamide group in comparison to metformin+flutamide and placebo groups after treatment (p<0.05). Within groups, insulin level showed significant changes (before and after treatment) in metformin+flutamide group and LDL reduction was significant in flutamide group before and after treatment. Post hoc tukey and two-tailed with p≤0.05 were used to define statistical significance. Conclusion Using combination of metformin and flutamide improves anthropometric indices and laboratory tests in obese/overweight PCOS women under hypocaloric diet.
SCOP: a structural classification of proteins database

The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database provides a detailed and comprehensive description of the relationships of known protein structures. The classification is on hierarchical levels: the first two levels, family and superfamily, describe near and distant evolutionary relationships; the third, fold, describes geometrical relationships. The distinction between evolutionary relationships and those that arise from the physics and chemistry of proteins is a feature that is unique to this database so far. The sequences of proteins in SCOP provide the basis of the ASTRAL sequence libraries that can be used as a source of data to calibrate sequence search algorithms and for the generation of statistics on, or selections of, protein structures. Links can be made from SCOP to PDB-ISL: a library containing sequences homologous to proteins of known structure. Sequences of proteins of unknown structure can be matched to distantly related proteins of known structure by using pairwise sequence comparison methods to find homologues in PDB-ISL. The database and its associated files are freely accessible from a number of WWW sites mirrored from URL http://scop.mrc-lmb.cam. ac.uk/scop/
Automatic thesaurus construction

In this paper we introduce a novel method of automating thesauri using syntactically constrained distributional similarity. With respect to syntactically conditioned cooccurrences, most popular approaches to automatic thesaurus construction simply ignore the salience of grammatical relations and effectively merge them into one united 'context'. We distinguish semantic differences of each syntactic dependency and propose to generate thesauri through word overlapping across major types of grammatical relations. The encouraging results show that our proposal can build automatic thesauri with significantly higher precision than the traditional methods.
Cross-cultural perception of Vietnamese audio-visual prosodic attitudes

Prosodic attitudes (social affects) are highly linked to the language through the culture, and are a main part of face to face interaction. Therefore, for description and modeling, as well as for applications like translation, language learning or synthesis, a cross-cultural approach is relevant. This paper presents a cross-perception of Audio-Visual prosodic attitudes in Vietnamese, an under-resourced tonal language. Based on an audio-visual corpus of 16 attitudes, perception experiments were carried out with Vietnamese and French participants: firstly, to understand the contribution of audio and visual modalities to affective communication; secondly, to perceptually measure how the native and non-native listeners recognize and confuse the Vietnamese attitudes. The results reveal cultural specificities and cross-cultural common attitudes in Vietnamese.
Development of a sensitive chemiluminometric assay for the detection of beta-galactosidase in permeabilized coliform bacteria and comparison with fluorometry and colorimetry

We developed a chemiluminometric assay of beta-galactosidase in coliform bacteria, using a phenylgalactose-substituted 1,2-dioxetane derivative as a substrate. Permeabilization of cells is required to ensure the efficient cellular uptake of this compound. By this method, one coliform seeded in 100 ml of sterile water can be detected after a 6- to 9-h propagation phase followed by a 45-min enzyme assay in the presence of polymyxin B. Compared with fluorometry and colorimetry, chemiluminometry afforded 4- and 1,000-fold increases in sensitivity and 1- and 6-h increases in the speed of detection, respectively.
Wireless Powered Dense Cellular Networks: How Many Small Cells Do We Need?

This paper focuses on wireless powered 5G dense cellular networks, where base station (BS) delivers energy to user equipment (UE) via the microwave radiation in sub-6 GHz or millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency, and UE uses the harvested energy for uplink information transmission. By addressing the impacts of employing different numbers of antennas and bandwidths at lower and higher frequencies, we evaluate the amount of harvested energy and throughput in such networks. Based on the derived results, we obtain the required small cell density to achieve an expected level of harvested energy or throughput. Also, we obtain that when the ratio of the number of sub-6-GHz BSs to that of the mmWave BSs is lower than a given threshold, UE harvests more energy from an mmWave BS than a sub-6-GHz BS. We find how many mmWave small cells are needed to perform better than the sub-6-GHz small cells from the perspectives of harvested energy and throughput. Our results reveal that the amount of harvested energy from the mmWave tier can be comparable to the sub-6-GHz counterpart in the dense scenarios. For the same tier scale, mmWave tier can achieve higher throughput. Furthermore, the throughput gap between different mmWave frequencies increases with the mmWave BS density.
Experimental study of mobility in the soccer field with application to real-time athlete monitoring

Live monitoring of athletes during sporting events can help maximise performance while preventing injury, and enable new applications such as referee-assist and enhanced television broadcast services. A major challenge is the extraction of athlete physiological data in real-time, since the radio range of body-worn sensor devices is limited, necessitating multi-hop routing mechanisms. However, little is known about the highly dynamic operating conditions on a soccer field under which communication protocols need to operate. In this work we conduct field experiments in which we outfit first-division soccer players with sensor devices and record their inter-connectivity during a real game. Our first contribution profiles the key properties of the dynamic wireless topologies arising in the soccer field, and highlights the consequences for routing mechanisms. We show that the topology is in general sparse, with short encounters and power-law distributed inter-encounters. Importantly, the co-ordinated movement of players in the field gives rise to significant correlations amongst links, an aspect that can potentially be exploited by routing. Our second contribution develops a model for generating synthetic topologies that mirror connectivity in a real soccer game, and can be used for simulation studies of routing mechanisms. Its novelty lies in explicitly modelling the underlying auto-correlation and cross-correlation properties of the links, from which derived measures such as inter-encounter times and neighbourhood distributions follow. Our study is an important first step towards understanding and modelling dynamic topologies associated with sports monitoring, and paves the way for the design of real-time routing algorithms for such environments.
Clustering Heterogeneous Data with k-Means by Mutual Information-Based Unsupervised Feature Transformation

Traditional centroid-based clustering algorithms for heterogeneous data with numerical and non-numerical features result in different levels of inaccurate clustering. This is because the Hamming distance used for dissimilarity measurement of non-numerical values does not provide optimal distances between different values, and problems arise from attempts to combine the Euclidean distance and Hamming distance. In this study, the mutual information (MI)-based unsupervised feature transformation (UFT), which can transform non-numerical features into numerical features without information loss, was utilized with the conventional k-means algorithm for heterogeneous data clustering. For the original non-numerical features, UFT can provide numerical values which preserve the structure of the original non-numerical features and have the property of continuous values at the same time. Experiments and analysis of real-world datasets showed that, the integrated UFT-k-means clustering algorithm outperformed others for heterogeneous data with both numerical and non-numerical features.
Vomiting in Pregnancy: A Psychiatric Study

Summary Twenty pregnant women, admitted to the hospital for vomiting of pregnancy, were studied by clinical interview method and Rorschach technique. The life histories of these patients revealed a ready pattern of gastrointestinal disturbance with vomiting in response to emotional stress. The patients all presented serious disorder of sexual life, with frigidity as its consistent expression. A remarkable immaturity of personality is common to the entire group, although there is considerable diversity in its psychopathological elaboration. Pregnancy had occasioned in these women markedly increased anxiety and tension most prominent during the period of their vomiting.
Gallium Disrupts Iron Metabolism of Mycobacteria Residing within Human Macrophages

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. aviumcomplex (MAC) enter and multiply within monocytes and macrophages in phagosomes. In vitro growth studies using standard culture media indicate that siderophore-mediated iron (Fe) acquisition plays a critical role in the growth and metabolism of both M. tuberculosis and MAC. However, the applicability of such studies to conditions within the macrophage phagosome is unclear, due in part to the absence of experimental means to inhibit such a process. Based on the ability of gallium (Ga3+) to concentrate within mononuclear phagocytes and on evidence that Ga disrupts cellular Fe-dependent metabolic pathways by substituting for Fe3+and failing to undergo redox cycling, we hypothesized that Ga could disrupt Fe acquisition and Fe-dependent metabolic pathways of mycobacteria. We find that Ga(NO3)3 and Ga-transferrin produce an Fe-reversible concentration-dependent growth inhibition of M. tuberculosis strains and MAC grown extracellularly and within human macrophages. Ga is bactericidal forM. tuberculosis growing extracellularly and within macrophages. Finally, we provide evidence that exogenously added Fe is acquired by intraphagosomal M. tuberculosis and that Ga inhibits this Fe acquisition. Thus, Ga(NO3)3disruption of mycobacterial Fe metabolism may serve as an experimental means to study the mechanism of Fe acquisition by intracellular mycobacteria and the role of Fe in intracellular survival. Furthermore, given the inability of biological systems to discriminate between Ga and Fe, this approach could have broad applicability to the study of Fe metabolism of other intracellular pathogens.
A Framework for Automated Schenkerian Analysis

In Schenkerian analysis, one seeks to find structural dependences among the notes of a composition and organize these dependences into a coherent hierarchy that illustrates the function of every note. This type of analysis reveals multiple levels of structure in a composition by constructing a series of simplifications of a piece showing various elaborations and prolongations. We present a framework for solving this problem, called IVI, that uses a state-space search formalism. IVI includes multiple interacting components, including modules for various preliminary analyses (harmonic, melodic, rhythmic, and cadential), identifying and performing reductions, and locating pieces of the Ursatz. We describe a number of the algorithms by which IVI forms, stores, and updates its hierarchy of notes, along with details of the Ursatz-finding algorithm. We illustrate IVI’s functionality on an excerpt from a Schubert piano composition, and also discuss the issues of subproblem interactions and the multiple parsings problem.
Survey of U.S. Boards That Review Mental Health-Related Research

We obtained data on institutional Review Boards (IRBs) that review mental health-related applications (MHRAs) in a national survey of institutions with federally assured human research protection programs. Approximately 57% of IRBs review MHRAs, and among these a small percentage may not have mental health experts on their committees (5%). Moreover, mental health experts on IRB committees at high research volume institutions are carrying substantially greater workloads than their lower volume counterparts. In terms of committee demographics, more women (36%) are serving as IRB Chairs on committees that review MHRAs than expected from their representation on medical or university faculties; ethnic minority faculty have lower representation among Chairs than might be expected from their overall faculty representation. Our findings suggest the need for additional studies to (a) examine if the number of mental health experts on IRBs should be increased particularly among IRBs reviewing a high volume of MHRAs, (b) determine if the breadth of expertise among IRB mental health experts corresponds to the range of substantive and methodological approaches represented by the mental health protocols under review, and (c) examine if recruiting IRB scientific expertise from outside an institution, a more common practice among smaller research entities, impacts review quality.