Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finitely related algebras in congruence modular varieties have few subpowers

We show that every finite algebra, which is finitely related and lies in a congruence modular variety, has few subpowers. This result, combined with other theorems, has interesting consequences for the complexity of several computational problems associated to finite relational structures – the constraint satisfaction problem, the primitive positive formula comparison problem, and the learnability problem for primitive positive formulas. Another corollary is that it is decidable whether an algebra given by a set of relations has few subpowers.
Stochastic Nonlinear Gompertz Model of Tumour Growth

In this communication, based upon the deterministic Gompertz growth law, a stochastic nonlinear model of tumour growth is proposed to model the conventional size-dependent therapy strategy of tumours. The probability density function of the size of the tumour obeys a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation which can be solved analytically. It is found that during the cancer treatments the dose intensity should not be decreased at any time because this will allow the tumour to relapse, and that the late logarithmic intensification therapy could be the optimal therapeutic strategy.
Comparison of independent component analysis and conventional hypothesis-driven analysis for clinical functional MR image processing.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE With independent component analysis (ICA), regions of activation can be identified on functional MR (fMR) images without a priori knowledge of expected hemodynamic responses. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of fMR imaging data processed with spatial ICA with results obtained with conventional hypothesis-driven analysis. METHODS Eleven patients with focal cerebral lesions and one with agenesis of the corpus callosum were enrolled. Each patient performed text-listening, finger-tapping, and word-generation tasks. Conventional activation maps were generated by fitting time courses of each voxel to a boxcar reference function. Maps were created from the same image data with ICA techniques. To compare the maps, a concurrence ratio (CR) (number of voxels activated on both maps to number of voxels activated on either map) was calculated. RESULTS In the ICA analysis, maps with appropriate spatial and temporal features for auditory, sensorimotor, or language cortices were identified in most patients. Images processed with ICA resembled images processed with conventional means. In patients who moved or performed the task incorrectly, ICA produced a map that resembled the expected activation pattern but differed from the conventional image. CRs averaged 70% for all comparisons in the 12 patients. CONCLUSION fMR imaging maps for auditory, sensorimotor, and language tasks produced with ICA and conventional techniques were similar in most cases. Differences were consistent with the particular characteristics of the method. In data sets corrupted by motion or incorrect task performance, ICA may produce more accurate maps.
Relationships between pre-service teachers’ conceptions of assessment, approaches to instruction, and assessment: an achievement goal theory perspective

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationships between pre-service teachers’ conceptions of assessment and their intended approaches to classroom instruction and assessment. We operationalised approaches to instruction and assessment according to Achievement Goal Theory, postulating that pre-service teachers approach instruction and assessment from either a mastery or performance perspective. The results from a correlational study of 344 Canadian pre-service teachers showed that intended instruction and assessment practices were separated according to mastery and performance approaches. However, there was also alignment between the concepts such that pre-service teachers who had a mastery approach to instruction were more inclined towards a mastery approach to assessment. Approaches to assessment were also related to pre-service teachers’ conceptions: beliefs that assessment holds students and schools accountable were positively related to a performance approach to assessment. In contrast, a belief that assessment improves teaching was positively related to a mastery approach to assessment and negatively to a performance approach. We discuss relationships between conceptions of assessment, approaches to classroom instruction and assessment as conceptualised from an Achievement Goal Theory perspective.
Methodological Issues Regarding Cross-Cultural Studies of Judgments of Facial Expressions

We discuss four methodological issues regarding cross-cultural judgment studies of facial expressions of emotion involving design, sampling, stimuli, and dependent variables. We use examples of relatively recent studies in this area to highlight and discuss these issues. We contend that careful consideration of these, and other, cross-cultural methodological issues can help researchers minimize methodological errors, and can guide the field to address new and different research questions that can continue to facilitate an evolution in the field’s thinking about the nature of culture, emotion, and facial expressions.
PHYCOERYTHROCYANINS FROM Westiellopsis prolifica AND Nostoc rivulare: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHYCOVIOLOBILIN CHROMOPHORE IN BOTH STATES *

Abstract— Phycoerythrocyanin or fractions enriched in it have been isolated from the filamentous cyanobacteria, Westiellopsis prolifica ARM 365 and Nostoc rivulare ARM 212. Both show the photoreversible photochromism (difference maxima at 503 and 570 nm) characteristic of this pigment, which is related to the phycoviolobilin chromophore on the α‐subunit. Native phycoerythrocyanin and its β‐subunit show little if any reversible photochemistry in the 600–620 nm region, where the phycocyanobilin chromophores absorb maximally. Instead the phycocyanobilin chromophores are bleached irreversibly. At the same time, the data show that reversible photochemistry is a useful analytical tool to detect phycoerythrocyanin in cyanobacterial extracts. Fluorescence measurements indicate that: (i) the 510 nm absorbing isomer of the violobilin chromophore has only little fluorescence; and (ii) the energy transfer from the violobilin chromophores to the cyanin chromophores is efficient only in the 570 nm form.
Chemical composition of volatile and extractive compounds of pine and spruce leaf litter in the initial stages of decomposition.

Abstract. A litter bag experiment was conducted to analyze changes in chemical composition in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) needle litter in the first stages of decomposition in natural conditions. The emission rates of monoterpenes and concentration of extractive secondary metabolites were determined five times over a 16-month period. It has been shown that pine and spruce needle litter in the first stages of decomposition (up to 165 days) emits monoterpene hydrocarbons into the gas phase with the rates comparable to those in emissions from live needles of these trees. This suggests that leaf litter is an important source of atmospheric terpenes. It has also been proved that the litter contains considerable amounts of non-volatile substances that can be precursors of oxidized volatile compounds formed as a result of enzymatic reactions. Non-volatile but water soluble secondary metabolites of the leaf litter may be involved in nutrient cycling and have an influence on soil community.
Stock Options and Chief Executive Officer Compensation

Although stock options are commonly observed in chief executive officer (CEO) compensation contracts, there is theoretical controversy about whether stock options are part of the optimal contract. Using a sample of Fortune 500 companies, we solve an agency model calibrated to the company-specific data and we find that stock options are almost always part of the optimal contract. This result is robust to alternative assumptions about the level of CEO risk-aversion and the disutility associated with their effort. In a supplementary analysis, we solve for the optimal contract when there are no restrictions on the contract space. We find that the optimal contract (which is characterized as a state-contingent payoff to the CEO) typically has option-like features over the most probable range of outcomes.Paper published as: "Endogenous Selection and Moral Hazard in Compensation Contracts" in Operations Research, Linthicum 58 (July/August 2010): 1090-1106.
Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Matematika Dengan Pendekatan PMRI Berorientasi Pada Kemampuan Representasi Matematis

Penelitian pengembangan ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) dan Lembar Kegiatan Siswa (LKS) yang valid, praktis dan efektif. RPP yang dikembangkan memuat sintaks PMRI, yaitu memahami masalah kontekstual, mendeskripsikan masalah kontekstual, menyelesaikan masalah kontekstual, membandingkan dan mendiskusikan jawaban, dan menyimpulkan. LKS yang dikembangkan memfasilitasi kemampuan representasi matematis siswa, yaitu kemampuan mengungkapkan verbal ke simbol, simbol ke visual, dan verbal ke visual. Hasil validasi para ahli menyatakan bahwa produk yang dikembangkan mencapai kategori valid. Hasil pengisian angket penilaian kepraktisan oleh guru menunjukkan bahwa produk yang dikembangkan mencapai kategori praktis, hasil pengisian angket penilaian kepraktisan oleh siswa menunjukkan bahwa produk yang dikembangkan mencapai kategori praktis, dan hasil observasi keterlaksanaan pembelajaran menunjukkan bahwa persentase keterlaksanaan pembelajaran adalah 88,89%. Keefektifan produk terlihat dari hasil kemampuan representasi matematis (KRM). Hasil KRM menunjukkan persentase siswa yang mencapai KKM adalah 76,67% dengan nilai rata-sata 77,67% Secara keseluruhan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan adalah layak untuk digunakan. Kata Kunci : pengembangan, perangkat pembelajaran, PMRI, kemampuan representasi matematis. Developing a Mathematic Learning Device with PMRI Approach Oriented on Mathematical Representation Ability Abstract This development research was aimed to produce the lesson plan (RPP) and the worksheet (LKS) are valid, practical , and effective. RPP was developed contain PMRI syntax, ie understanding the contextual problems, describing the contextual problems, solving the contextual problems, comparing and discussing the answers, and concluding. LKS was developed facilitate the mathematical representation ability, ie expressing the verbal to symbol, the symbol to the visual, and the verbal to visual. The validaty of product can be seen from the results of experts validation which demonstrates that the product is valid. The practicality of product can be seen from the result of the teacher practicality assessment sheet which shows that the product is in a practical category, the result of the students assessment sheet shows that the product is in a practical categories, learning implementation observation shows that the minimum implementation percentage is 88.89% and maximum is 100%. The effectiveness of the product can be seen from the results of mathematical representation ability test. The result of mathematical representation test shows that percentage of students who reach the KKM is 76.67% with a mean value of 77.67%. Overall the results of this study show that the developed learning tools are feasibel to use. Keywords : development, learning tool, PMRI, mathematical representation ability.
Online mood profiling and self-regulation of affective responses

In this chapter, we have promoted the use of the In the Mood website as a method of providing simple assessments of affective responses, potential impacts of current feelings upon performance and, where appropriate, evidence-based recommendations of affect regulation strategies. Information provided by the In the Mood website offers a valuable catalyst for discussions with athletes about the cause and likely impact of their feelings, and the addition of qualitative information from other sources may produce potent combination of strategies with which to assist athletes to achieve optimal performance.
.0 Introduction

—Although the signifi cance of the Internet has been widely discussed in previous studies, the research of e-commerce has focused primarily on organizational and business perspectives (Sigala 2004). The growing number of Internet users allows a better understanding of online tourists who seek travel information and book or purchase travel products. The levels of Internet innovativeness also must be understood, since research indicated that 79 percent of Internet users have had four or more years of online experience (The Pew Internet & American Life Project 2005). In this study, 273 respondents were classifi ed as innovators, early adopters, or late adopters by the time element of the Internet diffusion process and compared based on their travel information search behaviors, booking/purchasing of travel products, intentions of using various types of travel information sources, and perceptions and current usage of Information Technology. There were differences among the groups in terms of general information seeking and booking/purchasing, and perceptions of information technologies, whereas similarities were found in certain types of tourism products sought and booked/ purchased and actual usage of information technologies. Most travelers try to reduce uncertainty of travel and improve the quality of trips through information search before leaving home (Fodness & Murray 1997). The Internet makes it possible for travelers to search and compare information on travel choices, as well as to purchase services or goods (Jang 2004). Since the travel industry has been identifi ed as an industry greatly affected by the advent of the Internet (Weber & Roehl 1999), it is important to understand the distinct features of prospective travelers who search for information online. In order to understand Internet use for travel, this study focuses on online information seeking and purchasing/booking of travel products from a quantitative perspective of the Internet experience. The purposes of the study are to provide insights on web-based information search and reservation or purchase of travel products, intentions to use various types of travel information sources, and perceptions and current usage of Information Technology (IT) among those who were classifi ed as innovators, early adopters, or late adopters according to how long they had used the Internet. This segmentation can aid travel marketers in providing more customizable information to travelers with different online experiences, and assist the leisure market in responding to the diffusion processes of other travel information technologies. When a new technology emerges, there are differences between initial users and …
A conditional density theorem for the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function

(1) J(x, θ) x(θx)2Θ(log x) , for some absolute constant B, uniformly for xe−1 ≤ θ ≤ 1, for any fixed e > 0 (we have assumed the Density Hypothesis, for simplicity). On the Riemann Hypothesis (i.e., Θ = 1/2), (1) holds with B = 2 and uniformly for x−1 ≤ θ ≤ 1 (see e.g. Saffari & Vaughan [6], Lemma 6). Also, it is known that (1) holds unconditionally with Θ = 1 and any fixed B > −2 in the range x−5/6−e(x) ≤ θ ≤ 1, provided that e(x) → 0 as x → ∞ (see Zaccagnini [9]). It is also well known that any bound of the type
Junior Middle School Students’ Perceptions of Mathematics Classroom Learning Environments and Their Approaches to Learning Mathematics in China

This study investigated Chinese junior middle school students’ perceptions of mathematics classroom learning environments and approaches to learning mathematics, among 1,640 students from 62 junior middle school classrooms in eight provinces in China. A Chineselanguage version of the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES) and Approach to Learning Mathematics (ALM) were used in this study and were proved reliable and valid in the Chinese context. Factor analysis, CFA, descriptive statistics, Independent-Samples T Test, and Bivariate Correlation were used to analyze data from the questionnaire survey. The results of this study indicate that Chinese students failed to perceive their classroom learning environment as relatively positive, and tended to use deep learning approach and surface motive in mathematics learning. In addition, significant urban-rural differences were identified in both perceptions of classroom learning environment, and approaches to learning. The findings reveal that deep approaches were positively associated with Chinese students’ perceptions of mathematics classroom learning environments (Personal Relevance, Uncertainty, Shared Control, and Student Negotiation).
USING ONLINE VIDEOS TO IMPROVE SPEAKING ABILITIES OF EFL LEARNERS

There is a growing tendency among the researchers about how to assess and improve the ability of speaking. In spite of its complex nature, speaking is generally considered to be the most essential skill to acquire. With the onset of communicative language teaching, this inclination has encouraged researchers to carry out research and make recommendations and implications. This study aims to improve the speaking abilities of EFL students at prep school by using online videos at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. The study was carried out with 20 low level students in 5 classes in an English Language prep class at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University in Turkey. Of 20 students ten were chosen for the treatment group. These students were selected in accordance with the results of the first speaking exam administered in the 2015-2016 academic year. The materials used were five videos available online. The researchers asked the students to watch five videos respectively within the period of five weeks. These online videos were taken from YouTube, BBC, VOA and TED. The data were analyzed by using t-test in terms of the results of second speaking exam and gender. Results show that those who watched videos improved their speaking ability and scored high than those who didn't, and in view of gender, the girls were more successful than the boys. Thus, it can be concluded that using online videos in classes can be of vital importance and effective in improving EFL learners’ speaking ability. Article visualizations:
Suggestion Log Analysis

Query suggestion, which enables the user to revise a query with a single click, has become one of the most fundamental features of Web search engines. However, it has not been clear what circumstances cause the user to turn to query suggestion. In order to investigate when and how the user uses query suggestion, we analyzed three kinds of data sets obtained from a major commercial Web search engine, comprising approximately 126 million unique queries, 876 million query suggestions and 306 million action patterns of users. Our analysis shows that query suggestions are often used (1) when the original query is a rare query; (2) when the original query is a single-term query; (3) when query suggestions are unambiguous; (4) when query suggestions are generalizations or error corrections of the original query; and (5) after the user has clicked on several URLs in the first search result page. Our results suggest that search engines should provide better assistance especially when rare or single-term queries are input, and that they should dynamically provide query suggestions according to the searcher’s current state.
Complement Protein C1q-Mediated Neuroprotection Is Correlated with Regulation of Neuronal Gene and MicroRNA Expression

Activation of the complement cascade, a powerful effector mechanism of the innate immune system, is associated with neuroinflammation but also with elimination of inappropriate synapses during development. Synthesis of C1q, a recognition component of the complement system, occurs in brain during ischemia/reperfusion and Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that C1q may be a response to injury. In vitro, C1q, in the absence of other complement proteins, improves neuronal viability and neurite outgrowth and prevents β-amyloid-induced neuronal death, suggesting that C1q may have a direct neuroprotective role. Here, investigating the molecular basis for this neuroprotection in vitro, addition of C1q to rat primary cortical neurons significantly upregulated expression of genes associated with cholesterol metabolism, such as cholesterol-25-hydroxylase and insulin induced gene 2, and transiently decreased cholesterol levels in neurons, known to facilitate neurite outgrowth. In addition, the expression of syntaxin-3 and its functional association with synaptosomal-associated protein 25 was increased. C1q also increased the nuclear translocation of cAMP response element-binding protein and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-δ (C/EBP-δ), two transcription factors involved in nerve growth factor (NGF) expression and downregulated specific microRNAs, including let-7c that is predicted to target (and thus inhibit) NGF and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA. Accordingly, C1q increased expression of NGF and NT-3, and small interfering RNA inhibition of C/EBP-δ, NGF, or NT-3 expression prevented the C1q-dependent neurite outgrowth. No such neuroprotective effect is seen in the presence of C3a or C5a. Finally, the induced neuronal gene expression required conformationally intact C1q. These results show that C1q can directly promote neuronal survival, thereby demonstrating new interactions between immune proteins and neuronal cells that may facilitate neuroprotection.
OsCYP21-4, a novel Golgi-resident cyclophilin, increases oxidative stress tolerance in rice

OsCYP21-4 is a rice cyclophilin protein that binds to cyclosporine A, an immunosuppressant drug. CYP21-4s in Arabidopsis and rice were previously shown to function as mitochondrial cyclophilins, as determined by TargetP analysis. In the current study, we found that OsCYP21-4-GFP localized to the Golgi, rather than mitochondria, in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, which was confirmed based on its co-localization with cis Golgi α-ManI-mCherry protein. OsCYP21-4 transcript levels increased in response to treatments with various abiotic stresses and the phytohormone abscisic acid, revealing its stress-responsiveness. CYP21-4 homologs do not possess key peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity/cyclosporine A (CsA) binding residues, and recombinant OsCYP21-4 protein did not convert the synthetic substrate Suc-AAPF-pNA via cis- trans- isomerization in vitro. In addition, transgenic plants overexpressing OsCYP21-4 exhibited increased tolerance to salinity and hydrogen peroxide treatment, along with increased peroxidase activity. These results demonstrate that OsCYP21-4 is a novel Golgi-localized cyclophilin that plays a role in oxidative stress tolerance, possibly by regulating peroxidase activity.
ReviewType I Interferons in Host Defense

Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines specialized to coordinate immunity to viruses and other intracellular infections. In the past several years, many of the receptors and signaling pathways that link pathogen detection to induction of type I IFNs have been identified and characterized. An integrated picture has emerged in which type I IFNs have essential functions in several seemingly disparate processes: they restrict viral spread by engaging machinery that ultimately cripples and kills infected cells, yet they are also positively linked to the activation and expansion of lymphocytes that are important for control of intracellular infections. These advances highlight the context-specific actions of type I IFNs and clarify the multiple points at which they are integrated into both innate and adaptive immunity.