Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Associative Encoding and Retrieval Are Predicted by Functional Connectivity in Distinct Hippocampal Area CA1 Pathways

Determining how the hippocampus supports the unique demands of memory encoding and retrieval is fundamental for understanding the biological basis of episodic memory. One possibility proposed by theoretical models is that the distinct computational demands of encoding and retrieval are accommodated by shifts in the functional interaction between the hippocampal CA1 subregion and its input structures. However, empirical tests of this hypothesis are lacking. To test this in humans, we used high-resolution fMRI to measure functional connectivity between hippocampal area CA1 and regions of the medial temporal lobe and midbrain during extended blocks of associative encoding and retrieval tasks. We found evidence for a double dissociation between the pathways supporting successful encoding and retrieval. Specifically, during the associative encoding task, but not the retrieval task, functional connectivity only between area CA1 and the ventral tegmental area predicted associative long-term memory. In contrast, connectivity between area CA1 and DG/CA3 was greater, on average, during the retrieval task compared with the encoding task, and, importantly, the strength of this connectivity significantly correlated with retrieval success. Together, these findings serve as an important first step toward understanding how the demands of fundamental memory processes may be met by changes in the relative strength of connectivity within hippocampal pathways.
Substance P receptors in brain stem respiratory centers of the rat: regulation of NK1 receptors by hypoxia.

Substance P (SP) is a key neurotransmitter involved in the brain stem integration of carotid body chemoreceptor reflexes. In this study, the characteristics and location of SP receptors in the rat brain stem and their regulation by hypoxia were investigated using homogenate radioligand binding and quantitative autoradiography. Specific binding of [125I] Bolton-Hunter SP (BHSP) to brain stem homogenates was saturable (approximately 0.3 nM) and to a single class of high-affinity sites (K(d), 0.16 nM; maximum density of binding sites, 0.43 fmol/mg wet weight tissue). The order of potency of agonists for inhibition of BHSP binding was SP > [Sar9Met(O2)11]SP >> neurokinin A > septide > neurokinin B >> [Nle10]-neurokinin A(4-10) = senktide, and for nonpeptide antagonists, RP 67580 > CP-96,345 >> RP 68651 = CP-96,344, consistent with binding to NK1 receptors. The effect of single and multiple, 5-min bouts of hypoxia (8.5% O2/91.5% N2) on BHSP binding was investigated using quantitative autoradiography. Binding sites were localized to the lateral, medial and commissural nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the hypoglossal nucleus, central gray and the spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus (Sp5 and nSp5, respectively). Five min after a single bout of hypoxia, the density of BHSP binding sites had decreased significantly (P < .05) in the medial NTS (-33%) and lateral NTS (-24%) when compared to normoxic controls. However, the normal receptor complement was restored within 60 min of the hypoxic challenge. In the Sp5, a significant decrease (P < .05) in binding was observed 5 min after hypoxia which was still apparent after 60 min. In contrast, the density of BHSP binding sites in the hypoglossal nucleus decreased slowly and was significantly lower (P < .05) than normoxic controls 60 min after hypoxia. Five min after repetitive hypoxia (3 x 5 min bouts), BHSP binding in the NTS was reduced by more than 40%. Studies in homogenates showed that the affinity of SP for BHSP binding sites was not affected by repetitive hypoxia (K(d)s, normoxic, 0.27 nM; hypoxic, 0.24 nM). These data suggest that afferent input from carotid body chemoreceptors may dynamically regulate NK1 receptors in several brain stem nuclei that are intimately involved in stimulating ventilation during hypoxia, and that the time-course of receptor turnover may differ from region to region in the brain stem. The temporary loss of NK1 receptors in the NTS may partly explain why adequate ventilation is often not maintained during hypoxia.
Gait analysis using a force-measuring gangway: intrasession repeatability in healthy adults.

OBJECTIVES The goal of the present study was to determine the repeatability of gait parameters measured by a force plate gait analysis system (Leonardo Mechanograph® GW). METHODS Fifteen healthy adult participants walked at a self-selected speed on a 10 m long walkway. Vertical ground reaction forces were measured in the central 6 m of the walkway. Each participant performed three trials while walking barefoot and three trials while wearing shoes, each trial consisting of three 10 m walks. RESULTS There were minimal differences between trials at each condition. All primary force, time, distance and velocity parameters had intraclass correlation coefficients above 0.90 and coefficients of variation in the order of 2% to 4%. Compared to walking barefoot, walking in shoes resulted in 14% lower maximal vertical ground reaction force, 5% longer step length and 2% higher average velocity and caused less lateral translation of the center of force. CONCLUSIONS In this group of healthy adults, gait analysis with a force plate system produced repeatable intra-day results. The observation that barefoot and shod walking yield different results indicates that it is important to standardize test conditions.
Integrating models of long-term athletic development to maximize the physical development of youth

Long-term athletic development is important to prepare youth for sport and an active lifestyle. Several models have provided general frameworks for long-term athletic development from different perspectives that consider factors such as when to sample and specialize and what physical qualities to train and when. More recently, more specific models of long-term athletic development have emerged that focus on both specific modes of training and specific fitness qualities. This includes models focused on the development of speed, agility, power, and endurance as well as models devoted to resistance training, plyometric training, and weightlifting. These models incorporate factors such as technical competency, developmental stage, maturation, and training age to describe the long-term progression of athletic development. A challenge for the coach is to understand how these models inform one another and how they integrate into practice to allow the use of multiple modes of training to develop multiple components of fitness simultaneously throughout childhood and adolescence. This review will examine how information from various models can be integrated to maximize the physical long-term athletic development of youth.
Models for Parallel Computing : Review and Perspectives

As parallelism on different levels becomes ubiquitous in today's computers, it seems worthwhile to provide a review of the wealth of models for parallel comput ation that have evolved over the last decades. We refrain from a comprehensive survey and concentrate on models with some practical relevance, together with a perspective on models with potential future relevance. Besides presenting the models, we also refer to languages, implementations, and tools.
Corporate Share Repurchases in the 1990s: What Role Do Stock Options Play?

This paper investigates how the growth of stock option programs has affected corporate payout policy. Given that earnings per share (EPS) is widely used in equity valuation, some corporations may opt to repurchase shares to avoid the dilution of EPS that results from past stock option grants. Executives may also prefer distributing cash by repurchasing shares or retaining more earnings, as opposed to increasing dividends, to enhance the value of their own stock options. This paper tests the importance of these two hypotheses using cross-sectional and panel data on stock option programs. I find that stock options granted to top executives affect payout policy differently than do stock options granted to other employees. Option grants in general are associated with increased share repurchases and increased total payouts. However, the larger is the executives' holding of stock options, the more apt the firm is to retain more earnings and curtail cash distributions. Analysis of panel data for a sample of large firms suggests that firms conduct an ongoing repurchase of shares over the life of an option that undoes much of the dilution to EPS that results from past stock option grants.
The Conference in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014 (PED2014) Ped-Air: a simulator for loading, unloading, and evacuating aircraft

We present Ped-Air, a pedestrian simulation system to model the loading, unloading, and evacuation of commercial aircraft. We address the challenge of simulating passenger movement in constrained spaces (e.g., aisles and rows), along with complex, coordinating behaviors between the passengers. Ped-Air models different categories of passengers and flight crew, capturing their unique behaviors and complex interactions. We exhibit Ped-Airs capabilities by simulating passenger movements on two representative aircraft: a single-aisle Boeing 737, and a double-aisle Boeing 777. We are able to simulate the following behaviors: stress, luggage placement, flight staff assisting passengers, obstructed exits for evacuation.
New Design Criteria for Robust PCA and a Compliant Bayesian-Inspired Algorithm

Commonly used in computer vision and other applications, robust PCA represents an algorithmic attempt to reduce the sensitivity of classical PCA to outliers. The basic idea is to learn a decomposition of some data matrix of interest into low rank and sparse components, the latter representing unwanted outliers. Although the resulting optimization problem is typically NP-hard, convex relaxations provide a computationally-expedient alternative with theoretical support. However, in practical regimes performance guarantees break down and a variety of non-convex alternatives, including Bayesian-inspired models, have been proposed to boost estimation quality. Unfortunately though, without additional a priori knowledge none of these methods can significantly expand the critical operational range such that exact principal subspace recovery is possible. Into this mix we propose a novel pseudo-Bayesian algorithm that explicitly compensates for design weaknesses in many existing non-convex approaches leading to state-of-the-art performance with a sound analytical foundation.
“Soccer hooligan” studies: giving the Marxist approach another chance

In this article I review key studies in the academic literature on soccer hooliganism. This review does not aim to be complete because this literature is voluminous and growing day by day. The academic theories can be divided into: the early-dominant “figurational” or “processsociological” approach of Dunning et al.; the “anthropological” approach of Armstrong and Harris; the post-modern approach of Giulianotti; the Marxist approach of Taylor, Clarke, and Hargreaves; the “ethogenic” approach of Marsh; the “psychological reversal theory” approach of Kerr; and the historically sensitive / historical approaches of King and Robson. Later in the article I revisit the Marxist theoretical perspective, originally associated with Ian Taylor. I argue that, although Marxist perspectives are now unfashionable throughout academia, this perspective still has something to offer.
Protective Effect of Thunbergia laurifolia (Linn.) on Lead Induced Acetylcholinesterase Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment in Mice

Thunbergia laurifolia (linn., TL), a natural phenolic compound, has been reported to have many benefits and medicinal properties. The current study ascertains the total phenolic content present in TL aqueous leaf extract and also examines the antioxidant ability of the extract in preserving acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of mice exposed to lead in vivo and in vitro model. Mice were given lead acetate (Pb) in drinking water (1 g/L) together with TL 100 and 200 mg/kg/day. The result showed that Pb induced AChE dysfunction in both in vitro and in vivo studies. TL significantly prevented Pb induced neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner which was indicated by comparatively better performance of TL treated mice in Morris Water Maze Swimming Test and increased AChE activity in the tissue sample collected from the brains of these mice. TL also exhibited the greatest amount of phenolic content, which has a significant positive correlation with its antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data suggested that the total phenolic compounds in TL could exhibit antioxidant and in part neuroprotective properties. It may play a potential treatment strategy for Pb contamination.
Mentally Retarded Children in Special Programs

Some years ago, the Journal of Exceptional Children, published a series of articles within which experts in the various areas of exceptionality concerned themselves with the topic, "What is Special about Special Education. " These were excellent formulations and prescriptions. If we were to be critical about these articles, it would be in their very general approach to recommended procedures. However, these are not faults. Instead, they more or less reBect the persisting lack of specificity that has plagued us when planning for the education of exceptional children in general and, in this case, for the mentally retarded. We should recognize that this lack of specificity neither good nor had-is derived from a subjective and experiential approach to the structuring of an area of educatiee which seems to be in some early developmental stage. What does seem "had," however, is the persistence of the practice of basing procedures exclusively on subjectively determined premises. This, in essence, is the sign of a stultified, complacent field that has reached its peak, infinitesimal though it be, and is being passed by in the dynamic world of the behavioral sciences. Procedures, in the structuring of educational provisions for the mentally retarded, that were discussed in the aforementioned Journal of Exceptional Children series were: selection of children for special classes, the nature of the special class teacher, and the educational program. The fact that these were the concerns of specialists underlines their importance. The fact, however, that educators persist in perpetuating a subjective approach to conceptualizing these factors is a paradox. The paradox exists because there were objectively derived data available to complement the experience of specialists as early as the 1930's and, interestingly enough, objectively derived data continue to increase over the years since. We are referring, of course, to the studies on the efficacy of speeial-versus-regular class placement of retarded children. These studies were designed, ostensibly, to ascertain the merits of special classes insofar as academic achievement and, in some cases, personality development were concerned. Without exception, they were all unconvincing in their results. At best, two of the studies were able to demonstrate that the mentally retarded children in special classes were at least no worse off than those in the regular grades. The balance of the studies purport to show that retarded children in special classes are inferior in traditional subject matter to their counterparts in regular classes. All of these studies have been criticized on the basis of errors of omission. That is, the design of the studies, particularly in the manner in which selection factors were handled, came under fire and justifiably so. Critics contended that matching children already placed in special classes with those in
Megacities and the United States Army: Preparing for a Complex and Uncertain Future

Abstract : Cities with populations of ten million or more are given a special designation: megacity. There are currently over twenty megacities in the world, and by 2025 there will be close to forty.1 The trends are clear. Megacities are growing, they are becoming more connected, and the ability of host nation governments to effectively deal with their explosive growth and maintain security is, in many cases, diminishing. Megacities are a unique environment that the U.S. Army does not fully understand. Megacities are growing so fast that it is becoming increasingly difficult for host nation governments to keep up with infrastructure and resource requirements. Drivers of instability are already present and in many places are growing by the day. It is inevitable that at some point the United States Army will be asked to operate in a megacity and currently the Army is ill-prepared to do so. The scale and connectedness of megacities lend gravity to events within them, which can quickly capture international attention and compel military commitment. Accurate predictions of where unrest will occur will likely continue to elude analysts in the future as it has in the past. Monitoring megacities, however, may provide decision makers with effective predictors of looming instability with global impact. The problems found in megacities (explosive growth rates, vast and growing income disparity and a security environment that is increasingly attractive to the politically dispossessed) are landpower problems. Solutions, therefore, will require boots on the ground. By increasing its appreciation of megacities, the U.S. Army can better understand how it might operate within them as part of a joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational (JIIM) team. Leaders who appreciate the complexity of these environments will provide options to the National Command Authority that more closely match the objectives set forth in current and future National Security Strategies.
Turing's Analysis of Computation and Theories of Cognitive Architecture

Turing's analysis of computation is a fundamental part of the background of cognitive science. In this paper it is argued that a re-interpretation of Turing's work is required to underpin theorizing about cognitive architecture. It is claimed that the symbol systems view of the mind, which is the conventional way of understanding how Turing's work impacts on cognitive science, is deeply flawed. There is an alternative interpretation that is more faithful to Turing's original insights, avoids the criticisms made of the symbol systems approach and is compatible with the growing interest in agent-environment interaction. It is argued that this interpretation should form the basis for theories of cognitive architecture.
IrisNet: An Architecture for Enabling Sensor-Enriched Internet Service

The proliferation and affordability of webcams and other smart sensors have created opportunities for novel sensor-enriched Internet services, which combine traditional data sources with information collected from live sensor feeds. This paper describes the design, architecture, and implementation of IrisNet, the first generalpurpose software infrastructure tailored to the unique demands of worldwide sensing services. IrisNet provides service authors with a very high-level abstraction of the underlying system, to ease authoring of new services. For scalability and decreased bandwidth consumption, IrisNet pushes both sensor feed processing and queries close to the sensor nodes. IrisNet provides distributed query processing, data partitioning, caching, load balancing, and replication schemes optimized for sensor-enriched Internet services. This paper reports on experiments with a working IrisNet prototype running two example services that demonstrate the effectiveness of IrisNet’s features in achieving scalability and reducing query re-
Reconsidering the LGBT Climate Inventory: Understanding Support and Hostility for LGBTQ Employees in the Workplace

Workplace climate matters significantly for lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, or other sexual minority (LGBQ) employees, given that the presence of workplace hostility or support can affect well-being. The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Climate Inventory (LGBTCI) is a measure of workplace climate for LGBQ individuals, intended to capture the full range of workplace climate from hostility to support. The purpose of this article is to provide evidence that the recommended scoring approach of the LGBTCI needs to be reconsidered. We used latent class analysis to estimate classes of work-related experiences in our sample of 442 LGBQ employees who completed the LGBTCI. A four-class solution fit the data best. Characteristics of each class were identified and consequently labeled: supportive work climate, tolerant work climate, ambiguous work climate, and hostile work climate. Findings suggest that a more accurate measure of workplace climate would include independent scales for support and hostility.
Circulating antibodies to mouse laminin in Chagas disease, American cutaneous leishmaniasis, and normal individuals recognize terminal galactosyl(alpha 1-3)-galactose epitopes

Sera from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease and from monkeys infected with either Trypanosoma cruzi or Trypanosoma rhodesiense show, in RIAs, strong binding to mouse laminin. A distinct although weaker binding activity is also detected in normal human sera. The antibodies recognize a common carbohydrate epitope present on mouse laminin, which was assigned to a terminal galactosyl(alpha 1-3)-galactose group. Distinct crossreactions were observed with some other basement membrane proteins, rabbit glycosphingolipids, defucosylated human B blood group substance and components produced by some human tumor cells. Only little activity was, however, found on laminin obtained from human placenta. The data indicate that the antibodies arising in infectious diseases are stimulated by similar carbohydrate epitopes present on the surface of parasites. Tissue-specific occurrence of such epitopes may exist and explain the involvement of distinct tissues in autoimmune disorders.
A Descriptive Framework for the Field of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery

As our abilities to collect and store various types of datasets are continually increasing, the demands for advanced techniques and tools to understand and make use of these large data keep growing. No single existing field is capable of satisfying the needs. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (DMKD), which utilizes methods, techniques, and tools from diverse disciplines, emerged in last decade to solve this problem. It brings knowledge and theories from several fields including databases, machine learning, optimization, statistics, and data visualization and has been applied to various real-life applications. Even though data mining has made significant progress during the past fifteen years, most research effort is devoted to developing effective and efficient algorithms that can extract knowledge from data and not enough attention has been paid to the philosophical foundations of data mining. The objective of this research is to provide a conceptual framework that identifies major research areas of data mining and knowledge discovery (DMKD) for students and beginners and describe the longitudinal changes of DMKD research activities. Using the textual documents collected from premier DMKD journals, conference proceedings, syllabi, and dissertations, this study is intended to address the following issues: What are the major subjects of this field? What is the central theme? What are the connections among these subjects? What are the longitudinal changes of DMKD research? To answer these questions, this research uses a combination of grounded theory and document clustering. The result will represent previous and current DMKD research activities in the form of a framework. The resulting framework should allow people to comprehend the entire domain of DMKD research and assist identification of areas in need of more research efforts.