Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning Instance Specific Distance for Multi-Instance Classification

Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) deals with problems where each training example is a bag, and each bag contains a set of instances. Multi-instance representation is useful in many real world applications, because it is able to capture more structural information than traditional flat single-instance representation. However, it also brings new challenges. Specifically, the distance between data objects in MIL is a set-to-set distance, which is harder to estimate than vector distances used in single-instance data. Moreover, because in MIL labels are assigned to bags instead of instances, although a bag belongs to a class, some, or even most, of its instances may not be truly related to the class. In order to address these difficulties, in this paper we propose a novel Instance Specific Distance (ISD) method for MIL, which computes the Class-to-Bag (C2B) distance by further considering the relevances of training instances with respect to their labeled classes. Taking into account the outliers caused by the weak label association in MIL, we learn ISD by solving an l0+-norm minimization problem. An efficient algorithm to solve the optimization problem is presented, together with the rigorous proof of its convergence. The promising results on five benchmark multi-instance data sets and two real world multi-instance applications validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Secondary Metabolite of Aspergillus fumigatus, Endophytic Fungi of the Medicinal Plant Garcinia griffithii

The endophytic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from the tissues of the fruits of Garcinia griffithii. The fungal strain was identified from the colony, and it was characteristic of cell morphology. The ethyl acetate extracts derived from fungus cultures showed major spots on TLC under UV light, which was continued to the isolation of the secondary metabolites. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated on the basis of NMR analyses (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMQC, HMBC and H-H COSY). The compounds were identified as: 4,6-dihydroxy, 3,8a-dimethyl-1-oxo- 5-(3’-oxobutan-2’-yl)-1,4,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-2-yl-1”,2”-dimethyl-5”-(2”’-methylprop 1”’-enyl)cyclopentanecarboxylate.
Unsatisfactory Glucose Management and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Real World of Clinical Practice: A Retrospective Study

Background: Facing the increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), this study aimed to evaluate the management of GDM and its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: The data of 996 inpatients with GDM who terminated pregnancies in our hospital from January 2011 to December 2015 were collected. Treatments during pregnancy and the last hospital admission before delivery were analyzed. Pregnancy outcomes of the GDM patients were compared with 996 nondiabetic subjects matched by delivery year and gestational age. The association between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and adverse pregnancy outcomes was examined by logistic regression analyses. Results: The average prevalence of GDM over the 5 years was 4.4% (1330/30,191). Within the GDM patients, 42.8% (426/996) received dietary intervention, whereas 19.1% (190/996) received insulin treatment. Adverse outcomes were more likely to occur in patients with unsatisfactory control of blood glucose such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS, &khgr;2 = 13.373, P < 0.01). Elevated FPG was identified as an independent risk factor for premature birth (odds ratio [OR] = 1.460, P < 0.001), neonatal care unit admission (OR = 1.284, P < 0.001), RDS (OR = 1.322, P = 0.001), and stillbirth (OR = 1.427, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Management of GDM in the real world of clinical practice was unsatisfactory, which might have contributed to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. Isolated From Immunocompromised Patients and Children

Background: Cryptosporidium is known to be one of the most important causes of diarrhea in children and immunocompromised patients. Genotype characterization of Cryptosporidium species in each region would help in the treatment of this disease, as well as to locate the source of infection and to prevent the disease. Objectives: This current research was conducted in order to analyze the molecular characterization of isolated Cryptosporidium spp. in the Southwest of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this survey, 390 fecal samples were collected from immunocompromised individuals and children under five-years-of-age. Parasitic infection was evaluated using wet mount preparation, formalin ether, a modified acid fast staining method and microscopic examination. Finally, a PCR-RFLP assay was performed on the extracted DNA collected from fecal samples that were positive for Cryptosporidium by the acid fast method. Results: Among the 390 fecal samples, 16 cases (4.1%) were infected with Cryptosporidium. Molecular and genotype characterization found the following protozoan species; 11 Cryptosporidium parvum (68.8%), 4 C. hominis (25%), and one case of C. meleagridis (6.2%). Conclusions: The present study emphasized the public health importance of Cryptosporidium spp. in the study area. In addition, it seems that zoonotic species are the most important causes of infection in the region. As far as we are aware this the first report of a C. meleagridis infection in Iran.
Bayesian Detection in Bounded Height Tree Networks Citation Bayesian Detection in Bounded Height Tree Networks

We study the detection performance of large scale sensor networks, configured as trees with bounded height, in which information is progressively compressed as it moves towards the root of the tree. We show that, under a Bayesian formulation, the error probability decays exponentially fast, and we provide bounds for the error exponent. We then focus on the case where the tree has certain symmetry properties. We derive the form of the optimal exponent within a restricted class of easily implementable strategies, as well as optimal stra tegies within that class. We also find conditions under which (suitably defined) majority rules are optimal. Finally, we provide evidence that in designing a network it is preferable to keep the branching factor small for nodes other than the neighbors of the leaves .
Entrainment Mechanisms for Outflows in the L1551 Star-forming Region

We present high sensitivity 12CO and 13CO J = 1 → 0 maps covering the full extent of the parsec-scale L1551 molecular outflow, including the redshifted east-west (EW) flow. We also present 12CO J = 3 → 2 data obtained over a good fraction of the L1551 outflow. We compare the molecular data to wide-field, narrowband optical emission in Hα. While there are multiple outflows in the L1551 cloud, the main outflow is oriented at 50° position angle and appears to be driven by an embedded source(s) in the central IRS 5 region. The J = 3 → 2 data indicate that there may be molecular emission associated with the L1551 NE jet, within the redshifted lobe of the main outflow. We have also better defined the EW flow and believe we have identified its blueshifted counterpart. We speculate that the origin of the EW outflow lies near HH 102. Velocity-dependent opacity correction is used to estimate the mass and energy of the outflow. The resulting mass spectral indices from our analysis are systematically lower (less steep) than the power-law indices obtained toward other outflows in several recent studies that use a similar opacity correction method. We show that systematic errors and biases in the mass analysis procedures could result in errors in the determination of the power-law indices. The mass spectral indices, the morphological appearance of the position-velocity plots, and integrated intensity maps of molecular data, compared with the optical, suggest that jet-driven bow shock entrainment is the best explanation for the driving mechanism of outflows in L1551. The kinetic energy of the outflows is found to be comparable to the binding energy of the cloud and sufficient to maintain the turbulence in the L1551 cloud.
Correlating Clinical Risk Factors and Histological Features in Ruptured and Unruptured Human Intracranial Aneurysms: The Swiss AneuX Study

Abstract Pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm is complex and the precise biomechanical processes leading to their rupture are uncertain. The goal of our study was to characterize the aneurysmal wall histologically and to correlate histological characteristics with clinical and radiological factors used to estimate the risk of rupture. A new biobank of aneurysm domes resected at the Geneva University Hospitals (Switzerland) was used. Histological analysis revealed that unruptured aneurysms have a higher smooth muscle cell (SMC) content and a lower macrophage content than ruptured domes. These differences were associated with more collagen in unruptured samples, whereas the elastin content was not affected. Collagen content and type distribution were different between thick and thin walls of unruptured aneurysms. Classification of aneurysm domes based on histological characteristics showed that unruptured samples present organized wall rich in endothelial and SMCs compared with ruptured samples. Finally, aneurysm wall composition was altered in unruptured domes of patients presenting specific clinical factors used to predict rupture such as large dome diameter, dome irregularities, and smoking. Our study shows that the wall of aneurysm suspected to be at risk for rupture undergoes structural alterations relatively well associated with clinical and radiological factors currently used to predict this risk.
Spontaneous Formation of Vortex in a System of Self Motorised Particles

We study a system of disks with inelastic collisions. Energy is given to the system via a force of constant modulus, applied on each particle in the direction of its velocity. This system shows a dynamical phase transition from a disordered system towards a system organized into a vortex when the dissipation is increased. The state equation of the disordered system is obtained by using kinetic theory arguments. We also show that the transition is similar to the kinetic-cluster transition observed in the cooling of a gas of inelastic particles.
Effect of Spirulina platensis as dietary Supplement on Some Biological Traits for Chickensunder Heat Stress Condition

This work was performed to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis levels and vitamin E under heat stress on the performance, some physiological and blood biochemical constituents, antioxidant and immune responses traits of growing chickens. A total of 150 male Gimmizah local strain chicks (4 weeks of age) were randomly distributed among five treatment groups in battery brooder placed in a temperature-controlled room until 14 weeks of age. The first treatment was fed the basal diet only without any supplementation and kept in the first sector under optimum temperature 22-24oC and relative humidity (RH) 45-55 % (normal) used as negative control. Whereas, the other four treatments were kept in the last sector under chronic heat stress condition (38°C±1; 55-65 % RH) for three successive days a week from 11.00 am until 15.00 pm. The first heat stress group was fed the basal diet only without any supplementation and used as positive control (PC). Whereas in the other three treatments were fed the basal diet supplemented with Spirulina platensis at levels (0.5 and 1 g/kg diet) and vitamin E (75 mg/kg diet). The results indicated that different supplementations as Spirulina and VE decreased adverse effect of heat stress on growth performance and blood total protein, albumin, globulin, createinin, ALT, AST, total lipids, LDL, WBCs, RBCs, immunity of Chickens. In conclusion, addition of Spirulina platensis improved growth performance, immunity and can be decreased adverse effect stress on chickens under heat stress condition.
Identi fi cation and characterization of a macrophage-tropic SIV envelope glycoprotein variant in blood from early infection in SIVmac 251-infected macaques

Macrophages play an important role in HIV/SIV pathogenesis by serving as a reservoir for viral persistence in brain and other tissues. Infected macrophages have been detected in brain early after infection, but macrophage-tropic viruses are rarely isolated until late-stage infection. Little is known about early variants that establish persistent infection in brain. Here, we characterize a unique macrophage-tropic SIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) variant from two weeks post-infection in blood of an SIVmac251-infected macaque that is closely related to sequences in brain from animals with neurological disease. SIVmac251 clones expressing this Env are highly fusogenic, and replicate efficiently in T cells and macrophages. N173 and N481 were identified as novel determinants of macrophage tropism and neutralization sensitivity. These results imply that macrophage-tropic SIV capable of establishing viral reservoirs in brain can be present in blood during early infection. Furthermore, these SIVmac251 clones will be useful for studies on pathogenesis, eradication, and vaccines. & 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: a cross-sectional study in Malawi

Abstract Objective To estimate the use and outcomes of the Malawian programme for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods In a cross-sectional analysis of 33 744 mother–infant pairs, we estimated the weighted proportions of mothers who had received antenatal HIV testing and/or maternal antiretroviral therapy and infants who had received nevirapine prophylaxis and/or HIV testing. We calculated the ratios of MTCT at 4–26 weeks postpartum for subgroups that had missed none or at least one of these four steps. Findings The estimated uptake of antenatal testing was 97.8%; while maternal antiretroviral therapy was 96.3%; infant prophylaxis was 92.3%; and infant HIV testing was 53.2%. Estimated ratios of MTCT were 4.7% overall and 7.7% for the pairs that had missed maternal antiretroviral therapy, 10.7% for missing both maternal antiretroviral therapy and infant prophylaxis and 11.4% for missing maternal antiretroviral therapy, infant prophylaxis and infant testing. Women younger than 19 years were more likely to have missed HIV testing (adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 4.9; 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.3–10.6) and infant prophylaxis (aOR: 6.9; 95% CI: 1.2–38.9) than older women. Women who had never started maternal antiretroviral therapy were more likely to have missed infant prophylaxis (aOR: 15.4; 95% CI: 7.2–32.9) and infant testing (aOR: 13.7; 95% CI: 4.2–83.3) than women who had. Conclusion Most women used the Malawian programme for the prevention of MTCT. The risk of MTCT increased if any of the main steps in the programme were missed.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Patterns and Their Implications for Intervention Strategies in Vietnam

Background. Data on cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) in Vietnam are limited. This study explores the prevalence of each CVDRF and how they cluster to evaluate CVDRF burdens and potential prevention strategies. Methods. A cross-sectional survey in 2009 (2,130 adults) was done to collect data on behavioural CVDRF, anthropometry and blood pressure, lipidaemia profiles, and oral glucose tolerance tests. Four metabolic CVDRFs (hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, and obesity) and five behavioural CVDRFs (smoking, excessive alcohol intake, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and stress) were analysed to identify their prevalence, cluster patterns, and social predictors. Framingham scores were applied to estimate the global 10-year CVD risks and potential benefits of CVD prevention strategies. Results. The age-standardised prevalence of having at least 2/4 metabolic, 2/5 behavioural, or 4/9 major CVDRF was 28%, 27%, 13% in women and 32%, 62%, 34% in men. Within-individual clustering of metabolic factors was more common among older women and in urban areas. High overall CVD risk (≥20% over 10 years) identified 20% of men and 5% of women—especially at higher ages—who had coexisting CVDRF. Conclusion. Multiple CVDRFs were common in Vietnamese adults with different clustering patterns across sex/age groups. Tackling any single risk factor would not be efficient.
The major histocompatibility complex homozygous inbred Babraham pig as a resource for veterinary and translational medicine

The Babraham pig is a highly inbred breed first developed in the United Kingdom approximately 50 years ago. Previous reports indicate a very high degree of homozygosity across the genome, including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, but confirmation of homozygosity at the specific MHC loci was lacking. Using both direct sequencing and PCR‐based sequence‐specific typing, we confirm that Babraham pigs are essentially homozygous at their MHC loci and formalise their MHC haplotype as Hp‐55.6. This enhances the utility of the Babraham pig as a useful biomedical model for studies in which controlling for genetic variation is important.
Attitudes and Behaviour towards Non Household Waste Management in the Dublin , Ireland Region

The hypothesis of this research was that attitudes and behaviours towards the management of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) are spatially variable among the commercial sector (non-household sector), even within a city of modest (1.2 million) population. For a select number of representative electoral districts in the Dublin, Ireland region, businesses were surveyed regarding attitudes and behaviours towards waste management in general, and BMW management in particular. A total of 100 establishments were invited to fill in surveys with 71 completed surveys collected. Door-to-door interviews produced 20 responses; these were supplemented by 51 responses to a web-based survey. This resulted in a 71% response rate for the waste survey. It also showed the preference among businesses to the use of web-based survey modality rather than face-to-face interviews. Statistical analyses of the survey responses showed the majority of commercial respondents (34%) regarded “reducing the amount of waste generated” as the most important future issue they face. The majority of privately owned businesses (as opposed to publically owned enterprises, such as schools) believe they should pay for waste management services. These statistical results proved the hypothesis of the research and demonstrated that waste management initiatives designed for one area of the city (or, indeed, for uniform application to the city as a whole) could ignore the needs of some sectors. The survey responses suggest that targeted intervention strategies would lead to improved diversion rates of BMW from landfill, a requirement of the Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC.
Labour Informality, Selective Migration, and Productivity in General Equilibrium

This paper studies the interactions between urban labour informality and selective migration, and explores the consequences of productivity changes at both sectoral and individual levels. It proposes a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous workers to characterize the sizable agriculture sector and urban informality in developing economies, and discusses implications for wages and inequality. The model links the size of the urban informal sector to the distributions of individual productivity endowments. The finding suggests that improving average individual skills is an efficient way to alleviate urban underemployment. Equilibrium responses also indicate that changes in labour markets have only modest effects on wages and inequality.
The Relationship Between the Social Support of Hearing-Impaired Middle School Students and Their Sense of the Meaning of Life:the Mediating Effect of Core Self-Evaluation

This study aims to probe into hearing-impaired middle school students' sense of the meaning of life,as well as the relationship between their core self-evaluation,the social support,and their sense of the meaning of life,by using relevant scales to survey 412 hearing-impaired middle school students.The results reveal the following:(1) A total of 59.7% of the hearing-impaired middle school students lack the sense of the meaning of life. (2) The boys show a higher degree of escaping from life than the girls;the urban students score significantly higher than the rural students in their enthusiasm for life,their goal of life,their escape from life,and their sense of the meaning of life. (3) Their core self-evaluation plays a completely intermediary role between the support from their families and their sense of the meaning of life,and between the support from other aspects and their sense of the meaning of life,and it mediates between their friends' support and their sense of the meaning of life.The study draws the conclusion that hearing-impaired middle school students show a pessimistic sense of the meaning of life,and that they are supposed to receive education concerning the meaning of life in terms of the interaction between the environment and their personality.
Correlation of Clinicoserologic and Pathologic Classifications of Inflammatory Myopathies

AbstractThe idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are acquired muscle diseases characterized by muscle weakness and inflammation on muscle biopsy. Clinicoserologic classifications do not take muscle histology into account to distinguish the subsets of IIM. Our objective was to determine the pathologic features of each serologic subset of IIM and to correlate muscle biopsy results with the clinicoserologic classification defined by Troyanov et al, and with the final diagnoses. We retrospectively studied a cohort of 178 patients with clinicopathologic features suggestive of IIM with the exclusion of inclusion body myositis. At the end of follow-up, 156 of 178 cases were still categorized as IIM: pure dermatomyositis, n = 44; pure polymyositis, n = 14; overlap myositis, n = 68; necrotizing autoimmune myopathy, n = 8; cancer-associated myositis, n = 18; and unclassified IIM, n = 4. The diagnosis of IIM was ruled out in the 22 remaining cases. Pathologic dermatomyositis was the most frequent histologic picture in all serologic subsets of IIM, with the exception of patients with anti-Ku or anti-SRP autoantibodies, suggesting that it supports the histologic diagnosis of pure dermatomyositis, but also myositis of connective tissue diseases and cancer-associated myositis. Unspecified myositis was the second most frequent histologic pattern. It frequently correlated with overlap myositis, especially with anti-Ku or anti-PM-Scl autoantibodies. Pathologic polymyositis was rare and more frequently correlated with myositis mimickers than true polymyositis. The current study shows that clinicoserologic and pathologic data are complementary and must be taken into account when classifying patients with IIM patients. We propose guidelines for diagnosis according to both clinicoserologic and pathologic classifications, to be used in clinical practice.
Correlation between Independent Components of scalp EEG and intracranial EEG ( iEEG ) time series

19 scalp electrode (EEG) and 8 intra-cranial electrode (iEEG) are recorded simultaneously with a common reference. EEG data is subjected to independent component analysis (ICA) and localisation of components in grey matter is estimated by the sLORETA inverse solution. Correlation between the time series of two independent components and intra-cranial recordings is very high (computed over 23552 samples, max r = 0.8 and 0.67, respectively). One component is localized underneath the site of the implanted electrode. These findings were replicated using the second row of 8 iEEGs and an independent 19-electrode EEG recording, validating the source localisation provided by combining ICA and sLORETA. K eywords: Intra-cranial recording; Independent Component Analysis; ICoN; Tinnitus; sLORETA