Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An empirical study on developer‐related factors characterizing fix‐inducing commits

This paper analyzes developer‐related factors that could influence the likelihood for a commit to induce a fix. Specifically, we focus on factors that could potentially hinder developers' ability to correctly understand the code components involved in the change to be committed as follows: (i) the coherence of the commit (i.e., how much it is focused on a specific topic); (ii) the experience level of the developer on the files involved in the commit; and (iii) the interfering changes performed by other developers on the files involved in past commits. The results of our study indicate that ‘fix‐inducing’ commits (i.e., commits that induced a fix) are significantly less coherent than ‘clean’ commits (i.e., commits that did not induce a fix). Surprisingly, ‘fix‐inducing’ commits are performed by more experienced developers; yet, those are the developers performing more complex changes in the system. Finally, ‘fix‐inducing’ commits have a higher number of past interfering changes as compared with ‘clean’ commits. Our empirical study sheds light on previously unexplored factors and presents significant results that can be used to improve approaches for defect prediction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VLSI Design and Analysis of Multipliers for Low Power

Low power multipliers with high clock frequencies play an important role in today’s digital signal processing. In this work, the performance analysis of Wallace-tree, Array and Baugh-Wooley multiplier architectures is carried out. Physical verification of all the sub-blocks is performed using HSpice to check their functionality and to optimize for low power by using transistor sizing. The Layouts of the sub-blocks are drawn using Cadence Virtuoso to form the multipliers macros. DRC and LVS checks are performed using HerculesI and fed to RC-XT for parasitic extraction and to carry out post layout simulation and the power analysis using Astro rail. Delay and Power dissipation of Wallace Tree multiplier is least whereas Array multiplier is a best for reduced area applications but not speed. In this work, the area of 5x5 Array multiplier is 67. 73x7µm2 is the least compared to others. Each multiplier has to be selected depending on performance measures and nature of applications.
An implementation on detection of trusted service provider in mobile ad-hoc networks

The mobile ad-hoc network consists of energy constraint devices called nodes communicating through radio signals forming a temporary network i.e. nodes are continuously switching from one network to another. To minimize the power consumption, we form the clusters with an elected cluster head (Service Provider) based on any cluster head selection strategy. As the topology of this network is time variant attributable to node mobility, nodes are continuously leaving and entering the clusters, automatically registering with the cluster head to become the member of the cluster. But, there can be a scenario where a new node wants to access a service provided by the cluster head, at this time the newly entered node is unaware of the trustworthiness of the cluster head. To establish a trusted link amongst newly entered node and CH we have adopted an indirect trust computation technique based on recommendations, which form an important component in trust-based access control models for pervasive environment. It can provide the new node the confidence to interact with unknown service provider or CH to establish a trusted link for reliable accessibility of the service. In this paper, we shall present some existing indirect trust based techniques and subsequently discuss our proposal along with its merits and future scope.
The Canada-France Redshift Survey: The Luminosity Density and Star Formation History of the Universe to z ~ 1

The comoving luminosity density of the universe, ℒ(λ), is estimated from the Canada-France Redshift Survey (CFRS) faint galaxy sample in three wave bands (2800 Å, 4400 Å, and 1 μm) over the redshift range 0 < z < 1. In all three wave bands, ℒ increases markedly with redshift. For a (q0 = 0.5, Ω = 1.0) cosmological model, the comoving luminosity density increases as (1 + z)2.1 ± 0.5 at 1 μm, as (1 + z)2.7 ± 0.5 at 4400 Å, and as (1 + z)3.9 ± 0.75 at 2800 Å, these exponents being reduced by 0.43 and 1.12 for (0.05, 0.1) and (-0.85, 0.1) cosmological models, respectively. The ℒ(λ)-τ relation can be reasonably well modeled by an actively evolving stellar population with a Salpeter initial mass function (IMF) extending to 125 M☉, and a star formation rate declining as τ-2.5 with a turn-on of star formation at early epochs. A Scalo IMF extending to the same mass limit produces too many long-lived low-mass stars. This rapid evolution of the star formation rate and comoving luminosity density of the universe is in good agreement with the conclusions of Pei & Fall from their analysis of the evolving metallicity of the universe. One consequence of this evolution is that the physical luminosity density at short wavelengths has probably declined by 2 orders of magnitude since z ~ 1.
Consumer Participation in Mailing Lists: A Field Experiment

Increasingly, companies are acquiring customer names and personal information for database marketing purposes. Because lists of customer names often are sold and rented without customer knowledge, legislation has been proposed to curtail the ability of marketers to sell personal information without customer consent. In reaction, the direct marketing community has responded with aggressive self-regulation, strongly recommending negative option permission formats and carefully worded disclosure statements. The author examines the assumptions underlying the direct marketing community's self-regulation efforts. Using afield experiment, the author measures consumers’ willingness to provide marketers with personal information and permission to rent this information based on varying permission formats, type of information requested, and level of disclosure. The results of the field experiment support the direct marketing community's assumptions about how question format affects consumers’ willingness to allow their personal information to be transferred to a third party. However, the results do not support the common assumptions that using negative option formats and not asking consumers for sensitive information improves consumers’ willingness to join mailing lists.
Development in Professional Cleaning Work Brings Challenges toErgonomics

Professional cleaning is carried out worldwide in different environments and cleaning workers form an important proportion of the total working population. Cleaning is a fast-developing and fast-growing labour-intensive branch. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physical stress factors in cleaning work and their relationship with musculoskeletal disorders. The material was collected in three regional studies carried out in northern Finland during a ten-year period. Special attention was paid to the changes in professional cleaning. The results showed that cleaning is moderately heavy work containing continuous moving and repetitive movement of the upper extremities mainly when mopping. The cleaners themselves estimated that these two stress factors caused the greatest physical stress in their work. In the ten-year period the statistical test showed no significant reduction in the amount of repetitive movements. Instead, the working postures had improved. Bent, twisted and awkward working postures, and working with hands over shoulder level, had decreased significantly (p<0.001). The cleaners also reported that there had been significant reduction in manual lifting and carrying during the years (p<0.05). No statistical difference was found in the stress caused by heavy physical work. The results also revealed that musculoskeletal disorders are common among professional cleaners. Particularly, pain in the neck and shoulder area clearly increased with age. Cleaning is done mostly with the hands and the body, and cleaners are able to plan their own work to some extent. This enables them to influence the physical workload and musculoskeletal disorders. Cleaning techniques, tools, and machines have recently undergone major improvements, which has resulted in training needs for cleaners. Good results were achieved in adopting ergonomic ways of working after a training intervention. The conclusion is that professional cleaners would greatly benefit from relevant training in ergonomics and working techniques.
Removing randomness in parallel computation without a processor penalty

Some general techniques are developed for removing randomness from randomized NC algorithms without a blowup in the number of processors. One of the requirements for the application of these techniques is that the analysis of the randomized algorithm uses only pairwise independence. The main new result is a parallel algorithm for the Delta +1 vertex coloring problem with running time O(log/sup 3/ nlog log n) using a linear number of processors on a concurrent-read-concurrent-write parallel random-access machine. The techniques also apply to several other problems, including the maximal-independent-set problem and the maximal-matching problem. The application of the general technique to these last two problems is mostly of academic interest, because NC algorithms using a linear number of processors that have better running times have been previously found. <<ETX>>
Intravascular Targets for Molecular Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging

Molecular targeting of contrast agents for ultrasound imaging is emerging as a new medical imaging modality. It combines advances in ultrasound technology with principles of molecular imaging, thereby allowing non-invasive assessment of biological processes in vivo. Preclinical studies have shown that microbubbles, which provide contrast during ultrasound imaging, can be targeted to specific molecular markers. These microbubbles accumulate in tissue with target (over) expression, thereby significantly increasing the ultrasound signal. This concept offers safe and low-cost imaging with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. It is therefore considered to have great potential in cancer imaging, and early-phase clinical trials are ongoing. In this review, we summarize the current literature on targets that have been successfully imaged in preclinical models using molecularly targeted ultrasound contrast agents. Based on preclinical experience, we discuss the potential clinical utility of targeted microbubbles.
Implementing educational reform : sociological perspectives on educational policy

PART I. Systemic Reform: Sociology and Educational Policy PART II. National Standards For Content and Performance PART III. Opportunity to Learn Standards PART IV. School to Work Opportunities Act PART V. School, Parent, and Community Support PART VI. Professional Development PART VII. Goals 2000: Safe, Disciplined and Drug-free Schools PART VIII. Implications of Federal Legislation
The Case of Tomato in Ghana : Institutional Support

IFPRI – ACCRA IFPRI HEADQUARTERS Ghana Strategy Support Program International Food Policy Research Institute Postal Address: 2033 K Street NW c/o International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA PMB CT 112, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana Tel. +1-202-862-5600 Local Address: Fax +1-202-467-4439 CSIR Campus (Opposite Chinese Embassy) E-mail ifpri@cgiar.org Airport Residential Area www.ifpri. org Tel: +233-(0)21-780716 Fax: +233-(0)21-784752 http://www.ifpri. org/themes/gssp/gssp.htm
Detecting communicative intent in a computerised test of joint attention

The successful navigation of social interactions depends on a range of cognitive faculties—including the ability to achieve joint attention with others to share information and experiences. We investigated the influence that intention monitoring processes have on gaze-following response times during joint attention. We employed a virtual reality task in which 16 healthy adults engaged in a collaborative game with a virtual partner to locate a target in a visual array. In the Search task, the virtual partner was programmed to engage in non-communicative gaze shifts in search of the target, establish eye contact, and then display a communicative gaze shift to guide the participant to the target. In the NoSearch task, the virtual partner simply established eye contact and then made a single communicative gaze shift towards the target (i.e., there were no non-communicative gaze shifts in search of the target). Thus, only the Search task required participants to monitor their partner’s communicative intent before responding to joint attention bids. We found that gaze following was significantly slower in the Search task than the NoSearch task. However, the same effect on response times was not observed when participants completed non-social control versions of the Search and NoSearch tasks, in which the avatar’s gaze was replaced by arrow cues. These data demonstrate that the intention monitoring processes involved in differentiating communicative and non-communicative gaze shifts during the Search task had a measurable influence on subsequent joint attention behaviour. The empirical and methodological implications of these findings for the fields of autism and social neuroscience will be discussed.
The effect of exercise and beta2-adrenergic stimulation on glutathionylation and function of the Na,K-ATPase in human skeletal muscle

Potassium and sodium displacements across the skeletal muscle membrane during exercise may cause fatigue and are in part controlled by the Na,K‐ATPase. Regulation of the Na,K‐ATPase is therefore important for muscle functioning. We investigated the effect of oxidative stress (glutathionylation) on Na,K‐ATPase activity. Ten male subjects performed three bouts of 4‐min submaximal exercise followed by intense exercise to exhaustion with and without beta2‐adrenergic stimulation with terbutaline. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis at rest (Control samples) and at exhaustion. In vitro glutathionylation reduced (P < 0.05) maximal Na,K‐ATPase activity in a dose‐dependent manner. Na,K‐ATPase α subunits, purified by immunoprecipitation and tested by glutathione (GSH) antibodies, had a basal glutathionylation in Control samples and no further glutathionylation with exercise and beta2‐adrenergic stimulation. Immunoprecipitation with an anti‐GSH antibody and subsequent immunodetection with β1 antibodies showed approximately 20% glutathionylation in Control samples and further glutathionylation after exercise (to 32%) and beta2‐adrenergic stimulation (to 38%, P < 0.05). Combining exercise and beta2‐adrenergic stimulation raised the β1 glutathionylation to 45% (P < 0.05). In conclusion, both α and β1 subunits of the Na,K‐ATPase were glutathionylated in Control samples, which indicates that the maximal Na,K‐ATPase activity is overestimated if based on protein density only. β1 subunits are further glutathionylated by exercise and beta2‐adrenergic stimulation. Our data suggest that glutathionylation contributes to the complex regulation of Na,K‐ATPase function in human skeletal muscle. Glutathionylation of the Na,K‐ATPase may explain reductions in maximal Na,K‐ATPase activity after exercise, which may be involved in muscle fatigue.
Dynamical properties of a compartmental model for traffic networks

In this paper, we propose a traffic network flow model particularly suitable for qualitative analysis as a dynamical system. Flows at a junction are determined by downstream supply of capacity (lack of congestion) as well as upstream demand of traffic wishing to flow through the junction. This approach is rooted in the celebrated Cell Transmission Model for freeway traffic flow, and we analyze resulting equilibrium flows and convergence properties.
CALCIUM AND SHORT-TERM SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY

The sites of presynaptic action of calcium ions in triggering exocytosis and in activating various forms of short-term enhancement of synaptic transmission are discussed. A detailed presentation of methods and results is left to original publications. Instead, an attempt is made to collate a variety of findings and synthesize a picture of how Ca2+ operates in nerve terminals to trigger release and enhance evoked release following electrical activity. It is concluded that Ca2+ triggers neurosecretion by acting very near Ca2+ channel mouths, at high concentration, with high stoichiometry, to activate low affinity binding sites with fast kenetics. Facilitation, augmentation, and potentiation are consequences of actions of residual presynaptic Ca2+ remaining after prior electrical activity. Facili6tation is caused by Ca2+ acting with fast kinetics, but probably with moderately high affinity at a site distinct from the secretory trigger. Augmentation and potentiation are caused by residual Ca2+ acting at yet another site, probably of high affinity, and with rate constants of about 1s. Post-tetanic potentiation lasts so long because nerve terminals cannot remove residual Ca2+ quickly after prolonged stimulation. Processes similar to augmentation and potentiation apear to occur at some hormonal cells as well as in neurons. The molecular receptors for Ca2+ in short-term synaptic plasticity have yet to be identified, but Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase II is not a likely candidate.
The full social returns to education : estimates based on countries' economic growth performance

This paper reports new estimates of the social returns to education, using countries' economic performance during 1960-85 to capture the externalities from education. The results confirm the social profitability of investing in education but indicate that the returns by level of education are sensitive to countries' economic status. The authors distinguish between investments to maintain existing coverage and investments to expand it. Their findings relate mainly to the second type of investment decision in the context of observed initial gross enrollment ratios on the primary, secondary, and higher education levels for each category of low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries. Using this data, the authors maintain that the results suggest that low-income countries benefited most from investments to expand primary education, while in middle-income countries, it was investments to expand secondary education that brought the highest social returns. In the high-income countries, investing to expand coverage in higher education yielded the best returns. Investments with poor social returns include expansion of higher education in low- and middle-income settings and expansion of secondary education in high-income settings.
Women Wielding the Hoe: Lessons From Rural Africa for Feminist Theory and Development Practice

African Women Hoe Cultivators: Speculative Origins and Current Enigmas, D. F. Bryceson Women's Farming and Present Ethnography: Perspectives on a Nigerian Restudy, J. Guyer Down to Fundamentals: Women-Centred Hearth-holds in Rural West Africa, F. Ekejiuba The Myth of the African Family in the World of Development, B. O'Laughlin Uses and Abuses of the Concept of 'Female-Headed Households' in Research on Agrarian Transformation and Policy, P. Peters Women's Workload and Reproductive Stress, H. Bantje 'Children are Our Wealth': A Difficult Pregnancy on Mafia Island, Tanzania, P. Caplan Mothers, Healers and Farmers in Congo, M. C. Dupre What Women Can Do: AIDS Crisis Management in Uganda, C. Obbo Must Women Work Together? Development Agency Assumptions v. Changing Relations of Production in Southern Malawi Households, J. Davison Wishful Thinking: Theory and Practice of Western Donor Efforts to Raise Women's Status in Rural Africa, D. Bryceson Documenting Women's Views through Participatory Research: Diaries of Daily Activities in Rural Zambia, E. Skjonsberg Truth in Fantasy: Storytelling with and about Women in Msoga Village, Tanzania, U. Vuorela Burying the Hoe? , D. Bryceson.
A Semigroup Point Of View On Splitting Schemes For Stochastic (Partial) Differential Equations

We construct normed spaces of real-valued functions with controlled growth on possibly infinite-dimensional state spaces such that semigroups of positive, bounded operators $(P_t)_{t\ge 0}$ thereon with $\lim_{t\to 0+}P_t f(x)=f(x)$ are in fact strongly continuous. This result applies to prove optimal rates of convergence of splitting schemes for stochastic (partial) differential equations with linearly growing characteristics and for sets of functions with controlled growth. Applications are general Da Prato-Zabczyk type equations and the HJM equations from interest rate theory.
Economic Load Dispatch Using MRPSO with Generator Ramp Rate Limits Constraint

Economic load dispatch (ELD) is an important optimization task in power system. It is the process of allocating generation among the committed units such that the constraints imposed are satisfied and the fuel cost is minimized. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population-based optimization technique that can be applied to a wide range of problems but it lacks global search ability in the last stage of iterations. This paper used a novel PSO with a moderate-random-search strategy (MRPSO), which enhances the ability of particles to explore the solution spaces more effectively and increases their convergence rates. In this paper the power and usefulness of the MRPSO algorithm is demonstrated through its application to three and six generator systems with ramp rate limit constraints.
Influence of Temperature on Intra- and Interspecific Resource Utilization within a Community of Lepidopteran Maize Stemborers

Competition or facilitation characterises intra- and interspecific interactions within communities of species that utilize the same resources. Temperature is an important factor influencing those interactions and eventual outcomes. The noctuid stemborers, Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis and the crambid Chilo partellus attack maize in sub-Saharan Africa. They often occur as a community of interacting species in the same field and plant at all elevations. The influence of temperature on the intra- and interspecific interactions among larvae of these species, was studied using potted maize plants exposed to varying temperatures in a greenhouse and artificial stems kept at different constant temperatures (15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C) in an incubator. The experiments involved single- and multi-species infestation treatments. Survival and relative growth rates of each species were assessed. Both intra- and interspecific competitions were observed among all three species. Interspecific competition was stronger between the noctuids and the crambid than between the two noctuids. Temperature affected both survival and relative growth rates of the three species. Particularly at high temperatures, C. partellus was superior in interspecific interactions shown by higher larval survival and relative growth rates. In contrast, low temperatures favoured survival of B. fusca and S. calamistis but affected the relative growth rates of all three species. Survival and relative growth rates of B. fusca and S. calamistis in interspecific interactions did not differ significantly across temperatures. Temperature increase caused by future climate change is likely to confer an advantage on C. partellus over the noctuids in the utilization of resources (crops).