Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DETECTION OF GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM THE ETA-CARINAE REGION

We present the results of extensive observations by the gamma-ray AGILE satellite of the Galactic region hosting the Carina nebula and the remarkable colliding wind binary Eta Carinae (η Car) during the period 2007 July–2009 January. We detect a gamma-ray source (1AGL J1043−5931) consistent with the position of η Car. If 1AGL J1043−5931 is associated with the Car system, our data provide the long sought first detection above 100 MeV of a colliding wind binary. The average gamma-ray flux above 100 MeV and integrated over the preperiastron period 2007 July–2008 October is Fγ = (37 ± 5) × 10−8 ph cm−2 s−1 corresponding to an average gamma-ray luminosity of Lγ = 3.4 × 1034 erg s−1 for a distance of 2.3 kpc. We also report a two-day gamma-ray flaring episode of 1AGL J1043−5931 on 2008 October 11–13 possibly related to a transient acceleration and radiation episode of the strongly variable shock in the system.
Stock market liquidity and information asymmetry around voluntary earnings disclosures

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether non‐mandated earnings disclosures include value‐relevant information and affect information asymmetry and stock market liquidity.Design/methodology/approach – The event study methodology explores the informational content of good, bad and neutral voluntary earnings disclosures. The OLS panel regression framework is, then, used to analyze information asymmetry and stock market liquidity subsequent to both categories of voluntary earnings disclosures (i.e. earnings forecasts and quarterly earnings disclosures). Findings – Empirical tests show that voluntary earnings disclosures include material information and that bad news is released in an untimely fashion leading to information leakage in the pre‐announcement period. The results also indicate that quarterly earnings enhance stock market liquidity by shrinking bid‐ask spreads. However, earnings forecasts exacerbate information asymmetry before and after the announcement date. This result confirms th.
Child Labor in Cote D'Ivoire: Incidence and Determinants

Child labor in Cote d'Ivoire increased in the 1980s because of a severe economic crisis. Two out of three urban children aged 7 to 17 work; half of them also attend school. In rural areas, more than four out of five children work, but only a third of them manage to combine work with schooling. Full-time work is less prevalent, but not negligible. Roughly 7 percent of urban children work full time (an average 46 hours a week). More than a third of rural children work full time (an average of 35 hours a week), with the highest incidence in the Savannah region. The incidence of such full-time work rises with age but is by no means limited to older children. The average age of the full-time child worker in Cote d'Ivoire is 12.7. These children have received an average 1.2 years of schooling. That child is also more likely to be ill or injured and is less likely to receive medical attention than other children. Urban children in the interior cities are far more likely to work and their working hours are much longer. Among rural children, those in the Savannah region (where educational infrastructure lags far behind the rest of the country) are most likely to work. Five factors affect a household's decision to supply child labor: a) The age and gender of the child (girls are more likely to work, especially when the head of household is a woman). b) The education and employment status of the parents (low parental education is good targeting variable for interventions). c) The availability of within-household employment opportunities. d) The household's poverty status. e) The household's location (calling for geographical targeting). With improved macroeconomic growth, it is hoped, child labor will decline -- but a significant decline could take several generations. Meanwhile, it is important to: i) Use a gradual approach toward the elimination of child work by aiming initial interventions at facilitating combined work and schooling. ii) Support the development of home enterprises as part of poverty alleviation programs, but combine it with incentives for school attendance. iii) Make school hours and vacation periods flexible (accommodating harvest times) in rural areas. This would also improve children's health. iv) Improve rural school attendance by having a school in the village rather than 1 to 5 kilometers away. v) Improve educational investment in the Savannah.
Gemfibrozil attenuates the inflammatory response and protects rats from abdominal sepsis

Sepsis is a serious condition characterized by an infectious process that induces a severe systemic inflammatory response. In this study, the effects of gemfibrozil (GFZ) on the inflammatory response associated with abdominal sepsis were investigated using a rat model of cecal-ligation and puncture (CLP). Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham-operated group (sham), where laparotomy was performed, the intestines were manipulated, and the cecum was ligated but not punctured; control group, subjected to CLP; and GFZ group, which received GFZ prior to undergoing CLP. The groups were then subdivided into three different time-points: 2, 4 and 24 h, indicating the time at which blood samples were obtained for analysis. Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined. The LDH, AST and ALT values were significantly elevated following CLP compared with those in the sham group, and GFZ treatment was able to reduce these elevations. GFZ also reduced the sepsis-induced elevations of TNF-α and IL-1. In conclusion, GFZ treatment was able to attenuate the inflammatory response associated with CLP-induced sepsis, by diminishing the release of inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing tissue injury and oxidative stress.
Cross-Modal Morphological Priming in French

We investigated the lexical representation of morphologically complex words in French using a cross-modal priming experiment. We asked if the lexical representation for derivationally suffixed and prefixed words is morphologically structured and how this relates to the phonological transparency of the surface relationship between stem and affix. Overall we observed a clear effect of the morphological structure for derived words, an effect that is not explicable by a formal effect. Prefixed words prime their stems, even when they have a phonologically opaque relationship, and a prefixed word primes another prefixed word derived from the same stem. However, suffixed words prime their stems only if their relationship is phonologically transparent. Two suffixed words derived from the same stem prime each other. These two latter results differ from those observed in English by Marslen-Wilson, Tyler, Waksler, and Older (1994). We argue that it is the specific properties of the language, such as rhythm, that could explain the differences between the results observed for the two languages and we propose a model where prefixed and suffixed words are decomposed at different stages during their identification process.
Water Discharge and Sediment Load Changes in China: Change Patterns, Causes, and Implications

In this research, monthly hydrological and daily meteorological data were collected across China for the period 1956–2012. Modified Mann–Kendall tests, double mass curve analysis, and correlation statistics were performed to identify the long-term trends and interrelation of the hydrometeorological variables and to examine the influencing factors of streamflow and sediment. The results are as follows: (1) In the last 60 years, the streamflow in northern China has shown different decreasing trends. For the southern rivers, the streamflow presented severe fluctuations, but the declining trend was insignificant. For the streamflow in western China, an increasing trend was shown. (2) In the northern rivers, the streamflow was jointly controlled by the East Asian monsoon and westerlies. In the southern rivers, the runoff was mainly influenced by the Tibet–Qinghai monsoon, the South Asian monsoon, and westerlies. (3) Sediment loads in the LCRB (Lancang River Basin) and YZRB (Yarlung Zangbo River Basin) did not present significant change trends, although other rivers showed different degrees of gradual reduction, particularly in the 2000s. (4) Underlying surface and precipitation changes jointly influenced the streamflow in eastern rivers. The water consumption for industrial and residential purposes, soil and water conservation engineering, hydraulic engineering, and underlying surface changes induced by other factors were the main causes of streamflow and sediment reduction.
The probability of monophyly of a sample of gene lineages on a species tree

Monophyletic groups—groups that consist of all of the descendants of a most recent common ancestor—arise naturally as a consequence of descent processes that result in meaningful distinctions between organisms. Aspects of monophyly are therefore central to fields that examine and use genealogical descent. In particular, studies in conservation genetics, phylogeography, population genetics, species delimitation, and systematics can all make use of mathematical predictions under evolutionary models about features of monophyly. One important calculation, the probability that a set of gene lineages is monophyletic under a two-species neutral coalescent model, has been used in many studies. Here, we extend this calculation for a species tree model that contains arbitrarily many species. We study the effects of species tree topology and branch lengths on the monophyly probability. These analyses reveal new behavior, including the maintenance of nontrivial monophyly probabilities for gene lineage samples that span multiple species and even for lineages that do not derive from a monophyletic species group. We illustrate the mathematical results using an example application to data from maize and teosinte.
Asymmetric Price Distribution and Bid–Ask Quotes in the Stock Options Market*

We present a model of the bid and ask quotes in the equity option market when option payoffs are asymmetrically distributed due to the limited liability of the option. We then provide empirical evidence for the actively-traded Chicago Board of Options Exchange stock options, which is consistent with the implications of our model. First, the bid and ask quotes are asymmetrical around the option value, with the value being closer to the bid quote than to the ask. Second, the degree of the asymmetry increases as the moneyness of the option decreases. Finally, the ask quote of an options changes more than its bid quote. An important implication of the paper is that the bid-ask midpoint is not an unbiased estimator of the option value, especially for an out-of-the money option. Furthermore, one should be cautious in inferring the trade direction from comparing the trade price with the most recent bid-ask option.
Knowledge Diplomacy: Global Competition and the Politics of Intellectual Property

With the pervasiveness of the information revolution, the preservation of intellectual property rights through patents, copyrights, and trademarks has become far more difficult. Knock-off imitations abound and outright piracy of everything from pharmaceuticals to films to music videos is rife, especially in the vibrant markets of developing countries. Enforcement of existing international laws is often weak and countries are at odds over what should be enforced. And beneath this conflict is one more profound: where is the border between the rights of authors, singers, and innovative manufacturers to profit from the fruits of their intellectual efforts and the rights of libraries and other institutions, as well as individuals, to have access to information? In this book, Michael Ryan explains the issues, politics, and diplomacy of balancing intellectual property rights with the public's right of access. He discusses the major negotiations to forge international policy in the 1980s and 1990s, including the bilateral U.S. intellectual property negotiations with China and other developing countries, the multilateral negotiations conducted at GATT, and the 1996 copyright treaties negotiated at the World Intellectual Property Organization. He analyzes the shaping context of global competition in intellectual property-intensive industries---pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, film and music, publishing, information technology, and software---and the industries' policy advocacy tactics and strategies to protect their markets. He examines the role of the World Intellectual Property Organization and explores the new "knowledge diplomacy" that will establish the rules governing the exploitation of innovation and expression in a digital, twenty-first century global economy.
Resting Microglia Directly Monitor the Functional State of Synapses In Vivo and Determine the Fate of Ischemic Terminals

Recent studies have identified the important contribution of glial cells to the plasticity of neuronal circuits. Resting microglia, the primary immune effector cells in the brain, dynamically extend and retract their processes as if actively surveying the microenvironment. However, just what is being sampled by these resting microglial processes has not been demonstrated in vivo, and the nature and function of any interactions between microglia and neuronal circuits is incompletely understood. Using in vivo two-photon imaging of fluorescent-labeled neurons and microglia, we demonstrate that the resting microglial processes make brief (∼5 min) and direct contacts with neuronal synapses at a frequency of about once per hour. These contacts are activity-dependent, being reduced in frequency by reductions in neuronal activity. After transient cerebral ischemia, the duration of these microglia–synapse contacts are markedly prolonged (∼1 h) and are frequently followed by the disappearance of the presynaptic bouton. Our results demonstrate that at least part of the dynamic motility of resting microglial processes in vivo is directed toward synapses and propose that microglia vigilantly monitor and respond to the functional status of synapses. Furthermore, the striking finding that some synapses in the ischemic areas disappear after prolonged microglial contact suggests microglia contribute to the subsequent increased turnover of synaptic connections. Further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the microglial detection of the functional state of synapses, and of their role in remodeling neuronal circuits disrupted by ischemia, may lead to novel therapies for treating brain injury that target microglia.
Suicidal feelings in the twilight of life: a cross-sectional population-based study of 97-year-olds

Objective To examine the occurrence of past month suicidal feelings in extreme old age. Further, to identify factors associated with such feelings. Design Cross-sectional population-based study. Setting Gothenburg, Sweden. Participants 269 adults (197 women, 72 men) without dementia born in 1901–1909 who participated in a psychiatric examination. Main outcome measures Death thoughts and suicidal feelings. The latter were rated in accordance with the Paykel questions (life not worth living, death wishes, thoughts of taking own life, seriously considered taking own life, attempted suicide) during the past month. Results One quarter of the sample (26.7%) reported that they thought about their own death at least once a month. Past month thoughts that life was not worth living were acknowledged by 7.9% of the total sample, death wishes by 10.5% and thoughts of taking life by 3.8%. Few had serious thoughts of taking own life (0.8%) and none had attempted suicide. In all, 11.5% acknowledged some level of suicidal feelings. Most (77.4%) of those who reported such feelings fulfilled criteria for neither major nor minor depression. Neither poor perceived health nor disability (hearing, vision and motor function) was associated with suicidal feelings. Problematic sleep and deficient social contacts were also related to suicidal feelings after adjustment for depression. Conclusions Suicidal feelings may occur outside the context of depression and disability in this age group. Results can inform clinicians who care for persons who reach extreme old age.
Discovery of an Extraordinarily Massive Cluster of Red Supergiants

We report the discovery of an extraordinarily massive young cluster of stars in the Galaxy, having an inferred total initial cluster mass comparable to the most massive young clusters in the Galaxy. Using IRMOS, 2MASS, and Spitzer observations, we conclude that there are 14 red supergiants in the cluster, compared with five, in what was previously thought to be the richest Galactic cluster of such stars. We infer spectral types from near-infrared spectra that reveal deep CO bandhead absorption that can only be fit by red supergiants. We identify a gap of ΔKs ~ 4 mag between the stars and the bulk of the other stars in the region that can only be fit by models if the brightest stars in the cluster are red supergiants. We estimate a distance of 5.8 kpc to the cluster by associating an OH maser with the envelope of one of the stars. We also identify a "yellow" supergiant of G6 I type in the cluster. Assuming a Salpeter IMF, we infer an initial cluster mass of 20,000-40,000 M☉ for cluster ages of 7-12 Myr. Continuing with these assumptions, we find that 80% of the initial mass and 99% of the number of stars remain at the present time. We associate the cluster with an X-ray source (detected by ASCA and Einstein), a recently discovered very high energy γ-ray source (detected by INTEGRAL and HESS), and several nonthermal radio sources, finding that these objects are likely related to recent supernovae in the cluster. In particular, we claim that the cluster has produced at least one recent supernova remnant with properties similar to the Crab Nebula.
Monetary Policy and Long-Run Risk

I show that long-run risk – highly persistent variation in expected consumption growth – arises endogenously in a production economy with nominal frictions. The ‘long-run’ part comes from price stickiness. The nominal frictions in the model generate a consumption growth process that shows low persistence unconditionally, but has a highly persistent conditional mean. The ‘risk’ part comes from Epstein-Zin preferences, which result in a large risk premium being associated with the variation in this conditional mean. The model restricts the joint behavior of consumption, inflation, wages and both real and nominal asset prices, and naturally provides novel testable implications for long-run risk models. A calibrated version of the model generates consumption, risk-free interest rate and equity risk premia behavior that are consistent with U.S. data. ∗Tepper School of Business Carnegie Mellon University. email:federicogavazzoni@cmu.edu. I wish to thank Laurence Ales, Anisha Ghosh, Dave Backus, Brent Glover, Lars-Alexander Kuehn, Burton Hollifield, Francisco Palomino, Nicolas Petrosky-Nadeau, Bryan Routledge, Stan Zin and, in particular, Chris Telmer for many helpful comments and discussions. All errors are mine.
A study of the surface plasmon absorption band for nanoparticles

In this work, we have performed the theoretical calculations of the absorbance of spherical silver nanoparticles dispersed in deionized water and in n-propanol, computed from a summation of the Mie series for different particle radius in the range from 1 to 17 nm. In both solvents, the maximum absorbance increases and the bandwidth at half-maximum absorption and number of particles decrease. Maximum absorbance of silver nanoparticles is higher in n-propanol than in deionized water. These results are due to high refractive index of n-propanol. Key words: Silver nanoparticles, absorbance, particle radius.
Global care work : gender and migration in nordic societies

This is a unique study of gender and migration. Written by researchers from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, this anthology brings the Nordic example to the international debate on how globalisation affects and commercialises women's traditional work. The authors uncover some uncomfortable facts about new ethnic hierarchies, social class and gender discrimination in their countries. The Nordic societies have a long history of active policies on gender equality and social welfare for all. But today families can outsource' gender equality conflicts to the global market, and on a national level the authorities can use migration policy to adjust to the needs of the labour market. The authors present empirical research on the lives of care workers, sex workers and au pairs, their families, and the social and legal migration regulations. Global Care Work critically examines the effects of new migration patterns and globalisation on the egalitarian ideologies in the Nordic countries. The book makes essential reading for those interested in migration, care work and gender issues.
Prefrontal Cortex Focally Modulates Hippocampal Place Cell Firing Patterns

Previous work shows that medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) cells exhibit spatio-selective activity at a goal location when rats are trained in a goal-oriented navigation task. Damaging the ventral and intermediate hippocampal regions severely disrupts both mPFC goal firing and behavioral performance in the same task. Additionally, hippocampal place cells tend to develop a secondary place field at the goal location, suggesting that goal locations can be encoded by local changes in firing rate, within an otherwise stable spatial representation. Therefore, it has been suggested that the coordinated activity of a large fraction of hippocampal cells at the goal location may interact with the mPFC to compute accurate planning trajectories, relying on both precise location-specific firing of place cells and the coarse-coded, goal-trajectory planning function of the prefrontal cortex. To test this hypothesis, we inactivated the mPFC and recorded hippocampal place cell activity while animals were performing the navigation task. The results show that post-training inactivation of the prefrontal cortex does not affect behavioral performance, suggesting that this structure is no longer required when animals are overtrained. The goal-related activity of place cells was not affected at either single unit or local field potential level. Conversely, profound modifications of place cell firing variability (overdispersion) were observed after suppression of prefrontal input, suggesting a possible mechanism underlying behavioral flexibility.
Chinese international students. An avant-garde of independent travellers?

Though most long-haul Chinese travellers participate in group-based tours, many young Chinese are now travelling overseas to acquire educational qualifications. These ‘study tourists’ travel independently around their place of study, often accompanied by friends and relatives whom they are hosting. Understanding the characteristics of such independent behaviours may offer insights into China’s future outbound travel market. This study of 1400 Chinese studying in Australia highlights distinctions between independent student travellers and youth travellers more generally such as backpackers. The findings challenge established typologies of independent youth travellers and raise prospective implications for marketers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 08 May 2013; Revised 22 July 2013; Accepted 28 August 2013