Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF IRRELEVANT INFORMATION ON PRICE JUDGMENT

The paper presents an experiment that tests the influence of an irrelevant to the task feature (namely the color of the fonts used) on the judgment of rent prices of various apartments. The rents were presented with either green or red digits that stand for the price of the apartments. Participants judged how expensive the prices are from their perspective on a 7 point scale. As result it turned out that the rents obtained different ratings depending on the color with which they were presented, i.e. there was an influence of the irrelevant to the task dimension “color” on human judgment of a quite abstract dimension such as price. The difference is small but significant. Three possible explanations of these contextual effects are discussed with respect to the specific material used in this experiment. It was argued that spreading activation (Kokinov et al., 2004, Petkov, 2005a, 2005b) provides a better explanation of the reported results than the low-level perceptual “recalibration” (Marks, 1988, 1992, 1994, Marks and Warner, 1991, Arieh and Marks, 2002) or perceptual learning mechanisms (Goldstone, 1995,1998).
The Monogamy Gap: Men, Love, and the Reality of Cheating

Part 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Overview of the Research Chapter 2: Developing a Critique of Monogamy Chapter 3: About the Study Part 2: Men, Attraction, and Love Chapter 4: The Hardening and Softening of Men Chapter 5: The Science of Sexual Attraction Chapter 6: The Development of Romantic Relationships Part 3: Monogamy and its Discontents Chapter 7: Categorizing Monogamy Types Chapter 8: Monogamism Chapter 9: The Monogamy Gap Chapter 10: Costs of Monogamism Chapter 11: Jealousy Chapter 12: Liberation from Monogamous Missionary Sex Part 4: The Reality of Cheating Chapter 13: Prevalence of Cheating Chapter 14: Spontaneous Cheating Chapter 15: Cheating Out of Love Chapter 16: Consequences of Cheating Chapter 17: Counter Currents Chapter 18: Conclusions
Sum-rate performance and impact of self-interference cancellation on full-duplex wireless systems

We consider full-duplex (FD) bidirectional communication between a pair of nodes and investigate the impact of residual self-interference on sum-rate performance. We first analyze a situation where channel state information is available only at receiver (CSIR). For this case, we derive an exact expression and a lower bound to the sum-rate performance of FD and hence characterize the effect of residual self-interference. The study shows that, FD sum-rate performance is limited by the effective signal-to-residual self-interference power ratio (effective SIR). In particular, for a fixed effective SIR, FD achieves almost twice the sum-rate of half-duplex (HD) in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes whilst FD performance is surpassed by HD in high SNR regions. A closed-form approximation to this crossover SNR is derived. We then investigate the sum-rate of FD assuming channel state information is available to both transmitter and receiver (CSIT). Comparison of FD sum-rates of CSIR and CSIT shows that, in low SNR regions, a significant benefit can be achieved with CSIT while the gain is small in high SNR levels.
A Theory of Fields

Chapter 1: The Gist of It Introduction - The Central Elements of the Theory - Other Perspectives - Conclusion Chapter 2: Micro-Foundations Introduction - Meaning and Membership - The Collective as Existential Refuge - Social Skill - Social Skill in Action - The Scope of the Theory - Institutional Politics - Social movements - Markets and the Economy - The Nonprofit Sector - Conclusion Chapter 3: Macro Implications Introduction - The " of Strategic Action Fields - An Excursus on Formal Organization and Bureaucracy - The State as a system of strategic action fields - The Impact of State Fields on Non-state strategic action fields - The Dependence of States and State Fields on Non-state strategic action fields - Internal Governance Units - Higher Education and the Professions - Conclusion Chapter 4: Change and Stability in Strategic Action Fields Introduction - Current Debates - The Emergence of Strategic Action Fields - Sustaining a Settlement - Settlements and Ruptures - Reestablishing - Field Stability - The Relationship between Social Skill and the State of the Strategic Action Field - Social Skill and the Emergence of Fields - Social Skill and the Reproduction of Fields - Social Skill and the Transformation of Fields - Conclusion Chapter 5: Illustrating the Perspective Introduction - The Civil Rights Struggle, 1932-1980 - Setting the Stage - The Field of Racial Politics - Destabilizing Changes - The Episode of Contention and the Rise of the Civil Rights Movement - A New Settlement - The Declining Salience of the Cold War Dynamic - The Revenge of the Dixiecrats and the End of the New Deal Electoral Regime - The Rise of Black Power and the Rupture in the Movement strategic action fields - The Institutionalization of the Civil Rights Movement and Its Impact on Other Strategic Action Fields - Summing up - The Transformation of the U.S. Mortgage Market, 1969-2010 - The Dominant Strategic Action Fields of the Mortgage Market, 1934-1987 - Changes that Destabilized the Mortgage Market, 1969-1987 - Settlement and the new Strategic Action Field - The Rise of the Industrial model of the MBS market, 1993-2007 - The Causes of the Crisis - The Impact of the Strategic Action Field based on the Industrial model on other strategic action fields - Conclusion Chapter 6 Methods Introduction The Roadmap How to Tell if a Strategic Action Field Exists Emergence, Stability, and Crisis, Part 1 The Problem of the State in Relation to Strategic Action Fields Emergence, Stability, and Crisis, Part 2 Social Skill, Strategic Action, and the Question of Entrepreneurship Considering Different Philosophies of Science and Methodological Strategies A Positivist Approach to Strategic Action Fields Realist Approaches to Strategic Action Fields The Problem of Empiricism Conclusion Chapter 7 A Theory of Strategic Action Fields So what is new here? The Problem of the Accumulation of Knowledge in the Social Sciences The Surprising Discovery of Fields Toward a Collaborative Program of Theory and Research on Fields Bibliography
MAPPING CLASS GROUP DYNAMICS ON SURFACE GROUP REPRESENTATIONS

Deformation spaces Hom(�,G)/G of representations of the fundamental groupof a surfacein a Lie group G ad- mit natural actions of the mapping class group Mod�, preserving a Poisson structure. When G is compact, the actions are ergodic. In contrast if G is noncompact semisimple, the associated deforma- tion space contains open subsets containing the Fricke-Teichmuller space upon which Modacts properly. Properness of the Mod�- action relates to (possibly singular) locally homogeneous geomet- ric structures on �. We summarize known results and state open questions about these actions.
Connecting through Music: A Study of a Spousal Caregiver-Directed Music Intervention Designed to Prolong Fulfilling Relationships in Couples Where One Person Has Dementia

Maintaining meaning/it! relationships in ageing couples where one spouse has dementia may lead to improved wellbeing in the caregiving spouses and increase the probability that caregivers will be able to maintain the care of their partners. Our study piloted a home-based music intervention designed to stimulate meaning/it! interaction between the spouses and discover its value in affecting the quality of the spousal relationship, satisfaction with caregiving, and caregiver wellbeing. Five couples consented to participate in the study and were provided with an education and demonstration session designed to train the caregiving spouse to use music with their spouse. They were asked to selfdirect a program involving three sessions per week for six consecutive weeks. Measures of anxiety, depression, spousal relationship, and measures of caregiving experiences were administered pre-post program. Spousal caregivers completed a diary during the six weeks and participated in a postprogram interview. A thematic analysis of the data indicated that music-sharing experiences were beneficial to the spousal relationship, satisfaction with caregiving, and caregiver wellbeing, and enhanced the mood of both the caregiver and spouse with dementia. The sample size was too small to generate significant quantitative results and is used in this paper to support the qualitative data.
Optimal Follow-up of Patients with Viral Hepatitis Improves the Detection of Early-stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Prognosis of Survival

Objective To manage patients with viral hepatitis, it is important to screen for hepatitis, conduct a comprehensive examination if such screening is positive, administer antiviral treatment, and conduct surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The proper execution of this strategy is expected to effectively reduce the number of deaths from viral hepatitis. Such an “optimal” follow-up for HCC surveillance is therefore important. This study aimed to determine the benefits of performing an optimal follow-up of patients with viral hepatitis. Methods The subjects were infected with the hepatitis virus and were initially diagnosed with or treated for HCC from 2004-2012. We retrospectively analyzed the history of a patient's current illness using the hospital discharge summary. To minimize any lead-time bias, we calculated the corrected survival for patients who received an optimal follow-up. Results Of 333 patients, 107 (32.1%) did not receive an optimal follow-up and thus had low cumulative survival rates in comparison to those who did. The median corrected survival was 51.5 months for patients with an optimal follow-up compared with 31.4 months for those without (p=0.011). A multivariate analysis revealed that AFP <35 [odds ratio (OR), 2.054], Child-Pugh A (OR, 2.488), and an optimal follow-up (OR, 4.539) were independent factors associated with the detection of early-stage HCC. Age (OR, 0.939), tumor stage I/II (OR, 6.918), and an optimal follow-up (OR, 3.213) were found to be independent factors associated with receiving curative treatment. Conclusion An optimal follow-up of patients with viral hepatitis independently increased the detection of early-stage HCC and the administration of curative treatment. Patients with an optimal follow-up survived longer than those without.
Distortion correction of magnetic fields for position tracking

Electro-magnetic tracking systems are in wide-spread use for measuring 6D positions. However, their accuracy is impaired seriously by distortions of the magnetic fields caused by many types of metal which are omnipresent at real sites. We present a fast and robust method for "equalizing" those distortions in order to yield accurate tracking. The algorithm is based on global scattered data interpolation using a "snap-shot" of the magnetic field's distortion measured once in advance. The algorithm is fast (it does not introduce any further lag in the data flow), robust, the samples of the field's "snap-shot" can be arranged in any way, and it is easy to implement. The distortion is visualized in an intuitive way to provide insight into its nature, and the correction algorithm is evaluated in terms of accuracy and performance. Finally, a qualitative comparison of the susceptibility of a Polhemus and an Ascension tracking system is carried out.
Acquiring Sense Tagged Examples using Relevance Feedback

Supervised approaches to Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) have been shown to outperform other approaches but are hampered by reliance on labeled training examples (the data acquisition bottleneck). This paper presents a novel approach to the automatic acquisition of labeled examples for WSD which makes use of the Information Retrieval technique of relevance feedback. This semi-supervised method generates additional labeled examples based on existing annotated data. Our approach is applied to a set of ambiguous terms from biomedical journal articles and found to significantly improve the performance of a state-of-the-art WSD system.
Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples

Several machine learning models, including neural networks, consistently misclassify adversarial examples---inputs formed by applying small but intentionally worst-case perturbations to examples from the dataset, such that the perturbed input results in the model outputting an incorrect answer with high confidence. Early attempts at explaining this phenomenon focused on nonlinearity and overfitting. We argue instead that the primary cause of neural networks' vulnerability to adversarial perturbation is their linear nature. This explanation is supported by new quantitative results while giving the first explanation of the most intriguing fact about them: their generalization across architectures and training sets. Moreover, this view yields a simple and fast method of generating adversarial examples. Using this approach to provide examples for adversarial training, we reduce the test set error of a maxout network on the MNIST dataset.
RESTORATION OF MOTOR AND NON-MOTOR FUNCTIONS BY NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES WITH DOPAMINE DEPLETION

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. As the disease progresses there is a loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra projecting to the various forebrain and sub-cortical regions. Current treatments for PD are unable to prevent or curtail the neurodegenerative process; so rescuing remaining dopamine in the mid-brain has been the recent focus of research examining the effectiveness of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) in the treatment of PD. In this dissertation, the ability of three novel, recently discovered NTFs to restore DA neurons and motor function in a nonhuman primate model of PD was examined. The NTFs were Cerebral Dopamine Neurotrophic Factor (CDNF) and two variants of Neurturin (NRTN), N2 and N4, that have mutations that prevent binding to heparin sulfate binding sites in the brain. These studies used the unilateral low dose (0.15 ± 0.001 mg/kg) monkey 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD to cause loss of DA neurons. Six groups of monkeys were studied: vehicle-treated (negative control), Glial Cell-line Derived Neurotropic Factor (GDNF, positive control), two groups of CDNF-treated monkeys (450 μg and 150 μg), and N2 and N4-treated groups. After MPTP, monkeys developed moderate symptoms of PD (PD rating scale score=7.9±0.5 on a scale of 0-22, p<0.001), motor dysfunction and increased daytime sleepiness. After three months of infusions, all three NTFs (150 μg CDNF, N2 and N4) significantly increased the number of DA neurons in the substantia nigra, p=0.03, and improved parkinsonian symptoms measured by rating scale, p<0.001. Most motor functions were significantly correlated with the number of DA neurons in the substantia nigra. N4 significantly improved daytime sleep duration, bouts and wake-latency (p=0.02, p=0.06 and p=0.02, respectively). In summary, CDNF, N2 and N4 trophic factors are neurorestorative to DA neurons, motor function is tightly correlated with DA neuronal number, and N4 improved the non-motor symptom of increased daytime sleepiness in this monkey PD model. These factors hold promise for clinical therapy for PD patients.
Update of cylindromatosis gene (CYLD) mutations in Brooke‐Spiegler syndrome: novel insights into the role of deubiquitination in cell signaling

Germline mutations in the cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene have been described in families with cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and/or spiradenomas. Brooke‐Spiegler syndrome (BSS) is the autosomal dominant predisposition to skin appendageal neoplasms including cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and/or spiradenomas. We review the clinical features, molecular genetics, and the animal models of BSS. To date, a total of 51 germline CYLD mutations have been reported, occurring in exons 9–20, in 73 families with diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. Of 51 mutations, 86% are expected to lead to truncated proteins. The seven missense mutations reported to date occur only within the ubiquitin (Ub)‐specific protease (USP) domain of the CYLD protein and most are associated exclusively with multiple familial trichoepithelioma (MFT). CYLD functions as a tumor suppressor gene. CYLD encodes a deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme that negatively regulates the nuclear factor (NF)‐κB and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. CYLD DUB activity is highly specific for lysine 63 (K63)‐linked Ub chains but has been shown to act on K48‐linked Ub chains as well. In 2008, the CYLD USP domain was crystallized, revealing that the truncated Fingers subdomain confers CYLD's unique specificity for K63‐linked Ub chains. Recent work using animal models revealed new roles for CYLD in immunity, lipid metabolism, spermatogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, antimicrobial defense, and inflammation. Hum Mutat 30:1–12, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Line-of-sight rate estimation and linearizing control of an imaging seeker in a tactical missile guided by proportional navigation

Acceleration commands in missiles guided by proportional navigation require the measurement of line-of-sight (LOS) rate. It is often obtained by filtering the output of a 2-DOF rate gyro mounted on the inner gimbal of the seeker. This paper describes the modeling of an imaging seeker and the formulation of an extended Kalman filter (EKF) for the estimation of LOS rate from measurements of relative angular displacement between seeker gimbals and a low-cost strapdown inertial unit. The approach aims at circumventing the need for the rate gyro on the seeker. A linearizing feedback control law for decoupling missile motion from that of the seeker is proposed based on the filter model and its estimates. Additionally, the control law uses visual information from the image sequence for target tracking. Seeker dynamics and control are then integrated into a dynamic model of a cruciform missile equipped with canards and rollerons and guided by proportional navigation in 3D interception tasks. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to evaluate the overall system accuracy subject to different initial conditions and the impact of rolling motion during high-g maneuvers on miss distance. Initial engagement geometry and roll-rate damping at high incidence angles have significant effect.
Sensitivity of the HVS for Binocular disparity Cue in 3D Displays under Different Ambient Illumination Conditions

In this paper, the sensitivity of the HVS towards binocular disparity depth cue, which is the most important cue in modern stereoscopic 3D displays, is investigated under different ambient illumination conditions. The experimental results indicate that as ambient illumination increases the sensitivity of the HVS for depth details increases or the Just Noticeable Difference in Depth (JNDD) decreases. It is expected that the investigation results will have important use cases in designing 3D display setups and 3D content production.
Is General Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct ? * Psychometric Findings from 25 Countries

Perceived self-efficacy represents an optimistic sense of personal competence that seems to be a pervasive phenomenon accounting for motivation and accomplishments in human beings. The General Self-Efficacy scale, developed to measure this construct at the broadest level, has been adapted to many languages. The psychometric properties of this instrument is examined among 19,120 participants from 25 countries. The main research question is whether the measure is configurally equivalent across cultures, that is, whether it corresponds to only one dimension. The findings confirm this assumption and suggest the globality of the underlying construct. They also point to a number of cross-cultural differences that merit further investigation.
The Role of Ventral Frontostriatal Circuitry in Reward-Based Learning in Humans

This study examined changes in behavior and neural activity with reward learning. Using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm, we show that the nucleus accumbens, thalamus, and orbital frontal cortex are each sensitive to reward magnitude, with the accumbens showing the greatest discrimination between reward values. Mean reaction times were significantly faster to cues predicting the greatest reward and slower to cues predicting the smallest reward. This behavioral change over the course of the experiment was paralleled by a shift in peak in accumbens activity from anticipation of the reward (immediately after the response), to the cue predicting the reward. The orbitofrontal and thalamic regions peaked in anticipation of the reward throughout the experiment. Our findings suggest discrete functions of regions within basal ganglia thalamocortical circuitry in adjusting behavior to maximize reward.
Comorbidity of conduct disorder and bipolar disorder in clinically referred children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE The co-occurrence of conduct disorder (CD) and bipolar disorder (BD) has been frequently reported in referred children and adolescents. We address the implications of this comorbidity in a naturalistic sample of youths with BD, CD, and CD+BD. METHODS The sample consisted of 307 patients (216 males and 91 females, age range 8-18 years, mean age 13.5 +/- 2.6 years) referred during a 5-year period and followed-up for at least 6 months, 106 with CD without BD, 109 with BD without CD, and 92 with CD+BD, diagnosed with a structured clinical interview (K-SADS-PL). RESULTS Patients with CD alone were more predominantly males and with the lowest socio-economic status. Patients with CD without BD were the least severe at the baseline, while patients with BD alone presented the greatest improvement during the follow-up, and those with CD+BD had the poorest response. Patients with CD+BD presented higher rates of global aggression at the baseline, namely impulsive aggression, compared with CD alone, and the highest risk of substance abuse. Patients with BD alone presented higher rates of comorbid panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder, while patients with CD, with or without BD, had higher rates of ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Bipolar-conduct disorder comorbidity may have meaningful implications in children and adolescents, in terms of presentation, course, and treatments.
Impact of STN-DBS on life and health satisfaction in patients with Parkinson's disease

Objective Advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with various motor and non-motor symptoms which adversely impact health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been reported to improve some dimensions of HRQoL in appropriately selected candidates. Prior studies of HRQoL following DBS have used instruments comprising a predetermined list of questions which assess issues that are generally relevant in PD, but that may not be of equal or consistent importance to all individuals. In this study, we evaluate the effect of STN DBS on quality of life using the QLSM, a modular questionnaire in which satisfaction scores for each item are weighted in light of patient-rated importance. Methods We prospectively analysed QLSM scores in 21 patients with PD (11 men, mean age 61.5±8.6 years) before STN DBS surgery and at a mean 7.4±1.5, and again at a mean 16.6±6.8 months postoperatively. Results Following STN DBS, patients experienced an improvement in HRQoL as measured by various items of the movement disorder and health modules of the QLSM. Specifically, QLSM items pertaining to energy level/enjoyment of life, independence from help, controllability/fluidity of movement and steadiness when standing and walking showed significant improvements, although items concerning general life issues (eg, occupational function, interpersonal relationships, leisure activities) did not improve. Conclusion Following STN DBS, symptomatic and functional improvements translate into higher HRQoL, with high satisfaction in domains related to movement disorders and general health.