Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multivariate genomewide linkage scan of neurocognitive traits and ADHD symptoms: Suggestive linkage to 3q13

Family and twin studies suggest that a range of neurocognitive traits index the inherited liability to ADHD; however, the utility of such measures as endophenotypes in molecular genetic studies remains largely untested. The current article examined whether the inclusion of neurocognitive measures in a genomewide linkage analysis of ADHD could aid in identifying QTL linked to the behavioral symptoms of the condition. Data were from an affected sibling pair linkage study of DSM‐IV ADHD conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital. The sample included 1,212 individuals from 271 families. ADHD symptoms were assessed with the K‐SADS‐E. The neurocognitive battery included Wechsler Intelligence Scales subtests, the Stroop, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Rey‐Osterreith Complex Figure, a working memory CPT, the CVLT and WRAT‐III subscales. Evidence for linkage was assessed using a simulation‐based method that combines information from univariate analyses into the equivalent of a multivariate test. After correction for multiple trait testing, a region on chromosome 3q13 showed suggestive linkage to all neurocognitive traits examined and inattention symptoms of ADHD. The second highest peak occurred on 22q12 but showed linkage to a single subscale of the WCST. In univariate analysis, this region retained criteria for suggestive linkage to this measure after correction for multiple trait testing. Our primary findings raise the possibility that one or more genes on 3q13 influence neurocognitive functions and behavioral symptoms of inattention. Overall, these data support the utility of neurocognitive traits as ADHD endophenotypes, but also highlight their limited genetic overlap with the disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Local minima in training of neural networks

There has been a lot of recent interest in trying to characterize the error surface of deep models. This stems from a long standing question. Given that deep networks are highly nonlinear systems optimized by local gradient methods, why do they not seem to be affected by bad local minima? It is widely believed that training of deep models using gradient methods works so well because the error surface either has no local minima, or if they exist they need to be close in value to the global minimum. It is known that such results hold under very strong assumptions which are not satisfied by real models. In this paper we present examples showing that for such theorem to be true additional assumptions on the data, initialization schemes and/or the model classes have to be made. We look at the particular case of finite size datasets. We demonstrate that in this scenario one can construct counter-examples (datasets or initialization schemes) when the network does become susceptible to bad local minima over the weight space.
Simple monetary policy rules

This article describes two simple rules, the McCallum rule and the Taylor rule, that could in principle be used to guide monetary policy. It then applies the rules to past UK data. In the United Kingdom, monetary policy decisions are based on a thorough assessment of the prospects for inflation rather than on one simple rule or single indicator. But simple rules can have a useful complementary role alongside all the other information within a pragmatic approach to monetary policy. There has been a long academic debate about whether monetary policy is better conducted by following predetermined rules or by the exercise of discretion. As a matter of principle, an optimal monetary policy rule depends critically on the relationship between the policy instruments and economic outcomes and on the relationships among the economic variables. In practice, these relationships have not been very clearly understood and it has not been possible to identify rules which are so robust as to eliminate the need for some discretion in monetary policy. Nevertheless, analysis of what a rule-based monetary policy would entail can provide useful guidance in the exercise of discretion. This article discusses recent thinking about monetary policy rules. Monetary policy rules have a long history, dating back to the Gold Standard. Many academics have proposed operational rules for monetary policy, of various degrees of complexity. One well-known example of a particularly simple rule is Friedman's (1959) k% rule—a proposal to keep money growth to a fixed percentage each period; see also Simons (1936). Since then there has been considerable interest in evaluating a variety of policy rules. (1) In practice, the rules which have been followed by the United Kingdom in the past have often had some flexibility built into them. And the distinction between rules and discretion has been a matter of degree rather than polar opposites. For example, the Gold Standard allowed some flexibility: a country could leave the Gold Standard for a period and return later having pursued corrective policies in the meantime. The Bretton Woods system included an adjustable peg provision to allow for step changes in the parities of currencies. Monetary targets generally have not operated in a rigidly inflexible fashion. And, within the exchange rate mechanism (ERM), sterling could fluctuate by 6% either side of its central parity (though other currencies operated within a narrower band). Sometimes the flexibility contained in the regime was not used— …
The molecular basis of viral oncolysis: usurpation of the Ras signaling pathway by reovirus

NIH‐3T3 cells, which are resistant to reovirus infection, became susceptible when transformed with activated Sos or Ras. Restriction of reovirus proliferation in untransformed NIH‐3T3 cells was not at the level of viral gene transcription, but rather at the level of viral protein synthesis. An analysis of cell lysates revealed that a 65 kDa protein was phosphorylated in untransformed NIH‐3T3 cells, but only after infection with reovirus. This protein was not phosphorylated in infected or uninfected transformed cells. The 65 kDa protein was determined to be the double‐stranded RNA‐activated protein kinase (PKR), whose phosphorylation leads to translation inhibition. Inhibition of PKR phosphorylation by 2‐aminopurine, or deletion of the Pkr gene, led to drastic enhancement of reovirus protein synthesis in untransformed cells. The emerging picture is one in which early viral transcripts trigger PKR phosphorylation in untransformed cells, which in turn leads to inhibition of translation of viral genes; this phosphorylation event is blocked by an element(s) in the Ras pathway in the transformed cells, allowing viral protein synthesis to ensue. The usurpation of the Ras signaling pathway therefore constitutes the basis of reovirus oncolysis.
Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays May Come from Clustered Sources

Clustering of cosmic-ray sources affects the flux observed beyond the cutoff imposed by the cosmic microwave background and may be important in interpreting the AGASA, Fly's Eye, and HiRes data. The standard deviation, σ, in the predicted number N of events above 1020 eV is σ/N = 0.9(r0/10 Mpc)0.9, where r0 is the unknown scale length of the correlation function (r0 ≃ 10 Mpc for field galaxies, H0 = 50 km s-1 Mpc-1). Future experiments will allow the determination of r0 through the detection of anisotropies in arrival directions of ~1020 eV cosmic rays over angular scales of Θ ~ r0/30 Mpc.
Effects of compassion training on brain responses to suffering others

What are the active ingredients and brain mechanisms of compassion training? To address these questions, we conducted a three-armed randomized trial (N = 57) of compassion meditation (CM). We compared a four-week CM program delivered by smartphone application to i) a placebo condition, in which participants inhaled sham oxytocin, which they were told would enhance compassion, and ii) a familiarity control condition, designed to control for increased familiarity with suffering others. Functional MRI was collected while participants listened to narratives describing suffering others at pre- and post-intervention. CM increased brain responses to suffering others in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) relative to both the placebo and familiarity control conditions, and in the nucleus accumbens relative to the familiarity control condition. Results support the specific efficacy of CM beyond effects of expectancy, demand characteristics, and increased familiarity with suffering others, and implicate affective and motivational pathways as brain mechanisms of CM. Author Note Funded by the John Templeton Foundation’s Positive Neuroscience project (PIs Wager and Dimidjian), with additional support from NIH R01 R01DA035484 (PI Wager). Gratitude to research assistants Jenifer Mutari, Robin Kay, Scott Meyers, Nicholas Peterson, and Brandin Williams for help with data collection.
A techno-economie study of network coding protection schemes

The recent advances in optical technologies pave the way to the deployment of high-bandwidth services. As reliability becomes a mandatory requirement for some of these services, network providers must endow their networks with resilience capabilities. In recent years, network coding protection (NCP) has emerged as a tentative solution aiming at enabling network resilience in a proactive and efficient way. The goal of this paper is to conduct a techno-economic study to evaluate the protection cost required by NCP schemes deployed either at the IP/MPLS or at the Optical layer of a multi-layer network, as well as its impact on both the capital and operational expenditures (CAPEX, OPEX) of a network provider. Our evaluation results show that a significant reduction in both CAPEX and OPEX is obtained with NCP. Indeed, at least a 49% and 52% of CAPEX and OPEX reduction is achieved respectively in comparison with conventional proactive protection schemes.
Changes in Seal Habitat Use of Nearshore Waters around Newfoundland and Southern Labrador: Implications for Potential Predation on Salmon

The reasons for the decline in some Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks in Newfoundland and southern Labrador are not fully understood, but many resource users consider predation by seals in rivers and nearshore waters to be a contributing factor. To address these concerns, local ecological knowledge (LEK) interviews with resource users (n = 57) were conducted at 29 rivers throughout the Province to evaluate the potential for seal predation over a 25-year period when major changes were occurring in the structure of the Northwest Atlantic ecosystem. Based on LEK, eight rivers frequented by harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), nine by harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and three by gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) were evaluated as having a high potential for predation. According to respondents, the relative abundance of seals at these rivers started increasing in the mid 1990s or 2000, depending on the seal species involved. Variation in potential predation from river to river was attributed to a number of factors including the distribution of forage fish, variability in local ice conditions, the geography of the river and ecology of seal species frequenting the area. Resource users provided a useful and, in many cases, new perspective on the spatial and temporal overlap of seals, particularly harp seals, capelin (Mallotus villosus) and salmon in some areas. However, quantitative seal diet information and knowledge of seal-salmon relative abundances are required to assess the biological significance of these results from a salmon conservation perspective.
Iteratively clustering web images based on link and attribute reinforcements

Image clustering is an important research topic which contributes to a wide range of applications. Traditional image clustering approaches are based on image content features only, while content features alone can hardly describe the semantics of the images. In the context of Web, images are no longer assumed homogeneous and "flatdistributed but are richly structured. There are two kinds of reinforcements embedded in such data: 1) the reinforcement between attributes of different data types (intra-type links reinforcements); and 2) the reinforcement between object attributes and the inter-type links (inter-type links reinforcements). Unfortunately, most of the previous works addressing relational data failed to fully explore the reinforcements. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement clustering framework to tackle this problem. It reinforces images and texts' attributes via inter-type links and inversely uses these attributes to update these links. The iterative reinforcing nature of this framework promises the discovery of the semantic structure of images, which is the basis of image clustering. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our proposed framework.
Liquidity Hoarding and Interbank Market Spreads: The Role of Counterparty Risk

We develop a model of interbank lending and borrowing with counterparty risk. The model has two key ingredients. First, liquidity in the banking sector is endogenous, which means that there is an opportunity cost of holding liquid assets. Second, banks are privately informed about the risk of their long-term assets, which can lead to adverse selection and high interest rates in the interbank market. We identify a novel form of a market break-down, which can lead to liquidity hoarding. It arises because adverse selection in the interbank market changes the opportunity cost of holding liquidity. We use the model to shed light on developments in interbank markets prior to and during the 2007-09 financial crisis, as well as the effectiveness of policy interventions aimed at restoring interbank market activity.
Not all responses are the same: How CEO cognitions impact strategy when performance falls below aspirations

This study integrates research on managerial discretion within the behavioral theory of the firm to examine how four CEO psychological traits serving as antecedents of managerial discretion—ambiguity tolerance, cognitive complexity, locus of control, and commitment to the status quo—moderate firm responses to poor performance. Using CEOs’ responses to questionnaires, CEO ambiguity tolerance is found to positively moderate the relationship between negative attainment discrepancy and strategic change when performance is slightly below aspirations, defined as average market return for the firm’s industry. Further, CEOs with greater cognitive complexity are found to engage in more strategic change when performance is farther below aspirations. Thus, this study begins to unpack the role of CEOs’ cognitive makeup on firm responses to performance shortfalls.
Using multiple offspring sampling to guide genetic algorithms to solve permutation problems

The correct choice of an evolutionary algorithm, a genetic representation for the problem being solved (as well as their associated variation operators) and the appropriate values for the parameters of the algorithm is a hard task and it is often considered as an optimization problem itself. In this contribution, we propose a new theoretical formalism, called Multiple Offspring Sampling (MOS). This new technique combines different evolutionary approaches taking advantage of the benefits provided by each of them. MOS dynamically balances the participation of different mechanisms to spawn the new offspring population, according to the benefits provided by each of them in previous generations. This approach evaluates multiple offspring generation methods (for example different coding strategies), and configures appropriate sampling sizes. This formalism has been applied to a well-known permutation problem, the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The results on several instances of this problem show that most of the combined techniques outperform the results obtained by single ones.
A STUDY ON CLASSROOM TEACHER CANDIDATES’ CONCERN FOR NON-APPOINTMENT AND THEIR TEACHING MOTIVATION

One of the important elements of the education system is teacher and success of the education system is mainly based on the fact that teachers who will run the system have expected competencies. While the process of bringing teachers in competencies expected from them is seen important in the 21st century world, it is also important to run the appointment process of teachers in a healthy way. It is thought that current teacher appointment system of Turkey causes teachers to get concerned and this affects their motivation for teaching adversely. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the concern of teachers for non-appointment and their motivation for teaching. This study was designed in the screening model. Target population of the study is fourth-grade teacher candidates studying Classroom Teaching Department of five different Faculties of Education in Aegean, Black Sea and Marmara Region of Turkey in 2017-2018 academic year. The sample of the study consists of 370 teacher candidates selected by simple random sampling method. In the study, the "Non-Appointment Concern of Classroom Teacher Candidates’" was measured by "Teacher Candidates Non-Appointment Concern scale" developed by Eskici (2016) and the teaching motivation was measured by "Teaching Motivation Scale" adapted to Turkish by Candan and Evin Gencel (2015). Analysis of the research data was done by SPSS v.22 packaged software, and ANOVA and t-test techniques were used. According to the results of the study, non-appointment concern of classroom teacher candidates has been found to be at a moderate level and significant differences have been determined by universities. Although the concern is above moderate level, it has been determined that teacher candidates do not lose their teaching motivation and their teaching motivation points are still above moderate level. In addition, it has been determined that the motivation of teacher candidates varies significantly by universities. There has been no significant difference between genders in both variables. It is believed that this study will contribute to improvement of the 21st century teachers’ competencies and will create an environment of data driven thinking and discussion based on the related variables. Article visualizations:
Widening Uptake of e Infrastructure Services

t. This paper presents work conducted in the e-Uptake project which aims to widen the uptake of e-Infrastructure Services for research. We focus specifically on the identification of barriers and enablers of uptake and the taxonomy developed to structure our findings. Based on this, we describe our model of uptake and the development of a number of interventions we are developing. These include training and outreach events, workshops and the deployment of a UK ‘one-stop-shop’ for support and event information as well as training material. Finally, we will describe how the project relates to other ongoing community engagement efforts in the UK and worldwide.
Correlation between the expression of hTERT gene and the clinicopathological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma

The aim of the present study was to detect the expression levels of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and investigate its significance in the incidence and development of the cancer. HCC tissues and corresponding para-carcinoma liver tissues were surgically collected from 78 patients with HCC who presented to Shandong Provincial Hospital (Jinan, Shandong, China). hTERT expression at the protein and mRNA levels were detected by immunohistochemistry (streptavidin peroxidase method) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively, in the HCC tissues and corresponding para-carcinoma liver tissues of 78 HCC patients and in 12 samples of normal liver tissue. The data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 statistical software, and employing χ2 tests and t-tests. hTERT protein was mainly expressed in the HCC cell cytoplasm, but was occasionally observed in the cell nucleus. The positive rates of hTERT protein and mRNA expression in the HCC patients were 84.62% (66/78) and 78.21% (61/78), respectively, which was significantly higher compared with the rates of 10.26% (8/78) and 8.97% (7/78) in the paired para-carcinoma liver tissues (P<0.01). hTERT protein and mRNA were not expressed in the normal liver tissues (0/12). χ2 test and t-test analysis revealed that hTERT gene expression was correlated with tumor grade, the presence/absence of a portal vein tumor thrombus, hepatitis B surface antigen positivity and a high α-fetoprotein level (P<0.05) rather than patient age, gender or tumor size. Expression of the hTERT gene may play a pivotal role in the incidence and development of HCC. The hTERT gene potentially serves as an important molecular and biological index for diagnosing and predicating the biological behavior of HCC.
Zipf's law unzipped

Why does Zipf's law give a good description of data from seemingly completely unrelated phenomena? Here it is argued that the reason is that they can all be described as outcomes of a ubiquitous random group division: the elements can be citizens of a country and the groups family names, or the elements can be all the words making up a novel and the groups the unique words, or the elements could be inhabitants and the groups the cities in a country and so on. A random group formation (RGF) is presented from which a Bayesian estimate is obtained based on minimal information: it provides the best prediction for the number of groups with k elements, given the total number of elements, groups and the number of elements in the largest group. For each specification of these three values, the RGF predicts a unique group distribution N(k)∝exp(−bk)/kγ, where the power-law index γ is a unique function of the same three values. The universality of the result is made possible by the fact that no system-specific assumptions are made about the mechanism responsible for the group division. The direct relation between γ and the total number of elements, groups and the number of elements in the largest group is calculated. The predictive power of the RGF model is demonstrated by direct comparison with data from a variety of systems. It is shown that γ usually takes values in the interval 1⩽γ⩽2 and that the value for a given phenomenon depends in a systematic way on the total size of the dataset. The results are put in the context of earlier discussions on Zipf's and Gibrat's laws, N(k)∝k−2 and the connection between growth models and RGF is elucidated.
Incidence of central nervous system metastases in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer treated with pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel: results from the randomized phase III study CLEOPATRA

This manuscript presents exploratory analyses of the incidence and time to development of CNS metastases in patients with first-line HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer in the CLEOPATRA study of pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel. The results showed that pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel delayed the onset of CNS disease compared with placebo, trastuzumab, and docetaxel.
Deterrents to Female Enrollment in Secondary Agricultural Education Programs in Nebraska

“Scientific and professional expertise in the food and agricultural sciences is a national resource critical to the continuing security of this Nation. ” This renewable resource, however, is being depleted by an annual employment shortfall of ten percent. Approximately 4000 employment opportunities go unfilled because of too few new college graduates with expertise in agriculture, natural resources, veterinary medicine, and closely aligned fields (Coulter, 1986).