Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children.

BACKGROUND Pulled elbow (nursemaid's elbow) is a common injury in young children. It results from a sudden pull on the arm, usually by an adult or taller person, which pulls the radius through the annular ligament, resulting in subluxation (partial dislocation) of the radial head. The child experiences sudden acute pain and loss of function in the affected arm. Pulled elbow is usually treated by manual reduction of the subluxed radial head. Various manoeuvres can be applied. Most textbooks recommend supination of the forearm, as opposed to pronation and other approaches. It is unclear which manoeuvre is most successful. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2009. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review is to compare the effectiveness and painfulness of the different methods used to manipulate pulled elbow in young children. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, PEDro, clinical trial registers and reference lists of articles. Date of last search: July 2011. SELECTION CRITERIA Any randomised or quasi-randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating manipulative interventions for pulled elbow were included. Our primary outcome was failure at the first attempt, necessitating further treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently evaluated trials for inclusion and, for the included trials, independently assessed the risk of bias and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS One trial with 66 children was newly included in this update. Overall, four trials with 379 children, all younger than seven years old, were included. All four trials compared pronation versus supination. One trial was at high risk of selection bias because allocation was not concealed and all four trials were at high risk of detection bias due to the lack of assessor blinding. Pronation resulted in statistically significantly less failure than supination (21/177 versus 47/181, risk ratio 0.45; 95% confidence interval 0.28 to 0.73). Pain perception was reported by two trials but data were unavailable for pooling. Both studies concluded that the pronation technique was less painful than the supination technique. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is limited evidence from four small low-quality trials that the pronation method might be more effective and less painful than the supination method for manipulating pulled elbow in young children. We recommend that a high quality randomised trial be performed to strengthen the evidence.
Shear Behavior of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete versus Conventional Concrete

AbstractThe production of portland cement—the key ingredient in concrete-generates a significant amount of carbon dioxide. However, due to its incredible versatility, availability, and relatively low cost, concrete is the most consumed manufactured material on the planet. One method of reducing concrete’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is the use of fly ash to replace a significant amount of the cement. An experimental investigation was conducted to study the shear strength of full-scale beams constructed with both high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC)—concrete with at least 50% of the cement replaced with fly ash—and conventional concrete (CC). This experimental program consisted of 16 beams (12 without shear reinforcing and four with shear reinforcing in the form of stirrups). Additionally, three different longitudinal-reinforcement ratios were evaluated within the test matrix. The beams were tested under a simply supported four-point loading condition. The experimental shear strengths of the b.
Identification of an Oolemmal IgG Fc Receptor: Its Role in Promoting Binding of Antibody‐Labelled Human Sperm to Zona‐Free Hamster Eggs

ABSTRACT: Antisperm antibodies (ASAs) present in sera of infertile men and women have been shown either to promote or inhibit penetration of zona‐free hamster eggs by antibody‐labelled human spermatozoa. Increased numbers of oolemmal‐bound sperm have been noted in association with increased sperm penetration frequencies, following antibody labelling, when compared with antibody‐free sperm. The promotion of adherence of ASA‐labelled sperm to the oolemma could be mediated through the binding of antibodies to common epitopes present on the sperm and egg surfaces or through Fc‐mediated binding to an oolemmal Fc receptor. In support of the latter hypothesis, we report that zona‐free hamster eggs bind aggregated human IgG and IgG Fc fragments. The presence of an oolemmal IgG Fc receptor has been confirmed using a rat monoclonal antibody (2.4G2) directed against a murine IgG Fc receptor (Fc γ RII) as judged both by indirect immunofluorescence and by immunobead binding. In addition, the pre‐incubation of zona‐free hamster eggs with IgG Fc diminished both adhesion to and penetration of the oolemma by human spermatozoa.
On an appropriate design and test standard for spherical pressure hull in a deep manned submersible

As the most critical component of a deep manned submersible, the manned pressure hull provides a safe living space for pilots and scientists under the deep sea pressure and its weight occupies almost 1/3 total weight of the manned submersible. So the pressure hull should be designed to have enough strength and should be as light as possible. However, a comparison of the current available design rules from various classification societies indicated significantly different results among these design rules and many existing spherical pressure hulls are found to be not in compliance with most of current design rules. This indicates that current design rules need to be updated and unified like Common Structural Rules for tankers and bulk carriers. In order to update the design rules, a systematic study is carried out. Then a new design and test standard based on this study is proposed to China Classification Society (CCS) for the consideration of updating their rules. The purpose of this paper is to briefly summarize the results of this research.
Mosquitoes Associated with Ditch-Plugged and Control Tidal Salt Marshes on the Delmarva Peninsula

A study was conducted during the summer of 2009 (from July to September) to characterize mosquito communities among different habitats in five historically ditched tidal salt marshes and three adjacent wooded areas in the E.A. Vaughn Wetland Management Area on the Maryland Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Study marshes are characteristic of Atlantic coastal salt marshes that had undergone grid ditching from the 1930s to 1950s. In the autumn of 2008 (October and November) ditches were plugged near their outlets in two (‘experimental’) marshes with the aim to restore their natural tidal hydrology. The three other marshes were not plugged. Marshes were sampled from July to September in 2009 by using standard dip count method. A total of 2,457 mosquito larvae representing six species were collected on 15.4% (86/557) of all sample occasions and 399 adults representing four mosquito species were collected from landing counts. Aedes sollicitans, Anopheles bradleyi and Culex salinarius were the most common species collected in larval habitats, and Ae. sollicitans was the most common adult collected. Wooded habitats had more total mosquitoes, were also more frequently occupied by mosquitoes and had higher densities of mosquitoes than marsh habitats. Almost all larvae collected from marshes were from one experimental and one control site. The majority of larvae at the control site were Ae. sollicitans in marsh pannes while Cx. salinarius, An. bradleyi, Ae. cantator, and Ae. sollicitans were collected in high numbers from ditches at the experimental site. We found a difference in the proportion of marsh pannes occupied by Ae. sollicitans but not total mosquitoes sampled 4–5 days after spring tide events than on other occasions. Salinity measures of 42 larval habitats showed lower median salinity in mosquito-occupied habitats (11.5 ppt) than unoccupied habitats (20.1 ppt), and in habitats in wooded areas followed by ditches and pannes in marsh areas. The results of this study suggest that wooded areas adjacent to salt marshes may be a substantial source of biting adult mosquitoes usually associated with salt marsh habitats and that ditch plugging may alter the productivity of mosquitoes on some marshes. We recommend future studies consider mosquito productivity from habitats surrounding salt marshes, and if assessments of marsh alterations are a goal, compare multiple experimental and control areas before and after treatments to determine if alterations have a consistent impact on regional mosquito production.
Bilirubin Oxidase Activity of Bacillus subtilis CotA

ABSTRACT The spore coat protein CotA from Bacillus subtilis was previously identified as a laccase. We have now found that CotA also shows strong bilirubin oxidase activity and markedly higher affinity for bilirubin than conventional bilirubin oxidase. This is the first characterization of bilirubin oxidase activity in a bacterial protein.
Myelinogenic Plasticity of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells following Spinal Cord Contusion Injury

Spontaneous remyelination occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI), but the extent of myelin repair and identity of the cells responsible remain incompletely understood and contentious. We assessed the cellular origin of new myelin by fate mapping platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), Olig2+, and P0+ cells following contusion SCI in mice. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs; PDGFRα+) produced oligodendrocytes responsible for de novo ensheathment of ∼30% of myelinated spinal axons at injury epicenter 3 months after SCI, demonstrating that these resident cells are a major contributor to oligodendrocyte regeneration. OPCs also produced the majority of myelinating Schwann cells in the injured spinal cord; invasion of peripheral myelinating (P0+) Schwann cells made only a limited contribution. These findings reveal that PDGFRα+ cells perform diverse roles in CNS repair, as multipotential progenitors that generate both classes of myelinating cells. This endogenous repair might be exploited as a therapeutic target for CNS trauma and disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to profound functional deficits, though substantial numbers of axons often survive. One possible explanation for these deficits is loss of myelin, creating conduction block at the site of injury. SCI leads to oligodendrocyte death and demyelination, and clinical trials have tested glial transplants to promote myelin repair. However, the degree and duration of myelin loss, and the extent and mechanisms of endogenous repair, have been contentious issues. Here, we use genetic fate mapping to demonstrate that spontaneous myelin repair by endogenous oligodendrocyte precursors is much more robust than previously recognized. These findings are relevant to many types of CNS pathology, raising the possibility that CNS precursors could be manipulated to repair myelin in lieu of glial transplantation.
Varicocele-induced infertility: Newer insights into its pathophysiology

The association between varicoceles and male infertility has been known since the 1950s; however, the pathophysiology of the process remains uncertain. The primary proposed hypotheses involve hyperthermia, venous pressure, testicular blood flow, hormonal imbalance, toxic substances, and reactive oxygen species. It is difficult to identify a single or dominant factor, and it is likely that many of these factors contribute to the infertile phenotype seen in clinical practice. Moreover, patient lifestyle and genetic factors likely affect patient susceptibilities to the varicocele insult. While the current studies have weaknesses, they provide building blocks for futures studies into the pathophysiology of the varicocele.
Passive Localization of Near-Field Sources With a Polarization Sensitive Array

The least squares-virtual ESPRIT algorithm (LS-VESPA) is extended to jointly estimate the direction-of-arrival (DOA) and ranges of multiple near-field sources impinging on an array of crossed dipoles. The algorithm utilizes fourth-order cumulants for direct estimation of the arrival angle and range parameters via the eigenvalues of certain constructed matrices. Compared with several existing algorithms, the loss of array aperture is effectively avoided. As a result, the proposed method can estimate DOAs and ranges of (N - 1) polarized near-field sources using N dual-polarization sensors. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms a fourth-order statistics based ESPRIT-like method.
Communication Themes in Families of Children with Chronic Conditions

This qualitative study identified communication themes among well siblings, parents, and others within families of children with chronic conditions. Semi-structured interviews of 30 parent–well sibling dyads were content analyzed from a larger study of families of children with chronic conditions. Four themes emerged: communication as a reflection of family roles and relationships, giving voice, staying connected, and struggling for normalcy.
Circadian and Light Regulated Expression of CBFs and their Upstream Signalling Genes in Barley

CBF (C-repeat binding factor) transcription factors show high expression levels in response to cold; moreover, they play a key regulatory role in cold acclimation processes. Recently, however, more and more information has led to the conclusion that, apart from cold, light—including its spectra—also has a crucial role in regulating CBF expression. Earlier, studies established that the expression patterns of some of these regulatory genes follow circadian rhythms. To understand more of this complex acclimation process, we studied the expression patterns of the signal transducing pathways, including signal perception, the circadian clock and phospholipid signalling pathways, upstream of the CBF gene regulatory hub. To exclude the confounding effect of cold, experiments were carried out at 22 °C. Our results show that the expression of genes implicated in the phospholipid signalling pathway follow a circadian rhythm. We demonstrated that, from among the tested CBF genes expressed in Hordeum vulgare (Hv) under our conditions, only the members of the HvCBF4-phylogenetic subgroup showed a circadian pattern. We found that the HvCBF4-subgroup genes were expressed late in the afternoon or early in the night. We also determined the expression changes under supplemental far-red illumination and established that the transcript accumulation had appeared four hours earlier and more intensely in several cases. Based on our results, we propose a model to illustrate the effect of the circadian clock and the quality of the light on the elements of signalling pathways upstream of the HvCBFs, thus integrating the complex regulation of the early cellular responses, which finally lead to an elevated abiotic stress tolerance.
Potentiation of Inhibition of Wild-Type and Mutant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptases by Combinations of Nonnucleoside Inhibitors and d- and l-(β)-Dideoxynucleoside Triphosphate Analogs

ABSTRACT Combinations of reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors are currently used in anti-human immunodeficiency virus therapy in order to prevent or delay the emergence of resistant virus and to improve the efficacy against viral enzymes carrying resistance mutations. Drug-drug interactions can result in either positive (additive or synergistic inhibition) or adverse (antagonistic interaction, synergistic toxicity) effects. Elucidation of the nature of drug interaction would help to rationalize the choice of antiretroviral agents to be used in combination. In this study, different combinations of nucleoside and nonnucleoside inhibitors, including d- andl-(β)-deoxy- and -dideoxynucleoside triphosphate analogues, have been tested in in vitro RT assays against either recombinant wild-type RT or RT bearing clinically relevant nonnucleoside inhibitor resistance mutations (L100I, K103N, Y181I), and the nature of the interaction (either synergistic or antagonistic) of these associations was evaluated. The results showed that (i) synergy of a combination was not always equally influenced by the individual agents utilized, (ii) a synergistic combination could improve the sensitivity profile of a drug-resistant mutant enzyme to the single agents utilized, (iii) l-(β)-enantiomers of nucleoside RT inhibitors were synergistic when combined with nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, and (iv) inter- and intracombination comparisons of the relative potencies of each drug could be used to highlight the different contributions of each drug to the observed synergy.
Genetic Endowments, Parental and Child Health in Rural Ethiopia

This paper examines the determinants of child health in rural Ethiopia for the period 1994-97 using height-for-age z-scores as measures of long-term health. The panel nature of the data helps to control for community, household and individual level heterogeneity. Unlike most previous studies, the influence of parental health on children is examined. In addition, the role of genetic endowments in the relationship between child and parental health is analysed. Unlike most studies in the health literature, no significant correlation between children’s health and per capita expenditures is found. This reinforces the widespread suspicion that most income coefficients in the literature are biased upwards due to correlation between unobservable heterogeneity and income levels. But the height of parents is highly significant in all specifications. Even though most prices are not significant, the prices of food items that are mostly consumed by children are significantly and negatively related to child health. Birth order has a significant impact on the health of children; older children are taller than their younger siblings. Female children have better height-for-age z-scores than males. Since the health of children deteriorates with their age, deprivations in later years are probably more important than during pre- or neo-natal periods. This seems to be confirmed by the statistical insignificance of a dummy variable that identifies children born in a year when the household lost substantial harvest due to drought. The number of siblings of the wife significantly and negatively affects the health of children; but that of the head is not significant. As females control the management of housework and food preparation, their siblings probably compete with their children more than that of the husband’s. Years of marriage, probably reflecting stability in marriage, have a beneficial impact on child health. Altitude has a significant negative impact on the health of children. Finally, correlations between child and parental health are mainly explained by genetic inheritance than by behaviour. In an environment where there are no radical differences in the nutritional and disease environments of parents and children, the importance of genetic endowments in determining child health should not be underestimated.
Application of the utility function method for behavioral organization in a locomotion task

The generation of a complete robotic brain for locomotion based on the utility function (UF) method for behavioral organization is demonstrated. A simulated, single-legged hopping robot is considered, and a two-stage process is used for generating the robotic brain. First, individual behaviors are constructed through artificial evolution of recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Thereafter, a behavioral organizer is generated through evolutionary optimization of utility functions. Two systems are considered: a simplified model with trivial dynamics, as well as a model using full newtonian dynamics. In both cases, the UF method was able to generate an adequate behavioral organizer, which allowed the robot to perform its primary task of moving through an arena, while avoiding collisions with obstacles and keeping the batteries sufficiently charged. The results for the simplified model were better than those for the dynamical model, a fact that could be attributed to the poor performance of the individual behaviors (implemented as RNNs) during extended operation.
Risk factors for respiratory failure associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults.

Risk factors associated with respiratory failure during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection have not been assessed in adults. We identified RSV by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 58 adults during the 2007-2008 winter. Clinical variables and respiratory secretion viral loads were compared in 26 outpatients and 32 inpatients. Cardiopulmonary diseases were more common among inpatients than outpatients (91% vs 31%, P = .0001), whereas mean RSV load was similar. Nasal viral load was higher in ventilated vs nonventilated hospitalized patients (log(10) 3.7 +/- 1.7 plaque-forming units (PFUs)/mL vs 2.4 +/- 1.1 PFUs/mL, P = . 02), and high viral load was independently associated with respiratory failure.
[Epidemiological survey on echinococcosis in Darlag County of Qinghai Province].

OBJECTIVE To make an epidemiological investigation on echinococcosis in Darlag County, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province. METHODS Local participants were screened for echinococcosis using B ultrasound from August to September in 2007. IHA was carried out to detect antibody in human sera. Indirect ELISA using recombinant-AgB and Em18 antigen was conducted to further diagnose the human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) . The prevalence of echinococcosis in wild rodents, yaks, sheep and dogs was examined either by dissection or through slaughterhouses. Adult worms and hydatid cysts were detected by PCR-RFLP to discriminate 3 Echinococcus species and genotype of Eg. Dog feces were tested by double antibody sandwich ELISA method to confirm the coproantigen positive rate. RESULTS 1723 people were examined by ultrasound and 236 were clinically diagnosed as hydatid diseases with an overall morbidity of 13.7%, of which 5.5% were CE and 8.2% were AE. Prevalence in males and females was 11.6% and 15.6% respectively with a statistically significant difference (chi2=7.0, P< 0.05) . Prevalence in herdsmen and monks/nuns was as high as 23.0% and 13.2%, respectively. Adult worms were found in 5 out of 9 stray dogs by necropsy. 27 of 239 pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) were infected by E. shiquicus (11.3%). CE prevalence in sheep and yaks was 26.4% and 5/16 respectively. The Eg genotype was G1 (sheep strain). CONCLUSION Three species of Echinococcus, e.g. E. granulosus, E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus are all prevalent in Darlag County. The prevalence of both AE and CE in human population is high in the area. Domestic dogs are the primary definitive host for both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis.