Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Processing of Unexpected Positive Response Outcomes in the Mediofrontal Cortex

The human mediofrontal cortex, especially the anterior cingulate cortex, is commonly assumed to contribute to higher cognitive functions like performance monitoring. How exactly this is achieved is currently the subject of lively debate but there is evidence that an event's valence and its expectancy play important roles. One prominent theory, the reinforcement learning theory by Holroyd and colleagues (2002, 2008), assigns a special role to feedback valence, while the prediction of response–outcome (PRO) model by Alexander and Brown (2010, 2011) claims that the mediofrontal cortex is sensitive to unexpected events regardless of their valence. However, paradigms examining this issue have included confounds that fail to separate valence and expectancy. In the present study, we tested the two competing theories of performance monitoring by using an experimental task that separates valence and unexpectedness of performance feedback. The feedback-related negativity of the event-related potential, which is commonly assumed to be a reflection of mediofrontal cortex activity, was elicited not only by unexpected negative feedback, but also by unexpected positive feedback. This implies that the mediofrontal cortex is sensitive to the unexpectedness of events in general rather than their valence and by this supports the PRO model.
Knowledge Graph Embedding by Translating on Hyperplanes

We deal with embedding a large scale knowledge graph composed of entities and relations into a continuous vector space. TransE is a promising method proposed recently, which is very efficient while achieving state-of-the-art predictive performance. We discuss some mapping properties of relations which should be considered in embedding, such as reflexive, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. We note that TransE does not do well in dealing with these properties. Some complex models are capable of preserving these mapping properties but sacrifice efficiency in the process. To make a good trade-off between model capacity and efficiency, in this paper we propose TransH which models a relation as a hyperplane together with a translation operation on it. In this way, we can well preserve the above mapping properties of relations with almost the same model complexity of TransE. Additionally, as a practical knowledge graph is often far from completed, how to construct negative examples to reduce false negative labels in training is very important. Utilizing the one-to-many/many-to-one mapping property of a relation, we propose a simple trick to reduce the possibility of false negative labeling. We conduct extensive experiments on link prediction, triplet classification and fact extraction on benchmark datasets like WordNet and Freebase. Experiments show TransH delivers significant improvements over TransE on predictive accuracy with comparable capability to scale up.
The Effects of Previous Concussions on the Physiological Complexity of Motor Output During a Continuous Isometric Visual-Motor Tracking Task

Concussions, particularly in sport and military activity, are an issue of social and medical inquiry and concern. The prevalence of concussions, reported associations between repeated concussions and neurological and cognitive impairments in later adulthood necessitates methods of tracking recovery from a concussive event and identifying individuals at risk for developing negative long-term outcomes. Nonlinear dynamics, including measures of complexity and spectral power, may provide insight into functional connectivity within and between cognitive and motor processes following concussion. Individuals with (n = 35) and without (n = 15) a self-reported history of concussion completed 10 trials of a visual-motor tracking task. Individual multiple regressions were computed with gender, number of concussions, history of loss of consciousness, and history of post-concussion amnesia predicting average multiscale complexity, spectral power within three frequency bands (0-4Hz, 4-8Hz, and 8-12Hz), root mean squared error (RMSE), as well as intra-individual variation for these outcomes. We observed linear reductions in complexity, 4-8Hz average power, 8-12Hz average power, and increased RMSE and intra-individual variation in complexity with increasing numbers of concussions. Gender altered the slopes of these variables, as did the presence of loss of consciousness following concussion. These findings indicate a cumulative reduction in the way in which previously concussed individuals process and integrate visual information to guide behavior.
What is Life Story Genre

This paper is an attempt to examine the concept of genre and its usefulness in the analysis of life stories. The present analysis is based on narrative interviews focused on the line of a participants life, which he or she was asked to draw. Inspired by the terms agon, pathos and anagnorisis, borrowed from the theory of literature, three levels of genre are brought in: action, experiencing and reflection. The life story genre is also discussed as a kind of configuration, which means storytelling in an intelligible way that expresses continuity, shape and purpose in human life. The psychological meaning of Northrop Frys generic plots (mythoi) typology is also examined. Some aspects of life story genres are illustrated by research examples.
Why Choice Matters: Revisiting and Comparing Measures of Democracy

Measures of democracy are in high demand. Scientific and public audiences use them to describe political realities and to substantiate causal claims about those realities. This introduction to the thematic issue reviews the history of democracy measurement since the 1950s. It identifies four development phases of the field, which are characterized by three recurrent topics of debate: (1) what is democracy, (2) what is a good measure of democracy, and (3) do our measurements of democracy register real-world developments? As the answers to those questions have been changing over time, the field of democracy measurement has adapted and reached higher levels of theoretical and methodological sophistication. In effect, the challenges facing contemporary social scientists are not only limited to the challenge of constructing a sound index of democracy. Today, they also need a profound understanding of the differences between various measures of democracy and their implications for empirical applications. The introduction outlines how the contributions to this thematic issue help scholars cope with the recurrent issues of conceptualization, measurement, and application, and concludes by identifying avenues for future research.
Temporal Information Processing and its Relation to Executive Functions in Elderly Individuals

Normal aging triggers deterioration in cognitive functions. Evidence has shown that these age-related changes concern also executive functions (EF) as well as temporal information processing (TIP) in a millisecond range. A considerable amount of literature data has indicated that each of these two functions sets a frame for our mental activity and may be considered in terms of embodied cognition due to advanced age. The present study addresses the question whether in elderly subjects the efficiency of TIP is related to individual differences in EF. The study involved 53 normal healthy participants aged from 65 to 78. In these subjects TIP was assessed by sequencing abilities measured with temporal-order threshold (TOT). It is defined as the minimum time gap separating two auditory stimuli presented in rapid succession which is necessary for a subject to report correctly their temporal order, thus the relation ‘before-after. ’ The EF were assessed with regard to the efficiency of the executive planning measured with the Tower of London-Drexel University (TOLDX) which has become a well-known EF task. Using Spearman’s rank correlations we observed two main results. Firstly, the indices of the TOLDX indicated a coherent construct reflecting the effectiveness of executive planning in the elderly. Initiation time seemed dissociated from these coherent indices, which suggested a specific strategy of mental planning in the elderly based on on-line planning rather than on preplanning. Secondly, TOT was significantly correlated with the indices of TOLDX. Although some of these correlations were modified by subject’s age, the correlation between TOT and the main index of TOLDX (‘Total Move Score’) was rather age resistant. These results suggest that normal aging may be characterized by an overlapping of deteriorated TIP and deteriorated EF.
Insiders and Outsiders: The Choice between Informed and Arm's-Length Debt

While the benefits of bank financing are relatively well understood, the costs are not. This paper argues that while informed banks make flexible financial decisions which prevent a firm's projects from going awry, the cost of this credit is that banks have bargaining power over the firm's profit once projects have begun. The firm's portfolio choice of borrowing source and the choice of priority for its debt claims attempt to optimally circumscribe the powers of banks. Copyright 1992 by American Finance Association.
Integrity of H 1 helix in prion protein revealed by molecular dynamic simulations to be especially vulnerable to changes in the relative orientation of H 1 and its S 1 flank

In template-assistance model, normal prion protein (PrPC), the pathogenic cause of prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) in human, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cow, and scrapie in sheep, converts to infectious prion (PrPSc) through an autocatalytic process triggered by a transient interaction between PrPC and PrPSc. Conventional studies suggest the S1-H1-S2 region in PrPC to be the template of S1-S2 β-sheet in PrPSc, and the conformational conversion of PrPC into PrPSc may involve an unfolding of H1 in PrPC and its refolding into the β-sheet in PrPSc. We have conducted a series of simulation experiments to test the idea of transient interaction of the template-assistance model. We found that the integrity of H1 in PrPC is vulnerable to a transient interaction that would alter the native dihedral angles at residue Asn, which connects the S1 flank to H1, but not to interactions that alter the internal structure of the S1 flank, nor to those that alter the relative orientation between H1 and the S2 flank.
Hypoxia induces the expression of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase in retinal glial cells.

PURPOSE Fibrovascular tissue formation in diabetic retinopathy necessitates not only angiogenic activity but also proteolytic activity, which is at least in part attributable to the induction of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in retinal glial cells. However, little is known about the triggers for MT1-MMP induction in the diabetic retina. In the present study, the effect of tissue hypoxia on MT1-MMP expression in retinal glial cells was investigated. METHODS Retinal glial cells were isolated from the rabbit retina and cultured under either normoxic (20% O(2)) or hypoxic (1% O(2)) conditions in the presence or absence of the inhibitor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor signal transduction or a neutralizing antibody against VEGF. The expression level of MT1-MMP in retinal glial cells was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Expression of VEGF and VEGF receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, was also examined by RT-PCR. RESULTS RT-PCR and real-time PCR analyses showed a 2.3-fold induction of MT1-MMP expression in retinal glial cells under hypoxic conditions. VEGF, especially its isoform VEGF(165), and VEGFR-2 were also upregulated in retinal glial cells by hypoxia, and hypoxia-induced MT1-MMP expression was inhibited in the presence of the VEGFR-2 inhibitor SU1498 or the anti-VEGF antibody. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia can induce MT1-MMP expression in retinal glial cells, and the hypoxia-induced expression of MT1-MMP is mediated by VEGF in an autocrine fashion.
First High-Contrast Science with an Integral Field Spectrograph: The Substellar Companion to GQ Lupi

We present commissioning data from the OSIRIS integral field spectrograph (IFS) on the Keck II 10 m telescope that demonstrate the utility of adaptive optics IFS spectroscopy in studying faint close-in substellar companions in the halos of bright stars. Our R ≈ 2000 J- and H-band spectra of the substellar companion to the 1-10 Myr old GQ Lup complement existing K-band spectra and photometry and improve on the original estimate of its spectral type. We find that GQ Lup B is somewhat hotter (M6-L0) than reported in the discovery paper by Neuhäuser and collaborators (M9-L4), mainly due to the surface gravity sensitivity of the K-band spectral classification indices used by the discoverers. Spectroscopic features characteristic of low surface gravity objects, such as lack of alkali absorption and a triangular H-band continuum, are indeed prominent in our spectrum of GQ Lup B. The peculiar shape of the H-band continuum and the difference between the two spectral type estimates is well explained in the context of the diminishing strength of H2 collision-induced absorption with decreasing surface gravity, as recently proposed for young ultracool dwarfs by Kirkpatrick and collaborators. Using our updated spectroscopic classification of GQ Lup B and a reevaluation of the age and heliocentric distance of the primary, we perform a comparative analysis of the available substellar evolutionary models to estimate the mass of the companion. We find that the mass of GQ Lup B is 0.010-0.040 M☉. Hence, it is unlikely to be a wide-orbit counterpart to the known radial velocity extrasolar planets, whose masses are ≲0.015 M☉. Instead, GQ Lup A/B is probably a member of a growing family of very low mass ratio widely separated binaries discovered through high-contrast imaging.
Lathyrus sativus transcriptome resistance response to Ascochyta lathyri investigated by deepSuperSAGE analysis

Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) is a temperate grain legume crop with a great potential for expansion in dry areas or zones that are becoming more drought-prone. It is also recognized as a potential source of resistance to several important diseases in legumes, such as ascochyta blight. Nevertheless, the lack of detailed genomic and/or transcriptomic information hampers further exploitation of grass pea resistance-related genes in precision breeding. To elucidate the pathways differentially regulated during ascochyta-grass pea interaction and to identify resistance candidate genes, we compared the early response of the leaf gene expression profile of a resistant L. sativus genotype to Ascochyta lathyri infection with a non-inoculated control sample from the same genotype employing deepSuperSAGE. This analysis generated 14.387 UniTags of which 95.7% mapped to a reference grass pea/rust interaction transcriptome. From the total mapped UniTags, 738 were significantly differentially expressed between control and inoculated leaves. The results indicate that several gene classes acting in different phases of the plant/pathogen interaction are involved in the L. sativus response to A. lathyri infection. Most notably a clear up-regulation of defense-related genes involved in and/or regulated by the ethylene pathway was observed. There was also evidence of alterations in cell wall metabolism indicated by overexpression of cellulose synthase and lignin biosynthesis genes. This first genome-wide overview of the gene expression profile of the L. sativus response to ascochyta infection delivered a valuable set of candidate resistance genes for future use in precision breeding.
Robust Design of Spatial Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding in the Presence of Errors in the CSI

In this letter, we study spatial Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (STHP) from an information theoretic point of view encompassing both the single and the multiuser scenarios. Since the performance of any communications preceding scheme relies on the quality of the channel state information (CSI) that is made available at the transmitter side, in this work we focus our attention on the analysis of the robustness of STHP in terms of rate loss when the CSI is imperfect. Precisely, we present a robust design of the set of moduli used in STHP and, consequently, of the corresponding power allocation, that maximizes the achievable rates for the worst-case errors in the CSI in the small errors regime.
The Beveridge Curve

The Beveridge curve depicts a negative relationship between unemployed workers and job vacancies, a robust finding across countries. The position of the economy on the curve gives an idea as to the state of the labour market. The modern underlying theory is the search and matching model, with workers and firms engaging in costly search leading to random matching. The Beveridge curve depicts the steady state of the model, whereby inflows into unemployment are equal to the outflows from it, generated by matching.
Distributed consensus analysis for a class of heterogeneous multi-agent systems composed of first-order and fourth-order integrators

Differential driven unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are linearized as first-order integrators and fourth-order integrators respectively in this paper. Consensus problem is investigated for a heterogeneous multi-agent system composed of first-order and fourth-order agents. Firstly, consensus convergence for heterogeneous multi-agent systems is studied with stationary consensus algorithm, and sufficient consensus condition is presented under directed topology by using graph theory and matrix theory. Using Lyapunov stability theorem, besides, consensus condition in the form of linear matrix inequality is gained for the heterogeneous multi-agent systems with time-varying delay. Finally, simulation results verify the effectiveness of the research results.
Lipid Quality in Infant Nutrition: Current Knowledge and Future Opportunities

Abstract Dietary lipids are key for infants to not only meet their high energy needs but also fulfill numerous metabolic and physiological functions critical to their growth, development, and health. The lipid composition of breast milk varies during lactation and according to the mother's diet, whereas the lipid composition of infant formulae varies according to the blend of different fat sources. This report compares the compositions of lipids in breast milk and infant formulae, and highlights the roles of dietary lipids in term and preterm infants and their potential biological and health effects. The major differences between breast milk and formulae lie in a variety of saturated fatty acids (such as palmitic acid, including its structural position) and unsaturated fatty acids (including arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), cholesterol, and complex lipids. The functional outcomes of these differences during infancy and for later child and adult life are still largely unknown, and some of them are discussed, but there is consensus that opportunities exist for improvements in the qualitative lipid supply to infants through the mother's diet or infant formulae. Furthermore, research is required in several areas, including the needs of term and preterm infants for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, the sites of action and clinical effects of lipid mediators on immunity and inflammation, the role of lipids on metabolic, neurological, and immunological outcomes, and the mechanisms by which lipids act on short- and long-term health.
The performance analysis of an multi-carrier system with correlated-and uncorrelated-Nakagami-m statistics

In this letter the system performance of error rate probability closed-form for an multi-carrier spread-spectrum, e. g. , coded-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) system with linear diversity operating in frequency selective fading channels are evaluated. The sum of correlated-Nakagami-m and uncorrelated-Nakagami-m variates are adopted to derive the closed-form solution with arbitrarily correlated channels which is for the purpose of avoiding the difficulty of explicitly calculating the probability density function (pdf), for instance, to search the characteristic functions (CF) of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the MRC or EGC output. The analytical results of the new derived bit error rate (BER) formulas are validated by an example of the intensive Monte Carlo computer work in which consider a dual correlated branch MC-CDMA system with some of assumed system parameters.
International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems 2007 Kalman Filter Tracking for Facial Expression Recognition Using Noticeable Feature Selection

In this work we develop a fast facial expression recognition system with low complexity by proposing a method that does not need face detection for facial characteristics tracking. Moreover, our simple feature selection differentiates between the expressions and accelerates the system's performance. In this system, selected facial feature points from the first frame to the last are tracked automatically using a maximum cross-correlation algorithm followed by Kalman filter. The extracted feature vector is then given to different classifiers to classify the face expressions within six basic emotions (happiness, surprise, sadness, disgust, fear and anger). For Cohn-Kanade database, the best result is obtained by Bayes optimal classifier with the average correct classification rate (Ave-CCR) of 93.72 percent.
Web Monitoring for Light-Weight Devices

In this report, we consider the problem of multiple lightweight devices monitoring unstructured data on the web. To do this effectively, we propose a 3-tiered architecture for a consolidated system that monitors changes in unstructured web data to cater to these clients (lightweight devices). Typically, our clients work under constrained resources like memory, network bandwidth, processing power, etc. This limits their ability to run applications that require timely and relevant web-data: applications like news readers, offline/online search engines, directories, or general web-page monitoring tools. The proposed system can deliver relevant and timely data to its clients by adapting to their profiles and usage statistics, which it uses to crawl and monitor the web effectively. Our layered architecture includes modules to manage novelty detection, workload, monitoring and scheduling, client profiles, client usage statistics, data packaging and delivery, client connections, etc. In this report, we show how relevant ideas from related literature apply to the monitoring and crawling side of our system. We develop a new way of delivering content to lightwieght devices from the middle layer of our system under bandwidth constraints based on novelty of the content. We investigate various novelty detection algorithms, and how they are used in strategies to choose the best documents from the server.
Object correspondence as a machine learning problem

We propose machine learning methods for the estimation of deformation fields that transform two given objects into each other, thereby establishing a dense point to point correspondence. The fields are computed using a modified support vector machine containing a penalty enforcing that points of one object will be mapped to "similar" points on the other one. Our system, which contains little engineering or domain knowledge, delivers state of the art performance. We present application results including close to photorealistic morphs of 3D head models.
Elliptic solitons and Heun's equation

We find a new class of algebraic geometric solutions of Heun's equation with the accessory parameter belonging to a hyperelliptic curve. Dependence of these solutions from the accessory parameter as well as their relation to Heun's polynomials is studied. Methods of calculating the algebraic genus of the curve, and its branching points, are suggested. Monodromy group is considered. Numerous examples are given.