Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rotation Curves of Ursa Major Galaxies in the Context of Modified Newtonian Dynamics

This is the third in a series of papers in which spiral galaxy rotation curves are considered in the context of Milgrom's modified dynamics (MOND). The present sample of 30 objects is drawn from a complete sample of galaxies in the Ursa Major cluster, with photometric data from Tully et al. and 21 cm line data from Verheijen. The galaxies are roughly all at the same distance (15 to 16 Mpc). The radio observations are made with the Westerbork Synthesis Array, which means that the linear resolution of all rotation curves is comparable. The greatest advantage of this sample is the existence of K'-band surface photometry for all galaxies; the near-infrared emission, being relatively free of the effects of dust absorption and less sensitive to recent star formation, is a more precise tracer of the mean radial distribution of the dominant stellar population. The predicted rotation curves are calculated from the K'-band surface photometry and the observed distribution of neutral hydrogen using the simple MOND prescription, in which the one adjustable parameter is the mass of the stellar disk or the implied mass-to-light ratio. The predicted rotation curves generally agree with the observed curves, and the mean M/L in the near-infrared is about 0.9 with a small dispersion. The fitted M/L in the B-band correlates with B-V color in the sense predicted by population synthesis models. Including earlier work, about 80 galaxy rotation curves are now well reproduced from the observed distribution of detectable matter using the MOND formula to calculate the gravitational acceleration; this lends considerable observational support to Milgrom's unconventional hypothesis.
Olfaction-enhanced multimedia: Bad for information recall?

The experiment reported in this paper sought to discover the impact that enhancing multimedia applications with olfaction has on an information recall. In contrast to previously reported studies. our results showed that olfaction actually had a negative impact on information recall. We believe that this difference is due to the ambiental nature of olfaction in previous work, whereas in our study we used directed olfactory stimuli.
The role of grounded theory in developing economic theory

Grounded theory is examined as a means of undertaking economics research that aims at theoretical development and generalization rather than testing established theories. Grounded theory encompasses a set of procedures for undertaking and analysing case studies--qualitative and quantitative--in a systematic and comparative manner. These procedures are set out, and illustrations of theory developed in close connection with business decision-making and industry competition are drawn from P.W. S. Andrews' post-Marshallian industry studies, Cyert and March's Behavioral Theory of the Firm , and Sutton's analysis of market structures. Conclusions are drawn out regarding the nature of the relationship between testing established theory and making novel knowledge claims, the nature of knowledge held by those involved in economic phenomena, the nature of contexts of discovery and verification, and processes involved in making inferences.
Identification of JNK‐dependent and ‐independent components of cerebellar granule neuron apoptosis

Cerebellar granule neurons grown in high potassium undergo rapid apoptosis when switched to medium containing 5 mm potassium, a stimulus mimicking deafferentation. This cell death can be blocked by genetic deletion of Bax, a member of the pro‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family, cycloheximide an inhibitor of macromolecular synthesis or expression of dominant‐negative c‐jun. These observations suggest that Bax activation is the result of c‐jun target gene(s) up‐regulation following trophic withdrawal. Candidate genes include the BH3‐only Bcl‐2 family members Dp5 and Bim. The molecular mechanisms underlying granule cell neuronal apoptosis in response to low potassium were investigated using CEP‐1347 (KT7515), an inhibitor of the MLK family of JNKKK. CEP‐1347 provided protection of potassium–serum‐deprived granule cells, but such neuroprotection was not long term. The incomplete protection was not due to incomplete blockade of the JNK signaling pathway because c‐jun phosphorylation as well as induction of c‐jun RNA and protein were completely blocked by CEP‐1347. Following potassium–serum deprivation the JNKK MKK4 becomes phosphorylated, an event blocked by CEP‐1347. Cells that die in the presence of CEP‐1347 activate caspases; and dual inhibition of caspases and MLKs has additive, not synergistic, effects on survival. A lack of synergism was also seen with the p38 inhibitor SB203580, indicating that the neuroprotective effect of the JNK pathway inhibitor cannot be explained by p38 activation. Activation of the JNK signaling pathway seems to be a key event in granule cell apoptosis, but these neurons cannot survive long term in the absence of sustained PI3 kinase signaling.
Intrathecal Administration of Oxytocin Induces Analgesia in Low Back Pain Involving the Endogenous Opiate Peptide System

Study Design. The effect of oxytocin on low back pain in patients and its mechanism in rats were investigated. Methods. Intrathecal injection, radioimmunoassay, and potassium lontophoresis tail-flick test were used to investigate the effect of oxytocin. Results. In humans, acute and chronic low back pain causes a marked change of oxytocin content within cerebral spinal fluid and plasma: oxytocin relieves low back pain (ED50 0.172 in chronic and 0.121 μg/kg in acute). In rats, oxytocin had a dose-related analgesic effect (ED50 0.067 μg/kg). At high levels, oxytocin induced locomotor ataxia (ED50 17.915 μg/kg) and death (LD50 27.224 μg/kg). Oxytocin antagonist [d(CH2)5, Tyr(Me)2, OrnF]-vasotocin and opiate receptor-blocker naloxone could reverse oxytocin-induced analgesia. Oxytocin also increased beta-endorphin, L-encephalin, and dynorphin A1–12 contents in the spinal cord, whereas oxytocin antagonist caused a decrease. Conclusions. These results suggest that oxytocin induces analgesia in low back pain involving the endogenous opiate peptide system and may be effective and safe in acute and chronic low back pain.
Complex Adaptive Systems and Improvisation Theory: Toward Framing a Model to enable Continuous Change

Classic management and systems theory seek to maintain homeostasis and thus are inadequate in describing the dynamics in managing continual change. Accordingly, some theorists posit complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory and others, the improvisation metaphor, as new ways to re-conceive the design processes and the theory we use to understand contemporary organizations and the open-processional change processes within them. Yet, we lack robust empirical data in support of this theory. This research study investigates a regional theatre company: an organization that has learned how to manage continuous change because continuous change is part of its goal and necessary to its survival. The research findings make four contributions. First, in combining the CAS with the improvisation metaphor, it delineates a theoretic framework that more accurately describes the dynamics of open-processional change in a non-equilibrium system. Second, it sets forth the ontology and underlying logics that differentiate this CAS-improvisation theoretic framework from classic management and systems theory. Third, it grounds this theoretic framework in empirical data and shows how the company members adopt its underlying logics in embracing turbulence as creative force. Fourth, it presents the company's organizational design and its members' practices as a living heuristic to illuminate how an open-processional change model works.
Stimulus Dependency and Mechanisms of Surround Modulation in Cortical Area MT

The perceptual interpretation of a given visual feature depends on the surrounding context. To explore the neural mechanisms underlying such contextual interactions in the motion domain, we studied responses of neurons in the middle temporal area (MT) of macaque monkeys while presenting a variety of center-surround stimuli that stimulated both the classical receptive visual field (CRF) and the receptive field surround. In human psychophysical experiments, the perceptual impact of the surround stimulus on the center stimulus varied from motion capture (“integration”) to motion contrast (“segmentation”). In our neurophysiological experiments, the directional tuning of surround modulation with these stimuli ranged from antagonistic (consistent with motion contrast) to integrative (consistent with motion capture) and agreed qualitatively with perception under some but not all conditions. Most strikingly, for a stimulus that elicited perceptual motion contrast, surround modulation was integrative if the CRF stimulus was ambiguous due to the aperture problem. In addition, we found that surround modulation was linked to response magnitude: stimuli eliciting the largest responses yielded the strongest antagonism and those eliciting the smallest responses yielded the strongest integration. We developed a neural network model that accounts for this finding as well as a previous finding that surround suppression in area MT is contrast-dependent. Our findings suggest that changes in MT surround modulation result from shifts in the balance between directionally tuned excitation and inhibition mediated by changes in input strength. We speculate that input strength is, in turn, linked with the ambiguity of the motion present within the CRF.
La société kanak est-elle soluble dans l'argent... ?

Parce qu'elle resulte d'une conquete militaire, toute situation coloniale inscrit le systeme social des vaincus dans l'espace economique et politique des vainqueurs. Mais cette soumission par la force apparait plus artificielle et difficile encore si l'ecart entre les deux ensembles historiques ainsi mis en presence est plus grand. Apres tout, Romains et Gaulois developpaient une meme production de type neolithique avec des outillages sinon semblables du moins voisins ; et Cesar releva davant.
The Major Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Particle Protein p50 (YB-1) Promotes Nucleic Acid Strand Annealing*

p50, a member of the Y-box binding transcription factor family, is tightly associated with eukaryotic mRNAs and is responsible for general translational regulation. Here we show that p50, in addition to its previously described ability to melt mRNA secondary structure, is capable of promoting rapid annealing of complementary nucleic acid strands. p50 accelerates annealing of RNA and DNA duplexes up to 1500-fold within a wide range of salt concentrations and temperatures. Phosphorylation of p50 selectively inhibits DNA annealing. Moreover, p50 catalyzes strand exchange between double-stranded and single-stranded RNAs yielding a product bearing a more extended double-stranded structure. Strikingly, p50 displays both RNA-melting and -annealing activities in a dose-dependent manner; a relatively low amount of p50 promotes formation of RNA duplexes, whereas an excess of p50 causes unwinding of double-stranded forms. Our results suggest that the alteration of nucleic acid conformation is a basic mechanism of the p50-dependent regulation of gene expression.
Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) diversity and tropism in 145 patients with primary HIV-1 infection.

BACKGROUND In the context of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), current findings suggest that the mucosal barrier is the major site of viral selection, transforming the complex inoculum to a small, homogeneous founder virus population. We analyzed HIV-1 transmission in relation to viral and host characteristics within the Zurich primary HIV-1 infection study. METHODS Clonal HIV-1 envelope sequences (on average 16 clones/patient) were isolated from the first available plasma samples during the early phase of infection from 145 patients with primary HIV-1 infection. Phylogenetic and tropism analyses were performed. Differences of viral diversities were investigated in association with several parameters potentially influencing HIV-1 transmission, eg, concomitant sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and mode of transmission. RESULTS Median viral diversity within env C2-V3-C3 region was 0.39% (range 0.04%-3.23%). Viral diversity did not correlate with viral load, but it was slightly correlated with the duration of infection. Neither transmission mode, gender, nor STI predicted transmission of more heterogeneous founder virus populations that were found in 16 of 145 patients (11%; diversity >1%). Only 2 patients (1.4%) were assuredly infected with CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 within a R5/X4-tropic--mixed population, as revealed and confirmed using several genotypic prediction algorithms and phenotypic assays. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that transmission of multiple HIV-1 variants might be a complex process that is not dependent on mucosal factors alone. CXCR4-tropic viruses can be sexually transmitted in rare instances, but their clinical relevance remains to be determined.
Images of Public Relations in the Print Media

Twenty years of research indicates that journalists hold a negative, often antagonistic, attitude toward the public relations field and public relations practitioners. The research reported herein examines how those attitudes influence print re- porters' connotative use of the terms public relations and PR in their stories. Eighty-four published examples containing the term public relations or PR were analyzed revealing seven different connotative themes or definitions: distraction, disaster, challenge, hype, merely, war, and schmooze. In over 80% of the cases, the journalist used the terms in a negatively embedded context, thus supporting recent research indicating that journalists are far from being objective in their use of linguistic descriptors.
Learning dependency translation models as collections of finite state head transducers

The paper defines weighted head transducers, finite-state machines that perform middle-out string transduction. These transducers are strictly more expressive than the special case of standard left-to-right finite-state transducers. Dependency transduction models are then defined as collections of weighted head transducers that are applied hierarchically. A dynamic programming search algorithm is described for finding the optimal transduction of an input string with respect to a dependency transduction model. A method for automatically training a dependency transduction model from a set of input-output example strings is presented. The method first searches for hierarchical alignments of the training examples guided by correlation statistics, and then constructs the transitions of head transducers that are consistent with these alignments. Experimental results are given for applying the training method to translation from English to Spanish and Japanese.
Trends in sudden cardiac death and its risk factors in Japan from 1981 to 2005: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS)

Objective There is little evidence whether sudden cardiac death (SCD) is increasing in Asia, although the incidence of coronary heart disease among urban middle-aged Japanese men has increased recently. We examined trends in the incidence of SCD and its risk factors in the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study. Design and setting This was a population-based longitudinal study. Surveillance of men and women for SCD incidence and risk factors was conducted from 1981 to 2005. Subjects The surveyed population was all men and women aged 30–84 years who lived in three rural communities and one urban community in Japan. Main outcome measures Trends in SCD incidence and its risk factors. Results Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence of SCD decreased from 1981–1985 to 1991–1995, and plateaued thereafter. The annual incidence per 100 000 person-years was 76.0 in 1981–1985, 57.9 in 1986–1990, 39.3 in 1991–1995, 31.6 in 1996–2000 and 36.8 in 2001–2005. The prevalence of hypertension decreased from 1981–1985 to 1991–1995, and plateaued thereafter for men and women. The age-adjusted prevalence of current smoking for men decreased while that of diabetes mellitus increased for both sexes from 1981–1985 to 2001–2005. Conclusions The incidence of SCD decreased from 1981 to 1995 but was unchanged from 1996 to 2005. Continuous surveillance is necessary to clarify future trends in SCD in Japan because of an increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus.
Fluconazole Prophylaxis in Extremely Low Birth Weight Neonates Reduces Invasive Candidiasis Mortality Rates Without Emergence of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida Species

OBJECTIVE. We evaluated the impact of fluconazole prophylaxis for extremely low birth weight infants on invasive candidiasis incidence, invasive candidiasis-related mortality rates, and fluconazole susceptibility of Candida isolates. METHODS. Extremely low birth weight infants <5 days of age, except those with liver dysfunction, were eligible for fluconazole prophylaxis. NICU infants (all birth weights) with invasive candidiasis between April 2002 and March 2006 were compared with those with invasive candidiasis before fluconazole prophylaxis (2000–2001). RESULTS. Twenty-two infants had invasive candidiasis (all candidemia) during fluconazole prophylaxis; before fluconazole prophylaxis, there were 19 cases (candidemia: 17 cases; meningitis: 2 cases). Invasive candidiasis incidence in NICU infants decreased from 0.6% (19 of 3012 infants) before fluconazole prophylaxis to 0.3% (22 of 6393 infants) in 2002–2006 and that in extremely low birth weight infants decreased 3.6-fold. No Candida-attributable deaths occurred during 2002–2006 fluconazole prophylaxis, compared with 4 (21%) before fluconazole prophylaxis. The onset of invasive candidiasis was later during 2002–2006 (23.5 vs 12 days), but risk factors were similar. The invasive candidiasis species distribution remained stable. Of 409 infants who received fluconazole prophylaxis, 119 (29%) received 42 days. Shorter fluconazole prophylaxis duration was related to intravenous access no longer being necessary in 242 cases (59%), noninvasive candidiasis-related death in 29 (7%), hospital transfer in 8 (2%), invasive candidiasis diagnosis in 8 (2%), and transient increase in serum transaminase levels in 4 (1%). One hundred twenty-seven infants (31%) who received fluconazole prophylaxis developed cholestasis during hospitalization, two thirds of whom had other predisposing conditions. On multivariate logistic regression necrotizing enterocolitis and increasing days of total parenteral nutrition, but not increasing number of doses on days of fluconazole, were significantly associated with the development of cholestasis. CONCLUSION. During 4 years of fluconazole prophylaxis, the incidence of invasive candidiasis and invasive candidiasis-associated mortality rates in extremely low birth weight infants were reduced significantly, without the emergence of fluconazole-resistant Candida species.
Relational and Identity Perspectives on Healthy Versus Unhealthy Pursuit of Callings

Despite growing research on the perceived desirability and positivity of callings, there is intriguing evidence that while many experience personal benefits associated with viewing their work as a calling, others may experience detrimental effects. This discrepancy highlights the need to better understand when pursuing a calling might be positive or negative for individuals and to identify potential conditions under which such positive or negative outcomes may occur. In this article, the authors take a relational perspective on what they refer to as “healthy” versus “unhealthy” pursuit of callings, highlighting the conditions under which callings might be beneficial versus problematic for one’s personal relationships, and relationships with coworkers and one’s employing organization. Furthermore, our theoretical framework incorporates an identity perspective emphasizing work-identity flexibility as a critical factor that explains when and why pursuing one’s callings might be associated with positive and enriching relationships for some, but negative and depleting relationships for others.
A study of Stress and Psychiatric Morbidity in the Central Industrial Security Force

The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) provides security cover to several of the Nation's vital industrial sectors and the CISF personnel are trained so as to meet expected and unexpected emergencies for varied periods of time. The present study is undertaken at the National industrial security Academy, NISA, Hyderabad with the objectives of assessing the psychiatric morbidity and the factors contributing to stress among the CISF personnel. A Random stratified sample of 500 subjects stratified to include personnel from all ranks such as SI's, Executive officials and constables are screened using the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire. A detailed screening Questionnaire adapted from Channabasavanna S.M etal (1996) to assess the stress and coping was used. Those who are screened positive are further evaluated using the Mini International Neuro-psychiatric Interview, M.I. N.I to confirm the psychiatric diagnosis and using detailed personal interviews the factors contributing to stress in the CISF personnel are identified. The results of the study have shown that personnel posted in stressful areas and of the Rank of constables had perceived stress and more morbidity compared to those posted in nonstressful areas.
On the use of posture verbs by French-speaking learners of Dutch: A corpus-based study

Abstract This article presents the results of a quantitative and qualitative corpus study of the use of the Dutch posture verbs staan (‘stand’), liggen (‘lie’) and zitten (‘sit’) by French-speaking learners of Dutch. In addition to providing a quantified insight into which uses of these verbs prove most problematic to the L2 learners, the study has also revealed three important tendencies. Firstly, in line with the typological differences between French and Dutch (where these verbs behave like noun classifiers), our analysis confirms the French-driven tendency of the learners for underusing these verbs. Secondly, seemingly paradoxical to the previous point, is that these learners occasionally overuse these posture verbs in contexts where no such verb is allowed. Thirdly, our qualitative analysis of errors reveals that the learners operate on grammaticised semantic distinctions drawn from the target language. Even if the categories used by L2 speakers may not be the same as those exploited by native speakers, our analysis suggests that the L2 speakers are thus aware of the patterns in the input and exploit them in a fashion that may not differ all that much in kind from those in L1 acquisition.
First Monday , Volume 14 , Number 11-2 November 2009 HOME ABOUT LOG IN REGISTER SEARCH CURRENT ARCHIVES

Extensive research has been done to analyze the phenomenon of open source software development from various perspectives. By contrast little is known about open source development of tangible objects, so–called open design, so far. Until recently, limitations to the availability of successful empirical examples of this ‘new innovation model’ outside software may have been a key reason for this gap.