Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The `Punitive Turn' in Juvenile Justice: Cultures of Control and Rights Compliance in Western Europe and the USA

Separate systems of justice for children and young people have always been beset by issues of contradiction and compromise. There is compelling evidence that such ambiguity is currently being `resolved' by a greater governmental resort to neo-conservative punitive and correctional interventions and a neo-liberal responsibilizing mentality in which the protection historically afforded to children is rapidly dissolving. This resurgent authoritarianism appears all the more anachronistic when it is set against the widely held commitment to act within the guidelines established by various children's rights conventions. Of note is the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, frequently described as the most ratified human rights convention in the world, but lamentably also the most violated. Based on international research on juvenile custody rates and children's rights compliance in the USA and Western Europe, this article examines why and to what extent `American exceptionalism' might be permeating European nation states.
On the achievable rate regions for a class of cognitive radio channels: Interference channel with degraded message sets with unidirectional destination cooperation

This paper considers the capacity gains due to unidirectional destination cooperation in cognitive radio channels. We propose a novel channel, interference channel with degraded message sets with unidirectional destination cooperation (IC-DMS-UDC), to allow the receiver of cognitive radio (secondary user) to participate in relaying the information for primary system (legitimate user). Our main result is the development of an achievable rate region which combines Gel'fand-Pinkser coding with partial-decode-and-forward strategy employed in the relay channel. A numerical evaluation of the region in the Gaussian case is also provided to demonstrate the improvements.
An Empirical Study on Compliments and Compliment Responses in Taiwan Mandarin Conversation

The present study explored compliments and compliment responses in Taiwan Mandarin, based on a conversation corpus. The corpus used in this analysis consists of 454 compliment/response sequences collected with the assistance of college students at Providence University, Taiwan. With regard to syntactic preference, the speakers preferred the syntactic pattern NP/PRON BE (intensifier) ADJ. With respect to the compliment topic, both college men and women complimented more on someone's appearance than on his/her ability, possessions, or personality. In responding to a compliment, they tended to express disagreement or surprise. Specifically, males were most likely to reject a compliment by disagreeing to the compliment; in contrast, females tended to respond with surprise to a compliment.
The Making of DSM-III: A Diagnostic Manual's Conquest of American Psychiatry

The Making of DSM-III: A Diagnostic Manual's Conquest of American Psychiatry By Hannah S. Decker Oxford University Press USA. 2013. £35.99 (pb). 466 pp. ISBN 9780195382235 This book describes the history of the most important edition of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual: DSM
Aggression, peer victimisation, and social relationships among Indian youth

The purpose of the present study was to examine peer aggression, victimisation, and social relationships in children and adolescents in semi-rural India. Aggression and victimisation were expected to be related to concurrent social problems such as peer rejection, perceived lack of social support, and perceived conflict in significant relationships. These findings were expected to be qualified by gender and developmental differences. Data were collected from 229 fourth-, sixth-, eighth-, and tenth-graders in a small semi-rural northwestern town in India. Aggressors and victims were more likely to be rejected than their nonaggressive nonvictimised peers. Victims and aggressors were more likely to report lack of social support but not more conflict from significant others than nonvictims. Gender differences were observed in that males were more likely to be aggressors or victims than females. No significant developmental differences emerged with regard to peer aggression and victimisation. Theoretical implications for both the cultural specificity and the universality of social and behavioural development are discussed.
Impact of (chemo)radiotherapy on immune cell composition and function in cervical cancer patients

ABSTRACT New treatments based on combinations of standard therapeutic modalities and immunotherapy are of potential use, but require a profound understanding of immune modulatory properties of standard therapies. Here, the impact of standard (chemo)radiotherapy on the immune system of cervical cancer patients was evaluated. Thirty patients with cervical cancer were treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), using conventional three-dimensional or intensity modulated radiation therapy without constraints for bone marrow sparing. Serial blood sampling for immunomonitoring was performed before, midway and at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after EBRT to analyze the composition of lymphocyte and myeloid-cell populations, the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, T-cell reactivity and antigen presenting cell (APC) function. Therapy significantly decreased the absolute numbers of circulating leukocytes and lymphocytes. Furthermore, the capacity of the remaining T cells to respond to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation was impaired. During treatment the frequency of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells dropped and CD4+ T cells displayed an increased expression of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). In vitro blocking of PD-1 successfully increased T-cell reactivity in all five samples isolated before radiotherapy but was less successful in restoring reactivity in samples isolated at later time points. Moreover, (chemo)radiotherapy was associated with an increase in both circulating monocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and an impaired capacity of APCs to stimulate allogeneic T cells. T-cell reactivity was slowly restored at 6–9 weeks after cessation of therapy. We conclude that conventional (chemo)radiotherapy profoundly suppresses the immune system in cervical cancer patients, and may restrict its combination with immunotherapy.
From 'Epi' through 'Meta' to Mastery. The balance of meaning and skill in early reading instruction

A psycholinguistic framework for reading and spelling methodology at the preliminary stage is outlined. Based on the theory of metalinguistic development (Karmiloff-Smith and Gombert), the framework involves a three-step model for early reading and spelling instruction where the instructional steps are parallel to the critical stages in metalinguistic development. The instructional sequence involves supported reading of connected text (epilinguistic control), focus on word identification and word analysis skills (metalinguistic awareness) and repeated reading of connected text (automatisation). By striking a balance between focus on meaning and focus on skill, a practical and theoretical possibility of bridging the embarrassing gap between whole language and phonics teaching is demonstrated. Examples are given showing that elements proposed in the framework can be identified in instructional programmes which have been shown to be effective in well-designed evaluation studies.
Role of Recombination in the Evolution of the Model Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, a Very Atypical Tomato Strain

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (PtoDC3000) is one of the most intensively studied bacterial plant pathogens today. Here we report a thorough investigation into PtoDC3000 and close relatives isolated from Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), Apium graveolens (celery), and Solanaceae and Brassicaceae species. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to resolve the precise phylogenetic relationship between isolates and to determine the importance of recombination in their evolution. MLST data were correlated with an analysis of the locus coding for the type III secreted (T3S) effector AvrPto1 to investigate the role of recombination in the evolution of effector repertoires. Host range tests were performed to determine if closely related isolates from different plants have different host ranges. It was found that PtoDC3000 is located in the same phylogenetic cluster as isolates from several Brassicaceae and Solanaceae species and that these isolates have a relatively wide host range that includes tomato, Arabidopsis thaliana, and cauliflower. All other analyzed tomato isolates from three different continents form a distinct cluster and are pathogenic only on tomato. Therefore, PtoDC3000 is a very unusual tomato isolate. Several recombination breakpoints were detected within sequenced gene fragments, and population genetic tests indicate that recombination contributed more than mutation to the variation between isolates. Moreover, recombination may play an important role in the reassortment of T3S effectors between strains. The data are finally discussed from a taxonomic standpoint, and P. syringae pv. tomato is proposed to be divided into two pathovars.
Training physical education teachers to include children with special educational needs: Perspectives from physical education initial teacher training providers

The term inclusion has been subject to extensive debate in terms of its definition, interpretation and delivery in relation to children with special educational needs (SEN) in physical education (PE). This study explores the views and experiences of teacher trainers in their role of preparing secondary PE trainees for the inclusion of children with SEN. The data are analysed on the basis of questionnaire responses from 24 English teacher-training providers and five face-to-face interviews with academic staff responsible for SEN. The study found that while inclusive PE is supported wholeheartedly, there is inconsistency in the amount of time spent addressing this issue and the nature of curricular content. Consequently, teacher trainers need to review their approaches in preparing PE teachers for their work in schools and an eight-step framework is proposed to identify how the philosophy and practice of inclusion might be considered.
Predicting Recurrence after Primary Anterior Shoulder Dislocation

We evaluated the factors influencing the recurrence rate after primary anterior traumatic shoulder dislocation, especially sports activity. A significant number of patients changed to athletic activities that produce less shoulder strain. The natural assumption would be that sports activity directly influences recurrence. However, age-adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that the correlation between sports and recurrence rate was false. Our statistical findings also clearly showed that physical therapy and immobilization do not reduce the risk of recurrence. The only factor associated with recurrence was age between 21 and 30 years. Patients in this age group who participate in high-risk sports activities should undergo primary surgical stabilization because of the increased risk of recurrence.
Neuromorphic Electronic Circuits for Building Autonomous Cognitive Systems

Several analog and digital brain-inspired electronic systems have been recently proposed as dedicated solutions for fast simulations of spiking neural networks. While these architectures are useful for exploring the computational properties of large-scale models of the nervous system, the challenge of building low-power compact physical artifacts that can behave intelligently in the real world and exhibit cognitive abilities still remains open. In this paper, we propose a set of neuromorphic engineering solutions to address this challenge. In particular, we review neuromorphic circuits for emulating neural and synaptic dynamics in real time and discuss the role of biophysically realistic temporal dynamics in hardware neural processing architectures; we review the challenges of realizing spike-based plasticity mechanisms in real physical systems and present examples of analog electronic circuits that implement them;we describe the computational properties of recurrent neural networks and show how neuromorphic winner-take-all circuits can implement working-memory and decision-making mechanisms. We validate the neuromorphic approach proposed with experimental results obtained from our own circuits and systems, and argue how the circuits and networks presented in this work represent a useful set of components for efficiently and elegantly implementing neuromorphic cognition.
A two-steps study for the Italian adaptation of the Work-reLated Flow (WOLF) inventory: the I-WOLF

Flow at work is defined as a short-term peak experience characterized by absorption, work enjoyment, and intrinsic work motivation. This study tests the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the WOrk-reLated Flow (I-WOLF) inventory developed by Bakker (2008). In a first step, an exploratory factor analysis (N = 323) and a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (N = 977) were performed. The exploratory factor analysis showed a three-factor structure without cross-loadings, and the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this structure and the distinction between absorption, work enjoyment, and intrinsic work motivation, in line with the original scale. In the second step, the relationships between the three work-related flow dimensions and other constructs (such as personal and job characteristics, and cognitive/emotional indicators of well-being) were established. These results offer evidence of the validity of the I-WOLF by showing significant relationships with variables that are generally expected to be related with flow at work.
Short-Term Load and Wind Power Forecasting Using Neural Network-Based Prediction Intervals

Electrical power systems are evolving from today's centralized bulk systems to more decentralized systems. Penetrations of renewable energies, such as wind and solar power, significantly increase the level of uncertainty in power systems. Accurate load forecasting becomes more complex, yet more important for management of power systems. Traditional methods for generating point forecasts of load demands cannot properly handle uncertainties in system operations. To quantify potential uncertainties associated with forecasts, this paper implements a neural network (NN)-based method for the construction of prediction intervals (PIs). A newly introduced method, called lower upper bound estimation (LUBE), is applied and extended to develop PIs using NN models. A new problem formulation is proposed, which translates the primary multiobjective problem into a constrained single-objective problem. Compared with the cost function, this new formulation is closer to the primary problem and has fewer parameters. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) integrated with the mutation operator is used to solve the problem. Electrical demands from Singapore and New South Wales (Australia), as well as wind power generation from Capital Wind Farm, are used to validate the PSO-based LUBE method. Comparative results show that the proposed method can construct higher quality PIs for load and wind power generation forecasts in a short time.
Choice between individual and shared social contingencies in children: An experimental replication in a natural setting

A study evaluated in a natural setting the preference for individual versus social contingencies under different social exchange conditions. Twelve children were distributed in six dyads. Children had to solve a puzzle placed on the same table for each child in a dyad. In the experimental conditions each subject in every dyad could also place pieces in the peer’s puzzle. Dyads were exposed to two sequences of experimental conditions comprising competition, partial altruism, and total altruism. In all these conditions subjects could choose to solve their puzzle individually instead of working additionally on the peer’s puzzle. Results show that most subjects chose to solve the puzzle individually, even when they obtained less earnings.
Turán's theorem in sparse random graphs

We prove the analogue of Turán's Theorem in random graphs with edge probability p(n) ≫ n−1/(k−1.5). With probability 1 − o(1), one needs to delete approximately ‐fraction of the edges in a random graph in order to destroy all cliques of size k. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 23: 225–234, 2003
Physiological Parameters Related To Anxiety In Dental Surgery

The anxiety is an emotional state that cannot be controlled by the consciousness, thus it causes many symptoms which can interfere on dental care. This work reviews the anxiety concepts and evaluates the physiological parameters related to anxiety in 55 patients subjected to surgical procedure on the Surgery Course of the third molar at Unipar’s clinic of Cascavel, through a questionnaire, measurement of arterial pressure and heart rate before and after the surgical procedure. Onwards the ANOVA tests and t-student test for data analysis, it was determined that the female patients seemed more anxious than the male gender. On the post-operative was found values with higher peaks of arterial pressure, as well it was observed a statistically difference in both genders in situations which some complication happened.
Effects of Clonidine Premedication on Intraoperative Blood Loss in Patients With and Without Opium Addiction During Elective Femoral Fracture Surgeries

Background: Opium is an addictive agent and one of the most common narcotics With great challenges of intraoperative hemodynamic instabilities. Objectives: The current study aimed to assess the effects of clonidine on intraoperative blood loss in patients with and without opium addiction in femoral fracture surgeries. Patients and Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 160 candidates for elective femoral fracture operations under general anesthesia were divided into four groups of 40 subjects: group 1 (placebo 1), subjects without addiction received placebo 90 minutes before the operation; group 2 (placebo 2), patients with opium addiction received placebo as group 1; group 3 (Clonidine 1), patients without addiction received clonidine 90 minutes before the operation and group 4 (Clonidine 2), patients with opium addiction received clonidine as premedication. Results: Intraoperative blood loss in clonidine recipient groups, patients with and without addiction, was less than that of the placebos (both P values < 0.01) and the difference magnitude was higher in patients with opium addiction. Conclusions: Premedication with clonidine to decrease intraoperative blood loss can be more effective in patients with opium addiction than the ones without addiction.
The 1980s merger wave: an industrial organization perspective

Why are we in the midst of one of the largest merger waves in United States history? Answering this question is not an easy task. The answer requires a thorough understanding of what motivates mergers, a topic that continues to be hotly debated. In addition, one must identify economic and financial changes that both coincide with the current merger wave and reinforce one or several merger motives. An even more difficult task would be the construction of a general theory of merger waves that applies not only to the current and past U. S. merger waves, but also to concurrent and previous waves in other countries. Having posed a difficult question, this paper will seek a less than ideal answer.1 The focus will be on the extent of current knowledge and the identification of topics where further research is needed. The first section evaluates the magnitude of the current merger wave relative to previous waves. The next section describes and interprets 11 major findings from the research on the motivations for mergers. Macroeconomic and microeconomic changes that may provide a catalyst for the current wave are discussed in the third section, followed by the conclusions of this paper.
Charismatic Leadership Style, Intragroup Conflict, And ERP Implementation Team Performance

As organizations become increasingly dependent upon teams as the central unit of work in response to the growing demands for efficiency and flexibility, there are considerable challenges to be overcome for teams to work effectively. The present study investigates how charismatic leadership style and intragroup conflict affect ERP implementation team performance. Structured questionnaires including measures of the selected team variables were delivered to those companies on the TOP500 The Largest Corporations in Taiwan 2001 list that had implemented ERP systems. The results supported the proposed model and confirmed that leaders should demonstrate more charismatic behaviors to enhance better team performance. The negative relationship between intragoup conflict and overall team performance was also statistically supported. Further implications of the present study are given in the conclusion.
White identity and intergroup attitudes: A meta-analysis and review

Despite growing social scientific interest in White racial identification, how White identity predicts intergroup attitudes remains unclear. Across the literature, results are ambiguous and often contradictory. Some researchers have found that White identity predicts more positive intergroup attitudes while others have found that it predicts more negative intergroup attitudes. Others still have found no relationship or a relationship only when the White in-group is threatened. We hypothesize that these conflicting results may be due to differences in how White identity is conceptualized and to differences among Whites' interracial contact. In the metaanalysis, we examined the relationship between multiple measures of White identity and a variety of intergroup attitudes. In general, White identity weakly but significantly predicted more negative intergroup attitudes. We further explored this finding by testing for moderation by multiple forms of methodological bias as well as multiple proxies for positive and negative interracial contact. We found some evidence of publication bias as well as a moderating effect of experience with interracial contact such that White identity predicted relatively more positive intergroup attitudes for Whites who tended to have positive interracial contact. In our discussion, we integrate the results with racial identity theories to help disambiguate the relationship between White identity and intergroup attitudes.
Up‐regulation of neuropeptide Y levels and modulation of glutamate release through neuropeptide Y receptors in the hippocampus of kainate‐induced epileptic rats

Kainate‐induced epilepsy has been shown to be associated with increased levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat hippocampus. However, there is no information on how increased levels of this peptide might modulate excitation in kainate‐induced epilepsy. In this work, we investigated the modulation of glutamate release by NPY receptors in hippocampal synaptosomes isolated from epileptic rats. In the acute phase of epilepsy, a transient decrease in the efficiency of NPY and selective NPY receptor agonists in inhibiting glutamate release was observed. Moreover, in the chronic epileptic hippocampus, a decrease in the efficiency of NPY and the Y2 receptor agonist, NPY13‐36, was also found. Simultaneously, we observed that the epileptic hippocampus expresses higher levels of NPY, which may account for an increased basal inhibition of glutamate release. Consistently, the blockade of Y2 receptors increased KCl‐evoked glutamate release, and there was an increase in Y2 receptor mRNA levels 30 days after kainic acid injection, suggesting a basal effect of NPY through Y2 receptors. Taken together, these results indicate that an increased function of the NPY modulatory system in the epileptic hippocampus may contribute to basal inhibition of glutamate release and control hyperexcitability.