Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Adolescent Inpatients With and Without a History of Violence Perpetration: Impulsivity, PTSD, and Violence Risk

How childhood maltreatment and violence victimization contributes to subsequent violent behavior remains an understudied area. We examined 130 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents and compared those with a history of perpetrating violence to those without a history of violence perpetration. Perpetrators of physical violence were significantly more likely to have been a victim and/or witness to family and community violence and also reported significantly higher levels of a broad range of psychopathology than nonperpetrators. Correlational analyses with the study group of violence perpetrators revealed that higher levels of impulsivity, dissociation, and PTSD were significantly associated with higher levels of violence. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis showed that symptoms of impulsivity and PTSD contributed significantly to the prediction of violence risk. Our findings demonstrate that violence exposure and childhood maltreatment are indeed common negative life events among adolescent inpatients, and that symptoms of PTSD may predispose traumatized youth toward impulsive violent behavior.
Filter Bank Common Spatial Pattern Algorithm on BCI Competition IV Datasets 2a and 2b

The Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) algorithm is an effective and popular method for classifying 2-class motor imagery electroencephalogram (EEG) data, but its effectiveness depends on the subject-specific frequency band. This paper presents the Filter Bank Common Spatial Pattern (FBCSP) algorithm to optimize the subject-specific frequency band for CSP on Datasets 2a and 2b of the Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Competition IV. Dataset 2a comprised 4 classes of 22 channels EEG data from 9 subjects, and Dataset 2b comprised 2 classes of 3 bipolar channels EEG data from 9 subjects. Multi-class extensions to FBCSP are also presented to handle the 4-class EEG data in Dataset 2a, namely, Divide-and-Conquer (DC), Pair-Wise (PW), and One-Versus-Rest (OVR) approaches. Two feature selection algorithms are also presented to select discriminative CSP features on Dataset 2b, namely, the Mutual Information-based Best Individual Feature (MIBIF) algorithm, and the Mutual Information-based Rough Set Reduction (MIRSR) algorithm. The single-trial classification accuracies were presented using 10 × 10-fold cross-validations on the training data and session-to-session transfer on the evaluation data from both datasets. Disclosure of the test data labels after the BCI Competition IV showed that the FBCSP algorithm performed relatively the best among the other submitted algorithms and yielded a mean kappa value of 0.569 and 0.600 across all subjects in Datasets 2a and 2b respectively.
Diabetes reduces auditory sensitivity in middle-aged listeners more than in elderly listeners: a population- based study of age-related hearing loss.

BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hearing impairment are both highly prevalent in older adult populations, but how the impact of diabetes on hearing varies by age is not well-studied. MATERIAL/METHODS The subjects were 2306 adults aged 40 to 86 years who participated in a population-based study of aging, and were divided into 2 age groups, 40-64 years and 65-86 years, for cross-sectional analysis. Air-conduction pure-tone thresholds at octave intervals from 125 to 8000 Hz were obtained. Outcomes were categorized in relation to presence or absence of DM. Hearing levels at 7 frequencies were set in the general linear model as objective variables with adjustment for confounders. Explanatory variables were age (<65 years vs. > or =65 years), DM (absence vs. presence), and interaction between age and DM. RESULTS A statistically-significant adverse effect of DM on hearing was observed. This effect varied by age at the higher frequencies. The DM-age interaction was not synergistic at any test frequencies. No significant effects of the DM-age interaction were observed below 4000 Hz. In contrast, significant reciprocal effects of the DM-by-age interaction were found at 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz. Diabetes may accordingly affect higher-frequency hearing more strongly in the younger age-bracket. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that diabetes detrimentally affected hearing in community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly people, and that the effect of diabetes on higher-frequency hearing might be stronger in middle age. Screening for hearing impairment in diabetic patients may provide benefits for intervention or prevention of early presbycusis, particularly in this age group.
Unpredictability and undecidability in dynamical systems.

We show that motion with as few as three degrees of freedom (for instance, a particle moving in a three-dimensional potential) can be equivalent to a Turing machine, and so be capable of universal computation. Such systems possess a type of unpredictability qualitatively stronger than that which has been previously discussed in the study of low-dimensional chaos: Even if the initial conditions are known exactly, virtually any question about their long-term dynamics is undecidable.
Immune Correlates of Resistance to Trichinella spiralis Reinfection in Mice

The immune correlate of host resistance induced by reinfection of Trichinella spiralis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated immune correlates between the resistance and serum IgG antibody level, CD23+ IgM+ B cells, and eosinophil responses induced by T. spiralis reinfection. Mice were primarily infected with 10 or 100 T. spiralis larvae (10 TS, 100 TS), respectively, and after 4 weeks, they were challenge infected with 100 T. spiralis larvae (10–100 TS, 100-100 TS). Upon challenge infections, 10–100 TS mice induced significantly higher levels of T. spiralis-specific total IgG antibody responses in sera and antibody secreting cell responses in spleens compared to 100-100 TS mice, resulting in significantly reduced worm burdens in 10–100 TS mice (60% and 70% reductions for adult and larvae, respectively). Higher levels of eosinophils were found in mice primarily infected with 10 TS compared to those of 100 TS at week 8 upon challenge. CD23+ IgM+ B cells were found to be increased significantly in mice primarily infected with 10 TS. These results indicate that primary infection of 10 larvae of T. spiralis, rather than 100 larvae, induces significant resistance against reinfection which closely correlated with T. spiralis-specific IgG, eosinophil, and CD23+ IgM+ B cell responses.
netmap: A Novel Framework for Fast Packet I/O

Many applications (routers, traffic monitors, firewalls, etc.) need to send and receive packets at line rate even on very fast links. In this paper we present netmap, a novel framework that enables commodity operating systems to handle the millions of packets per seconds traversing 1.10 Gbit/s links, without requiring custom hardware or changes to applications. In building netmap, we identified and successfully reduced or removed three main packet processing costs: per-packet dynamic memory allocations, removed by preallocating resources; system call overheads, amortized over large batches; and memory copies, eliminated by sharing buffers and metadata between kernel and userspace, while still protecting access to device registers and other kernel memory areas. Separately, some of these techniques have been used in the past. The novelty in our proposal is not only that we exceed the performance of most of previouswork, but also that we provide an architecture that is tightly integrated with existing operating system primitives, not tied to specific hardware, and easy to use and maintain. Netmap has been implemented in FreeBSD and Linux for several 1 and 10 Gbit/s network adapters. In our prototype, a single core running at 900 MHz can send or receive 14.88 Mpps (the peak packet rate on 10 Gbit/s links). This is more than 20 times faster than conventional APIs. Large speedups (5× and more) are also achieved on user-space Click and other packet forwarding applications using a libpcap emulation library running on top of netmap.
Efficient identification of design patterns with bit-vector algorithm

Design patterns are important in software maintenance because they help in designing, in understanding, and in re-engineering programs. The identification of occurrences of a design pattern consists in identifying, in a program, classes which structure and organisation match - strictly or approximately - the structure and organisation of classes as suggested by the design pattern. We express the problem of design pattern identification with operations on finite sets of bit-vectors. We use the inherent parallelism of bit-wise operations to derive an efficient bit-vector algorithm that finds exact and approximate occurrences of design patterns in a program. We apply our algorithm on three small-to-medium size programs, JHotDraw, Juzzle, and QuickUML, with the Abstract Factory and Composite design patterns and compare its performance and results with two existing constraint-based approaches
Comparing atomistic simulation data with the NMR experiment: How much can NOEs actually tell us?

Simulated molecular dynamics trajectories of proteins and nucleic acids are often compared with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data for the purposes of assessing the quality of the force field used or, equally important, trying to interpret ambiguous experimental data. In particular, nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) intensities or atom–atom distances derived from them are frequently calculated from the simulated ensembles because the distance restraints derived from NOEs are the key ingredient in NMR‐based protein structure determination. In this study, we ask how diverse and nonnative‐like an ensemble of structures can be and still match the experimental NOE distance upper bounds well. We present two examples in which simulated ensembles of highly nonnative polypeptide structures (an unfolded state ensemble of the villin headpiece and a high‐temperature denatured ensemble of lysozyme) are shown to match fairly well the experimental NOE distance upper bounds from which the corresponding native structures were derived. For example, the unfolded ensemble of villin headpiece, which is on average 0.90 ± 0.13 nm root‐mean‐square deviation away from the native NMR structure, deviates from the experimental restraints by only 0.027 nm on average. However, this artificially good agreement is largely a consequence of 1) the highly nonlinear effects of r−6 (or r−3) averaging and 2) focusing only on the experimentally observed set of NOE bounds. Namely, in addition to the experimentally observed NOEs, both simulated ensembles (especially the villin ensemble) also predict a large number of NOEs, which are not seen in the experiment. If these are taken into account, the agreement between simulation and experiment gets markedly worse, as it should, given the nonnative nature of the underlying simulated ensembles. In light of the examples given, we conclude that comparing experimental NOE distance restraints with large simulated ensembles provides just by itself only limited information about the quality of simulation. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased Bile Acid Synthesis and Deconjugation After Biliopancreatic Diversion

Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) improves insulin sensitivity and decreases serum cholesterol out of proportion with weight loss. Mechanisms of these effects are unknown. One set of proposed contributors to metabolic improvements after bariatric surgeries is bile acids (BAs). We investigated the early and late effects of BPD on plasma BA levels, composition, and markers of BA synthesis in 15 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We compared these to the early and late effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in 22 patients with T2D and 16 with normal glucose tolerance. Seven weeks after BPD, insulin sensitivity had doubled and serum cholesterol had halved. At this time, BA synthesis markers and total plasma BAs, particularly unconjugated BAs, had markedly risen; this effect could not be entirely explained by low FGF19. In contrast, after RYGB, insulin sensitivity improved gradually with weight loss and cholesterol levels declined marginally; BA synthesis markers were decreased at an early time point (2 weeks) after surgery and returned to the normal range 1 year later. These findings indicate that BA synthesis contributes to the decreased serum cholesterol after BPD. Moreover, they suggest a potential role for altered enterohepatic circulation of BAs in improving insulin sensitivity and cholesterol metabolism after BPD.
UV Index and UV dose distributions for Australia (1997-2001)

Ozoneinthestratosphereabsorbsmostoftheharm -fulUVradiationemittedbythesun,howeverUVradiationinthewavelengthrange290-400nmisonlypartiallyabsorbedbeforeitreachestheEarth'ssur-face.Ithasbeenshownthatsmallincreasesinthiscomponentcanhavesignificanteffectsonhumanhealthandonanimalsandplants(UNEP1998). InAustraliaskincancerratesareamongthehighestintheworld(Staplesetal.1998;AIHW2001)whichiscommonlyattributedtoitspredominantlyfair-skinnedpopulation,itsoutdoorlifestyleandtheveryhighlev-elsofUVradiationresultingfromAustralia’sgeo-graphicalpositionanditsrelativelycleanandcloud-lessskies.Educationalprogramsbytheanti-cancercouncils in Australia, UV measurements by theAustralianRadiationProtectionandNuclearSafetyAgency (ARPANSA) and UV forecasts from theBureauofMeteorologyareunderwaytowarnpeopleaboutthehazardsofoverexposuretoUVradiationandtoalertthemtothepossiblehighlevelsofUVradia-tion.OneresultoftheongoingcollaborationbetweentheCancerCouncilofVictoria,theAustralianCancerSociety,ARPANSAandtheBureauofMeteorologyis
CANOPY CHARACTERISTICS , INGESTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND HERBAGE INTAKE IN CULTIVATED TROPICAL GRASSLANDS

Compared to temperate systems, there have been few detailed assessments of canopy characteristics and associated grazing behavior in planted tropical grasslands. Reasons include the large number of forage species used in warm climates, the diversity of their morphology, research priorities emphasizing germplasm evaluation and management, and limited resources. This review describes canopy attributes of C4 grass pastures, highlights the most important relationships between grazing behavior and these canopy characteristics, and discusses the implications of canopy characteristics and grazing behavior for long-term intake and animal performance. It is suggested that the largest differences in canopy characteristics between tropical and temperate swards are not total canopy measures but those of the upper canopy strata including leaf proportion and bulk density. This occurs because tropical swards, unlike many temperate ones, have large vertical heterogeneity in density, plant-part proportion and nutritive value. In temperate swards, bite weight is primarily a function of sward height, but leaf percentage, leaf mass, or green herbage mass of the upper strata of the canopy usually are more important with C4 grasses. The manner in which leaf is presented to the animal and the degree to which it can be prehended separate from stem and dead material of low digestibility are also of great significance in pastures based on C4 grasses.
Real Time Embedded Kalman Filter Estimators for Fault Detection in a Satellite's Dynamics

The main idea of this paper is the real-time implementation of the Fault Detection Kalman Filter Estimators (FDKFE) in a satellite's Reaction Wheels during its scientific mission. We assume that the satellite's reaction wheels are subjected to several failures due to the abnormal changes in power distribution, motor torque, windings current as well as the temperature caused by a motor current increase or friction. The proposed real- time FDKFE strategies consist of two embedded multiple model bank of nonlinear Kalman Filter (extended and unscented) estimators. This research work is based on our previous results in this field and now we are interested only in real-time implementation of some of these FDKFE strategies (FDDM_EKF and FDDM_UKF). Furthermore we will construct a benchmark to compare their results to have an overall image how perform these strategies.
The Accretion Disk Limit Cycle Mechanism in the Black Hole X-Ray Binaries: Toward an Understanding of the Systematic Effects

We examine in detail several aspects of the physics of accretion disks that are of possible relevance to the outburst mechanism of the black hole X-ray transients. We adopt the one-dimensional, time-dependent model described in detail by Cannizzo, Chen, and Livio with parameters appropriate for a system such as A0620-00. We investigate (1) the effect of the grid spacing, utilizing a logarithmic radial spacing Δr ∝ r in addition to the spacing Δr ∝ r1/2, (2) the dependence of the local flow speed of gas within the hot part of the disk on radius and time during the time of the cooling wave propagation, (3) the shape of the outburst light curve as a function of the triggering location for the instability, (4) the long-term light curves of outbursts taken from trials in which complete cycles of quiescence and outburst are followed, both including and excluding the effect of evaporation or removal of matter from the inner edge of the disk, and (5) the strength of the self-irradiation of the outer parts of the disk by the X-rays from the inner disk. Our primary findings in each of these areas are that (1) low-resolution runs taking N ≃ 20 grid points using the logarithmic spacing produce decay timescales that are artificially slow by factors of ~2-3 and slower than exponential; (2) the deviation from steady state within the outer part of the inner hot disk appears to be in accord with the discussion given in Vishniac and Wheeler—far from the transition front, the flow speed is ~αcs(h/r), whereas at the interface between the transition front and the cold disk, the flow speed is ~αcs; (3) the outburst-triggering location must be ≳100rinner for the rise time of the resulting outburst to be as short as is observed in the standard, bright systems; (4) the long-term light curves using the standard model produce frequent outbursts that are triggered near the inner disk edge and that have slow rise times, and the long-term light curves calculated assuming evaporation of matter from the inner disk exhibit outbursts with longer recurrence times and somewhat (but not significantly) shorter rise times; and (5) for a system with parameters relevant to A0620-00, our "standard" system, irradiation is not a dynamically significant effect, in accord with recent results of van Paradijs.
Mapping Rice Seasonality in the Mekong Delta with Multi-Year Envisat ASAR WSM Data

Rice is the most important food crop in Asia, and the timely mapping and monitoring of paddy rice fields subsequently emerged as an important task in the context of food security and modelling of greenhouse gas emissions. Rice growth has a distinct influence on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter images, and time-series analysis of C-band images has been successfully employed to map rice fields. The poor data availability on regional scales is a major drawback of this method. We devised an approach to classify paddy rice with the use of all available Envisat ASAR WSM (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar Wide Swath Mode) data for our study area, the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. We used regression-based incidence angle normalization and temporal averaging to combine acquisitions from multiple tracks and years. A crop phenology-based classifier has been applied to this time series to detect single-, double- and triple-cropped rice areas (one to three harvests per year), as well as dates and lengths of growing seasons. Our classification has an overall accuracy of 85.3% and a kappa coefficient of 0.74 compared to a reference dataset and correlates highly with official rice area statistics at the provincial level (R² of 0.98). SAR-based time-series analysis allows accurate mapping and monitoring of rice areas even under adverse atmospheric conditions.
Contributions of inwardly rectifying K+ currents to repolarization assessed using mathematical models of human ventricular myocytes

Repolarization of the action potential (AP) in cardiac muscle is a major determinant of refractoriness and excitability, and can also strongly modulate excitation–contraction coupling. In clinical cardiac electrophysiology, the Q-T interval, and hence action potential duration, is both an essential marker of normal function and an indicator of risk for arrhythmic events. It is now well known that the termination of the plateau phase of the AP and the repolarization waveform involve a complex interaction of transmembrane ionic currents. These include a slowly inactivating Na+ current, inactivating Ca2+ current, the decline of an electrogenic current due to Na+/Ca2+ exchange and activation of three or four different K+ currents. At present, many of the quantitative aspects of this important physiological and pathophysiological process remain incompletely understood. Recently, three mathematical models of the membrane AP in human ventricle myocyte have been developed and made available on the Internet. In this study, we have implemented these models for the purpose of comparing the K+ currents, which are responsible for terminating the plateau phase of the AP and generating its repolarization. In this paper, our emphasis is on the two highly nonlinear inwardly rectifying potassium currents, and . A more general goal is to obtain improved understanding of the ionic mechanisms, which underlie all-or-none repolarization and the parameter denoted ‘repolarization reserve’ in the human ventricle. Further, insights into these fundamental variables can be expected to provide a more rational basis for clinical assessment of the Q-T and Q-TC intervals, and hence provide insights into some of the very substantial efforts in safety pharmacology, which are based on these parameters.
Olfaction in alcohol-dependence: a neglected yet promising research field

Olfaction research deeply renewed the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in various psychopathological states and showed that olfactory deficits might constitute an onset or trait marker in psychiatry. However, while alcohol-dependence is the most wide spread psychiatric disorder and while olfaction might be involved in its development and maintenance, olfactory abilities have been little explored in this population. The central aim of this paper is thus to underline the usefulness of olfaction research in alcohol-dependence. After reviewing the few olfaction studies available, a research agenda will be proposed, identifying the major challenges for future research, and particularly: (1) the identification of the origin, extent and cerebral correlates of olfaction deficits; (2) the links between olfaction and emotional-cognitive deficits, and the use of olfaction to understand the pathomechanisms of alcohol-dependence; (3) the interactions between olfaction and other sensory modalities; (4) the use of olfaction to predict the appearance and intensity of cognitive impairments; (5) the impact of olfaction deficits on everyday life in alcohol-dependence.
New Media and the `Pluralization of Life-Worlds'

This article asks whether, and in what ways, new media technologies contribute to variations in information resources and communication relations from place to place that may encourage social integration or differentiation. Current perspectives on differentiation theory are briefly discussed, and a model is presented which suggests how the generation, circulation and use of information in society create different social milieux or information environments. Recent studies of new media use are used to illustrate how ICTs might contribute to social differentiation.