Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of syllables in word recognition among beginning Finnish readers: Evidence from eye movements during reading

The eye movements of Finnish first and second graders were monitored as they read sentences where polysyllabic words were either hyphenated at syllable boundaries, alternatingly coloured (every second syllable black, every second red) or had no explicit syllable boundary cues (e.g., ta-lo vs. talo vs. talo = “house”). The results showed that hyphenation at syllable boundaries slows down reading of first and second graders even though syllabification by hyphens is very common in Finnish reading instruction, as all first-grade textbooks include hyphens at syllable boundaries. When hyphens were positioned within a syllable (t-alo vs. ta-lo), beginning readers were even more disrupted. Alternate colouring did not affect reading speed, no matter whether colours signalled syllable structure or not. The results show that beginning Finnish readers prefer to process polysyllabic words via syllables rather than letter by letter. At the same time they imply that hyphenation encourages sequential syllable processing, which slows down the reading of children, who are already capable of parallel syllable processing or recognising words directly via the whole-word route.
Measurement invariance in a measure of prosocial moral reasoning to use with adolescents from the USA and Brazil

Scholars have noted the need to examine the psychometric properties of measures that can be used in evaluating moral education programs. The present study was designed to examine the best‐fitting factor model of a commonly‐used measure of prosocial moral reasoning (PROM) across samples from Brazil and the USA, gender and adolescent age groups. The samples consisted of 619 college students (M age = 20.59 years, SD = 4.08; 41% men, 59% women) and 239 middle and high school students (M age = 14.02 years, SD = 3.04; 45% boys, 55% girls) from the USA. There were 114 college students (M age = 21.81, SD = 4.33; 35% men, 65% women) and 136 middle and high school students (M age = 14.93 years, SD = 1.55; 42% boys, 58% girls) from Brazil. A series of (multigroup) confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the best fitting factor structure of the PROM and the invariance of this factor structure across culture, gender and age groups. Evidence for measurement invariance was found such that a four‐factor model was a slightly better fitting model than the five‐factor model across all groups. Discussion focuses on theoretical and methodological implications of the findings.
How Social Processes Distort Measurement: The Impact of Survey Nonresponse on Estimates of Volunteer Work in the United States1

The authors argue that both the large variability in survey estimates of volunteering and the fact that survey estimates do not show the secular decline common to other social capital measures are caused by the greater propensity of those who do volunteer work to respond to surveys. Analyses of the American Time Use Survey (ATUS)—the sample for which is drawn from the Current Population Survey (CPS)—together with the CPS volunteering supplement show that CPS respondents who become ATUS respondents report much more volunteering in the CPS than those who become ATUS nonrespondents. This difference is replicated within subgroups. Consequently, conventional adjustments for nonresponse cannot correct the bias. Although nonresponse leads to estimates of volunteer activity that are too high, it generally does not affect inferences about the characteristics of volunteers.
Batch process esterification of lactic acid catalysed by cation-exchange resins for the production of environmental-friendly solvent.

In this work, batch wise esterification of lactic acid and ethanol was carried out using different cation-exchange resins including amberlyst 15, amberlyst 16, dowex 50W8x and amberlyst 36 as heterogeneous catalysts. The Zeiss EVO LS10 Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray analyser (SEM/EDXA) was used to examine the surface morphology of the resin catalysts before and after the esterification reaction process. The EDXA of the catalysts showed the presence of sulphur with the highest peak on the spectra. The SEM of the commercial resin catalysts showed a clear surface with no crack before the esterification reaction. Amberlyst 36 showed a greater thermal stability after the esterification reaction process. The order of the surface integrity from the SEM morphology of the resin catalysts after the esterification process was Amberlyst 36 > dowex 50W8x. Gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC- MS) detector was used to analyse the reaction products. Ion 45 on the mass spectra confirmed that the esterification product was in accordance with the library mass spectra of the commercial ethyl lactate solvent. The agitation time was found to increase with increase in concentration indicating a non-mass transfer limitation at 60 oC. The reaction product catalysed with amberlyst 36 was found to elute at faster at 1.441 min in contrast to the commercial ethyl lactate solvent at 2.124 min indicating a higher reaction rate of the resin catalysts.
The "Problem" of the Female Pupil Teacher: Constructions, Conflict, and Control, 1860-1910.

Abstract This paper highlights just one aspect of the highly gendered nature of nineteenth century pupil teaching and focuses on how the female pupil teacher was constructed as a ‘problem’. The paper consists of two broad sections and draws extensively upon the experience of female pupil teachers who attended pupil teacher centres during the school board period. First, to set the scene and contextualise the ‘problem’, a brief account of the feminisation of teaching and what this meant for the female pupil teacher and pupil teaching in general is explored, with particular reference to the complexities of female pupil teachers’ working life and the issue of mixed centre organisation. Secondly, there follows an analysis of how attempts were made to solve or contain the perceived ‘problem’ of the female pupil teacher through the simultaneous exercise of: moral control; protection and concern with physical and mental well‐being; moulding through the medium of ‘healthful recreation’.
Cutting Edge: Crucial Role of IL-1 and IL-23 in the Innate IL-17 Response of Peripheral Lymph Node NK1.1− Invariant NKT Cells to Bacteria

We have shown previously that peripheral lymph node-resident retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt+ NK1.1− invariant NKT (iNKT) cells produce IL-17A independently of IL-6. In this study, we show that the concomitant presence of IL-1 and IL-23 is crucial to induce a rapid and sustained IL-17A/F and IL-22 response by these cells that requires TCR–CD1d interaction and partly relies on IL-23–mediated upregulation of IL-23R and IL-1R1 expression. We further show that IL-1 and IL-23 produced by pathogen-associated molecular pattern-stimulated dendritic cells induce this response from NK1.1− iNKT cells in vitro, involving mainly TLR2/4-signaling pathways. Finally, we found that IL-17A production by these cells occurs very early and transiently in vivo in response to heat-killed bacteria. Overall, our study indicates that peripheral lymph node NK1.1− iNKT cells could be a source of innate Th17-related cytokines during bacterial infections and supports the hypothesis that they are able to provide an efficient first line of defense against bacterial invasion.
Individual differences and language interdependence: a study of sequential bilingual development in Spanish–English preschool children

Abstract The purpose of the current study is to examine language influence in sequential bilinguals. Specifically, this study evaluates whether performance in a first language predicts success in the acquisition of a second language nine months after exposure to the second language begins. Forty-nine Spanish-speaking children attending English-only pre-kindergarten classrooms participated in the study. Children were assessed in Spanish at the beginning of the school year using the Spanish version of the Bilingual English Spanish Assessment (BESA), MLU in words, and a lexical diversity measure, D, obtained from a language sample. Nine months later, children were assessed in English using the English-BESA. Analyses indicated significant correlations between semantic and grammatical measures across languages. Stepwise regression analyses found that grammatical and semantic measures in the first language robustly predicted grammatical and semantic measures in the second language. We propose that native language skills predict the success in second language acquisition, not because of linguistic transfer, but by virtue of individual differences in language learning abilities present in typical populations.
Sludge Dewatering and Disposal Practices for Small Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plants

Abstract Sludge dewatering is a decisive step in the reduction of waste sludge volume, thus considerably affecting total sludge treatment and disposal costs. The construction of sludge dewatering facilities in small WwTPs though, is generally not cost effective. In this paper some experimental evidence is presented, that waste sludge dewatering in small WwTPs of the activated sludge—extended aeration type, can be effectively achieved by a centrifuge type of equipment withdrawing sludge directly from the aeration tank; an economic evaluation of the possibility to employ a transportable type of similar equipment mounted on a truck, to serve a number of small WwTPs located in remote or isolated areas is also presented and discussed.
An Agent-Based Model for the Interplay of Information and Emotion in Social Diffusion

The spread of information and emotion within groups is studied in models of social diffusion. Evidence has been found that the emotional states of humans affect their information processing abilities, and hence, may affect the spread of information as well. This paper introduces an agent-based model that simulates the spread of information and emotion among a group of agents. The model takes both the influence of emotions upon the spread of information and the influence of information on emotions into account. The approach is exemplified by means of a case study in the domain of emergency evacuation.
Force Adaptation in Human Walking With Symmetrically Applied Downward Forces on the Pelvis

The application of external constraints and/or applied forces during movement can lead to reactive as well as adaptive changes in human motion. Previous research has shown adaptation in walking kinematics when external forces were applied to a leg. This work aims to study adaptation in human walking when externally applied forces were present on the pelvis during the swing and stance phases of both legs. A novel tethered pelvic assist device (TPAD) was used to passively apply symmetric downward forces on the human pelvis while walking. During the experiment, eight healthy subjects walked on a treadmill at a constant speed while their kinematics and foot pressure data were recorded. Data analysis revealed that the healthy subjects exhibited both reactive as well as adaptive changes in their gait parameters. The immediate response of the subjects was to increase their hip flexion to clear their foot off the ground as they were unable to lift their pelvis to their usual height in the presence of downward forces. Seven out of eight subjects resisted the downward forces to move their pelvis up. Eventually, they reached a level of downward force that they could sustain over the training session. This adaptation to the downward force was reflected in the heel peak pressure values during the cycles of the gait. On removing the tethers, aftereffects in heel peak pressure values were observed as a result of higher magnitude of pelvic acceleration in vertical direction. In summary, symmetrically applied external forces on the pelvis of healthy subjects resulted in reactive changes in the gait kinematics and adaptive changes in the gait kinetics and the foot interaction forces with the ground.
Characteristics of Parent–Teacher E-Mail Communication

In the past decade, the use of computer-mediated communication such as e-mail has reportedly increased the level of parental involvement and parent–teacher communication at the elementary and secondary level. However, research has not yet examined the characteristics of parent–teacher e-mail communication. Thirty parent and 30 teacher interviews were conducted, resulting in 667 pages of data for interpretive analysis in addition to 341 parent–teacher e-mail messages. Analyses revealed central characteristics that constituted the rather complex parent–teacher e-mail communication process. The findings provide teachers, parents, and students with important information on parent–teacher e-mail exchanges.
Effect of cooking, pH and polyphenol level on carbohydrate composition and nutritional quality of a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) food, ugali

1. The present work was undertaken to study the effects of cooking, pH and polyphenol level on carbohydrate composition and nutritional quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Three different sorghum varieties; Dabar, Feterita and Argentine containing zero, intermediate to low and high levels of polyphenols respectively were used in the study. From these varieties uncooked, uncooked acidified, cooked, and cooked acidified diets were prepared. Diets were characterized with regard to resistant starch (RS), dietary fibre (DF), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and amino acid content. Raw materials were further analysed for content and composition of non-starch polysaccharides and Klason lignin. The nutritional properties were studied in balance trials with rats. True protein digestibility (TD), biological value (BV), net protein utilization, digestible amino acids, digestible energy (DE) and digestible DF were used as criteria in the nutritional study. 2. Cooking at neutral and acid pH resulted in significantly higher assayed values for DF. Increase in DF could be accounted for by formation of RS. Approximately 50% of RS was recovered in the faeces. 3. In vitro values for protein associated with ADF and in vivo balance values using rats suggest that an endosperm protein fraction, kafirins, was made unavailable during cooking. This resulted in reduced TD and increased BV. It is assumed that unavailable kafirins serve as a nitrogen source for microflora in the hind-gut. 4. Dietary polyphenols changed the excretory route for N from urine to faeces. This resulted in lower TD and higher BV in Argentine (high in polyphenols) than in Dabar and Feterita (low in polyphenols), although dietary lysine (first limiting amino acid) was the same in the three varieties. 5. Variation in DE of the diets was attributed to DF, RS and the amount of faecal protein, which in turn were influenced by undigested kafirins and polyphenols.
Bilingual language acquisition by Korean schoolchildren in New York City

This paper examines the bilingual language development of young Korean–American children with respect to their acquisition of English grammatical morphemes and the different plural marking systems of Korean and English. We address two specific issues: (1) “do L1 and L2 learners acquire the grammatical features of a given language in the same sequence? ” and (2) “do L2 learners of different L1 backgrounds learn the grammatical features of a given second language in the same sequence? ” Comparison of our results with those of other morpheme acquisition studies suggests that L1 and L2 learners of English do not acquire English grammatical features in the same sequence. Furthermore, there is evidence that first language influences the course of second language acquisition. Results of an experimental study of plural marking suggest that the bilingual children in most, but not all, respects follow similar, but delayed patterns of first language acquisition of Korean and successive acquisition of English.
Multilabel Classification with Weighted Labels Using Learning Classifier Systems

In this work the Michigan style strength-based learning classifier system, which is a rule-based supervised learning algorithm, is extended to handle multi-label classification tasks. Moreover, it is assumed that the class membership for training data is partially known and the uncertainty is represented by confidence values that reflects the probability of each label being true. Necessary parameters are introduced, and learning classifiers are modified to learn simultaneously the confidence level and multi-label in the training data. Additionally, to quantify the classifier performance, a novel loss measure is introduced that generalizes the well-known Hamming loss criteria to takes into account the classification error and confidence estimation error simultaneously. The algorithm is tested on one real-world data and two synthetic data sets. Results show the ability of the model in learning multi-class and multi-label data with low confidence estimation error.
An Examination of the Association of African American Mothers’ Perceptions of their Neighborhoods with their Parenting and Adolescent Adjustment

This study tested a conceptual model designed to explain the links between mothers’ perceptions of their neighborhood and the adjustment of African American adolescents. The association of mothers’ perceptions of their neighborhoods, parenting practices, and adolescents’ adjustment was examined among 85 African American mothers and adolescents. Findings revealed the more mothers reported that crime and physical deterioration were problems in their neighborhood, the lower was their adolescents’ self-reliance. Mothers’ perceptions of neighborhood physical deterioration were also negatively correlated with self-esteem. The more mothers reported that important social resources were accessible in their neighborhood, the higher were adolescents’ self-esteem and self-reliance and the lower were adolescents’ problem behavior and psychological distress. Also, the more mothers reported that neighborhoods were deteriorated, the more firmly they controlled their adolescents. The more mothers reported that resources were available, the more accepting they were of their adolescents. Mothers’ acceptance was positively associated with self-esteem and self-reliance and negatively related to problem behavior. There was no evidence that the effects of mothers’ perceptions of the neighborhood on adolescent adjustment were mediated by mothers’ parenting. Findings were discussed in light of the need to explore variables in a variety of realms (parents and peers) as possible mediators of the effects of neighborhoods.
Stress and well‐being

Given the world economic crisis over the last year, the fields of stress and well-being have taken off as significant focal points of research attention in the psychological and medical sciences. For example, the UK government's Foresight project on Mental Capital and Wellbeing, which was launched in October 2008, explored how one's mental capital is enhanced or depleted throughout the life course through numerous international science reviews (Cooper, Field, Goswami, Jenkins, & Sahakian, 2009), and ultimately by evidence-based policies and interventions. The European Union has similar projects on work and well-being, as do many other developed and developing countries. We can see that the concerns about the health and well-being of citizens throughout the world have led to increased and sustained research on identifying the sources of stress and lack of well-being, as well as strategies to cope and deal with them. In this issue, we have papers exploring the sources of stress and their relationship to actual strain outcomes such as the link between ‘stress, self esteem and childhood acceptances’, ‘job stress, job satisfaction and stress-related illness’ and ‘role conflicts, emotional exhaustion and health problems’. In addition, we have coping or intervention-based work on, for example, ‘perceived stress, coping and night-eating in college students’, ‘emotional disclosure as a coping strategy’ and the like. The bringing together of the ill health effects of stress, together with the positive psychology orientation of well-being, is where the future lies in improving the emotional capital and well-being of people in society. We would like to encourage more papers on the links between stress and well-being and well-being more generally, in order to capture what enhances as well as what depletes the mental capital of all of us. As Marcel Proust once wrote about extending our experience, ‘the real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes but in having new eyes’.
Event Detection on Social Media Information

I. INTRODUCTION Microblogging, as a form of social media, is fast emerging in recent years. One of the most representative is Twitter, which allows users to publish short tweets about what is happening. Recently, research work on Twitter data has received much attention. It is an online social network used by millions of people arround the world to remain socially connected to their friends, family members and co-workers through their computers and mobile phones. Real world events are reported in Twitter such as news or some locatal events. Reporting those events could provide different perspectives to news items than traditional media, and also valuable user sentiment about certain companies. People share the latest information on a wide variety of events and we can divide those events into two kinds, global and local events. A global events means thses events range from widely knowns ones such as political events or professional sports games and local events represent the smaller scale events such as a gathering to mark the opening of a local beer garden in a nearby park or a bargain sale at a supermarket. People may interested in both types of events. The global events can help people to know the important social events and the local events can help people know what interesting or helpful events happening arround. In this paper, we mainly concentrate on the local event mining and locating. Different research paper gave different definition of local events, but the number of people participated in, the time and locaiton feature and the keywords used in the description of a event are mostly used in those definitions. A common definition method is like that: a certain number of people with a common purpose gather together at the same time and place. Some microblog documents include not only a message and a timestamp but also a geotag, all of which are useful for determining what is happening, when, and where. There are many difficulties in event detecting. The contents in Twitter are dynamically changing and increasing quickly. According to tweespeed.com, there are more than 15,000 tweets per minuted by average published in Twitter. So it is hard to build a real time system to cluster same tweets and describe them. Secondly, data collection is also hard. Due to the huge number of tweets, it is impossible to analysis all the tweets publised by users. Research work on this problem …