Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proposition 65 Maximum Allowable Dose Level (MADL) for Reproductive Toxicity for Arsenic (Inorganic Oxides) for Oral Exposure May 2003 Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Section Summary

The Proposition 65 listing of arsenic (inorganic oxides) was based on a finding by the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicant (DART) Identification Committee, the Proposition 65 State’s qualified experts for reproductive toxicity, that the chemicals had been clearly shown by scientifically valid testing according to generally accepted principles to cause developmental toxicity. As part of its deliberations, the Committee was provided with the document “Evidence on Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of Arsenic,” developed by OEHHA (1996). OEHHA reviewed dose response data referenced that document as well as subsequent publications in preparation for MADL development.
Greybody factors for brane scalar fields in a rotating black hole background

We study the evaporation of ($4+n$)-dimensional rotating black holes into scalar degrees of freedom on the brane. We calculate the corresponding absorption probabilities and cross sections obtaining analytic solutions in the low-energy regime and compare the derived analytic expressions to numerical results, with very good agreement. We then consider the high-energy regime, construct an analytic high-energy solution to the scalar-field equation by employing a new method, and calculate the absorption probability and cross section for this energy regime, finding again a very good agreement with the exact numerical results. We also determine the high-energy asymptotic value of the total cross section and compare it to the analytic results derived from the application of the geometrical optics limit.
THE EQUALITY I 2 = QI IN BUCHSBAUM RINGS WITH MULTIPLICITY TWO

Abstract. Let A be a Buchsbaum local ring with the maximal ideal m and let e(A) denotethe multiplicity of A. Let Q be a parameter ideal in A and put I = Q : m. Then the equalityI 2 = QI holds true, if e(A) = 2 and depth A > 0. The assertion is no longer true, unlesse(A) = 2. Counterexamples are given. 1. Introduction.Let Abe a Noetherian local ring with the maximal ideal m and d= dimA. Let Qbea parameter ideal in Aand let I= Q: m. In this paper we are interested in the problemof when the equality I 2 = QI holds true. This problem was completely solved by A.Corso, C. Huneke, C. Polini, and W. Vasconcelos [CHV, CP, CPV] in the case where Ais a Cohen-Macaulay ring. When Ais a Buchsbaum ring, partial answers only recentlyappeared in the authors’ paper [GSa], supplying [Y1, Y2] and [GN] with ample examplesof ideals I, for which the Rees algebras R(I) =L n≥0 I n , the associated graded ringsG(I) = R(I)/IR(I), and the ﬁber cones F(I) = R(I)/mR(I) are all Buchsbaum ringswith certain speciﬁc graded local cohomology modules.This research is a succession of [GSa] and the present purpose is to prove the following,in which e(A) = e
The Fabrication of Meaning: Literary Interpretation in the United States, Great Britain, and the West Indies

This study, an investigation of how human beings make cultural works meaningful, compares the different meanings that readers from the West Indies, Britain, and the United States constructed from a single source, the fiction of Barbadian novelist George Lamming. The socially shared presuppositions they brought to their reading caused West Indian reviewers to interpret Lamming's novels as involving questions of personal and national identity, British reviewers to concentrate on the novels' language and literary qualities, and American reviewers to emphasize race. Each of Lamming's novels exercises a different degree of "cultural power," and this capacity to engender multiple meanings while retaining coherence shows that cultural meanings emerge from the interaction between cultural works of varying power and human recipients of varying expectations and concerns. In turn, this interaction suggests a theory of metaphor that enables research in the sociology of culture to utilize both cultural and sociological data without reducing one to the other.
Structural Evidence for a Copper-Bound Carbonate Intermediate in the Peroxidase and Dismutase Activities of Superoxide Dismutase

Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD) is of fundamental importance to our understanding of oxidative damage. Its primary function is catalysing the dismutation of superoxide to O2 and H2O2. SOD also reacts with H2O2, leading to the formation of a strong copper-bound oxidant species that can either inactivate the enzyme or oxidise other substrates. In the presence of bicarbonate (or CO2) and H2O2, this peroxidase activity is enhanced and produces the carbonate radical. This freely diffusible reactive oxygen species is proposed as the agent for oxidation of large substrates that are too bulky to enter the active site. Here, we provide direct structural evidence, from a 2.15 Å resolution crystal structure, of (bi)carbonate captured at the active site of reduced SOD, consistent with the view that a bound carbonate intermediate could be formed, producing a diffusible carbonate radical upon reoxidation of copper. The bound carbonate blocks direct access of substrates to Cu(I), suggesting that an adjunct to the accepted mechanism of SOD catalysed dismutation of superoxide operates, with Cu(I) oxidation by superoxide being driven via a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism involving the bound carbonate rather than the solvent. Carbonate is captured in a different site when SOD is oxidised, being located in the active site channel adjacent to the catalytically important Arg143. This is the probable route of diffusion from the active site following reoxidation of the copper. In this position, the carbonate is poised for re-entry into the active site and binding to the reduced copper.
The moderating effect of personal values in the relationship between working conditions and wellbeing / El efecto moderador de los valores personales en la relación entre condiciones de trabajo y bienestar

Abstract The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact that the opportunities to realize personal values at work have on wellbeing. More specifically, we tried to test the moderating effect of personal values on the relationship between opportunities for fulfilment and wellbeing. A sample of 403 civil servants from a public institution in Brazil answered a questionnaire that included measures for each of the variables studied. The results from hierarchical regression showed that there were no significant interactions between opportunities to realize personal values at work and personal value priorities in the prediction of wellbeing at work. The mere presence of opportunities to realize values that express individual interests is enough to increase wellbeing. Likewise, the results converge with those of other previous studies on the importance of working conditions in predicting wellbeing. On the other hand, this study included variables that up to now have not been used in the field of wellbeing at work, especially in relation to its eudaimonic and hedonic elements.
Perceptions of Romantic Relationships in Adult Children of Divorce

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of parental divorce on an individual's current perceptions of romantic relationships. Although many studies have examined the effects of divorce, very few scholars distinguish between individuals who have experienced one parental divorce and individuals who have experienced multiple parental divorces. The limited body of research on multiple transitions notes that divorce is most disruptive for those who experience multiple parental divorce. Participants included 50 individuals aged 18 to 50 experiencing at least 1 parental divorce, with 25 experiencing 1 parental divorce and 25 experiencing multiple parental divorces. Using inductive methods, findings reveal that single-divorce participants and multiple-divorce participants perceive their romantic relationships in similar ways. However, multiple-divorce participants are more likely to claim that they are “harder” on their romantic partners. Implications for research and training practitioners to examine the distinct differences between these two groups are included.
Opsonic activity of human ascitic fluid: A potentially important protective mechanism against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

The opsonic activity of 60 ascitic fluids from 47 patients was measured using a standard opsonophagocytic assay. Curve analysis of the opsonic activity compared to the ascitic fluid concentration of total protein, total hemolytic complement, C3 and C4 yielded correlation coefficients of 0.84 (p < 0.001), 0.84 (p < 0.001), 0.94 (p < 0.001) and 0.92 (p < 0.001), respectively. There appeared to be a threshold of concentration for each protein below which there was no killing of bacteria. Cirrhotic ascites had significantly (all p < 0.001) lower concentrations of total protein and complement and less opsonic activity than noncirrhotic ascites (including malignant, cardiac and miscellaneous types). Perhaps it is the dilution of crucial antimicrobial proteins below a threshold which predisposes to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Tall poppies and egalitarianism in Australian discourse: From key word to cultural value

In Australian English, tall poppies are usually individuals who, on the basis of unwarranted self-adulation, itself a consequence of success, amassed fortune or fame, have become targets for criticism; or, less frequently, individuals who, overcome by success, amassed fortune or fame, and on the mistaken assumption that they are above the law, have engaged in unlawful behaviour, only to find that, eventually, the law catches up with them as well. They become the victims of a widespread tendency, known as the tall poppy syndrome, to scrutinize high achievers and cut down the tall poppies among them. Sometimes, especially in the world of science, the term tall poppy is also used to refer to outstanding scholars who deserve to be publicly acknowledged for their work. This paper looks at tall poppies and at the tall poppy syndrome in Australian discourse, and argues that the term tall poppy is a key word which, when studied closely in terms of its currency, its incidence in collocations, etc., reveals a great deal about the real nature of egalitarianism, one of Australia’s most often named cultural values.
Mid‐trimester termination for fetal abnormality: advantages of a new regimen using mifepristone and misoprostol

The majority of terminations for fetal abnormality are carried out in the second trimester and can be psychologically traumatic, even with skilful and sympathetic care (Iles 1989). In Britain uterine evacuation is usually achieved medically using prostaglandin, a process which may be painful and protracted, often taking 24 h or more (Iles 1989). A high degree of active patient involvement is required, and this can be particularly stressful (Kaltreider et al. 1979). Mid-trimester medical methods require further refinement in order to reduce the associated psychological and physical distress. Pretreatment with the anti-progesterone mifepristone (MifegyneB, Roussel, Uxbridge, UK) has been shown to reduce significantly the median prostaglandin induction to abortion interval from 15.8 to 6.8 h (Rodger & Baird 1990). Gemeprost (CervagemB, Farillon, Romford, UK) is a highly effective prostaglandin available in pessary form which is now widely used in clinical practice. Unfortunately, administration requires repeated vaginal examinations at three hourly intervals. The PGE, analogue misoprostol (Cytotec", Searle, High Wycombe, UK) is licensed for use in the management of gastro-duodenal ulceration. It is utero-tonic and provides an effective alternative to gemeprost with several further advantages. Misoprostol may be administered both orally or vaginally, does not require refrigerated storage and is significantly cheaper (El-Refaey et al. 1993; El-Refaey & Templeton 1994). In this open, exploratory study we have assessed a new regimen which aims to refine the process of mid-trimester medical termination and may help to reduce the associated stress.
Member Preferences for Discussion Content in Anticipated Group Decisions: Effects of Type of issue and Group Interactive Goal

Preferences for discussion content in three future group decision-making sessions were sought from individuals. Each session would deal with a different topic, and discussion would be limited to content items to be determined by compiling individual-member item rankings. Topics varied in the degree to which they were judgmental or intellective. An induced interactive goal stressed either group relations (group goal) or decision quality (task goal). For each topic, subjects ranked 12 potential discussion items, 6 reflecting normative and 6 informational material. Normative material was preferred if the anticipated topic was clearly judgmental, and informational material was preferred for an intellective topic, agreeing with prior research in which actual discussion followed the same type of issue-influence mode pattern. When given false feedback regarding the items (predominantly normative or informational) that had been chosen by compiling members' votes, subjects were most satisfied if selections were co.
Obesity and inflammation: lessons from bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with a series of comorbid conditions that are characterized by an inflammatory state. The purpose of this review is to update knowledge about obesity, adipose tissue, and inflammation. METHODS Review of the published literature using search terms of adipose, inflammation, obesity, and insulin resistance in combinations. RESULTS Adipose tissue elaborates proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, with greater secretion from the stromal vascular fraction than from adipocytes and with greater secretion from visceral than subcutaneous adipose tissue sites. This proinflammatory state is associated with insulin resistance and ameliorated by weight loss, with concurrent increase in production of the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin. CONCLUSION Although these associations between obesity and inflammation are clearly important, many questions remain unresolved. It is unclear if benefits of weight loss pertain only to those with a proinflammatory profile, who receive a particular type of obesity surgical procedure, or whether these benefits are sustained over a lifetime. The outcomes associated with anti-inflammatory nutrient supplementation, with or without weight loss, in the obese would also increase our understanding.
The Effect of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibition with Entacapone on Cardiovascular Autonomic Responses in L-Dopa-treated Patients with Parkinson's Disease

We have compared the effects of entacapone, a peripherally acting catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, and placebo on cardiovascular autonomic responses in L-Dopa/dopa decarboxylase inhibitor–treated patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study with two consecutive 1-week treatment periods, a battery of cardiovascular reflex tests (orthostatic, Valsalva, deep breathing, and isometric hand grip tests) was performed in a group of 15 patients with idiopathic PD. The first set of tests was performed after withholding L-Dopa overnight (control, “off” stage). The second and third sets of tests were performed in “on” stage after 1-week treatment with either entacapone 200 mg or placebo administered with each dose of L-Dopa/dopa decarboxylase (DDC) inhibitor. Valsalva, deep breathing, and orthostatic tests demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the ratio of the longest and shortest electrocardiographic R-to-R wave (R-R) intervals between entacapone and placebo or between study treatments and control. Blood pressure responses to both orthostatic challenge and prolonged isometric work (hand grip test) were similar between treatments. Systolic orthostatic hypotension was observed in only one patient during the control test, but it occurred more frequently after L-Dopa/DDC inhibitor, regardless of concomitant administration of either entacapone (n = 3) or placebo (n = 4). Peripheral COMT inhibition with entacapone does not significantly alter cardiovascular autonomic responses in L-Dopa-treated patients with PD.
Education and skill mismatches: wage and job satisfaction consequences

Purpose - This paper aims to highlight the relevance of examining education and skill job-worker mismatches as two different, although simultaneous, phenomena of the labor market. Most previous literature does not take into account skill mismatch, and a number of papers deal with both kinds of mismatches as equivalent. Design/methodology/approach - Spanish data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) survey for the year 2001 are used to examine the degree of statistical association between both education and skill mismatches, and to estimate wage equations as well as job satisfaction equations, considering satisfaction with pay, with the type of job and overall job satisfaction, in order to analyze the consequences of both types of mismatches from the workers’ viewpoint. Findings - The statistical analysis shows that education and skill mismatches are weakly related in the Spanish labor market. The econometric analysis reveals that skill mismatches appear as key determinants of workers’ job satisfaction, while education mismatches have much weaker impacts, if any, on workers’ job satisfaction; however, both skill and education mismatches have negative impacts on wages. Practical implications - The analysis points out that the research strategy that considers education mismatch as a proxy for the study of the effects of skill mismatch is rather weak because skill and education mismatches appear to capture different aspects of the accuracy of the job-worker pairing, and, therefore, they have separate consequences for workers, both in monetary and non-monetary terms. Skill mismatches are perceived by workers as a much more relevant problem than education mismatches. The wage and job satisfaction consequences of skill mismatches are strongly negative; to the contrary, education mismatches show much weaker effects. Originality/value - The paper emphasizes that neglecting the effects of skill mismatch along with those of education mismatch in the analysis of the monetary and non-monetary consequences of inadequate job-worker pairing can lead to erroneous interpretations of the facts.
Does AMD Spur Intel to Innovate More?

We estimate an equilibrium model of dynamic oligopoly with durable goods and endogenous innovation to examine the effect of competition on innovation in the personal computer microprocessor industry. Firms make dynamic pricing and investment decisions while consumers make dynamic upgrade decisions, anticipating product improvements and price declines. Consistent with Schumpeter, we find that the rate of innovation in product quality would be 4.2 percent higher without AMD present, though higher prices would reduce consumer surplus by $12 billion per year. Comparative statics illustrate the role of product durability and provide implications of the model for other industries.
Streaming in Flemish secondary schools: exploring teachers’ perceptions of and adaptations to students in different streams

A rich body of research on streaming or tracking conducted mainly in the USA and UK suggests that teachers have lower expectations of students in lower education streams and adapt their curriculum and pedagogy in line with such expectations. Recent large‐scale quantitative research conducted in Flanders (Belgium) shows that teachers teaching in lower status technical/vocational streams share a lower ‘study culture’ and perceive their students as less teachable than teachers teaching higher status general education students, which in turn influences students’ educational outcomes. This research builds on these studies by using data from qualitative interviews with secondary school teachers in two Flemish secondary schools to explore teachers’ perceptions of students in different streams and their adaptations in terms of curriculum and pedagogy. In addition, the relationship between students’ educational achievement and stream allocation is analysed using survey data collected in these two Flemish schools. The results further support the findings of research in this area but also suggest that stratification occurs within streams. Furthermore, students from different streams are perceived to value different forms of cultural and social capital, suggesting the prevalence of social class cultures in different streams. The conclusions discuss implications for further research on streaming or tracking in (Flemish) secondary schools.
Data-dependent Initializations of Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional Neural Networks spread through computer vision like a wildfire, impacting almost all visual tasks imaginable. Despite this, few researchers dare to train their models from scratch. Most work builds on one of a handful of ImageNet pre-trained models, and fine-tunes or adapts these for specific tasks. This is in large part due to the difficulty of properly initializing these networks from scratch. A small miscalibration of the initial weights leads to vanishing or exploding gradients, as well as poor convergence properties. In this work we present a fast and simple data-dependent initialization procedure, that sets the weights of a network such that all units in the network train at roughly the same rate, avoiding vanishing or exploding gradients. Our initialization matches the current state-of-the-art unsupervised or self-supervised pre-training methods on standard computer vision tasks, such as image classification and object detection, while being roughly three orders of magnitude faster. When combined with pre-training methods, our initialization significantly outperforms prior work, narrowing the gap between supervised and unsupervised pre-training.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of Haversian systems in ovine compact bone.

Haversian systems or secondary osteons are an integral component of compact bone. However, as their exact shape is debatable, this study describes a technique to view their morphology in three dimensions. Bone remodeling in adult ovine long bones was labelled at intervals using a series of chelating fluorochromes. A series of longitudinal sections were cut at 25 microm intervals through blocks of the distal radius embedded in methylmethacrylate using a sledge macrotome. The chelating agents were used as markers of bone formation in the study of bone growth and osteon morphology. The two-dimensional image of each section was examined using an epifluorescence microscope. Images were transferred to a PC via a CCD low light colour video camera. Surface reference points were noted on each of the sections and, using computer software, a three-dimensional image of a refilling labelled osteon was reconstructed and its dimensions measured. Haversian systems may have a gentle spiral course along the longitudinal axis of the bone. They intertwine with adjacent osteons and give multiple branches along their course producing a complex pattern of organization. The mean labelled length and diameter of the osteons was 1.4 + 1 mm and 145 + 0.42 microm [Mean + S.D], respectively.
Birds of a feather flock together…definition, role and measure of congruence: An application to sponsorship

Congruence has long been discussed in the context of brand extensions and advertising, particularly in terms of celebrity endorsement. Although just as relevant for sponsorship, the examination of this concept in that context is more recent, despite evidence that it plays a significant role in determining the effectiveness of this particular communication technique. In this paper, the authors argue in favor of conceptualizing congruence as a bidimensional construct, consistent with previous research. A scale to capture this important construct is subsequently developed and validated in two separate countries. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.