Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Phoenix Deep Survey: X-ray properties of faint radio sources

In this paper, we use a 50-ks XMM-Newton pointing overlapping with the Phoenix Deep Survey, a homogeneous radio survey reaching pJy sensitivities, to explore the X-ray properties and the evolution of star-forming galaxies. Multiwavelength ultraviolet, optical and near-infrared photometric data are available for this field and are used to estimate photometric redshifts and spectral types for all radio sources brighter than R = 21.5 mag (a total of 82). Faint radio galaxies with R 3. 5σ) is detected in the 0.5-2 keV band, corresponding to a mean flux of 3 x 10 - 1 6 erg s - 1 cm - 2 for both subsamples. This flux translates to mean luminosities of 5 x 10 4 0 and 1.5 x 10 4 1 erg s - 1 for the z = 0.240 and 0.455 subsamples, respectively. Only a marginally significant signal (2.6a) is detected in the 2-8 keV band for the z = 0.455 subsample. This may indicate hardening of the mean X-ray properties of sub-mJy sources at higher redshifts and/or higher luminosities. Alternatively, this may be due to contamination of the z = 0.455 subsample by a small number of obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs). On the basis of the observed optical and X-ray properties of the faint radio sample, we argue that the stacked signal above is dominated by star formation, with the AGN contamination being minimal. The mean X-ray-to-optical flux ratio and the mean X-ray luminosity of the two subsamples are found to be higher than optically selected spirals and similar to starbursts. We also find that the mean X-ray and radio luminosities of the faint radio sources studied here are consistent with the L X -L 1 . 4 correlation of local star-forming galaxies. Moreover, the X-ray emissivity of sub-mJy sources to z 0.3 is estimated and is found to be elevated compared with local H II galaxies. The observed increase is consistent with X-ray luminosity evolution of the form (1 + z) 3 . Assuming that our sample is indeed dominated by star-forming galaxies, this is direct evidence for evolution of such systems at X-ray wavelengths. Using an empirical X-ray luminosity to star formation rate (SFR) conversion factor, we estimate a global SFR density at z 0.3 of 0.029 ′ 0.007 M O . yr - 1 Mpc - 3 . This is found to be in fair agreement with previous results based on galaxy samples selected at different wavelengths.
Corporate governance in Turkey: an overview and some policy recommendations

Both international and domestic developments have combined to bring the corporate governance (CG) debate to the fore in Turkey. Given this increased interest in CG matters and the significance of Turkey as an emerging market, we provide an overview of the Turkish CG framework with two objectives in mind: (i) contributing to the growing CG literature by presenting the main aspects of the CG practice in Turkey, and (ii) locating the Turkish CG reform agenda within the global debate – especially as it relates to the practice in emerging markets. We begin with a review of the CG debate as it relates to emerging markets. We then provide an account of the socio‐economic environment within which the Turkish CG debate is unfolding. This is followed by an examination of the external (market‐related) and internal (firm‐related) dimensions of the Turkish CG framework. Finally, we summarize the main findings and offer some recommendations for a successful reform initiative in Turkey.
Theory of Mind

Theory of mind is the everyday understanding that people do things because of their mental states such as intentions, beliefs, and desires. We call it a “theory” because we cannot see these mental states -they are theoretical constructs. These theoretical constructs, though, are powerful and allow us to understand the proximal causes of human behaviour. Using our theory of mind, we can both explain what a person has done, and predict what that person will do in the future. Some researchers and theorists use the term “folk psychology” to describe theory of mind. It is our everyday, non-scientific, understanding of the basic psychological mechanisms that cause everyday behaviour.
Biochemical and functional characterization of three activated macrophage populations

We generated three populations of macrophages (Mφ) in vitro and characterized each. Classically activated Mφ (Ca‐Mφ) were primed with IFN‐γ and stimulated with LPS. Type II‐activated Mφ (Mφ‐II) were similarly primed but stimulated with LPS plus immune complexes. Alternatively activated Mφ (AA‐Mφ) were primed overnight with IL‐4. Here, we present a side‐by‐side comparison of the three cell types. We focus primarily on differences between Mφ‐II and AA‐Mφ, as both have been classified as M2 Mφ, distinct from Ca‐Mφ. We show that Mφ‐II more closely resemble Ca‐Mφ than they are to AA‐Mφ. Mφ‐II and Ca‐Mφ, but not AA‐Mφ, produce high levels of NO and have low arginase activity. AA‐Mφ express FIZZ1, whereas neither Mφ‐II nor Ca‐Mφ do. Mφ‐II and Ca‐Mφ express relatively high levels of CD86, whereas AA‐Mφ are virtually devoid of this costimulatory molecule. Ca‐Mφ and Mφ‐II are efficient APC, whereas AA‐Mφ fail to stimulate efficient T cell proliferation. The differences between Ca‐Mφ and Mφ‐II are more subtle. Ca‐Mφ produce IL‐12 and give rise to Th1 cells, whereas Mφ‐II produce high levels of IL‐10 and thus, give rise to Th2 cells secreting IL‐4 and IL‐10. Mφ‐II express two markers that may be used to identify them in tissue. These are sphingosine kinase‐1 and LIGHT (TNF superfamily 14). Thus, Ca‐Mφ, Mφ‐II, and AA‐Mφ represent three populations of cells with different biological functions.
Failure of Effector Function of Human CD8+ T Cells in NOD/SCID/JAK3−/− Immunodeficient Mice Transplanted with Human CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Humanized mice, which are generated by transplanting human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells into immunodeficient mice, are expected to be useful for the research on human immune responses. It is reported that antigen-specific T cell responses occur in immunodeficient mice transplanted with both human fetal thymus/liver tissues and CD34+ fetal cells, but it remains unclear whether antigen-specific T cell responses occur in those transplanted with only human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here we investigated the differentiation and function of human CD8+ T cells reconstituted in NOD/SCID/Jak3−/− mice transplanted with human CD34+ HSCs (hNOK mice). Multicolor flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that human CD8+ T cells generated from the CD34+ HSCs comprised only 3 subtypes, i.e., CD27highCD28+CD45RA+CCR7+, CD27+CD28+CD45RA−CCR7+, and CD27+CD28+CD45RA−CCR7− and had 3 phenotypes for 3 lytic molecules, i.e., perforin(Per)−granzymeA(GraA)−granzymeB(GraB)−, Per−GraA+GraB−, and PerlowGraA+GraB+. These CD8+ T cells failed to produce IFN-γ and to proliferate after stimulation with alloantigens. These results indicate that the antigen-specific T cell response cannot be elicited in mice transplanted with only human CD34+ HSCs, because the T cells fail to develop normally in such mice.
The Language of Compromise in International Agreements

Abstract To reach agreement, international negotiators often compromise by using flexible language: they make controversial provisions vague, or add options and caveats. Does flexibility in agreement language influence subsequent state behavior? If so, do states follow both firm and flexible language somewhat, as negotiators hope? Or do governments respond strategically, increasing their energies on firmly specified tasks, and reducing their efforts on flexibly specified ones? Testing theories about agreement language is difficult because states often reserve flexible language for controversial provisions. To make causal claims, we study an unusually drafted agreement in which states had almost no opportunity to dilute agreement language. We examine the influence of the 1991 Paris Principles on the Design of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs), using an original data set of twenty-two institutional safeguards of NHRIs in 107 countries, and case studies. We find that variations in agreement language can have large effects on state behavior, even when the entire agreement is nonbinding. Both democracies and authoritarian states followed the principles' firm terms closely. However, authoritarian states either ignored or reduced their efforts on flexibly specified tasks. If flexibly specifying a task is no different from omitting it altogether, as our data suggest, the costs of compromise are much greater than previously believed.
Labor Mobility and Wages

In this essay we explore the implications of human capital and search behavior for both the interpersonal and life-cycle structure of inter-firm labor mobility. The economic hypothesis which motivates the analysis is that individual differences in firm-specific complementarities and related skill acquisitions produce differences in mobility behavior and in the relation between job tenure, wages and mobility. Both "job duration dependence" and "heterogeneity bias" are implied by this theory. Exploration of longitudinal data sets (NLS and MID) which contain mobility, job and wage histories of men in the 1966-76 decade yield several findings, among others: 1. The initially steep and later decelerating declines of labor mobility with working age are in large part due to the similar but more steeply declining relation between mobility and length of job tenure. 2. Given tenure levels, the probability of moving is predicted positively by the frequency of prior moves and negatively by education. The inclusion of prior moves in the regression reduces the estimated tenure slope because it helps to remove the "heterogeneity bias" in that slope. 3. The popular "mover-stayer model" is rejected by the existence of tenure effects on mobility. 4. Differences in mobility during the first decade of working life do not predict long-run differences in earnings. However, persistent movers at later stages of working life have lower wage levels and flatter life-cycle wage growth. 5. The analysis calls for a reformulation of earnings (wage) functions. Inclusion of tenure terms in the function permits separate estimates of returns to general and specific human capital after correction for heterogeneity bias. A rough estimate is that 50 percent of life-time wage growth is due to general (transferable) experience and 25 percent each to firm-specific experience and inter-firm mobility.
Incremental understanding in human-computer dialogue and experimental evidence for advantages over nonincremental methods

Current dialogue systems generally operate in a pipelined, modular fashion on one complete utterance at a time. Converging evidence shows that human understanding operates incrementally and makes use of multiple sources of information during the parsing process, including traditionally “later” aspects such as pragmatics. We describe a spoken dialogue system that understands language incrementally, gives visual feedback on possible referents during the course of the user’s utterance, and allows for overlapping speech and actions. We present findings from an empirical study showing that the resulting dialogue system is faster overall than its nonincremental counterpart. Furthermore, the incremental system is preferred to its counterpart ‐ beyond what is accounted for by factors such as speed and accuracy. These results are the first to indicate, from a controlled user study, that successful incremental understanding systems will improve both performance and usability.
Academic Misconduct by University Students:   Faculty Perceptions and Responses

A number of factors influence student behavior including the moral development of students, student faculty interactions, and academic codes of conduct. Previous investigations on classroom misconduct have focused on student characteristics and perceptions. Relatively few studies have focused on faculty members' views of student misconduct and faculty responses to suspicions of wrongdoing. The current study examines the types of academic misbe-havior faculty members suspect occur in their classrooms , methods they use to deter such misconduct, and the factors that influence instructors' decisions to act on suspected inappropriate behavior. Data was collected using surveys from faculty members. Findings suggest that academic dishonesty is a concern to many educators in university classrooms. Faculty members indicate that they use a variety of measures to improve student behavior. However, some teachers did not act on suspected academic dishonesty due in part to their anxiety about the process. Drawing from these findings, suggestions are given toward positively influencing student behavior in higher education contexts.
Rationality and the Decision to Invest in Economics

In the study reported here, we develop a theoretical model of occupational choice which is then specifically tailored to fit the market for economists over time. Economists typically assume that the world is relatively free of informational barriers and that agents carefully process vast amounts of information in making decisions. This study reveals whether economists' own occupational decisions are consistent with this world of rational, calculating agents. Results suggest that tests for the internal consistency of rational expectations and our model of occupational choice cannot be rejected, while the model provides a better explanation of the observed pattern of enrollments than does an alternative that assumes agents naively base decisions only on current wage conditions.
Second‐generation migrants: Europe and the United States

The public debate about the second generation in Europe has taken a dramatic shift in the last five years. The riots in the banlieues in France, involving mostly Algerian and Moroccan second-generation youth, pitched the cherished republican model into deep crisis. In the Netherlands, arguments about the failure of the country's multicultural society have cited the relatively high number of Dutch Moroccan students who drop out of school and the high crime rate within the Moroccan second generation. In Germany, similar concerns about the Turkish second generation have triggered a debate about the existence of a separate Gesellschaft, composed of almost two million Turks living in a parallel world detached from the wider German society. The debate in the US, in contrast, has been much more dominated by the question of illegal immigrants. Negative associations around the second generation, however, have been mostly around crime and gangs and teenage pregnancy. Keywords: cross-cultural; cross-cultural; demography and population studies; employment and unemployment; ethnocentrism
Relations between features for automatic recognition of abnormal cases in emergency telephone call systems

This paper presents the use of relations between features, which describe a caller for automatic recognition of abnormal cases in emergency telephone call systems. The proposed correlation based procedure, as an integral part of the authors' advanced database search mechanism dedicated to emergency notification centers, extends the record matching procedures and takes into account dependences between features. Illustrative examples and experiments show that the presented procedure significantly improves recognition of impossible cases, e.g. those reported by cheaters.
MMIC LNAs for Radioastronomy Applications Using Advanced Industrial 70 nm Metamorphic Technology

Radioastronomy applications, as well as others, require ultra-low-noise front ends for high-sensitivity receivers. In this way, the image produced from a radio-telescope using such advanced components has a higher resolution and therefore allows scientists to obtain a clearer representation of the environment. The low-noise amplifier is the key component of a high sensitivity receiver (demonstrating a very low noise figure, even in the millimeter-wave frequency region). Such electrical performance is obtained from the combined use of an advanced technology (fT and fmax > 250 GHz, LG <; 0, 1 μm) and appropriate design methodologies that take into account electrical specifications and system constraints in the context of the targeted application. In this contribution, we will present both the performance of the employed technology (OMMIC 70 nm GaAs mHEMT) and the related low-noise design methodologies that have led to the realization of four different LNAs operating from 5 GHz up to 100 GHz and beyond.
Industry Dynamics with Adjustment Costs

Adjustment costs determine the dynamics of the response of an industry's output to a shift in demand. Absent any adjustment costs, an increase in demand not accompanied by any change in factor prices raises output, labor, capital, and materials in the same proportion. In the presence of adjustment costs, the elasticity of the response of factors with higher costs is less than one while the elasticity of those without adjustment costs exceeds one. I develop a model of industry dynamics to capture these properties and a related econometric framework to infer adjustment costs from the observed ratios of factor responses to output responses. I find relatively precise evidence of moderate adjustment costs.
Further Evaluations of Industry-Inspired Pair Programming Communication Guidelines with Undergraduate Students

Pair programming has several benefits when it is successfully used by students and experts alike. However, research shows that novice pairs find the necessary pair communication to be one of the main challenges in adopting this process. A set of industry-inspired pair programming guidelines have been derived and evaluated from qualitative examinations of expert pairs, with the aim of helping novice programmers communicate within their pair. This research describes a further evaluation of these guidelines with a number of student pairs, and demonstrates how novice pairs who were exposed to the guidelines became comfortable communicating with their partners.
Hepatic Farnesoid X-Receptor Isoforms α2 and α4 Differentially Modulate Bile Salt and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Mice

The nuclear receptor FXR acts as an intracellular bile salt sensor that regulates synthesis and transport of bile salts within their enterohepatic circulation. In addition, FXR is involved in control of a variety of crucial metabolic pathways. Four FXR splice variants are known, i.e. FXRα1-4. Although these isoforms show differences in spatial and temporal expression patterns as well as in transcriptional activity, the physiological relevance hereof has remained elusive. We have evaluated specific roles of hepatic FXRα2 and FXRα4 by stably expressing these isoforms using liver-specific self-complementary adeno-associated viral vectors in total body FXR knock-out mice. The hepatic gene expression profile of the FXR knock-out mice was largely normalized by both isoforms. Yet, differential effects were also apparent; FXRα2 was more effective in reducing elevated HDL levels and transrepressed hepatic expression of Cyp8b1, the regulator of cholate synthesis. The latter coincided with a switch in hydrophobicity of the bile salt pool. Furthermore, FXRα2-transduction caused an increased neutral sterol excretion compared to FXRα4 without affecting intestinal cholesterol absorption. Our data show, for the first time, that hepatic FXRα2 and FXRα4 differentially modulate bile salt and lipoprotein metabolism in mice.
Financial Distress and US Airline Fares

This paper examines how financial distress affects an airline’s pricing behavior through the lenses of three theories, supply-side, demand, and strategic. The analysis is conducted against the backdrop of U.S. airlines declaring bankruptcy and winning protection and relief from certain costs and the concern expressed by their competitors that such relief could give them an unfair advantage in pricing. The supply-side rationale that is tested suggests that the lower operating costs could result in lower prices; from a demand side, their prices might be reduced because consumers reduce their demand; and from the strategic rationale, distressed firms could reduce prices and sell off inventory to generate cash for long-term survival. Both the supply-side and demand-side rationales have support in the circumstantial evidence. But the results do not support the strategic rationale. Further analysis suggests that Chapter 11 protection is not an important factor in the financial health of competitors that do not have that protection.
Monetary Instability, the Predictability of Prices, and the Allocation of Investment: An Empirical Investigation Using U.K. Panel Data

It is often argued that monetary instability reduces the informational content of market signals and thereby hinders the efficient allocation of investment. In this paper we use a signal extraction framework to give empirical content to this idea. In particular, we show why this framework predicts that, as monetary uncertainty decreases, the cross-sectional distribution of investment widens. We then explore this hypothesis using panel data information for UK companies over twenty years. Our data generally support the view that monetary instability may affect investment allocation through its effect on the predictability of prices.
Jackie Robinson’s Legacy and Women “Cross-over Athletes”: A Comparison of The New York Times’ Coverage

This article compares coverage by The New York Times of Jackie Robinson's groundbreaking entry into Major League Baseball with the participation of four women athletes in male-only sporting spaces. This comparison and analysis reveals the role of this specific print media in naturalizing sex differences that justify sex segregation and gender injustice; in contrast to media discourse that correlates racial segregation with racial injustice. This contrast illuminates the role of sport as cultural theatre to model and support social hierarchy while drawing attention to the malleability of essentialist notions of identity.
Near optimum Sequence Detection for coded OFDM-CMM systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing convolutional multi-code multiplexing (OFDM-CMM) has been proposed to achieve notable coding gain and diversity without loss of spectral efficiency. However, the complexity of maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) grows exponentially in the number of parallel streams. This detection algorithm is prohibitive when the number of parallel streams is large. The interference cancellation based sequence detection (ICSD) is proposed in this paper to reduce the detection complexity without performance loss. The heart of this method is to combine the interference cancellation and the MLSE into one iteration. The complexity of ICSD grows linearly in the number of parallel streams. The simulation results have shown that the proposed method can efficiently approximate the optimum MAP performance at a moderate signal to noise ratio (SNR) in coded OFDM-CMM systems.
Error estimates for a numerical method for the compressible Navier-Stokes system on sufficiently smooth domains

We derive an a priori error estimate for the numerical solution obtained by time and space discretization by the finite volume/finite element method of the barotropic Navier--Stokes equations. The numerical solution on a convenient polyhedral domain approximating a sufficiently smooth bounded domain is compared with an exact solution of the barotropic Navier--Stokes equations with a bounded density. The result is unconditional in the sense that there are no assumed bounds on the numerical solution.