Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tracing the Mass during Low-Mass Star Formation. II. Modeling the Submillimeter Emission from Preprotostellar Cores

We have modeled the emission from dust in preprotostellar cores, including a self-consistent calculation of the temperature distribution for each input density distribution. Model density distributions include Bonnor-Ebert spheres and power laws. The Bonnor-Ebert spheres fit the data well for all three cores that we have modeled. The dust temperatures decline to very low values (Td ~ 7 K) in the centers of these cores, strongly affecting the dust emission. Compared to earlier models that assume constant dust temperatures, our models indicate higher central densities and smaller regions of relatively constant density. Indeed, for L1544, a power-law density distribution, similar to that of a singular, isothermal sphere, cannot be ruled out. For the three sources modeled herein, there seems to be a sequence of increasing central condensation, from L1512 to L1689B to L1544. The two denser cores, L1689B and L1544, have spectroscopic evidence for contraction, suggesting an evolutionary sequence for preprotostellar cores.
Functional Production and Characterization of a Fibrin-Specific Single-Chain Antibody Fragment from Bacillus subtilis: Effects of Molecular Chaperones and a Wall-Bound Protease on Antibody Fragment Production

ABSTRACT To develop an ideal blood clot imaging and targeting agent, a single-chain antibody (SCA) fragment based on a fibrin-specific monoclonal antibody, MH-1, was constructed and produced via secretion from Bacillus subtilis. Through a systematic study involving a series of B. subtilis strains, insufficient intracellular and extracytoplasmic molecular chaperones and high sensitivity to wall-bound protease (WprA) were believed to be the major factors that lead to poor production of MH-1 SCA. Intracellular and extracytoplasmic molecular chaperones apparently act in a sequential manner. The combination of enhanced coproduction of both molecular chaperones and wprA inactivation leads to the development of an engineered B. subtilis strain, WB800HM[pEPP]. This strain allows secretory production of MH-1 SCA at a level of 10 to 15 mg/liter. In contrast, with WB700N (a seven-extracellular-protease-deficient strain) as the host, no MH-1 SCA could be detected in both secreted and cellular fractions. Secreted MH-1 SCA from WB800HM[pMH1, pEPP] could be affinity purified using a protein L matrix. It retains comparable affinity and specificity as the parental MH-1 monoclonal antibody. This expression system can potentially be applied to produce other single-chain antibody fragments, especially those with folding and protease sensitivity problems.
Practitioners’ experiences of learning and implementing Counselling for Depression (CfD) in routine practice settings

Aim: Counselling for Depression (CfD) is a person-centred experiential therapy developed for implementation in the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme. Training in this model has been available across England since 2011. This study aims to investigate counselling practitioners’ experiences of learning the CfD model and implementing CfD in practice settings. Method: Participants were recruited by an email sent to the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy’s (BACP) CfD Practice Research Network (PRN). Of the 53 CfD practitioners belonging to BACP’s CfD PRN, 18 participated in this mixed-methods piece of research. All 18 participants completed an online questionnaire, and one hour follow-up semi-structured interviews were conducted with six of the participants. Results: Descriptive analyses from the online questionnaire indicated a positive experience of CfD training, with practitioners indicating a positive impact on sense of self, practice and skill set. Although a degree of challenge was encountered when training in the CfD model, thematic analysis from the six semi-structured interviews revealed factors contributing to the positives and challenges experienced on the course. Themes also revealed a predominately negative experience of CfD in practice and service settings, although this was service dependent. Conclusions and implications for practice: The findings can inform future recruitment of trainees to CfD training programmes and the training programme itself. They can also be used to achieve greater congruence between training in CfD and the delivery of the model. Future research may need to focus on the service level factors influencing practitioners’ experiences, and whether this experience is specific to the CfD modality in IAPT.
Cosine Directional Tuning of Theta Cell Burst Frequencies: Evidence for Spatial Coding by Oscillatory Interference

The rodent septohippocampal system contains “theta cells,” which burst rhythmically at 4–12 Hz, but the functional significance of this rhythm remains poorly understood (Buzsáki, 2006). Theta rhythm commonly modulates the spike trains of spatially tuned neurons such as place (O'Keefe and Dostrovsky, 1971), head direction (Tsanov et al., 2011a), grid (Hafting et al., 2005), and border cells (Savelli et al., 2008; Solstad et al., 2008). An “oscillatory interference” theory has hypothesized that some of these spatially tuned neurons may derive their positional firing from phase interference among theta oscillations with frequencies that are modulated by the speed and direction of translational movements (Burgess et al., 2005, 2007). This theory is supported by studies reporting modulation of theta frequency by movement speed (Rivas et al., 1996; Geisler et al., 2007; Jeewajee et al., 2008a), but modulation of theta frequency by movement direction has never been observed. Here we recorded theta cells from hippocampus, medial septum, and anterior thalamus of freely behaving rats. Theta cell burst frequencies varied as the cosine of the rat's movement direction, and this directional tuning was influenced by landmark cues, in agreement with predictions of the oscillatory interference theory. Computer simulations and mathematical analysis demonstrated how a postsynaptic neuron can detect location-dependent synchrony among inputs from such theta cells, and thereby mimic the spatial tuning properties of place, grid, or border cells. These results suggest that theta cells may serve a high-level computational function by encoding a basis set of oscillatory signals that interfere with one another to synthesize spatial memory representations.
Assortative Mating in Animals

Assortative mating occurs when there is a correlation (positive or negative) between male and female phenotypes or genotypes across mated pairs. To determine the typical strength and direction of assortative mating in animals, we carried out a meta-analysis of published measures of assortative mating for a variety of phenotypic and genotypic traits in a diverse set of animal taxa. We focused on the strength of assortment within populations, excluding reproductively isolated populations and species. We collected 1,116 published correlations between mated pairs from 254 species (360 unique species-trait combinations) in five phyla. The mean correlation between mates was 0.28, showing an overall tendency toward positive assortative mating within populations. Although 19% of the correlations were negative, simulations suggest that these could represent type I error and that negative assortative mating may be rare. We also find significant differences in the strength of assortment among major taxonomic groups and among trait categories. We discuss various possible reasons for the evolution of assortative mating and its implications for speciation.
Thirty nine years of stratified trees ( Invited Paper )

The stratified tree, also called van Emde Boas tree, is a data structure implementing the full repertoire of instructions manipulating a single subset A of a finite ordered Universe U = [0.u − 1]. Instructions include member, insert, delete, min, max, predecessor and successor, as well as composite ones like extract −min. The processing time per instruction is O(loglog(u)). Hence it improves upon the traditional comparison based tree structures for dense subsets A; if A is sparse, meaning that the size n = #A = O(log(u)) the improvement vanishes. Examples exist where this improvement helps to speed-up algorithmic solutions of real problems; such applications can be found for example in graph algorithms, computational geometry and forwarding of packets on the internet. The structure was invented during a short postdoc residence at Cornell University in the fall of 1974. In the sequel of this paper I will use the original name Stratified Trees which was used in my own papers on this data structure. There are two strategies for understanding how this O(loglog(u)) improvement can be obtained. Today a direct recursive approach is used where the universe is divided into a cluster of √ u galaxies each of size √ u; the set manipulation instructions decompose accordingly in a instruction at the cluster and galaxy level, but one of these two instructions is always of a special trivial type. The processing complexity thus satisfies a recurrence T (u) = T ( √ u) +O(1). Consequently T (u) = O(loglog(u)). However, this recursive approach requires address calculations on the arguments which use multiplicative arithmetical instructions. These instructions are not allowed in the Random Access Machine model (RAM) which was the standard model in the developing research area of design and analysis of algorithms in 1974. Therefore the early implementations of the stratified trees are based on a different approach which best is described as a binary-search-on-levels strategy. In this approach the address calculations are not required, and the structure can be implemented using pointers. The downside of this approach is that it leads to rather complex algorithms, which are still hard to present correctly even today. Another bad consequence was the super linear space consumption of the data structure, which was only eliminated three years later. In this paper I want to describe the historical backgrounds against which the stratified trees were discovered and implemented. I do not give complete code fragments implementing the data structure and the operations; they can be found in the various textbooks and papers mentioned, including a Wikipedia To appear in Proc. ISCIM 2013, Sep 26–28, Tirana, Albania. Work supported by grant CR 62-50 Netehrlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O., currently called N.W.O). page. Code fragments appearing in this paper are copied verbatim from the original sources; the same holds for the figures.
Trauma and Triggers: Students' Perspectives on Enhancing the Classroom Experiences at an Alternative Residential Treatment-Based School.

Youths in residential treatment (RT) are often burdened with histories of trauma exposure and experience a multitude of unique challenges for both daily functioning and developmental trajectories. Youths spend a large portion of their day in school; these educational experiences a ﬀ ect long-term well-being. This study uses qualitative focus group methodology to better understand the school experiences of youths placed in an RT educational environment. The sample consisted of 45 female residents placed in out-of-home care due to a child welfare or delinquency petition. Several key themes emerged that illustrate youth perceptions of the climate of RT, how strict discipline schools can a ﬀ ect mood, and what factors promote or hinder school engagement and disengagement. These themes included issues related to interactions with residential and school sta ﬀ , teachers, classmates, and other sta ﬀ ; their own inabilities to interpersonally cope; and mismatches between their educational needs and services provided. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for policy and practice.
Data Oscillation and Convergence of Adaptive FEM

Data oscillation is intrinsic information missed by the averaging process associated with finite element methods (FEM) regardless of quadrature. Ensuring a reduction rate of data oscillation, together with an error reduction based on a posteriori error estimators, we construct a simple and efficient adaptive FEM for elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) with linear rate of convergence without any preliminary mesh adaptation nor explicit knowledge of constants. Any prescribed error tolerance is thus achieved in a finite number of steps. A number of numerical experiments in two and three dimensions yield quasi-optimal meshes along with a competitive performance.
Keck spectroscopy of z=1-3 ULIRGs from the Spitzer SWIRE survey

Context. High-redshift ultra luminous infrared galaxies contribute the bulk of the cosmic IR background and are the best candidates for very massive galaxies in formation at z > 1.5. Aims. It is necessary to identify the energy source for their huge luminosities, starburst or AGN activity, in order to correctly interpret the role of ULIRGs in galaxy evolution, and compute reliable estimates of their star formation rates, stellar masses, and accretion luminosities. Methods. We present Keck/LRIS optical spectroscopy of 35 z ≥ 1.4 luminous IR galaxies in the Spitzer Wide-area Infra-Red Extragalactic survey (SWIRE) northern fields (Lockman Hole, ELAIS-N1, ELAIS-N2). The primary targets belong to the “IR-peak” class of galaxies, having the 1.6 μm (restframe) stellar feature detected in the IRAC Spitzer channels. The spectral energy distributions of the main targets are thoroughly analyzed, by means of spectro-photometric synthesis and multi-component fits (stars + starburst dust + AGN torus). Results. The IR-peak selection technique is confirmed to successfully select objects above z = 1.4, though some of the observed sources lie at lower redshift than expected. Among the 16 galaxies with spectroscopic redshift, 62% host an AGN component, two thirds being type-1 and one third type-2 objects. The selection, limited to r' 10^(11) M_⊙) galaxies. The presence of an AGN component provides a plausible explanation for the spectroscopic/photometric redshift discrepancies, as the torus produces an apparent shift of the peak to longer wavelengths. These sources are analyzed in IRAC and optical-IR color spaces. In addition to the IR-peak galaxies, we present redshifts and spectral properties for 150 objects, out of a total of 301 sources on slits.
Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes

The basic composition of the human gut microbiome is influenced by long-term diet: high fat and protein versus high fiber. Diet strongly affects human health, partly by modulating gut microbiome composition. We used diet inventories and 16S rDNA sequencing to characterize fecal samples from 98 individuals. Fecal communities clustered into enterotypes distinguished primarily by levels of Bacteroides and Prevotella. Enterotypes were strongly associated with long-term diets, particularly protein and animal fat (Bacteroides) versus carbohydrates (Prevotella). A controlled-feeding study of 10 subjects showed that microbiome composition changed detectably within 24 hours of initiating a high-fat/low-fiber or low-fat/high-fiber diet, but that enterotype identity remained stable during the 10-day study. Thus, alternative enterotype states are associated with long-term diet.
Approximate message-passing with spatially coupled structured operators, with applications to compressed sensing and sparse superposition codes

We study the behavior of approximate message-passing (AMP), a solver for linear sparse estimation problems such as compressed sensing, when the i.i. d matrices—for which it has been specifically designed—are replaced by structured operators, such as Fourier and Hadamard ones. We show empirically that after proper randomization, the structure of the operators does not significantly affect the performances of the solver. Furthermore, for some specially designed spatially coupled operators, this allows a computationally fast and memory efficient reconstruction in compressed sensing up to the information-theoretical limit. We also show how this approach can be applied to sparse superposition codes, allowing the AMP decoder to perform at large rates for moderate block length.
A case study of a heat low over central Australia

Observational and numerical studies of subtropical continental cold fronts over the last decade have highlighted major differences in their structure compared with cold fronts in middle latitudes (Smith and Ridley 1990; Reeder et al. 1991; Smith et al. 1995; Deslandes et al. 1999; Reeder et al. 2000). Reviews are contained in the articles by Reeder and Smith (1992, 1998). Of particular note are the relative shallowness of the fronts (typically the cold air mass is no more than a kilometre deep) and the large diurnal variation in their intensity. Often fronts are difficult to locate from surface data during the daytime, but they may rapidly redevelop during the evening. Strong frontogenesis after sunset appears to be associated with strong low-level ageostrophic convergence into a prefrontal trough accompanying the development of the nocturnal low-level jet. Pre-frontal troughs are commonly analysed when cold fronts of Southern Ocean origin cross the continent of Australia. It appears that these pre-frontal troughs originate as heat troughs that become mobile and move ahead of the approaching front, at the same time being distorted by the broadscale flow. Idealised numerical model calculations by Ráicz and Smith (1999) and Reichmann and Smith (personal commuAust. Met. Mag. 51 (2002) 155-163
Architectural Lessons from Environmental Psychology: The Case of Biophilic Architecture

A review of findings from the field of environmental psychology shows that humans are aesthetically attracted to natural contents and to particular landscape configurations. These features are also found to have positive effects on human functioning and can reduce stress. However, opportunities for contact with these elements are reduced in modern urban life. It is argued how this evolution can have subtle but nontrivial adverse effects on psychological and physiological well-being. These can be countered by integrating key features of natural contents and structural landscape features in the built environment. Several practical proposals are discussed, ranging from literal imitations of natural objects (such as plants) to the use of nature's fractal geometry in an architectural context.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockade in Diabetic Nephropathy. Present Evidences

Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in developed countries and its prevalence has increased dramatically in the past few decades. These patients are at an increased risk for premature death, cardiovascular disease, and other severe illnesses that result in frequent hospitalizations and increased health-care utilization. Although much progress has been made in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy, renal dysfunction and the development of end-stage renal disease remain major concerns in diabetes. Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) results in progressive renal damage. RAAS blockade is the cornerstone of treatment of DKD, with proven efficacy in many arenas. The theoretically-attractive option of combining these medications that target different points in the pathway, potentially offering a more complete RAAS blockade, has also been tested in clinical trials, but long-term outcomes were disappointing. This review examines the “state of play” for RAAS blockade in DKD, dual blockade of various combinations, and a perspective on its benefits and potential risks.
Toward Self-Authorship: Postgraduate Psychology Students' Meaning-Making Journeys

Abstract:This article describes through the lens of self-authorship development the meaning-making processes of South African postgraduate psychology students who are expected to undergo significant growth as they journey towards becoming mental health professionals. Reflective writing tasks and individual interviews of 4 postgraduate students were thematically analyzed to identify individual pathways as well as salient themes towards self-authorship. Academic challenges and interpersonal relationships were instrumental in these students' finding a sense of self and moving towards greater independence, more defined belief systems, and a perspective that encompasses the future. The research findings highlight participants' nuanced and cyclical journeys as they dealt with experiences and challenges that fostered personal growth, more complex ways of knowing, relational restructuring, and listening to an internal voice.
An analytical inversion method for determining regional and global emissions of greenhouse gases: Sensitivity studies and application to halocarbons

Abstract. A new analytical inversion method has been developed to determine the regional and global emissions of long-lived atmospheric trace gases. It exploits in situ measurement data from three global networks and builds on backward simulations with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model. The emission information is extracted from the observed concentration increases over a baseline that is itself objectively determined by the inversion algorithm. The method was applied to two hydrofluorocarbons (HFC-134a, HFC-152a) and a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC-22) for the period January 2005 until March 2007. Detailed sensitivity studies with synthetic as well as with real measurement data were done to quantify the influence on the results of the a priori emissions and their uncertainties as well as of the observation and model errors. It was found that the global a posteriori emissions of HFC-134a, HFC-152a and HCFC-22 all increased from 2005 to 2006. Large increases (21%, 16%, 18%, respectively) from 2005 to 2006 were found for China, whereas the emission changes in North America (−9%, 23%, 17%, respectively) and Europe (11%, 11%, −4%, respectively) were mostly smaller and less systematic. For Europe, the a posteriori emissions of HFC-134a and HFC-152a were slightly higher than the a priori emissions reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). For HCFC-22, the a posteriori emissions for Europe were substantially (by almost a factor 2) higher than the a priori emissions used, which were based on HCFC consumption data reported to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Combined with the reported strongly decreasing HCFC consumption in Europe, this suggests a substantial time lag between the reported time of the HCFC-22 consumption and the actual time of the HCFC-22 emission. Conversely, in China where HCFC consumption is increasing rapidly according to the UNEP data, the a posteriori emissions are only about 40% of the a priori emissions. This reveals a substantial storage of HCFC-22 and potential for future emissions in China. Deficiencies in the geographical distribution of stations measuring halocarbons in relation to estimating regional emissions are also discussed in the paper. Applications of the inversion algorithm to other greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide or carbon dioxide are foreseen for the future.
Teaching dance: a framework for creativity

Dance is an important part of the physical, emotional and cultural development of every child. It features in all cultures as a social activity. It develops coordination and uses movement to communicate expression and historical concepts. The key fundamentals of movement taught in high-quality dance lessons develop a kinaesthetic awareness of movement at an early age and underpin movement in all later sporting activities.