Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Requiring Tracheal Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit

A case of acute lung injury (ALI) progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation (ETMV) is presented. The palliative medicine service was asked to address concerns expressed by the patient's spouse reflecting uncertainty regarding outcome expectations. Acknowledging and confronting the uncertainties of a critical illness is an essential component of patient-centered communication. Addressing and managing uncertainty for the case scenario requires consideration of both short- and long-term outcomes including mortality, ventilator independence, and adverse effects on quality of life for survivors. In this paper, ALI/ARDS requiring ETMV in the ICU was used as a focal point for preparing a prognostic assessment incorporating these issues. This assessment was based on a review of recently published literature regarding mortality and ventilator independence of survivors for adult patients receiving ETMV for ALI/ARDS in the ICU. In the studies reviewed, long-term survival reported at 60 days to 1 year was 50-73% with greater than 84% of the survivors in each study breathing independently. Selected articles discussing outcomes other than mortality or recovery of respiratory function, particularly quality of life implications for ALI/ARDS survivors, were also reviewed. A case of of ALI/ARDS requiring ETMV in the ICU is used to illustrate the situation of an incapacitated critically ill patient where the outcome is uncertain. Patient-centered communication should acknowledge and address this uncertainty. Managing uncertainty consists of effectively expressing a carefully formulated prognostic assessment and using sound communication principles to alleviate the distress associated with the uncertain outcome probabilities.
Lung mechanics and pulmonary function testing in cetaceans

ABSTRACT We measured esophageal pressures, respiratory flow rates, and expired O2 and CO2 in six adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) during voluntary breaths and maximal (chuff) respiratory efforts. The data were used to estimate the dynamic specific lung compliance (sCL), the O2 consumption rate (V̇O2) and CO2 production rates (V̇CO2) during rest. Our results indicate that bottlenose dolphins have the capacity to generate respiratory flow rates that exceed 130 l s−1 and 30 l s−1 during expiration and inspiration, respectively. The esophageal pressures indicated that expiration is passive during voluntary breaths, but active during maximal efforts, whereas inspiration is active for all breaths. The average sCL of dolphins was 0.31±0.04 cmH2O−1, which is considerably higher than that of humans (0.08 cmH2O−1) and that previously measured in a pilot whale (0.13 cmH2O−1). The average estimated V̇O2 and V̇CO2 using our breath-by-breath respirometry system ranged from 0.857 to 1.185 l O2 min−1 and 0.589 to 0.851 l CO2 min−1, respectively, which is similar to previously published metabolic measurements from the same animals using conventional flow-through respirometry. In addition, our custom-made system allows us to approximate end tidal gas composition. Our measurements provide novel data for respiratory physiology in cetaceans, which may be important for clinical medicine and conservation efforts. Highlighted Article: A custom-built pneumotachometer provides novel data on respiratory physiology and lung mechanics in bottlenose dolphins.
Potential of qualitative network analysis in migration studies- Reflections based on an empirical analysis of young researchers’ mobility aspirations

Based on the example of an empirical research study, the paper examines the strengths and limitations of a qualitative network approach to migration and mobility. The method of graphic drawings produced by the respondents within an interview setting was applied. With this method, we argue to be able to analyse migrants’ specific social embeddedness and its influence on future mobility aspirations. Likewise, connections between the migratory biography and the individuals’ various social relations are investigated.
Information Seeking Behaviour in Recruiting: Examining the Background and Motivation of Job-Seeking Employees in their Search for Job Content and Job Context Information

Recruitment involves a number of decisions; some are made within the organization and others by individual job seekers. If done well, recruitment leads to success for organizations and job satisfaction for the individual. If done poorly, success suffers and individuals can be dissatisfied with their job, make poor decisions, and perhaps leave the firm. Job dissatisfaction occurs when jobs fail to meet the individuals’ expectations or fulfil their needs. Such job dissatisfaction often leads to a new job search. In the job search literature, the type and attributes of the job information play an important role for job seekers. However, the most valued job-specific related information varies across potential employees. This is because the search for particular job-specific related information differs among individuals, probably according to individuals’ needs and expectations. The process of matching individuals’ needs as well as expectations and the selection of job-specific related information may help avoid job dissatisfaction and turnover. This research combines theory from the context of individuals (different backgrounds of potential employees), the theory of motivation to search and the theory of job information into a new research framework. The research will examine the relationship between job dissatisfaction, motivation to search and job-specific related information to search. Though job dissatisfaction appears to differ among job-seekers, it will be analysed in terms of job categories such as engineers, technicians, managers and clerical staff. The second construct, motivation to search, depends on individuals’ needs to be improved either in terms of salary, current working conditions or the job itself. Finally, these two constructs will be examined in terms of selecting job-specific related information that has been provided in job advertisemants. This research will also explore the different job categorise between technical and non-technical and the impact on the second (motivation factors) and third (job-specific related information) constructs above. The findings of this research will contribute theoretically and practically to the job search field.
Adjustment Problems dan Psychological Well-Being pada Siswa Akseleran (Studi Korelasional pada SMPN 19 Jakarta dan SMP Labschool Kebayoran Baru)

Owned by a gifted student akseleran, as intellectually gifted students,taking them to the demands of external and internal demands. A student akseleran must adapt themselves to these demands. However, it is not easy.There are a number of problems they face because of it. Noted there are six main problems of adjustment (adjustment problems) students akseleran ie, school assignments are not challenging, poor interpersonal relationships, parental expectations, perfectionism, multipotensialitas, and high involvement (Chan, 2006). Those problems are a source of stress for students and psychological conditions may interfere with his well-being.This is certainly not beneficial because it can cause the student can not perform optimally. This study seeks to prove whether there is a relationship between adjustment problems and psychological well-being in students akseleran . In addition, this study also attempted to figure out what adjustment the most significant problems associated with psychological well-being.Melalui a correlational study in SMP and SMP 19 Jakarta Labschool Kebayoran Baru, found a significant negative relationshipbetween psychological adjustment problems with the well-being thestudents akseleran. In addition, problems of adjustment dimensionsperfectionism is a problem that has the most significant relationship with psychological well-being.
Poor vision, refractive errors and barriers to treatment among commercial vehicle drivers in the Cape Coast municipality.

OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between poor vision and occurrence of road traffic accidents (RTAs) and the barriers to uptake of refractive error services among commercial drivers in the Cape Coast Municipality of Ghana. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted involving commercial drivers in the municipality. Participants underwent an eye examination comprising visual acuity, colour vision test using Ishihara pseudo-isochromatic plates, confrontational visual fields, external and internal ocular eye health examinations. Structured questionnaire were also administered to the participants to collect demographic data, history of driving and RTAs and utilization of eye care services as well as identification of the colours of the traffic light. RESULTS A total of 206 male drivers were interviewed and examined. Over 12% of the commercial drivers do not have the minimum visual acuity required for driving while 6.8% had visual impairment (VA < 6/18 in the better eye). There was no association between occurrence of RTAs and visual impairment (p = 0.050), visual field (p = 0.741) and colour vision defect (p = 0.343). A poor utilization of refractive error services was noted and the barriers to uptake of eye care services were largely due to unawareness of visual status. Refractive errors are the commonest ocular finding followed by cataracts. CONCLUSION There are barriers to uptake of refractive error services among commercial drivers in the Cape Coast Municipality. These barriers could be addressed by health education targeting commercial vehicle drivers at their stations.
Analysis of Neurophysiological Reactions to Advertising Stimuli by Means of EEG and Galvanic Skin Response Measures

This article demonstrates how marketing may benefit from neurophysiology. The authors discuss a particular research case concerning the analysis of a skin care product advertisement. Pretests of 2 versions of this TV ad revealed that, although the versions were almost identical, each of them generated significantly different impact. Their influence was assessed using both cognitive measures (benefits and key benefits recall) and behavioral measures (shelf test). The only difference between these 2 versions of the ad was in a single scene that contained a particular gesture by a female model. Of note, the gesture appeared to enhance the effectiveness of the ad. The authors tested whether neurophysiological measures can capture differences in consumer reactions to slightly different marketing stimuli. Indeed, by using electroencephalography and electromyography and by monitoring skin conductance, the authors were able to register significant differences in neurophysiological reactions to an altered scene, even though the difference was not consciously seen. The authors believe that neurophysiological measures soon will be widely acknowledged and used as a complimentary method in classical marketing research.
Development of a Companion Diagnostic for Pembrolizumab in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Immunohistochemistry for Programmed Death Ligand-1.

Context . - Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression by tumors may enable them to avoid immunosurveillance. Objective . - To develop a PD-L1 immunohistochemical assay using the 22C3 anti-PD-L1 murine monoclonal antibody on the Dako platform as a possible companion diagnostic for pembrolizumab in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Design . - Tumor samples from 146 patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with pembrolizumab in KEYNOTE-001 and for whom response data were available were scored according to their staining intensity by a single pathologist using 4 methods: percentage of tumor cells staining at any intensity (PS1), moderate/strong intensity (PS2), strong intensity (PS3), and H-score (PS1 + PS2 + PS3). The cutoff score for predicting response to pembrolizumab was determined using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Progression-free and overall survival were assessed in patients with measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1 (n = 146). Results . - The 4 scoring methods assessed performed similarly; PS1 with a 50% cutoff score is the simplest and easiest method to implement in practice. Response to pembrolizumab was observed in 19 of 44 patients (43%) with a PS1 score of 50% or higher and 8 of 102 patients (8%) with PS1 lower than 50% (odds ratio, 8.93). Median progression-free and overall survival was 4.0 months and not yet reached, respectively, for patients with a PS1 of 50% or higher, and 2.1 and 6.1 months, respectively, for those with PS1 lower than 50%. Conclusion . - The PD-L1 immunohistochemical assay shows the potential for enrichment of trial populations and as a companion diagnostic tool in non-small cell lung cancer.
Violence Research in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Literature Review

Latin America has long been a violence-prone continent. No other region of the world knows higher homicide rates nor has such a variety of violence. Political violence, guerilla movements and civil wars, bloody revolutions, brutal dictatorships, domestic violence, criminal violence, and youth violence are all well known throughout history. This article gives an overview of the historical development of violence in Latin America and the Caribbean, examining its specificities and changes. The focus is on the recent explosion of violence and crime since the 1980s. As a literature review, it summarizes the main findings of academic research on violence in the different Latin American countries, thus providing additional insights into the major topics and research interests of Latin American and international institutions. After a short introduction and some remarks on the historical development of violence, the main part of the article deals with the recent rise of violence in the region. A special focus is on youth violence. At the end, the causes, costs, and consequences of violence for the Latin American societies are addressed.
ICP0 Is Required for Efficient Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 from Neuronal Latency

ABSTRACT Relative to wild-type herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), ICP0-null mutant viruses reactivate inefficiently from explanted, latently infected mouse trigeminal ganglia (TG), indicating that ICP0 is not essential for reactivation but plays a central role in enhancing the efficiency of reactivation. The validity of these findings has been questioned, however, because the replication of ICP0-null mutants is impaired in animal models during the establishment of latency, such that fewer mutant genomes than wild-type genomes are present in latently infected mouse TG. Therefore, the reduced number of mutant viral genomes available to reactivate, rather than mutations in the ICP0 gene per se, may be responsible for the reduced reactivation efficiency of ICP0-null mutants. We have recently demonstrated that optimization of the size of the ICP0 mutant virus inoculum and transient immunosuppression of mutant-infected mice with cyclophosphamide can be used to establish wild-type levels of ICP0-null mutant genomes in latently infected TG (W. P. Halford and P. A. Schaffer, J. Virol. 74:5957–5967, 2000). Using this procedure to equalize mutant and wild-type genome numbers, the goal of the present study was to determine if, relative to wild-type virus, the absence of ICP0 function in two ICP0-null mutants, n212 and 7134, affects reactivation efficiency from (i) explants of latently infected TG and (ii) primary cultures of latently infected TG cells. Although equivalent numbers of viral genomes were present in TG of mice latently infected with either wild-type or mutant viruses, reactivation of n212 and 7134 from heat-stressed TG explants was inefficient (31 and 37% reactivation, respectively) relative to reactivation of wild-type virus (KOS) (95%). Similarly, n212 and 7134 reactivated inefficiently from primary cultures of dissociated TG cells plated directly after removal from the mouse (7 and 4% reactivation, respectively), relative to KOS (60% reactivation). The efficiency and kinetics of reactivation of KOS, n212, and 7134 from cultured TG cells (treated with acyclovir to facilitate the establishment of latency) in response to heat stress or superinfection with a nonreplicating HSV-1 ICP4−mutant, n12, were compared. Whereas heat stress induced reactivation of KOS from 69% of latently infected TG cell cultures, reactivation of n212 and 7134 was detected in only 1 and 7% of cultures, respectively. In contrast, superinfection with the ICP4− virus, which expresses high levels of ICP0, resulted in the production of infectious virus in nearly 100% of cultures latently infected with KOS, n212, or 7134 within 72 h. Thus, although latent mutant viral genome loads were equivalent to that of wild-type virus, in the absence of ICP0, n212 and 7134 reactivated inefficiently from latently infected TG cells during culture establishment and following heat stress. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ICP0 is required to induce efficient reactivation of HSV-1 from neuronal latency.
CULTURE AND WTH ETHNIC IDENTITY AMONG SOUTHEAST ASIAN GANG MEMBERS

The "immigration issue" has become the issue of the 1990s and a hotbed for public policy debates in state and federal politics. In the midst of these heated political debates are the immigrants themselves. Clearly such controversies impact their everyday life and yet an often unasked question is how they experience and construct a sense of self in light of their "place" in public debates.
Pattern and Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Australian Manufacturing

This paper the presents pattern and determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) in Australian manufacturing since the late 1970s. The results point to a sharp rise in IIT from the mid 1980s which appears to be linked with an outward-oriented policy. Industry level analysis indicates that industries which experienced a sharp fall in protection are the industries with the higher levels of IIT. These include textile, garments, rubber products, and machinery and equipment. An increasing trend in IIT suggests that the short-term adjustment costs associated with trade liberalisation are likely to be lower, and that liberalisation can proceed without huge short-term adjustment costs. Using a logit model the determinants of IIT are investigated. Results indicate that intra-industry trade is positively related to product differentiation and scale economies, and negatively related to the levels of protection and foreign ownership in the pre-liberalisation period. In the post-liberalisation period, however, it is scale economies that explain the inter-industry variations in IIT. R&D intensity and close economic integration appear to have no impact on IIT regardless of the nature of the policy regime.
Sex‐Related Influences on the Neurobiology of Emotionally Influenced Memory

Abstract: In a recent report, the National Academy of Sciences concluded that ‘Sex matters. Sex, that is, being male or female, is an important basic human variable that should be considered when designing and analyzing studies in all areas and at all levels of biomedical and health‐related research. ’ 1 Recent findings from my laboratory concerning neural mechanisms of emotionally influenced memory further support this conclusion. This article first provides a brief, general overview of sex‐related influences on brain and cognition. Upon this background, recent findings from my laboratory and others are described, demonstrating sex‐related influences on neural mechanisms underlying emotionally influenced, explicit recall of emotionally arousing events. Both the hemispheric involvement of the human amygdala in memory for emotionally arousing events and the impairing effect of β‐adrenergic blockade on memory for emotional events exhibit pronounced sex‐related differences. We interpret both of these effects in the context of evidence indicating hemispheric specialization in the processing of global/wholistic versus local/fine detail aspects of a situation. The more general conclusion that we draw from these investigations is that theories of the neurobiology of emotion and memory must begin to account for the seemingly substantial influences of sex.
A PLANE-SWEEP STRATEGY FOR THE 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS FROM MULTIPLE IMAGES

A new method is described for automatically reconstructing a 3D piecewise planar model from multiple images of a scene. The novelty of the approach lies in the use of inter-image homographies to validate and best estimate planar facets, and in the minimal initialization requirements — only a single 3D line with a textured neighbourhood is required to generate a plane hypothesis. The planar facets enable line grouping and also the construction of parts of the wireframe which were missed due to the inevitable shortcomings of feature detection and matching. The method allows a piecewise planar model of a scene to be built completely automatically, with no user intervention at any stage, given only the images and camera projection matrices as input. The robustness and reliability of the method are illustrated on several examples, from both aerial and interior views.
Search and learning strategies for improving hidden Markov models

Abstract A speaker-independent automatic speech recognition system is developed using hidden Markov models (HMMs). Simulated annealing and randomized search are used to optimize discrete features of the system, including topologies, parameter ties, context clusters, and the sizes of mixture densities. Domain knowledge is used to initialize and to constrain the search, which optimizes recognition performance while reducing the number of model parameters. System performance results for new types of discrete and continuous HMMs measured on the TIMIT corpus are reported. The small set of context-independent phoneme HMMs produced is competitive with much larger systems of context-dependent models.
Effects of fear of abuse and possible STI acquisition on the sexual behavior of young African American women.

OBJECTIVES We examined the interactive effects of fear of abuse and knowledge of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on sexual risk behaviors in a sample of young African American women. METHODS We recruited 715 young African American women aged 15 to 21 years from a variety of health clinics and assessed them for fear of abuse because of negotiating condom use, knowledge of STIs, and several sexual risk behaviors. RESULTS Overall, 75% of young African American women reported inconsistent condom use in the past 60 days. Surprisingly, under relatively higher levels of fear, young women with high STI knowledge were more likely than were those with low STI knowledge to exhibit inconsistent condom use in the past 60 days (89% vs 80%; chi(2) = 4.32; P < or = . 04) and during the last sexual intercourse with a main sexual partner (76% vs 70%; chi(2) = 8.06; P < or = . 01). CONCLUSIONS Most HIV prevention interventions focus on increasing knowledge about the transmission of STIs. However, other contextual factors such as fear of abuse because of negotiating condom use may heighten the risk of HIV infection. Our findings highlight the need for combining dating violence prevention activities with STI and HIV prevention programs targeting young African American women.