Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Proto-Neutron Star Phase of the Collapsar Model and the Route to Long-Soft Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae

Recent stellar evolutionary calculations of massive low-metallicity fast-rotating main-sequence stars yield iron cores at collapse that are endowed with high angular momentum. It is thought that high angular momentum and black hole formation are critical ingredients for the collapsar model of long-soft γ-ray bursts (GRBs). We present two-dimensional multigroup, flux-limited-diffusion MHD simulations of the collapse, bounce, and immediate postbounce phases of a 35 M☉ collapsar-candidate model of Woosley & Heger. Provided that the magnetorotational instability (MRI) operates in the differentially rotating surface layers of the millisecond-period neutron star, we find that a magnetically driven explosion occurs during the proto-neutron star phase, in the form of a baryon-loaded nonrelativistic jet, and that a black hole, which is central to the collapsar model, does not form. Paradoxically, although much uncertainty surrounds stellar mass loss, angular momentum transport, magnetic fields, and the MRI, current models of chemically homogeneous evolution at low metallicity yield massive stars with iron cores that may have too much angular momentum to avoid a magnetically driven, hypernova-like explosion in the immediate postbounce phase. We surmise that fast rotation in the iron core may inhibit, rather than enable, collapsar formation, which requires a large angular momentum above the core but not in it. Variations in the angular momentum distribution of massive stars at core collapse might explain both the diversity of Type Ic supernovae/hypernovae and their possible association with a GRB. A corollary might be that, through its effect on magnetic field amplification, the angular momentum distribution, rather than the progenitor mass, is the distinguishing characteristic of these outcomes.
The Right Thing at the Right Time: Why Ostensive Naming Facilitates Word Learning

The current study examines how focusing children’s attention immediately after fast mapping improves their ability to retain novel names. Previous research suggests that young children can only retain novel names presented via referent selection if ostensive naming is provided and that such explicit naming works by increasing children’s attention to the target and decreasing their attention to the competitor objects (Horst and Samuelson, 2008). This explanation of the function of ostensive naming after referent selection trials was tested by drawing 24-month-old children’s attention to the target either by illuminating the target, covering the competitors, or both. A control group was given a social pragmatic cue (pointing). Children given social pragmatic cue support did not demonstrate retention. However, children demonstrated retention if the target object was illuminated, and also when it was illuminated and the competitors simultaneously dampened. This suggests that drawing children’s attention to the target object in a manner that helps focus children’s attention is critical for word learning via referent selection. Directing attention away from competitors while also directing attention toward a target also aids in the retention of novel words.
Changes in food choice patterns in a weight loss intervention

Aim: Analyses of changes in food choice patterns made during weight loss may be informative for practice. In this research, food categorisation may be critical. The aim of the present study was to identify key changes in food choice patterns in weight loss trials. Methods: Changes in dietary patterns between baseline and three months were analysed for 231 participants from two weight loss trials in terms of grams of food, kilojoules and the number of food serves consumed. Two food categorisation systems were applied using six more traditional food groups and 17 newly defined food categories considering national food guidance systems, and specific criteria, including the scientific evidence on the relationships between consumption of specific foods and health outcomes associated with weight management. Results: After three months, there was no significant change in the total weight of food consumed, yet mean energy intakes decreased by more than 3000 kJ. Where six categories were applied, all groups except milk and milk alternatives were altered by the diet prescription. However, with 17 categories, subtle changes were more clearly demonstrated. For example, the 17 categories showed increased intake of low-fat dairy foods and decreased intake of fatty meats, non-wholegrain (refined) cereals specifically, and non-core foods and drinks more broadly. Conclusions: Changes in food choice patterns can be identified during weight loss trials. Applying a greater number of categories in the analysis enables a greater identification of changes in choice of key foods reflecting actual dietary change.
Modeling communication in cache-coherent SMP systems: a case-study with Xeon Phi

Most multi-core and some many-core processors implement cache coherency protocols that heavily complicate the design of optimal parallel algorithms. Communication is performed implicitly by cache line transfers between cores, complicating the understanding of performance properties. We developed an intuitive performance model for cache-coherent architectures and demonstrate its use with the currently most scalable cache-coherent many-core architecture, Intel Xeon Phi. Using our model, we develop several optimal and optimized algorithms for complex parallel data exchanges. All algorithms that were developed with the model beat the performance of the highly-tuned vendor-specific Intel OpenMP and MPI libraries by up to a factor of 4.3. The model can be simplified to satisfy the tradeoff between complexity of algorithm design and accuracy. We expect that our model can serve as a vehicle for advanced algorithm design.
Does an Asset Management Firm's Stock Holding Made in Response to Buy-Side Analysts’ Prior Recommendations Induce Subsequent Forecast Optimism?

ABSTRACT: In this study, we examine whether buy-side analysts' forecasts are biased when they cover stocks that are held by the mutual fund. Specifically, we conduct an experiment with buy-side analysts and fund managers in which we manipulate whether the forecasts are released to colleagues and clients or kept private, and whether the mutual fund has made an investment in the stock based on the recommendation of the analyst. We posit and find evidence that when forecasts are made available to other colleagues and clients, participants' forecasts are more positive when the mutual fund has a holding (versus no holding) in a stock based on the buy-side analysts' recommendations. These forecasts are also more optimistic than a control group where participants have an accuracy goal. This effect disappears when the forecasts are kept private. In a supplementary experiment, we document that the effect is conscious, consistent with a strategic justification mechanism. Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Structural inhomogeneities differentially modulate action currents and population spikes initiated in the axon or dendrites.

Action potentials (APs) in CA1 pyramidal cells propagate in different directions along the somatodendritic axis depending on the activation mode (synaptic or axonal). We studied how the geometrical inhomogeneities along the apical shaft, soma, and initial axon modulate the transmembrane current (I(m)) flow underlying APs, using model and experimental techniques. The computations obtained at the subcellular level during forward- and backpropagation were extrapolated to macroscopic level (field potentials) and compared with the basic in vivo features of the ortho- and antidromic population spike (PS) that reflects the sum total of all elementary currents from synchronously firing cells. The matching of theoretical and experimental results supports the following conclusions. Because the charge carried by axonal APs is almost entirely drained into dendrites, the soma invasion is preceded by little capacitive currents (I(cap)), the ionic currents (I(ion)) dominating I(m) and the depolarizing phase. The subsequent invasion of the tapering apical shaft is preceded, however, by significant I(cap), while I(ion) decayed gradually. A similar pattern occurred during backpropagation of spikes synaptically initiated in the axon. On the contrary, when the AP was apically initiated, the dendritic I(ion) was boosted by the apical flare, it was preceded by weak I(cap) and spread forwardly at a slower velocity. Soma invasion is reliable once the AP reached the main apical shaft but less so distal to the primary bifurcation, where it may be upheld by concurrent synaptic activity. The decreasing internal resistance of the apical shaft guided most axial current into the soma, causing its fast charging. There, I(ion) began later in the depolarizing phase of the AP and the reduced driving force made it smaller. This, in addition to a poor temporal overlapping of somatodendritic inward currents within individual cells, built a smaller extracellular sink, i.e., a smaller PS. In both experiment and model, the antidromic (axon-initiated) PS in the soma layer is approximately 30% larger than an orthodromic (apical shaft-initiated) PS contributed by the same number of firing cells. We conclude that the dominance of capacitive or ionic current components on I(m) is a distinguishing feature of forward and backward APs that is predictable from the geometric inhomogeneities between conducting subregions. Correspondingly, experimental and model APs have a faster rising slope during ortho than antidromic activation. The moderate flare of the apical shaft makes forward AP conduction quite safe. This alternative trigger zone enables two different processing modes for apical inputs.
A prospective examination of online social network dynamics and smoking cessation

Introduction Use of online social networks for smoking cessation has been associated with abstinence. Little is known about the mechanisms through which the formation of social ties in an online network may influence smoking behavior. Using dynamic social network analysis, we investigated how temporal changes of an individual’s number of social network ties are prospectively related to abstinence in an online social network for cessation. In a network where quitting is normative and is the focus of communications among members, we predicted that an increasing number of ties would be positively associated with abstinence. Method Participants were N = 2,657 adult smokers recruited to a randomized cessation treatment trial following enrollment on BecomeAnEX.org, a longstanding Internet cessation program with a large and mature online social network. At 3-months post-randomization, 30-day point prevalence abstinence was assessed and website engagement metrics were extracted. The social network was constructed with clickstream data to capture the flow of information among members. Two network centrality metrics were calculated at weekly intervals over 3 months: 1) in-degree, defined as the number of members whose posts a participant read; and 2) out-degree-aware, defined as the number of members who read a participant’s post and commented, which was subsequently viewed by the participant. Three groups of users were identified based on social network engagement patterns: non-users (N = 1,362), passive users (N = 812), and active users (N = 483). Logistic regression modeled 3-month abstinence by group as a function of baseline variables, website utilization, and network centrality metrics. Results Abstinence rates varied by group (non-users = 7.7%, passive users = 10.7%, active users = 20.7%). Significant baseline predictors of abstinence were age, nicotine dependence, confidence to quit, and smoking temptations in social situations among passive users (ps < .05); age and confidence to quit among active users. Among centrality metrics, positive associations with abstinence were observed for in-degree increases from Week 2 to Week 12 among passive and active users, and for out-degree-aware increases from Week 2 to Week 12 among active users (ps < .05). Conclusions This study is the first to demonstrate that increased tie formation among members of an online social network for smoking cessation is prospectively associated with abstinence. It also highlights the value of using individuals’ activities in online social networks to predict their offline health behaviors.
The Arabidopsis Mutant cev1 Has Constitutively Active Jasmonate and Ethylene Signal Pathways and Enhanced Resistance to Pathogens

Jasmonates (JAs) inhibit plant growth and induce plant defense responses. To define genes in the Arabidopsis JA signal pathway, we screened for mutants with constitutive expression of a luciferase reporter for the JA-responsive promoter from the vegetative storage protein gene VSP1. One mutant, named constitutive expression of VSP1 (cev1), produced plants that were smaller than wild type, had stunted roots with long root hairs, accumulated anthocyanin, had constitutive expression of the defense-related genes VSP1, VSP2, Thi2.1, PDF1.2, and CHI-B, and had enhanced resistance to powdery mildew diseases. Genetic evidence indicated that the cev1 phenotype required both COI1, an essential component of the JA signal pathway, and ETR1, which encodes the ethylene receptor. We conclude that cev1 stimulates both the JA and the ethylene signal pathways and that CEV1 regulates an early step in an Arabidopsis defense pathway.
Developing Literate Identities with English Language Learners through Digital Storytelling

__________ Digital storytelling provides an opportunity for children and adolescents to design multimodal narratives that represent and reflect upon their lives and interests. In the article we look at how two English language learners, Diego, a male Mexican-American kindergartener, and Allie Feng, a female Chinese-American junior in high school, drew upon their sociocultural identities, foundational literacies practices, and new literacies competencies to design and present digital stories. _____________________ School literacy instruction is often based on a traditional, print-based conception of text (Alvermann, Moore, Hinchmann, Phelps, & Waff, 1998; Hagood, Provost, Skinner, & Egelson, in press). At the same time, children’s and adolescents’ out-of-school literacies and cultural practices related to popular culture texts (Alvermann et al., 1998; Hagood, Stevens, & Reinking, 2002; Moje, 2002) and multi-modal, digital texts (Lewis & Fabos, 2005; Majar, 2001) are highly motivating, and, as such, can serve as a valuable scaffolds for students’ academic learning (Skinner, 2007b; Hobbs & Frost, 2003; Morrell, 2002). Research on children’s and adolescents’ new literacies practices outside of school has shown that they read and utilize texts using sophisticated literacy competencies (Mackey, 2003; Vasudevan, 2006). These literacies involve engagements such as those with popular culture (Alvermann, Moon, & Hagood, 1999; Dyson, 2003); using visual and digital technologies
The Poor in the Philippines

The purpose of this article is to describe the face of poverty in the Philippines. Specifically, through a review of literature, it enumerates the features of destitution in the Philippines, identifies the problems that create, maintain and worsen poverty, and illustrates the coping processes of Filipinos who have made it out of poverty. Empirical studies discussed perceptions of the poor, homelessness and subhuman living conditions, marginalisation from economic growth, mental and physical health concerns due to socio-economic deprivation and deficiencies in health care, family stressors, overseas working, increased violence and social injustices to children, increasing numbers of street children, and the cultural values in the Philippines (e.g., pagpupunyagi: perseverance and resourcefulness, pakikipagkapwa: reliance on others). Based on the study by Tuason (2008), the model of coping processes of those who were born poor and became rich is illustrated. The model includes the domains such as: the experience of deprivation; negative emotions of self-pity, insecurity, envy and anger; intolerance for continued poverty; praying to God for change; dreams for self and resourcefulness; education and drive; gratitude; helping those in need; and lucky chance events. For those born poor, the societal structures in the Philippines keep most everyone from being economically successful.
Identifying with the Nation: Spain's Left-Wing Citizens in an Age of Crisis

This study analyses the extent, sense, and strategies employed by sympathisers with Spanish state-wide left-wing parties to ‘reconstruct’ their affective ties with the Spanish nation after the ‘monopolisation of patriotism’ by Franco's regime. Such an undertaking is further complicated within the context of economic crisis and intensified peripheral nationalism found in Catalonia and the Basque Country. This article applies qualitative analysis to the discourse of left-wing participants from 11 focus groups held in March 2012 amidst the economic (and political) crisis. As expected, this context of crisis favoured the emergence of explicit discourse on the Spanish nation, providing an opportunity to gain a better understanding of its nature. Findings show that welfare nationalism and social patriotism define the kind of attachment developed by the interviewees towards Spain better than the concept of constitutional patriotism, or any kind of ethnic-cultural feeling of belonging.
Comparative Genome Analysis of Megasphaera sp. Reveals Niche Specialization and Its Potential Role in the Human Gut

With increasing number of novel bacteria being isolated from the human gut ecosystem, there is a greater need to study their role in the gut ecosystem and their effect on the host health. In the present study, we carried out in silico genome-wide analysis of two novel Megasphaera sp. isolates NM10 (DSM25563) and BL7 (DSM25562), isolated from feces of two healthy individuals and validated the key features by in vitro studies. The analysis revealed the general metabolic potential, adaptive features and the potential effects of these isolates on the host. The comparative genome analysis of the two human gut isolates NM10 and BL7 with ruminal isolate Megasphaera elsdenii (DSM20460) highlighted the differential adaptive features for their survival in human gut. The key findings include features like bile resistance, presence of various sensory and regulatory systems, stress response systems, membrane transporters and resistance to antibiotics. Comparison of the “glycobiome” based on the genomes of the ruminal isolate with the human gut isolates NM10 and BL revealed the presence of diverse and unique sets of Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZymes) amongst these isolates, with a higher collection of CAZymes in the human gut isolates. This could be attributed to the difference in host diet and thereby the environment, consequently suggesting host specific adaptation in these isolates. In silico analysis of metabolic potential predicted the ability of these isolates to produce important metabolites like short chain fatty acids (butyrate, acetate, formate, and caproate), vitamins and essential amino acids, which was further validated by in vitro experiments. The ability of these isolates to produce important metabolites advocates for a potential healthy influence on the host. Further in vivo studies including transcriptomic and proteomic analysis will be required for better understanding the role and impact of these Megasphaera sp. isolates NM10 and BL7 on the human host.
Face-to-Face Lying: An Experimental Study in Sweden and Japan

This paper investigates face-to-face lying and beliefs associated with it. In experiments in Sweden and Japan, subjects answer questions about personal characteristics, play a face-to-face sender-receiver game and participate in an elicitation of lie-detection beliefs. The previous finding of too much truth-telling (compared to the equilibrium prediction) also holds in the face-to-face setting. A new result is that although many people claim that they are good at lie-detection, few reveal belief in this ability when money is at stake. Correlations between the subjects' characteristics and their behavior and performances in the game are also explored.
When Characters Speak Directly to Viewers: Breaking the Fourth Wall in Television

What is the reaction of viewers when characters speak directly to the audience—breaking the invisible “fourth wall” of the theater—in films or television programs? Mel Brooks did this in “Blazing Saddles” and, more recently, Gary Shandling did in his television program with questions like: “Does my hair look OK? ” This experiment using college students suggests that audiences do, within limits, like to be so involved in the program. Clips that broke the fourth wall were rated significantly more entertaining on a semantic differential scale, and significantly more sophisticated than were clips that did not break the wall. The study concluded that programs that break the fourth wall are more cognitively involving.
FAR-INFRARED DETECTION OF NEUTRAL ATOMIC OXYGEN TOWARD THE HORSEHEAD NEBULA

We present the first detection of the neutral atomic oxygen (3P1–3P2 fine structure line at ∼63 μm) toward the Horsehead photodissociation region (PDR). The cloud has been mapped with the Spitzer Space Telescope at far-IR (FIR) wavelengths using the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer in the spectral energy distribution mode. The [O i]63 μm line peaks at the illuminated edge of the cloud at AV ≃ 0.1–0.5 (inward the gas becomes too cold and outward the gas density drops). The luminosity carried by the [O i]63 μm line represents a significant fraction of the total FIR dust luminosity (I63/IFIR ≃ 4 × 10−3). We analyze the dust continuum emission and the nonlocal O i excitation and radiative transfer in detail. The observations are reproduced with a gas density of nH ≃ 104 cm−3 and gas and dust temperatures of Tk ≃ 100 K and Td ≃ 30 K. We conclude that the determination of the O i3PJ level populations and emergent line intensities at such “low” densities is a complex non-LTE problem. FIR radiative pumping, [O i]63 μm subthermal emission, [O i]145 μm suprathermal and even maser emission can occur and decrease the resulting [O i]63/145 intensity ratio. The Herschel Space Observatory, observing from ∼55 to 672 μm, will allow us to exploit the diagnostic power of FIR fine structure lines with unprecedented resolution and sensitivity.