Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HEAT Repeats Mediate Plasma Membrane Localization of Tor2p in Yeast*

The subcellular distribution of Tor1p and Tor2p, two phosphatidylinositol kinase homologs and targets of the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was analyzed. We found that Tor protein is peripherally associated with membranes. Subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence studies showed that Tor1p and Tor2p associate with the plasma membrane and a second fraction that is distinct from Golgi, vacuoles, mitochondria, and nucleus and may represent vesicular structures. Pulse-chase experiments showed that association of Tor protein with plasma membrane and the second compartment is fast, does not appear to involve components of endocytic, secretory, or Golgi to vacuole transport pathways, and is not affected by the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin. Deletion analysis reveals that two domains within Tor2p independently mediate localization to both compartments. These domains are composed of HEAT repeats that are thought to act as protein-protein interaction surfaces. Our studies therefore place Tor proteins at the site of action of their known downstream effectors and suggest that they may be part of a multiprotein complex.
Positive and Negative Affectivity as Mediators of Volunteerism and Service-Oriented Citizenship Behavior and Customer Loyalty

This study sought to examine the impact of volunteerism (motivation to help) on service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (S-OCB) of salespeople as mediated by the positive and negative affectivity, and further how the involvement of salespeople in S-OCB would affect the customer loyalty toward the company. The context chosen for empirical investigation was the Indian pharmaceutical sector and the sample consists of 125 medical sales representatives from four companies that are well-established players, including three multinational firms and one Indian company, as well as their supervisors (n = 48) and doctors (n = 150). The data are analyzed through partial least squares approach to path modeling to estimate the measurement and structural parameters. All of the hypotheses are confirmed. The results of this study indicate that volunteerism exhibits a significant positive impact on S-OCB and customer loyalty. In addition, this positive impact is partially mediated by positive and negative affectivity. In sum, the proposed model explains a large amount of variance in S-OCB and customer loyalty, suggesting that it will serve as a useful tool for analyzing service-oriented organizational sale persons’ behavior and customers’ reactions. The implications of these results include improving service OCB by promoting volunteerism in the service industry and emphasizing the important roles of service staff in enhancing the customer loyalty. C
Neural Mechanisms of Attentional Control Differentiate Trait and State Negative Affect

The present research examined the hypothesis that cognitive processes are modulated differentially by trait and state negative affect (NA). Brain activation associated with trait and state NA was measured by fMRI during an attentional control task, the emotion-word Stroop. Performance on the task was disrupted only by state NA. Trait NA was associated with reduced activity in several regions, including a prefrontal area that has been shown to be involved in top-down, goal-directed attentional control. In contrast, state NA was associated with increased activity in several regions, including a prefrontal region that has been shown to be involved in stimulus-driven aspects of attentional control. Results suggest that NA has a significant impact on cognition, and that state and trait NA disrupt attentional control in distinct ways.
Acute postischemic renormalization of the apparent diffusion coefficient of water is not associated with reversal of astrocytic swelling and neuronal shrinkage in rats.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Initially decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are reversible if reperfusion is rapidly performed after focal brain ischemia. We sought to determine if reperfusion-induced renormalization of initially abnormal values indicates reversal of cellular, morphologic changes that occur during acute ischemia. METHODS Eighteen rats underwent 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) without reperfusion (group A, n = 6), with 1.5 hours of reperfusion (group B, n = 6), or with 12 hours of reperfusion (group C, n = 6). Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR images were obtained at the end of MCAO and 1.5 and 12 hours after reperfusion. Immediately after the final MR study, the brains were fixed by cardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. Neuronal injury was evaluated on hematoxylin-eosin-stained slices, and astrocytic size was determined by the area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) plus S-100 expression. RESULTS In group A in which ADC values decreased significantly, 47 +/-12% of the neurons were slightly shrunken; astrocytes were moderately swollen, and the area expressing GFAP plus S-100 was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (117 microm(2) +/- 6 vs 89 microm(2) +/- 2; P <. 001). In group B in which ADC had renormalized, most neurons were moderately shrunken, and the frequency of such neurons was greater in group B (92% +/- 2) than in group A (P <.001); astrocytes were markedly swollen, and the area was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (123 microm(2) +/- 8 vs 85 microm(2) +/- 4, P <. 001). In group C in which a secondary ADC decrease occurred, most neurons (94% +/- 3) were severely shrunken, and some had eosinophilic cytoplasm; astrocytes were disintegrated, and the area of GFAP plus S-100 expression was reduced (78 microm(2) +/- 4 vs 90 microm(2) +/- 5, P <. 001). CONCLUSION Reperfusion-induced acute renormalization of ADC values is not associated with the reversal of neuronal shrinkage and astrocytic swelling that occur during ischemia. Conversely, the morphologic changes of astrocytes and neurons progressively worsen over time, although ADC values show a biphasic change.
The generalized polarization tensors for resolved imaging Part II: Shape and electromagnetic parameters reconstruction of an electromagnetic inclusion from multistatic measurements

This paper deals with the problem of reconstructing the electromagnetic parameters and the shape of a target from multi-static response matrix measurements at a single frequency. The target is of characteristic size less than the operating wavelength. Using long-wavelength asymptotic expansions of the measurements of high-order, we show how the electromagnetic parameters and the equivalent ellipse of the target can be reconstructed. The asymptotic expansions of the measurements are written in terms of the new concept of frequency dependent polarization tensors. Moreover, we extend the optimization approach proposed in Part I [9] to image geometric details of an electromagnetic target that are finer than the equivalent ellipse. The equivalent ellipse still provides a good initial guess for the optimization procedure. However, compared to the conductivity case in [9], the cost functional measures the discrepancy between the computed and measured high-order frequency dependent polarization tensors rather than between the generalized polarization tensors. The main reason for such a modification of the cost functional is the fact that the (measured) frequency dependent polarization tensors can be easily obtained from multistatic measurements by solving a linear system while the derivation of the generalized polarization tensors from measurements requires more delicate treatment. The proposed methods are numerically implemented to demonstrate their validity and efficiency. Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC2000): 35R30, 35B30.
Graft loss and acute coronary syndromes after renal transplantation in the United States.

The impact of graft loss on acute coronary syndromes (ACS) after renal transplantation has not been studied in a national population. It was hypothesized that ACS might be more frequent after graft loss, as many of the benefits of a functioning allograft on metabolism and volume regulation would be lost. Data from the 2000 United States Renal Data System (USRDS) was used to conduct an historical cohort study of ACS in 14,237 patients who received renal transplants between April 1, 1995, and June 30, 1998, (followed until April 28, 2000) with valid information from CMS Form 2728, excluding patients with hospitalized ACS before renal transplant. Cox nonproportional regression models were used to calculate the time-dependent adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of graft loss (censored for death) for time-to-first hospitalization for ACS (International Classification of Diseases 9th Modification Diagnosis Codes [ICD9] code 410.x or 411.x) occurring after transplant. The incidence of ACS was 12.1 per 1000 patient-years (PY) in patients after graft loss versus 6.5 per 1000 PY after transplantation (excluding patients with graft loss). As a time-dependent variable, graft loss had an AHR of 2.54 (95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 5.96; P = 0.031 by Cox regression). Other risk factors associated with ACS included diabetes, older recipient, and male recipient. Allograft rejection was NS. Renal transplant recipients share some of the risk factors for ACS with the general population. In addition, graft loss was identified as a unique risk factor for ACS in this population.
Child phonology as a dynamic system

This study investigates the role of articulation, phonological systematicity and individual boldness in attempting challenging targets in phonological development. In particular, it examines the interaction of these factors and their link with variability. The purpose of the analysis is to provide an answer to the question whether child phonology could be better understood by adopting Dynamic Systems Theory, as it has been done in other natural sciences. Three longitudinal case studies of children acquiring English are presented. The results suggest that articulation, variability and individual differences in children’s strategies of selecting words to attempt play an important part in the emergence of the phonological system. The evidence provided supports the view that the nature of the interaction between the above factors and the developing phonological systematicity and accuracy might the same as has been observed in other dynamic systems in the natural world. It is argued that further research in this direction, involving computer modeling, should be pursued as a promising direction in child phonology research.
An Introduction to the Physiology of Hearing

This book deals with the way that the auditory system processes acoustic signals. The current edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect the progress that has been made since the previous edition. Particularly major updates have been made in the following areas: cochlear function, including cochlear mechanics, hair cell function and mechanisms of transduction; the auditory central nervous system, a major area of advance in recent years; physiological correlates of auditory perception, including speech perception; and, cochlear pathophysiology and sensorineural hearing loss, including the restoration of hearing by electrical stimulation of the ear, and molecular and cellular approaches to hair cell repair, replacement, and regeneration.A reading scheme has been provided to guide readers to the section most appropriate for their interests. The book is written so that those entering auditory research from very little background in auditory neuroscience are able to understand the current research issues and research literature. It is also intended to be a source book and reference work for advanced undergraduates studying the special senses, and for clinicians in the speciality of Otorhinolaryngology.It offers a contemporary look at the physiology of hearing: each chapter has been thoroughly revised. It is an excellent reading companion to practitioners and scholars. It is also suitable for those undertaking auditory research. It includes a reading scheme to guide readers through the book.
A Regime-Switching Model of the Yield Curve at the Zero Bound

This paper presents a regime-switching model of the yield curve with two states: a normal state and a zero-bound state for the case when the monetary policy target rate is stuck at the nominal zero bound, as the U.S. economy has been since December 2008. The model delivers estimates of the time-varying probability of exiting the zero-bound state and can be applied to generate outcome-contingent forecasts useful for portfolio stress tests. The results show that the probability of remaining in the zero-bound state has trended upward since 2009, with notable upticks following Federal Reserve decisions to provide further monetary stimulus, whether through asset purchases or forward guidance.
Retinal degeneration in motor neuron degeneration: a mouse model of ceroid lipofuscinosis.

PURPOSE To evaluate the retinal degeneration of the motor neuron degeneration (mnd) mouse, and to confirm its inheritance pattern and gene location. METHODS In screening the mnd/mnd mouse for ocular disease, a retinal degeneration was found that was evaluated by serial electroretinography, histology, electron microscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and genetic and linkage analysis. RESULTS In homozygous mnd mice, photoreceptor and outer nuclear layers show cell loss by 5 weeks after birth. By 2 months, the peripheral retina is preferentially thinner than central retina, and by 6 months the entire retina is reduced in thickness. The electroretinogram was extinguished by 6 months. Transmission electron microscopy at 3 and 6 months showed distinct cytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of the curvilinear profiles seen in human ceroid lipofuscinosis. Genetic analyses show that the retinal degeneration in mnd mice is inherited as a single autosomal gene with recessive expression, and a three-point cross placed the retinal degeneration at the mnd locus on the proximal end of mouse chromosome 8. Crosses with other known strains with retinal degeneration were normal. CONCLUSIONS. The mnd mouse model is similar to the juvenile onset Spielmeyer-Vogt form of ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease), and provides a good model for the retinal degeneration found in these patients.
A Comparison of EFL Raters’ Essay-Rating Processes Across Two Types of Rating Scales

This study used think-aloud protocols to compare essay-rating processes across holistic and analytic rating scales in the context of China’s College English Test Band 6 (CET-6). A group of 9 experienced CET-6 raters scored the same batch of 10 CET-6 essays produced in an operational CET-6 administration twice, using both the CET-6 holistic essay-rating scale and an analytic rating scale designed specifically for the study, while providing think-aloud protocols. The findings indicated that important differences in both rating strategies adopted and the specific aspects of essays attended to existed across the scales. Specifically, raters were found to use more self-monitoring-interpretation strategies, the strategy of considering local language features, as well as certain self-monitoring-judgment strategies when rating holistically. They were found to use more frequently self-monitoring-judgment strategy, error-classifying strategy, and quality-assessing strategy when applying the analytic scale. As for the differences in text focus across the scales, it was found that the use of the holistic scale led to raters paying more attention to the general quality of language use and non-scale-related language features. Meanwhile, the application of the analytic scale resulted in raters giving more attention to coherence and grammar.
Activated protein kinase C isoforms target to cardiomyocyte caveolae : stimulation of local protein phosphorylation.

Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms constitute an important component of the signal transduction pathway used by cardiomyocytes to respond to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Translocation to distinct intracellular sites represents an essential step in the activation of PKC isoforms, presumably as a prerequisite for stable access to substrate. Caveolae are specialized subdomains of the plasma membrane that are reported to concentrate key signaling proteins and may represent a locus for PKC action, given that PKC activators have been reported to dramatically alter caveolae morphology. Accordingly, this study examines whether PKC isoforms initiate signaling in cardiomyocyte caveolae. Phorbol ester-sensitive PKC isoforms were detected at very low levels in caveolae fractions prepared from unstimulated cardiomyocytes; phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (but not 4alpha-PMA, which does not activate PKC) recruited calcium-sensitive PKCalpha and novel PKCdelta and PKCepsilon to this compartment. The subcellular localization of the phorbol ester-insensitive PKClambda isoform was not influenced by PMA. Endothelin also induced the selective translocation of PKCalpha and PKCepsilon (but not PKCdelta or PKClambda) to caveolae. Multiple components of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) cascade, including A-Raf, c-Raf-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, and ERK, were detected in caveolae under resting conditions. Although levels of these proteins were not altered by PMA, translocation of phorbol ester-sensitive PKC isoforms to caveolae was associated with the activation of a local ERK cascade as well as the phosphorylation of a approximately 36-kDa substrate protein in this fraction. Finally, a minor fraction of a protein that has been designated as a receptor for activated protein kinase C resides in caveolae and (along with caveolin-3) could represent a mechanism to target PKC isoforms to cardiomyocyte caveolae. These studies identify cardiomyocyte caveolae as a meeting place for activated PKC isoforms and their downstream target substrates.
Extraneural Arterial Blood Vessels of Human Fetal Sciatic Nerve

Nerves get segmental blood supply either from the neighboring muscular and cutaneous branches or from the regional main arterial trunks. The aim of our research was to detect, in the gluteal and posterior femoral region, the blood vessels which are involved in the blood supply of the human fetal sciatic nerve, as well as to establish their origin. Micro-dissection was performed on 48 fetal lower extremities which were previously fixed in 10% formalin. Micropaque solution (barium sulfate) was injected into their blood vessels. The fetal gestational age was established by measuring the crump-crown length and it ranged from the third to the ninth lunar month. The observed nutritional arteries of the human sciatic nerve originated from the inferior gluteal artery, medial circumflex femoral artery, perforating branches, and popliteal artery. The anastomotic arterial chain of the human sciatic nerve was observed in all cases. In 75% of the cases it was composed of the branches of the inferior gluteal artery, the medial circumflex femoral artery and the first two perforating arteries. The nutrient branch of the third perforating branch was less frequently (in 14.5% of the cases) part of this anastomotic arterial chain.
Goths and God

Abstract Goth subculture is theologically interesting as a form of cultural expression which co-opts religious language and iconography to engage existential themes of darkness, suffering, and death. Goth’s use of Christian imagery is frequently blasphemous and provocative, but also articulates a commitment to core values of individuality, tolerance, and a reflective engagement with issues of suffering and pain which is life-enhancing rather than life-denying. Goth is also regarded by many participants and analysts as having a spiritual dimension expressed through its post-Christian co-opting of religious imagery. In this respect Goth subculture finds resonance with aspects of Christian tradition, as exemplified by Walter Brueggemann’s interpretation of the prophetic tradition, or Henri Nouwen’s concept of the Wounded Healer. Goth subculture thus offers intriguing prospects for theological engagement with a Christian tradition which finds itself increasingly in a subcultural position vis-à-vis the cultural mainstream.
Attitudes after unintended injury during treatment a survey of doctors and patients.

OBJECTIVE To compare the attitudes of doctors and patients toward the disclosure of information after adverse medical events. DESIGN Cross-sectional questionnaire survey. SETTING Ophthalmology department of an outer London hospital. SUBJECTS 246 patients attending one ophthalmic outpatient clinic during a 5-week period and 48 ophthalmologists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Proportion of each group who believed that patients should be informed about the occurrence of an adverse event and its potential future complications following elective ophthalmic surgery. RESULTS Most patients (226/246, 91.8%) believed that a patient should be informed of an adverse event. Fewer ophthalmologists (29/48, 60.5%, P<0.001; odds ratio 7.4 [95% CI 3.7-14.3]) shared this belief. The majority of patients (200/246, 88.5%) believed that a patient should be as fully informed as possible about the event and possible future complications, but this belief was shared by a minority of ophthalmologists (16/48, 33.3%, P<0.001; odds ratio 8.7 [95% CI 4.7-15.9]). CONCLUSION After an adverse medical event, there is a discrepancy between the amount of information that patients wish to be given and that which physicians feel is appropriate.
A targeted approach for evaluating preclinical activity of botanical extracts for support of bone health

Using a sequential in vitro/in vivo approach, we tested the ability of botanical extracts to influence biomarkers associated with bone resorption and bone formation. Pomegranate fruit and grape seed extracts were found to exhibit anti-resorptive activity by inhibiting receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in MG-63 cells and to reduce IL-1β-stimulated calvarial 45Ca loss. A combination of pomegranate fruit and grape seed extracts were shown to be effective at inhibiting bone loss in ovariectomised rats as demonstrated by standard histomorphometry, biomechanical and bone mineral density measurements. Quercetin and licorice extract exhibited bone formation activity as measured by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) promoter activation, increased expression of BMP-2 mRNA and protein levels, and promotion of bone growth in cultured mouse calvariae. A combination of quercetin and licorice extract demonstrated a potential for increasing bone mineral density in an intact female rat model as compared with controls. The results from this sequential in vitro/in vivo research model yielded botanical extract formulas that demonstrate significant potential benefits for bone health.