Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prominent Expression of Two Forms of Glutamate Decarboxylase in the Embryonic and Early Postnatal Rat Hippocampal Formation

Immunohistochemical methods were used to determine the earliest times of detection for two forms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67 and GAD65) in the embryonic and early postnatal rat hippocampal formation and to determine whether their distribution patterns differed from each other and from those of the adult. Both GAD67- and GAD65-containing neurons were observed as early as embryonic day 17 (E17)–E18 in the hippocampus and E19 in the dentate gyrus, and this was substantially earlier than GAD had been detected previously in the hippocampal formation. The two GAD isoforms displayed very similar distribution patterns, but these patterns were distinctly different from those of the adult. From E17 to E20, GAD67 and GAD65 were expressed in neuronal cell bodies throughout the hippocampal and dentate marginal zones (future dendritic layers), and relatively few existed within the principal cell body layers, where GAD-positive neurons are frequently concentrated in the adult. At E21 to postnatal day 1 (P1), there was a sudden shift from a predominance of GAD-containing cell bodies within the developing dendritic regions to a meshwork of GAD-positive processes with terminal-like varicosities in these same regions. This pattern also contrasted with that of the adult, in which GAD-labeled terminals are highly concentrated in the principal cell layers. Electron microscopic observations of the GAD-labeled processes at P1 confirmed their axon-like appearance and demonstrated that the immunoreactivity was consistently localized in vesicle-filled regions that were often closely apposed to and, in some instances, established synaptic contacts with dendritic profiles. The present identification of an early abundance of GAD-containing structures in the hippocampal formation and the marked change in their distribution during development complement recent observations of developmental changes in the functioning of the GABA system and provide additional support for the early involvement of this neurotransmitter system in hippocampal development.
EGFL 7 ligates a v b 3 integrin to enhance vessel formation

EGFL7 ligates avb3 integrin to enhance vessel formation Iva Nikolić, Nevenka Dudvarski Stanković, Frank Bicker, Jeannette Meister, Helene Braun, Khader Awwad, Jan Baumgart, Kirsten Simon, Serge C. Thal, Chinmoy Patra, Patrick N. Harter, Karl H. Plate, Felix B. Engel, Stefanie Dimmeler, Johannes A. Eble, Michel Mittelbronn, Michael K. Schäfer, Benno Jungblut, Emmanouil Chavakis, Ingrid Fleming, and Mirko H. H. Schmidt
Nitrogen:phosphorous supply ratio and allometry in five alpine plant species

Abstract In terrestrial ecosystems, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has greatly increased N availability relative to other elements, particularly phosphorus (P). Alterations in the availability of N relative to P can affect plant growth rate and functional traits, as well as resource allocation to above‐ versus belowground biomass (M A and M B). Biomass allocation among individual plants is broadly size‐dependent, and this can often be described as an allometric relationship between M A and M B, as represented by the equation MA=αMBβ, or log M A = logα + βlog M B. Here, we investigated whether the scaling exponent or regression slope may be affected by the N:P supply ratio. We hypothesized that the regression slope between M A and M B should be steeper under a high N:P supply ratio due to P limitation, and shallower under a low N:P supply ratio due to N limitation. To test these hypotheses, we experimentally altered the levels of N, P, and the N:P supply ratio (from 1.7:1 to 135:1) provided to five alpine species representing two functional groups (grasses and composite forbs) under greenhouse conditions; we then measured the effects of these treatments on plant morphology and tissue content (SLA, leaf area, and leaf and root N/P concentrations) and on the scaling relationship between M A and M B. Unbalanced N:P supply ratios generally negatively affected plant biomass, leaf area, and tissue nutrient concentration in both grasses and composite forbs. High N:P ratios increased tissue N:P ratios in both functional groups, but more in the two composite forbs than in the grasses. The positive regression slopes between log M A and log M B exhibited by plants raised under a N:P supply ratio of 135:1 were significantly steeper than those observed under the N:P ratio of 1.7:1 and 15:1. Synthesis: Plant biomass allocation is highly plastic in response to variation in the N:P supply ratio. Studies of resource allocation of individual plants should focus on the effects of nutrient ratios as well as the availability of individual elements. The two forb species were more sensitive than grasses to unbalanced N:P supplies. To evaluate the adaptive significance of this plasticity, the effects of unbalanced N:P supply ratio on individual lifetime fitness must be measured.
Exercise economy in skiing and running

Substantial inter-individual variations in exercise economy exist even in highly trained endurance athletes. The variation is believed to be determined partly by intrinsic factors. Therefore, in the present study, we compared exercise economy in V2-skating, double poling, and uphill running. Ten highly trained male cross-country skiers (23 ± 3 years, 180 ± 6 cm, 75 ± 8 kg, VO2peak running: 76.3 ± 5.6 mL·kg−1·min−1) participated in the study. Exercise economy and VO2peak during treadmill running, ski skating (V2 technique) and double poling were compared based on correlation analysis. There was a very large correlation in exercise economy between V2-skating and double poling (r = 0.81) and large correlations between V2-skating and running (r = 0.53) and double poling and running (r = 0.58). There were trivial to moderate correlations between exercise economy and the intrinsic factors VO2peak (r = 0.00–0.23), cycle rate (r = 0.03–0.46), body mass (r = −0.09–0.46) and body height (r = 0.11–0.36). In conclusion, the inter-individual variation in exercise economy could be explained only moderately by differences in VO2peak, body mass and body height. Apparently other intrinsic factors contribute to the variation in exercise economy between highly trained subjects.
Music Feature Maps with Convolutional Neural Networks for Music Genre Classification

Nowadays, deep learning is more and more used for Music Genre Classification: particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) taking as entry a spectrogram considered as an image on which are sought different types of structure. But, facing the criticism relating to the difficulty in understanding the underlying relationships that neural networks learn in presence of a spectrogram, we propose to use, as entries of a CNN, a small set of eight music features chosen along three main music dimensions: dynamics, timbre and tonality. With CNNs trained in such a way that filter dimensions are interpretable in time and frequency, results show that only eight music features are more efficient than 513 frequency bins of a spectrogram and that late score fusion between systems based on both feature types reaches 91% accuracy on the GTZAN database.
La conception collaborative avec les fournisseurs : proposition d'une méthode d'analyse par les dysfonctionnements

Ce travail de these a pour theme le co-developpement de nouveau produit avec les fournisseurs.Nous proposons une methode d’analyse des dysfonctionnements lies a ce type de conceptiondite « collaborative » qui permet d’en ameliorer la pratique. Ce travail s’appuie sur des etudes decas realisees au sein de l’entreprise Somfy, des interviews menees au sein de 10 entreprises etune etude quantitative menee avec l’Universite de Twente. A partir de la litterature et des etudesde cas, nous proposons une liste des dysfonctionnements puis une classification de ces derniersen 5 classes selon le cycle de vie de la collaboration client/fournisseur. Puis, une analysequantitative d’impact des dysfonctionnements sur la performance projet via une enquete estproposee pour generaliser les resultats des etudes de cas. Le resultat final de cette these est unoutil d’analyse de risques en co-developpement avec les fournisseurs developpe avecl’entreprise Somfy et inspire de la demarche AMDEC. Cet outil permet, en debut de projet de codeveloppement,d’identifier les dysfonctionnements potentiels les plus critiques de facon amettre en place un plan d’action adapte.
Network analysis and intra-team activity in attacking phases of professional football

In this study we sought to verify whether network analyses could be used to identify key players in attacking phases of a professional football match and establish the main interactions and preferential linkages between attacking teammates during competitive performance. For this purpose, we examined circulation of the ball on field during randomly selected attacking phases of play in a video-taped Portuguese Premier League match. We observed six matches and notated 1488 collective attacking actions, including: passes completed, passes received, and crosses involving a total of 4126 intra-team interactions (eg., 2063 passes and crosses performed and 2063 passes and crosses received). We used Amisco® software to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses of the attacking actions. Results indicated how key individual players are instrumental in orchestrating team performance, exerting a powerful influence in creating attacking patterns of play. Our findings may help coaches and sports scientists quantify the contributions and interactions of individual team members through analysis of their relevant actions in team sports like football.
Multilocus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

(MLVA) is a subtyping technique for characterizing human pathogenic bacteria such as enterohemorrhagic Escheri-chia coli (EHEC) O157. We determined the phylogeny of 202 epidemiologically unrelated EHEC O157:H7/H – clinical isolates through 8 MLVA loci obtained in Germany during 1987–2008. Biodiversity in the loci ranged from 0.66 to 0.90. Four of 8 loci showed null alleles and a frequency <44.1%. These loci were distributed among 48.5% of all strains. Overall, 141 MLVA profi les were identifi ed. Phylo-genetic analysis assigned 67.3% of the strains to 19 MLVA clusters. Specifi c MLVA profi les with an evolutionary persistence were identifi ed, particularly within sorbitol-fermenting EHEC O157:H – . These pathogens belonged to the same MLVA cluster. Our fi ndings indicate successful persistence of this clone. E nterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infections have substantial medical, public health, and economic effects (1,2). Most symptomatically infected patients have painful bloody diarrhea (2,3). Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) develops in ≈15% of infected children ≈1 week after the fi rst loose stool. HUS is a thrombotic mi-croangiopathy and consists of nonimmune hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia, and renal failure (1). Currently, HUS is the main cause of acute renal failure in children (4). In Germany, E. coli O157:H7, which is the most frequent EHEC serotype implicated in HUS, is not the only relevant EHEC O157 involved. Sorbitol-fermenting (SF) E. coli O157:H – (nonmotile) strains cause ≈20% of all cases of HUS (5). Unlike E. coli O157:H7, organisms within this clone can ferment sorbitol after overnight incubation on sor-bitol MacConkey agar. Although EHEC O157:H7 causes a zoonotic disease mainly associated with cattle, efforts to determine the animal reservoir of SF EHEC O157:H – have been unsuccessful (5). To identify reservoirs of EHEC O157:H7 infections and of other foodborne pathogens and to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of these pathogens in the United States, PulseNet was established in 1996 (6). This US national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance facilitates subtyping of bacterial foodborne pathogens for epidemiologic purposes. This network is based on characterization of whole bacterial genomes by using macrorestriction digestion patterns that are separated by pulsed-fi eld gel electrophoresis (PFGE), a technique that has emerged as a common standard for subtyping EHEC O157 isolates (6). Despite its high discriminatory power, PFGE can be problematic because it requires great efforts to ensure intralaboratory and interlaboratory reproducibil-ity (7–10). Furthermore, its application is labor-intensive and diffi cult to automate. Thus, this …
Comparative/International Research on Women and Crime

Despite the recent advocacy of comparative/international and collaborative research by the leaders in the field of criminology and criminal justice, there is uncertainty regarding how much comparative/international research on the topic of women is being conducted. Using the published abstracts of papers presented at the American Society of Criminology (ASC) Annual Meeting and the European Society of Criminology (ESC) Annual Meeting, the authors examine presentations on women and crime with a cross-cultural or international focus. The current study found that research on crime with an international or comparative focus accounted for an average 14.1% of the ASC women and crime presentations over the 12-year period, and about 24.2% of the ESC women and crime presentations over the 10-year period. With respect to comparing the topical areas of the research, domestic violence was the most prevalent topic in presentations on women and crime at both the ASC and ESC Annual Meetings, while presentations on sex crimes and trafficking occurred more frequently at the ESC Annual Meetings than the ASC Annual Meetings. The authors also discuss the role that the ASC Division of Women and Crime and the Gender, Crime and Justice Working Group of the ESC can play to encourage the study of women and crime internationally.
Non-offending guardian support and protection in cases of child sexual abuse: the role of risk perception

Research has shown that the reaction of the non-offending guardian following disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA) is an important factor related to the adjustment of the victim. However, to date, comparatively little research has examined the characteristics of non-offending guardians, specifically factors related to their ability to support and protect their child in the aftermath of disclosure. A systematic review of the existing literature, specifically primary studies of intervening variables for guardian belief, support and protection, or various combinations thereof, is firstly presented. Here, the lack of consensus within the literature over definition of ‘guardian support’ is highlighted, a situation that has confounded the drawing of firm conclusions regarding associated factors. Secondly, an empirical study is presented where this area of research is broadened out to include a general population of mothers and female carers, and to specifically examine perception of future sex offending risk through the use of vignettes. It is postulated that risk perception is a mediating variable between a guardian’s belief in the occurrence of CSA and subsequent support and protection, a variable that has yet to be examined within the literature as it relates to non-offending guardians. Results showed that mothers tended to over-estimate risk of re-offending, although of concern was that, in general terms, younger offenders with male victims (rated as ‘high risk’ according to a widely-used actuarial measure of sex offender risk) were regarded to be the least risky. Finally, an existing measure of guardian support is critically appraised. It is hypothesised that this type of instrument, that only measures a narrow aspect of a non-offending guardian’s post-disclosure functioning, might be usefully employed within an overall ‘risk of failure to protect’ assessment framework. Drawing upon the current findings, a model upon which to base this type of assessment is outlined in the discussion.
The criminalization of sexual commerce in Canada: Context and concepts for critical analysis

Discussions of the rights and wrongs of sex for pay often occur in abstraction from the contexts in which they occur. Given the federal government’s emphasis that its new legislation, The Protection of Communities and Exploitation of Persons Act, is a ‘‘made-in-Canada’’ solution to the problem of prostitution, the author examines Canadian legal, academic, activist, and mass media documents to explore made-in-Canada dimensions of the issues. A notable feature of the Canadian context is the long and ongoing history of policing of those perceived as prostitutes and their associates, as guilty of status offences. Social profiling and vulnerability to violence and exploitation in Canada also reflect the particular intersections of race, gender, class and nation in producing Canadian forms of sexual and other exploitations. Consideration of the implications for agency and passive subjugation in the terminology used to name the problem reveals ambiguities in the meaning of exploitation that reproduce a version of the status offence as well as environmental, waged labour and settler colonial forms of exploitation and injustice. Reference to indigenous, feminist, Kantian, and Marxist analyses of objectification and exploitation helps to reveal how this is occurs.
Robust features of Atlantic multi‐decadal variability and its climate impacts

Atlantic Multi‐decadal Variability (AMV), also known as the Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO), is characterized by a sharp rise and fall of the North Atlantic basin‐wide sea surface temperatures (SST) on multi‐decadal time scales. Widespread consequences of these rapid temperature swings were noted in many previous studies. Among these are the drying of Sahel in the 1960–70s and change in the frequency and intensity of Atlantic hurricanes on multi‐decadal time scales. Given the short instrumental data records (about a century long) the central question is whether these climate fluctuations are robustly linked with the AMV and to what extent are these connections subject to changes in a changing climate. Here we address this issue by using the CMIP3 simulations for the 20th, 21st, and pre‐industrial eras with 23 IPCC models. While models tend to produce AMV of shorter time scales and less periodic than suggested by the observations, the spatial structures of the SST anomaly patterns, and their association with worldwide precipitation, are surprisingly similar between models (with differing external forcing) and observations. Our results confirm the strong link between AMV and Sahel rainfall and suggest a clear physical mechanism for the linkage in terms of meridional shifts of the Atlantic ITCZ. The results also help clarify influences that may not be robust, such as the impacts over North America, India, and Australia.
Astrocytic Ephrin-B1 Regulates Synapse Remodeling Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in tissue alterations distant from the site of the initial injury, which can trigger pathological changes within hippocampal circuits and are thought to contribute to long-term cognitive and neuropsychological impairments. However, our understanding of secondary injury mechanisms is limited. Astrocytes play an important role in brain repair after injury and astrocyte-mediated mechanisms that are implicated in synapse development are likely important in injury-induced synapse remodeling. Our studies suggest a new role of ephrin-B1, which is known to regulate synapse development in neurons, in astrocyte-mediated synapse remodeling following TBI. Indeed, we observed a transient upregulation of ephrin-B1 immunoreactivity in hippocampal astrocytes following moderate controlled cortical impact model of TBI. The upregulation of ephrin-B1 levels in hippocampal astrocytes coincided with a decline in the number of vGlut1-positive glutamatergic input to CA1 neurons at 3 days post injury even in the absence of hippocampal neuron loss. In contrast, tamoxifen-induced ablation of ephrin-B1 from adult astrocytes in ephrin-B1loxP/yERT2-Cre GFAP mice accelerated the recovery of vGlut1-positive glutamatergic input to CA1 neurons after TBI. Finally, our studies suggest that astrocytic ephrin-B1 may play an active role in injury-induced synapse remodeling through the activation of STAT3-mediated signaling in astrocytes. TBI-induced upregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation within the hippocampus was suppressed by astrocyte-specific ablation of ephrin-B1 in vivo, whereas the activation of ephrin-B1 in astrocytes triggered an increase in STAT3 phosphorylation in vitro. Thus, regulation of ephrin-B1 signaling in astrocytes may provide new therapeutic opportunities to aid functional recovery after TBI.
Sense of Community: Trust, Hope and Worries in the Welfare State

Back in the 1960s and 1970s the community study was a popular genre among anthropologists, European ethnologists, social historians as well as qualitative sociologists. These studies were often organized in the polarity of macro-micro perspectives, taking the shape of topdog versus underdog. Today, the genre has nearly disappeared from the social sciences and cultural research. This thematic issue of Ethnologia Europaea seeks to re-invent the genre in new forms, employing strategies that avoid a nostalgic “the loss of community” air. The authors collaborating also opted to work in a different format. They conjoined their separate yet parallel investigations into one joint piece, elaborating on the same questions in each section. The discussion thus takes its departure from the presentation of a multi-disciplinary research project on health and welfare in contrasting Swedish communities. The project tackles the analytic potential of community studies through ethnographies of the interface between the nation-state and local communities. How do citizens and local administrators of national welfare systems interact and how are local climates of trust and hope created or threatened? We have asked four scholars to comment on the presentation of the project from different angles. Gisela Welz discusses the development and demise of the community study tradition and its potentials for revival, with a plea for more comparative and contrasting studies of statecraft. Stef Jansen takes the concept of hope as his focus, drawing on his studies of displacement of refugees in Bosnia-Herzegovina. What are the tensions between home as a site remembrance and belonging and as a future-oriented project? Tian Sorhaug’s contribution centres on the concept of trust and looks at the new relations emerging between state institutions and local communities in what has been called “the audit society”. What happens when communication between welfare institutions and citizens are formalized into sets of indicators and incentives? Pertti Alasuutari directs attention to the ways in which general systems of governance are domesticated as they are put into local practice. His examples come from an ongoing study of how global trends and frameworks are transformed in different national settings. Finally, Jonas Frykman, who is the guest editor of this issue, takes the commentaries as a point of departure to suggest avenues for developing local ethnographies of the dynamic and often surprising ways in which the state and a local community interact. “Is the world becoming more global, national or local? ” is a question often posed today. The answer is of course: “Yes”. There are intertwined processes of cultural globalization, nationalization and localization going on and to understand these dynamics we need research situated at different levels as well as comparative and contrasting research approaches.