Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shocked Molecular Gas in the Supernova Remnant HB 21

We have carried out 12CO J = 2-1 line observations of the supernova remnant (SNR) HB 21 in order to search for evidence of interaction with molecular clouds. We mapped the eastern half (80′ × 110′) of the SNR almost completely. Molecular gas appears to be distributed mainly along the boundary of the SNR, but the overall distribution has little correlation either with the distortion of the SNR boundary or with the distribution of radio brightness. Along the eastern boundary, where the SNR was considered to be interacting with molecular clouds in previous studies, we have not found any strong evidence for the interaction. Instead, we detected broad (20-40 km s-1) CO emission lines in the northern and southern parts of the SNR. In the northern area, the broad-line emitting cloud is composed of a small (~2' or 0.5 pc), very bright, U-shaped part and several clumps scattered around it. There is a significant enhancement of radio emission with a flat (-0.28 ± 0.17) spectral index possibly associated with this cloud. In the southern area, the broad-line emitting cloud is filamentary and appears to form an elongated loop of ~30' in extent. Small (≲1.′2 or 0.3 pc), bright clumps are seen along the filamentary structure. We have obtained sensitive J = 1-0 and J = 2-1 spectra of 12CO and 13CO molecules toward several peak positions. The intensity of 12CO J = 2-1 emission is low (Tmb < 7 K) and the ratio of 12CO J = 2-1 to J = 1-0 integrated intensities is high (1.6-2.3), which suggests that the emission is from warm, dense, and clumpy gas. We have applied a large velocity gradient analysis to derive their physical parameters. The detected broad CO lines are believed to be emitted from the fast-moving molecular gas swept up by the SNR shock. The small (≲20 km s-1) shock velocity suggests that the shock is a nondissociating C-shock. We discuss the correlation of the shocked molecular gas with the previously detected, shocked atomic gas and the associated infrared emission.
Modularity of Certain Potentially Barsotti-Tate Galois Representations

where is the reduction of p. These results were subject to hypotheses on the local behavior of p at X, i.e., the restriction of p to a decomposition group at X, and to irreducibility hypotheses on 1p. In this paper, we build on the methods of [461, [451 and [121 and relax the hypotheses on local behavior. In particular, we treat certain ? -adic representations which are not semistable at X, but potentially semistable. We do this using results of [61, generalizing a theorem of Ramakrishna [321 (see Fontaine-Mazur [22, ? 131 for a slightly different point of view). The results in [61 show that certain "potentially Barsotti-Tate" deformation problems are smooth, allowing us to define certain universal deformations for with the necessary Galoistheoretic properties to apply Wiles' method. To carry out the proof that these deformations are indeed realized in the cohomology of modular curves (i.e., that the universal deformation rings are Hecke algebras), we need to identify the corresponding cohomology groups and prove they have the modular-theoretic properties needed to apply Wiles' method. As in [151 and [121, the identification is made by matching local behavior of automorphic representations and Galois representations via the local Langlands correspondence (together with Fontaine's theory at the prime ? ). We work directly with cohomology of modular curves instead of
What do web users do? An empirical analysis of web use

This paper provides an empirical characterization of user actions at the web browser. The study is based on an analysis of 4 months of logged client-side data that describes user actions with recent versions of Netscape Navigator. In particular, the logged data allow us to determine the title, URL and time of each page visit, how often they visited each page, how long they spent at each page, the growth and content of bookmark collections, as well as a variety of other aspects of user interaction with the web. The results update and extend prior empirical characterizations of web use. Among the results we show that web page revisitation is a much more prevalent activity than previously reported (approximately 81% of pages have been previously visited by the user), that most pages are visited for a surprisingly short period of time, that users maintain large (and possibly overwhelming) bookmark collections, and that there is a marked lack of commonality in the pages visited by different users. These results have implications for a wide range of web-based tools including the interface features provided by web browsers, the design of caching proxy servers, and the design of efficient web sites.
Extracting Subseasonal Scenarios: An Alternative Method to Analyze Seasonal Predictability of Regional-Scale Tropical Rainfall

AbstractCurrent seasonal prediction of rainfall typically focuses on 3-month rainfall totals at regional scale. This temporal summation reduces the noise related to smaller-scale weather variability but also implicitly emphasizes the peak of the climatological seasonal cycle of rainfall. This approach may hide potentially predictable signals when rainfall is lower: for example, near the onset or cessation of the rainy season. The authors illustrate such a case for the East African long rains (March–May) on a network of 36 stations in Kenya and north Tanzania from 1961 to 2001. Spatial coherence and potential predictability of seasonal rainfall anomalies associated with tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies clearly peak during the early stage of the rainy season (in March), while the largest rainfall (in April and May) is far less spatially coherent; the latter is shown to contain a large noise component at the station scale that characterizes interannual variability of the March–May seasonal to.
Employment Status and Support for Wartime Violence: Evidence from the Iraq War

The unemployed are often inculpated in the production of violence during conflict. A simple yet common argument describes these individuals as disaffected and inclined to perpetrate affectively motivated violence. A second holds that they are drawn to violent political organizations for lack of better outside options. Yet, evidence in support of a general positive relationship between unemployment and violence during conflict is not established. Drawing from a large body of psychological research, I argue that a basic but important relationship has been overlooked: Loss of employment, rather than rendering individuals angry, increases feelings of depression, anxiety, helplessness, and belief in the power of others. Members of this segment of society are more likely than most to reject the use of violence. Drawing on previously unreleased data from a major, multi-million dollar survey effort carried out during the Iraq war, I uncover evidence that psychological findings carry to conflict settings: unemployed Iraqis were consistently less optimistic than other citizens; displayed diminished perceptions of efficacy; and were much less likely to support the use of violence against Coalition forces.
Time-Mean Response over the Tropical Pacific to Increased C02 in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model

Abstract The time-mean response over the tropical Pacific region to a quadrupling Of CO2 is investigated using a global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rise by about 4°–5°C. The zonal SST gradient along the equator decreases by about 20%, although it takes about one century (with C02 increasing at 1% per year compounded) for this change to become clearly evident in the model. Over the central equatorial Pacific, the decreased SST gradient is accompanied by similar decreases in the easterly wind stress and westward ocean surface currents and by a local maximum in precipitation increase. Over the entire rising branch region of the Walker circulation, precipitation is enhanced by 15%, but the time-mean upward motion decreases slightly in intensity. The failure of the zonal overturning atmospheric circulation to intensify with a quadrupling of CO2 is surprising in light of the increased time-mean condensation heating over the “warm pool” reg.
Linking glacial and future climates through an ensemble of GCM simulations

Abstract. In this paper we explore the relationships between the modelled climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and that for doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide compared to the pre-industrial climate by analysing the output from an ensemble of runs from the MIROC3.2 GCM. Our results lend support to the idea in other recent work that the Antarctic is a useful place to look for historical data which can be used to validate models used for climate forecasting of future greenhouse gas induced climate changes, at local, regional and global scales. Good results may also be obtainable using tropical temperatures, particularly those over the ocean. While the greater area in the tropics makes them an attractive area for seeking data, polar amplification of temperature changes may mean that the Antarctic provides a clearer signal relative to the uncertainties in data and model results. Our result for Greenland is not so strong, possibly due to difficulties in accurately modelling the sea ice extent. The MIROC3.2 model shows an asymmetry in climate sensitivity calculated by decreasing rather than increasing the greenhouse gases, with 80% of the ensemble having a weaker cooling than warming. This asymmetry, if confirmed by other studies would mean that direct estimates of climate sensitivity from the LGM are likely to be underestimated by the order of half a degree. Our suspicion is, however, that this result may be highly model dependent. Analysis of the parameters varied in the model suggest the asymmetrical response may be linked to the ice in the clouds, which is therefore indicated as an important area for future research.
Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis in California

OBJECTIVES: This article describes the methods used and the program performance results for the first 5 years of newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) in California. METHODS: From July 16, 2007, to June 30, 2012, a total of 2 573 293 newborns were screened for CF by using a 3-step model: (1) measuring immunoreactive trypsinogen in all dried blood spot specimens; (2) testing 28 to 40 selected cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations in specimens with immunoreactive trypsinogen values ≥62 ng/mL (top 1.6%); and (3) performing DNA sequencing on specimens found to have only 1 mutation in step 2. Infants with ≥2 mutations/variants were referred to CF care centers for diagnostic evaluation and follow-up. Infants with 1 mutation were considered carriers and their parents offered telephone genetic counseling. RESULTS: Overall, 345 CF cases, 533 CFTR-related metabolic syndrome cases, and 1617 carriers were detected; 28 cases of CF were missed. Of the 345 CF cases, 20 (5.8%) infants were initially assessed as having CFTR-related metabolic syndrome, and their CF diagnosis occurred after age 6 months (median follow-up: 4.5 years). Program sensitivity was 92%, and the positive predictive value was 34%. CF prevalence was 1 in 6899 births. A total of 303 CFTR mutations were identified, including 78 novel variants. The median age at referral to a CF care center was 34 days (18 and 37 days for step 2 and 3 screening test–positive infants, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The 3-step model had high detection and low false-positive levels in this diverse population.
The Economics of Trade Disputes, the Gatt's Article Xxiii, and the Wto's Dispute Settlement Understanding

Economic theory has yet to provide a convincing argument that can explain why the threat of retaliation under the GATTsWTO dispute settlement procedures is not sufficient to prevent countries from violating the agreement. We consider the question of why countries violate the agreed-upon rules in the face of explicit provisions which allow them to legally adjust their trade policy. Using the GATTsWTO institutional structure and the guiding principle of reciprocity, we provide a theory suggesting when countries will choose to implement protection in violation of GATTsWTO rules, as opposed to under the relevant safeguards provisions, when trade policy adjustments are necessary between "negotiating rounds. " Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002.
Screening for Depression in Elderly Hemodialysis Patients

Background: Depression is common and associated with increased morbidity and mortality in elderly (≧65 years) hemodialysis patients. Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) have been used in different cohorts to screen for depression. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the 15-item GDS (GDS-15) as such a tool in elderly hemodialysis patients and compare it with BDI, a previously validated tool in younger hemodialysis patients. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Four out-patient hemodialysis units; 1 based in a university hospital and 3 based in the community. Participants: Hemodialysis patients aged 65 years and older. Intervention: Both tools were administered to all participants, and a geriatric psychiatrist blinded to the results evaluated them for depression by the gold standard psychiatric interview. Measurements: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for both tools were assessed against the psychiatric interview (n = 62). Results: Patients who were depressed according to the psychiatric interview had significantly higher GDS-15 and BDI scores compared to those not depressed (p < 0.01 both). ROC curves showed high predictive accuracy of the GDS-15 and BDI (area under the curve: 0.808 and 0.729) versus the psychiatric interview. The GDS-15 cutoff with the best diagnostic accuracy was 5 with a sensitivity of 63%, specificity of 82%, PPV of 60% and NPV of 83%. The BDI cutoff with the best diagnostic accuracy was 10 with a sensitivity of 68%, specificity of 77%, PPV of 57% and NPV of 85%. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that the GDS-15 shows validity in comparison to a gold standard and can be used to screen for depression in the elderly hemodialysis population.
Infaunal or semi‐infaunal bellerophont gastropods: analysis of Euphemites and functionally related taxa

Burrowing and plowing gastropods may have existed prior to the Mesozoic, contrary to the conservative tendency of categorizing Paleozoic archaeogastropods as herbivorous hardground dwellers. We propose that Euphemites and other bellerophontiform molluscs such as Praematuratroph and Beyrichidiscus make functional and paleoecological sense only if reconstructed with an internal shell adapted to an infaunal mode of life. Attributes diagnostic of a probable infaunal mode of life in fossil bellerophontiform molluscs include: (1) lack of apertural flare; (2) restricted aperture; (3) low rate of whorl expansion; (4) semi-radial aperture; (5) extensive secondary shell deposits; (6) absence of extensive collabral ornament; (7) dorsolateral or umbilical furrows; (8) color patterns indicative of mantle extension and retraction capabilities; (9) absence of shell breakage and repair; and (10) associated lithologies indicative of penetrable substrates such as mudstones. Niche diversity in the bellerophontacean molluscs was probably much greater than previously suspected. This is entirely consistent with their long geologic range. Most bellerophontaceans, particularly the Late Paleozoic forms, were probably either ‘nestling’ or semi-infaunal with the apertural margins enwrapped by mantle or mantle and foot. As such they may have been particularly susceptible to predation during the postulated Mesozoic increase in number of infaunal predators- a factor which may have been contributory to the bellerophontacean demise.
Backpacker Tourism: Concepts and Profiles

1. Introduction: Conceptualising and Profiling Backpacker Tourism - Kevin Hannam (University of Sunderland, UK) and Irena Ateljevic (Wageningen University Landscape Centre, The Netherlands)CONCEPTUALISING BACKPACKER TOURISM 2. Suspending Reality: An exploration of enclaves and the backpacker Experience - Julie Wilson (University of the West of England, UK)and Greg Richards (Tourism Research and Marketing, Spain) 3. The Social Psychological Interface of Tourism and Independent Travel - Petri Hottola (University of Joensuu, Finland) 4. Sustainability Research and Backpacker Studies: Intersections and mutual insights - Phillip Pearce (James Cook University, Australia) 5. Are Backpackers Ethical Tourists? - Clare Speed (University of Strathclyde) and Annabel Hartnell (University of Strathclyde, UK) 6. The Lonely Planet Myth: Backpacker bible and travel survival kit - Peter Welk (Australia) 7. Challenging the Tourist-Other Dualism: Gender, backpackers and the embodiment of tourism research - Erica Wilson (Southern Cross University, Australia) and Irena Ateljevic (Wageningen University Landscape Centre, The Netherlands)PROFILING BACKPACKER TOURISM 8. Van tour and Doing a Contiki: Grand backpacker tours of Europe - Jude Wilson, David Fisher and Kevin Moore (Lincoln University, New Zealand) 9. Uncovering the International Backpackers to Malaysia - Lee Tze Ian and Ghazali Musa (University of Malaya, Malaysia) 10. Exploring the Motivations of Backpackers: The case of South Africa - Christine Niggel (Germany) and Angela Benson (University of Brighton, UK) 11. Study Backpackers: Australia's short-stay international student travellers - Jeff Jarvis and Victoria Peel (Monash University, Australia) 12. Women as Backpacker Tourists: A feminist analysis of destination choice and social identities from the UK - Linda Myers and Kevin Hannam (University of Sunderland, UK) 13. The Backpacking Journey of Israeli Women in Mid-Life - Darya Maoz (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) 14. Intra-Community Tensions in Backpacker Enclaves: Sydney's Bondi Beach - Julie Wilson (University of the West of England, UK), Greg Richards (Tourism Research and Marketing, Spain) and Ian MacDonnell (University of Technology, Australia ) 15. Perceptions of Backpacker Accommodation Facilities: A comparative study of Scotland and New Zealand - Jenny Cave (The University of Waikato, New Zealand), Maree Thyne (The Robert Gordon University, UK) and Chris Ryan (The University of Waikato, New Zealand) 16. Conclusion: Towards a Critical Agenda for Backpacker Tourism - Irena Ateljevic and Kevin Hannam
Efflux Transport Is an Important Determinant of Ethinylestradiol Glucuronide and Ethinylestradiol Sulfate Pharmacokinetics

17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE) undergoes extensive conjugation to 17α-ethinylestradiol-3-O-glucuronide (EEG) and 17α-ethinylestradiol-3-O-sulfate (EES). Thus, oral contraceptive drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies usually characterize metabolite pharmacokinetics, with changes typically attributed to modulation of metabolism. EE passively diffuses through plasma membranes, but its conjugates are hydrophilic and require active transport. Unlike EE metabolism, EEG and EES transport has not been explored in vivo as a potential mechanism of DDIs. Recent in vitro studies demonstrated that EEG is transported by multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2 and MRP3 and EES is a breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate. In the study presented here, pharmacokinetics of EE and conjugates were studied in TR− rats, which lack Mrp2, have marginal hepatic Bcrp expression, and overexpress hepatic Mrp3. EE pharmacokinetics in TR− rats were comparable to wild type; however, EEG and EES systemic exposures were altered markedly. EEG exposure was greatly increased: 20-fold and >100-fold after intravenous and oral EE administration, respectively. In contrast, EES exposure was lower in TR− rats: 65% decreased (intravenously) and 83% decreased (orally). In intestinal and liver perfusions, EE intestinal permeability and metabolism and hepatic clearance were unchanged in TR− rats; however, secretion of EEG into intestinal lumen was halved, EEG was not detected in TR− bile, and EES biliary excretion was 98% decreased. After oral EE administration to Mrp2- and Bcrp-knockout mice, EEG exposure increased 46- and 2-fold, respectively, whereas EES concentrations were decreased modestly. In conclusion, altered efflux transport resulted in major alterations of EEG and EES pharmacokinetics, highlighting transport as a potential site of DDIs with EE conjugates.
Treatment of Platelet Concentrates with the Mirasol Pathogen Inactivation System Modulates Platelet Oxidative Stress and NF-κB Activation

Background: Pathogen inactivation (PI) technologies for platelets aim to improve transfusion safety by preventing the replication of contaminating pathogens. However, as a consequence of treatment, aspects of the platelet storage lesion are amplified. Mirasol treatment also affects platelet signal transduction and apoptotic protein expression. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Mirasol treatment on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative stress. Methods: Pooled platelet concentrates were prepared in platelet-additive solution (70% SSP+ / 30% plasma). ABO-matched platelets were pooled and split, and treated with the Mirasol system (TerumoBCT) or left untreated as a control. Platelet samples were tested on day 1, 5, and 7 post-collection. Results: Mirasol-treated platelets had increased formation of ROS by day 5 of storage. Oxidative damage, in the form of protein carbonylation, was higher in Mirasol-treated platelets, whilst no effect on nitrotyrosine formation or lipid peroxidation was detected. The NF-κB signaling pathway was also activated in Mirasol-treated platelets, with increased expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and IκBa. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that Mirasol-treated platelets produce more ROS and display protein alterations consistent with oxidative damage.
Water Quality Evaluation of Hand-dug Wells in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

In many countries around the world, including Nigeria, access to potable water has become a mirage. Exploitation of groundwater through the construction of hand-dug wells is a major source of drinking water for majority of the populace. The need to assess the quality of water from this source to ascertain the role of well construction methods has now become imperative because of the health impacts on individuals. Random surveys of three classifications of hand-dug wells were done between June and October 2010, in Ibadan, Nigeria. One hundred and one (101) hand-dug wells were selected. A standard form was used for capturing data used for the classification of the wells into protected, semi protected and unprotected. Standard laboratory methods were employed for the analysis of electrical conductivity, pH, Temperature, Chlorides, Nitrate, E. coli and Total Coliform Count. Results show that nitrate concentration, E. Coli and total coliform counts are more pronounced in wells that are installed close to domestic refuse waste, abattoir, pit latrine, stagnant water, and drainages. The pronounced concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the pollution sources irrespective of well classification. Protected wells gave better water quality relative to semi-protected and unprotected wells. The paper recommends regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of unhealthy waste disposal practices, and regulation of self supply well construction and design.