Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human eating behaviour in an evolutionary ecological context

Present-day human eating behaviour in industrialised society is characterised by the consumption of high-energy-density diets and often unstructured feeding patterns, largely uncoupled from seasonal cycles of food availability. Broadly similar patterns of feeding are found among advantaged groups in economically-emerging and developing nations. Such patterns of feeding are consistent with the evolutionary ecological understanding of feeding behaviour of hominids ancestral to humans, in that human feeding adaptations are likely to have arisen in the context of resource seasonality in which diet choice for energy-dense and palatable foods would have been selected by way of foraging strategies for the maximisation of energy intake. One hallmark trait of human feeding behaviour, complex control of food availability, emerged with Homo erectus (19 × 106-200 000 years ago), who carried out this process by either increased meat eating or by cooking, or both. Another key trait of human eating behaviour is the symbolic use of food, which emerged with modern Homo sapiens (100 000 years ago to the present) between 25 000 and 12 000 years ago. From this and subsequent social and economic transformations, including the origins of agriculture, humans have come to use food in increasingly elaborate symbolic ways, such that human eating has become increasingly structured socially and culturally in many different ways.
Family History of Education Predicts Eating Disorders across Multiple Generations among 2 Million Swedish Males and Females

Purpose To investigate which facets of parent and grandparent socio-economic position (SEP) are associated with eating disorders (ED), and how this varies by ED subtype and over time. Methods Total-population cohort study of 1,040,165 females and 1,098,188 males born 1973–1998 in Sweden, and followed for inpatient or outpatient ED diagnoses until 2010. Proportional hazards models estimated associations with parental education, income and social class, and with grandparental education and income. Results 15,747 females and 1051 males in our sample received an ED diagnosis, with rates increasing in both sexes over time. ED incidence in females was independently predicted by greater educational level among the father, mother and maternal grandparents, but parent social class and parental income showed little or no independent effect. The associations with education were equally strong for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and ED not-otherwise-specified, and had increased over time. Among males, an apparently similar pattern was seen with respect to anorexia nervosa, but non-anorexia ED showed no association with parental education and an inverse association with parental income. Conclusions Family history of education predicts ED in gender- and disorder-specific ways, and in females the effect is observed across multiple generations. Particularly given that these effects may have grown stronger in more recent cohorts, these findings highlight the need for further research to clarify the underlying mechanisms and identify promising targets for prevention. Speculatively, one such mechanism may involve greater internal and external demands for academic success in highly educated families.
Atrial conduction abnormalities in patients with psoriasis vulgaris.

BACKGROUND Psoriasis vulgaris is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorders. Patients with psoriasis are at risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF). The electromechanical delay (EMD) is the time interval from the onset of the P wave on surface electrocardiography (ECG) to the beginning of the A wave. Prolonged atrial EMD is an independent risk factor for the development of AF. AIM This study investigated the intra- and interatrial EMD in patients with psoriasis. METHODS This study included 85 adults with psoriasis vulgaris (Group 1) and 46 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (Group 2). ECGs were obtained from all subjects, and atrial EMD variables were calculated. Results are reported as means ± standard deviations and percentages. Continuous variables were analysed using Student's t-test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Interatrial electromechanical delay (IA-EMD) and intra-left atrial electromechanical delay (ILA-EMD) were significantly longer in the psoriasis group compared with controls. A correlation analysis between psoriasis severity (PASI score) and the atrial conduction parameters revealed a significant positive correlation between PASI and IA-EMD (r = 0.261, p < 0.001). In addition, there was a positive correlation between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and IA-EMD (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS The atrial conduction time was longer in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and it correlated with the severity of disease and hsCRP. Since the association between delayed conduction and AF is known, the measurement of intra-atrial conduction times could be a practical tool to estimate the AF risk in these patients.
Metals in the surface sediments of Istanbul Strait (Turkey)

Surface sediments from 17 stations in the Istanbul Strait and Marmara Sea were collected and analysed for major and trace elements by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF). Metal concentrations in surface sediments varied from 1.3 to 7.2 % for Al, 4.8 to 18 mg kg− 1 for As, 119 to 599 mg kg− 1 for Ba, below detection limit (bdl) to 6.6 mg kg− 1 for Cd, 18 to 222 mg kg− 1 for Cr, 7.6 to 180 mg kg− 1 for Cu, 1.0 to 5.5 % for Fe (10 000 to 55 000 mg kg− 1), 171 to 718 mg kg− 1for Mn, 3.3 to 64 mg kg− 1 for Ni, 4.5 to 461 mg kg− 1 for Pb, 1.3 to 68 mg kg− 1 for Sn, 19 to 170 mg kg− 1 for V and 16 to 859 mg kg− 1 for Zn. Three tools have been applied in order to evaluate metal pollution in the sediments; Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), enrichment factors (EFs) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo). SQGs values indicate that Pb and Ni are the most likely contaminants to cause adverse biological effects. On the other hand, both metal enrichment factors and geoaccumulation index show that As, Zn, Pb and Cd contaminations exist in the entire study area and contamination of other metals is also present in some sites depending on the sources. Factor analysis (FA) receptor modelling technique was applied to investigate the sources affecting surface sediment samples at the Istanbul Strait.
The Mediating Effect of Psychopathic Personality Disorder as a Pathway to Recidivism

Testing the indirect effect of psychopathic personality towards recidivism has been one of the overlooked areas within criminological studies. Based on this fact, the current study articulated the mediated effect of psychopathic personality towards recidivism against criminality attitude, knowledge on criminality, prison syndrome, social exclusion, peer influence and drug abuse as premeditated factors. One-hundred and ninety-six adult offenders with repeated criminal records since three years later participated in the semi-structured interview. Structural Equation Modelling conferred drug abuse, associate influence, and social exclusions had indirect effect on recidivism through psychopathic personality. Yet, knowledge on criminality and drug abuse was partially mediated by psychopathic personality. Implications for crime prevention and reduction are discussed from the lens of policy and practice strategies.
Experimental Validation of a Mixed-Lubrication Regime Model for Textured Piston-Ring-Liner Contacts

Recent experiments have shown that automotive piston-liner friction may be reduced by up to 50 % if the surface of the liner is laser textured with certain configurations of micro-pockets. It is important to model this behavior to understand and optimize the friction reduction mechanisms that are occurring. However, until now, very few models that predict the lubrication performance of textured surfaces have been successfully validated against experimental data. This is because of the requirement for them to: (1) reproduce experimental configurations with a certain degree of fidelity, (2) conserve mass properly, and (3) account for transient, boundary lubrication conditions. To address this, the current paper presents a comparison between the results from a numerical model, which fulfils these criteria, and an experimental test rig operating under the same conditions. The mathematical modeling is based on the averaged Reynolds’ equation with Patir and Cheng’s flow factors and the p − θ Elrod–Adams mass-conserving cavitation model. Simultaneously to the fluid flow solution, the contact pressures that arise from the asperity interactions are also included into the calculations through the well-known stochastic Greenwood and Tripp model for rough contacts. The experimental data is produced using a reciprocating tribometer, whose contact conditions are closely controlled and accurately mimic those found in an automotive piston–liner conjunction. Data is presented in terms of friction force versus stroke angle, and the similarities and differences between the model and experiment are discussed.
Whirlpool hash function: architecture and VLSI implementation

New encryption algorithms have to operate in a variety of current and future applications demanding both high speed and high security. An architecture and VLSI implementation of the newest standard in the hash families, Whirlpool that achieves high-speed performance is presented. The architecture permits a wide variety of implementation tradeoffs. The design was coded using VHDL language and for the hardware implementation a FPGA device was used. While no other previous Whirlpool implementation exist, the comparison with previous hash families' implementations such as MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2 etc are given. These comparisons prove that the Whirlpool implementation is much faster compared with these previous implementations.
University of Birmingham Investigating the characteristic strength of flocs formed from crude and purified Hibiscus extracts in water treatment

11 The growth, breakage and re-growth of flocs formed using crude and purified seed extracts of 12 Okra (OK), Sabdariffa (SB) and Kenaf (KE) as coagulants and coagulant aids was assessed. 13 The results showed floc size increased from 300μm when aluminium sulphate (AS) was used 14 as a coagulant to between 696μm and 722μm with the addition of 50mg/l of OK, KE and SB 15 crude samples as coagulant aids. Similarly, an increase in floc size was observed when each 16 of the purified proteins was used as coagulant aid at doses of between 0.123 and 0.74mg/l. 17 The largest floc sizes of 741μm, 460μm and 571μm were obtained with a 0.123mg/l dose of 18 purified Okra protein (POP), purified Sabdariffa (PSP) and purified Kenaf (PKP) 19 respectively. Further coagulant aid addition from 0.123 to 0.74mg/l resulted in a decrease in 20 floc size and strength in POP and PSP. However, an increase in floc strength and reduced d50 21 size was observed in PKP at a dose of 0.74mg/l. Flocs produced when using purified and 22
Differential Intraocular Pressure Measurements by Tonometry and Direct Cannulation After Treatment with Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors.

PURPOSE To validate the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) caused by soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) inhibitors and determine reasons behind variation in IOP measurements performed by tonometry. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were administered DMSO solubilized sAC inhibitors (KH7 or LRE-1) by intraperitoneal injection. Two hours post-treatment, mice were anesthetized with avertin or ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine (KXA). IOP was measured by a rebound tonometer or direct cannulation of the anterior chamber. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was used to measure anterior chamber depth and corneal thickness in live mice. Outflow facility was measured in perfused, enucleated mouse eyes. RESULTS Compared with DMSO controls, KH7 treatment caused an increased IOP in avertin- and KXA-anesthetized mice when measured by direct cannulation [avertin: 14.4 ± 2.1 mmHg vs. 11.1 ± 1.0 mmHg (P = 0.003); KXA: 14.4 ± 1.0 mmHg vs. 11.3 ± 0.8 mmHg (P < 0.001)] and tonometry [avertin: 10.8 ± 1.4 mmHg vs. 7.4 ± 0.6 mmHg (P < 0.001); KXA: 11.9 ± 0.9 mmHg vs. 10.3 ± 1.7 mmHg (P = 0.283)]. However, treatment with KH7 in nonanesthetized mice showed a significant decrease in IOP measured by tonometry and compared with DMSO-treated animals [13.1 ± 2.6 mmHg vs. 15.6 ± 0.5 mmHg (P = 0.003)]. Both KH7- and DMSO-treated groups anesthetized with avertin showed increased corneal thickness, whereas KH7-treated mice anesthetized with KXA exhibited a shallower anterior chamber compared with untreated mice. KH7 decreased outflow facility by 85.1% in nonanesthetized, enucleated eyes (P < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Systemically administered DMSO and anesthesia have significant effects on anterior chamber characteristics, resulting in altered IOP readings measured by tonometry. In the presence of DMSO and anesthesia, tonometry IOP readings should be confirmed with direct cannulation.
What's really wrong with cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis?

For persons with medication-refractory psychotic experiences such as auditory hallucinations, a psychological therapy referred to as cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp) has emerged as the standard recommended treatment in clinical practice guidelines (e.g., Kreyenbuhl et al., 2010; National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence [NICE], 2014). However, the past few years have seen impassioned debate regarding the endorsement of CBTp as evidence-based practice, with some arguing that evidence in its favor has been “oversold” (McKenna and Kingdon, 2014). As a follow up to their earlier controversial review (Lynch et al., 2010), which claimed no evidence that CBTp was effective in “well-conducted” trials, a recent meta-analysis by Jauhar et al. (2014) drew the only slightly less pessimistic conclusion that CBTp’s therapeutic effect was only in the small range. Coinciding with the continuing recommendation of CBTp for routine provision in the 2014 NICE guidelines, this has led to debates published in several journals, and a flurry of further metaanalyses analysing different permutations of trial characteristics andmeasures. Thesemeta-analyses have formed the more optimistic conclusions that CBTp shows good effects for hallucinations (van der Gaag et al., 2014), for overall psychotic symptoms in people with persisting symptoms (Burns et al., 2014), and in direct contrasts with other interventions (Turner et al., 2014). As a battle fought with meta-analysis, debate has focused on which data should be included in effect size calculations: for example, whether trials with different intervention targets should be included, conducted during acute psychosis should bemixedwith persisting psychosis, andwhether both group and one-to-one format intervention should be included (Birchwood et al., 2014; Burns et al., 2014; Mueser and Glynn, 2014; Peters, 2014). There has also been criticism of an excessive focus on overall psychotic symptom severity at post-treatment as the primary outcome (e.g., on measures like the Positive and Negative Symptom Scales, PANSS), when there is stronger evidence for effects on specific symptom measures (Peters, 2014; van der Gaag et al., 2014), and at follow-up time points (Peters, 2014), and when, in any case, CBTp primarily targets the emotional impact of psychotic experiences rather than their presence or frequency (Birchwood et al., 2014).
Introduction to the special topic section on mining Web resources for enhancing information retrieval

The amount of information on the Web has been expanding at an enormous pace. There are a variety of Web documents in different genres, such as news, reports, reviews. Traditionally, the information displayed on Web sites has been static. Recently, there are many Web sites offering content that is dynamically generated and frequently updated. It is also common for Web sites to contain information in different languages since many countries adopt more than one language. Moreover, content may exist in multimedia formats including text, images, video, and audio. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of Coregistration Accuracy of Pelvic Structures Between Sequential and Simultaneous Imaging During Hybrid PET/MRI in Patients with Bladder Cancer

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare coregistration of the bladder wall, bladder masses, and pelvic lymph nodes between sequential and simultaneous PET and MRI acquisitions obtained during hybrid 18F-FDG PET/MRI performed using a diuresis protocol in bladder cancer patients. Methods Six bladder cancer patients underwent 18F-FDG hybrid PET/MRI, including IV Lasix administration and oral hydration, before imaging to achieve bladder clearance. Axial T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) was obtained approximately 40 minutes before PET (“sequential”) and concurrently with PET (“simultaneous”). Three-dimensional spatial coordinates of the bladder wall, bladder masses, and pelvic lymph nodes were recorded for PET and T2WI. Distances between these locations on PET and T2WI sequences were computed and used to compare in-plane (x-y plane) and through-plane (z-axis) misregistration relative to PET between T2WI acquisitions. Results The bladder increased in volume between T2WI acquisitions (sequential, 176 [139] mL; simultaneous, 255 [146] mL). Four patients exhibited a bladder mass, all with increased activity (SUV, 9.5-38.4). Seven pelvic lymph nodes in 4 patients showed increased activity (SUV, 2.2-9.9). The bladder wall exhibited substantially less misregistration relative to PET for simultaneous, compared with sequential, acquisitions in in-plane (2.8 [3.1] mm vs 7.4 [9.1] mm) and through-plane (1.7 [2.2] mm vs 5.7 [9.6] mm) dimensions. Bladder masses exhibited slightly decreased misregistration for simultaneous, compared with sequential, acquisitions in in-plane (2.2 [1.4] mm vs 2.6 [1.9] mm) and through-plane (0.0 [0.0] mm vs 0.3 [0.8] mm) dimensions. FDG-avid lymph nodes exhibited slightly decreased in-plane misregistration (1.1 [0.8] mm vs 2.5 [0.6] mm), although identical through-plane misregistration (4.0 [1.9] mm vs 4.0 [2.8] mm). Conclusions Using hybrid PET/MRI, simultaneous imaging substantially improved bladder wall coregistration and slightly improved coregistration of bladder masses and pelvic lymph nodes.
High Dimensional Dataset Compression Using Principal Components

Until recently, computational power was insufficient to diagonalize atmospheric datasets of order 108 - 109 elements. Eigenanalysis of tens of thousands of variables now can achieve massive data compression for spatial fields with strong correlation properties. Application of eigenanalysis to 26,394 variable dimensions, for three severe weather datasets (tornado, hail and wind) retains 9 - 11 principal components explaining 42% - 52% of the variability. Rotated principal components (RPCs) detect localized coherent data variance structures for each outbreak type and are related to standardized anomalies of the meteorological fields. Our analyses of the RPC loadings and scores show that these graphical displays can efficiently reduce and interpret large datasets. Data is analyzed 24 hours prior to severe weather as a forecasting aid. RPC loadings of sea-level pressure fields show different morphology loadings for each outbreak type. Analysis of low level moisture and temperature RPCs suggests moisture fields for hail and wind which are more related than for tornado outbreaks. Consequently, these patterns can identify precursors of severe weather and discriminate between tornadic and non-tornadic outbreaks.
Bartonella Infection in Animals: Carriership, Reservoir Potential, Pathogenicity, and Zoonotic Potential for Human Infection

SUMMARY Recent observations have begun to support a role for Bartonella spp. as animal as well as human pathogens. Bartonella spp. are vector-transmitted, blood-borne, intracellular, gram-negative bacteria that can induce prolonged infection in the host. Persistent infections in domestic and wild animals result in a substantial reservoir of Bartonella organisms in nature that can serve as a source for inadvertent human infection. The prevalence of bacteremia can range from 50 to 95% in selected rodent, cat, deer, and cattle populations. Dogs infected with Bartonella spp. can develop lameness, endocarditis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and peliosis hepatis, lesions that have also been reported in association with human infection. Understanding the role of Bartonella spp. as pathogens in cats and other wild or domestic animals awaits the results of additional studies. Considering the extensive animal reservoirs and the large number of insects that have been implicated in the transmission of Bartonella spp. , both animal and human exposure to these organisms may be more substantial than is currently believed.
Examining Historical and Current Mixed-Severity Fire Regimes in Ponderosa Pine and Mixed-Conifer Forests of Western North America

There is widespread concern that fire exclusion has led to an unprecedented threat of uncharacteristically severe fires in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) and mixed-conifer forests of western North America. These extensive montane forests are considered to be adapted to a low/moderate-severity fire regime that maintained stands of relatively old trees. However, there is increasing recognition from landscape-scale assessments that, prior to any significant effects of fire exclusion, fires and forest structure were more variable in these forests. Biota in these forests are also dependent on the resources made available by higher-severity fire. A better understanding of historical fire regimes in the ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of western North America is therefore needed to define reference conditions and help maintain characteristic ecological diversity of these systems. We compiled landscape-scale evidence of historical fire severity patterns in the ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests from published literature sources and stand ages available from the Forest Inventory and Analysis program in the USA. The consensus from this evidence is that the traditional reference conditions of low-severity fire regimes are inaccurate for most forests of western North America. Instead, most forests appear to have been characterized by mixed-severity fire that included ecologically significant amounts of weather-driven, high-severity fire. Diverse forests in different stages of succession, with a high proportion in relatively young stages, occurred prior to fire exclusion. Over the past century, successional diversity created by fire decreased. Our findings suggest that ecological management goals that incorporate successional diversity created by fire may support characteristic biodiversity, whereas current attempts to “restore” forests to open, low-severity fire conditions may not align with historical reference conditions in most ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of western North America.
Extremal free energy in a simple Mean Field Theory for a Coupled Barotropic fluid - Rotating Sphere System

A family of spin-lattice models are derived as convergent finite dimensional approximations to the rest frame kinetic energy of a barotropic fluid coupled to a massive rotating sphere. A simple mean field theory for this statistical equilibrium model is formulated and solved, providing precise conditions on the planetary spin and relative enstrophy in order for phase transitions to occur at positive and negative critical temperatures, $T_{+}$ and $T_{-}. $ When the planetary spin is relatively small, there is a single phase transition at $T_{-}<0,$ from a preferred mixed vorticity state $v=m$ for all positive temperatures and $T < T_{-}$ to an ordered pro-rotating (west to east) flow state $v=n_u$ for $T_{-} < T <0. $ When the planetary spin is relatively large, there is an additional phase transition at $T_{+}>0$ from a preferred mixed state $v=m$ above $T_{+}$ to an ordered counter-rotating flow state $v=n_d$ for $T < T_{+}. $