Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: a radical view.

I n 1894, when Bradford and Dean 1 reported that asphyxia caused pulmonary hypertension, no one paid much attention. But ever since 1946, when von Euler and Liljestrand2 reported that acute hypoxia increased pulmonary arterial pressure attributable to pulmonary vasoconstriction, investigators have been hard at work to determine the underlying mechanisms. They have kept at it for more than half a century because of the important roles hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) plays in health and disease. Early work on HPV was performed almost exclusively in intact animals or isolated lungs. These preparations provided reproducible relevant responses, but their complexity placed limits on mechanistic investigation. The last decade has seen accelerated use of more reduced preparations, such as isolated vessels and vascular cells. These preparations provide more investigative precision, but relevance is sometimes uncertain, and special conditions are often necessary to achieve adequate reproducibility. Because of these problems, the mechanisms of HPV remain unknown, and a rapidly growing mass of inconsistent data has generated confusion and frustration, leading one investigator to title his symposium on HPV, “Can everyone be right? ” and another investigator to title his review, “Can anyone be right? ” Nevertheless, areas of tentative consensus are emerging. 3
Equity or Equality in Children's Allocation of Reward to Other Persons?.

LEVENTHAL, GERALD S. ; POPP, ARTHUR L. ; and SAWYER, LLEWLEE. Equity or Equality in Children's Allocation of Reward to Other Persons? CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 753-763. It has been suggested that preschool children prefer to divide equally rather than follow an equity norm when distributing rewards. Results from 2 studies contradicted this view by demonstrating that preschoolers often do give higher reward to the better of 2 performers. The tendency to give more to the better performer appeared stronger in boys than in girls. However, there was little difference between boys and girls when the children believed a female adult would evaluate the appropriateness of their distribution of the reward.
Surrogate-based modeling of cryogenic turbulent cavitating flows

The cryogenic cavitation has critical implications on the performance and safety of liquid rocket engines. In this study, a systematic investigation based on the surrogate modeling techniques is conducted to assess and improve the performance of a transport-based cryogenic cavitation model. Based on the surrogate model, global sensitivity analysis is be conducted to assess the role of model parameters regulating the condensation and evaporation rates, and uncertainties in material properties, specifically, the vapor density and latent heat. The surrogate models considered include the response surface, radial basis neural network, Kriging, and a weighted average composite model combining all surrogates. It is revealed that the vapor density and the model parameter controlling the evaporation rate are more critical than latent heat and the model parameter controlling the condensation rate. Based on the recommended model parameter values, better prediction of the cryogenic turbulent cavitation can be attained.
Kultur, Selbstkonzept und Kognition

Zusammenfassung. Mitglieder individualistischer Kulturen definieren ihr Selbst vor allem als eine autonome, von anderen unabhangige Einheit (independente Selbstkonstruktion). Demgegenuber sehen Mitglieder kollektivistischer Kulturen ihre Identitat vorwiegend in ihrer Verbundenheit mit anderen Menschen (interdependente Selbstkonstruktion). Fruhere Autoren haben postuliert, dass Personen in Abhangigkeit ihrer Selbstkonstruktion soziale Information unterschiedlich verarbeiten. Auf welche Weise Selbstkonstruktionen das Denken, Fuhlen und Handeln von Menschen beeinflussen, war bislang jedoch nur ungenau spezifiziert. Ein Grund hierfur kann darin gesucht werden, dass kausale Annahmen uber den Einfluss beider Selbstwissensarten in rein kulturvergleichenden Studien nicht uberpruft werden konnen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Modell des Selbst dargestellt, das die kulturvergleichende Perspektive und kognitionspsychologische Annahmen uber die Dynamik der menschlichen Informationsverarbeitung zu integrieren ve.
Observed callousness as a predictor of treatment outcomes in parent management training

Background: The goal of this study was to examine how observed Callous–Unemotional (CU) behavior influenced change in externalized and internalized problems, hyperactivity, social competence, and treatment satisfaction following parent management training. Methods: Three hundred twenty-three children and their families received Parent Management Training—the Oregon model (PMTO). They were compared at intake and after treatment in order to examine differences in 14 treatment outcomes using hierarchical regression analyses. Results: Children with low levels of observed CU showed the greatest gains after PMTO treatment. This was evident in parent, therapist, self, and teacher reports. Conclusions: The results indicate that it is possible to observe CU behavior among children with conduct problems, and that children with elevated levels of observed CU behavior may be in need of additional treatment or components of treatment or more intense versions of parent management treatment.
Capital, trust & consultation: Databanks and regulation in Australia

The new genetics ‘industry’ has emerged at a time of public ambivalence towards science, an ambivalence that could move to outright distrust when the commercial imperatives of increasingly market-oriented science gradually replace the more traditional imperative of ‘public good’. Genetics research and development is at the vanguard of the movement of science into the market economy and, as such, has come under intense public scrutiny. The political and social environment now demands public participation in the development of regulatory structures. Commercialization aims for rapid advances in research, leading to new genetic therapies and other public health benefits. However, this rapid progress has resulted in human tissue banks and genetic databases un(der)regulated in many countries, and challenges to accepted notions of privacy, ownership and consent. This paper presents an outline of the way Australia has embraced public participation in the development of a regulatory framework governing human genetic databanks. It argues that after a two-year, two-stage national inquiry into the protection of genetic information, the country now stands at a crossroads: it either addresses the recommendations of the inquiry—providing a model for the development of public trust in the human genetics industry, and in the state to regulate it, or continues to ignore the recommendations, fostering cynicism regarding the consultation process and an even greater level of distrust in the ability/willingness of the state to regulate the industry.
Identification of Ligand Binding Sites of Proteins Using the Gaussian Network Model

The nonlocal nature of the protein-ligand binding problem is investigated via the Gaussian Network Model with which the residues lying along interaction pathways in a protein and the residues at the binding site are predicted. The predictions of the binding site residues are verified by using several benchmark systems where the topology of the unbound protein and the bound protein-ligand complex are known. Predictions are made on the unbound protein. Agreement of results with the bound complexes indicates that the information for binding resides in the unbound protein. Cliques that consist of three or more residues that are far apart along the primary structure but are in contact in the folded structure are shown to be important determinants of the binding problem. Comparison with known structures shows that the predictive capability of the method is significant.
Two Distinct Cytotoxic Activities of Subtilase Cytotoxin Produced by Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) is a recently identified AB5 subunit toxin produced by Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli. The A subunit is thought to be a subtilase-like, serine protease, whereas the B subunit binds to the toxin receptor on the cell surface. We cloned the genes from a clinical isolate; the toxin was produced as His-tagged proteins. SubAB induced vacuolation at concentrations greater than 1 μg/ml after 8 h, in addition to the reported cytotoxicity induced at a ng/ml level after 48 h. Vacuolation was induced with the B, but not the A, subunit and was dependent on V-type ATPase. The cytotoxicity of SubAB at low concentrations was associated with the inhibition of protein synthesis; the 50% inhibitory dose was ∼1 ng/ml. The A subunit, containing serine 272, which is thought to be a part of the catalytic triad of a subtilase-like serine protease, plus the B subunit was necessary for this activity, both in vivo and in vitro. SubAB did not cleave azocasein, bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, or synthetic peptides. These data suggest that SubAB is a unique AB toxin: first, the B subunit alone can induce vacuolation; second, the A subunit containing serine 272 plus the B subunit inhibited protein synthesis, both in vivo and in vitro; and third, the A subunit proteolytic activity may have a strict range of substrate specificity.
The Relationship Between the Employment of Part-Time Faculty and Student Degree and/or Certificate Completion in Two-Year Community Colleges

Prior research studies associated the employment of part-time faculty with student degree and/or certificate completion (Benjamin, 2002; Ehrenberg & Zhang, 2005; Jacoby, 2006; Leslie & Gappa, 2002; Umbach, 2008; Umbach & Wawrzynski, 2005). To date, institutional-level data have been utilized to investigate whether such employment adversely associated with student degree and/or certificate completion in two-year community colleges. Little research, however, has been conducted to study such association utilizing both student and institutional-level data (e.g., Eagan & Jaeger, 2009; Jacoby, 2006). In this study, we draw data from Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and The Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS: 04/09), and employ a multilevel logistic regression model to investigate whether the proportion of part-time faculty is negatively associated with individual student’s likelihood of degree and/or certificate completion. Analytical results indicate the proportion of part-time faculty in community colleges is not negatively associated with student’s likelihood of degree and/ or certificate completion.
Focus Groups as Sites of Influential Interaction: Building Communicative Self-Efficacy and Effecting Attitudinal Change in Discussing Controversial Topics

Although most focus group theorists consider interaction to be a defining feature of focus groups, the influence that occurs through this interaction has been under-theorized. We argue that two important forms of influence may occur: influence on people's beliefs about the substantive issues under discussion and influence on self-efficacy beliefs. As a result of such influence, focus groups provide a learning context that may facilitate empowerment of participants through the development of communicative self-efficacy as they struggle over constructing and sharing understandings of controversial issues. As part of a larger research project on dialogues about science, we present a case study that puts qualitatively analyzed transcripts of interaction and quantitative self-report measures into empirical conversation. The case study demonstrated that focus group participants were influenced in two important ways: participation and interaction led to increased participant confidence and motivation towards participating in public dialogues and to the construction, modification, and contestation of attitudes toward science, scientists, and biotechnology. Findings suggest that scholars should rethink their rationales for and use of the focus group as just a method of data collection and reconsider and explore alternative ways of presenting focus group results.
Time Compression, Response Opportunity, and Persuasion

The effects of time-compressed advertising on attention allocation and attitudinal judgments are examined. The results of a series of experiments indicate that compressed ads: (1) capture less attention, (2) evoke fewer cognitive responses to the advertising claims, and (3) attenuate the effects of message quality and enhance the effects of source credibility on brand attitude judgments. These results generally support the hypothesis that time compression influences the persuasiveness of an appeal by disrupting cognitive elaboration.
Improving individual learning for trainees with low conscientiousness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of situational factors in improving learning for trainees with low conscientiousness.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 117 employees completed a survey questionnaire in the context of a training intervention. Perceptions of conscientiousness, legitimacy, and accountability were used to predict employee learning in a training context. Moderated multiple regression was used to test the hypotheses.Findings – Results support interactions of conscientiousness and perceived accountability to predict learning such that learners who are low in conscientiousness showed higher levels of learning when perceived accountability was considered strong than when perceived accountability was considered weak. There was no support for the proposed interaction of conscientiousness and perceived legitimacy to predict learning.Practical implications – Results support the view that organizations should implement formal controls to increase perceived accountabili.
Cognitive Flexibility, Constructivism, and Hypertext: Random Access Instruction for Advanced Knowledge Acquisition in Ill-Structured Domains

Introduction: The Complex Context of Learning and The Design of Instruction A central argument of this paper is that there is a common basis for the failure of many instructional systems. The claim is that these deficiencies in the outcomes of learning, are strongly influenced by underlying biases and assumptions in the design of instruction which represent the instructional domain and its associated performance demands in an unrealistically simplified and well-structured manner. We offer a constructivist theory of learning and instruction that emphasizes the real world complexity and ill-structuredness of many knowledge domains. Any effective approach to instruction must simultaneously consider several highly intertwined topics, such as: • the constructive nature of understanding; • the complex and ill-structured features of many, if not most, knowledge domains; • patterns of learning failure; • a theory of learning that addresses known patterns of learning failure. Based on a consideration of the interrelationships between these topics, we have developed a set of principal recommendations for the development of instructional hypertext systems to promote successful learning of difficult subject matter (see Spiro, Coulson, Feltovich, and Anderson, 1988; Spiro and Jehng 1990). This systematic, theory-based approach avoids the ad hoc character of many recent hypertext-based instructional programs, which have too often been driven by intuition and the power of the technology
Target Optimization in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging neuromodulation therapy that has been experimentally determined to affect a wide range of behaviors and diseases ranging from motor, cognitive, and memory processes to depression and pain syndromes. The effects of tDCS may be inhibitory or excitatory, depending on the relative polarities of electrodes and their proximity to different brain structures. This distinction is believed to relate to the interaction of current flow with activation thresholds of different neural complexes. tDCS currents are typically applied via a single pair of large electrodes, with one (the active electrode) sited close to brain structures associated with targeted processes. To efficiently direct current toward the areas presumed related to these effects, we devised a method of steering current toward a selected area by reference to a 19-electrode montage applied to a high-resolution finite element model of the head. We used a non-linear optimization procedure to maximize mean current densities inside the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), while simultaneously restricting overall current, and median current densities within the accumbens. We found that a distributed current pattern could be found that would indeed direct current toward the IFG in this way, and compared it to other candidate 2-electrode configurations. Further, we found a combination of four anterior-posterior electrodes could direct current densities to the accumbens. We conclude that a similar method using multiple electrodes may be a useful means of directing current toward or away from specific brain regions and also of reducing tDCS side effects.
Layer Number Input Size Output Size Weight Size

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are rapidly becoming the dominant approach to computer vision and a major component of many other pervasive machine learning tasks, such as speech recognition, natural language processing, and fraud detection. As a result, accelerators for efficiently evaluating CNNs are rapidly growing in popularity. The conventional approaches to designing such CNN accelerators is to focus on creating accelerators to iteratively process the CNN layers. However, by processing each layer to completion, the accelerator designs must use off-chip memory to store intermediate data between layers, because the intermediate data are too large to fit on chip. In this work, we observe that a previously unexplored dimension exists in the design space of CNN accelerators that focuses on the dataflow across convolutional layers. We find that we are able to fuse the processing of multiple CNN layers by modifying the order in which the input data are brought on chip, enabling caching of intermediate data between the evaluation of adjacent CNN layers. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by constructing a fused-layer CNN accelerator for the first five convolutional layers of the VGGNet-E network and comparing it to the state-of-the-art accelerator implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA. We find that, by using 362KB of on-chip storage, our fused-layer accelerator minimizes off-chip feature map data transfer, reducing the total transfer by 95%, from 77MB down to 3.6MB per image.
Democratization and women's access to legislative seats: The Soviet case, 1989-1991

This paper explores the reasons underlying the sharp downturn in women's representation in soviets (legislatures) at the all-union, union republic, and local level, during the reform process associated with perestroika. With the introduction of competitive elections in the USSR in 1989-90, a number of forces adverse to women's chances to secure mandates as deputies came into play. These included electoral mechanics unfavorable to women's candidacies and public attitudes that favored male candidates and attached a low priority to "women's issues. " Ironically, democratization has been accompanied by the exit of women from the newly revamped legilatures, a result that has led some women activists to voice fears concerning the virtual exclusion of women from decision-making in the newly emerging countries of the former Soviet bloc.
On the Way to Dialogic Teaching: Action Research as a Means to Change Classroom Discourse

V teto studii představujeme projekt akcniho výzkumu výukove komunikace realizovaný na Department of Educational Sciences Filozoficke fakulty Masarykovy univerzity. Jeho jadrem se stal rozvojový program pro ucitele zaměřený na změnu komunikacnich postupů směrem k tzv. Dialogic teaching. V průběhu skolniho roku 2013/2014 jsme sledovali ctyři ucitele, kteři se ucastnili tohoto programu, s cilem zjistit, do jake miry vedla ucast v programu k realne změně komunikace mezi uciteli a žaky ve skolni třidě. Z analýzy dat vyplynulo, že zucastněni ucitele realně proměnili sve komunikacni postupy – v průměru se zvýsila otevřenost a kognitivni narocnosti otazek, delka žakovských replik a pocet připadů, kdy sami žaci iniciovali komunikaci. Zaroveň se vsak ukazalo, že proces změny je u každeho ucitele unikatni a nema jednotnou trajektorii.
Distinct Expression and Localization of Diacylglycerol Kinase Isozymes in Rat Retina

Recent studies have revealed that phosphoinositide (PI) signaling molecules are expressed in mammalian retinas, suggesting their importance in its signal transduction. We previously showed that diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) isozymes are expressed in distinct patterns in rat retina at the mRNA level. However, little is known about the nature and morphological aspects of DGKs in the retina. For this study, we performed immunohistochemical analyses to investigate in the retina the expression and localization of DGK isozymes at the protein level. Here, we show that both DGKβ and DGKι localize in the outer plexiform layer, within which photoreceptor cells make contact with bipolar and horizontal cells. These isozymes exhibit distinct subcellular localization patterns: DGKι localizes to the synaptic area of bipolar cells in a punctate manner, whereas DGKβ distributes diffusely in the subsynaptic and dendritic regions of bipolar and horizontal cells. However, punctate labeling for DGKϵ is evident in the outer limiting membrane. DGKζ and DGKα localize predominantly to the nucleus of ganglion cells. These findings show distinct expression and localization of DGK isozymes in the retina, suggesting a different role of each isozyme.
Mineralogical and chemical composition and distribution of rare earth elements in clay-rich sediments from central Uganda

Clay-rich sediments from the Kajjansi, Kitiko, Kitetika, and Ntawo valleys in central Uganda were analyzed for mineralogical and chemical composition, including the rare earth element (REE) contents. The valleys are filled with Quaternary to Recent alluvial and lacustrine sands, silt, and gravels, which formed from the bed rock metasediments of the Buganda-Toro System and from granitoid rocks that include rocks of the basement. The sediments are dominated by kaolinite and quartz, and minor phases include smectite, chlorite, and illite/muscovite. Whole rock chemistry shows that sediment samples rich in SiO 2 have low Al, Fe, Sc and Cr contents. The high chemical index of alteration (CIA) values (87 to 96), chemical index of weathering (CIW) values around 98 and low contents of the alkali and alkali earth elements of the clay-rich sediments suggest a relatively more intense weathering source area. Barium, Rb, Ca, and Mg were probably flushed out by water during sedimentation. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the clay-rich sediments show LREE enrichments and a negative Eu anomaly. The high chondritenormalized La/Yb ratios, and Gd/Yb ratios lower than 2.0, indicate that the sediments are enriched in the LREEs and are similar to typical post-Archean shales, such as Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS). The mineralogical composition, REE contents, and elemental ratios in these sediments suggest a provenance from mainly felsic rocks, with only minor contributions from basic sources. The basic sediments were most likely derived from metasedimentary rocks, such as muscovite-biotite schists, which are characteristic of the Buganda-Toro System rocks, whereas the felsic sediments are derivatives of granitoid rocks of the basement. The most significant geochemical finding is that despite intense weathering, which has affected most elements, the REE, Th, and Sc remain immobile.