Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Management of Symptoms Associated With Statin Therapy in Community Practice: Insights From the PALM (Patient and Provider Assessment of Lipid Management) Registry

When compared against placebo in randomized trials, statins are extremely well tolerated, causing muscle-related side effects in 1% or fewer of treated patients.1 Yet in routine practice, patients often report having symptoms which are misattributed to their statin.2–4 Using data from the PALM Registry, we examined patient-reported rates of statin intolerance, characteristics of patients with perceived side effects, and response to perceived statin intolerance in contemporary practice. The data, analytic methods, and study materials will not be made available to other researchers for purposes of reproducing the results. The PALM Registry enrolled 7938 patients from 140 primary care, cardiology, and endocrinology practices in the United States (May 27, 2015 to November 12, 2015) and has been described in detail.5 Trained study coordinators identified eligible patients (patients on a statin, at risk for cardiovascular disease [CVD], or with prevalent CVD, in the Data Supplement) at the time of their visit, who were then sequentially enrolled. Of 9788 eligible patients, n=7937 (81%) consented and enrolled in the study. Patients were then surveyed on statin use, perceived statin-related symptoms and response to symptoms, beliefs about statins and CVD, and sociodemographic characteristics (response rate 95.3%, in the Data Supplement). Clinical characteristics and medications were abstracted from the medical record by study coordinators. All patients had core laboratory lipid levels (LabCorp, Burlington, NC). Categorical variables were compared with Mantel–Haenszel χ2 tests and continuous variables using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate factors associated with symptoms using generalized estimating equations to account for clustering within site, with backward model selection at P <0.05 for variable retention. Candidate variables were chosen based on either associations with statin use (eg, demographics, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease history, education, and insurance) or prior associations with statin intolerance (eg, thyroid …
Zuckerkandl Tubercle of the Thyroid Gland: Correlations between Findings of Anatomic Dissections and CT Imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Zuckerkandl tubercle is located at the posteromedial border of the thyroid lobe, and it may be confused with a neoplasm or other mass. This study was performed to clarify the position and morphologic characteristics of the Zuckerkandl tubercle by dissecting cadavers and to compare the findings with the corresponding CT images obtained in the same cadavers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred thyroid lobes from 50 fresh cadavers were dissected for this study (20 males and 30 females; mean age at death, 77.3 ± 11.5 years). CT scans were obtained in 10 of the cadavers by using a 128-channel multidetector row CT scanner before dissection. RESULTS: The Zuckerkandl tubercle of the thyroid gland was observed in 83% of the specimens. It was mostly located at the posteromedial border of the thyroid lobe and within the middle two quarters (2nd and 3rd) of the thyroid lobe. The Zuckerkandl tubercle was classified into 3 types based on its direction of extension: posteromedial in 64% of the specimens, posteromedial and superior in 13%, and posteromedial and inferior in 6%. On axial CT, the Zuckerkandl tubercle was usually continuous with the posteromedial part of the thyroid lobe and extended posteromedially to the esophagus. The parts of the Zuckerkandl tubercle that protrude posteromedially and superiorly or posteromedially and inferiorly from the thyroid lobe appeared separated from the thyroid gland by a thin, low-density string on axial CT. CONCLUSIONS: Zuckerkandl tubercles that protrude toward the posteromedial and superior or inferior direction could cause confusion due to their separation when performing diagnoses with CT images.
Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behavior among soldiers: results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS).

IMPORTANCE The suicide rate among US Army soldiers has increased substantially in recent years. OBJECTIVES To estimate the lifetime prevalence and sociodemographic, Army career, and psychiatric predictors of suicidal behaviors among nondeployed US Army soldiers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A representative cross-sectional survey of 5428 nondeployed soldiers participating in a group self-administered survey. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Lifetime suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts. RESULTS The lifetime prevalence estimates of suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts are 13.9%, 5.3%, and 2.4%. Most reported cases (47.0%-58.2%) had pre-enlistment onsets. Pre-enlistment onset rates were lower than in a prior national civilian survey (with imputed/simulated age at enlistment), whereas post-enlistment onsets of ideation and plans were higher, and post-enlistment first attempts were equivalent to civilian rates. Most reported onsets of plans and attempts among ideators (58.3%-63.3%) occur within the year of onset of ideation. Post-enlistment attempts are positively related to being a woman (with an odds ratio [OR] of 3.3 [95% CI, 1.5-7.5]), lower rank (OR = 5.8 [95% CI, 1.8-18.1]), and previously deployed (OR = 2.4-3.7) and are negatively related to being unmarried (OR = 0.1-0.8) and assigned to Special Operations Command (OR = 0.0 [95% CI, 0.0-0.0]). Five mental disorders predict post-enlistment first suicide attempts in multivariate analysis: pre-enlistment panic disorder (OR = 0.1 [95% CI, 0.0-0.8]), pre-enlistment posttraumatic stress disorder (OR = 0.1 [95% CI, 0.0-0.7]), post-enlistment depression (OR = 3.8 [95% CI, 1.2-11.6]), and both pre- and post-enlistment intermittent explosive disorder (OR = 3.7-3.8). Four of these 5 ORs (posttraumatic stress disorder is the exception) predict ideation, whereas only post-enlistment intermittent explosive disorder predicts attempts among ideators. The population-attributable risk proportions of lifetime mental disorders predicting post-enlistment suicide attempts are 31.3% for pre-enlistment onset disorders, 41.2% for post-enlistment onset disorders, and 59.9% for all disorders. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The fact that approximately one-third of post-enlistment suicide attempts are associated with pre-enlistment mental disorders suggests that pre-enlistment mental disorders might be targets for early screening and intervention. The possibility of higher fatality rates among Army suicide attempts than among civilian suicide attempts highlights the potential importance of means control (ie, restricting access to lethal means [such as firearms]) as a suicide prevention strategy.
A Survey on Shadow Detection Techniques in a Single Image

Shadows are inescapable elements in a scene formed due to the presence of an object between the light source and the surface on which it is cast. Appearance of shadows often cause severe issues in computer vision applications like object extraction, surveillance etc. Researchers have made effort to device techniques to locate and remove shadows from images and videos. This paper attempts to survey the various shadow detection algorithms for a single image. For the purpose of survey, the notable research work in the literature is classified under five major categories: invariant-based detection, feature-based detection, region-based detection, color model based detection and interactive shadow detection. The survey also includes a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the methods discussed. As outcomes of the survey, it is observed that, (i) though the works discussed under each of these categories are capable of detecting shadows in different scenarios, the accuracy and time taken need further improvements to make the shadow detection process acceptable for practical applications; (ii) detection of self shadows and heavily scattered shadows are challenging;(iii) the risk of misclassifying dark objects as shadows should be addressed; (iv) soft shadows that span multiple surfaces pose challenge in accurate detection of shadows. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.itc. 47.1. 15012
Latent Dirichlet Allocation complement in the vector space model for Multi-Label Text Classification

In text classification task one of the main problems is to choose which features give the best results. Various features can be used like words, n-grams, syntactic n-grams of various types (POS tags, dependency relations, mixed, etc.), or a combinations of these features can be considered. Also, algorithms for dimensionality reduction of these sets of features can be applied, like Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). In this paper, we consider multi-label text classification task and apply various feature sets. We consider a subset of multi-labeled files from the Reuters-21578 corpus. We use traditional tf-IDF values of the features and tried both considering and ignoring stop words. We also tried several combinations of features, like bigrams and unigrams. We also experimented with adding LDA results into Vector Space Models as new features. These last experiments obtained the best results.
The Relationship between the Angle of the Tibial Tunnel in the Coronal Plane and Loss of Flexion and Anterior Laxity after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Tension in an anterior cruciate ligament graft is greater with the knee in flexion when the angle of the tibial tunnel in the coronal plane is vertical or more perpendicular to the medial joint line of the tibia; however, the relationship of the angle of the tibial tunnel to knee function has not been studied. Greater graft tension may limit knee flexion or stretch the graft and increase anterior laxity. Five surgeons treated 119 subjects by reconstructing a torn anterior cruciate ligament using a double-looped semitendinosus and gracilis graft and a standardized technique. The femoral tunnel was drilled through the tibial tunnel. Radiographs were analyzed for tibial tunnel placement and a clinical evaluation was made 4 months postoperatively. Knees were assigned to subgroups according to the angle of the tibial tunnel in the coronal plane (65° to 69°, 70° to 74°, 75° to 79°, 80° to 84°, and 85° to 89°), with the angle of the latter subgroup being most vertical. Loss of flexion increased significantly from 0.5° to 6.5° and anterior laxity increased significantly from 0.5 to 2.2 mm as the tunnel angle was increased. The average angle of the tibial tunnel varied significantly, 11° between surgeons (range, 69° to 80°). We found a tibial tunnel angle of 75° or more is associated with greater loss of flexion and anterior laxity. Surgeons do not drill the angle of the tibial tunnel in the coronal plane accurately. We now routinely drill the tibial tunnel at an angle of 65° to 70° in the coronal plane because it may reduce loss of flexion and anterior laxity.
Brain and behavioral inhibitory control of kindergartners facing negative emotions.

Inhibitory control (IC) - one of the most critical functions underlying a child's ability to self-regulate - develops significantly throughout the kindergarten years. Experiencing negative emotions imposes challenges on executive functioning and may specifically affect IC. In this study, we examined kindergartners' IC and its related brain activity during a negative emotional situation: 58 children (aged 5.5-6.5 years) performed an emotion-induction Go/NoGo task. During this task, we recorded children's performance and brain activity, focusing on the fronto-central N2 component in the event-related potential (ERP) and the power of its underlying theta frequency. Compared to Go trials, inhibition of NoGo trials was associated with larger N2 amplitudes and theta power. The negative emotional experience resulted in better IC performance and, at the brain level, in larger theta power. Source localization of this effect showed that the brain activity related to IC during the negative emotional experience was principally generated in the posterior frontal regions. Furthermore, the band power measure was found to be a more sensitive index for children's inhibitory processes than N2 amplitudes. This is the first study to focus on kindergartners' IC while manipulating their emotional experience to induce negative emotions. Our findings suggest that a kindergartner's experience of negative emotion can result in improved IC and increases in associated aspects of brain activity. Our results also suggest the utility of time-frequency analyses in the study of brain processes associated with response inhibition in young children.
On letter to sound conversion for Romanian: A comparison of five algorithms

This paper presents an evaluation of 5 letter-to-sound (LTS) systems for Romanian. The first is an expert system; three of them use automatic classification methods with decision trees, neural networks and support vector machines respectively and the fifth one uses pronunciation by analogy. All systems were trained and tested on the same database: a 15,517 words corpus built according to the SpeechDat specifications and a corpus consisting of the most frequent 4779 words in Romanian. The results show that decision trees and neural networks generate the best results for letter to sound conversion in Romanian.
Complex I assembly into supercomplexes determines differential mitochondrial ROS production in neurons and astrocytes

Significance Neurons depend on oxidative phosphorylation for survival, whereas astrocytes do not. Mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes can be organized in higher structures called supercomplexes, which dictate MRC electron flux and energy efficiency. Whether the specific metabolic shapes of neurons and astrocytes are determined by the specific organization of MRC complexes is unknown. Here, we found that, in astrocytes, most complex I is free, resulting in poor mitochondrial respiration but high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In contrast, neurons show complex I to be mostly embedded into supercomplexes, thus resulting in high mitochondrial respiration and low ROS production. Thus, MRC organization dictates different bioenergetics preferences of neurons and astrocytes impacting on ROS production, possibly playing a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurons depend on oxidative phosphorylation for energy generation, whereas astrocytes do not, a distinctive feature that is essential for neurotransmission and neuronal survival. However, any link between these metabolic differences and the structural organization of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is unknown. Here, we investigated this issue and found that, in neurons, mitochondrial complex I is predominantly assembled into supercomplexes, whereas in astrocytes the abundance of free complex I is higher. The presence of free complex I in astrocytes correlates with the severalfold higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by astrocytes compared with neurons. Using a complexomics approach, we found that the complex I subunit NDUFS1 was more abundant in neurons than in astrocytes. Interestingly, NDUFS1 knockdown in neurons decreased the association of complex I into supercomplexes, leading to impaired oxygen consumption and increased mitochondrial ROS. Conversely, overexpression of NDUFS1 in astrocytes promoted complex I incorporation into supercomplexes, decreasing ROS. Thus, complex I assembly into supercomplexes regulates ROS production and may contribute to the bioenergetic differences between neurons and astrocytes.
6212 . 1000190 Freshwater Diatoms from Deepor Beel-A Ramsar Site of Assam , India Revealed Potential Photoluminescence Properties for Nanotechnological Applications

Diatoms are unicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic algae belong to Bacillariophyceae, found in both fresh and marine water. They are found in a wide variety of habitats, responsible for up to 25% of the world’s net primary productivity [1]. Diatom is the only organism having genetic ability to mineralize natural silica and to deposit over the frustule in nanoporous sizes. After understanding the ultrastructural organization of frustule, diatom became excellent materials for the nanotechnologists [2].
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the non-surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis: a preliminary randomized controlled clinical study.

BACKGROUND The treatment of aggressive periodontitis has always presented a challenge for clinicians, but there are no established protocols and guidelines for the efficient control of the disease. METHODS Ten patients with a clinical diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis were treated in a split-mouth design study to either photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a laser source with a wavelength of 690 nm associated with a phenothiazine photosensitizer or scaling and root planing (SRP) with hand instruments. Clinical assessment of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and relative clinical attachment level (RCAL) were made at baseline and 3 months after treatment with an automated periodontal probe. RESULTS Initially, the PI was 1.0 +/- 0.5 in both groups. At the 3-month evaluation, the plaque scores were reduced and remained low throughout the study. A significant reduction of GI and BOP occurred in both groups after 3 months (P <0.05). The mean PD decreased in the PDT group from 4.92 +/- 1.61 mm at baseline to 3.49 +/- 0.98 mm after 3 months (P <0.05) and in SRP group from 4.92 +/- 1.14 mm at baseline to 3.98 +/- 1.76 mm after 3 months (P <0.05). The mean RCAL decreased in the PDT group from 9.93 +/- 2.10 mm at baseline to 8.74 +/- 2.12 mm after 3 months (P <0.05), and in the SRP group, from 10.53 +/- 2.30 mm at baseline to 9.01 +/- 3.05 mm after 3 months. CONCLUSION PDT and SRP showed similar clinical results in the non-surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis.
Breast Cancer Disparities at Home and Abroad: A Review of the Challenges and Opportunities for System-Level Change

Sizeable disparities exist in breast cancer outcomes, both between Black and White patients in the United States, and between patients in the United States and other high-income countries compared with low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). In both settings, health system factors are key drivers of disparities. In the United States, Black women are more likely to die of breast cancer than Whites and have poorer outcomes, even among patients with similar stage and tumor subtype. Over-representation of higher risk “triple-negative” breast cancers contributes to breast cancer mortality in Black women; however, the greatest survival disparities occur within the good-prognosis hormone receptor–positive (HR+) subtypes. Disparities in access to treatment within the complex U.S. health system may be responsible for a substantial portion of these differences in survival. In LMICs, breast cancer mortality rates are substantially higher than in the United States, whereas incidence continues to rise. This mortality burden is largely attributable to health system factors, including late-stage presentation at diagnosis and lack of availability of systemic therapy. This article will review the existing evidence for how health system factors in the United States contribute to breast cancer disparities, discuss methods for studying the relationship of health system factors to racial disparities, and provide examples of health system interventions that show promise for mitigating breast cancer disparities. We will then review evidence of global breast cancer disparities in LMICs, the treatment factors that contribute to these disparities, and actions being taken to combat breast cancer disparities around the world. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2655–64. ©2017 AACR. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Breast Cancer Research: From Base Pairs to Populations. ”
Evaluation of a Rapid Dipstick (Crystal VC) for the Diagnosis of Cholera in Zanzibar and a Comparison with Previous Studies

Background The gold standard for the diagnosis of cholera is stool culture, but this requires laboratory facilities and takes at least 24 hours. A rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can be used by minimally trained staff at treatment centers could potentially improve the reporting and management of cholera outbreaks. Methods We evaluated the Crystal VC™ RDT under field conditions in Zanzibar in 2009. Patients presenting to treatment centers with watery diarrhea provided a stool sample for rapid diagnostic testing. Results were compared to stool culture performed in a reference laboratory. We assessed the overall performance of the RDT and evaluated whether previous intake of antibiotics, intravenous fluids, location of testing, and skill level of the technician affected the RDT results. Results We included stool samples from 624 patients. Compared to culture, the overall sensitivity of the RDT was 93.1% (95%CI: 88.7 to 96.2%), specificity was 49.2% (95%CI: 44.3 to 54.1%), the positive predictive value was 47.0% (95%CI: 42.1 to 52.0%) and the negative predictive value was 93.6% (95%CI: 89.6 to 96.5%). The overall false positivity rate was 50.8% (213/419); fieldworkers frequently misread very faint test lines as positive. Conclusion The observed sensitivity of the Crystal VC RDT evaluated was similar compared to earlier versions, while specificity was poorer. The current version of the RDT could potentially be used as a screening tool in the field. Because of the high proportion of false positive results when field workers test stool specimens, positive results will need to be confirmed with stool culture.
Host use and fecundity of individual female brown-headed cowbirds

Abstract Descriptions of the laying behaviours of obligate brood parasites such as the brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater , typically fall into one of two categories. These categories are ‘shotgun behaviour’, where females are predicted to distribute their eggs apparently at random between available host nests, or ‘host selection behaviour’, where females lay their eggs discriminately, placing them into the most suitable host nests. To test these hypotheses, data on individual female fecundity and host use patterns are required, but until recently, such information has been largely unavailable. We used field observations and genetic parentage analysis to describe the fecundity and laying behaviours of individual female cowbirds over six breeding seasons at Delta Marsh, Manitoba, Canada. Although some females used more than one host species both within and between breeding seasons, other females parasitized specific host species regardless of their availability. This nonrandom host use suggests some degree of host selection in this population. We also found that realized female fecundity was low ( X ±SD=2.3±0.6 eggs per female) compared with previously published estimates. Our results suggest that female laying behaviour lies on a gradient between the two extreme categories of pure ‘shotgun’ or ‘host selection’ laying behaviours, and females may optimize their reproductive effort by varying their behaviours as environmental conditions dictate. When high-quality hosts are not available for parasitism, cowbirds may switch to parasitizing lower-quality hosts. Flexibility in cowbird laying behaviour may be an adaptation that enables individuals to successfully exploit local and temporal variation in the availability of different hosts. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.