Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nerve stimulator and multiple injection technique for upper and lower limb blockade: failure rate, patient acceptance, and neurologic complications. Study Group on Regional Anesthesia.

UNLABELLED To evaluate the failure rate, patient acceptance, effective volumes of local anesthetic solution, and incidence of neurologic complications after peripheral nerve block performed using the multiple injection technique with a nerve stimulator, we prospectively studied 3996 patients undergoing combined sciatic-femoral nerve block (n = 2175), axillary blocks (n = 1650), and interscalene blocks (n = 171). The success rate and mean injected volumes of local anesthetic were: 93% with 22.6 +/- 4.5 mL in the axillary, 94% with 24.5 +/- 5.4 mL in the interscalene, and 93% with 28.1 +/- 4.4 mL in the sciatic-femoral nerve blocks. Patients receiving combined sciatic-femoral nerve block showed more discomfort during block placement and worse acceptance of the anesthetic procedure than patients receiving brachial plexus anesthesia. During the first month after surgery, 69 patients (1.7%) developed neurologic dysfunction on the operated limb. Complete recovery required 4-12 wk in all patients but one, who required 25 wk. The only variable showing significant association with the development of postoperative neurologic dysfunction was the tourniquet inflation pressure (<400 mm Hg compared with >400 mm Hg, odds ratio 2.9, 95% confidence intervals 1.6-5.4; P < 0.001). We conclude that using the multiple injections technique with a nerve stimulator results in a success rate of >90% with a volume of <30 mL of local anesthetic solution and an incidence of transient neurologic complication of <2%. IMPLICATIONS Based on a prospective evaluation of 3996 consecutive peripheral nerve blocks, the multiple injection technique with nerve stimulator allows for up to 94% successful nerve block with <30 mL of local anesthetic solution. Although the data collection regarding neurologic dysfunction was limited, the withdrawal and redirection of the stimulating needle was not associated with an increased incidence of neurologic complications. Sedation/analgesia should be advocated during block placement to improve patient acceptance.
Stock-Specific Migrations of Juvenile Coho Salmon Derived from Coded-Wire Tag Recoveries on the Continental Shelf of Western North America

a concepTual Model oF JuVenile coho salMon Oncorhynchus kisutch migration from Oregon, Washington, the Columbia-Snake River system, British Co- lumbia, and southeast Alaska was derived using coded-wire-tag data from juvenile salmon surveys conducted between 1995 and 2004. Over this 10-year period, 914 coded-wire-tagged (CWT) juvenile coho salmon were recovered. In general, the mi- gratory behavior of juvenile coho salmon observed in this study was consistent with
Effects of closure versus non-closure of the visceral and parietal peritoneum at cesarean section: does it have any effect on postoperative vital signs? A prospective randomized study

Abstract Objective: To investigate the effect of peritonization at cesarean section on postoperative vital signs which was thought to be an indirect finding secondary to increased sympathetic activity originated from pain caused by stretched peritoneum. Methods: One hundred and thirty-three pregnant women were randomized to four groups; Closure of parietal peritoneum only (group 1; n = 32), closure of visceral and parietal peritoneums (group 2; n = 32), no closure of peritoneums (group 3; n = 32) and closure of the visceral peritoneum only (group 4; n = 32). All participants were monitored for blood pressure, pulse activity and hourly urinary output during the first postoperative 24 h. Postoperative pain was measured using a Visual Analogue Scale 6th and 24th hours after surgery. Return of bowel function was measured from the end of the operation to the first passage of flatus. Operating time, pre- and postoperative hemoglobin, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay and postoperative urine osmolarity were noted. Results: The mean surgery duration was significantly longer in group 2. Diuresis was found significantly decreased in group 2. Pulse rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in group 2. Closure of both peritoneums was associated with higher post-operative pain as assessed using Visual analogue scale score analyses in group 2. Conclusion: Both visceral and parietal membrane closure in cesarean section should be avoided in women with hypertensive disorders, renal function abnormalities and autonomic dysfunction because of increased postoperative pain and associated sympathetic overactivity.
Reasoning about programs in continuation-passing style

Plotkin's λv-calculus for call-by-value programs is weaker than the λβη-calculus for the same programs in continuation-passing style (CPS). To identify the call-by-value axioms that correspond to βη on CPS terms, we define a new CPS transformation and an inverse mapping, both of which are interesting in their own right. Using the new CPS transformation, we determine the precise language of CPS terms closed under βη-transformations, as well as the call-by-value axioms that correspond to the so-called administrative βη-reductions on CPS terms. Using the inverse mapping, we map the remaining β and η equalities on CPS terms to axioms on call-by-value terms. On the pure (constant free) set of Λ-terms, the resulting set of axioms is equivalent to Moggi's computational λ-calculus. If the call-by-value language includes the control operatorsabort andcall-with-current-continuation, the axioms are equivalent to an extension of Felleisenet al.'s λv-C-calculus and to the equational subtheory of Talcott's logic IOCC.
Study of the Tide and Tidal Currents in the Bay of Bengal Based on Refined Simulations

ABSTRACT Wan, W. ; Feng, X. ; Liu, Q. ; Yin, B. ; Yang, D. , and Gao, G. , 2019. Study of the tide and tidal currents in the Bay of Bengal based on refined simulations. Journal of Coastal Research, 35(1), 33–40. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. A high-resolution, two-dimensional, hydrodynamic tidal model of the Bay of Bengal was developed using the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) Model to study the tide and tidal currents in the Bay of Bengal. The simulations conformed to the observations, and because of the use of a high-resolution, triangular grid, characteristics of the tide and tidal currents were computed more accurately than in previous studies. The results indicated that tides in most of the Bay of Bengal are semidiurnal, whereas those in the seas SE of Sri Lanka are mixed and predominately semidiurnal. There are two degenerate amphidromic points, one at the NE end of the head of the bay and the other at SE Sri Lanka, whereas there is an amphidromic point at the seas SE of Sri Lanka. The form of the M2 tidal current is rotary on the continental shelf and rectilinear in coastal areas and seas distant from the continental shelf. Four major tidal currents are in a NW–SE direction, in the western part of the head of the bay, and in a NE–SW direction in river estuary areas. Results from the eastern part are the opposite. The amplitudes and major axes of four tides and tidal currents increase upon entering the head of the bay, whereas those of the M2 tide are the largest.
Cutting Edge: Inhibition of T Cell Activation by TIM-21

T cell Ig and mucin domain protein 2 (TIM-2) has been shown to regulate T cell activation in vitro and T cell-mediated disease in vivo. However, it is still not clear whether TIM-2 acts mainly to augment T cell function or to inhibit it. We have directly examined the function of TIM-2 in murine and human T cell lines. Our results indicate that expression of TIM-2 significantly impairs the induction of NFAT and AP-1 transcriptional reporters by not only TCR ligation but also by the pharmacological stimuli PMA and ionomycin. This does not appear to be due to a general effect on cell viability, and the block in NFAT activation can be bypassed by expression of activated alleles of Ras or calcineurin, or MEK kinase, in the case of AP-1. Thus, our data are consistent with a model whereby TIM-2 inhibits T cell activation.
The Effect of Calorie Posting Regulation on Consumer Opinion: A Flexible Latent Dirichlet Allocation Model with Informative Priors

In 2008, New York City mandated that all chain restaurants post calorie information on their menus. For managers of chain and standalone restaurants, as well as for policy makers, a pertinent goal might be to monitor the impact of this regulation on consumer conversations. We propose a scalable Bayesian topic model to measure and understand changes in consumer opinion about health (and other topics). We calibrate the model on 761,962 online reviews of restaurants posted over eight years. Our model allows managers to specify prior topics of interest such as “health” for a calorie posting regulation. It also allows the distribution of topic proportions within a review to be affected by its length, valence, and the experience level of its author. Using a difference-in-differences estimation approach, we isolate the potentially causal effect of the regulation on consumer opinion. Following the regulation, there was a statistically small but significant increase in the proportion of discussion of the health to.
Autism and Intellectual Disability Are Differentially Related to Sociodemographic Background at Birth

Background Research findings investigating the sociodemographics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been inconsistent and rarely considered the presence of intellectual disability (ID). Methods We used population data on Western Australian singletons born from 1984 to 1999 (n = 398,353) to examine the sociodemographic characteristics of children diagnosed with ASD with or without ID, or ID without ASD compared with non-affected children. Results The profiles for the four categories examined, mild-moderate ID, severe ID, ASD without ID and ASD with ID varied considerably and we often identified a gradient effect where the risk factors for mild-moderate ID and ASD without ID were at opposite extremes while those for ASD with ID were intermediary. This was demonstrated clearly with increased odds of ASD without ID amongst older mothers aged 35 years and over (odds ratio (OR) = 1.69 [CI: 1.18, 2.43]), first born infants (OR = 2.78; [CI: 1.67, 4.54]), male infants (OR = 6.57 [CI: 4.87, 8.87]) and increasing socioeconomic advantage. In contrast, mild-moderate ID was associated with younger mothers aged less than 20 years (OR = 1.88 [CI: 1.57, 2.25]), paternal age greater than 40 years (OR = 1.59 [CI: 1.36, 1.86]), Australian-born and Aboriginal mothers (OR = 1.60 [CI: 1.41, 1.82]), increasing birth order and increasing social disadvantage (OR = 2.56 [CI: 2.27, 2.97]). Mothers of infants residing in regional or remote areas had consistently lower risk of ASD or ID and may be linked to reduced access to services or under-ascertainment rather than a protective effect of location. Conclusions The different risk profiles observed between groups may be related to aetiological differences or ascertainment factors or both. Untangling these pathways is challenging but an urgent public health priority in view of the supposed autism epidemic.
Motivation of Fitness Center Participants Toward Resistance Training

Kathrins, BP and Turbow, DJ. Motivation of fitness center participants toward resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 24(9): 2483-2490, 2010-There is a need to better understand the behavior and sense of motivation of fitness center participants. The purpose of this study was to assess whether or not demographic characteristics and health self-determinism (intrinsic or extrinsic motivation) of fitness center participants were predictive of their levels of resistance training. A cross-sectional design was used; participants were recruited via the Internet to complete an online survey. There were 185 participants (age = 39.1 ± 11.3 years) in the study. The majority of respondents reported having carried out levels of resistance training that met national health organization recommendations. Regression analysis of the data revealed that health self-determinism predicted quantity of resistance training reported (p = 0.014), whereas demographics did not. Being intrinsically motivated to health self-determinism predicted meeting national resistance training recommendations compared to participants extrinsically motivated (p = 0.007). For those who work with fitness center participants, our findings are useful by identifying participants as a predominantly intrinsically motivated group of people that performs adequate quantities of resistance training; the methodology employed in this study can be used to identify participants in need of increased levels of resistance training and heightened sense of motivation to do so.
Characterization and Classification of Soils from ThreeAgro-climatic Zones of Belgavi District, Karnataka

Belgavi district in Karnataka is characterized by three contrasting agro-climatic zones viz., a relatively dry semi-arid northern dry zone (Zone-3) with low rainfall, a somewhat higher rainfall area termed transitional zone (Zone-8) nestling between the Western Ghats and Eastern Plains, and a heavy rainfall area comprising part of Western Ghats called hilly zone (Zone-9). This situation provided an opportunity to compare the properties of pedons occurring in these agro-climatic zones. Nine pedons, three each from the three microwatersheds viz., Yadawad (Zone-3), Hukkeri (Zone-8) and Khanapur (Zone-9) were characterized for their morphological, physical and chemical properties with an objective of comparing their properties which have an implication on their use and behaviour. Pedons from Yadawad micro-watershed (Zone-3) were deep, alkaline, calcareous and contained considerable amount of salts and are rich in clay content. The pedons of Hukkeri micro-watershed (Zone-8) were shallow to moderately deep, neutral, non-calcareous and contained low amount of salts and are somewhat coarse textured. Despite similar parent rock (basalt) in these two micro-watersheds, the variation in depth and texture are a direct result of erosion and deposition due to topographic variations. The pedons from Khanapur micro-watershed (Zone-9) were acidic, highly leached, and moderately fine textured. The variation in the soil properties of soils of Khanapur watershed sharply contrasted with soils of both Yadawad and Hukkeri watersheds due to high rainfall at the former compared to the latter. The soils of Yadawad micro-watershed classify as Typic Calciusterts, those of Hukkeri micro-watershed as Lithic and Typic Ustorthents and the soils of Khanapur micro-watershed as Oxic Dystrustepts and Kanhaplic Haplustalfs reflecting the leaching regime and erosion of sediments during soil formation.
TIA-1 Cytotoxic Granule-Associated RNA Binding Protein Improves the Prognostic Performance of CD8 in Mismatch Repair-Proficient Colorectal Cancer

Background Evidence suggests a confounding effect of mismatch repair (MMR) status on immune response in colorectal cancer. The identification of innate and adaptive immune cells, that can complement the established prognostic effect of CD8 in MMR-proficient colorectal cancers patients, representing 85% of all cases, has not been performed. Methodology/Principal Findings Colorectal cancers from a test (n = 1197) and external validation (n = 209) cohort of MMR-proficient colorectal cancers were mounted onto single and multiple punch tissue microarrays. Immunohistochemical quantification (score 0-3) was performed for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, CD68, CD163, FoxP3, GranzymeB, iNOS, mast cell tryptase, MUM1, PD1 and TIA-1 tumor-infiltrating (TILs) reactive cells. Coexpression experiments on fresh colorectal cancer specimens using specific cell population markers were performed. In the test group, higher numbers of CD3+ (p<0.001), CD4+ (p = 0.029), CD8+ (p<0.001), CD45RO+ (p = 0.048), FoxP3+ (p<0.001), GranzymeB+ (p<0.001), iNOS+ (p = 0.035), MUM1+ (p = 0.014), PD1+ (p = 0.034) and TIA-1+ TILs (p<0.001) were linked to favourable outcome. Adjusting for age, gender, TNM stage and post-operative therapy, higher CD8+ (p<0.001; HR (95%CI): 0.66 (0.64-0.68)) and TIA-1+ (p<0.001; HR (95%CI): 0.56 (0.5-0.6)) were independent prognostic factors. Moreover, among patients with CD8+ infiltrates, TIA-1 further stratified 355 (35.6%) patients into prognostic subgroups (p<0.001; HR (95%CI): 0.89 (95%CI: 0.8-0.9)). Results were confirmed on the validation cohort (p = 0.006). TIA-1+ cells were mostly CD8+ (57%), but also stained for TCRγδ (22%), CD66b (13%) and only rarely for CD4+, macrophage and NK cell markers. Conclusions TIA-1 adds prognostic information to TNM stage and adjuvant therapy in MMR-proficient colorectal cancer patients. The prognostic effect of CD8+ TILs is confounded by the presence of TIA-1+ which translates into improved risk stratification for approximately 35% of all patients with MMR-proficient colorectal cancers.
RANKED STRUCTURES AND ARITHMETIC TRANSFINITE RECURSION

ATR0 is the natural subsystem of second order arithmetic in which one can develop a decent theory of ordinals ((Sim99)). We investigate classes of structures which are in a sense the "well-founded part" of a larger, sim- pler class, for example, superatomic Boolean algebras (within the class of all Boolean algebras). The other classes we study are: well-founded trees, reduced Abelian p-groups, and countable, compact topological spaces. Using com- putable reductions between these classes, we show that Arithmetic Transfinite Recursion is the natural system for working with them: natural statements (such as comparability of structures in the class) are equivalent to ATR0. The reductions themselves are also objects of interest.
Cerebellar Cortex Granular Layer Interneurons in the Macaque Monkey Are Functionally Driven by Mossy Fiber Pathways through Net Excitation or Inhibition

The granular layer is the input layer of the cerebellar cortex. It receives information through mossy fibers, which contact local granular layer interneurons (GLIs) and granular layer output neurons (granule cells). GLIs provide one of the first signal processing stages in the cerebellar cortex by exciting or inhibiting granule cells. Despite the importance of this early processing stage for later cerebellar computations, the responses of GLIs and the functional connections of mossy fibers with GLIs in awake animals are poorly understood. Here, we recorded GLIs and mossy fibers in the macaque ventral-paraflocculus (VPFL) during oculomotor tasks, providing the first full inventory of GLI responses in the VPFL of awake primates. We found that while mossy fiber responses are characterized by a linear monotonic relationship between firing rate and eye position, GLIs show complex response profiles characterized by “eye position fields” and single or double directional tunings. For the majority of GLIs, prominent features of their responses can be explained by assuming that a single GLI receives inputs from mossy fibers with similar or opposite directional preferences, and that these mossy fiber inputs influence GLI discharge through net excitatory or inhibitory pathways. Importantly, GLIs receiving mossy fiber inputs through these putative excitatory and inhibitory pathways show different firing properties, suggesting that they indeed correspond to two distinct classes of interneurons. We propose a new interpretation of the information flow through the cerebellar cortex granular layer, in which mossy fiber input patterns drive the responses of GLIs not only through excitatory but also through net inhibitory pathways, and that excited and inhibited GLIs can be identified based on their responses and their intrinsic properties.
Functional networks and structural connectivity of visuospatial and visuoperceptual working memory

Neural correlates of working memory (WM) in healthy subjects have been extensively investigated using functional MRI (fMRI). However it still remains unclear how cortical areas forming part of functional WM networks are also connected by white matter fiber bundles, and whether DTI measures, used as indices of microstructural properties and directionality of these connections, can predict individual differences in task performance. fMRI data were obtained from 23 healthy young subjects while performing one visuospatial (square location) and one visuoperceptual (face identification) 2-back task. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were also acquired. We used independent component analysis (ICA) of fMRI data to identify the main functional networks involved in WM tasks. Voxel-wise DTI analyses were performed to find correlations between structural white matter and task performance measures, and probabilistic tracking of DTI data was used to identify the white matter bundles connecting the nodes of the functional networks. We found that functional recruitment of the fusiform and the inferior frontal cortex was specific for the visuoperceptual working memory task, while there was a high overlap in brain activity maps in parietal and middle frontal areas for both tasks. Axial diffusivity and fractional anisotropy, of the tracts connecting the fusiform with the inferior frontal areas correlated with processing speed in the visuoperceptual working memory task. Although our findings need to be considered as exploratory, we conclude that both tasks share a highly-overlapping pattern of activity in areas of frontal and parietal lobes with the only differences in activation between tasks located in the fusiform and inferior frontal regions for the visuoperceptual task. Moreover, we have found that the DTI measures are predictive of the processing speed.
The Beacon, WA earthquake swarm commencing January 2009

A significant earthquake swarm occurred near Beacon, in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia, commencing on 30 January 2009. Over 270 events were located there by Geoscience Australia over the subsequent seven months, although the majority of these were in the first 48 hours. Two temporary seismographs were deployed in the area 4 days after the swarm commenced. The station closer to the activity unfortunately only collected data for about two weeks. A third station was installed 25 km from the epicentre in late March 2009, and is now the only remaining station in the area. The initial location of epicentres showed a strong SW-NE trend. However, much of this apparent trend has been shown by temporary station data to be due to poor earthquake locations. Although no highly accurate locations have been made, the data suggest that all events were within a 2km diameter epicentral zone. There are no particularly unique geological or geophysical features at this location. Focal depth results are ambiguous, but the events are probably of 5 km depth or less. The epicentral zone was active to a lesser extent two years before the onset of the January 2009 activity burst. Renewed activity occurred in early March 2009, and sporadic events, mostly less than ML 2.0, occurred from April til mid August 2009, approximately 6 months after the swarm began. Recent epicentre plots suggest that other nearby swarm locations have produced recent minor activity, suggesting that a resurgence of swarm activity at these locations might be expected in the future.