Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implicit Acquisition of Grammars with Non-Adjacent Dependencies 1 Accepted for publication in Cognitive Science IMPLICIT ACQUISITION OF GRAMMARS WITH CROSSED AND NESTED NON-ADJACENT DEPENDENCIES : INVESTIGATING THE PUSHDOWN STACK MODEL

A recent hypothesis in empirical brain research on language is that the fundamental difference between animal and human communication systems is captured by the distinction between finitestate and more complex phrase-structure grammars, such as context-free and context-sensitive grammars. However, the relevance of this distinction for the study of language as a neurobiological system has been questioned and it has been suggested that a more relevant and partly analogous distinction, is that between non-adjacent and adjacent dependencies. Online memory resources are central to the processing of non-adjacent dependencies since information has to be maintained across intervening material. One proposal is that an external memory device in the form of a limited push-down stack is used to process non-adjacent dependencies. We tested this hypothesis in an artificial grammar learning paradigm where subjects acquired non-adjacent dependencies implicitly. Generally, we found no qualitative differences between the acquisition of non-adjacent dependencies and adjacent dependencies. This suggests that although acquisition of non-adjacent dependencies requires more exposure to the acquisition material, it utilizes the same mechanisms used for acquiring adjacent dependencies. We challenge the push-down stack model further by testing its processing predictions for nested and crossed multiple non-adjacent dependencies. The push-down stack model is partly supported by the results and we suggest stacklike properties are one natural property, among other, characterizing the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms that implement the online memory resources used in language and structured sequence processing. Uddén et al. Implicit Acquisition of Grammars with Non-Adjacent Dependencies 3
Graft-versus-leukemia reactions after bone marrow transplantation.

To determine whether graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactions are important in preventing leukemia recurrence after bone marrow transplantation, we studied 2,254 persons receiving HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplants for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in first remission, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in first remission, and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in first chronic phase. Four groups were investigated in detail: recipients of non--T-cell depleted allografts without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), recipients of non--T-cell depleted allografts with GVHD, recipients of T-cell depleted allografts, and recipients of genetically identical twin transplants. Decreased relapse was observed in recipients of non--T-cell depleted allografts with acute (relative risk 0.68, P = .03), chronic (relative risk 0.43, P = .01), and both acute and chronic GVDH (relative risk 0.33, P = .0001) as compared with recipients of non--T-cell depleted allografts without GVHD. These data support an antileukemia effect of GVHD. AML patients who received identical twin transplants had an increased probability of relapse (relative risk 2.58, P = .008) compared with allograft recipients without GVHD. These data support an antileukemia effect of allogeneic grafts independent of GVHD. CML patients who received T-cell depleted transplants with or without GVHD had higher probabilities of relapse (relative risks 4.45 and 6.91, respectively, P = .0001) than recipients of non--T-cell depleted allografts without GVHD. These data support an antileukemia effect independent of GVHD that is altered by T-cell depletion. These results explain the efficacy of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in eradicating leukemia, provide evidence for a role of the immune system in controlling human cancers, and suggest future directions to improve leukemia therapy.
Construction of reliable protein-protein interaction networks with a new interaction generality measure

MOTIVATION Recent screening techniques have made large amounts of protein-protein interaction data available, from which biologically important information such as the function of uncharacterized proteins, the existence of novel protein complexes, and novel signal-transduction pathways can be discovered. However, experimental data on protein interactions contain many false positives, making these discoveries difficult. Therefore computational methods of assessing the reliability of each candidate protein-protein interaction are urgently needed. RESULTS We developed a new 'interaction generality' measure (IG2) to assess the reliability of protein-protein interactions using only the topological properties of their interaction-network structure. Using yeast protein-protein interaction data, we showed that reliable protein-protein interactions had significantly lower IG2 values than less-reliable interactions, suggesting that IG2 values can be used to evaluate and filter interaction data to enable the construction of reliable protein-protein interaction networks.
LP 349-25: A new tight M8V binary

We present the discovery of a tight M8V binary, with a separation of only 1.2 astronomical units, obtained with the PUEO and NACO adaptive optics systems, respectively at the CFHT and VLT telescopes. The estimated period of LP 349-25 is approximately 5 years, and this makes it an excellent candidate for a precise mass measurement.
Key Considerations for a Resilient and Autonomous Deployment and Configuration Infrastructure for Cyber-Physical Systems

Multi-module Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), such as satellite clusters, swarms of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), and fleets of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV) are examples of managed distributed real-time systems where mission-critical applications, such as sensor fusion or coordinated flight control, are hosted. These systems are dynamic and reconfigurable, and provide a “CPS cluster-as-a-service” for mission-specific scientific applications that can benefit from the elasticity of the cluster membership and heterogeneity of the cluster members. The distributed and remote nature of these systems often necessitates the use of Deployment and Configuration (D&C) services to manage the lifecycle of software applications. Fluctuating resources, volatile cluster membership and changing environmental conditions require resilient D&C services. However, the dynamic nature of the system often precludes human intervention during the D&C activities, which motivates the need for a self-adaptive D&C infrastructure that supports autonomous resilience. Such an infrastructure must have the ability to adapt existing applications on-the-fly in order to provide application resilience and must itself be able to adapt to account for changes in the system as well as tolerate failures. This paper makes two contributions towards addressing these needed. First, we identify the key challenges in achieving such a self-adaptive D&C infrastructure. Second, we present our ideas on resolving these challenges and realizing a self-adaptive D&C infrastructure. Keywords-self-adaptation, resilience, deployment and configuration, cyber-physical.
Functional Expression of Chemokine Receptor CCR5 on CD4+ T Cells during Virus-Induced Central Nervous System Disease

ABSTRACT Intracranial infection of C57BL/6 mice with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) results in an acute encephalomyelitis followed by a demyelinating disease similar in pathology to the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). CD4+ T cells are important in amplifying demyelination by attracting macrophages into the central nervous system (CNS) following viral infection; however, the mechanisms governing the entry of these cells into the CNS are poorly understood. The role of chemokine receptor CCR5 in trafficking of virus-specific CD4+ T cells into the CNS of MHV-infected mice was investigated. CD4+ T cells from immunized CCR5+/+ and CCR5−/− mice were expanded in the presence of the immunodominant epitope present in the MHV transmembrane (M) protein encompassing amino acids 133 to 147 (M133-147). Adoptive transfer of CCR5+/+-derived CD4+ T cells to MHV-infected RAG1−/− mice resulted in CD4+-T-cell entry into the CNS and clearance of virus from the brain. These mice also displayed robust demyelination correlating with macrophage accumulation within the CNS. Conversely, CD4+ T cells from CCR5−/− mice displayed an impaired ability to traffic into the CNS of MHV-infected RAG1−/− recipients, which correlated with increased viral titers, diminished macrophage accumulation, and limited demyelination. Analysis of chemokine receptor mRNA expression by M133-147-expanded CCR5−/−-derived CD4+ T cells revealed reduced expression of CCR1, CCR2, and CXCR3, indicating that CCR5 signaling is important in increased expression of these receptors, which aid in trafficking of CD4+ T cells into the CNS. Collectively these results demonstrate that CCR5 signaling is important to migration of CD4+ T cells to the CNS following MHV infection.
Positive Facial Affect – An fMRI Study on the Involvement of Insula and Amygdala

Imitation of facial expressions engages the putative human mirror neuron system as well as the insula and the amygdala as part of the limbic system. The specific function of the latter two regions during emotional actions is still under debate. The current study investigated brain responses during imitation of positive in comparison to non-emotional facial expressions. Differences in brain activation of the amygdala and insula were additionally examined during observation and execution of facial expressions. Participants imitated, executed and observed happy and non-emotional facial expressions, as well as neutral faces. During imitation, higher right hemispheric activation emerged in the happy compared to the non-emotional condition in the right anterior insula and the right amygdala, in addition to the pre-supplementary motor area, middle temporal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus. Region-of-interest analyses revealed that the right insula was more strongly recruited by (i) imitation and execution than by observation of facial expressions, that (ii) the insula was significantly stronger activated by happy than by non-emotional facial expressions during observation and imitation and that (iii) the activation differences in the right amygdala between happy and non-emotional facial expressions were increased during imitation and execution, in comparison to sole observation. We suggest that the insula and the amygdala contribute specifically to the happy emotional connotation of the facial expressions depending on the task. The pattern of the insula activity might reflect increased bodily awareness during active execution compared to passive observation and during visual processing of the happy compared to non-emotional facial expressions. The activation specific for the happy facial expression of the amygdala during motor tasks, but not in the observation condition, might reflect increased autonomic activity or feedback from facial muscles to the amygdala.
Viviparity‐driven Conflict

Equipped with Mendel's laws and only rudimentary knowledge of genes and genomes, the architects of the Modern Synthesis provided key insights into the dynamics of gene frequency change within populations. Extension of population genetic models to speciation identified Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities (negative epistatic interactions between genes from isolated populations) as the primary cause of hybrid inviability and sterility, a view consistent with empirical findings on the genetics of reproductive isolation in Drosophila. Although speciation models have become increasingly mathematically sophisticated, many remain based on an overly static concept of the genome, grounded in Mendelian genetics and devoid of potentially important biological details. A unifying theory of speciation therefore remains elusive, with debate over the relative importance of natural selection, sexual selection, sexual conflict, genetic drift, and selfish genetic elements in the evolution of reproductive isolation. Drawing on recent findings in molecular genetics and comparative genomics, we revisit, update, and extend the theory that reproductive mode plays a crucial role in shaping the speciation process. By providing a direct conduit for manipulation of the mother's physiology by genes expressed in the embryo, viviparity creates a postfertilization arena for genomic conflicts absent in species that lay eggs. In polyandrous species, viviparity‐driven conflict (VDC) is likely to generate perpetual antagonistic coevolution between genes expressed during embryonic development and those involved in maternal reproductive physiology, thereby accelerating the rate at which postzygotic isolation evolves between populations. Moreover, in mammals and flowering plants, VDC has favored the evolution of genomic imprinting and a central role for epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of antagonistic patterns of gene expression by maternally and paternally inherited genomes. VDC can account for the rapid rate at which mammals and viviparous fishes lose their ability to hybridize; the key role of the triploid endosperm in postzygotic reproductive isolation in flowering plants; and the kinds of traits, genes, and gene regulatory systems most critical to the evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolation in live‐bearing species.
Who Owns Education? Cleavage Structures in the Partisan Competition over Educational Expansion

The literature on the partisan foundations of education policies leads to ambiguous expectations with regard to the predominant cleavage structures in party competition on this topic. There is disagreement as to whether leftist or rightist parties are responsible for increasing spending on education, while others claim that educational expansion has become a consensual topic. This paper analyses the cleavage structure of party competition over the topic of educational expansion, relying on data from the Comparative Manifesto Project. It identifies political parties as ‘issue-owners’ and ‘issue-ignorers’, respectively, and finds considerable variation with regard to cleavage structures of party competition between countries and across time. One tentative conclusion from the analysis is that policy legacies play an important role in shaping cleavage structures.
Computer & Information Science

This paper proposes an extensible RTOS (real-time operating system) architecture for embedded heterogeneous muti-core processors, which consist of processors with different processing power and functionalities. The architecture splits the RTOS kernel into the two components, the proxy kernel (PK) and user-level kernel (UK). The PK runs on a less powerful core, and delegate its functions to the UK that runs on a powerful core as a user process. The UK takes responsibility for the dynamic resource management functions; thus, the PK can focus on the basic but important RTOS functionalities, such as timing management, synchronization, and dispatching the highest priority process. The experiment results running micro benchmark programs show that the proposed architecture can achieve the faster creation and invocation of processes and that a communication cost between the PK and the UK is negligible.
Educational Game Enjoyment, Perceptions, and Features in an Intelligent Writing Tutor

The ability of educational games to promote students’ engagement in learning and practice depends on perceived enjoyment of those games. This study investigated high school students’ perceptions and enjoyment of games within the Writing Pal intelligent tutoring system. In accord with research on motivation, results showed that perceived helpfulness and difficulty of the games were the main predictors of enjoyment, whereas graphics quality and writing apprehension were not. Perceived difficulty was most salient for generative practice games in which students had to apply strategies to write original text.
Dose-dependent modulation of choroidal neovascularization by plasminogen activator inhibitor type I: implications for clinical trials.

PURPOSE To explain the conflicting reports about the influence of plasminogen activator inhibitor type (PAI-1) on pathologic angiogenesis, such as occurs during the exudative form of age-related macular degeneration. METHODS The expression of PAI-1 mRNA was analyzed in human and murine choroidal neovascularization (CNV) by RT-PCR. The influences of increasing doses of recombinant PAI-1 were evaluated by daily intraperitoneal injections in PAI-1(-/-) and wild-type animals with a model of laser-induced CNV. The double mechanism of action of PAI-1 (proteolytic activity inhibition versus vitronectin binding) was explored by immunohistochemical localization of fibrinogen/fibrin and by injection of recombinant PAI-1 protein defective for vitronectin binding or with adenoviral vectors bearing a mutated binding-deficient PAI-1 gene. RESULTS PAI-1 expression was present in human CNV and strongly induced in the course of experimental subretinal neovascularization. Daily injections of recombinant PAI-1 proteins in control and PAI-1(-/-) animals demonstrated that PAI-1 could exhibit both pro- and antiangiogenic effects, dependent on the dose. PAI-1 mutants defective for vitronectin binding were used to show that PAI-1 promotes choroidal pathologic angiogenesis merely through its antiproteolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS These observations may help to reconcile reports with opposite results regarding the effects of PAI-1 on angiogenesis and certainly warn against uncontrolled use of PAI-1-modulating drugs in clinical trials.
Innovation, Management and Public Policies: Three Essays on Firm Productivity and Efficiency Analysis

Productivity, i.e., the efficiency with which nations, industries and firms use resources to achieve economically valuable results, is perhaps the most important measure available to policy-makers to gauge the health of an economic system. Early empirical explorations based on country- or industry-level data relied on representative firm paradigms. However, the increasing availability of firm-level data has provided robust evidence for the existence and persistence of wide productivity differentials among firms. In particular, questions regarding what supports such wide heterogeneity, which factors matter most, whether factors influencing productivity can be controlled by firms or are purely external products of the operating environment and which policies can be used to boost productivity growth are all of primary importance. This thesis contributes to the empirical literature on firm productivity with three core papers. The first re-examines the slowdown in productivity in Italian manufacturing by studying the link between innovation, imitation and human capital, which sustained wide heterogeneity of firm productivity behind the aggregate flat productivity trend. The second paper extends analysis to the services sector, in particular to tourism. At a very disaggregated level, it identifies the various sources of differences in productive efficiency of hotels stemming from entrepreneurial and managerial factors, and external to firm factors. The third paper examines the effect of public policy in tourism. A methodological advance is proposed by defining an econometric framework, which allows us to identify and estimate not only the direct but also the indirect effects which public policies may have on hotel performance, in a dynamic treatment setting.
Two parallel pathways for ferric and ferrous iron acquisition support growth and virulence of the intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis Schu S4

Iron acquisition mechanisms in Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, include the Francisella siderophore locus (fsl) siderophore operon and a ferrous iron–transport system comprising outer‐membrane protein FupA and inner‐membrane transporter FeoB. To characterize these mechanisms and to identify any additional iron uptake systems in the virulent subspecies tularensis, single and double deletions were generated in the fsl and feo iron acquisition systems of the strain Schu S4. Deletion of the entire fsl operon caused loss of siderophore production that could be restored by complementation with the biosynthetic genes fslA and fslC and Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporter gene fslB. 55Fe‐transport assays demonstrated that siderophore‐iron uptake required the receptor FslE and MFS transporter FslD. A ΔfeoB′ mutation resulted in loss of ability to transport ferrous iron (55Fe2+). A ΔfeoB′ ΔfslA mutant that required added exogenous siderophore for growth in vitro was unable to grow within tissue culture cells and was avirulent in mice, indicating that no compensatory cryptic iron uptake systems were induced in vivo. These studies demonstrate that the fsl and feo pathways function independently and operate in parallel to effectively support virulence of F. tularensis.
The relationship between Internet Gaming Disorder and popular game titles in 2018

Problematic gaming has been known to clinicians and researchers for decades. In recent years the phenomenon has received enough attention to give rise to a debate on classification as a disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of problematic gaming within different games and describe the communities of high risk games in terms of demographics, monetary habits, gaming behavior and gaming motivations. The sample included 19183 respondents recruited through social media. A self-report instrument for Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) was used to classify disordered gamers. The results showed an IGD prevalence ranging from 10,2% to 39,5% depending on the game, and varying gaming behavior within four high risk games which is discussed in relation to eSport, mobile gaming and design patterns.
Regulatory Mechanisms at the MouseIgf2/H19 Locus

ABSTRACT The closely linked H19 and Igf2 genes show highly similar patterns of gene expression but are reciprocally imprinted. H19 is expressed almost exclusively from the maternally inherited chromosome, while Igf2 expression is mostly from the paternal chromosome. In humans, loss of imprinting at this locus is associated with tumors and with developmental disorders. Monoallelic expression at the imprinted Igf2/H19 locus occurs by at least two distinct mechanisms: a developmentally regulated silencing of the paternal H19 promoter, and transcriptional insulation of the maternal Igf2 promoters. Both mechanisms of allele-specific silencing are ultimately dependent on a commoncis-acting element located just upstream of theH19 promoter. The coordinated expression patterns and some experimental data support the idea that positive regulatory elements are also shared by the two genes. To clarify the organization and function of positive and negative regulatory elements at theH19/Igf2 locus, we analyzed two mouse mutations. First, we generated a deletion allele to localize enhancers used in vivo for expression of both H19 and Igf2 in mesodermal tissues to sequences downstream of the H19 gene. Coincidentally, we demonstrated that some expression ofIgf2 is independent of the shared enhancer element. Second, we used this new information to further characterize an ectopicH19 differentially regulated region and the associated insulator. We demonstrated that its activity is parent-of-origin dependent. In contrast to recent results from Drosophilamodel systems; we showed that this duplication of a mammalian insulator does not interfere with its normal function. Implications of these findings for current models for monoallelic gene expression at this locus are discussed.