Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of aGVHD and cGVHD on Survival Rate in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

Background: Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is a curative treatment option for many patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML); however, it can lead to complications of Graft-Versus-Host-Disease (GVHD) which can affect the quality of life and overall survival. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of both acute and chronic GVHD on survival rate in patients with AML who received HSCT. Subjects and Methods: In a longitudinal study, 587 patients with AML who underwent bone marrow transplantation in Tehran-Iran between1991 and 2011 were recruited. All patient records were analyzed for the occurrence of adverse events including acute and chronic GVHD and leukemia relapse. Data were analyzed using Log-rank, Kaplan-Meier, Univariate and Multivariate Cox Regression models. Results: The five-year overall survival (OS) was found to be 71.9% (95% CI: 67.40-76.41). Also there was a significant relationship between cGVHD and OS (P=0.001, HR = 0.476, 95%). Hazard of death in these patients was less than those who did not experience an occurrence of cGVHD and aGVHD (HR= 0.629, P= 0.078). A significant relationship between cGVHD and relapse was observed (P< 0.001) indicating that patients who developed cGVHD experienced a better survival rate. A significant relationship was also found between overall survival and aGVHD grade (P< 0.001). Hazard of death (HD) for cGVHD and relapse variables were estimated to be 0.554 and 3.869. Discussion: This study is one of the largest studies (regarding the number of participants) done to date in the Middle East with quite a long duration (20 years). cGVHD appears to have a positive influence on survival rate in patients with AML who received HSCT. It is recommended that further studies investigate the underlying reason or mechanisms behind this.
Ram Pressure Stripping in Planetary Nebulae

We present two-dimensional numerical simulations of the evolution of a low-mass star moving supersonically through its surrounding interstellar medium (ISM). We show that the ejecta of a moving star with a systemic velocity of 20 km s-1 will interact with the ISM and will form bow shock structures qualitatively similar to what is observed. We find that, owing to ram pressure stripping, most of the mass ejected during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase is left downstream of the moving star. As a consequence, the formation of the planetary nebula is highly influenced, even at the low relative velocity of the star. The models are based on the predictions of stellar evolution calculations. Therefore, the density and velocity of the AGB and post-AGB winds are time dependent and give rise to the formation of shock regions inside the cavity formed by the previous winds. As a result, the stand-off distance is also time dependent and cannot be determined by simple analytical arguments.
The Evolution of Language : The Cerebro-Cerebellar Blending of Visual-Spatial Working Memory with Vocalizations

Leiner, Leiner, and Dow proposed that the co-evolution of cerebral cortex and the cerebellum over the last million years gave rise to the unique cognitive capacities and language of humans. Following the findings of recent imaging studies by Imamizu and his colleagues, it is proposed that over the last million or so years language evolved from the blending of (1) decomposed/re-composed contexts or “moments” of visual-spatial experience with (2) those of sound patterns decomposed/re-composed from parallel context-appropriate vocalizations (calls or previously acquired “words”). It is further proposed that the adaptive value of this blending was the progressively rapid access to the control of detailed causeand-effect relationships in working memory as it entered new and challenging environments. Employing the complex syntactical sequence of nut-cracking among capuchin monkeys it is proposed how cerebro-cerebellar blending of low-volume vocalization and visual-spatial working memory could have produced the beginnings of the phonological loop as proposed by Baddeley, Gathercole, and Papagno. It is concluded that the blending of cerebellar internal models in the cerebral cortex can explain the evolution of human advancements in the manipulation of cause-and-effect ideas in working memory, and, therefore, the emergence of the distinctive “cognitive niche” of humans proposed by Tooby and DeVore and supportively elaborated by Pinker.
Multiresistant Tuberculosis and Its Paradoxical Manifestations

Dear Editor : I read with interest the case report of disseminated multiresistant tuberculosis involving the brain published in your journal [1]. The patient was completely evaluated and properly treated, and the favorable outcome confirms excellent care. I would like to comment on the paradoxical cerebral manifestations observed during treatment of tuberculosis. The first case of tuberculosis was published in 1974 before the availability of computed tomography (CT) and documented using cerebral scintigraphy. Brain biopsy specimens demonstrated acid fast stain positivity, but negative culture results [2]. In subsequent reports, an a inconsistent consistent clinical pattern was observed: young women with miliary or disseminated tuberculosis presented after weeks or months of antituberculous drug treatment with new or additional neurological symptoms such as headache, seizures, or motor deficits. Brain CT showed lesions that were not initially present or increased in size or number during treatment [3]. If recovered in sputum cultures, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) generally shows no resistance to primary antituberculous drugs and is not detected in cultures of brain lesions. In most cases, the administration of corticosteroids is sufficient for ameliorating cerebral edema while treatment for tuberculosis is continued. A previous study reported that the absence of co-morbidities, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and a low basal lymphocyte count in blood with a large increase in lymphocyte count at the onset of a paradoxical response were significant factors when compared with patients without a paradoxical response [4]. Theories regarding the pathogenesis of tuberculosis propose that a paradoxical reaction occurs as the result of an exaggerated immune response to MTB antigens in patients receiving effective anti-tuberculosis treatment rather than due to progressive uncontrolled mycobacterial replication [5]. A number of mycobacterial lipid-rich, insoluble cell wall antigens are present in infected tissues and potently stimulate the response of mononuclear phagocytes, producing an exaggerated inflammatory reaction in the host [6]. In a recent prospective series of 41 HIV-negative patients with tuberculous meningitis from Malaysia, a paradoxical reaction occurred in 23 (56%), improvement occurred in 14, neurological deficits persisted in 3, and death in 6 patients [7]. The significant contribution of this case report [1] was the results of the early susceptibility testing for MTB isolates, according to which the antituberculous drug treatment was adjusted. The resolution of brain lesions occurred in a shorter period than that reported previously. The findings of this case report make us consider http://dx.doi. org/10.3947/ic.2016. 48.3. 225 Infect Chemother 2016;48(3):225-226 ISSN 2093-2340 (Print) · ISSN 2092-6448 (Online) Correspondence
Oscillations in plankton models with nutrient recycling.

Plankton--nutrient interaction models with both instantaneous and delayed nutrient recycling are considered. The system consists of three components: autotrophic phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton and dissolved limiting nutrient. Local stability of the equilibria is analysed. It is shown that the positive equilibrium loses its stability when the nutrient input concentration passes through a critical value and the Hopf bifurcation occurs that induces oscillations of the populations. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the obtained results.
Proplyds and Massive Disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster Imaged with CARMA and SMA

We imaged a 2′ × 2′ region of the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) in 1.3 mm wavelength continuum emission with the recently commissioned Combined Array for Research in Millimeter Astronomy (CARMA) and with the Submillimeter Array (SMA). Our mosaics include >250 known near-IR cluster members, of which 36 are so-called ``proplyds'' that have been imaged previously with the Hubble Space Telescope. We detected 40 sources in 1 mm continuum emission (one of which is the BN Object), and several of them are spatially resolved with our observations. The emission from most objects arises predominantly from dust, and circumstellar masses inferred for detected sources range from 0.01 to 0.5 M☉. The average circumstellar mass for undetected sources is estimated to be ~0.001 M☉, approximately an order of magnitude smaller than the minimum-mass solar nebula. Most stars in the ONC thus do not appear to currently possess sufficient mass in small dust grains to form Jupiter-mass (or larger) planets. Comparison with previous results for younger and older regions indicates that massive disks evolve significantly on ~Myr timescales. We also show that the percentage of stars in Orion surrounded by disks more massive than ~0.01 M☉ is substantially lower than in Taurus, indicating that environment has an impact on the disk-mass distribution. Disks in Orion may be truncated through photoevaporation caused by the intense radiation field of the Trapezium stars, and we see marginal evidence for such a scenario in the spatial distribution of massive disks within the cluster. Our data show no statistically significant correlation between disk and stellar masses, although we see hints of a higher percentage of massive disks around lower mass stars.
Psychological Needs and the Quality of Student Engagement in Physical Education: Teachers as Key Facilitators.

Motivation research is central to understanding why certain students exhibit high levels of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement with learning, and why others lack interest, display boredom, and withdraw effort (i.e., are disaffected). In this review, tenets within self-determination theory (SDT) are used to provide a theoretically-informed account of student engagement and disaffection in the context of school physical education (PE). Our review centers on the proposition within SDT that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (i.e., for autonomy, competence, and relatedness) provide the energizing basis for optimal motivational functioning and wellness. Teacher strategies and class structures are reviewed in the context of whether they satisfy or frustrate these psychological needs. To amalgamate the reviewed literature, a mediated model depicting a ‘student-teacher dialectical’ framework is presented. Several practitioner recommendations for supporting student engagement in PE are then.
Shedding new light on developmental coordination disorder: an investigation of behavioural and neuroimaging evidence for mirror neuron system dysfunction

Abbreviations: BOLD, blood–oxygen-level dependent; DCD, developmental coordination disorder; pDCD, probable developmental coordination disorder; DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; EEG, electroencephalography; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; M1, primary motor cortex; MNS, mirror neuron system; ROI, region of interest; rsfMRI, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging; STS, superior temporal sulcus. * Corresponding author. Tel. : +61 8 6488 1385. E-mail addresses: jessica.reynolds@research.uwa. edu.au, jessellenreynolds@gmail.com (J.E. Reynolds).
Comparing the degrees of incompatibility inherent in probabilistic physical theories

We introduce a new way of quantifying the degrees of incompatibility of two observables in a probabilistic physical theory and, based on this, a global measure of the degree of incompatibility inherent in such theories, across all observable pairs. This opens up a novel and flexible way of comparing probabilistic theories with respect to the nonclassical feature of incompatibility, raising many interesting questions, some of which will be answered here. We show that quantum theory contains observables that are as incompatible as any probabilistic physical theory can have if arbitrary pairs of observables are considered. If one adopts a more refined measure of the degree of incompatibility, for instance, by restricting the comparison to binary observables, it turns out that there are probabilistic theories whose inherent degrees of incompatibility are greater than that of quantum mechanics.
2-Aminobenzoyl-CoA monooxygenase/reductase. Evidence for two distinct loci catalyzing substrate monooxygenation and hydrogenation.

2-Aminobenzoyl-CoA monooxygenase/reductase catalyzes both monooxygenation and hydrogenation of anthraniloyl-CoA. Its reactivity with 11 substrate analogs has been investigated. Only 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA (anthraniloyl-CoA) in its normal and deuterated (5-2H) form is a full substrate, and only traces of 2-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA (salicyloyl-CoA) are probably monooxygenated but not hydrogenated. The purified enzyme is a homodimer and has been resolved preparatively into three major species by anion-exchange chromatography on Mono Q. All three species have the same specific activity when reconstituted to full content of FAD, they differ, however, substantially in their mode of binding FAD. The oxidized or fully reduced enzyme forms bind tightly 0.5 mol/mol of the substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA (Kd = 1-2 microM). The enzyme can be depleted of approximately 50% of its FAD, which corresponds to essentially complete removal from one of the two binding sites, reflecting a large difference in the affinity for FAD. From this it is deduced that the two sites are not equivalent. Removal of FAD from one binding site leads to loss of the hydrogenation capacity of the enzyme, while monooxygenation catalysis is retained. The FAD cofactors of the two binding sites differ drastically in their reactivities towards NADH, oxygen and N-ethylmaleimide. Exchange of reducing equivalents between the two FAD cofactors at the respective binding sites is very slow and irrelevant compared to the rates of catalysis. It is concluded that the enzyme, which has been proposed to consist of two identical polypeptide chains [Altenschmidt, U. , Bokranz, M. & Fuchs, G. (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 207, 715-722], contains two active centers which differ substantially in their catalytic activity. One center belongs to the class of monooxygenases, the other one to the (de)hydrogenases. This must result from substantially different interaction of the same flavin cofactors with protein functional groups and is, to our knowledge, unprecedented in flavoprotein enzymology.
The effects of in vivo and ex vivo various degrees of cold exposure on erythrocyte deformability and aggregation

Summary Background This study aimed to investigate alterations in hemorheology by cold exposure, in vivo and ex vivo, and to determine their relationship to oxidative stress. Material/Methods Rats were divided into 2 in vivo and ex vivo cold exposure groups. The in vivo group was further divided into control (AR), AC (4°C, 2 hours) and ALTC (4°C, 6 hours) subgroups; and the ex vivo group was divided into control (BR) and BC (4°C, 2 hours) subgroups. Blood samples were used for the determination of erythrocyte deformability, aggregation, and oxidative stress parameters. Results Erythrocyte deformability and aggregation were not affected by 2-hour ex vivo cold exposure. While 2 hour in vivo cold exposure reduced erythrocyte deformability, it returned to normal after 6 hours, possibly due the compensation by acute neuroendocrine response. Six hours of cold exposure decreased aggregation index, and might be an adaptive mechanism allowing the continuation of circulation. Aggregation of ex vivo groups was lower compared to in vivo groups. Cold exposure at various temperatures did not cause alterations in plasma total oxidant antioxidant status and oxidative stress index (TOS, TAS, OSI) when considered together. Conclusions Results of this study indicate that the alterations observed in hemorheological parameters due to cold exposure are far from being explained by the oxidative stress parameters determined herein.
Discourses of sameness, unbalance and influence: dominant gender order in medicine

Abstract Despite the ongoing increase of women in the medical force, gender inequalities persist in medicine. The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanisms that regulate the contemporary gender order through a critical discourse analysis. We conducted 21 narrative interviews with Italian physicians, and 1 focus group with 10 Italian senior-year medical students. We used Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework to explain how “hegemonic masculinity” shapes discourses of sameness aimed at silencing gender inequalities in medicine; “natural female domesticity” challenges this sense-making and introduces new sparks in the debate about female career paths; similarly, “influential group power” discourses nurture the reflections about elitism in the profession. Our findings show that the new generation of physicians challenges the dominant gender order proposing new ways of negotiating gender roles in favour of a greater gender equality. This paper offers causes for reflection on a profession that has profound implications in our society and about the ways it is powered by dominant socio-political discourses which potentially can influence doctors’ careers. We address the potential in discourses to subvert or sustain power structures permeating healthcare professions, disclosing the discursive mechanism underlying different forms of oppression and offering the means to raise awareness and change.
Fabrication of hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds by incorporating ligand-free hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into biodegradable polymer scaffolds and release studies

We report on the optical fabrication approach of preparing free-standing composite thin films of hydroxyapatite (HA) and biodegradable polymers by combining pulsed laser ablation in liquid and mask-projection excimer laser stereolithography (MPExSL). Ligand-free HA nanoparticles were prepared by ultrafast laser ablation of a HA target in a solvent, and then the nanoparticles were dispersed into the liquid polymer resin prior to the photocuring process using MPExSL. The resin is poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), a photo-polymerizable, biodegradable material. The polymer is blended with diethyl fumarate in 7:3 w/w to adjust the resin viscosity. The evaluation of the structural and mechanical properties of the fabricated hybrid thin film was performed by means of SEM and nanoindentation, respectively, while the chemical and degradation studies were conducted through thermogravimetric analysis, and FTIR. The photocuring efficiency was found to be dependent on the nanoparticle concentration. The MPExSL process yielded PPF thin films with a stable and homogenous dispersion of the embedded HA nanoparticles. Here, it was not possible to tune the stiffness and hardness of the scaffolds by varying the laser parameters, although this was observed for regular PPF scaffolds. Finally, the gradual release of the hydroxyapatite nanoparticles over thin film biodegradation is reported.
Contrastive Perplexity: A new evaluation metric for sentence level language models

Perplexity(per word) is the most widely used metric for evaluating language models. This is mostly due to a its ease of computation, lack of dependence on external tools like speech recognition pipeline and a good theoretical justification for why it should work. Despite this, there has been no dearth of criticism for this metric. Most of this criticism center around lack of correlation with extrinsic metrics like word error rate(WER), dependence upon shared vocabulary for model comparison and unsuitability for un-normalized language model evaluation. In this paper we address the last problem of inability to evaluate un-normalized models by introducing a new discriminative evaluation metric that predicts model's performance based on its ability to discriminate between test sentences and their deformed version. Due to its discriminative formulation, this approach can work with un-normalized probabilities while retaining perplexity's ease of computation. We show a strong correlation between our new metric and perplexity across a range of models on WSJ datasets. We also hypothesize a stronger correlation between WER and our new metric vis-a-vis perplexity due to similar discriminative objective.
99 Luftballons: Monetary Policy and the House Price Boom Across U.S

We use a dynamic factor model estimated via Bayesian methods to disentangle the relative importance of the common component in OFHEO house price movements from state-or region-specific shocks, estimated on quarterly state-level data from 1986 to 2005. We find that historically movements in house prices have mainly been driven by the local (state-or region-specific) component. The recent period (2001-2005) has been different, however: " Local bubbles " have been important in some states, but overall the increase in house prices is a national phenomenon. We then use a VAR to investigate the extent to which expansionary monetary policy is responsible for the common component in house price movements. We find the impact of policy shocks on house prices to be small in comparison with the magnitude of fluctuations in the recent period. We thank an anonymous referee and the editor, Marty Eichenbaum, for extensive suggestions. We also thank Bob Eisenbeis, Bankard Fund for Political Economy for financial support The views expressed in this papers are solely our own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, or the Federal Reserve System. 1 " We don't perceive that there is a national [housing] bubble but it's hard not to see . that there are a lot of local bubbles. "
A Two-Stage Image Segmentation Method for Blurry Images with Poisson or Multiplicative Gamma Noise

In this paper, a two-stage method for segmenting blurry images in the presence of Poisson or multiplicative Gamma noise is proposed. The method is inspired by a previous work on two-stage segmentation and the usage of an I-divergence term to handle the noise. The first stage of our method is to find a smooth solution $u$ to a convex variant of the Mumford--Shah model where the $\ell_2$ data-fidelity term is replaced by an I-divergence term. A primal-dual algorithm is adopted to efficiently solve the minimization problem. We prove the convergence of the algorithm and the uniqueness of the solution $u$. Once $u$ is obtained, in the second stage, the segmentation is done by thresholding $u$ into different phases. The thresholds can be given by the users or can be obtained automatically by using any clustering method. In our method, we can obtain any $K$-phase segmentation ($K\geq 2$) by choosing $(K-1)$ thresholds after $u$ is found. Changing $K$ or the thresholds does not require $u$ to be recomputed. Exper.