Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Symptoms of ADHD and depression in a large adolescent population: Co-occurring symptoms and associations to experiences of sexual abuse

Background: Symptoms of either attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or depression constitute the most common reasons for contact with child and adolescent psychiatry. The development of psychiatric symptoms can be explained by a combination of environmental stress events and genetic vulnerability. One common form of environmental stress with high impact on health is sexual abuse. Aims: To investigate the prevalence and co-occurrence of symptoms of ADHD and depression in relation to experiences of sexual abuse in a large adolescent general population. Method: All 15- and 18-year-old students (n = 4910) in the Swedish county of Vestmanland answered a school-based screening instrument including the six-question ADHD self-rating scale (ASRS), the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) and questions relating to experiences of sexual abuse. Results: The prevalence of co-occurring symptoms of ADHD and depression was 2.4% (boys 1.0%, girls 3.9%). The prevalence of experience of any sexual abuse was 20.9% (boys 13.3%, girls 28.7%). Of those with co-occurring symptoms, 48% of the boys and 47% of the girls reported a history of sexual abuse. Conclusions: School-based screening for co-occurring symptoms of ADHD and depression might be a method that identifies students at psychiatric and psychosocial risk.
Automated topic naming to support cross-project analysis of software maintenance activities

Researchers have employed a variety of techniques to extract underlying topics that relate to software development artifacts. Typically, these techniques use semi-unsupervised machine-learning algorithms to suggest candidate word-lists. However, word-lists are difficult to interpret in the absence of meaningful summary labels. Current topic modeling techniques assume manual labelling and do not use domainspecific knowledge to improve, contextualize, or describe results for the developers. We propose a solution: automated labelled topic extraction. Topics are extracted using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) from commit-log comments recovered from source control systems such as CVS and Bit-Keeper. These topics are given labels from a generalizable cross-project taxonomy, consisting of non-functional requirements. Our approach was evaluated with experiments and case studies on two large-scale RDBMS projects: MySQL and MaxDB. The case studies show that labelled topic extraction can produce appropriate, context-sensitive labels relevant to these projects, which provides fresh insight into their evolving software development activities.
Efficient and Accurate Behavior-Based Tracking of Malware-Control Domains in Large ISP Networks

In this article, we propose Segugio, a novel defense system that allows for efficiently tracking the occurrence of new malware-control domain names in very large ISP networks. Segugio passively monitors the DNS traffic to build a machine-domain bipartite graph representing who is querying what. After labeling nodes in this query behavior graph that are known to be either benign or malware-related, we propose a novel approach to accurately detect previously unknown malware-control domains. We implemented a proof-of-concept version of Segugio and deployed it in large ISP networks that serve millions of users. Our experimental results show that Segugio can track the occurrence of new malware-control domains with up to 94% true positives (TPs) at less than 0.1% false positives (FPs). In addition, we provide the following results: (1) we show that Segugio can also detect control domains related to new, previously unseen malware families, with 85% TPs at 0.1% FPs; (2) Segugio’s detection models learned on traffic from a given ISP network can be deployed into a different ISP network and still achieve very high detection accuracy; (3) new malware-control domains can be detected days or even weeks before they appear in a large commercial domain-name blacklist; (4) Segugio can be used to detect previously unknown malware-infected machines in ISP networks; and (5) we show that Segugio clearly outperforms domain-reputation systems based on Belief Propagation.
Trend and Abrupt Regime Shift of Temperature Extreme in Northeast China, 1957–2015

Trend and an abrupt regime shift of temperature extremes were investigated based on diurnal data at 116 meteorological stations in the Northeast China region during 1957–2015. A total of 10 temperature indices divided into two categories: extremely cold and warm indices, were used in this study. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test was employed to evaluate the trend in temperature while changepoint, an R package for changepoint analysis, was used to detect changes in the mean levels of temperature extreme data series. The results of this study reveal that occurrence frequencies of the extreme cold night (TN10p) and extreme warm night (TN90p) have decreased and increased by −1.67 and 1.79 days/decade, respectively. Moreover, variations in temperature extremes have not been uniform with warming trends in minimum temperature being rapidly compared to maximum temperature extremes. The diurnal temperature range (DTR) depicted a remarkable decrease as a result of rapid warming in the minimum temperature. Warming in the region led to a reduction in the number of frost days (FD) and icing days (ID) and an increase in the number of growing season length (GSL) and tropical nights (Tr). Seasonally, TN10p largely decreased in winter and spring, while TNn and TN90p largely increased in winter and summer, respectively. Spatially, most of the stations with a significant warming trend in minimum temperatures were located in the Changbai Mountain, Greater Khingan Range, and Lesser Khingan Range. This implies that the mountainous regions are more sensitive and vulnerable to warming than the plain regions. On the contrary, most stations located in the Songnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain, and Liao River Plain displayed significant positive trend GSL and Tr. These climate extreme trends show that the region is experiencing warming which may have an impact on the hydrological process, ecological process, and agricultural production capacity.
Towards a Formative Measurement Model for Trust

IS research has shown the importance of trust in domains such as e-commerce or technology acceptance. Researchers also emphasize the importance of the identification of factors that influence trust. Unfortunately, the currently dominant reflective measurement does not offer these insights, and thus this contribution aims at developing a formative measurement model for trust. To achieve this, we address three research questions: a) How can trust be measured, considering trust and measurement theory? b) What indicators should be included in a formative measurement model for trust? c) What is the value of a formative measurement of trust compared to a reflective one? Our results show that the formative measurement model offers detailed insights on the impact of single factors influencing trust. We show that in our study, ability affects trust over twice as much other factors such as benevolence or trustor's propensity.
Field Sedation of Coyotes, Red Foxes, and Raccoons With Medetomidine and Atipamezole

Abstract We chemically restrained free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and raccoons (Procyon lotor) using medetomidine antagonized by atipamezole. All coyotes and 80% of red foxes were sedated with mean ± standard deviation doses of 0.12 ± 0.02 mg/kg and 0.14 ± 0.02 mg/kg medetomidine, respectively. Seventy-seven percent of raccoons were sedated with 0.21 ± 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine. In all species we observed occasional movement, muscle rigidity, and partial-arousal during sedation. Animals were alert within 4.3–8.6 ± 3.5–8.4 min following atipamezole at 0.4 mg/kg. Medetomidine and atipamezole provided safe handling in most animals and rapid recovery without use of a controlled substance. At these doses, biologists in the field should be prepared to administer a supplementary dose of medetomidine to some animals depending on ambient conditions and the objectives of the restraint event.
Jak3 Selectively Regulates Bax and Bcl-2 Expression To Promote T-Cell Development

ABSTRACT Jak3-deficient mice display vastly reduced numbers of lymphoid cells. Thymocytes and peripheral T cells from Jak3-deficient mice have a high apoptotic index, suggesting that Jak3 provides survival signals. Here we report that Jak3 regulates T lymphopoiesis at least in part through its selective regulation of Bax and Bcl-2. Jak3-deficient thymocytes express elevated levels of Bax and reduced levels of Bcl-2 relative to those in wild-type littermates. Notably, up-regulation of Bax in Jak3-deficient T cells is physiologically relevant, as Jak3 Bax double-null mice have marked increases in thymocyte and peripheral T-cell numbers. Rescue of T lymphopoiesis by Bax loss was selective, as mice deficient in Jak3 plus p53 or in Jak3 plus Fas remained lymphopenic. However, Bax loss failed to restore proper ratios of peripheral CD4/CD8 T cells, which are abnormally high in Jak3-null mice. Transplantation into Jak3-deficient mice of Jak3-null bone marrow transduced with a Bcl-2-expressing retrovirus also improved peripheral T-cell numbers and restored the ratio of peripheral CD4/CD8 T cells to wild-type levels. The data support the concepts that Jak kinases regulate cell survival through their selective and cell context-dependent regulation of pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and that Bax and Bcl-2 play distinct roles in T-cell development.
Failure to find P50 suppression deficits in young first-episode patients with schizophrenia and clinically unaffected siblings.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the P50 gating deficit is present in young first-episode patients with schizophrenia and their healthy young siblings. METHODS An auditory paired-click paradigm was used to assess P50 gating in 53 patients, 27 unaffected siblings, and 28 healthy controls. P50 parameters were compared between patients, sibs, and unrelated controls by a mixed-effects regression model. RESULTS P50 gating was not significantly impaired in patients with schizophrenia and healthy siblings as compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS P50 gating was not found to be significantly impaired in young first-episode schizophrenia patients and in healthy young siblings. These results are in contrast with the existing literature. We suggest that P50 gating impairment may be developmentally or age dependent.
Treatment of Chronic Lower Back Pain with Lumbar Extension and Whole-Body Vibration Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Study Design. A randomized controlled trial with a 6-month follow-up period was conducted. Objective. To compare lumbar extension exercise and whole-body vibration exercise for chronic lower back pain. Summary of Background Data. Chronic lower back pain involves muscular as well as connective and neural systems. Different types of physiotherapy are applied for its treatment. Industrial vibration is regarded as a risk factor. Recently, vibration exercise has been developed as a new type of physiotherapy. It is thought to activate muscles via reflexes. Methods. In this study, 60 patients with chronic lower back pain devoid of “specific” spine diseases, who had a mean age of 51.7 years and a pain history of 13.1 years, practiced either isodynamic lumbar extension or vibration exercise for 3 months. Outcome measures were lumbar extension torque, pain sensation (visual analog scale), and pain-related disability (pain disability index). Results. A significant and comparable reduction in pain sensation and pain-related disability was observed in both groups. Lumbar extension torque increased significantly in the vibration exercise group (30.1 Nm/kg), but significantly more in the lumbar extension group (+59.2 Nm/kg; SEM 10.2;P < 0.05). No correlation was found between gain in lumbar torque and pain relief or pain-related disability (P > 0.2). Conclusions. The current data indicate that poor lumbar muscle force probably is not the exclusive cause of chronic lower back pain. Different types of exercise therapy tend to yield comparable results. Interestingly, well-controlled vibration may be the cure rather than the cause of lower back pain.
Varying Constants Entropic-ΛCDM Cosmology

We formulate the basic framework of thermodynamical entropic force cosmology which allows variation of the gravitational constant $G$ and the speed of light $c$. Three different approaches to the formulation of the field equations are presented. Some cosmological solutions for each framework are given and one of them is tested against combined observational data (supernovae, BAO, and CMB). From the fit of the data it is found that the Hawking temperature numerical coefficient $\gamma$ is two to four orders of magnitude less than usually assumed on the geometrical ground theoretical value of $O(1)$ and that it is also compatible with zero. Besides, in the entropic scenario we observationally test that the fit of the data is allowed for the speed of light $c$ growing and the gravitational constant $G$ diminishing during the evolution of the universe. We also obtain a bound on the variation of $c$ to be $\Delta c/c \propto 10^{-5} >0$ which is at least one order of magnitude weaker than the quasar spectra observational bound.
Human Cytomegalovirus Manipulation of Latently Infected Cells

Primary infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) results in the establishment of a lifelong infection of the host which is aided by the ability of HCMV to undergo a latent infection. One site of HCMV latency in vivo is in haematopoietic progenitor cells, resident in the bone marrow, with genome carriage and reactivation being restricted to the cells of the myeloid lineage. Until recently, HCMV latency has been considered to be relatively quiescent with the virus being maintained essentially as a “silent partner” until conditions are met that trigger reactivation. However, advances in techniques to study global changes in gene expression have begun to show that HCMV latency is a highly active process which involves expression of specific latency-associated viral gene products which orchestrate major changes in the latently infected cell. These changes are argued to help maintain latent infection and to modulate the cellular environment to the benefit of latent virus. In this review, we will discuss these new findings and how they impact not only on our understanding of the biology of HCMV latency but also how they could provide tantalising glimpses into mechanisms that could become targets for the clearance of latent HCMV.
Identification of a Novel Homotypic Interaction Motif Required for the Phosphorylation of Receptor-interacting Protein (RIP) by RIP3*

Receptor-interacting protein (RIP), a Ser/Thr kinase component of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 signaling complex, mediates activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. RIP2 and RIP3 are related kinases that share extensive sequence homology with the kinase domain of RIP. Unlike RIP, which has a C-terminal death domain, and RIP2, which has a C-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain, RIP3 possesses a unique C terminus. RIP3 binds RIP through this unique C-terminal segment to inhibit RIP- and TNF receptor-1-mediated NF-κB activation. We have identified a unique homotypic interaction motif at the C terminus of both RIP and RIP3 that is required for their association. Sixty-four amino acids within RIP3 and 88 residues within RIP are sufficient for interaction of the two proteins. This interaction is a prerequisite for RIP3-mediated phosphorylation of RIP and subsequent attenuation of TNF-induced NF-κB activation.
Trabeculectomy and Phaco-Trabeculectomy with and without Peripheral Iridectomy

Purpose To compare the 1-year outcome of trabeculectomy and combined phaco-trabeculectomy that were performed with or without a peripheral iridectomy (PI). Methods In a large tertiary glaucoma clinic, with a single surgeon performing all surgeries, 47 patients scheduled to undergo either a primary trabeculectomy or phaco-trabeculectomy were prospectively randomized to surgery with or without peripheral iridectomy. Other than the inclusion (PI group) or omission (no PI group) of a PI, surgical technique and postoperative care were identical for the two groups. The two groups were compared for intraocular pressure (IOP), success rates, visual acuity (VA), and complication rates. Complete and qualified success rates were defined as IOP 18 mmHg or less with or without medications, respectively. Results The 1-year complete and qualified success rates were comparable for both groups. Complete success was observed in 70% of cases, and qualified success in more than 90%. One patient (4.3%) from the no-PI group developed an iris incarceration into the internal sclerectomy site on postoperative day 1, requiring surgical intervention. No other significant complications (blebitis, endophthalmitis, or choroidal hemorrhage) were encountered in any of the study patients. Conclusions This randomized prospective small scale study explored the possibility of sparing the need to perform a routine PI in trabeculectomy and phaco-trabeculectomy. These preliminary results suggest that the outcomes in the two groups are comparable, paving the way to a larger scale study evaluating the need for PI in modern trabeculectomy surgery.
Detection of Preshock Dense Circumstellar Material of SN 1978K

The supernova SN 1978K has been noted for its lack of emission lines broader than a few thousand kilometers per second since its discovery in 1990. Modeling of the radio spectrum of the peculiar SN 1978K indicates the existence of H II absorption along the line of sight. To determine the nature of this absorbing region, we have obtained a high-dispersion spectrum of SN 1978K at the wavelength range 6530-6610 Å. The spectrum shows not only the moderately broad Hα emission of the supernova ejecta but also narrow nebular Hα and [N II] emission. The high [N II] λ6583/Hα ratio, 0.8-1.3, suggests that this radio-absorbing region is a stellar ejecta nebula. The expansion velocity and emission measure of the nebula are consistent with those seen in ejecta nebulae of luminous blue variables. Previous low-dispersion spectra have detected a strong [N II] λ5755 line, indicating an electron density of (3–12) × 105 cm-3. We argue that this stellar ejecta nebula is probably part of the preshock dense circumstellar envelope of SN 1978K. We further suggest that SN 1997ab may represent a young version of SN 1978K.
CHO Mouth Rinse Ameliorates Neuromuscular Response with Lower Endogenous CHO Stores.

PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse response on neuromuscular activity, fuel oxidation rates, and cycling performance with different initial levels of endogenous CHO availability. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled design, eight males completed six experimental mouth rinse trials: CHO (6.4% maltodextrin) or placebo solution in a fed state (FED), 12-h fasted state (FAST), or a combined exercise-depleted muscle glycogen and 12-h fasted state (DEP). Trials consisted of 30-min cycling at 90% of gas exchange threshold, followed by a 20-km cycling time trial. Plasma lactate, plasma glucose, oxygen uptake, and EMG activity were measured, and CHO and fat oxidation rates were calculated. RESULTS CHO mouth rinse maintained higher plasma glucose levels as the constant load exercise progressed (P = 0.023). The reduced EMG activity in the DEP condition with the placebo during constant load exercise was ameliorated with CHO mouth rinse (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the power output and the EMG activity throughout the 20-km time trial were reduced in the DEP condition with placebo but were both restored with CHO mouth rinse (P < 0.05). Time trial performance was only improved with CHO in the DEP compared with the corresponding placebo (P < 0.05), and no differences between supplements were observed in the FED or FAST states. Analyses of the qualitative inference showed "benefit very likely" of CHO mouth rinse on exercise performance in DEP, "possibly benefit" in FAST, and "negligible or trivial" in FED. CHO mouth rinse had no effect on CHO and fat oxidation rates in either exercise mode. CONCLUSION The CHO mouth rinse influences exercise performance when endogenous CHO availability is low, and an enhanced central motor drive is potentially the main influencing mechanism.
Assessment of Audit Methodologies for Bias Evaluation of Tumor Progression in Oncology Clinical Trials

As progression-free survival (PFS) has become increasingly used as the primary endpoint in oncology phase III trials, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has generally required a complete-case blinded independent central review (BICR) of PFS to assess and reduce potential bias in the investigator or local site evaluation. However, recent publications and FDA analyses have shown a high correlation between local site evaluation and BICR assessments of the PFS treatment effect, which questions whether complete-case BICR is necessary. One potential alternative is to use BICR as an audit tool to detect evaluation bias in the local site evaluation. In this article, the performance characteristics of two audit methods proposed in the literature are evaluated on 26 prospective, randomized phase III registration trials in nonhematologic malignancies. The results support that a BICR audit to assess potential bias in the local site evaluation is a feasible approach. However, implementation and logistical challenges need further consideration and discussion. Clin Cancer Res; 19(10); 2637–45. ©2013 AACR.
Form and function relationships revealed by long‐term research in a semiarid mountain catchment

Fifteen years of cumulative research in the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho, USA, has revealed relationships between catchment form and function that would not have been possible through independent short‐term projects alone. The impacts of aspect and elevation on incident energy and water, coupled with climate seasonality, have produced tightly connected landform properties and hydrologic processes. North‐facing hillslopes have steeper slope angles, thicker soil mantles, finer soil texture, and higher water holding capacities than their south‐facing counterparts. This trend is modulated by elevation and vegetation; higher elevation sites, where aspect differences in vegetation are less evident, exhibit less distinct hydrologic properties. The storage of water first as snow, then as soil moisture determines how upland ecosystems survive the seasonal and persistent water stress that happens each year, and sustains streamflow throughout the year. The cumulative body of local knowledge has improved general understanding of catchment science, serves as a resource for conceptual and numerical evaluation of process‐based models, and for data‐driven hydrologic education. WIREs Water 2018, 5:e1267. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1267