Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering Language Identification for Written Language Resources

The task of identifying the language in which a given document (ranging from a sentence to thousands of pages) is written has been relatively well studied over several decades. Automated approachesto written language identification are used widely throughout research and industrial contexts, over both oral and written source materials. Despite this widespread acceptance, a review of previous research in written language identification reveals a number of questions which remain openand ripe for further investigation.
Minimal Models of Adapted Neuronal Response to In VivoLike Input Currents

Rate models are often used to study the behavior of large networks of spiking neurons. Here we propose a procedure to derive rate models that take into account the fluctuations of the input current and firing-rate adaptation, two ubiquitous features in the central nervous system that have been previously overlooked in constructing rate models. The procedure is general and applies to any model of firing unit. As examples, we apply it to the leaky integrate-and-fire (IF) neuron, the leaky IF neuron with reversal potentials, and to the quadratic IF neuron. Two mechanisms of adaptation are considered, one due to an after hyperpolarization current and the other to an adapting threshold for spike emission. The parameters of these simple models can be tuned to match experimental data obtained from neocortical pyramidal neurons. Finally, we show how the stationary model can be used to predict the time-varying activity of a large population of adapting neurons.
Hierarchical decision tree induction in distributed genomic databases

Classification based on decision trees is one of the important problems in data mining and has applications in many fields. In recent years, database systems have become highly distributed, and distributed system paradigms, such as federated and peer-to-peer databases, are being adopted. In this paper, we consider the problem of inducing decision trees in a large distributed network of genomic databases. Our work is motivated by the existence of distributed databases in healthcare and in bioinformatics, and by the emergence of systems which automatically analyze these databases, and by the expectancy that these databases will soon contain large amounts of highly dimensional genomic data. Current decision tree algorithms require high communication bandwidth when executed on such data, which are large-scale distributed systems. We present an algorithm that sharply reduces the communication overhead by sending just a fraction of the statistical data. A fraction which is nevertheless sufficient to derive the exact same decision tree learned by a sequential learner on all the data-in the network. Extensive experiments using standard synthetic SNP data show that the algorithm utilizes the high dependency among attributes, typical to genomic data, to reduce communication overhead by up to 99 percent. Scalability tests show that the algorithm scales well with both the size of the data set, the dimensionality of the data, and the size of the distributed system.
A recombinational defect in the C‐terminal domain of Escherichia coli RecA2278‐5 protein is compensated by protein binding to ATP

RecA2278‐5 is a mutant RecA protein (RecAmut) bearing two amino acid substitutions, Gly‐278 to Thr and Val‐275 to Phe, in the α‐helix H of the C‐terminal sub‐domain of the protein. recA2278‐5 mutant cells are unusual in that they are thermosensitive for recombination but almost normal for DNA repair of UV damage and the SOS response. Biochemical analysis of purified RecAmut protein revealed that its temperature sensitivity is suppressed by prior binding of this protein to its ligand. In fact, the preheating of RecAmut protein for several minutes at a restrictive temperature (42°C) in the absence of ATP resulted in inhibition at 42°C of many activities related to homologous recombination including ss‐ and dsDNA binding, high‐affinity binding for ATP, ss‐ or dsDNA‐dependent ATPase, RecA–RecA interaction, and strand transfer capability. The binary complex RecAmut::ATP under the same conditions showed a decrease in only two activities, i.e. dsDNA binding and high‐affinity binding for ATP. Besides ATP, sodium acetate (1.5M) was shown to be another factor that can stabilize the RecAmut protein at 42°C, judging by restoration of its DNA‐free ATPase activity. The similarity of influence of high salt (with its non‐specific binding) and ATP (binding specifically) on the apparent protein folding stability suggests that the structural stability of the RecA C‐terminal domain is one of the conditions for correct interaction between RecA protein and ATP in the RecA::ATP::ssDNA presynaptic complex formation. The decrease in affinity for ATP was suggested to be the factor that determined a particular recombinational (but not repair) thermosensitivity of the RecAmut protein. Finally, we show that the stability of C‐terminal domain appeared to be necessary for the dsDNA‐binding activity of the protein.
Supramodal executive control of attention

The human attentional system can be subdivided into three functional networks of alerting, orienting, and executive control. Although these networks have been extensively studied in the visuospatial modality, whether the same mechanisms are deployed across different sensory modalities remains unclear. In this study we used the attention network test for the visuospatial modality, in addition to two auditory variants with spatial and frequency manipulations to examine cross-modal correlations between network functions. Results showed that among the visual and auditory tasks, the effects of executive control, but not effects of alerting and orienting, were significantly correlated. These findings suggest that while alerting and orienting functions rely more upon modality-specific processes, the executive control of attention coordinates complex behavior via supramodal mechanisms.
An assessment of delayed hydride cracking in zirconium alloy cladding tubes under stress transients

Zirconium alloy cladding tubes used in nuclear fuel rods are susceptible to delayed hydride cracking, which is a time dependent crack growth process resulting from the stress assisted diffusion of hydrogen to the crack tip, followed by the formation of radial hydrides and the subsequent fracture of the hydrides in the crack tip region. This article reviews the current understanding of the delayed hydride cracking behaviour of zirconium alloy cladding tubes for fuel rods, focusing on the degradation mechanisms in high burnup fuel rods and transient loading scenarios, which could potentially lead to substantial changes in the hydride microstructure and cladding failure by delayed hydride cracking following removal from the reactor and during storage and disposal of spent nuclear fuel rods in a waste repository. A brief summary of the general characteristics of delayed hydride cracking in zirconium alloy cladding is presented first. Relevant information on the cladding stresses under various usage conditions is then compiled and categorised into several characteristic stress transients that can be anticipated during reactor operation. Delayed hydride cracking in cladding tubes under stress transients is then examined under various temperatures, cooling rates, burnup levels and loading conditions.
In vivo voltammetric monitoring of norepinephrine release in the rat ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and anteroventral thalamic nucleus

The role and contribution of the dense noradrenergic innervation in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) and anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AV) to biological function and animal behaviors is poorly understood due to the small size of these nuclei. The aim of this study was to compare norepinephrine release and uptake in the vBNST with that in the AV of anesthetized rats. Measurements were made in vivo with fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry following electrical stimulation of noradrenergic projection pathways, either the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNB) or the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNB). The substance detected was identified as norepinephrine based upon voltammetric, anatomical, neurochemical and pharmacological evidence. Fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry enables the selective monitoring of local norepinephrine overflow in the vBNST evoked by the stimulation of either the DNB or the VNB while norepinephrine in the AV was only evoked by DNB stimulation. The α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine and the norepinephrine uptake inhibitor desipramine increased norepinephrine overflow and slowed its disappearance in both regions. However, control of extracellular norepinephrine by both autoreceptors and uptake was greater in the AV. The greater control exerted by autoreceptors and uptake in the AV resulted in reduced extracellular concentration compared with the v BNST when large numbers of stimulation pulses were employed. The differences in noradrenergic transmission observed in the terminal fields of the v BNST and the AV may differentially regulate activity in these two regions that both contain high densities of norepinephrine terminals.
Comparative Studies of Anthraquinone- and Anthracene-Tetraamines as Blockers of N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors

Anthraquinone spermine [N1-(anthraquinone-2-carbonyl)spermine; AQ343], anthraquinone homospermine [N1-(anthraquinone-2-carbonyl; AQ444], anthracene spermine [N1-(9-anthracenylmethyl)spermine; Ant343], and anthracene homospermine [N1-(9-anthracenylmethyl)homospermine; Ant444] were found to be potent antagonists of recombinant N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NRs). The effects of both anthraquinone (AQ)- and anthracene (Ant)-tetraamines were reversible and voltage-dependent. Results of experiments using mutant NR1 and NR2B subunits of NMDA receptor identified residues that influence block by AQ- and Ant-tetraamines. The results indicate that the polyamine tail is crucial for block by AQ- and Ant-tetraamines. Residues in the outer vestibule of the NR1 subunit were more strongly involved in block by AQ-and Ant-tetraamines than residues in the corresponding region of NR2B. Several amino acid residues in the inner vestibule, below the level of the selectivity filter of NR1 and NR2B, affected block by AQ444, Ant343, and Ant444, but they did not affect block by AQ343. AQ-tetraamines could permeate the channel at very negative membrane potentials when the narrowest constriction of the channel was expanded by replacing the Asn residue at Asn616 of NR1 and NR2B with Gly, whereas Ant-tetraamines did not easily pass through the channel, apparently because of differences in the relative position of the head groups on AQ- and Ant-polyamines.
Response prediction using collaborative filtering with hierarchies and side-information

In online advertising, response prediction is the problem of estimating the probability that an advertisement is clicked when displayed on a content publisher's webpage. In this paper, we show how response prediction can be viewed as a problem of matrix completion, and propose to solve it using matrix factorization techniques from collaborative filtering (CF). We point out the two crucial differences between standard CF problems and response prediction, namely the requirement of predicting probabilities rather than scores, and the issue of confidence in matrix entries. We address these issues using a matrix factorization analogue of logistic regression, and by applying a principled confidence-weighting scheme to its objective. We show how this factorization can be seamlessly combined with explicit features or side-information for pages and ads, which let us combine the benefits of both approaches. Finally, we combat the extreme sparsity of response prediction data by incorporating hierarchical information about the pages and ads into our factorization model. Experiments on three very large real-world datasets show that our model outperforms current state-of-the-art methods for response prediction.
Depression partially mediates the relationship between alexithymia and somatization in a sample of healthy children

A link between alexithymia and somatization has been widely established, yet little is known about different factors that may influence this relationship. Evidence supporting the idea of psychopathology as a mediator has been presented but not widely tested, particularly in children. The present study examined depressive symptoms as a mediator of alexithymia and somatization in a sample of healthy children in order to better understand the alexithymia—somatization link from a developmental perspective. Results indicated that depression significantly partially mediated this relationship, at least for two facets of alexithymia (difficulty identifying and describing feelings). Possible mechanisms, implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
Interim Performance Feedback in Multistage Tournaments: The Optimality of Partial Disclosure

Workers competing in a tournament for a prize (e.g., a promotion) often perform sequentially in multiple stages. When the firm is privately informed about the workers’ performance, it can sharpen incentives by strategically disclosing the intermediate results. But the policies that enhance final-stage effort may dampen incentives at the intermediate stage. In our model, the optimal disclosure policy has a simple form: disclose only if all workers perform poorly. This result offers a novel justification for partial disclosure in performance feedback. Also, it contrasts with the existing literature that focuses on the extreme policies of full disclosure and no disclosure.
Estimation in Gaussian Noise: Properties of the Minimum Mean-Square Error

Consider the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) of estimating an arbitrary random variable from its observation contaminated by Gaussian noise. The MMSE can be regarded as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as well as a functional of the input distribution (of the random variable to be estimated). It is shown that the MMSE is concave in the input distribution at any given SNR. For a given input distribution, the MMSE is found to be infinitely differentiable at all positive SNR, and in fact a real analytic function in SNR under mild conditions. The key to these regularity results is that the posterior distribution conditioned on the observation through Gaussian channels always decays at least as quickly as some Gaussian density. Furthermore, simple expressions for the first three derivatives of the MMSE with respect to the SNR are obtained. It is also shown that, as functions of the SNR, the curves for the MMSE of a Gaussian input and that of a non-Gaussian input cross at most once over all SNRs. These properties lead to simple proofs of the facts that Gaussian inputs achieve both the secrecy capacity of scalar Gaussian wiretap channels and the capacity of scalar Gaussian broadcast channels, as well as a simple proof of the entropy power inequality in the special case where one of the variables is Gaussian.
The amino acid sequences of the myelin-associated glycoproteins: homology to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily

The myelin associated glycoproteins (MAG) are integral plasma membrane proteins which are found in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and are believed to mediate the axonal-glial interactions of myelination. In this paper we demonstrate the existence in central nervous system myelin of two MAG polypeptides with Mrs of 67,000 and 72,000 that we have designated small MAG (S-MAG) and large MAG (L-MAG), respectively. The complete amino acid sequence of L-MAG and a partial amino acid sequence of S-MAG have been deduced from the nucleotide sequences of corresponding cDNA clones isolated from a lambda gt11 rat brain expression library. Based on their amino acid sequences, we predict that both proteins have an identical membrane spanning segment and a large extracellular domain. The putative extracellular region contains an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence that may be involved in the interaction of these proteins with the axon. The extracellular portion of L-MAG also contains five segments of internal homology that resemble immunoglobulin domains, and are strikingly homologous to similar domains of the neural cell adhesion molecule and other members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. In addition, the two MAG proteins differ in the extent of their cytoplasmically disposed segments and appear to be the products of alternatively spliced mRNAs. Of considerable interest is the finding that the cytoplasmic domain of L- MAG, but not of S-MAG, contains an amino acid sequence that resembles the autophosphorylation site of the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Improving the accuracy of dynamic branch prediction using branch correlation

Long branch delay is a well–known problem in today’s high performance superscalar and supetpipeline processor designs. A common technique used to alleviate this problem is to predict the direction of branches during the instruction fetch. Counter-based branch prediction, in particular, has been reported as an effective scheme for predicting the direction of branches. However, its accuracy is generally limited by branches whose future behavior is also dependent upon the history of other branches. To enhance branch prediction accuracy with a minimum increase in hardware COSLwe propose a correlation-based scheme and show how the prediction accuracy can be improved by incorporating information, not only from the history of a specific brsncb but also from the history of other branches. Specifically, we use the information provided by a proper subhistory of a branch to predict the outcome of that branch. The proper subhistory is selected based on the outcomes of the most recently executed M branches. The new scheme is evaluated using traces collected from running the SPEC benchmark suite on an IBM RISC System/6000 workstation. The results show that, ascompared with the 2-bit counter-based prediction scheme, the correlation-based branch prediction achieves up to 11 ~0 additional accuracy at the extra hardware cost of one shift register. The results also show that the accuracy of the new scheme surpasses that of the counter–based branch predction at saturation.
Exercise Blood Pressure and Future Cardiovascular Death in Asymptomatic Individuals

Background— Individuals with exaggerated exercise blood pressure (BP) tend to develop future hypertension. It is controversial whether they have higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods and Results— A total of 6578 asymptomatic Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study participants (45% women; mean age, 46 years; 74% with untreated baseline BP <140/90 mm Hg [nonhypertensive]) performing submaximal Bruce treadmill tests were followed for 20 years (385 CVD deaths occurred). Systolic and diastolic BP at rest, Bruce stage 2, and maximal BP during exercise were significantly associated with CVD death. When we compared multivariate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals per 10/5-mm Hg BP increments, the association was strongest for rest BP (systolic, 1.21 [1.14 to 1.27]; diastolic, 1.20 [1.14 to 1.26]), then Bruce stage 2 BP (systolic, 1.09 [1.04 to 1.14]; diastolic, 1.09 [1.05 to 1.13]), then maximal exercise BP (systolic, 1.06 [1.01 to 1.10]; diastolic, 1.04 [1.01 to 1.08]). Overall, exercise BP was not significant after adjustment for rest BP. However, hypertension status modified the risk associated with exercise BP (Pinteraction=0.03). Among nonhypertensives, whether they had normal BP (<120/80 mm Hg) or prehypertension, Bruce stage 2 BP >180/90 versus ≤180/90 mm Hg carried increased risk independent of rest BP and risk factors (adjusted hazard ratio for systolic, 1.96 [1.40 to 2.74], P<0.001; diastolic, 1.48 [1.06 to 2.06], P=0.02) and added predictive value (net reclassification improvement, systolic, 12.0% [−0.1% to 24.2%]; diastolic, 9.9% [−0.3% to 20.0%]; relative integrated discrimination improvement, 14.3% and 12.0%, respectively). Conclusions— In asymptomatic individuals, elevated exercise BP carried higher risk of CVD death but became nonsignificant after accounting for rest BP. However, Bruce stage 2 BP >180/90 mm Hg identified nonhypertensive individuals at higher risk of CVD death.
Redefining idiopathic interstitial lung disease into occupational lung diseases by analysis of chemical composition of inhaled dust particles in induced sputum and/or lung biopsy specimens

There has been increased public awareness of the potential danger from exposure to hazardous dust in various occupations. This study aims to validate the qualitative analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of lung samples by 1) correlation of induced sputum (IS) findings to clinical findings, 2) comparing hazardous particles in IS to those in biopsied lung specimens, and 3) assessing whether the particles present in the lungs of transplanted patients correlate with occupational history of dust exposure. Forty patients with occupational history were included; of whom 35 filled in questionnaires. Twenty-four of them had SEM analysis of their IS, and 11 of these 24 also had SEM analysis of their lung tissue. Another 11 lung biopsies from patients with occupational history were scanned by SEM and compared with 10 lung biopsies from patients with no occupational history. SEM analysis of IS was as efficient for detecting hazardous particles as was SEM analysis of lung tissue; silica was detected better in sputum. Exposure to silica was the main chemical element associated with a high likelihood to show abnormalities in IS (Odds ratio 19.41 CI = 0.270–1398.33). The average number of detected hazardous chemical elements in patients with an occupational history of exposure was 4 ± 1.61 in IS and 3.55 ± 2.02 in lung tissue (P = 0.57); it was 1.5 ± 0.85 from transplanted occupationally exposed patients compared with 0.36 ± 0.67 in transplanted non-exposed patients (P = 0.003). SEM analysis of particles in IS and lung tissue can elucidate the causative agent(s) of otherwise idiopathic interstitial lung disease among occupationally exposed workers.
Exploiting Existing Copies in Register File for Soft Error Correction

Soft errors are an increasingly important problem in contemporary digital systems. Being the major data holding component in contemporary microprocessors, the register file has been an important part of the processor on which researchers offered many different schemes to protect against soft errors. In this paper we build on the previously proposed schemes and start with the observation that many register values already have a replica inside the storage space. We use this already available redundancy inside the register file in combination with a previously proposed value replication scheme for soft error detection and correction. We show that, by employing schemes that make use of the already available copies of the values inside the register file, it is possible to detect and correct 39.0 percent of the errors with an additional power consumption of 18.9 percent.
Transient Mean-Square Analysis of Prediction Error Method-Based Adaptive Feedback Cancellation in Hearing Aids

Acoustic feedback is one of the main problems in modern hearing aids. It distorts the desired signal and limits the maximum stable gain. Results on acoustic feedback cancellation systems based on the prediction error method of closed-loop identification indicate that they perform better than most alternative solutions. Most available analyses of such systems, however, are limited to steady-state results. This paper presents a transient mean-square analysis of a recently proposed system. The structure is analyzed for slow adaptation and for autoregressive input signals. Analytical models are derived for the mean and mean-square adaptive weight behaviors. This includes a model for the transient behavior of the bias in the feedback path estimator. Monte Carlo simulations are presented to verify the accuracy of the derived models.