Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understandings of the Implications of the Treaty of Waitangi in Mathematics Programs

A New Zealand Professional Standard for beginning primary school teachers states that they will “understand the implications of the Treaty of Waitangi and te reo me na tikanga”. This paper presents how this standard was demonstrated by a group of teachers within their mathematics programs. Dilemmas, supports, perceived effects on children’s attitudes and achievement, and implications for pre-service education are presented. Findings include that teachers felt constrained by time, school planning, school culture, and children’s lack of prior knowledge.
Genetic analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase protein

Single-amino-acid changes in a highly conserved central region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase protein were analyzed for their effects on viral protein synthesis, virion morphogenesis, and viral replication. Alteration of two amino acids that are invariant among retroviral integrases, D116 and E152 of HIV-1, as well as a mutation of the highly conserved amino acid S147 blocked viral replication in two CD4+ human T-cell lines. Mutations of four other highly conserved amino acids in the region had no detectable effect on viral replication, whereas mutations at two positions, N117 and Y143, resulted in viruses with a delayed-replication phenotype. Defects in virion precursor polypeptide processing, virion morphology, or viral DNA synthesis were observed for all of the replication-defective mutants, indicating that changes in integrase can have pleiotropic effects on viral replication.
A closer look at moral dilemmas: Latent dimensions of morality and the difference between trolley and footbridge dilemmas

Although a distinction between moral-personal and moral-impersonal dilemmas (Greene, Sommerville, Nystrom, Darley, & Cohen, 2001) has been widely accepted as an explanation for a difference between the trolley and footbridge dilemmas (Thomson, 1985), its psychometric properties remain a mystery. In this study 219 participants completed 62 moral dilemma tasks used in Greene et al. (2001), and the correlation structure among the dilemmas was analysed through factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Findings suggest that, first, moral-personal dilemmas are composed of one factor, indicating that the assumption in Greene et al. (2001) was supported. Second, moral-impersonal dilemmas are explained by two factors that reflect procedural and consequential aspects of decision making. Third, the trolley and footbridge dilemmas fall under the same factor category; therefore the difference between the two dilemmas cannot be attributed to emotional involvement. Additionally, the results of the structural equation modelling suggest that they differ in the engagement of rational processing.
Induction of cataract-like changes in rat lens epithelial explants by transforming growth factor beta.

PURPOSE To investigate the possible role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) in lens development and growth, the authors studied the influence of TGF beta, alone and in combination with fibroblast growth factor (FGF), on lens epithelial explants. METHODS Lens explants were prepared from both postnatal and adult rats, and changes during 5 days of culture with growth factor(s) were monitored by light and electron microscopy, immunolocalization of laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan and fiber-specific crystallins, and crystallin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS TGF beta induced cells in explants to undergo an extensive and rapid elongation with features that distinguished it from FGF-induced fiber differentiation. TGF beta also induced accumulation of extracellular matrix, capsule wrinkling, cell death by apoptosis, and distinctive arrangements of cells. Standard explants from 10-day-old rats responded to TGF beta only in the presence of FGF. Comparable explants from adult rats or from 21-day-old rats (cultured on a laminin substratum) responded readily to TGF beta whether or not FGF was present. CONCLUSIONS First, these results suggest a role for TGF beta in regulating normal processes in lens cells such as the production of extracellular matrix and capsule formation. Second, because many of the changes induced by TGF beta resembled changes reported to occur during the formation of various kinds of subcapsular cataracts, the results suggest that detailed studies of factors that influence the ability of lens cells to respond to TGF beta and the bioavailability of TGF beta in the ocular media may provide important insights into the etiology of some forms of cataract.
Right and Left Hand Castes in South India

As an explict division of South Indian society,~ the dual classification of many of its constituent groups into Right Hand (Valangai) and Left Hand (Idangai) castes, has a history which commences no later than the eleventh century and ceases to exist, except in vestigial forms, after the nineteenth century. Its precise historical origin has not been agreed upon and is in any case secondary to the argument of this paper. The argument I will try to make is that, as a classi-
Enhancing the ability to think strategically: A learning model

The ability to think strategically is critical for managers at multiple organizational levels, yet we know little about how this ability develops in individuals. Drawing on literature in strategy, cognitive science and adult learning, we propose a model of learning to think strategically that follows the ‘learning school’ of strategy making (Mintzberg et al., 1998). The model depicts a dynamic, interactive, and iterative experiential learning process. It identifies individual factors, work experiences and organizational factors that contribute knowledge and act together to develop the ability to think strategically. Areas for research are suggested to better understand the learning process.
SCREENING FOR DEPRESSION AMONG GERIATRIC INPATIENTS WITH SHORT VERSIONS OF THE GERIATRIC DEPRESSION SCALE

The performances of shorter versions of the Geriatric Depression scale (GDS) are examined. A cutoff of 4/5 gives the best sensitivity (80%) and specificity (77%) for the 15‐item version (GDS15). A cutoff of 3/4 gives the best sensitivity (75%) and specificity (77%) for the 10‐item version (GDS10). A cutoff of 0/1 gives the best sensitivity (85%) and specificity (60%) for the 4‐item version (GDS4). Similar cutoff values, specificities and sensitivities were demonstrated in the dementia subsample for GDS15 and GDS10. The GDS4 had poor sensitivity and specificity in the dementia subsample. The GDS15 and the GDS10 may be utilized in screening for depression among continuing care geriatric inpatients, but would require prospective evaluation among acutely ill geriatric inpatients.
Low levels of nitric oxide as contaminant in hospital compressed air: physiologic significance?

OBJECTIVES To determine whether the levels of nitric oxide found in hospital compressed air have a clinically relevant effect on oxygenation in intubated patients with normal lungs. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Cardiothoracic and surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS Twelve postoperative patients receiving mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS Pure nitrogen and oxygen were substituted for hospital compressed air as a source of blending for correct FIO2. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hemodynamics and PaO2 were measured in nitrogen and oxygen used for blending oxygen during stable FIO2 levels. Inhaled nitric oxide was measured with a nitric oxide-chemiluminescence detector. There was no clinically relevant change in systemic hemodynamics. However, the PaO2 decreased significantly when nitrogen was used for blending. Inhaled nitric oxide levels varied from 2 to 550 parts per billion during use of hospital compressed air; no nitric oxide was detectable during use of nitrogen. CONCLUSIONS The low concentration of nitric oxide in hospital compressed air improves oxygenation in patients with normal lungs receiving mechanical ventilation.
Bullets for Ballots: Examining the Effect of Electoral Participation on Conflict Recurrence*

Post-conflict elections are often criticized as useless or even dangerous. In contrast, I posit that certain elections — those in which former militant groups compete against the governments that they were fighting — solidify post-conflict peace. Militant groups and governments commit to peace agreements by participating in elections: the electoral process provides regular transparency, visibility, and accountability for both sides, and external actors can efficiently engage through this process, under the right conditions, to monitor and incentivize compliance with the deals. Such external engagement increases the combatants’ confidence that the terms of the agreement will be respected. This paper presents this “commitment” theory and tests it using new cross-national data on peace agreements. The results indicate that conflict recurrence is less likely with electoral participation provisions, and the effect is conditional on expectations of international involvement in elections. The research introduces conditions under which elections serve as a tool for conflict resolution.
Feed enzyme supplementation does not ameliorate foot pad dermatitis in broiler chickens fed on a corn-soyabean diet

1. Foot Pad Dermatitis (FPD) can be a serious health, quality and welfare problem in poultry production, with a significant affect on the economics of production. The physico-chemical properties of (NSP) have been correlated with increases in excreta viscosity and adherence, and hence FPD in broiler chickens. 2. Two broiler experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary non-starch polisaccharide (NSP) applications to corn-soyabean based diets in replicated floor pens. In addition to live performance, the incidence and severity of FPD was scored and, in experiment 2, intestinal viscosity and ammonia volatilization were measured. 3. Live performance did not vary with the different treatments in either experiment and the incidence and severity of FPD, and ammionia volatisation in experiment 2, were unaffected. However, birds reared on enzyme supplemented diets had lower (P < 0·001) intestinal viscosity levels in experiment 1. 4. In this study with corn-soyabean meal based diets, dietary enzyme supplementation had no affect on the incidence and severity of FPD. The lack of an association between the excreta viscosity and FPD is attributed to the multifactorial etiology of this condition.
A survey of training and professional development for learning support assistants

During the academic years 1996–98 the authors undertook a series of one-day training and professional development seminars for learning support assistants working in secondary schools. Delegates attending the seminars represented sixty-two local education authorities. They were asked to complete a questionnaire recording details of their qualifications and experience in post. During the course of the seminar, their wider comments were collected and examined. Many found their experiences shared or their views challenged by fellow delegates. This article discusses the findings of the survey, juxtaposing questionnaire data with the contextual field data of steered discussions. Its conclusions represent the views of 274 non-teaching professionals currently supporting learning in secondary schools.
IV immunoglobulin in patients with myasthenia gravis

Objective: We aimed to determine the effectiveness of IV immunoglobulin (IVIG) in the treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and worsening weakness in a randomized, placebo-controlled, masked study. Methods: Fifty-one patients with worsening weakness due to MG were randomized to infusion with 2 g/kg of IVIG or an equivalent volume of IV dextrose 5% in water. The Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) Score for Disease Severity, a validated clinical composite scale, was calculated by a masked observer at baseline and days 14 and 28. Results: In IVIG-treated patients, a clinically meaningful improvement in QMG Score for Disease Severity was observed at day 14 and persisted at day 28. The greatest improvement occurred in patients with more severe disease as defined by a QMG Score for Disease Severity greater than 10.5. Conclusion: This study provides level 1 evidence for the effectiveness of IV immunoglobulin in patients with worsening weakness due to myasthenia gravis.
Genetic Diversity of PRRS Virus Collected from Air Samples in Four Different Regions of Concentrated Swine Production during a High Incidence Season

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most relevant swine diseases in the US, costing the industry millions of dollars per year. Unfortunately, disease control is difficult because of the virus dynamics, as PRRS virus (PRRSV) can be transmitted by air between farms, especially, in regions with high density of swine operations. While long distance airborne transport of PRRSV has been reported, there is little information regarding the dynamics of PRRSV airborne challenge in concentrated regions. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of detection, dose and diversity of PRRSV in air samples collected across four concentrated production regions during the PRRS-high risk season in the Midwestern US (October–December) in 2012. Between 29% and 42% of the air samples were positive in all four sampling sites. Sequencing of the recovered virus showed a wide diversity of field and vaccine variants. Higher frequency, dose, and diversity of PRRSV were observed in air at locations with higher pig density. These findings suggest that regional spread of PRRSV due to aerosol transmission of PRRSV represents a significant risk to susceptible herds in concentrated regions of domestic pig production where PRRSV is endemic.
Tight junction protein zo‐2 is differentially expressed in normal pancreatic ducts compared to human pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Differential display of hamster mRNA identified a fragment present in normal pancreatic duct cells that is not expressed in pancreatic duct carcinoma cells. Sequence analysis showed an 88% and 82% identity, respectively, to the cDNA of the canine and human tight junction zo‐2 gene. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of human ZO‐2 revealed a striking difference in the expression of various regions of the ZO‐2 transcript in normal and neoplastic cells and the presence of an abnormality at the 5′‐end of mRNA. RACE analysis identified 2 human ZO‐2 mRNAs that encode proteins of different lengths, designated as ZO‐2A and ZO‐2C. The difference between the 2 forms of ZO‐2 is the absence of 23 amino acid residues at the N terminus of ZO‐2C compared with ZO‐2A. Although ZO‐2C was expressed in normal pancreatic cells and a majority of neoplastic tissues analyzed, ZO‐2A was undetectable except in one case in all of the pancreatic adenocarcinomas analyzed. This suggests the presence of a yet to be identified motif important for cell‐growth regulation within the 23–amino acid residue N‐terminal peptide of ZO‐2A, MPVRGDRGFPPRRELSGWLRAPG. Int. J. Cancer 82:137–144, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical Evaluations: Impact of Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Gender Role

This study surveyed clinicians regarding their judgments of disturbance as a function of client sexual orientation. gender, and gender role. Members of the American Psychological Association's Psychotherapy Division (N= 422) read a case description and responded to questions about psychological functioning. Results revealed no differences in diagnosis of depression. but a significant interaction between client sexual orientation and client gender for ratings on alcohol dependence and on schizophrenia. Heterosexual men and lesbians received slightly higher ratings of both disorders than did gay men and heterosexual women. The most significant finding for ratings of psychological functioning was a main effect for client sexual orientation. with gav/lesbian clients evaluated as functioning better in their significant relationships, being more motivated for therapy, and having a higher need for medication.
SIZE CONSTANCY AND INTELLIGENCE: A RE-EXAMINATION

This investigation was concerned with a re-examination of the usually accepted negative correlation between intelligence and size constancy. Size estimates of three standards were obtained from two groups of school-children of similar age but markedly different intelligence, and the incidence of over-constancy and under-constancy in different regions of a range of i.q. 's was critically considered. The four major conclusions were that knowledge of the laws of perspective influences reduction in under-constancy, that under-constancy as well as over-constancy may occur with low as well as high i.q. 's, that over-constancy appears to be the more usual and adaptive behaviour with higher cognitive development, and that significant changes away from under-constancy are associated with higher intellectual levels.
Problem-based medical education: effect on library use.

Problem-based learning (PBL) is being adopted by U.S. medical schools. Information-seeking skills are central to the PBL curriculum, which emphasizes self-directed learning and the acquisition of problem-solving and lifelong learning skills. The purpose of this study is to begin exploring the relationship between the PBL curriculum and student information and library use. Medical students in PBL and conventional medical school curricula were compared on library and information-seeking competencies, behaviors, and perceptions. A survey was sent to second-year students in four medical schools, two schools with two curricular tracks (one PBL and one conventional), one PBL school, and one conventional school. The results showed certain significant differences (P less than 0.05) between PBL and conventional curriculum students, suggesting that PBL students were the more frequent library users, used information resources that supported the independent learning process, acquired information-seeking skills at an earlier stage in their medical education, and reported greater ease in using these skills.
A virtual instrumentation based protocol for the automated implementation of the inner field compensation method

One influential parameter which mediates interactions between many types of molecules and biological membranes stems from the lumped contributions of the transmembrane potential, dipole potential and the difference in the surface potentials on both sides of a membrane. With relevance to cell physiology, such electrical features of a biomembrane are prone to undergoing changes as a result of interactions with the aqueous surrounding. Among the most useful tools devoted to exploring changes of electrical parameters of a lipid membrane induced by certain extracellular ions, lipid composition, and embedded membrane peptides and proteins, are spectroscopic imaging and the inner field compensation (IFC) method. In this work we layout the principles of a fully computerized version of the IFC method, which makes it more readily available to users. As a direct application, we deployed this improved version of the IFC method to time-resolve changes induced by alamethicin monomers upon membrane dipole potential, following their aggregation within an artificial lipid membrane. Intriguingly, even prior crossing the membrane core, the membrane-bound alamethicin monomers are shown to significantly increase the dipole potential of the monolayer they reside in. Such data further emphasize the yet less-explored interplay between membrane-based protein and peptides, and the membrane dipole potential.
The Three Dimensions of the Student–Teacher Relationship Scale

The validity of the Student–Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) was examined in a preschool community sample (N = 925) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Factorial invariance across genders was also investigated as was concurrent and discriminant validity. Indicators of validity were teacher-rated social competence, problem behavior, and mental health, as well as the children’s score on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Results showed that the original three-dimensional model of the STRS was not satisfactorily confirmed. However, a slightly modified 25 items, 3-factor version of the STRS showed an acceptable fit. Model fit was acceptable for both boys and girls. The modified three-factor model evidenced good concurrent validity. The discriminant validity of the dependency versus the conflict subscale was somewhat unsatisfactory, mainly due to imperfections in the dependency subscale.
Concentration Inequalities for Dependent Random Variables via the Martingale Method

The martingale method is used to establish concentration inequalities for a class of dependent random sequences on a countable state space, with the constants in the inequalities expressed in terms of certain mixing coecien ts. Along the way, bounds are obtained on mar- tingale dierences associated with the random sequences, which may be of independent interest. As applications of the main result, concentra- tion inequalities are also derived for inhomogeneous Markov chains and hidden Markov chains, and an extremal property associated with their martingale dierence bounds is established. This work complements and generalizes certain concentration inequalities obtained by Marton and Samson, while also providing a dieren t proof of some known results.
Evidence against direct involvement of cyclic GMP or cyclic AMP in bacterial chemotactic signaling

Defects in phosphotransferase chemotaxis in cya and cpd mutants previously cited as evidence of a cyclic GMP or cyclic AMP intermediate in signal transduction were not reproduced in a study of chemotaxis in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. In cya mutants, which lack adenylate cyclase, the addition of cyclic AMP was required for synthesis of proteins that were necessary for phosphotransferase transport and chemotaxis. However, the induced cells retained normal phosphotransferase chemotaxis after cyclic AMP was removed. Phosphotransferase chemotaxis was normal in a cpd mutant of S. typhimurium that has elevated levels of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP. S. typhimurium crr mutants are deficient in enzyme III glucose, which is a component of the glucose transport system, and a regulator of adenylate cyclase. After preincubation with cyclic AMP, the crr mutants were deficient in enzyme II glucose-mediated transport and chemotaxis, but other chemotactic responses were normal. It is concluded that cyclic GMP does not determine the frequency of tumbling and is probably not a component of the transduction pathway. The only known role of cyclic AMP is in the synthesis of some proteins that are subject to catabolite repression.
Mimicking Political Debate with Survey Questions: The Case of White Opinion on Affirmative Action for Blacks

By examining the alterations in opinion induced by alterations in question wording that mimic the ongoing debate among elites, it becomes possible to learn how changes in public opinion can be induced by changes taking place outside the survey, in the ordinary, everyday process of democratic discussion. We present evidence in support of this broad claim from a recent national survey in which white Americans were invited to think about affirmative action either as unfair advantage or as reverse discrimination. Framing the issue as unfair advantage as opposed to reverse discrimination produced opinions on affirmative action among whites that were (1) more coherent with their views on other race policies; (2) associated more closely with their opinions on policies plausibly, but not explicitly, implicating race (such as welfare); (3) linked more tightly to negative emotions provoked by preferential treatment; (4) more consistent with their general political views; (5) more evocative of prejudice and misgivin.