Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE PAINS OF LONG-TERM IMPRISONMENT

In recent years, the subject oflong-term incarceration has received attention in many countries. The Council of Europe (1977) has noted that the use of long prison sentences is increasing in a majority of its Member States. Con cern with the use and effects of long-term confinement in Great Britain is evidenced by the several papers addressed to this issue that have appeared in the British Journal of Criminology in recent years (Banister et al., 1973a, I973b, 1974; Gunn et al., 1973; Heskin et al., 1974; Bolton et al., 1976; Heather, 1977; Richards, 1978). In the United States, sentences of imprisonment are imposed at a rate that is the highest in the free world. In addition, the lengths of sentences meted out by American courts are generally recognised as among the longest in the world. (Doleschal, 1979, p. 4). A survey conducted for the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration in 1974 showed that, in the survey period, one-half of the estimated 187,500 inmates of state correctional facilities were under sentence of 10 years or more. Twelve per cent, of the inmates (an estimated 22,000 prisoners) had served five years or more at the date of the survey (U.S. Department of Justice, 1976). Despite the common problem posed by the use of long-term incarceration, few cross-national data have been generated by researchers. The present study was conducted in order to compare the attitudes and perspectives of long term prisoners in England and America. Briefly, a problem-ranking exercise developed by Richards (1978) in his research with English long-term prisoners was administered to a group of American long-term inmates. The problem-ranking task was included as part of an interview schedule in a larger study of the self-perceived problems, needs and perspectives of long term prisoners. The problem-ranking exercise was developed by Richards through consideration of the penological literature and pre-testing with a small group of long-term inmates. The task provides a conceptually simple method of examining the primary deprivations suffered by prison inmates and also serves as a context from which more extensive discussions of these issues can
Cytotoxicity of Light-Cured Dental Materials according to Different Sample Preparation Methods

Dental light-cured resins can undergo different degrees of polymerization when applied in vivo. When polymerization is incomplete, toxic monomers may be released into the oral cavity. The present study assessed the cytotoxicity of different materials, using sample preparation methods that mirror clinical conditions. Composite and bonding resins were used and divided into four groups according to sample preparation method: uncured; directly cured samples, which were cured after being placed on solidified agar; post-cured samples were polymerized before being placed on agar; and “removed unreacted layer” samples had their oxygen-inhibition layer removed after polymerization. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using an agar diffusion test, MTT assay, and confocal microscopy. Uncured samples were the most cytotoxic, while removed unreacted layer samples were the least cytotoxic (p < 0.05). In the MTT assay, cell viability increased significantly in every group as the concentration of the extracts decreased (p < 0.05). Extracts from post-cured and removed unreacted layer samples of bonding resin were less toxic than post-cured and removed unreacted layer samples of composite resin. Removal of the oxygen-inhibition layer resulted in the lowest cytotoxicity. Clinicians should remove unreacted monomers on the resin surface immediately after restoring teeth with light-curing resin to improve the restoration biocompatibility.
Meaning in Life as a Protective Factor for the Emergence of Suicide Ideation That Leads to Suicide Attempts Among Military Personnel and Veterans With Elevated PTSD and Depression

The current study examines the fluid vulnerability theory (FVT) to determine how the presence of meaning in life explains the emergence of suicide ideation and the transition from suicide ideation to attempts among military personnel and veterans with elevated symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. We used path analysis to determine if the presence of meaning in life and the search for life meaning mediate the relationship between PTSD/depression and suicide ideation that leads to suicide attempts. A total of 393 U.S. service members and veterans (69.7% male; 82.5% Caucasian; mean age = 36.26) enrolled in college completed an anonymous online survey assessing basic demographic information, posttraumatic stress, depression, meaning in life, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts. Results indicate that meaning in life may be an important factor for explaining why some military personnel and veterans do not become suicidal despite their risk of suicide due to clinical conditions (PT.
Recent Advances in Plant Early Signaling in Response to Herbivory

Plants are frequently attacked by herbivores and pathogens and therefore have acquired constitutive and induced defenses during the course of their evolution. Here we review recent progress in the study of the early signal transduction pathways in host plants in response to herbivory. The sophisticated signaling network for plant defense responses is elicited and driven by both herbivore-induced factors (e.g., elicitors, effectors, and wounding) and plant signaling (e.g., phytohormone and plant volatiles) in response to arthropod factors. We describe significant findings, illuminating the scenario by providing broad insights into plant signaling involved in several arthropod-host interactions.
Experimental Validation of the Inverse Scattering Method for Distributed Characteristic Impedance Estimation

Recently published theoretic results and numerical simulations have shown the ability of inverse scattering-based methods to diagnose soft faults in electric cables, in particular, faults implying smooth spatial variations of cable characteristic parameters. The purpose of the present paper is to report laboratory experiments confirming the ability of the inverse scattering method for retrieving spatially distributed characteristic impedance from reflectometry measurements. Various smooth or stepped spatial variations of characteristic impedance profiles are tested. The tested electric cables are CAN unshielded twisted pairs used in trucks and coaxial cables.
A GFP–MAP4 Reporter Gene for Visualizing Cortical Microtubule Rearrangements in Living Epidermal Cells

Microtubules influence morphogenesis by forming distinct geometrical arrays in the cell cortex, which in turn affect the deposition of cellulose microfibrils. Although many chemical and physical factors affect microtubule orientation, it is unclear how cortical microtubules in elongating cells maintain their ordered transverse arrays and how they reorganize into new geometries. To visualize these reorientations in living cells, we constructed a microtubule reporter gene by fusing the microtubule binding domain of the mammalian microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) gene with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, and transient expression of the recombinant protein in epidermal cells of fava bean was induced. The reporter protein decorates microtubules in vivo and binds to microtubules in vitro. Confocal microscopy and time-course analysis of labeled cortical arrays along the outer epidermal wall revealed the lengthening, shortening, and movement of microtubules; localized microtubule reorientations; and global microtubule reorganizations. The global microtubule orientation in some cells fluctuates about the transverse axis and may be a result of a cyclic self-correcting mechanism to maintain a net transverse orientation during cellular elongation.
Harnessing Earth Observation and Satellite Information for Monitoring Desertification, Drought and Agricultural Activities in Developing Countries

With the drastic advances in technology over the past decades, the availability, as well as the quantity, of large data sets for research in almost every scientific field has increased dramati‐ cally. More specifically, the availability of earth observation-based imagery data and satellite information for research purposes and practical applications has grown with many organiza‐ tions such as the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA), the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), etc. for example, through GEONETCast, which is part of the core Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), the users do not need to repeatedly build ground receiving stations for different satellites [1]. However, despite a wealth of remotely sensed data provided by GEONETCast, investments in science technology and innovations is often a low priority for decision and policy makers in most developing countries in Africa, Asia and global emerging economies like India and Brazil. Yet, most of these countries face serious environ‐ mental risks and development challenges which require reliable and timely access to accurate Earth Observation (EO) data and derived environmental information for their sustainable development. In particular, there is a clear need for research on the integration and utility of remote sensing data and products into the risk assessment cycle, scenario development and impact forecasting, in view of global (climate) change [2].
Question Dependent Recurrent Entity Network for Question Answering

Question Answering is a task which requires building models capable of providing answers to questions expressed in human language. Full question answering involves some form of reasoning ability. We introduce a neural network architecture for this task, which is a form of $Memory\ Network$, that recognizes entities and their relations to answers through a focus attention mechanism. Our model is named $Question\ Dependent\ Recurrent\ Entity\ Network$ and extends $Recurrent\ Entity\ Network$ by exploiting aspects of the question during the memorization process. We validate the model on both synthetic and real datasets: the $bAbI$ question answering dataset and the $CNN\ \&\ Daily\ News$ $reading\ comprehension$ dataset. In our experiments, the models achieved a State-of-The-Art in the former and competitive results in the latter.
Essays in Economic Behaviour and Interaction

ESSAYS IN ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR AND INTERACTION Peter Slade University of Guelph, 2015 Advisor: Professor John Cranfield This thesis contains three essays. The first essay explores the phenomena of countersignaling in a model with two di erent audiences: insiders and outsiders. Insiders have private information about the individual (or sender) and provide the individual with a reward if they believe the individual is of high ability. When the individual takes a public action that is associated with having low ability and is still rewarded by insiders, outsiders infer that insiders have favourable private information about the individual. Hence, taking an action commonly associated with low ability may signal to outsiders that the individual is more likely to have high ability by credibly revealing the private information of insiders. The second essay proposes two maximum score estimators for two-sided one-to-one matching models with non-transferable utility: a weighted estimator and an unweighted estimator. The weighted estimator is consistent in the number of markets, based on an identification at infinity argument. Conversely, the unweighted estimator is consistent when preferences are homogeneous. The asymptotics of the unweighted estimator are in either the number of markets or the number of individuals. The third essay examines the impact of gender on the hiring and promotion of academic economists. Past research has shown that females in North America generally experience inferior labour market outcomes, although it remains unclear the extent to which these outcomes are due to employer discrimination or gender di erences in preferences. This essay seeks to answer this question through structural models that allow for the separate estimation of employer and employee preferences. The initial hiring of PhD economists is modelled as a two-sided one-to-one matching market with non-transferable utility. Post-hiring outcomes (job exit and promotion) are estimated using a two-sided probit model. In the initial hiring process, departments exhibit no gender bias. However, significant male bias is found in post-hiring job outcomes; males are more likely to be promoted and less likely to be fired. Significant di erences are also found in gender preferences, with males being more likely to exit their job voluntarily.
“Heterodox Religiousness” in Today’s Russia: Results of an Empirical Study

The author presents a selection of important results from a new representative population survey on the attitudes and experiences with various forms of heterodox (also sometimes called non-institutionalised, “eclectic” or “esoteric”) religiousness, conducted in the Russian Federation in 2006 – the first survey in this country to have focused specifically on this kind of religiousness. The author shows that heterodox religiousness appears to have become the dominant form of religiousness in contemporary Russia and involves a larger proportion of the population than traditional Christian religiousness.
Tuberculosis infection control in primary health clinics in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

SETTING Primary health clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. OBJECTIVE To assess and describe current practices in infection control at local government primary health clinics. DESIGN A descriptive study using a standardised tool to assess adherence to recommended infection control policies in 51 primary health clinics in 2009-2010. Administrative policies, engineering controls and personal respiratory protection were assessed by observations and interviews at the clinics. RESULTS Of 51 clinics, 11 (22%) had infection control policies, 13 (26%) triaged coughing patients and 16 (31%) had a dedicated nurse and a dedicated consulting room for treating tuberculosis (TB) patients. Study clinics treated a median of 99 patients (range 3-331) daily and a median of 15 TB patients (range 2-73) monthly. Of the rooms in the clinics, all of which rely on natural ventilation, half (149/284) had ≤12 air changes per hour. Eleven (22%) of 51 clinics had N95 masks available for staff use. CONCLUSION Limited infection control practices exist in clinics in a high TB burden setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. These practices need to be implemented more widely to minimise the spread of TB to non-infected patients and health care workers in primary health clinics.
Analysis of Nasal Bone Fractures; A Six-year Study of 503 Patients

The aim of this study is to classify the nasal bone fractures based on computed tomography (CT) analysis and patterns of the nasal bone fractures, and review 503 cases treated between 1998-2004 at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, South Korea. The age, sex, etiology, associated injuries, pattern of fractures and treatments were reviewed and a radiographic study was analyzed. Plain simple radiographs of lateral and Waters view of the nasal bones combined with computed tomography scans were done. Nasal bone fractures were classified into six types: Type I) Simple without displacement; Type II) Simple with displacement/without telescoping; IIA; Unilateral; IIAs) Unilateral with septal fracture; IIB) Bilateral; IIBs) Bilateral with septal fracture; Type III) Comminuted with telescoping or depression. Diagnosis of nasal bone fractures were made positively by plain x-ray films in 82% of cases, negative finding was 9.5% and 8.5% of cases were suspicious of the fractures. Reliability of the plain film radiographs of the nasal bone fracture was 82% in this study. In the most of the fractured nasal bones (93%) the closed reduction was done, open reduction in 4% and no surgical intervention in 3%. Nasal reduction was carried out in average 6.5 days post the injury. The patterns of the nasal bones fractures classified by CT findings were type IIA (182 cases, 36%), IIBs (105 cases, 21%), IIB (90 cases, 18%), IIAs (66 cases, 13%), I (39 cases, 8%) and III (21 cases, 4.3%). We think the CT is necessary for diagnosing nasal bone fracture because the reliability of the plain film was only 82%.
Music and Class Structure in the United States

THE PHENOMENA to which I shall direct attention seem to exhibit two large historical processes that have been taking place throughout the New World since the advent of Europeans. The first has accompanied prolonged contact of masses of individuals carrying different music-cultural traditions, or musics. To this process the term "acculturation" has been given. For lack of music-technical and culture-historical terms with which to designate such large, comparatively ill-defined, almost amorphous aggregates of tradition, we have no alternative for the moment but to distinguish them by the country or continent from which they entered the acculturative process. The second has accompanied the prolonged contact of these same individuals, but in their roles as members of social classes carrying different music-social traditions, or music idioms, that is, classes of music usage commonly referred to as "primitives or tribal, folk, popular and fine arts. To present knowledge, no special designation has been given to this kind of sub-acculturation. Obviously, it crosscuts what is ordinarily referred to as acculturation, distinguishing in terms of social depth certain aspects of the total music-culture not always distinguishable in geographical terms; although, by and large, primitive and folk traditions are carried by rural, and those of popular and fine arts by urban, people. In the New World, this second process may have been a minor factor in the catastrophic phase of conquest, settlement and consolidation, but as colonialism has given way to political, economic and cultural independence, it has become the major factor in music activity, very much as it has been in the Old World for many centuries. For the sake of brevity, I shall not dwell upon acculturation within the
Vegetation pattern formation in semiarid systems without facilitative mechanisms

Regular vegetation patterns in semiarid ecosystems are believed to arise from the interplay between long‐range competition and facilitation processes acting at smaller distances. We show that, under rather general conditions, long‐range competition alone may be enough to shape these patterns. To this end we propose a simple, general model for the dynamics of vegetation, which includes only long‐range competition between plants. Competition is introduced through a nonlocal term, where the kernel function quantifies the intensity of the interaction. We recover the full spectrum of spatial structures typical of vegetation models that also account for facilitation in addition to competition.
Copper-67 Radioimmunotherapy and Growth Inhibition by Anti–L1-Cell Adhesion Molecule Monoclonal Antibodies in a Therapy Model of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Purpose: We examined the tumor-targeting and therapeutic effects of 67Cu-labeled single amino acid mutant forms of anti-L1 monoclonal antibody chCE7 in nude mice with orthotopically implanted SKOV3ip human ovarian carcinoma cells. Experimental Design: For radioimmunotherapy, chCE7 antibodies with a mutation of histidine 310 to alanine (chCE7H310A) and a mutation of asparagine 297 to glutamine (chCE7agl) were generated to achieve more rapid blood clearance. Biodistributions of 67Cu-4-(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradec-1-yl)-methyl benzoic acid tetrachloride (CPTA)–labeled mutant antibodies were measured in nude mice bearing SKOV3ip human ovarian cancer metastases. The effects of single i.v. injections of 67Cu-chCE7agl alone on tumor reduction and survival were investigated. In addition, a combination of low-dose 67Cu-radioimmunotherapy with unlabeled anti-L1 antibody L1-11A on survival was investigated. Results:67Cu-CPTA-chCE7agl showed high (up to 49% ID/g) and persistent (up to 168 h) uptake in SKOV3ip metastases, with low levels in normal tissues. 67Cu-CPTA-chCE7H310A revealed a shorter half-life in the blood and a lower tumor uptake and retention. A single low dose of 4 MBq of 67Cu-chCE7agl reduced tumor growth but did not prolong survival significantly, whereas a single 10.5 MBq dose of 67Cu-chCE7agl reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival significantly. The combination of unlabeled monoclonal antibody L1-11A with a subtherapeutic dose of 67Cu-radioimmunotherapy also prolonged survival significantly. Conclusion: The results show improved pharmacokinetics and biodistributions as well as the therapeutic effect of the 67Cu-labeled single amino acid mutant chCE7agl. Therapeutic data indicate, for the first time, the feasibility of combining anti–L1-directed growth inhibition and 67Cu-radioimmunotherapy, thereby increasing the efficiency of antibody treatment of metastatic ovarian carcinoma.
Ethanol, memory, and hippocampal function: A review of recent findings

For well over a century, ethanol was believed to exert its effects on cognition and behavior by producing a ubiquitous depression of central nervous system activity. A general disruption in brain function was consistent with the belief that ethanol's effects on cognition and behavior were also quite general. Substantial evidence now indicates that ethanol produces a host of selective effects on neural activity, resulting in regional differences in ethanol's effects in the brain. Consistent with such evidence, recent research suggests that ethanol's effects on cognition and behavior are not as global as previously assumed. The present paper discusses evidence that many of ethanol's effects on learning and memory stem from altered cellular activity in the hippocampus and related structures. Potential mechanisms for ethanol's disruption of hippocampal function are reviewed. Evidence suggests that ethanol disrupts activity in the hippocampus by interacting directly with hippocampal neurons and by interacting with critical hippocampal afferents. Hippocampus 2000;10:88–93. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design of a Haptic Zoom: levels and steps

When the subjects handle a haptic zoom (kinaesthetic zoom through a sensory substitution device), they don't have any difficulty to make the distinction between a zoom-in and a zoom-out and this, while basing themselves on the number of pins activated under the finger. In a similar way to the visual zoom, the haptic zoom-in gives them access to the detail and to position themselves with precision on the object whereas the haptic zoom-out, less used, is used only to benefit of a global perception in order to better centre themselves on the objects present in the perception space. The second result underlines that the subjects do not handle more than 25 levels and this, even if they have the possibility of handling more (100 or 1000)