Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attitudinal and Behavioral Measures of Trust: A New Comparison

We revisit the question first raised by Glaeser, et al. (2000): do attitudinal survey questions predict trusting actions in games? We design an experiment where the same set of subjects participates in a series of surveys and games, all meant to capture trust. We find that the answer to the above question is not straightforward. When we do not control for other-regarding preferences, we are able to replicate others' findings that attitudinal questions about trust do not predict trusting actions, but are good predictors of trustworthiness. On the other hand, when we control for altruism using the triadic design of Cox (2004), we find that most attitudinal questions are good predictors of trusting actions. In addition, some survey questions also predict behavior in binary trust games and cooperation in the public goods game. Our results add doubt to the general consensus that seems to have emerged among experimental economists that attitudinal survey questions are poor predictors of trusting actions in games.
Life-threatening danger and suppression of attention bias to threat.

OBJECTIVE Life-threatening danger is assumed to produce, in tandem, increases in both vigilance toward threat and stress-related symptoms, but no data test the validity of this assumption. The authors examined associations, in real time, among imminent life-threatening danger, stress-related symptoms, and vigilance. METHOD Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety were measured in a civilian population (N=131) as a function of war-related stress, operationalized as the time available for seeking cover from rocket attack. A computerized measure of threat-related vigilance using a classic dot-probe attention task was also collected. RESULTS PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety increased as a function of war-related threat. Acute proximal threat was associated with avoidance of, rather than vigilance toward, negative valence information. For participants within rocket range, the magnitude of threat bias varied with the magnitude of distress symptoms, such that as bias away from threat increased, distress symptoms increased. CONCLUSIONS These data challenge current thinking about the role of attention in stress responding. Attentional threat avoidance may reduce the acute impact of imminent threat, but this may come at a price in terms of an elevated risk for psychopathology.
Using poetry as data representation to explore music opportunities parents provide for their children at home

This article presents poetry as data and reports on how this poetry was used to present themes that emerged in interviews with three parents of children under the age of 5 in a study of the music activities they chose to initiate in the home following a musical parenting workshop conducted by the researcher. Poetry written by the researcher was used to present interview ‘data’; that is themes that emerged from interviews. This was done because the interviewees showed no interest in reading transcripts of the interviews and discussing further issues that emerged. Poetry proved to further engage interviewees with themes that emerged through initial interviews, namely that the musical parenting workshop provided parents with new ideas for music making in the home, it engaged them as parents in listening more closely to what their children were doing musically, as well as having them able to identify the benefits of providing a wide range of music activities for their children.
Initial-value problem for three-dimensional disturbances in a compressible boundary layer

An initial-value problem is formulated for a three-dimensional wave packet in a compressible boundary layer flow. The problem is solved using a Laplace transform with respect to time and Fourier transforms with respect to the streamwise and spanwise coordinates. The solution can be presented as a sum of modes consisting of continuous and discrete spectra of temporal stability theory. Two discrete modes, known as mode S and mode F, are of interest in high-speed flows since they may be involved in a laminar-turbulent transition scenario. The continuous and discrete spectrum are analyzed numerically for a hypersonic flow with Mach number M=5.6. The following features are revealed: (1) The synchronism of mode S with acoustic waves at a streamwise wave number α→0 is primarily two-dimensional; (2) at high angles of disturbance propagation, mode F is no longer synchronized with entropy and vorticity waves; (3) at high angles of disturbance propagation, the synchronism between mode S and mode F is not accompanied.
A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Students' with Disabilities Transition to Community College

Students with disabilities are significantly underrepresented in the nation's community college population for multiple reasons. These include low expectations, poor high school preparation and transition planning, lack of communication or support services, and ineffective or poor support from school services personnel and faculty. This paper presents a literature synthesis. Its purpose is to inform an initial framework for building towards a conceptual framework for understanding the transition to community college by students with disabilities. The framework was developed from an earlier mixed methods study involving 100 college students with disabilities and 10 disability resource counselors in eight universities and colleges, six of which were community colleges. The framework was examined by comparing six reviews from the What Works in Transition: Systematic Review Project (meta-analyses of previous studies) and five meta-syntheses (rigorous evaluations). Based on these analyses, elements of the framework were confirmed and redefined to show what was needed for (a) high quality preparation in secondary education (self advocacy development and peer/teacher awareness and sensitivity to foster maximizing postsecondary options, focused training on self-advocacy, and college visits and orientation activities); (b) planning (ongoing communication between high school and postsecondary school); and (c) access and accommodations in community colleges (instructor awareness and sensitivity, financial aid opportunities in order to foster social support networks, mentoring support, and formulation of goals for future employment). Five recommendations are provided suggesting how community college leaders, policymakers, and practitioners could use the framework to enhance the transition to community college by students with disabilities.
Impaired platelet function correlates with multi-organ dysfunction. A study of patients with sepsis.

Patients with sepsis often suffer from haemostatic disturbances such as haemorrhage and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Considering the pivotal role of platelets in haemostasis, we have investigated platelet function by flow cytometry in 16 patients with sepsis for a better understanding of their haemostatic function. We have also investigated whether platelet function correlates with the severity of disease assessed by multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) score and patient outcome. The platelet response ex vivo after stimulation with agonists, measured as platelet fibrinogen, binding was low in comparison with healthy volunteers ( n = 30). This could reflect a previous response to agonists in vivo , which lead to platelet activation and consumption and formation of microthrombi that could then participate in the development of M OD. The platelets that remain in the circulation might be the result of a selection process where the most active platelets have already been consumed, and the remaining population consists of less active platelets. Another explanation might be desensitization of the remaining platelets because of exposure to agonists in vivo . Platelet activation with the agonists ADP and arachidonic acid were predictive of subsequent development of MOD and final patient outcome.
Graphene-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites: A simulation and experimental study

Multiscale modelling and simulations, based on molecular dynamics (MD) and object-oriented finite element method (OOFEM), are two important simulation tools to predict property enhancement of polymer nanocomposites for designing armor-type components in requisite applications. In this study, MD simulation software (Materials Studio) is used to develop 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (by weight) single-layer graphene (SLGR)-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites to find out their mechanical properties (mainly elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio) using constant strain method. OOFEM simulation software (OOF2) is used for mechanical characterization of 0.5%, 3%, and 4% (by weight) SLGR-reinforced TPU nanocomposites from scanning electron microscopy–generated microstructures. Properties obtained from both the simulations are compared with experimental results to know the nanoreinforcement effect in atomic level as well as in microlevel in the nanocomposites. It is observed that the results based on OOF2 simulation are closer to the experimental results compared with the results obtained from MD simulation in this multiscale modelling and simulation study.
Methotrexate in resistant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Results of the U.S.A.-U.S.S.R. double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group and The Cooperative Children's Study Group.

BACKGROUND The antimetabolite methotrexate has been shown in placebo-controlled trials to be effective in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate may also be effective in children with resistant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, but the supporting data are from uncontrolled trials. METHODS Centers in the United States and the Soviet Union participated in this randomized, controlled, double-blind trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of orally administered methotrexate. Patients received one of the following treatments each week for six months: 10 mg of methotrexate per square meter of body-surface area (low dose), 5 mg of methotrexate per square meter (very low dose), or placebo. The use of prednisone (less than or equal to 10 mg per day) and two nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs was also allowed. RESULTS The 127 children (mean age, 10.1 years) had a mean duration of disease of 5.1 years; 114 qualified for the analysis of efficacy. According to a composite index of several response variables, 63 percent of the children who received low-dose methotrexate improved, as compared with 32 percent of those in the very-low-dose group and 36 percent of those in the placebo group (P = 0.013). As compared with the placebo group, the low-dose group also had significantly larger mean reductions from base line in the number of joints with pain on motion (-11.0 vs. -7.1), the pain-severity score (-19 vs. -11.5), the number of joints with limited motion (-5.4 vs. -0.7), and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (-19.0 vs. -6 mm per hour). In the methotrexate groups only three children had the drug discontinued because of mild-to-moderate side effects; none had severe toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Methotrexate given weekly in low doses is an effective treatment for children with resistant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and at least in the short term this regimen is safe.
Fuzzy C Mean Thresholding based Level Set for Automated Segmentation of Skin Lesions

Accurate segmentation is an important and challenging task in any computer vision system. It also plays a vital role in computerized analysis of skin lesion images. This paper presents a new segmentation method that combines the advan-tages of fuzzy C mean algorithm, thresholding and level set method. 3-class Fuzzy C mean thresholding is applied to initialize level set automatically and also for estimating controlling parameters for level set evolution. Parameters for performance evaluation are presented and segmentation results are compared with some other state-of-the-art segmentation methods. Increased true detection rate and reduced false positive and false negative errors confirm the effectiveness of proposed method for skin cancer detection.
Malaria Among Refugee Children at Arrival in the United States

Background: Malaria infects >70% of children at any given time in highly disease-endemic areas, such as parts of West Africa. Many infected children are asymptomatic. There are no published data regarding the prevalence of malaria among refugee children arriving in the United States from highly disease-endemic areas. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of malaria among asymptomatic children from West Africa. Methods: A retrospective chart review for Liberian refugee children arriving in the United States was conducted from 1997 to 2000. Results: Fifty-seven charts were reviewed. There were 28 (64%) positive thick and thin blood smears among the 44 children who had malaria smears performed during refugee medical screening examinations. There were 3 children who had been treated recently for malaria. An additional 3 children had splenomegaly and were treated for presumed malaria. Overall, the prevalence rate was 60% (34 of 57 cases). No sign or symptom, singly or in combination, was sufficient to predict the presence or absence of malaria. However, splenomegaly, fever and thrombocytopenia were highly specific for malaria and should alert clinicians to the likelihood of the diagnosis. Twenty-nine percent of children with malaria were asymptomatic. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that refugee children arriving from West Africa have a significant burden of malaria. It is recommended that children who arrive in the United States as refugees from West Africa be subjected to a thorough physical examination, complete blood count and malaria blood smear.
A longitudinal study of the influence of shop floor work teams on expressions of ‘us’ and ‘them’

A discourse analysis of employee rhetoric before and after the introduction of shop floor work teams in a steel mill reveals important changes in expressions of ‘us’ and ‘them’ attitudes. The normative rhetoric of teamworking used by managers, insisting that all employees are working towards the same goal, raised an expectation of change in the traditional ‘them’ and ‘us’ divide between managers and workers. When workers detected little subsequent change they used the new language of teamworking to critique management in private although working in teams they reported pressure to behave differently. New working roles in teams did undermine traditional ‘them’ and ‘us’ loyalties, which fragmented to encompass finer distinctions (e.g. middle and upper management, workers and slackers) and employee attitudes became more individualistic.
Insights into sexual assault perpetration: giving voice to victim/survivors' knowledge

This project examines sexual offending by asking victim/survivors how the sexual assault(s) they experienced happened; what factors they thought facilitated it; and what strategies, behaviours and tactics perpetrators used against them. Building the evidence on how sexual assault occurs, and particularly the strategies used by men to perpetrate, can assist in the development of prevention initiatives. Significant proportions of women in Australia have been sexually assaulted: national victimisation surveys consistently estimate that around one in six women experience sexual assault from the age of 15. At local, state and national levels, reducing the incidence of sexual violence is a pressing concern and a core focus of policy development. However, those responsible for developing prevention strategies face the challenge that there is a lack of knowledge about sexual offending. Research has established that women are primarily assaulted by people they know, often in contexts of trust and familiarity. This acts as a barrier to disclosing sexual assault and many offences therefore remain hidden. Few victim/survivors report offences to police and fewer still see their perpetrator convicted. Most current knowledge about male sexual offenders is based on the small minority who have been detected. The research base suggests that these men may not be representative of undetected offenders or the types of sexual offences regularly perpetrated. To date, the sexual offending literature has emphasised instances involving adult sexual assault where perpetrators and victims know each other. Relatively little is known about the situational circumstances in which sexual assault occurs, the factors that facilitate or inhibit it occurring, the use of strategies by offenders, and how these aspects all fit together.
Neural Biases to Covert and Overt Signals of Fear: Dissociation by Trait Anxiety and Depression

Although biases toward signals of fear may be an evolutionary adaptation necessary for survival, heightened biases may be maladaptive and associated with anxiety or depression. In this study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the time course of neural responses to facial fear stimuli (versus neutral) presented overtly (for 500 msec with conscious attention) and covertly (for 10 msec with immediate masking to preclude conscious awareness) in 257 nonclinical subjects. We also examined the impact of trait anxiety and depression, assessed using psychometric ratings, on the time course of ERPs. In the total subject group, controlled biases to overtly processed fear were reflected in an enhancement of ERPs associated with structural encoding (120220 msec) and sustained evaluation persisting from 250 msec and beyond, following a temporo-occipital to frontal topography. By contrast, covert fear processing elicited automatic biases, reflected in an enhancement of ERPs prior to structural encoding (80180 msec) and again in the period associated with automatic orienting and emotion encoding (230330 msec), which followed the reverse frontal to temporo-occipital topography. Higher levels of trait anxiety (in the clinical range) were distinguished by a heightened bias to covert fear (speeding of early ERPs), compared to higher depression which was associated with an opposing bias to overt fear (slowing of later ERPs). Anxiety also heightened early responses to covert fear, and depression to overt fear, with subsequent deficits in emotion encoding in each case. These findings are consistent with neural biases to signals of fear which operate automatically and during controlled processing, feasibly supported by parallel networks. Heightened automatic biases in anxiety may contribute to a cycle of hypervigilance and anxious thoughts, whereas depression may represent a burnt out emotional state in which evaluation of fear stimuli is prolonged only when conscious attention is allocated.
Hatching Babies and Stork Deliveries: Risk and Regulation in the Construction of Children's Sexual Knowledge

Children's access to sexual knowledge has always been considered ‘risky’ and controversial due to the fraught relationship between childhood and sexuality. Based on focus groups with children and their parents, the authors explore the relationship between risk and regulation associated with providing children with accurate knowledge about sexuality. Two main issues are examined: parents' anxieties associated with educating their children about sexuality; and how children actively build narratives around relationships and sexual knowledge based on the fragments of information available to them. The authors argue that dominant constructions of childhood and childhood innocence negate the effective education of children around sexuality, gender and ethical relationships. Additionally, they examine the tensions that exist for many parents around the discourse of child protection and the ways in which this impacts on their education of young children about sexual matters.
TITLE : Novel Target for Ameliorating Pain and Other Problems after SCI : Spontaneous Activity in Nociceptors PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR :

Chronic neuropathic pain is often a severe and inadequately treated consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent findings suggest that SCI pain is promoted by spontaneous activity (SA) generated chronically in cell bodies of primary nociceptors in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Many nociceptors express transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) channels, and in a preceding study most dissociated DRG neurons exhibiting SA were excited by the TRPV1 activator, capsaicin. The present study investigated roles of TRPV1 channels in behavioral hypersensitivity and nociceptor SA after SCI. Contusive SCI at thoracic segment T10 increased expression of TRPV1 protein in lumbar DRG 1 month after injury and enhanced capsaicin-evoked ion currents and Ca responses in dissociated small DRG neurons. A major role for TRPV1 channels in pain-related behavior was indicated by the ability of a specific TRPV1 antagonist, AMG9810, to reverse SCI-induced hypersensitivity of hind limb withdrawal responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli at a dose that did not block detection of noxious heat. Similar reversal of behavioral hypersensitivity was induced by intrathecal oligodeoxynucleotides antisense to TRPV1, which knocked down TRPV1 protein and reduced capsaicin-evoked currents. TRPV1 knockdown also decreased the incidence of SA in dissociated nociceptors after SCI. Prolonged application of very low concentrations of capsaicin produced nondesensitizing firing similar to SA, and this effect was enhanced by prior SCI. These results show that TRPV1 makes important contributions to pain-related hypersensitivity long after SCI, and suggest a role for TRPV1-dependent enhancement of nociceptor SA that offers a promising target for treating chronic pain after SCI. ! 2013 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mothers' online message board questions about parenting infants and toddlers.

AIM To report a study conducted to explore childrearing concerns through an analysis of online parenting message boards managed by popular parenting magazines. Background. Increasingly, mothers appear to be turning to the Web for childrearing advice and support. However, no previous studies have examined the childrearing concerns of mothers of infants and toddlers through the analysis of online message board postings. DESIGN Ethnographic content analysis methods were used to analyse the online postings. METHODS A total of 120 messages posted in 2007 by mothers of 0-2 year olds on the websites of two best-selling parenting magazines in the United States were submitted to ethnographic content analysis. Each message pertained to one or more of six childrearing domains: Feeding/Eating, Sleep, Development, Discipline, Toilet-Training and Mother-Child Relationships. RESULTS Questions and pleas for support were most prominently centred on feeding/eating and sleep issues. Mothers expressed concerns about when and how their children should begin to sleep and eat independently. In addition to the themes specific to particular domains, across-domain themes were identified involving mothers' parenting stress, questioning of advice from families/paediatricians and worries that children were not developing normally. CONCLUSION Online forums have become a space where mothers can openly describe their own negative emotions towards parenting and ask questions or gain reassurance to resolve mixed messages about how one should rear infants and toddlers. Paediatric nurses should be aware that mothers are confused about conflicting messages, especially in the domains of sleeping and eating. Reviewing parenting message boards occasionally would give nurses continuing insight into common parenting concerns.