Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two transient potassium currents in layer V pyramidal neurones from cat sensorimotor cortex.

1. Two transient outward currents were identified in large pyramidal neurones from layer V of cat sensorimotor cortex (‘Betz cells’) using an in vitro brain slice preparation and single‐microelectrode voltage clamp. Properties of the currents deduced from voltage‐clamp measurements were reflected in neuronal responses during constant current stimulation. 2. Both transient outward currents rose rapidly after a step depolarization, but their subsequent time course differed greatly. The fast‐transient current decayed within 20 ms, while the slow‐transient current took greater than 10 s to decay. Raised extracellular potassium reduced current amplitude. Both currents were present in cadmium‐containing or calcium‐free perfusate. 3. Tetraethylammonium had little effect on the slow‐transient current at a concentration of 1 mM, but the fast‐transient current was reduced by 60%. 4‐Aminopyridine had little effect on the fast‐transient current over the range 20 microM‐2 mM, but these concentrations reduced the slow‐transient current and altered its time course. 4. Both transient currents were evoked by depolarizations below action potential threshold. The fast‐transient current was evoked by a 7 mV smaller depolarization than the slow‐transient current, but its chord conductance increased less steeply with depolarization. 5. Voltage‐dependent inactivation of the fast‐transient was steeper than that of the slow‐transient current (4 vs. 7 mV per e‐fold change), and half‐inactivation occurred at a less negative potential (‐59 vs. ‐65 mV). The activation and inactivation characteristics of each current overlapped, however, implying the existence of a steady ‘window current’ extending over a range of approximately 14 mV beginning negative to action potential threshold. 6. The fast‐transient current displayed a clear voltage dependence of both its activation and inactivation kinetics, whereas the slow‐transient current did not. Recovery of either current from inactivation took about 1 s near ‐70 mV. The recovery of the slow‐transient current became faster with hyperpolarization. 7. The contribution of each transient current to repolarization of the action potential was assessed from pharmacological responses. Blockade of calcium influx had little or no effect on the rate of action potential repolarization, whereas the selective reduction of either transient current caused significant slowing of repolarization. 8. We conclude that Betz cells possess at least two transient potassium currents, each a member of the rapidly expanding family of voltage‐gated potassium currents that have been identified in various cell types. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Incidence of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Predicted by Symmetric Dimethylarginine in the Population-Based Study of Health in Pomerania

Background L-Arginine and its dimethylated derivatives asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) have been associated with cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality in populations at risk. The present study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of L-arginine and its derivatives in the general population. Methods and Results We evaluated 3,952 individuals (1,936 men and 2,016 women) aged 20–81 (median (IQR) 51 (37; 64) years) from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Associations of continuous [per standard deviation (SD) increase] and categorized (age- and sex-specific tertiles) serum L-arginine, ADMA, and SDMA concentrations with all-cause and cause-specific mortality were analysed. During a median (IQR) follow-up period of 10.1 (9.3; 10.8) years (38,476 person-years), 426 deaths (10.8%) were observed, including 139 CV deaths (3.5%), and 150 cancer deaths (3.8%). After multivariable adjustment, we revealed a positive association of SDMA with all-cause [hazard ratio (HR) per SD increase: 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–1.25] and CV mortality [HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05–1.35]. In contrast, we did not observe any association of SDMA with cancer mortality. Neither L-arginine nor ADMA were associated with all-cause or CV mortality. Conclusion SDMA, but not ADMA, is an independent predictor of all-cause and CV mortality in a large population-based cohort of European ancestry.
Science Teachers' Views of Science and Religion vs. the Islamic Perspective: Conflicting or Compatible?.

This paper reports a study that explores Egyptian science teachers' views on religion and science within the context of Islam. It also highlights an ontological and epistemological consideration of these views, particularly the ways through which Egyptian Muslim teachers understand such a relationship with reference to the Qur'anic/Islamic attitude toward science and knowledge. The study built upon Barbour's categorization scheme to guide the data collection and analysis and to guide the interpretation of the teachers' responses in the interviews. Informed by a multigrounded theory of the teachers' views of science and religion, and using Roth and Alexander's analytical framework to interpret how teachers accommodate the relationship between science and religion within their belief system, the findings suggest that participants' views of the relationship between science and a specific religion (Islam) confirmed the centrality of teachers' personal religious beliefs to their own thoughts and views concerning issues of both science and Islam. This centralization, in some cases, appeared to lead teachers to hold a conflicting relationship, hence to a creation of a false contradiction between science and Islam. Therefore, it could be concluded that teachers' personal Islamic-religious beliefs inform their beliefs about the nature of science and its purpose. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed95:281–309, 2011
European randomized lung cancer screening trials: Post NLST

Overview of the European randomized lung cancer CT screening trials (EUCT) is presented with regard to the implementation of CT screening in Europe; post NLST. All seven principal investigators completed a questionnaire on the epidemiological, radiological, and nodule management aspects of their trials at August 2010, which included 32,000 people, inclusion of UKLS pilot trial will reach 36,000. An interim analysis is planned, but the final mortality data testing is scheduled for 2015. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013 108:280–286. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Localized Spanners for Wireless Networks

We present a new efficient localized algorithm to construct, for any given quasi-unit disk graph G=(V,E) and any e > 0, a (1+e)-spanner for G of maximum degree O(1) and total weight O(w(MST)), where w(MST) denotes the weight of a minimum spanning tree for V. We further show that similar localized techniques can be used to construct, for a given unit disk graph G = (V, E), a planar Cdel(1+e)(1+pi/2)-spanner for G of maximum degree O(1) and total weight O(w(MST)). Here Cdel denotes the stretch factor of the unit Delaunay triangulation for V. Both constructions can be completed in O(1) communication rounds, and require each node to know its own coordinates.
Synthetic agents in the context of metabolic/bariatric surgery: expanding the scope and impact of diabetes drug discovery

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) – particularly with concurrent obesity (‘diabesity’) – is an intensifying global public-health problem. Medical needs and market opportunities in the T2D space have propelled discovery efforts aimed at inventing new synthetic T2D drugs differentiable by improved safety and efficacy and/or the ability to modulate emerging T2D targets. Particularly for moderately and severely obese individuals, weight-loss (bariatric) surgery offers an effective means of reducing obesity-driven T2D that is superior in many respects to medical T2D management. Yet, not all overweight or obese individuals with T2D qualify for bariatric surgery, and current healthcare resources are inadequate for applying surgical T2D control to more than a very small segment of qualified patients. Bariatric surgery is no guarantee of ‘curative’ T2D abrogation, significant rates of T2D non-remission or re-emergence having been observed in diabesity patients following bariatric procedures. Preoperative glucose control by oral hypoglycemic drugs reduces the chance of T2D recurrence post-surgery, and diabesity patients in whom glycemic indices have been improved by bariatric surgery may still require some level of T2D pharmacotherapy. Laboratory and clinical data indicate that synthetic T2D drugs can improve T2D-related outcomes following bariatric procedures, and current T2D drug-discovery efforts are being informed by the metabolic advantages associated with bariatric surgery. These circumstances intensify the need for and extend the impact of T2D drug discovery by demonstrating multiple levels of interplay between medical and surgical approaches to improve the health of individuals with diabesity and, perhaps, approach the overarching goal of decreasing long-term cardiovascular mortality.
Prioritizing Security Spending: A Quantitative Analysis of Risk Distributions for Different Business Profiles

This paper aims to understand if, and to what extent, business details about an organization can help provide guidelines for better resource allocation across different preventive measures, in order to effectively protect, detect, and recover from, different forms of security incidents. Existing work on analyzing the distribution of risk across different incident categories, most notably Verizon’s latest Data Breach Investigations Report, provide recommendations based solely on business sector information. In this paper, we leverage a broader set of publicly available business details to provide a more fine-grained analysis. Specifically, we use incident reports collected in the VERIS Community Database (VCDB), as well as data from Alexa Web Information Service (AWIS), to train and test a sequence of classifiers/predictors. We show that compared to using business sector information alone, our method can achieve the same accuracy by allowing organizations to focus on a sparser set of incident types, thus achieving the same level of protection by spending less resources on security through more judicious prioritization.
Counseling Considerations Among Arab Americans

In keeping with our pluralistic society, counselors have begun the task of attempting to understand issues of multicultural diversity. The purpose of this article is to describe a focus group interview conducted with a group of therapists in a large-scale, comprehensive family service agency in an Arab American community. Participants represented various countries of origin, helping disciplines, and years of U.S. residence. The interview format was semistructured, and the results confirmed what little was already known about the population and supplemented that body of knowledge with updated information. Implications for counseling and further research are discussed.
Deep Network Guided Proof Search

Deep learning techniques lie at the heart of several significant AI advances in recent years including object recognition and detection, image captioning, machine translation, speech recognition and synthesis, and playing the game of Go.Automated first-order theorem provers can aid in the formalization and verification of mathematical theorems and play a crucial role in program analysis, theory reasoning, security, interpolation, and system verification.Here we suggest deep learning based guidance in the proof search of the theorem prover E. We train and compare several deep neural network models on the traces of existing ATP proofs of Mizar statements and use them to select processed clauses during proof search. We give experimental evidence that with a hybrid, two-phase approach, deep learning based guidance can significantly reduce the average number of proof search steps while increasing the number of theorems proved.Using a few proof guidance strategies that leverage deep neural networks, we have found first-order proofs of 7.36% of the first-order logic translations of the Mizar Mathematical Library theorems that did not previously have ATP generated proofs. This increases the ratio of statements in the corpus with ATP generated proofs from 56% to 59%.
The relationship between emotional intelligence, social comparison and motivation to engage in physical activity in a school aged sample

Objective. The World Health Organisation (2010) has expressed major health concerns over rising obesity rates, however only a third of young people in the UK currently meet national physical activity (PA) guidelines. Current health-promotion initiatives appear mostly ineffective in tackling this issue, highlighting the need for research to focus on factors that facilitate and sustain participation in PA. This study therefore explores the relationship between the various factors that have been seen to predict PA, including emotional intelligence (El), social comparison and motivation, and considers how its findings could inform future policy concerning the promotion of healthier lifestyles in young people. Design. A cross-sectional questionnaire design was employed to measure El, social comparison, motivation to participate in PA and frequency of PA. 84 males and 123 females between the ages of 14-15 were recruited from a state comprehensive school to complete the questionnaire. Results. Analysis showed positive correlations between El and frequency of PA in both genders; intrinsic motivation was found to mediate this relationship. El was also positively correlated with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in both genders; however the association was stronger between El and intrinsic motivation. Although further correlations were found between El, social comparison and type of motivation, further analysis suggests that these findings may be less robust. Conclusions / Implications. Together, the study’s findings tentatively support the role of El and social comparison in influencing an individual’s participatory motivations, which in turn, may impact the adoption of, and sustained engagement in, PA. The implications of this in relation to the development of more effective health-promotion are discussed. Keywords: Emotional Intelligence; Physical activity; Intrinsic motivation; Mediator; Social comparison; Adolescents. This empirical paper is planned for submission to the journal of Psychology of Sport and Exercise which has published a number of studies investigating factors that affect participation in physical activity by young people, such as motivation, personality and gender.
Incivilités et violences dans les transports en commun. Comment ne pas sous-estimer l'impact de l'organisation du travail sur la santé des conducteurs

Lors de consultations de medecine du travail concernant des conducteurs d’autobus, l’ecoute comprehensive revele des situations de salaries isoles confrontes aux incivilites et a la violence. Les differentes observations montrent en quoi l’organisation du travail met parfois en echec les strategies individuelles et/ou collectives mises en place pour effectuer un travail de qualite, ainsi que les consequences en termes de sante pour ces conducteurs. Ces derniers considerent qu’incivilites et violences sont inherentes a leur profession, ce pourquoi aucun d’entre eux ne revendique une prise en charge comme victime de violence. La medicalisation ne doit pas remplacer les debats sur l’organisation du travail.
Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide for the evaluation of intensive care unit shock*

Objectives:Among patients with congestive heart failure, B-type natriuretic peptide measurement is useful to estimate filling pressures and to prognosticate adverse outcome. However, among critically ill intensive care unit patients with shock, the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide to assess cardiac hemodynamics or prognosis has not been explored. Design:Clinical investigation. Setting:Hospital. Patients:Forty-nine patients with shock and indication for pulmonary artery catheterization. Interventions:Analysis for B-type natriuretic peptide was performed on blood obtained at the time of catheter placement. Measurements and Main Results:Correlations between B-type natriuretic peptide and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure as well as cardiac index were calculated using Spearman analysis. Mortality at the time of study completion was correlated with B-type natriuretic peptide values and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, and logistic regression identified independent predictors of mortality. A wide range of B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations was seen in intensive care unit patients (<5 to >5000 pg/mL); only eight patients (16%) had normal B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations. Log-transformed B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations did not correlate with interpatient cardiac index or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (all p = not significant); however, a B-type natriuretic peptide <350 pg/mL had a negative predictive value of 95% for the diagnosis of cardiogenic shock. Median B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations were higher in those who died than those who survived (943 pg/mL vs. 378 pg/mL, p < .001). In multivariable analysis, a B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in the highest log-quartile was the strongest predictor of mortality (odds ratio = 4.50, 95% confidence interval = 1.87–99.0, p < .001). Conclusion:B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations are frequently elevated among critically ill patients in the intensive care unit and cannot be used as a surrogate for pulmonary artery catheterization. B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in intensive care unit shock may provide powerful information for use in mortality prediction.
Language, handedness, and the larynx

of the original article: Most investigators believe that nonhuman primates do not have population-level asymmetries of hand preference. This conclusion, if correct, would imply de novo evolution in man of the left-hemisphere motor specialization typically considered to have played a key role in human evolution. Our review reveals numerous statistically significant instances of hand use asymmetries at the level of population samples. All but one of the left-hand preferences were for reaching. Right-hand preferences were for manipulation and practiced performance in stereotyped situations, among other things. We interpret earlier negative conclusions as arising primarily from tasks that did not call on the above preferences, involved young monkeys, failed to emphasize serial trends, or demanded uniform hand use across all acts. We suggest that primate handedness patterns evolved with structural and functional adaptations to feeding, that they are precursors to aspects of human leftand right-hemisphere specialization patterns, and that they evolved in the following order: (1) A left-hand (right-hemisphere) specialization for visually guided movement, accompanied by a specialization for postural support involving the right upper limb, may have evolved with the prehensile hand in prosimians (the left-hand preference remains in monkeys but not in humans); (2) a right-hand (left-hemisphere) specialization for manipulation and bimanual coordination may have evolved from the postural specialization, with the development of the opposable thumb, and decreasing demands on the right limb to support vertical posture in monkeys. 720 BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1988) 11:4 Continuing Commentary Handedness hangups and species snobbery
Treatment of refractory T‐cell malignancies using gemcitabine

We have treated 10 patients with relapsed or refractory T‐cell malignancies using gemcitabine. The drug was administered intravenously over 30 min at a dose of 1200 mg/m2 on d 1, 8 and 15 of each 28‐d cycle. The mean age of the patients was 62 years and the mean number of administered cycles was three. Of the 10 patients, two achieved a complete response and four a partial response, for an overall response rate of 60% (95% confidence interval 20–35%). The toxicity of chemotherapy was mild and manageable in all patients. These encouraging results warrant further investigation of gemcitabine either as a single agent or in combination regimens as early salvage treatment for patients with refractory T‐cell haematological neoplasms.
Power, Interaction, Position, and the Generation of Cultural Agreement in Organizations

Cultural agreement in organizations can be considered from integration, differentiation, or fragmentation perspectives (Martin, 1992). Underlying these perspectives are differing assumptions about the effects of power, interaction, and position on cultural viewpoints in organizations. This study examines these assumptions by content analyzing the stories organizational members tell about their organization. Differences in formal power, informal influence, and organizational position all led to differences in stories that signified different cultural viewpoints. At the group level, informal interaction between groups did not lead to cultural agreement. However, groups that occupied similar positions or roles created through interaction in the network of influence did share similar cultural viewpoints. The results suggest that the effects predicted from the integration, differentiation, and fragmentation perspectives are likely to be jointly present in organizations. They also suggest that an understanding of formal and informal position in organizations can enhance appreciation of the subtleties of cultural understanding.
When Values and Behavior Conflict: Moral Pluralism and Intrapersonal Moral Hypocrisy

The authors review the various ways moral hypocrisy has been defined and operationalized by social psychologists, concentrating on three general types: moral duplicity, moral double standards, and moral weakness. While most approaches have treated moral hypocrisy as an interpersonal phenomenon, requiring public claims, preaching (versus practicing), or judgments of others (versus oneself), this paper also considers intrapersonal moral hypocrisy – that is, conflicts between values and behavior that may exist even in the absence of public pronouncements or judgments. Current attempts to understand and combat intrapersonal moral hypocrisy are aided by moral pluralism, the idea that there are many different moral values, which may come into conflict both between and within individuals. Examples are given to illustrate how taking into account individual differences in values can help to reduce moral hypocrisy. The authors close by considering the possibility that in a pluralistic world, reducing intrapersonal moral hypocrisy might not always be a normatively desired end goal.