Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STATUS ORGANIZING PROCESSES

This chapter reviews theory and research on status organizing processes. A status organizing process is any process in which evaluations of and beliefs about the characteristics of actors become the basis of observable inequalities in face-to-face social interaction. The key concept in the study of status organizing processes is the status characteristic, any characteristic of actors around which evaluations of and beliefs about them come to be organized. Examples include age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, occupation, physical attractiveness, intelligence quotients, reading ability-but there are many others. In the present article we review (a) the current state of the theory of such processes; (b) relevant theoretical research as of September, 1979; (c) a selection of the relevant applied research, with particular reference to sex, race, and physical attractiveness; and (d) some of the interventions that have been devel­ oped to reduce undesired consequences of the process. The phenomenon with which a theory of status organizing processes is concerned is most commonly observed in the study of problem-solving groups whose members differ in status characteristics significant in the larger society. Such groups do not create a social organization de novo, out of the interaction of their members, but instead maintain external status differences inside the group. That informal problem-solving groups evolve inequalities in participa­ tion, evaluation, and influence was shown by Bales in the early fifties
Middle-class parents and social mix in French urban schools: Reproduction and transformation of class relations in education

This article focuses on the links between class position and social reproduction in education. It points out new forms of social closure and social control among middle-class parents of children in primary and secondary schools in the Parisian periphery. Its main contention is that in order to understand symbolic struggles over schooling both between the middle classes and the lower classes and between middle-class factions, it is necessary to analyse parental perceptions and actions in urban contexts. The first section analyses ways in which the social and ethnic mix in public schools located in heterogeneous urban areas creates problems for the realisation of the educational expectations of middle-class parents and leads them to develop exclusionary practices to limit interaction with the lower classes. The central idea is that poor and minority pupils are rejected or looked at with suspicion because they are constructed as a hindrance for the cognitive, personal and social development of middle-class children. The second section analyses differences and tensions between managers and professionals working in the private sector and those in the public sector concerning educational goals and views on social mix. The conclusion emphasises the importance of understanding middle-class parents' values and strategies, both to refine sociological explanations and to re-orient educational reform.
Fit matters in the supervisory relationship: doctoral students and supervisors perceptions about the supervisory activities

Although supervision has been identified as one of the central determinants of the doctoral experience, there is still an insufficient understanding of the ways in which supervisors and doctoral students perceive supervisory activities. The study focuses on exploring the fit between doctoral students’ and supervisors’ perceptions of who are involved in supervision, the frequency of supervision and the main task of the supervisor, and further, how the perceived fit contributes to students’ satisfaction and resilience in studies. Altogether, 1184 students and 431 supervisors from all the 11 faculties at the University of Helsinki completed the survey. The results suggest that the fit between the students’ and supervisors’ perceptions of the supervisory activities in different faculties was related to the students’ satisfaction with their studies and the supervisory relationship.
Activities of Cethromycin and Telithromycin against Recent North American Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae

ABSTRACT The in vitro activities of two investigational ketolides, cethromycin (formerly ABT-773) and telithromycin, were determined for a selected group of 312 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from a national surveillance program. The MIC of cethromycin at which 50% of the isolates were inhibited was 0.008 μg/ml, and the MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited was 0.06 μg/ml; the corresponding values for telithromycin were ≤0.015 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively. For six quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant strains, the cethromycin MICs were 0.25 to 16 μg/ml and the telithromycin MICs were 1 to 4 μg/ml. However, there was only 0.3% resistance to telithromycin.
Conflict, Complement, and Control:

This article presents a cross-cultural exploration of the interaction between religion and family in the lives of women. It focuses on elderly Middle Eastern Jewish women who, during the course of their life spans, moved from a conflicting to a complementary experience of family and religion. The author argues that opposition between religion and family seldom arises for women who control their own time or resources, or who control a domestic sphere they themselves see as sacred. Women who wish to conduct their religious lives in the public sphere, especially in the context of an extrafamilial hierarchy or as religious professionals, are likely to come into conflict with their families over issues of competition for their time or allegiance. Official religious doctrines are not likely to determine how particular women experience family and religion; even women who maneuver within the same theological framework may experience the relationship between family and religion in very different ways.
Influence of pregnancy after bioprosthetic valve replacement in young women: a prospective five-year study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY Prosthetic heart valve placement in young women does not normally prevent successful pregnancy, though either thrombosis in mechanical prostheses or degeneration in biological prostheses may cause risks for both mother and fetus. Although pericardial prostheses avoid the risks of anticoagulation therapy, it has been suggested that pregnancy accelerates structural degeneration in bioprostheses. The study aim was to assess the influence of pregnancy on five-year outcome after pericardial bioprosthesis replacement. METHODS A total of 85 women was studied prospectively over five years from prosthesis implantation, using annual clinical and echocardiographic investigations. Women were allocated to two groups based on pregnancy occurring during follow up: 48 patients (56%; group A) became pregnant, and 37 (44%; group B) did not. RESULTS At five-year follow up, the clinical events occurred in 29 patients (34.1%): 11 (22.9%) women in group A (mean (+/-SE) linearized rate 3.6+/-0.24%/patient-year (pt-yr)), and 18 (45.6%) in group B (linearized rate 8.6+/-0.30%/pt-yr). Probability of freedom from clinical events was higher (p = 0.0096) in group A (77.9+/-6.1 versus 51.3+/-8.2%). Structural bioprosthesis degeneration, thrombosis or infective endocarditis occurred in 13 patients (27.1%) in group A (linearized rate 2.75+/-0.20%/pt-yr) and 11 (29.7%) in group B (linearized rate 2.5+/-0.18%/pt-yr). Probability of structural bioprosthesis degeneration (e.g. stenosis, calcification or rupture) did not differ (p = 0.6440) between groups (85.4+/-5.1 versus 89.5+/-5.1%), even after age-adjusted analysis (p = 0.3112). CONCLUSION Structural changes found at five years after bioprosthesis placement may be attributed to the natural course of the bioprosthesis, and independent of any occurrence of pregnancy.
On probably correct classification of concepts

We consider the problem of classifying an unknown concept into one of two subclasses of concepts. Specifically, if C is a concept class and Co and Cl are two disjoint subsets of C, given an unknown c E Co U Cl we wish to decide whether c c Co or c E Cl based on a set of random examples. We consider both uniform and non-uniform probably correct classification for which the number of samples is or is not required to be independent of c, respectively. For both cases, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions on Co and Cl that allow probably correct classification. The conditions obtained are in terms of separability and/or coverability conditions on the classes Co and Cl. Furthermore, in the non-uniform case we show that this is equivalent to classification in the limit. Several examples of the applicability of our results are also provided.
Follower Propensity to Commit Crimes of Obedience

Organizations and society are concerned about unethical behavior. One type of unethical behavior is crimes of obedience, where followers are influenced by a leader to engage in behavior they would otherwise consider unethical. In this article, the author proposes that people who see themselves as leadership material and hold leaders in high esteem are more likely to view leaders as having more responsibility for ethical decisions and behaviors than followers. Consequently, such persons when placed in a follower position may be more susceptible to commit crimes of obedience through the process of moral disengagement by displacing responsibility for their behavior onto the leader.
Cell types and lineages in taste buds.

Taste buds are the sensory endorgans for gustation. In mammals, taste buds comprise a collection of ~50–100 elongate epithelial cells and a small number of proliferative basal cells. Ultrastructural studies reveal three distinct anatomical types of elongate taste cells within each taste bud: Type I, Type II and Type III, first defined by Murray based on his studies of rabbit foliate taste buds (Murray, 1973). Figure 1 summarizes the key features of each cell type including differences in apical structure, cytoplasmic organelles and nuclear configuration as well as the overall shape of the taste cell. Type I cells, sometimes called 'dark cells' (e.g. extend lamellate processes around other types of taste cells and express GLAST, a glial glutamate transporter (Lawton et al., 2000). These features suggest a glial function for Type I cells, e.g. transmitter clearance and functional isolation of other taste cell types. Type II taste cells have a characteristic large, round nucleus and express all of the elements of the taste transduction cascade for sweet, umami and bitter, including T1R or T2R families of taste receptors (for bitter, sweet and umami) (Hoon et al. These taste cells thus are the trans-ducing cells for these taste qualities. Type III cells are characterized by morphologically identifiable synaptic contacts with the gustatory nerve fibers and expression of the synaptic membrane protein (Yang et al., 2000a) SNAP25 as well as the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) (Nelson and Finger, 1993). The presence of a prominent synaptic contact implicates these cells in transmission of information to the nervous system. A continuing question in the field is how the different types of elongate taste cells come to be replaced from the proliferative basal cell population. Two main hypotheses have been put forward: (i) that the different cell types arise from a common progenitor which generates a single type of cell which then morphs from one cell type to another as it matures; and (ii) that a basal cell gives rise to an immature taste cell which then differentiates into only one of the different morphological types of taste cell. The most recent postula-tion of the single lineage hypothesis suggested that Type I cells change into Type III cells which then mature into Type II cells (Delay et al., 1986). However, our recent studies entailing chimeric analysis in mice (Stone et al., 2002) demonstrate that multiple line-ages must exist within a taste bud, i.e that …
The First Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Patients in Thailand

ABSTRACT We screened 533 and 361 methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in a university hospital in 2002 and 2003 and in 2006 and 2007, respectively, and identified 4 (0.8%) of the strains in the first group and 8 (2.2%) of the strains in second group as heterogeneous vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (heterogeneous VISA) strains and 3 (0.8%) of the strains in the second group as VISA strains. This is the first report of VISA strains isolated from patients in Thailand.
Bandwidth Efﬁcient Root Nyquist Pulses for Optical Intensity Channels

Indoor diffuse optical intensity channels are bandwidth constrained due to the multiple reflected paths be- tween the transmitter and the receiver which cause consider- able inter-symbol interference (ISI). The transmitted signal amplitude is inherently non-negative, being a light intensity signal. All optical intensity root Nyquist pulses are time- limited to a single symbol interval which eliminates the pos- sibility of finding bandlimited root Nyquist pulses. However, potential exists to design bandwidth efficient pulses. This pa- per investigates the modified hermite polynomial functions and prolate spheroidal wave functions as candidate wave- forms for designing spectrally efficient optical pulses. These functions yield orthogonal pulses which have constant pulse duration irrespective of the order of the function, making them ideal for designing an ISI free pulse. Simulation re- sults comparing the two pulses and challenges pertaining to their design and implementation are discussed.
Convergence of Personality and Interests: Meta-Analysis of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire and the Strong Interest Inventory

Using meta-analysis, we revised Ackerman and Heggestad's (1997) identification of four trait complexes that propose personality and interest (P-I) linkages. Studies that had reported correlations between general and specific measures of vocational interests (Strong Interest Inventory [Strong; Hansen & Campbell, 1985; Harmon, Hansen, Borgen, & Hammer, 1994]) and personality (Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire [MPQ: Tellegen, 1982, 2000; Tellegen & Waller, in press]) were located. These meta-analysis was based on 2,023 people from five databases including gifted adolescents, college students, and adult career clients. The substantive P-I correlations ranged from |. 20| to |. 49|—reflecting between 4% and 24% shared variance. Within the Science/Math complex, we found Harmavoidance to be negatively linked with Realistic and Science interests and Achievement to be positively linked with Investigative, Math, and Science interests. Within the Intellectual/Cultural complex, Absorption was related to general and specific Artistic interests. Within the Social complex, Social and Enterprising interests were differentiated based on the former being related positively to Wellbeing and negatively to Aggression and the latter being related positively to Social Potency. Sex was not found to be a substantial moderator of P-I correlations.
RELIGION IN SOUTH ASIA

▪ Abstract This article examines the study of religions of South Asia, in particular of India, from the angle of postcolonial criticism. It argues that the study of state formation provides a crucial perspective for the unraveling of the multiple transformations of religion in the colonial and postcolonial public sphere. The colonial state cannot be studied in isolation from the global framework of imperial interactions between metropole and colony, in which colonial and national modernity is produced. Such a study depends on a postcolonial critique of the very category of “religion” while acknowledging the centrality of that category in colonial and postcolonial politics. The transformation of the public sphere in South Asia shows the increasing importance of religious movements and of the political use of religious images in new communication technologies. One of the most important trends in the present era is the attempt to create a homogenous religious community, not only within the national territori.
Cache Affinity Optimization Techniques for Scaling Software Transactional Memory Systems on Multi-CMP Architectures

Software transactional memory (STM) enhances both ease-of-use and concurrency, and is considered one of the next-generation paradigms for parallel programming. Application programs may see hotspots where data conflicts are intensive and seriously degrade the performance. So advanced STM systems employ dynamic concurrency control techniques to curb the conflict rate through properly throttling the rate of spawning transactions. High-end computers may have two or more multicore processors so that data sharing among cores goes through a non-uniform cache memory hierarchy. This poses challenges to concurrency control designs as improper metadata placement and sharing will introduce scalability issues to the system. Poor thread-to-core mappings that induce excessive cache invalidation are also detrimental to the overall performance. In this paper, we share our experience in designing and implementing a new dynamic concurrency controller for Tiny STM, which helps keeping the system concurrency at a near-optimal level. By decoupling unfavourable metadata sharing, our controller design avoids costly inter-processor communications. It also features an affinity-aware thread migration technique that fine-tunes thread placements by observing inter-thread transactional conflicts. We evaluate our implementation using the STAMP benchmark suite and show that the controller can bring around 21% average speedup over the baseline execution.
A Low-power Quadrature VCO Using Current-reused Technique and Back-gate Coupling

A novel quadrature voltage controlled oscillator (QVCO) using current-reused tech- nique and back-gate coupling is presented. The QVCO realized with LC-tank is demonstrated in a 0.18um RF CMOS 1P6M process. Using the current-reused technique e-ciently reduces the power dissipation. However, by stacking switching transistors in series like a cascade, the architecture cannot perform well in phase noise. Through an improved circuit schematic with back-gate coupling, the phase noise of the circuit can be lowered. As a result of reducing four transistors in the circuit, the total power dissipation can be cut down even more. The simulation shows the phase noise is around i107dBc/Hz at 1MHz ofiset and the output frequency tuning range of the fabricated QVCO is 600kHz ranging from 5.15 to 5.75GHz for 802.11a. The circuit draws only 1.5mA from a 1.8-V supply. Compared with the recent works, the proposed topologies show a better phase noise performance and can be adopted for low-power applications.
Stability of Schoolchildren's Cognitive Style: A Longitudinal Study of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory

Following two studies of the stability of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory, one by Clapp produced high stability even though subjects received their second administration 3½ yr. after the first. A study of 64 New Zealand students (17- and 18-yr.-olds) showed high stability over 7 mo. The present study showed similar results for 45 British schoolchildren over 3 years during which time maturity must surely have played a part.
Tackling the Knowledge–Action Gap in Sustainable Consumption: Insights from a Participatory School Programme

In the international policy discourse on sustainable consumption and production, education is acknowledged to be a powerful tool in changing unsustainable patterns of consumption. Current educational policies and programmes have responded to the consumption challenge mainly by including and addressing consumption issues in formal tuition in different subjects. This article criticises such a perspective for neglecting informal and non-cognitive consumer learning processes that take place outside the classroom. As a more comprehensive approach to consumer learning in school settings, a whole-school approach is outlined. The article reports on some insights of an empirical study that examined the relevance of active participation in, and exposure to, activities promoting sustainable consumption at schools.
Student civic participation in school: What makes a difference in Ireland?

Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child provides for the views of the child to be given due weight in accordance with the child’s age and maturity. Legislation in Ireland recognizes the rights of children to have a voice in educational matters. Based on a sample of 2838 14-year-olds in Ireland and using questionnaire data from the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study, this paper uses a multilevel model to examine the student and school characteristics associated with civic participation at school. Results indicate that boys have lower levels of civic participation at school than girls, but among boys only, civic participation at school varies in accordance with levels of perceived influence on decision making. Findings are discussed in the context of the rights of children to participate in decisions that affect them and with reference to Bandura’s social cognitive theory.
Social Differentiation in Musical Taste Patterns

In this article, we investigate patterns of musical taste using a large sample from the Dutch population. It is found that members from higher-status groups tend to be more omnivorous (that is, they like more different musical genres) than those from lower-status groups, which is in line with Peterson's (1992; Peterson & Simkus 1992) hypothesis. The actual difference is, however, rather small and occurs only with regard to the number of genres that respondents like at least "more or less," not with regard to their favorite genres. In order to discover the combinatorial logic by which musical genres are clustered into specific taste patterns, a factor model is estimated. The results indicate that musical genres can be structured on the basis of three basic "discourses" (highbrow, pop, folk). The so-called omnivores comprise a specific fraction of the higher-status groups known as the new middle class, whose tastes combine a set of genres related to all these discourses.
Slow-release oral morphine for maintenance treatment of opioid addicts intolerant to methadone or with inadequate withdrawal suppression.

AIMS Evaluation of the efficacy, safety and acceptability of slow-release oral morphine (SROM) in opioid addicts intolerant to methadone or with inadequate withdrawal suppression. DESIGN Prospective, open, non-comparative multi-centre study. SETTING Twelve out-patient Centres for Prevention and Treatment of Drug Addiction in Slovenia. PARTICIPANTS Male and female opioid addicts (age>18 years) under methadone maintenance therapy requiring a change of treatment in order to continue more effectively with maintenance. INTERVENTIONS Maintenance therapy with methadone was switched to once-daily SROM. MEASUREMENTS Efficacy evaluations were based on the reduction of side effects and on the degree of suppression of opiate craving, signs and symptoms of withdrawal. In addition, self-reported somatic and psychic symptoms (SCL-27) as well as World Health Organization quality of life-related (WHO QOL) parameters were monitored. FINDINGS Thirty-nine subjects intolerant to methadone and 28 subjects showing inadequate withdrawal suppression under methadone>or=90 mg/day were included as two separate groups in the efficacy analyses. Treatment was switched easily from methadone to SROM on a 1:8 ratio. Four-week SROM treatment resulted in significant reduction of side effects reported under methadone. Signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal as well as craving for opiates were improved significantly in patients with inadequate response to methadone. Physical and psychological wellbeing improved significantly under SROM treatment. SROM was tolerated very well. CONCLUSIONS Maintenance treatment with SROM appears to be a clinically useful alternative treatment in subjects not tolerating methadone or with inadequate withdrawal suppression.