Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bridging the Gap between Enumerative and Symbolic Model Checkers

We present a method to perform symbolic state space generation for languages with existing enumerative state generators. The method is largely independent from the chosen modelling language. We validated this on three different types of languages and tools: state-based languages (PROMELA), action-based process algebras (muCRL, mCRL2), and discrete abstractions of ODEs (Maple). Only little information about the combinatorial structure of the underlying model checking problem need to be provided. The key enabling data structure is the "PINS" dependency matrix. Moreover, it can be provided gradually (more precise information yield better results). Second, in addition to symbolic reachability, the same PINS matrix contains enough information to enable new optimizations in state space generation (transition caching), again independent from the chosen modelling language. We have also based existing optimizations, like (recursive) state collapsing, on top of PINS and hint at how to support partial order reduction techniques. Third, PINS allows interfacing of existing state generators to, e.g., distributed reachability tools. Thus, besides the stated novelties, the method we propose also significantly reduces the complexity of building modular yet still efficient model checking tools. Our experiments show that we can match or even outperform existing tools by reusing their own state generators, which we have linked into an implementation of our ideas.
Authentication With a Guessing Adversary

In this paper, we consider the authentication prob- lem where a candidate measurement presented by an unidentified user is compared to a previously stored measurement of the legitimate user, the enrollment, with respect to a certain distortion criteria for authentication. An adversary wishes to impersonate the legitimate user by guessing the enrollment until the system au- thenticates him. For this setting, we study the minimum number of required guesses (on average) by the adversary for a successful impersonation attack and find the complete characterization of the asymptotic exponent of this metric, referred to as the deception exponent. Our result is a direct application of the results of the Guessing problem by Arikan and Merhav (19). Paralleling the work in (19) we also extend this result to the case where the adversary may have access to additional side information correlated to the enrollment data. The paper is a revised version of a submission to IEEE WIFS 2015, with the referencing to the paper (19) clarified compared with the conference version.
Acculturation strategies and exile in Marjane Satrapi's Persepolis

ABSTRACT My paper uses theories of acculturation in order to analyze the attempts of transnational individuals to synthesize original and host cultures, Eastern and Western identities. I demonstrate that in Marjane Satrapi's graphic memoir Persepolis and the relating film adaptation the narrating self assumes the role of a mediating person who maintains the integration strategy of acculturation. Nevertheless, Satrapi only partly explains how the experiencing self acquires the necessary in-between position which makes the integration or synthesis between the two cultures possible. The memoir details only how the protagonist experiences the superficial aspects of Western culture, the initial honeymoon and culture shock phases of acculturation, and maintains a sharp distinction between the narrating and experiencing selves of the narrator. Thus, Persepolis leaves the question unanswered in which way she synthesizes her Iranian and Western identities. To explain this conundrum, I apply contemporary theories of exile and place the memoir in the context of Iranian exilic cultural production. Such theories and memoirs stress that the oscillation between various cultures does not only drive exiles into depression, but it also contributes to their intellectual and artistic activities by positioning the narrator as a privileged individual with a unique, in-between point-of-view and liminal position.
The Impact of Stakeholder Orientation on Innovation: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

In this study, we assess the causal impact of stakeholder orientation on innovation. To obtain exogenous variation in stakeholder orientation, we exploit the enactment of state-level constituency statutes, which allow directors to consider stakeholders’ interests when making business decisions. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, we find that the enactment of constituency statutes leads to a significant increase in the number of patents and citations per patent. We further argue and provide evidence suggesting that stakeholder orientation sparks innovation by encouraging experimentation and enhancing employees’ innovative productivity. Finally, we find that the positive effect of stakeholder orientation on innovation is larger in consumer-focused and less eco-friendly industries.Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi. org/10.1287/mnsc.2015. 2229 . This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation .
Patterns of Sociometric Choices: Transitivity Reconsidered

Social psychologists have consistently found that people choose friends offriends as their own friends more often than would be expected in random networks. However, most attempts to explain these findings have been based upon cognitive balance theory, and have paid little attention to other causes of clusters andlor individual variations in numbers of relations. This paper specifically shows how inequality of popularity among individuals implies disproportionate frequencies of particular types of triads, including transitive triad types. Counts of triad types provide evidence that inequality of popularity has predictable consequences for triad frequencies in many situations. Understanding causes of inequality and transitivity requires the study of the organization of clusters and popularity within a social context.
THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY OF VERBAL HALLUCINATION

This study was made to examine the hypothesis that verbal hallucination is an expression of so-called “inner speech,” using electromyographic techniques. In 9 schizophrenic patients, it was found that the experience of verbal hallucination was accompanied by an increase of electromyogram (EMG) discharge of the speech musculature in 47.6%. The time lag between the start of increase of EMG discharge and that of verbal hallucination was usually within 1.5 seconds. The duration of the EMG increase was positively correlated with the duration of verbal hallucination. It was further found that the verbal hallucination with an increase of EMG of the speech musculatures was experienced as a relatively loud one by the subjects, while the hallucination without EMG increase was experienced as a small one. It is suggested that subvocal speech, a part of inner speech, is produced at the moment of experiencing verbal hallucinations as demonstrated by the increase of EMG of the speech musculatures.
Epidemiology of Uveitis

Uveitis refers to approximately 25 different disorders, all characterized by the presence of intraocular inflammation. These diseases are not confined to the uveal tract and may include the retina, retinal blood vessels (“retinal vasculitis”) and other structures.1 Uveitis is a relatively uncommon disease; its prevalence estimated at 115-204/100,000 population, and the incidence is estimated at 17-52/100,000 population per year.2,3 Nevertheless, it has been estimated as the fifth or sixth leading cause of blindness in the United States and to account for approximately 10% of blindness worldwide.4 Many of the more severe types of uveitis are chronic diseases, often requiring chronic therapy and in some cases immunosuppression.5 Because uveitis occurs in every age group, including children,2,3 it has the potential to account for a disproportionately large number of years of potential vision lost when compared to diseases with an onset only in the elderly. Uveitis is classified along several dimensions. These categories include an anatomic classification of the primary site of inflammation into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis, a classification which assists in guiding therapy.1,5 The second is whether the uveitis is infectious or noninfectious; infections can be confined to the eye, such as ocular toxoplasmosis, or part of a more generalized infection, such as syphilis or Lyme disease. The third is the presence or absence of an associated systemic disease, such as sarcoidosis, Behçet’s disease, or ankylosing spondylitis. Finally, for those disorders thought to be eye-limited and of autoimmune or autoinflammatory pathogenesis, there is an attempt to classify the inflammation into one of several uveitic syndromes, such as birdshot chorioretinitis, typically based on morphology. This process includes the history, ophthalmologic examination, selected laboratory testing, and at times internal medicine or rheumatologic consultation. This process is sometimes called the “etiologic” diagnosis of uveitis. The term “etiologic” diagnosis of uveitis is a poor one
Auditory mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: topographic evaluation with a high-density recording montage.

OBJECTIVE The mismatch negativity, a negative component in the auditory event-related potential, is thought to index automatic processes involved in sensory or echoic memory. The authors' goal in this study was to examine the topography of auditory mismatch negativity in schizophrenia with a high-density, 64-channel recording montage. METHOD Mismatch negativity topography was evaluated in 23 right-handed male patients with schizophrenia who were receiving medication and in 23 nonschizophrenic comparison subjects who were matched in age, handedness, and parental socioeconomic status. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was used to measure psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS Mismatch negativity amplitude was reduced in the patients with schizophrenia. They showed a greater left-less-than-right asymmetry than comparison subjects at homotopic electrode pairs near the parietotemporal junction. There were correlations between mismatch negativity amplitude and hallucinations at left frontal electrodes and between mismatch negativity amplitude and passive-apathetic social withdrawal at left and right frontal electrodes. CONCLUSIONS Mismatch negativity was reduced in schizophrenia, especially in the left hemisphere. This finding is consistent with abnormalities of primary or adjacent auditory cortex involved in auditory sensory or echoic memory.
Chronic Hepatitis C in Saudi Arabia: Three Years Local Experience in a University Hospital

Background Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a global infection. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of CHC is declining due to the implementation of a blood screening program. However, CHC still remains a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objectives This is a retrospective study of CHC patients at the King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods Out of a total of 291 CHC patients from the hepatology clinic at King Abdul Aziz University hospital, Jeddah, 279 patients were included in the present study. They were primarily male (152, 54.5%), with a mean age of 50.41 ± 1.72 years. The majority of patients were either Saudi (108, 38.7%) or Egyptian (60, 21.5%). A total of 61 patients received combination treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin, and one patient with sickle-cell anemia received pegylated INF monotherapy. Demographic, clinical and laboratory features of the CHC patients, and their responses to treatment were studied. Results Decompensated cirrhosis was documented in 60 patients (21.5%), and hepatocellular carcinoma in 14 (5%). The mean level of serum alanine aminotransferase was 83.6 ± 231 u/L. The predominant genotype among the 70 patients tested, was genotype 4, followed by genotype 1 (39 and 18 patients, respectively). The sustained viral response (SVR) rate was 82.99%. The main predictive factors for SVR were baseline HCV viral load and rapid virologic response (RVR). The mean duration of follow-up was 4.2 ± . 85 years. There were 24 patients who had liver disease-related mortality. Conclusions our data showed that 22% of CHC patients progress to cirrhosis and another 22% had treatment. Liver related mortality was more common in patients with advanced cirrhosis.
RTP Payload Format for ITU-T Recommendation G.722.1

International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) Recommendation G.722. 1 is a wide-band audio codec, which operates at one of two selectable bit rates, 24kbit/s or 32kbit/s. This document describes the payload format for including G.722. 1 generated bit streams within an RTP packet. Also included here are the necessary details for the use of G.722. 1 with MIME and SDP.
The Recycling Intentions of Sport Spectators: A Theory of Planned Behavior Approach

Recycling Intentions of Sport Spectators: A Theory of Planned Behavior Approach. (May 2011) Brian Patrick McCullough, B.S., Ithaca College; M.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. George B. Cunningham Sport organizations have a negative impact on the environment but these organizations have begun environmental initiatives to decrease their impact. Introducing recycling programs not only offers visible environmental effort to decrease the organization’s impact but such programs can provide financial savings for the organization. Thus, my dissertation’s purpose is to understand the recycling intentions of sport spectators by the means of three studies theoretically framed using the theory of planned behavior. Study 1 examined the recycling intentions of individuals after consuming plastic water bottles within a campus environment. Participants were undergraduate students (N = 144) enrolled in physical activity classes at a southwestern university in the United States (males n=83, 57.6%, females n=60, 41.7%; mostly White n=96, 66.7%; age M=19.6, SD=1.33). The results indicate that subjective norms (β = .29, p < .001) and attitudes (β = .14, p < .05) towards recycling significantly predicted intentions to recycle plastic bottles after consumption.
Compromised periodontal status in an urban Sri Lankan population with type 2 diabetes.

AIM To determine the prevalence of periodontitis in an urban population of Sri Lankans with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and to compare the data with those from a population of adults without diabetes. METHODS Demographic data and a diabetes profile were recorded for a population of urban Sri Lankan adults with T2DM including duration of diabetes, blood pressure; percentage glycosylated haemoglobin, fasting blood glucose level, total cholesterol; triglycerides, low- and high-density lipoproteins. The clinical examination comprised an oral soft tissue examination, full-mouth probing depths (PD), gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment levels and bleeding on probing (BoP). RESULTS Two hundred and eighty-five individuals with T2DM and 72 controls were examined. 33.3% of T2DM patients were diagnosed with chronic periodontitis compared with 21.7% of controls (p=0.077). Subjects with T2DM had significantly more sites with PD>or=4 and >or=5 mm (p<0.01), and higher mean GR and BoP scores (p<0.01). CONCLUSION This urban Sri Lankan population of subjects with T2DM demonstrated a compromised periodontal status compared with non-diabetic controls.
CD28, a marker associated with tumoral expansion in multiple myeloma.

CD28 expression was thoroughly investigated on plasma cells of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, multiple myeloma (MM), and human myeloma cell lines. CD28+ plasma cells were detected in 19% of 31 monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, 41% of 116 MM, and 100% of 13 human myeloma cell lines. CD28+ myeloma cells were detected in 21 of 79 (26%) MM cases at diagnosis, 13 of 22 (59%) at medullary relapse (P < 0.009), and 14 of 15 (93%) at extramedullary relapse (P = 0.05), including 10 of 10 (100%) secondary plasma cell leukemias (P = 0.05). Serial studies in individual patients confirmed the emergence of CD28+ myeloma cells with tumoral expansion and treatment failure. This was significantly correlated with the expression of CD28 ligand, i.e., CD86 (but not CD80), and with an increase in the proliferative activity (labeling index) of myeloma cells in bone marrow. Whereas the expression of CD56 defines a particular subset of myeloma patients, CD28 is the only antigen for which expression correlates with tumor progression. Our data show that an aggressive compartment of CD28+ and CD86+ myeloma cells emerges during the course of MM in vivo, indicating that CD28 could be aberrantly expressed on highly malignant (possibly mutated) myeloma cells. Conversely, a subset of proliferative plasmablasts coexpressing CD28 and CD86 could be the normal counterpart of the clonogenic myeloma stem cell because a subset of CD28+ plasma cells was observed in 6 of 6 cases of reactive plasmocytosis.
THE IMMUNOPATHOLOGY OF CARDIAC XENOGRAFT REJECTION IN THE GUINEA PIG‐TO‐RAT MODEL

The mechanisms underlying rejection by rats of vascularized guinea pig xenografts have been controversial. The aim of this study was to define, using sequential immunopathologic analysis, the contributions of xenoreactive antibody, complement, and effector cells to the rejection of guinea pig cardiac xenografts by Lewis rats. In untreated recipients, hyperacute rejection of guinea pig cardiac xenografts occurred in 20±10.2 min and was characterized by focal endothelial deposition of IgM and by diffuse deposition of C3. IgG was not localized to endothelial surfaces, but was present in the same locations as albumin, suggesting that the accumulation of IgG might reflect nonspecific leakage of plasma proteins from blood vessels. No polymorphonuclear or monocytic infiltrate was observed. Depletion from rats of xeno-reactive antibody to undetectable levels prolonged the survival of guinea pig cardiac xenografts, but did not prevent hyperacute rejection; the rejected xenografts contained deposits of C3 along the microvasculature but no deposits of IgM or IgG. No cellular infiltrate was observed. Depletion of complement with cobra venom factor prolonged the survival of xenografts up to 96 hr. Xenograft tissues from complement-depleted animals had diffuse deposits of IgM along the microvasculature, but no detectable deposits of C3 or IgG were noted. Graft tissues obtained at various times after transplantation into complement-depleted animals revealed cellular infiltrates consisting of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes, but few cells bearing an NK cell phenotype. Our findings are consistent with the concept that complement activation is essential for the hyperacute rejection of discordant xenografts, and that in this particular model complement activation can proceed without the involvement of antibody. However, our findings also suggest that xenoreactive antibody contributes to hyperacute rejection and, along with effector cells, contributes to the later rejection of a xenograft when hyperacute rejection has been averted. Finally, we show that when hyperacute rejection is avoided, a form of vascular rejection occurs in which certain of the pathologic features—i.e., interstitial hemorrhage, interstitial edema, and thrombosis—are very similar to those observed in hyperacute rejection. Whether this form of rejection is a delayed form of the process that leads to hyperacute rejection or a novel pathologic process of graft rejection has yet to be determined.
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha: a salivary biomarker of bone loss in a longitudinal cohort study of children at risk for aggressive periodontal disease?

BACKGROUND Periodontitis develops in a time-dependent manner. Cross-sectional studies document one moment in time but fail to capture the progressive nature of disease. Radiographic measures of bone loss are relatively insensitive but are reliable markers of irreversible disease. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify biomarkers that can precede radiographic evidence of bone loss and, thus, mark the period prior to clinical evidence of irreversible disease. A longitudinal study of students susceptible to localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) was conducted to evaluate chemokines/cytokines found in saliva derived from periodontally healthy children who subsequently developed alveolar bone loss. METHODS Students were screened, sampled for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans [Aa]), and divided into a cohort of Aa+ and Aa- students. Ninety-six periodontally healthy Aa+ and Aa- students were recalled every 6 to 9 months following screening. Examinations, saliva collections, and radiographs were performed. After seven students developed bone loss, the levels of 21 cytokines were assessed and matched to saliva from seven Aa+ and seven Aa- students who remained healthy for > or =1 year. Subsequently, saliva from an additional 27 students who remained healthy was analyzed. RESULTS Nineteen cytokines were not detected or were detected at low levels. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha was elevated 50-fold in seven Aa+ students who developed disease 6 to 9 months prior to radiographic detection of bone loss compared to levels in 21 Aa+ and 20 Aa- students who remained healthy (P <0.001). Interleukin (IL)-1beta was also elevated (P = 0.01). MIP-1alpha had a specificity of 96.8% and a sensitivity of 100%, whereas IL-1beta showed 90.3% specificity and 85.7% sensitivity relative to bone loss. MIP-1alpha levels were also related to increasing probing depth and the number of pockets >6 mm. CONCLUSION The superior sensitivity and specificity of MIP-1alpha, which correlated well with probing depths and the onset of bone loss, suggested that it could be used as an early biomarker for LAgP.
The Folly of the 'Social Scientific' Concept of Legal Pluralism

Despite its relatively recent origin about two decades ago, the concept of legal pluralism bears the marks of approaching ensconced establishment maturity. There is the Commission on Folk Law and Legal Pluralism, with a registered membership list that reads like the honour roll of living legal anthropologists; there are biennial international conferences; there is a growing number of published symposia; and, the ultimate sign of academic acceptance, there is the Journal of Legal Pluralism, born out of a 1981 name-change of the old Journal of African Law Studies. Consistent with these indicia, legal pluralism is one of the dominant concepts in the field of legal anthropology. Moreover, it has been claimed, 'legal pluralism can be seen as the key concept in a postmodern view of law'. ' In this essay I will critically examine this precociously successful doctrine. Thus far there has been scant detailed analysis of the concept of legal pluralism, limited to a handful of articles written by a small circle of scholars. Nonetheless, through the academic practice of repetitive citation and crosscitation, a burgeoning body of legal pluralist works increasingly treats the concept as if it were well established, its basic tenets worked out and now taken for granted.2 I will argue otherwise. The thesis of this essay is that the concept of legal pluralism is constructed upon an unstable analytical foundation which will ultimately lead to its demise. I will begin with a review of the concept of legal pluralism, emphasizing the implications of the inability of legal pluralists to locate an agreed definition of 'law'. I will set out and evaluate the stated objectives of legal pluralists. I will indicate why no attempt to formulate a single scientific or cross-cultural definition of law can succeed. I will suggest an account of the historical development of legal pluralism in order to offer an explanation of how the concept originated and why it has thrived despite its flaws. Finally, I will argue that legal pluralists have built a fundamental ambiguity into their