Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Development of Interpersonal Understanding during Childhood, Preadolescence, and Adolescence: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study.

GURUCHARmi, CARMEL, and SELMAN, ROBERT L. The Development of Interpersonal Understanding during Childhood, Preadolescence, and Adolescence: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1982, 53, 924-927. Of 48 male subjects in an initial 2-year-interval follow-up interview study of social perspective taking levels, 41 subjects were reinterviewed 3 years later with the same interview procedures. Results supported the hypothesized sequential order of developmental levels. In addition, children who advanced only one sublevel or less from time 1 to time 2 were more likely to advance 2 or more sublevels in the subsequent assessment. Followup gains for subjects who made larger initial gains were less predictable.
In vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of a combination therapy of diminazene and chloroquine against murine visceral leishmaniasis

Abstract The present study evaluated the in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of diminazene combined with chloroquine as a potential drug against Leishmania donovani. Amphotericin B was used as a positive control drug. In vitro activity involved incubation of various drug concentrations with promastigotes or vero cells in culture before determination of parasite growth inhibition or cell death while in vivo evaluations involved infection of various mice groups with virulent L. donovani parasites and treatment with test drug compounds following disease establishment. Weight changes in experimental mice were also evaluated before infection and throughout the experiment. The results indicated that the diminazene–chloroquine combination was at least nine times more efficacious than individual drugs in killing promastigotes in culture. The diminazene–chloroquine combination was safer (Ld50 = 0.03±0.04) than Amphotericin B (Ld50 = 0.02±0.01). Body weight in infected mice increased significantly (P = 0.0007) from day 7 to day 37 following infection (P = 0.026). However, body weight remained comparable in all mice groups during treatment (P = 0.16). The diminazene–chloroquine combination significantly reduced splenic parasite numbers as compared to individual drug therapies (P = 0.0001) although Amphotericin B was still more efficacious than any other treatment (P = 0.0001). Amongst the test compounds, the diminazene–chloroquine combination showed the lowest level of IgG antibody responses with results indicating significant negative correlation between antileishmanial antibody responses and protection against disease. These findings demonstrate the positive advantage and the potential use of a combined therapy of diminazene–chloroquine over the constituent drugs. Further evaluation is recommended to determine the most efficacious combination ratio of the two compounds.
Differential changes in signal and background firing of accumbal neurons during cocaine self-administration.

Learning theories of drug addiction propose that the disorder is, at least in part, attributable to drug effects on accumbal mechanisms that are normally involved in reward-related learning. The neurophysiological mechanisms that might transduce such a drug effect on accumbal mechanisms have yet to be identified. Previous studies showed that a population of accumbal neurons exhibit phasic excitatory responses time locked to cocaine-reinforced lever presses during intravenous cocaine self-administration sessions (neurons referred to as lever-press neurons). Most of the same neurons, like the majority of accumbal neurons, also show a decrease in average firing rate during the drug self-administration session. Evidence indicates that the phasic firing patterns transmit information related to drug-reward-related events. On the other hand, the decreases in average firing reflect a primary pharmacological effect of self-administered cocaine. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the phasic firing associated with drug seeking (i.e., signal) is less sensitive than other accumbal firing (i.e., background) to the inhibitory effect of cocaine. During intravenous cocaine self-administration sessions, 45 of 68 neurons showed a decrease in average firing during the self-administration session relative to a predrug baseline period. Fourteen neurons showed both an inhibition in average firing and an excitatory phasic response. For these 14 neurons, signal either remained equal to the average predrug firing rate or exceeded the predrug firing rate during the self-administration session. For the same neurons, background firing generally fell below average predrug firing. The differential changes in signal and background were associated with an increase in the ratio of signal-to-background for the individual neurons. Moreover, the relatively unique resistance of signal to inhibition was associated with an increase in the ratio of signal firing of all lever-press neurons relative to the background firing of all recorded neurons. This type of differential inhibition in signal and background firing might be expected to increase the relative influence of the drug-reward-related signals on accumbal-related neural circuits and differentially influence susceptibility of drug- and non-drug-reward-related synaptic and neural responses to neuroplasticity. It thus represents a mechanism by which inhibitory effects of self-administered drug might amplify the accumbal contribution to behavior and learning and potentially contribute to drug addiction.
Uncertainty: A Typology and Refinements of Existing Concepts

The present article proposes a typology of the main varieties of uncertainty considered by economists and refines existing concepts. This typology combines three distinctions, between: substantive and procedural uncertainty; weak and strong uncertainty; and ambiguity and fundamental uncertainty. These concepts refer, or fail to refer, to factors such as: a lack of information; complexity; the (im)possibility of building probability distributions that are unique, additive and reliable; structural change; etc. When refining these concepts, the article pays special attention to the conception of social reality underlying each concept. It refers to what each concept may imply about the complexity and changeability of social reality and the limitations and creative potential of the individuals that inhabit this reality, in addition to, in some cases, the roles of institutions and the features of the process of technological change.
Relations between Sexual Attitudes, Gender, and Sexual Behaviour Concepts of Older Adolescents

A cognitive developmental model of sexual behaviour understanding was used to evaluate sexual attitudes in relation to sexuality development. Relations were established between sexual concept development and sexual attitudes among older adolescents. Gender differences were supported in sexual concept development and sexual attitudes and a differential alignment was found for sexual concepts and gender in relation to sexual attitudes. The multidimensionality of sexual attitudes was supported and results suggested the utility of differentiating General Permissiveness from Premarital Permissiveness in the study of sexual attitudes and adolescent sexuality development.
Reading Recovery 20 Years Down the Track: Looking forward, looking back

Reading Recovery is an intensive literacy programme designed for young students who have been identified as being at‐risk of reading failure after 1 year of schooling. The intervention was developed and trialled in New Zealand over 20 years ago and is now implemented in a number of education systems. The focus of this article is on recent research into the operationalisation of the programme with an overview of what it has done well and what it has not done so well. Reading Recovery has been very successful in bringing about change on the political and teacher training levels. In terms of efficacy in remediating literacy difficulties, however, the findings are more equivocal. What we have learned from Reading Recovery may assist in the implementation of new interventions based on more contemporary research.
On Judgments of Dispersion and Stereotypicality: How They Relate to Ethnicity and Influence Ethnic Categorization

European American (EA) college students (n = 108), Asian American (AA) college students (n = 99), and college students from other minority groups (n = 51) completed measures of dispersion and stereotypicality pertaining to both AA and EA student populations. Analyses revealed reliable main effects for ethnicity that were generally consistent with self-categorization theory. On the dispersion measure, both minority groups perceived both AA and EA populations as more homogeneous than EA participants did, and on the stereotypicality measure minorities generally tended to attribute relatively more stereotypic traits than EA participants did. Minorities were also generally more likely to believe that an individual described in stereotypic terms was a member of the group to which the stereotype applied. Additional analyses examined the relation between dispersion and stereotypicality ratings and the estimated probability that descriptions representative of AAs and EAs actually described individuals from those respective groups. Estimated probabilities were positively related to participants' estimations of the mean base rate of these stereotypic traits among the target group. Contrary to a normative standard, however, they were not negatively related to the estimated base rates of these same traits among the other ethnic group, which was also represented in the population from which the target person was drawn.
Does QUIC Make the Web Faster?

Increase in size and complexity of web pages has challenged the efficiency of HTTP. Recent developments to speed up the web have resulted in two promising protocols, HTTP/2 (RFC 7540) at the application layer and QUIC (multiplexed stream transport over UDP). Google servers are using HTTP/2 and QUIC whereas other major sites like Facebook and Twitter have begun using HTTP/2. In this paper, we compare the performance of HTTP/2 vs QUIC+SPDY 3.1 by studying the Web page load times. In the first set of experiments, we serve synthetic pages (only static objects) over both protocols in emulated controlled network conditions and then extend it to real network, both wired and cellular (2G/3G in India and 3G/4GLTE in US). Further, we conduct experiments on a set of web pages on the most popular sites from the Internet (Alexa Rankings) in controlled conditions. We find QUIC to perform better overall under poor network conditions (low bandwidth, high latency and high loss), for e.g. more than 90% of synthetic pages loaded faster with QUIC in 2G compared to 60% in 4GLTE. This is due to the lower connection establishment latency and improved congestion control mechanism in QUIC. However, QUIC does not offer significant advantage when a webpage consists of many small-sized objects.
Cultivating Virtual Stereotypes?: The Impact of Video Game Play on Racial/Ethnic Stereotypes

This study demonstrates broad-based, second-order cultivation effects from video game play and provides a significant contribution to our understanding of how virtual representations of race and ethnicity may impact real-world racial and ethnic beliefs. This research used a survey design to assess the relationship between White college students’ frequency of video game play and attitudes toward Blacks and Asians. Results suggest that video game play cultivates real-world beliefs about Blacks, such that individuals who spend more time playing video games have less egalitarian views of Blacks. Interracial contact was explored as a moderator but had no influence on the relationship between game play and stereotyping. Results are discussed from a cultivation theory as well as a social identity theory perspective.
From impacts assessment to adaptation priorities: the shaping of adaptation policy

Abstract Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), adaptation has recently gained importance, yet adaptation is much less developed than mitigation as a policy response. Adaptation research has been used to help answer to related but distinct questions. (1) To what extent can adaptation reduce impacts of climate change? (2) What adaptation policies are needed, and how can they best be developed, applied and funded? For the first question, the emphasis is on the aggregate value of adaptation so that this may be used to estimate net impacts. An important purpose is to compare net impacts with the costs of mitigation. In the second question, the emphasis is on the design and prioritisation of adaptation policies and measures. While both types of research are conducted in a policy context, they differ in their character, application, and purpose. The impacts/mitigation research is orientated towards the physical and biological science of impacts and adaptation, while research on the ways and means of adaptation is focussed on the social and economic determinants of vulnerability in a development context. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the national adaptation studies carried under the UNFCCC are broadening the paradigm, from the impacts/mitigation to vulnerability/adaptation. For this to occur, new policy research is needed. While the broad new directions of both research and policy can now be discerned, there remain a number of outstanding issues to be considered.
Understanding cultural barriers in hepatitis B virus infection

The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the Asian American population is disproportionately high compared with the US population as a whole. Effective management is difficult because of cultural barriers, which can be better understood with recognition of the diversity of the Asian continent in terms of language and spiritual beliefs. Barriers to care among the Asian American population include educational deficits, low socioeconomic status, lack of health insurance, noncitizenship, inability to communicate in English, negative perceptions of Western medicine, and underrepresentation among health care professionals. Given the diversity of the population, some subpopulations may be more directly affected by certain barriers than others. The resulting delays in seeking care can lead to poor outcomes and risk of HBV transmission to household members. Health care providers are obligated to educate themselves regarding cultural sensitivity and to advocate for improved access to care.
The Group Size-Cohesion Relationship in Minimal Groups

Four studies were undertaken to investigate the relationship between cohesion and group size in exercise groups. Study 1 compared the perceptions of cohesiveness of members of small and large exercise classes assessed in the eighth week of group development in a 13-week session. Study 2 compared the perceptions of cohesiveness of members of small and large exercise classes assessed in the third week of group development in a 13-week session. Study 3 used a longitudinal design to assess the possible changes in perceptions of cohesiveness of members of small and large groups over time. The purpose of Study 4 was to determine how an intervention program focusing on team-building principles would influence perceptions of cohesiveness in small and large exercise classes. It was concluded that perceptions of task and social cohesion are greater in smaller groups, and that a team-building program can offset the negative impact of increased group size.
Gender stereotyping of managers and the self‐concept of business students across their undergraduate education

Glass hurdles in business are cognitive reflections of the greater difficulty faced by women compared to men in achieving success as managers. The social glass hurdle is the distance between one’s gender stereotype and the ratings of a successful manager; the personal glass hurdle, the distance between one’s self‐assessment and the ratings of a successful manager. This research examined two important reflections of these glass hurdles in Hong Kong. Results showed that students of both genders regarded the successful middle manager as more similar to the typical male than to the typical female. The relative size of this social glass hurdle did not change across their two years of training for a career in business. A persisting personal glass hurdle was also found. Discusses these results in relation to those found in other social‐political contexts, and suggests that continuing challenges face women who aspire to managerial positions.
Evidence for Cyclic Di-GMP-Mediated Signaling in Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that regulates diverse cellular processes in bacteria, including motility, biofilm formation, cell-cell signaling, and host colonization. Studies of c-di-GMP signaling have chiefly focused on Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we investigated c-di-GMP signaling in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis by constructing deletion mutations in genes predicted to be involved in the synthesis, breakdown, or response to the second messenger. We found that a putative c-di-GMP-degrading phosphodiesterase, YuxH, and a putative c-di-GMP receptor, YpfA, had strong influences on motility and that these effects depended on sequences similar to canonical EAL and RxxxR—D/NxSxxG motifs, respectively. Evidence indicates that YpfA inhibits motility by interacting with the flagellar motor protein MotA and that yuxH is under the negative control of the master regulator Spo0A∼P. Based on these findings, we propose that YpfA inhibits motility in response to rising levels of c-di-GMP during entry into stationary phase due to the downregulation of yuxH by Spo0A∼P. We also present evidence that YpfA has a mild influence on biofilm formation. In toto, our results demonstrate the existence of a functional c-di-GMP signaling system in B. subtilis that directly inhibits motility and directly or indirectly influences biofilm formation.
An Inductive Logic Programming Method forCorpus-based Parser

Empirical methods for building natural language systems has become an important area of research in recent years. Most current approaches are based on propositional learning algorithms and have been applied to the problem of acquiring broad-coverage parsers for relatively shallow (syntactic) representations. This paper outlines an alternative empirical approach based on techniques from a subbeld of machine learning known as Inductive Logic Programming (ILP). ILP algorithms, which learn relational ((rst-order) rules, are used in a parser acquisition system called Chill that learns rules to control the behavior of a traditional shift-reduce parser. Using this approach, Chill is able to learn parsers for a variety of diierent types of analyses, from traditional syntax trees to more meaning-oriented case-role and database query forms. Experimental evidence shows that Chill performs comparably to propositional learning systems on similar tasks, and is able to go beyond the broad-but-shallow paradigm and learn mappings directly from sentences into useful semantic representations. In a complete database-query application, parsers learned by Chill outperform an existing hand-crafted system, demonstrating the promise of empricial techniques for automating the construction certain NLP systems.
Towards Free Task Overloading in Passive Replication Based Real-time Multiprocessors

In multiprocessor systems, passive replication is a technique that trades processing power for increased reliability. One approach of passive replication, called primary-backup task scheduling, is often used in real-time multiprocessor systems to ensure that deadlines are met in spite of faults. Briefly, it consists in scheduling a secondary task conditionally, in such a way that the secondary task actually gets executed only if the primary task (or the processor executing it) fails to terminate properly. Doing so avoids wasting CPU resources in failure-free case, but primary and secondary tasks must then compete for resources in case of failures. To overcome this, overloading schemes, such as primary-backup overloading, backup-backup overloading and their hybrid, aim at improving schedulability while retaining a certain level of reliability. Traditionally primary-backup overloading is related to small scale embedded and real-time systems. However, as the fast development of computer systems the implementation of these schemes becomes a difficult mission especially when there are many processors in large scale embedded and real-time systems, multi-core or many-core systems or when the schemes are adopted to realize passive replication in a cluster or a datacenter for soft real-time applications. In this paper, we formalize overloading management towards free overloading, and then some principles are proved to simplify the construction and destruction of overloading in scheduling tasks and tolerating faults.
Religious Beliefs as Reflective Elaborations on Intuitions: A Modified Dual-Process Model

Religious beliefs apparently challenge our view of human cognition as an evolved system that provides reliable information about environments. We propose that properties of religious beliefs are best understood in terms of a dual-processing model, in which a variety of evolved domain-specific systems provide stable intuitions, whereas other systems produce explicit, often deliberate comments on those intuitions. This perspective accounts for the fact that religious beliefs are apparently diverse but thematically similar and that they are immune to refutation and more attractive to imaginative individuals.
The Iranian community in the United States and the maintenance of Persian

The Iranian community in the US is relatively new and has mostly grown during the past few decades. The ®rst-generation Iranians have been trying to preserve their linguistic and cultural heritage and introduce it to their children through various means such as national Iranian ceremonies, radio and TV programs, newspapers, magazines, books, etc. However, since the process of Americanization applies powerful pressure, the second generation needs stronger cultural motivations and supports to resist language shif
Top Management Team Diversity: A Review of Theories and Methodologies

This paper reviews empirical research on top management team (TMT) diversity. A number of scholars have concluded that upper echelons findings, in particular in terms of the consequences of TMT heterogeneity, have been inconclusive. This review conducts an in-depth analysis of conceptual and methodological issues related to upper echelons diversity studies and offers some directions for future research. Sixty journal articles, published in ten top international journals over a 22-year period (1984–2005), were analyzed. The results suggest that upper echelons research is increasingly multidisciplinary in nature; however, in-depth inquiries into the antecedents of TMT composition and the multilevel contextual influences on the implications of TMT heterogeneity are still needed. This review finds that clarity about level of analysis, both theoretically and empirically, remains an important issue in the field and thus a multilevel approach is strongly encouraged. Moreover, the complexity of diversity as a theoretical construct needs to be acknowledged and operationalized accordingly in upper echelons studies.