Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Superconformal Gauge Theory on M2-Branes

We show that by adding a supersymmetric Faddeev-Popov ghost sector to the recently constructed Bagger-Lambert theory based on a Lorentzian three algebra, we obtain an action with a BRST symmetry that can be used to demonstrate the absence of negative norm states in the physical Hilbert space. The combined action can be understood as a gauge-fixed version of a classical action with an additional gauged shift symmetry. We also discuss the construction of gauge-invariant local operators, showing that the theory has a spectrum of chiral primary operators with the SO(8) representations expected from the worldvolume theory of coincident M2-branes. jgomis@perimeterinstitute.ca drodrigu@princeton.edu mav@phas.ubc. ca verlinde@princeton.edu
‘Errors’ and omissions in paper-based early warning scores: the association with changes in vital signs—a database analysis

Objectives To understand factors associated with errors using an established paper-based early warning score (EWS) system. We investigated the types of error, where they are most likely to occur, and whether ‘errors’ can predict subsequent changes in patient vital signs. Methods Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected early warning system database from a single large UK teaching hospital. Results 16 795 observation sets, from 200 postsurgical patients, were collected. Incomplete observation sets were more likely to contain observations which should have led to an alert than complete observation sets (15.1% vs 7.6%, p<0.001), but less likely to have an alerting score correctly calculated (38.8% vs 30.0%, p<0.001). Mis-scoring was much more common when leaving a sequence of three or more consecutive observation sets with aggregate scores of 0 (55.3%) than within the sequence (3.0%, p<0.001). Observation sets that ‘incorrectly’ alerted were more frequently followed by a correctly alerting observation set than error-free non-alerting observation sets (14.7% vs 4.2%, p<0.001). Observation sets that ‘incorrectly’ did not alert were more frequently followed by an observation set that did not alert than error-free alerting observation sets (73.2% vs 45.8%, p<0.001). Conclusions Missed alerts are particularly common in incomplete observation sets and when a patient first becomes unstable. Observation sets that ‘incorrectly’ alert or ‘incorrectly’ do not alert are highly predictive of the next observation set, suggesting that clinical staff detect both deterioration and improvement in advance of the EWS system by using information not currently encoded within it. Work is urgently needed to understand how best to capture this information.
Comparative Analyses of Pandemic H1N1 and Seasonal H1N1, H3N2, and Influenza B Infections Depict Distinct Clinical Pictures in Ferrets

Influenza A and B infections are a worldwide health concern to both humans and animals. High genetic evolution rates of the influenza virus allow the constant emergence of new strains and cause illness variation. Since human influenza infections are often complicated by secondary factors such as age and underlying medical conditions, strain or subtype specific clinical features are difficult to assess. Here we infected ferrets with 13 currently circulating influenza strains (including strains of pandemic 2009 H1N1 [H1N1pdm] and seasonal A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B viruses). The clinical parameters were measured daily for 14 days in stable environmental conditions to compare clinical characteristics. We found that H1N1pdm strains had a more severe physiological impact than all season strains where pandemic A/California/07/2009 was the most clinically pathogenic pandemic strain. The most serious illness among seasonal A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 groups was caused by A/Solomon Islands/03/2006 and A/Perth/16/2009, respectively. Among the 13 studied strains, B/Hubei-Wujiagang/158/2009 presented the mildest clinical symptoms. We have also discovered that disease severity (by clinical illness and histopathology) correlated with influenza specific antibody response but not viral replication in the upper respiratory tract. H1N1pdm induced the highest and most rapid antibody response followed by seasonal A/H3N2, seasonal A/H1N1 and seasonal influenza B (with B/Hubei-Wujiagang/158/2009 inducing the weakest response). Our study is the first to compare the clinical features of multiple circulating influenza strains in ferrets. These findings will help to characterize the clinical pictures of specific influenza strains as well as give insights into the development and administration of appropriate influenza therapeutics.
Mild environmental stress elicits mutations affecting fitness in Chlamydomonas

Cultures of Chlamydomonas were exposed to a range of relatively mild stresses for a period of 24 h. These stresses comprised high and low temperatures, osmotic stress, low pH, starvation and toxic stress. They were then allowed to recuperate for around ten vegetative generations under near–optimal conditions in unmodified minimal medium. Fitness was then assayed as the rate of division of isolated cells on agar. We found that there was a strong tendency for stressed cultures to have lower mean fitness and greater standardized variance in fitness than the negative controls which had been cultured throughout in unmodified minimal medium. The same tendency was shown, as expected, by positive controls which received mutagenic doses of ultraviolet irradiation. We concluded that the most reasonable interpretation of these observations is that mild stress increases the genomic rate of mutation. This appears to be the first time that this phenomenon has been noticed in eukaryotes. The response might be adaptive because lineages in which higher mutation rates are elicited by stress can be favourably selected through the production of a few mutants which are fortuitously well adapted to the stressful environment. Other interpretations are not excluded, however. Regardless of the mechanism involved, the elevation of mutation rates under stress will affect the rate of evolutionary response to environmental change and also the maintenance of sexuality.
The Earth Brokers: Power, Politics and World Development.

Part 1 The documents: whose common future? southern elites Rio and bust. Part 2 Non-Governmental organizations: telling "greens" apart feeding the peoples into the green machine what did environmental NGOs achieve? Part 3 Business and industry: promoting big business at Rio changing what? Part 4 Finance and institutions: can money save the world? institutional outcomes.
Early On-Orbit Performance of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Onboard the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Satellite

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is one of the key environmental remote-sensing instruments onboard the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership spacecraft, which was successfully launched on October 28, 2011 from the Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. Following a series of spacecraft and sensor activation operations, the VIIRS nadir door was opened on November 21, 2011. The first VIIRS image acquired signifies a new generation of operational moderate resolution-imaging capabilities following the legacy of the advanced very high-resolution radiometer series on NOAA satellites and Terra and Aqua Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer for NASA's Earth Observing system. VIIRS provides significant enhancements to the operational environmental monitoring and numerical weather forecasting, with 22 imaging and radiometric bands covering wavelengths from 0.41 to 12.5 microns, providing the sensor data records for 23 environmental data records including aerosol, cloud properties, fire, albedo, snow and ice, vegetation, sea surface temperature, ocean color, and nigh-time visible-light-related applications. Preliminary results from the on-orbit verification in the postlaunch check-out and intensive calibration and validation have shown that VIIRS is performing well and producing high-quality images. This paper provides an overview of the on-orbit performance of VIIRS, the calibration/validation (cal/val) activities and methodologies used. It presents an assessment of the sensor initial on-orbit calibration and performance based on the efforts from the VIIRS-SDR team. Known anomalies, issues, and future calibration efforts, including the long-term monitoring, and intercalibration are also discussed.
Expression of Parkinson's disease and associated neurophenotypes in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

The etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains largely unknown with the exception of a few genetic mutations that affect a small proportion of patients. Case reports suggest that individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), a multisystem genomic disorder associated with hemizygous 22q11.2 deletions, may be at increased risk of early-onset PD. The aim of this thesis was to investigate 22q11.2 deletions as a risk factor for early-onset PD. The prevalence of PD was assessed in a well-characterized cohort of adults with 22q11.2DS. Neuropathological studies were performed in cases with available post-mortem tissue. Wholegenome sequencing was used to investigate the possible contribution of genome-wide rare coding mutations to disease penetrance in neuropathologically confirmed PD cases. Assessment of putative pre-diagnostic clinical and neuroimaging markers of PD in a subset of the older adults (30 to 54 years) provided evidence of an elevated prevalence of pre-morbid motor and olfactory deficits, and of nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction assessed using 11 C-dihydrotetrabenazine and positron emission tomography. The clinical context of early-onset PD in this adult cohort of individuals with 22q11.2DS was also investigated. Treatment response was excellent to the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, a candidate for use in psychotic patients at risk of, or with, PD. Cognitive level and severe psychiatric disorders were mediators of baseline functional capacity in 22q11.2DS adults. Practical guidelines were developed from a review of the 22q11.2DS literature to help inform the management of 22q11.2DSassociated conditions, including PD. The results of these studies provided evidence that early-onset PD is associated with the 22q11.2 deletion with important implications for PD pathogenesis and for the clinical management of 22q11.2DS.
Biomechanical Effects of Trees on Soil and Regolith: Beyond Treethrow

Forest soils are profoundly influenced by the biomechanical as well as the chemical and biological effects of trees. Studies of biomechanical impacts have focused mainly on uprooting (treethrow), but this study shows that at least two other effects are significant: physical displacement of soil by root growth, and infilling of stump rot pits. Rocky soils in the Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas were studied because they allow for the use of rock fragments as a tracer of displacement. Rock fragments displaced by tree growth (baumsteins) are ubiquitous here, and displacement shows characteristic differences between pines and hardwoods. Hardwoods promote primarily lateral displacement, with a higher probability of displaced rock fragments eventually falling into stump holes. Pine displacement has a significant vertical component associated with basal mounding, and a lower probability of baumstein deposition in stump holes. Obvious stump holes are relatively rare, but the high ratio of stumps and snags to uprooted trees indicates that standing dead trees, which would ultimately result in a stump hole, are quite common. This, plus the presence of numerous duff-filled depressions, suggests that such holes are filled rapidly. The presence of surface-derived rock fragments and thick litter and duff accumulations indicate that at least some of the fill is external, as opposed to soil detachment from the pit walls. The primary influence of stump holes, as reflected by rock fragment distributions, is localized subsurface stone accumulations that do not extend laterally. The total area affected by uprooting is larger than that of stump holes, despite the lower frequency, due to the greater area of disturbance per event. Estimated turnover times (time for 100 percent of the forest floor to be affected) are shortest for soil displacement, intermediate for uprooting, and longest for stump hole effects. Although contemporary rates cannot be confidently extrapolated, the geomorphological efficacy of these processes is reflected by the fact that they are rapid enough to result in complete regolith turnover over time scales comparable to the Holocene. Displacement, stump holes, and uprooting help to maintain a continuously mixed surface biomantle, and may in some cases result in distinctive pedological features, local spatial variations in soil morphology, and divergent evolution of the soil cover.
Human Relations in the Workplace

This paper seeks to understand what motivates workers to be altruistic toward one another and studies whether firms benefit from encouraging these "human relations" in the workplace. The paper first proposes that feelings of altruism can be individually rational in certain settings in which the variables controlled by the workers are strategically linked. The paper then studies what this implies for equilibrium altruism in two situations. The first has workers who are paid as a function of joint output. The second is the relationship between subordinates and their supervisors.
Stickleback research: the now and the next

Background: Stickleback fishes are an outstanding model for understanding evolution and ecology. Celebrating successes and identifying new questions, the Seventh International Conference on Stickleback Behaviour and Evolution was held 29 July to 3 August 2012 near Seattle, Washington, USA. Questions: How has research on stickleback shaped our understanding of phenotypic variation, genomic variation, speciation, and eco-evolutionary dynamics? How is future research on stickleback likely to advance these topics? Phenotypic variation: Stickleback show exceptional variation at a diversity of spatial scales, which has yielded insights not only into how natural selection shapes evolutionary diversification, but also how the influence of natural selection can be constrained. Future research would profit from examining temporal variation in selection and the multifarious nature of selection. Genomic variation: Stickleback adapted to different environments show widespread, but heterogeneous, genomic differentiation that is often associated with variation in recombination rate and that shows both parallel and non-parallel patterns. Profitable areas for future research include identifying the links between genotype–phenotype–fitness, the processes generating genomic patterns of differentiation, the mechanisms underlying variation in recombination, and the spread of chromosomal inversions. Speciation: Stickleback research has shaped our understanding of ecological speciation, the factors that promote and constrain it, and the traits involved in reproductive isolation. More work is needed in all these areas, as well as in the genomics of speciation and the alternatives to ecological speciation. Eco-evolutionary dynamics: Stickleback adapted to different environments have differential effects on community and ecosystem variables in mesocosms. Future work should investigate
Management of Humeral Shaft Fractures; Non-Operative Versus Operative

Context: Functional humeral bracing remains the gold standard for treatment of humeral shaft fractures. There is an increasing trend in the literature to perform operative fixation of these fractures. Evidence Acquisition: The aim of this systematic review was to compare the level one evidence for the outcome of non-operative with operative management of humeral shaft fractures in adults. A comprehensive electronic literature search of Medline and PubMed was performed with specific inclusion criteria to identify randomized controlled trials. Results: In total, seventeen different studies were identified from the search terms and combinations used. Only one study met the inclusion criteria; however, this was a published study protocol of an ongoing trial currently being conducted. One additional published protocol for an ongoing trial was also identified, but this was for a prospective comparative observational study. Although this latter study may not be level one evidence, it would offer great insight into the functional outcome of humeral shaft fractures and economic implications of operative management, which is currently not addressed in the literature. Two retrospective comparative studies were also identified, one of which demonstrated a significantly lower rate of nonunion and malunion in those patients undergoing operative management. Conclusions: This systematic review demonstrated a deficiency in the current literature of level one evidence available for the management of humeral shaft fractures. The current ongoing randomized control trail would offer a greater insight into the management of humeral shaft fractures and help confirm or refute the current literature. If this randomized control trial affirms the reduction in the rate of nonunion with operative fixation, a cost economic analysis is essential. As it would seem to offer operative management to all patients may be over treatment and not to offer this at all would undertreat.
Online Interactions and Social Capital

Some of the earliest and best-known theoretical work on the social implications of the Internet focus on interpersonal interactions with other users met online. However, in part because of the difficulty of measuring the level of interactions with others met online, generalizable empirical research on this topic remains limited. In this study, the authors develop a new approach to measuring the degree of online interactions with those not known offline. Next, they test the relationship between these online social interactions and social capital using a probability sample survey of U.S. residents. Contrary to previous empirical investigations, they find that the level of online interaction with people met on the Internet positively relates to common indicators of social capital, such as generalized trust. Finally, they discuss the implications of these results.
An outflow from the nebula around the LBV candidate S 119

We present an analysis of the kinematic and morphological structure of the nebula around the LMC LBV candidate S 119. On HST images, we find a predominantly spherical nebula which, however, seems to be much better confined in its eastern hemisphere than in the western one. The filamentary western part of the nebula is indicative of matter flowing out of the nebula's main body. This outflow is evidenced by our long-slit echelle spectra. They show that, while most of the nebula has an expansion velocity of 25.5 km s - 1 , the outflowing material reaches velocities of almost 140 km s - 1 , relative to the systemic one. A ROSAT HRI image shows no trace of S 119 and thus no indications of hot or shocked material.
Knowledge and Opinions about Abortion Law among Mexican Youth

Contexte: Au Mexique, la legislation relative a l'avortement varie d'etat en etat. Tous, y compris le District federal, admettent toutefois l'IVG dans certaines circonstances. La connaissance et les opinions du public concernant ces lois affectent l'acces a des services d'avortement sans risques. Methodes: Les donnees d'enquete en 2000 d'un echantillon nationalement representatif de 907 hommes et femmes âges de 15 a 24 ans ont ete analysees quant a la connaissance et aux opinions relatives a la legislation sur l'IVG. Les facteurs associes a la connaissance qu'avaient les participants de la legalite limitee de l'IVG dans leur etat et a leur perception de l'avorte marri ont ete identifies par regression logistique. Resultats: Cinquante quatre pour cent des participants ignoraient le statut legal de l'avortement dans leur etal. Quatre-vingt-deux pour cent d'entre eux pensaient que l'avortement n'etait jamais admis par la loi; les autres ne savaient pas ou pensaient qu'il etait toujours legal. La probabilite d'information correcte est apparue moindre parmi les repondants aux niveaux d'education moins eleves, vivant dans certaines regions exterieures a la ville de Mexico ou residant en milieu rural (rapports de probabilites de 0,3 a 0,7). Cette meme probabilite etait elevee parmi les repondants ouverts a la pilule contraceptive d'urgence (2,2). Quelque 70% a 83% des participants etaient favorables a l'avortement legal en cas de grossesse resultant d'un viol ou mettant en danger la vie ou la sante de la femme. Seuls 11% a 22% supportaient l'avoriement legal pour les femmes celibataires ou mineures, disposant de ressources economiques limitees ou dont la methode contraceptive avait echoue. Les faibles niveaux, d'education et les attitudes conservatrices a l'egard de la pilule contraceptive d'urgence sont apparus associes aux attitudes conservatrices. La connaissance du fait que l'avortement est parfo
Travel experiences and aspirations: a case study from Chinese youth

Understanding cultural values is vital in tourism as these influence an individual’s travel experiences and expectations. Students represent an important segment of the international tourist population, and Chinese student tourists are an increasingly significant part of that segment. It is therefore important to understand how cultural values influence Chinese students’ experiences and aspirations. Will their past travel experiences influence future aspirations? Using data collected from a free-elicitation method, this paper reports on the travel experiences and aspirations of 284 Chinese students. It explores the notional link between past experiences and future aspirations and discusses the impact of Chinese political history and cultural values on tourist experiences and motivations. Implications for marketing are drawn out.
The articulation of hegemonic power through television : Islamic Republic's discourses regarding Iranian everyday life

3 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 7 The Context of the Study . 7 The Aim of the Research . 9 Background to the Research . 11 Contextualising the Study . 13 Research Question . 14 The Necessity and Significance of the Research . 15 Map of the Research . 18 CHAPTER TWO: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK . 20 Everyday Life. 20 Foucauldian Approach to the Notion of Power . 24 Discourse Through the Foucauldian Approach . 29 Different Accounts of the Notion of Discourse . 33 Laclau and Mouffe’s Perception of the Notion of Discourse . 38 A Conceptual Framework for Discourse Analysis . 40 Contextualising the Conceptual Framework of Laclau and Mouffe’s Discourse Analysis . 46 Hegemony, the Ultimate Goal of Discourses . 52 The Formation of Subjects; by and through Discourses . 57 Media, Interpellation and Discourse Analysis . 65 CHAPTER THREE: EVOLUTION OF THE IRANIAN STATE TELEVISION DISCOURSE IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY IRAN . 69 The Formation Period of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Television Discourse: from 1979 to 1981 . 71 Iranian State Television According to the Constitution . 76 The Stabilisation Period of the Television Discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran: from 1981 to 1989 . 77 Television and Social Cohesion in the Sixties-Decade . 80 Television and Ideological Excitation in the Sixties-Decade . 83 Television and the Richness of Meanings in the Sixties-Decade . 87 The Emergence of Rival Media Discourses: Between the Years 1989 and 1995 . 90 Cultural Resistance or Cultural Invasion . 93 Contextual Circumstances and Different Articulations by the Same Principles: From 1995 until Now . 97 IRIB Protects the Principlist Articulation . 98 IRIB’s Resources . 101 Further Consideration of IRIB’s Products in this Research . 102 CHAPTER FOUR: THINKING ABOUT MIDDLE CLASS IN OIL-RENT IRAN . 104 The Concept of the Middle Class . 104 The Emergence of the Modern Middle Class in Tehran . 113 Before The Islamic Revolution of 1979 . 114