Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
We are chronically sleep deprived.

Data from recent laboratory studies indicate that nocturnal sleep periods reduced by as little as 1.3 to 1.5 hours for 1 night result in reduction of daytime alertness by as much as 32% as measured by the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). Other data document that 1) 17%-57% of normal young adults have MSLT latencies of < or = 5.5 minutes, whereas < or = 50% have MSLT values of > or = 10 minutes and 2) 28%-29% of young adults reported normally sleeping < or = 6.5 hours on each weeknight. More extensive reduction of daily sleep amount is seen in nightshift workers. A minimum of 2%-4% of middle-aged adults have hypersomnolence associated with sleep apnea. Together, these data show that significant sleep loss exists in one-third or more of normal adults, that the effects are large and replicable and that similar effects can be produced in just 1 night in the laboratory. In light of the magnitude of this sleep debt, it is not surprising that fatigue is a factor in 57% of accidents leading to the death of a truck driver and in 10% of fatal car accidents and results in costs of up to 56 billion dollars per year. A recent sleep extension study suggests that the average underlying sleep tendency in young adults is about 8.5 hours per night. By comparison, the average reported sleep length of 7.2-7.4 hours is deficient, and common sleep lengths of < or = 6.5 hours can be disastrous. We must recognize the alertness function of sleep and the increasing consequences of sleepiness with the same vigor that we have come to recognize the societal impact of alcohol.
A 3-5 mu m VLT spectroscopic survey of embedded young low mass stars II - Solid OCN-

The 4.62 µm (2164.5 cm −1 ) "XCN" band has been detected in the M-band spectra of 34 deeply embedded young stellar objects (YSO's), observed with high signal-to-noise and high spectral resolution with the VLT-ISAAC spectrometer, providing the first opportunity to study the solid OCN − abundance toward a large number of low-mass YSO's. It is shown unequivocally that at least two components, centred at 2165.7 cm −1 (FWHM = 26 cm −1 ) and 2175.4 cm −1 (FWHM = 15 cm −1 ), underlie the XCN band. Only the 2165.7-component can be ascribed to OCN − , embedded in a strongly hydrogen-bonding, and possibly thermally annealed, ice environment based on laboratory OCN − spectra. In order to correct for the contribution of the 2175.4-component to the XCN band, a phenomenological decomposition into the 2165.7- and the 2175.4-components is used to fit the full band profile and derive the OCN − abundance for each line-of-sight. The same analysis is performed for 5 high-mass YSO's taken from the ISO-SWS data archive. Inferred OCN − abundances are ≤0.85% toward low-mass YSO's and ≤1% toward high-mass YSO's, except for W33 A. Abundances are found to vary by at least a factor of 10-20 and large source-to-source abundance variations are observed within the same star-forming cloud complex on scales down to 400 AU, indicating that the OCN − formation mechanism is sensitive to local conditions. The inferred abundances allow quantitatively for photochemical formation of OCN − , but the large abundance variations are not easily explained in this scenario unless local radiation sources or special geometries are invoked. Surface chemistry should therefore be considered as an alternative formation mechanism.
Mosquito, Bird and Human Surveillance of West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) in 2010

Background In 2008, after the first West Nile virus (WNV) detection in the Emilia-Romagna region, a surveillance system, including mosquito- and bird-based surveillance, was established to evaluate the virus presence. Surveillance was improved in following years by extending the monitoring to larger areas and increasing the numbers of mosquitoes and birds tested. Methodology/Principal Findings A network of mosquito traps, evenly distributed and regularly activated, was set up within the surveyed area. A total of 438,558 mosquitoes, grouped in 3,111 pools and 1,276 birds (1,130 actively sampled and 146 from passive surveillance), were tested by biomolecular analysis. The survey detected WNV in 3 Culex pipiens pools while Usutu virus (USUV) was found in 89 Cx. pipiens pools and in 2 Aedes albopictus pools. Two birds were WNV-positive and 12 were USUV-positive. Furthermore, 30 human cases of acute meningoencephalitis, possibly caused by WNV or USUV, were evaluated for both viruses and 1,053 blood bags were tested for WNV, without any positive result. Conclusions/Significance Despite not finding symptomatic human WNV infections during 2010, the persistence of the virus, probably due to overwintering, was confirmed through viral circulation in mosquitoes and birds, as well as for USUV. In 2010, circulation of the two viruses was lower and more delayed than in 2009, but this decrease was not explained by the relative abundance of Cx. pipiens mosquito, which was greater in 2010. The USUV detection in mosquito species confirms the role of Cx. pipiens as the main vector and the possible involvement of Ae. albopictus in the virus cycle. The effects of meteorological conditions on the presence of USUV-positive mosquito pools were considered finding an association with drought conditions and a wide temperature range. The output produced by the surveillance system demonstrated its usefulness and reliability in terms of planning public health policies.
Monomial ideals whose powers have a linear resolution

In this paper we consider graded ideals in a polynomial ring over a field and ask when such an ideal has the property that all of its powers have a linear resolution. Recall that a graded module M is said to have a linear resolution if all entries in the matrices representing the differentials in a graded minimal free resolution of M are linear forms. If an ideal I has a linear resolution, then necessarily all generators of I have the same degree, say t . In that case, one also says that I has a t-linear resolution. It is known [7] that polymatroidal ideals have linear resolutions and that powers of polymatroidal ideals are again polymatroidal (see [2] and [8]). In particular they have again linear resolutions. In general however, powers of ideals with linear resolution need not to have linear resolutions. The first example of such an ideal was given by Terai. He showed that over a base field of characteristic = 2 the Stanley Reisner ideal I = (abd, abf, ace, adc, aef, bde, bcf, bce, cdf, def ) of the minimal triangulation of the projective plane has a linear resolution, while I 2 has no linear resolution. The example depends on the characteristic of the base field. If the base field has characteristic 2, then I itself has no linear resolution. Another example, namely I = (def, cef, cdf, cde, bef, bcd, acf, ade) is given by Sturmfels [13]. Again I has a linear resolution, while I 2 has no linear resolution. The example of Sturmfels is interesting because of two reasons: 1. it does not depend on the characteristic of the base field, and 2. it is a linear quotient ideal. Recall that an equigenerated ideal I is said to have linear quotients if there exists an order f1, . , fm of the generators of I such that for all i = 1, . , m the colon ideals (f1, . . . , fi−1) : fi are generated by linear forms. It is quite easy to see that such an ideal has a linear resolution (independent on the characteristic of the base field). However the example of Sturmfels also shows that powers of a linear quotient ideal need not to be again
PARTICIPAÇÃO ORÇAMENTÁRIA E DESEMPENHO GERENCIAL: UMA META-ANÁLISE DAS RELAÇÕES ENCONTRADASEM PESQUISAS DESENVOLVIDAS NA ÁREA COMPORTAMENTAL DA CONTABILIDADE

Esta pesquisa buscou fornecer uma revisao meta-analitica dos determinantes da relacao entre a participacao orcamentaria e o desempenho gerencial em pesquisas desenvolvidas na area comportamental da contabilidade. Para tanto, utilizou-se da tecnica de meta-analise em 17 estudos publicados em Journals de alto impacto, especializados na area contabil e indexados na base Scopus , que analisaram a relacao entre a participacao orcamentaria e o desempenho gerencial, no periodo de 1978 a 2015. A Meta-analise possibilitou resumir os resultados de pesquisas anteriores a respeito dessa relacao, incluindo variaveis individuais quantitativamente. Os resultados encontrados em um periodo de 37 anos de pesquisas nesta area apontam que quatro variaveis comuns possuem poder explicativo para o desempenho gerencial. Evidenciam que as variaveis de dificuldade na tarefa, justica regulamentar, interacao entre a enfase no orcamento e a participacao orcamentaria, e a interacao entre a participacao orcamentaria e a dificuldade na tarefa, sao determinantes para predizer o desempenho gerencial. Os achados desta pesquisa corroboram com os resultados de pesquisas internacionais fragmentadas, fortalecendo a compreensao sobre a relacao entre a participacao orcamentaria e o desempenho gerencial. Neste caso, sugerem uma possivel explicacao para os resultados conflitantes encontrados sobre o tema, sugerindo que a participacao orcamentaria pode influenciar indiretamente o desempenho gerencial e nao de forma direta. Tambem revelam que a pesquisa comportamental na area contabil ainda e incipiente, observando o efeito de poucas variaveis em sua investigacao, constituindo-se um campo de pesquisa ainda pouco explorado.
No evidence for homosubtypic immunity of influenza H3 in Mallards following vaccination in a natural experimental system

The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is an important reservoir species for influenza A viruses (IAV), and in this host, prevalence and virus diversity are high. Studies have demonstrated the presence of homosubtypic immunity, where individuals are unlikely to be reinfected with the same subtype within an autumn season. Further, evidence for heterosubtypic immunity exists, whereby immune responses specific for one subtype offer partial or complete protection against related HA subtypes. We utilized a natural experimental system to determine whether homo‐ or heterospecific immunity could be induced following experimental vaccination. Thirty Mallards were vaccinated with an inactivated H3, H6 or a sham vaccine and after seroconversion were exposed to naturally infected wild conspecifics. All ducks were infected within 2 days and had both primary and secondary infections. Overall, there was no observable difference between groups; all individuals were infected with H3 and H10 IAV. At the cessation of the experiment, most individuals had anti‐NP antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against H10. Not all individuals had H3 neutralizing antibodies. The isolated H3 IAVs revealed genetic dissimilarity to the H3 vaccine strain, specifically substitutions in the vicinity of the receptor‐binding site. There was no evidence of vaccine‐induced homosubtypic immunity to H3, a likely result of both a poor H3 immune response in the ducks and H3 immune escape. Likewise, there was no observed heterosubtypic protection related to H6 vaccination. This study highlights the need for experimental approaches to assess how exposure to pathogens and resulting immune processes translates to individual and population disease dynamics.
Predictors for Falls and Fractures in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam

The objective of this study was to identify easily measurable predictors for falls, recurrent falls, and fractures using a population‐based prospective cohort study of 1469 elderly, born before 1931, in three regions of the Netherlands. The baseline at‐home interview was in 1992. In 1995, falls experienced in the preceding year and fractures over the preceding 38‐month period were registered. In a period of 1 year, 32% of the participants fell at least once, and 15% fell two or more times. The rate of recurrent falls was similar in men and women up until the age of 75 years. The total number of fractures was 85, including 23 wrist fractures, 12 hip fractures, and 9 humerus fractures. The incidence density per 1000 person‐years for any fracture was 25.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.9–31.4) for women and 8.2 (95% CI, 4.5–12.0) for men, respectively. Multiple logistic regression identified urinary incontinence, impaired mobility, use of analgetics, and use of antiepileptic drugs as the predictors most strongly associated with recurrent falls. Female gender, living alone, past fractures, inactivity, body height, and use of analgetics proved to be the predictors most strongly associated with fractures. The probabilities of recurrent falls were 4.7% (95% CI, 2.9–7.5%) to 59.2% (95% CI, 24.1–86.9%) with zero to four predictors, respectively. The probability of fractures ranged from 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0–0.4%) without any of the identified predictors to 12.9% (95% CI, 4.4–32.2%) with all six predictors present. Our study shows that the risk of recurrent falls and of fractures can be predicted using up to, respectively, four and six easily measurable predictors. This study emphasizes the importance of impaired mobility and inactivity as predictors for falls and fractures.
Approximating the Stability Region for a Differential Equation with a Distributed Delay

We discuss how distributed delays arise in biological models and review the literature on such models. We indicate why it is important to keep the distributions in a model as general as possible. We then demonstrate, through the analysis of a particular example, what kind of information can be gained with only minimal information about the exact distribution of delays. In particular we show that a distribution independent stability region may be obtained in a similar way that delay independent results are obtained for systems with discrete delays. Further, we show how approximations to the boundary of the stability region of an equilibrium point may be obtained with knowledge of one, two or three moments of the distribution. We compare the approximations with the true boundary for the case of uniform and gamma distributions and show that the approximations improve as more moments are used.
Indirect protection of adults from rotavirus by pediatric rotavirus vaccination.

BACKGROUND Pediatric vaccination has resulted in declines in disease in unvaccinated individuals through decreasing pathogen circulation in the community. About 2 years after implementation of pediatric rotavirus vaccination in the United States, dramatic declines in rotavirus disease were observed in both vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Whether this protection extends to adults is unknown. METHODS The prevalence of rotavirus, as determined by Rotaclone enzyme immunoassay, in adults who had stools submitted for bacterial stool culture (BSC) between February to May to Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, was compared between the prepediatric impact era (2006-2007) and the pediatric impact era (2008-2010). Isolates were genotyped and clinical characteristics of those with rotavirus were compared. RESULTS Of the 5788 BSC sent, 4725 met inclusion criteria and 3530 of these (74.7%) were saved for rotavirus testing. The prevalence of rotavirus among adults who had stool sent for BSC declined from 4.35% in 2006-2007 to 2.24% in 2008-2010 (a relative decline of 48.4%; P = .0007). The decline in the prevalence of rotavirus was of similar significant magnitude in both outpatients and inpatients. Marked year-to-year variability was observed in circulating rotavirus genotypes, with strain G2P[4] accounting for 24%; G1P[8], 22%; G3P[8], 11%; and G12P[6], 10% overall. About 30% of adults from whom rotavirus was isolated were immunocompromised and this remained constant. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric rotavirus vaccination correlated with a relative decline of almost 50% in rotavirus identified from adult BSC during the peak rotavirus season, suggesting that pediatric rotavirus vaccination protects adults from rotavirus.
“Just Like Riding a Bike”: A Model Matching Approach to Predicting the Enjoyment of a Cycling Exergame Experience

ABSTRACT Innovations in technology have led to the introduction of exercise devices that feature interactive virtual worlds, often referred to as exergames. Using the theory of model matching, this study seeks to determine if controller naturalness and perceived realism are predictors of immersion in an exercise-based virtual environment and, in turn, if perceived immersion is a predictor of enjoyment of this exercise experience. Participants rode a 3-mile virtual course on an Expresso HD upright bicycle and then reported their attitudes toward the experience. Findings suggest that extending the theory of mental models from traditional video game play to the study of certain exergame-based technologies is an appropriate application of the theory. Additionally, given the influence of immersion on the overall enjoyment of the fitness experience identified in this study, these findings also have implications for the development and use of exergames that are immersive, realistic, and utilize naturalistic controllers to promote commitment to physical activity.
The redshift evolution of the mass function of cold gas in hierarchical galaxy formation models

Accurately predicting how the cosmic abundance of neutral hydrogen evolves with redshift is a challenging problem facing modellers of galaxy formation. We investigate the predictions of four currently favoured semi-analytical galaxy formation models applied to the Millennium simulation for the mass function of cold neutral gas (atomic and molecular) in galaxies as a function of redshift, and we use these predictions to construct number counts for the next generation of all-sky neutral atomic hydrogen (H I ) surveys. Despite the different implementations of the physical ingredients of galaxy formation, we find that the model predictions are broadly consistent with one another; the key differences reflect how the models treat active galactic nuclei feedback and how the time-scale for star formation evolves with redshift. The models produce mass functions of cold gas in galaxies that are generally in good agreement with H I surveys at z = 0. Interestingly, we find that these mass functions do not evolve significantly with redshift. Adopting a simple conversion factor for cold gas mass to H I mass that we apply to all galaxies at all redshifts, we derive mass functions of H I in galaxies from the predicted mass functions of cold gas, which we use to predict the number counts of sources likely to be detected by H I surveys on next generation radio telescopes such as the Square Kilometre Array and its pathfinders. We find the number counts peak at ∼4 x 10 3 /4 x 10 4 /3 × 10 5 galaxies deg ―2 at z ∼ 0.1/0.2/0.5 for a year long H I hemispheric survey on a 1/10/100 per cent SKA with a 30 deg 2 field of view, corresponding to an integration time of 12 h. On a full SKA with a 200 deg 2 field of view (equivalent to an integration time of 80 h) the number counts peak at 5 × 10 5 galaxies deg ―2 at z ∼ 0.6. We show also how adopting a conversion factor for cold gas mass to H I mass that varies from galaxy to galaxy impacts on number counts. In addition, we examine how the typical angular sizes of galaxies vary with redshift. These decline strongly with increasing redshift at z ≲ 0.5 and more gently at z ≳ 0.5; the median angular size varies between 5 and 10 arcsec at z = 0.1, 0.5 and 3 arcsec at z = 1 and 0.2 and 1 arcsec at z = 3 for galaxies with H I masses in excess of 10 9 h ―1 M ⊙ , depending on the precise model. Taken together, these results make clear that the forthcoming H I surveys will provide important and powerful tests of theoretical galaxy formation models.
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Copper Surfaces in an Outpatient Infectious Disease Practice

Disease Practice Author(s): Seema Rai, Bruce E. Hirsch, Hubert H. Attaway, Richard Nadan, S. Fairey, J. Hardy, G. Miller, Donna Armellino, Wilton R. Moran, Peter Sharpe, Adam Estelle, J. H. Michel, Harold T. Michels, Michael G. Schmidt Reviewed work(s): Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Vol. 33, No. 2 (February 2012), pp. 200201 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor. org/stable/10.1086/663701 . Accessed: 12/01/2012 12:27
The Distribution of Risk Aversion

This paper develops a framework for deriving and inferring the distribution of relative risk aversion from financial markets. The theoretical constructions (i) rely on a fairly robust form of aggregating the marginal rate of substitution of individuals that are either long or short the market-index, and (ii) specifies a positive measure for the risk aversion coefficient capturing the feature that a proportion of the population possesses a distinct risk aversion. The implementation of the theoretical model reveals substantial heterogeneity in the coefficient of relative risk aversion. Our empirical approach supports the competitive markets paradigm that enforces positive skewness in the risk aversion distribution. The evidence also points to the presence of a risk aversion distribution that is characterized by heavy tails. We discuss the asset pricing implications of theory and empirical findings.
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Reveals Auditory and Frontal Cortical Regions Involved with Speech Perception and Loudness Adaptation

Considerable progress has been made in the treatment of hearing loss with auditory implants. However, there are still many implanted patients that experience hearing deficiencies, such as limited speech understanding or vanishing perception with continuous stimulation (i.e., abnormal loudness adaptation). The present study aims to identify specific patterns of cerebral cortex activity involved with such deficiencies. We performed O-15-water positron emission tomography (PET) in patients implanted with electrodes within the cochlea, brainstem, or midbrain to investigate the pattern of cortical activation in response to speech or continuous multi-tone stimuli directly inputted into the implant processor that then delivered electrical patterns through those electrodes. Statistical parametric mapping was performed on a single subject basis. Better speech understanding was correlated with a larger extent of bilateral auditory cortex activation. In contrast to speech, the continuous multi-tone stimulus elicited mainly unilateral auditory cortical activity in which greater loudness adaptation corresponded to weaker activation and even deactivation. Interestingly, greater loudness adaptation was correlated with stronger activity within the ventral prefrontal cortex, which could be up-regulated to suppress the irrelevant or aberrant signals into the auditory cortex. The ability to detect these specific cortical patterns and differences across patients and stimuli demonstrates the potential for using PET to diagnose auditory function or dysfunction in implant patients, which in turn could guide the development of appropriate stimulation strategies for improving hearing rehabilitation. Beyond hearing restoration, our study also reveals a potential role of the frontal cortex in suppressing irrelevant or aberrant activity within the auditory cortex, and thus may be relevant for understanding and treating tinnitus.