Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Grounded Theory Study on Middle School Students' Perceptions of Teacher Approachability and the Influence of Those Perceptions on Student-Teacher Interactions

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to investigate how middle school student perceptions of teacher approachability influenced their interactions with teachers. The fourteen participants were sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade general education middle school students from three school models (public, private, and Christian) in the metro area of a city in the southeastern United States. The Approach-Avoidance Theory, first proposed by Kurt Lewin, (1935) provided the theoretical framework for this study. The central research question that shaped this grounded theory study was: How do general education middle school students’ perceptions of teacher approachability influence the students’ interactions with their teachers? The three subquestions investigated whether or not social constructs in school, home environment, and student-teacher relationships had any impact on students’ perceptions of teacher approachability. Data collection incorporated an initial single-question screening questionnaire, a demographic questionnaire, individual and focus group interviews, and journaling/blogging. Data analysis included open, axial, and selective coding through transcription of participants’ responses to interview questions. Three major themes emerged through the data analysis: awareness (selfand other-), communication, and relationship, which were all influenced by social constructs in school, home environment, and student-teacher relationships. Trustworthiness and ethical considerations of data collection and analysis were addressed and implemented. Recommendations for future research included: student connectedness to teachers, creating environments that foster approachability, teaching self-advocacy skills to students, and students’ approach-avoidance tendencies according to personality.
Spatio-Temporally Restricted Expression of Cell Adhesion Molecules during Chicken Embryonic Development

Differential cell adhesive properties are known to regulate important developmental events like cell sorting and cell migration. Cadherins and protocadherins are known to mediate these cellular properties. Though a large number of such molecules have been predicted, their characterization in terms of interactive properties and cellular roles is far from being comprehensive. To narrow down the tissue context and collect correlative evidence for tissue specific roles of these molecules, we have carried out whole-mount in situ hybridization based RNA expression study for seven cadherins and four protocadherins. In developing chicken embryos (HH stages 18, 22, 26 and 28) cadherins and protocadherins are expressed in tissue restricted manner. This expression study elucidates precise expression domains of cell adhesion molecules in the context of developing embryos. These expression domains provide spatio-temporal context in which the function of these genes can be further explored.
Topological diagonalizations and Hausdorff dimension

The Hausdorff dimension of a product XxY can be strictly greater than that of Y, even when the Hausdorff dimension of X is zero. But when X is countable, the Hausdorff dimensions of Y and XxY are the same. Diagonalizations of covers define a natural hierarchy of properties which are weaker than ``being countable'' and stronger than ``having Hausdorff dimension zero''. Fremlin asked whether it is enough for X to have the strongest property in this hierarchy (namely, being a gamma-set) in order to assure that the Hausdorff dimensions of Y and XxY are the same. We give a negative answer: Assuming CH, there exists a gamma-set of reals X and a set of reals Y with Hausdorff dimension zero, such that the Hausdorff dimension of X+Y (a Lipschitz image of XxY) is maximal, that is, 1. However, we show that for the notion of a_strong_ gamma-set the answer is positive. Some related problems remain open.
Hydrogen bonds as molecular timers for slow inactivation in voltage-gated potassium channels

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels enable potassium efflux and membrane repolarization in excitable tissues. Many Kv channels undergo a progressive loss of ion conductance in the presence of a prolonged voltage stimulus, termed slow inactivation, but the atomic determinants that regulate the kinetics of this process remain obscure. Using a combination of synthetic amino acid analogs and concatenated channel subunits we establish two H-bonds near the extracellular surface of the channel that endow Kv channels with a mechanism to time the entry into slow inactivation: an intra-subunit H-bond between Asp447 and Trp434 and an inter-subunit H-bond connecting Tyr445 to Thr439. Breaking of either interaction triggers slow inactivation by means of a local disruption in the selectivity filter, while severing the Tyr445–Thr439 H-bond is likely to communicate this conformational change to the adjacent subunit(s). DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.01289. 001
Dysfunctional Attitudes of University Students

The objective of this study was to assess dysfunctional attitudes of university students using personal variables such as gender; type of educational institute (i.e. which college faculty or school they currently attend, which type of high school they graduated from); perception of parents’ attitudes; and socio-economic level. The study was conducted in the academic year of 2009-2010, with a total of 501 students randomly selected from 10 different faculties of Atatürk University in Erzurum Turkey. Data were collected using the “Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, adapted to Turkey by Şahin and Şahin (1992). A “Personal Information Form” was given to the students for collecting data about personal, organizational and social variables. The t test, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis analysis were used in data analysis. The findings indicated that the dysfunctional attitudes of university students varied significantly according to gender (t (499)= -2.623, p=. 009), and the faculty they attended (F(9), 491)= 4.659, p=. 000). Dysfunctional attitudes did not show significant differences in terms of students’ perception of their parents’ attitudes, socio-economic level and type of high school they graduated from.
Posttranscriptional Induction of Two Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase Genes in Arabidopsis Is Mediated by Downregulation of miR398 and Important for Oxidative Stress Tolerance[W]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of regulatory RNAs of ∼21 nucleotides that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression by directing mRNA cleavage or translational inhibition. Increasing evidence points to a potential role of miRNAs in diverse physiological processes. miR398 targets two closely related Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases (cytosolic CSD1 and chloroplastic CSD2) that can detoxify superoxide radicals. CSD1 and CSD2 transcripts are induced in response to oxidative stress, but the regulatory mechanism of the induction is unknown. Here, we show that miR398 expression is downregulated transcriptionally by oxidative stresses, and this downregulation is important for posttranscriptional CSD1 and CSD2 mRNA accumulation and oxidative stress tolerance. We also provide evidence for an important role of miR398 in specifying the spatial and temporal expression patterns of CSD1 and CSD2 mRNAs. Our results suggest that CSD1 and CSD2 expression is fine-tuned by miR398-directed mRNA cleavage. Additionally, we show that transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing a miR398-resistant form of CSD2 accumulate more CSD2 mRNA than plants overexpressing a regular CSD2 and are consequently much more tolerant to high light, heavy metals, and other oxidative stresses. Thus, relieving miR398-guided suppression of CSD2 in transgenic plants is an effective new approach to improving plant productivity under oxidative stress conditions.
The Minimum Inflation Rate for Euroland

As a result of the Balassa effect relative prices change rapidly between and within the euro countries. Thus it is impossible to find a common monetary policy that will result in price stability in all countries. Based on empirical estimates of the Balassa model, the paper calculates a minimum aggregate inflation rate which is compatible with the requirement that no country face a deflation. This minimum aggeragate inflation rate is 0.94% in the euro-11 countries and 1.13% in an extended Europe which incorporates the east European countries.
Barrier impact on organizational learning within complex organizations

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to examine the manner in which employees access, create and share information and knowledge within a complex supply chain with a view to better understanding how to identify and manage barriers which may inhibit such exchanges.Design/methodology/approach – An extensive literature review combined with an in‐depth case study analysis identified a range of potential transfer barriers. These in turn were examined in terms of their consistency of impact by an end‐to‐end process survey conducted within an IBM facility.Findings – Barrier impact cannot be assumed to be uniform across the core processes of the organization. Process performance will be impacted upon in different ways and subject to varying degrees of influence by the transfer barriers. Barrier identification and management must take place at a process rather than at the organizational level.Research limitations/implications – The findings are based, in the main, on an extensive single company study. Althoug.
Interplay between YB-1 and IL-6 promotes the metastatic phenotype in breast cancer cells

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) induces cell plasticity and promotes metastasis. The multifunctional oncoprotein Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) and the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) have both been implicated in tumor cell metastasis and EMT, but via distinct pathways. Here, we show that direct interplay between YB-1 and IL-6 regulates breast cancer metastasis. Overexpression of YB-1 in breast cancer cell lines induced IL-6 production while stimulation with IL-6 increased YB-1 expression and YB-1 phosphorylation. Either approach was sufficient to induce EMT features, including increased cell migration and invasion. Silencing of YB-1 partially reverted the EMT and blocked the effect of IL-6 while inhibition of IL-6 signaling blocked the phenotype induced by YB-1 overexpression, demonstrating a clear YB-1/IL-6 interdependence. Our findings describe a novel signaling network in which YB-1 regulates IL-6, and vice versa, creating a positive feed-forward loop driving EMT-like metastatic features during breast cancer progression. Identification of signaling partners or pathways underlying this co-dependence may uncover novel therapeutic opportunities.
Towards Flexible Task & Team Maintenance ∗

There is significant interest in modeling teamwork in synthetic agents. In recent years, it has become widely accepted that it is possible to separate teamwork from taskwork, providing support for domain-independent teamwork at an architectural level, using teamwork models. However, existing teamwork models (both in theory and practice) focus almost exclusive on achievement goals , and ignoremaintenance goals , where the value of a proposition is to be maintained over time. Such maintenance goals exist both in taskwork (i.e., agents take actions to maintain a condition while a task is executing), as well as in teamwork (i.e., agents take actions to maintain the team). This paper presentsDIESEL, an implemented teamwork and taskwork architecture, built on top of Soar, that addresses maintenance goals in situated agent teams. We provide details of DIESEL’s structure, and initial experiments demonstrating it in operation in a dynamic rich domain.
“The sound of affect”: Age differences in perceiving valence and arousal in music and their relation to music characteristics and momentary mood

Throughout life, music plays an important role in individuals’ everyday affective experiences. Previous findings suggest that preferences for, and perceptions of, music with distinct affective qualities might differ for individuals from different age groups. To date, however, evidence from age-comparative studies across adulthood is rare and little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to age differences in music perception. In an age-heterogeneous sample ranging from adolescence to old adulthood (n = 50; 12–75 years), we investigated differences in affect perceptions of 147 sounds and 465 songs of various musical styles and dates of origin, as well as the respective roles of music characteristics and participants’ current mood. Results indicate significant age-differential perceptions of valence and arousal in music, but not in sounds. Moreover, several music characteristics and the participants’ current mood explained significant differences in the perception of affective qualities of music between listeners of different ages. These findings contribute to the understanding of age differences in affect perceptions in the auditory domain and the specificity of music, in particular. They also have implications for the use of music as experimental stimuli, which requires particular sensitivity to potential problems of age fairness and comparability.
Fast rates in statistical and online learning

The speed with which a learning algorithm converges as it is presented with more data is a central problem in machine learning -- a fast rate of convergence means less data is needed for the same level of performance. The pursuit of fast rates in online and statistical learning has led to the discovery of many conditions in learning theory under which fast learning is possible. We show that most of these conditions are special cases of a single, unifying condition, that comes in two forms: the central condition for 'proper' learning algorithms that always output a hypothesis in the given model, and stochastic mixability for online algorithms that may make predictions outside of the model. We show that under surprisingly weak assumptions both conditions are, in a certain sense, equivalent. The central condition has a re-interpretation in terms of convexity of a set of pseudoprobabilities, linking it to density estimation under misspecification. For bounded losses, we show how the central condition enables a direct proof of fast rates and we prove its equivalence to the Bernstein condition, itself a generalization of the Tsybakov margin condition, both of which have played a central role in obtaining fast rates in statistical learning. Yet, while the Bernstein condition is two-sided, the central condition is one-sided, making it more suitable to deal with unbounded losses. In its stochastic mixability form, our condition generalizes both a stochastic exp-concavity condition identified by Juditsky, Rigollet and Tsybakov and Vovk's notion of mixability. Our unifying conditions thus provide a substantial step towards a characterization of fast rates in statistical learning, similar to how classical mixability characterizes constant regret in the sequential prediction with expert advice setting.
A Review of Tagging Methods for Estimating Fish Population Size and Components of Mortality

Abstract Techniques to improve estimation of animal population size and mortality from tagging studies have received substantial attention from terrestrial biologists and statisticians during the last 20 years. However, these techniques have received little notice from fisheries biologists, despite the widespread applicability to fisheries research, the wide variety of tag types used in fisheries research (from traditional fin clips to telemetry tags), and the development of new computer software to assist with analyses. We present a brief review of population models based on recaptures, returns, or telemetry relocations of tagged fish that can be used to estimate population size, total mortality, and components of mortality (i.e., fishing and natural) that are frequently of interest to fisheries biologists. Recommended strategies include (1) use closed population models (e.g., Lincoln-Peterson) to estimate population size for short term studies where closure assumption can be met, (2) use the robust desi.
How Dry Are Red Mergers?

The focus of current research in galaxy evolution has increasingly turned to understanding the effect that mergers have on the evolution of systems on the red sequence. For those interactions purported to occur dissipationlessly (so-called dry mergers), it would appear that the role of gas is minimal. However, if these mergers are not completely dry, then even low levels of gas may be detectable. The purpose of our study is to test whether early-type galaxies with H I in or around them, or "wet" ellipticals, would have been selected as dry mergers by the criteria set forth in a 2005 study by van Dokkum. To that end, we examine a sample of 20 early types from the H I Rogues Gallery with neutral hydrogen in their immediate environs. Of these, the 15 brightest and reddest galaxies match the optical dry merger criteria, but in each case, the presence of H I (for the majority, at levels >108 M⊙), as well as significant star formation in some cases, means that they are not truly dry.
Model-based DEVS for modeling and simulation of resource-constrained business processes

Modeling and analysis of resource constraints in business process is becoming a challenging research topic. In fact, business process improvement requires rational handling of resource constraints at both design time and runtime. This paper presents a model-based DEVS “Discrete Event System Specification” for modeling, analysis and checking of resource constraints in business processes at runtime and at earlier stages of design. The proposed model is implemented in JAVADEVS using DEVS-Suite simulator. The main idea of this research is to model activities and resources as atomic DEVS models and make coupling between them to result a DEVS coupled model, where communication is made by message exchanging. The behavior of the overall model will be mastered by the functions of DEVS, which guarantee the concordance of constraints related to the resources.
Identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase as a potential therapeutic target in Basal Cell Carcinoma

The pathogenesis of BCC is associated with sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling. Vismodegib, a smoothened inhibitor that targets this pathway, is now in clinical use for advanced BCC patients, but its efficacy is limited. Therefore, new therapeutic options for this cancer are required. We studied gene expression profiling of BCC tumour tissues coupled with laser capture microdissection to identify tumour specific receptor tyrosine kinase expression that can be targeted by small molecule inhibitors. We found a >250 fold increase (FDR<10−4) of the oncogene, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) as well as its ligands, pleiotrophin and midkine in BCC compared to microdissected normal epidermis. qRT-PCR confirmed increased expression of ALK (p<0.05). Stronger expression of phosphorylated ALK in BCC tumour nests than normal skin was observed by immunohistochemistry. Crizotinib, an FDA-approved ALK inhibitor, reduced keratinocyte proliferation in culture, whereas a c-Met inhibitor did not. Crizotinib significantly reduced the expression of GLI1 and CCND2 (members of SHH-pathway) mRNA by approximately 60% and 20%, respectively (p<0.01). Our data suggest that ALK may increase GLI1 expression in parallel with the conventional SHH-pathway and promote keratinocyte proliferation. Hence, an ALK inhibitor alone or in combination with targeting SHH-pathway molecules may be a potential treatment for BCC patients.
Alexithymia in PTSD

Abstract: Two studies examined correlates of alexithymia in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In study 1 (n= 77 individuals with PTSD and 45 controls) Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS‐20) scores were positively correlated with PTSD symptoms, dissociation, and childhood abuse and neglect. In study 2, TAS‐20 scores were examined as correlates of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to trauma script imagery. In 16 controls, TAS‐20 scores correlated positively with response in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and negatively with response in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and thalamus. In 26 individuals with PTSD, TAS‐20 scores correlated positively with response in insula, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and thalamus, and negatively with response in ACC.
Muscle afferents and activity of respiratory neurons.

Respiratory effects of stimulating afferent fibers of muscle, skin and mixed nerve were determined in Nembutal-anesthetized cats. Repetitive stimuli which produced only monosynaptic reflex actions caused augmentation of respiration. When stronger stimuli also activated fibers of a smaller diameter than group I afferents, polysynaptic reflexes were evoked and greater changes in respiration resulted. Volume rather than rate changes were induced by stimulation of these muscle afferents. Microelectrodes were used to record from respiratory neurons of the medulla and pons. Most neurons fired in conjunction with inspiration; stimulation of muscle afferents advanced time of firing and increased frequency of discharge. Neurons firing in conjunction with expiration were inhibited by muscle afferents. A few neurons of the pons showed respiration-linked activity modified by afferent nerve stimulation. Segmental reflex discharges, out intercostal nerves, elicited by dorsal root stimulation were found to be inhibited by stimulation of muscle afferents. Discharges from muscle receptors affect ventilatory volumes and activities of medullary neurons which seemingly participate in the control of respiration.
Continual assembly of half-desmosomal structures in the absence of cell contacts and their frustrated endocytosis: a coordinated Sisyphus cycle

It is widely assumed that the coordinate assembly of desmosomal cadherins and plaque proteins into desmosome-typical plaque-coated membrane domains, capable of anchoring intermediate-sized filaments (IF), requires cell-to-cell contacts and a critical extracellular Ca2+ concentration. To test this hypothesis we studied several cell lines grown for years in media with less than 0.1 mM Ca2+ to steady-state low Ca2+ medium (LCM) conditions, particularly the human keratinocyte line HaCaT devoid of any junctional cell contact (HaCaT-L cells). Using immunolocalization and vesicle fractionation techniques, we found that the transmembrane glycoprotein, desmoglein (Dsg), colocalized with the plaque proteins, desmoplakin and plakoglobin. The sites of coassembly of desmosomal molecules in HaCaT-L cells as well as in HaCaT cells directly brought into LCM were identified as asymmetric plaque-coated plasma membrane domains (half-desmosomes) or as special plaque- associated cytoplasmic vesicles, most of which had formed endocytotically. The surface exposure of Dsg in these half-desmosomes was demonstrated by the binding, in vivo, of antibodies specific for an extracellular Dsg segment which also could cross-bridge them into symmetric quasi-desmosomes. Otherwise, these half-desmosomes were shown in LCM to be taken up endocytotically. Half-desmosomal assemblies were also seen in uncoupled cells in normal Ca2+ medium. We conclude that, in the absence of intercellular contacts, assembly of desmosomal proteins at the cell surface takes place, resulting in transient half- desmosomes which then, in LCM and without a stable partner connection to the adjacent cell, can be endocytotically resumed. This frustrated cycle of synthesis and assembly maintains an ensemble of molecules characteristic of epithelial differentiation and the potential to form desmosomes, even when the final junctional structure cannot be formed. We propose that these half-desmosomal structures are general cell structures of epithelial and other desmosome-forming cells.