Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Language Structure Is Partly Determined by Social Structure

Background Languages differ greatly both in their syntactic and morphological systems and in the social environments in which they exist. We challenge the view that language grammars are unrelated to social environments in which they are learned and used. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a statistical analysis of >2,000 languages using a combination of demographic sources and the World Atlas of Language Structures— a database of structural language properties. We found strong relationships between linguistic factors related to morphological complexity, and demographic/socio-historical factors such as the number of language users, geographic spread, and degree of language contact. The analyses suggest that languages spoken by large groups have simpler inflectional morphology than languages spoken by smaller groups as measured on a variety of factors such as case systems and complexity of conjugations. Additionally, languages spoken by large groups are much more likely to use lexical strategies in place of inflectional morphology to encode evidentiality, negation, aspect, and possession. Our findings indicate that just as biological organisms are shaped by ecological niches, language structures appear to adapt to the environment (niche) in which they are being learned and used. As adults learn a language, features that are difficult for them to acquire, are less likely to be passed on to subsequent learners. Languages used for communication in large groups that include adult learners appear to have been subjected to such selection. Conversely, the morphological complexity common to languages used in small groups increases redundancy which may facilitate language learning by infants. Conclusions/Significance We hypothesize that language structures are subjected to different evolutionary pressures in different social environments. Just as biological organisms are shaped by ecological niches, language structures appear to adapt to the environment (niche) in which they are being learned and used. The proposed Linguistic Niche Hypothesis has implications for answering the broad question of why languages differ in the way they do and makes empirical predictions regarding language acquisition capacities of children versus adults.
Locating Interior Nodes During Sweeping

BMSweep is a new algorithm to determine the locatio n of interior nodes while volume sweeping. BMSweep uses background mesh interpolation to locat e interior nodes while sweeping two and one half dimensional volumes. Three dimensional volumes can be swept using BMSweep after being decomposed into two and one half dimensional volumes. The int rpolation method provides for quality element crea tion while allowing the volume boundary to vary.
Inductive reasoning in the courtroom: Judging guilt based on uncertain evidence

Most legal systems require jurors to consider all the evidence presented at trial. Hence when there is uncertainty over aspects of evidence this should be factored into juror judgments. Two experiments examined how mock jurors used uncertain information in their ratings of defendant guilt and final verdicts. Participants read scenarios where an eyewitness expressed uncertainty about the identity of a critical piece of evidence (e.g. the object a defendant was holding could have been a knife or a mobile phone). The respective probability of these alternatives was varied, as was their association with the alleged crime. When the probability of the alternatives was varied between subjects (Experiment 1) there was only weak evidence that jurors considered both alternatives. When probability was varied within-subjects (Experiment 2), jurors did consider both alternatives in their guilt judgments. The implications for theories of reasoning with uncertain information and forensic practice are discussed.
Nucleosomes accelerate transcription factor dissociation

Transcription factors (TF) bind DNA-target sites within promoters to activate gene expression. TFs target their DNA-recognition sequences with high specificity by binding with resident times of up to hours in vitro. However, in vivo TFs can exchange on the order of seconds. The factors that regulate TF dynamics in vivo and increase dissociation rates by orders of magnitude are not known. We investigated TF binding and dissociation dynamics at their recognition sequence within duplex DNA, single nucleosomes and short nucleosome arrays with single molecule total internal reflection fluorescence (smTIRF) microscopy. We find that the rate of TF dissociation from its site within either nucleosomes or nucleosome arrays is increased by 1000-fold relative to duplex DNA. Our results suggest that TF binding within chromatin could be responsible for the dramatic increase in TF exchange in vivo. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate that nucleosomes regulate DNA–protein interactions not only by preventing DNA–protein binding but by dramatically increasing the dissociation rate of protein complexes from their DNA-binding sites.
Three-Dimensional Data Registration in Laser Based 3D Scanning Reconstruction

Three dimensional data reconstruction and registration is essential in modern mechanism design and art entertainment, this paper proposed the key technologies of the black/white ring mark based 3D data registration when using monocular laser line scanning technology, including fast circle recognition, mapping circle centers matching between adjacent views, rigid transform matrix computing and 3D data registration, the real sculpture experiments show that the proposed method is successful and effective.
Use of Mitochondrial Inhibitors to Demonstrate That Cytochrome Oxidase Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Can Measure Mitochondrial Dysfunction Noninvasively in the Brain

The use of near-infrared spectroscopy to measure noninvasively changes in the redox state of cerebral cytochrome oxidase in vivo is controversial. We therefore tested these measurements using a multiwavelength detector in the neonatal pig brain. Exchange transfusion with perfluorocarbons revealed that the spectrum of cytochrome oxidase in the near-infrared was identical in the neonatal pig, the adult rat, and in the purified enzyme. Under normoxic conditions, the neonatal pig brain contained 15 μmol/L deoxyhemoglobin, 29 μmol/L oxyhemoglobin, and 1.2 μmol/L oxidized cytochrome oxidase. The mitochondrial inhibitor cyanide was used to determine whether redox changes in cytochrome oxidase could be detected in the presence of the larger cerebral hemoglobin concentration. Addition of cyanide induced full reduction of cytochrome oxidase in both blooded and bloodless animals. In the blooded animals, subsequent anoxia caused large changes in hemoglobin oxygenation and concentration but did not affect the cytochrome oxidase near-infrared signal. Simultaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging measurements showed a good correlation with near-infrared measurements of deoxyhemoglobin concentration. Possible interference in the near-infrared measurements from light scattering changes was discounted by simultaneous measurements of the optical pathlength using the cerebral water absorbance as a standard chromophore. We conclude that, under these conditions, near-infrared spectroscopy can accurately measure changes in the cerebral cytochrome oxidase redox state.
The Contribution of Different Supernova Populations to the Galactic Gamma-Ray Background

The contribution of source cosmic rays (SCRs), accelerated and still confined in supernova remnants (SNRs), to the diffuse high-energy γ-ray emission above 1 GeV from the Galactic disk is studied. The γ-rays produced by SCRs have a much harder spectrum than those generated by Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). Extending a previous paper, a simple SNR population synthesis is considered and the inverse Compton emission from the SCR electrons is evaluated in greater detail. The combined spectrum of γ-ray emission from the Galactic SNR population is then calculated, and this emission at low Galactic latitudes is compared with the diffuse γ-ray emission observed by EGRET and ground-based instruments. The average contribution of SCRs is comparable to the GCR contribution already at GeV energies, resulting from supernovae of Types II and Ib exploding into the wind bubbles of quite massive progenitor stars, and becomes dominant at γ-ray energies above 100 GeV. At TeV energies, the dominant contribution is from SCRs in SNRs that expand into a uniform interstellar medium. In fact, the sum of hadronic and inverse Compton γ-rays would exceed the limits given by the existing experimental data unless the confinement time TSN, i.e., the time until which SNRs confine the main fraction of accelerated SCRs, is as small as TSN ~ 104 yr and the typical magnetic field strength in SNRs as large as 30 μG. However, both situations are possible as a result of field amplification through cosmic ray (CR) back-reaction in the acceleration process. We point out that accurate measurements of the low-latitude diffuse Galactic γ-ray spectrum at TeV energies can serve as a unique consistency test for CR origin from the SNR population as a whole.
Time-resolved measurements of black carbon light absorption enhancement in urban and near-urban locations of southern Ontario, Canada

Abstract. In this study a photoacoustic spectrometer (PA), a laser-induced incandescence instrument system (LII) and an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer were operated in parallel for in-situ measurements of black carbon (BC) light absorption enhancement. Results of a thermodenuder experiment using ambient particles in Toronto are presented first to show that LII measurements of BC are not influenced by the presence of non-refractory material thus providing true atmospheric BC mass concentrations. In contrast, the PA response is enhanced when the non-refractory material is internally mixed with the BC particles. Through concurrent measurements using the LII and PA the specific absorption cross-section (SAC) can be quantified with high time resolution (1 min). Comparisons of ambient PA and LII measurements from four different locations (suburban Toronto; a street canyon with diesel bus traffic in Ottawa; adjacent to a commuter highway in Ottawa and; regional background air in and around Windsor, Ontario), show that different impacts from emission sources and/or atmospheric processes result in different particle light absorption enhancements and hence variations in the SAC. The diversity of measurements obtained, including those with the thermodenuder, demonstrated that it is possible to identify measurements where the presence of externally-mixed non-refractory particles obscures direct observation of the effect of coating material on the SAC, thus allowing this effect to be measured with more confidence. Depending upon the time and location of measurement (urban, rural, close to and within a lake breeze frontal zone), 30 min average SAC varies between 9 ± 2 and 43 ± 4 m 2 g −1 . Causes of this variation, which were determined through the use of meteorological and gaseous measurements (CO, SO 2 , O 3 ), include the particle emission source, airmass source region, the degree of atmospheric processing. Observations from this study also show that the active surface area of the BC aggregate, which is measured by the LII as the PPS, is an important parameter for inferring the degree of particle collapse of a BC particle. In addition, PPS could be a useful measurement for indicating the importance of recently emitted BC (e.g. from gasoline or diesel engines) relative to the total measured BC in the atmosphere.
Positive Charges Determine the Topology and Functionality of the Transmembrane Domain in the Chloroplastic Outer Envelope Protein Toc34

The chloroplastic outer envelope protein Toc34 is inserted into the membrane by a COOH-terminal membrane anchor domain in the orientation Ncyto-Cin. The insertion is independent of ATP and a cleavable transit sequence. The cytosolic domain of Toc34 does not influence the insertion process and can be replaced by a different hydrophilic reporter peptide. Inversion of the COOH-terminal, 45-residue segment, including the membrane anchor domain (Toc34Cinv), resulted in an inverted topology of the protein, i.e., Nin-Ccyto. A mutual exchange of the charged amino acid residues NH2- and COOH-proximal of the hydrophobic α-helix indicates that a double-positive charge at the cytosolic side of the transmembrane α-helix is the sole determinant for its topology. When the inverted COOH-terminal segment was fused to the chloroplastic precursor of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit (pS34Cinv), it engaged the transit sequence–dependent import pathway. The inverted peptide domain of Toc34 functions as a stop transfer signal and is released out of the outer envelope protein translocation machinery into the lipid phase. Simultaneously, the NH2-terminal part of the hybrid precursor remained engaged in the inner envelope protein translocon, which could be reversed by the removal of ATP, demonstrating that only an energy-dependent force but no further ionic interactions kept the precursor in the import machinery.
Sharing real-time biometric data across social networks: requirements for research experiments

There is growing research interest in exploring how biometric data is and can be shared across online social networks. However, most existing tools for sharing biometric data lock researchers into vendor-specific solutions that cannot be easily adapted to the specific researchers' requirements, users' needs and ethical considerations. To mitigate this, we investigate the requirements for open source researcher-oriented biometric data sharing systems. Requirements were captured using: first-hand insights from two prototype deployments, a systematic review of the literature, and interviews with HCI researchers who have built such tools. The requirements thus captured were implemented in the BioShare system and insights from implementing these requirements are presented. BioShare allows users both to share data but also receive inputs from remote viewers of the data in real-time. Concurrently it provides logging capabilities for researchers to analyze system interactions.
CLEVR: A Diagnostic Dataset for Compositional Language and Elementary Visual Reasoning

When building artificial intelligence systems that can reason and answer questions about visual data, we need diagnostic tests to analyze our progress and discover short-comings. Existing benchmarks for visual question answering can help, but have strong biases that models can exploit to correctly answer questions without reasoning. They also conflate multiple sources of error, making it hard to pinpoint model weaknesses. We present a diagnostic dataset that tests a range of visual reasoning abilities. It contains minimal biases and has detailed annotations describing the kind of reasoning each question requires. We use this dataset to analyze a variety of modern visual reasoning systems, providing novel insights into their abilities and limitations.
The effects of job satisfaction and meaning of work on employee creativity: An investigation of EXPO 2016 exhibition employees

Ensuring customer satisfaction is essential for success in the service sector. To satisfy customers, employees should respond rapidly to their demands and display creative behaviours. Th is empirical study investigates the eff ect of job satisfaction and meaning of work on employee creativity for employees working at EXPO 2016 in Antalya, Turkey, through a questionnaire survey. Th e 266 completed questionnaires were analysed by hierarchical regression. It was found that both intrinsic job satisfaction (skill and opportunity) and meaning of work eff ect employee creativity directly. Recommendations are made to organization managers to benefi t from employee creativity, particularly those working in facilities with an intense customer-employee relationship.
Strengthening the Reader Self-Efficacies of Reluctant and Struggling Readers Through Literature Circles

Abstract Although a subskills approach to reading instruction is merited in improving the reading skills of struggling readers, struggling readers also benefit from balanced literacy instruction. An overemphasis on reading subskills arguably minimizes students’ enjoyment of reading and motivation to read and may inevitably result in the formation of reluctant or struggling readers. In turn, this may diminish the self-efficacies of reluctant or struggling readers. I designed an embedded multiple case study framed by social cognitive theory to explore the potential influence of literature circles, a balanced literacy instructional strategy, on the reader self-efficacies of reluctant and struggling readers in Grades 4–6. In terms of reader self-efficacy, reluctant and struggling readers appeared to benefit more from participating in literature circles than their classmates (i.e., students with initially higher reader self-efficacies). This study is significant in providing support for a more balanced approach to reading instruction, particularly for reluctant and struggling readers.
A Neuronal Form of the Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Contains a Tyrosine-Based Signal Required for Sorting to the Axonal Growth Cone

The neural cell adhesion molecule L1, which is present on axons and growth cones, plays a crucial role in the formation of major axonal tracts such as the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum. L1 is preferentially transported to axons and inserted in the growth cone membrane. However, how L1 is sorted to axons remains unclear. Tyr1176 in the L1 cytoplasmic domain is adjacent to a neuron-specific alternatively spliced sequence, RSLE (Arg-Ser-Leu-Glu). The resulting sequence of YRS LE conforms to a tyrosine-based consensus motif (YxxL) for sorting of integral membrane proteins into specific cellular compartments. To study a possible role of the YRSLE sequence in L1 sorting, chick DRG neurons were transfected with human L1 cDNA that codes for full-length L1 (L1FL), a non-neuronal form of L1 that lacks the RSLE sequence (L1ΔRSLE), mutant L1 with a Y1176A substitution (L1Y1176A), or L1 truncated immediately after the RSLE sequence (L1ΔC77). L1FL and L1ΔC77, both of which possess the YRSLE sequence, were expressed in the axonal growth cone and to a lesser degree in the cell body. In contrast, expression of both L1ΔRSLE and L1Y1176A was restricted to the cell body and proximal axonal shaft. We also found that L1ΔRSLE and L1Y1176A were integrated into the plasma membrane in the cell body after missorting. These data demonstrate that the neuronal form of L1 carries the tyrosine-based sorting signal YRSLE, which is critical for sorting L1 to the axonal growth cone.
Gendered expectations of the biographical and social future: young adults’ approaches to short and long-term thinking

ABSTRACT Numerous studies have found that although young adults are arguably less constrained by gendered norms and expectations than previous generations, they have nevertheless continued to imagine their biographical futures in highly gendered ways. In this paper I draw on an analysis of 28 in-depth interviews in which 16 women and 12 men (aged 18–34) were asked to discuss their expectations for both the biographical and social future. The results of this study largely confirm the findings of previous scholarship, with young women often viewing childbearing and caring responsibilities as compulsory, while young men largely viewed these commitments as complementary to their chosen careers. This paper extends existing findings in this area by examining, firstly, whether these perceptions of the biographical future are mirrored in the participants’ views of the long-term, social future, and secondly, what implications such views may have when they are extended into this register. In so doing it ultimately finds that the gender norms that shape young adults’ expectations for their own futures are echoed in their outlooks upon the social future.
Establishing a Customized Guide Plate for Osteotomy in Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Lower-extremity X-ray and Knee Computed Tomography Images

Background:The conventional method cannot guarantee the precise osteotomies required for a perfect realignment and a better prognosis after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study investigated a customized guide plate for osteotomy placement in TKAs with the aid of the statistical shape model technique using weight-bearing lower-extremity X-rays and computed tomography (CT) images of the knee. Methods:From October 2014 to June 2015, 42 patients who underwent a TKA in Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital were divided into a guide plate group (GPG, 21 cases) and a traditional surgery group (TSG, 21 cases) using a random number table method. In the GPG group, a guide plate was designed and printed using preoperative three-dimensional measurements to plan and digitally simulate the operation. TSG cases were treated with the conventional method. Outcomes were obtained from the postoperative image examination and short-term follow-up. Results:Operative time was 49.0 ± 10.5 min for GPG, and 62.0 ± 9.7 min in TSG. The coronal femoral angle, coronal tibial angle, posterior tibial slope, and the angle between the posterior condylar osteotomy surface and the surgical transepicondylar axis were 89.2 ± 1.7°, 89.0 ± 1.1°, 6.6 ± 1.4°, and 0.9 ± 0.3° in GPG, and 86.7 ± 2.9°, 87.6 ± 2.1°, 8.9 ± 2.8°, and 1.7 ± 0.8° in TSG, respectively. The Hospital for Special Surgery scores 3 months after surgery were 83.7 ± 18.4 in GPG and 71.5 ± 15.2 in TSG. Statistically significant differences were found between GPG and TSG in all measurements. Conclusions:A customized guide plate to create an accurate osteotomy in TKAs may be created using lower-extremity X-ray and knee CT images. This allows for shorter operative times and better postoperative alignment than the traditional surgery. Application of the digital guide plate may also result in better short-term outcomes.
The effect of cytomegalovirus infection on acute rejection in kidney transplanted patients

Introduction: It is known that cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common problem among kidney transplant patients. This infection can be increased morbidity and decreased graft survival. This problem has been associated with acute rejection too. Patients and Methods: One hundred and thirty renal transplant patients were included in a prospective, case-control study. The renal transplant patients were divided into two groups; patients group with CMV infection and control group without CMV infection. Serum CMV-IgG in all patients was positive (donor and recipients). None of patients had received anti-thymocyte-globulin and thymoglobulin. CMV infection was diagnosed by quantitative CMV-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test (more than 500 copies/μg). Rejection episode was defined by kidney isotope scan or biopsy. Results: In the group of 66 CMV infection patients (41 male [62.1%] and 25 female [37.9%]) the incidence of graft rejection was 36%, however in the group of 64 control patients the incidence of graft rejection was 9.4 % (P < 0.005). Conclusion: CMV infection is important predisposing factor for acute allograft rejection after kidney transplantation. The results of this study suggests that the control of CMV infection could decrease episodes of acute kidney rejection.