Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elicited Imitation in Second Language Acquisition Research

This review surveys theoretical and empirical evidence about elicited imitation (EI) as a measure of second language (L2) learners’ performance. Different from natural imitation, where children repeat utterances without request in a natural setting, EI requires participants to hear and then repeat a sentence that usually includes a target grammatical structure in a laboratory setting. EI is assumed to be reconstructive; that is, during EI, participants go through cognitive processes such as (a) processing a stimulus sentence, (b) reconstructing it with their own grammar, and (c) reproducing it. Additional evidence that EI is reconstructive and not rote repetition is that speakers who have internalized the target structures spontaneously correct ungrammatical EI stimuli (e.g., Erlam, 2006; Hamayan, Saegert, & Larudee, 1977; Munnich, Flynn, & Martohardjono, 1994). Since the 1960s, EI has been widely used in (a) first language acquisition research (e.g., Fraser, Bellugi, & Brown, 1963; see Lust, Flynn, & Foley, 1996; Slobin & Welsh, 1973 for reviews), (b) assessment of first language disorders in children (e.g., Dailey & Boxx, 1979), and (c) second language acquisition (SLA) research (e.g., Naiman, 1974). This review is limited to SLA studies. EI has been used to assess L2 competence (see Erlam, 2006; Vinther, 2002 for reviews) since Naiman’s (1974) seminal work. SLA studies have focused primarily on the assessment of English performance (e.g., Ellis, 2005, 2006; Ellis, Loewen, & Erlam, 2006; Erlam, 2006; Gallimore & Tharp, 1981; Hamayan, Saegert, & Larudee, 1977; Henning, 1983; Munnich et al., 1994; Perkins, Brutten, & Angelis, 1987; Spitze & Fischer, 1981), although it has been used, albeit infrequently, to assess other languages such as French (e.g., Burger & Chrétien, 2001; Markman, Spilka, & Tucker, 1975), Spanish (e.g., Scott, 1994), and Dutch (e.g., Van Boxtel, Bongaerts, &
Referral types and peer activation: Who to ask?

Abstract This paper explores how consumers select different peers in their social network when obtaining positive verses negative referrals, and the role of social cues in this selection process. An inductive framework incorporating a mixed method process was employed. Thirty in-depth interviews were used to understand how consumers activate specific peers when seeking referrals. First, participants mapped their peer networks and, second, debriefs were undertaken to understand how their peer networks were used across ten product categories. Our research identifies that the choice of peer when seeking referral information is conditional on the type of referral sought. Also, that the cues used by consumers when selecting the most appropriate peer differ depending on the type of referral sought. The different peer activation for these two types of referrals indicates a need to adopt strategies specific to the different referral types.
Negative supervisory events: Effects on supervision and supervisory alliance.

What are the consequences when a supervisee experiences a negative event in supervision? Supervisee developmental level, supervisory working alliance, trainee attachment style, and negative supervisory events were examined to determine their relationship with one another. Findings underscore the destructive impact negative supervisory events can have on supervision and supervisee development. This impact varies depending upon a supervisee's developmental level or the strength of the supervisor-supervisee working alliance. Supervisors are encouraged to be more supportive of supervisees in early development, and suggestions are offered on ways to ensure a strong supervisory relationship.
Age‐related changes in motor unit function

This review focuses on the functional relationship between age‐related morphological and physiological changes at the level of the motor unit (MU). It is well established that older humans are weaker than younger people, exhibit reduced force control, and have slower neuromuscular contractile properties. Older people may also exhibit a decrease in MU discharge rate, and an increase in variability of MU discharge at high force levels. The matching of MU discharge and contractile properties may be an age‐related neurophysiological strategy adopted to optimize motor control, similar to that observed in acute conditions such as fatigue. Because muscle force output is modulated partially by MU discharge behavior, the study of these properties may offer insights into the physiology of muscular weakness and motor function in older people. In turn, this will allow the implementation of optimal exercise and rehabilitation programs to reduce the degree of dependence associated with aging. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve, 20, 679–690, 1997.
The impact of theory on the effectiveness of worksite physical activity interventions: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

Abstract Background. Despite the potential importance of worksite physical activity interventions, reviews suggest there is currently a lack of clarity regarding their effectiveness. Aim. This meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of worksite interventions designed to promote physical activity and investigate whether (1) interventions explicitly designed based on theory are more effective, and (2) inclusion of specific behaviour change techniques (BCTs) improves effectiveness. Methods. Worksite interventions with a primary aim of increasing physical activity were systematically reviewed. Designs were experimental or quasi-experimental and outcome measures were objective or validated self-report. Interventions were coded based on the extent to which theory/predictors were used to select/develop intervention techniques. A standardised theory-linked taxonomy of 26 BCTs was also used to code interventions. Effects of explicit use of theory, individual techniques and number of BCTs used were assessed using meta-analysis and meta-regression. Results. Twenty-six studies reporting 27 evaluations were included in the meta-analysis and a random effects model produced an overall effect size (d) of 0.21 (95% CI 0.17–0.26). Subgroup analysis indicated that interventions using theory more explicitly were more effective, producing an effect size of 0.34 (95% CI 0.23–0.45; I 2=0%). No significant differences in effect sizes were found between studies that had used individual BCTs and those that had not, and studies that used more techniques were not more effective. Conclusion. Overall, worksite physical activity interventions were effective, but only produced small sized effects on physical activity. Theory-based interventions were more effective.
Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know

THIS REVIEW COVERS FOUR AREAS OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE TO PRACTICING PSYCHIATRISTS: a) symptoms and course of uncomplicated (normal) grief; b) differential diagnosis, clinical characteristics and treatment of complicated grief; c) differential diagnosis, clinical characteristics and treatment of grief-related major depression; and d) psychiatrists' reactions to patient suicides. Psychiatrists often are ill prepared to identify complicated grief and grief-related major depression, and may not always be trained to identify or provide the most appropriate course of treatment. Both conditions overlap with symptoms found in ordinary, uncomplicated grief, and often are written off as "normal" with the faulty assumption that time, strength of character and the natural support system will heal. While uncomplicated grief may be extremely painful, disruptive and consuming, it is usually tolerable and self-limited and does not require formal treatment. However, both complicated grief and grief-related major depression can be persistent and gravely disabling, can dramatically interfere with function and quality of life, and may even be life threatening in the absence of treatment; and both usually respond to targeted psychiatric interventions. In addition, patient suicide has been reported as one of the most frequent and stressful crises experienced by health providers, and psychiatrists are not immune to complicated grief or grief-related depression when they, themselves, become survivors. Thus, it is essential for psychiatrists to recognize their own vulnerabilities to the personal assaults that often accompany such losses, not only for their own mental health and well-being, but also to provide the most sensitive and enlightened care to their patients.
Cardiac Response to Low-Energy Field Pacing Challenges the Standard Theory of Defibrillation

Background—The electric response of myocardial tissue to periodic field stimuli has attracted significant attention as the basis for low-energy antifibrillation pacing, potentially more effective than traditional single high-energy shocks. In conventional models, an electric field produces a highly nonuniform response of the myocardial wall, with discrete excitations, or hot spots (HS), occurring at cathodal tissue surfaces or large coronary vessels. We test this prediction using novel 3-dimensional tomographic optical imaging. Methods and Results—Experiments were performed in isolated coronary perfused pig ventricular wall preparations stained with near-infrared voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye DI-4-ANBDQBS. The 3-dimensional coordinates of HS were determined using alternating transillumination. To relate HS formation with myocardial structures, we used ultradeep confocal imaging (interrogation depths, >4 mm). The peak HS distribution is located deep inside the heart wall, and the depth is not significantly affected by field polarity. We did not observe the strong colocalization of HS with major coronary vessels anticipated from theory. Yet, we observed considerable lateral displacement of HS with field polarity reversal. Models that de-emphasized lateral intracellular coupling and accounted for resistive heterogeneity in the extracellular space showed similar HS distributions to the experimental observations. Conclusions—The HS distributions within the myocardial wall and the significant lateral displacements with field polarity reversal are inconsistent with standard theories of defibrillation. Extended theories based on enhanced descriptions of cellular scale electric mechanisms may be necessary. The considerable lateral displacement of HS with field polarity reversal supports the hypothesis of biphasic stimuli in low-energy antifibrillation pacing being advantageous.
Paresthesias as Reflection of the Lateral Asymmetry of Neural Function in Human

Most biological systems demonstrate some degree of asymmetry. From lower animals to human normal variation and specialization produce asymmetries of both function and structure. The term asymmetry is often substituted for the term laterality and indicate leftright differences, especially in neurosciences and psychology (Bryden, 1982). However, researchers generally use the term asymmetry in more global context of both structural and functional side dissimilarities while the term laterality is typically used exclusively in relation to functional asymmetry (Hughdahl, 2005). In numerous species representing major vertebrate taxa asymmetries of brain and behaviour have been demonstrated and it is supposed to be an universal feature of the vertebrate nervous system (Goutiérrez-Ibañez et al., 2011; Tommasi, 2009). In a neuroscience perspective the concepts of asymmetry in humans are closely tied to the two hemispheres of the brain (Grabowska et al., 1994; Hughdahl, 2005). Despite the mirror symmetrical organization of the body along the vertical body axis, the two brain hemispheres differ in their anatomy and function; moreover, asymmetries in the brain’s functional layout and cytoarchitecture have been correlated with asymmetrical behavioural traits – handedness, footedness, auditory perception, motor preferences and also sensory acuity (see Toga & Thompson, 2003 for review). Studies on anatomical asymmetries in the brain showed differences in distribution of tissue between hemispheres, although they are similar in both weight and volume (Toga & Thompson, 2003). Structural and neurochemical asymmetries in the majority of studies were reported to be linked with functional asymmetries of the brain and behaviour (especially the handedness). Some research showed cytoarchitectural asymmetry in the planum temporale related to handednessmarked leftward volume asymmetry. Additionally, this was also related to the degree of right-handedness of participants (Habib et al., 1995). In experiments with MRI Steinmetz observed greater asymmetry of this structure in right-handers in comparison to left-handers (Steinmetz, 1996). Structural asymmetry of central sulcus was reported to fit with the functional hemispheric asymmetry in relation to handedness (Babiloni et al., 2003), what indirectly confirms the relationship of laterality pattern in limbs and the motor cortex structure and function. Some investigators found differences between two brain hemispheres in levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine), what was linked with various behavioural asymmetries (Glick, Ross & Hough 1982; Tucker &
Are Heterogeneous or Homogeneous Groups More Beneficial to Students?

This study investigated the relative benefits to the student of working in homogeneous versus heterogeneous classroom groups. Correlation analysis of 18 desirable outcomes versus 8 personality-based heterogeneity variables reveals that heterogeneity associates with advantages as well as disadvantages. Ways in which group composition might be customized to benefit students with particular needs or to emphasize particular goals are described, along with their potential downsides.
Mucolipidosis II‐Related Mutations Inhibit the Exit from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Proteolytic Cleavage of GlcNAc‐1‐Phosphotransferase Precursor Protein (GNPTAB)

Mucolipidosis (ML) II and MLIII alpha/beta are two pediatric lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations in the GNPTAB gene, which encodes an α/β‐subunit precursor protein of GlcNAc‐1‐phosphotransferase. Considerable variations in the onset and severity of the clinical phenotype in these diseases are observed. We report here on expression studies of two missense mutations c.242G>T (p.Trp81Leu) and c.2956C>T (p.Arg986Cys) and two frameshift mutations c. 3503_3504delTC (p.Leu1168GlnfsX5) and c.3145insC (p.Gly1049ArgfsX16) present in severely affected MLII patients, as well as two missense mutations c.1196C>T (p.Ser399Phe) and c.3707A>T (p.Lys1236Met) reported in more mild affected individuals. We generated a novel α‐subunit‐specific monoclonal antibody, allowing the analysis of the expression, subcellular localization, and proteolytic activation of wild‐type and mutant α/β‐subunit precursor proteins by Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. In general, we found that both missense and frameshift mutations that are associated with a severe clinical phenotype cause retention of the encoded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and failure to cleave the α/β‐subunit precursor protein are associated with a severe clinical phenotype with the exception of p.Ser399Phe found in MLIII alpha/beta. Our data provide new insights into structural requirements for localization and activity of GlcNAc‐1‐phosphotransferase that may help to explain the clinical phenotype of MLII patients.
The Relations among Parental Power Assertion, Control, and Structure

As Eva Pomerantz and I wrote in our 2009 article [Grolnick & Pomerantz, 2009], research on parental control has been most confusing, with different definitions of control, multiple prefixes attached to it (e.g., behavioral control, psychological control) and conflicting conclusions – i.e., control is positive for children, control is negative for children. Baumrind’s [this issue] article provides us with an opportunity to examine the concept of parental control and determine what we know and don’t know about this important construct. In an attempt to add clarity to the issue of parental control, I offer a four-part commentary. The first part details what child development researchers largely agree upon and what Baumrind so effectively stresses in her article, the importance of parents helping to socialize their children by serving as authorities and providing discipline. The second part explores the construct of power assertion and its use as a way to define parental authority. The third explores how we determine what parental dimensions to focus on and suggests that focusing on dimensions that meet children’s psychological needs has the potential to clarify confusion in the field. Finally, I address Baumrind’s advocacy of external incentives to facilitate compliance and self-regulation.
Both Sides Now: Supervisor and Subordinate Perspectives on Relationship Quality

Traditional leader–member exchange (LMX) research typically measures quality of exchange from the subordinate's or member's perspective—LMX(m). In this research, we propose a new construct, LMX(l), which reflects a supervisor's or leader's perception of the value delivered by his or her subordinate in the exchange relationship. Together, LMX(m) and LMX(l) are expected to provide a more complete picture of dyadic exchange quality. Our results indicate relatively modest convergence between the 2 perspectives on LMX. Both LMX(m) and LMX(l) were found to relate to specific currencies of exchange provided by each dyad partner, and agreement between the 2 was negatively associated with the frequency of supervisor–employee conflict. Implications for LMX theory and future research are discussed.
An investigation into the ‘carry over’ effect of neurostimulation in the treatment of angina pectoris

Neurostimulation, by way of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and spinal cord stimulation, improves signs and symptoms of myocardial ischaemia, with evidence (from non‐randomised studies) that this effect extends beyond the period of stimulation itself (‘carry‐over’ effect). In this randomised controlled trial, 10 patients underwent baseline treadmill‐exercise‐testing (TET), followed by two further tests at fortnightly intervals. TENS was compared to placebo in a randomised fashion. TENS produced a significant increase in total exercise time (399.3 vs. 364.5 s, p < 0.05) and time to maximum ST depression (374 vs. 324 s, p = 0.01) without a significant difference in the maximum degree of ST depression (2.0 vs. 2.1 mm, p = NS). Rate‐pressure product at peak exercise was not significantly different (197 vs. 193, p = NS). TENS produced a non‐significant change in time to onset of angina (352 vs. 325 s, p = 0.07). Pre‐treatment with TENS produces a significant improvement in exercise tolerance and measures of ischaemia but not significant improvement in symptoms.
Impaired neoangiogenesis in β2–adrenoceptor gene‐deficient mice: restoration by intravascular human β2–adrenoceptor gene transfer and role of NFκB and CREB transcription factors

There is much evidence supporting the role of β2‐adrenoceptors (β2AR) in angiogenesis but the mechanisms underlying their effects have not been elucidated. Hence, we studied post‐ischaemic angiogenesis in the hindlimb (HL) of β2AR knock‐out mice (β2AR−/−) in vivo and explored possible molecular mechanisms in vitro.
motion response coherence : A dual-process perspective

Emotions are widely thought to involve coordinated responses across multiple responses (e.g., experiential, behavioral, and physiological). However, empirical support for this general “response coherence” postulate is inconsistent. The present research takes a dual-process perspective, suggesting that response coherence might be conditional upon response system (i.e., automatic versus reflective). In particular,
Statistical choices and apparent work outcomes in auditing

The public accounting sector of the accounting profession has long been very concerned with the problem of employee recruitment and retention. As early as the 1970s, the then Big 8 firms funded extensive studies of the determinants of employee turnover. The problem is no less real today. Indeed, much has been written about the problem of the vanishing accounting student. If reducing employee turnover and dissatisfaction becomes important in order for the public accounting firms to fulfill their mission of helping to assure the quality of information that investors receive, then having tools that foster an understanding of the determinants of employee dissatisfaction, stress, and turnover is vital. Sheds light on these issues by demonstrating how sophisticated statistical techniques can illuminate the underlying determinants of employee turnover and other important job attitudes. Applies structural equation modeling to Collins and Killough's dataset in order to demonstrate how it can provide important additional substantive insights about relationships between the stressors and job outcomes in public accounting. This important interpretive information is not available, or is available in only limited fashion, in the comparison method of canonical correlation analysis.
Editorial: Epidemiologic approaches to women's health.

Since 1991 when the Office of Research on Women’s Health (ORWH) of the National Institutes of Health published the first US women’s health research agenda, the science of women’s health has developed rapidly. Contributors to the first research agenda on women’s health provided a definition demarcating the field: “Women’s health research” referred to studies of health conditions that are specific to women or more common or more serious in women and that have distinct causes, manifestations, outcomes, or treatments in women. Moreover, determinants of health, including biological, psychological, environmental, and sociocultural factors that affect women disproportionately or uniquely, were included in the scope of women’s health research (1, 2). Sex and gender were differentiated in an Institute of Medicine study published after the second women’s health research agenda in 1999 (3): “Sex” refers to the classification of living things as male or female according to their reproductive organs and functions assigned by chromosomal complement, and “gender” refers to a person’s self-representation as male or female or how that person is responded to by social institutions on the basis of that presentation (4). In 2010, the ORWH of the National Institutes of Health and the Institute of Medicine both published new reports that promise to shape women’s health research in years to come (4, 5). Results of the ORWH review, Moving Into the Future With New Dimensions and Strategies: A Vision for 2020 for Women’s Health Research, build on the original 1991 agenda and the 1999 update, Agenda for Research on Women’s Health for the 21st Century (3). Six goals for the future were specified in the vision for 2020:
College students' self-insight and common implicit theories in ratings of teaching effectiveness

The objectives of this study were to determine whether (a) students have self-insight into how they make overall evaluations of teaching effectiveness, and (b) there is a reasonably high level of consensus among the student raters in making overall evaluations. A policy-capturing approach was used with 3 different college student groups (94 introductory geology, 82 accounting, and 53 graduate education students) to determine the implicit and explicit weights of the teaching factors students used in arriving at their overall evaluations. The results indicated that the students had self-insight and a reasonably high level of consensus in making their overall evaluations, providing further evidence of the validity of students' overall evaluations of teaching effectiveness.