Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting deception in second-language speakers

Purpose. We examined whether language proficiency had an impact on lie detection. Methods. We collected video footage of 30 targets who spoke English as their native or second language and who lied or told the truth about a transgression. Undergraduate students (N = 51) then judged the veracity of these 30 clips and indicated how confident they were in their ratings. Results. Participants were more confident when judging native-language truth-tellers than second-language truth-tellers. In addition, participants were more likely to exhibit a truth-bias when observing native-language speakers, whereas they were more likely to exhibit a lie-bias when viewing second-language speakers. Conclusions. Given the difficulties and biases associated with second-language lie detection, further research is needed.
Assessing risk and outcomes in offenders detained in intellectual disability and mental health medium secure units in the United Kingdom

The thesis examined the assessment of risk and outcomes in offenders with a mental disorder detained in medium secure units in the United Kingdom. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the thesis. Chapter 2 presents a systematic literature review investigating factors associated with reoffending in this group of offenders. A younger age, a diagnosis of personality disorder, previous offending history, a shorter length of admission, and a history of substance misuse were all associated with a higher risk of reoffending. Implications for service development and future risk management are presented. Chapter 3 contains a piece of empirical research examining whether perception of quality of life (QoL) is associated with reoffending in those with an intellectual disability discharged from medium security. No significant differences were found between reoffenders and non-reoffenders on measures of QoL except for negative aspects of the medium secure environment, where non-reoffenders rated this as worse. Clinical implications and areas for future research are discussed. Chapter 4 contains a critical review of the HCR-20, which reports on the reliability and validity of the assessment tool in terms of its applicability in assessing risk in mentally disordered offenders, as well as its limitations. Chapter 5 presents a case study of a violent male offender detained in a medium secure unit. The use of the HCR-20 in assessing risk, formulating risk reduction interventions, and informing future risk management is highlighted. Implications of the thesis are discussed in Chapter 6.
School-Based HIV Prevention in Dakar, Senegal: Findings from a Peer-Led Program

This evaluation study examines the effectiveness of a peer-led technology-focused HIV prevention program targeting in-school youth in Dakar, Senegal. A quasi-experimental design was used to examine differences in knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions related to HIV testing among students at three intervention schools and a comparison school. Findings at the school level vary; however, results suggest that students exposed to intervention activities had a 1.5 greater odds of intending to get HIV tested compared with students not exposed to the program. As access to and use of digital technologies continue to increase throughout parts of sub-Saharan Africa, programs will continue to leverage this medium to diffuse effective health education and promotion messages for intervention.
Identification and characterization of genes determining receptor binding and pilus length of Escherichia coli type 1 pili

We describe the identification and characterization of two genes and their gene products responsible for determining receptor binding and pilus length in type 1-piliated Escherichia coli. One gene, pilE, conferred the ability of piliated cells to agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes. The other gene, pilF, determined pilus length, in that mutants having lesions in pilF had very long pili. The two genes were detected after Tn5 mutagenesis of a cloned segment of DNA that normally complemented a pilE lesion in the chromosome. Thus, lesions in pilE or pilF on the cloned segment resulted in mutants having the PilE- phenotype (piliated but unable to agglutinate erythrocytes). Introduction of the plasmid-encoded mutant alleles of pilE and pilF into the chromosome followed by electron microscopic examination of the mutants showed that only lesions in pilF conferred the striking increase in pilus length. Mutations in pilF could be complemented in trans by the original cloned segment to produce cells with parental-length pili. Minicell transcription and translation of the cloned pilE and pilF genes having representative Tn5 insertion mutations showed that the pilE gene product was a protein of ca. 31 kilodaltons and that the pilF gene product was a protein of ca. 18 kilodaltons. We believe that the pilF gene product may act as a competitive inhibitor of pilus polymerization. Thus, pilus length may be controlled by the ratio of pilin to pilF gene product present within the cell.
Characteristics of Resonantly-Guided Modes in Microstructured Optical Fibers

Modal characteristics of resonantly-guided modes (RGMs) in microstructured fibers were investigated through numerical simulation. The modes of interest are supported in a class of fibers consisting of a circularly arranged periodic array of high index rods embedded in a low index cladding. Light is confined and guided by the guided-mode resonance (GMR) that the rod array exhibit. According to the numerical analysis we clarified that duplicated transverse modes having the same radial mode number for TM and TE modes were supported. Also the existence and detailed mode profiles of hybrid modes were confirmed.
Renal Extraction of Gentamicin in Anesthetized Dogs

The tubular handling of gentamicin (G) and its intrarenal distribution were determined to elucidate the mechanism of G accumulation in the kidney. At a serum level of 11.1 ± 0.5 μg/ml (10 animals), as maintained by constant infusion for 5 h, serum Na+ and K+, arterial pressure, effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate remained undisturbed. The clearance values in milliliters per minute for G, inulin, and p-aminohippuric acid were 40.3 ± 1.8, 49.9 ± 2.8, and 132 ± 14, respectively. The ratio of clearance of G to clearance of inulin was 0.82 ± 0.04 (P < 0.005), suggesting net reabsorption of G by the renal tubules. The renal cortex/serum ratio for G was 11.9 ± 2.1, and the medulla/serum ratio was 2.7 ± 0.4, indicating greater uptake of G by the cortex. The extraction ratio of p-aminohippuric acid was 0.74 ± 0.03. In contrast, the extraction ratio of G was 0.20 ± 0.03, which was significantly lower than that of inulin (0.30 ± 0.04). It is concluded that the accumulation of G in the cortex was due to tubular reabsorption. Probably some of the reabsorbed G became trapped in the epithelial cells after crossing the luminal membrane, whereas some returned to the circulation.
Cancer risk in offspring of male pesticide applicators in agriculture in Sweden

Aims: To explore cancer risk from date of birth until 1994 in children, born 1958 or later, of Swedish male pesticide applicators. Methods: Records of male pesticide applicators licensed 1965–76 were linked to the Multigeneration Register. The records of their offspring were then linked to the Swedish Cancer Registry and the Cause of Death Register. Results: In total 51 cases of cancer were observed, which is significantly lower than the expected 73.0 (standardised incidence ratio (SIR) 0.70, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.92). Tumours of the nervous system was most common, amounting to 20 cases, 39% of all cancer cases (SIR 1.01, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.56). A statistically significant reduced risk for leukaemia was found (SIR 0.43, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.86). For non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, three cases were observed and 4.8 expected (SIR 0.63, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.83). For Hodgkin’s disease, five cases were observed versus 3.7 expected (SIR 1.36, 95% CI 0.44 to 3.17). Two cases of testicular cancer were observed and 1.7 expected (SIR 1.19, 95% CI 0.13 to 4.28). Conclusions: None of the a priori hypotheses of increased risk of tumours of the nervous system, kidney cancer, leukaemia, lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and testicular cancer in children of male pesticide applicators could be confirmed.
Effect of Temperature on Biochemical Composition, Growth and Reproduction of the Ornamental Red Cherry Shrimp Neocaridina heteropoda heteropoda (Decapoda, Caridea)

The effect of water temperature on biochemical composition, growth and reproduction of the ornamental shrimp, Neocaridina heteropoda heteropoda, was investigated to determine the optimum temperature for its culture. The effect of embryo incubation temperature on the subsequent performance of juveniles was also evaluated. Ovigerous females and recently hatched juveniles (JI) were maintained during egg incubation and for a 90-day period, respectively, at three temperatures (24, 28 and 32°C). Incubation period increased with decreasing water temperature, but the number and size of JI were similar among treatments. At day 30 of the 90-day period, body weight and growth increment (GI) at 24°C were lower than those at 28 and 32°C. On subsequent days, GI at 24°C exceeded that at 28 and 32°C, leading to a similar body weight among treatments. These results suggest growth was delayed at 24°C, but only for 30 days after hatching. The lipid concentration tended to be lowest, intermediate and highest at 28, 32 and 24°C, respectively, possibly as a consequence of the metabolic processes involved in growth and ovarian maturation. Protein and glycogen concentrations were similar among treatments. Both the growth trajectory and biochemical composition of shrimps were affected by the temperature experienced during the 90-day growth period independently of the embryo incubation temperature. During the growth period, shrimps reached sexual maturity and mated, with the highest proportion of ovigerous females occurring at 28°C. All the females that matured and mated at 32°C lost their eggs, indicating a potentially stressful effect of high temperature on ovarian maturation. Based on high survival and good growth performance of shrimps at the three temperatures tested over the 90-day period it is concluded that N. heteropoda heteropoda is tolerant to a wide range of water temperatures, with 28°C being the optimum temperature for its culture.
Relationships of maximal single- and double-step length tests with sex and the dominant and non-dominant legs

Abstract The maximal step length test has been proposed to evaluate the risk of falls among the elderly, although the test is confusing and prone to errors due to two types of test methods. The maximal double-step length test may be used to evaluate both leg function and the functional difference between the left and right legs, but its measurement and evaluation methods have not been studied extensively. The aims of the present study were to compare the maximal single- and double-step length tests, and to highlight differences between the sexes and between the dominant and non-dominant legs. Fifty healthy adults free from lower-limb disorders conducted the above step tests twice, once with the dominant and once with the non-dominant leg. The former test requires individuals to return the stepping leg to the original position or to draw the other leg to the step leg after stepping out maximally with either leg from a standing posture while maintaining body stability with the supporting leg. The latter test requires individuals to step forward with either leg maximally, after similarly stepping with the other leg and to draw the first stepping leg to the second stepping leg. The above tests are defined as the single- and double-step length test, respectively. Step lengths were measured in both tests, and these values were used for analysis. Correlations among step length tests conducted with the dominant and non-dominant legs were very high (r=0.82–0.97). Significant sex differences were found in all step length tests, and males were superior to females. No significant difference between legs was found in any test. In summary, the relationship between the maximal single- and double-step length tests was very high and step lengths showed a significant sex difference.
Antimicrobial Activity of Lactobacillus spp. Isolated From Fecal Flora of Healthy Breast-Fed Infants Against Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli

Background: Among the enteric pathogens, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli are important causes of diarrhea in children in both developing and industrialized countries. Some Lactobacillus species are commonly used as probiotics, with effects especially against acute diarrhea in childhood. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus strains isolated from fecal flora of healthy breast-fed infants against five diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes such as enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were collected from seven healthy breast-fed infants between 1 to 18 months of age in Tehran city, Iran. Identification of Lactobacillus isolates was performed by biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods. An agar well diffusion assay was used for detection of antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus isolates against five diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes. Results: A total of 20 Lactobacillus isolates were identified from stool samples. Lactobacillus fermentum was the most frequently isolated strain, followed by L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus. Seven Lactobacillus strains including L. fermentum (four isolates), L. paracasei (one isolate), L. plantarum (one isolate) and L. rhamnosus (one isolate) had a mild inhibitory activity against diarrheagenic E. coli. The mechanism of inhibitory activity of Lactobacillus strains appeared to be due to the production of organic acids or hydrogen peroxide. Conclusions: Our findings show that Lactobacillus strains with human origin had a mild inhibitory activity against the diarrheagenic E. coli, and these strains may be useful as probiotic candidates in prevention of intestinal infections caused by diarrheagenic E. coli.
Determinants of maternal behaviour towards 3‐year‐old siblings

The marked differences between siblings brought up together within the same family have been attributed to differential maternal treatment of the children. In a study of 44 sibling pairs from the Colorado Adoption Project, mothers' behaviour towards each of two siblings was videotaped in their home at 36 months of age. Mothers were found to be consistent in affectionate, verbal and controlling behaviour to the siblings, but there was no stability in mothers' verbal or controlling behaviour to the same child between 24 and 36 months. The relative consistency of the mothers towards their two children was related to maternal personality factors, child temperament, and the biological or adoptive status of the siblings. The importance of a child's developmental stage as an influence on maternal behaviour is discussed in relation to the development of differences between the siblings.
Financial Capacity in Older Adults: A Review of Clinical Assessment Approaches and Considerations

Financial capacity is a critical issue of autonomy for older people. However, determining the point at which a cognitively impaired older adult is no longer capable of independent financial management poses an onerous task for family members, and health and legal professionals. At present, there is no agreed-upon standard for evaluating financial capacity, and issues pertaining to the level of impairment that constitutes incapacity remain largely unresolved. In the absence of validated assessment guidelines, determinations of capacity are frequently based on neuropsychological measures and clinical judgment, although there is limited evidence to support the validity of these methods in capacity determinations. In this paper, various cognitive, psychiatric, social, and cultural factors that potentially contribute to financial incapacity in older adults are described. The strengths and weaknesses of clinical approaches and instruments currently used in capacity determinations are evaluated, and specific recommendations are made regarding broader assessment approaches. Finally, directions for future research and instrument development are offered.
Ambiguity in Dynamic Contracts

I study a dynamic principal agent model in which the effort cost of the agent is unknown to the principal. The principal is ambiguity averse, and designs a contract which is robust to the worst case effort cost process. Ambiguity divides the contract into two regions. After sufficiently high performance, the agent reaches the over-compensation region, where he receives excessive benefits compared to the contract without ambiguity, while after low performance, he enters the under-compensation region. Ambiguity also causes a disconnect between the current effort cost and the strength of incentives. That is, even when the agent is under-compensated, his incentives are as strong as in the over-compensation region, since the principal fears the agent might shirk otherwise. Under ambiguity, the agent’s true effort cost does not need to equal the worst-case. I analyze the agent’s incentives for this case, and show that the possibility of firing is detrimental to the agent’s incentives. I study several extensions concerning the timing structure and the nature of the principal’s ambiguity aversion. JEL Code: D82, D86, M52
Capitalism's Environmental Crisis—Is Technology the Answer?

The standard solution offered to the environmental problem in advanced capitalist economies is to shift technology in a more benign direction: more energy-efficient production, cars that get better mileage, replacement of fossil fuels with solar power, and recycling of resources. Other environmental reforms, such as reductions in population growth and even cuts in consumption, are often advocated as well. The magic bullet of technology, however, is by far the favorite, seeming to hold out the possibility of environmental improvement with the least effect on the smooth working of the capitalist machine. The 1997 International Kyoto Protocol on global warming, designed to limit the greenhouse gas emissions of nations, has only reinforced this attitude, encouraging many environmental advocates in the United States (including Al Gore in his presidential campaign) to advocate technological improvement in energy efficiency as the main escape from the environmental mess.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Changes in Air Temperature and Its Relation to Ambulance Transports Due to Heat Stroke in All 47 Prefectures of Japan

Objectives Changes in air temperature and its relation to ambulance transports due to heat stroke in all 47 prefectures, in Japan were evaluated. Methods Data on air temperature were obtained from the Japanese Meteorological Agency. Data on ambulance transports due to heat stroke was directly obtained from the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, Japan. We also used the number of deaths due to heat stroke from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, and population data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Chronological changes in parameters of air temperature were analyzed. In addition, the relation between air temperature and ambulance transports due to heat stroke in August 2010 was also evaluated by using an ecological study. Results Positive and significant changes in the parameters of air temperature that is, the mean air temperature, mean of the highest air temperature, and mean of the lowest air temperature were noted in all 47 prefectures. In addition, changes in air temperature were accelerated when adjusted for observation years. Ambulance transports due to heat stroke was significantly correlated with air temperature in the ecological study. The highest air temperature was significantly linked to ambulance transports due to heat stroke, especially in elderly subjects. Conclusions Global warming was demonstrated in all 47 prefectures in Japan. In addition, the higher air temperature was closely associated with higher ambulance transports due to heat stroke in Japan.
The Methodology of Research on College Impact, Part One.

This first in a two-part series of papers is concerned with the following aspects of the methodology of research on college impact: different types of inferential errors, single-institution versus multi-institutional studies, longitudinal versus cross-sectional data, alternative statistical designs, the effects of measurement errors, and methods of detecting student-environment interaction effects. The most definitive information about college impact is obtained from multiinstitutional longitudinal studies in which data are obtained on student inputs, student outputs, and environmental characteristics. Although there are several multivariate designs available for dealing with such data, stepwise linear multiple regression analysis (with appropriate adjustments for measurement errors) is perhaps the most versatile method, particularly if the regression is carried out in separate "stages" dictated by the logic of the college impact process.
Valuation of the Debt-Tax Shield

In this study, we use cross-sectional regressions to estimate the value of the debt-tax shield. Recognizing that debt is correlated with the value of operations along nontax dimensions, we estimate reverse regressions in which we regress future profitability on firm value and debt rather than regressing firm value on debt and profitability. Reversing the regressions mitigates bias and facilitates the use of market information to control for differences in risk and expected growth. Our estimated value for the debt-tax shield is approximately 40 percent (ten percent) of debt balances (firm value), net of the personal tax disadvantage of debt. In addition, our estimates for the debt-tax shield vary across tax regimes and across firms in a predictable manner.
Walking a Fine Balance: The Life History of a Woman Principal.

This article describes the leadership journey of Kathryn, an educational leader, in relation to current research on women's experiences as educational leaders. This life history was developed as a grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) study. Conducted over a two-year period, the semi-structured interviews used to conduct the study were influenced by Van Manen's (1992) work on life history interviews as a means of studying individuals' lived experiences. The interviews were triangulated through field note observations and document analysis. In addition to exemplifYing life history as a research method, a framework for studying leadership development emerged based on the themes: commitment, personal competence, sense of self-esteem, reflection, appreciation of others, open communication, problem-solving, power sharing, collaboration, shared decision-making, and sense of visioning. The themes were explored in relation to the early years, the early career, and the leadersh ip career of Kathryn as a principal. The findings remind us that many of the qualities closely linked with transformational leadership begin during family and early school life.