Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional Anatomy of Language and Music Perception: Temporal and Structural Factors Investigated Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Language and music exhibit similar acoustic and structural properties, and both appear to be uniquely human. Several recent studies suggest that speech and music perception recruit shared computational systems, and a common substrate in Broca's area for hierarchical processing has recently been proposed. However, this claim has not been tested by directly comparing the spatial distribution of activations to speech and music processing within subjects. In the present study, participants listened to sentences, scrambled sentences, and novel melodies. As expected, large swaths of activation for both sentences and melodies were found bilaterally in the superior temporal lobe, overlapping in portions of auditory cortex. However, substantial nonoverlap was also found: sentences elicited more ventrolateral activation, whereas the melodies elicited a more dorsomedial pattern, extending into the parietal lobe. Multivariate pattern classification analyses indicate that even within the regions of blood oxygenation level-dependent response overlap, speech and music elicit distinguishable patterns of activation. Regions involved in processing hierarchical aspects of sentence perception were identified by contrasting sentences with scrambled sentences, revealing a bilateral temporal lobe network. Music perception showed no overlap whatsoever with this network. Broca's area was not robustly activated by any stimulus type. Overall, these findings suggest that basic hierarchical processing for music and speech recruits distinct cortical networks, neither of which involves Broca's area. We suggest that previous claims are based on data from tasks that tap higher-order cognitive processes, such as working memory and/or cognitive control, which can operate in both speech and music domains.
A Reduction in Maximal Incremental Exercise Test Duration 48 h Post Downhill Run Is Associated with Muscle Damage Derived Exercise Induced Pain

Purpose: To examine whether exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) and muscle soreness reduce treadmill maximal incremental exercise (MIE) test duration, and true maximal physiological performance as a consequence of exercise induced pain (EIP) and perceived effort. Methods: Fifty (14 female), apparently healthy participants randomly allocated into a control group (CON, n = 10), or experimental group (EXP, n = 40) visited the laboratory a total of six times: visit 1 (familiarization), visit 2 (pre 1), visit 3 (pre 2), visit 4 (intervention), visit 5 (24 h post) and visit 6 (48 h post). Both groups performed identical testing during all visits, except during visit 4, where only EXP performed a 30 min downhill run and CON performed no exercise. During visits 2, 3, and 6 all participants performed MIE, and the following measurements were obtained: time to exhaustion (TTE), EIP, maximal oxygen consumption (V·O2max), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximum blood lactate (BLamax), and the contribution of pain to terminating the MIE (assessed using a questionnaire). Additionally during visits 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 the following markers of EIMD were obtained: muscle soreness, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), voluntary activation (VA), creatine kinase (CK). Results: There were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.32) between any trials for any of the measures obtained during MIE for CON. In EXP, TTE decreased by 34 s (3%), from pre 2 to 48 h post (p < 0.001). There was a significant association between group (EXP, CON) and termination of the MIE due to “pain” during 48 h post (χ2 = 14.7, p = 0.002). Conclusion: EIMD resulted in premature termination of a MIE test (decreased TTE), which was associated with EIP, MVC, and VA. The exact mechanisms responsible for this require further investigation.
Multiple Myeloma: The Role of Angiogenesis in Disease Progression

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, plays an important role in the biology of multiple myeloma and has a prognostic value in this disease. Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy that home to and expand in the bone marrow where actively interacts with stromal cells inducing neovascularization, a constant hallmark of disease progression. Myeloma-induced angiogenesis involves either the direct production of angiogenic molecules by myeloma cells and the recruitment and activation of bone marrow stromal cells. Indeed, the angiogenic factors released in the bone marrow microenvironment by multiple myeloma plasma cells stimulate stromal cells to secrete their own angiogenic factors and induce the acquisition of a phenotypic and functional adaptation by non-endothelial cells, such as macrophages, which contribute to the completion of the neovessel wall (vasculogenic mimicry). In this review we summarize recent data which give strong evidence for an increased angiogenic activity in the bone marrow microenvironment and support the hypothesis that angiogenesis is not only important for tumour growth but may also promote plasma cell growth in multiple myeloma.
Novel LIMK2 Inhibitor Blocks Panc-1 Tumor Growth in a mouse xenograft model

LIM kinases (LIMKs) are important cell cytoskeleton regulators that play a prominent role in cancer manifestation and neuronal diseases. The LIMK family consists of two homologues, LIMK1 and LIMK2, which differ from one another in expression profile, intercellular localization, and function. The main substrate of LIMK is cofilin, a member of the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) protein family. When phosphorylated by LIMK, cofilin is inactive. LIMKs play a contributory role in several neurodevelopmental disorders and in cancer growth and metastasis. We recently reported the development and validation of a novel LIMK inhibitor, referred to here as T56-LIMKi, using a combination of computational methods and classical biochemistry techniques. Here we report that T56-LIMKi inhibits LIMK2 with high specificity, and shows little or no cross-reactivity with LIMK1. We found that T56-LIMKi decreases phosphorylated cofilin (p-cofilin) levels and thus inhibits growth of several cancerous cell lines, including those of pancreatic cancer, glioma and schwannoma. Because the most promising in-vitro effect of T56-LIMKi was observed in the pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1, we tested the inhibitor on a nude mouse Panc-1 xenograft model. T56-LIMKi reduced tumor size and p-cofilin levels in the Panc-1 tumors, leading us to propose T56-LIMKi as a candidate drug for cancer therapy.
ESTIMATING THE DETERMINANTS OF B 2 B E-COMMERCE ADOPTION AMONG SMALL & MEDIUM ENTERPRISES

This paper examines the factors that influence e-commerce adoption levels among SMEs in Malaysia. Based on Technological-Organisational-External (TOE) framework, it is found that external support is significant across all e-commerce adoption levels. This finding suggests that future policy to encourage e-commerce uptake in Malaysia should focus on providing support to facilitate e-commerce adoption effort. The findings also show that owners or CEOs of SMEs who are experienced, have completed tertiary education and used computer frequently, are more likely to adopt e-commerce. Hence, to further promote e-commerce adoption among SMEs, owners or CEOs of SMEs who are less experienced, high-school leavers, and who used computer less frequently, ought to be targeted in future e-commerce initiatives. Relatively, based on TOE framework, CEO attributes are more significant in terms of e-commerce adoption among SMEs in Malaysia.
Further reductions of Poincaré-Dulac normal forms in {{}}^{{}+1}

In this paper, we will consider (germs of) holomorphic mappings of the form (f(z), λ 1 w 1 (1 + g 1 (z)),. ,λ n w n (1 + g n (z))), defined in a neighborhood of the origin in C n+1 . Most of our interest is in those mappings where f(z) = z + a m z m +. is a germ tangent to the identity and g i (0) = 0 for i = 1,. , n, and i i 6 C possess no resonances, for these are the so-called Poincare-Dulac normal forms of the mappings (z + 0(2), λ 1 ω + O(2) λ n ω + 0(2)). We construct formal normal forms for these mappings and discuss a condition which tests for the convergence or divergence of the conjugating maps, giving specific examples.
The medium and the message: a revisionist view of image quality

In his book "Understanding Media" social theorist Marshall McLuhan declared: "The medium is the message. " The thesis of this paper is that with respect to image quality, imaging system developers have taken McLuhan's dictum too much to heart. Efforts focus on improving the technical specifications of the media (e.g. dynamic range, color gamut, resolution, temporal response) with little regard for the visual messages the media will be used to communicate. We present a series of psychophysical studies that investigate the visual system's ability to "see through" the limitations of imaging media to perceive the messages (object and scene properties) the images represent. The purpose of these studies is to understand the relationships between the signal characteristics of an image and the fidelity of the visual information the image conveys. The results of these studies provide a new perspective on image quality that shows that images that may be very different in "quality", can be visually equivalent as realistic representations of objects and scenes.
ISO spectroscopy of star formation and active nuclei in the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 6240

We present Infrared Space Observatory mid- and far-infrared spectroscopy of the merging galaxy NGC 6240, an object presenting many aspects of importance for the role of star formation and AGN activity in (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies. The mid-infrared spectrum shows starburst indicators in the form of low excitation fine-structure line emission and aromatic "PAH" features. A strong high excitation (O IV) line is observed which most likely originates in the Narrow Line Region of an optically obscured AGN. NGC 6240 shows extremely powerful emission in the pure rotational lines of molecular hydrogen. We argue that this emission is mainly due to shocks in its turbulent central gas component and its starburst superwind. The total shock cooling in infrared emission lines accounts for0.6% of the bolometric luminosity, mainly through rotational H2 emission and the (O I) 63m line. We analyse several ways of estimating the luminosities of the starburst and the AGN in NGC 6240 and suggest that the contributions to its bolometric luminosity are most likely in the range 50-75% starburst and 25-50% AGN.
Multiple‐Testing Strategy for Analyzing cDNA Array Data on Gene Expression

Summary An objective of many functional genomics studies is to estimate treatment‐induced changes in gene expression. cDNA arrays interrogate each tissue sample for the levels of mRNA for hundreds to tens of thousands of genes, and the use of this technology leads to a multitude of treatment contrasts. By‐gene hypotheses tests evaluate the evidence supporting no effect, but selecting a significance level requires dealing with the multitude of comparisons. The p‐values from these tests order the genes such that a p‐value cutoff divides the genes into two sets. Ideally one set would contain the affected genes and the other would contain the unaffected genes. However, the set of genes selected as affected will have false positives, i.e., genes that are not affected by treatment. Likewise, the other set of genes, selected as unaffected, will contain false negatives, i.e., genes that are affected. A plot of the observed p‐values (1 −p) versus their expectation under a uniform [0, 1] distribution allows one to estimate the number of true null hypotheses. With this estimate, the false positive rates and false negative rates associated with any p‐value cutoff can be estimated. When computed for a range of cutoffs, these rates summarize the ability of the study to resolve effects. In our work, we are more interested in selecting most of the affected genes rather than protecting against a few false positives. An optimum cutoff, i.e., the best set given the data, depends upon the relative cost of falsely classifying a gene as affected versus the cost of falsely classifying a gene as unaffected. We select the cutoff by a decision‐theoretic method analogous to methods developed for receiver operating characteristic curves. In addition, we estimate the false discovery rate and the false nondiscovery rate associated with any cutoff value. Two functional genomics studies that were designed to assess a treatment effect are used to illustrate how the methods allowed the investigators to determine a cutoff to suit their research goals.
Revisiting Code Ownership and Its Relationship with Software Quality in the Scope of Modern Code Review

Code ownership establishes a chain of responsibility for modules in large software systems. Although prior work uncovers a link between code ownership heuristics and software quality, these heuristics rely solely on the authorship of code changes. In addition to authoring code changes, developers also make important contributions to a module by reviewing code changes. Indeed, recent work shows that reviewers are highly active in modern code review processes, often suggesting alternative solutions or providing updates to the code changes. In this paper, we complement traditional code ownership heuristics using code review activity. Through a case study of six releases of the large Qt and OpenStack systems, we find that: (1) 67%-86% of developers did not author any code changes for a module, but still actively contributed by reviewing 21%-39% of the code changes, (2) code ownership heuristics that are aware of reviewing activity share a relationship with software quality, and (3) the proportion of reviewers without expertise shares a strong, increasing relationship with the likelihood of having post-release defects. Our results suggest that reviewing activity captures an important aspect of code ownership, and should be included in approximations of it in future studies.
When Does Bounded-Optimal Metareasoning Favor Few Cognitive Systems?

While optimal metareasoning is notoriously intractable, humans are nonetheless able to adaptively allocate their computational resources. A possible approximation that humans may use to do this is to only metareason over a finite set of cognitive systems that perform variable amounts of computation. The highly influential "dual-process" accounts of human cognition, which postulate the coexistence of a slow accurate system with a fast error-prone system, can be seen as a special case of this approximation. This raises two questions: how many cognitive systems should a bounded optimal agent be equipped with and what characteristics should those systems have? We investigate these questions in two settings: a one-shot decision between two alternatives, and planning under uncertainty in a Markov decision process. We find that the optimal number of systems depends on the variability of the environment and the costliness of metareasoning. Consistent with dual-process theories, we also find that when having two systems is optimal, then the first system is fast but error-prone and the second system is slow but accurate.
Entropy Inference and the James-Stein Estimator, with Application to Nonlinear Gene Association Networks

We present a procedure for effective estimation of entropy and mutual information from small-sample data, and apply it to the problem of inferring high-dimensional gene association networks. Specifically, we develop a James-Stein-type shrinkage estimator, resulting in a procedure that is highly efficient statistically as well as computationally. Despite its simplicity, we show that it outperforms eight other entropy estimation procedures across a diverse range of sampling scenarios and data-generating models, even in cases of severe undersampling. We illustrate the approach by analyzing E. coli gene expression data and computing an entropy-based gene-association network from gene expression data. A computer program is available that implements the proposed shrinkage estimator.
Fungal Malignant Otitis Externa with Facial Nerve Palsy: Tissue Biopsy Aids Diagnosis

Fungal malignant otitis externa (FMOE) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that is challenging to manage. Diagnosis is often delayed due to the low sensitivity of aural swabs and many antifungal drugs have significant side effects. We present a case of FMOE, where formal tissue sampling revealed the diagnosis and the patient was successfully treated with voriconazole, in addition to an up to date review of the current literature. We would recommend tissue biopsy of the external auditory canal in all patients with suspected FMOE in addition to routine microbiology swabs.
Electroencephalogram background activity characterization with Detrended Moving Average in Alzheimer's disease patients

The aim of this study was to analyse the electroencephalogram (EEG) background activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with the Detrended Moving Average (DMA) method, a new approach to quantify correlation properties in non-stationary signals with underlying trends. EEGs were recorded from the 19 scalp loci of the international 10-20 system in 11 AD patients and 11 age-matched controls. Our results showed two scaling regions in all subjects' channels, with a clear bend when their corresponding slopes (a1 and a2) were distinctly different. With the exception of electrode T4, the a1 values were lower in control subjects than in AD patients, with significant differences at T5, P3, P4 and O1 (p < 0.01, Student's t-test). On the other hand, a2 values were higher in control subjects than in AD patients, with significant differences only at F4. Furthermore, we evaluated the ability of a2 to discriminate AD patients from control subjects at these electrodes using ROC plots. We obtained a maximum accuracy of 81.82% at O1 with a1 and at F4 with a2. These findings suggest that the scaling behaviour of the EEG is sensitive to AD and that the DMA method could help to increase our insight into brain dysfunction in AD.
Multicast Performance With Hierarchical Cooperation

It has been shown in a previous version of this paper that hierarchical cooperation achieves a linear throughput scaling for unicast traffic, which is due to the advantage of long-range concurrent transmissions and the technique of distributed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO). In this paper, we investigate the scaling law for multicast traffic with hierarchical cooperation, where each of the <i>n</i> nodes communicates with <i>k</i> randomly chosen destination nodes. Specifically, we propose a new class of scheduling policies for multicast traffic. By utilizing the hierarchical cooperative MIMO transmission, our new policies can obtain an aggregate throughput of Ω(( [( <i>n</i>)/( <i>k</i>)])<sup>1-ε</sup>) for any ε >; 0. This achieves a gain of nearly √{[( <i>n</i>)/( <i>k</i>)]} compared to the noncooperative scheme in Li 's work (Proc. ACM MobiCom, 2007, pp. 266-277). Among all four cooperative strategies proposed in our paper, one is superior in terms of the three performance metrics: throughput, delay, and energy consumption. Two factors contribute to the optimal performance: multihop MIMO transmission and converge-based scheduling. Compared to the single-hop MIMO transmission strategy, the multihop strategy achieves a throughput gain of ( [( <i>n</i>)/( <i>k</i>)])<sup>[(</sup><i>h</i>-1)/( <i>h</i>(2<i>h</i>-1))] and meanwhile reduces the energy consumption by <i>k</i><sup>[( α-2)/ 2]</sup> times approximately, where <i>h</i> >; 1 is the number of the hierarchical layers, and α >; 2 is the path-loss exponent. Moreover, to schedule the traffic with the converge multicast instead of the pure multicast strategy, we can dramatically reduce the delay by a factor of about ( [( <i>n</i>)/( <i>k</i>)])<sup>[(</sup><i>h</i>)/ 2]. Our optimal cooperative strategy achieves an approximate delay-throughput tradeoff <i>D</i>(<i>n</i>,<i>k</i>)/<i>T</i>(<i>n</i>,<i>k</i>)=Θ(<i>k</i>) when <i>h</i>→ ∞. This tradeoff ratio is identical to that of noncooperative scheme, while the throughput is greatly improved.
Heterogeneity of asthma and COPD overlap

Background Asthma and COPD are heterogeneous diseases. Patients with both disease features (asthma–COPD overlap [ACO]) are common. However, clinical characteristics and socio-economic burden of ACO are still controversial. The aim of this study was to identify the heterogeneity of ACO and to find out the subtypes with clinical impact among ACO subtypes. Methods In the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) conducted between 2007 and 2012, subjects who were ≥40 years and had prebronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.7 and FEV1 ≥50% predicted were included. The presence or absence of self-reported wheezing was indicated by W+ or W− and used as an index of airway hyper-responsiveness. S+/S− was defined as subjects who were smokers/never smokers. The subjects were divided into the following four groups: W−S−, W−S+, W+S−, and W+S+. W+S− and W+S+ were asthma-predominant ACO and COPD-predominant ACO, respectively. KNHANES and linked National Health Insurance data were analyzed. Results The asthma-predominant ACO group showed the lowest socioeconomic status, FEV1, FVC% predicted, and quality of life (QoL) levels. The COPD-predominant ACO group showed the highest hospitalization rate, outpatient medical cost, and total and outpatient health care utilization. COPD-predominant ACO was associated with exacerbations compared to the W−S− group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12–2.85; P=0.015) and W−S+ group (OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.43–3.10; P<0.001). COPD-predominant ACO was associated with increased medical cost. Conclusion Asthma-predominant ACO individuals displayed poorer socioeconomic status and QoL compared to the COPD-predominant ACO group. The COPD-predominant ACO group displayed more frequent exacerbations and greater medical costs. Considering the heterogeneity of ACO, it is desirable to identify subtypes of ACO patients and appropriately allocate limited medical resources.
Up-Regulating CXCR3 upon Activation BALB/c Mice Have a Defect in Efficiently -Susceptible Leishmania major T Cells from

Genetic background inﬂuences the outcome of Leishmania major infection. C57BL/6 mice mount a Th1 response and resolve infection. In contrast, BALB/c mice mount a Th2 response and develop chronic lesions. This susceptible phenotype is seen even though BALB/c mice generate IFN- (cid:1) -producing T cells at proportions similar to C57BL/6 mice in their lymph nodes (LN) early after infection. We had previously shown that chemokine receptor CXCR3 mediates immunity against L. major by recruiting IFN- (cid:1) -producing T cells to the lesions of C57BL/6 mice. Therefore, we hypothesized that IFN- (cid:1) -secreting T cells in BALB/c mice are unable to confer protection because they may be defective in up-regulating CXCR3. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed kinetics of CXCR3-expressing T cells in the LN and lesions of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice during L. major infection. Additionally, we compared the ability of T cells from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice to up-regulate CXCR3 upon activation. We found that resolution of L. major infection in C57BL/6 mice was associated with an increase in the proportion of CXCR3 (cid:2) T cells in regional LN and lesions, whereas disease progression in BALB/c mice was associated with a decrease in these populations. Anti-CD3/CD28-activated T cells from naive BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice were defective in up-regulating CXCR3. Impaired induction of CXCR3 on BALB/c T cells was not due to lack of IFN- (cid:1) and was mediated partially by IL-10 but not IL-4 or IL-13. We propose that defective CXCR3 up-regulation on T cells in BALB/c mice may contribute to L. major susceptibility.