Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STATUS OF RESEARCH ON TRADITIONAL FISHERS ’ KNOWLEDGE IN AUSTRALIA AND BRAZIL

This paper examines the status of research on indigenous Australian and Brazilian fishers’ knowledge. In Australia, research involving indigenous ecological knowledge has been done mainly in terrestrial environments. The marine environment has gradually increased its profile and share of this research over the last 15 years, following research and management issues associated with indigenous use of marine resources, particularly in the Torres Strait and Northeast Australia. The development of such research is related to indigenous participation in marine resource management. The focus has been on threatened species – specifically dugong (Dugong dugong, Sirennia) and sea turtles rather than fish – and has now expanded beyond the domain of marine protected areas. Indigenous communities in Australia are increasingly valuing and protecting their knowledge as intellectual property. This involves strict controls of access and use, and adherence to culturally appropriate research ethics and methods. In Brazil, research involving ecological knowledge of artisanal fishers has been done mostly over the past ten years, focusing on marine and freshwater fish. Studies have been completed at the Southeastern and Northeastern coasts, and at the Southeastern and Amazonian rivers. Research findings show that fishers have a nomenclature system for fish species, usually classifying useful species in a detailed way. The classification of fish is influenced by their ecology and behaviour. Fishers apply their ecological knowledge while fishing and this knowledge is consistent with the relevant biological science observations. Despite its potential usefulness, application of this knowledge in a fisheries management context is yet to occur in either country. Environmental and socio-cultural factors threaten the maintenance of this alternate information base, and serve to highlight the need for increased research efforts to record this knowledge and realize its potential contribution to fisheries management.
Nuclear weak-interaction processes in stars

Recent experimental data and progress in nuclear structure modeling have led to improved descriptions of astrophysically important weak-interaction processes. This review discusses these advances and their applications to hydrostatic solar and stellar burning, to the slow and rapid neutron-capture processes, to neutrino nucleosynthesis, and to explosive hydrogen burning. Special emphasis is given to the weak-interaction processes associated with core-collapse supernovae. Despite significant progress, improvements in the modeling of these processes are still warranted and are expected to come from future radioactive ion-beam facilities.
Effectiveness of bevacizumab added to standard chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: final results for first-line treatment from the ITACa randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND We report the results from a first-line phase III randomized clinical trial on metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of adding bevacizumab (B) to standard first-line chemotherapy (CT). PATIENTS AND METHODS mCRC patients were randomized to receive first-line CT (FOLFIRI or FOLFOX4) plus B (arm A) or CT only (arm B). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), response rate (ORR) and safety. Three hundred and fifty patients and 310 events were required to have an 80% statistical power to detect a difference in PFS between the groups. RESULTS Between November 2007 and March 2012, 376 patients were randomized. About 60% of patients received FOLFOX4 and 40% FOLFIRI. After a median follow-up of 36 months, 343 progressions and 275 deaths had been observed in the overall population. The median PFS was 9.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 8.2-10.3] and 8.4 (95% CI 7.2-9.0) months for arms A and B, respectively, with a hazard ratio of 0.86 (95% CI 0.70-1.07; P = 0.182). No statistically significant differences in OS or ORR were observed. B-containing regimens were associated with more frequent hypertension, bleeding, proteinuria and asthenia. CONCLUSIONS The addition of B to standard first-line CT for mCRC did not provide a benefit in terms of PFS, OS or ORR. Further research is warranted to better identify the target population. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT01878422.
Household Saving in Developing Countries: Inequality, Demographics and All that. How Different are Latin America and South East Asia?

East Asia and Latin America have diverged in several dimensions in the past three decades. This paper compares household saving behavior in two countries in each region (Mexico, Peru, Thailand and Taiwan). We make four contributions. First, we provide the first comparisons of savings in these two regions at the micro level using synthetic cohort techniques. Second, rather than focusing only on total household saving, as is common in the literature, we disaggregate the population into education groups to determine whether there are differences in saving behavior along the distribution of income. Third, we construct forecasts of future aggregate household saving rates, based on demographic projections. Fourth, we provide evidence that allows for testing the relevance of the life cycle model for explaining the differences in saving behavior.
The Economic Consequences of Widowhood

We analyzed the economic consequences of a husband’s death using events that occurred between the first two waves of the HRS and AHEAD studies. We compared poverty transitions against published results from Social Security’s Retirement History Survey of the 1970s. Widowhood remains an important risk factor for transition into poverty, although somewhat less so than twenty years ago. Women over age 65 (AHEAD) are less likely to experience severe economic changes than women under age 61 (HRS). Several factors account for the age differences: the declining importance of husband’s earnings with age, the rising importance of Social Security benefits, and the occasionally large out-of-pocket medical expenses associated with husband’s death before Medicare eligibility. The greater economic impact of widowhood at younger ages is consistent with our cross-section evidence that poverty rates rise with duration of widowhood but are only weakly associated with age.
Recent Trends in the Distribution of Income: Labor, Wealth and More Complete Measures of Well Being

>The impact of the great recession on inequality is unclear. Because the crises in the housing and stock markets and mass job loss affect incomes from across the entire distribution, the overall impact on inequality is difficult to determine. Early speculation using a variety of narrow measures of earnings, income and consumption yield contradictory results. In this paper, we develop new estimates of income inequality based on ‘more complete income’ (MCI), which augments standard income measures with those that are accrued from the ownership of wealth. We use the 1989-2007 Surveys of Consumer Finances, and also construct MCI measures for 2009 based on projections of assets, income, and earnings. We investigate the level and trend in MCI inequality and compare it to other estimates of overall and ‘high incomes’ in the literature. Compared to standard measures of income, MCI suggests higher levels of inequality and slightly larger increases in inequality over time. Several MCI-based inequality measures peaked in 2007 at their highest levels in twenty years. The combined impact of the “great recession” on the housing, stock, and labor markets after 2007 has reduced some measures of income inequality at the top of the MCI distribution. Despite declining from the 2007 peak, however, inequality remains as high as levels experienced earlier in the decade, and much higher than most points over the last twenty years. In the middle of the income distribution, the declines in income from wealth after 2007 were the result of diminished value of residential real estate; at the top of the distribution declines in the value of business assets had the greatest impact. We also assess the level and trend in the functional distribution of income between capital and labor, and find a rising share of income accruing to real capital or wealth from 1989 to 2007. The recent economic crisis has diminished the capital share back to levels from 2004. Contrary to the findings of other researchers, we find that the labor share of income among high-income groups declined between 1992 and 2007.
The principal's role in teacher professional learning

Little attention has been paid to understanding the principal's role in teachers' professional learning. This study was conducted to investigate ways in which principals implement state-wide policy on teachers' professional learning at the school level in New South Wales (NSW) public schools. The major question in this study was: What is the principal's role in teacher professional learning and its relationship with the Professional Learning Policy? Three sub questions framed the study were: Firstly, how do principals implement the state-wide policy on teacher professional learning? Secondly, what kinds of capabilities do principals need for the implementation of the Professional Learning Policy at the school level? Thirdly, what constraints do principals face in the implementation of the Professional Learning Policy? The focus of the research was principals, teachers, and all members of the school Professional Learning Teams in three public primary schools, in the Wollongong area of NSW. Case study methodology was applied in investigating the principal's leadership and management approaches, policy requirements, and characteristics of teachers' professional learning. The research utilised a mixed quantitative and qualitative descriptive research design, employing the questionnaire as its primary data-gathering instrument, semi-structured interviews, and document review. An analysis of these data identified areas where the principals implemented Professional Learning Policy in the schools. The findings indicated that both the principals and teachers had welcomed the implementation of the state-wide Professional Learning Policy and even in the initial phases of implementing the policy gave considerable thought to planning and other management practices. The findings also indicate that collaboration between the principal and staff was essential for implementation of the policy. Clearly, the principal as leader of the school Professional Learning Team has the central role in leading and managing teachers' professional learning and the important functions of this role are planning; encouraging teachers to participate; implementation of programs; and evaluation of programs. This study indicates that there are interactive relationships among these roles and that the principal's attention to one role without concern for the others can result in unsuccessful and ineffective professional learning programs. The results of this study provide information on leadership and management practices in teachers' professional learning that can lead to better outcomes for teachers and ultimately the students they teach. Additionally, the author makes recommendations on policy implementation; principal's capabilities; constraints; and further research on teachers' professional learning.
Selective Reduction of Barbituric Acids Using SmI2/H2O: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Structural Analysis of Tetrahedral Adducts

Since the 1864 landmark discovery by Adolf von Baeyer,1 barbituric acids have played a prominent role in medicine and organic synthesis. The barbituric acid scaffold occurs in more than 5000 pharmacologically active compounds, including commonly used anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and anticancer agents (Figure 1 a). 2 Moreover, as an easily accessible feedstock material, it is an extremely useful building block for organic synthesis.3 However, despite the fact that barbiturates have been extensively studied for over a century, the general monoreduction of barbituric acids remains unknown,4 even though it would have considerable potential for the production and discovery of pharmaceuticals, materials, and polymers. Interestingly, the barbiturate monoreduction products would formally constitute a new class of tetrahedral intermediates of amide bond addition reactions, only few of which have been successfully isolated to date because of their transient nature.5
The Core-Periphery Model and Endogenous Growth

This paper presents a model in which long-run growth and industrial location are jointly endogenous. Specifically, it introduces Romer-Grossman-Helpman endogenous growth into Krugman’s core-periphery model with footloose labour. The paper focuses on stability of the symmetric equilibrium, showing that growth is a powerful destabilising force. For instance, even with prohibitive trade barriers, the symmetric equilibrium is unstable as long as workers’ discount rates are not too high. It also shows that inter-regional learning spillovers are a stabilizing force. Finally, the paper shows that agglomeration of industry is favourable to growth in both regions, so positive growth effects might offset the well-known static welfare loss that the periphery experiences when the core-periphery outcome occurs.
An Admissible Macro-Finance Model of the US Treasury Market

This paper develops a macro-finance model of the yield curve and uses this to explain the behavior of the US Treasury market. Unlike previous macro-finance models which assume a homoscedastic error process and suppose that the one-period return is directly observable, I develop a general affine model which relaxes these assumptions. My empirical specification uses a single conditioning factor and is thus the macro-finance analogue of the EA1(N) specification of the mainstream finance literature. This model provides a decisive rejection of the standard EA0(N) macro-finance specification. The resulting specification provides a flexible 10-factor explanation of the behavior of the US yield curve, keying it in to the behavior of the macroeconomy.
Probability Weighting of Rare Events and Currency Returns

We show that the probability weighting of rare events, accounting for investors' attitudes toward extreme downside losses versus upside gains in non-expected utility models, provides a unified explanation for both time-series and cross-sectional variations of currency portfolio returns. We use a simple structural model to show the link between the probability weighting function and pricing kernel, and then estimate them by non-parametric methods using currency options data from 1996 to 2012. The estimates show that a domestic investor over-weights the likelihood of a substantial depreciation or appreciation of foreign currencies, consistent with experimental studies. A global probability weighting measure of left (right) tail events is highly significant in positively (negatively) predicting future currency returns over time series at both individual and portfolios levels. Furthermore, asset pricing tests show that differences in exposure to our global tail weighting measures, of high versus low interest rate currencies and of high versus low past return currencies, can explain the cross-sectional variation in average excess returns across both carry and momentum portfolios. Moreover, our global tail weighting measures remain significant after controlling for existing currency risk factors in the literature, and frequently drive their significance out, in both time-series and cross-sectional return predictability regressions.
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology Open Access the Absorption and Uptake of Recombinant Human Follicle-stimulating Hormone through Vaginal Subcutaneous Injections -a Pharmacokinetic Study

Background: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) has been routinely used for ovulation induction. Because of rapid clearance of the hormone, FSH is commonly administered by daily intramuscular or subcutaneous injections in in-vitro fertilization (IVF). To reduce the number of visits to the clinic, an intermittent vaginal injection of rhFSH every 3 days employing the concepts of mesotherapy and uterine first-pass effect was invented and has successfully been applied in women receiving IVF treatment. This study was designed to monitor the pharmacokinetic pattern of rhFSH administered vaginally.
The Puzzle of the Harmonious Stock Prices

A peculiar pattern is evident across the stock markets of different countries. In emerging markets, such as Peru and China, all the stocks in the country tend to rise and fall together in the course of ordinary trading. But in developed countries, such as Denmark and Canada, stocks move independently. What seems to determine how independently a countryâ€™s stock prices move is not the size of its market, the diversification of its economy, the stability of its macroeconomic policy or factors relating to the behaviour of individual firms. Rather, stock prices move more independently in countries that are less corrupt.
Option Pricing in Jump Diffusions: A New Integral-Based Framework for European and American Options

This paper deals with the valuation of European and American put options in jump diffusion models. A new integral transform framework for solving the partial integro-differential equation (PIDE) inherent in pricing problems is proposed. In the case of European options the solution is a single integral expression independent of the distribution of the jump size. We also derive analytical expressions for the Greeks. In the case of American options, we shall characterize the general solution of the inhomogeneous PIDE. Due to the discontinuous nature of the paths of the underlying asset, the structure of the solution significantly differs from the pure diffusion setup. A formula for the limiting behavior of the early exercise boundary at expiry is also presented. As an explicit example we choose Merton's log-normal model for the distribution of the jump size and derive pricing formulae for European and American put options on a dividend paying underlying.
A Comparison of the Sensitivity and Fecal Egg Counts of the McMaster Egg Counting and Kato-Katz Thick Smear Methods for Soil-Transmitted Helminths

Background The Kato-Katz thick smear (Kato-Katz) is the diagnostic method recommended for monitoring large-scale treatment programs implemented for the control of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in public health, yet it is difficult to standardize. A promising alternative is the McMaster egg counting method (McMaster), commonly used in veterinary parasitology, but rarely so for the detection of STH in human stool. Methodology/Principal Findings The Kato-Katz and McMaster methods were compared for the detection of STH in 1,543 subjects resident in five countries across Africa, Asia and South America. The consistency of the performance of both methods in different trials, the validity of the fixed multiplication factor employed in the Kato-Katz method and the accuracy of these methods for estimating ‘true’ drug efficacies were assessed. The Kato-Katz method detected significantly more Ascaris lumbricoides infections (88.1% vs. 75.6%, p<0.001), whereas the difference in sensitivity between the two methods was non-significant for hookworm (78.3% vs. 72.4%) and Trichuris trichiura (82.6% vs. 80.3%). The sensitivity of the methods varied significantly across trials and magnitude of fecal egg counts (FEC). Quantitative comparison revealed a significant correlation (Rs >0.32) in FEC between both methods, and indicated no significant difference in FEC, except for A. lumbricoides, where the Kato-Katz resulted in significantly higher FEC (14,197 eggs per gram of stool (EPG) vs. 5,982 EPG). For the Kato-Katz, the fixed multiplication factor resulted in significantly higher FEC than the multiplication factor adjusted for mass of feces examined for A. lumbricoides (16,538 EPG vs. 15,396 EPG) and T. trichiura (1,490 EPG vs. 1,363 EPG), but not for hookworm. The McMaster provided more accurate efficacy results (absolute difference to ‘true’ drug efficacy: 1.7% vs. 4.5%). Conclusions/Significance The McMaster is an alternative method for monitoring large-scale treatment programs. It is a robust (accurate multiplication factor) and accurate (reliable efficacy results) method, which can be easily standardized.
Testing Multiple Coordination Constraints with a Novel Bimanual Visuomotor Task

The acquisition of a new bimanual skill depends on several motor coordination constraints. To date, coordination constraints have often been tested relatively independently of one another, particularly with respect to isofrequency and multifrequency rhythms. Here, we used a new paradigm to test the interaction of multiple coordination constraints. Coordination constraints that were tested included temporal complexity, directionality, muscle grouping, and hand dominance. Twenty-two healthy young adults performed a bimanual dial rotation task that required left and right hand coordination to track a moving target on a computer monitor. Two groups were compared, either with or without four days of practice with augmented visual feedback. Four directional patterns were tested such that both hands moved either rightward (clockwise), leftward (counterclockwise), inward or outward relative to each other. Seven frequency ratios (3∶1, 2∶1, 3∶2, 1∶1, 2∶3. 1∶2, 1∶3) between the left and right hand were introduced. As expected, isofrequency patterns (1∶1) were performed more successfully than multifrequency patterns (non 1∶1). In addition, performance was more accurate when participants were required to move faster with the dominant right hand (1∶3, 1∶2 and 2∶3) than with the non-dominant left hand (3∶1, 2∶1, 3∶2). Interestingly, performance deteriorated as the relative angular velocity between the two hands increased, regardless of whether the required frequency ratio was an integer or non-integer. This contrasted with previous finger tapping research where the integer ratios generally led to less error than the non-integer ratios. We suggest that this is due to the different movement topologies that are required of each paradigm. Overall, we found that this visuomotor task was useful for testing the interaction of multiple coordination constraints as well as the release from these constraints with practice in the presence of augmented visual feedback.
Multicultural education in a pluralistic society

Chapter 1 Foundations of Multicultural Education Diversity in the Classroom Mutlicultural Education Culture Cultural Identity Pluralism in Society Equality and Social Justice in a Democracy Chapter 2 Ethnicity and Race Ethnic and Racial Diversity Civil Rights Ethnicity Race Racism Chapter 3 Class and Socioeconomic Status Class Structure Socioeconomic Status Class Differences Interaction of Class with Race and Ethnicity, Gender, and Age Chapter 4 Gender and Sexual Orientation Male and Female Differences Gender Identity Sexual Orientation The Women's Movement Sexism and Gender Discrimination Chapter 5 Exceptionality Students with Disabilities and Those Who Are Gifted and Talented Litigation Legislation Exceptional Individuals and Society Disproportionate Placement in Special Education California Proposition 227 and Special Education Chapter 6 Language Language and Culture The Nature of Language Language Differences Nonverbal Communication Chapter 7 Religion Religion and Culture Religion as a Way of Life Religious Pluralism in the United States Interaction of Religion with Gender, Homosexuality, and Race Individual Religious Identity Chapter 8 Geography Geography and Culture Regional Diversity in the United States Rural, Urban, and Suburban Areas Migration Globalization Chapter 9 Age Age and Culture Childhood Adolescence Young Adulthood