Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The athlete biological passport: an effective tool in the fight against doping.

Athletes dope to trigger physiological changes that provide advantages in competition. Doping leaves a biological fingerprint in the athlete's body. The Athlete Biological Passport (ABP)3 is the paradigm in testing that aims to detect this biological fingerprint (1, 2). Biomarkers of doping measured or inferred from blood and urine samples are used for that purpose, in the same way that biomarkers of disease are used in medicine as indicators of the presence or severity of a disease. Although both types of biomarkers aim to distinguish a biological fingerprint induced by a specific cause from the usual biological profile expected for a natural physiological condition, biomarkers of doping are collated and evaluated according to standards specific to forensic sciences. Several aspects of the ABP have been developed and validated in recent years. They include strict protocols for the collection, transport, and analysis of samples; a scrupulous chain of custody; an adaptive Bayesian method to evaluate longitudinal biological profiles; and application of forensic standards for the evaluation of doping evidence—with the anonymity of the athlete guaranteed at all steps of the process. The blood passport aims to detect any modification of erythropoiesis, whether by blood transfusion or the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, such as recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) (1, 3). The ABP can be used for intelligence, for sanctioning, for health protection, and, in turn, for deterrence. It can be used for intelligence because antidoping organizations (ADOs) can use data from the passport to define suspicious biological profiles and identify athletes who have them. It can be used for sanctioning because the weight of ABP evidence can be sufficiently high in some cases to prove beyond reasonable doubt that an athlete doped. The ABP can be used for health protection because it provides a direct view of the impact …
Disentangling Attention for Frequency and Phonological Markedness in 9- and 12-Month-Old Infants

ABSTRACT Infants are thought to be sensitive to frequency in the input as a cue for phonological development. However, linguistic biases such as phonological markedness have been argued to play a role too. Since frequency and markedness are correlated, the two assertions could be different interpretations of data that confound frequency and markedness. In this study we disentangle the two, by testing infants’ preferences for syllables contrasting in frequency, balanced for markedness, and for syllables contrasting in markedness, balanced for frequency. We expected a developmental change from frequency-independent to frequency-dependent sensitivity. In addition, we expected an early preference for unmarked structure and a later preference for marked structures, as previously found in child language productions. We find that 9-month-olds prefer phonologically unmarked homorganic patterns, independent of frequency, whereas 12-month-olds prefer marked heterorganic patterns. In contrast to what we expected, only a weak effect for frequency is found and no developmental change.
Increased Vascular Resistance in Paralyzed Legs after Spinal Cord Injury Is Reversible By Training.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a spinal cord injury (SCI) on resting vascular resistance in paralyzed legs in humans. To accomplish this goal, we measured blood pressure and resting flow above and below the lesion (by using venous occlusion plethysmography) in 11 patients with SCI and in 10 healthy controls (C). Relative vascular resistance was calculated as mean arterial pressure in millimeters of mercury divided by the arterial blood flow in milliliters per minute per 100 milliliters of tissue. Arterial blood flow in the sympathetically deprived and paralyzed legs of SCI was significantly lower than leg blood flow in C. Because mean arterial pressure showed no differences between both groups, leg vascular resistance in SCI was significantly higher than in C. Within the SCI group, arterial blood flow was significantly higher and vascular resistance significantly lower in the arms than in the legs. To distinguish between the effect of loss of central neural control vs. deconditioning, a group of nine SCI patients was trained for 6 wk and showed a 30% increase in leg blood flow with unchanged blood pressure levels, indicating a marked reduction in vascular resistance. In conclusion, vascular resistance is increased in the paralyzed legs of individuals with SCI and is reversible by training.
Views of individuals with gender dysphoria and disorders of sex development on sexism: An Iranian study

ABSTRACT Background: Ambivalent sexist attitudes have been previously measured regarding several factors such as sex, race and religion. Aims: In this study, we evaluated the ambivalent sexism among Iranian individuals with gender dysphoria with or without disorders of sex development (DSD). Methods: Attitudes towards gender stereotypes were investigated using Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) among three groups of participants with varying psychosexual outcome. These groups were transpeople (N = 152, M = 25.44, SD = 6.52), people with DSD (N = 40, M = 21.2, SD = 2.24) and cisgender people (N = 195, M = 25.9, SD = 5.59). Results: Significant differences in both types of sexism, benevolent (F (2,383) = 134.217, p < . 001) and hostile (F (2,383) = 93.765, p < . 001), were found between transpeople, participants with DSD and controls. While scores of transpeople and people with DSD were not significantly different from each other (p = 0.191, Cohen's d = 0.38), both groups were significantly more sexist than controls on hostile sexism (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.4 and 1.1). In benevolent sexism, there were significant differences between the scores of the trans, DSD and control groups, with individuals with DSD being most sexist followed by transgender people (p < 0.001) and controls showing the least degree of sexism (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Using the Gender Self-Socialization Model (GSSM), we propose that increased scores of ASI among individuals whose gender identity is incongruent with all or some of their physical features are attempts to attain gender typicality. This may lead to a higher degree of sexist beliefs than when all sex and gender characteristics are congruent.
Novel self-sensing actuated joint for robotic hands

This work presents the first steps towards the development of an anthropomorphic and dexterous hand with adjustable compliance. In this article, we primarily focus on the mechatronic design, modeling and testing of a novel self-sensing actuated joint. Self-sensing characteristic is achieved by specific design of highly back-driveable and efficient actuators based on a DC motor and a ball-screw, together with a novel flexible pivot providing a frictionless, backlash-free mechanical structure. Thus, forces applied to the finger produce an accurate image on the motor current which can be measured. Based on this feature, external forces applied to the finger can be estimated from the motor current measurement. Overall, this mechatronic design contributes to the improvement of manipulation skills of robotic hands, thanks to the combination of high performance mechanics, high sensitivity to external forces and compliance control capability.
On the Alternative Relaying Diamond Channel with Conferencing Links

In this paper, the diamond relay channel is considered, which consists of one source-destination pair and two relay nodes connected with rate-limited out-of-band conferencing links. In particular, we focus on the half-duplex alternative relaying strategy, in which the two relays operate alternatively over time. With different amounts of delay, two conferencing strategies are proposed, each of which can be implemented by either a general two-side conferencing scheme (for which both of the two conferencing links are used) or a special-case one-side conferencing scheme (for which only one of the two conferencing links is used). Based on the most general two-side conferencing scheme, we derive the achievable rates by using the decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying schemes, and show that these rate maximization problems are convex. By further exploiting the properties of the optimal solutions, the simpler one-side conferencing is shown to be equally good as the two-side conferencing in term of the achievable rates under arbitrary channel conditions. Based on this, the DF rate in closed-form is obtained, and the principle to use which one of the two conferencing links for one-side conferencing is also established. Moreover, the DF scheme is shown to be capacity-achieving under certain conditions with even one-side conferencing. For the AF relaying scheme, one-side conferencing is shown to be sub-optimal in general. Finally, numerical results are provided to validate our analysis.
Transcriptome Sequencing of Diverse Peanut (Arachis) Wild Species and the Cultivated Species Reveals a Wealth of Untapped Genetic Variability

To test the hypothesis that the cultivated peanut species possesses almost no molecular variability, we sequenced a diverse panel of 22 Arachis accessions representing Arachis hypogaea botanical classes, A-, B-, and K- genome diploids, a synthetic amphidiploid, and a tetraploid wild species. RNASeq was performed on pools of three tissues, and de novo assembly was performed. Realignment of individual accession reads to transcripts of the cultivar OLin identified 306,820 biallelic SNPs. Among 10 naturally occurring tetraploid accessions, 40,382 unique homozygous SNPs were identified in 14,719 contigs. In eight diploid accessions, 291,115 unique SNPs were identified in 26,320 contigs. The average SNP rate among the 10 cultivated tetraploids was 0.5, and among eight diploids was 9.2 per 1000 bp. Diversity analysis indicated grouping of diploids according to genome classification, and cultivated tetraploids by subspecies. Cluster analysis of variants indicated that sequences of B genome species were the most similar to the tetraploids, and the next closest diploid accession belonged to the A genome species. A subset of 66 SNPs selected from the dataset was validated; of 782 SNP calls, 636 (81.32%) were confirmed using an allele-specific discrimination assay. We conclude that substantial genetic variability exists among wild species. Additionally, significant but lesser variability at the molecular level occurs among accessions of the cultivated species. This survey is the first to report significant SNP level diversity among transcripts, and may explain some of the phenotypic differences observed in germplasm surveys. Understanding SNP variants in the Arachis accessions will benefit in developing markers for selection.
Hydrophobic interaction between contiguous residues in the S6 transmembrane segment acts as a stimuli integration node in the BK channel

Phenylalanine 380 and leucine 377 in the BK channel S6 transmembrane helix of contiguous subunits participate in a hydrophobic interaction in both the closed and open state; this interaction is important in the allosteric coupling between the Ca2+ and voltage sensors and pore domain.
Classical and quantum representation theory

These notes present an introduction to an analytic version of deformation quantization. The central point is to study algebras of physical observables and their irreducible representations. In classical mechanics one deals with real Poisson algebras, whereas in quantum mechanics the observables have the structure of a real non-associative Jordan-Lie algebra. The non-associativity is proportional to $\pl^2$, hence for $\pl\raw 0$ one recovers a real Poisson algebra. This observation lies at the basis of `strict' deformation quantization, where one deforms a given Poisson algebra into a $C^*$-algebra, in such a way that the basic algebraic structures are preserved. Our main interest lies in degenerate Poisson algebras and their quantization by non-simple Jordan-Lie algebras. The traditional symplectic manifolds of classical mechanics, and their quantum counterparts (Hilbert spaces and operator algebras which act irreducibly) emerge from a generalized representation theory. This two-step procedure sheds considerable light on the subject. We discuss a large class of examples, in which the Poisson algebra canonically associated to an (integrable) Lie algebroid is deformed into the Jordan-Lie algebra of the corresponding Lie groupoid. A special case of this construction, which involves the gauge groupoid of a principal fibre bundle, describes the classical and quantum mechanics of a particle moving in an external gravitational and Yang-Mills field.
The Influence of Negative Symptoms on the Social Function of People with Schizophrenia in the Community

Abstract: The most People with Schizophrenia (PwS) experience a decline in social function caused by various factors. Clinical symptoms of PwS affect the social function of PwS, especially negative symptoms. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of negative symptoms on the social function of people with schizophrenia in the community. This is a cross-sectional study. Subjects of the study were people with schizophrenia aged 18-56 years who will follow Community-Based Rehabilitation activities in 10 areas of puskesmas in Yogyakarta Special Region. The study was conducted in February 2017. The social function and negative symptoms of PwS were measured using a validated measuring instrument. Hypothesis test using Anova test. The subjects of the study were obtained by purposive sampling technique of 100 PwS that fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects with a PSP score of 0-30 (poor: someone who intensively needs care and social support) of 8 people (8%) had negative PANSS score of 28.50 ± 6.78. Subjects with a score of 31-70 (moderate: someone who occasionally needs care and social support) of 57 people (57%) had negative PANSS of 20.65 ± 8.18. Subjects with a score of 71-100 (mild: someone with mild disturbance, but able to perform individual functions) of 35 subjects (35%) had negative PANSS score of 12.49 ± 5.98. PwS which has a negative value of PANSS is greater, has a worse social function. The results showed that the negative symptoms had an effect on the social function of people with schizophrenia which was statistically significant (p <0.05). Negative symptoms affect the social function of PwS. PwS that has a high negative symptom score, has a worse social function. Keywords: social function, schizophrenia, negative symptoms
Techniques for early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review

Background and objectives The diagnosis of early oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is of paramount clinical importance given the mortality rate of late stage disease. The aim of this study is to review the literature to assess the current situation and progress in this area. Material and Methods A search in Cochrane and PubMed (January 2006 to December 2013) has been used with the key words “squamous cell carcinoma”, “early diagnosis” “oral cavity”, “Potentially Malignant Disorders” y “premalignant lesions”. The inclusion criteria were the use of techniques for early diagnosis of OSCC and OPMD, 7 years aged articles and publications written in English, French or Spanish. The exclusion criteria were case reports and studies in other languages. Results Out of the 89 studies obtained initially from the search 60 articles were selected to be included in the systematic review: 1 metaanalysis, 17 systematic reviews, 35 prospective studies, 5 retrospective studies, 1 consensus and 1 semi-structured interviews. Conclusions The best diagnostic technique is that which we have sufficient experience and training. Definitely tissue biopsy and histopathological examination should remain the gold standard for oral cancer diagnose. In this systematic review it has not been found sufficient scientific evidence on the majority of proposed techniques for early diagnosis of OSCC, therefore more extensive and exhaustive studies are needed. Key words: Squamous cell carcinoma, early diagnosis, oral cavity, potentially malignant disorders, premalignant lesions.
Normalization of time-derivative parameters using histogram equalization

In this paper we describe a new framework of feature compensation for robust speech recognition. We introduce Delta-Cepstrum Normalization (DCN) that normalizes not only cepstral coefficients, but also their time-derivatives. In previous work, the mean and the variance of cepstral coefficients are normalized to reduce the irrelevant information, but such a normalization was not applied to time-derivative parameters because the reduction of the irrelevant information was not enough. However, Histogram Equalization provides better compensation and can be applied even to delta and delta-delta cepstra. We investigate various implementation of DCN, and show that we can achieve the best performance when the normalization of the cepstra and delta cepstra can be mutually interdependent. We evaluate the performance of DCN using speech data recorded by a PDA. DCN provides significant improvements compared to HEQ. We also examine the possibility of combining Vector Taylor Series (VTS) and DCN. Even though some combinations do not improve the performance of VTS, it is shown that the best combination gives better performance than VTS alone. Finally, the advantages of DCN in terms of the computation speed are also discussed.
Deep Level Lexical Features for Cross-lingual Authorship Attribution

Crosslingual document classiﬁcation aims to classify documents written in diﬀerent languages that share a common genre, topic or author. Knowledge-based methods and others based on machine translation deliver state-of-the-art classiﬁcation accuracy, however because of their reliance on external resources, poorly resourced languages present a challenge for these type of methods. In this paper, we propose a novel set of language independent features that capture language use from a document at a deep level, using features that are intrinsic to the document. These features are based on vocabulary richness measurements and are text length independent and self-contained, meaning that no external resources such as lexicons or machine translation software are needed. Preliminary evaluation results show promising results for the task of crosslingual authorship attribution, outperforming similar methods.
Spectra from a Magnetic Reconnection-heated Corona in Active Galactic Nuclei

We investigate a corona coupled with an underlying disk through the magnetic field and radiation field and present emergent spectra. As a result of buoyancy, the magnetic flux loop emerges from the disk and reconnects with other loops in the corona, thereby releasing the magnetic energy to heat the coronal plasma. The energy is then radiated away through Compton scattering. By studying the energy balance in the corona, transition layer, and disk, we determine the fraction (f) of accretion energy dissipated in the corona for a given black hole mass and accretion rate, and then we determine the coronal and disk variables. This allows us to calculate emergent spectra through Monte Carlo simulations. The spectra are then determined as functions of black hole mass and accretion rate. We find two types of solutions corresponding to hard spectrum and soft spectrum. In the hard-spectrum solution, the accretion energy is dominantly dissipated in the corona, supporting a strong corona above a cool disk. The hard X-ray spectral indices are the same for different accretion rates, i.e., α ~ 1.1 (Fν ∝ ν-α). In the soft-spectrum solution, the accretion energy is mainly dissipated in the disk. The coronal temperature and density are quite low. Consequently, the spectra are dominated by the disk radiation peaked in UV and soft X-rays. For low-luminosity systems (L ≲ 0.2LEdd) there exists only the solution of hard spectra, while for high-luminosity systems (L ≳ 0.8LEdd) there exist solutions of both hard and soft spectra. For moderate-luminosity systems (0.2LEdd ≲ L ≲ 0.8LEdd), besides the hard spectra, moderately soft spectra composed of an inner soft-spectrum solution and an outer hard-spectrum solution may occur, the softness of which increases with increasing luminosity. The hard spectra are close to the observed spectra in Seyfert galaxies and radio-quiet QSOs. The composite spectra may account for the diversity of broadband spectra observed in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies.
Towards robust image registration for underwater visual SLAM

This paper proposes a simple and practical approach to perform underwater visual SLAM. The proposal improves the traditional EKF-SLAM by adopting a Trajectory-based schema that reduces the computational requirements. Linearization errors are also reduced by means of an IEKF. One of the most important parts of the proposed SLAM approach is robust image registration, which is used in the data association step making it possible to close loops reliably. Thanks to that, as shown in the experiments, the presented approach provides accurate pose estimates using both a simulated robot and a real one.
Photoperiod Affects the Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone Neuronal System of Male Prairie Voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

In order to maximize survival, animals inhabiting temperate and boreal latitudes exhibit numerous adaptations to changing seasons. Central among this suite of coping strategies is the cessation of breeding during the suboptimal conditions of winter. Many nontropical rodents inhibit reproduction well in advance of winter in response to short day lengths. Male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are small temperate-zone rodents that vary in their reproductive response to photoperiod. Some male voles undergo complete gonadal regression during short days (responders) while others fail to inhibit reproduction when exposed to short day lengths (nonresponders). The neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating this differential response to photoperiod have not been investigated in this species. Presumably, photoperiod can act at any or all levels of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis to regulate reproduction. The present study sought to determine the contribution of the GnRH system to this variable reproductive response to photoperiod. Male prairie voles were housed in either long or short day lengths for 10 weeks. As shown with immunohistochemistry, voles that underwent gonadal regression in response to short photoperiods exhibited increased GnRH neuron numbers in the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH) relative to both long-day animals and short-day voles that maintained reproductive function. Mean optical density of staining and cell size did not differ among groups. These data suggest that the differential reproductive response to photoperiod in male voles is mediated, in part, by alterations in the GnRH neuronal system.