Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A REVIEW ON DAIRY CATTLE IMPROVEMENT PRACTICES BASED ON CONFORMATION TRAITS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

This paper was aimed to review and indicate the Eth iopian dairy cattle improvement activities including the practices made by develope d countries. Hence the production and reproductive performances, the traditional replacement selection practices of farmers and the gaps already exists between Ethiopia and other developed countries in u sing conformation traits as an improvement tool are indicated in detail. There is no as such satisf actory indigenous dairy cattle production and reproductive performances. This is implication for which the previous indigenous dairy cattle improvement activities were not successful. Unlike developed countries, Ethiopia has no any sort of recording habits and systems for dairy production. That is the reason why dairy improvement is not effective as other countries. Even though, conforma tion traits have known to be essential for dairy he rd improvement, there are no any established correlati ons and patterns between conformation traits and production potentials for indigenous dairy cattle. In developed countries conformation traits are objectively evaluated its genetic and phenotypic co rrelation with milk production and being act as improvement engines. Therefore, in Ethiopia, there is a need to measure conformation traits which is being used as a selection criterion by farmers and would be evaluated and used for indigenous dairy
Improving Academic Performance Prediction by Dealing with Class Imbalance

This paper introduces and compares some techniques used to predict the student performance at the university. Recently, researchers have focused on applying machine learning in higher education to support both the students and the instructors getting better in their performances. Some previous papers have introduced this problem but the prediction results were unsatisfactory because of the class imbalance problem, which causes the degradation of the classifiers. The purpose of this paper is to tackle the class imbalance for improving the prediction/classification results by over-sampling techniques as well as using cost-sensitive learning (CSL). The paper shows that the results have been improved when comparing with only using baseline classifiers such as Decision Tree (DT), Bayesian Networks (BN), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) to the original datasets.
On the Stability of the Melt Jet Stream during Casting of Metallic Glass Wires

The factors that affect the stability of the melt stream during the casting of wire directly from the melt have been investigated. It is shown that the criticality of process parameters centres mostly on the forces imposed on the melt stream at confluence with the cooling water. The analysis of these forces indicated that the shear component of the disturbance is dependent on the ratio of the velocity of the melt stream (vm) to that of the cooling water (vw) in accord with results obtained from previous experiments. The role of oxide-forming elements in widening the process parameters range is attributed to the increased stability of the melt stream due to the additional shear force resistance offered by the solid oxide layer. The roles of Cr and Si oxides in stabilising the melt stream are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of wire indicating the presence of these oxides on fresh as-cast wires. Melt superheat and nozzle clearance distance are not strictly stream stability factors, but rather their role in glass formation prescribes optimal limits for fully amorphous wire.
Life history theory and the immune system: steps toward a human ecological immunology.

Within anthropology and human biology, there is growing interest in immune function and its importance to the ecology of human health and development. Biomedical research currently dominates our understanding of immunology, and this paper seeks to highlight the potential contribution of a population-based, ecological approach to the study of human immune function. Concepts from life-history theory are applied to highlight the major challenges and demands that are likely to shape immune function in a range of ecological contexts. Immune function is a major component of maintenance effort, and since resources are limited, trade-offs are expected between investment in maintenance and other critical life-history functions involving growth and reproduction. An adaptationist, life-history perspective helps make sense of the unusual developmental trajectory of immune tissues, and emphasizes that this complex system is designed to incorporate information from the surrounding ecology to guide its development. As a result, there is substantial population variation in immune development and function that is not considered by current biomedical approaches. In an attempt to construct a framework for understanding this variation, immune development is considered in relation to the competing life-history demands that define gestation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Each life stage poses a unique set of adaptive challenges, and a series of hypotheses is proposed regarding their implications for immune development and function. Research in human ecological immunology is in its earliest stages, but this is a promising area of exploration, and one in which anthropology is well-positioned to make important contributions.
Learning multi-time delay gene network using Bayesian network framework

Exact determination of gene network is required to discover the higher-order structures of an organism and to interpret its behavior. Most research work in learning gene networks either assumes that there is no time delay in gene expression or that there is a constant time delay. The paper shows how Bayesian networks can be applied to represent multitime delay relationships as well as directed loops. The intractability of the network learning algorithm is handled by using an improved mutual information criteria. Also, a new structure learning algorithm, "learning by modification", is proposed to learn the sparse structure of a gene network. The experimental results on synthetic data and real data show that our method is more accurate in determining the gene structure as compared to the traditional methods. Even for transcriptional loops spanning over the whole cell, our algorithm can detect them.
Compressible Flows with a Density-Dependent Viscosity Coefficient

We prove the global existence of weak solutions for the 2-D compressible Navier-Stokes equations with a density-dependent viscosity coefficient ($\lambda=\lambda(\rho)$). Initial data and solutions are small in energy-norm with nonnegative densities having arbitrarily large sup-norm. Then, we show that if there is a vacuum domain at the initial time, then the vacuum domain will retain for all time, and vanishes as time goes to infinity. At last, we show that the condition of $\mu=$constant will induce a singularity of the system at vacuum. Thus, the viscosity coefficient $\mu$ plays a key role in the Navier-Stokes equations.
An Agent-Based Model Studying the Acquisition of a Language System of Logical Constructions

This paper presents an agent-based model that studies the emergence and evolution of a language system of logical constructions, i.e. a vocabulary and a set of grammatical constructions that allow the expression of logical combinations of categories. The model assumes the agents have a common vocabulary for basic categories, the ability to construct logical combinations of categories using Boolean functions, and some general purpose cognitive capacities for invention, adoption, induction and adaptation. But it does not assume the agents have a vocabulary for Boolean functions nor grammatical constructions for expressing such logical combinations of categories through language. The results of the experiments we have performed show that a language system of logical constructions emerges as a result of a process of self-organisation of the individual agents' interactions when these agents adapt their preferences for vocabulary and grammatical constructions to those they observe are used more often by the rest of the population, and that such a language system is transmitted from one generation to the next.
Journal of Financial and Strategic Decisions Volume 12 Number 1 Spring 1999 53 INSTITUTIONAL SHAREHOLDERS AND DIVIDENDS

The agency-cost-based hypothesis predicts that dividend payout is inversely related to the degree of institutional ownership. By contrast, under the tax-based hypothesis, dividend payout is predicted to be positively associated with institutional ownership. Using the Tobit analysis, we examine the relationship between institutional ownership and corporate dividend policy. Results show that dividend payout is positively related to institutional ownership, thus supporting the tax-based hypothesis. This result suggests a certain type of “dividend clientele,” that is, institutions’ preference for dividends.
Why We Eat What We Eat

The quest for food has shaped the development of our society. The search for sustenance has influenced population growth and urban expansion, has dictated economic and political theory, and has inspired wars. Food and the science of food touch our lives in numerous ways. Many religions follow strict dietary laws. Some of the earliest observations in the world of chemistry came from the preparation and cooking of food. Food has influenced technology, too. The water wheel, developed for the milling of grain, became a primary tool during the Industrial Revolution. Even class distinctions in some societies are determined by what foods are put on the table.
CCL2 Released from Neuronal Synaptic Vesicles in the Spinal Cord Is a Major Mediator of Local Inflammation and Pain after Peripheral Nerve Injury

CCL2 chemokine and its receptor CCR2 may contribute to neuropathic pain development. We tested the hypothesis that injury to peripheral nerves triggers CCL2 release from afferents in the dorsal horn spinal cord (DHSC), leading to pronociceptive effects, involving the production of proinflammatory factors, in particular. Consistent with the release of CCL2 from primary afferents, electron microscopy showed the CCL2 immunoreactivity in glomerular boutons and secretory vesicles in the DHSC of naive rats. Through the ex vivo superfusion of DHSC slices, we demonstrated that the rate of CCL2 secretion was much lower in neonatal capsaicin-treated rats than in controls. Thus, much of the CCL2 released in the DHSC originates from nociceptive fibers bearing TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1). In contrast, high levels of CCL2 released from the DHSC were observed in neuropathic pain animal model induced by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve (SN-CCI). The upregulated expression of proinflammatory markers and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway activation (ERK1/2 phosphorylation) in the DHSC of SN-CCI animals were reversed by intrathecal administration of the CCR2 antagonist INCB3344 (N-[2-[[(3S,4S)-1-E4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl]-4-ethoxy-3-pyrrolidinyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide). These pathological pain-associated changes in the DHSC were mimicked by the intrathecal injection of exogenous CCL2 in naive rats and were prevented by the administration of INCB3344 or ERK inhibitor (PD98059). Finally, mechanical allodynia, which was fully developed 2 weeks after SN-CCI in rats, was attenuated by the intrathecal injection of INCB3344. Our data demonstrate that CCL2 has the typical characteristics of a neuronal mediator involved in nociceptive signal processing and that antagonists of its receptor are promising agents from treating neuropathic pain.
Involvement of Akt-1 and mTOR in Sensitivity of Breast Cancer to Targeted Therapy

Elucidating the response of breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic and hormonal based drugs is clearly important as these are frequently used therapeutic approaches. A signaling pathway often involved in chemo- and hormonal-resistance is the Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascade. In the studies presented in this report, we have examined the effects of constitutive activation of Akt on the sensitivity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic- and hormonal-based drugs as well as mTOR inhibitors. MCF-7 cells which expressed a constitutively-activated Akt-1 gene [ΔAkt-1(CA)] were more resistant to doxorubicin, etoposide and 4-OH-tamoxifen (4HT) than cells lacking ΔAkt-1(CA). Cells which expressed ΔAkt-1(CA) were hypersensitive to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Furthermore, rapamycin lowered the IC50s for doxorubicin, etoposide and 4HT in the cells which expressed ΔAkt-1(CA), demonstrating a potential improved method for treating certain breast cancers which have deregulated PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling. Understanding how breast cancers respond to chemo- and hormonal-based therapies and the mechanisms by which they can become drug resistant may enhance our ability to treat breast cancer. These results also document the potential importance of knowledge of the mutations present in certain cancers which may permit more effective therapies.
A combinatory approach to affective and cognitive dimensions of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of salespeople

Salesperson motivation is one of the key themes in sales management research and practice. Traditionally, it has been predominantly linked to financial incentives and pay packages assuming that extrinsic motivation is a prime driver of sales performance.However, later studies have demonstrated the crucial importance of intrinsic motivation in influencing salesperson job outcomes, although there is a number of inconsistencies and ambiguity within the research domain. The growing evidence that both types of motivation contribute to employee performance increasingly suggest that concentrating on one single type of motivation may be much less effective than utilizing a more balanced approach. Specifically, by combining intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Research in psychology suggests that certain orientations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can co-exist and in combination enhance work outcomes.This study contributes to the knowledge on salesperson motivation in the following ways. First, by providing a comprehensive systematic review on how motivation is defined, major theories underpinning motivation, how motivation has historically been measured, and key methodologies employed over time. Second, by investigating how the combinations of cognitive and affective orientations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation affect salesperson performance and work engagement. Third, by examining the effect of formal and informal sales force control systems onto the motivational orientations.Data in this study is collected from a cross-sectional sample of B2B salespeople. Findings from the main study using polynomial regression with response surface analysis reveal that salesperson intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations can co-exist, and have a positive combined effect on performance and work engagement. Findings from the third study utilising multiple regression analysis shed the light on the importance of informal control systems (e.g. cultural control) in influencing salesperson motivation.The study also offers vital managerial recommendations and propose some avenues for future research in the area of salesperson motivation.
ZD6474, a Potent Inhibitor of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling, Combined With Radiotherapy

Purpose: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis and acts as a radiation survival factor for endothelial cells. ZD6474 (N-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-6-methoxy-7-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methoxy]quinazolin-4-amine) is a potent VEGF receptor 2 (KDR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that has additional activity versus the epidermal growth factor receptor. This study was designed to determine the efficacy of combining ZD6474 and radiotherapy in vivo. Experimental Design: The Calu-6 (non–small-cell lung cancer) tumor model was selected because it was found to be unresponsive to treatment with a selective epidermal growth factor receptor TKI but responds significantly to treatment with selective VEGF receptor TKIs. Tumor-bearing mice received either vehicle or ZD6474 (50 mg/kg, by mouth, once daily) for the duration of the experiment, with or without radiotherapy (3 × 2 Gy, days 1–3). Two combination schedules were examined: (a) ZD6474 given before each dose of radiation (concurrent schedule); and (b) ZD6474 given 30 minutes after the last dose of radiotherapy (sequential schedule). Results: The growth delay induced using the concurrent schedule was greater than that induced by ZD6474 or radiation treatment alone (22 ± 1 versus 9 ± 1 and 17 ± 2 days, respectively; P = 0.03 versus radiation alone). When administered sequentially, the growth delay was markedly enhanced (36 ± 1 days; P < 0.001 versus radiation alone or the concurrent schedule). Intravenous administration of Hoechst 33342 showed a trend toward reduced tumor perfusion after ZD6474 treatment, and a pairwise comparison (versus control) was significant after three doses of ZD6474 (P = 0.05 by one-tailed t test). Thus, impaired reoxygenation between fractions in the concurrent protocol may be the causal basis for the schedule dependency of the radiopotentiation observed. Conclusions: ZD6474 may be a successful adjuvant to clinical radiotherapy, and scheduling of the treatments could be important to ensure optimal efficacy.
A wireless fair service algorithm for packet cellular networks

Wireless Fair Service Algorithm For Packet Cellular Networks Sonwu Lu Thyagarajan Nandagopal Vaduvur Bharghavan Coordinated Science Laboratory University of Illinois email: {sIu, thyagu, bharghav}~timely. crhc . uiuc. edu b order to support diverse communication-intensive redtirne and non red-time data flows over a scarce, varying and shared wireless channel with location-dependent and bursty errors, we defie a service model that has the following charxteristi~ short-tern fairness among flows which perceive a clean channel, worst-case delay bounds for packets, short-term throughput bounds for flows with clean channels and Iong-tem throughput bounds for dl flows with bounded channel error, optimal schedulable region, and support for both delay sensitive and error sensitive data flows. We present a wireless fair service algorithm, and show that it achieves the requirements of the service model through both analysis and simulation. The key aspects of the dg~ rithm are the following (a) an enhanced fair queueing based service scheme that supports decoupling of delay and bandwidth, (b) graceful service compensation for lagging flows and graceful service degradation for leading flows, (c) support for red-time delay sensitive flows as well as non realtime error sensitive flows, and (d) implementation of the wireless fair service rdgorithm within the fiarnework of the simple and robust CSMA/CA wireless medium access pro tocol.
A Digital Signature Issuing and Verification System for Auto Identification Tokens

The design of a Digital Signature Issuing and Verification System for Auto Identification Tokens is discussed. A system is proposed that is concerned with proving the validity of physical objects containing digital information such as documents, degree certificates and vehicle number plates. This system uses Elliptic Curve Cryptography to generate digital signatures, rather than the more commonly used RSA encryption, in order to comply with the storage space restrictions associated with automated identification tokens such as 2D barcodes and RFID transponders. The identification tokens store the generated digital signatures as well as information that aid the verification process. Smartphones are used as verification devices, utilizing custom developed applications to do verification.
On the Role of Flows and Sessions in Internet Traffic Modeling: An Explorative Toy-Model

In this work we present a simple toy-model that is able to explain certain empirical observations reported in a set of previous papers by Hohn et al. [1]-[3] about the wavelet spectrum of real traffic traces. Therein, the authors found that the wavelet spectrum is substantially invariant to flow scrambling and truncation. Such finding suggested that super-flow structures above the transport layer -- i.e., sessions -- can be ignored for modeling the packet arrival process. Based on the proposed toymodel, we offer an interpretation framework that goes in the opposite direction, indicating that sessions, not transport-layer flows, should be taken as the main structural entities in simplified on/off models.
Cardiovascular effect of epinephrine in endodontic microsurgery: a review

Epinephrine is one of the most widely-used vasoconstrictors in dental treatment including endodontic microsurgery. However, the systemic safety of epinephrine has been in debate for many years because of its potential risk to cause cardiovascular complications. The purpose of this review was to assess the cardiovascular effect of epinephrine use in endodontic microsurgery. Endodontic microsurgery directly applies epinephrine into the bone cavity, and the amount is reported to be much larger than other dental surgeries. Moreover, when considering that systemic potency of intraosseous application is reported to be comparable to intravenous application, the systemic influence of epinephrine could be increased in endodontic microsurgery. Besides, pre-existing cardiovascular complications or drug interactions can enhance its systemic influence, resulting in increased susceptibility to cardiovascular complications. Although clinical studies have not reported significant complications for patients without severe systemic complications, many epinephrine-induced emergency cases are warning the cardiovascular risk related with pre-existing systemic disease or drug interactions. Epinephrine is a dose-sensitive drug, and its hypersensitivity reaction can be fatal to patients when it is related to cardiovascular complications. Therefore, clinicians should recognize the risk, and the usage of pre-operative patient evaluation, dose control and patient monitoring are required to ensure patient's safety during endodontic microsurgery.
The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition in the Analysis of Turbulent Flows

It has often been remarked that turbulence is a subject of great scientific and technological importance, and yet one of the least understood (e.g. McComb 1990). To an outsider this may seem strange, since the basic physical laws of fluid mechanics are well established, an excellent mathematical model is available in the Navier-Stokes equations, and the results of well over a century of increasingly sophisticated experiments are at our disposal. One major difficulty, of course, is that the governing equations are nonlinear and little is known about their solutions at high Reynolds number, even in simple geometries. Even mathematical questions as basic as existence and uniqueness are unsettled in three spatial dimensions (cf Temam 1988). A second problem, more important from the physical viewpoint, is that experiments and the available mathematical evidence all indicate that turbulence involves the interaction of many degrees of freedom over broad ranges of spatial and temporal scales. One of the problems of turbulence is to derive this complex picture from the simple laws of mass and momentum balance enshrined in the NavierStokes equations. It was to this that Ruelle & Takens (1971) contributed with their suggestion that turbulence might be a manifestation in physical