Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Limit measures for affine cellular automata II

If $\mathbb{M}$ is a monoid and $\mathcal{A}$ is an Abelian group, then $\mathcal{A}^{\mathbb{M}}$ is a compact Abelian group; a linear cellular automaton (LCA) is a continuous endomorphism $\mathfrak{F}:\mathcal{A}^{\mathbb{M}}\longrightarrow \mathcal{A}^{\mathbb{M}}$ that commutes with all shift maps. If $\mathfrak{F}$ is diffusive, and $\mu$ is a harmonically mixing (HM) probability measure on $\mathcal{A}^{\mathbb{M}}$, then the sequence $\{\mathfrak{F}^N \mu\}_{N=1}^{\infty}$ weak* converges to the Haar measure on $\mathcal{A}^{\mathbb{M}}$ in density. Fully supported Markov measures on $\mathcal{A}^{\mathbb{Z}}$ are HM and non-trivial LCA on $\mathcal{A}^{(\mathbb{Z}^D)}$ are diffusive when $\mathcal{A}=\mathbb{Z}_{/p}$ is a prime cyclic group. In the present work, we provide sufficient conditions for diffusion of LCA on $\mathcal{A}^{(\mathbb{Z}^D)}$ when $\mathcal{A}=\mathbb{Z}_{/n}$ is any cyclic group or when $\mathcal{A}=(\mathbb{Z}_{/p^r})^J$ (p prime). We also show that any fully supported Markov random field on $\mathcal{A}^{(\mathbb{Z}^D)}$ is HM (where $\mathcal{A}$ is any Abelian group).
Chaperone-dependent Neurodegeneration: A Molecular Perspective on Therapeutic Intervention

Maintenance of cellular homeostasis is regulated by the molecular chaperones. Under pathogenic conditions, aberrant proteins are triaged by the chaperone network. These aberrant proteins, known as “clients,” have major roles in the pathogenesis of numerous neurological disorders, including tau in Alzheimer’s disease, α-synuclein and LRRK2 in Parkinson’s disease, SOD-1, TDP-43 and FUS in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and polyQ-expanded proteins such as huntingtin in Huntington’s disease. Recent work has demonstrated that the use of chemical compounds which inhibit the activity of molecular chaperones subsequently alter the fate of aberrant clients. Inhibition of Hsp90 and Hsc70, two major molecular chaperones, has led to a greater understanding of how chaperone triage decisions are made and how perturbing the chaperone system can promote clearance of these pathogenic clients. Described here are major pathways and components of several prominent neurological disorders. Also discussed is how treatment with chaperone inhibitors, predominately Hsp90 inhibitors which are selective for a diseased state, can relieve the burden of aberrant client signaling in these neurological disorders.
Efficient Top-k Shortest-Path Distance Queries on Large Networks by Pruned Landmark Labeling

We propose an indexing scheme for top-k shortest-path distance queries on graphs, which is useful in a wide range of important applications such as network-aware search and link prediction. While considerable effort has been made for efficiently answering standard (top-1) distance queries, none of previous methods can be directly extended for top-k distance queries. We propose a new framework for top-k distance queries based on 2-hop cover and then present an efficient indexing algorithm based on the simple but effective recent notion of pruned landmark labeling. Extensive experimental results on real social and web graphs show the scalability, efficiency and robustness of our method. Moreover, we demonstrate the usefulness of top-k distance queries through an application to link prediction.
Twist-bend instability for toroidal DNA condensates

We propose that semiflexible polymers in poor solvent collapse in two stages. The first stage is the well-known formation of a dense toroidal aggregate. However, if the solvent is sufficiently poor, the condensate will undergo a second structural transition to a twisted entangled state, in which individual filaments lower their bending energy by additionally orbiting around the mean path along which they wind. This "topological ripening" is consistent with known simulations and experimental results. It connects and rationalizes various experimental observations ranging from strong DNA entanglement in viral capsids to the unusually short pitch of the cholesteric phase of DNA in sperm heads. We propose that topological ripening of DNA toroids could improve the efficiency and stability of gene delivery.
Dynamic Model of a Multibending Soft Robot Arm Driven by Cables

The new and promising field of soft robotics has many open areas of research such as the development of an exhaustive theoretical and methodological approach to dynamic modeling. To help contribute to this area of research, this paper develops a dynamic model of a continuum soft robot arm driven by cables and based upon a rigorous geometrically exact approach. The model fully investigates both dynamic interaction with a dense medium and the coupled tendon condition. The model was experimentally validated with satisfactory results, using a soft robot arm working prototype inspired by the octopus arm and capable of multibending. Experimental validation was performed for the octopus most characteristic movements: bending, reaching, and fetching. The present model can be used in the design phase as a dynamic simulation platform and to design the control strategy of a continuum robot arm moving in a dense medium.
Large deformation and electromechanical instability of a dielectric elastomer tube actuator

This paper theoretically analyzes a dielectric elastomer tube actuator (DETA). Subject to a voltage difference between the inner and outer surfaces, the actuator reduces in thickness and expands in length, so that the same voltage will induce an even higher electric field. This positive feedback may cause the actuator to thin down drastically, resulting in electrical breakdown. We obtain an analytical solution of the actuator undergoing finite deformation when the elastomer obeys the neo-Hookean model. The critical strain of actuation is calculated in terms of various parameters of design. We also discuss the effect of the strain-stiffening on electromechanical behavior of DETAs by using the model of freely joined links.
Non-blocking Supervisory Control of Nondeterministic Systems via Prioritized Synchronization 1

In a previous paper [15], we showed that supervisory control of nondeterministic discrete event systems, in the presence of driven events, can be achieved using prioritized synchronous composition as a mechanism of control, and trajectory models as a modeling formalism, rst introduced by Heymann [4]. The speci cations considered in [15] were given by pre x-closed languages. In this paper, we extend this work to to include markings so that non-closed speci cations and issues such as blocking can be addressed. It is shown that the usual notion of non-blocking, called language model non-blocking, may not be adequate in the setting of nondeterministic systems, and a stronger notion, called trajectory model non-blocking, is introduced. Necessary and su cient conditions for the existence of language model non-blocking as well as trajectory model non-blocking supervisors are obtained for nondeterministic systems in the presence of driven events in terms of extended controllability and relative-closure conditions, and a new condition called the trajectory-closure condition.
Synthesis for Constrained Nonlinear Systems Using Hybridization and Robust Controllers on Simplices

In this technical note, we propose an approach to controller synthesis for a class of constrained nonlinear systems. It is based on the use of a hybridization, that is a hybrid abstraction of the nonlinear dynamics. This abstraction is defined on a triangulation of the state-space where on each simplex of the triangulation, the nonlinear dynamics is conservatively approximated by an affine system subject to disturbances. Except for the disturbances, this hybridization can be seen as a piecewise affine hybrid system on simplices for which appealing control synthesis techniques have been developed in the past decade. We extend these techniques to handle systems subject to disturbances by synthesizing and coordinating local robust affine controllers defined on the simplices of the triangulation. We show that the resulting hybrid controller can be used to control successfully the original constrained nonlinear system. Our approach, though conservative, can be fully automated and is computationally tractable. To show its effectiveness in practical applications, we apply our method to control a pendulum mounted on a cart.
How Australian parents of bullied and non-bullied children see their school responding to bullying

Abstract Views on how schools in Australia are responding to student victimisation were accessed through an on-line survey answered by 167 parents whose children were attending government schools in year levels 5 to 10. Some 50.2% of the parents believed that their children had been bullied at school. The perceptions and judgments of these parents were compared with those of parents whose children were thought not to have been bullied. The former were significantly less positive in their judgments of the actions undertaken by the schools. Although both sets of parents made similar, mostly positive, appraisals of the work of teachers, for example, through classroom work, the parents of bullied children were more critical of the school’s anti-bullying policy and the supervision of student behaviour. Reasons for these differences are discussed, together with suggestions provided by parents on how bullying can be more effectively addressed by schools.
Digital Materialities: Design and Anthropology

The very phrase ‘digital materiality’ provokes a multitude of opinions and interpreta-tions. Scholars of design studies, architects, and cultural critics have provided definitions of digital materiality while separating the digital and the material from each other. In the 11 chapters of this book, Sarah Pink, Elisenda Ardevol, and Debora Lanzeni offer a fresh perspective on digital materiality by way of anthropology. The editors explain in their introduction that they intend to address the blurring boundaries of digital and material via the ethnography of design and digital presence. The book addresses the ‘entangled elements’ (p. 1) in the digital and the material to demonstrate the emergence of what is understood as digital environments in our everyday lives.
A generic approach to supporting diagram differencing and merging for collaborative design

Differentiation tools enable team members to compare two or more text files, e.g. code or documentation, after change. Although a number of general-purpose differentiation tools exist for comparing text documents very few tools exist for comparing diagrams. We describe a new approach for realising visual differentiation in CASE tools via a set of plug-in components. We have added diagram version control, visual differentiation and merging support as component-based plug-ins to the Pounamu meta-CASE tool. The approach is generic across a wide variety of diagram types and has also been deployed with an Eclipse diagramming plug-in. We describe our approach's architecture, key design and implementation issues, illustrate feasibility of our approach via implementation of it as plug-in components and evaluate its effectiveness.
Quantitative Models for Privacy Protection

We assume a database consists of records of individuals with private or sensitive fields. Queries on the distribution of a sensitive field within a selected population in the database can be submitted to the data center. The answers to the queries leak private information of individuals though no identification information is provided. Inspired by decision theory, we present two quantitative models for the privacy protection problem in such a database query or linkage environment in this paper. One is for modeling the value of information from the viewpoint of the querier and the other is for the damage and compensation of privacy leakage. In both models, we define the information state by a class of probability distributions on the set of possible confidential values. These states can be modified and refined by the user’s knowledge acquisition actions. In the first model, the value of information is defined as the expected gain of the privacy receiver and the privacy is protected by imposing costs on the answers of the queries for balancing the gain. In the second one, the safety is guaranteed by enforcing that anyone misusing the private information must pay more compensation than the possible gain.
Reply to "Comment on 'Minimal size of a barchan dune' "

We reply to the preceding comment by Andreotti and Claudin [Phys. Rev. E 76, 063301 (2007)] on our paper [Phys. Rev. E 75, 011301 (2007)]. We show that the equations of the dune model used in our calculations are self-consistent and effectively lead to a dependence of the minimal dune size on the wind speed through the saturation length. Furthermore, we show that Meridiani Planum ripples are probably not a good reference to estimate the grain size of Martian dune sands: the soil in the ripple troughs at the landing site is covered with nonerodible elements (``blueberries''), which increase the minimal threshold for saltation by a factor of 2.0. We conclude that, in the absence of large fragments as the ones found at the landing site, basaltic grains of diameter $d=500\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}100\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$ that compose the large, typical dark Martian dunes [K. S. Edgett and P. R. Christensen, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 22765 (1991)] probably saltate during the strongest storms on Mars. We also show that the wind friction speed ${u}_{\ensuremath{\ast}}\ensuremath{\approx}3.0\text{ }\text{m}/\text{s}$ that we found from the calculations of Martian dunes is within the values of maximum wind speeds that occur during Martian storms a few times a decade [R. E. Arvidson et al., Science 222, 463 (1983); H. J. Moore, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 163 (1985); R. Sullivan et al., Nature (London) 436, 58 (2005); D. J. Jerolmack et al., J. Geophys. Res. 111, E12S02 (2006)]. In this manner, the dune model predicts that Martian dunes can be formed under present Martian conditions, with no need to assume other conditions of wind and atmosphere that could have prevailed in the past.
The VMC survey. VII. Reddening map of the 30 Doradus field and the structure of the cold interstellar medium

Context: The details of how galaxies have evolved are imprinted in their star formation history, chemical enrichment and morpho-kinematic structure. Parameters behind these can be measured by combining photometric techniques with modelling. However, there are uncertainties from the ambiguity of colour and magnitude and the effects of interstellar reddening. Aims: In this paper we present a detailed reddening map of the central 30 Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud; for community use and to test the methods used. The reddening, a measurement of dust extinction, acts as a tracer of the interstellar medium (ISM). Methods: Near infrared photometry of red clump stars are used to measure reddening as extinction is the main cause of their colour and magnitude variance. The star formation history is used to convert colour to reddening values which are subsequently converted to visual extinction. Results: Presented is a dust map for the 30 Doradus field. This map samples a region of 1x1.5 deg, containing ~1.5x10^5 red clump stars which probe reddening up to AV=6 mag. We compare our map with maps from the literature, including optical extinction maps and radio, mid- and far-infrared maps of atomic hydrogen and dust emission. Through estimation of column density we locate molecular clouds. Conclusions: This new reddening map shows correlation with equivalent maps in the literature, validating the method of red clump star selection. We make our reddening map available for community use. In terms of ISM the red clump stars appear to be more affected by the cooler dust measured by 70 micron emission because there is stronger correlation between increasing emission and extinction due to red clump stars not being located near hot stars that would heat the dust. The transition from atomic hydrogen to molecular hydrogen occurs between densities of NH=4x10^21 to 6x10^21 cm^-2.
Collapsing exchange rate regimes: a reinterpretation

Microfoundations are provided for a common model of balance of payments crises by showing formal equivalence to a standard overlapping generations model. Certain domestic policy rules are inconsistent with fixed exchange rate equilibrium, which is in agreement with previous results. However, when policy is consistent with a fixed exchange rate equilibrium (1) there are multiple stationary equilibria, and the fixed exchange rate equilibrium is generally unstable under rational expectations; (2) the fixed exchange rate equilibrium is the attractor when agents learn over time; (3) complicated exchange rate paths cannot be ruled out by utility maxirnazation and rational expectations alone.
Moving up and moving down: a new way of examining country growth dynamics

"Do the countries which grow share the same features as those which decline? How can some countries achieve such long-term sustainable growth while others fail so badly? This paper builds on the emerging literature on growth asymmetries by examining movement across income categories in the World Development Reports over a significant period of time. The results confirm the existence of asymmetries and find that the factors which are correlated with movement upwards or downwards are markedly different. Evidence is presented which suggests that growth episodes share some common features while economic collapse may occur for a broader range of reasons. " Authors' Abstract
Task-Based Learning (TBL) and Cognition

Abstract Teaching in the 21st century is a huge challenge and every school has to cope with all the changes that occur within society and be, at the same time, an enjoyable place for the students to develop their skills to live and function in the 21st century society. This paper shows how Task-Based Learning (TBL) can be a valuable option in the foreign language classroom nowadays enabling the students to be active, interact with each other, learn by doing and develop their language knowledge through communicative tasks, replacing the traditional, teacher-centred lessons. At the same time, this article aims to show how doing tasks has advantages in terms of the cognitive development while learning a foreign language, how these tasks also affect the human brain as well as discuss the importance of bringing neuroscience and scientific evidence into the classroom context.
Hydroxyl radical reactivity at the air-ice interface

Abstract. Hydroxyl radicals are important oxidants in the atmosphere and in natural waters. They are also expected to be important in snow and ice, but their reactivity has not been widely studied in frozen aqueous solution. We have developed a spectroscopic probe to monitor the formation and reactions of hydroxyl radicals in situ. Hydroxyl radicals are produced in aqueous solution via the photolysis of nitrite, nitrate, and hydrogen peroxide, and react rapidly with benzene to form phenol. Similar phenol formation rates were observed in aqueous solution and bulk ice. However, no reaction was observed at air-ice interfaces, or when bulk ice samples were crushed prior to photolysis to increase their surface area. We also monitored the heterogeneous reaction between benzene present at air-water and air-ice interfaces with gas-phase OH produced from HONO photolysis. Rapid phenol formation was observed on water surfaces, but no reaction was observed at the surface of ice. Under the same conditions, we observed rapid loss of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) anthracene at air-water interfaces, but no loss was observed at air-ice interfaces. Our results suggest that the reactivity of hydroxyl radicals toward aromatic organics is similar in bulk ice samples and in aqueous solution, but is significantly suppressed in the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) that exists at air-ice interfaces.
An Empirical Analysis on the Stability of Clustering Algorithms

One of the aspects of a clustering algorithm that should be considered for choosing an appropriate algorithm in an unsupervised learning task is stability. A clustering algorithm is stable (on a dataset) if it results in the same clustering as it performed on the whole dataset, when actually performs on a (sub)sample of the dataset. In this paper, we report the results of an empirical study on the stability of two clustering algorithms, namely k-Means and normalized spectral clustering, along with some analysis on those results that are useful for practitioners who deal with scalability and researchers who employ stability as a tool for model selection.
THE PROMOTION OF HEALTHY EATING IN CHILDREN THROUGH SCHOOL SNACK AND LUNCH PROGRAMS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN SASKATOON

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iii DEDICATION . iv TABLE OF CONTENTS . v LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF FIGURES . ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . x CHAPTER 1 .
Geochemical proxies of North American freshwater routing during the Younger Dryas cold event

The Younger Dryas cold interval represents a time when much of the Northern Hemisphere cooled from ≈12.9 to 11.5 kiloyears B.P. The cause of this event, which has long been viewed as the canonical example of abrupt climate change, was initially attributed to the routing of freshwater to the St. Lawrence River with an attendant reduction in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. However, this mechanism has recently been questioned because current proxies and dating techniques have been unable to confirm that eastward routing with an increase in freshwater flux occurred during the Younger Dryas. Here we use new geochemical proxies (ΔMg/Ca, U/Ca, and 87Sr/86Sr) measured in planktonic foraminifera at the mouth of the St. Lawrence estuary as tracers of freshwater sources to further evaluate this question. Our proxies, combined with planktonic δ18Oseawater and δ13C, confirm that routing of runoff from western Canada to the St. Lawrence River occurred at the start of the Younger Dryas, with an attendant increase in freshwater flux of 0.06 ± 0.02 Sverdrup (1 Sverdrup = 106 m3·s−1). This base discharge increase is sufficient to have reduced Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and caused the Younger Dryas cold interval. In addition, our data indicate subsequent fluctuations in the freshwater flux to the St. Lawrence River of ≈0.06–0.12 Sverdrup, thus explaining the variability in the overturning circulation and climate during the Younger Dryas.
Spatio-temporal Feature Recogntion using Randomised Ferns

In this paper we present a generic classifier for detecting spatio-temporal feature points within video. The premise being that given a feature detector, we can learn a classifier that duplicates its functionality which is both accurate and computationally ecient. This means that feature point detection can be achieved independent of the complexity of the original interest point formulation. We extend the naive Bayesian classifier of Ferns to the spatio-temporal domain and learn clas- sifiers that duplicate the functionality of common spatio-temporal inter- est point detectors. Results demonstrate accurate reproduction of results with a classifier that can be applied exhaustively to video at frame-rate, without optimisation, in a scanning window approach.