Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Critical Realist Approach To Institutional Entrepreneurship

Recent works in institutional analysis have challenged the traditional deterministic view, whereby institutional pressures explain actors’ actions and behaviours, and have called for the restoration of agency to this analysis. This presents institutional analysis with a major challenge: how to consider simultaneously the influence of both actors’ actions and the structures in which they are embedded, without conflating them? This issue is especially crucial when trying to analyse institutional entrepreneurs’ strategies. In this paper, we outline a non-conflating model of institutional entrepreneurship, by drawing on critical realism. We illustrate this model by mean of an illustrative case study.
Social cognition and personality traits related to risky driving in a Turkish sample

Aims: The aim of the study was to make a theoretical contribution by investigating social cognitive factors and personality traits related to risky driver behaviour in a Turkish sample. The study tested three theoretical models by Structural Equation Modelling: (1) a model using risk perception and attitudes towards traffic safety to predict driver behaviour, (2) a model which used normlessness and sensation-seeking traits to predict such behaviour and (3) a model which used both the social cognitive factors and personality traits to predict driver behaviour. Methods: A questionnaire survey with validated measurement instruments was conducted in a sample of Turkish drivers (n = 213). The response rate was 61%. Results: A combined social cognitive and personality trait model had tolerable fit and explained 24% of the variance in driver behaviour. The relations between personality traits and risk perception with driver behaviour were mediated through attitudes towards traffic safety. Risk-taking personality traits had relatively strong relations to unsafe driver behaviour, whereas risk perception had a relatively weak relation to such behaviour. Conclusions: A combined social cognitive and trait approach may be efficient in human factor campaigns aimed to reduce risky driver behaviour in Turkey. Personality traits may be important for driver behaviour because they influence the attitudinal determinants of such behaviour. Increased police enforcement of road traffic regulations may reduce risky driving among individuals with normlessness and sensation-seeking traits. Personality traits may also guide efforts aimed at early identification of risky drivers and campaigns could be tailored to specific personality characteristics.
Neural correlates of the misattribution of self‐generated speech

Auditory hallucinations are thought to arise through the misidentification of self‐generated verbal material as alien. The neural mechanisms that normally mediate the differentiation of self‐generated from nonself speech are unclear. We investigated this in healthy volunteers using functional MRI. Eleven healthy volunteers were scanned whilst listening to a series of prerecorded words. The source (self/nonself) and acoustic quality (undistorted/distorted) of the speech was varied across trials. Participants indicated whether the words were spoken in their own or another person's voice via a button press. Listening to self‐generated words was associated with more activation in the left inferior frontal and right anterior cingulate cortex than words in another person's voice, which was associated with greater engagement of the lateral temporal cortex bilaterally. Listening to distorted speech was associated with activation in the inferior frontal and anterior cingulate cortex. There was an interaction between the effects of source of speech and distortion on activation in the left temporal cortex. In the presence of distortion participants were more likely to misidentify their voice as that of another. This misattribution of self‐generated speech was associated with reduced engagement of the cingulate and prefrontal cortices. The evaluation of auditory speech involves a network including the inferior frontal, anterior cingulate, and lateral temporal cortex. The degree to which different areas within this network are engaged varies with the source and acoustic quality of the speech. Accurate identification of one's own speech appears to depend on cingulate and prefrontal activity. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A grounded theory of expert cognition in orienteering.

The objective of this study was to gain an understanding of expert cognition in orienteering. The British orienteering squad was interviewed (N = 17) and grounded theory was used to develop a theory of expert cognition in orienteering. A task constraint identified as central to orienteering is the requirement to manage attention to three sources of information: the map, the environment, and travel. Optimal management is constrained by limited processing resources. However, consistent with the research literature, the results reveal considerable adaptations by experts to task constraints, characterized primarily by various cognitive skills including anticipation and simplification. By anticipating the environment from the map, and by simplifying the information required to navigate, expert orienteers can circumvent processing limitations. Implications of this theory for other domains involving navigation, and for the coaching process within the sport, are discussed.
Spectrum Estimation from Samples

We consider the problem of approximating the set of eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of a multivariate distribution (equivalently, the problem of approximating the "population spectrum"), given access to samples drawn from the distribution. The eigenvalues of the covariance of a distribution contain basic information about the distribution, including the presence or lack of structure in the distribution, the effective dimensionality of the distribution, and the applicability of higher-level machine learning and multivariate statistical tools. We consider this fundamental recovery problem in the regime where the number of samples is comparable, or even sublinear in the dimensionality of the distribution in question. First, we propose a theoretically optimal and computationally efficient algorithm for recovering the moments of the eigenvalues of the population covariance matrix. We then leverage this accurate moment recovery, via a Wasserstein distance argument, to show that the vector of eigenvalues can be accurately recovered. We provide finite--sample bounds on the expected error of the recovered eigenvalues, which imply that our estimator is asymptotically consistent as the dimensionality of the distribution and sample size tend towards infinity, even in the sublinear sample regime where the ratio of the sample size to the dimensionality tends to zero. In addition to our theoretical results, we show that our approach performs well in practice for a broad range of distributions and sample sizes.
Fanconi Syndrome Associated with Hyponatremia in Two Patients with Legionella Pneumonia

Legionella pneumophila is a cause of community-acquired pneumonia that is reported to induce electrolyte disorders, including hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia. We herein report two Japanese men with Legionella pneumonia and hyponatremia and hypophosphatemia. These findings were associated with an elevation of urinary low-molecular-weight tubular protein, including urinary β2-microglobulin, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, the fractional excretion of phosphate and uric acid, and the presence of glycosuria and panaminoaciduria, suggesting that their electrolyte disorders had been caused by Fanconi syndrome. In these two cases, hyponatremia was probably due to salt wasting. Electrolyte disorders caused by Legionella pneumonia are corrected by treatment of the primary disease and fluid administration.
Teachers’ Perceptions and Concerns on the Banning of Corporal Punishment and Its Alternative Disciplines

Corporal punishment (CP) has been officially banned since December 2006 in Taiwan. It would be useful to explore the perceptions and concerns of elementary school teachers on the issue of banning CP and on alternative methods of discipline in 2008, two years since the ban took effect. In this study, 323 teachers were stratified randomly and drawn from 42 schools in Keelung City for the survey and 5 teachers were interviewed. The main finding of this study is that while most teachers understand and support the policy of banning CP in schools, there remain certain concerns on the effect of such a ban in schools. These concerns and conflicting viewpoints are especially over issues related to the difficulty in disciplining students and respecting the students’ human rights. An overwhelming concern is that some teachers might ignore students’ misbehavior and passively discipline to cope with the new law.
초등학교 고학년 아동의 건강행위 잠재계층유형과 예측요인

본 연구는 초등학교 고학년 아동의 건강행위 잠재계층유형을 확인하고, 주요한 예측요인의 영향력을 확인하였다. 한국청소년정책연구원이 수행한 2010청소년건강실태 조사자료를 활용하여 전국 초등학교 4-6학년 2,657명이 응답한 16개 건강행위지표에 대해 잠재계층분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 건강증진행위를 많이 수행하며, 건강위험행위의 실천정도가 낮은 ‘긍정적 건강증진행위군’, 건강증진행위의 실행정도는 높지만 체형불만과 체중감량에 민감한 ‘체형불만 건강증진행위군’, 유해한 식품섭취 가능성이 높은 ‘잠재적 건강위험행위군’, 불규칙한 식사, 운동부족, 수면부족을 경험하는 ‘불규칙? 비활동 저증진행위군’ 등 4개의 잠재계층유형을 확인하였다. 이들 4개 잠재계층유형에 대해 사회인구학적, 심리사회적 요인이 예측하는 정도를 다항로짓분석을 통해 확인하였다. 분석 결과, 아동의 성별, 학년, 양친부모와의 동거, 모의 근로활동참여, 주관적 건강상태, 자기효능감, 자아존중감, 우울? 불안 등의 요인에 따라 상이한 잠재계층유형에 속할 가능성이 달라짐을 확인하였다. 이러한 분석결과에 기반하여 아동 건강행위를 향상시키기 위한 실천적 제언과 함의를 논의하였다.
Relationships Between Leadership and Followers’ Quitting Intentions and Job Search Behaviors

A model was developed and tested in which quality of leader—member exchange mediated the relationship between followers’ perceptions of transformational leadership behavior and their (a) intentions to quit the organization and (b) job search behaviors. The key contribution of this study was that the exchange relationship between leader and follower explained the majority of the relationship between transformational leadership and job search behaviors. A transformational leader may take individual followers’ motivations into consideration and so attempt to stimulate personal development, but the exchange between the two explains the action of seeking another employment situation. Limitations and implications are discussed.
L1 and L2 Distance Effects in Learning L3 Dutch

Many people speak more than two languages. How do languages acquired earlier affect the learnability of additional languages? We show that linguistic distances between speakers’ first (L1) and second (L2) languages and their third (L3) language play a role. Larger distances from the L1 to the L3 and from the L2 to the L3 correlate with lower degrees of L3 learnability. The evidence comes from L3 Dutch speaking proficiency test scores obtained by candidates who speak a diverse set of L1s and L2s. Lexical and morphological distances between the L1s of the learners and Dutch explained 47.7% of the variation in proficiency scores. Lexical and morphological distances between the L2s of the learners and Dutch explained 32.4% of the variation in proficiency scores in multilingual learners. Cross-linguistic differences require language learners to bridge varying linguistic gaps between their L1 and L2 competences and the target language.
Suspect disrespect toward the police

Research shows that suspects' behavior influences police officers' decisions. Those who are disrespectful to the police are more likely to have that behavior reciprocated. To date, the factors influencing whether suspects will show deference remain largely unexamined. Guided by social interactionist theory and recent developments in urban sociology, we use systematic social observations and census data to investigate. We find that elevated levels of police force can induce suspect disrespect, but more subtle forms tend to have the opposite effect. The size of the audiences observing the encounter also influences whether suspects behave disrespectfully. Hypothesized links between disinhibiting factors such as intoxicants and disrespect are confirmed. Excluding traffic encounters, suspects in disadvantaged neighborhoods are less likely to show defference. This finding helps explain why officers encountering African Americans are the targets of disrespect.
"Closing the Gap" at the Peril of Widening the Void: Implications of the Ontario Ministry of Education's Policy for Aboriginal Education.

There is a crisis relevant to the publicly funded education of Aboriginal students in Ontar ‐ io. This article, which presents the details of the crisis, analyzes recent policy statements released by the Ontario Ministry of Education designed to address that crisis. By defining the nature of this critical juncture, presenting how these policies may be “widening the void” rather than “closing the gap,” and offering opportunities to respond by improving the capabilities of teachers to enact those policies in their classrooms, the authors appeal to school boards, faculty associations, as well as Deans of Education, to act decisively to sup ‐ port Aboriginal self ‐ determination. Key words: Aboriginal student achievement, Aboriginal languages and student identity, teacher education Une crise sevit en ce moment au sujet de l’enseignement autochtone en Ontario financee a meme les deniers publics. Dans cet article, les auteurs decrivent les details de la crise et analysent des enonces de politique recents du ministere de l’Education de l’Ontario visant a denouer la crise. Tout en se penchant sur la nature meme de ce probleme epineux, en expli ‐ quant comment ces politiques risquent de « creuser le vide » au lieu de « combler l’ecart » et en offrant des possibilites de reponse par l’amelioration des capacites des enseignants de mettre ces politiques en application dans leurs classes, les auteurs font appel aux commis ‐ sions scolaires, aux associations universitaires et aux doyens d’education afin qu’ils sou ‐ tiennent activement l’autodetermination des autochtones. Mots cles : reussite des eleves autochtones, langues autochtones et identite des eleves, for ‐ mation a l’enseignement.
Simultaneous determination of residues of trichlorfon and dichlorvos in animal tissues by LC-MS/MS

Trichlorfon is a thermally unstable insecticide that can be easily decomposed to dichlorvos at high temperatures. In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of the residues of trichlorfon and dichlorvos in animal tissues. Trichlorfon and dichlorvos in animal tissues were extracted with dichloromethane, homogenized/shaken, concentrated, and determined by LC-MS/MS. The two insecticides can be effectively separated and individually determined. The limits of detection (LODs) of trichlorfon and dichlorvos were 0.04 and 0.07 µg kg−1, respectively; the limits of quantification (LOQs) of the two insecticides were both 5 µg kg−1. The average recoveries for three spiked blank samples at 10, 20 and 40 µg kg−1 were in the range 85–106%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 10.6%, which falls in a reasonable range for the analysis of the two insecticides in animal-derived foods. The method is fit-for-purpose for the simultaneous determination of residues of trichlorfon and dichlorvos in animal tissues.
Metaplastic Regulation of Long-Term Potentiation/Long-Term Depression Threshold by Activity-Dependent Changes of NR2A/NR2B Ratio

In vivo experience induces changes in synaptic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit components, which are correlated with subsequent modifications of synaptic plasticity. However, little is known about how these subunit changes regulate the induction threshold of subsequent plasticity. At hippocampal Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses, we first examined whether a recent history of neuronal activity could affect subsequent synaptic plasticity through its actions on NMDAR subunit components. We found that prior activity history produced by priming stimulations (PSs) across a wide range of frequencies (1–100 Hz) could induce bidirectional changes in the NR2A/NR2B ratio, which governs the threshold for subsequent long-term potentiation/long-term depression (LTP/LTD). Manipulating the NR2A/NR2B ratio through partial NR2 subunit blockade mimicked the PS regulation of the LTP/LTD threshold. Our results demonstrate that activity-dependent changes in the NR2A/NR2B ratio can be critical factors in metaplastic regulation of the LTP/LTD threshold.
Trends in professional advice to lose weight among obese adults, 1994 to 2000

AbstractCONTEXT: Obesity is a fast-growing threat to public health in the U.S., but information on trends in professional advice to lose weight is limited. OBJECTIVE: We studied whether rising obesity prevalence in the U.S. was accompanied by an increasing trend in professional advice to lose weight among obese adults. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: We used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a cross-sectional prevalence study, from 1994 (n= 10,705), 1996 (n=13,800), 1998 (n=18,816), and 2000 (n=26,454) to examine changes in advice reported by obese adults seen for primary care. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported advice from a health care professional to lose weight. RESULTS: From 1994 to 2000, the proportion of obese persons receiving advice to lose weight fell from 44.0% to 40.0%. Among obese persons not graduating from high school, advice declined from 41.4% to 31.8%; and for those with annual household incomes below $25,000, advice dropped from 44.3% to 38.1%. In contrast, the prevalence of advice among obese persons with a college degree or in the highest income group remained relatively stable and high (>45%) over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Disparities in professional advice to lose weight associated with income and educational attainment increased from 1994 to 2000. There is a need for mechanisms that allow health care professionals to devote sufficient attention to weight control and to link with evidence-based weight loss interventions, especially those that target groups most at risk for obesity.
Instrumental, Integrative, and Intrinsic: A Self-Determination Framework for Orientations Towards Language in a Puerto Rican Community

Using a critical discourse analytical approach, this paper applies self-determination theory to the analysis of orientations towards language acquisition in data collected through interviews with 26 participants from Puerto Rico. In light of significant Spanish-English contact on the island, the paper considers how the participants‘ discourses construct overlapping instrumental, integrative, and intrinsic orientations towards the presence of English in their community and, more broadly, towards language acquisition. The data suggest that both instrumental and integrative orientations are present, and that specific factors in this community‘s history and experience do not predispose the participants towards a clear distinction between these two but rather contribute to a melding of both with a third way, that of intrinsic motivation, which validates and promotes bi- or even multilingualism on a broader scale without being focused on any one particular language or group of speakers.
Athletic Identity of Community College Student Athletes: Issues for Counseling

Community college student athletes are unique in their setting in the world of college student athletes. Many compete for the love of their sport, while others have aspirations for transferring to major colleges to continue their participation. The current study made use of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale with a sample of nearly 400 community college student athletes to begin to understand some of the unique counseling needs of these students. These needs are highlighted by the need for student athletes to have a mentally healthy perspective on the role of sport in life and the relationship of sports to academic pursuits. Community college administrators need to use caution in balancing student development with mental health concerns.
HIGH-SPEED, HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTRAL OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS AFTER VITRECTOMY WITH INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING FOR PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY RETINAL DETACHMENT

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to present the retinal morphology after silicone oil removal in patients after vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and silicone oil tamponade for proliferative vitreoretinopathy retinal detachment. Methods:Nineteen patients after vitrectomy or retinotomy with internal limiting membrane peeling for proliferative vitreoretinopathy retinal detachment were included in this study. All patients were interviewed, and an ophthalmologic examination was performed pre- and postoperatively. Fifteen months after silicone oil removal, all patients were examined with spectral optical coherence tomography Copernicus. Results:Visual acuities determined at the final follow-up visit were from light perception to 20/40 (mean, 0.11 ± 0.14). Photoreceptor damage was present in 19 eyes (100%), i.e., in all cases. In seven eyes, the defects were in the well-visible, normal-thickness photo-receptor layer. In the remaining 12 eyes, defects were found in the thin, atrophic photo-receptor layer. Eyes with a well-visible photoreceptor layer had better visual acuity after surgery (P = 0.015; t-test). Cystoid macular edema developed in 9 eyes (47.3%). Retinal nerve fiber layer defects were found in all 19 eyes (100%). Subretinal fluid was present in 1 eye (5.2%). No cases of macular pucker were observed during follow-up. Conclusion:Spectral optical coherence tomography Copernicus allows detailed imaging of retinal microstructure and helps us understand why patients have lowered visual acuity after successful retinal detachment surgeries. It is suspected that the absence of macular pucker may be caused by systematic peeling of the internal limiting membrane during vitrectomy.
Correction: The Arabidopsis DNA Polymerase δ Has a Role in the Deposition of Transcriptionally Active Epigenetic Marks, Development and Flowering

DNA replication is a key process in living organisms. DNA polymerase α (Polα) initiates strand synthesis, which is performed by Polε and Polδ in leading and lagging strands, respectively. Whereas loss of DNA polymerase activity is incompatible with life, viable mutants of Polα and Polε were isolated, allowing the identification of their functions beyond DNA replication. In contrast, no viable mutants in the Polδ polymerase-domain were reported in multicellular organisms. Here we identify such a mutant which is also thermosensitive. Mutant plants were unable to complete development at 28°C, looked normal at 18°C, but displayed increased expression of DNA replication-stress marker genes, homologous recombination and lysine 4 histone 3 trimethylation at the SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) locus at 24° C, which correlated with ectopic expression of SEP3. Surprisingly, high expression of SEP3 in vascular tissue promoted FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression, forming a positive feedback loop with SEP3 and leading to early flowering and curly leaves phenotypes. These results strongly suggest that the DNA polymerase δ is required for the proper establishment of transcriptionally active epigenetic marks and that its failure might affect development by affecting the epigenetic control of master genes.