Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remote Communication through Solute Carriers and ATP Binding Cassette Drug Transporter Pathways: An Update on the Remote Sensing and Signaling Hypothesis

Recent data from knockouts, human disease, and transport studies suggest that solute carrier (SLC) and ATP binding cassette (ABC) multispecific “drug” transporters maintain effective organ and body fluid concentrations of key nutrients, signaling molecules, and antioxidants. These processes involve transcellular movement of solutes across epithelial barriers and fluid compartments (e.g., blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, bile) via “matching” or homologous sets of SLC (e.g., SLC21, SLC22, SLC47) and ABC transporters. As described in the “Remote Sensing and Signaling Hypothesis” (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 323:429–436, 2004; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 351:872–876, 2006; J Biol Chem 282:23841–23853, 2007; Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3:443–448, 2007; Mol Pharmacol 76:481–490, 2009), highly regulated transporter networks with overlapping substrate preferences are involved in sensing and signaling to maintain homeostasis in response to environmental changes (e.g., substrate imbalance and injury). They function in parallel with (and interact with) the endocrine and autonomic systems. Uric acid (urate), carnitine, prostaglandins, conjugated sex steroids, cGMP, odorants, and enterobiome metabolites are discussed here as examples. Xenobiotics hitchhike on endogenous carrier systems, sometimes leading to toxicity and side effects. By regulation of the expression and/or function of various remote organ multispecific transporters after injury, the overall transport capacity of the remote organ to handle endogenous toxins, metabolites, and signaling molecules may change, aiding in recovery. Moreover, these transporters may play a role in communication between organisms. The specific cellular components involved in sensing and altering transporter abundance or functionality depend upon the metabolite in question and probably involve different types of sensors as well as epigenetic regulation.
Chapter IV: Psychology of Learning

THE SCOPE of the references in this chapter is somewhat more restricted than in the preceding review (102), for which the title "Educational Psy­ chology" was used as a chapter head. Since this field interpenetrates many of the subjects of special issues of the REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH it was decided to include here those aspects of educational psychology dealing with learning, which could be viewed as acquired changes in the behavior probabilities of an individual brought about thru a definitely con­ trolled environment. Learning studies were selected only if they were broader in their implications than any one academic field, and only when they emphasized the role of the learner rather than that of the environment, whether physical or social, instructional or clinical. As a consequence, it is believed that a number of studies, analytical as well as experimental, are here reported without trespassing too much on fields marked out for other issues. A few volumes of interest to the student of learning have appeared. The Psychology of Human Learning by McGeoch (56) was published post­ humously and provides a descriptive and critical account of various phases of learning. While the greater portion of the volume is taken up with an exploration of serial memorization, the earlier and later chapters deal with many problems and generalizations closely related to classroom ex­ perience. Man and His Works (98) contains the gist of Thorndike's psy­ chology, including his more recent work on the specifications for a com­ munity which make for general goodness of life. The ten chapters con­ stitute the William James Lectures given at Harvard in 1942. The Fortyfirst Yearbook (34) presented authoritative statements of the basic theories of learning—conditioning, connectionism, and field theory. The contribu­ tions, particularly those by Gates, Guthrie, Hartmann, Hull, Lewin, McConnell, and Sandiford reveal that the theories have much in common and much that is significant for education. Other chapters deal with motivation, (Ryans), emotional behavior (Anderson), practice (Stroud), language and meaning (Horn) , problem solving (Brownell), and the curriculum (Buswell). A number of chapters relating to various aspects of learning are to be found in the two-volume treatise edited by Hunt (41) , particularly those by Bateson, Guthrie, Mowrer, Murphy, and White. Bibliographies and reviews of research for the field of learning as a whole should likewise be noted before turning to reports of specific studies. Ryans (81) reviewed the researches in learning with especial sig­ nificance for education which appeared in six journals during the years 1936 to 1940, and selected references on educational psychology are pre­ sented by Buswell and Sherman (12) . Twenty-six studies in the psychology
Association between metabolic syndrome and sleep-disordered breathing in adolescents.

RATIONALE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects 4 to 10% of adolescents. Risk factors include overweight, male sex, and Hispanic ethnicity. Although sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been implicated as a risk factor for MetS in adults, its association with SDB in adolescents is unknown. OBJECTIVES To define the association of SDB with MetS in adolescents. METHODS Standardized measurements of SDB, anthropometry and bioassays, were made in 270 adolescents, aged 13.6 +/- 0.7 years. MetS was identified if threshold levels were exceeded in three of five areas: waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and glucose levels. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Although 70% of children with SDB (apnea-hypopnea index >or= 5) were overweight and 59% had MetS, 16% of children without SDB had MetS. Twenty-five percent of those with MetS had SDB. After adjusting for age, race, sex, and preterm status, children with SDB had a 6.49 (95% confidence interval, 2.52, 16.70) increased odds of MetS compared with children without SDB. Indices of SDB stress associated with MetS included respiratory event frequency, degree of oxygen desaturation, and sleep efficiency. Analyses of individual metabolic parameters showed that, after adjustment for body mass index, SDB was associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting insulin levels. CONCLUSIONS A majority of adolescents with SDB are overweight and meet criteria for MetS. The close association between MetS and SDB and their putative interacting pathophysiologies suggests a need to develop screening, prevention, and treatment strategies for both disorders in high-risk, overweight adolescents.
Phenolic Compounds from Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) By-products and their Antimicrobial Activities

Cynara scolymus L. is a medicinal plant frequently used in traditional medicine for liver diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the different parts of Artichoke. Maximum antimicrobial activity was observed with methanolic extract of bound phenols for (bract and heart) against Gram negative bacteria. The MIC values for bound phenols from heart were (63? g/ml). Whereas, the bound phenols for bracts was ranged from (312 and 486? g/ml) against Gram negative and (486? g/ml) against Gram positive. Free phenols of the heart of artichoke showed the lowest MIC (204 to 206) ? g/mL for microorganism Gram positive and Gram negative. Therefore, this study indicate that the free phenolic extract from bracts of Cynara scolymus L . might be of interest within the developing market of nutritional ingredients and is capable of yielding nutritional supplements with antimicrobial activities. Key words: artichoke wastes, antibacterial effects
Assessment of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Control Trade-Offs Using a Water Quality Model with a Response Surface Method

Excessive nutrient loads to the Chesapeake Bay cause violations of the new dissolved oxygen water quality standard established to protect the Bay’s living resources. Reducing nitrogen and phosphorus loads is necessary to achieve the dissolved oxygen standard. Based on a set of water quality model runs, a response surface method to establish a function of dissolved oxygen (DO) versus total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads was used, which plots as a three-dimensional surface. For a specific criterion for DO, i.e., achievement of the DO standard, a curve of DO versus TN and TP loads that meets the DO criterion can be isolated. Each of the paired TN and TP loads on this trade-off curve results in an equivalent level of DO, but usually at different nutrient reduction costs. This paper explores cost-effective alternatives in nutrient reduction to achieve the DO water quality standard in the deep water designated use of Segment CB4, which is the last and most difficult region for achievement of DO s.
The Ecology of Genetically Diverse Infections

Microparasite infections often consist of genetically distinct clonal lineages. Ecological interactions between these lineages within hosts can influence disease severity, epidemiology, and evolution. Many medical and veterinary interventions have an impact on genetic diversity within infections, but there is little understanding of the long-term consequences of such interventions for public and animal health. Indeed, much of the theory in this area is based on assumptions contradicted by the available data.
Educational software for children: analysis of interaction techniques for direct manipulation

This paper is concerned with the investigationof children's use of direct manipulation mouse interaction styles when using educational software. The results of an experiment comparing two interaction styles (point-and-click and point-and-select) are presented. The context for the study relates to OLM educational software, 'Multipliotest', aimed at assisting children's learning of multiplications in French primary schools. A class of 24 children (aged 7 to 9 years old, level CE2) played two versions of this multiplication game, each version utilizing a differnt interaction style.
The Contact Hypothesis in Urban China: The Perspective of Minority-Status Migrant Workers

ABSTRACT: This study is the first to test Allport’s (1954) contact hypothesis from the perspective of a minority group in China. Employing a sample of off-farm migrant workers in urban China, results indicate a positive effect on self-reported attitudes of intergroup friendship contact between migrant and local workers; and positive effects on self-reported behavioral interaction between migrants and urban locals of both intergroup friendship and intergroup nonfriendship contact.
Assessing the Relationship between Personality Variable and Managerial Effectiveness: An Empirical Study on Private Sector Managers

The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between Big Five Model of Personality and Managerial Effectiveness. The present study was done on a sample of 150 managers belonging to Private Sector Organizations. Variables in the study were assessed using two validated Instruments. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Hierarchical regression analysis was used to analyze the data. It was found that Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Agreeableness were positively related to Managerial Effectiveness whereas Neuroticism was negatively related to Managerial Effectiveness.
Fitting Genetic Models to Carabelli Trait Data in South Australian Twins

This study aimed to clarify genetic and environmental contributions to Carabelli trait variation on permanent first molar teeth in a large sample of South Australian twins. Estimates of polychoric correlations were obtained between pairs of monozygous (MZ) and dizygous (DZ) twins for Carabelli data and various gene-environment models fitted by a weighted least-squares approach. The favored model included additive genetic effects together with both a general environmental component and an environmental effect specific to each side. An estimate of heritability around 90% indicated a very strong genetic contribution to observed variation. The pattern of correlations for MZ and DZ data suggested that further studies involving other types of relatives would be worthwhile for detection of possible non-additive genetic effects of dominance or epistasis.
Staff Attitudes towards the Sexuality of Persons with Intellectual Disability.

The purpose of the present study was to assess attitudes towards the sexuality of persons with intellectual disability held by staff employed in the field, using an instrument originally designed by Brantlinger (1983). In contrast to the findings of earlier studies (Haavik & Menninger, 1981; Mitchell, Doctor & Butler, 1978; Saunders, 1979) these results indicated that in general the staff held moderately liberal attitudes. Younger staff members (under 40 years of age) and those who reported a university education held more liberal attitudes towards the sexuality of persons with intellectual disability. Professional staff had significantly more liberal attitudes than those of direct-care staff. Implications of the results and directions for future research are discussed.
Disseminators, Advocates and Watchdogs

Based on a national survey carried out in 2001, this study provides a demographic and attitudinal profile of Ugandan journalists at an interesting time when we are not only witnessing increasing media globalization but also democratic, if shaky, transitions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study explores the demographics and job conditions of news people in this East African country, their role perceptions, professional attitudes and beliefs, as well as the major constraints on journalistic freedoms in Uganda. Where it is possible and appropriate, comparisons are made to both African and western journalists. The results show that Ugandan journalists highly value the so-called western journalistic functions of information, analysis and interpretation and investigation of official claims. They also show strong support for ‘populist mobilizer’ functions such as giving ordinary people voice and setting the political agenda. However, despite the relative press freedom in recent years, Ugandan news people work under conditions that pose major legal, political and economic limitations on their journalistic freedoms. In spite of such constraints, they showed a commitment to the public affairs benefits of their jobs.
Global regulation of virulence and the stress response by CsrA in the highly adapted human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori

Although successful and persistent colonization of the gastric mucosa depends on the ability to respond to changing environmental conditions and co‐ordinate the expression of virulence factors during the course of infection, Helicobacter pylori possesses relatively few transcriptional regulators. We therefore investigated the contribution of the regulatory protein CsrA to global gene regulation in this important human pathogen. CsrA was necessary for full motility and survival of H. pylori under conditions of oxidative stress. Loss of csrA expression deregulated the oxidant‐induced transcriptional responses of napA and ahpC, the acid induction of napA, cagA, vacA, the urease operon, and fur, as well as the heat shock responses of napA, groESL and hspR. Although the level of napA transcript was higher in the csrA mutant, its stability was similar in the wild‐type and mutant strains, and less NapA protein was produced in the mutant strain. Finally, H. pylori strains deficient in the production of CsrA were significantly attenuated for virulence in a mouse model of infection. This work provides evidence that CsrA has a broad role in regulating the physiology of H. pylori in response to environmental stimuli, and may be important in facilitating adaptation to the different environments encountered during colonization of the gastric mucosa. Furthermore, CsrA appears to mediate its effects in H. pylori at the post‐transcriptional level by influencing the processing and translation of target transcripts, with minimal effect on the stability of the target mRNAs.
Florid osseous dysplasia in a middle-aged Turkish woman: A case report

Florid osseous dysplasia (FOD) is an uncommon, benign, cemento-osseous lesion of the jaws. The etiology of FOD is still unknown. It is often asymptomatic and may be identified on routine dental radiographs. The classic radiographic appearance of FOD is amorphous, lobulated, mixed radiolucent/radiopaque masses of cotton-wool appearance with a sclerotic border in the jaws. In our case the lesion was found incidentally on routine periapical radiographs taken for restored teeth and edentulous areas. For further and detailed examination, a panoramic radiograph and cone-beam computed tomograph (CBCT) were taken. The panoramic radiograph and CBCT revealed maxillary bilateral and symmetrical, non-expansile, well-defined, round, radiopaque masses in contact with the root of the maxillary right second molar and left first molar teeth. Our aim in presenting this case report was to highlight the importance of imaging in diagnosis of FOD.
Update on Transpiration and Isotopes Heavy Water Fractionation during Transpiration

A small proportion of water molecules contain the heavier isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. There is a tendency for these heavier molecules of water to accumulate in leaves during transpiration. This has several interesting repercussions, including effects on the isotopic composition of organic matter, and of atmospheric water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. In turn, these effects aid temporal reconstruction of climate and spatial and temporal reconstruction of primary production in various ways. A recent, novel report by Miller et al. (2006) showed that tree-ring O measurements carried a record of hurricane activity. The motivation for our laboratory to study water isotopes was to enhance studies of transpiration efficiency (TE; the leaf contribution to water-use efficiency at the plant, crop, or ecosystem level). The instantaneous TE is A/[gwn], where A is the rate of photosynthetic uptake of CO2, gw is the conductance to diffusion of water vapor to the atmosphere from the sites of evaporation within the leaf (made up of the stomatal conductance, gs, and boundary layer conductance, gb, in series), and n is the leaf-to-air water vapor concentration difference. Carbon isotope composition of leaves can be measured to determine the carbon isotopic discrimination, DC, during photosynthesis. In turn, DC relates to A/gt, the ratio of CO2 assimilation rate to the total conductance to diffusion of CO2 from the atmosphere to the sites of carboxylation. The two measures are obviously related, and it was suggested that the oxygen isotope composition (dO) of leaf material could be used to pick up differences in n (Farquhar et al., 1994). Further, because gw affects d O and A does not, it was hoped that measurements of DC and dO in organic matter could be combined to separate photosynthetic capacity effects on TE from gw effects (Yakir and Israeli, 1995; Saurer et al., 1997; Farquhar et al., 1998). The heavy isotopes of water, expressed in organic matter, have promise as a means of identifying genetic variation in gw. In an ecological and population biology context, the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope measurements could provide a practical surrogate for measures of the marginal water cost of carbon gain, @E/@A, with E the rate of transpiration (Cowan and Farquhar, 1977), as one might expect different stomatal and photosynthesis strategies to be associated with environments with differing rainfall statistics (Cowan, 1982). In this Update on heavy water fractionation, we focus on how transpiration ‘‘leads’’ to enrichment and ask whether enrichment is a measure of transpiration. We then sketch some applications.
STUDENTS' APPLICATIONS OF SELF‐QUESTIONING STUDY TECHNIQUES: AN INVESTIGATION OF THEIR EFFICACY

This article describes the results of a study in which college developmental reading students were taught how to use study techniques which involved self‐questioning. Over a nine‐week period, subjects were trained in the application of SQ3R (Robinson, 1961), REAP (Eanet & Manzo, 1976), and self‐questioning (Andre & Anderson, 1978‐79) to content area prose materials. Quantitative results indicated that the SQ3R group significantly outperformed the REAP group on a posttest measure of comprehension. No other significant differences were found. In addition, a qualitative analysis was conducted to determine how well subjects processed information during the application of their specific study techniques. These findings indicated that: (1) structured study techniques may be more effective for aiding students' retention of content area prose materials; (2) students are more concerned with detail or factual information than “higher level” forms of information; and (3) instructors of college developmental reading .
Comparative Outcomes of Patients With Advanced Renal Dysfunction Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in the United States From 2011 to 2014

Background— Renal dysfunction is intricately linked to aortic stenosis, with over 25% patients presenting for transcatheter aortic valve replacement having chronic kidney disease (CKD). Prevalence and outcomes of patients with CKD, especially those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), are controversial. We aimed to compare in-hospital outcomes of patients with CKD or ESRD with those patients with no CKD/ESRD. Methods and Results— Data were obtained using the national inpatient sample between the years 2011 and 2014. We used the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification procedure codes 350.5 and 350.6 to identify patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. A 2-tailed P value <0.01 was considered to denote statistical significance for all analyses. We identified 42 189 patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement between the years 2011 and 2014. Of these, 62.1% (n=26 229) had no CKD/ESRD, 33.7% (n=14 252) had CKD, and 4% (n=1708) had ESRD. Patients with CKD or ESRD had greater in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay, hemorrhage requiring transfusion, and permanent pacemaker implantation (P<0.001). Conclusions— Patients with CKD and ESRD have increased in-hospital mortality and periprocedural adverse events with longer hospital length of stay, when compared with those without CKD
Influenza A Virus on Oceanic Islands: Host and Viral Diversity in Seabirds in the Western Indian Ocean

Ducks and seabirds are natural hosts for influenza A viruses (IAV). On oceanic islands, the ecology of IAV could be affected by the relative diversity, abundance and density of seabirds and ducks. Seabirds are the most abundant and widespread avifauna in the Western Indian Ocean and, in this region, oceanic islands represent major breeding sites for a large diversity of potential IAV host species. Based on serological assays, we assessed the host range of IAV and the virus subtype diversity in terns of the islands of the Western Indian Ocean. We further investigated the spatial variation in virus transmission patterns between islands and identified the origin of circulating viruses using a molecular approach. Our findings indicate that terns represent a major host for IAV on oceanic islands, not only for seabird-related virus subtypes such as H16, but also for those commonly isolated in wild and domestic ducks (H3, H6, H9, H12 subtypes). We also identified strong species-associated variation in virus exposure that may be associated to differences in the ecology and behaviour of terns. We discuss the role of tern migrations in the spread of viruses to and between oceanic islands, in particular for the H2 and H9 IAV subtypes.