Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
More than just play: The significance of mutually directed adult‐child activity

In much current writing on developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs, emphasis is laid on the importance for young children's development and learning of spontaneous, self‐initiated exploration and autonomous play (e.g. Bredekamp, 1987; Rogers & Sawyers, 1988. Adults are seen in this literature as setters of the stage for children and as responsive facilitators of children's activities. They are seldom seen as initiators of those activities or even particularly as co‐explorers with children. Yet there is evidence that where adults actively engage with children in mutual pursuits ‐‐ especially everyday, family‐style pursuits ‐‐ there is enhancement of children's social, emotional and cognitive development. Some of this evidence, drawn from both past and current studies, is presented. The paper reviews a number of factors that appear to lie behind the present emphasis, in early childhood programs, on child rather than adult direction of activity, especially play. The proposal is advan.
Meningioma: a cytogenetic model of a complex benign human tumor, including data on 394 karyotyped cases

Meningioma is the most frequent tumor of neuroectodermal origin in humans. It is usually benign. Only a minority of cases shows progression to an anaplastic tumor (WHO grade II and III). Meningioma is generally a sporadic tumor. Multiple and familial cases are rare and mostly associated with (hereditary) neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). Meningiomas show an unexpectedly high recurrence rate. Also, completely removed low-grade tumors can recur. Recurrence and multiplicity are correlated with the formation of a peritumoral edema. On the cytogenetic level, meningioma is the best-studied tumor in humans. Grade I tumors show either uniform monosomy 22 or a diploid karyotype. The majority of high-grade, but only a minority of low-grade, meningiomas show loss of merlin, a cytoskeleton-cytoplasm-linker protein. Merlin is the product of the NF2 gene located on chromosome 22. A second tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 22 has not yet been detected. In contrast to other solid tumors, progression of meningiomas is correlated with increasing hypodiploidy, showing characteristic clonal evolutions that mostly include chromosomes 14, 18, and 19 and, more rarely, 6 and 10. Structural aberrations are infrequent, except for the loss of the short arm of chromosome 1, which appears to be the decisive step for anaplastic growth. Comparative histochemical and molecular cytogenetic studies point to the alkaline phosphatase gene (ALPL, liver-bone-kidney type) located on 1p36.1→p34 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. A model is proposed that tries to explain – with a minimum number of essential steps – the origin, progression, infiltration, and recurrence of meningiomas.
Stratification Economics and Identity Economics

Stratification economics represents an important new approach devoted to explaining economic inequality in terms of how social groups are separated or stratified according to relative group status. This paper combines stratification economics with identity economics to address complications that the phenomenon of intersectionality—people having multiple social group identities—creates for stratification economics. It distinguishes two types of social identities recognised by social psychologists, categorical and relational social identities, and uses this distinction to explain how individuals’ personal identities, understood as ordered sets of social identities, can be seen to be both socially and self-constructed. Individuals order and rank their categorical social identities according to weights they assign to them in interactive social settings in which their role-based relational social identities combine different categorical social identities. Research in social psychology in the stigma identity-threat literature is then reviewed to distinguish two opposed ways in which individuals respond to others’ stigmatisation of their social groups in interactive settings. The paper argues that the ways in which individuals respond to stigma reflect social group power relationships and the scarcity logic of individualist social ontologies and tend to reinforce social stratification.
'Working at Disability': A qualitative study of the meaning of health and disability for women with physical impairments

Seven women with cerebral palsy and one woman with a spinal cord injury were interviewed about the meaning of health and disability in their lives. The most compelling feature of their narratives was the pressure to define their health by able-bodied standards. These women 'worked at' fitting their bodies and experiences into the limited societal understanding of a body. Paradoxically, the women seemed to come to a deeper personal understanding of disability and themselves through this work. The women's stories of health, impairment and disability, as told in the interviews, blended into rich chapters of their life stories.
Perseveration and Choice in Parkinson's Disease: The Impact of Progressive Frontostriatal Dysfunction on Action Decisions

We have previously shown that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) perseverate in their choice of action relative to healthy controls, and that this is affected by dopaminergic medication (Hughes LE, Barker RA, Owen AM, Rowe JB. 2010. Parkinson's disease and healthy aging: Independent and interacting effects on action selection. Hum Brain Mapp. 31:1886–1899). To understand further the neural basis of these phenomena, we used a new task that manipulated the options to repeat responses. Seventeen patients with idiopathic PD were studied both “on” and “off” dopaminergic medication and 18 healthy adults were scanned twice as controls. All subjects performed a right-handed 3-choice button press task, which controlled the availability of repeatable responses. The frequency of choosing to repeat a response (a form of perseveration) in patients was related to dopamine therapy and disease severity as a “U-shaped” function. For repetitive trials, this “U-shaped” relationship was also reflected in the BOLD response in the caudate nuclei and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Our results support a U-shaped model of optimized cortico-striatal circuit function and clearly demonstrate that flexibility in response choice is modulated by an interaction of dopamine and disease severity.
Points of tension and possibility: boundaries in and of physical education

This article offers a conceptually based commentary that addresses a longstanding dilemma for physical education, of what theoretical insights can usefully be pursued as a basis for advancing physical education curriculum, pedagogy and assessment. It utilises the work of Basil Bernstein to argue that structural and symbolic boundaries are key to understanding and productively engaging with stability and change in physical education. Relations between curriculum, pedagogy and assessment are examined in terms of their linkages with legitimate knowledge structures and knowledge relations in/of physical education, and in turn, with equity in physical education. While curriculum, pedagogy and assessment are each identified as important avenues for critically informed pedagogic action, the collective dynamic is identified as over-riding any single influence. Furthermore, that dynamic is shown to be inseparable from the knowledge structures in/of physical education.
On the Impact of Curriculum-Embedded Formative Assessment on Learning: A Collaboration between Curriculum and Assessment Developers

Assessment of and for learning has occupied center stage in education reform, especially with the advent of the No Child Left Behind Federal legislation. This study examined the formative function of assessment—assessment for learning—recognizing that such assessment needs to be aligned, at least in part, with the summative function of assessment—indexing achievement against standards and progress. Black and Wiliam (1998) suggested that formative assessment might very well improve student learning. Based on these ideas and our own experience with reform science education, we hypothesized that for a small investment of resources we might have a major impact on achievement by embedding formative assessments in a nationally used curriculum. To this end we created a collaboration, described here, between curriculum and assessment developers, created embedded, formative assessments, and studied the impact of science teachers teaching with these materials on middle-school students' motivation, achievement, and conceptual change in a small randomized trial. We also studied the collaboration itself with the intent of informing others who might wish to enter into such collaboration about the potential strengths and challenges experienced. The articles that follow in this special issue report in detail what we did and found out; this article provides a rationale and overview for the study.
Immunological Effects of Tobacco Smoking in “Healthy” Smokers

The history of tobacco smoking is quite extensive having existed for many years. Over the past 10–15 years significant gains have been made in curbing exposure to tobacco smoke, but tobacco smoke continues to contribute to significant disease. The immunological effects of cigarette smoking have been evaluated and can provide important insight into mechanism of disease. With the extensive growth in elucidation of basic immune processes within healthy host, further research is possible to aide understanding of immune alterations associated with smoking. Specifically, in the area of cellular immunity in which over 30 different cytokines contributing various regulatory functions in immunity, there are many proteins and mechanisms that may be altered. This review will cover the current state of knowledge in the areas of humoral, cellular immunity including results of cytokine studies in healthy smokers.
Multilingualism in the English-speaking world: Pedigree of nations

Viv Edwards, Multilingualism in the English-speaking world: Pedigree of nations. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. Pp. viii, 253. Pb $29.95. Amid widespread talk about the dominance of English across the world, this volume is a reminder that even at the core of the English-speaking world, English monolingualism is not as universal as is often assumed. The book's subtitle, Pedigree of nations, conveys that, in fact, multilingualism is not only an important element of contemporary daily life in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, and Aotearoa/New Zealand, but also an essential thread in these nations' ancestral lines, indeed part of what has made them what they are today. In this comprehensive effort to dispel the “myth of monolingualism” (p. 3), Viv Edwards has assembled copious evidence of the use and significance of minority languages in English-dominant countries. Readers will find themselves better equipped to counter not only this general misconception but also the pervasive corollaries that position other languages and their speakers as problematic, outside the mainstream, and therefore outside the range of what is valued.
Managing Stakeholder Demands

Nonprofit social service organizations face unique challenges in attending to the needs of their various stakeholders. This article uses data from a sample of nonprofit organizations in Michigan to examine how well nonprofits manage multiple stakeholder demands. Findings indicate that nonprofits generally balance organizational time and attention to the needs of both clients and funding agencies. However, a small percentage of nonprofits devote disproportionate time to funding agencies at the expense of client-related activities. Factors that increase this likelihood include financial dependence on for-profit corporations, a racial mismatch between the board and agency clientele, and board dominance by economic elites.
Preparing Teachers for Inclusive Education: The Development of a Unified Teacher Education Program in Early Childhood and Early Childhood Special Education

Advocates of developmentally appropriate early childhood education are increasingly interested in promoting inclusive programs of early education and care for both typically-developing children and children with disabilities. The success of such programs is contingent upon the availability of personnel trained to meet the individual needs of children with a wide range of abilities. There is currently a scarcity of teachers who are adequately prepared to meet such a challenge. In this article, we describe the collaborative conceptualization and implementation of a preservice teacher education program in early childhood and early childhood special education in the Departments of Special Education and Instruction and Curriculum at the University of Florida. Processes of program initiation and development are delineated, and factors that have supported and challenged the program's success are described The successes and pitfalls outlined here can inform others seeking to meet the challenge of preparing teachers to work with young children with and without disabilities in inclusive settings.
When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Keep Working

Although absenteeism has been identified in theoretical models as a key long-term consequence of emotional labor, few studies have empirically examined this link. In this article, we investigate the relationship between surface acting and absenteeism and the moderating role of surface acting self-efficacy. Drawing on resource perspectives, we argue and show that when valued resources are threatened or lost as a result of surface acting, employees will actively strive to prevent further resource loss by withdrawing from work. We propose, however, that surface acting self-efficacy can help buffer the resource depleting effects of surface acting leading to withdrawal. Using data from two sources, collected at two points in time, we surveyed 121 nurses and linked these data to absenteeism data collected 12 months postsurvey. Results showed direct effects of surface acting on absenteeism; in addition, higher surface acting self-efficacy minimized the detrimental effects of surface acting on absenteeism. We also found support for the mediating role of affective commitment in explaining this interaction effect. These results suggest that the effects of surface acting on absenteeism are less detrimental for employees with high surface acting self-efficacy as these individuals are less negatively affected by the drain on the motivational resources that keep them feeling attached to their workplace and, in turn, keep them at work. This study extends our understanding of emotional labor processes and provides insights into the active process whereby employees are driven by the motivation to conserve resources and prevent further losses.
Myopia and Complex Dynamic Incentives: Evidence from Medicare Part D

Standard Medicare Part D drug insurance provides limited coverage in a ``donut hole'' region, making the purchase problem dynamic. We develop a discontinuity-based test for myopia using enrollees who arrived near the coverage gap early in the year. We find that there are fewer and cheaper purchases immediately after reaching the gap, providing evidence in favor of myopia. We structurally estimate a dynamic drug purchase model and find complete myopia. For a nationally representative sample, "behavioral hazard" increases enrollee spending by 41%. Entirely eliminating the gap would increase insurer spending 31%, compared to 6% for generic-only gap coverage.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber. org.
The naked manager: The ethical practice of an anti-establishment boss

This article explores how an allegedly ‘non-hierarchical’ and aestheticized managerial practice reconfigures power relations within a creative industry. The key problematic is ‘governmental’ in the sense suggested by Michel Foucault, in as much as the manager’s ethical self-practice—which involves expressive and ‘liberated’ bodily comportment—is used tactically to shape the space of conduct of others in the company. The study foregrounds the managerial body as ‘signifier’ in its own right. Empirically, this is done through an analysis of video material produced by the film company Zentropa about their apparently eccentric Managing Director, Peter Aalbæk. Contrary to much of the literature discussing embodiment and ethics in organization studies, we do not identify an ‘ethics of organization’ dominated by instrumental rationality, efficiency and desire for profit which is ostensibly juxtaposed to a non-alienating, embodied ethics. Rather, when the body becomes invested in management, we observe tensions, tactics of domination and unpredictability.
Efficient multiple frame images recovery based on distributed compressed sensing

Distributed compressed sensing (DCS) shows great potential in reducing data acquisition in multiple frame. The images from multiple frame are highly related with each others. The efficiency of recovering these images is poor without taking the high correlation of multiple frame images into account. A novel reconstruction algorithm based on distributed compressed sensing is proposed. In order to take full use of the intra-signal correlation, a key frame image is recovered using compressive sampling match pursuit (CoSaMP). It is taken as the prior information. Then the compressive sampling match pursuit is modified by bringing in the prior information. Our presented method avoids reconstructing the common component of images repeatedly and reduces the computational complexity. Experimental results show that the proposed approach reduces a large number of required measurements at decoder and the calculation speed is faster than the existing state-of-the-art methods.
Intención emprendedora en estudiantes universitarios: integración de factores cognitivos y socio-personales

This research had as aim to analyze the existence or absence of a relationship between entrepreneurial intention and a set of cognitive variables (entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial attitude and emotional style) and socio-personal variables (sex, work experience, currently working, to possess family business, to live or not with parents) in undergraduate students. Method: 159 students participated of which 73 were women and 86 men. A logistic regression found that high self-efficacy for leadership of key resources and a low emotional style of rumination, contribute with the intention of being entrepreneur. These results are discussed in the Latin American context and the emphasis should be on the training of university professionals oriented to entrepreneurial intention, giving more relevance to psychological aspects of the individual rather than the strictly economic and managerial vision present in the training plans for entrepreneurs today. Finally, the main contribution of the study was the combination of cognitive and socio-personal factors in a single sample, using more clear dimensions of the self-efficacy variables and entrepreneurial attitude, the promotion of validated instruments in the population studied and using a powerful multi-causes statistical technique, such as the logistic regression. It is recommended a longitudinal study to see if indeed become entrepreneurs and to verify the factors that explain it. Furthermore compare the results with entrepreneurial population to establish clearer relationships and eliminate those factors that do not contribute to the explanation of the phenomenon. © Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales.
Societal Responses to Endemic Terror: Evidence from Driving Behavior in Israel

In this article, using data on traffic volume and fatal accident rates in Israel from 2001 to 2004–a period spanning much of the Second Intifada–we examine the population-level responses to endemic terror to uncover whether societies become habituated so that the response weakens following repeated attacks or whether they become increasingly sensitized so subsequent attacks have a greater impact. Our analysis, using distributed-lag time series models, supports earlier findings while highlighting the persistence of the response to terror attacks even several years into the violence. There are, however, signs that the reaction to terror has accelerated. This shift, which is not naturally seen as evidence for either habituation or sensitization, is suggestive of social learning of norms over time.
Improving Program Correctness with Atomic Exception Handling

Exception handling is a powerful mechanisms for dealing with failures at runtime. It simplifies the development of robust programs by allowing the programmer to implement recovery actions and tolerate non-fatal errors. Yet, exception handling is difficult to get right! The complexity of correct exception handling is a major cause for incorrect exception handling. It is therefore important to reduce the complexity of writing exception handling code while, at the same time, making sure it is correct. Our approach is to use atomic blocks for exception handling combined with optional compensation actions.
Panic or not in fire: Clarifying the misconception

The word ‘panic’ is frequently used in media accounts and statements of survivors of emergency evacuations and fires, but what does it really mean, is it a phenomenon that actually occurs? This paper first examines the concept from the view of the general public, particularly the media. Definitions of panic behaviour related to emergency response are summarized and evidence of behaviour from actual fire incidents are presented through interview data and case studies. Despite the data demonstrating that panic is a very rare occurrence in fires, the idea of panic and the term continue to be used by the public as well as fire experts. It is therefore necessary to demystify the misconception that panic is an essential element of a fire and identify any scientific justification for continuing to use this concept. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normal mouse erythropoiesis. I. The role of the spleen in mouse erythropoiesis.

Summary Erythropoiesis in normal Swiss Webster female mice was studied by routine hematologic parameters, ferrokinetics (59Fe), the uptake into and release of 59Fe from the spleen, and RBC survival (51Cr). The mean radioiron clearance (59Fe T½)2 is 61.7 min; plasma iron turnover is 2.4 mg/24 hr/100 ml of whole blood; and the reappearance of 59Fe is 62.4% and 82.0% at 24 and 48 hr, respectively. The RBC survival (51Cr T½), with the use of wholebody counting, is 19.0 days. With the use of whole blood technics, the 51Cr T½ is 12–15 days. The uptake into and release of 59Fe from the spleen parallels the 59Fe T½ and 59Fe reappearance in the RBC. The data in this study indicate that, from the standpoint of erythropoiesis, the mouse spleen is analogous to bone marrow.
Aging and credibility judgment

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aging on credibility judgments and source memory for statements expressing new “factual” knowledge. In Experiment 1, we examined the influence of familiarity in young and older adults' credibility judgments by comparing their truth ratings for repeated and nonrepeated statements of unknown credibility. In Experiment 2, we provided information on the actual truth or falsity of some of the repeated statements to determine whether this objective evidence would have less influence in older adults' later credibility judgments than in younger adults' judgments. In both experiments, we examined age-related differences in source memory for the statements. the major findings were as follows: (a) the influence of knowledge familiarity as a subjective basis for credibility judgment did not decline with age; (b) compared to young adults, older adults were just as likely to use objective evidence of statement credibility in their judgments when this e.