Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Einformation: A Clinical Study of Investor Discussion and Sentiment

We examine the information flow for four stocks over seven months to trace the relationship between on-line discussion, news activity, and stock price movements. On-line discussions support numerous unsubstantiated rumors, substantial on-point exchanges, and quick dissemination of imminent and recently released information. Applying language-processing routines to message board postings and news, we create sentiment and disagreement measures or “eInformation. ” We analyze the determinants of sentiment and disagreement, and trace links between news, eInformation, and stock returns. This intensive clinical study of on-line discussions suggests mechanisms individual investors and groups can use to analyze and digest company information.
Microbial Biotransformation to Obtain New Antifungals

Antifungal drugs belong to few chemical groups and such low diversity limits the therapeutic choices. The urgent need of innovative options has pushed researchers to search new bioactive molecules. Literature regarding the last 15 years reveals that different research groups have used different approaches to achieve such goal. However, the discovery of molecules with different mechanisms of action still demands considerable time and efforts. This review was conceived to present how Pharmaceutical Biotechnology might contribute to the discovery of molecules with antifungal properties by microbial biotransformation procedures. Authors present some aspects of (1) microbial biotransformation of herbal medicines and food; (2) possibility of major and minor molecular amendments in existing molecules by biocatalysis; (3) methodological improvements in processes involving whole cells and immobilized enzymes; (4) potential of endophytic fungi to produce antimicrobials by bioconversions; and (5) in silico research driving to the improvement of molecules. All these issues belong to a new conception of transformation procedures, so-called “green chemistry,” which aims the highest possible efficiency with reduced production of waste and the smallest environmental impact.
The cytoskeleton enhances gene expression in the response to the Harpin elicitor in grapevine

The cytoskeleton undergoes dramatic reorganization during plant defence. This response is generally interpreted as part of the cellular repolarization establishing physical barriers against the invading pathogen. To gain insight into the functional significance of cytoskeletal responses for defence, two Vitis cell cultures that differ in their microtubular dynamics were used, and the cytoskeletal response to the elicitor Harpin in parallel to alkalinization of the medium as a fast response, and the activation of defence-related genes were followed. In one cell line derived from the grapevine cultivar ‘Pinot Noir’, microtubules contained mostly tyrosinylated α-tubulin, indicating high microtubular turnover, whereas in another cell line derived from the wild grapevine V. rupestris, the α-tubulin was strongly detyrosinated, indicating low microtubular turnover. The cortical microtubules were disrupted and actin filaments were bundled in both cell lines, but the responses were elevated in V. rupestris as compared with V. vinifera cv. ‘Pinot Noir’. The cytoskeletal responsiveness correlated with elicitor-induced alkalinization and the expression of defence genes. Using resveratrol synthase and stilbene synthase as examples, it could be shown that pharmacological manipulation of microtubules could induce gene expression in the absence of elicitor. These findings are discussed with respect to a role for microtubules as positive regulators of defence-induced gene expression.
Hypervascularity of the uterine wall during pregnancy: Incidence, sonographic appearance, and obstetric implications

The authors report the incidence (20%) of hypervascularity of the uterine wall (decidual reaction) (1) in 106 pregnant women studied prospectively by ultrasound. An unusual case, which caused problems in diagnosis and management, is reported in detail. The relation between the location and extent of this finding and the location of the placenta is discussed. The authors think that this finding represents dilation of myometrial veins of uncertain etiology, and they conclude that the major implications are that it must be differentiated from pathologic entities that are similar sonographically (1), and that if anterior, it may cause excessive bleeding during invasive procedures.
Requirement for Ergosterol in V-ATPase Function Underlies Antifungal Activity of Azole Drugs

Ergosterol is an important constituent of fungal membranes. Azoles inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis, although the cellular basis for their antifungal activity is not understood. We used multiple approaches to demonstrate a critical requirement for ergosterol in vacuolar H+-ATPase function, which is known to be essential for fungal virulence. Ergosterol biosynthesis mutants of S. cerevisiae failed to acidify the vacuole and exhibited multiple vma − phenotypes. Extraction of ergosterol from vacuolar membranes also inactivated V-ATPase without disrupting membrane association of its subdomains. In both S. cerevisiae and the fungal pathogen C. albicans, fluconazole impaired vacuolar acidification, whereas concomitant ergosterol feeding restored V-ATPase function and cell growth. Furthermore, fluconazole exacerbated cytosolic Ca2+ and H+ surges triggered by the antimicrobial agent amiodarone, and impaired Ca2+ sequestration in purified vacuolar vesicles. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the synergy between azoles and amiodarone observed in vitro. Moreover, we show the clinical potential of this synergy in treatment of systemic fungal infections using a murine model of Candidiasis. In summary, we demonstrate a new regulatory component in fungal V-ATPase function, a novel role for ergosterol in vacuolar ion homeostasis, a plausible cellular mechanism for azole toxicity in fungi, and preliminary in vivo evidence for synergism between two antifungal agents. New insights into the cellular basis of azole toxicity in fungi may broaden therapeutic regimens for patient populations afflicted with systemic fungal infections.
“A CROSS‐BURNING IS NOT JUST AN ARSON”: POLICE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HATE CRIMES IN BALTIMORE COUNTY*

Growing public concern over racial and ethnic conflict and a perceived increase in hate crimes during the 1980s have led to legislation expanding the scope of the law and the severity of punishment for such offenses and to police-initiated efforts to focus attention on hate crimes. Although a number of critiques have examined the legislative approach, little attention has been devoted to the police response. This article examines the rationale for a police initiative in addressing hate crimes; the characteristics of incidents labeled as such in one jurisdiction, Baltimore County, Maryland; and some of the problems in defining, identifying, and verifying bias motivation. Because about 40% of the offenses initially considered by the Baltimore County Police Department to be motivated by racial, religious, or ethnic (RRE) prejudice subsequently are not verified as RRE motivated, a closer examination of all such cases permits insight into the social construction of “bias motivation” and related issues raised by a police hate-crime program. These include determining what forms of bias are eligible for special responses; identifying bias motivation; weighing the victim's perception of the event; determining the line between criminal and non-criminal incidents; and adopting consistent standards for verifying ambiguous events.
Retaining Teachers of Color: A Pressing Problem and a Potential Strategy for “Hard-to-Staff” Schools

Given calls to diversify the teaching workforce, this review examines research on retention and turnover of teachers of color, focusing on new teachers because they leave at disproportionately high rates. Reviewing 70 studies, the authors found that (a) recent national studies identify turnover rates for teachers of color are now higher than those for White teachers; (b) policy-amenable school-level conditions related to financial, human, social, and cultural capital can affect retention; (c) teachers of color are more likely than Whites to work and remain in “hard-to-staff” urban schools with high proportions of students from low-income and nondominant racial and cultural communities; and (d) factors affecting the retention of teachers of color can contribute to staffing urban schools with quality teachers, including teachers’ humanistic commitments, innovative approaches in the professional preparation of teachers of color, and the presence of multicultural capital in schools.
Constructing another Language—Usage-Based Linguistics in Second Language Acquisition

The general aim of this article is to discuss the application of Usage-Based Linguistics (UBL) to an investigation of developmental issues in second language acquisition (SLA). Particularly, the aim is to discuss the relevance for SLA of the UBL suggestion that language learning is item-based, going from formulas via low-scope patterns to fully abstract constructions. This paper examines how well this suggested path of acquisition serves ‘as a default in guiding the investigation of the ways in which exemplars and their type and token frequencies determine the second language acquisition of structure’ (N. Ellis 2002: 170). As such, it builds on and further discusses the findings in Bardovi-Harlig (2002) and Eskildsen and Cadierno (2007). The empirical point of departure is longitudinal oral second language classroom interaction and the focal point is the use of can by one student in the class in question. The data reveal the formulas, here operationalized as recurring multiword expressions, to be situated in recurring usage events, suggesting the need for a fine-tuning of the UBL theory for the purposes of SLA research towards a more locally contextualized theory of language acquisition and use. The data also suggest that semi-fixed linguistic patterns, here operationalized as utterance schemas, deserve a prominent place in L2 developmental research.
The Impact of Authentic Listening Materials on Elementary EFL Learners' Listening Skills

Listening is one of the most pivotal skills, though; it is unjustly neglected throughout the literature. It was previously considered as passive skill but now those myths have been demystified. Therefore seeking the innovative trends for teaching and developing listening for EFL students are taken for granted. Lack of adequate exposure to listening and dearth of attention with regard to these issues sets the ground for authentic listening materials to fill the cited gaps in Iranian context. There have been controversial ideas based on studies in dealing with authentic listening materials. Their results ranged from totally abstinence to completely utilizing. This study intends to investigate the impact of authentic listening materials on listening skills of Elementary students at university level. To this aim, sixty students of university were randomly assigned to two groups. One group was exposed to and received authentic listening materials (experimental group) and the other groups received simplified listening materials (control group). A proficiency test (consisted of two sub-tests; listening comprehension and listening perception) was used as a pretest to measure the students’ potential differences at outset of study. After the instruction sessions the same proficiency test was administered for both groups. Besides students feedback survey was given to experimental group to evaluate their attitudes and opinions regarding the materials. Analysis of quantitative study and comparing the mean scores of two groups via t-test showed that students who were exposed to authentic materials performed better in posttest. The analysis of feedback survey also denoted their satisfaction and positive attitudes to authentic listening materials.
High-Performance Centralized Content Delivery Infrastructure: Models and Asymptotics

We consider a centralized content delivery infrastructure where a large number of storage-intensive files are replicated across several collocated servers. To achieve scalable mean delays in file downloads under stochastic loads, we allow multiple servers to work together as a pooled resource to meet individual download requests. In such systems, basic questions include: How and where to replicate files? What is the impact of dynamic service allocation across request types, and whether such allocations can provide substantial gains over simpler load balancing policies? What are tradeoffs among performance, reliability and recovery costs, and energy? This paper provides a simple performance model for large systems towards addressing these basic questions.
Natural normativity: The ‘is’ and ‘ought’ of animal behavior

The evolution of behavior is sometimes considered irrelevant to the issue of human morality, since it lacks the normative character of morality (‘ought’), and consist entirely of descriptions of how things are or came about (‘is’). Evolved behavior, including that of other animals, is not entirely devoid of normativity, however. Defining normativity as adherence to an ideal or standard, there is ample evidence that animals treat their social relationships in this manner. In other words, they pursue social values. Here I review evidence that nonhuman primates actively try to preserve harmony within their social network by, e.g., reconciling after conflict, protesting against unequal divisions, and breaking up fights amongst others. In doing so, they correct deviations from an ideal state. They further show emotional self-control and anticipatory conflict resolution in order to prevent such deviations. Recognition of the goal-orientation and normative character of animal social behavior permits us to partially bridge the is/ought divide erected in relation to human moral behavior.
Online guidance, advice, and support for problem gamblers and concerned relatives and friends: an evaluation of the GamAid pilot service

ABSTRACT The paper reports one of the first ever studies to evaluate the effectiveness of an online help and guidance service for problem gamblers. The evaluation utilised a mixed methods design in order to examine both primary and secondary data relating to the client experience. In addition, the researchers posed as problem gamblers in order to obtain first-hand experience of how the service works in practice. A total of 80 participants completed an online evaluation questionnaire, and secondary data were gathered from 413 distinct clients who contacted an advisor. It was concluded that the service appears to be one of the few genuinely international guidance and ‘counselling’ services available to problem gamblers. Gambling online was the most preferred form of gambling and gambling location of GamAid clients. The service also appears to be favoured by females more than any other comparable service. Overall, the vast majority of clients were very positive about their experience of using GamAid, although there were some minor technical difficulties. In light of the findings, the utility of using online guidance and therapeutic services is discussed.
Toward an integrated theory of insight in problem solving

The study of insight in problem solving and creative thinking has seen an upsurge of interest in the last 30 years. Current theorising concerning insight has taken one of two tacks. The special-process view, which grew out of the Gestalt psychologists’ theorising about insight, proposes that insight is the result of a dedicated set of processes (the “insight sequence”) that is activated by the individual's reaching impasse while trying to deal with a problematic situation. In contrast, the business-as-usual view argues that insight is brought about by the same processes that underlie ordinary thinking (analytic thinking). Although those two views are typically treated as being in opposition, it has recently been proposed that a complete understanding of insight will require bringing together aspects of both views. The present paper carries that proposal further. Critical analysis of those two viewpoints demonstrates that each has a positive contribution to make to our understanding of insight, but also is unable to deal with certain phenomena. An integrated view of insight is presented and implications are discussed.
Culturally relevant pedagogy: clashes and confrontations

Culturally Relevant Pedagogy: Clashes and Confrontations explores the theory and classroom application of culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP), the process of examining teacher–student relationships and drawing upon students’ cultural knowledge to make the classroom more relevant and meaningful. In this volume teachers, researchers and teacher educators examine classroom attempts to engage students under the principles that: (1) all students can learn, (2) connect learning to everyday life and (3) develop a critical social awareness of all individuals in a society. As higher education becomes increasingly diverse, CRP has the potential to assist educational practitioners to better foster inclusive educational environments. Overwhelmingly, the United States educational structure is based on White middle-class values and beliefs that lead many ‘marginalised’ students to perceptions of being a misfit for educational success and occupational prosperity, according to Lisa Scherff and Karen Spector. In contrast to assumed cultural norms in higher education, the Chronicle of Higher Education (2011) reported the 2010–11 freshmen class was 27.3% non-White, 30.9% from households with incomes of less than $50,000, and held extremely diverse political views and religious preferences. Additionally, the Chronicle of Higher Education (2009) reported the highest rate of growth in foreign students in those who have origins from non-western culture countries. As higher education becomes increasingly culturally diverse, a more culturally inclusive pedagogical shift will be necessary to ensure the academic success of today’s college population. The following review of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy: Clashes and Confrontations by Scherff and Spector stems from an exploration to identify a pedagogy that can broadly appeal to today’s diverse college student population, embrace students’ cultural perspectives and have a commitment to academic success for all, without the preoccupation with historical social inequities. Culturally relevant/responsive pedagogy The Curriculum Journal Vol. 22, No. 4, December 2011, 591–609
Negotiating Public Space: Strategies and Styles of Migrant Female Domestic Workers in Singapore

This paper investigates migrant domestic workers as a marginalised group in Singapore's urban landscape by examining the ways in which their social maps are structured and negotiated in relation to public space. It argues that the phenomenon of the 'divided city' evident in capitalist societies which reflects and reinforces the sexual division of labour in general is even more salient in the lived experiences of migrant female domestic workers who must contend not simply with the spatial expressions of patriarchy, but also with racialisation and other means of segregation. However, it is clear that these women are not entirely passive recipients of dominant practices and ideas, but are capable of different styles and strategies in the use, colonisation and even contestation of public domains.
Factors affecting burden on caregivers of stroke survivors: Population-based study in Mumbai (India)

Background: Caring for stroke patients leads to caregiver (CG) strain. The aims of this study are to identify factors related to increased CG burden in stroke survivors in a census-defined population and to assess the relationship between patient characteristics and CG stress. Materials and Methods: In a prospective population-based study, 223 first ever stroke (FES) were identified over a 1-year period. At 28 days, 127 (56.9%) were alive and 79 (35%) died, and 17 were lost to follow-up. One hundred and eleven CGs of 127 FES survivors agreed to participate. The level of stress was assessed by two scales: Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale (OCBS) and the Caregivers Strain Index (CSI) in CGs of survivors with mild stroke Modified Rankin Scale (MRS 1-2) and in those with significant disability (MRS 3-5). Results: The mean age of CGs was 45.6 years, approximately 22 years younger than that of the patients (67.5 years). Eighty-nine (80%) of the CGs were females and only 22 (20%) were males. Urinary incontinence (P=0.000008), morbidity at 28 days by MRS (P=0.0051), female gender (P=0.0183) and moderate to severe neurological deficit by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission (P=0.0254) were factors in FES cases leading to major CGs stress. CG factors responsible for major stress were long caregiving hours (P≤0.000001), anxiety (P≤0.000001), disturbed night sleep (P≤0.000001), financial stress (P=0.0000108), younger age (P=0.0021) and CGs being daughter-in-laws (P=0.012). Conclusion: Similar studies using uniform methodologies would help to identify factors responsible for major CG stress. Integrated stroke rehabilitation services should address CG issues to local situations and include practical training in simple nursing skills and counseling sessions to help reduce CG burden.
Effects of role loss on work-related attitudes.

Etude des effets de la perte du role professionnel sans perte d'emploi (dans l'exemple d'une restructuration) ni de salaire: diminution de la satisfaction professionnelle, de l'estime de soi, et affirmation plus nette des intentions de quitter le travail. Le malaise tend a se centrer sur la nouvelle occupation sans s'etendre a l'entierete de la vie quotidienne
Vowel quality in aphasia and apraxia of speech: Phonetic transcription and formant analyses

We examined acoustic and perceptual features of vowel quality in aphasia and apraxia of speech. Twenty aphasic speakers with and without apraxia of speech and ten normal speakers produced the words "hid" and "head" approximately 24 times. Each production was transcribed with broad phonetic transcription, and the first and second formant frequencies were measured at the midpoint of the vowel steady state. According to the phonetic transcription, some aphasic and apraxic speakers displayed a large number of vowel substitutions, whereas others were indistinguishable from normal speakers. Perceived substitutions were generally close to the target and affected almost exclusively vowel height rather than vowel frontness. Acoustically, several speakers in both aphasic groups displayed a formant pattern that deviated from normal. The nature of the deviation pattern varied across individual aphasic and apraxic speakers. For some, formant frequencies were abnormally variable, whereas others displayed a pattern of only occasional deviations, and yet others demonstrated a collapsing of phonetic categories. The results are consistent with previous reports that articulatory positioning for vowels is impaired in many aphasic and apraxic speakers. The existence of individual articulatory patterns is emphasised, and the limitations of a static approach to formant analysis are noted.
Wealth and Stratification Processes

This paper reviews current information on wealth trends, with particular attention to the role of household wealth in the stratification system. The first section considers the relevance of wealth for stratification processes and examines why an appreciation of household wealth has been slow to materialize in stratification research. Subsequent sections discuss aspects of the distribution of household wealth in the United States, the transmission of inequality across generations, and implications of a consideration of wealth for stratification theory and social policy. The concluding section conveys some observations about the need for developing models of consumption potential and living standards, akin to the socioeconomic attainment formulation, which incorporate measures of household wealth and the transmission of wealth.