Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SEARCH FOR ANISOTROPY OF ULTRAHIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS WITH THE TELESCOPE ARRAY EXPERIMENT

We study the anisotropy of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR) events collected by the Telescope Array (TA) detector in the first 40 months of operation. Following earlier studies, we examine event sets with energy thresholds of 10 EeV, 40 EeV, and 57 EeV. We find that the distributions of the events in right ascension and declination are compatible with an isotropic distribution in all three sets. We then compare with previously reported clustering of the UHECR events at small angular scales. No significant clustering is found in the TA data. We then check the events with E > 57 EeV for correlations with nearby active galactic nuclei. No significant correlation is found. Finally, we examine all three sets for correlations with the large-scale structure (LSS) of the universe. We find that the two higher-energy sets are compatible with both an isotropic distribution and the hypothesis that UHECR sources follow the matter distribution of the universe (the LSS hypothesis), while the event set with E > 10 EeV is compatible with isotropy and is not compatible with the LSS hypothesis at 95% CL unless large deflection angles are also assumed. We show that accounting for UHECR deflections in a realistic model of the Galactic magnetic field can make this set compatible with the LSS hypothesis.
What do you need to know to design a teacher education project? : an analysis of how teacher education projects are implemented in Cambodia against a backdrop of global policy and local contexts

In this thesis I examine what I learnt from teacher education projects implemented in Cambodia between 2001 and 2011. I show how global, regional, national and local agendas impact on project planning, implementation and evaluation. I use a set of questions to structure my thesis based on my early experience of working in Cambodia on education projects. In the first half of the thesis I explore how educational development projects work in relationship to multi-level contexts. I draw on research in the field of comparative and international education to contextualise the work and to justify the units of analysis. The types of data I collected and methods used reflect the different projects and the extent to which I had control over the research that was undertaken. By contextualising teacher education in the wider development agendas of international aid, neoliberal economic policies and world education culture I show how these agendas impact on project design, implementation and evaluation. Then, by analysing two projects in detail, I demonstrate how international agendas affect the project outcomes at a local level. In the second half of the thesis I move away from the technical aspects of project design to address concepts of culture, religion, history and language in Cambodia through an exploration of the available literature, an examination of project data and by regularly interviewing six Khmer mathematics educators. Grounding the cultural concepts in the real experiences of Cambodians allowed ‘local voice’ to be given the same value as global educational priorities. In the conclusion, the original questions and the extent to which they have been answered are again considered. This leads to a list of ‘generic activities and orientation questions’ that I hope will contribute to the planning of other international educators encountering the field of educational development for the first time.
Technological Change , Technological Catch-up , and Capital Deepening : Relative Contributions to Growth and Convergence During 90 ’ s ∗

In this paper we investigate three sources of economic growth and evolution of world income distribution during the 90’s: (i) technological change, (ii) efficiency change (the catching-up) and (iii) capital deepening. Our research is an extension to recent study of Kumar and Russell (2002), which we complement in two ways: we considering a more recent period (the 90’s instead of 1965-90) and, as a result, we include data on transitional economies. In contrast to study by Kumar and Russell (2002), which concluded that the capital deepening was the major force of growth and of changing the world income distribution over 1965-1990, our analysis shows that, during the 90’s, this major force was technological change, whereas capital accumulation played the minor role. JEL Classification: O47, P27, P52.
PENGARUH CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA DI INDUSTRI PERBANKAN INDONESIA

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the implementation of corporate governance measured by board size, proportion of independent board, audit committee existence and size of the company's toward earnings management measures of discretionary accruals calculated using the model Modified Jones Model (Dechow et al 1995 ). The sample in this study is a company engaged in banking that has gone public on the Stock Exchange in the year 2007-2010. Data collection methods in this study using purposive sampling. The amount of observational data obtained in this study as much as 96 observational data from 24 sample banking firms each year. By using a multiple linear regression analysis, the results show that good corporate governance mechanisms are shown to affect the size of the board to reduce the earning management. The result of this research mean that the mechanism by which the company has managed to minimize the practice of earnings management, so that it can be concluded that the mechanism of corporate governance have worked effectively to improve company performance. Keywords: corporate governance, board of directors, audit ommittees, earnings management
Implicit Regimes for the Spanish Peseta/Deutschmark Exchange Rate

The objective of this paper is to identify implicit exchange rate regimes for the Spanish peseta/Deutschmark exchange rate. To this end, several statistical approaches, proposed by previous studies, are applied to the period 1965-1998. The results indicate the existence of implicit regimes other than a free-floating one.
Separation Logic with First-Class Heaps and a New Frame Rule

Separation Logic brought an advance to program verification of data structures through its use of (recursively defined) predicates to implicitly represent heaps, and the separation operator to construct heaps from disjoint subheaps. While this facilitated local reasoning in program fragments, the consideration of subheaps that are disjoint meant that any form of sharing between predicates is problematic and often requires manual proofs whose complexity may outweigh the core benefits of Separation Logic itself. With this as background motivation, we present an assertion language in which subheaps may be explicitly defined within predicates, and the effect of separation obtained by specifying that certain heaps are disjoint. Predicates can then be conjoined in the traditional way. We then present a new frame rule that is conditioned upon the heap-update operations of a program fragment. Essentially, a predicate can be framed over the program fragment if its footprint is disjoint from the updates. The main contribution is to demonstrate that the induced program verification method now provides local reasoning on problems that so far have not been adequately solved: • structure sharing in data structures, such as in cyclic graphs, where different program fragments act on different parts on these data structures; • summaries of program fragments where there is a recursively defined relationship between the global heap at the entry and exit program points of the fragment; and • incremental updates to complex data structures. Typically different parts of a complex data structure is manipulated by different program fragments (and this depends on the stored values).
Investment in Enterprise Resource Planning: Business Impact and Productivity Measures

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)software systems integrate key business and management processes within and beyond a firm's boundary.Although the business value of ERP implementations has been extensively debated in trade periodicals in the form of qualitative discussion or detailed case studies, there is little large-sample statistical evidence on whether the benefits of ERP implementation exceed the costs and risks. With multiyear multi-firm ERP implementation and financial data, we find that firms that invest in ERP tend to show higher performance across a wide variety of financial metrics. Even though there is a slowdown in business performance and productivity shortly after the implementation, financial markets consistently reward the adopters with higher market valuation (as measured by Tobin's q). Due to the lack of mid- and long-term post-implementation data, future research on the long-run impact of ERP is proposed.
Multiple Bank Lending and Seniority in Claims

In this paper, we study why multiple banks lend to the same project even though they are not constrained by the availability of funds. The choice of the amount of debt, as well as the hierarchy of debt claim is endogenized. We find that the hierarchy among the creditors is exclusively determined by their monitoring costs. We identify conditions under which group lending is efficient. We also establish a possible rationale behind the observed phenomenon where a system of consortium lending is increasingly being replaced by syndicated lending.
Clinical Breast Examination: Practical Recommendations for Optimizing Performance and Reporting

Clinical breast examination (CBE) seeks to detect breast abnormalities or evaluate patient reports of symptoms to find palpable breast cancers at an earlier stage of progression. Treatment options for earlier‐stage cancers are generally more numerous, include less toxic alternatives, and are usually more effective than treatments for later‐stage cancers. For average‐risk women aged 40 and younger, earlier detection of palpable tumors identified by CBE can lead to earlier therapy. After age 40, when mammography is recommended, CBE is regarded as an adjunct to mammography. Recent debate, however, has questioned the contributions of CBE to the detection of breast cancer in asymptomatic women and particularly to improved survival and reduced mortality rates. Clinicians remain widely divided about the level of evidence supporting CBE and their confidence in the examination. Yet, CBE is practiced extensively in the United States and continues to be recommended by many leading health organizations. It is in this context that this report provides a brief review of evidence for CBE's role in the earlier detection of breast cancer, highlights current practice issues, and presents recommendations that, when implemented, could contribute to greater standardization of the practice and reporting of CBE. These recommendations may also lead to improved evidence of the nature and extent of CBE's contribution to the earlier detection of breast cancer.
The January Effect and Other Seasonal Anomalies: A Common Theoretical Framework

Preface. An Introduction to Keynes' Common Theoretical Framework for All Seasonal Anomalies. Keynes' theory of liquidity preferences. Contemporary Explanations for the January Effect. Tax loss selling and the January effect. The intergenerational transfers hypothesis and the January effect. Capital asset pricing model misspecification and the January effect. Seasonal information flows and the January effect. Window dressing and the January effect. Seasonals Other than the January Effect. The weekend and day-of-the-week effects. The holiday effect. Tax (estimated) tax payment effects. End-of-the-month/turn-of-the-month effects. Month-of-the-year effects. The January Effect and Other Seasonals - A Summary. An historical/contemporary retail merchandising seasonal? The Stock Index and Market Seasonals database. Summary and suggestions for further research. Annotated bibliography. Acronyms. Glossary of hypotheses and terms.
MAPPING MULTIVARIATE SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS FROM REGRESSION TREES BY PARTITIONS OF COLOR VISUAL VARIABLES

ABSTRACT. In classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, the observations are successively partitioned into a prediction tree. At each node in the tree, the CART algorithm searches for the value of one of the predictor variables that explains the greatest amount of variation in the response variable. The observations are split into two groups at each node according to this splitting criterion until the tree reaches a size that balances predictive power and parsimony. We illustrate a method for mapping the spatial relationships in a prediction tree when the cases are spatial. Each leaf in the tree has a unique set of predictor variables and corresponding value ranges that predict the value of the response variable at the observations belonging to the leaf. If the tree is arranged such that observations with lower values of the splitting variable are always on the left at each node, then there is an unambiguous ordering to the tree. One method for assigning mapping symbols to the observations of the leaves is by locating each leaf in a corresponding position along the continuum of one of the color visual variables. Observations that are closer in perceptual value to others indicate a closer relationship in the structure of prediction.
Pluronic L-81 ameliorates diabetic symptoms in db/db mice through transcriptional regulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein.

AIM To test whether oral L-81 treatment could improve the condition of mice with diabetes and to investigate how L-81 regulates microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity in the liver. METHODS Genetically diabetic (db/db) mice were fed on chow supplemented with or without L-81 for 4 wk. The body weight, plasma glucose level, plasma lipid profile, and adipocyte volume of the db/db mice were assessed after treatment. Toxicity of L-81 was also evaluated. To understand the molecular mechanism, HepG2 cells were treated with L-81 and the effects on apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion and mRNA level of the MTP gene were assessed. RESULTS Treatment of db/db mice with L-81 significantly reduced and nearly normalized their body weight, hyperphagia and polydipsia. L-81 also markedly decreased the fasting plasma glucose level, improved glucose tolerance, and attenuated the elevated levels of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride. At the effective dosage, little toxicity was observed. Treatment of HepG2 cells with L-81 not only inhibited apoB secretion, but also significantly decreased the mRNA level of the MTP gene. Similar to the action of insulin, L-81 exerted its effect on the MTP promoter. CONCLUSION L-81 represents a promising candidate in the development of a selective insulin-mimetic molecule and an anti-diabetic agent.
Physical parameters of helium-rich subdwarf B stars from medium resolution optical spectroscopy

Most subdwarf B (sdB) stars have spectra that show helium (He) abundances depleted to a lesser or greater extent. This has been attributed to diffusion and gravitational settling. However a small but significant number of stars with similar temperatures and gravities show relatively strong helium spectra. The question is how these helium-rich sdB (He-sdB) stars are related to their He-deficient counterparts. We present physical parameters for sample of He-sdB stars using line-blanketed LTE models. From the analysis we show that the He-sdB stars are quite distinct from the He-poor sdB. We also explore the idea of a possible link between some extreme helium (EHe) stars and He-rich subdwarf O (He-sdO) stars.
Connectivity of two nodes in cognitive radio ad hoc networks

This paper analyzes the connectivity of cognitive radio networks. The connectivity of cognitive network which is more consistent with reality is redefined in our article and the closed-form formula of relation between connectivity and density of PUs, density of SUs, and transmission radius of SU is given. Specifically, the impact of correlation of adjacent nodes for connectivity of cognitive radio ad hoc network is illustrated. On the basis of Random geometric graph and probability theory, a novel method that divides connectivity of cognitive radio ad hoc network into topological connectivity and physical connectivity is proposed to derive the close-form formula. We prove theoretically that once the density of secondary users is large enough and the transmission radius is appropriate, the probability of cognitive network connectivity tends to a stable non-zero value under the condition that density of primary users is small.
Shades of Grey: How do Informal Firms Navigate Between Macro and Meso Institutional Environments?

Our qualitative research shows that when making decisions about informality, entrepreneurs in emerging economies purposefully navigate between the enabling and constraining rules of the macro institutional environment and the norms of the meso institutional environment. We show that: (1) informality is a multidimensional continuum along which path to formalization unfolds; (2) as entrepreneurs grow more successful they become simultaneously more attuned to the countervailing constraints of both the macro and meso institutional environments; and (3) informal firms and formal firms weave together an exchange system that legitimizes the persistence of informality. In the context of informality, meso institutions serve as the connective tissue which cross-link levels of the environment and shape the context in which entrepreneurs make decisions. Copyright © 2014 Strategic Management Society.
The Relationship Between X-Ray Radiance and Magnetic Flux

We use soft X-ray and magnetic field observations of the Sun (quiet Sun, X-ray bright points, active regions, and integrated solar disk) and active stars (dwarf and pre-main-sequence) to study the relationship between total unsigned magnetic flux, Φ, and X-ray spectral radiance, LX. We find that Φ and LX exhibit a very nearly linear relationship over 12 orders of magnitude, albeit with significant levels of scatter. This suggests a universal relationship between magnetic flux and the power dissipated through coronal heating. If the relationship can be assumed linear, it is consistent with an average volumetric heating rate ~ /L, where is the average field strength along a closed field line and L is its length between footpoints. The Φ-LX relationship also indicates that X-rays provide a useful proxy for the magnetic flux on stars when magnetic measurements are unavailable.
Regional Deprivation and Non-Cancer Related Computed Tomography Use in Pediatric Patients in Germany: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cohort Data

Background Conflicting findings were observed in recent studies assessing the association between patients’ area-level socio-economic status and the received number of computed tomography (CT) examinations in children. The aim was to investigate the association between area-level socio-economic status and variation in CT examination practice for pediatric patients in Germany. Methods Data from Radiology Information Systems for children aged 0 to < 15 years without cancer who had at least one CT examination between 2001 and 2010 were extracted in 20 hospitals across Germany. The small-area German Index of Multiple Deprivation (GIMD) was used to assess regional deprivation. The GIMD scores were classified into least, medium and most deprived areas and linked with the patient’s last known postal code. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to assess the association between patients’ CT numbers and regional deprivation adjusting for age, sex, and location of residence (urban/rural). Results A total of 37,810 pediatric patients received 59,571 CT scans during the study period. 27,287 (72%) children received only one CT, while n = 885 (2.3%) received six or more. Increasing numbers of CT examinations in non-cancer patients were significantly associated with higher regional deprivation, which increased, although CI overlap, for higher CT categories: ‘2–3 CT’ odds ratio (OR) = 1.45, 95%CI: 1.40–1.50; ‘4–5 CT’ OR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.38–1.59; ‘6+CT’ OR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.41–1.69. In addition, male sex, higher age categories, and specific body regions were positively associated with increased numbers of CT examinations. Conclusion We observed a positive association between regional deprivation and CT numbers in non-cancer pediatric patients. Limitations of the ecological approach and the lack of differentiation of CT details have to be acknowledged. More information on CT indications is necessary for a full assessment of this finding. In addition, further work on ways to assess socio-economic status more accurately may be required.
Assessing the Value of Your Technology

OVERVIEW:R&D's role in the innovation process can be meaningfully represented by a hierarchy of managerial factors (The Technology Value Pyramid) that provide the foundations, links to strategy and financial outcomes for the corporation. The recognition of these TVP factors, together with an assembled menu of metrics, allows the model to be used to track the contribution to innovation performance at different levels of the TVP. The TVP model can be used to track the performance both prospectively and retrospectively, to diagnose weaknesses in the R&D organization and to plan for improvement in R&D contribution to the corporation. The various R&D stakeholders have different interests and perspectives on the innovation process, and these are accommodated by the TVP model and the menu of metrics.
Foreign inflows of remittances into sub-Saharan Africa

This study starts with an investigation into the factors that drive or constrain formal remittance inflows to Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The aim is to facilitate a better understanding of what is required to direct remittances through formal channels, mitigate the use of informal remittance channels and its attendant negative externalities, as well as harness remittance inflows as an alternative source of finance for development. It has been estimated that approximately 45-65 percent of formal inflows to Sub-Saharan Africa come through informal channels (Freud and Spatafora, 2005) with strong negative externalities such as fraud, money laundering, illegal forex markets and terrorism financing. Informal inflows also adversely affect effective management of macroeconomic variables such as money supply growth, inflation and the