Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ENTREPRENEURIAL INCLINATIONS OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STUDENTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MALE AND FEMALE TRAINEES IN IRINGA REGION, TANZANIA

This study examined entrepreneurial inclinations among vocational training centres (VTCs) using a sample of 508 trainees from 12 VTCs in Iringa region, central Tanzania. A majority of VTC trainees have interest in starting own businesses, motivated primarily by the need to have control over their own lives. While gender and having taken entrepreneurship courses have no significant effects on start-up inclinations, perceived chances of getting a job and background of entrepreneurial family are positively associated with interest in entrepreneurial intention. Results suggest a need to re-examine entrepreneurship training in VET and for policy makers to be careful in promoting entrepreneurship as an alternative career for those unable to secure paid jobs.
The hidden transformation: the changing role of the state after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe

This article reviews the role of the state in the development of the transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe. Among those countries Poland is today perceived as the leader as it was the only EU economy that survived the crisis without recession. In this study we show that the role of the government played an important role. We document that the hidden role of the government might have helped Poland during the crisis to become a leader, it is likely to turn to be a disadvantage for the country in the future.
Melatonin Appears Ineffective in Children With Intellectual Deficits and Fragmented Sleep: Six "N of 1" Trials

9. Starkman SP, Brown TC, Linell EA: Cerebral arachnoid cysts. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1958; 17:484-500. 10. Klein TE, Bernard EM, Gold JWM, Armstrong D: Candidiasis, detection by gas-liquid chromatography of D-arabinitol, a fungal metabolite, in human serum. Science 1979;206:577-580. 11. Wong B, Brauer KL: Entantioselective measurement of fungal D-arabinitol in the sera of normal adults and patients with candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 1988;26:1670-1674.
The prevalence of mental health problems in children 1(1/2) years of age - the Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000.

BACKGROUND The Copenhagen Child Cohort, CCC 2000, was established to investigate developmental psychopathology prospectively from birth in a general population. METHODS A random sample of 211 children from the CCC 2000 was investigated when the children were 1(1/2) years of age. The prevalence and associates of mental health problems and psychopathology were studied by clinical and standardised strategies, including videotape recordings, parent interviews and the following instruments: The Child Behavior Check List 1(1/2)-5 (CBCL 1(1/2)-5), The Infant Toddler Symptom Check List (ITSCL), Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT), Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II), The Parent Child Early Relationship Assessment (PC ERA) and Parent Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIR-GAS). RESULTS Mental health problems according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and Diagnostic Classification Zero to Three (DC 0-3) diagnoses were found in 16-18% of 1(1/2)-year-old children. Most common were disturbances of emotion, behaviour and eating and the DC 0-3 diagnosis of regulatory disorder. Parent-child relationship disturbances were found in 8%. High psychosocial risk was significantly associated with emotional and behavioural disorders (OR 3.1 95% (1.2-8.1)) and disturbed parent-child relationship (OR 5.0 95% (1.6-16.0)). The strongest association of risk was found between relationship disorders and emotional and behavioural disorders (OR 11.6 95% (3.8-37.5)). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence and distribution of psychopathology in 1(1/2)-year-old children seem to correspond to the distributions among older children. Disturbances in parent-child relationship have a key position in the risk mechanisms in early child psychopathology.
Stock Return Volatility on Emerging Eastern European Markets

A common finding for developed stock markets is that negative shocks entering the market lead to a larger return volatility than positive shocks of a similar magnitude. The following paper considers two emerging Eastern European markets where the first point of investigation is whether an analogous asymmetric characteristic is reflected in emerging markets. The second point of investigation is whether the findings differ depending on the institutional microstructure of the exchange being examined. Hence, econometric techniques are adjusted and a 'double-censored tobit GARCH' model is developed. This paper finds that no asymmetry exists on either emerging market but does exist for a stock return series on the developed market; possible reasons for this are proposed. Copyright 1997 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
Supplier choice criteria of executing agencies in developing countries

Procurement by executing agencies, statutory organisations or departments in developing countries responsible for procurement against aid‐funded projects, has received little attention from academic researchers. This study found that executing agencies’ buying decisions are primarily influenced by economic criteria, with most emphasis on price and timely delivery. The reliability of the supplier is the next most important aspect. Suppliers need to design their offers to these organisational buyers, with due consideration of these criteria. Along with these, the offer also needs to project the supplier's proven ability to supply quality products.
Unbundling the Expense Ratio: Hidden Distribution Costs in European Mutual Fund Markets

Using data on more than 5,000 mutual funds domiciled in four European countries in 2006, we investigate whether distribution costs embedded into the expense ratio can be held responsible for the differences of expense ratios of mutual funds in different countries. We confirm the existence of relevant country effects in the pricing of mutual fund management services. Comparing load and no-load funds and using survey data on fee retrocession to the distribution channel, we provide evidence that these effects are heavily influenced by the cost of the distribution embedded in the expense ratio.
Coexistence of gamma and high‐frequency oscillations in rat medial entorhinal cortex in vitro

High frequency oscillations (> 80–90 Hz) occur in neocortex and hippocampus in vivo where they are associated with specific behavioural states and more classical EEG frequency bands. In the hippocampus in vitro these oscillations can occur in the absence of pyramidal neuronal somatodendritic compartments and are temporally correlated with on‐going, persistent gamma frequency oscillations. Their occurrence in the hippocampus is dependent on gap‐junctional communication and it has been suggested that these high frequency oscillations originate as collective behaviour in populations of electrically coupled principal cell axonal compartments. Here we demonstrate that the superficial layers of medial entorhinal cortex can also generate high frequency oscillations associated with gamma rhythms. During persistent gamma frequency oscillations high frequency oscillations occur with a high bispectral coherence with the field gamma activity. Bursts of high frequency oscillations are temporally correlated with both the onset of compound excitatory postsynaptic potentials in fast‐spiking interneurones and spikelet potentials in both pyramidal and stellate principal neurones. Both the gamma frequency and high frequency oscillations were attenuated by the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone. These data suggest that high frequency oscillations may represent the substrate for phasic drive to interneurones during persistent gamma oscillations in the medial entorhinal cortex.
The Land of Milk and Honey? The Contemporary Working Lives of Contingent Youth Labour

The 90th anniversary of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in 2009 and its 'Decent Work' campaign presented an opportune time to investigate contingent youth labour and, more specifically, student migrants. Underpinning this investigation is the fact that the export education industry is one of New Zealand's fastest growing, high-value, service export sectors and is the fifth largest export earner. This paper examines the type of employment involving youth international students and presents tentative evidence to show that many international student workers are forced into exploitative and illegal forms of employment. It is also argued that given that the international education market is a significant contributor to New Zealand's economy, this area of research has wide policy implications. Finally, we ask the question: what potential reach does the ILO have to mitigate concerns associated with student migration?
Myothermic methods

The recent development of galvanometers has led to substantial improvements in the technique of recording and analyzing the heat production of muscle, particularly in facilitating the correlation in time and magnitude between thermal and mechanical events. The heat changes can be resolved in time to within a few milliseconds; the changes of length or tension, recorded simultaneously, are practically unaffected by friction or inertia. The physical properties of the instruments, and numerical methods of analysis, are discussed.
Multidimensional Bargaining Under Asymmetric Information

A buyer with private information regarding marginal valuation bargains with a seller to determine price and quantity of trade. Depending on parameter values, a high-valuation buyer wants either to reveal information to create value or to conceal it to capture value. In the first case, equilibrium trades are efficient. In the second case, the low-valuation buyer purchases less than her efficient quantity, and there can be a one-period delay in trade. The quantity distortion is the only inefficiency that persists when time between offers approaches zero. There exist equilibria that are independent of the seller's prior beliefs. Copyright 2000 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Community-Based Management for Sustainable Fisheries Resources in Phang-nga Bay, Thailand

Fishing communities, the Government of Thailand Department of Fisheries, local nongovermnental organizations, universities, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and FAO's Bay of Bengal Program have undertaken a partnership in management of Phang-nga Bay's coastal resources. It is the first project of its kind in Thailand, and although still in the early stages, offers insights that may contribute to our knowledge of how we can improve our management of coastal resources, including the importance of (1) building relationships within the governance process; (2) combining education, enforcement, and economic incentives to achieve compliance; (3) implementing solutions early; and (4) government support of community-based decisions. These insights reinforce trends emerging in other coastal management projects in the Asian region.
Disclosure Level and Expected Cost of Equity Capital: An Examination of Analysts' Rankings of Corporate Disclosure

This paper examines the association between expected cost of equity capital and three types of disclosure (annual report, quarterly and other published reports, and investor relations). Our sample consists of 3,620 firm-year observations with Value Line data, which are also included in the AIMR's Annual Reviews of Corporate Reporting Practices dated from 1985/1986 through 1995/1996. The disclosure rankings produced by the AIMR are employed to proxy for disclosure level. Four alternative estimates of expected cost of equity capital estimates are examined. However, we conclude that two of these approaches, that employed in Botosan (1997) and an approach based on a finite horizon specification of the Gordon growth model, dominate the other two. As expected, we find that cost of equity capital is decreasing in annual report disclosure level. The magnitude of the difference in cost of equity capital between the most and least forthcoming firms is approximately one-half to one percentage point, after controlling for market beta and firm size. Contrary to our expectations, we find a positive association between cost of equity capital and the level of more timely disclosures, such as the quarterly report. The magnitude of the difference in cost of equity capital between the most and least forthcoming firms is approximately one to two percentage points, after controlling for market beta and firm size. This result, while contrary to that predicted by theory, is consistent with managers' claims that greater timely disclosures increase cost of equity capital, possibly through increased stock price volatility. Finally, we find no association between cost of equity capital and the level of investor relations activities. These results confirm and extend the results of Botosan (1997) to include larger, more heavily followed firms, across a diverse group of industries, over a number of years. In addition, they suggest that aggregating across different types of disclosure results in a loss of information and potentially erroneous conclusions.
Higher Education, Community Engagement, and the Public Good: Building the Future of Continuing Education in Canada

This article is about the potential for university-community engagement to serve the public good by transforming the health and well-being of our communities. It documents contemporary expressions of and renewed calls for community university engagement. It includes a detailed treatment of community based research, discussed in the overall context of community-university engagement. The article also explores some other important and growing dimensions of community university engagement, including the development of structures for the support of community-based research and community-service learning. It concludes with an argument that university-community engagement, while not the only current trend in higher education that affects our work in continuing education, is nonetheless a very important new development in which continuing education has much to offer and much to gain.
Labor in the rural household economy of the Zairian basin.

Previous labor studies conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa have tended to concentrate mostly on describing the division of labor, estimating the amount of labor allocated to agriculture and other household activities, examining the seasonality of labor time spent on agriculture, and estimating the productivity of labor input and the contribution of this input to farm output. It is clear from a survey of the literature that these labor studies have largely overlooked two other significant aspects of labor allocation and use in Sub-Saharan agriculture. First, they did not pay enough attention to the effects of economic variables on labor use and allocation. Second, they did not examine the effect of the timing of various farm operations on the amount and productivity of labor used. Labor in the Rural Household Economy of the Zairian Basin, Research Report 90, by Tshikala B. Tshibaka, addresses these gaps and contributes to an understanding of the rural household economy in this tropical rain forest area, one of the least-known parts of the developing world. This analysis is derived from data collected in an extensive 1982/83 household survey by the author in collaboration with the Institut Facultaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Yangambi, Zaire. In addition to the aspects of labor use addressed in earlier studies, this study attempts to identify the key economic and other variables that affect the use and productivity of labor in the small-farm sector of the Zairian Basin.
International trade and global growth with capital accumulation, heterogeneous households and elastic labour supply

The purpose of this study is to build a multi-country growth model with endogenous labour supply, capital accumulation and heterogeneous households, basing on the Oniki-Uzawa trade model. We show that the dynamics of the world economy with any number of countries and any number of household types in each country can be expressed by a set of differential equations. We simulate the global economy with three countries and two household types in each country, specifying the production functions with the Cobb-Douglas form. The world dynamics has a unique stable equilibrium point. Our model demonstrates, as Grier and Grier (2007) empirically show, that the global economy exhibits absolute divergence in output levels if some determinants of steady state income are also divergence. As our model allows any number of household types in each country, we can explain some distributional issues in international trade which the traditional neoclassical trade theory fails to explain. We also carry out comparative dynamic.
Network relationships and asset specificity in Pakistan's automotive industry

This study empirically examines linkages between suppliers and assemblers in the car and tractor segments of the Pakistan auto industry. It builds upon the literature on transaction cost theory and lean network systems to develop a framework for understanding the relationship between inter-firm linkages, asset specificity and transaction costs in the presence of uncertainty. Asset specificity was found to be significantly correlated with transaction costs and with inter-firm linkages. Suppliers who have invested in relationship-specific assets (site, equipment and human) tend to have stronger relationships with their main customer, but also incur higher transaction costs. Results indicate that the auto supplier industry is characterized by low levels of assistance, trust, information sharing, poor performance in terms of inventory levels and other measures of network relationships, and yet by high levels of physical asset specificity. It is suggested that this high level of asset specificity is a result of historically stable growth, which when combined with recent market instability resulted in decreased trust, unused capacity and high transaction costs. The impact seems to have been particularly severe on tractor suppliers.
Can we change brain functioning with cognition-focused interventions in Alzheimer's disease? The role of functional neuroimaging.

PURPOSE This review considers the application of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify treatment effects and brain plasticity in cognition-focused interventions aimed at people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). At present there is little evidence available that bears directly on this question. Associative memory function is affected in the early stages of AD and also deteriorates disproportionately in comparison to other types of memory in healthy ageing. METHODS We review paradigms from the literature on face-name learning in fMRI in three groups (AD, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy ageing) with the aim of developing a paradigm to measure treatment effects and functional plasticity following cognitive intervention. RESULTS Previous studies have commonly selected participants with high levels of education, and have generally used challenging tasks, with considerable variations in level of task performance across studies. The findings of the review indicate that there is a need a simple face-name learning paradigm that can be used with people with AD, and which can be applied either as a single assessment tool to compare various subject groups or as an outcome tool to assess functional changes following a period of cognitive intervention. CONCLUSIONS We make recommendations for such a paradigm and discuss pilot data showing the successful application of our paradigm in an individual with MCI.
Institutional arrangements and public debt threshold limits

Inter-governmental Organisations, such as the IMF and OECD, advocate a medium-term reduction in deficit spending and public debt accumulation among advanced economies to satisfy conditions of fiscal sustainability. Buttressing the need for fiscal austerity, Reinhart and Rogoff claim to have identified a so-called tipping point, beyond which public debt accumulation negatively affects economic growth. While recent data seem to indicate that some Eurozone (non-sovereign) economies have reached a tipping point, for other advanced (sovereign) economies, such as the US, UK and Japan, this is not clear. The mainstream tipping point literature however does not recognise the importance of institutional arrangements for the conduct of fiscal and monetary policy. Furthermore, the literature sheds little light on the transmission mechanism between high public debt and low economic growth. This article draws on the principles of Modern Monetary Theory to discuss institutional arrangements and to justify the theoretical and empirical focus on Eurozone economies. The empirical analysis unpacks the transmission mechanism(s) to reveal that Eurozone economies have reached a public debt threshold limit with respect to long-term interest rates.
Generational Accounting for France

This paper presents the first set of generational accounts prepared for France, illustrating the impact on different generations of current policy settings. It was developed using age profiles of taxes and transfers drawn from a 1990 survey and recent demographic projections. The results reported suggest that if all living generations were protected from future policy changes, current policy rules would imply a net tax burden on future generations more than 1½ times as large as that on current newborn generations. If the assumption that young living generations are protected is relaxed, a large net-tax imbalance in favor of "babyboomers" emerges.
Quantification of C60 fullerene concentrations in water

The growing usage of nanomaterials is causing emerging concern regarding their environmental behavior in aquatic environments. A major need is the capability to detect and quantify nanomaterials in complex water matrices. Carbon60 fullerene is of special interest because of the widespread application of nanocarbon technology. The present study focuses on how to separate and concentrate fullerenes from water containing salts and organic matter and then quantify their concentrations using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The stable aqueous C60 aggregates (nC60) prepared in the present study were approximately 60 to 70 nm in diameter and had an ultraviolet (UV) extinction coefficient of 0.0263 L/mg‐cm at 347 nm, which equated to a UV detection limit of 0.4 mg/L based upon an absorbance of 0.01 cm−1. Ultraviolet analysis is not applicable to use in waters containing salts or organics (e.g., tap water) because of their interferences and potential to aggregate nC60 The LS/MS analysis detected C60 as single fullerene rather than aggregates. Three techniques were developed to separate and concentrate nC60 from ultrapure and tap water into toluene to facilitate LC/MS determination: Evaporation of sample to dryness; extraction using 20% NaCl into toluene; and solid‐phase extraction. The first two methods had limitations for use in complex water matrices, but aqueous nC60 concentration as low as 300 ng/L in water were quantified using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) separation method. This is the first publication on the application of extraction methods for nC60 from ultrapure and tap waters and determination of detection limits by LC/MS.