Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Validity of Real-Time Response Measurement: a Comparison of Two Studies of a Televised Debate in Germany

This paper investigates the reliability and validity of real-time response measurements (RTR). It is based on a comparison of two quasi-experimental studies independently conducted on the second televised debate of the two major candidates for chancellor in the 2002 German federal election campaign. Participants in Bamberg and Mainz - two mid-sized German cities - followed the debate on a large-scale screen. The viewers’ immediate reactions to the candidates were measured in real-time. In terms of technicalities and substance, both quasi-experiments differed in several important respects. For example, the system used in Mainz was based on a control unit with a 7-point scale and yielded one merged metric dimension for both candidates. The Bamberg system measured positive and negative impressions of the candidates independently, yielding categorical data. Despite these operational differences, the results show that both methods render reliable results that also meet the criteria of face, construct, and criterion validity. Hence, RTR measurements provide valuable, unique insights into subjective immediate reactions to candidates in televised debates and help to explain post-debate perceptions and attitudes.
Influenza Vaccination in Orthotopic Liver Transplant Recipients: Absence of Post Administration ALT Elevation

Influenza vaccination has reduced life‐threatening complications from influenza virus infection in adult liver transplant recipients. We evaluated changes in aminotransferase level and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination in liver transplant recipients. Fifty‐one liver transplant recipients were administered a standard dose of the 2002–2003 inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine. ALT values were measured at baseline, 1 week and 4–6 weeks postvaccination. Antibody responses to each component of the vaccine were measured at baseline and after 4–6 weeks by a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay. Response was defined as an HAI titer ≥ 1: 40 and/or a 4‐fold increase in antibody titers from baseline. An ALT elevation was defined as a rise of ≥ 50% from baseline. There was no difference in the median rise in ALT value between seroconverters and nonseroconverters. A significant number of recipients developed potentially protective antibody titers (p‐value < 0.0001). At less than 4 months post transplantation, 1/7 (14%), at 4–12 months, 6/9 (67%), and after 12 months, 30/35 (86%) subjects responded to the H1 strain. Of 51 recipients, one HCV (−) recipients vaccinated within 3 months of transplantation developed acute cellular rejection. Influenza virus vaccination is not associated with allograft rejection or ALT flares in liver transplant recipients.
The role of ideology in terrorists’ target selection

Ideology plays a crucial role in terrorist's target selection; it supplies terrorists with an initial motive for action and provides a prism through which they view events and the actions of other people. Those people and institutions whom they deem guilty of having transgressed the tenets of the terrorists’ ideologically‐based moral framework are considered to be legitimate targets which the terrorists feel justified in attacking. As an extension of this, ideology also allows terrorists to justify their violence by displacing the responsibility onto either their victims or other actors, whom in ideological terms they hold responsible for the state of affairs which the terrorists claim led them to adopt violence. While it is not the only factor which determines whether a potential target is attacked, ideology provides an initial range of legitimate targets and a means by which terrorists seek to justify attacks, both to the outside world and to themselves.
Application of Updated Landau–Lifshitz–Bloch Equations to Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording

Previously, we applied analysis of macro-spin magnetization dynamics described by the Landau–Lifshitz–Bloch (LLB) equation to issues in the future magnetic recording which combined heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) with bit-patterned media (BPM). In this paper, we use updated versions of the LLB equation to revisit the magnetic switching reliability as an HAMR head is passed over a single, isolated grain of a bit-patterned medium. Areal density was varied, while the packing density of the BPM was set to 0.4 or 0.5. LLB writing reliability is also assessed with the Arrhenius–Nèel theory that has been upgraded with recent work related to the Stoner–Wohlfarth model to add understanding of the role of thermodynamics in thermomagnetic recording and the long-time stability of magnetic reversal.
The Effects of Extra Postpartum Contact and Maternal Speech Patterns on Children's IQs, Speech, and Language Comprehension at Five.

RINGLER, NORMA; TRAUSE, MARY ANNE; KLAUS, MARSHALL; and KENNELL, JOHN. The Effects of Extra Postpartum Contact and Maternal Speech Patterns on Children's IQs, Speech, and Language Comprehension at Five. CmHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 862-865. As part of a continuing study to determine the effects of early mother-infant contact on later maternal and child behavior, we studied the relationship between patterns of maternal speech while addressing their 2-year-olds and the children's speech and language comprehension at 5. Among those mother-child pairs who experienced extra contact in the immediate postpartum period, several dimensions of maternal speech were related to children's performance. There were, however, no significant correlations among the controls without extra contact.
On the use of uh and um in American English

This study examines the use of uh and um — referred to jointly as UHM — in 14 conversations totaling c. 62,350 words from the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English. UHM was much less frequent than in British English with 7.5 vs. 14.5 instances per million words in the British National Corpus. However, as in British English the frequency of UHM was closely correlated to extra-linguistic context. Conversations in non-private environments (such as offices and classrooms) had higher frequencies than those taking place in private spaces, mostly homes. Time required for planning, especially when difficult subjects were discussed, appeared to be an important explanatory factor. It is clear that UHM cannot be dismissed as mere hesitation or disfluency; it functions as a pragmatic marker on a par with well, you know, and I mean, sharing some of the functions of these in discourse. Although the role of sociolinguistic factors was less clear, the tendencies for older speakers and educated speakers to use UHM more frequently than younger and less educated ones paralleled British usage, but contrary to British usage, there were no gender differences.
Parenting Style as a Context for Emotion Socialization

Research Findings: The purpose of this study was to examine parenting style in the domain of emotion socialization through studying the relationships among parenting styles, emotion-related parental practices, and parental goals of Hong Kong–Chinese mothers. Data were collected from 189 Hong Kong–Chinese mothers of 6- to 8-year-old children. Hong Kong–Chinese mothers reported that among authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles, they adopted an authoritative style most often and an authoritarian style least often. They valued both relational and individualistic emotional competence of their children as parental goals but regarded the former as more important than the latter. Structural equation modeling results indicated that parental goals mediated the influences of parenting styles on parental practices. Authoritative mothers who held individualistic emotional competence goals adopted different parental practices (a coaching or an emotion-encouraging approach) from those who held relational emotional competence goals. When mothers adopted authoritarian parenting and endorsed relational emotional competence as a parental goal, they responded to children's expression of emotions in a dismissing way. Practice or Policy: Parenting styles play an overarching role in emotion socialization, influencing both parental practices and goals. The results imply that school personnel, counselors, or social workers should take into account parenting styles, parental goals, and cultural values of participants when they offer training programs to parents.
Optic Pathway Gliomas in Children With and Without Neurofibromatosis 1

Optic pathway gliomas represent 2 to 5% of brain tumors in children. Frequently asymptomatic, sometimes they demonstrate rapid growth, causing considerable visual dysfunction, neurologic deficits, and endocrine disturbances. Most optic pathway gliomas are diagnosed in patients with neurofibromatosis 1. Little is known about their natural course; therefore, there are no clear and widely accepted guidelines for their treatment. This study compared the clinical manifestations and natural history of sporadic and neurofibromatosis 1—associated optic pathway gliomas with regard to age at diagnosis, gender, and findings on neurologic, ophthalmologic, and neuroradiologic examinations in 83 children with optic pathway gliomas: 51 children with neurofibromatosis 1 and 32 children without any symptoms or signs of neurofibromatosis 1. A prospective study was performed in 21 patients with neurofibromatosis 1. In the rest of the patients with neurofibromatosis 1 and in 32 children with sporadic tumors, the analysis was carried out retrospectively. There was an increased incidence of females in the group of patients with neurofibromatosis 1 with optic pathway gliomas compared with the entire group of patients with neurofibromatosis 1 remaining for follow-up (P = .013). All optic pathway gliomas were found in children below 10 years of age, slightly earlier in the group without neurofibromatosis 1 (median age 4.6 vs 4.8 years). Children with optic pathway gliomas associated with neurofibromatosis 1 had predominantly multifocal lesions (P = .0001), whereas in the group without neurofibromatosis 1, isolated chiasmal involvement was more common (P = .002). Children with sporadic gliomas had significantly more frequently increased intracranial pressure, decreased visual acuity, and abnormalities of fundus of the eye at the time of diagnosis. The radiologic progression, visual deterioration, and endocrinologic complications were documented on follow-up more commonly in children with sporadic tumors. Our findings support the concept that there is an earlier and more severe clinical presentation of optic pathway gliomas in children with sporadic tumors than in those associated with neurofibromatosis 1. (J Child Neurol 2003;18:471—478).
Computer-assisted robotic renal surgery

Computer-assisted robotic renal surgery (CARRS) is a minimally invasive surgical treatment option for renal tumors. We review the literature regarding techniques and outcomes and the potential advantages of CARRS. We retrospectively reviewed the literature regarding techniques and outcomes of CARRS, with specific analysis on robotic radical nephrectomy (RRN) and robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN). Multiple papers on RRN and RPN were found where the techniques were performed with either a transperitoneal or a retroperitoneal approach. Preliminary outcomes with RRN and RPN were at least comparable to those of a laparoscopic approach, with some parameters of RPN improved over the laparoscopic approach (warm ischemia time, length of hospital stay and estimated blood loss). CARRS is an emerging field with preliminary outcomes at least comparable to the laparoscopic approach. Large prospective, randomized trials are needed to assess the benefit of CARRS compared with current methods.
Incidence, risk factors and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with multiple myeloma: a single‐centre experience in 303 patients

The incidence, characteristics and risk factors for the development of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) were evaluated among 303 myeloma patients. Only patients who received bisphosphonates developed ONJ (28/254; 11%). Zoledronic acid produced 9·5‐fold greater risk for developing ONJ than pamidronate alone (P = 0·042) and 4·5‐fold greater risk than subsequent use of pamidronate + zoledronic acid (P = 0·018). Use of thalidomide and number of bisphosphonate infusions also increased the risk for ONJ by 2·4‐fold (P = 0·043), and 4·9‐fold respectively (P = 0·012). ONJ developed earlier among patients receiving zoledronic acid. Our data indicates that administration of zoledronic acid for more than 2 years or in combination with thalidomide requires caution in myeloma.
Differential Effect of the Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Puromycin and Cycloheximide on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Viability

Recent evidence indicates that the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide triggers selective macrophage death in rabbit atheroma-like lesions without affecting smooth muscle cells (SMCs) or the endothelium, thereby favoring a stable plaque phenotype. In this study, we report that puromycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor with a different mode of action but with similar ability to inhibit de novo protein synthesis, did not reveal plaque-stabilizing effects. The macrophage and the SMC content readily decreased in puromycin-treated atheroma-like lesions in rabbit carotid arteries. Moreover, puromycin induced apoptosis in macrophages and SMCs in vitro. Puromycin-treated SMCs showed signs of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as demonstrated by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) protein expression, splicing of X-box-binding protein 1 mRNA, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α. The ER stress inducer thapsigargin up-regulated CHOP protein expression in SMCs without affecting their viability, indicating that ER stress not necessarily results in cell death. Puromycin, but not thapsigargin, activated the ER stress-related caspase-12. Treatment of SMCs with a combination of cycloheximide and puromycin inhibited ER stress and partially improved SMC viability. In addition, puromycin, but not cycloheximide or thapsigargin, induced intracellular accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins in SMCs, whereas the proteasome function was not affected. Taken together, puromycin, in contrast to cycloheximide, induces SMC apoptosis, thereby favoring an unstable plaque phenotype. SMC death upon puromycin treatment could only be partially prevented by cycloheximide, which completely blocked ER stress. However, other or additional mechanisms, such as increased polyubiquitination of proteins, might be involved in puromycin-induced SMC death.
Limb deficiency defects, MSX1, and exposure to tobacco smoke

There is increasing evidence from epidemiologic studies that genetic susceptibilities may modify the teratogenic effects of smoking. A previous study suggested that maternal smoking in the presence of a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism for MSX1 produced an almost fivefold increased risk for limb anomalies, providing evidence for a gene–environment interaction. The current study examined this potential interaction, using case‐control data with several methodologic improvements, including a larger sample size and more detailed information on cigarette smoke exposures. Cases (n = 92) were ascertained from pregnancies ending in 1987–1989, and controls (n = 180) were randomly selected from eligible liveborn infants. In telephone interviews, women reported smoking behaviors during the month before pregnancy through the end of the first trimester. Odds ratios (OR) for maternal and paternal smoking ranged from 1.0 to 1.4, risk estimates were imprecise; for example, the OR for maternal smoking ≥20 cigarettes per day, versus none, was 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5–3.4). Relative to the homozygous wildtype, the OR was 1.5 (95% CI 0.7–3.5) for the homozygous variant genotype and 0.8 (95% CI 0.5–1.4) for the heterozygous variant genotype. There was no evidence that maternal smoking or both parents smoking, in combination with a susceptible MSX1 genotype, conferred an additional increase in risk of limb defects. This study did not find a gene–environment interaction between maternal smoking, infant MSX1 CA repeat polymorphism, and risk of limb deficiency defects. This finding contrasts with results of a previous study, which provided initial evidence for such an interaction. Several important methodological differences may have contributed to the differences in findings between the two studies. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of invertebrate abundance in a seagrass bed and adjacent coral and sand areas at Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan

To examine whether or not reef-associated seagrass beds harbor abundant food resources for resident and visiting fishes, the invertebrate density and biomass in a seagrass bed were compared with those in adjacent coral and sand areas at Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan, in June 2002. The vegetation within the bed was dominated by Enhalus acoroides, the coral area comprising primarily Acropora spp. Epifaunal density was greater on the seagrass than on the corals. whereas biomass was greater on the latter. Tanaids, chironomid larvae, errant polychaetes, and gammaridean amphipods were dominant taxa on the seagrass; larger crustaceans, such as crabs and shrimps, being abundant on the corals. The density of infauna was greatest in the seagrass bed, followed by the coral and sand areas, whereas biomass was greatest in the coral area, followed by the seagrass bed and sand area. Each of the three habitats was dominated by harpacticoid copepods and errant polychaetes, although the density of each taxonomic group differed among the habitats. Important food items of seagrass bed fishes, such as harpacticoid copepods, gammaridean amphipods, errant polychaetes, and tanaids, were abundant in the seagrass bed, the density of each being greater than in the other two habitats.
Female entrepreneurship in the UAE: a multi-level integrative lens

Purpose – This paper aims to propose a multi-level integrative research framework anchored in an institutional theory that can successfully capture the multitude of factors affecting the expression of female entrepreneurship in context. Although female entrepreneurship is known to contribute to economic growth and vitality, and to enhance the diversity of employment in any economic system, there is very little research pertaining to female entrepreneurship in the Middle East. The authors use this framework to provide insights into multi-level factors enabling and constraining the experience of female entrepreneurship in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and advance knowledge of female entrepreneurship in a particular Middle Eastern context as well as cross-nationally. Design/methodology/approach – Analytical framework and qualitative research methodology consisting of focus group meetings and interviews with 15 female entrepreneurs and five male partners in the UAE. Findings – Our findings aptly highlight th.
Use of blood in elective general surgery: an area of wasted resources.

A prospective audit of the blood bank was carried out in Portsmouth to examine how efficiently blood was used in elective general surgery. The routine crossmatching of blood was found to be unnecessary for certain procedures such as cholecystectomy, thyroidectomy, mastectomy, and vagotomy. The most efficient use of blood was seen in vascular surgery despite the greater risk of severe haemorrhage. Completed detailed questionnaires returned by members of surgical teams in Wessex supported the Portsmouth data as being fairly typical and confirmed that substantial and unintentional overordering occurred, apparently due to poor communication, lack of discussion, and "force of habit. " The place of a "half hour crossmatch" as a substitute for many routine orders has been explored and seems to be acceptable to most anaesthetists and surgeons. This study, by showing how inefficiently blood is used, has underlined the value of local audit. It also supports the general experience of centres throughout the world who have invoked similar methods and achieved considerable savings without harm to patients.
Anticardiolipin Antibodies and the Risk for Ischemic Stroke and Venous Thrombosis

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies is a risk factor for ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis in healthy adult men. DESIGN A nested, case-control study in a prospective cohort. SETTING A nationwide study of physicians. PARTICIPANTS The study sample was drawn from the Physicians' Health Study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of aspirin and beta-carotene in 22,071 male physicians. At entry, 68% of the participants submitted plasma samples that were subsequently frozen at -80 degrees C. During 60.2 months of follow-up, follow-up for nonfatal outcomes was 99.7% complete and ascertainment of fatal outcomes was 100% complete. We identified men with documented ischemic stroke, deep venous thrombosis of the leg, or pulmonary embolus and for whom a plasma sample was available. A control was matched by age, smoking history, and length of follow-up to each of the 100 patients with ischemic stroke and the 90 patients with deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus. MEASUREMENTS Plasma samples were assessed for IgG anticardiolipin antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean anticardiolipin antibody titers of the case patients in the two diagnostic groups (ischemic stroke; venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus) were compared with those of the control groups, and relative risks were calculated for patients in increasing percentile categories of anticardiolipin antibodies by conditional logistic regression. RESULTS The anticardiolipin antibody titers were higher in case patients with deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus than in their matched controls (P = 0.01). Persons with anticardiolipin antibody titers above the 95th percentile had a relative risk for developing deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus of 5.3 (95% CI, 1.55 to 18.3; P = 0.01). The anticardiolipin antibody titers in case patients with ischemic stroke and controls were not significantly different (P > 0.2), and no clear trend of higher risks among those with elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies was observed. CONCLUSION An anticardiolipin antibody level above the 95th percentile is an important risk factor for deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus but not for ischemic stroke in healthy adult men.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FIRM HETEROGENEITY AND AGGREGATE WELFARE

We examine how firm heterogeneity influences aggregate welfare through endogenous firm selection. We consider a homogeneous firm model that is a special case of a heterogeneous firm model with a degenerate productivity distribution. Keeping all structural parameters besides the productivity distribution the same, we show that the two models have different aggregate welfare implications, with larger welfare gains from reductions in trade costs in the heterogenous firm model. Calibrating parameters to key U.S. aggregate and firm statistics, we find these differences in aggregate welfare to be quantitatively important (up to a few percentage points of GDP). Under the assumption of a Pareto productivity distribution, the two models can be calibrated to the same observed trade share, trade elasticity with respect to variable trade costs, and hence welfare gains from trade (as shown by Arkolakis, Costinot and Rodriguez-Clare, 2012); but this requires assuming different elasticities of substitution between varieties and different fixed and variable trade costs across the two models. Marc J. Melitz Department of Economics Harvard University 215 Littauer Center Cambridge, MA 02138 and NBER mmelitz@harvard.edu Stephen J. Redding Department of Economics and Woodrow Wilson School Princeton University Fisher Hall Princeton, NJ 08544 and NBER reddings@princeton.edu An online appendix is available at: http://www.nber. org/data-appendix/w18919