Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
You've got Mail, and Here is What you Could do With It!: Analyzing and Predicting Actions on Email Messages

With email traffic increasing, leading Web mail services have started to offer features that assist users in reading and processing their inboxes. One approach is to identify "important" messages, while a complementary one is to bundle messages, especially machine-generated ones, in pre-defined categories. We rather propose here to go back to the task at hand and consider what actions the users might conduct on received messages. We thoroughly studied, in a privacy-preserving manner, the actions of a large number of users in Yahoo mail, and found out that the most frequent actions are typically read, reply, delete and a sub-type of delete, delete-without-read. We devised a learning framework for predicting these four actions, for users with various levels of activity per action. Our framework leverages both vertical learning for personalization and horizontal learning for regularization purposes. In order to verify the quality of our predictions, we conducted a large-scale experiment involving users who had previously agreed to participate in such research studies. Our results show that, for recall values of 90%, we can predict important actions such as read or reply at precision levels up to 40% for active users, which we consider pretty encouraging for an assistance task. For less active users, we show that our regularization achieves an increase in AUC of close to 50%. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to provide a unified framework of this scale for predicting multiple actions on Web email, which hopefully provides a new ground for inventing new user experiences to help users process their inboxes.
Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a marker of active renal vasculitis.

BACKGROUND Macrophage infiltration and cytokine production are important in the pathogenesis of crescentic glomerulonephritis in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether urinary levels of chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and fractalkine, were useful tools for non-invasive assessment of renal vasculitis. METHODS In a prospective study, concentrations of chemokines were measured in urine and serum samples using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and related to the patients' clinical status. Renal expression of MCP-1 was studied by immunohistochemical staining of renal biopsies. RESULTS Urinary levels of MCP-1 were significantly higher in patients with active (P<0.01) or persistent (P<0.05) renal vasculitis, in comparison with healthy volunteers, control patients, patients with inactive vasculitis and patients with extra-renal disease only. There were no differences in serum concentrations of MCP-1 between these groups. Reduction in urinary MCP-1 levels following treatment preceded the improvement of renal function by a median of 2 weeks. In one patient, rising urinary levels of MCP-1, despite immunosuppressive therapy, was associated with progression to severe renal failure. There were no differences in urinary fractalkine levels between the different groups of patients and controls. Immunohistology of renal biopsies from patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis showed increased staining for MCP-1 in glomerular and interstitial cells. Urinary MCP-1 levels correlated with glomerular, but not tubulointerstitial, macrophage infiltration (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that measurement of urinary MCP-1, but not fractalkine, is a useful non-invasive technique for the assessment of renal involvement and monitoring the response to therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis.
Intermittent spirochetemia in SKH mice infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, sensu stricto

results, as FVIII activity in FFP is stable for 2 years at temperatures of not more than −20°C. Our results indicate that key factor activities and levels in FFP and cryoprecipitate that underwent two 8-hour excursions to −10°C during −30°C storage for 1 year are indistinguishable from those of units continuously stored at −30°C. Because of the stability of factor activities in these products, we would expect to obtain similar results with PF24 and thawed plasma. This information should be useful in evaluating the quality of some continuously frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate products that have experienced freezer failures or temperature excursion during transport and subsequent storage.
Ghost Forests, Global Warming and the Mountain Pine Beetle

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGIST • Fall 2001 The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is a significant ecological force at the landscape level. The majority of the life cycle is spent as larvae feeding in the phloem tissue (inner bark) of host pine trees. This feeding activity eventually girdles and kills successfully attacked trees (Amman and Cole 1983, Furniss 1997). Outbreaks of this insect can be truly spectacular events (Fig. 1A; Amman and Logan 1998). Most western pines are suitable hosts for this insect, but ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosae Lawson, and lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas, currently are the most important host species. The distribution of the beetle generally reflects this primary host range, although lodgepole pine extends further north and ponderosa pine extends further south than the current geographic range of the beetle. The mountain pine beetle is a native insect, having co-evolved as an important ecological component of western pine forests. The inter-relationship between beetle-caused mortality and subsequent fire has resulted in a basic ecological cycle for many western forests (Schmidt 1988). Some pines species, such as lodgepole pine, are maintained by periodic disturbances. The lodgepole pine forest-type1 typically is an essential monoculture of even-aged trees that were initiated by a catastrophic, stand-replacing fire. Without the influence of fire (Fig. 1B), lodgepole pine would be lost over much of its native range (Brown 1975, Lotan et al. 1985). Fire serves to prepare the seedbed, releases seeds from the serotinous cones (triggered to release seeds by heat of a fire), and eliminates more shade-tolerant species such as spruce or fir that would eventually out-compete and replace the early seral lodgepole pine. The mountain pine beetle plays an important regulatory role in the fire ecology of lodgepole pine. In the first few years after an outbreak, the dead needles provide a highly combustible source of fine fuels. Later, the standing dead trees provide “fire ladders” that serve to conduct ground fires into the canopy, resulting in the stand-replacing crown fires that favor lodgepole pine reproduction. Then, as the killed trees begin to fall, the accumulated Jesse A. Logan and James A. Powell Outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle are an important part of ecological cycles in western pine forests and have provided researchers with insights into both the beetles and the forests evolutionary adaptability
Structural Constraints on RNA Virus Evolution

ABSTRACT The recently discovered hepatitis G virus (HGV) or GB virus C (GBV-C) is widely distributed in human populations, and homologues such as HGV/GBV-CCPZ and GBV-A are found in a variety of different primate species. Both epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses support the hypothesis that GB viruses coevolved with their primate hosts, although their degree of sequence similarity appears incompatible with the high rate of sequence change of HGV/GBV-C over short observation periods. Comparison of complete coding sequences (8,500 bases) of different genotypes of HGV/GBV-C showed an excess of invariant synonymous sites (at 23% of all codons) compared with the frequency expected by chance (10%). To investigate the hypothesis that RNA secondary-structure formation through internal base pairing limited sequence variability at these sites, an algorithm was developed to detect covariant sites among HGV/GBV-C sequences of different genotypes. At least 35 covariant sites that were spatially associated with potential stem-loop structures were detected, whose positions correlated with positions in the genome that showed reductions in synonymous variability. Although the functional roles of the predicted secondary structures remain unclear, the restriction of sequence change imposed by secondary-structure formation provides a mechanism for differences in net rate of accumulation of nucleotide substitutions at different sites. However, the resulting disparity between short- and long-term rates of sequence change of HGV/GBV-C violates the assumptions of the “molecular clock. ” This places a major restriction on the use of nucleotide or amino acid sequence comparisons to calculate times of divergence of other viruses evolving under the same structural constraints as GB viruses.
Situational awareness ability and cognitive skills training in a complex real-world task

Successful performance in complex dynamic environments depends on domain-dependent factors, such as situational awareness (SA). Underlying SA in a domain are domain-independent cognitive abilities in perception, memory, attention and executive control. Individuals with lower underlying ability perform relatively poorly in complex dynamic real-world tasks. The first experiment examined whether cognitive skills training could overcome limitations in underlying SA ability that impact on complex dynamic task performance. Participants were taught a mix of cognitive management strategies (e.g. divided and focused attention and visual search) in a simulated air traffic control task. A second experiment investigated the link between underlying SA ability, TRACON and SAGAT, a widely used measure of domain-specific SA. In a third experiment, the focus was on encouraging participants to plan ahead and consider the interrelations of elements (aircraft) in the environment. Whilst both training methods ameliorated the negative impact that lower SA ability had on complex dynamic task performance, the results of the third study indicated that this may have been achieved through improved planning behaviour. Finally, participants with higher underlying SA ability performed well irrespective of training condition.
Spectrum Usage in Cognitive Radio Networks: From Field Measurements to Empirical Models

Cognitive Radio (CR) is aimed at increasing the e ffi ciency of spectrum utilization by allowing unlicensed users to access, in an op- portunistic and non-interfering manner, some licensed bands temporarily and / or spatially unoccupied by the licensed users. The analysis of CR sys- tems usually requires the spectral activity of the licensed system to be rep- resented and characterized in a simple and tractable, yet accurate manner, which is accomplished by means of spectrum models. In order to guarantee the realism and accuracy of such models, the use of empirical spectrum oc- cupancy data is essential. In this context, this paper explains the complete process of spectrum modeling, from the realization of field measurements to the obtainment of the final validated model, and highlights the main rel- evant aspects to be taken into account when developing spectrum usage models for their application in the context of the CR technology
CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS OF 3C RADIO SOURCES WITH z < 0.3: NUCLEI, DIFFUSE EMISSION, JETS, AND HOTSPOTS

We report on our Chandra Cycle 9 program to observe half of the 60 (unobserved by Chandra) 3C radio sources at z < 0.3 for 8 ks each. Here we give the basic data: the X-ray intensity of the nuclei and any features associated with radio structures such as hotspots and knots in jets. We have measured fluxes in soft, medium, and hard bands and are thus able to isolate sources with significant intrinsic column density. For the stronger nuclei, we have applied the standard spectral analysis which provides the best-fit values of X-ray spectral index and column density. We find evidence for intrinsic absorption exceeding a column density of 1022 cm−2 for one-third of our sources.
Experimental observation and physics of “negative” capacitance and steeper than 40mV/decade subthreshold swing in Al0.83In0.17N/AlN/GaN MOS-HEMT on SiC substrate

GaN is a promising material for LED lighting [1], high voltage power electronics [2] and high power RF applications [3]. GaN HEMT and MOS-HEMT with AlGaN [4] or AlInN [5] polarization layer have been widely studied. In this work we investigate the effects of Al<sub>0.83</sub>In<sub>0.17</sub>N polarization layer thickness scaling on the device characteristics of Al<sub>0.83</sub>In<sub>0.17</sub>N/AlN/GaN MOS-HEMTs on SiC substrates. We have experimentally observed “negative” capacitance and subthreshold swing (SS) steeper than 40 mV/dec in GaN MOS-HEMTs with thin Al<sub>0.83</sub>In<sub>0.17</sub>N polarization layer, where composition modulation of Al% and In% is observed.
Translocator Protein-Mediated Stabilization of Mitochondrial Architecture during Inflammation Stress in Colonic Cells

Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract increasing the risk of cancer has been described to be linked to the high expression of the mitochondrial translocator protein (18 kDa; TSPO). Accordingly, TSPO drug ligands have been shown to regulate cytokine production and to improve tissue reconstruction. We used HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells to evaluate the role of TSPO and its drug ligands in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced inflammation. TNF-induced interleukin (IL)-8 expression, coupled to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, was followed by TSPO overexpression. TNF also destabilized mitochondrial ultrastructure, inducing cell death by apoptosis. Treatment with the TSPO drug ligand PK 11195 maintained the mitochondrial ultrastructure, reducing IL-8 and ROS production and cell death. TSPO silencing and overexpression studies demonstrated that the presence of TSPO is essential to control IL-8 and ROS production, so as to maintain mitochondrial ultrastructure and to prevent cell death. Taken together, our data indicate that inflammation results in the disruption of mitochondrial complexes containing TSPO, leading to cell death and epithelia disruption. Significance: This work implicates TSPO in the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane integrity and in the control of mitochondrial ROS production, ultimately favoring tissue regeneration.
Receptor B 2 than Classical HLA Class I Are Stronger Ligands for Leukocyte Ig-like HLA-B 27 Homodimers and Free H Chains

Possession of HLA-B27 (B27) strongly predisposes to the development of spondyloarthritis. B27 forms classical heterotrimeric complexes with b 2 -microglobulin ( b 2m) and peptide and ( b 2m free) free H chain (FHC) forms including B27 dimers (termed B27 2 ) at the cell surface. In this study, we characterize the interaction of HLA-B27 with LILR, leukocyte Ig-like receptor (LILR) B1 and LILRB2 immune receptors biophysically, biochemically, and by FACS staining. LILRB1 bound to B27 heterotrimers with a K D of 5.3 6 1.5 m M but did not bind B27 FHC. LILRB2 bound to B27 2 and B27 FHC and B27 heterotrimers with K D s of 2.5, 2.6, and 22 6 6 m M, respectively. Domain exchange experiments showed that B27 2 bound to the two membrane distal Ig-like domains of LILRB2. In FACS staining experiments, B27 dimer protein and tetramers stained LILRB2 transfectants ﬁve times more strongly than B27 heterotrimers. Moreover, LILRB2Fc bound to dimeric and other B27 FHC forms on B27-expressing cell lines more strongly than other HLA-class 1 FHCs. B27-transfected cells expressing B27 dimers and FHC inhibited IL-2 production by LILRB2-expressing reporter cells to a greater extent than control HLA class I transfectants. B27 heterotrimers complexed with the L6M variant of the GAG KK10 epitope bound with a similar afﬁnity to complexes with the wild-type KK10 epitope (with K D s of 15.0 6 0.8 and 16.0 6 2.0 m M, respectively). Disulﬁde-dependent B27 H chain dimers and multimers are stronger ligands for LILRB2 than HLA class I heterotrimers and H chains. The stronger interaction of B27 dimers and FHC forms with LILRB2 compared with other HLA class I could play a role in spondyloarthritis pathogenesis. The Journal of Immunology , 2012, 188: 000–000.
Differences Between Overnight and Long-term Wear of Orthokeratology Contact Lenses in Corneal Contour, Thickness, and Cell Density

Purpose: To investigate changes in corneal topography and morphology in human eyes wearing orthokeratology (OK) lenses for overnight and over a 5-year period. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six adults with moderate myopia were assigned to 2 groups based on age matching: 5-year lens wear (n = 26, 51 eyes) and 1-night lens wear (n = 30, 60 eyes). All subjects wore reverse-geometry OK lenses with the eyes before 1-night lens wear serving as a control to both the groups. Visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, confocal microscopy, and corneal topography were assessed before and after lens wear. Results: Visual acuity was improved satisfactorily with flattening of the central cornea in both lens wear groups. Corneal thickness increased extensively in the 1-night lens wear group but only paracentrally in the 5-year lens wear group. Central epithelial thinning with a decreased density of the basal cells was only observed in the 5-year group. Keratocyte density was reduced throughout the entire corneal thickness for the 2 groups. Endothelium was normal in density and morphology for the 2 groups. Conclusions: Short-term and long-term OK lens wear can effectively correct myopia by flattening the cornea. The flattened cornea in the short-term lens wear is mainly because of the thickening of the midperipheral cornea. In the long-term lens wear, however, this change is associated with thickening of the midperipheral cornea and thinning of the central corneal epithelium.
The in vitro ethanol sensitivity of hippocampal synaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) responses differs in lines of mice and rats genetically selected for behavioral sensitivity or insensitivity to ethanol.

Previous work has demonstrated that in the hippocampal CA1 region of Sprague-Dawley rats, there are ethanol-sensitive and ethanol-insensitive populations of GABAergic synapses on pyramidal neurons. The present experiments characterized the ethanol sensitivity of these pathways in lines of rats and mice genetically selected for sensitivity or insensitivity to the behavioral effects of ethanol. In ethanol-sensitive inbred long sleep mice, GABA(A) IPSCs induced by stimulation of proximal (probably somatic) synapses were enhanced by 80 mM ethanol, whereas the distal (i.e., dendritic) pathway was unaffected. Thus, the relative sensitivity of these pathways (proximal > distal) is the same in both Sprague-Dawley rats and in inbred long sleep mice. However, in the ethanol-insensitive inbred short sleep mice, neither proximal nor distal IPSCs were affected by 80 mM ethanol. The ethanol sensitivity of the proximal pathway was also examined in replicate lines of rats selected for either high ethanol sensitivity or low ethanol sensitivity. GABA(A) IPSCs in the high ethanol sensitivity lines were significantly enhanced by 80 mM ethanol, whereas IPSCs in the low ethanol sensitivity lines were unaffected. Thus, IPSCs evoked via the proximal pathway were enhanced by ethanol in all the sensitive mouse and rat lines, and unaffected in all the insensitive lines. These experiments demonstrate that GABA(A) synapses in brain differ in their sensitivity to enhancement by ethanol, and the sensitivity to such enhancement is under the control of genes that can be selected for using classical genetic selective breeding based on a behavioral phenotype.
The disunity of consciousness

It is commonplace for both philosophers and cognitive scientists to express their allegiance to the "unity of consciousness". This is the claim that a subjects phenomenal consciousness, at any one moment in time, is a single thing. This view has had a major influence on computational theories of consciousness. In particular, what we call single-track theories dominate the literature, theories which contend that our conscious experience is the result of a single consciousness-making process or mechanism in the brain. We argue that the orthodox view is quite wrong: phenomenal experience is not a unity, in the sense of being a single thing at each instant. It is a multiplicity, an aggregate of phenomenal elements, each of which is the product of a distinct consciousness-making mechanism in the brain. Consequently, cognitive science is in need of a multi-track theory of consciousness; a computational model that acknowledges both the manifold nature of experience, and its distributed neural basis.
Adult neurogenesis in a moth brain

In both vertebrates and invertebrates, neurogenesis not only occurs during development but also persists throughout adult life. So far, adult neurogenesis has been detected in a few insect orders but not in Lepidoptera. In the moth, Agrotis ipsilon, the sensitivity of antennal lobe interneurons of males to sex pheromone is age‐ and juvenile hormone‐dependent in accordance with changes in the behavioral response. As a first step to understand this neuronal plasticity, we tested the hypothesis that adult neurogenesis could occur in the moth brain using 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine injections on newly born and sexually mature moths. Our results show that persistent neurogenesis occurs in mushroom bodies of adult males and females of A. ipsilon. Two clusters of one to four neuroblasts in each brain hemisphere continue to divide in adult moths and give rise to small clusters of Kenyon cells in the cortex of the mushroom body calyces. Neurogenesis was observed in both newly born and sexually mature males. There was a clear increase in the number of newly born cells in brains as the time increased after the treatment that was performed soon after emergence. When treatments were performed in mature 3‐day‐old adults, neurogenesis was still detected in brains dissected 3 hours after treatment but was hardly visible 2 days later. Adult neurogenesis was also detected in the optic lobes but not in the antennal lobes. We hypothesize that the newly born neurons could play a role in the central nervous plasticity of olfactory processing in the adult moth A. ipsilon. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:635–643, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating user tolerance for errors in vision-enabled gesture-based interactions

In this paper, we describe our investigation into user tolerance of recognition errors during hand gesture interactions with visual displays. The study is based on our proposed interaction model for investigating gesture based interactions, focusing on three elements: Interaction context, system performance and user goals. This Wizard of Oz experiment investigates how recognition system accuracy rates and task characteristics in both desktop and ubiquitous computing scenarios can influence user tolerance for gesture interactions. Results suggest that interaction context is a greater influence on user tolerance than system performance alone, where recognition error rates can potentially reach 40% before users will abandon gestures and use an alternate interaction mode in a ubiquitous computing scenario. Results also suggest that in a desktop scenario, traditional input methods are more appropriate than gestures.