Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance Comparison of Naïve Bayes and J 48 Classification Algorithms

Classification is an important data mining technique with broad applications. It classifies data of various kinds. Classification is used in every field of our life. Classification is used to classify each item in a set of data into one of predefined set of classes or groups. This paper has been carried out to make a performance evaluation of Naïve Bayes and j48 classification algorithm. Naive Bayes algorithm is based on probability and j48 algorithm is based on decision tree. The paper sets out to make comparative evaluation of classifiers NAÏVE BAYES AND J48 in the context of financial institute dataset to maximize true positive rate and minimize false positive rate of defaulters rather than achieving only higher classification accuracy using WEKA tool. The experiments results shown in this paper are about classification accuracy and cost analysis. The results in the paper on this dataset also show that the efficiency and accuracy of j48 and Naive bayes is good.
Real-time eye gaze direction classification using convolutional neural network

Estimation eye gaze direction is useful in various human-computer interaction tasks. Knowledge of gaze direction can give valuable information regarding users point of attention. Certain patterns of eye movements known as eye accessing cues are reported to be related to the cognitive processes in the human brain. We propose a real-time framework for the classification of eye gaze direction and estimation of eye accessing cues. In the first stage, the algorithm detects faces using a modified version of the Viola-Jones algorithm. A rough eye region is obtained using geometric relations and facial landmarks. The eye region obtained is used in the subsequent stage to classify the eye gaze direction. A convolutional neural network is employed in this work for the classification of eye gaze direction. The proposed algorithm was tested on Eye Chimera database and found to outperform state of the art methods. The computational complexity of the algorithm is very less in the testing phase. The algorithm achieved an average frame rate of 24 fps in the desktop environment.
The Genetic Basis of Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is one of the chronic and disabling anxiety disorders. There has been evidence for either genetic heterogeneity or complex inheritance, with environmental factor interactions and multiple single genes, in panic disorder's etiology. Linkage studies have implicated several chromosomal regions, but no research has replicated evidence for major genes involved in panic disorder. Researchers have suggested several neurotransmitter systems are related to panic disorder. However, to date no candidate gene association studies have established specific loci. Recently, researchers have emphasized genome-wide association studies. Results of two genome-wide association studies on panic disorder failed to show significant associations. Evidence exists for differences regarding gender and ethnicity in panic disorder. Increasing evidence suggests genes underlying panic disorder overlap, transcending current diagnostic boundaries. In addition, an anxious temperament and anxiety-related personality traits may represent intermediate phenotypes that predispose to panic disorder. Future research should focus on broad phenotypes, defined by comorbidity or intermediate phenotypes. Genome-wide association studies in large samples, studies of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, and pharmacogenetic studies are needed.
Full life-cycle assessment of gene flow consistent with fitness differences in transgenic and wild-type Japanese medaka fish ( Oryzias latipes )

Transgenic fish in development for aquaculture could escape from farms and interbreed with wild relatives in the nearby environment. Predicting whether escapes would result in transgene introgression is a major challenge in assessing environmental risks of transgenic fish. Previous studies have simulated gene flow from transgenic fish using mathematical modeling of fitness traits to predict the relative selective value of transgenic genotypes. Here, we present the first study of gene flow over the full life cycle in openly-breeding populations of transgenic animals, along with measurement of fitness traits. We conducted two invasion experiments in which we released two lines of growth-enhanced transgenic fish (T67 and T400), Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), into populations of wild-type (W) medaka in structured mesocosms. After several generations, the frequency of transgenic fish varied across replicates in the first invasion experiment (6 months), but the frequency of transgenic fish decreased in the second experiment (19 months). We also measured selected fitness traits in transgenic and wild-type medaka because these traits could be used to predict the relative selective value of a genotype. We found that: T400 males were more fertile than W males; offspring of W females lived longer than those with transgenic mothers; and W and T67 females reached sexual maturity sooner than T400 females. In contrast with other research that reported larger transgenic males had a mating advantage, we found that W males obtained more matings with females than T males; genetic background effects may account for our differing results as we compared W and T fish derived from different strains. The decreasing frequency of transgenic fish in the second invasion experiment suggests that transgenic fish had a selective disadvantage in the experimental environment. Our finding of transgenic advantage of some fitness traits and wild-type advantage in others is consistent with our invasion experiment results.
Moderate (20%) fructose‐enriched diet stimulates salt‐sensitive hypertension with increased salt retention and decreased renal nitric oxide

Previously, we reported that 20% fructose diet causes salt‐sensitive hypertension. In this study, we hypothesized that a high salt diet supplemented with 20% fructose (in drinking water) stimulates salt‐sensitive hypertension by increasing salt retention through decreasing renal nitric oxide. Rats in metabolic cages consumed normal rat chow for 5 days (baseline), then either: (1) normal salt for 2 weeks, (2) 20% fructose in drinking water for 2 weeks, (3) 20% fructose for 1 week, then fructose + high salt (4% NaCl) for 1 week, (4) normal chow for 1 week, then high salt for 1 week, (5) 20% glucose for 1 week, then glucose + high salt for 1 week. Blood pressure, sodium excretion, and cumulative sodium balance were measured. Systolic blood pressure was unchanged by 20% fructose or high salt diet. 20% fructose + high salt increased systolic blood pressure from 125 ± 1 to 140 ± 2 mmHg (P < 0.001). Cumulative sodium balance was greater in rats consuming fructose + high salt than either high salt, or glucose + high salt (114.2 ± 4.4 vs. 103.6 ± 2.2 and 98.6 ± 5.6 mEq/Day19; P < 0.05). Sodium excretion was lower in fructose + high salt group compared to high salt only: 5.33 ± 0.21 versus 7.67 ± 0.31 mmol/24 h; P < 0.001). Nitric oxide excretion was 2935 ± 256 μmol/24 h in high salt‐fed rats, but reduced by 40% in the 20% fructose + high salt group (2139 ± 178 μmol /24 hrs P < 0.01). Our results suggest that fructose predisposes rats to salt‐sensitivity and, combined with a high salt diet, leads to sodium retention, increased blood pressure, and impaired renal nitric oxide availability.
The Perception of Causality in Infants

The problem of the origins of the perception of causality in infancy has received relatively little attention in the literature despite its obvious importance. Two experiments with infants 4 1/2 and 8 months old are reported which seek to investigate sensitivity to spatiotemporal continuity in simple causal events with a differential dishabituation-of-looking technique. In the first experiment inanimate events of the familiar ‘billiard-ball launching’ type were used, while in the second animate events involving a hand/object pick-up were presented. The results suggest that both age groups of infants were sensitive to certain changes in spatiotemporal continuity in both types of event, although in the case of the inanimate stimuli the younger infants reacted less positively. It is suggested that infants in the first year of life are sensitive to certain spatiotemporal event configurations and that this sensitivity could be regarded as at least a required component of a perception of causality.
Diffuse Interstellar Clouds : A Tracer for the Cosmic-Ray Ionization Rate

Using high resolution infrared spectroscopy we have surveyed twenty sightlines for H+3 absorption. H + 3 is detected in eight diffuse cloud sightlines with column densities varying from 0.6×10 cm to 3.9×10 cm. This brings to fourteen the total number of diffuse cloud sightlines where H+3 has been detected. These detections are mostly along sightlines concentrated in the Galactic plane, but well dispersed in Galactic longitude. The results imply that abundant H+3 is common in the diffuse interstellar medium. Because of the simple chemistry associated with H+3 production and destruction, these column density measurements can be used in concert with various other data to infer the primary cosmic-ray ionization rate, ζp. Values range from 0.5 × 10 −16 s to 3 × 10 s with an average of 2 × 10 s. Where H+3 is not detected the upper limits on the ionization rate are consistent with this range. The average value of ζp is about an order of magnitude larger than both the canonical rate and rates previously reported by other groups using measurements of OH and HD. The discrepancy is most likely due to inaccurate measurements of rate constants and the omission of effects which were unknown when those studies were performed. We believe that the observed column density of H+3 is the most direct tracer for the cosmic-ray ionization rate due to its simple chemistry. Recent models of diffuse cloud chemistry require cosmic-ray ionization rates on the order of 10 s to reproduce observed abundances of various atomic and molecular species, in rough accord with our observational findings. Subject headings: astrochemistry – cosmic rays – ISM: clouds – ISM: molecules Department of Astronomy and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; nindrio2@uiuc.edu, bjmccall@uiuc.edu Gemini Observatory, 670 North A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720 Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
Synthesis, Hydrolysis, and Protonation-Promoted Intramolecular Reductive Breakdown of Potential NRTIs: Stavudine α-P-Borano-γ-P-N-l-tryptophanyltriphosphates

Phosphorus-modified prodrugs of dideoxynucleoside triphosphates (ddNTPs) have shown promise as pronucleotide strategies for improving antiviral activity compared to their parent dideoxynucleosides. Borane modified NTPs offer a promising choice as nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). However, the availability of α-P-borano-γ-P-substituted NTP analogs remains limited due to challenges with synthesis and purification. Here, we report the chemical synthesis and stability of a new potential class of NRTI prodrugs: stavudine (d4T) 5′-α-P-borano-γ-P-N-l-tryptophanyltriphosphates. One-pot synthesis of these compounds was achieved via a modified cyclic trimetaphosphate approach. Pure Rp and Sp diastereomers were obtained after HPLC separation. Based on LC-MS analysis, we report degradation pathways, half-lives (5–36 days) and mechanisms arising from structural differences to generate the corresponding borano tri- and di-phosphates, and H-phosphonate, via several parallel routes in buffer at physiologically relevant pH and temperature. Here, the major hydrolysis products, d4T α-P-boranotriphosphate Rp and Sp isomers, were isolated by HPLC and identified with spectral data. We first propose that one of the major degradation products, d4T H-phosphonate, is generated from the d4T pronucleotides via a protonation-promoted intramolecular reduction followed by a second step nucleophilic attack. This report could provide valuable information for pronucleotide-based drug design in terms of selective release of target nucleotides.
Development of fullerene based structures for photovoltaic and electronic applications

Solar energy can be envisioned as a long term alternative to rapidly depleting fossil fuels. The energy from the sun can be harnessed by constructing donor-acceptor (D-A) type devices where the incident photon induces the transfer of an electron from the donor to the acceptor. If recombination is prevented, this electron can then be channeled through an external circuit, thus leading to the generation of photocurrent. Porphyrins, which are the naturally occurring pigments in photosynthesis, have been widely established as donors while fullerenes, such as C60 and C70, due to their unique electron accepting properties, have been considered as acceptors. The conversion efficiency of these systems has recently reached about 5%; efficiencies greater than 11% are required for these systems to be economically viable. Thus, in order to further improve their efficiency better electron acceptors which can prevent charge recombination more efficiently than C60 and C70 are required. This study is aimed at investigating the use of multishell fullerenes, also known as carbon nano onions (CNOs), as possible candidate for electron acceptors in D-A systems. An easy and economical method for the synthesis of these CNOs is established. The synthesized particles are completely characterized and their reactivity is demonstrated using functionalization strategies such as cycloaddition, oxidation, and radical addition reactions. Further, these inherently insoluble particles are rendered soluble in polar as well as non-polar media by functionalization with lypophilic and hydrophilic groups. Their solution properties are studied using NMR, UV-Vis, Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies as well as by electrochemistry. The electrochemistry confirms the ability of CNOs to accept electrons and undergo reduction. Finally, a supramolecular D-A system employing CNOs and tetraphenyl zinc porphyrin is demonstrated In addition to these studies various porphyrin and fullerene based dyads have been investigated with the intent to determine the optimum geometry for photoinduced charge transfer. These studies offer important clues about the relationship between the structure of the dyad and the charge transfer process.
Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Three Malian Medicinal Plant Parts

This study evaluates the levels of total polyphenolic compounds in three Malian medicinal plants and determines their antioxidant potential. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of polyphenolics contained in plants extracts were carried out by RP-C18 RP–HPLC using UV detector. The antioxidant activity was determined by three tests. They are phosphomolybdenum, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic)] tests. The total phenolic and the total flavonoid contents varied from 200 to 7600 mg 100 g−1 dry weight (dw), expressed as gallic acid equivalents and from 680 to 12 300 mg 100 g−1 dw expressed as catechin equivalents, respectively. The total anthocyanin concentrations expressed as cyanin-3-glycoside equivalent varied from 1670 to 28 388 mg 100 g−1 dw. The antioxidant capacity was measured by determining concentration of a polyphenolic (in mg ml−1) required to quench the free radicals by 50% (IC50) and expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity. The IC50 values were ranked between 2.68 and 8.80 μg ml−1 of a solution of 50% (v/v) methanol in water. The uses of plants are rationalized on the basis of their antioxidant capacity.
A Landscape Theory of Aggregation

Aggregation means the organization of elements of a system into patterns that tend to put highly compatible elements together and less compatible elements apart. Landscape theory Predicts how aggregation will lead to alignments among actors (such as nations), whose leaders are myopic in their assessments and incremental in their actions. The predicted configurations are based upon the attempts of actors to minimize their frustration based upon their pairwise Propensities to align with some actors and oppose others. These attempts lead to a local minimum in the energy landscape of the entire system. The theory is supported by the results of two cases: the alignment of seventeen European nations in the Second World War and membership in competing alliances of nine computer companies to set standards for Unix computer operating systems. The theory has potential for application to coalitions of political Parties in parliaments, social networks, social cleavages in democracies and organizational structures.
A Simulation Model of Periarterial Clearance of Amyloid-β from the Brain

The accumulation of soluble and insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain indicates failure of elimination of Aβ from the brain with age and Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is a variety of mechanisms for elimination of Aβ from the brain. They include the action of microglia and enzymes together with receptor-mediated absorption of Aβ into the blood and periarterial lymphatic drainage of Aβ. Although the brain possesses no conventional lymphatics, experimental studies have shown that fluid and solutes, such as Aβ, are eliminated from the brain along 100 nm wide basement membranes in the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries. This lymphatic drainage pathway is reflected in the deposition of Aβ in the walls of human arteries with age and AD as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Initially, Aβ diffuses through the extracellular spaces of gray matter in the brain and then enters basement membranes in capillaries and arteries to flow out of the brain. Although diffusion through the extracellular spaces of the brain has been well characterized, the exact mechanism whereby perivascular elimination of Aβ occurs has not been resolved. Here we use a computational model to describe the process of periarterial drainage in the context of diffusion in the brain, demonstrating that periarterial drainage along basement membranes is very rapid compared with diffusion. Our results are a validation of experimental data and are significant in the context of failure of periarterial drainage as a mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD as well as complications associated with its immunotherapy.
Monomorphic T-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders exhibit markedly inferior outcomes compared to monomorphic B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) represent a serious complication of both solid organ and bone marrow transplant, with mortality rates that exceed 50% [1–3]. The incidence ranges from 1 to 20% depending on the type of organ graft, the intensity of the immunosuppression, and the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) serostatus [4–6]. According to the World Health Organization classification system, PTLDs are classified as early lesions, polymorphic, monomorphic, and Hodgkin-like [7]. The majority of PTLDs are EBV-positive B-cell proliferations, while T-cell PTLDs are rarely observed, constituting only 12–14% of all reported cases of PTLD in Western countries [8,9]. In comparison to their B-cell counterparts, only approximately one-third of T-cell PTLDs are EBVpositive, and the post-transplant onset of lymphoma is significantly later [10–12]. Because of the small number of patients reported to date, this uncommon lymphoma remains poorly understood. Here we analyzed the prognosis and clinical characteristics of nine cases of monomorphic T-cell PTLD (T-cell m-PTLD) and compared their features with 59 cases of B-cell m-PTLD, diagnosed and treated at our institution over a 19-year period (January 1990–February 2009). After approval from our Internal Review Board, we searched our electronic data capture system (Velos-eResearch, Fremont, CA) to identify all patients diagnosed with PTLD at our institution. Of the 119 cases identified, nine (7.6%) were T-cell m-PTLD and 59 (49.6%) were B-cell m-PTLD, the remaining 51 cases being early lesion, polymorphic, and Hodgkin-like. We analyzed the clinical features, treatments, and outcomes of the nine cases of T-cell m-PTLD and compared them to the 59 cases of B-cell m-PTLD. Univariate associations between demographic and clinical characteristics of the T-cell and B-cell m-PTLDs were evaluated using Fisher’s exact test. Univariate associations were also evaluated between demographic and clinical characteristics and overall survival (OS) using Cox proportional hazards models and log-rank tests. A multivariate analysis was conducted to compare survival between T-cell and B-cell cohorts stratified by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score. Finally, Kaplan– Meier curves were generated to observe OS, survival grouped by PTLD type, and survival grouped by PTLD type and ECOG score. The nine cases of T-cell m-PTLD consisted of three peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), two cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), two g/d hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL), one adult T-cell leukemia (ATL),
Effect of Pyrolytic Temperatures on the Longitudinal Strength of Dry Douglas-Fir

Compressive and tensile strength of dry Douglas-fir was measured through rapid constant deformation rate tests at temperatures from 25 to 288°C, at initial thermoequilibrium and after 2 h of heating. The tensile strength decreased slowly with increasing temperatures to 175°C. Above 175°C, the tensile strength reduces rapidly. This is attributed to alteration of the cellulosic fraction of wood. The compressive strength decreases more uniformly with temperatures increasing to 288°C due to changes occurring in all three basic wood components with change in temperature. A first-order reaction equation for bond rupture/formation was adopted to describe the response. Including only terms for bond rupture resulted in good correlation to the observed strength response at reaching thermoequilibrium.
Comparison of Different Blood Collection, Sample Matrix, and Immunoassay Methods in a Prenatal Screening Setting

We compared how measurements of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and the free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (fβ-hCG) in maternal blood are influenced by different methods for blood collection, sample matrix, and immunoassay platform. Serum and dried blood spots (DBS) were obtained by venipuncture and by finger prick of 19 pregnant women. PAPP-A and fβ-hCG from serum and from DBS were measured by conventional indirect immunoassay on an AutoDELFIA platform and by antibody microarray. We compared methods based on the recoveries for both markers as well as marker levels correlations across samples. All method comparisons showed high correlations for both marker concentrations. Recovery levels of PAPP-A from DBS were 30% lower, while those of fβ-hCG from DBS were 50% higher compared to conventional venipuncture serum. The recoveries were not affected by blood collection or immunoassay method. The high correlation coefficients for both markers indicate that DBS from finger prick can be used reliably in a prenatal screening setting, as a less costly and minimally invasive alternative for venipuncture serum, with great logistical advantages. Additionally, the use of antibody arrays will allow for extending the number of first trimester screening markers on maternal and fetal health.