Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Historical Comparison of Resource-Based Theory and Five Schools of Thought Within Industrial Organization Economics: Do We Have a New Theory of the Firm?

A resource-based approach to strategic management focuses on costly-to-copy attributes of the firm as sources of economic rents and, therefore, as the fundamental drivers of performance and competitive advantage. Interest presently exists in whether explicit acknowledgement of the resource-based view may form the kernel of a unifying paradigm for strategy research. This article addresses the degree to which a resource-based view represents a fundamentally different approach from theories used in industrial organization (10) economics. The central thesis is that, put informal terms, the resource-based approach is reaching for a theory of the firm. To determine its distinctiveness in comparison to IO, therefore, an appropriate comparison is with other theories of the firm developed within that tradition. Section I summarizes and analyzes five theories that have been significant in the historical evolution of IO. These are neoclassical theory's perfect competition model, Bain-type IO, the Schumpeterian and Chicago responses, and transaction cost theory. The first part of Section II analyzes the resource-based approach in terms of similarities to and differencesfrom these IO-related theories. The conclusion is that resource-based theory both incorporates and rejects at least one major element from each of them; thus resource-based theory reflects a strong IO heritage, but at the same time incorporates fundamental differences from any one of these theories. The second part of Section II analyzes resource-based theory as a new theory of the firm.
Neural Network Incorporating Meal Information Improves Accuracy of Short-Time Prediction of Glucose Concentration

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases, and a clinically important task in its management is the prevention of hypo/hyperglycemic events. This can be achieved by exploiting continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices and suitable short-term prediction algorithms able to infer future glycemia in real time. In the literature, several methods for short-time glucose prediction have been proposed, most of which do not exploit information on meals, and use past CGM readings only. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for short-time glucose prediction using past CGM sensor readings and information on carbohydrate intake. The predictor combines a neural network (NN) model and a first-order polynomial extrapolation algorithm, used in parallel to describe, respectively, the nonlinear and the linear components of glucose dynamics. Information on the glucose rate of appearance after a meal is described by a previously published physiological model. The method is assessed on 20 simulated datasets and on 9 real Abbott FreeStyle Navigator datasets, and its performance is successfully compared with that of a recently proposed NN glucose predictor. Results suggest that exploiting meal information improves the accuracy of short-time glucose prediction.
Correlates of Self-Reported Sleep Duration in Middle-Aged and Elderly Koreans: from the Health Examinees Study

Though various factors related to fluctuations in sleep duration have been identified, information remains limited regarding the correlates of short and long sleep duration among the Korean population. Thus, we investigated characteristics that could be associated with short and/or long sleep duration among middle-aged and elderly Koreans. A total of 84,094 subjects (27,717 men and 56,377 women) who participated in the Health Examinees Study were analyzed by using multinomial logistic regression models. To evaluate whether sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, psychological conditions, anthropometry results, and health conditions were associated with short and/or long sleep duration, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with sleep duration of 6–7 hours as the reference group, accounting for putative covariates. Regardless of sexual differences, we found that adverse behaviors and lifestyle factors including low educational attainment, unemployment, being unmarried, current smoking status, lack of exercise, having irregular meals, poor psychosocial well-being, frequent stress events, and poor self-rated health were significantly associated with abnormal sleep duration. Similarly, diabetes mellitus and depression showed positive associations with abnormal sleep duration in both men and women. Our findings suggest that low sociodemographic characteristics, adverse lifestyle factors, poor psychological conditions, and certain disease morbidities could be associated with abnormal sleep duration in middle-aged and elderly Koreans.
Exploring Multiple Roles and Allegiances in Ethnographic Process in Disability Culture

The more roles the ethnographer occupies in relation to his/her informants the more likelihood that conflicts of interest and ethical dilemmas will occur. In this paper, I want to discuss several quandaries that I confronted while conducting ethnographic fieldwork with men with cerebral palsy on their search for sexual intimacy. During this research, I occupied multiple roles in relation to research participants including employee and long-time friend of my key informant, anthropologist and disability ethnographer, disability rights advocate and disability studies scholar. I will argue that critical-reflexive exploration of these quandaries borne of multiple roles and their consequent allegiances was useful not only to enrich my understanding of disabled men's sexual situation, but also led me to questioning the conceptual assumptions of both disability rights/studies and anthropology.
Sauti Za Wananchi “voice of the people”: patient satisfaction on the medical wards at a Kenyan Referral Hospital

Introduction Patient satisfaction is one indicator of healthcare quality. Few studies have examined the inpatient experiences in resource-scarce environments in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods To examine patient satisfaction on the public medical wards at a Kenyan referral hospital, we performed a cross-sectional survey focused on patients’ satisfaction with medical information and their relationship with staffing and hospital routine. Ratings of communication with providers, efforts to protect privacy, information about costs, food, and hospital environment were also elicited. Results Overall, the average patient satisfaction rating was 64.7, nearly midway between “average” and “good” Higher rated satisfaction was associated with higher self-rated general health scores and self-rated health gains during the hospitalization (p = 0.023 and p = 0.001). Women who shared a hospital bed found privacy to be “below average” to “poor” Most men (72.7%) felt information about costs was insufficient. Patients rated food and environmental quality favorably while also frequently suggesting these areas could be improved. Conclusion Overall, patients expressed satisfaction with the care provided. These ratings may reflect modest patients’ expectations as well as acceptable circumstances and performance. Women expressed concern about privacy while men expressed a desire for more information on costs. Inconsistencies were noted between patient ratings and free response answers.
Comparison of hippocampal, amygdala, and perirhinal projections to the nucleus accumbens: Combined anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the Macaque brain

A combination of anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques was used to study the projections to the nucleus accumbens from the amygdala, the hippocampal formation (including the entorhinal cortex), and the perirhinal cortex in two species of macaque monkey. To help identify possible subregions within the nucleus accumbens, the distribution of calbindin was examined in two additional monkeys. Although this revealed evidence of “core”‐ and “shell”‐like regions within the accumbens, these different regions could not consistently be related to cytoarchitectonic features. The rostral amygdala sent nearly equivalent projections to both the medial and the lateral portions of nucleus accumbens, whereas projections arising from the middle and caudal amygdala terminated preferentially in the medial division of nucleus accumbens. The basal nucleus was the major source of these amygdala efferents, and there was a crude topography as parts of the basal and accessory basal nuclei terminated in different parts of nucleus accumbens. The subiculum was the major source of hippocampal projections to the nucleus accumbens, but some hippocampal efferents also originated in the parasubiculum, the prosubiculum, the adjacent portion of CA1, and the uncal portion of CA3. These hippocampal projections, which coursed through the fornix, showed a rostrocaudal gradient as more arose in the rostral hippocampus. Hippocampal efferents terminated most densely in the medial and ventral portions of nucleus accumbens, along with light label in the adjacent olfactory tubercle. The entorhinal projections were more evenly distributed between the medial nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle, whereas the perirhinal projections were primarily to the olfactory tubercle. These cortical inputs were less reliant on the fornix. Amygdala and subicular (hippocampal) projections overlapped most completely in the medial division of nucleus accumbens. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:345–365, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Barnfattigdom i Sverige : Årsrapport 2013

Radda Barnen har sedan ar 2002 genomfort studier som speglar forandringar i barns valfard i Sverige. Det har ar den fjortonde rapporten i serien och kan ses som en uppfoljare av de tidigare rapporterna. Rapporten redovisar utvecklingen till och med 2016. Valstandet i Sverige har under 2000-talet generellt sett okat om man utgar fran hushallens ekonomiska situation. Mellan ar 1997 och ar 2007 minskade barnfattigdomen fran 22,3 % till 10,9%. Medianinkomsten har stigit med 60 procent om man raknar i fast pris mellan ar 2000 och ar 2016 och en stor andel familjer har fatt det ekonomiskt battre stallt. Men alla hushall har inte fatt del av denna ekonomiska uppgang under 2000-talet. Den valfards- och skattepolitiska profilen har under 2000-talet framfor allt gynnat de som ar val etablerade i jobb och ar fullt arbetsfora. Inkomst- ojamlikheten har ocksa fortsatt att oka. Den rikaste tiondelen okade sina disponibla inkomster med 70 procent medan den fattigaste tiondelen okade sin ekonomiska standard med 35 procent mellan 1999-2016. Sedan ar 2013 har det gjorts en forandring av den offentliga hushallsstatistiken med en overgang till en forbattrad hushallsdefinition, vilket mojliggjorts genom inforande av ett lagenhetsregister som baseras pa folkbok- foringen. Detta innebar bland annat att barn som tidigare registrerats som barn till ensamstaende, trots att det kan ha funnits en ny partner boende i hushallet, numera kan omfattas av hela hushallets inkomst. Tidigare barnfattigdomsrapporter har skildrat barns ekonomiska utsatthet i Sverige fran 1991 och framat. Med den nya hushallsdefinitionen tittar vi pa hur den ekonomiska utsattheten utvecklats fran 2011. Barnfattigdomen minskar med drygt en procentenhet for de ar dar jamforelser varit mojliga att genomfora, fran 12,1 till 11,4 procent ar 2011 och fran 10,8 till 9,9 procent ar 2015. Antalet barn i ekonomisk utsatthet uppskattas minska med narmare 30 000 barn per ar med den nya hushallsstatistiken. 2016 ars statistik, som denna rapport baseras pa, visar en fortsatt minskning av barnfattig- domen fran 10.8 ar 2011 till 9,3 procent ar 2016. Darmed lever cirka 186 000 barn i ekonomisk utsatthet. Generellt gar nivan pa barnfattigdom i ratt riktning. Samtidigt ser vi i arets rapport att skillnaderna fortsatter oka. Vaxande valfardsklyftor ska forstas och tolkas mot en bakgrund av en langsiktig gynnsam ekonomisk utveckling de senaste artiondena. Procentuellt minskar barnfattigdomen bland barn i familjer med utlandsk bakgrund och barn till ensamstaende foraldrar, samtidigt som avstandet okar till de som har en battre levnadsstandard. Numera har tva tredjedelar av alla barnfamiljer en inkomststandard som ar minst dubbelt sa hog som gransvardet for lag inkomststandard.
Efferent Vestibular Neurons Show Homogenous Discharge Output But Heterogeneous Synaptic Input Profile In Vitro

Despite the importance of our sense of balance we still know remarkably little about the central control of the peripheral balance system. While previous work has shown that activation of the efferent vestibular system results in modulation of afferent vestibular neuron discharge, the intrinsic and synaptic properties of efferent neurons themselves are largely unknown. Here we substantiate the location of the efferent vestibular nucleus (EVN) in the mouse, before characterizing the input and output properties of EVN neurons in vitro. We made transverse serial sections through the brainstem of 4-week-old mice, and performed immunohistochemistry for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), both expressed in the EVN of other species. We also injected fluorogold into the posterior canal and retrogradely labelled neurons in the EVN of ChAT:: tdTomato mice expressing tdTomato in all cholinergic neurons. As expected the EVN lies dorsolateral to the genu of the facial nerve (CNVII). We then made whole-cell current-, and voltage-clamp recordings from visually identified EVN neurons. In current-clamp, EVN neurons display a homogeneous discharge pattern. This is characterized by a high frequency burst of action potentials at the onset of a depolarizing stimulus and the offset of a hyperpolarizing stimulus that is mediated by T-type calcium channels. In voltage-clamp, EVN neurons receive either exclusively excitatory or inhibitory inputs, or a combination of both. Despite this heterogeneous mixture of inputs, we show that synaptic inputs onto EVN neurons are predominantly excitatory. Together these findings suggest that the inputs onto EVN neurons, and more specifically the origin of these inputs may underlie EVN neuron function.
Two-stage spectrum detection in cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radios try to exploit “blank spaces” in the licensed band which are not being used by primary users at a particular place and time. In the absence of cooperation between the primary and the secondary networks, spectrum sensing enables secondary users to monitor a licensed band in order to find idle channels for opportunistic access. In this work, we propose a two-stage spectrum detection strategy that decreases the average channel search time by allowing the spectrum detector to focus on frequency channels which are more likely to be vacant. We show that the proposed detection strategy significantly outperforms the conventional single-stage strategy when the spectrum utilization is high.
Lexical Selection in Multi-Word Production

In multi-word utterances, target words need to be selected in the context of other target words. In the present study, three hypotheses were tested that differed in their assumptions about whether the lexical selection mechanism considers the activation levels of the other target lexical representations, and whether it takes into account their grammatical class properties. Participants produced adjective + noun and noun + noun utterances in response to colored word and picture + word stimulus displays. In both types of utterances, the frequency of the first and second response was manipulated. The results revealed an effect of the frequency of the second response that did not depend on the utterance type, and additive effects for the frequency of the first and the second response in both utterance types. These results are interpreted in terms of a model of lexical selection that assumes that selection is non-competitive.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of General Practitioners towards adverse drug reaction reporting in South of Iran, Shiraz (Pharmacoepidemiology report).

BACKGROUND An adverse drug reaction (ADRs) is linked with the use of medications and unpredictable negative consequences. The Iranian Pharmacovigilance center (IPC) has reported that the rate of ADR is very low. OBJECTIVE Thus, this study was performed to find the reasons for this under-reporting, and investigate the level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of General Practitioners (GPs) about spontaneous reporting system in Shiraz. METHODS The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 general practitioners (GPs) working in Shiraz, Iran from Oct 2014 to March 2015. A semi-structured questionnaire was used which included demographic features, and evaluated KAPs of GPs regarding ADRs, Pharmacovigilance, and yellow card reporting. Statistical analysis was done by descriptive and analytical statistics (frequency, Mean±SD, Student t-test, Chi-square) using SPSS version 16. RESULTS Of 350 (95.1%) GPs, 333 completed the questionnaire. The respondents aged from 26 to76 years, of whom 176 (52.9%) were males with mean age 39.6±8.8 SD years. In regard to work place, 85 (25.5%) had their own office, and 112 (33.7%), 101 (30.9%), and 35 (10.5%) worked in private hospitals, in governmental hospitals, and in more than one place, respectively. Work experience mean was 13.3±8.2SD years and median was 12 years (range 1-50 years). Although, less than half of the participants (n = 151; 45.3%) described ADR correctly, 215 (64.6%) respondents claimed that they were not familiar with physician's responsibility regarding ADR reporting. Overall, few of the participants were aware of the steps in either ADR reporting or using Yellow Card System. On the whole, 100 (30%) respondents achieved acceptable knowledge score, while the median score was 9 out of 14 and minimum and maximum being 5 and 14, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The physicians in Shiraz have poor knowledge of the pharmacovigilance system; however self-education leads to a better knowledge and positive attitude regarding ADRs reporting system. National Pharmacovigilance center should play a more active role in improving physicians' adherence to the ADRs reporting systems and the comprehensive educational pack can be used in local and national meetings. The main factor for low ADR reporting rates is lack of information about ADRs and how to report an ADR. Otherwise, obligatory education and training courses should be designed for general practitioners on reporting ADRs during and after graduation.
Cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplantation: clinical aspects, management and the perspectives

Cytomegalovirus infection is one of most frequent infectious complications after renal transplantation, and can be classified as primo-infection, when the transmission occurs through the graft, or reactivation, when the recipient is cytomegalovirus seropositive. After transplantation, cytomegalovirus can appear as an infection, when the patient presents with evidence of viral replication without symptoms or disease, which has two clinical spectra: typical viral syndrome or invasive disease, which is a less common form. Their effects can be classified as direct, while the disease is developed, or indirect, with an increase of acute rejection and chronic allograft dysfunction risks. Diagnosis must be made based on viremia by one of the standardized methods: antigenemia or PCR, which is more sensitive. The risk factors related to infection after transplantation are the serologic matching (positive donor and negative recipient) and anti-lymphocyte antibody drugs. One of the strategies to reduce risk of disease should be chosen for patients at high risk: preemptive treatment or universal prophylaxis. Recent clinical research has described ganciclovir resistance as an emergent problem in management of cytomegalovirus infection. Two types of mutation that cause resistance were described: UL97 (most frequent) and UL54. Today, sophisticated methods of immunologic monitoring to detect specific T-cell clones against cytomegalovirus are used in clinical practice to improve the management of high-risk patients after renal transplantation.
Recognizing human activities from smartphone sensors using hierarchical continuous hidden Markov models

Human activity recognition has been gaining more and more attention from researchers in recent years, particularly with the use of widespread and commercially available devices such as smartphones. However, most of the existing works focus on discriminative classifiers while neglecting the inherent time-series and continuous characteristics of sensor data. To address this, we propose a two-stage continuous hidden Markov model framework, which also takes advantage of the innate hierarchical structure of basic activities. This kind of system architecture not only enables the use of different feature subsets on different subclasses, which effectively reduces feature computation overhead, but also allows for varying number of states and iterations. Experiments show that the hierarchical structure dramatically increases classification performance. We analyze the behavior of the accelerometer and gyroscope signals for each activity through graphs, and with added fine tuning of states and training iterations, the proposed method is able to achieve an overall accuracy of up to 93.18%, which is the best performance among the state-of-the-art classifiers for the problem at hand.
Targeted Investigation of the Neandertal Genome by Array-Based Sequence Capture

Kissing Cousins Neandertals, our closest relatives, ranged across Europe and Southwest Asia before their extinction approximately 30,000 years ago. Green et al. (p. 710) report a draft sequence of the Neandertal genome, created from three individuals, and compare it with genomes of five modern humans. The results suggest that ancient genomes of human relatives can be recovered with acceptably low contamination from modern human DNA. Because ancient DNA can be contaminated with microbial DNA, Burbano et al. (p. 723) developed a target sequence capture approach to obtain 14 kilobases of Neandertal DNA from a fairly poorly preserved sample with a high microbial load. A number of genomic regions and genes were revealed as candidates for positive selection early in modern human history. The genomic data suggest that Neandertals mixed with modern human ancestors some 120,000 years ago, leaving traces of Neandertal DNA in contemporary humans. Array capture of Neandertal DNA identifies amino acid substitutions that occurred after the split between humans and Neandertals. It is now possible to perform whole-genome shotgun sequencing as well as capture of specific genomic regions for extinct organisms. However, targeted resequencing of large parts of nuclear genomes has yet to be demonstrated for ancient DNA. Here we show that hybridization capture on microarrays can successfully recover more than a megabase of target regions from Neandertal DNA even in the presence of ~99.8% microbial DNA. Using this approach, we have sequenced ~14,000 protein-coding positions inferred to have changed on the human lineage since the last common ancestor shared with chimpanzees. By generating the sequence of one Neandertal and 50 present-day humans at these positions, we have identified 88 amino acid substitutions that have become fixed in humans since our divergence from the Neandertals.