Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent Transformations in China's Economic, Social, and Education Policies for Promoting Innovation and Creativity

The purpose of this study is to review major Chinese policies related to creativity education. We first identify and describe the role of innovation and creativity in economic and social development policies over the past 20 years, then analyze how the call for enhanced Chinese innovation and creativity was actualized in corresponding education policies. The article concludes with an analysis of issues surrounding Chinese education policy toward creativity and several directions for future research in this area. Many visitors to mainland China have observed that it is a land of contradictions, and this certainly holds true for the Chinese view of their own creativity. On one hand, people around the world can recite thousands of years of Chinese inventiveness, ranging from gunpowder to noodles, from the civil service to intellectual examinations, among many other innovations. On the other hand, sentiments such as “Chinese students lack creativity” and “Chinese people need to be more creative” are common topics in Chinese media and academic journals, reflecting a conventional wisdom that China is no longer a creative country. Over the past two decades, researchers have conducted a number of studies on these issues and have provided some reasonable explanations for the apparent lack of perceived creativity among Chinese students and adults (e.g., Chan & Chan, 1999; Niu & Sternberg, 2003; Wu, 2004). Niu and Sternberg (2003) believed that Chinese social values, school pedagogic practices, and educational testing systems were responsible for the comparative lack of creativity among Chinese students. They claimed that overemphasizing conformity, analytic thinking, and test scores significantly decrease Chinese students’ creative performance. Chan and Chan (1999), in an investigation of Chinese teachers’ perceptions of creative students, found that the teachers often regarded characteristics of creative students as socially undesirable. Prior research also revealed that while Chinese teachers value the significance of creativity, they know less about how to teach creativity (Chien & Hui, 2010).
A MOLECULAR SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO EXPLORE DIVERSITY WITHIN THE SELLAPHORA PUPULA SPECIES COMPLEX (BACILLARIOPHYTA) 1

The common and cosmopolitan freshwater benthic diatom Sellaphora pupula (Kütz.) Mereschk. is a model system for studying the nature of species in microalgae; the biological significance of morphological variation in this species complex has been widely demonstrated. The aim of this study was to establish a two‐gene phylogeny (18S rDNA and rbcL) for 23 Sellaphora taxa, including 19 S. pupula aggregate (agg.) demes or species, S. bacillum (Ehrenb.) D. G. Mann, and S. laevissima (Kütz.) D. G. Mann. A range of analyses on separate and combined data sets indicated that Sellaphora is a monophyletic group containing four major clades. Of the traditionally recognized species, S. bacillum and S. laevissima are natural groups, but S. pupula is paraphyletic or polyphyletic because S. bacillum groups with S. pupula“small lanceolate” and S. lanceolata. Thickened bars at the poles of valves within the core “pupula–bacillum” group may be a morphological synapomorphy; the fossil record suggests that this group is at least 12 million years old. Otherwise, there was no clear pattern in the distribution of different morphologies among the major clades; each clade was also heterogeneous with respect to mating system. More intensive and extensive sampling will doubtless uncover even greater diversity; the challenge lies in its interpretation. Our results demonstrate the limitations of paleoecological, ecological, and biogeographical research based on morphospecies.
The effects of priming in a cued dot‐probe task on appearance‐related attentional biases in women

The dot-probe task (DPT) is a reaction time measure of attentional bias. Research using this task has found inconsistent patterns of appearance-related attentional biases in women. This study examined the effects of a novel priming variation of the DPT, which incorporated additional cues into each trial of the task, on measurement of such biases. The study also examined associations between these biases and body image, a component of eating disorder symptomatology. A convenience sample of women from the general community (N = 103) completed body image measures online and attended a laboratory session to complete one of four DPTs: (1) an appearance-cued DPT containing images of thin-ideal models between each trial; (2) neutral-cued DPT containing images of forests; (3) time-delayed DPT controlling for time in place of an image; or (4) typical DPT containing only word stimuli. Women who completed the appearance-cued DPT demonstrated a stronger attentional bias for positive, but not negative, appearance words than women who completed the other DPT versions. Furthermore, for the appearance-cued and time-delayed DPTs, this bias correlated with poorer body image across several indicators (appearance evaluation, body dissatisfaction, self-evaluative salience of appearance, and state body satisfaction). Although it was unexpected that no attentional bias for negative-appearance words was found, the attentional bias for positive-appearance words may suggest that effects were driven by the ego-threat of positive-appearance words. Further research is warranted to determine whether such biases contribute to and maintain body image disturbance and disordered eating.
Nuclear Transcription Factor-kappaB in Hodgkin's Disease

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF- κ B) is a transcriptional factor that was originally discovered in the nucleus of B cells that bind to the kappa light chain of the immunoglobulins. Research during 15 years, however, has revealed that NF- κ B is present in its inactive state in the cytoplasm of almost every cell type. When activated, NF- κ B translocates to the nucleus, binds the DNA and regulates the expression of over 200 different genes. The product of these genes regulate the immune system, cell proliferation, tumor metastasis, inflammation and viral replication. Several tumor cell types express constitutively activated form of NF- κ B and it is required for the proliferation of the tumor cells. Numerous studies have shown that Hodgkin's disease cells exhibit constitutive active NF- κ B. The present review examines the mechanism how NF- κ B is activated and its relevance to Hodgkin's disease.
Coping Resources in Adaptation to Cancer: Socioeconomic and Racial Differences

This study examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and race and adaptation to a diagnosis of breast, colorectal, or lung cancer. A group of 369 patients were interviewed within 3-6 months of diagnosis. Nonillness-related stress, social support, coping strategies, and psychological adaptation were found to vary by race and SES. Moreover, relationships between coping resources and adaptation varied by sociocultural group.
Dissonant Forms of 'Memorising' and 'Repetition'

The present study examines the phenomenon of dissonant forms of memorising and repetition from both location and structural perspectives. Attention is drawn to clear evidence that supports, in particular, an argument in favour of gender-response differences in both location and structural dissonance. The study also illustrates how the isolation of dissonant response patterns may be approached analytically, especially in terms of using selected stable features of k-means cluster solutions as a basis for the direct categorisation of observed data.
Impact of Technostress on End-User Satisfaction and Performance

Organizational use of information and communications technologies (ICT) is increasingly resulting in negative cognitions in individuals, such as information overload and interruptions. Recent literature has encapsulated these cognitions in the concept of technostress, which is stress caused by an inability to cope with the demands of organizational computer usage. Given the critical role of the user in organizational information processing and accomplishing application-enabled workflows, understanding how these cognitions affect users' satisfaction with ICT and their performance in ICT-mediated tasks is an important step in appropriating benefits from current computing environments. The objective of this paper is to (1) understand the negative effects of technostress on the extent to which end users perceive the applications they use to be satisfactory and can utilize them to improve their performance at work and (2) identify mechanisms that can mitigate these effects. Specifically, we draw from the end-user computing and technostress literature to develop and validate a model that analyzes the effects of factors that create technostress on the individual's satisfaction with, and task performance using, ICT. The model also examines how user involvement in ICT development and support mechanisms for innovation can be used to weaken technostress-creating factors and their outcomes. The results, based on survey data analysis from 233 ICT users from two organizations, show that factors that create technostress reduce the satisfaction of individuals with the ICT they use and the extent to which they can utilize ICT for productivity and innovation in their tasks. Mechanisms that facilitate involvement of users, and encourage them to take risks, learn, explore new ideas, and experiment in the context of ICT use, diminish the factors that create technostress and increase satisfaction with the ICT they use. These mechanisms also have a positive effect on users' appropriation of ICT for productivity and innovation in their tasks. The paper contributes to emerging literature on negative outcomes of ICT use by (1) highlighting the influence of technostress on users' satisfaction and performance (i.e., productivity and innovation in ICT-mediated tasks) with ICT, (2) extending the literature on technostress, which has so far looked largely at the general behavioral and psychological domains, to include the domain of end-user computing, and (3) demonstrating the importance of user involvement and innovation support mechanisms in reducing technostress-creating conditions and their ICT use-related outcomes.
The Interactive Effects of Personal Achievement Goals and Performance Feedback in an Undergraduate Science Class

The authors explored whether manipulating feedback influenced cognition, motivation, and achievement in an undergraduate chemistry course. They measured students’ (N = 250) achievement goals, test anxiety, self-efficacy, and metacognitive strategy use at the beginning and end of the semester. After completing the first set of questionnaires, students were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: (a) control, (b) mastery feedback, (c) performance-approach feedback, and (d) combined mastery/performance-approach feedback. In each condition, students received a raw performance score for each weekly quiz they completed online and, for the treatment conditions, additional feedback reflective of that specific feedback condition. Results provide evidence for the multiple goals perspective (specialized pattern) wherein performance-oriented feedback was beneficial for some outcomes, whereas mastery feedback was beneficial for other outcomes.
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons generate calcium and sodium currents and release dopamine in the striatum of pups

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDA neurons) are essential for the control of diverse motor and cognitive behaviors. However, our understanding of the activity of immature mDA neurons is rudimentary. Rodent mDA neurons migrate and differentiate early in embryonic life and dopaminergic axons enter the striatum and contact striatal neurons a few days before birth, but when these are functional is not known. Here, we recorded Ca2+ transients and Na+ spikes from embryonic (E16–E18) and early postnatal (P0–P7) mDA neurons with dynamic two-photon imaging and patch clamp techniques in slices from tyrosine hydroxylase-GFP mice, and measured evoked dopamine release in the striatum with amperometry. We show that half of identified E16–P0 mDA neurons spontaneously generate non-synaptic, intrinsically driven Ca2+ spikes and Ca2+ plateaus mediated by N- and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Starting from E18–P0, half of the mDA neurons also reliably generate overshooting Na+ spikes with an abrupt maturation at birth (P0 = E19). At that stage (E18–P0), dopaminergic terminals release dopamine in a calcium-dependent manner in the striatum in response to local stimulation. This suggests that mouse striatal dopaminergic synapses are functional at birth.
The Development and Validation of Measures of Affiliative Tendency and Sensitivity To Rejection

of (1) his general expectation of the positive reinforcing quality of others for himself, Ri; (2) his general expectation of the negative reinforcing quality of others for himself, R2; (3) the actual positive reinforcing quality of a specific other with whom he might associate in a given situation, ri; and (4) the actual negative reinforcing quality of a specific other, or target, r2. Further, with more familiar targets whose actual reinforcing qualities are bet-
The role of child maltreatment and attachment style in adolescent relationship violence

Utilizing attachment theory as a basis for conceptualizing close relationships among adolescents, this study investigated two important relationship risk factors (child maltreatment, and adolescent self-perceived insecure attachment style) as predictors of “offender” and “victim” experiences in youth relationships. In addition to considering the influence of these risk factors, we further considered their interaction in predicting conflict in close relationships. Of interest was the extent to which attachment styles may function as a moderator of the relationship between childhood abuse and current abuse in teen close relationships. High school students (N = 321) in grades 9 and 10 completed questionnaires tapping their histories of maltreatment, currently viewed styles of attachment, and conflict in close relationships over the past 6 months. Maltreatment alone emerged as the most consistent predictor, accounting for 13–18% of the variance in male's physically, sexually, and verbally abusive behaviors; in contrast, it was not highly predictive of female's abusive behaviors. Maltreatment was predictive of victimization experiences for both males and females. Attachment style did not substantially add to the prediction of relationship conflict beyond maltreatment; however, avoidant attachment style emerged repeatedly as a significant predictor of female abusiveness and victimization. Attachment self-ratings were found to function as a moderator of child maltreatment in predicting primarily male coercive behavior towards a relationship partner as well as predicting male's experience of coercion from a partner. Thus, the presence of childhood maltreatment and adolescent self-perceived insecure attachment style applies predominantly to male youth. The implication of these gender differences for understanding relationship violence is discussed.
Abrogation of the in vitro generation of the cytotoxic T‐cell response to a murine tumor: The role of suppressor cells

A reproducible in vitro assay for the effect of suppressor T cells on the generation of an in vitro cytotoxic response to a metastatic murine tumor is described. Suppression in this system is maximal. The model uses splenic T cells from DBA/2 mice bearing the MDAY‐D2 metastatic tumor as suppressors of the in vitro generation of a cell mediated cytotoxic response by syngeneic tumor‐bearer (i.e., primed) peripheral lymph node cells stimulated with mitomycin C‐treated MDAY‐D2 tumor cells. The effect of the cell mediated cytotoxic response is profound, specific and mediated by splenic T cells. The suppressor T cells appear to impair precursor rather than mature cytotoxic cells. A highly immunogenic variant of MDAY‐D2, namely MDWI, does not generate a suppressor response. Suppressor T cells from an MDAY‐D2 tumor‐bearer cannot suppress the in vitro response to MDWI. This model of potent suppressor T‐cell action is highly reproducible and offers an opportunity for the analysis of why some tumors generate an effective cell mediated cytotoxic response which others stimulate dramatic suppressor T‐cell response.
Cell-surface estrogen receptors mediate calcium-dependent nitric oxide release in human endothelia.

BACKGROUND Although estrogen replacement therapy has been associated with reduction of cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women, the mechanism for this benefit remains unclear. Because nitric oxide (NO) is considered an important endothelium-derived relaxing factor and may function to protect blood vessels against atherosclerotic development, we investigated the acute effects of physiological levels of estrogen on NO release from human internal thoracic artery endothelia and human arterial endothelia in culture. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested the hypothesis that estrogen acutely stimulates constitutive NO synthase activity in human endothelial cells by acting on a cell-surface receptor. NO release was measured in real time with an amperometric probe. 17beta-Estradiol exposure to internal thoracic artery endothelia and human arterial endothelia in culture stimulated NO release within seconds in a concentration-dependent manner. 17beta-Estradiol conjugated to bovine serum albumin also stimulated NO release, suggesting action through a cell-surface receptor. Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor inhibitor, antagonized this action. We further showed with the use of dual emission microfluorometry that 17beta-estradiol-stimulated release of endothelial NO was dependent on the initial stimulation of intracellular calcium transients. CONCLUSIONS Physiological doses of estrogen immediately stimulate NO release from human endothelial cells through activation of a cell-surface estrogen receptor that is coupled to increases in intracellular calcium.
Is there a syllable frequency effect in aphasia or in apraxia of speech or both?

Background: The observation of a syllable frequency effect on production latencies in healthy speakers has been an argument in favour of stored syllables in speech production. In Levelt, Roelofs, and Meyer's (1999) model of speech production, syllabic representations are accessed during phonetic encoding. Neurolinguistic studies have provided convergent evidence of a syllable frequency effect on production accuracy in speakers with acquired language disorders. However, the observation that syllable frequency also affected production in aphasic speakers with a pre‐phonetic impairment (conduction aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia) seems in contradiction to the phonetic locus of syllabic representations. Aims: We illustrate the points of convergences and divergences between psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic results on the locus of the syllable frequency effect and explore whether a syllable frequency effect is observed in apraxia of speech (AoS) and in conduction aphasia when participants are tested with the same material. Methods & Procedures: Reading and repetition was elicited with monosyllabic words (Experiment A) and with bisyllabic pseudowords (Experiment B) composed of high‐ or low‐frequency syllables. Three speakers with AoS and three speakers with conduction aphasia participated in each experiment. Outcomes & Results: Both subgroups displayed a tendency for a syllable frequency effect on production accuracy. A significant effect of syllable frequency was observed in each experiment in a participant with AoS and in a participant with conduction aphasia. Conclusions: The data confirmed similar syllable frequency effects in speakers with AoS and in conduction aphasia when tested with the same eliciting material. We discuss these apparently contradictory observations and suggest an explanation for the origin of the syllable frequency effect in these two populations. I wish to thank Lindsey Nickels and Manuel Carreiras for their meticulous review and helpful comments on a previous version of the manuscript. Research supported by Swiss National Science Foundation Grant No. 105312‐108284.
Equality and CAL in higher education

Information technology is being heralded both as a liberating force and as the answer to the increasing demands of higher education. To date, however, there has not been an analysis of the equitable implications for higher education. Indeed, many institutions are unaware of the direct application of their own equal opportunity policies to the expanding role of IT in higher education. The authors suggest that by linking equal opportunity policies to the implementation of computer-assisted learning, higher education will be better placed to provide a higher quality of learning to a more diverse range of students.
Adherence to HAART among patients with HIV: Breakthroughs and barriers

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been a major breakthrough for the treatment of patients with HIV; however, adherence to treatment remains a formidable barrier. This paper evaluates the current state-of-the-science in adherence to HAART. Barriers to treatment success, determinants of adherence and interventions to improve adherence are reviewed. Overall, multifaceted interventions appear most promising. We conclude with recommendations to enhance clinical practice and improve treatment outcomes for patients with HIV. Despite substantial attention to adherence in recent years, much more remains to be done to understand and promote adherence to HAART.
HRD involvement in merger and acquisition decisions and strategy development: four organizational portraits

Although the financial and strategic aspects of mergers and acquisitions are well researched, little work has been done on the human resource development implications of this popular topic. The purpose of this case study research project was to explore the timing and scope of HRD involvement in four organizations recently involved in a merger or acquisition, by using three theoretical models as lenses. The results demonstrated that HRD normally was not involved in the initial decision-making to merge or acquire, even though post-deal HRD initiatives, particularly related to change management, were perceived as critical indicators of success.
Magnetoexcitons in large area CVD-grown monolayer MoS 2 and MoSe 2 on sapphire

Magnetotransmission spectroscopy was employed to study the valley Zeeman effect in large area monolayer MoS2 and MoSe2. The extracted values of the valley g factors for both A and B excitons were found to be similar with g(v) similar or equal to -4.5. The samples are expected to be strained due to the CVD growth on sapphire at high temperature (700 degrees C). However, the estimated strain, which is maximum at low temperature, is only similar or equal to 0.2%. Theoretical considerations suggest that the strain is too small to significantly influence the electronic properties. This is confirmed by the measured value of the valley g factor, and the measured temperature dependence of the band gap, which are almost identical for CVD and mechanically exfoliated MoS2.