Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Please Scroll down for Article Social Neuroscience Do You like Me? Neural Correlates of Social Evaluation and Developmental Trajectories Do You like Me? Neural Correlates of Social Evaluation and Developmental Trajectories Neural Correlates of Peer Evaluation

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Social acceptance is of key importance for healthy functioning. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine age-related changes in the neural correlates of social acceptance and rejection processing. Participants from four age groups participated in the study: pre-pubertal children (8–10 years), early adolescents (12–14 years), older adolescents (16–17 years) and young adults (19–25 years). During the experiment, participants were presented with unfamiliar faces of peers and were asked to predict whether they expected to be liked or disliked by the other person, followed by feedback indicating acceptance or rejection. Results showed that activation in the ventral mPFC and striatum to social feedback was context-dependent; there was increased activation when participants had positive expectations about social evaluation, and increased activation following social acceptance feedback. Age-related comparisons revealed a linear increase in activity with age in these brain regions for positive expectations of social evaluation. Similarly, a linear increase with age was found for activation in the striatum, ventral mPFC, OFC, and lateral PFC for rejection feedback. No age-related differences in neural activation were shown for social acceptance feedback. Together, these results provide important insights in the developmental trajectories of brain regions implicated in social and affective behavior.
Partial discharges at different voltage waveshapes: Comparison between two different acquisition systems

In modern HV apparatuses the wide use of electronic converters, increase the stress on the involved insulation systems and thus affect the reliability of the whole power grid. Additionally, such non-sinusoidal voltage shapes contain high gradient flanks that create problems in the detection of partial discharge (PD) activity. The aim of this paper is to discuss the methodology on how to suitably approach PD detection in insulation systems exposed to various voltage waveshapes in general by comparing two different measuring systems. The first one, equipped with a resonant PD decoupler, designed specifically for detection at typical power electronic waveshapes and the other one, based on an antenna sensor with flat frequency response, a general-purpose AC system. It was found that not so much the acquisition principles as the features are important for effective detection of PD signals appearing at rapidly changing test voltages from power electronic devices.
6.0kV, 100A, 175kHz super cascode power module for medium voltage, high power applications

A new 6.0kV/100A Super Cascode Power Module (SCPM) topology is proposed using dual serial strings of six SiC-JFETs with a common balancing circuit, and extendable to 8.0kV/200A for high-frequency, medium-voltage applications. Electrical and multi-physics simulations show improvements in dynamic response, and improved electro-thermal performance that exceed state-of-the-art Si-IGBT power module technology. The SCPM is fabricated and tested. Results are reported showing 47. 8mΩ dynamic response, and ≤50ns rise and fall in current at 4kV for 110A switching from double-pulse testing (DPT).
Expansion of Murine Gammaherpesvirus Latently Infected B Cells Requires T Follicular Help

X linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an inherited immunodeficiency resulting from mutations in the gene encoding the slam associated protein (SAP). One of the defining characteristics of XLP is extreme susceptibility to infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gammaherpesvirus belonging to the genus Lymphocryptovirus, often resulting in fatal infectious mononucleosis (FIM). However, infection of SAP deficient mice with the related Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a gammaherpesvirus in the genus Rhadinovirus, does not recapitulate XLP. Here we show that MHV68 inefficiently establishes latency in B cells in SAP deficient mice due to insufficient CD4 T cell help during the germinal center response. Although MHV68 infected B cells can be found in SAP-deficient mice, significantly fewer of these cells had a germinal center phenotype compared to SAP-sufficient mice. Furthermore, we show that infected germinal center B cells in SAP-deficient mice fail to proliferate. This failure to proliferate resulted in significantly lower viral loads, and likely accounts for the inability of MHV68 to induce a FIM-like syndrome. Finally, inhibiting differentiation of T follicular helper (TFH) cells in SAP-sufficient C57Bl/6 mice resulted in decreased B cell latency, and the magnitude of the TFH response directly correlated with the level of infection in B cells. This requirement for CD4 T cell help during the germinal center reaction by MHV68 is in contrast with EBV, which is thought to be capable of bypassing this requirement by expressing viral proteins that mimic signals provided by TFH cells. In conclusion, the outcome of MHV68 infection in mice in the setting of loss of SAP function is distinct from that observed in SAP-deficient patients infected with EBV, and may identify a fundamental difference between the strategies employed by the rhadinoviruses and lymphocryptoviruses to expand B cell latency during the early phase of infection.
A Developmental Study of Risky Decisions on the Cake Gambling Task: Age and Gender Analyses of Probability Estimation and Reward Evaluation

Decision making, or the process of choosing between competing courses of actions, is highly sensitive to age-related change, showing development throughout adolescence. In this study, we tested whether the development of decision making under risk is related to changes in risk-estimation abilities. Participants (N = 93) between ages 8–30 performed a child friendly gambling task, the Cake Gambling task, which was inspired by the Cambridge Gambling Task (Rogers et al., 1999), which has previously been shown to be sensitive to orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) damage. The task allowed comparisons of the contributions to risk perception of (1) the ability to estimate probabilities and (2) evaluate rewards. Adult performance patterns were highly similar to those found in previous reports, showing increased risk taking with increases in the probability of winning and the magnitude of potential reward. Behavioral patterns in children and adolescents did not differ from adult patterns, showing a similar ability for probability estimation and reward evaluation. These data suggest that participants 8 years and older perform like adults in a gambling task, previously shown to depend on the OFC in which all the information needed to make an advantageous decision is given on each trial and no information needs to be inferred from previous behavior. Interestingly, at all ages, females were more risk-averse than males. These results suggest that the increase in real-life risky behavior that is seen in adolescence is not a consequence of changes in risk perception abilities. The findings are discussed in relation to theories about the protracted development of the prefrontal cortex.
Estimating glomerular filtration rate in a population-based study

Background: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)-estimating equations are used to determine the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in population-based studies. However, it has been suggested that since the commonly used GFR equations were originally developed from samples of patients with CKD, they underestimate GFR in healthy populations. Few studies have made side-by-side comparisons of the effect of various estimating equations on the prevalence estimates of CKD in a general population sample. Patients and methods: We examined a population-based sample comprising adults from Wisconsin (age, 43–86 years; 56% women). We compared the prevalence of CKD, defined as a GFR of <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 estimated from serum creatinine, by applying various commonly used equations including the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation, Cockcroft–Gault (CG) equation, and the Mayo equation. We compared the performance of these equations against the CKD definition of cystatin C >1.23 mg/L. Results: We found that the prevalence of CKD varied widely among different GFR equations. Although the prevalence of CKD was 17.2% with the MDRD equation and 16.5% with the CG equation, it was only 4.8% with the Mayo equation. Only 24% of those identified to have GFR in the range of 50–59 mL/min per 1.73 m2 by the MDRD equation had cystatin C levels >1.23 mg/L; their mean cystatin C level was only 1 mg/L (interquartile range, 0.9–1.2 mg/L). This finding was similar for the CG equation. For the Mayo equation, 62.8% of those patients with GFR in the range of 50–59 mL/min per 1.73 m2 had cystatin C levels >1.23 mg/L; their mean cystatin C level was 1.3 mg/L (interquartile range, 1.2–1.5 mg/L). The MDRD and CG equations showed a false-positive rate of >10%. Discussion: We found that the MDRD and CG equations, the current standard to estimate GFR, appeared to overestimate the prevalence of CKD in a general population sample.
Barriers and facilitators of adjuvant hormone therapy adherence and persistence in women with breast cancer: a systematic review

Purpose Nonadherence to hormone therapy in breast cancer survivors is common and associated with increased risk of mortality. Consistent predictors of nonadherence and nonpersistence are yet to be identified, and little research has examined psychosocial factors that may be amenable to change through intervention. This review aimed to identify predictors of nonadherence and nonpersistence to hormone therapy in breast cancer survivors in order to inform development of an intervention to increase adherence rates. Methods Studies published up to April 2016 were identified through MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL and gray literature. Studies published in English measuring associations between adherence or persistence and any predictor variables were included. Eligible studies were assessed for methodological quality, data were extracted and a narrative synthesis was conducted. Results Sixty-one eligible articles were identified. Most studies focused on clinical and demographic factors with inconsistent results. Some evidence suggested that receiving specialist care and social support were related to increased persistence, younger age and increased number of hospitalizations were associated with nonadherence, and good patient–physician relationship and self-efficacy for taking medication were associated with better adherence. A small amount of evidence suggested that medication beliefs were associated with adherence, but more high-quality research is needed to confirm this. Conclusion Some psychosocial variables were associated with better adherence and persistence, but the results are currently tentative. Future high-quality research should be carried out to identify psychosocial determinants of nonadherence or nonpersistence that are modifiable through intervention.
Laggards as Innovators? Old Users as Designers of New Services & Service Systems.

Involving users in the design process is increasingly discussed as the quickest and most reliable way to capture the needs of users and consumers. In parallel, the fastest growing population segment in Asia and the West is older people. This article asks whether their involvement in the design process could accelerate a growing service market and if so, how? It addresses a knowledge gap that constrains service provision for a growing market of older people and which underestimates older people's potential contribution in the early phases of the development of new services. The current role of older users is limited to that of test persons later in the design process or as objects of randomized samples that explore consumers' reactions to existing products. The present case study provides an empirical example of how old users can be involved in the early stages of service design. In doing this, the article questions the concept of old users as laggards. It suggests great potential to include such users - been arounds - as sources of innovation in the earlier phases of the design process if they have the right tools and opportunities to act. In identifying unsatisfied needs and potential market solutions, the inclusion of old users in user-driven projects can contribute to the generation of business ideas.
The nature of heterogeneity in the stomatal behaviour of Phaseolus vulgaris L. primary leaves

The aim of this research was to investigate the nature of heterogeneity in stomatal conductance and, in particular, to determine whether the characteristic 'patchy' pattern of water infiltration is reflected in measurements on individual stomata. Silicone rubber replicas were made of primary leaves of glasshouse-grown Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants, and the leaves were then infiltrated with water at controlled subatmospheric gas pressures according to their estimated or measured stomatal conductance. Seven leaves examined in detail all showed patchy infiltration, and the mean size of infiltrated areas was negatively correlated with the prevailing stomatal conductance. In four of the leaves, a one millimetre wide transect across the leaf was selected for further detailed study. Measurements of mean peristomatal groove distance (PGD) and stomatal frequency were made along the transect and related to the state of infiltration. Analysis of variance indicated that, in all four cases, variation in PGD among patches was highly significant, but there was no significant difference between patches of different infiltration categories. Thus, local (patch-level) variation in stomatal aperture appeared to bear no relation to the infiltration status of the patches. The dominant source of stomatal variability was between individual pores in the same locality, which accounted for 82% or more of the total variability. Taking into account variation in stomatal frequency, correlations between predicted stomatal conductance and the extent of infiltration were significant in only one out of the seven leaves studied. Possible reasons for these results are discussed. It is suggested that the infiltration method misrepresents the underlying state of the stomata as being either open or closed, when there is little evidence for this from measurements of stomatal dimensions. For these unstressed plants under relatively stable conditions, it is concluded that the 'unit of variability' in stomatal heterogeneity may rest at the individual pore ('micro') scale, rather than at the areolar patch ('macro') scale, or above.
Biomechanical aspects of catheter-related thrombophlebitis

Short peripheral catheters (SPCs) are the most common intravenous devices used in medical practice. Short peripheral catheter thrombophlebitis (SPCT) is the most frequent complication associated with SPCs, causing discomfort and usually leading to removal of the catheter and insertion of a new one at a different site. The aim of this research was to explore whether biomechanical factors, in addition to biochemical factors, also play a role in the formation of thrombophlebitis. Hence, two of the biomechanical aspects of SPCT were investigated: the physical pressure load exerted by the SPC on the endothelial monolayer, and disturbances in the flow patterns due to the SPC. Endothelial activation was studied by subjecting human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to a weight load of SPC pieces and measuring the release profile of von-Willebrand Factor (vWF) over time, using ELISA. vWF release was chosen as the measure for endothelial activation since it was the major component of the Weibel-Palade Bodies (WPBs), which underwent exocytosis by endothelial cells during activation. Flow patterns were analyzed on a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a brachiocephalic vein with SPC. vWF release profiles were significantly higher in the HUVECs subjected to the load, indicating HUVEC activation. CFD simulations demonstrated a decrease in flow velocities along the catheter body, between the catheter and the vein, due to an enlarged boundary layer. Results indicate that the contact region between the SPC body and the vein wall can be partially responsible for SPCT development, and inflammatory and coagulatory processes initiated by stimulated endothelial cells may be amplified due to disturbed blood flow.
Endogenous proteins in terminal ileal digesta of adult subjects fed a casein-based diet.

BACKGROUND Although there are several published estimates of the endogenous amino acid composition of ileal digesta in humans, to our knowledge, there are no systematic studies of ileal digesta endogenous proteins. OBJECTIVES We determined the nature and composition of endogenous nitrogen-containing substances lost from the upper digestive tract of humans. DESIGN Digesta were collected from the terminal ileum for a period of 8 h by using a nasoileal tube in 6 adult subjects fed a single meal that contained 22% of casein as the only source of nitrogen. RESULTS The total nitrogen that passed the terminal ileum was 39.3 mg/g native digesta dry matter. Of this amount, 86% was proteinaceous, ~60% was bacterial protein, ~7% was soluble-free protein, ~15% was mucin protein, and ~5% was protein from intact mucosal cells. For nonprotein nitrogen, ~5% of the total nitrogen was ammonia, and ~4% of the total nitrogen was urea. Bacterial and human mucosal cellular DNA nitrogen were collectively ~0.5% of the total nitrogen. Approximately 30% of the nonprotein nitrogen (4% of the total nitrogen) remained unidentified. This amount was assumed to include free amino acids, RNAs, amines, and the tetrapyrroles bilirubin and biliverdin. Bacterial nitrogen, combined with ammonia and urea nitrogen, represented >68% of total ileal nitrogenous losses. CONCLUSIONS Findings are presented on the endogenous nitrogen-containing compounds that left the terminal ileum. Of particular significance is the observation that mucin was the most abundant truly endogenous component within the terminal ileal digesta. Bacterial protein, which was strictly nondietary rather than endogenous, contributed the highest proportion, by far, of nondietary protein, the result of which makes a significant contribution to published estimates of ileal endogenous amino acids and protein. The high concentration of bacterial protein and the presence of ammonia and urea nitrogen indicate potentially substantial microbial activity within the human distal small intestine.
Mid-Infrared Galaxy Classification Based on Silicate Obscuration and PAH Equivalent Width

We present a new diagnostic diagram for mid-infrared spectra of infrared galaxies based on the equivalent width of the 6.2 μm PAH emission feature and the strength of the 9.7 μm silicate feature. Based on the positions in this diagram, we classify galaxies into nine classes ranging from continuum-dominated AGN hot dust spectra and PAH-dominated starburst spectra to absorption-dominated spectra of deeply obscured galactic nuclei. We find that galaxies are systematically distributed along two distinct branches: one of AGN and starburst-dominated spectra and one of deeply obscured nuclei and starburst-dominated spectra. The separation into two branches likely reflects a fundamental difference in the dust geometry in the two sets of sources: clumpy versus nonclumpy obscuration. Spectra of ULIRGs are found along the full length of both branches, reflecting the diverse nature of the ULIRG family.
Thermodynamic State of the Interface during Cavitation

Ultrasound and shock waves have been shown to alter the permeability and/or the polarization of cell membranes. The phenomenon of cavitation is believed to play a major role in these interactions, but the mechanism is not clear due to lack of direct observations of these interactions. Here, the behavior of lipid membranes was observed during shock wave induced cavitation with sub-microsecond resolution, using the emission spectra of hydration-sensitive fluorescent probes co-localized at the interface. The experiments show that the cavitation threshold is lowest near a phase transition of the lipid interface. The cavitation collapse time and the maximum state change during cavitation are found to be a function of both the driving pressure and the initial state of the lipid interface. The experiments show dehydration and crystallization of lipids during the expansion phase of cavitation cluster, suggesting that the heat and entropy of vaporization are absorbed from within the interface as it is adiabatically uncoupled from the free water. These results underline the critical role of interface entropy in cavitation dynamics. The insights presented here have implications for ultrasound-mediated drug delivery, ultrasound neuro-modulation and the nucleation of ice during cavitation.
Nanofluids for heat exchanger improvement: a numerical approach

Carbon nanotube, nanofluid, convective heat transfer, forced convection, heat exchanger, numerical modelling, heat transfer mechanisms In the industrial panorama, the last decades have been marked by the advent of the concept of sustainability, consequence of growing resource scarcity and ecosystem destruction. Excessive pollution has led to notorious concerns, such as ozone layer depletion or severe climatic events. In order to guarantee the safety of future generations, governments and industries share the common goal of environment preservation and rational energy expenditure, before a point of no return is reached. Heat exchangers perform an important role in heating, cooling and heat recovery, having also been subjected to the implementation of measures that promote efficiency in order to ultimately contribute to the sustainability of the systems in which they operate. The main limitation of current exchangers is the poor heat transfer behaviour of common operating fluids, such as oil, glycols or water. In order to fulfil the requirement of improved fluid heat transfer, the recent advent of nanofluids, high heat transfer nanoparticle suspensions in base fluids, has taken place. These have displayed substantial heat transfer performances, allowing to foresee increases in device efficiency once applied. At present the mechanisms, responsible for the anomalous enhancements, remain unknown, thus restricting industrial applicability. For the convective heat transfer study of a nanofluid, with carbon nanotubes suspended in deionized water, a numerical model is proposed and validated based on experimental data. The relevant fluid properties used for such investigations, the heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number, are obtained for fluid flow through a heated tube (stainless steel). The acquired results for the nanofluid are then compared to the matching data for deionized water and to common theoretical correlations. Additionally, a study and debate concerning the contribution of typical heat transfer mechanisms, evaluated individually under parametric testing, is proposed.