Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of pregabalin and venlafaxine-XR in generalized anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled 8-week trial

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anxiolytic efficacy, and speed of onset of efficacy, of pregabalin (PGB) and venlafaxine-XR (VXR) in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). In this double-blind trial, outpatients, ages 18–65 years, who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria for GAD were randomized to 8 weeks of flexible-dose treatment with PGB (300–600 mg/day), VXR (75–225 mg/day), or placebo (PBO). The intent-to-treat sample consisted of 121 patients on PGB [least square (LS) mean±SE baseline Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), 27.6±0.4], 125 patients on VXR (baseline HAM-A, 27.4±0.4), and 128 patients on PBO (baseline HAM-A, 26.8±0.4). Treatment with PGB was associated with a significantly greater LS mean change in the HAM-A total score at last observation carried forward endpoint versus PBO (−14.5±0.9 vs. −11.7±0.9; P=0.028). Treatment with VXR was not significant versus PBO at endpoint (−12.0±0.9; −11.7±0.9; P=0.968). Treatment with PGB showed an early onset of improvement, with significantly greater LS mean change in the HAM-A by day 4 versus both PBO (−5.3±0.5 vs. −3.4±0.5; P=0.008) and VXR (−2.9±0.5; P=0.0012). The proportion of patients reporting a severe adverse event was similar for PGB (9.1%) and PBO (7.8%), but higher for VXR (20.0%; P<0.05). In conclusion, PGB was a safe and effective treatment of GAD, with a significantly earlier onset of anxiolytic activity than VXR.
DEFENSIVE SOCIAL COMPARISONS AND THE CONSTRAINTS OF REALITY

We argue that defensive interpretations (accept positive effects, discard negative effects) of social comparisons are constrained by reality, that is by perceived other-self similarity. Whereas moderately similar others may yield defensive contrast effects on self-evaluations, non-defensive contrast effects occur when other-self similarity is high and the relevance of the social comparisons is thus undisputed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, whereas the self-evaluative impact of moderately dissimilar others is null, extremely dissimilar others yield assimilation. The findings support the interpretation-comparison perspective on social comparison processes and effects.
Business partners and working the pumps: Human resource managers in the recession

This article examines the work and roles of HR managers in the Irish recession. It tests the validity of three competing views about the future of HR: that the profession needs to become a business partner; that it is knee-deep in a legitimacy crisis; and that it is fragmenting by being unable to cope with the complexity of modern organizational life. Three key findings emerge from the research. First, HR managers have gained greater influence in business decision-making, but much of this influence arises from short-run retrenchment measures. Second, many HR managers remain committed to long established professional values and ideas of good practice. Third, modern HR managers are developing a professional identity that allows them to perform multiple, competing roles. These findings challenge existing arguments about the effects of the current recession. They also speak to ongoing debates about changing HR roles by showing how HR managers remain adept at making pragmatic adaptations to secure their role in organizational life.
Deregulation of eIF 4 E : 4 EBP 1 in Differentiated Human Papillomavirus-Containing Cells Leads to High Levels of Expression of the E 7 Oncoprotein

Infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are linked to more than 95% of cervical cancers. HPVs replicate exclusively in differentiated cells and the function of the HPV E7 oncoprotein is essential for viral replication. In this study, we investigated the mechanism that regulates E7 expression in differentiated cells. The level of E7 protein was strongly induced in HPV-containing Caski, HOK-16B, and BaP-T cells during growth in methylcellulose-containing medium, a condition that induces differentiation. Enhanced expression of E7 was observed between 4 and 8 h of culturing in methylcellulose and was maintained for up to 24 h. The increase was not due to altered stability of the E7 protein or an increase in the steady-state level of the E7 mRNA. Instead, the translation of the E7 mRNA was enhanced during differentiation. More than 70 to 80% of the E7 mRNA was found in the polysome fractions in the differentiated cells. Consistent with this observation, higher levels of the phosphorylated translator inhibitor 4E-BP1 were observed in differentiated HPV-containing cells but not in differentiated non-HPV tumor cells or primary keratinocytes. The mTOR kinase inhibitor rapamycin blocked phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and significantly decreased the level of E7 protein in Caski cells, suggesting that phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 is linked to E7 expression. Prevailing models for the molecular mechanisms underlying E7 expression have focused largely on transcriptional regulation. The results presented in this study demonstrate a significant role of the cellular translation machinery to maintain a high level of E7 protein in differentiated cells.
The Ordered Clustered Travelling Salesman Problem: A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm

The ordered clustered travelling salesman problem is a variation of the usual travelling salesman problem in which a set of vertices (except the starting vertex) of the network is divided into some prespecified clusters. The objective is to find the least cost Hamiltonian tour in which vertices of any cluster are visited contiguously and the clusters are visited in the prespecified order. The problem is NP-hard, and it arises in practical transportation and sequencing problems. This paper develops a hybrid genetic algorithm using sequential constructive crossover, 2-opt search, and a local search for obtaining heuristic solution to the problem. The efficiency of the algorithm has been examined against two existing algorithms for some asymmetric and symmetric TSPLIB instances of various sizes. The computational results show that the proposed algorithm is very effective in terms of solution quality and computational time. Finally, we present solution to some more symmetric TSPLIB instances.
The moderating role of optimism on politics-outcomes relationships: A test of competing perspectives

Research to date has assumed that politics perceptions lead to uniformly negative outcomes. Recent studies, however, advocate examining theoretically relevant dispositional factors capable of differentially predicting politics perceptions—work outcome relationships. One individual difference factor possessing considerable scholarly merit in this regard is optimism. Building on recent research, the politics perceptions—optimism relationship was examined in a series of three studies. In particular, our objective was to determine whether optimism intensified or neutralized the potentially negative effects of perceived politics on job satisfaction and tension. Across samples, findings confirmed a moderating effect; notably, politics triggered increased stress and lower satisfaction for individuals with higher levels of optimism. In contrast, stress and satisfaction remained largely unaffected for less optimistic individuals reporting elevated levels of politics. These findings, which suggest that optimism may be associated with undesirable effects in threat situations, contradicts the preponderance of research affirming favorable stress reactions.
Assessing the creativity of scientific explanations in elementary science: an insider–outsider view of intuitive assessment in the hypothesis space

Assessing creativity is commonly believed to be difficult but there is evidence that an intuitive, holistic assessment is easy and reliable. Given that children can engage in creative activity and teachers are expected to foster it, some assessment of it could aid planning and optimise support. Assessing creativity intuitively and holistically could be a useful, quick way of assessing to inform teaching. A teacher of young children, however, is essentially an outsider in the child’s world and often also in the world of science. Judging a child’s creativity in this way from a child’s point of view may not always be easy or reliable. Here, pre‐service elementary teachers in the UK assessed explanations of simple science events. Their holistic assessments of creativity did not agree to any great extent. Agreement improved when they assessed some of the attributes of creativity but was still less than expected. Nevertheless, these novices’ assessments as a whole showed there was some ability to discriminate usefully between explanations, albeit with considerable variation from teacher to teacher. Some implications for teacher training are described.
Prophylactic antiepileptic drugs in brain tumors: what evidence is enough evidence?

Seizures occur in 30-100% of the patients with brain tumors, the incidence being largely determined by the tumor type. [1] Benign glioneural tumors such as ganglioglioma and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor have intrinsic epileptogenecity, and seizures occur in 90-100% of these patients mostly as the presenting manifestation. [1,2] Seizures are less common in patients with gliomas, occurring in 30-70% of these patients. Out of these, seizures occur as the presenting manifestation in 30-50% of patients while 10-20% patients develop seizures later in the course of the illness. [1,3]
BASIC SCIENCE REVIEW

Advances in the treatment modalities for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) over the last 20 years involving surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy are not fully reflected in increases in the 5-year survival rates, mainly due to locoregional recurrences and to a lesser extent, distant metastasis. This can, in part, be attributed to the fact that HNSCC induces severe depression of a patient’s immune system. Recent advances in understanding the complex host–tumor interactions have led to the identification of a distinct suppressor cell population known as regulatory T cells that play a crucial role in maintaining T-cell tolerance to self-antigens. Here, we present a critical review of our understanding of the involvement of regulatory T cells in controlling the T-cell immune response in tumor occurrence and progression in HNSCC with an emphasis on current and future immunotherapeutic approaches involving regulatory T cells. VC 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 30: 251–261, 2008
Staff Perspectives of Substance Use and Misuse Among Adults With Intellectual Disabilities Enrolled in Dutch Disability Services

Although the use of psychoactive substances seems to be a growing problem among clients of intellectual disability services (IDS) in the Netherlands, rates of such substance use are unknown, and it is unclear how the services deal with substance-related problems. This study explored the perspectives of staff with respect to the occurrence of substance use and abuse, as well as users' profiles, and service organization policies regarding substance use. A semi-structured questionnaire asked staff to comment on lifetime, current, and problematic substance use among their clients, provide illustrative case reports, and describe policies within their service regarding substance-related problems. Data from 39 IDS were included. Estimations of occurrence of substance use varied greatly across services. Alcohol was reported to be used most often but at lower rates than reported in the general population. Cannabis and other drugs were reported to be used relatively often when compared with the rates noted in the general population. Case reports on 86 substance users were analyzed, and subgroups of users were identified, including younger clients who used both cannabis and alcohol, and older clients with mild ID who used only alcohol. Psychiatric comorbidity and lack of daytime activities were highly prevalent among users. Of the interventions the services reported using to address abuse, psychosocial and restrictive measures were rated as most effective and collaboration with addiction facilities and rewarding abstinence as least effective. Most services reported to have inadequate expertise with substance use. According to respondents, users with both borderline and mild ID used substances, but there were different patterns of use across age groups and level of ID. Respondents noted that substance users face a number of psychosocial problems but that they were poorly equipped to meet the users' needs and to affect functional policies. The authors concluded that the low effectiveness of mainstream addiction treatment or consultation suggests that there is a need for more cross-system collaboration to address this problem.
Who is where referred to how, and why? The influence of visual saliency on referent accessibility in spoken language production

Salient entities are assumed to be more accessible in memory, which makes them more likely to be referred to first and to be referred to with an attenuated expression, such as a pronoun. It is less clear, however, how different types of salience interact in influencing referent accessibility. In this article, we address the question whether non-linguistic factors can affect accessibility in the presence of a linguistic context. We present two story completion experiments in which we investigated the effect of visual salience (foregrounding) in interaction with linguistic salience (subjecthood) of two story characters both on the choice of referent and on the choice of referring expression. In Experiment 1, linguistic salience was moderated by inducing a topic shift in the discourse context. In Experiment 2, contexts in which linguistic salience was unclear were compared to contexts in which one of the characters was highly linguistically salient. The results show that visual salience influences referent choice independently of linguistic salience, but that it does not have an effect on the choice of referring expression. This suggests that visual salience has an influence on the global interpretation of the scene, but does not directly affect the accessibility status of individual entities. This is compatible with a view of language production in which utterance planning is influenced by conceptual and discourse factors rather than by low-level perceptual factors.
Genetic control of immune response to myoglobin. Ir gene function in genetic restriction between T and B lymphocytes

We studied the genetic restrictions on the interaction between T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APC) involved in the H-2-linked Ir gene control of the in vitro secondary antibody response to sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) in mice. The B cells in this study were specific for Mb itself, rather than for a hapten unrelated to the Ir gene control, as in many previous studies. Low responder mice immunized in vivo with Mb bound to an immunogenic carrier, fowl gamma globulin (F gamma G), produced B cells competent to secrete anti-Mb antibodies in vitro if they received F gamma G-specific T cell help. However, (high- responder X low responder) F1 T cells from Mb-immune mice did not help these primed low responder (H-2k or H-2b) B cells in vitro, even in the presence of various numbers of F1 APC that were demonstrated to be component to reconstitute the response of spleen cells depleted by APC. Similar results were obtained with B6 leads to B6D2F1 radiation bone marrow chimeras. Genotypic low responder (H-2b) T cells from these mice helped Mb-primed B6D2F1B cells plus APC, but did not help syngeneic chimeric H-2b B cells, even in the presence of F1 APC. In contrast, we could not detect any Ir restriction on APC function during these in vitro secondary responses. Moreover, in the preceding paper, we found that low responder mice neonatally tolerized to higher responder H-2 had competent Mb-specific helper T cells capable of helping high responder but not low responder B cells and APC. Therefore, although function Mb-specific T cells and B cells both exist in low responder mice, the Ir gene defect is a manifestation of the failure of syngeneic collaboration between these two cell types. This genetic restriction on the interaction between T cells and B cells is consistent with the additional new finding that Lyb-5-negative B cells are a major participant in ths vitro secondary response because it is this Lyb-5- negative subpopulation of B cells that have recently been shown to require genetically restricted help. The Ir gene defect behaves operationally as a failure of low responder B cells to receive help from any source of Mb-specific T cells either high responder, low responder, or F1. The possible additional role of T cell-APC interactions, either during primary immunization in vivo or in the secondary culture is discussed.
Defining the envelope of linguistic variation: The case of “don't count” forms in the copula analysis of African American Vernacular English

ABSTRACT Ever since Labov, Cohen, Robbins, and Lewis's (1968) pioneering study, it has been commonplace to set aside certain tokens in analyzing variability in the English copula as “don't count” (DC) forms. These cases are most often occurrences of the copula that exhibit categorical behavior (as with the full copula in clause-final position), as well as those that are ambiguous or indeterminate. In this article, I propose a set of copula forms that should be set aside from variable analysis as instances of DC forms to allow for systematic comparisons among studies. I review the major alternative descriptions of DC copula cases in the literature and analyze the behavior of the traditional DC categories. New data are presented to support the exclusion of particular DC cases from analyses of copula variability. Among the conclusions are that [was], [thas], and [is] should be excluded from quantitative analyses of variation in the copula because of their invariant status, and that a number of tokens commonly included (e.g., questions) should be excluded on various grounds.
Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

CONTEXT Evidence on the health risks associated with short-term exposure to fine particles (particulate matter < or =2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5]) is limited. Results from the new national monitoring network for PM2.5 make possible systematic research on health risks at national and regional scales. OBJECTIVES To estimate risks of cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions associated with short-term exposure to PM2.5 for Medicare enrollees and to explore heterogeneity of the variation of risks across regions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A national database comprising daily time-series data daily for 1999 through 2002 on hospital admission rates (constructed from the Medicare National Claims History Files) for cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes and injuries, ambient PM2.5 levels, and temperature and dew-point temperature for 204 US urban counties (population >200,000) with 11.5 million Medicare enrollees (aged >65 years) living an average of 5.9 miles from a PM2.5 monitor. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Daily counts of county-wide hospital admissions for primary diagnosis of cerebrovascular, peripheral, and ischemic heart diseases, heart rhythm, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory infection, and injuries as a control outcome. RESULTS There was a short-term increase in hospital admission rates associated with PM2.5 for all of the health outcomes except injuries. The largest association was for heart failure, which had a 1.28% (95% confidence interval, 0.78%-1.78%) increase in risk per 10-microg/m3 increase in same-day PM2.5. Cardiovascular risks tended to be higher in counties located in the Eastern region of the United States, which included the Northeast, the Southeast, the Midwest, and the South. CONCLUSION Short-term exposure to PM2.5 increases the risk for hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
Boosting Student Achievement: The Effect of Comprehensive School Reform on Student Achievement

Between the late 1980s and early 2000s, schools, districts, states, and the federal government devoted enormous resources to the implementation of Comprehensive School Reform (CSR) models. With more than 1.6 billion federal dollars distributed through the Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration (CSRD) project and its successor, the CSR project, states and districts made CSR adoption a central reform strategy for their lowest performing schools. Today, however, federal funding for CSR has dried up, and this policy has been left behind with few explicit efforts to assess the effect of these CSR funds on schools. In this article, the authors look back on this federal reform initiative and the effect it had on Texas students. Using promising analytic techniques for nonexperimental studies to investigate the effects of federal CSR awards on student achievement, the authors find that CSRD funding did not significantly effect students’ reading performance and that its effect on math performance varied across different student types.
Liver but not adipose tissue is responsive to the pattern of enteral feeding

Nutritional support is an important aspect of medical care, providing calories to patients with compromised nutrient intake. Metabolism has a diurnal pattern, responding to the light cycle and food intake, which in turn can drive changes in liver and adipose tissue metabolism. In this study, we assessed the response of liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) to different feeding patterns under nutritional support (total enteral nutrition or TEN). Mice received continuous isocaloric TEN for 10 days or equal calories of chow once a day (Ch). TEN was given either at a constant (CN, same infusion rate during 24 h) or variable rate (VN, 80% of calories fed at night, 20% at day). Hepatic lipogenesis and carbohydrate‐responsive element‐binding protein (ChREBP) expression increased in parallel with the diurnal feeding pattern. Relative to Ch, both patterns of enteral feeding increased adiposity. This increase was not associated with enhanced lipogenic gene expression in WAT; moreover, lipogenesis was unaffected by the feeding pattern. Surprisingly, leptin and adiponectin expression increased. Moreover, nutritional support markedly increased hepatic and adipose FGF21 expression in CN and VN, despite being considered a fasting hormone. In summary, liver but not WAT, respond to the pattern of feeding. While hepatic lipid metabolism adapts to the pattern of nutrient availability, WAT does not. Moreover, sustained delivery of nutrients in an isocaloric diet can cause adiposity without the proinflammatory state observed in hypercaloric feeding. Thus, the liver but not adipose tissue is responsive to the pattern of feeding behavior.
THE FISCAL THEORY OF THE PRICE LEVEL PUZZLE: A NON-RICARDIAN VIEW

The fiscal theory of the price level says that the price level can be made determinate if the government uses fiscal policies such that government liabilities explode unless the price in the first period is at the “right” level. The policy implications are disturbing, as they call for rather adventurous fiscal policies. We show that these disturbing policy implications are specific to the “Ricardian” models that have been used to develop the theory. By moving to non-Ricardian models, we see that price determinacy is consistent with reasonable fiscal policies.