Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Reevaluation of the “Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis”

The most influential theory to explain the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been the “Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis” (ACH) first formulated in 1992. The ACH proposes that the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) is the initial pathological event in AD leading to the formation of senile plaques (SPs) and then to neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) death of neurons, and ultimately dementia. This paper examines two questions regarding the ACH: (1) is there a relationship between the pathogenesis of SPs and NFTs, and (2) what is the relationship of these lesions to disease pathogenesis? These questions are examined in relation to studies of the morphology and molecular determinants of SPs and NFTs, the effects of gene mutation, degeneration induced by head injury, the effects of experimentally induced brain lesions, transgenic studies, and the degeneration of anatomical pathways. It was concluded that SPs and NFTs develop independently and may be the products rather than the causes of neurodegeneration in AD. A modification to the ACH is proposed which may better explain the pathogenesis of AD, especially of late-onset cases of the disease.
Metabolism is required for chemotaxis to sugars in Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Chemotaxis towards carbohydrates is mediated, in enteric bacteria, either by the transport-independent, methylation-dependent chemotaxis pathway or by transport and phosphorylation via the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS). This study shows that Rhodobacter sphaeroides is chemotactic to a range of carbohydrates but the response involves neither the classical methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) pathway nor the PTS transport pathway. The chemoattractant fructose was transported by a fructose-specific PTS system, but transport through this system did not appear to cause a chemotactic signal. Chemotaxis to sugars was inducible and occurred with the induction of carbohydrate transport systems and with substrate incorporation. A mutation of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (zwf) inhibited chemotaxis towards substrates metabolized by this pathway although transport was unaffected. Chemotaxis to other, unrelated, chemoattractants (e.g. succinate) was unaffected. These data, in conjunction with the fact that mannitol and fructose (which utilize different transport pathways) compete in chemotaxis assays, suggest that in R. sphaeroides the chemotactic signal is likely to be generated by metabolic intermediates or the activities of the electron-transport chain and not by a cell-surface receptor or the rate or mode of substrate transport.
Deep Intracerebral Hemorrhage Caused by Rupture of Distal Lenticulostriate Artery Aneurysm : A Report of Two Cases and a Literature Review

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is common among various types of storkes; however, it is rare in young patients and patients who do not have any risk factors. In such cases, ICH is generally caused by vascular malformations, tumors, vasculitis, or drug abuse. Basal ganglia ICH is rarely related with distal lenticulostriate artery (LSA) aneurysm. Since the 1960s, a total of 29 distal LSA aneurysm cases causing ICH have been reported in the English literature. Despite of the small number of cases, various treatment methods have been attempted : surgical clipping, endovascular treatment, conservative treatment, superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis, and gamma-knife radiosurgery. Here, we report two additional cases and review the literature. Thereupon, we discerned that young patients with deep ICH are in need of conventional cerebral angiography. Moreover, initial conservative treatment with follow-up cerebral angiography might be a good treatment option except for cases with a large amount of hematoma that necessitates emergency evacuation. If the LSA aneurysm still persists or enlarges on follow-up angiography, it should be treated surgically or endovascularly.
The mentor connection in nursing

Success. Job satisfaction. Leadership. How are these developed and nurtured in a nursing career? Can mentors make a difference? They can and do, according to the authors of this book - Connie Vance and Roberta Olson, who are pioneering researchers in the field of nursing mentorship. In this volume, they explore the conceptual and practical aspects of mentorship and what it means in nursing. They are joined by over a hundred nurses, including nurse leaders such as Beverly Malone, Marla Salmon, and Joyce Fitzpatrick, who contribute stories, essays, and personal reflections on mentorship. Their voices, in addition to the author's research, suggests that nurses are inventing a new, evolving, and very meaningful paradigm, which reaps mentorship's classic benefits: career success and advancement; personal and professional satisfaction; enhanced self-esteem and confidence; preparation for leadership roles and succession; and strengthening of the profession. The book describes the dynamics of both informal mentor relationships and structured mentorship programs, such as those used in schools of nursing to help disadvantaged students. In addition to education, the book describes how mentorship plays a role in the practice setting, in professional organizations, with peers and groups, and how it promotes international and cross-cultural understanding.
Graphical Models and Image Processing Geometric Shape Recognition of Freeform Curves and Surfaces

saved in the internal data file formats that these two sys-Recognizing the construction methods of (piecewise) polyno-tems support, Sat data files in the case of Acis, and the mial or rational curves and surfaces is of great importance, e.g., Archive data format in Ideas. In contrast to these two for geometrical data exchange between two different modeling systems, Advanced Visualizer allows one to create an Obj systems. We formulate intrinsic conditions that are parameter-file that contains a polygonal approximation model of the ization independent whenever possible. These conditions can freeform shape, with no way of retrieving the history and detect: (i) whether a curve segment is a line, a circle, or a planar origin of the surfaces. 3Design [22], another product from curve; (ii) whether a surface patch is a plane, a sphere, a Wavefront Technologies that is integrated in Alias and cylinder, or a cone; and (iii) whether a surface is constructed Wavefront, can save geometry in Obj files as well as in as a surface of revolution/extrusion, a ruled/developable sur-Geo files where only the final model is saved, giving up face, or a generalized cylinder. © 1997 Academic Press the entire history of the model. Nevertheless, the geometry is saved in a precise form. That is, in a Geo file, the geome-1. INTRODUCTION try of a circle will be exactly represented but the origin and the fact that a surface has started as a cone might Geometric data are frequently exchanged between dif-be lost. ferent solid modeling systems [18]. The ability to automati-While Acis is a self-contained kernel that does not di-cally recognize the way a surface is constructed is of great rectly support other geometric data file formats, Ideas importance in practice. A sphere can be represented in allow one, for example, to export and import geometry many different ways depending on the modeling system. using the IGES [14] data file format. Unfortunately, the That is, in one modeling system it may be represented as history is no longer saved when Ideas exports a model into a quadratic NURBS surface where in another system, it an IGES file. A trimmed surface originated as a sphere or may be represented as a procedural type in terms of its a cylinder is only saved as a trimmed NURBS surface center and radius. In a third modeling system, the same and information on the origin of this trimmed surface is …
Information Retrieval Perspective to Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction for Data Visualization

Nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods are often used to visualize high-dimensional data, although the existing methods have been designed for other related tasks such as manifold learning. It has been difficult to assess the quality of visualizations since the task has not been well-defined. We give a rigorous definition for a specific visualization task, resulting in quantifiable goodness measures and new visualization methods. The task is information retrieval given the visualization: to find similar data based on the similarities shown on the display. The fundamental tradeoff between precision and recall of information retrieval can then be quantified in visualizations as well. The user needs to give the relative cost of missing similar points vs. retrieving dissimilar points, after which the total cost can be measured. We then introduce a new method NeRV (neighbor retrieval visualizer) which produces an optimal visualization by minimizing the cost. We further derive a variant for supervised visualization; class information is taken rigorously into account when computing the similarity relationships. We show empirically that the unsupervised version outperforms existing unsupervised dimensionality reduction methods in the visualization task, and the supervised version outperforms existing supervised methods.
MY01, a class XIV myosin, affects developmentally‐regulated elimination of the macronucleus during conjugation of Tetrahymena thermophila

Background information. Nuclear dimorphism is characteristic of ciliated protozoa. A transcriptionally‐active macronucleus co‐exists with a transcriptionally‐silent micronucleus, which is activated only at conjugation. During conjugation, each conjugant develops two new genetically matched macronuclei and micronuclei, and the pre‐existing macronucleus is eliminated. Elimination of the pre‐existing macronucleus during conjugation is an apoptotic‐like process. The macronucleus becomes highly condensed, DNA laddering occurs, caspase activity increases, acidic enzymes accumulate within the nucleoplasm, and the nucleus shrinks in size. The current study focused on the involvement of actin and myosin in nuclear events of conjugation. A myosin knockout strain was mated with wild‐type, and the nuclear events were monitored with confocal microscopy.
Corrective Reading: An Evidence-Based Remedial Reading Intervention.

This article first examines recent theoretical and empirical research on reading development and instruction in English‐speaking countries. Then, a study is described that examines the effects of a synthetic phonics‐emphasis Direct Instruction remedial reading program on the phonological processes of students, with teacher‐identified serious reading problems, attending several Melbourne suburban schools. The 206 students (150 males and 56 females, mean age 9.7 years) were pre‐tested on a battery of phonological tests, and assigned to the treatment condition or to a wait‐list comparison group. The 134 students in the intervention group received the 65 lessons (in groups of up to 10) of the Corrective Reading: Decoding program from reading teachers at their schools. When compared with a similar cohort of 72 wait‐list students from the same schools, the students made statistically significant and educationally large gains in the phonologically‐related processes of word attack, phonemic awareness, and spellin.
PARC: Recommending API methods parameters

APIs have grown considerably in size. To free developers from remembering every detail of an API, code completion has become an integral part of modern IDEs. Most work on code completion targets completing API method calls and leaves the task of completing method parameters to the developers. However, parameter completion is also a non-trivial task. We present an Eclipse plugin, called PARC, that supports automatic completion of API method parameters. The tool is based on the localness property of source code, which states that developers tend to put related code fragments close together. PARC combines contextual and static type analysis to support a wide range of parameter expression types.
Oligodendrocytes utilize a matrix metalloproteinase, MMP‐9, to extend processes along an astrocyte extracellular matrix

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the key effectors of extracellular matrix remodeling, have been demonstrated to regulate the extension of neurites from neuronal cell bodies. In this report we have addressed the hypothesis that oligodendrocytes (OLs) may utilize a similar mechanism in extending their processes during the initial phase of myelination. Furthermore, given our previous findings linking protein kinase C (PKC) to the OL process outgrowth, we tested the postulate that this signal transduction pathway may regulate MMPs and thus the process outgrowth phenotype. We demonstrate that in response to pharmacologic activators of PKC, cultured human OLs augment their process extension with a concomitant increase in the activity of an MMP, MMP‐9, as measured by gelatin zymography. Similarly, the phorbol ester‐enhanced process extension and increased MMP‐9 activity were both inhibited by calphostin C, a selective PKC inhibitor. Also, MMP inhibitors such as 1,10‐phenanthroline and synthetic dipeptides that inactivate the MMP catalytic site negated the 4β‐phorbol‐12,13‐dibutyrate (PDB)‐mediated process extension, further supporting the key role of MMPs in process extension in vitro. Finally, the elevation of MMP‐9 protein expression in the mouse corpus callosum, a tissue rich in OL and myelin, coincided with the previously documented temporal increase in myelination that occurs postnatally. Taken together, these data suggest that MMP‐9 constitutes an important mediator of OL process outgrowth, and that this protease in turn can be regulated by PKC. The results are relevant not only to the initial steps of myelination during development, but also to the attempted remyelination that has been shown to occur in pathologic conditions such as MS. GLIA 22:53–63, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, version for Children and Youth (ICF-CY), in Portuguese special education assessment and eligibility procedures: the professionals’ perceptions

Portugal was the first country decreeing the mandatory use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Child and Youth (ICF-CY) framework for guiding special education assessment process and to base eligibility decision-making on students’ functioning profiles – in contrast with traditional approaches centred on medical diagnosis. Considering the conceptual and pragmatic adjustments underlying this change, this study intends to explore how the professionals involved in assessment procedures perceive the impact of the ICF-CY use. Inscribed in an external evaluation commissioned by the Portuguese Ministry of Education, a content analysis was conducted over 33 focus groups composed of 192 educational professionals selected from a stratified random sampling design. Professionals’ opinions revealed that the ICF-CY use supported a better understanding of students’ functioning by prompting the description of the environmental influence on students’ participation. Challenges were pointed out regarding the ICF-CY use, namely: (1) the need of assessment tools that can provide information about the environmental influences on students’ functioning; (2) the establishment of collaboration mechanisms between professionals; and (3) the professionals’ ICF-CY training. Based on these three challenges/dimensions, recommendations were drawn in order to prompt a multidimensional approach on educational assessment and intervention planning.
Critical Climate: Relations Among Sexual Harassment, Climate, and Outcomes for High School Girls and Boys

This study examined the relationships among peer-to-peer sexual harassment, school climate, adult-to-student harassment, and outcomes (psychological and physical well-being; school withdrawal and safety) for high school girls (n = 310) and boys (n = 259) recruited from seven public high schools in a Midwestern state. More frequent, severe peer harassment was associated with being female; holding climate perceptions that one's school is tolerant of the harassment of girls; and experiencing more frequent, severe harassment by school personnel. The correlates associated with outcomes varied by outcome, with climate exerting a consistent influence on boys’ outcomes. Girls’ outcomes were associated with climate, harassment, or both. Findings suggest that more frequent, severe experiences of sexual harassment in the schools are associated with direct, negative effects on girls and indirect, negative effects on boys and girls through a school climate that tolerates the harassment of girls.
Unique Equilibrium in the Eaton-Gersovitz Model of Sovereign Debt

A common view of sovereign debt markets is that they are prone to multiple equilibria. We prove that, to the contrary, Markov perfect equilibrium is unique in the widely studied model of Eaton and Gersovitz (1981), and we discuss multiple extensions and limitations of this finding. Our results show that no improvement in a borrower׳s reputation for repayment can be self-sustaining, thereby strengthening the Bulow and Rogoff (1989) argument that debt cannot be sustained by reputation alone.
Managing Power in the Multinational Corporation: How Low-Power Actors Gain Influence

This article provides a conceptual integration and synthesis of the literature on power and influence in multinational corporations (MNCs). To provide some focus to their synthesis, the authors concentrate on the situation facing, and the strategies pursued by, low-power actors within the MNC network, that is, actors who are currently positioned in relatively weak or low-status positions vis-à-vis other actors. Drawing inspiration from Ghoshal, the authors make a clear separation between ends and means: between the objectives pursued by low-power actors (their ends) and the strategies or tactics they pursue to achieve these objectives (their means). This approach allows the authors to pull together some strands of literature that had previously been entirely separate.
Development of communication skills in Finnish pre-school children examined by the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC)

The communication skills of typically developing Finnish-speaking children between three and six years of age were examined using the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC). The differences between the boys and girls were also investigated. Results showed that the performance of the three-year-old children differed on the Speech subscale of the CCC compared to the five-year-old and six-year-old children and on the Syntax, Coherence and Use of Context subscales from the six-year-old children. Four-year-old children differed from the six-year-olds on the Syntax and Coherence subscales, and the five-year-olds differed from the six-year-olds on the Rapport subscale. Boys performed similarly to girls except on the Interests scale where the boys' performance was poorer. The CCC was effective in evaluating typical communication skills in pre-school children, and it can be used to investigate pragmatic skills in children as young as three years of age. As the development of pragmatic abilities may develop differently across languages and cultures, studies about children's pragmatic development in different languages and cultural backgrounds are needed to identify if there is a universal developmental pattern of communication, as well as features that are specific to a given culture and to a given language.
Endoscopic Instrumented Posterolateral Lumbar Fusion with Healos and Recombinant Human Growth/Differentiation Factor-5

OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to use a minimally invasive endoscopic surgical technique in a sheep model to evaluate the efficacy of an osteoinductive growth factor, recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 (also designated MP52), and an osteoconductive matrix formulation (Healos; DePuy AcroMed, Inc., Mountain View, CA) for inducing and facilitating bone formation. METHODSTwelve mature sheep underwent bilateral posterolateral lumbar fusion and pedicle screw fixation via a posterior endoscopic approach. Each sheep received two different types of graft material, autogenous iliac crest bone, or a bone graft substitute (MP52 with Healos), inserted into the right and left sides of the spine in an alternating fashion. Groups of four sheep were killed at 2, 4, and 6 months postoperatively for manual, radiographic, and histological evaluation. RESULTSNo neurological impairments, infections, or other complications were observed. After 2 months, partial fusion on both sides was observed, but radiographic evaluation showed greater bone growth on the side that received the bone graft substitute. Solid posterolateral fusion was observed in both autograft and bone graft substitute sites at 4 and 6 months, and autograft and Healos MP52 fusion sites were essentially the same at histological examination. There was no abnormal overgrowth of new bone from either of these two materials. CONCLUSIONEndoscopic posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis and instrumentation is feasible, safe, and effective in a sheep model. Healos is a useful bonding agent that mimics natural bone in posterolateral intertransverse fusion sites. Combined with MP52, it produced fusion comparable to that of autogenous bone graft. Minimally invasive techniques and bone graft substitutes could eliminate morbidity and increase the likelihood of successful fusion.
Longitudinal prediction of mid-adolescent psychosocial outcomes from early adolescent family help-seeking and family support

This study examined whether family help seeking and family support represented the same or distinct constructs and prospective associations between emergent constructs and psychosocial outcomes. Data were from 1,713 school-based adolescents participating in a randomized controlled trial, in Victoria, Australia. Family help seeking emerged as a single factor, distinct from family support, and was prospectively associated with improved psychosocial outcomes. Father closeness predicted lower depressive symptoms. Family help seeking predicted higher help seeking for peers. Interactions between family help seeking and family support on psychosocial outcomes were not apparent. Findings highlight the importance of examining family help seeking and family support separately in future studies of adolescents' help-seeking behavior.
Muslim and Christian conflict styles in Western Europe

Purpose – This study seeks to examine the influence of national and religious identification on conflict styles among Christians and Muslims in Western Europe.Design/methodology/approach – Data were gathered in France, Germany and the UK (n=909) in 2008. Conflict was measured using Oetzel's Conflict Style Measure. To test the hypothesis and answer the research questions, multiple regression models were constructed.Findings – National and religious identification had a significant influence on conflict style preference. Muslims prefer more compromising and obliging conflict styles, while Christians prefer the dominating style. France is more dominating than Germany or the UK. Significant interactions revealed how individuals' religion and national identification influence conflict styles.Research limitations/implications – The use of self‐report instruments is the primary limitation.Practical implications – Individuals' lived experiences have a significant influence on their conflict preference. The result.