Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of a large-scale traumatic event on individual and organizational outcomes: exploring employee and company reactions to September 11, 2001

Much of the literature on stress and organizational outcomes has focused on organizational factors and has ignored extraorganizational stressors that lead to perceived stress. However, research in other fields and recent studies in management suggests that acute-extraorganizational stressors, such as traumatic events, may have potentially negative and costly implications for organizations. This study tests a theoretical model of traumatic stress and considers the relationship between strain from an acute-extraorganizational stressor, the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, and absenteeism. Using a sample of 108 MBA and MPA students, this study suggests that strain caused by an acute-extraorganizational stressor can have important consequences for organizations. Namely, employees who report more strain from a traumatic life event are more likely to be absent from work in the weeks following the event. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lucky Thirteen: Breaking the TLS and DTLS Record Protocols

The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol aims to provide confidentiality and integrity of data in transit across untrusted networks. TLS has become the de facto secure protocol of choice for Internet and mobile applications. DTLS is a variant of TLS that is growing in importance. In this paper, we present distinguishing and plaintext recovery attacks against TLS and DTLS. The attacks are based on a delicate timing analysis of decryption processing in the two protocols. We include experimental results demonstrating the feasibility of the attacks in realistic network environments for several different implementations of TLS and DTLS, including the leading OpenSSL implementations. We provide countermeasures for the attacks. Finally, we discuss the wider implications of our attacks for the cryptographic design used by TLS and DTLS.
Context-Based Machine Translation

Context-Based Machine TranslationTM (CBMT) is a new paradigm for corpus-based translation that requires no parallel text. Instead, CBMT relies on a lightweight translation model utilizing a fullform bilingual dictionary and a sophisticated decoder using long-range context via long n-grams and cascaded overlapping. The translation process is enhanced via in-language substitution of tokens and phrases, both for source and target, when top candidates cannot be confirmed or resolved in decoding. Substitution utilizes a synonym and near-synonym generator implemented as a corpus-based unsupervised learning process. Decoding requires a very large target-language-only corpus, and while substitution in target can be performed using that same corpus, substitution in source requires a separate (and smaller) source monolingual corpus. Spanish-to-English CBMT was tested on Spanish newswire text, achieving a BLEU score of 0.6462 in June 2006, the highest BLEU reported for any language pair. Further testing also shows that quality increases above the reported score as the target corpus size increases and as dictionary coverage of source words and phrases becomes more complete.
A recurrent WARS mutation is a novel cause of autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy

Distal hereditary motor neuropathy is a heterogeneous group of inherited neuropathies characterized by distal limb muscle weakness and atrophy. Although at least 15 genes have been implicated in distal hereditary motor neuropathy, the genetic causes remain elusive in many families. To identify an additional causal gene for distal hereditary motor neuropathy, we performed exome sequencing for two affected individuals and two unaffected members in a Taiwanese family with an autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy in which mutations in common distal hereditary motor neuropathy-implicated genes had been excluded. The exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation, c.770A > G (p.His257Arg), in the cytoplasmic tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) gene (WARS) that co-segregates with the neuropathy in the family. Further analyses of WARS in an additional 79 Taiwanese pedigrees with inherited neuropathies and 163 index cases from Australian, European, and Korean distal hereditary motor neuropathy families identified the same mutation in another Taiwanese distal hereditary motor neuropathy pedigree with different ancestries and one additional Belgian distal hereditary motor neuropathy family of Caucasian origin. Cell transfection studies demonstrated a dominant-negative effect of the p.His257Arg mutation on aminoacylation activity of TrpRS, which subsequently compromised protein synthesis and reduced cell viability. His257Arg TrpRS also inhibited neurite outgrowth and led to neurite degeneration in the neuronal cell lines and rat motor neurons. Further in vitro analyses showed that the WARS mutation could potentiate the angiostatic activities of TrpRS by enhancing its interaction with vascular endothelial-cadherin. Taken together, these findings establish WARS as a gene whose mutations may cause distal hereditary motor neuropathy and alter canonical and non-canonical functions of TrpRS.
Nematospiroides dubius in the mouse: evidence that adult worms depress the expression of homologous immunity

Summary Mice immunized by a single infection with irradiated (25 krad) larvae of N. dubius were very resistant to subsequent challenge. However, when normal larvae were administered together with irradiated larvae at immunization, the acquired immunity expressed against a challenge infection was markedly depressed. It was found that as few as 50 normal N. dubius larvae interfered with the immunity that would have otherwise been elicited by the concurrently administered irradiated larvae, but this depressed response was totally alleviated when the normal worms were removed after completing their development in the intestinal mucosa and before they reached adulthood. Adult TV. dubius were transplanted directly into the intestines of mice either 7 days before or after immunization by irradiated larvae; it was shown that the recipient mice were less resistant to challenge than mice which had been sham operated. Transplanted adult worms themselves stimulated very little resistance to challenge in recipient mice. These results established that adult parasites are capable of depressing the expression of homologous immunity in the mouse. The possible mechanisms by which JV. dubius might modulate the host's immunological activity at the intestinal level are discussed and it is proposed that this mechanism is of benefit to the parasite in preventing the host from eliminating the worms during a chronic primary function.
Orthodontic attachments and chlorhexidine-containing varnish effects on gingival health.

OBJECTIVE To compare the severity of clinical inflammation parameters and the level of the inflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)-1beta during orthodontic treatment by using brackets and bands. In addition, the effect of a chlorhexidine-containing varnish was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective randomized controlled trial included 40 healthy children who required an orthodontic treatment of mild crowding. Either brackets or bands were randomly allocated to the premolars with a split-mouth design. Twenty of the children received a chlorhexidine-containing varnish during the treatment (0, 12, 24 weeks), while the remaining children served as a control group. Prior and until 24 weeks after the insertion, data were recorded regarding the pocket depth (PD), the gingival appearance (gingival index [GI]), and the plaque accumulation (plaque index [PI]). Gingival crevicular fluid was collected as well. A quantitative enzyme-linked immunoassay technique was used to detect differences in IL-1beta. RESULTS The PDs and the gingival index of teeth with brackets showed significantly lower values in comparison with teeth treated with bands (P = .0001). The IL-1beta levels confirmed these findings. In contrast, the PI showed higher values for the teeth with brackets (P = .0001). The teeth that received a chlorhexidine-containing varnish showed significantly lower values in the follow-ups for most of the evaluated parameters (PD Band, PI Band, PI Bracket, GI Band, GI Bracket; P < .015). CONCLUSION The clinically observed parameters as well as the IL-1beta levels reflected the higher impact of bands on gingival health. These values showed a significant decrease after application of a chlorhexidine-containing varnish. However, the PI showed higher values for the teeth with brackets.
Multiculturalism, Mauritian Style

Multiculturalism is on the retreat in many Western countries. As an ideology, it is criticized for failing to engender national belonging and social cohesion and thereby to encourage groups of citizens to have parallel lives. In this article, we present the case of Mauritius that is often viewed as a successful plural society. We discuss the conditions that are conducive to a working multiculturalism in Mauritius as well as the challenges. We use empirical findings from our relatively large-scale survey research among adolescents from the three main ethnic groups (i.e., Hindus, Creoles, Muslims). The metaphorical representation of the nation as a rainbow or fruit salad means that cultural diversity forms part of the national self-image, but within a secular state where individual rights prevail. Our findings show that all participants reported strong and compatible national, ethnic, and religious group identifications and that dual identity was the most chosen identity option. Furthermore, intergroup relations tended to be positive but there was a strong preference for ethnic endogamy. Additionally, there were social psychological processes that work against harmonious intergroup relations. The article concludes by discussing what can be learned from Mauritian style multiculturalism.
MEDIA HISTORY AND THE STUDY OF MEDIA SYSTEMS1

This paper discusses media history as an academic discipline, and how it may be linked to the study of media systems. Firstly, it starts with a discussion of the value of the concept of the ‘media system’. The paper then looks at how historical studies of media systems have developed. There follows a discussion of methodology, using chronology and periodization as important analytical tools. This is illustrated by a discussion of how Norwegian media history from the end of the seventeenth century to the present has been analysed using the concept of the ‘media system’, thereby dividing that history into seven broad periods. Using the ‘media system’ approach has facilitated the development of an analysis of the complex interchanges between different media over a 300-year period. The paper concludes by arguing that analysing national media histories in such a way should be a central task for media historians.
Sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma of the mucous membranes of the head and neck: A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases

Twenty cases of head and neck mucosal squamous cell carcinoma containing a prominent sarcomatoid element were reviewed with special attention to possible prognostic factors. Patients whose tumors invaded muscle, minor salivary or accessory respiratory glands, or bone had very poor survival rates, whereas those whose tumors were superficial and did not extend into any of these structures had excellent survival rates. A history of irradiation to the tumor site and tumor location in the oral cavity rather than the larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity, or nasal‐associated structures were associated with invasiveness and thus with poorer survival. Aside from invasion, histologic features and gross configuration were not found to be of significant prognostic importance.
Effect of Topiramate on Plasma Concentrations of Clozapine, Olanzapine, Risperidone, and Quetiapine in Patients With Psychotic Disorders

Objectives: To investigate the effect of topiramate on the steady-state plasma concentrations of the second-generation antipsychotics-clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine-in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Methods: Thirty-eight outpatients on long-term treatment with clozapine (250-500 mg/d, n = 10), olanzapine (10-20 mg/d, n = 12), risperidone (3-6 mg/d, n = 9), or quetiapine (200-600 mg/d, n = 7) received adjunctive topiramate, gradually titrated up to a final dosage of 200 mg/d for 6 weeks. Pharmacokinetic assessments were made at baseline and at the end of treatment weeks 4 and 8 at topiramate dosages of 100 and 200 mg/d, respectively. Results: Plasma concentrations of clozapine and its metabolite (norclozapine), olanzapine, risperidone and its metabolite (9-hydroxy-risperidone), and quetiapine were not significantly modified during concomitant administration of topiramate. Adjunctive topiramate therapy was well tolerated in all groups. Conclusions: These findings indicate that topiramate, at the dosages recommended for use as a mood stabilizer, does not affect the plasma levels of the new antipsychotics-clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine.
A New Method for the Determination of Cyanide Ions and Their Quantification in Some Senegalese Cassava Varieties

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a starchy staple food that previous researches have showed to contain cyanogenic compounds, precursors of hydrocyanic acid, undoubtedly toxic for humans. With the aim to determine food security in cassava, this study developed a simple, fast and less expensive step for quantifying cyanide ions by using micro-diffusion with modified Conway cells. After an enzymatic degradation, the cyanide ions were quantified by electrochemical procedures. The validation of this method is estimated. The concentration of cyanide ions at different part of the samples was determined. The results showed high toxicity in some fresh Senegalese consumed cassava varieties (>100 mg HCN·kg﹣1). However, in the processed cassava products, less than 10 mg HCN·kg﹣1 was found in the different varieties studied except for the chips where the levels of CN﹣ contents were important (>49 mg HCN·kg﹣1).
Anomaly, fluxes and (2,0) heterotic-string compactifications

We compute the corrections to heterotic-string backgrounds with (2,0) world-sheet supersymmetry, up to two loops in sigma-model perturbation theory. We investigate the conditions for these backgrounds to preserve spacetime supersymmetry and we find that a sufficient requirement for consistency is the applicability of the ∂-lemma. In particular, we investigate the α' corrections to (2,0) heterotic-string compactifications and we find that the Calabi-Yau geometry of the internal space is deformed to a hermitean one. We show that at first order in α', the heterotic anomaly-cancellation mechanism does not induce any lifting of moduli. We explicitly compute the corrections to the conifold and to the U(n)-invariant Calabi-Yau metric at first order in α'. We also find a generalization of the gauge-field equations, compatible with the Donaldson equations on conformally-balanced hermitean manifolds.
Predictive models of pain following root canal treatment: a prospective clinical study.

AIM To determine the probability of the incidence, intensity, duration and triggering of post-endodontic pain, considering factors related to the patient (age, gender, medical evaluation) and to the affected tooth (group, location, number of canals, pulp vitality, preoperative pain, periapical radiolucencies, previous emergency access, presence of occlusal contacts with antagonist). METHODOLOGY A total of 500 one-visit root canal treatments (RCTs) were performed on patients referred to an endodontist. Shaping of root canals was performed manually with Gates-Glidden drills and K-Flexofiles, and apical patency was maintained with a size 10 file. A 5% NaOCl solution was used for irrigation, and canals were filled with lateral compaction and AH-Plus sealer. Independent factors were recorded during the treatment, and characteristics of post-endodontic pain (incidence, intensity, type and duration) were later surveyed through questionnaires. Of the 500 questionnaires, 374 were properly returned and split in two groups for two different statistical purposes: 316 cases were used to adjust the logistic regression models to predict each characteristic of post-endodontic pain using predictive factors, and the remaining 58 cases were used to test the validity of each model. RESULTS The predictive models showed that the incidence of post-endodontic pain was significantly lower when the treated tooth was not a molar (P = 0.003), demonstrated periapical radiolucencies (P = 0.003), had no history of previous pain (P = 0.006) or emergency endodontic treatment (P = 0.045) and had no occlusal contact (P < 0.0001). The probability of experiencing moderate or severe pain was higher with increasing age (P = 0.09) and in mandibular teeth (P = 0.045). The probability of pain lasting more than 2 days was increased with age (P = 0.1) and decreased in males (P = 0.007) and when a radiolucent lesion was present on radiographs (P = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Predictive formulae for the incidence, the intensity and the duration of post-endodontic pain were generated and validated taking account of the interrelation of multiple concomitant clinical factors. A predictive model for triggering post-endodontic pain could not be established.
Pre-service EFL teachers’ beliefs about foreign language learning

Beliefs are central constructs in every discipline which deals with human behaviour and learning. In addition to learner beliefs about language learning, language teachers themselves may hold certain beliefs about language learning that will have an impact on their instructional practices and that are likely to influence their students’ beliefs about language learning. This article reports on a study of beliefs held by 217 full-time undergraduate students (142 females and 75 males) enrolled in English Language Teaching (ELT) programmes at seven state universities in Turkey. Horwitz’ BALLI was used to collect data. The data reveal that where some of the results carried by pre-service teachers might surprise language teaching educators and teacher trainers, some others probably confirm their experiences and intuitions.
TGF‐β‐treated microglia induce oligodendrocyte precursor cell chemotaxis through the HGF‐c‐Met pathway

In acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), demyelination is induced by myelin‐specific CD4+ T lymphocytes and myelin‐specific antibodies. Recovery from the disease is initiated by cytokines which suppress T cell expansion and the production of myelin‐toxic molecules by macrophages. Th2/3 cell‐derived signals may also be involved in central nervous system (CNS) repair. Remyelination is thought to be initiated by the recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) in demyelinated CNS lesions. Here, we report that unlike Th1 cytokines (TNF‐α, IFN‐γ), the Th2/3 cytokine TGF‐β induces primary microglia from C57BL/6 mice to secrete a chemotactic factor for primary OPC. We identified this factor to be the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Our studies show that TGF‐β‐1‐2‐3 as well as IFN‐β induce HGF secretion by microglia and that antibodies to the HGF receptor c‐Met abrogate OPC chemotaxis induced by TGF‐β2‐treated microglia. In addition we show spinal cord lesions in EAE induced in SJL/J mice to contain both OPC and HGF producing macrophages in the recovery phase, but not in the acute stage of disease. Taken these findings, TGF‐β may play a pivotal role in remyelination by inducing microglia to release HGF which is both a chemotactic and differentiation factor for OPC.
Dietary Intakes of Individual Flavanols and Flavonols Are Inversely Associated with Incident Type 2 Diabetes in European Populations123

Dietary flavanols and flavonols, flavonoid subclasses, have been recently associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Europe. Even within the same subclass, flavonoids may differ considerably in bioavailability and bioactivity. We aimed to examine the association between individual flavanol and flavonol intakes and risk of developing T2D across European countries. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)–InterAct case-cohort study was conducted in 8 European countries across 26 study centers with 340,234 participants contributing 3.99 million person-years of follow-up, among whom 12,403 incident T2D cases were ascertained and a center-stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals was defined. We estimated flavonoid intake at baseline from validated dietary questionnaires using a database developed from Phenol-Explorer and USDA databases. We used country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and random-effects meta-analysis methods to estimate HRs. Among the flavanol subclass, we observed significant inverse trends between intakes of all individual flavan-3-ol monomers and risk of T2D in multivariable models (all P-trend < 0.05). We also observed significant trends for the intakes of proanthocyanidin dimers (HR for the highest vs. the lowest quintile: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.92; P-trend = 0.003) and trimers (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.04; P-trend = 0.07) but not for proanthocyanidins with a greater polymerization degree. Among the flavonol subclass, myricetin (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.93; P-trend = 0.001) was associated with a lower incidence of T2D. This large and heterogeneous European study showed inverse associations between all individual flavan-3-ol monomers, proanthocyanidins with a low polymerization degree, and the flavonol myricetin and incident T2D. These results suggest that individual flavonoids have different roles in the etiology of T2D.
Affordability and the Demand for Separate Accommodation

The number of private households in Canada surged in the 1970s; at the same time, rental housing was becoming more affordable. Then, in the first half of the 1980s, affordability declined and household formation slowed. Were these changes in household formation attributable to changing affordability? In this paper, a model is estimated by means of logistic regression, in which the living arrangement of a family (or a nonfamily adult) is a choice made on the basis of the income and other characteristics of the family (or adult), and the price of maintaining one's own dwelling. In the model current income is partitioned into expected and transitory components, indicators of income expectations are included, and the endogeneity of living arrangement and income is considered. Income variables are measured in terms of the units of standard rental housing that the family or individual can purchase. The model is estimated empirically by using pooled data drawn from the 1981 Census and 1986 Census public-use samples. The estimation is comprehensive in coverage; separate model estimates are presented for up to 44 distinct pools of consumers defined by age, sex, family status, and income. Estimates derived from the model show that affordability had an effect on living arrangement that, although often statistically significant, was numerically small and that declining affordability does not predict well changes in living arrangement in metropolitan Canada for 1981 and 1986.
Improving the Civil-Criminal Interface for Victims of Domestic Violence

This exploratory study investigated the ‘interface’ between the civil and criminal courts in Cardiff using information from victims of domestic violence, advocates, and solicitors. The ‘interface’ between civil and criminal courts is completely dependent upon the advocates that support victims through the legal process, rather than any formal policy or procedure. Whilst in Cardiff these arrangements appear to be effective, developing the interface between civil and criminal courts needs to be a national endeavour to provide a consistent and streamlined response to victims of domestic violence. The co-ordination of civil with criminal justice represents the best hope of keeping victims and their children safe.