Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Early post-partum discharge : systematic review of the literature].

BACKGROUND Hospital stays after vaginal delivery and cesarean birth have shortened over the past 30 years, that practice have contributed to the controversy about the safety of this policy for mother and infants. OBJECTIVE To carry out a systematic review of the literature to determine the actual evidence of the effect of early post-partum and post-cesarean discharge on maternal and neonatal readmissions, breast feeding, maternal satisfaction with medical care and post-partum depression. METHODOLOGY We included all randomized controlled trials that evaluate different institutional policies evaluating early vs. prolonged length of post-partum hospitalization in low risk patients with vaginal or cesarean delivery, with full-term newborns, weighting more or equal 2,500 g. The methodology of the studies was evaluated with the Cochrane Handbook criteria. RESULTS We included five randomized clinical trials, but they have methodological flaws. These include selection bias, limited power and exclusions of patients after randomization. We initially planned to perform a formal meta-analysis of this randomized controlled trials, but the methodological limitations prevent aggregation and quantification in a meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS The existing evidence in randomized controlled trials is insufficient to judge the safety of early post-partum discharge. Published reports concluded showing that this practice is safety, had a limited significance.
The Race Relations Competence Workshop: Theory and Results

This paper presents the theoretical basis and the associated perceptions of race relations that characterized a race relations competence workshop which served as the educational component of an overall program to improve race relations among managers within the fictitiously named XYZ Corporation. Workshop activities combined didactic and experiential methods and focused on group and individual levels of learning based on embedded intergroup relations theory. An assessment of the race relations competence workshop was carried out as part of an overall effort to evaluate the race relations improvement program in the company. Employing measures of both global evaluation and perceptions of race relations among managers, the study showed that Blacks evaluated the workshop more favorably than Whites, that reports of having information about the workshop were positively associated with favorable evaluations of the workshop, that workshop participants more than nonparticipants were likely to perceive Whites as hurting Blacks and less likely to perceive Blacks as hurting Whites. Additional analyses showed that, while the workshop generally had favorable effects for participants, the groups most likely to show unfavorable consequences were White male first level managers younger than 41 years and White female first level managers older than 40 years.
Three propositions about distributions of network traffic

According to some discoveries and analysis results of network measurement for network traffic in recent years [1, 2], this paper has proposed three propositions about distributions of network traffic. To explain these propositions, the shaping effect for network traffic the Internet structures have is pointed out, and the novel concept of shaping operator and a double-mode transition model between self-similarity distribution and Poisson distribution is put forward. Finally, the validity of the shaping function and three propositions are verified by a lot of simulation experiments on NS2. 1. INTRODUCTION Understanding network traffic characteristics and distribution is generally viewed as important steps towards the network architecture analysis and control of network performance. We need to know different characteristics of network traffic, and then equipments with various special mechanisms and different performances are designed to satisfy the demands of different network applications. For example, the traffic theory succeeded with traditional telecommunications networks, and the Erlang B loss formula succeeded to determine the number of telephone input lines of a switch in order to serve customers with a certain probability p. The people pay more and more attention to the traffic theory for guidance of Internet design and management. The traffic-network performance relation had been focused on streaming flows and elastic flows [3]. However, network structure and multiplex gain are also vital for network engineering [7]. About ten years ago, numerous network measurement studies showed that Internet traffic exhibited the self-similarity phenomena, which be viewed as a pervasive characteristics in modern high-speed communication networks [1, 4, and 10]. The traffic self-similarity theory challenged traditional Poisson-based models which governed network theory for many years. However, both network structures and applications have developed dramatically in recent years, current network traffic can be well represented by the Poisson model for sub-second time scales based on the analysis of the WIDE backbone traces [6]. Paper [5] argues that towards Poisson distribution of traffic
Λ Cold Dark Matter, Stellar Feedback, and the Galactic Halo Abundance Pattern

The hierarchical formation scenario for the stellar halo requires the accretion and disruption of dwarf galaxies, yet low-metallicity halo stars are enriched in α-elements compared to similar, low-metallicity stars in dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies. We address this primary challenge for the hierarchical formation scenario for the stellar halo by combining chemical evolution modeling with cosmologically motivated mass accretion histories for the Milky Way dark halo and its satellites. We demonstrate that stellar halo and dwarf galaxy abundance patterns can be explained naturally within the ΛCDM framework. Our solution relies fundamentally on the ΛCDM model prediction that the majority of the stars in the stellar halo were formed within a few relatively massive, ~5 × 1010 M☉, dwarf irregular (dIrr) sized dark matter halos, which were accreted and destroyed ~10 Gyr in the past. These systems necessarily have short-lived, rapid star formation histories, are enriched primarily by Type II supernovae, and host stars with enhanced [α/Fe] abundances. In contrast, dwarf dSph galaxies exist within low-mass dark matter hosts of ~109 M☉, where supernovae winds are important in setting the intermediate [α/Fe] ratios observed. Our model includes enrichment from Type Ia and Type II supernovae, as well as stellar winds, and includes a physically motivated supernovae feedback prescription calibrated to reproduce the local dwarf galaxy stellar mass-metallicity relation. We use representative examples of the type of dark matter halos that we expect to host a destroyed "stellar halo progenitor" dwarf, a surviving dIrr, and a surviving dSph galaxy, and show that their derived abundance patterns, stellar masses, and gas masses are consistent with those observed for each type of system. Our model also self-consistently reproduces the observed stellar mass-vcirc relation for local group satellites and produces the correct cumulative mass for the Milky Way stellar halo. We predict that the lowest metallicity stars in intermediate-mass dIrr galaxies such as the SMC and LMC should follow abundance patterns similar to that observed in the stellar halo. Searches for accreted, disrupted, low-mass dwarfs may be enhanced by searching for unbound stars with dSph-like chemical abundance patterns.
Continuity and Change in Women's Characteristics over Four Decades

Fifty-three mothers of participants in the Guidance Study of the Institute of Human Development at the University of California, Berkeley, were rated on 21 cognitive and personality-social characteristics at approximately 30 years of age and again at age 70. As judged by the interage correlations, all 5 of the cognitive variables and 10 of the 16 personality variables, proved to be relatively stable over the 40-year period. Ratings of intelligence, mental alertness, speed of mental processes, use of language, and accuracy in thinking were relatively consistent and the following personality-social characteristics also showed continuity over the 40-year interval: talkativeness, cheerfulness, frankness in discussion, tendency to criticize, excitability, energy level and self-esteem. Ratings of self-assurance, attitude toward child and satisfaction with life showed little stability over this long interval. A new factor analytic method was used to extract 3 factors common to both ages, together with 2 factors specific to age 30 and 3 factors specific to age 70.
CardioClassifier – demonstrating the power of disease- and gene-specific computational decision support for clinical genome interpretation

Purpose Internationally-adopted variant interpretation guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) are generic and require disease-specific refinement. Here we developed CardioClassifier (www.cardioclassifier.org), a semi-automated decision-support tool for inherited cardiac conditions (ICCs). Methods CardioClassifier integrates data retrieved from multiple sources with user-input case-specific information, through an interactive interface, to support varian interpretation. Combining disease- and gene-specific knowledge with variant observations in large cohorts of cases and controls, we refined 14 computational ACMG criteria and created three ICC-specific rules. Results We benchmarked CardioClassifier on 57 expertly-curated variants and show full retrieval of all computational data, concordantly activating 87.3% of rules. A generic annotation tool identified fewer than half as many clinically-actionable variants (64/219 vs 156/219, Fisher’s P=1.1x10-18), with important false positives; illustrating the critical importance of disease and gene-specific annotations. CardioClassifier identified putatively disease-causing variants in 33.7% of 327 cardiomyopathy cases, comparable with leading ICC laboratories. Through addition of manually-curated data, variants found in over 40% of cardiomyopathy cases are fully annotated, without requiring additional user-input data. Conclusion CardioClassifier is an ICC-specific decision-support tool that integrates expertly curated computational annotations with case-specific data to generate fast, reproducible and interactive variant pathogenicity reports, according to best practice guidelines.
The influence of deviant peers on the development of boys' disruptive and delinquent behavior: A temporal analysis

Abstract The concurrent and predictive influence of deviant peers on boys' disruptive and delinquent behavior was examined in a community sample of fourth- and seventh-grade boys, who were followed-up over six data waves. Analyses were conducted separately for three different types of behavior problems: authority conflict, covert, and overt disruptive behavior. Consistent with the existing literature, concurrent relations between peers' and boys' disruptive behavior were expected to be significant. A more informative test, however, was whether exposure to deviant peers resulted in boys' subsequent initiation of disruptive behavior. Although peer influences were expected in the predictive analyses, the relations were hypothesized to differ by type of behavior. The potential moderating effects of hyperactivity and poor parenting practices were also examined to test the hypothesis that boys who are already at risk for behavior problems will be more susceptible to deviant peer influence. Results supported the significant concurrent and predictive relation between exposure to deviant peers and boys' engagement in disruptive and delinquent behavior. There were no significant moderating effects of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or parenting practices on peer influence.
Communication Patterns in Hostage Negotiations

ABSTRACT There are many variables within crisis situations that contribute to the outcome of the event. This research focused on the communication process during crisis situations. Verbal communication is one of the key behaviors in crisis situations that directly affects outcome, and the analysis of that communication helps to make predictions that guide future crisis interventions. By analyzing the individual behaviors within verbal communication, it may be possible to more accurately predict outcome. This article presents the development of a behavioral coding system, the Crisis Communication Rating Scale (CCRS), and the reliability testing of this system. Specific codes are discussed with respect to their development and relationship to the empirical literature.
TWO Causes and Consequences of Regional Variations in Health Care 1

There are widespread differences in health care spending and utilization across regions of the US as well as in other countries. Are these variations caused by demand-side factors such as patient preferences, health status, income, or access? Or are they caused by supply-side factors such as provider financial incentives, beliefs, ability, or practice norms? In this chapter, I first consider regional health care differences in the context of a simple demand and supply model, and then focus on the empirical evidence documenting causes of variations. While demand factors are important—health in 1 This chapter was written for the Handbook of Health Economics (Vol. 2). My greatest debt is to John E. Wennberg for introducing me to the study of regional variations. I am also grateful to Handbook authors Elliott Fisher, Joseph Newhouse, Douglas Staiger, Amitabh Chandra, and especially Mark Pauly for insightful comments, and to the National Institute on Aging (PO1 AG19783) for financial support. 45 Handbook of Health Economics, Volume 2 ISSN: 1574-0064, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53592-4.00002-5 © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. particular—there remains strong evidence for supply-driven differences in utilization. I then consider evidence on the causal impact of spending on outcomes, and conclude that it is less important how much money is spent, and far more important how the money is spent—whether for highly effective treatments such as beta blockers or anti-retroviral treatments for AIDS patients, or ineffective treatments such as feeding tubes for advanced dementia patients.
On the Dynamics of Two‐Component Convective Dissolution in Porous Media

We studied the influence of the diffusion contrast between species on the dynamics of Rayleigh‐Bénard (RB) convection in porous media. The onset time of buoyancy‐driven instabilities and convective dissolution flux was quantified using linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulations. The parametric analysis indicates eight distinct instability regions. Different stability mechanisms were characterized over the given range of diffusivity and relative buoyancy ratios. In particular, transition from instabilities solely by double diffusion to RB convection was identified using linear stability analysis and confirmed using nonlinear simulations. The parametric analysis on the onset also indicates that double diffusion has a potential to accelerate or slow down the RB convection depending on the solutes diffusion contrast. This study provides new insight into the effect of diffusion contrast and can be used to develop strategies for acceleration and deceleration of buoyancy‐driven instabilities.
Tree Migration-Rates: Narrowing the Gap between Inferred Post-Glacial Rates and Projected Rates

Faster-than-expected post-glacial migration rates of trees have puzzled ecologists for a long time. In Europe, post-glacial migration is assumed to have started from the three southern European peninsulas (southern refugia), where large areas remained free of permafrost and ice at the peak of the last glaciation. However, increasing palaeobotanical evidence for the presence of isolated tree populations in more northerly microrefugia has started to change this perception. Here we use the Northern Eurasian Plant Macrofossil Database and palaeoecological literature to show that post-glacial migration rates for trees may have been substantially lower (60–260 m yr–1) than those estimated by assuming migration from southern refugia only (115–550 m yr–1), and that early-successional trees migrated faster than mid- and late-successional trees. Post-glacial migration rates are in good agreement with those recently projected for the future with a population dynamical forest succession and dispersal model, mainly for early-successional trees and under optimal conditions. Although migration estimates presented here may be conservative because of our assumption of uniform dispersal, tree migration-rates clearly need reconsideration. We suggest that small outlier populations may be a key factor in understanding past migration rates and in predicting potential future range-shifts. The importance of outlier populations in the past may have an analogy in the future, as many tree species have been planted beyond their natural ranges, with a more beneficial microclimate than their regional surroundings. Therefore, climate-change-induced range-shifts in the future might well be influenced by such microrefugia.
The Effects of Negativity and Motivated Information Processing During a Political Campaign.

This research investigated how voters select, process, are affected by, and recall political information in a dynamic campaign environment. It was hypothesized that voters' information selection, processing, and recall are subject to a negativity bias (i.e., negative information dominates over positive information), a congruency bias (i.e., positive information about the preferred candidate and negative information about the opponent candidate dominate over negative information about the preferred candidate and positive information about the opponent), and a candidate bias (i.e., information about the preferred candidate dominates over information about the opponent). Motivated by an initial candidate preference, participants were also expected to develop more polarized candidate evaluations over time. Participants were exposed to quickly changing information in the form of newspaper-style headlines on a dynamic, computer-based information board. The results generally supported negativity bias and candidate bias, whereas congruency bias was only found during information recall. At the information selection and processing stages, participants with a strong initial candidate preference showed a disproportionate preference for negative information about the preferred candidate. However, they developed more positive attitudes at the evaluation and recall stage. This finding suggests that participants were engaged in motivated information processing by counterarguing negative information about their preferred candidate.
A high-power-LED driver with power-efficient LED-current sensing circuit

For lighting application, high-power LED nowadays is driven at 350 mA and a sensing resistor is used to provide feedback for LED-current regulation. This method adds an IR drop at the output branch, and limits power efficiency as LED-current is large and keeps increasing. In this paper, a power-efficient LED-current sensing circuit is proposed. The circuit does not use any sensing resistor but extracts LED-current information from the output capacitor of the driver. The sensing circuit is implemented in a Buck-boost LED driver and has been fabricated in AMS 0.35 mum CMOS technology. Measurement results indicate a power-conversion efficiency of 92% and at least 90 times power reduction in sensing compared to existing approach.
The role of life skills training on happiness and entrepreneurship characteristics of incoming students in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University students

According to the role of students in the comprehensive development, training students with the high mental, social abilities and entrepreneurship skills will accelerate the achievement of mental health and social welfare of the society. This study was conducted to explore the role of life skills training on happiness and entrepreneurship characteristics of students. Present studied population included all incoming students at the Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) in 2014 that were participated in the life skills training course. In this study, due to low number of samples which was limited to one class (15 cases), purposive sampling technique was used. For experimental group the life skills training were presented weekly (10 weeks) with 90 minutes sessions. The experimental and control groups were evaluated through a questionnaire at the beginning of the course and before training, and once after 10 weeks (at the end of the sessions). For data analyzing the SPSS software, and also depend and independent t-test were used. Life skills training showed significant and positive effects on Clarity of thought, daydreaming, risk- taking except in happiness and activism characteristics of the students. According to the positive effects of life skills training on student entrepreneurship characteristics, therefore, use of this type of training may be a key factor and useful for strengthening entrepreneurship performance of the students in similar cases.
Medical students’ distress – quality, continuity and gender differences during a six-year medical programme

Research observations suggest an increase in distress during the course of medical education, but it is not known whether this distress is chronic and persistent or episodic because follow-ups covering the whole training programme are lacking. We explored stress symptoms among undergraduate medical students (n = 110) at five points during the six-year medical training programme. The quality and continuity of symptoms and gender differences in stress reports were analysed. Questionnaire and interviews were used to assess stress symptoms, perceived health and severity of distress. Stress symptoms, such as fatigue, sleeping problems, anxiety, irritability and depression, were common. No significant gender differences were seen, but there was a consistent increase of stress reports throughout the medical programme in both sexes. Those who were most distressed at the beginning of training also reported more stress later. To conclude, we need interventions that help students to cope with stress, to make a smooth transition from school to medical school, and also to adjust to different learning environments during the different phases of medical education.
Who Makes Acquisitions? CEO Overconfidence and the Market's Reaction

Overconfident CEOs over-estimate their ability to generate returns. Thus, on the margin, they undertake mergers that destroy value. They also perceive outside finance to be over-priced. We classify CEOs as overconfident when, despite their under-diversification, they hold options on company stock until expiration. We find that these CEOs are more acquisitive on average, particularly via diversifying deals. The effects are largest in firms with abundant cash and untapped debt capacity. Using press coverage as "confident" or "optimistic" to measure overconfidence confirms these results. We also find that the market reacts significantly more negatively to takeover bids by overconfident managers.