Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Type 3 innate lymphoid cell depletion is mediated by TLRs in lymphoid tissues of simian immunodeficiency virus‐infected macaques

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) type 3, also known as lymphoid tissue inducer cells, plays a major role in both the development and remodeling of organized lymphoid tissues and the maintenance of adaptive immune responses. HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection causes breakdown of intestinal barriers resulting in microbial translocation, leading to systemic immune activation and disease progression. However, the effects of HIV/SIV infection on ILC3 are unknown. Here, we analyzed ILC3 from mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissues in chronically SIV‐infected macaques and uninfected controls. ILC3 cells were defined and identified in macaque lymphoid tissues as non‐T, non‐B (lineage‐negative), c‐Kit+IL‐7Rα+ (CD117+CD127+) cells. These ILC3 cells highly expressed CD90 (∼63%) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor and produced IL‐17 (∼63%), IL‐22 (∼36%), and TNF‐α (∼72%) but did not coexpress CD4 or NK cell markers. The intestinal ILC3 cell loss correlated with the reduction of total CD4+ T cells and T helper (Th) 17 and Th22 cells in the gut during SIV infection (P< 0.001). Notably, ILC3 could be induced to undergo apoptosis by microbial products through the TLR2 (lipoteichoic acid) and/or TLR4 (LPS) pathway. These findings indicated that persistent microbial translocation may result in loss of ILC3 in lymphoid tissues in SIV‐infected macaques, further contributing to the HIV‐induced impairment of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue structure and function, especially in mucosal tissues. —Xu, H. , Wang, X. , Lackner, A. A. , Veazey, R. S. Type 3 innate lymphoid cell depletion is mediated by TLRs in lymphoid tissues of simian immunodeficiency virus‐infected macaques. FASEB J. 29, 5072–5080 (2015). www.fasebj. org
Turn Taking: Social Personality and Conversational Style

The temporal aspects of speaking style have long been of interest to social scientists, and a tradition of research in this area began with the development of the Interaction Chronograph (Chappie, 1939). Since that time, temporal variables have gained in importance in research, partly because they can be measured easily and reliably. Chappie's and subsequent research has shown that the frequency and duration of an individual's speech behavior in an interview is stable and can be related to other aspects of his personality (for a review of this literature, see
Turn the page please: situation-specific language acquisition

ABSTRACT The present paper investigates a strategy for language acquisition adopted by one child, and the usefulness of book-reading in supporting that strategy. Conversations between this child and his mother around picture-book reading were recorded and recurrent discussions of the same picture were analysed. A coding scheme was devised which identified each speaker's contribution to the exchange of information about a particular picture. By examining recurrent picture discussions, it was possible to trace the child's acquisition of the linguistic means for talking about a given picture. It was found that specific lexical items and constructions used to talk about a picture frequently recurred in subsequent discussions, and that the child learned many of these same items and constructions. Furthermore, he was most likely to acquire what he had heard his mother say about a picture if he had repeated it in an earlier discussion. The usefulness of routines for such situation-specific learning and the implications of the situation-specific approach for future investigations of input language are discussed.
Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and the polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrinological disorder that affects women of reproductive age, leading to metabolic alterations, such as hyperandrogenism, obesity, menstrual irregularities, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovaries. The etiology remains unclear, but several genetic and environmental factors have been correlated with manifestations of this syndrome. Vitamin D plays important roles in metabolic pathways affected by PCOS, including calcium homeostasis, the insulin pathway, and sex hormone synthesis. Vitamin D concentration has been related with the severity of this disorder, and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms have been shown in some studies to have an association with some of the patterns presented by PCOS. The objective of this study is to provide an up‐to‐date review about vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and their association with PCOS.
Response to an Exercise Intervention for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Preliminary Study of Processes of Change

Based on the transtheoretical model, this study aimed to examine if the variability of physical activity (PA) level between subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) exposed to the same exercise intervention could be explained by the number and type of processes of change (POC) used. Twenty-eight patients completed measures of POC and PA level at baseline and 3 months later at the issue of the intervention. The results suggested that patients, who increased their PA level after 3 months, raised their number of POC activated and used both types of POC contrary to participants whose PA level decreased. These preliminary results help to further understand the psychological processes involved in the variability of responses to an intervention among T2D patients.
First-order action and Euclidean quantum gravity

We show that the on-shell path integral for asymptotically flat Euclidean spacetimes can be given in the first-order formulation of general relativity, without assuming the boundary to be isometrically embedded in Euclidean space and without adding infinite counter-terms. For illustrative examples of our approach, we evaluate the first-order action for the four-dimensional Euclidean Schwarzschild and NUT-charged spacetimes to derive the corresponding on-shell partition functions, and show that the correct thermodynamic quantities for the solutions are reproduced.
Modeling and predicting pointing errors in two dimensions

Recently, Wobbrock et al. (2008) derived a predictive model of pointing accuracy to complement Fitts' law's predictive model of pointing speed. However, their model was based on one-dimensional (1-D) horizontal movement, while applications of such a model require two dimensions (2-D). In this paper, the pointing error model is investigated for 2-D pointing in a study of 21 participants performing a time-matching task on the ISO 9241-9 ring-of-circles layout. Results show that the pointing error model holds well in 2-D. If univariate endpoint deviation (SDx) is used, regressing on N=72 observed vs. predicted error rate points yields R2=. 953. If bivariate endpoint deviation (SDx,y) is used, regression yields R2=. 936. For both univariate and bivariate models, the magnitudes of observed and predicted error rates are comparable.
Emotional intelligence and teacher self efficacy: The contribution of teacher status and length of experience

Practicing teachers and principals in selected Government schools in Victoria provided data on their levels of emotional intelligence and teacher efficacy beliefs. The data supported the theoretical expectation of a linkage between emotional intelligence and teacher self efficacy. Regression analyses showed that neither gender nor age moderated this relationship. However length of teaching experience and current status add significant direct effects on predicting teacher self efficacy but did not moderate the relationship between emotional intelligence and teacher self efficacy. These findings are significant as this now demonstrates a relationship between levels of emotional intelligence in teachers, their self efficacy beliefs and teacher effectiveness.
"Beyond a Reasonable Doubt"—An Experimental Attempt at Quantification

In American courts the burden of proof for determining guilt in criminal trials is the presentation of evidence which would lead "a reasonable man" to believe "beyond a reasonable doubt" that the defendant did indeed commit the act for which he was charged. This standard is applicable to all criminal acts irrespective of their heinousness or the circumstances under which they were committed. In instructing the jury, the judge explains his use of the phrase "beyond a reasonable doubt" by relying primarily upon paraphrases and by using what he believes are synonymous terms. Thus, a typical instruction sounds like this: Reasonable doubt is one a reasonable person has after carefully weighing all the testimony and is one a reasonable person would act or decline to act upon. It is not a capricious doubt or a fanciful doubt or a doubt arising in anyone's mind because of any sympathy for the defendant. It is in essence what the words obviously mean-a reasonable doubt. A reasonable doubt may arise not only from the evidence produced but also from a lack of evidence. The purpose of this research is to find out how subjects who are expected to apply that standard, namely, members of a jury, interpret its meaning, and to understand the relationship between the jurors' interpretation of the instruction and their verdict. From anecdotal evidence, it seems that the public translates the phrase "beyond a reasonable doubt" into "almost certain," "practically sure," "with only the slightest doubt"; or, if we were to restate the instruction in terms of a percentage or a probability, over a go per cent likelihood that the defendant committed the act for which he was charged. The findings reported in this paper describe one attempt at obtaining, if not a more accurate, at least a more easily communicated and a more reliable definition of the standard "beyond a reasonable doubt. "
Problems of Beginning Teachers: Perceptions of Pre-Service Music Teachers

This paper reports on a study of the expectations of preservice music teacher education students about the problems faced by beginning teachers. The findings are presented against a background of studies of the unrealistic optimism of teacher education students. In this study, there was a consistent tendency for students to express high levels of confidence in their ability to teach, and to believe that they would experience less serious problems as beginning teachers than the "average first year teacher". This optimism is suggested as one reason for teacher education students' reluctance to use theoretical constructs to guide their classroom teaching during the practicum.
“I like that you can hit a guy and not really get in trouble”: Young ice hockey players' experiences with body checking

Intense debate surrounds the optimal age to integrate body checking in youth ice hockey. While extensive research suggests body checking is associated with heightened injury rates, little research has focused on the psychological and social risks of body checking among youth players. The purpose of this study was to understand young hockey players' initial experiences with body checking, through the lens of psychosocial development. Thirty-four male Peewee (age 11-12) hockey players from nine competitive (representative) teams in southern Ontario, Canada engaged in semi-structured interviews at the beginning and conclusion of their 2011-2012 season. A phenomenological approach was used in the collection and analysis of data offering textural and structural descriptions of how participants experienced body checking. Results emerged in four key categories: (a) new reality of injury; (b) aggression, power, invincibility, and fear (c) coaches' roles; and (d) parents' influences. Findings are discussed in the context of the complex power dynamics that exist within the “new” game (i.e. which includes body checking) and the need to look beyond the prevalence of physical injuries resulting from body checking. Future research is recommended focusing on assuring optimal developmental experiences for youth, particularly in light of changing policies.
The role of endothelin-1 in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but debilitating disease, which if left untreated rapidly progresses to right ventricular failure and eventually death. In the quest to understand the pathogenesis of this disease differences in the profile, expression and action of vasoactive substances released by the endothelium have been identified in patients with PAH. Of these, endothelin-1 (ET-1) is of particular interest since it is known to be an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor and also involved in vascular remodelling. Identification of ET-1 as a target for pharmacological intervention has lead to the discovery of a number of compounds that can block the receptors via which ET-1 mediates its effects. This review sets out the evidence in support of a role for ET-1 in the onset and progression of the disease and reviews the data from the various clinical trials of ET-1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of PAH.
Important considerations in the management of Graves’ disease in pregnant women

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor cause hyperthyroidism through unregulated stimulation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. Effective management of Graves’ disease in pregnancy must address the competing fetal and maternal priorities of controlling hyperthyroidism in the mother on the one hand, and on the other, minimizing the impact of maternal disease and antithyroid drugs on the well-being of the fetus. Optimal strategies for achieving this intricate balance are currently a source of continued debate among thyroid experts and studies in recent decades are now providing greater clarity into the risk posed to the unborn baby by the combination of biochemical, immunological and pharmacological hazards arising from Graves’ disease and its therapy. This review summarizes the current best practice and highlights important considerations and areas of uncertainty in the management of Graves’ disease in pregnant women.
When CSR Is a Social Norm

Socially responsible human resource management (SRHRM), defined as corporate social responsibility (CSR) directed at employees, underpins the successful implementation of CSR. While its relationship with employee social behavior has been conceptualized and received some empirical support, its effect on employee work behaviors has not been explored. In this article we develop and test a meso-mediated moderation model that explains the underlying mechanisms through which SRHRM affects employee task performance and extra-role helping behavior. The results of multilevel analysis show that organization-level SRHRM is an indirect predictor of individual task performance and extra-role helping behavior through the mediation of individual-level organizational identification. In addition, the mediation model is moderated by employee-level perceived organizational support and the relationship between organizational identification and extra-role helping behavior is moderated by organization-level cooperative norms. These findings provide important insights into why and when SRHRM influences employee work behaviors.
A statistically selected Chandra sample of 20 galaxy clusters - I. Temperature and cooling time profiles

We present an analysis of 20 galaxy clusters observed with the Chandra X-ray satellite, focusing on the temperature structure of the intracluster medium and the cooling time of the gas. Our sample is drawn from a flux-limited catalogue but excludes the Fornax, Coma and Centaurus clusters, owing to their large angular size compared to the Chandra field of view. We describe a quantitative measure of the impact of central cooling, and find that the sample comprises nine clusters possessing cool cores (CCs) and 11 without. The properties of these two types differ markedly, but there is a high degree of uniformity amongst the CC clusters, which obey a nearly universal radial scaling in temperature of the form T ∝ r ∼0.4 , within the core. This uniformity persists in the gas cooling time, which varies more strongly with radius in CC clusters (tcool ∝ r ∼1.3 ), reaching tcool < 1 Gyr in all cases, although surprisingly low central cooling times (<5 Gyr) are found in many of the non-CC systems. The scatter between the cooling time profiles of all the clusters is found to be remarkably small, implying a universal form for the cooling time of gas at a given physical radius in virialized systems, in agreement with recent previous work. Our results favour cluster merging as the primary factor in preventing the formation of
Body size preference and body weight perception among two migrant groups of non-Western origin

Abstract Objectives To evaluate body size preference, body weight perception and their relationship with actual weight in two migrant groups of non-Western origin, Turks and Moroccans; additionally, to study the association between body size preference and acculturation. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Subjects and methods Males and females (18–30 years) were randomly selected from the population registry (n 451); participants, or at least one of their parents, were born in Turkey or Morocco. Body size preference was assessed using seven silhouette drawings and body weight perception was assessed by asking participants’ opinion of own weight. Acculturation variables were generation status and two scale measures, cultural orientation and social contacts. Results Participants showed preference for a thin body size. The discrepancy between ideal and current size was significant in women but not men (P < 0·001). Perceived current body size was correlated with BMI (Spearman’s correlation coefficient 0·60, P < 0·001 (men) and 0·73, P < 0·001 (women)). Among overweight participants (BMI = 25·0–29·9 kg/m2), 63–82 % of men and 35 % of women perceived themselves as ‘average’. Paying attention to own body weight was associated with a discrepancy between ideal and current size among women and with perceiving oneself as ‘overweight’ among men. Body size preference was not significantly associated with the three acculturation variables. Conclusion We did not observe a preference for large body sizes in these two non-Western migrant groups. Similar to Western populations, most women wished to be thinner than they were. This was not the case among men, the majority of whom were also unaware of being overweight.
Migrant Balancing Acts: Understanding the Interactions Between Integration and Transnationalism

In this article, we explore ways of understanding the interactions between migrant integration and transnationalism, based on a review of quantitative and qualitative literature. Integration is taken as the starting point, and the assumption that integration and transnationalism are at odds with one another is questioned. When considered as constituents of a social process, we argue that there are many similarities between integration and transnationalism. A typology for understanding these interactions is developed, based on an acknowledgment of migrants' agency in straddling two societies—as a balancing act. This typology is presented as a tool to enable migration scholars to move beyond simply acknowledging the co-existence of transnationalism and integration and towards an analysis of the nature of interactions between the two—understood in relation both to particular places and contexts and to the human beings involved and their functional, emotional and pragmatic considerations.
Can High Group Cohesion Be Harmful?

High group cohesion is considered to be beneficial and lead to better performance. This qualitative case study describes a case in which high social cohesion led to a deterioration in a team's performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between performance in a team sport and social psychological group phenomena such as cohesion, conformity, groupthink, and group polarization. The participants were members of a junior-league ice-hockey team, consisting of three adult coaches and 22 players aged 15 to 16 years. The data were derived from an interview with the main coach, continuous observation by the principal researcher, and a diary based on observations during one ice-hockey season. The Group Environment Questionnaire was used to assess group cohesion quantitatively. The qualitative data were analyzed by identifying themes that illuminated the research problem. In this study, the team did not perform as expected, and their performance deteriorated during the autumn. Social cohesion was high. In addition, the need to evaluate performance declined because of increased pressure to conform. Pressure to conform, groupthink, and group polarization increased owing to the high level of social cohesion which in turn was associated with the deterioration in the group's performance. Based on the findings it appears that high group cohesion may not always be beneficial to the team and does not necessarily lead to better performance in all situations.
Core Self-Evaluations

Core self-evaluation (CSE) represents the fundamental appraisals individuals make about their self-worth and capabilities. CSE is conceptualized as a higher order construct composed of broad and evaluative traits (e.g., self-esteem and generalized self-efficacy). The authors review 15 years of CSE theory and research, focusing in particular on the outcomes, mediators, and moderators of CSE via qualitative and quantitative literature reviews. Meta-analytic results support the relation of CSE with various outcomes, including job and life satisfaction, in-role and extra-role job performance, and perceptions of the work environment (e.g., job characteristics and fairness). The authors conclude with a critical evaluation of CSE theory, measurement, and construct validity, highlighting areas of promise and concern for future CSE research. Key topics requiring further research include integrating CSE within an approach/avoidance framework, ruling out alternative explanations for the emergence of the higher order construct, testing the possibility of intraindividual change in CSE, evaluating the usefulness of CSE for staffing and performance management, and moving beyond CSE to also consider core external evaluations.
Optimal change-point estimation from indirect observations

We study nonparametric change-point estimation from indirect noisy observations. Focusing on the white noise convolution model, we consider two classes of functions that are smooth apart from the change-point. We establish lower bounds on the minimax risk in estimating the change-point and develop rate optimal estimation procedures. The results demonstrate that the best achievable rates of convergence are determined both by smoothness of the function away from the change-point and by the degree of ill-posedness of the convolution operator. Optimality is obtained by introducing a new technique that involves, as a key element, detection of zero crossings of an estimate of the properly smoothed second derivative of the underlying function.