Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intravenous Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantibody in Mice Targets Aquaporin-4 in Peripheral Organs and Area Postrema

The pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) involves binding of IgG autoantibodies (NMO-IgG) to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) on astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). We studied the in vivo processing in mice of a recombinant monoclonal human NMO-IgG that binds strongly to mouse AQP4. Following intravenous administration, serum [NMO-IgG] decreased with t1/2 ∼18 hours in wildtype mice and ∼41 hours in AQP4 knockout mice. NMO-IgG was localized to AQP4-expressing cell membranes in kidney (collecting duct), skeletal muscle, trachea (epithelial cells) and stomach (parietal cells). NMO-IgG was seen on astrocytes in the area postrema in brain, but not elsewhere in brain, spinal cord, optic nerve or retina. Intravenously administered NMO-IgG was also seen in brain following mechanical disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Selective cellular localization was not found for control (non-NMO) IgG, or for NMO-IgG in AQP4 knockout mice. NMO-IgG injected directly into brain parenchyma diffused over an area of ∼5 mm2 over 24 hours and targeted astrocyte foot-processes. Our data establish NMO-IgG pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in mice. The rapid access of serum NMO-IgG to AQP4 in peripheral organs but not the CNS indicates that restricted antibody access cannot account for the absence of NMO pathology in peripheral organs.
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) of soft tissue: case report with ultrastructural study

A perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) arising in the abdominal wall of a 44‐year‐old female is described. The lesion was a well‐circumscribed but unencapsulated, rubbery, subcutaneous mass measuring 3.5×3.5×3.0 cm which was removed by simple excision. It was characterized by a nest‐ or sheet‐like arrangement of round to polygonal cells with round nuclei and abundant clear to slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm containing glycogen. There was mild to moderate nuclear pleomorphism with mitotic activity of 6 per 10 high power fields. A short fascicular proliferation of the tumor cells was observed focally. The stroma contained abundant small vascular channels with hyalinization. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were strongly positive for vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, alpha‐smooth muscle actin, and HMB45. Ultrastructural examination showed poorly differentiated mesenchymal tumor cells without premelanosomes. There was local recurrence 6 years after excision. Pathologists and clinicians should be aware of the existence of PEComa in soft tissue and should differentiate it from other similar lesions.
Novel carbon-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays with high aspect ratios for efficient solar water splitting.

The photocatalytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen using solar light is a potentially clean and renewable source for hydrogen fuel. (1,2) There has been extensive investigation into metal-oxide semiconductors such as TiO(2), WO(3), and Fe(2)O(3), which can be used as photoanodes in thin-film form. (3-5) Of the materials being developed for photoanodes, TiO(2) remains one of the most promising because of its low cost, chemical inertness, and photostability. (6) However, the widespread technological use of TiO(2) is hindered by its low utilization of solar energy in the visible region. In this study, we report the preparation of vertically grown carbon-doped TiO(2) (TiO(2-x)C(x)) nanotube arrays with high aspect ratios for maximizing the photocleavage of water under white-light irradiation. The synthesized TiO(2-x)C(x) nanotube arrays showed much higher photocurrent densities and more efficient water splitting under visible-light illumination (> 420 nm) than pure TiO(2) nanotube arrays. The total photocurrent was more than 20 times higher than that with a P-25 nanoparticulate film under white-light illumination.
Toxemia and hypertension during pregnancy.

H YPERTENSION may occur during pregnancy because of toxemia of pregnancy, a systemic disease unique to pregnant women in which hypertension is associated with renal disease manifested by proteinuria and reduction in glomerular filtration rate or hypertension may occur without evidence of renal involvement, in which case it is classified as essential or idiopathic hypertension. Proper treatment of the hypertension in either case usually results in a successful pregnancy. In this article, we shall discuss the diagnosis and treatment during pregnancy of toxemia, essential hypertension, and hypertension secondary to other causes.
Fair and adaptive data dissemination for Traffic Information Systems

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are expected to serve as support to the development of not only safety applications but also information-rich applications that disseminate relevant data to vehicles. Due to the continuous collection, processing, and dissemination of data, one crucial requirement is the efficient use of the available bandwidth. Firstly, the rate of message transmissions must be properly controlled in order to limit the amount of data inserted into the network. Secondly, messages must be carefully selected to maximize the utility (benefit) gain of vehicles in the neighborhood. We argue that such selection must aim at a fair distribution of data utility, given the possible conflicting data interests among vehicles. In this work, we propose a data dissemination protocol for VANETs that distributes data utility fairly over vehicles while adaptively controlling the network load. The protocol relies only on local knowledge to achieve fairness with concepts of Nash Bargaining from game theory. Simulation results show that our algorithm presents a higher fairness index and yet it maintains a high level of bandwidth utilization efficiency compared to other approaches. In addition, the rate of transmissions is adaptively controlled as new information about the environment is collected.
Phase transition studies of germanium to 1.25 Mbar.

New phase transitions in Ge were observed by energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction techniques for pressures up to 125 GPa (1.25 Mbar) as follows: the . beta. -Sn structure to the simple hexagonal (sh) phase at 75 +- 3 GPa and to the double hexagonal close-packed structure (dhcp) at 102 +- 5 GPa. These are the highest pressures for which a crystalline structure change has been directly observed in any material by x-ray diffraction. Total-energy pseudopotential calculations predict 84 +- 10 GPa for the . beta. -Sn to sh phase transition and 105 +- 21 GPa for sh to hcp (not dhcp) transition. The role of 3d core electrons in increasing the transformation pressures in Ge, as compared to Si, is emphasized.
Digital wildfires

The last 5--10 years have seen a massive rise in the popularity of social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr etc. These platforms enable users to post and share their own content instantly, meaning that material can be seen by multiple others in a short period of time. The growing use of social media has been accompanied by concerns that these platforms enable the rapid and global spread of harmful content. A report by the World Economic Forum puts forward the global risk factor of 'digital wildfires' -- social media events in which provocative content spreads rapidly and broadly, causing significant harm. This provocative content may take the form of rumour, hate speech or inflammatory messages etc. and the harms caused may affect individuals, groups, organisations or populations. In this paper we draw on the World Economic Forum report to ask a central question: does the risk of digital wildfires necessitate new forms of social media governance? We discuss the results of a scoping exercise that examined this central question. Focusing on the UK context, we present short case studies of digital wildfire scenarios and describe four key mechanisms that currently govern social media content. As these mechanisms tend to be retrospective and individual in focus, it is possible that further governance practices could be introduced to deal with the propagation of content proactively and as a form of collective behaviour. However ethical concerns arise over any restrictions to freedom of speech brought about by further governance. Empirical investigation of social media practices and perspectives is needed before it is possible to determine whether new governance practices are necessary or ethically justifiable.
Receptor-mediated cellular uptake of nanoparticles: a switchable delivery system.

8 The small size of nanoparticles and nanocages enables them to overcome various biological barriers and enter target cells, which is an attractive feature for various applications in biomedicine. For example, quantum dots, gold, and magnetic nanoparticles have been used as delivery carriers for small-interference RNA (siRNA), which has been applied for silencing specifi c genes in vitro and in vivo. [ 1–3 ]
The Impact of Assistive Technology on the Educational Performance of Students with Visual Impairments: A Synthesis of the Research

This synthesis examined the research literature from 1965 to 2009 on the assistive technology that is used by individuals with visual impairments. The authors located and reviewed 256 articles for evidence-based research on assistive technology that had a positive impact on educational performance. Of the 256 studies, only 2 provided promising evidence-based practices.
Helium, argon, and carbon in some natural gases

Thirty-nine samples of natural gases representing varied chemical compositions and geological occurrences were analyzed for their helium, radiogenic argon, and atmospheric argon contents. The total range in the (He/A)_(rad) ratio was found to be 1.6 to 130 with most samples having values between 6 and 25. This range of values is essentially equal to the production ratio from the uranium, thorium, and potassium in average igneous rocks and a wide variety of sediments. This indicates that all of these natural gases have obtained their radiogenic gases from rather average rock types. This is true in spite of the fact that the gases range in helium content from 37 to 62,000 ppm. A theoretical discussion of the origin of helium and argon in natural gases is given. It can be shown from the ratio of nitrogen to atmospheric argon that most of the nitrogen in these gases cannot come from the entrapment of air. From a consideration of the concentration of atmospheric argon in natural gases it is possible to estimate the proportion of gaseous and aqueous phases assuming diffusive equilibrium. The isotopic composition of the carbon in the methane of these gases was found to be very light. It was shown that for coexisting CH_4-CO_2 pairs the carbon dioxide was always isotopically heavier.
Prediction of peak flow values followed by feedback improves perception of lung function and adherence to inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma

Background Failure to detect respiratory compromise can lead to emergency healthcare use and fatal asthma attacks. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of predicting peak expiratory flow (PEF) and receiving feedback on perception of pulmonary function and adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Methods The sample consisted of 192 ethnic minority, inner-city children (100 Puerto Rican, 54 African-American, 38 Afro-Caribbean) with asthma and their primary caregivers recruited from outpatient clinics in Bronx, New York. Children's PEF predictions were entered into an electronic spirometer and compared with actual PEF across 6 weeks. Children in one study were blinded to PEF (n=88; no feedback) and children in a separate study were able to see PEF (n=104; feedback) after predictions were locked in. Dosers were attached to asthma medications to monitor use. Results Children in the feedback condition displayed greater accuracy (p<0.001), less under-perception (p<0.001) and greater over-perception (p<0.001) of respiratory compromise than children in the no feedback condition. This between-group difference was evident soon after baseline training and maintained across 6 weeks. The feedback condition displayed greater adherence to ICS (p<0.01) and greater quick-relief medication use (p<0.01) than the no feedback condition. Conclusions Feedback on PEF predictions for ethnic minority, inner-city children may decrease under-perception of respiratory compromise and increase adherence to controller medications. Children and their families may shift their attention to asthma perception and management as a result of this intervention.
The MLL1-H3K4me3 Axis-Mediated PD-L1 Expression and Pancreatic Cancer Immune Evasion

BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the cancers where anti-PD-L1/PD-1 immunotherapy has been unsuccessful. What confers pancreatic cancer resistance to checkpoint immunotherapy is unknown. The aim of this study is to elucidate the underlying mechanism of PD-L1 expression regulation in the context of pancreatic cancer immune evasion. METHODS Pancreatic cancer mouse models and human specimens were used to determine PD-L1 and PD-1 expression and cancer immune evasion. Histone methyltransferase inhibitors, RNAi, and overexpression were used to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of PD-L1 expression regulation. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS PD-L1 is expressed in 60% to 90% of tumor cells in human pancreatic carcinomas and in nine of 10 human pancreatic cancer cell lines. PD-1 is expressed in 51.2% to 52.1% of pancreatic tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Tumors grow statistically significantly faster in FasL-deficient mice than in wild-type mice (P = .03-.001) and when CTLs are neutralized (P = .03-<.001). H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) is enriched in the cd274 promoter in pancreatic tumor cells. MLL1 directly binds to the cd274 promoter to catalyze H3K4me3 to activate PD-L1 transcription in tumor cells. Inhibition or silencing of MLL1 decreases the H3K4me3 level in the cd274 promoter and PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. Accordingly, inhibition of MLL1 in combination with anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 antibody immunotherapy effectively suppresses pancreatic tumor growth in a FasL- and CTL-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The Fas-FasL/CTLs and the MLL1-H3K4me3-PD-L1 axis play contrasting roles in pancreatic cancer immune surveillance and evasion. Targeting the MLL1-H3K4me3 axis is an effective approach to enhance the efficacy of checkpoint immunotherapy against pancreatic cancer.
How Four Year-olds Spend Their Day: Insights into the Caring Contexts of Young Children

The ways children spend their time both reflect and contribute to developmental changes and developmental differences. This article analyses the time use data of 4-5 year olds from Growing Up in Australia: the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children study, to describe the children's overall activity patterns, and to examine whether time use is affected by social, physical, and emotional development outcomes, parent education and employment, or family size and form. Time use data is presented for time spent on personal care and eating, television watching, exercise, achievement-oriented play, social and organised activities, travel, sleeping and resting. The findings show that children spend much of their time in playing, personal care, and social and organised activities. Age, gender, family size, maternal employment, and parental education affected time use. The analyses in this paper are based on a single wave of data and as the longitudinal study progesses it will be possible to explore the relationships more fully and to examine questions, such as, whether parenting style mediates some of these relationships and to what extent, the impact of parental presence or absence, and to location - home versus outside home.
Thermal changes and drill wear in bovine bone during implant site preparation. A comparative in vitro study: twisted stainless steel and ceramic drills.

OBJECTIVES The purpose was to assess thermal changes and drill wear in bovine bone tissue with the use of twisted stainless steel and zirconia-based drills, during implant site preparation. METHODS A total of 100 implant site preparations were performed on bovine ribs using a surgical unit linked to a testing device, in order to standardize/simulate implant drilling procedures. Bone temperature variations and drilling force were recorded when drilling at a depth of 8 and 10 mm. A constant irrigation of 50 ml/min. (21±1°C) and drilling speed of 800 r.p.m. were used. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was preformed prior and after drilling. RESULTS Mean temperature increase with both drills at 8 mm was 0.9°C and at 10 mm was 2°C (P<0.0001). Statistical significant higher bone temperatures were obtained with stainless steel drill (1.6°C), when comparing with the ceramic drill (1.3°C) (P<0.05). Temperature increase was correlated with higher number of perforations (P<0.05) and drilling load applied. There was no significant association between drilling force applied and temperature increase by either drill or at either depth. No severe signs of wear of either drill were detected after 50 uses. CONCLUSIONS Drill material and design, number of uses, depth and drilling load applied appear to influence bone temperature variations during implant site preparation. Drilling depth was a predominant factor in bone temperature increase. Both drills can be used up to 50 times without producing harmful temperatures to bone tissue or severe signs of wear and deformation.
Dynamic accommodation measurements for objective assessment of eyestrain and visual fatigue.

A high-precision optometer system has been developed for dynamic measurement of the refractive power of the eye. With the use of individually chosen stimulus steps, a subject's accommodation performance can be unobtrusively assessed in about 3 min. The area under the plotted response curve is used as an integrated measure of dynamic accommodation performance
The Novel (cid:1) 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist N -[(3 R Improves Working and Recognition Memory in Rodents

The relative contribution of (cid:1) 4 (cid:2) 2, (cid:1) 7 and other nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes to the memory enhancing versus the addictive effects of nicotine is the subject of ongoing debate. In the present study, we characterized the pharmaco- logical and behavioral properties of the (cid:1) 7 nAChR agonist N -[(3 R )-1-azabicyclo[2.2. 2]oct-3-yl]-7-[2-(methoxy)phenyl]-1- benzofuran-2-carboxamide (ABBF). ABBF bound to (cid:1) 7 nAChR in rat brain membranes ( K i (cid:1) 62 nM) and to recombinant human
A Look at Real Housing Prices and Incomes: Some Implications for Housing Affordability and Quality

In this paper, the authors update the affordability debate using data from the 1990s. They follow Gyourko and Linneman (1993) in addressing the affordability issue by asking a simple question: Is a home of a given quality from ten or twenty years ago more or less affordable today to a household similarly situated to the type of household that occupied the home a decade or two ago? It is important to determine whether the prolonged economic expansion of the 1990s has significantly improved affordability for households at the bottom of the income distribution. Real house prices at the lower end of the price distribution fell during the 1990s. However, the authors' concept of affordability also hinges on the trends in constant-quality house prices for which, heretofore, there have not been estimates for the current expansion.
Memory CD8+ T cells mediate antibacterial immunity via CCL3 activation of TNF/ROI+ phagocytes

Cytolysis, interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α secretion are major effector mechanisms of memory CD8+ T cells that are believed to be required for immunological protection in vivo. By using mutants of the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, we found that none of these effector activities is sufficient to protect against secondary infection with wild-type (WT) bacteria. We demonstrated that CCL3 derived from reactivated memory CD8+ T cells is required for efficient killing of WT bacteria. CCL3 induces a rapid TNF-α secretion by innate inflammatory mononuclear phagocytic cells (MPCs), which further promotes the production of radical oxygen intermediates (ROIs) by both MPCs and neutrophils. ROI generation is the final bactericidal mechanism involved in L. monocytogenes clearance. These results therefore uncover two levels of regulation of the antibacterial secondary protective response: (a) an antigen-dependent phase in which memory CD8+ T cells are reactivated and control the activation of the innate immune system, and (b) an antigen-independent phase in which the MPCs coordinate innate immunity and promote the bactericidal effector activities. In this context, CCL3-secreting memory CD8+ T cells are able to mediate “bystander” killing of an unrelated pathogen upon antigen-specific reactivation, a mechanism that may be important for the design of therapeutic vaccines.
Support recovery with sparsely sampled free random matrices

Consider a Bernoulli-Gaussian complex n-vector whose components are X<inf>i</inf>B<inf>i</inf>, with B<inf>i</inf> ∼Bernoulli-q and X<inf>i</inf> ∼ CN(0; σ<sup>2</sup>), iid across i and mutually independent. This random q-sparse vector is multiplied by a random matrix U, and a randomly chosen subset of the components of average size np, p ∈ [0; 1], of the resulting vector is then observed in additive Gaussian noise. We extend the scope of conventional noisy compressive sampling models where U is typically the identity or a matrix with iid components, to allow U that satisfies a certain freeness condition, which encompasses Haar matrices and other unitarily invariant matrices. We use the replica method and the decoupling principle of Guo and Verdú, as well as a number of information theoretic bounds, to study the input-output mutual information and the support recovery error rate as n → ∞.
Motivation, Satisfaction, and Perceived Freedom

Abstract A sample of 84 male young offenders, admitted for inpatient treatment in a psychiatric hospital, was used to examine the relationship between leisure motivation, leisure satisfaction, and perceived freedom in leisure using the Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS), the Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS), and the Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale-Short Form Version A (PFS), respectively. All 3 inventories were completed as part of the pre-treatment assessment on the third week following admission. Age was not significantly correlated with any of the measures. All but 2 of the correlations between the 4 LMS scales and the 6 LSS scales were statistically significant and all 24 correlations were positive. Significant negative correlations were obtained between the PFS total score and all LMS and LSS scales. Three factors emerged from a principal components analysis, and the varimax rotated factors were labeled freedom-to engage, freedom-from constraints, and freedom-physical. Implications for therapeutic interventions are discussed.
Massive MIMO: How many antennas do we need?

We consider a multicell MIMO uplink channel where each base station (BS) is equipped with a large number of antennas N. The BSs are assumed to estimate their channels based on pilot sequences sent by the user terminals (UTs). Recent work has shown that, as N → ∞, (i) the simplest form of user detection, i.e., the matched filter (MF), becomes optimal, (ii) the transmit power per UT can be made arbitrarily small, (iii) the system performance is limited by pilot contamination. The aim of this paper is to assess to which extent the above conclusions hold true for large, but finite N. In particular, we derive how many antennas per UT are needed to achieve η % of the ultimate performance. We then study how much can be gained through more sophisticated minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) detection and how many more antennas are needed with the MF to achieve the same performance. Our analysis relies on novel results from random matrix theory which allow us to derive tight approximations of achievable rates with a class of linear receivers.