Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nighttime observation and chemistry of HO x in the Pearl River Delta and Beijing in summer 2006

Abstract. Nighttime HOx chemistry was investigated in two ground-based field campaigns (PRIDE-PRD2006 and CAREBEIJING2006) in summer 2006 in China by comparison of measured and modeled concentration data of OH and HO2. The measurement sites were located in a rural environment in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) under urban influence and in a suburban area close to Beijing, respectively. In both locations, significant nighttime concentrations of radicals were observed under conditions with high total OH reactivities of about 40–50 s−1 in PRD and 25 s−1 near Beijing. For OH, the nocturnal concentrations were within the range of (0.5–3) × 106 cm−3, implying a significant nighttime oxidation rate of pollutants on the order of several ppb per hour. The measured nighttime concentration of HO2 was about (0.2–5) × 108 cm−3, containing a significant, model-estimated contribution from RO2 as an interference. A chemical box model based on an established chemical mechanism is capable of reproducing the measured nighttime values of the measured peroxy radicals and $k_{\text{OH}}$, but underestimates in both field campaigns the observed OH by about 1 order of magnitude. Sensitivity studies with the box model demonstrate that the OH discrepancy between measured and modeled nighttime OH can be resolved, if an additional ROx production process (about 1 ppb h−1) and additional recycling (RO2 → HO2 → OH) with an efficiency equivalent to 1 ppb NO is assumed. The additional recycling mechanism was also needed to reproduce the OH observations at the same locations during daytime for conditions with NO mixing ratios below 1 ppb. This could be an indication that the same missing process operates at day and night. In principle, the required primary ROx source can be explained by ozonolysis of terpenoids, which react faster with ozone than with OH in the nighttime atmosphere. However, the amount of these highly reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) would require a strong local source, for which there is no direct evidence. A more likely explanation for an additional ROx source is the vertical downward transport of radical reservoir species in the stable nocturnal boundary layer. Using a simplified one-dimensional two-box model, it can be shown that ground-based NO emissions could generate a large vertical gradient causing a downward flux of peroxy acetic nitrate (PAN) and peroxymethacryloyl nitrate (MPAN). The downward transport and the following thermal decomposition of these compounds can produce up to 0.3 ppb h−1 radicals in the atmospheric layer near the ground. Although this rate is not sufficient to explain the complete OH discrepancy, it indicates the potentially important role of vertical transport in the lower nighttime atmosphere.
Perceptions of Barriers in Managing Diabetes

Purpose Hispanics show poorer self-management of type 2 diabetes than non-Hispanic whites. Although previous studies have reported socioeconomic and cultural barriers to diabetes self-management by Hispanics, little is known about perceived barriers to diabetes self-management from the perspectives of both Hispanics and their family members. The purpose of the study was to explore perceived barriers among Hispanic immigrants with diabetes and their family members. Methods A qualitative study using 5 focus groups was conducted. A total of 73 Hispanic immigrants with type 2 diabetes (n = 36) and family members (n = 37) were recruited in the southeastern United States for a family-based intervention study of diabetes-self management. Participants were asked to describe their perceptions of barriers to self-management. The 5 sessions were audiotaped and transcribed, translated from Spanish into English, and analyzed using standard content analysis. Demographics, hemoglobin A1C levels, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI) were obtained both for participants with diabetes and for their family members. Results Barriers to diabetes self-management identified by participants with diabetes were in 3 major themes categorized as: suffering from diabetes, difficulties in managing the disease, and lack of resources/support. Two key themes emerged pertaining to family members: we can provide support and we lack knowledge. Conclusions Perceived barriers to diabetes self-management described by Hispanic immigrants with diabetes and family members indicate a lack of intervention strategies to meet their needs. Interventions should include culturally relevant resources, family support, and diabetes self-management skills education.
Fine-Grained DRAM: Energy-Efficient DRAM for Extreme Bandwidth Systems

Future GPUs and other high-performance throughput processors will require multiple TB/s of bandwidth to DRAM. Satisfying this bandwidth demand within an acceptable energy budget is a challenge in these extreme bandwidth memory systems. We propose a new high-bandwidth DRAM architecture, Fine-Grained DRAM (FGDRAM), which improves bandwidth by 4× and improves the energy efficiency of DRAM by 2× relative to the highest-bandwidth, most energy-efficient contemporary DRAM, High Bandwidth Memory (HBM2). These benefits are in large measure achieved by partitioning the DRAM die into many independent units, called grains, each of which has a local, adjacent I/O. This approach unlocks the bandwidth of all the banks in the DRAM to be used simultaneously, eliminating shared buses interconnecting various banks. Furthermore, the on-DRAM data movement energy is significantly reduced due to the much shorter wiring distance between the cell array and the local I/O. This FGDRAM architecture readily lends itself to leveraging existing techniques to reducing the effective DRAM row size in an area efficient manner, reducing wasteful row activate energy in applications with low locality. In addition, when FGDRAM is paired with a memory controller optimized to exploit the additional concurrency provided by the independent grains, it improves GPU system performance by 19% over an iso-bandwidth and iso-capacity future HBM baseline. Thus, this energy-efficient, high-bandwidth FGDRAM architecture addresses the needs of future extreme-bandwidth memory systems. CCS CONCEPTS • Hardware → Dynamic memory; Power and energy; • Computing methodologies → Graphics processors; • Computer systems organization → Parallel architectures;
Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Respond to and Elaborate Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 during In Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation

Background: Interest in the potential application of adipose-derived stromal cells in cell-mediated tissue engineering of bone and other mesenchymal-derived tissues is growing. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that human adipose-derived stromal cells respond to and elaborate bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2, which could represent an important target of molecular manipulation to enhance the osteogenic potential of human adipose-derived stromal cells. Methods: Human adipose-derived stromal cells were differentiated for 10 days toward the osteogenic lineage in osteogenic differentiation media alone or supplemented with recombinant human BMP2 (rhBMP2). Alizarin red staining was quantified by spectrophotometry. Gene expression analyses were performed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. BMP2 levels in conditioned media were titered by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay daily during osteogenic differentiation. Human adipose-derived stromal cells were cultured in complete or partially (50 percent) changed osteogenic differentiation media, or unchanged osteogenic differentiation media, to assay for pro-osteogenic secreted factors. In addition, human adipose-derived stromal cells were cultured in osteogenic differentiation media supplemented with BMP2/BMP4-neutralizing antibody. Results: Exogenous rhBMP2 significantly augmented the in vitro osteogenic potential of human adipose-derived stromal cells in a dose-dependent fashion, and significantly increased transcript levels of RUNX2 and osteocalcin. BMP2, BMP4, BMPR1B, and SMAD1/5 expression was significantly increased during differentiation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated significantly increased BMP2 elaboration during differentiation. Culture in conditioned osteogenic differentiation media led to significantly increased matrix mineralization. Mineralization was significantly decreased when osteogenic differentiation media was supplemented with a BMP2/BMP4-neutralizing antibody. Conclusions: These data strongly support that BMP signaling is dynamic and important during normal in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stromal cells. Thus, BMP2 may be used to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stromal cells for bone tissue engineering. Future studies will examine the effect of rhBMP2 on osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stromal cells in vivo.
Echinococcus in the wild carnivores and stray dogs of northern Tunisia: the results of a pilot survey

Abstract Echinococcus granulosus is endemic throughout Tunisia and E. multilocularis has previously been reported as the cause of two cases of human alveolar echinococcosis in the north–west of the country. The aim of the present study was to screen wild carnivores from the north–western Jendouba governorate and semi-stray dogs from the Siliana and Sejnane regions of northern Tunisia for these two zoonotic cestodes. The results of the coproscopy, coproELISA and coproPCR that were undertaken were compared with those of necropsy, where possible. Overall, 111 faecal samples (51 from wild carnivores and 60 from stray dogs) were tested by coproELISA for Echinococcus antigen and by coproPCR for E. granulosus and E. multilocularis species-specific DNA. All 60 dogs and seven of the wild carnivores were necropsied. Eleven (18.4%) of the dogs and one golden jackal (Canis aureus) were found positive for E. granulosus at necropsy. The jackal was found to be carrying 72 E. granulosus tapeworms, which were confirmed to be of the common sheep-dog (G1) genotype. Faecal samples from 10 (19.6%) of the wild carnivores — putatively, four golden jackals, two red foxes (Vulpes vulpes atlantica), one hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) and three genets (Genetta genetta) — gave a positive result in the Echinococcus coproELISA. In the coproPCR-based follow-up, E. granulosus DNA was detected in faecal samples from five jackals, two foxes and six stray dogs. The DNA of E. multilocularis was not, however, detected in any of the faecal samples investigated. This is the first report from Tunisia of (coproPCR-)confirmed E. granulosus infections in golden jackals and red foxes. The possible role of such wild hosts in the transmission of E. granulosus in Tunisia should be investigated further. The possibility of the active transmission of E. multilocularis in Tunisia still remains an open question.
Toxic elements (As, Se, Cd, Hg, Pb) and their mineral and technogenic formations in the snow cover in the vicinity of the industrial enterprises of Tomsk

Snow samples were collected in four industrial areas of Tomsk where brickworks, factories for the production of reinforced concrete structures, machine repair industries and local boilers, petrochemical plant and thermal power station are located. Study of insoluble fraction of aerosols in snow and melted snow water was performed to determine the contents of the emissions from these facilities. The insoluble fraction of aerosols in snow is aerosol particles deposited on snow cover. As, Se, Cd, Hg, Pb concentration was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Mineral modes of the elements were determined by scanning electron microscope. It was found the snow cover is mainly polluted by As, Se, Cd, Hg, Pb in the thermal power station impact area, by As – in the brickworks impact area, by Se – in the impact area of densely located factories for the production of reinforced concrete structures, machine repair industries and local boilers. The research results show that the mineral modes of As are associated with arsenopyrite, of Pb – with galena in the insoluble fraction of aerosols in snow.
An Inverse Method for Determining Thermal Load History Which Reduces Transient Thermal Stress

When high temperature fluid flows into a pipe, a temperature distribution in the pipe induces a thermal stress. It is important to reduce the thermal stress for managing and extending the lives of plants. In this problem heat conduction, elastic deformation, heat transfer, liquid flow should be considered, and therefore the problem is of multidisciplinary nature. In this paper an inverse method is proposed for determining the optimum thermal load history which reduces transient thermal stress considering the multidisciplinary physics. As a typical problem, transient thermal stress in a thin pipe during start-up was treated. It was assumed that the inner surface was heated by liquid flow and the outer surface was insulated for simplicity. The multidisciplinary complex problem was decomposed into a heat conduction problem with given internal wall temperature history, thermal stress problem with given temperature distribution, and heat transfer problem with given heat flux on an inner surface. An analytical solution of the temperature distribution of the radial thickness and the thermal hoop stress distribution was obtained. The maximum inner hoop tensile stress was minimized for the case where inner surface temperature Ts (t) was expressed in terms of the 3rd order polynomial function of time t. Finally, from the temperature distributions, the optimum fluid temperature history was obtained for reducing the transient thermal tensile stress.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Nonlinear Techniques for Optical Wavelength Conversion

This thesis describes the studies performed for the implementation and characterisation of various nonlinear optical wavelength conversion techniques. The experimental work presented within this thesis is accompanied by discussion of the practical considerations necessary for the successful implementation of the nonlinear wavelength conversion techniques described. The primary focus of this thesis and the largest body of experimental research is on the experimental characterisation of the four wave mixing effect of Bragg Scattering in optical fibers. Experimental and numerical characterisations of this process have been performed. The studies have enabled the phase matching condition, conversion efficiencies and bandwidth to be measured for this effect in a highly nonlinear fiber. The phase matching curve has been measured for two fibers with opposite sign β4 dispersion coefficients and an experimental implementation of a transparent high-speed optical switch based on this effect has also been demonstrated for the first time. The interfering effects of competing nonlinear processes have been investigated and the impact of zero dispersion wavelength fluctuations have been studied. Additionally this process has been used to recover the dispersion parameters for two highly nonlinear fibers and the error free transmission of a 10Gb/s data signal over 33nm has demonstrated. The four wave mixing effect of Bragg Scattering has also been investigated in the active medium of nonlinear semiconductor optical amplifiers. Several experimental procedures are outlined for the use of this effect for wavelength conversion applications. A direct experimental comparison has been performed between Bragg iii iv ABSTRACT Scattering and Modulation Instability for wavelength conversion of data signals in these devices with Bragg Scattering demonstrating an improved performance over the single pump process. Bragg Scattering has been used to effect the wavelength conversion of both multiple data channels and high speed data signals. Two 10Gb/s data channels spaced at both 50 and 100GHz were successfully converted and single channel conversion was demonstrated at speeds as high as 80Gb/s. The third topic investigated concerns wavelength conversion in nonlinear crystals. The construction of two 10Gb/s sources has been demonstrated for the characterisation of novel micro-structured plastic fibers. Sum frequency and second harmonic generation were both used for the generation of a 10Gb/s source in the visible. This source was used to demonstrate the first successful transmission of a 10Gb/s data signal through a micro-structured polymer optical fiber.
Delayed flap reconstruction with vacuum-assisted closure management of the open IIIB tibial fracture.

OBJECTIVE Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy has been shown to be effective at reducing bacterial counts in wounds until definitive bony coverage. However, there is continued debate over timing and type of definitive wound coverage even with VAC therapy application. METHODS From 2004 to 2009, 32 patients with Gustilo type IIIB open tibia fractures were initially treated with VAC therapy were included. The number of debridements, length of treatment with VAC dressing, definitive wound coverage management, and length of hospital stay, flap-related complications, and time to radiographic fracture healing were recorded. RESULTS The mean Injury Severity Score was 17.3 ± 2.0. All wounds closed after being treated with the primary VAC closure. The mean interval between the initial injury and definitive intervention was 10.9 days ± 0.3 days. Twenty of 27 patients (74%) underwent rotational muscle flaps; four received free muscle flaps and three only with split-thickness skin grafts for definitive wound coverage. Nine of 32 patients (28%) underwent below knee amputation, five without flap coverage after several VAC sessions and four after definitive flap coverage. The average time to union was 10.0 months ± 2.0 months. Eight patients developed nonunion and 11 patients developed infections. The average follow-up time is 2.4 years ± 0.2 years. Patients were divided into two groups for analysis according to the interval time. The rate of infection was significantly increased in patients who had an interval of more than 7 days from the time of injury to flap coverage. CONCLUSIONS The VAC therapy may help to reduce the flap size and need for a flap transfer for type IIIB open tibial fractures. However, prolonged periods of VAC usage, greater than 7 days, should be avoided to reduce higher infection and amputation risks.
Modeling of HCHO and CHOCHO at a semi-rural site in southern China during the PRIDE-PRD2006 campaign

Abstract. HCHO and CHOCHO are important trace gases in the atmosphere, serving as tracers of VOC oxidations. In the past decade, high concentrations of HCHO and CHOCHO have been observed for the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in southern China. In this study, we performed box model simulations of HCHO and CHOCHO at a semi-rural site in the PRD, focusing on understanding their sources and sinks and factors influencing the CHOCHO to HCHO ratio (RGF). The model was constrained by the simultaneous measurements of trace gases and radicals. Isoprene oxidation by OH radicals is the major pathway forming HCHO, followed by degradations of alkenes, aromatics, and alkanes. The production of CHOCHO is dominated by isoprene and aromatic degradation; contributions from other NMHCs are of minor importance. Compared to the measurement results, the model predicts significant higher HCHO and CHOCHO concentrations. Sensitivity studies suggest that fresh emissions of precursor VOCs, uptake of HCHO and CHOCHO by aerosols, fast vertical transport, and uncertainties in the treatment of dry deposition all have the potential to contribute significantly to this discrepancy. Our study indicates that, in addition to chemical considerations (i.e., VOC composition, OH and NOx levels), atmospheric physical processes (e.g., transport, dilution, deposition) make it difficult to use the CHOCHO to HCHO ratio as an indicator for the origin of air mass composition.
Emergency Medicine Resident Physicians’ Perceptions of Electronic Documentation and Workflow

Summary Objective: To understand emergency department (ED) physicians’ use of electronic documentation in order to identify usability and workflow considerations for the design of future ED information system (EDIS) physician documentation modules. Methods: We invited emergency medicine resident physicians to participate in a mixed methods study using task analysis and qualitative interviews. Participants completed a simulated, standardized patient encounter in a medical simulation center while documenting in the test environment of a currently used EDIS. We recorded the time on task, type and sequence of tasks performed by the participants (including tasks performed in parallel). We then conducted semi-structured interviews with each participant. We analyzed these qualitative data using the constant comparative method to generate themes. Results: Eight resident physicians participated. The simulation session averaged 17 minutes and participants spent 11 minutes on average on tasks that included electronic documentation. Participants performed tasks in parallel, such as history taking and electronic documentation. Five of the 8 participants performed a similar workflow sequence during the first part of the session while the remaining three used different workflows. Three themes characterize electronic documentation: (1) physicians report that location and timing of documentation varies based on patient acuity and workload, (2) physicians report a need for features that support improved efficiency; and (3) physicians like viewing available patient data but struggle with integration of the EDIS with other information sources. Conclusion: We confirmed that physicians spend much of their time on documentation (65%) during an ED patient visit. Further, we found that resident physicians did not all use the same work-flow and approach even when presented with an identical standardized patient scenario. Future EHR design should consider these varied workflows while trying to optimize efficiency, such as improving integration of clinical data. These findings should be tested quantitatively in a larger, representative study. Citation: Neri PM, Redden L, Poole S, Pozner CN, Horsky J, Raja AS, Poon E, Schiff G, Landman A. Emergency medicine resident physicians’ perceptions of electronic documentation and workflow – a mixed methods study. Appl Clin Inf 2015; 6: 27–41 http://dx.doi. org/10.4338/ACI-2014-08-RA-0065
Coordination of flagella on filamentous cells of Escherichia coli

Video techniques were used to study the coordination of different flagella on single filamentous cells of Escherichia coli. Filamentous, nonseptate cells were produced by introducing a cell division mutation into a strain that was polyhook but otherwise wild type for chemotaxis. Markers for its flagellar motors (ordinary polyhook cells that had been fixed with glutaraldehyde) were attached with antihook antibodies. The markers were driven alternately clockwise and counterclockwise, at angular velocities comparable to those observed when wild-type cells are tethered to glass. The directions of rotation of different markers on the same cell were not correlated; reversals of the flagellar motors occurred asynchronously. The bias of the motors (the fraction of time spent spinning counterclockwise) changed with time. Variations in bias were correlated, provided that the motors were within a few micrometers of one another. Thus, although the directions of rotation of flagellar motors are not controlled by a common intracellular signal, their biases are. This signal appears to have a limited range.