Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DEFINING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

1.1 BACKGROUND Calculators are not intelligent. Calculators give the right answers to challenging math problems, but everything they " know " is preprogrammed by people. They can never learn anything new, and outside of their limited domain of utility, they have the expertise of a stone. Calculators are able to solve problems entirely because people are already able to solve those same problems. Since the earliest days of computing, we have envisioned machines that could go beyond our own ability to solve problems—intelligent machines. We have generated many computing devices that can solve mathematical problems of enormous complexity, but mainly these too are merely " calculators. " They are prepro-grammed to do exactly what we want them to do. They accept input and generate the correct output. They may do it at blazingly fast speeds, but their underlying mechanisms depend on humans having already worked out how to write the programs that control their behavior. The dream of the intelligent machine is the vision of creating something that does not depend on having people preprogram its problem solving behavior. Put another way, artificial intelligence should not seek to merely solve problems, but should rather seek to solve the problem of how to solve problems. Although most scientific disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology, are well defined, the field of artificial intelligence (AI) remains enigmatic. This is nothing new. Even 20 years ago, Hofstadter (1985, p. 633) remarked, " The central problem of AI is the question: What is the letter 'a'? Donald Knuth, on hearing me make this claim once, appended, 'And what is the letter 'i'? '—an amendment that I gladly accept. " Despite nearly 50 years of research in the field, there is still no widely accepted definition of artificial intelligence. Even more, a discipline of computational intelligence—including research in neural networks, fuzzy systems, and evolutionary computation—has gained prominence as an alternative to AI, mainly because AI has failed to live up to its promises and because many believe that the methods that have been adopted under the old rubric of AI will never succeed. It may be astonishing to find that five decades of research in artificial intelligence have been pursued without fundamentally accepted goals, or even a simple
Clinical practice and costs of treating catheter-related infections with teicoplanin or vancomycin

Objectives To elicit actual clinical practice of treating intensive care unit patients with catheter-related infections with teicoplanin or vancomycin from a hospital perspective. As clinical trials have demonstrated similar efficacy of these glycopeptides, a cost-minimisation analysis was also carried out. Methods The Delphi survey technique was used to gather the opinion of nine physicians regarding resource utilization associated with teicoplanin and vancomycin. Treatment costs considered were costs of drug acquisition, costs of material and nursing time required for drug preparation and administration, and costs of laboratory tests. Results Physicians tend to administer higher loading doses of teicoplanin than recommended in the drug information leaflet. Even though evidence of the effectiveness of vancomycin is mainly derived from trials using multiple-daily administration schedules, five physicians administered it on a once-daily basis. Mean treatment costs amounted to 1,272€ with teicoplanin and 1,041€ with vancomycin. Higher treatment costs with teicoplanin arose from more elevated drug acquisition costs (1,076€ versus 795€). Treatment with vancomycin was associated with higher costs of laboratory tests as a result of more frequent monitoring of serum concentrations (217€ versus 150€). Conclusions This analysis of clinical practice and costs indicated that the resource utilisation advantages from fewer laboratory tests with teicoplanin partially offset higher drug acquisition costs. In addition to efficacy and costs, other factors such as route of administration, patient profile and adverse effects need to inform the choice between teicoplanin and vancomycin.
Identifying Measurement-Based Care Practices of VHA Co-Located Collaborative Care Providers

The use of measurement-based care (MBC) is a routinely accepted practice in medical settings as a means to assess health status and guide evidence-based interventions. The continued expansion of integrated primary care within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) offers ongoing opportunities for co-located collaborative care (CCC) providers to implement MBC. The present study aimed to identify and describe the degree to which MBC is used by CCC providers across VHA clinics in Upstate New York. A retrospective chart review of 448 CCC encounters was evaluated for evidence of MBC practices, including the use of quantitative mental health symptom screening tools, brief mental health symptom measures, and standardized functional assessment tools. Evidence of nonstandardized, idiographic assessments was also recorded. Providers’ use of measurement data to guide treatment initiation, modification, and termination was coded when available. Descriptive statistics were calculated for variables of interest. Results indicated that approximately 61% of patients were formally screened or completed mental health measures at least once during their course of care, though repeat administrations were rare. Detailed chart reviews found overall limited use of mental health screens and brief symptom measures (9.8% and 9.2% of all encounters, respectively), with measurement data infrequently (8.5%) linked to specific documented treatment decisions. Consistent with prior studies, CCC providers typically did not evidence use of standardized measures but did routinely record estimates of subjective distress and global functioning, lethality risk, and idiographic functional assessments. Obstacles and facilitators to the broader promotion and use of MBC among CCC providers are discussed.
Linear stability analysis of the onset dynamics of scramjet unstart

Recently, interest has increased in using scramjet engines as a means of long-range high-speed flights and economical access to outer space. One of the most perilous causes of scramjet malfunctions is the unstart event that is initiated by excessive heat release from combustion. When unstart occurs, a strong moving-shock structure is first formed in the engine, and the shock structure propagates upstream and finally spills out of the engine inlet. The unstart event is detrimental to the engine because (1) the moving-shock structure imposes high pressure and thermal loads on the inner walls of the engine during the unstart process, and the walls can be ruptured due to the loads; and (2) the airflow into the engine is greatly diminished when the shock structure is disgorged by the engine, leading to loss-of-thrust and engine stall. Because the probability of unstart grows with increasing heat release from combustion, the danger of unstart is an important limiting factor in the performance of scramjets. Therefore, the onset mechanisms of the unstart event need to be understood to prevent or delay the unstart process. However, the detailed dynamics has not been fully understood yet, even though many studies have examined unstart onset mechanisms. For instance, Korkegi (1975) suggested empirical correlation functions for estimating the critical pressure rise above which unstart occurs, based on the assumption that shockinduced flow separation of turbulent boundary layers on the engine walls causes the unstart process. In ground tests of the HyShot II scramjet model (Frost et al. 2009), the critical pressure rise in the model agreed with the Korkegi limit, and therefore the authors presumed that unstart was initiated by flow separation of the boundary layers. In a later ground experiment of HyShot II, however, Laurence et al. (2013) could not find large-scale boundary-layer separations, and they concluded that flow separation was not the main cause of unstart. Instead, they proposed thermal choking as the responsible unstart mechanism. However, further conclusions regarding the onset mechanism could not be drawn because of the limited diagnostics in the experiments. The primary objective in this study is to find the onset dynamics of the unstart event based on linearized system. Section 2 describes the linearized system dynamics that will be discussed throughout this study. In section 3, the detailed methodology and the scramjet configuration are presented. The linearized dynamics at the unstart onset point is then discussed in section 4. Finally, section 5 summarized the findings and make suggestions for future work.
Hydrogen sulphide enhances photosynthesis through promoting chloroplast biogenesis, photosynthetic enzyme expression, and thiol redox modification in Spinacia oleracea seedlings

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is emerging as a potential messenger molecule involved in modulation of physiological processes in animals and plants. In this report, the role of H2S in modulating photosynthesis of Spinacia oleracea seedlings was investigated. The main results are as follows. (i) NaHS, a donor of H2S, was found to increase the chlorophyll content in leaves. (ii) Seedlings treated with different concentrations of NaHS for 30 d exhibited a significant increase in seedling growth, soluble protein content, and photosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner, with 100 μM NaHS being the optimal concentration. (iii) The number of grana lamellae stacking into the functional chloroplasts was also markedly increased by treatment with the optimal NaHS concentration. (iv) The light saturation point (Lsp), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), carboxylation efficiency (CE), and maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) reached their maximal values, whereas the light compensation point (Lcp) and dark respiration (Rd) decreased significantly under the optimal NaHS concentration. (v) The activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBISCO) and the protein expression of the RuBISCO large subunit (RuBISCO LSU) were also significantly enhanced by NaHS. (vi) The total thiol content, glutathione and cysteine levels, internal concentration of H2S, and O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase and L-cysteine desulphydrase activities were increased to some extent, suggesting that NaHS also induced the activity of thiol redox modification. (vii) Further studies using quantitative real-time PCR showed that the gene encoding the RuBISCO large subunit (RBCL), small subunit (RBCS), ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase (FTR), ferredoxin (FRX), thioredoxin m (TRX-m), thioredoxin f (TRX-f), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), and O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OAS) were up-regulated, but genes encoding serine acetyltransferase (SERAT), glycolate oxidase (GYX), and cytochrome oxidase (CCO) were down-regulated after exposure to the optimal concentration of H2S. These findings suggest that increases in RuBISCO activity and the function of thiol redox modification may underlie the amelioration of photosynthesis and that H2S plays an important role in plant photosynthesis regulation by modulating the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and thiol redox modification.
A Quantitative Examination of the Relationship between Perceived Burnout and Job Satisfaction in Certified Public Accountants

Burnout in accounting is a significant problem that has numerous impacts on organizational effectiveness. Job burnout is the result of prolonged exposure to workload pressure and excessive job demands. As accounting professionals work in a fast-paced and regulated environment, it is important to better understand whether burnout is related to job dissatisfaction within the industry. Employee dissatisfaction can adversely affect organizational change, impacting job performance, turnover intentions, and work attitudes. Organizations need to recognize the negative impacts of burnout in accounting and address ways to increase job satisfaction and workplace productivity. The purpose of this quantitative research was to investigate the relationship between perceived burnout and job satisfaction in Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) in California. Survey data were collected using Maslach’s Burnout Inventory and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and correlational analysis was used to examine the relationship between the three dimensions of burnout and job satisfaction. The results of this research support earlier research, indicated by a statistically significant negative relationship between exhaustion and job satisfaction, and also between cynicism and job satisfaction. The results further indicated a statistically significant positive relationship between perceived professional efficacy and job satisfaction. This research may encourage organizational leaders to implement business policies that promote human resource management practices designed to alleviate burnout, improve job satisfaction, and promote retention of CPAs.
Computational Trust Management, QAD, and Its Applications

Trust is an important factor for successful e-commerce and e-media applications. However, these media inherently disable many ordinary communication channels and means, and affect trust forming factors. Therefore cyber environment requires additional support when it comes to trust. This is also one key reason why computational trust management methods are being developed now for some fifteen years, while another key reason is to enable better decision making through mathematical modeling and simulations in other areas. These methods are grounded on certain premises, which are analyzed in this paper. On this basis, Qualitative assessment dynamics (QAD for short) is presented that complements the above methods. As opposed to other methods, it is aligned with certain principles of human reasoning. Therefore it further extends the scope of other computational trust management technologies that are typically concerned with artificial ways of reasoning, while QAD gives a basis also for applications in ordinary environments where humans are involved. By using this methodology, experimental work will be presented, applied to the area of organizations and human factor management.
Debating Appropriate Approaches to Violence in Lihir: The Challenges of Addressing Gender Violence in Papua New Guinea

Recent years have seen a proliferation of initiatives aimed at addressing gender violence both at the national and local levels in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Numerous studies in PNG have noted high levels of violence. This paper takes a range of initiatives in the Lihir Islands, New Ireland Province (NIP), as a case study to discuss the challenges of speaking about, creating policy and attempting to manage gender violence. In Lihir there have been marches against violence, business initiatives to combat violence, outreach programs to villages and training programs for individuals and groups. These changes occur locally within the national context of the establishment of the Family Protection Act in 2013 and the Family Violence and Sexual Action Committee in 2000. Despite the seeming groundswell against gender violence in Lihir, the plans and programs are often met with debate about the terms used, the value of programs or events and their appropriateness. Initiatives are critiqued as externally imposed, colonial or inappropriate for the local context which has implications for programs at both local and national levels.
Self-Efficacy Reduces Impediments to Classroom Discussion for International Students: Fear, Embarrassment, Social Isolation, Judgment, and Discrimination

Approximately one million international students were enrolled at U.S. universities in the academic year 2015–2016, and the number has been steadily rising since. Although these students aim to increase intercultural communication skills, international knowledge, and critical thinking skills, some international students experience difficulty participating in class discussion. Several studies have revealed a range of obstacles to full participation in in-class discussions, including language, cultural differences, academic differences, and social isolation. Among these barriers, some studies have identified emotional factors that significantly affect learning. This study was an in-depth exploration of the adverse emotional factors that impede discussion participation. Using a qualitative approach, twenty-three international students at one university were interviewed, and their responses analyzed. Students reported that fear, embarrassment, social isolation, judgment and discrimination were barriers to participation. These findings are discussed in the context of a framework for reducing negative emotional states, employing self-efficacy theory. This framework was applied to the interview results and the author’s observation of international students’ behavior in dormitories and university offices. These findings suggest a possible intervention approach for educators to help international students express themselves in the classroom.
Electroweak precision measurements and collider probes of the standard model with large extra dimensions

The elementary particles of the standard model may reside in more than 3+1 dimensions. We study the consequences of large compactified dimensions on scattering and decay observables at high-energy colliders. Our analysis includes global fits to electroweak precision data, indirect tests at high-energy electron-positron colliders (CERN LEP2 and NLC), and direct probes of the Kaluza-Klein resonances at hadron colliders (Fermilab Tevatron and CERN LHC). The present limits depend sensitively on the Higgs sector, both the mass of the Higgs boson and how many dimensions it feels. If the Higgs boson is trapped on a (3+1)-dimensional wall with the fermions, large Higgs boson masses (up to 500 GeV) and relatively light Kaluza-Klein mass scales (less than 4 Tev) can provide a good fit to precision data. That is, a light Higgs boson is not necessary to fit the electroweak precision data, as it is in the standard model. If the Higgs boson propagates in higher dimensions, precision data prefer a light Higgs boson (less than 260 GeV) and a higher compactification scale (greater than 3.8 TeV). Future colliders can probe much larger scales. For example, a 1.5 TeV electron-positron linear collider can indirectly discover Kaluza-Klein excitations up to 31 TeV ifmore » 500 fb{sup -1} integrated luminosity is obtained. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society. « less
Towards absolute scales for the radii and masses of open clusters

Aims. In this paper we derive tidal radii and masses of open clusters in the nearest kiloparsecs around the Sun. Methods. For each cluster, the mass is estimated from tidal radii determined from a fitting of three-parameter King profiles to the observed integrated density distribution. Different samples of members are investigated. Results. For 236 open clusters, all contained in the catalogue ASCC-2.5, we obtain core and tidal radii, as well as tidal masses. The distributions of the core and tidal radii peak at about 1.5 pc and 7–10 pc, respectively. A typical relative error of the core radius lies between 15% and 50%, whereas, for the majority of clusters, the tidal radius was determined with a relative accuracy better than 20%. Most of the clusters have tidal masses between 50 and 1000 m� , and for about half of the clusters, the masses were obtained with a relative error better than 50%.
Textual trajectories: Theoretical roots and institutional consequences

Abstract This article maps out and reviews work on textual trajectories and related concepts from sociolinguistics, linguistic ethnography, discourse and literacy studies. The first part of the article argues that work on entextualization and recontextualization, and their incorporation in recent research on textual chains or trajectories, contributes to a new language of description which conceptualizes texts in dynamic terms while still maintaining a sense of their coherence and durability. The article traces how conceptions of dialogicality and recontextualization have been used to develop transcontextual approaches to analysis which have highlighted the ideological work of textual movement and resemiotization. It argues that envisaging linked series of entextualizations and recontextualizations as institutionally consequential trajectories not only illuminates micro-level practices, but also indicates their dynamic interconnection with macro-level institutional processes and ideologies. In this sense, the concept of textual trajectories contributes to meso-level theorizing of the interrelationship of language with social life. Examples of research from institutional contexts are reviewed to examine how textual trajectories are used to produce specialized knowledge, the instantiation of institutional procedures and the articulation of participant positionings and identities.
A new performance measure and evaluation benchmark for road detection algorithms

Detecting the road area and ego-lane ahead of a vehicle is central to modern driver assistance systems. While lane-detection on well-marked roads is already available in modern vehicles, finding the boundaries of unmarked or weakly marked roads and lanes as they appear in inner-city and rural environments remains an unsolved problem due to the high variability in scene layout and illumination conditions, amongst others. While recent years have witnessed great interest in this subject, to date no commonly agreed upon benchmark exists, rendering a fair comparison amongst methods difficult. In this paper, we introduce a novel open-access dataset and benchmark for road area and ego-lane detection. Our dataset comprises 600 annotated training and test images of high variability from the KITTI autonomous driving project, capturing a broad spectrum of urban road scenes. For evaluation, we propose to use the 2D Bird's Eye View (BEV) space as vehicle control usually happens in this 2D world, requiring detection results to be represented in this very same space. Furthermore, we propose a novel, behavior-based metric which judges the utility of the extracted ego-lane area for driver assistance applications by fitting a driving corridor to the road detection results in the BEV. We believe this to be important for a meaningful evaluation as pixel-level performance is of limited value for vehicle control. State-of-the-art road detection algorithms are used to demonstrate results using classical pixel-level metrics in perspective and BEV space as well as the novel behavior-based performance measure. All data and annotations are made publicly available on the KITTI online evaluation website in order to serve as a common benchmark for road terrain detection algorithms.