Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical therapy episodes of care for patients with low back pain.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although individuals with low back pain frequently receive treatment from a physical therapist, few published studies exist that describe who sees a physical therapist for their low back pain nor is much known about physical therapy episodes of care for this condition. Secondary analysis of data from the American Physical Therapy Association's Survey of Physical Therapy Outpatient Practice provides new descriptive data on services provided to a national, representative sample of patients discharged from hospital-based and private outpatient practices. In addition, specific hypotheses were tested on clinical and background factors believed to influence low back pain episodes of care. SUBJECTS Patients with low back pain represented over 25% of all outpatient discharges from physical therapy practices. METHODS A mail survey was conducted with representatives of a national probability sample of facilities that provided outpatient physical therapy services. Data were provided on each facility and on a discharge sample of patients treated at each facility. RESULTS On average, episodes of care extended over 5 weeks and consisted of 11 therapy visits, for an average charge of $766.70. Duration and charge for low back episodes of care did not differ, on average, in private versus hospital-based practices. Certain aspects of care, however, did vary across regions of the country. Episodes of care charged to workers' compensation were costlier than those charged to other insurance carriers, and whites were charged less, on average, than nonwhites. Duration of back symptoms was related to intensity, duration, and charges incurred for the episode of care. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Further research is needed to understand the reasons for the relationships observed in this study, as well as studies that relate care provided by physical therapists to specific patient outcomes. Further research is also needed to compare outcomes achieved across different health professions.
Decoding motor imagery from the posterior parietal cortex of a tetraplegic human

Brain imagination to control external devices Studies in monkeys have implicated the brain's posterior parietal cortex in high-level coding of planned and imagined actions. Aflalo et al. implanted two microelectrode arrays in the posterior parietal cortex of a tetraplegic patient (see the Perspective by Pruszynski and Diedrichsen). They asked the patient to imagine various types of limb or eye movements. As predicted, motor imagery involved the same types of neural population activity involved in actual movements, which could potentially be exploited in prosthetic limb control. Science, this issue p. 906; see also p. 860 Neurons in the human posterior parietal cortex encode high-level aspects of imagined movements. [Also see Perspective by Pruszynski and Diedrichsen] Nonhuman primate and human studies have suggested that populations of neurons in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) may represent high-level aspects of action planning that can be used to control external devices as part of a brain-machine interface. However, there is no direct neuron-recording evidence that human PPC is involved in action planning, and the suitability of these signals for neuroprosthetic control has not been tested. We recorded neural population activity with arrays of microelectrodes implanted in the PPC of a tetraplegic subject. Motor imagery could be decoded from these neural populations, including imagined goals, trajectories, and types of movement. These findings indicate that the PPC of humans represents high-level, cognitive aspects of action and that the PPC can be a rich source for cognitive control signals for neural prosthetics that assist paralyzed patients.
Aureomycin in treatment of experimental and human tularemia.

The new antibiotic, aureomycin, first described by Duggar, 1 has been shown to exert specific effect when administered to patients suffering with diseases caused by gram-negative 2 and certain gram-positive organisms. 2b Detailed reports of its usefulness in rickettsial infections have now been recorded, and aureomycin perhaps exerts its greatest influence in this group of diseases. 3 Favorable results from its employment in lymphogranuloma inguinale have been published. 4 No toxic effects other than nausea and occasional diarrhea attributable to the drug have been observed in our experience or in the patients who have been treated with this agent and reported in the medical literature. We have been interested in the chemotherapy of tularemia since 1947, when para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) was observed by us to exert slight benefit in mice experimentally infected with Bacterium tularense. This effect, however, did not in any way approach that achieved with streptomycin, but in
Cell Cycle-dependent Phosphorylation, Nuclear Localization, and Activation of Human Condensin*

Condensin, one of the most abundant components of mitotic chromosomes, is a conserved protein complex composed of two structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) subunits (SMC2- and SMC4-type) and three non-SMC subunits, and it plays an essential role in mitotic chromosome condensation. Purified condensin reconfigures DNA structure using energy provided by ATP hydrolysis. To know the regulation of condensin in somatic cells, the expression level, subcellular localization, and phosphorylation status of human condensin were examined during the cell cycle. The levels of condensin subunits were almost constant throughout the cell cycle, and the three non-SMC subunits were phosphorylated at specific sites in mitosis and dephosphorylated upon the completion of mitosis. Subcellular fractionation studies revealed that a proportion of condensin was tightly bound to mitotic chromosomes and that this form was phosphorylated at specific sites. Condensin purified from mitotic cells had much stronger supercoiling activity than that purified from interphase cells. These results suggest that condensin functions in somatic cells are regulated by phosphorylation in two ways during the cell cycle; the phosphorylation of specific sites correlates with the chromosomal targeting of condensin, and its biochemical activity is stimulated by phosphorylation.
Edge chain detection by applying Helmholtz principle on gradient magnitude map

In this paper, we present an efficient edge chain detection algorithm by applying the Helmholtz principle on the gradient magnitude map of an image. An edge chain validation method is proposed which uses the “relative number of false alarms” (RNFA) instead of the traditional “number of false alarms” (NFA). The edge chains are detected first and then validated according to their RNFA values. In this way, edge chains that are weak in gradients but meaningful in vision can be detected. To evaluate the proposed edge chain detector in quantity, an edge chain detection benchmark which consists of 25 labeled images in different scenes was built. The proposed edge chain detector was tested in this benchmark, and the experimental results sufficiently demonstrate that the proposed edge chain detector outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
The space of complete minimal surfaces with finite total curvature as lagrangian submanifold

-The space M of nondegenerate, properly embedded minimal surfaces in R3 with finite total curvature and fixed topology is an analytic lagrangian submanifold of Cn, where n is the number of ends of the surface. In this paper we give two expressions, one integral and the other pointwise, for the second fundamental form of this submanifold. We also consider the compact boundary case, and we show that the space of stable nonflat minimal annuli that bound a fixed convex curve in a horizontal plane, having a horizontal end of finite total curvature, is a locally convex curve in the plane C. Mathematics Subject Classification: 53A10, 53C42.
Factors that affect the social well-being of children with cochlear implants

Abstract The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with the level of social well-being for cochlear implanted children and to estimate effect-related odds ratios for the children's well-being. Another aim was to analyse associations between speech and language level and the level of social well-being. Data relate to 167 children with cochlear implants. In structural interviews, parents rated their children's level of social well-being regarding the degree of their child's personal-social adjustment. Five different factors were considered. Logistic regression models and proportional odds models were used to analyse the relationship between the considered factors and the assessments. The analyses showed that the communication mode at home was the most highly associated factor. A statistically significant association was found between the level of social well-being and speech understanding, speech production and vocabulary. Children who were exposed to a spoken language had considerably better odds of having a high level of social well-being compared to children with a mixture of spoken language and sign support or sign language. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social-Cognitive Predictors of Treatment Response in Children with ADHD

Within a sample of children with ADHD, it was examined whether theories on changeability of personality interact with social confidence scores in predicting treatment response in a manner consistent with Dweck and Leggett's (1988) model. This model of motivation suggests that behavior (mastery versus helpless patterns) in difficult situations can be predicted from individuals' confidence levels and their theories regarding the malleability of relevant personal characteristics. Results indicate that theory and confidence scores did predict response to treatment, but not in the manner predicted by the model. Findings suggest the existence of a self-enhancing bias in a subset of children with ADHD.
Toward a Conception of Culture for Cross-Cultural Psychology

The concept "culture" in cross-cultural psychology remains largely unexamined theoretically, and is often undifferentiated from other core behavioral science concepts such as "social system" and "society. " As a result, the theoretical usefulness and research value of these constructs have been diminished seriously. In order to provide the beginnings of a theory of "culture" for heuristic use in cross-cultural psychology, an attempt is made in this article first, to differentiate conceptually, and second, to interrelate the packaged variables of "culture," "social system," and "society. " The intent of this article is to promote the framework for shared understanding about culture and its relation to the other core concepts discussed here, and hence to initiate a dialogue within cross-cultural psychology about the utility of the conceptualization.
V2V Propagation Modeling with Imperfect RSSI Samples

We describe three in-field data collection efforts yielding a large database of RSSI values vs. time or distance from vehicles communicating with each other via DSRC. We show several data processing schemes we have devised to develop Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) propagation models from such data. The database is limited in several important ways, not least, the presence of a high noise floor that limits the distance over which good modeling is feasible. Another is the presence of interference from multiple active transmitters. Our methodology makes it possible to obtain, despite these limitations, accurate models of median path loss vs. distance, shadow fading, and fast fading caused by multipath. We aim not to develop a new V2V model, but to show the methods enabling such a model to be obtained from in-field RSSI data.
Health Complaints and Unemployment: The Role of Self-Efficacy in a Prospective Cohort Study

The present study examined the influence of self-efficacy on health complaints and the duration of unemployment in an age-homogeneous sample. Data resulted from a prospective cohort study that begun in 1987. Participants answered several questionnaires in 2002 and 2009. Results indicate that people with a low level of self-efficacy have higher levels of physical and mental health complaints and experience twice the length of unemployment compared to people with a medium or high level of self-efficacy. Thus, self-efficacy predicts health complaints and the duration of unemployment in the total sample seven years later. Even after controlling for base line levels in 2002, self-efficacy could significantly add explained variance in health complaints and duration of unemployment, but the variance explained incrementally is small. Concerning the life span of young adults, we found self-efficacy to be a protective factor relating to health complaints and the duration of experienced unemployment.
Unveiling learners’ attention during language processing: the case of epistemic meanings of a modal verb

In an analysis of learners’ reflections taken in real time, this study attempts to unveil what learners attend to during a task session. A total of 110 Japanese learners of English noted rationales for their form selections of epistemic modal verbs. The data were then coded and tallied to enable quantitative analysis and to examine the association of individual rationales with the accuracy of the selected forms. In-depth analyses of representative reflections are also presented in a qualitative inquiry. Among the total counts of some 1400 reflections, a number of patterns emerged, including textual-meaning-oriented rationales, meta-linguistic terminology use, and modal-meaning-oriented rationales. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses of each category of rationales indicated highly significant results for some and insignificant results for others. Overall outcomes indicate that when learners’ attention is oriented to the form–meaning connection in context, learners become successful in comprehension. Further, the potential of formulaic learning is discussed.
Punish and perish?

The evolution of large-scale cooperation among strangers is a fundamental unanswered question in the social sciences. Behavioral economics has persuasively shown that the so-called strong reciprocity plays a key role in accounting for the endogenous enforcement of cooperation. Insofar as strongly reciprocal players are willing to costly sanction defectors, cooperation flourishes. However, experimental evidence unambiguously indicates that not only defection and strong reciprocity, but also unconditional cooperation without punishment is a quantitatively important behavioral attitude. By referring to a prisoner’s dilemma framework where punishment (“stick”) and rewarding (“carrot”) options are available, here we show analytically that the presence of cooperators who don’t punish in the population makes altruistic punishment evolutionarily weak. We show that cooperation breaks down and strong reciprocity is maladaptive if costly punishment means “punishing defectors” and, even more so, if it is coupled with costly rewarding of cooperators. In contrast, punishers do not perish if cooperators, far from being rewarded, are sanctioned. These results, based on an extended notion of strong reciprocity, challenge evolutionary explanations of cooperation that overlook the “dark side” of altruistic behavior.
Speaking (Un–)Truth to Power: Conspiracy Mentality as A Generalised Political Attitude

Conspiracy theories explain complex world events with reference to secret plots hatched by powerful groups. Belief in such theories is largely determined by a general propensity towards conspirational thinking. Such a conspiracy mentality can be understood as a generalised political attitude, distinct from established generalised political attitudes such as right–wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) (Study 1a, N = 497) that is temporally relatively stable (Study 1b and 1c, total N = 196). Three further studies (combined N = 854) show that in contrast to RWA and SDO, conspiracy mentality is related to prejudice against high–power groups that are perceived as less likeable and more threatening than low–power groups, whereas SDO and RWA are associated with an opposite reaction to perceptions of power. Study 5 (N = 1852) investigates the relationship of conspiracy mentality with political behavioural intentions in a specific catastrophic scenario (i.e. the damage to the Fukushima nuclear reactor after the 2011 tsunami in Japan) revealing a hitherto neglected role of conspiracy mentality in motivating social action aimed at changing the status quo. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.
A Detailed Analysis of the Wholist-Analytic Style Ratio: A Methodology for Developing a Reliable and Valid Measure of Style

5 SECTION I. 7 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 9 CHAPTER 2: PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF THE WHOLIST-ANALYTIC DIMENSION . 18 CHAPTER 3: CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF THE WHOLIST-ANALYTIC DIMENSION . 55 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS OF THE WHOLIST-ANALYTIC RATIO 72 CHAPTER 5: AN EXPLANATION FOR THE LOW RELIABILITY OF THE WHOLISTANALYTIC DIMENSION 86 SECTION II. 94 CHAPTER 6: CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE WHOLISTANALYTIC STYLE (WAS) ANALYSIS 96 CHAPTER 7: CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF THE CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT THINKING STYLE TEST 127 CHAPTER 8: CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF THE COMPUTER BASED MATCHING FAMILIAR FIGURES TEST 179
Prepregnancy Risk Factors for Antepartum Stillbirth in the United States

OBJECTIVE: To identify possible prepregnancy risk factors for antepartum stillbirth and to determine whether these factors identify women at higher risk for term stillbirth. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study of prepregnancy risk factors compared 712 singleton antepartum stillbirths with 174,097 singleton live births at or after 23 weeks of gestation. The risk of term antepartum stillbirth then was assessed in a subset of 155,629 singleton pregnancies. RESULTS: In adjusted multivariable analyses, African-American race, Hispanic ethnicity, maternal age 35 years or older, nulliparity, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) 30 or higher, preexisting diabetes, chronic hypertension, smoking, and alcohol use were independently associated with stillbirth. Prior cesarean delivery and history of preterm birth were associated with increased stillbirth risk in multiparous women. The risk of a term stillbirth for women who were white, 25–29 years old, normal weight, multiparous, no chronic hypertension, and no preexisting diabetes was 0.8 per 1,000. Term stillbirth risk increased with the following conditions: preexisting diabetes (3.1 per 1,000), chronic hypertension (1.7 per 1,000), African-American race (1.8 per 1,000), maternal age 35 years or older (1.3 per 1,000), BMI 30 or higher (1 per 1,000), and nulliparity (0.9 per 1,000). CONCLUSION: There are multiple independent risk factors for antepartum stillbirth. However, the value of individual risk factors of race, parity, advanced maternal age (35–39 years old), and BMI to predict term stillbirth is poor. Our results do not support routine antenatal surveillance for any of these risk factors when present in isolation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II
The working practices and clinical experiences of paediatric speech and language therapists: a national UK survey.

BACKGROUND The majority of speech and language therapists (SLTs) work with children who have speech, language and communication needs. There is limited information about their working practices and clinical experience and their views of how changes to healthcare may impact upon their practice. AIMS To investigate the working practices and professional experiences of paediatric SLTs working in the UK through an online survey. METHODS & PROCEDURES The survey was conducted online using Survey Monkey. Therapists were alerted to the survey through the Bulletin of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists and by e-mails to national special interest groups. OUTCOMES & RESULTS A total of 516 clinicians completed the survey. A large majority worked in the National Health Service (NHS). A varied pattern of working was revealed. Most worked in several settings and saw a range of clients. A typical clinician spends less than one-quarter of their time giving direct therapy and more than one-quarter training parents and other professionals. Nearly half of respondents felt that their time could be better used. Too little time for direct therapy and the time required for administration emerged as their principal concerns. Most clinicians have specialist knowledge of particular client groups and spend more time with them than do non-specialists. Nevertheless, clients are more likely to be treated by a therapist who does not claim to have specialist knowledge of their condition than by one who does. The only clients for whom this is not the case are those with dysphagia. Eighty per cent of respondents felt that proposed changes to the NHS would not benefit the children they treat and there was widespread concern about cuts and the effects of general practitioner commissioning. Despite this, a large majority expected to remain speech and language therapists 5 years from now. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS This survey provides an overview of the working practices of paediatric speech and language therapists. Its findings have significant implications for training and workforce development in the profession.
Inflammatory Tendencies and Overproduction of IL-17 in the Colon of Young NOD Mice Are Counteracted With Diet Change

OBJECTIVE Dietary factors influence diabetes development in the NOD mouse. Diet affects the composition of microbiota in the distal intestine, which may subsequently influence intestinal immune homeostasis. However, the specific effects of antidiabetogenic diets on gut immunity and the explicit associations between intestinal immune disruption and type 1 diabetes onset remain unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Gut microbiota of NOD mice fed a conventional diet or ProSobee formula were compared using gas chromatography. Colonic lamina propria immune cells were characterized in terms of activation markers, cytokine mRNA and Th17 and Foxp3+ T-cell numbers, using real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Activation of diabetogenic CD4 T-cells by purified B-cells was assessed in both groups. Immune tolerance to autologous commensal bacteria was evaluated in vitro using thymidine-incorporation tests. RESULTS Young NOD mice showed a disturbed tolerance to autologous commensal bacteria. Increased numbers of activated CD4 T-cells and (CD11b+CD11c+) dendritic cells and elevated levels of Th17 cells and IL23 mRNA were moreover observed in colon lamina propria. These phenomena were abolished when mice were fed an antidiabetogenic diet. The antidiabetogenic diet also altered the expression levels of costimulatory molecules and the capacity of peritoneal B-cells to induce insulin-specific CD4 T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Young NOD mice show signs of subclinical colitis, but the symptoms are alleviated by a diet change to an antidiabetogenic diet. Disrupted immune tolerance in the distal intestine may influence peritoneal cell pools and B-cell–mediated activation of diabetogenic T-cells.