Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pungent General Anesthetics Activate Transient Receptor Potential-A1 to Produce Hyperalgesia and Neurogenic Bronchoconstriction

Background:Volatile anesthetics such as isoflurane and halothane have been in clinical use for many years and represent the group of drugs most commonly used to maintain general anesthesia. However, despite their widespread use, the molecular mechanisms by which these drugs exert their effects are not completely understood. Recently, a seemingly paradoxical effect of general anesthetics has been identified: the activation of peripheral nociceptors by irritant anesthetics. This mechanism may explain the hyperalgesic actions of inhaled anesthetics and their adverse effects in the airways. Methods:To test the hypothesis that irritant inhaled anesthetics activate the excitatory ion-channel transient receptor potential (TRP)-A1 and thereby contribute to hyperalgesia and irritant airway effects, we used the measurement of intracellular calcium concentration in isolated cells in culture. For our functional experiments, we used models of isolated guinea pig bronchi to measure bronchoconstriction and withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation with von Frey filaments in mice. Results:Irritant inhaled anesthetics activate TRPA1 expressed in human embryonic kidney cells and in nociceptive neurons. Isoflurane induces mechanical hyperalgesia in mice by a TRPA1-dependent mechanism. Isoflurane also induces TRPA1-dependent constriction of isolated bronchi. Nonirritant anesthetics do not activate TRPA1 and fail to produce hyperalgesia and bronchial constriction. Conclusions:General anesthetics induce a reversible loss of consciousness and render the patient unresponsive to painful stimuli. However, they also produce excitatory effects such as airway irritation and they contribute to postoperative pain. Activation of TRPA1 may contribute to these adverse effects, a hypothesis that remains to be tested in the clinical setting.
Menstrual irregularity in the first postmenarchal years: an early clinical sign of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence

We determined the hormonal ,metabolic and ultrasonographic pattern of adolescents with menstrual irregularity since menarche but without clinical signs of hyperandrogenism with the aim of evaluating whether this condition represents an early stage of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). These adolescents were divided in two groups: 13 adolescents with irregular cycles (IC) within the first 3 postmenarchal years (IC ≤ 3) and 15 adolescents having persistent irregular cycles for more than three postmenarchal years (IC > 3). These adolescents were compared with 15 adolescents with PCOS and 18 normal adolescents. The values of free testosterone ,free androgen index ,luteinizing hormone (LH) and LH/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio were similar in IC ≤ 3 ,IC > 3 and PCOS ,and higher than in the normal group (p < 0.005). The total testosterone and androstenedione levels were higher and sex hormonebinding globulin (SHBG) lower in PCOS only when compared with the normal group (p < 0.05). The ovarian volume was similar in IC ≤ 3 ,IC > 3 and PCOS ,and higher than in the normal group (p < 0.005). A higher incidence of polycystic structure was found in IC ≤ 3 ,IC > 3 and PCOS ,whereas normal structure was more common in normal adolescents (p < 0.0005). There were no significant differences in glucose and insulin parameters between groups. These results indicate that menstrual irregularity within the first postmenarchal years can be an early clinical sign of PCOS.
The Impact of School Inspections

Developments in the British system of school inspections have been attracting a great deal of interest over the past number of years, arguably in a politically motivated 'policy' debate in the main, but importantly and increasingly in an educational value context. Questions about the process and its impact, and the cost of undertaking such intensive programmes as currently exist, are being asked ever louder. As a result, and in order to inform it, the debate is attracting more empirically based analysis; the work reported here is a contribution to this knowledge base. In comparison to the body of research undertaken to examine the English model of school inspections, little is known about the effects of school inspection on teachers and schools in Northern Ireland. This paper addresses this issue and presents findings from a study of the perceptions and experiences of some 70 Northern Ireland primary and secondary-level schools. The results suggest that most school principals in Northern Ireland consider .
MEX-5 enrichment in the C. elegans early embryo mediated by differential diffusion

Specification of germline and somatic cell lineages in C. elegans originates in the polarized single-cell zygote. Several cell-fate determinants are partitioned unequally along the anterior-posterior axis of the zygote, ensuring the daughter cells a unique inheritance upon asymmetric cell division. Recent studies have revealed that partitioning of the germline determinant PIE-1 and the somatic determinant MEX-5 involve protein redistribution accompanied by spatiotemporal changes in protein diffusion rates. Here, we characterize the dynamics of MEX-5 in the zygote and propose a novel reaction/diffusion model to explain both its anterior enrichment and its remarkable intracellular dynamics without requiring asymmetrically distributed binding sites. We propose that asymmetric cortically localized PAR proteins mediate the anterior enrichment of MEX-5 by reversibly changing its diffusion rate at spatially distinct points in the embryo, thus generating a stable concentration gradient along the anterior-posterior axis of the cell. This work extends the scope of reaction/diffusion models to include not only germline morphogens, but also somatic determinants.
Shared Book Reading and Head Start Preschoolers' Vocabulary Learning: The Role of Book-Related Discussion and Curricular Connections

This study examined the ways in which the language that Head Start teachers used during book reading, as well as the extent to which they made explicit connections between book reading and other instructional activities, were linked to preschoolers' vocabulary development. Participants included 10 Head Start teachers and 153 children in their classrooms. Research Findings: Analyses revealed that teachers varied substantially in the frequency and nature of their book-related remarks, and connections between books and the broader curriculum were relatively few in number and constrained in nature. On average, children learned more words over the course of the year when teachers used more contextualized and decontextualized talk during book readings. Contextualized book-related talk was most positively associated with learning among children with relatively low initial vocabulary knowledge. Too few connections between book reading and the curriculum were observed to afford analysis of their contributions to children's vocabulary skills. Practice or Policy: The findings show the nuanced ways in which shared book reading, a critical part of the preschool day, is linked to vocabulary growth among the nation's most vulnerable learners. The results also highlight potential avenues through which readings could be strategically individualized to optimize early vocabulary development.
Gold bead implants.

Gold bead implantation is an experimental area of study in the acupuncture field dealing with chronic diseases. Special acupuncture techniques are required to implant the gold beads successfully in the proper location. Gold beads are used to treat degenerative joint disease, osteochondritis, osteochondritis dessicans, ventral spondylosis, and seizures.
Prenatal Maternal Bereavement and Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring: A Registry-Based Study

OBJECTIVES: It has been suggested that maternal emotional stress during cardiogenesis may be a risk factor for congenital heart defects (CHD). We examined this association using bereavement around the time of conception as an indicator of maternal exposure to stress in a large registry-based study. METHODS: We identified 1 770 878 singletons born in Denmark from January 1, 1978, to December 31, 2008. Of these, 44 820 children were born to mothers who had lost a first-degree relative during the time period from 1 year before their last menstrual period until delivery (6080 mothers lost a child or partner, and 38 740 mothers lost a parent or sibling). CHD diagnoses were identified from the Danish Registry of Congenital Heart Disease. We used logistic regression models to calculate prevalence odds ratios (ORs) of CHD for exposed children compared with unexposed children. RESULTS: Exposed children had a slightly higher prevalence of CHD than unexposed children (0.94% vs 0.82%; adjusted OR = 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.22). The association was most marked for children of mothers who had lost a child or partner (1.15% vs 0.82%; adjusted OR = 1.32, 1.04–1.67). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposure to severe emotional stress may slightly increase the prevalence of CHD in offspring.
Endomorphism algebras of admissible p-adic representations of p-adic Lie groups

Building on recent work of Ardakov and Wadsley, we prove Schur's lemma for absolutely irreducible admissible p-adic Banach space (respectively locally analytic) representations of p-adic Lie groups. We also prove finiteness results for the endomorphism algebra of an irreducible admissible representation.
Sporting sign wars: advertising and the contested terrain of sporting events and venues.

Local sporting stadia exist as sought-after promotional platforms for multinational corporations to associate their brands with major international mega-sporting events. However, in conjunction with a global climate of corporate sign wars (Goldman and Papson, 1996) and the continued threat of ambush marketing, these sporting spaces exist as contested terrains where a range of power relations are effectively played out at the global-local nexus. In this paper, we examine issues pertaining to ambush marketing and the brand protection/clean venue policies employed by local organising committees in two case studies: the 2000 Sydney Olympics and the 1999 FIFA Under-17 World Soccer Championships in New Zealand. We identify similar strategies utilised at both sporting events to protect official sponsors while discussing some of the implications of these issues on the lived experiences of spectators and citizens who are inevitably connected to the wider structures of power operating within and through these local sporting spaces.
The effectiveness of family involvement in early childhood programmes: perceptions of kindergarten principals and teachers

Family involvement can no longer be considered a luxury but is rather a main component of early childhood programmes. The purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness of family involvement in early childhood programmes in Jordan. In total, 84 kindergarten principals and 276 teachers participated in the study. To achieve the study objectives, the researchers designed a self-report questionnaire consisting of 28 items that addressed five domains: planning, implementation, evaluation, children's extracurricular activities, and communication with kindergarten. The results indicate that although principals and teachers perceived family involvement in children's extracurricular activities and communication with kindergarten domains as effective, they found family involvement in planning, implementation, and evaluation domains ineffective. The results also revealed significant differences between principals and teachers regarding the effectiveness of family involvement. Moreover, significant differences were found in principals' and teachers' perceptions due to region, type of kindergarten, training programmes, and area of certification. On the basis of this study, suggestions for improving the practice of family involvement in Jordanian kindergartens and for further research were discussed.
Proximal Methods for Sparse Hierarchical Dictionary Learning

We propose to combine two approaches for modeling data admitting sparse representations: on the one hand, dictionary learning has proven effective for various signal processing tasks. On the other hand, recent work on structured sparsity provides a natural framework for modeling dependencies between dictionary elements. We thus consider a tree-structured sparse regularization to learn dictionaries embedded in a hierarchy. The involved proximal operator is computable exactly via a primal-dual method, allowing the use of accelerated gradient techniques. Experiments show that for natural image patches, learned dictionary elements organize themselves in such a hierarchical structure, leading to an improved performance for restoration tasks. When applied to text documents, our method learns hierarchies of topics, thus providing a competitive alternative to probabilistic topic models.
Stimulus-specific adaptation and deviance detection in the inferior colliculus

Deviancy detection in the continuous flow of sensory information into the central nervous system is of vital importance for animals. The task requires neuronal mechanisms that allow for an efficient representation of the environment by removing statistically redundant signals. Recently, the neuronal principles of auditory deviance detection have been approached by studying the phenomenon of stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA). SSA is a reduction in the responsiveness of a neuron to a common or repetitive sound while the neuron remains highly sensitive to rare sounds (Ulanovsky et al., 2003). This phenomenon could enhance the saliency of unexpected, deviant stimuli against a background of repetitive signals. SSA shares many similarities with the evoked potential known as the “mismatch negativity,” (MMN) and it has been linked to cognitive process such as auditory memory and scene analysis (Winkler et al., 2009) as well as to behavioral habituation (Netser et al., 2011). Neurons exhibiting SSA can be found at several levels of the auditory pathway, from the inferior colliculus (IC) up to the auditory cortex (AC). In this review, we offer an account of the state-of-the art of SSA studies in the IC with the aim of contributing to the growing interest in the single-neuron electrophysiology of auditory deviance detection. The dependence of neuronal SSA on various stimulus features, e.g., probability of the deviant stimulus and repetition rate, and the roles of the AC and inhibition in shaping SSA at the level of the IC are addressed.
Multiple Co-occurring Behaviours among Gamblers in Treatment: Implications and Assessment

A substantial portion of gamblers in treatment may have co-occurring mental health disorders including substance use disorders, especially alcohol dependency, personality disorders, affective disorders, anxiety disorders and impulse control disorders. Co-occurring mental health disorders affect treatment seeking, the treatment process and its outcome, quality of life and functioning in many mental health disorders. Participants in this study were 78 adults enrolled in state-supported out-patient services for pathological gambling and current Gamblers Anonymous attendees. The majority of participants (76.6%) had co-occurring behaviours; 55.8% had multiple co-occurring behaviours. Participants with multiple co-occurring behaviours were more likely to report that a co-occurring behaviour increased the severity of their gambling symptoms. A dose/response relationship between number of co-occurring behaviours and severity of gambling problems was found. Co-occurring behaviours can interact with gambling behaviour. Brief, validated screening instruments are available for screening and diagnosing co-occurring behaviours among gamblers presenting for treatment.
Gender Differences in Coping Strategies in Children and Adolescents

Abstract. The present study focuses on gender effects and interactions between gender, type of stressful situation, and age-group in coping strategies in childhood and adolescence. The sample consisted of N = 1990 children and adolescents (957 boys, 1033 girls; grade levels 3-8). Participants responded to a coping questionnaire (Fragebogen zur Erhebung von Stress und Stressbewaltigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter, SSKJ 3-8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann, & Klein-Hesling, 2006) with the five subscales: seeking social support, problem solving, avoidant coping, palliative emotion regulation, and anger-related emotion regulation. Repeated measures ANOVAs with Gender and Grade Level as the between-subject factors and Situation (social, academic) as the within-subject factor were performed separately for each of the subscales. In general, girls scored higher in seeking social support and problem solving, whereas boys scored higher in avoidant coping. These three main effects were further modified by significant Ge.
African American Participation in Alzheimer’s Disease Research That Includes Brain Donation

Historically, minority groups have been underrepresented in research and clinical trials. The lack of participation by minorities has been attributed to a variety of factors including a mistrust of the predominately white research establishments and a lack of education about the purpose of research. The current study was designed to determine African American interest in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research and to recruit African Americans as normal controls in current AD studies with the goal of eventually gaining consent for brain donation upon death. Participants were 46 African Americans aged 65 or older, who were interviewed about the knowledge of medical procedures and experience with research. After initial recruitment interviews, 31.7% of participants agreed to yearly testing with eventual brain donation. Study findings suggest a moderate relationship between participants' knowledge of medical procedures used to prolong life and willingness to donate one’s brain.
INTENTIONAL AND INCIDENTAL SELF-CONTROL IN VENTROL ATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTE X

T he ability to exert self-control over one's thoughts and behaviors is crucial to successfully navigating the real world in a variety of domains, such as motor control (remaining in your seat during a boring lecture instead of jumping up and running outside), control over risky behavior (choosing a sure option so as not to risk losing money), control over immediate temptation (choosing to delay a payment so as to receive a larger one at a later date), and emotional control (remaining composed and suppressing the desire to yell at someone who angered you). Each of these examples requires di erent actions to successfully exert control over the more desirable yet detrimental action. ere are multiple clinical disorders that are related to impairments in control such as attention de cit hyperac-tivity disorder (ADHD), substance abuse, and pathological gambling. Given the serious problems that may occur if one has di culty exerting behavioral or a ective self-control, it is critical to understand the mechanisms behind successful self-control and how they are changed when self-control ability is impaired. As the above examples demonstrate, " self-control " is a broad concept that has been de ned in many di erent ways. A good general de nition is that self-control is " the overriding or inhibiting of automatic, habitual, or innate behaviors, urges, emotions, or desires that would otherwise interfere with goal directed behavior " (Muraven, Shmueli, & Burkley, 2006, p. 524). As this de nition indicates, many di erent methods can be used to study self-control, ranging from inhibiting a motor response to regulating an emotion to suppressing the temptation to eat sweets. In addition to these explicit, intentional forms of self-control, it is possible to exert control without an explicit goal to do so (i.e., automatically or incidentally) given the right situation. For example, in priming paradigms, participants are not explicitly aware that they saw a prime, but the implicit encoding of primes can cause incidental behavioral control. Additionally, it is possible to implicitly or incidentally regulate an a ective response without awareness (for a review, see Berkman & Lieberman, 2009). It has been asserted that self-control ability may be like a muscle: it is a limited resource that can be fatigued with use or trained to increase stamina Evidence for this assertion can be found in studies in which participants were required to rst exert self-control in one domain and subsequently …
Doing friendship during the second year of life in a Swedish preschool

A number of studies within early childhood education and care indicate the importance of social competence. This article focuses on how friendship is created among very young children in Swedish preschools. The study was carried out within a toddler unit with 15 children. Six 1-year-old children, three girls and three boys, were observed during nine months. The ethnographic method follows a phenomenological tradition with participatory observations, including field notes, photos and video recordings. The findings show how young toddlers create friendships: 1-year-olds monitor and pay attention to individual peers, displaying intentionality and agency by spontaneously greeting their peers, by offering play invitations, and by helping peers. Mutual awareness, joint attention, shared smiles, coordinated locomotion, as well as other types of synchronized actions are parts of non-verbal elements in emerging friendship. One pedagogical implication of this study is to take young children's friendship into account when putting together preschool groups.
Entomological and epidemiological investigations of malaria transmission in relation to population movements in forest areas of north-west Thailand.

Transmission of forest-related malaria was observed entomologically and epidemiologically for 2 transmission seasons in 1990 and 1991 in 5 villages of Mae Sariang district, Mae Hong Son Province, north-west Thailand. The entomological study included collections of mosquitos and determination of infection rate by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the residential villages and the farm huts. The epidemiological study included fortnightly visits to 30% of the households to interview and record movement activities and illness of villagers. Circumsporozoite proteins, in most cases of Plasmodium falciparum, were detected in Anopheles minimus species A, An. dirus s.l. , An. maculatus s.s. and An. sawadwongporni in residential villages and/or farm huts, suggesting transmission could occur there. Movement of people away from their residences occurred throughout the year for several reasons with a sharp peak in July for agricultural activity, mainly ploughing and planting for rice cultivation. The relative risk of infection for people engaged in agricultural activity was 3 times that of people living in the residential villages. Although a higher biting density of vectors was generally evident at the farm huts, the estimated inoculation rates in the 2 settings were similar. Movement for forest activity increased after harvesting rice in the cool dry season and carried the highest malaria risk, suggesting different epidemiological and probably entomological conditions which need further investigation. The significance is discussed of discrepancies between the case classification system used by this study and that used by malaria sector staff.