Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fear, rationality and opportunity: Reasons and motives for not trying ecstasy

Aim: To gain more insight into the reasons and motives why people do not start taking ecstasy. Method: As part of the NeXT Study, we prospectively monitored 188 subjects who were ecstasy-naive at baseline but seemed likely to take ecstasy (MDMA) of their own accord during the course of the study. After an 11- to 26-month follow-up period, 160 respondents remained (85.1%). Among these, 65 participants started taking ecstasy (novel ecstasy users, NEUs) and 95 did not (persistent non-users, PNUs). Several times during their participation, subjects completed lists of reasons and motives for not taking ecstasy. Findings: Principal components analysis identified three main factors associated with non-use: rationality (factor score 0.491), lack of opportunity (0.229) and fear of the effects of ecstasy (0.211). At baseline, PNUs scored higher than NEUs on all three factors. For the NEUs, no significant changes occurred over the course of the study in all three factor curves. Slight shifts were seen for PNUs—the fear of effects diminished and lack of opportunity grew; scores on rationality remained constant. Conclusions: NEUs and PNUs were distinguished most clearly by their factor scores on rationality. Some valuable insights for prevention are discussed.
Telepathology using Internet multimedia electronic mail: remote consultation on gastrointestinal pathology

The feasibility of using the Internet for remote pathology consultation was examined. We assessed the diagnostic agreement between two groups of pathologists who independently evaluated histopathological cases exchanged by Internet electronic mail. The exchange was between two different workstations using readily available software not specifically developed for telemedicine. Data and images from 76 cases were transmitted to four pathologists. An average of 4.5 images per case were transmitted at compression ratios of between 6:1 and 40:1, corresponding to 250 kByte of data per case. In two cases the remote pathologists could not make a diagnosis. Agreement was reached in 63 of the other 74 (kappa=0.79) =. In 11 cases (15%) there was a misdiagnosis. However, the results are encouraging and suggest that Internet electronic mail can be used successfully for remote consultation in pathology.
Efficient electrostatic solvation model for protein‐fragment docking

A method is presented for the fast evaluation of the binding energy of a protein‐small molecule complex with electrostatic solvation. It makes use of a fast preprocessing step based on the assumption that the main contribution to electrostatic desolvation upon ligand binding originates from the displacement of the first shell of water molecules. For a rigid protein, the precomputation of the energy contributions on a set of grids allows the estimation of the energy in solution of about 300 protein‐fragment binding modes per second on a personal computer. The docking procedure is applied to five rigid binding sites whose size ranges from 17 residues to a whole protein of 107 amino acids. Using a library of 70 mainly rigid molecules, known micromolar inhibitors or close analogs are docked and prioritized correctly. The docking based rank‐ordering of the library requires about 5 h and is proposed as a complementary approach to structure‐activity relationships by nuclear magnetic resonance. Proteins 2001;42:256–268. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An audit of midfacial fractures in Ibadan, Nigeria.

A prospective study of 103 patients with middle third fractures of the facial skeleton seen and managed over a five-year period was done. Males were more involved in midfacial fractures than females (M : F of 7.6 : 1). Most of the fractures occurred in the 21-30 year age group. Road traffic accidents were responsible for the majority of the fractures (78.7%). The zygomatic complex/arch was the most frequently involved area (63.0%) while the most common treatment was open reduction of zygomatic complex/arch fractures with trans-osseous wiring of suture lines (29.13%).
Post-mortem correlates of in vivo PiB-PET amyloid imaging in a typical case of Alzheimer's disease

The positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) binds with high affinity to β-pleated sheet aggregates of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in vitro. The in vivo retention of PiB in brains of people with Alzheimer's disease shows a regional distribution that is very similar to distribution of Aβ deposits observed post-mortem. However, the basis for regional variations in PiB binding in vivo, and the extent to which it binds to different types of Aβ-containing plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), has not been thoroughly investigated. The present study examined 28 clinically diagnosed and autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease subjects, including one Alzheimer's disease subject who had undergone PiB-PET imaging 10 months prior to death, to evaluate region- and substrate-specific binding of the highly fluorescent PiB derivative 6-CN-PiB. These data were then correlated with region-matched Aβ plaque load and peptide levels, [3H]PiB binding in vitro, and in vivo PET retention levels. We found that in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue sections, the preponderance of 6-CN-PiB binding is in plaques immunoreactive to either Aβ42 or Aβ40, and to vascular Aβ deposits. 6-CN-PiB labelling was most robust in compact/cored plaques in the prefrontal and temporal cortices. While diffuse plaques, including those in caudate nucleus and presubiculum, were less prominently labelled, amorphous Aβ plaques in the cerebellum were not detectable with 6-CN-PiB. Only a small subset of NFT were 6-CN-PiB positive; these resembled extracellular ‘ghost’ NFT. In Alzheimer's disease brain tissue homogenates, there was a direct correlation between [3H]PiB binding and insoluble Aβ peptide levels. In the Alzheimer's disease subject who underwent PiB-PET prior to death, in vivo PiB retention levels correlated directly with region-matched post-mortem measures of [3H]PiB binding, insoluble Aβ peptide levels, 6-CN-PiB- and Aβ plaque load, but not with measures of NFT. These results demonstrate, in a typical Alzheimer's disease brain, that PiB binding is highly selective for insoluble (fibrillar) Aβ deposits, and not for neurofibrillary pathology. The strong direct correlation of in vivo PiB retention with region-matched quantitative analyses of Aβ plaques in the same subject supports the validity of PiB-PET imaging as a method for in vivo evaluation of Aβ plaque burden.
Overground physical therapy gait training for chronic stroke patients with mobility deficits.

BACKGROUND Overground gait training forms a major part of physical therapy services for chronic stroke patients in almost every setting. Overground gait training refers to physical therapists' observation and cueing of the patient's walking pattern along with related exercises, but does not include high-technology aids such as functional electrical stimulation or body weight support. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of overground physical therapy gait training on walking ability for chronic stroke patients with mobility deficits. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched March 2008), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2008), MEDLINE (1966 to May 2008), EMBASE (1980 to May 2008), CINAHL (1982 to May 2008), AMED (1985 to March 2008), Science Citation Index Expanded (1981 to May 2008), ISI Proceedings (Web of Science, 1982 to May 2006), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (http://www.pedro.org.au/) (May 2008), REHABDATA (http://www.naric.com/research/rehab/) (1956 to May 2008), http://www.clinicaltrials. gov (May 2008), http://www.controlled-trials.com/ (May 2008), and http://www.strokecenter. org/ (May 2008). We also searched reference lists of relevant articles, and contacted authors and trial investigators. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing overground physical therapy gait training with a placebo intervention or no treatment for chronic stroke patients with mobility deficits. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Pairs of authors independently selected trials. Three authors independently extracted data and assessed quality. We contacted study authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS We included nine studies involving 499 participants. We found no evidence for a benefit on the primary variable, post-test gait function, based on three studies with 269 participants. Uni-dimensional performance variables did show significant effects post-test. Gait speed increased by 0.07 metres per second (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 0.10) based on seven studies with 396 participants, timed up-and-go (TUG) test improved by 1.81 seconds (95% CI -2.29 to -1.33), and six-minute-walk test (6MWT) increased by 26.06 metres (95% CI 7.14 to 44.97) based on four studies with 181 participants. We found no significant differences in deaths/disabilities or in adverse effects, based on published reports or personal communication from all of the included studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found insufficient evidence to determine if overground physical therapy gait training benefits gait function in patients with chronic stroke, though limited evidence suggests small benefits for uni-dimensional variables such as gait speed or 6MWT. These findings must be replicated by large, high quality studies using varied outcome measures.
From ethnic minorities to ethnic majority policy: Multiculturalism and the shift to assimilationism in the Netherlands

Abstract Recently in numerous European countries of immigration, there has been a widespread ‘moral panic’ about immigrants and ethnic diversity. In The Netherlands, a backlash has occurred in policy and in public discourse, with migrants being blamed for not meeting their responsibility to integrate and for practising ‘backward religions’. Why is it that a self-defined ‘liberal’ and ‘tolerant’ society demands conformity, compulsion and introduces seemingly undemocratic sanctions towards immigrants in a move towards assimilationism? These issues are analysed by providing an overview of modes of incorporation of immigrants in the Netherlands and it presents evidence on the socio-economic situation of immigrants. The article argues that patterns of disadvantage cannot be explained solely by the low human capital attributes of the original immigrants. In spite of multiculturalism, the causes have to be sought in pervasive institutional discrimination and the persistence of a culture of racism. The study argues that a shift to assimilation is more likely to create further societal divisions.
The Structure of Antisocial Attitudes among Violent and Sexual Offenders

This study examined the factor structure of antisocial attitudes with a sample of 331 male adult offenders. Principal components analysis on the Criminal Sentiments Scale resulted in a two-factorsolution using Velicer's Minimal Average Partial (MAP) test and Cattell's Scree test. Factor 1 was labeled Contempt for Criminal Justice Personnel, and Factor2 was labeled Disrespect for Conventional Law. Each of the factor scales had a similar pattern of correlations with the index offence measures and postdictive offending data In addition, this factor structure did not make an improvement over the original scales in the prediction of recidivism. An additional contributor to the two-factor structure was the presence of a response style. The first factor included mostly true-keyed items, and the second factor mostly false-keyed items. The discussion offers direction in constructing measures of antisocial attitudes.
The experience of the hidden curriculum for autistic girls at mainstream primary schools

This article presents the findings of ethnographic case studies of three girls on the autistic spectrum attending mainstream primary schools and illustrates the difficulties they experience and the ways in which these are often unrecognised. The observations of the girls and subsequent individual interviews with their mothers, class teachers, SENCO’s and ultimately themselves, reveal the personal adjustments the girls make in response to the hidden curriculum and the ways in which these go unnoticed, effectively masking their need for support, and contributing to their underachievement in school. The research also identifies a misunderstanding of autism in girls by some teachers that contributes to a lack of support for their needs, despite their diagnosis. Teachers need to understand how autistic girls present, and how they learn, if they are to recognise the need to illuminate the hidden curriculum. The implications of these findings are that without this awareness autistic girls in mainstream settings are also at risk of limited access to the known curriculum and of social isolation.
Approximating a non-homogeneous HMM with Dynamic Spatial Dirichlet Process

In this work we present a model that uses a Dirichlet process (DP) with a dynamic spatial constraints to approximate a non-homogeneous hidden Markov model (NHMM). The coefficient of the spatial constraint, which is locally dependent on each site, modulates the time-variant transition probability matrix. In our model, we use the DP in combination with variational Bayesian inference to estimate the local coefficients and the time-dependent structure of the hidden states. In addition, the formulation of the NHMM within the DP framework does not require the specification of the number of states. Our results demonstrate that the proposed model can uncover the hidden states when the observed data is generated by a NHMM model and the number of hidden states is unknown.
Enteral Erythropoietin and Iron Stimulate Erythropoiesis in Suckling Rats

Objectives: A primary objective was to evaluate whether addition of enteral iron supplementation will facilitate a systemic erythropoietic effect when feeding erythropoietin (Epo) to suckling rats. A secondary objective was to confirm that iron does not alter the previous finding that enteral Epo exerts local trophic effects on the small intestine. Methods: Four-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent gastrostomy and were fed a cow's milk–based rat milk substitute for 8 days. We studied rats fed rat milk substitute alone (control), enteral Epo 425 U · kg−1 · day−1, and enteral Epo 1700 U · kg−1 · day−1, and the effects of oral iron sulfate (Fe) therapy (6 mg · kg−1 · day−1). Blood was collected to measure hemoglobin (Hb), reticulocytes, red cell indices, and zinc protoporphyrin/heme. To confirm previous work describing trophic effects of enteral Epo on the intestine, duodenal villous height was measured. Results: Hb levels in control (84 ± 1 g/L) were similar to Epo 425 (87 ± 1 g/L). Hb levels in control+Fe (97 ± 1 g/L), Epo 425+Fe (97 ± 1 g/L), and Epo 1700 (94 ± 1 g/L) were higher than control, P < 0.001, but mean Hb level in Epo 1700+Fe was higher (105 ± 1 g/L) than the other groups, P < 0.003. Mean cell volume was higher in rats receiving iron supplementation, compared with those without iron, P < 0.005. Duodenal villous height was taller in Epo 1700+Fe compared with control + Fe, P < 0.01. Conclusions: If combined with sufficient iron supplementation, high-dose Epo artificially fed to suckling rats exerted a systemic erythropoietic effect in addition to the previously reported local trophic effects.
Association between Oxidative Stress and Outcome in Different Subtypes of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objectives. This study investigated serum thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and free thiol levels in different subtypes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and evaluated their association with clinical outcomes. Methods. This prospective study evaluated 100 AIS patients, including 75 with small-vessel and 25 with large-vessel diseases. Serum oxidative stress (TBARS) and antioxidant (thiol) were determined within 48 hours and days 7 and 30 after stroke. For comparison, 80 age- and sex-matched participants were evaluated as controls. Results. Serum TBARS was significantly higher and free thiol was lower in stroke patients than in the controls on days 1 and 7 after AIS. The level of free thiol was significantly lower in the large-vessel disease than in the small-vessel disease on day 7 after stroke. Using the stepwise logistic regression model for potential variables, only stroke subtype, NIHSS score, and serum TBARS level were independently associated with three-month outcome. Higher TBARS and lower thiol levels in the acute phase of stroke were associated with poor outcome. Conclusions. Patients with large-vessel disease have higher oxidative stress but lower antioxidant defense compared to those with small-vessel disease after AIS. Serum TBARS level at the acute phase of stroke is a potential predictor for three-month outcome.
L-invariants and Shimura curves

In earlier work, the second named author described how one may extract Darmonstyle L -invariants from modular forms on Shimura curves that are special at p. In this paper, we show that these L -invariants are preserved by the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence. As a consequence, we prove the second named author’s period conjecture in the case where the base field is Q. As a further application of our methods, we use integrals of Hida families to describe Stark–Heegner points in terms of a certain Abel–Jacobi map.
Race, Space, and the Regulation of Surplus Labor: Policing African Americans in Los Angeles's Skid Row

This essay examines the joint racial and class domination exercised in Los Angeles's Skid Row. Known widely as the “homeless capital of the United States,” Skid Row has become home to a predominantly African American population, drawn to the area by social services that have been purposefully relocated from other parts of the city. Through the partnership of criminal justice and social welfare institutions, this population is “reprogrammed” in work-training programs and siphoned into subpoverty jobs under threat of incarceration. These institutions serve as instruments of labor extraction and control, sanctioning “nonproductive” means of subsistence, enforcing capitalist norms of leisure, and strengthening the symbiosis between the state and the owning class, all under the auspices of a race-neutral “broken windows” theory of law enforcement.
Storing, caring and sharing : examining organisational practices around material stuff in the home

II LIST OF TABLES: . IV LIST OF FIGURES: . IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . VI DECLARATION . VI CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 OVERVIEW. 1 1.2 BACKGROUND . 2 1.2. 1 Studies of home life . 3 1.2. 2 Physical objects and information organisation . 6 1.2. 3 Domestic technologies . 8 1.3 MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH . 10 1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES . 10 1.5 SCOPE . 11 1.6 THE THESIS OUTLINE . 12 CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW . 15 2.
The relative roles of IQ and cognitive processes in reading disability

The purpose of the present study was to explore the relative roles of IQ and cognitive processes in reading performance. A sample of 443 Spanish children (264 male, 179 female) ranging in age from 7 to 13 years were classified into four groups according to IQ scores (<80, 80–90, 90–110, >110) and reading disabled (RD) and normally achieving readers (NR) were compared. The findings indicate that IQ scores were not related to the differences between children with RD and NR. We found that reading‐related cognitive deficits do differentiate between RD and NR children. Therefore, IQ scores do not make a significant contribution to our understanding of reading disability.
Learning Shock

This article develops a theory for a phenomenon we have termed ‘learning shock’. This refers to experiences of acute frustration, confusion and anxiety experienced by some students, who find themselves exposed to unfamiliar learning and teaching methods, bombarded by unexpected and disorienting cues, and subjected to ambiguous and conflicting expectations. The article examines the incidence of learning shock among a group of full-time students studying towards a Masters in Business Administration and aims to identify some of the causes of learning shock as well as some of its principal manifestations. It further examines some of the coping strategies used by these students and the relative effectiveness of such strategies. Our findings suggest that one of the foremost factors contributing to learning shock can be the experience of working and learning as part of a multi-cultural syndicate group, something that is a regular feature of MBA degrees. We examine some of the reasons why such syndicate groups can become dysfunctional to learning. The article concludes with some recommendations on the management of learning shock.
Re: History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer.

If one were to read an article beginning, "Epidemiologic evidence suggests that a failure to remove the female breasts in infancy is the strongest risk factor for breast cancer," might one not feel compelled to offer a defense of the intact breast? An article with an analogous statement appeared recently in this journal (7). The article began: "Epidemiologic evidence suggests lack of neonatal circumcision as the strongest risk factor for penile cancer, . " The opening statement of this article is likely to be used to promote circumcision, even though the study finds other risk factors for penile cancer independent of circumcision status and fully recognizes that penile cancer occurs in circumcised individuals; cancer originated in the circumcision scar in one case. Authors must be mindful of this risk when presenting data relating to this unnecessary surgical procedure. Even if the foreskin were to be implicated in penile cancer, it should not be removed. It is absurd and tragic to remove 99999 normal foreskins to prevent the possibility of one cancer of the penis in an older man. In defense of the foreskin, an integral part of the mammalian penis, it has functions that have never been understood by members of the American medical profession. For example, in infancy, the foreskin is still attached to the glans penis and may remain so normally until 17 years of age. It should never be forcibly retracted and will gradually become retractile on its own. It protects the glans and prevents it from comifying. It also protects the meatus from stenosing (2,3). As the intact boy matures, the foreskin begins to perform another rather vital function. It serves as the skin for the enlarged, erect penis, providing the surface mobility decreed by millions of years of evolution. Last, but hardly least, it is now known that the foreskin contains Meissner's corpuscles, complex nerve endings also found in breast papillae, that contribute to sexual pleasure (4). It is quite unnecessary to remove the foreskin. The 250 million European men who have virtually all grown up intact, are testimony to this fact (5). In presenting studies of this important organ, extra care must be taken due to the irrational behavior surrounding the performance of circumcision in the United States.
Identity Symbolism in Housing

Upper-middle-class homeowners were asked to rate themselves on an extensive set of bipolar personality and identity dimensions. Photographs were taken of the interior and exterior of each homeowner's dwelling and were developed into color slides. These slides were subsequently presented to subjects who were asked to rate the homeowner on the same set of personality and identity dimensions. Subjects were assigned to one of three conditions, interior, exterior, or combined, depending upon the type of information to which they were exposed. Subjects in all conditions were able to infer the homeowner's selfconcept to a significant degree, with subjects in the interior condition displaying the most accuracy. Results were interpreted in terms of a self-presentational model of housing choice.