Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional Evolution of the Parker Instability under a Uniform Gravity

Using an isothermal MHD code, we have performed three-dimensional, high-resolution simulations of the Parker instability. The initial equilibrium system is composed of exponentially decreasing isothermal gas and a magnetic field (along the azimuthal direction) under a uniform gravity. The evolution of the instability can be divided into three phases: linear, nonlinear, and relaxed. During the linear phase, the perturbations grow exponentially with a preferred scale along the azimuthal direction but with the smallest possible scale along the radial direction, as predicted from linear analyses. During the nonlinear phase, the growth of the instability is saturated and flow motion becomes chaotic. Magnetic reconnection occurs, which allows the gas to cross field lines. This, in turn, results in the redistribution of the gas and the magnetic field. The system approaches a new equilibrium in the relaxed phase, which is different from the one seen in two-dimensional works. The structures formed during the evolution are sheetlike or filamentary, whose shortest dimension is radial. Their maximum density enhancement factor relative to the initial value is less than 2. Since the radial dimension is too small and the density enhancement is too low, it is difficult to regard the Parker instability alone as a viable mechanism for the formation of giant molecular clouds.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in psychiatry : basic principles and applications

In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a safe and non-invasive tool which can be used to study aspects of brain chemistry and metabolism. Although a relatively recent technique in the field of psychiatric research, it has already been used in the study of anxiety and affective disorders, dementia, schizophrenia, and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review outlines the basic principles of MRS and summarises the research findings in psychiatric disorders. Although mostly preliminary, these findings highlight the capacity of MRS to detect subtle neurobiological abnormalities in mental disorders.They also suggest a future role for MRS in differential diagnosis and monitoring illness progression. Initial MRS studies have also focused on the metabolic effects of psychiatric treatments and could provide information about their relationship to clinical variables.
Topslam: Waddington Landscape Recovery for Single Cell Experiments

We present an approach to estimating the nature of the Waddington (or epigenetic) landscape that underlies a population of individual cells. Through exploiting high resolution single cell transcription experiments we show that cells can be located on a landscape that reflects their differentiated nature. Our approach makes use of probabilistic non-linear dimensionality reduction that respects the topology of our estimated epigenetic landscape. In simulation studies and analyses of real data we show that the approach, known as topslam, outperforms previous attempts to understand the differentiation landscape. Hereby, the novelty of our approach lies in the correction of distances before extracting ordering information. This gives the advantage over other attempts, which have to correct for extracted time lines by post processing or additional data.
Susceptibility of Young Sheep to Oral Infection with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Decreases Significantly after Weaning

ABSTRACT Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) (or prion disease) that is readily transmissible to sheep by experimental infection and has the shortest incubation period in animals with the ARQ/ARQ PRNP genotype (at codons 136, 154, and 171). Because it is possible that sheep in the United Kingdom could have been infected with BSE by being fed contaminated meat and bone meal supplements at the same time as cattle, there is considerable interest in the responses of sheep to BSE inoculation. Epidemiological evidence suggests that very young individuals are more susceptible to TSE infection; however, this has never been properly tested in sheep. In the present study, low doses of BSE were fed to lambs of a range of ages (∼24 h, 2 to 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months) and adult sheep. The incidence of clinical BSE disease after inoculation was high in unweaned lambs (∼24 h and 2 to 3 weeks old) but much lower in older weaned animals The incubation period was also found to be influenced by the genotype at codon 141 of the PRNP gene, as lambs that were LF heterozygotes had a longer mean incubation period than those that were homozygotes of either type. The results suggest that sheep in the United Kingdom would have been at high risk of BSE infection only if neonatal animals had inadvertently ingested contaminated supplementary foodstuffs.
Is testicular cancer an occupational disease of fire fighters?

BACKGROUND A previous investigation showed an increased risk of testicular cancer among fire fighters in Wellington City, New Zealand, during the 1980s. Other studies of fire fighters had not identified testicular cancer as an occupational disease. METHODS This was an historical cohort study of mortality and cancer incidence in all paid New Zealand fire fighters, from 1977 to 1995. RESULTS The only cancer for which this study provided evidence of an increased risk was testicular cancer, even after excluding cases from the previous investigation. The standardized incidence ratio for 1990-96 was 3.0 (95% confidence interval: 1.3-5.90). There was no evidence that fire fighters were at increased risk from any particular cause of death. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that New Zealand fire fighters are at increased risk of testicular cancer, although the reason is unknown. Other incidence studies of cancer in fire fighters are needed to confirm this finding.
Physiological Partial Aldosterone Resistance in Human Newborns

In the neonatal period, the human kidney is characterized by an impaired ability to regulate water and sodium homeostasis, resembling partial aldosterone resistance. The aim of our study was to assess this hormonal insensitivity in newborn infants and to determine its relationship with neonatal sodium handling. We conducted a prospective study in 48 healthy newborns and their mothers. Aldosterone, renin, and electrolyte concentrations were measured in umbilical cords and in maternal plasma. Urinary aldosterone concentrations and sodium excretion were determined at urination within 24 h after birth. A significant difference was observed between aldosterone and renin levels in newborn infants compared with their mothers (817 ± 73 versus 575 ± 55 pg/mL and 79 ± 10 versus 15 ± 2 pg/mL, respectively, p < 0.001). This hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was associated with hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in the newborn infants, and high urinary sodium loss, consistent with a partial aldosterone resistance at birth. Unlike plasma aldosterone, urinary aldosterone concentration was found highly correlated with plasma potassium concentrations, thus representing the best index for accurate evaluation of mineralocorticoid sensitivity. Our study represents a comprehensive characterization of the renin-aldosterone axis in newborn infants and provides evidence for physiologic partial aldosterone resistance in the neonatal period.
Fertility control Comparison of a 24-day and a 21-day pill regimen for the novel combined oral contraceptive , nomegestrol acetate and 17 b-estradiol ( NOMAC / E 2 ) : a double-blind , randomized study

S. Christin-Maitre1,2, D. Serfaty3, N. Chabbert-Buffet2,4, E. Ochsenbein5, D. Chassard6, and J.-L. Thomas5,* Endocrine Unit, Hôpital Saint Antoine AP-HP, 75571 Paris, France ER-9 UPMC Université Paris VI, 75005 Paris, France Société Francophone de Contraception, 9 Rue de Villersexel, 75007 Paris, France Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Hôpital Tenon AP-HP, 75970 Paris, France Laboratoire Théramex, 6 Avenue Albert II, BP 59, 98007 Monaco SGS Aster, 3–5 Rue E. Millon, 75015 Paris, France
The expanding role of lipoprotein apheresis in the treatment of raised lipoprotein(a) in ischaemic heart disease and refractory angina

It is increasingly recognised that lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], an inherited, genetically-determined form of LDL-cholesterol, is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Lp(a) is felt to increase cardiovascular risk via its pro-thrombotic effect and by enhancing intimal lipoprotein deposition. Lipoprotein apheresis is currently the most effective treatment for raised Lp(a). There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that aggressively lowering raised Lp(a) may improve cardiovascular and clinical outcomes, although much more research is required in this field. Angina which is refractory to conventional medical therapy and revascularisation, is extremely challenging to manage. Treatment options for such patients remain very limited. We describe the case of a patient with refractory angina and raised lipoprotein(a) in whom aggressive reduction of Lp(a) with lipoprotein apheresis successfully ameliorated the progression of coronary stenosis and provided effective and durable relief of angina symptoms. In our centre, we are currently conducting a prospective, randomised controlled cross-over study of patients with refractory angina and raised Lp(a), randomised to undergoing lipoprotein apheresis or ‘sham’ apheresis with assessment of myocardial perfusion, carotid atherosclerosis, endothelial vascular function, thrombogenesis, oxidised phospholipids and their antibodies, exercise capacity, angina symptoms and quality of life at the beginning and end of treatment.
International Correlation Risk

We show that the cross-sectional dispersion of conditional foreign exchange (FX) correlation is countercyclical and that currencies that perform badly (well) during periods of high dispersion yield high (low) average excess returns. We also find a negative cross-sectional association between average FX correlations and average option-implied FX correlation risk premiums. Our findings show that while investors in spot currency markets require a positive risk premium for exposure to high dispersion states, FX option prices are consistent with investors being compensated for the risk of low dispersion states. To address our empirical findings, we propose a no-arbitrage model that features unspanned FX correlation risk.
Dynamic metal-thiolate cluster structure of metallothioneins.

113Cd-NMR studies have established that vertebrate and invertebrate metallothioneins contain two unique metal-thiolate clusters. However, it proved to be difficult to account theoretically for all features of the 113Cd-NMR spectra. In a reinvestigation of these features using chromatographically homogeneous 113Cd7-metallothionein we have identified a total of seven 113Cd resonances and have confirmed the massive intensity difference among these signals. From the effects of variations in temperature, ionic strength, and magnetic field on one-dimensional 113Cd-NMR spectra and from two-dimensional J-resolved 113Cd-NMR spectrum it was concluded that the seven 113Cd signals are composed of several overlapping multiplets and indicative of a dynamic organization of the metal-thiolate clusters. The same nonrigid structure is also indicated individually by recent two-dimensional correlated (COSY) 1H-NMR studies of 113Cd7-metallothionein. While showing 113Cd-1H coupling for 19 of the 20 cysteine residues, these studies have evidence for only two "bridging" cysteine ligands of the clusters instead of the expected eight suggesting interferences by metal-thiolate exchange process at the 1H-NMR time scale. Analogous indirect evidence for structural mobility of the clusters comes from EXAFS measurements of Zn7-metallothionein and from measurements of the perturbed angular correlation of gamma-rays (PAC) emis-sion of 111mCd-metallothionein. Thus, while the EXAFS spectra revealed back-scattering from the thiolate ligands, lattice movements within the cluster is believed to preclude back-scattering from neighboring metals. Similarly, in the PAC time spectra the damping of the major oscillatory component was attributed to inordinately large charge fluctuation in the immediate environment of the 111mCd nucleus. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Aid required to halving poverty in Tanzania until 2015

Halving poverty until 2015 is something that all member states of United Nation have agreed up on by adopting the Millennium Development Goals MDG in 1991. The question asked in this paper is how much aid is needed in Tanzania, to reduce poverty by half. The method we use links estimated annual economic growth rates to the required amount of aid needed to halve poverty.This study finds that during 2002-2015 Tanzania should receive between $37 to $43 (2002 US dollar) per year and capita depending on the underlying assumptions. Between 1994 and 2002 Tanzania received 36 dollar per year and capita so the amount of aid must at least be kept on the same level as preceding years and perhaps be increased to reach the goal of halving poverty until 2015.Moreover, this study only calculates the cost of reaching the first MDG and not the cost of reaching the remaining goals stated in the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
Advances in the geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, and their implications for the history of the northern Wyoming province

Integrated studies by Keck Geology Consortium participants have generated many new insights into the Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains. We have clarifi ed the tectonic setting and origin of two suites of metamorphic rocks: (1) a quartzofeldspathic gneiss complex with associated metasupracrustal rocks (the combined Indian Creek and Pony–Middle Mountain Metamorphic Suites) that originated in a continental arc setting between 3.35 and 3.2 Ga with subsequent sedimentation and (2) mafi c metavolcanic rocks with intercalated metasedimentary rocks (the Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite) from a suprasubduction zone ophiolite or backarc basin possibly of Proterozoic age. A poorly preserved metamorphic event at 2.45 Ga affected the former but not the latter, as did the intrusion of rift-related mafi c dikes and sills at 2.06 Ga. Both suites were amalgamated, metamorphosed to at least upper amphibolite facies, subjected to simple shear strain and folded into mapand outcrop-scale sheath folds, and tectonically unroofed during the period 1.78 to 1.71 Ga. We name this event the Big Sky orogeny. The Proterozoic geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains can be integrated with coeval features of the geology of the northern Wyoming province to outline a northeast-trending, southeast-vergent belt as the Big Sky orogen. The Big Sky orogen consists of a metamorphic hinterland fl anked to the southeast by a foreland of discrete ductile shear zones cutting older basement, and to the northwest by arc-related metaplutonic bodies and the trace of a fossil subduction zone in the upper mantle. Archean blocks to the north of the Big Sky orogen may have been accreted as allochthonous terranes during collision and convergence. The remarkable synchroneity of collision along the Big Sky orogen with tectonism in the Trans-Hudson orogen along the eastern margin of the Wyoming province and in the Cheyenne belt to the south of the province raise profound but unanswered questions about the process by which the Wyoming province was added to the rest of the ancestral North American craton.
Inhibiting glycosphingolipid synthesis ameliorates hepatic steatosis in obese mice

Steatosis in the liver is a common feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes and the precursor to the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and liver failure. It has been shown previously that inhibiting glycosphingolipid (GSL) synthesis increases insulin sensitivity and lowers glucose levels in diabetic rodent models. Here we demonstrate that inhibiting GSL synthesis in ob/ob mice not only improved glucose homeostasis but also markedly reduced the development of hepatic steatosis. The ob/ob mice were treated for 7 weeks with a specific inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, the initial enzyme involved in the synthesis of GSLs. Besides lowering glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, drug treatment also significantly reduced the liver/body weight ratio, decreased the accumulation of triglycerides, and improved several markers of liver pathology. Drug treatment reduced liver glucosylceramide (GL1) levels in the ob/ob mouse. Treatment also reduced the expression of several genes associated with hepatic steatosis, including those involved in lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and inflammation. In addition, inhibiting GSL synthesis in diet‐induced obese mice both prevented the development of steatosis and partially reversed preexisting steatosis. Conclusion: These data indicate that inhibiting GSL synthesis ameliorates the liver pathology associated with obesity and diabetes, and may represent a novel strategy for treating fatty liver disease and NASH. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Smooth Euro Changeover, Higher Prices? Results of a Survey Among Dutch Retailers

The Dutch changeover to euro banknotes and coins proceeded both remarkably smoothly and rapidly. After one week, over 90% of all cash payments were being made in euro. Fears of the payment system breaking down, always rampant among businesses and the public alike, did not materialise. Fears of price rises on the other hand, were not entirely unfounded, as evidenced by a survey held by the Bank among retailers in January. The changeover from guilders to euro has pushed consumer prices up by 0.2-0.4%, in part because retailers passed the ensuing costs on to their customers, but also because prices were rounded up towards attractive euro prices. In time, the introduction of the euro willpresumably lead to lower prices.
Bank Restructuring in Asia: Crisis management in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis and prospects for crisis prevention -Korea-

This paper analyzes the bank restructuring process in Malaysia from the currency crisis of 1997 to present. Even though the banking sector in Malaysia had relatively lower NPLs compared to other Asian countries, financial sector suffered financial crisis and various problems emerged. This paper covers topics such as setting up financial restructuring agencies, a scheme of capital injection to weak banks, and a corporate restructuring process conducted by the Malaysian government. Plans of Mergers/ closures of banks, setting up an asset management company, a recapitalization agency, and a corporate debt restructuring committee, such as Pengurusan Danaharta Nasional Berhad (Danaharta), Danamodal Nasional Berhad (Danamodal), and the Corporate Debt Restructuring Committee (CDRC), were accompanied by several policy measures such as an exchange rate system pegged to the U.S. dollar, capital controls, and a fiscal stimulus package. Through these measures, the authorities, to some extent, succeeded in bringing down NPLs and in merging several banks to some extent. The reform was considered basically completed by 2002. The banking sector was reorganized with 10 banking groups, and two of the restructuring agencies were closed by 2003.
A Case for Intelligent RAM: IRAM

Two trends call into question the current practice of microprocessors and DRAMs being fabricated as different chips on different fab lines: 1) the gap between processor and DRAM speed is growing at 50% per year; and 2) the size and organization of memory on a single DRAM chip is becoming awkward to use in a system, yet size is growing at 60% per year. Intelligent RAM, or IRAM, merges processing and memory into a single chip to lower memory latency, increase memory bandwidth, and improve energy efficiency as well as to allow more flexible selection of memory size and organization. In addition, IRAM promises sav- ings in power and board area. This paper reviews the state of microprocessors and DRAMs today, explores some of the opportunities and challenges for IRAMs, and finally estimates performance and energy effi- ciency of three IRAM designs.
Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management the Relationships among Organizational Knowledge Sharing Practices, Employees' Learning Commitments, Employees' Adaptability, and Employees' Job Satisfaction: an Empirical Investigation of the Listed Manufacturing Companies in Jorda

To explore and empirically investigate the relationships among organizational knowledge sharing practices, employees' learning commitments, employees' adaptability, and employees' job satisfaction. A cross sectional survey as a method of data collection was adopted and the population of this study consists of the entire Listed Manufacturing Companies (91companies) in Amman Stock Exchange. The results of data analysis suggest that the organizational knowledge sharing practices has taken place in the Jordanian manufacturing companies according to the perceptions of respondents. In addition, the results indicates that there is a significant statistical relationship between organizational knowledge sharing practices, employees learning commitments, employ-ees' adaptability, and employees' job satisfaction. Finally, the results suggest that there is no difference in the evaluation of organizational knowledge sharing practices by research respondents in terms of demographic variables such as, gender, age, and level of education. This study has the limitations of the cross-sectional studies. In addition, it did not take into account if the possibility of any moderating variables that may strengthen or weaken the hypothesized relationships in this study. It enriches prior knowledge sharing theories by showing manufacturing managers the practical implications of organizational knowledge sharing practices. It also draws the attention of Jordanian manufacturing managers towards the role of knowledge sharing practices in ensuring a high level of employees' adaptability and facilitating employees' learning commitments to deal with dramatic, un-predicted, and unexpected environmental changes. Finally, it gives Jorda-nian managers an idea of how to in-Material published as part of this publication, either on-line or in print, is copyrighted by the Informing Science Institute. Permission to make digital or paper copy of part or all of these works for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage AND that copies 1) bear this notice in full and 2) give the full citation on the first page. It is permissible to abstract these works so long as credit is given. To copy in all other cases or to republish or to post on a server or to redistribute to lists requires specific permission and payment of a fee. Contact 0HPublisher@InformingScience.org to request redistribution permission. 328 crease employees' job satisfaction by establishing knowledge sharing practices and ensuring ongoing learning process that prepare employees to think and react in new ways without panic.
Photometric stereo under a light source with arbitrary motion

A new photometric-stereo method for estimating the surface normal and the surface reflectance of objects without a priori knowledge of the light-source direction or the light-source intensity is proposed. First, I construct a p × f image data matrix I from p pixel image intensity data through f frames by moving a light source arbitrarily. Under the Lambertian assumption the image data matrix I can be written as the product of two matrices S and L, with S representing the surface normal and the surface reflectance and L representing the light-source direction and the light-source intensity. Using this formulation, I show that the image data matrix I is of rank 3. On the basis of this observation, I use a singular-value decomposition technique and useful constraints to factorize the image data matrix. This method can also be used to treat cast shadows and self-shadows without assumptions. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated through performance analysis, laboratory experiment, and out-of-laboratory experiment.