Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CEP19 cooperates with FOP and CEP350 to drive early steps in the ciliogenesis programme

Primary cilia are microtubule-based sensory organelles necessary for efficient transduction of extracellular cues. To initiate cilia formation, ciliary vesicles (CVs) are transported to the vicinity of the centrosome where they dock to the distal end of the mother centriole and fuse to initiate cilium assembly. However, to this date, the early steps in cilia formation remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate functional interplay between CEP19, FOP and CEP350 in ciliogenesis. Using three-dimensional structured-illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) imaging, we mapped the relative spatial distribution of these proteins at the distal end of the mother centriole and show that CEP350/FOP act upstream of CEP19 in their recruitment hierarchy. We demonstrate that CEP19 CRISPR KO cells are severely impaired in their ability to form cilia, analogous to the loss of function of CEP19 binding partners FOP and CEP350. Notably, in the absence of CEP19 microtubule anchoring at centromes is similar in manner to its interaction partners FOP and CEP350. Using GFP-tagged deletion constructs of CEP19, we show that the C-terminus of CEP19 is required for both its localization to centrioles and for its function in ciliogenesis. Critically, this region also mediates the interaction between CEP19 and FOP/CEP350. Interestingly, a morbid-obesity-associated R82* truncated mutant of CEP19 cannot ciliate nor interact with FOP and CEP350, indicative of a putative role for CEP19 in ciliopathies. Finally, analysis of CEP19 KO cells using thin-section electron microscopy revealed marked defects in the docking of CVs to the distal end of the mother centrioles. Together, these data demonstrate a role for the CEP19, FOP and CEP350 module in ciliogenesis and the possible effect of disrupting their functions in ciliopathies.
On the Dominance of Moral Categories in Impression Formation

Based on the notion that approach-avoidance underlies impression formation processes and that approach-avoidance is more directly based on appraisals of others' morality (M) than competence (C), we hypothesized that M-related information played a more important role at various phases of global impression formation than C-related information on target persons. In four studies (N = 342 university students), we predicted and found that (a) M traits showed a higher chronic accessibility than C traits; (b) when gathering information to formulate a global impression, perceivers were more interested in M traits than C traits; (c) global impressions of real persons were better predicted from M trait ascriptions than C trait ascriptions, and (d) positivity-negativity of impressions of fictitious persons was decided mainly by the M content of their behavior, whereas C information served as a weak modifier of impression intensity. The dominance of M traits over C traits was more pronounced for female perceivers than for male perceivers.
Who should mark what? A study of factors affecting marking accuracy in a biology examination

Accurate marking is crucial to the reliability and validity of public examinations, in England and internationally. Factors contributing to accuracy have been conceptualised as affecting either marking task demands or markers’ personal expertise. The aim of this empirical study was to develop this conceptualisation through investigating the relative effects on accuracy of some key contributory factors. This was done in the context of an international biology examination designed for 16‐year‐olds. Forty‐two markers participated, comprising five groups: (1) experienced examiners, (2) biology teachers, (3) graduates in biology, (4) graduates in other subjects, and (5) non‐graduates. The design enabled the relative effects on accuracy of the following factors to be elicited: marking experience, teaching experience, highest education in a relevant subject, highest education in any subject and gender. The significance of markers’ accuracy on standardisation samples was also investigated. Twenty‐three examination questions were explored, varying in format, number of marks, difficulty for candidates and cognitive marking strategy complexity. All markers marked identical response samples for each question. The data were modelled with logistic regression and AN(C)OVA, generating a refined model of marking accuracy. This may prove useful for evidence‐based decisions surrounding marker selection and training.
Combination Treatment of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Intensive Occupational Therapy for Ataxic Hemiparesis due to Thalamic Hemorrhage

Background: Both low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) and intensive occupational therapy (OT) are clinically beneficial for post-stroke patients with upper-limb hemiparesis. However, the usefulness of LF-rTMS and intensive OT for ataxic hemiparesis (AH) is unknown. Methods: The study subjects included 7 patients with AH. All patients had ataxia and mild hemiparesis without a sensory disturbance that was due to thalamic hemorrhage. Each patient was scheduled to receive 20-min rTMS at 1 Hz at the contralesional cerebral hemisphere followed by 120-min intensive OT, daily for 21 sessions. The primary outcome was the motor function of the affected upper limb that was evaluated by using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA). In addition, the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) score was determined to assess the severity of ataxia. Results: All patients completed the protocol without any adverse effects. The FMA score significantly increased after treatment. Notably, the ICARS score also significantly decreased. Conclusions: Our proposed combination treatment is a safe and feasible neurorehabilitative intervention for patients with AH due to thalamic hemorrhage. Our results demonstrate the possibility that rTMS in combination with intensive OT could improve motor function and alleviated ataxia in patients with AH.
Improve Your Verbal Questioning

ost teachers are well aware that verbal questioning can aid student learning. Asking questions can stimulate students to think about the content being studied (Carlson 1997; Good and Brophy 2000; Graesser and Person 1994; Wilen 2004; Wilen 2001), connect it to prior knowledge (Good and Brophy 2000; Graesser and Person 1994; Wilen 2001), consider its meanings and implications (Carlson 1997; Good and Brophy 2000; Graesser and Person 1994; Seymour and Osana 2003; Wilen 2004), and explore its applications (Carlson 1997; Good and Brophy 2000; Graesser and Person 1994; Wilen 2001). Researchers have found that teachers ask about 300-400 questions per day (Levin and Long 1981), and depending on the type of lesson, as many as 120 questions per hour (Carlson 1991; Carlson 1997; Graesser and Person 1994). With teachers asking this many questions, it is essential that they be skilled in using verbal questioning. Unfortunately, research on teachers' use of verbal questioning has shown that this skill is typically less effective than it could be (Anderson and Burns 1989; Dantonio 1990; Graesser and Person 1994; Seymour and Osana 2003). A common problem with many teachers' use of verbal questioning is a lack of knowledge about questioning taxonomies and sequencing, knowledge essential for productive verbal questioning (Barnes 1979; Good and Brophy 2000; Lucking 1978; Pollack 1988; Rice 1977; Wilen 2001). Without an understanding of the different cognitive levels of questions, teachers could quite possibly be asking questions at only one or two cognitive levels, probably asking low cognitive level questions that require students to merely recall knowledge or information, rather than asking high cognitive level questions that require students to perform higher order thinking (see Martin 1979; Redfield and Rousseau 1981; Wilen and Clegg 1986; Wilen 2001; Wimer et al. 2001). Without an understanding of the sequence to ask questions, delivery techniques such as the use of wait time, prompting, probing, and refocusing become less effective. And if the questions are poorly worded or the sequence is haphazard, even skillfully used delivery techniques will not prevent student confusion and frustration (Good and Brophy 2000). This article will begin by comparing different question taxonomies, recognizing the importance of knowing the right question to ask and when to ask it, as well as understanding that verbal questioning is a skill that must be practiced before it can be effectively used. Next, it will review relevant research on question sequencing and patterns. Finally, it will present an activity using colleague classroom observations to improve teachers' verbal question sequencing.
Overseas Students in Higher Education: Issues in Teaching and Learning

Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors Introduction, David McNamara and Robert Harris Part One, Principles: Perspectives and Orientation 1. The Experience of Being an Overseas Student, Adrian Furnham 2. Overseas Students in the United Kingdom University System: A Perspective from Social Work, Robert Harris 3. Teaching and Learning for Overseas Students: The Hong Kong Connection, David Chan and Glenn Drover 4. Studying in Europe, John Brennan 5. Communication for Learning Across Cultures, Martin Cortazzi and Lixian Jin 6. Gender Matters: Access, Welfare, Teaching and Learning, Caroline Wright 7. The Purpose of Study, Attitudes to Study and Staff-Student Relationships, John Barker Part Two, Practice: Supporting Learning 8. The Induction of International Students to Academic Life in the United Kingdom, Murray Macrae 9. Through A Glass Darkly: Problems of Studying at Advanced Level Through the Medium of English, Nadine K Cammish 10. Counselling for Excellence: Adjustment Development of South-East Asian Students, Othman Mohamed 11. Supervising Overseas Students: Problem or Opportunity? , Liz Todd 12. Evaluating United Kingdom Courses: The Perspective of the Overseas Student, Jim Ackers Bibliography Index
Single fluorescence probes along the reactive center loop reveal site‐specific changes during the latency transition of PAI‐1

The serine protease inhibitor (serpin), plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), is an important biomarker for cardiovascular disease and many cancers. It is therefore a desirable target for pharmaceutical intervention. However, to date, no PAI‐1 inhibitor has successfully reached clinical trial, indicating the necessity to learn more about the mechanics of the serpin. Although its kinetics of inhibition have been extensively studied, less is known about the latency transition of PAI‐1, in which the solvent‐exposed reactive center loop (RCL) inserts into its central β‐sheet, rendering the inhibitor inactive. This spontaneous transition is concomitant with a large translocation of the RCL, but no change in covalent structure. Here, we conjugated the fluorescent probe, NBD, to single positions along the RCL (P13‐P5′) to detect changes in solvent exposure that occur during the latency transition. The results support a mousetrap‐like RCL‐insertion that occurs with a half‐life of 1–2 h in accordance with previous reports. Importantly, this study exposes unique transitions during latency that occur with a half‐life of ∼5 and 25 min at the P5′ and P8 RCL positions, respectively. We hypothesize that the process detected at P5′ represents s1C detachment, while that at P8 results from a steric barrier to RCL insertion. Together, these findings provide new insights by characterizing multiple steps in the latency transition.
A Whole-Animal Microplate Assay for Metabolic Rate Using Zebrafish

Regulation of whole-body metabolism and energy homeostasis has been shown to require signaling between multiple organs. To identify genetic programs that determine metabolic rate, and compounds that can modify it, a whole-animal assay amenable to large-scale screening was developed. The direct correlation of acid production with metabolic rate was exploited to use a noninvasive colorimetric assay for acid secretion by individual zebrafish larvae in a 96-well plate format. A 3-fold increase in metabolic rate was detected that accompanied development between 24 and 96 h postfertilization. Dynamic changes in metabolic rate were also detected in response to different conditions such as temperature and drug treatments, in general agreement with the rate of oxygen consumption measured concomitantly. This assay was used to measure metabolic rate in the progeny of fish known to carry a recessive mutation in a gene required for ribosome biogenesis ( npofW07-g ), which would be expected to reduce energy consumption. A strong correlation was found (p < 10—6 ) between reduced metabolic rate and genotype even before the developmental defect was visually evident. These studies support the conclusion that whole-animal acid secretion can be used as a readout for energy metabolism, thus enabling large-scale screening for genetic and chemical regulators of metabolic rate in a vertebrate. (Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008;960-967)
Control, stress, and job satisfaction in Canadian nurses

Abstract The main effects of four domains of control (task, decision, resource, physical environment) on job satisfaction and their interactions with three types of job stressors (task demands, role conflict, interpersonal conflict) were examined in a sample of 765 Canadian nurses. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the proportion of variance in job satisfaction that could be accounted for by job stressors, control, and the interaction of stressors and control in that order. The job stressors were analysed separately and as a composite job demands score, as were the four domains of control. The results indicated that the proportion of variance in job satisfaction increased with the addition of control for the composite scores and for task, resource, and physical environment control. However, decision control did not account for additional variance in job satisfaction above that for any of the job stressors. In addition, none of the stressor x control interactions were significant. Th.
The Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on the Cross-Transfer of Strength

This study investigated whether the use of superimposed whole-body vibration (WBV) during cross-education strength training would optimise strength transfer compared to conventional cross-education strength training. Twenty-one healthy, dominant right leg volunteers (21 ± 3 years) were allocated to a strength training (ST, m = 3, f = 4), a strength training with WBV (ST + V, m = 3, f = 4), or a control group (no training, m = 3, f = 4). Training groups performed 9 sessions over 3 weeks, involving unilateral squats for the right leg, with or without WBV (35 Hz; 2.5 mm amplitude). All groups underwent dynamic single leg maximum strength testing (1RM) and single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) prior to and following training. Strength increased in the trained limb for the ST (41%; ES = 1.14) and ST + V (55%; ES = 1.03) groups, which resulted in a 35% (ES = 0.99) strength transfer to the untrained left leg for the ST group and a 52% (ES = 0.97) strength transfer to the untrained leg for the ST + V group, when compared to the control group. No differences in strength transfer between training groups were observed (P = 0.15). For the untrained leg, no differences in the peak height of recruitment curves or SICI were observed between ST and ST + V groups (P = 1.00). Strength training with WBV does not appear to modulate the cross-transfer of strength to a greater magnitude when compared to conventional cross-education strength training.
Adaptations and deficits in the vestibulo-ocular reflex after sixth nerve palsy.

PURPOSE The effects of paralytic strabismus on the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) have not been systematically investigated in humans. The purpose of this study was to analyze the VOR in patients with unilateral peripheral sixth nerve palsy. METHODS Twenty-one patients with unilateral peripheral sixth nerve palsy (6 severe, 7 moderate, 8 mild) and 15 normal subjects were studied. Subjects made sinusoidal +/-10 degrees head-on-body rotations in yaw and pitch at approximately 0.5 and 2 Hz, and in roll at approximately 0.5, 1, and 2 Hz. Eye movement recordings were obtained using magnetic scleral search coils in each eye in darkness and during monocular viewing in light. Static torsional VOR gains, defined as change in torsional eye position divided by change in head position during sustained head roll, were also measured. RESULTS In all patients, horizontal VOR gains in darkness were decreased in the paretic eye in both abduction and adduction, but remained normal in the nonparetic eye in both directions. In light, horizontal visually enhanced VOR (VVOR) gains were normal in both eyes in moderate and mild palsy. In severe palsy, horizontal VVOR gains remained low in the paretic eye during viewing with either eye, whereas those in the nonparetic eye were higher than normal when the paretic eye viewed. Vertical VOR and VVOR were normal, but dynamic and static torsional VOR and VVOR gains were reduced in both eyes in all patients. CONCLUSIONS In darkness, horizontal VOR gains were reduced during abduction of the paretic eye in all patients, as anticipated in sixth nerve palsy. Gains were also reduced during adduction of the paretic eye, suggesting that innervation to the medial rectus has changed. After severe palsy, vision did not increase abducting or adducting horizontal VVOR gains to normal in the paretic eye, but caused secondary increase in VVOR gains to values above unity in the nonparetic eye, when the paretic eye fixated. In mild and moderate palsy, vision enhanced the VOR in the paretic eye but caused no change in the nonparetic eye, suggesting a monocular readjustment of innervation selectively to the paretic eye. Vertical VOR and VVOR gains were normal, indicating that the lateral rectus did not have significant vertical actions through the excursions that we tested (+/-10 degrees ). Reduced torsional VOR gains in the paretic eye can be explained by the esotropia in sixth nerve palsy. Torsional VOR gain normally varies with vergence. We attribute the reduced torsional gains in the paretic eye to the mechanism that normally lowers it during convergence. The low torsional gains in the nonparetic eye may be an adaptation to reduce torsional disparity between the two eyes.
Strategic Culture: A “Cultural” Understanding of War

The concept of strategic culture has become increasingly important in the field of strategic studies. This article traces the evolution of strategic culture as an academic topic and suggests that the importance of culture for understanding strategic issues was also recognized in ancient times. However, it was only in the latter part of the twentieth century that the concept of strategic culture was able to attract the attention of strategic studies theorists. The process whereby strategic studies has attained its present status has been one of scholarly debates and this paper seeks to chronicle that process
Sexual differences in telomere selection in the wild

Telomere length is restored primarily through the action of the reverse transcriptase telomerase, which may contribute to a prolonged lifespan in some but not all species and may result in longer telomeres in one sex than the other. To what extent this is an effect of proximate mechanisms (e.g. higher stress in males, higher oestradiol/oestrogen levels in females), or is an evolved adaptation (stronger selection for telomere length in one sex), usually remains unknown. Sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) females have longer telomeres than males and better maintain telomere length through life than males do. We also show that telomere length more strongly contributes to life span and lifetime reproductive success in females than males and that telomere length is under sexually diversifying selection in the wild. Finally, we performed a selection analysis with number of recruited offspring into the adult population as a response variable with telomere length, life span and body size as predictor variables. This showed significant differences in selection pressures between the sexes with strong ongoing selection in females, with these three predictors explaining 63% of the variation in recruitment. Thus, the sexually dimorphic telomere dynamics with longer telomeres in females is a result of past and ongoing selection in sand lizards. Finally, we compared the results from our selection analyses based on Telometric‐derived data to the results based on data generated by the software ImageJ. ImageJ resulted in shorter average telomere length, but this difference had virtually no qualitative effect on the patterns of ongoing selection.
A Simple Model of Climatological Rainfall and Vertical Motion Patterns over the Tropical Oceans

Abstract A simple model is developed that predicts climatological rainfall, vertical motion, and diabatic heating profiles over the tropical oceans given the sea surface temperature (SST), using statistical relationships deduced from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). The model allows for two modes of variability in the vertical motion profiles: a shallow mode responsible for all “boundary layer” convergence between 850 hPa and the surface, and a deep mode with no boundary layer convergence. The model is based on the argument expressed in the authors’ companion paper that boundary layer convergence can be usefully viewed as a forcing on deep convection, not just a result thereof. The shallow mode is either specified from satellite observations or modeled using a simple mixed-layer model that has SST as well as 850-hPa geopotential height, winds, and temperature as boundary conditions. The deep-mode amplitude is empirically shown to be proportional to a simple measure of conditional instability in conve.
Radiologists' agreement when using a 10-point scale to report abdominal radiographic findings of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate radiologists' agreement when using a 10-point scale of abnormal findings designed to standardize reporting of abdominal radiographs in neonates or infants with suspected necrotizing enterocolitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 10-point scale of radiographic findings was devised at our institution and was in use for approximately 18 months before the initiation of this study. After institutional review board approval, 88 abdominal radiographs (anteroposterior and cross-table lateral) were randomly selected for review, allowing for an equal distribution of examinations throughout the scale according to the original examination report. The mean age of the patients in the total study population was 24.9 days (range, 0-56 days); 61 patients (47.3%) were girls and 68 (52.7%) were boys. Four pediatric radiologists having 20, 13, 7, and 5 years of experience scored images twice at least 4 weeks apart according to the scale, which was designed to characterize certainty and severity of disease in neonates and infants with possible necrotizing enterocolitis. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement was assessed by applying weighted kappa statistics. Operative and pathology reports were reviewed. RESULTS The average intraobserver weighted kappa value was 0.792 (SD, 0.025; range, 0.635-0.946). The average interobserver weighted kappa value was 0.665 (SD, 0.035, range, 0.574-0.898). CONCLUSION Substantial intraobserver and interobserver agreement was found when radiologists used a 10-point scale to report abnormal findings on abdominal radiographs in neonates or infants with suspected necrotizing enterocolitis. This scale warrants further evaluation as a potentially useful clinical tool.