Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age-Related Decline in Circadian Output

Disruptions in sleep/wake cycles, including decreased amplitude of rhythmic behaviors and fragmentation of the sleep episodes, are commonly associated with aging in humans and other mammals. While there are undoubtedly many factors contributing to these changes, a body of literature is emerging, suggesting that an age-related decline in the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) may be a key element responsible. To explore age-related changes in the SCN, we have performed in vivo multiunit neural activity (MUA) recordings from the SCN of freely moving young (3–5 months) and middle-aged (13–18 months) mice. Importantly, the amplitude of day–night difference in MUA was significantly reduced in the older mice. We also found that the neural activity rhythms are clearly degraded in the subparaventricular zone, one of the main neural outputs of the SCN. Surprisingly, parallel studies indicate that the molecular clockwork in the SCN as measured by PER2 exhibited only minor deficits at this same age. Thus, the circadian output measured at the level of neural activity rhythms in the SCN is degraded by aging, and this decline occurs before the disruption of key components of the molecular clockwork.
Epidemiology of Insomnia in Korean Adults: Prevalence and Associated Factors

Background and purpose Insomnia is a common complaint in adults. However, large epidemiologic studies of insomnia involving Asian populations are rarely reported. We performed an epidemiologic study of insomnia in a large Korean adult population. Methods A total of 5,000 subjects (2,470 men and 2,530 women) were interviewed by telephone. A representative sample of subjects aged 20 to 69 years was constituted according to a stratified, multistage random sampling method. Insomnia was defined as either any difficulty getting to sleep or getting back to sleep after waking in the night. Results More than one fifth (n=1,141, 22.8%) of the 5,000 subjects complained of insomnia, with the prevalence being significantly higher in women (25.3%) than in men (20.2%, p<0.001). Logistic regression revealed that the prevalence of insomnia increased significantly with age (p<0.001), being higher in those aged 60-69 years than in those aged 20-29 years (OR=2.368, 95% CI=1.762-3.182, p<0.001), and was lower in those with a monthly income of >4.5 million Korean won than in those with an income of <1.5 million Korean won (OR=0.689, 95% CI=0.523-0.906, p<0.01). Conclusions Insomnia is a common complaint in Korean adults, and its prevalence is similar to that in adults in Western countries.
Helping People Forgive

Using resources from Scripture, theology, and the social sciences, pastoral counselor David Augsburger explores the complicated issues of Christian forgiveness and reconciliation and their real-world applications. Comprehensive in scope and fully illustrated with numerous charts, graphs, case studies, and parables, Helping People Forgive is a unique and essential resource for clergy and pastoral counselors.
Summarization of Multi-Document Topic Hierarchies using Submodular Mixtures

We study the problem of summarizing DAG-structured topic hierarchies over a given set of documents. Example applications include automatically generating Wikipedia disambiguation pages for a set of articles, and generating candidate multi-labels for preparing machine learning datasets (e.g., for text classification, functional genomics, and image classification). Unlike previous work, which focuses on clustering the set of documents using the topic hierarchy as features, we directly pose the problem as a submodular optimization problem on a topic hierarchy using the documents as features. Desirable properties of the chosen topics include document coverage, specificity, topic diversity, and topic homogeneity, each of which, we show, is naturally modeled by a submodular function. Other information, provided say by unsupervised approaches such as LDA and its variants, can also be utilized by defining a submodular function that expresses coherence between the chosen topics and this information. We use a large-margin framework to learn convex mixtures over the set of submodular components. We empirically evaluate our method on the problem of automatically generating Wikipedia disambiguation pages using human generated clusterings as ground truth. We find that our framework improves upon several baselines according to a variety of standard evaluation metrics including the Jaccard Index, F1 score and NMI, and moreover, can be scaled to extremely large scale problems.
Combination Antiretroviral Strategies for the Treatment of Pregnant HIV‐1‐Infected Women and Prevention of Perinatal HIV‐1 Transmission

Context: The Women and Infants Transmission Study is a prospective natural history study that has been enrolling HIV‐1‐infected pregnant women and their infants since 1989. Objective: Toevaluate the impact of different antiretroviral regimens on perinatal HIV‐1 transmission at the population level. Design: Prospective cohort study. Plasma HIV‐1 RNA levels were serially measured in 1542 HIV‐1‐infected women with singleton live births between January 1990 and June 2000. Main Outcome Measure: HIV‐1 status of the infant. Results: HIV‐1 transmission was 20.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.1%‐ 23.9%) for 396 women who not receiving prenatal antiretroviral therapy; 10.4% (95% CI, 8.2%‐12.6%) for 710 receiving zidovudine monotherapy; 3.8% (95% CI, 1.1%‐ 6.5%) for 186 receiving dual antiretroviral therapy with no or one highly active drug (Multi‐ART); and 1.2% (95% CI, 0‐2.5%) for 250 receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Transmission also varied by maternal delivery HIV RNA level: 1.0% for <400; 5.3% for 400 to 3499; 9.3% for 3500 to 9999; 14.7% for 10,000 to 29,999; and 23.4% for >30,000 copies/mL (p = .0001 for trend). The odds of transmission increased 2.4‐fold (95% CI, 1.7‐3.5) for every log10 increase in delivery viral load. In multivariate analyses adjusting for maternal viral load, duration of therapy, and other factors, the odds ratio for transmission for women receiving Multi‐ART and HAART compared with those receiving ZDV monotherapy was 0.30 (95% CI, 0.09‐1.02) and 0.27 (95% CI, 0.08‐0.94), respectively. Conclusion: Levels of HIV‐1 RNA at delivery and prenatal antiretroviral therapy were independently associated with transmission. The protective effect of therapy increased with the complexity and duration of the regimen. HAART was associated with the lowest rates of transmission.
A combination of plasma phospholipid fatty acids and its association with incidence of type 2 diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study

Background Combinations of multiple fatty acids may influence cardiometabolic risk more than single fatty acids. The association of a combination of fatty acids with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) has not been evaluated. Methods and findings We measured plasma phospholipid fatty acids by gas chromatography in 27,296 adults, including 12,132 incident cases of T2D, over the follow-up period between baseline (1991–1998) and 31 December 2007 in 8 European countries in EPIC-InterAct, a nested case-cohort study. The first principal component derived by principal component analysis of 27 individual fatty acids (mole percentage) was the main exposure (subsequently called the fatty acid pattern score [FA-pattern score]). The FA-pattern score was partly characterised by high concentrations of linoleic acid, stearic acid, odd-chain fatty acids, and very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and low concentrations of γ-linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids, and it explained 16.1% of the overall variability of the 27 fatty acids. Based on country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression and random-effects meta-analysis, the FA-pattern score was associated with lower incident T2D. Comparing the top to the bottom fifth of the score, the hazard ratio of incident T2D was 0.23 (95% CI 0.19–0.29) adjusted for potential confounders and 0.37 (95% CI 0.27–0.50) further adjusted for metabolic risk factors. The association changed little after adjustment for individual fatty acids or fatty acid subclasses. In cross-sectional analyses relating the FA-pattern score to metabolic, genetic, and dietary factors, the FA-pattern score was inversely associated with adiposity, triglycerides, liver enzymes, C-reactive protein, a genetic score representing insulin resistance, and dietary intakes of soft drinks and alcohol and was positively associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and intakes of polyunsaturated fat, dietary fibre, and coffee (p < 0.05 each). Limitations include potential measurement error in the fatty acids and other model covariates and possible residual confounding. Conclusions A combination of individual fatty acids, characterised by high concentrations of linoleic acid, odd-chain fatty acids, and very long-chain fatty acids, was associated with lower incidence of T2D. The specific fatty acid pattern may be influenced by metabolic, genetic, and dietary factors.
Fine-Scale Cavitation of Ionospheric Plasma Caused by Inertial Alfvén Wave Ponderomotive Force

Deep, very narrow magnetic-field-aligned density depletions were observed by the Freja spacecraft during auroral oval crossings. These cavities have perpendicular width of the order of the electron skin depth c/ωpe and are associated with low-frequency electromagnetic perturbations and with discrete auroral structures. We demonstrate here that these cavities are likely produced by the ponderomotive force of inertial Alfven waves.
Three-dimensional finite element stress analysis of different core materials in maxillary implant-supported fixed partial dentures.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate compressive and tensile stress values and patterns on implant-supported all-ceramic restorations applied in maxillary partially edentulous cases by utilizing the 3-dimensional (3-D) finite element stress analysis. METHOD AND MATERIALS Two different 3-D finite element designs representing a maxillary implant-supported fixed partial denture (from maxillary canine to second premolar) were constructed with 3 different core materials (Inceram-Zirconia, IPS 2 disilicate glass-ceramic, cobalt-chromium). In the first design, the cross-sectional connector areas of the dentures were constructed to be 3.5 3 3.5 mm. In the second design, the cross-sectional areas were decreased to 2 3 2 mm. A load of 550 N was applied in oblique direction onto the pontic. RESULTS The compressive and tensile stress levels obtained in the second design were higher than the first one for all materials. The compressive and tensile stresses were higher when the loads were directly applied onto the cores and the framework than when they were applied onto the porcelain sets. The cross-sectional connector area between the abutment and the pontic component has a great effect on the success of all-ceramic implant-supported fixed partial dentures. CONCLUSIONS All 3 materials seem to have sufficient characteristic strength for 3-unit posterior implant-supported fixed partial dentures. Only the tensile stress value obtained for IPS 2 disilicate glass core material in the second design was higher than the material's characteristic strength value when the load was applied directly onto the core.
A FLEXIBLE SPATIAL BLIND SOURCE EXTRACTION FRAMEWORK FOR ROBUST SPEECH RECOGNITION IN NOISY ENVIRONMENTS

Blind source extraction (BSE) is an attractive approach to enhance multichannel noisy speech data, as a preprocessing step for an automatic speech recognition system. BSE was successfully applied to the first Chime Pascal Challenge for improving the recognition rate of noisy commands in a small dictionary task. In this work we reviewed the BSE architecture and improved each system block in the framework in order to increase its flexibility and degree of blindness. Two different algorithms are finally implemented to address both Tracks of the 2nd Chime Challenge. To improve the overall performance, the output of the enhancement algorithm is then combined with robust ASR systems based on gammatone features analysis and on uncertainty decoding. Results obtained with different front-end and back-end configurations demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approaches.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ROMANIAN AGARICUS BLAZEI MURRILL . AND AGARICUS BISPORUS

Mushrooms are widely used in therapeutics, due to their various biological effects. The aim of our paper was the assessment of the chemical composition and the assessment of the antioxidant activity of Agaricus bisporus (wild-growing and cultivated) and Agaricus blazei (cultivated) mushrooms. Phytochemical screening was determined by means of spectrophotometric, spectrometric, and X-ray diffraction methods. Antioxidant activity was assessed by scavenger activity towards DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS· (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radicals, ferric reducing power and ferrous ions chelating properties. Wild-growing Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus blazei have a similar total phenolic content. The highest calcium (1783.14 mg/kg), potassium (99580.08 mg/kg) and magnesium (1070.79 mg/kg) concentrations were found for wild-growing Agaricus bisporus. Cultivated Agaricus bisporus had a weak antioxidant capacity. All analysed mushrooms are a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity.
Variation in Hospital-Based Acute Care within 30 Days of Outpatient Plastic Surgery

Background: When complications arise following outpatient plastic surgery, patients may require hospital-based acute care after discharge. The extent to which these events vary across centers may reflect the quality of care provided. The authors conducted this study to describe the frequency and variation of hospital-based acute care rates across ambulatory surgery centers. Methods: From the 2009 to 2010 California, Florida, Nebraska, and New York ambulatory surgery databases, the authors identified adult patients who underwent common outpatient plastic surgery procedures between July of 2009 and September of 2010. Hospital-based acute care was defined as any emergency department visit or hospital admission within 30 days of discharge. Performance across centers was assessed by calculating observed-to-expected ratios derived from multivariable logistic regression models. Results: The authors identified 72,308 discharges from 519 centers. Most were female patients (80.9 percent); self-pay patients (41.5 percent); and underwent blepharoplasty (36.9 percent), breast augmentation (14.2 percent), or multiple procedures (12.2 percent). The observed hospital-based, acute care rate was 42.8 encounters per 1000 discharges, with most managed in the emergency department for symptoms or complications of care. The median charges associated with these encounters were $2183 and $26,299 for emergency department visits and hospital admissions, respectively. Wide variation was noted in hospital-based acute care rates, with 15 centers (2.9 percent) performing significantly better and 27 (5.2 percent) performing significantly worse than expected after adjusting for case mix. Conclusions: The overall rate of hospital-based acute care after common outpatient plastic surgery procedures is low but measurable. However, the frequency of these events varies across centers and may reflect the quality of care provided.
The humor continuum: From text to smart environments (keynote paper)

Humor is important in our daily life, whether our activities are at home, at work, or in public spaces, for example during sports or other recreational and entertainment activities. Until now, computational humor, the research area that investigates rules and algorithms to understand and to generate humor, has only looked at verbal humor and in particular puns (word play) and jokes. However, nowadays, humor has to be understood when it appears in digital audiovisual media, or in interactive virtual environments (game environments), or with the help of smart and interactive objects and devices, including wearables. In this paper we discuss the characteristics of the various media and environments in which humor can emerge. The goal however, is to make clear that future smart environments can facilitate humorous event creation by its human partners and can take the initiative to generate humor.
Recovery rates in generalized anxiety disorder following psychological therapy: an analysis of clinically significant change in the STAI-T across outcome studies since 1990

Background. There have been six randomized controlled trials of psychological therapy with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) using DSM-III-R and DSM-IV. All have used the Trait version of the Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) as one of several outcome measures. Each study, however, employed different methods of calculating the clinical significance of outcomes making it difficult to reach a balanced appraisal of the efficacy of psychological treatment. Methods. Raw data on STAI-T scores at pre-, post- and follow-up were obtained for each of the six studies (total N=404). Jacobson methodology for defining clinically significant change (criterion c, reliable change index = 8, cut-off point = 46) was used to allocate each patient to one of four outcomes: worse, unchanged, improved and recovered. The proportion of patients in each category was calculated for treatment conditions in each study and also for aggregate data across types of treatment. Results. A recovery rate of 40% was found for the sample as a whole with 12 of the 20 treatment conditions obtaining very modest recovery rates of 30% or less. Two treatment approaches – individual cognitive behavioural therapy and applied relaxation – do relatively well with overall recovery rates at 6-month follow-up of 50–60%. Conclusions. Jacobson methodology, in distinguishing between improvement and recovery on a standardized measure of general vulnerability to anxiety, provides a stringent but clinically more meaningful evaluation of the efficacy of psychological therapies with GAD than has been available hitherto. Systematic focus on either excessive worry or physiological arousal gives worthwhile results.
PdeH, a High-Affinity cAMP Phosphodiesterase, Is a Key Regulator of Asexual and Pathogenic Differentiation in Magnaporthe oryzae

Cyclic AMP-dependent pathways mediate the communication between external stimuli and the intracellular signaling machinery, thereby influencing important aspects of cellular growth, morphogenesis and differentiation. Crucial to proper function and robustness of these signaling cascades is the strict regulation and maintenance of intracellular levels of cAMP through a fine balance between biosynthesis (by adenylate cyclases) and hydrolysis (by cAMP phosphodiesterases). We functionally characterized gene-deletion mutants of a high-affinity (PdeH) and a low-affinity (PdeL) cAMP phosphodiesterase in order to gain insights into the spatial and temporal regulation of cAMP signaling in the rice-blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. In contrast to the expendable PdeL function, the PdeH activity was found to be a key regulator of asexual and pathogenic development in M. oryzae. Loss of PdeH led to increased accumulation of intracellular cAMP during vegetative and infectious growth. Furthermore, the pdeHΔ showed enhanced conidiation (2–3 fold), precocious appressorial development, loss of surface dependency during pathogenesis, and highly reduced in planta growth and host colonization. A pdeHΔ pdeLΔ mutant showed reduced conidiation, exhibited dramatically increased (∼10 fold) cAMP levels relative to the wild type, and was completely defective in virulence. Exogenous addition of 8-Br-cAMP to the wild type simulated the pdeHΔ defects in conidiation as well as in planta growth and development. While a fully functional GFP-PdeH was cytosolic but associated dynamically with the plasma membrane and vesicular compartments, the GFP-PdeL localized predominantly to the nucleus. Based on data from cAMP measurements and Real-Time RTPCR, we uncover a PdeH-dependent biphasic regulation of cAMP levels during early and late stages of appressorial development in M. oryzae. We propose that PdeH-mediated sustenance and dynamic regulation of cAMP signaling during M. oryzae development is crucial for successful establishment and spread of the blast disease in rice.
Who’s Afraid of Philosophy?: Right to Philosophy 1

This volume reflects Jacques Derrida's engagement in the late 1970s with French political debates on the teaching of philosophy and the reform of the French university system. He was a founding member of the Research Group on the Teaching of Philosophy (Greph), an activist group that mobilized opposition to the Giscard government's proposals to "rationalize" the French educational system in 1975, and a convener of the Estates General of Philosophy, a vast gathering in 1979 of educators from across France. While addressing specific contemporary political issues on occasion, thus providing insight into the pragmatic deployment of deconstructive analysis, the essays deal mainly with much broader concerns. With his typical rigor and spark, Derrida investigates the genealogy of several central concepts which any debate about teaching and the university must confront. Thus there are essays on the "teaching body," both the faculty corps and the strange interplay in the French (but not only the French) tradition between the mind and body of the professor; on the question of age in teaching, analyzed through a famous letter of Hegel; on the class, the classroom, and the socio-economic concept of class in education; on language, especially so-called "natural languages" like French; and on the legacy of the revolutionary tradition, the Estates General, in the university. The essays are linked by the extraordinary care and precision with which Derrida undertakes a political intervention into, and a philosophical analysis of, the institutionalization of philosophy in the university.
Characteristics, Composition and Oxidative Stability of Lannea microcarpa Seed and Seed Oil

The proximate composition of seeds and main physicochemical properties and thermal stability of oil extracted from Lannea microcarpa seeds were evaluated. The percentage composition of the seeds was: ash (3.11%), crude oil (64.90%), protein (21.14%), total carbohydrate (10.85%) and moisture (3.24%). Physicochemical properties of the oil were: refractive index, 1.473; melting point, 22.60°C; saponification value, 194.23 mg of KOH/g of oil; iodine value, 61.33 g of I2/100 g of oil; acid value, 1.21 mg of KOH/g of oil; peroxide value, 1.48 meq of O2/kg of oil and oxidative stability index, 43.20 h. Oleic (43.45%), palmitic (34.45%), linoleic (11.20%) and stearic (8.35%) acids were the most dominant fatty acids. Triacylglycerols with equivalent carbon number (ECN) 48 and ECN 46 were dominant (46.96% and 37.31%, respectively). The major triacylglycerol constituents were palmitoyl diolein (POO) (21.23%), followed by dipalmitoyl olein (POP) (16.47%), palmitoyl linoleyl olein (PLO) (12.03%), dipalmitoyl linolein (PLP) (10.85%) and dioleoyl linolein (LOO) (9.30%). The total polyphenol and tocopherol contents were 1.39 mg GAE g−1 DW and 578.56 ppm, respectively. γ-Tocopherol was the major tocopherol (437.23 ppm). These analytical results indicated that the L. microcarpa seed oil could be used as a frying oil and in the cosmetic industry.