Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Globalising a local language and localising a global language: the case of Kamtok and English in Cameroon

This paper assesses efforts being made to promote and expose a Cameroonian local language, Kamtok, to the global, intellectual community and to integrate and promote a global language in the Cameroonian context. Kamtok carries the ecology, culture and identity of Cameroon, besides being one of the most widely spoken languages in the country. The global language which is the focus of this discourse is English, considering that its use is no longer restricted to any particular country. The language, like other colonial linguistic legacies, was transported through colonialism and transplanted in different parts of the world, including Cameroon, and is now serving communication needs beyond the frontiers of its original seat. It is therefore claimed in this paper that Kamtok, like many Cameroonian indigenous languages, is relegated to the background and hidden from the global community, paradoxically because it carries the ecology and identity of Cameroon, and English, like other global languages, is being localized and promoted in the Cameroonian context with every iota of passion and vigour. This type of tendency is predictably rooted in the colonial history or in what Bokamba (2007: 41) calls a ‘ukolonia’ tendency whereby the colonised people were indoctrinated to believe that everything of theirs, including their indigenous languages and culture, was inferior and barbaric. Interestingly, English in Cameroon, unlike Kamtok, has an official recognition and is one of the official languages used for state transactions; it is taught in most, if not all, Cameroonian schools and the variety spoken in Britain is most often the classroom target, though this is done with little or no success; it has been the focus of many research works carried out by local researchers; and its vigorous promotion has even led to the banning of an important Cameroonian language, as shall be discussed later. Kamtok, on the other hand, has witnessed, and is still witnessing, many turbulent moments, such as the open and official banning of its use in some public circles, the complete absence of educational and political efforts to promote it, lack of standardisation, misrepresentation of its developmental status by both scholars and laypeople, and lack of scholarly interest from local researchers.
The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880–1920. By Olivier Zunz. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1982. Pp. xix + 482. $43.00

separate from the text) vividly portray what life and work used to be like. Unfortunately, the text of the book is disappointing. It is often digressive and overly concerned with trivia, while major issues are ignored, slighted, or obscured. This work will appeal more to maritime history buffs than to serious scholars of business or economic history. Echoes of the Whistle is still more disappointing. This volume tells in chronological fashion the story of the Union Steamship Company. Between 1889 and 1959, this corporation provided hundreds of logging camps and other settlements along the coast of British Columbia with scheduled passenger and freight service. Intended as a companion volume to Gerald Rushton's earlier study Whistle Up the Inlet, the work is an attractive coffee-table picture book. It reveals little about the business and economic evolution of either Union Steamship or British Columbia. In short, while these three works investigate subjects of interest to business and economic historians, they fail to examine them thoroughly. Much remains to be done on the maritime history of the Pacific Coast and its relationship to that region's economic growth.
Flow within the engineering pipeline: Motivation of high -achieving students during the high school to college transition

Student motivation is often related to perceptions of the learning environment, making the transition from high school to college a critical period as students adjust to new learning environments. It is also a critical time for engineering programs as high-achieving students who drop out of engineering during this period are not likely to be replaced. A web-based survey including nine scales assessing personal motivation, perceived classroom goal structures, and academic related beliefs and behaviors was administered to eighty-eight students who participated at two time points---the end of senior year in high school and the end of the first semester in college. These students were defined as high achieving; scoring in the 90th percentile on the Math I SAT test and earning an "A" in the high school class that best represented their knowledge and experience of engineering. Respondents reported higher mastery goal orientation scores than performance goals (approach and avoidance) in high school and college. They also perceived their engineering classrooms as promoting mastery goals over performance goals. As predicted, students' perceptions of the classroom environment were related to personal goal orientation. Mastery orientation in students was positively correlated to classrooms perceived as promoting mastery goals; in addition, there was a significant negative correlation between perceptions of mastery orientation in college engineering classrooms and personal performance goals. Performance orientation was associated with self-handicapping and avoiding academic novelty in high school and college. Both men and women in this high-achieving sample reported on average a significant drop in selfefficacy scores and an increase in avoiding academic novelty scores during the high school to college transition. This study underscores the importance of studying student motivation across dynamic school transitions and the relationship between students' motivation and classroom climate. The transition into college may involve threats to high-achieving students' motivation. The low response rate in the study highlights the need for traditional forms of contact for follow-up such as phone calls and post cards when doing a longitudinal webbased survey.
A simplified, data-constrained approach to estimate the permafrost carbon–climate feedback

We present an approach to estimate the feedback from large-scale thawing of permafrost soils using a simplified, data-constrained model that combines three elements: soil carbon (C) maps and profiles to identify the distribution and type of C in permafrost soils; incubation experiments to quantify the rates of C lost after thaw; and models of soil thermal dynamics in response to climate warming. We call the approach the Permafrost Carbon Network Incubation–Panarctic Thermal scaling approach (PInc-PanTher). The approach assumes that C stocks do not decompose at all when frozen, but once thawed follow set decomposition trajectories as a function of soil temperature. The trajectories are determined according to a three-pool decomposition model fitted to incubation data using parameters specific to soil horizon types. We calculate litterfall C inputs required to maintain steady-state C balance for the current climate, and hold those inputs constant. Soil temperatures are taken from the soil thermal modules of ecosystem model simulations forced by a common set of future climate change anomalies under two warming scenarios over the period 2010 to 2100. Under a medium warming scenario (RCP4.5), the approach projects permafrost soil C losses of 12.2–33.4 Pg C; under a high warming scenario (RCP8.5), the approach projects C losses of 27.9–112.6 Pg C. Projected C losses are roughly linearly proportional to global temperature changes across the two scenarios. These results indicate a global sensitivity of frozen soil C to climate change (γ sensitivity) of −14 to −19 Pg C °C−1 on a 100 year time scale. For CH4 emissions, our approach assumes a fixed saturated area and that increases in CH4 emissions are related to increased heterotrophic respiration in anoxic soil, yielding CH4 emission increases of 7% and 35% for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, which add an additional greenhouse gas forcing of approximately 10–18%. The simplified approach presented here neglects many important processes that may amplify or mitigate C release from permafrost soils, but serves as a data-constrained estimate on the forced, large-scale permafrost C response to warming.
Toward an understanding of risk factors for binge-eating disorder in black and white women: a community-based case-control study

Background. This study sought to identify in white women risk factors specific to binge-eating disorder (BED) and for psychiatric disorders in general, and to compare black and white women on risk factors for BED. Method. A case-control design was used. Participants were recruited from the community and included 162 women who met DSM-IV criteria for BED and two comparison groups of women with no history of clinically significant eating disorder symptoms. The comparison women were matched to BED women on age, education and ethnicity and divided into a healthy comparison (HC) group, who had no current psychiatric disorder, and a psychiatric comparison (PC) group, who had a diagnosis of a DSM-IV Axis I psychiatric disorder. The study sample size was determined by the group with the least members (PC), including 107 women with BED and 214 matched comparison women. A broad range of risk factors was assessed with a Risk Factor Interview and the Parental Bonding Instrument. Results. No significant effects for ethnicity by diagnostic group were found. BED women reported higher exposure to childhood obesity, family overeating or binge-eating, family discord, and high parental demands than PC women. The combined BED and PC group scored significantly higher than the HC group on measures of negative affect, parental mood and substance disorders, perfectionism, separation from parents, and maternal problems with parenting. Conclusions. These findings indicate that childhood obesity and familial eating problems are reliable specific risk factors for BED. Ethnicity does not appear to moderate risk for BED.
New Approaches for the Production of Hydrocarbons from Hydrate Bearing Sediments

The presence of natural gas hydrates at all active and passive continental margins has been proven. Their global occurrence as well as the fact that huge amounts of methane and other lighter hydrocarbons are stored in natural gas hydrates has led to the idea of using hydrate bearing sediments as an energy resource. However, natural gas hydrates remain stable as long as they are in mechanical, thermal and chemical equilibrium with their environment. Thus, for the production of gas from hydrate bearing sediments, at least one of these equilibrium states must be disturbed by depressurization, heating or addition of chemicals such as CO 2 . Depressurization, thermal or chemical stimulation may be used alone or in combination, but the idea of producing hydrocarbons from hydrate bearing sediments by CO 2 injection suggests the potential of an almost emission free use of this unconventional natural gas resource. However, up to now there are still open questions regarding all three production principles. Within the framework of the German national research project SUGAR the thermal stimulation method by use of in situ combustion was developed and tested on a pilot plant scale and the CH 4 -CO 2 swapping process in gas hydrates studied on a molecular level. Microscopy, confocal Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used for in situ investigations of the CO 2 -hydrocarbon exchange process in gas hydrates and its driving forces. For the thermal stimulation a heat exchange reactor was designed and tested for the exothermal catalytic oxidation of methane. Furthermore, a large scale reservoir simulator was realized to synthesize hydrates in sediments under conditions similar to nature and to test the efficiency of the reactor. Thermocouples placed in the reservoir simulator with a total volume of 425 L collect data regarding the propagation of the heat front. In addition, CH 4 sensors are placed in the water saturated sediment to detect the distribution of CH 4 in the sample. These data are used for numerical simulations for up-scaling from laboratory to field conditions. This study presents the experimental set up of the large scale reservoir simulator and the reactor design. Preliminary results indicate that the catalytic oxidation of CH 4 operated as a temperature controlled, autothermal reaction in a countercurrent heat exchange reactor is a safe and promising tool for the thermal stimulation of hydrates. In addition, preliminary results from the laboratory studies on the CO 2 -hydrocarbon swapping process in simple and mixed gas hydrates are presented.
Police shootings of unarmed African American males: A systematic review

ABSTRACT This article describes the results of a systematic review examining police shootings of unarmed African American males. Each source was evaluated by two reviewers and coded based on topic relevance and inclusion criteria. Because of the weak external validity found among the experimental studies, the authors made a substantive decision not to synthesize studies in a meta-analysis. Social work practice implications are gleaned from secondary data obtained from coroner, medical examiner, toxicology, police reports, and the experimental studies included in the systematic review. Individual, community, and police departmental policy factors were most often reported to explain such shootings when excluding sources that examined armed African American males. Implications for micro and macro–social work practice are summarized as individual, community, and police departmental policy factors.
Responses of state hospital patients to Hurricane Iniki.

Natural disasters provide an obvious setting in which to study the human stress response. Many studies have explored the incidence of psychiatric sequelae in nonpsychiatnic populaiions who have experienced a disaster (1,2). Other studies have exclusively addressed reactions ofpsychiatnic patients(3,4), but we know ofnone that has specifically examined the responses ofstate hospital inpatients to natural disaster. Our report examines the effects of Hurricane Iniki on inpatients at Hawaii State Hospital. The study is also unique in that it focuses on a vulnerable island population with previous hurricane experience and distinct cultural attitudes toward nature. We describe the clinical approach of our staff and examine the immediate, short-, and long-term responses of
Women in the estate sector of Malawi: the tea and tobacco industries

Working paper on sex discrimination, the economic role and agricultural employment of rural women as plantation worker in Malawi. Examines labour force participation of women workers as seasonal workers or in part-time employment, unpaid work of married women and homemakers on tea and tobacco plantations. Discusses wage structures, working conditions, living conditions, the role of the traditional family structures and tenancy. Bibliography and statistical tables.
Sleep Parameters and Architecture in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparison with Typically Developing Peers and Across Subtypes

Sleep Parameters and Architecture in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparison with Typically Developing Peers and Across Subtypes Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common, yet poorly understood. Furthermore, little research has been done to compare sleep between subtypes of children with ADHD. The current study used polysomnography to investigate sleep architecture and sleep parameters in a rigorously diagnosed, medication-naive, age- and sex-matched sample of children with ADHD and their typically developing (TD) peers. Sleep was compared between 25 children with ADHD and 25 TD children between 6 and 12 years of age, and between children with different subtypes of ADHD. Results indicate that children with ADHD took longer to fall asleep than their TD peers; however, no other differences in sleep between the two groups were identified. Furthermore, no differences were found in any sleep parameters or sleep architecture variables between ADHD subtypes. Future research should continue to investigate sleep in children with ADHD by investigating additional sleep variables including nocturnal movement, stage shifts per hour, and sleep microstructure.
Spindles of an Entomopoxvirus Facilitate Its Infection of the Host Insect by Disrupting the Peritrophic Membrane

ABSTRACT The mode of action by which entomopoxvirus (EPV) spindles, proteinaceous crystalline bodies produced by EPVs, enhance EPV infection has not been clarified. We fed Anomala cuprea EPV (AcEPV) spindles to host insects; subsequent scanning electron microscopy revealed the disruption of the peritrophic membranes (PMs) of these insects. The PM is reportedly a barrier against the infection of some insects by viruses. Quantitative PCR of AcEPV DNA in the ectoperitrophic area revealed that PM disruption facilitated the passage of EPVs through the PM toward the initial infection site, the midgut epithelium. These results indicate that EPV spindles enhance infection by EPVs by disrupting the PM in the host insects. Fusolin is almost exclusively the constituent protein of the spindles and is the enhancing factor of the infectivity of nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) and possibly that of EPVs. Spheroid is another type of proteinaceous crystalline structure produced by EPVs. Pseudaletia separata EPV (PsEPV) spheroids reportedly contain considerable amounts of fusolin and enhance NPV infection. We assessed the ability of AcEPV spheroids to enhance EPV infectivity and their effect on the PM and carried out immunological experiments; these experiments showed that AcEPV spheroids contain little or no fusolin and are biologically inactive, in contrasts to the situation in PsEPV.
The effects of task criticality and target modality on a simulated battlefield search task

ABSTRACT Warfighters often rely on lengthy, lexical object descriptions when performing search tasks in critical environments. Several theoretical frameworks, including the Pictorial Superiority Effect, posit images to be more effective forms of instruction for short-term memory recall tasks. However, it is unclear whether pictures are superior forms of object description when the search task has serious consequences. The purpose of the current work was to determine whether pictorial or lexical descriptions are more effective forms of instruction for military search tasks of varying criticalities. Twenty participants with military deployment experience and 20 students with no deployment experience navigated a virtual marketplace environment to search for pictorially and lexically described targets. Participants searched for targets under conditions of both low and high task criticality. Mixed analyses of variance showed that both samples collected more pictorially described targets in the high criticality condition than in the low criticality condition. Participants collected pictorially described targets faster than lexical targets, and military participants took longer to locate lexically described targets in the high criticality condition. These results lend credence to the pictorial superiority effect and may be used to inform design of instructional tools.
Avian Influenza Viruses in Minnesota Ducks During 1998–2000

Abstract Although wild ducks are known to be a major reservoir for avian influenza viruses (AIV), there are few recent published reports of surveillance directed at this group. Predominant AIV hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes reported in previous studies of ducks in North America include H3, H4, and H6, with the H5, H7, and H9 subtypes not well represented in these host populations. The objective of this study was to determine whether these subtype patterns have persisted. Each September from 1998 to 2000, cloacal swabs were collected from wild ducks banded in Roseau and Marshall counties, MN. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were sampled all years, and northern pintails (A. acuta) were sampled only in 1999. Influenza viruses were isolated from 11%, 14%, and 8% of birds during 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively. Prevalence, as expected, was highest in juveniles, ranging from 11% to 23% in mallards. Viruses representative of the HA subtypes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12 were isolated. Viruses in the H5, H7, and H9 subtypes, which are associated with high-pathogenicity influenza in poultry or recent infections in humans, were not uncommon, and each of these subtypes was isolated in 2 out of the 3 years of surveillance.
Organizational Climate for Successful Aging

Research on successful aging at work has neglected contextual resources such as organizational climate, which refers to employees’ shared perceptions of their work environment. We introduce the construct of organizational climate for successful aging (OCSA) and examine it as a buffer of the negative relationship between employee age and focus on opportunities (i.e., beliefs about future goals and possibilities at work). Moreover, we expected that focus on opportunities, in turn, positively predicts job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and motivation to continue working after official retirement age. Data came from 649 employees working in 120 companies (Mage = 44 years, SD = 13). We controlled for organizational tenure, psychological climate for successful aging (i.e., individuals’ perceptions), and psychological and organizational age discrimination climate. Results of multilevel analyses supported our hypotheses. Overall, our findings suggest that OCSA is an important contextual resource for successful aging at work.
Macular edema and retinal hard exudates in African Americans with type 1 diabetes: the New Jersey 725.

OBJECTIVE To determine frequency and associated risk factors for macular edema and retinal hard exudates in hospitalized African Americans with type 1 diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Included were 725 African Americans with type 1 diabetes who participated in the New Jersey 725. Clinical evaluations consisted of a structured clinical interview, ocular examination, stereoscopic fundus photographs, and blood pressure measurements. Presence of macular edema and hard exudates was determined via masked grading of fundus photographs. Biological evaluations included blood and urine assays. RESULTS Of the 725 patients, 89 (12.3%) had macular edema and 149 (20.6%) had retinal hard exudates in at least 1 eye. The presence of macular edema and hard exudates was significantly associated with older age at examination, longer duration of diabetes, and severity of diabetic retinopathy. Presence of proteinuria, missing insulin injections at least once a week, and longer duration of diabetes were significantly and independently associated with macular edema. Presence of proteinuria, male sex, higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and longer duration of diabetes were significantly and independently associated with severity of retinal hard exudates. CONCLUSION Macular edema and hard exudates are common in African Americans with type 1 diabetes, particularly in patients with evidence of renal disease.