Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The diagnostic accuracy of a new test of early nonword repetition for differentiating late talking and typically developing children.

PURPOSE To assess the diagnostic accuracy of a new Test of Early Nonword Repetition (TENR) for 2-year-old children. METHOD 232 British-English-speaking children aged 27 (+/-3) months were assessed on 3 standardized tests (receptive and expressive vocabulary and visual processing) and a novel nonword repetition (NWR) test. Parents completed a British adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences (CDI:WS-UK; Klee & Harrison, 2001). The diagnostic accuracy of two versions (1-3 syllables and 1-4 syllables) of a new NWR test was examined. Standard diagnostic accuracy measures of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratios were generated. RESULTS 177 children (80%) completed the 1-3 syllable task, and 96 children (73%) completed the 1-4 syllable task. The 1-3 syllable version produced a positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 7.8 (confidence interval [CI] = 4.5-13.6) and a negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of . 28 (CI = .12-.65). The 1-4 syllable version of the NWR test produced a LR+ of 14.88 (CI = 6.1-36.2) and a LR- of . 13 (CI = .02-.83). CONCLUSION The TENR could be useful for identifying 2-year-old children at risk of language impairment.
Controversies of the cardiac mucosa and Barrett's oesophagus

Confusion regarding the diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus exists because of a false dogma that cardiac mucosa is normally present in the gastro‐oesophageal junctional region. Recent data indicate that the only normal epithelia in the oesophagus and proximal stomach are squamous epithelium and gastric oxyntic mucosa. When this fact is recognized, it becomes easy to develop precise histological definitions for the normal state (presence of only squamous and oxyntic mucosa), metaplastic oesophageal columnar epithelium (cardiac mucosa with and without intestinal metaplasia, and oxynto‐cardiac mucosa), the gastro‐oesophageal junction (the proximal limit of gastric oxyntic mucosa), the oesophagus (that part of the foregut lined by squamous and metaplastic columnar epithelium), reflux disease (the presence of metaplastic columnar epithelium), and Barrett's oesophagus (cardiac mucosa with intestinal metaplasia). It is also possible to assess accurately the severity of reflux which is directly proportional to the amount of metaplastic columnar epithelium, and the risk of adenocarcinoma which is related to the amount of dysplasia in intestinal metaplastic epithelium present within the columnar lined segment of the oesophagus. Histopathological precision cannot be matched by any other modality and can convert the confusion that exists regarding diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus to complete lucidity in a manner that is simple, accurate, and reproducible.
Out of China: auto-organization of Chinese communities abroad and transnationalism

Chinese society throughout history has developed various types of organizations outside the control of the state in order to defend and promote interests of specific social segments. Internal and international migratory movements from China have led also to the creation of many associations which differ by its objectives, functions and criteria for recruiting members. There is a debate about the control, or not, by the Chinese State on migrants’ associations abroad, as well as on their legitimacy. In this paper will be analyzed these debates and their connections with transnationalism, affecting concepts such as loyalty, nationalism, and “integration”.
Motives for self-harm: views of nurses in a secure unit.

BACKGROUND Self-harm is a widespread behaviour among people with mental health problems. Although guidance on how to manage self-harm is offered, it is still a behaviour that is misunderstood by many nurses. Such misunderstanding is generally attributed to the perceived motives for self-harm and lack of specialized education to manage the behaviour. As a consequence, the care provided is usually inadequate and inappropriate. Yet, research concerning nurses' reasons of users' self-harming behaviours is limited. AIM This paper reports on a study that explores nurses' explanations of the motives for self-harm in a secure adolescent unit in England. METHODS The study utilized a phenomenological methodology with semi-structured individual interviews (n = 25). The data were analysed thematically using interpretative phenomenological analysis. RESULTS The findings indicate that the behaviour of self-harm has multiple motives. Examples of these include affect regulation, coping with distress, averting death, regaining control and attention seeking. DISCUSSION Self-harm is a complex behaviour commonly experienced in secure environments. Nurses assume that users who self-harm are motivated by a desire to seek attention and manipulate others. Users may find these beliefs humiliating. Such feelings may increase users' risks for further self-harm. Most adolescents who self-harm experience unbearable emotions because of their past sexual abusive encounters. They self-harm to regulate these emotions. These affect regulatory functions may act as reinforcers of self-harming behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Improved understanding of self-harm and its motives may result in improved nurse-user relationships and thus safer and more effective care provision.
Induction of Apoptosis in Bronchial Eosinophils: Beneficial or Harmful?

Background: Prominent eosinophil infiltration takes place in asthmatic bronchi, and damages bronchial epithelial cells. Aim: This study was designed to investigate whether induction of apoptosis in infiltrated cells in the airways is beneficial or harmful. Methods: A/J mice, which are genetically predisposed to be hyperresponsive to acetylcholine, were immunized with ovalbumin (OA) and alum. Thereafter, they were subjected to a 2-week regimen of OA inhalation, during which they were also administered either hamster anti-mouse Fas monoclonal antibody or hamster IgG (sham control) intranasally. Pulmonary function was then analyzed using whole-body plethysmography. Results: Inhalation of OA increased both airway responsiveness to acetylcholine and infiltration of eosinophils. Administration of anti-Fas antibody induced apoptosis in the infiltrating eosinophils and abolished the increase in airway responsiveness to acetylcholine. Conclusion: Induction of apoptosis in eosinophils infiltrating asthmatic bronchi has a beneficial effect on airway hyperresponsiveness.
Theory of scanning gate microscopy

A systematic theory of the conductance measurements of non-invasive scanning gate microscopy is presented that provides an interpretation of what precisely is being measured. A scattering approach is used to derive explicit expressions for the first and second order conductance changes due to the perturbation by the tip potential in terms of the scattering states of the unperturbed structure. In the case of a quantum point contact, the first order correction dominates at the conductance steps and vanishes on the plateaus where the second order term dominates. Both corrections are non-local for a generic structure. Only in special cases, such as that of a centrally symmetric quantum point contact in the conductance quantization regime, can the second order correction be unambiguously related with the local current density. In the case of an abrupt quantum point contact we are able to obtain analytic expressions for the scattering eigenfunctions and thus evaluate the resulting conductance corrections.
Each to Their Own CURE: Faculty Who Teach Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences Report Why You Too Should Teach a CURE

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) meet national recommendations for integrating research experiences into life science curricula. As such, CUREs have grown in popularity and many research studies have focused on student outcomes from CUREs. Institutional change literature highlights that understanding faculty is also key to new pedagogies succeeding. To begin to understand faculty perspectives on CUREs, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 61 faculty who teach CUREs regarding why they teach CUREs, what the outcomes are, and how they would discuss a CURE with a colleague. Using grounded theory, participant responses were coded and categorized as tangible or intangible, related to both student and faculty-centered themes. We found that intangible themes were prevalent, and that there were significant differences in the emphasis on tangible themes for faculty who have developed their own independent CUREs when compared with faculty who implement pre-developed, national CUREs. We focus our results on the similarities and differences among the perspectives of faculty who teach these two different CURE types and explore trends among all participants. The results of this work highlight the need for considering a multi-dimensional framework to understand, promote, and successfully implement CUREs.
Of Europeanization and domestication: the implementation of the environmental information directive in Ireland, Great Britain and Germany

This paper seeks to develop a new understanding of the implementation of EU policies as a mixed process of both Europeanization and domestication. While some scholars equate the implementation of EU policies with Europeanization, this fails to capture the dominance of national factors and the relative impact of EU policies. The implementation of EU policies is best conceptualized as a blend of effective EU influence over domestic policy choices in a given policy area – defined as Europeanization – and of domestic choices of non-prescribed or non-recommended policy options in the same policy area – which is termed domestication. Domestication and Europeanization usually work as complementary forces. These concepts are employed for an analysis of the implementation of the 1990 EU Directive on Access to Environmental Information in Ireland, Britain and Germany.
The Effect of Magnitude of Audit Difference and Prior Client Concessions on Negotiations of Proposed Adjustments

ABSTRACT: This study reports the result of an experiment examining two aspects of the audit context that auditors likely do not suspect can influence audited account balances: the magnitude of an audit difference and the presence of a prior client concession. Negotiation theory shows that negotiators’ initial positions (e.g., clients’ unaudited balances) as well as feelings of reciprocity created by prior negotiations serve to create expectations for the current negotiation and, in turn, affect the outcomes of such negotiations. Our results show that the magnitude of an audit difference involving an estimate (i.e., difference between client’s account balance and the auditor’s independent estimate) as well as the presence of a prior client concession influence auditors’ negotiation expectations. Specifically, auditors proposed smaller adjustments when the magnitude of the audit difference was high and when the client conceded on an audit issue prior to resolving the difference in estimates. These manipulat.
The Granulin/Epithelin Precursor Abrogates the Requirement for the Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor for Growth in Vitro *

3T3 cells null for the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor are refractory to stimulation by a variety of purified growth factors that are known to be required for the stimulation of other 3T3 cells. However, these cells, known as R−cells, grow in serum-supplemented medium and also in media conditioned by certain cell lines. We report here the purification of a growth factor that stimulates DNA synthesis (and growth) of R−cells. The growth factor, purified to homogeneity by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was identified as the granulin/epithelin precursor by an accurate determination of the masses of endoproteinase Lys-C peptides using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, followed by a data base search. The granulin/epithelin precursor is a little known growth factor, secreted by a variety of epithelial and hemopoietic cells. It is at present the only purified growth factor that can stimulate the growth of mouse embryo fibroblasts null for the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor.
Successful Embolization of a Spinal Perimedullary Arteriovenous Fistula with Cellulose Acetate Polymer Solution: Technical Case Report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE Spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae are rarely reported in the literature and can be treated via both endovascular and direct surgical approaches. Coils, glues, and balloons have all been used to embolize these fistulae. Cellulose acetate polymer (CAP) solution is a liquid embolic material that was originally developed for thrombosis of cerebral aneurysms. This is the first report of CAP solution being used to treat a spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula, with changes in the viscosity of the solution. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 15-year-old boy experienced spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage without any neurological deficits. A radiological examination revealed a spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula (Type 2) at the L1 level. INTERVENTIONTransarterial embolization was performed with local anesthesia. The microcatheter was navigated through the anterior spinal artery to a site just proximal to the fistula. After provocative testing demonstrated negative results, CAP solution was injected and the fistula was completely closed, without complications. The patient experienced an uneventful postoperative course. CONCLUSIONWe describe the usefulness of CAP solution in the treatment of a spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula. This procedure must be performed for a larger series of patients for assessment of its long-term results.
Sources of the Financing Hierarchy for Business Investment

What accounts for the apparent preference of firms to finance investment with internal funds? Recent theories stress information problems in capital markets, while older theories emphas ize the transactions costs of external finance. To test these competing hypotheses, the authors estimate the sensitivity of investment spend ing to internal funds across firms likely to face varying degrees of information problems and transactions costs. Several attributes are used to differentiate these firms. The results provide some support for information asymmetries as well as a source of the financing hierarc hy but indicate no significant role for transactions costs. Copyright 1992 by MIT Press.
Diversification of Chinese companies: an international comparison

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic comparison of the level of business diversification in China and eight other large economies for the 2001‐2005 period. The reasons why publicly listed Chinese firms are more diversified than companies elsewhere are investigated.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected on the number of business segments in which publicly traded companies operate from the Thomson One Banker database and analyzed using non‐parametric tests and regression analysis.Findings – The mean number of business segments per firm varies significantly by country. Notably, there is no evidence in the authors' sample that emerging‐market companies are systematically more diversified than their developed‐market counterparts. In most countries, firms have become less diversified over time. However, there is no such trend in China. The level of diversification of Chinese enterprises does not vary over the authors' study period (2001‐2005), making Chinese firms the most d.
Next-generation sequencing-based microRNA profiling of mice testis subjected to transient heat stress

This study aimed to investigate the role of microRNA (miRNA) in heat stress-induced spermatogenic impairment. Testes from 15 adult ICR mice subjected to testicular hyperthermia at 43°C for 30 min and from 15 control mice were collected and pooled into 3 samples. Isolated RNA from these samples was subjected to small RNA high-throughput sequencing, and differentially expressed miRNAs were identified and validated using RT-PCR. The identified miRNAs were further subjected to Gene Ontology and KEGG analyses, which revealed significant enrichment for pathways potentially involved in heat stress-induced spermatogenic impairment. Additionally, a correlation analysis of the relative levels of validated miRNAs with germ cell apoptosis was performed. Of the 11 miRNAs identified as differentially expressed, 8 were validated as consistent with sequencing data. Further analyses suggested that the target genes of those miRNAs were involved in various pathways (e.g., ribosomal, HIF-1, MAPK) that may be critical to heat stress-induced testicular damage. Some identified miRNAs, including miR-449a-3p, miR-92a-1-5p, miR-423-3p, and miR-128-3p, correlated closely with germ cell apoptosis. The study results reveal a detailed miRNA profile of heat stress-induced testicular damage and highlight new and potentially important candidate targets in the process of male infertility.
Carbon markets 15 years after Kyoto: Lessons learned, new challenges

Carbon markets are substantial and they are expanding. There are many lessons from market experiences over the past eight years: there should be fewer free allowances, better management of market-sensitive information, and a recognition that trading systems require adjustments that have consequences for market participants and market confidence. Moreover, the emerging market architecture features separate emissions trading systems serving distinct jurisdictions and a variety of other types of policies exist alongside the carbon markets.This situation is in sharp contrast to the top-down, integrated global trading architecture envisioned 15 years ago by the designers of the Kyoto Protocol and raises a suite of new questions. In this new architecture, jurisdictions with emissions trading have to decide how, whether, and when to link with one another. Stakeholders and policymakers must confront how to measure the comparability of efforts among markets as well as relative to a variety of other policy approaches. International negotiators must in turn work out a global agreement that can accommodate and support increasingly bottom-up approaches to carbon markets and climate change mitigation.
Performance measurement system design: developing and testing a process‐based approach

Describes the development and testing of a structured methodology for the design of performance measurement systems. Frameworks, such as the balanced scorecard and the performance prism, have been proposed, but until recently little attention has been devoted to the question of how these frameworks can be populated, i.e. how managers can decide specifically which measures to adopt. Following a wide ranging review of the performance measurement literature, a framework identifying the desirable characteristics of a performance measurement system design process is developed. This framework provided guidelines which were subsequently used to inform the development of a process‐based approach to performance measurement system design. The process was enhanced and refined during application in three action research projects, involving major UK automotive and aerospace companies. The revised process was then formally documented and tested through six further industrial applications. Finally the process was written up in the form of a workbook and made publicly available.
Necessary deepening? How political groups in the European Parliament adapt to enlargement

ABSTRACT Drawing on the theoretical literature on institutional change, group size and party organizations, this contribution explains the impact the ‘mega-enlargement’ of the European Union (EU) has had upon political groups in the European Parliament (EP). Presenting an in-depth analysis of their organizational adaptation, this work demonstrates that the widening of the EU is an important catalyst for organizational reform, and facilitates deepening. Additionally, describing the organizational reforms implemented to tackle enlargement, it also shows that party cohesion is the product of intense co-ordination activity within the groups, which starts at the committee level, rather than the use of disciplinary tools by the party leadership.
Public-Sector Accounting:A Common Reporting Framework? A Rejoinder

This article responds to some criticisms in Newberry's recent article in Australian Accounting Review concerning whether there is, or should be, a common reporting framework for public-sector and private-sector accounting. The Public Sector Accounting Standards Board supported this approach. Here, it is argued that business accounting is not appropriate for those parts of the public sector concerned with the provision of public goods to citizens. Following this article is a further rejoinder by Carnegie and Wolnizer, and a response by Newberry to both commentaries.
The Impact of Family Resources on Childhood IQ

The effects of family income, parents' education, maternal employment, and family composition on the IQ scores of 4- and 7-year-olds are estimated, using a sample of more than 3000 children. The results suggest that childhood cognitive development plays a minor role in the intergenerational transmission of wealth, and that programs to supplement family incomes would not have much effect on children's IQ scores. Compensatory education is shown to have had significant but short-lived benefits for sample children. Implications for household production and confluence models of intellectual development are also examined.
Molecular sieving through S layers of Bacillus stearothermophilus strains

The permeability properties and the exclusion limits of the crystalline surface layers (S layers) of two selected strains of Bacillus stearothermophilus were investigated. Measurements were performed of passive solute uptake into the intracellular space of native or glutaraldehyde-treated sacculi. Native sacculi were prepared from whole cells by extracting the cytoplasmic membrane with Triton X-100 under conditions which preserved the integrity of the S layer and the peptidoglycan-containing layer. The permeability barrier was found to consist of three adjacent layers, namely, the S layer, the peptidoglycan-containing layer, and an incomplete S layer attached to the inner face of the peptidoglycan-containing layer. In glutaraldehyde-treated sacculi the peptidoglycan was digested after stabilizing the S-layer lattice by chemical cross-linking. The solutes selected for the uptake measurements were mannose, proteins, and dextrans of increasing molecular weights. The S layers of both strains allowed free passage for molecules with a molecular weight of up to 30,000 and showed sharp exclusion limits between molecular weights of 30,000 and 45,000, suggesting a limiting pore diameter of about 4.5 nm.
Birth Order and Child Nutritional Status: Evidence from the Philippines

The effects of birth order on child nutritional status both current and long-term in the Philippines are examined using data collected as part of a multipurpose survey of 1903 households. Socioeconomic data as well as nutritional status measures by trained medical technologists were collected. Results suggest that the effects of birth order on long-term nutritional status are considerably greater than those observed in current nutritional status. Parents are unable to allocate resources over time in such a way as to offset the inevitable advantages accruing to children in earlier birth orders who are born when per capita resources are greater. The last-born child in a family of 7 has a height for age which is . 5-2.5 standard deviations below that of the 1stborn. Family planning programs that reduce the size of the very largest families will reduce the numbers of severely disadvantaged children from later birth orders. Increased spacing between children should alleviate some of the strain on resources. Human resource program interventions should avoid requiring the input of large amounts of parental time which may tend to exacerbate inequality within households.