Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Claims of positive youth development: a content analysis of mixed martial arts gyms’ websites

ABSTRACT Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a newly established and rapidly growing sport. Given questions surrounding claims of developmental outcomes for youth through MMA broadcasted on gym websites, coupled with parents’ practices to gather and utilize website information, it is important to explore the content of MMA gym websites. This study describes the content of MMA gyms’ youth programs’ websites, examining proposed developmental outcome claims for youth and processes of facilitation. Using a quantitative content analysis of 18 MMA youth gym websites in Toronto, Canada, a 37-item coding manual was developed to categorize content. MMA gyms drew upon popular media, anecdotal evidence and selective academic research findings to promote the benefits of their youth programs to parents. The claims of developmental outcomes and facilitation of positive youth development appear misguided and raise concerns for parents seeking information on child MMA programs. Findings highlight potential implications for parents interested in enrolling their children in MMA.
Analysis With Missing Data in Prevention Research

Missing data problems have been a thorn in the side of prevention researchers for years. Although some solutions for these problems have been available in the statistical literature, these solutions have not found their way into mainstream prevention research. This chapter is meant to serve as an introduction to the systematic application of the missing data analysis solutions presented recently by Little and Rubin (1987) and others. The chapter does not describe a complete strategy, but it is relevant for (1) missing data analysis with continuous (but not categorical) data, (2) data that are reasonably normally distributed, and (3) solutions for missing data problems for analyses related to the general linear model in particular, analyses that use (or can use) a covariance matrix as input. The examples in the chapter come from drug prevention research. The chapter discusses (1) the problem of wanting to ask respondents more questions than most individuals can answer; (2) the problem of attrition and some solutions; and (3) the problem of special measurement procedures that are too expensive or time consuming to obtain for all subjects. The authors end with several conclusions: Whenever possible, researchers should use the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm (or other maximum likelihood procedure, including the multiple-group structural equation-modeling procedure or, where appropriate, multiple imputation, for analyses involving missing data [the chapter provides concrete examples]); If researchers must use other analyses, they should keep in mind that these others produce biased results and should not be relied upon for final analyses; When data are missing, the appropriate missing data analysis procedures do not generate something out of nothing but do make the most out of the data available; When data are missing, researchers should work hard (especially when planning a study) to find the cause of missingness and include the cause in the analysis models; and Researchers should sample the cases originally missing (whenever possible) and adjust EM algorithm parameter estimates accordingly.
Hyperthermia Induces the ER Stress Pathway

Background The ER chaperone GRP78/BiP is a homolog of the Hsp70 family of heat shock proteins, yet GRP78/BiP is not induced by heat shock but instead by ER stress. However, previous studies had not considered more physiologically relevant temperature elevation associated with febrile hyperthermia. In this report we examine the response of GRP78/BiP and other components of the ER stress pathway in cells exposed to 40°C. Methodology AD293 cells were exposed to 43°C heat shock to confirm inhibition of the ER stress response genes. Five mammalian cell types, including AD293 cells, were then exposed to 40°C hyperthermia for various time periods and induction of the ER stress pathway was assessed. Principal Findings The inhibition of the ER stress pathway by heat shock (43°C) was confirmed. In contrast cells subjected to more mild temperature elevation (40°C) showed either a partial or full ER stress pathway induction as determined by downstream targets of the three arms of the ER stress pathway as well as a heat shock response. Cells deficient for Perk or Gcn2 exhibit great sensitivity to ER stress induction by hyperthermia. Conclusions The ER stress pathway is induced partially or fully as a consequence of hyperthermia in parallel with induction of Hsp70. These findings suggest that the ER and cytoplasm of cells contain parallel pathways to coordinately regulate adaptation to febrile hyperthermia associated with disease or infection.
Modulation of Renal Blood Flow and Vascular Tone by Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase-Derived Nitric Oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) formed via neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in renal vasculature and tissues and in the brain plays an important role in controlling renal hemodynamics, renal function, and systemic blood pressure. Activation of parasympathetic nitrergic nerves innervating renal vasculature contributes to vasodilatation in renal arteries and pre- and postglomerular arterioles, an increase in renal blood flow, and a decrease in vascular resistance. NO released from autonomic nitrergic nerves interferes with the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminals or the amine actions on smooth muscle. The pre- or postjunctional mechanisms of NO actions participate in vasodilatation through a diminution of sympathetic vasoconstrictor influence. On the other hand, NO from neurons in the brain acts on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the rostral ventrolateral medulla and inhibits the central sympathetic nerve activity to the kidney, leading to renal vasodilatation and increased renal blood flow. The present article summarizes information concerning the renal blood flow and vascular tone through nNOS-derived NO produced in peripheral autonomic nerves and the brain. The nNOS-derived NO-cyclic GMP pathway would be an important target for the treatment of renal circulatory dysfunction and chronic kidney disease.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Fluctuations in oscillation frequency control spike timing and coordinate neural networks

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Positive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Relate to Distinct Oscillatory Signatures of Sensory Gating

Oscillatory activity in neural populations and temporal synchronization within these populations are important mechanisms contributing to perception and cognition. In schizophrenia, perception and cognition are impaired. Aberrant gating of irrelevant sensory information, which has been related to altered oscillatory neural activity, presumably contributes to these impairments. However, the link between schizophrenia symptoms and sensory gating deficits, as reflected in oscillatory activity, is not clear. In this electroencephalography study, we used a paired-stimulus paradigm to investigate frequency-resolved oscillatory activity in 22 schizophrenia patients and 22 healthy controls. We found sensory gating deficits in patients compared to controls, as reflected in reduced gamma-band power and alpha-band phase synchrony difference between the first and the second auditory stimulus. We correlated these markers of neural activity with a five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Gamma-band power sensory gating was positively correlated with positive symptoms. Moreover, alpha-band phase synchrony sensory gating was negatively correlated with negative symptoms. A cluster analysis revealed three schizophrenia phenotypes, characterized by (i) aberrant gamma-band power and high positive symptoms, (ii) aberrant alpha-band phase synchrony, low positive, and low negative symptom scores or (iii) by intact sensory gating and high negative symptoms. Our study demonstrates that aberrant neural synchronization, as reflected in gamma-band power and alpha-band phase synchrony, relates to the schizophrenia psychopathology. Different schizophrenia phenotypes express distinct levels of positive and negative symptoms as well as varying degrees of aberrant oscillatory neural activity. Identifying the individual phenotype might improve therapeutic interventions in schizophrenia.
Implementing European Union education and training policy : a comparative study of issues in four member states

The European Union and Education and Training: An Overview of Policies and Initiatives. - Educating Europe: An Analysis of EU Educational Policies. - Interpreting EU Education and Training Policy: Thoughts from the English Perspective. - Tensions Between the European and the Nordic Dimension in Education, with Particular Reference to Sweden. - A Comparative Study of the European Dimension in Education in England, Scotland and Wales. - The European Dimension in the National Curriculum for England. - European Policies and Transition Processes: The Influence of EU Training Programmes in Eastern Germany. - The Impact of EU Education and Training Policies in Sweden. - Eu Programmes in Education and Training: Development and Implementation in Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom. - Standardisation and Differentiation in the Levels of Diplomas in Higher Education Systems in Europe. - Higher Education Student Mobility and the Interpretation of European Union Educational Policies in France.
The Effects of Dividend Taxation on Short Selling and Market Quality

I examine the effects of dividend taxation on the primary parties involved in a short sale: the lender of the stock and the short seller. Using a proprietary dataset of short lending fees and quantities, I find evidence that the supply of shortable shares decreases and lending fees increase around the dividend record date. Moreover, I find greater increases in lending fees and decreases in loan supply for lenders that are sensitive to dividend taxation. The loan fee increase and loan supply decrease are consistent with a tax-induced shift in the loan supply curve. In addition, I examine effects on short sellers of the incomplete price drop on the ex-date. I find a significant decrease in short volume before the ex-date followed by a significant increase after the ex-date. This finding is consistent with short sellers delaying trading to avoid the cost of an incomplete price drop. To my knowledge, this is the first paper to examine the effects of dividend taxes in the domestic short selling market.
The baryon budget on the galaxy group/cluster boundary

We present a study of the hot gas and stellar content of five optically selected poor galaxy clusters, including a full accounting of the contribution from intracluster light (ICL) and a combined hot gas and hydrostatic X-ray mass analysis with XMM–Newton observations. We find weighted mean stellar (including ICL), gas and total baryon mass fractions within r500 of 0.026 ± 0.003, 0.070 ± 0.005 and 0.096 ± 0.006, respectively, at a corresponding weighted mean M500 of (1.08 +0.21 −0.18) × 10 14 M� . Even when accounting for the intracluster stars, four out of five clusters show evidence for a substantial baryon deficit within r500, with baryon fractions (fb) between 50 ± 6 and 59 ± 8 per cent of the universal mean level (i.e. � b /� m), the remaining cluster having fb = 75±11 per cent. For the three clusters where we can trace the hot halo to r500 we find no evidence for a steepening of the gas density profile in the outskirts with respect to a power law, as seen in more massive clusters. We find that in all cases, the X-ray mass measurements are larger than those originally published on the basis of the galaxy velocity dispersion (σ ) and an assumed σ −M500 relation, by a factor of 1.7–5.7. Despite these increased masses, the stellar fractions (in the range 0.016–0.034, withinr500) remain consistent with the trend with mass published by Gonzalez et al., from which our sample is drawn.
Organizational Character: On the Regeneration of Camp Poplar Grove

We analyze organizational regeneration using case materials from a study of a children's summer camp. Each year members of various types of seasonal organizations, such as summer camps and ski areas, come together to bring these organizations “back to life” after many months of dormancy. Because many staff members are new and other conditions vary, the result of this regeneration process is necessarily different from the previous year's organization, but it is nonetheless recognizable to repeat clientele as a familiar instance of “the same” organization. We use this rarely examined process of regeneration to explore the question of how we can regard an organization as being the same entity over time. We suggest that this sameness stems from a coherence and similarity of actions at the organizational level that is analogous to the psychological notion of individual character. Just as individual habits cohere in the character of an individual and allow us to recognize and predict future behavior, we argue that organizations are systems of interacting dispositions to act in a particular way. It is the mutually adapted content of this ensemble of action dispositions that constitutes what we present here as organizational character. We argue that such an ensemble of dispositions is coherent, persistent, and necessary for seasonal regeneration. This work contributes to an ongoing discussion of organizational action and similarity over time. Our focus on regenerative processes in a seasonal organization provides a distinct and informative perspective on these issues.
The Complex X-Ray Absorbers of NGC 3516 Observed by BEPPOSAX

In this paper we present the analysis of two broadband (0.1-150 keV) BeppoSAX observations of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3516. The two observations were taken 4 months apart, on 1996 November 8 and 1997 March 12. We report a dramatic change in the degree of obscuration of the central source between the two observations and propose, as possible explanations, transient absorption by either a stationary-state cloud of cold gas crossing the line of sight or a varying-state, initially neutral and dense amount of expanding gas with decreasing density and therefore decreasing opacity. We also report the detection of a second highly ionized absorber/emitter, which causes deep Fe XVII-XXII K edges at ~7.8 keV to appear in both of the BeppoSAX spectra of NGC 3516 and possibly produces the soft X-ray continuum emission in the 1 keV blend of Fe L recombination lines detected during the epoch of heavy nuclear obscuration.
Manipulation tactics of patients with neurotic disorders in everyday life and during therapy.

OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to examine the repertoire and intensity of manipulation tactics of neurotic patients in everyday life and during therapy, as well as diagnosing the intensity of Machiavellianism in neurotic patients. METHODS There were 111 study subjects: 44 patients with diagnosed neurotic disorders, 44 people from the control group and 23 therapists. The manipulation tactics were measured by means of survey methods of E. Mandal and D. Kocur and Machiavellianism was measured using the MACH-IV scale of M. Christi and F. Geis. RESULTS In comparison to people from the control group, the patients were more willing to use manipulation tactics such as guilt induction, threatening to break up the relationship, and self-mutilation but less willing to use supplication/begging. The intensity of tendency to undertake manipulation was higher in everyday life than during therapy. The Machiavellianism of patients was positively correlated with the tendency to employ manipulation tactics. Differences within the scope of general Machiavellianism between the patients and the control group were not noted. CONCLUSIONS The manipulation tactics of neurotic patients are of morbid nature. They are related to anxiety, feeling of guilt and hostility. The tendency to manipulate correlates with Machiavellianism.
Crime analysis: an examination of crime prevention and reduction strategies

This paper reviews the history and evolution of crime analysis as an investigative tool and its application in conventional policing strategies designed to reduce crime and disorder. The theoretical foundations and processes of crime analysis are presented and the five main types of analytical approaches (Intelligence, Criminal Investigative, Tactical, Strategic and Administrative) are summarized. A hypothetical example is used to illustrate the basic principles that govern a crime analyst’s function and the role of a crime analyst embedded in a law-enforcement environment. Although crime analysis as a profession is still in the developmental stages and continues to be shaped by conventional law enforcement practices, it has the potential to make significant contributions to the development of strategic approaches to crime reduction.
Measurement and prediction of pressure drop in two-phase microchannel heat sinks

This study explores hydrodynamic instability and pressure drop in a water-cooled two-phase micro-channel heat sink containing 21 parallel 231 713 lm micro-channels. Two types of two-phase hydrodynamic instability were identified: severe pressure drop oscillation and mild parallel channel instability. It is shown the severe pressure drop oscillation, which can trigger pre-mature critical heat flux, can be eliminated simply by throttling the flow upstream of the heat sink. Different methods for predicting two-phase pressure drop are assessed for suitability to micro-channel heat-sink design. First, generalized two-phase pressure drop correlations are examined, which include 10 correlations developed for both macroand mini/micro-channels. A new correlation incorporating the effects of both channel size and coolant mass velocity is proposed which shows better accuracy than prior correlations. The second method consists of a theoretical annular two-phase flow model which, aside from excellent predictive capability, possesses the unique attributes of providing a detailed description of the various transport processes occurring in the micro-channel, as well as fundamental appeal and broader application range than correlations. 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A New Model for Systemic Innovation Diffusion in Project-Based Industries

Traditional industries (e.g., aerospace and pharmaceuticals) that once organized their activities into functional hierarchies are evolving into project-based forms of organization in which teams of specialists from both inside and outside the firm report to project managers. Emerging industries (e.g., biotechnology and information technology) are also adopting project-based forms of organization. Researchers term this proliferation of organizational forms emerging between market-based organizational interactions and hierarchical organizations as the “swollen middle” (Hennart, 1993). Though much is known about innovation in traditional, hierarchical organization structures, little research to date explores the issues associated with innovation in the project-based organizations that populate the “swollen middle. ” As outsourcing of specialized skills increases, product and process innovations with potential to improve overall productivity significantly (e.g., supply chain management, enterprise resource planning, or component prefabrication) often require multiple interdependent firms to change their processes. Although they may hold the promise of significant increases in productivity and profitability, data shows that these “systemic” innovations diffuse slowly in project-based industries. This research explores the structural mechanisms inherent in project-based forms of organization that impact the diffusion of systemic innovations. Expanding our understanding of this phenomenon is critical as firms and industries continue to evolve into project-based forms of organization. We explore these structural mechanisms in order to develop a proof-of-concept explanatory model for understanding why systemic innovations diffuse more slowly than incremental innovations in project-based industries. Our research design focuses narrowly on innovations in residential building; though we seek to generalize our model to apply to any project-based firm or industry. In this paper we: (1) delineate the concepts of “incremental” and “systemic” innovations in the project-based industry context, (2) review the building industry literature on innovation, (3) present outcome and process evidence from our case-based research on “systemic” vs. “incremental” innovations in the U.S. residential homebuilding industry, and (4) introduce a proof-of-concept model for systemic innovation in project-based industries. This paper concludes with a research agenda to improve our ability to understand, predict, and influence rates of diffusion for systemic innovations in project-based industries.
Optimal histograms for limiting worst-case error propagation in the size of join results

Many current relational database systems use some form of histograms to approximate the frequency distribution of values in the attributes of relations and on this basis estimate query result sizes and access plan costs. The errors that exist in the histogram approximations directly or transitively affect many estimates derived by the database system. We identify the class of serial histograms and its subclass of end-btased histograms; the latter is of particular interest because such histograms are used in several database systems. We concentrate on equality join queries without function symbols where each relation is joined on the same attribute(s) for all joins in which it participates. Join queries of this restricted type are called t-cllque queries. We show that the optimal histogram for reducing the worst-case error in the result size of such a query is always serial. For queries with one join and no function symbols (all of which are vacuously t-clique queries), we present results on finding the optimal serial histogram and the optimal end-biased histogram based on the query characteristics and the frequency distributions of values in the join attributes of the query relations. Finally, we prove that for t-clique queries with a very large number of joins, h~gh-bzased h zstograms (which form a subclass of end-biased histograms) are always optimal. To construct a histogram for the join attribute(s) of a relation, the values in the attribute(s) must first be sorted based on their frequency and then assigned into buckets according to the optimality results above.