Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for cervical abnormalities: comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and frequency of referral.

CONTEXT Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing of women having Papanicolaou (Pap) smears showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) has clinical usefulness. Whether HPV DNA testing alone is useful in primary screening remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of HPV DNA testing for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 or cancer (the criterion standard). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Between December 1997 and October 2000, 4075 women who attended Planned Parenthood clinics in Washington State were screened simultaneously using thin-layer Pap and HPV DNA testing by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method and by a liquid-based RNA-DNA hybridization capture with signal amplification assay (signal amplification). Women who were positive for high-risk HPV types, or had Pap results of ASCUS or higher, were considered to have positive screening test results and were referred for colposcopy and biopsy. Additionally, a random sample of women with negative screening test results was referred for colposcopy. Based on individual and combined thin-layer Pap, HPV PCR, and HPV signal amplification test results from the screening and the colposcopy visits, 7 colposcopy triage strategies were defined and evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Sensitivity and specificity for detecting cervical lesions graded CIN 3 or higher for each of the 7 triage strategies. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of CIN 3 or higher was 3.2%. The sensitivity (95% confidence interval) of thin-layer Pap (with a result of > or = ASCUS) for identifying women with CIN 3 or higher was only 61.3% (48.5%-70.9%) compared with 88.2% (78.9%-93.8%) for HPV testing by PCR and 90.8% (83.1%-95.8%) by signal amplification. Differences in specificities were also observed: 82.4% (81.8%-83.1%) for thin-layer Pap (with a result of > or = ASCUS), 78.8% (77.9%-79.7%) for PCR, and 72.6% (69.4%-75.0%) for signal amplification. Compared with referral for colposcopy of all women with ASCUS or higher, signal amplification testing of women with ASCUS and referral of those with a positive result was about as sensitive (61.3% vs 60.3%, respectively) and significantly more specific (82.4% vs 88.9%, respectively). The strategy requiring repeat positive PCR tests on 2 visits had a sensitivity of 84.2% (75.3%-91.0%) and a specificity of 86.2% (85.1%-87.3%). All tests were more specific and less sensitive in older (> or = 30 years) vs younger women. CONCLUSIONS Testing for HPV has higher sensitivity but lower specificity than thin-layer Pap screening. In some settings, particularly where screening intervals are long or haphazard, screening for HPV DNA may be a reasonable alternative to cytology-based screening of reproductive-age women.
Pengaruh Desentralisasi Fiskal dan Korupsi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Bali

This research’s title is determine the effect of fiscal decentralization and corruption on economic growth in the province of Bali.It was found that simultaneous independent variables are fiscal decentralization and corruption significant effect on the dependent variable is economic growth in the province of Bali.It can be seen from the calculated F value greater than the F table that is equal to 14.318. Partially fiscal decentralization does not affect the economic growth in the province of Bali.Partially corruption does not affect the economic growth in the province of Bali.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fiscal decentralization and corruption on economic growth in the province of Bali.This research was conducted in the province of Bali.Data analysis techniques used in this research is multiple linear regression.
Self-Control, Financial Literacy and Consumer Over-Indebtedness

This paper examines the relationship between self-control, financial literacy and over-indebtedness on consumer credit debt among UK consumers. Lack of self-control and financial illiteracy are positively associated with non-payment of consumer credit and self-reported excessive financial burdens of debt. Consumers who exhibit self-control problems are shown to make greater use of quick-access but high cost credit items such as store cards and payday loans. We also find consumers with self-control problems are more likely to suffer income shocks, credit withdrawals and unforeseen expenses on durables, suggesting that lack of self-control increases exposure to a variety of risks. In most specifications we find a stronger role for lack of self-control than for financial illiteracy in explaining consumer over-indebtedness. We discuss the policy implications of these findings.
The Impact of Banking Crises on Money Demand and Price Stability

The author empirically investigates the monetary impact of banking crises in Colombia, Chile, Denmark, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, and Uruguay. She uses co-integration analysis and error correction modeling to research: 1) Whether money demand stability is threatened by banking crises. 2) Whether crises bring about structural breaks in the relationship between monetary indicators and prices. Overall, she finds no systematic evidence that banking crises cause money demand instability. Nor do the results consistently support the notion that the relationship between monetary indicators and prices undergoes structural breaks during crises. However, although individual coefficients in price equations do not seem to be severely affected by crises, crises can sometimes give rise to variance instability in price or inflation equations.
Loss of inter-cellular cooperation by complete epithelial-mesenchymal transition supports favorable outcomes in basal breast cancer patients

According to the sequential metastasis model, aggressive mesenchymal (M) metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) are generated by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which eventually is reversed by a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and outgrowth of life-threatening epithelial (E) macrometastases. Paradoxically, in breast cancer M signatures are linked with more favorable outcomes than E signatures, and M cells are often dispensable for metastasis in mouse models. Here we present evidence at the cellular and patient level for the cooperation metastasis model, according to which E cells are MICs, while M cells merely support E cell persistence through cooperation. We tracked the fates of co-cultured E and M clones and of fluorescent CDH1-promoter-driven cell lines reporting the E state derived from basal breast cancer HMLER cells. Cells were placed in suspension state and allowed to reattach and select an EMT cell fate. Flow cytometry, single cell and bulk gene expression analyses revealed that only pre-existing E cells generated E cells, mixed E/M populations, or stem-like hybrid E/M cells after suspension and that complete EMT manifest in M clones and CDH1-negative reporter cells resulted in loss of cell plasticity, suggesting full transdifferentiation. Mechanistically, E-M coculture experiments supported the persistence of pre-existing E cells where M cells inhibited EMT of E cells in a mutual cooperation via direct cell-cell contact. Consistently, M signatures were associated with more favorable patient outcomes compared to E signatures in breast cancer, specifically in basal breast cancer patients. These findings suggest a potential benefit of complete EMT for basal breast cancer patients.
Comparing corporate capital structures around the globe

The article presents an analysis of the corporate financial structures in developing countries based on a database compiled by the International Finance Corp.'s Economics Department. Corporate investment is a vitally important part of total investment. There are links between corporate behavior and macroeconomic stability, on the one hand, and the health of financial institutions and the macroeconomy on the other. There are also obvious links between issues of corporate finance and broader issues regarding the kind of financial systems that support long-term economic growth. Specific to the firm itself are considerations such as profitability, earnings volatility, and the nature of its capital assets and markets. Corporations in developed countries have a wide range of choices for financing investment. After internal funding, new debt provided the next highest source of financing. Within this category, bank loans provided far more financing than did corporate bonds. Japan was the largest user of bank funding, financing 50% of its capital needs from this source. Despite the recent concerns over high degrees of gearing, use of internal funds has actually increased in the last two decades compared to the overall postwar era. U.S. corporate experience highlights the dynamic nature of financing decisions, especially the revision that occurred during the 1980s.
The Distributional Consequences of Government Spending and Taxation in the U.S., 1989 and 2000

We assess the effects of government expenditures and taxation on household economic well-being in the United States in 1989 and 2000. Net government expenditure is estimated as the difference between government expenditures incurred on behalf of the household sector-transfers and public consumption-and the taxes paid by that sector. We incorporate the estimates of net government expenditures into a wealth-adjusted measure of income. We find that overall inequality in our income measure is considerably reduced by net government expenditures. Results from decomposition analysis show that the inequality-reducing effect of net government expenditures owed more to expenditures than to taxes. Copyright © 2007 The Authors; Journal compilation © International Association for Research in Income and Wealth 2007.
The asymmetric impact of firm-specific and of index returns on the volatility processes of individual stocks

This article examines the volatility processes of the 30 constituent stocks of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) from 1998 to 2007. Estimating the standard Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle (GJR) model across the DJIA's components confirms previous empirical findings of individual stocks’ conditional variances being less asymmetric than that of the parent index. A modified specification is then tested, termed the GJR-I, where lagged signed market returns have replaced firm-specific returns. The results suggest that individual stock volatility is significantly correlated with past signed index returns and that the asymmetry phenomenon is more pronounced with respect to market news compared to firm-specific news. This result still holds after estimating an extended specification where the conditional variance responds both to idiosyncratic and systematic innovations. The fact that individual stock volatility responds more asymmetrically to market returns than to firm specific returns stands in contrast to the ‘leverage effect’ as well as ‘volatility feedback’ explanations, but it is consistent with the hypothesis of the volatility asymmetry phenomenon being a ‘down market effect’.
Are tourism impacts low on personal environmental agendas?

This paper examines if tourism is an environmental priority for tourism and hospitality students. It is framed within the context of information and choice overload that may result in the need to prioritize issues and make less effective decisions. A series of open-ended questions identified the most important community and global environmental issues, the single greatest cause of climate change and whether students had changed their behaviour in general, or their travel behaviour in particular, to reduce their environmental impact. A total of 2968 useable surveys were returned from students at 63 institutions in 22 economies. Tourism emerged as a low priority issue, which explains why only a small proportion of students had changed their travel behaviour. Moreover, the study noted high knowledge variability, which in turn was closely associated with the type of actions undertaken. Students with specific knowledge were far more likely to adopt specific change actions than those who had less precise knowledge. They, in turn, were more likely to identify generic and less effective actions. The study concludes that the main challenge involved in changing tourism behaviour rests primarily with raising its status to a higher priority, a difficult task given the environmental issue overload that most people face.
INTRAOPERATIVE ENDOLASER RETINOPEXY AROUND THE SCLEROTOMY SITE FOR PREVENTION OF RETINAL DETACHMENT AFTER PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY

Purpose: To investigate whether intraoperative endolaser retinopexy around the sclerotomy site during pars plana vitrectomy can prevent the postoperative complication of retinal detachment (RD). Methods: Two hundred and seventy-eight patients who had undergone 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for various vitreoretinal disorders were investigated retrospectively. Patients who had rhegmatogenous RD and who underwent panretinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy were excluded. In Group 1, 152 patients had not undergone laser retinopexy around the sclerotomy site, and in Group 2, 126 patients had undergone laser retinopexy around the sclerotomy site. The incidence rates of postoperative RD were compared. Results: In Group 1, 7 cases (4.6%) of RD developed: 6 cases (3.9%) of sclerotomy-related retinal breaks, and 1 of a sclerotomy-unrelated retinal break. In Group 2, superior RD developed in 1 case (0.8%), but no sclerotomy-related retinal break was observed. Conclusion: Endolaser retinopexy around the sclerotomy site is relatively simple to perform, without inducing particular complications. It is expected to reduce the development of postoperative RD (4.6% vs. 0.8%; P = 0.08) and especially sclerotomy-related RD (3.9% vs. 0%; P = 0.03).
Auditor Reputation Under Different Negligence Regimes

type="main"> Do auditor reputation effects evolve the same way under precise negligence as under vague negligence? Or are there differences? We assume that investors update their beliefs on unobservable auditor quality when an auditor discloses an inaccurate report. We call this a reputation effect. A necessary condition for reputation effects to occur is that, ex ante, investors expect ‘good’ auditors to take more care than ‘bad’ auditors such that ‘good’ auditors are less likely to issue an inaccurate report. Consistent with empirical evidence, we assume that wealthier (‘good’) auditors tend to take more care than less wealthy (‘bad’) auditors. We find that under vague negligence, reputation effects will occur, inducing both types of auditor to increase the level of care taken. A ‘good’ auditor is likely to exert excessive care. Then, even in the absence of auditor risk aversion, a (properly defined) liability cap is necessary to induce efficient incentives. A contractual liability cap is preferable to a legally fixed liability cap. Under precise negligence, a ‘good’ auditor will exert the standard of due care. However, a ‘bad’ auditor will also do so if sufficiently wealthy. Consequently, ex ante, investors do not expect different levels of care to be taken or reputation effects to occur. A liability cap is not desirable. This paper highlights the importance of non-legal sanctions in auditor liability. Finally, it links the ‘reputation’ and ‘deep pocket’ hypotheses, both of which have attempted separately in the past to explain the positive correlation between auditor size and auditor quality.
Arbitrarily Varying Wiretap Channel with State Sequence Known or Unknown at the Receiver

The secrecy capacity problems over the general arbitrarily varying wiretap channel (AVWC), with respect to the maximal decoding error probability and strong secrecy criterion, are considered, where the channel state sequence may be known or unknown at the receiver. In the mean time, it is always assumed that the channel state sequence is known at the eavesdropper and unknown at the transmitter. Capacity results of both stochastic code (with random encoder and deterministic decoder) and random code (with random encoder and decoder) are discussed. This model includes the previous models of classic AVWC as special cases. Single-letter lower bounds on the secrecy capacities are given, which are proved to be the secrecy capacities when the main channel is less noisy than the wiretap channel. The coding scheme is based on Csiszar's almost independent coloring scheme and Ahlswede's elimination technique. Moreover, a new kind of typical sequence with respect to states is defined for this coding scheme. It is concluded that the secrecy capacity of stochastic code is identical to that of random code when the receiver knows the state sequence. Meanwhile, random code may achieve larger secrecy capacity when the state sequence is unknown by the receiver.
THE TERM STRUCTURE OF FORWARD FOREIGN EXCHANGE PREMIA: THE INTER-WAR EXPERIENCE*

In this paper, the efficient markets view of the term structure of forward foreign exchange premia is tested for the interwar experience with floating exchange rates, using a vector autoregressive methodology. One novel feature of the paper is the use of data sampled more finely than the shortest of the authors' forward maturities; this enables them to conduct highly efficient tests of the term structure model. In common with tests of this model for the recent floating experience, they report an overwhelming rejection. Copyright 1990 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
Effects of including a ruminally protected lipid supplement in the diet on the fatty acid composition of beef muscle

Enhancing the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and decreasing the saturated fatty acid content of beef is an important target in terms of improving the nutritional value of this food for the consumer. The present study examined the effects of feeding a ruminally protected lipid supplement (PLS) rich in PUFA on the fatty acid composition of longissimus thoracis muscle and associated subcutaneous adipose tissue. Animals were fed ad libitum on grass silage plus one of three concentrate treatments in which the lipid source was either Megalac (rich in palmitic acid; 16:0) or PLS (soyabean, linseed and sunflower-seed oils resulting in an 18:2n−6:18:3n−3 value of 2·4:1). Treatment 1 contained 100g Megalac/kg (Mega, control); treatment 2 (PLS1) contained 54g Megalac/kg with 500g PLS/d fed separately; treatment 3 (PLS2) contained no Megalac and 1000g PLS/d fed separately. The PLS was considered as part of the overall concentrate allocation per d in maintaining an overall forage:concentrate value of 60:40 on a DM basis. Total dietary fat was formulated to be 0·07 of DM of which 0·04 was the test oil. Total intramuscular fatty acids (mg/100g muscle) were decreased by 0·31 when feeding PLS2 compared with Mega (P<0·05). In neutral lipid, the PLS increased the proportion of 18:2n−6 and 18:3n−3 by 2·7 and 4·1 on diets PLS1 and PLS2 v. Mega, respectively. Similar responses were noted for these fatty acids in phospholipid. The amounts or proportions of 20:4n−6, 20:5n−3 or 22:6n−3 were not influenced by diet whereas the amounts and proportions of 22:4n−6 and 22:5n−3 in phospholipid were decreased with inclusion of the PLS. The amounts of the saturated fatty acids, 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0, in neutral lipid were on average 0·37 lower on treatment PLS2 compared with Mega. Feeding the PLS also decreased the proportion of 16:0 in neutral lipid. The amount of 18:1n-9 (P=0·1) and the amount and proportion of 18:1 trans (P<0·01) were lower on treatments PLS1 and PLS2 in neutral lipid and phospholipid. Conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11) was not influenced by diet in the major storage fraction for this fatty acid, neutral lipid. The PUFA:saturated fatty acids value was increased markedly (×2·5) with inclusion of the PLS (P<0·001) while the σn−6:n−3 value increased slightly (×1·2; P=0·015). The results suggest that the protected lipid used, which was rich in PUFA, had a high degree of protection from the hydrogenating action of rumen micro-organisms. The PLS resulted in meat with a lower content of total fat, decreased saturated fatty acids and much higher 18:2n−6 and 18:3n−3. The net result was a large shift in polyunsaturated: saturated fatty acids, 0·28 v. 0·08, on feeding PLS2 compared with Mega, respectively.
Contextualizing Reflexive Governance: the Politics of Dutch Transitions to Sustainability

Abstract How does steering for sustainability work within the world of contemporary politics, where roles are increasingly ambiguous and power dispersed? This paper explores this question empirically by studying the practice of reflexive governance—a mode of steering that encourages actors to scrutinize and reconsider their underlying assumptions, institutional arrangements and practices. The practice of reflexive governance has been conceptualized in various ways: as a strategic process of opening up and closing down, as a state-led activity of facilitating socio-technological transitions, and as a mode of network co-ordination to promote system innovation. What all these accounts underplay is the political context of reflexive processes, and the politics that they generate. This paper offers an alternative conceptualization of reflexive governance that situates sites of reflexivity within a broader discursive system composed of multiple arenas, actors and forms of political communication. Applying this framework to a Dutch case study reveals a host of struggles involved in enacting reflexive governance, particularly as actors try to reconcile the demands of reflexivity (being open, self-critical and creative) with the demands of their existing political world (closed preferences, agenda driven, control). The analysis sheds light on the work—and indeed politics—involved in legitimizing more reflexive modes of governing for sustainability.
Information technology for negotiating groups: generating options for mutual gain

The study of negotiating groups, whether distributive between competing parties i.e., "win-lose" or integrative between essentially friendly parties from the same organization i.e., "win-win", remains important. While much previous research in this area has focused on key analytical issues such as evaluating proposed options, much less research has addressed the equally important initial stage of negotiation: generating options for mutual gain. In general, groups do this poorly, as there are many obstacles that inhibit successful option generation. Recent advances in computer technology provide additional approaches that can be used to support option generation as one component in an overall Negotiation Support System. This paper presents an integrated series of laboratory and field studies that investigated various aspects of computer-supported option generation for groups that meet at the same place and time. The use of anonymity to separate personalities from the issues and promote more objective evaluation was found to improve option generation in some circumstances, particularly those with increased criticalness and/or power differences among the participants. Larger groups were found to be more effective than smaller groups, several smaller groups combined, and nominal groups. We present several implications for theory development and system design and use, as well as a tentative model for computer-supported group option generation.