Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding High-Powered Incentives

This paper analyzes the effect of restricted stock options and restricted stock grants on managerial effort incentives. The combination of low managerial valuations of options and inefficient incentive creation makes options inferior means of inducing managerial effort incentives. The negative covariance of the option delta or pay-for-performance with marginal utility reduces ex-ante effort incentives substantially, and the more so the higher the volatility of stock returns. Pay-for-performance is shown to be a biased measure of managerial incentives. It systematically understates the incentives generated by equity holdings relative to the incentives generated by option grants. The bias is again increasing in the volatility of stock returns, offering a potential explanation for the empirical finding that pay-for-performance does not decrease with volatility as predicted by the optimal contracting framework. The private trading behavior of managers is shown to be crucial for the optimal design of compensation contracts. Assuming that managers invests only into the riskless asset makes option compensation look considerably more effective than it is: The cost of compensating the executive is underestimated, and incentive effects are overestimated. The benefit of indexing compensation schemes to market or industry returns is reduced or even eliminated when the manager is able to freely trade the index through her private account.
T cell sensitization to factor VIII in haemophilia A?

Summary Previous studies have indicated that factor VIII concentrates have a direct inhibitory effect on the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from normal volunteers. We have studied the effects of an intermediate and high purity factor VIII concentrate on haemophiliac PBMC. Intermediate purity factor VIII concentrate inhibited PBMC proliferation, the high purity factor VIII concentrate had no effect. The high purity factor VIII concentrate increased production of the lymphokine inter‐leukin 2, suggesting the presence of a clone of T cells sensitized to factor VIII.
Different pattern of epigenetic changes of the GNAS gene locus in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ic confirm the heterogeneity of underlying pathomechanisms in this subgroup of pseudohypoparathyroidism and the demand for a new classification of GNAS-related disorders.

CONTEXT Disorders characterized by PTH resistance are grouped within the term pseudohypoparathyroidism type I (PHPI). Most subtypes of this disease are caused by genetic or epigenetic changes of the GNAS locus leading to deficiency of the α-subunit of stimulatory G proteins (Gsα). Because the in vitro measured Gsα protein activity is normal in pseudohypoparathyroidism Ic (PHPIc), it had previously been postulated that this subtype is caused by impairment of distinct components of the G protein-signaling pathway. However, recently, pathogenic GNAS mutations in a subset of PHPIc patients were found. OBJECTIVE To clarify the underlying pathogenic mechanism of GNAS exon 1-13 mutation-negative PHPIc cases by investigating the differentially methylated regions of GNAS for epigenetic abnormalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS The methylation pattern of GNAS exons A/B, AS, XL, and NESP from blood-derived leukocytes of 26 PHPIc patients was assessed by pyrosequencing of bisulfite-converted DNA. RESULTS Six patients presented with three different patterns of epigenetic changes. One patient had an exclusive loss of methylation of exon A/B associated with a STX16 deletion; four patients had an additional loss of methylation in XL and AS and a gain of methylation in NESP; and one patient presented with partial GNAS methylation changes concerning all differentially methylated regions. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that PHPIc is a heterogeneous entity caused in part by impaired Gsα function, not only due to mutations, but also due to abnormal imprinting of GNAS. However, in the majority of cases of PHPIc, the underlying etiopathogenesis remains elusive.
Information asymmetry and valuation uncertainty, the determination of China's IPO allocation procedures

In the literature, information asymmetry and valuation uncertainity are always referred to the important concerns for a firm to choose an initial public offering (IPO) allocation procedure. The new emerging stock market of China is a unique trial place as it has possibly practiced three pairs of parallel IPO allocation procedures: private placements and local public offerings; local public offerings and national public offerings; and national public offerings and bookbuilding. Interestingly, the empirical analyses of this article provide the evidences that the IPO firms with more information asymmetry and valuation uncertainty are more likely to prefer private placements to local public offerings, or local public offerings to national public offerings, or national public offerings to bookbuilding.
Pathogenesis of antibody‐induced acquired von willebrand syndrome

A patient with clinical and laboratory evidence of von Willebrand syndrome is described in association with an IgG‐kappa immunoglobulin and Bence‐Jones proteinuria due to a probable lymphoproliferative disorder. He had a persistently prolonged bleeding time of greater than 20 minutes, factor VIII related antigen (VIII: R. Ag), factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII:C) and factor VIII ristocetin co‐factor (VIIIR: Rcof) below 10%. Following cryoprecipitate or high purity factor VIII concentrate infusion, he had the expected immediate rise in VIII:C, VIII: R. Ag, and VIIIR: Rcof, but there was a rapid decline in all three components within two hours. The larger forms of VIII: R. Ag were preferentially removed from the plasma, and this paralleled the fall in plasma VIIIR: Rcof level. However, no inhibitory activity could be demonstrated in vitro using the patient's plasma or IgG. Using protein A it was possible to demonstrate that his plasma or IgG bound factor VIII and that this complex retained its biological activity in vitro. It is postulated that the monoclonal IgG forms complexes with factor VIII in vivo and these are rapidly removed by the reticuloendothelial system (RES).
The contribution of non-essential Schizosaccharomyces pombe genes to fitness in response to altered nutrient supply and target of rapamycin activity

Nutrient fluctuations in the cellular environment promote changes in cell metabolism and growth to adapt cell proliferation accordingly. The target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling network plays a key role in the coordination of growth and cell proliferation with the nutrient environment and, importantly, nutrient limitation reduces TOR complex 1 (TORC1) signalling. We have performed global quantitative fitness profiling of the collection of Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains from which non-essential genes have been deleted. We identified genes that regulate fitness when cells are grown in a nutrient-rich environment compared with minimal environments, with varying nitrogen sources including ammonium, glutamate and proline. In addition, we have performed the first global screen for genes that regulate fitness when both TORC1 and TORC2 signalling is reduced by Torin1. Analysis of genes whose deletions altered fitness when nutrients were limited, or when TOR signalling was compromised, identified a large number of genes that regulate transmembrane transport, transcription and chromatin organization/regulation and vesicle-mediated transport. The ability to tolerate reduced TOR signalling placed demands upon a large number of biological processes including autophagy, mRNA metabolic processing and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Importantly, novel biological processes and all processes known to be regulated by TOR were identified in our screens. In addition, deletion of 62 genes conserved in humans gave rise to strong sensitivity or resistance to Torin1, and 29 of these 62 genes have novel links to TOR signalling. The identification of chromatin and transcriptional regulation, nutritional uptake and transport pathways in this powerful genetic model now paves the way for a molecular understanding of how cells adapt to the chronic and acute fluctuations in nutrient supply that all eukaryotes experience at some stage, and which is a key feature of cancer cells within solid tumours.
Evaluation of RNAs Present in Synaptodendrosomes: Dendritic, Glial, and Neuronal Cell Body Contribution

Abstract: “Synaptodendrosomes” are subcellular fractions that contain pinched‐off axon terminals and dendrites. These fractions are a potential source of RNAs that are localized in dendrites. However, these fractions may also contain RNAs that are seen in situ in neuronal cell bodies and glia. To evaluate whether Synaptodendrosomes could be used as a source of dendritic RNA, we studied the RNA content of this fraction as compared with RNA isolated from total forebrain and a cell body‐enriched fraction. RNA was analyzed by gel electrophoresis, oligo‐dT chromatography, and northern blot hybridization. RNA from Synaptodendrosomes contained a greater proportion of low‐molecular‐weight nonpolyadenylated RNAs. RNAs known to be present in dendrites (mRNA for the a subunit of the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II and the polymerase III transcript BC1) were detected in Synaptodendrosomes; RNAs that are restricted to neuronal and glial cell bodies (mRNAs for the 68‐kDa neurofilament protein, 43‐kDa growth‐associated protein, β‐tubulin, and β‐ actin) were present only at low levels. However, the mRNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein (seen in situ in glial cell bodies and processes) was present at high levels in the synap‐ todendrosomes. These results support and extend previous studies indicating that a limited subset of mRNAs is present in neuronal and astrocyte processes and reveal that both of these types of mRNAs are present in Synaptodendrosomes. Thus, Synaptodendrosomes may be useful as a source of dendritic RNAs, but it will be necessary to develop strategies to subtract mRNAs present in astroglial processes.
Debt Maturity Structure and Firm Investment

This study shows that the maturity structure of a firm's debt has a significant impact on its investment decisions. We show, after controlling for the effect of the overall level of leverage, that a higher percentage of long-term debt in total debt significantly reduces investment for firms with high growth opportunities. In contrast, the correlation between debt maturity and investment is not significant for firms with low growth opportunities. The results are strong at the firm level and at the business segment level. These results hold even after controlling for the endogeneity problem inherent in the relationship between total leverage, the maturity composition of leverage, and investment.
A Two-Dimensional Perspective on Attractive Quality

Abstract Attractive quality has for two decades been accentuated as a strong driver of loyalty, word-of-mouth and saleability. Recent elaborations of the concept of attractive quality however point to obstacles to the development of quality practices, such as engineering methods, to support the creation of attractive quality in practice. One obstacle is the lack of explanations as to why certain aspects of an offer are perceived as an attractive quality. There is a need to understand why attractive quality occurs. This paper aims to address these obstacles by presenting the results of a search for mechanisms claimed to cause attractive quality in literature. As a result, the paper identifies and relates two fundamentally different mechanisms considered important for the generation of attractive quality. The need-based roots of attractive quality point at an explanation in terms of the satisfaction of high-level needs. This is in sharp contrast to the currently dominant explanation of attractive quality as the exceeding of expectations. The two mechanisms are further distinguished and related to each other resulting in the classification of three different types of attractive quality. The three types are designated as ‘Surprisers’, ‘Life Enrichers’, and ‘Attraction Boosters’. The ‘Life Enrichers’, which are defined as satisfying high-level needs of the customer, are highlighted as an important and promising area for future research.
Where's the Fire? Co-Constructing Bushfire in the Everyday Landscape

This research studied factors that residents of a fire-prone Victorian community used when deciding whether to leave their homes on a day officially declared “Catastrophic,” the highest Fire Danger Rating. Taking a social constructivist perspective, we explore how the expert view of bushfire risk, represented by Fire Danger Ratings, is interpreted within the context of local understandings of the landscape and social memory of bushfire. Residents perceive a disconnection between the Fire Danger Rating and local reality. Their social construction of bushfire is related to social and ecological memory, which comprises physical experience of the landscape and local fire knowledge narratives. The exclusion of this social complexity from Fire Danger Ratings diminished their utility as a way of helping people make meaning of bushfire. We propose that fire management agencies work with communities to develop a co-constructed view of bushfire risk that incorporates local bushfire knowledge into Fire Danger Ratings.
Risk Management for Italian Non‐Financial Firms: Currency and Interest Rate Exposure

This paper surveys risk management practices among Italian non‐financial firms. This paper's contribution lies in investigating derivative usage particular to Italian businesses, a group whose public disclosure of derivative instruments is not routine. Italy is characterised by a high percentage of small and medium sized family run firms. The survey examines determinants of currency and interest rate derivative use with respect currency and to firm size, geographical location, rating, industry, access to capital markets and educated management. The results from the logistic regressions suggest that Italian non‐financial firms’ use of derivative contracts is strongly influenced by these characteristics.
Prediction of Human Performance Using Electroencephalography under Different Indoor Room Temperatures

Varying indoor environmental conditions is known to affect office worker’s performance; wherein past research studies have reported the effects of unfavorable indoor temperature and air quality causing sick building syndrome (SBS) among office workers. Thus, investigating factors that can predict performance in changing indoor environments have become a highly important research topic bearing significant impact in our society. While past research studies have attempted to determine predictors for performance, they do not provide satisfactory prediction ability. Therefore, in this preliminary study, we attempt to predict performance during office-work tasks triggered by different indoor room temperatures (22.2 °C and 30 °C) from human brain signals recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). Seven participants were recruited, from whom EEG, skin temperature, heart rate and thermal survey questionnaires were collected. Regression analyses were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of using EEG power spectral densities (PSD) as predictors of performance. Our results indicate EEG PSDs as predictors provide the highest R2 (> 0.70), that is 17 times higher than using other physiological signals as predictors and is more robust. Finally, the paper provides insight on the selected predictors based on brain activity patterns for low- and high-performance levels under different indoor-temperatures.
Refining the search for project success factors: a multivariate, typological approach

Although the causes for project success and failure have been the subject of many studies, no conclusive evidence or common agreement has been achieved so far. One criticism involves the universalistic approach used often in project management studies, according to which all projects are assumed to be similar. A second problem is the issue of subjectiveness, and sometimes weakly defined success measures; yet another concern is the limited number of managerial variables examined by previous research. In the present study we use a project-specific typological approach, a multidimensional criteria for assessing project success, and a multivariate statistical analysis method. According to our typology projects were classified according to their technological uncertainty at project initiation and their system scope which is their location on a hierarchical ladder of systems and subsystems. For each of the 127 projects in our study that were executed in Israel, we recorded 360 managerial variables and 13 success measures. The use of a very detailed data and multivariate methods such as canonical correlation and eigenvector analysis enables us to account for all the interactions between managerial and success variables and to address a handful of perspectives, often left unanalyzed by previous research. Assessing the variants of managerial variables and their impact on project success for various types of projects, serves also a step toward the establishment of a typological theory of projects. Although some success factors are common to all projects, our study identified project-specific lists of factors, indicating for example, that high-uncertainty projects must be managed differently than low-uncertainty projects, and high-scope projects differently than low-scope projects.
A Review on Facial Micro-Expressions Analysis: Datasets, Features and Metrics

Facial micro-expressions are very brief, spontaneous facial expressions that appear on the face of humans when they either deliberately or unconsciously conceal an emotion. Micro-expression has shorter duration than macro-expression, which makes it more challenging for human and machine. Over the past ten years, automatic micro-expressions recognition has attracted increasing attention from researchers in psychology, computer science, security, neuroscience and other related disciplines. The aim of this paper is to provide the insights of automatic micro-expressions and recommendations for future research. There has been a lot of datasets released over the last decade that facilitated the rapid growth in this field. However, comparison across different datasets is difficult due to the inconsistency in experiment protocol, features used and evaluation methods. To address these issues, we review the datasets, features and the performance metrics deployed in the literature. Relevant challenges such as the spatial temporal settings during data collection, emotional classes versus objective classes in data labelling, face regions in data analysis, standardisation of metrics and the requirements for real-world implementation are discussed. We conclude by proposing some promising future directions to advancing micro-expressions research.
Smallholder Bioethanol Production from Cassava Feedstock Under Rural Nigerian Settings

There has been increasing interest in fuel ethanol production due to environmental, economic, and social benefits. In Nigeria, all 20 new ethanol projects that emerged following the implementation of the Nigerian biofuel policy are large-scale integrated farms and refineries except the “cassakero” project, which is small-scale. The benefits of ethanol are limited because of the dominance of the sector by large-scale entrepreneurs. The national cassekero project is comprised of 10,000 units of mini ethanol refineries for the production of 8 million liters of ethanol daily which meet 33% of Nigeria’s cooking fuel demand. The project is challenged by a lack of stable electricity to run the mini-factories under rural Nigerian settings. This article therefore presents the pathway for ethanol production from cassava feedstock using locally-fabricated rudimentary equipment under rural Nigerian settings.
The effect of organizational learning and Web 2.0 on innovation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationships between Web 2.0 adoption, innovation, organizational learning and organizational performance in the hotel industry. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of four and five-star hotels provides the data. The fieldwork took place between February and June 2013. The questionnaire was sent to top managers of Chinese hospitality firms that provide their e-mail addresses on the main Chinese tourism web pages. The final sample comprises 278 hotels. This percentage of responses yields a sample error of 6.9 per cent for a 95 per cent confidence level. The authors followed a two-step approach for structural equation modelling, using EQS 5.7 software to conduct the tests. Findings – Results suggest that competitive advantage in the hotel industry requires firm strategies focusing on Web 2.0, innovation capacity and organizational learning. This finding contributes to the strategic management field by offering an explanation of the differences in fir.
Estimating market structure and tax incidence: the Japanese television market

A method of estimating market structure and tax incidence, when data are available for some firms and the total industry, is applied to the domestic Japanese television market. This market is shown to be oligopolistic with a tax incidence on consumers greater than 100 percent. Tax incidence varies with both the tax rate and the market structure, which has implications for dumping cases. The size of the bias in estimating tax incidence from inappropriately assuming that the industry is competitive is theoretically derived, and the bias for color televisions is 19 percent. Copyright 1989 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of thi (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Free Higher Groups in Homotopy Type Theory

Given a type A in homotopy type theory (HoTT), we can define the free ∞-group on A as the loop space of the suspension of A + 1. Equivalently, this free higher group can be defined as a higher inductive type F(A) with constructors unit: F(A), cons: A~F(A)~F(A), and conditions saying that every cons(a) is an auto-equivalence on F(A). Assuming that A is a set (i.e. satisfies the principle of unique identity proofs), we are interested in the question whether F(A) is a set as well, which is very much related to an open problem in the HoTT book [22, Ex. 8.2]. We show an approximation to the question, namely that the fundamental groups of F(A) are trivial, i.e. that ||F(A)||1 is a set.