Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can New Aid Modalities Handle Politics

Are recent donor approaches compatible with a political understanding of policy processes in partner or recipient countries? This question is given increased urgency with the recent calls for and commitment to increasing financial flows, scaling-up of aid, and promoting donor coordination. Do these commitments sharpen the potential dilemma between increased aid and the political processes, and the changes that inevitably accompany this? This paper discusses the nature of the partnership enshrined in the Monterrey consensus, budget support and poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSP) approaches, and assistance directly targeted to the poor, as one way of increasing aid flows to poorest countries. It also discusses approaches to the role of aid in economic growth, and argues for better understanding of the politics of growth. The papers questions whether the current ? institutions? or governance paradigm brings sufficient political context to aid delivery, and discusses the relationship between domestic revenue generation and foreign aid. A concluding section draws out implications for aid delivery, and for a potential role of socio-political analysis in new aid modalities.
PENGARUH CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, PROFITABILITAS, DAN KARAKTERISTIK EKSEKUTIF PADA TAX AVOIDANCE PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR

Tax avoidance is mostly done by the taxpayer because it is legal. There are several factors, the corporate governance, profitability and executive characteristics. This research was conducted at the companies listed on the Stock Exchange in the observation period 2008-2012. Sampling method used was purposive sampling method with a sample of 37 companies during the observation period of 5 years in a row for a total of 159 samples. Based on the results of multiple linear regression analysis, the results showed that the variables that affect negatively the proportion of commissioners, quality audit, the committee audit, and ROA, while the positive effect on the company's risk of tax avoidance that do manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange observation period 2008-2012.
Nilpotent metric Lie algebras of small dimension

In math.DG/0312243 we developed a general classification scheme for metric Lie algebras, i.e. for finite-dimensional Lie algebras equipped with a non-degenerate invariant inner product. Here we determine all nilpotent Lie algebras l with dim l'=2 which are used in this scheme. Furthermore, we classify all nilpotent metric Lie algebras of dimension at most 10.
Circuitry to explain how the relative number of L and M cones shapes color experience

The wavelength of light that appears unique yellow is surprisingly consistent across people even though the ratio of middle (M) to long (L) wavelength sensitive cones is strikingly variable. This observation has been explained by normalization to the mean spectral distribution of our shared environment. Our purpose was to reconcile the nearly perfect alignment of everyone's unique yellow through a normalization process with the striking variability in unique green, which varies by as much as 60 nm between individuals. The spectral location of unique green was measured in a group of volunteers whose cone ratios were estimated with a technique that combined genetics and flicker photometric electroretinograms. In contrast to unique yellow, unique green was highly dependent upon relative cone numerosity. We hypothesized that the difference in neural architecture of the blue-yellow and red-green opponent systems in the presence of a normalization process creates the surprising dependence of unique green on cone ratio. We then compared the predictions of different theories of color vision processing that incorporate L and M cone ratio and a normalization process. The results of this analysis reveal that—contrary to prevailing notions--postretinal contributions may not be required to explain the phenomena of unique hues.
Implicit Fractional Model Order Estimation Using Interacting Multiple Model Kalman Filters

Abstract The paper deals with implicit and explicit approaches for fractional nonlinear model order estimation using a benchmark model relating applied angular rate and neuron's firing intensity within the vestibular system. The implicit approach is based on an interacting multiple models scheme, where several extended Kalman filters with fixed fractional order nonlinear models are running in parallel. An alternative method based on augmented Unscented Kalman filter is proposed where, where the fractional order of the model is estimated explicitly within the filter state. The performance of the estimators is compared with respect to parameters of estimators and fractional derivative approximation.
MulTFRC: providing weighted fairness for multimediaapplications (and others too!)

When data transfers to or from a host happen in parallel, users do not always consider them to have the same importance. Ideally, a transport protocol should therefore allow its users to manipulate the fairness among flows in an almost arbitrary fashion. Since data transfers can also include real-time media streams which need to keep delay | and hence buffers | small, the protocol should also have a smooth sending rate. In an effort to satisfy the above requirements, we present MulTFRC, a congestion control mechanism which is based on the TCP-friendly Rate Control (TFRC) protocol. It emulates the behavior of a number of TFRC flows while maintaining a smooth sending rate. Our simulations and a real-life test demonstrate that MulTFRC performs significantly better than its competitors, potentially making it applicable in a broader range of settings than what TFRC is normally associated with.
Spikes in acute workload are associated with increased injury risk in elite cricket fast bowlers

Objective To determine if the comparison of acute and chronic workload is associated with increased injury risk in elite cricket fast bowlers. Methods Data were collected from 28 fast bowlers who completed a total of 43 individual seasons over a 6-year period. Workloads were estimated by summarising the total number of balls bowled per week (external workload), and by multiplying the session rating of perceived exertion by the session duration (internal workload). One-week data (acute workload), together with 4-week rolling average data (chronic workload), were calculated for external and internal workloads. The size of the acute workload in relation to the chronic workload provided either a negative or positive training-stress balance. Results A negative training-stress balance was associated with an increased risk of injury in the week after exposure, for internal workload (relative risk (RR)=2.2 (CI 1.91 to 2.53), p=0.009), and external workload (RR=2.1 (CI 1.81 to 2.44), p=0.01). Fast bowlers with an internal workload training-stress balance of greater than 200% had a RR of injury of 4.5 (CI 3.43 to 5.90, p=0.009) compared with those with a training-stress balance between 50% and 99%. Fast bowlers with an external workload training-stress balance of more than 200% had a RR of injury of 3.3 (CI 1.50 to 7.25, p=0.033) in comparison to fast bowlers with an external workload training-stress balance between 50% and 99%. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that large increases in acute workload are associated with increased injury risk in elite cricket fast bowlers.
Exploring the Internal and External Venturing of Large R&D-Intensive Firms

We explore the realized strategies of large RD (2) three firm-level venturing strategy types can be discerned, which are independent of the specific industry; and (3) change in realized strategy is a dynamic capability facilitated by firm-level factors. These results, albeit explorative, emphasize venturing in R&D industries as a dynamic capability that is influenced by firm-level characteristics rather than industry membership.
Crack detection using electrostatic measurements

In this paper we extend recent work on the detection of inclusions using electrostatic measurements to the problem of crack detection in a two-dimensional object. As in the inclusion case our method is based on a factorization of the difference between two Neumann-Dirichlet operators. The factorization possible in the case of cracks is much simpler than that for inclusions and the analysis is greatly simplified. However, the directional information carried by the crack makes the practical implementation of our algorithm more computationally demanding.
Serial Entrepreneurs and Venture Performance: Evidence from U.S. Venture-Capital-Financed Semiconductor Firms

How does prior firm-founding experience affect subsequent venture performance? I examine the effect of founders’ prior firm-founding experience on the survival rate and the rate of return on investment in subsequent ventures. Estimates of this relationship take into account selection effect of serial entrepreneurs and two roles of venture capitalists (VCs): i) evaluating venture quality by screening deals and ii) adding value to the portfolio company through mentoring. Analysis of U.S. VC-financed semiconductor firms that entered the market during 1995-1999 does not show evidence of selection of highly-capable serial entrepreneurs but shows that prior firm-founding experience helps entrepreneurs acquire skills that are conducive to the survival of early-stage firms, but not necessarily conducive to the financial success of the venture. In addition, the mentoring role of VCs helps the portfolio company both survive through the early stages of a venture and earn a higher return on investment. These findings add to our growing understanding of how founders acquire entrepreneurial skills and in what ways these skills are useful in entrepreneurial activities. These findings also shed light on the potential deadweight loss that might have been imposed on the economy if serial entrepreneurs had not been given a second chance.
GM1 ganglioside improves dopaminergic markers of rat mesencephalic cultures treated with MPP+

Rat embryonic mesencephalic cultures were employed to evaluate the consequences of adding GM1 ganglioside to cultures lesioned with the selective neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). MPP+ reduced dopamine and DOPAC content, dopamine uptake, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity, and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase- immunopositive neurons. The immunopositive neurons that remained were aberrant. All of these parameters were partially restored by adding GM1 ganglioside to the cultures. The response to GM1 was not altered by prior treatment of the cultures with cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside to reduce the number of glial cells. Dopamine uptake activity restored by GM1 was lost if GM1 was removed from the culture.
Coding Techniques for Multidimensional Constrained Channels A Thesis Proposal

Constrained coding has found widespread use in optical and magnetic data storage devices [9]. Proposals for new storage systems such as holographic storage have caused interest in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) constrained systems as models of data storage on a surface. One-dimensional constraints were extensively studied and there are several known methodologies for designing codes for such constraints [8], [10], [11]. On the other hand, our knowledge of 2D constraints is much less profound. This might be attributed in part to the fact that the practical interest in those constraints has been risen relatively recently. However, it seems that the main reason for such lack of knowledge is the provable di culty of certain problems that relate to 2D constraints compared to the one-dimensional (1D) case [1], [15].
Towards Automated, Formal Verification of Model Transformations

Verification of models and model processing programs are inevitable in real-world model-based software development. Model transformation developers are interested in offline verification methods, when only the definition of the model transformation and the metamodels of the source and target languages are used to analyze the properties and no concrete input models are taken into account. Therefore, the results of the analysis hold for each output model not just particular ones, and we have to perform the analysis only once. Most often, formal verification of model transformations is performed manually or the methods can be applied only for a certain transformation or for the analysis of only a certain property. Previous work has presented a formalism to describe the characteristics of model transformations in separate formal expressions called assertions. This description is based on the first-order logic, therefore, if deduction rules are provided, a reasoning system can use an assertion set to automatically derive additional assertions describing additional properties of model transformations. In this paper, we propose deduction rules and present the verification of a model transformation of processing business process models.
Valuable Nutrients and Functional Bioactives in Different Parts of Olive (Olea europaea L.)—A Review

The Olive tree (Olea europaea L.), a native of the Mediterranean basin and parts of Asia, is now widely cultivated in many other parts of the world for production of olive oil and table olives. Olive is a rich source of valuable nutrients and bioactives of medicinal and therapeutic interest. Olive fruit contains appreciable concentration, 1–3% of fresh pulp weight, of hydrophilic (phenolic acids, phenolic alchohols, flavonoids and secoiridoids) and lipophilic (cresols) phenolic compounds that are known to possess multiple biological activities such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidyslipidemic, cardiotonic, laxative, and antiplatelet. Other important compounds present in olive fruit are pectin, organic acids, and pigments. Virgin olive oil (VOO), extracted mechanically from the fruit, is also very popular for its nutritive and health-promoting potential, especially against cardiovascular disorders due to the presence of high levels of monounsaturates and other valuable minor components such as phenolics, phytosterols, tocopherols, carotenoids, chlorophyll and squalene. The cultivar, area of production, harvest time, and the processing techniques employed are some of the factors shown to influence the composition of olive fruit and olive oil. This review focuses comprehensively on the nutrients and high-value bioactives profile as well as medicinal and functional aspects of different parts of olives and its byproducts. Various factors affecting the composition of this food commodity of medicinal value are also discussed.
Increased anxiety-like behavior but no cognitive impairments in adult rats exposed to constant light conditions during perinatal development

Abstract Background. Shift-work is suggested to affect fetal development negatively. In particular, maternal hormonal disturbance arising from sleep deprivation or circadian rhythm changes may disturb fetal growth or lead to complications during pregnancy. Exposure to constant light is an environmental stressor that can affect the circadian system and has been shown to induce neurochemical and behavioral changes when used during the prenatal and/or postnatal period in experimental animals. However, studies investigating long-term effects of constant light in the offspring are sparse. Methods. An accidental power outage resulted in pregnant females being housed under constant light (LL) conditions for seven days of the offspring perinatal development (embryonic day 20 to postnatal day 4). The long-term effects of constant light on the behavior in the adult offspring were assessed by means of open field, object recognition, and water maze tests. Results. In adulthood, LL-animals displayed an intact recognition memory and no deficits in spatial learning or memory. In the open field test, LL-animals exhibited higher anxiety-like behavior, observed as significantly more thigmotaxis and less ambulation. These results were confirmed in the other behavioral tests as the LL-animals spent less time exploring the objects in the object recognition test, and showed thigmotactic behavior also in the water maze test. Conclusion. The results confirm that early life experience can cause changes in brain development that shape brain function and add to the sparse literature on long-term effects of constant light conditions during perinatal development on specific behaviors in adulthood.
Developing Critical Literacy

For many ESL teachers the practical implications and benefits to their learners of a critical literacy approach in the classroom remain unclear. This book begins with brief definitions of critical literacy and why it should be addressed in the ESL classroom. It then suggests practical ways in which this can be done, without neglecting possible problem areas. The eight chapters discuss classroom activity types, look at whether critical literacy is relevant to all text types, explore teachers’ own ideological assumptions, and consider the issues of the relevance of linguistic ability. They also deal with the role of linguistic analysis in critical literacy and look at how to introduce learners successfully to critical activities. The book consists of a brief overview of current theory followed by strategies and practical suggestions from practising teachers. It will be useful to ESL teachers as well as to trainers running professional development courses.
Industry dynamics and the distribution of firm sizes: a non-parametric approach

The aim of this paper is to analyze the evolution of the size distribution of young firms within some selected industries, trying to assess the empirical implications of different models of industry dynamics: the model of passive learning (Jovanovic 1982), the model of active learning (Ericson and Pakes, 1995), and the evolutionary model (Audretsch, 1995). We use a non-parametric technique, the Kernel density estimator, applied to a data set from the Italian National Institute for Social Security (INPS), consisting in 12 cohorts of new manufacturing firms followed for 6 years. Since the patterns of convergence to the limit distribution are different between industries, we conclude that the model of passive learning is consistent with some of them, the active exploration model with others, the evolutionary model with all of them.
Comparison of Subsurface and Foliar Herbicide Applications for Control of Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)

Abstract Parrotfeather is an invasive, aquatic plant in the United States that is native to South America. It has impaired the use of water bodies throughout the United States and is difficult to control, despite using a variety of management techniques. Our objectives were to examine the efficacy of subsurface applications of seven herbicides labeled for aquatic use and to compare those applications to herbicides that can also be applied to emergent foliage. A replicated mesocosm study was conducted in 378-L (100-gal) tanks beginning in August 2007 and repeated during the same period in 2008. The maximum and half-maximum labeled rates of copper chelate, diquat, endothall, fluridone, triclopyr, and carfentrazone-ethyl were applied to the water column in designated mesocosms. The maximum labeled rate for foliar applications of diquat, triclopyr, and 2,4-D were used to compare treatment methods. Six weeks after treatment (WAT), copper, endothall, fluridone, and carfentrazone-ethyl did not achieve 90% control; in fact, control was less than 50% for each herbicide, and therefore, the herbicides were not considered efficacious for controlling parrotfeather. Diquat at all rates and application methods resulted in 70 to 90% biomass reduction. Triclopyr, with both the highest aqueous concentration and foliar application, resulted in an 84 and 86%, respectively, reduction in biomass at 6 WAT. The foliar application of 2,4-D was the only herbicide and application method that resulted in ≥ 90% biomass reduction of parrotfeather. In these studies, regrowth occurred in all tanks regardless of herbicide or treatment method, indicating multiple applications would be necessary to provide longer-term plant control. Future research should identify possible herbicide combinations or timing of applications to maximize treatment efficacy. Nomenclature: Copper chelate; diquat; endothall; fluridone; triclopyr; 2,4-D; carfentrazone-ethyl; parrotfeather, Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. MYAQ2
Gender and competition : a dynamic for managers

Gender inequality continues to exist in the labour market and this project contributes to discussions on why women are not equally represented in management hierarchies relative to their labour participation rates. Competition is the central lens used to evaluate current debates and add new perspectives to gendered processes in management. As an area of research, competition is largely neglected in the gender and management body of work. This study is important in exploring how as a concept and a practice, competition can operate in organisations and in the individual careers of men and women managers. Informing the thesis is a review of theories including gender performance, individualization, stereotypes and management styles which contribute to building a framework for understanding and engaging with competition and competitive relations. Adapted from Bradley’s (1999) model of gendered power, competition is defined as a series of dimensions which are investigated to research how and in what ways competition is gendered. Qualitative data was collected and analysed with the findings indicating a confused and often contradictory picture demonstrating how managers engage with competition and competitive relations. Within organisations and management hierarchies competition, some managers claim, remains distant from their experiences at work and is not widely discussed. For others external competition located within the marketplace is strongly identified with, whereas other managers cite personal competition and its role in their own self development as the base for their experience. Suggesting competition is a single concept or has a single location for practice has limitations. The model designed and used in this project builds competition as a multidimensional concept which can be explored across a range of activities and attitudes examining how increased visibility and understanding of competitive relations can inform those management practices and policies which sustain gender inequality.
Moving Money: The Future of Consumer Payments

Robert E. Litan is a senior fellow in Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution and vice president for research and policy at the Kaufmann Foundation. Among his many books is Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity (Yale, 2006), written withWilliam Baumol and Carl Schramm. Martin Neil Baily is also a senior fellow in Economic Studies at Brookings. A member of the president's Council of Economic Advisers from 1994 to 1996, he was CEA chairman 1999-2001. He is the author of Transforming the European Economy (Institute for International Economics, 2004).
A 10-bit Charge-Redistribution ADC Consuming 1.9 $\mu$W at 1 MS/s

This paper presents a 10 bit successive approximation ADC in 65 nm CMOS that benefits from technology scaling. It meets extremely low power requirements by using a charge-redistribution DAC that uses step-wise charging, a dynamic two-stage comparator and a delay-line-based controller. The ADC requires no external reference current and uses only one external supply voltage of 1.0 V to 1.3 V. Its supply current is proportional to the sample rate (only dynamic power consumption). The ADC uses a chip area of approximately 115×225 μm2. At a sample rate of 1 MS/s and a supply voltage of 1.0 V, the 10 bit ADC consumes 1.9 μW and achieves an energy efficiency of 4.4 fJ/conversion-step.