Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Crime is not an Option: Inspecting the Moral Filtering of Criminal Action Alternatives

Many theories assume legal compliance stems from rational deliberations about consequences of disobedience. In contrast, morality theories such as Wikström’s Situational Action Theory contend personal morality and moral contexts provide a “filter” prohibiting some people from perceiving and contemplating criminal actions as realistic possibilities. We examine this moral filtering hypothesis using face-to-face household survey data from 573 adults in the Dhaka District of Bangladesh. Results suggest individuals with higher levels of personal morality (moral beliefs; guilt from contemplating violence; moral identity; emotional empathy) and exposure to strong moral settings are less likely to contemplate aggressive and violent actions in response to a provocation. Furthermore, these dimensions of personal and contextual morality appear to be indirectly linked to violent criminal actions through individuals’ tendencies to contemplate aggressive actions when provoked. Overall, our initial inspection of the moral filter hypothesis provides substantial support and highlights areas for theoretical clarification and additional research.
Culture and a Cascading Model of Emotional Intelligence: An Exploratory Analysis

Originality We contribute to the existing literature by examining the mechanism through which culture influences the different facets of emotional intelligence and whether and how the different facets affect each other. The proposed influence of culture on a cascading model of emotional intelligence provides a more detailed and nuanced understanding of the mechanism and the pathways in which culture affects emotional intelligence.
Understanding how students with learning disabilities from an urban environment experience nature-based informal learning

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS . vi LIST OF TABLES . ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . x Chapter One: Introduction . 1 Accessing Education in an Educationally Unjust System . 2 Teaching the curriculum in an urban setting . 2 Learning disabilities in urban education . 4 Race and socio economic status in urban education . 4 Significance . 5 Theoretical Lenses . 6 General Outline and Project Description. 7 Summary . 9 Chapter Two: Literature Review . 10 Introduction . 10 Urban . 12 Outdoor/Informal Learning Environments . 13 Outdoor education . 13 Environmental education . 15 Experiential learning . 17 Informal Learning Environments. 19 The impact of informal learning environments in the area of science in particular on formal science achievement for different populations of students . 22 Special Education an Emphasis on Learning Disabilities . 25 Informal science learning for students with disabilities . 29 Motivation and Engagement Relative to School Success . 32 Engagement/Interest and Motivation . 32 Engagement . 33
The interrelationships between speed limits, geometry, and driver behavior: a proof-of-concept study utilizing naturalistic driving data

Speed management has been an extensive focus of traffic safety research dating back to the 1960’s. Research has generally shown crash risk to increase as the average speed of traffic increases and as the standard deviation of travel speeds increases within a traffic stream. However, research as to the effects of speed limits has been somewhat inconclusive. This study investigates how speed limits affect driver speed selection, as well as the resultant crash risk, while controlling for various confounding factors such as traffic volumes and roadway geometry. Data are obtained at very high resolution from a Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) conducted as a part of the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2). These data are integrated with a Roadway Information Database (RID), which provides extensive details as to roadway characteristics in the six-state study area (Florida, Indiana, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Washington.) These sources are used to examine how driver speed selection varies among freeways with different posted speed limits, and how the likelihood of crash/near-crash events change with respect to various speed metrics. Regression models are estimated to assess three measures of interest: the average speed of vehicles during the time preceding crash, near-crash, and baseline (i.e., normal) driving events; the variation in travel speeds leading up to each event as quantified by the standard deviation in speeds over this period (i.e. the average acceleration/deceleration rate); and the probability of a specific event resulting in a crash or near-crash based on speed selection and other salient factors.
Surviving and thriving: Evaluations of three interventions fostering well being and growth in the face of adversity

It is easy to imagine how positive psychology (the science of human flourishing) applies to people who are already doing well and wish to do better. It is less obvious how to apply positive psychology in negative contexts: Can positive psychology concepts and strategies help people flourish in the face of mental illness, trauma, and loss? The current investigation presents findings from three randomized trials of interventions informed by positive and clinical psychology, which aim to help people survive and thrive in the face of highly challenging circumstances: depression, mixed traumatic and adverse events, and bereavement. Chapter 1 summarizes the findings of a randomized controlled trial evaluating a smartphone-based/web-based application (app) that integrates clinical and positive psychology strategies with game mechanics in order to alleviate depression symptoms. Results indicated that the app reduced symptoms of depression (in comparison to a waiting list control) and that there were no significant differences between two versions of the app. Chapter 2 summarizes the findings of a randomized controlled trial evaluating an online writingbased intervention aimed at fostering posttraumatic growth (PTG) after adverse events. This intervention, called prospective writing, prompts participants to seek new doors opening in their lives in the wake of loss and trauma. Results indicated that prospective writing fostered PTG for people with recent and long-ago trauma/loss, and mediation analyses suggested that attending to new possibilities was indeed the mechanism for this change. Chapter 3 describes the creation and initial testing of a group-format psychosocial intervention aimed at fostering PTG. Acceptability and feasibility analyses of the data (from an ongoing randomized trial) indicated that bereaved adult participants found this intervention helpful, engaging, inoffensive, and not overly upsetting; that they appreciated diverse intervention modules; and that they would recommend the intervention to other bereaved people. Collectively, these findings underscore the usefulness of positive psychology in negative contexts and suggest further research into intervention strategies that can help suffering people to not only survive but also thrive in the wake of adversity. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Psychology First Advisor Martin E. Seligman
A comprehensive review of the psychological effects of brainwave entrainment.

OBJECTIVE Brainwave entrainment (BWE), which uses rhythmic stimuli to alter brainwave frequency and thus brain states, has been investigated and used since the late 1800s, yet many clinicians and scientists are unaware of its existence. We aim to raise awareness and discuss its potential by presenting a systematic review of the literature from peer-reviewed journals on the psychological effects of BWE. DATA SOURCES Terms used to describe BWE and psychological outcomes were used to search English language studies from OVID Medline (1950-2007), PsychInfo (1806-2007), and Scopus. STUDY SELECTION Twenty studies selected satisfied the following criterion: studies needed to use rhythmic stimuli with the aim ofaffecting psychological outcomes. Peer-reviewed experimental and quasi-experimental studies were accepted. Case studies and review articles were excluded. Psychological outcomes were measured using standard assessment methods or as deemed appropriate by peer review. DATA EXTRACTION Other clinical measurements, including electroencephalogram response, galvanic skin response, and neurotransmitter levels were not included. DATA SYNTHESIS Psychological outcomes addressed cognition, stress and anxiety, pain relief, headaches or migraines, mood, behavior, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Protocols included the use of single, alternating, ascending, or descending frequencies or were determined by the subject, using auditory and/or photic stimulation. Studies examined single session effects and/or longer-term multiple session effects. CONCLUSIONS Findings to date suggest that BWE is an effective therapeutic tool. People suffering from cognitive functioning deficits, stress, pain, headache/migraines, PMS, and behavioral problems benefited from BWE. However, more controlled trials are needed to test additional protocols with outcomes.
The impact of settlement time on the volatility of stock markets

In this paper we investigate the impact of the switching from the same-day settlement to the following-day settlement on the market volatility and its structure. Using the Levene tests and bootstrap procedures, we find that the switching causes a drastic decrease in the stock market volatility. In addition, using a modified GARCH model, we also find a substantial change in the volatility structure, which implies that the markets become less efficient after the switching since the volatility shocks are less quickly assimilated in the stock markets.
Gene Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans Define DPY-31 as a Candidate Procollagen C-Proteinase and SQT-3/ROL-4 as Its Predicted Major Target

Zinc metalloproteases of the BMP-1/TOLLOID family (also known as astacins) are extracellular enzymes involved in important developmental processes in metazoans. We report the characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans gene dpy-31, which encodes the first essential astacin metalloprotease identified in this organism. Loss-of-function mutations in dpy-31 result in cuticle defects, abnormal morphology, and embryonic lethality, indicating that dpy-31 is required for formation of the collagenous exoskeleton. DPY-31 is widely expressed in the hypodermal cells, which are responsible for cuticle secretion. We have investigated the dpy-31 function through reversion analysis. While complete reversion can be obtained only by intragenic suppressors, reversion of the Dpy-31 lethal phenotype also can be caused by dominant extragenic suppressors. Nine extragenic suppressors carry mutations in the uniquely essential collagen gene sqt-3, which we show is the same gene as rol-4. Most mutations exhibit the unusual property of exclusively dominant suppression and all affect the sequence of the SQT-3 collagen C terminus. This suggests that DPY-31 is responsible for C-terminal proteolytic processing of collagen trimers and is therefore a structural and functional homolog of vertebrate BMP-1. The results also demonstrate the critical importance of the collagen C-terminal sequence, which is highly conserved among all 49 members of the SQT-3 subfamily.
Murine clusterin: molecular cloning and mRNA localization of a gene associated with epithelial differentiation processes during embryogenesis

Clusterin is a broadly distributed glycoprotein constitutively expressed by various tissues and cell types, that has been shown to be involved in cell-cell adhesion and expressed during cellular differentiation in vitro. To assess the suggested participation of clusterin in these processes in vivo, we have cloned the cDNA encoding murine clusterin and studied the cellular distribution of clusterin mRNA during murine embryogenesis. Sequence analysis of the cDNA encoding murine clusterin revealed 92 and 75% sequence identity with the rat and human cDNAs, respectively, and conservation of the predicted structural features which include alpha-helical regions and heparin-binding domains. From 12.5 d of development onwards, the clusterin gene is widely expressed in developing epithelia, and selectively localized within the differentiating cell layers of tissues such as the developing skin, tooth, and duodenum where proliferating and differentiating compartments are readily distinguished. In addition, transient and localized clusterin gene expression was detected in certain morphogenetically active epithelia. In the lung, abundant gene transcripts were detected in cuboidal epithelial cells of the terminal lung buds during branching morphogenesis, and in the kidney, clusterin gene expression in the epithelial cells of comma and S-shaped bodies coincided with the process of polarization. Our results demonstrate the in vivo expression of the clusterin gene by differentiating epithelial cells during murine embryogenesis, and provide novel evidence suggesting that clusterin may be involved in the differentiation and morphogenesis of certain epithelia.
Time-Variant Graph Classification

Graphs are commonly used to represent objects, such as images and text, for pattern classification. In a dynamic world, an object may continuously evolve over time, and so does the graph extracted from the underlying object. These changes in graph structure with respect to the temporal order present a new representation of the graph, in which an object corresponds to a set of time-variant graphs. In this paper, we formulate a novel time-variant graph classification task and propose a new graph feature, called a graph-shapelet pattern, for learning and classifying time-variant graphs. Graph-shapelet patterns are compact and discriminative graph transformation subsequences. A graph-shapelet pattern can be regarded as a graphical extension of a shapelet—a class of discriminative features designed for vector-based temporal data classification. To discover graph-shapelet patterns, we propose to convert a time-variant graph sequence into time-series data and use the discovered shapelets to find graph transformation subsequences as graph-shapelet patterns. By converting each graph-shapelet pattern into a unique tokenized graph transformation sequence, we can measure the similarity between two graph-shapelet patterns and therefore classify time-variant graphs. Experiments on both synthetic and real-world data demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithms.
Exercise and Motor Training in People with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of Participant Characteristics, Intervention Delivery, Retention Rates, Adherence, and Adverse Events in Clinical Trials

There is research evidence that exercise and motor training are beneficial for people with Parkinson's disease (PD), and clinicians seek to implement optimal programs. This paper summarizes important factors about the nature and reporting of randomized controlled trials of exercise and/or motor training for people with PD which are likely to influence the translation of research into clinical practice. Searches identified 53 relevant trials with 90 interventions conducted for an average duration of 8.3 (SD 4.2) weeks. Most interventions were fully supervised (74%) and conducted at a facility (79%). Retention rates were high with 69% of interventions retaining ≥85% of their participants; however adherence was infrequently reported, and 72% of trials did not report adverse events. Overall, the labor-intensive nature of most interventions tested in these trials and the sparse reporting of adherence and adverse events are likely to pose difficulties for therapists attempting to balance benefits and costs when selecting protocols that translate to sustainable clinical practice for people with PD.
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO MYELOPATHIES ENfOquE DIAGNóSTICO DE LAS MIELOPATíAS

Myelopathy is a broad term that refers to spinal cord involvement of multiple etiologies. Spinal cord diseases often have devastating consequences, ranging from quadriplegia and paraplegia to severe sensory deficits due to its confinement in a very small area. Many of these diseases are potentially reversible if they are recognized on time, hence the importance of recognizing the significance of magnetic resonance imaging when approaching a multifactorial disease considered as one of the most critical neurological emergencies, where prognosis depends on an early and accurate diagnosis.
Direction-of-Arrival Estimation for Nonuniform Sensor Arrays: From Manifold Separation to Fourier Domain MUSIC Methods

In this paper, the problem of spectral search-free direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation in arbitrary nonuniform sensor arrays is addressed. In the first part of the paper, we present a finite-sample performance analysis of the well-known manifold separation (MS) based root-MUSIC technique. Then, we propose a new class of search-free DOA estimation methods applicable to arrays of arbitrary geometry and establish their relationship to the MS approach. Our first technique is referred to as Fourier-domain (FD) root-MUSIC and is based on the fact that the spectral MUSIC function is periodic in angle. It uses the Fourier series to expand this function and reformulate the underlying DOA estimation problem as an equivalent polynomial rooting problem. Our second approach applies the zero-padded inverse Fourier transform to the FD root-MUSIC polynomial to avoid the polynomial rooting step and replace it with a simple line search. Our third technique refines the FD root-MUSIC approach by using weighted least-squares approximation to compute the polynomial coefficients. The proposed techniques are shown to offer substantially improved performance-to-complexity tradeoffs as compared to the MS technique.
The Cyclical Sensitivity of Seasonality in Us Employment

There is a growing recognition in the literature on business cycles that production technologies may give rise to complicated interactions between seasonal and cyclical movements in economic time series, which can distort business cycle inference based on seasonally adjusted data. For the most part, however, the empirical research in this area has relied on standard univariate seasonal adjustment techniques that provide only a partial description of such interactions. In this paper, we develop an unobserved components model that explicitly accounts for the effects of business cycles on industry-level seasonality and for the potential feedback from seasonality to the aggregate business cycle. In particular, the model extracts an aggregate "common cycle" from industry-level data, allows formal statistical testing of seasonal differences in the comovement of an industry with the common cycle, and identifies economy-wide and industry-specific contributions to the seasonal and non-seasonal variation in the data. Applying the model to quarterly US payroll employment data, we frequently find evidence of statistically significant differences across seasons in the comovement between sectoral employment and the common cycle. On the other hand, we also find that seasonal fluctuations in employment at the industry level are largely idiosyncratic and that the proportion of the total variance of the common cycle accounted for by seasonality is much less than for aggregate employment. This suggests that seasonal shocks may have less of a business cycle element to them than one might infer from the seasonal movements in aggregate variables.
False-Name Manipulation in Weighted Voting Games Is Hard for Probabilistic Polynomial Time

False-name manipulation refers to the question of whether a player in a weighted voting game can increase her power by splitting into several players and distributing her weight among these false identities. Relatedly, the beneficial merging problem asks whether a coalition of players can increase their power in a weighted voting game by merging their weights. For the problems of whether merging or splitting players in weighted voting games is beneficial in terms of the Shapley-Shubik and the normalized Banzhaf index, merely NP-hardness lower bounds are known, leaving the question about their exact complexity open. For the Shapley-Shubik and the probabilistic Banzhaf index, we raise these lower bounds to hardness for PP, "probabilistic polynomial time," a class considered to be by far a larger class than NP. For both power indices, we provide matching upper bounds for beneficial merging and, whenever the new players' weights are given, also for beneficial splitting, thus resolving previous conjectures in the affirmative. Relatedly, we consider the beneficial annexation problem, asking whether a single player can increase her power by taking over other players' weights. It is known that annexation is never disadvantageous for the Shapley-Shubik index, and that beneficial annexation is NP-hard for the normalized Banzhaf index. We show that annexation is never disadvantageous for the probabilistic Banzhaf index either, and for both the Shapley-Shubik index and the probabilistic Banzhaf index we show that it is NP-complete to decide whether annexing another player is advantageous. Moreover, we propose a general framework for merging and splitting that can be applied to different classes and representations of games.
Health Attitudes and Beliefs Among Hypertensive Subjects: A Study of theHellenic Atherosclerosis Society

Introduction: Health attitudes and beliefs have long been associated with lower risk of various diseases, better compliance to medication and less likelihood of relapsing. The aim of this work was to study health beliefs and attitudes of hypertensive subjects in relation to the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods: The Hel- lenic Atherosclerosis Society ran a project where during 2006-2012, 10,141 individuals (39 ± 15 years, 47% men, i.e., 0.01% of the Greek population), from all areas of the country, were voluntarily enrolled and participated into a face-to- face interview that gathered information about their beliefs and attitudes on diet, smoking and physical activity, as well as management of CVD disorders. Results: Self-reported prevalence of hypertension was 16.7% in men and 13.2% in women. Hypertensive subjects had lower educational level than non-hypertensive (11 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 4.5 years of school, p<0.001). Hypertensive participants as compared to normotensive seemed not to accept that unhealthy diet which consists of a major CVD risk factor (16.2% vs. 23.1%, p<0.001); and they believed more in the effect of pharmaceutical medica- tion than in healthy lifestyle. Conclusion: There is need for more effective health strategies in order to convince people, especially those with cardiometabolic disorders, on the importance of the modifiable CVD risk factors.