Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Acute Wound Environment on Neonatal Rat Dermal Multipotent Cells

Dermal multipotent cells (DMCs) with the capacity to differentiate to osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes and neurons were isolated from the dermis of newborn Wistar rats by their adherence to culture plastic dishes.After labeling with a fluorescent nuclear marker, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, neonatal DMCs were implanted into minced skin. The labeled cells were found in the regenerative skin 2 weeks after implantation. Topical transplantation of DMC suspension on full-thickness excision wounds made on the back of female rats enhanced the initial rate of contraction. Wound fluid collected using polyvinyl alcohol sponges from the incisions on the dorsa of adult rats on day 3 postwounding was used in the experiments. A methylthiazolyldiphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay showed that wound fluid with concentrations from 5 to 30% induced an increase in the number of cultured DMCs. The wound model of a monolayer of cells indicated that 10% wound fluid accelerated the migration rate of DMCs to fill in defects made in the layer of cultured cells. A colorimetric analysis also indicated that 10% wound fluid increased the hydroxyproline content in cultured cells. In conclusion, DMCs have been isolated from newborn rat dermis by their adherence to culture plastic dishes, and acute wound environment in the early stage promotes the viability, migration and collagen synthesis of these cells.
Consumers' Attitudes toward Products and Associated Marketing Unethicality as Predictors of Buying and Using Preferences: The Case of Russia

This study examines (1) the differences in Russian consumers' attitudes toward European and domestic household goods and associated unethicality of firms' marketing practices, as well as the differences in consumers' buying and using preferences and (2) the effect of consumers' attitudes toward the products and associated marketing efforts on their buying and using preferences. The findings indicate that country of origin has a substantial effect on the attitudes of Russian consumers toward all product/marketing cues examined, whereas consumers' attitudes toward products and associated marketing unethicality are important determinants of their buying/using preferences. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
LABELING ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTS: THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED RISK, FRAMING AND PROSPECT THEORY ON PURCHASE DECISIONS

Labeling organic food products: The role of perceived risk, framing, and prospect theory on purchase decisions Julia Arnold The organic food industry is in a period of rapid growth and product diversification (Organic Trade Association, 2006). Because of this expansion, the market for organic food should be studied in detail. Differences in labeling strategies for organic foods may influence a consumer’s decision to purchase a specific product. Longstanding theories within consumer behavior such as prospect theory and perceived risk can help in understanding consumer reaction to label framing effects. Research by Gifford and Bernard (2006) indicates that positive framing is more effective than negative framing in affecting consumers’ intent to purchase more organic products. The research reported here examined how the framing of information contained specifically on labels influenced consumer purchase decisions. Different fictional brands and their corresponding labels were evaluated through an online survey looking at consumer willingness to buy. It was hypothesized that labels using positive framing would be more desirable (examining purchase intention) than labels using negatively framed information. The findings indicated that there was no difference between positively and negatively framed information on willingness to buy across all three product labels. There was, however, an interaction between survey group and framing condition which indicated a framing effect for milk product labels. Participants showed preference for the iii negatively-framed milk labels, this finding is in contrast to previous research supporting positive framing as a more effective tool for influencing consumer behavior. Both framing conditions across all three products differed from a control condition suggesting that consumers respond favorably to more information on the label regardless of how it is framed. The current research also expanded on Gifford and Bernard’s (2006) findings on framing and organic foods. The conclusions provided some insight on consumer attitudes and behavior toward organic and conventional foods. The unexpected discovery of milk framing effects strongly suggests that future research should be conducted on the potential framing influences with different categories of food (basic vs. luxury). Future research should also focus on strengthening framing manipulation strategies and possibly explore the relationship between amount of product knowledge and willingness to buy.
Underpricing in Canadian IPOs

An examination of initial public offerings (IPOs) that went public in Canada between 1971 and 1983 and subsequently traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange indicates that Canadian IPOs, like their U.S. counterparts, are on average underpriced. The average degree of underpricing ranged from 9 to 11.5 per cent, concentrated in the first three days from issuance. The level of underpricing varied significantly across firms, however. Approximately 40 per cent of the sample issues were actually overpriced. Tests indicate that underpricing was significantly related to three variables-trading volume, business sector of the firm and the use to which funds from the offering were put. Underpricing was greater, the thinner the trading in the security (as measured by the number of days traded divided by the number of days listed over the first 200 trading days). IPO underpricing was more pronounced for firms in the industrial sector than for firms in other sectors of the economy. Issues raising funds for pure investment purposes (e.g., acquisition, exploration and research) experienced more underpricing than issues raising funds for other purposes. The evidence suggests that underpricing was not related to issuespecific measures of risk such as variance or beta.
Efficacy of cisapride and domperidone in functional (nonulcer) dyspepsia: a meta-analysis

Background:The efficacy of prokinetic agents in functional (nonulcer) dyspepsia has been questioned based on recent trial results. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of cisapride and domperidone in functional dyspepsia.METHODS:Computer and manual searching was used to identify placebo-controlled studies that included >20 patients. The statistical analysis focused on: global assessment by the investigator, epigastric pain, early satiety, abdominal distension and nausea (all rated on four-point scales). Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) in favor of treatment. Regression analysis was performed to evaluate possible effect modifiers. The relationship between improvement in gastric emptying and symptoms was also evaluated.RESULTS:For cisapride, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria, but varying numbers of studies had to be used for the different outcome measures. For all outcome measures, there was a statiscally significant benefit in favor of cisapride: global assessment of improvement by the investigator or patient (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5–5.8), epigastric pain (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05–0.7), early satiety (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.9–0.4), abdominal distension (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.1–0.7), and nausea (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.1–0.5). Age of patient, year of publication, and country where study was performed had only small modifying effects. There were insufficient data to determine whether there is a relationship between improvement in gastric emptying and response to treatment. For domperidone, four of eight studies could be used for the analysis of global assessment of improvement by the investigator. This showed an OR of 7.0 (95% CI 3.6–16) in favor of domperidone.CONCLUSIONS:Both cisapride and domperidone seem to be efficacious in functional dyspepsia, although this conclusion is largely based on global assessment by the investigator, which may not be an optimal outcome measure.
Assessing the Impacts of US-Japan Bilateral Trade Agreements, 1980-1995

The paper presents three different viewpoints on the effects of US-Japan bilateral trade agreements and finds some evidence to support each one using trade data from 1980-1995. For most of the 25 industry-agreement cases, the data do not support a conclusion of significant positive impacts of the agreements on Japan's imports of targeted manufactured products from either the US or non-US sources. In at least one high-profile case involving autos, I find evidence suggesting positive impacts on imports from the US, but in this case the data suggests trade diversion benefiting US0based producers at the expense of European ones. I also find a few cases where the agreements may have produced positive effects on Japan's imports from non-US sources. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2001.
The Distributional Impact of Direct Payments on Irish Farm Incomes

The objective of this paper is to analyse the distributional effects of the different income components of Irish farm income with a Gini comparison method and by disaggregating the overall Gini coefficient of income inequality by income source. Using individual farm data for 1992 and 1996, the impact on farm income distribution of the MacSharry CAP reform is assessed. In addition, the change in the Gini coefficient between these years is decomposed into the changes in the within‐source distribution of each income stream and the share of each income stream. The favourable movement in the Gini coefficient is found to be due to the introduction of direct payments, which target less well‐off farmers. Market income remains the single largest influence on deciding the income ranking of a farm while contributing less to total income than before.
The Expanded Audit Report—An Empirical Investigation

Abstract There is a widespread concern about the ‘expectations’ gap in auditing. To help close this gap the profession in the United States has recently expanded its standard audit report to give a fuller understanding of the scope, nature and significance of the audit. The primary research question addressed in this paper is whether a UK derivative of the US expanded report has the power, compared to the current short form report used in the UK, to help the reasonably intelligent reader to understand better the audit and the auditor's role. The research was conducted by experiment with 140 part-time MBA students from the University of Edinburgh. The results provide clear evidence of the ability of the UK derivative to change reader perceptions. Moreover significant changes are not limited to matters directly addressed in the expansion of the audit report. A ‘halo’ effect is observed whereby the expanded wording seems to generate a feeling of well-being which spills over to matters not directly addressed .
Psychological Involvement and Black Voter Turnout

The goal of this article is to account more fully for the influence of psychological involvement on black voter turnout than currently exists in the literature. Using the 1996 National Black Election Study, I test several hypotheses that detail the potential ways the turnout decision of black Americans is influenced by trust in government, political engagement, and political efficacy at both the individual level and the group level. Trust in government has an inverse relationship with turnout, while political engagement has a strong and consistent positive effect. I also find that individual political efficacy does not factor into the black voter’s calculus, but group political efficacy does. Further, a reexamination of the “mistrust-sense of efficacy ” hypothesis is confirmed, but a test of the “mistrust-sense of efficacy” hypothesis concerning group political efficacy is not supported.
Simplified Cellular Grafting for Treatment of Vitiligo and Piebaldism: The “6‐Well Plate” Technique

BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a disfiguring depigmenting dermatosis that affects approximately 0.5% to 1% of the general population regardless of race and sex. In patients with stable vitiligo who fail conventional therapies, surgical transplant offers a viable alternative. Noncultured cellular grafting offers the advantage of repigmenting vitiligo 5 to 10 times the size of the donor skin and can be completed on the same day on an outpatient basis. In recent years, ways to simplify this procedure have been explored, including the use of commercially available kits. OBJECTIVES To simplify the extraction of epidermal cells from donor skin using a 6‐well plate and to evaluate the clinical efficacy of this simplified technique in repigmenting stable vitiligo and piebaldism. METHODS Four patients with focal or segmental vitiligo and one with piebaldism were treated using the simplified noncultured cellular grafting protocol. Percentage of repigmentation 6 months after grafting was objectively measured using digital contour mapping. RESULTS Patients with stable segmental or focal vitiligo achieved 65% to 92% repigmentation 6 months after grafting; the treated sites involved face or limbs. The patient with piebaldism achieved 86% repigmentation. One year after grafting, the extent of repigmentation remained for all patients. CONCLUSION This set‐up is simple and inexpensive; it reduces cell preparation time, amount of reagents used, and costs, and obviates the need of a laboratory for extraction of epidermal cells. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Petugas Pajak, Sanksi Perpajakan dan Biaya Kepatuhan Pajak Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak UMKM

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah kualitas pelayanan petugas pajak, sanksi perpajakan dan biaya kepatuhan pajak mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kepatuhan Wajib Pajak UMKM ( usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah ) baik secara parsial maupun simultan. Data diperoleh dari kuesioner yang diisi oleh responden yang terdaftar di Dinas Koperasi dan UMKM Jawa Timur pada bulan Oktober 2012. Sebanyak 45 kuesioner kembali dengan keadaan yang lengkap dan dapat diolah. Dengan menggunakan teknik regresi berganda, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas pelayanan dan sanksi perpajakan berpengaruh positif terhadap kepatuhan Wajib Pajak UMKM. Semakin baik kualitas pelayanan petugas pajak dan semakin berat sanksi perpajakan yang dikenakan pada Wajib Pajak UMKM maka akan meningkatkan kepatuhan Wajib Pajak UMKM. Di samping itu, biaya kepatuhan pajak berpengaruh negatif terhadap kepatuhan Wajib Pajak UMKM. Semakin besar biaya kepatuhan pajak maka kepatuhan Wajib Pajak UMKM akan menurun. The purpose of this study is to know whether the service quality of the tax officials, tax penalties and tax compliance costs have a significant impact on UMKM tax payer’s compliance either partially or simultaneously . Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by respondents listed in the Bureau of Cooperatives and UMKM in East Java in October 2012 . A total of 45 questionnaires were returned in complete condition and can be processed. Using multiple regression techniques, the result shows that the service quality of the tax officials and taxation penalties have a positive influence on UMKM tax payer ’s compliance . The better the service quality of tax officials and the heavier the tax penalties for UMKM tax payer then it will be increase the compliance of UMKM tax payer. Aside from that, the tax compliance costs have a negative influence on UMKM tax payer ’s compliance . The larger the tax compliance costs then UMKM tax payer’s compliance will decrease.
Building reciprocal community unionism in the UK

British trade union renewal has focused on the twin strategies of organising and partnership. Drawing on experience from North America, and fledgling developments in Britain, this paper argues that reciprocal community unionism could provide another weapon in the union movement's armoury for reversing decline. The paper provides a brief historical overview of the intersection between unions and community in Britain before addressing reciprocal community unionism in more detail. The final part of the paper then looks at the work of Battersea and Wandsworth Trade Union Council's Organising Centre in South West London during 2000 and 2001. The case study highlights the ways in which trade unionism can develop when focused on a particular locality, and the advantages of having extra-workplace organisation in any place. The case also illustrates some of the barriers preventing this model of trade unionism being translated to other boroughs, towns and cities in the UK. In the conclusion, the paper then calls for further experimentation in the development of reciprocal community unionism.
Global methane and nitrous oxide emissions and reduction potentials in agriculture

Agricultural activities account for almost 50 and 60% of the total anthropogenic CH4 and N2O emissions, respectively in 2005 (IPCC. 2007. Climate change 2007. Mitigation of climate change, Working Group III contribution to the fourth assessment report of the intergovermental panel on climate change summary for policymakers and technical summary). Thus, we developed an integrated model to estimate global CH4 and N2O emissions and reduction potentials related to agricultural production from 2000 to 2030. In this model, the amounts of implemented countermeasures for greenhouse gas mitigation are calculated as an optimal problem to minimize the total reduction costs under several marginal abatement costs. As a result, we determined the most cost-effective countermeasures, regions and emission sources with high reduction potentials in 2030. Global CH4 and N2O emission in agricultural activities was 4.0 GtCO2 eq/year in 2000 and will increase to approximately 40% (up to 5.6 GtCO2 eq/year) by 2030. Moreover, in 2030, the total maximum reduction potential will be about 1.4 GtCO2 eq/year which accounts for 35% of the total of CH4 and N2O emissions in agriculture in 2000. Particularly, livestock manure management and rice paddy are expected to be emission sources that have high reduction potentials. We identified a “daily spread of manure” as one low-cost countermeasure with high reduction potential based on the analysis of reduction potentials by countermeasures.
Playing politics with the mobile phone in Nigeria: civil society, big business & the state

On 19 September 2003, mobile phone subscribers in Nigeria took the unprecedented step of switching off their handsets en masse. The subscribers took this symbolic step in protest against perceived exploitation by the existing mobile phone companies. Among other things, they were angered by allegedly exorbitant tariffs, poor reception, frequent and unfavourable changes in contract terms, and arbitrary reduction of credits. Among other critical questions, the protest helped bring into focus the following: How is (mobile) technology shaping the democratic momentum in Nigeria? How useful is technology as a mechanism for socio-economic empowerment? Using the boycott as backdrop, this paper provides some tentative answers. It is argued that the boycott ought to be appraised, first, in the context of existing mistrust between citizens and transnational big business in Nigeria; and second, against the background of difficult state-society intercourse which has mostly been characterised by the latter’s suspicion of the state’s connivance with the corporate establishment. Furthermore, because it gives ‘civil society’ a combined cause and instrument of protest, mobile phones in the Nigerian context appear to presage the emergence of a new social space of politics and agitation. The paper underscores an ordinarily subsumed ‘class’ dimension to the protest, illustrating how a struggle about the interests of a section of ‘civil society’ may have a potential for enlarging the larger ‘political space’.
The Logic of Backwards Inductions

Backwards induction is an intriguing form of argument. It is used in a number of different contexts. One of these is the surprise exam paradox. Another is game theory. But its use is problematic, at least sometimes. The purpose of this paper is to determine what, exactly, backwards induction is, and hence to evaluate it. Let us start by rehearsing informally some of its problematic applications.
Structural overshoot of tree growth with climate variability and the global spectrum of drought‐induced forest dieback

Ongoing climate change poses significant threats to plant function and distribution. Increased temperatures and altered precipitation regimes amplify drought frequency and intensity, elevating plant stress and mortality. Large‐scale forest mortality events will have far‐reaching impacts on carbon and hydrological cycling, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. However, biogeographical theory and global vegetation models poorly represent recent forest die‐off patterns. Furthermore, as trees are sessile and long‐lived, their responses to climate extremes are substantially dependent on historical factors. We show that periods of favourable climatic and management conditions that facilitate abundant tree growth can lead to structural overshoot of aboveground tree biomass due to a subsequent temporal mismatch between water demand and availability. When environmental favourability declines, increases in water and temperature stress that are protracted, rapid, or both, drive a gradient of tree structural responses that can modify forest self‐thinning relationships. Responses ranging from premature leaf senescence and partial canopy dieback to whole‐tree mortality reduce canopy leaf area during the stress period and for a lagged recovery window thereafter. Such temporal mismatches of water requirements from availability can occur at local to regional scales throughout a species geographical range. As climate change projections predict large future fluctuations in both wet and dry conditions, we expect forests to become increasingly structurally mismatched to water availability and thus overbuilt during more stressful episodes. By accounting for the historical context of biomass development, our approach can explain previously problematic aspects of large‐scale forest mortality, such as why it can occur throughout the range of a species and yet still be locally highly variable, and why some events seem readily attributable to an ongoing drought while others do not. This refined understanding can facilitate better projections of structural overshoot responses, enabling improved prediction of changes in forest distribution and function from regional to global scales.
Organisation‐level policy towards older workers in Poland

Perek-Bialas J, Turek K. Organisation-level policy towards older workers in Poland This article presents the results of studies on organisation-level strategies towards older workers in Poland. The analyses were based on a national and representative sample survey of 1,037 companies (public and private sectors) – the first of its kind in Poland. The question of the survey was: How do Polish employers deal with an ageing workforce and how can management tap into their potential through various measures? The analyses revealed three different strategies: (i) improvement of productivity – trying to improve the skills and competencies of older workers, increase their effective use of and adjustment to the workplace, plan individual career moves and avoid work burn-out; (ii) the pushing out of older workers – attempting to rid the workplace of older workers as quickly as possible; (iii) accommodation and reduction of labour costs – slowly preparing senior workers for retirement and creating conditions that would meet their actual needs.