Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On-demand loop-free routing with link vectors

We present the on-demand link vector (OLIVE) protocol, a routing protocol for ad-hoc networks based on link-state information that is free of routing loops and supports destination-based packet forwarding. Routers exchange routing information reactively for each destination in the form of complete paths, and each node creates a labeled source graph based on the paths advertised by its neighbors. A node originates a broadcast route request to obtain a route for a destination for which a complete path does not exist in its source graph. When the original path breaks, a node can select an alternative path based on information reported by neighbors, and a node can send a unicast route request to verify that the route is still active. A node that cannot find any alternate path to a destination sends route errors reliably to those neighbors that were using it as next hop to the destination. Using simulation experiments in ns2, OLIVE is shown to outperform DSR, AODV, OLSR and TBRPF, in terms of control overhead, throughput, and average network delay, while maintaining loop-free routing with no need for source routes.
Oxygen isotope fractionation in phosphates: the role of dissolved complex anions in isotope exchange†

Oxygen isotope fractionation factors for phosphates were calculated by means of the increment method. The results suggest that Ag3PO4 and BiPO4 are enriched in 18O relative to AgPO4, and the three phosphates are consistently depleted in 18O relative to Ba3[PO4]2; fluorapatite and chlorapatite exhibit a similar behaviour of oxygen isotope fractionation with consistent enrichment of 18O relative to hydroxyapatite. The valence, radii and coordination of metal cations play a quantitative role in dictating the 18O/16O partitioning in these phosphates of different compositions. The calculated fractionation factors for the Ag3PO4–H2O system are in agreement with experimental determinations derived from enzyme-catalysed isotope exchange between dissolved inorganic phosphate and water at the longest reaction durations at low temperatures. This demonstrates that the precipitated Ag3PO4 has completely captured the oxygen isotope fractionation in the dissolved inorganic phosphate. The calculated fractionation factors for the F/Cl-apatite–water systems are in agreement with the enzyme-catalysed experimental fractionations for the dissolved phosphate–water system at the longest reaction durations but larger than fractionations derived from bacteria-facilitated exchange and inorganic precipitation experiments as well as natural observations. For the experimental calibrations of oxygen isotope fractionation involving the precipitation of dissolved phosphate species from aqueous solutions, the fractionation between precipitate and water is primarily dictated by the isotope equilibration between the dissolved complex anions and water prior to the precipitation. Therefore, the present results provide a quantitative means to interpret the temperature dependence of oxygen isotope fractionation in inorganic and biogenic phosphates.
The pathopysiology of heat stroke: an integrative view of the final common pathway

Heat stroke is defined as a condition in which body temperature is elevated to such a level that it becomes a noxious agent causing body tissue dysfunction and damage with a characteristic multi‐organ clinical and pathological syndrome. Marked hyperthermia, usually above 40.5 °C and associated encephalopathy, occurs after thermoregulation is subordinated to circulatory and metabolic demands and to the associated systemic inflammatory reaction. Exertional heat stroke is a function of both intrinsic and extrinsic modulators. Intrinsic modulators like genetics, fitness, acclimatization, illness, medications, and sleep quality can alter individual risk and outcomes, while extrinsic modulators like exercise intensity and duration, clothing and equipment, ambient temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation can affect the group risk and outcomes. This review integrates the current theoretical and accepted knowledge of physiological alterations into one model that depicts a common pathway from heat stress to heat stroke.
Shape-based Barrier Estimation for RNAs

The ability of some RNA molecules to switch between different metastable conformations plays an important role in cellular processes. In order to identify such molecules and to predict their conformational changes one has to investigate the refolding pathways. As a qualitative measure of these transitions, the barrier height marks the energy peak along such refolding paths. We introduce a meta-heuristic to estimate such barriers, which is an NP-complete problem. To guide an arbitrary path heuristic, the method uses RNA shape representative structures as intermediate checkpoints for detours. This enables a broad but efficient search for refolding pathways. The resulting Shape Triples meta-heuristic enables a close to optimal estimation of the barrier height that outperforms the precision of the employed path heuristic.
Influence of treatment of erosive lichen planus of the vulva on its prognosis.

OBJECTIVE To record the clinical features, symptomatic response to treatment, and resolution of clinical signs in a large cohort of women with erosive lichen planus of the vulva. DESIGN Descriptive, prospective cohort study with a mean follow-up of 72 months. SETTING The vulval clinics of a teaching and district general hospital in Oxfordshire, England. PATIENTS One hundred fourteen adult women with a definite clinical diagnosis of erosive lichen planus of the vulva.Interventions Patients received topical corticosteroids with or without other topical preparations and systemic treatments as part of their normal care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Symptomatic response to individual treatments (good, partial, or poor), overall symptomatic response to treatment and with time (good, partial, no change, or worse), response of the vulval signs (total, partial, moderate, minor, same, or worse), and the presence or absence of moderate or severe scarring. RESULTS The mean age at onset of vulval symptoms was 56.9 years. First-line therapy was an ultrapotent topical corticosteroid in 89 women (78%), of whom 63 (71%) were symptom free while receiving treatment. Overall and with time, 86 women (75%) improved with treatment, including 62 (54%) who were symptom free (good response) and 24 (21%) who had a partial response. Eighteen (16%) had no change and 10 (9%) were worse. Overall response of the vulval signs was recorded in 113 patients. Only 10 (9%) of these had complete resolution of clinical signs excepting scarring, with 57 (50%) showing resolution of erosions. Squamous cell carcinoma developed in 3 women (3%). CONCLUSIONS Topical ultrapotent corticosteroid is an effective treatment for erosive lichen planus of the vulva, giving relief of symptoms in 71%. With time and treatment, three quarters of patients can expect overall improvement of symptoms and one half, healing of erosions.
Incretin-Based Therapy and Risk of Acute Pancreatitis: A Nationwide Population-Based Case-Control Study

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the use of incretin-based drugs (GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 [DPP4] inhibitors) is associated with acute pancreatitis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study was a nationwide population-based case-control study using medical databases in Denmark. Participants were 12,868 patients with a first-time hospitalization for acute pancreatitis between 2005 and 2012 and a population of 128,680 matched control subjects. The main outcome measure was the odds ratio (OR) for acute pancreatitis associated with different antihyperglycemic drugs. We adjusted for history of gallstones, alcoholism, obesity, and other pancreatitis-associated comorbidities and medications. RESULTS A total of 89 pancreatitis patients (0.69%) and 684 control subjects (0.53%) were ever users of incretins. The crude OR for acute pancreatitis among incretin users was 1.36 (95% CI 1.08–1.69), while it was 1.44 (95% CI 1.34–1.54) among users of other antihyperglycemic drugs. After confounder adjustment, the risk of acute pancreatitis was not increased among incretin users (OR 0.95 [95% CI 0.75–1.21]), including DPP4 inhibitor users (OR 1.04 [95% CI 0.80–1.37]) or GLP-1 receptor agonist users (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.54–1.23]), or among nonincretin antihyperglycemic drug users (OR 1.05 [95% CI 0.98–1.13]), compared with nonusers of any antihyperglycemic drugs. Findings were similar in current versus ever drug users and in patients with pancreatitis risk factors. The adjusted OR comparing incretin-based therapy with other antihyperglycemic therapy internally while also adjusting for diabetes duration and complications was 0.97 (95% CI 0.76–1.23). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the use of incretin-based drugs appears not to be associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis.
Evaluating the Performance of CSB+-Trees on Multithreaded Architectures

Modern architectures have made considerable increases in processor speed and performance. However, database management systems (DBMSs) fall far short from achieving their ideal performance. DBMSs are widely used in almost every large organization. Therefore, it is important to achieve fast data retrieval and processing. Recent studies have shown that more than 50% of the execution time in database operations is spent waiting for data. CSB+-trees were introduced to speedup index structure operations, mainly the search and update. In this paper we propose a multithreading technique to utilize the two threads available in an Intel Pentium 4 Hyperthreaded (HT) platform. Our technique gains speedup ranging from 29% to 70% for dual-threaded CSB+-tree on an HT enabled platform compared to a single-thread version running on HT disabled architecture.
Targeting chemotherapy-induced PTX3 in tumor stroma to prevent the progression of drug-resistant cancers

The tumor microenvironment has been suggested to participate in tumorigenesis, but the nature of the communication between cancer cells and the microenvironment, especially in response to anticancer drugs, remains obscure. We determined that activation of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD) response to Cisplatin and 5-Fluorouracil in cancer-associated macrophages and fibroblasts contributed to the metastasis, invasion, acquired chemoresistance and stemness of cancer cells by in vitro and in vivo assays. Specifically, reporter and in vivo DNA binding assays were used to determine that Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a CEBPD responsive gene and serves a protumor role upon anticancer drug treatment. Finally, a PTX3 peptide inhibitor RI37 was developed and assessed the antitumor effects by in vivo assays. RI37 could function as a promising inhibitor for preventing cancer progression and the metastasis, invasion and progression of drug-resistant cancers. The identification of PTX3 provided a new insight in the interaction between host and tumor and the RI37 peptide showed a great opportunity to largely reduce the risk of invasion and metastasis of cancer and drug-resistant cancers.
A critical analysis of vector space model for information retrieval

Notations and definitions necessary to identify the concepts and relationships that are important in modelling information retrieval objects and processes in the context of vector spaces are presented. Earlier work on the use of vector model is evaluated in terms of the concepts introduced and certain problems and inconsistencies are identified. More importantly, this investigation should lead to a clear understanding of the issues and problems in using the vector space model in information retrieval. © 1986 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expression of Toll-like receptors in the human decidua.

BACKGROUND Successful trophoblast invasion and transformation of the maternal spiral arteries requires that the pregnant endometrium (i.e., decidua) act in an immunologically paradoxical fashion, accepting the semi-allogenic placenta, while maintaining host defenses against an array of microbial pathogens. In contrast to the growing evidence that the immune surveillance molecules known as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed by trophoblasts and fetal membranes, to date, no studies have been conducted on the decidua. METHODS Decidual tissues and cells were obtained from women undergoing first trimester elective terminations or repeat Cesarean sections and analyzed at both the protein and mRNA level. RESULTS We now demonstrate for the first time that human decidua differentially express TLRs and their downstream signaling molecules as well as TLR stimulated induction of cytokine production in the first and third trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the decidua is a critical component of the innate immune response in pregnancy. Moreover, the results have implications for the success or failure of compromised pregnancies in early or late gestation.
Neuropsychiatric aspects of carbon monoxide poisoning: diagnosis and

SuMMARy Charcoal-burning has become a common method of attempted suicide in Asia and survivors are of ten intoxicated with carbon monoxide (CO). Reports of the neuropsychiatric aspects of CO poison ing date back to 1914. This article outlines the neuropsychiatric sequelae that have been described secondar y to CO poisoning. The under lying pathophysiology and management strategies, including acute management and cognitive rehabilitation, are discussed as these topics are of relevance to psychiatrists.
Does Nucleos(t)ide Analogues Treatment Affect Renal Function in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Who Have Already Decreased eGFR? A Longitudinal Study

This study aimed to assess the renal function in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who received nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) therapy using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) titer. We performed a longitudinal observational study of 37 tenofovir-, 42 telbivudine-, and 62 entecavir-naïve CHB patients, who had impaired renal function (eGFR, 90–30 ml/min/1.73m2) without history of diabetes, hypertension, and chemotherapy. Calculation and evaluation of eGFR was performed with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, and Cockcroft-Gault formula at pretreatment, at baseline, and after the 1st and 2nd year of treatment. The eGFR was significantly increased in patients given telbivudine or entecavir (p = 0.003 and p = 0.012, respectively), but the eGFR was decreased in patients given tenofovir (p = 0.001) after 2 years of treatment. Of all patients, eGFR was stable one year prior to treatment. If we analyzed the renal function by change of chronic kidney disease (CKD) category with a change of 25% of eGFR, the proportion of uncertain drop (drop in CKD category with <25% decrease in eGFR) and certain drop (drop in CKD category with ≧25% decrease in eGFR) in tenofovir group was smaller (5.4%) than those of telbivudine (12.9%) or entecavir (6.5%). Furthermore, telbivudine had the lowest stable rate (76.2%), the highest certain rise rate (9.5%), and certain drop rate (7.1%) compared to the other groups (p = 0.049). In conclusion, in NAs-naïve CHB patients with impaired renal function, telbivudine and entecavir resulted in a significant increase in eGFR while tenofovir resulted in a significant decrease after a 2-year treatment. Interestingly, TDF had the lowest proportion of patients reclassified to certain and uncertain drop groups; in contrast, LdT had a higher proportion in both raise and drop groups. The outcomes of this renal effect remain to be determined.
What Should We Do with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis?

The benefit of prophylactic carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for patients with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis in the major randomised surgical studies was small, expensive and may now be absorbed by improvements in best practice medical intervention. Strategies to identify patients with high stroke risk are needed. If surgical intervention is to be considered the complication rates of individual surgeons should be available. Clinicians will differ in their interpretation of the same published data. Maintaining professional relationships with clinicians from different disciplines often involves compromise. As such, the management of a patient will, in part, depend on what kind of specialist the patient is referred to. The clinician's discussion with patients about this complex issue must be flexible to accommodate differing patient expectations. Ideally, patients prepared to undergo surgical procedures should be monitored in a trial setting or as part of an audited review process to increase our understanding of current practice outcomes.
Automatically generating descriptions for resources by tag modeling

We have been witnessing an increasing number of social tagging systems on the web. Tags help users understand a resource readily and accurately. In a social tagging system, however, there are typically a fairly large number of resources each associated with a long list of tags. When browsing resources, users are reluctant to read these tags one by one. Instead, users prefer a shorter list of tags as a compact description of a resource. Such a tag description facilitates users to understand the resource accurately and effortlessly. This calls for a generator for a tag description, which selects a set of high-quality tags for a given resource. The tag description condenses the original tag list by retaining the most important tags of the long list. We propose that a good generator should go beyond pure tag popularity and towards diversifying a tag description. In this paper, we present a general framework of selecting a set of k tags as the description for a given resource. In addition, a generative model BTM is proposed to model users' tagging process. The experimental results on real-world tagging data confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach in social tagging systems, showing significant improvement over the other baselines.
Various Modes of Helium Mixing in Globular Cluster Giants and Their Possible Effects on the Horizontal Branch Morphology

It has been known for a long time that some red giants in globular clusters exhibit large star-to-star variations in the abundances of light elements that are not exhibited by field giants. This fact can be taken as evidence that the extra mixing mechanism(s) that operate in globular cluster giants may be consequences of star-star interactions in the dense stellar environment. In order to constrain the extra mixing mechanism(s), we study the influence of helium enrichment along the red giant branch on the evolution of stars through the horizontal branch (HB). Three possible modes of helium enrichment are considered, associated with close encounters of stars in the globular clusters. We show that as a consequence of the variations in the core mass, as well as in the total mass due to mass loss, the colors of horizontal branch models are distributed over almost the entire range of the horizontal branch. The results are discussed in relation to a scenario for the origin of the abundance anomalies and for the effects on the morphology of the horizontal branch. We argue that the star-star interactions can not only explain the source of the angular momentum of rapid rotation but also provide a mechanism for the bimodal distribution of rotation rates in some globular clusters. We also propose the time elapsed from the latest core-collapse phase during the gravothermal oscillations as the second parameter to explain the variations in HB morphology among the globular clusters.
Interrater reliability of the Wells score as part of the assessment of DVT in the emergency department: agreement between consultant and nurse practitioner

Objectives: To determine interobserver variability between an emergency medicine consultant and nurse practitioners for the use of the Wells score in the assessment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the emergency department. Methods: A prospective cohort study was undertaken in a population of 100 cases of suspected DVT. The Wells score reading from the consultant was compared with the reading of the nurse practitioners. Consultant and nurses were blinded to each other’s assessments. The nurse practitioners were trained in interpreting the Wells score by assessing 100 patients together with the consultant before the start of the study. Results: Consultant and nurse practitioner assessments resulted in the same final Wells score in 81% of cases (simple agreement), with a kappa score of 0.74 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.84). If the nurse practitioner score had been followed in preference to the consultant assessment, this would have resulted in eight patients being assessed in a lower risk algorithm (8%). Conclusion: There is good interobserver agreement between consultant and nurse practitioners for the use of the Wells score as part of a DVT assessment service within the emergency department. Pretest scoring is pivotal to integrated strategies for the exclusion of DVT. The Wells score is a robust and reliable tool for pretest scoring in the emergency department regardless of the grade of the assessor, provided there is adequate training in its use.
The Agrin/MuSK Signaling Pathway Is Spatially Segregated from the Neuregulin/ErbB Receptor Signaling Pathway at the Neuromuscular Junction

The neuregulin/erbB receptor and agrin/MuSK pathways are critical for communication between the nerve, muscle, and Schwann cell that establishes the precise topological arrangement at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ). ErbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 as well as neuregulin, agrin, and MuSK are known to be concentrated at the NMJ. Here we have examined NMJs from gastrocnemius muscle of adult rat using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to characterize in detail the distribution of these proteins relative to the distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). We have determined that erbB2 and erbB4 are enriched in the depths of the secondary junctional folds on the postsynaptic muscle membrane. In contrast, erbB3 at the NMJ was concentrated at presynaptic terminal Schwann cells. This distribution strongly argues that erbB2/erbB4 heterodimers are the functional postsynaptic neuregulin receptors of the NMJ. Neuregulin was localized to the axon terminal, secondary folds, and terminal Schwann cells, where it was in a position to signal through erbB receptors. MuSK was concentrated in the postsynaptic primary gutter region where it was codistributed with AChRs. Agrin was present at the axon terminal and in the basal lamina associated with the primary gutter region, but not in the secondary junctional folds. The differential distributions of the neuregulin and agrin signaling pathways argue against neuregulin and erbB receptors being localized to the NMJ via direct interactions with either agrin or MuSK.
Management Of Ware Potato Sprouting During Long Term Storage In The Tropical Conditions Of Kenya

xv CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION . 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT . 3 1.3 JUSTIFICATION . 4 1.4 OBJECTIVES . 6 1.4. 1 Overall objective . 6 1.4. 2 Specific objectives . 6 To determine the effects of . 6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW . 7 2.1 The potato crop and its . 7 2.1.1 Origin . 7 2.1.2 Economic importance . 7 2.1.3 Nutritional value of potato . 8 2.2 Challenges Facing the Potato Industry in Kenya . 8 2.3 Post harvest losses . 10 2.3. 1 Storage conditions affecting ware potato quality . 10 vi 2.3. 2 Post-harvest Loss of Potato tubers . 11 2.4 Ware potato sprouting . 12 2.4. 1 Management of sprouting in ware potato during storage . 13 2.4. 2 Sprout Suppressants of interest in this study . 14 2.5 Management of post harvest losses of ware potato through packaging . 17 CHAPTER THREE: EFFECT OF SPROUT SUPPRESSANTS ON SPROUTING AND WEIGHT LOSS OF WARE POTATO TUBERS . 20 Abstract . 20. 20 3.