Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Mood and Implicit Cognition in the Social Anxiety-Problematic Drinking Risk Pathway

The relation between Social Anxiety (SA) and problematic drinking has received mixed empirical support. Theory suggests implicit, automatically activated, alcohol cognitions are central to drinking risk. In the context of SA, the cognitions evoked in response to an anxious mood are relevant. The SA-alcohol use literature to date has not examined implicit cognition. Moreover, the influence of mood on drinking has been explored using performance-based mood manipulations, which may inhibit alcohol use for fear of impairing performance. The present study aimed to develop an ecologically valid socially-relevant mood manipulation and examine its effects on implicit alcohol cognitions and drinking outcomes. It was hypothesized that SA would influence the automatic activation of tension reduction alcohol cognitions and drinking behaviour, only for those in an anxious mood. Undergraduates (N = 132; 86% women) completed self-reports of SA and alcohol use/problems, were randomly assigned to an anxious or control mood condition, completed an implicit task, and self-reported urge to drink. Results revealed that mood moderated the effect of SA on urge to drink. When in an anxious mood, those high in SA reported an elevated urge to drink for negative and positive reinforcement purposes. There was little support for the role of implicit alcohol cognition. The activation of implicit cognition in the lab was not associated with drinking status. While the role of implicit cognition in the SA-drinking risk pathway did not receive much support, the current study incorporated a socially-relevant lab-based mood manipulation that was effective in eliciting the urge to drink.
A Keck Survey for Gravitationally Lensed Lyα Emitters in the Redshift Range 8.5 < z < 10.4: New Constraints on the Contribution of Low-Luminosity Sources to Cosmic Reionization

We discuss new observational constraints on the abundance of faint high-redshift Lyα emitters secured from a deep Keck near-infrared spectroscopic survey that utilizes the strong magnification provided by lensing galaxy clusters. In each of nine clusters, we have undertaken a systematic "blind" search for line emission with NIRSPEC in the J band within carefully selected regions that offer very high magnifications (≳10×-50×) for background sources with redshifts z ≃ 10. The high magnification enables the detection of emission at unprecedented flux limits (1041-1042 ergs s-1). As the comoving volumes probed are small, our survey is designed to address the important question of whether low-luminosity galaxies could provide the dominant ionizing flux at z ~ 10. Our survey has yielded six promising (>5 σ) candidate Lyα emitters that lie between z = 8.7 and z = 10.2. We carefully discuss the validity of our detections and the likelihood that the detected line is Lyα in light of earlier, apparently false, claims. Lower redshift line interpretations can be excluded, with reasonable assumptions, through the nondetection of secondary emission in further spectroscopy undertaken with LRIS and NIRSPEC. Nonetheless, as a result of our tests, we argue that at least two of our candidates are likely to be at z ≃ 10. Given the small survey volume, this suggests there is a large abundance of low-luminosity star-forming sources at z ≃ 8-10. While the predicted reionization photon budget depends upon a large number of physical assumptions, our first glimpse at the z ≃ 10 universe suggests that low-luminosity star-forming galaxies contribute a significant proportion of the UV photons necessary for cosmic reionization.
Radiative Processes and Geometry of Spectral States of Black-Hole Binaries

I review radiative processes responsible for X-ray emission in the hard (low) and soft (high) spectral states of black-hole binaries. The main process in the hard state appears to be thermal Comptonization (in a hot plasma) of blackbody photons emitted by a cold disk. This is supported by correlations between the spectral index, the strength of Compton reflection, and the peak frequencies in the power density spectrum, as well as by the frequency-dependence of Fourier-resolved spectra. Spectral variability may then be driven by the variable truncation radius of the disk. The soft state appears to correspond to the smallest truncation radii. However, the lack of high-energy cutoffs observed in the soft state implies that its main radiative process is Compton scattering of disk photons by non-thermal electrons. The bulk-motion Componization model for the soft state is shown to be ruled out by the data.
Variability of the High Magnetic Field X-Ray Pulsar PSR J1846–0258 Associated with the Supernova Remnant Kes 75 as Revealed by the Chandra X-Ray Observatory

We present results from the archival Chandra observations of the 0.3 s X-ray pulsar PSR J1846–0258 associated with the supernova remnant (SNR) Kes 75. The pulsar has the highest spin-down luminosity ( = 8.3 × 1036 ergs s−1) among all the high magnetic field pulsars (HBPs) and has been classified as a Crab-like pulsar despite its magnetic field (5 × 1013 G) being above the quantum critical field. It is the only HBP described by a nonthermal Crab-like spectrum, powering a bright pulsar wind nebula (PWN). Our spectroscopic study shows evidence of spectral softening (photon index Γ = 1.32 + 0.08−0.09 to 1.97 + 0.05−0.07 ) and temporal brightening [unabsorbed flux Funabs = (4.3 ± 0.2) × 10−12 to 2.7−0.2+0.1 × 10−11 ergs cm−2 s−1] of the pulsar by ~6 times from 2000 to 2006. The 0.5-10 keV luminosity of the pulsar at the revised distance of 6 kpc has also increased from LX = (1.85 ± 0.08) × 1034 to 1.16 + 0.03−0.07 × 1035 ergs s−1, and the X-ray efficiency increased from 0.2% ± 0.01% to 1.4+ 0.04−0.08% . The observed X-ray brightening and softening of the pulsar suggests for the first time that this HBP is revealing itself as a magnetar.
Common and Distinct Brain Activation to Threat and Safety Signals in Social Phobia

Background: Little is known about the functional neuroanatomy underlying the processing of emotional stimuli in social phobia. Objectives: To investigate specific brain activation that is associated with the processing of threat and safety signals in social phobics. Methods: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, brain activation was measured in social phobic and nonphobic subjects during the presentation of angry, happy and neutral facial expressions under free viewing conditions. Results: Compared to controls, phobics showed increased activation of extrastriate visual cortex regardless of facial expression. Angry, but not neutral or happy, faces elicited greater insula responses in phobics. In contrast, both angry and happy faces led to increased amygdala activation in phobics. Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis that the amygdala is involved in the processing of negative and positive stimuli. Furthermore, social phobics respond sensitively not only to threatening but also to accepting faces and common and distinct neural mechanisms appear to be associated with the processing of threat versus safety signals.
Coping efficacy and perceived family support: potential factors for reducing stress in premedical students

Objective This study investigated the relationship between perceived family support and coping efficacy in premedical (i.e. prior to entering medical school) students, an understudied subset of undergraduate students who are particularly at risk for academia‐ related stress. The relationships between students’ perceived academic coping abilities and their academic behaviours and experiences of stress have been considered within the vocational literature. However, an understanding of factors that inform coping efficacy beliefs is lacking.
Placental passage of antidepressant medications.

OBJECTIVE This study determined the placental transfer of antidepressants and their metabolites. METHOD A total of 38 pregnant women taking citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, or sertraline participated. Maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were obtained to determine antidepressant and metabolite concentrations. RESULTS Antidepressant and metabolite concentrations were detectable in 86.8% of umbilical cord samples. The mean ratios of umbilical cord to maternal serum concentrations ranged from 0.29 to 0.89. The lowest ratios were for sertraline and paroxetine; the highest were for citalopram and fluoxetine. Maternal doses of sertraline and fluoxetine correlated with umbilical cord concentrations of these medications. CONCLUSIONS Umbilical cord concentrations of antidepressants and their metabolites were almost invariably lower than corresponding maternal concentrations. Maternal doses predicted umbilical concentrations of fluoxetine and sertraline. Mean umbilical cord to maternal serum ratios were significantly lower for sertraline than fluoxetine, suggesting that sertraline may produce less fetal medication exposure than fluoxetine near delivery.
Learning scene-specific pedestrian detectors without real data

We consider the problem of designing a scene-specific pedestrian detector in a scenario where we have zero instances of real pedestrian data (i.e., no labeled real data or unsupervised real data). This scenario may arise when a new surveillance system is installed in a novel location and a scene-specific pedestrian detector must be trained prior to any observations of pedestrians. The key idea of our approach is to infer the potential appearance of pedestrians using geometric scene data and a customizable database of virtual simulations of pedestrian motion. We propose an efficient discriminative learning method that generates a spatially-varying pedestrian appearance model that takes into the account the perspective geometry of the scene. As a result, our method is able to learn a unique pedestrian classifier customized for every possible location in the scene. Our experimental results show that our proposed approach outperforms classical pedestrian detection models and hybrid synthetic-real models. Our results also yield a surprising result, that our method using purely synthetic data is able to outperform models trained on real scene-specific data when data is limited.
Designing an Interface For a Mobile Application Based on Children's Opinion

Modern mobile devices are becoming more and more popular in children’s lives. Therefore, the development of appropriate applications for them is of crucial importance. This article focuses precisely on the design of interfaces for mobile application with the participation of children. An overview of contemporary research related to Child-Computer Interaction (CCI) is made. The opinion of the children aged from 4 to 13 years on the possibilities and the features of the interface of mobile applications is investigated. The results obtained are summarized and analyzed. The prototype of a mobile application which corresponds to the preferences of the children under investigation is presented. Finally, the article specifies some future directions for research.
Monkeypox Transmission and Pathogenesis in Prairie Dogs

During May and June 2003, the first cluster of human monkeypox cases in the United States was reported. Most patients with this febrile vesicular rash illness presumably acquired the infection from prairie dogs. Monkeypox virus was demonstrated by using polymerase chain reaction in two prairie dogs in which pathologic studies showed necrotizing bronchopneumonia, conjunctivitis, and tongue ulceration. Immunohistochemical assays for orthopoxviruses demonstrated abundant viral antigens in surface epithelial cells of lesions in conjunctiva and tongue, with less amounts in adjacent macrophages, fibroblasts, and connective tissues. Viral antigens in the lung were abundant in bronchial epithelial cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Virus isolation and electron microscopy demonstrated active viral replication in lungs and tongue. These findings indicate that both respiratory and direct mucocutaneous exposures are potentially important routes of transmission of monkeypox virus between rodents and to humans. Prairie dogs offer insights into transmission, pathogenesis, and new vaccine and treatment trials because they are susceptible to severe monkeypox infection.
Benefit of venous resection for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head.

OBJECTIVE To find out whether there is any benefit from venous resection during pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING University Hospital Mannheim/Heidelberg, Germany. INTERVENTIONS 271 patients had resections for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head between 1980 and 2001. The outcome of patients who did (n = 68) and who did not (n = 203) have simultaneous resection of major veins (portal vein and/or superior mesenteric vein) were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT 5 year survival. RESULTS The groups differed significantly regarding stage, perineural infiltration, lymphangiosis carcinomatosa, operating time, blood loss, and blood transfusion. However, there was no difference in perioperative morbidity (27% and 22%), mortality (4% and 3%), and long-term survival (at 5 years 23% and 24%). Subgroup analysis of patients with margins free of tumour (R0 resections) showed that those patients who had venous resections in whom histological examination did not show infiltration of tumour had the most favourable outcome. CONCLUSION There is no reason to exclude patients with suspected venous infiltration from radical pancreaticoduodenectomy including venous resection.
Assessing Expressed Emotion Influences on Autistic Symptoms/Behaviors: A School Social Worker Perspective

This research paper explores how components of Expressed Emotion (Critical Comments, Emotional Over-involvement, Warmth) experienced in the classroom are influencing student behavior and symptoms for students with Autism. Qualitative data was collected from one school social worker. This study confirms and builds upon previous research on Critical Comments and Warmth. Critical comments, especially when delivered by a staff member poorly, increased maladaptive behavior and decreased social interaction and communication. Warmth inversely decreased maladaptive behaviors while increasing communication and social interaction. Emotional Overinvolvement was dependent upon the individual student and neither confirms or rejects previous research. Each member of the classroom group impacted how these Expressed Emotion components were expressed. Staff that were well educated and/or experienced in working with students with Autism were described as displaying high levels of Warmth. Study limitations and recommendations for future research are also discussed.
Musculoskeletal Disorders: Epidemiology and Treatment Seeking Behavior of Secondary School Students in a Nigerian Community

Background: Epidemiological information paucity exists on musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among secondary school students in Nigeria. We aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern, and treatment seeking behaviors (TSB) of MSD in Southwest, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four randomly selected secondary schools in Ile-Ife in 2007. All the students were screened for MSD using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and physical examination, which involved the use of a scoliometer and a goniometer. Affected children were recommended for follow-up treatment and a plain radiography taken. Results: A total of 133 students had 204 MSD representing a 3.0% prevalence among the 4,441students screened. Eighty-one (60.9%) students had congenital disorders and 52 (39.1%) were acquired. The lower limbs (93.1%) were most commonly affected and 87 (65.4%) students presented with a knee deformity. Other abnormalities were limb length discrepancy 6.8%, scoliosis 4.4%, Pes planus 3.9%, and poliomyelitis 2.9%. A total of 100 students (75.2%) had no form of treatment, 18.8% receive treatment in the hospital, 3.7% received treatment in a traditional healing home and 2.3% received treatment in a church. Age, family, and school type were significant factors (P<0.05) in health-seeking behavior. The factors affecting treatment outcome were the place of treatment, hospital specific treatment, and reasons for stopping treatment. Conclusion: Treatable cases constitute a large proportion of MSD among secondary school students, but TSB was generally poor. Parental socio-economic and health services factors were related to the health-seeking behavior. Strengthening of school health services and improved linkage with orthopedic services, community education on MSD, and education of all cadres of health professionals are recommended.
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— Numerous preclinical findings and a clinical pilot study suggest that recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) provides neuroprotection that may be beneficial for the treatment of patients with ischemic stroke. Although EPO has been considered to be a safe and well-tolerated drug over 2 decades, recent studies have identified increased thromboembolic complications and/or mortality risks on EPO administration to patients with cancer or chronic kidney disease. Accordingly, the double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized German Multicenter EPO Stroke Trial (Phase II/III; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00604630) was designed to evaluate efficacy and safety of EPO in stroke. Methods— This clinical trial enrolled 522 patients with acute ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory (intent-to-treat population) with 460 patients treated as planned (per-protocol population). Within 6 hours of symptom onset, at 24 and 48 hours, EPO was infused intravenously (40 000 IU each). Systemic thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was allowed and stratified for. Results— Unexpectedly, a very high number of patients received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (63.4%). On analysis of total intent-to-treat and per-protocol populations, neither primary outcome Barthel Index on Day 90 (P=0.45) nor any of the other outcome parameters showed favorable effects of EPO. There was an overall death rate of 16.4% (n=42 of 256) in the EPO and 9.0% (n=24 of 266) in the placebo group (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.16 to 3.38; P=0.01) without any particular mechanism of death unexpected after stroke. Conclusions— Based on analysis of total intent-to-treat and per-protocol populations only, this is a negative trial that also raises safety concerns, particularly in patients receiving systemic thrombolysis.
Marine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and carbon cycles

Although recent studies suggest that climate change may substantially accelerate the rate of species loss in the biosphere, only a few studies have focused on the potential consequences of a spatial reorganization of biodiversity with global warming. Here, we show a pronounced latitudinal increase in phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic biodiversity in the extratropical North Atlantic Ocean in recent decades. We also show that this rise in biodiversity paralleled a decrease in the mean size of zooplanktonic copepods and that the reorganization of the planktonic ecosystem toward dominance by smaller organisms may influence the networks in which carbon flows, with negative effects on the downward biological carbon pump and demersal Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Our study suggests that, contrary to the usual interpretation of increasing biodiversity being a positive emergent property promoting the stability/resilience of ecosystems, the parallel decrease in sizes of planktonic organisms could be viewed in the North Atlantic as reducing some of the services provided by marine ecosystems to humans.
A holistic approach to service survivability

We present SABER (Survivability Architecture: Block, Evade, React), a proposed survivability architecture that blocks, evades and reacts to a variety of attacks by using several security and survivability mechanisms in an automated and coordinated fashion. Contrary to the ad hoc manner in which contemporary survivable systems are built-using isolated, independent security mechanisms such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems and software sandboxes-SABER integrates several different technologies in an attempt to provide a unified framework for responding to the wide range of attacks malicious insiders and outsiders can launch. This coordinated multi-layer approach will be capable of defending against attacks targeted at various levels of the network stack, such as congestion-based DoS attacks, software-based DoS or code-injection attacks, and others. Our fundamental insight is that while multiple lines of defense are useful, most conventional, uncoordinated approaches fail to exploit the full range of available responses to incidents. By coordinating the response, the ability to survive successful security breaches increases substantially. We discuss the key components of SABER, how they will be integrated together, and how we can leverage on the promising results of the individual components to improve survivability in a variety of coordinated attack scenarios. SABER is currently in the prototyping stages, with several interesting open research topics.
Follow-up of intracranial aneurysms treated by a WEB flow disrupter: a comparative study of DSA and contrast-enhanced MR angiography

Objective To compare contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) and DSA for the follow-up of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) treated with the Woven EndoBridge embolization system DL (WEB DL; Sequent Medical, Aliso Viejo, California, USA). Materials and methods We retrospectively identified all patients treated with a WEB DL between November 2010 and February 2013 in 2 hospitals. The IA occlusion was graded on follow-up CE-MRA and DSA by 4 independent readers and by 2 readers reaching a consensus, respectively. Interobserver agreement for MRA and intertechnique agreement was evaluated by calculating linear weighted κ. Results Fifteen patients with 16 IAs were included. Mean delay between MRA and DSA was 2 months (range 0–16 months). Interobserver agreement for MRA was substantial to almost perfect (κ=0.686–0.921; mean κ=0.809). Intertechnique agreement was moderate to substantial (κ=0.579–0.724; mean κ=0.669). Only three out of five inadequately occluded IAs were detected by MRA. Conclusions CE-MRA is a useful tool for the follow-up of IAs treated with a WEB DL. However, early follow-up with DSA remains mandatory to detect inadequately occluded IAs.