Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Note on Cohen's Kappa

Cohen's Kappa is a measure of the over-all agreement between two raters classifying items into a given set of categories. This communication describes a simple computational method of determining the agreement on specific categories without the need to collapse the original data table as required by the previous Kappa-based method. It is also pointed out that Kappa may be formulated in terms of certain distance metrics. The computational procedure for the specific agreement measure is exemplified using hypothetical data from psychological diagnoses.
Bilateral total iris atrophy, corneal decompensation and glaucoma following bilateral cosmetic artificial iris implantation: A case report of severe sequela and successful management

Purpose: Cosmetic iris implants have a record of high ocular complications and are no longer in use. These complications include glaucoma, corneal decompensation, iris atrophy, uveitis, cataract and retinal detachment. Case presentation: We report a case of a 44-year-old lady presented with bilateral total iris atrophy, glaucoma and corneal decompensation after cosmetic artificial iris implantation. The patient underwent bilateral artificial iris removal, glaucoma drainage device for the right eye, and micropulse laser for the left eye. In addition, she underwent phacoemulsification with iris-diaphragm intraocular lens implant for the right. The cornea of the right eye ended up with successful Boston keratoprosthesis after rejection of previous 2 grafts. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, we describe the first report of bilateral total iris atrophy following a cosmetic iris implant accompanied by bilateral glaucoma and corneal decompensation.
When Worlds Collide: Dominican Mothers and their Latina Clinicians

Ethnic matches between mental health providers and clients have been suggested as a strategy for improving the cultural responsiveness of services. Although the research has been limited, the practice has received some empirical support. However, ethnic match may not be a sufficient condition for cultural responsiveness. To examine this possibility, we interviewed Dominican mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on: their children’s behaviors, the identification process, diagnosis, causal attributions, management strategies, help-seeking efforts, school relationship and performance, and relationship with school personnel. We interviewed the families’ Latina clinicians on their perspectives on maternal understanding and practices. Maternal and clinicians’ narratives were analyzed qualitatively to develop a portrait of maternal schemas and of clinicians’ schemas of the mothers. The narratives reveal widely differing perspectives and illustrate the collisions that can occur between mothers and clinicians in the treatment process despite an ethnic match.
Autopsy case of primary myelofibrosis in which myeloid sarcoma was the initial manifestation of tumor progression

Myeloid sarcoma (MyS) is defined as an extramedullary tumor‐forming neoplasm consisting of immature myeloid cells with/without maturation. We experienced a case involving a 68‐year‐old Japanese male patient who had been followed‐up for four years with a diagnosis of chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis/primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and noticed a painful mass in his left axilla. A wedge biopsy characterized the lesion as MyS that displayed megakaryoblastic/megakaryocytic differentiation. As his complete blood count included a few myeloid blasts (1% of WBC) and a bone marrow biopsy detected fibrosis without evidence of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), a diagnosis of extramedullary blastic transformation of PMF was made, which was confirmed later by V617F mutation in Janus kinase‐2 in both initial bone marrow biopsy and axillary tumor biopsy specimens. The patient died of pneumonia eight months after developing the axillary tumor. At autopsy, multiple MyS masses were detected in his soft tissue, but his bone marrow only contained fibrosis. Although MyS rarely develops before the leukemic transformation of PMF, no evidence of AML could be found in the patient's bone marrow at any point during the course of his disease. Thus, it is possible that the blasts in his peripheral blood were derived from the remaining MyS. Furthermore, the present case indicates that extramedullary blastic transformation, which is occasionally seen in CML, can also occur in PMF. Therefore, it is important to recognize that there is a wide variation in the pathogeneses of MyS and PMF.
Social capital and the informal support networks of lone white mothers of mixed-parentage children

Abstract This paper draws upon in-depth interviews with thirty lone white mothers of mixed-parentage children in Britain in order to analyse the range of informal support networks that mothers utilize in their parenting. The findings show that while racism impacted upon mothers' support networks, their parenting experiences also led to an impetus to enlarge these networks, for example through support groups, friendships with people from minority ethnic backgrounds and other interracial families. The close friendships between lone white mothers of mixed-parentage children were particularly valued for non-judgemental support and empathy and it is argued that they constitute a form of bonding capital.
Homophone Dominance Modulates the Phonemic-Masking Effect

Four experiments tested whether homophone dominance modulates the phonemic-masking effect. Dominance was estimated by the relative frequency of homophone pairs. Positive phonemic-masking effects occurred for dominant homophones, and null phonemic-masking effects occurred for subordinate homophones. Also, subordinate homophones were much more likely to be falsely identified as their dominant mate. The source of these null phonemic-masking effects was traced to a competition between the homophone's spelling mediated by their common phonology-a null phonemic-masking effect that is itself a phonology effect. These findings converge with a growing body of phonology effects produced under conditions thought to prejudice word perception against phonology. Phonology, thus, appears to supply mandatory constraints in the perception of printed words.
Genotypes and Virulence Genes in Group B Streptococcus Isolated in the Maternity Hospital, Kuwait

Objective: To characterize group B streptococcus (GBS) isolates obtained from patients at the Maternity Hospital in Kuwait for their genotypes and carriage of virulence genes. Materials and Methods: A total of 154 GBS isolates were obtained from July 1 to October 31, 2007, from vaginal swabs (n = 95), urine (n = 46), blood (n = 4) and miscellaneous sources (n = 9). Genotypes were obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), following digestion with SmaI or EagI restriction enzymes. PCR was used to screen for the carriage of virulence genes including: surface protein of group B streptococcus (spb1), secreted fibrinogen-binding protein (fbsB), C5a peptidase (scpB), laminin-binding protein (lmb), α- (bca) and β-subunits of the C protein (bac), resistance to protease immunity protein (rib), and phage-associated gene (pag); regulatory protein (dltR), and toxins CAMP factor (cfb), hyaluronidase (hylB) and superoxide dismutase (sodA). Results: PFGE defined 14 genotypes differentiating isolates with the same serotypes into different genetic backgrounds. All isolates contained genes for virulence factors. However, cfb (99.4%), scpB (88.3%), lmb (88.3%), bca (57.8%), sodA (55.8%) and dltR (53.9%) were the common virulence genes. In total, 144 (90.3%) of the isolates contained 3 or more virulence genes. However, while cfb, lmb and scpB occurred in all genotypes, others occurred in some but not in all genotypes. Conclusions: GBS isolates obtained at the Maternity Hospital, Kuwait, belonged to diverse genetic backgrounds with the majority carrying multiple virulence genes.
Afferent Regulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in the Developing Auditory Midbrain

To determine whether afferent innervation regulates the strength of inhibitory connections in the gerbil auditory midbrain, both cochleas were surgically removed in postnatal day 7 animals, before sound-driven activity is first observed. Inhibitory synaptic currents were measured in a brain slice preparation 1–7 d after the ablations. Whole-cell and gramicidin-perforated patch recordings were obtained from inferior colliculus neurons, and IPSCs were evoked by stimulation of the commissure of the inferior colliculus (CIC) or the ipsilateral lateral lemniscus (LL) in the presence of kynurenic acid. Deafferentation led to a 24 mV depolarizing shift in the IPSC equilibrium potential within 1 d of deafferentation. As a consequence, there was a large reduction of IPSC amplitude at a holding potential of −20 mV in neurons from bilaterally ablated animals. Furthermore, both afferent pathways displayed a 50% reduction of the inhibitory synaptic conductance after deafferentation, indicating that driving force was not solely responsible for the decline in IPSC amplitude. When paired pulses were delivered to the LL or CIC pathway in control neurons, the evoked IPSCs exhibited facilitation. However, paired pulse facilitation was nearly eliminated after deafferentation. Thus, normal innervation affects inhibitory synaptic strength by regulating postsynaptic chloride homeostasis and presynaptic transmitter release properties.
Biodegradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol through a Distal meta-Fission Pathway

Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP222, a derivative of A. eutrophus JMP134 which has lost plasmid pJP4 (encoding the tfd genes for the ortho fission pathway), was induced for the meta fission pathway when grown on o-cresol. Resting cell suspensions, grown on o-cresol, oxidized 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), a degradation product of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, to 3,5-dichlorocatechol. Further degradation of 3,5-dichlorocatechol was observed by the production of a yellow ring fission product with liberation of chloride. Oxidation of 2,4-DCP (305 (mu)M) in 47 hs resulted in 69% dehalogenation through this pathway. The ring fission product was characterized as 2-hydroxy-3,5-dichloro-6-oxo-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These data indicate that 2,4-DCP is degraded through a distal meta ring fission pathway, in contrast to either a suicidal proximal fission or the standard ortho fission pathway.
Relationship between Flexibility, Explosive Strength and Speedof Running in Young Soccer Players

The aim of the study was to define relationship between flexibility, explosive strength and speed of running. Fifty-six young (aged 15-19) czech soccer players participated this research. Data about flexibility (sit and reach test – HF), explosive strength (countermovement vertical jump – VJ) and speed of running (10 meters sprint – 10m) were collected. For analyse the data software Statistica 12 was used. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and correlation analysis were made. Results suggest there is statistically significant relationship between HF – VJ and HF – 10m (p< ,05). These findings indicate that muscle flexibility should be specifically trained in football training process.
‘Diasporic Otherness’: racism, sectarianism and ‘national exteriority’ in modern Scotland

This article examines the twin problems of racism and sectarianism in Scotland, exploring everyday experiences of them, the geographical bases of their production and their relationship to the wider Scottish society. I use qualitative interview and ethnographic research from Scotland, carried out in 2001, to examine these issues, arguing that they can be usefully considered together, within a framework focusing on diasporic belonging, hybridity and difference. These areas help uncover the positionalities of the groups involved, relative to each other and to Scotland, as well as the processes through which different minority groups are Othered and exteriorized whilst simultaneously (if differentially) embedded within Scottish/British society. Referring these issues to the ongoing political processes in post-devolution Scotland, ambivalences of belonging and desire can be identified which serve to complicate diasporic identities, which make both problems particularly intractable, and which pose questions for the construction of an inclusive ‘civic’ identity in Scotland.
Early Denervation and Later Reinnervation of the Heart Following Cardiac Transplantation: A Review

Heart transplantation (HTx) surgically interrupts the parasympathetic vagal neurons and the intrinsic postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers traveling from the stellate ganglia to the myocardium, causing axonal Wallerian degeneration and thus extrinsic cardiac denervation. [1][1], [2][2], [3][3], [4
The Relationship Between Social Skills Deficits and Psychosocial Problems

This study sought to determine whether social skills deficits are a vulnerability factor in the development of psychosocial problems. In the first month of a semester, 227 students completed a laboratory interaction, measures of various components of social skills, and measures of the following psychosocial problems: depression, loneliness, social anxiety, substance use, and poor academic performance. Three to 4 months later, students again completed the measures of psychosocial problems and a measure of stress. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that some social skills deficits function as a vulnerability factor only for the development of social anxiety. For the remaining psychosocial problems, social skills deficits do not appear to be vulnerability factors. Poor social skills may be causally linked to social anxiety on their own and in concert with stress. Because the psychosocial problems were very stable over the course of the investigation, the vulnerability hypothesis received a restricted test.
Human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized danish children with acute respiratory tract infection

The newly discovered human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been shown to be associated with respiratory illness. We determined the frequencies and clinical features of hMPV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in 374 Danish children with 383 episodes of acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI). Study material comprised routine nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained during 2 winter seasons (November–May) 1999–2000 and 2001–2002 from children hospitalized at the Departments of Paediatrics, Hvidovre Hospital and Amager Hospital, Denmark. hMPV was detected in 11 (2.9%) and RSV in 190 (49.6%) ARTI episodes by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers targeting the hMPV N gene and the RSV L gene. Two children were co-infected with hMPV and RSV. They were excluded from statistical analysis. Hospitalization for ARTI caused by hMPV was restricted to very young children 1–6 months of age. Asthmatic bronchitis was diagnosed in 66.7% of hMPV and 10.6% of RSV-infected children (p<0.001). Overall symptoms and clinical findings were similar among hMPV and RSV positive episodes, but more RSV-infected children required respiratory support. hMPV is present in young Danish children hospitalized with ARTI although less frequent than RSV and with a tendency to a milder clinical course.
Towards a creative synthesis of participant observation and participatory research: Reflections on doing research with and on young Bhutanese refugees in Nepal

This article responds to Wright and Nelson’s (1995) call for a ‘creative synthesis’ of participant observation and participatory research, which may allow the limitations of both methods to be addressed. It does so by reflecting on the experience of doing long-term research both with and on young Bhutanese refugees in Nepal. Although participant observation and participatory research may be seen as incompatible approaches, the article explores the impact of employing traditional ethnographic research methods, and facilitating young refugees’ own research on issues of their choice.
Motivation is response

The ingredients of motivation lie within us all. Circumstances and situations will determine the stimulus which will generate response – to drive forward, to withdraw or to wait for a further signal. Once the response is decided, the degree of general purpose enthusiasm evoked will control the momentum. For people in the workplace, their employers set the targets and the strategies for achieving them, provide the resources, including all maintenance and operating costs, and expect the desired results. Compliance will follow, but not necessarily commitment. Commitment is a voluntary response which cannot be mandated, but it will be the outcome of relationships which create a shared purpose.
Financial Liberalization and Corporate Debt Maturity in Thailand, 1993-97

Excessive short-term debt is thought to be one of the major causes of the Asian financial crisis, and this paper documents the changes in the maturity of corporate debt in Thailand during a period of rapid integration with international capital markets. Using data from publicly-traded Thai corporations for the period 1993-97, we find that the evidence is weak at best that financial liberalization brought about by globalization reduced the maturity of corporate debt contracts, and the evidence may in fact support an increase in maturity. This result casts some doubts on the generality of the idea that financial liberalization created the short-term debt problem.
Cortical neuroplasticity in children after early cochlear implantation

Hearing is crucial to learn and use language. Loss of hearing in children affects the development of speech, language and cognitive abilities, and severely impairs social capabilities. Thus, efforts to restore auditory perception are determinative and research should be focused on factors likely to bring about the best prognosis. Numerous experimental observations demonstrate that there is a sensitive or critical period for cochlear implantation. Implantations performed in prelingually deaf children in this period are associated with better results in terms of speech recognition and language acquisition. This is the time period in which brain plasticity shows its highest level of development. There is increasing interest in establishing the optimum age to implant congenitally deaf children so that the maximum potential of neuroplasticity is exploited. Different authors have established different limits; however, all of them agree that the best time is in the first years of life, between two and four years of age. Reasons based upon speech recognition, language acquisition, and experimental data such as electrophysiological recordings or metabolism of different areas in the brain, support these statements. Nevertheless, before making any recommendation about the suitability of early cochlear implantations, a complete analysis of benefits and disadvantages should be performed. Retrospective studies of very early implanted children have not shown a higher risk during anaesthesia or significant complexity of the surgical procedure. Moreover, advances in audiological diagnostic techniques make the confirmation of hearing loss more accurate and safer at lower ages. Due to this, it seems consistent to advise cochlear implantation before two years of age provided that there is confirmation of hearing loss and no additional issues increasing the risks of early implantation.
Environmental ascription in Worcester County, MA: toxic pollution and education outcomes

As a replication and extension of two previous studies [Pastor, M. Jr., Sadd, J., and Morello-Frosch, R. , 2004. Reading, writing and toxics: children's health, academic performance, and environmental justice in Los Angeles. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 22 (2), 271–290, Lucier, C. , et al., 2011. Toxic pollution and school performance scores: environmental ascription in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Organization & Environment, 24 (4), 421–441], the current study seeks to expand on the growing literature linking environmental inequality and disparities in educational outcomes among vulnerable populations by identifying the environmental determinants of variation in school performance in Worcester County, Massachusetts. Our findings show that schools rating lower in school performance were more likely to be located in more polluted areas, and that these schools had higher percentages of low-income and minority students. Our newly introduced, more targeted measure of toxicity is significant in all three equations in the present study. It is important to note that these significant impacts are found in a county that has much lower levels of overall pollution than in the sites studied previously. That is, the effect of toxins is significant even where pollution levels are modest.
“Which Group Are You In?”: A Preliminary Investigation of Group‐Based Publication Trajectories of Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholars

This study employs Nagin and Land’s (1993; Criminology, 31, 327–362) group‐based trajectory modeling procedure to examine the scholarly productivity of 204 criminology and criminal justice scholars currently employed in PhD granting programs. The results indicate that there are three groups of scholars that publish in a large number of multidisciplinary journals at different rates in their first six years post‐PhD: one group begins low, slightly increasing over time, yet ending low; another group begins with a moderate rate, noticeably increasing over time, and ending strong; and a third group of scholars starts high, surging even higher over time, and ending averaging well above the typical “two” publications per year. When group‐based trajectories were estimated taking into account the number of publications in eight “elite” criminology and criminal justice journals, three similar trajectory groups emerge, although the percentage of scholars in each of the three groups changes considerably. Additional analyses demonstrate that there are factors that also significantly distinguish group membership. Study limitations and implications are discussed.
Hepatic Folate in Man

In order to detect radiation effects by a population study it is, of course, essential that the population be large enough for the radiation effects to be statistically significant. For exposure of man to low doses of radiation at low dose rates the minimum population size to permit detection of radiation-induced leukaemia is many tens of thousands of man-years; for detection of dominant mutations attributable to the increased radiation the necessary population (in man-generations), as estimated from mouse data, is even larger. Exposed populations which have been surveyed so far are smaller than the minimum theoretical size and would need to be studied for an impracticably long time before either a mutation attributable to the increased radiation at a single locus or radiation-induced leukaemia could be detected. Stevenson (1957), in his examination of this problem, also concluded that it appeared unlikely that populations could be found of sufficient size to permit detection of mutations induced by background radiation. In conclusion it should be emphasized that, in addition to the difficulty of fulfilling the requirement for a minimum population size, if a population study were undertaken to detect radiation effects additional practical problems are fikely to be encountered in setting up a satisfactory control population (Griinberg, 1964) and in assessing mean annual doses.