Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MicroRNAs as the cause of schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion carriers, and possible implications for idiopathic disease: a mini-review

The 22q11.2 deletion is the strongest known genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Research has implicated microRNA-mediated dysregulation in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) schizophrenia-risk. Primary candidate genes are DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8), which encodes a component of the microprocessor complex essential for microRNA biogenesis, and MIR185, which encodes microRNA 185. Mouse models of 22q11.2DS have demonstrated alterations in brain microRNA biogenesis, and that DGCR8 haploinsufficiency may contribute to these alterations, e.g., via down-regulation of a specific microRNA subset. miR-185 was the top-scoring down-regulated microRNA in both the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, brain areas which are the key foci of schizophrenia research. This reduction in miR-185 expression contributed to dendritic and spine development deficits in hippocampal neurons. In addition, miR-185 has two validated targets (RhoA, Cdc42), both of which have been associated with altered expression levels in schizophrenia. These combined data support the involvement of miR-185 and its down-stream pathways in schizophrenia. This review summarizes evidence implicating microRNA-mediated dysregulation in schizophrenia in both 22q11.2DS-related and idiopathic cases.
Estudio del síndrome de burnout en deportistas: prevalencia y relación con el esquema corporal

Recientemente, se han descubierto diferentes variables psicologicas tanto generadoras como potenciadoras del sindrome de burnout. A esto, hay que anadir la alta prevalencia del sindrome en deportistas a nivel internacional. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido establecer la prevalencia del sindrome en poblacion deportista espanola, asi como analizar su relacion con la percepcion del esquema corporal. En el estudio han participado 397 deportistas (59.8% hombres) de entre 13 y 64 anos (M = 19.23 y DE = 6.67) de diferentes modalidades deportivas (35% deportes individuales). Los resultados muestran una prevalencia del sindrome de burnout en el contexto deportivo nacional de 2.77%, asi como la existencia de una relacion entre el sindrome y una percepcion negativa del esquema corporal, especialmente con las dimensiones de devaluacion (rxy = 0.336) y realizacion personal (rxy = 0.44). Ademas, mediante ecuaciones estructurales, la percepcion corporal negativa puede considerarse una consecuencia psicologica anadida a las derivadas del propio sindrome.
Visualising Androgen Receptor Activity in Male and Female Mice

Androgens, required for normal development and fertility of males and females, have vital roles in the reproductive tract, brain, cardiovascular system, smooth muscle and bone. Androgens function via the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. To assay and localise AR activity in vivo we generated the transgenic “ARE-Luc” mouse, expressing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of activated endogenous AR. In vivo imaging of androgen-mediated luciferase activity revealed several strongly expressing tissues in the male mouse as expected and also in certain female tissues. In males the testes, prostate, seminal vesicles and bone marrow all showed high AR activity. In females, strong activity was seen in the ovaries, uterus, omentum tissue and mammary glands. In both sexes AR expression and activity was also found in salivary glands, the eye (and associated glands), adipose tissue, spleen and, notably, regions of the brain. Luciferase protein expression was found in the same cell layers as androgen receptor expression. Additionally, mouse AR expression and activity correlated well with AR expression in human tissues. The anti-androgen bicalutamide reduced luciferase signal in all tissues. Our model demonstrates that androgens can act in these tissues directly via AR, rather than exclusively via androgen aromatisation to estrogens and activation of the estrogen receptor. Additionally, it visually demonstrates the fundamental importance of AR signalling outside the normal role in the reproductive organs. This model represents an important tool for physiological and developmental analysis of androgen signalling, and for characterization of known and novel androgenic or antiandrogenic compounds.
A micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate with high relative bioavailability in man

Ferric pyrophosphate is a water-insoluble Fe compound used to fortify infant cereals and chocolate-drink powders as it causes no organoleptic changes to the food vehicle. However, it is only of low absorption in man. Recently, an innovative ferric pyrophosphate has been developed (Sunactive Fe™) based on small-particle-size ferric pyrophosphate (average size 0·3 μm) mixed with emulsifiers, so that it remains in suspension in liquid products. The aim of the present studies was to compare Fe absorption of micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate (Sunactive Fe™) with that of ferrous sulfate in an infant cereal and a yoghurt drink. Two separate Fe absorption studies were made in adult women (ten women/study). Fe absorption was based on the erythrocyte incorporation of stable isotopes (57Fe and 58Fe) 14 d after the intake of labelled test meals of infant cereal (study 1) or yoghurt drink (study 2). Each test meal was fortified with 5 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate or micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate. Results are presented as geometric means. There was no statistically significant difference between Fe absorption from micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate- and ferrous sulfate-fortified infant cereal (3·4 and 4·1 % respectively; P=0·24) and yoghurt drink (3·9 and 4·2 % respectively; P=0·72). The results of the present studies show that micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate is as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate in adults. The high relative Fe bioavailability of micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate indicates the potential usefulness of this compound for food fortification.
The Binding of MAP‐2 and Tau on Brain Microtubules in Vitro: Implications for Microtubule Structure a

We have presented data that indicate that MAP-2 associates with brain microtubules at nonrandomly distributed sites, whose distribution on the microtubule polymer can best be described by the 12-dimer MAP superlattice originally described by Amos; because of the additional spacings, however, between MAP-2 projections observed on MAP-2-saturated microtubules, we suggest that the 6-dimer MAP superlattice, or what we will call the double Amos superlattice, more completely specifies the total set of MAP-binding sites on cytoplasmic microtubules. Second, we have shown that brain microtubules reassembled in vitro contain a heterogeneous population of MAP-binding sites, which differ in their affinities for the two MAPs, MAP-2 and tau. Third, we have shown that microtubule populations that differ in their MAP content have subtle, but detectable differences in their tubulin isotype composition. Based on all the data presented here, we have presented the idea of a nonrandom distribution of tubulin isotypes within a microtubule as a means by which a cell could specify both the identity and the distribution of MAP-binding sites.
“Taking advantage of emptiness”?. Anthropological perspectives on mountain repopulation and spaces of cultural creativity in the Alpine area

After a century of unbroken demographic decline there are signs in many sectors of the Alpine crescent of a trend reversal which looks especially surprising in those areas (notably the French and Italian Alps) that had been affected by severe depopulation since the second half of the 19th century. In a stimulating analysis of socio-demographic changes in a French Alpine district, Cognard (2006) surmises that depopulation, however disastrous in many ways, nevertheless paved the way to opposite dynamics of repopulation and economic recovery by leaving “empty spaces” which new inhabitants have been able to fill socially and economically, thus taking advantage of the emptiness created by years of emigration. This insight is closely reminiscent of recent anthropological work which suggests that cultural creativity needs space to express itself and that “thick” culture and strong social structures are less favourable to the blooming of creativity than thin and impoverished cultures and weak social structures. This article explores the possibility that the French and Italian Alps, while disadvantaged by their greater demographic fragility, might on the other hand be paradoxically advantaged by the wider spaces for creativity, economic as well as cultural, left by depopulation.
Erythrocytosis in offspring of mothers with Type 1 diabetes—are factors other than insulin critical determinants?

Aim Maternal diabetes is associated with polycythaemia and thrombocytopaenia in the offspring; however, the relationship with fetal hormones is unknown. We assessed the association of maternal glycaemic control, birthweight and fetal hormones with haematological indices in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes.
Interculturally trained Finnish teachers' conceptions of diversity and intercultural competence

As schools become increasingly multicultural, teachers need special sensitivity to recognize differences and intercultural competences to be able to support the personal and academic growth of diverse students. This paper introduces newly qualified teachers' conceptions of diversity and intercultural competence in a Finnish context. The teachers in the study graduated from a Masters of Education International Teacher Education Programme, which focuses on intercultural aspects of education and teachers' work. Data for this research were collected and analysed qualitatively by applying a phenomenographical research approach. On the basis of the data interpretation, three different diversity categories were formed: visible and invisible group level differences and individual differences. Conceptions of intercultural competence in educational contexts also formed three qualitatively different categories (1) an ethical orientation including values, interpersonal characteristics and basic orientation towards ot.
Rational Expectations or Heuristics?

The process of formation of electoral expectations in proportional representation systems is analysed in this article. Contrary to Duvergerian or electoral coordination theories, by using survey and in-depth elite interview data from Spain in the 1970s and 1980s, it is shown that strategic voting depends on heuristics (i.e. extrapolations from the previous election) rather than on rational expectations. The main implication is that strategic voting is possible in large districts.
Traumatic adrenal injury in children.

BACKGROUND Multiple organ injury in children is an increasingly frequent phenomenon in the modern emergency room. Adrenal hemorrhage associated with this type of trauma has received little attention in the past. OBJECTIVES Using computed tomography, we sought to determine the rate and nature of adrenal gland injury in children following blunt abdominal trauma due to motor vehicular accident. METHODS A total of 121 children with blunt abdominal trauma were examined and total body CT was performed in cases of multi-organ trauma or severe neurological injury. RESULTS Of all the children who presented with blunt abdominal trauma over a 51 month period, 6 (4.95%) had adrenal hemorrhage. In all cases only the right adrenal gland was affected. Coincidental injury to the chest and other abdominal organs was noted in 66.7% and 50% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Traumatic adrenal injury in the pediatric population may be more common than previously suspected. Widespread application of the more sophisticated imaging modalities available today will improve the detection of damage to the smaller organs in major collision injuries and will help in directing attention to the mechanism of trauma.
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy of 2000 urinary calculi with the modulith SL-20: success and failure according to size and location of stones.

PURPOSE We analyzed the successes and failures of SWL in the treatment of 2016 urinary calculi stratified according to size and position in the urinary tract. METHODS All the patients were treated with a Modulith SL-20 (Storz Medical). RESULTS The overall stone-free rate, regardless of the size and position of the stone, was 87.4%. The rate was different for kidney and ureteral stones. The stone-free rate observed for the different positions of the calculi within the kidney was upper calix 89.2%, middle calix 90.5% lower calix 84.8%, and renal pelvis 86.0%. For staghorn calculi, the stone-free rate was 60.0%. The stone-free rate for the different positions of calculi within the ureter was: upper ureter 84.3%, iliac ureter 82.4%, and pelvic ureter 91.0%. For calculi >24 mm, the retreatment rate increased, and the success rate dropped sharply. CONCLUSION Extracorporal shockwave lithotripsy should be the first therapeutic option for urinary calculi of <24 mm regardless of their position in the urinary tract.
USER MODEL ACQUISITION HEURISTICS BASED ON DIALOGUE ACTS

A wide-spread technique for user model acquisition is the use of acquisition heuristics, which are normally employedfor inferringassumptionsabouttheuser’s beliefsorgoalsfrom observed useractions. Thesebeliefs or goals can often be characterized as presuppositions to communicative actions that the user performs. In the area of natural-language systems, presupposition analysis techniques have been applied for making assumptionsaboutthe dialoguepartnerbased on the typesof speech acts thathe or sheemploys. In thispaper, we will generalize this approach and investigate the analysis of so-called ‘dialogue acts’, i.e. communicative actions on the user interface whose execution entails user beliefs or goals as presuppositionsof the action. Dialogue act types with schematic presuppositions will be proposed as a means for formulating and generalizinguser model acquisitionheuristics. Several dialogueact types, bothgeneral onesapplicableto any interactive system and specialized ones for an adaptive hypertext, are presented. The BGP-MS user modeling shell system contains a dialogue act analysis component that allows the developer of an adaptive application to define relevant dialogue act types and associated presuppositionpatterns. During run-time, the application can then inform BGP-MS about observed dialogueacts. BGP-MS will instantiatethe presuppositionpatterns of the corresponding dialogue act type and enter them into the current user model. L’aquisition d’un mod`
Rethinking Teacher Evaluation in the Third World:

In a Third World country such as Kenya, the need to provide quality education has been emphasized by several writers. A major factor associated with education quality relates to teacher quality. The quality of teachers is important in three main ways: it is key to the development of the principal attitudes towards learning and self-image of the learners; it determines the foundation on which subsequent learning will be built; and it is central to the improvement of the quality of schooling. In this article, the writer considers the evaluation of teachers’ performance. It has the following three main objectives: (a) to review the meaning, functions and processes of evaluation; (b) to examine current practices in Kenya, for evaluation of novice and veteran teachers; and (c) to present an alternative framework for the improvement of Kenya’s teacher evaluation system.
Comparative Advantage, Relative Wages, and the Accumulation of Human Capital

I apply Ricardo’s principle of comparative advantage to a theory of factor substitutability in a model with a continuum of worker and job types. Highly skilled workers have a comparative advantage in complex jobs. The model satisfies the distance‐dependent elasticity of substitution (DIDES) characteristic: substitutability between types declines with their skill distance. I analyze changes in relative wages due to human capital accumulation. The concept of a complexity dispersion parameter or compression elasticity is introduced. Empirical studies suggest its value to be equal to two: a 1 percent increase in the stock of human capital reduces the Mincerian return by 2 percent.
Research in the Real World: Studying Chicago Police Department’s Crisis Intervention Team Program

Police agencies across the country are struggling to respond to significant number of persons with serious mental illness, who are landing on their doorsteps with sometimes tragic consequences. Arguably, the most widely adopted approach, the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model, is a specialized police-based program designed to improve officers’ ability to safely and effectively respond to mental health crises. Conducting research on CIT is challenging; thus, the evidence base is limited. In this article, the author reviews the emerging literature, present a conceptual model of CIT effectiveness, and describe a study of CIT in Chicago. Findings from Chicago suggest that CIT is increasing linkage to services and reducing use of force in encounters with persons with mental illness. Lessons learned are discussed.
The efficacy of a computerized caries detector in intraoral digital radiography.

BACKGROUND A unique software tool has been developed to assist dentists in the difficult task of diagnosing radiographs for proximal caries. The software, called Logicon Caries Detector (Northrop Grumman Information Technology, Herndon, Va.), extracts image features and correlates them with a database of known caries problems. The Logicon software was combined with the digital radiography system Trophy RadioVisioGraphy (Trophy Radiologie, Croissy-Beaubourg, France) and its effectiveness was measured in a clinical study, the results of which are reported here. METHODS The manufacturer trained 18 dentists in private practices and one university clinic across the United States to use the Logicon Caries Detector software. The dentists diagnosed 175 surfaces with potential caries and adjacent teeth expected to be clean but included as control surfaces. The dentists first did a visual diagnosis only and then repeated the diagnosis using the software. If their final diagnosis called for it, a restoration was performed and the depth of caries was recorded. RESULTS Effectiveness was gauged by calculating three measures of performance-sensitivity, specificity and accuracy-for dentin caries diagnosis by each dentist both before and after using Logicon Caries Detector. Sensitivity among all dentists before using the Logicon software was 70.3 percent and afterward was 90.5 percent, an improvement of 20.2 percent. Dentists' specificity was 88.6 percent before using the software and 88.3 percent afterward, with a difference of-0.3 percent. Dentists' accuracy was 75.6 percent before using the software and 88.3 percent afterward, with an improvement of 12.7 percent. CONCLUSIONS Logicon Caries Detector enabled dentists to find 20 percent more cases of caries penetrating into dentin than they were able to find without it, while not causing them to mistreat any additional healthy teeth. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Digital radiography and smart software like Logicon Caries Detector will improve dentists' diagnostic abilities and lead to better patient care.
Drug and crime cycle: Evaluating traditional methods versus diversion strategies for drug‐related offences

There is considerable debate in the current literature, regarding the appropriateness and effectiveness of incarceration as a means of punishment for perpetrators of drug-related crime. Researchers have begun to question incarceration due to factors such as expanding prison populations, the economic burden placed upon society, the negative consequences and side-effects for offenders, and the apparent ineffectiveness of incarceration as a long-term crime prevention technique. New approaches to tackling the problems of drug-related offences, such as diversion strategies, have been proposed. The literature to date suggests that diversion strategies may be effective in reducing crime and rehabilitating offenders. However, there are recognised limitations to this approach, highlighting the need for more evaluations before solid conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of diversion schemes. The aim of this review is to evaluate the current literature regarding the efficacy of diversion strategies as an .
Resource Provisioning of Web Applications in Heterogeneous Clouds

Cloud computing platforms provide very little guarantees regarding the performance of seemingly identical virtual machine instances. Such instances have been shown to exhibit significantly different performance from each other. This heterogeneity creates two challenges when hosting multi-tier Web applications in the Cloud. First, different machine instances have different processing capacity so balancing equal amounts of load to different instances leads to poor performance. Second, when an application must be reprovisioned, depending on the performance characteristics of the new machine instance it may be more beneficial to add the instance to one tier or another. This paper shows how we can efficiently benchmark the individual performance profile of each individual virtual machine instance when we obtain it from the Cloud. These performance profiles allow us to balance the request load more efficiently than standard load balancers, leading to better performance at lower costs. The performance profiles also allow us to predict the performance that the overall application would have if the new machine instance would be added to any of the application tiers, and therefore to decide how to make best use of newly acquired machine instances. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques by provisioning the TPC-W e-commerce benchmark in the Amazon EC2 platform.
A Latency-Aware Co-deployment Mechanism for Cloud-Based Services

Cloud computing attracts considerable attention from both industry and academic these years. Nowadays, a number of research investigations have been conducted on cloud-based services (e.g., IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, etc.). Deployment of cloud-based services is one of the most important research problems. In cloud computing, multiple services tend to cooperate with each other to accomplish complicated tasks. Deploying these services independently may not lead to good overall performance, since there are a lot of interactions among different services. Making an optimal co-deployment of multiple services is critical for reducing latency of user requests. When deploying highly related services, taking only distribution of users into consideration is not enough, since the deployment of one service would affect others. To attack this challenge, we employ cross service information as well as user locations to build a new model in integer programming formulation. To reduce the computation time of the model, we purpose a sequential model running iteratively to obtain approximate solution. Extensive experiments have been conducted over a large real-world dataset, involving 307 distributed computers in about 40 countries, and 1881 real-world Internet-based services in about 60 countries. The experimental results show the effectiveness of our proposed model. Our real-world dataset is publicly released to promote future research, which also makes our experiments reproducible.
Genetic aspects of bacterial endospore formation.

Sporulation Loci in B. subtilis 168 . 914 Frequency of Mutation in Different Loci of B. subtUi 168 . 919 Fine Structure Mapping of wpe Loci . 919 Sporulation Loci in Other Species of Endospore Formers . 919 INITIATION OF SPORE FORMATION . 919 Possible Effectors . 920 Metabolites that repress sporulation . 920 Compounds that appear at the initiation of sporulation . 921 Glutamine synthetase . 922 Relationship to DNA Replication and the Cell Division Cycle . 922