Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Justifying Educational Language Rights

Not so long ago, we seemed to be making progress on the question of how to incorporate meaningfully the cultural and linguistic backgrounds of our increasingly diverse school student population. In the 1990s, multicultural and bilingual educational approaches were becoming commonplace in modern liberal democracies (Banks & Banks, 2004; May, 1999, 2009). Similarly, multiculturalism appeared to be gaining widespread acceptance as a public policy response to the burgeoning diversity of state populations in an era of rapid globalization and related transmigration (Kymlicka, 2001, 2007; Parekh, 2000). Both developments built on a history of nearly 50 years of advocacy of multicultural and bilingual education, and wider state policies of inclusion for minority groups, which had its genesis in the U.S. Civil Rights movement but had extended to other Western countries, including Canada, Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. Even critics of multiculturalism conceded its impact on public policy at that time, particularly within education—a wearied resignation most notably captured in Nathan Glazer’s (1998) phrase, “We are all multiculturalists now. ” Multiculturalism, at least in Glazer’s view, had finally “won” because the issue of greater public representation for minority groups was increasingly commonplace in discussions of democracy and representation in the civic realm—including, centrally, within schools (see, e.g., Goldberg, 1994; Kymlicka, 1995; Taylor, 1994). How times have changed. Over the past decade, and particularly post-9/11, we have seen a rapid and significant retrenchment of multiculturalism as public policy, particularly within education. In the United States, a burgeoning standards and testing movement, spearheaded by the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001, has replaced earlier attention to racial and ethnic diversity (May & Sleeter, 2010). Decades of affirmative action and related civil rights advances for African
A self‐determination theory approach to the study of intentions and the intention–behaviour relationship in children's physical activity

Objectives. Based on self-determination theory, the present paper investigates relationships between behavioural regulations of physical activity in a school setting with intentions to exercise and actual exercising in leisure time. Moderating effects of personal experience of intentions (autonomous vs. controlled intentions) on the relationship between intentions to exercise and actual exercising in leisure time were also examined. Design. A prospective study assessing psychological variables two weeks apart. Method. Self-report questionnaires distributed to children in two private and one state school. Assessments included five types of regulation of physical activities in school, intentions to exercise, subjective experience of intentions (‘integrated intentions’) and actual exercising during leisure time. Final N = 100. Results. Consistency of intentions to exercise in leisure time and consistency between intentions to exercise and actual exercising in leisure time were a function of both controlling and autonomous forms of regulation of physical activity in schools. Intentions to exercise predicted actual exercising in leisure time when intentions were experienced as autonomous and not as controlled. Conclusions. Adherence to the health behaviour of exercising can be promoted by supporting autonomy and avoiding control of the behaviour in children. The integration of self-determination theory with social-cognitive theories of social action can result in a more elaborated understanding of social and health behaviours.
Mixed discriminatory judgments of individuals’ warmth and competence related abilities

Although several studies have demonstrated that stereotypes can be mixed in terms of warmth and competence (e.g., cold but competent), the possibility of mixed discrimination has received very little attention so far. To this end, the present study investigated mixed discriminatory judgments of individuals. In two studies, the participants judged the empathic (warmth) and the cognitive (competence) ability of individuals who differed only in whether they belonged to a group typically stereotyped as warm but incompetent or cold but competent. Study 1 compared Greeks with Germans (nationality) and Study 2 preschool teachers with lawyers (occupation). In both studies, the judgments were discriminatory in a mixed pattern consistent with the groups’ stereotype content.
Proactive Coping, Positive Affect, and Well-Being Testing for Mediation Using Path Analysis

Traditionally, psychological research has focused on negative states, their determinants, and consequences. Theoretical con- ceptions of coping focus on strategies used to diminish distress. This approach is derived from the perspective that coping is mainly reactive, a strategy used once stress has been experienced. In contrast, proactive coping involves goal setting, having efficacious beliefs, and is associated with resources for self-improvement, including social support. In the present research, a theoretical model was developed in which coping and social support were seen in a synergistic relationship and were associated with a positive state that, in turn, was expected to relate to better psychological functioning. The general theoretical model was tested in three different samples: First year university students coping with depression (n = 68), rehabilitation patients mastering independent functioning following major surgery (n = 151), and employee absenteeism (n = 313). Results of path analyses showed that proactive coping was a partial mediator of social support on positive affect and that positive affect was associated with better psychological functioning. In students only, positive affect mediated the relationship between proactive coping and depression. This research represents a contribution within the field of positive psychology by empirically demonstrating how positive constructs contribute to improved psychological functioning. Theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed.
Inhibitory Phenotype of HBV-Specific CD4+ T-Cells Is Characterized by High PD-1 Expression but Absent Coregulation of Multiple Inhibitory Molecules

Background T-cell exhaustion seems to play a critical role in CD8+ T-cell dysfunction during chronic viral infections. However, up to now little is known about the mechanisms underlying CD4+ T-cell dysfunction during chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection and the role of inhibitory molecules such as programmed death 1 (PD-1) for CD4+ T-cell failure. Methods The expression of multiple inhibitory molecules such as PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, CD244, KLRG1 and markers defining the grade of T-cell differentiation as CCR7, CD45RA, CD57 and CD127 were analyzed on virus-specific CD4+ T-cells from peripheral blood using a newly established DRB1*01-restricted MHC class II Tetramer. Effects of in vitro PD-L1/2 blockade were defined by investigating changes in CD4+ T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Results CD4+ T-cell responses during chronic HBV infection was characterized by reduced Tetramer+CD4+ T-cell frequencies, effector memory phenotype, sustained PD-1 but low levels of CTLA-4, TIM-3, KLRG1 and CD244 expression. PD-1 blockade revealed individualized patterns of in vitro responsiveness with partly increased IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α secretion as well as enhanced CD4+ T-cell expansion almost in treated patients with viral control. Conclusion HBV-specific CD4+ T-cells are reliably detectable during different courses of HBV infection by MHC class II Tetramer technology. CD4+ T-cell dysfunction during chronic HBV is basically linked to strong PD-1 upregulation but absent coregulation of multiple inhibitory receptors. PD-L1/2 neutralization partly leads to enhanced CD4+ T-cell functionality with heterogeneous patterns of CD4+ T-cell rejunivation.
The Multiple Affective Outcomes of AIDS PSAs

The widespread use of fear appeals in health communication campaigns seems to reflect the existence of a folk theory that predicts message acceptance as a function of induced fright. Whereas there is empirical evidence consistent with that position, recent research also shows that other affects may influence message acceptance as well. Two studies were conducted to determine the extent to which a sample of public service announcements (PSAs) on the topic of AIDS / HIV evoked affective responses, the degree to which those affects predicted message acceptance, and the mechanism by which feelings, including fear; operate on message acceptance. Results showed that a variety of affects were induced by the PSAs, most of which did predict message acceptance. However, considerable variation was observed in both sign and magnitude of the associations. As for mechanism, the data suggested that the effects of affect on message acceptance were mediated by heuristic rather than systematic message processing.
What is the effect of initial implant position on the crestal bone level in flap and flapless technique during healing period?

Purpose The level of the implant above the marginal bone and flap design have an effect on the bone resorption during the healing period. The aim of this study is to detect the relationship between the level of the implant at the implant placement and the bone level at the healing period in the mesial and distal side of implants placed with flapless (FL) and full-thickness flap (FT) methods. Methods Twenty-two nonsubmerged implants were placed with the FL and FT technique. Periapical radiographs were taken of the patient at implant placement, and at 6 and 12 weeks. By using computer software, bone level measurements were taken from the shoulder of the healing cap to the first bone implant contact in the mesial and distal side of the implant surface. Results At 6 weeks, the correlation between the crestal bone level at the implant placement and crestal bone level of the FT mesially was significant (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.675, P<0.023). At 12 weeks, in the FT mesially, the correlation was nonsignificant (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.297, P<0.346). At 6 weeks in the FT distally, the correlation was nonsignificant (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.512, P<0.107). At 12 weeks in the FT distally, the correlation was significant (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.730, P<0.011). At 6 weeks in the FL mesially, the correlation was nonsignificant (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.083, P<0.809). At 12 weeks in the FL mesially, the correlation was nonsignificant (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.062, P<0.856). At 6 weeks in the FL distally, the correlation was nonsignificant (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.197, P<0.562). At 12 weeks in the FL distally, the correlation was significant (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.692, P<0.018). Conclusions A larger sample size is recommended to verify the conclusions in this preliminary study. The bone level during the healing period in the FT was more positively correlated with the implant level at implant placement than in the FL.
Towards Property-Based Classification of Clustering Paradigms

Clustering is a basic data mining task with a wide variety of applications. Not surprisingly, there exist many clustering algorithms. However, clustering is an ill defined problem - given a data set, it is not clear what a "correct" clustering for that set is. Indeed, different algorithms may yield dramatically different outputs for the same input sets. Faced with a concrete clustering task, a user needs to choose an appropriate clustering algorithm. Currently, such decisions are often made in a very ad hoc, if not completely random, manner. Given the crucial effect of the choice of a clustering algorithm on the resulting clustering, this state of affairs is truly regrettable. In this paper we address the major research challenge of developing tools for helping users make more informed decisions when they come to pick a clustering tool for their data. This is, of course, a very ambitious endeavor, and in this paper, we make some first steps towards this goal. We propose to address this problem by distilling abstract properties of the input-output behavior of different clustering paradigms. In this paper, we demonstrate how abstract, intuitive properties of clustering functions can be used to taxonomize a set of popular clustering algorithmic paradigms. On top of addressing deterministic clustering algorithms, we also propose similar properties for randomized algorithms and use them to highlight functional differences between different common implementations of k-means clustering. We also study relationships between the properties, independent of any particular algorithm. In particular, we strengthen Kleinberg's famous impossibility result, while providing a simpler proof.
International Union of Pharmacology. LIV. Nomenclature and Molecular Relationships of Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels

Since the initial cDNA cloning of the first inward rectifiers Kir1.1 (ROMK1) and Kir2.1 (IRK1) in 1993, a succession of new members of this family have been identified, including the G protein-coupled Kir3 and the ATP-sensitive Kir6. These channels play an important physiological role in the
Income Allocation in Marital and Cohabiting Unions: The Case of Mainland Puerto Ricans

The rise of cohabitation and the growing share of births to cohabiting couples have led to speculation that the boundary between marriage and cohabitation is blurring. We examine this issue with an analysis of the financial arrangements of fathers of mainland Puerto Rican children. The analysis shows that married fathers are more likely than cohabiting fathers to pool their income, but this difference does not result from socioeconomic and demographic factors that foster uncertainty. The analysis also demonstrates that income allocation methods are generally stable over time after differences in union dissolution by allocation method are considered. The discussion emphasizes the need for research on the ways that financial ties reflect and reinforce the bonds between partners.
Correction for “ Marked difference in saxitoxin and tetrodoxin af fi nity for the human nociceptive voltage-gated sodium channel ( Nav 1 . 7 )

NEUROSCIENCE, CHEMISTRY Correction for “Marked difference in saxitoxin and tetrodoxin affinity for the human nociceptive voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.7),” by James R. Walker, Paul A. Novick, William H. Parsons, Malcolm McGregor, Jeff Zablocki, Vijay S. Pande, and J. Du Bois, which appeared in issue 44, October 30, 2012, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (109:18102–18107; first published October 17, 2012; 10.1073/pnas.1206952109). The authors note that the title appeared incorrectly. The title should instead appear as “Marked difference in saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin affinity for the human nociceptive voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.7). ” The online version has been corrected.
Metal Selectivity Determinants in a Family of Transition Metal Transporters*

Background: Metal selectivity is an important feature of the plant cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter family. Results: Mutation of key residues can narrow or broaden metal selectivity. Conclusion: Residues within the cytoplasmic histidine-rich loop and transmembrane domains define metal specificity. Significance: This raises the possibility of engineering transporters for selective biofortification of cereal grains with nutritionally essential metals. Metal tolerance proteins (MTPs) are plant members of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter family involved in cellular metal homeostasis. Members of the CDF family are ubiquitously found in all living entities and show principal selectivity for Zn2+, Mn2+, and Fe2+. Little is known regarding metal selectivity determinants of CDFs. We identified a novel cereal member of CDFs in barley, termed HvMTP1, that localizes to the vacuolar membrane. Unlike its close relative AtMTP1, which is highly selective for Zn2+, HvMTP1 exhibits selectivity for both Zn2+ and Co2+ as assessed by its ability to suppress yeast mutant phenotypes for both metals. Expression of HvMTP1/AtMTP1 chimeras in yeast revealed a five-residue sequence within the AtMTP1 N-segment of the His-rich intracytoplasmic loop that confines specificity to Zn2+. Furthermore, mutants of AtMTP1 generated through random mutagenesis revealed residues embedded within transmembrane domain 3 that additionally specify the high degree of Zn2+ selectivity. We propose that the His-rich loop, which might play a role as a zinc chaperone, determines the identity of the metal ions that are transported. The residues within transmembrane domain 3 can also influence metal selectivity, possibly through conformational changes induced at the cation transport site located within the membrane or at the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain.
Using conversation analysis in the second language classroom to teach interactional competence

This article focuses on the use of conversation analysis (CA) to help teaching interactional competence in English to adult second language learners from lower to intermediate levels. To set the context, this article gives a brief overview on the use of CA in second language research as well as considering the construct of interactional competence in second language teaching. Based on classroom research, the article demonstrates how CA applied in the second language classroom was effective initially in raising students’ awareness of both the mechanisms and norms of spoken interaction, and also eventually in helping them to become analysts of conversation and more effective conversationalists. To better understand what CA concepts needed to be taught a conversation analysis of the students’ undirected conversations was undertaken revealing interactional problems not noticed through traditional methods of investigation. It is therefore suggested that a CA-informed pedagogical approach can help to teach interactional competence or competencies, by using materials designed for that purpose.
Statistical lensing of faint QSOs by galaxy clusters

We investigate the anti-correlation between faint high-redshift QSOs and low-redshift galaxy groups found by Boyle, Fong & Shanks, on the assumption that it is caused by gravitational lensing of a flat QSO number count, rather than by dust in the galaxy groups, or any other systematic effect. Using an isothermal sphere lens model, the required velocity dispersion is With an isothermal sphere plus uniform density plane, the velocity dispersion is while the plane density is Σc=0.081±0.032h g cm−2. Both of these values for the velocity dispersion are considerably larger than the ∼400–600 km s−1 expected for poor clusters and groups and imply that the mass associated with such groups is ∼4 times larger than inferred from virial analyses. If it is a result of lensing, this measurement clearly tends to favour high values of Ω0. We demonstrate how an estimate of Ω0 may be obtained, finding the relation Ω0=1.3(n/3×10−4 h3 Mpc−3)(r/1 h−1 Mpc)(σ/1286 km s−1)2 where r is the extent of the anti-correlation and n is the space density of groups. In the current data systematic errors in the determination of n and r may dominate this measurement, but this will be a potential route to estimating Ω0 in improved galaxy–QSO data sets where these systematics can be better controlled. We have compared our result with that of Williams & Irwin who find a positive correlation between bright Large Bright Quasar Survey (LBQS) QSOs and APM galaxies. Because the QSO number counts are steeper at bright magnitudes, there is no contradiction between this result and our own. Indeed, adapting the lensing analysis of Williams & Irwin to our use of groups rather than galaxies, we find that there is good agreement between the amplitude of the positive cross-correlation found for the bright QSOs and the amplitude of the negative cross-correlation found for the faint QSOs. This analysis leads to a common estimate of Ω0σ8∼3–4. This, however, is significantly higher than indicated from several other analyses. Further tests of the accuracy of the galaxy–QSO cross-correlation results and thus their implications for Ω0 and σ8 will soon be available from the new 2dF QSO catalogue.
Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma

This article proposes that in addition to physical security, states also seek ontological security, or security of the self. Ontological security is achieved by routinizing relationships with significant others, and actors therefore become attached to those relationships. Like its physical counterpart, the ontological security motive is a constant. But states may adhere to routines rigidly or reflexively, and variation in attachment style has implications for security-seeking. This article conceptualizes the individual-level need for ontological security, scales it up to states, and applies the ontological security-seeking assumption to the security dilemma. Realists argue that states want to escape security dilemmas but uncertainty prevents them. Ontological security-seeking suggests that states may not want to escape dilemmatic conflict. Because even dangerous routines provide ontological security, rational security-seekers could become attached to conflict. Ontological security-seeking sheds new light on seemingly irrational conflict, and suggests lines of research into the stability of other outcomes in world politics.
Teachers’ perception of gifted students

Eight‐five elementary and secondary teachers were asked to complete an open‐ended questionnaire. The significant perceptual differences identified appear to be related to grade level taught and whether teachers have taken courses or workshops on gifted education. The overriding implication is that effective teachers of the gifted need more grade specific preservice and inservice course work and involvement with gifted students.
External apical root resorption in maxillary root-filled incisors after orthodontic treatment: A split-mouth design study

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare, in a split mouth design, the external apical root resorption (EARR) associated with orthodontic treatment in root-filled maxillary incisors and their contralateral teeth with vital pulps. Methodology: The study sample consisted of 38 patients (14 males and 24 females), who had one root-filled incisor before completion of multiband/bracket orthodontic therapy for at least 1 year. For each patient, digital panoramic radiographs taken before and after orthodontic treatment were used to determine the root resortion and the proportion of external root resorption (PRR), defined as the ratio between the root resorption in the endodontically treated incisor and that in its contralateral incisor with a vital pulp. The student’s t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to determine statistical significance. Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between EARR in vital teeth (1.1 ± 1.0 mm) and endodontically treated incisors (1.1 ± 0.8 mm). Twenty-six patients (68.4%) showed greater resorption of the endodontically treated incisor than its homolog vital tooth (p > 0.05). The mean and standard deviation of PPR were 1.0 ± 0.2. Multivariate logistic regression suggested that PRR does not correlate with any of the variables analyzed. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the amount or severity of external root resorption during orthodontic movement between root-filled incisors and their contralateral teeth with vital pulps. Key words:Endodontics, orthodontics, root canal treatment, root resorption.