Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Myth and Reality: The ERA and the Gender Gap in the 1980 Election

Attitudes toward the Equal Rights Amendment were not an important factor in the emergence of the "gender gap" in the 1980 presidential election. Conclusions to the contrary by news analysts, feminist political activists, and political scientists are based on a combination of the power of expectation, faulty analysis, and random bias in the most frequently used survey in political science. Jane J. Mansbridge is Associate Professor of Political Science and Sociology, and Research Faculty at the Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research, Northwestern University. The author wishes to thank Gary Winters for computer work, and Ronald King, Steven Jackson, Fay Lomax Cook, and Christopher Jencks for comments on an earlier version of this paper, presented at the 1983 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association in Chicago. Kathleen Frankovic of CBS News was extremely helpful in providing CBS/New York Times data before they became widely available. The data analyzed herein were collected by the New York Times and CBS News and processed by the New York Times and CBS News under a grant from the Russell Sage Foundation; by Warren E. Miller and the National Election Studies of the Center for Political Studies at the University of Michigan; and by the National Opinion Research Center of the University of Chicago. The data were provided through the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research of the University of Michigan. The New York Times, CBS News, the CPS, NORC, and the ICPSR bear no responsibility for the analysis and interpretations presented here. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 49:164-178 (? by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc 0033-362X/85/0049-164/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.45 on Fri, 02 Sep 2016 05:26:24 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE ERA AND THE GENDER GAP IN 1980 165 This survey almost certainly provides the best available data on the 1980 election. It was conducted among voters as they left the polls, not at some later date, and the sample (N = 15,201) was far larger than any other study.1 When voters were handed a questionnaire, the front side included the following qucstion: In the presidential election who did you just vote for? 1. Jimmy Carter 2. Ronald Reagan 3. John Anderson 4. Ed Clark 5. Barry Commoner 6. Didn't vote for President 7. Other On the back, the following question appeared: Please mark an "X" to show if you agree or disagree with each of the following statements: . I support the Equal Rights Amendment-ERA-the constitutional amendment concerning women. Of the unweighted sample of 15,201, 2452 did not answer the ERA question, but did answer one or more other questions on the back of the questionnaire. These responses have been coded "don't know. " Another 975 respondents did not answer any questions on the back of the questionnaire. These respondents seemingly did not turn the questionnaire over and have been eliminated from the analysis.
Speech Enhancement Using Transient Speech Components

This paper describes an algorithm to decompose speech into tonal, transient, and residual components. The algorithm uses an MDCT-based hidden Markov chain model to isolate the tonal component and a wavelet-based hidden Markov tree model to isolate the transient component. We suggest that the auditory system, like the visual system, is probably sensitive to abrupt stimulus changes and that the transient component in speech may be particularly critical to speech perception. To test this suggestion, the transient component isolated by our algorithm was selectively amplified and recombined with the original speech to generate enhanced speech, with energy adjusted to be equal to the energy of the original speech. The intelligibility of the original and enhanced speech was evaluated in eleven human subjects by the modified rhyme protocol. The word recognition rates show that the enhanced speech can provide substantial improvement in speech intelligibility at low SNR levels (8% at -15 dB, 14% at -20 dB, and 18% at -25 dB)
Verification as a Strategic Ritual

While a concerted quest for accuracy is seen by many journalists as central to their professional identity, informal rules of practice for achieving news accuracy are elusive and highly nuanced. We conducted post hoc qualitative interviews with 28 semi-randomly selected Canadian journalists working for French- and English-language newspapers; each journalist reconstructed in detail the process of verification used in reporting a single newspaper story. Findings suggest considerable diversity in verification strategies, at times mirroring social scientific methods (source triangulation, analysis of primary data sources or official documents, semi-participant observation), and different degrees of reflexivity or critical awareness of journalists' own blind spots and limitations. Most interviewees expressed passionate support for the norm of verification, but described a range of pragmatic compromises when selecting various types of facts for, and when conducting, verification. Proper names, numbers and some other concrete details were verified with greater care than some other types of factual statement. On the other hand, statements were frequently relayed, with or without attribution, based on a single subject's word. We also observed that verification cannot easily or consistently be identified as a distinct process within the normal course of reporting: rather, the relationship between the reporting and verification processes may often be circular, and some verification rests in knowledge derived from a reporter's earlier work.
Cross-linguistic Russian-Norwegian families in Norway: Language choice, family contexts and bilingual development

In this study we investigated how the process of initial language choice and minority language transmission to the child was carried out within Russian mother/Norwegian father families living in Norway. The study was based on grounded theory, and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. 15 mothers were interviewed about their initial choices concerning language transmission, their actual language use within the family and their childA¢â¬â¢s language development. All the mothers except one were initially motivated to transmit Russian to their child, and the main reasons given for this choice are presented. The actual use of Russian within the families varied, however, depending in particular on the fatherA¢â¬â¢s competence in Russian and the quality of the emotional relationship between the mother and the father. Furthermore, these variations seemed to have consequences for whether the child developed active or only passive bilingualism. The results are interpreted within the present socio-historical context of Norway where a high number of women are engaged in full-time work, fathers often participate actively in child care and even young children go to kindergartens.
Atherosclerotic risk and social jetlag in rotating shift-workers: first evidence from a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify atherosclerotic risk using pulse wave velocity (PWV) in steel workers employed in different shift-work rotations, and to elucidate its relationship to social jetlag and shift schedule details. PARTICIPANTS Male workers in a steel factory (n=77, 32 fast clockwise (CW), 30 slow counterclockwise (CC), 15 day workers (DW); mean age 42 ± SD 7.6 yrs) with at least 5 years of experience in their current work schedule participated. METHODS All workers completed questionnaires on demographics, health, psychotropic agents, sleep, social and work life, social jetlag (difference between mid-sleep time on workdays and days off used as a marker of circadian disruption) and chronotype (mid-sleep time on free days corrected for sleep deficit on workdays). In 63 workers we measured PWV, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) between 08:00 and 12:30 h in controlled posture conditions (no caffeine/smoking/exercise). RESULTS There was no significant difference in PWV (covariates: age, BP) between the different shift-rotations (CW, CC and DW). In all workers combined, HR and social jetlag were significantly positively correlated. Demographic variables did not differ between shift-workers and day workers; shift-workers (CW, CC) reported significantly more stomach upsets, digestion problems, weight fluctuations, and social jetlag. The CW and CC workers did not differ in ratings of how shift-work affected sleep, social and work life. CONCLUSIONS PWV was not different between the two shift-rotations. This pilot study shows first evidence that HR is related to social jetlag, and therefore warrants more studies in different shift schedules.
Collateral circulation on perfusion‐computed tomography‐source images predicts the response to stroke intravenous thrombolysis

Perfusion‐computed tomography‐source images (PCT‐SI) may allow a dynamic assessment of leptomeningeal collateral arteries (LMC) filling and emptying in middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischaemic stroke. We described a regional LMC scale on PCT‐SI and hypothesized that a higher collateral score would predict a better response to intravenous (iv) thrombolysis.
Dynamical directions in numeration

Le but de ce survol est d'aborder definitions et proprietes concernant la numeration d'un point de vue dynamique: nous nous concentrons sur les systemes de numeration, leur compactification, et. les systemes dynamiques qui peuvent etre definis dessus. La notion de systeme de numeration fibre unifie la presentation. De nombreux exemples sont etudies. Plusieurs numerations sur les entiers naturels, relatifs, les nombres reels ou les nombres complexes sont presentees. Nous portons une attention speciale a la β-numeration ainsi qu'a ses generalisations, aux systemes de numeration abstraits, aux systemes dits "shift radix", de meme qu'aux G-echelles et aux odometres. Un paragraphe d'applications conclut ce survol.
Where are we with Haptic Visualization?

There is a growing interest into non-visual forms of data communication, not only driven by the need for accessible representations but also because researchers are realizing the potential of understanding information better or differently through other modalities. Thus, haptic visualization is an immature but exciting area; it represents the abstract realization of information through the use of tactile or force-feedback devices. Through such a realization the user can gain quantitative, qualitative or nominal understanding of some underlying data. This paper presents the growth and development of haptic visualization, shows current trends, and acts as a snapshot of history. In fact, we remember the past based on temporal landmarks: we remember what we were doing when we heard the news of 9/11. Thus it is interesting and useful to look at the subject in the context of key events and seminal work. Moreover, it helps us to not re-invent the wheel: something that is far too common with interdisciplinary work. Thus, we take a holistic approach to the literature and place the research in context of important historic events and seminal work, which shows the reader where we have been, and points towards the future
The spectral evolution of impulsive solar X-ray flares

The time evolution of the spectral index and the non-thermal flux in 24 impulsive solar hard X-ray flares of GOES class M was studied in RHESSI observations. The high spectral resolution allows for a clean separation of thermal and non- thermal components in the 10-30 keV range, where most of the non-thermal photons are emitted. Spectral index and flux can thus be determined with much better accuracy than before. The spectral soft-hard-soft behavior in rise-peak-decay phases is discovered not only in the general flare development, but even more pronounced in subpeaks. An empirically found power-law dependence between the spectral index and the normalization of the non-thermal flux holds during the rise and decay phases of the emission peaks. It is still present in the combined set of all flares. We find an asymmetry in this dependence between rise and decay phases of the non-thermal emission. There is no delay between flux peak and spectral index minimum. The soft-hard-soft behavior appears to be an intrinsic signature of the elementary electron acceleration process.
Tinnitus after head injury: evidence from otoacoustic emissions

OBJECTIVE Tinnitus may be caused by a lesion or dysfunction at any level of the auditory system. This study explores cochlear mechanics using otoacoustic emissions in patients with tinnitus after head injury, in whom there seems to be evidence to support dysfunction within the CNS. METHODS The study included 20 patients with tinnitus and other auditory symptoms, such as hyperacusis and difficulty in listening in background noise, after head injury, in the presence of an “intact” auditory periphery (normal or near normal audiometric thresholds). They were compared with 20 normal subjects and 12 subjects with head injury, but without tinnitus, who had similar audiometric thresholds. In all subjects otoacoustic emissions, including transient click-evoked (TEOAEs) and spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), were recorded, and a test of efferent medial olivocochlear suppression, consisting of recording of TEOAEs under contralateral stimulation, was performed. RESULTS A significantly higher prevalence of SOAEs (100%), higher TEOAE response amplitudes, and reduced medial olivocochlear suppression in patients with tinnitus in comparison with subjects without tinnitus have been found. CONCLUSION These findings have been interpreted to be an extracochlear phenomenon, in which the reduction in central efferent suppression of cochlear mechanics, leading to an increase in cochlear amplifier gain, was subsequent to head injury. Auditory symptoms in these patients seemed to constitute the “disinhibition syndrome”.
The Effects of Methamphetamine on Serotonin Transporter Activity

Abstract: Multiple administrations of methamphetamine (METH) rapidly decreased serotonin (5HT) transporter (SERT) function in rat striatum and hippocampus. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms/ factors contributing to this METH‐induced decrease in SERT function. Multiple high‐dose METH injections rapidly decreased 5HT uptake without altering binding of the 5HT transporter ligand paroxetine. Hyperthermia contributed to this deficit in transporter function in striatum and hippocampus, as prevention of METH‐induced hyperthermia attenuated this decrease. A role for dopamine (DA) was suggested by findings that pretreatment with the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor α‐methyl‐p‐tyrosine, the D1 antagonist SCH‐23390, or the D2 antagonist eticlopride attenuated the METH‐induced decrease in striatal, but not hippocampal, SERT activity. These effects were independent of the ability of these DA‐antagonizing drugs to prevent METH‐induced hyperthermia. These results suggest that DA contributes to the decrease in SERT function caused by multiple METH injections in the striatum, but not hippocampus, and that hyperthermia facilitates these deficits in SERT function in both brain regions. In contrast, the response of SERT to a single administration of METH was DA and hyperthermia independent. These findings suggest that the mechanisms/ factors involved in decreasing SERT activity after a single administration of METH are distinct from that caused by multiple administrations.
African American and Hispanic Fathers’ Work Characteristics and Preschool Children’s Cognitive Development

Father involvement is a salient predictor of children’s cognitive development and recent studies suggest that African American and Hispanic fathers, who are highly involved, have children who enter school more poised to succeed. Little is known, however, about contextual barriers to positive father involvement in ethnic minority families. This study examined prospective relations between fathers’ work characteristics (i.e., total work hours per week, job satisfaction, and work shift) and children’s cognitive development in preschool (i.e., reading and math scores). A total of 2,340 children were included in the study (35% African American, 65% Hispanic). Fathers’ total work hours per week positively predicted children’s reading and math scores. Fathers’ work shift (i.e., nonstandard) positively predicted reading, but not math. In contrast, fathers’ job satisfaction negatively predicted children’s math achievement. Findings were evident even after controlling for a host of demographic factors (e.g., father education, mother education, home-learning environment, and family income).
Faking It for the Higher-Ups: Status and Surface Acting in Workplace Meetings

Recent evidence suggests that surface acting occurs in workplace meetings. Even in light of these findings, it remains unknown why employees would choose to surface act in meetings with their colleagues and supervisors, and how this form of emotion regulation affects employees in the short term. A sample of working adults were asked to report their levels of surface acting during multiple workplace meetings. Results indicate that employees engage in surface acting during meetings, and that their surface acting is positively related to the presence of higher status attendees in these meetings. In addition, surface acting during meetings is negatively related to perceptions of both meeting psychological safety and meeting effectiveness. We also highlight the important role of one’s job level as a moderating condition when examining the relationship between surface acting and perceived meeting effectiveness. Our results suggest that individuals who are higher up in an organization’s hierarchy may perceive meetings as less effective when they surface act when compared with individuals who are in lower levels of the organization.
Do survey interviewers really have to be strangers

A standard methodological assumption in social and demographic surveys is that interviewers should be strangers to respondents. Bias is feared should the interviewer and respondent know each other prior to the interview. We refer to this assumption as the “stranger-interviewer norm” and note that it has never been systematically tested. In order to subject it to scrutiny, we fielded an experimental survey in a town of the Dominican Republic countryside in the summer of 2010. We employed a mix of local and outsider interviewers and hired enough locals to produce an adequate number of “insider” interviews, that is, interviews where interviewer and respondent knew each other. Systematic randomization in our sampling design gives our survey the rigor of an experiment. In this paper we use these data to evaluate how the accuracy of responses varies by the level of familiarity between interviewer and respondent, as we were able to validate a number of survey questions by checking official documents that confirmed (or disconfirmed) respondents’ reports. At the time of this submission our analyses have failed to find support for the stranger-interviewer norm. There is instead some evidence that respondents are more cooperative with interviewers when these are not outsiders.
Selective blockade of neurokinin-2 receptors produces antidepressant-like effects associated with reduced corticotropin-releasing factor function.

The present study investigated the effects of the selective neurokinin-2 (NK2) receptor antagonist SR48968 in behavioral, electrophysiological, and biochemical tests sensitive to the action of prototypical antidepressants (fluoxetine, imipramine) or to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonists, which have been proposed recently as potential antidepressants. Results showed that SR48968 (0.3-10 mg/kg i.p.) produced antidepressant-like activity because it reduced immobility in the forced swimming test in both mice and rats, and decreased the amount of maternal separation-induced vocalizations in guinea pig pups. This latter effect appears to involve a reduction of stress-induced substance P release because SR48968 reduced the separation-induced increase in the number of neurons displaying neurokinin-1 receptor internalization in the amygdala. Furthermore, SR48968 increased the expression of the cAMP response-element binding protein mRNA in the rat hippocampus after repeated (1 mg/kg i.p., 21 days), but not acute administration. Finally, neuronal firing of the locus coeruleus (LC) and noradrenergic (NE) release in the prefrontal cortex both elicited by an uncontrollable stressor or an intraventricular administration of CRF were reduced by SR48968 (0.3-1 mg/kg i.p.). The finding that SR48968 (1 mg/kg i.p.) blocked the cortical release of NE induced by an intra-LC infusion of the preferential NK2 receptor agonist neurokinin A suggested the presence of NK2 receptors in this latter region. Importantly, SR48965 (1-10 mg/kg i.p.), the optical antipode of SR48968, which is devoid of affinity for the NK2 receptor, was inactive in all the models used. These data suggest that NK2 receptor blockade may constitute a novel mechanism in the treatment of depression and CRF-related disorders.
Randomized Study of the Effect of Local Anesthetic Volume and Concentration on the Duration of Peripheral Nerve Blockade

Background and Objectives Ultrasound guidance reduces the required local anesthetic volume for successful peripheral nerve block, but it is unclear whether this influences block duration. We investigated the ropivacaine volume and concentration effect on interscalene block duration. Methods One hundred eighty-five patients were randomized to 5 ropivacaine volume/concentration combinations (0.75% 5, 10, and 20 mL; 0.375% 20 and 40 mL) administered preoperatively via an interscalene catheter before shoulder surgery under general anesthesia. An elastomeric ropivacaine infusion commenced at the onset of pain. Patients were questioned at 24 hours primarily for the primary outcome: time to first pain. Group 5 mL was excluded post hoc because of an unacceptably high block failure rate. Multivariate Cox regression was used to assess the effect of volume and concentration (each corrected for the other) on the primary outcome. Results Probability of pain as a function of time was associated with not only dose, but also volume corrected for concentration and concentration corrected for volume: hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for dose = 0.992 (0.987–0.997) (P = 0.002), volume = 0.959 (0.937–0.982) (P = 0.001), concentration = 0.852 (0.743–0.976) (P = 0.021). Increasing the volume of ropivacaine 0.375% from 10 to 40 mL was estimated to increase median (quartiles) block duration from 10.0 (9.5–11.5) to 15.0 (10.75–21) hours. Similarly, increasing the concentration of 20 mL ropivacaine from 0.375% to 0.75% was estimated to increase median (quartiles) block duration from 10.75 (9.75–14.0) to 13.75 (10.5–21.0) hours. Conclusions Block duration is influenced by both local anesthetic volume and concentration, a finding of increasing relevance with the current trend to lower volumes for ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia.