Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sacrifice for the Cause: Group Processes, Recruitment, and Commitment in a Student Social Movement.

Recruitment and commitment in protest movements are best explained by analyzing group-level political processes such as consciousness-raising, collective empowerment, polarization, and collective decision-making. Such processes increase protesters' political solidarity their commitment to the cause and their belief in the non-institutional tactics that further that cause. Other frameworks, such as the rational choice and collective behavior approaches, are less adequate in accounting for recruitment and commitment. Rational choice perspectives neglect group processes by suggesting that decisions about whether to join or stay at a protest are based largely on isolated individual costlbenefit calculations. The collective behavior view that protests are spawned by confused and insecure individuals in situations of social unrest cannot be reconciled with the fact that most protests originate among close-knit groups of politically committed activists using carefully planned strategies and tactics. These conclusions are based on a study of the 1985 Columbia University divestment protest.
Stress in Social Services: Mental Wellbeing, Constraints and Job Satisfaction

The public sector is facing an impending shortage of staff, because young people no longer want to work in it and nearly a third of its workforce is over 50 years of age. Staff working within the public sector report that stress is the biggest single factor affecting their decision to leave. This research note reports the findings of a recent study carried out in two social service departments in the north-west of England. The primary aim of the research was to explore work-related stress, using a ‘problem diagnosis tool’ to understand the stressors experienced by social services staff, and to inform the development of interventions aimed at reducing and/or eliminating them. This study used in-depth interviewing to develop a questionnaire incorporating a variety of measures to assess potential stressors and mental well-being. The questionnaire response rate was 33 per cent (n = 1234) and the results demonstrated statistically significant differences between staffing grades. Staff working with children and families reported the highest levels of absenteeism, poorest well-being, and highest level of organizational constraints. Job satisfaction was low compared with established norms for various occupational groups. This grounded research baseline is a crucial step to inform specifically designed and targeted interventions, which can be effectively evaluated from this baseline position.
Victim to Victimizer: The Psychology of Isomorphism in a Case of a Recidivist Pedophile in Finland

ABSTRACT An extreme case of a six victim, 38-year-old recidivist sex offender was selected for examining the isomorphic relationships between child sexual abuse trauma and adult sex offenses. This sex offender had victimized children of both sexes and an adult woman. Life history, letter, file, and the Adult Attachment Interview information were analyzed to seek the relations between childhood abuse experiences and adult offending. Both subjective reports and file data revealed that the man had experienced severe physical, psychological, and sexual abuse in childhood. His pattern of sexual offending against children was similar to his own experiences of sexual abuse by his father. The age of the child victims fell in the range of his age at the time of the childhood sexual abuse. Moreover, the use of coercion to gain victim compliance resembled the way his father had acted towards him. The pedophile's offending behavior was interpreted using the isomorphic and attachment perspectives.
Canine serum C-reactive protein as a quantitative marker of the inflammatory stimulus of aseptic elective soft tissue surgery.

BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is an established serum marker for the presence of systemic inflammation in dogs. Results from previous experimental and clinical studies suggest that CRP concentrations also quantitatively reflect the degree and progress of an inflammatory process, suggesting its use for inflammation monitoring. OBJECTIVES The objective was to investigate whether the canine CRP response in serum correlates with the amount of trauma and the consequent inflammatory response after 3 standard aseptic soft-tissue surgical procedures in 3 groups of dogs. METHODS A total of 24 client-owned intact female dogs of various breeds were enrolled in a clinical study with random allocation into 2 surgical groups, for either conventional, open-approach ovariohysterectomy (OVH; n = 14) or laparoscopic assisted OVH (n = 10). In addition, a group of 8 male Beagles from a laboratory animal facility underwent vasectomy, serving as the third and mildest surgical trauma group. Serum CRP was measured pre- and at 4, 8, 12, 23, and 27 hours postsurgery. Cumulative concentration over time and point concentrations of CRP were correlated with the surgical trauma impact level. RESULTS There was a significant surgery trauma-related difference in cumulative CRP concentrations among the 3 groups, and also in the 12 hours postsurgery concentration. CONCLUSION The CRP response varied according to the degree of surgical trauma on 3 standardized levels, thus supporting the use of canine serum concentrations of CRP as an inflammatory activity indicator and monitoring marker.
Higher Education Expansion, Social Background and College Selectivity in the United States

Drawing on two recent cohorts of baccalaureate degreeholders (1993 and 2000), this paper takes a new look at the factors that influence students’ choice of undergraduate institution in the United States. The two cohorts span a period that was marked by rapid institutional and enrollment growth in U.S. universities. Yet, it remains uncertain whether or not this greater expansion has reduced the effects of social origins on college choices. The findings reveal that educational decisions were indeed influenced by socioeconomic effects. Both parental income and education exhibited strong, positive effects, which remained stable across cohorts. At the same time, students’ abilities also had a significant impact on selectivity decisions. Students who attended private, nonreligious high schools were also more likely to graduate from more selective institutions, while gender effects largely subsided once controlling for academic ability.
Development of a microbial community of bacterial and yeast antagonists to control wound-invading postharvest pathogens of fruits

Two antagonists, the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae and the pink yeast Sporobolomyces roseus, against blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum) on apple controlled this disease more effectively when combined at approximately equal biomass (50:50 of the same turbidity) than in individual applications. Addition of L-asparagine enhanced the biocontrol effectiveness of P. syringae but decreased that of S. roseus and had no significant effect when the antagonists were combined. Populations of both antagonists increased in apple wounds and were further stimulated by the addition of L-asparagine. The carrying capacity of wounds for P. syringae was not affected by S. roseus. Populations of P. syringae in wounds inoculated individually or in a 50:50 mixture with S. roseus reached the same level after 3 days at 22 degrees C. However, populations of S. roseus recovered after applications of the mixture were consistently lower than those recovered after individual applications. Similar effects were observed in in vitro tests in which populations of S. roseus grown in mixtures with P. syringae were consistently lower than those grown alone, while the populations of P. syringae were not affected by the presence of S. roseus. A total of 36 carbon and 35 nitrogen compounds were tested for utilization by both antagonists. Fourteen nitrogenous compounds were utilized by both P. syringae and S. roseus, and an additional nine compounds were utilized by P. syringae. S. roseus and P. syringae utilized 17 and 13 carbon sources, respectively; 9 sources were common to both antagonists. Populations of these antagonists in apple wounds appear to form a relatively stable community dominated by P. syringae. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Intracellular osteopontin is an integral component of the CD44‐ERM complex involved in cell migration

Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted glycoprotein with mineral‐ and cell‐binding properties that can regulate cell activities through integrin receptors. Previously, we identified an intracellular form of osteopontin with a perimembranous distribution in migrating fetal fibroblasts (Zohar et al., J Cell Physiol 170:88–98, 1997). Since OPN and CD44 expression are increased in migrating cells, we analyzed the relationship of these proteins with immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. A distinct co‐localization of perimembranous OPN and cell‐surface CD44 was observed in fetal fibroblasts, periodontal ligament cells, activated macrophages, and metastatic breast cancer cells. The co‐localization of OPN and CD44 was prominent at the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts, where OPN also co‐localized with the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) protein ezrin, as well as in cell processes and at attachment sites of hyaluronan‐coated beads. The subcortical location of OPN in these cells was verified by cell‐surface biotinylation experiments in which biotinylated CD44 and non‐biotinylated OPN were isolated from complexes formed with hyaluronan‐coated beads and identified with immunoblotting. That perimembranous OPN represents secreted protein internalized by endocytosis or phagocytosis appeared to be unlikely since exogenous OPN that was added to cell cultures could not be detected inside the cells. A physical association with OPN, CD44, and ERM, but not with vinculin or α‐actin, was indicated by immunoadsorption and immunoblotting of cell proteins in complexes extracted from hyaluronan‐coated beads. The functional significance of OPN in this complex was demonstrated using OPN−/− and CD−/− mouse fibroblasts which displayed impaired migration and a reduced attachment to hyaluronan‐coated beads. These studies indicate that OPN exists as an integral component of a hyaluronan‐CD44‐ERM attachment complex that is involved in the migration of embryonic fibroblasts, activated macrophages, and metastatic cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 184:118–130, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Video training of support staff in intervention plans for challenging behavior: Comparison with live training

We compared video versus live training as respective components of a program for training support staff in individualized intervention plans for people with severe disabilities and challenging behavior. Procedures constituting behavior plans for three individuals were presented to staff through an initial training session and then follow-up assessment and training on the job. Twenty staff received the initial training in small groups by watching a video of a behavior analyst describing a plan along with informational bullets, and 18 staff received the initial training in live sessions with the behavior analyst. Results of knowledge quizzes and on-the-job observations and questions with staff indicated video and live training were both effective. Video training was more efficient regarding time required by staff trainees and trainers' direct-contact time with staff. However, additional trainer time (and staff videographer time) was required to make the videos. Both types of training were well received by staff, though live training was slightly better received based on staff ratings. In light of results supporting effectiveness of video training, suggestions are offered regarding when such training is likely to be more and less advantageous from an efficiency perspective. Future research areas discussed focus on the ways to enhance the utility of video training. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Listening to learn: children playing and talking about the reception year of early years education in the UK

Recently in the UK there have been dramatic changes in the state provision of early years education and care, most notably the introduction of the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority's ‘early learning goals’ in 1999 and ‘curriculum guidance for the foundation stage’ in 2000. Outlining the context in which these changes came to take place, this research begins to consider how we might understand children's experiences of this policy in practice in their reception year. Valuing children's potential as participants in research, a play‐based activity was designed to ensure that the process of generating data would be meaningful to the children as well as to the researcher. Analysis of the discourse highlights themes of early education that were of importance to the children. Further discussion of these themes offers insight into how concepts of work and play might be linked to the role of the adult‐in‐charge, potentially undermining opportunities for learning; and how concepts of the individual, normalisation and the individualised academic curriculum promoted by national policy stand opposed to a notion of community on which the children place great emphasis.
Selection through Rejection: Reconsidering the Invariant Learning Paradigm

Two experiments are reported that investigate the nature of selections in the McGeorge and Burton (1990) invariant learning paradigm. McGeorge and Burton suggest that subjects implicitly acquire abstract knowledge of an invariant feature (usually the presence of the digit “3”) in a set of 30 stimuli. McGeorge and Burton's analysis has recently been challenged by Cock, Berry, and Gaffan (1994) and by Wright and Burton (1995). In this paper, we demonstrate that performance is based on knowledge of other aspects of the learning set besides the invariant digit, but that this knowledge is still implicit. Altering the nature of the learning stimuli to highlight these co-varying features enhances the effects and increases the reporting of explicit knowledge. Our results indicate that performance within this paradigm is more easily characterized as rejection of salient negatives than selection of positive instances, but that salience is not based simply on similarity.
Effect of cyclophosphamide and 61.22 GHz millimeter waves on T‐cell, B‐cell, and macrophage functions

The present study was undertaken to investigate whether millimeter waves (MMWs) at 61.22 GHz can modulate the effect of cyclophosphamide (CPA), an anti‐cancer drug, on the immune functions of mice. During the exposure each mouse's nose was placed in front of the center of the antenna aperture (1.5 × 1.5 cm) of MMW generator. The device produced 61.22 ± 0.2 GHz wave radiation. Spatial peak Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) at the skin surface and spatial peak incident power density were measured as 885 ± 100 W/kg and 31 ± 5 mW/cm2, respectively. Duration of the exposure was 30 min each day for 3 consecutive days. The maximum temperature elevation at the tip of the nose, measured at the end of 30 min, was 1 °C. CPA injection (100 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally on the second day of exposure to MMWs. The animals were sacrificed 2, 5, and 7 days after CPA administration. MMW exposure caused upregulation in tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) production in peritoneal macrophages suppressed by CPA administration. MMWs also caused a significant increase in interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) production by splenocytes and enhanced proliferative activity of T‐cells. Conversely, no changes were observed in interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) level and B‐cell proliferation. These results suggest that MMWs accelerate the recovery process selectively through a T‐cell‐mediated immune response. Bioelectromagnetics 27:458–466, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
JOURNALISM AND MEDIA STUDIES IN LEBANON

This study uses mixed-methods to map out the field of journalism and media studies in Lebanese universities and deploys a Q-technique to capture faculties’ opinions. The Q-analysis of 29 instructors revealed three groups of opinions towards journalism studies: one advocated a professional approach, one preferred a communication arts focus, and one pushed for a theoretical and research-intensive orientation. While the three groups differed on various matters, they all agreed that journalism and media studies in Lebanon urgently needed more qualified faculty, locally oriented research, and relevant academic and technical resources. Student demographic analysis revealed a stable increase in broadcast journalism and public relations (PR) enrolments but a decrease in print journalism; advertising and marketing were the most popular subjects, followed by broadcast journalism and PR; females outnumbered males; and the Lebanese University, the only public university, remained the most prestigious and popular program despite its dire financial situation. The curricula analysis found most programs had either a practical or a liberal-professional orientation, while only one had a liberal emphasis. In addition, most programs required an internship, while only two required a thesis; English and the US academic system dominated; only one program offered online journalism; while none offered media or news literacy.
A Nested Analysis of Factors Affecting Bachelor's Degree Completion

The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of selected factors on retention, graduation, and timely bachelor's degree completion at The University of Iowa. An additional purpose was to identify the stage-varying effects of selected variables. Reflecting the sequential nature of bachelor's degree completion, this study focused on three stages of students' progress to graduation: 1) dropout vs. persistence in the first year, 2) graduation vs. failure to graduate among first year persisters, and 3) graduation in four years or less vs. graduation in five years or more. We found that college academic performance, pre-matriculation academic achievement, and college major were the most important variables in explaining success at The University of Iowa. We also found fairly consistent results across the three models.
On the capacity of thermal covert channels in multicores

Modern multicore processors feature easily accessible temperature sensors that provide useful information for dynamic thermal management. These sensors were recently shown to be a potential security threat, since otherwise isolated applications can exploit them to establish a thermal covert channel and leak restricted information. Previous research showed experiments that document the feasibility of (low-rate) communication over this channel, but did not further analyze its fundamental characteristics. For this reason, the important questions of quantifying the channel capacity and achievable rates remain unanswered. To address these questions, we devise and exploit a new methodology that leverages both theoretical results from information theory and experimental data to study these thermal covert channels on modern multicores. We use spectral techniques to analyze data from two representative platforms and estimate the capacity of the channels from a source application to temperature sensors on the same or different cores. We estimate the capacity to be in the order of 300 bits per second (bps) for the same-core channel, i.e., when reading the temperature on the same core where the source application runs, and in the order of 50 bps for the 1-hop channel, i.e., when reading the temperature of the core physically next to the one where the source application runs. Moreover, we show a communication scheme that achieves rates of more than 45 bps on the same-core channel and more than 5 bps on the 1-hop channel, with less than 1% error probability. The highest rate shown in previous work was 1.33 bps on the 1-hop channel with 11% error probability.
Power, Equity and Commitment in Exchange Networks

Exchange theory has the virtue of bringing both power and equity together in a single analytic framework. However, exchange theory has focused largely upon analysis of the dyad, while power and justice are fundamentally social structural phenomena. First, we contrast economic with sociological analysis of dyadic exchange. We conclude that (a) power and equity from social exchange theory carry us beyond economic theory of dyadic exchange; yet (b)for power and equity to be studied effectively, analysis of systems larger than the dyad is needed. Second, we introduce exchange networks to extend power and equity analysis into more macroscopic n-person social structures. Third, a laboratory method is reported for controlled study of exchange networks as bargaining structures. Finally, we present findings which show that (a) power is an attribute of position in a network structure observable in the occupant's behavior, even though the occupant does not know what position or what amount of power s/he possesses; (b) equity or justice concerns constrain the use of that power; (c) emergent interpersonal commitments impede the use of power; and (d) when power is unequally distributed among actors in a network, females form stronger commitments to their exchange partners than do males. In conclusion, we discuss the importance of commitment in distinguishing between economic and social exchange theory.
Social Exclusion and Gender: Does One Size Fit All?

Social exclusion has become the dominant discourse of disadvantage and need in many European countries, and is increasingly part of social policy approaches in development agencies. It offers an integrated framework for analysing social disadvantage, including gender as a form of exclusion. This article enquires into the gender implications of some of the core elements of social exclusion paradigms, questions whether an integrated approach works for gender, and argues that feminist research and gender analysis offer both better situated understandings of the character and experience of marginality, and useful insights for the emerging applications of social exclusion frameworks to developing countries. This discussion is contextualised with a brief account of how feminists have analysed marginality and integration in the South, in a tradition which has paralleled but not crossed into European social exclusion discourses. The potential traps in how social exclusion is conceptualised – in particular, implicit dualisms and issues of plurality, notions of actors and processes of exclusion, and the treatment of agency – are then addressed. The critique is tentative since the social exclusion field is still developing, and usage is both broad and flexible, but some core characteristics of exclusion concepts are emerging. Finally, it is argued, with reference to land based and labour based exclusions, that it is necessary for social exclusion to employ a concept of gendered subjects rather than that of an implicitly ungendered universal person.
Measuring Destination Attractiveness: A Contextual Approach

This study examines two different types of vacation experiences as the experimental factors and empirically incorporates a context specific approach into the measurement of destination attractiveness. A total of 400 respondents were interviewed by telephone. Three areas were examined for two different vacation experiences: (1) the relative importance of touristic attributes in contributing to the attractiveness of a travel destination, (2) the variations in the perceived ability of destinations to satisfy tourists' needs, and (3) the influence of previous visitation experience with each destination on perceived attractiveness. A multiattribute situational attitude measurement model was employed to obtain a numerical index of the touristic attractiveness for each of the five destinations studied. Finally, the implications of these findings concerning marketing and development initiatives to improve the physical and perceptual attractiveness of the various destinations under study are discussed.