Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The ability to learn new word meanings from context by school-age children with and without language comprehension difficulties

This study investigated young children's ability to use narrative contexts to infer the meanings of novel vocabulary items. Two groups of 15 seven- to eight-year olds participated: children with normally developing reading comprehension skill and children with weak reading comprehension skill. The children read short stories containing a novel word and were required to produce a meaning for the novel word, both before and after its useful defining context. The proximity of the novel word to this context was manipulated. The results supported the hypothesis that children with weak reading comprehension skills are impaired in their ability to integrate information within a text, particularly when that information is non-adjacent and the processing demands are, therefore, high. Analysis of the error data revealed a similar pattern of types of errors for both groups: children with poor reading comprehension were not more likely to produce a thematically inappropriate response than their skilled peers.
Efficient computation of observer projections using OP-verifiers

Abstract This paper proposes a procedure to compute abstractions of Discrete Event System (DES) models with the observer property (OP). The procedure, named OP-Search, is based on the OP-Verifier algorithm which verifies if a given natural projection has the observer property. In case OP fails for a projection in σ r of an automaton M , OP-Search modifies M by relabelling transitions and incorporating the new events in σ r , in a way that the modified natural projection generates OP-abstractions. Although OP-Search does not guarantee minimal abstracted models, it leads in general to very reasonable solutions and is shown to be of lower time complexity compared to previous work in the literature.
On the Hamiltonian structure of Hirota‐Kimura discretization of the Euler top

This paper deals with a remarkable integrable discretization of the so (3) Euler top introduced by Hirota and Kimura. Such a discretization leads to an explicit map, whose integrability has been understood by finding two independent integrals of motion and a solution in terms of elliptic functions. Our goal is the construction of its Hamiltonian formulation. After giving a simplified and streamlined presentation of their results, we provide a bi‐Hamiltonian structure for this discretization, thus proving its integrability in the standard Liouville‐Arnold sense (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
School-Based Assessment Methods for Identifying Students with Anxiety: A Survey of School Psychologists

iv LIST OF TABLES viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Etiology of Anxiety 2 Prevalence 2 Impact 3 Consequences of Unidentified Anxiety 3 Long-term Consequences 4 The Nature of Internalizing Disorders 4 Identification 5 Role of the School Psychologist 5 Special Education Services 6 Early Identification 7 Anxiety Assessment 8 Best Practice 9 Interviews 10 Child Self-Report Measures 10 Parent and Teacher Rating Scales 12
Correcting for the Effects of Interstellar Extinction

This paper addresses the issue of how best to correct astronomical data for the wavelength‐dependent effects of Galactic interstellar extinction. The main general features of extinction from the IR through the UV are reviewed, along with the nature of observed spatial variations. The enormous range of extinction properties found in the Galaxy, particularly in the UV spectral region, is illustrated. Fortunately, there are some tight constraints on the wavelength dependence of extinction and some general correlations between extinction curve shape and interstellar environment. These relationships provide some guidance for correcting data for the effects of extinction. Several strategies for dereddening are discussed along with estimates of the uncertainties inherent in each method. In the Appendix, a new derivation of the wavelength dependence of an average Galactic extinction curve from the IR through the UV is presented, along with a new estimate of how this extinction law varies with the parameter R≡A(V)/E(B−V). These curves represent the true monochromatic wavelength dependence of extinction and, as such, are suitable for dereddening IR–UV spectrophotometric data of any resolution and can be used to derive extinction relations for any photometry system.
The Italian revised work-family culture scale: A multisample study

Although the Work-Family Culture Scale (Thompson, Beauvais, & Lyness, 1999) has been widely used in work-family research, its factor structure remains largely understudied and varies across countries. This study aims to examine both its construct validity by testing its measurement invariance through confirmatory factor analysis and its concurrent validity. Study 1 was carried out on a sample of 556 workers, while Study 2 on 202 workers. The original three-factor structure was supported in the 17-item Italian version of the scale. It also showed partial metric and scalar invariance (Study 1) supporting its construct validity. Moreover, the scale showed expected correlations with work-family balance, conflict and enrichment, job and family satisfaction (Study 2). Although the fit indices for the two-factor and the second-order three-factor models were satisfactory, the original three-factor structure of the scale prevailed as the best factor solution. Construct and concurrent validity were supported. Practical implications concerning the use of the scale are discussed.
Honeybees learn the sign and magnitude of reward variations

SUMMARY In this study, we asked whether honeybees learn the sign and magnitude of variations in the level of reward. We designed an experiment in which bees first had to forage on a three-flower patch offering variable reward levels, and then search for food at the site in the absence of reward and after a long foraging pause. At the time of training, we presented the bees with a decrease in reward level or, instead, with either a small or a large increase in reward level. Testing took place as soon as they visited the patch on the day following training, when we measured the bees' food-searching behaviours. We found that the bees that had experienced increasing reward levels searched for food more persistently than the bees that had experienced decreasing reward levels, and that the bees that had experienced a large increase in reward level searched for food more persistently than the bees that had experienced a small increase in reward level. Because these differences at the time of testing cannot be accounted for by the bees' previous crop loads and food-intake rates, our results unambiguously demonstrate that honeybees adjust their investment of time/energy during foraging in relation to both the sign and the magnitude of past variations in the level of reward. It is likely that such variations lead to the formation of reward expectations enhancing a forager's reliance on a feeding site. Ultimately, this would make it more likely for honeybees to find food when forage is scarce.
Biologically Inspired Ant-Based Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET): A Survey

This paper presents the state of the art in biologically inspired ant based routing in wireless Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANET). The motivation for using ant-like mobile agents for providing routing information to mobile hosts in MANETs stems from the fact that ant-like mobile agents do not require high bandwidth overhead compared to MANET proactive routing protocols for disseminating the topology information in the network. The enhanced network connectivity information available at the mobile nodes using ant-like agents in combination with reactive routing approaches can greatly reduce the route discovery latency of reactive routing and allowing subsequent switching to better paths in the network for on-going connections thereby reducing the end-to-end delay experienced by the data packets.
Nonlinear dynamics of networks: the groupoid formalism

A formal theory of symmetries of networks of coupled dynamical systems, stated in terms of the group of permutations of the nodes that preserve the network topology, has existed for some time. Global network symmetries impose strong constraints on the corresponding dynamical systems, which affect equilibria, periodic states, heteroclinic cycles, and even chaotic states. In particular, the symmetries of the network can lead to synchrony, phase relations, resonances, and synchronous or cycling chaos. Symmetry is a rather restrictive assumption, and a general theory of networks should be more flexible. A recent generalization of the group-theoretic notion of symmetry replaces global symmetries by bijections between certain subsets of the directed edges of the network, the ‘input sets’. Now the symmetry group becomes a groupoid, which is an algebraic structure that resembles a group, except that the product of two elements may not be defined. The groupoid formalism makes it possible to extend group-theoretic methods to more general networks, and in particular it leads to a complete classification of ‘robust’ patterns of synchrony in terms of the combinatorial structure of the network. Many phenomena that would be nongeneric in an arbitrary dynamical system can become generic when constrained by a particular network topology. A network of dynamical systems is not just a dynamical system with a high-dimensional phase space. It is also equipped with a canonical set of observables—the states of the individual nodes of the network. Moreover, the form of the underlying ODE is constrained by the network topology—which variables occur in which component equations, and how those equations relate to each other. The result is a rich and new range of phenomena, only a few of which are yet properly understood.
On matrices, Nmatrices and games

Hintikka’s semantic game for classical logic is generalized to the family of all finite valued matrices. This in turn serves as a springboard for developing game semantics for all propositional formulas with respect to arbitrary finite non-deterministic matrices. In this approach a new concept of non-deterministic valuation, called ‘liberal valuation’, emerges that augments the usually employed static and dynamic valuations in a natural manner. Liberal valuation is shown to correspond to unrestricted semantic games, while the characterization of static and dynamic valuations involves certain restrictions of the game that are handled by an interactive pruning procedure.
Sensory traces versus the psychological moment in the temporal organization of form.

Visual stimuli were constructed so that any given stimulus by itself appeared to be a random collection of dots. However, when 2 corresponding stimuli were superimposed by means of a 2-field tachistoscope, a 3-letter nonsense syllable was perceived. When a temporal interval was introduced between the presentation of the corresponding stimulus halves, organization in perception was found to be a decreasing function of interstimulus interval over a range in excess of 100 msec. The applicability of a concept of a decaying sensory trace in accounting for the integration of form perception over time was investigated. Clear evidence of a decaying sensory trace was found; however, this concept was unable to account for all aspects of the data. The applicability of a psychological moment acting in conjunction with a decaying sensory trace was considered as was also the possibility of discontinuity detectors which inhibit or break up temporal organization.
Institutions Do Not Rule: Reassessing the Driving Forces of Economic Development

The pursuit to uncover the driving forces behind cross-country income gaps has divided economists into two major camps: One emphasizes institutions, while the other stresses non-institutional forces such as geography. Each school of thought has its own theoretical foundation and empirical support, but they share an implicit hypothesis—the forces driving economic development remain the same regardless of a country’s stage of development. Such hypothesis implies a theory that the process of development in human history is a continuous improvement in income levels, driven by the same forces, and that structural changes do not dictate the influences of geography and institutions on national income. This paper tests this theory and found it not supported by the data. Specifically, non-institutional factors predominantly explain the cross-country income variations among agrarian countries, while institutional factors largely account for the income differences across industrialized economies. In addition, we find evidence of developmental trap in which noninstitutional forces explain a country’s lack of industrialization, while institutions do not. The finding that institutions cannot account for the absence/presence of industrialization lends support to views held by many prominent historians who have cast serious doubts on the notion that institutional changes caused the British Industrial Revolution.
Does orthodoxy of knowledge polarize social anchoring?: Representations of the market as a function of academic major and subjective knowledge in Economics

This research examines hegemonic social representations of the economic system as a function of academic majors and subjective knowledge in economics. The results evidenced that studying social and political sciences (N = 205) and literature (N = 190), was linked to hierarchy attenuating orientation, and geared to a subversive stance towards the market. In contrast, majoring in business (N = 140) and law (N = 98) was linked to a weaker hierarchy attenuating orientation, and led to a market legitimizing stance. Moreover, subjective knowledge in economics polarized these effects primarily in majors in which economic issues were of academic interest, that is, in business and social and political sciences. This research, which sought to articulate hierarchy enhancing/attenuating beliefs with hegemonic/subversive social representations, highlights the function of the orthodoxy of knowledge in the academic anchoring of social representations.
Using continental grids to improve our understanding of global land supply responses: Implications for policy-driven land use changes in the Americas

Global economic models with explicit treatment of global land markets are crucial to understanding the consequences of different policy choices on global food and environmental security. However, these models rely on parameters for which there is little econometric evidence. A fundamental parameter in these models is the land supply elasticity. We provide a novel set of land supply elasticities estimated using gridded data for the American continent, and we use them in exploring previous work on the indirect land-use effects of US ethanol policy. Our estimates provide a basis for better-informed simulations of global land-use transitions under different economic and policy scenarios. JEL Codes: Q24, C21, C68
Occupied childhoods: discourses and politics of childhood and their place in Palestinian and Pan-­Arab screen content for children

This thesis explores changing discourses of childhood and the ways in which power relations intersect with socio-cultural norms to shape screen-based media for Palestinian children. Situated within the interdisciplinary study of childhood, the research is an institutional and textual analysis that includes discursive and micro-level analysis of the socio-political circumstances within which children consume media in present-day Palestine. The thesis takes a social constructionist view, arguing that ‘childhood’ is not a fixed universal concept and that discourses of childhood are produced at specific historical moments as an effect of power. The study has a three-part research agenda. The first section uses secondary literature to explore theories and philosophies relating to definitions of childhood in Arab societies. The second employs participant observation and semi-structured interviews to understand the history and politics of children’s media in the West Bank. The final part of the research activity focuses on the impact that definitions of childhood and the politics of children’s media have on broadcasting outcomes through an analysis of (a) discourses on children’s media that circulate in Palestinian society, and (b) local and pan-Arab cultural texts consumed by Palestinian children. The analysis demonstrates that complex ideological and political factors are at play, which has led to the marginalisation, politicisation and internationalisation of local production for children. Due to the lack of alternatives, local producers often rely on international funding, and are hence forced to negotiate competing definitions of childhood, which while fitting with an international agenda of normalising the Israeli occupation, conflict culturally and politically with local conceptions of childhood and hopes for the Palestinian nation. While the Palestinian community appreciates the positive potential of local production, discourses and strategies around children’s media show that Palestinian children are constructed as vulnerable, incomplete and in constant need of guidance. Pan-Arab content presents a slightly less didactic approach and in certain cases presents childhood as a dynamic space of empowerment. However, by constructing children as ‘consumercitizens’, it alienates Arab (and Palestinian) children from disadvantaged backgrounds,as the preferred audience is middle-class children living in oil-rich countries of the Gulf.
Common-onset Visual Masking in Infancy: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence

Common-onset visual masking (COVM) occurs when a mask and a target have common onset but delayed offset, with the mask persisting beyond the duration of the target [Di Lollo, V. , Enns, J. T. , & Rensink, R. A. Competition for consciousness among visual events: The psychophysics of reentrant visual events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 481507, 2000]. We report the first behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of COVM in infants. An initial behavioral study included a familiarization phase during which a visual pattern (the target) surrounded by four black dots (the mask) was flashed 15 times to the infant. In the unmasked condition, the mask disappeared with the target. In the masked condition, the mask remained on the screen after deletion of the target for a further 93 msec. During the test phase, the familiar target pattern was paired with a new pattern. Infants in the unmasked condition showed a significant familiarity preference, suggesting that they had encoded the target during familiarization, whereas those in the masked condition showed no preference, suggesting that they had not encoded the target during familiarization. In the second experiment, high-density event-related potentials were used to investigate the electrophysiological pattern of activity that accompanies COVM. Six-month-old infants viewed both masked and unmasked conditions. Electrophysiological data indicated that over posterior channels the masked condition elicited a larger amplitude positive wave around 300 msec after stimulus onset than trials in the unmasked condition.
A stratospheric influence on the winter NAO and North Atlantic surface climate

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has a profound effect on winter climate variability around the Atlantic basin. Strengthening of the NAO in recent decades has altered surface climate in these regions at a rate far in excess of global mean warming. However, only weak NAO trends are reproduced in climate simulations of the 20th Century, even with prescribed climate forcings and historical sea‐surface conditions. Here we show that the unexplained strengthening of the NAO can be fully simulated in a climate model by imposing observed trends in the lower stratosphere. This implies that stratospheric variability needs to be reproduced in models to fully simulate surface climate variations in the North Atlantic sector. Despite having little effect on global mean warming, we show that downward coupling of observed stratospheric circulation changes to the surface can account for the majority of change in regional surface climate over Europe and North America between 1965 and 1995.
Phase Scrambling for Image Matching in the Scrambled Domain

In recent years, signal matching has been required in many fields. A number of matching methods have been developed, and an appropriate method should be selected for each application in order to obtain the desired performance (1)(2). Phase-only correlation (POC), phase correlation or PHAse Transform (PHAT) (3)-(17), which is referred to herein as POC, is a phase-based correlation that is used for various applications, such as delay estimation (3)(4), motion estimation (5), registration (6)(7), video detection (8)(9), and biometrics authentication (10)(11). Phase-only correlation with Fourier transform was developed as PHAT in sound/sonar processing literature (3), and POC with discrete Fourier transform was proposed by Kuglin and Hines (12). The concept of POC is based on the fact that the information related to the displacement of two signals resides in the phase of the cross spectrum. Combining POC with various techniques, such as interpolation and curve fitting, provides highly accurate estimation (13)-(17). In special cases, the normalized cross spectrum corresponds to the product of the signs of discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients. Previously, we derived this relationship mathematically and proposed DCT sign phase correlation (DCT-SPC) based on this relationship (18). DCT-SPC is a phase-based correlation and has properties that are similar to those of POC. Images, particularly in the fields of biometrics, medicine, and surveillance camera require extreme security in order to avoid the risk of identity theft and invasion of privacy (19). Generally, encrypting and scrambling are used to protect information (20) (21). However, these protected images require decrypting or descrambling before image matching. In other words, neither POC nor DCT-SPC can be directly applied to conventional encrypted and scrambled images. Based on privacy concerns, secure multi-party techniques were applied to vision algorithms such as Blind Vision in (22). However, in (22), neither the registration nor the estimation of the geometric relationship between two images was discussed. In this chapter, for POC and DCT-SPC, we present phase-scrambled signals and a matching method that can be directly applied to phase-scrambled signals without descrambling. The presented methods are motivated by secure data management. The phase scrambling distorts only the phase information, which contains significant information of signals. Phase scrambling protects against the exposure of the information in the signal. Synchronized phase scrambling yields the relationship between non-scrambled signals. Therefore, POC and DCTSPC can be directly applied to phase-scrambled signals. Moreover, the presented scrambling 2