Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wall-modeled large-eddy simulation of a separated flow over the NASA wall-mounted hump By

Wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) attempts to provide a predictive but affordable framework for LES by modeling the effect of the computationally demanding inner-layer structures on the outer-layer flow. The grids employed in LES are designed to resolve the outer layer only, thereby reducing the computational cost of LES significantly to affordable levels. The saving in the computational cost can easily be a factor of hundreds to thousands for external aerodynamics configurations at flight conditions. Over the past five years, significant improvements to the WMLES technique have been made by the researchers in the Center for Turbulence Research at Stanford University. These include extending the technique to unstructured grid flow solvers (Bodart & Larsson 2011; Park & Moin 2016), identifying and removing some of the error sources in WMLES (Kawai & Larsson 2012), removing ad-hoc tunings in the wall model (Park & Moin 2014), and developing a new class of wall model that is free from the RANS legacy (Bose & Moin 2014). The Center now plans to validate various wall-modeling methods against separating flows over non-trivial geometries using a common computational framework. This is important, because each wall model has been validated independently of other wall models, often against relatively simple flows using different codes. The final goal is applying the state-of-art wall models to realistic three-dimensional configurations relevant to external aerodynamics. This work is a part of the newly embarked NASAsupported project, aimed at increasing the technology-readiness level of WMLES for aerospace applications that is deemed low at this stage. In this article, we report WMLES of a separated flow over the NASA wall-mounted hump using two standard wall models, as a preliminary work to the aforementioned project. The flow configuration, numerical setup, and wall-modeling approaches are reviewed in Section II. The mean flow predictions from WMLES and the no-slip LES calculation are presented in Section III with comparison to the experimental measurements. The importance of resolving the thin, attached shear layer in the pre-separation region will be highlighted, with an emphasis on local mesh adaptations.
Knowledge Transfer in Teams and Its Role for the Prevention of Knowledge Loss

With the demographic change and the imminent waves of retirement, a threat of knowledge loss for organizations becomes more and more apparent. In my dissertational work, I focused on knowledge transfer within work teams as one important means to counteract this development. More specifically, I first investigated, in a cross-sectional survey study in two German mid-sized companies, how knowledge transfer can be encouraged or impaired, and what kind of distinctions have to be made (e.g., effects at different levels of analysis) to reach conclusive and valid results when examining knowledge transfer. In a second study, which was again a survey study, conducted at three branches of a German public administration, I took a closer look at intergenerational knowledge transfer. The aim was to investigate if there is naturally more knowledge transfer from older to younger employees. Thus, age effects at three different levels, the dyadic level (age difference between two employees), the individual level (age), and the team level (age diversity) were examined. As both, the first and the second research questions rather focus on predictors of knowledge transfer, the third research aim was to investigate what happens to knowledge transfer in situations of a threat of knowledge loss for the organization. To this end, I examined, based on data from the second study, if employees share less knowledge when they intend or expect to leave the organization. For all three research questions, data were analyzed using multilevel analyses, taking into account the nested data structure of employees in teams, and simultaneously investigating predictors at different levels. Following an introductory chapter, the three empirical parts are described in more detail, providing theoretical background, methods used, and results obtained as well as a discussion of results for each research paper. The dissertation concludes with a general discussion of the findings of the different papers.
The Distribution of Household Spending in Australia

This article uses household-level data to examine the distribution of spending and saving in Australia and how that has changed over time. The distribution of spending and saving is important as, among other things, it can affect the way that the household sector responds to economic shocks. The data indicate that households headed by older people have increased their share of total spending over the past two decades, reflecting both an ageing population and an increase in the average spending of older households compared with other households. The household survey data also indicate that spending is more equally distributed than income across households due to their ability to borrow and save. Moreover, consumption inequality has been little changed, despite an increase in income inequality over recent decades.
Co-expression of Foxa.a, Foxd and Fgf9/16/20 defines a transient mesendoderm regulatory state in ascidian embryos

In many bilaterian embryos, nuclear β-catenin (nβ-catenin) promotes mesendoderm over ectoderm lineages. Although this is likely to represent an evolutionary ancient developmental process, the regulatory architecture of nβ-catenin-induced mesendoderm remains elusive in the majority of animals. Here, we show that, in ascidian embryos, three nβ-catenin transcriptional targets, Foxa.a, Foxd and Fgf9/16/20, are each required for the correct initiation of both the mesoderm and endoderm gene regulatory networks. Conversely, these three factors are sufficient, in combination, to produce a mesendoderm ground state that can be further programmed into mesoderm or endoderm lineages. Importantly, we show that the combinatorial activity of these three factors is sufficient to reprogramme developing ectoderm cells to mesendoderm. We conclude that in ascidian embryos, the transient mesendoderm regulatory state is defined by co-expression of Foxa.a, Foxd and Fgf9/16/20. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.14692. 001
The role of affective commitment and perceived social support in protecting emergency workers against burnout and vicarious traumatization.

Emergency workers are exposed to chronic and acute emotionally demanding stressors. Fortunately, they have some important psychological resources that can buffer the negative effects deriving from the exposure to occupational stressors. In particular, job, organizational, and family support can protect rescuers against negative health effects, such as burnout and vicarious traumatization (VT). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of perceived social support as a protective factor against negative outcomes in a sample of Italian rescuers. Of the present sample (N 782), 70.3% were ambulance operators, mainly volunteers (65.9%). They filled in a paper-and-pencil questionnaire aimed at investigating VT, burnout, job support from colleagues and superiors, organizational support in terms of affective commitment, and family support. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses verified the influence exerted by affective commitment and social support on well-being dimensions. Results showed that affective commitment has the most significant influence on all burnout and VT dimensions, whereas family support has the weakest influence. Our findings confirm that affective commitment is an important coping resource that protects individuals against negative effects and that social support at work is associated with some dimensions of burnout and posttraumatic symptoms. The main result of the present study concerns the important role of affective commitment as a protective resource against negative psychological effects. Therefore, work environments organized in a way that employees can feel affectively committed to their organization may function as a buffer against negative outcomes, especially if it is associated with a strong social support from colleagues.
Sex-specific divergence for adaptations to dehydration stress in Drosophila kikkawai

SUMMARY Several studies on diverse Drosophila species have reported higher desiccation resistance of females, but the physiological basis of such sex-specific differences has received less attention. We tested whether sex-specific differences in cuticular traits (melanic females and non-melanic males) of Drosophila kikkawai correspond with divergence in their water balance mechanisms. Our results are interesting in several respects. First, positive clinal variation in desiccation resistance was correlated with cuticular melanisation in females but with changes in cuticular lipid mass in males, despite a lack of differences between the sexes for the rate of water loss. Second, a comparative analysis of water budget showed that females of the northern population stored more body water as well as hemolymph content and exhibited greater dehydration tolerance than flies from the southern tropics. In contrast, we found no geographical variation in the males for water content and dehydration tolerance. Third, an ~10-fold increase in the rate of water loss after organic solvent treatment of male D. kikkawai suggested a role of cuticular lipids in cuticular transpiration, but had no effect in the females. Fourth, geographical differences in the storage of carbohydrate content (metabolic fuel) were observed in females but not in males. Interestingly, in females, the rate of utilization of carbohydrates did not vary geographically, but males from drier localities showed a 50% reduction compared with wetter localities. Thus, body melanisation, increased body water, hemolymph, carbohydrate content and greater dehydration tolerance confer greater desiccation resistance in females, but a reduced rate of water loss is the only possible mechanism to cope with drought stress in males. Finally, acclimated females showed a significant increase in drought resistance associated with higher trehalose content as well as dehydration tolerance, while males showed no acclimation response. Thus, sex-specific differences in desiccation resistance of D. kikkawai are associated with divergence in some water balance strategies, despite a lack of differences in the rate of water loss between the two sexes.
Bpag1 localization to actin filaments and to the nucleus is regulated by its N-terminus

Plakins are a family of giant cytoskeleton binding proteins. One member of this group is bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (Bpag1)/dystonin, which has neuronal and muscle isoforms that consist of actin-binding and microtubule-binding domains at either end separated by a plakin domain and several spectrin repeats. The better-characterized epithelial isoform has only the plakin domain in common with the neuronal and muscle isoforms. Here, we have analyzed the localization of muscle/neuronal (Bpag1a/b) isoforms and the epithelial (Bpag1e) isoform within C2C12 myoblast cells. Although an antibody specific to Bpag1a/b isoform 2 detected protein co-aligning actin stress fibers, this same antibody and two Bpag1e antibodies predominantly detected protein in the nuclei. A Bpag1a/b isoform 2 N-terminal fusion protein containing the plakin domain also localized to actin stress fibers and to nuclei. Within the plakin domain, we characterized a functional nuclear localization signal, which was responsible for localization of the fusion protein to the nucleus. Bpag1a/b isoform 1 N-terminal fusion proteins differed in their interaction with the actin cytoskeleton and with their ability to localize to the nucleus, suggesting that Bpag1 isoforms with different N-termini have differing roles. These results show the importance of N-terminal domains in dictating the localization and function of Bpag1 isoforms. We provide the first indication that Bpag1 is not strictly a cytoplasmic/membrane protein but that it can also localize to the nucleus.
Descriptive statistical analysis of a real life cohort of 2419 patients with brain metastases of solid cancers

Aim We provide a descriptive statistical analysis of baseline characteristics and the clinical course of a large real-life cohort of brain metastases (BM) patients. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review for patients treated for BM of solid cancers at the Medical University of Vienna between 1990 and 2011. Results We identified a total of 2419 BM patients (50.5% male, 49.5% female, median age 59 years). The primary tumour was lung cancer in 43.2%, breast cancer in 15.7%, melanoma in 16.4%, renal cell carcinoma in 9.1%, colorectal cancer in 9.3% and unknown in 1.4% of cases. Rare tumour types associated with BM included genitourinary cancers (4.1%), sarcomas (0.7%). gastro-oesophageal cancer (0.6%) and head and neck cancers (0.2%). 48.7% of patients presented with a singular BM, 27.7% with 2–3 and 23.5% with >3 BM. Time from primary tumour to BM diagnosis was shortest in lung cancer (median 11 months; range 1–162) and longest in breast cancer (median 44 months; 1–443; p<0.001). Multiple BM were most frequent in breast cancer (30.6%) and least frequent in colorectal cancer (8.5%; p<0.001). Patients with breast cancer had the longest median overall survival times (8 months), followed by patients with lung cancer (7 months), renal cell carcinoma (7 months), melanoma (5 months) and colorectal cancer (4 months; p<0.001; log rank test). Recursive partitioning analysis and graded prognostic assessment scores showed significant correlation with overall survival (both p<0.001, log rank test). Evaluation of the disease status in the past 2 months prior to patient death showed intracranial progression in 35.9%, extracranial progression in 27.5% and combined extracranial and intracranial progression in 36.6% of patients. Conclusions Our data highlight the heterogeneity in presentation and clinical course of BM patients in the everyday clinical setting and may be useful for rational planning of clinical studies.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE SCATTER OF THE COSMIC AVERAGE COLOR–MAGNITUDE RELATION: DEMONSTRATING CONSISTENCY WITH THE ONGOING FORMATION OF ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES

We present first measurements of the evolution of the scatter of the cosmic average early-type galaxy color–magnitude relation (CMR) from z = 1 to the present day, finding that it is consistent with models in which galaxies are constantly being added to the red sequence through truncation of star formation in blue cloud galaxies. We used a sample of over 700 red sequence, structurally selected early-type galaxies (defined to have Sérsic index >2.5) with redshifts 0 < z < 1 taken from the Extended Chandra Deep Field South (173 galaxies) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (550 galaxies), constructing rest-frame U − V colors accurate to <0.04 mag. We find that the scatter of the CMR of cosmic average early-type galaxies is ∼0.1 mag in rest-frame U − V color at 0.05 < z < 0.75, and somewhat higher at z = 1. We compared these observations with a model in which new red-sequence galaxies are being constantly added at the rate required to match the observed number density evolution, and found that this model predicts the correct CMR scatter and its evolution. Furthermore, this model predicts approximately the correct number density of “blue spheroids”—structurally early-type galaxies with blue colors—albeit with considerable model dependence. Thus, we conclude that both the evolution of the number density and colors of the early-type galaxy population paint a consistent picture in which the early-type galaxy population grows significantly between z = 1 and the present day through the quenching of star formation in blue cloud galaxies.
Individual differences in spatial cognition and hypermedia navigation

One mental ability crucial for navigation, both in the real world and in a v i r t u a l environment, is spatial cognition. This review will discuss individual differences in spatial cognition and wayfinding; and how these differences could effect n a v i-gation in a virtual environment. Other human aspects, as cognitive strategies and personality factors, related to navigation and the use of computers will also be discussed. One mental ability crucial for navigation, both in the real world and in a virtual environment, is spatial cognition. This review will discuss individual differences in spatial cognition and wayfinding; and how these differences could effect navigation in a virtual environment. Other human aspects, as cognitive strategies and personality factors, related to navigation and the use of computers will also be discussed.
Team innovation climate and knowledge sharing among healthcare managers: mediating effects of altruistic intentions.

BACKGROUND This paper aims to provide empirical evidence concerning the impact of team climate on knowledge sharing behavior and the mediating effects of individuals' altruistic intentions in the context of healthcare settings. METHODS Questionnaire data were collected from 212 administrators employed at a medical center in Taiwan. Team climate was assessed by the Team Climate Inventory composed of four factors, participative safety, support for innovation, vision, and task orientation. The proposed hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. RESULTS The influence of the team innovation climate on knowledge sharing behavior was evident. Furthermore, individuals' altruistic intentions played a full mediating role in the relationship between team innovation climate and knowledge sharing behavior. CONCLUSIONS These results contribute to the field of the people-orientated perspective in knowledge management. The full mediating effect of employees' altruistic intentions provides healthcare team managers the direction to accelerate knowledge sharing behavior.
The Erk2 MAPK Regulates CD8 T Cell Proliferation and Survival1

The magnitude of T cell responses is determined by proliferation and survival decisions made by the responding cells. We now demonstrate that the Erk MAPK pathway plays a critical role in these cell fate decisions within CD8 T cells. While Erk1 is dispensable for all aspects of CD8 T cell activation, Erk2 is required for the proliferation of CD8 T cells activated in the absence of costimulation. Surprisingly, Erk2 is not required for proliferation following the addition of a costimulatory signal in vitro, or upon viral infection in vivo, but regulates the size of the responding population by enhancing cell survival. An important component of this Erk2-derived signal is the transcriptional regulation of Bcl-2 family members Bcl-xL and Bim, and impaired Erk2-deficient CD8 T cell survival can be rescued by genetic ablation of Bim. These studies ascribe multifaceted functions specific to Erk2 in CD8 T cell activation, proliferation, and survival.
Discordant Immune Response with Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-1: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes

Background A discordant immune response (DIR) is a failure to satisfactorily increase CD4 counts on ART despite successful virological control. Literature on the clinical effects of DIR has not been systematically evaluated. We aimed to summarise the risk of mortality, AIDS and serious non-AIDS events associated with DIR with a systematic review. Methods The protocol is registered with the Centre for Review Dissemination, University of York (registration number CRD42014010821). Included studies investigated the effect of DIR on mortality, AIDS, or serious non-AIDS events in cohort studies or cohorts contained in arms of randomised controlled trials for adults aged 16 years or older. DIR was classified as a suboptimal CD4 count (as defined by the study) despite virological suppression following at least 6 months of ART. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to December 2015. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias in cohort studies. Two authors applied inclusion criteria and one author extracted data. Risk ratios were calculated for each clinical outcome reported. Results Of 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 14 different definitions of DIR were used. Risk ratios for mortality in patients with and without DIR ranged between 1.00 (95% CI 0.26 to 3.92) and 4.29 (95% CI 1.96 to 9.38) with the majority of studies reporting a 2 to 3 fold increase in risk. Conclusions DIR is associated with a marked increase in mortality in most studies but definitions vary widely. We propose a standardised definition to aid the development of management options for DIR.
Packet Switching in Radio Channels : Part Il-The Hidden Terminal Problem in Carrier Sense Multiple-Access and the Busy-Tone Solution

Abstracf-We consider a population of terminals communicating with a central station over a packet-switched multiple-access radio channel. The performance of carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) [l] used as a method for multiplexing these terminals is highly dependent on the ability of each terminal to sense the carrier of any other transmission on the channel. Many situations exist in which some terminals are " hidden " from each other (either because they are out-of-sight or out-of-range). In this paper we show that the existence of hidden terminals significantly degrades the performance of CSMA. Furthermore, we introduce and analyze the busy-tone multiple-access (BTMA) mode as a natural extension of CSMA to eliminate the hidden-terminal problem. Numerical results giving the bandwidth utilization and packet delays are shown, illustrating that BTMA with hidden terminals performs almost as well as CSMA without hidden terminals.
An Analysis of Language Learning Strategies Use

The way people learn a language may be different from one person to another. The success of the students’ learning may be affected by the strategies which are employed by them. Moreover, in English department of Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa Serang Banten where the students are divided into two types of classes, regular and non-regular, it seems that the regular students perform higher academic achievement than the non-regular students. Therefore, attracted by the problem, this paper is aimed to investigate Language Learning Strategies (LLS) employ by the students. Strategy Inventory of Language Learning Strategies from Oxford (1990) was adopted as the main theory of the study. The subject of the research are second year students: regular and non-regular classes of English Department of UNTIRTA Serang Banten. It deals with how the students employ Language Learning Strategies in their study and the most frequently strategy used by the students. To collect the data, Questionnaire of SILL (Strategy Inventory of Langage Leearning) of Oxford (1990) was administered to the participants. The questionnaire consist of fifty statements which reflect the way language learners approach their language learning. Moreover, the stataments were classified into two major categories: cognitive and meta cognitive strategies. The questionnaire employed five Likert scale was used to show the tendency or the preference of LLS employed by the language learners. The study found that, firsly, generally the students employed Language Learning Strategies in Learning English. The students of regular class performed higher use of Language Learning Strategies than the non-regular students. Secondly, meta cognitive strategies, were frequently used the students, either the regular or the non-regular students. The study concludes that, all stundents regardless the level of their languge proficiency emloyed learning strategies. Moreover, academic performance seemed to be affected by the learning strategies employed by the students.