Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PRIMATE MOTOR CORTEX: INDIVIDUAL AND ENSEMBLE NEURON-MUSCLE OUTPUT RELATIONSHIPS

The specific aims of this study were to: 1) investigate the encoding of forelimb muscle activity timing and magnitude by corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells, 2) test the stability of primary motor cortex (M1) output to forelimb muscles under different task conditions, and 3) characterize input/output relationships associated with different intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) methods. Neuronal recording and stimulating methods were used in combination with electromyographic (EMG) recording of 24 forelimb muscles to investigate questions related to M1 control of forelimb muscles. Target muscles of CM neurons were identified by the presence of post-spike facilitation (PSpF) in spike-triggered averages (SpTA) of EMG activity. Post-stimulus output effects were obtained with three different ICMS methods; stimulus-triggered averaging (StTA) of EMG activity, repetitive short duration ICMS (RS-ICMS) and repetitive long duration ICMS (RL-ICMS). Our results demonstrate that CM cells exhibit strong and consistent coactivation with their target muscles. Further, the summed activity of populations of identified CM cells was a better predictor of the common muscle’s EMG activity than individual neurons. Our data support the view that M1 output encodes muscle activation related parameters. Regarding stability, we found that output effects in StTAs of EMG activity are remarkably stable and largely independent of changes in joint 3 angle, or limb posture. This further validates the use of StTA for mapping and other studies of cortical motor output. RL-ICMS evoked EMG activity was also stable in sign, strength and distribution independent of starting position of the hand. Our data support a model in which RL-ICMS produces sustained co-activation of multiple agonist and antagonist muscles which then generates joint movements according to the length-tension properties of the muscles until an equilibrium position is achieved. Further, RL-ICMS evoked EMG activity did not sum with the existing level of activity; rather the stimulus forced a new EMG level that was independent of existing voluntary background. Our results further show that post-stimulus output effects on muscle activity obtained with StTA and RS-ICMS closely resemble one another. However, RL-ICMS produces effects that can deviate substantially from those observed with StTA.
Anthropological perspectives on corruption

The primary concern of this paper is to present anthropological perspectives on corruption. The emphasis is on how anthropological methods and approaches can contribute to a broader understanding of corruption. International debates on how to approach the phenomenon are ongoing, but corruption is generally defined as the abuse of public office for private gain. It is argued that this conventional definition is too narrow and excessively concerned with the illegality of practices.
THE RELATIONS AMONG MOTIVES, NEGATIVE AFFECT, AND CONTEMPORAR Y COMPUTER USAGE: WHO IS USING WHAT AND WHY?

Researchers in the domain of computer-mediated communication (CMC) are beginning to investigate the motives for using tools such as Facebook and MSN Messenger (MSN). It is unclear, however, whether motives specific to Facebook and MSN use are associated with negative affect or with the use of these tools. The present study investigated the motives for Facebook and MSN use and the affective and usage correlates of these motives. A total of 360 CMC users were recruited for this study. Of this total, 350 were Facebook users and 259 were MSN users. The study was conducted online and participants completed a series of self-report questionnaires assessing motives, negative affect, and CMC use. Data reduction analyses of motives questionnaires revealed five motives for Facebook use and four motives for MSN use. The Regulation of Social Anxieties motive for Facebook use and the Offline Stress Reduction motive for MSN use were both positively correlated with negative affect (NA) and social avoidance, and negatively correlated with positive affect (PA). The Enjoyable Distraction motive (for both Facebook and MSN) was positively correlated with the frequency of Facebook use and with the intensity of Facebook and MSN use. These results demonstrated that the CMC use motives that correlated with negative affect were different from the CMC use motives that correlated with CMC usage. The present study also demonstrated the importance of including a measure of negative affect (NA) when investigating CMC motives and affective correlates. Implications for using the need to belong framework (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) in CMC motives research were discussed.
Leaking and death-threats by students: A study in German schools

Leaking comprises observable behavior or statements that signal intentions of committing a violent offense and is considered an important warning sign for school shootings. School staff who are confronted with leaking have to assess its seriousness and react appropriately – a difficult task, because knowledge about leaking is sparse. The present study, therefore, examined how frequently leaking occurs in schools and how teachers identify leaking and respond to it. To achieve this aim, we informed teachers from eight schools in Germany about the definition of leaking and other warning signs and risk factors for school shootings in a one-hour information session. Teachers were then asked to report cases of leaking over a six- to nine-month period and to answer a questionnaire on leaking and its treatment after the information session and six to nine months later. Our results suggest that leaking is a relevant problem in German schools. Teachers mostly rated the information session positively and benefited in several aspects (e.g. reported more perceived courses of action or improved knowledge about leaking), but also expressed a constant need for support. Our findings highlight teachers’ needs for further support and training and may be used in the planning of prevention measures for school shootings.
A comparison of Type-1 and Type-2 fuzzy controllers in a micro-robot context

In this paper we compare the differences between type-1 and interval type-2 fuzzy logic controllers, with seven, five and two three term membership functions. The controllers were used to control a DC motor model in a closed loop simulation. The performance of each controller to a step change and a change in motor inertia with and without added noise was recorded. The results showed that there was no statistical difference between the type-1 and type-2 controllers. It was also found that a type-1 three term controller was as good as a type-1 or type-2 seven term controller, in controlling the micro robot DC motor model.
Is Consciousness Necessary for Conflict Adaptation? A State of the Art

Facing response conflict, subjects try to improve their responses by reducing the influence of the detrimental information which caused the conflict. It was speculated that this adaptation to conflict can only occur when the conflicting information is consciously perceived. In this review we give an overview of the research looking at the possibility of unconscious stimuli to provoke this conflict adaptation. In a first part we discuss adaptation to conflict on a trial-by-trial basis. When the previous trial contained conflicting information, subjects will adapt to this by reducing the influence of the conflicting information on the current trial. However, the interesting question is whether this is also possible when the conflicting information remains unconscious. In a second part we will discuss blockwise adaptation to conflict. If conflict is very frequent, subjects will adapt to this by reducing the conflicting information sustainably. Again the question is whether this is possible when the conflict was never experienced consciously. In a third part we will discuss the neural basis of conscious and unconscious conflict adaptation. We will critically discuss the research on these topics and highlight strengths and weaknesses of the used paradigms. Finally, we will give some suggestions how future research can be more conclusive in this respect.
On Local Regret

Online learning aims to perform nearly as well as the best hypothesis in hindsight. For some hypothesis classes, though, even finding the best hypothesis offline is challenging. In such offline cases, local search techniques are often employed and only local optimality guaranteed. For online decision-making with such hypothesis classes, we introduce local regret, a generalization of regret that aims to perform nearly as well as only nearby hypotheses. We then present a general algorithm to minimize local regret with arbitrary locality graphs. We also show how the graph structure can be exploited to drastically speed learning. These algorithms are then demonstrated on a diverse set of online problems: online disjunct learning, online Max-SAT, and online decision tree learning.
The Moderating Influence of Organizational Support on the Development of Salesperson Job Performance: Can an Organization Provide Too Much Support?

Organizational support theory is used to investigate the moderating effects of both instrumental and social/psychological support on the relationships between a salesperson’s customer orientation and level of psychological empowerment and job performance. Results obtained within a sampling of 830 financial services salespeople operating from remote locations indicate that organizational support may interfere with salespeople’s attitudes in the development of salesperson performance. Specifically, this study found that under conditions of low social/psychological support the positive effect of empowerment on job performance becomes weaker, but the positive effect of customer orientation on job performance becomes significantly stronger. Further, instrumental support seems to be somewhat counterproductive to high-performing salespeople by diminishing the positive relationship between empowerment and performance. Implications of such findings are discussed.
Socio-demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents in Turkey

In developing countries, juvenile delinquency and the involvement of children in crime is an important social problem. The bio-psycho-social factors leading to a crime, as well as the situation of individuals in society have become an increasingly important issue. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of socio-economic and -demographic characteristics of children involved in crime as suspects or victims. A questionnaire comprising questions concerning their socio-demographic characteristics and family status was administered to the participants. Of a total 351 cases, 245 (69.8%) were alleged offenders and 71 (20.2%) were victims of a crime. Most of them were male in the 16–18 age group, attending high school, involving in a crime for the first time, suffering from a substance-use disorder and have committed physical assaults and theft crimes. Obtained findings should be considered in developing strategies and implementing prevention policies in order to tackle juvenile delinquency. Besides the penalties given to children involved in a crime, educational and psychosocial support should also be provided.
Latinos and Political Party Affiliation

The past few elections have witnessed an increased contestation of votes across racial and ethnic identities, especially with regard to Latinos. As such, this article explores and reports on the important relationship between Latino identity and political party identification. Using the 2002 National Survey of Latinos (with its representative sample of nearly 3,000 Latinos), it is found that in addition to traditional measures of party identification, Latinos are significantly and considerably more likely to identify themselves as Republican versus Democrats based on their retention of traditional Latino family values and ideals, their self-identification along ethnic lines, and their overall trust of politicians and view of politicians’ concern for Latinos. Implications for future party identification and political strategy are far ranging and discussed.
The Effects of War on Children: School Psychologists’ Role and Function

War may be the most profound psychosocial stressor on child and adolescent development, for it has the potential to inflict loss, disruption of stability, deleterious health effects and family/community system disorganization. This article reviews the literature regarding the effects of war on children and explores the role and function of the school psychologist with respect to the profession’s responsibilities regarding war and peace. Recommendations are made for local, national and international efforts.
Epigenetic rules in moral development: Distal‐proximal approaches to altruism and aggression

A time continum of levels of explanation is offered ranging from distal, evolutionary analyses, through trait and social learning perspectives, to proximate cognitive and situational accounts. While most research has been carried out from proximal perspectives, this paper considers data from each of the levels and concludes with a theory of moral development based on evolutionarily derived r/K reproductive strategies. When aggression is assessed using aggregate procedures, 1) consistent patterns of individual differences exist, forming part of a broad syndrome of moral behavior; 2) group differences in aggression emerge such that females < males, older < younger, and higher socioeconomic < lower socioeconomic; 3)individual differences are about 50% heritable; 4) epigenetic rules guide social development in one direction over alternatives; and 5) aggression is part of a constellation of reproductive attributes deeply embedded in evolutionary history.
On the Social Construction of Relevance: A Rejoinder

This rejoinder ties in with a PointCounterpoint debate on the rigourrelevance gap which was published in the May 2009 issue of JMS. Responding to our critics we advance four arguments: (1) Only practitioners, not management scholars, can ultimately assess relevance of research by applying solutions derived from research results. (2) Collaborative management research whose output, in the publishing process, has to pass reviews in which criteria of rigour dominate does not necessarily generate research of higher relevance. (3) The body of scientific evidence which our critics refer to contains an abundance of contradicting findings and recommendations and is therefore not of much help for practitioners. (4) Since the academic management journals and the ranking systems are controlling management research, a change towards epistemologies that foster relevance of research, as envisaged by our critics, is not very likely.
EFFECTS OF PRIOR WARNING AND RESPONSE DEADLINE ON FALSE MEMORY

The purpose of this paper was to examine the effects of warning on performance during the Deese-Roediger-McDermott recognition test (Roediger & McDermott, 1995), by manipulating the test type. We presented subjects with lists of semantically related words, followed by a recognition test. The test was composed of studied words, related non-studied words (critical lures), and unrelated non-studied words. Half the subjects were uninformed about the false recognition effect, while the others were forewarned. During the test phase, half of each group reported on recognition of each item within 4 seconds (fast condition), and the others did so within 8 seconds (slow condition). In the slow condition, the false critical lure recognition rate was lower in forewarned subjects than in uninformed subjects. However, in the fast condition, there was no significant difference in false recognition rates. Our results demonstrate that identification of critical lures can reduce the frequency of false recognition.
Theory-based scaling of the SOL width in circular limited tokamak plasmas

A theory-based scaling for the characteristic length of a circular, limited tokamak scrape-off layer (SOL) is obtained by considering the balance between parallel losses and non-linearly saturated resistive ballooning mode turbulence driving anomalous perpendicular transport. The SOL size increases with plasma size, resistivity, and safety factor q. The scaling is verified against flux-driven non-linear turbulence simulations, which reveal good agreement within a wide range of dimensionless parameters, including parameters closely matching the TCV tokamak. An initial comparison of the theory against experimental data from several tokamaks also yields good agreement.
How to Write a Document in Controlled Natural Language

This paper shows how a computer-processable document can be written in a controlled natural language (PENG) with the help of a sophisticated lookahead editor (ECOLE). The editor provides syntactic hints after each word form entered and indicates how the author can continue the text. This way the author does not need to learn or to remember the restrictions of the controlled language. PENG documents are automatically translated into first-order logic via discourse representation structures. These formal entities can be checked by a theorem prover for inconsistency or consistency can be revealed by a model builder.
Atypical pathogens and respiratory tract infections

The atypical respiratory pathogens Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila are now recognised as a significant cause of acute respiratory-tract infections, implicated in community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, asthma, and less frequently, upper respiratory-tract infections. Chronic infection with C. pneumoniae is common among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and may also play a role in the natural history of asthma, including exacerbations. The lack of a gold standard for diagnosis of these pathogens still handicaps the current understanding of their true prevalence and role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic respiratory infections. While molecular diagnostic techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, offer improvements in sensitivity, specificity and rapidity over culture and serology, the need remains for a consistent and reproducible diagnostic technique, available to all microbiology laboratories. Current treatment guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia recognise the importance of atypical respiratory pathogens in its aetiology, for which macrolides are considered suitable first-line agents. The value of atypical coverage in antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and exacerbations of asthma is less clear, while there is no evidence to suggest that atypical pathogens should be covered in antibiotic treatment of upper respiratory-tract infections.
Jermaine: A Critical Case Study of a Gifted Black Child Living in Rural Poverty

Gifted students exist in the culture of rural poverty; however, these children often are not identified, and schools fail to provide appropriate educational programs, preventing young people from realizing their potential. In this account of a gifted Black child living in an impoverished rural environment, a university researcher and a classroom teacher collaborated in order to describe a young man's creativity, his resilience, his struggle to find a place for himself in his community, and the significant factors that influenced the early formation of a strong self-identity. The findings of the study offer educators helpful suggestions for identifying and addressing the educational needs of gifted Black children living in rural poverty.
Knowledge sharing in a dispersed network of HR practice: Zooming in on power/knowledge struggles

The practice-based view of knowledge is recognized as an important epistemological perspective in the knowledge management literature. However, there is also a growing awareness that approaches adopting this view do not always consider issues of power. This article draws on Foucault’s conceptual lens of power/ knowledge and discursive positioning theory to gain a better understanding of how and why practitioners contest, accept, and/or further each other’s knowledge. The article applies its theoretical framework to examine knowledge sharing in a dispersed network of HR practice. The empirical example illustrates how organizational power/knowledge struggles affect dynamics of participation in networks of practice and generate knowledge sharing issues between geographically dispersed practitioners. Based on the study’s findings and analysis, the article promotes a power-sensitive view of organizational knowledge sharing that recognizes the discursively constructed nature of relationships within networks of practice.
Danger on the doors: Bodily risk in a demonised occupation

Social scientific attention has recently focused upon the private regulation of Britain's burgeoning night-time economy by door supervisors or 'bouncers' as they are more commonly known. Contributing ethnography to this literature, this paper explores bodily risk among doorstaff in Southwest Britain. The commonly perceived association between doorwork and high levels of violence renders this a demonised occupation yet doorstaff may also be in physical danger when policing urban nightspots. Centrally, this participant observational study--grounded in the phenomenological 'foreground' or lived experience of risk-explores bodily danger within the door supervisors' routine night-time contexts. Interrelated social, cultural and economic factors associated with the attenuation, minimisation or avoidance of physical harm are also noted. Describing voluntary and other-imposed occupational health risks, including physical violence and illicit drug-taking, furthers an appreciative understanding of why doorstaff may simultaneously be in danger and dangerous. More formally, this paper, in underscoring the importance of the 'lived body', also supports recent theoretical calls for an embodied sociology. Sociological reflection on health, risk and society, it will be argued, must be grounded in the inescapable corporeality and emotional vicissitudes of actual flesh and blood bodies less it ride roughshod over complex social reality.
Novel thick-film piezoceramic micro-generator based on free-standing structures

Thick-film piezoelectric free-standing structures fabricated with a combination of conventional thick-film technology and a sacrificial layer technique are presented. The structures were fabricated in the form of composite cantilevers, consisting of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) as the functional element and silver/palladium (Ag/Pd) as the electrodes. The cantilevers are free standing above a substrate and are able to operate at low levels of vibration suitable for harvesting energy from the environment. An open circuit output voltage of 130 mV was measured from a sample of length 18 mm, width 9 mm and PZT thickness of 80 mum. The sample was found to produce a maximum output electrical power of 10 nW at its resonant frequency of 237.5 Hz and acceleration level of 0.981 m/s2 when driving a 60 kOmega resistive load. The output power was found to increase exponentially with acceleration. At an acceleration of 9.81 ms-2, 270 nW of power was produced. The output power can be improved by attaching a proof mass at the tip of the cantilever beam. A beam having a proof mass of 1.14 g, resulted in an eight-fold improvement of output power compared to a device with no added proof mass at the same acceleration level of 0.98 ms-2.
Surgical Anatomy of the Sphenopalatine Artery in Lateral Nasal Wall

Objective We investigated the surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery. First, the location of the sphenopalatine foramen on the lateral nasal wall and the pattern of the main branches of the sphenopalatine artery from the sphenopalatine artery were studied. Second, the course of the posterior lateral nasal artery with respect to the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus, the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and the pattern of distribution of its branches on the fontanelle was determined. Third, the distribution pattern on the inferior turbinate was analyzed.