Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visualizing Big Data Outliers Through Distributed Aggregation

Visualizing outliers in massive datasets requires statistical pre-processing in order to reduce the scale of the problem to a size amenable to rendering systems like D3, Plotly or analytic systems like R or SAS. This paper presents a new algorithm, called <monospace>hdoutliers</monospace>, for detecting multidimensional outliers. It is unique for a) dealing with a mixture of categorical and continuous variables, b) dealing with big-p (many columns of data), c) dealing with big-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="24tvcg01-wilkinson-2744685-ieq-1-source.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> (many rows of data), d) dealing with outliers that mask other outliers, and e) dealing consistently with unidimensional and multidimensional datasets. Unlike ad hoc methods found in many machine learning papers, <monospace>hdoutliers</monospace> is based on a distributional model that allows outliers to be tagged with a probability. This critical feature reduces the likelihood of false discoveries.
Job strain, depressive symptoms, and drinking behavior among older adults: results from the health and retirement study.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between job strain and two indicators of mental health, depression and alcohol misuse, among currently employed older adults. METHOD Data come from the 2004 and 2006 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 2,902). Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to determine the association between job strain, indicated by the imbalance of job stress and job satisfaction, with depression and alcohol misuse. RESULTS High job strain (indicated by high job stress combined with low job satisfaction) was associated with elevated depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.99-4.45) relative to low job strain after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, labor force status, and occupation. High job stress combined with high job satisfaction (OR = 1.93) and low job stress combined with low job satisfaction (OR = 1.94) were also associated with depressive symptoms to a lesser degree. Job strain was unrelated to either moderate or heavy drinking. These associations did not vary by gender or age. DISCUSSION Job strain is associated with elevated depressive symptoms among older workers. In contrast to results from investigations of younger workers, job strain was unrelated to alcohol misuse. These findings can inform the development and implementation of workplace health promotion programs that reflect the mental health needs of the aging workforce.
Presence of follicular fluid in the porcine oviduct and its contribution to the acrosome reaction

Two experiments were conducted to measure the quantity of follicular fluid entering the porcine oviduct following ovulation and to establish its influence on the sperm acrosome reaction in vivo. Prepubertal gilts treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) followed by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were used in both experiments. In experiment 1, each of 64 gilts was assigned at random to one of four treatment groups (n = 16 per group): I (preovulatory), surgery 38 hr post‐hCG; II (ovulatory), (surgery) 42 hr post‐hCG; III (postovulatory), surgery 46 hr post‐hCG; IV (ovulation blocked), surgery 46 hr post‐hCG but also treated with indomethacin (INDO) at 24 hr. At surgery, both follicular and oviductal fluid were collected for determination of volume and progesterone (P4) concentration. In experiment 2, sperm were recovered surgically from the uterine horn, isthmus, and ampulla of gilts at 46 hr post‐hCG either (1) inseminated and non‐INDO‐treated controls (n = 5) or (2) inseminated and INDO‐treated at 24 hr (n = 4). Using P4 as a marker, it was calculated that only 0.51% ± 0.10% of the available follicular fluid was present in the oviduct near the time of ovulation and that this amount had decreased 10–12‐fold 4 hr later. Mean sperm concentration at 46 hr post‐hCG was higher in the uterine horn than in the other two regions (P < 0.05) but the percentage of acrosome‐reacted sperm was greater in the ampulla (P < 0.05). The ampullae of ovulating gilts, i.e., containing follicular fluid, had a greater percentage of acrosome‐reacted sperm than those in which ovulation was blocked by INDO (P < 0.05). The results of these experiments suggest that only a small amount of follicular fluid reaches the oviduct at ovulation and that this fluid has a stimulatory, but probably nonessential, effect on the acrosome reaction.
Temperature-sensitive initiation and elongation of adenovirus DNA replication in vitro with nuclear extracts from H5ts36-, H5ts149-, and H5ts125-infected HeLa cells

Adenovirus DNA replication was studied in vitro in nuclear extracts prepared from HeLa cells infected at the permissive temperature with H5ts125, H5ts36, or H5ts149, three DNA-negative mutants belonging to two different complementation groups. At the restrictive temperature, H5ts125 extracts, containing a thermolabile 72-kilodalton DNA-binding protein, enable the formation of an initiation complex between the 82-kilodalton terminal protein precursor (pTP) and dCTP, but further elongation of this complex is inhibited. Wild-type DNA-binding protein or a 47-kilodalton chymotryptic DNA-binding fragment can complement the mutant protein in the elongation reaction. No difference in heat inactivation was observed between wild-type extracts and H5ts36 or H5ts149 extracts when the replication of terminal XbaI fragments of adenovirus type 5 DNA-terminal protein complex was studied. In contrast, the formation of a pTP-dCMP initiation complex, as well as the partial elongation reaction up to nucleotide 26, were consistently more temperature sensitive in mutant extracts. The results suggest that the H5ts36/H5ts149 gene product is required for initiation of adenovirus type 5 DNA replication and that the 72-kilodalton DNA-binding protein functions early in elongation.
A Study of Latent Heat of Vaporization in Aqueous Nanofluids

thermal and radiative properties. Such work has generated great controversy, although it is arguably accepted today that the presence of nanoparticles rarely leads to useful enhancements in either thermal conductivity or convective heat transfer. On the other hand, there are still examples of unanticipated enhancements to some properties, such as the reported specific heat of molten salt-based nanofluids and the critical heat flux. Another largely overlooked example is the apparent effect of nanoparticles on the effective latent heat of vaporization (hfg) of aqueous nanofluids. A study have focused on molecular dynamics (MD) modeling supplemented with limited experimental data to suggest that hfg increases with increasing nanoparticle concentration.
Educational Psychology Casework: A Practical Guide

Chapter 1, Introduction. Chapter 2, Rapport Skills. Chapter 3, Hypothesising and Information Gathering. Chapter 4, Hypothesising and Information Gathering Based on a Systematic Perspective. Chapter 5, Hypothesising and Information Gathering Based on an Individual Perspective. Chapter 6, Beliefs Values and Identity. Chapter 7, Methods for Gathering Information. Chapter 8, Further Exploration of the Model of the World. Chapter 9, Integrating the Two Approaches to Exploring the Models of the World. Chapter 10, Techniques for Eliciting the Model of the World with Children. Chapter 11, Case Example: Steven. Chapter 12, Ability and Strategies. Chapter 13, Representational Systems. Chapter 14, Strategies. Chapter 15, Developing Interventions. Chapter 16, Elements of Interventions. Appendices.
Balancing Audience and Privacy Tensions on Social Network Sites: Strategies of Highly Engaged Users

As social network sites grow and diversify in both users and content, tensions between users’ audience composition and their disclosure practices become more prevalent. Users must navigate these spaces carefully to reap relational benefits while ensuring content is not shared with unintended audiences. Through a qualitative study of highly engaged Facebook users, this study provides insight into how people conceptualize friendship online as well as how perceived audience affects privacy concerns and privacy management strategies. Findings suggest an increasingly complex relationship between these variables, fueled by collapsing contexts and invisible audiences. Although a diverse range of strategies are available to manage privacy, most participants in this sample still engaged in some degree of self-censorship.
Analysis of Involvement of the RecF Pathway in p44 Recombination in Anaplasma phagocytophilum and in Escherichia coli by Using a Plasmid Carrying the p44 Expression and p44 Donor Loci

ABSTRACT Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, has a large paralog cluster (approximate 90 members) that encodes the 44-kDa major outer membrane proteins (P44s). Gene conversion at a single p44 expression locus leads to P44 antigenic variation. Homologs of genes for the RecA-dependent RecF pathway, but not the RecBCD or RecE pathways, of recombination were detected in the A. phagocytophilum genome. In the present study, we examined whether the RecF pathway is involved in p44 gene conversion. The recombination intermediate structure between a donor p44 and the p44 expression locus of A. phagocytophilum was detected in an HL-60 cell culture by Southern blot analysis followed by sequencing the band and in blood samples from infected SCID mice by PCR, followed by sequencing. The sequences were consistent with the RecF pathway recombination: a half-crossover structure, consisting of the donor p44 locus connected to the 3′ conserved region of the recipient p44 in the p44 expression locus in direct orientation. To determine whether the p44 recombination intermediate structure can be generated in a RecF-active Escherichia coli strain, we constructed a double-origin plasmid carrying the p44 expression locus and a donor p44 locus and introduced the plasmid into various E. coli strains. The recombination intermediate was recovered in an E. coli strain with active RecF recombination pathway but not in strains with deficient RecF pathway. Our results support the view that the p44 gene conversion in A. phagocytophilum occurs through the RecF pathway.
Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone in Tennessee.

BACKGROUND We investigated an outbreak of fungal infections of the central nervous system that occurred among patients who received epidural or paraspinal glucocorticoid injections of preservative-free methylprednisolone acetate prepared by a single compounding pharmacy. METHODS Case patients were defined as patients with fungal meningitis, posterior circulation stroke, spinal osteomyelitis, or epidural abscess that developed after epidural or paraspinal glucocorticoid injections. Clinical and procedure data were abstracted. A cohort analysis was performed. RESULTS The median age of the 66 case patients was 69 years (range, 23 to 91). The median time from the last epidural glucocorticoid injection to symptom onset was 18 days (range, 0 to 56). Patients presented with meningitis alone (73%), the cauda equina syndrome or focal infection (15%), or posterior circulation stroke with or without meningitis (12%). Symptoms and signs included headache (in 73% of the patients), new or worsening back pain (in 50%), neurologic symptoms (in 48%), nausea (in 39%), and stiff neck (in 29%). The median cerebrospinal fluid white-cell count on the first lumbar puncture among patients who presented with meningitis, with or without stroke or focal infection, was 648 per cubic millimeter (range, 6 to 10,140), with 78% granulocytes (range, 0 to 97); the protein level was 114 mg per deciliter (range, 29 to 440); and the glucose concentration was 44 mg per deciliter (range, 12 to 121) (2.5 mmol per liter [range, 0.7 to 6.7]). A total of 22 patients had laboratory confirmation of Exserohilum rostratum infection (21 patients) or Aspergillus fumigatus infection (1 patient). The risk of infection increased with exposure to lot 06292012@26, older vials, higher doses, multiple procedures, and translaminar approach to epidural glucocorticoid injection. Voriconazole was used to treat 61 patients (92%); 35 patients (53%) were also treated with liposomal amphotericin B. Eight patients (12%) died, seven of whom had stroke. CONCLUSIONS We describe an outbreak of fungal meningitis after epidural or paraspinal glucocorticoid injection with methylprednisolone from a single compounding pharmacy. Rapid recognition of illness and prompt initiation of therapy are important to prevent complications. (Funded by the Tennessee Department of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
Brain functional connectivity network breakdown and restoration in blindness

Objective: To characterize brain functional connectivity in subjects with prechiasmatic visual system damage and relate functional connectivity features to extent of vision loss. Methods: In this case-control study, resting-state, eyes-closed EEG activity was recorded in patients with partial optic nerve damage (n = 15) and uninjured controls (n = 13). We analyzed power density and functional connectivity (coherence, Granger causality), the latter as (1) between-areal coupling strength and (2) individually thresholded binary graphs. Functional connectivity was then modulated by noninvasive repetitive transorbital alternating current stimulation (rtACS; 10 days, 40 minutes daily; n = 7; sham, n = 8) to study how this would affect connectivity networks and perception. Results: Patients exhibited lower spectral power (p = 0.005), decreased short- (p = 0.015) and long-range (p = 0.033) coherence, and less densely clustered coherence networks (p = 0.025) in the high-alpha frequency band (11–13 Hz). rtACS strengthened short- (p = 0.003) and long-range (p = 0.032) alpha coherence and this was correlated with improved detection abilities (r = 0.57, p = 0.035) and processing speed (r = 0.56, p = 0.049), respectively. Conclusion: Vision loss in the blind is caused not only by primary tissue damage but also by a breakdown of synchronization in brain networks. Because visual field improvements are associated with resynchronization of alpha band coherence, brain connectivity is a key component in partial blindness and in restoration of vision.
Position-Dependent Smoothness-Increasing Accuracy-Conserving (SIAC) Filtering for Improving Discontinuous Galerkin Solutions

Position-dependent smoothness-increasing accuracy-conserving (SIAC) filtering is a promising technique not only in improving the order of the numerical solution obtained by a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method but also in increasing the smoothness of the field and improving the magnitude of the errors. This was initially established as an accuracy enhancement technique by Cockburn et al. for linear hyperbolic equations to handle smooth solutions [Math. Comp., 72 (2003), pp. 577-606]. By implementing this technique, the quality of the solution can be improved from order $k+1$ to order $2k+1$ in the $L^2$-norm. Ryan and Shu used these ideas to extend this technique to be able to handle postprocessing near boundaries as well as discontinuities [Methods Appl. Anal. , 10 (2003), pp. 295-307]. However, this presented difficulties as the resulting error had a stair-stepping effect and the errors themselves were not improved over those of the DG solution unless the mesh was suitably refined. In this paper, we discuss an improved filter for enhancing DG solutions that easily switches between one-sided postprocessing to handle boundaries or discontinuities and symmetric postprocessing for smooth regions. We numerically demonstrate that the magnitude of the errors using the modified postprocessor is roughly the same as that of the errors for the symmetric postprocessor itself, regardless of the boundary conditions.
Sentiment Analysis of Travis CI Builds

Human factors such as sentiments, emotions, mood, and stress along with their potential effect on software development are of paramount importance in software engineering, as we still strongly rely on human-to-human interaction for performing software development activities and driving results. With the advance of sentiment analysis tools, software engineering researchers have investigated the interplay between developers' sentiment and software engineering tasks such as issue fixing times. However, there is a lack of studies analyzing whether there is a relation between developers' sentiment and builds performed by continuous integration servers. Build breakage is not desired as it represents a signal that something went wrong in the software development activity and that extra work or rework should be done. In this paper, we report an empirical assessment over Travis CI builds and the corresponding commits in order to understand a potential association between developers' sentiment and build breakage. We found evidence that negative sentiment both affects and is affected by the result of the build process, although the influence seems to be small. Also, we found that developers tend to be more positive when writing about the CI server in commit messages.
Development‐dependent disappearance of caspase‐3 in skeletal muscle is post‐transcriptionally regulated

Caspase‐3, a major player in apoptosis, engages apoptosis‐activated cells into an irreversible pathway leading to cell death. In this article, we report that caspase‐3 protein is absent from rat and mouse adult skeletal muscles, despite the abundant presence of its mRNA. During skeletal muscle development, caspase‐3 protein is present in neonatal animals, but its expression gradually decreases, and disappears completely by 1 month of age, when there is still abundant caspase‐3 mRNA. This discordance between caspase‐3 message and protein expression is unique to skeletal muscle, as in all other analyzed tissues the protein presence correlates with the presence of the mRNA. The only circumstance in which caspase‐3 protein appears in adults is in regenerating muscles; once regeneration is complete, however, it again becomes undetectable in repaired muscles. We conclude that caspase‐3 protein in skeletal muscle is uniquely regulated at the post‐transcriptional level, unseen in other tissues such as brain, heart, lung, kidney, thymus, spleen, liver, or testis. The post‐transcriptional regulation of caspase‐3 might serve as a fail‐safe mechanism to avoid accidental cell death. J. Cell. Biochem. 86: 21–28, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carriers of the COMT Met/Met Allele Have Higher Degrees of Hypnotizability, Provided That They Have Good Attentional Control: A Case of Gene–Trait Interaction

Abstract Genetic factors may explain part of the interindividual variability in hypnotizability. A new avenue that may provide more comprehensive understanding of the phenotypic effects of genetic variations is the study of gene–trait interaction. In this study, the authors investigate the relationship of the dopamine-related COMT and the serotonin-related 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms to hypnotizability by taking individual differences in executive attention into account. Homozygosity for the COMT Met allele, putatively linked to the capability or proneness to dissociate from reality, was associated with high hypnotizability only if paired with high-attention ability. The finding can be integrated into hypnosis theory and represents a case of gene–trait interaction suggesting that investigating the effects of a gene in the context of relevant psychological traits may further elucidate gene-brain-behavior relationships.
Beyond Construction: Five arguments for the role and value of critique in learning science

This paper argues that science education has overemphasized the importance of construction at the expense of critique. In doing so, it draws on two key premises—Ford's argument that the construction of knowledge requires a dialectic between construction and critique and Mercier and Sperber's theory of argumentative reasoning that critique is essential for epistemic vigilance. Five separate cases are presented which argue that the absence of critique within school science limits the opportunities for students to engage in scientific reasoning making the learning of science less effective. These five arguments incorporate research literature surrounding the nature of science, epistemology, literacy, pedagogy, and motivation. Furthermore, we draw on data collected from cognitive think-aloud interviews to show that students can, with the appropriate prompts, engage in the important epistemic activity of critique. We conclude by examining the implications for the teaching and learning of science. In essence, we argue that the undervaluing of critique within the curriculum and pedagogy of school science results in a failure to develop the analytical faculties which are the valued hall mark of the practicing scientist; a misrepresentation of the nature of science; and, more importantly, a less effective learning experience. Critique, therefore, needs to play a central role in the teaching and learning of science.
Electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealing versus conventional clamping and suturing for vaginal hysterectomy: a randomised controlled trial

Please cite this paper as: Lakeman M, The S, Schellart R, Dietz V, ter Haar J, Thurkow A, Scholten P, Dijkgraaf M, Roovers J. Electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealing versus conventional clamping and suturing for vaginal hysterectomy: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2012;119:1473–1482. Objective To compare the effects of electrical bipolar vessel sealing and conventional suturing on postoperative pain, recovery, costs and micturition symptoms in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. Design Randomised controlled trial. Setting Eight teaching hospitals in the Netherlands. Population One hundred women scheduled to undergo vaginal hysterectomy for benign conditions excluding pelvic organ prolapse. Methods Women were randomised to vessel sealing or conventional surgery. The quality of life related to pelvic floor function was assessed using validated questionnaires before surgery and 6 months after surgery. Pain scores and recovery were assessed using a diary, including daily visual analogue scale scores, starting from the day before surgery until 6 weeks after surgery. Main outcome measures Visual analogue scale pain scores, surgery time, blood loss, complications, quality of life related to pelvic floor function and costs. Results The evening after surgery, women in the vessel-sealing group reported significantly less pain (5.7 versus 4.5 on a scale of 0–10, P = 0.03), but after that pain scores were similar. Operation duration was shorter for vessel sealing (60 versus 71 minutes, P = 0.05). Blood loss and hospital stay did not differ. We observed no major difference in costs between the two interventions (2903 versus 3102 €, P = 0.26). Changes in micturition and defecation symptoms were not affected by the surgical technique used. Conclusion Using vessel sealing during vaginal hysterectomy resulted in less pain on the first postoperative day, shorter operating time, similar morbidity and similar pelvic floor function. No major differences in costs were found between the two interventions.