Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Employers' Efforts to Deter Shirking in Teams: Evidence from Job Vacancies

Employers can use profit sharing to elicit effort in teams as long as shirking is sufficiently costly. Analysis of descriptions of job vacancies from the online job board monster.com reveals that the threat of shirking does not deter employers from offering profit sharing to reward workers in teams. However, when team work is prevalent, employers are more likely to advertise a work environment where shirking is easier to detect and penalize. We do not find evidence of similar employers' efforts to deter shirking in teams if jobs entail: frequent interactions with a supervisor, volunteering, or work for a non-profit organization.
Revisiting h measured on UK LIS and IR academics

A brief communication appearing in this journal ranked UK-based LIS and (some) IR academics by their h-index using data derived from the Thomson ISI Web of Science™ (WoS). In this brief communication, the same academics were re-ranked, using other popular citation databases. It was found that for academics who publish more in computer science forums, their h was significantly different due to highly cited papers missed by WoS; consequently, their rank changed substantially. The study was widened to a broader set of UK-based LIS and IR academics in which results showed similar statistically significant differences. A variant of h, hmx, was introduced that allowed a ranking of the academics using all citation databases together. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users

Background and aims: Smartphones allow users to access social networking sites (SNSs) whenever and wherever they want. Such easy availability and accessibility may increase their vulnerability to addiction. Based on the social cognitive theory (SCT), we examined the impacts of outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, and impulsivity on young Chinese smartphone users' addictive tendencies toward SNSs. Methods: Two hundred seventy-seven Macau young smartphone users (116 males and 161 females; mean age = 26.62) filled out an online Chinese questionnaire concerning their usage of social networking sites via smartphones, addiction tendencies toward SNSs, impulsivity trait, outcome expectancies toward the use, and Internet self-efficacy. Results: The findings revealed that those who spent more time on SNSs also reported higher addictive tendencies. Addictive tendencies were positively correlated with both outcome expectancies and impulsivity, but negatively associated with Internet self-efficacy. These three psychological variables explained 23% of the variance in addictive tendencies. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that, compared to demographics, psychological factors provide a better account for addictive tendencies towards SNSs among Chinese smartphone users in Macau. The three psychological risk factors were low Internet self-efficacy, favorable outcome expectancies, and high impulsivity trait. Educational campaigns with screening procedures for high-risk groups are recommended for effective prevention and treatment.
Malakoplakia in a healthy young female patient

Malakoplakia is a rare granulomatous disease that occurs commonly in the urinary tract and secondarily in the gastrointestinal tract. Most reported cases of malakoplakia are associated with immunosuppressive diseases or chronic prolonged illness. Here, we report a rare case of malakoplakia in a young healthy adolescent without any underlying disease. A 19-year-old female was referred to our hospital following the discovery of multiple rectal polyps with sigmoidoscopy. She had no specific past medical history but complained of recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea for 3 months. A colonoscopy revealed diverse mucosal lesions including plaques, polyps, nodules, and mass-like lesions. Histological examination revealed a sheet of histiocytes with pathognomonic Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. We treated the patient with ciprofloxacin, the cholinergic agonist bethanechol, and a multivitamin for 6 months. A follow-up colonoscopy revealed that her condition was resolved with this course of treatment.
Fine-tuning the Jurisprudence: The ECJ's Judicial Activism and Self-restraint

Legal and political science scholars omit an important variable in explaining compliance with ECJ rulings: the fine-tuning in the follow-up cases. This paper shows with the Kohll/Decker social policy jurisprudence that, first, the Court applied the principles of free movement of services and goods to the Luxembourg health care system in the initial rulings in this series of cases and thereby challenged the institutional configuration of national welfare states. Step by step the ECJ extended the legal principles to other Member States and to similar cases. At the same time, however, the Court exercised self-restraint by narrowing the principles and by thus limiting the impact of its decisions largely to the less costly ambulatory sector. This fine-tuning of the jurisprudence influenced implementation processes and ultimately facilitated Member State compliance.
Origins of depression in later life

Background. Despite the burden of depression in late life, its origins present a paradox to investigators and clinicians alike. Method. We review biological (genetics and heredity factors, neurotransmitter dysfunction, endocrine changes, vascular disorders, and medical co-morbidities), psychological (personality attributes, neuroticism, cognitive distortions, and the lack of emotional control and self-efficacy) and social (stressful life events, bereavement, chronic stress or strain, socio-economic disadvantage and impaired social support) origins of late-life depression based upon an extensive though not exhaustive review of the extant literature. In addition, modifying psychological and social factors are discussed. Results. Older adults appear to be at greater risk for major depression biologically, such as depression resulting from vascular changes, yet the frequency of depression is lower compared to younger adults. Older adults may be protected psychologically due to factors such as socio-emotional selectivity and wisdom, compared to younger adults, and perhaps relatively protected from social risks. Conclusions. A biopsychosocial approach to evaluating the origins of late-life depression is heuristically valuable, a continual reminder of the many factors that contribute to the onset and persistence of clinically significant symptoms in late life.
Control of the eye during general anaesthesia for intraocular surgery.

Interest in general anaesthesia for intraocular surgery is relatively recent. Undoubtedly, the small area involved may be anaesthetized and immobilized by retro-ocular and facial nerve blocks performed by the ophthalmologist. Also, general anaesthesia may produce problems in the many elderly patients and especially in those with concomitant systemic disease. Further, straining, coughing and vomiting associated with general anaesthesia cause serious increases in intraocular pressure (i.o.p.) which may be disastrous. As ophthalmology advances the operative procedures become more complex, take longer to perform and are more demanding on both the surgeon and the patient. The patient's ability to co-operate may be overstretched. Whilst local anaesthesia is satisfactory for most standard procedures in skilled hands, in the complex cases the range of techniques for controlling intraocular conditions available with general anaesthesia comes into its own. The problem is thus the control of the intraocular contents during general anaesthesia. In most intraocular operations the surgical approach is via the anterior chamber and inevitably aqueous will be lost through the incision. If at this time i.o. p. is great, the intraocular contents move towards the incision. The iris, the lens or vitreous may prolapse either immediately or when the surgeon attempts to move the lens. With a high i.o. p. during posterior chamber surgery the vitreous may present first. Sudden release of pressure in a hard eye may produce rupture of the short ciliary blood vessels at the back of the eye, leading to a calamitous expulsive haemorrhage (Ruiz and Salmonsen, 1976). If the eye has already been opened i.o. p. is effectively zero, but any factor which might otherwise have
Credit Channel without the LM Curve

This paper extends Bernanke and Blinder (1988)'s macroeconomic model of credit channel to an environment where the monetary authority has control over a short-term interest rate. The comparative statics regarding changes in the market interest rate, in the required reserve ratio over bank deposits, and in the risk of public bonds are highlighted.
A review of the application of BRDF models to infer land cover parameters at regional and global scales

This paper presents a review of the application of Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) models in the inference of land surface parameters at regional and global scales using remotely sensed data. Information on land surface parameters, such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR), aerodynamic surface roughness and albedo, are valuable for understanding the transfer of energy and mass between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere (e.g., carbon, nitrogen and methane cycling) and for ingestion into the lower boundary condition of global circulation models (GCM)s. Conventional techniques for acquiring information on land surface parameters do not account for or utilize the directional nature of surface reflectance. This paper reviews empirical, semi-empirical and, to a lesser extent, physical BRDF models that describe the surface BRDF. In each case examples are given of their application in inferring land surface parameters. The review concludes by discussing the future prospects of BRDF modelling using spaceborne sensors.
An experimental investigation of unstable combustion in solid propellant rocket motors

Unstable combustion in solid propellant rocket motors is characterized by high frequency chamber pressure oscillations, often accompanied by changes in the mean burning rate. Experiments with case-bonded, cylindrically perforated motors were reproducible as a result of careful manufacturing control and extended propellant curing time. In these motors the oscillations were in the fundamental pseudo-standing tangential mode and were accompanied by increases in the average burning rate. At sufficiently high pressure levels all firings were stable. Reduction of the operating level led to mild instability. A sufficient further reduction produced a sudden change to maximum instability. Continued reduction in pressure level from this point resulted in a gradual decrease in degree of instability but it could not be experimentally verified that a low pressure stable region existed. The levels at which these events took place were frequency dependent and generally increased as the tangential frequency was reduced. At given operating level, the instability became less severe when the grain length was reduced below a critical value. Increasing the length above the critical value moved the point of maximum instability to somewhat higher levels but did not affect the level at which the motors became stable. The pressure levels for stability and for maximum instability moved to lower values with decreases in the propellant grain temperature in a manner not entirely accounted for by the effect of grain temperature on burning rate. Stable, mildly unstable and severely unstable operation was observed throughout the range -80°F to 180°F. The maximum instability decreased with grain temperature. Slab motors with opposed-plane grain surfaces exhibited oscillations in the transverse sloshing mode but no accompanying changes in the burning rate. Tangential oscillation of equivalent amplitude strongly affected the burning rate in the cylindric motors; hence it appears that increases in the burning rate are associated with tangential velocities rather than pressure fluctuations.
Effective congestion reduction for IC package substrate routing

Off-chip substrate routing for high-density packages is challenging due to requirements such as high density, lack of vertical detour, non-Manhattan routing, and primarily planar routing. The existing substrate routing algorithms often result in a large number of unrouted nets that have to be routed manually. This article develops an effective yet efficient diffusion-driven method D-Router to reduce congestion. Starting with an initial routing, we develop an effective diffusion-based congestion reduction. We iteratively find a congested window and spread out connections to reduce congestion inside the window by a simulated diffusion process based on the duality between congestion and concentration. The window is released after the congestion is eliminated. Compared with the state-of-the-art substrate routing method that leads to 480 nets unrouted for ten industrial designs with a total of 6415 nets, the D-Router reduces the amount of unrouted nets to 104, a reduction to the 4.6 multiple. In addition, the D-Router obtains a similar reduction on unrouted nets but runs up to 94 times faster when compared with a negotiation-based substrate routing.
The subiculum comes of age

The subiculum has long been considered as a simple bidirectional relay region interposed between the hippocampus and the temporal cortex. Recent evidence, however, suggests that this region has specific roles in the cognitive functions and pathological deficits of the hippocampal formation. A group of 20 researchers participated in an ESF‐sponsored meeting in Oxford in September, 2005 focusing on the neurobiology of the subiculum. Each brought a distinct expertise and approach to the anatomy, physiology, psychology, and pathologies of the subiculum. Here, we review the recent findings that were presented at the meeting. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How do public managers manage? : bureaucratic constraints, organizational culture, and the potential for reform

Introduction: Bureaucratic Constraints, Administrative Coping Strategies, and the Potential for Reform Part One: The World of the Public Manager 1. Varieties of Organization: Four Cases 2. The Different Roles of Public Managers Part Two: How Public Managers Cope with the Civil Service System 3. The Personnel Office: FriAnd or Foe? 4. The Labyrinth of the Hiring Process 5. Addressing Performance Problems Part Three: The Budgetary Imperative 6. The Position Classification System: A Budgetary Control Systems in Disguise 7. Coping with Celings, Freezes, and Reductions in Force Conclusion: Loosening Constraints and Changing Culture:The Potential for Reform.
High incidence of false-positive PET scans in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing regimens.

BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful predictor of relapse and survival in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) based on studies carried out in the prerituximab era. Little is known about the predictive power of PET in rituximab-treated patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with aggressive B-cell NHL with baseline and follow-up PET studies were included. Clinical characteristics, PET and computed tomography scans, biopsy results, and outcomes were reviewed. PET was defined as positive if higher than mediastinal or background activity was observed. RESULTS In all, 51 patients (diffuse large B cell-38; mantle cell lymphoma-13) treated with rituximab-containing regimens were included. For 13 of 40 patients (32.5%), mid-therapy PET studies were positive and 9 of 48 patients (18.7%) had positive posttherapy PET. The positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity (Se), and specificity (Sp) of the mid-therapy PET for predicting relapse were 33% [95% confidence interval (CI) 19% to 49%], 68% (95% CI 51% to 81%), 33% (95% CI 6% to 76%), and 68% (95% CI 49% to 82%), respectively. For posttherapy PET, the relapse PPV, NPV, Se and Sp were 19% (95% CI 9% to 33%), 81% (95% CI 67% to 91%), 13% (95% CI 0.6% to 53%), and 80%(95% CI 64% to 90%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Compared with previous reports in prerituximab era, addition of rituximab resulted in reduced PPV and sensitivity of mid- and posttherapy PET in patients with aggressive B-cell NHL.
Degree of genetic homozygosity and distribution of AB0 blood types among patients with spina bifida occulta and spina bifida aperta

Introduction Assuming that spina bifida (SB) is a genetically controlled disease, the aim of our study was to evaluate the degree of genetic homozygosity and the distribution of AB0 blood types among patients with SB occulta and SB aperta by the homozygously recessive characteristics (HRC) test. Material and methods Our study included an analysis of the presence, distribution and individual combination of 15 selected genetically controlled morpho-physiological traits in a sample of 100 patients with SB (SB occulta N = 50 and SB aperta N = 50) and a control group of individuals (N = 100). Results We found a statistically significant difference between the mean values for genetic homozygosity (SB 4.5 ±0.3; control 3.0 ±0.2, p < 0.001) and also differences in the presence of certain individual combinations of such traits. In 12 (80.0%) of the 15 observed characteristics, recessive homozygosity was expressed to a greater degree among the group of SB patients, while for 9 (60.0%) of the traits this level of difference was statistically significant (Σχ 2 = 266.3, p < 0.001). There was no difference in average homozygosity of such genetic markers between groups of SB occulta and SB aperta patients, but the type of individual variation in the two studied groups significantly differed. In the group of patients with SB the frequency of 0 blood group was significantly increased while B blood group was significantly decreased. Conclusions Our results clearly show that there is a populational genetic difference in the degree of genetic homozygosity and variability between the group of patients with SB and individuals without clinical manifestations, indicating a possible genetic component in the aetiopathogenesis of spina bifida.
Distribution of Serogroups and Genotypes among Disease-Associated and Carried Isolates of Neisseria meningitidis from the Czech Republic, Greece, and Norway

ABSTRACT The distribution of serogroups and multilocus sequence types (STs) in collections of disease-associated and carried meningococci from the period 1991 to 2000 in three European countries (the Czech Republic, Greece, and Norway) was investigated. A total of 314 patient isolates and 353 isolates from asymptomatic carriers were characterized. The frequency distributions of serogroups and clone complexes differed among countries and between disease and carrier isolate collections. Highly significant differentiation was seen at each housekeeping locus. A marked positive association of serogroup C with disease was evidenced. The ST-11 complex was strongly positively associated with disease; associations for other clone complexes were weaker. The genetic diversity of the clone complexes differed. A single ST dominated the ST-11 clone complex, while the ST-41/44 complex exhibited greater levels of diversity. These data robustly demonstrated differences in the distribution of meningococcal genotypes in disease and carrier isolates and among countries. Further, they indicated that differences in genotype diversity and pathogenicity exist between meningococcal clone complexes.
The Origin and Development of Imitation in the First Six Months of Life

This experimental study has three aims: (1) to give a detailed description of imitative behavior as it develops duLi.ng the first six months of life; (2) to ompare imitative responses perceived through visual, kinesthetic and auditory modalities; and (3) to describe and explain the regulating mechanisms and processes present in the early development of imitation. To accomplish these aims, 1: first-born female infants were tested in their homes every two weeks between the ages of 1 and 6 months. A total of eight visual, three kinesthetic and three auditory tests were administered. Thirteen behavior categories were observed during both the control and reaction periods. The two hypotheses formulated to guide the research are supported by the data presented in the three main sets of results. These results show that: (1) imitation exists as early as 1 month of age but is limited to certain types of models; (2) these first imitative responses wane between 2 and 3 months of age; and (3) there is absence of imitative response during the first 2 months of life to some other types of models, (i.e. auditory) but once imitation to these models comes in, it increases wi'ch age. (SDH)
Individual-Firm Style Loadings, Unrecorded Economic Assets, and Systematic Risk

This study estimates individual-firm style loadings for classification of individual securities into growth (glamour) and value groups. Style loadings are similar to betas, measuring the comovement of a firm's return with the return on a particular style index. The study examines this classification by comparing the extent of unrecorded economic assets for growth and value firms. The study also examines the systematic-risk characteristics associated with this classification. Using Ohlson's (1995) valuation model, this study estimates the persistence of abnormal earnings for individual firms using time-series analysis. Growth firms are shown to have higher levels of abnormal earnings persistence than value firms, probably due to their greater levels of unrecorded economic assets than value firms. Indeed, the study finds that growth firms have greater levels of R&D and advertising intensity than value firms. The study also shows that growth and value firms differ in their systematic risk. Possibly due to the greater uncertainty associated with unrecorded economic assets, the systematic risks of growth firms are larger than those of value firms.
Keynes: Useful Economics for the World Economy

As the global economic crisis continues to cause damage, some policy makers have called for a more Keynesian approach to current economic problems. In this book, the economists Peter Temin and David Vines provide an accessible introduction to Keynesian ideas that connects Keynesâ€™s insights to todayâ€™s global economy and offers readers a way to understand current policy debates. They survey economic thinking before Keynes and explain how difficult it was for Keynes to escape from conventional wisdom. They also set out the Keynesian analysis of a closed economy and expand the analysis to the international economy, using a few simple graphs to present Keynesâ€™s formal analyses in an accessible way. Finally, they discuss problems of todayâ€™s world economy, showcasing the usefulness of a simple Keynesian approach to current economic policy choices. Keynesian ideas, they argue, can lay the basis for a return to economic growth.