Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brain spectrin(240/235) and brain spectrin(240/235E): differential expression during mouse brain development

Mouse brain contains at least 2 distinct spectrin subtypes: brain spectrin(240/235) and brain spectrin(240/235E) (Riederer et al., 1986). In this study, we demonstrate that these subtypes are differentially expressed during mouse brain development. Brain spectrin(240/235) can be detected in fetal tissue and increases 2-fold during brain development. This subtype is enriched in the cortical cytoplasm of germinative neural cells and is also found in fibers resembling axons as early as fetal life. Brain spectrin(240/235E), which is specifically detected with antibodies to red blood cell spectrin, is below the limits of detection in fetal and neonatal brain but rapidly increases in concentration during the second postnatal week. Brain spectrin(240/235E) is confined to the cell body and dendrites of differentiating neurons and to glial cells but is not expressed in mitotic cells. This subtype is most prominent in granule cells of the cerebellum and dentate gyrus in the hippocampus.
An Efficient Rule-Based Constructive Heuristic to Solve Dynamic Weapon-Target Assignment Problem

In this paper, we propose an efficient rule-based heuristic to solve asset-based dynamic weapon-target assignment (DWTA) problems. The main idea of the proposed heuristic is to utilize the domain knowledge of DWTA problems to directly achieve weapon assignment, without large number of function evaluations. We update the saturation states of constraints in the assignment process to guarantee the feasibility of generated solutions. For the purpose of testing the performance of the proposed heuristic, we build a general Monte Carlo simulation-based DWTA framework. For comparison, we also employ a Monte Carlo method (MCM) to make DWTA decisions in different defense scenarios. From simulations with DWTA instances under different scales, the heuristic has obvious advantages over the MCM with regard to solution quality and computation time. The proposed method can solve large-scale DWTA problems (e.g., those including 100 weapons, 100 targets, and four defense stages) within only a few seconds.
Understanding And Preventing Youth Crime

The ultimate aim of this study is not to help wipe out gun and knife crime completely from the south London community, but to research what the proper understanding of youth crime should be, investigate other aspects of the social system (e.g. policy, media etc) as well as suggest possible solutions that may help reduce the menace to the barest minimum. However, it is also very important to reiterate that this study is not limited to London community alone; it is a good paradigm which can fit into any social space where there is juvenile delinquency.Furthermore, the contents of this study remains relevant today because it is a platform upon which further research can be conducted. The materials used in the course of doing this research have been from government publications, various media reports, various criminology literature, journals, various survey reports on youth crime trends,patterns and various reports of youth crime and policy-review conferences.
Augmented discounting: interaction between ageing and time–preference behaviour

Discounting occurs when an immediate benefit is systematically valued more highly than a delayed benefit of the same magnitude. It is manifested in physiological and behavioural strategies of organisms. This study brings together life–history theory and time–preference theory within a single modelling framework. We consider an animal encountering reproductive opportunities as a random process. Under an external hazard, optimal life–history strategy typically prioritizes immediate reproduction at the cost of declining fertility and increasing mortality with age. Given such ageing, an immediate reproductive reward should be preferred to a delayed reward because of both the risk of death and declining fertility. By this analysis, ageing is both a consequence of discounting by the body and a cause of behavioural discounting. A series of models is developed, making different assumptions about external hazards and biological ageing. With realistic ageing assumptions (increasing mortality and an accelerating rate of fertility decline) the time–preference rate increases in old age. Under an uncertain external hazard rate, young adults should also have relatively high time–preference rates because their (Bayesian) estimate of the external hazard is high. Middle–aged animals may therefore be the most long term in their outlook.
The evolution of the photometric properties of Local Group dwarf spheroidal galaxies

Aims. We investigate the present-day photometric properties of the dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the Local Group. From the analysis of their integrated colours, we consider a possible link between dwarf spheroidals and giant ellipticals. From the analysis of the MV vs. (B−V) plot, we search for a possible evolutionary link between dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) and dwarf irregular galaxies (dIrrs). Methods. By means of chemical evolution models combined with a spectro-photometric model, we study the evolution of six Local Group dwarf spheroidal galaxies (Carina, Draco, Sagittarius, Sculptor, Sextans and Ursa Minor). The chemical evolution models, which adopt up-to-date nucleosynthesis from low and intermediate mass stars as well as nucleosynthesis and energetic feedback from supernovae type Ia and II, reproduce several observational constraints of these galaxies, such as abundance ratios versus metallicity and the metallicity distributions. The proposed scenario for the evolution of these galaxies is characterised by low star formation rates and high galactic wind efficiencies. Results. Such a scenario allows us to predict integrated colours and magnitudes which agree with observations. Our results strongly suggest that the first few Gyrs of evolution, when the star formation is most active, are crucial to define the luminosities, colours, and other photometric properties as observed today. After the star formation epoch, the galactic wind sweeps away a large fraction of the gas of each galaxy, which then evolves passively. Our results indicate that it is likely that at a certain stage of their evolution, dSphs and dIrrs presented similar photometric properties. However, after that phase, they evolved along different paths, leading them to their disparate present-day properties.
A revisit to the gain and phase margins of linear quadratic regulators

In this paper, we revisit the well-known robustness properties of the linear quadratic regulator (LQR), namely, the guaranteed gain margin of -6 to +/spl infin/ dB and phase margin of -60/spl deg/ to +60/spl deg/ for single-input systems. We caution that these guaranteed margins need to be carefully interpreted. More specifically, we show via examples that an LQR may have a very small margin with respect to the variations of the gain and/or phase of the open-loop plant. Such a situation occurs in most practical systems, where the set of measurable state variables cannot be arbitrarily selected. Therefore the lack of robustness of the LQR can be very popular and deserves attention.
Importance of functional measures in predicting mortality among older hospitalized patients.

CONTEXT Measures of physical and cognitive function are strong prognostic predictors of hospital outcomes for older persons, but current risk adjustment and burden of illness assessment indices do not include these measures. OBJECTIVE To evaluate and validate the contribution of functional measures to the ability of 5 standard burden of illness indices (Charlson, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE] II, Disease Staging, All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups, and a clinician's subjective rating) in predicting 90-day and 2-year mortality among older hospitalized patients. DESIGN Two prospective cohort studies. SETTING General medicine service, university teaching hospital. PATIENTS For the development cohort, 207 consecutive patients aged 70 years or older, and for the validation cohort, 318 comparable patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Death within 90 days and 2 years from the index admission. RESULTS In the development cohort, 29 patients (14%) and 81 patients (39%) died within 90 days and 2 years, respectively. A functional axis was developed using 3 independent risk factors: impairment in instrumental activities of daily living, Mini-Mental State Examination score of less than 20, and shortened Geriatric Depression Scale score of 7 or higher, creating low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups with associated mortality rates of 20%, 32%, and 60%, respectively (P<.001); the C statistic for the final model was 0.69. The corresponding mortality rates in the validation cohort, in which 59 (19%) and 138 (43%) died within 90 days and 2 years, respectively, were 24%, 45%, and 60% (P<.001); the C statistic for the final model was 0.66. For each burden of illness index, the functional axis contributed significantly to the predictive ability of the model for both 90 days and 2 years. When the functional axis and each burden of illness measure were analyzed in cross-stratified format, mortality rates increased progressively from low-risk to high-risk functional groups within strata of burden of illness indices (double-gradient phenomenon). The contributions of functional and burden of illness measures were substantive and interrelated. CONCLUSIONS Functional measures are strong predictors of 90-day and 2-year mortality after hospitalization. Furthermore, these measures contribute substantially to the prognostic ability of 5 burden of illness indices. Optimal risk adjustment for older hospitalized patients should incorporate functional status variables.
Interictal Scalp Fast Oscillations as a Marker of the Seizure Onset Zone

# {#article-title-2} Andrade-Valenca et al.1 propose a promising method for localizing the seizure onset zone (SOZ) in scalp EEG recordings. The methods are accessible for implementation in most EEG laboratories. Critically, when the SOZ is ill-defined on scalp recordings, ripples may help guide intracranial electrode placement; in the future they may sometimes circumvent the need for such electrodes. Because certain filter parameters can sometimes result in spurious high frequency oscillations,2 laboratories trying to …
Identification of Stmm3 locus Conferring Resistance to Late-stage Chemically Induced Skin Papillomas on Mouse Chromosome 4 by Congenic Mappingand Allele-specific Alteration Analysis

Genome-wide association studies have revealed that many low-penetrance cancer susceptibility loci are located throughout the genome; however, a very limited number of genes have been identified so far. Using a forward genetics approach to map such loci in a mouse skin cancer model, we previously identified strong genetic loci conferring resistance to chemically induced skin papillomas on chromosome 4 and 7 with a large number of [(FVB/N × MSM/Ms) F1 × FVB/N] backcross mice. In this report, we describe a combination of congenic mapping and allele-specific alteration analysis of the loci on chromosome 4. We used linkage analysis and a congenic mouse strain, FVB.MSM-Stmm3 to refine the location of Stmm3 (Skin tumor modifier of MSM 3) locus within a physical interval of about 34 Mb on distal chromosome 4. In addition, we used patterns of allele-specific imbalances in tumors from N2 and N10 congenic mice to narrow down further the region of Stmm3 locus to a physical distance of about 25 Mb. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed papillomas from congenic mice had less proliferative activity. These results suggest that Stmm3 responsible genes may have an influence on papilloma formation in the two-stage skin carcinogenesis by regulating papilloma growth rather than development.
A comparison of enterprise architecture frameworks

An Enterprise Architecture Framework (EAF) maps all of the software development processes within the enterprise and how they relate and interact to fulfill the enterprise’s mission. It provides organizations with the ability to understand and analyze weaknesses or inconsistencies to be identified and addressed. There are a number of already established EAF in use today; some of these frameworks were developed for very specific areas, whereas others have broader functionality. This study provides a comparison of several frameworks that can then be used for guidance in the selection of an EAF that meets the needed criteria.
Does "Sorting into Specialization" Explain the Differences in Time Use between Married and Cohabiting Couples? An Empirical Application for Germany

The aim of this paper is to identify the sources of time use differences between married and cohabiting couples. We want to answer the question whether there is a "sorting into specialization" in marriage, i.e. whether cohabiting partners who intend a (traditional) division of work have a higher probability of getting married. In a non-parametric matching approach, we compare couples in the German Socio-Economic Panel who marry between 1991 and 2008 with couples who remain cohabiters. Taking the potential selection into marriage into account, differences in the intra-couple division of market work, housework and child care are reduced by up to 75 percent. We therefore conclude that couples who anticipate specialization in time use (and its economic advantages) pre-select into formal marriage. However, remaining differences in time use leave sufficient scope for an additional specialization-reinforcing effect of the institution of marriage in Germany, particularly for the subsample of couples who become parents.
Randomized Low-Memory Singular Value Projection

Affine rank minimization algorithms typically rely on calculating the gradient of a data error followed by a singular value decomposition at every iteration. Because these two steps are expensive, heuristic approximations are often used to reduce computational burden. To this end, we propose a recovery scheme that merges the two steps with randomized approximations, and as a result, operates on space proportional to the degrees of freedom in the problem. We theoretically establish the estimation guarantees of the algorithm as a function of approximation tolerance. While the theoretical approximation requirements are overly pessimistic, we demonstrate that in practice the algorithm performs well on the quantum tomography recovery problem.
Challenges to Estimating Norovirus Disease Burden

In the United States, acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a significant cause of morbidity, accounting for approximately 179 million illnesses annually [1]. Noroviruses are recognized as the leading cause of AGE across all ages and are responsible for approximately 21 million annual illnesses. However, before 2006, rotaviruses accounted for the majority of severe AGE cases among children under 5 years of age [2]. The introduction of rotavirus vaccines into the recommended infant immunization schedule in 2006 has resulted in a substantial overall decline in pediatric rotavirus disease (and thus AGE) in the United States, with evidence of indirect benefits among some older age groups [3, 4]. Given these declines in the post-rotavirus vaccine era, it is thought that noroviruses are now likely the leading cause of AGE among children, although substantiating this assumption with robust data on the burden of norovirus disease is not a straightforward endeavor.
What you need to know

To date, there is no article that addresses the dissertation process in the vocative case to demystify doctoral expectations. This article provides guidance to doctoral students, within accredited doctoral counselor education and supervision programs, who face paralyzing emotions as they navigate through degree attainment processes. Herein, the authors instigate discussion among seasoned academics to better equip doctoral candidates as they culminate their studies. This presentation is within an historical context of the evolution of the counseling profession and concludes with reflections on current events that contribute to the evolving nature of American culture and academia.
Aspects of reliability and validity of the TGMD-3 in 7-10 year old children with intellectual disability in Belgium

The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) developed by Ulrich (1985) is one of the widely known test instruments for assessing fundamental movement skills in children. Changes were made to the new TGMD-3. A total of 19 participants (boys = 14 and girls =5) were recruited for the study from ages 7-10 years old in a special school in Belgium. The results showed an acceptable level of Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency for locomotor subtest α = 0.76, but not for ball skills subtest α = 0.60. Spearman’s rho correlations for both inter and intrarater reliability was found to be 0.85. Aspect of content validity was demonstrated using Krushkal-Wallis and it revealed age differentiation in the locomotor subtest (X 2
Solutions of a Linearized Mathematical Model for Capillary Formation in Tumor Angiogenesis: An Initial Data Perturbation Approximation

We present a mathematical model for capillary formation in tumor angiogenesis and solve it by linearizing it using an initial data perturbation method. This method is highly effective to obtain solutions of nonlinear coupled differential equations. We also provide a specific example resulting, that even a few terms of the obtained series solutions are enough to have an idea for the endothelial cell movement in a capillary. MATLAB-generated figures are provided, and the stability criteria are determined for the steady-state solution of the cell equation.
The Adequacy of Environmental Education Techniques and Strategies Employed in Uluguru Mountains Hotspot

Various studies about the environment consider different factors as sources of environmental deterioration. Such studies have not paid much attention on education as the remedy for environmental sustainability. Other studies have rarely considered environmental education approaches as the reason for lack of success in environmental education arrangements. This research had a focus on the adequacy of environmental education approaches, techniques and strategies employed in Uluguru Mountains in Morogoro. Social constructivist theory by Vigortsky (1958) was employed while case study research design and qualitative approach were deemed important for this research. Data collection was done by using interview and Focus Group Discussion methods. Objectives of the research were to: investigate adequacy of Environmental Education content, methods, awareness as well as the use of indigenous environmental knowledge. The findings show that, environmental education methods implemented in Uluguru Mountains are not satisfactory enough to improve environmental conditions. Again, indigenous knowledge has been less integrated into Environmental Education. Different environmental education methods need to be improved and integrated to create sustainable learning outcomes within Environmental Education. Keywords: Adequacy, Environmental Education, Approaches, Strategies, hotspot
Intratumoral Immune Responses Can Distinguish New Primary and True Recurrence Types of Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrences (IBTR)

Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) is an increasingly common clinical challenge. IBTRs include True Recurrences (TR; persistent disease) and New Primaries (NP; de novo tumors), but discrimination between these is difficult. We assessed tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TIL) as biomarkers for distinguishing these types of IBTR using primary tumors and matched IBTRs from 24 breast cancer patients, half of which were identified as putative TRs and half as NPs using a previously reported clinical algorithm. Intratumoral lymphocyte populations (CD3, CD8, CD4, CD25, FOXP3, TIA1, CD20) and macrophages (CD68) were quantified by immunohistochemistry in each tumor. Compared to matched primaries, TRs showed significant trends towards increased CD3+ and CD8+ TIL, while these populations were often diminished in NPs. Comparison of IBTRs showed that TRs had significantly higher levels of CD3+ (P = 0.0136), CD8+ (P = 0.0092), and CD25+ (P = 0.0159) TIL than NPs. We conclude that TIL may be a novel diagnostic biomarker to distinguish NP from TR IBTRs.
Morphological Proxies for Taxonomic Decision in Turrids (Mollusca, Neogastropoda): a Test of the Value of Shell and Radula Characters Using Molecular Data

Abstract The state of the art of turrid (=Turridae s. l.) systematics is that shells — when they include the protoconch — are reliable species-level identifiers, but inadequate proxies for allocation to genera or subfamilies. Generally, the radula is used for allocation to a (sub)family, but the hypothesis that the radula is a more adequate proxy than the shell for relationships has not yet been tested by molecular data. Species of Xenuroturris may have drastically different radulae, with either “semi-enrolled” or “duplex” marginal teeth, although their shells are very similar or even almost indistinguishable. Molecular data confirm that specimens with different types of radulae constitute different species, but two species of a pair with respectively semi-enrolled and duplex teeth end up being not closely related. However, it is still unresolved whether species with semi-enrolled (=Iotyrris) and duplex teeth (=Xenuroturris) form two supported monophyletic clades. Iotyrris devoizei n.sp. and I. musivum n.sp. are described from Vanuatu, where they occur sympatrically with I. cingulifera and Xenuroturris legitima.
Intratumoral Macroscopic Fat and Hemorrhage Combination Useful in the Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Solid Renal Masses

AbstractTo evaluate the value of combining the detection of intratumoral macroscopic fat and hemorrhage in the differentiation of the benign from malignant solid renal masses.Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chemical shift (CS)–MRI, and susceptibility-weighted imaging were performed in 152 patients with 152 solid renal masses, including 48 benign and 104 malignant masses all pathologically confirmed. The presence of macroscopic fat detected by CS-MRI and hemorrhage detected by susceptibility-weighted imaging were evaluated in all masses. The rates of macroscopic fat and hemorrhage observed between benign and malignant masses were compared by a &khgr;2 test. All masses found to contain macroscopic fat with or without hemorrhage were considered to be benign. The remaining masses (without macroscopic fat) found not to contain hemorrhage were considered to be benign. Only those found to contain hemorrhage alone were considered to be malignant. The evaluation indexes for differentiating and forecasting the benign and malignant masses were calculated.Significant differences in the rate of macroscopic fat (observed in 85.42% of benign masses vs. 0% of malignant masses) and hemorrhage (observed in 4.17% of benign masses vs. 95.19% of malignant masses) were measured in the benign and malignant groups (P < 0.005, for both). The 41 masses containing macroscopic fat with or without hemorrhage and 11 masses containing neither macroscopic fat nor hemorrhage were considered to be benign. The 100 masses containing no macroscopic fat and only hemorrhage were considered to be malignant. By combining the results for the macroscopic fat and hemorrhage, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in the differential diagnosis of the benign and malignant masses were 96.05%, 95.19%, and 97.92%, respectively, and the accuracy and error rate of forecasting the benign and malignant masses were 95.39% and 4.61%, respectively.Combining the detection intratumoral macroscopic fat and hemorrhage can be used to differentiate the benign from malignant solid renal masses.