Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Representation of steady-state vowels in the temporal aspects of the discharge patterns of populations of auditory-nerve fibers.

This paper is concerned with the representation of the spectra of synthesized steady-state vowels in the temporal aspects of the discharges of auditory-nerve fibers. The results are based on a study of the responses of large numbers of single auditory-nerve fibers in anesthetized cats. By presenting the same set of stimuli to all the fibers encountered in each cat, we can directly estimate the population response to those stimuli. Period histograms of the responses of each unit to the vowels were constructed. The temporal response of a fiber to each harmonic component of the stimulus is taken to be the amplitude of the corresponding component in the Fourier transform of the unit's period histogram. At low sound levels, the temporal response to each stimulus component is maximal among units with CFs near the frequency of the component (i.e., near its place). Responses to formant components are larger than responses to other stimulus components. As sound level is increased, the responses to the formants, particularly the first formant, increase near their places and spread to adjacent regions, particularly toward higher CFs. Responses to nonformant components, exept for harmonics and intermodulation products of the formants (2F1,2F2,F1 + F2, etc), are suppressed; at the highest sound levels used (approximately 80 dB SPL), temporal responses occur almost exclusively at the first two or three formants and their harmonics and intermodulation products. We describe a simple calculation which combines rate, place, and temporal information to provide a good representation of the vowels' spectra, including a clear indication of at least the first two formant frequencies. This representation is stable with changes in sound level at least up to 80 dB SPL; its stability is in sharp contrast to the behavior of the representation of the vowels' spectra in terms of discharge rate which degenerates at stimulus levels within the conversational range.
An analysis of within-compound associations in spatial learning

The nature of spatial learning has been argued to be qualitatively different from that of associative learning. Compelling evidence for this argument is provided by experiments showing a lack of typical associative cue competition between spatial and non-spatial cues. However, this lack of cue-competition is also evident in wholly nonspatial experiments and has been explained by the presence of within-compound associations: an associative phenomenon. This thesis aims to determine whether such associations can explain similar cue-competition failures in spatial learning. In a series of experiments it is shown that these within-compound associations exist between spatial and non-spatial cues in the rat, and that they can account for the frequent failure to observe typical cue-competition between these cues. In addition, it is demonstrated that the extent to which this failure occurs depends upon the relative salience of the cues in question. In related experiments, it is also shown that these within-compound associations between spatial and non-spatial cues exist in humans. However, manifestation of these associations appears to depend on the gender of the participant, with associations forming in males but not in females. Further experiments suggest that this difference is likely due to the fact that the females are much less able to learn about the spatial cues in question. It is argued that spatial learning need not be qualitatively different from associative learning if such associative phenomena as within-compound associations are accounted for.
An Adaptive Least-Error Squares Filter-Based Phase-Locked Loop for Synchronization and Signal Decomposition Purposes

Without any doubt, phase-locked loops (PLLs) are the most popular and widely used technique for the synchronization purposes in the power and energy areas. They are also popular for the selective extraction of fundamental and harmonic/disturbance components of the grid voltage and current. Like most of the control algorithms, designing PLLs involves a tradeoff between the accuracy and dynamic response, and improving this tradeoff is what recent research efforts have focused on. These efforts are often based on designing advanced filters and using them as a preprocessing tool before the PLL input. A filtering technique that has received a little attention for this purpose is the least-error squares (LES)-based filter. In this paper, an adaptive LES filter-based PLL, briefly called the LES-PLL, for the synchronization and signal decomposition purposes is presented. The proposed LES filter can be understood as an adaptive complex-coefficient filter because its implementation involves cross couplings between orthogonal axes. The stability of designed LES-PLL is analyzed by the derivation of its small-signal model. Some control design guidelines are also presented. The effectiveness of proposed PLL structure is finally evaluated using experimental results.
Projective and Non-Projective Turkish Parsing

We evaluate several dependency parsing models on the METU-Sabanci Turkish Treebank through two main approaches: generative probabilistic phrase-structure parsers and discriminative dependency parsers. We find that the non-projective Maximum Spanning Tree parser of McDonald et al. (2005) is the best parsing model, in part because it recovers crossed depen- dencies more effectively than projective algorithms. We also show that the choice of tag set is very important and that using morphological information boosts performance, especially when the parser is not given gold standard POS tags. We also discuss some improvements to the treebank itself.
Learners' Beliefs and Second Language Anxiety

Many studies in second language acquisition have identified an association between self-efficacy and language anxiety, but few, if any, have explored the linkages among attributional styles, expectancy beliefs, and affect, as suggested in the literature of general motivation research (Pintrich & Schunk, 1996). An exploration of the linkages among these variables may shed light on how the cognitive-emotional dynamics work, leading to a better understanding of the nature and sources of second language anxiety. This study was therefore designed to investigate the relationships among language learning self-efficacy, belief in giftedness for language learning, and language anxiety. One hundred and sixtytwo EFL students enrolled in four sections of freshman English courses at one university in Taiwan were surveyed concerning their beliefs and anxiety about English learning. Findings of this study not only supported the significance of self-efficacy in learners’ experience of language anxiety but also suggested the potential deleterious role of giftedness belief in language learning, especially among low self-efficacy learners.
The Programmed Death-1 Immune-Suppressive Pathway: Barrier to Antitumor Immunity

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as B7 homolog 1 or CD274) is a major obstacle to antitumor immunity because it tolerizes/anergizes tumor-reactive T cells by binding to its receptor programmed death-1 (CD279), renders tumor cells resistant to CD8+ T cell– and FasL-mediated lysis, and tolerizes T cells by reverse signaling through T cell–expressed CD80. PD-L1 is abundant in the tumor microenvironment, where it is expressed by many malignant cells, as well as by immune cells and vascular endothelial cells. The critical role of PD-L1 in obstructing antitumor immunity has been demonstrated in multiple animal models and in recent clinical trials. This article reviews the mechanisms by which PD-L1 impairs antitumor immunity and discusses established and experimental strategies for maintaining T cell activation in the presence of PD-L1–expressing cells in the tumor microenvironment.
The evaluation of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using antigens prepared from Brucella abortus RB51 and Brucella canis M- variant strains for serologic diagnosis of Brucella ovis infection.

The aim of this work was to investigate the possible usage of hot saline extract antigens (HSE) of Brucella abortus RB51(HSE-RB51) and B. canis Mvariant strains (HSE-M-) in ELISA by comparing the results with those of obtained from commercial I-ELISA kit for the serological diagnosis of B. ovis infection. In this study, a total of 183 serum samples collected from different cities (Şanlıurfa, Mardin, Gaziantep, Diyarbakır) in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey were tested by using three ELISAs, one of which is from a commercial source, Rose Bengal plate agglutination tests prepared by rough (R-RBPT) and smooth strains (S-RBPT). Recombinant protein A/G conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (A/G-HRPO) was used as conjugate in the in house ELISAs. Seropositivity rate was 11% for HSE-RB51-ELISA and 3.3% for both HSE-Mand commercial ELISA. The percentage of positive results was 7.6% for S-RBPT and 2.7% for R-RBPT. Only 2 serum samples were positive for all the tests except S-RBPT. Because similar results were obtained from the same serum samples by both commercial ELISA and HSE-M-ELISA, these results may suggest that HSE-Mantigen could be used in ELISA for serologic diagnosis of B. ovis infection in sheep. Since 7.6% of the serum samples were found as positive by only HSE-RB51-ELISA, it was assumed that this test could be less specific or more sensitive than other tests used in the study. Although R-RBPT is a screening test, it showed the lowest seropositivity in the study. This could be explained by less mucoid nature of its antigen than other test systems using natural rough species.
Analysis of the Difficulties in Chinese Deep Parsing

This paper discusses the difficulties in Chinese deep parsing, by comparing the accuracy of a Chinese HPSG parser to the accuracy of an English HPSG parser and the commonly used Chinese syntactic parsers. Analysis reveals that deep parsing for Chinese is more challenging than for English, due to the shortage of syntactic constraints of Chinese verbs, the widespread pro-drop, and the large distribution of ambiguous constructions. Moreover, the inherent ambiguities caused by verbal co-ordination and relative clauses make semantic analysis of Chinese more difficult than the syntactic analysis of Chinese.
Towards a Balanced Named Entity Corpus for Dutch

This paper introduces a new named entity corpus for Dutch. State-of-the-art named entity recognition systems require a substantial annotated corpus to be trained on. Such corpora exist for English, but not for Dutch. The STEVIN-funded SoNaR project aims to produce a diverse 500-million-word reference corpus of written Dutch, with four semantic annotation layers: named entities, coreference relations, semantic roles and spatiotemporal expressions. A 1-million-word subset will be manually corrected. Named entity annotation guidelines for Dutch were developed, adapted from the MUC and ACE guidelines. Adaptations include the annotation of products and events, the classification into subtypes, and the markup of metonymic usage. Inter-annotator agreement experiments were conducted to corroborate the reliability of the guidelines, which yielded satisfactory results (Kappa scores above 0.90). We are building a NER system, trained on the 1-million-word subcorpus, to automatically classify the remainder of the SoNaR corpus. To this end, experiments with various classification algorithms (MBL, SVM, CRF) and features have been carried out and evaluated.
Managing Diversity in the Military: Research Perspectives from the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute

client relations rather than autonomous social institutions. Despite these problems, democratic limns have appeared and survived ten difficult years. The future for Russia, according to Hosking, is far from hopeless. Russiu and the Russians is well written and raises interesting issues that should make it a popular text for survey classes on Russian history. Hosking focuses the reader’s attention on the theme of dualism, of opposites and extremes, and on Russia’s strengths and weaknesses. Russia’s territorial aspirations illustrate this dualism: the country might invade others but was itself open to invasion. The size and vulnerability of the empire then demanded a large army and bureaucracy, both of which have plagued Russia’s attempts at modernization. Further, the creation of a multiethnic empire led to national and religious differences that affected Russian history despite government efforts to control the implications of that diversity. Hosking identifies the split between the state and the people as another aspect of the dualism that has afflicted Russian history, a point he returns to throughout this fine book. Hosking has produced a well-written and informative history of Russia, and any westem politician who reads Russia and the Russians would have many misconceptions regarding the history of Russia dispelled. What we do not know is whether any of the people Hosking targets will take the time to read and learn about this important subject.
Nitrogen regulator GlnR controls uptake and utilization of non-phosphotransferase-system carbon sources in actinomycetes

Significance Actinomycetes abundantly generate beneficial metabolic products. The efficient coutilization of heterogeneous carbon sources remains a major technical challenge for the industrial-scale production of drugs, chemicals, materials, and fuels by actinomycetes. Here, we present insights into the regulatory mechanisms of uptake and utilization of multiple carbohydrates in actinomycetes. GlnR (central regulator of nitrogen metabolism) was shown to regulate the control of ATP-binding cassette transport systems for secondary, non-phosphotransferase-system carbon sources. By integrating nitrogen signals to modulate the uptake and utilization of multiple carbon sources, GlnR mediates the interplay between nitrogen and carbon metabolism. These findings highlight the potential of actinomycetes in carbon utilization (especially cofermentation of biomass-derived sugars) for biorefinery applications. To our knowledge, our data represent the first systematic description of GlnR-mediated regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in actinomycetes. The regulatory mechanisms underlying the uptake and utilization of multiple types of carbohydrates in actinomycetes remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that GlnR (central regulator of nitrogen metabolism) serves as a universal regulator of nitrogen metabolism and plays an important, previously unknown role in controlling the transport of non-phosphotransferase-system (PTS) carbon sources in actinomycetes. It was observed that GlnR can directly interact with the promoters of most (13 of 20) carbohydrate ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter loci and can activate the transcription of these genes in response to nitrogen availability in industrial, erythromycin-producing Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Deletion of the glnR gene resulted in severe growth retardation under the culture conditions used, with select ABC-transported carbohydrates (maltose, sorbitol, mannitol, cellobiose, trehalose, or mannose) used as the sole carbon source. Furthermore, we found that GlnR-mediated regulation of carbohydrate transport was highly conserved in actinomycetes. These results demonstrate that GlnR serves a role beyond nitrogen metabolism, mediating critical functions in carbon metabolism and crosstalk of nitrogen- and carbon-metabolism pathways in response to the nutritional states of cells. These findings provide insights into the molecular regulation of transport and metabolism of non-PTS carbohydrates and reveal potential applications for the cofermentation of biomass-derived sugars in the production of biofuels and bio-based chemicals.
Retinoic acid catabolizing enzyme CYP26C1 is a genetic modifier in SHOX deficiency

Mutations in the homeobox gene SHOX cause SHOX deficiency, a condition with clinical manifestations ranging from short stature without dysmorphic signs to severe mesomelic skeletal dysplasia. In rare cases, individuals with SHOX deficiency are asymptomatic. To elucidate the factors that modify disease severity/penetrance, we studied a three‐generation family with SHOX deficiency. The variant p.Phe508Cys of the retinoic acid catabolizing enzyme CYP26C1 co‐segregated with the SHOX variant p.Val161Ala in the affected individuals, while the SHOX mutant alone was present in asymptomatic individuals. Two further cases with SHOX deficiency and damaging CYP26C1 variants were identified in a cohort of 68 individuals with LWD. The identified CYP26C1 variants affected its catabolic activity, leading to an increased level of retinoic acid. High levels of retinoic acid significantly decrease SHOX expression in human primary chondrocytes and zebrafish embryos. Individual morpholino knockdown of either gene shortens the pectoral fins, whereas depletion of both genes leads to a more severe phenotype. Together, our findings describe CYP26C1 as the first genetic modifier for SHOX deficiency.
Internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation of Smad5 in vivo: requirement for a nuclear event

Smad5 is thought to relay signals of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway. The 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of human Smad5 mRNA is long, has the potential to form secondary structures and contains five AUG codons. Here we show that the 5'UTR of Smad5 contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) located within 100 nt of the 3' end of the 5'UTR. The Smad5 IRES was 4-8-fold more active than the poliovirus IRES in C2C12 cells, which have osteoblastic differentiation ability, but was 5-10-fold less active than the poliovirus IRES in 293T cells. When an in vitro transcript of a dicistronic Smad5 IRES construct was transfected into C2C12 cells, the Smad5 IRES was not able to stimulate the translation of the downstream cistron, although the cap-dependent translation of the upstream cistron was efficient. In contrast, the poliovirus IRES in a dicistronic in vitro transcript was able to stimulate the translation of the downstream cistron to a similar extent as in the case of transfection of the corresponding dicistronic DNA construct. These results suggest that Smad5 IRES activity displays cell specificity and that some as yet unidentified nuclear event may be required for efficient Smad5 IRES-driven translation initiation.
Isomorphisms in Multilayer Networks

We extend the concept of graph isomorphisms to multilayer networks with any number of “aspects” (i.e., types of layering). In developing this generalization, we identify multiple types of isomorphisms. For example, in multilayer networks with a single aspect, permuting vertex labels, layer labels, and both vertex labels and layer labels each yield different isomorphism relations between multilayer networks. Multilayer network isomorphisms lead naturally to defining isomorphisms in any of the numerous types of networks that can be represented as a multilayer network, and we thereby obtain isomorphisms for multiplex networks, temporal networks, networks with both of these features, and more. We reduce each of the multilayer network isomorphism problems to a graph isomorphism problem, where the size of the graph isomorphism problem grows linearly with the size of the multilayer network isomorphism problem. One can thus use software that has been developed to solve graph isomorphism problems as a practical means for solving multilayer network isomorphism problems. Our theory lays a foundation for extending many network analysis methods—including motifs, graphlets, structural roles, and network alignment—to any multilayer network.
Crossed Rhythmic Synaptic Input to Motoneurons during Selective Activation of the Contralateral Spinal Locomotor Network

To investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying locomotor-related left–right coordination, we monitored the crossed synaptic input to lumbar motoneurons during contralateral ventral root rhythmicity in the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Using a longitudinal split-bath setup, one hemicord was kept in normal solution, whereas the contralateral hemicord was exposed to 5-HT and NMDA. With this approach, rhythmic bursting could be induced in the ventral roots on the agonist-exposed side, whereas the ventral roots on the agonist-free side remained silent. Intracellular recordings were made from L1–L3 motoneurons on the silent agonist-free side during rhythmic activity in the contralateral ventral roots. At the resting membrane potential, the typical crossed synaptic input was a rhythmic barrage of depolarizing IPSPs. This input modulated the frequency of spikes induced with depolarizing direct current by inhibiting firing in phase with the contralateral bursts. Intracellular chloride loading increased the amplitude of the IPSPs, suggesting that they were chloride-dependent. Strychnine but not bicuculline generally blocked the rhythmic inhibitory input when added to the agonist-free side during contralateral rhythmicity. APV and CNQX on the agonist-free side abolished the rhythmic inhibitory input in most motoneurons but not in all. We suggest that rat spinal motoneurons receive a mainly glycinergic rhythmic inhibition from the contralateral half of the locomotor network. Unlike in simpler vertebrates, the crossed inhibition often appears to be at least disynaptic, involving inhibitory premotor neurons located on the same side as the receiving motoneurons. These premotor neurons are rhythmically excited via a crossed pathway that depends on glutamatergic transmission.
Improving Listening Skills and Motivation.

This report describes a project for improving students' listening and motivation. The action research took place from September 2001 through January 2002. The targeted first grade reading and eighth grade physical education students live in rural, Midwestern, middleto high-income communities located in central Illinois. The problem was that students lacked skills in listening, motivation, movement, and memory retention. The problem at the action research sites was documented through data from a questionnaire, teacher checklist, and pre-test/post-test. A review of the literature revealed several probable causes for the lack of listening skills and motivation exhibited in the classroom. These included lack of movement, lack of listening skills, memory retention, and motivation. Solution strategies provided the students with opportunities to improve listening skills, increase movement, memory retention, and motivation. The suggested strategies included Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory (MI), authentic assessment, and brain-based learning. Pre-test, post-test, checklists, and graphic organizers measured the effects of these strategies/interventions. In conclusion, students' listening skills and motivation notably increased through the use of a variety of teaching strategies. These strategies included MI, authentic assessment, and brain-based learning. Appendixes contain the teacher questionnaire and teacher checklists for listening skills and game play assessment. (Contains 38 references, 11 tables, and 1 figure.) (Author/RS) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.