Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
T box riboswitches in Actinobacteria: Translational regulation via novel tRNA interactions

Significance T box riboswitches generally regulate gene expression at the level of transcription attenuation by utilizing a specific tRNA as the regulatory ligand. Conserved features of these elements are under development as antibiotic targets. T box sequences in the phylum Actinobacteria, including pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lack conserved motifs essential for function in other T box RNAs and are predicted to regulate gene expression at the level of translation initiation. Demonstration that these RNAs function as T box riboswitches is crucial to determine whether T box-targeting antibiotics will be effective against these organisms. This study provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, for T box regulation of translation and new information about novel modes of tRNA recognition. The T box riboswitch regulates many amino acid-related genes in Gram-positive bacteria. T box riboswitch-mediated gene regulation was shown previously to occur at the level of transcription attenuation via structural rearrangements in the 5′ untranslated (leader) region of the mRNA in response to binding of a specific uncharged tRNA. In this study, a novel group of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase gene (ileS) T box leader sequences found in organisms of the phylum Actinobacteria was investigated. The Stem I domains of these RNAs lack several highly conserved elements that are essential for interaction with the tRNA ligand in other T box RNAs. Many of these RNAs were predicted to regulate gene expression at the level of translation initiation through tRNA-dependent stabilization of a helix that sequesters a sequence complementary to the Shine–Dalgarno (SD) sequence, thus freeing the SD sequence for ribosome binding and translation initiation. We demonstrated specific binding to the cognate tRNAIle and tRNAIle-dependent structural rearrangements consistent with regulation at the level of translation initiation, providing the first biochemical demonstration, to our knowledge, of translational regulation in a T box riboswitch.
Effects of test anxiety on motor learning: The processing efficiency hypothesis

Abstract The hypothesis that, under test (stress) conditions, high trait-anxious individuals invest extra processing resources to reach motor learning levels similar to those of low-anxious individuals was investigated. A transfer procedure (practice trial, rest interval, and transfer trial) was employed to analyse motor learning effects. In Experiment 1, a secondary task (click detection) was used to measure the extra processing resources expenditure on motor learning during the practice trial. Neither motor performance in the transfer trial nor secondary task performance differed as a function of test condition or anxiety trait. A critical analysis of the secondary task paradigm suggested that it was not sensitive enough to reflect the amount of processing capacity expended on the primary motor tasks. In Experiment 2, subjects performed a loading task (verbal shadowing of sentences) concurrently with the motor tasks during the practice trial to prevent extra resources from being allocated to motor learn.
Psychological type and religious orientation: do introverts and extraverts go to church for different reasons?

This study set out to profile an Anglican congregation in the south of England in terms of religious orientation, assessed by the New Indices of Religious Orientation, and in terms of psychological type, assessed by the Francis Psychological Type Scales, in order to test the hypothesis that motivation for church attendance (religious orientation) is related to personality (psychological type). The data demonstrated that this congregation (N = 65) displayed clear preferences for judging (72%) over perceiving (28%) and for sensing (62%) over intuition (39%), slight preference for extraversion (54%) over introversion (46%) and a fairly close balance between feeling (51%) and thinking (49%), and included attenders who reflected all three religious orientations: intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest. Moreover, extraverts recorded significantly higher scores than introverts on the measure of extrinsic religiosity, while introverts recorded significantly higher scores than extraverts on the measure of intrinsic religiosity, demonstrating a link between psychological type and religious orientation.
Assessment of Haemodynamic Response to Induction of General Anaesthesia in Healthy Adult Patients Undergoing Elective Orthopaedic Surgery by Using a Continuous Non-invasive Cardiovascular Monitoring

Received: January 11, 2017 Revised: March 31, 2017 Accepted: April 01, 2017 Abstract: Background: Continuous cardiovascular monitoring as part of management of high-risk surgical patients is widely practiced, however the role of continuous monitoring as part of routine management in low-risk surgical patients is unclear. Our aim was to investigate haemodynamic and Bispectral Index (BIS) changes in healthy patients undergoing surgery following induction of anaesthesia with propofol using a continuous non-invasive blood pressure device (LiDCO rapidTM). We sought to obtain detailed monitoring of cardiovascular parameters from the pre-induction stage.
Transition Game: Globalisation and the Marketing of a Suburban `Nationalised' Basketball team in Australia

A modified case study approach was used to discuss the elements of homogenisation, televisualisation, commodification, and governmentalism with a specific reference to "national" basketball league franchises in Melbourne, Australia. This study examined the interplay of globalisation and the aforementioned factors associated with identity and marketing issues of two basketball clubs/franchises – the Dandenong Rangers women's club situated in the outer suburbs whose recent success contrasted sharply with the Victoria Giants men's club which was located in a trendy entertainment zone closer to the city centre. It was concluded that clubs/franchises may benefit by maintaining original local identities. Furthermore, it was suggested that the corporate league-directed managerialism was of dubious benefit.
Fluency of pharmaceutical drug names predicts perceived hazardousness, assumed side effects and willingness to buy

The impact of pharmaceutical drug names on people’s evaluations and behavioural intentions is still uncertain. According to the representativeness heuristic, evaluations should be more positive for complex drug names; in contrast, fluency theory suggests that evaluations should be more positive for simple drug names. Results of three experimental studies showed that complex drug names were perceived as more hazardous than simple drug names and negatively influenced willingness to buy. The results are of particular importance given the fact that there is a worldwide trend to make more drugs available for self-medication.
A Comprehensive Analysis of RALF Proteins in Green Plants Suggests There Are Two Distinct Functional Groups

Rapid Alkalinization Factors (RALFs) are small, cysteine-rich peptides known to be involved in various aspects of plant development and growth. Although RALF peptides have been identified within many species, a single wide-ranging phylogenetic analysis of the family across the plant kingdom has not yet been undertaken. Here, we identified RALF proteins from 51 plant species that represent a variety of land plant lineages. The inferred evolutionary history of the 795 identified RALFs suggests that the family has diverged into four major clades. We found that much of the variation across the family exists within the mature peptide region, suggesting clade-specific functional diversification. Clades I, II, and III contain the features that have been identified as important for RALF activity, including the RRXL cleavage site and the YISY motif required for receptor binding. In contrast, members of clades IV that represent a third of the total dataset, is highly diverged and lacks these features that are typical of RALFs. Members of clade IV also exhibit distinct expression patterns and physico-chemical properties. These differences suggest a functional divergence of clades and consequently, we propose that the peptides within clade IV are not true RALFs, but are more accurately described as RALF-related peptides. Expansion of this RALF–related clade in the Brassicaceae is responsible for the large number of RALF genes that have been previously described in Arabidopsis thaliana. Future experimental work will help to establish the nature of the relationship between the true RALFs and the RALF-related peptides, and whether they function in a similar manner.
Crisis as opportunity: youth, social media and the renegotiation of power in Africa

This paper conceptualises ‘global financial crisis’ as primarily political and focuses on the way it impacts on the ability of youth to renegotiate their place and space with patterns of authority and control in Africa, using the instrumentality of new media. Three main arguments are made. First is that, even though the crisis occurred within the economy, non-economic causal factors were key triggers. Second, the intersection between youth protest, the pressures of a global system in crisis and the opportunities being provided by globalised social media has been critical not only to the deepening of resistance, but also to the ability of youth to appropriate the discourses and channel grievance. Third, youth appropriation of protest discourses surrounding the pressures of the recent global crisis has forced a renegotiation of patterns of authority and control and is deepening stability challenges in different ways. This paper concludes by examining how the state has responded to this emerging youth ability to not only demand but also impose discourses within the public space.
Agreement between People with Aphasia and Their Proxies on Health-Related Quality of Life after Stroke, Using the Greek SAQOL-39g

st , 2012; revised July 2 nd , 2012; accepted August 3 rd , 2012 Health related quality of life (HRQL) measures are increasingly used to evaluate stroke interventions. People with severe aphasia after stroke may be unable to self-report on such measures, necessitating the use of proxy respondents. This study explored the level of agreement between people with aphasia and their proxies on the Greek Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39 generic version (SAQOL-39g) and whether this agreement was influenced by proxy levels of depression and carer strain. Methods: Participants were people with aphasia (PWA) who were over six months post-stroke and medically stable. Proxies were nominated by the PWA and had to see them at least twice a week. PWA completed the Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test and the Greek SAQOL-39g. Proxies completed the Greek SAQOL-39g proxy version, the General Health Questionnaire-12 and the Caregiver Strain Index. Results: 23 pairs of people with aphasia and their proxies took part. Proxies rated people with aphasia as more severely affected than they rated themselves. The difference was significant for the overall scale and the physical and communication domains (p < 0.05); yet the bias introduced by these differences was small to moderate, with effect sizes ranging from 0.15 to 0.47. The strength of the agreement between people with aphasia and proxies was excellent for the overall scale and all three domains (ICC = 0.79 - 0.97). The level of agreement was not associated with carer strain or emotional distress. We conclude that clinicians and researchers can use proxy ratings to evaluate the quality of life of people with severe aphasia but need to be aware of trends in proxy reporting and take these into account when interpreting data.
Evaluation of the CES-D Scale factor structure in a sample of second-generation Arab-Americans

Very few studies have examined the psychometric properties of mental health measures for use with the immigrant Arab American population, and fewer still have evaluated measures for use with the second generation. The present study evaluated the reliability and factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A total of 119 second-generation Americans of Arab descent completed the instrument on a Website. Cronbach's alpha was high, at . 90. Principle components factor analysis yielded a three-factor solution in which emotional and physiological symptoms overlapped in one factor. These results are consistent with many other studies of ethnic minority immigrants, which report that affective and somatic symptoms were not experienced as separate. They are also consistent with research on the somatization of depression among Arabs living in the Middle East. However, the results challenge assumptions that as a result of the acculturation process, children of immigrants will experience depression more similar to the mainstream population rather than immigrants. Additionally, more than 40% of participants reported scores above the cut-off for clinically significant depression. Further research is needed to determine a more accurate cut-off score and identify the causes for the high self-reported depression.
Detection of Excess Hard X-Ray Emission from the Group of Galaxies HCG 62

We detected an excess of hard X-ray emission at energies above ~4 keV from the group of galaxies HCG 62 using data from the ASCA satellite. The excess emission is spatially extended up to ~10' from the group center and somewhat enhanced toward the north. Its spectrum can be represented by either a power law of photon index 0.8-2.7 or a bremsstrahlung of temperature greater than 6.3 keV. In the 2-10 keV range, the observed hard X-ray flux, (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10-12 ergs cm-2 s-1, implies a luminosity of (8.0 ± 2.0) × 1041 ergs s-1 for a Hubble constant of 50 km s-1 Mpc-1. The emission is thus too luminous to be attributed to X-ray binaries in the member galaxies. We discuss possible origins of the hard X-ray emission.
Citizenship and the Politics of Nature: The Case of Chile's Alto Bío Bío

To date, most treatments of ecological citizenship have been concerned with identifying the ways in which particular approaches to citizenship might provide political tools for working toward more sustainable futures. The present analysis builds on an alternate perspective, which instead treats nature and citizenship as dynamic interconnected sites of power relations. While not dismissive of the existing literature, this approach is partly informed by a concern for promoting a more democratic politics of nature, rather than simply “greener” practices of citizenship. Furthermore, it calls for a more empirically-based analysis of the way in which nature is politicized by different social actors. By way of putting this perspective into practice, the essay examines the case of a conflict over hydroelectric development on the Bio Bio River, in southern Chile, seeking to document the way that nature is constructed vis-a-vis the country's dominant citizenship regime, and also to identify the insurgent voices of .
Functional heterogeneity of calretinin‐expressing neurons in the mouse superficial dorsal horn: implications for spinal pain processing

The superficial spinal dorsal horn contains a heterogeneous population of neurons that process sensory inputs. Information on the properties of excitatory interneurons in this region is limited. As calretinin is a protein thought to be restricted to an excitatory population in this region, the aim of this study was to characterize calretinin‐expressing neurons. Most calretinin cells (85%) exhibited large A‐type potassium currents and delayed firing action potential discharge, and received strong excitatory synaptic input, whereas the remainder exhibited hyperpolarization‐activated cation currents and low threshold T‐type calcium currents, and tonic‐ or initial bursting firing patterns, and received weak excitatory synaptic input. These respective features are consistent with properties of excitatory and inhibitory interneuron populations in this region of the spinal cord. Our findings have resolved a previously unidentified population of inhibitory interneurons. Furthermore, the contrasting excitability patterns of excitatory and inhibitory calretinin‐expressing neurons suggest that they play distinct roles in spinal sensory processing circuits.
Learning from Students as Agents of Social Change: Toward an Emancipatory Vision of the University

This article draws from over two decades of qualitative studies of student activism conducted by the author, mostly in the United States, but also in Argentina and Mexico. This research ranges from rich ethnographic work lasting nearly two years to more ‘fly-by’ case studies encompassing a few days. In all, close to 400 interviews were conducted and they offer a rich understanding of the ways in which grassroots student organizers struggle to forge more democratic conceptions of universities and societies. Many of the studies conducted, such as the student strike at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1999, the Chicano Studies movement at UCLA in 1993, the Mills College strike of 1990, and graduate student unionization during the early 2000s, relate to fundamental issues of power and privilege and whose voices matter in shaping the nature of contemporary universities and their missions. In revisiting his data, the author imposes upon it a critical lens grounded in the work of Paulo Freire and Boaventura de Sousa Santos. In the end, he identifies some key ideas for grassroots leaders to consider as they work to advance more emancipatory universities.
Do children recover from specific language impairment?

Natural recovery from stuttering is well documented for preschool-age children. If natural recovery from developmental language disorders is equally possible, speech-language pathologists could develop predictive measures for language disorders to save treatment time and money and alleviate parental concern. This article reviews the research literature on recovery from developmental language disorders with particular attention to specific language impairment (SLI). Additional attention is directed to the research describing late talkers and the probability of their recovery. Results of the literature review indicate that recovery is unlikely and that, even with treatment, preschool children with identified language disorders are likely to present with reading and writing disorders during the school-age and adolescent years.
A Qualitative Evaluation of a Faith-Based Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Intervention for African American Women

This article presents a formative evaluation of a CDC Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) 2010 faith-based breast and cervical cancer early detection and prevention intervention for African American women living in urban communities. Focus groups were conducted with a sample of women (N = 94) recruited from each church participating in the intervention. One focus group was conducted in each of the nine participating churches following completion of the 6-month REACH 2010 intervention. Transcribed data were coded to identify relevant themes. Key findings included (a) the acceptability of receiving cancer education within the context of a faith community, (b) the importance of pastoral input, (c) the effectiveness of personal testimonies and lay health advocates, (d) the saliency of biblical scripture in reinforcing health messages, (e) the effectiveness of multimodal learning aids, and (f) the relationship between cervical cancer and social stigma. Study findings have implications for enhancing faith-based breast and cervical cancer prevention efforts in African American communities.
Prevalence and Correlates of Physical Fitness Testing in U.S. Schools—2000

Because of the perceived lack of youth physical fitness and/or concerns for increased obesity, physical education teachers are interested in youth fitness and physical activity levels. Statewide mandates are being developed that require school-based teachers to complete physical fitness testing. Data from the nationally representative School Health Policies and Programs Study 2000 were analyzed to investigate the prevalence of fitness testing and the professional characteristics of fitness test users. Data were collected with teachers of either randomly selected classes in elementary schools and randomly selected required physical education courses in middle/junior high and senior high schools (N = 1,564). The prevalence of fitness test use is 65% across all school levels. Variables associated with physical fitness test usage were professionally oriented. Results showed that teachers in secondary schools (odds ratio [OR] = 2.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18–4.27), those with degrees in physical education/kinesiology-related disciplines (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.11–3.63), and those who had completed staff development on physical fitness testing (OR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.86–5.60) were more likely than respondents without these characteristics to engage in physical fitness testing. Results changed little when separate analyses were conducted for classes/courses in districts requiring versus not requiring fitness testing. Financial variables, including fitness-oriented facilities available, metropolitan location, and discretionary expenditures per student, were not associated with fitness test use. Results provided national prevalence of school-based physical fitness testing use in the U. S. and conveyed information about those who currently use physical fitness tests.
Depolarization‐mediated intracellular calcium transients in isolated smooth muscle cells of guinea‐pig urinary bladder.

1. Free intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was recorded in single smooth muscle cells of the guinea‐pig urinary bladder held under voltage clamp at 36 degrees C and 3.6 mM‐extracellular Ca2+. The Ca2+ indicator Indo‐1 was loaded into the cells through patch electrodes. To separate Ca2+ currents (ICa), superimposed K+ currents were suppressed with a Cs(+)‐containing electrode solution. 2. At a holding potential of ‐60 mV, resting [Ca2+]i was 114 +/‐ 22 nM (mean +/‐ S.D.). During 160 ms depolarization steps to 0 mV, [Ca2+]i rose to 885 +/‐ 140 nM. With steps of varied duration, peak [Ca2+]i increased with the time of depolarization up to about 1 s. Upon repolarization [Ca2+]i recovered to resting levels with a half‐decay time of about 1 s; recovery was not significantly changed with repolarization potentials between ‐50 and ‐100 mV. 3. The potential dependence of the above peak [Ca2+]i transients was bell shaped, with a threshold around ‐40 mV and a maximum at 0 mV. During depolarization steps to potentials more positive than +80 mV [Ca2+]i did not significantly rise. 4. During step depolarizations to 0 mV lasting 10 s or longer, [Ca2+]i peaked within 814 +/‐ 18 ms and then decayed to a sustained level of 250 +/‐ 60 nM. The amplitude of the [Ca2+]i peak as well as the time course of the transient depended on the amplitude of ICa. The depolarizations increased [Ca2+]i to a sustained level with no clearly defined peak when ICa was reduced by partial inactivation or during steps close to the threshold of ICa (‐40 mV). 5. The sustained level of [Ca2+]i with longer depolarizations of several seconds showed a bell‐shaped voltage dependence with a maximum close to 0 mV. A bell‐shaped voltage dependence for [Ca2+]i was also found during ramp‐like depolarizations. However, when the rate of depolarization was low (7.5 mV s‐1), the peak [Ca2+]i was found at more negative potentials (‐15 mV). 6. The results are compatible with the idea that Ca2+ influx through voltage‐operated Ca2+ channels is the key event in depolarization‐mediated changes in [Ca2+]i in smooth muscle cells from urinary bladder.