Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Family Role Reallocation following a Death: A Theoretical Framework

Families in which a parent has died will show a variety of reactions and recovery patterns. This article examines several factors which contribute to this variance. Within the framework of a developmental role analysis of the family system, the influence of the stage of the family life cycle, the roles of the deceased, previous patterns of role allocation, and the type of death are discussed. It is suggested that “person oriented” families, characterized by achieved roles, open communication, and flexible power structures, will more effectively reallocate family roles following the death of a spouse/parent. On contrast, “position oriented” families, characterized by ascribed roles, closed communication, and relatively inflexible power structures, will be too dependent on cultural norms and will lack the role-reallocating mechanisms necessary to ensure adequate family functioning following such a death.
PERCEPTIONS OF THE ELDERLY AMONG MINISTERS AND MINISTRY STUDENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SEMINARY CURRICULA

The changing age composition of the American population has direct implications for clergy members. Despite older individual's high rates of involvement in religious activities and reliance on members of the clergy, most clergy members, both current and prospective, are not adequately prepared for ministry with older adults. In the present study, 754 ministers and 363 ministry students completed Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz I to determine their knowledge of the aging process and perceptions of the elderly. The results indicate that both ministers and ministry students are poorly informed about the processes and realities of aging. The main implication of the findings is that seminary curricula and continuing education offerings need to be infused with gerontological content so that members of the clergy can be better prepared for ministry to, and with, older adults.
Obituaries Online: New Connections with the Living—and the Dead

This study examines online obituary pages at nine major U.S. daily newspapers seeking to understand how these sites use new technologies, and how they publicly portray people's lives and deaths. These mainstream dailies provide a forum, and potentially large audiences, for mourners who send messages to the dead, express emotion, and tell stories. They also facilitate connections between readers and build new kinds of virtual communities. This represents a departure from traditional obituary content. Indeed, the “cyber obit” now allows the bereaved to help frame the death stories and build the memorials, liberated from the linear, non-interactive formats of the past. This study builds on work of bereavement scholars as well as literature in journalism and mass communication.
Missing Women in Tech: The Labor Market for Highly Skilled Software Engineers

This paper examines the behavior of job seekers and recruiters in the labor market for software engineers. I obtained data from a recruiting platform where individuals can self-report their computer programming skills and recruiters can message individuals they wish to contact about job opportunities. I augment this data set with measures of each individual’s previous programming experience based on analysis of actual computer source code they wrote and shared within the open-source software community. This novel data set reveals that candidates’ self-reported technical skills are quantitatively important predictors of recruiter interest. Consistent with social psychology and behavioral economics studies, I also find female programmers with previous experience in a programming language are 11.07% less likely than their male counterparts to self-report knowledge of that programming language on their resume. Despite public pronouncements, however, recruiters do not appear more inclined toward recruiting female candidates who self-report knowing programming languages. Indeed, recruiters are predicted to be 6.47% less likely to express interest in a female candidate than a male candidate with comparable observable qualifications even if those qualifications are very strong. Ultimately, a gender gap in the self-reporting of skills on resumes exists; but recruiters do not appear to be adjusting their response to such signals in ways that could increase the representation of women among software engineering recruits. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis.
Emphysema Quantification Using Ultralow-Dose CT With Iterative Reconstruction and Filtered Back Projection.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate agreement between standard-dose CT (SDCT) and ultralow-dose CT (ULDCT) findings with respect to emphysema quantification. ULDCT images were reconstructed with and without iterative reconstruction (IR). Adaptive iterative dose reduction with 3D processing was used for IR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty patients who underwent SDCT and ULDCT were included. The tube current for SDCT was 250 mA, and that for ULDCT was 10 mA. SDCT, ULDCT without IR, and ULDCT with IR were used for emphysema quantification. The low-attenuation volume percentage (LAV%) in the lungs at four thresholds (-970, -950, -930, and -910 HU), mean lung attenuation, and total lung volume were computed. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were used to assess the agreement of emphysema quantification between SDCT and ULDCT. RESULTS The LAV% CCC values were 0.310-0.789 between SDCT and ULDCT without IR and 0.934-0.966 between SDCT and ULDCT with IR. The agreement of LAV% improved when IR was used for ULDCT. The mean lung attenuation CCC value between SDCT and ULDCT without IR was substantial (0.957), whereas that between SDCT and ULDCT with IR was poor (0.890). The total lung volume CCC values were substantial (0.982 with IR, 0.983 without IR). CONCLUSION ULDCT with and without IR can substitute for SDCT in emphysema quantification.
Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging Detection of Microcirculatory Dysfunction in Small Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a Porcine Model

Objective To evaluate multi-slice computed tomography (CT) perfusion imaging (CTPI) for identifying microcirculatory dysfunction in small intestinal ischemia−reperfusion (IR) injury in a porcine model. Materials and Methods Fifty-two pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups: (1) the IR group (n = 24), where intestinal ischemia was induced by separating and clamping the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 2 h, followed by reperfusion for 1, 2, 3, and 4 h (IR-1h, IR-2h, IR-3h, and IR-4h; n = 6, respectively); (2) the sham-operated (SO) group (n = 20), where the SMA was separated without clamping and controlled at postoperative 3, 4, 5, and 6 h (SO-3h, SO-4h, SO-5h, and SO-6h; n = 5, respectively); (3) the ischemia group (n = 4), where the SMA was separated and clamped for 2 h, without reperfusion, and (4) baseline group (n = 4), an additional group that was not manipulated. Small intestinal CTPI was performed at corresponding time points and perfusion parameters were obtained. The distal ileum was resected to measure the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and for histopathological examination. Results The perfusion parameters of the IR groups showed significant differences compared with the corresponding SO groups and the baseline group (before ischemia). The blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), and permeability surface (PS) among the 4 IR groups were significantly different. BF and BV were significantly negatively correlated with MDA, and significantly positively correlated with SOD in the IR groups. Histopathologically, the effects of the 2-h ischemic loops were not significantly exacerbated by reperfusion. Conclusion CTPI can be a valuable tool for detecting microcirculatory dysfunction and for dynamic monitoring of small intestinal IR injury.
Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction.

Chinese ways of dealing with seeming contradictions result in a dialectical or compromise approach—retaining basic elements of opposing perspectives by seeking a "middle way. " On the other hand, European-American ways, deriving from a lay version of Aristotelian logic, result in a differentiation model that polarizes contradictory perspectives in an effort to determine which fact or position is correct. Five empirical studies showed that dialectical thinking is a form of folk wisdom in Chinese culture: Chinese participants preferred dialectical proverbs containing seeming contradictions more than did American participants. Chinese participants also preferred dialectical resolutions to social conflicts and preferred dialectical arguments over classical Western logical arguments. Furthermore, when 2 apparently contradictory propositions were presented, American participants polarized their views, and Chinese participants were moderately accepting of both propositions. Origins of these cultural differences and their implications for human reasoning in general are discussed.
Specific Growth Rate Plays a Critical Role in Hydrogen Peroxide Resistance of the Marine Oligotrophic UltramicrobacteriumSphingomonas alaskensis Strain RB2256

ABSTRACT The marine oligotrophic ultramicrobacterium Sphingomonas alaskensis RB2256 has a physiology that is distinctly different from that of typical copiotrophic marine bacteria, such as Vibrio angustum S14. This includes a high level of inherent stress resistance and the absence of starvation-induced stress resistance to hydrogen peroxide. In addition to periods of starvation in the ocean, slow, nutrient-limited growth is likely to be encountered by oligotrophic bacteria for substantial periods of time. In this study we examined the effects of growth rate on the resistance of S. alaskensis RB2256 to hydrogen peroxide under carbon or nitrogen limitation conditions in nutrient-limited chemostats. Glucose-limited cultures of S. alaskensis RB2256 at a specific growth rate of 0.02 to 0.13 h−1 exhibited 10,000-fold-greater viability following 60 min of exposure to 25 mM hydrogen peroxide than cells growing at a rate of 0.14 h−1 or higher. Growth rate control of stress resistance was found to be specific to carbon and energy limitation in this organism. In contrast, V. angustum S14 did not exhibit growth rate-dependent stress resistance. The dramatic switch in stress resistance that was observed under carbon and energy limitation conditions has not been described previously in bacteria and thus may be a characteristic of the oligotrophic ultramicrobacterium. Catalase activity varied marginally and did not correlate with the growth rate, indicating that hydrogen peroxide breakdown was not the primary mechanism of resistance. More than 1,000 spots were resolved on silver-stained protein gels for cultures growing at rates of 0.026, 0.076, and 0.18 h−1. Twelve protein spots had intensities that varied by more than twofold between growth rates and hence are likely to be important for growth rate-dependent stress resistance. These studies demonstrated the crucial role that nutrient limitation plays in the physiology of S. alaskensis RB2256, especially under oxidative stress conditions.
The Future of Moral Psychology: Truth, Intuition, and the Pluralist Way

Donagan. A. (l977). The theory of morality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hampshire. S. (1983). Moralit)' and conflict. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press. Hartshorne. H. , & May. M. (1928). Studies in the nature of character: Vol. I. Studies in deceit. New York: Macmillan. James. w. (1981). Principles ofprychology (Vol. 2). Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1890) Kochanska. G. (1991). Socialization and temperament in the development of guilt and conscience. Child Development, 62. 1379-lJ92. Lagerqvist. P. (1971). The eternal smile. New York: Hill & Wang. Moore. G.E. (1959). Philosophical papers. London: Allen & Unwin. (Original work published 1922) Peirce. c.s. (1992). Reasoning and the logic of things (K.L. Ketner. Ed.). Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press. Quine. W.V. (198)), Theoriu and things. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press. Shweder. R.A. (1985). Menstrual pollution. soul loss and the comparative study of emotions. In A. Kleinman & B. Goode (Eds.l. Culture and depression (pp. 182-215). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Assessment of contraceptive services in a maternity unit of a district general hospital in the UK

A survey was undertaken to assess the quality of contraceptive services provided to women delivering in a District General Hospital. Separate questionnaires were given to the women and the midwives giving the contraceptive advice. Response rate of the survey was 87%. Thirty eight per cent of women reported having some discussion on contraception during antenatal period. All the women had received contraceptive advises during the postpartum period. Eighty one per cent of women felt that sufficient information and enough time was given to discuss contraception. However analysis of questionnaires indicated that most received information only on short-term contraceptive methods. Out of 64 midwives surveyed, 52 had attended a family planning course. However 37 of them had attended the course at least 3 years earlier. Thirty eight midwives felt that they have adequate knowledge to give advice but all of them reported that they should receive further training. There should be provision for comprehensive discussion regarding contraceptive options during both antenatal and postpartum periods. Midwives require regular training in family planning.
Social Withdrawal: Self-Efficacy, Happiness, and Popularity in Introverted and Extroverted Adolescents

Prior research has not concurred on whether withdrawn children are at-risk for maladjustment, and therefore whether intervention is of value to them. The present study hypothesized that when assessing possible future maladjustment one must look not only at introversion but also emotional stability (neuroticism). Participants were 243 grade 7 and 8 students identified by self-report measures as stable introverts, stable extroverts, unstable introverts, and unstable extroverts. Results confirmed that unstable introverts regarded themselves as less happy and popular than other subjects. They saw themselves as less academically self-efficacious than extroverts and emotionally stable, introverted adolescents. Introverts and unstable adolescents regarded themselves as less socially self-efficacious than extroverts or stable children. The results in general suggest that it is not simply introversion that determines negative social consequences, but that emotional stability or neuroticism must also be considered and that unstable introverts may be more likely than stable introverts to suffer from maladjustment. The findings may help psychologists, teachers, and counsellors determine which socially withdrawn children benefit from intervention.
The Melanin-Concentrating Hormone as an Integrative Peptide Driving Motivated Behaviors

The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an important peptide implicated in the control of motivated behaviors. History, however, made this peptide first known for its participation in the control of skin pigmentation, from which its name derives. In addition to this peripheral role, MCH is strongly implicated in motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, mating and, more recently, maternal behavior. It is suggested that MCH acts as an integrative peptide, converging sensory information and contributing to a general arousal of the organism. In this review, we will discuss the various aspects of energy homeostasis to which MCH has been associated to, focusing on the different inputs that feed the MCH peptidergic system with information regarding the homeostatic status of the organism and the exogenous sensory information that drives this system, as well as the outputs that allow MCH to act over a wide range of homeostatic and behavioral controls, highlighting the available morphological and hodological aspects that underlie these integrative actions. Besides the well-described role of MCH in feeding behavior, a prime example of hypothalamic-mediated integration, we will also examine those functions in which the participation of MCH has not yet been extensively characterized, including sexual, maternal, and defensive behaviors. We also evaluated the available data on the distribution of MCH and its function in the context of animals in their natural environment. Finally, we briefly comment on the evidence for MCH acting as a coordinator between different modalities of motivated behaviors, highlighting the most pressing open questions that are open for investigations and that could provide us with important insights about hypothalamic-dependent homeostatic integration.
What can hospitalized patients tell us about adverse events? Learning from patient-reported incidents

PURPOSE: Little is known about how well hospitalized patients can identify errors or injuries in their care. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to elicit incident reports from hospital inpatients in order to identify and characterize adverse events and near-miss errors.SUBJECTS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 228 adult inpatients on a medicine unit of a Boston teaching hospital.METHODS: Investigators reviewed medical records and interviewed patients during the hospitalization and by telephone 10 days after discharge about “problems,” “mistakes,” and “injuries” that occurred. Physician investigators classified patients’ reports. We calculated event rates and used multivariable Poisson regression models to examine the factors associated with patient-reported events.RESULTS: Of 264 eligible patients, 228 (86%) agreed to participate and completed 528 interviews. Seventeen patients (8%) experienced 20 adverse events; 1 was serious. Eight patients (4%) experienced 13 near misses; 5 were serious or life threatening. Eleven (55%) of 20 adverse events and 4 (31%) of 13 near misses were documented in the medical record, but none were found in the hospital incident reporting system. Patients with 3 or more drug allergies were more likely to report errors compared with patients without drug allergies (incidence rate ratio 4.7, 95% CI 1.7, 13.4). CONCLUSIONS: Inpatients can identify adverse events affecting their care. Many patient-identified events are not captured by the hospital incident reporting system or recorded in the medical record. Engaging hospitalized patients as partners in identifying medical errors and injuries is a potentially promising approach for enhancing patient safety.
The Fall and Rise of the Petty Bourgeoisie: Changing Patterns of Self-Employment in the Postwar United States

This article explores the historical trajectory of the self-employed segment of the labor force in the United States, particularly since 1940. Self-employment declined in the United States almost steadily from the 19th century to the early 1970s. Since then, it has risen every year. Explaining this reversal in the historical fortunes of the petty bourgeoisie is the central task of this article. We reach four basic conclusions: first, the reversal in the decline of the self-employed is statistically significant and robust across a range of definitions of self-employment rates. Second, this reversal is not a simple countercyclical response to the increase in unemployment since the middle 1970s. Third, part of the resurgence of self-employment result from the expansion of various postindustrial services that tend to have higher levels of self-employment within them. Within postindustrial sectors, however, there has not generally been any increase in self-employment. Fourth, a significant part of the expansion of self-employment is explained by a increase in self-employment within most of the traditional sectors of the industrial economy.
Successful aging in transition: contemplating new realities

While the concept of successful aging has been well supported in studies of normal aging processes, there is less evidence of its applicability to adults who have experienced physical limitations following an acute health event. This study was designed to examine what it means to age successfully from the perspective of adults who were transitioning home following an acute health event that led to hospitalisation and an extended stay in a rehabilitation unit. Eleven adults who ranged in age from 53 to 89 years engaged in in-depth qualitative interviews on two occasions. Semi-structured interviews explored definitions of successful aging and resources needed to age successfully. Thematic analysis of the interviews found that meaningful leisure participation was integral to participants' views of successful aging. When participants looked toward the future, they expressed a shared vision of what it means to age successfully that focused on having something meaningful to do and connecting with others. In addition, participants were in a process of actively appraising their current circumstances to identify what personal and external resources they needed and whether adaptations were necessary so they could continue engaging in meaningful activities; these were usually leisure activities. Although the intent of the study was not to examine the influence of leisure activities on successful aging, the concept of leisure was prominent in participants' descriptions of valued activities which they associated with successful aging.
Semantic knowledge in patient H.M. and other patients with bilateral medial and lateral temporal lobe lesions

We investigated the effects of damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and anterolateral temporal cortex on semantic knowledge. We studied eight male controls, two patients with lesions limited to the hippocampal formation, three postencephalitic patients with extensive MTL lesions and variable damage to the lateral temporal cortex, and patient H.M. (whose lesion is limited mostly to the MTL, but who also has minimal damage to the anterolateral cortex). On 13 tests of semantic memory, patients with lesions limited to the hippocampal formation performed similarly to controls. Postencephalitic patients were mildly to moderately impaired on most tests. Patient H.M. 's performance was impaired on only a few tests and was less severely impaired overall than the three postencephalitic patients. A ranking of test scores showed a direct relationship between impairment and the extent of damage to lateral temporal cortex. These findings, and related findings from other studies, point to the importance of anterolateral temporal cortex for semantic knowledge. Patient H.M. performed uniquely in certain respects. For example, when providing definitions of objects, he made many grammatical errors. In contrast, the other patients with large MTL lesions made no more errors than those made by controls. Considering that H.M. 's lesion, both medially and laterally, is less extensive than the lesions in these other patients, it appears unlikely that his shortcomings in language production are related to his temporal lobe lesion. Hippocampus 2002;12:520–533. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.