Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Refinement of Cayley's Formula for Trees

A proper vertex of a rooted tree with totally ordered vertices is a vertex that is less than all its proper descendants. We count several kinds of labeled rooted trees and forests by the number of proper vertices. Our results are all expressed in terms of the polynomials P_n(a,b,c)= c(a+(n-1)b+c)(2a+(n-2)b+c). ((n-1)a+b+c) which reduce to (n+1)^{n-1} for a=b=c=1. Our study of proper vertices was motivated by A. Postnikov's hook length formula for binary trees (arXiv:math.CO/0507163), which was also proved by W. Y. C. Chen and L. L. M. Yang (arXiv:math.CO/0507163) and generalized by R. R. X. Du and F. Liu (arXiv:math.CO/0501147). Our approach gives a new proof of Du and Liu's results and gives new hook length formulas. We also find an interpretation of the polynomials P_n(a,b,c) in terms of parking functions: we count parking functions according to the number of cars that park in their preferred parking spaces.
Modeling attention-driven plasticity in auditory cortical receptive fields

To navigate complex acoustic environments, listeners adapt neural processes to focus on behaviorally relevant sounds in the acoustic foreground while minimizing the impact of distractors in the background, an ability referred to as top-down selective attention. Particularly striking examples of attention-driven plasticity have been reported in primary auditory cortex via dynamic reshaping of spectro-temporal receptive fields (STRFs). By enhancing the neural response to features of the foreground while suppressing those to the background, STRFs can act as adaptive contrast matched filters that directly contribute to an improved cognitive segregation between behaviorally relevant and irrelevant sounds. In this study, we propose a novel discriminative framework for modeling attention-driven plasticity of STRFs in primary auditory cortex. The model describes a general strategy for cortical plasticity via an optimization that maximizes discriminability between the foreground and distractors while maintaining a degree of stability in the cortical representation. The first instantiation of the model describes a form of feature-based attention and yields STRF adaptation patterns consistent with a contrast matched filter previously reported in neurophysiological studies. An extension of the model captures a form of object-based attention, where top-down signals act on an abstracted representation of the sensory input characterized in the modulation domain. The object-based model makes explicit predictions in line with limited neurophysiological data currently available but can be readily evaluated experimentally. Finally, we draw parallels between the model and anatomical circuits reported to be engaged during active attention. The proposed model strongly suggests an interpretation of attention-driven plasticity as a discriminative adaptation operating at the level of sensory cortex, in line with similar strategies previously described across different sensory modalities.
Pathways and correlates connecting Latinos' mental health with exposure to the United States.

OBJECTIVES We examined potential pathways by which time in the United States may relate to differences in the predicted probability of past-year psychiatric disorder among Latino immigrants as compared with US-born Latinos. METHODS We estimated predicted probabilities of psychiatric disorder for US-born and immigrant groups with varying time in the United States, adjusting for different combinations of covariates. We examined 6 pathways by which time in the United States could be associated with psychiatric disorders. RESULTS Increased time in the United States is associated with higher risk of psychiatric disorders among Latino immigrants. After adjustment for covariates, differences in psychiatric disorder rates between US-born and immigrant Latinos disappear. Discrimination and family cultural conflict appear to play a significant role in the association between time in the United States and the likelihood of developing psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS Increased perceived discrimination and family cultural conflict are pathways by which acculturation might relate to deterioration of mental health for immigrants. Future studies assessing how these implicit pathways evolve as contact with US culture increases may help to identify strategies for ensuring maintenance of mental health for Latino immigrants.
Connecting linguistic description and language teaching: native and learner use of existential there1

This article emerges from the need to connect linguistic theory and language teaching to find concrete solutions to problems Spanish students confront when learning English. This study looks at existential there constructions taken from the following native and non-native written English corpora: the International Corpus of Learner English and the Santiago University Learner of English Cor-pus for the non-native set, and the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays, Biber et al. (1999) and a subcorpus of the BNC for the native English group. This contrastive study reveals important differences in the use of there constructions as regards their frequency, structural complexity, polarity and pragmatic value. Important implications for the presentation and the pedagogical treatment of the there constructions can be derived from the results. El presente articulo surge de la necesidad de conectar la teoria linguistica y la practica pedagogica, tratando de encontrar soluciones concretas a problemas con los que se enfrentan alumnos espanoles de ingles como lengua extranjera. Este trabajo estudia las construcciones existenciales con there (CTs) a partir de los siguientes corpus de textos escritos de hablantes nativos y no nativos: International Corpus of Learner English y Santiago University Learner of English Corpus para los no nativos, y Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays, Biber et al. (1999) y un subcorpus del BNC para los nativos. Este estudio contrastivo constata diferencias importantes en el uso de las CTs relativas a su frecuencia, complejidad estructural, polaridad y valor pragmatico. De todos estos resultados se derivan importantes implicaciones para la presentacion y tratamiento pedagogico de las CTs.
Cookies Lack Integrity: Real-World Implications

A cookie can contain a "secure" flag, indicating that it should be only sent over an HTTPS connection. Yet there is no corresponding flag to indicate how a cookie was set: attackers who act as a man-in-the-midddle even temporarily on an HTTP session can inject cookies which will be attached to subsequent HTTPS connections. Similar attacks can also be launched by a web attacker from a related domain. Although an acknowledged threat, it has not yet been studied thoroughly. This paper aims to fill this gap with an in-depth empirical assessment of cookie injection attacks. We find that cookie-related vulnerabilities are present in important sites (such as Google and Bank of America), and can be made worse by the implementation weaknesses we discovered in major web browsers (such as Chrome, Firefox, and Safari). Our successful attacks have included privacy violation, online victimization, and even financial loss and account hijacking. We also discuss mitigation strategies such as HSTS, possible browser changes, and present a proof-of-concept browser extension to provide better cookie isolation between HTTP and HTTPS, and between related domains.
Occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus Biotypes in Danish Marine Environments

ABSTRACT During the unusually warm summer in Denmark in 1994, 11 clinical cases of Vibrio vulnificus infection were reported. These reports initiated an investigation of the occurrence of V. vulnificus biotypes in Danish marine environments. Samples of coastal water, sediment, shellfish, and wild fish were analyzed by preenrichment in alkaline peptone water amended with polymyxin B (2.0 × 104 U/liter) followed by streaking onto modified cellobiose-polymyxin B-colistin agar. V. vulnificus-like colonies were tested with a V. vulnificus-specific DNA probe. Low densities of V. vulnificus were detected in water (0.8 to 19 CFU/liter) from June until mid-September and in sediment (0.04 to >11 CFU/g) from July until mid-November. The presence of V. vulnificus was strongly correlated with water temperature. However, we isolatedV. vulnificus from water from a mussel farm at a lower temperature than previously reported (7°C). In 1 of the 13 locations studied, V. vulnificus was found in mussels in 7 of 17 samples analyzed; this is the first report of V. vulnificusin European shellfish. V. vulnificus was also isolated from gills, intestinal contents, and mucus from wild fish. Although biotyping of 706 V. vulnificus strains isolated during our investigations revealed that the majority of the strains (99.6%) belonged to biotype 1, biotype 2 was detected in seawater at a low frequency (0.4%). Our findings provide further evidence that seawater can serve as a reservoir and might facilitate spread of V. vulnificus biotype 2 to eels, with subsequent spread to persons handling eels. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that V. vulnificus is ubiquitous in a temperate marine environment and that V. vulnificus biotype 2 is not strictly confined to eels.
Phenotypically Vif- human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is produced by chronically infected restrictive cells

The permissivity of CD4+ transformed T cells for the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vif mutants varies widely between different cell lines. Mutant vif-negative viruses propagate normally in permissive CD4+ cell lines but are unable to establish a productive infection in restrictive cell lines such as H9. As a consequence, elucidation of the function of Vif has been considerably hampered by the inherent difficulty in obtaining a stable source of authentically replication-defective vif-negative viral particles produced by restrictive cells. vif-negative, vpr-negative HIV-1 strain NDK stock, produced by the permissive SupT1 cell line, was used to infect restrictive H9 cells. By using a high multiplicity, infection of H9 cells was achieved, leading to persistent production of viral particles displaying a dramatically reduced infectious virus titer when measured in a single-cycle infectivity assay. Although these viral particles were unable to further propagate in H9 cells, they could replicate normally in CEM and SupT1 cells. Comparison of unprocessed and processed Gag proteins in the persistently produced vif-negative viral particles revealed no defect in the processing of polypeptide precursors, with no inversion of the Pr55gag/p24 ratio. In addition, there was no defect in Env incorporation for the vif-negative viral particles. Despite their apparently normal protein content, these particles were morphologically abnormal when examined by transmission electron microscopy, displaying a previously described abnormally condensed nucleoid. Chronically infected restrictive cell lines producing stable levels of phenotypically vif-negative HIV-1 particles could prove particularly useful in further studies on the function of Vif in the virus life cycle.
‘Advertorials’: A genre-based analysis of an emerging hybridized genre

Genre analysis has been applied to a sizable body of linguistic studies on various text types. However, little attention has been paid to advertorials as an emerging hybridized genre. To identify the generic and linguistic characteristics of advertorials, and therefore to classify advertorials into an appropriate genre, this study carries out a comprehensive genre analysis of advertorials based on Bhatia’s (1993) seven-step genre analysis methodology. A corpus of 55 advertorials was collected from four English-language magazines and two English-language newspapers, from which a sub-corpus of 12 samples was further selected for a thorough examination of linguistic characteristics. Attempting to gain a comprehensive view of generic features of advertorials, this study makes a critical comparison of advertorials with three inextricably related genres: advertisements, news stories and editorials. Linguistic evidence sufficiently demonstrates that advertorials share fundamental generic and linguistic natures with advertisements and proposes classifying advertorials as a sub-genre of advertisements.
Jaundice: Clinical Practice in 88,000 Liveborn Infants

EDITORIAL COMMENT: This paper by paediatricians was written mainly for obstetricians and those medical practitioners and nurses who care for the ‘normal’ newborn infant, more than 50% of whom develop at least a tinge of jaundice in the first few days of life. This paper considers only cases of bone‐fide jaundice (≥154 umol/l) which however occurs in about 1 in 8 liveborn infants. This paper will give the reader a valuable overview of the causes of significant jaundice in the newborn and the management and mortality rates according to the cause, and the necessary method of treatment. We asked the authors to provide copies of the 4 charts which detail management of jaundiced infants according to birth‐weight (< 1,500 g, 1,500‐2,000 g, 2,001–2,500 g and > 2,500 g), age in days and level of plasma bilirubin since they will be of practical assistance to readers. These charts are reproduced with permission from Beischer NA, Mackay EV. Obstetrics and the Newborn. Holt‐Saunders 1986; p661 and are available in colour from the authors on request.
Patient characteristics and outcomes of a provincial prolonged-ventilation weaning centre: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND Growing numbers of critically ill patients require prolonged mechanical ventilation and experience difficulty with weaning. Specialized centres may facilitate weaning through focused interprofessional expertise with an emphasis on rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE To characterize the population of a specialized prolonged-ventilation weaning centre (PWC) in Ontario, and to report weaning, mobility, discharge and survival outcomes. METHODS Data from consecutively admitted patients were retrospectively extracted from electronic and paper medical records by research staff and verified by the primary investigator. RESULTS From January 2004 to March 2011, 144 patients were admitted: 115 (80%) required ventilator weaning, and 29 (20%) required tracheostomy weaning or noninvasive ventilation. Intensive care unit length of stay before admission was a median 51 days (interquartile range [IQR] 35 to 86 days). Of the patients admitted for ventilator weaning, 76 of 115 (66% [95% CI 55% to 75%]) achieved a 24 h tracheostomy mask trial in a median of 15 days (IQR eight to 25 days). Weaning success, defined as no further ventilation for seven consecutive days, was achieved by 61 patients (53% [95% CI 44% to 62%]) in a median duration of 62 days (IQR 46 to 95 days) of ventilation, and 14 days (IQR nine to 29 days) after PWC admission. Seventeen patients died during admission. Of the 91 patients discharged from the PWC for one year, 43 (47.3% [95% CI 37.3% to 57.4%]) survived; of the 78 discharged for two years, 27 (34.6% [95% CI 25.0% to 45.7%]) were alive; of the 53 discharged for three years, 19 (35.9% [95% CI 24.3% to 49.3%]) were alive; and seven of 22 (31.8% [95% CI 16.4% to 52.7%]) survived to five years. CONCLUSIONS Weaning success was moderate despite a prolonged intensive care unit stay before admission, but was comparable with studies reporting weaning outcomes from centres in other countries. Few patients survived to five years.
Examining the Relationship Between Emergent Literacy Skills and Invented Spelling in Prekindergarten Spanish-Speaking Dual Language Learners

The purpose of the present study was to examine associations among English and Spanish emergent literacy skills of prekindergarten (pre-K) Spanish-speaking dual language learners in relation to their English invented spelling. Study participants included 141 Spanish-speaking 4-year-old children enrolled in state-funded pre-K programs in a large urban city located in the Southeast. All children were receiving English-only instruction. Children’s Spanish and English receptive vocabulary and code-related skills were assessed in the fall and spring of their pre-K year, but their invented spelling was assessed only in the spring. Research Findings: Analyses revealed significant correlations among children’s English and Spanish receptive vocabulary as well as English and Spanish early code-related skills in the fall and spring of the school year. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed direct contributions of children’s English vocabulary and growth in Spanish code-related skills across the year to children’s English invented spelling in the spring of the school year. This analysis also revealed that associations between children’s English code-related skills and invented spelling appear to work through Spanish code-related skills. Practice or Policy: In order to promote young dual language learners’ English invented spelling skills, early childhood educators should seek to support children’s English vocabulary and English and Spanish code-related emergent literacy skills.
Individual and combined effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and omega-3 fatty acid on endotoxin-induced periodontitis in rats.

BACKGROUND The present study was planned to evaluate the individual and combined effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, celecoxib, and omega-3 fatty acid on the gingival tissue levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and platelet activating factor (PAF) in endotoxin-induced periodontitis in rats. METHODS Experimental periodontitis was induced by repeated injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS). Forty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five study groups: saline control, LPS, celecoxib, omega-3 fatty acid, and combination celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid. Celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid were given either as a single agent or as a combination therapy during 14 days of the study period. At the end of the 2-week protocol, the rats were sacrificed, the gingival tissues were dissected and extracted, and the extracts were analyzed for PGE2, PGF2alpha, and LTB4 levels by enzyme immunoassay and for PAF levels by radioimmunoassay. The defleshed jaws were analyzed morphometrically for alveolar bone loss. Data were evaluated statistically by using parametric tests. RESULTS LPS injection resulted in significantly more bone loss than the saline controls (P<0.05) and significant elevations in the gingival tissue levels of all the analyzed mediators except PGF2alpha. Individual administration of celecoxib revealed significant reductions in PGE2 and PAF levels (P <0.05), while omega-3 fatty acid provided significant reduction in PGE2, PGF2alpha, and LTB4 levels compared to the LPS group (P <0.05). Combined administration of celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid exhibited significantly lower values than those of the LPS group in all the analyzed membrane phospholipid mediators (P <0.05), which approximated the levels in the saline control group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate that celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid, when used individually, show a rather partial effect on the control of the analyzed mediators, but when combined they show a synergic effect and provide significant reductions in the gingival tissue levels of PGE2, PGF2alpha, LTB4, and PAF in LPS-induced experimental periodontitis. These findings may pioneer further clinical human studies investigating the possible place of celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid in periodontal treatment.
Safety assessment of driving behavior in multi-lane traffic for autonomous vehicles

An approach for the safety assessment of planned trajectories of autonomous vehicles is presented. Due to the unsafe nature of road traffic, the proposed safety assessment is performed in a probabilistic setting, where the probability distributions of possible future positions of traffic participants are computed based on dynamic models. The underlying algorithms have to be efficient as they need to provide a safety level of the currently planned path while the vehicle is in operation. In order to achieve the necessary efficiency of computation, the dynamics of traffic participants is abstracted into Markov-chains. The approach considers vehicle dynamics, interaction between traffic participants, and lane changes in multi-lane traffic.
A comparative study of demographic data relating to intra- and extra-familial child sexual abusers and professional perpetrators

Forty-one professional perpetrators, who sexually abused the children with whom they worked, were questioned about the nature of their offending. Some of their demographic information was compared with a sample of non-work-based child abusers to identify any significant differences between the two groups. Results. It was found that the professional perpetrators were more likely to be sexually interested in same-sex children. Of the study group, 92.5% said that they were aware of their sexual arousal to children by 21 years old and a further 67.5% said that they had already committed a contact sexual offence against a child by age 21. Perhaps the most interesting findings related to the stated motivation of the professional perpetrators in obtaining their employment working with children. Fifteen per cent said that they chose their profession exclusively to provide them with access to children to abuse. A further 41.5% said that, while abusing children was not their primary motivation for working with children, it formed part of their motivation. The study also provided some insight into the grooming and manipulation techniques used by professional perpetrators: 77.5% said that they arranged to meet children outside work for the purpose of facilitating the sexual abuse of that child.
Expansion of Protected Areas under Climate Change: An Example of Mountainous Tree Species in Taiwan

Tree species in mountainous areas are expected to shift their distribution upward in elevation in response to climate change, calling for a potential redesign of existing protected areas. This study aims to predict whether or not the distributions of two high-mountain tree species, Abies (Abies kawakamii) and Tsuga (Tsuga chinensis var. formosana), will significantly shift upward due to temperature change, and whether current protected areas will be suitable for conserving these species. Future temperature change was projected for 15 different future scenarios produced from five global climate models. Shifts in Abies and Tsuga distributions were then predicted through the use of species distribution models (SDMs) which included occurrence data of Abies and Tsuga, as well as seasonal temperature, and elevation. The 25 km × 25 km downscaled General Circulation Model (GCMs) data for 2020–2039 produced by the Taiwan Climate Change Projection and Information Platform was adopted in this study. Habitat suitability in the study area was calculated using maximum entropy model under different climatic scenarios. A bootstrap method was applied to assess the parameter uncertainty of the maximum entropy model. In comparison to the baseline projection, we found that there are significant differences in suitable habitat distributions for Abies and Tsuga under seven of the 15 scenarios. The results suggest that mountainous ecosystems will be substantially impacted by climate change. We also found that the uncertainty originating from GCMs and the parameters of the SDM contribute most to the overall level of variability in species distributions. Finally, based on the uncertainty analysis and the shift in habitat suitability, we applied systematic conservation planning approaches to identify suitable areas to add to Taiwan’s protected area network.