Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic drugs: prolonged QTc interval, torsade de pointes, and sudden death.

OBJECTIVE The authors review the mechanisms and establish the risk of torsade de pointes and sudden death with antipsychotic drugs. METHOD They present a review of original concepts, the distinction between familial and drug-induced cases of torsade de pointes, and the recognition of the role of noncardiac drugs in torsade de pointes and sudden death. They review the evidence linking QTc interval prolongation, potassium channels, and torsade de pointes from both the long QT syndrome and drugs. They examine the risk for torsade de pointes from antipsychotic drugs and estimate the frequency of sudden death on the basis of epidemiological data in normal and schizophrenic populations. RESULTS All drugs that cause torsade de pointes prolong the QTc interval and bind to the potassium rectifier channel, but the relationships are not precise. Prediction of torsade de pointes and sudden death can be improved by examining dose dependency, the percent of QTc intervals higher than 500 msec, and the risk of drug-drug interactions. Although sudden unexpected death occurs almost twice as often in populations treated with antipsychotics as in normal populations, there are still only 10-15 such events in 10,000 person-years of observation. CONCLUSIONS Although pimozide, sertindole, droperidol, and haloperidol have been documented to cause torsade de pointes and sudden death, the most marked risk is with thioridazine. There is no association with olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone. Ziprasidone does prolong the QT interval, but there is no evidence to suggest that this leads to torsade de pointes or sudden death. Only widespread use will prove if ziprasidone is entirely safe. To date, all antipsychotic drugs have the potential for serious adverse events. Balancing these risks with the positive effects of treatment poses a challenge for psychiatry.
Effects of Perceived Economic Competition on People’s Willingness to Help Empower Immigrants

Based on models of intergroup competition and social dominance, we examined the impact of perceived economic competition with immigrants on support for empowering and non-empowering forms of assistance for immigrants. In Study 1, a manipulation of perceived economic competition with immigrants caused attenuated support for empowerment but not for non-empowering forms of help. In Study 2, people higher in social dominance orientation were less willing to endorse empowerment for immigrants than were people lower in social dominance orientation, and this relation was mediated by the belief that economic and power gains for immigrants result in economic and power losses for members of host populations. It is suggested that people’s desire to maintain a discrepancy in economic and power resources between immigrants and host populations undermines support for empowering forms of help for immigrants.
Marital discord and treatment outcome in behavioral treatment of child conduct disorders.

Research assessing the role of marital variables in the treatment of childhood conduct disorders is scarce. The aim of this study was (a) to assess the role of marital discord in the overall outcome of a program training parents in behavioral techniques (behavioral parent training) and (b) to assess the effects of an adjunctive treatment (partner support training [PST]) on outcome. The latter treatment focused on marital conflict, communication, and problem solving. Twenty-four families with a child diagnosed as oppositional or conduct disordered were assigned to either a marital-discord group (n = 12) or a no-marital-discord group (n = 12). Families within each group were then randomly assigned to either child management training (CMT) alone or CMT with PST. Measures of child deviance, parenting behavior, and marital satisfaction were collected at pre- and posttraining and at a 6-month follow-up. Results indicated a significant interaction between marital discord and treatment type on most measures at follow-up but not at posttraining. Although PST added little to the maintenance of change for the nondiscordant group, it produced significant gains over those who received CMT only for the discordant group. Further results highlighting the interaction of marital and treatment variables are discussed.
The P2Y11 Receptor Mediates the ATP-Induced Maturation of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells1

Recently, it has been shown that ATP and TNF-α synergize in the activation and maturation of human dendritic cells (DC); the effect of ATP was reproduced by hydrolysis-resistant derivatives of ATP and was blocked by suramin, suggesting the involvement of a P2 receptor, but the particular subtype involved was not identified. In this report we confirm that ATP and various derivatives synergize with TNF-α and LPS to induce the maturation of human monocyte-derived DC, as revealed by up-regulation of the CD83 marker and the secretion of IL-12. The rank order of potency of various analogs (AR-C67085 > adenosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) = 2′- and 3′-O-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl) ATP > ATP > 2-methylthio-ATP) was close to that of the recombinant human P2Y11 receptor. Furthermore, these compounds activated cAMP production in DC, in a xanthine-insensitive way, consistent with the involvement of the P2Y11 receptor, which among P2Y subtypes has the unique feature of being dually coupled to phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase activation. The involvement of the P2Y11/cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway in the nucleotide-induced maturation of DC is supported by the inhibitory effect of H89, a protein kinase A inhibitor. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ATP activates DC through stimulation of the P2Y11 receptor and subsequent increase in intracellular cAMP.
Relations and dissociations between appraisal and emotion ratings of reasonable and unreasonable anger and guilt

Recent studies have used self-report methods to defend a close associative or causal connection between appraisal and emotion. The present experiments used similar procedures to investigate remembered experiences of reasonable and unreasonable anger and guilt, and of nonemotional other-blame and selfblame. Results suggest that the patterns of appraisal reported for reasonable examples of emotions and for situations where there is a near absence of emotion may be highly similar, but that both may differ significantly from the appraisal profiles reported for unreasonable examples of the same emotions. Further, relevant appraisals were not always identified by participants as the most influential determinants of guilt and anger. These findings demonstrate either that the relationship between certain appraisals and emotions is less consistent than implied in some contemporary versions of appraisal theory, or that there are problems with the validity of existing questionnaire-based measures of the variables in.
Temperature Dependence of the Potency of Volatile General Anesthetics: Implications for In Vitro Experiments

Background When performing experiments at room temperature with volatile general anesthetics and in vitro mammalian preparations (such as isolated neurons), the question arises as to which concentrations of anesthetics are "clinically relevant. " Different choices can lead to different interpretations of the anesthetic sensitivities of putative target sites. Methods Published data on the temperature dependence of minimum alveolar concentration were analyzed. Results Although gas‐phase potencies of volatile anesthetics increase markedly with decreasing temperature, the corresponding aqueous‐phase potencies are relatively constant. Changes in minimum alveolar concentration with temperature can be accounted for, on physical grounds, in terms of the temperature dependencies of anesthetics binding to their central nervous system target sites. Conclusions When performing room‐temperature in vitro experiments on simple mammalian preparations with a volatile anesthetic, the aqueous‐phase (but not the gas‐phase) minimum alveolar concentration calculated at normal body temperature is, to a first approximation, the appropriate choice for a clinically relevant anesthetic concentration. Recommended aqueous‐phase minimum alveolar concentration values (in mM) for desflurane, enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane have been calculated.
An Exploration of Grammars in Grammatical Evolution

The grammar in the grammar-based Genetic Programming (GP) approach of Grammatical Evolution (GE) is explored. The GE algorithm solves problems by using a grammar representation and an automated and parallel trial-and-error approach, Evolutionary Computation (EC). The search for solutions in EC is driven by evaluating each solution, selecting the fittest and replacing these into a population of solutions which are modified to further guide the search. Representations have a strong impact on the efficiency of search and by using a generative grammar domain knowledge is encoded into the population of solutions. The grammar in GE biases the search for solutions, and in combination with a linear representation this is what distinguishes GE from other GP-systems. After a review of grammars in EC and a description of GE, several different constructions of grammars and operators for manipulating the grammars and the evolutionary algorithm are studied. The thesis goes on to study a meta-grammar GE, which allows a larger grammar with different bias. By adopting a divide-and-conquer strategy the goal is to investigate how a modular GE approach solves problems of increasing size and in dynamically changing environments. The results show some benefit from using meta-grammars in GE, for the meta-grammar Genetic Algorithm (mGGA) and they re-emphasize the grammar’s impact on GE’s performance. In addition, GE and meta-grammars are more formally described. The bias, both declarative and search, arising from the use of a Context-Free Grammar representation and the constraints of GE and the mGGA are analyzed and their implications are examined. This is done by studying the effects of the mapping and operations on the input, single and multiple changes in input, as well as the preservation of output after a change. Furthermore, a matrix view of a grammar and different suggestions for measurements of grammars are investigated, in order to allow the practitioner to get an alternative view of the mapping process and of how operations work.
NATIONAL IDENTITIES AND EMOTION IN THE DISCOURSE OF BRITISH MANUFACTURING UNIONS IN THE 1980s AND EARLY 1990s

This article attempts to explain increasing economic nationalism among British trade unions in the 1980s and early 1990s by linking together approaches from two disciplines which are usually pursued separately, namely psychoanalysis and sociology. By means of a case study of the collective identities of British trade unions in the 1980s and early 1990s, the article shows that despite a strong internationalist rhetoric, British unions responded to economic globalization and European integration during this period with a discourse of economic nationalism which also came to be strengthened and reinforced by strong feelings of shame and anger, which in turn undercut the articulation of broader forms of identification at either the European or the wider supra-national levels. Drawing on a theoretical framework developed in a previous article, the main argument is that in the context of an increasingly global economy and a hostile Conservative government, British unions' increasing economic nationalism may be thought of partly as discourse or political rhetoric and partly as a 'social defence mechanism' rooted in the anxiety generated by the social conditions of the unions. Finally, the data also lend some, albeit tentative, support to the thesis advanced by a number of authors that national identities and their accompanying emotions also tend to be expressed in a gendered form.
Comparing the effects of selective cingulate cortex lesions and cingulum bundle lesions on water maze performance by rats

The ability of rats to learn the location of a hidden platform in a swim maze was compared in animals with excitotoxic lesions of the anterior or posterior (retrosplenial) cingulate cortex or radiofrequency lesions of the cingulum bundle or fimbria‐fornix. Performance of this allocentric spatial task was unaffected by the posterior cingulate cortex lesions, while anterior cingulate cortex damage produced only a mild acquisition deficit. Transection of the fornix and lesions of the cingulum bundle produced similar patterns of impairment on initial acquisition, but the cingulum bundle lesions had less effect on reversal of the task. The results from the water maze, and from a subsequent T‐maze alternation task, indicate that cingulum bundle lesions can produce a spatial deficit that is similar, but milder, to that observed after fornix transection. The results of the excitotoxic lesions suggest that previous studies examining conventional cingulate lesions may have been influenced by damage to adjacent fibre tracts, such as the cingulum bundle.
The body's disclosure in phenomenological research

Phenomenologists would agree that the body discloses the world just as the world discloses itself through the body. Yet, in much phenomenological research, the focus is on words from transcripts and protocols – the body is strangely absent. In this article, I argue for the importance of researchers attending reflexively to the bodies of both participant and researcher. I advocate attending to the body and embodiment through at least three distinct, though connected, layers: bodily empathy, embodied self-awareness and embodied intersubjectivity. Examples from different research projects are offered to show how such analyses might be worked reflexively. The final discussion section raises some critical issues about pursuing research in this way and examines the practical challenges of engaging in reflexive bodily analysis.
Inhibiting Eph kinase activity may not be “Eph”ective for cancer treatment

Abstract Several Eph receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are commonly over-expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal cancers and are recognized as promising therapeutic targets. Although normal interaction between Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands stimulates kinase activity and is generally tumor suppressive, significant Eph over-expression allows activation of ligand- and/or kinase-independent signaling pathways that promote oncogenesis. Single-agent kinase inhibitors are widely used to target RTK-driven tumors but acquired and de novo resistance to such agents is a major limitation to effective clinical use. Accumulating evidence suggests that Ephs can be inhibited by “leaky” or low-specificity kinase inhibitors targeted at other RTKs. Such off-target effects may therefore inadvertently promote ligand- and/or kinase-independent oncogenic Eph signaling, thereby providing a new mechanism by which resistance to the RTK inhibitors can emerge. We propose that combining specific, non-leaky kinase inhibitors with tumor-suppressive stimulators of Eph signaling may provide more effective treatment options for overcoming treatment-induced resistance and clinical failure.
Attachment and sensitivity in family context: the roles of parent and infant gender

This study examined the role of child gender in fathers' and mothers' sensitivity to and attachment relationships with their infants from a family systems perspective. Eighty-seven 1-year-olds participated in the Strange Situation with each parent. Parental sensitivity was examined during a competing demands task. Results indicated that fathers and mothers were equally sensitive to sons, but fathers were less sensitive than mothers to daughters, and mothers were more sensitive to daughters than to sons. Although mothers and fathers within the same families were similarly sensitive to daughters and sons, daughters' attachment security with fathers and mothers was similar whereas sons' was not. Further analyses revealed that fathers were more sensitive to sons with an insecure relationship with their mothers. Results of this investigation suggest that child gender is relevant for parent–infant, especially father–infant, attachment relationships. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coal Strip Mining, Mountaintop Removal, and the Distribution of Environmental Violations across the United States, 2002–2008

Abstract This study draws upon concepts in landscape research and environmental justice to examine the association between community poverty and environmental violations that occurred between 2002 and 2008 across 110 coal strip mining operations located within the United States. Multivariate results suggest that residential poverty is greater around facilities that have been identified as violating an environmental law. In addition, the association between poverty and violations is dependent upon regulatory inspections. While an increase in inspections is associated with an increase in the odds that a violation will be discovered, it is also associated with lower levels of community poverty. We conclude that this pattern of associations between poverty, inspections, and violations is consistent with arguments in the environmental justice and landscape literatures.
Writing and Formal Operations: A Case Study among the Vai

Opening Paragraph The Islamic brotherhoods common in North Africa take a variety of forms south of the Sahara, but even at the very fringes of Muslim, penetration the great orders such as the Qaddiriyya have a part to play in the lives of the believers. One function they have is to bring adherents back to what members of the order see as the essential tenets of the faith, to purge practice of the inevitable compromises made with local ‘pagan’ cults, and to increase the solidarity of the congregation of the faithful. Résumé L'ÉCRITURE ET LES OPÉRATIONS FORMELLES: ÉTUDE DE CAS CHEZ LES VAI Les Vai du Libéria sont exceptionnels en Afrique dans la mesure qu'ils ont inventé leur propre systèmé d'écriture. Certains ont acquis la connaissance de l'écriture anglaise par la scolarisation, et aussi, par leur conversion à l'Islam, de l'écriture arabe. Un de ces convertis fut Ansumana Sonie, un adepte de la confrérie Tijani. Lui et deux de ses condisciples fondèrent une association dite Malodi. De telles associations réunissent les cotisations, aussi bien pour fêter la naissance du Prophéte que pour prêter une aide financière aux funérailles de leurs membres. Ansumana Sonie, en tant que président de cette association, garda plusieurs carnets en langue Vai. Le premier lui servit pour faire la comptabilité de son propre commerce, mais aussi pour fournir une chronologie des évènements principaux de sa vie familiale. Dans un autre, il garda la constitution de l'association. Ensuite se trouvent plusieurs listes des membres de l'association et de leurs cotisations respectives. Ces listes, rédigées périodiquement, montrent une évolution nette de la façon dont Ansumana Sonie utilisa l'écriture pour réorganiser les informations pertinentes. Enfin, il nota successivement dans deux carnets la comptabilité de l'association. En examinant ces carnets, nous prêtons une attention particulière aux aspects qui démontrent les opérations de caractère spécifiquement ‘graphiques’ et qui éclairent les conséquences de la transition de la technologie orale à la technologie écrite pour l'enregistrement et la manipulation de l'information. Dans ce but, les textes recopiés et recodés sont d'une importance capitale en montrant la réorganisation successive de l'information écrite. Us complétent les résultats des expériences psychologiques sur la classification et la manipulation des propriétés statiques des objets, en situant les données dans des contextes à la fois plus vastes et plus ‘naturels’.
Adolescents With High IQ and Their Adjustment in Adolescence and Midlife

The psychological and social adjustment of high-IQ adolescents (top 10%) were studied for a Swedish cohort born in 1955 (N = 1,326 with IQ data). The focus was on comparing high-IQ adolescents to adolescents of average IQ with regard to their adjustment in adolescence and 30 years later in midlife. The research design enabled us also to study linear and nonlinear relationships of high IQ to adjustment. In adolescence, those with high IQ had better adjustment than those of average IQ in most studied adjustment areas, most strongly so for school achievement, capacity to concentrate, and absence of unhappiness. Data from official records showed that higher IQ was related to less alcohol, criminal, and mental problems in childhood and young adulthood. In midlife, the adjustment differences between those of high IQ and those of average IQ were usually nonsignificant, but for some adjustment indicators, adjustment was moderately worse for the high-IQ group, for instance in global life satisfaction and in satisfaction with friend relations. Controlling for school achievement absorbed almost all significant IQ-adjustment associations, which supports the idea of school achievement as a mediator between IQ and adjustment.
Dialogue and Religious Otherness: Toward a Model of Pluralistic Interfaith Dialogue

Abstract In our global age, encounters with religious others are no longer isolated occurrences. Because of increased interfaith contact, many individuals are engaging in sense-making processes, trying to grapple with the inevitable tensions associated with subjectivity, especially when one is in the presence of the religious other. This essay addresses these processes and tensions by offering a model of pluralistic interfaith dialogue. In addition, we analyze two case studies using four paradigms of religious otherness. Literatures from both dialogue theory and religious pluralism are reviewed and the essay concludes with a discussion of the intersection between postmodernism and religious pluralism.
The Robot Who Tried Too Hard: Social Behaviour of a Robot Tutor Can Negatively Affect Child Learning

Social robots are finding increasing application in the domain of education, particularly for children, to support and augment learning opportunities. With an implicit assumption that social and adaptive behaviour is desirable, it is therefore of interest to determine precisely how these aspects of behaviour may be exploited in robots to support children in their learning. In this paper, we explore this issue by evaluating the effect of a social robot tutoring strategy with children learning about prime numbers. It is shown that the tutoring strategy itself leads to improvement, but that the presence of a robot employing this strategy amplifies this effect, resulting in significant learning. However, it was also found that children interacting with a robot using social and adaptive behaviours in addition to the teaching strategy did not learn a significant amount. These results indicate that while the presence of a physical robot leads to improved learning, caution is required when applying social behaviour to a robot in a tutoring context. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.1. 2 [Models and Principles]: User/Machine Systems
Cultural differences related to positive and negative valence

Americans) were more likely to attend to negative information of the self, but not more or less likelyto focus on negative things about others. Based on within-culture analyses, the Americans’ data were betterdescribed by their tendency to focus on positive things over negative things than by their tendency for self-enhancement. In contrast, the Japanese data were better described by their self-critical tendency. This result wasreplicated in a second study. In addition, correlations between constructs with opposite valences were negativein the USA, but positive or absent in Japan.