Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in the Hetero-Sexual Relationship Rules Embedded in Break-Up Accounts

Rules theory is the framework for this study's analysis of ordinary language contained in break-up accounts. It attempts to understand the relationship expectations which parties have for their opposite-sex romantic relationships. Break-up accounts from 157 respondents produced eight primary reasons/rules relevant to this relationship type: the obligation to grant autonomy beyond the relationship; the expectation of similarity; the obligations to be supportive, loyal and open; the expectation of shared time between relationship parties; the expectation of equity; and the expectation that a romantic relationship will be characterized by an inexplicable `magic' quality. Females were significantly more likely to mention autonomy, openness, and equity reasons in their break-up accounts than males were; males, in turn, more frequently mentioned the lack of the magical quality as a reason for break-up. Overall, females mentioned significantly more reasons/rules for break-up than did the male respondents in the sample.
Effects of Temporary Inactivation and Electrical Stimulation of the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus on Morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference.

BACKGROUND The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) influences a wide range of behavioral and reward function. In this study, we evaluated electrical stimulation and inactivation of DRN on morphine conditioned place preference (CPP). METHODS The rats were anesthetised (n = 7 for each group) and the electrode and cannula were implanted into the DRN by stereotaxic instrument. Electrical stimulation (100μA) and reversible inactivation by lidocaine were induced into DRN and then morphine-induced CPP was investigated. RESULTS The stimulation of DRN in combination with effective dose of morphine showed a significant decrease only on expression phases 20s (SD 33.7) when compared with morphine group 119.85s (SD 23.7) (One way ANOVA, Tukey's; P = 0.036). Also, this stimulation in combination with ineffective dose of morphine showed a significant increase only on acquisition phases 67.5s (SD 41.2) of CPP compared with morphine group -46s (SD 18.51) (P = 0.034). Also, there were not significant differences in inactivation of DRN by lidocaine on different phase of CPP (P = 0.091) CONCLUSION: It is possible that electrical stimulation of the DRN with changes in concentration of serotonin or involving other transmitters such as glutamate and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) would be involved to these changes of CPP.
The Bicycle Drawing Test

To verify the dimensionality of Bicycle Drawing Test (BDT), we applied the coding system of Greenberg, Rodriguez, and Sesta to bicycle drawings made by 295 boys and 320 girls (6-10 years old) with typical development, and submitted the data to item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. These analyses confirmed only two of the original four dimensions of the BDT: spatial reasoning and visual-motor control. The scores in these two factors were correlated with the Colored Progressive Matrices, the Rey Complex Figure (Copy and Memory) and with the teachers’ ratings in mathematics, language, and drawing. The correlations, albeit moderate in magnitude, were consistent with the hypothesized convergent and discriminant validity. After checking for measurement invariance across gender and age, we conducted two analyses of variance, the first of which showed a significant difference between younger children (6-8 years old) and older children (9-10 years old); the analysis of variance by gender did not yield significant differences. These data enhance the usefulness of the BDT as a measure of separate cognitive components, but do not support its use as a measure of mechanical reasoning.
Repositioning Class: Social Inequality in Industrial Societies

Introduction Class and Class Analysis in the 1990s PART ONE: SOCIAL THEORY Distributional Struggle and Moral Order in a Market Society The Promising Future of Class Analysis A Response to Recent Critiques PART TWO: METHOD AND MEASUREMENT Classes in Britain Marxist and Official Social Class and Underclass in Britain and the USA Class, Gender and the Asymmetry Hypothesis PART THREE: SOCIAL MOBILITY Proletarianization in the British Class Structure? Intergenerational Social Mobility in Communist Russia Intergenerational Class Processes and the Asymmetry Hypothesis PART FOUR: SOCIAL JUSTICE Social Class and Social Justice Was Communism Good for Social Justice? A Comparative Analysis of the Two Germanies
Empirical evidence for risk‐risk tradeoffs: a rejoinder to Hansen and Tickner

Hansen, Krauss, and Tickner (2008) (hereafter ‘HKT’) identified 33 cases where a ‘risk-risk tradeoff’ was proclaimed in the literature. They concluded from this review that ‘only a small number of these cases can actually be considered risk-risk tradeoffs’ (HKT, abstract, 423). In particular, they rejected 13 cases on the grounds that a risk-superior alternative was available, and 11 cases on the grounds that the countervailing risk was only ‘hypothesized’, leaving nine cases of what they deemed true risk-risk tradeoffs. In our initial reply (Graham and Wiener 2008), we raised a number of concerns about how the 33 cases were selected and how they were analyzed. We argued that HKT’s sample was selected by convenience and thus not generalizable, that HKT omitted many examples in the literature of serious risk-risk tradeoffs, and that even within their sample a proper analysis of the 33 cases actually demonstrates the ubiquity of risk-risk tradeoffs. In their rejoinder to our critique, Hansen and Tickner (2008) (hereafter HT) devote only modest effort to defending their empirical analysis of the 33 cases. Instead they emphasize a broader normative defense of the precautionary principle and alternatives analysis.
Young Able Children: Parent's Perspectives

There is much evidence to support the notion that pupils, teachers and parents must work together if we are to ensure challenging and appropriate learning opportunities for all. This paper explores the role of parents in the education of young more able children. In particular it examines four areas of interest: Identification/liaison; Social or life skills; Areas of particular ability; and Resources and Support
GLUCOSE, INSULIN, DIABETES AND MECHANISMS OF ARTERIAL DYSFUNCTION

1 This commentary reviews and discusses the association between increased arterial stiffness and indices of glucose and insulin metabolism and diabetes mellitus (DM). 2 Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased cardiovascular events, is an established major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is included in current risk assessment algorithms. Based on Framingham risk assessment, the incremental risk due to DM, at a given level of baseline risk in non‐diabetics, is approximately equivalent to 10 years and, at any given level of other major risk factors, DM increases risk three‐ to fourfold. 3 Increased aortic stiffness has been shown to be an independent risk factor for both cardiovascular and overall mortality in high‐risk groups and recently in the general population. Both DM1 and DM2 are associated with accelerated stiffening of the elastic arteries, over and above that associated with normal ageing, and DM can be considered as imparting added biological age and, thus, added cardiovascular risk. 4 Aortic stiffness provides a plausible mechanism relating diabetes to increase cardiovascular disease. 5 A proportion of the increased risk of cardiovascular events in DM is a sequel of stiff arteries. Direct measures of arterial stiffness, such as aortic pulse wave velocity, are likely to be better candidates than pulse wave analysis for refining interventions to improve outcomes in diabetes.
A regulatory fit perspective in majority versus minority support to attitudes toward homosexuals

Three studies examined the attitude toward homosexuals as a function of regulatory focus and social support for non-discrimination. Regulatory orientation toward non-discrimination was measured by differentiating promotion and prevention emotions when anticipating a non-discriminatory (studies 1 and 2) and a discriminatory interaction with homosexuals (study 2). Study 3 assessed attitude toward non-discrimination through a social dominance orientation (SDO) scale and manipulated experimentally regulatory focus. Across the three studies, social support was manipulated by informing participants that either a majority or a minority of the Swiss population supported non-discrimination in general (study 1), or specifically toward homosexuals (studies 2 and 3). Results showed more positive attitudes toward homosexuals when non-discriminatory participants were regulated in terms of prevention focus and non-discrimination was supported by a majority, and when non-discriminatory participants were regulated in terms of promotion focus and non-discrimination was supported by a minority. These findings are consistent with a regulatory fit perspective on the interplay between regulatory focus and social support.
In One Ear and Out the Other: Unmasking Masculinities in the Caribbean Classroom

Derived from qualitative data collected for a research project based at the Institute of Social and Economic Research at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, this paper explores classroom gendered responses of High School students in Jamaica, Barbados and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The account shows how teachers interpret gendered responses as confirmation of natural and necessary differences between male and female pupils. It is these perceived differences which they use to justify the case for single sex education, particularly for males. Conversely the paper argues that male gendered responses are informed by cultural expectations which translate into pedagogical relationships. These expectations reflect a version of masculinity (emerging from the historical experiences of white patriarchal chattel slavery in the West Indies) which equates education with the female side of a male/female dichotomy. The paper explores ways in which schools encourage this version of ‘masculinity’ at the same time as rendering it educationally inappropriate. In doing so the paper addresses issues which have been raised about male educational failure in recent British research.
Economic and Social Returns To Educational Choices

Recent sociological rational choice theories argue that educational decisions are made with the objective of maximizing both economic and social returns to education. Economic returns are, for example, earnings, while social returns include the preservation of existing peer groups and social networks. In this article I develop a rational choice model of educational decision making in which both economic and social returns form the total expected utility of education. Furthermore, I propose and test two rational decision rules that utility-maximizing students should follow when choosing education that are empirically distinguishable from alternative and `non-rational' decision rules. When analyzing data on the choice of secondary education from the Danish PISA survey, I find that students' educational choices are consistent with the hypothesis that they attempt to maximize both economic and social returns to education. Furthermore, the findings suggest that economic returns to education are somewhat more important than social returns.
New Insights on the Use of Dietary Polyphenols or Probiotics for the Management of Arterial Hypertension

Arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the most prevalent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CD) and is the main cause of deaths worldwide. Current research establish that dietary polyphenols may help to lower blood pressure (BP), thus contributing to the reduction of cardiovascular complications. In addition, the health benefits of probiotics on BP have also attracted increased attention, as probiotics administration modulates the microbiota, which, by interacting with ingested polyphenols, controls their bioavalability. The aim of the present mini-review is to summarize and clarify the effects of dietary polyphenols and probiotics administration on BP using combined evidence from clinical and experimental studies, as well as to discuss the current debate in the literature about the usefulness of this nutritional approach to manage BP. Clinical trials and experimental studies have demonstrated that consuming dietary polyphenols or probiotics in adequate amounts may improve BP, ranging from modest to greater effects. However, the mechanisms linking probiotic intake and reduced BP levels need to be further elucidated as a definitive consensus on the link between intake of polyphenols or probiotics and improvement of AH has not been reached yet.
Protein S gene analysis reveals the presence of a cosegregating mutation in most pedigrees with type I but not type III PS deficiency

DNA sequence analysis of the protein S gene (PROS1) in 22 Spanish probands with type I or III PS deficiency, has allowed the identification of 10 different mutations and 2 new sequence variants in 15 probands. Nine of the mutations, 8 of which are novel, cosegregate with type I or quantitative PS deficiency in 12 of the 13 pedigrees analyzed. One of these mutations (Q238X) also cosegregates with both type I and III PS‐deficient phenotypes coexisting in a type I/III pedigree. Another mutation identified in a pedigree with these two PS phenotypes is the missense mutation R520G, present in the homozygous form in the type I propositus and in the heterozygous form in his type III relatives. By contrast, no cosegregating PROS1 mutation has been found in any of the six families with only type III phenotypes. Three of these families, as well as the two families with type I and I/III phenotypes where no other PROS1 mutation has been identified, segregate the P allele of the S460P variant, although this allele does not always cosegregate with the deficient phenotype. From these results we conclude that while mutations in PROS1 are the main cause of type I PS deficiency, the molecular basis of the type III phenotype is probably more complex, with many cases not being explained by a PROS1 mutation. Hum Mutat 14:30–39, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Girl With Multiple Disabilities Increases Object Manipulation and Reduces Hand Mouthing Through a Microswitch-Based Program

The study was an effort to help a girl with multiple disabilities increase object manipulation responses and reduce hand mouthing, carried out according to an ABAB sequence (in which A represented baseline phases; B, treatment phases) and including a 3-month follow-up. During the baseline phases, a microswitch cluster (i.e., a combination of microswitches) was used to monitor the girl's object manipulation responses and hand mouthing. Indices of happiness were also recorded. During the treatment phases and follow-up, the microswitch cluster was combined with the use of preferred stimuli for object manipulation responses. The stimuli lasted an 8-s period at each response if the girl remained free from hand mouthing through that period, but were interrupted if hand mouthing appeared. The results show that the girl increased object manipulation responses, learned to refrain from hand mouthing for most of the session time, maintained this performance over time, and showed an increase in indices of happiness.
Characterization of a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase gene family from chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao L

In plants, the conversion of stearoyl-ACP to oleoyol-ACP is catalyzed by a plastid-localized soluble stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase (SAD). The activity of SAD significantly impacts the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and is thus a major determinant of fatty acid composition. The cacao genome contains eight putative SAD isoforms with high amino acid sequence similarities and functional domain conservation with SAD genes from other species. Sequence variation in known functional domains between different SAD family members suggested that these eight SAD isoforms might have distinct functions in plant development, a hypothesis supported by their diverse expression patterns in various cacao tissues. Notably, TcSAD1 is universally expressed across all the tissues, and its expression pattern in seeds is highly correlated with the dramatic change in fatty acid composition during seed maturation. Interestingly, TcSAD3 and TcSAD4 appear to be exclusively and highly expressed in flowers, functions of which remain unknown. To test the function of TcSAD1 in vivo, transgenic complementation of the Arabidopsis ssi2 mutant was performed, demonstrating that TcSAD1 successfully rescued all AtSSI2 related phenotypes further supporting the functional orthology between these two genes. The identification of the major SAD gene responsible for cocoa butter biosynthesis provides new strategies for screening for novel genotypes with desirable fatty acid compositions, and for use in breeding programs to help pyramid genes for quality and other traits such as disease resistance.
A novel capacitively-coupled instrumentation amplifier employing chopping and auto-zeroing

This paper presents a novel low power high precision instrumentation amplifier (IA) for general sensors. By using capacitively-coupled topology, wide input common-mode range, high gain accuracy and low power consumption is achieved. To reduce high output ripples caused by chopping technique and avoid noise aliasing effect due to auto-zeroing technique, these two techniques are employed simultaneously in this novel IA to alleviate their own adverse effects. The designed IA was implemented in SMIC 0. 18μm CMOS process, and its core area is 0.28mm2. Simulations show that it consumes only 4. 5μA current at 1V supply and the equivalent input noise power spectrum density (PSD) is 42.66nV/√Hz around 100Hz.
Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy Among Patients Who Attend Public HIV Clinics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Objective:Brazil provides antiretroviral therapy (ART) to HIV-infected persons free of charge. The objective of this study was to investigate factors associated with ART failure in patients receiving free ART in public clinics in Brazil. Methods:This is a cross-sectional study of adults taking ART for 6 to 24 months in 5 public clinics in Rio de Janeiro. Patients were interviewed and their charts were reviewed. The following definitions of response to therapy at 6 months were used: virologic responders (VR), ≥1 log reduction in plasma viral load (VL); immunologic responders (IR), increase of ≥50 CD4+ cells/mL; complete responders (CR), both VR and IR; and nonresponders (NR), neither VR nor IR. Results:Of 211 patients enrolled, 173 (82%) were VR, IR, or CR and 38 (18%) were NR. Of the responders, 28 (13%) were IR, 32 (15%) were VR, and 113 (53%) were CR. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with NR were less than 80% adherence (OR = 8.6; 95% CI, 2.9–25.7), baseline CD4+ count (OR = 0.5 per 50 cells/mL; 95% CI, 0.2–1.1), interval between starting ART and first VL/CD4+ testing (OR = 1.4 for each month; 95% CI, 1.1–1.8), opportunistic disease after starting ART (OR = 6.8; 95% CI, 1.4–34.0), inability to read prescription (OR = 3.9; 95% CI, 1.4–10.9), not believing physician is knowledgeable about HIV (OR = 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1–15.0), not having a friend with HIV (OR = 6.1; 95% CI, 1.7–21.8), believing ART will make him/her ill (OR = 5.6; 95% CI, 1.7–18.8), and believing ART will delay HIV progression (OR = 0.001; 95% CI, 0.0–0.2). Conclusion:The proportion of patients responding to ART in Brazil was similar to reports from developed countries, suggesting that ART can be used successfully in developing countries. Variables related to adherence, knowledge, and perceptions about ART were associated with a lack of response to ART. These findings have important implications for developing nations that are considering increased access to ART.
Spikes-wave from stimulation of the reticular core.

Lesions in the rostral midbrain have been found in various species to produce a syndrome characterized by depressed consciousness varying in degree from coma to drowsiness. Related symptoms include hypokinesia, slowed movements, mask-like facies, and mutism (Magoun, 1954, Rossi and Zanchetti, 1957, Crosby et al, 1962). Hubel and Nauta, 1960, produced lesions at the mesodiencephalic junction in cats. In the first postoperative week the cats were awake but catatonic. Following this, they began having attacks of 3-5/sec spikes-wave accompanied by facial twitching which were triggered by photic stimulation and abolished by arousal stimulation. Batsel, 1960, also observed spontaneous bursts of 3-4/sec spikes-wave occurring in dogs following brain stem section. Implantation of alumina into the mesencephalic reticular formation in kittens led to the development of spikes-wave EEG patterns accentuated by photic stimulation and hyperventilation. Similar discharges appeared, after a longer interval, following intralaminar thalamic injections but not after placements in other
In Vivo D-Glucose Absorption in the Developing Rat Small Intestine

Extract: Solutions containing D-glucose (1–20 mg/ml) were perfusec in situ through the jejunum + ileum of anesthetized rats 7–8 and 14–15 (suckling), 21–23 (weanling), 35–36, and 70–7: days old. The amounts of glucose absorbed, expressed as percentage of load perfused (normalized for intestinal weight milligrams per hour per gram wet weight), were greater in the weanling than in the suckling pups. Rate of glucose absorption increased with increase in glucose concentration in the perfused solutions and reached a plateau when concentration exceeded 3 mg/ml in the suckling and 10 mg/ml in the weanling rats. Based on intestinal weight, absorption rate (milligrams per hour per gram wet weight) from solution containing 10 mg/ml glucose were 2 times greater in the 21–23 than in the 7–8-day-old pups (64 versus 30; P < 0.01) Glucose absorption rates (milligrams per hour per gram we weight of the perfused intestine) from the 20 mg/ml solution were similar in the 21–23 (64), 35–36 (60), and 70–7 (58)-day-old rats. The above results suggested that under the experimental conditions in rats the ability of the small intestine to absorb glucose per unit weight about doubles a the time of weaning as compared with the suckling period with no further enhancement thereafter.Speculation: In the rat at the time of weaning, intestinal lactase activity decreases, whereas that of sucrase increases. The findings o our study suggest that the same stimulus that increase; small intestinal sucrase activity also brings about changes in the glucose transporting mechanism. Other studies showing an increase in rates of glucose absorption in the small intestine under conditions where sucrase activity is enhanced will lend further support to the association between intestinal sucrase activity and glucose absorption rate.