Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing multi-version systems through fault injection

Multi-version design (MVD) has been proposed as a method for increasing the dependability, of critical systems beyond current levels. However, a major obstacle to large-scale commercial usage of this approach is the lack of quantitative characterizations available. We seek to help answer this problem using fault injection. This approach has the potential for yielding highly useful metrics with regard to MVD systems, as well as giving developers a greater insight into the behaviour of each channel within the system. In this research, we develop an automatic fault injection system for multi-version systems called FITMVS. We use this si,stem to test a multi-version system, and then analyze the results produced. We conclude that this approach can yield useful metrics, including metrics related to channel sensitivity, code scope sensitivity, and the likelihood of common-mode failure occurring within a system.
Using MAP estimated parameters to improve HMM speech recognition performance

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been quite successfully applied to speech recognition tasks, but many unsolved problems still remain. HMMs do not directly model all phenomena that might be useful for recognition. This is the case, for example, for duration modeling. Mechanisms are needed to incorporate additional information into an HMM system. This paper presents a maximum a posteriori (MAP) parameter estimation approach for improving the state-duration modeling capability and incorporating a priori knowledge about the word-duration distribution into an HMM. The MAP-based approach is evaluated on a talker-independent, connected alphadigit task for various prior distributions on duration. The results-in terms of both computational complexity and recognition performance-are compared with the results of HMM-based systems trained with the traditional maximum-likelihood criterion. <<ETX>>
An Ethical Dilemma Medical Errors and Medical Culture an Error of Omission Education and Debate

Employment grade differences in cause specific mortality. 25 year follow-up of civil servants from the first Whitehall study. National infant mortality rates in relation to gross national product and distribution of income. 15 Chiang T-L. Economic transition and changing relation between income inequality and mortality in Taiwan: regression analysis. income inequality and mortality: empirical demonstration.feld S. Low job control and risk of coronary heart disease in the White-hall II (prospective cohort) study. Balinkyiene I, et al. Attenuated cortisol response to a standardised stress test in Lithuanian vs. Swedish men. Childhood social circumstances and psychosocial and behavioural factors as determinants of plasma fibrinogen. 36 Hsieh CC, Pugh MD. Poverty, income inequality, and violent crime: a meta-analysis of recent aggregate data studies. In: Kawachi I, Kennedy B, Wilkinson RG, eds. Income inequality and health. The society and population health reader. A junior doctor fails to read an electrocardiogram that has been ordered and the patient dies, undiagnosed and in pain, from a myocardial infarction. We asked a professor of medical ethics, an expert in medical errors, and two clinicians to comment on the ethical implications of covering up the mistake. The patient, an elderly lady, was blind and deaf without speech. She had been brought in as an emergency case, clutching her abdomen and moaning. She had been like that for a couple of hours and had also vomited a few times. On examination she had some epigastric tenderness , her heart and lungs were normal, and her blood pressure was slightly low. Routine investigations were ordered; a drip was set up; and the team moved on. On the next round the patient was still in severe pain. Nothing new had turned up. Her serum haemoglobin concentration, blood biochemistry, and chest and abdominal radiographs were normal. We
Stability of Traffic Flow Behavior with Distributed Delays Modeling the Memory Effects of the Drivers

Stability analysis of a single-lane microscopic car-following model is studied analytically from the perspective of delayed reactions of human drivers. In the literature, the delayed reactions of the drivers are modeled with discrete delays, which assume that drivers make their control decisions based on the stimuli they receive from a point of time in the history. We improve this model by introducing a distribution of delays, which assumes that the control actions are based on information distributed over an interval of time in history. Such an assumption is more realistic, as it takes into consideration the memory capabilities of the drivers and the inevitable heterogeneity of their delay times. We calculate exact stability regions in the parameter space of some realistic delay distributions. Case studies are provided demonstrating the application of the results.
Migration and Attacking Ability of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus in Pinus thunbergii Stem Cuttings

To understand how Bursaphelenchus xylophilus kills pine trees, the differences between the effects of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus on pine trees are usually compared. In this study, the migration and attacking ability of a non-pathogenic B. mucronatus in Pinus thunbergii were investigated. The distribution of B. mucronatus and the number of dead epithelial cells resulting from inoculation were compared with those of the pathogenic B. xylophilus. Although B. mucronatus is non-pathogenic in pines, its distribution pattern in P. thunbergii was the same as that of B. xylophilus. We therefore concluded that the non-pathogenicity of B. mucronatus could not be attributed to its migration ability. The sparse and sporadic attacking pattern of B. mucronatus was also the same as that of B. xylophilus. However, the number and area of the dead epithelial cells in pine cuttings inoculated with B. mucronatus were smaller than in those cuttings inoculated with B. xylophilus, meaning that the attacking ability of B. mucronatus is weaker than that of B. xylophilus. Therefore, we concluded that the weaker attacking ability of B. mucronatus might be the factor responsible for the non-pathogenicity.
A study of awareness in multimedia search

Awareness of another's activity is an important aspect of facilitating collaboration between users, enabling an "understanding of the activities of others"[1]. Techniques such as collaborative filtering enable a form of asynchronous awareness, providing recommendations generated from the past activity of a community of users. In this paper we investigate the role of awareness and its effect on search behavior in collaborative multimedia retrieval. We focus on the scenario where two users are searching at the same time on the same task, and via the interface, can see the activity of the other user. The main research question asks: does awareness of another searcher aid a user when carrying out a multimedia search session? To encourage awareness, an experimental study was designed where two users were asked to find as many relevant video shots as possible under different awareness conditions. These were individual search (no awareness of each other), mutual awareness (where both user's could see each other's search screen), and unbalanced awareness (where one user is able to see the other's screen, but not vice-versa). Twelve pairs of users were recruited, and the four worst performing TRECVID 2006 search topics were used as search tasks, under four different awareness conditions. We present the results of this study, followed by a discussion of the implications for multimedia digital library systems.
Canalization and developmental stability in the Brachyrrhine mouse

The semi‐dominant Br mutation affects presphenoid growth, producing the facial retrognathism and globular neurocranial vault that characterize heterozygotes. We analysed the impact of this mutation on skull shape, comparing heterozygotes to wildtype mice, to determine if the effects are skull‐wide or confined to the sphenoid region targeted by the mutation. In addition, we examined patterns of variability of shape for the skull as a whole and for three regions (basicranium, face and neurocranium). We found that the Br mice differed significantly from wildtype mice in skull shape in all three regions as well as in the shape of the skull as a whole. However, the significant increases in variance and fluctuating asymmetry were found only in the basicranium of mutant mice. These results suggest that the mutation has a significant effect on the underlying developmental architecture of the skull, which produces an increase in phenotypic variability that is localized to the anatomical region in which the mean phenotype is most dramatically affected. These results suggest that the same developmental mechanisms that produce the change in phenotypic mean also produce the change in variance.
Ghrelin Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Ghrelin is 28-amino-acid peptide that was discovered from the rat and human stomach in 1999. Since the discovery of ghrelin, various functions of ghrelin, including growth hormone release, feeding behavior, glucose metabolism, memory, and also antidepressant effects, have been studied. It has also been reported that ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tract has an important physiological effect on gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal motility. Ghrelin has a unique structure that is modified by O-acylation with n-octanoic acid at third serine residues, and this modification enzyme has recently been identified and named ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT). Ghrelin is considered to be a gut-brain peptide and is abundantly produced from endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa. In the gastrointestinal tract, ghrelin cells are most abundant in the stomach and are localized in gastric mucosal layers. Ghrelin cells are also widely distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, abundance of ghrelin cells in the gastric mucosa is evolutionally conserved from mammals to lower vertebrates, indicating that gastric ghrelin plays important roles for fundamental physiological functions. Ghrelin cells in the gastrointestinal tract are a major source of circulating plasma ghrelin, and thus understanding the physiology of these cells would reveal the biological significance of ghrelin.
Positive psychology coaching: a model for coaching practice

This is the first in a series of papers to look at positive psychology coaching (PPC) as an approach suitable for use with coaching clients. This paper presents a brief overview of PPC for readers who are less familiar with the approach and highlights other sources for a fuller account of PPC. The paper sets the scene for a subsequent series of papers in this and future issues within the Coaching Psychology Techniques Section. Each of these subsequent techniques papers presents a short description of a technique grounded in PPC and which are suitable for use with coachees.
Swords or Plowshares? A Theory of the Security of Claims to Property

This paper develops a general equilibrium model of the allocation of resources among appropriative and productive activities. The model emphasizes the distinction between offensive weapons, which are the instruments of predation, and fortifications, which provide defense against predation. The analysis of this model shows how the equilibrium security of claims to property is determined. The analysis focuses on the possibility of a nonaggressive equilibrium, in which no resources are allocated to offensive weapons and claims to property are fully secure. We also analyze the complex relation between economic welfare and the security of claims to property. We find, for example, that a relatively poor agent could be better off in an equilibrium with less secure claims to property.
EFFICIENT TEMPORAL REASONING IN THE CACHED EVENT CALCULUS

This article deals with the problem of providing Kowalski and Sergot's event calculus, extended with context dependency, with an efficient implementation in a logic programming framework. Despite a widespread recognition that a positive solution to efficiency issues is necessary to guarantee the computational feasibility of existing approaches to temporal reasoning, the problem of analyzing the complexity of temporal reasoning programs has been largely overlooked. This article provides a mathematical analysis of the efficiency of query and update processing in the event calculus and defines a cached version of the calculus that (i) moves computational complexity from query to update processing and (ii) features an absolute improvement of performance, because query processing in the event calculus costs much more than update processing in the proposed cached version.
Joint effect of organic acids and inorganic salts on cloud droplet activation

Abstract. We have investigated CCN properties of internally mixed particles composed of one organic acid (oxalic acid dihydrate, succinic acid, adipic acid, citric acid, cis-pinonic acid, or Nordic reference fulvic acid) and one inorganic salt (sodium chloride or ammonium sulphate). Surface tension and water activity of aqueous model solutions with concentrations relevant for CCN activation were measured using a tensiometer and osmometry, respectively. The measurements were used to calculate Kohler curves and critical supersaturations, which were compared to measured critical supersaturations of particles with the same chemical compositions, determined with a cloud condensation nucleus counter. Surfactant surface partitioning was not accounted for. For the aqueous solutions containing cis-pinonic acid and fulvic acid, a depression of surface tension was observed, but for the remaining solutions the effect on surface tension was negligible at concentrations relevant for cloud droplet activation. The surface tension depression of aqueous solutions containing both organic acid and inorganic salt was approximately the same as or smaller than that of aqueous solutions containing the same mass of the corresponding pure organic acids. Water activity was found to be highly dependent on the type and amount of inorganic salt. Sodium chloride was able to decrease water activity more than ammonium sulphate and both inorganic salts are predicted to have a smaller Raoult term than the studied organic acids. Increasing the mass ratio of the inorganic salt led to a decrease in water activity. Water activity measurements were compared to results from the E-AIM model and values estimated from both constant and variable van't Hoff factors. The correspondence between measurements and estimates was overall good, except for highly concentrated solutions. Critical supersaturations calculated with Kohler theory based on measured water activity and surface tension, but not accounting for surface partitioning, compared well with measurements, except for the solutions containing sodium chloride and oxalic acid or one of the more surface active organic compounds. In such cases, significantly lower values were obtained from Kohler theory than the measured critical supersaturations with deviations above 50% for a 60 nm particle containing 50% (dry mass) of Nordic reference fulvic acid, suggesting that surfactant partitioning and/or an effect of sodium chloride on solubility of the organic component is important.
Sport Opportunities and Local Well-being: Is Sport a Local Amenity?

Including an array of distinguished contributors, this novel book fills a gap in the literature by addressing an important, yet under-researched, issue in the field of sports economics. It places great emphasis on the notion that sport is a significant component for improving the happiness, health and well-being of citizens, communities and society as a whole. In so doing, it addresses whether, in an environment of increasing pressure on public spending, governments should continue to subsidize sporting activities at the expense of other public resources.
Birth order, individual sex and sex of competitors determine the outcome of conflict among siblings over parental care

Success in competition for limiting parental resources depends on the interplay between parental decisions over allocation of care and offspring traits. Birth order, individual sex and sex of competing siblings are major candidates as determinants of success in sib–sib competition, but experimental studies focusing on the combined effect of these factors on parent–offspring communication and within-brood competitive dynamics are rare. Here, we assessed individual food intake and body mass gain during feeding trials in barn swallow chicks differing for seniority and sex, and compared the intensity of their acoustic and postural solicitation (begging) displays. Begging intensity and success in competition depended on seniority in combination with individual sex and sex of the opponent. Junior chicks begged more than seniors, independently of satiation level (which was also experimentally manipulated), and obtained greater access to food. Females were generally weaker competitors than males. Individual sex and sex of the opponent also affected duration of begging bouts. Present results thus show that competition with siblings can make the rearing environment variably harsh for developing chicks, depending on individual sex, sex of competing broodmates and age ranking within the nest. They also suggest that parental decisions on the allocation of care and response of kin to signalling siblings may further contribute to the outcome of sibling competition.
The complete chloroplast genome sequences of Lychnis wilfordii and Silene capitata and comparative analyses with other Caryophyllaceae genomes

The complete chloroplast genomes of Lychnis wilfordii and Silene capitata were determined and compared with ten previously reported Caryophyllaceae chloroplast genomes. The chloroplast genome sequences of L. wilfordii and S. capitata contain 152,320 bp and 150,224 bp, respectively. The gene contents and orders among 12 Caryophyllaceae species are consistent, but several microstructural changes have occurred. Expansion of the inverted repeat (IR) regions at the large single copy (LSC)/IRb and small single copy (SSC)/IR boundaries led to partial or entire gene duplications. Additionally, rearrangements of the LSC region were caused by gene inversions and/or transpositions. The 18 kb inversions, which occurred three times in different lineages of tribe Sileneae, were thought to be facilitated by the intermolecular duplicated sequences. Sequence analyses of the L. wilfordii and S. capitata genomes revealed 39 and 43 repeats, respectively, including forward, palindromic, and reverse repeats. In addition, a total of 67 and 56 simple sequence repeats were discovered in the L. wilfordii and S. capitata chloroplast genomes, respectively. Finally, we constructed phylogenetic trees of the 12 Caryophyllaceae species and two Amaranthaceae species based on 73 protein-coding genes using both maximum parsimony and likelihood methods.
Glance Awareness and Gaze Interaction in Smartwatches

Smartwatches are widely available and increasingly adopted by consumers. The most common way of interacting with smartwatches is either touching a screen or pressing buttons on the sides. However, such techniques require using both hands. We propose glance awareness and active gaze interaction as alternative techniques to interact with smartwatches. We will describe an experiment conducted to understand the user preferences for visual and haptic feedback on a "glance" at the wristwatch. Following the glance, the users interacted with the watch using gaze gestures. Our results showed that user preferences differed depending on the complexity of the interaction. No clear preference emerged for complex interaction. For simple interaction, haptics was the preferred glance feedback modality.
Supplementary Motor Complex and Disturbed Motor Control – a Retrospective Clinical and Lesion Analysis of Patients after Anterior Cerebral Artery Stroke

Background Both the supplementary motor complex (SMC), consisting of the supplementary motor area (SMA) proper, the pre-SMA, and the supplementary eye field, and the rostral cingulate cortex are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and are involved in higher motor control. The Bereitschaftspotential (BP) originates from the SMC and reflects cognitive preparation processes before volitional movements. ACA strokes may lead to impaired motor control in the absence of limb weakness and evoke an alien hand syndrome (AHS) in its extreme form. Aim To characterize the clinical spectrum of disturbed motor control after ACA strokes, including signs attributable to AHS and to identify the underlying neuroanatomical correlates. Methods A clinical assessment focusing on signs of disturbed motor control including intermanual conflict (i.e., bilateral hand movements directed at opposite purposes), lack of self-initiated movements, exaggerated grasping, motor perseverations, mirror movements, and gait apraxia was performed. Symptoms were grouped into (A) AHS-specific and (B) non-AHS-specific signs of upper limbs, and (C) gait apraxia. Lesion summation mapping was applied to the patients’ MRI or CT scans to reveal associated lesion patterns. The BP was recorded in two patients. Results Ten patients with ACA strokes (nine unilateral, one bilateral; mean age: 74.2 years; median NIH-SS at admission: 13.0) were included in this case series. In the acute stage, all cases had marked difficulties to perform volitional hand movements, while movements in response to external stimuli were preserved. In the chronic stage (median follow-up: 83.5 days) initiation of voluntary movements improved, although all patients showed persistent signs of disturbed motor control. Impaired motor control is predominantly associated with damaged voxels within the SMC and the anterior and medial cingulate cortex, while lesions within the pre-SMA are specifically related to AHS. No BP was detected over the damaged hemisphere. Conclusion ACA strokes involving the premotor cortices, particularly the pre-SMA, are associated with AHS-specific signs. In the acute phase, motor behavior is characterized by the inability to carry out self-initiated movements. Motor control deficits may persist to a variable degree beyond the acute phase. Alterations of the BP point to an underlying SMC dysfunction in AHS.
THE PALOMAR/KECK ADAPTIVE OPTICS SURVEY OF YOUNG SOLAR ANALOGS: EVIDENCE FOR A UNIVERSAL COMPANION MASS FUNCTION

We present results from an adaptive optics survey for substellar and stellar companions to Sun-like stars. The survey targeted 266 F5–K5 stars in the 3 Myr–3 Gyr age range with distances of 10–190 pc. Results from the survey include the discovery of two brown dwarf companions (HD 49197B and HD 203030B), 24 new stellar binaries, and a triple system. We infer that the frequency of 0.012–0.072 M☉ brown dwarfs in 28–1590 AU orbits around young solar analogs is 3.2+3.1−2.7% (2σ limits). The result demonstrates that the deficiency of substellar companions at wide orbital separations from Sun-like stars is less pronounced than in the radial velocity “brown dwarf desert. ” We infer that the mass distribution of companions in 28–1590 AU orbits around solar-mass stars follows a continuous dN/dM2 ∝ M−0.42 relation over the 0.01–1.0 M☉ secondary mass range. While this functional form is similar to that for isolated objects less than 0.1 M☉, over the entire 0.01–1.0 M☉ range, the mass functions of companions and of isolated objects differ significantly. Based on this conclusion and on similar results from other direct imaging and radial velocity companion surveys in the literature, we argue that the companion mass function follows the same universal form over the entire range between 0 and 1590 AU in orbital semimajor axis and ≈ 0.01–20 M☉ in companion mass. In this context, the relative dearth of substellar versus stellar secondaries at all orbital separations arises naturally from the inferred form of the companion mass function.