Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The evolutionary origins of human fairness

Humans care about fairness and are ready to suffer financial losses for the sake of it. The existence of such costly preferences for fairness constitutes an evolutionary puzzle. Recently, some authors have argued that human fairness can be understood as a psychological adaptation evolved to solve the problem of sharing the costs and benefits of cooperation. When people can choose with whom they want to cooperate, sharing the costs and benefits in an impartial way helps to be chosen as a partner and brings direct fitness benefits. In this theory, partner choice is thus the central mechanism allowing the evolution of fairness. Here, we offer an interdisciplinary study of fairness to put this theory to the test. After a review of competing theories (Paper 1, in review), we build game-theoretical models and agent-based simulations to investigate whether partner choice can explain two key aspects of human fairness: the wrongness to take advantage of one's strength to exploit weaker people (Paper 2, Evolution), and the appeal of distributions where the reward is proportional to the contribution (Paper 3, in review). We show that partner choice succeeds at explaining these two characteristics. We also go towards more realistic and mechanism-oriented simulations by trying to evolve fair robots controlled by simple neural networks. We then test the theory empirically, and show that partner choice creates fairness in a behavioral experiment (Paper 4, Proceedings of the Royal Society B). We develop a collaborative video game to assess the cross-cultural variation of fairness in distributive situations, and present results coming from a Western sample (Paper 5, in preparation). We review the experiments looking for fairness in non-human animals, and discuss why fairness would have been more prone to evolve in humans than in any other species, despite partner choice being an evolutionary mechanism far from restricted to the human species. Finally, we discuss three common misunderstandings about the partner choice theory and identify interesting directions for future research.
Tumor necrosis factor is a critical mediator in hapten induced irritant and contact hypersensitivity reactions

We examined the role of cytokines in the cutaneous response to the application of trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) in both nonsensitized and sensitized mice, i.e., in the irritant reaction (IR) and contact hypersensitivity reactions (CH). When administered immediately before challenge, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibody abrogated the ear swelling response in CH; antibody directed against interferon gamma or antibodies to both granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 3 (IL-3) had a partial inhibitory effect; anti-IL-2 receptor antibody had no effect. Anti-TNF prevented the various features of the CH, as seen on histological sections, e.g., leukocyte infiltration and hemorrhages within the dermis and keratinocytes necrosis. Anti-TNF antibody also prevented the IR. The presence of TNF mRNA was evaluated on Northern blots; TNF-alpha mRNA was detectable in an untreated ear, increased after the application of TNCB in nonsensitized mice, and was highest in sensitized mice. TNF mRNA accumulation, which was evident 0.5 h after hapten application and lasted greater than 72 h, was abolished by treatment with anti-TNF antibody, thus suggesting an auto-amplification of TNF production. The cellular origin of TNF mRNA was explored by in situ hybridization; basal keratinocytes showed the highest labeling, but TNF mRNA was also detectable in cells of the dermal infiltrate. After hapten (TNCB) application at sites susceptible (the ear) or resistant (the foot pad) to CH or IR, a close correlation was observed between TNF mRNA accumulation and the intensity of the inflammatory reaction. The major role played by TNF in both the CH and the IR explains the histologically similar aspects of these reactions and the extreme variability of these reactions at various anatomical sites.
Changes in perceptions of confidence in teaching music by preservice students

The purpose of this study was to determine if a Primary Music Teaching Methods (PMTM) course can make a significant difference in perceptions of confidence in teaching music by preservice students, and to examine whether formal and informal musical experiences are significantly related to changes in perceptions of confidence. Participants were 48 preservice students in Primary Education programs at a university in Sydney, Australia. Pretest andposttest questionnaires were administered. The PMTM course was taught by the investigator for 10 weeks. The results showed that the PMTM course made a significant difference in perceptions of confidence in teaching music, that a key factor in building the students' perceptions of confidence was individual music teaching presentations, and that both formal and informal musical experiences were significantly negatively related to changes in perceptions of confidence in teaching music. The implication is that the PMTM course should include individual music teaching presentations.
Antibacterial Effect of Juglans Regia Bark against Oral Pathologic Bacteria

Background. In this study antimicrobial effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Juglans regia bark in Iran was evaluated on four different oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Juglans regia bark were prepared by using disk diffusion technique and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) methods. Tetracycline 30 μg and Erythromycin 15 μg were used as positive control and water as negative control in disk diffusion and MIC methods. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test. Results. The results showed that S. sanguis and S. mutans were the most sensitive and the most resistant bacteria against ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. Ethanolic extract had significant antibacterial effect against all tested bacteria. Aqueous extract did not show antibacterial effect on S. mutans, in contrast to ethanolic extract. Aqueous extract had significantly antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, S. salivarius, and S. sanguis compared to control (P < 0.0001), but it did not show effect on S. mutans when compared with Erythromycin. According to the obtained MIC values, ethanol extract of Juglans regia bark had the lowest rate. Conclusion. The results may provide the basis for using natural antimicrobial substance for oral hygiene prophylaxis purposes.
A novel framework for fast scene matching in consumer image collections

The widespread utilization of digital visual media has motivated many research efforts towards efficient search and retrieval from large photo collections. Traditionally, SIFT feature-based methods have been widely used for matching photos taken at particular locations or places of interest. These methods are very time-consuming due to the complexity of the features and the large number of images typically contained in the image database being searched. In this paper, we propose a fast approach to matching images captured at particular locations or places of interest by selecting representative images from an image collection that have the best chance of being successfully matched by using SIFT, and relying on only these representative images for efficient scene matching. We present a unified framework incorporating a set of discriminative features that can effectively select the images containing signature elements of particular locations from a large number of images. The proposed approach produces an order of magnitude improvement in computational time for matching similar scenes in an image collection using SIFT features. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of our approach compared to the traditional SIFT, PCA-SIFT, and SURF-based approaches.
Sources of Stress and Support among Rural-Based First-Year University Students: An Exploratory Study

First-year university students are faced with numerous challenges, some of which prove more than they can cope with. As a result their prospects of graduating are reduced, as reflected in the high failure and drop-out rates nationally. These challenges are certainly greater in rural-based institutions, and the authors sought, therefore, to examine the stressors endured by students from mainly poorer, rural communities attending such an institution. Fear of failing, finance and accommodation problems featured very strongly, with deaths of family members and significant others also prominent. Parents and friends were viewed as most supportive. Significantly more female than male students found friends and religious leaders/priests to be supportive. Approximately one-quarter of the sample found their siblings and health professionals unsupportive. Students younger than 21 years were more affected by conflict with and between parents than students over 21 years. The results are discussed within the context of socioeconomic as well as gender and developmental variables.
Gravitational wave as probe of superfluid dark matter

In recent years, superfluid dark matter (SfDM) has become a competitive model of emergent modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) scenario: MOND phenomenons naturally emerge as a derived concept due to an extra force mediated between baryons by phonons as a result of axionlike particles condensed as superfluid at galactic scales; Beyond galactic scales, these axionlike particles behave as normal fluid without phonon-mediated MOND-like force between baryons, therefore SfDM also maintains the usual success of $\Lambda$CDM at cosmological scales. In this paper, we use gravitational waves (GWs) to probe the relevant parameter space of SfDM. GWs through Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) could propagate with a speed slightly deviation from the speed-of-light due to the change in the effective refractive index, which depends on the SfDM parameters and GW-source properties. We find that Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA) are the most promising means as GW probe of relevant parameter space of SfDM. Future space-based GW detectors are also capable of probing SfDM if a multimessenger approach is adopted.
Using web-based exploratory tasks to develop intercultural competence in a homogeneous cultural environment

This study adapted web-based exploratory tasks using WebQuests as a means of enabling students to understand and reflect on both the target and their own culture. Learners actively used various authentic resources selected to meet their linguistic and cognitive needs to complete the tasks. The aim of this study was to help Japanese university students in a homogeneous cultural environment enrolled in an intercultural communication class to understand various cultural contexts through a systematic inquiry-based approach using WebQuests, with the goal of eventually improving their intercultural competence. Quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-surveys and an adapted version of the Generalised Ethnocentrism-scale questionnaires, whereas qualitative data included analyses of students’ reflection in weekly online forums and a final essay. The results of the study showed students’ reduction in ethnocentricity and suggested students had acquired a deeper understanding of both their own culture and other cultures.
Sublinear Time Estimation of Degree Distribution Moments: The Degeneracy Connection

We revisit the classic problem of estimating the degree distribution moments of an undirected graph. Consider an undirected graph $G=(V,E)$ with $n$ vertices, and define (for $s > 0$) $\mu_s = \frac{1}{n}\cdot\sum_{v \in V} d^s_v$. Our aim is to estimate $\mu_s$ within a multiplicative error of $(1+\epsilon)$ (for a given approximation parameter $\epsilon>0$) in sublinear time. We consider the sparse graph model that allows access to: uniform random vertices, queries for the degree of any vertex, and queries for a neighbor of any vertex. For the case of $s=1$ (the average degree), $\widetilde{O}(\sqrt{n})$ queries suffice for any constant $\epsilon$ (Feige, SICOMP 06 and Goldreich-Ron, RSA 08). Gonen-Ron-Shavitt (SIDMA 11) extended this result to all integral $s > 0$, by designing an algorithms that performs $\widetilde{O}(n^{1-1/(s+1)})$ queries. We design a new, significantly simpler algorithm for this problem. In the worst-case, it exactly matches the bounds of Gonen-Ron-Shavitt, and has a much simpler proof. More importantly, the running time of this algorithm is connected to the degeneracy of $G$. This is (essentially) the maximum density of an induced subgraph. For the family of graphs with degeneracy at most $\alpha$, it has a query complexity of $\widetilde{O}\left(\frac{n^{1-1/s}}{\mu^{1/s}_s} \Big(\alpha^{1/s} + \min\{\alpha,\mu^{1/s}_s\}\Big)\right) = \widetilde{O}(n^{1-1/s}\alpha/\mu^{1/s}_s)$. Thus, for the class of bounded degeneracy graphs (which includes all minor closed families and preferential attachment graphs), we can estimate the average degree in $\widetilde{O}(1)$ queries, and can estimate the variance of the degree distribution in $\widetilde{O}(\sqrt{n})$ queries. This is a major improvement over the previous worst-case bounds. Our key insight is in designing an estimator for $\mu_s$ that has low variance when $G$ does not have large dense subgraphs.
Normas Associativas Para 69 Categorias Semânticas

Normas associativas para 69 categorias semânticas sao apresentadas. Sujeitos foram solicitados a produzir o primeiro exemplo de cada categoria natural que lhes viessem a mente. As seguintes informacoes sao oferecidas sobre cada categoria: o tamanho da categoria, o numero de acertos, a correlacao entre grupos, erros e respostas em branco, e os exemplos produzidos e suas respectivas frequencias absolutas. Os resultados indicaram que as normas apresentam um significativo graude confiabilidade, sendo os indices de consistencia similares a normas coletadas em outros paises. Discute-se, ainda, a validade destas informacoes como instrumento na pesquisa basica sobre processos cognitivos.
Family Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for a Child With Autism and Comorbid Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure/response prevention is effective among youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and comorbid anxiety symptoms. This case illustrates the application of a modularized family-based CBT approach with a school-aged boy with autistic disorder and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Following 16 family sessions over 21 weeks, “Jerry,” a 9-year-old Caucasian male, showed significant reduction in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Jerry’s parents also reported improvements in emotional regulation, participation in school activities, and in his parent–child relationships. This case study illustrates the use of family-based CBT, which has been modified to account for social and behavioral deficits endemic to ASDs, for school-aged youth with autism and comorbid OCD.
Therapeutic listening in caring relationships

Therapeutic listening is a proven and highly valuable tool used in professional, semi-formal, and formal caregiving relationships. The following work is a pilot project intended for use as a continuing education tool in the training of formal, yet unpaid, caregivers in a spiritual ministry serving in long-term, one-to-one relationships with a single care receiver. Methods used were derived from adult learning theory, small group communication theory, humanistic psychology, behavioral learning theory, social learning theory, symbolic interactionism, and interpersonal communication theory to name a few. Active listening and active learning strategies designed for adults are explored and utilized. The final project builds on existing knowledge of the use of therapeutic listening in various social and psychological relationships, but addresses the underrepresented application in formal and unpaid caregiving relationships. Professionals and other formal caregivers benefit from the findings and application of this project. The project may also be helpful in providing a basis for more in-depth training or application in a longitudinal study on the use of therapeutic listening in these types of caregiving relationships.
Fully Discrete, Entropy Conservative Schemes of ArbitraryOrder

We consider weak solutions of (hyperbolic or hyperbolic-elliptic) systems of conservation laws in one-space dimension and their approximation by finite difference schemes in conservative form. The systems under consideration are endowed with an entropy-entropy flux pair. We introduce a general approach to construct second and third order accurate, fully discrete (in both space and time) entropy conservative schemes. In general, these schemes are fully nonlinear implicit, but in some important cases can be explicit or linear implicit. Furthermore, semidiscrete entropy conservative schemes of arbitrary order are presented. The entropy conservative schemes are used to construct a numerical method for the computation of weak solutions containing nonclassical regularization-sensitive shock waves. Finally, specific examples are investigated and tested numerically. Our approach extends the results and techniques by Tadmor [in Numerical Methods for Compressible Flows---Finite Difference, Element and Volume Techniques, ASME, New York, 1986, pp. 149--158], LeFloch and Rohde [SIAM J. Numer. Anal. , 37 (2000), pp. 2023--2060].
A systematic review of interventions conducted in clinical or community settings to improve dual-task postural control in older adults

Background Injury due to falls is a major problem among older adults. Decrements in dual-task postural control performance (simultaneously performing two tasks, at least one of which requires postural control) have been associated with an increased risk of falling. Evidence-based interventions that can be used in clinical or community settings to improve dual-task postural control may help to reduce this risk. Purpose The aims of this systematic review are: 1) to identify clinical or community-based interventions that improved dual-task postural control among older adults; and 2) to identify the key elements of those interventions. Data sources Studies were obtained from a search conducted through October 2013 of the following electronic databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Study selection Randomized and nonrandomized controlled studies examining the effects of interventions aimed at improving dual-task postural control among community-dwelling older adults were selected. Data extraction All studies were evaluated based on methodological quality. Intervention characteristics including study purpose, study design, and sample size were identified, and effects of dual-task interventions on various postural control and cognitive outcomes were noted. Data synthesis Twenty-two studies fulfilled the selection criteria and were summarized in this review to identify characteristics of successful interventions. Limitations The ability to synthesize data was limited by the heterogeneity in participant characteristics, study designs, and outcome measures. Conclusion Dual-task postural control can be modified by specific training. There was little evidence that single-task training transferred to dual-task postural control performance. Further investigation of dual-task training using standardized outcome measurements is needed.
Title Exploitation of 2 D binary source correlation using turbo block codes with fine-tuning

This article proposes a joint source-channel coding technique for two-dimensional (2D) binary Markov sources by using concatenated turbo block codes composed of two Bose, Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, of which output is followed by a rate-1 recursive systematic convolutional code. The source correlation of all rows and columns of the 2D source is well exploited by using a modified Bahl–Cocke–Jelinek–Raviv (BCJR) algorithm for the decoding of the BCH codes. Simulation results show that the proposed technique outperforms in terms of bit error rate the codes that exploits one-dimensional (1D) source correlation using the modified BCJR algorithm, and obviously the conventional system without source correlation exploitation. In order to further improve the performance, this article aims to make fine-tuning of the code parameters, given the source correlation property, that can achieve performance even closer to the theoretical limit than without the fine-tuning. Finally, results of image transmission simulations using two images, one having strong and the other weak 2D correlation, are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed technique.
Design of base station's vehicular communication network for intelligent traffic control

Vehicle to vehicle communication has recently increased attention with respect to traffic regulation/safety aspects. In this spontaneous information network, each vehicle can take on the role of a receiving the data from the base station allowing a chain of information to be built up that is capable of covering a substantial distance. However there is also the domain of general user information wide band access (data state/monitoring in fleet of vehicles, mobile conferencing or wide band trunk sharing to main network in a envoy of multi person vans/busses etc). A third aspect is wireless distributed communication within the vehicle: entertainment, office on the move etc. (small space but dynamic surrounding when vehicle or other vehicle around it, are up to speed). Inter-vehicle communication (IVC), on one hand, is an important component of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) architecture. It enables vehicle to communicate with other vehicles that locate in the range. As a result information gathered through IVC can help improve the road traffic safety and efficiency. Benefiting from the large capacities (in terms of both space and power) of vehicles, the nodes of these networks can have long transmission ranges and virtually unlimited lifetimes.
Alignment-Based Neural Machine Translation

Neural machine translation (NMT) has emerged recently as a promising statistical machine translation approach. In NMT, neural networks (NN) are directly used to produce translations, without relying on a pre-existing translation framework. In this work, we take a step towards bridging the gap between conventional word alignment models and NMT. We follow the hidden Markov model (HMM) approach that separates the alignment and lexical models. We propose a neural alignment model and combine it with a lexical neural model in a log-linear framework. The models are used in a standalone word-based decoder that explicitly hypothesizes alignments during search. We demonstrate that our system outperforms attention-based NMT on two tasks: IWSLT 2013 German → English and BOLT Chinese → English. We also show promising results for re-aligning the training data using neural models.