Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of early exposure to intermale aggression on the aggressiveness of adult male mice varying in their genetic disposition for aggressive behavior

This study examined whether adult male aggression is influenced by either visual or olfactory exposure in early postnatal life to brief episodes of aggression. Another focus of interest was the interplay between a genetic disposition for aggressive behavior and early exposure experiences. The subjects used in the study were male mice of the 49th generation of selection for high (Turku Aggressive, TA) and low (Turku Non-Aggressive, TNA) levels of aggressiveness. Moderately aggressive males of the parental strain (Normal, N) were also used. Subjects of each strain were exposed from 21 to 32 days of age to fighting males either behind a wire mesh or glass screen. Control subjects were isolated during the entire experimental period. At 90–100 days of age, each subjects was tested three times for its aggressiveness. Exposure to fighting males behind a wire mesh screen enhanced later aggressiveness of juvenile male mice. Juveniles exposed solely to visual cues were comparable to isolates, both groups showing less adult aggression. Early experience and the genetic disposition for aggression were correlated; TA males showing the greatest increase in aggressive behavior. The role of early olfactory learning is discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Correlational and Predictive Study of Creativity and Personality of College Students

The goals of this study were to examine the relationship between creativity and personality, to identify what personality variables better predict creativity, and to determine whether significant differences exist among them in relation to gender. The research was conducted with a sample of 87 students at the Universidad Pública de Navarra, Spain. We administered the Creative Intelligence Test (CREA), which provides a cognitive measure for creativity and the Situational Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), which is composed of 15 personality features. Positive and significant correlations between creativity and independence, cognitive control, and tolerance personality scales were found. Negative and significant correlations between creativity and anxious, dominant, and aggressive personalities were also found. Moreover, four personality variables that positively predicted creativity (efficacy, independence, cognitive control, and integrity-honesty) and another four that negatively predicted creativity (emotional stability, anxiety, dominance, and leadership) were identified. The results did not show significant differences in creativity and personality in relation to gender, except in self-concept and in social adjustment. In conclusion, the results from this study can potentially be used to expand the types of features that support creative personalities. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar las relaciones entre creatividad y personalidad, identificar qué variables de personalidad predicen mejor la creatividad y además, ver si existen diferencias significativas entre ellas en función del género. La investigación se llevó a cabo con una muestra de 87 estudiantes de la Universidad Pública de Navarra (España). Se administraron el Test de Inteligencia Creativa (CREA) que proporciona una medida cognitiva de la creatividad y el Cuestionario de Personalidad Situacional (CPS) que consta de 15 rasgos de personalidad. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas y positivas entre la creatividad y las escalas de personalidad independencia, control cognitivo y tolerancia, y significativas y negativas entre la creatividad y las de personalidad ansiedad, dominancia y agresividad. Además, se obtuvieron cuatro variables de personalidad que predecían de forma positiva la creatividad –eficacia, independencia, control cognitivo e integridad-honestidad– y otras cuatro que lo hacían de manera negativa –estabilidad emocional, ansiedad, dominancia y liderazgo–. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias significativas en creatividad y personalidad en función del género, excepto en autoconcepto y en ajuste social. En definitiva, esta investigación pretende ampliar el tipo de rasgos que pueden sustentar las personalidades creativas.
‘A camera is a big responsibility’: a lens for analysing children's visual voices

This article is based on longitudinal image-based research conducted with working-class immigrant boys and girls in a US public school context. Picture taking is one part of a larger ethnographic exploration of how the children perceive and navigate linguistic, cultural, race/ethnic and economic differences, family-school relationships, and self and identity changes over time. The article discusses a mode of visual research and analysis the author has adopted which is dynamic and relational; it resists any single orientation to children's photography – whether as an aesthetic experience, a socio-cultural activity or a cognitive-developmental process, to name three common perspectives. Instead, her goal is to create a ‘need-to-know-more’ stance towards children as knowing subjects and to appreciate the limits of what we can see, know and understand about their childhood contexts, individual subjectivities and exercise of multiple voices.
Correctional Milieu: The Key to Quality Outcomes

Abstract Counselor rapport is a significant factor affecting positive outcomes from treatment services. Within the criminal justice literature, increasing attention has been given to the working alliance between criminal justice actors and offenders (clients). A review of the literature finds that a growing body of work is measuring this construct within justice settings, and finding that the nature of the relationship affects outcomes either directly or as a mediating factor. Perceptions of fairness and care appear to create positive outcomes, and when offenders perceive that they have a voice in decisions, more positive outcomes are likely to occur. This paper will review the literature on therapeutic alliance factors for criminal justice actors (e.g., judges, correctional officers, probation officers, special counselors, etc.) and then highlight the implications for advancing practice in the correctional arena. Four points will be raised about policy implications affecting the concept of punishment, roles of correctional staff, models of offender change, and models of organizational change.
From ‘Glass Ceilings’ to ‘Firewalls’— Different Metaphors for Describing Discrimination

The glass ceiling metaphor, a framework of the 1980s, constructs discrimination processes in a particular way in particular organizational frameworks. Using a procedure of metaphor evaluation, we examine the glass ceiling metaphor to determine whether it continues to be useful in contemporary social and economic contexts. We analyse the recently introduced firewall metaphor for its usefulness for constructing discriminatory processes in organizations, which remain hidden in the glass ceiling metaphor. Our analysis suggests that both metaphors are useful for constructing diverse aspects of discrimination. In the contemporary context, however, firewalls may have greater utility due to their complexity, fluidity, heterogeneity and possibilities for permeability.
A Principal-Agent Model for Product Specification and Production

This paper develops and analyzes a principal-agent model for product specification and production motivated by "core buying" decisions at an automobile manufacturer. The model focuses on two important elements of the "core" buyer's responsibility: (1) assessing the supplier's capability, and (2) allocating some or all of a fixed level of some buyer-internal resource to help the supplier. Under the contracting scheme we model, the buyer (principal) delegates the majority of product specification and production activity to the supplier (agent), but retains the flexibility to commit a given, observable amount of an internally available, limited resource (e.g., engineering hours) to help the supplier. The supplier, in turn, allocates his resource (e.g., engineering hours) to produce the finished product. As in the motivating scenario, both the supplier's resource allocation and capability are assumed to be hidden from the buyer. Hence, the principal's problem is to determine a menu of (resource-commitment, transfer-price) contracts to minimize her total expected cost. Our analysis demonstrates that if buyer resource and supplier capability are substitutes, then the buyer's second-best involvement in the supplier's production process will be greater than first-best. The opposite is true if they are complements. Further, when the opportunity cost for the buyer's resource is zero, then in the substitutes case the buyer will commit all of its resource, while in the complements case the buyer may withhold some resources to screen the supplier type. We describe two applications of the model--one in inventory management and one in pharmaceutical drug discovery--to illustrate its applicability and versatility. Finally, we use insights from the model to suggest hypotheses for empirical study.
Evaluation of human-like anthropomorphism in the context of online bidding and affordances

This paper presents a four condition experiment and the results concerning the wider area of investigating the effectiveness and user satisfaction of using anthropomorphic feedback at the user interface. The specific context used was online bidding. The four conditions used in the experiment were human video, human voice, human voice with anthropomorphic text and a control consisting of neutral text. The main results of the experiment showed significant differences in participants' perceptions regarding the 'humanity' of the feedback they used. As expected, the control condition consisting of neutral text incurred significantly lower ratings for the 'humanity' characteristics of the feedback. The human video condition also incurred significantly stronger perceptions regarding the appearance being human. The results were also analysed in light of the theory of affordances and the authors conclude that the four conditions used in the experiment were likely equivalent in their facilitating the affordances. Therefore the authors suggest that facilitating the affordances may be more crucial to a user interface and the users than the actual anthropomorphic characteristic of the feedback used.
Personal remindings while reading literature

A theory is proposed that the feeling of personal resonance while reading literary texts arises when the reader is reminded of personal experiences from the past in which he/she played an active role. The usefulness of conventional thinking aloud methods for studying this phenomenon and appreciation of literature in general is questioned, primarily because they Interrupt and disturb the reading process. A method called self-probed retrospection is developed which is a hybrid of concurrent thinking aloud and retrospective probing, involving self-cued recdl of concurrent thoughts after the person has finished teading. It is shown that veryfew ofthe remindings that occured while reading areforgotten when this method is used. Anexperiment comparing a literary and an expository text of 3000 words was carried out. It was found that in remindings elicited by the literary text, the subject was more often an actor than an observer or receiver of Information; in the expository text, just äs many remindings were elicited, but the reader was most often a passive receiver in these memories. Furthermore, remindings occurred more frequently at the beginning of the texts than at the endt especially in the literary text.
The aesthetic alchemy of sounding impartial: Why Serbs still listen to ‘the BBC conspiracy’

The decisive developments in the region once known as Yugoslavia received substantial coverage by the BBC World Service, both in its regional language services and in its world headlines. We explore how the Serbian audiences acquired information based on western sources, particularly by tuning into the BBC, and how that information is critically talked about within Serbian public and private discourses. These discourses are decidedly multifaceted, given the way they embrace all available sources; they are eclectic in the best sense of the word and tune in to all media, but maintain a distrustful and critical attitude. The BBC’s aura of impartiality and its Serbian audiences’ responses are therefore analysed via the evolution of media-critical discourses and the audiences’ appreciation for the Corporation’s aesthetic and storytelling style; but importantly as a valuable source to observe and scrutinize conspiracy theories which have evolved in Serbia during and after the Yugoslav civil wars.
Personality on Social Network Sites: An Application of the Five Factor Model

In this paper we explore how individual personality characteristics influence online social networking behavior. We use data from an online survey with 1560 respondents from a major Swiss technical university and their corresponding online profiles and friendship networks on a popular Social Network Site (SNS). Apart from sociodemographic variables and questions about SNS usage, we collected survey data on personality traits with a short question inventory of the Five Factor Personality Model (BFI-15). We show how these psychological network antecedents influence participation, adoption time, nodal degree and ego-network growth over a period of 4 months on the networking platform. Statistical analysis with overdispersed degree distribution models identifies extraversion as a major driving force in the tie formation process. We find a counter-intuitive positive effect for neuroticism, a negative influence for conscientiousness and no effects for openness and agreeableness.
Ultralow-Loss Planar $\hbox{Si}_{3}\hbox{N}_{4}$  Waveguide Polarizers

We demonstrate broadband (1500-1620 nm) and low-loss planar waveguide polarizers with measurement-limited on-chip extinction as high as 75 dB. Polarizers can be fabricated in higher confinement 100-nm-thick as well as lower confinement 40-nm-thick Si3N4 cores to suit a variety of photonic systems.
DIAPERS, DISSERTATIONS, AND OTHER HOLY THINGS: THE EXPERIENCES OF MOTHERS WORKING IN CHRISTIAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

Academic institutions present specific challenges to women attempting to balance work and family responsibilities. This type of involvement within the subculture of evangelical Christianity presents its own variations. Interviews with 30 mothers working in Christian academia were analyzed using a post hoc content analysis informed by principles of grounded theory (Strauss and Corbin, 1990, 1998). The experiences of these women reveal a number of emotional and practical needs that can inform institutions desiring to create family-friendly climates. These women's stories also reveal that women working within a Christian subculture may differ in displaying tensions consistent with gender-role ideologies that are more conservative than those of the larger society. They seek work environments that are consistent with these ideologies, desire personal integration of their spirituality with their work and family commitments, and express the need for flexibility in establishing goals that are consistent with their ideologies. Implications for Christian institutions are discussed.
The effects of 8 weeks voluntary wheel running on the contractile performance of isolated locomotory (soleus) and respiratory (diaphragm) skeletal muscle during early ageing

ABSTRACT Decreased skeletal muscle performance with increasing age is strongly associated with reduced mobility and quality of life. Increased physical activity is a widely prescribed method of reducing the detrimental effects of ageing on skeletal muscle contractility. The present study used isometric and work loop testing protocols to uniquely investigate the effects of 8 weeks of voluntary wheel running on the contractile performance of isolated dynapenic soleus and diaphragm muscles of 38-week-old CD1 mice. When compared with untrained controls, voluntary wheel running induced significant improvements in maximal isometric stress and work loop power, a reduced resistance to fatigue, but greater cumulative work during fatiguing work loop contractions in isolated muscle. These differences occurred without appreciable changes in lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, sarco-endoplasmic reticulum ATPase or myosin heavy chain expression synonymous with this form of training in younger rodent models. Despite the given improvement in contractile performance, the average running distance significantly declined over the course of the training period, indicating that this form of training may not be sufficient to fully counteract the longer-term ageing-induced decline in skeletal muscle contractile performance. Although these results indicate that regular low-intensity physical activity may be beneficial in offsetting the age-related decline in skeletal muscle contractility, future work focusing on the maintenance of a healthy body mass with increasing age and its effects on myosin-actin cross-bridge kinetics and Ca2+ handling is needed to clarify the mechanisms causing the improved contractile performance in trained dynapenic skeletal muscle. Summary: Although regular low-intensity physical activity may be beneficial in offsetting age-related decline in skeletal muscle contractility, future work is needed to clarify the mechanisms causing the improved contractile performance in trained dynapenic skeletal muscle.
The use of individualized speed and intensity thresholds for determining the distance run at high-intensity in professional soccer

Abstract As with other match analysis systems, ProZone® uses an absolute speed threshold to identify running speeds at “high-intensity”. In this study, we examined the use of an individualized high-intensity speed threshold based on the speed at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2speed) for assessment of the distance run at high-intensity during matches. Ten professional soccer players completed a maximal treadmill test to determine VT2speed. Match data were identified by means of the ProZone® match analysis system. The distances run at high-intensity during matches were calculated using the default value (19.8 km · h−1) and VT2speed. Differences between VT2speed and the default were analysed using a non-parametric median sign test. The distances run at high-intensity were compared with a paired t-test. The median VT2speed was 15 km · h−1 (range 14–16 km · h−1), which was less than the default (P < 0.01). Mean distance run at high-intensity based on the default and VT2speed was 845 m (s = 296) and 2258 m (s = 707), respectively [mean difference 1413 m; P < 0.001 (95% CI: 1037–1789 m)]. The high-intensity running speeds based on the second ventilatory threshold are substantially less than that used as the default within the ProZone® match analysis system, thus the distance run at high-intensity can be substantially underestimated.
Increasing Retention of Main Ideas through Questioning Strategies

This study investigated the effectiveness of questions in increasing learning disabled and normally achieving children's retention of main ideas of a story. The results indicate that questions increase the retention of main ideas in learning disabled children. However, the results indicate that questions have little effect on the retention of main ideas in normally achieving children. The findings are interpreted in terms of cognitively activating the learning disabled children by the questions; the normally achieving children were seen spontaneously and actively to process what they read. The results are interpreted to support Torgesen's conceptualization of the learning disabled child as an inactive learner.
Age and Generosity Reconsidered: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Evidence.

FROMING, WILLIAM J., ALLEN, LETICIA; and UNDERWOOD, BILL. Age and Generosity Reconsidered: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Evidence. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1983, 54, 585593. Generosity has been assumed to increase in a simple linear fashion between the ages of 5 and 10. With data gathered both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, these 2 studies demonstrate the existence of a nonlinear trend in addition to the linear trend. Interviews confirmed that several postulated mechanisms underlying donating behavior change in a linear trend but none of the factors examined could account for the nonlinear trend. The implications of these findings for our current understanding of donating behavior are discussed.
Meeting at the Crossroads: Women's Psychology and Girls' Development

For over a century, psychologists have described adolescence as a time of heightened psychological risk for girls. This article explores a relational impasse or crisis of connection that we have observed in girls' lives at adolescence by tracing through time the thoughts and feelings of two 12-year-old girls who were interviewed as part of a 5-year longitudinal study of girls' psychological development. Using a voice-centered relational method, we join the experiences of struggle and resistance at this developmental juncture with the problems that have been seen as central to the psychology of women.
Equity and Sexual Satisfaction in Recently Married Couples

Abstract This study was designed to determine whether or not equity considerations are important in couples' sexual relations. To answer this question, 53 newlywed couples were interviewed about their sexual relationships. Two main hypotheses were tested: (a) Men and women who feel their relationships are equitable will be more content (less distressed) than people who feel either overbenefited or underbenefited. (b) Men and women who feel equitably treated will have more satisfying sexual relations than those who feel either underbenefited or overbenefited. Some support for both hypotheses was obtained. Specifically, couples in equitable relationships were more content with their relationships and with their lives in general than other couples. In addition, equitably treated men and women were more satisfied with their sexual relationships overall than were other couples. They felt most loving and close after sex and assumed their partner felt that way too. While equitable couples did not say they felt m.
Developing Rivers

This article explores the reasons behind the continuation of contentious dam projects in Japanese river basins. Though the River Law of the country was reformed in 1997, and subsequent sociopolitical developments raised hopes that river governance would progress toward a more environment-oriented and bottom-up model, basin governance in Japan remains primarily based on a utilitarian vision that sees rivers as waterways. This article reviews the Achilles heel of the 1997 River Law by examining some most contentious river valley projects, and concludes that a myth of vulnerability to flooding, short-sightedness of river engineers, and bureaucratic inertia combine to place basin governance in a time warp: as projects planned during postwar reconstruction and economic growth continue to be top priorities in policymaking circles while concerns over environment remain largely unaddressed.