Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Residential Mobility on Measurements of Neighbourhood Effects

Neighbourhoods and cities are dynamic; their characteristics and relative positions change over time due to constant moves in and out. However, neighbourhood effect theory and most attempts to quantitatively estimate neighbourhood effects seem to treat neighbourhoods as if they were static. This paper argues that such a view is not only strange but may also result in biased estimates. Four methodological challenges are highlighted that are directly related to mobility: (1) measures of exposure time; (2) neighbourhood change; (3) selection bias; and (4) endogeneity. These are all topics worthy of scholarly interest in themselves, but also challenges that all neighbourhood effect studies must address to convincingly argue that their results are indicative of causal relationships—results of neighbourhood transmission mechanisms—and not just statistical correlations. The paper discusses how and to what extent these challenges have been met by the quantitative neighbourhood effect literature and gives directions to future research.
Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection: The Question of Financial Structure

This paper looks at the moral hazard and adverse selection problems confronting an entrepreneur offering securities to an uninformed, but competitive financial market. The adverse selection aspect of the problem is generated by the unobservable entrepreneur's ability to transform effort into value. Moral hazard arises because the investment decision is made subsequent to financing. We consider the joint use of both debt and equity, and characterize the equilibrium relation between capital structure and unobservable attributes. It is shown that: (1) investment and financing are not separable; (2) there is an underinvestment problem for "better" firms; and (3) simultaneous use of both debt and equity can resolve this difficulty. We also establish a connection between expected terminal firm value and debt-promised payment level and between share retention and standard deviation. AGENCY PROBLEMS IN CORPORATE finance originated with the influential papers of Jensen and Meckling [11], Myers [17], Ross [21], and Leland-Pyle [14]. They show that the market imperfections induced by unobservable actions, lack of contracting ability, and information asymmetry generally lead to second-best outcomes in which the distribution of corporate ownership is achieved only at significant cost. These costs take the form of excessive perquisite consumption, overinvestment, underinvestment, and incomplete diversification of personal investment portfolios. Moral hazard and adverse selection comprise two forms in which agency problems may take shape. Arrow [1] equates these two terms with hidden action and hidden information, respectively. Moral hazard arises when the action undertaken by the agent is unobservable and has a differential value to the agent as compared to the principal. Adverse selection problems arise when the agent has more information than the principal. The resolution of such difficulties has been explored in a number of contexts with both signals and contingent contracting mechanisms. These definitions exclude certain agency problems in the delegation literature for which the preference incongruity results from a lack of precommitment rather than some exogenous feature of the model. In corporate finance, one would thus identify the Jensen-Meckling paper with moral hazard because perquisites enter the insider's objective differently from outsiders, while * Darrough is from Columbia University and Stoughton is from the University of California, Irvine. The second author's research was partially supported by Grant Number 410-83-0786 R-1 from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. This paper was presented at the 1984 meetings of the Western Finance Association in Vancouver and at the 1985 European Finance Association meetings in Bern. We thank Kose John and Frans Tempelaar for their comments at the meetings.
Business Cycles and the Oil Market

The last twenty years have seen a number of oil-price changes with macroeconomic effects. Oilprice increases spur inflation and produce recessions. Oil price declines dampen inflation, but do not necessarily boost real activity. The correlations can be traced back to World War II. The paper gives a survey of oil market events with macroeconomic consequences. It also discusses hypotheses about the nature of the link and efforts to incorporate oil in macroeconomic models. Business cycle research has recently advanced sectoral imbalance and uncertainty as leading hypotheses to explain the apparent asymmetry in the macroeconomic effects of oil price changes.
Sharing information about diagnosis and outcome of first‐episode psychosis in patients presenting to early intervention services

First‐episode psychosis (FEP) can be a serious and debilitating disease, but there is limited literature on how to inform patients and carers about its diagnosis and outcome. We aimed to examine the attitudes, practices and views of clinicians working in Early Intervention Service about sharing information on diagnosis and outcome of FEP.
The Employment, Investment and Current Account Effects of Exchange Rate Policies in a Cash-in-Advance Economy

The effects of exchange rate policies are examined for a small open economy in an infinite horizon model with investment, labor/leisure choice, and cash-in-advance for consumption. An increase in the rate of depreciation of the domestic currency reduces consumption and labor supply, as the higher inflation increases the price of consumption relative to leisure. The fall in labor reduces the marginal productivity of capital, and a fall in investment. The country runs a current account surplus, despite the fall in output. The dynamics of the model for permanent, temporary and anticipated policy changes are fully worked out.
Tourism ecology: towards the responsible, sustainable tourism future

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into the purpose and development of responsible and sustainable tourism. Moreover, to present a critique of existing approach taken and to provide industry solutions towards key aspects, such as nature area tourism, eco‐tourism, and rural development/tourism.Design/methodology/approach – In doing so, the paper will reconcile elements of responsible tourism and ecology within destination management. Whilst within a context of the tourism industry, the article will present a best practice approach for industry.Findings – Sustainable and responsible rural tourism development is unachievable without the application of ecological thinking. Consequently, tourism ecology naturally helps develop the tourism of rural areas based on local natural, social and cultural resources. Nevertheless, it is also an expectation that actors of the system, i.e. tourists must continue an active and responsibly sustainable practice.Practical implications – Sustenance of.
Geographic Variation in the Association between Ambient Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Term Low Birth Weight in the United States

Background Studies on the association between prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and term low birth weight (LBW) have resulted in inconsistent findings. Most studies were conducted in snapshots of small geographic areas and no national study exists. Objectives We investigated geographic variation in the associations between ambient PM2.5 during pregnancy and term LBW in the contiguous United States. Methods A total of 3,389,450 term singleton births in 2002 (37–44 weeks gestational age and birth weight of 1,000–5,500 g) were linked to daily PM2.5 via imputed birth days. We generated average daily PM2.5 during the entire pregnancy and each trimester. Multi-level logistic regression models with county-level random effects were used to evaluate the associations between term LBW and PM2.5 during pregnancy. Results Without adjusting for covariates, the odds of term LBW increased 2% [odds ratio (OR) = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.03] for every 5-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure during the second trimester only, which remained unchanged after adjusting for county-level poverty (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.04). The odds did change to null after adjusting for individual-level predictors (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.02). Multi-level analyses, stratified by census division, revealed significant positive associations of term LBW and PM2.5 exposure (during the entire pregnancy or a specific trimester) in three census divisions of the United States: Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central, and significant negative association in the Mountain division. Conclusions Our study provided additional evidence on the associations between PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy and term LBW from a national perspective. The magnitude and direction of the estimated associations between PM2.5 exposure and term LBW varied by geographic locations in the United States. Citation Hao Y, Strosnider H, Balluz L, Qualters JR. 2016. Geographic variation in the association between ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and term low birth weight in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 124:250–255; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/ehp.1408798
Factors Affecting the Assessment of the Quality of a Company's Auditors: The Case of the Czech Republic

The requirement to have a corporate audit in the Czech Republic was implemented in 1992. This article summarizes the results of a questionnaire about auditing quality that was circulated to Czech enterprises in early 1996. There were 451 responses to the questionnaire from a broad selection of enterprises. Over 65% of respondents were happy with the audit service received. Statistical analysis of the questionnaire results indicated that personal contact with advisors from the audit firm and how long the respondent had known the auditors had the most positive influence on overall perceptions of audit quality among preparers. The only audit firm where there seemed to be a significant association between the name of the audit firm and perceptions of audit quality was KPMG. The analysis indicated that those respondents to the questionnaire who were part of overseas enterprises had a more critical view of audit quality in the Czech Republic.
Mortality and Diabetes Mellitus in Amputations of the Lower Limbs for Gas Gangrene: A Case Report

The aim of this study was to examine any association between the presence of diabetes in patients with gas gangrene of the legs and mortality following major lower limb amputation. In a retrospective study, patients submitted to amputation of lower limbs for anaerobic infections were evaluated in the period from January 2005 to January 2007 in the University Hospital de Base in Sao Jose do Rio Preto. All the patients were hospitalized for the treatment of ulcerated lesions of the leg. The study sample consisted of 30 men and 10 women aged between 46 and 87 years (mean 69 years) suffering from anaerobic infections. During treatment, the presence of crepitation in the skin was observed as was gas by radiological examination. Amputation was performed within 2 to 6 hours after diagnosis. Diabetes was identified in 33 patients and death occurred within the perioperative period in 12 cases. Diabetes is associated with the necessity of amputation for gas gangrene resulting in a high mortality rate.
A model for global manufacturing excellence

Over the past decade, increasing global competition has led ambitious organizations to strive for “manufacturing excellence”. Manufacturers have adopted strategies which attach priority to external growth and strengthen the activities in which they are in a dominant position, seeking to achieve critical size. Speed, quality, service, flexibility and global focus are identified as the essential elements for successful manufacturing for the next decade. Manufacturers are measured by their ability to respond quickly to sudden, often unpredictable changes in customer needs and wants. This paper describes a model for the implementation of competitive manufacturing strategies, consistent with a company’s overall business strategy. The model aims to assist manufacturers in enhancing productivity, improving delivery times, reducing manufacturing costs and upgrading product quality by means of a systematic and practical approach. Results from use of the model indicate that manufacturers can significantly differentiate themselves from their competitors; and that quality, cost and delivery can all be improved. A case study is presented to illustrate the use of the model in developing a manufacturing strategy, and the identification and implementation of major strategic projects.
Jak-2 mutation frequency in patients with thrombocytosis

Background: We aimed to investigate the etiologic causes and the existence of Janus kinase 2 mutation (JAK2) in cases with thrombocytosis. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients who were admitted to hematology clinic with thrombocytosis between 2013 and 2015 were investigated in terms of the etiological causes of thrombocytosis and the existence of JAK2 mutation. Results: We retrospectively evaluated 136 cases that underwent JAK2 mutation analysis due to ET preliminary diagnosis in our hematology clinic. The mean age of the patients was 56.7±15.3 years (range: 22-86 years) and 71 (52%) were males. JAK2 mutation was found to be positive in 58 (42%) of cases. The mean platelet counts of the cases were 860.25×109 / L (range: 455-1,105 109 /L) and the mean spleen vertical length was 135.1±21.6 mm (range: 110-220 mm). Conclusions: JAK2 mutation analysis and bone marrow biopsy are the two main procedures to diagnose primary thrombocytosis in adults with persistent thrombocytosis after excluding the causes of secondary thrombocytosis. Myeloproliferative neoplasms and essential thrombocytosis are the common causes of primary thrombocytosis in adults with persistent thrombocytosis, as myelodysplastic syndrome rarely causes primary thrombocytosis.
Can an increase in national saving reduce the level of unemployment in Australia

The savings to GDP ratio is considerably lower in Australia than the OECD average. The lower level of savings does not only result in a current account deficit but also has a negative relationship with the unemployment rate. In order to overcome this problem, the Australian government has recently adopted policies which are designed to increase the level of savings in the economy. An examination of the impact of these policies on unemployment shows that an increase in the level of savings would not be sufficient to reduce unemployment rates in Australia.
Analyse macroéconomique des effets des réductions ciblées des charges sociales

Un modele de type nairu avec deux types de main-d’œuvre (plus et moins qualifiee) est calibre sur donnees belges et utilise pour simuler les effets a long terme d'une reduction ciblee des charges sociales. Les resultats obtenus suggerent un biais de progres technique du meme ordre de grandeur qu'en Grande-Bretagne, nettement inferieur a celui des Etats-Unis. L'evolution des couts relatifs conduit cependant a des effets radicalement differents sur le taux de chomage, en particulier celui des moins qualifies. L'effet a long terme d'une baisse ciblee des charges sociales depend de facon cruciale de l'elasticite des salaires au taux de chomage. Le scenario le plus plausible suggere qu'une reduction ciblee des charges sociales equivalant 1% de PIB permettrait de creer quelque cent mille emplois, soit, a population active inchangee, une reduction du taux de chomage d'environ 3 points.
Multi‐criteria evaluation of climate policy interactions

The effectiveness of a national climate policy instrument is affected by the presence of policy interactions with other instruments that were not forecasted before its implementation. The problem can be confronted during the design of the instrument by determining forms, types and size of emerging interactions. This paper presents a systematic approach for evaluating the aggregate effect of interactions using a combination of three multi-criteria methods, the analytical hierarchy process, the multi-attribute utility theory and the Simple Multi-Attribute Ranking Technique. The first is used for determining the weight coefficients for interaction forms and sub-criteria. The other two are used for grading policy interactions under a set of three criteria and their sub-criteria. The method is tested for two pairs of interactive instruments, IPPC and EU-ETS, EU-ETS and policies for the promotion of RES, within the Hellenic climate policy framework. Consistency and robustness tests are performed. Results are commented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid human resource management in post-Soviet Kazakhstan

This paper explores Human Resource Management (HRM) practices in foreign-owned subsidiaries in Kazakhstan and examines the development of HRM and the extent to which practices and policies are reflective of their countries of origin, older-style Soviet and post-Soviet practices, or an emerging Kazakhstan. The discussion is based on findings which utilised a questionnaire-based survey, secondary data and interviews with HR managers. The paper concludes that HRM and employee relations practices utilised are a hybrid of old-style Soviet and Western-based approaches (US and European), and also provided are some implications for theory and managerial practice.
Nilai relevan informasi laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah di Indonesia

The purpose of research is gaining the empirical evidence related with the local government financial report relevancy value which existing in the financial performance ratio, financial position ratio, efficiency ratio and debt ratio in predicting financial distress of the Indonesian local government. Therefore, related with the purpose of the research, the writer uses all population in the all regencies/municipalities that issued the local governmental financial report and publicized in the website of Indonesian Financial Inspector Bureau, (BPK RI) at www.bpk. co.idin 2005, 2006 and 2007. The method used in the research is purposivesampling method then geting148 regencies/municipalities in 2005 and 84 regencies/municipalities in 206, therefore the total observation used in the research is 232. The data analyses tool used in the research is binary logistic regression then it uses SPSS version 16.00 computer software for statistic The result of the research shows empirical evidences that in one year tested prediction after the issuing of the government financial report, the information in ROA, POSGW, CLGW, LQ, CL and LTDAratio able to be used in predicting the local government probability in financial distress. Meanwhile in the two years prediction test after the issuing of local government financial report, it is proved that the PERGW, LCO, LTDA and DTRcan predict the Indonesian local government probability in financial distress. The result identifies that the information in the Indonesian local government financial reports have the predictive value, therefore it is relevant to be used in taking the decision as what mentioned in PSAP number1, which related with the arrangement of governmental financial report. The research limitations are related with the independent variables, data and the sample used. Related with all limitations above, this research recommends that in the next research will be possible to add the other independent variables which predicted as financial distress predictor. The research also recommends using the longer period prediction data and separated research samples based on certain groups, such as the local government which has extended area and which has no extended area then it is expected to gain a deeper research result.
Central bank communication and exchange rate volatility: a GARCH analysis

We examine the effects of the Czech National Bank communication, macroeconomic news and interest rate differential on exchange rate volatility using generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model. Our results suggest that central bank communication has a calming effect on exchange rate volatility. The timing of central bank communication seems to matter, too, as financial markets respond more to the communication before the policy meetings than after them. Next, macroeconomic news releases are found to reduce exchange rate volatility, while interest rate differential seems to increase it.
Empirical Analysis of Structural Change in Turkish Exports

Turkish exports has experience high growth rates since 2001, which is well above its historical average. While the average yearly growth rate of exports is 11.2 percent between 1948 and 2000, it reaches to 20.9 percent in the 2001-2006 period. The paper extensively examines the strong performance of Turkish exports, particularly after 2001. The results suggest that none of the elasticity parameters of Turkish export function are stable during the 1987-2006 period. There is a continuous increase in imports as well as income elasticity as opposed to the persistent decrease in the real effective exchange rate elasticity. Change in the composition of exports from traditional to non-traditional commodities played an important role in structural transformation of the Turkish export function.
Reforms, Incentives, Welfare and Productivity Growth in Chinese Wheat Production

Following the rural reform in 1978 a series of agricultural reforms were introduced in China with an aim to create incentives for the farmers to produce more. The nineties. price reform that was aimed at deregulating the agricultural market eventually resulted in a huge drop in agricultural production,this apparently motivated the government to take over the control of agricultural prices in 1998. For a dataset that covers all the major rural reforms undertaken in China, we examine how and to what extent these reforms affected the productivity and welfare of wheat farmers in China. We find that the nineties. price reforms resulted in a high magnitude of effort-response from wheat farmers which led to a faster growth of the incentive component of productivity. Due to random weather shocks this response did not result in the expected level of profit and as a result the farmers suffered a decline in welfare. The regulations introduced in 1998 destroyed the incentive-induced growth in TFP. In general wheat farmers in China responded highly when markets were made more competitive, and their effort-response for flat subsidies (e.g. the ones introduced in the eighties) was very marginal.
Core competency beyond identification: presentation of a model

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline a model that is conceptually and empirically applicable by practitioners in contexts extending beyond mere core competence identification.Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a conceptual review of a model.Findings – This paper demonstrates that the associated concepts (competence, capability, and resources) have characteristics that differ both conceptually and empirically. The findings also indicate that competencies are central to core competence matters; it is possible to distinguish them analytically by three criteria. Furthermore, the notions of hierarchy suggested in previous research could not be verified which implies that the associated concepts all reside at the same hierarchy level.Research limitations/implications – The findings advance core competence theories that better serve the needs of practicing managers and consultants, by initiating a specific research agenda in conceptual and empirical reviews and discussions. By proposi.