Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Female Top Managers Help Women to Advance? A Panel Study Using EEO-1 Records

The goal of this study is to examine whether women in the highest levels of firms’ management ranks help to reduce barriers to women’s advancement in the workplace. Using a panel of more than twenty thousand firms during 1990 to 2003 from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the authors explore the influence of women in top management on subsequent female representation in lower-level managerial positions in U.S. firms. Key findings show that an increase in the share of female top managers is associated with subsequent increases in the share of women in midlevel management positions within firms, and this result is robust to controlling for firm size, workforce composition, federal contractor status, firm fixed effects, year fixed effects, and industry-specific trends. The authors also find that the positive influence of women in top leadership positions on managerial gender diversity diminishes over time, suggesting that women at the top play a positive but transitory role in women’s career advancement.
Causal Discovery from a Mixture of Experimental and Observational Data

This paper describes a Bayesian method for combining an arbitrary mixture of observational and experimental data in order to learn causal Bayesian networks. Observational data are passively observed. Experimental data, such as that produced by randomized controlled trials, result from the exoerimenter manioulatine one or more variables (tipically randomiy) and observing the states of other variables. The paper presents a Bayesian method for learning the causal structure and parameters of the underlying causal process that is generating the data, given that (1) the data contains a mixture of observational and experimental case records, and (2) the causal process is modeled as a causal Bayesian network. This learning method was applied using as input various mixtures of experimental and observational data that were generated from the ALARM causal Bayesian network. In these experiments, the absolute and relative quantities of experimental and observational data were varied systematically. For each of these training datasets, the learning method was applied to predict the causal structure and to estimate the causal parameters that exist among randomly selected pairs of nodes in ALARM that are not confounded. The paper reports how these structure predictions and parameter estimates compare with the true causal structures and parameters as given by the ALARM network.
Replication of the factor structure of the fear of AIDS schedule (FAIDSS) across samples

Abstract The stability of the Fear of AIDS Scale (FAIDSS) was studied using three samples (two samples of health workers and one of social work students) on Cattel's s index. Using hyperplane cutoffs between 0.35 and 0.45, on the five factor solution of the FAIDSS, there were significant correlations between factors across samples and with few exceptions each factor correlated significantly with only one factor in its comparison samples. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by comparing scores on the Attitudes toward AIDS scale with the FAIDSS. Data indicated that the FAIDSS structure was stable across samples and is an appropriate instrument for measurement of fear of AIDS in the helping professions.
Can people with type 2 diabetes live longer than those without? A comparison of mortality in people initiated with metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy and matched, non‐diabetic controls

Clinical and observational studies have shown an increased risk of cardiovascular events and death associated with sulphonylureas versus metformin. However, it has never been determined whether this was due to the beneficial effects of metformin or detrimental effects of sulphonylureas. The objective of this study was therefore to compare all‐cause mortality in diabetic patients treated first‐line with either sulphonylurea or metformin monotherapy with that in matched individuals without diabetes.
Car Availability, Exhaust Toxicity, and Suicide

AbstractThe rate of suicide in Japan using car exhaust was found to increase as car ownership became more common. This increase was halted when weak emission controls were introduced. Whether the increasing use of car exhaust for suicide led people to switch from other methods of suicide (leaving the total suicide rate unchanged) or whether it increased the overall rate of suicide was unclear from the data. These results indicate that suicide may be a function, at least in part, of the availability of a lethal method for suicide, and that the prevention of suicide by reducing the availability and the accessibility of lethal methods for suicide deserves further study.
God, the good life, and HEXACO: the relations among religion, subjective well-being and personality

The relations among religiousness, subjective well-being (SWB) and the HEXACO (Honesty–Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness) model of personality were studied in a Muslim population. As expected, Extraversion and Honesty-Humility factors were the strongest correlates of SWB and religiosity, respectively. Religiosity also correlated with higher levels of SWB, and explained variance in SWB beyond personality factors, showing that religion is a unique predictor of well-being. Results have been discussed within the religious orientation paradigm, and the HEXACO model of personality structure.
Trauma Theory Without Feminism? Evaluating Contemporary Understandings of Traumatized Women

In this article, I critically examine contemporary notions of trauma and how they have informed mental health interventions for women. The feminist underpinnings of trauma therapy invite practitioners to understand women’s mental health “symptoms” within the context of such experiences as child abuse and sexual violence that disproportionately affect women. However, this article poses the question: Has trauma theory caused paradigmatic shifts in mental health interventions that have increased practitioners’ capacity to engage with sociopolitical issues, or are preexisting assumptions about the biological basis of women’s mental illness guiding treatment approaches simply by another name? Implications for social workers are discussed.
The impact of buyer dependence on buyer opportunism in buyer–supplier relationships: The moderating role of relational norms

The impact of buyer dependence on opportunism against the supplier is examined in this research. Extant literature provides support for both a positive and an inverse relationship between these constructs. In this research, these competing predictions are subsumed under a more general model where the effect of dependence on opportunism is moderated by the level of relational norms present in the buyer–supplier relationship. Results of an experiment with purchasing managers and one replication provide support for the hypotheses that (a) dependence and opportunism will be positively related under low relational norms, and (b) dependence and opportunism will be inversely related under high relational norms. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
GREATER KUDU (TRAGELAPHUS STREPSICEROS) MORTALITY IN EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Abstract A questionnaire was sent to 39 European institutions holding greater kudus (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), in order to determine the causes of captive greater kudu mortality. All reported macroscopic lesions and histopathologic observations, as well as other information regarding individuals that died, were analyzed to determine the most affected body systems and causes of death. Overall response rate was 31%, and 131 individuals were included in the study. The most frequently affected body systems were the digestive system (47%), respiratory system (38%), musculoskeletal system (37%), and cardiovascular system (32%). Most frequent causes of death were infectious diseases (27%) and trauma/accidents (18%); the cause was undetermined in 28% of cases. Nutrition-related disorders were difficult to assess, but results highlight possible nutritional imbalances. This retrospective study represents the first overview of greater kudu mortality in a captive population.
A Comparison of Deaf College Students’ and Hard of Hearing College Students’ Experiences and Risk Factors of Psychological and Physical Abuse

A survey of 222 Deaf or hard of hearing college students in an upstate New York university provided a unique opportunity to explore possible differences between Deaf students’ and hard of hearing students’ experiences and risk factors of psychological and physical abuse in their intimate relationships. Previous research has indicated that Deaf and hard of hearing college students in the aggregate were significantly more likely to experience abuse than were hearing students. A comparison of Deaf students with hard of hearing students revealed that hard of hearing individuals were significantly more likely to experience physical abuse than were Deaf students but not more likely to experience psychological abuse. Findings also revealed that in most cases, traditional risk factors for partner violence (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, living on campus) used in hearing college samples were not significant. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
The double ABCX model of family crisis as a representation of family functioning after rehabilitation from stroke

There is evidence that stroke may impair family functioning. This study assessed the extent to which the double ABCX model of family crisis can accommodate family functioning after rehabilitation from stroke. Participants were 60 12-month stroke survivors who had undergone an inpatient rehabilitation programme at Repatriation General Hospital, in Adelaide, South Australia. The components of the double ABCX model were operationalized using functional, psychological and social indicators comprising the McMaster Family Assessment Device, Australian ADL Index, Frenchay Activities Index, Stroke Care Information Test, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and Illness Behaviour Questionnaire. Patient expectations of rehabilitation, satisfaction with progress and medical staff attitudes to patient outcome were assessed by interview. There were five assessments from acute care to 12 months after discharge. Path analysis supported the proposed model, and showed that family adaptation at 12 months was the product of fam.
Extinction reveals that primary sensory cortex predicts reinforcement outcome

Primary sensory cortices are traditionally regarded as stimulus analysers. However, studies of associative learning‐induced plasticity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) indicate involvement in learning, memory and other cognitive processes. For example, the area of representation of a tone becomes larger for stronger auditory memories and the magnitude of area gain is proportional to the degree that a tone becomes behaviorally important. Here, we used extinction to investigate whether ‘behavioral importance’ specifically reflects a sound’s ability to predict reinforcement (reward or punishment) vs. to predict any significant change in the meaning of a sound. If the former, then extinction should reverse area gains as the signal no longer predicts reinforcement. Rats (n = 11) were trained to bar‐press to a signal tone (5.0 kHz) for water‐rewards, to induce signal‐specific area gains in A1. After subsequent withdrawal of reward, A1 was mapped to determine representational areas. Signal‐specific area gains, estimated from a previously established brain–behavior quantitative function, were reversed, supporting the ‘reinforcement prediction’ hypothesis. Area loss was specific to the signal tone vs. test tones, further indicating that withdrawal of reinforcement, rather than unreinforced tone presentation per se, was responsible for area loss. Importantly, the amount of area loss was correlated with the amount of extinction (r = 0.82, P < 0.01). These findings show that primary sensory cortical representation can encode behavioral importance as a signal’s value to predict reinforcement, and that the number of cells tuned to a stimulus can dictate its ability to command behavior.
EbbRT: Elastic Building Block Runtime - overview

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides a developer the ability to construct applications that dynamically acquire and release potentially large numbers of raw virtual or physical machines (nodes). The Elastic Building Block Runtime (EbbRT) is a new runtime for constructing and retro-fitting applications to take advantage of this opportunity. EbbRT is a realization of the MultiLibOS model[? ]. This model is based on the simple idea that not all IaaS nodes, used by a single application, need a general purpose OS. Rather, an asymmetric system software structure can be adopted where an application is distributed across a mix of general purpose OSs and specialized library OSs. The general purpose OS nodes support complete OS functionality and legacy compatibility. The rest of the nodes execute simple, customized, library operating systems that support a single application operation. EbbRT provides a lightweight runtime that enables the construction of reusable, low-level system software which can integrate with existing, general purpose systems. It achieves this by providing a library that can be linked into a process on an existing OS, and as a small library OS that can be booted directly on an IaaS node. The two core primitives that EbbRT provides are:
Psychometric Characteristics of the California Preschool Social Competence Scale in a Spanish Population Sample

Research Findings: Few rating scales measure social competence in very young Spanish or Catalan children. We aimed to analyze the psychometric characteristics of the California Preschool Social Competence Scale (CPSCS) when applied to a Spanish- and Catalan-speaking population. Children were rated by their respective teachers within 6 months following their 4th birthday in two population-based birth cohorts in Spain (N = 378). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to compare the underlying structure of the Spanish–Catalan version with that of the original version. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency of each of the confirmed factors. Cohen's kappa formula was used to calculate the test–retest reliability in a small subset of children who were rated again one month later. Five correlated factors (Considerateness, Task Orientation, Extraversion, Verbal Facility, and Response to Unfamiliar) were optimally confirmed as a result of CFA. The first three factors had robust internal consistency. The kappa coefficient was satisfactory in 29 items out of 30. Children's cognitive abilities as assessed by the McCarthy Scales, children's gender, maternal social class and level of education were related to the social competence scores as indicators of criterion-related factors. Practice or Policy: The bilingual version of the CPSCS has good psychometric properties allowing it to be used in further studies in either Spanish or Catalan populations.
Intensity-Based Climate Change Policies in Canada

Pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) des grandes industries, le gouvernement canadien propose d’adopter une approche utilisant une norme standard de rendement d’émissions négociables ; dans un tel cas, c’est l’intensité des émissions, plutôt que leur niveau absolu, qui est réglementée. À la différence du système de plafonnement et d’échange, ce type d’approche ne garantit pas un niveau global de réduction des émissions, et c’est ce qui a entraîné beaucoup de critiques. Toutefois, étant donné la dynamique des normes de rendement, cette approche peut permettre d’amoindrir la baisse de compétitivité internationale d’un pays qui adopte, en matière de GES, des politiques plus fermes que certains de ses partenaires commerciaux. De plus, la norme standard de rendement peut s’ajuster plus efficacement à des mesures fiscales existantes et ainsi produire un impact économique global moins important qu’un système de plafonnement et d’échange. Dans cet article, en ayant recours à un modèle dynamique d’équilibre général appliqué au Canada, nous considérons les arguments théoriques qui militent pour ou contre la norme standard de rendement intégrale, et nous comparons celle-ci au système de plafonnement et d’échange.
Personality traits and job characteristics as predictors of job experiences

This study investigates the relationships of personality traits and job characteristics (predictors) with job experiences (criteria) in a sample of job incumbents working in a broad variety of occupations. Subjects were 181 job applicants, who participated in a personnel selection procedure carried out by a Dutch staffing organization. As a part of this procedure, subjects completed a number of personality questionnaires. Personality scale scores were factor‐analysed, and four orthogonal trait dimensions were identified: Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Sensation Seeking, and Achievement Motivation. Between l½ and 2 years after the selection, subjects rated their current jobs on four job characteristics dimensions, namely dynamicity, autonomy, external–internal, and structure. At the same time, they completed a questionnaire measuring job experiences, namely job satisfaction, job‐induced tension, propensity to leave the job, and self‐appraised performance. The results indicated that personality traits had several significant and hypothesized longitudinal effects on the job experience criteria. Personality contributed to the prediction of the criteria even when the effects of job characteristics were taken into account. No significant Personality X Job Characteristics interactions were found, although subgroup analysis revealed a number of interesting differences among the various categories of occupations. For example, Sensation Seeking predicted job strain and propensity to leave, especially in highly structured and not very autonomous jobs. It is concluded that work experiences are clearly determined by person and job characteristics, although in an additive rather than in an interactional way.
“You make me a better/worse person”: A two‐dimensional model of relationship self‐change

For better or worse, relationships have the potential to affect individuals' self-concepts; however, currently no integrative model exists to explain the variety of these self-concept changes. We propose that self-concept changes occur along two independent dimensions: direction (increase vs. decrease in content) and valence (positivity vs. negativity of content). These two dimensions combine to create four processes of relationship-induced self-concept change: self-expansion (increasing positive content), self-contraction (decreasing positive content), self-pruning (decreasing negative content), and self-adulteration (increasing negative content). Using community and university samples, we developed a measure of self-concept change (Study 1) and examined how the four self-processes were associated with love (Study 1), relationship quality (Studies 2 and 3), and infidelity (Study 3). The self-concept improvement processes (i.e., self-expansion and self-pruning) were associated with greater love and relationship quality, whereas in Study 3 self-concept degradation processes (i.e., self-contraction and self-adulteration) predicted infidelity.
High - amplitude, long - term x-ray variability in the solar - type star HD 81809: The Beginning of an x-ray activity cycle?

We present the initial results from our XMM- Newton program aimed at searching for X-ray activity cycles in solar-type stars. HD 81809 is a G2-type star (somewhat more evolved than the Sun, and with a less massive companion) with a pronounced 8.2 yr chromospheric cycle, as evident from from the Mt. Wilson program data. We present here the results from the initial 2.5 years of XMM- Newton observations, showing that large amplitude (a factor of $\simeq$10) modulation is present in the X-ray luminosity, with a clearly defined maximum in mid 2002 and a steady decrease since then. The maximum of the chromospheric cycle took place in 2001; if the observed X-ray variability is the initial part of an X-ray cycle, this could imply a phase shift between chromospheric and coronal activity, although the current descent into chromospheric cycle minimum is well reflected into the star's X-ray luminosity. The observations presented here provide clear evidence for the presence of large amplitude X-ray variability coherent with the activity cycle in the chromosphere in a star other than the Sun.
The Alpine Cushion Plant Silene acaulis as Foundation Species: A Bug’s-Eye View to Facilitation and Microclimate

Alpine ecosystems are important globally with high levels of endemic and rare species. Given that they will be highly impacted by climate change, understanding biotic factors that maintain diversity is critical. Silene acaulis is a common alpine nurse plant shown to positively influence the diversity and abundance of organisms–predominantly other plant species. The hypothesis that cushion or nurse plants in general are important to multiple trophic levels has been proposed but rarely tested. Alpine arthropod diversity is also largely understudied worldwide, and the plant-arthropod interactions reported are mostly negative, that is,. herbivory. Plant and arthropod diversity and abundance were sampled on S. acaulis and at paired adjacent microsites with other non-cushion forming vegetation present on Whistler Mountain, B.C., Canada to examine the relative trophic effects of cushion plants. Plant species richness and abundance but not Simpson’s diversity index was higher on cushion microsites relative to other vegetation. Arthropod richness, abundance, and diversity were all higher on cushion microsites relative to other vegetated sites. On a microclimatic scale, S. acaulis ameliorated stressful conditions for plants and invertebrates living inside it, but the highest levels of arthropod diversity were observed on cushions with tall plant growth. Hence, alpine cushion plants can be foundation species not only for other plant species but other trophic levels, and these impacts are expressed through both direct and indirect effects associated with altered environmental conditions and localized productivity. Whilst this case study tests a limited subset of the membership of alpine animal communities, it clearly demonstrates that cushion-forming plant species are an important consideration in understanding resilience to global changes for many organisms in addition to other plants.
Do Speculative Stocks Lower Prices and Increase Volatility of Value Stocks?

The influence of speculative stocks on value stocks is examined through a set of economics experiments. The speculative asset is designed to model a company involved in a rapidly growing market that will be saturated at some unknown point. Using a control experiment where both assets are similar value stocks, we find statistical support for the assertion that the presence of a speculative stock increases the volatility and diminishes the price of the value stock. In addition, the temporal minimum price of the value stock during the last phase of the experiment is lower in the presence of the speculative stock (when the trading price of the speculative asset is declining sharply). These results indicate that an overreaction in the speculative stock tends to divert investment capital away from other assets. An examination of the relative magnitude of monthly closing price changes confirm strong correlations between the Dow Jones Average and the more speculative Nasdaq index during the time period 1990 to 2001 and particularly during the two years prior to the peak in March 2000 (0.72 correlation) and the March 2000 to August 2001 decline (0.79 correlation). Supplementary experiments using independent (or legally separate) markets trading the same asset show that a higher price in one market does not lead to a higher one in the other.