Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Multiple positional relationships of nerves arising from the sacral plexus to the piriformis muscle in humans].

The positional relationships between the piriformis muscle and the nerves which arise from the sacral nerve plexus were studied in 514 sides of 257 Japanese adults. These were classified into Types I-XIII and numerous subtypes based on: 1) the number of nerves perforating the piriformis muscle, 2) whether all or part of the nerve perforated the muscle, 3) the order of perforation and position in the muscle, and 4) communications between the nerves. In this paper, the multiple positional relations between the nerves and the piriformis muscle, the frequencies of the various types, and the order of priority concerning the perforation of nerves through the muscle are discussed. 1) The typical case, Type I, in which the piriformis muscle is not perforated by nerves except for a part of the superior gluteal nerve, was found in 309 (60%) of 514 sides. Types III-X, in which the muscle is perforated by additional nerves, were found in 195 sides (38%), and in 175 of these, all or part of the common peroneal nerve passed through the muscle. Types XI-XIII, in which the inferior gluteal nerve and other nerves pass above the piriformis muscle, were found in 10 sides (2%). Among all types, the following were generally seen: Type V, the piriformis muscle is perforated by both the inferior gluteal and common peroneal nerves; Type VII, the muscle is perforated by the two above-mentioned nerves and part of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (Fig. 16, Table 1). The common peroneal nerve followed two courses (a combination of over, through, and under the piriformis muscle) in 49 extremities. In the 4 cases of Type X (1%), the tibial nerve was divided into two components due to the intervention of the most caudal bundle of the piriformis or an unknown muscle. The dorsal component passed through the muscle, while the ventral component followed the typical course under the muscle (Figs. 9-11). Therefore, in the above-mentioned 53 cases as well as in other cases, the sacral nerve plexus cannot be divided into ventral and dorsal layers up to the sacral nerve roots, as in typical cases. Type II, in which the piriformis muscle is perforated by only a caudal branch of the superior gluteal nerve, was found in about 16% of 249 cases; this type was accompanied by some of the other types (Table 2). In the extraordinary case of Type XII with Type II, a branch of the superior gluteal nerve passed under the piriformis muscle (Fig. 13). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Explaining Software as a Service Outsourcing: Economic and Social Considerations

Software as a service (SaaS) offers an innovative way to deliver software over the Internet to distributed organizations. While more and more SaaS providers are joining the market and competition among providers becomes more intense, we need to understand the considerations of potential clients. Built on transaction cost theory and social exchange theory, this study empirically investigates, with a national survey of IT/IS executives, the role of economic factors and the impact of social relationships on the economic factors in firms’ deciding to adopt SaaS. We found that cost savings are a critical consideration in SaaS and that social relationships exert a strong, positive direct impact on cost savings and positively moderate the impact of cost savings on SaaS. This paper expands our theoretical understanding of the SaaS phenomenon and provides some managerial insights.
Effect of Population Structure Change on Carbon Emission in China

This paper expanded the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model through the introduction of urbanization, residents’ consumption, and other factors, and decomposed carbon emission changes in China into carbon emission factor effect, energy intensity effect, consumption inhibitory factor effect, urbanization effect, residents’ consumption effect, and population scale effect, and then explored contribution rates and action mechanisms of the above six factors on change in carbon emissions in China. Then, the effect of population structure change on carbon emission was analyzed by taking 2003–2012 as a sample period, and combining this with the panel data of 30 provinces in China. Results showed that in 2003–2012, total carbon emission increased by 4.2117 billion tons in China. The consumption inhibitory factor effect, urbanization effect, residents’ consumption effect, and population scale effect promoted the increase in carbon emissions, and their contribution ratios were 27.44%, 12.700%, 74.96%, and 5.90%, respectively. However, the influence of carbon emission factor effect (−2.54%) and energy intensity effect (−18.46%) on carbon emissions were negative. Population urbanization has become the main population factor which affects carbon emission in China. The “Eastern aggregation” phenomenon caused the population scale effect in the eastern area to be significantly higher than in the central and western regions, but the contribution rate of its energy intensity effect (−11.10 million tons) was significantly smaller than in the central (−21.61 million tons) and western regions (−13.29 million tons), and the carbon emission factor effect in the central area (−3.33 million tons) was significantly higher than that in the eastern (−2.00 million tons) and western regions (−1.08 million tons). During the sample period, the change in population age structure, population education structure, and population occupation structure relieved growth of carbon emissions in China, but the effects of change of population, urban and rural structure, regional economic level, and population size generated increases in carbon emissions. Finally, the change of population sex structure had no significant influence on changes in carbon emissions.
Colloidal-lithographed TiO2 photonic nanostructures for solar cell light trapping

Dielectric-based photonic structures, composed of a lossless but high refractive index material, are currently among the preferential solutions for light management in thin film photovoltaics, as they allow broadband manipulation of sunlight to strongly boost the absorptance in the thin solar cell layers. In this work, we present an innovative colloidal lithography nanofabrication method that allows the precise engineering of wavelength-sized features, with the materials and geometries appropriate for efficient light trapping when implemented on the front surface of the cells. The method is developed here with TiO2 nanostructures tested on amorphous-silicon absorber thin films coated on the rear side by a metallic reflector. It is a simple, low-cost and scalable approach consisting of 4 main steps: (1) deposition of periodic close-packed arrays of polystyrene colloids which act as the mask; (2) shaping the particles and increasing their spacing via dry etching; (3) infiltration of TiO2 into the inter-particle spaces and (4) removal of the polystyrene particles to leave only the structured TiO2 layer. The resultant array of wavelength-sized features acts as a nanostructured high-index anti-reflection coating, which not only suppresses the reflected light at short wavelengths but also increases the optical path length of the longer wavelengths, via light scattering, within the absorber. The optical results have been compared with numerical electromagnetic computations to provide a deeper understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for absorptance enhancement in the cells. A notorious 27.3% enhancement in the cell photocurrent is anticipated with the fabricated structures, relative to conventional anti-reflection coatings.
Bacteremia Risk and Outpatient Management of Febrile Patients With Sickle Cell Disease

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have indicated that febrile children with sickle cell disease (SCD) had a 3% to 5% risk of being bacteremic due to compromised immune function. The introduction of routine penicillin prophylaxis and conjugate vaccines may have lowered the risk of bacteremia. Our goals were to determine the rate of bacteremia among children with SCD per febrile episode and to estimate the safety of outpatient management among these febrile SCD patients. METHODS: This 18-year retrospective cohort study included febrile SCD patients who presented to Boston Children’s Hospital between 1993 and 2010. RESULTS: A total of 1118 febrile episodes were evaluated. Nine blood specimens had growth of a pathogen in culture (0.8%; 95% confidence interval: 0.3%–1.3%). Of the 466 febrile patients initially managed as outpatients, 3 were bacteremic (0.6%). All 3 received intravenous ceftriaxone at the initial outpatient visit and returned when contacted after growth of bacteria was detected in the blood culture. Upon return to the hospital, none were “ill appearing,” required supportive care, or were admitted to an ICU. CONCLUSIONS: Our rate of bacteremia among febrile children with SCD is much lower than previous estimates, and there was no associated morbidity or mortality among the patients managed as outpatients. A well-appearing febrile child with SCD may be managed as an outpatient after blood is obtained for bacterial culture and parenteral antibiotics are administered, provided there are no other reasons for admission and the patient is able to return promptly for worsening condition or for growth of a pathogen from their blood culture.
Prefrontal Cortical GABA Modulation of Spatial Reference and Working Memory

Background: Dysfunction in prefrontal cortex (PFC) GABA transmission has been proposed to contribute to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, yet how this system regulates different cognitive and mnemonic functions remains unclear. Methods: We assessed the effects of pharmacological reduction of GABAA signaling in the medial PFC of rats on spatial reference/working memory using different versions of the radial-arm maze task. We used a massed-trials procedure to probe how PFC GABA regulates susceptibility to proactive interference. Male rats were well-trained to retrieve food from the same 4 arms of an 8-arm maze, receiving 5 trials/day (1–2min intervals). Results: Infusions of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (12.5–50ng) markedly increased working and reference memory errors and response latencies. Similar treatments also impaired short-term memory on an 8-baited arm task. These effects did not appear to be due to increased susceptibility to proactive interference. In contrast, PFC inactivation via infusion of GABA agonists baclofen/muscimol did not affect reference/working memory. In comparison to the pronounced effects on the 8-arm maze tasks, PFC GABAA antagonism only causes a slight and transient decrease in accuracy on a 2-arm spatial discrimination. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that prefrontal GABA hypofunction severely disrupts spatial reference and short-term memory and that disinhibition of the PFC can, in some instances, perturb memory processes not normally dependent on the frontal lobes. Moreover, these impairments closely resemble those observed in schizophrenic patients, suggesting that perturbation in PFC GABA signaling may contribute to these types of cognitive deficits associated with the disorder.
Increased Risk for Vitamin D Deficiency in Obese Children with Both Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes

Background. It is unknown whether the coexistence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) increases the risk for vitamin D deficiency. Aims. To determine the vitamin D status and the risk for vitamin D deficiency in prepubertal children with both T1D and CD compared to controls, TID, and CD. Subjects and Methods. Characteristics of 62 prepubertal children of age 2–13 y with either CD + T1D (n = 22, 9.9 ± 3.1 y), CD only (n = 18, 8.9 ± 3.3 y), or T1D only (n = 22, 10.1 ± 2.8 y) were compared to 49 controls of the age of 8.0 ± 2.6 years. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L, overweight as BMI of >85th but <95th percentile, and obesity as BMI > 95th percentile. Results. The 4 groups had no difference in 25(OH)D (ANOVA P = 0.123) before stratification into normal-weight versus overweight/obese subtypes. Following stratification, 25(OH)D differed significantly between the subgroups (F (3,98) = 10.109, ANOVA P < 0.001). Post-hoc analysis showed a significantly lower 25(OH)D in the overweight/obese CD + T1D compared to the overweight/obese controls (P = 0.039) and the overweight/obese CD (P = 0.003). Subjects with CD + T1D were 3 times more likely to be vitamin D deficient (OR = 3.1 [0.8–11.9], P = 0.098), compared to controls. Conclusions. The coexistence of T1D and CD in overweight/obese prepubertal children may be associated with lower vitamin D concentration.
Orderings for Factorized Sparse Approximate Inverse Preconditioners

The influence of reorderings on the performance of factorized sparse approximate inverse preconditioners is considered. Some theoretical results on the effect of orderings on the fill-in and decay behavior of the inverse factors of a sparse matrix are presented. It is shown experimentally that certain reorderings, like minimum degree and nested dissection, can be very beneficial. The benefit consists of a reduction in the storage and time required for constructing the preconditioner, and of faster convergence of the preconditioned iteration in many cases of practical interest.
Insect herbivory declines with forest fragmentation and covaries with plant regeneration mode: evidence from a Mexican tropical rain forest

The consequences of tropical forest fragmentation on herbivory are poorly understood. The limited evidence suggests that forest fragmentation can have positive, negative or neutral effects on herbivory. Inconsistencies may be partly explained by plant interspecific variation and differential responses related to plant life history. In this study we examined the effects of forest fragmentation and plant regeneration mode (shade-tolerant and light-demanding species) on sapling herbivory using a large sample of the community (97 species, representing 25% of the woody flora of the study site), and a subset of species shared by forest fragments and continuous forest. For the latter, we also analyzed the effects of species identity on variation in herbivory. Also, for the shared species we used two techniques to measure herbivory: standing herbivory (i.e. instantaneous, actual damage) and cumulative herbivory (i.e. damage, accumulated over time, on initially intact leaves). Insect herbivory was the predominant type of damage in the two forest types, and standing herbivory at both the community and the shared species level was significantly higher in continuous forest than in fragments. Considering shared species, both standing and cumulative herbivory were significantly higher in light-demanding than in shade-tolerant species. Cumulative herbivory also showed a significant interaction between forest fragmentation and plant regeneration mode, whereby a significant decline in herbivory in fragments was driven by reduced herbivory in shade-tolerant species, whereas for light-demanding species herbivory did not change significantly, due to contrasting species-specific responses. We conclude that tropical forest fragmentation reduces insect herbivory, but this depends on plant regeneration mode and species identity. These changes could have effects on plant regeneration and diversity in forest fragments via long-term demographic consequences.
A multicenter, multiyear, case-controlled study of the risk of colonic polyps in patients with gastric polyps. Are gastric adenomas a new indication for surveillance colonoscopy?

A multicenter, multiyear, case-controlled colonoscopic study of 41 patients with gastric polyps undergoing colonoscopy analyzed whether patients with gastric polyps, particularly adenomas, run an increased risk of having colonic polyps. The primary controls were 109 patients undergoing colonoscopy matched for age and colonoscopy indications. A secondary control group was 69 of these 109 patients who, in addition to matching for age and colonoscopy indications with study patients, had no gastric polyps demonstrated by upper gastrointestinal examination. Patients with nonmalignant mucosal gastric polyps had a significantly greater incidence than primary controls of colonic polyps [odds ratio (OR) = 3.19, OR confidence interval = 1.46 - 6.99, p < 0.004, chi(2)], colonic neoplasms (OR = 3.58, OR confidence interval = 1.56 - 8.23, p < 0.006, chi(2)), and colonic cancer (OR = 4.5, OR confidence interval = 1.05 - 19.4, p < 0.04, Fisher's exact test). Moreover, patients with gastric adenomas had a significantly greater incidence than did primary controls of colonic polyps (OR = 7.6, OR confidence interval = 1.29 - 44.7, p < 0.02, Fisher's exact test). The association between gastric and colonic polyps did not arise as an artifact of the significantly higher frequency of females in the study group because this association remained after patient stratification by sex. The higher risk of colonic polyps in study patients did not arise as an artifact of unappreciated gastric polyps in the primary controls because study patients also had a significantly higher risk of colonic polyps than the secondary controls (OR = 3.21, OR confidence interval = 1.35 - 7.63, p , 0.01, chi(2). Our retrospective case-controlled study suggests that gastric adenomas may be a new, significant risk factor for colonic polyps. A strong association would require that patients with gastric adenomas undergo surveillance colonoscopy to diagnose and remove colonic polyps. However, before we apply this finding to clinical practice, the apparent association should be confirmed by another, preferably prospective study.
How Do Spatial Learning and Memory Occur in the Brain? Coordinated Learning of Entorhinal Grid Cells and Hippocampal Place Cells

Spatial learning and memory are important for navigation and formation of episodic memories. The hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) are key brain areas for spatial learning and memory. Place cells in hippocampus fire whenever an animal is located in a specific region in the environment. Grid cells in the superficial layers of MEC provide inputs to place cells and exhibit remarkable regular hexagonal spatial firing patterns. They also exhibit a gradient of spatial scales along the dorsoventral axis of the MEC, with neighboring cells at a given dorsoventral location having different spatial phases. A neural model shows how a hierarchy of self-organizing maps, each obeying the same laws, responds to realistic rat trajectories by learning grid cells with hexagonal grid firing fields of multiple spatial scales and place cells with unimodal firing fields that fit neurophysiological data about their development in juvenile rats. The hippocampal place fields represent much larger spaces than the grid cells to support navigational behaviors. Both the entorhinal and hippocampal self-organizing maps amplify and learn to categorize the most energetic and frequent co-occurrences of their inputs. Top–down attentional mechanisms from hippocampus to MEC help to dynamically stabilize these spatial memories in both the model and neurophysiological data. Spatial learning through MEC to hippocampus occurs in parallel with temporal learning through lateral entorhinal cortex to hippocampus. These homologous spatial and temporal representations illustrate a kind of “neural relativity” that may provide a substrate for episodic learning and memory.
Distinct recognition of antibodies to centromere proteins in primary Sjögren’s syndrome compared with limited scleroderma

Background: Anticentromere antibodies are characteristically observed in scleroderma but have recently been reported in other autoimmune rheumatic disorders, including Sjögren’s syndrome. It is not known whether distinct centromere proteins (CENP) are targeted in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) and scleroderma. Objective: To determine whether antibodies to CENP-B and CENP-C are present in these two disorders. Methods: Sera from 45 patients with pSS and 33 with limited scleroderma were studied. All patients met classification criteria for pSS and scleroderma, respectively. Sera were used to immunoprecipitate in vitro translated CENP-B and CENP-C. The proportions recognising CENP-B or CENP-C were compared. Results: 10 of 45 patients (22%) with pSS and 18 of 33 (55%) with scleroderma had antibodies recognising CENPs (p = 0.004). Seven of 10 (70%) CENP positive patients with pSS recognised CENP-C alone, compared with one of 18 (6%) CENP positive patients with scleroderma (odds ratio (OR) = 40 (95% confidence interval (CI), 3.5 to 450) (p = 0.003). In contrast, the majority (15 of 18 (83%)) of CENP positive scleroderma sera recognised both CENP-B and CENP-C, compared with none of 10 pSS sera (OR = 93 (95% CI, 4.4 to 1979) (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: The pattern of CENP recognition differs markedly in pSS and limited scleroderma. While patients with pSS predominantly recognise CENP-C alone, dual recognition of CENP-B and CENP-C is most frequent in scleroderma. These findings suggest that obtaining antibodies to specific centromere antigens is useful diagnostically, and imply that distinct mechanisms underlie the unique patterns of centromere autoreactivity in pSS and scleroderma.
Fast self-similar teletraffic generation based on FGN and wavelets

It is generally accepted that self-similar (or fractal) processes may provide better models of teletraffic in modern computer networks than Poisson processes. Thus, an important requirement for conducting simulation studies of telecommunication networks is the ability to generate long synthetic stochastic self-similar sequences. A new generator of pseudo-random self-similar sequences, based on fractional Gaussian noise (FGN) and a wavelet transform, is proposed and analysed in this paper. Specifically, this generator uses Daubechies wavelets. The motivation behind this selection of wavelets is that Daubechies wavelets lead to more accurate results by better matching the self-similar structure of long-range dependent processes, than other types of wavelets. The statistical accuracy and time required to produce sequences of a given (long) length are experimentally studied. This generator shows a high level of accuracy of the output data (in the sense of the Hurst parameter) and is fast. Its theoretical algorithmic complexity is O(n).
Synergistic effect of angiotensin II type-1 receptor 1166A/C with angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism on risk of acute myocardial infarction in north Indians

Introduction: This first study from north India investigated the synergistic effect of AT1R 1166A/C with the ACE I/D polymorphism on risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Materials and Methods: Traditional coronary risk factors, ACE I/D and AT1R 1166A/C polymorphism were analyzed in 350 patients with AMI and 350 matched controls. Results: In univariate analysis, hypertension (52.9% vs. 11.1%; OR=8.9; 95%CI 6.0–13.3), diabetes mellitus (16.0% vs. 0.6%; OR=33.1; 95%CI 8.0–137), smoking (43.7% vs. 20.9%; OR=2.9; 95%CI 2.1–4.1), family history of coronary artery disease (22.3% vs. 14.0%; OR=1.8; 95%CI 1.2–2.6), high body mass index (64.3% vs. 51.4%; OR=1.7; 95%CI 1.3-2.3), high waist–hip ratio (46.2% vs. 2.3%; OR=37; 95%CI 16–85.8) and AT1R 1166AC genotype (20.6% vs. 12%; OR=1.9; 95%CI 1.3–2.9) were associated with AMI. In multivariate analysis, all these factors were found to be independent risk predictors for AMI. Subjects carrying the AT1R 1166AC+CC and ACE ID+DD combined genotype showed a twofold increased association (OR=2.1; 95%CI 1.2–3.5) compared with the AT1R 1166AA–ACE II combined genotype. Patients who smoked and who carried the ACE ID+DD genotype had 2.4-fold (OR=2.4; 95%CI 1.5–3.8), and with the AT1R 1166AC+CC genotype had 15-fold (OR=14.9; 95%CI 5.2–42.8) increased risk of AMI compared with non-smoking non-carriers. Conclusions: The AT1R 1166A/C polymorphism has association with AMI among north Indian patients, particularly if integrated with ACE I/D polymorphism and smoking.