Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical errors.

hyaluronic acid. At the same time they become more firmly associated with the collagen fibrils.9 The elasticity, viscosity, and water binding capacity of the ground substance decrease. The proportion of water drops from 900 in childhood to 800°l and later 7000 in old age. Interestingly, in mature rabbits the administration of androgen, oestrogen, or growth hormone reverses the aging changes in the keratan-to-chondroitinsulphate ratio. '0 Examination of fragments of nucleus pulposus removed at operation for acute lumbar disc protrusions shows changes similar to but much greater than those seen in normal aging. ' The decrease in mucopolysaccharide and increase in collagen are most pronounced in material removed from patients with a long history of pain, though in these discs the chemical changes do not reflect the patient's age: they are much less hydrophilic than normal and more readily yield up water when subjected to pressure. These changes impair the ability of the nucleus to resist and redistribute any superimposed load. Greater and abnormally directed stresses are then imposed on the annulus fibrosus, leading to its eventual mechanical failure. Perhaps all lumbar disc protrusions are preceded by this type of chemical change. For a fuller understanding of how such degeneration first develops we depend on more painstaking and elegant work by our tissue biochemists.
What Is Most Important to Students' Long-Term Career Choices

This study examined the variables incoming first-year college students believed were most important to their long-term career choice. A sample of 31,731 students were surveyed from 1995 to 2004, and results revealed that men placed a greater emphasis on making money, women placed a greater emphasis on working with people and contributing to society, White students placed a greater emphasis on having independence and intrinsic interest in the field, and African Americans and Asian Americans espoused higher extrinsic work values. Additional analyses revealed significant cohort differences, as over the 10-year period students reported a 10% increase in the selection of intrinsic values, a 5% decrease in selection of extrinsic values, and a 5% decrease in selection of prestige values.
A rheumatology-specific informatics-based application with a disease activity calculator.

OBJECTIVE To design a rheumatology-specific tool with a disease activity calculator integrated into the electronic medical records (EMRs) at our institution and assess physicians' attitudes toward the use of this tool. METHODS The Rheumatology OnCall (ROC) application culls rheumatology-pertinent data from our institution's laboratory, microbiology, pathology, radiology, and pharmacy information systems. Attending rheumatologists and rheumatology fellows accessed the ROC and disease activity calculator during outpatient visits at the time of the clinical encounter. RESULTS During the 12-week study period, 15 physicians used the ROC application and the disease activity calculator during 474 and 429 outpatient clinic visits, respectively. In weekly survey responses, physicians reported that use of the ROC interface improved patient care in 140 (78%) of 179 visits, and that the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) results at the time of the visit would not have changed patient management in 157 (88%) of these, although seeing a trend in DAS28 was useful in 149 (96%) of 156 visits. At the study's conclusion, most physicians reported that the ROC application was useful (11 of 12 physicians) and that seeing a trend in DAS28 improved daily patient care (12 of 13 physicians). CONCLUSION The ROC application is useful in daily rheumatologic care, and the disease activity calculator facilitates management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, widespread acceptance and use of such tools depend upon the general acceptance of and access to EMRs in the clinical setting. The utility of the disease activity calculator may be limited by the lack of available acute-phase reactant results at the time of the clinical encounter.
A Practical Shortest Path Algorithm with Linear Expected Time

We present an improvement of the multilevel bucket shortest path algorithm of Denardo and Fox [Oper. Res., 27 (1979), pp. 161-186] and justify this improvement both theoretically and experimentally. We prove that if the input arc lengths come from a natural probability distribution, the new algorithm runs in linear average time while the original algorithm does not. We also describe an implementation of the new algorithm. Our experimental data suggests that the new algorithm is preferable to the original one in practice. Furthermore, for integral arc lengths that fit into a word of today's computers, the performance is close to that of breadth-first search, suggesting limitations on further practical improvements.
Relational closeness in conflict: Effects on interaction goals, emotion, and conflict styles

Abstract This study examines the effects of relational closeness on interaction goals, emotion, and conflict styles. Findings indicate that relational closeness affects the perceived importance of relational, other-identity, and instrumental goals, and the use of conflict styles, but not emotion and the perceived importance of self-identity goals. Individuals in conflict with relationally close to others tend to attach more importance to relational and other-identity goals, but less importance to instrumental goals, and be more integrating and obliging, but less competing, than those in conflict with distant others.
The effects of group motivational interviewing and externalizing conversations for adolescents with Type-1 diabetes

There is a generally appreciated need for psychosocial interventions to help adolescents with Type-1 diabetes cope more effectively with their diabetes, but guidance literature is scarce. We hypothesized perceptions and coping with diabetes could be changed using group motivational interviewing (MI) and externalizing conversations (EC). This paper reports qualitative research findings from a preliminary study of group MI - EC intervention for adolescents with Type-1 diabetes. Twenty adolescents with poorly controlled diabetes were allocated to treatment and control conditions. Treatment consisted of EC and MI over six 1-h weekly sessions. Control consisted of usual care. Participants completed semi-structured questionnaires assessing their perceptions and management of diabetes before, after and 6 months after the intervention. Questionnaires compiled for the study were analysed using content analysis. The treatment group shifted their perceptions of diabetes. They felt less threatened, had more feelings of control and acceptance. Consequences of having diabetes were seen as having a less restrictive influence on their lifestyle than previously. From this exploratory analysis we tentatively conclude this innovative group intervention led to an adaptive shift in illness perception. We are planning a larger RCT to investigate the relationship between shifts in perception and better diabetes management.
Sources of innovation for high-tech SMEs: a comparison of USA, Canada, and Portugal

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are making significant contributions to the economy of many countries through their ability to innovate new products and processes. The purpose of this study is to compare the importance of different sources of innovative ideas as reported by R&D professionals working in high-tech SMEs in the USA, Canada, and Portugal. Based upon a survey of 196 R&D professionals working in a number of different SMEs in these three countries, significant differences were found between countries for nine of 14 sources. These include customers, co-workers, competitors, internal R&D, manufacturing, top management, cooperation with other firms, university and research institutions, and professional journals. Also of interest was that internal sources of innovation were more highly rated than external sources for both Canada and Portugal. This seems to be at variance with recent findings that promote the importance of external sources.
Explaining the Pathways Between Approach-Avoidance Personality Traits and Employees’ Job Search Behavior

Research suggests that certain personality characteristics lead to greater (or lesser) withdrawal from work, yet little research has examined exactly how personality translates into withdrawal behavior. To address this question, the present study demonstrated that the approach-avoidance personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism each showed simultaneous positive and negative effects on job search behaviors of employed individuals depending on the mediating mechanism involved (i.e., ambition values, job search self-efficacy, perceived job challenge, work burnout, perceived financial inadequacy, and job satisfaction). The authors’ findings extend theoretical insights on the pathways linking dispositional traits and employee withdrawal behaviors and suggest how employers can more precisely anticipate and mitigate employees’ search for new employment.
Factors Affecting the Outcomes of Community-Based Behavioral Support

This study was the first of a two-phase investigation of factors affecting the outcomes of behavioral support for individuals with severe disabilities in community settings. It involved an initial literature review and semistructured interviews to obtain the perspectives of informed participants from three constituent groups: family members, direct service providers, and trainers/consultants. The descriptive data from these interviews were synthesized via content analysis procedures, resulting in the identification of 12 factor categories. The categories ranged from individual, setting, and plan-specific variables to broader considerations such as support provider interactions and systemic issues (e.g., agency/program-wide procedures, prevailing philosophies). The results of this study offer implications for practice and new directions for investigation.
Phase locked loop system for FACTS

This research addresses the special requirements of phase locked loops (PLLs) for a typical application with FACTS elements. A new PLL system that uses adaptation algorithms is developed with the aim of improving speed of responses, robustness to AC voltage depressions, and harmonic rejection. The adaptive PLL consists of the three control units that individually control frequency, phase angle, and voltage magnitude. The voltage controller output is used to compensate for reduced gain caused by the AC voltage magnitude depressions. The output phase angle and its derivative, the frequency signal, are controlled in two independent control systems in order to enable elimination of frequency and phase error without compromising transient responses. The simulation results are compared with a PLL available with the PSB MATLAB block-set and noticeable improvements are demonstrated. In particular, settling time and overshooting are significantly lower with conditions of reduced AC voltage magnitude.
Anodization increases early integration of Osstem implants in sheep femurs.

BACKGROUND Spark discharge anodic oxidation forms a porous TiO2 film on the surface of titanium oral implants, increasing surface roughness and concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions. In this study, anodic-treated oral implants were placed in an animal model and analysed using clinical, micro-computerized tomographic (micro-CT) and histometric techniques. METHODS Pairs of 3.5 mm x 8.5 mm long titanium implants (Osstem Implant Co., Ltd. Seoul, Korea), with blasted (control) or blasted and oxidized surfaces (test), were placed into the right femoral condyles of 10 sheep. Animals were sacrificed after 1 month unloaded healing. Resonant frequency analysis (RFA) was measured in implant stability quotient (ISQ) using the Mentor II device. Specimens were scanned using medium resolution micro-CT (Skyscan 1172). Mean percent bone-to-implant contact (%BIC) was calculated from two images per implant by three different operators, using Image J software. Inter- and intra-examiner differences were calculated. Specimens were then embedded in methacrylate and undemineralized ground sections were digitized. Mean %BIC was measured using Image J at x 20 magnification for the best-three consecutive threads from the most central section. RESULTS Mean micro-CT %BIC was similar for control and test (57.2 +/- 0.05% versus 56.4 +/- 0.03%, p = 0.5). There was considerable inter-examiner variability (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.44). RFA showed no clinically-detectable difference between the two groups (control ISQ: 75.2 +/- 4.2; test ISQ: 76.3 +/- 1.7; p = 0.48). However, histometric analysis found a marked and highly statistically-significant difference (%BIC Test 72.5 +/- 8.6%, Control 46.2 +/- 12.1%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The novel anodic oxidation technique increased early ossointegration of rough-surfaced implants by 157%. Neither clinical testing with resonant frequency analysis nor radiographic analysis using micro-CT had sufficient resolution to detect this improvement. Whether this gain in early bone-implant contact is clinically significant in the context of early occlusal loading is the subject of subsequent experiments.
Sample stability and variability of B‐cell subsets in blood from healthy subjects and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Characterization of peripheral leukocytes is an important aspect of monitoring the effect of immunotherapeutic interventions in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We analyzed cell surface markers commonly used to assess patients with SLE, focusing on the effect of holding blood prior to processing/analysis and the relative reliability of the measurements that were conducted.
What else? some more ways of thinking and doing ‘Children's Geographies’

Abstract ‘Children's Geographies’ could do more. In this paper we present a succession of key ideas currently arising in and of new and emergent theoretical, philosophical and conceptual work in the Social Sciences. We invite reflection upon each of these ideas in turn, with a mind, specifically, to ‘Children's Geographies’. In so doing, we make two broad claims. First, that greater engagement with some or all of these ideas might prove useful, enabling, thought-provoking, profound, constructive, challenging, telling, or interesting to ‘Children's Geographers’. Second, that—particularly given the nature of its extant concerns and efforts— ‘Children's Geographies’ could do much more to speak back to (these) wider contemporary lines of thought.
The Influence of Attorney's Gender, Age, and Goal on Jury Bias

This study examined the effects of a lawyer’s age, gender, and goals on biases in jury decisions. Participants read the closing arguments of a lawyer in a case involving libel. I hypothesized that female attorneys would be less influential than male attorneys would overall, and especially in conditions where the attorney is older and the goal is agentic. To test this hypothesis, participants were randomly assigned to read a statement made by either a male or a female attorney, who was either 30 or 55 years old, as indicated through a biographical note. Additionally, the note specified that the attorney was either working for compensation and thus had an agentic goal (focused on the self), or was working pro bono and thus had a communal goal (focused on the community). After reading the attorney’s argument, participants evaluated the attorney and the attorney’s message. Overall, the perceived competence and persuasiveness of the attorney was the most influential characteristic affecting opinion. Male participants perceived female attorneys as more competent than male attorneys, and female participants perceived male attorneys as more competent than female attorneys. Thus, men were more persuaded by female attorney, and women were more persuaded by men.
Symbolic ethnicity and symbolic religiosity: Towards a comparison of ethnic and religious acculturation

Abstract This article begins with a brief section updating my 1979 Ethnic and Racial Studies article ‘Symbolic ethnicity: the future of ethnic groups and cultures in America’. However, its main aim is to describe and develop the somewhat parallel concept of symbolic religiosity, which I conceive as the consumption of religious symbols apart from regular participation in a religious culture or in religious organizations, for the purpose of expressing feelings of religiosity and religious identification. Since I assume that symbolic religiosity develops mainly among the acculturating descendants of immigrants, I also explore the possibility of separating and then comparing ethnic and religious acculturation. I assume further that among religio‐ethnic groups like the Jews, and ethno‐religious groups such as Russian, Greek and other Orthodox Catholics, ethnic and religious acculturation proceed in divergent ways. This raises a number of interesting empirical questions about the differences between and similar.
Development of a measurement for transformational and transactional leadership in schools taking on a school-based intervention

This article describes the development and validation of a measure for transformational and transactional leadership that may be used as part of a more comprehensive instrument to measure a school’s capacity to implement school-based interventions. Data used for this study were gathered from the reports of 1144 teachers from 45 Norwegian schools who were taking on a school development intervention aimed at preventing and reducing problem behaviours among students. Using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, measurement structures with two factors at the teacher level and one factor at the school level provided a good fit to the data. Although there is some overlap between transactional and transformational leadership, the two concepts do measure distinct features. Transformational and transactional leadership was eventually measured by teacher reports on two scales, each consisting of four items. As part of the validation, scores on the scales were related to other aspects relevant for organisational capacity. As expected, the transformational and transactional leadership scales both correlated significantly negatively with staff freedom and positively with innovation climate, affiliation, principal positions in schools, and collaborative activity at both the teacher and the school levels.
Induction of HIV-Blocking Anti-CCR5 IgA in Peyers's Patches without Histopathological Alterations

ABSTRACT The chemokine receptor CCR5 is essential for HIV infection and is thus a potential target for vaccine development. However, because CCR5 is a host protein, generation of anti-CCR5 antibodies requires the breaking of immune tolerance and thus carries the risk of autoimmune responses. In this study, performed in mice, we compared 3 different immunogens representing surface domains of murine CCR5, 4 different adjuvants, and 13 different immunization protocols, with the goal of eliciting HIV-blocking activity without inducing autoimmune dysfunction. In all cases the CCR5 sequences were presented as fusions to the Flock House virus (FHV) capsid precursor protein. We found that systemic immunization and mucosal boosting elicited CCR5-specific antibodies and achieved consistent priming in Peyer's patches, where most cells showed a phenotype corresponding to activated B cells and secreted high levels of IgA, representing up to one-third of the total HIV-blocking activity. Histopathological analysis revealed mild to moderate chronic inflammation in some tissues but failed in reporting signs of autoimmune dysfunction associated with immunizations. Antisera against immunogens representing the N terminus and extracellular loops 1 and 2 (Nter1 and ECL1 and ECL2) of CCR5 were generated. All showed specific anti-HIV activity, which was stronger in the anti-ECL1 and -ECL2 sera than in the anti-Nter sera. ECL1 and ECL2 antisera induced nearly complete long-lasting CCR5 downregulation of the receptor, and especially, their IgG-depleted fractions prevented HIV infection in neutralization and transcytosis assays. In conclusion, the ECL1 and ECL2 domains could offer a promising path to achieve significant anti-HIV activity in vivo. IMPORTANCE The study was the first to adopt a systematic strategy to compare the immunogenicities of all extracellular domains of the CCR5 molecule and to set optimal conditions leading to generation of specific antibodies in the mouse model. There were several relevant findings, which could be translated into human trials. (i) Prime (systemic) and boost (mucosal) immunization is the best protocol to induce anti-self antibodies with the expected properties. (ii) Aluminum is the best adjuvant in mice and thus can be easily used in nonhuman primates (NHP) and humans. (iii) The Flock House virus (FHV) system represents a valid delivery system, as the structure is well known and is not pathogenic for humans, and it is possible to introduce constrained regions able to elicit antibodies that recognize conformational epitopes. (iv) The best CCR5 vaccine candidate should include either extracellular loop 1 or 2 (ECL1 or ECL2), but not N terminus domains.
Parent Behavioral Training to Modify Child Noncompliance

Two experiments examined temporal and setting generality of treatment effects resulting from parent behavior training. In Experiment I, pretreatment, post-treatment, 6 month follow-up, and 12 month follow-up data were collected in the home by independent observers. Subjects were 10 mother-child pairs who had been referred for treatment for the child's noncompliance. All treatment occurred in a clinic setting. The results indicated that parent and child behavior changes and parent perceptions of child behavior change that were achieved by treatment were maintained during follow-up. In Experiment II, eight children and their mothers were treated in a clinic setting for the child's noncompliance. Data were collected before and after treatment in the home and in each child's school by independent observers. School data were also collected for untreated control children. In the home of the treated children both parent and child behaviors and parent perceptions of child behavior changed in the predicted direction. No significant change occurred in the school behavior of the children treated at home or the control children.
Benefits and barriers to sports participation for athletes with disabilities: the case of Malaysia

The purpose of this paper was to explore the benefits and barriers influencing participation for athletes with disabilities from a developing country (Malaysia). Two independent studies were undertaken: Study 1 included a sample of 123 athletes (95 males, 28 females) who participated in the 2006 Far East and South Pacific Games for the Disabled (FESPIC Games); Study 2 involved focus group discussions with 14 elite athletes. The athletes ranged in age from 15 to 59 years. Data were collected through a questionnaire (Study 1) and focus group discussions (Study 2). The primary reasons for participation in sport were achievement/challenge (58%) and competency/skill development (41%). The main barriers faced by the athletes were structural (facilities, equipment, funding) and the negative attitude from the government, public and media. However, despite these difficulties the majority of athletes were keen to continue to compete. Further work is required to ensure athletes with disabilities are provided with similar opportunities to athletes without disabilities.