Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring relationships between self‐compassion, compassion fatigue, burnout and well‐being in student counsellors and student cognitive behavioural psychotherapists: a quantitative survey

Background: Prolonged deficiency in self-care strategies puts counsellors and psychotherapists at risk of burnout and compassion fatigue. Aim: To measure associations between self-compassion, compassion fatigue, wellbeing and burnout in student counsellors and student cognitive behavioural psychotherapists. Method: A quantitative survey using four validated data collection instruments: (1) Professional Quality of Life Scale; (2) Self-Compassion Scale; (3) short Warwick and Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale; (4) Compassion For Others scale, was used to measure relationships between self-compassion, compassion fatigue, well-being and burnout. Participants: A mixed sample of student counsellors and student cognitive behavioural psychotherapists (n = 54) in their final year of study. Results: This preliminary study shows that student counsellors and student cognitive behavioural psychotherapists who reported high on measures of self-compassion and well-being also reported less compassion fatigue and burnout. Implications for practice: Compassion fatigue and burnout are found in many modern-day, highly stressful healthcare professions. The practice of self-compassion could help student practitioners manage these symptoms and subsequently improve their professional quality of life.
Inequality on probation: An examination of differential probation outcomes

ABSTRACT The effect of race, gender, offense type, location, assessment scores, as well as key interaction terms based on race were examined on multiple probation outcomes. Extending the racial equity research to offenders supervised within the community, results suggest that African American males fare worse on multiple supervision outcomes. In addition, the research found that women were less likely to receive alternative probation outcomes. Suggestions are put forth for the continuance of research on racial inequities for offenders sentenced to a term of community supervision. The study ends with a call for increased attention to various inequality issues confronting criminal justice.
Using a hand-held computer to collect data in an orthopedic outpatient clinic: a randomized trial of two survey methods.

OBJECTIVES In a randomized study, the authors examine how data can be collected at the point of care. Specifically, examining to what extent handheld computer data collection systems introduce bias or increase respondent difficulty. METHODS Volunteers were randomized to 1 of 2 survey methods: the hand-held computer or a paper and pencil form of similar content. Differences between group scale scores were compared using the Wilcoxon (rank sum) test. RESULTS The hand-held computer system produced comparable scores to paper and pencil surveys. However, there was evidence of lower internal consistency reliability with the handheld computer. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the comparability of the hand-held computer methodology to the paper and pencil methodology in obtaining survey information in an ambulatory clinic. The hand-held computer method of survey data collection offers an alternative to paper methods when point-of-care administration is acceptable. Preliminary evidence shows that this method produces comparable results to paper forms.
Feeling Good and Helping: Further Phonebooth Findings

Isen and Levin (1972) have argued that helping behavior is facilitated by positive affect states and cited a number of studies which can be interpreted as supporting this contention. In particular, they suggest that a non-contingent reward induces positive affect which results in helping behavior. In a field study, similar to the present one, they found a significant relationship (N = 24, p = .DO5 for females and N = 12, p = .025, for males) between finding a dime in the coin return slot of a public telephone and unsolicited helping behavior. Four phones in an enclosed mall were selected as the site of the present study. Ss were 26 females and 25 males who used one of the four phones during one week. In every case, the phone had a dime in the coin-rerurn tray. While Ss were using a phone, a female accomplice pretended to window-shop in order to observe S. When S left the phonebooth the accomplice walked parallel to S until she was approximately one step in front. She then dropped her load of packages in S's path. The dependent variable was whether or not S helped the accomplice pick up her ~ackages. The following frequencies of helping or not helping were obtained:
Sport within Muslim organizations in Norway: ethnic segregated activities as arena for integration

During recent years, there has been a growing focus within sports research on ethnic minorities and their involvement in sports. In UK, studies show that Muslim organisations offering sports activities to their members are a common phenomenon. The establishment of sports clubs by minority groups has been met with scepticism from governmental bodies because it is perceived as a ‘segregated’ activity that does not contribute to integration. However, in Norway, no research has been conducted on the output of these establishments, something this paper hopes to redress in part. The paper reports on a research project which aimed to examine the role of Muslim organisations in Norway in the development of social capital and integration through sport. The theoretical approach to the study of integration has Putnam’s concept and understanding of social capital as point of departure. The study is based on interviews with representatives of seven Muslim organisations (mosques) in Oslo as well as participant observation at two arrangements. The sports activities offered by the mosques are first and foremost used by the mosques as a tool to recruit and gather Muslim youth. The study reveals the integration aspect of the work conducted by the Muslim organisations. It is argued that the Muslim organisations’ idea of supporting youth to become ‘Norwegian Muslim’ is built on an ‘anti-racism multiculturalism’ discourse which rejects assimilation. A key aspect of this discourse is that minorities turn a negative difference ascribed by the majority into a positive identity to be proud of. As such, the work emphasises the possibility of being both Muslim and well-integrated into Norwegian society. Hence, the article argues for an integration perspective that recognises the integration work being carried out by minority organisations, even though this work, in terms of social networks, has more of a bonding character.
Adrenergic stimulation increases repolarization dispersion and reduces activation-repolarization coupling along the RV endocardium of patients with cardiomyopathy.

AIMS Dispersion of repolarization (DOR) in the human heart is minimized by activation-repolarization coupling. Adrenergic stimulation can be proarrhythmic in patients with impaired left-ventricular function and its effect on repolarization dispersion has not been systematically investigated. Our objective was to study the effect of dobutamine on repolarization dispersion and activation-repolarization coupling in patients with cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS Activation recovery intervals (ARI) and activation times (AT) were measured from unipolar electrograms at 10 sites along the apicobasal right ventricle (RV) in 14 patients with cardiomyopathy (LVEF < 40%). These measurements were made during control, dobutamine 2.5-5.0 microg/kg/min, and a recontrol phase while maintaining constant heart rates with atrial pacing. Dispersion of repolarization was calculated from the total recovery time (TRT, AT+ARI). Activation-repolarization coupling was assessed by linear regression of ARI and AT. Dispersion of repolarization across all 10 sites and between adjacent sites increased with dobutamine compared with control (whole DOR: range 15 +/- 2 vs. 12 +/- 2 ms, P = 0.06 and standard deviation 5.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.9 ms, P = 0.04; adjacent DOR: 5.9 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.6 ms, P = 0.04). This was associated with shallower ARI/AT slopes (-0.3 +/- 0.2 vs. -0.8 +/- 0.2, P = 0.05) and a decrease in ARI-AT correlation (R(2) 0.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.1, P = 0.05) with dobutamine compared with control. CONCLUSION Adrenergic stimulation increases apicobasal RV DOR and reduces coupling between activation and repolarization in patients with cardiomyopathy. This may provide a mechanism for the proarrhythmic potential of heightened adrenergic states in these patients.
Informational connectivity: identifying synchronized discriminability of multi-voxel patterns across the brain

The fluctuations in a brain region's activation levels over a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time-course are used in functional connectivity (FC) to identify networks with synchronous responses. It is increasingly recognized that multi-voxel activity patterns contain information that cannot be extracted from univariate activation levels. Here we present a novel analysis method that quantifies regions' synchrony in multi-voxel activity pattern discriminability, rather than univariate activation, across a timeseries. We introduce a measure of multi-voxel pattern discriminability at each time-point, which is then used to identify regions that share synchronous time-courses of condition-specific multi-voxel information. This method has the sensitivity and access to distributed information that multi-voxel pattern analysis enjoys, allowing it to be applied to data from conditions not separable by univariate responses. We demonstrate this by analyzing data collected while people viewed four different types of man-made objects (typically not separable by univariate analyses) using both FC and informational connectivity (IC) methods. IC reveals networks of object-processing regions that are not detectable using FC. The IC results support prior findings and hypotheses about object processing. This new method allows investigators to ask questions that are not addressable through typical FC, just as multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) has added new research avenues to those addressable with the general linear model (GLM).
Investigational Effect of Brain-Scalp Distance on the Efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment in Depression

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a tool for neuromodulation that uses a time-varying magnetic field to stimulate the brain via an induced electric field (E-Field). Clinical data from Premier Psychiatric Research Institute on repetitive TMS (rTMS) for the treatment of depression shows that patients older than 55 years respond to deep rTMS with better efficacy than younger patients. Brain volume shrinks with age in adults older than 40 years, increasing the distance between their brain and scalp. In this paper, we have investigated how the induced E-Field from TMS is affected by brain-scalp distance (BSD). We have developed heterogeneous head models from MRI data of 50 subjects and created simplified head models using concentric spheres. Using finite-element analysis, we simulated TMS on these models to test the role of BSD in determining the strength and distribution of the E-Field.
Benefits of transactive memory systems in large-scale development

Context. Large-scale software development projects are those consisting of a large number of teams, maybe even spread across multiple locations, and working on large and complex software tasks. That means that neither a team member individually nor an entire team holds all the knowledge about the software being developed and teams have to communicate and coordinate their knowledge. Therefore, teams and team members in large-scale software development projects must acquire and manage expertise as one of the critical resources for high-quality work.Objectives. We aim at understanding whether software teams in different contexts develop transactive memory systems (TMS) and whether well-developed TMS leads to performance benefits as suggested by research conducted in other knowledge-intensive disciplines. Because multiple factors may influence the development of TMS, based on related TMS literature we also suggest to focus on task allocation strategies, task characteristics and management decisions regarding the project structure, team structure and team composition.Methods. We use the data from two large-scale distributed development companies and 9 teams, including quantitative data collected through a survey and qualitative data from interviews to measure transactive memory systems and their role in determining team performance. We measure teams’ TMS with a latent variable model. Finally, we use focus group interviews to analyze different organizational practices with respect to team management, as a set of decisions based on two aspects: team structure and composition, and task allocation.Results. Data from two companies and 9 teams are analyzed and the positive influence of well-developed TMS on team performance is found. We found that in large-scale software development, teams need not only well-developed team’s internal TMS, but also have well- developed and effective team’s external TMS. Furthermore, we identified practices that help of hinder development of TMS in large-scale projects.Conclusions. Our findings suggest that teams working in large-scale software development can achieve performance benefits if transactive memory practices within the team are supported with networking practices in the organization.
Parental smoking behaviour and effects of tobacco smoke on children's health in Finland and Russia.

BACKGROUND There is little information on potential differences in smoking behaviour of parents between Finland and Russia and on the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on allergic and respiratory diseases among Finnish and Russian children. The aim of the study was to compare the smoking behaviour of parents and school children and to assess the relations of tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and childhood with occurrence of allergic diseases and respiratory infections among school children. METHODS We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in the neighbour towns across the border of Imatra in Finland and Svetogorsk in Russia. The study population consisted of 512 Finnish and 581 Russian school children aged 7-16 years (response rate 79%). RESULTS Children's tobacco smoke exposure differed markedly between Finland and Russia. The risk of asthma was particularly related to high maternal smoking exposure during pregnancy (adjusted OR 3.51, 95% CI 1.00-12.3), infancy (3.34, 1.23-9.07) and currently (3.27, 1.26-8.48), and the risk of common cold was related to high combined parental smoking during infancy (1.83, 1.06-3.17) in Finnish children. Among Russian children allergic conjunctivitis was related to maternal smoking during infancy (4.53, 1.49-13.8) and currently (2.82, 1.07-7.44). CONCLUSIONS Smoking behaviour of parents and ETS exposure during childhood differed markedly between Finland and Russia. Asthma was particularly increased in relation to high exposure to maternal smoking in Finland. The results suggest that more efforts should be directed to reducing tobacco smoke exposure of children in both Finland and Russia. (250 words).
Primary Education in India: Prospects of Meeting the MDG Target

By using two large repeated cross-sections, one for the early 1990s, and one for the late 1990s, the growth in school enrolment is described and completion rates for boys and girls in India, and to explore the extent to which enrolment and completion rates have grown over time. It decomposes this growth into a component due to changes in the characteristics that determine schooling, and another associated with changes in the responsiveness of schooling to given characteristics [Research Paper 2006/80].
Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase to Promote Cytostasis in Ovarian Follicular Development1

Abstract Our own recent studies have demonstrated that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is predominantly localized in granulosa cells of healthy immature follicles in the rat ovary, whereas granulosa cells of either healthy mature follicles or follicles destined to be atretic are devoid of iNOS. These findings suggest that iNOS is pivotal for immature follicles to remain dormant. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of a GnRH agonist (buserelin), a proapoptotic substance, and epidermal growth factor (EGF), a mitogenic and, consequently, antiapoptotic factor, on the amount of iNOS mRNA in rat granulosa cells. Administration of buserelin in immature female rats transiently diminished iNOS mRNA levels in the ovaries as determined by Northern blot analysis. In cultured rat granulosa cells, buserelin and EGF increased the incidence of apoptosis and DNA synthesis, respectively, whereas both reduced iNOS mRNA levels as determined by reverse transcription-coupled polymerase chain reaction. The concomitant addition of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine, an NO donor, together with buserelin or EGF eliminated the observed effects of these substances (i.e., induction of apoptosis and stimulation of DNA synthesis, respectively). These results suggest that the changes in developmental status of immature follicles either into development or atresia are associated with reduced iNOS levels in granulosa cells, thus reinforcing the notion of NO as a cytostatic factor in ovarian follicles.
Modeling the Transient Rate Behavior of Bandwidth Sharing as a Hybrid Control System

This paper uses hybrid control to model a problem of computer network systems, the dynamic behavior of bandwidth sharing among competing TCP traffic. It has been well known in the computer network community that well-behaved (TCP-friendly) congestion control mechanisms are crucial to the robustness of the Internet. Congestion control determines the transmission rate for each flow. Right now, most TCP-friendly research focuses only on the average throughput behavior without considering how the data is sent out in the short-term (e.g. bursty or smooth). However, recent experimental results show that short-term rate adjustments can change the bandwidth sharing result. Therefore, it is important to study the dynamic behavior of bandwidth sharing, and its impact on the long-term average throughput behavior. While existing network models and simulators for TCP-friendly control work well in general, they can not be used for theoretical proofs of the stability of the bandwidth-sharing behavior by competing TCP-friendly congestion controls. We want models that can capture the system’s dynamic behavior to help us understand and predict the impact of short-term rate adjustments. In this paper, we present a hybrid state-space-based model for the bandwidth sharing among TCP-friendly flows. We explain the hybrid nature of the system, which has a distributed control algorithm and is event-driven. The model helps us to understand the system’s behavior in general and we use it to prove the system’s stability under certain assumptions about packet loss. We also describe simulations and experiments to explore the cases in which these assumptions do not hold. This paper presents some preliminary results.
Becoming local: Exploring adolescents’ sociolinguistic limits and potential

Introduction Since 2004, Britain has witnessed the “largest single wave of in-migration that the British Isles have ever experienced” (Salt and Millar 2006: 335). Polish workers and their families accounted for 64.4% of immigration from the “new” (A8) EU nations to the UK in 2004. We report initial findings from a research project investigating the acquisition of sociolinguistic variation in English by adolescent Polish immigrants living in Edinburgh. We question to what extent Polish adolescent immigrants are acquiring the variable grammar of their local peer group. To do this, we examine the speech of some Polish adolescents living in Edinburgh and compare their use of the (ing) variable with that of Edinburgh-born adolescents. Our findings suggest that Polish adolescent migrants are acquiring both ‘local’ Edinburgh constraints on (ing) variation and ‘supra-local’ constraints found to operate on (ing) in other varieties of British English and American English. We exemplify this with the pattern of grammaticality constraints operating on (ing) for these teenagers.
Gastrulation EMT Is Independent of P-Cadherin Downregulation

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an evolutionarily conserved process during which cells lose epithelial characteristics and gain a migratory phenotype. Although downregulation of epithelial cadherins by Snail and other transcriptional repressors is generally considered a prerequisite for EMT, recent studies have challenged this view. Here we investigate the relationship between E-cadherin and P-cadherin expression and localization, Snail function and EMT during gastrulation in chicken embryos. Expression analyses show that while E-cadherin transcripts are detected in the epiblast but not in the primitive streak or mesoderm, P-cadherin mRNA and protein are present in the epiblast, primitive and mesoderm. Antibodies that specifically recognize E-cadherin are not presently available. During EMT, P-cadherin relocalizes from the lateral surfaces of epithelial epiblast cells to a circumferential distribution in emerging mesodermal cells. Cells electroporated with an E-cadherin expression construct undergo EMT and migrate into the mesoderm. An examination of Snail function showed that reduction of Slug (SNAI2) protein levels using a morpholino fails to inhibit EMT, and expression of human or chicken Snail in epiblast cells fails to induce EMT. In contrast, cells expressing the Rho inhibitor peptide C3 rapidly exit the epiblast without activating Slug or the mesoderm marker N-cadherin. Together, these experiments show that epiblast cells undergo EMT while retaining P-cadherin, and raise questions about the mechanisms of EMT regulation during avian gastrulation.
Finnish Geomagnetically Induced Currents Project

This article is a summary of Results of the Finnish Project on Geomagnetically Induced Currents,'' published in Surveys in Geophysics 15:383-408, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 1994. IVO and FMI carried out a 1-year GIC project from June 1991 to May 1992. The time of the project was a little after the sunspot maximum, and the geomagnetic activity was high; there were 34 major or severe magnetic storm days (A[sub k] index at least 50). The main aim was to derive reliable statistics of the occurrences of GICs at different sites of the Finnish 400 and 220 kV power systems. Besides the practical engineering purpose, the project is also geophysically relevant by providing a GIC data set usable for large-scale investigations of auroral ionospheric-magnetospheric processes and of the earth's structure.
Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Academic Cheating Research–Cross-Cultural Comparison

The study is an intercultural comparison of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior (original and modified versions) to predict students’ intentions for academic cheating. The sample included university students from 7 countries: Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Turkey, Switzerland, United States, and New Zealand. Across countries, results show that attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and moral obligation predict students’ intentions to engage in academic dishonesty in the form of cheating. The extended modified version of the theory of planned behavior emerged as the best explanatory model predicting intentions to cheat. Significant cross-cultural differences were found and discussed.