Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rh versus pH: the role of Rhesus glycoproteins in renal ammonia excretion during metabolic acidosis in a freshwater teleost fish

Increased renal ammonia excretion in response to metabolic acidosis is thought to be a conserved response in vertebrates. We tested the hypothesis that Rhesus (Rh) glycoproteins in the kidney of the freshwater common carp, Cyprinus carpio, play a crucial role in regulating renal ammonia excretion during chronic metabolic acidosis. Exposure to water pH 4.0 (72 h) resulted in a classic metabolic acidosis with reduced plasma arterial pH and [HCO3−], no change in PCO2 and large changes in renal function. Urine [NH4+] as well as [titratable acidity-HCO3−] rose significantly over the acid exposure, but the profound reduction (fivefold) in urine flow rates eliminated the expected elevations in renal ammonia excretion. Low urine flow rates may be a primary strategy to conserve ions, as urinary excretion rates of Na+, Cl− and Ca2+ were significantly lower during the acid exposure relative to the control period. Interestingly, renal Rhcg1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated in acid-exposed relative to control groups, along with mRNA levels of several ion transporters, including the Na+/H+ exchanger, H+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed a strong apical Rhcg1 signal in distal tubules. Taken together, these data show that renal Rh glycoproteins and associated ion transporters are responsive to metabolic acidosis, but conservation of ions through reduced urine flow rates takes primacy over renal acid–base regulation in the freshwater C. carpio. We propose that an ‘acid/base–ion balance’ compromise explains the variable renal responses to metabolic acidosis in freshwater teleosts.
Sex-specific effects of protein and carbohydrate intake on reproduction but not lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Modest dietary restriction extends lifespan (LS) in a diverse range of taxa and typically has a larger effect in females than males. Traditionally, this has been attributed to a stronger trade‐off between LS and reproduction in females than in males that is mediated by the intake of calories. Recent studies, however, suggest that it is the intake of specific nutrients that extends LS and mediates this trade‐off. Here, we used the geometric framework (GF) to examine the sex‐specific effects of protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) intake on LS and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. We found that LS was maximized at a high intake of C and a low intake of P in both sexes, whereas nutrient intake had divergent effects on reproduction. Male offspring production rate and LS were maximized at the same intake of nutrients, whereas female egg production rate was maximized at a high intake of diets with a P:C ratio of 1:2. This resulted in larger differences in nutrient‐dependent optima for LS and reproduction in females than in males, as well as an optimal intake of nutrients for lifetime reproduction that differed between the sexes. Under dietary choice, the sexes followed similar feeding trajectories regulated around a P:C ratio of 1:4. Consequently, neither sex reached their nutritional optimum for lifetime reproduction, suggesting intralocus sexual conflict over nutrient optimization. Our study shows clear sex differences in the nutritional requirements of reproduction in D. melanogaster and joins the growing list of studies challenging the role of caloric restriction in extending LS.
Characteristics of Preimplantational Development of Porcine Parthenogenetic Diploids Relative to the Existence of Amino Acids In Vitro1

Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the effects of amino acids on the in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic diploids that were produced by electrostimulation (El-St) and cytochalasin B treatment of in vitro-matured oocytes. The culture medium for development, based on Whitten medium, contained 0.5 mg/ml of hyaluronic acid (mWM), and a two-step culture system in which 290 mOsmol before the 4-cell stage (48 or 72 h after El-St) and, subsequently, 256 mOsmol up to the blastocyst stage (mWMs) were used. In experiment 1, the diploids were cultured for 168 h in mWMs supplemented with 0.01–5 mg/ml of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). In experiment 2, the diploids were cultured in mWMs containing 0.5 mg/ml of PVA (PVA-mWMs) for 0, 48, or 72 h and then cultured for 168 h after El-St in PVA-mWMs supplemented with essential amino acids for Eagle basal medium without glutamine (E-AA) and nonessential amino acids for minimum essential medium (NE-AA). The results showed that diploids can develop up to the blastocyst stage in mWMs including 0.05–5.0 mg/ml of PVA (49%–53% vs. 63%, P > 0.05), but the replacement of BSA with PVA alone could not support the expansion of blastocysts (11%–20% vs. 39%, P < 0.05) or their proliferation. The addition of both E-AA and NE-AA (E+NE-AA) to PVA-mWMs from the 1-cell stage resulted in severe inhibition of the development of diploids to the blastocyst stage. However, the addition of E+NE-AA to PVA-mWMs later than 48 or 72 h after El-St well supported the development of diploids to the blastocyst stage and supported the expansion of blastocysts. In experiments 3–5, which types of amino acids in E-AA inhibited the development of diploids during the first 48 h after El-St were determined. In experiment 6, the stimulatory effects of E-AA and/or NE-AA after the 4-cell stage were examined. The results of those experiments clearly showed that the presence of nonpolar E-AA, especially for valine, leucine, isoleucine, and methionine, during the first 48 h after El-St caused severe delay of the first division and inhibition of development beyond the 4-cell stage. The presence of NE-AA after the 4-cell stage produced a favorable condition for the expansion of blastocysts (33%), whereas the presence of E-AA increased the cleavage rates of the diploids after compaction and the total number of cells in the blastocysts (53.7 ± 2.7) and inner cell mass (12 ± 0.5). These findings indicate that the presence of nonpolar E-AA in a protein-free medium during the first 48 h causes the 4-cell block in porcine parthenogenetic diploids.
Mechanical stress activates the nuclear factor‐kappaB pathway in skeletal muscle fibers: a possible role in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

The ex vivo effects of passive mechanical stretch on the activation of nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) pathways in skeletal muscles from normal and mdx mouse, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), were investigated. The NF‐κB/DNA binding activity of the diaphragm muscle was increased by the application of axial mechanical stretch in a time‐dependent manner. The increased activation of NF‐κB was associated with a concomitant increase in I‐kappaB (IκB) kinase activity and the degradation of IκBμ protein. Pretreatment of the muscles with nifedipine (a Ca2+ channel blocker) and gadolinium(III) chloride (a stretch‐activated channel blocker) did not alter the level of activation of NF‐κB, ruling out involvement of Ca2+ influx through these channels. Furthermore, N‐acetyl cysteine, a free radical inhibitor, blocked the mechanical stretch‐induced NF‐κB activation, suggesting the involvement of free radicals. Compared with normal diaphragm, the basal level of NF‐κB activity was higher in muscles from mdx mice, and it was further enhanced in mechanically stretched muscles. Furthermore, activation of NF‐κB and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines IL‐1 β and tumor necrosis factor β in the mdx mouse precede the onset of muscular dystrophy. Our results show that mechanical stretch activates the classical NF‐κB pathway and this pathway could be predominately active in DMD. FASEB J. 17, 386–396 (2003)
Manipulating the contribution of approach-avoidance to the perturbation of economic choice by valence

Economic choices are strongly influenced by whether potential outcomes entail gains or losses. We examined this influence of outcome valence in an economic risk task. We employed three experiments based on our task, each of which provided novel findings, and which together better characterize and explain how outcome valence influences risky choice. First, we found that valence perturbed an individual's choices around that individual's base-level of risk-taking, a base-level consistent across time, and context. Second, this perturbation by valence was highly context dependent, emerging when valence was introduced as a dimension within a decision-making setting, and being reversed by a change in task format (causing more gambling for gains than losses and the reverse). Third, we show this perturbation by valence is explicable by low-level approach-avoidance processes, an hypothesis not previously tested by a causal manipulation. We revealed such an effect, where individuals were less disposed to choose a riskier option with losses when they had to approach (go) as opposed to avoid (nogo) that option. Our data show valence perturbs an individual's choices independently of the impact of risk, and causally implicate approach-avoidance processes as important in shaping economic choice.
Jena Research Papers in Business and Economics Scheduling Just-inTime Part Supply for Mixed-Model Assembly Lines

With increasing cost competition and product variety, providing an efficient Just-inTime (JIT) supply has become one of the greatest challenges in the use of mixedmodel assembly line production systems. In the present paper, therefore, we propose a new approach for scheduling JIT part supply from a central storage center. Usually, materials are stored in boxes that are allotted to the consumptive stations of the line by forklift. For such a real-world problem, a new model, a complexity proof as well as different exact and heuristic solution procedures are provided. Furthermore, at the interface between logistics and assembly operations, strategic management implications are obtained. Specifically, basing on the new approach, it is the first time a statistical analysis is being made as to whether widespread Level Scheduling policies, which are well-known from the Toyota Production System, indeed facilitate material supply. Note that in literature it is frequently claimed that this causality exists.
On the Phylogenesis of Executive Functions and Their Connection with Language Evolution

T term Executive Functions (EFs; also executive control or cognitive control) refers to the higher order cognitive processes involved in the regulation of goal-oriented actions in complex contexts and non-routine situations (Gilbert and Burgess, 2008). EFs are crucial for the temporal organization of purposive behaviors, language and reasoning (Fuster, 2008). There is no single taxonomy of EFs that scholars generally agree upon (Jurado and Rosselli, 2007). The various models proposed in the literature suggest that EFs capacities entail several key components, including flexibility, planning, monitoring, working memory, and inhibition (Ardila, 2008). Although a dynamic and flexible network involving several cortical and subcortical brain regions mediates EFs, there is a consensus that their main neural substrate is the prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Fuster, 2008). Specifically, the dorsolateral region of PFC is generally involved in classic EFs such as planning, problem-solving and some working memory operations, whereas the orbitofrontal region is more closely associated with the regulation of emotions and social behavior. Neuroscientific (Barkley, 2001) and comparative (Hills, 2011; Volter and Call, 2014) studies have dealt with the issue of the evolution of EFs. The evolution of EFs for the later PFC regions and their connections with language origins has been the subject of particular interest (Risberg, 2006). Some studies have suggested that the emergence of EFs occurred recently in the evolution of Homo sapiens (Ardila, 2008; Coolidge and Wynn, 2009). According to Coolidge and Wynn (2009) and Wynn and Coolidge (2007), modern humans evolved an enhanced working memory capacity that fostered EFs 32,000 years ago, enabling complex contingency planning, abstract reasoning and innovation. Ardila (2008) has proposed that EFs appeared 150,000 years ago in connection with the advent of language grammar. According to Ardila (2016), the temporal organization of behavior (the core function of EFs) comes from the perception of actions that is correlated with the grammatical ability to use verbs and represent these actions: Temporality means “before” and “after,” that is, something that changes, or develops or moves, that is, an action. (…) the “perception of actions” would represent a single preadaptation both for grammatical language and for meta-cognitive executive functions (Ardila, 2016, p. 2). In this paper, I advocate a different scenario for the phylogenesis of EFs and their connection with language evolution. By reviewing studies coming from Evolutionary Cognitive Archaeology (ECA), I suggest that EFs evolved in the context of toolmaking before the appearance of Homo sapiens. By virtue of this, I treat the issue of the relationship between EFs and language evolution in a different manner to the models that assigned a prominent role to grammar. I hypothesize that language could have had a narrative origin and that the study of the evolution of EFs together with the investigation of the role of EFs in language processing can corroborate this hypothesis.
Genetics of Psychopathology

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Children and Youth with Asperger Syndrome: Strategies for Success in Inclusive Settings

Foreword - Stephen Shore Acknowledgments About the Author About the Contributors Introduction: Children and Youth With Asperger Syndrome Social and Communication Characteristics Behavioral and Emotional Characteristics Intellectual and Cognitive Characteristics Academic Characteristics Sensory Characteristics Motor Characteristics Conclusion 1. Adaptations for Success in General Education Settings - Jill Hudson Behavior Expectations Consistency and Clear Communication of Expectations Expectations in Practice Summary 2. Environmental Modification - Anastasia Hubbard Learn About the Student With AS The School Environment Visual Supports Organizational Strategies Summary 3. Academic Modifications - Anastasia Hubbard Predictability and Handwriting Stages of the Learning Process Summary 4. Emotional and Behavioral Supports - Diane Adreon Functional Assessment The Cycle of Tantrums, Rage and Meltdowns Summary 5. Social Skills Supports Hidden Curriculum Social Skills Supports Summary 6. Assistive Technology Supports - Sean J. Smith, Mariangeles Murphy-Herd, Daniel Alvarado, and Nancy Glennon Assistive Technology Definition Framework for Assistive Technology Selection Assistive Technology Solutions Technology Solutions Summary 7. Making Each Year Successful: Issues in Transition - Ronda Schelvan, Terri Cooper Swanson, and Sheila M. Smith Transitioning Between Activities and Environments Transition to Adulthood Summary References Index
Role of intestinal bacterial overgrowth and intestinal motility in bacterial translocation in experimental cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND Intestinal bacterial overgrowth (IBO) is related to small bowel motility and has been involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial translocation (BT) in experimental models, and both overgrowing gut flora and translocating bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes are common features in cirrhosis. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to analyze cecal aerobic bacteria and intestinal transit in cirrhotic rats, and their relationship with BT, evaluating the role of intestinal bacterial overgrowth and small bowel dismotility in the development of BT in experimental cirrhosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included twenty-seven male Sprague-Dawley rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis without ascites and ten controls. Cultures of mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), peripheral and portal blood, liver, spleen and cecal samples were carried out. Small intestinal transit was determined in ten cirrhotic rats and in ten control rats. RESULTS The prevalence of bacterial translocation was 56%. Total cecal aerobic bacteria count was significantly higher in cirrhotic rats than in control rats (p < 0.001). Cirrhotic rats with translocated bacteria had higher total aerobic intestinal counts than culture-negative MLN bacteria (p < 0.05). The prevalence of total intestinal bacterial overgrowth in cirrhotic animals was 67%, and 0% in control animals (p < 0.001). According to BT, total IBO was more frequent in cirrhotic rats with BT versus those without BT (93 vs. 33%) (p < 0.001). Of the translocating bacteria, 95.6% were found to be overgrown in the cecum. The small-intestinal transit was slower in cirrhotic rats (60.5 +/- 12.7 cm vs. 81.2 +/- 5.7 cm) than in control animals (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the increase of intestinal aerobic bacteria in experimental cirrhosis is associated with translocation. In addition, IBO is frequent in cirrhotic rats, and is supposed to play an important role in the development of BT. Impaired motility of the small intestine is a common feature in cirrhosis and may be implicated in the pathogenesis of IBO.
A Proactive Model for Training Needs Analysis (Действенная модель для анализа потребностей в тренинге)

Обсуждается вопрос о связи эффективности тренинговых программ с методикой их подготовки и проведения. Показана неоднозначность оценки тренинга, основанной только на его результатах. Подчеркивается, что эффективность методики сильно зависит от потребностей и способностей обучаемых и их отношения к тренингу. Утвеждается, что внедрение активных методик научения, основанных на анализе реальных потребностей в определенном тренинге, решило бы многие проблемы, характерные для нецеленаправленного тренингового обучения.
Unfractionated Heparin Selectively Modulates the Expression of CXCL8, CCL2 and CCL5 in Endometrial Carcinoma Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM This in vitro study analyzed the impact of heparins on expression of chemokines in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell lines were incubated with unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and fondparinux under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL5 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and cell viability by fluorometric assay. RESULTS Different adenocarcinoma cell lines had distinct patterns of chemokine expression. UFH attenuated the secretion of CXCL8 and CCL2, and enhanced that of CCL5. The observed effects of heparin were in addition to the anti-coagulatory properties of heparin and dependent on molecular size and charge. CONCLUSION UFH has selective modulating effects on the secretion of CXCL8, CCL2 and CCL5 in different endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines. Molecular size and charge are relevant for these observed effects. By influencing the expression of these inflammatory mediators and thereby affecting the tumour microenvironment, heparins and related agents might play an essential role in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Construction and Characterization of Haemophilus ducreyi Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) Mutants Defective in Expression of Heptosyltransferase III and β1,4-Glucosyltransferase: Identification of LOS Glycoforms Containing Lactosamine Repeats

ABSTRACT To begin to understand the role of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) molecule in chancroid infections, we constructed mutants defective in expression of glycosyltransferase genes. Pyocin lysis and immunoscreening was used to identify a LOS mutant of Haemophilus ducreyi 35000. This mutant, HD35000R, produced a LOS molecule that lacked the monoclonal antibody 3F11 epitope and migrated with an increased mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Structural studies indicated that the principal LOS glycoform contains lipid A, Kdo, and two of the three core heptose residues. HD35000R was transformed with a plasmid library of H. ducreyi 35000 DNA, and a clone producing the wild-type LOS was identified. Sequence analysis of the plasmid insert revealed one open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a protein with homology to the WaaQ (heptosyltransferase III) ofEscherichia coli. A second ORF had homology to the LgtF (glucosyltransferase) of Neisseria meningitidis. Individual isogenic mutants lacking expression of the putative H. ducreyi heptosyltransferase III, the putative glucosyltransferase, and both glycosyltransferases were constructed and characterized. Each mutant was complemented with the representative wild-type genes in trans to restore expression of parental LOS and confirm the function of each enzyme. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE analysis identified several unique LOS glycoforms containing di-, tri-, and poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats added to the terminal region of the main LOS branch synthesized by the heptosyltransferase III mutant. These novel H. ducreyi mutants provide important tools for studying the regulation of LOS assembly and biosynthesis.
Evaluation of biofidelity of THUMS pedestrian model under a whole-body impact conditions with a generic sedan buck

ABSTRACT Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the biofidelity of the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS; Ver. 4.01) pedestrian finite element models (PFEM) in a whole-body pedestrian impact condition using a well-characterized generic pedestrian buck model. Methods: The biofidelity of THUMS PFEM was evaluated with respect to data from 3 full-scale postmortem human subject (PMHS) pedestrian impact tests, in which a pedestrian buck laterally struck the subjects using a pedestrian buck at 40 km/h. The pedestrian model was scaled to match the anthropometry of the target subjects and then positioned to match the pre-impact postures of the target subjects based on the 3-dimensional motion tracking data obtained during the experiments. An objective rating method was employed to quantitatively evaluate the correlation between the responses of the models and the PMHS. Injuries in the models were predicted both probabilistically and deterministically using empirical injury risk functions and strain measures, respectively, and compared with those of the target PMHS. Results: In general, the model exhibited biofidelic kinematic responses (in the Y–Z plane) regarding trajectories (International Organization for Standardization [ISO] ratings: Y = 0.90 ± 0.11, Z = 0.89 ± 0.09), linear resultant velocities (ISO ratings: 0.83 ± 0.07), accelerations (ISO ratings: Y = 0.58 ± 0.11, Z = 0.52 ± 0.12), and angular velocities (ISO ratings: X = 0.48 ± 0.13) but exhibited stiffer leg responses and delayed head responses compared to those of the PMHS. This indicates potential biofidelity issues with the PFEM for regions below the knee and in the neck. The model also demonstrated comparable reaction forces at the buck front-end regions to those from the PMHS tests. The PFEM generally predicted the injuries that the PMHS sustained but overestimated injuries in the ankle and leg regions. Conclusions: Based on the data considered, the THUMS PFEM was considered to be biofidelic for this pedestrian impact condition and vehicle. Given the capability of the model to reproduce biomechanical responses, it shows potential as a valuable tool for developing novel pedestrian safety systems.