Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Found in Translation: Reconstructing Phylogenetic Language Trees from Translations

Translation has played an important role in trade, law, commerce, politics, and literature for thousands of years. Translators have always tried to be invisible; ideal translations should look as if they were written originally in the target language. We show that traces of the source language remain in the translation product to the extent that it is possible to uncover the history of the source language by looking only at the translation. Specifically, we automatically reconstruct phylogenetic language trees from monolingual texts (translated from several source languages). The signal of the source language is so powerful that it is retained even after two phases of translation. This strongly indicates that source language interference is the most dominant characteristic of translated texts, overshadowing the more subtle signals of universal properties of translation.
Clustering for unsupervised relation identification

Unsupervised Relation Identification is the task of automatically discovering interesting relations between entities in a large text corpora. Relations are identified by clustering the frequently co-occurring pairs of entities in such a way that pairs occurring in similar contexts end up belonging to the same clusters. In this paper we compare several clustering setups, some of them novel and others already tried. The setups include feature extraction and selection methods and clustering algorithms. In order to do the comparison, we develop a clustering evaluation metric, specifically adapted for the relation identification task. Our experiments demonstrate significant superiority of the single-linkage hierarchical clustering with the novel threshold selection technique over the other tested clustering algorithms. Also, the experiments indicate that for successful relation identification it is important to use rich complex features of two kinds: features that test both relation slots together ("relation features"), and features that test only one slot each ("entity features"). We have found that using both kinds of features with the best of the algorithms produces very high-precision results, significantly improving over the previous work.
Gender Differences in Nursing Home Durations Among the Elderly : A Backward Recurrence Time Approach

This paper proposes two parametric regression models for the current nursing home duration data. It studies the effects of marital status and health conditions on nursing home stays among elderly men and women. More precisely, it focuses on whether the differences in marital and health statuses between the two genders cause different patterns in nursing home stay lengths. Results from this analysis indicate that marriage reduces elderly males’ nursing home stays by 30% when compared to females of the same age and status. In addition, health status also plays an important role in explaining why elderly males have shorter nursing home stays than elderly females.
The Effects of Aging on the Neural Correlates of Subjective and Objective Recollection

High-functioning older adults can exhibit normal recollection when measured subjectively, via “remember” judgments, but not when measured objectively, via source judgments, whereas low-functioning older adults exhibit impairments for both measures. A potential explanation for this is that typical subjective and objective tests of recollection necessitate different processing demands, supported by distinct brain regions, and that deficits in these tests are observed according to the degree of age-related changes in these regions. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the effects of aging on neural correlates of subjective and objective measures of recollection, in young, high-functioning (Old-High) and low-functioning (Old-Low) older adults. Behaviorally, the Old-High group showed intact subjective (“remember” judgments) but impaired objective recollection (for 1 of 2 spatial or temporal sources), whereas the Old-Low group was impaired on both measures. Imaging data showed changes in parietal subjective recollection effects in the Old-Low group and in lateral frontal objective recollection effects in both older adult groups. Our results highlight the importance of examining performance variability in older adults and suggest that differential effects of aging on brain regions are associated with different patterns of performance on tests of subjective and objective recollection.
Non-isolated Bidirectional Soft-switching SEPIC / ZETA Converter with Reduced Ripple Currents

A novel non-isolated bidirectional soft-switching SEPIC/ZETA converter with reduced ripple currents is proposed and characterized in this study. Two auxiliary switches and an inductor are added to the original bidirectional SEPIC/ZETA components to form a new direct power delivery path between input and output. The proposed converter can be operated in the forward SEPIC and reverse ZETA modes with reduced ripple currents and increased voltage gains attributed to the optimized selection of duty ratios. All switches in the proposed converter can be operated at zero-current-switching turn-on and/or turn-off through soft current commutation. Therefore, the switching and conduction losses of the proposed converter are considerably reduced compared with those of conventional bidirectional SEPIC/ZETA converters. The operation principles and characteristics of the proposed converter are analyzed in detail and verified by the simulation and experimental results.
Novel oral histone deacetylase inhibitor, MPT0E028, displays potent growth-inhibitory activity against human B-cell lymphoma in vitro and in vivo

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor has been a promising therapeutic option in cancer therapy due to its ability to induce growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this study, we demonstrated that MPT0E028, a novel HDAC inhibitor, reduces the viability of B-cell lymphomas by inducing apoptosis and shows a more potent HDAC inhibitory effect compared to SAHA, the first HDAC inhibitor approved by the FDA. In addition to HDACs inhibition, MPT0E028 also possesses potent direct Akt targeting ability as measured by the kinome diversity screening assay. Also, MPT0E028 reduces Akt phosphorylation in B-cell lymphoma with an IC50 value lower than SAHA. Transient transfection assay revealed that both targeting HDACs and Akt contribute to the apoptosis induced by MPT0E028, with both mechanisms functioning independently. Microarray analysis also shows that MPT0E028 may regulate many oncogenes expression (e.g., TP53, MYC, STAT family). Furthermore, in vivo animal model experiments demonstrated that MPT0E028 (50–200 mg/kg, po, qd) prolongs the survival rate of mice bearing human B-cell lymphoma Ramos cells and inhibits tumor growth in BJAB xenograft model. In summary, MPT0E028 possesses strong in vitro and in vivo activity against malignant cells, representing a potential therapeutic approach for cancer therapy.
Association analysis of ACE, ACTN3 and PPARGC1A gene polymorphisms in two cohorts of European strength and power athletes

The performance of professional strength and power athletes is influenced, at least partly, by genetic components. The main aim of this study was to investigate individually and in combination the association of ACE (I/D), ACTN3 (R577X) and PPARGC1A (Gly482Ser) gene polymorphisms with strength/power-oriented athletes’ status in two cohorts of European athletes. A cohort of European Caucasians from Russia and Lithuania (161 athletes: by groups – weightlifters (87), powerlifters (60), throwers (14); by elite status – ‘elite’ (104), ‘sub-elite’ (57); and 1,202 controls) were genotyped for ACE, ACTN3 and PPARGC1A polymorphisms. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and/or restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Statistically significant differences in ACTN3 (R577X) allele/genotype distribution were not observed in the whole cohort of athletes or between analysed groups separately when compared with controls. The odds ratio for athletes compared to controls of the ACE I/I genotype was 1.71 (95% CI 1.01-2.92) in the Russian cohort and for the ACE I/D genotype it was 2.35 (95% CI 1.10-5.06) in the Lithuanian cohort. The odds ratio of being a powerlifter in PPARGC1A Ser/Ser genotype carriers was 2.11 (95% CI: 1.09-4.09, P = 0.026). The ACTN3 (R577X) polymorphism is not associated with strength/power athletic status in two cohorts of European athletes. The ACE I/I genotype is probably the ‘preferable genotype’ for Russian athletes and the ACE I/D genotype for Lithuanian strength/power athletes. We found that the PPARGC1A (Gly482Ser) polymorphism is associated with strength/power athlete status. Specifically, the PPARGC1A Ser/Ser genotype is more favourable for powerlifters compared to controls.
Rapid Star Formation in the Presence of Active Galactic Nuclei

Recent observations reveal galaxies in the early universe (2 < z < 6.4) with large reservoirs of molecular gas and extreme star formation rates. For a very large range of sources, a tight relationship exists between star formation rate and the luminosity of the HCN J = 1-0 spectral line, but sources at redshifts of z ~ 2 and beyond do not follow this trend. The deficit in HCN is conventionally explained by an excess of infrared radiation due to active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We show in this Letter not only that the presence of AGNs cannot account for the excess of IR over molecular luminosity, but also that the observed abundance of HCN is in fact consistent with a population of stars forming from near-primordial gas.
Non-trivial flat connections on the 3-torus I: G2 and the orthogonal groups

We propose a construction of non-trivial vacua for Yang-Mills theories on the 3-torus. Although we consider theories with periodic boundary conditions, twisted boundary conditions play an essential auxiliary role in our construction. In this article we will limit ourselves to the simplest case, based on twist in SU(2) subgroups. These reproduce the recently constructed new vacua for SO(N) and G2 theories on the 3-torus. We show how to embed the results in the other exceptional groups F4 and E6,7,8 and how to compute the relevant unbroken subgroups. In a subsequent article we will generalise to SU(N > 2) subgroups. The number of vacua found this way exactly matches the number predicted by the calculation of the Witten index in the infinite volume.
Estimates of U.S. Regional Commodity Trade Elasticities of Substitution

Countries and regions within countries frequently import and export from the same standard industrial classification (SIC) groupings. In describing international trade, the Armington assumption recognizes that imported goods may substitute imperfectly for domestically produced goods. Imports and domestically produced goods may differ in quality or composition. Elasticities of import substitution have been extensively estimated for international trade but limited information is available on elasticities of substitution for regional imports. One h ypothesis in the literature is that international trade elasticities should be considered as lower bounds for regional trade elasticities presumably because of fewer non-price trade restrictions. This research estimates regional elasticities of import substitution for 20 two-digit groupings using commodity trade date in the U.S. The range in elasticities is from 0.45 to 2.80 depending on the characteristics of the SIC grouping. These results tend to refute the hypothesis that international trade elasticities are lower bounds for regional trade elasticities for comparable goods.
Decreased mental time travel to the past correlates with default-mode network disintegration under lysergic acid diethylamide

This paper reports on the effects of LSD on mental time travel during spontaneous mentation. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-controlled crossover study, incorporating intravenous administration of LSD (75 μg) and placebo (saline) prior to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Six independent, blind judges analysed mentation reports acquired during structured interviews performed shortly after the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans (approximately 2.5 h post-administration). Within each report, specific linguistic references to mental spaces for the past, present and future were identified. Results revealed significantly fewer mental spaces for the past under LSD and this effect correlated with the general intensity of the drug’s subjective effects. No differences in the number of mental spaces for the present or future were observed. Consistent with the previously proposed role of the default-mode network (DMN) in autobiographical memory recollection and ruminative thought, decreased resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) within the DMN correlated with decreased mental time travel to the past. These results are discussed in relation to potential therapeutic applications of LSD and related psychedelics, e.g. in the treatment of depression, for which excessive reflection on one’s past, likely mediated by DMN functioning, is symptomatic.
Selection and Maintenance of Spatial Information by Frontal Eye Field Neurons

Voluntary attention is often allocated according to internally maintained goals. Recent evidence indicates that the frontal eye field (FEF) participates in the deployment of spatial attention, even in the absence of saccadic eye movements. In addition, many FEF neurons maintain persistent representations of impending saccades. However, the role of persistent activity in the general maintenance of spatial information, and its relationship to spatial attention, has not been explored. We recorded the responses of single FEF neurons in monkeys trained to remember cued locations in order to detect changes in targets embedded among distracters in a task that did not involve saccades. We found that FEF neurons persistently encoded the cued location throughout the trial during the delay period, when no visual stimuli were present, and during visual discrimination. Furthermore, FEF activity reliably predicted whether monkeys would detect the target change. Population analyses revealed that FEF neurons with persistent activity were more effective at selecting the target from among distracters than neurons lacking persistent activity. These results demonstrate that FEF neurons maintain spatial information in the absence of saccade preparation and suggest that this maintenance contributes to the selection of relevant visual stimuli.
Linearized gravity on the Randall–Sundrum two-brane background with curvature terms in the action for the branes

We study gravitational perturbations in the Randall–Sundrum two-brane background with scalar-curvature terms in the action for the branes, allowing for positive as well as negative bulk gravitational constant. In the zero-mode approximation, we derive the linearized gravitational equations, which have the same form as in the original Randall–Sundrum model but with different expressions for the effective physical constants. We develop a generic method for finding tachyonic modes in the theory, which, in the model under consideration, may exist only if the bulk gravitational constant is negative. In this case, if both brane gravitational constants are nonzero, the theory contains one or two tachyonic mass eigenvalues in the gravitational sector. If one of the brane gravitational constants is set to zero, then either a single tachyonic mass eigenvalue is present or tachyonic modes are totally absent depending on the relation between the nonzero brane gravitational constant and the brane separation. In the case of negative bulk gravitational constant, the massive gravitational modes have ghost-like character, while the massless gravitational mode is not a ghost in the case where tachyons are absent.
IMF conditionality as a screening device

A theoretical model is developed in that both buybacks and the adoption of an IMF program can be used as screening devices that enable a creditor to discriminate between debtor countries that are willing to use debt relief in order to invest and repay and countries that are not. Asymmetric information is assumed. This problem can be solved if the country has sufficient resources to engage in a debt buyback and so gain the debt relief. When the country is credit constrained, an alternative screening mechanism is to undertake an IMF program in return for debt reduction and possibly an IMF loan.
Preliminary Investigation of Cardiovascular–Renal Disorders in Dogs with Chronic Mitral Valve Disease

Background Veterinary literature lacks data about cardiovascular–renal disorders (CvRD) and cardiorenal‐anemia syndrome (CRAS) in dogs. Hypothesis A direct correlation exists between ACVIM class and IRIS stage; chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicates chronic mitral valve disease (CMVD) more often than does anemia in dogs. Animals One hundred and fifty‐eight client‐owned dogs with CMVD. Methods Signalment, physical examination findings, electrocardiography, thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and blood analysis were retrospectively evaluated to assess the prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD and to investigate the relationships among ACVIM class, IRIS stage, and survival. Results The prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD was significantly higher than in the general population of dogs. Dogs being treated for heart failure had a significantly higher prevalence of CKD than did dogs that had not received treatment. A statistically significant direct correlation was found between ACVIM class and IRIS stage. Severe heart disease, severe renal disease or both, furosemide administration, and advanced age at diagnosis of heart disease were associated with shorter survival time. Survival time of dogs affected by CvRD was statistically shorter than survival time of dogs affected by CMVD alone. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Chronic mitral valve disease is associated with increased prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs. Treatment for medical management of heart failure may play a role in inducing CKD. Class of heart disease and IRIS stage were directly correlated. Cardiovascular–renal disorders decrease survival time compared to the only presence of CMVD alone, whereas anemia does not play a central role in worsening heart function.
Probabilistic model of two-dimensional rhythm tree structure representation for automatic transcription of polyphonic MIDI signals

This paper proposes a Bayesian approach for automatic music transcription of polyphonic MIDI signals based on generative modeling of onset occurrences of musical notes. Automatic music transcription involves two subproblems that are interdependent of each other: rhythm recognition and tempo estimation. When we listen to music, we are able to recognize its rhythm and tempo (or beat location) fairly easily even though there is ambiguity in determining the individual note values and tempo. This may be made possible through our empirical knowledge about rhythm patterns and tempo variations that possibly occur in music. To automate the process of recognizing the rhythm and tempo of music, we propose modeling the generative process of a MIDI signal of polyphonic music by combining the sub-process by which a musically natural tempo curve is generated and the sub-process by which a set of note onset positions is generated based on a 2-dimensional rhythm tree structure representation of music, and develop a parameter inference algorithm for the proposed model. We show some of the transcription results obtained with the present method.
Engagement With Beauty: Appreciating Natural, Artistic, and Moral Beauty

The Engagement With Beauty Scale (EBS), designed from the aesthetics of I. Kant (1790/1987), G. W. F. Hegel (ca. 1835/1993), and T. Aquinas (ca. 1260/1947) and the psychological work of J. Haidt (J. Haidt & D. Keltner, 2004), measures engagement with natural, artistic, and moral beauty. In Studies 1 and 2, the authors describe scale construction, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, and temporal stability. In Studies 1 and 2, the authors also establish concurrent validity with the Appreciation of Beauty and Excellence subscale of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (C. Peterson & M. E. P. Seligman, 2004), the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test (P. C. Watkins, K. Woodward, T. Stone, & R. L. Kolts, 2003), and the Spiritual Transcendence Scale (R. L. Piedmont, 2004). In Study 3, the authors used the EBS Artistic Beauty subscale to differentiate students engaged in the arts from those who were not.
Validation of the Adult Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-4 (SASSI-4)

The study objective was to develop a revision of the adult Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3 to include new items to identify nonmedical use of prescription medications, as well as additional subtle and symptom-related identifiers of substance use disorders (SUDs) and to evaluate its psychometric properties and screening accuracy against a criterion of DSM-5 diagnoses for SUD. Clinical professionals throughout the nine US Census Bureau regions and two Canadian provinces who used the SASSI Online screening tool submitted 1,284 completed administrations of the provisional SASSI-4 along with their independent DSM-5 diagnoses of SUD. Validation sample findings demonstrated SASSI-4 sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 90%, AUC = . 91. Items added to identify respondents who were abusing prescription medications showed 94% overall screening accuracy. Logistic regression showed no significant effects of client demographic characteristics or type of screening setting on the accuracy of SASSI-4 screening outcomes. In Study 2, 120 adults in recovery from SUD completed the SASSI-4 under instructions to fake good. Sensitivity of 79% was demonstrated for the full scoring protocol and was 47% when only face valid scales were utilized. Clinical utility is discussed.
A Self-Tuning Regulator for Adaptive Overload

The problem of designing eecient feedback overload control mechanisms has received considerable attention in the literature and it continues to be a major research area. In this paper, we interpret the design of such mechanisms as an adaptive feedback control problem. We illustrate how this analogy can be used to design congestion control mechanisms for high-speed wide-area networks. Speciically, we design a control mechanism that combines a least-squares parameter estimator with a minimum prediction error control law. Preliminary simulation results indicate that the controller yields high throughput and low loss probability even for large control delays and heavy overload conditions .