Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Business School Discipline of Finance Discussion Paper 2015-001 “ An Equilibrium Model Of Market Efficiency With Bayesian Learning : Explicit Modes Of Convergence To Rational Expectations Equilibrium In The Presence Of Noise Traders ”

A simple discrete-time financial market model is introduced. The market participants consist of a collection of noise traders as well as a distinguished agent who uses the price information as it arrives to update her demand for the assets. It is shown that the distinguished agent’s demand converges, both almost surely and in mean square, to a demand consistent with the rational expectations hypothesis, and the rate of convergence is calculated explicitly. Furthermore, the convergence of the standardised deviations from this limit is established. The rate of convergence, and hence the efficiency of this market, is an increasing function of both the risk-free interest rate and the relative number of noise traders in the market. An efficient market, therefore, measured in terms of a high proportion of informed traders, seems incompatible with the notion that efficient markets converge quickly.
Identification and characterization of a novel mutation in the carbonic anhydrase IV gene that causes retinitis pigmentosa.

PURPOSE The autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) gene on chromosome 17, region q22 (RP17), was recently identified as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane-anchored zinc metalloenzyme (protein CAIV), highly expressed in the choriocapillaris of the eye and undetectable in the retina. Only two missense mutations have thus far been identified in the gene CA4. Functional analysis of these mutations demonstrated that retinal disease may result from perturbation of pH homeostasis in the outer retina, after disruption of CAIV and sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1 (NBC1)-mediated bicarbonate transport. CA4 was screened in a panel of patients with RP, to expand the mutation spectrum of this novel adRP gene and understand its pathogenic mechanism. METHODS A total of 96 patients with simplex RP and adRP of Chinese ethnicity were screened for mutations in the eight coding exons of the CA4 gene by bidirectional sequencing. Functional consequences of CA4 mutations on the NBC1-mediated bicarbonate transport were studied by measuring bicarbonate fluxes in HEK293 cells cotransfected with NBC1 and CA4 mutant cDNAs. RESULTS Thirteen sequence alterations were identified, including a novel mutation within exon 3 of CA4 (R69H) in a patient with simplex RP. R69H was not found in 432 normal chromosomes. R69H CAIV impaired NBC1-mediated pH recovery after acid load. CONCLUSIONS A novel mutation has been identified in CA4 that provides further evidence that impaired pH regulation may underlie photoreceptor degeneration in RP17. This study indicates that, as with European patients with RP, mutations in CA4 also account for <or=1% of Chinese patients with RP.
Water and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and changes in BMI among Brazilian fourth graders after 1-year follow-up

Abstract Objective We examined whether drinking water per se is associated with drinking less of other beverages and whether changes in BMI are associated with the intake of water and other beverages. Design Secondary analysis of a randomized trial of fourth graders followed over 1 year. Setting Public schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Subjects Participants were 1134 students aged 10–11 years. Results At baseline, a higher frequency of water consumption was associated with a greater daily intake of fruit juice (P = 0·02) and a higher daily frequency of milk (P = 0·005). In the intervention group, the baseline frequency of water consumption was negatively associated with weight change over 1 year but without statistical significance (coefficient = −0·08 kg/m2; 95 % CI −0·37, 0·24 kg/m2), whereas fruit juice intake frequency was positively associated with weight change: each increase in fruit juice intake of 1 glass/d was associated with a BMI increase of 0·16 (95 % CI 0·02, 0·30) kg/m2. Conclusions Our findings do not support a protective effect of water consumption on BMI, but confirm consumption of juice drinks as a risk factor for BMI gain. Students who reported high water consumption also reported high intake of other beverages; therefore, the promotion of water consumption per se would not prevent excessive weight gain.
Gender, self-efficacy, and warrior identification in Canadian Army personnel

ABSTRACT Our purpose was to explore attitudes towards the presence and capabilities of women within the Canadian Army, identify gender differences in soldier self-efficacy and warrior identity and investigate relationships among these constructs. Canadian Army personnel (N = 714, 102 women, 612 men) reported attitudes on (1) the success of women’s integration within the Canadian Army, (2) self-efficacy as a soldier, and for a subset of respondents (3) warrior identification and soldier pride. We conducted general linear models and found no gender differences in attitudes towards the presence and capabilities of women in the Army, and soldier pride. However, servicewomen reported lower levels of self-efficacy in various military domains, and less warrior identification relative to servicemen. Mediation analyses indicate that soldier self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between gender and warrior identification. Our findings were not explained by a number of covariates. These findings indicate that attitudes towards the integration of women in the Canadian Army are going in a positive direction, but that self-efficacy is one area that might be undermining women’s identification with being a warrior. The self-efficacy literature suggests that ensuring successful training experiences might be one such mechanism to improve soldier self-efficacy in servicewomen.
Coaching as a Packaged Intervention for Telemarketing Personnel

ABSTRACT Prior literature indicates that although the sales function of an organization is a critical element for its success, there is a lack of research on specific actions managers can take to influence sales subordinates. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of a coaching package combined with incentives on sales performance for telemarketing personnel in an organizational setting. Following the implementation of the coaching package, there was a substantial increase in critical behaviors performed, pending sales set, and final sales completed by all telemarketers.
Send Orders of Reprints at Reprints@benthamscience.org Chronic Skin Disease and Risk of Infection

In this paper, we review the existing knowledge on the risk of infections in chronic skin disease. The normal skin is a major physiological barrier to most microorganisms. In patients with chronic skin diseases the epidermal barrier function is disrupted and the concentration of antimicrobial peptides may be reduced. Several case series and case-control studies of selected hospitalized patients confirm a high risk of colonization with S. aureus and cutaneous infections among patients with atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and erythroderma. Cellulitis is a common secondary skin infection associated with leg ulcer, varicose veins, lymphedema, tinea pedis, and leg dermatoses. Pox, Human papilloma, and Herpes viruses, some dermatophytes and candida albicans often give rise to secondary skin infections in chronic skin disease. Concerning infection of other organs than the skin, a few studies have shown that atopic dermatitis patients are more prone to upper and lower respiratory tract infection. One study of severe psoriasis patients has shown increased mortality due to infections. Patients with chronic skin disease may have more severe infections with prolonged periods of antibiotic treatments and worse prognosis compared with skin healthy controls, but more data from population-based studies including detailed data on relevant risk factors and confounders is needed.
Development of fear and guilt in young children: Stability over time and relations with psychopathology

Abstract Extremes in fearful temperament have long been associated with later psychopathology and risk pathways. Whereas fearful children are inhibited and anxious and avoid novel events, fearless individuals are disinhibited and more likely to engage in aggressive behavior. However, very few studies have examined fear in infants from a multimethod and prospective longitudinal perspective. This study had the following objectives: to examine behavioral, maternal reported, and physiological indices of fearful temperament in infancy, together with their relations and stability over time; and to establish whether early indices of fear predict fear later in toddlerhood. We also examined the association between behavioral and physiological measures of fear and guilt and whether fear in infancy predicts guilt in toddlers. Finally, we investigated infant risk factors for later psychopathology. We recorded skin conductance level (SCL) and heart rate (HR) and observed children's responses during a Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery fear paradigm across the first 3 years of life and during a guilt induction procedure at age 3 (N = 70). The results indicate that different measures of infant fear were associated across time. Observed fearlessness in infancy predicted observed fearlessness and low levels of SCL arousal to fear and guilt in toddlers. Low levels of HR and SCL to fear in infancy predicted low levels of physiological arousal to the same situation and to guilt 2 years later. Fear and guilt were significantly associated across measures. Finally, toddlers with clinically significant internalizing problems at age 3 were already notably more fearful in Year 1 as reflected by their significantly higher HR levels. The results indicated that assessments of children in infancy are predictive of how these children react 2 years later and therefore lend support to the idea that the emotional thermostat is set in the first 3 years of life. They also showed, for the first time, that infant fear is a predictor of guilt, which is an emotion that develops later. The implications of these findings for our understanding of developmental psychopathology are discussed.
CCND1 as a Predictive Biomarker of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background Cyclin D1 (CCND1) has been associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that CCND1 expression determines response and clinical outcomes in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and radiotherapy. Methodology and Findings 224 patients with HNSCC were treated with either cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by surgery and radiotherapy (neoadjuvant group, n = 100) or surgery and radiotherapy (non-neoadjuvant group, n = 124). CCND1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. CCND1 levels were analyzed with chemotherapy response, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). There was no significant difference between the neoadjuvant group and non-neoadjuvant group in DFS and OS (p = 0.929 and p = 0.760) when patients treated with the indiscriminate administration of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. However, in the neoadjuvant group, patients whose tumors showed a low CCND1 expression more likely respond to chemotherapy (p<0.001) and had a significantly better OS and DFS than those whose tumors showed a high CCND1 expression (73% vs 8%, p<0.001; 63% vs 6%, p<0.001). Importantly, patients with a low CCND1 expression in neoadjuvant group received more survival benefits than those in non-neoadjuvant group (p = 0.016), however patients with a high CCND1 expression and treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a significantly poor OS compared to those treated with surgery and radiotherapy (p = 0.032). A multivariate survival analysis also showed CCND1 expression was an independent predictive factor (p<0.001). Conclusions This study suggests that some but not all patients with HNSCC may benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin-based regimen and CCND1 expression may serve as a predictive biomarker in selecting patients undergo less than two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Potential Impact of Increased Use of Biocides in Consumer Products on Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance

SUMMARY There has recently been much controversy surrounding the increased use of antibacterial substances in a wide range of consumer products and the possibility that, as with antibiotics, indiscriminate use of biocides might contribute to the overall pattern of susceptibility in the general environment and in the clinic. Such speculation, based on the isolation of resistant mutants from in vitro monoculture experiments, is not reflected by an emergence of biocide-resistant strains in vivo. This review provides a broad coverage of the biocide and resistance literature and evaluates the potential risks, perceived from such laboratory monoculture experiments, against evidence gathered over 50 years of field studies. An explanation for the continued effectiveness of broad-spectrum biocidal agents against the decline in efficacy of therapeutic agents is provided based on the fitness costs of resistance and the ubiquity of naturally occurring substances that possess antibacterial effect. While we conclude from this review of the literature that the incorporation of antibacterial agents into a widening sphere of personal products has had little or no impact on the patterns of microbial susceptibility observed in the environment, the associated risks remain finite. The use of such products should therefore be associated with a clear demonstration of added value either to consumer health or to the product life. Hygienic products should therefore be targeted to applications for which the risks have been established.
A Coverage Embedding Model for Neural Machine Translation

In this paper, we enhance the attention-based neural machine translation by adding an explicit coverage embedding model to alleviate issues of repeating and dropping translations in NMT. For each source word, our model starts with a full coverage embedding vector, and then keeps updating it with a gated recurrent unit as the translation goes. All the initialized coverage embeddings and updating matrix are learned in the training procedure. Experiments on the large-scale Chineseto-English task show that our enhanced model improves the translation quality significantly on various test sets over the strong large vocabulary NMT system.
Do Conglomerate Firms Allocate Resources Inefficiently?

We develop a profit-maximizing neoclassical of optimal firm size and growth across different industries. The model predicts how conglomerate firms will allocate resources across divisions over the business cycle and how their responses to industry shocks will differ from those of single-segment firms. We test our model and find that growth of conglomerate and single-segment firms is related to neoclassical theory. Conglomerates grow less in a particular segment of their other segments are more productive and if their other segments experience a larger positive demand shock. We find that the growth rates of peripheral segments are very sensitive to relative productivity and that conglomerates sharply cut the growth of unproductive peripheral segments. We do find some evidence consistent with agency problems for conglomerate firms that are broken up. However, the majority of conglomerate firms exhibit growth across business segments that is consistent with optimal behavior.
Nutritional causes of anemia in Mexican children under 5 years. Results from the 2006 National Health and Nutrition Survey.

OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency and severity of anemia and the nutritional variables associated to hemoglobin levels (Hb) in children <5 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 981 children measuring hemoglobin and serum concentrations of ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), C-reactive protein (CRP), zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, folate and vitamin B12. Ordinal logit or multiple regression models were constructed to assess the risk for anemia and the associations among nutritional variables. RESULTS The overall prevalence of anemia was 20.6%, of which 14% were mild cases and 6.38% moderate. Anemia was associated with iron deficiency (ID) in 42.17% of the cases, whereas ID coexisted with either folate or vitamin B12 deficiency in 9%. Only 2% of cases of anemia were associated with either folate or vitamin B12 deficiencies. CRP (coef: 0.17 g/dl) and third tertile of s-copper (coef: -0.85 g/dl) were associated to unexplained anemia (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS ID is the main cause of anemia in children <5 y. Folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were associated with anemia. CRP was associated to unexplained anemia. However, vitamin A deficiency, which is associated with anemia, was not studied.
The effect of visuals on non-routine problem solving success and kinds of errors made when using visuals

This study aims at determining to what extent visuals contribute to success in non-routine problem solving process and what types of errors are made when solving with visuals. Comparative model was utilized for identifying the effect of visuals on student achievement, and clinical interview technique was used to determine the types of errors. In the study, 370 primary fourth-grade students were applied with the four non-routine problems; first in verbal form, then in visual form by changing only the numbers without changing the operational stages that should be used when solving the question. As a result, it was seen that the use of visuals decreased the number of unanswered questions by 11%, and increased the number of correctly answered questions by 12%. It was found at the end of the study that when students utilized the visuals they drew rather than the given visuals, this contributed to the problem solving achievement more. Another finding achieved in the study is that the students made errors originating from lack of knowledge, misinterpretation, incorrect structuring, incomplete structuring, and misplacement of what is given respectively. Key words: Primary school, mathematics, non-routine problems, use of visuals, problem solving success
MIMO strategies for energy efficient transmission in LTE pico-cell environments

Mobile data traffic is increasing at an unprecedented rate. To cope with this, operators are deploying small base station sites to cover hot spots. However, this also increases the total network energy expenditure and carbon footprint. As a consequence, improving the energy efficiency of small base stations remains a hot topic. In this paper energy efficient transmission in LTE pico-cell environments is addressed aiming at providing a basis for LTE networks optimization and carbon footprint reduction. MIMO is studied from an energy efficiency point of view rather than from an increased datarates perspective as usually found in literature. Additionally, duty-cycling in time and frequency is also considered, hence, improving the amount of power reduction that can be achieved. Globally, a factor of twelve times variation between the worst-case power consumption and the optimally selected MIMO mode is observed in pico-cells.
Stability of familiarity judgments: Individual variation and the invariant bigger picture

Abstract Judgments are often used in linguistic research. Not much is known, however, about the variation of such judgments within and between participants. From a usage-based perspective, variation might be expected: with judgments based in representations, and representations resulting from input and use, both inter- and intra-individual variation are likely. This study investigates the reliability of metalinguistic judgments, more specifically familiarity judgments, for Dutch prepositional phrases (e. g., op de bank, ‘on the couch’). Familiarity judgments for 44 PPs offered in isolation and in a sentential context were given by 86 participants in two identical test sessions, using Magnitude Estimation. Aggregated scores (averaged over participants) are remarkably consistent (Pearson’s r=.97), and in part predicted by corpus frequencies. At the same time, there is considerable variation between and within participants. Context does not reduce this variation. We interpret both the stability and instability to be real reflections of language: a relatively stable system in a speech community consisting of speakers who are variable and forever changing. The results suggest that judgment data are informative at different levels of granularity. They call for more attention to individual variation and its underlying dynamics.
Speech versus keying in command and control: effect of concurrent tasking

Abstract As a result of Poock's influential work in the early 1980s, command and control is generally believed to be one specific application where speech input holds great advantages over keyed data entry. However, a recent paper (Damper & Wood, 1995 “Speech versus keying in command and control applications ”, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 4 2 , 289-305) has questioned this interpretation of Poock’s data because the experimental conditions seemed to bias the results against keyed entry. While Damper and Wood modelled their experiments on Poock's, however, there were important differences which mean that their conclusions are uncertain. The objective of the work reported here was to determine if the major difference-the omission of concurrent, secondary tasking from their study-could explain Damper and Wood's observed superiority of keying over speech. Simulated command and control experiments are described in which speech input, abbreviated command keying and full command keying are compared under dual-task conditions. We find that speech input is no faster (a nonsignificant 1.23% difference) and enormously more error-prone (1038%, highly significant) than abbreviated keying for the primary data entry task, but allows somewhat more (11.32%, not significant) of a secondary information-transcription task to be completed. Full keying has no advantages whatsoever: we believe that this confirms the methodological flaw in Poock's work. If recognizer errors (as opposed to speaker errors) are discounted, however, speech shows a clear superiority over keying. This indicates that speech input has potential for the future-especially for high workload situations involving concurrent tasks-if the technology can be developed to the point where most errors are attributable to the speaker rather than to the recognizer.
Virtue, Social Knowledge, and Implicit Bias

Research suggests that most citizens of liberal democracies embrace egalitarian goals but nevertheless exhibit predictable patterns of implicit social bias in, for example, hiring and legal decisions. Recently, Gendler (2008; 2011) and Egan (2011) have argued that implicit biases put us in a kind of tragic normative dilemma, in which we cannot jointly satisfy all of our moral and epistemic requirements. Their arguments are, in part, responses to alarming evidence that the strength of implicit biases correlates with the knowledge individuals have of prevalent stereotypes, regardless whether they reflectively reject or endorse the content of those stereotypes. Simply knowing what the stereotypes are seems to make individuals more likely to act in biased ways. These findings suggest an opposition between social knowledge and virtue. If mere knowledge of stereotypes hinders the possibility of acting ethically, should an individual with egalitarian goals aim to forget all she knows about discrimination and stereotypes? Returning to such a state of ignorance would incur serious costs. In such a state, she would not, for example, be in a position to recognize the injustices individuals suffer in virtue of being perceived in a stereotypical light.