Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ratio and time requirements on operant schedules: effort‐related effects of nucleus accumbens dopamine depletions

Accumbens dopamine (DA) depletions produce deficits that are related to the ratio requirement of the operant schedule; however, it is also possible that time without reinforcement is a factor. The present study examined the effects of accumbens DA depletions in rats using variable interval (VI) schedules with additional fixed ratio (FR) requirements. Four VI schedules were used (VI 60/FR 1, VI 120/FR 1, VI 60/FR 10, VI 120/FR 10). Attachment of the additional work requirement increased response rates under control conditions. After surgery, there was no interaction between interval level (i.e. 60 vs. 120 s) and DA depletion, but there was a significant interaction between ratio requirement (i.e. 1 vs. 10) and DA depletion within the first week after surgery. DA depletions substantially impaired performance on the schedules with added FR 10 requirements, an effect that was largely dependent upon a reduction in fast responses (i.e. interresponse times less than 1.0 s). There was little effect of DA depletion on overall responding on VI 60/FR 1 and VI 120/FR 1 schedules. DA depletions also increased the tendency to take long pauses in responding (i.e. > 20.0 s), and this effect was evident across all schedules tested. Thus, accumbens DA depletions interact with work requirements and blunt the rate‐enhancing effects of moderate size ratios, and also enhance the tendency to pause. Attachment of ratio requirements to interval schedules is a work‐related response cost that provides a challenge to the organism, and DA in nucleus accumbens appears to be necessary for adapting to this challenge.
Potential of Metal Fibre Felts as Passive Absorbers in Absorption Silencers

The growing noise exposure of residents, due to a rising number of flights, causes significant impacts on physical health. Therefore it is necessary to reduce the noise emission of aircrafts. During take-off, the noise generated by the jet engines is dominating. One way to lower the noise emission of jet engines is to build an absorption silencer by using porous liners. Because of the high thermic and corrosive attacks as well as high fatigue loads, conventional absorbers cannot be used. A promising material is sintered metal fibre felts. This study investigates the suitability of metal fibre felts for the use as absorption material in silencers. The influences of pore morphology, absorption coefficient, determined with perpendicular sound incidence, as well as geometric parameters of the silencer to the damping are identified. To characterise the material, the parameters fibre diameter, porosity and thickness are determined using three-dimensional computer tomography images. The damping potential of absorption silencers is measured using an impedance tube, which was modified for transmission measurements. The essential parameter to describe the acoustic characteristics of porous materials is the flow resistivity. It depends on the size, shape and number of open pores in the material. Finally a connection between pore morphology, flow resistivity of the metal fibre felts and damping potential of the absorption silencer is given.
The benefits and challenges of an electronic medical record: much more than a "word-processed" patient chart.

The electronic medical record (EMR) will constitute the core of a computerized health care system in the near future. The electronic storage of clinical information will create the potential for computer-based tools to help clinicians significantly enhance the quality of medical care and increase the efficiency of medical practice. These tools may include reminder systems that identify patients who are due for preventative care interventions, alerting systems that detect contraindications among prescribed medications, and coding systems that facilitate the selection of correct billing codes for patient encounters. Numerous other "decision-support" tools have been developed and may soon facilitate the practice of clinical medicine. The potential of such tools will not be realized, however, if the EMR is just a set of textual documents stored in a computer, i.e. a "word-processed" patient chart. To support intelligent and useful tools, the EMR must have a systematic internal model of the information it contains and must support the efficient capture of clinical information in a manner consistent with this model. Although commercially available EMR systems that have such features are appearing, the builders and the buyers of EMR systems must continue to focus on the proper design of these systems if the benefits of computerization are to be fully realized.
Two new species of oribatid mites of the family Galumnidae (Acari, Oribatida) from Vietnam

Abstract Two new species of oribatid mites of the family Galumnidae, Allogalumna monodactyla sp. n. and Galumna (Galumna) paracalcicola sp. n. , are described from dark loamy soil under crown of Ficus sp. in southern Vietnam. Allogalumna monodactyla sp. n. is the first identified member of Allogalumna recorded for Vietnam. The identification keys to the species of Allogalumna from the Oriental region and species of Galumna (Galumna) from Vietnam and the calcicola-group are given.
by Dendritic Cell Tuning of SHP-1 Functional Education of Invariant NKT Cells

Dellabona and Giulia CasoratiLehuen, David Voehringer, H. Robson MacDonald, Paolo Anna Napolitano, Paola Pittoni, Lucie Beaudoin, Agnesol.1203466http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2013/02/20/jimmunJ Immunol€ published online 20 February 2013MaterialSupplementary6.DC1. htmlhttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2013/02/20/jimmunol.120346Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai. org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:
Counteract or assist?: influence of dynamic force-feedback on emotions

Although interfaces can adapt to users' behavior only little empirical evidence has been reported about their capability to influence people's emotions. The goal of this study is to explore the influence of haptic force feedback on the emotional experience in a linear sliding movement. We varied force feedback behaviors designed for a motorized slider in a controlled experiment. The slider presented three behaviors, named as counteractive, assistive, and no behavior while participants were exposed to affective imagery varying in valence. The results showed that under different emotions (positive, negative, neutral), people experience small differences in dominance and valence between the force feedback behaviors. A counteractive force feedback seems to increase the feeling of control regarding unpleasant stimuli, while providing an assistive force feedback reduced the level of dominance in case of pleasant stimuli. Our study contributes new understanding of how adaptive feedback influence user's emotions to support design in this field.
Protecting location privacy and query privacy: a combined clustering approach

In this paper, a combined clustering algorithm namely enhanced clustering cloak (ECC), for protecting location privacy and query privacy is proposed. An iterative K‐means clustering method is developed to group the user requests into clusters for providing location safety. Meanwhile, a hierarchical clustering method for preserving the query privacy is used when creating clusters. ECC provides users with desirable spatial and temporal tolerances. It can defend sampling attacks, homogeneity attacks, and query association attacks simultaneously. Simulation results present that the ECC algorithm not only has merits in smaller number of clusters, shorter cloaking time, higher entropy and QoS level but also preserves location privacy and query privacy in continuous location based services. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visual perception based Lagrangian rate distortion optimization for video coding

In the conventional rate distortion optimization (RDO) video coding, the measure of distortion is mainly from the perspective of signal processing, while dose not fully take into account the characteristics of visual perception. People have concerns about not only the information of independent pixels, but also the temporal and spatial correlations between them. For different video content, human visual perception has different sensitivity. In this paper, in order to establish a RDO model which is more consistent with the human visual perception, we introduce the structural similarity and the content saliency information into the distortion metric. An adaptive Lagrange multiplier selection scheme is presented to allocate the bit resources more rationally by keeping the balance of the bit-rate and the visual quality. Experimental results show that the proposed method averagely reduces 10.14% bit-rate under the similar visual quality.
Myocardial, Smooth Muscle, Nephron, and Collecting Duct Gene Targeting Reveals the Organ Sites of Endothelin A Receptor Antagonist Fluid Retention

Endothelin-1 binding to endothelin A receptors (ETA) elicits profibrogenic, proinflammatory, and proliferative effects that can promote a wide variety of diseases. Although ETA antagonists are approved for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, their clinical utility in several other diseases has been limited by fluid retention. ETA blocker-induced fluid retention could be due to inhibition of ETA activation in the heart, vasculature, and/or kidney; consequently, the current study was designed to define which of these sites are involved. Mice were generated with absence of ETA specifically in cardiomyocytes (heart), smooth muscle, the nephron, the collecting duct, or no deletion (control). Administration of the ETA antagonist ambrisentan or atrasentan for 2 weeks caused fluid retention in control mice on a high-salt diet as assessed by increases in body weight, total body water, and extracellular fluid volume (using impedance plethysmography), as well as decreases in hematocrit (hemodilution). Mice with heart ETA knockout retained fluid in a similar manner as controls when treated with ambrisentan or atrasentan. Mice with smooth muscle ETA knockout had substantially reduced fluid retention in response to either ETA antagonist. Mice with nephron or collecting duct ETA disruption were completely prevented from ETA blocker–induced fluid retention. Taken together, these findings suggest that ETA antagonist–induced fluid retention is due to a direct effect of this class of drug on the collecting duct, is partially related to the vascular action of the drugs, and is not due to alterations in cardiac function.
Why does tobacco-control spending vary so much across states?

Although tobacco-control spending is considered an essential component of comprehensive programmes aimed at lowering smoking, substantial variation exists across states. This article examines if variation is systematically related to cross-state differences in smoking prevalence, holding other factors constant that are expected to influence spending. An econometric model is estimated which considers effects of tobacco-settlement revenues, income, unemployment, political party of the governor, state debt and smoking prevalence on tobacco-control spending in all states during 2000–2007. Estimations control for the possibility that spending and smoking prevalence are co-determined to clearly determine the causal link from prevalence to spending. Spending variation is determined to be inconsistent with a ‘rational needs’ strategy whereby states with higher prevalence choose more funding than states with lower prevalence. This empirical result is consistent with recent studies indicating that spending on tobacco control exerts little to no effect on cigarette sales or smoking prevalence.
A Primary Study on the Influential Factors of the Acceptance of a Web-based Collaborative Learning Environment among Technical and Vocational Education System Students

To effectively promote a web-based collaborative learning environment in technical vocational schools, this study observed students in a Taiwanese university who took a web-based course and explored the influential factors of the application, learning in a collaborative learning environment. This study proposes a model that effectively explains and predicts web-based collaborative learning behavior for university faculties. We referred to an empirical technology acceptance model and relevant literature on web management to construct a web-based collaborative learning environment which focuses both on management and content quality as well as perception and experience as external variables to predict factors that determine the behavior of students participating in the course. The research results indicated that among the four perceptions of system quality in this study, content quality influenced the behavior intention the most, followed by interaction among people, interface design and system function.
Technology devices for older adults to aid self management of chronic health conditions

The overall purpose of this study is the enhancement of devices and visualisations used by older adults as part of a telecare system for the self-management of health conditions. The opinions and feelings towards devices that could be used as part of a telecare system were gathered from a range of older people. This was done through the use of technology evaluation workshops, and the subsequent analysis of the collected data using grounded theory and thematic coding methodologies. Presenting healthcare data to an elderly person with chronic health issues, may be an appropriate way to help that person to better manage their condition, if the data can be understood.
Creation of Ballot Sequences in a Periodic Cellular Automaton(General)

Motivated by an attempt to develop a method for solving initial value problems in a class of one dimensional periodic cellular automata (CA) associated with crystal bases and soliton equations, we consider a generalization of a simple proposition in elementary mathematics. The original proposition says that any sequence of letters 1 and 2, having no less 1's than 2's, can be changed into a ballot sequence via cyclic shifts only. We generalize it to treat sequences of cells of common capacity s > 1, each of them containing consecutive 2's (left) and 1's (right), and show that these sequences can be changed into a ballot sequence via two manipulations, cyclic and “quasi-cyclic” shifts. The latter is a new CA rule and we find that various kink-like structures are traveling along the system like particles under the time evolution of this rule.
Perturbation of an eigenvalue from a dense point spectrum: an example

We study an example of a perturbed Floquet Hamiltonian depending on a coupling constant . The spectrum is pure point and dense. We pick up an eigenvalue, namely , and show the existence of a function defined on such that for all , 0 is a point of density for the set I, and the Rayleigh - Schrodinger perturbation series represents an asymptotic series for the function . All ideas are developed and demonstrated when treating the explicit example, but some of them are expected to have an essentially wider range of application.
The bi-objective prize-collecting Steiner tree problem

We consider the bi-objective prize-collecting Steiner tree problem, whose goal is to find a subtree considering the conflicting objectives of minimizing the edge costs for building that tree, and maximizing the collected node revenues. From a practical perspective, the problem is important whenever node revenues and edge costs cannot be easily expressed using the same (e.g., monetary) units. For example, in wildlife corridor design, nodes correspond to land parcels and their revenues correspond to their associated wildlife benefit. We consider five iterative mixed integer programming frameworks that identify the complete Pareto front, i.e., one efficient solution for every point on the Pareto front. More precisely, the following methods are studied: an ǫ-constraint method, a two-phase method, a binary search in the objective space, a weighted Chebyscheff norm method and a method of Sylva and Crema. We also investigate how to exploit and recycle information gained during these iterative MIP procedures in order to accelerate the solution process. We consider (i) additional strengthening valid inequalities, (ii) procedures for initializing feasible solutions, (iii) procedures for recycling violated cuts using cut pools, and (iv) guiding the branching process by previously detected Pareto optimal solutions. This work is a first study on exact approaches for solving the bi-objective prize-collecting Steiner tree problem. Standard benchmark instances from the literature are used to assess the efficacy of the proposed methods.
Level set versus triangulation-based regularization for the inverse EEG / MEG problem using the Symmetric Boundary Element Method

Following recent breakthrough in the forward MEG/EEG problem, we propose and compare two methods for localizing cortex activity from EEG/MEG measurements. This is known as the inverse problem in MEG and EEG. Recent works [Abboud,Clerc,Faugeras,Keriven,Kybic] have shown that, using a new symmetric approach, the Bondary Element Method (BEM) can achieve significantly better precision for the forward problem than any other previously known BEM or Finite Elements Method (FEM). In our BEM formulation, electrical activity of the brain is assumed to be mainly concentrated on the surface of the cortex, this can be biologicaly justified for a large domain of studies of the brain. Thus, sources are modelized by dipole distribution (or dipole density) all over the surface of the cortex. The arising forward problem is then linear. The inverse problem is solved as a constrained reconstruction problem adressed by a PDE. This PDE contains two terms: a data-driven one (least square) and a regularization one. The last implies surface laplacian and can be treated in two ways: firstly in deriving numerical schemes over a triangulated surface, it allows to keep on working on the mesh, where the data-driven term is defined. Secondly, we can embed the mesh into a grid and use a well-studied level set method [Bertalmio,Sheng,Osher,Sapiro], this brings simple, flexible and well-known numerical schemes. Regularization type is a critical point in data-driven recontruction. Whereas the minimal norm constraint may deliver over-scattered source of activity, isotropic filtering force electrical activity to have low spatial gradients. Finaly, anisotropic filtering seek minimal total variation solutions, this implies well-delimited active zones on the cortex (typically piecewise constant).
Deep CCD Surface Photometry of Galaxy Clusters. I. Methods and Initial Studies of Intracluster Starlight

We report the initial results of a deep imaging survey of galaxy clusters. The primary goals of this survey are to quantify the amount of intracluster light as a function of cluster properties and to quantify the frequency of tidal debris. We outline the techniques needed to perform such a survey, and we report findings for the first two galaxy clusters in the survey: A1413 and MKW 7. These clusters vary greatly in richness and structure. We show that our surface photometry reliably reaches to a surface brightness of μv = 26.5 mag arcsec-2. We find that both clusters show clear excesses over a best-fitting r1/4 profile: this was expected for A1413 but not for MKW 7. Both clusters also show evidence of tidal debris in the form of plumes and arclike structures, but no long tidal arcs were detected. We also find that the central cD galaxy in A1413 is flattened at large radii, with an ellipticity of ≈0.8, the largest measured ellipticity of any cD galaxy to date.
Spontaneous Development of Plasmacytoid Tumors in Mice with Defective Fas–Fas Ligand Interactions

B cell malignancies arise with increased frequency in aging individuals and in patients with genetic or acquired immunodeficiency (e.g., AIDS) or autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms of lymphomagenesis in these individuals are poorly understood. In this report we investigated the possibility that mutations at the Fas (lpr) and Fasl (gld) loci, which prevent Fas-mediated apoptosis and cause an early onset benign lymphoid hyperplasia and autoimmunity, also predispose mice to malignant lymphomas later in life. Up to 6 mo of age, hyperplasia in lpr and gld mice results from the predominant accumulation of polyclonal T cell subsets and smaller numbers of polyclonal B cells and plasma cells. Here, we examined C3H-lpr, C3H-gld, and BALB-gld mice 6–15 mo of age for the emergence of clonal T and B cell populations and found that a significant proportion of aging mice exclusively developed B cell malignancies with many of the hallmarks of immunodeficiency-associated B lymphomas. By 1 yr of age, ∼60% of BALB-gld and 30% of C3H-gld mice had monoclonal B cell populations that grew and metastasized in scid recipients but in most cases were rejected by immunocompetent mice. The tumors developed in a milieu greatly enriched for plasma cells, CD23− B cells and immunodeficient memory T cells and variably depleted of B220+ DN T cells. Growth factor–independent cell lines were established from five of the tumors. The majority of the tumors were CD23− and IgH isotype switched and a high proportion was CD5+ and dull Mac-1+. Considering their Ig secretion and morphology in vivo, most tumors were classified as malignant plasmacytoid lymphomas. The delayed development of the gld tumors indicated that genetic defects in addition to the Fas/Fasl mutations were necessary for malignant transformation. Interestingly, none of the tumors showed changes in the genomic organization of c-Myc but many had one or more somatically-acquired MuLV proviral integrations that were transmitted in scid passages and cell lines. Therefore, insertional mutagenesis may be a mechanism for transformation in gld B cells. Our panel of in vivo passaged and in vitro adapted gld lymphomas will be a valuable tool for the future identification of genetic abnormalities associated with B cell transformation in aging and autoimmune mice.