Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Exploration of the Views and Experiences of Family Court Magistrates Making Decisions in Care Proceedings Involving Parents With Learning Disabilities.

A small evidence base suggests that parents with learning disabilities are likely to have their children permanently removed from their care. There is no known research involving magistrates in England, despite their role in care proceedings. This study aimed to explore the experience of magistrates making decisions in care proceedings involving parents with learning disabilities. Four family court magistrates took part in a semi-structured interview. The findings suggest that the magistrates in this sample perceive a distinction between themselves and others in terms of their ability to accommodate complexity in conceptualising learning disabilities. The ability to appreciate such complexity was considered important by magistrates in them adopting a more proactive role when presented with expert opinion. Four main influences were spoken of when determining the best interests of the child: timescale and age of the child, expert opinion, parenting abilities and support. Participants indicated how their experiences with people with learning disabilities outside of the court system have impacted on their role within care proceedings and have shaped their awareness of the limits of their own knowledge. Magistrates indicated a general need for more training about learning disabilities. Limitations and implications for practice are discussed.
microRNA Profiling of Amniotic Fluid: Evidence of Synergy of microRNAs in Fetal Development

Amniotic fluid (AF) continuously exchanges molecules with the fetus, playing critical roles in fetal development especially via its complex components. Among these components, microRNAs are thought to be transferred between cells loaded in microvesicles. However, the functions of AF microRNAs remain unknown. To date, few studies have examined microRNAs in amniotic fluid. In this study, we employed miRCURY Locked Nucleotide Acid arrays to profile the dynamic expression of microRNAs in AF from mice on embryonic days E13, E15, and E17. At these times, 233 microRNAs were differentially expressed (p< 0.01), accounting for 23% of the total Mus musculus microRNAs. These differentially-expressed microRNAs were divided into two distinct groups based on their expression patterns. Gene ontology analysis showed that the intersectional target genes of these differentially-expressed microRNAs were mainly distributed in synapse, synaptosome, cell projection, and cytoskeleton. Pathway analysis revealed that the target genes of the two groups of microRNAs were synergistically enriched in axon guidance, focal adhesion, and MAPK signaling pathways. MicroRNA-mRNA network analysis and gene- mapping showed that these microRNAs synergistically regulated cell motility, cell proliferation and differentiation, and especially the axon guidance process. Cancer pathways associated with growth and proliferation were also enriched in AF. Taken together, the results of this study are the first to show the functions of microRNAs in AF during fetal development, providing novel insights into interpreting the roles of AF microRNAs in fetal development.
Temporal Characteristics of Radiologists' and Novices' Lesion Detection in Viewing Medical Images Presented Rapidly and Sequentially

Although viewing multiple stacks of medical images presented on a display is a relatively new but useful medical task, little is known about this task. Particularly, it is unclear how radiologists search for lesions in this type of image reading. When viewing cluttered and dynamic displays, continuous motion itself does not capture attention. Thus, it is effective for the target detection that observers' attention is captured by the onset signal of a suddenly appearing target among the continuously moving distractors (i.e., a passive viewing strategy). This can be applied to stack viewing tasks, because lesions often show up as transient signals in medical images which are sequentially presented simulating a dynamic and smoothly transforming image progression of organs. However, it is unclear whether observers can detect a target when the target appears at the beginning of a sequential presentation where the global apparent motion onset signal (i.e., signal of the initiation of the apparent motion by sequential presentation) occurs. We investigated the ability of radiologists to detect lesions during such tasks by comparing the performances of radiologists and novices. Results show that overall performance of radiologists is better than novices. Furthermore, the temporal locations of lesions in CT image sequences, i.e., when a lesion appears in an image sequence, does not affect the performance of radiologists, whereas it does affect the performance of novices. Results indicate that novices have greater difficulty in detecting a lesion appearing early than late in the image sequence. We suggest that radiologists have other mechanisms to detect lesions in medical images with little attention which novices do not have. This ability is critically important when viewing rapid sequential presentations of multiple CT images, such as stack viewing tasks.
A Comparison of the Corrected Intraocular Pressure Obtained by the Corvis ST and Reichert 7CR Tonometers in Glaucoma Patients

The purpose of the study was to investigate the accuracy of two corrected intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements by Corvis Scheimpflug Technology (CST)-IOPpachy and by corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc) using the Reichert 7CR (7CR) tonometers. We also investigated the effects of corneal anatomical and structural parameters on the IOP measurements. The participants included 90 primary open-angle glaucoma patients. We assessed the IOP measurements, obtained by the CST, 7CR, and Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), using a paired t-test with Bonferroni correction, Bland-Altman plots, and multiple regression analyses. The 7CR-IOPcc gave the highest value (15.5 ± 2.7 mmHg), followed by the 7CR-IOPg (13.7 ± 3.1 mmHg), GAT-IOP (13.6 ± 2.2 mmHg), CST-IOP (10.3 ± 2.6 mmHg), and CST-IOPpachy (9.7 ± 2.5 mmHg). The values of CST-IOPpachy were significantly lower than those obtained by the other IOP measurement methods (all, p < 0.01). The values of 7CR-IOPcc were significantly higher than those obtained by the other IOP measurement methods (all, p < 0.01). Bland-Altman plots showed a mean difference between the GAT-IOP and the other IOP measurements (CST-IOP, CST-IOPpachy, 7CR-IOPg, and 7CR-IOPcc), which were −3.20, −3.82, 0.14, and 2.00 mmHg, respectively. The widths of the 95% limits of agreement between all pairs of IOP measurements were greater than 3 mmHg. With the exception of the 7CR-IOPcc, all of the IOP variations were explained by regression coefficients involving gender, average corneal curvature, and central corneal thickness. The IOP values obtained by the GAT, CST, and 7CR were not interchangeable. Each new IOP measurement device that was corrected for ocular structure had its own limitations.
Enhanced upper ocean stratification with climate change in the CMIP3 models

[1] Changes in upper ocean stratification during the second half of the 21st century, relative to the second half of the 20th century, are examined in ten of the CMIP3 climate models according to the SRES-A2 scenario. The upper ocean stratification, defined here as the density difference between 200 m and the surface, is larger everywhere during the second half of the 21st century, indicative of an increasing degree of decoupling between the surface and the deeper oceans, with important consequences for many biogeochemical processes. The areas characterized by the largest stratification changes include the Arctic, the tropics, the North Atlantic, and the northeast Pacific. The increase in stratification is primarily due to the increase in surface temperature, whose influence upon density is largest in the tropical regions, and decreases with increasing latitude. The influence of salinity upon the stratification changes, while not as spatially extensive as that of temperature, is very large in the Arctic, North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific. Salinity also significantly contributes to the density decrease near the surface in the western tropical Pacific, but counteracts the negative influence of temperature upon density in the tropical Atlantic.
A possibilistic handling of partially ordered information

In standard possibilistic logic, prioritized information are encoded by means of weighted knowledge bases. This paper proposes an extension of possibilistic logic to deal with partially ordered information which can be viewed as a family of possibilistic knowledge bases. We show that all basic notions of possibilistic logic have natural counterparts when dealing with partially ordered information. Furthermore, we propose an algorithm which computes plausible conclusions of a partially ordered knowledge base.
Human Error Perspectives in Aviation

As aircraft have become more reliable, humans have played a progressively more important causal role in aviation accidents, resulting in the proliferation of human error frameworks and accident investigation schemes. To date, however, few efforts have been made to systematically organize these different approaches based on underlying theoretical similarities, and formalized methods for evaluating the utility of these multiple approaches have not been clearly defined. Many safety professionals, therefore, have been at a loss when choosing which error analysis and prevention approach to use within their organizations. As a result, those tasked with instituting human-centered safety programs often rely primarily on personal experience and intuition to address their needs. The purpose of this article is to help remedy this situation by providing safety practitioners with an overview of the prominent human error perspectives in aviation, as well as a set of objective criteria for evaluating human error frameworks.
The moderate magnetic field of the flare star Proxima Centauri

We report moderate magnetic flux of 450 G < Bf < 750 G (3σ) on the nearby M 5.5 flare star Proxima Centauri. A high resolution UVES spectrum was used to measure magnetic flux from Zeeman broadening in absorption lines of molecular FeH around 1 μm. The magnetic flux we find is relatively weak compared with classical strong flare stars, but so are Proxima’s flaring rates and actual emission levels. We compare what is known about the rotation rate, Rossby number, and activity levels in this star to relations between these quantities that are being developed more generally for M dwarfs. We conclude that the magnetic flux is higher than the best estimates of the Rossby number from period measurements. On the other hand, the activity levels of Proxima Centauri are at the high end of what could be expected based on the measured field, but not so high as to exceed the natural scatter in these relations (other stars lie along this high envelope as well).
Variable Selection and Model Averaging in Semiparametric Overdispersed Generalized Linear Models

We express the mean and variance terms in a double-exponential regression model as additive functions of the predictors and use Bayesian variable selection to determine which predictors enter the model and whether they enter linearly or flexibly. When the variance term is null, we obtain a generalized additive model, which becomes a generalized linear model if the predictors enter the mean linearly. The model is estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, and the methodology is illustrated using real and simulated data sets.
MYC regulation of a “poor-prognosis” metastatic cancer cell state

Gene expression signatures are used in the clinic as prognostic tools to determine the risk of individual patients with localized breast tumors developing distant metastasis. We lack a clear understanding, however, of whether these correlative biomarkers link to a common biological network that regulates metastasis. We find that the c-MYC oncoprotein coordinately regulates the expression of 13 different “poor-outcome” cancer signatures. In addition, functional inactivation of MYC in human breast cancer cells specifically inhibits distant metastasis in vivo and invasive behavior in vitro of these cells. These results suggest that MYC oncogene activity (as marked by “poor-prognosis” signature expression) may be necessary for the translocation of poor-outcome human breast tumors to distant sites.
Intermediary Leverage , Macroeconomic Dynamics , and Macroprudential Policy

We develop a macroeconomic model in which financial intermediaries’ optimally choose their leverage. The leverage choices of intermediaries both affect the financial accelerator and imply significant macroeconomic effects of changes in the risk facing intermediaries and the cost of their external funds. We use this model to evaluate several macroprudential policies. With regard to crisis policies, we find that capital injections conditioned upon voluntary recapitalization can be a more effective tool than direct lending/asset purchases. With regard to policies aimed at limiting the cyclical effects of financial disturbances, we demonstrate that policy strategies that lean against changes in aggregate credit, broad measures of asset prices, or leverage within the financial sector may significantly distort the economy’s response to changes in fundamentals or have other unintended consequences. Within our model, policy strategies focused on mitigating shifts in the spread between borrowing rates and a risk-free interest rate appear to have better stabilization properties than other proposed macroprudential strategies.
Random ultrametric trees and applications

Ultrametric trees are trees whose leaves lie at the same distance from the root. They are used to model the genealogy of a population of particles co-existing at the same point in time. We show how the boundary of an ultrametric tree, like any compact ultrametric space, can be represented in a simple way via the so-called comb metric. We display a variety of examples of random combs and explain how they can be used in applications. In particular, we review some old and recent results regarding the genetic structure of the population when throwing neutral mutations on the skeleton of the tree.
Inhibition of Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion by KCNJ15, a Newly Identified Susceptibility Gene for Type 2 Diabetes

Potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 15 (KCNJ15) is a type 2 diabetes–associated risk gene, and Kcnj15 overexpression suppresses insulin secretion in rat insulinoma (INS1) cells. The aim of the current study was to characterize the role of Kcnj15 by knockdown of this gene in vitro and in vivo. Human islet cells were used to determine the expression of KCNJ15. Expression of KCNJ15 mRNA in islets was higher in subjects with type 2 diabetes. In INS1 cells, Kcnj15 expression was induced by high glucose–containing medium. Regulation of Kcnj15 by glucose and its effect on insulin secretion were analyzed in INS1 cells and in normal mice and diabetic mice by the inactivation of Kcnj15 using small interfering RNA. Knockdown of Kcnj15 increased the insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo. KCNJ15 and Ca2+-sensing receptor (CsR) interact in the kidney. Binding of Kcnj15 with CsR was also detected in INS1 cells. In conclusion, downregulation of Kcnj15 leads to increased insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism to regulate insulin secretion involves KCNJ15 and CsR.
MINIMAL WORDS AREN’T MINIMAL FEET

Since McCarthy and Prince (1986), most linguists ha ve claimed that the minimal content word of a language is equivalent to the minimal foot allowed by the language. In this paper I survey minimal wo rd restrictions in over fifty languages to show that the minimal word syndrome is not connected to foot structure. Instead, in some cases the minimal word of a language is connected to stress properties of the right and/or left edge of the word. For many languages the independently necessary right edge co nstraint prohibiting final stress, NON-FINALITY (Hyman 1977, Prince and Smolensky 1993, Hung 1994, Walker 1996), predicts minimal word constraints. T o handle left edge effects, I introduce a constraint disfavoring stressed sylla bles which are not preceded by unstressed syllables (which therefore disfavors initial stressed syllables), UPBEAT. In a great many other cases, I show that there i s not even a connection between stress and minimality. I accoun t for the minimal word restrictions in these languages with the phonetical ly motivated constraint B ELONG, which penalizes short words.
A quantitative comparison of the effects of intracellular calcium injection and light adaptation on the photoresponse of Limulus ventral photoreceptors

Calcium ions were iontophoretically injected into ventral photoreceptors of Limulus by passing current between two intracellular pipettes. Changes in sensitivity and photoresponse time course were measured for both light adaptation and Ca++ injection. We found for some photoreceptors that there was no significant difference in the photoresponse time course for desensitization produced by light adaptation or by Ca++ injection. In other photoreceptors, the time delay of photoresponse for Ca++ injection was slightly longer than for light adaptation. The variability of threshold response amplitude and time delay decreases when the photoreceptor is desensitized by either light adaptation or Ca++ injection. The peak amplitude versus log stimulus intensity relationships for controls, light adaptation, and Ca++ injection all could be described very closely by a single template curve shifted along the log intensity axis. A 40- to 50-fold change in sensitivity is associated with a 2-fold change in photoresponse time delay for both light adaptation and Ca++ injection.
Dynamic working memory performance in individuals with single-domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment

Previous studies have observed poorer working memory performance in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment than in healthy older adults. It is unclear, however, whether these difficulties are true only of the multiple-domain clinical subtype in whom poorer executive functioning is common. The current study examined working memory, as measured by the self-ordered pointing task (SOPT) and an n-back task, in healthy older adults and adults with single-domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Individuals with single-domain aMCI committed more errors and required longer to develop an organizational strategy on the SOPT. The single-domain aMCI group did not differ from healthy older adults on the 1-back or 2-back, but had poorer discrimination on the 3-back task. This is, to our knowledge, the first characterization of dynamic working memory performance in a single-domain aMCI group. These results lend support for the idea that clinical amnestic MCI subtypes may reflect different stages on a continuum of progression to dementia and question whether standardized measures of working memory (span tasks) are sensitive enough to capture subtle changes in performance.
Impact Analysis from Multiple Perspectives: Evaluation of Traceability Techniques

Impact analysis is a core activity of requirement change management (RCM). The pre-requisite of impact analysis activity is traceability information. There are various techniques present in literature used for storing, extracting and updating the traceability information for the purpose of performing impact analysis. We have identified the need to perform impact analysis from multiple perspectives. The three perspectives present in literature namely technical, organizational and personal perspective; help in identifying technical, organizational and personal impacts. This paper evaluates various traceability techniques with respect to their usefulness for Multiple Perspective Impact Analysis (MPIA).
A Framework for Implementing Automated Scoring

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THE ASSOCIATION OF CRITICAL THINKING AND PARTICIPATION IN LIVING AND LEARNING PROGRAMS: RESIDENTIAL HONORS COMPARED TO CIVIC/SOCIAL LEADERSHIP PROGRAMS AND NON-PARTICIPATION IN LIVING AND LEARNING PROGRAMS

Title of Dissertation: THE ASSOCIATION OF CRITICAL THINKING AND PARTICIPATION IN LIVING AND LEARNING PROGRAMS: RESIDENTIAL HONORS COMPARED TO CIVIC/SOCIAL LEADERSHIP PROGRAMS AND NON-PARTICIPATION IN LIVING AND LEARNING PROGRAMS James Lucas Kohl, Doctor of Philosophy, 2009 Dissertation directed by: Professor, Alberto Cabrera, Education Leadership, Higher Education and International Education This study explores the association of students’ self-perceived critical thinking ability with participation in Residential Honors living-learning programs versus Civic/Social Leadership living-learning programs and non-participation in living-learning programs. The study analyzes data from the 2004 National Study of Living-Learning Programs survey using Multiple Linear Regression. The sample consists of 637 FirstYear students from 8 institutions of higher education from across the United States. Findings reveal that self-perceived critical thinking ability is more related to participating in Residential Honors programs than to living in the residence halls and that livinglearning program participation serves as an important conduit for college experiences associated with critical thinking ability such as peer interaction, faculty interaction and residence hall climate. The results also show that less than 1% of the variance in selfperceived critical thinking for is attributable to institutional characteristics supporting the finding of Pascarella and Terenzini (2005) that between-college influences have less of an effect on student developmental outcomes during college than within-college influences. Based on the results, possible explanations for different relationships of selfperceived critical thinking ability among living-learning programs are posed, implications for practice are identified, and suggestions for future research are made. THE ASSOCIATION OF CRITICAL THINKING AND PARTICIPATION IN LIVING AND LEARNING PROGRAMS: RESIDENTIAL HONORS COMPARED TO CIVIC/SOCIAL LEADERSHIP PROGRAMS AND NON-PARTICIPATION IN LIVING AND LEARNING PROGRAMS
Temporal shifts in eye gaze and facial expressions independently contribute to the perceived attractiveness of unfamiliar faces

ABSTRACT We investigated whether attractiveness ratings of expressive faces would be affected by gaze shifts towards or away from the observer. In all experiments, effects of facial expression were found, with higher attractiveness ratings to positive over negative expressions, irrespective of effects of gaze-shifts. In the first experiment faces with gaze shifts away from the observer were preferred. However, when the dynamics of the gaze shift was disrupted, by adding an intermediate delay, the effect of direction of gaze shift disappeared. By manipulating the relative duration of each gaze direction during a gaze shift we found higher attractiveness ratings to faces with a longer duration of direct gaze, particularly in the initial exposure to a face. Our findings suggest that although the temporal dynamics of eye gaze and facial expressions influence the aesthetic evaluation of faces, these cues appear to act independently rather than in an integrated manner for social perception.