Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is There Any Socially Significant Psychological Difference in Being an Only Child?: The Evidence from Some Adult Behavior1

Current fertility patterns and expectations in many countries point to substantial future increases in the proportions of only children. While of undoubted social significance, demographically, will this development also be of social significance. psychologically? An answer was sought through analysis of voting records of members of the United States Congress relative to the number of their siblings: records pertaining to matters of genuine social significance and free of deficiencies characterizing data used in previous enquiries. The analysis clearly supported the null hypothesis that no socially significant behavioral differences exist between adult singletons and nonsingletons: or, as it happens, between those with but one sibling and those with two or more. If we are to become either concerned or pleased about an increase in the proportion of singletons in the population, it will apparently have to be on some grounds other than the existence of socially significant personality differences between such persons and the rest of the population.
Relationships Between the Formerly Married

Two hundred thirty two remarried couple members supplied information on their relationships with their own and with their mates' former spouses. Discriminant analysis was used to identify characteristics differentiating between those with continuing relationships and those without, and between those having more and less positive ex-spousal relationships. These differentiating characteristics were found to be quite different for husbands and wives in respect to relationships with their own former mate, but not in respect to relationships with mates' former spouse. The findings are interpreted in terms of the contrasting situations of remarried mothers and fathers.
Self-Identity and the Theory of Planned Behavior in the Prediction of Health Behavior and Leisure Activity

To compare the predictive power of an expanded model of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with that of the original TPB, two studies were conducted in which, in addition to the classical variables of the TPB model (such as attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), variables concerning self-identity were also taken into account. Two independent samples of Italian subjects (N 1 =288, N 2 =188) were recruited to study behavioral intentions concerning the domains of leisure activity (attending Latin American dance classes) and health behavior (purchasing of low-fat food) in relation to variables derived from the TPB and from the Identity Theory. Structural equation modeling showed that identity variables contributed significantly and independently to the explanation of behavioral intentions beyond traditional TPB variables.
Understanding Children and Adolescents’ Victimizations at Multiple Levels: An Ecological Review of the Literature

ABSTRACT This article examines children and adolescent exposure to violence in various contexts. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify the definitions and types of violence reported in studies on victimization using the ecological systems framework. Sources included research studies and/or reports from scholarly journals (n = 140), books (n = 9), conferences/workshops (n = 5), and Web sources, such as Uniform Crime Reports (n = 23). The findings indicated that research differed in terminologies, conceptual and operational definitions, sample sizes, and age group classification for children and adolescents. Furthermore, studies lacked focus on the co-occurrence and interrelatedness of victimization and how these factors might affect the outcomes. Many studies employed a cross-sectional design, which limits strong conclusions about the temporal order of victimization experiences and outcomes. Future research efforts need more consistency among researchers in conceptual and operational definitions and the use of more rigorous designs. Increased holistic assessments are critical for effective prevention and intervention strategies for at-risk children and adolescents.
Connection between Energy-dependent Lags and Peak Luminosity in Gamma-Ray Bursts

We suggest a connection between the pulse paradigm at gamma-ray energies and the recently demonstrated luminosity distribution in gamma-ray bursts: The spectral evolution timescale of pulse structures is anticorrelated with peak luminosity and with quantities that might be expected to reflect the bulk relativistic Lorentz factor, such as spectral hardness ratio. We establish this relationship in two important burst samples using the cross-correlation lags between low (25-50 keV) and high (100-300 keV and >300 keV) energy bands. For a set of seven bursts (six with redshifts) observed by CGRO/BATSE and BeppoSAX that also have optical or radio counterparts, the γ/X peak flux ratios and peak luminosities are anticorrelated with spectral lag. For the 174 brightest BATSE bursts with durations longer than 2 s and significant emission above 300 keV, a similar anticorrelation is evident between gamma-ray hardness ratio or peak flux and spectral lag. For the six bursts with redshifts, the connection between peak luminosity and spectral lag is well fitted by a power law, L53 ≈ 1.3 × (τ/0.01 s)-1.15. While GRB 980425 (if associated with SN 1998bw) would appear to extend this trend qualitatively, with a lag of ~4-5 s and luminosity of ~1.3 × 1047 ergs s-1 , it falls below the power-law relationship by a factor of several hundred. As noted previously by Band, most lags are concentrated on the short end of the lag distribution, near 100 ms, suggesting that the gamma-ray burst luminosity distribution is peaked on its high end.
A Model for Reversible Investment Capacity Expansion

We consider the problem of determining the optimal investment level that a firm should maintain in the presence of random price and/or demand fluctuations. We model market uncertainty by means of a geometric Brownian motion, and we consider general running payoff functions. Our model allows for capacity expansion as well as for capacity reduction, with each of these actions being associated with proportional costs. The resulting optimization problem takes the form of a singular stochastic control problem that we solve explicitly. We illustrate our results by means of the so-called Cobb-Douglas production function. The problem that we study presents a model in which the associated Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation admits a classical solution that conforms with the underlying economic intuition but does not necessarily identify with the corresponding value function, which may be identically equal to $\infty$. Thus, our model provides a situation that highlights the need for rigorous mathematical analysis when addressing stochastic optimization applications in finance and economics, as well as in other fields.
Workplace Learners- Perceptions towards a Blended Learning Approach

The current paper presents the findings of a research study on learners’ barriers and motivators engaged into blended programs in a workplace context. In this study, the participants were randomly assigned to one of four parallel e-learning courses, each of which was delivered using a different learning strategy. Data were collected through web-based and telephone surveys developed by the researchers. The results showed that vague instruction, time management, and insufficient feedback were the top-most barriers to blended learning. The major motivators for blended learning included content relevance, flexibility in time, and the ability to work at own pace. Keywords—Adult education, barriers, blended learning, motivators, workplace learning.
Impact of Traumatic Dental Injury on the Quality of Life of Brazilian Preschool Children

This study aimed to assess the impact of traumatic dental injury (TDI) on the quality of life of preschoolers and their families. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with a sample of 814 children, aged three to five years old, in Campina Grande, Brazil. Parents/caregivers were asked to complete the Brazilian Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale and a questionnaire on socio-demographic data. Oral examinations of the children were performed by three previously calibrated dentists. Bivariate and multiple Poisson regression analyses were performed (α = 5%). The prevalence of negative impact from oral conditions on quality of life was 31.1% among the children and 24.7% among the families. TDI was not associated with a negative impact on quality of life. Parent/caregiver’s assessment of the child’s oral health (PR = 1.210; 95% CI: 1.027–1.426) and history of toothache (PR = 4.997; 95% CI: 2.943–8.493) remained in the final model for the child section, whereas only a history of toothache (PR = 2.791; 95% CI: 1.801–4.325) remained in the final model for the family section. TDI exerted no negative impact on quality of life in the present sample. A history of toothache was the only variable associated with a negative impact on the quality of life of the preschoolers and their families.
Serious Mental Illness and Arrest

Past studies of the mediating effects of substance use on the criminal justice involvement of the mentally ill have tended to focus on a single disorder, schizophrenia, and on violent crimes. This study examined the generality of the relationships among psychiatric disorders, substance use, and arrests for violent, nonviolent, and drug-related offenses using data collected for the 2001 and 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Logistic regression models showed that for violent offenses, the statistical association between serious mental illness (SMI) and arrest across psychiatric diagnoses was substantially but only partially mediated by substance use. For nonviolent offenses and for drug-related offenses, the relationship between SMI and arrest was almost completely mediated by substance use and reduced to statistical nonsignificance. These findings suggest that co-occurring substance use increases the chances a person with any SMI, not just schizophrenia, will be arrested for any offense, not just violent offenses, but that the magnitude of this relationship varies by offense type and, to a lesser extent, by disorder.
Manual for Treatment and Control of Lameness in Cattle

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Cattle Lameness. Chapter 2: Horn Formation and Growth. Chapter 3: Nutrition and Claw Health. Chapter 4: Biomechanics of Weight (Load) Bearing and Claw Trimming. Chapter 5: Laminitis. Chapter 6: Pain Management. Chapter 7: Upper Leg Lameness. Chapter 8: Infectious Claw Disease. Chatper 9: Cattle Behavior, Cow-Friendly Facilities and Proper Handling. Chapter 10: Footbaths for the Management of Infectious Skin Disorders of the Foot and Hoof Knife Sharpening. Index.
The thermochemical structure and evolution of Earth's mantle: constraints and numerical models

Geochemical observations place several constraints on geophysical processes in the mantle, including a requirement to maintain several distinct reservoirs. Geophysical constraints limit plausible physical locations of these reservoirs to a thin basal layer, isolated deep ‘piles’ of material under large–scale mantle upwellings, high–viscosity blobs/plums or thin strips throughout the mantle, or some combination of these. A numerical model capable of simulating the thermochemical evolution of the mantle is introduced. Preliminary simulations are more differentiated than Earth but display some of the proposed thermochemical processes, including the generation of a high–μ mantle reservoir by recycling of crust, and the generation of a high–3He/4He reservoir by recycling of residuum, although the resulting high–3He/4He material tends to aggregate near the top, where mid–ocean–ridge melting should sample it. If primitive material exists as a dense basal layer, it must be much denser than subducted crust in order to retain its primitive (e.g. high–3He) signature. Much progress is expected in the near future.
Consciousness and Learning based on DNA Recombination and Memristor Quality of Microtubules

This paper is a completion of an earlier model proposed by us. In the model different memories are attached at cell surface determinants which are the result of DNA recombination. Our earlier experiments strongly suggest that DNA recombination actually takes place during a short period of early development in the brain in a limited number of neurons. In the present paper a model is presented in which switchboard neurons play a key role in the storage and retrieving of memory. And as a consequence, they play a major role in the process of learning and form the basic material for consciousness. In the original model there was insufficient explanation for the realization of the internal connection of one cell surface determinant to the other. We realized that tubulin should play a role in these intracellular connections. The tubulin molecules can form a connective wire because of a change of shape of the individual tubulin dimers. This way the fast switch is realized by the switch of the tubulin dimer configuration. Because the cell should remember which switch was activated and which one was not or less activated, we postulate the memristor quality of microtubules.
Tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in the neuroretina and retinal vasculature after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the pig retina

Purpose Numerous studies have been performed aimed at limiting the extent of retinal injury after ischemia, but there is still no effective pharmacological treatment available. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and its receptors (TNF-R1 and TNF-R2), especially considering the neuroretina and the retinal vasculature since the retinal blood vessels are key organs in circulatory failure. Methods Retinal ischemia was induced in pigs by elevating the intraocular pressure to 80 mmHg in one eye, while the other eye served as a control (sham-operated). One hour of ischemia was followed by 5 or 12 h of reperfusion. Retinal circulation was examined in vivo by fundus imaging and fluorescein angiography. TNF-α levels were measured in the vitreous using an angiogenesis antibody array test. The presence and amounts of TNF-α, TNF-R1, and TNF-R2 were investigated in the neuroretina and in the retinal blood vessels, using immunofluorescence staining and real-time PCR techniques. Results Fundus imaging showed obstructed blood flow when ischemia was induced, and reperfusion was clearly visualized using fluorescein angiography. Ischemia resulted in elevated levels of TNF-α protein in the vitreous and TNF-α mRNA in the neuroretina. TNF-α immunofluorescence staining was localized to the Müller cells and the outer plexiform layer of the neuroretina. The expression of TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 mRNA was increased in both the neuroretina and retinal arteries following ischemia-reperfusion. Immunofluorescence double staining for TNF-R1 and either smooth muscle actin or 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) indicated expression in the cell membranes of the vascular smooth muscle cells. Double staining with TNF-R1 and calbindin showed localization to the horizontal cells in the outer plexiform layer of the neuroretina. Conclusions Retinal ischemia results in increased expression of TNF-α and its receptors (TNF-R1 and TNF-R2). Cellular signaling pathways involving TNF may be important in the development of retinal injury following ischemia and thus an interesting target for future development of pharmacological therapeutics.
Community and political involvement in adolescence: What distinguishes the activists from the uninvolved?

What distinguishes adolescents who are active in community and political life from those who are not? In an attempt to answer this question, students in their last years of secondary school completed a measure of community and political activities, along with measures of parent and peer interactions, identity development, and adjustment. Cluster analysis of activities reported in the questionnaire identified 4 distinct groupings of adolescents: Activists (who had high levels of involvement in a wide range of political and community activities); Helpers (who were involved in helping individuals from their communities but not in political activities); Responders (who responded to but did not initiate helping or political activities); and Uninvolved adolescents. Comparisons revealed several differences among the groups in terms of parent and peer interactions, identity development, and adjustment, with the Activists and Helpers showing more frequent discussions with parents and peers, more advanced identity development, and better adjustment than the Responders and Uninvolved adolescents. Results are discussed with regard to the role that family and peers may play in fostering adolescents' community and political involvements and the relationship between involvement and the development of adolescent identity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 741–759, 2007.
Artemisinin-Derived Dimer Diphenyl Phosphate Is an Irreversible Inhibitor of Human Cytomegalovirus Replication

ABSTRACT We previously reported that among a series of artemisinin-derived monomers and dimers, dimer diphenyl phosphate (838) was the most potent inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication. Our continued investigation of a prototypic artemisinin monomer (artesunate [AS]) and dimer (838) now reveals that both compounds have specific activity against CMV but do not inhibit lytic replication of human herpesvirus 1 or 2 or Epstein-Barr virus. AS and 838 inhibited CMV replication during the first 24 h of the virus replication cycle, earlier than the time of ganciclovir (GCV) activities and prior to DNA synthesis. Neither compound inhibited virus entry. Quantification of DNA replication and virus yield revealed a similar level of inhibition by GCV, but AS and 838 had a 10-fold-higher inhibition of virus yield than of DNA replication, suggesting that artemisinins could inhibit CMV through multiple steps: a predominant early inhibition and possibly an additional step following DNA replication. During the strong early CMV inhibition, the transcription of immediate-early genes was not significantly downregulated, and viral protein expression was reduced only after 48 h. AS and GCV were reversible CMV inhibitors, but the inhibition of CMV replication by 838 was irreversible. Combinations of GCV and 838 as well as GCV and AS were highly synergistic. Finally, treatment with 838, but not AS, prior to CMV infection demonstrated strong anti-CMV activity. These findings illustrate the unique activities of dimer 838, including early and irreversible CMV inhibition, possibly by tight binding to its target.
βKlotho is required for metabolic activity of fibroblast growth factor 21

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver-derived endocrine factor that stimulates glucose uptake in adipocytes. Here, we show that FGF21 activity depends on βKlotho, a single-pass transmembrane protein whose expression is induced during differentiation from preadipocytes to adipocytes. βKlotho physically interacts with FGF receptors 1c and 4, thereby increasing the ability of these FGF receptors to bind FGF21 and activate the MAP kinase cascade. Knockdown of βKlotho expression by siRNA in adipocytes diminishes glucose uptake induced by FGF21. Importantly, administration of FGF21 into mice induces MAP kinase phosphorylation in white adipose tissue and not in tissues without βKlotho expression. Thus, βKlotho functions as a cofactor essential for FGF21 activity.
Pharmacokinetics of the New Ketolide Telithromycin (HMR 3647) Administered in Ascending Single and Multiple Doses

ABSTRACT Telithromycin (HMR 3647) is a novel ketolide antimicrobial with good activity against both common and atypical respiratory pathogens, including many resistant strains. This randomized, three-period crossover study determined the dose proportionality of telithromycin pharmacokinetics after single and multiple dosing in healthy subjects. In each treatment period, subjects received a single oral dose of 400, 800 or 1,600 mg of telithromycin followed 4 days later by the same dose once daily for 7 days. Blood and urine samples were taken throughout the study for determination of pharmacokinetic parameters for telithromycin and RU 76363, its main metabolite. Telithromycin and RU 76363 achieved steady state within 2 to 3 days of once-daily dosing. A slight accumulation of telithromycin was observed after 7 days of therapy, with values of the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h approximately 1.5 times higher than those achieved with the single dose. The pharmacokinetics of telithromycin and RU 76363 deviated moderately from dose proportionality. At a dose of 800 mg/day, telithromycin attained mean maximal and trough plasma concentrations of 2.27 and 0.070 mg/liter respectively. Elimination was biphasic; initial and terminal half-lives were 2.87 and 9.81 h for the 800-mg dose. Study medication was well tolerated, although adverse events tended to be more frequent at the 1,600-mg dose. This study showed that telithromycin was generally well tolerated and suggests that a once-daily 800-mg oral dose of telithromycin maintains an effective concentration in plasma for the treatment of respiratory tract infections involving the key respiratory pathogens.
Interleukin-27 polymorphisms are associated with premature coronary artery disease and metabolic parameters in the Mexican population: the genetics of atherosclerotic disease (GEA) Mexican study

Several studies suggest an important role of Interleukin-27 in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to establish whether the IL-27p28 gene polymorphisms are associated with premature coronary artery disease and/or other cardiovascular risk factors. Four IL-27p28 gene polymorphisms were selected and genotyped in 1162 premature coronary artery disease cases and 1107 controls. rs26528 T and rs40837 A alleles were significantly associated with a lower risk of premature coronary artery disease under different inheritance models (Pdominant = 0.046; Pover-dominant = 0.002; Pco-dominant1 = 0.007 for rs26528T; Pover-dominant = 0.008 and Pco-dominant1 = 0.031 for rs40837). The rs40837 A allele was also associated with a lower risk of insulin resistance, in cases (Pover-dominant = 0.037) and controls (Padditive = 0.008; Pdominant = 0.047; Precessive = 0.014; Pco-dominant2 = 0.006), while the rs26528 T allele was associated with a lower risk of insulin resistance only in the control group (Precessive = 0.016; Pco-dominant2 = 0.021). Interleukin-27 plasma levels were measured in 450 controls and 450 cases, and were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (P = 0.004). However, Interleukin-27 plasma levels were not associated with IL-27p28 polymorphisms. Luciferase assays showed that co-transfection of the rs40837 A allele and miR-379-5p significantly decreased luciferase gene expression. Our study shows for the first time, that IL-27p28 gene polymorphisms are associated with premature coronary artery disease and with some metabolic parameters. The rs40837 A allele in presence of miR-379-5p significantly decreased luciferase gene expression.