Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Sequence-to-sequence Learning of Internal Word Structure

Learning internal word structure has recently been recognized as an important step in various multilingual processing tasks and in theoretical language comparison. In this paper, we present a neural encoder-decoder model for learning canonical morphological segmentation. Our model combines character-level sequence-to-sequence transformation with a language model over canonical segments. We obtain up to 4% improvement over a strong character-level encoder-decoder baseline for three languages. Our model outperforms the previous state-of-the-art for two languages, while eliminating the need for external resources such as large dictionaries. Finally, by comparing the performance of encoder-decoder and classical statistical machine translation systems trained with and without corpus counts, we show that including corpus counts is beneficial to both approaches.
The Industrial Relations Implications of Privatization: The Case of Canada Post

In February 1997, Canada Post privatized its ad-mail services and in the process terminated 10,000 Canadian Union of Postal Workers. These events became a part of the central driving force which derailed contract negotiations and led to the November 1997 postal strike. The purpose of this article is to expose the process and consequences of this major event in the industrial relations of Canada Post; to examine the role and positions of the three major institutions involved — the government, the corporation (Canada Post) and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW), and to explore the implications of privatization with regards to industrial relations in Canada Post. The article also documents the fate of the 10,000 workers through a survey of their status six months after the privatization.
Theory Confirmation in Psychology

In [13], Meehl drew attention to what he saw as a substantive problem involved in attempts to confirm theories in psychological research, suggesting that there is a radical asymmetry between the manner in which theories in physics and theories in psychology are confirmed. In the physical sciences, improvement in experimental design, instrumentation, or amount of data-in short, increased power-typically makes it more difficult to confirm a theory; in current psychological research the situation is just the opposite. Recently, however, Herbert Keuth has responded that at least one of Meehl's central contentions is without foundation ([9], p. 546). As a result of Keuth's paper, philosophers unacquainted with current work in psychology may be left with the mistaken impression that all is well in that domain, or at least, that there exist no substantive problems concerning theory confirmation in the social sciences over and above the well-known infirmities besetting theory confirmation in hard sciences such as physics. We will examine Keuth's criticisms and show why they fail. We will then attempt to clarify the problem of null hypothesis testing and its role in theory confirmation in psychological research and, finally, conclude by suggesting some possible remedial actions. We plan to take up Keuth's points in order, but a brief restatement of the logic behind the use of significance testing may make what follows clearer to those unacquainted with the contemporary psychological scene. (There is not space here to present anything like a comprehensve discussion of the topic; for that the reader should consult almost any text on statistics, e.g., [6].)1 One of the major assumptions made by Meehl is that substantive theories in the physical sciences tend to imply or predict absolute point values whereas substantive theories in psychology tend only to predict directional differences on some variable between two groups of subjects. Of course, theories in physics do not by necessity make point predictions nor do those in psychology necessarily make directional predictions. However, due to less sophisticated
Distributed under Creative Commons Cc-by 4.0 Psychometric Properties of the Greek Tci-r and Its Clinical Correlates: Schizotypy and the Self-regulation of Affective and Cognitive Functioning

Background. The revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) measures Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality. The average effects of individual temperament and character traits have been associated with schizotypy and with impaired regulation of affect and cognition. We extended prior research by testing predictions about the association of specific multidimensional configurations of temperament and character traits on schizotypy, affect balance, and self-perceived cognitive functioning. Method. A well-educated sample of native Greeks (N = 483), completed a new Greek translation of the TCI-R, as well as the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), the Positive/Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). The factor structure of the TCI-R was examined with exploratory and confirmatory tests. Associations between reported measures were examined with correlational and regression analyses. Results. The TCI-R had good psychometric properties as expected from studies in other countries. As predicted, specific configurations of temperament and character were associated with schizotypy, negative affect balance, and cognitive lapses. The ''Bor-derline/Explosive temperament'' (high Novelty Seeking, high Harm Avoidance, low Reward Dependence), ''Schizotypal/Disorganized character'' (low Self-directedness, low Cooperativeness, high Self-transcendence), and ''Low Ego Strength/Fragile'' profile (high Harm Avoidance, low Persistence, low Self-Directedness) were each strongly associated with higher stereotypy, negative affect balance (low positive affect and high negative affect), and subjective cognitive lapses compared to their contrast groups. Discussion. Multidimensional TCI profiles are strongly related to individual differences in schizotypy and self-reported regulation of affect and cognition. The Greek translation of the TCI-R is psychometrically sound and useful for clinical assessment and research.
The assignment of word stress in oral reading: Evidence from a case of acquired dyslexia.

Abstract Patient CLB is severely impaired in naming familiar objects and in writing to dictation and repeating familiar and novel words. His output in all these tasks is jargonaphasic. By contrast, his ability fo convert print to sound at the segmental level is remarkably spared. He showed no difficulty in reading nonwords and those words to which stress may be assigned on the basis of syllabic structure. In reading aloud words with lexically assigned stress (but not words with syllabically assigned stress), however, CLB produced a large number of segmentally correct, but suprasegmentally incorrect responses (e.g. sabato (Saturday) → /sa'bato/ instead of /'sabato/). Since his ability to use orthographic information in lexical decision and in comprehension tasks was only very mildly impaired, his stress assignment errors would seem to be the result of damage to the phonological output lexicon. This pattern of performance is interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the phonological representations com.
Embodying limb absence in the negotiation of sexual intimacy

Some people with physical disabilities experience difficulties in forming and maintaining intimate and sexual relationships (Taleporos and McCabe, 2001). Individuals with physical impairments may variously be seen as inferior, ‘not up to scratch’ and can be less valued than those thought to embody the cultural ideal of ‘normality’ (Edwards and Imrie, 2003). The loss of an anatomical part such as an arm or a leg can therefore set up a complex series of perceptual, emotional and psychological responses that can limit or prevent individuals from fully experiencing the kinds of intimate relationships that many of their ‘non-disabled’ counterparts can more freely enjoy (Oliver, 1990). Drawing on a series of semi-structured interviews and a group visual workshop with five men and two women with varying acquired and congenital limb absences, this study explores the variety of ways in which sexual relationships and intimacies are negotiated and managed. Certain participants reported a great deal of anxiety regarding their perceptions of sexual attractiveness, and experienced feelings of loss of desirability as a sexual partner. Others reported engaging in an ‘active management of visual information’ about the body, through methods of concealment and exposure. Compensatory strategies were also reported as a way to effectively maintain existing intimate relationships. Finally, hyper-masculine or hyper-feminine enactments of sexuality were described within a range of social and intimate contexts as a means to ‘normalise’ the disabled body. The findings of this study provide a richer and more contextualised understanding of the highly complex adjustment process faced by individuals with limb absence, who actively engage in sexual and intimate relationships.
Draft genome sequence of an inbred line of Chenopodium quinoa, an allotetraploid crop with great environmental adaptability and outstanding nutritional properties

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (quinoa) originated from the Andean region of South America, and is a pseudocereal crop of the Amaranthaceae family. Quinoa is emerging as an important crop with the potential to contribute to food security worldwide and is considered to be an optimal food source for astronauts, due to its outstanding nutritional profile and ability to tolerate stressful environments. Furthermore, plant pathologists use quinoa as a representative diagnostic host to identify virus species. However, molecular analysis of quinoa is limited by its genetic heterogeneity due to outcrossing and its genome complexity derived from allotetraploidy. To overcome these obstacles, we established the inbred and standard quinoa accession Kd that enables rigorous molecular analysis, and presented the draft genome sequence of Kd, using an optimized combination of high-throughput next generation sequencing on the Illumina Hiseq 2500 and PacBio RS II sequencers. The de novo genome assembly contained 25 k scaffolds consisting of 1 Gbp with N50 length of 86 kbp. Based on these data, we constructed the free-access Quinoa Genome DataBase (QGDB). Thus, these findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying agronomically important traits of quinoa and the effect of allotetraploidy on genome evolution.
Coping strategies, satisfaction with life, and quality of life in Crohn’s disease: A gender perspective using structural equation modeling analysis

Objective To identify coping strategies and socio-demographics impacting satisfaction with life and quality of life in Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods 402 patients completed the Patient Harvey-Bradshaw Index, Brief COPE Inventory, Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ). We performed structural equation modeling (SEM) of mediators of quality of life and satisfaction with life. Results The cohort comprised: men 39.3%, women 60.1%; P-HBI 4.75 and 5.74 (p = 0.01). In inactive CD (P-HBI≤4), both genders had SWLS score 23.8; men had SIBDQ score 57.4, women 52.6 (p = 0.001); women reported more use of emotion-focused, problem-focused and dysfunctional coping than men. In active CD, SWLS and SIBDQ scores were reduced, without gender differences; men and women used coping strategies equally. A SEM model (all patients) had a very good fit (X2(6) = 6.68, p = 0.351, X2/df = 1.114, SRMR = 0.045, RMSEA = 0.023, CFI = 0.965). In direct paths, economic status impacted SWLS (β = 0.39) and SIBDQ (β = 0.12), number of children impacted SWLS (β = 0.10), emotion-focused coping impacted SWLS (β = 0.11), dysfunctional coping impacted SWLS (β = –0.25). In an indirect path, economic status impacted dysfunctional coping (β = –0.26), dysfunctional coping impacted SIBDQ (β = –0.36). A model split by gender and disease activity showed that in active CD economic status impacted SIBDQ in men (β = 0.43) more than women (β = 0.26); emotional coping impacted SWLS in women (β = 0.36) more than men (β = 0.14). Conclusions Gender differences in coping and the impacts of economic status and emotion-focused coping vary with activity of CD. Psychological treatment in the clinic setting might improve satisfaction with life and quality of life in CD patients.
Work well and guard your honour: temporary labour migration and the role of adolescent women in Eastern Indonesia

Labour migration from rural communities to rapidly growing urban centres is widely recognised in Southeast Asia and the Third World more generally as integral to processes of globalisation. Until recently, studies of participation in the industrial labour force and associated patterns of rural-urban migration concentrated on males. Female migration was conventionally considered largely to be movement of women accompanying husbands or fathers (Brydon and Chant 1989; Chant 1992; Chant and Mcllwaine 1995; Gugler 1992; Lloyd 1979). A common pattern of labour migration in many parts of Southeast Asia has been the temporary or permanent movement of able-bodied males from village communities to urban centres within the nation. Such movement may have consequences for household viability and labour organisation in home villages. Rural women may provide important points of attachment back to village communities for men who have migrated to urban centres (Kato 1982; Rodenburg 1997). More recently, there has been growing attention to the participation of women in national and international industrial labour markets, and in associated female
Event-related brain potential evidence that local nouns affect subject–verb agreement processing

The conditions under which speakers make syntactic errors, and the manner in which listeners respond to them, provide insight into how complex computational problems related to the rules of language are solved. One of the important syntactic rules of English is that a subject and its corresponding verb must agree in number. However, the presence of a number-bearing element between the subject and verb results in frequent production errors and has also been shown to complicate comprehension. When asked to press a button in response to anomalies in several narrated short stories, participants in the current study were better able to detect subject–verb agreement violations when there were no intervening words. In a separate event-related potential (ERP) experiment in which participants listened to the same stories for comprehension, simple subject–verb agreement violations elicited the predicted anterior negativity and later posterior positivity (P600). In contrast, when a singular noun phrase appeared between a singular subject and the corresponding verb, agreement violations elicited an early negativity with a distinctly posterior distribution. When a singular subject was followed by a plural noun phrase, there were no differences evident in ERPs elicited by singular and plural verbs. These results indicate that during comprehension of natural speech, the computation of subject–verb agreement is affected by the presence of number-bearing elements other than the subject itself.
Circadian preferences and personality traits: A meta‐analysis

In this study we report results of a meta‐analysis of studies linking personality to circadian rhythms. A total of 35 independent samples, 96 correlations and 8589 participants were included. Results showed that conscientiousness is the personality dimension that mostly related to morningness (r = .29). Agreeableness was also related to morningness although to a lesser degree (r = .13). Openness to experience, extraversion and neuroticism, contribute to a very small degree (i.e. −.09, −.06 and −.07, respectively). Furthermore, moderation analyses suggested effects of personality measure (big five vs. other) and sample (students vs. workers). Average age of participants had no significant impact on the relationship between morningness and personality, apart from a very trivial influence on openness to experience. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bundling of STDs and HIV in Prevention Messages.

Purpose – This study aims to explore peoples cognitive perceptions of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) to inform decisions on message development with regard to message bundling, with limited research on the concept of bundling-related prevention messages and no studies that consider the bundling of HIV and other STD prevention messages. Design/methodology/approach – Individual and small-group interviews were conducted with 158 African American men and women to explore perceptions of STDs and communication preferences. Open-ended questions and a pile-sort exercise were used to elicit individuals' judgments on similarities of 12 STDs, including HIV. Interview data were coded and analyzed for themes and patterns; pile sort data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis to visualize the set of relations identified from the piles. Findings – STDs and HIV are associated with stigma, risk behaviors and personal responsibility. The card sorting activity revealed two primary dimensions by which people organized STDs: seriousness and curability. Potential clusters of STDs that correspond to participants described sorting strategies were identified and they may have implications for message bundling. Disaggregation of the data by sex and age revealed slight variations in the relationships of HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV) to other STDs. Originality/value – By identifying a set of cognitive attributes people use in organizing the overall semantic domain of STDs, ideas can be generated for how best to combine STD and HIV messages to meet public health communication goals.
That spatial shit! Performance training – an untapped resource in the training of rugby union players

Actor training methodologies have been developed to train an actor's instinctive responses, to be able to go fearlessly in any direction at any given moment, to be committed to the task but also open to change. Rugby union players are trained to be stronger, faster, fitter in the belief that this ‘will enable them to outmuscle, outrun, outlast and ultimately conquer the opposition. Yet what of the unpredictability of the ball and the rivals? The ability to have an immediate, uncensored response to the action on the field and, dance-like, manoeuvre through a defensive line, requires a different set of bodily dispositions where kinaesthetic awareness and instinct are paramount. Drawing on ethnographic and practise-based research with a Sydney-based rugby union team, this paper proposes that the incorporation of performance training methods into the pedagogy of rugby union training has the potential to develop the sensory, instinctual and decision-making capabilities of the rugby body, thereby providing rugby union trainers with an as yet untapped resource for enhancing players' on-field play.
Pressured Pattern or Type A Behavior in Patients with Peripheral Arteriovascular Disease: Controlled Retrospective Exploratory Study*

&NA; The question as to whether a specific behavior or type A pattern is limited to patients with coronary artery disease, or is found in atherosclerotic disease, in general, is explored. The interrelationship between a pattern of “pressured” behavior, assessed by open ended interviews, type A behavior, determined by the Bortner test, and peripheral atherosclerotic disease was investigated in a controlled retrospective study which compared three groups of 13 patients each: intermittent claudication (IC), intermittent claudication combined with coronary artery disease (CADIC) and a control group of patients without vascular disease (WVD). A pressured behavior pattern, assessed by interview, was found to be most prominent in the CADIC group, and least in the control group. The subjects with arteriovascular disease tended to exert more control over people compared to the WVD patients (Fisher's exact probability test, p = 0.05). The tendency to type A behavior, measured by means of the Bortner scale, also differentiated the three groups with CADIC scoring highest and WVD scoring lowest (analysis of variance, F = 3.944, p less than 0.05). IC patients present personality features of proneness to coronary disease. The pattern of “pressured” and type A behavior seem to correlate with the number of vascular areas involved in atherosclerotic disease.
Extreme Multi-label Learning with Label Features for Warm-start Tagging, Ranking & Recommendation

The objective in extreme multi-label learning is to build classifiers that can annotate a data point with the subset of relevant labels from an extremely large label set. Extreme classification has, thus far, only been studied in the context of predicting labels for novel test points. This paper formulates the extreme classification problem when predictions need to be made on training points with partially revealed labels. This allows the reformulation of warm-start tagging, ranking and recommendation problems as extreme multi-label learning with each item to be ranked/recommended being mapped onto a separate label. The SwiftXML algorithm is developed to tackle such warm-start applications by leveraging label features. SwiftXML improves upon the state-of-the-art tree based extreme classifiers by partitioning tree nodes using two hyperplanes learnt jointly in the label and data point feature spaces. Optimization is carried out via an alternating minimization algorithm allowing SwiftXML to efficiently scale to large problems. Experiments on multiple benchmark tasks, including tagging on Wikipedia and item-to-item recommendation on Amazon, reveal that SwiftXML's predictions can be up to 14% more accurate as compared to leading extreme classifiers. SwiftXML also demonstrates the benefits of reformulating warm-start recommendation problems as extreme multi-label learning tasks by scaling beyond classical recommender systems and achieving prediction accuracy gains of up to 37%. Furthermore, in a live deployment for sponsored search on Bing, it was observed that SwiftXML could show significantly better ads as compared to a large ensemble of state-of-the-art techniques currently in production and could increase the relative click-through-rate by 10% while simultaneously reducing the bounce rate by 30%.
Improved Parallel Construction of Wavelet Trees and Rank/Select Structures

Existing parallel algorithms for wavelet tree construction have a work complexity of O(n log σ). This paper presents parallel algorithms for the problem with improved work complexity. Our first algorithm is based on parallel integer sorting and has either O(n log log n [log σ/√ log n log log n]) work and polylogarithmic depth, or O(n [log σ/√ log n]) work and sub-linear depth. We also describe another algorithm that has O(n [log σ/√ log n]) work and O(σ + log n) depth. We then show how to use similar ideas to construct variants of wavelet trees (arbitrary-shaped binary trees and multiary trees) as well as wavelet matrices in parallel with lower work complexity than prior algorithms. Finally, we show that the rank and select structures on binary sequences and multiary sequences, which are stored on wavelet tree nodes, can be constructed in parallel with improved work bounds, matching those of the best existing sequential algorithms for constructing rank and select structures.