Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Persistence of Fortune: Accounting for Population Movements, There Was No Post-Columbian Reversal

We revisit the idea that colonized countries that were more (less) economically advanced in 1500 became poorer (richer, respectively) by the late 20th century. Using data on place of origin of today's country populations and the urbanization and population density measures used by Acemoglu et al. (2002) as indicators of level of development in 1500, we confirm a reversal of fortune for territories but find persistence of fortune and their descendants. The results are equally strong or stronger for three alternative measures of early development, namely years since transition to agriculture, state history, and the Comin et al (2010) year 1500 technology index. They are also robust to changing end years, to inclusion of non-colonized countries or exclusion of "neo-Europes" and city states, and to the addition of various controls.
Uncommon membrane distribution of Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors in toxin-sensitive human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells

Abstract Membrane microdomain association of the glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), the highly and less effective receptors, respectively, for Shiga toxins (Stxs), is assumed as a functional requirement for Stx-mediated cytotoxicity. In a previous study, we demonstrated predominant localization of Stx receptors in cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains of moderately Stx-sensitive human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) by means of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs). Here we report a different preferential distribution of Stx receptors in non-DRM fractions of human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (GMVECs), the major targets of Stxs in the human kidney. Full structural characterization of Stx receptors using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry revealed Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer lipoforms with ceramide moieties mainly composed of C24:0/C24:1 or C16:0 fatty acid and sphingosine (d18:1) in GMVECs comparable to those previously found in HBMECs. Thin-layer chromatography immunostaining demonstrated an approximately 2-fold higher content of Gb3Cer and a 1.4-fold higher content of Gb4Cer in GMVECs than in HBMECs. However, this does not explain the remarkable higher cytotoxic action of Stx1 and Stx2 toward GMVECs as compared with HBMECs. Our finding opens new questions on the microdomain association of Stx receptors and the functional role of GSLs in the membrane assembly of GMVECs.
Management and Risk Characteristics of Part-Time and Full-Time Farmers in Norway

The objective of this exploratory study was to provide empirical insight into how different categories of farmers perceive and manage risk. The data originate from a questionnaire of dairy and crop farmers in Norway. The associations between part-time and full-time farming and farm and farmer characteristics, farmers' goals and future plans, risk perceptions, and risk management responses were examined with simple t- and chi-square tests, as well as with logistic regression. The results indicate that full-time and part-time farmers' goals, risk perceptions, and management strategies differ significantly. Policy makers and advisers should consider these differences when developing policies and recommendations for the different types of farmers.
The relationship between HRM, technology innovation and performance in China

Purpose – Human resource management (HRM) is seen as crucial for innovation and firm performance in China. This paper aims to carry out an empirical research to investigate the effects of main dimensions of HRM on technological innovation as well as organizational performance.Design/methodology/approach – The research uses a sample of 194 high‐tech firms surveyed in eight provinces in China.Findings – This research finds that employee training, immaterial motivation and process control have positive effects on technological innovation, while material motivation and outcome control have a negative influence on technological innovation. It is also found that technological innovation is positively related with performance.Research limitations/implications – This study does not consider the different influence of every HRM dimension affecting different innovation types. This should be a future research topic.Practical implications – This study provides useful managerial implication for managers. First, employ.
Explaining the Real Exchange Rate During Sudden Stops and Tranquil Periods

This paper tries to untangle the causes behind recent real exchange rate devaluation events with particular attention paid to the Sudden Stop of capital flows. We examine whether the sudden stop of capital inflows leads to asymmetric behavior in real exchange rate movements as suggested by Calvo (1999) among others. By utilizing cumulative impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis, we argue that there is the asymmetric response across Sudden Stop and tranquil times. This appears to be true when we compare across the two periods. Further comparison across the Sudden Stop in the 80s ("debt crisis") and 90s ("Sudden Stop crisis"), however, reveals that the Sudden Stop disturbance has become more prominent in explaining the real exchange rate disturbance in Sudden Stop crisis of the 1990s rather than debt crisis of the 1980s.
Non-transitive Preferences over Gains and Losses

Although transitivity is often regarded as an indispensable principle of rational choice under uncertainty, some decision models allow nontransitive preferences. One of these--regret theory--is consistent with a particular pattern of choice cycles when payoffs are nonnegative and the opposite pattern of cycles when payoffs are nonpositive. This paper presents evidence from an experiment designed to test these implications of regret theory. Copyright 1992 by Royal Economic Society.
Soluble TWEAK level: is it a marker for cardiovascular disease in long-term hemodialysis patients?

BACKGROUND Reduced soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) levels follow declining renal function, are strongly associated with endothelial dysfunction and predict cardiovascular events in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients. In contrast, elevated levels of sTWEAK predict poor survival in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Recent evidence suggests a role for sTWEAK in the pathophysiology of vascular calcification. The aim of the study was to investigate plausible links between sTWEAK, atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness and vascular calcification in HD patients. METHODS Coronary artery calcification score (CACs) determined by multislice computed tomography, arterial stiffness by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT) by carotid Doppler ultrasonography were assessed in 131 long-term prevalent HD patients. sTWEAK levels were measured by ELISA (Bender MedSystems, Vienna, Austria). RESULTS Mean serum sTWEAK level was 237.0 ± 147.5 pg/mL (range 78-937). sTWEAK level was inversely correlated with CA-IMT at a borderline significance (r=-0.168, p=0.05). Neither carotid-radial PWV nor carotid-femoral PWV values correlated with sTWEAK. sTWEAK level was higher in patients with severe vascular calcification (CACs ≥400) compared to patients with CACs <400 (264.5 ± 146.8 pg/mL vs. 205.04 ± 122.4 pg/mL, p=0.02). The association between sTWEAK and vascular calcification persisted after multivariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS There exists a weak inverse correlation between sTWEAK and carotid atherosclerosis and a positive correlation with coronary artery calcification in long-term HD patients. Our data give support for a role for sTWEAK in the pathogenesis of vascular injury in HD patients.
Reproductive health research: the new directions. Biennial report 1996-1997.

This report documents work carried out in the area of reproductive health by this WHO program. Part 1 describes activities of the program in the areas of understanding peoples reproductive health needs and perspectives developing new methods of fertility regulation expanding family planning options evaluating reproductive health care assessing and improving reproductive health services and building national research capacity in reproductive health research. Part 2 looks at reproductive health research following the conferences in Cairo and Beijing. The geographical focus is worldwide.
Exploring the Motivation of Nascent Social Entrepreneurs

Abstract Social entrepreneurship (SE) is an increasingly popular practice in which business solutions are applied to social problems. While empirical study of the various facets of SE is on the rise, the motivation of social entrepreneurs – a key antecedent of SE – has received little attention. In contrast, substantial theoretical and empirical work exists on the motivation of commercial entrepreneurs as well as the motivation for public–social sector work. Seeking to fill a gap in the SE literature, this paper presents qualitative findings from in-person, in-depth interviews with self-identified nascent social entrepreneurs that participated in an SE training program in the USA. The findings provide an empirical foundation for further theory development and research on SE motivation.
Early Enhancements of Hepatic and Later of Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity Combined With Increased Postprandial Insulin Secretion Contribute to Improved Glycemic Control After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) improves glycemic control within days after surgery, and changes in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function are likely to be involved. We studied 10 obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 10 obese glucose-tolerant subjects before and 1 week, 3 months, and 1 year after RYGB. Participants were included after a preoperative diet-induced total weight loss of −9.2 ± 1.2%. Hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity were assessed using the hyperinsulinemic- euglycemic clamp combined with the glucose tracer technique, and β-cell function was evaluated in response to an intravenous glucose-glucagon challenge as well as an oral glucose load. Within 1 week, RYGB reduced basal glucose production, improved basal hepatic insulin sensitivity, and increased insulin clearance, highlighting the liver as an important organ responsible for early effects on glucose metabolism after surgery. Insulin-mediated glucose disposal and suppression of fatty acids did not improve immediately after surgery but increased at 3 months and 1 year; this increase likely was related to the reduction in body weight. Insulin secretion increased after RYGB only in patients with T2D and only in response to oral glucose, underscoring the importance of the changed gut anatomy.
Remittances as a tool for development and reconstruction in Eritrea. An economic analysis

remittances are the result of hard work by relatively poor people. Many of these migrants work under difficult conditions and are mostly paid low wages. It is therefore crucial to maximize their benefits, and to reduce outside exploitation in the use of these funds. When planning to enhance their productive use incentive based initiatives rather than regulatory in heavy handed approaches appear most promising. Migrants and their families should be encouraged to allocate these funds in a way that enhances local development, as well as their individual needs. All types of remittances sent to the families from the diaspora are making an important contribution to their subsistence and economic growth. They are more than incoming flow of aid greater than export earnings, over 1/3 of the government expenditure on social services and from 20 to 30 % of the GDP.
Corporate sustainability reporting in the apparel industry

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to identify the reported indicators in corporate sustainability reports, other documents and the web sites of 14 apparel brands belonging to the Sustainable Apparel Coalition (SAC). Design/methodology/approach - – A content analysis of the corporate sustainability reports, other documents and web sites of the 14 SAC apparel brands was conducted to identify indicators related to sustainability. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected on all reported sustainability initiatives, actions, and indicators. A normative business model was developed for the categorization of the indicators and a cross-case analysis of the apparel brand’s sustainability reporting was conducted. Findings - – In total, 87 reported corporate sustainability indicators were identified. The study finds that there is a lack of consistency among them. The majority of the indicators dealt with performance in supply-chain sustainability while the least frequently reported indicators addressed business innovation and consumer engagement. Originality/value - – This paper provides one of the first in-depth reviews of the indicators reported by apparel brands within their web sites and other forms of corporate sustainability reporting.
Türkiye’de GSYİH ile İhracat Arasındaki İlişki: Granger Nedensellik Testi / The Relationship Between GDP and Exports in Turkey: Granger Causality Test

Ozet: Gelismekte olan ulkelerde ihracattaki artisin ekonomik buyumeyi artiracagi beklentisi, korumaci politikalarin terk edilip, liberal politikalarin tercih edilmesinde etkili olmaktadir. Bu politikalari uygulayan ulkelerin buyume hizlarindaki artis, gelismekte olan ulkeler ve Turkiye icin politika degisikligini motive edici bir durum ortaya cikarmistir. Turkiye, 1980 yilina kadar uyguladigi ithal ikameci politikayi terk ederek, ihracata dayali buyume modelini benimsemistir. Ancak bircok ulke orneginde goruldugu gibi, ihracatin iktisat politikalarinin uygulanmasinda pozitif bir dissallik mi, yoksa ekonomik buyumenin lokomotifi mi oldugu, iktisadi literaturun tartismali konularindandir. Bu calismada, 1975-2008 Turkiye verilerini kullanarak ihracat ile buyume arasindaki iliski Granger Nedensellik analiziyle test edilmis ve ihracat artisinin buyumedeki artisi desteklemedigi sonucuna ulasilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Gayrisafi Yurtici Hasila, Ihracat, Ekonomik Buyume, Granger Nedensellik Testi The Relationship Between GDP and Exports in Turkey: Granger Causality Test Abstract: In developing countries, expectations of increase economic growth with increase in export effect on abandoning protectionist policies and prefering liberal policies. Increase in growth rate in the countries applying these policies has motivated developing countries as well as Turkey to change policies. Turkey leaved the import substitution policy used until 1980, and adopted export-oriented growth model. Hovewer as seen in the case of many countries exportation is whether just positive externality or locomotive of economic growth in economic policy implemented are controversial issues in economic literature. In this study, using data from 1975 to 2008 Turkey relationship between exports and growth has been tested with the Granger Causality analysis, export growth does not support the growth of increase has been experienced. Key Words: Gross Domestic Product, Export, Economic Growth, Granger Causality Test.
SIW Multibeam Array for 5G Mobile Devices

This paper presents a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) multibeam slot array operating at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 30$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GHz for future 5G mobile terminal applications. The multibeam forming network is realized with a Butler matrix that is composed of hybrid couplers, crossovers, and phase shifters (135° and 0°). The crossovers are formed with two cascaded hybrid couplers. In the design of 135° and 0° phase shifters, the phase compensation technique is employed. The slot array is a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2 \times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> type, in which each column has two slot elements that are longitudinally staggered with respect to one another (in half-wavelength). In addition, mutual couplings reduction techniques applied in the proposed slot array are also discussed. The SIW technique is adopted in case for the related components, as it can be highly integrated in mmWave circuits at low fabrication cost and has low profile characteristics. The overall dimension of the SIW multibeam slot array (including the Butler matrix feeding network) is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$72 \times 27.4 \times 0.508$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>3</sup>, and the total area of the slot array is only <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10.1\times 20.4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>2</sup>. The measured 10 dB bandwidth was 28–32 GHz, and the measured gains at 30 GHz for each port were 10.8, 12.1, 12, and 11 dBi. The proposed slot array also possesses wide angle coverage of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 40^{\circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with good steerable radiation.
Multi-channel crosstalk in a 25-GHz spaced DWDM millimeter-wave-band radio-over-fiber system

In this paper, we experimentally investigate the influence of multi-channel optical crosstalk in a 25-GHz spaced dense-wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) millimeter-wave-band radio-over-fiber (RoF) downlink system. The eleven-channel crosstalk filtered with arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) was intentionally mixed with the desired channel of the RoF signal. We defined the suppression ratio of the crosstalk as the ratio of the mm-wave power of the desired channel and undesired channels which are estimated from optical spectrum of the detected RoF signal. The experimental results show that the power penalty due to the crosstalk of less than 1 dB is obtained when the suppression ratio is more than 25 dB.
Evidence from India

This article empirically tests the two competing theories of capital structure: Trade-off theory against Pecking Order theory using the time series hypothesis. This study is performed for an emerging market context taking the case of Indian firms with a sample from 10 industries for the period 1990 to 2007. Our results support the evidence of tradeoff theory in the Indian firms (contrary to the results found by Farhat, Cotei and Abugri 2006). The result is consistent for the overall sample as well as for different industries separately. JEL Classification: G32, C23, C33
The Debt Burden and Debt Maturity

At low and moderate levels of government debt, there appears to be little relation between the level of debt and its maturity. But at high levels of debt, a strong inverse relation emerges. We start the paper by documenting this inverse relation for those OECD Countries which have reached very high levels of debt. We then provide a theory of the joint movements of debt and maturity which can explain both sets of facts. It is based on the idea that, at high levels of debt, the government may need to decrease the maturity of the debt as debt increases, in order to maintain the credibility of its anti-inflation stance.
Labour, Employment and Economic Growth in India

Productive employment opportunities constitute the primary ingredient of economic transformation and inclusive growth. This volume examines India's development experience in the sphere of labour, employment, structural change and institutional challenges in the recent past. The contributors have extended the boundaries of contemporary debate in a variety of ways by undertaking fairly detailed empirical analysis of selected aspects of growth and employment change in India. They uncover the recent patterns of change, between and within sectors over time that challenges popular beliefs and understanding of employment growth in India. Analysis of population ageing, gender discrimination, impact of labour regulation; institutional analysis; dynamics of judicial interpretation of laws protecting workers in the years of economic liberalisation among others have enriched the content. The volume contributes to our knowledge of India's labour market and sheds light on employment challenges in an economy undergoing rapid growth and economic transformation.
Morphological and Biochemical Diversity of Dalmatian Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.)

Summary Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium /Trevir./ Sch. Bip.) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is endemic to the East coast of the Adriatic Sea and its natural habitat extends from Italy to northern Albania and up in the mountainous regions of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. Pyrethrum fl owers yield an important insecticide, the pyrethrin. Pyrethrin is mainly concentrated in oil glands on the surface of the seed inside the tightly packed fl ower head, but they can also be found in the other plant parts, however in much lower concentrations. Th e pyrethrin exist as a combination of six insecticide active ingredients: pyrethrin I, cinerin I, jasmolin I, pyrethrin II, cinerin II and jasmolin II, with pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II present in higher concentrations. Pyrethrin is non-toxic to mammals and other worm-blooded animals, it is unstable in light, oxygen, water and at elevated temperatures and therefore highly biodegradable. Due to the fact it is environmentally safe it is leading insecticide in organic farming systems. Th e most scientifi c work concerning Dalmatian pyrethrum was focused on its morphological and biochemical traits that are relevant in breeding. Breeding programmes are primarily focused on increasing the yield of pyrethrin per unit area. Relative to dry fl ower weight, fl ower heads contain the majority of the pyrethrin. Croatian wild populations contain approximately 0.60 to 0.79 %, while clones in breeding programmes of Australia and Kenya contain up to 3.0 % of pyrethrin.
Of men and mitochondria--intracellular and subcellular acid-base relations.

THIS paper deals with one small aspect of the general problem that concerns the relation between organisms and their environment. Current concepts concerning this interrelation spring from the work of 3 men — an Englishman, a Frenchman and an American. The Englishman was, of course, the great British biologist, Charles Darwin, who developed the thesis that the external environment, in the last analysis, determines the nature of the organism. Specifically, he demonstrated that the external forms of organisms seem to be best explained as adaptations subserving the function of permitting survival in the face of vicissitudes and changes occurring in .
Emerging boundaries for poultry production: challenges, dangers and opportunities

Poultry production has achieved outstanding biological and economic performance in the last 60 years as exceptional leadership harnessed science and business in the public interest, thus contributing powerfully to cheap, abundant food and improved quality of life. But unacceptable negative effects are now evident, adding to the threatened collapse in Western society that is being provoked by an unsustainable culture of materialistic consumption and self-interest. A supreme desire for profit dominates all public decisions and resource use. The balanced market economy system has been distorted into ‘Elite Capitalism’. In agriculture, this deformed economic model combined with ‘Elite Science’ threatens both food security and the social fabric of world society. Not only are established boundaries of economic behaviour being breached but, in the process, traditional boundaries are being violated in rule of law, justice, species integrity, community and morality. The current Elite Science and business model is unsustainable and must be reshaped before it leads to major catastrophe. Leaders in the poultry sector are challenged to again show their innovation and intellectual and moral courage by re-designing the poultry sector as an example for the whole food chain to ensure global food security, a sustainable socio-economic future for both rich and poor and the survival of civilized society.