Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Defensive Denial upon Adjustment Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Individuals with a highly defensive personality style tend to present themselves in an overly favorable light and deny personal inadequacies. Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), denial may be an adaptive strategy to protect individuals from the overwhelming reality of their situation. However, persisting denial can interfere with the adjustment process and hinder the development of more adaptive coping strategies. A case study is presented of JK, a 45-year-old woman with a highly defensive personality style, who sustained a TBI. JK developed social anxiety and depression and was referred for psychological support following a progressive deterioration in her overall functioning. The treatment program was based on an individual-psychotherapy approach, with generalization of skills in a group-therapy setting. A comparison of pre- and posttreatment functioning indicated a significant reduction in her level of social anxiety, depression, defensiveness, and functional impairment. Independent neuropsychological assessments, conducted for medico-legal purposes, prior to and following the intervention, indicated a significant improvement in JK’s cognitive performance between periods of testing. The implications of this study are discussed in terms of the impact of defensive denial upon postinjury adjustment and therapeutic approaches.
Discussion of "Differential Selection of Juveniles for Detention"

HE PAWLAK ARTICLE, &dquo;Differential Selection of Juveniles for Detention,&dquo; is capable of stimulating a number of research, conceptual, and policy issues. Before discussing these issues, it is useful to point out that the type of data offered in this article is a rarity in correctional research. Every year the FBI offers the nation data on the officially noticed offending population, but systematic national data regarding the societal responses to these noticed offenders is episodic and often incomplete. For example, the best recent national data on juvenile detention and jailing is a 1971 LEAA survey (LEAA, 1974). Prior to this six-year old census, there exists the special survey conducted by the National Council
Managing the Crowd: Towards a Taxonomy of Crowdsourcing Processes

Crowdsourcing is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches that tap into the potential of a large and open crowd of people. So far, there is no systematic understanding of the processes used to source and aggregate contributions from the crowd. In particular, crowdsourcing organizations striving to achieve a specific goal should be able to evaluate the mechanisms that impact these processes. Following a method of IS taxonomy development we propose a new taxonomic framework for crowdsourcing processes. In contrast to previous work, this classification scheme focuses exclusively on an organizational perspective and on the mechanisms available to these organizations. The resulting dimensions are preselection of contributors, accessibility of peer contributions, aggregation of contributions, and remuneration for contributions. By classifying the processes of 46 crowdsourcing examples, we identify 19 distinct process types. A subsequent cluster analysis shows general patterns among these types and indicates a link to certain applications of crowdsourcing.
Scene Text Recognition using Higher Order Language Priors

The problem of recognizing text in images taken in the wild has gained significant attention from the computer vision community in recent years. Contrary to recognition of printed documents, recognizing scene text is a challenging problem. We focus on the problem of recognizing text extracted from natural scene images and the web. Significant attempts have been made to address this problem in the recent past. However, many of these works benefit from the availability of strong context, which naturally limits their applicability. In this work we present a framework that uses a higher order prior computed from an English dictionary to recognize a word, which may or may not be a part of the dictionary. We show experimental results on publicly available datasets. Furthermore, we introduce a large challenging word dataset with five thousand words to evaluate various steps of our method exhaustively. The main contributions of this work are: (1) We present a framework, which incorporates higher order statistical language models to recognize words in an unconstrained manner (i.e. we overcome the need for restricted word lists, and instead use an English dictionary to compute the priors). (2) We achieve significant improvement (more than 20%) in word recognition accuracies without using a restricted word list. (3) We introduce a large word recognition dataset (atleast 5 times larger than other public datasets) with character level annotation and benchmark it.
Regulation of Nitrate Assimilation and Nitrate Respiration in Aerobacter aerogenes

The influence of growth conditions on assimilatory and respiratory nitrate reduction in Aerobacter aerogenes was studied. The level of nitrate reductase activity in cells, growing in minimal medium with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source, was much lower under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. Further, the enzyme of the aerobic cultures was very sensitive to sonic disintegration, as distinct from the enzyme of anaerobic cultures. When a culture of A. aerogenes was shifted from anaerobic growth in minimal medium with nitrate and NH4+ to aerobiosis in the same medium, but without NH4+, the production of nitrite stopped instantaneously and the total activity of nitrate reductase decreased sharply. Moreover, there was a lag in growth of about 3 hr after such a shift. After resumption of growth, the total enzymatic activity increased again slowly and simultaneously became gradually sensitive to sonic disintegration. These findings show that oxygen inactivates the anaerobic nitrate reductase and represses its further formation; only after a de novo synthesis of nitrate reductase with an assimilatory function will growth be resumed. The enzyme in aerobic cultures was not significantly inactivated by air, only by pure oxygen. The formation of the assimilatory enzyme complex was repressed, however, by NH4+, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The results indicate that the formation of the assimilatory enzyme complex and that of the respiratory enzyme complex are regulated differently. We suggest that both complexes have a different composition, but that the nitrate reductase in both cases is the same protein.
OSV as the basic order in Warao

Warao sentences as well as noun phrases are typologically examined. Based on data gathered in northeastern Venezuela in summer 1981, the author claims that Warao is an OSV language. This syntactic order is found in major sentence types such as transitive, transitive plus indirect object, transitive plus oblique object, reflextive, quotative, etc. The author also discusses the ‘exclusively SOV order’ exhibited by stative sentences in the language. Further, variation from the OSV order, either of syntactic or stylistic nature, is reviewed. The author points out that SUBJECT FRONTING is a major device for questioning and highlighting in Warao; therefore, SOV order in sentences other than statives are considered ‘marked’. Evidence in support of the author's claim about the markedness of SOV order (in sentences other than statives) is presented. Also, the phenomenon of ‘staging’ ( Grimes (1975) ) associated with ‘focusing’, which is very common in the language, is explained and exemplified. Evidence in favor of OSV order and against SOV order (Osborn (1962)) is offered. This is a particularly important issue from a typological perspective because in recent classifications of world languages Warao appears erroneously listed as an SOV language given Osborn's data. Finally, observations about the order of adjective and noun within the noun phrase, genitive noun and head noun in possessive phrases and relative position of topic and standard of comparison in comparative constructions are made. In summary, Warao brings support to Derbyshire's (1977) claim on the basis of Hixkaryana that Greenberg's Universal 1 (object initial linearization in basic order is not permitted) must be abandoned.
Dispatches Dispatches Dispatches Dispatches Dispatches Study Design Chlorine Disinfection of Recreational Water for Cryptosporidium Parvum

The small size of the Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst (4-6 µm) and its resistance to many chemical disinfectants (e.g., chlorine) pose a challenge for standard filtration and disinfec-tion procedures (1). Moreover, the low dose required for infection and the prolonged excretion of high numbers of oocysts make C. parvum ideal for waterborne transmission. Chlorinated recreational water facilities, such as public swimming pools and water parks frequently used by large numbers of diapered children, have been implicated in numerous outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis during the last decade (Table 1). Previous studies of chlorine inactivation of oocysts have used oxidant demand-free water and glassware or chlorine demand-free reactors (1,24-31); none were performed in simulated recreational water (i.e., pH balanced, CaCl 2 added for hardness, organic material added). Therefore, Ct values (chlorine concentration in mg/L multiplied by time in minutes) calculated under oxidant demand-free laboratory conditions for disinfection of microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium may not be directly applicable to recreational water environments where additional organic material, such as urine, feces, hair, sweat, sloughed cells, and lotion, is present, pH is controlled, and calcium concentration is elevated. We report that under recreational water conditions fecal material alone has a large negative effect on chlorine inactivation of C. parvum oocysts, and therefore on pool water quality and the potential for disease transmission. Oocysts of the AUCP-1 isolate were extracted from the feces of experimentally infected calves and cleaned of fecal debris with cesium chloride (32). The short exposure to cesium chloride followed by thorough rinsing with deionized water has no deleterious effects on the oocyst wall or oocyst survival. Oocysts cleaned by this method appear free from all organic fecal debris and other microorganisms and thus are potentially more susceptible to disinfectants than are oocysts surrounded by debris. Oocysts were stored at 4°C until use and were less than 1 month old when used. Two experiments were conducted to determine how long oocysts would remain infectious when exposed to two concentrations of chlorine at two temperatures. Stock solutions of 2.0 ppm and 10.0 ppm HOCl in demineralized water (resistance measured 18 mega-ohm) were prepared with commercial laundry bleach (CLOROX). Chlorine concentrations were monitored with a digital chlorine colorimeter kit (LaMotte model no. DC 1100, Chestertown, MD). In experiment 1, one centrifuge tube (15 ml polypropylene, screw-top Falcon, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) was prepared containing 1 x 10 6 oocysts for each of the 28 temperature and …
The Public Stigma of Mental Illness and Drug Addiction

• Summary: Previous research has shown that people labeled with drug addiction are viewed as more blameworthy and dangerous compared to individuals labeled with mental illness who, in turn, are viewed more harshly than those with physical disabilities. Endorsement of such stereotypes often lead to less helping behavior and more avoidance of people with drug addiction compared to those with mental illness. In this study, attribution and dangerousness models are tested on a stratified random sample of the US population. The sample was recruited from a national online research panel (N = 815). Research participants read a vignette about a person with one of the three health conditions (mental illness, drug addiction, or physically handicapped in a wheelchair) and were asked to complete items representing attribution and dangerousness judgments about the person. • Findings: Results are consistent with our hypotheses. Addicted to drugs was seen as more blameworthy and dangerous compared to mental illness. • Applications : These findings are important for framing the stigma and stereotypes of mental illness and drug addiction are discussed. In turn, these kinds of basic models will inform stigma change efforts of advocates.
Text, lies and electronic bait: An analysis of email fraud and the decisions of the unsuspecting

Despite the preponderance of advance fee fraud scams, many in society still fall victim to such con games. The internet has provided scammers with an opportunity to perpetrate fraud on a global scale. In particular, the 419 email scam has become a popular tool used by scammers to entice their victims. Our purpose is to establish rhetorical moves that exist in these 419 messages, and then analyze the intention of the scammers behind each move — a scam must shake the potential victim out of the status quo behavior. In other words, how is the content of particular moves able to facilitate change in a potential victim’s mind, goading him or her to unwise action? After examining each move in light of features considered necessary for mind change, it was determined that the scammers are most concerned about building solidarity with the mark and playing to a mark’s egocentrism, both of which keep the mark from making well-informed decisions.
The MCMI-II: How Much Better Than the MCMI?

Millon (1985) stated that the revised version of the Mitlon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) will be superior to the original, in part because the items will be weighted. It is shown that a differential weighting scheme may not appreciably affect the psychometric properties of the instrument, and that any potential increase in validity is likely offset by greater complexity in scoring and an equally possible decrease in validity.
The language-learning self, self-enhancement activities, and self perceptual change

This article presents an overview of action research conducted in an EFL university context, regarding primarily the relationship between individual possible self-images, socially constructed possible self-images, and language-learning motivation. The study used three cycles of action research over the course of one 15-week university semester, utilizing mixed-methods data collection and analysis. The results provide support for the assertion that initially inquiring with students as to their language possible self-images might assist the teacher to create more motivating lessons through self-enhancement activities. Furthermore, the article provides context-dependent evidence that assisting students to focus their language-learning possible self-images may positively affect motivation and bring a heightened recognition of self-regulation in language learning.
Compensating arithmetic ability with derived fact strategies in Broca’s aphasia: a case report

ABSTRACT We investigated derived fact strategy use in RR, an aphasic patient with severely impaired working memory (no phonological loop), and 16 neurologically healthy matched controls. Participants were tested on derived fact strategy use in multi-digit addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. RR’s accuracy only differed from controls in multiplication. He was as quick as controls in addition and subtraction when able to use the strategies, though significantly slower in addition, division, and multiplication without strategies. Our findings suggest the phonological loop is non-essential for multi-digit arithmetic, and derived fact strategies can help speed up arithmetic in individuals with impaired working memory.
Maximum Working Class Unity? Challenges to Local Social Movement Unionism in Cape Town

Joint political mobilisation between trade unions and community groups, often referred to as ‘social movement unionism’, has been upheld as a way forward for organised labour in a neoliberal world economy. Analysing the interaction between unions and communities is critical for understanding the potential and actual roles played by trade unions in voicing the concerns of marginalized workers and poor communities. This article examines the efforts of organised municipal workers and urban social movements trying to unite their forces in post-apartheid South Africa, by looking at the politics of the Cape Town Anti-Privatisation Forum (APF). While the participants of the APF have in common their opposition to commercialisation and privatisation of service delivery, their political unity is fragile. By contrasting the ‘ideal-type’ social movement unionism depicted in the contemporary literature on labour and globalisation with the findings of this particular case, we uncover some main dimensions along which this organisational cooperation is challenged. In contrast to the political unity experienced during the anti-apartheid struggle, the APF initiative operates in a restructuring post-apartheid economy where bridging internal organisational differences and confronting the hegemonic position of the African National Congress (ANC) in civil society have proved particularly challenging.
Dominant language transfer in adult second language learners and heritage speakers

The effects of language transfer have been amply documented in second language (L2) acquisition and, to a lesser extent, in the language contact/loss literature (Cook, 2003). In both cases, the stronger and often dominant language encroaches into the structure of the less dominant language in systematic ways. But are transfer effects in these two situations comparable: is first language (L1) influence in adult L2 learners similar to L2 influence in the L1 of early bilinguals? The current study addresses this question by investigating knowledge of Spanish clitics, clitic left dislocations, and differential object marking (DOM) in 72 L2 learners and 67 Spanish heritage speakers. The contact language, English, is assumed to not instantiate these syntactic properties. Results of an oral production task and a written acceptability judgment task indicated overall advantages for the heritage speakers in some areas, but similar effects of transfer from English in the two groups. Transfer effects were less pronounced with core aspects of grammar (syntax proper in the case of clitics) than with aspects of grammar that lie at the interfaces of syntax and semantics/pragmatics, as in the case of clitic left dislocations and DOM. These findings have implications for current views on the vulnerability of certain linguistic interfaces in language development (Sorace, 2004; Serratrice et al., 2004; Tsimpli and Sorace, 2006; White, 2009) and for theories that stress the role of age in L2 acquisition and permanent transfer effects.
Oil and the Macroeconomy: A Quantitative Structural Analysis

We consider an economy in which the oil costs, industrial production, and other macroeconomic variables fluctuate in response to fundamental domestic and external demand and supply shocks. We estimate the effects of these structural shocks on US monthly data for the 1973.1-2007.12 period using robust sign restrictions suggested by theory. The interplay between the oil market and the US economy goes in both directions. About 20% of changes in the cost of oil come in response to US aggregate demand shocks, while shocks originating in the oil market also affect the US economy, the impact depending on the nature of the shock: a negative oil supply shock reduces US output, whereas a positive oil demand shock has a positive and persistent effect on GDP.
Future Natures in the Making: Implementing Biodiversity in Suburban Land-Use Planning

This paper uses a suburban master planning process to study the consequences of the domination of scientifically defined nature in urban green governance. The analysis of knowledge practices and discursive framings shows that in this case the domination arose through “amplification of the biodiversity claim”, a largely self-organizing process between the participating actors, and produced a widely accepted understanding of a stable urban nature emphasizing present biodiversity values. As a normative response to the current situation this paper develops a concept of “future natures”, indicating the need for a more dynamic and deliberative planning idea for conserving urban biodiversity.
Relation of the size and intracellular sorting of apoB to the formation of VLDL 1 and VLDL 2 Published, JLR Papers in Press, November 1, 2004. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M400296-JLR200

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that two separate pathways, the two-step process and an apolipoprotein B (apoB) size-dependent lipidation process, give rise to different lipoproteins. Expression of apoB-100 and C-terminally truncated forms of apoB-100 in McA-RH7777 cells demonstrated that VLDL particles can be assembled by apoB size-dependent linear lipidation, resulting in particles whose density is inversely related to the size of apoB. This lipidation results in a LDL-VLDL 2 particle containing apoB-100. VLDL 1 is assembled by the two-step process by apoB-48 and larger forms of apoB but not to any significant amount by apoB-41. The major amount of intracellular apoB-80 and apoB-100 banded with a mean density of 1.10 g/ml. Its formation was dependent on the sequence between apoB-72 and apoB-90. This dense particle, which is retained in the cell, possibly by chaperones or association with the microsomal membrane, is a precursor of secreted VLDL 1. The intracellular LDL-VLDL 2 particles formed during size-dependent lipidation appear to be the precursors of intracellular VLDL 1. We propose that the dense apoB-100 intracellular particle is converted to LDL-VLDL 2 by size-dependent lipidation. LDL-VLDL 2 is secreted or converted to VLDL 1 by the uptake of the major amount of triglycerides.
Influence of the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium uncinatum on the persistency and competitive ability of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.)

Influence of fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) on persistency and competitive ability of two cultivars of meadow fescue (MF; Festuca pratensis Huds.) was investigated in a 3-year field trial under simulated intensive grazing. The two MF cultivars were “Harusakae” and “Tomosakae. ” Each MF cultivar was grown as a monoculture or a mixture with white clover (two cultivars), orchardgrass or perennial ryegrass, with (E+) or without (E−) infection by the endophyte. In the monocultures and the mixtures with white clover or orchardgrass, endophyte infection (E+) resulted in higher proportions of MF than non-infection (E−) mainly in the second and third years of the experiment, though the effect was not always significant. On the other hand, endophyte infection always had no effect on the proportion of MF mixed with perennial ryegrass. Annual herbage yield of the “Harusakae” monoculture was significantly higher in E+ than in E− in one year out of 2, whereas that of the “Tomosakae” monoculture did not vary with endophyte infection for 2 years. The results show that endophyte infection can increase persistency and competitive ability of MF plants in both monocultures and mixtures, though the effect in mixtures depends on the companion species.