Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pilot Study on the Impact of Biogas as a Fuel Source on Respiratory Health of Women on Rural Kenyan Smallholder Dairy Farms

Biomass burning in indoor environments has been highlighted as a major cause of respiratory morbidity for women and children in low-income countries. Inexpensive technological innovations which reduce such exposures are needed. This study evaluated the impact of low tech compost digesters, which generate biogas for cooking, versus traditional fuel sources on the respiratory health of nonsmoking Kenyan farmwomen. Women from 31 farms with biogas digesters were compared to age-matched women from 31 biomass-reliant farms, in June 2010. Only 43% of the biogas group reported any breathing problems, compared to 71% in the referent group (P = 0.03). Referent women self-reported higher rates of shortness of breath (52% versus 30%), difficulty breathing (42% versus 23%), and chest pain while breathing (35% versus 17%) during the last 6 months (P = 0.09 to 0.12) compared to biogas women. Biogas women demonstrated slightly better spirometry results but differences were not statistically significant, likely due to limited latency between biogas digester installation and spirometry testing. Most biogas women reported improved personal respiratory health (87%) and improved children's health (72%) since biogas digester installation. These findings suggest that using biogas in cookhouses improves respiratory symptoms but long-term impacts on lung function are unclear.
Regulatory Focus at the Bargaining Table: Promoting Distributive and Integrative Success

The authors demonstrate that in dyadic negotiations, negotiators with a promotion regulatory focus achieve superior outcomes than negotiators with prevention regulatory focus in two ways. First, a promotion focus leads negotiators to claim more resources at the bargaining table. In the first two studies, promotion-focused negotiators paid more attention to their target prices(i.e., their ideal outcomes) and achieved more advantageous distributive outcomes than did prevention-focused negotiators. The second study also reveals an important mediating process: Negotiators with a promotion focus made more extreme opening offers in their favor. Second, a promotion focus leads negotiators to create more resources at the bargaining table that benefit both parties. A third study demonstrated that in a multi-issue negotiation, a promotion focus increased the likelihood that a dyad achieved a jointly optimal or Pareto efficient outcome compared to prevention-focused dyads. The discussion focuses on the role of regulatory focus in social interaction and introduces the notion of interaction fit.
Fashions, framing and expertise: ethical hazards for economists

ABSTRACT Compared to other social sciences, it appears economists enjoy overwhelming influence in policy debates. What are the ethical concerns that should bear upon the exercise of such voice? Two forms of conflict of interest are explored here: funding sources may undermine objectivity in framing the research agenda as well as through the better-known route of influencing research outcomes. What questions get asked or ignored, and the methodological approach that economists choose, may be influenced by funders. Considerations of personal advancement may influence how, when and what research is disseminated. The absence of debate on accountability of economists-as-advisors is worrying. Self-regulatory processes are needed so that power is exercised with greater responsibility.
Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection, Queensland, Australia

To the Editor: In Queensland, Australia, a steady increase in community-acquired (CA) Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) during 2003–2012 could not be explained by patients’ demographic characteristics or environmental factors (1). Several risk factors have been implicated in the increased rates of CA-CDI, primarily exposure to antimicrobial drugs, gastric acid–suppression drugs, and corticosteroids (2). Given the recent rise in prescription of corticosteroids and proton pump inhibitors in Australia, we hypothesized that the observed increase in CA-CDI was associated with increased drug prescriptions.
Optimized Design of External Shading Device via Parametric Design Approach

In this paper, parametric design approach is used to optimize the external shading device design, which take examples of horizontal shading devices and horizontal louver shading devices on south faced of buildings in Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. The optimize goal of whole year shading effect is “Shading in summer and solar in winter, both as much as possible at the same time”. In the first part of this paper, the external shading devices are optimized integrally and systematically. In the second part, the calculated data are analysed and organized, and some simple design rules for external shading devices have been summarized: tilt up 30° louver shading device is the best of four kinds devices involved in this paper, and a shading device can get better effect as latitude rise up.
Weakly-supervised Discriminative Patch Learning via CNN for Fine-grained Recognition

Research on fine-grained recognition has recently shifted from multistage frameworks to convolutional neural networks (CNN) that are trained end-to-end. Many previous end-to-end deep approaches typically consist of a recognition network and an auxiliary localization network trained with additional part annotations to detect semantic parts shared across classes. To avoid the cost of extra semantic part annotations, we learn class-specific discriminative patches within the CNN framework. We achieve this by designing a novel asymmetric two-stream network architecture with supervision on convolutional filters and a nonrandom way of layer initialization. Experimental results show that our approach is able to find high-quality discriminative patches and achieves state-of-the-art on two publicly available fine-grained recognition datasets.
Optimal Unemployment Insurance and Employment History

In existing unemployment insurance programmes, it is standard to condition eligibility on the previous employment record of unemployed workers. The purpose of this article is to study conditions under which the efficient contract exhibits these properties. In order to do so, we characterize the optimal unemployment insurance contract in asymmetric information environments in which workers experience multiple unemployment spells. We show that if quits cannot be distinguished from layoffs, it is optimal to condition the benefits paid to unemployed workers on their employment history, in particular, the coverage should increase with the length of previous employment spells. Copyright , Wiley-Blackwell.
Does organizational justice increase or decrease organizational dissent

Purpose - This study aims to examine the effect of organizational justice on organizational dissent. Methodology- A quantitative research is conducted on white and blue color employees of large scale and medium sized firms operating in automotive industry in Bursa-Turkey. 105 employees, thorough face-to-face survey administration, filled out questionnaire forms. Convenience sampling method is used. Data obtained from those 105 questionnaires were analyzed through the SPSS statistical packet program. Findings - Research findings revealed the positive effects of procedural and distributive justice on upward organizational dissent, whilst the non-significant relation between interactional justice and upward organizational dissent. Analyses results also indicated the non-significant relations of procedural, distributive and interactional justice to latent organizational dissent. Conclusion - The finding of positive effect of procedural justice and distributive justice on dissent behavior, is consistent with the literature, which indicates that justice perceptions of managerial employees increased upward dissent behaviors. However, the finding of this research implying a non-significant effect of interactional justice on organizational justice is inconsistent with the literature, which indicates employees getting better relationship with their managers are more prone to upward dissent. In scope of this survey, employees’ dissent behaviors are influenced by fairness of formal rules and procedures, and acquisitions rather than the fairness of managerial relationships. This distinctive result of this survey may stem from employees’ distrust in relationship with their managers and their prioritization of formal procedures and concrete acquisitions rather than abstract relationships while evaluating the possible retaliations and results of their dissent.
Bodies of work: skilling at the bottom of the global nursing care chain

ABSTRACT In the midst of a growing global market for migrant care work, there is a need to investigate not only how such labour is consumed but how ‘ideal’ care workers are also produced. This paper investigates how schools within migrant-sending countries produce nurse labour through body work or the testing and honing of hospital procedures on patients’ bodies. Focusing on the case of the Philippines, this paper shows how the education of nurses for export creates a paradoxical impact on care work within local healthcare institutions. Aspiring nurse migrants provide much-needed manpower to understaffed public hospitals yet, treat poor patients as docile bodies to enhance their skills for future foreign employers. This practice creates an inherent inequality in the actual skilling of aspiring nurse migrants, where the poorest bodies allow nurse migrants to provide better care to more privileged bodies in wealthier nations.
Hamilton-Jacobi for Curved Domain Walls and Cosmologies

We use Hamiltonian methods to study curved domain walls and cosmologies. This leads naturally to first order equations for all domain walls and cosmologies foliated by slices of maximal symmetry. For Minkowski and AdS-sliced domain walls (flat and closed FLRW cosmologies) we recover a recent result concerning their (pseudo)supersymmetry. We show how domain-wall stability is consistent with the instability of adS vacua that violate the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound. We also explore the relationship to Hamilton-Jacobi theory and compute the wave-function of a 3-dimensional closed universe evolving towards de Sitter spacetime. 1 skenderi@science.uva. nl 2 p.k. townsend@damtp.cam. ac.uk.
Transforming practice from within: the power of the professional learning community

This chapter reports on the experiences of Australian schools engaging with a process of school-wide revitalization known as IDEAS (Innovative Designs for Enhancing Achievement in Schools) (Crowther et al. 2002a) which centers on the work of teachers. IDEAS engages teachers in sharing purpose and developing identity. Teachers engage in a process of professional enquiry that enables them, through language and metaphor, to create systems of meaning which impact on their classroom practice and professional relationships. The professional capacity of teachers to improve school outcomes (such as student learning, relationships with the community, and the coherence of school operation) is enhanced.
Electoral reform and voters’ behaviour in Australia and New Zealand: editors’ introduction to the special issue

As democratic political systems around the world face multiple challenges, from political polarisation to voter disengagement to loss of belief in the value of democracy itself, the topic of reforming democracy’s defining institution, elections, is of considerable importance. This special issue of Political Science presents five articles focused on electoral reforms in Australia and New Zealand. These are two of the world’s oldest and most stable democracies. Nevertheless, they are far from immune to contemporary global challenges to democracy. As parliamentary democracies sharing many similarities, they provide useful bases for comparison. The articles address issues of early voting, majoritarian and proportional representation electoral systems, and citizens’perceptions of effective representation. Three are selected from papers presented at the sixth annual conference of the Australian Society for Quantitative Political Science (ASQPS) held (fittingly for this special issue) in Wellington, New Zealand, in December 2017. This conference is now an established feature of political science in the Antipodes and the wider region, providing a forum for scholars using rigorous analysis of quantitative data to exchange ideas, approaches and findings. We hope this special issue will represent one further contribution stemming from these yearly gatherings. The articles in this volume all focus on citizens’ behaviour in the context of particular electoral institutions, and in most cases, in the context of changes in those institutions. This kind of cross-temporal examination of important cases is one valuable way in which electoral reform can be studied, and contrasts with much of the existing literature on electoral institutions that takes a cross-sectional, cross-case approach. Specifically, two papers focus on before and after assessment of early voting (Garnett, Sheppard and Beauregard), one focuses on the change from majoritarian to proportional representation (Liu), another focuses on changes in a preferential voting system meant to limit the number of fringe parties gaining seats (McAllister and Muller) and one focuses on perceived effectiveness of representation in the context of lax campaign finance rules (Cameron and Wynter). All but the latter are able to take advantage of observed voter behaviour in the wake of institutional change, while Cameron and Wynter’s article
Müller cell activation, proliferation and migration following laser injury

Purpose Müller cells are well known for their critical role in normal retinal structure and function, but their reaction to retinal injury and subsequent role in retinal remodeling is less well characterized. In this study we used a mouse model of retinal laser photocoagulation to examine injury-induced Müller glial reaction, and determine how this reaction was related to injury-induced retinal regeneration and cellular repopulation. Methods Experiments were performed on 3–4-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Retinal laser photocoagulation was used to induce small, circumscribed injuries; these were principally confined to the outer nuclear layer, and surrounded by apparently healthy retinal tissue. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses were used to determine the level and location of protein expression. Live cell imaging of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-infected Müller cells (AAV-GFAP-GFP) were used to identify the rate and location of retinal Müller cell nuclear migration. Results Upon injury, Müller cells directly at the burn site become reactive, as evidenced by increased expression of the intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nestin. These reactive cells re-enter the cell cycle as shown by expression of the markers Cyclin D1 and D3, and their nuclei begin to migrate toward the injury site at a rate of approximately 12 μm/hr. However, unlike other reports, evidence for Müller cell transdifferentiation was not identified in this model. Conclusions Retinal laser photocoagulation is capable of stimulating a significant glial reaction, marked by activation of cell cycle progression and retinal reorganization, but is not capable of stimulating cellular transdifferentiation or neurogenesis.
Optimal base station densities for cost-efficient multi-tier heterogeneous cellular networks

Heterogeneous cellular networks have emerged to be the primary solution for overwhelming traffic demands. This study addresses the architecture optimization of multi-tier open access downlink heterogeneous cellular networks to achieve the maximum network spatial throughput under practical constraints on the network deployment cost and traffic loads of individual tiers. In particular, with the use of a stochastic geometry-based network model, the problem of optimizing the densities of base stations (BSs) in different tiers is shown to be a linear-fractional programming that can be further transformed into a linear programming by employing Charnes-Cooper transformation. Such programming can, in turn, be solved efficiently. Furthermore, for the special case of a two-tier network, the optimal BS densities are derived in closed form using the graphical method. Simulation results demonstrate significant throughput gain from the optimal deployment of multi-tier heterogeneous cellular networks.
Does the Failing Test Execute a Single or Multiple Faults? An Approach to Classifying Failing Tests

Debugging is an indispensable yet frustrating activity in software development and maintenance. Thus, numerous techniques have been proposed to aid this task. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness and future potential of these techniques, many of them have the unrealistic single-fault failure assumption. To alleviate this problem, we propose a technique that can be used to distinguish failing tests that executed a single fault from those that executed multiple faults in this paper. The technique suitably combines information from (i) a set of fault localization ranked lists, each produced for a certain failing test and (ii) the distance between a failing test and the passing test that most resembles it to achieve this goal. An experiment on 5 real-life medium-sized programs with 18, 920 multiple-fault versions, which are shipped with number of faults ranging from 2 to 8, has been conducted to evaluate the technique. The results indicate that the performance of the technique in terms of evaluation measures precision, recall, and F-measure is promising. In addition, for the identified failing tests that executed a single fault, the technique can also properly cluster them.
An application of E-field sensors in industrial robotics

This paper investigates the possibility of constructing touch and proximity sensory systems for industrial robots by means of low cost electric field sensors. The interest in this application is motivated by the possibility of implementing new modalities of interaction and cooperation between man and robot in industrial environments, according to the revised ISO standards on Robots for industrial environments. The use of two E-field sensors, having different architecture, for the realization of an artificial skin on robot links is considered and studied. Prototypes of the sensory system are developed and tested on a simple, reduced-scale model of an anthropomorphic manipulator, showing the feasibility of the proposed solution and its suitability to reduce the risk of dangerous collisions between humans and robot in a shared workspace.
Monotonic Decrease of the Non-Gaussianness of the Sum of Independent Random Variables: A Simple Proof

Artstein, Ball, Barthe, and Naor have recently shown that the non-Gaussianness (divergence with respect to a Gaussian random variable with identical first and second moments) of the sum of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables is monotonically nonincreasing. We give a simplified proof using the relationship between non-Gaussianness and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) in Gaussian channels. As Artstein , we also deal with the more general setting of nonidentically distributed random variables
The fourth moment of ζ′(ρ)

Discrete moments of the Riemann zeta function were studied by Gonek and Hejhal in the 1980's. They independently formulated a conjecture concerning the size of these moments. In 1999, Hughes, Keating, and O'Connell, by employing a random matrix model, made this conjecture more precise. Subject to the Riemann hypothesis, we establish upper and lower bounds of the correct order of magnitude in the case of the fourth moment.
An efficient analysis of shielded single and multiple coupled microstrip lines with the nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) technique

A nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) technique is incorporated into the spectral-domain approach for the analysis of shielded single and multiple coupled microstrip lines. Each of the spectral-domain Green's functions is decomposed into an asymptotic part and a remaining part. At the interface of layered dielectrics with conducting strips, the product of a basis function and an associated Green's function constitutes an expansion E-field. The inverse Fourier transform (IFT) of the expansion E-field is its spatial distribution all over the interface. We take this advantage to match the final boundary conditions on all the conducting strips simultaneously. As a result, if all the strips are at one interface, the number of operations required in this method is proportional to N/sub /spl lscr//, but not to N/sub /spl lscr///sup 2/, where N/sub /spl lscr// is the number of the strips. The IFT of the asymptotic part of each expansion E-field can be obtained analytically, and that of the remaining part can be quickly processed by the NUFFT. The Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature is used to accelerate the computations of the integrals resulted from the Galerkin's procedure. The proposed method is also applied to investigate the dispersion characteristics of coupled lines with finite metallization thickness and of coupled lines at different levels. A convergence analysis of the results is presented and a comparison of used CPU time is discussed.
Balancing Urban Growth and Landscape Preservation

Flagstaff has become a rapidly growing city at the junction of Interstates 17 and 40 in Arizona. Located at 7,000 feet above sea level in the foothills of the 12,600-foot-high San Francisco Peaks, Flagstaff's sprawl threatens its arid, alpine environment. At the same time, Flagstaff remains a major staging area for visitors to the Grand Canyon and a nearby ski area, among other attractions. As a consequence, a lengthy strip-almost a separate city-of lodging properties, restaurants, and gas stations has developed along the old Route 66, which remains a major artery through Flagstaff. With expansion have come an anti-growth reaction and efforts to balance development with environmental preservation. Part of the concern is that uncontrolled growth would cost Flagstaff its ability to attract tourists and to afford residents a desirable quality of life. A community-wide effort has established a five-year plan intended to create that balance between development and environmental protection.
O R I G I N a L P a P E R

The temperature–size rule in a rotifer is determined by the mother and at the egg stage Abstract In most ectotherms, compared with development at low temperatures, development at high temperatures results in the acceleration of maturation, which in turn results in a smaller size (temperature–size rule, TSR). It is not known at which developmental stages this thermal response is determined. We exposed different life stages of the rotifer Lecane inermis to 15, 20, or 25 °C to determine whether the TSR in the F1 generation is governed by the thermal conditions experienced by the mothers (F0 generation) during their development, during egg production, or during the development of the eggs or hatchlings. We found that the adult size was affected by the thermal conditions experienced by the mothers and embryos, but not by the conditions during post-hatching growth. We suggest that the thermal plasticity producing the TSR in rotifers may reflect the joint impacts of a maternal effect and a direct effect of the environment during egg development. The two-point control of the TSR resembles the thermal determination of other biological phenomena, similar to the thermally determined sex determination in ec-totherms. Our results contribute not only to better understanding the proximate mechanisms of TSR, but also to comprehending the general biological mechanisms of response to temperature, which is one of the most important ecological factors.