Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
‘Guilty, no doubt’: detention provoking confirmation bias in judges’ guilt assessments and debiasing techniques

ABSTRACT This research examines whether judges’ pretrial detention decisions trigger confirmation bias in their guilt assessments. It also tests two strategies to mitigate confirmation bias: (1) to have different judges decide about detention and guilt and (2) to reduce cognitive load by structuring the evaluation of evidence. In Experiment 1, Swedish judges (N = 64) read 8 scenarios in which they either decided themselves about detention or were informed about a colleague's decision. Then, participants rated the defendant's trustworthiness, the strength of each piece of evidence, the total evidence and decided about guilt. In Experiment 2, Law students (N = 80) either first rated each piece of evidence separately and then the total evidence (structured evaluation) or only the total evidence (unstructured evaluation), and then decided about guilt. Overall, detained defendants were considered less trustworthy and when participants themselves detained, they rated the guilt consistent and total evidence as stronger and were more likely convict, compared to when a colleague had detained. The total evidence was considered stronger after unstructured than structured evaluations of the evidence but the evaluation mode did not influence guilt decisions. This suggests that changing decision maker holds greater debiasing potential than structuring evidence evaluation.
Conditioned Dopamine Release in Humans: A Positron Emission Tomography [11C]Raclopride Study with Amphetamine

Studies in laboratory rodents suggest that previously neutral stimuli repeatedly paired with the administration of drugs of abuse can acquire the ability to increase striatal dopamine release. This conditioned neurochemical response is believed to prompt drug seeking in animals and has been hypothesized to contribute to drug craving and relapse in substance abusers. In the present study, we used positron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride to investigate whether amphetamine-predictive stimuli can elicit striatal dopamine release in humans. Nine healthy male volunteers received a capsule containing amphetamine tablets (0.3 mg/kg) on three separate occasions approximately every other day (mean ± SD, 2.25 ± 1.13 d apart) in the same environment (scanner suite). At least 2 weeks later, the amphetamine was switched to a placebo of identical appearance and given in the same environmental context. [11C]Raclopride binding to dopamine D2/3 receptors was assessed after exposure to the first amphetamine-containing pill, after placebo administration, and during a control (no pill) scan. Relative to the control scan, amphetamine administration decreased [11C]raclopride binding potential by 22% in the ventral striatum and 11% in the putamen. Placebo also decreased [11C]raclopride binding potential in the ventral striatum and did so with the same amplitude as amphetamine (23%). These results suggest that cues associated with amphetamine increase dopamine transmission, providing evidence that this system is involved in reward prediction in humans.
The Effects of Formative and Summative Assessment on Student's Connectedness, Satisfaction, Learning and Academic Performance within an Online Healthcare Course

vi LIST OF TABLES . xi LIST OF FIGURES . xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 Characteristics of Online Healthcare Education . 3 Transactional Distance . 6 Trends in Online Healthcare Education . 9 Self-Regulated Learners.9 Interprofessional Education . 11 Educator Professional Development . 12 Issues of Online Healthcare Education . 14 The Rise of Online Education . 14 Online Student Persistence/Retention . 15 Community of Inquiry . 16 Intentional Interaction . 17 Key Learner Attributes in Online Education . 21 Problem Statement . 22
Assessment of quality of life in patients with chronic pancreatitis

Summary Background Quality of life (QOL) has increasingly become a factor in management decisions in patients with chronic diseases. Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a debilitating disorder that causes not only pain and endo/exocrine insufficiency but is also connected with some social issues. The aim of this study was to assess QOL in patients with chronic pancreatitis in correlation with the disease activity or the environmental/social factors that can influence their well-being. Material/Methods The study group comprised 43 patients with CP: M/F 37/6; mean age 47.9±8.6; range: 30–74 yrs. The control group consisted of 40 healthy volunteers of comparable demographics. Different degrees of CP activity were defined using the Cambridge classification. Pain intensity and frequency were assessed using a pain index. QOL was assessed using the Short-Form-36 questionnaire. Results Mean QOL scores in CP were lower compared to the control group in all SF-36 domains, particularly in general health perception, physical functioning, role-physical (p<0.001) and vitality (p<0.05). We observed correlation of QOL results and pain index in all domains, and number of the disease relapses and body weight in 5 out of 8 domains (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). The worst QOL scores were obtained in retired patients, as well as in unemployed persons in almost all SF-36 domains (p<0.001). Conclusions Chronic pancreatitis significantly impairs patients’ quality of life. Severity of abdominal pain, low body weight, and loss of work were the factors most closely associated with poor health status perception.
The Impact of Community College Science and Mathematics Coursetaking on Graduation, Transfer, and Non-Completion

Abstract:This study explored science, mathematics, and general academic factors that predicted outcomes for community college students (N = 3052) in a regional institution. A binary logistic regression was performed to determine significant independent variables contributing to successful outcomes (graduation or transfer) vs. non-completion. Transcript data over three years revealed that rate of science and mathematics course completion, science and mathematics course enrollment, and required mathematics and English remediation coursework were significant predictors of graduation and transfer. Results have implications for community college policy makers in strategizing to improve student outcomes by providing supports for specific academic coursework.
The effects of rainfall on the distribution of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in Discovery Bay, Jamaica

We sought to define the ambient concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the coastal waters of Discovery Bay, Jamaica, and to investigate the effects of groundwater and rainfall on those concentrations. Ambient nutrient concentrations, in areas away from groundwater sources, were generally low during the 4.5‐yr study period, with nitrate, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and ammonium varying between 0.2 and 1 µmol L‐1, 0.02 and 0.04 µmol L‐1, and 0.05 and 0.2 µmol L‐1, respectively. Groundwater nitrate diluted conservatively within the bay, with the average concentration being predicted, from dilution curves, to be 90 µmol L‐1. Groundwater SRP also diluted conservatively from a predicted average concentration of 0.6 µmol L‐1, although there was suggestion of a source of SRP within the bay, presumably recycled phosphorus. Episodic, heavy rainfall events (100‐200 mm over a few days) in the vicinity of the bay were generally linked to immediate decreases in bay salinities but only marginal changes in nutrient concentrations. Two consecutive and very heavy basin‐wide rainfall events (>200 mm over several days) that occurred within 4 months of each other resulted in salinities that gradually decreased, whereas nitrate concentrations increased by factors of 2‐5; these elevated concentrations were sustained for 3‐4 months. Increases in ammonium and SRP also occurred but were not sustained. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen : SRP ratios suggest that the system can become phosphorus‐limited following very heavy rainfall.
The Effect of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident on Stock Prices of Electric Power Utilities

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station, which is owned by Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO), on the stock prices of the other electric power utilities in Japan. Because the other utilities were not directly damaged by the Fukushima nuclear accident, their stock price responses should reflect the change in investor perceptions on risk and return associated with nuclear power generation. Our first finding is that the stock prices of utilities that own nuclear power plants declined more sharply after the accident than did the stock prices of other electric power utilities. In contrast, investors did not seem to care about the risk that may arise from the use of the same type of nuclear power reactors as those at the Fukushima Daiichi station. We also observe an increase of both systematic and total risks in the post-Fukushima period, indicating that negative market reactions are not merely caused by one-time losses but by structural changes in society and regulation that could increase the costs of operating a nuclear power plant.
Live to Fight Another Day? Organizational Maintenance and Mortality Anxiety of Civil Society Organizations

Communities of civil society organizations are characterized by substantial volatility, as new organizations are continuously established and old ones are regularly disbanded. This article aims to improve our understanding of the dynamic nature of civil society by focusing on a particular aspect of organizational maintenance, namely, mortality anxiety. Building upon previous work that assesses actual and perceived survival chances of civil society organizations, we examine how inter-organizational competition, ties with public authorities, and the internal institutionalization of civil society organizations shape how these groups assess their survival chances. Our results demonstrate that high levels of inter-organizational competition and a strong reliance on government funding significantly increase mortality anxiety. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of a professionalized and internally differentiated structure. We rely on survey data and focus on the case of Belgium, in this way providing a first assessment of mortality anxiety in a neo-corporatist political system.
The Realization of the Hermeneutical Approach to the Text in Practical Classes in the Literature during the Work with Students of Philological Faculty

The article is devoted to the problem of implementation of hermeneutical approach to the text. The author who has worked with students of philological faculty for more than 25 years is concerned about the tendency of a pragmatic approach to the text of an artistic work which manifests in the fact that a modern student-reader refers to the work often without entering into a mental dialogue with the author of the text but only watches the development of events. The result of this reading is the lack of own interpretation of the text, inability to determine the role of symbolic details, highlight the author's position. As a way out the author offers practical classes in literature based on the hermeneutical approach to the text.
Evolution of the luminosity function and colours of galaxies in a Λ cold dark matter universe

The luminosity function of galaxies is derived from a cosmological hydrodynamic simulation of a Λ cold dark matter universe with the aid of a stellar population synthesis model. At , the resulting B-band luminosity function has a flat faint-end slope of with the characteristic luminosity and the normalization in fair agreement with observations, while the dark matter halo mass function is steep with a slope of . The colour distribution of galaxies also agrees well with local observations. We also discuss the evolution of the luminosity function, and the colour distribution of galaxies from to 5. A large evolution of the characteristic mass in the stellar mass function as a result of number evolution is compensated by luminosity evolution; the characteristic luminosity increases only by 0.8 mag from to 2, and then declines towards higher redshift, while the B-band luminosity density continues to increase from to 5 (but only slowly at .
The Safe Use of a PTEN Inhibitor for the Activation of Dormant Mouse Primordial Follicles and Generation of Fertilizable Eggs

Background Primordial ovarian follicles, which are often present in the ovaries of premature ovarian failure (POF) patients or are cryopreserved from the ovaries of young cancer patients who are undergoing gonadotoxic anticancer therapies, cannot be used to generate mature oocytes for in vitro fertilization (IVF). There has been very little success in triggering growth of primordial follicles to obtain fertilizable oocytes due to the poor understanding of the biology of primordial follicle activation. Methodology/Principal Findings We have recently reported that PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) prevents primordial follicle activation in mice, and deletion of Pten from the oocytes of primordial follicles leads to follicular activation. Consequently, the PTEN inhibitor has been successfully used in vitro to activate primordial follicles in both mouse and human ovaries. These results suggest that PTEN inhibitors could be used in ovarian culture medium to trigger the activation of primordial follicle. To study the safety and efficacy of the use of such inhibitors, we activated primordial follicles from neonatal mouse ovaries by transient treatment with a PTEN inhibitor bpV(HOpic). These ovaries were then transplanted under the kidney capsules of recipient mice to generate mature oocytes. The mature oocytes were fertilized in vitro and progeny mice were obtained after embryo transfer. Results and Conclusions Long-term monitoring up to the second generation of progeny mice showed that the mice were reproductively active and were free from any overt signs or symptoms of chronic illnesses. Our results indicate that the use of PTEN inhibitors could be a safe and effective way of generating mature human oocytes for use in novel IVF techniques.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN CALIFORNIA

This report was prepared as the result of work sponsored by the California Energy Commission (Energy Commission) and the California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA). It does not necessarily represent the views of the Energy Commission, Cal/EPA, their employees, or the State of California. The Energy Commission, Cal/EPA, the State of California, their employees, contractors, and subcontractors make no warrant, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the California Energy Commission or Cal/EPA, nor has the California Energy Commission or Cal/EPA passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. F IN A L P A P E R
A Flexible Hybrid Model of Life Cycle Carbon Balance for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Management Systems

In this study we analyzed the effects of silvicultural treatments on carbon (C) budgets in Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) plantations in the southeastern United States. We developed a hybrid model that integrated a widely used growth and yield model for loblolly pine with published allometric and biometric equations to simulate in situ C pools. The model used current values of forest product conversion efficiencies and forest product decay rates to calculate ex situ C pools. Using the model to evaluate the effects of silvicultural management systems on C sequestration over a 200 year simulation period, we concluded that site productivity (site quality), which can be altered by silviculture and genetic improvement, was the major factor controlling stand C density. On low productivity sites, average net C stocks were about 35% lower than in stands with the default average site quality; in contrast, on high quality sites, C stocks were about 38% greater than average productivity stands. If woody products were incorporated into the accounting, thinning was C positive because of the larger positive effects on ex situ C storage, rather than smaller reductions on in situ C storage. The use of biological rotation age (18 years) was not suitable for C sequestration, and extended rotation ages were found to increase stand C stock density. Stands with an 18-year-rotation length had 7% lower net C density than stands with a 22-year-rotation length; stands with a 35-year-rotation length had only 4% more C than stands harvested at age 22 years. The C sequestered in woody products was an important pool of C storage, accounting for ~34% of the average net C stock. Changes in decomposition rate, associated with possible environmental changes
Why Managers Fail to Do the Right Thing

We combine prior research on ethical decision-making in organizations with a rational choice theory of corporate crime from criminology to develop a model of corporate offending that is tested with a sample of U.S. managers. Despite demands for increased sanctioning of corporate offenders, we find that the threat of legal action does not directly affect the likelihood of misconduct. Managers’ evaluations of the ethics of the act, measured using a multidimensional ethics scale, have a significant effect, as do outcome expectancies that result from being associated with the misconduct but not facing formal sanctions. The threat of formal sanctions appears to operate indirectly, influencing ethical evaluations and outcome expectancies. Obedience to authority also affects illegal intentions, with managers reporting higher prospective offending when they are ordered to engage in misconduct by a supervisor. Why do managers engage in unethical and illegal behavior? What are likely to be effective remedies to this misconduct? One response to the recent wave of corporate scandals has been substantial custodial sentences for executives from firms such as Enron, WorldCom, ImClone, Adelphia, and Tyco (Sorkin and Bayot, 2005). Some have questioned whether sentences as long as 25 years might be disproportionate to the crime (Economist 2004a). However, even with highly punitive sentencing of corporate offenders, there may be justifiable skepticism of its effectiveness in deterring future corporate misconduct. Despite frequent demands for stronger regulations and increased sentencing, the study reported here suggests that the threat of formal sanctions may be ineffective, at least in isolation. Further, there might also be a role for ethics, though policymakers give this potentially important factor far less attention and researchers have only rarely considered the two in combination. In contrast, this paper examines the role of both legal and moral constraints on corporate crime. We view the misconduct evident in recent business scandals as a failure of moral and legal prohibitions. We draw on criminology as well as the management literature to develop and test a model of corporate offending, identifying how moral evaluations of the act, formal sanctions and other possible outcomes (notably informal sanctions, such as the loss of respect of family and friends) serve to inhibit a manager from engaging in illegal and unethical conduct. In the next section, we turn to criminology, where research on crime by firms and their managers has largely gone unnoticed within management, including a rational choice theory of corporate crime that builds on a deterrence framework. We relate this to the empirical research and conceptual models of (un)ethical decision making in organizations and build on the two literatures to propose our model and formulate hypotheses that are tested with a sample of managers. We conclude with a discussion of our findings, including their implications for managers and public policy.
3 D NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE CAPACITY FOR A PARTIALLY PRESSURIZED SPILLWAY

The commercial CFD program STAR-CCM+ was used to compute the stage-discharge curve for the spillway of the Innerdalen Hydropower Dam in Norway. The spillway consisted of first a free overflow section and then a system of tunnels where the flow could be pressurized. Air entrainment and negative pressures caused the flow physics to be fairly complex. The computer program solved the Navier-Stokes equations with the k-epsilon and k-omega turbulence model. A volume of fluid method was used to determine the water surface location. Several types of non-orthogonal unstructured grids were tested. The results were compared with experimental values from a physical model study. Parameter tests were done on roughness, turbulence model, time steps and grids. The results showed that the numerical model predicted the free flow section very well, with an accuracy less than 5 %. For higher discharges where the tunnel was limiting the discharge, the accuracy was under 15 %.
Understanding Online Interruption-Based Advertising: Impacts of Exposure Timing, Advertising Intent, and Brand Image

Interruption-based advertising has gained prominence in the online channel. Yet, little attention has been paid to deriving design principles and conceptualizations for online interruption-based advertising. This paper examines three novel design factors related to this phenomenon, namely, exposure timing, advertising intent, and brand image. Exposure timing pertains to the time by which the advertisement (ad) is launched within a website. Advertising intent refers to the explicitness of ad content in portraying the desire to induce purchase behavior. Brand image relates to consumers' overall perceptions of the advertised brand. In a laboratory experiment, participants were exposed to pop-up ads that were operationalized based on these three design considerations. Results reveal three two-way interactions among the study constructs. Online interruption-based ads shown in the predecisional shopping phase are more effective when their contents are designed with implicit advertising intent compared to explicit intent. Brand image is found to moderate the effects of advertising intent on consumer's purchase intention. Participants' responses also show that ads promoting weak brands with less favorable image tend to enjoy higher purchase intention when shown in the predecisional phase compared with the postdecisional phase. Theoretical and practical implications together with suggestions for future research are discussed.