Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of selective attention on perceptual priming and explicit recognition in children with attention deficit and normal children

Perceptual priming and recognition for attended and unattended pictures at encoding, compared to nonstudied pictures were examined in second and fifth grade schoolchildren with attention deficit (AD) and children without AD. In the study, a visual perceptual priming paradigm was combined with a selective attention procedure at encoding to look for the influence of attention in implicit and explicit memory tasks. The findings showed preserved perceptual priming for attended objects at encoding in second and fifth grade AD children and normal children but only the older children showed reduced perceptual priming for unattended pictures, a result that has been reported in adults (Ballesteros, Reales, García, & Carrasco, 2006). Overall, AD children performed more poorly in the picture fragment completion task than control children, exhibiting a general deficit in the task. The findings suggest that substantial developmental changes occurred in both groups and that attention does not dissociate performance in implicit and explicit memory tasks. The preserved perceptual priming and recognition observed in AD children indicate that they performed normally in effortless memory tasks in which stimuli remain present during testing. These results may have important practical implications as these preserved abilities may be used in the rehabilitation of these children.
Chapter 8: Relationships of Knowledge and Practice: Teacher Learning in Communities

Over the last 20 years, teacher learning has become one of the most important concerns of the educational establishment. It has been more or less assumed that teachers who know more teach better. This "simple" idea has governed multiple efforts to improve education in the arenas of policy, research, and practice by focusing on what teachers know or need to know. In this chapter, we do not question this basic idea. Rather, we point out that within various change efforts, there are radically different views of what "knowing more" and "teaching better'' mean. In other words, there are radically different conceptions of teacher learning, including varying images of knowledge; of professional practice; of the necessary and/or potential relationships that exist between the two; of the intellectual, social, and organizational contexts that support teacher learning; and of the ways teacher learning is linked to educational change and the purposes of schooling. Different conceptions of teacher learning—although not always made explicit—lead to very different ideas about how to improve teacher educa­ tion and professional development, how to bring about school and curricular change, and how to assess and license teachers over the course of the professional life span.
Molecular analysis of spinal muscular atrophy and modification of the phenotype by SMN2

Purpose: This study describes SMN1 deletion frequency, carrier studies, and the effect of the modifying SMN2 gene on the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) phenotype. A novel allele-specific intragenic mutation panel increases the sensitivity of SMN1 testing.Methods: From 1995 to 2001, 610 patients were tested for SMN1 deletions and 399 relatives of probands have been tested for carrier status. SMN2 copy number was compared between 52 type I and 90 type III patients, and between type I and type III patients with chimeric SMN genes. A fluorescent allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -based strategy detected intragenic mutations in potential compound heterozygotes and was used on 366 patients.Results: Less than half of the patients tested were homozygously deleted for SMN1. A PCR-based panel detected the seven most common intragenic mutations. SMN2 copy number was significantly different between mild and severely affected patients.Conclusions: SMN1 molecular testing is essential for the diagnosis of SMA and allows for accurate carrier testing. Screening for intragenic mutations in SMN1 increases the sensitivity of diagnostic testing. Finally, SMN2 copy number is conclusively shown to ameliorate the phenotype and provide valuable prognostic information.
Working with a fixed operating room team on consecutive similar cases and the effect on case duration and turnover time.

HYPOTHESIS If variation in procedure times could be controlled or better predicted, the cost of surgeries could be reduced through improved scheduling of surgical resources. This study on the impact of similar consecutive cases on the turnover, surgical, and procedure times tests the perception that repeating the same manual tasks reduces the duration of these tasks. We hypothesize that when a fixed team works on similar consecutive cases the result will be shorter turnover and procedure duration as well as less variation as compared with the situation without a fixed team. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING St Franciscus Hospital, a large general teaching hospital in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PATIENTS Two procedures, inguinal hernia repair and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were selected and divided across a control group and a study group. Patients were randomly assigned to the study or control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preparation time, surgical time, procedure time, and turnover time. RESULTS For inguinal hernia repair, we found a significantly lower preparation time and 10 minutes less procedure time in the study group, as compared with the control group. Variation in the study group was lower, as compared with the control group. For laparoscopic cholecystectomy, preparation time was significantly lower in the study group, as compared with the control group. For both procedures, there was a significant decrease in turnover time. CONCLUSIONS Scheduling similar consecutive cases and performing with a fixed team results in lower turnover times and preparation times. The procedure time of the inguinal hernia repair decreased significantly and has practical scheduling implications. For more complex surgery, like laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there is no effect on procedure time.
In vivo influence of prostaglandin I2 on systemic and renal circulation in the rat.

The effect of prostaglandin I2 and two other vasodilator agents, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, on systemic and renal circulation was studied in 29 adult euvolemic Sprague-Dawley rats. Intra-aortic infusion of prostaglandin I2 (3.6 micrograms/kg/hr; n = 6 rats) produced significant vasodilation (p less than 0.05), as indicated by an average reduction in total peripheral vascular resistance of 24.8 +/- 2.0%, while renal vascular resistance remained essentially unchanged. Essentially identical findings were obtained in a separate group of six rats pretreated with intravenous administration of saralasin (0.5 mg/kg/hr). In contrast, in another group of six rats pretreated with saralasin, intraaortic infusion of acetylcholine (0.35 mg/kg/hr), which caused a reduction in total peripheral vascular resistance (21.4 +/- 3.8%) comparable to that induced by prostaglandin I2, produced a significant fall in renal vascular resistance (average, 27.7 +/- 5.0%) and, hence, an increase in renal blood flow (average, 26.2 +/- 2.9%). The effect of sodium nitroprusside (0.4 mg/kg/hr i.v.) was intermediate between those of prostaglandin I2 and acetylcholine: both renal vascular resistance and total peripheral vascular resistance fell mildly. These results indicate that prostaglandin I2, given in a dose sufficient to cause systemic vasodilation, fails to induce any discernible renal vasodilative response and that this absence of renal vasodilation by prostaglandin I2 in vivo is not due, as previously postulated, to the highly efficient offsetting influence of intrarenal angiotensin II release.
Alterações neuropsicológicas no transtorno bipolar

OBJECTIVE: Systematic literature review of the controlled studies published in the last 15 years on neuropsychological deficits in Bipolar Disorder. METHOD: Bibliographical research was completed through Medline, Lilacs, PubMed and ISI, speciafically for 1990 to 2005 period. Selected studies were organized beginning with the comparison among the selected sample (bipolar versus other pathology versus control healthy). We included only controlled studies with a patient sample larger than 10, and 73 papers were found, being that 53 selected for this systematic review. RESULTS: Patients with Bipolar Disorder present difficulties in several cognitive domains which partially persist even after acute episodes acute episodes. The deficits impaired basically the executive functions. When compared to schizophrenia, bipolar patients present milder deficits in the neuropsychological tests, which may explain differences in terms of disease outcome and specific circuitry abnormalities. There was a positive correlation between cognitive deficits and number of episodes or hospitalizations. The medications used for mood stabilization can produce a negative impact on cognition. CONCLUSIONS: The abnormalities suggest a dysfunction in specific frontostriatal circuits, and may partially explain the difficulties in the psychosocial adaptation of these patients. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of neuropsychological rehabilitation programs, which seek through cognitive training to minimize the impact of these deficits in the every day life.
Marital Instability: A Social and Behavioral Study of the Early Years

Preface Introduction Premarital Factors in Marital Instability The First Year of Marriage: Interpersonal Attitudes, Perceptions, and Interactions The First Year of Marriage: External Factors The First Year of Marriage: Intergrative Marital Feelings The Second Year of Marriage: Stressors, Interference, and Integrative Feelings The Third Year of Marriage The Fourth Year of Marriage A Summing Up: Major Factors Affecting Instability Across the First Years of Marriage References Index
The Symbolic Graphic Life-Line: Integrating the past and Present through Graphic Imagery

AbstractThis paper introduces an art therapy task, the symbolic graphic life-line, and its integration into group art therapy. The symbolic graphic life-line has been utilized in both long-term and short-term partial adult psychiatric facilities for several years. The use of time-lines or life-lines is not new to the mental health field and has been utilized for many years. The unique quality of this life-line is its ability to express feelings through an art task that creates a visual graph. The dual graphic and symbolic qualities inherent in this art task serve to stimulate client involvement in the group process. The visually expressed information has been found to be clinically therapeutic by suggesting treatment goals and by integrating the client's past and present feelings and thoughts in relation to memories, events, and milestones.
A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes

Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide a new conceptualization of athletic retirement that incorporates prior considerations within and outside the sports domain. Drawing on previous theoretical work both within and outside of sport and current empirical research in the area, the present conceptualization offers a five-step model that examines adaptation to athletic retirement through its entire developmental course: (1) identify the causal factors that initiate the retirement process; (2) specify the factors related to adaptation to retirement; (3) describe the available resources that will affect the response to retirement; (4) indicate the quality of the adaptation to retirement; and (5) discuss the treatment issues for distressful reactions to retirement.
Labial salivary gland biopsy in Sjögren's disease

A labial biopsy technique is described and was used to study 40 patients with connective tissue disease and 60 postmortem subjects. More than one focus of lymphocytes per 4 sq mm of minor salivary tissue was found to be a consistent finding in patients with Sjögren's disease. The labial biopsy is shown to be a further valuable investigative procedure in such patients.
Conflict adaptation is reflected by response interference

The conflict monitoring theory suggests that the occurrence of conflict in previous trials leads to a reduction in interference in current trials through conflict adaption. The present study included two experiments that used a colour-based flanker task and a Stroop task in combination with a 2:1 stimulus-to-response mapping manipulation and a crossing of transition types (Previous trial type×Current trial type) with stimuli to investigate conflict adaption in relation to stimulus and response interference. The results demonstrate that response interference, but not stimulus interference, was reduced following both stimuli and response conflicts in previous trials. In contrast to some recent evidence, we conclude that conflict adaptation is limited to response interference.
Leadership in Europe: Euro-management or the Footprint of History?

Two recent large-scale surveys of managers are reviewed, focusing particularly on results from Europe. There are few signs of the emergence of a transnationally oriented business culture. Divergences persist, both in the values of managers and in the ways in which leaders approach the making of routine decisions. Organizations will need to continue to select and train managers who have the distinctive skills of working within cultural contexts other than their own.
Nber Working Paper Series the Quality-complementarity Hypothesis: Theory and Evidence from Colombia Weinstein and Many Seminar Participants for Helpful Comments; Kensuke Teshima, Hitoshi Shigeoka and Juan Ovalle for Excellent Research Assistance; And

This paper presents a tractable formalization and an empirical investigation of the quality-complementarity hypothesis, the hypothesis that input quality and plant productivity are complementary in generating output quality. We embed this complementarity in a general-equilibrium trade model with heterogeneous, monopolistically competitive firms, extending Melitz (2003), and show that it generates distinctive implications for two simple, observable within-sector correlations -between output prices and plant size and between input prices and plant size -and for how those correlations vary across sectors. Using uniquely rich and representative data on the unit values of outputs and inputs of Colombian manufacturing plants, we then document three facts: (1) output prices are positively correlated with plant size within industries on average; (2) input prices are positively correlated with plant size within industries on average; and (3) both correlations are more positive in industries with more scope for quality differentiation, as measured by the advertising and R&D intensity of U.S. industries. The predicted and observed correlations between export status and input and output prices are similar to those for plant size. We present additional evidence that market power of either final-good producers or input suppliers does not fully explain the empirical patterns we observe. These findings are consistent with the predictions of our model and difficult to reconcile with alternative models that impose symmetry or homogeneity of either inputs or outputs. We interpret the results as broadly supportive of the quality-complementarity hypothesis. Maurice Kugler Harvard University Center for International Development 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 and Wilfrid Laurier University maurice_kugler@harvard.edu Eric Verhoogen Department of Economics Dept. of International & Public Affairs Columbia University 420 W. 118th Street New York, NY 10027 and NBER eric.verhoogen@columbia.edu
Factors affecting attitude towards seeking professional help for mental illness: a UK Arab perspective

This study examined various factors affecting attitude towards seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH) in Arabs living in the UK: causal beliefs, shame-focused attitudes, confidentiality concerns, ethnic identity and demographic variables. Participants completed an online questionnaire and results indicated that Arabs showed significantly less positive ATSPPH and had stronger causal beliefs in supernatural and non-Western physiology than British Caucasians. Confidentiality concerns, but not shame-focused attitudes were significant predictors of ATSPPH; confidentiality concerns were more significant for Arabs than for British Caucasians. Implications are drawn from the results.
Protective Role of Proton-Sensing TDAG8 in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury

Acute lung injury is characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils into lungs and the subsequent impairment of lung function. Here we explored the role of TDAG8 in lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administrated intratracheally. In this model, cytokines and chemokines released from resident macrophages are shown to cause neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs. We found that LPS treatment increased TDAG8 expression in the lungs and confirmed its expression in resident macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. LPS administration remarkably increased neutrophil accumulation without appreciable change in the resident macrophages, which was associated with increased penetration of blood proteins into BAL fluids, interstitial accumulation of inflammatory cells, and damage of the alveolar architecture. The LPS-induced neutrophil accumulation and the associated lung damage were enhanced in TDAG8-deficient mice as compared with those in wild-type mice. LPS also increased several mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the lungs or BAL fluids. Among these inflammatory mediators, mRNA and protein expression of KC (also known as CXCL1), a chemokine of neutrophils, were significantly enhanced by TDAG8 deficiency. We conclude that TDAG8 is a negative regulator for lung neutrophilic inflammation and injury, in part, through the inhibition of chemokine production.
An Examination of the Factor Structures and Concurrent Validities for the Computer Attitude Scale, the Computer Anxiety Rating Scale, and the Computer Self-Efficacy Scale

Data collected from 693 university personnel were used to evaluate the factor structures and concurrent validity of the Computer Attitude Scale, the Computer Anxiety Rating Scale, and the Computer Self-Efficacy Scale. Principal factor analyses for each of the three scales resulted in interpretable factor solutions with high alpha reliabilities. Intercorrelations among the derived factors demonstrated the concurrent validity of the three instruments.
American Sign Language in virtual space: Interactions between deaf users of computer-mediated video communication and the impact of technology on language practices

According to some discussions concerning new information technologies and technologically enhanced communication, we are now in a revolution as profound as the printing press. The Internet is creating new kinds of meetingplaces and work areas and the possibilities of new types of relationships across time and space. This article reports on some ways that the Internet is shaping language practices in the Deaf community, with an interest in how new tools mediate and influence human behavior, including language and the organization of interaction. This includes the development and manipulation of a computer-mediated image of self and other, creativity and problem-solving in new communicative spaces, creating reciprocal perspectives, new participation frameworks, and specifics of language change. For the first time, deaf people can communicate using manual visual language, in many cases their native language, across space and time zones. This groundbreaking situation makes the Deaf community a particularly productive site for research into relationships between technological innovations and new communicative practices.
The Leadership Programme for Serving Headteachers: probably the world’s largest leadership development initiative

Education, education, education! That was New Labour’s priority when it came to government in the UK. How has it fared since? This article provides some information on how such statements were translated into action. It is written from both practitioner and academic perspectives, highlighting the impact psychology‐based research findings have had on educational attainment.
Estimating heading direction from monocular video sequences using biologically-based sensors

The determination of one's movement through the environment (visual odometry or self-motion estimation) from monocular sources such as video is an important research problem because of its relevance to robotics and autonomous vehicles. The traditional computer vision approach to this problem tracks visual features across frames in order to obtain 2-D image motion estimates from which the camera motion can be derived. We present an alternative scheme which uses the properties of motion sensitive cells in the primate brain to derive the image motion and the camera heading vector. We tested heading estimation using a camera mounted on a linear translation table with the line of sight of the camera set at a range of angles relative to straight ahead (0° to 50° in 10° steps). The camera velocity was also varied (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 m/s). Our biologically-based method produced accurate heading estimates over a wide range of test angles and camera speeds. Our approach has the advantage of being a one-shot estimator and not requiring iterative search techniques for finding the heading.
Teaching as a Professional Discipline

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Size and Party System Fragmentation

The present study tests the assumption that size affects party system fragmentation. Three dependent variables are used: the number of parties, the electoral support for the leading party, and the effective number of parties. The study operates on two levels. On the macro level, the research population consists of 77 countries with free party systems. On the micro level, local units in Great Britain and Finland constitute the object of research. The impact of the following intervening variables is controlled for: the effective threshold, presidentialism, socioeconomic diversification, and ethnic and religious diversity. On the macro level, the results show that size contains far more explanatory power than any other variable. This holds true for countries using a plurality electoral system as well as those using a proportional electoral system. On the micro level, there is a strong association between the size of the population and the number of parties, whereas the other dependent variables are insensitive to variations in size.
Phonological Skills of 2-Year-Olds

Conversational speech samples from 33 2-year-olds were analyzed to determine the word and syllable shapes produced, the inventories of initial and final consonantal phones and the percentage of consonants correct. The findings provide a profile of the phonological skills of normally developing 2-year-olds which can be used to assess young children with possible phonological disorders.