Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Suffi x Trees Revisited: (Un)Expected Asymptotic Behaviors

Suffix trees find several applications in computer sciences and telecommunications, most notably in algorithms on strings, data compressions and codes. Despite this, very little is known about their typical behavior. We consider in a probabilistic framework a family of suffix trees further called b-suffix trees built from the first n suffixes of a random word. In this family a noncompact suffix trees (Le., such that every edge is labeled by a single symbol) is represented by b = 1, and a compact suffix tree (Le., without unary nodes) is asymptotically equivalent to b~ 00. Several parameters of b-suffix trees are of interest, namely the typical depth D~b), the depth of insertion L~), the height HAb), the external path length E~b), and so forth. We establish several results concerning typical, that is, almost sure (a.s.), behavior of these parameters. For example, we show that D~b)Ilogn converges (a.s.) to I/h where h is entropy of the alphabet, but not the depth of insertion for which L~) Ilogn oscillates between I/hl and I/h~b) (a.s.) where 0 < h~b) < h ~ hI < 00 are some parameters of the underlying probabilistic model. These findings are used to obtain several insights into certain algorithms on words and universal data compression schemes. As a simple consequence of our results, we settle in the negative the conjecture of Wyner and Ziv regarding the typical length of repeated subwords; we present a new surprising results concerning the length of a block in the Lempel-Ziv parsing algorithm; and finally we demonstrate how to obtain precise asymptotic results for the average time-complexity of some algorithms on strings. *This research was supported in part by NSF Grants CCR-8900305 and INT-8912631, and AFOSR Grant 90-0107, and Grant R01 LM05118 from the National Library of Medicine.
Control of Male and Female Fertility by the Netrin Axon Guidance Genes

The netrin axon guidance genes have previously been implicated in fertility in C. elegans and in vertebrates. Here we show that adult Drosophila lacking both netrin genes, NetA and NetB, have fertility defects in both sexes together with an inability to fly and reduced viability. NetAB females produce fertilized eggs at a much lower rate than wild type. Oocyte development and ovarian innervation are unaffected in NetAB females, and the reproductive tract appears normal. A small gene, hog, that resides in an intron of NetB does not contribute to the NetAB phenotype. Restoring endogenous NetB expression rescues egg-laying, but additional genetic manipulations, such as restoration of netrin midline expression and inhibition of cell death have no effect on fertility. NetAB males induce reduced egg-laying in wild type females and display mirror movements of their wings during courtship. Measurement of courtship parameters revealed no difference compared to wild type males. Transgenic manipulations failed to rescue male fertility and mirror movements. Additional genetic manipulations, such as removal of the enabled gene, a known suppressor of the NetAB embryonic CNS phenotype, did not improve the behavioral defects. The ability to fly was rescued by inhibition of neuronal cell death and pan-neural NetA expression. Based on our results we hypothesize that the adult fertility defects of NetAB mutants are due to ovulation defects in females and a failure to properly transfer sperm proteins in males, and are likely to involve multiple neural circuits.
The Role of Hippocampal and Medial Prefrontal Interactions in the Estrogenic Regulation of Memory

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iv LIST OF FIGURES . vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ix CHAPTER ONE: Introduction and Background Information.1 The role of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in memory.1 Potential interactions between the hippocampus and mPFC.4 Overview of E2 across the lifespan.7 E2 and hippocampal memory.8 E2 and prefrontal memory.12 Molecular mechanisms through which E2 impacts memory.14 Classical estrogen receptors and genomic mechanism of action.14 Membrane estrogen receptors and rapid cell-signaling mechanisms.16 DREADDs: Using a chemogenetic approach to examine prefrontal-hippocampal interactions in the E2-mediated enhancement of object memory formation.17 Significance and summary.19 CHAPTER TWO: Role of the dorsal hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and their interactions in object recognition memory formation.2
The NER-related gene GTF2H5 predicts survival in high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients

Objective We aimed to evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of the nucleotide excision repair-related gene GTF2H5, which is localized at the 6q24.2-26 deletion previously reported by our group to predict longer survival of high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients. Methods In order to test if protein levels of GTF2H5 are associated with patients' outcome, we performed GTF2H5 immunohistochemical staining in 139 high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas included in tissue microarrays. Upon stratification of cases into high- and low-GTF2H5 staining categories (> and ≤ median staining, respectively) Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test were used to estimate patients’ survival and assess statistical differences. We also evaluated the association of GTF2H5 with survival at the transcriptional level by using the on-line Kaplan-Meier plotter tool, which includes gene expression and survival data of 855 high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients from 13 different datasets. Finally, we determined whether stable short hairpin RNA-mediated GTF2H5 downregulation modulates cisplatin sensitivity in the SKOV3 and COV504 cell lines by using cytotoxicity assays. Results Low expression of GTF2H5 was associated with longer 5-year survival of patients at the protein (hazard ratio [HR], 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.93; p=0.024) and transcriptional level (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.97; p=0.023) in high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients. We confirmed the association with 5-year overall survival (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.78; p=0.0007) and also found an association with progression-free survival (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.96; p=0.026) in a homogenous group of 388 high-stage (stages III-IV using the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system), optimally debulked high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients. GTF2H5-silencing induced a decrease of the half maximal inhibitory concentration upon cisplatin treatment in GTF2H5-silenced ovarian cancer cells. Conclusion Low levels of GTF2H5 are associated with enhanced prognosis in high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients and may contribute to cisplatin sensitization.
Preferential Distribution of Inhibitory Cardiac Receptors with Vagal Afferents to the Inferoposterior Wall of the Left Ventricle Activated during Coronary Occlusion in the Dog

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative magnitudes of the reflex effects mediated by cardiac receptors during anterior as opposed to inferoposterior ischemia of the left ventricle of the dog. Cessation of perfusion (coronary ‘occlusion’) of the circumflex coronary artery (Cx) in 29 chloralose-anesthetized dogs with common carotids ligated (group I) resulted in significant bradycardia and hypotension, but in no significant change in perfusion pressure in the gracilis muscle perfused at constant flow. Occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) produced less hypotension, no change in heart rate, and vasoconstriction in the gracilis. After vagotomy and aortic nerve section, no significant change in heart rate or gracilis perfusion pressure was observed during LAD or Cx occlusion, and the blood pressure responses to LAD and Cx occlusion were not different. In nine dogs with sinoaortic denervation (group II), brief Cx occlusion resulted in bradycardia, hypotension, and vasodilation in the gracilis muscle. LAD occlusion in group II dogs caused less hypotension and no change in heart rate or gracilis perfusion pressure. After vagotomy, the bradycardia and vasodilation resulting from Cx occlusion were abolished and the blood pressure responses to LAD and Cx occlusion were not different. The weights of left ventricle perfused by each occluded vessel were not different. These data show that left ventricular receptors with vagal afferents which are activated during coronary occlusion and which mediate cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor responses are located mainly in the inferoposterior left ventricle of the dog heart.
Isolated Shoulder Weakness due to a Small Cortical Infarction

Small cortical infarctions can produce isolated motor paresis in the upper extremities. Several cases of isolated hand or finger paresis have been reported, but isolated shoulder weakness is extremely rare. We report here a patient who developed isolated shoulder weakness due to a small cortical infarction in the medial precentral gyrus.
DARC 2.0: Improved Docking and Virtual Screening at Protein Interaction Sites

Over the past decade, protein-protein interactions have emerged as attractive but challenging targets for therapeutic intervention using small molecules. Due to the relatively flat surfaces that typify protein interaction sites, modern virtual screening tools developed for optimal performance against “traditional” protein targets perform less well when applied instead at protein interaction sites. Previously, we described a docking method specifically catered to the shallow binding modes characteristic of small-molecule inhibitors of protein interaction sites. This method, called DARC (Docking Approach using Ray Casting), operates by comparing the topography of the protein surface when “viewed” from a vantage point inside the protein against the topography of a bound ligand when “viewed” from the same vantage point. Here, we present five key enhancements to DARC. First, we use multiple vantage points to more accurately determine protein-ligand surface complementarity. Second, we describe a new scheme for rapidly determining optimal weights in the DARC scoring function. Third, we incorporate sampling of ligand conformers “on-the-fly” during docking. Fourth, we move beyond simple shape complementarity and introduce a term in the scoring function to capture electrostatic complementarity. Finally, we adjust the control flow in our GPU implementation of DARC to achieve greater speedup of these calculations. At each step of this study, we evaluate the performance of DARC in a “pose recapitulation” experiment: predicting the binding mode of 25 inhibitors each solved in complex with its distinct target protein (a protein interaction site). Whereas the previous version of DARC docked only one of these inhibitors to within 2 Å RMSD of its position in the crystal structure, the newer version achieves this level of accuracy for 12 of the 25 complexes, corresponding to a statistically significant performance improvement (p < 0.001). Collectively then, we find that the five enhancements described here – which together make up DARC 2.0 – lead to dramatically improved speed and performance relative to the original DARC method.
More Than Words

Rating: Teen And Up Audiences Archive Warning: No Archive Warnings Apply Category: M/M Fandom: Supernatural Relationship: Castiel/Dean Winchester Character: Dean Winchester, Castiel, Kevin Tran Additional Tags: Dialogue-Only, Fade-to-black smut, No one's dead and nothing hurts, Castiel in the Bunker, Forest Sex, Destiel Smut Brigade, Banter, Feelings, Canon Temporary Character Death Series: Part 12 of Destiel Smut Brigade Fall Challenge Stats: Published: 2015-11-01 Words: 1111
Gendered cognitions: a socio-cognitive model of how gender affects entrepreneurial preferences

ABSTRACT This research explores the social-cognitive factors which lead both women and men to pursue ventures consistent with their gendered social identity, therefore, reinforcing the gender gap in entrepreneurship. We measured the self-assessments of individuals presented with experimentally manipulated entrepreneurial opportunities that were either consistent or inconsistent with their self-reported gender. A theoretical model derived from Social Role Theory is presented and tested. It posits that a gender match (mismatch) with the entrepreneurial opportunity results in higher (lower) reported self-efficacy, anticipated social resources, and venture desirability and lower (higher) venture risk perceptions. The experimental data are tested in a sequential mediation SEM model. We find evidence that self-efficacy and anticipated social resources mediate the effect of gender congruency on perceived risk and venture desirability. The results provide insight into the insidious barriers that play a role in reproducing a gender gap in entrepreneurial outcomes by ‘nudging’ women into lower-return ventures in less lucrative industries.
Molecular Partial Mitochondrial Inhibition Causes Striatal Dopamine Release Suppression and Medium Spiny Neuron Depolarization via H 2 O 2 Elevation , Not ATP Depletion

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a potential causal factor in Parkinson’s disease. We show here that acute exposure to the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone (30 –100 nM; 30 min) causes concentration-dependent suppression of single-pulse evoked dopamine (DA) release monitored in real time with carbon-fiber microelectrodes in guinea pig striatal slices, with no effect on DA content. Suppression of DA release was prevented by the sulfonylurea glibenclamide, implicating ATP-sensitive K (KATP ) channels; however, tissue ATP was unaltered. Because KATP channels can be activated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ), as well as by low ATP, we examined the involvement of rotenone-enhanced H2O2 generation. Confirming an essential role for H2O2 , the inhibition of DA release by rotenone was prevented by catalase, a peroxide-scavenging enzyme. Striatal H2O2 generation during rotenone exposure was examined in individual medium spiny neurons using fluorescence imaging with dichlorofluorescein (DCF). An increase in intracellular H2O2 levels followed a similar time course to that of DA release suppression and was accompanied by cell membrane depolarization, decreased input resistance, and increased excitability. Extracellular catalase markedly attenuated the increase in DCF fluorescence and prevented rotenone-induced effects on membrane properties; membrane changes were also largely prevented by flufenamic acid, a blocker of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Thus, partial mitochondrial inhibition can cause functional DA denervation via H2O2 and KATP channels, without DA or ATP depletion. Furthermore, amplified H2O2 levels and TRP channel activation in striatal spiny neurons indicate potential sources of damage in these cells. Overall, these novel factors could contribute to parkinsonian motor deficits and neuronal degeneration caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.
The digital skills of Internet-natives The role of ascriptive differences in the possession of different forms of digital literacy in a random sample of northern Italian high school students

This article outlines the main results and methodol gical challenges of a large scale survey on actual digital skills. A test covering three main d imensions of digital literacy (theoretical, operational and evaluation skills) was administered to a random sample of 65 third-year high school classes, producing data on 980 students. Items incl ude knowledge questions, situation-based questions and tasks to be performed online. A Rasch -type model was used to score the results. In agreement with literature, the sample performed bet ter in operational skills, whilst showing a particularly poor performance regarding evaluation skills (although for this dimension the test shows reliability issues). Through a robust regress ion analysis we investigate if a skills divide base d on ascriptive differences, gender and family cultur al background, exists among the students. It emerges that cultural background has a significant effect, which is stronger on operational skills,
Nocturnal Mnemonics: Sleep and Hippocampal Memory Processing

As critical as waking brain function is to learning and memory, an established literature now describes an equally important yet complementary role for sleep in information processing. This overview examines the specific contribution of sleep to human hippocampal memory processing; both the detriments caused by a lack of sleep, and conversely, the proactive benefits that develop following the presence of sleep. First, a role for sleep before learning is discussed, preparing the hippocampus for initial memory encoding. Second, a role for sleep after learning is considered, modulating the post-encoding consolidation of hippocampal-dependent memory. Third, a model is outlined in which these encoding and consolidation operations are symbiotically accomplished, associated with specific NREM sleep physiological oscillations. As a result, the optimal network outcome is achieved: increasing hippocampal independence and hence overnight consolidation, while restoring next-day sparse hippocampal encoding capacity for renewed learning ability upon awakening. Finally, emerging evidence is considered suggesting that, unlike previous conceptions, sleep does not universally consolidate all information. Instead, and based on explicit as well as saliency cues during initial encoding, sleep executes the discriminatory offline consolidation only of select information. Consequently, sleep promotes the targeted strengthening of some memories while actively forgetting others; a proposal with significant theoretical and clinical ramifications.
Flapping dynamics of an inverted flag

Abstract The dynamics of an inverted flag are investigated experimentally in order to find the conditions under which self-excited flapping can occur. In contrast to a typical flag with a fixed leading edge and a free trailing edge, the inverted flag of our study has a free leading edge and a fixed trailing edge. The behaviour of the inverted flag can be classified into three regimes based on its non-dimensional bending stiffness scaled by flow velocity and flag length. Two quasi-steady regimes, straight mode and fully deflected mode, are observed, and a limit-cycle flapping mode with large amplitude appears between the two quasi-steady regimes. Bistable states are found in both straight to flapping mode transition and flapping to deflected mode transition. The effect of mass ratio, relative magnitude of flag inertia and fluid inertia, on the non-dimensional bending stiffness range for flapping is negligible, unlike the instability of the typical flag. Because of the unsteady fluid force, a flapping sheet can produce elastic strain energy several times larger than a sheet of the deformed mode, improving the conversion of fluid kinetic energy to elastic strain energy. According to the analysis of the leading-edge vortex formation process, the time scale of optimal vortex formation correlates with efficient conversion to elastic strain energy during bending.
Privacy and security concerns as major barriers for e-commerce: a survey study

The public lack of confidence in online information technology (IT) is not merely about security of value, but also about trust in the information society. Privacy and security concerns are the number one reason Web users are not purchasing over the Web. Proposes to investigate the privacy and security concerns of IT users in order to establish a consensus among them. Uses data from 158 participants to come to a conclusion that the following major concerns (in the descending of importance) exist: privacy, security and threats, impersonation and forged identity, children protection, e‐mail safety, and censorship. The results also show that privacy and security concerns are the main impediment to shopping on the Internet. The implication is that the successful organizations will be those who expend their resources and efforts to ensure that IT users’ concerns are adequately addressed.
Predicting Species Distributions from Samples Collected along Roadsides

Abstract: Predictive models of species distributions are typically developed with data collected along roads. Roadside sampling may provide a biased (nonrandom) sample; however, it is currently unknown whether roadside sampling limits the accuracy of predictions generated by species distribution models. We tested whether roadside sampling affects the accuracy of predictions generated by species distribution models by using a prospective sampling strategy designed specifically to address this issue. We built models from roadside data and validated model predictions at paired locations on unpaved roads and 200 m away from roads (off road), spatially and temporally independent from the data used for model building. We predicted species distributions of 15 bird species on the basis of point‐count data from a landbird monitoring program in Montana and Idaho (U.S.A.). We used hierarchical occupancy models to account for imperfect detection. We expected predictions of species distributions derived from roadside‐sampling data would be less accurate when validated with data from off‐road sampling than when it was validated with data from roadside sampling and that model accuracy would be differentially affected by whether species were generalists, associated with edges, or associated with interior forest. Model performance measures (kappa, area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic plot, and true skill statistic) did not differ between model predictions of roadside and off‐road distributions of species. Furthermore, performance measures did not differ among edge, generalist, and interior species, despite a difference in vegetation structure along roadsides and off road and that 2 of the 15 species were more likely to occur along roadsides. If the range of environmental gradients is surveyed in roadside‐sampling efforts, our results suggest that surveys along unpaved roads can be a valuable, unbiased source of information for species distribution models.
Evaluating the Criterion Validity and Classification Accuracy of Universal Screening Measures in Reading

Educators use universal screening to identify students who may be at risk for not meeting proficiency on the state assessment. Given the potential high-stakes of state tests, using accurate screeners is critical. Independent research is emerging on screeners such as the Measures of Academic Progress (MAP), a computer adaptive test, and the Strategic Teaching Evaluation of Progress (STEP), a developmental reading assessment. This study evaluated the criterion-related validity of MAP and STEP with a state assessment. Additionally, the utility of each screener to distinguish between students at risk and not at risk was evaluated using multiple screening approaches. Participants were two cohorts (Cohort 1 N = 255; Cohort 2 N = 122) of children enrolled in two public charter schools. MAP and STEP were administered in spring of second grade and fall of third grade. Results suggested MAP and STEP scores were significant strong predictors of third-grade state assessment scores. STEP scores explained a small amount of variance in state assessment scores beyond MAP scores alone. Findings support using MAP and STEP to identify students who may be at risk; however, MAP is sufficient as a single screener, using locally derived cut-scores or cut-scores linked to the state assessment.