Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A scalable, commodity data center network architecture

Today's data centers may contain tens of thousands of computers with significant aggregate bandwidth requirements. The network architecture typically consists of a tree of routing and switching elements with progressively more specialized and expensive equipment moving up the network hierarchy. Unfortunately, even when deploying the highest-end IP switches/routers, resulting topologies may only support 50% of the aggregate bandwidth available at the edge of the network, while still incurring tremendous cost. Non-uniform bandwidth among data center nodes complicates application design and limits overall system performance. In this paper, we show how to leverage largely commodity Ethernet switches to support the full aggregate bandwidth of clusters consisting of tens of thousands of elements. Similar to how clusters of commodity computers have largely replaced more specialized SMPs and MPPs, we argue that appropriately architected and interconnected commodity switches may deliver more performance at less cost than available from today's higher-end solutions. Our approach requires no modifications to the end host network interface, operating system, or applications; critically, it is fully backward compatible with Ethernet, IP, and TCP.
High‐Resolution Regional Reanalysis in China: Evaluation of 1 Year Period Experiments

Globally, reanalysis data sets are widely used in assessing climate change, validating numerical models, and understanding the interactions between the components of a climate system. However, due to the relatively coarse resolution, most global reanalysis data sets are not suitable to apply at the local and regional scales directly with the inadequate descriptions of mesoscale systems and climatic extreme incidents such as mesoscale convective systems, squall lines, tropical cyclones, regional droughts, and heat waves. In this study, by using a data assimilation system of Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation, and a mesoscale atmospheric model of Weather Research and Forecast model, we build a regional reanalysis system. This is preliminary and the first experimental attempt to construct a high‐resolution reanalysis for China main land. Four regional test bed data sets are generated for year 2013 via three widely used methods (classical dynamical downscaling, spectral nudging, and data assimilation) and a hybrid method with data assimilation coupled with spectral nudging. Temperature at 2 m, precipitation, and upper level atmospheric variables are evaluated by comparing against observations for one‐year‐long tests. It can be concluded that the regional reanalysis with assimilation and nudging methods can better produce the atmospheric variables from surface to upper levels, and regional extreme events such as heat waves, than the classical dynamical downscaling. Compared to the ERA‐Interim global reanalysis, the hybrid nudging method performs slightly better in reproducing upper level temperature and low‐level moisture over China, which improves regional reanalysis data quality.
Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM using polymerized whey proteins as wall material

Abstract Survivability of probiotics in foods is essential for developing functional food containing probiotics. We investigated polymerized whey protein (PWP)-based microencapsulation process which is developed for protecting probiotics like Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and compared with the method using sodium alginate (SA). The entrapment rate was 89.3 ± 4.8% using PWP, while it was 73.2 ± 1.4% for SA. The microencapsulated NCFM by PWP and SA were separately subjected to digestion juices and post-fermentation storage of fermented cows’ and goats’ milk using the encapsulated culture. The log viable count of NCFM in PWP-based microencapsulation was 4.56, compared with that of 4.26 in SA-based ones and 3.13 for free culture. Compared with using SA as wall material, PWP was more effective in protecting probiotic. Microencapsulation of L. acidophilus NCFM using PWP as wall material can be exploited in the development of fermented dairy products with better survivability of probiotic organism.
Comparative analysis of microRNA expression profiles between A549, A549/DDP and their respective exosomes

Exosomes were reported to transport bioactive molecules and influence the biology behavior of recipient cells. In order to study the role of exosomal microRNAs in the mechanism of cisplatin resistance to lung cancer cells, we analyzed the expression profiles of microRNAs in A549, A549/DDP cells and their exosomes by microarray. The results showed that a certain proportion of microRNAs were co-expressed in the cells and exosomes. Linear regression analysis showed that the expression of microRNAs in A549 and A549/DDP cells were strongly correlated with those in their respective exosomes. The expression level of 5 microRNAs (miR-197-5p, miR-4443, miR-642a-3p, miR-27b-3p and miR-100-5p) with the most differential expression were verified by qRT-PCR. The results were consistent with those of the microarray. Target gene prediction and pathway analysis discovered that the microRNAs in the intersections may participate in drug resistance. And the prediction of their association with diseases found that most of these microRNAs was associated with lung cancer. We could draw a preliminary conclusion that microRNAs in exosomes may be involved in the drug resistance of lung cancer cells to cisplatin.
PATTERNS OF TROPICAL DEFORESTATION

MURALI, K.S. & HEDGE, R. 1997. Patterns of tropical deforestation. In the recent past, there have been worldwide efforts to conserve tropical forests and forest resources for the future of mankind. Unfortunately, deforestation is taking place at an alarmingly faster rate all over the world than ever before. It is estimated that nearly 1.8 per cent of the forests are being degraded every year. The major threat to deforestation is considered to be the growing human population. An attempt is made here to provide a comprehensive analysis to show the relative contribution of several demographic and economic factors contributing to deforestation such as evaluating the role of population density, population growth rate, extent of forest area, total land area and foreign exchange earned through export of forest products in deforestation . Data on total geographical area, forest area, population density, export of forest products and population growth rate of 141 countries over different continents were obtained from the year book published by World Resources Institute and were analysed to understand the relation among these parameters on deforestation . Our analyses reveal that the deforestation was highest in South American countries followed by Asia. Surprisingly, although Europe had high population density, the deforestation rates were very low. This pattern is argued as the consequence of import of many forest goods from tropical countries rather than using their own resources or that they may be lacking in those resources. Further, our analyses reveal that the commonly held notion that population pressure causes greater levels of deforestation may not be true globally. Countries in Africa and Asia are showing density linked deforestation levels unlike South America and North and Central American continents. Interestingly, in Africa, small countries (having less total area and forest area) are having higher deforestation rates than larger countries. Owing to the poverty of developing countries and increasing ing resource intensive needs (largely due to shift in culture) of the developed countries, there was a shift in market to natural resources. Changing such attitudes and culture may play a more vital role in determining the deforestation levels rather than assuming population pressures as the major force behind the deforestation.
Eosinophilic esophagitis: current understanding and evolving concepts

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is now considered to represent a form of food allergy and this is demonstrated by a response to elimination diet in many patients. A critical additional factor may be an inherent impairment in epithelial barrier integrity, possibly worsened by reflux of gastric contents and improved with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use. Key clinic challenges are posed by the absence of reliable allergy tests to guide elimination diet, and the subsequent need for invasive endoscopic assessment following empirical food challenge, meaning that corticosteroids will remain the mainstay of therapy for many. From a research standpoint, determining if impairments in barrier integrity are innate, and how PPIs address this deficit (which may be pH independent) are important questions that when answered may allow future therapeutic advancement.
The Pass-Through of Sovereign Risk ∗ Job Market Paper

This paper examines the aggregate implications of sovereign credit risk in a business cycle model where banks are exposed to risky government debt. An increase in the probability of a future sovereign default induces a credit tightening through two channels. First, it lowers the value of government debt in the balance sheet of banks, tightening their funding constraints and leaving them with fewer resources to lend to firms. Second, it raises the required premia demanded by banks for lending to the productive sector because this activity has become riskier: if the sovereign default occurs, the economy falls in a major recession and firms’ claims on the balance sheet of banks pay out little. I estimate the nonlinear model with Italian data using Bayesian techniques. I find that sovereign credit risk led to a rise in firms’ financing premia that peaked 100 basis points, and cumulative output losses of 4.75% at the end of 2011. Both channels were equally important drivers of this pass-through. I then use the model to evaluate the effects of subsidized long term loans to banks, calibrated to the ECB’s longer term refinancing operations. The presence of a significant risk channel at the policy enactment explains the limited stimulative effects of these interventions. JEL: E32, E44, G01, G21
Infarct Size Determines Myocardial Uptake of CD34+ Cells in the Peri-Infarct Zone: Results From a Study of 99mTc-extametazime–Labeled Cell Visualization Integrated With Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Infarct Imaging

Background— Effective progenitor cell recruitment to the ischemic injury zone is a prerequisite for any potential therapeutic effect. Cell uptake determinants in humans with recent myocardial infarction are not defined. We tested the hypothesis that myocardial uptake of autologous CD34+ cells delivered via an intracoronary route after recent myocardial infarction is related to left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) and infarct size. Methods and Results— Thirty-one subjects (age, 36–69 years; 28 men) with primary percutaneous coronary intervention–treated anterior ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction and significant myocardial injury (median peak troponin I, 138 ng/mL [limits, 58–356 ng/mL]) and sustained LVEF depression at ⩽45% were recruited. On day 10 (days 7–12), 4.3×106 (0.7–9.9×106) 99mTc-extametazime–labeled autologous bone marrow CD34+ cells (activity, 77 MBq [45.9–86.7 MBq]) were administered transcoronarily (left anterior descending coronary artery). 99mTc-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) single-photon emission computed tomography before cell delivery showed 7 (2–11) (of 17) segments with definitely abnormal/absent perfusion. Late gadolinium-enhanced infarct core mass was 21.7 g (4.4–45.9 g), and infarct border zone mass was 29.8 g (3.9–60.2 g) (full-width at half-maximum, signal intensity thresholding algorithm). One hour after administration, 5.2% (1.7%–9.9%) of labeled cell activity localized in the myocardium (whole-body planar &ggr; scan). Image fusion of labeled cell single-photon emission computed tomography with LV perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography or with cardiac magnetic resonance infarct imaging indicated cell uptake in the peri-infarct zone. Myocardial uptake of labeled cells activity correlated in particular with late gadolinium-enhanced infarct border zone mass (r=0.84, P<0.0001); it also correlated with peak TnI (r=0.76, P<0.001), severely-abnormal/absent perfusion segment number (r=0.45, P=0.008), and late gadolinium-enhanced infarct core (r=0.58, P=0.0003) but not with echocardiography LVEF (r=−0.07, P=0.68) or gated single-photon emission computed tomography LVEF (r=−0.28, P=0.16. The correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-LVEF was weak (r=−0.38; P=0.04). Conclusions— This largest human study with labeled bone marrow CD34+ cell transcoronary transplantation after recent ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction found that myocardial cell uptake is determined by infarct size rather than LVEF and occurs preferentially in the peri-infarct zone.
Rule-based Entity Recognition and Coverage of SNOMED CT in Swedish Clinical Text

Named entity recognition of the clinical entities disorders, findings and body structures is needed for information extraction from unstructured text in health records. Clinical notes from a Swedish emergency unit were annotated and used for evaluating a rule- and terminology-based entity recognition system. This system used different preprocessing techniques for matching terms to SNOMED CT, and, one by one, four other terminologies were added. For the class body structure, the results improved with preprocessing, whereas only small improvements were shown for the classes disorder and finding. The best average results were achieved when all terminologies were used together. The entity body structure was recognised with a precision of 0.74 and a recall of 0.80, whereas lower results were achieved for disorder (precision: 0.75, recall: 0.55) and for finding (precision: 0.57, recall: 0.30). The proportion of entities containing abbreviations were higher for false negatives than for correctly recognised entities, and no entities containing more than two tokens were recognised by the system. Low recall for disorders and findings shows both that additional methods are needed for entity recognition and that there are many expressions in clinical text that are not included in SNOMED CT.
Patient blood management to reduce surgical risk

Preoperative anaemia and perioperative blood transfusion are both identifiable and preventable surgical risks. Patient blood management is a multimodal approach to address this issue. It focuses on three pillars of care: the detection and treatment of preoperative anaemia; the reduction of perioperative blood loss; and harnessing and optimizing the patient‐specific physiological reserve of anaemia, including restrictive haemoglobin transfusion triggers. This article reviews why patient blood management is needed and strategies for its incorporation into surgical pathways.
An investigation of weak syllable processing in deaf children with cochlear implants

In this study the influence of prosodic foot structure on the processing of weak syllables in children with cochlear implants (CI) was investigated. A battery of tests investigating processing of weak syllables in single and multiword utterances was carried out on four groups of children: 15 children with CI developing spoken language as expected (Main CI); five children with CI reported to have additional speech and language problems; 15 age matched; and 15 language matched (LM) children with normal hearing (NH). Children in the main CI and, to a lesser extent, the LM groups processed footed weak syllables preferably over unfooted weak syllables (particularly as memory load increased). Thus, these children with CI appear to possess a similar Prosodic Hierarchy (PH) to their LM peers with NH, and possibly due to the impact of delayed and constrained exposure to audition on the development of linguistic processing and short‐term memory, are influenced by its foot structure in the processing of weak syllables.
Network Physiology: How Organ Systems Dynamically Interact

We systematically study how diverse physiologic systems in the human organism dynamically interact and collectively behave to produce distinct physiologic states and functions. This is a fundamental question in the new interdisciplinary field of Network Physiology, and has not been previously explored. Introducing the novel concept of Time Delay Stability (TDS), we develop a computational approach to identify and quantify networks of physiologic interactions from long-term continuous, multi-channel physiological recordings. We also develop a physiologically-motivated visualization framework to map networks of dynamical organ interactions to graphical objects encoded with information about the coupling strength of network links quantified using the TDS measure. Applying a system-wide integrative approach, we identify distinct patterns in the network structure of organ interactions, as well as the frequency bands through which these interactions are mediated. We establish first maps representing physiologic organ network interactions and discover basic rules underlying the complex hierarchical reorganization in physiologic networks with transitions across physiologic states. Our findings demonstrate a direct association between network topology and physiologic function, and provide new insights into understanding how health and distinct physiologic states emerge from networked interactions among nonlinear multi-component complex systems. The presented here investigations are initial steps in building a first atlas of dynamic interactions among organ systems.
Parentage determination of Vanda Miss Joaquim (Orchidaceae) through two chloroplast genes rbcL and matK

This manuscript describes the use of the DNA barcoding regions matK and rbcL to determine the seed parent of the popular orchid hybrid and Singapore's national flower, Vanda Miss Joaquim. The pollen parent was inferred by exclusion to be V. hookeriana and the pod parent V. teres var. andersonii.
Gene-expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in sepsis*

Objectives:It has been shown that gene-expression profiling of circulating neutrophils could identify signature genes of sepsis. However, whether similar transcriptional changes occurred in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was not known. Using microarray technology, we performed gene-expression profiling of PBMC to identify signature genes that distinguish sepsis from noninfectious causes of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), between Gram-positive and Gram-negative sepsis. Design:A cross-sectional, observational study. Setting:A 20-bed general intensive care unit of a tertiary referral hospital. Patients:Seventy critically ill patients (46 sepsis and 24 SIRS). Interventions:Intravenous blood was collected for leukocyte separation and RNA extraction. Gene-expression profiling was performed on PBMC using Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays with 54,675 transcripts. Data were divided into a training set (n = 35) and a validation set (n = 35). A molecular signature was developed in the training set using support vector machine and was then validated in the validation set. Measurements and Main Results:We identified a molecular signature of 138 genes that could differentiate between sepsis and SIRS patients with 91% and 80% accuracy in the training and validation sets, respectively. There were no signature genes that could differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative sepsis. The expression of genes involved in inflammatory response and immune function was significantly reduced in septic patients when compared with those with SIRS. Genes involved in apoptosis, on the other hand, were more highly expressed in septic patients. Conclusion:There was evidence of sepsis-related immunosuppression and reduced inflammatory response in mononuclear cells on a transcriptome level. These characteristic transcriptional changes can be used to aid the diagnosis of sepsis.
Visual topic model for web image annotation

In this paper, we focus on image semantic understanding under large scale of image set, in which traditional approaches suffer from the limitations of scalability, tag correlation and noisy items. To solve these problems, a novel Visual Topic Model framework is proposed, via unsupervised clustering techniques. The framework aims at analyzing image semantics fusing both content and context, by considering tag correlations and ambiguities. In fact, the tags highly correlated in context may vary greatly in visual content and thus represent different semantics. Furthermore, a keyword selection and image annotation algorithm is also developed and applied to Flickr database with 175,770 images. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, credible performance provides solid support for our framework.
This Table is Different: A WordNet-Based Approach to Identifying References to Document Entities

Writing intended to inform frequently contains references to document entities (DEs), a mixed class that includes orthographically structured items (e.g., illustrations, sections, lists) and discourse entities (arguments, suggestions, points). Such references are vital to the interpretation of documents, but they often eschew identifiers such as “Figure 1” for inexplicit phrases like “in this figure” or “from these premises”. We examine inexplicit references to DEs, termed DE references, and recast the problem of their automatic detection into the determination of relevant word senses. We then show the feasibility of machine learning for the detection of DE-relevant word senses, using a corpus of human-labeled synsets from WordNet. We test cross-domain performance by gathering lemmas and synsets from three corpora: website privacy policies, Wikipedia articles, and Wikibooks textbooks. Identifying DE references will enable language technologies to use the information encoded by them, permitting the automatic generation of finely-tuned descriptions of DEs and the presentation of richly-structured information to readers.
Bird-Borne Video-Cameras Show That Seabird Movement Patterns Relate to Previously Unrevealed Proximate Environment, Not Prey

The study of ecological and behavioral processes has been revolutionized in the last two decades with the rapid development of biologging-science. Recently, using image-capturing devices, some pilot studies demonstrated the potential of understanding marine vertebrate movement patterns in relation to their proximate, as opposed to remote sensed environmental contexts. Here, using miniaturized video cameras and GPS tracking recorders simultaneously, we show for the first time that information on the immediate visual surroundings of a foraging seabird, the Cape gannet, is fundamental in understanding the origins of its movement patterns. We found that movement patterns were related to specific stimuli which were mostly other predators such as gannets, dolphins or fishing boats. Contrary to a widely accepted idea, our data suggest that foraging seabirds are not directly looking for prey. Instead, they search for indicators of the presence of prey, the latter being targeted at the very last moment and at a very small scale. We demonstrate that movement patterns of foraging seabirds can be heavily driven by processes unobservable with conventional methodology. Except perhaps for large scale processes, local-enhancement seems to be the only ruling mechanism; this has profounds implications for ecosystem-based management of marine areas.