Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
N-(2-Formylphenyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide: a second monoclinic polymorph

The title compound, C14H13NO3S, (I), is a second monoclinic polymorph. The original polymorph, (II), was reported by Mahía et al. [Acta Cryst. (1999), C55, 2158–2160]. Polymorph (II) crystalllized in the space group P21/c (Z = 4), whereas the title polymorph (I) occurs in the space group P21/n (Z = 4). The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 75.9 (1)° in (I) compared to 81.9 (1)° for (II). In both polymorphs, two S(6) rings are generated by intramolecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in similar molecular geometries. However, the two polymorphs differ concerning their crystal packing. In (I), molecules are linked into C(8) zigzag chains along the b axis by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, whereas in (II) molecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming C(7) chains along the b axis. The title polymorph is further stabilized by intermolecular C—H⋯π and π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.814 (1) Å]. These interactions are not evident in polymorph (II).
Spatial analysis improves species distribution modelling during range expansion

Species distribution models (SDMs) assume equilibrium between species' distribution and the environment. However, this assumption can be violated under restricted dispersal and spatially autocorrelated environmental conditions. Here we used a model to simulate species' ranges expansion under two non-equilibrium scenarios, evaluating the performance of SDM coupled with spatial eigenvector mapping. The highest fit is for the models that include space, although the relative importance of spatial variables during the range expansion differs in the two scenarios. Incorporating space to the models was important only under colonization-lag non-equilibrium, under the expected scenario. Thus, mechanisms that generate range cohesion and determine species' distribution under climate changes can be captured by spatial modelling, with advantages compared with other techniques and in line with recent claims that SDMs have to account for more complex dynamic scenarios.
A microscopic simulation model for pedestrian-pedestrian and pedestrian-vehicle interactions at crosswalks

This study aims to develop a microscopic pedestrian behavior model considering various interactions on pedestrian dynamics at crosswalks. Particularly, we take into account the evasion behavior with counter-flow pedestrians, the following behavior with leader pedestrians, and the collision avoidance behavior with vehicles. Aerial video data at one intersection in Beijing, China are extracted for model calibration. A microscopic calibration approach based on maximum likelihood estimation is applied to estimate the parameters of a modified social force model. Finally, we validate step-wise speed, step-wise acceleration, step-wise direction change, crossing time and lane formation phenomenon by comparing the real data and simulation outputs.
Self- and Proxy-Report Agreement on the Stroke Impact Scale

Background and Purpose— The purpose of this study was to examine proxy–patient agreement on the domains of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), as per the proxy–proxy perspective. Methods— Stroke patients were prospectively assessed by means of the NIH Stroke Scale, Barthel index, and modified Rankin scale. Proxies and patients answered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the SIS 3.0. Comparisons of patient–proxy mean scores (paired t test), effect size, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for each of the SIS domains, and weighted kappa for individual items. Results— 180 proxy–patient pairs were assessed. Proxies were younger (mean age: 43.1 versus 57.9 years) and had a higher education level (P<0.0001). The bias between patient–proxy mean differences was low (from 5.3, Strength, to 0.1, Communication). Proxies significantly scored patients as more severally affected in Strength (41.7 versus 36.6; P<0.0001) and ADL (46.2 versus 43.1; P=0.01) domains, and Composite Physical Domain (CPD; 39.7 versus 34.9; P<0.0001). The magnitude of difference was small (size effect: 0.21). ICC values for the SIS domains ranged from 0.17 (Emotion) to 0.79 (Hand function). The ICC value for the CPD was 0.83. Memory, Communication, Emotion, and Social Participation domains had ICC lower values. The weighted kappa values for the SIS items ranged from 0.09 (item 4e) to 0.80 (item 7d). Highest values (moderate/high agreement) were observed for the SIS-16 and CPD (kappa values: 0.31 to 0.80). Conclusions— Agreement between stroke patients and proxies was acceptable for most SIS domains and SIS-16. Proxy’s assessment of SIS subjective domains should be taken with caution.
Purification and characterization of an aminopeptidase from Mycoplasma salivarium

The aminopeptidase which had been shown to be present in Mycoplasma salivarium was found to be associated with the cell membranes of the organism. The enzyme was solubilized in water by papain digestion of the membranes pretreated with Triton X-100 and purified approximately 130-fold by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, affinity chromatography on L-leucylglycine-AH-Sepharose 4B, and gel filtration on Sepharose CL-6B. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of 397 kilodaltons, estimated by gel filtration through Sepharose CL-6B, and gave two bands of activity in analytical disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: a dense, diffuse band and a less dense, narrow one, accounting for 90 and 5% of stained proteins in the gel, respectively. The purified protein revealed two bands with molecular masses of 50 and 46 kilodaltons by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme catalyzed selectively the cleavage of the N-terminal arginine and leucine residues of peptides; had a pH optimum at 8.5; and was inhibited remarkably by bestatin, o-phenanthroline, EDTA, and L-cysteine, but was activated nine- and twofold by MnCl2 and MgCl2, respectively. The enzyme pretreated with MnCl2 had much higher maximum velocity (Vmax) for L-leucine-p-nitroanilide than the one not treated. That is, the Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax values of the pretreated enzyme were 10.5 mM and 12.1 microM/min, respectively, whereas those of the untreated enzyme were 5.8 mM and 1.6 microM/min, respectively.
SmartRE: an architecture for coordinated network-wide redundancy elimination

Application-independent Redundancy Elimination (RE), or identifying and removing repeated content from network transfers, has been used with great success for improving network performance on enterprise access links. Recently, there is growing interest for supporting RE as a network-wide service. Such a network-wide RE service benefits ISPs by reducing link loads and increasing the effective network capacity to better accommodate the increasing number of bandwidth-intensive applications. Further, a networkwide RE service democratizes the benefits of RE to all end-to-end traffic and improves application performance by increasing throughput and reducing latencies. While the vision of a network-wide RE service is appealing, realizing it in practice is challenging. In particular, extending single vantage-point RE solutions designed for enterprise access links to the network-wide case is inefficient and/or requires modifying routing policies. We present SmartRE, a practical and efficient architecture for network-wide RE. We show that SmartRE can enable more effective utilization of the available resources at network devices, and thus can magnify the overall benefits of network-wide RE. We prototype our algorithms using Click and test our framework extensively using several real and synthetic traces.
Real-time teleophthalmology versus face-to-face consultation: A systematic review

Introduction Advances in imaging capabilities and the evolution of real-time teleophthalmology have the potential to provide increased coverage to areas with limited ophthalmology services. However, there is limited research assessing the diagnostic accuracy of face-to-face teleophthalmology consultation. This systematic review aims to determine if real-time teleophthalmology provides comparable accuracy to face-to-face consultation for the diagnosis of common eye health conditions. Methods A search of PubMed, Embase, Medline and Cochrane databases and manual citation review was conducted on 6 February and 7 April 2016. Included studies involved real-time telemedicine in the field of ophthalmology or optometry, and assessed diagnostic accuracy against gold-standard face-to-face consultation. The revised quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS-2) tool assessed risk of bias. Results Twelve studies were included, with participants ranging from four to 89 years old. A broad number of conditions were assessed and include corneal and retinal pathologies, strabismus, oculoplastics and post-operative review. Quality assessment identified a high or unclear risk of bias in patient selection (75%) due to an undisclosed recruitment processes. The index test showed high risk of bias in the included studies, due to the varied interpretation and conduct of real-time teleophthalmology methods. Reference standard risk was overall low (75%), as was the risk due to flow and timing (75%). Conclusion In terms of diagnostic accuracy, real-time teleophthalmology was considered superior to face-to-face consultation in one study and comparable in six studies. Store-and-forward image transmission coupled with real-time videoconferencing is a suitable alternative to overcome poor internet transmission speeds.
A Case for Reducing Link Stress in a Multimedia Streaming Service Backbone

Application Layer Multicast, where a group of end hosts peer together to form a multicast overlay network on top of the network underlay is increasingly being used for streaming multimedia content. Current approaches have focused mainly on Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as latency and bandwidth, ignoring the importance of minimizing underlay link stress. Link stress occurs when a number of overlay links share common links at the network level. Multiple overlay paths may send redundant traffic through the same underlay link, causing unnecessary congestion and unfairly burdening the better links. By distributing traffic over a large number of links rather than putting the burden on a few links, the system would become fairer in terms of resource usage and congestion alleviated. Also, an underlay link failure would affect fewer peers. The problem has been shown to be NP hard in literature, thus in this paper we present a heuristic solution to reduce underlay link stress. Through real traceroute data, we establish that link stress is in fact a problem and then we make use of random search to achieve reduction, of up to 77%, in link stress.
MOVEMENT OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS AND OTHER VOLATILE ORGANICS THROUGH PLANTS MONITORED BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FT-IR) SPECTROMETRY

Plants have a large capacity to transfer water from soil to the atmosphere. Soluble contaminants may be carried with that water, with a relative extent of transfer that depends on their octanol-water or organic matter-water partition coefficient. We measured the transfer rate for several solvents that vary in volatility and solubility, including trichloro ethylene, trichloroethane, chloroform, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, and methyl-t-butyl ether. We tested them alone and in several combinations. An extractive Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer (Gasmet, produced by Temet Instruments) was used to measure concentrations in the gas phase above plants which had their root system immersed in water containing the contaminant. Deuterated water was used to trace transpiration rate. Hybrid poplars (Populus deltoides x nigra) and saltcedar (Tamarix parviflora) gave similar results, indicating relatively free movement of the indicated solvents, alone or in combinations. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) also permitted transfer of those compounds that were tested.
Metabolic interaction between ApoE genotype and onset age in Alzheimer’s disease: implications for brain reserve

Background: Clinically apparent Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is thought to result when brain tissue damage exceeds a critical threshold of “brain reserve”, a process possibly accelerated by the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) E4 allele. The interaction between onset age and ApoE genotype was investigated to assess whether early disease onset (<65 years) in patients carrying the E4 allele is associated with greater cerebral metabolic (regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose utilisation, rCMRgl) reduction. Methods: AD patients, divided into early (EOAD; 27 patients) and late onset (LOAD; 65 patients) groups, both groups balanced as to the number of E4 carriers (E4+) and non-carriers (E4−), and matched controls (NC; 35 cases) underwent 18F-FDG PET ([18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography) scanning. SPM’99 software was used to compare AD patients to NC and to perform a two way ANOVA with onset age and ApoE genotype as grouping factors. Results were considered significant at p<0.001, uncorrected. Results: AD patients demonstrated rCMRgl reductions compared to NC, with rCMRgl lower in association cortex and relatively higher in limbic areas in EOAD compared to LOAD subjects. rCMRgl was lower in the anterior cingulate and frontal cortex for E4+ compared to E4− subjects. A significant onset age by ApoE interaction was detected in the hippocampi and basal frontal cortex, with EOAD E4+ subjects having the greatest rCMRgl reduction. Conclusions: The interactive effects of early onset age, possibly reflecting lower brain reserve, and ApoE E4 allele, possibly leading to greater tissue damage, lead to reduced tolerance to the pathophysiological effects of AD in key brain regions.
On Isometric Embeddings into Anti-de Sitter Spacetimes

We show that any metric on S 2 with Gauss curvature K ≥ −� admits a C 1,1 -isometric embedding into the hyperbolic space with sectional curvature −�. We also give a sufficient condition for a metric on S 2 to be isometrically embedded into anti-de Sitter spacetime with the prescribed cosmological time function.
Three decades of pediatric intensive care: Who was admitted, what happened in intensive care, and what happened afterward*

Objective: To describe the characteristics of children admitted to intensive care in 1982, 1995, and 2005–2006, and their long-term outcome. Setting: Pediatric intensive care unit in a university-affiliated children's hospital. Design/Methods: Information for 2005–2006 admissions was obtained from pediatric intensive care unit database, and long-term outcome was ascertained through telephone interviews. Results were compared to previous cohorts from 1982 and 1995. Results: A total of 4010 children were admitted on 5250 occasions. Readmissions increased from 11% for 1982 to 31% in 2005 to 2006 (p < .001). In 2005–2006, fewer children were admitted after accidents (p < .001), or with croup (p < .001), or epiglottitis (p = .01), and 8% were treated with noninvasive ventilation compared to none in 1982 (p < .0001). Among children aged ≥1 month, pediatric intensive care unit length of stay remained constant. The risk of death predicted by the Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) remained constant (approximately 6%) between 1995 and 2005–2006.The proportion that died in the pediatric intensive care unit fell from 11.0% in 1982 to 4.8% in 2005–2006 (p < .001). Among children aged ≥1 month, proportion admitted with a preexisting moderate or severe disability was similar: 12.0% in 1982 and 14.6% in 2005–2006 (p = .11), but the proportion with a moderate or severe disability at follow-up increased from 8.4% in 1982 to 17.9% in 2005–2006 (p < .001). The proportion of children aged ≥1 month who either died in the pediatric intensive care unit or survived with disability did not improve: it was 19.4% in 1982 and 22.7% in 2005–2006. Conclusion: Over the last three decades, the length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit and the severity of illness have not changed, but there has been a substantial reduction in pediatric intensive care unit mortality. However, the proportion of survivors with moderate or severe disability increased significantly. Some children who would have been allowed to die in 1982 and 1995 were kept alive in 2005–2006, but survived with disability. This trend has important implications for our patients and their families, and for the community as a whole.
Mechanisms of neutrophil‐induced parenchymal cell injury

Neutrophils are involved in organ damage induced by an excessive acute inflammatory response after ischemia‐reperfusion, trauma, and sepsis. In addition to causing vascular injury, neutrophils can transmigrate and attack parenchymal cells. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of neutrophil‐induced parenchymal cell injury using the liver as an example. Reviewed are the mechanisms of neutrophil sequestration in the hepatic vasculature, transendothelial migration, adherence to hepatic parenchymal cells, and mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Discussed are the involvement of various adhesion molecules in these processes, the role of cytokines and chemokines in the pathophysiology, as well as the effects of proteases and reactive oxygen species released by neutrophils. The emerging understanding of the basic mechanisms of neutrophil‐induced organ damage is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies to attenuate excessive acute inflammatory responses without compromising essential host defense mechanisms. J. Leukoc. Biol. 61: 647–653; 1997.
Augmented endurance: controlling fatigue while handling objects by affecting weight perception using augmented reality

The main contribution of this paper is to develop a method for alleviating fatigue during handling medium-weight objects and augmenting our endurance by affecting our weight perception with augmented reality technology. To assist people to lift medium-weight objects without a complex structure or various costs, we focus on the phenomenon that our weight perception during handling objects is affected by visual properties. Our hypothesis is that this illusionary effect in weight perception can be applied to reduce fatigue while handling medium-weight objects without mechatronics-based physical assistance. In this paper, we propose an augmented reality system that changes the brightness value of an object in order to reduce fatigue while handling the object. We conducted two fundamental experiments to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed system. Our results suggested that the system eliminates the need to use excess energy for handling objects and reduces fatigue during the handling task.
The Subluminal Parsec-Scale Jet of Markarian 501

We have combined very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data from several programs in order to resolve differences in reported parsec-scale jet speeds for the TeV gamma-ray source Markarian 501. Data from the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) 2 cm survey, and 8 and 15 GHz data from the Radio Reference Frame Image Database, have been combined with data from a 5 GHz VLBI Space Observatory Programme observation to determine the apparent motions of jet components in this source. The combined data set consists of 12 observations between 1995 April and 1999 July. Four jet components are detected at most epochs, all of which are clearly subluminal (i.e., with apparent speeds less than the speed of light) and two of which appear stationary. The established TeV gamma-ray sources Mrk 501 and Mrk 421 thus both have subluminal parsec-scale jets, in contrast to the apparently superluminal jets of the majority of GeV sources detected by EGRET. No new VLBI component has emerged from the core following the extended TeV high state in 1997, again in contrast to the general behavior of GeV gamma-ray sources.
Risk of fracture in women with type 2 diabetes: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

CONTEXT Some but not all studies have shown higher rates of fracture in individuals with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes and determine whether risk varies by fracture site, ethnicity, and baseline bone density. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Women with clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes at baseline in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Cohort, a prospective study of postmenopausal women (n = 93,676), were compared with women without diagnosed diabetes and risk of fracture overall and at specific sites determined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All fractures and specific sites separately (hip/pelvis/upper leg; lower leg/ankle/knee; foot; upper arm/shoulder/elbow; lower arm/wrist/hand; spine/tailbone) were measured. Bone mineral density (BMD) in a subset also was measured. RESULTS The overall risk of fracture after 7 yr of follow-up was higher in women with diabetes at baseline after controlling for multiple risk factors including frequency of falls [adjusted relative risk (RR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.30]. In a subsample of women with baseline BMD scores, women with diabetes had greater hip and spine BMD. The elevated fracture risk was found at multiple sites (hip/pelvis/upper leg; foot; spine/tailbone) among black women (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.00-1.75) and women with increased baseline bone density (RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.96-1.66). CONCLUSION Women with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for fractures. This risk is also seen among black and non-Hispanic white women after adjustment for multiple risk factors including frequent falls and increased BMD (in a subset).
Von Neumann-Morgenstern Farsightedly Stable Sets in Two-Sided Matching

We adopt the notion of von Neumann-Morgenstern farsightedly stable sets to predict which matchings are possibly stable when agents are farsighted in one-to-one matching problems. We provide the characterization of von Neumann-Morgenstern farsightedly stable sets: a set of matchings is a von Neumann-Morgenstern farsightedly stable set if and only if it is a singleton set and its element is a corewise stable matching. Thus, contrary to the von Neumann-Morgenstern (myopically) stable sets, von Neumann-Morgenstern farsightedly stable sets cannot include matchings that are not corewise stable ones. Moreover, we show that our main result is robust to many-to-one matching problems with responsive preferences.
Effect of applied voltage on diameter and morphology of ultrafine fibers in bubble electrospinning

A novel electrospinning process, bubble electrospinning, was used to produce porous nonwoven fibrous mats, of which the fiber diameter can range from nano- to microscales. The deformation of a charged bubble, from which multiple jets were ejected, was observed using a high-speed motion camera. The effects of different applied voltages on diameter, morphology, and structure of bubble-electrospun ultrafine fibers were theoretically analyzed and then experimentally validated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results showed that the average diameter of fibers increased with the increase of the applied voltage in bubble electrospinning, which is quite different from that in traditional electrospinning process under the similar conditions. The number of beaded fibers decreased with increasing applied voltage. Additionally, the crystallinities of polyvinylpyrrolidone ultrafine fibers obtained in this process were higher than that of polyvinylpyrrolidone powders. The production rate of bubble electrospinning was higher than that of the traditional electrospinning. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011