Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The meaning and significance of sibling and peer relationships for young people looked after on behalf of local authorities

This thesis explores the meaning and significance of sibling and peer relationships for young people looked after by local authorities, from their own perspectives. A sociological approach to research with young people is employed, drawing on additional post structural and feminist insights. It is argued that hegemonic ideas concerning the nature of development have resulted in a concentration on adult and adult-child relationships, from adult perspectives. Accordingly, children‟s perspectives on the contribution of their interrelationships to their well-being, support networks, and sense of social inclusion have not been adequately theorised. It is concluded that this has had particular implications for looked after children, as the process of becoming and remaining looked after can result in considerable losses within their sibling and peer relationships. A participatory methodology was developed in order to address issues of power, agency and choice within the research process. Qualitative interviews were undertaken with eighteen young people, aged between twelve and nineteen, who were, or had previously been, looked after. Sibling and peer relationships were found to make significant contributions to the young people‟s emotional and physical well-being, and sense of individual and familial identity, as well as providing emotional and practical support into adulthood. Accordingly, the loss of significant relationships, particularly those with siblings, could affect them deeply. While living in care, the young people were often optimistic about the ease of negotiating relationships with siblings and friends after leaving care. However, in reality, living independently could amplify problems within sibling and peer relationships, placing young people at risk of homelessness, violence, and social isolation. This thesis contributes greater understanding of the importance of a wide variety of sibling and peer relationships to the lives of looked after children, from their own perspectives. It also informs as to the complex challenges they face both during and after leaving care in negotiating their sibling and peer relationships in the interests of their emotional and physical well-being.
The meaning of loss and adjustment to bereavement

In this chapter we provide an overview of our program of research on how people cope with loss. Most of this research has focused on bereavement (see Wortman & Silver, 1987, 1989, 1990, for reviews), although we have studied other types of loss as well, including physical disability (Bulman & Wortman, 1977; Silver, 1982), criminal victimization (Coates, Wortman, & Abbey, 1979), and incest (Silver, Boon, & Stones, 1983). We have had a special interest in understanding the impact of sudden, irrevocable losses - that is, events that involve permanent change and over which one has little, if any, control. Such losses can challenge people's beliefs and assumptions about themselves and their world (Janoff-Bulman & Frieze, 1983; Wortman, 1983) and disrupt their hopes and dreams for the future (Silver & Wortman, 1980). Our goals in this work are to clarify the processes through which people try to come to terms with the inexplicable events in their lives (Tait & Silver, 1989) and to understand the theoretical mechanisms through which such events can have deleterious effects on subsequent health and functioning (Kessler, Price, & Wortman, 1985). We begin this chapter by tracing the development of theoretical ideas that we have employed in studying these events. In developing a conceptual framework for this research, we drew from two very different theoretical approaches: (1) the so-called stage models of grief, which represent the most influential theoretical approaches to the study of grief and loss (e.g., Bowlby, 1961, 1973, 1980/1981), and (2) the stress and coping approach, which has been influential in the study of life events more generally (e.g., Kessler et al., 1985).
Temporal Profile and Cell Subtype Distribution of Activated Caspase‐3 Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract: This study investigated the temporal expression and cell subtype distribution of activated caspase‐3 following cortical impact‐induced traumatic brain injury in rats. The animals were killed and examined for protein expression of the proteolytically active subunit of caspase‐3, p18, at intervals from 6 h to 14 days after injury. In addition, we also investigated the effect of caspase‐3 activation on proteolysis of the cytoskeletal protein α‐spectrin. Increased protein levels of p18 and the caspase‐3‐specific 120‐kDa breakdown product to α‐spectrin were seen in the cortex ipsilateral to the injury site from 6 to 72 h after the trauma. Immunohistological examinations revealed increased expression of p18 in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes from 6 to 72 h following impact injury. In contrast, no evidence of caspase‐3 activation was seen in microglia at all time points investigated. Quantitative analysis of caspase‐3‐positive cells revealed that the number of caspase‐3‐positive neurons exceeded the number of caspase‐3‐positive glia cells from 6 to 72 h after injury. Moreover, concurrent assessment of nuclear histopathology using hematoxylin identified p18‐immunopositive cells exhibiting apoptotic‐like morphological profiles in the cortex ipsilateral to the injury site. In contrast, no evidence of increased p18 expression or α‐spectrin proteolysis was seen in the ipsilateral hippocampus, contralateral cortex, or hippocampus up to 14 days after the impact. Our results are the first to demonstrate the concurrent expression of activated caspase‐3 in different CNS cells after traumatic brain injury in the rat. Our findings also suggest a contributory role of activated caspase‐3 in neuronal and glial apoptotic degeneration after experimental TBI in vivo.
Role Motivation Theories

This book looks at four types of organizations and what makes them work. The four are not exhaustive of all possible organizational types but they do represent the major forms found in the world today. Drawing upon many years of research, the author argues that the organizational effectiveness required to produce high levels of productivity results from achieving a state of integration between the type of organizational system and the kind of people who fill the key positions in the system.
Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Dan Disiplin Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Anggota Detasemen A Pelopo Satuan Brigade Mobil Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Utara

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan dan disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja Anggota Detasemen A Pelopor Satuan Brimob Polda Sulut. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penyebaran kuesioner dan dilaksanakan kepada 71 Anggota Detesemen A Pelopor Satuan Brigade Mobil Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Utara. Analisis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan software SPSS 19.0. Teknik sampling yang dipakai adalah pengambilan sampel penelitian menggunakan teknik systematic random sampling , dimana proses pengambilan sampel setiap urutan ke “K” dari titik awal yang dipilih secara random dan teknik pengujian data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi uji validitas dengan analisis Korelasi Pearson, uji reliabilitas dengan Alpha Cronbach . Analisis regresi linier sederhana, untuk menguji dan membuktikan hipotesis penelitian. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa gaya kepemimpinan tidak berpengaruh linier terhadap kinerja Anggota Detasemen A Pelopor Satuan Brimob Polda Sulut sedangkan disiplin kerja berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja Anggota Detasemen A Pelopor Satuan Brimob Polda Sulut. Kata Kunci: Gaya Kepemimpinan, Disiplin Kerja dan Kinerja Anggota
Genetic evidence for glacial refugia of the temperate tree Eucryphia cordifolia (Cunoniaceae) in southern South America.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The temperate forests of southern South America were greatly affected by glaciations. Previous studies have indicated that some cold-tolerant tree species were able to survive glacial periods in small, ice-free patches within glaciated areas in the Andes and in southern Patagonia. Here we asked whether populations of the mesothermic species Eucryphia cordifolia also were able to survive glaciations in these areas or only in unglaciated coastal areas. METHODS The chloroplast intergenic spacer trnV-ndhC was sequenced for 150 individuals from 22 locations. Genetic data were analyzed (standard indexes of genetic diversity, a haplotype network, and genetic differentiation) in a geographical context. KEY RESULTS Two of the nine haplotypes detected were widespread in high frequency across the entire range of the species. The highest levels of genetic diversity were found around 40°S, decreasing sharply northward and more moderately southward. No differences in genetic diversity were found between Andean and coastal populations. Notably, seven haplotypes were found in a small area of the Coast Range known as the Cordillera Pelada (40°S). The differentiation coefficients G(ST) and N(ST) revealed that most of the genetic variation detected was due to variation within populations. CONCLUSIONS The low levels of population differentiation and the high genetic diversity found in the Cordillera Pelada suggest that this area was the main refugium for E. cordifolia during glaciations. Nevertheless, given the high levels of genetic diversity found in some Andean populations, we cannot discount that some local populations also survived the glaciation in the Andes.
Direct interactions between ENaC gamma subunit and ClCN2 in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal disease caused by mutations in the chloride channel CFTR gene. The disease is characterized by decreased chloride secretion and unregulated sodium absorption through the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the airway epithelium and other affected organs. We hypothesize that a non‐CFTR alternative chloride channel ClCN2 can be activated to negatively regulate ENaC in CF epithelial cell cultures. We identified a novel interaction between ClCN2 and the ENaCγ subunit in CF airway epithelial cells and show that the upregulation of ClCN2 leads to decreased expression of ENaCγ via a K63 ubiquitination mechanism. These regulatory effects of ClCN2 on ENaCγ appear to be dependent on the CBS‐1 domain located within the c‐terminus of ClCN2, which is necessary for the targeting of ClCN2 to the apical surface. In sum, these results suggest the ability of ClCN2 to negatively regulate sodium absorption through ENaC, supporting its role as a therapeutic target for the treatment of CF.
Time constants for temperature elevation in human models exposed to dipole antennas and beams in the frequency range from 1 to 30 GHz

This study computes the time constants of the temperature elevations in human head and body models exposed to simulated radiation from dipole antennas, electromagnetic beams, and plane waves. The frequency range considered is from 1 to 30 GHz. The specific absorption rate distributions in the human models are first computed using the finite-difference time-domain method for the electromagnetics. The temperature elevation is then calculated by solving the bioheat transfer equation. The computational results show that the thermal time constants (defined as the time required to reach 63% of the steady state temperature elevation) decrease with the elevation in radiation frequency. For frequencies higher than 4 GHz, the computed thermal time constants are smaller than the averaging time prescribed in the ICNIRP guidelines, but larger than the averaging time in the IEEE standard. Significant differences between the different head models are observed at frequencies higher than 10 GHz, which is attributable to the heat diffusion from the power absorbed in the pinna. The time constants for beam exposures become large with the increase in beam diameter. The thermal time constant in the brain is larger than that in the superficial tissues at high frequencies, because the brain temperature elevation is caused by the heat conduction of energy absorbed in the superficial tissue. The thermal time constant is minimized with an ideal beam with a minimum investigated diameter of 10 mm; this minimal time constant is approximately 30 s and is almost independent of the radiation frequency, which is supported by analytic methods. In addition, the relation between the time constant, as defined in this paper, and ‘averaging time’ as it appears in the exposure limits is discussed, especially for short intense pulses. Similar to the laser guidelines, provisions should be included in the limits to limit the fluence for such pulses.
PENGARUH PERBEDAAN POLA ASUH ORANG TUA TERHADAP KEDISIPLINAN BELAJAR SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR

Alasan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah adanya masalah mengenai kedisiplinan belajar pada siswa sekolah dasar. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh perbedaan pola asuh orang tua terhadap kedisiplinan belajar siswa kelas V sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 184 siswa sekolah dasar. Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan skala dengan empat pilihan jawaban. Validitas instrumen diuji dengan teknik penilaian ahli (expert judgement). Reliabilitas instrumen diuji dengan menggunakan alpha cronbach. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analysis of varians. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kedisiplinan belajar siswa yang mengalami kecenderungan pola asuh authoritarian, authoritative, dan permissive. Tingkat kedisiplinan belajar siswa yang mengalami pola asuh authoritative lebih baik daripada siswa yang mengalami pola asuh authoritarian dan permissive. Hal tersebut membuktikan bahwa pola asuh orang tua berpengaruh terhadap kedisiplinan belajar siswa sekolah dasar. Kata kunci: kedisiplinan belajar, pola asuh orang tua
How Do Women Receive Inheritance? The Processes of Turkish Women’s Inclusion and Exclusion from Property

This article employs Turkey as a case study to explore the relationship between property ownership, inheritance, and women’s empowerment. In Turkey, as in much of the world, men dominate ownership of property. This is despite the fact that women have had equal rights to own and inherit property since 1926. With the establishment of the Republic in 1923 came a series of reforms, one of which replaced Islamic Sharia law with a secular civil law that was based on the Swiss Civil Code. The new law, among other things, guaranteed equal rights of property and inheritance regardless of gender. In an attempt to understand the tangled relationship between property and women’s empowerment, we conducted interviews regarding inheritance practices among ideologically secular, wealthy women in Istanbul. For these women and their families, the logic of wealth distribution is deeply informed by a commitment to equality between children with little regard for gender. Even in those cases where strict equality in terms of sameness was not employed, the goal was for an overall balance and fairness between recipients. Despite the fact that inheritance law provides for equality, most of the families employed intervivos transfer, gifts among the living, to distribute their family wealth. Perhaps most interesting, and in contrast to the literature, is the fact that these women do not express any sense of empowerment derived from their status as property owners. Rather education and career proved more important.
The Effect of Adding Magnesium Sulfate to Lidocaine Compared with Paracetamol in Prevention of Acute Pain in Hand Surgery Patients Under Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (IVRA)

Introduction: This study was done to compare the analgesic effects of “magnesium plus lidocaine”, “paracetamol plus lidocaine”, and “placebo plus lidocaine” on block characteristics for intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) in patients undergoing upper extremity orthopedic surgery. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, 90 patients were selected and entered randomly into three study groups after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Time to start of the sensory and motor block were measured separately and also the duration of these two block types were measured. Post-op pain assessment was measured using a numeric rating scale. Venous samples were checked and compared regarding blood gas and pH measurements. Results: The time from drug injection to sensory block onset was the shortest in the magnesium plus lidocaine group; the time from drug injection to the time of motor block onset was the shortest in the lidocaine plus magnesium group; the duration of the motor block was the longest in the lidocaine plus magnesium group. Discussion: Addition of magnesium lidocaine in patients undergoing upper extremity orthopedic operations using IVRA decreases significantly the time gap between drug administration and the start of the block; also, this drug combination increases the IVRA block length, while paracetamol does not have such a significant effect.
Lamivudine does not increase the efficacy of interferon in the treatment of mutant type chronic viral hepatitis B.

AIM To study the role of lamivudine in improving the efficiency of interferon for the treatment of mutant type chronic hepatitis B. METHODS Fifteen patients with mutant type chronic hepatitis B were prospectively studied. All patients had liver histology and serology to prove the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B. Each patient received 4.5 million units of interferon alpha-2a thrice weekly and 100 mg of oral lamivudine daily for 24 weeks. Patients were observed and tested for blood chemistry every week for the initial 4 weeks and every 2 weeks thereafter during the treatment until 24 weeks. After the end of treatment, patients were followed up at 4-week intervals for an additional 6 months. Serum HBV DNA levels were tested using the liquid phase molecular hybridization assay. Those with non-detectable HBV DNA were also tested using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. One patient, who did not finish treatment due to depression, was excluded. RESULTS At the end of treatment, 7 (50 %) patients had serum ALT levels within normal limits; 12 (86 %) patients had serum HBV DNA levels <5 pg/mL using the liquid phase molecular hybridization assay, but only 8 (67%) were <20 copies/dL using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Six months after treatment, only two (14 %) patients had a sustained complete response to the combination therapy with serum ALT level <35 iu/L and undetectable serum HBV DNA levels. CONCLUSION These pilot data showed that lamivudine did not increase the efficacy of interferon in the treatment of mutant type chronic hepatitis B. The liquid phase molecular hybridization assay was not sensitive enough to detect the low HBV DNA levels during combined interferon and lamivudine therapy.
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in depressed women treated with open-label escitalopram.

BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest the important role of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the etiopathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and the mechanism of action of antidepressants. This study aimed to correlate serum levels of BDNF and clinical symptoms in patients with MDD before and after 6 months treatment with escitalopram. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty women diagnosed with MDD and 20 aged-matched healthy female controls were recruited. The patients received escitalopram 10-20 mg/day. BDNF serum levels were measured at inclusion, week 4, week 12 and week 24. The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms and the clinical evolution of patients. Statistical analysis was performed using both observed cases and last observation carried forward. RESULTS At baseline, low serum levels of BDNF were associated with MDD. In women with MDD, escitalopram seems to have a positive effect on BDNF serum levels in parallel with the clinical response. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a good clinical evolution under treatment with escitalopram might be associated with increases of BDNF levels in female patients.
The G protein-coupled receptor GPRC5B contributes to neurogenesis in the developing mouse neocortex

Neural progenitor cells in the developing brain give rise to neurons and glia. Multiple extrinsic signalling molecules and their cognate membrane receptors have been identified to control neural progenitor fate. However, a role for G protein-coupled receptors in cell fate decisions in the brain remains largely putative. Here we show that GPRC5B, which encodes an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, is present in the ventricular surface of cortical progenitors in the mouse developing neocortex and is required for their neuronal differentiation. GPRC5B-depleted progenitors fail to adopt a neuronal fate and ultimately become astrocytes. Furthermore, GPRC5B-mediated signalling is associated with the proper regulation of β-catenin signalling, a pathway crucial for progenitor fate decision. Our study uncovers G protein-coupled receptor signalling in the neuronal fate determination of cortical progenitors.
Results of an 8-week, outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program on patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PURPOSE To determine whether there is any difference in the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on outcomes in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS Retrospective analysis of medical records of all patients enrolling in PR over a 5-year period. RESULTS A total of 422 patients enrolled in a multidisciplinary PR program from August 1999 to April 2004. Three hundred nine patients had COPD and 113 patients had diagnoses other than COPD. Three hundred seventy-nine patients completed the program. PR was conducted according to currently accepted guidelines. Measurements included the 6-minute walk distance (6MW) performed at the beginning and end of the program and quality of life as determined by the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) at the beginning and end of the program. Both groups had significant improvements in the 6MW and all domains of the CRQ following PR. There was no significant difference in any of these outcomes between the 2 groups. The baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was not correlated with improvement in the 6MW in either group. CONCLUSIONS There is no significant difference in improvement in exercise tolerance or quality of life following PR in COPD versus non-COPD patients. Baseline lung function does not predict improvement in exercise tolerance. PR is effective for patients with disability due to any chronic respiratory disease and not just COPD.
Predicting Veracity From Linguistic Indicators

Ample scientific research has confirmed significant linguistic differences between truthful and deceptive discourse in both laboratory and field experiments. That literature is reviewed, followed by presentation of an experiment that tested the effects of veracity on a wide array of linguistic indicators and tested which effects were moderated by motivation and modality. A 2 (veracity: truthful/deceptive) × 2 (incentives: high/low) × 3 (modality: FtF/audio/text) factorial experiment revealed that linguistic indicators of quantity, immediacy, vividness/dominance, specificity, complexity, diversity, and hedging/uncertainty were all affected by veracity, and veracity interacted with motivation in the latter four cases. Only personalism and affect failed to differ between truth and deception. Modality also affected language use but did not interact with veracity. Four linguistic indicators together successfully classified 76% of text-based deception and 76% to 78% of truthful responses from text, audio, and face-to-face interaction. The importance of context in predicting linguistic patterns is emphasized.