Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Structural Change in American Frozen Catfish Fillet Demand: An Analysis of Country of Origin Labeling and the Implementation of an Import Tariff

This paper uses the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model to analyze two issues 1) The effect of the implementation of mandatory country of origin labeling and 2) the effect of the tariff on Vietnamese basa. The data would suggest that the first effort (COOL), in 2002, of the CFA to help protect domestic production may have actually had adverse effects. That is, by mandating that Vietnamese catfish be labeled as basa, a new market was created. This new market seems to have favorably differentiated the Vietnamese product from the American product. The second attempt to protect the domestic industry was to implement a tariff on all imports in February 2003. Since the market had been segmented by the mandatory COOL (2002) before the tariff implementation (2003) it would seem as if the structural change in demand for Vietnamese and American products was dominated by the labeling effect not the tariff effect. That is, the relative magnitude of the COOL increased the demand for Vietnamese basa more than the relative magnitude of the tariff decreased the demand for basa. So, by segmenting the market through COOL and favorably differentiating the market towards the Vietnamese basa the relative magnitude of the tariff was mitigated.
Promoting women to MD in investment banking: multi-level influences

Purpose – Women remain underrepresented at senior levels in global investment banks. By investigating promotion processes in this sector, and using the concept of a multi-level, relational framework, this paper seeks to examine macro, micro, and meso-level influences, and the interplay between them, as explanations for why more progress is not being made. Design/methodology/approach – Data are taken from two projects with a total of 50 semi-structured interviews with male and female directors and managing directors (MDs), across six investment banks discussing careers and promotions. An inductive approach was taken to data analysis. Findings – Women's lack of representation at the top of investment banks is not simply an individual level problem but is the result of the dynamic interplay between macro- and meso-level influences that impact individual agency, identity and perception of fit. Research limitations/implications – Public debate should be refocused around the meso-level influences of what organi.
The Effect of Leadership on the Work Motivation of Higher Education Administration Employees (Study at Manado State University)

This research is based on phenomenon of a work motivation of higher education administration employee in Manado State University. It's interesting to study the effect of leadership on the work motivation of higher education administration employee. These researches was conducted in Manado State University in Tondano City. This research uses quantitative method applying a survey approach. Respondents are education administration employees in Manado State University with 55 respondents. This research result the hypothesis, can be said according to the hypotesis leadership had a significant effect on work motivation. It can been seen in α below 0,05 or below 5%. That indicate that hypotesis one accepted or relationship between leadership and work motivation is significant in this research. Leadership affectcs employee work motivation. That is, leadership to work motivation in higher education employee especially in Manado State University Tondano, North Sulawesi Indonesia. Leadership is useful to motivate employee work in the organization especially in higher education or university organization.
Testing for the rational addiction hypothesis in Spanish tobacco consumption

This paper tests whether tobacco consumption generates addiction in Spanish people and, if so, then whether such addiction can be explained in the context of rational addiction theory. To that end, time-series data of per-capita consumption and prices of tobacco during the period 1964 to 1995 are employed. The results show the addictive and rational character of Spanish tobacco consumption, which implies that smokers fall into addiction after a maximization process of the utility that was obtained during their total lifetime, taking into account the future consequences of current decisions.
Influence Use by Industrial Salesmen: Influence-Strategy Mixes and Situational Determinants

Personal selling is a critically important element in the marketing mix of almost every industrial firm. The salesman is entrusted with the care and nurturance of the firm's most valuable resources: its customers and prospects. Every sales call is important. If it is not successful, or does not lead to a sale, the opportunity costs (lost revenues) may be substantial. Moreover, whether successful or not, each call represents a substantial expenditure for the sponsoring firm. Given the marketing challenge of developing an effective sales representation at a reasonable cost, it is little wonder that marketing managers and researchers alike are concerned about the problems of selecting, training, and controlling the sales staff. In spite of the importance of these personal selling activities, there is little empirical evidence concerning what actually takes place during the sales call. More specifically, there has been little effort to evaluate the influence strategies actually used by industrial salesmen in their sales calls, or to identify characteristics of the buyer-seller situation which affect the salesman's use of influence with a customer. This article reports a study designed to evaluate the influence strategies used by industrial salespersons in their sales calls and to identify characteristics of the buyer-seller situation which affect the salesperson's use of influence with a customer. The results of the study, which are based on responses from 444 salespersons from 220 different firms, suggest that negotiating obstacles encountered in a sales situation and the general level of buyer-seller involvement in the sales call are major underlying dimensions of the sales situation which discriminate among groups of salesmen who vary not only on the intensity of influence used, but also on the particular combinations or mixes of influence strategies used. *We gratefully acknowledge conversations with Robert H. Miles of Harvard University concerning this area of research, and the support of William B. Phillips, Director of Industry Relations, the Associated Equipment Distributors, in data collection.
The Impacts of Shock Therapy Under a Banking Crisis: Experiences from Three Large Bank Failures in Japan

A bank failure can have various adverse consequences for clients; these adverse impacts differ depending on which bank takes over the failed banks' operations. In this paper, we show how the new banks' management strategies are important in mitigating the short- and long-run consequences. We focus on the clients of three large failed Japanese banks and examine their responses in terms of increased bankruptcies and changes in market valuation after the banks operations were taken over. The results imply that the choice of "shock therapy" or "soft budget constraints" had dramatically different consequences in resolving the bad loan problems in Japan.
Diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione exposures associated with cigarette smoking: implications for risk assessment of food and flavoring workers

Abstract Diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione inhalation have been suggested as causes of severe respiratory disease, including bronchiolitis obliterans, in food/flavoring manufacturing workers. Both compounds are present in many food items, tobacco, and other consumer products, but estimates of exposures associated with the use of these goods are scant. A study was conducted to characterize exposures to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione associated with cigarette smoking. The yields (μg/cigarette) of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke were evaluated for six tobacco products under three smoking regimens (ISO, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, and Health Canada Intense) using a standard smoking machine. Mean diacetyl concentrations in MS smoke ranged from 250 to 361 ppm for all tobacco products and smoking regimens, and mean cumulative exposures associated with 1 pack-year ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 ppm-years. Mean 2,3-pentanedione concentrations in MS smoke ranged from 32.2 to 50.1 ppm, and mean cumulative exposures associated with 1 pack-year ranged from 0.14 to 0.26 ppm-years. We found that diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione exposures from cigarette smoking far exceed occupational exposures for most food/flavoring workers who smoke. This suggests that previous claims of a significant exposure–response relationship between diacetyl inhalation and respiratory disease in food/flavoring workers were confounded, because none of the investigations considered or quantified the non-occupational diacetyl exposure from cigarette smoke, yet all of the cohorts evaluated had considerable smoking histories. Further, because smoking has not been shown to be a risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans, our findings are inconsistent with claims that diacetyl and/or 2,3-pentanedione exposure are risk factors for this disease.
Open Innovation: A Case-study of the Hungarian Wine Sector

An effective innovation system is crucial for food companies to counteract international competitive pressure. An important issue is whether it is more effective to innovate by sharing ideas and resources with other companies, or to innovate in-house. The question is how to arrange external ties without compromising unique knowledge and assets. This is particularly controversial in the wine sector, where innovative marketing strategies have to be combined with ‘exclusive’ and ‘secret’ recipes. We use primary data on the Hungarian wine industry. We find that Hungarian wine companies are actively using ‘open sources’ in their innovation processes, even more than commonly acknowledged in the literature and the policy debate. Furthermore, we find that both regional and company-specific factors affect the openness of innovation processes. Our findings point to the importance of the flow of new ideas that comes from global trends and from dealing with foreign companies and stakeholders. This result is supportive of internationalisation strategies at both company and sector level. Furthermore, our findings are supportive of policies oriented towards the creation of business parks and rural clusters, where farmers, processors and tech-companies can establish networks to create new products and/or processing technologies.
Extrapyramidal symptoms and oestrogen

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate neuroleptic side‐effect severity in women with psychosis, and to investigate their putative association with variations in sex steroids over the menstrual cycle. Based on the oestrogen hypothesis, which postulates a synergistic relationship between oestrogen and neuroleptics, it was hypothesized that oestrogen would exacerbate extrapyramidal symptoms.
Fatores determinantes da estrutura de capital das maiores empresas que atuam no Brasil

Capital structure is still a still controversial issue in finance theory. Since the discussion between traditional theory, which asserts the existence of an optimal capital structure that maximizes the firms value, and Modigliani and Millers theory (1958), which considers that the value of a firm is unaffected by how it is financed, many empirical studies have been carried out to identify the factors that explain how a firm finances itself. This research analyses the capital structure of the largest firms in Brazil and investigates the relationship between the leverage ratio and the factors indicated by theory as determinant. The study is based on accounting data extracted from the financial statements of publicly traded and private companies. Multiple linear regression was applied as a statistical technique. The results indicate that risk, firm size, fixed assets and growth are determinants of the firms capital structure, while profitability is not a determinant factor. The results also show that the firms leverage is unaffected by whether a firm is publicly-traded or private.
Do Persistent Large Cash Reserves Hinder Performance?

Abstract Conservative financial policies are often criticized as serving the interests of managers rather than the interests of stockholders. We test this argument by examining the operating performance and other characteristics of firms that for a five-year period held more than one-fourth of their assets in cash and cash equivalents. Following the five-year period, operating performance of high cash firms is comparable to or greater than the performance of firms matched by size and industry or by a measure of proclivity to hold substantial cash. In addition, proxies for managerial incentive problems, such as ownership and board characteristics, are not unusual and do not explain differences in operating performance among high cash firms. We find that high cash holdings are accompanied by greater investment, particularly R&D expenditures, and by greater growth in assets. For firms that persistently hold large cash reserves, we conclude that such policies support investment without hindering corporate performance.
Rainwater and greywater harvesting for urban food security in La Soukra, Tunisia

This paper presents the findings of an integrated household water treatment and reuse system for agriculture in La Soukra, Tunisia. The researchers found that the system has an internal rate of return of 17% and a net present value range from USD 26,000 (at a 5% discount rate) to USD 11,000 (for a 10% discount rate). Benefits included more water for irrigation, reduced costs to service providers, increased agricultural production from greenhouses and expanded agricultural options. These results suggest that investments in rainwater harvesting and greywater treatment at the farm level can increase the financial feasibility of peri-urban farms, which are often faced with pressure from urban growth. The systems can also help build household resilience to broader environmental change by lowering the exposure of farmers to burdens associated with infrequent access to water and poor-quality soil.
Comonotonic Approximations for a General Pension Problem

In this paper, we search for such an investment strategy that minimises the probability of default (or lifetime ruin probability) given a fixed investment amount during the accumulation phase and a fixed withdrawal rate during the annuitisation part. In solving the above-mentioned problem, we introduce a methodology that helps us to obtain a solution in analytical fashion without resorting to time consuming Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. More precisely, the existing methodology of conditioning Taylor approximation is used to find a solution by approximating the original sum via a comonotonic sum. More specifically, we searched for the optimal multi-period investment strategy of an investor whose accumulation phase (lasting M years) is followed by an annuitisation period (lasting N years). When choosing the optimal asset mix, we restricted our analysis to the class of constant mix dynamically rebalanced strategies, with optimisation criterion set to the probability of default. As it was shown by means of a numerical illustration, the solutions of our approximate procedure closely relate to the results of MC simulation.
Topical and Transdermal Delivery of L-Carnitine

Background: The two types of skin aging (intrinsic and extrinsic) share important molecular features, while having distinct differences on the macromolecular level: both lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species, enhanced matrix metalloproteinase expression and decreased procollagen synthesis. L-Carnitine L-tartrate has been reported to have anti-aging effects. Aim and Methods: The delivery as well as the transport of L-carnitine to the target sites, i.e. stratum corneum and epidermis-dermis of female abdominal skin, with and without the use of Pheroid™ as delivery system, were investigated during this study by use of Franz diffusion cells and analysed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The presence of endogenous L-carnitine in human skin was also investigated. Results and Conclusion: The Pheroid™ delivery system enhanced the diffusion of L-carnitine through the skin, although the phosphate buffer solution (PBS) showed a higher concentration of the active agent in the skin layers. This could be because Pheroid, being more lipophilic than PBS, improved the diffusion of L-carnitine through the skin layers, consequently leading to a lesser amount of L-carnitine delivered to the target site, i.e. the epidermis-dermis.
Cleavage, Conflict, and Anxiety in the Second Nigerian Republic

Democratic politics embraces, inevitably and inescapably, an uneasy tension between conflict and consensus. If liberal democracy is defined as the institutionalisation of regular competition for political offices and policies, then clearly, there cannot be democracy without conflict. On the other hand, precisely because constitutional democracy is the institutionalisation of conflict, it is vulnerable to the decay of political order – and of the very political liberties that distinguish it from other governmental forms – that may result when conflict becomes to intense. The containment of political conflict within certain boundaries of behavioural restraint has, therefore, long figured prominently in the writing of theorists on the conditions for stable democracy.
The Impact of Financial Reporting Regulation on the Market Valuation of Reported Environmental Liabilities: Preliminary Evidence from Us and Canadian Public Companies

This study investigates the economic consequences of four financial reporting regulations relating to environmental liability reporting in samples of 170 US and 156 Canadian public companies during the period 1984 to 1997. The study's purpose is to investigate the factors that make financial reporting regulation effective in enhancing the relevance and reliability of accounting information. Prior research provides the theory that financial reporting regulations impose costs on managers and create incentives for them to report accounting information that is relevant and unbiased. This study assesses these regulations' enforceability, which is viewed as arising from the regulator's power to enforce its regulations by sanctions or penalties. It tests whether the relation between market valuation and reported environmental liability accruals changes when the new regulations are enacted, and whether regulation with high enforceability has a more significant impact than regulation with low enforceability. This study uses a residual-income valuation model to measure the valuation coefficient, or multiplier, on reported environmental liability accruals. Changes in this coefficient are used as indicators of changes in the market's assessment of the value relevance and bias of the reported accounting information. This study provides preliminary evidence indicating that financial reporting regulations issued by the securities market regulator and the accounting profession are associated with changes in the relation between market value and reported environmental liabilities in some cases, and suggests avenues for further international accounting research on the factors involved in financial reporting regulation's impact.
Generic regulation model: the evolution of a practical theory for e‐government

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a new theoretical model (the generic regulation model (GRM)) which is aimed for e‐government development. There is a need for such a generic model in order to describe and analyse the regulation that occurs in the interaction between governmental agencies and citizens.Design/methodology/approach – This new model has evolved through an action research project/practical inquiry in e‐government. The project area was personal assistance to disabled persons. The practical inquiry has comprised generation and application of the GRM model (as a kind of empirical grounding) and also some initial theoretical grounding.Findings – In the e‐government project there was a need to conceptualize the relations between different governmental agencies and clients. As a response to this need a generic model and a corresponding situational model were developed. The generic model consists of three layers: legislation as general regulation; application of legislation for issuin.
Influence of Residual Renal Function on Dietary Protein and Caloric Intake in Patients on Incremental Peritoneal Dialysis

Objective To evaluate protein and caloric intake in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients on an incremental dialysis schedule, in an attempt to discriminate the influence of residual renal function (RRF) on these nutritional parameters. Design Prospective observational study. Patients Nine patients who had significant RRF at the beginning of PD therapy, which permitted a schedule of incremental PD (i.e., the number of peritoneal exchanges was increased as the RRF fell) in order to maintain the sum of renal and peritoneal clearance (weekly Kt/V urea) at approximately 2. Methods The mean adequacy parameters (urine and peritoneal Kt/V urea and creatinine clearance) along with the mean dietary energy (DEI) and protein intake (DPI) estimated by 3-day diet histories, were determined 6 and 9 months after the beginning of PD, when patients had RRF (period 1), and 6 and 9 months after the loss of RRF (period 2). The mean data obtained in both periods were compared. The best determinants for the changes in DEI and DPI after the loss of RRF were also investigated. Results Mean total Kt/V urea was very similar in both periods (2.16 ± 0.32 vs 2.15 ± 0.18), although creatinine clearance decreased significantly after the loss of RRF (74.41 ± 12.28 L/week/1.73 m2 vs 56.78 ± 11.77 L/week/ 1.73 m2, p = 0.0001). Absolute and normalized DPI values for actual body weight decreased after the loss of RRF (68.21 ± 11.87 g/kg vs 59.27 ± 13.66 g/kg, p = 0.02; and 1.17 ± 0.32 g/kg/day vs 0.97 ± 0.32 g/kg/day, p = 0.01). Although the energy delivered by peritoneal glucose uptake increased significantly after the loss of RRF, the mean total energy intake (DEI plus peritoneal glucose uptake) was very similar in both periods (2141 ± 339 kcal/day vs 2010 ± 303 kcal/day, p = 0.13). However, the mean total energy intake normalized for actual body weight decreased significantly after the loss of RRF (37.5 ± 10.1 kcal/ kg/day vs 32.8 ± 8.9 kcal/kg/day, p = 0.02). The changes in DEI and DPI between periods 1 and 2 correlated negatively with the difference of the energy delivered by peritoneal glucose uptake (r = 0.65, p = 0.05, and r = 0.88, p = 0.001, respectively). The magnitude of DPI changes between both periods correlated significantly with the magnitude of urinary Kt/V urea changes (r = 0.77, p = 0.01). However, there was no correlation between the changes in DPI and the changes in total Kt/V urea, total or renal creatinine clearance, or the length of time on PD. Conclusions The loss of RRF led to a reduction in dietary caloric and protein intake. The magnitude of the reduction in the DPI was strongly correlated with the increase in the energy delivered by peritoneal glucose uptake and with the decrease in the urinary Kt/V urea, but not with the total Kt/V urea.