Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing Leadership and Managerial Behavior. A Consumer's Guide.

This guide provides summaries and analyses of various measures related to school leadership and administrator skills, behavior styles, and characteristics. The guide aims to help schools, districts, and other educational organizations examine their leadership effectiveness. While principals are stressed, some information is provided about teachers, students, ? ad superinterdents. Intended for use by practitioners, the guide briefly discusses leadership assessment issues, reviews over 40 assessment tools, and discusses the importance of examining school leadership. It next explores definitional and measurement issues, comments on the current state-of-the-art, and explains how to select a leadership measure. Of the 15 published instruments reviewed, only four were developed specifically for use in education. Almost all the research, undocumented, and state instruments focus on educational settings. Most of the general business instruments focus on leadership styles, while education instruments stress specific skills, behaviors, and traits viewed as important for principals. Most instruments are self-report surveys designed for self-assessment or training sessions and are easy to use. Appendix A contains 13 long and 2 short reviews of all published instruments and commercially available procedures. Appendix B provides 11 short reviews of research instruments. Appendix C briefly reviews 11 instruments lacking supporting technical information. Three additional appendices provide an outline of state activities and resources, a summary table of leadership instruments, and a checklist for selecting a leadership measure. An index is also included. (MLH) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. KIM I U DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) XTnset document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinioiis stated in th,sdocu ment Go not necessarily represent official OERI Position or poltCY "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BE.0 GRANTED BY
Transition and Adjustment to Professional Identity as a Newly Qualified Social Worker

ABSTRACT This article discusses the lived experience of professional identity during the transition from student to newly qualified practitioner. Current literature emphasises the first year of practice as an important time of transition to a job-role as student social workers move into postqualification practice. However, little research has explored how professional identity is experienced during this significant transition period. A phenomenological research project was undertaken with 17 newly qualified social workers in Australia. Three in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with each participant across the first 12 months postqualification period. Participants described how they resolved personal, relational, and professional questions about becoming and being a qualified social worker. The findings indicate a need for educators, employers, supervisors and the profession to consider how to better integrate professional identity within curricula, policy, and systems of support, including supervision. IMPLICATIONS Findings from a qualitive study indicate the initial postqualification period involves consolidating, clarifying, and settling into professional identity as a newly qualified social worker. Educators should consider a holistic approach to curriculum development regarding professional identity and how they prepare graduating students to transition from university to qualified practice. The Australian Association of Social Work, supervisors, and managers are prompted to recognise and support the changing and evolving professional identities of newly qualified practitioners.
Reconstruction of topography and related depositional systems during active thrusting

Reliable reconstruction of former topography in deformed regions is commonly difficult, due to degradation of former erosional and depositional surfaces. In contrast to most modem landscapes, however, ancient localities can sometimes provide clearer insights on subsurface geometries of deposition, deformation, and erosion and on their variations through time. In some exceptional circumstances, ancient depositional sequences are preserved in direct juxtaposition with the structures that controlled their geometrical and sedimentological character. We describe here the evolving topography and depositional responses caused by the late Eocene growth of a detachment fold and related thrusts in the southern Pyrenees. Topography within these deforming systems can be reconstructed on the basis of (1) relief associated with paleovalleys, (2) geometric relationships of syntectonic strata with adjacent structures, and (3) relief of hanging walls above depositional or erosional surfaces of the same age. Onlapping, offlapping, and overlapping stratigraphic relationships are interpreted in the context of the relative rate of sediment accumulation versus the rate of uplift of the crest of the fold. In the study area, two contrasting fluvial systems provided sediment to the deforming area: a large longitudinal system, flowing parallel to the fold axes and carrying detritus from the distant hinterland, and a smaller transverse system that carried locally derived clasts. During fold growth, syntectonic sedimentary beds (growth strata) were progressively rotated in the forelimb of the fold. Proximal unconformities developed in the forelimb growth strata, when accumulation rates were low. Topographic relief on the backlimb of the growing fold caused transverse paleovalleys (>150 m deep) to be incised at high angles to the fold axis. A switch from incision to infilling of the paleovalleys appears to be controlled by relative rates of subsidence, sediment supply and accumulation, and uplift. During an interval of rapid accumulation and low rates of subsidence and uplift, the effects of rising local base levels propagated up the transverse valleys, where they initiated backfilling of the paleovalleys. As deformation began on an adjacent, more hinterlandward thrust, waning growth of the detachment fold permitted depositional overlap of its crest, as sedimentation shifted toward the hinterland. Subsequently, as the new footwall was folded, longitudinal rivers filled the space formerly occupied by transverse rivers, and a new detachment fold grew in the very shallow (<25 m) subsurface. Although similar examples are scarce in the geological record, the synthesis from this Pyrenean locale illustrates how stratal geometries, reconstructed river patterns, precise stratigraphic ages, and preserved erosional surfaces can be combined to reconstruct evolving topography during active folding and faulting in terrestrial environments.
Genome-Wide Gene/Genome Dosage Imbalance Regulates Gene Expressions in Synthetic Brassica napus and Derivatives (AC, AAC, CCA, CCAA)

Gene/genome dosage balance is an essential evolutionary mechanism for organisms to ensure a normal function, but the underlying causes of dosage-imbalance regulation remain poorly understood. Herein, the serial Brassica hybrids/polyploids (AC, AAC, CCA, CCAA) with different copies of A and C subgenomes from the same two parents of Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea were synthesized to investigate the effects of genome dosages on gene expressions and interactions by using RNA-Seq. The expression changes of A- and C-subgenome genes were consistent with dosage alterations. Dosage-dependent and -independent genes were grouped according to the correlations between dosage variations and gene expressions. Expression levels of dosage-dependent genes were strongly correlated with dosage changes and mainly contributed to dosage effects, while those of dosage-independent genes gave weak correlations with dosage variations and mostly facilitated dosage compensation. More protein–protein interactions were detected for dosage-independent genes than dosage-dependent ones, as predicted by the dosage balance hypothesis. Dosage-dependent genes more likely impacted the expressions by trans effects, whereas dosage-independent genes preferred to play by cis effects. Furthermore, dosage-dependent genes were mainly associated with the basic biological processes to maintain the stability of the growth and development, while dosage-independent genes were more enriched in the stress response related processes to accelerate adaptation. The present comprehensive analysis of gene expression dependent/independent on dosage alterations in Brassica polyploids provided new insights into gene/genome dosage-imbalance regulation of gene expressions.
Do Good Kids Finish First? Characterizing the Bequest Motive in Mexico 1

This paper tests several leading bequest motive theories using a uniquely appropriate longitudinal data set, the Mexican Health and Aging Study. These data include a population-representative sample of bequests and bequest intentions of parents that is matched with rich measures of child characteristics and behavior. Our results are consistent with the theory of Bernheim et al. that parents use their bequest strategically to induce children to provide services. We also find evidence that contradicts predictions of pure theories of altruism and suggestive evidence that when business assets are at stake, parents favor those children who are most qualified to manage those assets.
Recent spatiotemporal patterns in temperature extremes across conterminous United States

With a warming climate, understanding the physical dynamics of hot and cold extreme events has taken on increased importance for public health, infrastructure, ecosystems, food security, and other domains. Here we use a high‐resolution spatial and temporal seamless gridded land surface forcing data set to provide an assessment of recent spatiotemporal patterns in temperature extremes over the conterminous United States (CONUS). We asked the following: (1) How are temperature extremes changing across the different regions of CONUS? (2) How do changes in extremes vary on seasonal, annual, and decadal scales? (3) How do changes in extremes relate to changes in mean conditions? And (4) do extremes relate to major modes of ocean‐atmosphere variability? We derive a subset of the CLIMDEX extreme indices from the North American Land Data Assimilation phase 2 forcing data set. While there were warming trends in all indices, daytime temperature extremes warmed more than nighttime. Spring warming was the strongest and most extensive across CONUS, and summer experienced the strongest and most extensive decrease in cold extremes. Increase in winter warm extremes appeared weakening relative to the rapid 1950–1990 increase found in previous studies. The Northeast and Midwest experienced the most warming, while the Northwest and North Great Plains saw the least. We found changes in average temperatures were more associated with changes in cold extremes than warm extremes. Since 2006 there have been 5 years when more than 5% of the U.S. experienced at least 90 warm days, something not observed in the previous 25 years. The unusually warm first decade of 21st century could have been associated with the warm conditions of near El Niño–Southern Oscillation‐neutral phase of the decade, and possibly amplified by anthropogenic forcing. The widespread, lengthy, and severe extreme hot events documented here during the past three decades underscore the need to implement thoughtful adaptation plans in the very near future, to the growing evidence of increasing warm extremes across United States.
Radio Planning of Energy-Efficient Cellular Networks

We introduce a novel approach that jointly optimizes planning and management for cellular networks, aiming at limiting the energy expenses while guaranteeing QoS and minimizing operators capital expenses. Results from LTE test networks confirm that an effective energy-efficient operation depends on the planning decisions and show that power savings of up to 54% can be obtained with modest increases in initial investments.
Stringency of start codon selection modulates autoregulation of translation initiation factor eIF5

An AUG in an optimal nucleotide context is the preferred translation initiation site in eukaryotic cells. Interactions among translation initiation factors, including eIF1 and eIF5, govern start codon selection. Experiments described here showed that high intracellular eIF5 levels reduced the stringency of start codon selection in human cells. In contrast, high intracellular eIF1 levels increased stringency. High levels of eIF5 induced translation of inhibitory upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in eIF5 mRNA that initiate with AUG codons in conserved poor contexts. This resulted in reduced translation from the downstream eIF5 start codon, indicating that eIF5 autoregulates its own synthesis. As with eIF1, which is also autoregulated through translation initiation, features contributing to eIF5 autoregulation show deep evolutionary conservation. The results obtained provide the basis for a model in which auto- and cross-regulation of eIF5 and eIF1 translation establish a regulatory feedback loop that would stabilize the stringency of start codon selection.
Agency Selling or Reselling? Channel Structures in Electronic Retailing

In recent years, online retailers (also called e-tailers) have started allowing manufacturers direct access to their customers while charging a fee for providing this access, a format commonly referred to as agency selling. In this paper, we use a stylized theoretical model to answer a key question that e-tailers are facing: When should they use an agency selling format instead of using the more conventional reselling format? We find that agency selling is more efficient than reselling and leads to lower retail prices; however, the e-tailers end up giving control over retail prices to the manufacturer. Therefore, the reaction by the manufacturer, who makes electronic channel pricing decisions based on their impact on demand in the traditional channel (brick-and-mortar retailing), is an important factor for e-tailers to consider. We find that when sales in the electronic channel lead to a negative effect on demand in the traditional channel, e-tailers prefer agency selling, whereas when sales in the electronic channel lead to substantial stimulation of demand in the traditional channel, e-tailers prefer reselling. This preference is mediated by competition between e-tailers—as competition between them increases, e-tailers prefer to use agency selling. We also find that when e-tailers benefit from positive externalities from the sales of the focal product (such as additional profits from sales of associated products), retail prices may be lower under reselling than under agency selling, and the e-tailers prefer reselling under some conditions for which they would prefer agency selling without the positive externalities. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
Propensity for knowledge sharing: An organizational justice perspective.

Converting individual knowledge into organizational knowledge can be difficult because individuals refuse to share knowledge for a number of different reasons. Creating an atmosphere of fairness plays an important role in the creation of a knowledge-sharing climate. This dissertation proposes that perceptions of organizational justice are crucial building blocks of that environment, leading to knowledge sharing. Data was collected using a field survey of IT managers representing a broad spectrum of the population in terms of organizational size and industry classification. The survey instrument was developed based on the adaptation of previously validated scales in addition to new items where no existing measures were found. Hypotheses regarding the influence of distributional, procedural, and interactional justice on knowledge sharing processes were tested using structural equation modeling techniques. Based on the theory of reasoned action, which states that attitudes and subjective norms are the major determinants of a person's intention, the hypotheses examining the relationship between attitude toward knowledge sharing, subjective norm and the intention to share knowledge were supported. However, results did not support the hypothesis exploring the relationship between the organizational climate and the intention to share knowledge. The results show that all three types of justice constructs are statistically significant antecedents of organizational climate and interactional justice is an antecedent of an attitude toward knowledge sharing. The study attempts to merge streams of research from sociology and organizational behavior by investigating organizational justice and knowledge management. It contributes to theory by the development of the survey instrument, comprised of seven constructs that were developed by incorporating multiple theories to address various aspects of knowledge sharing and provide application to practice and research. It is relevant to IT managers who need to know how to design information systems that are most effective in distributing knowledge throughout organizations.
GLUT4 and UBC9 Protein Expression Is Reduced in Muscle from Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Severe Insulin Resistance

Aims Subgroups of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus demand large insulin doses to maintain euglycemia. These patients are characterized by severe skeletal muscle insulin resistance and the underlying pathology remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine protein expression of the principal glucose transporter, GLUT4, and associated proteins in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic patients characterized by severe insulin resistance. Methods Seven type 2 diabetic patients with severe insulin resistance (mean insulin dose 195 IU/day) were compared with seven age matched type 2 diabetic patients who did not require insulin treatment, and with an age matched healthy control group. Protein expression of GLUT4 and associated proteins was assessed in muscle and fat biopsies using standard western blotting techniques. Results GLUT4 protein expression was significantly reduced by ∼30 pct in skeletal muscle tissue from severely insulin resistant type 2 diabetic subjects, compared with both healthy controls and type 2 diabetic subjects that did not require insulin treatment. In fat tissue, GLUT4 protein expression was reduced in both diabetic groups. In skeletal muscle, the reduced GLUT4 expression in severe insulin resistance was associated with decreased ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (UBC9) expression while expression of GLUT1, TBC1D1 and AS160 was not significantly different among type 2 diabetic patients and matched controls. Conclusions Type 2 diabetic patients with severe insulin resistance have reduced expression of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle compared to patients treated with oral antidiabetic drugs alone. GLUT4 protein levels may therefore play a role in the pathology behind type 2 diabetes mellitus among subgroups of patients, and this may explain the heterogeneous response to insulin treatment. This new finding contributes to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms for the development of extreme insulin resistance.
Determinants of Renal Tissue Oxygenation as Measured with BOLD-MRI in Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension in Humans

Experimentally renal tissue hypoxia appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and arterial hypertension (AHT). In this study we measured renal tissue oxygenation and its determinants in humans using blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI) under standardized hydration conditions. Four coronal slices were selected, and a multi gradient echo sequence was used to acquire T2* weighted images. The mean cortical and medullary R2* values ( = 1/T2*) were calculated before and after administration of IV furosemide, a low R2* indicating a high tissue oxygenation. We studied 195 subjects (95 CKD, 58 treated AHT, and 42 healthy controls). Mean cortical R2 and medullary R2* were not significantly different between the groups at baseline. In stimulated conditions (furosemide injection), the decrease in R2* was significantly blunted in patients with CKD and AHT. In multivariate linear regression analyses, neither cortical nor medullary R2* were associated with eGFR or blood pressure, but cortical R2* correlated positively with male gender, blood glucose and uric acid levels. In conclusion, our data show that kidney oxygenation is tightly regulated in CKD and hypertensive patients at rest. However, the metabolic response to acute changes in sodium transport is altered in CKD and in AHT, despite preserved renal function in the latter group. This suggests the presence of early renal metabolic alterations in hypertension. The correlations between cortical R2* values, male gender, glycemia and uric acid levels suggest that these factors interfere with the regulation of renal tissue oxygenation.