Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Verification of asynchronous circuits based on zero-suppressed BDDs

Asynchronous circuits, which have no global clocks and work based on the causality relation between signal transitions, potentially have the advantages of high performance and low power dissipation. However, the state spaces of asynchronous circuits are often huge, because unlike synchronous circuits every wire has states. Thus, the formal verification of asynchronous circuits is more difficult than that of synchronous ones. In this paper, in order to reduce the computational cost of the verification, we propose implementing the trace theoretic verification by using Zero-Suppressed BDDs. The paper also shows several techniques for the performance improvement such as modeling circuits by Petri nets with inhibitor arcs, composing circuit components that do not cause safety failure, and using special ZBDD operations for Petri nets. Finally, we show some experimental results.
The Prediction of Physical Activity Intention and Behavior in Elderly Male Residents of a Nursing Home: A Comparison of Two Behavioral Theories

Background: Regular physical activity is ranked as a leading health indicator. Despite the extensive benefits of physical activity, elder people are much less active than desired. Using Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the self-efficacy construct, this study examined the prediction of physical activity intention and behavior in a sample of elderly male resident of a nursing home. Methods: In a cross-sectional study of the residents of Kahrizak Nursing Home in Tehran, Iran, elderly men who were 60 years or older, capable of independent living, mobility, and verbal communication were asked to complete measures of the TPB, self-efficacy and physical activity behavior. Results: A hierarchical step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that affective/instrumental attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) explained 32.8% of the variance in physical activity intention, and self-efficacy provided an additional 2.7%. In a reverse step regression, the TPB variables explained an additional 12.2% of physical activity intention. In a multiple regression analysis on physical activity behavior, affective/instrumental attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (PBC) and intention explained 15.7% of the variance in physical activity behavior while self-efficacy contributed an additional 5.6%. In the reverse step regression, TPB predictors contributed an additional 3.0% in explaining the variance in physical activity behavior. Conclusion: The results indicate that in addition to the TPB, self-efficacy may also play an important role in the prediction of behavior, and should be included in the design of physical activity programs for elderly men of nursing home residents.
Dissecting Aggregate Real Wage Fluctuations: Individual Wage Growth and the Composition Effect

Using data from the Current Population Survey from 1980 through 2011 we examine what drives the variation and cyclicality of the growth rate of real wages over time. We employ a novel decomposition technique that allows us to divide the time series for median weekly earnings growth into the part associated with the wage growth of persons employed at the beginning and end of the period (the wage growth effect) and the part associated with changes in the composition of earners (the composition effect). The relative importance of these two effects varies widely over the business cycle. When the labor market is tight job switchers get large wage increases, making them account for half of the variation in median weekly earnings growth over our sample. Their wage growth, as well as that of job-stayers, is procyclical. During labor market downturns, this procyclicality is largely offset by the change in the composition of the workforce, leading aggregate real wages to be almost non-cyclical. Most of this composition effect works through the part-time employment margin. Remarkably, the unemployment margin neither accounts for much of the variation in nor much of the cyclicality of median weekly earnings growth.
ANALYSIS OF CRASH-INVOLVEMENT TRENDS BY DRIVERS' AGE IN FLORIDA

In 1992, the state of Florida ranked 3rd in the U.S. in fatal traffic crashes. In the same year, 20.8% of the persons killed in Florida traffic accidents were 65 years or older, which might indicate a particular problem for this age group. It is important to keep these statistics in mind when studying the effect of age on traffic safety in Florida as this state has one of the highest levels of elderly drivers in the U.S., due to the large number of retirees residing there. Older drivers have a high risk of traffic crashes, and some research has found that younger drivers (aged 16-24 years) also have high crash risk. While most previous research focused on elderly drivers' crash involvements, this article looks at the entire age spectrum in its analysis of crash involvement trends by drivers' age in Florida. Issues addressed include accident patterns of drivers who are non-Florida residents, crash involvement rates of drivers who were involved in an inappropriate driving maneuver, and differences in crash risk by age and location within the state.
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE WIDE FIELD CAMERA 3 EARLY RELEASE SCIENCE DATA: PANCHROMATIC FAINT OBJECT COUNTS FOR 0.2–2 μm WAVELENGTH

We describe the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) Early Release Science (ERS) observations in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) South field. The new WFC3 ERS data provide calibrated, drizzled mosaics in the UV filters F225W, F275W, and F336W, as well as in the near-IR filters F098M (Ys), F125W (J), and F160W (H) with 1–2 HST orbits per filter. Together with the existing HST Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) GOODS-South mosaics in the BViz filters, these panchromatic 10-band ERS data cover 40–50 arcmin2 at 0.2–1.7 μm in wavelength at 0. ″07–0. ″15 FWHM resolution and 0. ″090 Multidrizzled pixels to depths of AB ≃ 26.0–27.0 mag (5σ) for point sources, and AB ≃ 25.5–26.5 mag for compact galaxies. In this paper, we describe (1) the scientific rationale, and the data taking plus reduction procedures of the panchromatic 10-band ERS mosaics, (2) the procedure of generating object catalogs across the 10 different ERS filters, and the specific star–galaxy separation techniques used, and (3) the reliability and completeness of the object catalogs from the WFC3 ERS mosaics. The excellent 0. ″07–0. ″15 FWHM resolution of HST/WFC3 and ACS makes star–galaxy separation straightforward over a factor of 10 in wavelength to AB ≃ 25–26 mag from the UV to the near-IR, respectively. Our main results are: (1) proper motion of faint ERS stars is detected over 6 years at 3.06 ± 0.66 mas year−1 (4.6σ), consistent with Galactic structure models; (2) both the Galactic star counts and the galaxy counts show mild but significant trends of decreasing count slopes from the mid-UV to the near-IR over a factor of 10 in wavelength; (3) combining the 10-band ERS counts with the panchromatic Galaxy and Mass Assembly survey counts at the bright end (10 mag ≲ AB ≲ 20 mag) and the Hubble Ultra Deep Field counts in the BVizYsJH filters at the faint end (24 mag ≲ AB ≲ 30 mag) yields galaxy counts that are well measured over the entire flux range 10 mag ≲ AB ≲ 30 mag for 0.2–2 μm in wavelength; (4) simple luminosity+density evolution models can fit the galaxy counts over this entire flux range. However, no single model can explain the counts over this entire flux range in all 10 filters simultaneously. More sophisticated models of galaxy assembly are needed to reproduce the overall constraints provided by the current panchromatic galaxy counts for 10 mag ≲ AB ≲ 30 mag over a factor of 10 in wavelength.
A Statistically Efficient and Scalable Method for Log-Linear Analysis of High-Dimensional Data

Log-linear analysis is the primary statistical approach to discovering conditional dependencies between the variables of a dataset. A good log-linear analysis method requires both high precision and statistical efficiency. High precision means that the risk of false discoveries should be kept very low. Statistical efficiency means that the method should discover actual associations with as few samples as possible. Classical approaches to log-linear analysis make use of χ2 tests to control this balance between quality and complexity. We present an information-theoretic approach to log-linear analysis. We show that our approach 1) requires significantly fewer samples to discover the true associations than statistical approaches -- statistical efficiency -- 2) controls for the risk of false discoveries as well as statistical approaches -- high precision - and 3) can perform the discovery on datasets with hundreds of variables on a standard desktop computer -- computational efficiency.
WPP, No. 108: Perception of pitch location within a speaker’s own range: fundamental frequency, voice quality and speaker sex

How are listeners able to identify whether the pitch of a brief isolated sample of an unknown voice is high or low in the overall pitch range of that speaker? Does the speaker’s voice quality convey crucial information about pitch level? Results and statistical models of two experiments that provide answers to these questions are presented. First, listeners rated the pitch levels of samples taken over the full pitch ranges of male and female speakers. The absolute f0 of the samples was by far the most important determinant of listeners’ ratings, but with some effect of the sex of the speaker. Acoustic measures of voice quality had only a very small effect on these ratings. This result suggests that listeners have expectations about f0s for average speakers of each sex, and judge voice samples against such expectations. Second, listeners judged speaker sex for the same speech samples. Again, absolute f0 was the most determinant of listeners’ judgments, but now voice quality measures also played a role. Thus it seems that pitch level judgments depend on voice quality only indirectly, through its information about sex. Absolute f0 is the most important information for deciding both pitch level and speaker sex.
THE SELECTIVE IMPAIRMENT OF THE PHONOLOGICAL OUTPUT BUFFER

A single case study is presented of a patient, LT, with a reproduction conduction aphasic pattern of performance on word reproduction tasks; thus he made substitutions, insertions, deletions, and transpositions in reading, writing, and repetition of words and nonwords, as well as in sentence production, and in spoken and written picture and action naming. Further analyses revealed that there was no effect of semantic or syntactic structure on performance, and that reading was slightly better than repetition and writing. Finally, the observed effects of lexicality, length, and word frequency were similar to those found in other phonological output buffer patients. Overall, the pattern observed fits the characteristics typical of phonological output buffer patients, as characterised by Caramazza, Miceli, and Villa (1986). We discuss the implications of these results for understanding the role of the output phonological buffer in neuropsychological and computational models of writing, reading, and repetition. From the perspective of LT’s performance, the hypothesis suggested by Caramazza et al. (1986), and that of Hartley and Houghton (1996), that word production in reading and repetition uses an additional route to access articulatory or phoneme-level representations from the phonological output lexicon, is unnecessary; instead, word-nonword differences in other patients can be attributed to resource demand differences between the two types of stimuli. LT’s preserved span fit with the assumption that two phonological buffers exist, one for input and the other for output. Results from a word repetition experiment, in which word syllable structure was manipulated, are in conflict with one further noncentral aspect of the Hartley and Houghton’s model, which otherwise fits the results well.
Similarity Learning with Spatial Constraints for Person Re-identification

Pose variation remains one of the major factors that adversely affect the accuracy of person re-identification. Such variation is not arbitrary as body parts (e.g. head, torso, legs) have relative stable spatial distribution. Breaking down the variability of global appearance regarding the spatial distribution potentially benefits the person matching. We therefore learn a novel similarity function, which consists of multiple sub-similarity measurements with each taking in charge of a subregion. In particular, we take advantage of the recently proposed polynomial feature map to describe the matching within each subregion, and inject all the feature maps into a unified framework. The framework not only outputs similarity measurements for different regions, but also makes a better consistency among them. Our framework can collaborate local similarities as well as global similarity to exploit their complementary strength. It is flexible to incorporate multiple visual cues to further elevate the performance. In experiments, we analyze the effectiveness of the major components. The results on four datasets show significant and consistent improvements over the state-of-the-art methods.
Radiative and dynamical contributions to past and future Arctic stratospheric temperature trends

Abstract. Arctic stratospheric ozone depletion is closely linked to the occurrence of low stratospheric temperatures. There are indications that cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere have been getting colder, raising the question if and to what extent a cooling of the Arctic stratosphere may continue into the future. We use meteorological reanalyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim and NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) for the past 32 yr together with calculations of the chemistry-climate model (CCM) ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) and models from the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation (CCMVal) project to infer radiative and dynamical contributions to long-term Arctic stratospheric temperature changes. For the past three decades the reanalyses show a warming trend in winter and cooling trend in spring and summer, which agree well with trends from the Radiosonde Innovation Composite Homogenization (RICH) adjusted radiosonde data set. Changes in winter and spring are caused by a corresponding change of planetary wave activity with increases in winter and decreases in spring. During winter the increase of planetary wave activity is counteracted by a residual radiatively induced cooling. Stratospheric radiatively induced cooling is detected throughout all seasons, being highly significant in spring and summer. This means that for a given dynamical situation, according to ERA-Interim the annual mean temperature of the Arctic lower stratosphere has been cooling by −0.41 ± 0.11 K decade−1 at 50 hPa over the past 32 yr. Calculations with state-of-the-art models from CCMVal and the EMAC model qualitatively reproduce the radiatively induced cooling for the past decades, but underestimate the amount of radiatively induced cooling deduced from reanalyses. There are indications that this discrepancy could be partly related to a possible underestimation of past Arctic ozone trends in the models. The models project a continued cooling of the Arctic stratosphere over the coming decades (2001–2049) that is for the annual mean about 40% less than the modeled cooling for the past, due to the reduction of ozone depleting substances and the resulting ozone recovery. This projected cooling in turn could offset between 15 and 40% of the Arctic ozone recovery.
Analysis of the propagation of disinhibition‐induced after‐discharges along the guinea‐pig hippocampal slice in vitro.

1. A model has been proposed of picrotoxin‐induced hippocampal in vitro after‐discharges; it depends critically upon alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the recurrent excitatory connections between pyramidal neurones, and upon the ability of pyramidal neurones to generate bursts at about 10 Hz when their dendrites are sufficiently depolarized. 2. We study here the question of whether this model can account for spatial‐‐as well as temporal‐‐aspects of after‐discharges in guinea‐pig hippocampal slices. For example, can the model explain the propagation along a transverse slice of the initial burst and the secondary bursts at about the same velocity, approximately 0.10‐0.20 m s‐1? Under what conditions might the secondary bursts exhibit a different spatial pattern to the initial burst, as we now show can occur in longitudinal slices? To examine these questions, we increased the number of cells in our model from 100 to 8000 (in a 20 x 400 array), arranging the excitatory synaptic connections in a spatially restricted fashion, with an average extent of 1.0 mm (as suggested experimentally). 3. Our model suggests that both AMPA and NMDA receptors contribute to the propagation pattern and velocity of the initial and the secondary bursts in an after‐discharge. 4. When unitary AMPA and NMDA conductances are in the range where the primary burst lasts for 100‐200 ms, and there are three or four secondary bursts, then both primary and secondary bursts propagate near to the experimentally observed velocity for transverse slices. In the model, however, secondary bursts propagate at somewhat slower velocities than the initial burst. 5. The mechanisms of propagation are different for the initial and for the secondary bursts: propagation of the primary burst depends upon the initiation of electrogenesis in ‘resting’ dendrites by AMPA and NMDA inputs that are rapidly increasing in time. Propagation of secondary bursts depends upon the timing of calcium spikes in depolarized dendrites with slowly varying NMDA inputs; the timing of calcium spikes can be influenced by a ‘wave’ of AMPA input, but calcium spikes‐‐we predict‐‐should occur even without the AMPA input, once the after‐discharge has been initiated. The blockade of firing in an intermediate region of the disinhibited slice is predicted to have different effects on the primary burst and on secondary bursts distal to the region of blockade. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Importance of collateral circulation in coronary heart disease.

AIMS Collateral arteries are a common but inconsistent finding in coronary heart disease (CHD). We endeavoured to review the methods for coronary artery collateral assessment, the predictors and clinical importance of collateral blood flow, and the potential for therapeutic augmentation of collateral anastomoses. METHODS AND RESULTS While many methods have been used to assess collateral blood flow only a few have been formally validated. Collateral flow index, as determined by measurement of intra-coronary pressure or flow velocity, is the most robust measure of collateral flow. These techniques have led to important advances in our understanding of collateral artery function. Coronary collateral arteries may prevent myocardial ischaemia in healthy subjects and in patients with CHD. A functional collateral circulation may lead to reduced ischaemia, preservation of ventricular function, and an improved prognosis. Recent trials have demonstrated that vascular progenitor cell therapies may improve ventricular function following acute myocardial infarction, raising the possibility of effective biological treatments to improve myocardial blood flow and prognosis in CHD. CONCLUSIONS Coronary collateral anastomoses represent a prognostically important adaptive response in patients with CHD. Therapeutic augmentation of collaterals with emerging biological therapies represents a desirable goal for treating CHD patients.
Quantification of Therapeutic miRNA Mimics in Whole Blood from Nonhuman Primates

MRX34, a microRNA (miRNA)-based therapy for cancer, has recently entered clinical trials as the first clinical candidate in its class. It is a liposomal nanoparticle loaded with a synthetic mimic of the tumor suppressor miRNA miR-34a as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. To understand the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug and to rationalize an optimal dosing regimen in the clinic, a method is needed to quantitatively detect the miRNA mimic. Here, we report the development and qualification of a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay in support of pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic assessments in the nonhuman primate. Detection and quantification were performed on total ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolated from whole blood. The qualified range of the standard curve spans 6 orders of magnitude from 2.5 × 10–7 to 2.5 × 10–1 ng per reverse transcription (RT) reaction, corresponding to an estimated blood concentration from 6.2 × 10–5 to 6.2 × 101 ng/mL. Our results demonstrate that endogenous as well as the exogenous miR-34a can be accurately and precisely quantified. The assay was used to establish the pharmacokinetic profile of MRX34, showing a favorable residence time and exposure of the miRNA mimic in whole blood from nonhuman primates.
Impedance control is selectively tuned to multiple directions of movement

Humans are able to learn tool-handling tasks, such as carving, demonstrating their competency to make movements in unstable environments with varied directions. When faced with a single direction of instability, humans learn to selectively co-contract their arm muscles tuning the mechanical stiffness of the limb end point to stabilize movements. This study examines, for the first time, subjects simultaneously adapting to two distinct directions of instability, a situation that may typically occur when using tools. Subjects learned to perform reaching movements in two directions, each of which had lateral instability requiring control of impedance. The subjects were able to adapt to these unstable interactions and switch between movements in the two directions; they did so by learning to selectively control the end-point stiffness counteracting the environmental instability without superfluous stiffness in other directions. This finding demonstrates that the central nervous system can simultaneously tune the mechanical impedance of the limbs to multiple movements by learning movement-specific solutions. Furthermore, it suggests that the impedance controller learns as a function of the state of the arm rather than a general strategy.
Solid texture synthesis from 2D exemplars

We present a novel method for synthesizing solid textures from 2D texture exemplars. First, we extend 2D texture optimization techniques to synthesize 3D texture solids. Next, the non-parametric texture optimization approach is integrated with histogram matching, which forces the global statistics of the synthesized solid to match those of the exemplar. This improves the convergence of the synthesis process and enables using smaller neighborhoods. In addition to producing compelling texture mapped surfaces, our method also effectively models the material in the interior of solid objects. We also demonstrate that our method is well-suited for synthesizing textures with a large number of channels per texel.