Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Incidence and Correlates of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Selected Populations in Five Countries

Background: Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea) infections pose diagnostic and control problems in developing countries. Methods: Participants in China, India, Peru, Russia, and Zimbabwe were screened for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections and symptoms. Results: A total of 18,014 participants were evaluated at baseline, 15,054 at 12 months, and 14,243 at 24 months. The incidence of chlamydia in men was 2.0 per 100 person years both from baseline to 12 months and from 12 to 24 months, and in women, 4.6 from baseline to 12 months and 3.6 from 12 to 24 months; a range of 31.2% to 100% reported no symptoms across the 5 countries. The incidence of gonorrhea in men was 0.3 per 100 person years both from baseline to 12 months and from 12 to 24 months, and in women, 1.4 from baseline to 12 months and 1.1 from 12 to 24 months; a range of 66.7% to 100% reported no symptoms. Being female, aged 18 to 24 years, and having more than 1 partner were associated with both the infections. In addition, being divorced, separated, or widowed was associated with gonorrhea. Being male, having 6+ years of education, and reporting only 1 partner were associated with having no symptoms among those infected with chlamydia. No variables correlated with asymptomatic gonorrhea among those infected. Conclusion: A high prevalence and incidence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections was identified among men and women in a wide variety of settings. More effective programs are needed to identify and treat chlamydia and gonorrhea infections, especially among women, young adults, those with multiple partners, those repeatedly infected, and particularly those at risk without symptoms. The risk of transmission from persons with no symptoms requires further study.
D-cycloserine augmentation in behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis

Objective To evaluate the overall effect of D-cycloserine (DCS) augmentation on exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods Clinical studies on the effect of DCS augmentation on ERP therapy for OCD compared to placebo were included for meta analysis. The primary outcome was the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Meta-analyses were performed with a random-effect model or a fixed-effect model using the Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan, version 5.2) to calculate the odds ratio and the mean difference, with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results A total of six studies was included in the current meta-analyses, and their data were extracted. Among them, four were for analyses of DCS and Y-BOCS at midtreatment, six for analysis at posttreatment, and four at 3-month follow-up. Besides, three of the six eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis of the DCS and Clinical Global Impression–Severity Scale at posttreatment, and three in the meta-analysis of DCS and proportions of treatment responders and of subjects attaining clinical remission status criteria at posttreatment. Our meta-analyses do not reveal a significant effect of DCS augmentation in ERP therapy for OCD patients, except when measured at midtreatment. Compared to the placebo group, DCS augmentation did show a trend toward significantly lower/decreased Y-BOCS; when measured at posttreatment and in the subpopulation of DCS taken before some of the ERP sessions, DCS augmentation showed a trend toward significantly lower/decreased Y-BOCS. Conclusion Our result suggested that with the careful optimization of DCS-augmented ERP therapy by fine-tuning timing and dosing of DCS administration and number and frequency of ERP sessions, DCS may enhance the efficacy of ERP therapy in reducing the symptomatic severity of OCD patients, especially at early stage of the treatment; therefore, DCS augmentation could possibly reduce treatment cost, reduce treatment drop and refusal rate, and help to improve access to the limited number of experienced therapists.
Structural Studies of Peptidoglycans in Campylobacter Species

Peptidoglycans (PG) from Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Campylobacter fetus were composed of muramic acid, glucosamine, alanine, glutamic acid, and diaminopimelic acid in a molar ratio of 1.1: 1: 1.7: 1.1:0.9. Thirty percent of the amino groups of diaminopimelic acid were involved in cross‐linkages between peptides. During cultivation, C. coli and C. jejuni changed from a spiral to a coccoid form. In C. coli, we could isolate PG only from the spiral forms in yields of 0.8‐1.2% by dry weight. C. fetus did not change to a coccoid form, and always contained PG. Thus, it is possible that the morphological transformation from the spirals to the coccoid forms of C. coli and C. jejuni is accompanied by, and probably due to, the degradation of PG.
Resolution of inflammation by retrograde chemotaxis of neutrophils in transgenic zebrafish

Neutrophil chemotaxis to sites of inflammation is a critical process during normal immune responses to tissue injury and infection and pathological immune responses leading to chronic inflammation. Although progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that promote neutrophil recruitment to inflamed tissue, the mechanisms that regulate the resolution phase of the inflammatory response have remained relatively elusive. To define the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil‐mediated inflammation in vivo, we have developed a novel transgenic zebrafish in which the neutrophils express GFP under control of the myeloperoxidase promoter (zMPO:GFP). Tissue injury induces a robust, inflammatory response, which is characterized by the rapid chemotaxis of neutrophils to the wound site. In vivo time‐lapse imaging shows that neutrophils subsequently display directed retrograde chemotaxis back toward the vasculature. These findings implicate retrograde chemotaxis as a novel mechanism that regulates the resolution phase of the inflammatory response. The zMPO:GFP zebrafish provides unique insight into the mechanisms of neutrophil‐mediated inflammation and thereby offers opportunities to identify new regulators of the inflammatory response in vivo.
Thickness-dependent magnetic and magnetoresistance properties of permalloy prepared by field assisted tilt sputtering

This paper presents magnetic and anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) results of permalloy Ni80Fe20 films of different thickness (10–250 nm). The films were grown by sputter deposition at an angle, with in-situ magnetic field assisting the definition of uniaxial anisotropy. The results show that there is negligible change in anisotropy field (Hk) and resistivity with thickness down to 50 nm. However, for thinner films (<50 nm) Hk and resistivity increase rapidly with decrease in film thickness. The coercivity (Hc) of our films was found to be independent of the thickness, in all cases below 1.5 Oe. The AMR increases with the film thickness and saturates at higher thicknesses.
Examining the Relationship Between Louisiana Principals' Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Student Achievement

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Louisiana Principals’ self-efficacy beliefs and student achievement. This study was grounded in the research of Bandura’s model of triadic reciprocal causation and more recent research on principals’ self-efficacy beliefs. Using the Principals’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (PSES) (Tschannen-Moran & Gareis, 2004) measures of principals’ self-efficacy were collected and analyzed for (1) instructional leadership, (2) management, and (3) moral leadership. Principals across the state of Louisiana were emailed a link to the PSES and were asked to provide the names of their schools and asked for the number of years they had served as principal at their current school. Principals with two or more years were allowed to continue and complete the PSES. Three hundred eleven principals completed the PSES. Two years of student achievement reports [indicating Assessment Indices (AI)], published by the Louisiana Department of Education, were available for 271 of the 311 respondents. Pearson correlational analyses were used to determine relationships between variables. This study found no statistically significant relationships between management, and moral leadership efficacy and change in AI over a two-year period. However, there was a small ( p = 0.047), but statistically significant (R 2 = 0.010) relationship between instructional leadership efficacy and change in AI over a two-year period. The researcher recommends that the following steps be taken in future research seeking to determine the relationship between instructional leadership efficacy and change in AI: 1) exploration of data collection by means other than self-reporting, 2) use of student-level value-added data rather than the cohort-level data available here, and 3) use of a larger and more diverse sample of principals. Keywords: Principals, self-efficacy beliefs, or principals’ self-efficacy beliefs
Using summaries in document retrieval

This paper examines the role that summaries can play in document retrieval. Thirty searches are applied to full-text and summaries only in large document collections, and the results are evaluated using two different evaluation scopes. The results support the view that those customer segments who want smaller answer sets focused on highly relevant documents benefit from limiting their searches to summaries. On the other hand, those customer segments who wish to retrieve all references to some topic should continue to search full-text.
Influence of Carbon Monoxide, and its Interaction with Nitric Oxide, on the Adrenocorticotropin Hormone Response of the Normal Rat to a Physico‐Emotional Stress

We determined whether the gas carbon monoxide (CO) altered the adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) response to mild inescapable electrofootshocks, and whether it interacted with nitric oxide (NO). Peripheral injection of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nwnitro‐l‐arginine‐methylester (l‐NAME), a compound which readily crosses the blood–brain barrier, produced the expected blunting of the ACTH response to the shocks. This effect was mimicked by other arginine analogues such as l‐nitroarginine (l‐NNA) and NG‐methyl‐l‐arginine (NMMA). The subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of the heme oxygenase (HO) blockers tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP) or tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) significantly decreased brain HO levels, indicating that both compounds had penetrated the brain. Blood pressure showed a modest increase in response to SnMP, and no change after SnPP. SnMP and SnPP both decreased shock‐induced ACTH release, though the magnitude of this effect was slightly less than that of l‐NAME. The influence of SnPP was further augmented in rats with concomitant blockade of NO formation, which suggests that both NO and CO are necessary for the full response of this axis to electrofootshocks. Finally, the ability of SnPP to significantly blunt the expression of the mRNA for the immediate early gene NGFI‐B in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats exposed to shocks, indicates that the influence of CO was exerted on hypothalamic neuronal activity. Collectively, our results show that NO and CO exert a stimulatory effect on the HPA axis response to mild electrofootshocks, and that at least part of this influence takes place on hypothalamic neurons and/or their afferents.
Risk stratification of normotensive pulmonary embolism: prognostic impact of copeptin

The prognostic value of copeptin, the C-terminal fragment of the precursor protein of vasopressin which is released upon stress, and hypotension in pulmonary embolism is unknown, especially if combined with biomarkers reflecting different pathophysiological axes such as myocardial injury (high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT)) and stretch (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)). We prospectively studied 268 normotensive pulmonary embolism patients included in a single-centre cohort study. Patients with an adverse 30-day outcome (5.6%) had higher copeptin levels than patients with a favourable course (median (interquartile range) 51.8 (21.6–90.8) versus 13.2 (5.9–39.3) pmol·L−1; p=0.020). Patients with copeptin levels above the calculated optimal cut-off value of 24 pmol·L−1 had a 5.4-fold increased risk for an adverse outcome (95% CI 1.68–17.58; p=0.005). We developed a strategy for risk stratification based on biomarkers. None of 141 patients (52.6%) with hsTnT <14 pg·mL−1 or NT-proBNP <600 pg·mL−1 had an adverse outcome (low risk). Copeptin ≥24 pmol·L−1 stratified patients with elevated hsTnT and NT-proBNP as intermediate–low and intermediate–high risk (5.6% and 20.0% adverse outcome, respectively). Compared to the algorithm proposed by the 2014 European Society of Cardiology guideline, more patients were classified as low risk (52.8% versus 17.5%, p<0.001) and more patients in the intermediate–high risk group had an adverse outcome (20.0% versus 11.6%). Copeptin might be helpful for risk stratification of normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism, especially if integrated into a biomarker-based algorithm. Copeptin may improve risk stratification of normotensive pulmonary embolism by reflecting a new pathophysiological axis http://ow.ly/R9nOV
Age‐related changes in the endocytic capacity of rat liver kupffer and endothelial cells

There are many indications that the functional capacity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) declines with age. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular basis of age‐related changes in the clearance function of the RES. The experiments were focused mainly on Kupffer and endothelial cells of the liver which represent a major part of the RES and are primarily responsible for clearance of colloidal material from the circulation. The clearance capacity of the RES was tested clinically and experimentally by intravenous injection of colloids, such as radiolabeled heataggregated colloidal albumin.
Effect of magnetic field in malaria diagnosis using magnetic nanoparticles

The current gold standard method of Malaria diagnosis relies on the blood smears examination. The method is laborintensive, time consuming and requires the expertise for data interpretation. In contrast, Raman scattering from a metabolic byproduct of the malaria parasite (Hemozoin) shows the possibility of rapid and objective diagnosis of malaria. However, hemozoin concentration is usually extremely low especially at the early stage of malaria infection, rendering weak Raman signal. In this work, we propose the sensitive detection of enriched β-hematin, whose spectroscopic properties are equivalent to hemozoin, based on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) by using magnetic nanoparticles. A few orders of magnitude enhancement in the Raman signal of β-hematin can be achieved using magnetic nanoparticles. Furthermore, the effect of magnetic field on SERS enhancement is investigated. Our result demonstrates the potential of SERS using magnetic nanoparticles in the effective detection of hemozoin for malaria diagnosis.
The Time-Course of Visual Categorizations: You Spot the Animal Faster than the Bird

Background Since the pioneering study by Rosch and colleagues in the 70s, it is commonly agreed that basic level perceptual categories (dog, chair…) are accessed faster than superordinate ones (animal, furniture…). Nevertheless, the speed at which objects presented in natural images can be processed in a rapid go/no-go visual superordinate categorization task has challenged this “basic level advantage”. Principal Findings Using the same task, we compared human processing speed when categorizing natural scenes as containing either an animal (superordinate level), or a specific animal (bird or dog, basic level). Human subjects require an additional 40–65 ms to decide whether an animal is a bird or a dog and most errors are induced by non-target animals. Indeed, processing time is tightly linked with the type of non-targets objects. Without any exemplar of the same superordinate category to ignore, the basic level category is accessed as fast as the superordinate category, whereas the presence of animal non-targets induces both an increase in reaction time and a decrease in accuracy. Conclusions and Significance These results support the parallel distributed processing theory (PDP) and might reconciliate controversial studies recently published. The visual system can quickly access a coarse/abstract visual representation that allows fast decision for superordinate categorization of objects but additional time-consuming visual analysis would be necessary for a decision at the basic level based on more detailed representations.
Bending analysis of a single leaf flexure using higher-order beam theory

We apply higher-order beam theory to analyze the deflections and stresses of a cantilevered single leaf flexure in bending. Our equations include shear deformation and the warping effect in bending. The results are compared with Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theory, and are verified by finite element analysis (FEA). The results show that the higher-order beam theory is in a good agreement with the FEA results, with errors of less than 10%. These results indicate that the analysis of the deflections and stresses of a single leaf flexure should consider the shear and warping effects in bending to ensure high precision mechanism design.
Prevalence of Mobile Phones and Factors Influencing Usage by Caregivers of Young Children in Daily Life and for Health Care in Rural China: A Mixed Methods Study

Introduction To capitalise on mHealth, we need to understand the use of mobile phones both in daily life and for health care. Objective To assess the prevalence and factors that influence usage of mobile phones by caregivers of young children. Materials and Methods A mixed methods approach was used, whereby a survey (N=1854) and semi-structured interviews (N=17) were conducted concurrently. The quantitative and qualitative data obtained were compared and integrated. Participants were caregivers of young children in Zhao County, Hebei Province, China. Results Four main themes were found: (i) trends in mobile phone ownership; (ii) usage of mobile phone functions; (iii) factors influencing replying to text messages; and (iv) uses of mobile phones for health care. The majority of 1,854 survey participants (1,620; 87.4%) used mobile phones, but usage was much higher among mothers (1,433; 92.6%) and fathers (41; 100.0%) compared to grandparents (142; 54.6%). Parents were able to send text messages, grandparents often not. Factors influencing the decision to reply to text messages in daily life were checking the mobile phone, trusting the sender, emotion or feeling when receiving a text message, the importance of replying and ease of use of text messages. Of 1,620 survey participants who used a mobile phone, about one in four (432; 26.7%) had used it for health care in the past three months and most (1,110; 93.5%) of 1,187 who had not wished to use their phone to receive health information. Conclusion We found that usage of mobile phones is high, several factors influencing usage and an interest of caregivers to use phones for health care in Zhao County, rural China, which can be used to inform studies in settings with similar characteristics. Future work needs to assess factors influencing mobile phone usage in-depth to optimize experiences of users for specific mHealth-based interventions.
A first extensive hydrothermal field associated with Kuroko-type deposit in a Silicic Submarine caldera in a Nascent Rift Zone, Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) arc, Japan

A huge hydrothermal field of 500 by 700 m across associated with a modern analogue of Kuroko-type deposit was first found in the Bayonnaise knoll caldera in a nascent rift zone westward the volcanic front of the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) island arc, Japan during the April 2003 Hakurei-maru No.2 cruise since two major Kuroko-type deposits had been reported on the volcanic front. The dacite knoll caldera associated with a post-caldera dome has the slightly ellipsoidal caldera rim of 3 by 2.5 km wide with about 200 m relief, and its floor is about 840-920 m below sea level. The hydrothermal field, which occurs between water depths of about 800 m and 700 m around the southeastern caldera floor, exists near the intersection of caldera boundary fault and an inferred N-S trending normal fault in a back-arc rift zone. In the field many sulfide chimneys with different sizes less than 10 m high on sulfide mounds are distributed on the marginal area between the caldera floor and sloping talus deposits at the foot of the caldera wall, and are buried in part by talus composed of pumice and dacite fragments and their breakdown materials. They are still active and some of them are oxidized to reddish materials. Sulfide chimneys recovered by finder-installed power grab are mainly composed of sphalerite associated with chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite and barite, and chemically enriched in Au up to 14 ppm and Ag up to 1400 ppm with major Zn, moderate Ba, and minor Pb, Hg and Fe. Since the caldera is located exactly near the intersection of the caldera boundary fault and the N-S back-arc rift fault, the ambient area including the caldera is tectonically active and in an extensional field. The finding of Kuroko-type deposit implies that possible areas of Kuroko-type mineralization may still exist in the N-S rift zones along the volcanic front.
Inhalation of mercury vapor can cause the toxic effects on rat kidney

Dental amalgam has been used in dentistry as a filling material. The filler comprises mercury (Hg). It is considered one of the most important and widespread environmental pollutants, which poses a serious potential threat for the humans and animals. However, mercury deposition affects the nervous, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and especially renal systems. In most animals’ species and humans, the kidney is one of the main sites of deposition of mercury and target organ for its toxicity. In this study, the effects of mercury intake on kidney in rats were searched. For the this purpose; we used 24 adult female Wistar albino rats (200 g in weight) obtained from Experimental Research and Application Center of Atatürk University with ethical approval. Besides, they were placed into a specially designed glass cage. Along this experiment for 45 days, subjects were exposed to (1 mg/m3/day) mercury vapor. However, no application was used for the control subjects. At the end of the experiment, kidney samples were obtained from all subjects and processed for routine light microscopic level and stereological aspect were assessed. Finally, according to our results, mercury affects the histological features of the kidney. That means, the severe effects of mercury has been shown using stereological approach, which is one of the ideal quantitative methods in the current literature. In this study, it was detected that chronic exposure to mercury vapor may lead to renal damage and diseases in an experimental rat model.
Learning Simple Algorithms from Examples

We present an approach for learning simple algorithms such as copying, multi-digit addition and single digit multiplication directly from examples. Our framework consists of a set of interfaces, accessed by a controller. Typical interfaces are 1-D tapes or 2-D grids that hold the input and output data. For the controller, we explore a range of neural network-based models which vary in their ability to abstract the underlying algorithm from training instances and generalize to test examples with many thousands of digits. The controller is trained using $Q$-learning with several enhancements and we show that the bottleneck is in the capabilities of the controller rather than in the search incurred by $Q$-learning.