Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incidence and viral aetiologies of acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) in the United States: a population-based study

SUMMARY We conducted prospective, community-wide surveillance for acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) in Rochester, NY and Marshfield, WI during a 3-month period in winter 2011. We estimated the incidence of ARIs in each community, tested for viruses, and determined the proportion of ARIs associated with healthcare visits. We used a rolling cross-sectional design to sample participants, conducted telephone interviews to assess ARI symptoms (defined as a current illness with feverishness or cough within the past 7 days), collected nasal/throat swabs to identify viruses, and extracted healthcare utilization from outpatient/inpatient records. Of 6492 individuals, 321 reported an ARI within 7 days (4·9% total, 5·7% in Rochester, 4·4% in Marshfield); swabs were collected from 208 subjects. The cumulative ARI incidence for the entire 3-month period was 52% in Rochester [95% confidence interval (CI) 42–63] and 35% in Marshfield (95% CI 28–42). A specific virus was identified in 39% of specimens: human coronavirus (13% of samples), rhinovirus (12%), RSV (7%), influenza virus (4%), human metapneumovirus (4%), and adenovirus (1%). Only 39/200 (20%) had a healthcare visit (2/9 individuals with influenza). ARI incidence was ~5% per week during winter.
Fast Stochastic Algorithms for SVD and PCA: Convergence Properties and Convexity

We study the convergence properties of the VR-PCA algorithm introduced by \cite{shamir2015stochastic} for fast computation of leading singular vectors. We prove several new results, including a formal analysis of a block version of the algorithm, and convergence from random initialization. We also make a few observations of independent interest, such as how pre-initializing with just a single exact power iteration can significantly improve the runtime of stochastic methods, and what are the convexity and non-convexity properties of the underlying optimization problem.
Structure and Selected Properties of Arc Sprayed Coatings Containing In-Situ Fabricated Fe-Al Intermetallic Phases

The paper presents the results of research on the production by means of arc spraying of composite coatings from the Fe-Al system with participation of in-situ intermetallic phases. The arc spraying process was carried out by simultaneously melting two different electrode wires, aluminum and steel. The aim of the research is to create protective coatings with a composite structure with a significant participation of FexAly as an intermetallic phases reinforcement. The synthesis of intermetallic phases takes place during the (in-situ) spraying process. Currently most coatings involving intermetallic phases are manufactured by different thermal spraying methods using coating materials in the form of prefabricated powders containing intermetallic phases. The obtained results showed the local occurrence of intermetallic phases from the Fe-Al system, and the dominant components of the structure have two phases, aluminum solid solutions in iron and iron in aluminum. The participation of intermetallic phases in the coating is relatively low, but its effect on the properties of the coating material is significant.
Two different pathogenic mechanisms, dying-back axonal neuropathy and pancreatic senescence, are present in the YG8R mouse model of Friedreich’s ataxia

ABSTRACT Frataxin (FXN) deficiency causes Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA), a multisystem disorder with neurological and non-neurological symptoms. FRDA pathophysiology combines developmental and degenerative processes of dorsal root ganglia (DRG), sensory nerves, dorsal columns and other central nervous structures. A dying-back mechanism has been proposed to explain the peripheral neuropathy and neuropathology. In addition, affected individuals have non-neuronal symptoms such as diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance. To go further in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of neuropathy and diabetes associated with the disease, we have investigated the humanized mouse YG8R model of FRDA. By biochemical and histopathological studies, we observed abnormal changes involving muscle spindles, dorsal root axons and DRG neurons, but normal findings in the posterior columns and brain, which agree with the existence of a dying-back process similar to that described in individuals with FRDA. In YG8R mice, we observed a large number of degenerated axons surrounded by a sheath exhibiting enlarged adaxonal compartments or by a thin disrupted myelin sheath. Thus, both axonal damage and defects in Schwann cells might underlie the nerve pathology. In the pancreas, we found a high proportion of senescent islets of Langerhans in YG8R mice, which decreases the β-cell number and islet mass to pathological levels, being unable to maintain normoglycemia. As a whole, these results confirm that the lack of FXN induces different pathogenic mechanisms in the nervous system and pancreas in the mouse model of FRDA: dying back of the sensory nerves, and pancreatic senescence. Summary: Frataxin deficiency induces different pathogenic mechanisms in the nervous system and pancreas in a YG8R mouse model of Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA). Thus, the degenerative process in FRDA is determined by the cell type.
Prediction of Lifetime Risk for Cardiovascular Disease by Risk Factor Burden at 50 Years of Age

Background— Lifetime risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not previously been estimated, and the effect of risk factor burden on lifetime risk is unknown. Methods and Results— We included all Framingham Heart Study participants who were free of CVD (myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency, angina, stroke, claudication) at 50 years of age. Lifetime risks to 95 years of age were estimated for men and women, with death free of CVD as a competing event. We followed up 3564 men and 4362 women for 111 777 person-years; 1757 had CVD events and 1641 died free of CVD. At 50 years of age, lifetime risks were 51.7% (95% CI, 49.3 to 54.2) for men and 39.2% (95% CI, 37.0 to 41.4) for women, with median survivals of 30 and 36 years, respectively. With more adverse levels of single risk factors, lifetime risks increased and median survivals decreased. Compared with participants with ≥2 major risk factors, those with optimal levels had substantially lower lifetime risks (5.2% versus 68.9% in men, 8.2% versus 50.2% in women) and markedly longer median survivals (>39 versus 28 years in men, >39 versus 31 years in women). Conclusions— The absence of established risk factors at 50 years of age is associated with very low lifetime risk for CVD and markedly longer survival. These results should promote efforts aimed at preventing development of risk factors in young individuals. Given the high lifetime risks and lower survival in those with intermediate or high risk factor burden at 50 years of age, these data may be useful in communicating risks and supporting intensive preventive therapy.
On the Origin of Anomalous Velocity Clouds in the Milky Way

We report that neutral hydrogen (H I) gas clouds, resembling high-velocity clouds (HVCs) observed in the Milky Way (MW), appear in MW-sized disk galaxies formed in high-resolution Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological simulations that include gas dynamics, radiative cooling, star formation, supernova feedback, and metal enrichment. Two such disk galaxies are analyzed, and H I column density and velocity distributions in all-sky Aitoff projections are constructed. The simulations demonstrate that ΛCDM is able to create galaxies with sufficient numbers of anomalous velocity gas clouds consistent with the HVCs observed within the MW, and that they are found within a galactocentric radius of 150 kpc. We also find that one of the galaxies has a polar gas ring with radius 30 kpc that appears as a large structure of HVCs in the Aitoff projection. Such large structures may have an origin similar to that of extended HVCs observed in the MW, such as Complex C.
Antenatal Emergency Care Provided by Paramedics: A One-Year Clinical Profile

Abstract Objective: To report on clinical and socio-demographic factors of a one-year caseload of women attended by a statewide ambulance service in Australia, who presented during pregnancy, prior to the commencement of labor. Methods: Retrospective clinical data collected via in-field electronic patient care record (VACIS®) by paramedics during clinical management was provided by Ambulance Victoria. Cases were electronically extracted from the Ambulance Victoria Clinical Data Warehouse via comprehensive filtering followed by case review. Results: Over a 12-month period, paramedics were called to 2,098 women with pregnancy as a primary or non-primary clinical consideration. Women's ages ranged from 14 to 48 years. The majority were multigravidas (86%). There was a greater chance that ambulance services would be required during business hours than any other time of the day. Paramedics noted pregnant women required ambulance services for a range of primary presenting symptoms both obstetric (n = 1137) and non-obstetric (n = 961). Some women had pre-existing conditions including asthma, hypertension, and diabetes potentially complicating their pregnancies. Paramedics administered analgesia to one third of the women. Paired t-tests revealed significant improvement in the pain relief and overall vital signs of the women encountered. Less than half the women (n = 986, 47%) required interventions. Conclusions: This is a unique population wide analysis of ambulance service resource use exploring the clinical profile of pregnant women requiring ambulance services in one calendar year. To manage obstetric and non-obstetric complications in this population safely and effectively, paramedics require an understanding of the unique physiological adaptions during pregnancy. This study therefore has both educational and practice implications.
The First Decade of the New Century: A Cooling Trend for Most of Alaska

During the first decade of the 21st century most of Alaska experienced a cooling shift, modifying the long-term warming trend, which has been about twice the global change up to this time. All of Alaska cooled with the exception of Northern Regions. This trend was caused by a change in sign of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which became dominantly negative, weakening the Aleutian Low. This weakening results in less relatively warm air being advected from the Northern Pacific. This transport is especially important in winter when the solar radiation is weak. It is during this period that the strongest cooling was observed. In addition, the cooling was especially pronounced in Western Alaska, closest to the area of the center of the Aleutian Low. The changes seen in the reanalyzed data were confirmed from surface observations, both in the decrease of the North-South atmospheric pressure gradient, as well as the decrease in the mean wind speeds for stations located in the Bering Sea area.
1.1. History c○1995 CRC Press, Inc.

The Balian–Low theorem (BLT) is a key result in time-frequency analysis, originally stated by Balian and, independently, by Low, as: If a Gabor system {e g(t − na)}m,n∈Z with ab = 1 forms an orthonormal basis for L(R), then
Domain Adaptation with Conditional Transferable Components

Domain adaptation arises in supervised learning when the training (source domain) and test (target domain) data have different distributions. Let X and Y denote the features and target, respectively, previous work on domain adaptation mainly considers the covariate shift situation where the distribution of the features P(X) changes across domains while the conditional distribution P(Y∣X) stays the same. To reduce domain discrepancy, recent methods try to find invariant components [Formula: see text] that have similar [Formula: see text] on different domains by explicitly minimizing a distribution discrepancy measure. However, it is not clear if [Formula: see text] in different domains is also similar when P(Y∣X) changes. Furthermore, transferable components do not necessarily have to be invariant. If the change in some components is identifiable, we can make use of such components for prediction in the target domain. In this paper, we focus on the case where P(X∣Y) and P(Y) both change in a causal system in which Y is the cause for X. Under appropriate assumptions, we aim to extract conditional transferable components whose conditional distribution [Formula: see text] is invariant after proper location-scale (LS) transformations, and identify how P(Y) changes between domains simultaneously. We provide theoretical analysis and empirical evaluation on both synthetic and real-world data to show the effectiveness of our method.
Frontal White Matter Alterations in Short-Term Medicated Panic Disorder Patients without Comorbid Conditions: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

The frontal cortex might play an important role in the fear network, and white matter (WM) integrity could be related to the pathophysiology of panic disorder (PD). A few studies have investigated alterations of WM integrity in PD. The aim of this study was to determine frontal WM integrity differences between patients with PD without comorbid conditions and healthy control (HC) subjects by using diffusion tensor imaging. Thirty-six patients with PD who had used medication within 1 week and 27 age- and sex-matched HC subjects participated in this study. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed on all participants. Panic Disorder Severity Scale and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores were assessed. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used for image analysis. TBSS analysis showed decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in frontal WM and WM around the frontal lobe, including the corpus callosum of both hemispheres, in patients with PD compared to HC subjects. Moreover, voxel-wise correlation analysis revealed that the BAI scores for patients with PD were positively correlated with their FA values for regions showing group differences in the FA of frontal WM of both hemispheres. Altered integrity in frontal WM of patients with PD without comorbid conditions might represent the structural pathophysiology in these patients, and these changes could be related to clinical symptoms of PD.
SPIFFI Observations of the Starburst SMM J14011+0252:Already Old, Fat, and Rich by z = 2.565

Using the SPectrometer for Infrared Faint Field Imaging on the ESO Very Large Telescope, we have obtained J-, H-, and K-band integral field spectroscopy of the z = 2.565 luminous submillimeter galaxy SMM J14011+0252. A global spectrum reveals the brighter of this spatially resolved system's two components as an intense starburst that is remarkably old, massive, and metal-rich for the early epoch at which it is observed. We see a strong Balmer break implying a ≥100 Myr timescale for continuous star formation as well as nebular emission-line ratios implying a supersolar oxygen abundance on large spatial scales. Overall, the system is rapidly converting a large baryonic mass into stars over the course of only a few hundred megayears. Our study thus adds new arguments to the growing evidence that submillimeter galaxies are more massive than Lyman break galaxies and more numerous at high redshift than predicted by current semianalytic models of galaxy evolution.
Programming Algorithms-by-Blocks for Matrix Computations on Multithreaded Architectures FLAME Working Note # 29

With the emergence of thread-level parallelism as the primary means for continued improvement of performance, the programmability issue has reemerged as an obstacle to the use of architectural advances. We argue that evolving legacy libraries for dense and banded linear algebra is not a viable solution due to constraints imposed by early design decisions. We propose a philosophy of abstraction and separation of concerns that provides a promising solution in this problem domain. The first abstraction, FLASH, allows algorithms to express computation with matrices consisting of blocks, facilitating algorithms-by-blocks. Transparent to the library implementor, operand descriptions are registered for a particular operation a priori. A runtime system, SuperMatrix, uses this information to identify data dependencies between suboperations, allowing them to be scheduled to threads out-of-order and executed in parallel. But not all classical algorithms in linear algebra lend themselves to conversion to algorithms-by-blocks. We show how our recently proposed LU factorization with incremental pivoting and closely related algorithm-by-blocks for the QR factorization, both originally designed for out-of-core computation, overcome this difficulty. Anecdotal evidence regarding the development of routines with a core functionality demonstrates how the methodology supports high productivity while experimental results suggest that high performance is abundantly achievable.
Cerebrovascular Disease Pathology and Parkinsonian Signs in Old Age

Background and Purpose— Mild motor symptoms including parkinsonian signs are common in old age, but their underlying neuropathology is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that cerebrovascular pathologies are related to parkinsonian signs. Methods— We studied brain autopsies from 418 deceased participants from the Religious Order Study, who underwent evaluation of parkinsonian signs with a modified version of the motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Brains were evaluated for macroscopic and microinfarcts and the severity of arteriolosclerosis. Regression analyses were used to examine the association of cerebrovascular pathologies with parkinsonian signs. Results— More than 35% of cases (N=149) showed macroscopic infarcts. Almost 30% of cases without macroscopic infarcts showed pathologies not detected by conventional brain imaging: microinfarcts (N=33 [7.9%]), arteriolosclerosis (N=62 [14.8%]), or both (N=24 [5.7%]). Macroscopic infarcts, specifically multiple cortical and ≥1 subcortical macroscopic infarcts, were related to higher global parkinsonian scores. The presence of multiple and cortical microinfarcts was associated with global parkinsonian score. Arteriolosclerosis was associated with global parkinsonian score, but this effect was attenuated and no longer significant after accounting for infarcts. Each of the 3 pathologies was separately associated with parkinsonian gait (macroscopic infarcts [estimate, 0.552; SE, 0.210; P=0.009]; microinfarcts [estimate, 0.424; SE, 0.213; P=0.047]; arteriolosclerosis [estimate, 0.191; SE, 0.056; P<0.001]). Further analyses showed that subcortical macroscopic and microinfarcts were specifically associated with the severity of parkinsonian gait. Conclusions— Cerebrovascular pathologies, including macroscopic infarcts, microinfarcts, and arteriolosclerosis, are common in older persons and may be unrecognized common etiologies of mild parkinsonian signs, especially parkinsonian gait, in old age.
A double-blind trial of gabapentin versus lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal.

INTRODUCTION Some anticonvulsants ameliorate signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, but have an unacceptable side effect burden. Among the advantages of using anticonvulsant agents in this capacity is their purported lack of interaction with alcohol that could increase psychomotor deficits, increase cognitive impairment, or increase intoxication. The aim of this study was to evaluate alcohol use and symptom reduction of gabapentin when compared with lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal in a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. METHODS One hundred individuals seeking outpatient treatment of alcohol withdrawal with Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol-Revised (CIWA-Ar) ratings > or =10 were randomized to double-blind treatment with 2 doses of gabapentin (900 mg tapering to 600 mg or 1200 tapering to 800 mg) or lorazepam (6 mg tapering to 4 mg) for 4 days. Severity of alcohol withdrawal was measured by the CIWA-Ar on days 1 to 4 of treatment and on days 5, 7, and 12 post-treatment and alcohol use monitored by verbal report and breath alcohol levels. RESULTS CIWA-Ar scores decreased over time in all groups; high-dose gabapentin was statistically superior but clinically similar to lorazepam (p = 0.009). During treatment, lorazepam-treated participants had higher probabilities of drinking on the first day of dose decrease (day 2) and the second day off medication (day 6) compared to gabapentin-treated participants (p = 0.0002). Post-treatment, gabapentin-treated participants had less probability of drinking during the follow-up post-treatment period (p = 0.2 for 900 mg and p = 0.3 for 1200 mg) compared to the lorazepam-treated participants (p = 0.55). The gabapentin groups also had less craving, anxiety, and sedation compared to lorazepam. CONCLUSIONS Gabapentin was well tolerated and effectively diminished the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal in our population especially at the higher target dose (1200 mg) used in this study. Gabapentin reduced the probability of drinking during alcohol withdrawal and in the immediate postwithdrawal week compared to lorazepam.
Differential expression of KCNQ1 K+ channel in tubular cells of frog kidney

The aim of this study was to evaluate KCNQ1 K+ channel expression in the frog kidney of Rana esculenta. KCNQ1 K+ channel, also known as KvLQT1, is the pore forming α-subunit of the IKs K+ channel, a delayed rectifier voltage-gated K+ channel, which has an important role in water and salt transport in the kidney and gastrointestinal tract. The expression of KCNQ1 K+ channel along tubular epithelium differs from species to species. In the present study the expression of KCNQ1 K+ channel in the frog kidney has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The presence of KCNQ1 K+ channel was demonstrated in the epithelial cells of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. However, the pattern of expression of KCNQ1 K+ channel differs between distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct. All epithelial cells of distal convoluted tubules revealed basolateral expression of KCNQ1 K+ channel. On the contrary, only the single cells of collecting duct, probably intercalated cells, showed diffuse cell surface staining with antibodies against KCNQ1 K+ channel. These findings suggest that KCNQ1 K+ channel has cell-specific roles in renal potassium ion transport.
Additive Effects of PDGF Receptor β Signaling Pathways in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Development

The platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFRβ) is known to activate many molecules involved in signal transduction and has been a paradigm for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling for many years. We have sought to determine the role of individual signaling components downstream of this receptor in vivo by analyzing an allelic series of tyrosine–phenylalanine mutations that prevent binding of specific signal transduction components. Here we show that the incidence of vascular smooth muscle cells/pericytes (v/p), a PDGFRβ-dependent cell type, can be correlated to the amount of receptor expressed and the number of activated signal transduction pathways. A decrease in either receptor expression levels or disruption of multiple downstream signaling pathways lead to a significant reduction in v/p. Conversely, loss of RasGAP binding leads to an increase in this same cell population, implicating a potential role for this effector in attenuating the PDGFRβ signal. The combined in vivo and biochemical data suggest that the summation of pathways associated with the PDGFRβ signal transduction determines the expansion of developing v/p cells.