Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Segmenting the Market of First-Time Visitors to an Island Destination

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to segment the market of first-time visitors based on the activities travelers engage in while at a destination. The various segments are then profiled by demographics, socio-economic variables, and trip-related characteristics.Design/methodology/approach: This study is based on 1,104 exit surveys completed by first-time visitors to the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, a major island tourist destination. Clustering analysis is used to develop the segments. In addition, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), discriminant analysis, and Chi-Square analyses are completed.Findings: The results indicate that there are three distinct segments of first-time visitors based on travel activities: “culture-oriented” (26% of the market), “active” (37%), and “casual” (37%). The key differences among the three segments are illustrated using demographics, socio-economic variables, trip-related characteristics, and spending patterns. Based on these results, it is clear that the three segments are sustainable and profitable.Practical implications: Segmenting markets for products or services, in any industry, is vital to gain a better understanding of the customer, and to better allocate scarce tourism resources to product development, marketing, service, and delivery. Therefore, all tourism industry stakeholders must be aware of the market segments that are currently visiting the destination.Originality/value: Tourist segments based on activities are not absolutes; they should be viewed on a continuum. The majority of first-time visitors to a destination engage in a variety of travel activities. The continuum of highlighted activities across the segments is from more to less involved. Successful tourism destinations are those that meet the various activity needs of their segments in both their marketing and “on the ground. ”
Relevance of the Diversity among Members of the Trypanosoma Cruzi Trans-Sialidase Family Analyzed with Camelids Single-Domain Antibodies

The sialic acid present in the protective surface mucin coat of Trypanosoma cruzi is added by a membrane anchored trans-sialidase (TcTS), a modified sialidase that is expressed from a large gene family. In this work, we analyzed single domain camelid antibodies produced against trans-sialidase. Llamas were immunized with a recombinant trans-sialidase and inhibitory single-domain antibody fragments were obtained by phage display selection, taking advantage of a screening strategy using an inhibition test instead of the classic binding assay. Four single domain antibodies displaying strong trans-sialidase inhibition activity against the recombinant enzyme were identified. They share the same complementarity-determining region 3 length (17 residues) and have very similar sequences. This result indicates that they likely derived from a unique clone. Probably there is only one structural solution for tight binding inhibitory antibodies against the TcTS used for immunization. To our surprise, this single domain antibody that inhibits the recombinant TcTS, failed to inhibit the enzymatic activity present in parasite extracts. Analysis of individual recombinant trans-sialidases showed that enzymes expressed from different genes were inhibited to different extents (from 8 to 98%) by the llama antibodies. Amino acid changes at key positions are likely to be responsible for the differences in inhibition found among the recombinant enzymes. These results suggest that the presence of a large and diverse trans-sialidase family might be required to prevent the inhibitory response against this essential enzyme and might thus constitute a novel strategy of T. cruzi to evade the host immune system.
Uropathogens and their susceptibility pattern: a retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uro-pathogens. SETTING Department of Pathalogy, Ziauddin Medical Hospital Laboratory, Karachi. METHOD A retrospective analysis was done on all the urine samples sent for culture and sensitivity during a seven months period. Two thousand eight hundred and forty four urine samples were received and inoculated in cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient agar (CLED). Positive samples were identified, processed and antibiotic susceptibility was carried out. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 97. RESULTS E. coli (45.6%) was the leading uropathogen followed by candida spp. (10.5%), enterococcus spp. (10.2%). For E. coli ampicillin, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin and gentamycin sensitivity was 26%, 20%, 79.5%, 65% respectively. Enterococcus isolates showed 60% resistance to ampicillin. CONCLUSION The resistant pattern of uro-pathogens causing urinary tract infections to common antimicrobial agents is changing and must be taken into account when selecting treatment strategies. Therefore, antibiotic policy should be made according to local surveillance data.
Visual exploratory activity and resultant behavioural analysis of youth midfield soccer players

Eldridge D, Pulling C, Robins M. Visual exploratory activity and resultant behavioural analysis of youth midfield soccer players. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 8, No. Proc3, pp. S560-S577, 2013. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of visual exploratory activity, prior to receiving the ball in the middle third of the pitch, on the actions of youth midfield soccer players. The visual exploratory activity of three youth central midfield players was examined using a player cam approach, which in turn, was related to each player’s actions, after receiving the ball, through the use of a wide angle perspective. SportsCode Elite software was used to analyse all player actions post-event. Players participated in five training games, each 20 minutes in duration. The player’s actions were divided into five themes: (1) maintaining possession, (2) loss of possession, (3) field location of maintained possessions (4) defensive pressure, and, (5) turning. Associations between visual exploratory activity and each of the resultant behavioural themes were examined using a chi-squared test (p<0.05). The findings of the study revealed that the players performed more forward passes, executed more passes into the attacking half, performed more turns when opportunities arose, and experienced less defensive pressure when performing visual exploratory activity prior to receiving the ball (p<0.01). There is evidence to suggest that coaches should encourage players to perform visual exploratory activity prior to receiving possession of the football. Moreover, coaches should be acutely aware that visual exploratory activity can influence the technical and tactical aspects of performance, and, consequently, this aspect should be considered an important facet to aid player development. Key words: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS, MOTOR CONTROL, PLAYER DEVELOPMENT.
Making Sense of Mental Illness as a Full Human Experience: Perspective of Illness and Recovery Held by People With a Mental Illness Living in the Community

There is substantial current interest in building evidence about recovery from mental illness in order to inform comprehensive practice in health and social paradigms. This article presents accounts related to recovery and illness expressed by eight people through a Participatory Action Research project. The research facilitated entry to their subjective experiences of living in the community as an artist with a mental illness. Specific concern was raised of recovery as a clinical term with its requirement to meet distinct conventions of recovery formulated by health workers. This article emphasizes that individualized values of mental illness and recovery are interconnected to dynamic and complex perceptions drawn from experiencing life and experiencing things in their life.
Growth and reproductive performance, during exposure to ammonia, of gilts afflicted with pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis.

From 2 to 4.5 months of age, 80 crossbred gilts were reared in a conventional grower unit where they were naturally exposed to mycoplasmal and bacterial pathogens that cause pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis. At 4.5 months of age, gilts were moved to environmentally regulated rooms (4.9 x 7.3 m) and assigned at random to 1 of 2 treatment groups: low aerial concentration of ammonia (4 to 12 ppm; mean, 7 ppm) or moderate aerial concentration of ammonia (26 to 45 ppm, mean, 35 ppm). Low concentration of ammonia was obtained by flushing of manure pits weekly, whereas moderate concentration of ammonia was maintained by adding anhydrous ammonia to manure pits that were not flushed. Gilts were weighed biweekly. Mean daily gain (MDG) was less (P < 0.01) for gilts exposed to moderate concentration of ammonia than for gilts exposed to low concentration of ammonia after 2 weeks in their respective environments. By 4 and 6 weeks, however, MDG was similar between the 2 treatment groups. After 6 weeks in these environments, 20 gilts from each treatment group were slaughtered, and prevalence and severity of lung lesions and snout grades were determined. At slaughter, body weight was greater (P < 0.01) in gilts exposed to low, rather than moderate, ammonia concentration (94.5 vs 86.8 kg; SEM, 3.3 kg). Percentage of lung tissue containing lesions (18 vs 12) and snout grade (2.8 vs 3.1) were similar between gilts exposed to low or moderate concentration of ammonia. The remaining 20 gilts in each treatment group were maintained in their respective environments, exposed daily to mature boars and bred at first estrus. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reproducibility of running time to exhaustion at VO2max in subelite runners.

The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility of running time to exhaustion (Tlim) at maximal aerobic speed (MAS: the minimum speed that elicits VO2max), on eight subelite male long distance runners (29 +/- 3-yr-old; VO2max = 69.5 +/- 4.2 ml.kg-1.min-1; MAS = 21.25 +/- 1.1 km.h-1). No significant differences were observed between Tlim measured on a treadmill at a 1-wk interval (404 +/- 101 s vs 402 +/- 113 s; r = 0.864); however, observation of individual data indicates a wide within-subjects variability (CV = 25%). In a small and homogenous sample of runners studied, exercise time to exhaustion at MAS was not related to VO2max (r = 0.138), MAS (r = 0.241), running economy (mlO2.kg-1.min-1 at 16 km.h-1) (r = 0.024), or running performance achieved for 3000 m (km.h-1)(r = 0.667). However, Tlim at MAS was significantly related to the lactate threshold determined by the distinctive acceleration point detected in the lactate curve around 3-5 mmol.l-1 expresses in %VO2max (r = 0.745) and to the speed over a 21.1-km race (km.h-1) (r = 0.719). These data demonstrate that running time to exhaustion at MAS in subelite male long distance runners is related to long distance performance and lactate threshold but not to VO2max or MAS.
The production of English monophthong vowels by Iranian EFL learners

Abstract This paper examines the production of English monophthong vowels by a group of Iranian learners of English based on an instrumental analysis of the vowels. Data in two speaking contexts were elicited from a group of learners between the ages of 16 and 17. To examine vowel quality, the first and second formant frequencies of the vowels were measured. These values and the duration of the vowels were compared to investigate the extent to which vowel contrast was maintained. The findings suggest that the learners tend not to contrast vowels (in terms of quality) when there is only one category of a similar vowel in Persian (e.g. English /i:/–/ɪ/ and /ʊ/–/u:/) whereas quality rather than length contrast is maintained for /e/–/æ/, both of which occur in Persian.
Altered Function of Lumbar Nerve Roots in Patients With Transitional Lumbosacral Vertebrae

Study Design. A retrospective study was conducted on the preoperative neurologic symptoms of patients with lumbar herniated discs. Objective. To evaluate the possibility that the muscle innervation pattern and the sensory dermatomes of lumbar nerve roots are altered when a lumbosacral transitional vertebra is present. Summary of Background Data. In 1962, McCulloch et al suggested with intraoperative recordings that the innervation pattern of the lumbar nerve roots may be altered when a lumbosacral transitional vertebra is present. However, this result was not repeated in the study by Young et al in 1983. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 62 consecutive patients who underwent microdiscectomy for lumbar herniated discs. Lumbarized S1 vertebra was present in 10 of 62 patients (16%). Among these 10 patients, 8 had herniated discs at L5–S1 compressing the S1 nerve root. In the 52 normally configured patients, 22 had herniated discs at L5–S1 compressing the S1 nerve root, and 15 had herniated discs at L4–L5 compressing the L5 nerve root. The preoperative neurologic symptoms caused by the S1 nerve root compression in the patients with lumbarized S1 vertebrae were compared with the symptoms caused by either L5 or S1 nerve root compression in the patients with normal configuration. Results. The distribution of motor weakness caused by the S1 nerve root compression was significantly different between the patients with lumbarized S1 and those with the normal configuration. The motor weakness caused by the S1 root compression in the patients with lumbarized S1 was similar to that of the L5 nerve root compression in the normal configuration. Analysis of sensory symptoms showed similar results. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the function of lumbosacral nerve roots is altered in patients with lumbarized S1 so that the S1 nerve root serves the usual function of the L5 nerve root.
A Demonstration of Approach and Avoidance Conflicts

Choosing between 2 unpleasant alternatives (Would you rather be less intelligent or less attractive? ) is more difficult than choosing between two desirable options (Would you rather be more intelligent or more attractive? ). Here I describe a classroom demonstration of avoidance–avoidance conflicts. Students make a series of approach–approach and avoidance–avoidance choices. The avoidance choices take longer to make than the approach decisions. The students also rate the avoidance choices as less satisfactory, more difficult to make, and subject to change. Avoidance conflicts are relevant to contemporary ideas of loss aversion, decision making, and negative self-evaluation.
Accuracy in the Outcomes and Assessment Information Set (OASIS): results of a video simulation.

There is little information regarding the accuracy of the Outcomes and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), the patient assessment tool mandated for use in Medicare-funded home health care. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of OASIS completion by home health nurses and rehabilitation therapists, to compare responses of nurses and therapists, and to determine whether dispersion of answers would affect the home health resource group (HHRG) to which patients were assigned for Medicare home health care payments to agencies. Using a video simulation of admission and discharge visits, 436 clinicians from 29 Ohio home health care agencies scored selected OASIS items. Although the majority of the items were rated accurately, discrepancies were found between clinician responses and the "correct" answer on several items. Nurses and therapists provided similar ratings on most items studied, but for most cases in which discrepancies were found, nurses were more likely to agree with the "correct" answer. Discrepancies most often led to patients being assigned to lower-payment HHRGs. Continued monitoring of OASIS data collection accuracy is recommended to maximize the value of the OASIS instrument in home health care research, practice, and policy.
Has Anything Really Changed? Managers' Views of Looked after Children's Participation in 1997 and 2004

A postal survey of local authority child care managers was conducted in 1997–98 as part of a study of children's participation in decision-making in care. The same survey was repeated, with minor variations, in 2004. Nigel Thomas compares what managers said about policy and practice in their local authorities in the two studies. The results suggest that there have been significant perceived changes in the way in which local authorities seek to engage children and young people in the provision of child care services.
Configuration perception and face memory, and face context effects in developmental prosopagnosia

This study addresses two central and controversial issues in developmental prosopagnosia (DP), configuration- versus feature-based face processing and the influence of affective information from either facial or bodily expressions on face recognition. A sample of 10 DPs and 10 controls were tested with a previously developed face and object recognition and memory battery (Facial Expressive Action Stimulus Test, FEAST), a task measuring the influence of emotional faces and bodies on face identity matching (Face–Body Compound task), and an emotionally expressive face memory task (Emotional Face Memory task, FaMe-E). We show that DPs were impaired in upright, but not inverted, face matching but they performed at the level of controls on part-to-whole matching. Second, DPs showed impaired memory for both neutral and emotional faces and scored within the normal range on the Face–Body Compound task. Third, configural perception but not feature-based processing was significantly associated with memory performance. Taken together the results indicate that DPs have a deficit in configural processing at the perception stage that may underlie the memory impairment.
Response Surface Optimization of Lyoprotectant for Lactobacillus bulgaricus During Vacuum Freeze-Drying

The individual and interactive effects of skimmed milk powder, lactose, and sodium ascorbate on the number of viable cells and freeze-drying survival for vacuum freeze-dried powder formulation of Lactobacillus bulgaricus were studied by response surface methodology, and the optimal compound lyoprotectant formulations were gained. It is shown that skim milk powder, lactose, and sodium ascorbate had a significant impact on variables and survival of cultures after freeze-drying. Also, their protective abilities could be enhanced significantly when using them as a mixture of 28% w/v skim milk, 24% w/v lactose, and 4.8% w/v sodium ascorbate. The optimal freeze-drying survival rate and the number of viable cells of Lactobacillus bulgaricus were observed to be (64.41 ± 0.02)% and (3.22 ± 0.02) × 1011 colony-forming units (CFU)/g using the optimal compound protectants, which were very close to the expected values 64.47% and 3.28 × 1011 CFU/g.
Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill.

This study was based on Battig's conceptualization that increased contextual interference during skill acquisition can lead to improved retention or transfer, especially under changed contextual conditions. Subjects learned three motor tasks under a blocked (low interference) or random (high interference) sequence of presentation. Retention was measured after a 10-min. or 10-day delay under blocked and random sequences of presentation. Subsequent transfer to a task of either the same complexity or greater complexity than the originally learned tasks was also investigated. Results showed that retention was greater following high interference (random) acquisition than after low interference (blocked) acquisition when retention was measured under changed contextual interference conditions. Likewise, transfer was greater for high interference (random) acquisition groups than for low interference (blocked) acquisition groups. This effect was most notable when transfer was measured for the transfer task of greatest complexity. These results are considered as support for Battig's conceptualization of contextual interference effects on retention and transfer. Implications for the teaching of motor skills are also discussed.
Effects of estradiol on central dopamine function and dopamine-mediated behaviors in female rats

Estrogen plays an important role in the modulation of cognitive performance in both women and female rodents. These effects may be attributed to the estrogenic modulation of neuroanatomical structures and neurotransmitter systems in the brain, including dopamine. Here, the influence of estrogen on dopamine-mediated behaviors as well as dopamine release and synaptic plasticity were examined. Study 1 showed that latent inhibition is exhibited by females in proestrus, a time of high estrogen, but not by females in estrus or metestrus, periods of low estrogen. Study 2 examined the effects of chronic estradiol (E2) in ovariectomized rats on cognitive strategy. Rats with high levels ofE2 predominantly use a place strategy while rats with low levels of E2 predominantly use a response strategy. Systemic administration of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) and dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) antagonists caused a switch of strategy use in low E2 rats. To determine where in the brain this effect was occurring, Study 3 utilized intracranial infusions of D1Rand D2R antagonists in the dorsal striatum (DS) or ventral striatum. D1R, but not D2R, antagonists in the DS caused a switch in strategy use by low E2 females. This suggests that strategy use in low E2 rats is altered by D2R antagonism in another brain region. To this end, in Study 4 D1R and D2R antagonists were infused into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Both D1R and D2R antagonism resulted in a switch of strategy use by low E2 rats. In Study 5, in vivo microdialysis was utilized in anaesthetized rats to demonstrate that local infusion of E2 into the DS rapidly increases dopamine transmission. Dual-probe in vivo microdialysis was also used in Study 6 to investigate the effects ofE2 on dopamine transmission in the mPFC. Additionally, Western immunoblotting was conducted to evaluate the effects of E2 on synaptic protein levels. Study 7 examined the role of E2 on performance in a mPFC-mediated working memory task. Together, these studies suggest that estrogen influences cognitive performance in the female rat and that this effect is mediated, in part, by its action in the DS and mPFC.
Learning spaces in mobile learning environments

Mobile learning (m-learning) environments open a wide range of new and exciting learning opportunities, and envision students who are continually on the move, learn across space and time, and move from topic to topic and in and out of interaction with technology. In this article we present findings from a study of how students manoeuvre and study within an m-learning environment. The students in the study were enthusiastic about the new learning options provided by the mobile technologies, and they reported that the learning environment offered new study opportunities. One major asset was the flexibility of being able to study at any time and any place. The students engaged in learning activities within three learning spaces: attending lectures, on-campus activities and off-campus activities. Each learning space had different features when it came to how the students worked with the course material. Interactions between the participants, how they used the mobile technologies and their perceptions of the student role also differed across the learning spaces. To realize the valuable affordances provided by m-learning environments, educators will need to undertake complex pedagogical reasoning in their planning and teaching and must take into account how students act within various learning spaces.