Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age and Condition of Deer Killed by Predators and Automobiles

We evaluated the condition of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (0. virginianus) killed by mountain lions (Felis concolor), coyotes (Canis latrans), and automobiles from December through March, 1969-81 in western Montana. Predators killed prime-aged animals and automobiles killed (G = 41.4, P < 0.001) more fawns and old-aged animals. Fifty-three deer (90%) killed by automobiles were in poor condition, but only 2 (7%) deer killed by predators were in poor condition. Predator selectivity could not be inferred from the sample of deer killed by automobiles. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 52(2):316-320 The influence of predation on young and old animals and animals in poor condition is important in population dynamics. To assess selectivity, standing age structure or herd condition from a representative sample of the herd is needed. In studies that do not involve capturing and marking herbivores, hunter kills (Fritts and Mech 1981) and accidental kills (e.g., automobiles: Pimlott et al. [1969], Franzmann and Arneson [1976]) are commonly used to obtain data. Although the potential for bias in a sample of hunter-killed animals is often recognized (Frazer 1976, McCullough 1979, Downing 1980), less attention has been paid to possible biases in accidental kills. We present age structures and condition of deer killed by predators and by automobiles in western Montana, and examine possible biases in each sample. STUDY AREA Predator kills were found on mule deer winter ranges in the foothills of the Bitterroot Mountains and white-tailed deer ranges of the Swan and Clearwater valleys in western Montana. Automobile kills were collected from major highways around Missoula, Montana. Mule deer winter ranges were primarily on south-facing slopes. These areas support a foothills bunchgrass habitat interspersed with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)-ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)-savannah vegetation types (Pfister et al. 1977). White-tailed deer ranges were mostly in oldgrowth forests. The Clearwater and Swan rivers, interspersed with lakes, generally divide the This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.223 on Wed, 24 Aug 2016 05:11:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms J. Wildl. Manage. 52(2):1988 CONDITION OF DEER * O'Gara and Harris 317 study area, and level lowlands extend to the east and west from them to meet an east-facing slope on the western edge and a west-facing slope on the eastern edge of the study area. Bunchgrass habitats of the ponderosa pine series are present in limited portions of the study area. All but 4 of the 15 habitats within the Douglas-fir series described by Pfister et al. (1977) are distributed in a mosaic pattern within the study area. The major highways where deer killed by automobiles were collected ran along rivers below mule deer winter ranges and through white-tailed deer ranges and agricultural lands.
Surrogate Markers of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression

The natural course of many abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is to gradually expand and eventually rupture and monitoring the disease progression is essential to their management. In this publication, we review surrogate markers of AAA progression. AAA diameter remains the most widely used and important marker of AAA growth. Standardized reporting of reproducible methods of measuring AAA diameter is essential. Newer imaging assessments, such as volume measurements, biomechanical analyses, and functional and molecular imaging, as well as circulating biomarkers, have potential to add important information about AAA progression. Currently, however, there is insufficient evidence to recommend their routine use in clinical practice.
IHRM in developing countries: does the functionalist vs. critical debate make sense South of the Equator?

A recent debate has taken place in International Human Resource Management (IHRM) theory and practice between the so-called functionalists and the critical approaches. This paper reviews the literature on mainstream, functionalist IHRM and the critical approaches, and theoretically discusses their fit to emerging countries' realities and multilatinas experience. The essay's main objectives and contributions are: (a) to argue that this debate, overly typical of the American-European context, may not be fully applicable to ambiguous and contradictory contexts, such as most developing countries and, particularly, Latin America; (b) to argue that the disputes between both functionalist and critical IHRM theorists, in equally richer countries, is inadequate for other (non-rich-involving) contexts; and (c) to propose redirection possibilities for this debate, particularly, in Latin America.
Homocysteine lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events.

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease, stroke and congestive heart failure, is a leading cause of death worldwide. A postulated risk factor is elevated circulating total homocysteine (tHcy) levels which is influenced mainly by blood levels of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), folic acid (vitamin B9) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6). There is uncertainty regarding the strength of association between tHcy and the risk of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVES To assess the clinical effectiveness of homocysteine-lowering interventions (HLI) in people with or without pre-existing cardiovascular disease. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library (issue 3 2008), MEDLINE (1950 to August 2008), EMBASE (1988 to August 2008), and LILACS (1982 to September 2, 2008). We also searched in Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED; 1985 to August 2008), ISI Web of Science (1993 to August 2008), and the Cochrane Stroke Group Specialised Register (April 2007). We hand searched pertinent journals and the reference lists of included papers. We also contacted researchers in the field. There was no language restriction in the search. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised clinical trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of HLI for preventing cardiovascular events with a follow-up period of 1 year or longer. We considered myocardial infarction and stroke as the primary outcomes. We excluded studies in patients with end-stage renal disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We independently performed study selection, risk of bias assessment and data extraction. We estimated relative risks (RR) for dichotomous outcomes. We measured statistical heterogeneity using I(2). We used a random-effects model to synthesise the findings. MAIN RESULTS We included eight RCTs involving 24,210 participants with a low risk of bias in general terms. HLI did not reduce the risk of non-fatal or fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, or death by any cause (pooled RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.13, I(2) = 0%; pooled RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.08, I(2) = 15%); and pooled RR 1.00 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.09, I(2): 0%), respectively. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Results from available published trials suggest that there is no evidence to support the use of HLI to prevent cardiovascular events.
Thermal Hyperalgesia Distinguishes Those With Severe Pain and Disability in Unilateral Lateral Epicondylalgia

Objectives: To evaluate if sensory, motor, and psychological factors are different in severe lateral epicondylalgia compared with less severe cases and control. Methods: A total of 164 patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia and 62 healthy control participants of comparable age and sex underwent the following testing: quantitative sensory testing (pressure, thermal pain thresholds), pain-free grip, quality of life (EuroQol), and psychological (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia) testing. Cluster analysis classified patients into mild, moderate, or severe subgroups using the Patient Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation. Data were then evaluated to determine differences between control and lateral epicondylalgia subgroups. Results: Bilateral cold hyperalgesia (affected elbow, standardized mean difference (SMD) −1.14, P=0.000; unaffected elbow SMD −0.94, P=0.000) and unilateral heat hyperalgesia (SMD −1.06, P=0.001) were evident in severe lateral epicondylalgia in comparison to healthy controls. All patient groups regardless of severity demonstrated bilateral and widespread mechanical hyperalgesia relative to controls (P<0.003); however, only those with moderate and severe symptoms showed large differences (Absolute SMD>0.8) at all sites. Quality of life was significantly poorer in patients with severe symptoms, whereas anxiety, depression, and kinesiophobia did not differ between subgroups. Discussion: Lateral epicondylalgia patients presenting with severe pain and disability could be distinguished by hypersensitivity to thermal stimuli, notably bilateral cold hyperalgesia. Findings may implicate a combination of central, peripheral, and sympathetic nervous system processes and may help explain the poorer outcomes found in this subpopulation.
Outcome of Displaced Fractures of the Distal Metaphyseal-Diaphyseal Junction of the Humerus in Children Treated With Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nails

Background: The main objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of displaced distal humeral metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction fractures in children treated by elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN). Methods: During the study period, 14 consecutive children with fractures of the distal humeral metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction were surgically treated by ESIN. All patients underwent full-length preoperative and postoperative anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the injured humerus. One year after the index surgery, patients were asked to answer the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand outcome questionnaire (Quick DASH). Results: During the study period, fractures of the distal metaphyseal-diaphyseal humeral junction represented 1.5% (16/1100) of all humeral fractures. Fourteen patients underwent surgery and met the inclusion criteria. The male to female ratio was 1:1. The average patient age at the time of injury was 9.7 years (range, 3.6 to 13.7 y). The left and right sides were equally affected. The mean follow-up was 28.1 months (range, 20 to 38 mo). Radiologically, no secondary displacement, nail migration, loss of fixation, consolidation delay, nonunion, or refracture was noted. None of the patients showed signs of growth arrest on either radiologic or clinical assessment. All patients returned to their previous daily and sport activities without discomfort or difficulty, and they were free of pain at their last follow-up visits. The injured elbow range of motion was comparable with that of the contralateral side at the last follow-up visit in all patients. The mean Quick DASH score was 0.81 (range, 0 to 6.8). Conclusions: We recommend surgery for displaced fractures of the distal humeral metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction. ESIN results in stable reduction, good rotational control, and faster mobilization. Level of Evidence: Level IV.
Liquid sorption behaviour of nonwovens

In this paper, spunbond, meltblown and spunbond–meltblown–spunbond (SMS) nonwovens made from polypropylene are analysed for liquid transport behaviour. The thickness, grams per square metre (GSM), porosity, fibre diameter, fibre orientation distribution and water contact angles of these nonwovens are measured. Vertical wicking with decane using tensiometry and water absorbency and spreading using gravimetric absorbency tester are reported. The equivalent pore radii of the nonwovens are deduced from the vertical sorption experiments using tensiometry. The sorption rate under vertical wicking and water spreading rates are faster along machine direction compared with that in cross‐direction due to preferential fibre orientation. The thickness of the nonwoven, fibre diameter and porosity play a vital role in transporting liquid. Thin nonwovens have poor vertical wicking and spreading rate. SMS web has poor absorbency behaviour mainly due to the inability of its top S‐layer to pull the liquid from the middle M‐layer. The measured water spreading lengths with respect to time are compared to the theoretical ones using a model developed by earlier researchers. This model reasonably predicts the spreading behaviour of nonwovens.
No Intrinsic Deficiencies in CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity with Aging1

Aging is associated with a decline in immune function, particularly within the T cell compartment. Because CD8+ T cells are critical mediators of protective immunity against cancer, which arises more frequently with advancing age, it is important to understand how aging affects T cell-based antitumor responses. We used our DUC18 T cell/CMS5 tumor model system to examine the ability of both aged APCs and aged, tumor-specific CD8+ T cells to mount protective responses to tumors in vivo. An assessment of aged DUC18 T cells in vitro showed a naive phenotype, but impaired proliferation in response to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation. We found that DCs from young and old recipient mice are comparable phenotypically, and endogenous APCs in these mice are equally able to prime adoptively transferred young DUC18 T cells. Even when aged DUC18 T cells are transferred into aged CMS5-challenged mice, Ag-specific proliferation and CD25 expression are similar to those found when young DUC18 T cells are transferred into young mice. Although trafficking to tumor sites appears unequal, old and young DUC18 T cells reject primary CMS5 challenges to the same degree and with similar kinetics. Overall, we found no loss of endogenous APC function or intrinsic defects in CD8+ DUC18 T cells with advanced age. Therefore, when young and old tumor-specific T cell populations are equivalently sized, CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity in our system is not impaired by age, a finding that has positive implications for T cell-based immunotherapies.
Adhesion and raman studies of magnetron sputtered amorphous carbon on WC–Co

AbstractAmorphous carbon coatings up to 2 μm thick were deposited on WC–Co substrates by magnetron sputter ing of a graphite target in Ar and Ar–Ht2 atmospheres. The Raman peak intensity ratio of the D band to the G band Id /Ig and the G band peak shift decreased initially but subsequently increased with bias power. Chamber pressure directly influenced the adhesion and hardness of the coating. It was established that below a certain minimum chamber pressure, there was spontaneous coating detachment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling was used to quantify the cobalt depletion at the substrate surface as a function of sputter cleaning bias power. It was found that scratch adhesion strength increased with sputter clean ing power and reached a maximum at about 200 W, or -210 V in terms of induced voltage. The increase in adhesion strength was attributed to better cleaning of the interface cobalt.
Golgi phosphoprotein 2 (GOLPH2) expression in liver tumors and its value as a serum marker in hepatocellular carcinomas

Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and bile duct carcinomas (BDCs) have a poor prognosis. Therefore, surveillance strategies including sensitive and specific serum markers for early detection are needed. Recently, Golgi Phosphoprotein 2 (GOLPH2) has been proposed as a serum marker for HCC, but GOLPH2 expression data in liver tissues was not available. Using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry, we semiquantitatively analyzed GOLPH2 protein expression in patients with HCC (n = 170), benign liver tumors (n = 22), BDC (n = 114) and normal liver tissue (n = 105). A newly designed sandwich enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to analyze GOLPH2 levels in the sera of patients with HCC (n = 62), hepatitis C virus (HCV) (n = 29), BDC (n = 10), and healthy control persons (n = 12). By immunohistochemistry 121/170 (71%) of HCC showed strong GOLPH2 expression, which was significantly associated with a higher tumor grade (P = 0.01). A total of 97/114 (85%) BDCs showed a strong GOLPH2 expression which proved to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P < 0.05). Serum levels of GOLPH2 measured by ELISA were significantly elevated in patients with HCC with underlying HCV infection (median 18 mg/L, P < 0.05) and patients with BDC (median = 14.5 mg/L, P < 0.01) in comparison to healthy controls (median 4 mg/L). Conclusion: GOLPH2 protein is highly expressed in tissues of HCC and BDC. GOLPH2 protein levels are detectable and quantifiable in sera by ELISA. In patients with hepatitis C, serial ELISA measurements in the course of the disease appear to be a promising complementary serum marker in the surveillance of HCC. GOLPH2 should be further evaluated as a serum tumor marker in BDC on a larger scale. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Effects of heat shock on the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex in irradiated or unirradiated cells

The mechanism by which hyperthermia sensitizes mammalian cells to ionizing radiation remains to be elucidated, but an overwhelming amount of circumstantial evidence suggests that heat radiosensitization might be mediated by inhibition of double-strand break repair, particularly after exposure of irradiated cells to heat treatments in excess of about 43°C. In mammalian cells, double-strand break repair usually occurs via two pathways, non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination. Several reports suggest a role for non-homologous end-joining in heat radiosensitization, while others implicate homologous recombination as a target. However, cell lines that are compromised in either the non-homologous end-joining or homologous recombination pathway are still capable of being radiosensitized, suggesting that heat affects both pathways. Indeed, several of the proteins involved in one or both of these pathways have been observed to undergo alterations or translocation after unirradiated or irradiated cells are exposed to heat shock. The work summarized in this review implicates proteins of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex as targets for heat radiosensitization.
Advances and Failures in Preventing Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

SUMMARY An estimated 2.5 million children are currently living with HIV, the vast majority as a result of mother-to-child transmission. Prevention of perinatal HIV infection has been immensely successful in developed countries. A comprehensive package of services, including maternal and infant antiretroviral therapy, elective cesarean section, and avoidance of breast-feeding, has resulted in transmission rates of less than 2%. However, in developing countries, access to such services is often not available, as demonstrated by the fact that the vast majority of children with HIV live in Africa. Over the past few years, many developing nations have made great strides in improving access to much-needed services. Notably, in eastern and southern Africa, the regions most affected by HIV, mother-to-child-transmission coverage rates for HIV-positive women increased from 11% in 2004 to 31% in 2006. These successes are deserving of recognition, while not losing sight of the fact that much remains to be done; currently, an estimated 75% of pregnant women worldwide have an unmet need for antiretroviral therapy. Further work is needed to determine the optimal strategy for reducing perinatal transmission among women in resource-poor settings, with a particular need for reduction of transmission via breast-feeding.
Nanomechanical characterization of single-walled carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy composites

Nanomechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) reinforced epoxy composites with varying weight percentage (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt%) of nanotubes were measured by nanoindentation and nanoscratch techniques. Hardness and elastic modulus were measured using a nanoindenter. Scratch resistance and scratch damage were studied using the AFM tip sliding against the SWNT reinforced sample surfaces. Nanoindentation/nanoscratch deformation and fracture behaviour was studied by in situ imaging of the indentation impressions/scratch tracks. Viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposites were measured using nanoindentation dynamic mechanical analysis tests. The reinforcing mechanisms are discussed with reference to the nanotube dispersion, interfacial bonding, and load transfer in the SWNT reinforced polymer composites.
Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from plasma during primary HIV infection

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been isolated from plasma in 6 of 7 patients showing clinical symptoms of a primary HIV infection. Parallel cultures from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) yielded virus in 5 patients. In one case, virus could only be isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid but not from peripheral blood. Detectable viremia was transient and preceded the appearance of HIV specific antibodies. After cessation of acute symptoms, the frequency of HIV isolations was similar to that of asymptomatic carriers (23 and 26%, respectively). The role of the immune response in terminating detectable viremia remains to be established.
PWP-078 Linear Supply Function Equilibrium: Generalizations, Application, and Limitations

We consider a supply function equilibrium (SFE) model of interaction in an electricity market. We assume a linear demand function and consider a competitive fringe and several strategic players all having capacity limits and affine marginal costs. The choice of SFE over Cournot equilibrium and the choice of affine marginal costs is reviewed in the context of the existing literature. We assume that bid rules allow affine or piecewise affine non-decreasing supply functions and extend results of Green and Rudkevitch concerning the linear SFE solution. An incentive compatibility result is proved. We also find that a piecewise affine SFE can be found easily for the case where there are non-negativity limits on generation. Upper capacity limits, however, pose problems and we propose an ad hoc approach. We apply the analysis to the England and Wales electricity market, considering the 1996 and 1999 divestitures. The piecewise affine SFE solutions generally provide better matches to the empirical data than previous analysis.
Reducing power dissipation during test using scan chain disable

A novel approach for minimizing power during scan testing is presented. The idea is that given a full scan module or core that has multiple scan chains, the test set is generated and ordered in such a way that some of the scan chains can have their clock disabled for portions of the test set. Disabling the clock prevents flip-flops from transitioning, and hence reduces switching activity in the circuit. Moreover, disabling the clock also reduces power dissipation in the clock tree which often is a major source of power. The only hardware modification that is required to implement this approach is to add the capability for the tester to gate the clock for one subset of the scan chains in the core. A procedure for generating and ordering the test set to maximize the we of scan disable is described. Experimental results are shown indicating that the proposed approach can significantly reduce both logic and clock power during testing.