Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complex Linguistic Annotation – No Easy Way Out! A Case from Bangla and Hindi POS Labeling Tasks

Alternative paths to linguistic annotation, such as those utilizing games or exploiting the web users, are becoming popular in recent times owing to their very high benefit-to-cost ratios. In this paper, however, we report a case study on POS annotation for Bangla and Hindi, where we observe that reliable linguistic annotation requires not only expert annotators, but also a great deal of supervision. For our hierarchical POS annotation scheme, we find that close supervision and training is necessary at every level of the hierarchy, or equivalently, complexity of the tagset. Nevertheless, an intelligent annotation tool can significantly accelerate the annotation process and increase the inter-annotator agreement for both expert and non-expert annotators. These findings lead us to believe that reliable annotation requiring deep linguistic knowledge (e.g., POS, chunking, Treebank, semantic role labeling) requires expertise and supervision. The focus, therefore, should be on design and development of appropriate annotation tools equipped with machine learning based predictive modules that can significantly boost the productivity of the annotators.
Regular graphs having the same path layer matrix

The path layer matrix (or path degree sequence) of a graph G contains quantitative information about all paths in G. Elements (i, j) in this matrix is the number of simple paths in G having initial vertex v i and length j. For every r≥3, pairs of nonisomorphic r-regular graphs having the same path layer matrix are presented
Learning pattern recognition and decision making in the insect brain

We revise the current model of learning pattern recognition in the Mushroom Bodies of the insects using current experimental knowledge about the location of learning, olfactory coding and connectivity. We show that it is possible to have an efficient pattern recognition device based on the architecture of the Mushroom Bodies, sparse code, mutual inhibition and Hebbian leaning only in the connections from the Kenyon cells to the output neurons. We also show that despite the conventional wisdom that believes that artificial neural networks are the bioinspired model of the brain, the Mushroom Bodies actually resemble very closely Support Vector Machines (SVMs). The derived SVM learning rules are situated in the Mushroom Bodies, are nearly identical to standard Hebbian rules, and require inhibition in the output. A very particular prediction of the model is that random elimination of the Kenyon cells in the Mushroom Bodies do not impair the ability to recognize odorants previously learned.
Citrulline a More Suitable Substrate than Arginine to Restore NO Production and the Microcirculation during Endotoxemia

Background Impaired microcirculation during endotoxemia correlates with a disturbed arginine-nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and is associated with deteriorating organ function. Improving the organ perfusion in endotoxemia, as often seen in patients with severe infection or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is, therefore, an important therapeutic target. We hypothesized that supplementation of the arginine precursor citrulline rather than arginine would specifically increase eNOS-induced intracellular NO production and thereby improve the microcirculation during endotoxemia. Methodology/Principal Findings To study the effects of L-Citrulline and L-Arginine supplementation on jejunal microcirculation, intracellular arginine availability and NO production in a non-lethal prolonged endotoxemia model in mice. C57/Bl6 mice received an 18 hrs intravenous infusion of endotoxin (LPS, 0.4 µg•g bodyweight−1•h−1), combined with either L-Citrulline (6.25 mg•h-1), L-Arginine (6.25 mg•h−1), or L-Alanine (isonitrogenous control; 12.5 mg•h−1) during the last 6 hrs. The control group received an 18 hrs sterile saline infusion combined with L-Alanine or L-Citrulline during the last 6 hrs. The microcirculation was evaluated at the end of the infusion period using sidestream dark-field imaging of jejunal villi. Plasma and jejunal tissue amino-acid concentrations were measured by HPLC, NO tissue concentrations by electron-spin resonance spectroscopy and NOS protein concentrations using Western blot. Conclusion/Significance L-Citrulline supplementation during endotoxemia positively influenced the intestinal microvascular perfusion compared to L-Arginine-supplemented and control endotoxemic mice. L-Citrulline supplementation increased plasma and tissue concentrations of arginine and citrulline, and restored intracellular NO production in the intestine. L-Arginine supplementation did not increase the intracellular arginine availability. Jejunal tissues in the L-Citrulline-supplemented group showed, compared to the endotoxemic and L-Arginine-supplemented endotoxemic group, an increase in degree of phosphorylation of eNOS (Ser 1177) and a decrease in iNOS protein level. In conclusion, L-Citrulline supplementation during endotoxemia and not L-Arginine reduced intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction and increased intracellular NO production, likely via increased intracellular citrulline and arginine availability.
Demographics, Behavior Problems, and Psychosexual Characteristics of Adolescents with Gender Identity Disorder or Transvestic Fetishism

This study provided a descriptive and quantitative comparative analysis of data from an assessment protocol for adolescents referred clinically for gender identity disorder (n = 192; 105 boys, 87 girls) or transvestic fetishism (n = 137, all boys). The protocol included information on demographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual measures. Gender identity disorder and transvestic fetishism youth had high rates of general behavior problems and poor peer relations. On the psychosexual measures, gender identity disorder patients had considerably greater cross-gender behavior and gender dysphoria than did transvestic fetishism youth and other control youth. Male gender identity disorder patients classified as having a nonhomosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex) reported more indicators of transvestic fetishism than did male gender identity disorder patients classified as having a homosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex). The percentage of transvestic fetishism youth and male gender identity disorder patients with a nonhomosexual sexual orientation self-reported similar degrees of behaviors pertaining to transvestic fetishism. Last, male and female gender identity disorder patients with a homosexual sexual orientation had more recalled cross-gender behavior during childhood and more concurrent cross-gender behavior and gender dysphoria than did patients with a nonhomosexual sexual orientation. The authors discuss the clinical utility of their assessment protocol.
An efficient and versatile scheduling algorithm based on SDC formulation

Scheduling plays a central role in the behavioral synthesis process, which automatically compiles high-level specifications into optimized hardware implementations. However, most of the existing behavior-level scheduling heuristics either have a limited efficiency in a specific class of applications or lack general support of various design constraints. In this paper we describe a new scheduler that converts a rich set of scheduling constraints into a system of difference constraints (SDC) and performs a variety of powerful optimizations under a unified mathematical programming framework. In particular, we show that our SDC-based scheduling algorithm can efficiently support resource constraints, frequency constraints, latency constraints, and relative timing constraints, and effectively optimize longest path latency, expected overall latency, and the slack distribution. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed technique provides efficient solutions for a broader range of applications with higher quality of results (in terms of system performance) when compared to the state-of-the-art scheduling heuristics
Lived experiences of self-care among older, home-dwelling individuals identified to be at risk of undernutrition

Introduction In a society where most older people live in their own homes, it may be expected of older individuals to exercise their potential to take care of themselves in daily life. Nutrition is a central aspect of self-care, and groups of older, home-dwelling people are at risk of undernutrition. Aim The aim of this study was to describe the lived experiences of self-care and features that influence health and self-care among older, home-dwelling individuals identified to be at risk of undernutrition. Methods Qualitative interviews were performed with eleven home-dwelling individuals who had been identified as being at risk of undernutrition. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed with a descriptive phenomenological method. Findings Self-care as a lived experience among older, home-dwelling individuals identified to be at risk of undernutrition is about being aware of food choices and making decisions about taking healthy steps or not. In the presence of health problems, the appetite often decreases. Being able to take care of oneself in daily life is important, as is receiving help when needing it. Working at being physically and socially active and engaged may stimulate the appetite. Having company at meals is important and missed when living alone. Being present and taking each day by day, as well as considering oneself in the light of past time and previous experiences and looking ahead, is central, even when having fears for the future and the end of life. Conclusion Health care professionals should be aware of these findings in order to support self-care in older people, and they should pay attention to the social aspects at meals.
Vocational Education Teachers' Perceptions of Their Use of Assessment Methods

The purpose of this study was to describe West Virginia secondary vocational education teachers' use of student assessment information in making instructional decisions. A cluster sample of 240 teachers was needed for the study. A four-part questionnaire was designed to measure selected variables. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Teachers had an average of 15 years of teaching experience and nine years of related work experience. Attitudes toward assessment were viewed as "positive" by respondents. Secondary vocational education teachers neither agreed nor disagreed that they were constrained in their assessment activities. However, vocational education teachers must have opportunities during the school day to collaborate on the analysis of student work and to plan appropriate instructional improvements.
Military Influence Operations: Review of Relevant Scientific Literature

Abstract : DRDC Toronto is embarking on research aimed at enhancing the CF's ability to plan, implement, and evaluate defensive and offensive influence campaigns in future expeditionary operations. This report explores the current CF influence capability, and explores the concept of influence in the scientific literature and in specific application to the CF domain. The main body of the report reviews the scientific literature related to influence. It distinguishes between two related bodies of literature, the persuasion (and attitude change) literature and the social influence literature. The persuasion literature argues that messages can be processed either systematically or heuristically, and that messages that are processed more carefully are, in general, more likely to be persuasive. Persuasion research has identified several factors that influence the persuasive power of a message. These include the source of a persuasive message, the message itself, the receiver or target of the message, and the medium through which the message is delivered. The second half of this review explores social influence processes, including the roles of normative (e.g., the actions of other people are used as a guide) and informational (e.g., the actions of other people provide meaningful information) factors. The literature relevant to majority influence (or conformity), minority influence and obedience are reviewed. The goal of this review is to describe how the existing scientific research on influence could benefit the CF's influence efforts. Toward this end, the final chapter of this report provides recommendations for a proposed long term program of influence research in support of CF influence efforts. Promoting increased exploitation of the complex persuasion and influence literature is an important way to promote CF influence efforts.
Generalized deformed commutation relations with nonzero minimal uncertainties in position and/or momentum and applications to quantum mechanics

Two generalizations of Kempf's quadratic canonical commutation relation in one dimension are considered. The first one is the most general quadratic commutation relation. The corresponding nonzero minimal uncertainties in position and momentum are determined and the effect on the energy spectrum and eigenfunctions of the harmonic oscillator in an electric field is studied. The second extension is a function-dependent generalization of the simplest quadratic commutation relation with only a nonzero minimal uncertainty in po- sition. Such an uncertainty now becomes dependent on the average position. With each function-dependent commutation relation we associate a family of potentials whose spectrum can be exactly determined through supersymmetric quantum mechanical and shape invari- ance techniques. Some representations of the generalized Heisenberg algebras are proposed in terms of conventional position and momentum operatorsx, p. The resulting Hamiltonians contain a contribution proportional to p 4 and their p-dependent terms may also be functions
Measurement note - crack detection methods for lead-free solder joints.

This Note describes the suitability of a number of techniques of potential use in studying cracking in lead-free solder joints, and hence their use in assessing joint lifetimes. Cracks induced into solder joints of chip resistors on FR4 substrates, were studied using micro-sectioning, dye penetration, mechanical test and thermal conductivity techniques. The work previously reported [1] has been used as the basis for comments, especially regarding understanding of the tests themselves. The work has shown that those techniques traditionally used to study lead-based solder joints can be used for assessing lead-free solder joints. Although micro-sectioning is suitable for locating and imaging joint cracking, especially when the section is examined in a SEM, it is not very suitable for quantitative analysis of cracks or their detection in small components. Dye penetration techniques allow a better characterisation of cracks in the horizontal plane and can provide a quantitative measure of the cracked surface area. Shear testing is a proven method [2] for evaluating not only the degree of crack propagation and damage to the solder joint, but also the general strength of the joint. The other methods considered (3 and 4-point bend tests, pull test and heat transfer) have severe limitations and are unsuitable for studying cracks in electronics solder joints. Milos Dusek & Christopher Hunt April 2004 DEPC-MN 001
Microstructural and geochemical constraints on the evolution of deep arc lithosphere

Mantle xenoliths from the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, sampled a vertical column (60–120 km) of lithosphere that formed during Mesozoic continental arc magmatism. This lithosphere experienced an anticlockwise P‐T‐t path resulting in rapid cooling that effectively “quenched in” features inherited from earlier high‐temperature conditions. Here we combine new mineral chemistry data (water, trace element, and major element concentrations) with mineral crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) to investigate the relationship between melt infiltration and deformation. The peridotites record a refertilization trend with increasing depth, starting from shallow, coarse‐protogranular, less‐melt‐infiltrated spinel peridotite with strong, orthorhombic olivine CPO to deep, fine‐porphyroclastic, highly melt‐infiltrated garnet peridotite with weak, axial‐[010] olivine CPO. In contrast to the observed axial‐[010] CPOs, subgrain boundary orientations and misorientation axes suggest the dominant activation of the (001)[100] slip system, suggesting deformation under moderately hydrous conditions. After accounting for effects of subsolidus cooling, we see coherent trends between mineral trace element abundance and water content, indicating that melt infiltration led to an increase in water content of the peridotites. However, measured olivine and pyroxene water contents in all peridotites (5–10 and 30–500 wt ppm, respectively) are lower than that required to promote dominant (001)[100] slip system observed in both natural and experimental samples. These results suggest that deformation occurred earlier along the P‐T path, probably during or shortly after hydrous melt infiltration. Subsequent rapid cooling at 90 Ma led to water loss from olivine (owing to decreased solubility at low temperature), leaving behind a deep arc lithosphere that remained viscously coupled to the Farallon slab until the opening of the slab window in the late Cenozoic.
Concepts of Community: A Framework for Contextualizing Distributed Leadership

This review of the literature on community and distributed leadership marks out the potential for a more context‐rich understanding of the nature of leadership. We begin by reviewing the literature on distributed leadership, noting a shift from cliched ideals to more structured frameworks. We then highlight the need to further contextualize notions of distributed leadership before going on to identify a number of concepts relating to community that are useful for theoretical reflection, research and practice. These concepts are symbolism, a sense of belonging, a sense of community, individualism, values and ethics, language, dialect and discourse, liminality and friendship. We also develop a discussion around postmodern views of community and the importance of recognizing multiple belonging and multiple identities. From the review we develop areas of reflection for theory, research and practice regarding distributed leadership and the concept of community. We highlight practical implications from the review by discussing the importance of taking these ideas into consideration in management and leadership development initiatives and in managerial practice in general.
Safety test of a supplement, 5-aminolevulinic acid phosphate with sodium ferrous citrate, in diabetic patients treated with oral hypoglycemic agents

Objective: This study aimed to examine the safety of 5-aminolevulinic acid phosphate (5-ALA) with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) in diabetic patients treated with one or more oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs). Background: Recent intervention studies performed in the USA and Japan have shown that a nutritional supplement of 5-ALA with SFC efficiently reduced blood glucose levels in pre-diabetic population without any adverse events. Thus, it was anticipated that 5-ALA with SFC may potentially be taken as a beneficial supplement by diabetic patients who were being treated with OHA therapy. Nevertheless, it is important to examine its safety and efficacy in diabetic population.
A neural network based approach to automated e-mail classification

We present a neural network based system for automated e-mail filing into folders and anti-spam filtering. The experiments show that it is more accurate than several other techniques. We also investigate the effects of various feature selection, weighting and normalization methods, and also the portability of the anti-spam filter across different users.
Efficient power/ground network analysis for power integrity-driven design methodology

As technology advances, the metal width is decreasing with the length increasing, making the resistance along the power line increase substantially. Together with the nonlinear scaling of the threshold voltage that makes the ratio of the threshold voltage to the supply voltage rise, the voltage (IR) drop become a serious problem in modern VLSI design. Traditional power/ground (P/G) network analysis methods are typically very computationally expensive and thus not feasible to be integrated into floorplanning. To make the integration of the P/G analysis with floorplanning feasible, we need a very efficient, yet sufficiently accurate analysis method. In this paper, we present the methods for the fast analysis of the P/G networks at the floorplanning stage and integrate our analyzer into a commercial tool to develop a power integrity (IR drop) driven design methodology. Experimental results based on three real-world circuit designs show that our P/G network analyzer is accurate enough and very efficient.
Recreational Exercise Does Not Impair Menstrual Cycles: A Prospective Study

To determine whether recreational levels of training (jogging) will provoke short luteal phase menstrual cycles, a prospective study was conducted. Out of 132 women who initiated this study 57 completed it. These individuals were within normal range of cardiorespiratory fitness for 18-40-year-old women. After a control menstrual cycle (#1) and two additional menstrual cycles (#2 and #3) in which light calisthenics were performed, the subjects were then assigned to run less than 10 mi/wk, 10-20 mi/wk or 20-30 mi/wk for either two menstrual cycles (#4 and #5), or four menstrual cycles (#4, #5, #6, #7), followed by a detraining period lasting two menstrual cycles (i.e. #6 and #7 for the 2-month running groups; #8 and #9 for the 4-month running groups). Blood samples were obtained throughout every second menstrual cycle (i.e. cycles #1, #3, #5, #7, #9). Samples were assayed for LH, FSH and P. Body weight and body fat (%) were not altered by training (p greater than 0.05). Improvements in cardiovascular fitness did occur (p less than 0.05). No change in LH attributable to running was found in any of the 6 experimental groups (p greater than 0.05). In some of the groups quite large changes occurred in FSH (p less than 0.05), but there was no discernable pattern of onset of these changes among groups. Some increments in P were found (p less than 0.05) but again these were not consistent. Finally, in none of the six groups was an altered menstrual cycle length discernable (p greater than 0.05), nor was the luteal phase length altered (p greater than 0.05) by running. Therefore, in gynecologically mature women recreational running of up to 30 miles/week for 4 menstrual cycles has no deleterious effects upon their menstrual cycle.
On the Complexity of Terminological Reasoning

TBoxes are an important component of knowledge representation systems based on description logics DLs since they allow for a natural representation of terminological knowledge. Largely due to a classical result given by Nebel, complexity analyses for DLs have, until now, mostly focused on reasoning without (acyclic) TBoxes. In this paper, we concentrate on DLs, for which reasoning without TBoxes is PSpace-complete, and show that there exist logics for which the complexity of reasoning remains in PSpace if acyclic TBoxes are added and also logics for which the complexity increases. An example for a logic of the former type is ALC while examples for logics of the latter kind include ALC(D) and ALCF. This demonstrates that it is necessary to take TBoxes into account for complexity analyses. Furthermore, we show that reasoning with the description logic ALCRP(D) is NExpTime-complete regardless of whether TBoxes are admitted or not.