Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dietary Diabetes Risk Reduction Score, Race and Ethnicity, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women

OBJECTIVE To evaluate racial and ethnic differences in the association between a dietary diabetes risk reduction score and incidence of type 2 diabetes in U.S. white and minority women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We followed 156,030 non-Hispanic white (NHW), 2,026 Asian, 2,053 Hispanic, and 2,307 black women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) (1980–2008) and NHS II (1991–2009). A time-updated dietary diabetes risk reduction score (range 8–32) was created by adding points corresponding with each quartile of intake of eight dietary factors (1 = highest risk; 4 = lowest risk). A higher score indicates a healthier overall diet. RESULTS We documented 10,922 incident type 2 diabetes cases in NHW, 157 in Asian, 193 in Hispanic, and 307 in black women. Multivariable-adjusted pooled hazard ratio across two cohorts for a 10th–90th percentile range difference in dietary diabetes risk reduction score was 0.49 (95% CI 0.46, 0.52) for NHW, 0.53 (0.31, 0.92) for Asian, 0.45 (0.29, 0.70) for Hispanic, 0.68 (0.47, 0.98) for black, and 0.58 (0.46, 0.74) for overall minority women (P for interaction between minority race/ethnicity and dietary score = 0.08). The absolute risk difference (cases per 1,000 person-years) for the same contrast in dietary score was −5.3 (−7.8, −2.7) for NHW, −7.2 (−22.9, 8.4) for Asian, −11.6 (−26.7, 3.5) for Hispanic, −6.8 (−19.5, 5.9) for black, and −8.0 (−15.6, −0.5) for overall minority women (P for interaction = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS A higher dietary diabetes risk reduction score was inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in all racial and ethnic groups, but the absolute risk difference was greater in minority women.
Review of The Morphosyntax of Portuguese and Spanish in Latin America, by Mary A. Kato and Francisco Ordóñez (Eds.). New York: Oxford University Press

This volume, part of the series Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax, contains fourteen chapters, in addition to a foreword by the editors. It is devoted to the formal analysis of different aspects of American varieties of Portuguese and Spanish, while presenting their innovations with respect to their European counterparts. The papers collected have been presented at a meeting of the Romania Nova project and represent a wide range of topics in syntax, including null subjects and objects, complex predicates, clitics, and operator-variable constructions, besides one paper on morphology (truncated nominals). They explore these themes according to different theoretical assumptions and methodological tools.
Diverting Attention Suppresses Human Amygdala Responses to Faces

Recent neuroimaging studies disagree as to whether the processing of emotion-laden visual stimuli is dependent upon the availability of attentional resources or entirely capacity-free. Two main factors have been proposed to be responsible for the discrepancies: the differences in the perceptual attentional demands of the tasks used to divert attentional resources from emotional stimuli and the spatial location of the affective stimuli in the visual field. To date, no neuroimaging report addressed these two issues in the same set of subjects. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effects of high and low attentional load as well as different stimulus locations on face processing in the amygdala using functional magnetic resonance imaging to provide further evidence for one of the two opposing theories. We were able for the first time to directly test the interaction of attentional load and spatial location. The results revealed a strong attenuation of amygdala activity when the attentional load was high. The eccentricity of the emotional stimuli did not affect responses in the amygdala and no interaction effect between attentional load and spatial location was found. We conclude that the processing of emotional stimuli in the amygdala is strongly dependent on the availability of attentional resources without a preferred processing of stimuli presented in the periphery and provide firm evidence for the concept of the attentional load theory of emotional processing in the amygdala.
The Chandra Observation of the Shell of Nova Persei 1901 ( GK Persei ) : Detection of localized Non-thermal X-ray Emission from a Miniature Supernova Remnant Şölen Balman

I present the data of the shell of classical Nova Persei (1901) obtained by the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer S3 detector on-board Chandra Observatory. The X-ray nebula is affected mostly by the complex interstellar medium around the nova and has not developed a regular shell. The X-ray nebula is lumpy and asymmetric with bulk of emission coming from the southwestern quadrant. The brightest X-ray emission is detected as an arc that covers from the west to the south of the central source. Part of this feature, which is co-spatial with the brightest non-thermal radio emission region, is found to be a source of non-thermal (synchrotron) X-ray emission with a power law photon index of 2.3 −0.15 at about a flux of 1.7×10 −13 erg cm −2 s −1. This confirms that the shell is a cite of particle acceleration, mainly in the reverse shock zone. There are strong indications for nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration occurring in the forward shock/transition zone with an upper limit on the non-thermal X-ray flux of 1.0×10 −14 erg cm −2 s −1. The total X-ray spectrum of the nebula consists of two prominent components of emission (other than the resolved synchrotron X-ray emission). The component dominant below 2 keV is most likely a non-equilibrium ionization thermal plasma of kT s =0.1-0.3 keV with an X-ray flux of 1.6×10 −11 erg cm −2 s −1. There is also a higher temperature, kT s =0.5-2.6 keV, embedded, N H =(4.0-22.0)×10 22 cm −2 , emission component prominent above 2 keV. The unabsorbed X-ray flux from this component is 1.5×10 −10 erg cm −2 s −1. The X-ray emitting plasma is of solar composition except for enhancement in the elemental abundances (mean abundances over the remnant) of Ne/Ne ⊙ and N/N ⊙ in a range 13-21 and 1-5, respectively. A distinct emission line of neon, He-like Ne IX, is detected which reveals a distribution of several emission knots/blobs and shows a cone-like structure with wings extending toward NW and SE at expansion velocities about 2600 km s −1 in the X-ray wavelengths. – 2 – The emission measures yield an average electron density in a range 0.6-11.2 cm −3 for both of the components (filling factor=1). The electron density increases to higher values ∼ 300 cm −3 if the filling factor is decreased substantially. The mass in the X-ray emitting nebula is (2.1-38.5)×10 −4 M ⊙. The X-ray …
Increased risk of hospitalization for ultrarapid metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2D6

Background Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is responsible for the metabolism of clinically used drugs and other environmental exposures, but it is unclear whether the CYP2D6 phenotype is associated with adverse health outcomes. The aim was to determine the association of CYP2D6 phenotype with the risk of hospitalization or an emergency department (ED) visit among a group of primary care patients. Methods In this study, 929 adult patients underwent CYP2D6 testing. The primary outcome was risk of hospitalization or an ED visit from January 2005 through September 2014. CYP2D6 genotypes were interpreted as 1 of 7 clinical phenotypes, from ultrarapid to poor metabolizer, and patients with the extensive metabolizer phenotype were used as the reference group. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for finding the association of CYP2D6 phenotypes with the risk of hospitalization or an ED visit by using Cox proportional hazard models and adjusting for age and sex. Results The median age was 49 years (interquartile range, 46–52 years); 74% of patients had 3 or fewer chronic conditions, 285 had at least 1 hospitalization, and 496 had at least 1 ED visit. The risk of hospitalization was higher among patients who were ultrarapid metabolizers compared to extensive metabolizers (47% vs 30%; HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.11–2.57), as was the risk of an ED visit (62% vs 49%; HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.05–2.14). For poor metabolizers compared to extensive metabolizers, there was no difference in the risk of hospitalization (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.58–1.56), but there was an increase in the risk of an ED visit (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.96–1.98) (the difference was not statistically significant). Conclusion We found an increased risk of hospitalization or an ED visit among ultrarapid compared to extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers. Further research identifying the mechanisms of the association and ultimate clinical utility is warranted.
Opaline silica in young deposits on Mars

High spatial and spectral resolution reflectance data acquired by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument reveal the presence of H_2O- and SiOH-bearing phases on the Martian surface. The spectra are most consistent with opaline silica and glass altered to various degrees, confirming predictions based on geochernicall experiments and models that amorphous silica should be a common weathering product of the basaltic Martian crust. These materials are associated with hydrated Fe sulfates, including H_3O-bearing jarosite, and are found in finely stratified deposits exposed on the floor of and on the plains surrounding the Valles Marineris canyon system. Stratigraphic relationships place the formation age of these deposits in the late Hesperian or possibly the Amazonian, implying that aqueous alteration continued to be an important and regionally extensive process on Mars during that time.
Composing Music with Grammar Argumented Neural Networks and Note-Level Encoding

Creating aesthetically pleasing pieces of art, including music, has been a long-term goal for artificial intelligence research. Despite recent successes of long-short term memory (LSTM) neural networks in sequential learning, LSTM neural networks have not, by themselves, been able to generate natural-sounding music conforming to music theory. To transcend this inadequacy, we put forward a novel method for music composition that combines the LSTM with Grammars motivated by music theory. The main tenets of music theory are encoded as grammar argumented (GA) filters on the training data, such that the machine can be trained to generate music inheriting the naturalness of human-composed pieces from the original dataset while adhering to the rules of music theory. Unlike previous approaches, pitches and durations are encoded as one semantic entity, which we refer to as note-level encoding. This allows easy implementation of music theory grammars, as well as closer emulation of the thinking pattern of a musician.
Discrete exterior calculus

This thesis presents the beginnings of a theory of discrete exterior calculus (DEC). Our approach is to develop DEC using only discrete combinatorial and geometric operations on a simplicial complex and its geometric dual. The derivation of these may require that the objects on the discrete mesh, but not the mesh itself, are interpolated. Our theory includes not only discrete equivalents of differential forms, but also discrete vector fields and the operators acting on these objects. Definitions are given for discrete versions of all the usual operators of exterior calculus. The presence of forms and vector fields allows us to address their various interactions, which are important in applications. In many examples we find that the formulas derived from DEC are identical to the existing formulas in the literature. We also show that the circumcentric dual of a simplicial complex plays a useful role in the metric dependent part of this theory. The appearance of dual complexes leads to a proliferation of the operators in the discrete theory. One potential application of DEC is to variational problems which come equipped with a rich exterior calculus structure. On the discrete level, such structures will be enhanced by the availability of DEC. One of the objectives of this thesis is to fill this gap. There are many constraints in numerical algorithms that naturally involve differential forms. Preserving such features directly on the discrete level is another goal, overlapping with our goals for variational problems. In this thesis we have tried to push a purely discrete point of view as far as possible. We argue that this can only be pushed so far, and that interpolation is a useful device. For example, we found that interpolation of functions and vector fields is a very convenient. In future work we intend to continue this interpolation point of view, extending it to higher degree forms, especially in the context of the sharp, Lie derivative and interior product operators. Some preliminary ideas on this point of view are presented in the thesis. We also present some preliminary calculations of formulas on regular nonsimplicial complexes.
Genetic and Morphological Differentiation of the Indo-West Pacific Intertidal Barnacle Chthamalus malayensis

Chthamalus malayensis is a common intertidal acorn barnacle widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. Analysis of sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I reveals four genetically differentiated clades with almost allopatric distribution in this region. The four clades exhibit morphological differences in arthropodal characters, including the number of conical spines and number of setules of the basal guard setae on the cirri. These characters are, however, highly variable within each clade; such that the absolute range of the number of conical spines and setules overlaps between clades, and therefore, these are not diagnostic characters for taxonomic identification. The geographic distribution of the four clades displays a strong relationship between surface temperatures of the sea and ocean-current realms. The Indo-Malay (IM) clade is widespread in the tropical, equatorial region, including the Indian Ocean, Malay Peninsula, and North Borneo. The South China (SC) and Taiwan (TW) clades are found in tropical to subtropical regions, with the former distributed along the coasts of southern China, Vietnam, Thailand, and the western Philippines under the influence of the South China Warm Current. The TW clade is endemic to Taiwan, while the Christmas Island (CI) clade is confined to CI. There was weak or no population subdivision observed within these clades, suggesting high gene flow within the range of the clades. The clades demonstrate clear signatures of recent demographic expansion that predated the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), but they have maintained a relatively stable effective population in the past 100,000 years. The persistence of intertidal fauna through the LGM may, therefore, be a common biogeographic pattern. The lack of genetic subdivision in the IM clade across the Indian and Pacific Oceans may be attributed to recent expansion of ranges and the fact that a mutation-drift equilibrium has not been reached, or the relaxed habitat requirements of C. malayensis that facilitates high concurrent gene flow. Further studies are needed to determine between these alternative hypotheses.
Influence of ethical ideology and socio-demographic characteristics on turnover intention: A study of retail industry in India

Abstract Ascertaining the relationship between ethical ideology, socio-demographic characteristics and turnover intention appears to be a complex phenomenon. Through this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the relationship between ethical ideologies, individual differences and turnover intention. This study is based on ethical ideology model showing two dimensions (idealism and relativism) that plays an important role in ethical evaluation and behavior. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple regressions. Based on a survey of 564 employees of retail industry in India, ethical ideologies (e.g. idealism and relativism) are found to be negatively associated with turnover intention. Results of the relationship between demographic characteristics, ethical ideology and turnover intention have been found to be quiet interesting. The findings imply that ethical ideology and demographic characteristics will predict turnover intention in the organization.
SUPERCELLS AND SPRITES

Abstract Over a decade of monitoring mesospheric transient luminous events (TLEs) above U.S. high plains storms confirmed sprites are almost exclusively associated with positive polarity cloud-to-ground lightning (+CGs). Following C. T. R. Wilson's theory proposed in 1925, only those +CGs lowering large amounts of charge to ground should induce sprites. The key metric, the charge moment change, generally must exceed ∼600 C km to initiate the electric breakdown at 75 km, which evolves into the sprite. High plains storms generate the highest percentage, the largest average peak current, and highest density of +CGs in the nation. Various storm types generate +CGs, and especially supercells are often dominated by positive strokes. Few sprites observations above supercells have been obtained (and usually during their decaying phase), while thousands of sprites have been imaged above mesoscale convective system (MCS) stratiform regions and some squall lines. During the 2000 Severe Thunderstorm Electrification a.
ACT: the Artemis comparison tool

The Artemis Comparison Tool (ACT) allows an interactive visualisation of comparisons between complete genome sequences and associated annotations. The comparison data can be generated with several different programs; BLASTN, TBLASTX or Mummer comparisons between genomic DNA sequences, or orthologue tables generated by reciprocal FASTA comparison between protein sets. It is possible to identify regions of similarity, insertions and rearrangements at any level from the whole genome to base-pair differences. ACT uses Artemis components to display the sequences and so inherits powerful searching and analysis tools. ACT is part of the Artemis distribution and is similarly open source, written in Java and can run on any Java enabled platform, including UNIX, Macintosh and Windows.
Performance Evaluation of Two Reactive Routing Protocols of MANET using Group Mobility Model

Mobile ad-hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile hosts forming a temporary network without the aid of any stand-alone infrastructure or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation and ease of deployment. In this paper we have compared the performance of two reactive MANET routing protocol AODV and DSR by using Group mobility model. Both share similar On-Demand behavior, but the protocol’s internal mechanism leads to significant performance difference. We have analyzed the performance of protocols by varying network load, mobility and type of traffic (CBR and TCP). Group Mobility model has been generated by IMPORTANT (Impact of Mobility Patterns on Routing in Ad-hoc NeTwork) tool. A detailed simulation has been carried out in NS2. The metrics used for performance analysis are Packet Delivery Fraction, Average end-to-end Delay, Routing Overhead and Normalized Routing Load. It has been observed that AODV gives better performance in CBR traffic and real time delivery of packet. Where as DSR gives better results in TCP traffic and under restricted bandwidth condition.
The pressure-flow response of the pulmonary circulation in patients with heart failure and pulmonary vascular disease.

Although it is well known that the pulmonary circulation is altered in patients with pulmonary arterial or venous hypertension, the resultant hemodynamic behavior has not been systematically studied. We undertook to do so in a group of patients with pulmonary hypertension of diverse etiology. We measured pulmonary arterial (PAP) and occlusive wedge pressures and cardiac output at rest (i.e., standing) and during progressive upright treadmill exercise in 51 patients. Forty-two had chronic, stable, cardiac failure secondary to ischemic, myopathic or valvular heart disease and were grouped according to whether their mean PAP was less than (normotensive) or greater than (hypertensive) 19 mm Hg, and nine had pulmonary vascular disease of diverse etiology and were considered separately. In the majority of patients, we found that irrespective of whether the hypertension was arterial or venous in origin or etiology: the mean PAP-flow relationship was linear; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was greater than or equal to the average closure pressure of the pulmonary vascular bed and could therefore be used as the downstream pressure in calculating pulmonary vascular resistance; and pulmonary vascular resistance declined with exercise. Notable exceptions to the third observation were patients with valvular heart disease or a resting pulmonary vascular resistance greater than 800 dyne-sec-cm-5.
Restoration of circadian behavior by anterior hypothalamic heterografts

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus (AH) is a circadian oscillator and an important component of the mammalian circadian system. To determine whether the SCN is the dominant circadian pacemaker responsible for generating a species-typical characteristic of circadian rhythms [i.e., period length (tau)], neural transplantation was conducted using fetal AH donors of different species and SCN-lesioned (SCNx) hosts. The circadian behavior of each of the three donor species is clearly distinguishable by its species- typical tau. The extent of SCN pacemaker autonomy was assessed by noting whether the period of the restored circadian rhythm following heterograft transplantation was characteristic of the donor or the host, or whether an atypical circadian period was established. Hamsters rendered arhythmic by SCN ablation were implanted with AH tissue from fetal hamsters (E13-E14, homograft controls) or fetal mice or rats (E15- E17). The AH homografts restored circadian activity rhythms with a tau similar to that of intact hamsters, and fetal mouse AH heterografts restored circadian rhythmicity with a tau similar to that of the donor mouse strain. However, fetal rat AH tissue implanted into SCNx hamsters renewed circadian rhythmicity with a period significantly shorter than either the species-typical tau of the rat donor or the hamster host. In both the mouse and rat AH heterograft experiments, immunocytochemical analysis performed with species-specific monoclonal antibodies revealed extensive fiber outgrowth from the implant into the host hypothalamus, evident up to 7 months postimplantation. The rat implants were consistently larger, more fully vascularized and exhibited less necrosis than the implanted mouse tissue. The histological appearance of the grafts, thus, provides no explantation for the difference in efficacy of the grafts to restore species-typical behavior. However, several interpretations are considered that are consistent with the combined behavioral results observed.