Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Idea to Norm - Promoting Conflict Prevention

This study is concerned with tracing the process of how conflict prevention is moving from the realm of ideas to the field of action. Why is it that, despite historical as well as recent evidence of the infeasibility to prevent wars, the idea of conflict prevention has resurfaced to meet the challenge of the new wars of the post-Cold War era? The study investigates whether the growing interest in preventing the outbreak of violent conflicts marks the coming of age of conflict prevention as an international norm able to induce preventive practices. Adopting a social constructivist perspective, it analyzes the links between ideas, interests, norms and practices. Regarding actors and structures as mutually constitutive, this study advances an analytical framework that draws attention to the pivotal role of the norm entrepreneur in the dynamics of norm evolution. The evolution of a norm pertaining to conflict prevention is traced in the post-Cold War era, and Sweden’s activities as an international norm entrepreneur in the EU and the UN are analyzed. It depicts the Swedish efforts to construct, diffuse and institutionalize a norm pertaining to conflict prevention as well as to translate conflict prevention into practice by participating in the preventive UN peacekeeping mission (UNPREDEP) in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The analysis reveals that a social constructivist perspective can assist us in investigating the links between ideas, norms, interests and practices. It shows that interests are defined in the context of internationally held norms, and that the growing interest in preventing violent conflicts may be derived from the emergent norm pertaining to conflict prevention. Norms emerge through the efforts of norm entrepreneurs. Through an analysis of Swedish norm entrepreneurship, this study finds that a small state’s ability to advocate norms relies on the powers associated with compelling ideas, on presentation of “good” ideas when the time is ripe, and on the use of persuasive rhetoric to convince potential norm followers. Norm diffusion and socialization are found to be interactive processes involving the norm entrepreneur and the norm followers in a mutual learning process that may, as this study demonstrates, shape and reshape the evolving norm. The analysis illustrates how the evolution of the emergent norm pertaining to conflict prevention is facilitated by the construction of a normative fit with the frame of mind of the norm entrepreneur, the normative convictions of the potential norm followers and the existing normative context. Finally, the study demonstrates the interactiveness of norms and practices by analyzing the preventive UN peacekeeping operation in Macedonia. Although that unique preventive peacekeeping mission has not been replicated, and conflict prevention has clearly not become a regular practice, this study suggests that the mission contributed to spur the process of norm evolution by bridging the gap between idea and practice of conflict prevention.
Watching Talk: Gender and Engagement in the Viewing of Audience Discussion Programmes

I felt really good because I'd spoken because in the past I've actually spoken to friends about it and they hadn't been in difficult situations and so they couldn't quite relate and strangely enough the audience was really really sympathetic and I felt more empathy with them than I had with friends who hadn't been through it. It felt really like the audience was on your side so it was actually a really nice feeling, you felt like you were being supported. (Woman participant in a studio discussion)
The musical body : how gender and class are reproduced among young people playing classical music in England

Scholars of western classical music have predominantly studied it as a text and positioned it a site of ‘absolute value’ through which musicians and listeners ‘transcend […] the bodily’ (Johnson 2002). This thesis uses ethnography in order to critique this approach, exploring the experience of young people who participate in classical music ensembles in the south of England. It interrogates the relationship between classical music and the middle classes, asking what classed and gendered dispositions are being (re)produced through this musical practice. The thesis argues that rehearsal processes shape the embodied dispositions of young musicians to cultivate a mode of restraint and gendered control, which is congruent with a particular classed identity. This occurs within a powerful affective group setting, which interpellates participants as subjects of value through the intimate, embodied, non-linguistic call of this music. This argument is built through four key claims. First, the boundary-drawing which legitimises the protected status of classical music draws on the classed, gendered history of its institutions in the Victorian period. This camouflages the ways in which musical standards of ‘excellence’ are formed socially, in and between certain bodies. Second, this musical practice simultaneously disciplines but also effaces the body. A major theoretical contribution of this thesis is to argue that the dispositions this produces are audible in the aesthetic of the music. Third, an ethic of correction is central to classical music education. Those in less privileged positions capitalise on this as a route towards classed self-improvement, gaining access to a musical world where they find an expressive voice, a strong sense of identity, and a supportive and intimate social scene. Fourth, mediated through sound, the sensuous body acts back against its disciplining to share powerful affective states with others, creating a powerful allegiance to bourgeois social norms and values.
An Assessment of Genetic Diversity Within a Collection of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Germplasm Using Molecular Markers

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cDNA clones were used to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms in a collection of Manihot germplasm maintained as in vitro plants at ORSTOM, Montpellier. The collection consisted of mostly African cultivars of M. esculenta, together with a few M. glaziovii Mueller von Argau and M. caerulescens Pohl, and some interspecific hybrids between M. esculenta and M. glaziovii. The clones revealed significant levels of polymorphism both within and between the species; sufficient to construct dendrograms indicating the genetic diversity within the collection.
Factor structure and validity of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 in Swedish translation

Accessible summary What is known on the subject? The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 (DASS‐21) is a widely used measurement for psychological symptoms and distress.Some previous studies have shown that the DASS‐21 can accurately measure symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress, while other studies have indicated that the DASS‐21 mainly measures overall distress.The factor structure of the DASS‐21 is important and debated since if affects interpretations of findings. &NA; What does this paper add to existing knowledge? In this study, the DASS‐21 was translated into Swedish and evaluated in three diverse samples.The DASS‐21 subscales of Depression and Anxiety correlated significantly with corresponding criteria instruments. The DASS‐21 Stress subscale showed more diverse associations with psychological distress.The analyses supported a bifactor model of the DASS‐21 with three specific factors of depression, anxiety and stress as well as a general distress factor. &NA; What are the implications for practice? The results show that the DASS‐21 may be used to measure unique symptoms of depression, anxiety and, with some caveat, stress as well as overall psychological distress.This study confirms that the DASS‐21 is theoretically sound instrument that is feasible for both research and clinical practice.The DASS‐21 can be an accessible tool for screening and evaluation in first‐line mental health services. Introduction: There is a constant need for theoretically sound and valid self‐report instruments for measuring psychological distress. Previous studies have shown that the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 (DASS‐21) is theoretically sound, but there have been some inconsistent results regarding its factor structure. Aims: The aim of the present study was to investigate and elucidate the factor structure and convergent validity of the DASS‐21. Methods: A total of 624 participants recruited from student, primary care and psychotherapy populations. The factor structure of the DASS‐21 was assessed by confirmatory factor analyses and the convergent validity by investigating its unique correlations with other psychiatric instruments. Results: A bifactor structure with depression, anxiety, stress and a general factor provided the best fit indices for the DASS‐21. The convergent validity was adequate for the Depression and Anxiety subscales but more ambiguous for the Stress subscale. Discussion: The present study overall supports the validity and factor structure of the DASS‐21. Implications for practice: The DASS‐21 can be used to measure symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as overall distress. It can be useful for mental health nurses, and other first‐line psychiatric professionals, in need of a short, feasible and valid instrument in everyday care
The role of gender culture in predicting fathers’ time-use: Evidence from subnational disparities in Switzerland

The present study explores how much time fathers spend on physical and interactive childcare as a function of cultural differences between the 26 Swiss cantons. Two features are important: (1) the subnational design makes the dependency on culture salient and (2) the random forest models quantify the dependency even if it is complex and highly group-specific. The analysis is based on data from the Labour Force Survey about fathers of younger (n = 6985) and older children (n = 6932). Gender culture is construed as family and care ideals aligned on a spectrum between ‘male breadwinner/female part-time care provider’ and ‘dual breadwinner/external care’. The gender culture index turns out to be a high-ranking predictor of fathers’ time spent on interactive care, but not of time spent on physical care. The relation between gender culture and fathers’ time-use is positive with a slight U-shape. Moreover, the models show that 16 socio-demographic variables, together with gender culture, only predict a small part of the variation in fathers’ time-use.
A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

trials from 1998 to 2008 in CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychInfo, EMBASE, and Cochrane were reviewed using the following search terms: patient education, education, educational intervention, self-care in combination with heart failure. There were 1515 abstracts reviewed independently by 2 reviewers. Results: A total of 2686 patients were included in the 19 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Commonly, the initial educational intervention was a one-on-one didactic session conducted by nurses supplemented by written materials and multimedia approaches. Seven studies referred to a theoretical model as a framework for their educational intervention. Studies used a variety of outcome measures to evaluate their effectiveness. Of the studies reviewed, 15 demonstrated a significant effect from their intervention in at least one of their outcome measures. Conclusion: All we hope from patient education has not yet been realized. Despite improvements in knowledge, we have variable results in outcomes, and this is very likely related to the heterogeneity of the studies included in this review. It was difficult to establish the most effective educational strategy as the
Paleoclimate Variability in the Mediterranean and Red Sea Regions during the Last 500,000 Years

The Mediterranean–Red Sea region has been critical to dispersal of hominids and other species between Africa and the rest of the world, and climate and sea level are thought to be key controls on migration pathways. Assessing climate variations, we highlight increased millennial-scale variability at 480–460, 440–400, 380–360, 340–320, 260–220, 200–160, 140–120, and 80–40 thousand years ago (ka), which likely caused intermittent habitat fragmentation. We also find that passageways across the Sahara Desert and the northern out-of-Africa route (from Egypt into the Levant) were intermittently open during pluvials associated with orbital insolation maxima. No such relationship is apparent for the southern out-of-Africa route (across the Red Sea). Instead, we present a novel interpretation of combined sea-level and regional climate control on potential migrations via the southern route, with “windows of opportunity” at 458–448, 345–340, 272–265, 145–140, and 70–65 ka. The 145–140 ka window seems relevant for early colonization of Arabia at 127 ± 16 ka, and the 70–65 ka window agrees with estimates of 65 +5/−8 ka for the final out-of-Africa migration by the anatomically modern human founder group of all non-Africans. Once they reached Eurasian Mediterranean margins, populations benefited from a rich diversity of terrain and microclimates, with persistent favorable conditions in lowlands and potential to occupy higher elevations during milder periods.
The Twisted N-Cube with Application to Multiprocessing

It is shown that by exchanging any two independent edges in any shortest cycle of the n-cube (n>or=3), its diameter decreases by one unit. This leads to the definition of a new class of n-regular graphs, denoted TQ/sub n/, with 2/sup n/ vertices and diameter n-1, which has the (n-1)-cube as subgraph. Other properties of TQ/sub n/ such as connectivity and the lengths of the disjoints paths are also investigated. Moreover, it is shown that the complete binary tree on 2/sup n/-1 vertices, which is not a subgraph of the n-cube, is a subgraph of TQ/sub n/. How these results can be used to enhance hypercube multiprocessors is discussed. >
Targeting the Consequences of the Metabolic Syndrome in the Diabetes Prevention Program

Glucose intolerance, 1 of the 5 metabolic syndrome components, is an established cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. The presence of other metabolic syndrome components enhances the CVD risk associated with glucose intolerance, and there is evidence that CVD risk may not be substantially increased in the small subgroup of subjects with type 2 diabetes who do not have the metabolic syndrome. Subjects with prediabetes may, therefore, be a high-risk subgroup among the population with metabolic syndrome. Approaches to preventing or delaying the progression of glucose intolerance provide an important opportunity to slow the epidemic of type 2 diabetes around the world. Furthermore, the prevention paradigm affords the opportunity to test whether these approaches improve cardiovascular risk and thereby reduce CVD complications. The results of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), which studied the effects of lifestyle change or metformin therapy on type 2 diabetes development in overweight or obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), are presented here as a model of long-term interventions in otherwise healthy subjects with increased cardiometabolic risk. This approach evaluates the epidemiological value of characterizing metabolic syndrome risks in the context of dysglycemia and the type 2 diabetes prevention treatments studied.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Chinese Hypertensive Adults Aged 45 to 75 Years

Objective This study examined the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes and their associated factors in 17,184 Chinese hypertensive adults aged 45–75 years. Methods A cross-sectional investigation was carried out in a rural area of Lianyungang, China. Previously undiagnosed diabetes [fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥7.0mmol/l] and IFG (6.1–6.9mmol/l) were defined based on FPG concentration. Previously diagnosed diabetes was determined on the basis of self-report. Total diabetes included both previously diagnosed diabetes and previously undiagnosed diabetes. Results The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, and IFG were 3.4%, 9.8%, and 14.1%, respectively. About 74.2% of the participants with diabetes had not previously been diagnosed. In the multivariable logistic-regression model, older age, men, antihypertensive treatment, obesity (BMI ≥25kg/m2), abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥90cm for men and ≥80cm for women), non-current smoking, a family history of diabetes, higher heart rate, lower physical activity levels, and inland residence (versus coastal) were significantly associated with both total diabetes and previously undiagnosed diabetes. Furthermore, methylene- tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677 TT genotype was an independent associated factor for total diabetes, and current alcohol drinking was an independent associated factor for previously undiagnosed diabetes. At the same time, older age, men, abdominal obesity, non-current smoking, current alcohol drinking, a family history of diabetes, higher heart rate, and inland residence (versus coastal) were important independent associated factors for IFG. Conclusion In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of diabetes in Chinese hypertensive adults. Furthermore, about three out of every four diabetic adults were undiagnosed. Our results suggest that population-level measures aimed at the prevention, identification (even if only based on the FPG evaluation), and treatment of diabetes should be urgently taken to overcome the diabetes epidemic in Chinese hypertensive adults.
The importance of focus on form in communicative language teaching

Long (1991) distinguished two approaches to language teaching, which he called ‘focus-on-forms’ and ‘focus-on-form’. In this article I discuss ‘focus-on-form’ from both a theoretical perspective by outlining the psycholinguistic rationale for this type of instruction and from a practical perspective by identifying the strategies that students and teachers can use when doing focus-on-form. I conclude by emphasizing the importance of including a focus-on-form in communicative language teaching in order to facilitate incidental language learning and thus reject the commonly held view that teachers should not ‘interfere’ when students are performing a communicative task. I also suggest that ‘focus-on-forms’ and ‘focus-onform’ should be seen as complementary rather than oppositional approaches to teaching.
An Intelligent Intrusion Detection and Response System Using Network Quarantine Channels: Adaptive Policies and Alert Filters

Intrusion detection systems are used to identify suspicious network traffic. However, a high percentage of alerts generated by such systems are liable to be false positives. Since these alerts typically require manual intervention from a network administrator, false positives create considerable administrative overheads. In order to reduce the number of false positives, we propose a new network protection component called a network quarantine channel, which is used to perform some additional interaction with hosts that have been identified as the source of suspicious traffic. The network quarantine channel is used to provide a more accurate assessment of the threat posed by a suspicious host, before alerting the network administrator
Modeling Meiotic Chromosomes Indicates a Size Dependent Contribution of Telomere Clustering and Chromosome Rigidity to Homologue Juxtaposition

Meiosis is the cell division that halves the genetic component of diploid cells to form gametes or spores. To achieve this, meiotic cells undergo a radical spatial reorganisation of chromosomes. This reorganisation is a prerequisite for the pairing of parental homologous chromosomes and the reductional division, which halves the number of chromosomes in daughter cells. Of particular note is the change from a centromere clustered layout (Rabl configuration) to a telomere clustered conformation (bouquet stage). The contribution of the bouquet structure to homologous chromosome pairing is uncertain. We have developed a new in silico model to represent the chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in space, based on a worm-like chain model constrained by attachment to the nuclear envelope and clustering forces. We have asked how these constraints could influence chromosome layout, with particular regard to the juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes and potential nonallelic, ectopic, interactions. The data support the view that the bouquet may be sufficient to bring short chromosomes together, but the contribution to long chromosomes is less. We also find that persistence length is critical to how much influence the bouquet structure could have, both on pairing of homologues and avoiding contacts with heterologues. This work represents an important development in computer modeling of chromosomes, and suggests new explanations for why elucidating the functional significance of the bouquet by genetics has been so difficult.
Correlation among lip print pattern, finger print pattern and abo blood group.

AIM To study correlation between lip print pattern, finger print pattern and ABO blood group. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group consisted of 27 males and 27 females who were aged between 20-40 years. Lip prints, finger prints and ABO and Rh blood groups of each individual were recorded. Lip prints were classified, based on Suzuki's and Tsuchihashi's classification and finger prints were classified, based on Michael's and Kucken's classification. The results were statistically analyzed by using Chi-square test. RESULTS Complete vertical lip print, loop finger print pattern, O+ blood group were predominant among individual groups. O+ blood group-type I lip print combination, loop finger print pattern-type IV lip print pattern combination, O+ blood group-loop finger print pattern combination and both B+ blood group-loop finger print pattern- type IV lip print pattern combination and O+ blood group-loop finger print pattern-type I lip print pattern were predominant. CONCLUSION Though lip prints, finger prints and blood groups had their own specificities, correlation of the three parameters did not show any significance.
WST 50.5-N59 corr

Abstract Many organic compounds contained in wastewater are resistant to conventional chemical and/or biological treatment. Because of this reason different degradation techniques are studied as an alternative to biological and classical physico-chemical processes. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) probably have developed to become the best options in the near future. AOP while making use of different reaction systems, are all characterised by the same chemical feature: production of OH radicals (*OH). The versatility of AOPs is also enhanced by the fact that they offer different possibilities for OH radical production, thus allowing them to conform to specific treatment requirements. The main problem with AOPs is their high cost. The application of solar technologies to these processes could help to diminish that problem by reducing the energy consumption required for generating UV radiation. In this work, different AOPs (O3, TiO2/UV, Fenton and H2O2/UV) were examined to treat tannery wastewater or as a pre-treatment step for improving the biodegradation of tannery wastewater, at different pH and dosage of the chemicals. Under certain circumstances retardation in biodegradation and/or an increase in toxicity may be observed within these treatment steps. Two different bioassays (Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri) have been used for testing the progress of toxicity during the treatment. In parallel other objectives were to analyse and identify organic compounds present in the untreated wastewater and arising degradation products in AOP treated wastewater samples. For this purpose substance specific techniques, e.g., gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in positive electron impact (EI(+)) mode and atmospheric pressure ionisation (API) in combination with flow injection analysis (FIA) or liquid chromatography – mass and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS or LC-MS-MS) were performed.