Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Short-Term Foraging Movements in a Marsupial Pest to Improve Targeted Lethal Control and Disease Surveillance

In New Zealand, the introduced marsupial brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is a pest species subject to control measures, primarily to limit its ability to transmit bovine tuberculosis (TB) to livestock and for conservation protection. To better define parameters for targeted possum control and TB surveillance, we here applied a novel approach to analyzing GPS data obtained from 44 possums fitted with radio-tracking collars, producing estimates of the animals’ short-term nocturnal foraging patterns based on 1-, 3- or 5-nights’ contiguous data. Studies were conducted within two semi-arid montane regions of New Zealand’s South Island High Country: these regions support low-density possum populations (<2 possums/ha) in which the animals’ home ranges are on average larger than in high-density populations in forested habitat. Possum foraging range width (FRW) estimates increased with increasing monitoring periods, from 150-200m based on a single night’s movement data to 300-400m based on 5 nights’ data. The largest average FRW estimates were recorded in winter and spring, and the smallest in summer. The results suggest that traps or poison-bait stations (for lethal control) or monitoring devices (for TB surveillance), set for > 3 consecutive nights at 150m interval spacings, would likely place >95% of the possums in this type of habitat at risk of encountering these devices, year-round. Modelling control efficacy against operational expenditure, based on these estimations, identified the relative cost-effectiveness of various strategies that could be applied to a typical aerial poisoning operation, to reduce the ongoing TB vectorial risk that possums pose in the High Country regions. These habitat-specific findings are likely to be more relevant than the conventional pest control and monitoring methodologies developed for possums in their more typical forested habitat.
Post-Transplantation Bone Disease

Solid organ or stem cell transplantation is a well established procedure in the treatment of endstage diseases (renal disease, chronic liver failure, end-stage pulmonary disease, heart failure). Improved outcome for these patients has allowed us to study some of the complications. One of these is metabolic bone disease, which can hinder their long-term survival and quality of life. In this chapter we have review our current understanding of the pathophysiology of bone loss before and after solid organ transplantation, and review recommendations for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients accepted into organ transplantation programs. There are a number of risk factors contributing to bone loss in these patients: hypogonadism, vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption, low body weight, physical inactivity, excessive use of tobacco or alcohol and immunosuppressive therapy. Management of pretransplant risk factors has improved, resulting in better bone mineral density (BMD) levels before transplantation (Guichelaar et al., 2006). After transplantation, rapid and marked bone loss is observed in the first 3-6 months. The speed of the bone loss suggests that corticosteroids are heavily involved. Greater bone loss at vertebral and hip sites and high rates of incident fragility fractures have been reported (Leidig-Bruckner et al., 2001).
Expectations to Marry Among American Youth

Since welfare reform in 1996, marriage has been promoted as a means to reduce welfare dependency and out-of-wedlock childbearing. Despite extensive public and academic discourse surrounding marriage promotion, a basic factor preceding and predicting marriage—expectations to marry—has received little attention. Using insights from the life course perspective and data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we explore the relationship between out-of-wedlock fertility and youths' expectations to marry within 5 years. We also consider the effect of economic activity (school and work) and cohabitation. We find that experiencing an unwed pregnancy or birth significantly increases youths' expectations to marry, as does being employed, out of school, and in a cohabiting relationship.
Parâmetros genéticos da taxa de maturação e do peso assintótico de fêmeas da raça Nelore

Data from 1158 females Nellore beef cattle, born between 1984 and 1995, at 10 breeding farms and located at seven differents States of Brazil were used to establish a growth pattern curve of beef cattle females, and to estimate variance components, heritabilities and genetic correlations between the parameters for Von Bertalanffy, Brody, logistic and Gompertz models. The NLIN procedure and the MTDFREML program under animal model were used for single and two trait analyses. The average weight (A) and growth rate (K) were 515.06 and . 071 for Von Bertalanffy; 552.77 and . 045 for Brody; 501.11 and . 097 for logistic; and 507.00 and . 083 for Gompertz, respectively. High heritabilities were estimated for A and K parameters: . 39 and . 42 for Von Bertalanffy; . 42 and . 44 for Brody; . 40 and . 41 for logistic; and . 39 and . 39 for Gompertz, respectively. All the models described adequately the growth pattern of those females. The best model to describe the growth curve based on the number of iteractions for convergence, error mean square and the coefficient of determination was Brody model, followed by Von Bertalanffy, logistic and Gompetz models. These characteristics (A and K parameters) could be included in selection index for female Nelore selection.
Do You See What I See? Perceptions of Gender Microaggressions in the Workplace

Although blatant expressions of sexism in the American workforce appear on the decline, many researchers note that discrimination is not disappearing but is instead becoming more subtle and ambiguous. Drawing from Sue et al.’s construct of microaggressions, which examines manifestations of prejudice ranging from subtle to overt, the present research provides the first known empirical investigation of gender differences in third-party perceptions of microaggressions against women at work. Undergraduate women and men read vignettes describing interactions between male supervisors and female subordinates, which portrayed potentially discriminatory supervisor behavior, ranging in explicitness from subtle to blatant. Results indicate that although both men and women perceive differences in microaggression explicitness, women tend to detect greater discrimination than men, particularly when instances are subtle in nature. Both genders expect microaggressions to generate more negative work outcomes as explicitness increases. We discuss practical implications of our research, including the importance of raising awareness of workplace gender microaggressions, especially its most subtle forms, and of developing supporting programs to help observers of discrimination, who may be more likely to be women in cases of perceived microaggressions against women. Future research directions for addressing the broad range of discrimination facing working women today are also explored.
Retaking the Test

Data-driven teaching and learning is common sense in education today, and it is common sense that these data should come from standardized tests. Critiques of standardization either make no constructive suggestions for what to use in place of the tests or they call for better, more scientifically rigorous, reliable, and authentic forms of testing. This article aims to critique the underlying logic of testing within neoliberal education by a return to the question of the ontology of testing as such. We do this by distinguishing the practices and technologies used in current testing from the fundamentally educational and philosophical aspect of human experience that critical theorist Avital Ronell (2005) calls the “test drive. ” Posing the test drive against the current testing regime will allow us to reclaim health, personality, and taste from the high-stakes notion of testing that prevails today.
Parity and the Association With Diabetes in Older Women

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of parity with diabetes and markers of glucose homeostasis in older women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used data from the female participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a longitudinal cohort of adults aged ≥65 years. These data included an assessment of parity (baseline) and fasting serum levels of glucose, insulin, and medication use (baseline and follow-up). We estimated both the cross-sectional relationship of parity with baseline diabetes and the relationship of parity with incident diabetes. RESULTS In unadjusted analyses, women with grand multiparity (≥5 live births) had a higher prevalence of diabetes at baseline compared with those with fewer births and with nulliparous women (25 vs. 12 vs. 15%; P < 0.001). In regression models controlling for age and race, grand multiparity was associated with increased prevalence of diabetes (prevalence ratio 1.57 [95% CI 1.20–2.06]); with addition of demographic and clinical factors to the model, the association was attenuated (1.33 [1.00–1.77]). In final models that included body anthropometrics, the association was no longer significant (1.21 [0.86–1.49]). In those without diabetes at baseline, parity was not associated with incident diabetes or with fasting glucose; however, there was a modest association of parity with fasting insulin and homeostasis assessment model of insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Grand multiparity is associated with diabetes in elderly women in cross-sectional analyses. This relationship seems to be confounded and/or mediated by variation in body weight and sociodemographic factors by parity status. In older nondiabetic women, higher parity does not pose an ongoing risk of developing diabetes.
Compromised NMDA/Glutamate Receptor Expression in Dopaminergic Neurons Impairs Instrumental Learning, But Not Pavlovian Goal Tracking or Sign Tracking1,2,3

Behavior is shaped to a dramatic degree by the occurrence of rewards, through both pavlovian and instrumental conditioning processes; these mechanisms give rise to both normal and abnormal behavior. It is crucial to understand the neural mechanisms that give rise to normal actions and how they lead to pathological behaviors, such as overeating and drug addictions. Abstract Two theories regarding the role for dopamine neurons in learning include the concepts that their activity serves as a (1) mechanism that confers incentive salience onto rewards and associated cues and/or (2) contingency teaching signal reflecting reward prediction error. While both theories are provocative, the causal role for dopamine cell activity in either mechanism remains controversial. In this study mice that either fully or partially lacked NMDARs in dopamine neurons exclusively, as well as appropriate controls, were evaluated for reward-related learning; this experimental design allowed for a test of the premise that NMDA/glutamate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated mechanisms in dopamine neurons, including NMDA-dependent regulation of phasic discharge activity of these cells, modulate either the instrumental learning processes or the likelihood of pavlovian cues to become highly motivating incentive stimuli that directly attract behavior. Loss of NMDARs in dopamine neurons did not significantly affect baseline dopamine utilization in the striatum, novelty evoked locomotor behavior, or consumption of a freely available, palatable food solution. On the other hand, animals lacking NMDARs in dopamine cells exhibited a selective reduction in reinforced lever responses that emerged over the course of instrumental learning. Loss of receptor expression did not, however, influence the likelihood of an animal acquiring a pavlovian conditional response associated with attribution of incentive salience to reward-paired cues (sign tracking). These data support the view that reductions in NMDAR signaling in dopamine neurons affect instrumental reward-related learning but do not lend support to hypotheses that suggest that the behavioral significance of this signaling includes incentive salience attribution.
The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770-1868

This social history explores how the English people felt about public execution during its heyday. Drawing on letters, diaries, ballads and other documentation of the time, it analyzes responses to the scaffold at all social levels: from the crowds who gathered to watch executions; to the literary commentators such as Boswell and Byron; to judges, politicians and monarchs who decided who should die and who should be reprieved. The text also surveys the changing attitudes towards death and suffering, and demonstrates that the retreat from public hanging owed less to the growth of humane sensibilities than it did to the development of new methods of punishment and law enforcement, and the public's deepening fear of the scaffold crowd.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF ETHNIC IDENTITY, PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION, AND OUTGROUP CONTACT TO RACIAL ATTITUDES TOWARD WHITE PEOPLE IN AFRICAN AMERCAN COLLEGE STUDENTS

2 Introduction 3 Literature Review 7 Racial Discrimination 7 Racial Attitudes 8 Racial/Ethnic Identity 13 Interracial Contact 21 Perceptions of Discrimination and Racial Attitudes 25 Perceptions of Discrimination and Racial/Ethnic Identity 26 Perceptions of Discrimination and Interracial Contact 27 Interracial Contact and Racial Attitudes 28 Racial/Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem 30 Method 35 Procedure 35 Participants 35 Measures 36 Hypotheses 40 Results 43 Plan of Analysis 43
Problem Data Based Optimization (PDBO) Algorithm for Continuous Optimization Problems

 Abstract — Problem Data-Based Optimization (PDBO) algorithm is appeared in 2015 by Abdulelah Saif, Safia Abbas and Zaki Fayed for combinatorial optimization problems and is applied to Discrete Time, Cost and Quality Trade -off problem (DTCQTP). In this paper, Problem Data-Based Optimization (PDBO) algorithm is adapted to solve continuous optimization problems. The proposed algorithm called the PDBO-CO (PDBO for continuous optimization) is tested on few benchmark functions and on COCOMO II model coefficients by using NASA 93 Dataset. The obtained results for benchmark functions are compared with the ones obtained using IWD-CO(Intelligent Water Drops for continuous optimization ) and the obtained results from the optimized COCOMO II PA model coefficients by PDBO-CO are compared with ones optimized by IWD and Genetic algorithm (GA) and with the current COCOMO II PA model coefficients. The obtained results are satisfactory, which encourage other researches in this regard.
An investigation of the potential association between mercury and Autism Spectrum Disorder: an interdisciplinary approach

Dr Shandley took a novel approach to investigate the mercury-autism hypothesis. Her studies unearthed conflicting results. Contrary to previous biological studies, autistic children did not demonstrate a pattern of mercury toxicity. However, in a world first study, Dr Shandley found that the rate of autism among children with a family history of mercury sensitivity was 6-7 times higher than the general population.
Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages: The Role of Emotions in Affecting Adolescent Smoking Consideration and Secondhand Smoke Beliefs

To date, most studies of graphic health warnings (GHWs) on cigarette packages have focused on adult samples and/or the unique role of evoked fear in influencing smoking beliefs and behaviors. Using a sample of 349 adolescents, classified as either current smokers or nonsmokers, the authors examine the effects of GHWs on a broader array of emotions (i.e., fear, guilt, and disgust). Results show that perceived graphicness of the visual warning positively affects these emotions, and being a smoker increases the positive effect of perceived graphicness. In addition, evoked fear and guilt interact with smoking status to strengthen the positive influence of these emotions on current smokers’ consideration of smoking. Smoking status also moderates the effects of fear and guilt by strengthening adolescent smokers’ negative feelings about secondhand smoke and about other adolescents’ consideration of smoking. Finally, the authors find a direct effect of perceived graphicness of the GHW on the smoking consideration measures that is not fully mediated by the evoked emotions. Implications for designing health warnings and making public health policy are offered.
The Empirics of New Economic Geography

Although a rich and extensive body of theoretical research on new economic geography has emerged, empirical research remains comparatively less well developed. This paper reviews the existing empirical literature on the predictions of new economic geography models for the distribution of income and production across space. The discussion highlights connections with other research in regional and urban economics, identification issues, potential alternative explanations and possible areas for further research.
Bridging Model and Crop Legumes through Comparative Genomics

The Fabaceae, or legumes, constitute the third largest family of flowering plants, comprising more than 650 genera and 18,000 species ([Polhill and Raven, 1981][1]). Economically, legumes represent the second most important family of crop plants after Poaceae (grass family), accounting for
Association of maternal and paternal IQ with offspring conduct, emotional, and attention problem scores. Transgenerational evidence from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study.

CONTEXT Individuals with lower IQ scores have an increased risk of psychological disorders, mental health problems, and suicide; similarly, children with low IQ scores are more likely to have behavioral, emotional, and anxiety disorders. However, little is known about the effect of parental IQ on the mental health outcomes of their children. OBJECTIVE To determine whether maternal and paternal IQ scores are associated with offspring conduct, emotional, and attention scores. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING General population. PARTICIPANTS Members of the 1958 National Child Development Study and their offspring were studied. Of 2984 parent-offspring pairs with nonadopted children 4 years or older, 2202 pairs had complete data regarding all variables of interest and were included in the analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Offspring conduct, emotional, and attention scores based on the Behavioral Problems Index for children aged 4 to 6 years or the Rutter A scale for children and adolescents 7 years and older. RESULTS Little evidence was observed of any association of parental IQ with conduct or emotional problems in children aged 4 to 6 years. However, among children and adolescents 7 years or older, strong evidence was observed from age- and sex-adjusted models to support a decrease in conduct, emotional, and attention problems in those whose parents had higher IQ scores. These associations were linear across the full IQ range. Individual adjustments for socioeconomic status and the child's own IQ had limited effect. However, adjustments for Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment scores and parental malaise attenuated associations with the mother's IQ but had little effect on associations with the father's IQ (scores were available for only 1 parent for each child or adolescent). Strong associations were no longer evident in models that simultaneously adjusted for all 4 potential mediating variables. CONCLUSIONS Children whose parents score poorly on IQ tests may have an increased risk of conduct, emotional, and attention problems. The home environment, parental malaise, and the child's own IQ may have a role in explaining these associations.
Analysis of cell lineage in two- and four-cell mouse embryos

Compared with other animals, the embryos of mammals are considered to have a highly regulative mode of development. However, recent studies have provided a strong correlation between the first cleavage plane and the future axis of the blastocyst, but it is still unclear how the early axes of the preimplantation embryo reflect the future body axes that emerge after implantation. We have carried out lineage tracing during mouse embryogenesis using the Cre-loxP system, which allowed us to analyze cell fates over a long period of development. We used a transgenic mouse strain, CAG-CAT-Z as a reporter line. The descendants of the manipulated blastomere heritably expressβ -galactosidase. We examined the distribution of descendants of a single blastomere in the 8.5-day embryo after labeling at the two-cell and four-cell stages. The derivatives of one blastomere in the two-cell embryo randomly mix with cells originating from the second blastomere in all cell layers examined. Thus we find cells from different blastomeres intermingled and localized randomly along the body axis. The results of labeling experiments performed in the four-cell stage embryo fall into three categories. In the first, the labeled cells were intermingled with non-labeled cells in a manner similar to that seen after labeling at the two-cell stage. In the second, labeled cells were distributed only in the extra-embryonic ectoderm layers. Finally in the third category, labeled cells were seen only in the embryo proper and the extra-embryonic mesoderm. Manipulated embryos analyzed at the blastocyst stage showed localized distribution of the descendants of a single blastomere. These results suggest that incoherent clonal growth and drastic cell mixing occurs in the early mouse embryo after the blastocyst stage. The first cell specification event, i.e., partitioning cell fate between the inner cell mass and trophectoderm, can occur between the two-cell and four-cell stage, yet the cell fate is not determined.
Magnitude of the Startle Response and Drive Level

The hypothesis that greater drive would be reflected in larger magnitude of startle response to an abrupt auditory stimulus was investigated. The first experiment provided direct support of this hypothesis, demonstrating that rats deprived of water for 48 hr. showed a significantly greater startle response than both 0- (p < .01) and 24-hour (p < .025) deprived rats, who did not differ from each other. The second experiment showed an increase in startle in the presence of a former SΔ and a decrease in startle in the presence of a former SD. The results were taken to support the hypothesis of a direct relationship between drive level and startle magnitude, although problems associated with differential postural adjustments affecting the data could not be ruled out.