Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EVENT HORIZON OF M87

The 6 × 10 9 M ⊙ ? > supermassive black hole at the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87 powers a relativistic jet. Observations at millimeter wavelengths with the Event Horizon Telescope have localized the emission from the base of this jet to angular scales comparable to the putative black hole horizon. The jet might be powered directly by an accretion disk or by electromagnetic extraction of the rotational energy of the black hole. However, even the latter mechanism requires a confining thick accretion disk to maintain the required magnetic flux near the black hole. Therefore, regardless of the jet mechanism, the observed jet power in M87 implies a certain minimum mass accretion rate. If the central compact object in M87 were not a black hole but had a surface, this accretion would result in considerable thermal near-infrared and optical emission from the surface. Current flux limits on the nucleus of M87 strongly constrain any such surface emission. This rules out the presence of a surface and thereby provides indirect evidence for an event horizon.
Estimation of lung growth using computed tomography

Anatomical studies suggest that normal lungs grow by rapid alveolar addition until about 2 yrs of age followed by a gradual increase in alveolar dimensions. The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that normal lung growth can be monitored by computed tomography (CT). Therefore, the gas volume per gram of lung tissue was estimated from measurements of lung density obtained from CT scans performed on children throughout the growth period. CT scans were performed on 17 males and 18 females, ranging in age from 15 days–17.6 yrs. CT-measured lung weight was correlated with predicted post mortem values and CT measured gas volume with predicted values of functional residual capacity. The median value for lung expansion was 1.86 mL·g−1 at 15 days, decreased to 0.79 mL·g−1 by 2 yrs and then increased steadily to 5.07 mL·g−1 at 17 yrs. Computed tomography scans can be used to estimate lung weight, gas volume and expansion of normal lungs during the growth period. The increase in the lung expansion after the age of 2 yrs suggests progressive alveolar expansion with increasing lung volume.
Scaffolding Word Solving While Reading: New Research Insights

For many teachers, the term scaffolding has come to mean providing just the right amount of help when a student encounters difficulty. However, there is another facet of scaffolding that has been largely ignored, and that is making decisions about what to focus on to help the student. In this article, new research findings are shared about both types of scaffolding and the role they play in helping beginning readers solve new words while reading connected text. Suggestions are provided for how teachers can use these findings to more effectively scaffold young students’ word solving attempts as they read a new book with teacher help.
Bivariate Extreme Statistics, Ii

We review the current state of statistical modeling of asymptotically independent data. Our discussion includes necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic independence, results on the asymptotic independence of statistics of interest, estimation and inference issues, joint tail modeling, and conditional approaches. For each of these topics we give an account of existing approaches and relevant methods for data analysis and applications.
Google Scholar as a tool for discovering journal articles in library and information science

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure the coverage of Google Scholar for Library and Information Science (LIS) journal literature as identified by a list of core LIS journals from a study by Schlogl and Petschnig.Design/methodology/approach – The paper checked every article from 35 major LIS journals from the years 2004 to 2006 for availability in Google Scholar. It also collected information on the type of availability – whether a certain article was available as a PDF for a fee, as a free PDF or as a preprint.Findings – The paper found that only some journals are completely indexed by Google Scholar, that the ratio of versions available depends on the type of publisher, and that availability varies a lot from journal to journal. Google Scholar cannot substitute for abstracting and indexing services in that it does not cover the complete literature of the field. However, it can be used in many cases to easily find available full texts of articles already identified using another tool.Original.
The interplay between objective and subjective ethno-cultural diversity in predicting intergroup relations

ABSTRACT This nation-wide probability sample survey study among Finnish majority group members (N = 335) focused on the interactive effects of objective and subjective ethno-cultural diversity on three indicators of intergroup relations: outgroup attitudes, perceived group and personal discrimination, and outgroup trust. Complementing previous research that has mostly examined a linear relationship between cultural diversity and intergroup relations, special attention was given to moderate diversity contexts, which are claimed to pose different challenges to intergroup dynamics than high- and low-diversity contexts. It was hypothesised that majority group members who live in contexts characterised by moderate levels of objective diversity but subjectively perceive high levels of diversity will report more negative outgroup attitudes, lower levels of outgroup trust and higher levels of discrimination, as compared to those living in low- or high-diversity contexts. The hypothesis was confirmed for perceived group discrimination and outgroup trust. The results highlight the need to acknowledge possible non-linear relationships between diversity and intergroup relations.
Semi-supervised Graph-based Genre Classification for Web Pages

Until now, it is still unclear which set of features produces the best result in automatic genre classification on the web. Therefore, in the first set of experiments, we compared a wide range of contentbased features which are extracted from the data appearing within the web pages. The results show that lexical features such as word unigrams and character n-grams have more discriminative power in genre classification compared to features such as part-of-speech n-grams and text statistics. In a second set of experiments, with the aim of learning from the neighbouring web pages, we investigated the performance of a semi-supervised graphbased model, which is a novel technique in genre classification. The results show that our semi-supervised min-cut algorithm improves the overall genre classification accuracy. However, it seems that some genre classes benefit more from this graph-based model than others.
The Feasibility And Usefulness Of Link Abstraction In Wireless Networks

Most recent measurement work in wireless networks has found that the concept of link abstraction does not hold for a wireless link. Research work has thus focussed on working around the absence of a link abstraction by doing intelligent things at the higher layers. Our measurement work in this thesis, has focussed on studying the feasibility and usefulness of a link abstraction especially in the two domains of wireless sensor networks and WiFi-based wireless mesh networks. We used Tmote Sky motes equipped with 2.4 GHz radios for our wireless sensor network measurements. The WiFi-based wireless measurements were carried out using 802.11b based Senao PCMCIA cards fitted in laptops and connected to external antennas. Our experimental data suggests that in the absence of external interference, it is indeed possible, to achieve link abstraction in case of a wireless link. We find that there exists a threshold value of RSSI above which the error rates on the link are stable and negligible i.e. the wireless link becomes a close approximation of a wired link – a situation in which the link abstraction holds. A link operating close to the RSSI threshold experiences variable error rates. This variability in error rate means that routing metrics proposed for Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs), like ETX that rely on the Packet Success Rate will be inherently unstable. Imposing an RSSI threshold also implies that the maximum link range reduces, effecting a trade-off between link range and predictable performance. However, there are ways to increase the link range. We explore one of them – use of external antennas. The results, from our experiments carried out with wireless sensor nodes suggest that the use of external antennas can substantially increase the maximum communication range over which predictable performance is achievable up to 500m in case of a clear Line-of-Sight (LoS) being available. This range is more than sufficient for a wide range of sensor network applications. In addition, in some cases, it may also help to reduce the network to a single-hop network thereby simplifying the design of routing protocols and reducing the increased losses during multi-hop data transfer. Finally, the feasibility of link abstraction, has a number of implications. It can help to plan predictable links with low, stable error rates in new networks and also help to decide the transmit powers to achieve stable, low error links in existing networks. Link abstraction can also be used to classify existing links in a network. By classifying an existing link with a stable, low error rate as ‘up’ and one with an intermediate error rate as ‘down’, we can restrict a network to use only those links with stable, low error rates so that predictable performance can be achieved. In wireless sensor networks, link abstraction can also simplify routing, which may eventually help to reduce the overhead of routing messages and thus increase the longevity of the network.
Bremen workshop review

The Mathematical Methods in Theoretical Distributed Computing workshop took place on August 26 to August 30, 2013 in Bremen, Germany. The workshop was organized by the Institute for Algebra, Geometry, Topology and their applications (ALTA) at the University of Bremen, headed by Prof. Dr. Dmitry Feichtner-Kozlov. The workshop consisted of 15 talks and an open problems session; long time slots were allocated for the talks, allowing comprehensive presentations and thorough discussions. The main topic discussed was distributed algorithms in shared memory systems. Some participants presented works regarding the topological approach; others presented innovative ways to bridge the gap in the theoretical study of shared memory and message passing systems; a third subject discussed was Byzantine faults.
Mind Children The Future Of Robot And Human Intelligence

Thank you very much for reading mind children the future of robot and human intelligence. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their chosen readings like this mind children the future of robot and human intelligence, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful virus inside their laptop.
Reinforcement Learning Versus Model Predictive Control: A Comparison on a Power System Problem

This paper compares reinforcement learning (RL) with model predictive control (MPC) in a unified framework and reports experimental results of their application to the synthesis of a controller for a nonlinear and deterministic electrical power oscillations damping problem. Both families of methods are based on the formulation of the control problem as a discrete-time optimal control problem. The considered MPC approach exploits an analytical model of the system dynamics and cost function and computes open-loop policies by applying an interior-point solver to a minimization problem in which the system dynamics are represented by equality constraints. The considered RL approach infers in a model-free way closed-loop policies from a set of system trajectories and instantaneous cost values by solving a sequence of batch-mode supervised learning problems. The results obtained provide insight into the pros and cons of the two approaches and show that RL may certainly be competitive with MPC even in contexts where a good deterministic system model is available.
Preliminary validation in Spanish of a scale designed to measure motivation in physical education classes: the Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC) Scale.

The purpose of this paper was to validate the Spanish version of the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC; Goudas, Biddle, & Fox, 1994). To achieve this, two studies with samples of 1535 and 400 physical education students, of ages 12 to 17 years, were carried out. The psychometric properties of the PLOC were examined through the following analyses: confirmatory factor analysis, factor invariance, correlation among factors, reliability (Cronbach's alpha), temporal stability (test-retest), and criterion validity. The results partially supported the five-factor structure. This structure was invariant across the two study samples. Correlations among the subscales indicated a simplex pattern, supporting construct validity of the scale. Alpha values over . 70 (except for introjected regulation) and high temporal stability (intra-class correlation coefficient = .83 to .90) over a four-week period were obtained. The mastery-approach goal positively predicted self-determined motivation, whereas the performance-avoidance goal predicted it negatively. Future studies should continue to analyze the psychometric properties of the PLOC, as the validation of an instrument should be an ongoing process.
The Relationship of Supervision Variables to Counseling Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectations Among Practicing Psychologists

OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University School of Education Title: THE RELATIONSHIP OF SUPERVISION VARIABLES TO COUNSELING SELF-EFFICACY AND OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS AMONG PRACTICING PSYCHOLOGISTS Name of researcher: Gunther L. Schwartz Name and degree of faculty chair: Ronald Coffen, Ph.D. Date completed: June 2016 Purpose of the Study The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether Psychologists who receive supervision have greater Counseling Self-efficacy and greater Counseling Outcome Expectancy than Psychologists who do not receive supervision. The secondary purpose was to assess the demographic and personal variables that are associated with Counseling Self-efficacy and Counseling Outcome Expectancy, as well as the supervisor factors associated with Counseling Self-efficacy and Counseling Outcome Expectancy. Method The Counselor Self-Estimate Inventory (COSE), Counseling Outcome Expectancies Scale (COES) and the Supervision Descriptive Questionnaire (SDQ) were administered to 341 Michigan psychologists who either received supervision (n = 254) or who did not receive supervision (n = 87). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, multiple linear regression, and factor analysis. Differences and relationships were considered to be statistically significant at the p < . 05 threshold. Results Psychologists who received supervision were significantly different from psychologists who did not receive supervision in their levels of Counseling Self-efficacy but not in levels of Counseling Outcome Expectancy. Counseling Outcome Expectancy varied significantly based on years with supervisor, with the highest Counseling Outcome Expectancy associated with 4-10 years with supervisor. Age, gender, highest degree, license type, work setting, primary theoretical orientation, professional roles, and mandatory supervision were not significantly associated with Counseling Self-efficacy or Counseling Outcome Expectancy. Hours spent providing individual counseling was positively associated with Counseling Outcome Expectancy and approached significance with Counseling Self-efficacy, while ethnicity and hours spent providing couples/family counseling was associated with higher Counseling Self-efficacy but not Counseling Outcome Expectancy. Factor analysis revealed a 4-factor solution for the Supervision Factors Scale: Encouraging and Facilitative Behaviors, Content and Structural Focus, Focus on Personal/Professional Growth, and Administrative Procedures, with only Content and Structural Focus significantly predictive of Counseling Self-efficacy and Counseling Outcome Expectancy.
Characterizing the exit process of a non-saturated IEEE 802.11 wireless network

In this paper, we consider a non-saturated IEEE 802.11 based wireless network. We use a three-way fixed point to model the node behavior with Bernoulli packet arrivals and determine closed form expressions for the distribution of the time spent between two successful transmissions in an isolated network. The results of the analysis have been verified using extensive simulations in QualNet. The methodology presented in the paper is novel and we believe that the analysis like ours can be used as an approximation to model the behavior of sub-components of a larger mesh or hybrid network.
How Cues in the Multiple Store Environment Influence Shopping Mood and Patronage Satisfaction

In an intensively competitive market, it’s difficult for retailers to take advantages from products, prices, promotions, and retailing networks. Therefore, a store becomes the place full of opportunities to differentiate itself from others in the market. Through improving the in-store environment, a store can create an effective consuming condition to stimulate consumers’ immediate purchasing action. Past research focused on the individual factor of store environment such as music and lighting, this article proposes a comprehensive framework to explore the influence of multiple store environment cues on shopping mood and patronage satisfaction. After analyzing the model by LISREL, we found that the visual elements, such as design and store employee could influence the shopping mood, but music could not influence the shopping mood. In addition, customer's shopping mood not only can have the direct influence effect to the patronage satisfaction, also can penetrate the spending to have the indirect influence.
GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEMS IN GIANT ELLIPTICALS: THE MASS/METALLICITY RELATION

Data from the Hubble Space Telescope taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys/WFC camera have been used to investigate the globular cluster (GC) populations around six giant elliptical galaxies that are ∼40 Mpc distant. From these six fields, imaged in B and I, a total of more than 15,000 candidate GCs have been measured, of which 8000 or more are high-probability GCs. The data reach a limiting magnitude near MI ≃ −8, about 0.4 mag fainter than the GC luminosity function turnover point, and thus thoroughly cover the bright half of the GC population. Most of the individual GCs on these images are marginally resolved nonstellar objects, so King-model profiles convolved with the stellar point-spread functions are used to measure their individual total magnitudes, colors, and linear effective radii. The classic bimodal form of the GC color–magnitude distribution shows up unambiguously in all the galaxies, allowing an accurate definition of the mean colors along each of the two sequences as a function of magnitude (the mass/metallicity relation or MMR). The blue, metal-poor cluster sequence shows a clearly defined but nonlinear MMR: in this particular photometric data set the mean GC color changes smoothly from a near-vertical sequence at low luminosity (MI ≳ −9.5) to an increasingly redward slope at higher luminosity. By contrast, the red, metal-rich sequence shows little trace of an MMR and is nearly vertical at all luminosities. The form and slope of the MMR along either sequence do not depend strongly on either cluster size rh or galactocentric distance Rgc. All the observed features of the present data agree with the interpretation that the MMR is created primarily by GC self-enrichment, along the lines of the quantitative model of Bailin & Harris. During the protocluster formation stage, the more massive GCs are better able to hold back the enriched products of the earliest supernovae and to seed the lower-mass stars still in formation. The “threshold” mass at which this effect should become noticeable is near 1 million Solar masses, which is closely consistent with the transition region that is seen in the data. More generally, the data favor models in which the star formation efficiency in a protocluster is roughly independent of mass, and in which the gas retention efficiency is a strong function of mass. Correlation of the median scale sizes rh of the GCs with other parameters shows that the metal-poor clusters are consistently 17% larger than those of the metal-rich clusters, and that this difference holds at all galactocentric distances and luminosities. At the same time, cluster size scales with halo location as rh ∼ R0.11gc, indicating that both metallicity and the external tidal environment play roles in determining the scale size of a given cluster. Lastly, both the red and blue GC components show metallicity gradients with galactocentric distance that are shallow but real: heavy-element abundance scales as Z ∼ R−0.1gc for both types.
Fault Detection for T–S Fuzzy Systems With Unknown Membership Functions

This paper is concerned with the fault detection (FD) problem for Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems with unknown membership functions. If the membership functions are unknown, the linear FD filter designs with fixed gains have been considered in the literature. To reduce the conservatism of the existing results, a switching mechanism that depends on the lower and upper bounds of the unknown membership functions is provided to construct an FD filter with varying gains. It is shown that the switching-type FD filter with varying gains can achieve a better FD performance than the linear FD filter with fixed gains. In addition, based on some time-domain inequalities, a novel weighting matrix design approach is introduced to transform the fault sensitivity specification into an H∞ constraint. Finally, two examples are given to show the advantages of the proposed FD method.
MODELING INTERFERENCE IN FINITE UNIFORMLY RANDOM NETWORKS

The underlying nodal distribution in sensor networks is almost universally modeled as a Poisson point process. While this assumption is valid in many cases, there are also certain impracticalities to this model. In this paper, we study the network characteristics in a scenario where a finite and fixed number of nodes are distributed uniformly randomly in a d-dimensional ball centered at the origin. The important quantity analyzed is the network interference seen at the center of the ball. We obtain a closed-form analytical expression for the moment generating function of the interference which is then used to compute its moments and to evaluate the network outage performance. The moments provide an accurate characterization of the asymptotic behavior of the network interference as the number of nodes increases. Introduction A sensor network is often assumed to be formed by scattering nodes randomly inside the phenomenon that needs to be studied [1]. In most cases in literature, the distribution of nodes in such a network is taken to be a Poisson point process (PPP), since the study of such a system is analytically convenient and leads to some insightful results. For the so-called “Poisson network” of intensity λ, the number of nodes in any given set of Lebesgue measure V is Poisson with mean λV and the