Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating dyscalculia from the lab to the classroom: A science of learning perspective

Introduction This chapter sets out to map the interdisciplinary journey from (i) neuroscience findings that illuminate some form of conceptual understanding, to (ii) the analysis of how this might affect the learning process in formal education, to (iii) a pedagogical design for practical application in a classroom. We contextualize this with reference to the phenomenon of dyscalculia, partly because it is a fascinating and difficult problem for education, and partly because its effects on behavior, cognition and the brain can be quite precisely described. For education, psychology and neuroscience to be able to collaborate effectively, we need to select the problems that provide a clear and rigorous account of what it takes to learn, and how the relevant processes and products of learning can be identified and measured for both neural and behavioural markers.
Diagnostische Kompetenz von Englischlehrkräften bei der Bewertung von Schülerleistungen mit Hilfe des Gemeinsamen Europäischen Referenzrahmens

The present study addresses diagnostic competence of English language teachers at the end of lower secondary education. The 56 teachers assigned each of their respective students (N = 1 363) to a proficiency level of foreign language use according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The teachers' judgements were compared to CEFR proficiency level assignments estimated using data from a reading comprehension assessment of English as a foreign language. The consistency of proficiency level allocations was evaluated using level, differentiation, and ranking components. Beyond providing a description of diagnostic competence, the present study focuses on the influence of classroom halo effects on teachers' CEFR proficiency level judgements by comparing teacher judgments and students' English marks. A multilevel model of diagnostic competence is presented to assess to what extent the rank and level components are influenced by teachers' familiarity with and use of the CEFR guidelines when judging student proficiency.
Test compaction for at-speed testing of scan circuits based onnonscan test. sequences and removal of transfer sequences

Proposes a procedure for generating compact test sets with enhanced at-speed testing capabilities for scan circuits. Compaction refers here to a reduction in the test application time, while at-speed testing refers to the application of primary input sequences that contribute to the detection. of delay defects. The proposed procedure generates an initial test set that has a low test application time and consists of long sequences of primary input vectors applied consecutively. To construct this test set, the proposed procedure transforms a test sequence T/sub o/ for the nonscan circuit into a scan-based test by selecting an appropriate scan-in state and removing primary input vectors from T/sub o/ if they do not contribute to the fault coverage. If T/sub o/ contains long transfer sequences, several scan-based tests with long primary input sequences may be obtained by replacing transfer sequences in T/sub o/ with scan operations. This helps reduce the test application time further. We demonstrate through experimental results the advantages of this approach over earlier ones as a method for generating test sets with minimal test application time and long primary input sequences.
A Large-Area Search for Low-Mass Objects in Upper Scorpius. I. The Photometric Campaign and New Brown Dwarfs

We present a wide-field photometric survey covering ∼200 deg2 toward the Upper Scorpius OB association. Data taken in the R and I bands with the Quest-2 camera on the Palomar 48 inch (1.2 m) telescope were combined with the Two Micron All Sky Survey JHKS survey and used to select candidate pre-main-sequence stars. Follow-up spectroscopy with the Palomar 200 inch (5.1 m) telescope of 62 candidate late-type members identified 43 stars that have surface gravity signatures consistent with association membership. From the optical/near-infrared photometry and derived spectral types we construct an H-R diagram for the new members and find 30 likely new brown dwarfs, nearly doubling the known substellar population of the Upper Scorpius OB association. Continuation of our spectroscopic campaign should reveal hundreds of new stellar and substellar members.
User profiling on Tumblr through blog posts

Tumblr, a microblogging service, has garnered a lot of prominence in recent past with 269.3 million blogs and 125.9 billion posts which makes it a hub for creative content. Despite this drastic growth of Tumblr since its launch, not a lot of scholarly work has been done on it. This work is an attempt to comprehensively profile the blogger in terms of age, gender and relationship status on Tumblr. The analysis conducted in this paper gives an approach for interest categorization of blogs based on topical analysis and writing characteristics. A normalized weighted representation of the most talked about categories for a blog was inferred based on the correlation between topical words and defined category related terms. The trained models predict age, gender and relationship status of the user with an accuracy of 82.37%, 79.61% and 76.52% respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to profile users on Tumblr.
Predicting the Importance of Newsfeed Posts and Social Network Friends

As users of social networking websites expand their network of friends, they are often flooded with newsfeed posts and status updates, most of which they consider to be "unimportant" and not newsworthy. In order to better understand how people judge the importance of their newsfeed, we conducted a study in which Facebook users were asked to rate the importance of their newsfeed posts as well as their friends. We learned classifiers of newsfeed and friend importance to identify predictive sets of features related to social media properties, the message text, and shared background information. For classifying friend importance, the best performing model achieved 85% accuracy and 25% error reduction. By leveraging this model for classifying newsfeed posts, the best newsfeed classifier achieved 64% accuracy and 27% error reduction.
The phase-diagram of cosmological baryons

We investigate the behaviour of cosmological baryons at low redshifts $z \la 5$ after reionization, through analytic means. In particular, we study the density-temperature phase-diagram that describes the history of the gas. We show how the location of the matter in this $(\rho,T)$ diagram expresses the various constraints implied by usual hierarchical scenarios. This yields robust model-independent results that agree with numerical simulations. The IGM is seen to be formed via two phases: a “cool” photo-ionized component and a “warm” component governed by shock-heating. We also briefly describe how the remainder of the matter is distributed over galaxies, groups and clusters. We recover the fraction of matter and the spatial clustering computed by numerical simulations. We also check that the soft X-ray background due to the “warm” IGM component is consistent with observations. We find in the present universe a baryon fraction of 7% in hot gas, 24% in the warm IGM, 38% in the cool IGM, 9% within star-like objects and, as a still un-observed component, 22% of dark baryons associated with collapsed structures, with a relative uncertainty no larger than 30% on these numbers.
Three books on the ergonomics of computing systems

What is the best way of building user-friendly computing systems? This is undoubtedly a naive question but its importance will be recognized by any user of ~resent~day systems. Specialists in this field of research give vanous names to it: the ergonomics of computing systems, the study of human factors, software psy~hology, hu:r:an engineering, user psychology, user SCience, cognItive engineering, etc. The lack of a single agreed term is a clear sign of how young the discipline is, and of the lack of concrete results produced in it to date. But, unquestionably, its current development meets a need which is increasingly widely felt. The three books reviewed here approach this subject from rather different points of view. The earliest (1980) ~s Shneiderman's, which gives the broadest coverage and IS concerned with all psychological problems linked with software, i.e. not merely with the use of programs (which is what concerns us here) but also with their production. Ledgard, Singer and Whiteside (1981) deal with the study of 'human factors'. Like Schneiderman, the authors are computer scientists concerned with making the systems they have produced more user-friendly. The most recent work, by Card, Moran and Newell which had just appeared as I began this review has a different slant: it is a very concise examination of the 'cognitive' aspects of the use of interactive systems, based on the results of current research in cognitive psychology. The approach is mu! t! disciplinary: although at least one of the au~ors (~ewell) 1S well known in the computer science field (10 partIcular that of artificial intelligence), most of the references in their bibliography are extracts from reviews such as Cognitive Psychology, Journal of Experimental Psychology, etc.
An information theoretic approach to gender feature selection

Most existing feature selection methods focus on ranking features based on an information criterion to select the best K features. However, several authors have found that the optimal feature combinations do not give the best classification performance [8],[7]. The reason for this is that although an individual feature may have limited relevance to a particular class, when taken in combination with other features it can be strongly relevant to the class. To overcome this problem, we draw on recent work on the graph embedding formulation of subspace learning where the projection matrix is constrained to be selection matrix [14] designed to select the optimal feature subset. In this paper, we derive a trace ratio (TR) criterion which selects features using a subset-level score rather than a feature-level score to perform feature selection. We apply the method to the challenging problem of gender determination using features delivered by principal geodesic analysis (PGA). A variational EM (VBEM) algorithm is used to learn a Gaussian mixture model on the selected feature subset and this is used to design a classifier for gender determination. We obtain a classification accuracy as high as 95% on 2.5D facial needle-maps, demonstrating the effectiveness of our feature selection method.
Lossless Information Fusion for Active Ranging and Detection Systems

The authors develop a centralized information fusion architecture from basic principles of information theory and Bayesian statistics. It is well known that any clustering, quantizing, or thresholding of data causes loss of information unless a sufficient statistic is computed in the processing. For the case of wideband active ranging systems, the coherent output of an optimum beamformer and a matched filter is a sufficient statistic that can be transmitted to the fusion center. For unknown target velocity, range, and bearing, the wideband space-time matched filter output can be interpreted as a multidimensional wavelet transform or a delay-scale-bearing map. In this paper, a Bayesian, joint estimation-detection approach is used for computation of sufficient statistics and multisensor information fusion. An approach borrowed from sequential Bayesian processing is used to compute prior densities for joint Bayesian estimation-detection. In this approach, a posteriori densities become priors after a coordinate transformation that transforms the outputs of each sensor to a common reference frame for all sensors. Reproducing prior densities are used to simplify Bayesian computation
Outcome of 5-Year Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration With Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Using “Treat and Extend” Regimen

Objective The aim of this study is twofold. First, to evaluate the long-term outcome of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment in a clinical setting using the “treat-and-extend regimen” (TER) in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Second, to determine the proportion of patients treated with anti-VEGF with good visual acuity (VA), i.e., vision sufficient to maintain a high level of independence. Design We conducted a single center retrospective review of patients with treatment-naive nAMD who were treated with anti-VEGF. Patients were treated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections according to the TER. Patients started treatment with monthly injections of either bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 mL) or ranibizumab (0.5 mg/0.05 mL) until there were no signs present of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) activity. CNV activity was determined from fundus examination and SD-OCT imaging. Follow-up administration of intravitreal injections was extended by 2-week intervals, up to a total of 14 weeks, provided no signs of CNV activity were detected. In some patients, the first treatment was replaced with aflibercept (2 mg/0.05 mL). Participants On the basis of the inclusion criterion for the study, that patients had to be treated for 5 years, a total of 101 patients were included in the study. In all patients, one eye was treated for a 5-year period, and thus we studied 101 eyes. Measurements Best corrected VA was analyzed at baseline and each year during the 5-year follow-up. Results VA improved initially after year 1 of the treatment. VA decreased in the subsequent 4 years of treatment, but remained significantly higher from year 1 to year 3 of the treatment compared to baseline values. Patients with good VA followed a similar trend: the proportion increased in the first year, and thereafter gradually decreased during the course of the 5-year follow up. At year 5, the number of patients with good VA decreased to baseline values. Conclusion TER with anti-VEGF for nAMD treatment prevents long-term severe visual loss in real-world setting and maintains patients’ VA at levels sufficient to ensure independence.
Service Cancellation and Competitive Refund Policy

Although previous research demonstrates the profitability of partial refund policies in a monopoly setting, there is a certain lack of ubiquity in practice about these refunds in competitive service markets. This raises the question of how a partial refund policy may work and whether it is even sustainable in a competitive environment. This study investigates how competition may influence the profitability and the equilibrium choice of refund policies. It is shown that partial refunds may endogenously change the nature of strategic interaction between service providers from local monopolies into a competition regime, which moderates the gains from exploiting the efficiency-enhancing effect of partial refunds. A whole range of pure-strategy equilibria can be obtained as a result of the interplay between the efficiency-improving and the competition-intensifying effects. When the capacity is small (large) such that the efficiency-improving (the competition-intensifying) effect is dominant, both firms in equilibrium follow identical partial (zero) refund policies. Moreover, interestingly, the symmetric firms may end up in an asymmetric equilibrium in which one firm follows a partial refund policy and the other adopts a zero refund policy.
PET Evidence of the Effect of Donepezil on Cognitive Performance in an Animal Model of Chemobrain

A considerable number of patients with breast cancer complain of cognitive impairment after chemotherapy. In this study, we showed that donepezil enhanced memory function and increased brain glucose metabolism in a rat model of cognitive impairment after chemotherapy using behavioral analysis and positron emission tomography (PET). We found that chemotherapy affected spatial learning ability, reference memory, and working memory and that donepezil improved these cognitive impairments. According to PET analysis, chemotherapy reduced glucose metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and donepezil increased glucose metabolism in the bilateral frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and hippocampus. Reduced glucose metabolism was more prominent after treatment with doxorubicin than cyclophosphamide. Our results demonstrated the neural mechanisms for cognitive impairment after chemotherapy and show that cognition was improved after donepezil intervention using both behavioral and imaging methods. Our results suggested that donepezil can be employed clinically for the treatment of cognitive deficits after chemotherapy.
Finite Groups, Spherical 2-Categories, and 4-Manifold Invariants

In this paper we define a class of state-sum invariants of closed oriented piece-wise linear 4-manifolds using finite groups. The defini- tion of these state-sums follows from the general abstract construction of 4-manifold invariants using spherical 2-categories, as we defined in an earlier paper. We show that the state-sum invariants of Birming- ham and Rakowski, who studied Dijkgraaf-Witten type invariants in dimension 4, are special examples of the general construction that we present in this paper. They showed that their invariants are non-trivial by some explicit computations, so our construction includes interest- ing examples already. Finally, we indicate how our construction is related to homotopy 3-types. This connection suggests that there are many more interesting examples of our construction to be found in the work on homotopy 3-types, by Brown, for example.
On the stability of a batch clearing system withPoisson arrivals and subadditive service timesDavid

We study a service system in which, in each service period, the server performs the current set B of tasks as a batch, taking time s(B), where the function s() is subadditive. A natural deenition of \traac intensity under congestion" in this setting is := lim t! 1 t ? 1 Es(all tasks arriving during time 0; t]): We show that < 1, and nite mean of individual service times, are necessary and suucient to imply stability of the system. A key observation is that the numbers of arrivals during successive service periods form a Markov chain fA n g, enabling us to apply classical regenerative techniques and to express the stationary distribution of the process in terms of the stationary distribution of fA n g.
Combating Stress with Yoga: A Theoretical Model of Self-Regulation

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An analysis of consumers' attitudes and behaviors towards pirated products

The costs of product piracy towards knowledge creation and innovation are enormous.It hampers the development of knowledge and innovation because piracy can greatly reduce the economic benefits for the original creators of products and ideas.Widespread piracy and weak intellectual property regulations and enforcement, particularly in developing countries, will undermine development and the growth of local industry, and threaten local knowledge. In terms of the business environment, this can lead to loss of competitive advantage because the measure of competitiveness among firms is driven by the firm’s ability to innovate and create new types of economic assets built from knowledge capital.If piracy is widespread, businesses are de-motivated to invest in R&D of new products/services since it will be difficult to recoup the high cost of these investments. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyse the consumer’s attitude in purchasing pirated products and their purchase intention.The finding of this research could help organizations in understanding piracy issues and consequently, enable them to have better knowledge in the formulation of anti-piracy strategies.Malaysian public universities’ students were used as sample since they constitute an important market segment of generation Y, that is, an emerging generation with powerful aggregated spending. The findings confirmed that novelty seeking factors have a significant influence on the tendency to buy pirated goods.The implications of this study and directions for future research are also discussed.
Using GIS to Examine Regional Science and Mathematics Attainment

There is a growing demand for scientists and technicians as regions develop capabilities for high technology research and industry. To insure adequate human resources, area schools must provide quality scientific education. The Center for Inquiry in Science Teaching and Learning (CISTL) St. Louis Regional Database Project provides information to schools and the community about indicators of scientific attainment at elementary, middle, and high school levels. Using the Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) science and mathematics tests as indicators of scientific attainment, test results are mapped to demonstrate variation across school districts in the St. Louis region. School and teacher characteristics such as enrollment, expenditures/student, teacher/pupil ratio, teacher education, salary, and experience are correlated with Missouri test results and mapped across area school districts. Patterns and relationships between demographic, school, teacher, and student variables are demonstrated and discussed. Paper presented at: ESRI Education GIS User Conference August 2006, San Diego, CA The St. Louis Center for Inquiry in Science Teaching and Learning (CISTL) is supported by the National Science Foundation’s Centers for Learning and Teaching (CLT) program. CISTL is a collaboration among higher education institutions (Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis Community College and University of Missouri-St. Louis), cultural science institutions (Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis Science Center, Tyson Research Center, and Association of Science-Technology Centers) and school districts (Kirkwood, Maplewood-Richmond Heights, Riverview Gardens, St. Louis Public, and University City). CISTL is supported under the National Science Foundation's Centers for Learning and Teaching (CLT) program (grant #ESI-0227619). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.