Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interpreting Qualitative Data

Part I: Theory and Method in Qualitative Research What Is Qualitative Research? Designing a Research Project Generalizing from Case Study Research Credible Qualitative Research Data Analysis Research Ethics Part II: Methods Interviews Focus Groups Ethnography Documents Naturally Occurring Talk Visual Images Part III: Implications Writing Your Report The Relevance of Qualitative Research The Potential of Qualitative Research: Eight Reminders
Controversy in the Classroom. The Democratic Power of Discussion

“One warm day in the spring of 2006, I visited a U.S. History class at a public charter school in a large Midwestern city …” (p. 1) This is the beginning of Diana Hess’ book about the methods of democratic discussion in classroom and it indicates its strong narrative quality including several teacher portraits and scenic vignettes. The book is winner of the 2009 “Exemplary Research in Social Studies” award from the National Council for the Social Studies. In an interview with Kerry G. Hill for the campus journal (School of Education, University of Wisconsin http://campusconnections.education.wisc.edu/post/LEARNING-Diana-Hess.aspx) the author roots the book’s content back to her own biography and socialization: While growing up in northern Illinois, Diana Hess recalls members of her family engaging in lively, raucous political discussions. “Disagreement wasn’t a negative thing,” she remembers.
An exploratory investigation of the antecedents and impact of Internet usage: an individual perspective

Internet usage in the American workplace is increasing at a phenomenal rate. This exploratory study examines factors influencing employee Internet usage and individual perceptions of the consequences of such usage. Using the Theory of Reasoned Behavior, a questionnaire was designed and administered to MBA students in the northeast sector of the United States. The results of this preliminary study indicate that personal and organizational variables are associated with beliefs and attitudes about the Internet, and that beliefs and attitudes are related to Internet usage. For someone who perceives the Internet as intimidating, Internet usefulness, time and frequency on the Internet, and business activity usage decreases. In contrast, for someone who perceives the Internet as useful, there is an increase in Internet use, and frequency. Additionally, Internet usage is related to several indicators measuring Internet impact. Time on the Internet is positively associated with enhanced job characteristics, job satisfaction, overall productivity, but also inefficiency.
TEStore: Exploiting thermal and energy storage to cut the electricity bill for datacenter cooling

The electricity cost of cooling systems can account for 30% of the total electricity bill of operating a data center. While many prior studies have tried to reduce the cooling energy in data centers, they cannot effectively utilize the time-varying power prices in the power market to cut the electricity bill for data center cooling. This is in contrast to the fact that various thermal and energy storage techniques available in today's data centers, such as ice or water-based thermal tanks and UPS batteries, can be utilized to store energy when the power price is relatively low. The stored energy can then be used to cool the data center when the power price is high. In this paper, we design and evaluate TEStore, a cooling strategy that exploits thermal and energy storage techniques to cut the electricity bill for data center cooling, without causing servers in a data center to overheat. The proposed TEStore system checks the low prices in the hour-ahead power market and precools the thermal masses in the data center, which can then absorb heat when the power price increases later. Meanwhile, TEStore also checks the energy level in UPS batteries and exploits it as a complementary method in shifting energy demand for data center cooling. On a longer time scale, TEStore is integrated with auxiliary thermal tanks, which are recently adopted by some data centers to store energy in the form of ice. We model the impacts of TEStore on server temperatures based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to consider the realistic thermal dynamics in a data center with 1,120 servers. We then evaluate TEStore with workload traces from real-world data centers and power price traces from a real power market. Our results show that TEStore can achieve the desired cooling performance with a much lower electricity bill than the current practice.
Towards a unified method to implement transit-time effects in Pi-topology HBT compact models

Four different approaches to include transit-time effects into /spl Pi/-topology HBT equivalent circuits are investigated in order to assess their compatibility with the physics-based T topology. The aim is to find an implementation that not only yields an exact model but also has a unique set of parameters in both the /spl Pi/ and T cases. This is of prime importance for reliable parameter extraction and thus the physical significance of the model. It is achieved using a transcapacitance approach. The theoretical considerations are supported by a practical example comparing measured and modeled HBT behaviour.
From a Bureaucratic to a Critical-Sociocultural Model of Policymaking in Colombia

In the context of the National Bilingual Program 2004-2019, currently called “Program for Strengthening the Development of Competencies in a Foreign Language,” the Colombian government has implemented a series of actions to raise the level of English proficiency of teachers and students and insert the country into globalization processes. The purpose of this article, which is the result of a project conducted by the authors in Antioquia (Colombia) about the stakeholders’ views of the program, is to show how these actions fit a bureaucratic policymaking model which has been highly questioned by policy experts and to propose a new model which can be used to make deep changes in the program with the participation of all stakeholders.
Perspectives from Women Organizers

Abstract This paper compares the perspectives of a diverse group of women in relation to their views about the impact of gender, race, class, and sexual orientation on their organizing and feminism. It uses data from a group of women organizers who first came together in 1989, and who were interviewed in 2002 as part of this follow-up study. The study found both commonalities and differences in comparing white women with women of color. While all the women identified as feminists and most used a feminist model of organizing, the women of color were more likely to express frustrations and divisions within the women's movement and it's organizing goals than were white women. They were less likely to embrace coalitions as a current strategy, and were engaged in or focused on the local versus global picture. Neither group of women addressed issues of sexual orientation in their work regardless of their background or affiliation. Using an intersectionality framework, the paper assesses the challenges the women face, especially women of color, as they attempt to negotiate the complexity of their identities and achieve important goals for women. Notwithstanding their differences, many of these organizers were working to bridge the divisions and envisioned a humanistic and equalitarian women's agenda.
Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth.

BACKGROUND Awareness about the extent of maternal physical and emotional health problems after childbirth is increasing, but few longitudinal studies examining their duration have been published. The aim of this study was to describe changes in the prevalence of maternal health problems in the 6 months after birth and their association with parity and method of birth. METHODS A population-based, cohort study was conducted in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia. The study population, comprising women who gave birth to a live baby from March to October 1997, completed 4 questionnaires on the fourth postpartum day, and at 8, 16, and 24 weeks postpartum. Outcome measures were self-reported health problems during each of the three 8-week postpartum periods up to 24 weeks. RESULTS A total of 1295 women participated, and 1193 (92) completed the study. Health problems showing resolution between 8 and 24 weeks postpartum were exhaustion/extreme tiredness (60-49), backache (53-45), bowel problems (37-17), lack of sleep/baby crying (30-15), hemorrhoids (30-13), perineal pain (22-4), excessive/prolonged bleeding (20-2), urinary incontinence (19-11), mastitis (15-3), and other urinary problems (5-3). No significant changes occurred in the prevalence of frequent headaches or migraines, sexual problems, or depression over the 6 months. Adjusting for method of birth, primiparas were more likely than multiparas to report perineal pain and sexual problems. Compared with unassisted vaginal births, women who had cesarean sections reported more exhaustion, lack of sleep, and bowel problems; reported less perineal pain and urinary incontinence in the first 8 weeks; and were more likely to be readmitted to hospital within 8 weeks of the birth. Women with forceps or vacuum extraction reported more perineal pain and sexual problems than those with unassisted vaginal births after adjusting for parity, perineal trauma, and length of labor. CONCLUSIONS Health problems commonly occurred after childbirth with some resolution over the 6 months postpartum. Some important differences in prevalence of health problems were evident when parity and method of birth were considered.
Hierarchical Strategy Learning with Hybrid Representations

Good problem solving knowledge for real life domains is hard to define in a single representation. In some situations, a direct policy is a better choice while in others, value function is better. Typically, direct policy representation is better suited to strategic level plans, while value function representation is better suited to tactical level plans. We propose a hybrid hierarchical representation machine (HHRM) where direct policy representation and value function based representation can co-exist in a level-wise fashion. We provide simple learning and planning algorithms with our new representation and discuss their application to Airspace Deconfliction domain. In our experiments, we provided our system LSP with two level HHRM for the domain. LSP could successfully learn from limited number of experts’ solution traces and show superior performance compared to average of human novice learners.
Microtubule Redistribution in Growth Cones Elicited by Focal Inactivation of Kinesin-5

In order for growth cones to turn, microtubules from the central domain must preferentially invade the peripheral domain in the direction of the turn. Recent studies suggest that kinesin-5 (also called Eg5 or kif11) suppresses the invasion of microtubules into the peripheral domain on the side of the growth cone opposite the direction of turning. In theory, kinesin-5 could elicit these effects by acting on the microtubules within the peripheral domain itself, by acting on microtubules in the central domain, or in the transition zone between these two domains. In rat neurons expressing kinesin-5, we documented the presence of kinesin-5 in both domains of the growth cone and especially enriched in the transition zone. We then focally inactivated kinesin-5 in various regions of the growth cone, using micro-chromophore-assisted laser inactivation. We found that a greater invasion of microtubules into the peripheral domain occurred when kinesin-5 was inactivated specifically in the transition zone. However, there was no effect on microtubule invasion into the peripheral domain when kinesin-5 was inactivated in the peripheral domain itself or in the central domain. In other experiments, frog growth cones were observed to turn toward a gradient of a drug that inhibits kinesin-5, confirming that asymmetric inactivation of kinesin-5 can cause the growth cone to turn. Finally, expression of a phospho-mutant of kinesin-5 resulted in greater microtubule invasion throughout the peripheral domain and an inhibition of growth cone turning, implicating phosphorylation as a means by which kinesin-5 is regulated in the growth cone.
The widespread occurrence of high‐calcium pyroxene in bright‐ray craters on the Moon and implications for lunar‐crust composition

We investigated the continuous spectral features of fresh craters on the Moon accompanied by distinctive bright rays, with cavity diameters between 8 and 24 km. We used the data from the Spectral Profiler onboard SELENE (Kaguya) to gain a better understanding of the composition of the lunar highland crust. We found that the observed spectra exhibited strong symmetric absorption around 1 μm and recognizable absorption around 1.3 μm. The spectra around a few craters showed a drastic change in the relative strengths of these two absorption bands s1.3/1.0 at different locations in and around the craters, indicating differences in the abundance of plagioclase and mafic minerals. In contrast, the spectra around most of the craters showed no significant variation in spectral shape, with an essentially constant s1.3/1.0. We analyzed the absorption features of the craters with an essentially constant s1.3/1.0 using the Modified Gaussian Model. We found that the strongest symmetric absorption bands were centered at 0.97–1.01 μm with s1.3/1.0 ≈ 0.2–0.6. Comparing these values with data from known samples, we concluded that high‐calcium pyroxene (HCP) is the most plausible dominant mafic mineral identified from the observed spectra. The fact that we detected such HCP‐dominant spectra among rayed craters widely spaced across the lunar highland implies that the major mafic component of some portions of the lunar crust is HCP rather than low‐calcium pyroxene (LCP).
Effect of dipyridamole on myocardial reperfusion injury: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery

Dipyridamole reduces reperfusion‐injury in preclinical trials and may be beneficial in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty, but its effect on patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is unknown. We hypothesized that dipyridamole limits myocardial reperfusion‐injury in patients undergoing CABG. The trial design was a double‐blind trial randomizing between pretreatment with dipyridamole or placebo. In all, 94 patients undergoing elective on‐pump CABG were recruited between February 2010 and June 2012. The primary endpoint was plasma high‐sensitive (hs‐) troponin‐I at 6, 12, and 24 hours after reperfusion. Secondary endpoints were the occurrence of bleeding, arrhythmias, need for inotropic support, and intensive care unit length of stay. Finally, 79 patients (33 dipyridamole) were included in the per‐protocol analysis. Dipyridamole did not significantly affect postoperative hs‐troponin‐I (change in plasma hs‐troponin I −3% [95% confidence interval −23% to 36%]; P > 0.1). Secondary endpoints did not differ between groups. Dipyridamole prior to CABG does not significantly reduce postoperative hs‐troponin release.
Ergodic Capacity Analysis of MIMO Relay Network Over Rayleigh-Rician Channels

We present an analytical characterization of the ergodic capacity for an amplify-and-forward (AF) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay network over asymmetric channels. In the two-hop system that we consider, the source-relay and relay-destination channels undergo Rayleigh and Rician fading, respectively. Considering arbitrary-rank means for the relay-destination channel, we first investigate the marginal distribution of an unordered eigenvalue of the cascaded AF channel, and we provide an analytical expression for the ergodic capacity of the system. The closed-form expressions that we derive are computationally efficient and validated by numerical simulation. Our results also show the impact of the signal-to-noise ratio and of the Rician factor on this asymmetric relay network.
Corneal and Crystalline Lens Dimensions Before and After Myopia Onset

Purpose. To describe corneal and crystalline lens dimensions before, during, and after myopia onset compared with age-matched emmetropic values. Methods. Subjects were 732 children aged 6 to 14 years who became myopic and 596 emmetropic children participating between 1989 and 2007 in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error Study. Refractive error was measured using cycloplegic autorefraction, corneal power using a hand-held autokeratometer, crystalline lens parameters using video-based phakometry, and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) using A-scan ultrasonography. Corneal and crystalline lens parameters in children who became myopic were compared with age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched model estimates of emmetrope values annually from 5 years before through 5 years after the onset of myopia. The comparison was made without and then with statistical adjustment of emmetrope component values to compensate for the effects of longer VCDs in children who became myopic. Results. Before myopia onset, the crystalline lens thinned, flattened, and lost power at similar rates for emmetropes and children who became myopic. The crystalline lens stopped thinning, flattening, and losing power within ±1 year of onset in children who became myopic compared with emmetropes statistically adjusted to match the longer VCDs of children who became myopic. In contrast, the cornea was only slightly steeper in children who became myopic compared with emmetropes (<0.25 D) and underwent little change across visits. Conclusions. Myopia onset is characterized by an abrupt loss of compensatory changes in the crystalline lens that continue in emmetropes throughout childhood axial elongation. The mechanism responsible for this decoupling remains speculative but might include restricted equatorial growth from internal mechanical factors.
Endothelial CD99 signals through soluble adenylyl cyclase and PKA to regulate leukocyte transendothelial migration

CD99 is a critical regulator of leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM, diapedesis); however, it remains entirely unknown how CD99 signals during this process. In this study, we find that engagement of endothelial cell (EC) CD99 during TEM activates protein kinase A (PKA) via soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Active PKA stimulates membrane trafficking from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) to sites of leukocyte diapedesis, facilitating the passage of leukocytes across the EC junction. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of sAC, or PKA, recapitulates the phenotype of CD99 blockade on TEM, arresting leukocytes partway through EC junctions, both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, inhibition of transmembrane adenylyl cyclases did not produce such effects. Furthermore, we show that a positively charged juxtamembrane region in the cytoplasmic tail of CD99 is critical for interacting with sAC and the A‐kinase anchoring protein, ezrin. Together, this signaling complex is responsible for the ability of CD99 to govern leukocyte extravasation. This is the first description of the CD99 signaling pathway in TEM as well as the first implication of sAC in leukocyte extravasation.
Parathyroidectomy after successful kidney transplantation: a single centre study.

BACKGROUND Successful kidney transplantation is believed to cure secondary hyperparathyroidism, but persistent disease has emerged in a significant number of allograft recipients. A parathyroidectomy is ultimately required in some of these patients. To gain insight into the incidence, risk factors and consequences of parathyroidectomy in patients with a functioning renal graft, we performed a retrospective case-controlled study. METHODS Charts of 1743 recipients of a kidney allograft, transplanted between 1989 and 2004, were reviewed. Patients with a functioning graft subjected to parathyroidectomy were identified. Their charts were checked for various demographic, clinical and biochemical variables. The data were compared with those obtained from patients transplanted in the same period, but not subjected to parathyroidectomy (controls). RESULTS Persistent hyperparathyroidism in patients with a functioning graft requiring parathyroidectomy developed in 90 patients, corresponding to an overall parathyroidectomy rate of 8.89 per 1000 person-years at risk. Female gender (OR 1.79, P < 0.05) and higher pre-transplant serum concentrations of PTH (OR per 1 ng/l increase, 1.003, P < 0.0001) and calcium (OR per 1 mg/dl increase, 2.58, P < 0.0001) were identified as independent predictors of post-transplant parathyroidectomy. A significant increase of the serum creatinine was observed after parathyroidectomy (1.91 +/- 0.72 vs 1.76 +/- 0.63 mg/dl, P < 0.01). Graft survival, however, was similar in cases and controls. CONCLUSION Persistent hyperparathyroidism requiring parathyroidectomy after successful renal transplantation is a common clinical problem. Female patients with a high pre-transplant serum level of PTH and calcium are especially at risk. Although graft function deteriorates shortly after parathyroidectomy, graft survival, overall, is not different from controls.
Keeping nurses at work: a duration analysis.

A shortage of nurses is currently a problem in several countries, and an important question is therefore how one can increase the supply of nursing labour. In this paper, we focus on the issue of nurses leaving the public health sector by utilising a unique data set containing information on both the supply and demand side of the market. To describe the exit rate from the health sector we apply a semi-parametric hazard rate model. In the estimations, we correct for unobserved heterogeneity by both a parametric (Gamma) and a non-parametric approach. We find that both wages and working conditions have an impact on nurses' decision to quit. Furthermore, failing to correct for the fact that nurses' income partly consists of compensation for inconvenient working hours results in a considerable downward bias of the wage effect.
The Long and Short of Vascular Smooth Muscle Phosphodiesterase-4 As a Putative Therapeutic Target

In this issue, Tilley and Maurice (p. 596) show that differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells to a proliferative phenotype is associated with a profound up-regulation of specific phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) isoforms because of increased histone acetylation. The increased PDE4 activity is seen as preventing cAMP from inhibiting the enhanced proliferation, migration, and production of extracellular matrix seen in activated VSMC. This Perspective examines the proposal that selective inhibition of PDE4D1/2 could find use in adjunctive pharmacotherapy after percutaneous coronary interventions and, in addition, discusses the recent genetic evidence that PDE4D7 may provide a therapeutic target in stroke.
Automatic Adaptation of Annotation Standards for Dependency Parsing ? Using Projected Treebank as Source Corpus

We describe for dependency parsing an annotation adaptation strategy, which can automatically transfer the knowledge from a source corpus with a different annotation standard to the desired target parser, with the supervision by a target corpus annotated in the desired standard. Furthermore, instead of a hand-annotated one, a projected treebank derived from a bilingual corpus is used as the source corpus. This benefits the resource-scarce languages which haven't different handannotated treebanks. Experiments show that the target parser gains significant improvement over the baseline parser trained on the target corpus only, when the target corpus is smaller.