Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pre-pubescent girls' evaluations of female images in Hong Kong media

Interviews with pre-pubescent girls in Hong Kong explored their satisfaction with the images of females presented in the media. Sixteen girls aged 10 to 12 were asked to take images from media that are about “what girls or women should be or should not be; and what girls or women should do or should not do”. They were asked who created the images they collected and whether they were satisfied with the content. Most of these young girls were able to identify some of the individuals and the institutions involved in the creation of female images. They identified promoting sales, beautifying, reflection, and questionable motives as the intentions behind creating the images as they were. The girls were dissatisfied with female images in the media. They found them too sexy, too passive, or too artificial and expressed a preference for images of girls or women that are active, natural, and healthy.
On Houseswapping, the Strict Core, Segmentation, and Linear Programming

We consider then-player houseswapping game of Shapley and Scarf (1974), with indifferences in preferences allowed. It is well known that the strict core of such a game may be empty, single valued, or multi valued. We define a condition on such games called segmentability, which means that the set of players can be partitioned into a top trading segmentation. It generalizes Gale's well-known idea of the partition of players into top trading cycles (which is used to find the unique strict core allocation in the model with no indifference). We prove that a game has a nonempty strict core if and only if it is segmentable. We then use this result to devise anO( n3) algorithm which takes as input any houseswapping game, and returns either a strict core allocation or a report that the strict core is empty. Finally, we are also able to construct a linear inequality system whose feasible region's extreme points precisely correspond to the allocations of the strict core. This last result parallels the results of Vande Vate (1989) and Rothblum (1992) for the marriage game of Gale and Shapley (1962).
Solution Structure of the LIM-Homeodomain Transcription Factor Complex Lhx3/Ldb1 and the Effects of a Pituitary Mutation on Key Lhx3 Interactions

Lhx3 is a LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) transcription factor that regulates neural cell subtype specification and pituitary development in vertebrates, and mutations in this protein cause combined pituitary hormone deficiency syndrome (CPHDS). The recently published structures of Lhx3 in complex with each of two key protein partners, Isl1 and Ldb1, provide an opportunity to understand the effect of mutations and posttranslational modifications on key protein-protein interactions. Here, we use small-angle X-ray scattering of an Ldb1-Lhx3 complex to confirm that in solution the protein is well represented by our previously determined NMR structure as an ensemble of conformers each comprising two well-defined halves (each made up of LIM domain from Lhx3 and the corresponding binding motif in Ldb1) with some flexibility between the two halves. NMR analysis of an Lhx3 mutant that causes CPHDS, Lhx3(Y114C), shows that the mutation does not alter the zinc-ligation properties of Lhx3, but appears to cause a structural rearrangement of the hydrophobic core of the LIM2 domain of Lhx3 that destabilises the domain and/or reduces the affinity of Lhx3 for both Ldb1 and Isl1. Thus the mutation would affect the formation of Lhx3-containing transcription factor complexes, particularly in the pituitary gland where these complexes are required for the production of multiple pituitary cell types and hormones.
Adult Age Differences in the Interpretation of Surprised Facial Expressions

Research on adult age differences in the interpretation of facial expressions has yet to examine evaluations of surprised faces, which signal that an unexpected and ambiguous event has occurred in the expresser’s environment. The present study examined whether older and younger adults differed in their interpretations of the affective valence of surprised faces. Specifically, we examined older and younger participants’ evaluations of happy, angry, and surprised facial expressions. We predicted that, on the basis of age-related changes in the processing of emotional information, older adults would evaluate surprised faces more positively than would younger adults. The results indicated that older adults interpreted surprised faces more positively than did their younger counterparts. These findings reveal a novel age-related positivity effect in the interpretation of surprised faces, suggesting that older adults imbue ambiguous facial expressions—that is, expressions that lack either positive or negative facial actions—with positive meaning.
Pharmacological cognitive enhancement in pediatrics

Purpose of review Given the pervasiveness of psychotropic medication in the youth population and an increasingly competitive culture regarding educational performance, children, teenagers, and/or their parents may increasingly seek psychotropic substances in an effort to enhance a student's cognitive abilities and/or academic performance. Physicians must become aware of this very important and clinically relevant issue and work to ensure that medications remain in the hands of patients seeking wellness and not enhancement. Recent findings The current article highlights findings on the pervasiveness of stimulant misuse and diversion in youth, the motivations and effects of stimulant use, health and legal consequences associated with use, and physician perceptions and preventive practices. Ethical concerns regarding pharmacological cognitive enhancement in pediatrics are also outlined – including coercion for nonusers, inequities in access, and threats to an individual's sense of self with regard to authenticity and autonomy. Summary Pharmacological cognitive enhancement in pediatrics will become a larger, clinically relevant issue in the coming years. Physicians who care for children and adolescents must become more aware of this issue. Given the myriad health, legal, and ethical concerns, clinicians should discourage use of pharmaceuticals for enhancement purposes in the pediatric population.
Systematic Review of Appropriate Robotic Intervention for Gait Function in Subacute Stroke Patients

The purpose of this study was to critically evaluate the effects of robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) on gait-related function in patients with acute/subacute stroke. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials published between May 2012 and April 2016. This search included 334 articles (Cochrane, 51 articles; Embase, 175 articles; PubMed, 108 articles). Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 7 studies were selected for this review. We performed a quality evaluation using the PEDro scale. In this review, 3 studies used an exoskeletal robot, and 4 studies used an end-effector robot as interventions. As a result, RAGT was found to be effective in improving walking ability in subacute stroke patients. Significant improvements in gait speed, functional ambulatory category, and Rivermead mobility index were found with RAGT compared with conventional physical therapy (p < 0.05). Therefore, aggressive weight support and gait training at an early stage using a robotic device are helpful, and robotic intervention should be applied according to the patient's functional level and onset time of stroke.
Effects of temperature on the quality of black garlic.

BACKGROUND Black garlic is a type of garlic product that is generally produced by heating raw garlic at high temperature with controlled humidity for more than 30 days. Black garlic has appeared on the market for many years. It is crucial to investigate the characteristics of quality formation of black garlic during processing at various temperatures. RESULTS In this study, fresh garlic was processed to black garlic at temperatures of 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C. Moisture, amino acid nitrogen and allicin contents decreased gradually during thermal processing of various temperatures. Reducing sugar, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, total phenols, total acids contents and browning increased. The changing rate of quality indicators and flavour of black garlic varied at different temperatures. Browning intensity reached about 74 when black garlic aged. The sensory score was significantly higher in black garlic aged at 70 °C (39.95 ± 0.31) compared with that at other temperatures, suggesting that 70 °C might facilitate formation of good quality and flavour of black garlic during processing. CONCLUSION Temperature had a remarkable impact on the quality and flavour of black garlic. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
Power effects on implicit prejudice and stereotyping: The role of intergroup face processing

ABSTRACT Power is thought to increase discrimination toward subordinate groups, yet its effect on different forms of implicit bias remains unclear. We tested whether power enhances implicit racial stereotyping, in addition to implicit prejudice (i.e., evaluative associations), and examined the effect of power on the automatic processing of faces during implicit tasks. Study 1 showed that manipulated high power increased both forms of implicit bias, relative to low power. Using a neural index of visual face processing (the N170 component of the ERP), Study 2 revealed that power affected the encoding of White ingroup vs. Black outgroup faces. Whereas high power increased the relative processing of outgroup faces during evaluative judgments in the prejudice task, it decreased the relative processing of outgroup faces during stereotype trait judgments. An indirect effect of power on implicit prejudice through enhanced processing of outgroup versus ingroup faces suggested a potential link between face processing and implicit bias. Together, these findings demonstrate that power can affect implicit prejudice and stereotyping as well as early processing of racial ingroup and outgroup faces.
Renewables in the Energy Transition: Evidence on Solar Home Systems and Lighting-Fuel Choice in Kenya

We study the determinants of households' choices of lighting fuels in Kenya including the option of using solar home systems (SHS). Our goal is to add new evidence on the factors that influence the introduction and adoption of decentralized and less carbon-intensive energy sources in developing countries, and, more generally, to the empirical debate on the energy ladder. We capitalize on a unique representative survey on energy use and sources from Kenya, one of the few relatively well-established SHS markets in the world. Our results reveal some very interesting patterns of the fuel transition in the context of lighting fuel choices. While we find clear evidence for a cross-sectional energy ladder, the income threshold for modern fuel use - including solar energy use - to move beyond traditional and transitional fuels is very high. Income and education turn out to be key determinants of SHS adoption, but we also find a very pronounced effect of SHS clustering, i.e. the prevalence of SHS systems in the proximity of a potential user increases the likelihood of adoption. In addition, we do not find a negative correlation between grid access and SHS use.
Effect of packaging materials on quality characteristics of osmotically pretreated microwave assisted dried sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.).

The present study was under taken to investigate the effect of packaging materials and storage conditions on quality of capsicum (red and yellow) dried using microwave drying. The samples were heat sealed and packaged in: polypropylene (PP), Laminated Aluminum (Al) and High density polyethylene (HDPE). Then, these were stored at ambient atmosphere for four month and at every fifteen days, the quality parameters such as browning index (BI), total color difference (TCD), water activity (Aw), moisture content (MC), total carotenoid (Tc) and Sensory Score (SS) were measured. The result indicated that storage period had significant effect (P<0.05) on response variables after 45-60 days of storage except sensory score. Laminated Aluminum (Al) was least affected by the ambient environment followed by HDPE and PP having low water vapor transmission rate (WVTR).
Dynamic elicited priors for updating covert networks

Abstract The study of covert networks is plagued by the fact that individuals conceal their attributes and associations. To address this problem, we develop a technology for eliciting this information from qualitative subject-matter experts to inform statistical social network analysis. We show how the information from the subjective probability distributions can be used as input to Bayesian hierarchical models for network data. In the spirit of “proof of concept,” the results of a test of the technology are reported. Our findings show that human subjects can use the elicitation tool effectively, supplying attribute and edge information to update a network indicative of a covert one.
Mailed Human Papillomavirus Self-Collection With Papanicolaou Test Referral for Infrequently Screened Women in the United States

Background Testing for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection using mailed, self-collected samples is a promising approach to increase screening in women who do not attend clinic screening at recommended intervals. Methods To assess this intervention among high-risk women in the United States, 429 women without a Papanicolaou (Pap) test in 4 or more years (overdue by US guidelines) were recruited from the general population. Participants aged 30 to 65 years were mailed a kit to self-collect a cervicovaginal sample at home, return the sample by mail, and receive HPV results by telephone, with referral to follow-up cytological Pap testing at a local clinic. Cervicovaginal self-samples were collected with a Viba brush, stored in Scope mouthwash, and tested by Hybrid Capture 2. Data were collected in 2010 to 2011 and analyzed in 2017. Results Two-thirds (64%) of participants returned a self-collected sample, of whom 15% tested HPV DNA positive. Human papillomavirus self-test–positive women reported higher rates of follow-up Pap tests (82%) than did those with self-test negative results (51%). No demographic differences were found in self-test return rate or HPV positivity. High acceptability was reported in participant surveys: most women (81%) had “mostly positive” overall thoughts about the self-test, and most reported being comfortable receiving the kit in the mail (99%), returning their self-collected sample by mail (82%), and receiving their test results by telephone (97%). Conclusions Conducting HPV self-testing through population-based recruitment, mailed kit delivery and return by mail, and results delivery by telephone has the potential to reach a broad segment of US underscreened women.
An Improved Information Security Risk Assessments Method for Cyber-Physical-Social Computing and Networking

In virtue of the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), Organizations have grown to rely on their cyber systems and networks. However, this phenomenon also creates many new information security issues. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary algorithm improved cuckoo search (ICS) to pre-train a back- propagation neural network (BPNN) for the sake of improving the accuracy and stability. Using this pre-training process, the BPNN can surmount the defect of falling into the local minima and greatly improve its efficiency. Then, this neural network is used as a part of information security risk assessment (ISRA) processes for a miniature IoT system. An illustration example is introduced to demonstrate that the ICS-BPNN outperforms other neural networks in this ISRA process.
Analysis of IL-2 , IFN-γ and TNF-α production , α 5 β 1 integrins and actin filaments distribution in peritoneal mouse macrophages treated with homeopathic medicament

The newer forms of Immune modulatory therapy are aimed at specific cells or cytokines that contribute to the immune response. These forms immunotherapy have been referred to as 'biological response modifiers'. Our lab was interested in investigating if a homeopathic medicament “Metodo Canova” (MC), sold in homeopathic drugstores, does enhance immunological system responses acting through macrophages pathway. Mice peritoneal macrophages were cultivated with or without homeopathic medicament for 24 h for α5, β1 and actin filaments distribution analyses through immunolabelling for confocal microscopy. To detect the IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α production these cells were cultivated for 48 h with or without medicament, followed by analyses of these cytokines in supernatant culture with ELISA kits. It was observed differences in morphology and molecular distribution (α5 and β1 integrins, actin filaments and Fc receptors) between the groups control and treated with MC. In control group macrophages had the morphology of resident cells and in MC treated group macrophages were more spread, had many cellular projections and a substantial increase in cytoplasmic volume. In addition, macrophages culture with two doses of MC showed that TNF-α production decreased when compared with control group.
Systematic reviews of point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections

Background WHO estimates that 131 million new cases of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections occur globally every year. Most infections are asymptomatic. Untreated infection in women can lead to severe complications. Screening and treatment of at-risk populations is a priority for prevention and control. Objectives To summarise systematic reviews of the performance characteristics of commercially available point-of-care tests (POCT) for screening and diagnosis of urogenital CT infection. Methods Two separate systematic reviews covering the periods 2004–2013 and 2010–2015 were conducted on rapid CT POCTs. Studies were included if tests were evaluated against a valid reference standard. Results In the first review, 635 articles were identified, of which 11 were included. Nine studies evaluated the performance of eight antigen detection rapid POCTs on 10 280 patients and two studies evaluated a near-patient nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) on 3518 patients. Pooled sensitivity of antigen detection tests was 53%, 37% and 63% for cervical swabs, vaginal swabs and male urine, and specificity was 99%, 97% and 98%, respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the near-patient NAAT for all specimen types were >98% and 99.4%, respectively. The second review identified two additional studies on four antigen detection POCTs with sensitivities and specificities of 22.7%–37.7% and 99.4%–100%, respectively. A new two-step 15 min rapid POCT using fluorescent nanoparticles showed performance comparable to that of near-patient NAATs. Conclusions The systematic reviews showed that antigen detection POCTs for CT, although easy to use, lacked sufficient sensitivity to be recommended as a screening test. A near-patient NAAT shows acceptable performance as a screening or diagnostic test but requires electricity, takes 90 min and is costly. More affordable POCTs are in development.
Do Firms Underinvest in Long-Term Research? Evidence from Cancer Clinical Trials

We investigate whether private research investments are distorted away from long-term projects. Our theoretical model highlights two potential sources of this distortion: short-termism and the fixed patent term. Our empirical context is cancer research, where clinical trials--and hence, project durations--are shorter for late-stage cancer treatments relative to early-stage treatments or cancer prevention. Using newly constructed data, we document several sources of evidence that together show private research investments are distorted away from long-term projects. The value of life-years at stake appears large. We analyze three potential policy responses: surrogate (non-mortality) clinical-trial endpoints, targeted R&D subsidies, and patent design.
Validation , and Recommended Risk Level Cut Scores

This paper describes the development, reliability, and validity of the Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool – Revised (MnSOST-R), as well as recommended risk levels and cut scores. Variables from multiple dimensions, both static and dynamic, were reviewed for inclusion in the MnSOST-R. Final items were selected and scored empirically based on clearly defined criteria. The resulting 16 items that comprise the MnSOST-R maximize the positive predictive power of the tool, and perform significantly better than previous versions of the MnSOST. This newest version correlate achieves impressive hit rates with rapists and extrafamilial sex offenders, the population for which the instrument was developed. Very high true positive rates were achieved depending on the selected cut score. Like other researchers, we found the pattern for intrafamilial sex offenders on potential items and the relationship of that pattern to sexual recidivism to be dramatically different from that for other sex offenders, with the exception of intrafamilial sex offenders who essentially raped their related victim(s). The MnSOST-R is currently being used by the Minnesota Department of Corrections as a screening tool for referral for commitment under the state's Sexual Psychopathic Personality and Sexually Dangerous Person laws, and as part of the state’s Community Notification Act.
Executive function in paediatric medulloblastoma: The role of cerebrocerebellar connections

Executive functions (EFs) are involved in the attainment, maintenance, and integration of information; these functions may play a key role in cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children treated for medulloblastoma (MB). At present, it remains unclear which EFs are most sensitive to the treatment effects for MB and whether damage to cerebrocerebellar circuitry is associated with EF. We completed a comprehensive evaluation of EF in 24 children treated for MB and 20 age-matched healthy children (HC) and distilled these measures into components. Six components (C1-C6) were extracted from our model, reflecting dissociable constructs of EF: C1 = cognitive efficiency; C2 = planning/problem-solving; C3 = positive cognitive emotion regulation; C4 = working memory; C5 = negative cognitive emotion regulation; and C6 = mixed cognitive emotion regulation. Group differences were found for C1, C2, C3, and C4; the MB group showed poorer performance on EF tasks and made less use of positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies relative to HC. Compromise to cerebrocerebellar microstructure - cerebro-ponto-cerebellar and cerebello-thalamo-cerebral pathways - was evident in children treated for MB compared to HC. We found that cerebrocerebellar circuitry has a mediating effect on one component of EF following treatment for MB - working memory.