Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
acute renal failure forum Acute renal failure

EDITED BY SANJAY K. NIGAM AND WILFRED LIEBERTHAL Department of Nephrology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; Department of Medicine, John L. McClellan Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205; Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Section of Nephrology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0368; Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (Nephrology-Hypertension), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0693; and Department of Medicine, Renal Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
DEPENDENCE OF INTERSTELLAR TURBULENT PRESSURE ON SUPERNOVA RATE

Feedback from massive stars is one of the least understood aspects of galaxy formation. We perform a suite of vertically stratified local interstellar medium (ISM) models in which supernova (SN) rates and vertical gas column densities are systematically varied based on the Schmidt–Kennicutt law. Our simulations have a sufficiently high spatial resolution (1.95 pc) to follow the hydrodynamic interactions among multiple SNe that structure the interstellar medium. At a given SN rate, we find that the mean mass-weighted sound speed and velocity dispersion decrease as the inverse square root of gas density. The sum of thermal and turbulent pressures is nearly constant in the midplane, so the effective equation of state is isobaric. In contrast, across our four models having SN rates that range from 1 to 512 times the Galactic SN rate, the mass-weighted velocity dispersion remains in the range 4–6 km s−1. Hence, gas averaged over ∼100 pc regions follows P ∝ ρα with α ≈ 1, indicating that the effective equation of state on this scale is close to isothermal. Simulated H i emission lines have widths of 10–18 km s−1, comparable to observed values. In our highest SN rate model, superbubble blow-outs occur, and the turbulent pressure on large scales is ≳4 times higher than the thermal pressure. We find a tight correlation between the thermal and turbulent pressures averaged over ∼100 pc regions in the midplane of each model, as well as across the four ISM models. We construct a subgrid model for turbulent pressure based on analytic arguments and explicitly calibrate it against our stratified ISM simulations. The subgrid model provides a simple yet physically motivated way to include SN feedback in cosmological simulations.
Ganga-Brahmaputra river discharge from Jason-2 radar altimetry: An update to the long-term satellite-derived estimates of continental freshwater forcing flux into the Bay of Bengal

This paper discusses the use of Jason-2 radar altimeter measurements to estimate the Ganga-Brahmaputra surface freshwater flux into the Bay of Bengal for the period mid-2008 to December 2011. A previous estimate was generated for 1993-2008 using TOPEX-Poseidon, ERS-2 and ENVISAT, and is now extended using Jason-2. To take full advantages of the new availability of in situ rating curves, the processing scheme is adapted and the adjustments of the methodology are discussed here. First, using a large sample of in situ river height measurements, we estimate the standard error of Jason-2-derived water levels over the Ganga and the Brahmaputra to be respectively of 0.28 m and 0.19 m, or less than similar to 4% of the annual peak-to-peak variations of these two rivers. Using the in situ rating curves between water levels and river discharges, we show that Jason-2 accurately infers Ganga and Brahmaputra instantaneous discharges for 2008-2011 with mean errors ranging from similar to 2180 m(3)/s (6.5%) over the Brahmaputra to similar to 1458 m(3)/s (13%) over the Ganga. The combined Ganga-Brahmaputra monthly discharges meet the requirements of acceptable accuracy (15-20%) with a mean error of similar to 16% for 2009-2011 and similar to 17% for 1993-2011. The Ganga-Brahmaputra monthly discharge at the river mouths is then presented, showing a marked interannual variability with a standard deviation of similar to 12500 m(3)/s, much larger than the data set uncertainty. Finally, using in situ sea surface salinity observations, we illustrate the possible impact of extreme continental freshwater discharge event on the northern Bay of Bengal as observed in 2008.
Social Comparisons at Work as Related to a Cooperative Social Climate and to Individual Differences in Social Comparison Orientation

This study examined the frequency of social comparisons in a work setting, and the feelings that these comparisons evoked. These processes were related to individual differences in social comparison orientation, and to the perception of a cooperative social climate at work. The participants were 216 physicians from various health centers in the Community of Valencia in Spain. In general, upward comparisons occurred more often, and elicited more positive and less negative affect than downward comparisons. Those high in social comparison orientation reported relatively more upward as well as downward comparisons, more positive affect after downward comparisons, and more negative affect after upward comparisons. Conversely, those who perceived the social climate at work as cooperative reported relatively more downward comparisons, more negative affect after downward comparison, and more positive affect after upward comparison. Among the 87 participants who participated in the longitudinal part of the study, perceived cooperative climate and social comparison orientation were more stable over a period of one year than the frequency of upward and downward comparison and the affective consequences of upward and downward comparison. It is concluded that individuals interpret social comparisons at work in a positive way when they perceive the social climate as cooperative, and in a negative way when they are high in social comparison orientation.
The Successful Completion of Probation and Parole Among Female Offenders

Abstract Recent research focusing on women in the criminal justice system has highlighted dramatic increases in incarceration rates and women involved in community corrections. Despite studies that suggest that female offenders have unique and differing needs than their male counterparts, extant literature suggests females typically receive programming and services that were initially designed for male offenders. In an effort to establish what needs are prevalent among a group of female probationer and parolees, data from a statewide sample of 503 women completing their community correction sentences in a Southeastern state between January 1997 and April 1997 are examined. Specifically, this study examines the factors that significantly contribute to the successful completion of probation and parole. Logistic Regression analysis reveals that age, race, and alcohol and drug usage problems were the strongest predictors of success among female offenders. Limitations of these data and policy implication from this research are discussed.
Teachers’ Judgments About Their Students: The Effect of Cognitive Simplification Strategies on the Rating Process

The common practice of asking teachers to provide ratings of their students is based on questionable assumptions about the ability of teachers to accurately integrate information from their numerous encounters with students. Borrowing from research in social cognition, an information-processing model of the rating process was proposed and tested by asking 18 teachers to rate 16 hypothetical student profiles formed by systematically varying information along six different dimensions. The results suggested that teacher rating is a schema-based process in which the covariation among rating items is a function of teachers’ implicit theories concerning the organization of student behaviors. The findings revealed possible biases in teachers’ ratings and indicated the importance of a theoretical model of the rating process.
Environmentalists NGOs and the Construction of the Culprit: Semiotic Analysis

Purpose – This article aims to analyse how environmentalist NGOs build the figures of guilty and evil businesses in texts published on the web sites of two ironic prizes. These texts are good examples of criticism based on reversing and analysing semiotic productions of organisations, like advertising and environmental reports, as a part of on-line environmentalist campaigns. Design/methodology/approach – The article is based on textual semiotics and a semiotic-based approach to rhetoric; the methodology is qualitative and exploratory. A part of the text published on the web sites of the two ironic prizes (Pinocchio and Angry Mermaid) are analysed in order to identify different models and strategies of criticism. Findings – The article identifies a series of critical strategies: semantic/paradigmatic, syntagmatic/meta-textual, referential, narrative and inter-textual criticisms. It underlines the fact that on-line criticism is an anti-ideological semiotic action, which can be compared to some forms of ecological thought. Nonetheless, it is based on some forms of rhetoric and ideology, which can be analysed with semiotic tools. Research limitations/implications – This paper presents a qualitative, exploratory analysis of two cases: results cannot be directly generalized, but methodology and findings can be transferred to other cases (epistemological principle of transferability). Practical implications – Methods and results of this paper can help in enriching research on the rhetoric of environmental communication, and can integrate more quantitative approaches. Results can suggest new approaches to business communicators, in order to avoid environmental criticism and “boomerang effects”. Originality/value – The attempt to apply semiotics to the analysis of communication campaigns is rare and perhaps quite innovative. The approach can enrich the fields of PR and business communication studies, of rhetoric analysis and of environmental communication analysis.
Age/race differences in HER2 testing and in incidence rates for breast cancer triple subtypes

Although US year 2000 guidelines recommended characterizing breast cancers by human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), national cancer registries do not collect HER2, rendering a population‐based understanding of HER2 and clinical “triple subtypes” (estrogen receptor [ER] / progesterone receptor [PR] / HER2) largely unknown. We document the population‐based prevalence of HER2 testing / status, triple subtypes and present the first report of subtype incidence rates.
Bilingual is as bilingual does: Metalinguistic abilities of Arabic-speaking children

The study explores the effects of the relationship between exposure to two languages in childhood and metalinguistic abilities. Arabic-speaking children who had been exposed to both spoken and literary Arabic were compared to Russian–Hebrew bilinguals and Hebrew monolinguals. All of the children were in kindergarten or first grade. The tests included language arbitrariness, phonological awareness, and vocabulary. As compared to the Hebrew monolinguals, the Russian–Hebrew bilinguals revealed the following pattern: higher performance on arbitrariness and phonological awareness tasks and lower performance on the vocabulary measure. The results of the Arab children mimicked those of the Russian–Hebrew bilinguals and differed from those of the Hebrew monolinguals. We conclude that exposure to literary Arabic requires the same intensive language analyses as those demanded of children exposed to languages as different as Russian and Hebrew.
Ultrastructure of bovine sperm chromatin

Mammalian semen chromatin comprises DNA, protamine, and, at lower levels, other proteins. This constitution confers intense compaction to the chromatin, helping to protect the DNA and causing the head of the sperm to be very small, facilitating the safe transport of its genetic contents. It is known that changes in the sperm chromatin compaction lead to fertility problems in bulls, justifying studies of this structure. Although there are theoretical models of sperm chromatin because of its high compaction, there is no morphological evidence of such models. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the ultrastructure of bovine sperm chromatin in an attempt to corroborate the theoretical chromatin models existing today. The isolated bull sperm heads had their chromatin partially unpacked by chemical treatment using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dithiothreitol (DTT) and were then embedded in Epon resin. Using an ultramicrotome, ultrathin sections were obtained, which were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and then viewed under transmission electron microscopy. The methodology used allowed the visualization of toroidal structures interconnected by a filamentous nuclear matrix, which is entirely consistent with the most current theoretical models. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:1117–1120, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Policy Change and Discourse in Europe: Conceptual and Methodological Issues

Since the mid-1980s, the European Union, together with its member states, has undergone a major process of transformation. First with the race to the single market by 1992, then with the run-up to European Monetary Union (EMU) by 1999, and now with enlargement, the EU has seen an explosion of new policies with a panoply of new practices in the context of an expanding European economy and an emerging European polity. In attempting to describe, understand and explain the EU’s transformative experiences, the study of policy change in Europe has also undergone dramatic transformation. Empirically, from an almost exclusive focus on European integration, that is, on the process of building a European space in terms of EU-level policies, practices and politics, scholars have added a concern with Europeanisation, that is, with the impact of European integration on member state policies, practices and politics. Conceptually, on top of the ‘first generation’ studies centred on explaining the process of formation of a European sphere, where scholarly debates divided over whether the EU was fundamentally intergovernmental or neo-functionalist and, more recently, liberal intergovernmentalist, supranational, multi-level, or network-based, we now have a ‘second generation’ of studies that concentrates instead on the process of national adjustment to the EU. These scholarly debates differ over which factors best explain policy change in the process of adjustment – whether external pressures and problems, the ‘fit’ between EU-level policies and national policy legacies and preferences, actors’ problem-solving capacity in a given political-institutional setting, or ideas and discourse (see Heritier 2001; Cowles et al. 2001; Featherstone and Radaelli 2003). Methodologically, the study of European policy change has also become increasingly split among those who emphasise interest-based rationality and game-theoretic behaviour; institutional path-dependencies and historically-shaped patterns of development; social constructions of action, culture and identity; or, most recently, ideas and discourse.
Analysis of Protease Activity Using Quantum Dots and Resonance Energy Transfer

This review demonstrates the detection of protease activity based on the energy transfer of quantum dots (QDs). By incorporation of varying protease substrates into designed QD probes both in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) system, proteolytic activity led to changes in the energy transfer efficiency. Especially due to the superior properties of QDs, it can be served as an excellent probe for a multiplexed and high-throughput protease assay with high sensitivity. It is anticipated that the QD-based FRET/BRET probes will have a great potential for dissecting the fundamental roles of proteases and designing potential protease inhibitors as therapeutic drugs in biology and nanomedicine.
The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: near-infrared galaxy luminosity functions

We combine the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) Extended Source Catalogue and the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey to produce an infrared selected galaxy catalogue with 17 173 measured redshifts. We use this extensive data set to estimate the galaxy luminosity functions in the J- and K-S-bands. The luminosity functions are fairly well fitted by Schechter functions with parameters M-J(*) - 5 log h = -22.36 +/-0.02, alpha (J) = -0.93 +/-0.04, Phi (*)(J)= 0.0104 +/-0.0016 h(3) Mpc(-3) in the J-band and M-K s(*) - 5 log h = -23.44 +/-0.03, alphaK(S) = -0.96 +/-0.05, PhiK(S)(*) = 0.0108 +/-0.0016 h(3) Mpc(-3) in the K-S-band (2MASS Kron magnitudes). These parameters are derived assuming a cosmological model with Omega (0) = 0.3 and Lambda (0) = 0.7. With data sets of this size, systematic rather than random errors are the dominant source of uncertainty in the determination of the luminosity function. We carry out a careful investigation of possible systematic effects in our data. The surface brightness distribution of the sample shows no evidence that significant numbers of low surface brightness or compact galaxies are missed by the survey. We estimate the present-day distributions of b(J) - Ks and J- Ks colours as a function of the absolute magnitude and use models of the galaxy stellar populations, constrained by the observed optical and infrared colours, to infer the galaxy stellar mass function. Integrated over all galaxy masses, this yields a total mass fraction in stars (in units of the critical mass density) of Omega (stars)h = (1.6 +/-0.24) x 10(-3) for a Kennicutt initial mass function (IMF) and Omega (stars)h = (2.9 +/-0.43) x 10(-3) for a Salpeter IMF. These values are consistent with those inferred from observational estimates of the total star formation history of the Universe provided that dust extinction corrections are modest.
Mapping development in students' understanding of vision using a cognitive structural model

This exploratory study took two items, which were designed to ascertain children's understanding of the phenomenon of ‘seeing’, and used them to gather data over the K‐10 age range. One item was adapted from an earlier large‐scale survey by Adams et al. (1990); the other was based on a set of metaphors for ‘seeing’ designed by Guesne (1985). The data gathered were analysed in the context of a cognitive structural model. This analysis showed that, in relation to the concept of vision, the cognitive model selected was able to account for the ‘normal’ developmental sequence, as well as indicate some possible sequences which might help to explain the ‘alternative framework’ phenomenon in this case. There seems to be sufficient evidence from this study to warrant more detailed research in two directions. The first, replicating with a larger sample, the variables discussed in this paper, and the second, carrying out exploratory studies on concepts in other areas of science which have also documented the ‘altern.
Polarized gender thinking—visions or norms in male-dominated workplaces?

Men's experiences and beliefs of working with women colleagues in a male dominated organization were investigated using qualitative analyses of 29 in-depth interviews. The analysis identified eight characteristics that were organized in one core category labeled polarized gender thinking and two categories. The first of these categories, illusory gender equality, comprised the subcategories: practicing invisible language, thinking differently, accepting extra work, and modifying masculine jargon. The second category, visualizing and practicing gender equality, consisted of perceptions of management's strategies to achieve gender equality and included the subcategories: practicing a vision of future, valuing equality, recruiting female competence, and balancing the work-family puzzle. A substantive theory was proposed to illustrate the effects of these categories on the type and outcome of gender equality. It is suggested that traditional adjustment to male norms may be a critical hindrance for equality of opportunities. Strategies and measures to visualize gender equality may support trouble-shooting and develop an open mind when problemizing gender inequality.
Modifying Excessive Lunchroom Noise

Partial omission training by means of audio feedback and a group reinforcement contingency were employed to reduce excessive noise in an inpatient unit for emotionally disturbed children. Occurrence and duration of noise violations above 76 decibels were assessed using electronic audio equipment. An ABAB withdrawal design was employed to evaluate intervention effects. During treatment phases, subjects received audio feedback when noise violations occurred, and were given group reinforcement contingent upon 25% reduction in the rate of these occurrences. Results showed that the treatment package decreased the frequency of noise violations and increased appropriate lunchroom behavior, but had little effect on the duration of excessive noise.
The role of temporal orientation in reactive and proactive illness management

The present study examined whether the effects of temporal orientation on illness self-management in older women with osteoarthritis (N = 74) were moderated by perceived threats to life goals. When perceived goal threat was lower, individuals who were highly future-oriented engaged in a greater number of arthritis management behaviors, especially proactive strategies (e.g., exercise and dietary supplements). When individuals perceived more threat to life goals, having a greater present orientation predicted greater use of arthritis management behaviors, particularly reactive strategies (e.g., taking pain medication). Results suggest that temporal orientation is important in determining whether individuals take a more reactive or proactive approach to illness management, particularly when considering the potential consequences of illness on quality of life.