Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flying fruit flies correct for visual sideslip depending on relative speed of forward optic flow

As a fly flies through its environment, static objects produce moving images on its retina, and this optic flow is essential for steering and course corrections. Different types of rotation and translation produce unique flow fields, which fly brains are wired to identify. However, a feature of optic flow unique to translational motion is that adjacent images may move across the retina at different speeds, depending on their distance from the observer. Many insects take advantage of this depth cue, called motion parallax, to determine the distance to objects. We wanted to know if differential object speeds affect the corrective responses of fruit flies when they experience unplanned course deviations. We presented tethered flying flies with optic flow and measured their corrective responses to sideways perturbations of images with different relative forward speeds. We found that flying flies attend to the relative speed of dots during forward motion, and adjust their corrective responses to sideslip deviations depending on this cue. With no other distinguishing features (such as brightness or size), flies mounted a greater response to sideways deviations that were signaled by faster moving dots in the forward flow field, those that appeared radially closer by their speeds. This is consistent with the interpretation that fruit flies attend to seemingly nearer objects, and correct more strongly when they indicate a perturbation.
Secondary prevention: Where we are

The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice Guidelines have been published in 2016: greater emphasis has been placed on a population-based approach, on disease-specific interventions and on female-specific conditions, younger individuals and ethnic minorities. The ESC guidelines underscore that a lifetime approach to cardiovascular risk is important as both risk and prevention are dynamic and continuous. The guidelines can assist healthcare professionals, patients, and are valuable for the healthcare system but implementation of secondary cardiovascular disease prevention is far from optimal. Although there is no single way to ensure the use of guidelines in practice, multifaceted interventions based on known barriers are most appropriate. Essential components for implementation are: (a) taking action; (b) strengthening capacity; (c) evaluating impact; (d) advancing policy; and (e) engaging in regional and global partnerships. The strategy depends on a balanced investment in all available intervention approaches, from policy and environmental changes designed to prevent risk factors to assurance of quality care for individuals with cardiovascular disease. Our greatest challenges represent our greatest opportunities.
The Role of Self-Efficacy for Bystander Helping Behaviors in Risky Alcohol Situations

We examined the role of self-efficacy in preventing bystander inaction in dangerous alcohol situations. Participants (N = 504) completed an online survey that assessed whether they had previously witnessed or intervened in alcohol-related emergencies, their self-efficacy for intervening, and their likelihood of intervening in the future. Previously intervening was positively associated with self-efficacy and likelihood of intervening in the future. Furthermore, self-efficacy mediated the association between previously intervening and likelihood of intervening in the future. In conclusion, self-efficacy for intervening in social situations is associated with intervening in alcohol-related emergencies and is an important factor to consider when designing bystander interventions.
Chemopreventive agents induce oxidative stress in cancer cells leading to COX-2 overexpression and COX-2-independent cell death.

Chemopreventive agents generate oxidative stress, which culminates in cell death and may be part of a general mechanism of chemoprevention. The redox-responsive cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, overexpressed during carcinogenesis, has been a target for cancer prevention. To assess the potential link between chemopreventive agents, oxidative stress and COX-2, we studied the chemopreventive sulindac and nitric oxide-donating aspirin (NO-ASA). Both generated oxidative stress and induced COX-2 in various cell lines, more prominently in dying cells. Two antioxidants and an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase abrogated the induction of COX-2 and cell death. Exogenous xanthine/xanthine oxidase, which produce O(2)(-). , had the same effect. Inhibition of caspases and cox-2 knockdown showed that COX-2 did not participate in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation or cell death induction in response to NO-ASA. Our results support three potentially useful ideas: (i) the concept that ROS are a critical component of the action of chemopreventive agents; (ii) the notion that COX-2 may not be an ideal target for chemoprevention and (iii) the possibility that COX-2 may be overexpressed in cancer cells due to their state of oxidative stress. It is conceivable that, if further substantiated, these findings may inform the rational design of chemotherapeutic strategies, in particular the choice of agents in combination approaches.
Irish Healthcare staff- Smoking, training and activity in treatment of tobacco dependence -an online survey

INTRODUCTION Ireland has strong tobacco control legislation but must get smokers to stop if the national plan of having a smoking prevalence of 5% by the year 2025 is possible. Involving all healthcare staff in this effort is regarded as important. We surveyed the present situation. METHODS An online survey was conducted of 1257 healthcare staff; 520 nurses, 440 doctors, 297 dentists in 2014. The sample was accessed with the help of the Irish Nurses and Midwifes Organisation (INMO), Irish Medical Organisation (IMO) and the Irish Dental Association (IDA). The questionnaire addressed individual smoking habits and attitudes, training and practice with regard to smoking cessation. RESULTS The prevalence in our sample was 8.5%. Nurses had the highest prevalence. Doctors had the highest never smoked rate. Smoking was related to age. Attitudes to treating smoking were positive among all HCP groups. Overall 96.4% of HCPs agreed that they should routinely ask patients about smoking and 94% agreed that they should advise all smokers to quit. 20.7 % of HCPs said they had formal training in smoking cessation and this was correlated to asking or giving advice. 42.9% with training while only 7.6% without training felt well prepared to assist smokers quit (p <001). Time, work priorities and lack of training were identified as the main barriers by all HCPs. Doctors particularly reported time problems (χ2 = 158.021, p <001). CONCLUSION Prevalence of smoking is low in HCPs, formal training in SC is low but the need for HCPs to be involved in SC is widely accepted.
Different 
DRB1*03:01‐DQB1*02:01 haplotypes confer different risk for celiac disease

Celiac disease is associated with the HLA‐DR3‐DQA1*05:01‐DQB1*02:01 and DR4‐DQA1*03:01‐DQB1*03:02 haplotypes. In addition, there are currently over 40 non‐HLA loci associated with celiac disease. This study extends previous analyses on different HLA haplotypes in celiac disease using next generation targeted sequencing.
Factors in Surgical Decision Making for Thoracolumbar/Lumbar AIS: It’s About More Than Just the Curve Magnitude

Study Design: A retrospective review of prospective data Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare operative and nonoperative patients with similar curve magnitudes to determine motivating factors associated with surgical correction in “smaller” curves. Summary of Background Data: Despite traditional treatment recommendations on major curve angle measurements, many patients with thoracolumbar/lumbar (TH/L) curves of smaller magnitudes are unhappy and desire correction. Methods: A prospectively enrolled multicenter adolescent idiopathic scoliosis database was queried. Patients with major TH/L curves <50 degrees and low risk of progression (Risser 3, 4, and 5) were identified and grouped based on their treatment (operative vs. nonoperative). Preoperative demographic, radiographic, Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) outcome scores, and trunk shape values were compared. Results: A total of 126 patients undergoing surgical intervention and 17 patients pursuing nonoperative treatment were analyzed. The average lumbar curve of the operative group was 43 degrees (range, 35 to 49 degrees) and for the nonoperative group was 39 degrees (range, 26 to 49 degrees). The operative group was significantly younger, had larger lumbar major curve angles, lower thoracic to lumbar curve ratio, increased TH/L apical translation, and greater trunk shift (P<0.05). Only lumbar curve (P=0.018, OR=1.19) and trunk shift (P=0.01, OR=3.22) remained significant predictors of surgery in a multivariate regression analysis. SRS scores were significantly lower in the operative group for pain, self-image, function, mental health, and total (P<0.05). When SRS total score was entered into the regression, it was the only significant predictor of surgical intervention (P=0.004, OR=0.03). Conclusions: Many patients with smaller lumbar curves have clinical deformities that are more consistent with larger curves. These smaller curves can produce similar coronal imbalance and trunk shift, with lower SRS domains that may drive patients to seek surgical treatment. What is unclear is the reason for this greater degree of imbalance in this select group of patients and whether the natural history is different for a more balanced TH/L curve. Level of Evidence: Level II—Prognostic.
Gifted Underachievement and its Dynamic Etiology

Gifted underachievement, an issue that affects 15-40% of the gifted population, occurs when a gifted child does not perform to the level of his or her accelerated abilities. This phenomenon develops through a blend of personal and environmental influences, including individual, family, and school factors. Furthermore, underachievement can occur when gifted students are not assessed or identified as gifted, and are therefore not provided with appropriate interventions. Counselors must discern which unique factors contribute to each gifted students' achievement level, and how to control these elements so that students may develop the confidence to reach their potential.
On the relations among work value orientations, psychological need satisfaction and job outcomes: A self-determination theory approach.

Using self-determination theory, two studies found that holding an extrinsic, relative to an intrinsic, work value orientation was associated with less positive outcomes (i.e. less satisfaction with, dedication to and vitality while on the job) and more negative outcomes (i.e. higher emotional exhaustion, short-lived satisfaction after successful goal-attainment, and turn-over intention). These relations were not limited to job outcomes, but also emerged using indicators of employees' general mental health. Moreover, income level did not moderate these relations. Study 2 found that holding an extrinsic, relative to an intrinsic, work value orientation was detrimental to employees' job outcomes because these orientations thwarted the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness at work.
Differential Patterns of Risk Factors for Early-Onset Breast Cancer by ER Status in African American Women

Background: Given the disproportionately high incidence of early-onset breast cancer and aggressive subtypes, such as estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors, in African American (AA) women, elucidation of risk factors for early onset of specific subtypes of breast cancer is needed. Methods: We evaluated associations of reproductive, anthropometric, and other factors with incidence of invasive breast cancer by age at onset (<45, ≥45) in 57,708 AA women in the prospective Black Women's Health Study. From 1995 to 2013, we identified 529 invasive breast cancers among women <45 years of age (151 ER−, 219 ER+) and 1,534 among women ≥45 years (385 ER−, 804 ER+). We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for associations by age and ER status. Results: Higher parity, older age at first birth, never having breastfed, and abdominal adiposity were associated with increased risk of early-onset ER− breast cancer: HRs were 1.71 for ≥3 births versus one birth; 2.29 for first birth after age 25 versus <20 years; 0.61 for ever having breastfed versus never; and 1.64 for highest versus lowest tertile of waist-to-hip ratio. These factors were not associated with ER− cancer in older women or with ER+ cancer regardless of age. Conclusions: Differences in risk factors by ER subtype were observed for breast cancer diagnosed before the age of 45 years. Impact: Etiological heterogeneity by tumor subtype in early-onset breast cancer, in combination with a higher prevalence of the risk factors in AA women, may explain, in part, racial disparities in breast cancer incidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(2); 270–7. ©2016 AACR.
Serum C-peptide, Total and High Molecular Weight Adiponectin, and Pancreatic Cancer: Do Associations Differ by Smoking?

Background: Studies examining associations between circulating concentrations of C-peptide and total adiponectin, two biomarkers related to obesity and insulin secretion and sensitivity and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) risk have shown inconsistent results and included limited numbers of smokers. Methods: We examined associations of these biomarkers and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin with PDA, overall, and by smoking status. We conducted a pooled nested case–control analysis in 3 cohorts (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Trial, Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, and Cancer Prevention Study-II), with 758 cases (435 current smokers) and 1,052 controls (531 smokers) matched by cohort, age, sex, race, blood draw date and follow-up time. We used conditional logistic regression adjusted for age, smoking, diabetes, and body mass index to calculate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Circulating C-peptide concentration was not associated with PDA in never or former smokers, but was inversely associated with PDA in current smokers (per SD OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54–0.84; Pinteraction = 0.005). HMW adiponectin was inversely associated with PDA in never smokers (OR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23–0.81), not associated in former smokers, and positively associated in smokers (OR = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04–1.45; Pinteraction = 0.009). Total adiponectin was not associated with PDA in nonsmokers or current smokers. Conclusions: Associations of biomarkers of insulin secretion and sensitivity with PDA differ by smoking status. Smoking-induced pancreatic damage may explain the associations in smokers while mechanisms related to insulin resistance associations in nonsmokers. Impact: Future studies of these biomarkers and PDA should examine results by smoking status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 914–22. ©2017 AACR.
Macrophage Mal1 Deficiency Suppresses Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Null Mice by Activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-&ggr;–Regulated Genes

Objective—The adipocyte/macrophage fatty acid-binding proteins aP2 (FABP4) and Mal1 (FABP5) are intracellular lipid chaperones that modulate systemic glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and atherosclerosis. Combined deficiency of aP2 and Mal1 has been shown to reduce the development of atherosclerosis, but the independent role of macrophage Mal1 expression in atherogenesis remains unclear. Methods and Results—We transplanted wild-type (WT), Mal1−/−, or aP2−/− bone marrow into low-density lipoprotein receptor–null (LDLR−/−) mice and fed them a Western diet for 8 weeks. Mal1−/−→LDLR−/− mice had significantly reduced (36%) atherosclerosis in the proximal aorta compared with control WT→LDLR−/− mice. Interestingly, peritoneal macrophages isolated from Mal1-deficient mice displayed increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-&ggr; (PPAR&ggr;) activity and upregulation of a PPAR&ggr;-related cholesterol trafficking gene, CD36. Mal1−/− macrophages showed suppression of inflammatory genes, such as COX2 and interleukin 6. Mal1−/−→LDLR−/− mice had significantly decreased macrophage numbers in the aortic atherosclerotic lesions compared with WT→LDLR−/− mice, suggesting that monocyte recruitment may be impaired. Indeed, blood monocytes isolated from Mal1−/−→LDLR−/− mice on a high-fat diet had decreased CC chemokine receptor 2 gene and protein expression levels compared with WT monocytes. Conclusion—Taken together, our results demonstrate that Mal1 plays a proatherogenic role by suppressing PPAR&ggr; activity, which increases expression of CC chemokine receptor 2 by monocytes, promoting their recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions.
Early MFCC and HPCP Fusion for Robust Cover Song Identification

While most schemes for automatic cover song identification have focused on note-based features such as HPCP and chord profiles, a few recent papers surprisingly showed that local self-similarities of MFCC-based features also have classification power for this task. Since MFCC and HPCP capture complementary information, we design an unsupervised algorithm that combines normalized, beat-synchronous blocks of these features using cross-similarity fusion before attempting to locally align a pair of songs. As an added bonus, our scheme naturally incorporates structural information in each song to fill in alignment gaps where both feature sets fail. We show a striking jump in performance over MFCC and HPCP alone, achieving a state of the art mean reciprocal rank of 0.87 on the Covers80 dataset. We also introduce a new medium-sized hand designed benchmark dataset called "Covers 1000," which consists of 395 cliques of cover songs for a total of 1000 songs, and we show that our algorithm achieves an MRR of 0.9 on this dataset for the first correctly identified song in a clique. We provide the precomputed HPCP and MFCC features, as well as beat intervals, for all songs in the Covers 1000 dataset for use in further research.
Polycystin-1 interacts with TAZ to stimulate osteoblastogenesis and inhibit adipogenesis

The molecular mechanisms that transduce the osteoblast response to physical forces in the bone microenvironment are poorly understood. Here, we used genetic and pharmacological experiments to determine whether the polycystins PC1 and PC2 (encoded by Pkd1 and Pkd2) and the transcriptional coactivator TAZ form a mechanosensing complex in osteoblasts. Compound-heterozygous mice lacking 1 copy of Pkd1 and Taz exhibited additive decrements in bone mass, impaired osteoblast-mediated bone formation, and enhanced bone marrow fat accumulation. Bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts derived from these mice showed impaired osteoblastogenesis and enhanced adipogenesis. Increased extracellular matrix stiffness and application of mechanical stretch to multipotent mesenchymal cells stimulated the nuclear translocation of the PC1 C-terminal tail/TAZ (PC1-CTT/TAZ) complex, leading to increased runt-related transcription factor 2–mediated (Runx2-mediated) osteogenic and decreased PPAR&ggr;-dependent adipogenic gene expression. Using structure-based virtual screening, we identified a compound predicted to bind to PC2 in the PC1:PC2 C-terminal tail region with helix:helix interaction. This molecule stimulated polycystin- and TAZ-dependent osteoblastogenesis and inhibited adipogenesis. Thus, we show that polycystins and TAZ integrate at the molecular level to reciprocally regulate osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation, indicating that the polycystins/TAZ complex may be a potential therapeutic target to increase bone mass.
Tumour growth rate of follicular thyroid carcinoma is not different from that of follicular adenoma

Distinguishing malignancy from benign thyroid nodule has always been challenging, especially in follicular lesions. Thyroid nodules with small size and indeterminate cytology do not lead to immediate surgery. We tried to evaluate whether tumour size and tumour growth rate can distinguish follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) from follicular adenoma (FA).
Effects of carbon nanofiber on physiology of Drosophila

As nanomaterials are now widely utilized in a wide range of fields for both medical and industrial applications, concerns over their potential toxicity to human health and the environment have increased. To evaluate the toxicity of long-term exposure to carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in an in vivo system, we selected Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. Oral administration of CNFs at a concentration of 1,000 μg/mL had adverse effects on fly physiology. Long-term administration of a high dose of CNFs (1,000 μg/mL) reduced larval viability based on the pupa:egg ratio, adult fly lifespan, reproductive activity, climbing activity, and survival rate in response to starvation stress. However, CNFs at a low concentration (100 μg/mL) did not show any significant deleterious effect on developmental rate or fecundity. Furthermore, long-term administration of a low dose of CNFs (100 μg/mL) increased lifespan and climbing ability, coincident with mild reactive oxygen species generation and stimulation of the antioxidant system. Taken together, our data suggest that a high dose of CNFs has obvious physiological toxicity, whereas low-dose chronic exposure to CNFs can actually have beneficial effects via stimulation of the antioxidant defense system.
Dietary consumption of advanced glycation end products and pancreatic cancer in the prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.

BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of compounds present in uncooked foods as well as in foods cooked at high temperatures. AGEs have been associated with insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation in patients with diabetes. Dietary AGEs are an important contributor to the AGE pool in the body. N(ϵ)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) AGE is one of the major biologically and chemically well-characterized AGE markers. The consumption of red meat, which is CML-AGE rich, has been positively associated with pancreatic cancer in men. OBJECTIVES With the use of a published food CML-AGE database, we estimated the consumption of CML AGE in the prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study and evaluated the association between CML-AGE consumption and pancreatic cancer and the mediating effect of CML AGE on the association between red meat consumption and pancreatic cancer. DESIGN Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for pancreatic cancer. RESULTS During an average of 10.5 y of follow-up, we identified 2193 pancreatic cancer cases (1407 men and 786 women) from 528,251 subjects. With the comparison of subjects in the fifth and the first quintiles of CML-AGE consumption, we observed increased pancreatic cancer risk in men (HR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.93, P-trend = 0.003) but not women (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.72, P-trend = 0.42). Men in the highest quintile of red meat consumption had higher risk of pancreatic cancer (HR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.70), which attenuated after adjustment for CML-AGE consumption (HR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.53). CONCLUSION Dietary CML-AGE consumption was associated with modestly increased risk of pancreatic cancer in men and may partially explain the positive association between red meat and pancreatic cancer.