Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Intercomparison of Formaldehyde Measurements at the Atmosphere Simulation Chamber Saphir

The atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR at the Research Centre Jülich was used to test the suitability of state-of-the-art analytical instruments for the measurement of gas-phase formaldehyde (HCHO) in air. Five analyzers based on four different sensing principles were deployed: a differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS), cartridges for 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatiza-tion followed by off-line high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, two different types of commercially available wet chemical sensors based on Hantzsch fluorime-try, and a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). A new optimized mode of operation was used for the PTR-MS instrument which significantly enhanced its performance for online HCHO detection at low absolute humidi-ties. The instruments were challenged with typical ambient levels of HCHO ranging from zero to several ppb. Synthetic air of high purity and particulate-filtered ambient air were used as sample matrices in the atmosphere simulation chamber onto which HCHO was spiked under varying levels of humidity and ozone. Measurements were compared to mixing ratios calculated from the chamber volume and the known amount of HCHO injected into the chamber; measurements were also compared between the different instruments. The formal and blind intercomparison exercise was conducted under the control of an independent referee. A number of analytical problems associated with the experimental setup and with individual instruments were identified, the overall agreement between the methods was fair.
Participatory Development in the Presence of Endogenous Community Imperfections

The participatory or decentralised approach to development is now favoured by most bilateral and multilateral aid organisations. At the root of this approach lies the belief that rural communities can be an effective channel of development if they receive a genuine delegation of powers and responsibilities. This article argues that there unfortunately exists a widespread tendency to downplay the community imperfections that plague many rural societies while simultaneously stressing market and state failures. In fact, such imperfections, as illustrated in the case of lineage-based societies of Africa, increase as development proceeds by way of expanding economic opportunities, growing resource scarcity, as well as rising aspiration and education levels. Under these circumstances, any early implementation of the approach runs a high risk of causing considerable disillusionment, as well as undue appropriation, by local elites operating within a logic of patronage, of the resources channelled through rural communities in this way.
‘A miracle. Madonna!’: Irony in the representation of Alitalia’s privatization by the Italian, British and American press

This article focuses on irony in the representation of the privatization of the Italian airline, Alitalia, in the Italian, British and American press. We rely on a previous study (Fusari, 2010, 2011a) of the metaphors found in three electronic corpora containing all the articles published on this event by Repubblica and Corriere della Sera in Italian, The Guardian, The Times and the Financial Times in British English, and The New York Times and the Washington Post in American English, during the six months (August 2008–January 2009) that led to Alitalia’s acquisition by Compagnia Aerea Italiana (CAI), a private consortium of Italian investors. The analysis also focuses on the Italian translation of a Financial Times article which appeared in Corriere della Sera. Through the use of undertranslation, which involves the elimination of a crucial metonymy, the criticism of the Financial Times’s irony is considerably reduced in Italian.
Does Fibrin Sealant Reduce Drain Output and Allow Earlier Removal of Drainage Catheters in Women Undergoing Operation for Breast Cancer?

Serosanguinous drainage after mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection has traditionally been treated with the temporary use of closed suction drainage catheters. Use of drainage catheters is associated with wound infection, discomfort, nerve injury, and impaired arm movement. Commercially produced fibrin sealant has been proposed to reduce postoperative serosanguinous collections. We hypothesized that the intraoperative application of low-dose (2–5 cm3) fibrin sealant would reduce serosanguinous drainage and allow earlier removal of closed suction drainage catheters after operation for breast cancer. Fifty-five women with known breast cancer underwent either total mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, or isolated level I and II axillary lymph node dissection. Twenty-six patients were treated with fibrin sealant and 29 served as control subjects. The application of fibrin sealant resulted in a significant reduction in overall duration catheters were needed (7 vs 8.3 days; P = 0.05). More importantly fibrin sealant reduced the time until 24-hour drain output was less than 30 cm3 (4.9 vs 6.2 days). Additionally fibrin sealant application resulted in a 60 per cent reduction in overall drainage amount after total mastectomy and a 32 per cent reduction after modified radical mastectomy. The application of fibrin sealant after axillary lymph node dissection did not decrease overall drainage amount. In conclusion fibrin sealant reduces serosanguinous drainage after total mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy and may allow earlier removal of closed suction drainage catheters.
A Population of In Vivo Anergized T Cells with a Lower Activation Threshold for the Induction of CD25 Exhibit Differential Requirements in Mobilization of Intracellular Calcium and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation1

Chronic exposure of mature T cells with specificity for self-Ags can lead to the induction of a nonfunctional state which is referred to as T cell anergy. It is unclear whether anergic T cells are destined for cell death and thereby harmless or whether they can contribute to the induction of autoimmunity and/or regulation of anti-self reactivity. We have begun to address this issue. In a recent study, we showed that a population of mature CD4−CD8− T cells that express a transgenic TCR specific for the Ld MHC class I molecule are rendered anergic in Ld-expressing mice. In this study, we show that this population of anergic T cells possess a lower activation threshold for the induction of CD25 and CD69 in response to stimulation by antigenic ligands. Furthermore, these anergic T cells undergo extensive proliferation when stimulated with a low-affinity ligand in the presence of an exogenous source of IL-2. Biochemical analysis of the early intracellular signaling events of these in vivo anergized T cells showed that they have a signaling defect at the level of ZAP-70 and linker for the activation of T cell (LAT) phosphorylation. They also exhibit a defect in mobilization of intracellular calcium in response to TCR signaling. However, these anergic T cells demonstrate no defect in SLP-76 phosphorylation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation. These biochemical characteristics of the anergic T cells were associated with an elevated level of Fyn, but not Lck expression. The potential contributions of these anergic T cells in the induction and/or regulation of autoimmune responses are discussed.
A SVM approach for lightpath QoT estimation in optical transport networks

A novel quality of transmission (QoT) estimator based on support vector machines (SVM) is proposed for classifying optical connections (lightpaths) into high or low quality categories in impairment-aware wavelength-routed optical networks (WRONs). The performance of the SVM-based estimator is evaluated in a long haul communications network and compared to previous semi-analytical and cognitive proposals. Results show that the SVM approach significantly reduces the necessary computing time to estimate the QoT of a given lightpath, critical aspect of design in these networks, and even slightly improves accuracy.
IHS Criteria and Gender: A Study on Migraine and Tension-Type Headache in Children and Adolescents

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the IHS criteria for migraine and tension-type headache depend on gender. Among 409 children and adolescents with recurrent idiopathic headache seen at a university outpatient clinic, girls had significantly more often migraine with aura. Also, there was a trend towards a higher frequency of tension-type headache in girls. In migraine, aggravation of headache by physical activity and occurrence of aura symptoms were more common in females, whereas vomiting and phonophobia occurred more often in males. In tension-type headache, females more often reported mild intensity of headache. All other criteria were similar in both sexes. Age influenced the expression of some of the accompanying symptoms in the various types of migraine, but had only minimal influence on other diagnostic criteria of migraine and tension-type headache in females as well as in males. Our study suggests that the frequency of migraine (except that of migraine with aura) is similar among girls and boys, that tension-type headache may occur more often in girls, and that gender has some influence on the IHS criteria for migraine, but almost no influence on those of tension-type headache.
Teen Dating Violence: A Meta-Analytic Review of Prevalence Rates

Objective: The goals of the present review were to determine the prevalence of physical and sexual TDV among adolescents, obtain the rates of teen dating violence (TDV) separately by gender, and examine the potential moderation effects of age, demographics, and measurement. Method: A systematic literature search elicited 101 studies reporting rates for youth aged 13 to 18. Results: Meta-analytic combination produced an overall prevalence of 20% for physical TDV and 9% for sexual TDV. Significant variability in rates was found, with physical TDV ranging from 1% to 61% and sexual TDV ranging from <1% to 54%. Gender differences in physical TDV were significant for perpetration (boys 13% vs. girls 25%) but not for victimization (21% boys and girls). A different pattern was observed for sexual TDV with girls reporting lower rates of perpetration compared with boys (3% vs. 10%) and higher rates of victimization (14% vs. 8%). Moderator analyses revealed higher rates in samples representing higher proportions of older teens (sexual TDV), cultural minority girls (physical TDV), and disadvantaged neighborhoods (physical TDV). Studies using broad measurement tools yielded higher rates of both forms of TDV across gender. Conclusions: Basing the meta-analysis on a large pool of studies with comparable samples, 1 in 5 adolescents reported physical TDV and roughly 1 in 10 reported sexual TDV. Systematic bias in boys’ and girls’ self-reports was evident along with high variability in TDV rates across studies and significant moderator influences. These findings are suggestive of substantive methodological challenges in extant studies. The obtained rates should be cautiously interpreted and future research should address the methodological limitations of self-reported TDV, taking into consideration the potential influences of gender, demographics, age, and measurement issues when designing TDV research.
Medicines information needs during pregnancy: a multinational comparison

Objectives The aim was to assess the perceived needs of medicines information and information sources for pregnant women in various countries. Design Cross-sectional internet-based study. Setting Multinational. Participants Pregnant women and women with children less than 25 weeks. Primary and secondary outcome measures The need for information about medicines was assessed by a question: ‘Did you need information about medicines during the course of your pregnancy? ’ A list of commonly used sources of information was given to explore those that are used. Results Altogether, 7092 eligible women responded to the survey (5090 pregnant women and 2002 women with a child less than 25 weeks). Of the respondents, 57% (n=4054, range between different countries 46–77%) indicated a need for information about medicines during their pregnancy. On average, respondents used three different information sources. The most commonly used information sources were healthcare professionals—physicians (73%), pharmacy personnel (46%) and midwifes or nurses (33%)—and the internet (60%). There were distinct differences in the information needs and information sources used in different countries. Conclusions A large proportion of pregnant women have perceived information needs about medicines during pregnancy, and they rely on healthcare professionals. The internet is also a widely used information source. Further studies are needed to evaluate the use of the internet as a medicines information source by pregnant women.
An Anatomical Substrate for Integration among Functional Networks in Human Cortex

The human brain shows several characteristics of an efficient communication network architecture, including short communication paths and the existence of modules interlinked by a small set of highly connected regions. Studies of structural networks comprising macroscopic white matter projections have shown that these putative hubs are densely interconnected, giving rise to a spatially distributed and topologically central collective called the “rich club. ” In parallel, studies of intrinsic brain activity have consistently revealed distinct functional communities or resting-state networks (RSNs), indicative of specialized processing and segregation of neuronal information. However, the pattern of structural connectivity interconnecting these functional RSNs and how such inter-RSN structural connections might bring about functional integration between RSNs remain largely unknown. Combining high-resolution diffusion weighted imaging with resting-state fMRI, we present novel evidence suggesting that the rich club structure plays a central role in cross-linking macroscopic RSNs of the human brain. Rich club hub nodes were present in all functional networks, accounted for a large proportion of “connector nodes,” and were found to coincide with regions in which multiple networks overlap. In addition, a large proportion of all inter-RSN connections were found to involve rich club nodes, and these connections participated in a disproportionate number of communication paths linking nodes in different RSNs. Our findings suggest that the brain's rich club serves as a macroscopic anatomical substrate to cross-link functional networks and thus plays an important role in the integration of information between segregated functional domains of the human cortex.
iii Cues for cancer stem cells origin Copyright

differentiation towards nerve cell lineages. ABSTRACT Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPC) can differentiate into neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system. Interestingly, NSPC biology is being applied to the study of human brain tumours, since these cells share some common features with glioma cells. However, it is not known the developmental stage with more similarities to glioma cells, or the most susceptible to malignant transformation. We aimed to identify the stage(s) in the NSPC differentiation process towards astrocytes where cells acquire phenotype characteristics comparable to glioma cells. NSPC that were obtained from E15 mouse brain, were grew as neurospheres (NS) and induced to astroglial differentiation until 7 days in vitro (DIV). After the cellular characterization of NS and differentiating cells, tumour-related factors were evaluated and their behavior compared to the one of GL261 mouse glioma cells. Astroglial differentiation led to a decrease in progenitor cells, as expected. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 expression decreased and autophagy marker increased with differentiation. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases and S100B protein increased until 2/3 DIV, while the 1 DIV cells showed the highest migratory potential towards the chemotactic VEGF or GL261-conditioned media. Comparison of data with glioma cells characteristics point to the first and second days of NSPC differentiation to astrocytes as the stages closing matching GL261 cells, and likely the most vulnerable to malignancy transformation. próximos das células de glioma, e por consequente, mais vulneráveis a transformação maligna.
Influenced but unaware: social influence on alcohol drinking among social acquaintances.

BACKGROUND Drinking partners may be influenced by each other's alcohol consumption. However, these effects have only been shown in artificially created social pairings and typically among same-sex young adults. Here, we test whether similarly strong influence effects occur among "real" pairs of social acquaintances (friends and partners) and whether people are aware of this influence on their alcohol consumption. METHODS Forty-six pairs of social acquaintances aged between 19 and 60 years old participated in a between-subjects experiment, in a semi-naturalistic bar laboratory setting. One member of each pair (the confederate) was randomly selected and asked to consume only alcoholic (alcohol condition) or soft drinks (nonalcohol condition), while the pair completed a game together in a bar setting. The other participant (naïve) was unaware of these drinking instructions. Postconsumption, we measured the extent to which naïve participants believed that their partner had influenced their own drinking behavior. RESULTS A large effect of condition on alcohol consumption was observed, χ² (2) = 15.8, p < 0.001, Cramer's V = 0.59, whereby the number of alcoholic drinks selected by naïve participants in the alcohol confederate condition was significantly greater than in the nonalcohol confederate condition. The majority of naïve participants (81%) also tended to be unaware that their partner had influenced their alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Social acquaintances are influenced by each other's alcohol consumption and may not be aware of this influence on their behavior.
Stability Analysis for a Class of Networked/Embedded Control Systems: Output Feedback Case

Abstract Motivated by the widespread use of networked and embedded control systems, an algorithm for stability analysis is proposed for sampled-data feedback control systems with uncertainly time-varying sampling intervals. The output feedback case with a dynamic compensator is considered. The algorithm is based on the robustness of related discrete-time systems against perturbation caused by the variation of sampling intervals. The validity of the algorithm is demonstrated by numerical examples.
Asset Pricing with Learning about Disaster Risk { Preliminary and Incomplete {

This paper studies asset pricing in an endowment economy with rare disasters. Existing literature on rare disaster models generally assumes complete information about disasters. This literature is able to match a large range of asset pricing moments but can only generate time-varying risk premia under the assumption of exogenous variation in disaster probability. We extend this literature to allow for two sources of uncertainty about a rare disaster: (1) the lack of historical data for a rare disaster results in unknown parameters of the disaster process; (2) the occurrence of a rare disaster takes time to unfold and is thus unobservable directly. We show that when agents employ Bayesian learning rules, learning endogenously introduces time-varying risk premia: Time variation of beliefs generates time variation in returns and the model can hence better explain large stock market movements during recessions even in the absence of disasters. Feeding U.S. consumption data of the 20th century into the model shows that the model improves signicantly on matching equity returns relative to a model without learning and illustrates how the disaster belief varies over time. The framework allows us to reconcile the widely held belief during the recent nancial crisis that the economy might be at the onset of another great depression.
Interploidy hybridization in sympatric zones: the formation of Epidendrum fulgens × E. puniceoluteum hybrids (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)

Interspecific hybridization is a primary cause of extensive morphological and chromosomal variation and plays an important role in plant species diversification. However, the role of interploidal hybridization in the formation of hybrid swarms is less clear. Epidendrum encompasses wide variation in chromosome number and lacks strong premating barriers, making the genus a good model for clarifying the role of chromosomes in postzygotic barriers in interploidal hybrids. In this sense, hybrids from the interploidal sympatric zone between E. fulgens (2n = 2x = 24) and E. puniceoluteum (2n = 4x = 56) were analyzed using cytogenetic techniques to elucidate the formation and establishment of interploidal hybrids. Hybrids were not a uniform group: two chromosome numbers were observed, with the variation being a consequence of severe hybrid meiotic abnormalities and backcrossing with E. puniceoluteum. The hybrids were triploids (2n = 3x = 38 and 40) and despite the occurrence of enormous meiotic problems associated with triploidy, the hybrids were able to backcross, producing successful hybrid individuals with broad ecological distributions. In spite of the nonpolyploidization of the hybrid, its formation is a long-term evolutionary process rather than a product of a recent disturbance, and considering other sympatric zones in Epidendrum, these events could be recurrent.
Signed social networks: Link prediction and overlapping community detection

In this paper, we propose a new two-phase approach for finding overlapping communities in signed social networks. Moreover, we evaluate the importance of three node classes: extra, overlapping and intra. Results indicate that the overlapping nodes can competitively predict signs in comparison to intra and extra nodes. Finally, we propose extended frustration as a measure to evaluate errors for fuzzy community detection algorithms in signed social networks.
An aperiodic set of 11 Wang tiles

A [Wang tile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_tile) is a square tile such that each of its edges is colored. The plane can be _tiled_ with a set of Wang tiles if tiles contained in the set can be placed in the plane without rotations and reflections such that the whole plane is covered and the colors of their edges match at adjacent tiles. Wang tiles were introduced by [Wang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hao_Wang_(academic)) in 1961 to study decidability in mathematical logic, and they are also of relevance to other areas of theoretical computer science. Wang conjectured that if the plane can be tiled with a set of Wang tiles, then it can be tiled in a periodic way. This was refuted by [Berger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Berger_(mathematician)) in 1966 who described how a Turing machine computation can be emulated by Wang tilings and constructed a set of 104 Wang tiles for which the plane can be tiled with the set but only aperiodically. In the first volume of [The Art of Computer Programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming), Knuth presented a simplified version of Berger's set with 92 Wang tiles. Smaller sets of Wang tiles that tile the plane only aperiodically were subsequently constructed with the smallest set containing 13 Wang tiles, found by Culik II in 1996. The authors construct a set of 11 Wang tiles with edges colored with four colors such that the plane can be tiled with the set but each tiling is aperiodic. Moreover, they establish that there is no set of at most 10 Wang tiles with this property. The number of colors is also the best possible as it is known that every set of Wang tiles with edges colored with at most three colors either can tile the plane periodically or cannot tile the plane at all.