Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the clinical effectiveness of bipolar compared with monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

To compare monopolar and bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for clinical effectiveness and adverse events. We conducted an electronic search of MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, Science Citation Index, and also searched reference lists of articles and abstracts from conference proceedings for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing monopolar and bipolar TURP. Two reviewers independently undertook data extraction and assessed the risk of bias in the included trials using the tool recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. From the 949 abstracts that were identified, 94 full texts were assessed for eligibility and a total of 24 trials were included in the review. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) or health‐related quality of life (HRQL) score. Results for maximum urinary flow rate were significant at 3, 6 and 12 months (all P < 0.001), but no clinically significant differences were found and the meta‐analysis showed evidence of heterogeneity Bipolar TURP was associated with fewer adverse events including transurethral resection syndrome (risk ratio [RR] 0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05–0.31, P < 0.001), clot retention (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.30–0.77, P = 0.002) and blood transfusion (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.35–0.82, P = 0.004) Several major methodological limitations were identified in the included trials; 22/24 trials had a short follow‐up of ≤1 year, there was no evidence of a sample size calculation in 20/24 trials and the application of GRADE showed the evidence for most of the assessed outcomes to be of moderate quality, including all those in which statistical differences were found. Whilst there is no overall difference between monopolar and bipolar TURP for clinical effectiveness, bipolar TURP is associated with fewer adverse events and therefore has a superior safety profile. Various methodological limitations were highlighted in the included trials and as such the results of this review should be interpreted with caution. There is a need for further well‐conducted, multicentre RCTs with long‐term follow‐up data.
Perspectives on the Legal Order: The Capacity for Social Control

This research focuses on the size of municipal crime-control bureaucracies-police departments. The consensus perspectives assumes that the legal order reflects social consensus and that the size of crime control bureaucracies is a response to reported infractions of that order (reported crime rates). The conflict perspectives assumes that the legal order reflects the interests of the powerful and that the size of crime-control bureaucracies is a response to perceived threats to such interests. Work by Turk and Blauner suggests that the size of crime-control bureaucracies reflects the relative size of groups dissimilar to authorities and the extent to which such groups are segregated. The above perspectives are tested for 109 U.S. municipal police departments from 1950 to 1972. Empirical support for the conflict perspective is strongest (1) in the South and (2) after the civil disorders of the 1960s.
Beyond Rational Decision-Making: Modelling the Influence of Cognitive Biases on the Dynamics of Vaccination Coverage

Background Theoretical studies predict that it is not possible to eradicate a disease under voluntary vaccination because of the emergence of non-vaccinating “free-riders” when vaccination coverage increases. A central tenet of this approach is that human behaviour follows an economic model of rational choice. Yet, empirical studies reveal that vaccination decisions do not necessarily maximize individual self-interest. Here we investigate the dynamics of vaccination coverage using an approach that dispenses with payoff maximization and assumes that risk perception results from the interaction between epidemiology and cognitive biases. Methods We consider a behaviour-incidence model in which individuals perceive actual epidemiological risks as a function of their opinion of vaccination. As a result of confirmation bias, sceptical individuals (negative opinion) overestimate infection cost while pro-vaccines individuals (positive opinion) overestimate vaccination cost. We considered a feedback between individuals and their environment as individuals could change their opinion, and thus the way they perceive risks, as a function of both the epidemiology and the most common opinion in the population. Results For all parameter values investigated, the infection is never eradicated under voluntary vaccination. For moderately contagious diseases, oscillations in vaccination coverage emerge because individuals process epidemiological information differently depending on their opinion. Conformism does not generate oscillations but slows down the cultural response to epidemiological change. Conclusion Failure to eradicate vaccine preventable disease emerges from the model because of cognitive biases that maintain heterogeneity in how people perceive risks. Thus, assumptions of economic rationality and payoff maximization are not mandatory for predicting commonly observed dynamics of vaccination coverage. This model shows that alternative notions of rationality, such as that of ecological rationality whereby individuals use simple cognitive heuristics, offer promising new avenues for modelling vaccination behaviour.
Delayed educational pathways and risk of social exclusion: the case of young people from public care in Spain

It is assumed that education may be one of the key aspects in preventing social exclusion and that children in both residential and family foster care would seem to be at risk of exclusion due to unequal opportunities in compulsory and post-compulsory education, particularly when leaving care. On the basis of findings from a European research project, this article examines the educational pathways in Spain among 18–22 year olds who were in care at 16. The qualitative results presented here were taken from initial and follow-up interviews with young people from a public care background, interviews with care managers and nominated adults—mainly social educators. Results showed that delays in educational pathways were frequent among these young people, even those who showed educational promise and were highly motivated. Factors associated with such delays were related to (1) professionals and managers in the child protection system not prioritising their education; (2) low expectations among adults providing them with support; (3) invisibility within the educational system of the specific support needs of this population and (4) additional difficulties this population encounters in the transition to adulthood. If policies are to be developed to address all of the above factors, it is crucial to assess what urgent changes are required to empower the potential human and social capital of this population, increase equality in their educational opportunities and reduce their high risk of social exclusion.
A HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF LEISURE CONSTRAINTS

Abstract The purpose of this article is to modify a conceptualization of leisure constraints offered by Crawford and Godbey (1987). It is suggested that Crawford and Godbey's three discrete models of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints should be recast as a single integrated model in which leisure participants are viewed as having negotiated a sequential, hierarchical series of constraints levels. Three propositions about the nature, operation, and sources of constraints are derived from this model. We further demonstrate how such a process might apply not only to leisure participation and nonparticipation, but also to the understanding of how constraints affect choices (e.g., specialization) among people who are already participating.
Cross-lingual Transfer Parsing for Low-Resourced Languages: An Irish Case Study

We present a study of cross-lingual direct transfer parsing for the Irish language. Firstly we discuss mapping of the annotation scheme of the Irish Dependency Treebank to a universal dependency scheme. We explain our dependency label mapping choices and the structural changes required in the Irish Dependency Treebank. We then experiment with the universally annotated treebanks of ten languages from four language family groups to assess which languages are the most useful for cross-lingual parsing of Irish by using these treebanks to train delexicalised parsing models which are then applied to sentences from the Irish Dependency Treebank. The best results are achieved when using Indonesian, a language from the Austronesian language family.
A Child Killer and Interwar Penal Policy Tensions

This article explores interwar penal policy tensions through a case study of Harold Jones, a sexually sadistic double child‐killer. Reports by two reforming Prison Commissioners of that period – Alexander Paterson and Dr W. Norwood East – are used to develop the case study. Their different approaches to understanding Jones's offences reflect their conflicting views on the aetiology of crime, the purpose of imprisonment and how to address offending behaviour. This shaped the extent to which they were prepared to act as an advocate for Jones and whether or not he should be released. It also influenced their views on the operational management of prisons and brought them into conflict with other administrators, managers and commentators of that period, as the prison service moved slowly out of its Victorian origins and responded to the demands of the times.
Effect of a spacer on pulmonary aerosol deposition from a jet nebuliser during mechanical ventilation.

BACKGROUND--Several factors have been identified which improve nebulised aerosol delivery in vitro. One of these is the addition of a spacer to the ventilator circuit which improves aerosol delivery from a jet nebuliser to a model lung by approximately 30%. The current study was designed to demonstrate whether similar improvements could be demonstrated in vivo. METHODS--Ten patients (seven men) were studied during mechanical ventilation (Siemens Servo 900C) after open heart surgery. Aerosol was delivered using a Siemens Servo 945 nebuliser system (high setting) driving a System 22 Acorn jet nebuliser (Medic-Aid) containing 3 ml technetium-99m labelled human serum albumin (99mTc-HSA (50 micrograms); activity in the first nebulisation, 90 MBq; in the second nebulisation, 185 MBq). Central and peripheral lung aerosol deposition and the time to complete deposition were measured using a gamma camera and compared when the nebuliser was connected to the inspiratory limb using a simple T-piece or a 600 ml spacer. RESULTS--The addition of the spacer increased total lung deposition (mean (SD) percentage initial nebuliser activity) from 2.2 (0.7)% to 3 (0.8)%. There was no difference in the time required to complete nebulisation (18.2 min v 18.3 min respectively for T-piece and spacer) or in the retention of activity in the nebuliser (46.2% v 47.1% respectively). CONCLUSIONS--The combination of a spacer with a jet nebuliser increased lung deposition by 36% in mechanically ventilated patients and is a simple way of increasing drug deposition or reducing the amount of an expensive drug required for nebulisation.
Vanguardia mujerista haciendo escuela: An oral history of Cuban feminism

Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib. jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the Cultural History Commons, Latin American History Commons, Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, Latina/o Studies Commons, Oral History Commons, Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Political History Commons, Rhetoric Commons, Women's History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons
A Factor Analysis of the Counselor Evaluation Rating Scale

This study was conducted in order to add to the empirical data available on the Counselor Evaluation Rating Scale (CERS). Ratings on 404 students from approximately 35 different supervisors were factor-analyzed using an oblique solution with rotation to simple loadings. Six primary factors were found: general counseling performance (I), professional attitude (II), counseling behavior (III), counseling knowledge (IV), supervision attitude (V), and supervision behavior (VI). A subsequent analysis yielded two second-order factors; the first was composed of primary factors I, III, IV and the second of primary factors II, V, VI, which closely approximated the original counseling and supervision scales of the CERS. It was concluded that the CERS has generally achieved the purposes intended by its authors. Suggestions for minor changes in item-scale designations are provided.
Directors' Stock Ownership and Organizational Performance: An Investigation of Fortune 500 Companies

Advocates in favor of boardroom reform have often suggested that when personalfinancial risk is involved, directors will take a more active role in organizational decision-making, and this, in turn, will lead to increased organizationalperformance. Although intuitively appealing, the notion offinancial dependence by board members has never before been empirically tested. This study examines the relationship between a director's stockholdings andfirm performance using a sample of 250 of the Fortune 500 companies. The financial dependence perspective is supported in part by the research findings.
Exploiting Parallelism for Access Conflict Minimization in Flash-Based Solid State Drives

Solid state drives (SSDs) have been widely deployed in personal computers, data centers, and cloud storages. In order to improve performance, SSDs are usually constructed with a number of channels with each channel connecting to a number of nand flash chips, each flash chip consisting of multiple dies and each die containing multiple planes. Based on this parallel architecture, I/O requests are potentially able to access parallel units simultaneously. Despite the rich parallelism offered by the parallel architecture, recent studies show that the utilization of flash parallel units is seriously low. This paper shows that the low parallel unit utilization is highly caused by the access conflict among I/O requests. In this paper, we propose parallel issue queueing (PIQ), a novel I/O scheduler at the host systems. PIQ groups I/O requests without conflicts into the same batch and I/O requests with conflicts into different batches. Hence, the multiple I/O requests in one batch can be fulfilled simultaneously by exploiting the rich parallelism of SSDs. Extensive experimental results show that PIQ delivers significant performance improvement especially for the applications which have heavy access conflicts.
Theoretical and legal issues related to choice blindness for voices

Purpose. To examine whether choice blindness occurs for auditory stimuli, namely voices. Methods. One hundred participants listened to three pairs of voices and had to decide each time which one they found more sympathetic or sounded more criminal. After they made a choice, participants were presented with the chosen voice again and had to match it to a face. However, during the second trial, participants were actually presented with the voice they had previously not chosen. Results. Only 19% of the participants detected this change concurrently, an additional 10% detected it retrospectively. This indicates that choice blindness transfers to auditory stimuli. Whether participants had previously evaluated sympathy or criminality of the voices had no effect on choice blindness. Conclusions. The study shows that choice blindness is a robust phenomenon that can also be elicited when auditory stimuli are employed. Implications for earwitness testimony and expert witnesses in the context of forensic speech analysis are discussed.
A comparison of the SACH and single axis foot in the gait of unilateral below-knee amputees

The gait patterns of unilateral below-knee amputees wearing prostheses with either a SACH foot or a single axis foot were compared. A temporary below-knee prosthesis was fabricated for each subject using plaster of Paris and Plastazote for the socket, a pylon and an artificial foot. Eight subjects were filmed at two separate sessions, one in which the SACH foot was worn on their prosthesis and one with the single axis foot on their prosthesis. Measurements of the normal leg with a SACH foot on the prosthetic limb were compared to measurements of the normal leg with a single axis foot on the prosthesis. Measurements of the prosthetic leg with both devices were also compared. A one tailed t test (p<.05) was used to determine statistical significance of the results obtained in six measurements of lower limb joint angles and on the percentage of the time of gait cycle for stance and swing phase of the prosthetic leg. Discussion centres on the interpretation of the results from both statistical and clinical points of view. Major differences (excepting the ankle at foot-flat) between the prosthetic devices were not found.
Protein names precisely peeled off free text

MOTIVATION Automatically identifying protein names from the scientific literature is a pre-requisite for the increasing demand in data-mining this wealth of information. Existing approaches are based on dictionaries, rules and machine-learning. Here, we introduced a novel system that combines a pre-processing dictionary- and rule-based filtering step with several separately trained support vector machines (SVMs) to identify protein names in the MEDLINE abstracts. RESULTS Our new tagging-system NLProt is capable of extracting protein names with a precision (accuracy) of 75% at a recall (coverage) of 76% after training on a corpus, which was used before by other groups and contains 200 annotated abstracts. For our estimate of sustained performance, we considered partially identified names as false positives. One important issue frequently ignored in the literature is the redundancy in evaluation sets. We suggested some guidelines for removing overly inadequate overlaps between training and testing sets. Applying these new guidelines, our program appeared to significantly out-perform other methods tagging protein names. NLProt was so successful due to the SVM-building blocks that succeeded in utilizing the local context of protein names in the scientific literature. We challenge that our system may constitute the most general and precise method for tagging protein names. AVAILABILITY http://cubic.bioc. columbia.edu/services/nlprot/
The Sharing Dilemma: Joining Cooperative Groups and Sharing Resources as a Means of Coping with Environmental Risk

The “social insurance” hypothesis posits that individuals join cooperative groups and share resources in order to reduce environmental risk. Despite its significance for explaining cooperative groups' formation, in small-scale and in developing societies, the hypothesis has been subjected to little experimental testing. The present research is designed to examine the relative weight of the motivation for social insurance compared with other psychological motivations for sharing risk. We conducted two studies to test the tendency to share risk under different risk conditions and for groups of different sizes. A third experiment extends the risk-sharing research to situations involving losses instead of gains. The findings of the first two studies lend strong support to the risk-sharing hypothesis in the gain domain. For the loss domain, the results of the third experiment demonstrate an intriguing shift from strong reluctance to join groups under lower risk, to ubiquitous readiness to join groups under higher risk. We discuss these results in light of prospect theory and decisions from experience.
Effects of different factors on dairy calves behaviour.

The purpose of this study was to study the effects of age, sex, and father on behaviour of calves. The study included 40 dairy calves kept in group housing. Maintenance behaviours were conducted at the age of 90, 130 and 170 days. The social behaviour was determined during 1 h feeding on access to limited amounts of feed during three consecutive days in 155 th day of the age. Maintenance activities were significantly increasing with the age. Calves spent lying on the left side and ruminating while lying on the left side longer time. The most periods of total lying, lying on the left side, and lying on the right side were found at the age of 130 days. Period number was increasing within ages in ruminating while on the left and right sides, ruminating while lying, and total ruminating. Father lineage was significantly manifested in times of total standing, total eating, number eating and lying periods. No significant differences were found between males and females behaviour, and among fathers in social index.
Lexical and sublexical translation of spelling to sound : Strategic anticipation of lexical status

Two experiments on oral reading of single words compared naming performance in pure blocks of nonwords or exception words with performance in blocks of randomly mixed nonwords and exception words. Ss named exception words faster and made fewer regularization errors when they were not also prepared for nonwords. These data suggest Ss inhibit or ignore the computation of assembled phonology when only exception words are expected. Ss named nonwords faster, but no more accurately, when low-frequency exception words were not also anticipated. Thus, Ss' readiness to execute assembled phonology appears to be adjusted in relation to the likely time course of retrieval of learned pronunciations, when the latter must be attended to
Near-optimal max-affine estimators for convex regression

This paper considers least squares estimators for regression problems over convex, uniformly bounded, uniformly Lipschitz function classes minimizing the empirical risk over max-affine functions (the maximum of finitely many affine functions). Based on new results on nonlinear nonparametric regression and on the approximation accuracy of maxaffine functions, these estimators are proved to achieve the optimal rate of convergence up to logarithmic factors. Preliminary experiments indicate that a simple randomized approximation to the optimal estimator is competitive with state-of-the-art alternatives.
The Life Space: A Framework and Method to Describe the Individual's External Traits

A revised measure of the Life Space with a large sample (N = 1021) of university undergraduates was developed. The Life Space divides the external environment into four domains, which broadly encompass a person's bio-logical foundations, owned possessions, daily interactions and activities, and group memberships. Factor analysis of over 1000 items divided among each domain resulted in 96 factor-based scales that provided a rich description of college students' personal surroundings and everyday behavior. A 2nd-order factor analysis of the primary scales resulted in seven global dimensions that replicate and expand upon prior research in the area: Positive and Social Orientation, Sports Orientation, Drug Culture Environment, Music and Arts Achievement, Media Consumer, Negative and Unhealthy Lifestyle, and Intellectual Pursuits. The Life Space scales also were examined for gender differences and associations with social desirability response bias. The discussion focuses on the value of a more detailed and comprehensive approach to studying personality within the context of the external systems that surround the person.