Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Examination of Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Study of Dimensions and Outcomes in Indian Context

This study examined the outcome of transformational and transactional leadership in the Indian context. Using data from a sample of 285 managers from a large private sector organization, the study examined: (i) the dimensionality of transformational and transactional leadership; (ii) the role of these leadership variables in explaining the select outcome variables in the Indian context. Transformational leadership and the five dimensions of it were positively related to extra effort of the follower, effectiveness of leader rated by follower, follower satisfaction with leader, organizational commitment of the follower, and negative relationship with turnover intention (intention to quit) of follower. The results of the study supported the hypotheses generated based on the review of the literature. The results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that when the transformational leadership was added as predictor to the transactional leadership, significant proportions of additional variance were accounted for in three outcome variables. The study also examined the dimensionality of transformational and transactional leadership scales; the results suggest that the two-factor Active-Passive model may be more suitable. This study provides an empirical support to the transformational and transactional leadership model in the Indian context.
Hypothalmic-Mediated Immune Mechanisms and Their Relevance to the Pathoettology of Parkinson's Disease

Hypothalmic-Mediated Immune Mechanisms and Their Relevance to the Pathoettology of Parkinson's Disease Reuven Sandyk & Robert P. Iacono To cite this article: Reuven Sandyk & Robert P. Iacono (1987) Hypothalmic-Mediated Immune Mechanisms and Their Relevance to the Pathoettology of Parkinson's Disease, International Journal of Neuroscience, 32:3-4, 979-981, DOI: 10.3109/00207458709043354 To link to this article: http://dx.doi. org/10.3109/00207458709043354
Supporting x86-64 address translation for 100s of GPU lanes

Efficient memory sharing between CPU and GPU threads can greatly expand the effective set of GPGPU workloads. For increased programmability, this memory should be uniformly virtualized, necessitating compatible address translation support for GPU memory references. However, even a modest GPU might need 100s of translations per cycle (6 CUs * 64 lanes/CU) with memory access patterns designed for throughput more than locality. To drive GPU MMU design, we examine GPU memory reference behavior with the Rodinia benchmarks and a database sort to find: (1) the coalescer and scratchpad memory are effective TLB bandwidth filters (reducing the translation rate by 6.8x on average), (2) TLB misses occur in bursts (60 concurrently on average), and (3) postcoalescer TLBs have high miss rates (29% average). We show how a judicious combination of extant CPU MMU ideas satisfies GPU MMU demands for 4 KB pages with minimal overheads (an average of less than 2% over ideal address translation). This proof-of-concept design uses per-compute unit TLBs, a shared highly-threaded page table walker, and a shared page walk cache.
Reparameterization Gradients through Acceptance-Rejection Sampling Algorithms

Variational inference using the reparameterization trick has enabled large-scale approximate Bayesian inference in complex probabilistic models, leveraging stochastic optimization to sidestep intractable expectations. The reparameterization trick is applicable when we can simulate a random variable by applying a differentiable deterministic function on an auxiliary random variable whose distribution is fixed. For many distributions of interest (such as the gamma or Dirichlet), simulation of random variables relies on acceptance-rejection sampling. The discontinuity introduced by the accept-reject step means that standard reparameterization tricks are not applicable. We propose a new method that lets us leverage reparameterization gradients even when variables are outputs of a acceptance-rejection sampling algorithm. Our approach enables reparameterization on a larger class of variational distributions. In several studies of real and synthetic data, we show that the variance of the estimator of the gradient is significantly lower than other state-of-the-art methods. This leads to faster convergence of stochastic gradient variational inference.
Unsupervised Cross-Domain Image Generation

We study the problem of transferring a sample in one domain to an analog sample in another domain. Given two related domains, S and T, we would like to learn a generative function G that maps an input sample from S to the domain T, such that the output of a given function f, which accepts inputs in either domains, would remain unchanged. Other than the function f, the training data is unsupervised and consist of a set of samples from each domain. The Domain Transfer Network (DTN) we present employs a compound loss function that includes a multiclass GAN loss, an f-constancy component, and a regularizing component that encourages G to map samples from T to themselves. We apply our method to visual domains including digits and face images and demonstrate its ability to generate convincing novel images of previously unseen entities, while preserving their identity.
The Importance of Subjective Norms for a Minority of People: between Subjects and within-Subjects Analyses

Intentions to perform most behaviors are more controlled by attitudes than by subjective norms. Yet subjective norms typically account for a significant, albeit small, proportion of unique variance in intentions. To explore the hypothesis that this effect can be explained largely by individual differences in the degree to which some people are apt to be more under normative control, subjects were asked to indicate their intentions, attitudes, and subjective norms toward performing 30 behaviors. Between-subjects and within-subjects analyses were performed. The within-subjects analyses revealed important differences in whether subjects are under attitudinal or normative control across the behaviors. Further, when "normatively controlled" subjects were excluded from the sample, the significant effects of subjective norms on intentions that were obtained in previous between-subjects analyses were eliminated, and the attitudinal effects were augmented. Finally, this individual difference was associated with the strength of the collective self;
Induction of a Small Heat Shock Protein and Its Functional Roles in Nicotiana Plants in the Defense Response against Ralstonia solanacearum1[W]

In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Ralstonia solanacearum OE1-1 (RsOE1-1) is pathogenic, whereas R. solanacearum 8107 (Rs8107) is nonpathogenic and induces the hypersensitive response (HR). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plant-R. solanacearum interactions, we used differential display to isolate a cDNA fragment, A6, regulated in tobacco by inoculation with RsOE1-1. The deduced amino acid sequence predicted from full-length A6-cDNA showed similarity to small heat shock proteins from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; hypothetical protein), Medicago truncatula, and Cucumis melo; we therefore designated A6 to correspond to Ntshsp17 (for tobacco small heat shock protein 17). Recombinant Ntshsp17 overproduced in Escherichia coli exhibited molecular chaperone function. Expression of Ntshsp17 was increased in tobacco leaves inoculated with both RsOE1-1 and Rs8107. Expression was induced by heat treatment and by treatment with aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid. Ntshsp17 expression was induced by inoculation with a HR and pathogenicity gene mutant of Rs8107 that does not induce the HR, but not by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of INF1, an HR elicitor. In Nbshsp17-silenced plants (an Ntshsp17 ortholog in Nicotiana benthamiana), expression of ETHYLENE-RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN, PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1a (PR1a), and PR4 genes was compromised, but expression of ELONGATION FACTOR1α was scarcely affected. Appearance of the HR was not affected in the silenced plants. In the silenced plants, growth of Rs8107 was accelerated. Bacterial growth and wilt symptoms elicited by RsOE1-1 were also accelerated in the silenced plants. These results indicate that this small heat shock protein might have a role in HR-independent defenses in Nicotiana plants.
Occurrence of Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia species and Anaplasma phagocytophilum-like bacterium in ticks collected from dogs and cats in South Africa

Ticks are major vectors of arthropod-borne infections and transmit a wide variety of zoonotic pathogens. This study was conducted mainly to determine the occurrence of canine tick-borne bacterial and rickettsial pathogens especially those with zoonotic potential. We examined 276 Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 38 Haemaphysalis elliptica and 4 Amblyomma hebraeum ticks from 90 dogs and 4 cats from the Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, North West and Mpumalanga provinces. DNA of Coxiella burnetii (41%), Ehrlichia or Anaplasma (18%), Rickettsia spp. (37%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum-like bacterium (18%) and Ehrlichia canis (19%) was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a total of 147 pooled DNA samples. All samples were negative for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA. Ehrlichia canis was detected in samples from all the provinces except the North West; A. phagocytophilum was absent in KwaZulu-Natal samples, whereas Rickettsia species and C. burnetii were detected in all sampled provinces. The PCR-positive samples were confirmed by direct sequencing of the product. Data from this study calls for a joint effort by both veterinary and medical sectors to conduct epidemiological studies of the zoonotic pathogens in both animals and humans.
Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Strategy Use in Egyptian Arabic and American English Refusals.

This study investigated similarities and differences between Egyptian Arabic and American English refusals using a modified version of the discourse completion test (DCT) developed by Beebe et al. (1990). Thirty US interviews resulted in 298 refusals and 25 Egyptian interviews resulted in 250 refusals. Each refusal was divided into its component strategies. Data were analysed to compare the average frequencies of direct and indirect strategies, the average frequencies of specific indirect strategies, and the effect of interlocutor status on strategy use across groups. Results indicate that both groups use similar strategies with similar frequency in making refusals. The findings, however, suggest that although methods such as the DCT may be appropriate for collecting pragmalinguistic data, they fail to reveal the sociopragmatic complexities of face-threatening acts such as refusals.
Reconsidering the Impact of High-stakes Testing

Over the last fifteen years, many states have implemented high-stakes tests as part of an effort to strengthen accountability for schools, teachers, and students. Predictably, there has been vigorous disagreement regarding the contributions of such policies to increasing test scores and, more importantly, to improving student learning. A recent study by Amrein and Berliner (2002a) has received a great deal of media attention. Employing various databases covering the period 1990-2000, the authors conclude that there is no evidence that states that implemented high-stakes tests demonstrated improved student achievement on various external measures such as performance on the SAT, ACT, AP, or NAEP. In a subsequent study in which they conducted a more extensive analysis of state policies (Amrein & Berliner, 2002b), they reach a similar conclusion. However, both their methodology and their findings have been challenged by a number of authors. In this article, we undertake an extended reanalysis of one component of Amrein and Berliner (2002a). We focus on the performance of states, over the period 1992 to 2000, on the NAEP mathematics assessments for grades 4 and 8. In particular, we compare the performance of the high-stakes testing states, as designated by Amrein and Berliner, with the performance of the remaining states (conditioning, of course, on a state’s participation in the relevant NAEP assessments). For each grade, when we examine the relative gains of states over the period, we find that the comparisons strongly favor the high-stakes testing states. Moreover, the results cannot be accounted for by differences between the two groups of states with respect to changes in percent of students excluded from NAEP over the same period. On the other hand, when we follow a particular cohort (grade 4, 1992 to grade 8, 1996 or grade 4, 1996 to grade 8, 2000), we find the comparisons slightly favor the low-stakes testing states, although the discrepancy can be partially accounted for by changes in the sets of states contributing to each comparison. In addition, we conduct a number of ancillary analyses to establish the robustness of our results, while acknowledging the tentative nature of any conclusions drawn from highly aggregated, observational data.
Assessing Sustainability in Manufacturing Using a Fuzzy Expert System

One of the recent business challenges is evaluating performance measurement on product returns and recovery operations. Recovery strategy is important in minimising landfill waste. However, there is a lack of measureable criteria to examine the performance attributes of cost, time, waste and quality for a manufactured product with recovery operations in a supply chain. This paper proposes the development of a fuzzy expert system for performance measurement on product returns and recovery operations, which is one of the key supply chain management processes in achieving sustainability in manufacturing. Finally, contributions of this research study are provided.
The Carcinogenic Liver Fluke, Clonorchis sinensis: New Assembly, Reannotation and Analysis of the Genome and Characterization of Tissue Transcriptomes

Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), an important food-borne parasite that inhabits the intrahepatic bile duct and causes clonorchiasis, is of interest to both the public health field and the scientific research community. To learn more about the migration, parasitism and pathogenesis of C. sinensis at the molecular level, the present study developed an upgraded genomic assembly and annotation by sequencing paired-end and mate-paired libraries. We also performed transcriptome sequence analyses on multiple C. sinensis tissues (sucker, muscle, ovary and testis). Genes encoding molecules involved in responses to stimuli and muscle-related development were abundantly expressed in the oral sucker. Compared with other species, genes encoding molecules that facilitate the recognition and transport of cholesterol were observed in high copy numbers in the genome and were highly expressed in the oral sucker. Genes encoding transporters for fatty acids, glucose, amino acids and oxygen were also highly expressed, along with other molecules involved in metabolizing these substrates. All genes involved in energy metabolism pathways, including the β-oxidation of fatty acids, the citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fumarate reduction, were expressed in the adults. Finally, we also provide valuable insights into the mechanism underlying the process of pathogenesis by characterizing the secretome of C. sinensis. The characterization and elaborate analysis of the upgraded genome and the tissue transcriptomes not only form a detailed and fundamental C. sinensis resource but also provide novel insights into the physiology and pathogenesis of C. sinensis. We anticipate that this work will aid the development of innovative strategies for the prevention and control of clonorchiasis.
Moral Reasoning and the Online Debate About Iraq

How a democratic nation deliberates about war is one of the most important political questions that can be asked. This study examines how the American public sphere debated the attack on Iraq between August and October 2002, marking the time when the Bush administration began discussing a potential attack against Iraq and when Congress authorized the use of force for that purpose. The study specifically compares the pattern of argument in two different forums of the public sphere: (a) the opinion pages of 23 different U.S. newspapers from across the political spectrum and (b) online discussion groups. Of particular interest was the comparative weight given to moral argument. This particular war was preemptive and unprovoked. Hence, much of the world disapproved. In such a case, one might expect moral considerations to be an important aspect of the debate. This study found that, in comparison at least with opinion in the elite press, the pattern of opinion online was different. The online discussion resembled more the left category of newspapers in terms of arguments made for or against the war, and more of the points debated were moral in nature. The influence of the online discussion groups may not be large, certainly in comparison with the debate in the newspapers, but between their different form and more inclusive participation, they do seem to produce more of the moral content that critical theorists like Habermas are looking for in social deliberation.
Using FACETS to model rater training effects

This article describes a study conducted to explore differences in rater severity and consistency among inexperienced and experienced raters both before and after rater training. Sixteen raters (eight experienced and eight inexperienced) rated overlapping subsets of essays from a total sample of 60 essays before and after rater training in the context of an operational administration of UCLA’s English as a Second Language Placement Examination (ESLPE). A three-part scale was used, comprising content, rhetorical control, and language. Ratings were analysed using FACETS, a multi-faceted Rasch analysis program that provides estimates of rater severity on a linear scale as well as fit statistics, which are indicators of rater consistency. The analysis showed that the inexperienced raters tended to be both more severe and less consistent in their ratings than the experienced raters before training. After training, the differences between the two groups of raters were less pronounced; however, significant differences in severity were still found among raters, although consistency had improved for most raters. These results provide support for the notion that rater training is more successful in helping raters give more predictable scores (i.e., intra-rater reliability) than in getting them to give identical scores (i.e., inter-rater reliability).
Coping With Stigmatized Linguistic Identities: Identity and Ethnolinguistic Vitality Among Andalusians

This study was an investigation of the impact of language stigma for identity functioning among speakers of Andalusian Spanish. Fifteen Andalusian Spaniards were interviewed using a semistructured interview schedule. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyze the data guided by identity process theory and the ethnolinguistic vitality framework. The following themes are outlined: (a) threatened linguistic identity and vitality (re)constructions; (b) relocating the sociopsychological value in one's linguistic variety; and (c) multiple linguistic identities: threat and management. This article elucidates how perceived threats to ethnolinguistic vitality can induce identity threat. Weak social status may jeopardize self-esteem, while weak institutional support may threaten self-efficacy. The belonging principle may be vulnerable to threat in contexts in which the stigmatized group has minority status. Relevant sociolinguistic concepts are discussed in relation to the intrapsychic level of identity functioning. Potential strategies for coping are discussed.
Mutations in the 3' untranslated region of FUS causing FUS overexpression are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Mutations in the gene encoding fused-in-sarcoma (FUS) have been identified in a subset of patients with sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Variants in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of FUS have also been reported in ALS patients, but their pathogenic role has not been assessed. We sequenced the whole 3'UTR of FUS in 420 ALS patients who were negative for mutations in the currently known ALS genes and in 480 ethnically matched controls. We detected four 3'UTR variants (c.*48 G>A, c.*59 G>A, c.*108 C>T and c.*110 G>A) in four sporadic and in one familial ALS patients compared with none in controls (P = 0.02). We investigated whether these variants impaired FUS expression in primary fibroblast cultures from three patients harbouring the c. *59 G>A, c. *108 C>T and c. *110 G>A variants, respectively. The pattern of FUS expression was also investigated in fibroblasts from one ALS patient with FUS R521C mutation, in two ALS patients without mutations in the known ALS genes and in four control individuals. By immunostaining and immunoblotting, large amounts of FUS were observed in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of mutant 3'UTR FUS fibroblasts. In FUS R521C mutant fibroblasts, we observed a slight increase of FUS in the cytoplasm associated with a remarkable loss of detection in nuclei. Our findings show that mutations in 3'UTR of FUS are overrepresented in ALS patients and result into translation de-regulation of FUS. Overexpression and mislocalization of wild-type FUS likely contribute to ALS pathogenesis in these cases.
Match–Mismatch Processes Underlie Human Hippocampal Responses to Associative Novelty

The hippocampus has long been proposed to play a critical role in novelty detection through its ability to act as a comparator between past and present experience. A recent study provided evidence for this hypothesis by characterizing hippocampal responses to sequence novelty, a type of associative novelty where familiar items appear in a new temporal order. Here, we ask whether a hippocampal match–mismatch (i.e., comparator) mechanism operates selectively to identify the violation of predictions within the temporal domain or instead also underlies the processing of associative novelty in other domains (e.g., spatial). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a repetition paradigm in which subjects viewed sequences of objects presented in distinct locations on the screen and performed an incidental target detection task. The left hippocampus exhibited a pattern of activity consistent with that of an associative match–mismatch detector, with novelty signals generated only in conditions where one contextual component was novel and the other repeated. In contrast, right hippocampal activation signaled the presence of objects in familiar locations. Our results suggest that hippocampal match–mismatch computations constitute a general mechanism underpinning the processing of associative novelty. These findings support a model in which hippocampal mismatch signals rely critically on the recall of previous experience, a process that only occurs when novel sensory inputs overlap significantly with stored representations. More generally, the current study also offers insights into how the hippocampus automatically represents the spatiotemporal context of our experiences, a function that may relate to its role in episodic memory.