Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feeling Worse to Feel Better

Although pain itself induces negative affect, the removal (or offset) of pain induces a powerful state of relief. Despite being implicated in a wide range of psychological and behavioral phenomena, relief remains a poorly understood emotion. In particular, some theorists associate relief with increased positive affect, whereas others associate relief with diminished negative affect. In the present study, we examined the affective nature of relief in a pain-offset paradigm with psychophysiological measures that were specific to negative valence (startle eyeblink reactivity) and positive valence (startle postauricular reactivity). Results revealed that pain offset simultaneously stimulates positive affect and diminishes negative affect for at least several seconds. Results also indicated that pain intensity differentially affects the positive and negative valence aspects of relief. These findings clarify the affective nature of relief and provide insight into why people engage in both normal and abnormal behaviors associated with relief.
L'exemption de paiement des soins au Burkina Faso, Mali et Niger

Face aux problemes d’acces aux soins lies au recouvrement des couts, de nombreux pays africains organisent aujourd’hui des politiques d’exemption du paiement pour certaines categories vulnerables. Fonde sur l’etude des politiques publiques et l’enquete de terrain socio-anthropologique, cet article dresse un bilan comparatif pour le Burkina Faso, le Mali et le Niger, qui ont choisi des dispositifs d’exemption relativement differents. Les problemes dans la conception et la mise en œuvre restent similaires. Les mesures d’exemption sont souvent prises en fonction d’un melange de calculs politiques internes et de pressions externes. Le fonctionnement des dispositifs est la plupart du temps chaotique et incoherent, faute de preparation, de communication, de gestion efficace et surtout de financements. De nombreux effets inattendus sont mis au jour. Du fait notamment des ruptures de stock, la qualite des soins est loin d’etre garantie.
Sealer penetration and adaptation in root canals with the butterfly effect

The butterfly effect is a phenomenon seen in some roots and is related to density of dentinal tubules. The aim was to investigate penetration depth and adaptation quality of root canal sealers and ProRoot MTA into bucco-lingual and mesio-distal aspects of roots with and without the effect. One hundred and twenty teeth were decoronated at the cemento-enamel junction. Canals were prepared and assigned to obturation groups: gutta-percha with a sealer (AH Plus, EndoREZ, Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer, MTA Fillapex) or ProRoot MTA alone (each containing 10 butterfly and 10 non-butterfly roots). Root sectioning yielded coronal and middle samples. Confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess penetration and adaptation. Teeth with the effect had greater mean penetration bucco-lingually (766 μm) than mesio-distally (184 μm, P = 0.003). Coronal sections had greater penetration (430 μm) compared with middle (247 μm, P = 0.006). In conclusion, greater penetration in roots with the effect may improve treatment outcomes.
Faultlines, Fairness, and Fighting: A Justice Perspective on Conflict in Diverse Groups

Most people can recall instances at work where thankless tasks get in the way of tasks that lead to big rewards. This typically leads people in a group to a struggle with others over how to approach their work and set priorities. Inspired by such conversations with many employees, we develop a theory to understand how task conflict can be linked to distributive injustice. Using a survey from 42 workgroups, we found that the effect of distributive injustice on task conflict was mediated via role conflict. Group faultlines moderated this mediated relationship such as it was weaker when faultlines were stronger.
Second/Foreign Language Learning as a Social Accomplishment: Elaborations on a Reconceptualized SLA

In this article, we begin by delineating the background to and motivations behind Firth and Wagner (1997), wherein we called for a reconceptualization of second language acquisition (SLA) research. We then outline and comment upon some of our critics' reactions to the article. Next we review and discuss the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological impact the article has had on the SLA field. Thereafter, we reengage and develop some of the themes raised but left undeveloped in the 1997 article. These themes cluster around the notions of and interrelationships between language use, language learning, and language acquisition. Although we devote space to forwarding the position that the dichotomy of language use and acquisition cannot defensibly be maintained (and in this we take up a contrary position to that held in mainstream SLA), our treatment of the issues is essentially methodological. We focus on describing a variety of aspects of learning-in-action, captured in transcripts of recordings of naturally occurring foreign, second, or other language interactions. Through transcript analyses, we explore the possibilities of describing learning-in-action devoid of cognitivistic notions of language and learning. In so doing, we advance moves to formulate and establish a reconceptualized SLA.
ADHD symptons and academic performance in adolescents

Most research into attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is concentrated on childhood cases, with less of a focus on adolescents and adults (Willoughby, 2003). Individuals with ADHD are likely to experience academic impairment (Barbaresi, Katusic, Colligan, Weaver, & Jacobsen, 2007; Biederman et al., 1996; Loe & Feldman, 2007), however this has mostly been demonstrated in clinic-based childhood studies; non-clinical, adolescent-specific studies are few and far between (Loe & Feldman, 2007). This thesis examines community-based adolescent ADHD symptoms and their influence over academic attainment. The introduction to the thesis provides a background to ADHD and an overview of the literature on influences over academic performance. Chapter 2 consists of a review of the literature on the relationship between ADHD and academic performance, and explores the reasons why ADHD individuals are at an academic disadvantage. Chapter 3 outlines methodological process of the empirical studies of the thesis, which can be found in chapters 4,5, and 6. Chapter 4 is an investigation of the position of ADHD symptoms in the structure of adolescent mental health problems. In Chapter 5, the impact of ADHD symptoms over academic attainment is studied. Chapter 6 examines the role of underlying neuropsychological processes in the relationship between ADHD and academic attainment. Finally, the discussion summarises the findings of each paper and assesses the limitations and implications of the thesis. The core findings are as follows. In Chapter 4, exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that community-based adolescent ADHD symptoms form a valid dimension that is distinct from symptoms of comorbid syndromes. This provides support for the notion that the adolescent ADHD construct is a continuum-based psychopathology. In Chapter 5 regression analysis revealed that ADHD symptoms exerted almost as much influence over academic attainment as general cognitive ability and school-oriented motivation, and far more influence than other forms of psychopathology. Finally, in Chapter 6, it was found that delay aversion and deficient inhibitory control did not mediate the relationship between ADHD symptoms and academic performance. However it should be noted that in the final study, the sample was severely underpowered due to constraints placed on recruitment by the consent process. Overall the results suggest that ADHD symptoms pose a significant academic risk for adolescents, even at sub-clinical levels. Efforts should be made to increase awareness among teachers and carers of the potential plight of adolescents who express symptoms of ADHD.
THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM OF NORMAL CHILDREN

1. The electroencephalograms of 100 normal children were studied. 2. Alpha frequency increased and the incidence of slow activity diminished with advancing age, with a critical level being reached at the age of 9½. 3. There was a marked tendency toward the development of a dysrhythmia during hyperventilation in the younger children, which diminished with advancing age.
Drinking styles of the young generations: twenty years’ qualitative research

The article analyses the complexity of the relationship between young people and alcohol and how this varies over time by using a longitudinal comparison of qualitative studies carried out in Italy. This study highlights the fact that alcoholic drinks remain central in young people’s identity-building, which begins at a young age in the long alcohol socialization process within the family context. The young people from the new millennium show more similarities than differences than those from twenty years before, although noticeable is the loss of the transgressive value of drinking in favour of more exploratory and innovative styles.
Queer outings: uncomfortable stories about the subjects of post‐structural school ethnography

In this paper, I consider the abiding value as well as the limits of queer; navigating the contradictions of a politics and ethnographic practice based on a refutation of an abiding subject; resisting subjectivation and needing recognition; and ‘coming out’ in school ethnography framed by queer theory. The paper moves from the work of Michel Foucault and Judith Butler, borrowing Pillow’s notion of uncomfortable reflexivity and grafting the notion of the uncanny onto post‐structurally informed ethnography via the work of Britzman and Delany. In bringing these ideas together, the paper is an exercise in the discomfort provoked by both telling uncertain stories of the sort that are usually left untold about school ethnography and looking for glimpses of the uncanny in and through these. The paper suggests that attempts to engage what ‘escapes’ from or ‘falls away’ in the telling of uncomfortable stories help us to engage what is unspeakable in the normative framing of the school and adult–student relations within them and are a useful reminder of the impossibility of knowing completely or with certainty. This, I suggest, offers useful insights into ethnography and ethnographic writing and reading that we might characterise as ‘after‐queer’.
Dopamine receptors mediate differential morphological effects on cerebral cortical neurons in vitro

A morphogenic role of neurotransmitters during cellular differentiation in vitro has been demonstrated in recent years. Using in situ hybridization, we confirm the presence of the D1 receptor at E16 and show additionally that the transcript is relatively widespread and present in both proliferative and differentiating areas of the cerebral wall. Because DA receptor expression precedes the arrival of presynaptic terminals during forebrain development, we examined the role of DA in cerebral cortical neuron differentiation in vitro, using immunohistochemical markers of dendrites, microtubule‐associated‐membrane protein 2 (MAP2) and axons, neurofilament protein (NF‐H). Neurite length, cell size, and cell viability in response to D1 and D2 receptor agonists SKF38393 and quinpirole, respectively, and to DA were analyzed in neurons obtained from embryonic (E) day 16 rats. We have shown that 1) paradoxically, DA at different concentrations can either stimulate or inhibit neurite outgrowth; 2) there is a bimodal pattern of DA‐induced axonal outgrowth, i.e., at low and high doses; 3) D2 receptor activation induces neurite outgrowth while D1 receptor activation is inhibitory; 4) D2‐mediated neurite elongation is preferentially axonal while D1 receptor activation reduces both axonal and dendritic outgrowth; 5) low doses of DA promote the expression of cytoskeletal components of axonal maturation; and 6) D1 receptor activation decreases neuronal size. We suggest that DA may influence cellular differentiation and circuitry formation early in development of the cerebral cortex through receptor‐mediated effects on process outgrowth, which could lead to effects on circuit formation. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prediction of turnover intention by means of employee engagement and demographic variables in a telecommunications organisation

This study sought to determine the prediction of turnover intention by employee engagement and demographic variables in a large South African information and communication technology (ICT) organisation. Cross-sectional survey data was collected from the organisation. Using a sample of 2276 participants the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) was employed to measure employee engagement, while the Intention to Stay Questionnaire (ISQ) measured turnover intentions. Employee engagement was significantly negatively related with turnover intentions. A factor analysis conducted on the UWES indicated that activation accounted for 10% of the variance in turnover intentions. Age and tenure had statistically significant negative relationships with turnover intentions, whilst qualification and race had significant positive relationships with turnover intentions. The results also confirmed the predictive model of employee engagement as well as the impact of the demographic variables of race, age, tenure on turnover intentions. The study has practical implications in relation to its ability to contribute to human resources activities in the form of differentiated remuneration and retention strategies based on differences in age and tenure.
The Timing of cotE Expression Affects Bacillus subtilis Spore Coat Morphology but Not Lysozyme Resistance

ABSTRACT The synthesis of structural components and morphogenetic factors required for the assembly of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat is governed by a mother cell-specific transcriptional cascade. The first two temporal classes of gene expression, which involve RNA polymerase sigma σE factor and the ancillary regulators GerR and SpoIIID, are deployed prior to engulfment of the prespore by the mother cell. The two last classes rely on σK, whose activation follows engulfment completion, and GerE. The cotE gene codes for a morphogenetic protein essential for the assembly of the outer coat layer and spore resistance to lysozyme. cotE is expressed first from a σE-dependent promoter and, in a second stage, from a promoter that additionally requires SpoIIID and that remains active under σK control. CotE localizes prior to engulfment completion close to the surface of the developing spore, but formation of the outer coat is a late, σK-controlled event. We have transplanted cotE to progressively later classes of mother cell gene expression. This created an early class of mutants in which cotE is expressed prior to engulfment completion and a late class in which expression of cotE follows the complete engulfment of the prespore. Mutants of the early class assemble a nearly normal outer coat structure, whereas mutants of the late class do not. Hence, the early expression of CotE is essential for outer coat assembly. Surprisingly, however, all mutants were fully resistant to lysozyme. The results suggest that CotE has genetically separable functions in spore resistance to lysozyme and spore outer coat assembly.
“It's Just an Image, Right?”: Practitioners’ Understanding of Child Sexual Abuse Images Online and Effects on Victims

Child sexual abuse images online (CSAIO) present new and daunting challenges for practitioners working in the field of child sexual abuse (CSA). Current understanding of the phenomenon is severely limited due to a lack of theoretical and empirical research in the area. This article reports findings from a study that examined practitioners’ experiences with, and views of, CSAIO. Participants differed in how they conceptualized what constituted online CSA images and held varying degrees of concern regarding the potential effects of CSAIO on the child. Some practitioners were uncertain about whether child victims of CSAIO experience particular effects different from or over and above those caused by conventional (non-Internet related) CSA. A key finding was that most practitioners did not have a clear understanding of CSAIO. This article includes recommendations for future research regarding the implications of technology in the field of CSA.
Asthma Symptoms among Adults with Work-Related Asthma

Objective. To examine the number of days with asthma symptoms among individuals with work-related asthma (WRA) and non-WRA. Methods. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios and compared mean number of days with asthma symptoms using 2006–2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Asthma Call-back Survey data for ever-employed adults with current asthma from 38 states and District of Columbia. Results. Compared with persons with non-WRA, those with WRA had higher mean number of days with asthma symptoms. Regardless of WRA status, individuals with higher number of days with asthma symptoms were more likely to be unable to work or carry out their usual activities due to asthma. Associations between frequency of asthma symptoms and activity limitation due to asthma were weaker among currently employed adults and stronger among adults not currently employed than the observed associations for all ever-employed adults. Conclusions. These results suggest higher frequency of asthma symptoms among adults with WRA and underscore the need for optimal asthma management in individuals with WRA.
Reduced Left Ventricular Compliance in Human Mitral Stenosis: Role of Reversible Internal Constraint

Background The mechanisms of depressed left ventricular (LV) pump performance in human mitral stenosis (MS) remain poorly understood, because reduced filling alone affects many hemodynamic measurements. Therefore, pressure-volume relations were examined in nine subjects with MS and compared with eight age-matched normal controls. Methods and Results Data were obtained by conductance catheter/micromanometer technique with transient inferior vena cava occlusion used to alter load and generate pressure-volume relations. In a subset of patients (n > =5), data were obtained both acutely and at 3 months (n = 4) after balloon valvuloplasty. MS patients had reduced cardiac output (3.3±0.9 versus 5.6±1.7 I/min) and end-diastolic volume (68.0±6.9 versus 115±31 ml) versus controls (p < 0.001), with a mean transvalvular gradient of 14±6 mm Hg and estimated valve area of 0.6±0.2 cm2. Systolic function as assessed by the end-systolic pressure-volume relation was virtually the same in MS and control subjects. In contrast, end-diastolic pressure-volume relations in MS were consistently shifted leftward and had an increased slope (lower compliance) at matched pressure ranges (6.5±3.0 versus 2.2±0.53 ml/mm Hg at a mean diastolic pressure of 8 mm Hg, p < 0.001). This change was not a result of reduced LV filling or probably of increased right heart loading. Valvuloplasty acutely returned chamber compliance to near normal, a change that was sustained at 3-month follow-up. Systolic function was little altered at this time. Conclusions These data indicate an impairment of diastolic function in human MS that can be acutely reversed by balloon valvuloplasty. Lowered LV compliance probably results from a functional restriction caused by ventricular attachment to a thickened and immobile valve apparatus.
Asymmetrical Body Perception

Perception of one's body is related not only to the physical appearance of the body, but also to the neural representation of the body. The brain contains many body maps that systematically differ between right- and left-handed people. In general, the cortical representations of the right arm and right hand tend to be of greater area in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere for right-handed people, whereas these cortical representations tend to be symmetrical across hemispheres for left-handers. We took advantage of these naturally occurring differences and examined perceived arm length in right- and left-handed people. When looking at each arm and hand individually, right-handed participants perceived their right arms and right hands to be longer than their left arms and left hands, whereas left-handed participants perceived both arms accurately. These experiments reveal a possible relationship between implicit body maps in the brain and conscious perception of the body.
Characterizing star formation activity in infrared dark cloud MSXDC G048.65-00.29

Context. Infrared dark clouds (IRDCs), condensed regions of the ISM with high column densities, low temperatures and high masses, are suspected sites of star formation. Thousands of IRDCs have already been identified. To date, it has not been resolved whether IRDCs always show star formation activity and, if so, if massive star formation (greater than or similar to 8 M(circle dot)) is the rule or the exception in IRDCs. Aims. Previous analysis of sub-millimeter cores in the cloud MSXDC G048.65-00.29 (G48.65) indicates embedded star formation activity. To characterize this activity in detail, mid-infrared photometry (3-30 mu m) has been obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope. This paper analyzes the point sources seen in the 24 mu m band, combined with counterparts or upper limits at shorter and longer wavelengths. Methods. Data points in wavelength bands ranging from 1 mu m up to 850 mu m (Spitzer IRAC, MIPS 24 and 70 mu m, archival 2MASS data and sub-millimeter counterparts) are used to compare each 24 mu m source to a set of Spectral Energy Distributions of Young Stellar Object (YSO) models. By assessing the models that fit the data, an attempt is made to identify YSOs as such and determine their evolutionary stages and stellar masses. Results. A total of 17 sources are investigated, 13 of which are classified as YSOs, primarily-but not exclusively-in an early embedded phase of star formation. The modeled masses of the central stellar objects range from sub-solar to greater than or similar to 8 M(circle dot). Every YSO is at less than 1 pc projected distance from its nearest YSO neighbor. Conclusions. IRDC G48.65 is a region of active star formation. We find YSOs in various evolutionary phases, indicating that the star formation in this cloud is not an instantaneous process. The inferred masses of the central objects suggest that this IRDC hosts only low to intermediate mass YSOs and none with masses exceeding greater than or similar to 8 M(circle dot).