Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Japanese Tone Structure

"Japanese Tone Structure" provides a thorough, phonetically grounded description of accent and intonation in Tokyo Japanese and uses it to develop an explicit account of surface phonological representation. The unusual amount of quantitative phonetic data analyzed and its testing in a detailed model make this an important new study for theoretical phonologists, phoneticians, and specialists in Japanese.The authors' broader purpose, however, is to develop a general theory of surface representation that can capture salient facts about prosodic structure in all languages and provide a suitable input to phonetic rules. The theory integrates autosegmental principles into a metrical account of prosodic structures in an explicit formalism. The work establishes phonology and phonetics as a productive area in cognitive science.Janet B. Pierrehumbert is a member of the technical staff in the Department of Artificial Intelligence Research at AT&T Bell Laboratories. Mary E. Beckman is an Assistant Professor in the Department. of Linguistics at Ohio State University. "Japanese Tone Structure" is a Linguistic Inquiry Monograph.
EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE POLLUTION IN ABUJA, THE CAPITAL CITY OF NIGERIA

Abuja the capital city of Nigeria has experienced rapid development and high influx of people with the implication of increased generation of noise. Hence the need to evaluate the noise pollution level of the city. Measurement of equivalent noise level was carried out in 35 locations around the city using a CR811C integrated sound level meter. Result showed that the day time mean equivalent noise level of the city ranged from 73.2 dBA to 83.6 dBA. Result also showed that the night time mean equivalent noise level of the city is of good quality as it ranged from 44 dBA to 56.8 dBA. The night time therefore serves as a recovery time for those who are exposed to high noise value during the day. Result further showed that the Central Business District of Abuja has the highest day-night noise value of 82 dBA while the lowest day-night noise level was obtained from Asokoro district with a value of 71 dBA. The average day-night noise level of the City was obtained as 76.4 dBA. It is recommended that those whose daily activities confine them to areas with unhealthy noise level should make sure they have at least 10 hours of recovery time in areas where the sound level is less than 65 dBA. The government is called upon to improve the traffic situation in the city so as to prevent traffic built up in areas with high noise values.
The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide.

RATIONALE Exacerbations are key drivers of morbidity and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVES We compared the relative efficacy of the long-acting inhaled bronchodilator/antiinflammatory combination (salmeterol/fluticasone propionate) 50/500 microg twice daily and the long-acting bronchodilator (tiotropium) 18 microg once daily in preventing exacerbations and related outcomes in severe and very severe COPD. METHODS A total of 1,323 patients (mean age, 64 yr, post-bronchodilator FEV1, 39% predicted) were randomized in this 2-year, double-blind, double-dummy parallel study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Primary endpoint was health care utilization exacerbation rate. Other endpoints included health status measured by St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), mortality, adverse events, and study withdrawal. Probability of withdrawing from the study was 29% greater with tiotropium than salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (P = 0.005). The modeled annual exacerbation rate was 1.28 in the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate group and 1.32 in the tiotropium group (rate ratio, 0.967; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.836-1.119]; P = 0.656). The SGRQ total score was statistically significantly lower at 2 years on salmeterol/fluticasone propionate versus tiotropium (difference 2.1 units; 95% CI, 0.1-4.0; P = 0.038). Mortality was significantly lower in the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate group; 21 (3%) of patients in this group died compared with 38 (6%) in the tiotropium group (P = 0.032). More pneumonias were reported in the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate group relative to tiotropium (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS We found no difference in exacerbation rate between salmeterol/fluticasone propionate and tiotropium. More patients failed to complete the study while receiving tiotropium. A small statistically significant beneficial effect was found on health status, with an unexpected finding of lower deaths in salmeterol/fluticasone propionate-treated patients. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials. gov (NCT 00361959).
Polar branch migration promoted by recA protein: effect of mismatched base pairs.

Escherichia coli recA protein makes joint molecules from single-stranded circular phage DNA (viral or plus strand) and homologous linear duplex DNA by a polar reaction that displaces the 5' end of the plus strand from the duplex molecule [Kahn, R. , Cunningham, R. P., DasGupta, C. & Radding, C. M. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 4786-4790]. Growth of the heteroduplex joint, which results from strand exchange or branch migration, stopped at the borders of regions of nonhomologous DNA that were variously located 145, 630, or 1202 nucleotides from the end. Accumulation of migrating branches at heterologous borders demonstrates that their migration is not the result of random diffusion but is actively driven by recA protein. Growth of the heteroduplex joint was blocked even when a heterologous insertion was located in the single-stranded DNA, a case in which the flexible single-stranded region might conceivably fold out of the way under some condition. The recA protein did not make joint molecules from phage phi X174 and G4DNAs, which are 70% homologous, but did join phage fd and M13DNAs, which are 97% homologous. In the latter case, heteroduplex joints extended through regions containing isolated mismatched base pairs but stopped in a region where the fd and M13 sequences differ by an average of 1 base pair in 10. These results suggest that in genetic recombination the discrimination of perfect or near-perfect homology from a high degree of relatedness may be attributable in part to the mechanism by which recA protein promotes strand transfer.
Cardiotocogram compared to Doppler investigation of the fetal circulation in the premature growth‐retarded fetus: longitudinal observations

It was our objective to compare computerized fetal heart rate analysis with blood flow velocity waveform analysis of the arterial and venous fetal circulation in intrauterine growth retardation. We report five illustrative cases with longitudinal observations of fetal Doppler findings and fetal heart rate between 23 and 32 weeks of gestation. Blood flow waveforms were recorded from the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, descending aorta, ductus venosus and inferior vena cava. Fetal heart rate was analyzed by a computer system according to the Dawes‐Redman criteria.
The pathophysiology of high altitude pulmonary edema

From time to time, we plan to include proceedings from the Wilderness Medical Society's educational conferences in this section. The conferences include state-of-the-art presentations by recognized experts in a particular content area, making them ideal for a section whose goal is to bring you up-to-date clinical information on core wilderness medicine topics. This issue's section includes proceedings from the "Altitude Update," which was held February 20, 1998, in Snowbird, UT, as a postconference workshop after the Wilderness Medical Society's winter meeting. It features three of the foremost authorities in highaltitude medicine. We think you will find this section and future ones like it quite worthwhile. As always, we invite your comments.
A Simpler Explanation to BAK1 Gene Variation in Aortic and Blood Tissues

The explanation is that in aortic tissue (both diseased and nondiseased) a BAK1 pseudogene is expressed; while in the matching blood samples the actual BAK1 gene is expressed. This explanation was reached after we realized that BAK1 has two edited copies in human genome. These copies are probably BAK1 pseudogenes. One copy belongs to chromosome 11 (NG_005599.3) and the other to chromosome 20 (NC_000850.5). The first copy has frameshifts which means that probably it does not express any functional protein; by other hand, the chromosome 20 copy has no frameshifts and what is more important contains all the reported polymorphisms.
Serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels after recombinant human TSH injections in children and teenagers with papillary thyroid cancer.

CONTEXT In preparation for whole body radioactive iodine scanning, recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) is usually administered as 0.9-mg i.m. injections on 2 consecutive days without regard to age, body size, or other comorbid conditions. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether the usual adult rhTSH dosing regimen would result in excessive elevations of serum TSH in children and teenagers with thyroid cancer. DESIGN/SETTING/PATIENTS/INTERVENTIONS: A retrospective review identified 53 children and teenagers with thyroid cancer who underwent whole body radioactive iodine (RAI) scanning over a 12-yr period at two major medical centers (34 after thyroid hormone withdrawal and 19 after rhTSH treatment). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The dynamic time course of changes in serum TSH after rhTSH administration and/or hypothyroid withdrawal was examined. Peak TSH levels were correlated with age, weight, and body surface area. RESULTS The mean serum TSH at the time of RAI administration was similar in patients undergoing hypothyroid preparation (188 +/- 118 mIU/liter; range, 110-452 mIU/liter) and those treated with rhTSH (134 +/- 75 mIU/liter; range, 32-290 mIU/liter; P = 0.07). Serial determinations after rhTSH injections revealed a mean serum TSH of 268 +/- 76 mU/liter (range, 87-628) at 6 h and 130 +/- 58 mU/liter (range, 67-250) at 24 h after the initial injection, and 361 +/- 78 mU/liter (range 161-524) at 6 h and 134 +/- 44 mU/liter (range, 32-290) at 24 h after the second injection. CONCLUSIONS The mean TSH levels achieved in children after rhTSH injections are remarkably similar to values previously reported in adults despite marked differences in clinical characteristics between children and adults. These data suggest that dose adjustments are not generally required in children and teenagers undergoing rhTSH stimulation for RAI scanning or serum-stimulated thyroglobulin determinations.
Maternal health care utilization in Viet Nam: increasing ethnic inequity.

OBJECTIVE To investigate changes that took place between 2006 and 2010 in the inequity gap for antenatal care attendance and delivery at health facilities among women in Viet Nam. METHODS Demographic, socioeconomic and obstetric data for women aged 15-49 years were extracted from Viet Nam's Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey for 2006 (MICS3) and 2010-2011 (MICS4). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine if antenatal care attendance and place of delivery were significantly associated with maternal education, maternal ethnicity (Kinh/Hoa versus other), household wealth and place of residence (urban versus rural). These independent variables correspond to the analytical framework of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. FINDINGS Large discrepancies between urban and rural populations were found in both MICS3 and MICS4. Although antenatal care attendance and health facility delivery rates improved substantially between surveys (from 86.3 to 92.1% and from 76.2 to 89.7%, respectively), inequities increased, especially along ethnic lines. The risk of not giving birth in a health facility increased significantly among ethnic minority women living in rural areas. In 2006 this risk was nearly five times higher than among women of Kinh/Hoa (majority) ethnicity (odds ratio, OR: 4.67; 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.94-7.43); in 2010-2011 it had become nearly 20 times higher (OR: 18.8; 95% CI: 8.96-39.2). CONCLUSION Inequity in maternal health care utilization has increased progressively in Viet Nam, primarily along ethnic lines, and vulnerable groups in the country are at risk of being left behind. Health-care decision-makers should target these groups through affirmative action and culturally sensitive interventions.
Exploring Sequential Data: Commentary on Bowers, Jentsch, Salas, and Braun (1998)

In an investigation intended to determine training needs of flight crews, Bowers et al. (1998, this issue) report two studies showing that the patterning of communication is a better discriminator of good and poor crews than is the content of communication. Bowers et al. characterize their studies as intended to generate hypotheses for training needs and draw connections with Exploratory Sequential Data Analysis (ESDA). Although applauding the intentions of Bowers et al., we point out some concerns with their characterization and implementation of ESDA. Our principal concern is that the Bowers et al. exploration of the data does not convincingly lead them back to a better fundamental understanding of the original phenomena they are investigating.
Effects of Classroom Lighting on the Behavior of Exceptional Children

A review of the effects of classroom lighting methods on activity level, achievement, visual acuity/fatigue, and health of nonhandicapped and handicapped students is presented. Effects of different levels of illumination on behavior also are discussed. Because of methodological deficiencies in much of the research and lack of replication of adequate studies, few conclusions are tenable. Additional study is needed to provide a more reliable basis for decisions regarding environmental effects on behavior.
Dark matter distribution in the Draco dwarf from velocity moments

We study the distribution of dark matter in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy by modelling the moments of the line-of-sight velocity distribution of stars obtained from new velocity data of Wilkinson et al. The luminosity distribution is approximated by a Sersic profile fitted to the data by Odenkirchen et al. We assume that the dark matter density profile is given by a formula with an inner cusp and an outer exponential cut-off, as recently proposed by Kazantzidis et al. as a result of simulations of tidal stripping of dwarfs by the potential of the Milky Way. The dark matter distribution is characterized by the total dark mass and the cut-off radius. The models have arbitrary velocity anisotropy parameter, assumed to be constant with radius. We estimate the three parameters by fitting both the line-of-sight velocity dispersion and kurtosis profiles, which allows us to break the degeneracy between the mass distribution and velocity anisotropy. The results of the fitting procedure turn out to be very different depending on the stellar sample considered, that is, on our choice of stars with discrepant velocities to be discarded as interlopers. For our most reliable sample, the model parameters remain weakly constrained, but the robust result is the preference for weakly tangential stellar orbits and high mass-to-light ratios. The best-fitting total mass is then 7 x 10 7 M ○. , much lower than recent estimates, while the mass-to-light ratio is M/L V = 300 M ○. /L ○. and almost constant with radius. If the binary fraction in the stellar population of Draco turns out to be significant, the kurtosis of the global velocity distribution will be smaller and the orbits inferred will be more tangential, while the resulting mass estimate will be lower.
The Meaning of Water

national heritage regime which aims to give Australians a list of natural, Indigenous and historic places with ‘outstanding heritage value to the nation. ’ However, Australians need to know a lot more facts about their past and about historical impacts on our society before there is widespread support for new approaches to heritage conservation. As most heritage practitioners know, heritage is a social and political process, at times uncomfortable, but the results create a cultural legacy in which we all share. This book offers lots of ideas about the nature of heritage, has good case studies and an academic approach to the issues based on many years experience. It does not offer any case studies based on the archaeological analysis familiar to readers of Australian Archaeology. The author is critical of the current structures of heritage assessment and management but does not clearly spell out new directions which she considers heritage should take to resolve the criticisms.
Building a Better Measure of Business Performance

The empirical results concerning the determinants o f business performance have been conflicting. Among ther possible reasons, non-significant or contradictory findings may be due to the diverse and often inappropriate a ppro ches that have been used to conceptualize and measure the phenomen on. In this paper, a general review of construct de velopment and measurement model validation procedures is conducte , which is then applied to the specific case of th e business performance construct. The methodological cautions f llowed here are meant to overcome most of the fla ws found in conceptual and empirical research on the subject to date. It is expected that the conceptual, methodol ogical and procedural framework presented here will encourage other resea ch rs to engage in a joint effort to develop a sub stantively based, psychometrically sound and empirically validated me asurement model of the business performance constru ct that will be generalizable to diverse research settings.
Coloring Meshes of Archaeological Datasets

Archaeological monuments are nowadays preserved for future generations by means of digitization. To this end, laser scanners in conjunction with registered cameras are used to gather both the geometric and the color information. The geometry is often triangulated to allow a continuous mapping of the photos onto the geometry. The color mapping for high-quality reconstructions of parts of the models is not without problems. In practice, the photos overlap. Now, assuming that a particular triangle receives color information from just one photo, there is a huge number of possibilities to map the photos onto the triangles. This labeling problem is already covered in literature. There are also approaches for the leveling of the remaining seams that arise because of the different lighting situations during the exposure of the photos. In this thesis, we improve common labeling approaches by the introduction of an accurate geometry-based occlusion detection. An octree is used to quickly filter out parts of the model that do not come into consideration for an occlusion anyway. The occlusion detection prevents texturing of parts of the model with image material that does not contain the expected region, but the colors of an occluder. Further, a proposed approach for seam leveling on meshes is improved by the introduction of a new term into the least squares problem that corresponds to the proposed leveling approach. This new term penalizes big leveling function values and helps to keep the leveled color values in the valid range. For better filtering results, we improve the proposed calculation of a 1-pixel wide boundary around the leveled patches by the introduction of outline normals for a user-defined scale of the patches. For easier manual editing of remaining artifacts in the photos, we introduce an application for the generation of alpha masks that indicate regions of the photos that are used for texturing of the 3D model. For the high-performance visualization of 3D models with a huge amount of textures, we make use of virtual texturing. We present an application that generates the needed data structures atlas and tile store in significantly less time than existing scripts. Finally, we show how all the mentioned functionalities are integrated into a visualization application that can support a graphic artist in the post-processing of a digitized archaeological monument.
Head mouse: generalisability of research focused on the disabled to able bodied users

This paper discusses a study which aimed to determine whether the results obtained from studies focusing on users with disabilities are comparable with the results from users without disabilities for head operated cursor control. Four categories of research findings were investigated namely: the optimum sensitivity setting, the amount of neck fatigue, learnability and the level of user satisfaction. A shooting genre game was developed, and a task was included during development to simulate gaming actions with moving targets. Data for four efficiency metrics was gathered during two phases of user testing. The low sensitivity setting resulted in the fastest gameplay for users without disabilities, which contradicted research results from studies focusing on individuals with disabilities. It was also found that the amount of neck fatigue decreased after several sessions for users without disabilities. The efficient use of the head mouse by individuals without disabilities showed significant improvement over time for certain elements, indicating that learning took place. The level of user satisfaction also increased with extended use of the head mouse by individuals without disabilities. Although some findings can be generalized to both types of users, this study shows that new knowledge was gained in terms of able bodied use of a head mouse.
Micro-Vibration-Based Slip Detection in Tactile Force Sensors

Tactile sensing provides critical information, such as force, texture, shape or temperature, in manipulation tasks. In particular, tactile sensors traditionally used in robotics are emphasized in contact force determination for grasping control and object recognition. Nevertheless, slip detection is also crucial to successfully manipulate an object. Several approaches have appeared to detect slipping, the majority being a combination of complex sensors with complex algorithms. In this paper, we deal with simplicity, analyzing how a novel, but simple, algorithm, based on micro-vibration detection, can be used in a simple, but low-cost and durable, force sensor. We also analyze the results of using the same principle to detect slipping in other force sensors based on flexible parts. In particular, we show and compare the slip detection with: (i) a flexible finger, designed by the authors, acting as a force sensor; (ii) the finger torque sensor of a commercial robotic hand; (iii) a commercial six-axis force sensor mounted on the wrist of a robot; and (iv) a fingertip piezoresistive matrix sensor.
An Investigation of Sense of Identity among College Students

In this study the construct, Sense of Identity was examined. Specifically, variables conceptually related to Sense of Identity will be described, and the nature of any relationships with personality traits including the Big Five personality traits of agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, and openness were explored. Additionally, the study examined the nature of the relationships between narrow personality traits and Sense of Identity. Lastly, the relationships between Sense of Identity and extracurricular activities were investigated. Sense of Identity was positively related to the Big Five personality traits with a range of r=. 32 to r=. 46 with p<. 01. Additionally, the selected Narrow Personality traits were also significantly related to Sense of Identity with Optimism and Career Drive having the strongest relationships with r=. 65 (p<.01)and r=. 62 (p<.01) respectively. The combination of research from multiple academic realms regarding identity into an inclusive concept that is measured empirically, allowed for a more accurate measure of the construct, Sense of Identity. It also provided valuable insight regarding the construct of Sense of Identity and personality, particularly in the academic realm. Implications for theory and future research were discussed.