Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multialternative drift-diffusion model predicts the relationship between visual fixations and choice in value-based decisions

How do we make decisions when confronted with several alternatives (e.g., on a supermarket shelf)? Previous work has shown that accumulator models, such as the drift-diffusion model, can provide accurate descriptions of the psychometric data for binary value-based choices, and that the choice process is guided by visual attention. However, the computational processes used to make choices in more complicated situations involving three or more options are unknown. We propose a model of trinary value-based choice that generalizes what is known about binary choice, and test it using an eye-tracking experiment. We find that the model provides a quantitatively accurate description of the relationship between choice, reaction time, and visual fixation data using the same parameters that were estimated in previous work on binary choice. Our findings suggest that the brain uses similar computational processes to make binary and trinary choices.
Product Choice and Product Switching

This paper develops a model of endogenous product selection by firms. The theory is motivated by new evidence we present on the importance of product switching by U.S. manufacturers. Two-thirds of continuing firms change their product mix every five years, and product switches involve more than 40% of firm output and almost half of existing products. The theoretical model incorporates heterogeneous firms, heterogeneous products, and ongoing entry and exit. In equilibrium, firm productivity is correlated with product fixed costs, with the most productive firms choosing to make the products with the highest fixed costs. Changes in market structure result in systematic patterns of firm entry/exit and product switching.
The evolutionary impact of invasive species

Since the Age of Exploration began, there has been a drastic breaching of biogeographic barriers that previously had isolated the continental biotas for millions of years. We explore the nature of these recent biotic exchanges and their consequences on evolutionary processes. The direct evidence of evolutionary consequences of the biotic rearrangements is of variable quality, but the results of trajectories are becoming clear as the number of studies increases. There are examples of invasive species altering the evolutionary pathway of native species by competitive exclusion, niche displacement, hybridization, introgression, predation, and ultimately extinction. Invaders themselves evolve in response to their interactions with natives, as well as in response to the new abiotic environment. Flexibility in behavior, and mutualistic interactions, can aid in the success of invaders in their new environment.
Global simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry

We describe a global three-dimensional model for tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry with synoptic-scale resolution. A suite of 15 chemical tracers, including O3, NOx, PAN, HNO3, CO, H2O2, and various hydrocarbons, is simulated in the model. For computational expediency, chemical production and loss of tracers are parameterized as polynomial functions to fit the results of a detailed O3-NOx-hydrocarbon mechanism. The model includes state-of-the-art inventories of anthropogenic emissions and process-based formulations of natural emissions and deposition that are tied to the model meteorology. Improvements are made to existing schemes for computing biogenic emissions of isoprene and NO. Our best estimates of global emissions include among others 42 Tg N yr−1 for NOx (21 Tg N yr−1 from fossil fuel combustion, 12 Tg N yr−1 from biomass burning, 6 Tg N yr−1 from soils, and 3 Tg N yr−1 from lightning), and 37 Tg C yr−1 for acetone (1 Tg C yr−1 from industry, 9 Tg C yr−1 from biomass burning, 15 Tg C yr−1 from vegetation, and 12 Tg C yr−1 from oxidation of propane and higher alkanes).
Smooth and weak synthesis of the anti-diagonal in Fourier algebras of Lie groups

Let $G$ be a Lie group of dimension $n$, and let $A(G)$ be the Fourier algebra of $G$. We show that the anti-diagonal $\check{\Delta}_G=\{(g,g^{-1})\in G\times G \mid g\in G\}$ is both a set of local smooth synthesis and a set of local weak synthesis of degree at most $[\frac{n}{2}]+1$ for $A(G\times G)$. We achieve this by using the concept of the cone property in \cite{ludwig-turowska}. For compact $G$, we give an alternative approach to demonstrate the preceding results by applying the ideas developed in \cite{forrest-samei-spronk}. We also present similar results for sets of the form $HK$, where both $H$ and $K$ are subgroups of $G\times G\times G\times G$ of diagonal forms. Our results very much depend on both the geometric and the algebraic structure of these sets.
Estimation of aerodynamic roughness length and displacement height of an urban surface from single-level sonic anemometer data

Realistic specifications of the roughness length and zero-plane displacement are crucial in the boundarylayer parametrisation that plays an important role in numerical mesoscale models (Abdella and Mcfarlane 1996). Martano (2000) proposed a method for estimating the surface roughness length (z0) and the displacement height (d) from single-level sonic anemometer data. This method reduces the problem of finding joint values of both z0 and d to a simpler least-squares procedure for one variable. In this method, the standard deviation σS of the function S(z0, d), defined below, is minimised with respect to d, resulting in a direct estimate of d and z0, together with their statistical uncertainty. The function S(z0, d) = {kU/u* + ψ[(z d)/L] ψ(z0/L)} is a statistical quantity that depends on the data. Here, k is the von Karman constant (0.35), U is the horizontal wind speed at height z, u* = (-<uw>)1/2 is the friction velocity, L = u*T/(kgθ*) is the Monin-Obukhov scale height, and θ* = -<wθ>/u*. In the above u, w and θ are fluctuations in horizontal wind speed, vertical wind speed, and potential temperature respectively, T is the absolute temperature and g is the gravitational acceleration. The function ψ[(z-d)/L,z0/L/] = ψ[(zAust. Met. Mag. 53 (2004) 21-28
A Topic-Triggered Language Model for Statistical Machine Translation

Language model is an essential part in statistical machine translation, but traditional n-gram language models can only capture a limited local context in the translated sentence, thus lacking the global information for prediction. This paper describes a novel topic-triggered language model, which takes into account the topical context by estimating the n-gram probability under the given topics and online adjusts language model score according to di erent topic distributions. Experimental results show that our method provides a average improvement of +0.76 Bleu on NIST Chinese-to-English translation task and a reduction in word perplexity of the test-document.
Evidence for genetic factors in vasovagal syncope

Objective: Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most frequent type of syncope and a common differential diagnosis of epilepsy. The role of genetic factors in VVS is debated. We performed a twin-family study to clarify this question and to analyze the putative mode of inheritance. Methods: Fifty-one same-sex twin pairs where at least 1 had syncope were ascertained. The twins were interviewed via telephone using a standardized questionnaire. Available medical records were obtained. Information on the affected status of first- and second-degree relatives was acquired. Results: There was a trend toward higher casewise concordance in monozygous (MZ, 0.75) than dizygous (DZ, 0.50) twins for any syncope (p = 0.06). Significant and strong effects on concordance between MZ and DZ twins were found for fainting at least twice unrelated to external circumstances (0.71 vs 0.27, p = 0.018) and for syncope associated with typical vasovagal triggers (0.62 vs 0.00, p < 0.001). Twelve of 19 concordant MZ twin pairs reported sparse or no other affected family members whereas in the other 7 pairs multiple close relatives were affected. Conclusions: The twin analysis provides strong evidence for the relevance of genetic factors in VVS. Analysis of the families suggests that complex inheritance (multiple genes ± environmental factors) is usual, with rarer families possibly segregating a major autosomal dominant gene.
A comparative analysis of the neural basis for dorsal-ventral swimming in the Nudipleura

Despite having similar brains, related species can display divergent behaviors. Investigating the neural basis of such behavioral divergence can elucidate the neural mechanisms that allow behavioral change and identify neural mechanisms that influence the evolution of behavior. Fewer than three percent of Nudipleura (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda) species have been documented to swim. However, Tritonia diomedea and Pleurobranchaea californica express analogous, independently evolved swim behaviors consisting of rhythmic, alternating dorsal and ventral flexions. The Tritonia and Pleurobranchaea swims are produced by central pattern generator (CPG) circuits containing homologous neurons named DSI and C2. Homologues of DSI have been identified throughout the Nudipleura, including in species that do not express a dorsal-ventral swim. It is unclear what neural mechanisms allow Tritonia and Pleurobranchaea to produce a rhythmic swim behavior using homologous neurons that are not rhythmic in the majority of Nudipleura species. Here, C2 homologues were also identified in species that do not express a dorsal-ventral swim. We found that certain electrophysiological properties of the DSI and C2 homologues were similar regardless of swim behavior. However, some synaptic connections differed in the nondorsal-ventral swimming Hermissenda crassicornis compared to Tritonia and Pleurobranchaea. This suggests that particular CPG synaptic connections may play a role in dorsal-ventral swim expression. DSI modulates the strength of C2 synapses in Tritonia, and this serotonergic modulation appears to be necessary for Tritonia to swim. DSI modulation of C2 synapses was also found to be present in Pleurobranchaea. Moreover, serotonergic modulation was necessary for swimming in Pleurobranchaea. The extent of this neuromodulation also correlated with the swimming ability in individual Pleurobranchaea; as the modulatory effect increased, so too did the number of swim cycles produced. Conversely, DSI did not modulate the amplitude of C2 synapses in Hermissenda. This indicates that species differences in neuromodulation may account for the ability to produce a dorsal-ventral swim. The results indicate that differences in synaptic connections and neuromodulatory dynamics allow the expression of rhythmic swim behavior from homologous non-rhythmic components. Additionally, the results suggest that constraints on the nervous system may influence the neural mechanisms and behaviors that can evolve from homologous neural components. INDEX WORDS: Evolution, Neuromodulation, Homology, Mollusc, Electrophysiology, Synapse A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NEURAL BASIS FOR DORSAL-VENTRAL SWIMMING IN THE NUDIPLEURA
The Fokker-Planck Equation

In 1984, H. Risken authored a book (H. Risken, The Fokker-Planck Equation: Methods of Solution, Applications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York) discussing the Fokker-Planck equation for one variable, several variables, methods of solution and its applications, especially dealing with laser statistics. There has been a considerable progress on the topic as well as the topic has received greater clarity. For these reasons, it seems worthwhile again to summarize previous as well as recent developments, spread in literature, on the topic. The Fokker-Planck equation describes the evolution of conditional probability density for given initial states for a Markov process, which satisfies the Ito stochastic differential equation. The structure of the Fokker-Planck equation for the vector case is
Secure Authentication Scheme with Improved Anonymity for Wireless Environments

After the anonymity authentication scheme of Zhu and Ma, several studies have focused on improving its security in wireless mobile environments. Unfortunately, they could not provide untraceability, one of the critical features in anonymity. In this paper, we point out the security concerns of previous studies and propose a novel authentication scheme with improved untraceability.
The Effect of Synchronized Forced Running with Chronic Stress on Short, Mid and Long- term Memory in Rats

Purpose Impairment of learning and memory processes has been demonstrated by many studies using different stressors. Other reports suggested that exercise has a powerful behavioral intervention to improve cognitive function and brain health. In this research, we investigated protective effects of treadmill running on chronic stress–induced memory deficit in rats. Methods Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10) as follows: Control (Co), Sham (Sh), Stress (St), Exercise (Ex) and Stress and Exercise (St & Ex) groups. Chronic restraint stress was applied by 6h/day/21days and also treadmill running at a speed 20-21m/min for 1h/day/21days. Memory function was evaluated by the passive avoidance test in different intervals (1, 7 and 21 days) after foot shock. Results Our results showed that: 1) Although exercise alone showed beneficial effects especially on short and mid-term memory (P<0.05) in comparison with control group, but synchronized exercise with stress had not significantly improved short, mid and long-term memory deficit in stressed rats. 2) Short and mid-term memory deficit was significantly (P<0.05) observed in synchronized exercise with stress and stress groups with respect to normal rats. 3) Memory deficit in synchronized exercise with stress group was nearly similar to stressed rats. 4) Helpful effects of exercise were less than harmful effects of stress when they were associated together. Conclusion The data correspond to the possibility that although treadmill running alone has helpful effects on learning and memory consolidation, but when it is synchronized with stress there is no significant benefit and protective effects in improvement of memory deficit induced by chronic stress. However, it is has a better effect than no training on memory deficit in stressed rats.
PITCH ANGLE CONTROL OF VARIABLE LOW RATED SPEED WIND TURBINE USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas. It is a challenge to maximize available energy in the low rated wind speed areas. In this paper, a wind turbine prototype with a pitch angle control based on fuzzy logic to maximize the output power is built and demonstrated. In the varying low rated wind speed of 4-6 m/s, the use of fuzzy logic controller can maximize the average output power of 14.5 watt compared to 14.0 watt at a fixed pitch angle of the blade. Implementation of pitch angle fuzzy logic-based control to the wind turbine is suitable for the low rated wind speed areas
Landmark-driven fundus perimetry using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope.

PURPOSE To present a new method of performing scanning laser ophthalmoscope perimetry that compensates for eye movements so that the correct retinal location is tested even if fixation changes. This allows for accurate testing of patients with central scotomas and for repeating testing longitudinally at the same retinal locations even if central fixation is lost. METHODS The operator views the retina and selects a retinal landmark, such as a vessel bifurcation, that can be identified easily. A testing strategy is preselected, and the computer saves the landmark and stimulus coordinates. To present each stimulus, the operator positions a cursor over the retinal landmark, and the computer adjusts the site of presentation of the stimulus for any change in landmark position caused by an eye movement. At the conclusion of the testing, the results are displayed in the proper retinal location on a fundus image. RESULTS Sixty-seven eyes with macular disease were tested with the landmark-driven method, using the same preplanned strategy for each eye for both a bright and a dim stimulus. There was a low rate of inconsistent points (seen with dim but not bright stimuli), and virtually all of these bordered a dense scotoma. Those eyes with more inconsistent points had a significantly greater percentage of dense scotoma points and significantly lower visual acuity. The technique significantly corrected error in retinal localization resulting from large eye movement. There is no significant rotation or magnification change during the procedure, so specifying the change in location of one landmark is sufficient to describe movement of the retina. The technique is rapid and easy to administer to elderly patients and to children. CONCLUSIONS This technique allows for accurate and repeatable measures of retinal sensitivity in specific locations. It is useful in following change over time. It can be developed further to allow for fully automated, retinally correct testing.
A 280-/300-GHz Three-Stage Amplifiers in 65-nm CMOS With 12-/9-dB Gain and 1.6/1.4% PAE While Dissipating 17.9 mW

This letter reports the design of terahertz amplifiers using the concept of maximum achievable gain (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G_{\mathrm {max}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of a transistor embedded in a linear, lossless, reciprocal network. Implemented in a 65-nm CMOS, by adopting the optimized <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G_{\mathrm {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-core, 280- and 300-GHz amplifiers achieve peak gain of 12 and 9 dB, peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 1.6% and 1.4%, and gain per stage of 4 and 3 dB, respectively, while dissipating 17.9 mW, which is the best performance up to date in terms of operating frequency, gain per stage, and PAE in CMOS process.
The association of premorbid chronic pain and postconcussive syndrome following mild traumatic brain injury

This archival study explored differences in adaptability after concussion between those with and without premorbid chronic pain, in an effort to enhance our understanding of factors that are associated with the functional expression of impairment, disability, and variability in functional outcome following mTBI. Participants for this study included postconcussive patients presenting for treatment at a brain injury rehabilitation center in Portland, Oregon. Patient information and scores obtained on the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4 (MPAI-4), a measure designed to evaluate functional outcome following brain injury during the post-acute period, was collected and analyzed to determine differences between groups. Separate independent samples t-tests revealed that premorbid chronic pain was associated with greater subjective impairment and lower levels of adaptability following mTBI. This finding suggests that premorbid coping vulnerabilities associated with chronic pain symptomology may play a predominant role in mediating the impact of functional impairments associated with PCS. Degree Type Dissertation Rights Terms of use for work posted in CommonKnowledge. Comments Library Use: LIH This dissertation is available at CommonKnowledge: http://commons.pacificu.edu/spp/1099 Copyright and terms of use If you have downloaded this document directly from the web or from CommonKnowledge, see the “Rights” section on the previous page for the terms of use. If you have received this document through an interlibrary loan/document delivery service, the following terms of use apply: Copyright in this work is held by the author(s). You may download or print any portion of this document for personal use only, or for any use that is allowed by fair use (Title 17, §107 U.S.C.). Except for personal or fair use, you or your borrowing library may not reproduce, remix, republish, post, transmit, or distribute this document, or any portion thereof, without the permission of the copyright owner. [Note: If this document is licensed under a Creative Commons license (see “Rights” on the previous page) which allows broader usage rights, your use is governed by the terms of that license. ] Inquiries regarding further use of these materials should be addressed to: CommonKnowledge Rights, Pacific University Library, 2043 College Way, Forest Grove, OR 97116, (503) 352-7209. Email inquiries may be directed to:. copyright@pacificu.edu This dissertation is available at CommonKnowledge: http://commons.pacificu.edu/spp/1099
Involvement of the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Learning Others’ Bad Reputations and Indelible Distrust

A bad reputation can persistently affect judgments of an individual even when it turns out to be invalid and ought to be disregarded. Such indelible distrust may reflect that the negative evaluation elicited by a bad reputation transfers to a person. Consequently, the person him/herself may come to activate this negative evaluation irrespective of the accuracy of the reputation. If this theoretical model is correct, an evaluation-related brain region will be activated when witnessing a person whose bad reputation one has learned about, regardless of whether the reputation is deemed valid or not. Here, we tested this neural hypothesis with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants memorized faces paired with either a good or a bad reputation. Next, they viewed the faces alone and inferred whether each person was likely to cooperate, first while retrieving the reputations, and then while trying to disregard them as false. A region of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), which may be involved in negative evaluation, was activated by faces previously paired with bad reputations, irrespective of whether participants attempted to retrieve or disregard these reputations. Furthermore, participants showing greater activity of the left ventrolateral prefrontal region in response to the faces with bad reputations were more likely to infer that these individuals would not cooperate. Thus, once associated with a bad reputation, a person may elicit evaluation-related brain responses on their own, thereby evoking distrust independently of their reputation.
Gnaeus: Utilizing Clinical Guidelines for Knowledge-assisted Visualisation of EHR Cohorts

The advanced visualization of electronic health records (EHRs), supporting a scalable analysis from single patients to cohorts, intertwining patients’ conditions with executed treatments, and handling the complexity of timeoriented data, is an open challenge of visual analytics for health care. We propose an approach that, according to the knowledge-assisted visualization paradigm, leverages the domain knowledge acquired by clinical experts and formalized into computer-interpretable guidelines (CIGs), in order to improve the automated analysis, the visualization, and the interactive exploration of EHRs of patient cohorts. In this way, the analyst can get insights about the clinical history of multiple patients and assess the effectiveness of their health care treatments.