Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The multidrug/oligosaccharidyl-lipid/polysaccharide (MOP) exporter superfamily.

The multidrug/oligosaccharidyl-lipid/polysaccharide (MOP) exporter superfamily (TC #2.A.66) consists of four previously recognized families: (a) the ubiquitous multi-drug and toxin extrusion (MATE) family; (b) the prokaryotic polysaccharide transporter (PST) family; (c) the eukaryotic oligosaccharidyl-lipid flippase (OLF) family and (d) the bacterial mouse virulence factor family (MVF). Of these four families, only members of the MATE family have been shown to function mechanistically as secondary carriers, and no member of the MVF family has been shown to function as a transporter. Establishment of a common origin for the MATE, PST, OLF and MVF families suggests a common mechanism of action as secondary carriers catalyzing substrate/cation antiport. Most protein members of these four families exhibit 12 putative transmembrane alpha-helical segments (TMSs), and several have been shown to have arisen by an internal gene duplication event; topological variation is observed for some members of the superfamily. The PST family is more closely related to the MATE, OLF and MVF families than any of these latter three families are related to each other. This fact leads to the suggestion that primordial proteins most closely related to the PST family were the evolutionary precursors of all members of the MOP superfamily. Here, phylogenetic trees and average hydropathy, similarity and amphipathicity plots for members of the four families are derived and provide detailed evolutionary and structural information about these proteins. We show that each family exhibits unique characteristics. For example, the MATE and PST families are characterized by numerous paralogues within a single organism (58 paralogues of the MATE family are present in Arabidopsis thaliana), while the OLF family consists exclusively of orthologues, and the MVF family consists primarily of orthologues. Only in the PST family has extensive lateral transfer of the encoding genes occurred, and in this family as well as the MVF family, topological variation is a characteristic feature. The results serve to define a large superfamily of transporters that we predict function to export substrates using a monovalent cation antiport mechanism.
Treatment with exogenous surfactant stimulates endogenous surfactant synthesis in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome

ObjectiveTreatment of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) with exogenous surfactant has greatly improved clinical outcome. Some infants require multiple doses, and it has not been studied whether these large amounts of exogenous surfactant disturb endogenous surfactant metabolism in humans. We studied endogenous surfactant metabolism in relation to different amounts of exogenous surfactant, administered as rescue therapy for RDS. DesignProspective clinical study. SettingNeonatal intensive care unit in a university hospital. PatientsA total of 27 preterm infants intubated and mechanically ventilated for respiratory insufficiency. InterventionsInfants received a 24-hr infusion with the stable isotope [U-13C]glucose starting 5.3 ± 0.5 hrs after birth. The 13C-incorporation into palmitic acid in surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) isolated from serial tracheal aspirates was measured. Infants received either zero (n = 5), one (n = 4), two (n = 15), or three (n = 3) doses of Survanta (100 mg/kg) when clinically indicated. Measurements and Main ResultsUsing multiple regression analysis, the absolute synthesis rate (ASR) of surfactant PC from plasma glucose increased with 1.3 ± 0.4 mg/kg/day per dose of Survanta (p = .007) (mean ± sem). The ASR of surfactant PC from glucose was increased by prenatal corticosteroid treatment with 1.3 ± 0.4 mg/kg/day per dose corticosteroid (p = .004), and by the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus with 2.1 ± 0.7 mg/kg/day (p = .01). ConclusionThese data are reassuring and show for the first time in preterm infants that multiple doses of exogenous surfactant for RDS are tolerated well by the developing lung and stimulate endogenous surfactant synthesis.
The EU and Russia's conflicting regime preferences in Ukraine: assessing regime promotion strategies in the scope of the Ukraine crisis

This paper evaluates the competitiveness of the European Union (EU) and Russia's regime preferences in their foreign policies towards Ukraine in the scope of the on-going Ukraine crisis. It is argued that the underpinning geopolitical environment Ukraine currently resides in, wedged between two much larger powers (the EU and Russia), renders it a vulnerable target state for regime promotion from both sides. Indeed, since the 2004 Orange revolution in Ukraine, both the EU and Russia have had discernible regime promotion strategies in their foreign policies. The EU's regime promotion has focussed on facilitating democracy in Ukraine, along with more material interests (trade and strategic aims) while Russia has reacted with increasingly zero-sum policies which pursue its preference for having a loyal and Russian-facing regime in Ukraine. Ultimately, the increasing competitiveness of the EU and Russia has been a key factor in the onset of the Ukraine crisis, which offers important insight into the relationship between large powers and the smaller third states which lie in their overlapping spheres of influence.
Conflict and Production: An Application to Natural Resources

Abstract I present a Stackelberg model of conflict, in which contestants have limited endowments to be put in two separate sectors, thus incorporating salient features of many conflicts. The model is applied to the case of conflict over natural resources. Consistent with amounting empirical evidence regarding a so-called "resource curse," I find that the relation between conflict intensity and resource rents is non-monotonous, and that the economy's income growth rate may be negatively affected by resource abundance.
Parents Use of Subsidiaries to 'Push Down' Earnings Management: Evidence from Italy

We find evidence consistent with the hypothesis that Italian non-listed subsidiaries engage in accrual and real earnings management so that their listed parent can avoid reporting annual losses. Thus, the parent firm drives the earnings management of the subsidiaries. We also find that the choice of using subsidiaries to manage earnings is a function of the parent’s ability to manage accruals at its unconsolidated level and that the probability of beating the zero earnings threshold is positively related to the number of subsidiaries the parent owns. Cross-sectional analysis reveals that Big4 auditors mitigate accrual earnings management at the subsidiary level and that family-owned firms are more likely to use earnings management through non-listed subsidiaries to avoid losses. Our evidence is important because it shows how business groups manage earnings differently than single firms.
Pathology and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious viral disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of the lower respiratory tract. The pathogenesis of SARS is highly complex, with multiple factors leading to severe injury in the lungs and dissemination of the virus to several other organs. The SARS coronavirus targets the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, resulting in diffuse alveolar damage. Several organs/cell types may be infected in the course of the illness, including mucosal cells of the intestines, tubular epithelial cells of the kidneys, neurons of the brain, and several types of immune cells, and certain organs may suffer from indirect injury. Extensive studies have provided a basic understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. In this review we describe the most significant pathological features of SARS, explore the etiological factors causing these pathological changes, and discuss the major pathogenetic mechanisms. The latter include dysregulation of cytokines/chemokines, deficiencies in the innate immune response, direct infection of immune cells, direct viral cytopathic effects, down-regulation of lung protective angiotensin converting enzyme 2, autoimmunity, and genetic factors. It seems that both abnormal immune responses and injury to immune cells may be key factors in the pathogenesis of this new disease.
The Relations of Transformational Leadership and Empowerment with Employee Job Satisfaction: A Study among Indian Restaurant Employees

This paper examines if transformational leadership and empowerment affect job satisfaction among Indian restaurant employees. This study utilized survey research (a non-experimental field study design). A total of 218 restaurant industry employees from the Punjab area of India were surveyed to assess their perceptions of transformational leadership, empowerment, and job satisfaction at their places of work. Positive relationships between i) employee perceived transformational leadership used by managers and employee perceived job satisfaction and ii) employee perceived empowerment and employee perceived job satisfaction were found. The paper makes recommendations to managers and owners/operators of the hospitality organizations for improving employee retention.
Foundational aspects of theories of measurement

It is a scientific platitude that there can be neither precise control nor prediction of phenomena without measurement. Disciplines are diverse as cosmology and social psychology provide evidence that it is nearly useless to have an exactly formulated quantitative theory if empirically feasible methods of measurement cannot be developed for a substantial portion of the quantitative concepts of the theory. Given a physical concept like that of mass or a psychological concept like that of habit strength, the point of a theory of measurement is to lay bare the structure of a collection of empirical relations which may be used to measure the characteristic of empirical phenomena corresponding to the concept. Why a collection of relations? From an abstract standpoint a set of empirical data consists of a collection of relations between specified objects. For example, data on the relative weights of a set of physical objects are easily represented by an ordering relation on the set; additional data, and a fortiori an additional relation, are needed to yield a satisfactory quantitative measurement of the masses of the objects. The major source of difficulty in providing an adequate theory of measurement is to construct relations which have an exact and reasonable numerical interpretation and yet also have a technically practical empirical interpretation. The classical analyses of the measurement of mass, for instance, have the embarrassing consequence that the basic set of objects measured must be infinite. Here the relations postulated have acceptable numerical interpretations, but are utterly unsuitable empirically. Conversely, as we shall see in the last section of this paper, the structure of relations which have a sound empirical meaning often cannot be succinctly characterized so as to guarantee a desired numerical interpretation.
Do Norwegian Companies' Direct Investments in Poland Imply Exports of Labour Relations?

This article suggests that the Norwegian model of labour relations is not transferred to Poland as a part of direct investments when it comes to representative participation of the workforce and collective bargaining. The authors suggest several explanations for their findings. One is that Norwegian manufacturing companies mainly locate simple assembling activities in Poland, and, from the employer's point of view, these activities may not call for the same extent of employee involvement in work organization as is the case with more competence-intensive activities. Second, through participation processes employees might be able to take home more of the value added, with lower profits for the Norwegian owners as a result. In addition, there are difficulties in transferring labour relations because of differences in cultural codes and lack of basic institutions, e.g. unionization and membership in employers' associations, which is absent in most of the companies.
In‐cell protein NMR and protein leakage

In‐cell nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a tool for studying proteins under physiologically relevant conditions. In some instances, however, protein signals from leaked protein are observed in the liquid surrounding the cells. Here, we examine the expression of four proteins in Escherichia coli. We describe the controls that should be used for in‐cell NMR experiments and show that leakage is likely when the protein being studied exceeds ∼20% of the total cellular protein. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Predictive Value of Analyst Characteristics

While numerous intuitively appealing characteristics of individual analyst earnings forecast accuracy have been identified, the extant literature has provided no evidence regarding the out-of-sample predictive validity of these characteristics. We examine whether these characteristics possess incremental predictive ability vis-à-vis forecast age, the control variable of these studies. We compare the predictive ability of a consensus forecast based solely on forecast age (Age) with that of a six-factor model consisting of forecast age plus five analyst characteristics suggested by the literature (Model). We use the dual evaluative criteria suggested by Foster (1977) and employed numerous times thereafter to assess predictive ability: (1) the ability to predict the next number in the time series and (2) the ability to approximate the capital market's earnings expectation. We show that Age predicts as well as Model using both predictive ability criteria. Because Model consists of Age plus five other factors, it is cost-beneficial to use Age in lieu of Model for predictive purposes. FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2 (1980) identifies predictive value as a criterion of information relevance. We show that analyst characteristics have no relevance for the purpose of obtaining better predictions of the next quarterly earnings number vis-à-vis a simpler model based on forecast age. There are many reasons for identifying individual analyst-based characteristics, but predictive ability of the next quarterly number is not one of them.
Channel model and modulation schemes for visible light communications

We present indoor multipath dispersion characteristics for visible light communications (VLC). We generalize the conventional ray-tracing model by including wavelength-dependent white LED characteristics and spectral reflectance of indoor reflectors. We perform a computer simulation to compare the power delay profile of the VLC with that of infrared communications. The VLC uses solid-state lightings to transmit information; therefore it is necessary that modulation schemes for the VLC provide dimming control. We consider several modulation schemes to offer both functions of modulating data-stream and controlling the brightness at the same time. We analyze communication performance in terms of power requirement and spectral efficiency.
Partner choice and intergenerational occupational mobility: the case of nineteenth-century rural Sweden

ABSTRACT This article studies the effects of marriage partner choice on occupational attainment and mobility in five rural parishes in southern Sweden between about 1815 and 1894. It uses an individual-level database containing information on a large number of marriages and the occupational origin of the marrying couple, regardless of whether they were born in the parish or not. Occupations are coded in HISCO and classified using HISCLASS. The results indicate the presence of occupational homogamy in this rural society. The social origin of the partner also mattered a great deal for subsequent occupational attainment and mobility, both upwards and downwards. Le choix du partenaire et la mobilité professionnelle entre générations: le cas de la Suède rurale du 19e siècle Nous étudions ici, pour cinq paroisses rurales de la Suède du Sud entre les années 1815 et 1894, les effets du choix du conjoint sur la profession à laquelle on aboutit et sur la mobilité. Nous recourons pour cela à une base de données individuelles nous donnant des informations sur un grand nombre de mariages et sur la profession d'origine des futurs mariés, qu'ils soient ou non nés dans telle paroisse. Pour les professions, nous recourons au code HISCO, en les classant selon HISCLASS. De cette recherche, il ressort l'existence d'une homogamie professionnelle dans cette société rurale. L'origine sociale du conjoint exerçait aussi une forte influence sur le niveau de profession auquel on pouvait parvenir, ainsi que sur la mobilité, que ce soit vers le haut ou vers le bas. Partnerwahl und intergenerationale berufliche Mobilität: das ländliche Schweden im 19. Jahrhundert Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen der Partnerwahl auf den erzielten Beruf und die Mobiltät in fünf ländlichen Gemeinden in Südschweden zwischen ca. 1815 und 1894. Es wird eine Einzelpersonendatenbank benutzt, die Informationen über eine große Anzahl von Heiraten und den beruflichen Hintergrund des Brautpaares enthält, unabhängig davon, ob die Ehepartner in der Gemeinde geboren wurden oder nicht. Die Berufe werden nach HISCO kodiert und mit Hilfe von HISCLASS klassifiziert. Die Ergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, dass in dieser ländlichen Gesellschaft berufliche Homogamie bestand. Ferner spielte die soziale Herkunft des Partners nicht nur für die weitere berufliche Karriere eine große Rolle, sondern auch für die Aufstiegs- wie für die Abstiegsmobilität.
Organizational Complexity and Auditor Quality

Manuscript Type: Empirical. Research Question/Issue: This study investigates two questions: (1) What is the relationship between organizational complexity and auditor choice, and (2) Does auditor choice influence the relationship between organizational complexity and firm value? Research Findings/Insights: Examination of a sample of large public US companies reveals a positive association between auditor quality and various proxies for organizational complexity. We also find a positive association between organizational complexity and firm value when the complex firm hires Big N auditors. The results are robust to alternative measures of auditor quality and firm value and to controls for the regulatory environment. Theoretical/Academic Implications: The results extend the agency theory argument that agency costs resulting from information asymmetry between managers and investors affect the demand for external monitoring by auditors, specifically the demand by organizationally complex firms for higher quality audits. We also shed light on how the value enhancement of a complex organization depends on auditor quality. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Our findings offer new perspectives for managers of complex firms that are industrially or geographically diversified. They can use the retention of a larger auditor as a credible signal that their consolidated reports are more informative about their financial performance. Further, the findings provide new insight into the value that investors place on auditor quality when they assess the value of firms with complex organizational structures.
A General Model of Boundedly Rational Observational Learning: Theory and Evidence

This paper introduces a model of boundedly rational observational learning, which is rationally founded and applicable to general environments. Under Quasi-Bayesian updating each action is treated as if it were based only on the private information of its respective observed agent. We analyze the theoretical long run implications of Quasi-Bayesian updating in a model of repeated interaction in social networks with binary actions. We characterize the environments in which consensus and information aggregation is achieved and establish that for any environment information aggregation fails in large networks. Evidence from a laboratory experiment supports Quasi-Bayesian updating and our theoretical predictions.
[Comparison of proximal femoral nail and dynamic hip screw for treating intertrochanteric fractures].

OBJECTIVE To discuss characters of proximal femoral nail and dynamic hip screw for treating type A1, A2, A3 of intertrochanteric fractures. METHODS We review 104 patients with intertrochanteic fractures, 33 patients were treated with proximal femoral nail (PFN), including 13 males and 20 females with an average age of 76 years (ranging from 63 to 87 years). 12 cases of type A1; 18 cases of type A2 and 3 cases of type A3; and 71 patients were treated with dynamic hip screw (DHS), including 29 males and 42 females with an average age of 74.5 years (ranging from 61 to 92 years), 32 cases of type A1, 34 cases of type A2 and 5 cases of type A3. Comparision in an average time of operations, the length of incision, blood loss, weight loading time and complications between two groups. RESULTS An average time of operation was (51.5 +/- 4.4) min in PFN; (68.8 +/- 5.9) min in DHS. The length of incision was (9.6 +/- 0.9) cm in PFN; (15.5 +/- 1.5) cm in DHS. The blood loss was (179.0 +/- 12.9) ml in PFN; (269.3 +/- 40.0) ml in DHS. Varus collapse was none in PFN, 1 case in DHS. The collodiaphyseal angle of 7 cases decreased in DHS. Lateral hip pain caused by proximal screw removal was 6 cases in PEN. CONCLUSION The therapeutic effect of DHS and PEN was primitively same in treating type A1 of intertrochanteric fracture. Operative injuries of PFN were less than that of DHS and anti-tonia was more stronger which is more suitable for type A2 and A3 of intertrochateric fractures.
Integrated Analysis of Regional and National Unemployment Differentials in the European Union

Zeilstra A. S. and Elhorst J. P. Integrated analysis of regional and national unemployment differentials in the European Union, Regional Studies. This study investigates the causes of variation in regional unemployment rates from a cross-country perspective. In the proposed, stylized theoretical framework, both regional- and national-level variables serve as explanatory variables. An econometric model of random and fixed coefficients of regional and national variables acknowledges that observations may be correlated in space and time and that some explanatory variables are not strictly exogenous. Using annual data pertaining to 142 regions across ten European Union countries during 1983–1997, it was found that regional and national variables are almost equally important and that unemployment cannot be addressed with a common policy.
Education and the Reproduction of Inequalities

It is one of the most fundamental and robust result of sociology of education research that the level of education one attains is strongly determined by the socio-economic status and education of his/her parents2. For example, children from industry or farm worker families attain lower education than children from higher social strata in all developed countries (Gambetta, 1987). In other words, education is reproduced from generation to generation.
Medial Malleolar Osteotomy and Osteochondral Autograft Transfer for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Distal Tibial Plafond

The literature on the surgical treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the distal tibial plafond is significantly limited. The purpose of this case study is to present a novel surgical technique to repair osteochondritis dissecans of the distal medial tibial plafond. A retrospective chart and radiographic review of a 15-year-old male was performed with a 24-month follow-up along with a review of the literature. A right angled medial malleolar osteotomy provides adequate exposure, width, and depth of the medial distal tibial plafond allowing for the successful transfer of osteochondral autograft plugs. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case report