Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composite iron oxide–Prussian blue nanoparticles for magnetically guided T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal therapy of tumors

Theranostic nanoparticles offer the potential for mixing and matching disparate diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities within a single nanoparticle for the personalized treatment of diseases. In this article, we present composite iron oxide-gadolinium-containing Prussian blue nanoparticles (Fe3O4@GdPB) as a novel theranostic agent for T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal therapy (PTT) of tumors. These particles combine the well-described properties and safety profiles of the constituent Fe3O4 nanoparticles and gadolinium-containing Prussian blue nanoparticles. The Fe3O4@GdPB nanoparticles function both as effective MRI contrast agents and PTT agents as determined by characterizing studies performed in vitro and retain their properties in the presence of cells. Importantly, the Fe3O4@GdPB nanoparticles function as effective MRI contrast agents in vivo by increasing signal:noise ratios in T1-weighted scans of tumors and as effective PTT agents in vivo by decreasing tumor growth rates and increasing survival in an animal model of neuroblastoma. These findings demonstrate the potential of the Fe3O4@GdPB nanoparticles to function as effective theranostic agents.
A broadcast-based calculus for communicating systems

This paper presents a process calculus for reconfigurable communicating systems which has broadcast as basic communication primitive, and we provide an operational semantics for this calculus. We illustrate the calculus through some examples, and we propose three behavioural equivalences for reasoning about systems of broadcasting processes, namely, barbed equivalence, step-equivalence and labelled bisimilarity. An important result, is that all these relations coincide, providing different ways to study the equivalence/non-equivalence of two systems. Then, we provide a direct characterization for the strong congruence relation induced by these equivalences. Finally, we give a complete axiomatisation for strong congruence.
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Background: The Ibadan Knee/Hip Osteoarthritis Outcome Measure (IKHOAM) was developed for measuring end results of care in patients with knee or hip OA in Nigeria. The purpose of this study was to validate a Hausa translation of IKHOAM in order to promote its use among the Hausa populations of Nigeria and other West African countries. Methods: Sixty-seven patients with knee OA, literate in Hausa and English, recruited consecutively from all government hospitals in Kano were assessed on both English and Hausa versions of IKHOAM. The order of assessment with the versions was randomized and separated by 24 hours. Participants also rated their pain intensity on the Visual Analogue Scale. Data was analyzed using the Spearman Rank Order correlation and Cronbach's alpha. Results: The participants (17 males, 50 females) were aged 55.7 ± 13.4 years. Participants' scores on the Hausa version correlated significantly with the original version (r = 0.67, p = 0.000) and with pain intensity scores on the Visual Analogue Scale (r = -0.24, p = 0.005). The Cronbach's alpha for correlation on the different parts of the Hausa version ranged between 0.28 and 0.95. Conclusion: The Hausa version of IKHOAM meets the criteria for validity and internal consistency and may be used in the Hausa speaking parts of Nigeria and other West African countries. Background The Ibadan Knee/Hip Osteoarthritis Outcome Measure (IKHOAM), a Nigerian culture and environment-friendly clinical tool was developed at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria for measuring end results of care in patients with knee or Hip OA [1]. The tool was made specific to Knee/ Hip joints because among Nigerian patients, the knee is the most frequently affected by OA followed by the hip [2,3]. It is a 3 domain, 33-item clinical instrument. Parts1 and 2 of IKHOAM are patient-report. Part 1 measures the degree of limitations and nature of assistance required in 25 relevant activities of daily living on a five (0–4) point ordinal scale. Part 2 measures the degree of participation restriction in 3 activities on a four (0–3) point ordinal scale. Part 3 comprises 5 physical performance tests, which is rated by the clinician on five and six point ordinal scales. IKHOAM has been shown to demonstrate initial criteria towards validity and responsiveness [1]. Nigeria is a multi-ethnic country with over 500 indigenous languages. The three major Nigerian indigenous languages are Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba [4]. Probably for ease Published: 22 October 2008 Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2008, 6:86 doi:10.1186/1477-7525-6-86 Received: 9 May 2008 Accepted: 22 October 2008 This article is available from: http://www.hqlo. com/content/6/1/86 © 2008 Odole and Akinpelu; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Routes to Positive Interracial Interactions: Approaching Egalitarianism or Avoiding Prejudice

The current work examined factors that contribute to positive interracial interactions. It argues that the source of people’s motivation to respond without prejudice and the goals and strategies they pursue in interracial interactions influence the quality of these interactions. Three studies show that non-Black participants who are highly internally motivated to respond without prejudice tend to focus on strategies and behaviors in interactions with Black people that approach a positive (i.e., egalitarian) outcome. As a result of engaging in these approach behaviors, their interracial interactions go more smoothly for both themselves and their interaction partners as compared to people less internally motivated. In contrast, externally motivated people tend to focus on avoiding negative (i.e., prejudiced) outcomes, which ironically results in their coming across to their partners as prejudiced. The implications of the findings for smoothing out the rocky road to positive intergroup interactions are discussed.
Torsional sensing of small-molecule binding using magnetic tweezers

DNA-binding small molecules are widespread in the cell and heavily used in biological applications. Here, we use magnetic tweezers, which control the force and torque applied to single DNAs, to study three small molecules: ethidium bromide (EtBr), a well-known intercalator; netropsin, a minor-groove binding anti-microbial drug; and topotecan, a clinically used anti-tumor drug. In the low-force limit in which biologically relevant torques can be accessed (<10 pN), we show that ethidium intercalation lengthens DNA ∼1.5-fold and decreases the persistence length, from which we extract binding constants. Using our control of supercoiling, we measure the decrease in DNA twist per intercalation to be 27.3 ± 1° and demonstrate that ethidium binding delays the accumulation of torsional stress in DNA, likely via direct reduction of the torsional modulus and torque-dependent binding. Furthermore, we observe that EtBr stabilizes the DNA duplex in regimes where bare DNA undergoes structural transitions. In contrast, minor groove binding by netropsin affects neither the contour nor persistence length significantly, yet increases the twist per base of DNA. Finally, we show that topotecan binding has consequences similar to those of EtBr, providing evidence for an intercalative binding mode. These insights into the torsional consequences of ligand binding can help elucidate the effects of small-molecule drugs in the cellular environment.
Fusion Methods for ICD10 Code Classification of Death Certificates in Multilingual Corpora

In this working notes paper, we present our methodology and the results for Task 1 of the CLEF eHealth Evaluation Lab 2017. This benchmark addresses information extraction in written text with focus on unexplored languages corpora, specifically English and French. The goal is to automatically assign codes (ICD10) to text content of death certificates. Our approach is focused on fusion methods in conjunction with support vector machines for ICD10 code classification. First, we composed a large scale feature set comprising more than 40k features based on bag of words, bag of 2-grams, bag of 3-grams, latent Dirichlet allocation, and the ontologies of WordNet and UMLS. In the development phase, we evaluated three different methods: each feature type separately (no fusion), early feature-level fusion, and late fusion including the rules majority vote, maximum, and average. For the English test set, the best F-measure was 0.8187 using early fusion. For the two French test sets, we achieved 0.6692 and 0.7216 using late fusion in connection with the rule average for bag of words and bag of 2-grams.
What habbo goers do in practice? decomposing attitudinal beliefs

The popularity of social virtual worlds (SVWs) stems from the proficiency of designing appealing activities. In a volitional use context, hedonic outcomes, such as pleasure and enjoyment, along with social interactivity are fundamental attitudinal beliefs fostering the success of SVW. As such, the attitudinal beliefs affecting attitude toward using SVWs with multiple functions is worth studying. The practitioners should however focus on the actual behavioural success factors beyond using SVWs. Using Habbo as an example, this study paper develops a research framework and examines how attitude toward using SVWs mediates Habbo goers’ attitudinal beliefs on the actual behavioural incentives. Based on a review of prior literature a decomposed theory of planned behaviour suggested by Taylor and Todd (1995) is employed. The research model is tested with data collected from 1225 active Habbo goers. The main findings of the study suggest that while the Habbo goers desire for social interaction within Habbo the construct of attitude toward using the service fails to reflect it. This indicates that following the omission of discovering the proper attitudinal beliefs behind the actual behavioural factors investments may well be lost.
Effect of glycidyl methacrylate‐grafted natural rubber on physical properties of polylactic acid and natural rubber blends

Natural rubber (NR) was melt blended with polylactic acid (PLA) at various ratios using an internal mixer. The impact strength and elongation at break of PLA/NR blend dramatically increased with increasing NR content up to 10% (w/w). Glycidyl methacrylate-grafted natural rubber (NR-g-GMA) was used as a compatibilizer for PLA/NR blend. The effects of content and %grafting of NR-g-GMA on mechanical properties of PLA/NR blend were studied. The experimental result showed that the addition of NR-g-GMA in PLA/NR blend significantly improved impact strength and elongation at break of PLA/NR blend when compared with that of neat PLA and PLA/NR blend without NR-g-GMA. The impact strength and elongation at break of PLA/NR blend increased with increasing NR-g-GMA content up to 1% (w/w). Moreover, with increasing % grafting of NR-g-GMA in PLA/NR blend up to 4.35, the impact strength and elongation at break of the blend increased. Morphological and thermal property of PLA, PLA/NR, and PLA/NR/NR-g-GMA were elucidated as well. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Neurosis and marital interaction. I. Personality and symptoms.

1. A group of 6o male patients, receiving out-patient treatment for neurosis or personality disorder, together with their wives, have been examined by means of conjoint interviews supplemented by psychometric tests: the 6o couples represented 87 per cent of those approached. A control series of normal pairs were similarly examined: they represented 63 per cent of couples identified as suitable for the study. 2. The patient and control couples were found to be well-matched in a variety of back ground variables. 3. The patients' wives scored significantly higher than the control wives on clinical ratings of incapacity due to impaired health, and on the M-R section of the C.M. I. : they also had higher scores on the M.P.I.N scale and the total C.M. I. Similarly they had a significantly higher number of previous psychiatric illnesses. 4. The patient `status' of the husbands appeared to be about as important as their level of illness as a correlate of the illness among the(patients') wives. 5. The effects of duration of marriage upon the health of the patients' wives proved difficult to examine, since the most disturbed husbands appeared to be those with the shorter marriages. Nevertheless, when compared with the controls, an increasing level of disability as rated clinically was demonstrated among the patients' wives. The C.M. I. data also showed a tendency to relatively increased scores in the later years of marriage. No trends emerged for the M.P.I.N scale. 6. It was predicted from earlier studies that the interspouse correlations (i) in the early years of marriage would be lower in the patient pairs than the controls; (ii) in later years of marriage would progressively rise among the patient pairs but decline among the controls, and (iii) in the groups considered irrespective of duration of marriage, would be approximately equal. The first and third of these hypotheses were supported on most of the measures used. 7. Since early in marriage the patients' wives did not differ significantly from the controls on any measure of pathology, and since the husband-wife correlations at that time were approximately zero (or even negative) it was concluded that the study failed to confirm the assortative mating hypothesis. Conversely, the increasing differentiation of the patients' spouses from the controls on several indices of illness was considered to be more in accordance with an interactional model of pathogenesis. 8. A number of methodological problems were briefly reviewed, including the difficulties of specifying and measuring the relevant duration of any putative pathological interaction.
Sintering of 316L stainless steels to high density via the addition of chromium—molybdenum dibromide powders Part 1: Sintering performance and mechanical properties

Abstract Single and mixed additions of both chromium diboride and molybdenum diboride powders were effective in raising the sintered density of water-atomized 316L stainless steel to 98 per cent of the full density at sintering temperatures in the range 1250-1300°C. Chromium diboride was more effective than molybdenum diboride in reducing the sintering temperature. The mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength and ductility were superior to those obtained with normal sintered stainless steel and the alloys exhibited considerable ductility despite the presence of a grain boundary boride eutectic phase. Mixed additions of both chromium plus molybdenum diboride gave the best overall levels of strength and ductility.
Co-Morbidity in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Objectives— Selection for surgery of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) depends on an assessment of risk from operation compared with risk from aneurysm rupture. A study was performed to assess the levels of co-morbidity and to see whether co-morbidity was different in people with a normal aorta after ultrasonographic examination than in those with an aneurysmal aorta. Setting and methods— Over a two year period 5392 people (2341 men, 3051 women) aged 65–80 were screened using B-mode linear ultrasound, with maximum measurements taken of transverse, anteroposterior diameters, or both. All subjects were given a questionnaire seeking a history of angina, stroke, claudication, myocardial infarct, respiratory problems, and diabetes. Results— 218 men and women were found to have an AAA of 3 cm or greater. The results of the questionnaire were analysed using logistic regression whereby all the co-morbid conditions were adjusted for each other and for smoking, sex, and age. The only conditions which were significantly associated with AAA in both sexes were myocardial infarction with an odds ratio(OR) of 1.66 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06 to 2.60) and claudication with an OR of 1.68 (95% CI 1.17 to 2.42). The association between angina and AAA was of borderline significance (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.30). Stroke was significantly associated only in women, with an OR of 3.71 (95% CI 1.42 to 9.69). Rates of diabetes and respiratory disease were not significantly different between people with AAA and normal aortas.
Migration of nanoparticles from plastic packaging materials containing carbon black into foodstuffs

Carbon black was investigated to assess and quantify the possibility that nanoparticles might migrate out of plastic materials used in the food packaging industry. Two types of carbon black were incorporated in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polystyrene (PS) at 2.5% and 5.0% loading (w/w), and then subjected to migration studies. The samples were exposed to different food simulants according to European Union Plastics Regulation 10/2011, simulating long-term storage with aqueous and fatty foodstuffs. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to a multi-angle laser light-scattering (MALLS) detector was used to separate, characterise and quantify the potential release of nanoparticles. The AF4 method was successful in differentiating carbon black from other matrix components, such as extracted polymer chains, in the migration solution. At a detection limit of 12 µg kg−1, carbon black did not migrate from the packaging material into food simulants. The experimental findings are in agreement with theoretical considerations based on migration modelling. From both the experimental findings and theoretical considerations, it can be concluded that carbon black does not migrate into food once it is incorporated into a plastics food contact material.
The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective

Why did the industrial revolution take place in eighteenth-century Britain and not elsewhere in Europe or Asia? In this convincing new account Robert Allen argues that the British industrial revolution was a successful response to the global economy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He shows that in Britain wages were high and capital and energy cheap in comparison to other countries in Europe and Asia. As a result, the breakthrough technologies of the industrial revolution - the steam engine, the cotton mill, and the substitution of coal for wood in metal production - were uniquely profitable to invent and use in Britain. The high wage economy of pre-industrial Britain also fostered industrial development since more people could afford schooling and apprenticeships. It was only when British engineers made these new technologies more cost-effective during the nineteenth century that the industrial revolution would spread around the world.
Chasing the dollar : why scientists should decline tobacco industry funding

ost tobacco researchers now know how the tobacco industry for decades operated clandestinely to obstruct and obfuscate the scientific evidence that smoking causes cancer and, later, that secondhand smoke causes disease in non-smokers. The tobacco industry's internal documents , released as a result of the US states Attorneys General lawsuits and other legal cases, provide ample evidence that is analysed in an expanding body of work. 1 2 What may not be as widely known is that these documents also highlight how the industry used respected scientists to advance its goals. Fields and Chapman's important and well documented case study in this issue of the journal shows that even internationally renowned scientists are not immune to the seductions of industry funding. 3 What is important for today's scientists to understand is that credibility is perhaps the most desired scientific product for tobacco industry funded research. To illustrate, you need look no further than the internal form used by Philip Morris' Worldwide Scientific Affairs to evaluate the need for scientific research, which explicitly includes " Credibility " as a primary criterion for judging proposed studies (along with Health/Safety, Regulatory , and Product Change). (see fig 1; also available at http://legacy. library.ucsf.edu/tid/bwi17d00). Credibility is essential to the positive public image the tobacco industry cultivates for the purposes of increasing product consumption , influencing public opinion, and soliciting opposition to effective public health policies. 4 This is only one of the reasons that reputable scientists should view industry funding with scepticism, however. Among the other reasons, as Fields and Chapman show, is that almost no one, regardless of one's pure motivations in conducting scientific research, is unaffected by the need to obtain dollars to do the work. Why was Wynder so anxious to be seen as " not anti-tobacco " ? As this case study shows, it was because he wanted to ensure that he could get (and continue to get) money from the tobacco industry. Yes, the industry courted Wyn-der, but he was also active in chasing dollars, and the documents suggest that he may have thought he could steer a course of self management that would preclude conflicts of interest. Unfortunately , it appears he was unsuccessful. Why didn't Wynder openly acknowledge tobacco industry sponsorship? Was he discomfited by the tobacco industry's pressure (for example, to delete any mention of smoking and health from the press materials for his American Health …
Recent advances in the neuroimaging and neuropsychology of cerebral palsy

ABSTRACT This article reviews the recent advances in understanding of cerebral palsy (CP) and outlines how these advances could inform pediatric neuropsychological rehabilitation. Three main areas are discussed: the improved delineation of differing presentations resulting from more advanced imaging techniques with emerging links to function; a brief review of research examining neuropsychological functioning of children with CP and their quality of life and participation; and lastly, some of the evidence for efficacious interventions and the extent to which these interventions are derived from neuropsychological theory and practice. Advances and gaps in knowledge in addition to suggestions of areas for future focus in research and practice are discussed throughout the article.
Perspectives in iron metabolism.

IN early times the earth had a reducing atmosphere, and an abundance of ferrous iron was present for incorporation into biologic molecules.1 Later, with an increase in atmospheric oxygen, iron existed largely in its less available ferric form,2 and special devices had to be developed by life forms for the acquisition of iron. Bacteria, for example, synthesize and excrete high-affinity chelating agents that extract otherwise unavailable iron from the surrounding environment.3 The roots of plants also secrete substances that augment iron absorption.4 In mammalian species a "shuttle" protein in the upper intestine — mucosal transferrin — appears to perform this .