Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intestinal Motility Assessment With Video Capsule Endoscopy: Automatic Annotation of Phasic Intestinal Contractions

Intestinal motility assessment with video capsule endoscopy arises as a novel and challenging clinical fieldwork. This technique is based on the analysis of the patterns of intestinal contractions shown in a video provided by an ingestible capsule with a wireless micro-camera. The manual labeling of all the motility events requires large amount of time for offline screening in search of findings with low prevalence, which turns this procedure currently unpractical. In this paper, we propose a machine learning system to automatically detect the phasic intestinal contractions in video capsule endoscopy, driving a useful but not feasible clinical routine into a feasible clinical procedure. Our proposal is based on a sequential design which involves the analysis of textural, color, and blob features together with SVM classifiers. Our approach tackles the reduction of the imbalance rate of data and allows the inclusion of domain knowledge as new stages in the cascade. We present a detailed analysis, both in a quantitative and a qualitative way, by providing several measures of performance and the assessment study of interobserver variability. Our system performs at 70% of sensitivity for individual detection, whilst obtaining equivalent patterns to those of the experts for density of contractions.
Self-Correcting Models for Model-Based Reinforcement Learning

When an agent cannot represent a perfectly accurate model of its environment's dynamics, model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) can fail catastrophically. Planning involves composing the predictions of the model; when flawed predictions are composed, even minor errors can compound and render the model useless for planning. Hallucinated Replay (Talvitie 2014) trains the model to "correct" itself when it produces errors, substantially improving MBRL with flawed models. This paper theoretically analyzes this approach, illuminates settings in which it is likely to be effective or ineffective, and presents a novel error bound, showing that a model's ability to self-correct is more tightly related to MBRL performance than one-step prediction error. These results inspire an MBRL algorithm for deterministic MDPs with performance guarantees that are robust to model class limitations.
Seismotectonic Model of the Kangra–Chamba Sector of Northwest Himalaya: Constraints from Joint Hypocenter Determination and Focal Mechanism

The existing seismological network in the Kangra-Chamba sector has been upgraded with 12 three-component digital seismometers to obtain new insight on the nature and sources of continued clustered seismicity in this part of northwest Himalaya. A combination of travel-time-distance plots and travel-time inversion of P and S phases have been used to derive a 1D velocity model for the region. The mini- mum 1D velocity model divides the average 44 km thick crust into four layers. The top ∼10 km thick layer represents the metamorphosed sediments of the Chamba nappe that dominates the surface geology of the study area. Suggestion of a thin low-velocity layer at 15 km depth possibly marks the detachment zone separating the downgoing Indian plate from the overriding wedge. The improved locations of epicenters show close clustering of seismic events immediately northeast of the epicenter of the 1905 Kangra earthquake, while away from this zone the seismicity in the Chamba sector has more even distribution. In the later sector, space-depth distribution of hypocenters suggests that strain resulting from the ongoing collision of the Indian plate with Asia is being consumed by reverse-fault movement on the Chamba thrust. The clustered seismicity in the Kangra sector has three distinct source regions and mechanisms: (1) southward displacement of the thick Chamba nappe sheet over the Panjal imbricate zone along the Panjal thrust accounts for the seismicity at shallow depths of less than 7 km, (2) the nucleation of strains where the northeast dipping main boundary thrust (MBT) merges with the detachment plane produces focused seismicity near this junc- tion, and (3) the seismicity in a small pocket below the plane of detachment appears to be a consequence of stresses generated at the base of the northeast dipping detachment plane by the transverse structure.
Spontaneous Magnetic Alignment by Yearling Snapping Turtles: Rapid Association of Radio Frequency Dependent Pattern of Magnetic Input with Novel Surroundings

We investigated spontaneous magnetic alignment (SMA) by juvenile snapping turtles using exposure to low-level radio frequency (RF) fields at the Larmor frequency to help characterize the underlying sensory mechanism. Turtles, first introduced to the testing environment without the presence of RF aligned consistently towards magnetic north when subsequent magnetic testing conditions were also free of RF (‘RF off → RF off’), but were disoriented when subsequently exposed to RF (‘RF off → RF on’). In contrast, animals initially introduced to the testing environment with RF present were disoriented when tested without RF (‘RF on → RF off’), but aligned towards magnetic south when tested with RF (‘RF on → RF on’). Sensitivity of the SMA response of yearling turtles to RF is consistent with the involvement of a radical pair mechanism. Furthermore, the effect of RF appears to result from a change in the pattern of magnetic input, rather than elimination of magnetic input altogether, as proposed to explain similar effects in other systems/organisms. The findings show that turtles first exposed to a novel environment form a lasting association between the pattern of magnetic input and their surroundings. However, under natural conditions turtles would never experience a change in the pattern of magnetic input. Therefore, if turtles form a similar association of magnetic cues with the surroundings each time they encounter unfamiliar habitat, as seems likely, the same pattern of magnetic input would be associated with multiple sites/localities. This would be expected from a sensory input that functions as a global reference frame, helping to place multiple locales (i.e., multiple local landmark arrays) into register to form a global map of familiar space.
Preliminary Report on Finds of Supposedly Ancient Human Remains at Vero, Florida

On the kind invitation of Dr. E. H. Sellards, state geologist of Florida, and as his guest, the writer in the latter part of October, 1916, spent four days at Vero, Florida, where his time was devoted to the study of the site from which certain human bones described by Dr. Sellards were obtained, and to a preliminary examination of the bones themselves. Generous assistance in this work was rendered by Dr. Sellards and his associate, Mr. Gunter, as well as by the two local gentlemen most directly interested in these finds, namely, Messrs. Ayers and Weills, to whom the writer wishes to express his grateful acknowledgments. On arriving at Vero the writer engaged workmen and with their aid made a clean exposure about i60 feet in length of the geological deposits in close proximity to the spots where the human bones had been discovered. This afforded a comprehensive and enlightening view of all the formations involved. The two human skeletons had been found in the south bank of a recently excavated drainage canal. They occurred one in fairly close proximity to, and the other within the broad shallow bed of, a small fresh-water stream, now drained by a lateral cut from the canal. The former lay in dark and somewhat indurated sands, layer No. 2 of Sellards, the latter for the most part at the base of layer No. 3, the muck deposit of the stream bed, and "between this and the next older stratum" (Sellards). A few smaller bones which probably belonged to the second skeleton were found at about the same level and at a short distance from the rest of the remains in a small elevation of the irregularly eroded upper surface of the lower sandy layer No. 2.
Reproductive success and survival of hen rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) during summer

The rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) is a common breeding bird in Iceland and the population shows fairly regular 10-year cycles. Independent of the cycle the population has been declining 4% annually for the last decades and the amplitude is markedly reduced. In this study two questions are addressed. One is whether generalist predators can cause the dampening of the population cycle and the decline of the population. The other is whether there is an age related difference in chick production, which is information needed to refine a population model of the ptarmigan in Iceland. Hens were trapped in two areas in Iceland, one in the north-east in 2009 and 2010 and the other close to the city Reykjavik in the south-west in 2007 and 2008. Two age groups were identified, birds from previous summer (yearlings) and older birds (adults). All hens were radio tagged and monitored once a week during May through August. Mortality causes were estimated as well as reproductive success. The result shows no statistical difference between age groups regarding survival of hens or number of chicks in August while the difference between areas was large. Survival and reproduction were higher in the north-east where the population increased 3.7-fold during the breeding season while in the south-west the population increase was only 1.6-fold. The proximate reason for this difference was high predation by generalist mammalian predators on hens in the south-west and low chick production. %%%%Rjupa (Lagopus muta) er algengur varpfugl a Islandi og stofninn sýnir reglulegar sveiflur i fjolda. Hver sveifla tekur um 10 ar og margfaldast stofninn milli lagmarks- og hamarksara. Ohað sveiflunum hefur stofninn minnkað um 4% a ari siðustu aratugi og hamork orðið sifellt laegri. I þessari rannsokn er leitað svara við tveimur spurningum. Onnur snýr að þvi hvort aukið afran a kvenfuglum yfir sumartimann geti verið orsok breytinga i stofnsveiflunum. Hin snýr að þvi að afla upplýsinga um ungaframleiðslu eftir aldri en þaer upplýsingar vantar til að haegt se að baeta stofnlikan sem gert hefur verið fyrir rjupuna. Kvenfuglar rjupunnar voru fangaðir a tveimur svaeðum, a Suðvesturlandi 2007 og 2008 og Norðausturlandi 2009 og 2010 og þeir flokkaðir i tvo aldursflokka, arsgamla fugla og tveggja ara og eldri. Utvarpssendar voru settir a fuglana og þeim fylgt eftir einu sinni i viku yfir vor og sumar. Affoll voru skrað sem og varparangur. Ekki maeldist marktaekur munur a affollum eða varparangri eftir aldri en niðurstoðurnar sýna mikinn mun a milli svaeða þar sem afoll kvenfugla voru mun meiri og varpafkoma slakari a Suðvesturlandi en Norðausturlandi. Eftir niðurstoðum þessara rannsokna að daema þa 3,7 faldaðist stofninn yfir sumartimann a Norðausturlandi en 1,6 faldaðist a Suðvesturlandi sem er 2,3 faldur munur. Naertaekar skýringar þessa munar voru meira afran spendýra a kvenfugla og minni ungaframleiðsla a Suðvesturlandi en a Norðausturlandi.
Diabetic Lower Extremity Ulcers and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Diabetic wounds are a worldwide problem with significant effects for those whose wounds fail to heal as expected and who go on to require amputation. Standard care is generally effective in healing diabetic ulcers, but in some cases, adjunctive Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO) may be beneficial. Oxygen is essential throughout the wound healing processes including antimicrobial activity, growth factor production, angiogenesis and collagen synthesis. HBO has been shown to have a number of benefits to wound healing in diabetics, including reduction of infection, reduction of pathological inflammation and stimulation of angiogenesis. HBO is administered in a chamber which is pressurized to the desired level and patients breathe 100% oxygen. Those with diabetic ulcers usually receive 20 to 60 treatments in total alongside conventional care. Transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO 2 ) is a useful method for determining whether HBO is likely to be of benefit to the patient. This, along with thorough assessment and prescreening of patients, can ascertain the suitability for treatment and reduce the risk of side effects. A number of clinical studies have been published demonstrating improved healing and a reduction in amputation rates for patients with diabetic ulcers. However, there is some inconsistency in the treatment regimens administered in some of the controlled trials. This paper provides an overview of the practicalities of treatment and the research supporting the use of HBO for diabetic lower extremity ulcers.
Pathogenic bacteria associated with cutaneous canine myiasis due to Cordylobia anthropophaga

Aim: The study was designed to evaluate the common pathogenic bacteria associated with cutaneous canine myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga, and their prevalence in relation to breed, sex and age of the infested dogs. Materials and Methods: A total of one hundred and thirty three (133) myiasis wound swabs and Cordylobia anthropophaga larvae were collected from infested dogs and analyzed for pathogenic bacteria using microscopic, cultural and biochemical methods. Results: The most commonly encountered bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus 75 (56.4%), Streptococcus spp. 16 (12%) and Escherichia coli 7 (5.3%). Other organisms isolated include, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacteria species, while mixed infection of S. aureus and Streptococcus spp were also observed. The rate of infection was found to be highest among the age groups 1–20 weeks and least in the 91 – 100 (week) age groups. The breed of dogs mostly infected with these bacteria was the local breed (Mongrel) while the German shepherd /Alsatian breeds were the least infected and with 58.6% (78) and 4.5% (6) percentage respectively. Male dogs showed more propensities to bacterial infection of all the types isolated and accounted for 60.9% (81) in contrast to the female dogs with 39.11% (52) infection rate. Pure bacteria isolates were frequently encountered 94.7% (126), while mixed infection accounted for just 5.3% (7). Conclusion: Our results indicates that several pathogenic and zoonotic bacteria are associated with C. antropophaga myiasis in dogs, and should serve as concern for pet owners and veterinarians.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INNOVATION AND GROWTH WITH FINANCIAL , AND OTHER , FRICTIONS

Wright thanks the Bank of Canada for their hospitality, as well as the NSF and the Ray Zemon Chair in Liquid Assets at the Wisconsin School of Business for support. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the position of the Bank of Canada, the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, the Federal Reserve System, or the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. ABSTRACT The generation and implementation of ideas, or knowledge, is crucial for economic performance. We study this process in a model of endogenous growth with frictions. Productivity increases with knowledge, which advances via innovation, and with the exchange of ideas from those who generate them to those best able to implement them (technology transfer). But frictions in this market, including search, bargaining, and commitment problems, impede exchange and thus slow growth. We characterize optimal policies to subsidize research and trade in ideas, given both knowledge and search externalities. We discuss the roles of liquidity and financial institutions, and show two ways in which intermediation can enhance efficiency and innovation. First, intermediation allows us to finance more transactions with fewer assets. Second, it ameliorates certain bargaining problems, by allowing entrepreneurs to undo otherwise sunk investments in liquidity. We also discuss some evidence, suggesting that technology transfer is a significant source of innovation and showing how it is affected by credit considerations.
Maternal reports of child illness and the biochemical status of the child: the use of morbidity interviews in rural Bangladesh

In a longitudinal study of child growth and nutritional status in Bangladesh, child morbidity was recorded using health interviews with the mother. The aim of the present study was to establish whether maternal reports of child illness were associated with the biochemical health status of the child. Children aged 2–5 years (n 117) took part in the study and their mothers were interviewed every fortnight by Bangladeshi fieldworkers. Maternal reports of diarrhoea were associated with significantly lower plasma albumin concentrations (P < 0·001), poorer intestinal permeability (P < 0·001), higher plasma immunoglobulin A levels (P < 0·005) and higher α-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) levels (P < 0·05) compared with children reported to be healthy. Children with fever had significantly higher ACT (P < 0·001) and lower albumin (P < 0·05) levels compared with their healthy counterparts. Respiratory infections (RI) were not associated with any significant changes; however, reports of RI with fever were associated with significantly higher levels of ACT than either illness individually (interaction P < 0·05). These highly significant associations between maternal reports of illness and biochemical profiles of child health support the use of health interviews in developing countries.
Correlation between percentage of brain parenchymal volume and neurocognitive performance in HIV-infected patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study was designed to determine whether neuropsychological function in HIV-infected persons is correlated with loss of brain volume (as measured by percentage of brain parenchymal volume [PBV]). We hypothesized that whole-brain parenchymal volume might correlate with neuropsychologic performance, even before overt clinical dysfunction is apparent. METHODS A computer-assisted segmentation technique with thin section MR imaging was used for 15 patients with HIV infection (seven symptomatic, eight asymptomatic) and for five HIV-negative control participants to quantify whole brain and CSF volumes. To determine the degree of brain atrophy, the PBV relative to that of intracranial content was calculated. Neuropsychological performance was assessed by using a standard battery of eight tests (NPZ-8 test battery). RESULTS HIV-infected patients had significantly lower NPZ-8 scores (t[18] = 2.26, P <.05) and lower PBV (t[18] = 1.79, P <.01) than those of healthy control participants. With the Spearman rank order correlation coefficients, data analyzed for all 20 study participants (15 HIV-infected patients and five noninfected control participants) showed a significant (r = -0.50, P <.05) negative correlation between PBV and NPZ-8 test battery score. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between subtest score of motor impairment and PBV (r = -0.69, P <.01) and between AIDS dementia complex score (r = -0.64) and PBV (P <.01). CONCLUSION These correlations suggest that quantitation of PBV may offer an objective, easily acquired surrogate predictor of neuropsychological impairment and clinically apparent cognitive/motor dysfunction among HIV-infected persons.
A review of radiant heat flux models used in bushfire applications

The need to determine the radiant heat flux (RHF) from bushfires for fire behaviour prediction, firefighter safety, or building protection planning purposes has lead to the development and implementation of a number of RHF models, most of which are based on the Stefan-Boltzmann equation of radiative heat transfer. However, because of the complex nature of bushfire flames, a number of assumptions are made in order to make the implementation of the radiative heat transfer equation practical for wildland fire applications. The main assumptions are: bushfire flame characteristics (geometry, temperature), flame radiative qualities (emission type, emissivity), and the view of the flame at the receiving element. The common assumption of a uniform emissivity of unity and an isothermal rectangular emitting surface produces a generic RHF model described here as an 'opaque box'. Because of the broad assumptions inherent in the opaque box model, it predicts the RHF of bushfires poorly. A comparison is made between the generic opaque box RHF model and the measurements of radiant heat flux emitted by a stationary propane-fuelled artificial bushfire flame front. Knowledge about the geometry and an understanding of the flame characteristics of a bushfire front are needed before generic RHF models will adequately describe the RHF emitted from bushfire flames.
Mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumour of the brain in a patient with sarcoidosis

Mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumours (MSP) are benign lesions characterised by local proliferation of spindle-shaped histiocytes caused by mycobacterial infections. Cerebral MSP due to Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) infection is rare, and is often misdiagnosed clinically and radiologically as a brain tumour. We present a case with underlying sarcoidosis and known pulmonary MAI infection presenting with partial seizures and headaches. Imaging of the brain revealed a solitary extra axial tumour within the right temporal area. Biopsy of the tumour showed evidence of MPS due to MAI infection. Prolonged treatment with antituberculous therapy showed complete resolution of the cerebral lesion.
Seismic response and design for structures located on soft clay sites

Results are presented for 3 soft clay sites forming part of a larger response study of 11 soil sites subjected to earthquakes of varying intensity and frequency content. The results are presented in the form of spectral ratios (surface to rock), base shear coefficients, and foundation factors. They indicate that large amplifications can be expected at structural periods close to the site period. Comparisons are made with the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) 1990 provisions for base shear coefficients and foundation factors. These show that the NBCC provisions are adequate when the excitation is low or medium period in nature. For high-period excitation of low intensity, high amplifications that exceed the code provisions are produced. Key words: seismic, design, clay, soft, site, response, spectra, amplification, base, shear.
Measurement-Based Quantum Turing Machines and their Universality

Quantum measurement is universal for quantum computation. This universality allows alternative schemes to the traditional three-step organisation of quantum computation: initial state preparation, unitary transformation, measurement. In order to formalize these other forms of computation, while pointing out the role and the necessity of classical control in measurement-based computation, and for establishing a new upper bound of the minimal resources needed to quantum universality, a formal model is introduced by means of Measurement-based Quantum Turing Machines.
The late whiplash syndrome: a biopsychosocial approach

Physicians and other therapists continue to grapple in daily practice with the controversies of the late whiplash syndrome. For decades much of the debate and the approach to this controversial syndrome has centred on the natural history of and progression to chronic pain after acute whiplash injury. Recognising that there is recent epidemiological data that deﬁnes the natural history of the acute whiplash injury outside of many of the confounding factors occurring in many western countries, and the lack of evidence for a “chronic whiplash injury”, this article will thus introduce the biopsychosocial model, its elements, its advan-tages over the traditional model, and the practical application of this model. The biopsychosocial model recognises physical and psychological souces of somatic symptoms, but fundamentally recognises that the late whiplash syndrome is not the result of a “chronic injury”. ( J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70 :722–726) 1 after reviewing identify