Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Early Adverse Life Events in the Etiology of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

The remarkable progress in neurobiological research techniques has now been applied to investigate the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. A large body of literature has confirmed an important biological basis for a majority of severe psychiatric disorders, such as affective and anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). ' At the beginning of this century, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory was the major etiological approach for the explanation of psychopathology. According to this theory, conflicts in early life constitute a causal factor for the development of psychological disorders. * In addition to convincing evidence for a genetic contribution in the development of mood and anxiety disorder^,^" evidence for a preeminent role of psychosocial stressors in the pathogenesis of these disorders has also been obtained. For example, episodes of major depression are often preceded by stressful life events6 or are mutually related to episodes of stress. ' In a study of identical twins by Kendler et a1. ,* lifetime stressors, including childhood abuse and neglect as well as stressful life events in adulthood, were identified as predictors of major depression. In the case of PTSD, a stressful life event outside the range of usual human experiences is required for a diagnosis of the disorder according to DSM-IV criteria. ' The inclusion of a stressful event as an etiological factor in the DSM-IV differentiates PTSD from other psychiatric disorders. However, less than one quarter of traumatized individuals subsequently develop syndromal PTSD, suggesting that the disorder does not merely represent a normative reaction to extreme stress. '' Increasing evidence indicates that the Occurrence and persistence of PTSD in response to trauma depends on many factors including other stressful life events"-" as well as minor psychosocial stressors and daily stressors14 before or after the onset of the traumatic event. Furthermore, recent studies suggest a strong relation between early adverse life events, that is,
Effects of experimental diabetes on the responsiveness of rat aorta

1 Vascular responsiveness was examined in aortic ring preparations, with or without endothelium, from rats with experimental diabetes induced by streptozotocin and from vehicle‐treated (control) rats. 2 There were no significant differences between diabetic tissues and control tissues in the responsiveness to the vasoconstrictors noradrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and KCl, and to the vasodilators sodium nitroprusside, isoprenaline and acetylcholine. 3 When maximum contractions to vasoconstrictors was expressed relative to tissue weight, maximum contractions were significantly greater in diabetic tissues. 4 When expressed in terms of the KCl contraction, there were no significant differences between diabetic and control tissues in the maximum contraction to vasoconstrictors. 5 These results demonstrate that diabetic‐induced changes in vascular responsiveness, if any, do not occur at the receptor level.
Mammography, breast ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging for surveillance of women at high familial risk for breast cancer.

PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of mammography, breast ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for surveillance of women at increased familial risk for breast cancer (lifetime risk of 20% or more). PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a surveillance cohort study of 529 asymptomatic women who, based on their family history and/or mutational analysis, were suspected or proven to carry a breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA). A total of 1,542 annual surveillance rounds were completed with a mean follow-up of 5.3 years. Diagnostic accuracies of the three imaging modalities used alone or in different combinations were compared. RESULTS Forty-three breast cancers were identified in the total cohort (34 invasive, nine ductal carcinoma-in-situ). Overall sensitivity of diagnostic imaging was 93% (40 of 43 breast cancers); overall node-positive rate was 16%, and one interval cancer occurred (one of 43 cancers, or 2%). In the analysis by modality, sensitivity was low for mammography (33%) and ultrasound (40%) or the combination of both (49%). MRI offered a significantly higher sensitivity (91%). The sensitivity of mammography in the higher risk groups was 25%, compared with 100% for MRI. Specificity of MRI (97.2%) was equivalent to that of mammography (96.8%). CONCLUSION Mammography alone, and also mammography combined with breast ultrasound, seems insufficient for early diagnosis of breast cancer in women who are at increased familial risk with or without documented BRCA mutation. If MRI is used for surveillance, diagnosis of intraductal and invasive familial or hereditary cancer is achieved with a significantly higher sensitivity and at a more favorable stage.
Changes Caused by Heat Treatment in Color and Dimensional Stability of Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Wood

Thermal modifi cation of wood permanently alters several of its chemical and physical properties. Beech wood is one of the most important hardwoods in Central and Eastern Europe and is extensively used in furniture production. In this study the effects of thermal modifi cation of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) on hygroscopic properties were examined and the color changes of the treated wood were determined. Beech wood has been subjected to a heat treatment at the temperature of 180 °C for fi ve different durations ranging from 2 to 10 h. A more intense, gradual color change of the treated samples was observed after 4-h treatment, whereas in some other cases the recorded alterations were less intense. The most pronounced color differentiations compared to untreated samples occurred in 8-h and 10-h treatments. Dimensional stability and absorption were measured after 1-h, 3-h, 6-h, 1 day and 3 days immersion in water. The 8-h treatment duration exhibits the greatest reduction of swelling and absorption percentage.
A drug–drug conditioning paradigm reveals multiple antipsychotic–nicotine interactions

Clinical studies indicate a reciprocal impact between nicotine use and antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia. The present study used a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test (a behavioral test of antipsychotic effect) and examined the specific drug–drug interactions between nicotine and haloperidol or clozapine. Following acquisition of the avoidance response, rats were first tested under either vehicle, nicotine (0.2, 0.4 mg/kg, sc), haloperidol (0.025, 0.05 mg/kg, sc), clozapine (5.0, 10.0 mg/kg, sc), or a combination of nicotine and haloperidol or nicotine and clozapine for seven consecutive days. Afterward, they were challenged with nicotine (0.2 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.025 mg/kg), or clozapine (5.0 mg/kg) in the CAR to assess if haloperidol or clozapine affected the behavioral effect of nicotine on avoidance response and if nicotine altered the avoidance suppressive effect of haloperidol and clozapine. During the seven avoidance drug test days, nicotine did not alter the avoidance suppressive effect of haloperidol or clozapine. However, in the challenge test, prior nicotine treatment (0.2 mg/kg) attenuated haloperidol’s (0.05 mg/kg) sensitized effect on avoidance response. On the other hand, prior haloperidol treatment increased nicotine’s (0.2 mg/kg) avoidance disruptive effect, and even engendered nicotine 0.4 mg/kg to exhibit an “acquired” avoidance suppressive effect. The combined nicotine and clozapine treatment did not produce any detectable interactive effects on avoidance response and motor activity. These findings suggest that nicotine is capable of altering the long-term antipsychotic efficacy of haloperidol, while haloperidol can alter the behavioral effects of nicotine. Clozapine and nicotine are less likely to influence each other.
The influence of anxiety on action-specific perception

Abstract Recent empirical research suggests that performance modulates perception. For example, baseball players judge the ball to be bigger when performing well as compared to when performing less successfully. Yet, the underlying processes that mediate the emergence of action-specific effects on perception are still largely unknown. To this end, we aimed to examine the impact of anxiety on the action-specific influence on perception as anxiety has been shown to affect both performance and perception. Thirty participants threw darts at a circle-shaped target and were then asked to judge the size of the target. The task was performed under conditions of low and high anxiety. Results replicated previously reported action-specific effects on perception under levels of low anxiety. However, these effects vanished in the high anxiety condition. Results seem to suggest that anxiety has a direct influence on the relation between performance and perception. Attentional control theory is discussed to explain the current findings.
Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task

The present investigation had two aims: (1) to study responses of dopamine neurons to stimuli with attentional and motivational significance during several steps of learning a behavioral task, and (2) to study the activity of dopamine neurons during the performance of cognitive tasks known to be impaired after lesions of these neurons. Monkeys that had previously learned a simple reaction time task were trained to perform a spatial delayed response task via two intermediate tasks. During the learning of each new task, a total of 25% of 76 dopamine neurons showed phasic responses to the delivery of primary liquid reward, whereas only 9% of 163 neurons responded to this event once task performance was established. This produced an average population response during but not after learning of each task. Reward responses during learning were significantly more numerous and pronounced in area A10, as compared to areas A8 and A9. Dopamine neurons also showed phasic responses to the two conditioned stimuli. These were the instruction cue, which was the first stimulus in each trial and indicated the target of the upcoming arm movement (58% of 76 neurons during and 44% of 163 neurons after learning), and the trigger stimulus, which was a conditioned incentive stimulus predicting reward and eliciting a saccadic eye movement and an arm reaching movement (38% of neurons during and 40% after learning). None of the dopamine neurons showed sustained activity in the delay between the instruction and trigger stimuli that would resemble the activity of neurons in dopamine terminal areas, such as the striatum and frontal cortex. Thus, dopamine neurons respond phasically to alerting external stimuli with behavioral significance whose detection is crucial for learning and performing delayed response tasks. The lack of sustained activity suggests that dopamine neurons do not encode representational processes, such as working memory, expectation of external stimuli or reward, or preparation of movement. Rather, dopamine neurons are involved with transient changes of impulse activity in basic attentional and motivational processes underlying learning and cognitive behavior.
Judgement and Behaviour in the Prisoner's Dilemma: The Impact of Moral and Strategic Considerations

How do people perceive a social dilemma such as the Prisoner’s Dilemma if the problem is framed focusing entirely on monetary incentives – as commonly done in laboratory experiments? Focusing on the involved conflict between strategic and moral incentives, we designed a two-stage experiment to analyse both the subjects’ judgement (Part 1) and their behaviour (Part 2) in such a setting. In Part 1, we elicited the subjects’ preferences over the different outcomes in the Prisoner’s Dilemma from three different perspectives (moral, strategic, overall). In Part 2, conducted some months later, we let them decide on actions in the respective context. The data show that: (a) subjects can differentiate between moral and strategic incentives; (b) overall preferences are often a combination of moral and strategic preferences; (c) the subjects’ expressed preferences over outcomes are closely aligned with specific personal values; (d) actual behaviour in the lab is primarily determined by the subjects’ (pessimistic) first order beliefs. Moreover, the analysis suggests that while subjects have a more complex and, indeed, socially minded view on the incentive structure of the Prisoner’s Dilemma, the common focus on monetary incentives and anonymity in economic lab experiments directs judgements and behaviour into a special and not necessarily realistic direction.
Rhetorical impression management in corporate narratives and institutional environment

We study rhetorical impression management in the letter to shareholders using linguistic style properties of text and investigate whether the company’s institutional environment affects the rhetorical style of the CEO in the shareholder letter. The effect of the institutional environment is examined by comparing linguistic style of US and UK companies in a longitudinal setting. We use automated text analysis procedures to capture linguistic style characteristics and discern three distinct linguistic style profiles with rhetorical effect: an acclaiming or assertive stance, a more defensive framing position and a logic-based cognitive impression management orientation. Consistent with our expectations of higher intrinsic incentives for rhetorical impression management in the US, we find that, after controlling for company-specific determinants, all three composite linguistic style profiles show to be significantly more prominent in US companies than in UK companies. Our results further show that credibility concerns and litigation risk affect the rhetorical style of the shareholder letter in the US where higher institutional scrutiny tends to sharpen sensitivity to credibility issues and litigation risk.
Performance Improvement of Total Ionization Dose Radiation Sensor Devices Using Fluorine-Treated MOHOS

Fluorine-treated titanium nitride–silicon oxide–hafnium oxide–silicon oxide–silicon devices (hereafter F-MOHOS) are candidates for total ionization dose (TID) radiation sensor applications. The main subject of the study reportedherein is the performance improvement in terms of TID radiation-induced charge generation effect and charge-retention reliability characterization for F-MOHOS devices. In the case of F-MOHOS TID radiation sensors, the gamma radiation induces a significant decrease of threshold voltage VT and the radiation-induced charge density is nearly six times larger than that of standard metal–oxide–nitride–oxide–silicon MONOS devices. The decrease of VT for F-MOHOS after gamma irradiation has a strong correlation to the TID up to 5 Mrad gamma irradiation as well. The improvement of charge retention loss for F-MOHOS devices is nearly 15% better than that of metal–oxide–hafnium oxide–oxide–silicon MOHOS devices. The F-MOHOS device described in this study demonstrates better feasibility for non-volatile TID radiation sensing in the future.
Cell Function SHP-2 Expression Negatively Regulates NK

Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) is required for full activation of Ras/ERK in many cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling pathways. In contrast, SHP-2 inhibits activation of human NK cells upon recruitment to killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). To determine how SHP-2 impacts NK cell activation in KIR-dependent or KIR-independent signaling pathways, we employed knockdown and overexpression strategies in NK-like cell lines and analyzed the consequences on functional responses. In response to stimulation with susceptible target cells, SHP-2-silenced NK cells had elevated cytolytic activity and IFN- (cid:1) production, whereas cells overexpressing wild-type or gain-of-function mutants of SHP-2 exhibited dampened activities. Increased levels of SHP-2 expression over this range signiﬁcantly suppressed microtubule organizing center polarization and granzyme B release in response to target cells. Interestingly, NK-target cell conjugation was only reduced by overexpressing SHP-2, but not potentiated in SHP-2-silenced cells, indicating that conjugation is not inﬂuenced by physiological levels of SHP-2 expression. KIR-dependent inhibition of cytotoxicity was unaffected by signiﬁcant reductions in SHP-2 levels, presumably because KIR were still capable of recruiting the phosphatase under these limiting conditions. In contrast, the general suppressive effect of SHP-2 on cytotoxicity and cytokine release was much more sensitive to changes in cellular SHP-2 levels. In summary, our studies have identiﬁed a new, KIR-independent role for SHP-2 in dampening NK cell activation in response to tumor target cells in a concentration-dependent manner. This suppression of activation impacts microtubule organizing center-based cytoskeletal rearrangement and granule release. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 183: 7234–7243.
The Use of Interferon Gamma Inducible Protein 10 as a Potential Biomarker in the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Uganda

Background In the absence of a gold standard for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI), the current tests available for the diagnosis of LTBI are limited by their inability to differentiate between LTBI and active TB disease. We investigated IP-10 as a potential biomarker for LTBI among household contacts exposed to sputum positive active TB cases. Methods Active TB cases and contacts were recruited into a cohort with six months’ follow-up. Contacts were tested for LTBI using QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFN) assay and the tuberculin skin test (TST). Baseline supernatants from the QFN assay of 237 contacts and 102 active TB cases were analysed for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) specific and mitogen specific IP-10 responses. Results Contacts with LTBI (QFN+TST+) had the highest MTB specific IP-10 responses at baseline, compared to uninfected contacts (QFN-TST-) p<0.0001; and active cases, p = 0.01. Using a cut-off of 8,239 pg/ml, MTB specific IP-10 was able to diagnose LTBI with a sensitivity of 87.1% (95% CI, 76.2–94.3) and specificity of 90.9% (95% CI, 81.3–96.6). MTB specific to mitogen specific IP-10 ratio was higher in HIV negative active TB cases, compared to HIV negative latently infected contacts, p = 0.0004. Concentrations of MTB specific IP-10 were higher in contacts with TST conversion (negative at baseline, positive at 6-months) than in those that were persistently TST negative, p = 0.001. Conclusion IP-10 performed well in differentiating contacts with either latent or active TB from those who were uninfected but was not able to differentiate LTBI from active disease except when MTB specific to mitogen specific ratios were used in HIV negative adults. In addition, IP-10 had the potential to diagnose ‘recent TB infection’ in persons classified as having LTBI using the TST. Such individuals with strong IP-10 responses would likely benefit from chemoprophylaxis.
Speciation by genome duplication: Repeated origins and genomic composition of the recently formed allopolyploid species Mimulus peregrinus

Whole genome duplication (polyploidization) is a mechanism of “instantaneous” species formation that has played a major role in the evolutionary history of plants. Much of what we know about the early evolution of polyploids is based upon studies of a handful of recently formed species. A new polyploid hybrid (allopolyploid) species Mimulus peregrinus, formed within the last 140 years, was recently discovered on the Scottish mainland and corroborated by chromosome counts. Here, using targeted, high‐depth sequencing of 1200 genic regions, we confirm the parental origins of this new species from M. x robertsii, a sterile triploid hybrid between the two introduced species M. guttatus and M. luteus that are naturalized and widespread in the United Kingdom. We also report a new population of M. peregrinus on the Orkney Islands and demonstrate that populations on the Scottish mainland and Orkney Islands arose independently via genome duplication from local populations of M. x robertsii. Our data raise the possibility that some alleles are already being lost in the evolving M. peregrinus genomes. The recent origins of a new species of the ecological model genus Mimulus via allopolyploidization provide a powerful opportunity to explore the early stages of hybridization and genome duplication in naturally evolved lineages.
New Algorithms for Bin Packing

In the bin-packing problem a list <italic>L</italic> of <italic>n</italic> numbers are to be packed into unit-capacity bins. For any algorithm <italic>S</italic>, let <italic>r</italic>(<italic>S</italic>) be the maximum ratio <italic>S</italic>(<italic>L</italic>)/<italic>L</italic><supscrpt>*</supscrpt> for large <italic>L</italic><supscrpt>*</supscrpt>, where <italic>S</italic>(<italic>L</italic>) denotes the number of bins used by <italic>S</italic> and <italic>L</italic><supscrpt>*</supscrpt> denotes the minimum number needed. An on-line <italic>&Ogr;</italic>(<italic>n</italic> log <italic>n</italic>)-time algorithm RFF with <italic>r</italic>(RFF) = 5/3 and an off-line polynomial-time algorithm RFFD with <italic>r</italic>(RFFD) ≤ 11/9 - ε for some fixed ε > 0, are given. These are strictly better, respectively, than two prominent algorithms: the First-Fit (FF), which is on-line with <italic>r</italic>(FF) = 17/10, and the First-Fit-Decreasing (FFD) with <italic>r</italic>(FFD) = 11/9. Furthermore, it is shown that any on-line algorithm <italic>S</italic> must have <italic>r</italic>(<italic>S</italic>) ≥ 3/2. The question, “How well can an <italic>&ogr;</italic>(<italic>n</italic> log <italic>n</italic>)-time algorithm perform? ” is also discussed. It is shown that in the generalized <italic>d</italic>-dimensional bin packing, any <italic>&ogr;</italic>(<italic>n</italic> log <italic>n</italic>)-time algorithm <italic>S</italic> must have <italic>r</italic>(<italic>S</italic>) ≥ <italic>d</italic>.
The Four-Loop Planar Amplitude and Cusp Anomalous Dimension in Maximally Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory

We present an expression for the leading-color (planar) four-loop four-point amplitude of N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in 4-2{epsilon} dimensions, in terms of eight separate integrals. The expression is based on consistency of unitarity cuts and infrared divergences. We expand the integrals around {epsilon} = 0, and obtain analytic expressions for the poles from 1/{epsilon}{sup 8} through 1/{epsilon}{sup 4}. We give numerical results for the coefficients of the 1/{epsilon}{sup 3} and 1/e{sup 2} poles. These results all match the known exponentiated structure of the infrared divergences, at four separate kinematic points. The value of the 1/{epsilon}{sup 2} coefficient allows us to test a conjecture of Eden and Staudacher for the four-loop cusp (soft) anomalous dimension. We find that the conjecture is incorrect, although our numerical results suggest that a simple modification of the expression, flipping the sign of the term containing {zeta}{sub 3}{sup 2}, may yield the correct answer. Our numerical value can be used, in a scheme proposed by Kotikov, Lipatov and Velizhanin, to estimate the two constants in the strong-coupling expansion of the cusp anomalous dimension that are known from string theory. The estimate works to 2.6% and 5% accuracy, providing non-trivial evidence in support of the AdS/CFT correspondence. We also use the known constants in the strong-coupling expansion as additional input to provide approximations to the cusp anomalous dimension which should be accurate to under one percent for all values of the coupling. When the evaluations of the integrals are completed through the finite terms, it will be possible to test the iterative, exponentiated structure of the finite terms in the four-loop four-point amplitude, which was uncovered earlier at two and three loops.