Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The incidence of achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria in healthy subjects and patients with gastrointestinal diseases.

One hundred and seventy healthy subjects and 1881 patients with gastrointestinal diseases were examined with the augmented histamine test. Achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria were defined by a pH in gastric juice higher than 3.3 after stimulation in combination with a pH fall less, or more, than one pH unit during the test. The incidence of achlorhydria was 4.7 per cent in healthy subjects and 6.4 per cent in patients, and the incidence of hypochlorhydria was 4.1 per cent in healthy subjects and 3.8 per cent in patients. Both secretory defects were uncommon in subjects younger than 50 years of age. The incidence of achlorhydria in patients increased rapidly from 1.8 per cent in the fifth decade to 18.5 per cent in the eighth decade, and a similar increase was observed in healthy subjects. No sex differences were found. Seventy five per cent of achlorhydric and 68 per cent of hypochlorhydric subjects were observed in patients with pernicious anemia, gastric cancer, postoperative stomach or gastritis. The inci.
Encephalitogenic T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. An unusual bias in antigen recognition

Class II-restricted T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein (MBP) have been generated from PL/J and (PL/J X SJL/J)F1 [((PLSJ)F1] mice following sensitization to rat MBP. Of 17 T cell clones generated from (PLSJ)F1 mice, 5 are I-Au(A alpha uA beta u) restricted, one is restricted to I-As(A alpha sA beta s), 10 are restricted to hybrid I- A(u X s)F1 (A alpha sA beta u) determinants, and one clone is restricted to hybrid I-E(u X s) (E alpha uE beta s) molecules. Thus, of 16 I-A-restricted T cell clones generated from (PLSJ)F1 mice, only one is I-As-restricted, reflecting a lack of priming to MBP in association with I-As. T cell clones restricted to I-Au and to I-E (E alpha u E beta s) molecules recognize mouse (self) MBP. Furthermore, only the five T cell clones restricted to I-Au molecules recognize a determinant in common with mouse (self) MBP within the encephalitogenic N-terminal peptide. Three such I-Au restricted T cell clones, derived independently, cause paralysis in 100% of (PL/J X SJL/J)F1 mice tested. Acute, chronic unremitting, and chronic relapsing paralysis are all induced following injection of these clones. Administration of greater numbers of cloned T cells causes acute and fatal experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, while administration of lower numbers of cloned T cells is associated with chronic unremitting and relapsing paralysis. Paralysis induced with T cell clones shares many clinical, immunologic, and histologic aspects with human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Histopathology reveals perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, demyelination, and remyelination. These studies demonstrate the utility of T cell clones for analyzing the association between class II major histocompatibility complex molecules and disease susceptibility.
Prognostic significance of adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-associated lymphocytes in patients with advanced gastric cancer: a randomized trial.

PURPOSE We performed adoptive immunotherapy (AIT)with tumor-associated lymphocytes (TALs) in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced-stage gastric cancer in a randomized controlled study and investigated whether or not an improved survival effect is observed with AIT. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Forty-four consecutive patients with stage IV gastric cancer [staged according to the International Union against Cancer classification] were prospectively assigned to the control group (chemotherapy alone) or the AIT group (AIT plus chemotherapy). Patients in the AIT group received an adoptive transfer of cultured TALs in combination with low-dose cisplatinum/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy, whereas patients in the control group received chemotherapy alone. RESULTS The 50% survival rates were 11.5 and 8.3 months in the AIT and control groups, respectively. The overall survival of patients in the AIT group was significantly better than that of patients in the control group, as analyzed by the log-rank test (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis with Cox's proportional hazards model revealed that AIT provided an independent prognostic factor, indicating that AIT influenced patient survival in a positive manner. CONCLUSIONS AIT with TALs in combination with chemotherapy was effective in prolonging survival in patients with stage IV gastric cancer.
Downscaling simulations of future global climate with application to hydrologic modelling

This study approaches the problem of downscaling global climate model simulations with an emphasis on validating and selecting global models. The downscaling method makes minimal, physically based corrections to the global simulation while preserving much of the statistics of interannual variability in the climate model. Differences among the downscaled results for simulations of present‐day climate form a basis for model evaluation. The downscaled results are used to simulate streamflow in the Yakima River, a mountainous basin in Washington, USA, to illustrate how model differences affect streamflow simulations. The downscaling is applied to the output of three models (ECHAM4, HADCM3, and NCAR‐PCM) for simulations of historic conditions (1900–2000) and two future emissions scenarios (A2 and B2 for 2000–2100) from the IPCC assessment. The ECHAM4 simulation closely reproduces the observed statistics of temperature and precipitation for the 42 year period 1949–90. Streamflow computed from this climate simulation likewise produces similar statistics to streamflow computed from the observed data.
The Interactive Visualization Gap in Initial Exploratory Data Analysis

Data scientists and other analytic professionals often use interactive visualization in the dissemination phase at the end of a workflow during which findings are communicated to a wider audience. Visualization scientists, however, hold that interactive representation of data can also be used during exploratory analysis itself. Since the use of interactive visualization is optional rather than mandatory, this leaves a “visualization gap” during initial exploratory analysis that is the onus of visualization researchers to fill. In this paper, we explore areas where visualization would be beneficial in applied research by conducting a design study using a novel variation on contextual inquiry conducted with professional data analysts. Based on these interviews and experiments, we propose a set of interactive initial exploratory visualization guidelines which we believe will promote adoption by this type of user.
Differential expression of Sox2 and Sox3 in neuronal and sensory progenitors of the developing inner ear of the chick

The generation of the mechanosensory elements of the inner ear during development proceeds in a precise temporal and spatial pattern. First, neurosensory precursors form sensory neurons. Then, prosensory patches emerge and give rise to hair and supporting cells. Hair cells are innervated by cochleovestibular neurons that convey sound and balance information to the brain. SOX2 is an HMG transcription factor characteristic of the stem‐cell genetic network responsible for progenitor self‐renewal and commitment, and its loss of function generates defects in ear sensory epithelia. The present study shows that SOX2 protein is expressed in a spatially and temporally restricted manner throughout development of the chick inner ear. SOX2 is first expressed in the neurogenic region that gives rise to sensory neurons. SOX2 is then restricted to the prosensory patches in E4 and E5 embryos, as revealed by double and parallel labelling with SOX2 and Tuj1, MyoVIIa, or Islet1. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen labelling showed that SOX2 is expressed in proliferating cells during those stages. By E5, SOX2 is also expressed in the Schwann cells of the cochleovestibular ganglion, but not in the otic neurons. At E8 and E17, beyond stages of sensory cell specification, SOX2 is transiently expressed in hair cells, but its level remains high in supporting cells. SOX3 is concomitantly expressed with SOX2 in the neurogenic domain of the otic cup, but not in prosensory patches. Our data are consistent with a role for SOX2 in specifying a population of otic progenitors committed to a neural fate, giving rise to neurons and hair cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:487–500, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Image Enhancement for Fingerprint Minutiae-Based Algorithms Using CLAHE, Standard Deviation Analysis and Sliding Neighborhood

the purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of a three-step procedure for the fingerprint identification and enhancement, using CLAHE (contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization) together with 'Clip Limit', standard deviation and sliding neighborhood as stages during processing of the fingerprint image. Firstly, CLAHE with clip limit is applied to enhance the contrast of the small tiles existing in the fingerprint image and to combine the neighboring tiles using a bilinear interpolation in order to eliminate the artificially induced boundaries. In a second step, the image is decomposed into an array of distinct blocks and the discrimination of the blocks is obtained by computing the standard deviation of the matrix elements to remove the image background and obtain the boundaries for the region of interest. Finally, by using a slide neighborhood processing, an enhancement of the image is obtained by clarifying the Minutiae (endpoints and bifurcations) in each specific pixel, process known as thinning. The paper presents the motivation for developing this method, its phases, and its possible advantages through a simulated investigation.
Spatial Frequency Training Modulates Neural Face Processing: Learning Transfers from Low- to High-Level Visual Features

Perception of visual stimuli improves with training, but improvements are specific for trained stimuli rendering the development of generic training programs challenging. It remains unknown to which extent training of low-level visual features transfers to high-level visual perception, and whether this is accompanied by neuroplastic changes. The current event-related potential (ERP) study showed that training-induced increased sensitivity to a low-level feature, namely low spatial frequency (LSF), alters neural processing of this feature in high-level visual stimuli. Specifically, neural activity related to face processing (N170), was decreased for low (trained) but not high (untrained) SF content in faces following LSF training. These novel results suggest that: (1) SF discrimination learning transfers from simple stimuli to complex objects; and that (2) training the use of specific SF information affects neural processing of facial information. These findings may open up a new avenue to improve face recognition skills in individuals with atypical SF processing, such as in cataract or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Linking source region and ocean wave parameters with the observed primary microseismic noise

In previous studies, the contribution of Love waves to the primary microseismic noise field was found to be comparable to those of Rayleigh waves. However, so far only few studies analysed both wave types present in this microseismic noise band, which is known to be generated in shallow water and the theoretical understanding has mainly evolved for Rayleigh waves only. Here, we study the relevance of different source region parameters on the observed primary microseismic noise levels of Love and Rayleigh waves simultaneously. By means of beamforming and correlation of seismic noise amplitudes with ocean wave heights in the period band between 12 and 15 s, we analysed how source areas of both wave types compare with each other around Europe. The generation effectivity in different source regions was compared to ocean wave heights, peak ocean gravity wave propagation direction and bathymetry. Observed Love wave noise amplitudes correlate comparably well with near coastal ocean wave parameters as Rayleigh waves. Some coastal regions serve as especially effective sources for one or the other wave type. These coincide not only with locations of high wave heights but also with complex bathymetry. Further, Rayleigh and Love wave noise amplitudes seem to depend equally on the local ocean wave heights, which is an indication for a coupled variation with swell height during the generation of both wave types. However, the wave-type ratio varies directionally. This observation likely hints towards a spatially varying importance of different source mechanisms or structural influences. Further, the wave-type ratio is modulated depending on peak ocean wave propagation directions which could indicate a variation of different source mechanism strengths but also hints towards an imprint of an effective source radiation pattern. This emphasizes that the inclusion of both wave types may provide more constraints for the understanding of acting generation mechanisms.
Opting Out or Denying Discrimination? How the Framework of Free Choice in American Society Influences Perceptions of Gender Inequality

American women still confront workplace barriers (e.g., bias against mothers, inflexible policies) that hinder their advancement at the upper levels of organizations. However, most Americans fail to recognize that such gender barriers still exist. Focusing on mothers who have left the workforce, we propose that the prevalent American assumption that actions are a product of choice conceals workplace barriers by communicating that opportunities are equal and that behavior is free from contextual influence. Study 1 reveals that stay-at-home mothers who view their own workplace departure as an individual choice experience greater well-being but less often recognize workplace barriers and discrimination as a source of inequality than do mothers who do not view their workplace departure as an individual choice. Study 2 shows that merely exposing participants to a message that frames actions in terms of individual choice increases participants’ belief that society provides equal opportunities and that gender discrimination no longer exists. By concealing the barriers that women still face in the workplace, this choice framework may hinder women’s long-term advancement in society.
oundary primacy in spatial mapping : Evidence from zebrafish Danio rerio )

The ability to map locations in the surrounding environment is crucial for any navigating animal. Decades of research on mammalian spatial representations suggest that environmental boundaries play a major role in both navigation behavior and hippocampal place coding. Although the capacity for spatial mapping is shared among vertebrates, including birds and fish, it is not yet clear whether such similarities in competence reflect common underlying mechanisms. The present study tests cue specificity in spatial mapping in zebrafish, by probing their use of various visual cues to encode the location of a nearby
Theoretical analysis of uncertainty visualizations

Although a number of theories and principles have been developed to guide the creation of visualizations, it is not always apparent how to apply the knowledge in these principles. We describe the application of perceptual and cognitive theories for the analysis of uncertainty visualizations. General principles from Bertin, Tufte, and Ware are outlined and then applied to the analysis of eight different uncertainty visualizations. The theories provided a useful framework for analysis of the methods, and provided insights into the strengths and weaknesses of various aspects of the visualizations.
Autonoetic Consciousness in Autobiographical Memories after Medial Temporal Lobe Resection

This study aims to investigate autonoetic consciousness associated with episodic autobiographical memory in patients who had undergone unilateral medial temporal lobe resection for intractable epilepsy. Autonoetic consciousness, defined as the conscious feeling of mentally travelling back in time to relive a specific event, was assessed using the Remember/Know (R/K) paradigm across different time periods as proposed in the autobiographical memory task developed by Piolino et al. (TEMPau task). Results revealed that the two patient groups (left and right temporal resection) gave reduced sense of reliving (R) responses and more familiarity (K) responses than healthy controls. This poor autonoetic consciousness was highlighted when patients were asked to justify their Remember responses by recalling sensory-perceptive, affective or spatiotemporal specific details across all life periods. These results support the bilateral MTL contribution to episodic autobiographical memory covering the entire lifespan, which is consistent with the multiple trace theory of MTL function [7,9]. This study also demonstrates the bilateral involvement of MTL structures in recalling specific details of personal events characterized by autonoetic consciousness.
Modélisation des changements spatio-temporels des communautés de macroinvertébrés benthiques dans les rivières d'Asie et d'Europe

Objectifs generaux: les systemes fluviaux tropicaux et temperes d'eau douce sont connus pour soutenir differentes communautes biotiques. Dans cette etude, menee dans une region d'Asie tropicale et dans une region d'Europe temperee, j'ai etudie la composition et la diversite de la communaute des macro-invertebres benthiques ainsi que leurs variations spatiales et temporelles. J'ai egalement examine les influences des variables physico-chimiques de la qualite de l'eau sur les variations et la diversite de la composition de la communaute et j'ai modelise l'occurrence d'especes selectionnees. Localisation geographique: Asie tropicale: le bassin aval du Mekong (LMB), couvrant une superficie de 609 000 km2; Europe temperee: Europe occidentale, fleuves flamands (Belgique), couvrant une superficie de 13 787 km2. Materiel et methodes: Pour le LMB, les donnees recueillies de 2004 a 2008 ont ete utilisees et les valeurs medianes de cette periode ont ete analysees. Pour les rivieres flamandes, les donnees collectees de 1991 a 2010 ont ete utilisees. Les donnees ont ete divisees en 4 periodes: D1: 1991-1995, D2: 1996-2000, D3: 2001-2005 et D4: 2006-2010. Les medianes de chaque periode ont ete utilisees pour des analyses spatiales detaillees. Des analyses multivariees ont ete appliquees pour relier la composition et la diversite de la communaute aux variables physico-chimiques. Cinq techniques de modelisation, a savoir la regression logistique (LR), les Random Forest (RF), le Support Vector Machine (SVM), les reseaux de neurones artificiels (ANN) et les arbres de classification (CT) ont ete utilisees pour modeliser l'occurrence desespeces selectionnees. Principaux resultats: Variations de la composition des communautes, diversite et relation avec les variables environnementales Dans le cours aval du Mekong LMB, 299 taxons de macro-invertebres distribues dans 196 genres et 90 familles ont ete identifiees; dont 131 insectes, 98 mollusques, 38 crustaces et 32 annelides.
Heterogeneous Beliefs, Rare Disasters, and Asset Pricing

We illustrate the effects of heterogeneous beliefs about disasters on the equity premium and individual agents’ trading activities. When investors disagree about the chances or severity of disasters, those optimistic investors may insure the pessimists against their disaster risk exposure. Due to the highly non-linear relationship between the consumption losses during a disaster and the risk premium, a small amount of risk sharing can significantly attenuate the effect that disasters have on the equity premium. Thus, the equity premium will remain low even when the economy is predominantly occupied by pessimistic investors, but jump up following a disaster. The effects of risk sharing become stronger when the differences in beliefs are large, or when the optimistic agents also have lower risk aversion. Other interesting predictions of the model include a nonmonotonic relationship between the equity premium and the size of the disaster insurance market, as well as a negative relationship between the equity premium and the amount of disagreements about disasters. ∗Chen is from MIT Sloan School of Management (huichen@mit.edu); Joslin is from MIT Sloan School of Management (joslin@mit.edu); Tran is from MIT Sloan School of Management (khanh@mit.edu). We thank Leonid Kogan, Monika Piazzesi, and Jiang Wang for comments. All the remaining errors are our own.
Random Visual GUI Testing: Proof of Concept

Market demands for higher quality software and shorter time-to-market delivery have resulted in a need for new automated software testing techniques. Most automated testing techniques are designed for regression testing that limit their fault finding ability to faults explicitly tested in scenarios/scripts. To overcome this limitation, companies define test processes with several test techniques, e.g. unit testing and random testing (RT). RT is a technique that can be performed manually or automatically with tools such as Fuzz, DART and Quickcheck. However, these tools operate on lower levels of system abstraction, leaving a gap for a Graphical User Interface (GUI), bitmap level, automated RT technique. In this paper we present proof of concept for Random Visual GUI testing (RVGT), a novel automated test technique that combines GUI based testing, Visual GUI Testing, with random testing. Proof of concept for RVGT is evaluated in a three phase study with results that show that RVGT is applicable for both functional and non-functional/quality requirement conformance testing. Furthermore, results from a survey performed in industry indicate that there is industrial need for the technique. These pivotal results show that further research into RVGT is warranted.
Deranged myofilament phosphorylation and function in experimental heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

AIMS Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Key alterations in HFpEF include increased left ventricular (LV) stiffness and abnormal relaxation. We hypothesized that myofilament protein phosphorylation and function are deranged in experimental HFpEF vs. normal myocardium. Such alterations may involve the giant elastic protein titin, which contributes decisively to LV stiffness. METHODS AND RESULTS LV tissue samples were procured from normal dogs (CTRL) and old dogs with hypertension-induced LV hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction (OHT/HFpEF). We quantified the expression and phosphorylation of myofilament proteins, including all-titin and site-specific titin phosphorylation, and assessed the expression/activity of major protein kinases (PKs) and phosphatases (PPs), myofilament calcium sensitivity (pCa(50)), and passive tension (F(passive)) of isolated permeabilized cardiomyocytes. In OHT vs. CTRL hearts, protein kinase-G (PKG) activity was decreased, whereas PKCα activity and PP1/PP2a expression were increased. Cardiac MyBPC, TnT, TnI and MLC2 were less phosphorylated and pCa(50) was increased in OHT vs. CTRL. The titin N2BA (compliant) to N2B (stiff) isoform-expression ratio was lowered in OHT. Hypophosphorylation in OHT was detected for all-titin and at serines S4010/S4099 within titin-N2Bus, whereas S11878 within proline, glutamate, valine, and lysine (PEVK)-titin was hyperphosphorylated. Cardiomyocyte F(passive) was elevated in OHT, but could be normalized by PKG or PKA, but not PKCα, treatment. CONCLUSIONS This patient-mimicking HFpEF model is characterized by titin stiffening through altered isoform composition and phosphorylation, both contributing to increased LV stiffness. Hypophosphorylation of myofilament proteins and increased calcium sensitivity suggest that functional impairment at the sarcomere level may be an early event in HFpEF.