Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microarray Studies of Psychostimulant‐Induced Changes in Gene Expression

Alterations in the expression of multiple genes in many brain regions are likely to contribute to psychostimulant‐induced behaviours. Microarray technology provides a powerful tool for the simultaneous interrogation of gene expression levels of a large number of genes. Several recent experimental studies, reviewed here, demonstrate the power, limitations and progress of microarray technology in the field of psychostimulant addiction. These studies vary in the paradigms of cocaine or amphetamine administration, drug doses, route and also mode of administration, duration of treatment, animal species, brain regions studied and time of tissue collection after final drug administration. The studies also utilize different microarray platforms and statistical techniques for analysis of differentially expressed genes. These variables influence substantially the results of these studies. It is clear that current microarray techniques cannot detect small changes reliably in gene expression of genes with low expression levels, including functionally significant changes in components of major neurotransmission systems such as glutamate, dopamine, opioid and GABA receptors, especially those that may occur after chronic drug administration or drug withdrawal. However, the microarray studies reviewed here showed cocaine‐ or amphetamine‐induced alterations in the expression of numerous genes involved in the modulation of neuronal growth, cytoskeletal structures, synaptogenesis, signal transduction, apoptosis and cell metabolism. Application of laser capture microdissection and single‐cell cDNA amplification may greatly enhance microarray studies of gene expression profiling. The combination of rapidly evolving microarray technology with established methods of neuroscience, molecular biology and genetics, as well as appropriate behavioural models of drug reinforcement, may provide a productive approach for delineating the neurobiological underpinnings of drug responses that lead to addiction.
Reducing excessive journaling overhead with small-sized NVRAM for mobile devices

Journaling techniques are widely used to guarantee file system consistency of battery-powered mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In a journaling file system, system recovery is facilitated by first writing updated data blocks to a journal area and then periodically writing them to their home locations. However, these duplicated writes degrade the performance and shorten the lifetime of NAND flash storage in mobile devices. In particular, a lightweight database library, which is mainly used to manage application data in mobile devices, is a major cause of excessive journaling because it frequently triggers the costly file synchronization to guarantee the atomicity of transactional execution and thus generates a significant amount of synchronous random write traffic. This paper presents a novel journaling scheme, called Delta Journaling (DJ), to resolve this problem efficiently by using small-sized nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM). DJ is based on a unique update pattern found in mobile devices, where file system updates are mostly very small. By exploiting the byteaddressable and the nonvolatile characteristics of NVRAM, DJ stores a journal block as a compressed delta in the smallsized NVRAM only when the compressed delta is small enough. Experimental results show that DJ outperforms a traditional journaling file system by up to 16.8 times for synthetic workloads. For a real-world workload, it enhances transaction throughput by 25.5% and 29.2% in ordered and journal modes, respectively, with only 16 MB NVRAM. Also, DJ enhances the lifetime of NAND flash storage by eliminating almost all journal writes without any loss of reliability.
Genomic Characterization of Japanese Macaque Rhadinovirus, a Novel Herpesvirus Isolated from a Nonhuman Primate with a Spontaneous Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease

ABSTRACT Japanese macaque rhadinovirus (JMRV) is a novel gamma-2 herpesvirus that was isolated from a Japanese macaque (JM) with an inflammatory demyelinating encephalomyelitis referred to as Japanese macaque encephalomyelitis, a disease that possesses clinical and histopathological features resembling multiple sclerosis in humans. Genomic DNA sequence analysis reveals that JMRV is a gammaherpesvirus closely related to rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV) and human herpesvirus 8. We describe here the complete nucleotide sequence and structure of the JMRV genome, as well as the sequence of two plaque isolates of this virus. Analysis of the JMRV genome not only demonstrates that this virus shares a number of genes with RRV that may be involved in pathogenesis but also indicates the presence of unique JMRV genes that could potentially contribute to disease development. The knowledge of the genomic sequence of JMRV, and the ability to easily propagate the virus in vitro, make JMRV infection of JM an attractive model for examining the potential role of an infectious viral agent in the development of demyelinating encephalomyelitis disease in vivo.
Molecular Identification and Epidemiological Tracing of Pasteurella multocida Meningitis in a Baby

ABSTRACT We report a case of Pasteurella multocida meningitis in a 1-month-old baby exposed to close contact with two dogs and a cat but without any known history of injury by these animals. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the isolate from the baby allowed identification at the subspecies level and pointed to the cat as a possible source of infection. Molecular typing of Pasteurella isolates from the animals, from the baby, and from unrelated animals clearly confirmed that the cat harbored the same P. multocidasubsp. septica strain on its tonsils as the one isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of the baby. This case stresses the necessity of informing susceptible hosts at risk of contracting zoonotic agents about some basic hygiene rules when keeping pets. In addition, this study illustrates the usefulness of molecular methods for identification and epidemiological tracing ofPasteurella isolates.
Mining frequent patterns with counting inference

In this paper, we propose the algorithm PASCAL which introduces a novel optimization of the well-known algorithm Apriori. This optimization is based on a new strategy called pattern counting inference that relies on the concept of key patterns. We show that the support of frequent non-key patterns can be inferred from frequent key patterns without accessing the database. Experiments comparing PASCAL to the three algorithms Apriori, Close and Max-Miner, show that PASCAL is among the most efficient algorithms for mining frequent patterns.
Liver transplantation in alcoholic patients: impact of an alcohol addiction unit within a liver transplant center.

BACKGROUND Many concerns about liver transplantation in alcoholic patients are related to the risk of alcohol recidivism. Starting from 2002, an Alcohol Addiction Unit (AAU) was formed within the liver transplant center for the management of alcoholic patients affected by end-stage liver disease and included in the waiting list for transplantation. We evaluated retrospectively the impact of the AAU on alcohol recidivism after transplantation. The relationship between alcohol recidivism and the duration of alcohol abstinence before transplant was evaluated as well. METHODS Between 1995 and 2010, 92 cirrhotic alcoholic patients underwent liver transplantation. Clinical evaluation and management of alcohol use in these patients was provided by psychiatrists with expertise in addiction medicine not affiliated to the liver transplant center before 2002 (n = 37; group A), or by the clinical staff of the AAU within the liver transplant center starting from 2002 (n = 55; group B). RESULTS Group B, as compared with group A, showed a significantly lower prevalence of alcohol recidivism (16.4 vs. 35.1%; p = 0.038) and a significantly lower mortality (14.5 vs. 37.8%; p = 0.01). Furthermore, an analysis of group B patients with either ≥6 or <6 months of alcohol abstinence before transplantation showed no difference in the rate of alcohol recidivism (21.1 vs. 15.4%; p = ns). CONCLUSIONS The presence of an AAU within a liver transplant center reduces the risk of alcohol recidivism after transplantation. A pretransplant abstinence period <6 months might be considered, at least in selected patients managed by an AAU.
Morphology and Electrophysiological Properties of Squid Giant Axons Perfused Intracellularly with Protease Solution

Squid giant axons were perfused intracellularly with solutions containing various kinds of proteases (1 mg/ml). Except for a 10 µ layer inside the axolemma the axoplasm was removed by a 5 min perfusion with Bacillus protease, strain N' (BPN'). The resting and action potentials were unchanged and the axon maintained its excitability for more than 4 hr on subsequent enzyme-free perfusion. After perfusion with protease solution for 30 min the axoplasm was almost completely removed. The excitability was maintained, but the action potential became prolonged and rapidly developed a plateau of several hundred milliseconds. The change was not reversible even when the enzyme was removed from the perfusing fluid. Two other enzymes, prozyme and bromelin, also removed the protoplasm without blocking conduction. Trypsin suppressed within 3 min the excitability of the axon. It is suggested that the proteases alter macromolecules in the excitable membrane and thus affect the shape of the action potential.
On optimal input distribution and capacity limit of Bernoulli-Gaussian impulsive noise channels

In this paper, we rigorously analyze the optimal input distribution and capacity of an additive Bernoulli-Gaussian (BG) impulsive noise (IN) channel in high and low input power regimes. First, we obtain an input distribution for which the channel output is Gaussian distributed. This distribution, if valid, shall result in the capacity of the channel. At an asymptotically high input power level, we then show that the derived input is always valid and in fact, it resembles a Gaussian distribution. As such, the Gaussian channel input is considered approximately optimal. Using the monotonicity property of the characteristic function (CF), we then develop a necessary condition for the existence of the derived optimal input for a finite level of input power. The condition indicates that a sufficiently high input power is usually required. Then focusing on the low power region, we first derive an upper bound on the channel capacity assuming full knowledge of noise state. A closed-form expression of the mutual information (MI) achieved by Gaussian inputs, which is considered as a lower bound on the channel capacity, is then developed. By comparing these two bounds, it is shown that a Gaussian input asymptotically results in the capacity. Interestingly, it is also demonstrated that such a capacity is the same as the capacity of an erasure channel in low power regimes.
The Rise of a New World Faith

This essay suggests the unique opportunity the Mormons present to sociologists of religion: a chance to watch an extraordinarily rare event, the rise of a new world faith. Patterns of Mormon growth are traced from the start of the movement in 1830 through the present. Data on where the Mormons are growing, and their rates ofgrowth, suggest that within a century there may well be more than 250 million Mormons. The essay concludes with suggestions for future research.
Comparing Yield Monitors with Weigh Wagons for On‐farm Corn Hybrid Evaluation

For many years, on-farm yield evaluations of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were done with weigh wagons, handheld moisture testers, and measuring wheels. Today, most combines have continuous flow yield and moisture sensors. Published research results comparing the accuracy of combine-mounted sensor systems with that of weigh wagons are limited for on-farm corn hybrid evaluation. This study examined the accuracy of combine-mounted yield sensors with traditional weigh wagon methodology in on-farm corn hybrid strip trials. Data from combine-mounted sensors for plot weight, moisture percentage, and yield were compared with weigh wagon weight, handheld moisture testers, and calculated yield in six nonreplicated strip trials in 2012, 2013, and 2014 in east-central South Dakota. A total of 195 total entries were compared. Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regressions for weight, moisture percentage, and yield were calculated for each environment and for all environments combined. The Pearson correlation coefficients across all environments were 0.998 for weight of grain in pounds, 0.928 for grain moisture content percentage, and 0.983 for yield in bushels per acre corrected for moisture content. The probability of nonsignificance for weight, moisture percentage, and yield was P < 0.0001. Linear regression models predicting combine-mounted sensor of sample weight, sample moisture, and yield with the traditional system were significant at P < 0.0001 for all three measurements. Yield monitors can be used successfully for on-farm hybrid evaluations, replacing traditional methods that use weigh wagons, measuring wheels, and handheld moisture testers. METHODS USED TO COMPARE CORN VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS E corn performance has long been important, and methodologies used have changed over time. For centuries, seeds were handpicked based on appearance and kernels from the most attractive ears were planted the following year. As recently as the 1930s, open-pollinated corn was selected based on the appearance of the ears, with the biggest and best-looking ears saved to provide seed for planting the following year’s crop (Reinhart and Ganzel, 2003) (Fig. 1a). Published in Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management DOI: 10.2134/cftm2015.0135 © 2015 American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 All rights reserved. Bjorn P. Nelson and Andrew W. Lenssen, Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011; Roger W. Elmore, Dep. of Agronomy and Horticulture, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583; formerly Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011. Received 27 Feb. 2015. Accepted 1 June 2015. *Corresponding author (alenssen@iastate.edu). Abbreviation: GPS, global positioning system. Published October 16, 2015
Drug abuse prevention

G. J. Bates, A. R. Askew, Departmentof Surgery, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Qld 4029. when the breast cancer is subclinical; abnormal findings such as distorted architecture or microcalcification on a xerogram, when "hook needle" localization is necessary to ensure that the biopsy is done at the correct site, are warning signs. John F. Forbes, Department of Surgery. University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic. 3050.
Recognition and Binding of Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex DNA by Unfolding Protein 1

The specific recognition by proteins of G-quadruplex structures provides evidence of a functional role for in vivo G-quadruplex structures. As previously reported, the ribonucleoprotein, hnRNP Al, and it is proteolytic derivative, unwinding protein 1 (UP1), bind to and destabilize G-quadruplex structures formed by the human telomeric repeat d(TTAGGG)n. UP1 has been proposed to be involved in the recruitment of telomerase to telomeres for chain extension. In this study, a detailed thermodynamic characterization of the binding of UP1 to a human telomeric repeat sequence, the d[AGGG(TTAGGG)3] G-quadruplex, is presented and reveals key insights into the UP1-induced unfolding of the G-quadruplex structure. The UP1–G-quadruplex interactions are shown to be enthalpically driven, exhibiting large negative enthalpy changes for the formation of both the Na+ and K+ G-quadruplex–UP1 complexes (ΔH values of −43 and −19 kcal/mol, respectively). These data reveal three distinct enthalpic contributions from the interactions of UP1 with the Na+ form of G-quadruplex DNA. The initial interaction is characterized by a binding affinity of 8.5 × 108 M–1 (strand), 200 times stronger than the binding of UP1 to a single-stranded DNA with a comparable but non-quadruplex-forming sequence [4.1 × 106 M–1 (strand)]. Circular dichroism spectroscopy reveals the Na+ form of the G-quadruplex to be completely unfolded by UP1 at a binding ratio of 2:1 (UP1:G-quadruplex DNA). The data presented here demonstrate that the favorable energetics of the initial binding event are closely coupled with and drive the unfolding of the G-quadruplex structure.
Multicenter, prospective, randomized, single-blind study comparing the efficacy and gastrointestinal complications of early jejunal feeding with early gastric feeding in critically ill patients

Objective To compare the incidence of enteral nutrition-related gastrointestinal complications, the efficacy of diet administration, and the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in patients fed in the stomach or in the jejunum. Design Prospective, randomized multicenter study. Setting Intensive care units (ICUs) in 11 teaching hospitals. Patients Critically ill patients who could receive early enteral nutrition more than 5 days. Interventions Enteral nutrition was started in the first 36 hrs after admission. One group was fed with a nasogastric tube (GEN group) and the other in the jejunum through a dual-lumen nasogastrojejunal tube (JEN group). Measurements and Main Results Gastrointestinal complications were previously defined. The efficacy of diet administration was calculated using the volume ratio (expressed as the ratio between administered and prescribed volumes). Nosocomial pneumonia was defined according the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s definitions. One hundred ten patients were included (GEN: 51, JEN: 50). Both groups were comparable in age, gender, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score. There were no differences in feeding duration, ICU length of stay, or mortality (43% vs. 38%). The JEN group had lesser gastrointestinal complications (57% vs. 24%, p < .001), mainly because of a lesser incidence of increased gastric residuals (49% vs. 2%, p < .001). Volume ratio was similar in both groups. A post hoc analysis showed that the JEN group had a higher volume ratio at day 7 than the GEN group (68% vs. 82%, p < .03) in patients from ICUs with previous experience in jejunal feeding. Both groups had a similar incidence of nosocomial pneumonia (40% vs. 32%). Conclusions Gastrointestinal complications are less frequent in ICU patients fed in the jejunum. Nevertheless, it seems to be a necessary learning curve to achieve better results with a postpyloric access. Early enteral nutrition using a nasojejunal route seems not to be an efficacious measure to decrease nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients.
“Burning Scripts”

The purpose of this article is to outline a sketch of a theory about how affect consciousness, script theory and self psychology may serve as a guiding theory for the practice of the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (BMGIM). Within self psychology, music may be understood as a selfobject which may have important self–sustaining functions for the individual. Within the theory of affect consciousness it is basic to allow clients to experience and tolerate their emotions fully, which is also important to the BMGIM experience. A script can be understood as a sort of underlying principle, or as a set of rules utilized by the person. When scripts are activated, possibilities arise to get to know the underlying dynamics of the person. In short, self psychology, script theory, and the theory of affect–consciousness offer a consistent theoretical approach to work with GIM as music therapy as well as an adjunct to the verbal modality.
BIS Working Papers No 257 Financial system : shock absorber or amplifier ?

BIS Working Papers are written by members of the Monetary and Economic Department of the Bank for International Settlements, and from time to time by other economists, and are published by the Bank. The views expressed in them are those of their authors and not necessarily the views of the BIS. Limited extracts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated.
Wounds measured from digital photographs using photodigital planimetry software: validation and rater reliability.

UNLABELLED ﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ Traditional wound tracing technique consists of tracing the perimeter of the wound on clear acetate with a fine-tip marker, then placing the tracing on graph paper and counting the grids to calculate the surface area. Standard wound measurement technique for calcu- lating wound surface area (wound tracing) was compared to a new wound measurement method using digital photo-planimetry software ([DPPS], PictZar® Digital Planimetry). METHODS Two hundred wounds of varying etiologies were measured and traced by experienced exam- iners (raters). Simultaneously, digital photographs were also taken of each wound. The digital photographs were downloaded onto a PC, and using DPPS software, the wounds were measured and traced by the same examiners. Accuracy, intra- and interrater reliability of wound measurements obtained from tracings and from DPPS were studied and compared. Both accuracy and rater variability were directly related to wound size when wounds were measured and traced in the tradi- tional manner. RESULTS In small (< 4 cm2), regularly shaped (round or oval) wounds, both accuracy and rater reliability was 98% and 95%, respectively. However, in larger, irregularly shaped wounds or wounds with epithelial islands, DPPS was more accurate than traditional mea- suring (3.9% vs. 16.2% [average error]). The mean inter-rater reliabil- ity score was 94% for DPPS and 84% for traditional measuring. The mean intrarater reliability score was 98.3% for DPPS and 89.3% for traditional measuring. In contrast to traditional measurements, DPPS may provide a more objective assessment since it can be done by a technician who is blinded to the treatment plan. Planimetry of digital photographs allows for a closer examination (zoom) of the wound and better visibility of advancing epithelium. CONCLUSION Measurements of wounds performed on digital photographs using planimetry software were simple and convenient. It was more accurate, more objective, and resulted in better correlation within and between examiners. ﻿﻿﻿.