Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visual Information: The Control of Aiming Movements

The study examined the contribution of various sources of visual information utilised in the control of discrete aiming movements. Subjects produced movements, 15.24 cm in amplitude, to a 1.27 cm target in a movement time of 330 ms. Responses were carried out at five vision-manipulation conditions which allowed the subject complete vision, no vision, vision of only the target or stylus, and a combination of stylus and target. Response accuracy scores indicated that a decrement in performance occurred when movements were completed in the absence of visual information or when only the target was visible during the response. The stylus and the target plus stylus visual conditions led to response accuracy which was comparable to movements produced with complete vision. These results suggest that the critical visual information for aiming accuracy is that of the stylus. These findings are consistent with a control model based on a visual representation of the discrepancy between the position of the hand and the location of the target.
Personality traits and brain dopaminergic function in Parkinson's disease

A distinctive personality type, characterized by introversion, inflexibility, and low novelty seeking, has been suggested to be associated with Parkinson's disease. To test the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease is associated with a specific dopamine-related personality type, the personality structures of 61 unmedicated Parkinson's disease patients and 45 healthy controls were examined. Additionally, in 47 Parkinson's disease patients, the dopaminergic function in the brain was directly measured with 6-[18F]fluoro-l-dopa (18F-dopa) positron emission tomography (PET) with MRI coregistration. The novelty-seeking personality score, supposedly associated with the parkinsonian personality, was slightly lower in the Parkinson's disease group compared with controls, but it did not have a significant relationship with 18F-dopa uptake in any of the brain regions studied (r = −0.12 to 0.11, P > 0.15). The harm-avoidance personality score, associated with anxiety and depression, was clearly increased in patients with Parkinson's disease and it had a paradoxical, highly significant positive correlation with the 18F-dopa uptake in the right caudate nucleus (r = 0.53, P = 0.04, Bonferroni corrected for 220 comparisons). Although the results of this study are not in disagreement with the concept of low-novelty-seeking personality type in Parkinson's disease, the personality type does not seem to be dopamine dependent. The correlation between the personality trait of harm avoidance and 18F-dopa may reflect a specific feedback circuitry of neurotransmitters that is associated with negative emotionality in Parkinson's disease.
Parallel chen-han (PCH) algorithm for discrete geodesics

In many graphics applications, the computation of exact geodesic distance is very important. However, the high computational cost of existing geodesic algorithms means that they are not practical for large-scale models or time-critical applications. To tackle this challenge, we propose the Parallel Chen-Han (or PCH) algorithm, which extends the classic Chen-Han (CH) discrete geodesic algorithm to the parallel setting. The original CH algorithm and its variant both lack a parallel solution because the windows (a key data structure that carries the shortest distance in the wavefront propagation) are maintained in a strict order or a tightly coupled manner, which means that only one window is processed at a time. We propose dividing the CH's sequential algorithm into four phases, window selection, window propagation, data organization, and events processing so that there is no data dependence or conflicts in each phase and the operations within each phase can be carried out in parallel. The proposed PCH algorithm is able to propagate a large number of windows simultaneously and independently. We also adopt a simple yet effective strategy to control the total number of windows. We implement the PCH algorithm on modern GPUs (such as Nvidia GTX 580) and analyze the performance in detail. The performance improvement (compared to the sequential algorithms) is highly consistent with GPU double-precision performance (GFLOPS). Extensive experiments on real-world models demonstrate an order of magnitude improvement in execution time compared to the state-of-the-art.
Weak Molecular Interactions in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a process by which specific molecules are internalized from the cell periphery for delivery to early endosomes. The key stages in this step-wise process, from the starting point of cargo recognition, to the later stage of assembly of the clathrin coat, are dependent on weak interactions between a large network of proteins. This review discusses the structural and functional data that have improved our knowledge and understanding of the main weak molecular interactions implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, with a particular focus on the two key proteins: AP2 and clathrin.
A Research On Subjective Well-Being And Decision Making Of Teacher Candidates

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between subjective well-being and decision making of the teacher candidates in terms of different variables. The domain of this research is the teacher candidates who are studying at Selcuk University in 2007-2008 academic year. The target population of the study is 600 students who are chosen, by cluster sampling method, among the teacher candidates who are studying in education, vocational education and technical education faculties of the university. Decision making style scale, subjective well- being scale and personal information form were used to collect research data. In the data analysis, according to the type of the data, correlations (r), t test, one-way analysis of variance were used. In the case of F values were significant; Tukey test was used to find which groups caused the difference. In terms of various variables significant differences were found between well-being and decision making styles of the teacher candidates as the results of these analyses. According to the findings some suggestions has been made.
White Racial Identity Attitude Theories

The purpose of this article is to examine the White racial consciousness model (Rowe, Bennettu & Atkinson, 1994)J which has been proposed as a superior conceptualization for understanding White racial attitudes than existing frameworks, specifically Helms's (1990) theory of White racial identity attitudes. Rowe et al. (1994) have argued for the superiority of the White racial consciousness model because it can "describe the phenomena more accurately, predict relationships better, and provide a more stable base for assessment" (p. 133) than Helms's White racial identity attitude theory. This article raises questions as to the validity of these claims. The White racial consciousness model is examined in terms of its similarities and differences to Helms's White racial identity attitude theory, focusing on the two theories in relation to their definition of core constructs, theoretical basis, and the existing empirical evidence.
The Impact of Social Disparity on Prefrontal Function in Childhood

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) develops from birth through late adolescence. This extended developmental trajectory provides many opportunities for experience to shape the structure and function of the PFC. To date, a few studies have reported links between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and prefrontal function in childhood, raising the possibility that aspects of environment associated with SES impact prefrontal function. Considering that behavioral measures of prefrontal function are associated with learning across multiple domains, this is an important area of investigation. In this study, we used fMRI to replicate previous findings, demonstrating an association between parental SES and PFC function during childhood. In addition, we present two hypothetical mechanisms by which SES could come to affect PFC function of this association: language environment and stress reactivity. We measured language use in the home environment and change in salivary cortisol before and after fMRI scanning. Complexity of family language, but not the child's own language use, was associated with both parental SES and PFC activation. Change in salivary cortisol was also associated with both SES and PFC activation. These observed associations emphasize the importance of both enrichment and adversity-reduction interventions in creating good developmental environments for all children.
Explicitly Teaching for Transfer: Effects on the Mathematical Problem–Solving Performance of Students with Mathematics Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to explore methods to enhance mathematical problem solving for students with mathematics disabilities (MD). A small–group problem–solving tutoring treatment incorporated explicit instruction on problem–solution rules and on transfer. The transfer component was designed to increase awareness of the connections between novel and familiar problems by broadening the categories by which students group problems requiring the same solution methods and by prompting students to search novel problems for these broad categories. To create a stringent test of efficacy, we incorporated a computer–assisted practice condition, which provided students with direct practice on real–world problem–solving tasks. We randomly assigned 40 students to problem–solving tutoring, computer–assisted practice, problem–solving tutoring plus computer–assisted practice, or control, and pre– and posttested students on three problem–solving tasks. On story problems and transfer story problems, tutoring (with or without computer–assisted practice) effected reliably stronger growth compared to control; effects on real–world problem solving, although moderate to large, were not statistically significant. Computer–assisted practice added little value beyond tutoring but, alone, yielded moderate effects on two measures.
Immigrant Parents in the Educational System

This qualitative study focuses on immigrant parents’ perceptions of their children’s academic adaptation, their attitudes toward the host country’s educational system, and their motivation for school involvement. The participants are parents of adolescent children aged 11 to 17 years, who immigrated to Israel from the former Soviet Union (FSU). Open in-depth interviews were used to obtain data regarding the participants’ views and insights. The interviews showed that the immigrant parents perceive education as an essential factor in their children’s successful adaptation to the host country. They report significant disparities between educational methods in the FSU and in Israel. They perceive Israeli schools and teachers as being more “friendly” and sensitive to children and granting them equal opportunities for success, yet they are highly frustrated by the teaching level and by discipline issues. Concerned about their children’s academic adaptation, parents try to influence their learning process from the home. Yet, they have difficulty becoming involved in the school and communicating with the teachers. The primary factor that promotes their school involvement is the teacher’s personal characteristics, such as availability, patience, and flexibility. The findings have significant implications for educators who wish to advance immigrant students’ adjustment by means of meaningful cooperation with their parents.
Safety and efficacy of pallidal or subthalamic nucleus stimulation in advanced PD

The authors retrospectively compared 1-year results of bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN; n = 16) and internal pallidum (GPi) (n = 11) in advanced PD and found about equal improvements in “off” period motor symptoms, dyskinesias, and fluctuations. STN stimulation reduced medication requirements by 65% and required significantly less electrical power. These advantages contrasted with a need for more intensive postoperative monitoring and a higher incidence of adverse events related to levodopa withdrawal.
The differential dependence of abstract and concrete words upon associative and similarity-based information: Complementary semantic interference and facilitation effects

We report mirror-image effects of interference and facilitation in the semantic processing of identical sets of abstract and concrete words in a patient F.B. I. with global aphasia following a large left middle cerebral artery stroke. Interference was elicited when the tasks involved comprehending the spoken form of each word, but facilitation was found when the patient read aloud the written forms of the same words. More importantly, irrespective of whether the dynamic effect was one of facilitation or interference, effects of semantic association were observed for abstract words, whilst effects primarily of semantic similarity were observed for concrete words. These results offer further neuropsychological evidence that the more abstract a word, the greater its dependence upon associative information and the smaller its dependence upon similarity-based information. The investigations also contribute to a converging body of evidence that suggests that this theory generalizes across different experimental paradigms, stimuli, and participants and also across different cognitive processes within individual patients. The data support a graded rather than binary or ungraded model of the relationships between concreteness, association, and similarity, and the basis for concrete words’ greater dependence upon similarity-based information is discussed in terms of the development of taxonomic structures and categorical thought in young children.
Sources of distinctiveness: position, difference and separateness in the identities of Anglican parish priests

We investigated the implications of three sources of distinctiveness-position, difference and separateness-for identity and subjective well-being in a survey of 149 Anglican parish priests. Distinctiveness was examined within parish and clergy comparative contexts. Each source contributed substantially and uniquely to ratings of the distinctiveness associated with identity elements in each context. Parish-context position was emphasised within identity and was positive for affect, while parish-context separateness was negative for affect. Distinctiveness in the clergy context was not emphasised within identity and was unrelated to affect. This shows that distinctiveness is not a unitary construct: extending existing theories (Breakwell, 1993; Brewer, 1991; Triandis, 1995), we argue that different forms of distinctiveness will have different implications for identity and well-being according to culture and context.
Impact of linker and conjugation chemistry on antigen binding, Fc receptor binding and thermal stability of model antibody-drug conjugates

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with biotin as a model cargo tethered to IgG1 mAbs via different linkers and conjugation methods were prepared and tested for thermostability and ability to bind target antigen and Fc receptor. Most conjugates demonstrated decreased thermostability relative to unconjugated antibody, based on DSC, with carbohydrate and amine coupled ADCs showing the least effect compared with thiol coupled conjugates. A strong correlation between biotin-load and loss of stability is observed with thiol conjugation to one IgG scaffold, but the stability of a second IgG scaffold is relatively insensitive to biotin load. The same correlation for amine coupling was less significant. Binding of antibody to antigen and Fc receptor was investigated using surface plasmon resonance. None of the conjugates exhibited altered antigen affinity. Fc receptor FcγIIb (CD32b) interactions were investigated using captured antibody conjugate. Protein G and Protein A, known inhibitors of Fc receptor (FcR) binding to IgG, were also used to extend the analysis of the impact of conjugation on Fc receptor binding. H10NPEG4 was the only conjugate to show significant negative impact to FcR binding, which is likely due to higher biotin-load compared with the other ADCs. The ADC aHISNLC and aHISTPEG8 demonstrated some loss in affinity for FcR, but to much lower extent. The general insensitivity of target binding and effector function of the IgG1 platform to conjugation highlight their utility. The observed changes in thermostability require consideration for the choice of conjugation chemistry, depending on the system being pursued and particular application of the conjugate.
EXPLORING INFLUENCES ON MENTAL HEALTH AFTER INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Women who have experienced intimate partner violence or sexual assault are well known to have extremely high rates of mental illness such as post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, as well as high rates of chronic illness, re-victimization, and suicide. The purpose of this in-depth analysis of the literature was to determine the relative impact of selected risk and resilience factors and the quality of existing evidence. The analysis of risk and resiliency pertaining to mental health impacts was guided by a social-ecological model, examining individual, relationship, community, and societal influences. An improved understanding of these factors and the quality of evidence underlying them can inform future research and interventions aimed at preventing or reducing the mental health impact of these crimes, and point to a direction for more inclusive examinations of the literature.
Efficacy of ER-30346, a novel oral triazole antifungal agent, in experimental models of aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis

ER-30346 is a novel oral triazole with a broad spectrum of potent activity against a wide range of fungi. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of oral ER-30346 on experimental local infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans and compared them with those of itraconazole and fluconazole. In experimental murine models of pulmonary aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis, ER-30346 reduced the numbers of CFU in the lungs significantly compared with the numbers of CFU in the lungs of the controls (P < 0.05). ER-30346 was as effective as or more effective than itraconazole against pulmonary aspergillosis. Against pulmonary candidiasis and cryptococcosis, ER-30346 was more effective than itraconazole and was as effective as fluconazole. ER-30346 was also effective against pulmonary candidiasis caused by fluconazole-resistant C. albicans. In mice with intracranial cryptococcosis, ER-30346 reduced the numbers of CFU in the brains significantly compared with the numbers of CFU in the brains of the controls (P < 0.05) and was more effective than itraconazole and as effective as fluconazole. In an experimental model of oral candidiasis in rats, ER-30346 reduced the numbers of CFU in oral swabs significantly compared with the numbers of CFU in oral swabs from the controls (P < 0.05) and was more effective than itraconazole and as effective as fluconazole. Thus, ER-30346 shows efficacy in murine aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis models. Further studies are needed to determine the potential of ER-30346 for use in the treatment of these infections.
Optic axis determination by fibre-based polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography

We describe a fibre-based variable-incidence angle (VIA) polarization-sensitive swept-source optical coherence tomography (PS-SS-OCT) system to determine the 3D optical axis of birefringent biological tissues. Single-plane VIA-PS-OCT is also explored which requires measurement of the absolute fast-axis orientation. A state-of-the-art PS-SS-OCT system with some improvements both in hardware and software was used to determine the apparent optical birefringence of equine tendon for a number of different illumination directions. Polar and azimuthal angles of cut equine tendon were produced by the VIA method and compared with the nominal values. A quarter waveplate (QWP) and equine tendon were used as test targets to validate the fast-axis measurements using the system. Polar and azimuthal angles of cut equine tendon broadly agreed with the expected values within about 8% of the nominal values. A theoretical and experimental analysis of the effect of the sample arm fibre on determination of optical axis orientation using a proposed definition based on the orientation of the eigenpolarization ellipse experimentally confirms that this algorithm only works correctly for special settings of the sample arm fibre. A proposed algorithm based on the angle between Stokes vectors on the Poincaré sphere is confirmed to work for all settings of the sample arm fibre. A calibration procedure is proposed to remove the sign ambiguity of the measured orientation and was confirmed experimentally by using the QWP.
Experimental implication of celiac ganglionotropic invasion of pancreatic‐cancer cells bearing c‐ret proto‐oncogene with reference to glial‐cell‐line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)

Perineural invasion is a prominent clinical feature of pancreatic cancer which causes difficulty in curative resection. In the present study, the human pancreatic cancer cell lines, PaCa‐2, AsPC‐1, SW1990 and Capan‐2, were all found to express abundant c‐ret proto‐oncogene mRNA and RET protein, a member of the receptor‐tyrosine‐kinase superfamily, identified as being a receptor for glial‐cell‐line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In an invasion assay, the migration of pancreatic cancer cells was markedly induced by co‐cultivation with human glioma cells, T98G or A172, capable of producing and secreting GDNF. Anti‐GDNF antibody in conditioned media of glioma cells suppressed much of the migratory activity. Checkerboard analysis of the migration showed both chemotactic and chemokinetic activity of GDNF. There was no detectable expression of another GDNF receptor component, a glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol‐linked receptor (GFRα‐1), in pancreatic‐cancer cell lines, suggesting that the neural invasion of pancreatic‐cancer cells spreads along a concentration gradient of GDNF produced from peripheral ganglions through direct interaction of GDNF with its receptor, the c‐ret proto‐oncogene product. Immunochemical localization of GDNF in human celiac ganglionic tissue supported this contention. Int. J. Cancer 81:67–73, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organic Tomatoes Versus Canned Beans

The assessment of a food product’s environmental friendliness is highly challenging for consumers because such an assessment requires the consideration of various product characteristics. Furthermore, products often show conflicting features. This study uses a choice task and a questionnaire to examine how consumers judge the environmental friendliness of several vegetables. The consumers’ assessment is compared with life cycle assessment (LCA) results, which represent the overall environmental impact of a product throughout its lifespan. In contrast to the LCA, consumers consider transportation distance rather than transportation mode and perceive organic production as very relevant for the environmental friendliness. Furthermore, consumers assess the environmental impact of packaging and conservation as more important than the LCA results show. Findings also suggest the current product information for vegetables is insufficient for judging their environmental friendliness. Implications for information campaigns and ecological food labeling are discussed.
Beauty in the beast

It can be very difficult to debug impure code, let alone prove its correctness. To address these problems, we provide a functional specification of three central components of Peyton Jones's awkward squad: teletype IO, mutable state, and concurrency. By constructing an internal model of such concepts within our programming language, we can test, debug, and reason about programs that perform IO as if they were pure. In particular, we demonstrate how our specifications may be used in tandem with QuickCheck to automatically test complex pointer algorithms and concurrent programs.