Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The clinical features of drug-induced liver injury observed through liver biopsy: focus on relevancy to autoimmune hepatitis

Background/Aims Accurate diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is difficult without considering the possibility of underlying diseases, especially autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). We investigated the clinical patterns in patients with a history of medication, liver-function abnormalities, and in whom liver biopsy was conducted, focusing on accompaniment by AIH. Methods The clinical, serologic, and histologic findings of 29 patients were compared and analyzed. The patients were aged 46.2±12.8 years (mean±SD), and 72.4% of patient were female. The most common symptom and causal drug were jaundice (58.6%) and herbal medications (55.2%), respectively. Results Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were 662.2±574.8 U/L, 905.4±794.9 U/L, 12.9±10.8 mg/dL, 195.8±123.3 U/L, and 255.3±280.8 U/L, respectively. According to serologic and histologic findings, 21 cases were diagnosed with DILI and 8 with AIH. The AIH group exhibited significantly higher AST levels (537.1±519.1 vs. 1043.3±600.5 U/L), globulin levels (2.7±0.4 vs. 3.3±0.5 g/dL), and prothrombin time (12.9±2.4 vs. 15.2±3.9 s; P<0.05). Antinuclear antibody was positive in 7 of 21 cases of DILI and all 8 cases of AIH (P=0.002). The simplified AIH score was 3.7±0.9 in the DILI group and 6.5±0.9 in the AIH group (P<0.001). Conclusions Accurate diagnosis is necessary for patients with a history of medication and visits for liver-function abnormalities; in particular, the possibility of AIH should be considered.
INTERNATIONAL REMITTANCES AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN AFRICA

This paper investigates the impact of migrant remittances on income inequality in African countries, using a panel of five eight-year non-overlapping windows for the period 1960-2006. The results suggest that, first, international migrant remittances have a significant positive impact on income inequality in African countries. After instrumenting for the possible endogeneity of remittances, a 10 percent increase in remittances as a percentage of GDP will lead, on average, to a 0.013 percent increase in income inequality in Africa. Second, initial per capita GDP strongly increases income inequality. Third, inflation rate appears to be the strongest factor fueling income inequality in the Continent. Fourth, education significantly reduces income inequality. Fifth, the North African dummy and remittances inflows to North Africa largely reduce income inequality in the sub-region while doing the opposite in Sub-Saharan Africa. The policy implications of these results are discussed.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy After Cervical Spine Surgery: A Multicenter AOSpine Clinical Research Network Study

Study Design: Multicenter retrospective study. Objectives: To investigate the risk of symptomatic recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (RLNP) following cervical spine surgery, to examine risk factors for its development, and to report its treatment and outcomes. Methods: A multicenter study from 21 high-volume surgical centers from the AOSpine North America Clinical Research Network was performed. Each center screened for rare complications following cervical spine surgery, including RLNP. Patients were included if they underwent cervical spine surgery (levels from C2 to C7) between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2011. Data were analyzed with regard to complication treatment and outcome. Cases were compared to a control group from the AOSpine CSM and CSM-I studies. Results: Three centers reported 19 cases of RLNP from a cohort of 1345 patients. The reported incidence of RLNP ranged from 0.6% to 2.9% between these 3 centers. Fifteen patients (79%) in the RLNP group were approached from the left side. Ten patients (52.6%) required treatment for RLNP—6 required medical therapy (steroids), 1 interventional treatment (injection laryngoplasty), and 3 conservative therapy (speech therapy). When examining outcomes, 73.7% (14/19) of cases resolved completely, 15.8% (3/19) resolved with residual effects, and in 10.5% (2/19) of cases this could not be determined. Conclusions: In this multicenter study examining rare complications following cervical spine surgery, the risk of RLNP after cervical spine surgery ranged from 0.6% to 2.9% between centers. Though rare, it was found that 16% of patients may experience partial resolution with residual effects, and 74% resolve completely.
Cluster multispacecraft determination of AKR angular beaming

Simultaneous observations of AKR emission using the four‐spacecraft Cluster array were used to make the first direct measurements of the angular beaming patterns of individual bursts. By comparing the spacecraft locations and AKR burst locations, the angular beaming pattern was found to be narrowly confined to a plane containing the magnetic field vector at the source and tangent to a circle of constant latitude. Most rays paths are confined within 15° of this tangent plane, consistent with numerical simulations of AKR k‐vector orientation at maximum growth rate. The emission is also strongly directed upward in the tangent plane, which we interpret as refraction of the rays as they leave the auroral cavity. The narrow beaming pattern implies that an observer located above the polar cap can detect AKR emission only from a small fraction of the auroral oval at a given location. This has important consequences for interpreting AKR visibility at a given location. It also helps re‐interpret previously published Cluster VLBI studies of AKR source locations, which are now seen to be only a subset of all possible source locations. The observations are inconsistent with either filled or hollow cone beaming models.
Prevalence of myopia in a population with malocclusions.

AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of myopia among a paediatric population with malocclusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 322 consecutive patients of the department of Orthodontics and Gnathology, Dental Clinic, University of L'Aquila, were enlisted for the study and 292 were selected according to the exclusion criteria. Pretreatment diagnostic data, which included radiographic cephalometric and dental cast evaluation, were recorded and presence of myopia was assessed through an ophthalmological examination. Differences in the prevalence of myopia by sex and malocclusion were analysed by using Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS According to the sagittal malocclusion, patients were classified as Class I (N=162), Class II division 1 (N=75), Class II division 2 (N=38), or Class III (N=12). No gender influence was found for myopia or malocclusion. No differences were recorded when analysing the influence of sex on the prevalence of myopia in classes of malocclusion. A statistical significant higher prevalence was found for subjects showing myopia in Class II division 1 malocclusion, while no other significant differences were found for prevalence in the other classes of malocclusions. DISCUSSION Few studies investigated a possible relationship between the ocular and stomatognathic system, and no data are available in the scientific literature. A higher prevalence of myopia was found in patients with Class II division 1: as expected no other significant association was found. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggest a possible association between myopia and Class II, but further studies are needed to confirm and explain this observation.
WHY DO THEY RETURN HELP? EXAMINING THE MOTIVES OF RECIPROCITY IN ONLINE COMMUNITIES

Online community administrators are attempting to encourage their users to contribute knowledge and resources in order to provide value to members and ensure sustainability. A large number of online communities fail mainly due to the reluctance of users to share knowledge in them. Many studies on this topic have highlighted the importance of reciprocity for knowledge contribution. However, it is unclear how reciprocity is developed and what influences its development. Motivated by this concern, this study focuses on investigating the antecedents of knowledge receivers’ reciprocity in online communities. It formulates and tests a theoretical model to explain reciprocity behaviour of knowledge receivers based on equity theory and Social Identity explanation of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) model. Our proposed model is validated through a large-scale survey in an online forum for English language learning. The results reveal that indebtedness and community norm not only are key antecedents of intention to reciprocate but are also positively related to each other. The perceived anonymity of the online community not only has a positive effect on indebtedness and intention to reciprocate, but also has an interactive effect with community norm on intention to reciprocate. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed.
The Interactive Role of Difficulty and Incentives in Explaining the Annual Earnings Forecast Walkdown

ABSTRACT: The within-year walkdown of analysts' earnings forecasts has largely been attributed to analysts' incentives to curry favor with managers. We appeal to cognitive psychology literature on motivated reasoning and propose that forecasting difficulty interacts with such incentives to yield the observed walkdown. Higher forecasting difficulty generates a wider range of outcomes from which analysts can justify optimistically biased forecasts. In regression analyses, we find that the interaction between analysts' incentives for optimism and difficulty exhibits the strongest effect on earnings walkdowns. We also examine revenue forecasts as a benchmark of lower forecasting difficulty and find that revenue walkdowns are relatively diminutive. However, when analysts forecast losses, revenue forecasts are more critical and exhibit markedly steeper walkdowns. Our results suggest that analyst forecast walkdowns are better characterized by an interactive effect between analysts' strategic incentives for optim.
Neutron-rich gamma-ray burst flows: dynamics and particle creation in neutron-proton collisions

We consider gamma-ray burst outflows with a substantial neutron component that are either dominated by thermal energy (fireballs) or by magnetic energy. In the latter case, we focus on the recently introduced “AC” model which relies on magnetic reconnection to accelerate the flow and power the prompt emission. For both the fireball and the AC model, we investigate the dynamical importance of neutrons on the outflow. We study particle creation in inelastic neutron-proton collisions and find that in both models the resulting neutrino emission is too weak to be detectable. The inelastic collisions also produce γ-rays, which create pairs in interactions with soft photons carried with the flow. In magnetically driven outflows, the energy of these pairs is radiated away as synchrotron emission. The bulk of the emission takes place at a few hundred keV, which makes it difficult to disentangle this signal from the prompt emission. In fireballs, however, pair cascading leads to the emission of γ-rays with observer energy in the range of 2–20 GeV and a fluence well above the GLAST threshold. Therefore this emission can be a useful diagnostic of the nature of the outflow.
Applying Dependency Injection to Agent-Based Modeling: the JABM Toolkit

In many areas of science, agent-based models have become increasingly important. These models are often sufficiently complex that deriving closed-form solutions for quantitative aspects of their macroscopic behaviour is often impractical if not impossible. Thus these models are often analysed using Monte-Carlo simulation. Object-oriented programming languages are naturally suited to implementing such models. However, Monte-Carlo methods impose some subtle requirements: we must run the same program very many times with randomly-drawn values of variables in the simulation being drawn from probability distributions, taking great care to ensure that each run is not contaminated with state from previous runs. Typically these problems are tackled by model-specific application code residing in the objects representing individuals in the model. However, this approach is not declarative and leads to crosscontamination between code representing experiments or treatments and code representing the model itself. In this paper we give an overview of agent-based modelling with an emphasis on its application to multi-agent systems research, and show how a design pattern called “dependency injection” can be used to implement highly configurable simulation models which are able to incorporate various assumptions about agents’ rationality and learning.
Subjects with Adverse Drug Reactions -Lactam-Specific T Cells from Nonatopic b Highly Th2-Skewed Cytokine Profile of

A positive lymphocyte transformation test to b -lactams ( b -L) was found in 12 of 29 subjects with adverse drug reaction (ADR) to b -L, irrespective of either the type of clinical manifestation or the presence of speciﬁc serum IgE. Short-term T cell lines speciﬁc for penicillin G, amoxicillin, and ampicillin could be generated only from subjects with ADR (eight with positive and one with negative lymphocyte transformation test), while streptokinase and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 1 (Der p 1)-speciﬁc T cells were obtained from all these subjects, from 7 atopic Der p-sensitive donors without history of ADR and 17 healthy nonatopic donors. Streptokinase-speciﬁc T cells from all subjects showed intracellular expression of IFN- g with poor or no IL-4, whereas Der p 1-speciﬁc T cells exhibited IFN- g but low or no IL-4 expression in nonatopics, and remarkable IL-4 expression in atopic donors. By contrast, all penicillin G-, ampicillin-, and amoxicillin-speciﬁc short-term T cell lines showed high intracellular expression of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but poor or no expression of IFN- g , thus exhibiting a clear-cut Th2 proﬁle. Accordingly, most penicillin G-speciﬁc T cell clones derived from two subjects with ADR released high concentrations of IL-4 alone or IL-4 and IFN- g . These data suggest that cytokines produced by Th2 cells play an important role in all b -L-induced ADR, even when late clinical manifestations occur and an
A SURVEY OF CITIZENS ’ AWARENESS AND ADOPTION OF E-GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES , THE ‘ GOVERNMENT GATEWAY ’ : A UNITED KINGDOM PERSPECTIVE

The purpose of this paper is to examine the citizens’ awareness and adoption of e-government initiatives in the United Kingdom (UK), specifically the ‘Government Gateway’. To fulfill this purpose, this research undertook an empirical examination of the awareness and adoption of the ‘Government Gateway’ amongst UK citizens. Demographic characteristics including, age, gender, education, income and occupation and two yes/no type questions were asked to provide insights of the adopters and non-adopters of e-government initiatives. The data on these variables was collected using a postal survey. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 1600 households and a total number of 358 usable responses were received. The findings revealed that citizens with home broadband access are more likely to be aware of and adopt e-government services, in this case, the ‘Government Gateway’. The study also found that as other similar ICTs such as computers, Internet and broadband, the demographic characteristics of citizens such as the age, gender, education, and social class have an imperative role in explaining the citizen’s awareness and adoption of e-government services in the household. By undertaking such research, a substantial contribution is offered to various stakeholders including the government agencies who might want to differentiate between the adopters and nonadopters of e-Government services.
Synergistic Effect of Various Regulatory Factors in Th1/Th2 Balance; Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Asthma

The immune balance controlled by T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) is crucial for immunoregulation and its imbalance causes various immune diseases including allergic asthma. Therefore, diagnosis of Th1/Th2 balance in autoimmune diseases including asthma is essential for the application of immune balance regulating drugs. Th1/Th2 balance is not only controlled by Th1 cells and Th2 cells, but also by various regulatory factors including regulatory T cells, sexual factor, chemokines, transcription factors, signal transduction pathway (STAT6) etc. From that point of view, conception of “Th1/Th2 balance” resembles the balance of yin and yang which is main concept of Korean traditional medicine for treatment diseases. This article discusses various regulatory factors that influence Th1/Th2. Current research strategies seek to exploit these observations to improve the generation of novel targets for regulating Th1/Th2 balance. The Th1/Th2 balance could be influenced by imunomodulatory drugs (including herbs, prescription and its main components) but this way of therapy needs further evaluation focused on this various factors and synergistic effect.
The presidentialization of politics : a comparative study of modern democracies

1. The Presidentialization of Politics in Democratic Societies: A Framework for Analysis The Presidentialization of Democracy in Democratic Societies 2. The British Prime Minister: Much More Than 'First Among Equals' 3. A Presidentializing Party State? The Federal Republic of Germany 4. Presidentialization, Italian Style 5. The Presidentialization of Spanish Democracy: Sources of Prime Ministerial Power in Post-Franco Spain 6. The Low Countries: From 'Prime Minister' to President-Minister 7. Denmark: Presidentialization in a Consensual Democracy 8. 'President Persson' How Did Sweden Get Him? 9. Canada: Executive Dominance and Presidentialization 10. Dyarchic Presidentialization in a Presidentialized Polity: The French Fifth Republic 11. Finland: Let the Force Be with the Leader. But Who Is the Leader? 12. The Presidentialization of Portuguese Democracy? 13. The Failure of Presidential Parliamentarism: Constitutional versus Structural Presidentialization in Israel's Parliamentary Democracy 14. The Semi-Sovereign American Prince: The Dilemma of an Independent President in a Presidential Government 15. The Presidentialization of Contemporary Democratic Politics: Evidence, Causes, and Consequences Index
Normalized Forms for Two Common Metrics

| In this paper we demonstrate that two common metrics, symmetric set diierence, and Eu-clidian distance, have normalized forms which are nevertheless metrics. The rst of these jA4Bj=jABj is easily established and generalizes to measure spaces. The second applies to vectors in R n and is given by kX? Y k=(kXk+kY k). That this is a metric is more dii-cult to demonstrate and is true for Euclidian distance (the L2 norm) but for no other integral Minkowski metric. In addition to providing bounded distances when no a priori data bound exists, these forms are qualitatively diierent from their unnormalized counterparts , and are therefore also distinguished from simpler range companded constructions. Mixed forms are also deened which combine absolute and relative behavior, while remaining metrics. The result is a family of forms which resemble commonly used dissimilarity statistics but obey the triangle inequality.
Familial and Clinical Correlates in Depressed Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder Traits

Introduction Chart review is a low-cost, but highly informative, method to describe symptoms, treatment, and risk factors associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and to adapt screening and intervention to clinical reality. Previous chart review studies report more aggressiveness/anger and psychotic features in youths with BPD. They show that adverse family environment and parental psychopathology constitute important factors for BPD pathology. Objectives To examine clinical characteristics of depressed BPD adolescents (12–17 years old) outpatients according to gender and to explore variables which are associated with BPD traits. Methods A retrospective chart review using the child and adolescent version of the retrospective diagnostic instrument for borderlines was conducted on 30 depressed adolescents with BPD traits and 28 depressed patients without BPD traits. Participants who reached the retrospective diagnostic instrument for borderlines threshold for BPD were included in the BPD traits group. Comparison analyses were performed using Pearson’s Chi-square test. Associated factors were determined using regression analyses. Results BPD traits participants were characterized by higher family problems (parental psychopathology, parent disagreement/argument, and parent–child relational problem), more aggressive symptoms, and higher rates of family intervention and hospitalization. A number of familial factors (parental history of delinquency, substance use, personality disorders, having siblings, or parental disagreement/argument in boys) were associated with BPD traits. Attention seeking and problematic functioning (does not adapt well to group activities) were also associated with BPD traits. Discussion Our study stresses the need to assess BPD traits in adolescent psychiatric evaluation, especially in the presence of aggressive behaviors, family problems and attention seeking. Our results also highlight the importance of exploring family characteristics intervention in adolescents with BPD traits.
An Almost Linear-Time Algorithm for Computing a Dependency Basis in a Relational Database

We describe an algorithm that constructs for a given set of (functional and multivalued) dependencies Σ and a set of attributes X, the dependency basis of X. The algorithm runs in time O(min(k,log p)|Σ|), where p is the number of sets in the dependency basis of X and k is the number of dependencies in Σ. A variant of the algorithm tests whether a dependency σ is implied by Σ in time O(min(k,log p) |Σ|), where p is the number of sets in the dependency basis of the left-hand side of σ that intersect the right-hand side of σ. Whenever all the dependencies in ΣU{σ} are functional dependencies these algorithms are linear time.