Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phonological coactivation in the bilinguals’ two languages: Evidence from the color naming task*

We evaluate whether bilinguals activate the phonology of their first language (L1) when they speak in their second language (L2). In Experiment 1, Spanish–English (L1–L2) bilinguals performed a color naming task in which they named the color of pictures in L2 while the phonological relationship between the color names and picture names in L1 was evaluated. The bilinguals were slower when color names and picture names were phonologically related in L1 relative to a control condition in which they were unrelated. The same pattern of results was obtained in Experiment 2 when bilinguals with less L2 proficiency were evaluated. These results suggest that bilinguals coactivated the phonology of their two languages and that the phonology in L1 influenced the production of speech in L2. This finding is explained in terms of cascade models of bilingual language production.
Virological failure and development of new resistance mutations according to CD4 count at combination antiretroviral therapy initiation

No randomized controlled trials have yet reported an individual patient benefit of initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) at CD4 counts > 350 cells/μL. It is hypothesized that earlier initiation of cART in asymptomatic and otherwise healthy individuals may lead to poorer adherence and subsequently higher rates of resistance development.
Unachievability of network coding capacity

The coding capacity of a network is the supremum of ratios k/n, for which there exists a fractional (k,n) coding solution, where k is the source message dimension and n is the maximum edge dimension. The coding capacity is referred to as routing capacity in the case when only routing is allowed. A network is said to achieve its capacity if there is some fractional (k,n) solution for which k/n equals the capacity. The routing capacity is known to be achievable for arbitrary networks. We give an example of a network whose coding capacity (which is 1) cannot be achieved by a network code. We do this by constructing two networks, one of which is solvable if and only if the alphabet size is odd, and the other of which is solvable if and only if the alphabet size is a power of 2. No linearity assumptions are made.
Industrialization as an Agent of Social Change: A Critical Analysis

Herbert Blumer wrote continuously and voluminously, and consequently left a vast array of unpublished work at the time of his death in 1987. This posthumously published volume testifies further to his perceptive analysis of large-scale social organizations and elegant application of symbolic interactionist principles. Blumer's focus on the processual nature of social life and on the significance of the communicative interpretation of social contexts is manifest in his theory of industrialization and social change. His theory entails three major points: industrialization must be seen in processual terms, and the industrialization process is different for different historical periods; the consequences of industrialization are a function of the interpretive nature of human action and resembles a neutral framework within which groups interpret the meaning of industrial relations, and the industrial sector must be viewed in terms of power relations; industrial societies contain inherently conflicting interests. The editors' introductory essay outlines Blumer's metatheoretical stance (symbolic interactionism) and its emphasis on the adjustive character of social life. It places Blumer's theory in the context of contemporary macro theory, including world systems theory, resource dependence theory, and modernization theory.
Distribution Limits of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis: A Case Study in the Rocky Mountains, USA

Knowledge of the environmental constraints on a pathogen is critical to predicting its dynamics and effects on populations. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), an aquatic fungus that has been linked with widespread amphibian declines, is ubiquitous in the Rocky Mountains. As part of assessing the distribution limits of Bd in our study area, we sampled the water column and sediments for Bd zoospores in 30 high-elevation water bodies that lacked amphibians. All water bodies were in areas where Bd has been documented from neighboring, lower-elevation areas. We targeted areas lacking amphibians because existence of Bd independent of amphibians would have both ecologic and management implications. We did not detect Bd, which supports the hypothesis that it does not live independently of amphibians. However, assuming a detection sensitivity of 59.5% (based on sampling of water where amphibians tested positive for Bd), we only had 95% confidence of detecting Bd if it was in ≥16% of our sites. Further investigation into potential abiotic reservoirs is needed, but our results provide a strategic step in determining the distributional and environmental limitations of Bd in our study region.
Emotional intelligence as a moderator in the relationship between negative emotions and emotional exhaustion among employees in service sector occupations

Traditionally, most of the research on occupational burnout has focused on organizational stressors, such as workload and time pressure, and has overlooked the emotional nature of customer service work and its effect on burnout. This study was designed to examine the effects of individuals’ affective traits (i.e., dispositional affectivity and emotional intelligence) and affective states (i.e., emotions experienced at work) on burnout. The main hypothesis of this study was that emotional intelligence acts as a moderator in the relationship between negative emotions felt by employees during their interactions with clients and emotional exhaustion. A total of 137 service sector employees rated the extent to which they felt four positive emotions (i.e., contentment, enthusiasm, joy, and liking) and four negative emotions (i.e., irritation, annoyance, antipathy, and anger) while interacting with clients. The results indicated that negative affectivity was signi ﬁ cantly associated with higher levels of emotional exhaustion, whereas high positive affectivity showed the reverse pattern. It was also observed that employees who declared greater intensity of negative emotions reported more symptoms of emotional exhaustion. However, as predicted, this effect was observed only among employees who were low in the trait of emotional intelligence. Negative emotions and emotional exhaustion were unrelated among employees who were high in trait emotional intelligence.
Nervous system development relies on endosomal trafficking

ABSTRACT Accumulating findings have begun to unveil the important role of the endosomal machinery in the nervous system development. Endosomes have been linked to the differential segregation of cell fate determining molecules in asymmetrically dividing progenitors during neurogenesis. Additionally, the precise removal and reinsertion of membrane components through endocytic trafficking regulates the spatial and temporal distribution of signaling receptors and adhesion molecules, which determine the morphology and motility of migrating neurons. Emerging evidence suggests that the role of the endosomal sorting adaptors is dependent upon cell type and developmental stage. The repertoire of the signaling receptors and/or adhesion molecules sorted by the endosome during these processes remains to be explored. In this commentary, we will briefly address the progress in this research field.
Judgments of voluntary and physical causes in causal chains: probabilistic and social functionalist criteria for attributions

Four experiments investigated judgments about voluntary human actions and physical causes that were embedded in causal chains ending in negative outcomes (e.g., a forest fire). Causes were judged for their explanatory quality, their effect on the probability of the outcome, and the extent to which they could be socially controlled. Results supported legal theorists' claim that voluntary actions are judged better explanations than physical causes. Indices derived from theories of probability change generally failed to predict the preference for voluntary actions. In contrast, this preference was mediated by the perceived extent to which voluntary versus physical causes may be brought under social control. These results suggest that causal explanation, at least within causal chains, is not driven solely by changes in the probability of an outcome when a cause is added, and that observers recognize the potential social function of explanations in drawing attention to socially controllable causes.
Disclose Intimately, Honesty, Heavily, Positively and Intentionally: An Exploration of Self-Disclosure in Social Networking Sites

Self-disclosure is an important facet of social networking site (SNS) usage. To use the service, SNS users share a variety of personal information. However, to date, only a few studies examined individuals’ self-disclosure on SNS. Among these studies, they are predominantly concerned with the amount of self-disclosure. While prior research pointed out self-disclosure is a multi-dimensional construct comprised of intimacy, honesty, amount, valence and intentionality, it is important and imperative to take a holistic view of self-disclosure in the context of SNSs. Drawing upon the relationship perspective of IT adoption, this study intends to fill the theoretical gap. Specifically, we proposed that the multi-dimensional self-disclosure is determined by three antecedents: SNS user commitment, trust and use gratifications; while commitment is influenced by alternative quality, investment size and use gratifications, trust is a function of communication quality, opportunistic behaviors and use gratifications.
Sexist Humor and Rape Proclivity: The Moderating Role of Joke Teller Gender and Severity of Sexual Assault

Three experiments examined the effect of sexist humor on men’s self-reported rape proclivity (RP). Pilot study demonstrated that people differentiate the five rape scenarios of Bohner et al.’s. RP Scale based on the degree of physical violence perpetrated against the victim. Experiment 1 demonstrated that men higher in hostile sexism report greater RP upon exposure to sexist jokes when a woman (vs. a man) delivers them, and that this effect is limited to rape scenarios depicting a moderate versus a high level of physical violence. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that the relationship between hostile sexism and rape proclivity in response to a moderately violent rape scenario after exposure to sexist humor generalizes beyond women in the immediate humor context to women as a whole.
Personality and Trauma: Adult Attachment and Posttraumatic Distress Among Former Political Prisoners

Attachment patterns are especially salient in facing danger and threats to one's life. Earlier research has suggested that secure persons are protected and insecure persons vulnerable in conditions of traumatic stress. We argued that the general view may not apply to the complex person-trauma interaction that is characteristic to torture and ill-treatment. Rather, as Crittenden maintains, each attachment pattern involves a unique strategy that is the most adaptive solution, depending on the nature of the trauma. We hypothesized that the general view of the secure attachment pattern being protective, and the insecure patterns being unprotective, would apply when political prisoners are exposed to physical torture and ill-treatment. Whereas, when exposed to psychological torture involving interpersonal cruelty, securely attached persons would be more vulnerable than insecure. The hypotheses were examined among 176 Palestinian male former political prisoners living in the Gaza Strip. Their mental health was .
Robust linear compensator design for nonlinear robotic control

In this paper we investigate the application to the motion control of n-link robotic manipulators of the recently developed stable factorization approach to tracking and disturbance rejection. Given a nominal model of the manipulator dynamics, the control scheme consists of an approximate feedback linearizing control followed by a linear compensator design based on the stable factorization approach to achieve optimal tracking and disturbance rejection. Using a multi-loop version of the small gain theorem [17], the applicability of the linear design techniques and the stability of the closed loop system are rigorously demonstrated.
Mindfulness-Based Mental Training in a High-Performance Combat Aviation Population: A One-Year Intervention Study and Two-Year Follow-Up

This study tested the feasibility and value of mindfulness training (MT) in a Norwegian military combat aircraft squadron (n = 21). No objective measures of performance were included in this study. Subjective measures of mindfulness, mental skills, and performance-related anxiety were administered before and after the intervention, including a semistructured interview at the study’s conclusion after the intervention. Qualitative feedback and measures of mindfulness were collected via e-mail at 12 and 24 months during follow-up. During posttraining, there was a reduction in somatic anxiety related to performance and improvements in self-perceived skills associated with mindfulness, attention regulation, and arousal regulation. Mindfulness scores remained higher throughout the follow-up. Time-consuming plenary sessions and the amount of recommended, out-of-class training were found to be potential drawbacks of MT. Overall the findings indicate that MT might be a viable complement to existing mental training for high-performance populations.
Flow-level stability of data networks with non-convex and time-varying rate regions

In this paper we characterize flow-level stochastic stability for networks with non-convex or time-varying rate regions underresource allocation based on utility maximization. Similar to prior works on flow-level stability, we consider exogenous data arrivals with finite workloads. However, to model many realistic situations, the rate region, which constrains the feasibility of resource allocation, may be either non-convex or time-varying. When the rate region is fixed but non-convex, we derive sufficient and necessary conditions for stability, which coincide when the set of allocated rate vectors has continuous contours. When the rate region is time-varying according to some stationary, ergodic process, we derive the precise stability region. In both cases,the size of the stability region depends on the resource allocation policy, in particular, on the fairness parameter in ∝-fair utility maximization. This is in sharp contrast with the substantial existing literature on stability under fixed and convex rate regions, in which the stability region coincides with the rate region for many utility-based resource allocation schemes, independently of the value of the fairness parameter. We further investigate the tradeoff between fairness and stability when rate region is non-convex or time-varying. Numerical examples of both wired and wireless networks are provided to illustrate the new stability regions and tradeoffs proved in the paper.
The free and cued selective reminding test: Validation for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

The International Working Group on Alzheimer's disease (AD) suggested the free and cued selective reminding test (FCSRT) to assess memory, as it showed high sensitivity and specificity in the differentiation of AD from healthy controls and other dementias. The FCSRT involves the use of selective reminding with semantic cueing in memory assessment. This study aims to validate the FCSRT for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD through the analysis of the diagnostic accuracy and the suggestion of cut-off scores. Patients were classified into two groups according to standard criteria: MCI (n = 100) and AD (n = 70). A matched control group (n = 101) of cognitively healthy subjects was included. The reliability and the validity of the FCSRT were analysed on the immediate (IR) and delayed (DR) recalls. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.915 for the IR and 0.879 for the DR. The total recall measures revealed good areas under the curve for MCI (IR: .818; DR: .828) and excellent for AD (IR: .987; DR: .991). Furthermore, the MCI group was subdivided with respect to a non-similar/similar AD pattern of impairment, with almost half of the subjects showing an AD-like decline. This analysis represents a novel contribution regarding the properties of the FCSRT in illustrating the heterogeneity of MCI at baseline. The FCSRT has proved to be a very useful tool in the characterization of the memory impairment of the AD spectrum.
An Orally Active Cannabis Extract with High Content in Cannabidiol attenuates Chemically-induced Intestinal Inflammation and Hypermotility in the Mouse

Anecdotal and scientific evidence suggests that Cannabis use may be beneficial in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Here, we have investigated the effect of a standardized Cannabis sativa extract with high content of cannabidiol (CBD), here named CBD BDS for “CBD botanical drug substance,” on mucosal inflammation and hypermotility in mouse models of intestinal inflammation. Colitis was induced in mice by intracolonic administration of dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS). Motility was evaluated in the experimental model of intestinal hypermotility induced by irritant croton oil. CBD BDS or pure CBD were given - either intraperitoneally or by oral gavage – after the inflammatory insult (curative protocol). The amounts of CBD in the colon, brain, and liver after the oral treatments were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry. CBD BDS, both when given intraperitoneally and by oral gavage, decreased the extent of the damage (as revealed by the decrease in the colon weight/length ratio and myeloperoxidase activity) in the DNBS model of colitis. It also reduced intestinal hypermotility (at doses lower than those required to affect transit in healthy mice) in the croton oil model of intestinal hypermotility. Under the same experimental conditions, pure CBD did not ameliorate colitis while it normalized croton oil-induced hypermotility when given intraperitoneally (in a dose-related fashion) or orally (only at one dose). In conclusion, CBD BDS, given after the inflammatory insult, attenuates injury and motility in intestinal models of inflammation. These findings sustain the rationale of combining CBD with other minor Cannabis constituents and support the clinical development of CBD BDS for IBD treatment.
Is XML retrieval meaningful to users?: searcher preferences for full documents vs. elements

The aim of this study is to investigate whether element retrieval (as opposed to full-text retrieval) is meaningful and useful for searchers when carrying out information-seeking tasks. Our results suggest that searchers find the structural breakdown of documents useful when browsing within retrieved documents, and provide support for the usefulness of element retrieval in interactive settings.
A focus-context browser for multiple timelines

Events may be best understood in the context of other events. We can call a set of related events a "timeline", because of the temporal ordering. Such timelines are themselves best understood in the context of other timelines. To facilitate the exploration of a collection of events and timelines, a visualization tool has been developed that facilitates the user's ability to compare and browse across events and timelines. In this model, each event is accompanied by a text description and links to related resources such as articles from digitized historical newspapers
Refinding is Not Finding Again

A challenging problem for Internet users today is how to refind information that they have seen before. We believe that finding and refinding are different user activities and require different types of support. The problem of how to find information on the web is studied extensively---new search algorithms, support for natural language queries, and innovative document indexing techniques are common topics in information retrieval research; visualizations of documents, and task support for finding are topics in human-computer interaction. But refinding has only recently begun to receive attention. In this article, we present evidence to support the claim that information refinding is a different activity than information finding. We present results that show how refinding is different from finding and suggest ways to improve web information seeking tools and designs tosupport refinding information.
Familial Satisfaction, Birth Order, and Fertility Values.

A theory is presented to account for the tendency of family size to be the same in successive generations of the same family. It is hypothesized that size preferences for the family of procreation vary directly with the size of the family of orientation, that the association is greater among women who felt "close" to their families of orientation, and among firstborn women. Interview and questionnaire data from 389 college women support these hypotheses.
A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of the Bridge Reading Program for Children at Risk for Reading Failure

The effectiveness of an experimental reading program, Bridge, was compared to “Whole Language” reading instruction in two schools in economically disadvantaged areas. The Bridge program uses icons or picture symbols to facilitate print word identification. Children who were predicted to be at risk for reading difficulties comprised the Bridge (N = 42) and Whole Language (N = 64) samples. Predictions of at-risk reading status were made using a test of phonemic analysis skills (the Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test), Denkla and Rudel's Rapid Letter Naming Test, and a test of syntactic awareness. The Bridge group performed significantly better on the WRAT Reading test than the Whole Language group at the end of grade 1 and grade 2. The Bridge program appears to be useful for children who are at risk for reading failure.
Post-Theory: Reconstructing Film Studies

Since the 1970s, film scholars have been searching for a unified theory that will explain all types of film, their production and their reception; the field has been dominated by structuralist Marxism, varieties of cultural theory and the psychoanalytic ideas of Freud and Lacan. The authors of this text ask why not employ many theories tailored to specific goals, rather than search for a unified theory. They offer directions for understanding film, presenting essays by 27 scholars on topics as diverse as film scores, audience response and the national film industries of Russia, Scandinavia, the US and Japan. Using historical, philosophical, psychological and feminist methods, the book examines issues such as: what goes on when viewers perceive a film? ; how do filmmakers exploit conventions? ; how do movies create illusions? ; and how does a film arouse emotion?