Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overview of the use of terbinafine (Lamisil®) in children

This review summarizes the efficacy and tolerability of terbinafine (Lamisil®) in the treatment of dermatophytoses in children. In six clinical studies, 152 children who received terbinafine were evaluable for efficacy and 196 were evaluable for tolerability. In these studies, terbinaline was used for between 1 and 28 weeks. The median treatment was 4 weeks, the duration of treatment in the tinea capitis studies.
Secondary contact seeds phenotypic novelty in cichlid fishes

Theory proposes that genomic admixture between formerly reproductively isolated populations can generate phenotypic novelty for selection to act upon. Secondary contact may therefore be a significant promoter of phenotypic novelty that allows species to overcome environmental challenges and adapt to novel environments, including during adaptive radiation. To date, this has largely been considered from the perspective of interspecific hybridization at contact zones. However, it is also possible that this process occurs more commonly between natural populations of a single species, and thus its importance in adaptive evolution may have been underestimated. In this study, we tested the consequences of genomic introgression during apparent secondary contact between phenotypically similar lineages of the riverine cichlid fish Astatotilapia calliptera. We provide population genetic evidence of a secondary contact zone in the wild, and then demonstrate using mate-choice experiments that both lineages can reproduce together successfully in laboratory conditions. Finally, we show that genomically admixed individuals display extreme phenotypes not observed in the parental lineages. Collectively, the evidence shows that secondary contact can drive the evolution of phenotypic novelty, suggesting that pulses of secondary contact may repeatedly seed genetic novelty, which when coupled with ecological opportunity could promote rapid adaptive evolution in natural circumstances.
How to quantitatively synthesize dynamic changes in arterial pressure from baroreflexly modulated ventricular and arterial properties

Baroreflex regulates arterial pressure by modulating ventricular and vascular properties. We investigated if the framework of circulatory equilibrium that we developed previously (Am J Physiol 2004, 2005) by extending the classic Guyton's framework is capable of predicting baroreflex induced changes in arterial pressure. In animal experiments, we estimated open loop transfer functions of baroreflexly modulated ventricular and vascular properties, synthesized baroreflex induced dynamic changes in arterial pressure using the estimated transfer functions and compared the predicted responses with measured responses. We demonstrated that the predicted baroreflex induced changes in arterial pressure matched reasonable well with those measured. We conclude that the framework of circulatory equilibrium is generalizable under the condition where baroreflex dynamically changes arterial pressure.
Identification of Proteinaceous Material in the Bone of the Dinosaur Iguanodon

This study has directed attention at the search for bone-related proteins in an extract of demineralized rib bone of the 120 mya Iguanodon . The inner compact bone was demineralized and the GuCl extract resolved into 11 fractions using anion exchange chromatography, which all contained silver-reactive proteins with various amino acid profiles. Two specific fractions, iv and xi, revealed characteristics typical of contemporary phosphoproteins and proteoglycans, respectively. Fraction iv, 43-57 kDa, contained a high ratio of aspartate and serine, although no phosphate was discernable. Fraction xi contained a band of 41-47 kDa and was rich in chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronan. In addition an early eluting fraction was immunoreactive with an antibody against osteocalcin. A cancellous bone fraction from the same bone sample was also analyzed using N-terminal sequencing and revealed potential similarities with cystatin. While we do not claim to have identified the presence of intact proteins, this study has value in demonstrating that extruded extracellular matrix is protected by its capacity to induce mineralization, which subsequently is important in conserving detectable protein products in ancient skeletal tissues.
Patient and hospital characteristics on the variance of perioperative outcomes for pancreatic resection in the United States: a plea for outcome-based and not volume-based referral guidelines.

HYPOTHESIS There is an effect of patient and hospital characteristics on perioperative outcomes for pancreatic resection in the United States. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Academic research. PATIENTS Patient data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project from January 1988 to January 2003. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In-hospital mortality, perioperative complications, and mortality following a major complication. RESULTS A total of 103 222 patients underwent major pancreatic surgery. The annual number of pancreatic resections increased 15.0% during the 16-year study period. Resection for benign pancreatic disease increased 26.8%. Overall in-hospital mortality, perioperative complications, and mortality following a major complication were 6.5%, 35.6%, and 15.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that significant independent predictors for these 3 perioperative outcomes were advancing age, male sex, medical comorbidity, and hospital volume for each type of pancreatic resection. The in-hospital mortality for pancreatoduodenectomy increases with age and ranges from 1.7% to 13.8% (P < .001). After adjusting for other confounders, the odds of in-hospital mortality for pancreatoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, and total pancreatectomy in those 65 years or older were 4.78-fold, 3.84-fold, and 2.60-fold, respectively, lower in the high-volume hospitals compared with those in the lower-volume hospitals. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative complications derived from this population-based study were higher than those reported in many case series. A significant disparity was noted in perioperative outcomes among surgical centers across the United States. An outcome-based referral guideline may have an immediate effect on improving the quality of care in patients who undergo pancreatic resection for benign and malignant disease.
Exponentially increasing incidences of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe correlate with low personal annual UV doses and suggests 2 major risk factors

For several decades the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) steadily increased in fair-skinned, indoor-working people around the world. Scientists think poor tanning ability resulting in sunburns initiate CMM, but they do not understand why the incidence continues to increase despite the increased use of sunscreens and formulations offering more protection. This paradox, along with lower incidences of CMM in outdoor workers, although they have significantly higher annual UV doses than indoor workers have, perplexes scientists. We found a temporal exponential increase in the CMM incidence indicating second-order reaction kinetics revealing the existence of 2 major risk factors. From epidemiology studies, we know one major risk factor for getting CMM is poor tanning ability and we now propose the other major risk factor may be the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) because clinicians find β HPVs in over half the biopsies. Moreover, we uncovered yet another paradox; the increasing CMM incidences significantly correlate with decreasing personal annual UV dose, a proxy for low vitamin D3 levels. We also discovered the incidence of CMM significantly increased with decreasing personal annual UV dose from 1960, when it was almost insignificant, to 2000. UV and other DNA-damaging agents can activate viruses, and UV-induced cytokines can hide HPV from immune surveillance, which may explain why CMM also occurs in anatomical locations where the sun does not shine. Thus, we propose the 2 major risk factors for getting CMM are intermittent UV exposures that result in low cutaneous levels of vitamin D3 and possibly viral infection.
The needs of terminally ill cancer patients versus those of caregivers for information regarding prognosis and end‐of‐life issues

The difficulty of negotiating the concerns of family members while also respecting the needs of the patient adds complexity to the task of discussing prognosis and end‐of‐life (EOL) issues with terminally ill cancer patients. The informational needs of caregivers may be different from those of the patients themselves with regard to these topics. However, to the authors' knowledge, this issue has received relatively little research attention.
Lack of Cocaine Effect on Dopamine Clearance in the Core and Shell of the Nucleus Accumbens of Dopamine Transporter Knock-Out Mice

Cocaine produces its reinforcing effects primarily by inhibiting the dopamine transporter (DAT) at the level of presynaptic terminals and increasing extracellular levels of dopamine (DA). Surprisingly, in mice genetically lacking the DAT, cocaine was still able to elevate DA in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This finding is critically important for explaining the persistence of cocaine reinforcement in DAT knock-out (DAT-KO) mice. However, the mechanism by which cocaine elevates DA is unclear. Here, we tested the recently proposed hypothesis that in the absence of the DAT, the norepinephrine transporter (NET) could provide an alternative uptake site for DA clearance. If true, cocaine could elevate DA levels through its inhibition of the NET. In vitro voltammetry, a technique well suited for evaluating the effects of drugs on DA uptake, was used in the present study. We report that both cocaine and desipramine, a potent NET inhibitor, failed to change DA clearance or evoked release in the NAc of mutant mice. Additionally, fluoxetine, a serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor, also had no effect on these parameters. These data rule out the involvement of accumbal NET or SERT in the cocaine-induced increase in extracellular DA in DAT-KO mice. Moreover, the present findings suggest that in the DAT-KO mice, cocaine acts primarily outside the NAc to produce its effects.
Finite Topological Spaces

The articles [15], [8], [2], [5], [16], [6], [14], [19], [10], [12], [17], [9], [11], [3], [4], [13], [7], [18], and [1] provide the notation and terminology for this paper. The scheme Set of Elements deals with a non-empty set A, a unary functor F yielding an element of A, and a unary predicate P, and states that: {F(x) : P[x]}, where x ranges over elements of A, is a subset of A for all values of the parameters. One can prove the following propositions: (1) Let A be a set. Let f be a finite sequence of elements of 2. Then if for every natural number i such that 1 ≤ i and i < len f holds πif ⊆ πi+1f , then for all natural numbers i, j such that i ≤ j and 1 ≤ i and j ≤ len f holds πif ⊆ πjf . (2) Let A be a set. Let f be a finite sequence of elements of 2. Suppose for every natural number i such that 1 ≤ i and i < len f holds πif ⊆ πi+1f . Then for all natural numbers i, j such that i < j and 1 ≤ i and j ≤ len f and πjf ⊆ πif and for every natural number k such that i ≤ k and k ≤ j holds πjf = πkf . (3) For every set F such that F is finite and F 6= ∅ and for all sets B, C such that B ∈ F and C ∈ F holds B ⊆ C or C ⊆ B there exists a set m such that m ∈ F and for every set C such that C ∈ F holds C ⊆ m. (4) For all sets x, A holds x ⊆ A if and only if x ∈ 2.
A Multiple Delay Simulator for MOS LSI Circuits

This paper describes a multiple delay simulator for MOS LSI circuits. The basic primitives for this simulator are MOS transistor structures where the transistors are evaluated logically. Integer rise and fall delays are associated with each transition and these delays are computed automatically based on device characteristics and circuit capacitances. The simulator has been extensively used for the design verification of production LSI chips.
Sperm from Hyh Mice Carrying a Point Mutation in αSNAP Have a Defect in Acrosome Reaction

Hydrocephalus with hop gait (hyh) is a recessive inheritable disease that arose spontaneously in a mouse strain. A missense mutation in the Napa gene that results in the substitution of a methionine for isoleucine at position 105 (M105I) of αSNAP has been detected in these animals. αSNAP is a ubiquitous protein that plays a key role in membrane fusion and exocytosis. In this study, we found that male hyh mice with a mild phenotype produced morphologically normal and motile sperm, but had a strongly reduced fertility. When stimulated with progesterone or A23187 (a calcium ionophore), sperm from these animals had a defective acrosome reaction. It has been reported that the M105I mutation affects the expression but not the function of the protein. Consistent with an hypomorphic phenotype, the testes and epididymides of hyh mice had low amounts of the mutated protein. In contrast, sperm had αSNAP levels indistinguishable from those found in wild type cells, suggesting that the mutated protein is not fully functional for acrosomal exocytosis. Corroborating this possibility, addition of recombinant wild type αSNAP rescued exocytosis in streptolysin O-permeabilized sperm, while the mutant protein was ineffective. Moreover, addition of recombinant αSNAP. M105I inhibited acrosomal exocytosis in permeabilized human and wild type mouse sperm. We conclude that the M105I mutation affects the expression and also the function of αSNAP, and that a fully functional αSNAP is necessary for acrosomal exocytosis, a key event in fertilization.
Relative seismic velocity variations correlate with deformation at Kīlauea volcano

Seismic velocity changes correlate with deformation at Kīlauea volcano, advancing noise interferometry as a monitoring tool. Seismic noise interferometry allows the continuous and real-time measurement of relative seismic velocity through a volcanic edifice. Because seismic velocity is sensitive to the pressurization state of the system, this method is an exciting new monitoring tool at active volcanoes. Despite the potential of this tool, no studies have yet comprehensively compared velocity to other geophysical observables on a short-term time scale at a volcano over a significant length of time. We use volcanic tremor (~0.3 to 1.0 Hz) at Kīlauea as a passive source for interferometry to measure relative velocity changes with time. By cross-correlating the vertical component of day-long seismic records between ~230 station pairs, we extract coherent and temporally consistent coda wave signals with time lags of up to 120 s. Our resulting time series of relative velocity shows a remarkable correlation between relative velocity and the radial tilt record measured at Kīlauea summit, consistently correlating on a time scale of days to weeks for almost the entire study period (June 2011 to November 2015). As the summit continually deforms in deflation-inflation events, the velocity decreases and increases, respectively. Modeling of strain at Kīlauea suggests that, during inflation of the shallow magma reservoir (1 to 2 km below the surface), most of the edifice is dominated by compression—hence closing cracks and producing faster velocities—and vice versa. The excellent correlation between relative velocity and deformation in this study provides an opportunity to understand better the mechanisms causing seismic velocity changes at volcanoes, and therefore realize the potential of passive interferometry as a monitoring tool.
A thermal-based approach for determining electroplastic characteristics

Recent development of electrically assisted manufacturing processes proved the advantages of using the electric current, mainly related with the decrease in the mechanical forming load, and improvement in the formability when electrically assisted forming of metals. The reduction of forming load was formulated previously assuming that a part of the electrical energy input is dissipated into heat, thus producing thermal softening of the material, while the remaining component directly aids the plastic deformation. The fraction of electrical energy applied, which assists the deformation process compared to the total amount of electrical energy, is given by the electroplastic effect coefficient. The objective of the current research is to investigate the complex effect of the electricity applied during deformation, and to establish a methodology for quantifying the electroplastic effect coefficient. Temperature behavior is observed for varying levels of deformation and previous cold work. Results are used to refine the understanding of the electroplastic effect coefficient, and a new relationship, in the form of a power law, is derived. This model is validated under independent experiments in Grade 2 (commercially pure) and Grade 5 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium.
Universal prevention of depression in women postnatally: cluster randomized trial evidence in primary care

Background To test whether receiving care from a health visitor (HV) trained in identification and psychological intervention methods prevents depression 6–18 months postnatally in women who are not depressed 6 weeks postnatally. Method The study was a prospective cluster trial, randomized by GP practice, with follow-up for 18 months in 101 primary care teams in the Trent area of England. The participants were women scoring <12 on the postal Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 6 weeks postnatally (1474 intervention and 767 control women). Intervention HVs (n=89, 63 clusters) were trained in identifying depressive symptoms using the EPDS and face-to-face clinical assessment and in providing psychologically orientated sessions based on cognitive behavioral or person-centered principles. The control group comprised HVs (n=49, 37 clusters) providing care as usual (CAU). The primary outcome measure was the proportion of women scoring ⩾12 on the EPDS at 6 months postnatally. Secondary outcomes were mean EPDS score, Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) score, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-SF) scores at 6, 12 and 18 months. Results After adjusting for individual-level covariates, living alone, previous postnatal depression (PND), the presence of one or more adverse life events and the 6-week EPDS score, the odds ratio (OR) for EPDS ⩾12 at 6 months was 0.71 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53–0.97, p=0.031] for the intervention group (IG) women compared with the control (CAU) group women. Two subgroups were formed by baseline severity: a ‘subthreshold’ subgroup with a 6-week EPDS score of 6–11 (n=999) and a ‘lowest severity’ subgroup with a 6-week EPDS score of 0–5 (n=1242). There was no difference in psychological effectiveness by subgroup (interaction term: z=−0.28, p=0.782). Conclusions This study provides new evidence of a universal, enduring preventive effect for depression in women who screen negative for depression postnatally.
Witchcraft and Biopsychosocial Causes of Mental Illness: Attitudes and Beliefs About Mental Illness Among Health Professionals in Five Countries

Abstract This study examines the intercorrelation of measures reflecting beliefs about and attitudes toward people with mental illness in a sample of health professionals (N = 902) from five countries: Brazil, China, Ghana, Nigeria, and the United States, and, more specifically, the association of beliefs in supernatural as contrasted with biopsychosocial causes of mental illness. Factor analysis of a 43-item questionnaire identified four factors favoring a) socializing with people with mental illness; b) normalizing their roles in society; c) belief in supernatural causes of mental illness (e.g., witchcraft, curses); and d) belief in biopsychosocial causes of mental illness. Unexpectedly, a hypothesized negative association between belief in supernatural and biopsychosocial causation of mental illness was not found. Belief in the biopsychosocial causation was weakly associated with less stigmatized attitudes towards socializing and normalized roles.
Global Gene Expression Profiling of Individual Human Oocytes and Embryos Demonstrates Heterogeneity in Early Development

Early development in humans is characterised by low and variable embryonic viability, reflected in low fecundity and high rates of miscarriage, relative to other mammals. Data from assisted reproduction programmes provides additional evidence that this is largely mediated at the level of embryonic competence and is highly heterogeneous among embryos. Understanding the basis of this heterogeneity has important implications in a number of areas including: the regulation of early human development, disorders of pregnancy, assisted reproduction programmes, the long term health of children which may be programmed in early development, and the molecular basis of pluripotency in human stem cell populations. We have therefore investigated global gene expression profiles using polyAPCR amplification and microarray technology applied to individual human oocytes and 4-cell and blastocyst stage embryos. In order to explore the basis of any variability in detail, each developmental stage is replicated in triplicate. Our data show that although transcript profiles are highly stage-specific, within each stage they are relatively variable. We describe expression of a number of gene families and pathways including apoptosis, cell cycle and amino acid metabolism, which are variably expressed and may be reflective of embryonic developmental competence. Overall, our data suggest that heterogeneity in human embryo developmental competence is reflected in global transcript profiles, and that the vast majority of existing human embryo gene expression data based on pooled oocytes and embryos need to be reinterpreted.
Restriction endonuclease analysis as a taxonomic tool in the study of pig isolates belonging to the Australis serogroup of Leptospira interrogans

Restriction endonuclease analysis was performed on DNAs from the type strains of the Australis serogroup of Leptospira interrogans by using 20 restriction enzymes, and the electrophoretic patterns obtained were compared with patterns obtained from 162 Australis serogroup isolates from pigs. It proved to be a quick and reliable method for typing such strains. All of the pig isolates were identified as either serovar bratislava or muenchen. It also showed differences at the subserovar level which may be important in (i) understanding the epidemiology of the Australis serogroup, (ii) the development of suitable vaccines, and (iii) pathogenesis and pathogenicity studies. Two genotypes (B2b and M2) accounted for 92% of isolates from aborted or stillborn piglets, while a third genotype (B2a) was the only one recovered from the brains of piglets with meningitis.