Speech Science: An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice

Each chapter concludes with "Clinical Case Study and Questions," "Summary" and "Review Exercises. " Foreword. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. Overview of Chapters. 2. The Nature of Sound. Air Pressure. Measurement of Air Pressure Movement of Air Air Pressure, Volume, and Density Sound: Changes in Air Pressure Elasticity and Inertia Wave Motion of Sound Characteristics of Sound Waves Frequency and Period Velocity and Wavelength Sound Absorption and Reflection Constructive and Destructive Interference Pure Tones and Complex Waves Speech as a Stream of Complex Periodic and Aperiodic Waves Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms and Spectra Attributes of Sounds Frequency and Pitch Human Range of Hearing Amplitude and Intensity Amplitude Intensity Decibel Scale Advantages of the Decibel Scale Auditory Area Resonance Free and Forced Vibration Types of Resonators Acoustic Resonators Acoustic Resonators as Filters Bandwidth Cutoff Frequencies Resonance Curves Parameters of a Filter Types of Filters 3. Clinical Application of Frequency and Intensity Variables. Vocal Frequency and Amplitude Frequency Variables Average Fundamental Frequency Frequency Variability Maximum Phonational Frequency Range Amplitude and Intensity Variables Average Amplitude Level Amplitude Variability Dynamic Range Voice Range Profile Breakdowns in Control of Vocal Frequency and Amplitude Voice Disorders Neurological Disorders 4. The Respiratory System. The Structure and Mechanics of the Respiratory System Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Bronchial Tree Muscles of Respiration Accessory Muscles of Respiration Muscles of the Abdomen Pleural Linkage Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs Inhalation Exhalation Rate of Breathing Lung Volumes and Capacities Resting Expiratory Level Lung Volumes Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Residual Volume Dead Air Lung Capacities Vital Capacity Functional Residual Capacity Total Lung Capacity Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities Differences Between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech Location of Air Intake Ratio of Time for Inhalation versus Exhalation Volume of Air Inhaled per Cycle Muscle Activity for Exhalation Air Pressures and Flows in Respiration Air Pressures Airflow Lung Volume and Chest Wall Shape Breathing Patterns for Speech Changes in Speech Breathing over the Life-span 5. Clinical Application: Respiratory Breakdowns That Affect Speech Production. Conditions That Affect Speech Breathing Parkinson's Disease Cerebellar Disease Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Cerebral Palsy Mechanical Ventilation Voice Disorders Hearing Impairment 6. The Phonatory System. The Vocal Mechanism Laryngeal Skeleton Bones and Cartilages Joints of the Larynx Valves within the Larynx Aryepiglottic Folds False Vocal Folds True Vocal Folds Cover-body Model Glottis Muscles of the Larynx Extrinsic Muscles Intrinsic Muscles Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation Vertical and Longitudinal Phase Differences during Vibration Voice Fundamental Frequency Voice Intensity Pressures Involved in Phonation The Complex Sound Wave of the Human Voice Glottal Spectrum Harmonic Spacing Nearly Periodic Nature of the Human Voice Sources of fitter and Shimmer Measurement of Jitter and Shimmer Vocal Registers and Vocal Quality Vocal Registers Physiologic and Acoustic Bases of Pulse and Falsetto Registers Pulse Falsetto Spectral Characteristics of Pulse and Falsetto Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking Voice Quality Normal Voice Quality Abnormal Voice Qualities Acoustic Characteristics of Breathy and Rough or Hoarse Voice Breathy Voice Rough or Hoarse Voice Ways of Measuring Registers and Quality Electroglottography EGG and Register EGG Slope Quotients 7. Clinical Application: Measures of Jitter, Shimmer, and Quality. Jitter and Shimmer Measures Jitter and Shimmer Measures in Communication Disorders Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Parkinson's Disease Endotracheal Intubation Laryngeal Cancer Functional Voice Problems Stuttering Measures of Voice Quality Need for Objective Measures of Voice Quality Aging EGG and Vocal Disorders EGG and Spasmodic Dysphonia EGG and Parkinson's Disease 8. The Articulatory System. Articulators of the Vocal Tract Oral Cavity Lips Teeth Dental Occlusion Hard Palate Soft Palate Muscles of the Velum Velopharyngeal Closure Tongue Muscles of the Tongue Tongue Movements for Speech Pharynx Muscles of the Pharynx Nasal Cavities Valves of the Vocal Tract Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels Place of Articulation of English Consonants Manner of Articulation of English Consonants Stops Fricatives Affricates Nasals Glides Liquids Voicing Vowel Classification Vocal Tract Resonance Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator Vocal Tract Filtering of the Glottal Sound Wave Source-filter Theory of Vowel Production Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes Vowel Formant Frequencies F1/F2 Plots Spectrographic Analysis of Sounds Vowels Diphthongs Glides Liquids Stops Fricatives Affricates Nasals The Production of Speech Sounds in Context Coarticulation Suprasegmentals Intonation Stress Duration 9. Clinical Application: Breakdowns in Production of Vowels and Consonants. Source-filter Theory and Problems in Speech Production Dysarthria Vowel Duration Measurements Vowel Formant Measurements Consonant Measures Hearing Impairment Segmental Problems Suprasegmental Problems Instrumentation in Treatment Programs for Deaf Speakers Palatometry and Glossometry Phonological Disorders Tracheotomy Cleft Palate 10. The Auditory System. Parts of the Ear Outer Ear Tympanic Membrane Middle Ear Ossicles Muscles Auditory Tube Functions of the Middle Ear Inner Ear Cochlea Basilar Membrane Cochlear Function Perception of Speech Segmentation Problem Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs Vowels Diphthongs Perception of Consonants Categorical Perception Multiple Acoustic Cues in Consonant Perception Influence of Coarticulation Liquids Glides Nasals Stops Fricatives Affricates The Role of Context in Speech Perception Immittance Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions, and Cochlear Implants Immittance Audiometry Tympanograms Tympanometric Procedure Tympanogram Shapes Advantages of Tympanometry Otoacoustic Emissions Spontaneous and Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions Cochlear Implants 11. Clinical Application: Perceptual Problems in Hearing Impairment, Language and Reading Disability, and Articulation Deficits. Hearing Loss Vowel Perception Consonant Perception Cochlear Implants Otitis Media Language and Reading Disability Articulatory Problems 12. The Nervous System. Brain tissue Glial cells Neurons Types of neurons Sensory receptors Neuronal function Conduction velocity Functional anatomy of the nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Ventricles Overview of functional brain anatomy Cortex Lobes of the brain Frontal lobe Parietal lobes Temporal lobes Occipital lobe Limbic lobe Cortical connections Commissural fibers Association fibers Projection fibers Subcortical areas of the brain Basal nuclei Thalamus Hypothalamus Brainstem Midbrain Pons Medulla Cerebellum Spinal cord Cranial nerves Blood supply to the brain Motor control systems involved in speech production Motor cortex Upper and lower motor neurons Direct and indirect systems Motor units Principles of motor control Feedback and feedforward Efference copy 13. Clinical Application of Brain Function Measures. Techniques for imaging brain structure Computerized tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Techniques for imaging brain function Functional magnetic resonance imaging Positron emission tomography Single photon emission computed tomography Electroencephalography and evoked potentials Use of brain imaging techniques in communication disorders Stuttering Parkinson's disease Multiple sclerosis Alzheimer's disease 14. Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception. Theories Models Speech Production The Serial-order issue Degrees of Freedom Context-sensitivity Problem Theories of Speech Production Target Models Feedback and Feedforward Models Dynamic Systems Models Connectionist Models Speech Perception Linearity and Segmentation Speaker Normalization Basic Unit of Perception Specialization of Speech Perception Categories of Speech Perception Theories Active versus Passive Bottom-up versus Top-down Autonomous versus Interactive Theories of Speech Perception Motor Theory Acoustic Invariance Theory Direct Realism TRACE Model Logogen Theory Cohort Theory Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception Native Language Magnet Theory Glossary Appendix IPA Symbols for Consonants and Vowels References Index