Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time-bounded random access machines

In this paper we introduce a formal model for random access computers and argue that the model is a good one to use in the theory of computational complexity. Results are proved which compare run times for recognizing sets using this model (which has a fixed program) with a stored program model and with Turing machines. The main result, theorem 3, shows the existence of a time complexity hierarchy which is finer than that of any standard abstract computer model. An Algol-like programming language is introduced which facilitates proofs of the theorems.
Multi-view self-supervised deep learning for 6D pose estimation in the Amazon Picking Challenge

Robot warehouse automation has attracted significant interest in recent years, perhaps most visibly in the Amazon Picking Challenge (APC) [1]. A fully autonomous warehouse pick-and-place system requires robust vision that reliably recognizes and locates objects amid cluttered environments, self-occlusions, sensor noise, and a large variety of objects. In this paper we present an approach that leverages multiview RGB-D data and self-supervised, data-driven learning to overcome those difficulties. The approach was part of the MIT-Princeton Team system that took 3rd- and 4th-place in the stowing and picking tasks, respectively at APC 2016. In the proposed approach, we segment and label multiple views of a scene with a fully convolutional neural network, and then fit pre-scanned 3D object models to the resulting segmentation to get the 6D object pose. Training a deep neural network for segmentation typically requires a large amount of training data. We propose a self-supervised method to generate a large labeled dataset without tedious manual segmentation. We demonstrate that our system can reliably estimate the 6D pose of objects under a variety of scenarios. All code, data, and benchmarks are available at http://apc.cs. princeton.edu/
GABRR1 and GABRR2, encoding the GABA‐A receptor subunits ρ1 and ρ2, are associated with alcohol dependence

The genes encoding several GABA‐A receptor subunits, including GABRA2, have been associated with alcoholism, suggesting that variations in gaba signaling contribute to risk. Therefore, as part of a comprehensive evaluation of the GABA receptor genes, we evaluated the potential association of GABRR1 and GABRR2, which encode the ρ1 and ρ2 subunits of the pentameric GABA‐A/GABA‐C receptors. GABRR1 and GABRR2 lie in a head to tail orientation spanning 137 kb on chromosome 6q14‐16. We genotyped 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), covering both genes and extending 31 kb upstream of GABRR2 and 95 kb downstream of GABRR1, in a sample of 1923 European Americans from 219 multiplex alcohol‐dependent families. Family‐based association analyses demonstrated that SNPs in both GABRR1 and GABRR2 were significantly associated with alcohol dependence. Among the associated SNPs was rs282129, a coding SNP (Met430Thr) in GABRR2. Secondary analysis using a median split for age of onset suggests that the association is strongest when the analysis is focused upon those with earlier onset of alcohol dependence. Haplotypes in each gene were significantly overtransmitted to family members who did not meet criteria for alcohol dependence (P < 0.04), and a haplotype in GABRR2 was significantly overtransmitted to family members who met a broader definition of alcoholism (P = 0.002) as well as DSM‐IV dependence (P = 0.04). © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A metabolic core model elucidates how enhanced utilization of glucose and glutamine, with enhanced glutamine-dependent lactate production, promotes cancer cell growth: The WarburQ effect

Cancer cells share several metabolic traits, including aerobic production of lactate from glucose (Warburg effect), extensive glutamine utilization and impaired mitochondrial electron flow. It is still unclear how these metabolic rearrangements, which may involve different molecular events in different cells, contribute to a selective advantage for cancer cell proliferation. To ascertain which metabolic pathways are used to convert glucose and glutamine to balanced energy and biomass production, we performed systematic constraint-based simulations of a model of human central metabolism. Sampling of the feasible flux space allowed us to obtain a large number of randomly mutated cells simulated at different glutamine and glucose uptake rates. We observed that, in the limited subset of proliferating cells, most displayed fermentation of glucose to lactate in the presence of oxygen. At high utilization rates of glutamine, oxidative utilization of glucose was decreased, while the production of lactate from glutamine was enhanced. This emergent phenotype was observed only when the available carbon exceeded the amount that could be fully oxidized by the available oxygen. Under the latter conditions, standard Flux Balance Analysis indicated that: this metabolic pattern is optimal to maximize biomass and ATP production; it requires the activity of a branched TCA cycle, in which glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation cooperates to the production of lipids and proteins; it is sustained by a variety of redox-controlled metabolic reactions. In a K-ras transformed cell line we experimentally assessed glutamine-induced metabolic changes. We validated computational results through an extension of Flux Balance Analysis that allows prediction of metabolite variations. Taken together these findings offer new understanding of the logic of the metabolic reprogramming that underlies cancer cell growth.
Depression in older people in the general hospital: a systematic review of screening instruments.

BACKGROUND depression is common in later life, particularly in people with poor physical health. In the acute hospital setting this is associated with poor outcomes, increased length of stay and compromised care. The recognition and diagnosis of depression is therefore a key first step in managing depression in the general hospital, and this may be facilitated by the use of an appropriate screening instrument. OBJECTIVE the aim of this study is to review all relevant literature on rating scales used to detect depression in older people in general hospitals so as to identify the most appropriate tool and cut-off score with optimal performance. METHOD an electronic search was conducted applying key search terms. Selection of articles was conducted in a staged manner and by utilising predetermined quality criteria. When appropriate pooled analysis was undertaken. FINDINGS only 14 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and only one instrument-the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)-has been studied to an adequate extent in older people in the acute general hospital setting. Best performance for the GDS was for a cut-off of 5/6 for the GDS-15 and 10/11 for the GDS-30. CONCLUSION further research is required before recommending the use of brief depression screening instruments (single or two items) in the acute hospital setting. The GDS would appear the most validated instrument currently (in either 15 or 30 item versions), though other tools such as the BASDEC show promise.
Enhanced Field Emission Properties of Two-Dimensional ZnO Nanosheets Under UV illumination

In this paper, ZnO nanosheets were grown on glass substrates by using an aqueous solution at room temperature. It was found that the ZnO nanosheets were structurally uniform and well oriented with the wurtzite structure. The field emission performance of ZnO nanosheets can be greatly enhanced by illuminating UV light. It was found that the turn-on electric field can be reduced from 5.9 to 5.0 V/μm and field enhancement factors (β) can be increased from 1966 to 4202. It is attributed to generate a large number of electrons by UV illumination.
Mesoscale convective systems over the Amazon basin. Part I: climatological aspects

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over the Amazon basin provide a large contribution to regional precipitation, which strongly influences the maintenance of unique ecosystems. Despite the importance of these MCSs, their characteristics are not well described in the literature. The present study uses a 14‐year long (2000–2013) data set of high‐resolution (4 km; 30 min) infrared satellite images to compile a climatology of MCSs that during the period of analysis were within the borders of the Amazon basin at some point in their lifespan. MCSs that originated over the continent and the ocean are considered separately. It is found that on average about 7200 continental and 50 oceanic MCSs occurred per year in the Amazon basin. The majority (minority) of continental (oceanic) MCSs completed their lifecycles between 3 and 5.5 h. These MCSs are studied separately from those with lifespan longer than 6 h. Continental and oceanic MCSs over the Amazon occurred primarily during austral summer and autumn–winter, respectively. The preferred regions and time for genesis of continental and oceanic MCSs are identified. The average area, propagation speed and direction of displacement for MCSs in the different stages of their lifecycle are also examined.
Validity and reliability of the French‐language version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

Lançon C, Reine G, Llorca PM, Auquier P. Validity and reliability of the French‐language version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 237–243. © Munksgaard 1999.
Longitudinal pulmonary functional loss in cotton textile workers: A 5-year follow-up study

Background Occupational exposure to cotton dust causes several diseases affecting the lungs, but only limited information is available on effects of long-term exposure. In this study, we aimed to evaluate longitudinal changes in selected parameters of pulmonary function in textile workers. Material/Methods This prospective cohort study began with 196 textile workers in 2006 and was completed in 2011 with 49 workers. We used standardized tests for pulmonary function on participants on the first day of the workweek in June of 2006 and 2011. Environmental samples of cotton dust were gathered with a vertical elutriator. Loss of pulmonary function was assessed based on gender and smoking status. Results The mean number of years participants worked in the textile factory was 7.61±1.83 years, and the mean age was 35.3+5.8 years. The annual FEV1 loss of all workers was 53.2 ml, giving a ratio of annual FEV1 loss to baseline FEV1 of 1.4%. Pulmonary function parameters of all participants in 2011 were significantly lower than those in 2006 (for all, p<0.05). In both surveys, pulmonary function in current smokers was lower, but this difference was not significant (p>0.05). Conclusions This study provides the first data on pulmonary functional loss in Turkish textile workers and supports the findings of other cohort studies that workers with long-term exposure to cotton dust may lose some pulmonary function. The ratio of annual FEV1 loss to baseline FEV1 appears to be a more accurate and comparable method than annual FEV1 loss for evaluating pulmonary functional loss.
Improving glycemic control in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit: clinical experience in two hospital settings.

OBJECTIVE Recent studies suggest that strict perioperative glycemic control improves clinical outcomes after cardiothoracic surgery. However, optimal methods and targets for controlling blood glucose (BG) levels in this setting have not been established. Currently published intensive insulin infusion protocols (IIPs) have important practical limitations, which may affect their utility. In this article, the authors present their experience with a safe, effective, nurse-driven IIP, which was implemented simultaneously in 2 cardiothoracic intensive care units (CTICUs). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Tertiary referral hospital and community teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS CTICU patients. INTERVENTIONS A standardized, intensive IIP was used for all patients admitted to both CTICUs. Hourly BG levels, relevant baseline variables, and clinical interventions were collected prospectively from the active hospital chart and CTICU nursing records. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The IIP was used 137 times in 118 patients. The median time required to reach target BG levels (100-139 mg/dL) was 5 hours. Once BG levels decreased below 140 mg/dL, 58% of 2,242 subsequent hourly BG values fell within the narrow target range, 73% within a "clinically desirable" range of 80 to 139 mg/dL, and 94% within a "clinically acceptable" range of 80 to 199 mg/dL. Only 5 (0.2%) BG values were less than 60 mg/dL, with no associated adverse clinical events. CONCLUSIONS The IIP safely and effectively improved glycemic control in 2 CTICUs, with minimal hypoglycemia. Based on prior studies showing the benefits of strict glycemic control, the implementation of this IIP should help to reduce morbidity and mortality in CTICU patients.
Modeling and comparing CMOS implementations of the C-element

Various applications have demonstrated that asynchronous circuits have great potential for energy-efficient and high-performance design. One of the primitives used in asynchronous control circuits is the C-element. Analytical delay and energy models are presented and applied to the most popular complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) implementations of the C-element. Optimization of these implementations are discussed. The implementations are also compared using simulations. The simulation results are in good agreement with the analytical predictions.
Remote homology and the functions of metagenomic dark matter

Predicted open reading frames (ORFs) that lack detectable homology to known proteins are termed ORFans. Despite their prevalence in metagenomes, the extent to which ORFans encode real proteins, the degree to which they can be annotated, and their functional contributions, remain unclear. To gain insights into these questions, we applied sensitive remote-homology detection methods to functionally analyze ORFans from soil, marine, and human gut metagenome collections. ORFans were identified, clustered into sequence families, and annotated through profile-profile comparison to proteins of known structure. We found that a considerable number of metagenomic ORFans (73,896 of 484,121, 15.3%) exhibit significant remote homology to structurally characterized proteins, providing a means for ORFan functional profiling. The extent of detected remote homology far exceeds that obtained for artificial protein families (1.4%). As expected for real genes, the predicted functions of ORFans are significantly similar to the functions of their gene neighbors (p < 0.001). Compared to the functional profiles predicted through standard homology searches, ORFans show biologically intriguing differences. Many ORFan-enriched functions are virus-related and tend to reflect biological processes associated with extreme sequence diversity. Each environment also possesses a large number of unique ORFan families and functions, including some known to play important community roles such as gut microbial polysaccharide digestion. Lastly, ORFans are a valuable resource for finding novel enzymes of interest, as we demonstrate through the identification of hundreds of novel ORFan metalloproteases that all possess a signature catalytic motif despite a general lack of similarity to known proteins. Our ORFan functional predictions are a valuable resource for discovering novel protein families and exploring the boundaries of protein sequence space. All remote homology predictions are available at http://doxey.uwaterloo. ca/ORFans.
Canadian Society of Nephrology commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with pro-longed hospitalization, substantial health care re-source consumption, high mortality, and can lead toprogressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), includingchronic kidney failure, in survivors. The CanadianSociety of Nephrology (CSN) believes there is a needto develop clinical practice guidelines for patientswith AKI; however, efforts to synthesize knowledgefrom clinical studies evaluating the prevention andtreatmentofAKIandtogenerateguidelineshavebeenlimited. One barrier has been the absence of consen-sus on the deﬁnition of AKI, with more than 35deﬁnitionsofAKIpublishedtodate. Further,thereisaperceivedlackofeffectiveprophylacticandtreatmentstrategies for AKI, and it is challenging to developguidelines that involve multiple stakeholders fromdiversedisciplinesincludingnephrology,criticalcare,and radiology, all of which are important end users ofguidelines forAKI. In this context, the KDIGO (Kid-neyDisease:ImprovingGlobalOutcomes)AKIwork-ing group has recently published new criteria for thedeﬁnition and classiﬁcation of AKI, as well as aclinicalpracticeguidelineaddressingbothAKIpreven-tion and treatment.
Writing-to-Learn in Undergraduate Science Education: A Community-Based, Conceptually Driven Approach

Despite substantial evidence that writing can be an effective tool to promote student learning and engagement, writing-to-learn (WTL) practices are still not widely implemented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, particularly at research universities. Two major deterrents to progress are the lack of a community of science faculty committed to undertaking and applying the necessary pedagogical research, and the absence of a conceptual framework to systematically guide study designs and integrate findings. To address these issues, we undertook an initiative, supported by the National Science Foundation and sponsored by the Reinvention Center, to build a community of WTL/STEM educators who would undertake a heuristic review of the literature and formulate a conceptual framework. In addition to generating a searchable database of empirically validated and promising WTL practices, our work lays the foundation for multi-university empirical studies of the effectiveness of WTL practices in advancing student learning and engagement.
A Safety Measure for Control Mode Switching of Skill-Assist for Effective Automotive Manufacturing

The objective of our study is to develop a safety measure that ensures smooth control mode switching of an intelligent assist device (IAD)-Skill-Assist for the purpose of effective automotive manufacturing. Smooth switching, i.e., switching without abrupt deceleration, from the hands-off control mode (used for automatic travel) to the hands-on control mode (as typified by a power-assist control mode) is expected to enhance the productivity of IADs. However, the hazardous behaviors, i.e., careless behaviors that disregard an approaching IAD in hands-off control mode might cause collision and serious injuries to a human operator. For safety purposes, we focused on the operator's gesture of reaching for the force sensor of the Skill-Assist. Laser range sensors were employed to recognize the reaching gesture during control mode switching. A reaching gesture recognition algorithm, based on a hidden Markov model, processes characteristic patterns acquired by the laser range sensors, and judges the operator safety. Experimental results suggest that the Skill-Assist to which the proposed safety measure was applied could recognize the reaching gesture of an operator when the control mode was smoothly switched. In an experiment on hazardous behavior, the Skill-Assist could predict that the operator would be unsafe.
Student conceptions about the DNA structure within a hierarchical organizational level: Improvement by experiment‐ and computer‐based outreach learning

As non‐scientific conceptions interfere with learning processes, teachers need both, to know about them and to address them in their classrooms. For our study, based on 182 eleventh graders, we analyzed the level of conceptual understanding by implementing the “draw and write” technique during a computer‐supported gene technology module. To give participants the hierarchical organizational level which they have to draw, was a specific feature of our study. We introduced two objective category systems for analyzing drawings and inscriptions. Our results indicated a long‐ as well as a short‐term increase in the level of conceptual understanding and in the number of drawn elements and their grades concerning the DNA structure. Consequently, we regard the “draw and write” technique as a tool for a teacher to get to know students' alternative conceptions. Furthermore, our study points the modification potential of hands‐on and computer‐supported learning modules. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43:393–402, 2015.
Intravenous lidocaine infusion reduces bispectral index-guided requirements of propofol only during surgical stimulation.

BACKGROUND I.V. lidocaine reduces volatile anaesthetics requirements during surgery. We hypothesized that lidocaine would also reduce propofol requirements during i.v. anaesthesia. METHODS A randomized controlled study of 40 patients tested the effect of i.v. lidocaine (1.5 mg kg(-1) then 2 mg kg(-1) h(-1)) on propofol requirements. Anaesthesia was maintained with remifentanil and propofol target-controlled infusions (TCI) to keep the bispectral index (BIS) around 50. Effect-site concentrations of propofol and remifentanil and BIS values were recorded before and after skin incision. Data were analysed using anova and mixed effects analysis with NONMEM. Two dose-response studies were then performed with and without surgical stimulation. Propofol TCI titrated to obtain a BIS around 50 was kept constant. Then patients were randomized into four groups: A, saline; B, 0.75 mg kg(-1) bolus then infusion 1 mg kg(-1) h(-1); C, 1.5 mg kg(-1) bolus and infusion 2 mg kg(-1) h(-1); and D, 3 mg kg(-1) bolus and infusion 4 mg kg(-1) h(-1). Lidocaine administration coincided with skin incision. BIS values and haemodynamic variables were recorded. Data were analysed using linear regression and two-way anova. RESULTS Lidocaine decreased propofol requirements (P<0.05) only during surgery. In the absence of surgical stimulation, lidocaine did not affect BIS nor haemodynamic variables, whereas it reduced BIS increase (P=0.036) and haemodynamic response (P=0.006) secondary to surgery. CONCLUSIONS The sparing effect of lidocaine on anaesthetic requirements seems to be mediated by an anti-nociceptive action.
Conventionally , non-invasive BP has been measured using a sphygmomanometer based on the design proposed by

Blood pressure (BP) is one of the most important monitoring parameters in clinical medicine. For years, the cuff-based sphygmomanometer and the arterial invasive line have been the gold standards for care professionals to assess BP. During the past few decades, the wide spread of the oscillometry-based BP arm or wrist cuffs have made home-based BP assessment more convenient and accessible. However, the discontinuous nature, the inability to interface with mobile applications, the relative inaccuracy with movement, and the need for calibration have rendered those BP oscillometry devices inadequate for next-generation healthcare infrastructure where integration and continuous data acquisition and communication are required. Recently, the indirect approach to obtain BP values has been intensively investigated, where BP is mathematically derived through the “Time Delay” in propagation of pressure waves in the vascular system. This holds promise for the realization of cuffless and continuous BP monitoring systems, for both patients and healthy populations in both inpatient and outpatient settings. This review highlights recent efforts in developing these next-generation blood pressure monitoring devices and compares various mathematical models. The unmet challenges and further developments that are crucial to develop “Time Delay”-based BP devices are also discussed.