Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Moral Decision Making in Business: A Phase-Model

Abstract: The traditional model of ethical decision making in business suggests applying an initial set of principles to a concrete problem and if they conflict the decision maker may attempt to balance them intuitively. The centrality of the ethical conflict in the accepted notion of “ethical problem” has diverted the attention of moral decision modelers from other ethical problems that real-world managers must face—e.g., compliance problems, moral laxity, and systemic problems resulting from the structures and practices of the business organization. The present article proposes a new model for ethical decision making in business—the Phase-model—designed to meet the full spectrum of business-related ethical problems. Drawing on the dominant moral theories in business literature, the model offers additional strategies for tackling ethical issues beyond the traditional cognitive operations of deductive application of principles to specific cases and the balancing of ethical considerations. Its response to the problems of moral pluralism in the context of decision making lies in its structural features. The model distinguishes between three phases of the decision-making process, each having a different task and a different theoretical basis. After an introductory stage in which the ethical problem is defined, the first phase focuses on a principle-based evaluation of a course of action; the second phase provides a virtue-based perspective of the situation and strategies for handling unsettled conflicts and compliance problems; and the third phase adapts the decision to empirical accepted norms. An illustrative case demonstrates the applicability of the model to business real life.
Are All Beliefs Equal? Implicit Belief Attributions Recruiting Core Brain Regions of Theory of Mind

Humans possess efficient mechanisms to behave adaptively in social contexts. They ascribe goals and beliefs to others and use these for behavioural predictions. Researchers argued for two separate mental attribution systems: an implicit and automatic one involved in online interactions, and an explicit one mainly used in offline deliberations. However, the underlying mechanisms of these systems and the types of beliefs represented in the implicit system are still unclear. Using neuroimaging methods, we show that the right temporo-parietal junction and the medial prefrontal cortex, brain regions consistently found to be involved in explicit mental state reasoning, are also recruited by spontaneous belief tracking. While the medial prefrontal cortex was more active when both the participant and another agent believed an object to be at a specific location, the right temporo-parietal junction was selectively activated during tracking the false beliefs of another agent about the presence, but not the absence of objects. While humans can explicitly attribute to a conspecific any possible belief they themselves can entertain, implicit belief tracking seems to be restricted to beliefs with specific contents, a content selectivity that may reflect a crucial functional characteristic and signature property of implicit belief attribution.
Sensitivity of MRI versus mammography for detecting foci of multifocal, multicentric breast cancer in Fatty and dense breasts using the whole-breast pathologic examination as a gold standard.

OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare the effectiveness of mammography and MRI in the detection of multifocal, multicentric breast cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety patients with planned mastectomies (nine bilateral) underwent mammography and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Off-site reviewers aware of the entry criterion (planned mastectomy) evaluated both examinations for the presence of malignant foci, recording the density pattern on mammography. The gold standard was pathologic examination of the whole excised breast (slice thickness, 5 mm). RESULTS Of 99 breasts, pathologic findings revealed 52 unifocal, 29 multifocal, and 18 multicentric cancers for a total of 188 malignant foci (158 invasive and 30 in situ). Overall sensitivity was 66% (124/188) for mammography and 81% (152/188) for MRI (p < 0.001); 72% (113/158) and 89% (140/158) for invasive foci (p < 0.001); and 37% (11/30) and 40% (12/30) for in situ foci (p > 0.05, not significant), respectively. Mammography and MRI missed 64 and 36 malignant foci, respectively, with median diameters of 8 and 5 mm (p = 0.033) and an invasive-noninvasive ratio of 2.4:1 (45:19) and 1.0:1 (18:18) (p = 0.043), respectively. The overall positive predictive value (PPV) was 76% (124/164) for mammography and 68% (152/222) for MRI (not significant). In breasts with an almost entirely fatty pattern, sensitivity was 75% for mammography and 80% for MRI (not significant), and the PPV was 73% and 65% (not significant), respectively. In breasts with fibroglandular or dense pattern, the sensitivity was 60% and 81% (p < 0.001), and the PPV was 78% and 71% (not significant), respectively. CONCLUSION MRI was more sensitive than mammography for the detection of multiple malignant foci in fibroglandular or dense breasts. Mammography missed larger and more invasive cancer foci than MRI. A relatively low PPV was a problem for both techniques.
A Comparison of Big‐Five structures of personality traits in Dutch, English, and German

We compare Big‐Five factor structures found in Dutch, American English, and German, and present a joint structure. The data consist of self‐ and peer ratings of 600 subjects with 551 Dutch trait‐descriptive adjectives, 636 subjects with 540 English adjectives, and 802 subjects with 430 German adjectives. On the basis of 126 common items, we assess the congruences between the factors as originally published, as resulting from target rotations, and from simultaneous rotations. With the exception of the Dutch Factor V, the Big‐Five factors recur across languages in a relative but not in a strict sense. Moreover, at a more detailed level differences in the positions of the axes are uncovered. By applying a split‐sample technique to the three data sets, we verify that these differences do not arise through unreliability. Also, few trait terms appear to have the same precise meaning across these three languages; such labels therefore cannot serve as anchor concepts for an international language of personality. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interplay Between Action and Movement Intentions During Social Interaction

Observing the movements of another person influences the observer’s intention to execute similar movements. However, little is known about how action intentions formed prior to movement planning influence this effect. In the experiment reported here, we manipulated the congruency of movement intentions and action intentions in a pair of jointly acting individuals (i.e., a participant paired with a confederate coactor) and investigated how congruency influenced performance. Overall, participants initiated actions faster when they had the same action intention as the coactor (i.e., when participants and the coactor were pursuing the same conceptual goal). Participants’ responses were also faster when their and the coactor’s movement intentions were directed to the same spatial location, but only when participants had the same action intention as the coactor. These findings suggest that observers use the same representation to implement their own action intentions that they use to infer other people’s action intentions and also that a dynamic, multitiered intentional mechanism is involved in the processing of other people’s actions.
Mindful Deliberation About Exercise: Influence of Acute Positive and Negative Thinking1

The purpose was to examine if the acute thoughts that individuals have as a function of deciding whether to exercise influence subsequent motivated behavior. Two questions based on self-efficacy theory were tested. Are immediate, retrospective, or anticipated thoughts predictive of self-efficacy to adhere to regular exercise? Does self-efficacy influence exercise intention and behavior? Participants were 82 healthy adults (M age = 24 years) enrolled in a 10-week exercise program. Social cognitive measures were assessed after 1.5 months of experience, and 3 weeks of exercise were tracked. Multivariate analyses showed that participants who were more positive in their acute retrospective or anticipated thinking exhibited significantly higher self-efficacy and attendance than did negative-thinking counterparts. Multiple regression analyses revealed that acute retrospective and anticipated thoughts were predictors of self-efficacy. In addition, self-efficacy was predictive of future intention and exercise attendance.
“They See Us as Resource”: The Role of a Community‐Based Youth Center in Supporting the Academic Lives of Low‐Income Chinese American Youth

Based on a 15-week ethnographic-based research, this article examines the role of a community-based youth center in supporting the academic lives of Chinese American youth from low-income families in an east coast city I call “Harborview. ” This study demonstrates the significant role that community-based organizations play for low-income immigrant youth in providing them with social capital. This study also challenges the portrayal of Asian Americans as model minorities who do not face any barriers. [Asian American education, community-based organizations, out-of-school-time programs, social capital]
Parameter Estimation Analysis of the Evaporation Method for Determining Soil Hydraulic Properties

Soil hydraulic properties are important parameters affecting water flow in variably saturated soils. We estimated the hydraulic properties from a laboratory evaporation experiment using both a parameter estimation method and the modified Wind method. The parameter estimation method combined a one-dimensional numerical solution of the Richards equation with the Marquardt-Levenberg optimization scheme. In our study we used both numerically generated data and data measured in the laboratory. Two experiments were carried out on 10-cm-high soil cores containing two different soils. Pressure heads inside the cores were measured with five tensiometers, while evaporative water loss from the top was determined by weighing the soil samples. The objective function for the parameter estimation analysis was defined in terms of the final total water volume in the core and pressure head readings by one or several tensiometers. An analysis of numerically generated data showed that the optimization method was most sensitive to the shape factor (n) and the saturated water content (θ s ) and least to the residual water content (θ r ). Pressure heads measured close to the soil surface were found to be more valuable for the parameter estimation technique than those measured at lower locations. The optimized hydraulic parameters corresponded closely with those obtained using Wind's analysis. All optimizations gave similar results for the soil hydraulic properties within the range of measured pressure heads (0 to -700 cm). Extrapolation beyond this range involved a high level of uncertainty because of high correlation between parameters θ r and n.
Effects of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin on the protein C anticoagulant pathway

Although chemotherapy treatment is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, the pathogenic mechanisms for the thrombogenic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs are poorly understood. We hypothesize that exposure of vascular endothelial cells to chemotherapeutic agents results in the loss of a thromboresistant phenotype. In this study, we examined the effects of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin on the endothelium-based protein C anticoagulant pathway. The endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) and thrombomodulin are two endothelial cell surface receptors required for the conversion of zymogen protein C to the anticoagulant enzyme activated protein C. Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to doxorubicin resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in cell surface EPCR levels. This decrease occurred as a result of receptor shedding as well as from a down-regulation in EPCR mRNA levels. In contrast, doxorubicin treatment of HUVECs resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in cell surface thrombomodulin attributed to an up-regulation of thrombomodulin mRNA levels. The net effect of the doxorubicin-induced changes in EPCR and thrombomodulin levels was a decrease in the capacity of HUVECs to convert protein C to activated protein C. Preliminary studies suggest that doxorubicin free radical metabolites mediate the doxorubicin-induced changes in EPCR expression but not those of thrombomodulin expression. In summary, these results suggest that doxorubicin alters the hemostatic balance of endothelial cells by down-regulating the endothelium-based protein C anticoagulant pathway. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(12):3303–11]
Parenting for social mobility? Home learning, parental warmth, class and educational outcomes

Parenting has come to play a pivotal role in breaking intergenerational disadvantage and increasing children’s life chances and social mobility through practices such as parental support with their learning and education. Using a UK representative sample from the Millennium Cohort Study, the present study examined the unique and cumulative contribution of children’s characteristics, parenting practices and family’s socio-economic background to children’s educational outcomes at the end of Key Stage 1 (age 7). Consistently with previous studies, the findings showed that family’s socio-economic background made a substantive contribution to teacher-rated reading, maths and sciences. Despite much emphasis within family policy on parents as being central in tackling educational inequality, certain aspects of parenting such as involvement with home learning, parental warmth and discipline did not explain a significant amount of variance in teacher- rated reading, maths and sciences. These findings are likely to contribute to debates regarding the role of parents in reducing the achievement gap and the enduring influence of social class on young people’s school outcomes, drawing important implications for family policy.
A Comparison of Hypnotic and Non-hypnotic Users in the Group Therapy of Insomnia

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a multiple treatment approach to the group treatment of hypnotic and non-hypnotic taking insomniacs. Twenty subjects sequentially assigned into four groups attended weekly group therapy over a period of 11–13 weeks. Pre- and post-treatment comparisons indicated an overall improvement of the total sample on measures of general health, benzodiazepine related symptom reduction, reduction from hypnotic sedative medication as well as on measures of the quality and quantity of sleep. Overall there was a marked similarity between hypnotic and non-hypnotic users on the measures both before and after treatment. Psychological approaches are suggested as an effective alternative to the prescription of sedative-hypnotics to both recent and chronic insomnia sufferers. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Alcohol Outlets and Neighborhood Crime

This article examines the relationship between the number of alcohol outlets in block groups and the number of incidents of street crimes in Norfolk, Virginia. Cross-sectional and longitudinal panel designs are used to explore the relationship. Results were corrected for spatial autocorrelation and controlled for variation in size of population, socioeconomic disadvantage, and a dummy variable for being the downtown area. The cross-sectional analysis revealed a strong relationship between the number of alcohol outlets and the number of street crimes for on-premises and off-premises outlets. A panel design was then used to examine the effects of newly established outlets on the change in the number of street crime events over three periods. All three panels showed significant relationships between the number of alcohol outlets and the number of street crime events controlling for prior levels of crime, socioeconomic disadvantage, population size, and a spatial lag.
Cognitive structure of emotion terms in Indonesia and The Netherlands

We investigated the cognitive structure of emotions in Indonesia and The Netherlands in a series of three studies. Sets of 120 emotion terms were selected based on local ratings of prototypicality for "emotion". With similarity sortings a three-dimensional (evaluation, arousal, dominance) and a four-cluster (positive emotion, sadness, fear, anger) structure was found in each group. Of 50 pairs of translation-equivalent terms, 42 pairs were also found to be cognitively equivalent. With these equivalent terms a good fit of a common cognitive emotion structure was demonstrated in both countries. In a fourth and final study, the location of two social emotions, "shame" and "guilt", in the common structure was found to be closer to "fear" and somewhat further away from "anger" in Indonesia than in the Netherlands.
Distinct roles for Pax7 and Pax3 in adult regenerative myogenesis

We assessed viable Pax7 − / − mice in 129Sv/J background and observed reduced growth and marked muscle wasting together with a complete absence of functional satellite cells. Acute injury resulted in an extreme deficit in muscle regeneration. However, a small number of regenerated myofibers were detected, suggesting the presence of residual myogenic cells in Pax7-deficient muscle. Rare Pax3+/MyoD+ myoblasts were recovered from Pax7 − / − muscle homogenates and cultures of myofiber bundles but not from single myofibers free of interstitial tissues. Finally, we identified Pax3+ cells in the muscle interstitial environment and demonstrated that they coexpressed MyoD during regeneration. Sublaminar satellite cells in hind limb muscle did not express detectable levels of Pax3 protein or messenger RNA. Therefore, we conclude that interstitial Pax3+ cells represent a novel myogenic population that is distinct from the sublaminar satellite cell lineage and that Pax7 is essential for the formation of functional myogenic progenitors from sublaminar satellite cells.
INCIDENTAL VOCABULARY ACQUISITION IN A SECOND LANGUAGE: THE CONSTRUCT OF TASK-INDUCED INVOLVEMENT

The paper makes an attempt to stimulate theoretical thinking and empirical research in the domain of L2 vocabulary learning by introducing a construct of involvement with motivational and cognitive dimensions: Need, Search, and Evaluation. Retention of hitherto unfamiliar words is claimed to be conditional upon the amount of involvement while processing these words. Involvement is operationalised by tasks designed to vary in the degree of need, search, and evaluation. The paper reviews a number of constructs that are currently debated and investigated in the literature on cognitive and motivational aspects of L2 learning. It also re-examines the existing empirical literature on task effect in the light of the proposed construct of task-induced involvement, stresses the need for deepening and broadening the construct, and discusses possibilities it offers for research on vocabulary learning.
Contributions of Parenting and Campus Climate to Freshmen Adjustment in a Multiethnic Sample

The role of parental support, hostile campus racial climate, and sense of belonging to campus in predicting psychological adjustment and drug use was examined in a sample of 319 African American and White college freshmen. No ethnic-group differences were found for mean levels of parental support, racial hostility, belonging to campus, or psychological adjustment. White adolescents reported higher levels of drug and alcohol use than did African American adolescents. Drug use was related to anxiety and depression for White adolescents but not for African American adolescents. For both ethnic groups, higher perceptions of racial hostility were related to higher levels of adjustment problems and binge drinking. Higher levels of parental support were related to lower levels of depression and loneliness for both ethnic groups. Modest support for belonging to campus as a mediator between parental support and hostile racial climate and the outcomes was found, with more evidence for African American adolescents than for White adolescents.
Exploring the Apparel Needs and Preferences of Tween Girls and Their Mothers

During their tween years, most girls go through puberty and their bodies change at a rapid pace. Like adults, increasing numbers of this group are now characterized as overweight or obese (Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 1999). Thus, given this period of rapid change, compounded by problems with obesity, it was theorized that there are many subgroups, particularly related to age and size, that affect these consumers’ apparel relationships. The purpose of this research was thus, to characterize subgroups based on age and size of female tween consumers. Mothers were included in this study in order to understand how mother/daughter relationships affect the tweens’ apparel relationships. This exploratory study used content analysis of segmented focus groups and an emergent theme methodology, to show that tween girls have complex apparel relationships. Subjects in all groups indicated that they were unable to find clothing that was stylish, age appropriate, and fit their bodies. These identified gaps show the potential for niche markets within the tween consumer group and establishes a conceptual framework for further research.
Giving voice and making sense in interpretative phenomenological analysis

In this paper, we discuss two complementary commitments of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): the phenomenological requirement to understand and ‘give voice’ to the concerns of participants; and the interpretative requirement to contextualize and ‘make sense’ of these claims and concerns from a psychological perspective. The methodological and conceptual bases for the relationship between these phenomenological and interpretative aspects of IPA appear to be underdeveloped in the literature. We, therefore, offer some thoughts on the basis of this relationship, and on its context within qualitative psychology. We discuss the epistemological range of IPA's interpretative focus, and its relationship to the more descriptive features of phenomenological analysis. In order to situate our conclusions within a contextualist position, we draw upon concepts from Heideggerian phenomenology. The argument is illustrated by excerpts from our own research on relationship break-up. We conclude by encouraging IPA researchers to embrace the interpretative opportunities that are offered by this approach.
Health Related Quality of Life of Patients with Vertebral Bone Metastasis after Palliative Surgery

Aim: To evaluate the impact of spinal decompression surgery on the Health Related Quality of Life of patients affected by metastasis at some level of the spine. Method: This was a quantitative, descriptive, correlational and longitudinal, prospective study which included four evaluations: before surgery (T0), two (T1), four (T2) and six (T3) months after surgery. The instruments used for data collection were: structured questionnaire for sociodemographic and clinical characterization of the sample; Revised Faces Pain Scale (FPS-R); Health Related Quality of Life evaluation questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30). Results: The sample consisted of 22 patients, with the most prevalent primary tumors being breast, prostate, lung and colorectal. In the pre-operative period (T0), the participants presented low scores for Global Health Status/Quality of Life and for almost all domains of the Functional Scale and Symptom Scale. In the three moments (T1, T2 and T3), there was an improvement in the role functioning, pain, insomnia and constipation, although there was no significant difference in activities of daily living at any of the three moments analyzed after surgery. Conclusion: There was improvement in health related quality of life.