Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adverse drug event surveillance and drug withdrawals in the United States, 1969-2002: the importance of reporting suspected reactions.

BACKGROUND The Adverse Event Reporting System is the primary surveillance database used by the Food and Drug Administration for identifying postmarketing drug safety problems. METHODS We analyzed all reports of suspected adverse drug reactions submitted to the Food and Drug Administration from the inception of the Adverse Event Reporting System database in 1969 through December 2002. We documented drug withdrawals and restricted distribution programs based on safety concerns. RESULTS During the 33-year period from 1969 when adverse drug event reporting was initiated through 2002, about 2.3 million case reports of adverse events for the cumulative number of approximately 6000 marketed drugs were entered in the database. Most reports were for female patients. During this period, numerous drug reactions have been identified and added to the product labeling as boxed warnings, warnings, precautions, contraindications, and adverse reactions. More than 75 drugs/drug products have been removed from the market due to safety problems. In addition, 11 drugs have special requirements for prescriptions or have restricted distribution programs. Drugs withdrawn or restricted represent a small proportion (about 1%) of marketed drugs. CONCLUSIONS The Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System is the primary surveillance database used for the identification of safety problems of marketed drugs. Despite the limitations of underreporting, differential reporting, and uneven quality, submitted reports often allow the identification of serious adverse events that are added to the product labeling information. In rare instances, additional regulations, up to and including market removal, have been required. We encourage physicians, pharmacists, other health care professionals, and patients to continue to report serious suspected and known adverse drug reactions to manufacturers and the Food and Drug Administration.
Lifelong learning trajectories: some voices of those ‘in transit’

This paper illustrates the social determinants of lifelong learning histories as uncovered in a largescale survey and interview analysis carried out as part of the ESRC Learning Society Programme, and previously reported in this journal. The statistical ‘determinants’ of adult participation in learning as described there, such as family background or gender, are examined here in terms of individual stories as well as theoretical models derived from earlier phases of this project. The two forms of data and their analyses appear to accord, suggesting perhaps that concepts of structure (determinants) and agency (choice) are not mutually incompatible in explaining patterns of adult learning. Choices are anyway made within subjective opportunity structures (which include notions of what is ‘appropriate’ for each person).
Police Function, Structure, and Control in Western Europe and North America: Comparative and Historical Studies

This essay examines comparative and historical studies of the function, structure, and control of the police in Western Europe and North America, assessing what is known about variations in each and whether explanations for these variations have been convincingly demonstrated. Study of the nature of police work has employed three quite different measures of function-the number of personnel assigned to different specialized units, the kind of occasions that trigger police mobilizations, and the nature of outcomes from mobilizations. The bulk of police personnel appears always to have been assigned to patrol. Though policing is a many-faceted undertaking, state imposition of tasks on the police has declined in all countries during the past century. Adequate historical or comparative data are not available on whether as large a portion of patrol officers' time is taken up with service tasks in other times and places as in the modern United States. Because measures of function differ so significantly, there is no agreement about the factors that might explain variations. Little empirical testing of explanatory hypotheses has been done. National structures of policing are usually described in terms of the system for covering territory and the spatial location of command. The United States is the only country that has failed to enact legislation embodying principles for the establishment and evolution of a national system of policing. Centralization is a useful concept for describing individual cases, but is misleading when applied comparatively unless the geographical scale of the units compared is taken into account. Centralization does not appear to be the wave of the future in the national systems of Western Europe and North America. Nor, contrary to accepted opinion, does centralization appear to be related to the character of government or the performance of the police. Control refers to active authority over the police by nonpolice persons. Control mechanisms in democracies vary considerably in terms of centralization and the kind of personnel involved. Centralization is unrelated to whether control is exercised by politicians or civil servants. Writing about control of the police tends to be moralistic, failing to distinguish conceptually between politics and policing or to include careful empirical analysis.
Inappropriate prescribing of proton pump inhibitors in hospitalized patients.

BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors have numerous important side effects, yet they are prescribed for outpatients who do not have recognized indications. Less is known with respect to prescribing for inpatients. OBJECTIVE To determine the rate of inappropriate prescribing of protein pump inhibitors and to assess reasons why they are prescribed. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS The study was a retrospective review of administrative data for adult hospital patients discharged from the Medicine service of Denver Health (DH) and from the University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009. MEASUREMENTS Valid indications for proton pump inhibitors were sought from discharge diagnoses, prescription records, and, in a randomly selected group of patients from DH, from direct review of records. RESULTS Inclusion criteria were met by 9875 DH patients and 6,592,100 UHC patients; of patients receiving a proton pump inhibitor, 61% and 73%, respectively, did not have a valid indication. Increased rates of Clostridium difficile infection were found in both groups of patients receiving proton pump inhibitors. Chart reviews found valid indications for proton pump inhibitors in 19% of patients who did not have a valid indication on the basis of the administrative data, and "prophylaxis" was the justification for inappropriate prescribing in 56%. CONCLUSION Proton pump inhibitors are frequently inappropriately prescribed to Medicine inpatients who do not have a valid indication and this practice is associated with an increase in C. difficile infection. Interventions are needed to curtail this inappropriate prescribing practice.
Effects of social anxiety and alcohol expectancies on stress-induced drinking

The utility of trait social anxiety and alcohol expectancies in predicting increased alcohol consumption under socially stressful conditions was investigated. Forty-two male and 42 female undergraduates participated in a 2-day study, serving as their own controls. In each session, participants consumed their preferred alcoholic beverage during a 30-min drinking period. The 1st session established baseline consumption under nonstressful conditions, while in the 2nd session, participants drank while anticipating the required delivery of a speech. Measures of social anxiety and alcohol expectancies were completed. Participants consumed more absolute alcohol during the stressful session, but those with high trait social anxiety and men expecting alcohol to increase assertiveness were most likely to show this effect. These findings suggest specificity in the connection between individual characteristics and stress-induced drinking.
Direct Binding of the β1 Adrenergic Receptor to the Cyclic AMP-Dependent Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor CNrasGEF Leads to Ras Activation

ABSTRACT G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can indirectly activate Ras primarily through the βγ subunits of G proteins, which recruit c-Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Grb2-SOS. However, a direct interaction between a Ras activator (guanine nucleotide exchange factor [GEF]) and GPCRs that leads to Ras activation has never been demonstrated. We report here a novel mechanism for a direct GPCR-mediated Ras activation. The β1 adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) binds to the PDZ domain of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent Ras exchange factor, CNrasGEF, via its C-terminal SkV motif. In cells heterologously expressing β1-AR and CNrasGEF, Ras is activated by the β1-AR agonist isoproterenol, and this activation is abolished in β1-AR mutants that cannot bind CNrasGEF or in CNrasGEF mutants lacking the catalytic CDC25 domain or cAMP-binding domain. Moreover, the activation is transduced via Gsα and not via Gβγ. In contrast to β1-AR, the β2-AR neither binds CNrasGEF nor activates Ras via CNrasGEF after agonist stimulation. These results suggest a model whereby the physical interaction between the β1-AR and CNrasGEF facilitates the transduction of Gsα-induced cAMP signal into the activation of Ras. The present study provides the first demonstration of direct physical association between a Ras activator and a GPCR, leading to agonist-induced Ras activation
A reading-time study of the main verb versus reduced relative clause ambiguity resolution by English learners in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Using a self-paced reading task, the study aimed to investigate (a) whether English learners in Taiwan immediately resolve main verb versus reduced relative clause ambiguities in a similar way as native English speakers and (b) whether the learners at various English proficiency levels show diverse profiles. With analyses and syntheses of reading times for critical segments, results showed that different proficiency groups of Taiwanese English learners resolved such ambiguities in a way similar to native speakers to varying extents. The findings suggest that the sentence-processing mechanism of human language is subject to sufficient facility with syntactic access and/or with a network of lexical, semantic, and pragmatic information of individual speakers.
A Larger Slice or a Larger Pie? An Empirical Investigation of Bargaining Power in the Distribution Channel

This research aims to provide insights into the determinants of channel profitability and the relative power in the channel by considering consumer demand and the interactions between manufacturers and retailers in an equilibrium model. We use the Nash bargaining solution to determine wholesale prices and thus how margins are split in the channel. Equilibrium margins are a function of demand primitives and of retailer and manufacturer bargaining power. Bargaining power is itself a function of exogenous retail and manufacturer characteristics. The parties' bargaining positions are determined endogenously from the estimated substitution patterns on the demand side. The more they have to lose in a negotiation relative to an outside option, the weaker the bargaining position. We use the proposed bargaining model to investigate the role of the three main factors that have been blamed for the power shift from manufacturers to retailers in recent years (firm-size increases, store-brand introductions, and service-level differentiation). In our empirical analysis of the German market for coffee, we find that bargaining power varies among the different manufacturer-retailer pairs. This result suggests that bargaining power is not an inherent characteristic of a firm but rather depends on the negotiation partner. We are able to confirm empirically previous theoretical findings that there can be cases where the slice of the pie that goes to one of the channel members may decrease, but the overall pie increases and compensates for the smaller share of profits.
Effects of short-term interaction coaching with mothers of preterm infants

This study examined the effects of eight 40-minute interaction coaching sessions on the mother-infant interaction patterns of mother-preterm infant dyads. Thirty-five preterm infants and their mothers were matched for sex and then were assigned randomly to a treatment and a no-treatment control group. Behavior counts and ratings of maternal and infant interactive behavior (Interaction Rating Scale; Field, 1980) were obtained from naturalistic home observations, precoaching, postcoaching, and at a 2-month follow-up. It was hypothesized that coaching, which was intended to facilitate more sensitive responding by mothers, would positively influence mother-infant interaction and mothers' knowledge of infant development. The only marginally significant difference between the groups that emerged over time was in knowledge of infant development, in which the treatment group surpassed the control group.
Mean Hierarchical Distance Augmenting Mean Dependency Distance

With a dependency grammar, this study provides a unified method for calculating the syntactic complexity in linear and hierarchical dimensions. Two metrics, mean dependency distance (MDD) and mean hierarchical distance (MHD), one for each dimension, are adopted. Some results from the Czech-English dependency treebank are revealed: (1) Positive asymmetries in the distributions of the two metrics are observed in English and Czech, which indicates both languages prefer the minimalization of structural complexity in each dimension. (2) There are significantly positive correlations between sentence length (SL), MDD, and MHD. For longer sentences, English prefers to increase the MDD, while Czech tends to enhance the MHD. (3) A trade-off relationship of syntactic complexity in two dimensions is shown between the two languages. English tends to reduce the complexity of production in the hierarchical dimension, whereas Czech prefers to lessen the processing load in the linear dimension. (4) The threshold of the MDD2 and MHD2 in English and
Troubled by the past: history, identity and the university

Much emphasis is currently placed on the impact of marketisation on higher education and the damage it has caused to forms of academic and student identity. Evident is a concern that much of value in these identities has been lost amidst the pressure of audit, performance indicators and consumerism. This paper explores the changes to these identities to gauge how appropriate the ‘loss’ thesis is as a diagnosis of current challenges. In exploring these issues, the paper argues that, while the past is troubling, the reasons for this trouble have as much to do with concerns over democratic accountability as they do with external political interference. The paper concludes by using this ideological tension to characterise the university as ‘mediating publicness’, a characterisation that may provide an alternative to current concerns over loss, doubt and institutional inertia.
Was This Just for Show? Discursive Opening and Closure in a Public Participatory Process

A focus on communication can provide in-depth understanding of public participation in natural resource management. Analysis of empirical material from a participatory process using the theoretical concepts of discursive closure and discursive opening revealed that openings were achieved, but the perspectives represented in the process were also closed down. The reasons for closures are discussed in terms of structural constraints, with participants shown to have many different constraints and different reasons for making closures. The conclusion is that the type of theoretical analysis presented in this paper could be used by a facilitator in meetings as a participatory tool to investigate closures and open them up to achieve a more deliberative process.
VAGINAL HYSTERECTOMY IS SUPERIOR THAN ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY

The mean age of patients was 52 years and parity between 4-10. The common indications for surgery in VH were UV prolapse 30(60%), DUB 15(30%), fibroid less than 12 weeks size 5(10%) while the common indications for surgery in AH were fibroid 20(40%), DUB 15(30%), menorrhagia and pelvic pain, 10(20%) and adenomyosis of uterus 5(10%). Among the intra operative complications there was one case of bladder injury in patient who underwent AH which was repaired. It was a case of previous C Section. There were 2(4%) cases of excessive haemorrhage (>500ml) one in each TAH & VH respectively. Early post operative complications like febrile morbidity was noted in each group, 10(20%) in AH and 5(10%) in vaginal hysterectomy, urinary tract infection in 4(8%) cases of VH and AH each. Wound infection in 6(12%) of AH and nil in VH. Paralytic Ileus in 4(8%) cases of AH and nil in VH. Vaginal vault haematoma in 2(4%) cases of VH while wound haematoma in 1(2%) cases of AH. Late complications like vaginal discharge was noted in 3(6%) of VH while 2(4%) cases of AH. There was 1(2%) case of vault granulation in each AH & VH. Vaginal hysterectomy is easy to perform and is associated with quicker recovery, early mobilization, shorter hospitalization, less operative and post operative morbidity, while abdominal hysterectomy is associated with longer duration of surgery, longer hospital stay, greater blood loss, more intra operative and post operative morbidity. Vaginal hysterectomy, Abdominal hysterectomy, Complications.
Researching children as social actors: an introduction to the children 5–16 programme

Cet article s'interesse aux nouvelles caracteristiques economiques et sociales de l'enfance contemporaine en Grande Bretagne. Les AA. se penchent sur l'enfant en tant qu'acteur au sein de la famille ainsi que dans la societe britannique. Par le biais de l'ethnographie, les AA. ont pu recueillir les perceptions des enfants a porops du divorce, du temps familial, mais egalement des notions de justice, morale et punition
Políticas públicas locais e participação na Bahia: o dilema gestão versus política

Fomentar a participacao dos diferentes atores politicos e criar uma rede que defina prioridades, exerca o controle social, colabore na implementacao e avaliacao de politicas publicas tornou-se um dos principios organizativos centrais da gestao publica contemporânea e dos processos de deliberacao democratica local. No Brasil, os anos 1990 foram marcados pela institucionalizacao da participacao da “sociedade civil organizada”, aclamada por agencias nacionais e internacionais como modelo nos processos de formulacao de politicas publicas locais. No entanto, pesquisas recentes tem demonstrado a concentracao geografica de experiencias de gestao publica participativa (sobretudo no caso de orcamentos participativos) nas regioes sul e sudeste do pais, evidenciando que tal institucionalizacao nao se tem desenvolvido de forma homogenea e que a pratica da participacao cidada apresenta variacoes importantes no contexto nacional. No caso particular da Bahia, as taxas recentes de crescimento economico superiores a media nacional e o processo de modernizacao da administracao publica com base em principios gerencialistas sao fenomenos paralelos a manutencao de velhas estruturas sociais e institucionais que deixam em suspenso a relacao politica de cidadania com o Estado. Ou seja, a participacao politica dos cidadaos e o desenvolvimento de uma democracia participativa se confrontam com as contradicoes de uma historia contemporânea marcada, inter alia, por praticas clientelistas, uma concepcao patrimonialista do bem publico, uma ideia individual do poder fomentada pelo Carlismo, o formalismo institucional, a falta de transparencia do setor publico governamental, uma fraca tradicao de apoio as infra-estruturas civicas, a ausencia generalizada de espacos publicos de deliberacao democratica, mas igualmente pela presenca de fatores de ordem cultural e religiosa que muito influenciam as relacoes entre o Estado e a sociedade. Nos dias de hoje, nao e possivel, assim, considerar a politica baiana como o resultado do confronto e da diversidade de interesses entre atores individuais e coletivos em torno de temas da agenda publica e de projetos de sociedade; ela pode ser vista, a contrario, como uma corrida pelo poder que conserva o passado, mantem desigualdades estruturais e se fundamenta no exercicio do mandato politico enquanto sinecura em beneficio proprio. A partir da descricao de quatro discursos de gestao publica participativa na Bahia contemporânea, este artigo busca analisar os dilemas e os desafios da participacao cidada na tentativa de construir novos modos de formular, implementar e monitorar politicas publicas locais baianas.
On‐line hemodiafiltration or high‐flow continuous hemodiafiltration is one of the most effective artificial liver support devices for acute liver failure in Japan

There is no beneficial treatment except emergency liver transplantation (LT) for acute liver failure (ALF). In Japan, only 20% of eligible patients undergo LT because of a shortage of donor livers, although the rate is gradually increasing. Artificial liver support (ALS) system sustaining patients in good condition including restoration of consciousness until recovery of the native liver or performance of LT is essential for the improvement of the poor prognosis of ALF. In European countries, the extracorporeal albumin dialysis by the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) has been shown to remove protein-bound substances and decrease the plasma concentrations of bilirubin, ammonia, and creatinine in patients with acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) [1], although questions have been raised about the feasibility of removing substances responsible for hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in ALF through removal of albumin-binding toxic ones alone with MARS. It was reported that elevated ammonia concentrations predicted more development of cerebral edema in ALF than in ACLF, and that the use of high-flow hemodialysis or high-volume hemofiltration may be superior to MARS to reverse or prevent brain edema [2]. To the contrary, in Japan, a combination of plasma exchange (PE) and
Factors Contributing to Peritoneal Tissue Remodeling in Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with functional and structural changes of the peritoneal membrane. In this review we describe factors contributing to peritoneal tissue remodeling, including uremia, peritonitis, volume loading, the presence of a catheter, and the PD fluid itself. These factors initiate recruitment and activation of peritoneal cells such as macrophages and mast cells, as well as activation of peritoneal cells, including mesothelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. We provide an overview of cytokines, growth factors, and other mediators involved in PD-associated changes. Activation of downstream pathways of cellular modulators can induce peritoneal tissue remodeling, leading to ultrafiltration loss. Identification of molecular pathways, cells, and cytokines involved in the development of angiogenesis, fibrosis, and membrane failure may lead to innovative therapeutic strategies that can protect the peritoneal membrane from the consequences of long-term PD.
Marked leukocytosis in response to estramustine phosphate in a hormone-refractory prostate cancer patient

A 67-year-old man was refered to our institution with a complaint of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (54 ng/mL). Diagnosis was adenocarcinoma of the prostate with a Gleason score of 9, with bone metastasis (stageD2). He was treated with maximal androgen blockade followed by estramustine phosphate (EMP) because of the progression to hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Leukocytosis over 20000/μL was repeatedly observed at each administration of EMP. This is the first case report of leukocytosis in response to EMP in an HRPC patient. The present case suggests that EMP could modulate leukocyte differentiation in HRPC patients.