Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FinFET Mismatch in Subthreshold Region: Theory and Experiments

In this paper, we study the drain-current mismatch of FinFETs in subthreshold, from both modeling and experimental point of view. We propose a simple model that takes into account the effect of threshold voltage and subthreshold swing fluctuations and their correlation. For long-channel devices (longer than a critical length LC), characterized by a subthreshold swing close to the ideal value, the overall current mismatch is dominated by threshold voltage fluctuations and, therefore, is gate voltage independent. The subthreshold swing fluctuations give a negligible effect on the drain-current mismatch and are uncorrelated with the threshold voltage fluctuations. For short-channel devices (shorter than a critical length LC), characterized by a strong dependence of subthreshold swing on the channel length, the overall current mismatch presents an additional relevant contribution associated with the subthreshold swing fluctuations. This component depends on the gate voltage overdrive and is ascribed to the gate line edge roughness, resulting in a partial correlation between threshold voltage and subthreshold swing fluctuations.
School Achievement and Delinquency1

Behavorial scientists have long concerned themselves with seeking explanations for juvenile delinquency. While etiology has been attributed to parental relationships, mental deficiency, etc., the educational system has been largely absolved. Probably there are many reasons why a child commits-and gets caught committing-an antisocial or asocial act. At least some of those reasons may be partially or wholly related to his educational experience.
Gender-Based Factors in Computing Enrollments and Achievement: Evidence from a Study of Tertiary Students

Fewer females than males enroll in secondary and tertiary computing courses. This has implications for both the national economy and for the development of women as individuals. Explanations for gender differences in enrollments place varying emphasis on 1) social learning explanations focusing on the importance of experience, encouragement from significant others, the provision of male role models, and the generalization of pre-existing attitudes to mathematics and science, 2) category-based explanations of computer selection and avoidance, 3) beliefs about gender differences in abilities, and 4) gender differences in attributions for success and failure. Using a sample of 222 Australian first year tertiary students enrolled in a compulsory unit of computer studies, data were collected from questionnaires and the university database. Initial gender differences in computing experience and attitudes were found. Women were less likely to intend to pursue further computing studies, although their achievement was comparable to that of men. Achievement related to computing experience and in the case of men, to mathematics experience. Intentions to pursue further computing studies related to attitudes to computing and, in the case of women to mathematics experience and attitudes to statistics. The results are discussed in terms of the different roles of prior experience and attitudes and the implications for changing women's attitudes to computing.
A Neurocomputational Model of Analogical Reasoning and its Breakdown in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration

Analogy is important for learning and discovery and is considered a core component of intelligence. We present a computational account of analogical reasoning that is compatible with data we have collected from patients with cortical degeneration of either their frontal or anterior temporal cortices due to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). These two patient groups showed different deficits in picture and verbal analogies: frontal lobe FTLD patients tended to make errors due to impairments in working memory and inhibitory abilities, whereas temporal lobe FTLD patients tended to make errors due to semantic memory loss. Using the Learning and Inference with Schemas and Analogies model, we provide a specific account of how such deficits may arise within neural networks supporting analogical problem solving.
To Intervene or Not to Intervene

Alliances are related to the occurrence of conflict. A theoretical model predicts how alliance reliability affects the occurrence of conflict in the international system. Suppose that two nations are at war. The intervention of a third nation into this war affects the likely outcome. Nations prefer to fight wars that they expect to win. Nations are more likely to involve themselves in wars in which they anticipate allied support. Estimates of alliance reliability are obtained and used to demonstrate that nations consider alliance reliability when deciding whether to become involved in conflict. For example, nations with unreliable allies are more likely to surrender if attacked than are nations with reliable allies. Alliance reliability affects the occurrence of war. Unfortunately, whether an alliance is honored is only observable when a war actually occurs. The author discusses the sampling bias that this creates.
Group Formation

or ignored, but the occupation has still been dealt with as a &dquo;group. &dquo; The present study is interested in determining whether there are important limiting conditions on the formation of groups, as the theorists would have us believe. Are there, in other words, invariant conditions without whose machinations no group can form? In the following discussion, we will first examine some theories of social groups in order to discover any invariant,
Improved L0 Gradient Minimization with L1 Fidelity for Image Smoothing

Edge-preserving image smoothing is one of the fundamental tasks in the field of computer graphics and computer vision. Recently, L0 gradient minimization (LGM) has been proposed for this purpose. In contrast to the total variation (TV) model which employs the L1 norm of the image gradient, the LGM model adopts the L0 norm and yields much better results for the piecewise constant image. However, as an improvement of the total variation (TV) model, the LGM model also suffers, even more seriously, from the staircasing effect and is not robust to noise. In order to overcome these drawbacks, in this paper, we propose an improvement of the LGM model by prefiltering the image gradient and employing the L1 fidelity. The proposed improved LGM (ILGM) behaves robustly to noise and overcomes the staircasing artifact effectively. Experimental results show that the ILGM is promising as compared with the existing methods.
American Creed: Philanthropy and the Rise of Civil Society, 1700-1865

In her incisive history, Kathleen D. McCarthy explores the impact of philanthropy - both giving and volunteerism - on America from 1700 to 1865. What results is a vital reevaluation of public life during the pivotal decades leading up to the Civil War. By investigating the relationships among the market revolution, participatory democracy, and voluntary associations, McCarthy reveals how these elements interacted to change our government - and the course of history. She considers how acts of volunteerism and charity became involved with key social interests such as the abolitionist movement, educational patronage, the struggle against racism, and female campaigns for equality. Ultimately, she uncovers the pivotal role of philanthropy in the story of America's continuous attempt to fulfill our founding ideals.
Method Variance From the Perspectives of Reviewers: Poorly Understood Problem or Overemphasized Complaint?

Beliefs and practices regarding common method variance (CMV) were surveyed from a sample of top journal board members. Results indicated that reviewers frequently mentioned CMV concerns and believed that addressing this issue in the design stage was more effective than postdata approaches. Although there was little consensus regarding whether concerns about CMV would cause them to recommend rejection of manuscripts, reviewers generally agreed that some variables were more likely than others to be affected by CMV and that a simple focus on the method of measurement was not adequate for determining whether CMV caused problems with the interpretation of study results. Slight differences were observed across journals and were related to participant experience.
EEG Biofeedback Training and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in an Elementary School Setting

Abstract Introduction: EEG biofeedback was conducted on site in an elementary school. Method: An experimental group of eight children ages 8-10 completed 35-47 sessions of EEG biofeedback training over a six-month period. Four participants in the experimental group were diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and four were not diagnosed with ADHD. Eight children in the waitlist control group were matched to the experimental group on age, grade, teacher, and diagnosis. None of the 16 participants were medicated for ADHD. Results: Attention abilities as measured by the Test of Variables of Attention showed the experimental group of children with ADHD reduced errors of commission and anticipation, indicating a reduction in impulsivity. Teacher reports using the McCarney Scale indicated improvements in attention but no changes in impulsivity and hyperactiv-ity. Discussion: Several confounds require exploration before attribution of changes are assigned to neurofeedback. Whether the effe.
Vouchers and Students with Disabilities

School choice initiatives such as open enrollment, magnet schools, charter schools, and voucher plans have been offered as methods of school reform. A publicly funded voucher plan in Florida targeting students with disabilities was considered as a possible model for the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Although the model was not adopted in the reauthorized law, the potential impact of such voucher plans must be examined. The empirical evidence regarding the impact of vouchers on parent choice, student achievement, and fiscal school management is inconclusive and incomplete. Further, the impact of voucher plans on educational programs for students with disabilities has not been thoroughly studied. Such an examination requires a multiparadigmatic analysis of legal, economic, academic, sociological, and political dimensions.
Studying the Effects of Services for Victims in Crisis

Crisis intervention programs for victims have grown rapidly, but with little hard data to demonstrate their effectiveness. This study attempted to examine the effects of services on victims' psychological and material adjustment. Although substantial recovery occurred for all victims in the first three months postcrime, there was no evidence that recovery was any greater for victims who received services than for those who did not.
Identification of the Characteristics of Work Environments and Employers Open to Hiring and Accommodating People with Disabilities

This study determined the characteristics of employers who are open to hiring and supporting people with disabilities. The purpose was to help rehabilitation professionals better target their placement and educational activities. Using a grounded theory qualitative approach, the researchers conducted focus groups and interviews with employers, employed persons with disabilities, and experienced rehabilitation placement professionals. The results indicated that 13 specific characteristics, organized into three major categories, are found among employers who are open to hiring and accommodating persons with disabilities. The three major categories were work cultural issues, job match, and employer experience and support.
Enemy or Ally? Senior Officials’ Perceptions of Ministerial Advisers Before and After MMP

There is now a well-established literature on the various second-order effects of the adoption of proportional representation in New Zealand. One feature of the contemporary executive landscape, however, remains substantially under-researched. This article reports on research regarding ministerial advisers in New Zealand Cabinet ministers’ offices. More specifically, it compares senior public servants’ current attitudes towards ministerial advisers with pre-MMP speculation regarding the possible future influence of such advisers. The article concludes that while there are concerns about the possible long-term influence of political advisers, for the majority of senior officials working relationships with ministerial advisers are positive and productive.
Management of healthcare waste in circumstances of limited resources: a case study in the hospitals of Nablus city, Palestine

The objectives of this study were the assessment of healthcare waste management and the characterization of healthcare waste material generated in the hospitals in Nablus city, Palestine, and furthermore, to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B among the cleaning personnel working in these hospitals. The medical waste generation rate in kg per bed per day was between 0.59 and 0.93 kg bed— 1 day—1. The waste generation rate in the healthcare facilities of Nablus city hospitals was similar to some other developing countries; however, the percentage of medical wastes in the total waste stream was comparatively high. The density of medical waste at the four hospitals studied ranged between 144.9 and 188.4 kg m— 3 with a mean value of 166.7 kg m—3. The waste segregation and handling practices were very poor. Other alternatives for waste treatment rather than incineration such as a locally made autoclave integrated with a shredder should be evaluated and implemented. The system of healthcare waste management in Nablus city is in need of immediate improvement and attention. Formulating rules and guidelines for medical waste and developing strategies for overcoming the obstacles related to waste management should be considered as an urgent matter.
Comparison of the Short-Term Effects of Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide and Bevacizumab Injection for Diabetic Macular Edema

Purpose To compare the short-term effects of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) with those of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection for diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods The present retrospective, comparative case study included 58 eyes of 35 consecutive patients (IVTA group, 20 eyes; IVB group, 38 eyes) with DME. IVTA (4 mg) or IVB (1.25 mg) injection was performed under local anesthesia. The effects of injection for DME were evaluated using best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT) by optical coherence tomography and intraocular pressure (IOP) by applanation tonometer. Patients underwent eye examinations, including BCVA, CMT, and IOP at pre-injection, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection. Results BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) ± SD at pre-injection, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection was 0.67 ± 0.40, 0.56 ± 0.35 (p = 0.033), 0.55 ± 0.33 (p = 0.041), and 0.43 ± 0.31 (p = 0.001) in the IVTA group and 0.51 ± 0.31, 0.42 ± 0.26 (p = 0.003), 0.43 ± 0.32 (p = 0.001), and 0.43 ± 0.27 (p = 0.015) in the IVB group, respectively. CMT (µm) ± SD at pre-injection, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection was 400.4 ± 94.9, 332.8 ± 47.4 (p = 0.002), 287.5 ± 49.1 (p = 0.007), and 282.5 ± 49.6 (p = 0.043) in the IVTA group and 372.6 ± 99.5, 323.2 ± 72.4 (p = 0.077), 360.9 ± 50.3 (p = 0.668), 368.2 ± 88.6 (p = 0.830) in the IVB group, respectively. Conclusions The effects of IVTA for BCVA were more favorable than were those of IVB and were consistent throughout the eight weeks after injection. IVTA significantly reduced CMT during the eight weeks after injection, while IVB did not.
Discrepancies in Parent’s and Adult Child’s Reports of Support and Contact

This study uses data on support and contact in 4,055 parent-child dyads drawn from the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study to test explanations of reporting discrepancies, which focus on sources of bias and inaccurate reporting. Contrary to the generational stake hypothesis, parents’ reports are not characterized by a general positive bias. Consistent with notions of self-enhancement, parents and children overreport given help and underreport received help. Parents’ reports are susceptible to positive biases linked with strong feelings of family obligations. Limited evidence is found for an underreporting bias associated with dissatisfaction with support received from family. Positive reporting biases are observed in high-quality relationships. Consistent with expectations, results show greater reporting accuracy among better educated parents and children.
Effects of Affordance Perception on the Initiation and Actualization of Action

Studies have shown information specifying some affordances may be faster or easier to perceive than others. This article investigates the effect of affordance perception on the time taken to initiate and perform an action. In particular it focuses on how action timing varies as a function of a continuum of afforded action, that is, around an action-boundary. In Experiment 1, participants made judgments regarding whether they could fit a small ball through a series of different size apertures. Judgments were quick and accurate at the extremes of the affordance scale; however, at the perceived action-boundary longer, more variable initiation times (ITs) were observed. Trials repeated over 3 consecutive days revealed a systematic change in the IT distribution and demonstrated that IT is highly sensitive to changes in location of the perceived action-boundary. In Experiment 2 effects of action-scaling were observed on IT and movement time of afforded actions: around the perceived action-boundary the afforded action took longer to be both perceived and acted upon. The results highlight that affordance perception influences not only action selection and preparation but also the action itself. The findings are discussed in terms of the informational basis of action responses.
False recognition of unfamiliar people: "Seeing film stars everywhere"

A patient (MR) is reported who is able to correctly recognise famous people as being familiar but has a strong tendency to falsely recognise unfamiliar people as being familiar. False recognition does not depend on the type of person involved (contemporary, historical, fictional) or the modality in which it is presented (face, spoken/written name). False recognition does not extend to vocabulary knowledge, to other proper name categories (e.g. places) or to news events. Several hypotheses are considered but discounted. False recognition does not reflect reliance on familiarity associated with parts of the stimuli as opposed to the whole. False recognition, instead, depends critically on the nature of the referent (i.e. whether it refers to a person or not) and not on the nature of the stimulus material. Thus, MR will not produce false recognition when asked to search for names that refer to song or book titles even when, in all other respects, the stimuli resemble the names of people (e.g. Eleanor Rigby, David Copperfield). It is suggested that this disorder stems from a top-down failure to regulate the person recognition system, such that inappropriate information is retrieved. The category specificity may reflect inappropriate use of meta-memory knowledge concerning the rate of potential new exemplars from the category of "people" relative to other categories
Quasi-Orthogonality and Quasi-Projections

Abstract Our main concern in this paper is the design of simplified filtering procedures for the quasi-optimal approximation of functions in subspaces of L 2 generated from the translates of a function ϕ(x). Examples of signal representations that fall into this framework are Schoenberg's polynomial splinesof degree n, and the various multiresolution spaces associated with the wavelet transform. After a brief review of the relation between the order of approximation of the representation and the concept of quasi-interpolation (Strang–Fix conditions), we investigate the implication of these conditions on the various basis functions and their duals (vanishing moment and quasi-interpolation properties). We then introduce the notion of quasi-duality and show how to construct quasi-orthogonal and quasi-dual basis functions that are much shorter than their exact counterparts. We also consider the corresponding quasi-orthogonal projection operator at sampling step h and derive asymptotic error formulas and bounds that are essentially the same as those associated with the exact least-squares solution. Finally, we use the idea of a perfect reproduction of polynomials of degree n to construct short kernel quasi-deconvolution filters that provide a well-behaved approximation of an oblique projection operator.
Effects of a Girls-Only Curriculum During Adolescence: Performance, Persistence, and Engagement in Mathematics and Science

This article investigates the benefits of girls-only classroom instruction in math and science during Grades 9 and 10, in the context of a public coeducational high school. It is based on a longitudinal investigation with 786 participants: 85 girls in all-girl classes, and 319 girls and 382 boys in a regular coeducational program. Preexisting achievement, background, and psychological characteristics were included as covariates to ensure comparability of the groups. Significant post-intervention program effects were found for math and science achievement and course enrollment. In contrast, there were no significant program effects for perceived math competence or math anxiety. Although those psychological characteristics predicted performance, they were independent of program effects (i.e., they did not mediate the program effects).
Knowledge management issues in knowledge-intensive SMEs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a study of knowledge management understanding and usage in small and medium knowledge‐intensive enterprises.Design/methodology/approach – The study has taken an interpretitivist approach, using two knowledge‐intensive South Yorkshire (England) companies as case studies, both of which are characterised by the need to process and use knowledge on a daily basis in order to remain competitive. The case studies were analysed using qualitative research methodology, composed of interviews and concept mapping, thus deriving a characterisation of understandings, perceptions and requirements of SMEs in relation to knowledge management.Findings – The study provides evidence that, while SMEs, including knowledge intensive ones, acknowledge that adequately capturing, storing, sharing and disseminating knowledge can lead to greater innovation and productivity, their managers are not prepared to invest the relatively high effort on long term knowledge management goals fo.