Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic history-length fitting: a third level of adaptivity for branch prediction

Accurate branch prediction is essential for obtaining high performance in pipelined superscalar processors that execute instructions speculatively. Some of the best current predictors combine a part of the branch address with a fixed amount of global history of branch outcomes in order to make a prediction. These predictors cannot perform uniformly well across all workloads because the best amount of history to be used depends on the code, the input data and the frequency of context switches. Consequently, all predictors that use a fixed history length are therefore unable to perform up to their maximum potential. We introduce a method-called DHLF-that dynamically determines the optimum history length during execution, adapting to the specific requirements of any code, input data and system workload. Our proposal adds an extra level of adaptivity to two-level adaptive branch predictors. The DHLF method can be applied to any one of the predictors that combine global branch history with the branch address. We apply the DHLF method to gshare (dhlf-gshare) and obtain near-optimal results for all SPECint95 benchmarks, with and without context switches. Some results are also presented for gskewed (dhlf-gskewed), confirming that other predictors can benefit from our proposal.
AppGP: an alternative structural representation for GP

It has been shown that standard genetic programming using standard subtree crossover is prone to a form of structural convergence which makes it extremely difficult to make changes near the root, occasionally causing runs to become trapped in local maxima. Based on these structural limitations we propose a different tree representation, AppGP, which we hope will avoid this problem in some cases. In this paper, we describe this representation, and compare its performance to the performance of standard GP on a suite of test problems. We find that on all of the test problems, AppGP does no worse than standard GP, and in several it does considerably better, suggesting that the representation warrants further study.
How to Improve Code Quality by Measurement and Refactoring

In this paper, we show the successful integration of measurement of code quality into a software development process. Besides choosing a suitable tool for code analysis, metrics, and proper threshold values, concepts for removal of deficiencies are important requirements for code quality. Several cycles of a development process are necessary to achieve a long-term and effective integration of code quality into the development process. The integration of static analysis and refactoring of program code is achieved by Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle and didactic methods in a software development course at the university.
Comparison of human B cell antigen receptor complexes: membrane- expressed forms of immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgD, and IgG are associated with structurally related heterodimers

We have recently reported that on human B lymphocytes, membrane IgM (mIgM) associates with a heterodimer of 47- and 37-kD polypeptides, the 47-kD subunit being encoded by the mb-1 gene. We show here that expression of mb-1, both at the mRNA and the protein level, is not restricted to IgM+ B cells but can also be found in IgM- pre-B cells and mIgM-IgG+ B cells. Membrane forms of IgD and IgG, isolated from freshly isolated human B cells and B cell lines, are expressed together with heterodimeric protein structures biochemically similar to the mIgM- associated polypeptides, and these were shown to comprise the products of the mb-1 and B29 genes, or homologous genes. Finally, all three classes of antigen receptors are linked to protein kinases, capable of phosphorylating the Ig-associated heterodimers. Our findings provide insight in the structural organization of the different antigen receptors on human B cells and have implications for their function.
The Influence of Beliefs on Sexual Assault Attributions and Perceptions

This study investigated the relation between fundamentalist religious beliefs, victim alcohol consumption, and victim–perpetrator relationship on blaming a sexual assault victim and perceptions of the assault. Male and female participants (N = 124) read vignettes that varied female victim alcohol consumption (she drank 3 drinks or she did not drink) and couple relationship (acquaintances on a first date, steady dating partners, or married). Contrary to prior research, participants did not blame the victim more or hold her more responsible for the attack if she was drinking at the time of the assault. Participants were more likely to perceive the assault as a crime and to label the assault a rape if it was a first date as opposed to a dating couple or married couple. Program ideas to decrease victim blame are discussed. EMILY RISHER LYNCH
Extent of Early Ischemic Changes on Computed Tomography (CT) Before Thrombolysis: Prognostic Value of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score in ECASS II

Background and Purpose— The significance of early ischemic changes (EICs) on computed tomography (CT) to triage patients for thrombolysis has been controversial. The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) semiquantitatively assesses EICs within the middle cerebral artery territory using a10-point grading system. We hypothesized that dichotomized ASPECTS predicts response to intravenous thrombolysis and incidence of secondary hemorrhage within 6 hours of stroke onset. Methods— Data from the European-Australian Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) II study were used in which 800 patients were randomized to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) or placebo within 6 hours of symptom onset. We retrospectively assessed all baseline CT scans, dichotomized ASPECTS at ≤7 and >7, defined favorable outcome as modified Rankin Scale score 0 to 2 after 90 days, and secondary hemorrhage as parenchymal hematoma 1 (PH1) or PH2. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis and assessed for an interaction between rt-PA treatment and baseline ASPECTS score. Results— We scored ASPECTS >7 in 557 and ≤7 in 231 patients. There was no treatment-by-ASPECTS interaction with dichotomized ASPECTS (P=0.3). This also applied for the 0- to 3-hour and 3- to 6-hour cohorts. However, a treatment-by-ASPECTS effect modification was seen in predicting PH (0.043 for the interaction term), indicating a much higher likelihood of thrombolytic-related parenchymal hemorrhage in those with ASPECTS ≤7. Conclusion— In ECASS II, the effect of rt-PA on functional outcome is not influenced by baseline ASPECTS. Patients with low ASPECTS have a substantially increased risk of thrombolytic-related PH.
NF-κB transcription factor role in consolidation and reconsolidation of persistent memories

Transcriptional regulation is an important molecular process required for long-term neural plasticity and long-term memory (LTM) formation. Thus, one main interest in molecular neuroscience in the last decades has been the identification of transcription factors that are involved in memory processes. Among them, the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors has gained interest due to a significant body of evidence that supports a key role of these proteins in synaptic plasticity and memory. In recent years, the interest was particularly reinforced because NF-κB was characterized as an important regulator of synaptogenesis. This function may be explained by its participation in synapse to nucleus communication, as well as a possible local role at the synapse. This review provides an overview of experimental work obtained in the last years, showing the essential role of this transcription factor in memory processes in different learning tasks in mammals. We focus the review on the consolidation and reconsolidation memory phases as well as on the regulation of immediate-early and late genes by epigenetic mechanisms that determine enduring forms of memories.
PENGARUH LITERASI EKONOMI DAN KELOMPOK TEMAN SEBAYA TERHADAP POLA KONSUMTIF SISWA KELAS XI IPS SMA ANTARTIKA SIDOARJO

Konsumsi merupakan salah satu kegiatan dalam ekonomi yang dapat dilakukan oleh seluruh masyarakat tanpa terkecuali remaja. Remaja adalah masa dimana seseorang kurang memiliki prinsip dalam menjalani kehidupan sehingga cenderung mengikuti lingkungan sosial terutama teman sebaya. Maka, diperlukan pengetahuan tentang cara berkonsumsi maupun literasi ekonomi untuk menghindarkan remaja dari perilaku konsumtif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh literasi ekonomi dan kelompok teman sebaya secara simultan maupun parsial terhadap perilaku konsumsi siswa kelas XI IPS SMA Antartika Sidoarjo. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian asosiatif dengan menggunkan pendekatan kuantitatif. Sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu sebanyak 73 siswa kelas XI IPS di SMA Antartika Sidoarjo. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi soal, angket dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan regresi linier sederhana. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan literasi ekonomi (X1) dan kelompok teman sebaya (X2) mampu memberikan kontribusi atas perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi pada variabel perilaku konsumsi sebesar 52%. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa literasi ekonomi dan kelompok teman sebaya terbukti berpengaruh secara simultan maupun parsial terhadap perilaku konsumsi siswa XI IPS di SMA Antartika Sidoarjo. Kata Kunci: Kelompok teman sebaya, literasi ekonomi, perilaku konsumsi
MULTIPLE LDPC DECODING FOR DISTRIBUTED SOURCE AND VIDEO CODING

Distributed source coding (DSC) is a coding paradigm for systems which fully or partly exploit the source statistics at the decoder to reduce the computational burden at the encoder. Distributed video coding (DVC) is one example. This paper considers the use of Low Density Parity Check Accumulate (LDPCA) codes in a DSC scheme with feed-back. To improve the LDPC coding performance in the context of DSC and DVC, while retaining short encoder blocks, this paper proposes multiple parallel LDPC decoding. The proposed scheme passes soft information between decoders to enhance performance. Experimental results on DVC show that the LDPCA perfomance implies a loss compared to the conditional entropy, but also that the proposed scheme reduces the DVC bit rate up to 3.9% and improves the rate-distortion (RD) performance of a Transform Domain Wyner-Ziv (TDWZ) video codec.
High Performance Machine Learning through Codesign and Rooflining

Author(s): Zhao, Huasha | Advisor(s): Canny, John F | Abstract: Machine learning (ML) is a cornerstone of the new data revolution. Most attempts to scale machine learning to massive datasets focus on parallelization on computer clusters. The BIDMach project instead explores the untapped potential (especially from GPU and SIMD hardware) inside individual machines. Through careful codesign of algorithms and ``rooflining'', we have demonstrated multiple orders of magnitude speedup over other systems. In fact, BIDMach running on a single machine exceeds the performance of cluster systems on most common ML tasks, and has run computer-intensive tasks on 10-terabyte datasets. We can further show that BIDMach runs at close to the theoretical limits imposed by CPU/GPU, memory or network bandwidth. BIDMach includes several innovations to make the data modeling process more agile and effective: likelihood ``mixins'' and interactive modeling using Gibbs sampling.These results are very encouraging but the greatest potential for future hardware-leveraged machine learning appears to be on MCMC algorithms: We can bring the performance of sample-based Bayesian inference up close to symbolic methods. This opens the possibility for a general-purpose ``engine'' for machine learning whose performance matches specialized methods. We demonstrate this approach on a specific problem (Latent Dirichlet Allocation), and discuss the general case.Finally we explore scaling ML to clusters. In order to benefit from parallelization, rooflined nodes require very high network bandwidth. We show that the aggregators (reducers) on other systems do not scale, and are not adequate for this task. We describe two new approaches, butterfly mixing and ``Kylix'' which cover the requirements of machine learning and graph algorithms respectively. We give roofline bounds for both approaches.
Wikis as a Technology Fostering Knowledge Maturing: What We Can Learn from Wikipedia

The knowledge maturing theory opens an important macro perspective within the new paradigm of work-integrated learning. Especially wikis are interesting socio-technical systems to foster maturing activities by overcoming typical barriers. But so far, the theory has been mainly based on anecdotal evidence collected from various projects and observations. In this paper, we want to present the results of a qualitative and quantitative study of Wikipedia with respect to maturing phenomena, identifying instruments and measures indicating maturity. The findings, generalized to enterprise wikis, open the perspective on what promotes maturing on a method level and what can be used to spot maturing processes on a technology level.
Target site choice of the related transposable elements Tc1 and Tc3 of Caenorhabditis elegans.

We have investigated the target choice of the related transposable elements Tc1 and Tc3 of the nematode C. elegans. The exact locations of 204 independent Tc1 insertions and 166 Tc3 insertions in an 1 kbp region of the genome were determined. There was no phenotypic selection for the insertions. All insertions were into the sequence TA. Both elements have a strong preference for certain positions in the 1 kbp region. Hot sites for integration are not clustered or regularly spaced. The orientation of the integrated transposon has no effect on the distribution pattern. We tested several explanations for the target site preference. If simple structural features of the DNA (e.g. bends) would mark hot sites, we would expect the patterns of the two related transposons Tc1 and Tc3 to be similar; however we found them to be completely different. Furthermore we found that the sequence at the donor site has no effect on the choice of the new insertion site, because the insertion pattern of a transposon that jumps from a transgenic donor site is identical to the insertion pattern of transposons jumping from endogenous genomic donor sites. The most likely explanation for the target choice is therefore that the primary sequence of the target site is recognized by the transposase. However, alignment of the Tc1 and Tc3 integration sites does not reveal a strong consensus sequence for either transposon.
GNSS Signal Acquisition in the Presence of Sign Transition

In this paper, the problem of acquiring the pilot and data channel of the next-generation systems (as Galileo, and GPS modernization) is addressed and analyzed, focusing the majority of the attention to the problem of managing the higher sign reversal transition rate due to the navigation message in the data channel and to the secondary code in the pilot channel. It must be considered that in the case of the Galileo E1 signals, each period of the spreading sequence may suffer of a sign change which can reduce the correlation gain. Moreover, the sign transition occurred on the block of samples being processed produces a correlation peak splitting along the Doppler axis of the search space matrix constructed during the acquisition phase and this may lead to a wrong Doppler estimate. Here, we propose an acquisition detection methodology in order to cope with the aforementioned impairments. The main idea behind the proposed algorithm derives by the fact that even though a sign transition occurs, the total useful signal energy remains unchanged, so it is possible to process the search space in order to recover in a nonambiguous way not only the presence of a satellite but also the correct spreading code delay phase and its Doppler shift. The effectiveness of the proposed method will be deeply assessed with a simulation campaign in terms of detection and false detection rate, which will be presented by means of the so-called receiver operative characteristic curves and compared with the state-of-the-art acquisition methodologies.
Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents.

CONTEXT One in 7 US children and adolescents is obese, yet little is known about their health-related quality of life (QOL). OBJECTIVE To examine the health-related QOL of obese children and adolescents compared with children and adolescents who are healthy or those diagnosed as having cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study of 106 children and adolescents (57 males) between the ages of 5 and 18 years (mean [SD], 12.1 [3] years), who had been referred to an academic children's hospital for evaluation of obesity between January and June 2002. Children and adolescents had a mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) of 34.7 (9.3) and BMI z score of 2.6 (0.5). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Child self-report and parent proxy report using a pediatric QOL inventory generic core scale (range, 0-100). The inventory was administered by an interviewer for children aged 5 through 7 years. Scores were compared with previously published scores for healthy children and adolescents and children and adolescents diagnosed as having cancer. RESULTS Compared with healthy children and adolescents, obese children and adolescents reported significantly (P<.001) lower health-related QOL in all domains (mean [SD] total score, 67 [16.3] for obese children and adolescents; 83 [14.8] for healthy children and adolescents). Obese children and adolescents were more likely to have impaired health-related QOL than healthy children and adolescents (odds ratio [OR], 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4-8.7) and were similar to children and adolescents diagnosed as having cancer (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.8-2.3). Children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea reported a significantly lower health-related QOL total score (mean [SD], 53.8 [13.3]) than obese children and adolescents without obstructive sleep apnea (mean [SD], 67.9 [16.2]). For parent proxy report, the child or adolescent's BMI z score was significantly inversely correlated with total score (r = -0.246; P =.01), physical functioning (r = -0.263; P<.01), social functioning (r = -0.347; P<.001), and psychosocial functioning (r = -0.209; P =.03). CONCLUSIONS Severely obese children and adolescents have lower health-related QOL than children and adolescents who are healthy and similar QOL as those diagnosed as having cancer. Physicians, parents, and teachers need to be informed of the risk for impaired health-related QOL among obese children and adolescents to target interventions that could enhance health outcomes.
Uracil-Containing DNA in Drosophila: Stability, Stage-Specific Accumulation, and Developmental Involvement

Base-excision repair and control of nucleotide pools safe-guard against permanent uracil accumulation in DNA relying on two key enzymes: uracil–DNA glycosylase and dUTPase. Lack of the major uracil–DNA glycosylase UNG gene from the fruit fly genome and dUTPase from fruit fly larvae prompted the hypotheses that i) uracil may accumulate in Drosophila genomic DNA where it may be well tolerated, and ii) this accumulation may affect development. Here we show that i) Drosophila melanogaster tolerates high levels of uracil in DNA; ii) such DNA is correctly interpreted in cell culture and embryo; and iii) under physiological spatio-temporal control, DNA from fruit fly larvae, pupae, and imago contain greatly elevated levels of uracil (200–2,000 uracil/million bases, quantified using a novel real-time PCR–based assay). Uracil is accumulated in genomic DNA of larval tissues during larval development, whereas DNA from imaginal tissues contains much less uracil. Upon pupation and metamorphosis, uracil content in DNA is significantly decreased. We propose that the observed developmental pattern of uracil–DNA is due to the lack of the key repair enzyme UNG from the Drosophila genome together with down-regulation of dUTPase in larval tissues. In agreement, we show that dUTPase silencing increases the uracil content in DNA of imaginal tissues and induces strong lethality at the early pupal stages, indicating that tolerance of highly uracil-substituted DNA is also stage-specific. Silencing of dUTPase perturbs the physiological pattern of uracil–DNA accumulation in Drosophila and leads to a strongly lethal phenotype in early pupal stages. These findings suggest a novel role of uracil-containing DNA in Drosophila development and metamorphosis and present a novel example for developmental effects of dUTPase silencing in multicellular eukaryotes. Importantly, we also show lack of the UNG gene in all available genomes of other Holometabola insects, indicating a potentially general tolerance and developmental role of uracil–DNA in this evolutionary clade.
Recombinant Soluble Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein That Lacks Heptad Repeat B, Contains a GCN4 Trimerization Motif and Is Not Cleaved Displays Prefusion-Like Characteristics

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein F is considered an attractive vaccine candidate especially in its prefusion conformation. We studied whether recombinant soluble RSV F proteins could be stabilized in a prefusion-like conformation by mutation of heptad repeat B (HRB). The results show that soluble, trimeric, non-cleaved RSV F protein, produced by expression of the furin cleavage site-mutated F ectodomain extended with a GCN4 trimerization sequence, is efficiently recognized by pre- as well as postfusion-specific antibodies. In contrast, a similar F protein completely lacking HRB displayed high reactivity with prefusion-specific antibodies recognizing antigenic site Ø, but did not expose postfusion-specific antigenic site I, in agreement with this protein maintaining a prefusion-like conformation. These features were dependent on the presence of the GCN4 trimerization domain. Absence of cleavage also contributed to binding of prefusion-specific antibodies. Similar antibody reactivity profiles were observed when the prefusion form of F was stabilized by the introduction of cysteine pairs in HRB. To study whether the inability to form the 6HB was responsible for the prefusion-like antibody reactivity profile, alanine mutations were introduced in HRB. Although introduction of alanine residues in HRB inhibited the formation of the 6HB, the exposure of postfusion-specific antigenic site I was not prevented. In conclusion, proteins that are not able to form the 6HB, due to mutation of HRB, may still display postfusion-specific antigenic site I. Replacement of HRB by the GCN4 trimerization domain in a non-cleaved soluble F protein resulted, however, in a protein with prefusion-like characteristics, suggesting that this HRB-lacking protein may represent a potential prefusion F protein subunit vaccine candidate.