Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two ways to overcome social uncertainty in social support networks: A test of the emancipation theory of trust by comparing kin/nonkin relationships

Many findings of previous research have supported the predictions of the emancipation theory of trust (Yamagishi, 2011) in experimental settings. Although the key concept of the theory is social uncertainty, few studies of the concept have been conducted in natural settings. In the present study, we operationally defined social uncertainty by comparing kin and nonkin relationships. We analyzed survey data representative of the Japanese population and compared the exchange of social support between kin and nonkin. The prediction was that commitment helps respondents construct cooperative nonkin relationships more than it does kin relationships, and general trust helps only resource-rich respondents to do so. The results supported the predictions. The study found significant interactions with relationship type × commitment and relationship type × household income × general trust. The patterns of mean score for social support exchanged were consistent with the predictions. High trusters with low household income exchanged more support independent of the relationship type.
Reading together in the classroom. A study of the difference between teacher and student interactions and the requirements of the Ministry of Education in Chile

In this article we describe the reading comprehension teaching practices of three Chilean teachers, to contrast them with the proposed guidelines from the Chilean Ministry of Education. To do this, we have analysed what contexts of interaction were created in the classroom and which reading processes were promoted by the questions the students were asked. The results show how the teachers� practices were closer to the ministerial guidelines when they were asked to create specific contexts of interaction, but deviated from these guidelines when the objective was to promote a reflective and critical understanding of the texts
Energetic cost determines voluntary movement speed only in familiar environments

ABSTRACT Locomotor performance is closely related to fitness. However, in many ecological contexts, animals do not move at their maximal locomotor capacity, but adopt a voluntary speed that is lower than maximal. It is important to understand the mechanisms that underlie voluntary speed, because these determine movement patterns of animals across natural environments. We show that voluntary speed is a stable trait in zebrafish (Danio rerio), but there were pronounced differences between individuals in maximal sustained speed, voluntary speed and metabolic cost of locomotion. We accept the hypothesis that voluntary speed scales positively with maximal sustained swimming performance (Ucrit), but only in unfamiliar environments (1st minute in an open-field arena versus 10th minute) at high temperature (30°C). There was no significant effect of metabolic scope on Ucrit. Contrary to expectation, we rejected the hypothesis that voluntary speed decreases with increasing metabolic cost of movement, except in familiar spatial (after 10 min of exploration) and thermal (24°C but not 18 or 30°C) environments. The implications of these data are that the energetic costs of exploration and dispersal in novel environments are higher than those for movement within familiar home ranges. Highlighted Article: Metabolic investment into movement of animals changes with environmental novelty, thereby altering the metabolic dimension of ecological function.
Title: Superoxide (·o 2

Neuronal signaling, plasticity and pathologies in CA1 hippocampal neurons are all intimately related to the redox environment and, thus, tissue oxygenation. This study tests the hypothesis that hyperoxic superfusate (95%O2) causes a time-dependent increase in superoxide anion (·O2) production in CA1 neurons in slices, which will decrease as oxygen concentration is decreased. Hippocampal slices (400μm) from weaned rats were incubated with the fluorescent probe dihydroethidium (DHE), which detects intracellular ·O2 production. Slices were loaded for 30 min using 10μM DHE and maintained using 1-sided superfusion or continuously loaded using 2. 5μM DHE and maintained using 2sided superfusion (36°C). Continuous loading of DHE and 2-sided superfusion gave the highest temporal resolution measurements of ·O2 production, which was estimated by the increase in fluorescence intensity units per minute (FIU/min±SEM) over 4 hr. Superoxide production (2.5μM DHE, 2-sided superfusion) was greatest in 95%O2 (6.6±0.4 FIU/min) and decreased significantly during co-exposure with antioxidants (100μM melatonin, 25μM MnTMPyP) and lower levels of O2 (60, 40 and 20%O2 at 5.3±0.3, 3.3±0.1 and 1.6±0.2 FIU/min, respectively). CA1 cell death after 4 hr (ethidium homodimer-1 staining) was greatest in 95%O2 and lowest in 40 and 20%O2. CA1 neurons generated evoked action potentials in 20%O2 for >4 hr indicating viability at lower levels of oxygenation. We conclude that ·O2 production and cell death in CA1 neurons increases in response to increasing oxygen concentration product (=PO2 × time). Additionally, lower levels of oxygen (20-40%) and antioxidants should be considered to minimize superoxide-induced oxidative stress in brain slices. Page 2 of 41
Spatial working memory in rats: no differences between the sexes

In a number of mammalian species, males appear to have superior spatial abilities to females. The favoured explanations for this cognitive difference are hormonal, with higher testosterone levels in males than females leading to better spatial performance, and evolutionary, where sexual selection has favoured males with increased spatial abilities for either better navigational skills in hunting or to enable an increased territory size. However, an alternative explanation for this sex difference focuses on the role of varying levels of oestrogen in females in spatial cognition (the ‘fertility and parental care’ hypothesis). One possibility is that varying oestrogen levels result in variation in spatial learning and memory so that, when tested across the oestrous cycle, females perform as well as males on days of low oestrogen but more poorly on days of high oestrogen. If day in the oestrous cycle is not taken into account then, across an experiment, any sex differences found would always produce male superiority. We used a spatial working memory task in a Morris water maze to test the spatial learning and memory abilities of male and female rats. The rats were tested across a number of consecutive days during which the females went through four oestrous cycles. We found no overall sex differences in latencies to reach a submerged platform in a Morris water maze but, on the day of oestrus (low oestrogen), females took an extra swim to learn the platform's location (a 100% increase over the other days in the cycle). Female swim speed also varied across the oestrous cycle but females were no less active on the day of oestrus. These results oppose the predictions of the fertility and parental care hypothesis.
Social Drinking Versus Administering Alcohol

type="main" xml:id="ecin12079-abs-0001"> Alcohol consumption tends to make some people (unwillingly) tell the truth, hence social drinking can serve as a signal in social contact games. We provide empirical evidence which shows that social drinking can serve as a trust facilitating mechanism. Liver cirrhosis mortality and the rate of abstainers are used to construct a novel index of moderate alcohol consumption, which correlates with trust levels in a cross-country analysis. (JEL L14, D82, D71)
Hydrides in young stellar objects: Radiation tracers in a protostar-disk-outflow system

Context. Hydrides of the most abundant heavier elements are fundamental molecules in cosmic chemistry. Some of them trace gas irradiated by UV or X-rays. Aims. We explore the abundances of major hydrides in W3 IRS5, a prototypical region of high-mass star formation. Methods. W3 IRS5 was observed by HIFI on the Herschel Space Observatory with deep integration (� 2500 s) in 8 spectral regions. Results. The target lines including CH, NH, H3O + , and the new molecules SH + ,H 2O + ,a nd OH + are detected. The H2O + and OH + J = 1−0 lines are found mostly in absorption, but also appear to exhibit weak emission (P-Cyg-like). Emission requires high density, thus originates most likely near the protostar. This is corroborated by the absence of line shifts relative to the young stellar object (YSO). In addition, H2O + and OH + also contain strong absorption components at a velocity shifted relative to W3 IRS5, which are attributed to foreground clouds. Conclusions. The molecular column densities derived from observations correlate well with the predictions of a model that assumes the main emission region is in outflow walls, heated and irradiated by protostellar UV radiation.
Attachment and romantic relationships: The role of models of self and other

Romantic love relationships are among the most endlessly fascinating, yet frustratingly complex, parts of life: inspiring more art, literature, and music than any other topic. Making sense of how and why romantic relationships function the way they do is, therefore, a research endeavour at once most rewarding and yet never-ending. Why do some relationships sail through everything that life throws at them, when others flounder at the first hiccup? Why does one friend experience drama after tumultuous drama with each new boyfriend, when another can’t trust or open up to anyone enough to get beyond a second date? Attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980) draws on clinical, developmental, social, personality, and cognitive psychology and provides a rich theoretical framework for examining and answering such perennial questions. Although it was developed originally in the context of infants and their caregivers, in recent decades the theory has also provided insight into the development and functioning of romantic relationships. This chapter describes romantic relationship processes from an attachment perspective. We highlight in particular the cognitive models of self and others that form a person’s attachment pattern or orientation. These models colour the lens with which he or she views the self and the social world, and in turn underlie individual differences in romantic relationship functioning.
Aproximación a los factores explicativos del desistimiento en jóvenes infractores

espanolEl articulo tiene por objetivo explorar que factores son relevantes para el cese de la conducta delictiva en menores y jovenes infractores, relacionando dos conceptos que a pesar de que provienen de ambitos disciplinarios diferentes, el desistimiento y la resiliencia, tienen bastantes elementos en comun. En el estudio participan un total de 110 jovenes de la provincia de Barcelona entre 14 y 17 anos que estan pendientes de inicio, en ejecucion o han finalizado un programa socioeducativo (mediacion, medio abierto o internamiento) en el ambito de la justicia juvenil. Se utiliza un cuestionario y una ficha para recoger informacion de las bases de datos del Departamento de Justicia de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Los principales resultados indican que un pasado adverso no dificulta el desistimiento, y que la accion de factores de proteccion contextuales e individuales disminuye el riesgo de reincidencia. catalaL’article te per objectiu explorar quins factorsesdevenen rellevants per al cessament de laconducta delictiva en menors i joves infractors,relacionant dos conceptes que malgrat que provenen d’ambits disciplinaris diferents, el desistiment i la resiliencia, tenen forca elements en comu. En l’estudi participen un total de 110 joves de la provincia de Barcelona entre 14 i 17 anys que es troben pendentd’inici, en execucio o han finalitzat un programa socioeducatiu (mediacio, medi obert ointernament) en l’ambit de la justicia juvenil. S’utilitza un questionari i una fitxa per recollirinformacio de les bases de dades del Departament de Justicia de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Els principals resultats indiquen que un passat advers no dificulta el desistiment, i que l’accio de factors de proteccio contextuals i individuals fa minvar el risc de reincidencia. EnglishThe article sets out to examine which factors my be relevant to the cessation of criminal behaviour in young offenders, linking two concepts that have many elements in common despite pertaining to different disciplinary areas, namely desistance and resilience. Taking part in the study were a total of 110 young people from Barcelona, aged between 14 and 17, who were waiting to start, were participating in or had completed a socio-educational programme (mediation, semi-open or internment) within the juvenile justice system. A questionnaire and a personal profile sheet were used to collect information from the databases of the Department of Justice of the Generalitat de Catalunya. The principal results indicate that an adverse past is not a major impediment to desistance, and that the effect of contextual and individual protection factors reduces the risk of recidivism.
Joint dynamic frequency allocation and routing strategy for optimizing the power consumption and data rate of OFDMA based femtocell networks

This paper proposes a new resource management (RRM) algorithm that utilizes the self-organizing network functionality for optimizing spectrum usage and minimizing co-layer interference between femtocells. To achieve this, the proposed algorithm dynamically maximizes usage of all the available subcarriers by exploiting knowledge of the users' location. Taking into account the associated overhead and power consumption it will be shown that the proposed algorithm improves the average data rate per user as well as reduced the overall system power consumption in all femtocell density scenarios, and, is also superior to existing techniques. The fact that the proposed minimizes power consumption without compromising the data rate makes it an ideal candidate for adoption in future green heterogeneous wireless networks.
Childhood adversity, adult socioeconomic status and risk of work disability: a prospective cohort study

Objectives To examine the combined effects of childhood adversities and low adult socioeconomic status (SES) on the risk of future work disability. Methods Included were 34 384 employed Finnish Public Sector study participants who responded to questions about childhood adversities (none vs any adversity, eg, parental divorce or financial difficulties) in 2008, and whose adult SES in 2008 was available. We categorised exposure into four groups: neither (reference), childhood adversity only, low SES only or both. Participants were followed from 2009 until the first period of register-based work disability (sickness absence >9 days or disability pension) due to any cause, musculoskeletal or mental disorders; retirement; death or end of follow-up (December 2011). We ran Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for behavioural, health-related and work-related covariates, and calculated synergy indices for the combined effects. Results When compared with those with neither exposure, HR for work disability from any cause was increased among participants with childhood adversity, with low SES, and those with both exposures. The highest hazard was observed in those with both exposures: HR 2.53, 95% CI 2.29 to 2.79 for musculoskeletal disability, 1.55, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.78 for disability due to mental disorders and 1.29, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.39 for disability due to other reasons. The synergy indices did not indicate synergistic effects. Conclusions These findings indicate that childhood psychosocial adversity and low adult SES are additive risk factors for work disability.
Exposure to sunshine early in life prevented development of type 1 diabetes in Danish boys

Abstract Background: We aimed to assess the association between exposure to sunshine during gestation and the risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Danish children. Methods: The study population included 331,623 individuals born in Denmark from 1983 to 1988; 886 (0.26%) developed T1D by the age of 15 years. The values of sunshine hours were obtained from the Danish Meteorological Institute. Gestational exposure to sunshine was calculated by summing recorded monthly sunshine hours during the full 9 months prior to the month of birth. The linear variable then was split into two categories separated by the median value. Results and Conclusions: Cox regression models showed that more sunshine during the third gestational trimester was associated with lower hazards (HR) of T1D at age 5–9 years in males: HR (95% CI): 0.60 (0.43–0.84), p=0.003. Our results should be considered in the context of evidence-based recommendations to the public about skin protection from the sun.
Predicting Early Data Revisions to U.S. GDP and the Effects of Releases on Equity Markets

The effects of data uncertainty on real-time decision-making can be reduced by predicting data revisions to U.S. GDP growth. We show that survey forecasts efficiently predict the revision implicit in the second estimate of GDP growth, but that forecasting models incorporating monthly economic indicators and daily equity returns provide superior forecasts of the data revision implied by the release of the third estimate. We use forecasting models to measure the impact of surprises in GDP announcements on equity markets, and to analyze the effects of anticipated future revisions on announcement-day returns. We show that the publication of better than expected third-release GDP figures provides a boost to equity markets, and if future upward revisions are expected, the effects are enhanced during recessions.
Saving More to Borrow Less: Experimental Evidence from Access to Formal Savings Accounts in Chile

Poverty is often characterized not only by low and unstable income, but also by heavy debt burdens. We find that reducing barriers to saving through access to free savings accounts decreases participants' short-term debt by about 20%. In addition, participants who experience an economic shock have less need to reduce consumption, and subjective well-being improves significantly. Precautionary savings and credit therefore act as substitutes in providing self-insurance, and participants prefer borrowing less when a free formal savings account is available. Take-up patterns suggest that requests by others for participants to share their resources may be a key obstacle to saving.
Intergroup Time Bias and Racialized Social Relations

Within the framework of intergroup relations, the authors analyzed the time people spent evaluating ingroup and outgroup members. They hypothesized that White participants take longer to evaluate White targets than Black targets. In four experiments, White participants were slower to form impressions of White than of Black people; that is, they showed an intergroup time bias (ITB). In Study 1 (N = 60), the ITB correlated with implicit prejudice and homogeneity. Study 2 (N = 60) showed that the ITB was independent of the type of trait in question (nonstereotypical vs. stereotypical). Study 3 (N = 100) demonstrated that ITB correlates with racism measured 3 months beforehand, is independent of motivation to control prejudice, and is not an epiphenomenon of homogeneity. In Study 4 (N = 40) participants not only showed the ITB in a racialized social context but also displayed it following a minimal group manipulation.
A Specific Adaptation in the a Subunit of Thermoalkaliphilic F1FO-ATP Synthase Enables ATP Synthesis at High pH but Not at Neutral pH Values*

Analysis of the atp operon from the thermoalkaliphilic Bacillus sp. TA2.A1 and comparison with other atp operons from alkaliphilic bacteria reveals the presence of a conserved lysine residue at position 180 (Bacillus sp. TA2.A1 numbering) within the a subunit of these F1Fo-ATP synthases. We hypothesize that the basic nature of this residue is ideally suited to capture protons from the bulk phase at high pH. To test this hypothesis, a heterologous expression system for the ATP synthase from Bacillus sp. TA2.A1 (TA2F1Fo) was developed in Escherichia coli DK8 (Δatp). Amino acid substitutions were made in the a subunit of TA2F1Fo at position 180. Lysine (aK180) was substituted for the basic residues histidine (aK180H) or arginine (aK180R), and the uncharged residue glycine (aK180G). ATP synthesis experiments were performed in ADP plus Pi-loaded right-side-out membrane vesicles energized by ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate. When these enzyme complexes were examined for their ability to perform ATP synthesis over the pH range from 7.0 to 10.0, TA2F1Fo and aK180R showed a similar pH profile having optimum ATP synthesis rates at pH 9.0–9.5 with no measurable ATP synthesis at pH 7.5. Conversely, aK180H and aK180G showed maximal ATP synthesis at pH values 8.0 and 7.5, respectively. ATP synthesis under these conditions for all enzyme forms was sensitive to DCCD. These data strongly imply that amino acid residue Lys180 is a specific adaptation within the a subunit of TA2F1Fo to facilitate proton capture at high pH. At pH values near the pKa of Lys180, the trapped protons readily dissociate to reach the subunit c binding sites, but this dissociation is impeded at neutral pH values causing either a blocking of the proposed H+ channel and/or mechanism of proton translocation, and hence ATP synthesis is inhibited.
Optical Character Recognition as Sequence Mapping

Digitization can provide a means of preserving the content of the materials by creating an accessible facsimile of the object in order to put less strain on already fragile originals such as out of print books. The document analysis community formed to address this by digitizing the content thus, making it easily shareable over Internet, making it searchable and, enabling language translation on them. In this thesis, we have tried to see optical character recognition as a mapping problem. We proposed extensions to two method and reduced its limitations. We proposed an application for sequence to sequence learning architecture which removed two limitations of previous state of art method based of connectionist temporal classification output layer. This method also gives representations which can be used for efficient retrieval. We also proposed an extension to profile features which enabled us to use same idea but by learning features from data. In first work, we propose an application of sequence to sequence learning approach for printed text Optical Character Recognition. In contrast to present day existing state-of-art OCR solution which uses Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) output layer our approach makes minimalistic assumptions on the structure and length of the sequence. We use a two step encoder-decoder approach – (a) A recurrent encoder reads a variable length printed text word image and encodes it to a fixed dimensional embedding. (b) This fixed dimensional embedding is subsequently comprehended by decoder structure which converts it into a variable length text output. The learnt deep word image embedding from encoder can be used for printed text based retrieval systems. The expressive fixed dimensional embedding for any variable length input expedites the task of retrieval and makes it more efficient which is not possible with other recurrent neural network architectures. Thus single model can do predictions and features learnt with supervision can be used for efficient retrieval. In the second work, we investigate the possibility of learning an appropriate set of features for designing OCR for a specific language. We learn the language specific features from the data with no supervision. In this work, we learn features using a unsupervised feature learning and use it with the RNN based recognition solution. We learn features using a stacked Restricted Boltzman Machines (RBM). These features can be interpreted as deep extension of projection profiles. These features can be used as a plug and play features to get improvements where profile feature are used. We validate these features on five different languages. In addition, these novel features also resulted in better convergence rate of the RNNs. vi