Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some Determinants of Student Corporate Social Responsibility Orientation

This study examines the effect of gender, Machiavellian orientation, and socially desirable reporting on the respondent’s orientation toward corporate social responsibility. A sample of 219 undergraduate students from a Midwestern university exhibited differences in orientation across gender and degree of Machiavellian orientation. Social desirability had a minimal effect on the responses.
The Moderating Effect of Ego Depletion on Viewer Brand Recognition and Brand Attitudes Following Exposure to Subtle Versus Blatant Product Placements in Television Programs

Consumers are often exposed to subtle and blatant product placements as they watch a variety of evening television shows. In addition, as they watch, consumers self-regulatory resources are expected to be "depleted" following a typical day at work and/or home (Baumeister, Heatherton, and Tice 1994). Connecting these two ideas, the current study tests whether ego depletion moderates the impact of subtle versus blatant product placements on viewers' brand recognition and brand attitudes. Using experimenter-generated television pilots as stimuli, the findings of our empirical investigation indicate that viewers are less likely to recognize being exposed to subtly placed than to blatantly placed brands, and this difference is magnified by ego depletion. In addition, when viewers are not depleted, blatant placements lead to more favorable attitudes than subtle placements. When viewers are in a depleted state, however, subtle placements lead to more favorable attitudes than blatant placements. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Black teachers giving voice: choosing and experiencing teaching

Abstract This article draws on an Economic and Social Research Council funded study of black teachers' lives and careers. Based on a series of 20 life histories, the article examines teachers' motives for entering the teaching profession and considers the experience of teaching in Britain from the perspective of the black teacher. The article discusses the impact of overt and unintended racism in teachers' lives and considers the position of the black teacher in relation to core and periphery models of work and organisation. The article concludes that racism of various types exists at a structural and interactional level in schools and in this sense, is integral to the lives and careers of black teachers.
Fossils and phylogeny uncover the evolutionary history of a unique antipredator behaviour

Recently, two squirrel species (Spermophilus spp.) were discovered to anoint their bodies with rattlesnake scent as a means of concealing their odour from these chemosensory predators. In this study, we tested multiple species with predator scents (rattlesnake and weasel) to determine the prevalence of scent application across the squirrel phylogeny. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of the behaviour using a phylogenetic analysis and fossil records of historic predator co‐occurrence. Squirrels with historical and current rattlesnake co‐occurrence all applied rattlesnake scent, whereas no relationship existed between weasel scent application and either weasel or rattlesnake co‐occurrence. This was surprising because experimental tests confirmed rattlesnake and weasel scent were both effective at masking prey odour from hunting rattlesnakes (the primary predator of squirrels). Ancestral reconstructions and fossil data suggest predator scent application in squirrels is ancient in origin, arising before co‐occurrences with rattlesnakes or weasels in response to some other, now extinct, chemosensory predator.
The Relationship of Computer Attitudes to Reported Use and Observed Behavioral Proficiency

ABSTRACT The current health care delivery system increasingly relies upon information technology (IT) to more effectively and efficiently meet patient needs. This paper reports findings from an observational field study that examined the relationship of computer self-efficacy, computer anxiety, and perceived computer usefulness to behavioral performance utilizing IT programs by clinical staff in a hospital-based social work and nursing case management department. The results indicated significant relationships between observed behavioral proficiency on a computer resource directory search task and self-reported ratings of computer self-efficacy and computer anxiety. Higher task proficiency was associated with higher computer self-efficacy ratings. Lower task proficiency was associated with higher computer anxiety. More frequent self-reported use of the computer resource directory was significantly associated with higher ratings of computer usefulness.
Repeated Exposure to Daytime Soap Opera and Shifts in Moral Judgment Toward Social Convention

This study examined the influence of prolonged exposure to soap opera on character dispositions and real-world moral judgments. Eight groups viewed from 0–7 weeks of soap opera prior to a final week after which participants completed measures of disposition towards show characters as well as perceptions of morality in real-world situations. Results demonstrated the effect of prolonged exposure on both the polarization of dispositions toward characters and a trend in moral judgments toward social convention. These findings highlight the role of disposition within social cognitive theory, and the importance of dispositional considerations in understanding learned morality.
Contributions of primate prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe to temporal-order memory

Significance We compared the patterns of neural activity in cells in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) with cells in three areas within the medial temporal lobes (MTL) and visual area TE in nonhuman primates during the encoding phase of a temporal-order memory task. While many cells in both regions signaled information about item identity, temporal order, and the combination of the two, cells in these regions used largely distinct encoding strategies. PFC signaled specific information about the conjunction of item and temporal order and prominent stimulus-selective delay activity that is well suited for planning actions. By contrast, MTL areas exhibited item-based signals modulated by temporal order as well as prominent incremental timing signals that are well suited for episodic encoding. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological studies have emphasized the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in maintaining information about the temporal order of events or items for upcoming actions. However, the medial temporal lobe (MTL) has also been considered critical to bind individual events or items to their temporal context in episodic memory. Here we characterize the contributions of these brain areas by comparing single-unit activity in the dorsal and ventral regions of macaque lateral PFC (d-PFC and v-PFC) with activity in MTL areas including the hippocampus (HPC), entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex (PRC) as well as in area TE during the encoding phase of a temporal-order memory task. The v-PFC cells signaled specific items at particular time periods of the task. By contrast, MTL cortical cells signaled specific items across multiple time periods and discriminated the items between time periods by modulating their firing rates. Analysis of the temporal dynamics of these signals showed that the conjunctive signal of item and temporal-order information in PRC developed earlier than that seen in v-PFC. During the delay interval between the two cue stimuli, while v-PFC provided prominent stimulus-selective delay activity, MTL areas did not. Both regions of PFC and HPC exhibited an incremental timing signal that appeared to represent the continuous passage of time during the encoding phase. However, the incremental timing signal in HPC was more prominent than that observed in PFC. These results suggest that PFC and MTL contribute to the encoding of the integration of item and timing information in distinct ways.
Disorganized attachment associated with partner violence: A research note

Soixante-dix meres de milieu defavorise et leurs bebes de 15 mois ont ete evalues a domicile et en laboratoire pour examiner si les compte rendus des meres faisant etat de detresse et de violence domestique etaient associes a l'attachement enfant-mere et la motivation de developpement de l'enfant. Comme on l'avait predit, les meres faisant l'experience d'une violence domestique plus serieuse avaient plus de chances d'avoir des enfants ayant des attachements deorganises envers elles. Il n'y avait aucune association entre les experiences de violence domestique ou de detresse et la motivation de developpement de l'enfant. Les recherches a venir devraient evaluer la correlation entre la violence domestique chez les modes de soin adultes et les attachements enfant-mode de soin.
Duality in Linear Programming Problems Related to Deterministic Long Run Average Problems of Optimal Control

It has been established recently that, under mild conditions, deterministic long run average problems of optimal control are “asymptotically equivalent” to infinite-dimensional linear programming problems (LPPs) and that these LPPs can be approximated by finite-dimensional LPPs. In this paper we introduce the corresponding infinite- and finite-dimensional dual problems and study duality relationships. We also investigate the possibility of using solutions of finite-dimensional LPPs and their duals for numerical construction of the optimal controls in periodic optimization problems. The construction is illustrated with a numerical example.
The Secret of Eternal Youth: Identity, risk and learning difficulties

Post-war theories of 'youth' as a transitional phase of life are reviewed in terms of their common assumption about the formation of a stable adult identity. The post-modern challenge to the assumption of a stable self is outlined together with attempts by theorists of late modernity to hold structure and agency in creative tension. People with learning difficulties, it is argued, represent an abnormal transition in a Learning Society, thus enabling us to understand the nature of transition and identity in such a society more clearly. Ethnographic case studies of a man of 23, a man of 33 and a woman of 43, all being Down's Syndrome, are presented. The limits of their transition to full adulthood are specified in terms of four key markers of adulthood. The paper concludes by reflecting on the purchase of different theories of youth and identity, and on the politics of learning difficulties.
The origin and effect of small RNA signaling in plants

Given their sessile condition, land plants need to integrate environmental cues rapidly and send signal throughout the organism to modify their metabolism accordingly. Small RNA (sRNA) molecules are among the messengers that plant cells use to carry such signals. These molecules originate from fold-back stem-loops transcribed from endogenous loci or from perfect double-stranded RNA produced through the action of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Once produced, sRNAs associate with Argonaute (AGO) and other proteins to form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that executes silencing of complementary RNA molecules. Depending on the nature of the RNA target and the AGO protein involved, RISC triggers either DNA methylation or chromatin modification (leading to transcriptional gene silencing, TGS) or RNA cleavage or translational inhibition (leading to post-transcriptional gene silencing, PTGS). In some cases, sRNAs move to neighboring cells and/or to the vascular tissues for long-distance trafficking. Many genes are involved in the biogenesis of sRNAs and recent studies have shown that both their origin and their protein partners have great influence on their activity and range. Here we summarize the work done to uncover the mode of action of the different classes of sRNA with special emphasis on their movement and how plants can take advantage of their mobility. We also review the various genetic requirements needed for production, movement and perception of the silencing signal.
Cultural Values and Performance Appraisal: Assessing the Effects of Rater Self-Construal on Performance Ratings

ABSTRACT Much of the prior research investigating the influence of cultural values on performance ratings has focused either on conducting cross-national comparisons among raters or using cultural level individualism/collectivism scales to measure the effects of cultural values on performance ratings. Recent research has shown that there is considerable within country variation in cultural values, i.e. people in one country can be more individualistic or collectivistic in nature. Taking the latter perspective, the present study used Markus and Kitayama's (1991) conceptualization of independent and interdependent self-construals as measures of individual variations in cultural values to investigate within culture variations in performance ratings. Results suggest that rater self-construal has a significant influence on overall performance evaluations; specifically, raters with a highly interdependent self-construal tend to show a preference for interdependent ratees, whereas raters high on independent self-construal do not show a preference for specific type of ratees when making overall performance evaluations. Although rater self-construal significantly influenced overall performance evaluations, no such effects were observed for specific dimension ratings. Implications of these results for performance appraisal research and practice are discussed.
Impact of Multidirectional Forwarding on the Capacity of Large Wireless Networks

We consider the capacity problem in large wireless multihop networks by separating the problem into macroscopic and microscopic level subproblems. At the macroscopic level, the task is to determine the routes that are geometric curves. At the microscopic level, we need to forward the traffic according to its directional distribution that results from the macroscopic level routes. Previous studies have treated the macroscopic level problem simply as that of load balancing, implying the use of time sharing to serve the traffic flowing in different directions. We study how a scheduling that truly interleaves the traffic flows in different directions affects the macroscopic level problem. We restrict the macroscopic routes to certain simple path sets. This together with earlier results on the microscopic level forwarding capacity allows us to obtain new results on the macroscopic level capacity that demonstrate the gains from multidirectional forwarding.
A STUDY OF THE DIVERSE T DWARF POPULATION REVEALED BY WISE

We report the discovery of 87 new T dwarfs uncovered with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and 3 brown dwarfs with extremely red near-infrared colors that exhibit characteristics of both L and T dwarfs. Two of the new T dwarfs are likely binaries with L7 ± 1 primaries and mid-type T secondaries. In addition, our follow-up program has confirmed 10 previously identified T dwarfs and 4 photometrically selected L and T dwarf candidates in the literature. This sample, along with the previous WISE discoveries, triples the number of known brown dwarfs with spectral types later than T5. Using the WISE All-Sky Source Catalog we present updated color–color and color-type diagrams for all the WISE-discovered T and Y dwarfs. Near-infrared spectra of the new discoveries are presented along with spectral classifications. To accommodate later T dwarfs we have modified the integrated flux method of determining spectral indices to instead use the median flux. Furthermore, a newly defined J-narrow index differentiates the early-type Y dwarfs from late-type T dwarfs based on the J-band continuum slope. The K/J indices for this expanded sample show that 32% of late-type T dwarfs have suppressed K-band flux and are blue relative to the spectral standards, while only 11% are redder than the standards. Comparison of the Y/J and K/J index to models suggests diverse atmospheric conditions and supports the possible re-emergence of clouds after the L/T transition. We also discuss peculiar brown dwarfs and candidates that were found not to be substellar, including two young stellar objects and two active galactic nuclei. The substantial increase in the number of known late-type T dwarfs provides a population that will be used to test models of cold atmospheres and star formation. The coolest WISE-discovered brown dwarfs are the closest of their type and will remain the only sample of their kind for many years to come.
Adenoviral Delivery of Recombinant Soluble Human Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 Partially Normalized Mouse Model of Asthma

Background Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in the airway pathology of asthma and result in resistance to hormone therapy. Tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors have become a major research focus in the treatment of asthma. Methods Recombinant adenovirus (Ad-sTNFR1-IgGFc) expressing a fusion protein (sTNFR1-IgGFc), which was consisted of the soluble extracellular region of TNF receptor 1 and Fc fragment of IgG (sTNFR1-IgGFc), was used to transduce primary human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry confirmed the expression of sTNFR1-IgGFc. MTT was used to test the effect of sTNFR1-IgGFc to antagonism TNF-α–induced proliferates of HASMCs. To investigate the in vivo effectiveness of sTNFR1-IgGFc, mouse model of asthma was established. Ad-sTNFR1-IgGFc was delivered to the lung via nasal spray. Expression of sTNFR1-IgGFc in the tissue was confirmed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The 2 major cell types that are involved in the inflamed asthmatic airway, neutrophils and eosinophils, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed. Results The sTNFR1-IgGFc isolated from transduced HASMC culture supernatant was able to antagonize HASMC proliferation stimulated by TNF-α. Asthma-induced pathologies and alterations in the cell composition in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were reduced in mice subjected to Ad-sTNFR1-IgGFc therapy. Conclusions The soluble extracellular region of TNF receptor 1 and Fc fragment of IgG was able to functionally antagonize TNF-α in vitro and showed promise as a therapeutic agent for the localized treatment of severe refractory asthma.
Workplace reasons for saying you're sorry: Discourse task management and apology in telephone interviews

We propose a model of the speech act of apologizing that ranges apologies along a continuum from the most situational, on one end, to the most personal, on the other. We then analyze the 252 occurrences of I'm sorry, excuse me, and beg pardon and their variants in 62 telephone interviews conducted for a public‐opinion polling service. Very few of the apologies in the interviews are responses to particular personal offenses, intended to convey regret and apparently successful in doing so. Rather, because of the necessity for discourse task management in this genre, interviewers and respondents use apologies at the situational end of the continuum. Such apologies signal and remedy minor interactional difficulties and establish cooperative rapport. Situational apologies also serve as indirect ways of rejecting questions or answers or cajoling reluctant respondents. Situational apologies are routinized in origin and unelaborated in form; their function is to restore social equilibrium rather than to express g.
The theory of reasoned action and self‐construal: Evidence from three cultures

Self‐construals have been advanced as individual level cultural dimensions, and are thought to explain and mediate the effects of culture on a variety of outcome measures. This study (total N = 439) investigated the effects of self‐construals on the attitudinal and normative components of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) in Korea, Hawaii, and the mainland United States. Self‐construals were investigated as both mediators and moderators of cultural effects. Across cultures, the data were consistent with the TRA, scores on independent self‐construal were positively related to personal attitudes toward behavior, and scores on interdependent self‐construal were positively related to normative beliefs and social attitudes toward behavior. Specific effects, however, varied from location to location suggesting a moderating role for self‐construals. Mixed results were obtained for the link between culture and self‐construals, and for the mediation model. Individuals in all three locations scored higher on inde.
Unfolding the Dance of Team Learning: A Metaphorical Investigation of Collective Learning

This article engages with the ongoing debate surrounding the validity of collective learning methodologies found in the popular management literature, such as team learning. It explores some of the alleged lacunae in these dialogic methodologies by exploring the metaphors invoked by their proponents. This exploration employs a metaphorical framework, which then takes one of these metaphors (dance) and unfolds it as a more substantive `model' metaphor—rather than apply it in a superficial way, as appears to be the case currently. This development, in turn, permits the integration of an alternative sociocultural view of collective learning. Consequently, dialogue in collective learning becomes represented as divergent and multifarious, rather than merely as convergent upon simplistic outcomes. The potentials of the dance metaphor are examined, alongside a brief discussion of the methodological approaches that could facilitate further exploration, making it possible to highlight aspects for consideration in further research.
Molecular Signatures of Quiescent, Mobilized and Leukemia-Initiating Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are rare, multipotent cells capable of generating all specialized cells of the blood system. Appropriate regulation of HSC quiescence is thought to be crucial to maintain their lifelong function; however, the molecular pathways controlling stem cell quiescence remain poorly characterized. Likewise, the molecular events driving leukemogenesis remain elusive. In this study, we compare the gene expression profiles of steady-state bone marrow HSC to non-self-renewing multipotent progenitors; to HSC treated with mobilizing drugs that expand the HSC pool and induce egress from the marrow; and to leukemic HSC in a mouse model of chronic myelogenous leukemia. By intersecting the resulting lists of differentially regulated genes we identify a subset of molecules that are downregulated in all three circumstances, and thus may be particularly important for the maintenance and function of normal, quiescent HSC. These results identify potential key regulators of HSC and give insights into the clinically important processes of HSC mobilization for transplantation and leukemic development from cancer stem cells.