Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developmental Origins of Scientific Thinking

Identifying the developmental origins of scientific thinking, as well as its endpoint, provides an essential framework for understanding its development. The origins of scientific thinking are claimed here to lie in attainments in epistemological understanding, beginning with the understanding achieved at about 4 years of age that assertions generated by human minds are distinguishable from an external reality against which they can be compared. Despite this achievement, children between 4 and 6 years of age exhibit an epistemological category mistake regarding the source of knowledge. They confuse a theory making it plausible that an event occurred and evidence indicating that the event did occur, as the source of their knowing that the event occurred. Appreciation of this distinction develops rapidly during this age range and reflects increasing mastery of an epistemological understanding we argue to be of foundational status for the development of scientific thinking, defined here as the consciously controlled coordination of theory and evidence.
Estimation of Respiratory Rates Using the Built-in Microphone of a Smartphone or Headset

This paper proposes accurate respiratory rate estimation using nasal breath sound recordings from a smartphone. Specifically, the proposed method detects nasal airflow using a built-in smartphone microphone or a headset microphone placed underneath the nose. In addition, we also examined if tracheal breath sounds recorded by the built-in microphone of a smartphone placed on the paralaryngeal space can also be used to estimate different respiratory rates ranging from as low as 6 breaths/min to as high as 90 breaths/min. The true breathing rates were measured using inductance plethysmography bands placed around the chest and the abdomen of the subject. Inspiration and expiration were detected by averaging the power of nasal breath sounds. We investigated the suitability of using the smartphone-acquired breath sounds for respiratory rate estimation using two different spectral analyses of the sound envelope signals: The Welch periodogram and the autoregressive spectrum. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methods, data were collected from ten healthy subjects. For the breathing range studied (6-90 breaths/min), experimental results showed that our approach achieves an excellent performance accuracy for the nasal sound as the median errors were less than 1% for all breathing ranges. The tracheal sound, however, resulted in poor estimates of the respiratory rates using either spectral method. For both nasal and tracheal sounds, significant estimation outliers resulted for high breathing rates when subjects had nasal congestion, which often resulted in the doubling of the respiratory rates. Finally, we show that respiratory rates from the nasal sound can be accurately estimated even if a smartphone's microphone is as far as 30 cm away from the nose.
Aggregate Volatility Risk and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns: Australian Evidence

This study examines the relation between aggregate volatility risk and the cross-section of stock returns in Australia. We use a stock's sensitivity to innovations in the ASX200 implied volatility (VIX) as a proxy for aggregate volatility risk. Consistent with theoretical predictions, aggregate volatility risk is negatively related to the cross-section of stock returns only when market volatility is rising. The asymmetric volatility effect is persistent throughout the sample period and is robust after controlling for size, book-to-market, momentum, and liquidity issues. There is some evidence that aggregate volatility risk is a priced factor, especially in months with increasing market volatility.
3 Mechanical Diode-Based Ultrasonic Atomic Force Microscopies

Recent advances in mechanical diode-based ultrasonic force microscopy techniques are reviewed. The potential of Ultrasonic Force Microscopy (UFM) for the study of material elastic properties is explained in detail. Advantages of the application of UFM in nanofabrication are discussed. Mechanical-Diode Ultrasonic Friction Force Microscopy (MD-UFFM) is introduced, and compared with Lateral Acoustic Force Microscopy (LAFM) and Torsional Resonance (TR) – Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). MD-UFFM provides a new method for the study of shear elasticity, viscoelasticity, and tribological properties on the nanoscale. The excitation of beats at nanocontacts and the implementation of Heterodyne Force Microscopy (HFM) are described. HFM introduces a very interesting procedure to take advantage of the time resolution inherent in high-frequency actuation.
Is Your Innovation Process Global

Many companies have supply chains that are global. They start with the sourcing of components and raw materials from around the world, then move their basic manufacturing to low-cost locations overseas. But few organizations have innovation processes that are equally global. That is, rarely do businesses have innovation activities that integrate distinctive knowledge from around the world as effectively as global supply chains integrate far-flung sources of raw materials, labor, components and services. But some companies ? Nokia, Airbus, SAP and Starbucks, among them ? have managed to assemble an integrated "innovation chain" that is truly global. They have been able to implement a process for innovating that transcends local clusters and national boundaries, becoming what the authors call "metanational innovators. " This process requires three steps: prospecting (finding relevant pockets of knowledge from around the world), assessing (deciding on the optimal "footprint" for a particular innovation) and mobilizing (using cost-effective mechanisms to move distant knowledge without degrading it). When done properly, metanational innovation can provide companies with a powerful new source of competitive advantage: more, higher-value innovation at lower cost.
Diet and acne: a review of the evidence

Pharmaceutical acne treatments are costly and have potentially severe side-effects. Adolescent acne is typically the result of clogged, infected, pilosebaceous follicles. Adults may experience fewer comedones and more inflammatory lesions. 1 Normally, sebum travels up the follicle to the skin surface. Hormones may increase sebum production and cause follicular cells to hyperproliferate and block the follicular opening, forming a comedo. 4 Complete follicle blockage results in closed comedones (i.e. “whiteheads”), whereas incomplete blockage results in open comedones (“blackheads”). Comedo formation typically occurs over the course of 2–3 weeks. Acne may manifest in the form of noninflammatory comedones, superficial inflammatory lesions (papules, pustules), and/or deeper inflammatory lesions (nodules, cysts). Inflammatory lesion formation occurs most commonly when Propionibacterium acnes colonizes the pilosebaceous unit, triggering follicular rupture and a neutrophil cascade. 5
Taylor's law and body size in exploited marine ecosystems

Taylor's law (TL), which states that variance in population density is related to mean density via a power law, and density-mass allometry, which states that mean density is related to body mass via a power law, are two of the most widely observed patterns in ecology. Combining these two laws predicts that the variance in density is related to body mass via a power law (variance-mass allometry). Marine size spectra are known to exhibit density-mass allometry, but variance-mass allometry has not been investigated. We show that variance and body mass in unexploited size spectrum models are related by a power law, and that this leads to TL with an exponent slightly <2. These simulated relationships are disrupted less by balanced harvesting, in which fishing effort is spread across a wide range of body sizes, than by size-at-entry fishing, in which only fish above a certain size may legally be caught.
Student Attitudes toward Technology Enhanced History Education: Comparison between Turkish and American Students

Similar with all educational approaches in technology enhanced instruction teacher and student attitudes toward the new approach plays a critical role in determining its effectiveness. The purpose of the study is to examine Turkish and American student attitudes and thoughts toward the use of educational technologies in history courses and the factors that might affect their attitudes. The study also aims to compare the results to determine whether there are any differences between the attitudes of Turkish and American student.This study was conducted with 197 American students from Upper Saint Claire High school in Pittsburgh, PA, and 214 Turkish students from Konya High school who volutered for this study. The required data for this study were gathered by a 26-item technology questionnaire, which included 7 multiple-choice questions and 19 Likert scale questions. This questionnaire was developed to gather data on five different areas of interest: (1) demographic information, (2) participants' computer- and Internet-usage skills, (3) the level of technology used in history classrooms, (4) participants' attitudes toward technology-enhanced history education, and (5) participants' attitudes toward history. Most of the Turkish and American students rated themselves as being very well experienced on the eight computer- and Internet-usage skills targeted in this study. But the comparison of the data indicated that American students have higher computer- and Internet-usage skills than Turkish students do, and this difference is statistically significant (p = 0.001). Most of the Turkish and American students showed positive attitudes on using educational technologies in history classrooms. A majority of the Turkish and American students stated that they would be able to focus and learn better if more technological materials were used in classroom activities, and this, in turn, would increase their academic achievements.
Cops in crisis?: ethnographic insights on a new era of politicization, activism, accountability, and change in transatlantic policing

ABSTRACT Against the complex backdrop of a post-modern era, characterised by a renewed emphasis on public accountability, oppositional social and political movements, it has been argued that traditional agents of social control have increasingly begun to experience a sense of disempowerment. Nowhere has this been more apparent than within the context of policing, where the increased influence of the mass media, social media, and newly empowered groups has led to an apparent legitimacy crisis on both sides of the Atlantic. To better understand officers’ views, attitudes, and perspectives about the changing landscape of policing, this paper reports on insights from a comparative study involving participant observation in two counties in a Southern State in the United States of America and three inner-city areas in Scotland. The observations were paired with in-depth semi-structured interviews with 18 American and 22 Scottish officers. The data suggest that officers on both sides of the Atlantic are hostile towards the increasing influence of new forms of media and digital activism. Many officers also expressed concern for declining public cooperation and perceived there to have been a general diminution of police authority and enforcement tactics. Finally, there was a general feeling of reduced officer self-legitimacy among the participants but an increased awareness of procedural justice and alternative (and more covert) enforcement strategies. The implications from these findings are discussed in terms of changing perceptions of justice, legitimacy, social ideology, and the proposed consequences for rights-based policing in the 21st Century.
A Review on Non-Linear Vibrations of Thin Shells

This review paper aims to present an updated review of papers, conference papers, books, dissertations dealing with nonlinear vibrations of circular cylindrical thin shells. This paper surveyed mathematically, experimentally, analytically, numerically analyzed vibrations of cylindrical shells. This includes shells of open type, closed type, with and without fluid interactions; shells subjected to free and forced vibrations, radial harmonic excitations, seismically excitations; perfect and imperfect shell structures of various materials with different boundary conditions. This paper presented 210 reference papers in alphabetical order. This paper is presented as Geometrically nonlinear shell theories, Free and forced vibrations under radial harmonic excitation, Imperfect shells, shells subjected to seismic excitations, References.
Option Hedging with Smooth Market Impact

We consider intraday hedging of an option position, for a large trader who experiences temporary and permanent market impact. We formulate the general model including overnight risk, and solve explicitly in two cases which we believe are representative. The first case is an option with approximately constant gamma: the optimal hedge trades smoothly towards the classical Black–Scholes delta, with trading intensity proportional to instantaneous mishedge and inversely proportional to illiquidity. The second case is an arbitrary non-linear option structure but with no permanent impact: the optimal hedge trades toward a value offset from the Black–Scholes delta. We estimate the effects produced on the public markets if a large collection of traders all hedge similar positions. We construct a stable hedge strategy with discrete time steps.
Effects of chlorpheniramine (histamine H1 receptor antagonist) on food and water intake in broiler chickens in hunger and satiety

The role of histamine in the regulation of food and water intake in mammals and birds of the review, this study evaluated the effects of intraperitoneal administration of chlorpheniramine as histamine H1-receptor antagonist, in broiler chicks on feed intake and satiety in water and was hungry. 32 male Ross broiler chicks reared in groups of four weeks, 16 samples (control and test) were then injected with 0.5 ml chlorpheniramine (40 mg per kg of body weight) intraperitoneally, feed intake and water per chick at intervals of 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 min and2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 21, 23 h after injection and the controls weight was recorded. The results showed that chlorpheniramine in satiety after injection caused a significant decrease (p <0.0001) in feed intake compared with the control group. Chlorpheniramine injection in starvation mode after injection induced a significant decrease (p <0.0001) in feed intake compared with the control group. Satiety in a state of chlorpheniramine in180, 240,300, 360, 420, 480, 540, 600, 660, 720 min after injection (p <0.0001) caused a significant reduction in water use. Chlorpheniramine injection, at 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, 540, 600 min after injection (p <0.05) caused a significant reduction in water consumption.
Far-infrared dust properties in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds

A recent data analysis of the far-infrared (FIR) map of the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds has shown that there is a tight correlation between two FIR colours: the 60–100 and 100–140 μm colours. This FIR colour relation called ‘main correlation’ can be interpreted as indicative of a sequence of various interstellar radiation fields with a common FIR optical property of grains. In this paper, we constrain the FIR optical properties of grains by comparing the calculated FIR colours with the observational main correlation. We show that neither of the ‘standard’ grain species (i.e. astronomical silicate and graphite grains) reproduces the main correlation. However, if the emissivity index at 100 ≲λ≲ 200 μm is changed to ≃1–1.5 (not ≃2 as the above two species), the main correlation can be successfully explained. Thus, we propose that the FIR emissivity index is ≃1–1.5 for the dust in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds at 100 ≲λ≲ 200 μm. We also consider the origin of the minor correlation called ‘subcorrelation’, which can be used to estimate the Galactic star formation rate.
What Makes Theatrical Performances Successful in China's Tourism Industry?

This study aims to explore the factors affecting the success of a popular tourist product, namely, theatrical performance, within the context of China's tourism industry and develop a model based on previously successful productions. Using qualitative software, 22 Chinese-language articles on theatrical performances are analyzed to generate a list of success factors, classified as internal and external. The internal factors are storyline and performing, market positioning and marketing strategy, investment and financial support, operation and management, performing team, outdoor venue, indoor/outdoor stage supporting facilities, continuous improvement, and production team. The external factors are collaboration between cultural industries and local tourism, government support, privatization, and social and cultural effect. This study also provides suggestions for the future development of theatrical performances in China.
Struggles and achievements: Experiences of working-class, white, male, academics who attain tenure

This study investigated a little known topic: the experiences of working-class white male professors who have attained tenure. Academics who have immigrated from working-class backgrounds have reported experiences of navigating culturally confusing interactions within their professional settings, even years after their class migrations. Working-class white male tenured academics were selected for the present study in order to ascertain findings intended to contribute to understandings of their pre-tenure social class-related experiences and strategies they believed most significant for tenure attainment. Ethnographic research methods were employed in this study. Research questions guiding the study were: “What do first-generation white male college professors identify as the key factors which helped them achieve tenure? ” and, “To what extent did their class background help or hinder the process? ” The data analysis chapter divides participants’ experiences into three themes: Theme 1 addresses some of the formal and informal social contexts of the tenure process. Themes 2 and 3 focus on the participants’ psychological and social challenges and successes that were also part of the process. This study analyzed data regarding social contexts that participants believed were relevant to their tenure attainment. Participants experienced academic culture in ways connected to important issues of diversity and exclusion found in the literature on the experiences of other, more traditionally recognized marginalized groups in American higher education. Seemingly routine work-related events often transpired according to unwritten social rules informed by academic culture. Most participants reported significant cultural outsider experiences, although they also experienced culturally-based challenges to success, they gradually developed strategies
Walnut Trim down Lipid Profile and BMI in Obese Male in Different Ethnic Groups of Quetta Population, Pakistan

A total of 64 male obese subjects were randomized to observe the effect of 40 g of walnut in daily breakfast on lipid profile and Body Mass Index (BMI), total Cholesterol (CHO), Triglyceride (TG) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in obese male subjects of various ethnics i.e. Baloch (B), Pathan (P), Hazara (H) and Punjabi (PU) residing in Quetta region of Balochistan for this purpose four weeks controlled study was designed. A batch of 32 obese male subjects 8 from each ethnic group as a control and another batch of 32 obese males 8 from each ethnic group as treated were selected. Twelve hour fasting blood samples a day after stoppage of walnut were taken from obese control and obese treated subjects. Daily walnut consumption in obese male subjects evidently demonstrated reduced BMI in all ethnic groups. Walnut supplementation in obese exhibited significant reduction in cholesterol level in Baloch (P 0.01), H (P lipid level.
Vector Symbolic Architectures: A New Building Material for Artificial General Intelligence

We provide an overview of Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSA), a class of structured associative memory models that offers a number of desirable features for artificial general intelligence. By directly encoding structure using familiar, computationally efficient algorithms, VSA bypasses many of the problems that have consumed unnecessary effort and attention in previous connectionist work. Example applications from opposite ends of the AI spectrum --visual map-seeking circuits and structured analogy processing --attest to the generality and power of the VSA approach in building new solutions for AI.
Fact, Fiction, or Evolution: Mechanism Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

The metabolism hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was first proposed in 1975. In normal aging and very mild AD, the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) remained approximately constant, but the metabolism of glucose (CMRglu) declined markedly. This decline in CMRglu identified a specific and primary metabolic defect that triggered downstream cellular cascades evolving into AD and its characteristic neuropathological lesions. These findings led research about AD into the role of insulin resistance that foresaw modern trials of insulin for AD treatment. The metabolism hypothesis evolved over subsequent decades with improved in-vivo measurement of metabolic parameters and AD biomarkers in humans. A more recent model highlights the interrelationships between the default mode network (DMN) and biomarkers such as CMRglu, amyloid, and tau. In other words, metabolic conditions related to sustained cortical activity during aging throughout the lifetime are conducive to the deposition of amyloid. This activity is thought to underlie the “autobiographical self. ” These ideas and findings motivate aging and AD-research focus on the biochemistry and cell biology of cerebral metabolism.
Nutritional status influences socially regulated foraging ontogeny in honey bees

SUMMARY In many social insects, including honey bees, worker energy reserve levels are correlated with task performance in the colony. Honey bee nest workers have abundant stored lipid and protein while foragers are depleted of these reserves; this depletion precedes the shift from nest work to foraging. The first objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that lipid depletion has a causal effect on the age at onset of foraging in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). We found that bees treated with a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor (TOFA) were more likely to forage precociously. The second objective of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between social interactions, nutritional state and behavioral maturation. Since older bees are known to inhibit the development of young bees into foragers, we asked whether this effect is mediated nutritionally via the passage of food from old to young bees. We found that bees reared in social isolation have low lipid stores, but social inhibition occurs in colonies in the field, whether young bees are starved or fed. These results indicate that although social interactions affect the nutritional status of young bees, social and nutritional factors act independently to influence age at onset of foraging. Our findings suggest that mechanisms linking internal nutritional physiology to foraging in solitary insects have been co-opted to regulate altruistic foraging in a social context.