Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changing Men, Changing Times – Fathers and Sons from an Experimental Gender Equality Study

The aim of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for addressing intergenerational transmission, historical change and agency. The framework will be employed to analyse the findings from a longitudinal follow-up study over two generations of men, where couples from Norway participated in an experimental research study, the Work-Sharing Couples Project, which aimed to promote egalitarian work-family adaptations in the early 1970s. The original study was based on both spouses working part-time and shift parenting. The follow-up study concluded that the untraditional work-family arrangement had not been passed on to the sons. The article develops a multidimensional analysis of the work-family adaptations of men in two generations: the untraditional adaptation of fathers in the 1970s; and the neo-traditional adaptations of sons in the 2000s. In developing a four-dimensional approach to intergenerational transmission and social change, the article contributes to the study of intergenerational transmission through the comparison of situated agency in different generations and time/ spaces. Taking into account different aspects of time and space, personal biography, discursive and material structures of opportunity, and intergenerational dynamics at the family level as well as at social level, the article contributes to theorizing longitudinal qualitative research by linking the micro-level to the macro-level.
Interference of transferrin isoform types with carbohydrate-deficient transferrin quantification in the identification of alcohol abuse.

BACKGROUND Isoforms of transferrin interfere with measurement of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of heavy alcohol consumption. We evaluated the rate of inaccurate CDT results by immunoassays. METHODS We studied 2360 consecutive sera (1614 individuals) submitted for CDT assay without clinical information as well as samples from 1 patient with a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG Ia) and from 6 healthy carriers of CDG Ia. The CDTect, %CDT-TIA, and new %CDT immunoassays were compared with HPLC (%CDT-HPLC). Transferrin isoform pattern were evaluated by isoelectric focusing (IEF). RESULTS Transferrin BC and CD heterozygotes were found at frequencies of approximately 0.7% and approximately 0.2%, respectively. Another transferrin C subtype, where di- and trisialotransferrin partly coeluted (tentatively identified as C2C3), was observed in approximately 0.6%. Compared with the %CDT-HPLC method, the immunoassays often produced low results for transferrin BC and high results for transferrin CD and "C2C3". A very high trisialotransferrin value (frequency approximately 1%) often produced high CDT immunoassay results. In four of six healthy carriers of CDG Ia, a- and disialotransferrin were highly increased and the HPLC and IEF isoform patterns were indistinguishable from those in alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS Rare transferrin isoform types and abnormal amounts of trisialotransferrin (total frequency approximately 2-3%) may cause incorrect determination of CDT with immunoassays. The observed variants were readily identified by HPLC and IEF, which can be recommended for verification of CDT immunoassay results in doubtful cases. In healthy carriers of CDG Ia, CDT is high by all assays.
Transmit Radiation Pattern Invariance in MIMO Radar With Application to DOA Estimation

The desired property of having the same beampattern for different columns of a beamspace transformation matrix (beamforming vectors) often plays a key importance in practical applications. At most 2M - 1 - 1 beamforming vectors with the same beampattern can be generated from any given beamforming vector, where M is the size of the beamforming vector. Thus, one can start with a single (mother) beamforming vector, which gives a desired beampattern, but may not satisfy some other desired properties, and generate all other beamforming vectors, which give the same beampattern, in a computationally efficient way. Then the beamforming vectors, which in addition satisfy other desired properties that the mother beamforming vector may not satisfy, can be selected. Such procedure is developed in this letter in the application to the transmit beamspace design that ensures practically important properties for multiple-input multiple-output radar. A computationally efficient sub-optimal method for selecting best beamforming vectors from a population of vectors that give the same beampattern is also developed.
Validation of the Caregiver Guilt Questionnaire (CGQ) in a sample of British dementia caregivers

ABSTRACT Background: Depression is well documented as a key outcome variable for dementia caregivers; however, guilt has been under-researched, which may be in part due to the lack of an appropriate measure. The Caregiver Guilt Questionnaire (CGQ) was originally developed and piloted with a Spanish population but has not yet been tested in an English-speaking population. Methods: A cross-sectional postal survey was undertaken with a sample of 221 dementia caregivers in the UK, as part of a larger study of dementia caregiver outcome measures. Results: The five-factor structure identified for the CGQ in the Spanish sample was replicated in this study. The five factors, “guilt about doing wrong by the care recipient,” “guilt about failing to meet the challenges of caregiving,” ‘guilt over experience of negative emotions in relation to caregiving,” “guilt about self-care,” and “guilt about neglecting other relatives” accounted for 60% of the variance. Internal consistencies for the whole scale and factors were acceptable, and convergent validity was established with the Zarit Burden Interview guilt factor. A higher score on the CGQ was associated with a higher score on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) and a new cut-off score of 22 was established, which predicted a clinical score on the CES-D with 80.0% sensitivity and 61.5% specificity. Conclusions: The replication of the five-factor structure suggests that these are relevant themes within the feelings of guilt to both Hispanic and British dementia caregivers. The CGQ has been demonstrated to be a valid measure for use with British dementia caregivers and is likely to be of use in clinical and research settings.
Bepridil and Amiodarone Simultaneously Target the Alzheimer's Disease β- and γ-Secretase via Distinct Mechanisms

The two proteases β-secretase and γ-secretase generate the amyloid β peptide and are drug targets for Alzheimer's disease. Here we tested the possibility of targeting the cellular environment of β-secretase cleavage instead of the β-secretase enzyme itself. β-Secretase has an acidic pH optimum and cleaves the amyloid precursor protein in the acidic endosomes. We identified two drugs, bepridil and amiodarone, that are weak bases and are in clinical use as calcium antagonists. Independently of their calcium-blocking activity, both compounds mildly raised the membrane-proximal, endosomal pH and inhibited β-secretase cleavage at therapeutically achievable concentrations in cultured cells, in primary neurons, and in vivo in guinea pigs. This shows that an alkalinization of the cellular environment could be a novel therapeutic strategy to inhibit β-secretase. Surprisingly, bepridil and amiodarone also modulated γ-secretase cleavage independently of endosomal alkalinization. Thus, both compounds act as dual modulators that simultaneously target β- and γ-secretase through distinct molecular mechanisms. In addition to Alzheimer's disease, compounds with dual properties may also be useful for drug development targeting other membrane proteins.
On Religiosity and Super-religiosity (II): The Case of Jewish Ultra-orthodoxy

Abstract This is part two of my essay on super-religiosity. Though the two parts systematically relate to each other and are complementary, they can be read independently of one another. The first part, printed in the previous issue of Numen (vol. 60, issue 2–3, 2013) presented the analytic model of super-religiosity. The following presents a case study that is an illustration and test of the formerly published conceptual discussion and theoretical argument. The present part applies the idea of super-religiosity to the peculiar instance of Jewish ultra-orthodoxy. It is a comprehensive, methodic, and updated exposition of a particular super-religious society and culture. It focuses on the contemporary Israeli ultra-Orthodox known as Haredim. More precisely, this paper describes and analyzes the hard core of the Haredi group that manifests religious extremism. This examination of the Haredi case in terms of super-religiosity is applied towards an attempt at deconstructing and reevaluating the prevalent concepts of tradition, extremism, and fundamentalism.
Hypoglycemia Overrides Amylin-Mediated Regulation of Gastric Emptying in Rats

Amylin, a 37-amino acid peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin, potently governs the rate of gastric emptying. Hypoglycemia, in the absence of agents such as amylin, is reported to accelerate gastric emptying. We asked whether hypoglycemia had a similar action on gastric emptying in the presence of amylin. In preliminary experiments using a phenol red gavage technique in fasted SD rats, we showed that insulin administration accelerated gastric emptying in a dosage-dependent manner. This acceleration was totally prevented by coadministration of glucose in dosages that prevented a change in plasma glucose, indicating that insulin per se did not affect gastric emptying. The effect on gastric emptying of hypoglycemia induced by a 5 mU/min insulin infusion (t = 5–90 min) was assessed in conscious rats continuously infused with amylin (50 pmol · kg−1 · min−1; t = −30 to 90 min). Gastric emptying was indicated by the appearance in plasma of label from 3-O-methyl-[3H]glucose gavaged at t = 0 min. Label appearance was markedly inhibited in rats preinfused with amylin (84% reduced vs. saline controls at t = 30min), indicating amylin inhibition of gastric emptying. In amylin-treated rats that were subsequently infused with insulin, gavaged label abruptly appeared in plasma when plasma glucose had fallen to 2.1 ± 0.1 mmol/1 (at t ≅ 45 min), consistent with a reversal by hypoglycemia of amylin's inhibition of gastric emptying. These data support the idea of a central “fail-safe” mechanism whereby hypoglycemia can override the slowing of gastric emptying by amylin.
Perceiving social interactions in the posterior superior temporal sulcus

Significance Humans spend a large percentage of their time perceiving the appearance, actions, and intentions of others, and extensive previous research has identified multiple brain regions engaged in these functions. However, social life depends on the ability to understand not just individuals, but also groups and their interactions. Here we show that a specific region of the posterior superior temporal sulcus responds strongly and selectively when viewing social interactions between two other agents. This region also contains information about whether the interaction is positive (helping) or negative (hindering), and may underlie our ability to perceive, understand, and navigate within our social world. Primates are highly attuned not just to social characteristics of individual agents, but also to social interactions between multiple agents. Here we report a neural correlate of the representation of social interactions in the human brain. Specifically, we observe a strong univariate response in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) to stimuli depicting social interactions between two agents, compared with (i) pairs of agents not interacting with each other, (ii) physical interactions between inanimate objects, and (iii) individual animate agents pursuing goals and interacting with inanimate objects. We further show that this region contains information about the nature of the social interaction—specifically, whether one agent is helping or hindering the other. This sensitivity to social interactions is strongest in a specific subregion of the pSTS but extends to a lesser extent into nearby regions previously implicated in theory of mind and dynamic face perception. This sensitivity to the presence and nature of social interactions is not easily explainable in terms of low-level visual features, attention, or the animacy, actions, or goals of individual agents. This region may underlie our ability to understand the structure of our social world and navigate within it.
Learning Organization and Transfer: Strategies for Improving Performance.

Purpose – This study aims to explore a relationship between the learning organization and transfer of training as strategies for learning and managing knowledge to make performance improvements and gain or maintain a competitive advantage.Design/methodology/approach – Various similarities are identified in the literature that are indicative of a relationship between the learning organization and transfer of training such as: emphasis on both as strategies for a competitive advantage, focus on learning and knowledge, emphasis on taking action to improve performance, link between individual learning and organizational learning, and the focus of previous studies. This paper proposes a positive relationship suggesting that learning organizations are more likely to practice transfer of training.Findings – The importance placed on the learning organization and transfer of training as critical factors for improving performance and gaining a competitive advantage necessitate that both areas be further investigate.
Targeting Cells That Overexpress the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor with Polyethylene Glycolated BPD Verteporfin Photosensitizer Immunoconjugates¶

Abstract Photoimmunotherapy was introduced two decades ago but has been studied infrequently in vivo and is virtually untested clinically. Progress has been limited because high-quality, well-characterized photosensitizer immunoconjugates (PICs) have been difficult to make. Here, we describe the development of an innovative conjugation method for producing water-soluble PICs that are free of insoluble aggregates and free of unacceptable amounts of noncovalently associated photosensitizer impurities. The method exploits two procedures previously untried in this research area. First, a small number of antibody lysines (<3 per antibody) are polyethylene glycolated (PEGylated) using a 10 kDa branched polyethylene glycol (PEG), which dramatically enhances PIC solubility and reduces PIC aggregation. Second, a 50% dimethyl sulfoxide–50% aqueous two-solvent system is used to prevent photosensitizer aggregation and noncovalent interactions. These measures allow efficient covalent linkage of the photosensitizer BPD Verteporfin (BPD) to antibody lysines, thorough purification of the resulting PICs (verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), maintenance of PIC antigen-binding activity (verified by cellular binding–uptake assays) and reduction of nonspecific cellular uptake (e.g. macrophage capture) of the PICs. Loading levels could be varied controllably in the range ≤11 BPD/antibody. PICs of the C225 anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) chimeric monoclonal antibody killed EGFR-overexpressing A-431 cells photodynamically but did not significantly affect EGFR-negative NR6 cells. Although fluorescence measurements demonstrated that the PICs were quenched by as much as an order of magnitude compared with free BPD, an impressive 90% reduction in A-431 cell viability was achieved using 20 J/cm2 of 690 nm light after a 40 h incubation with the C225 PICs. The results suggest that PEGylated BPD-C225 PICs merit further investigation in animal models of EGFR-overexpressing cancers.
Is the scaling of swim speed in sharks driven by metabolism?

The movement rates of sharks are intrinsically linked to foraging ecology, predator–prey dynamics and wider ecosystem functioning in marine systems. During ram ventilation, however, shark movement rates are linked not only to ecological parameters, but also to physiology, as minimum speeds are required to provide sufficient water flow across the gills to maintain metabolism. We develop a geometric model predicting a positive scaling relationship between swim speeds in relation to body size and ultimately shark metabolism, taking into account estimates for the scaling of gill dimensions. Empirical data from 64 studies (26 species) were compiled to test our model while controlling for the influence of phylogenetic similarity between related species. Our model predictions were found to closely resemble the observed relationships from tracked sharks, providing a means to infer mobility in particularly intractable species.
Alcohol Retailing in Canadian and Nordic Contexts: Challenges and Opportunities in Balancing Trade and Prevention Agendas

This article involves a comparison of the Nordic alcohol-monopoly countries with Canadian provinces that have a tradition of off-premise alcohol retail monopolies. The aim of the article is to shed light on recent developments in Canadian and Nordic alcohol-retailing systems, and to propose a way forward for alcohol-control policy that involves balancing alcohol trade and damage-reduction agendas. The article first considers developments over the past three decades in alcohol production, marketing, and retailing involving a concentration of production, and an expansion and increased sophistication of alcohol marketing and retailing, and the underlying international and national pressures. Next, it examines examples of recent alcohol policy making in Canada and the Nordic countries, noting the challenges of controlling total alcohol consumption and high-risk drinking in a market-oriented environment. Third, it offers several steps forward that will facilitate a better balance of alcohol trade and problem-prevention agendas in the context of off-premise alcohol-retail-control systems.
Normality, deviance and minor psychiatric morbidity in the community

Synopsis This paper investigates factors affecting the distribution of psychiatric morbidity in the community. It identifies a close relationship between mean Chronic General Health Questionnaire (CGHQ) scores in subdivisions of a large random sample of the community (the Health and Lifestyle Survey, N = 6317) and the prevalence in these groups of abnormal, above-threshold CGHQ scores. The frequency distributions of CGHQ scores in these different populations move up and down as a whole: like other physiological and behavioural attributes, these mental health outcomes in individuals are associated with characteristics of the populations in which they arise. Populations thus carry a collective responsibility for their own mental health and well-being. This implies that explanations for the differing prevalence rates of psychiatric morbidity must be sought in the characteristics of their parent populations; and control measures are unlikely to succeed if they do not involve population-wide changes.
Depression and the specificity of autobiographical memory.

There are many ways to become depressed, and many ways in which recovery from depression is impaired. This chapter outlines how a person's memory can play a role in both. Past research has shown how depression affects and is affected by the type of events a person remembers. Negative mood promotes the recall of unpleasant events, either by making their activation more easy, or by impeding retrieval of alternative, more positive events. But I am not concerned here with the connection between depression and the preferential access to negative episodic memory, important though it is. This has been reviewed before many times (see Blaney, 1986; Christianson & Safer, this volume; Teasdale & Barnard, 1993; Williams, Watts, Macleod, & Mathews, 1988). Most of the research investigating mood congruent memory uses word or story learning paradigms rather than autobiographical memory. When autobiographical memory is the subject of study, the questions asked of it naturally focus on the reasons why some memories are faster or more probable to retrieve than others. The predominant paradigm within which explanations are sought is associative network theory, a framework that has been increasingly found not to account for the complexity of the data (Teasdale & Barnard, 1993; Williams et al., 1988). Instead, in this chapter I am concerned with exploring the connection between depression and the quality of the memory that is retrieved, a topic of inquiry for which network theory was not designed. In particular, I am interested in whether a person retrieves a specific event or a summary of events. First, I shall review evidence suggesting that depressed people use an overgeneral mode of retrieval, itself a clinically important phenomenon.
Family Grief and Mental Health: A Systemic, Contextual and Compassionate Analysis

Although not always named, grief is central to the experience of mental illness - for people diagnosed, their families and their friends. Yet grief is almost absent from the literature and practice of mainstream psychiatry. This curious fact led to the writing of this article by two workers and a carer, with editorial and political advice from a consumer, as a small step in the direction of integrating perspectives of workers, carers and consumers. It examines the nature of grief associated with mental illness, its impact on family members and why mainstream mental health services do not directly address it, with suggestions for some therapeutic ways to conceptualise and work with it. (author abstract)
State-of-the-Science Workshop Report: Issues and Approaches in Low-Dose–Response Extrapolation for Environmental Health Risk Assessment

Low-dose extrapolation model selection for evaluating the health effects of environmental pollutants is a key component of the risk assessment process. At a workshop held in Baltimore, Maryland, on 23–24 April 2007, sponsored by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Johns Hopkins Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, a multidisciplinary group of experts reviewed the state of the science regarding low-dose extrapolation modeling and its application in environmental health risk assessments. Participants identified discussion topics based on a literature review, which included examples for which human responses to ambient exposures have been extensively characterized for cancer and/or noncancer outcomes. Topics included the need for formalized approaches and criteria to assess the evidence for mode of action (MOA), the use of human versus animal data, the use of MOA information in biologically based models, and the implications of interindividual variability, background disease processes, and background exposures in threshold versus nonthreshold model choice. Participants recommended approaches that differ from current practice for extrapolating high-dose animal data to low-dose human exposures, including categorical approaches for integrating information on MOA, statistical approaches such as model averaging, and inference-based models that explicitly consider uncertainty and interindividual variability.