Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using Citations to Generate surveys of Scientific Paradigms

The number of research publications in various disciplines is growing exponentially. Researchers and scientists are increasingly finding themselves in the position of having to quickly understand large amounts of technical material. In this paper we present the first steps in producing an automatically generated, readily consumable, technical survey. Specifically we explore the combination of citation information and summarization techniques. Even though prior work (Teufel et al., 2006) argues that citation text is unsuitable for summarization, we show that in the framework of multi-document survey creation, citation texts can play a crucial role.
A Molecular Web: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress

Execution of fundamental cellular functions demands regulated protein folding homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an active organelle existing to implement this function by folding and modifying secretory and membrane proteins. Loss of protein folding homeostasis is central to various diseases and budding evidences suggest ER stress as being a major contributor in the development or pathology of a diseased state besides other cellular stresses. The trigger for diseases may be diverse but, inflammation and/or ER stress may be basic mechanisms increasing the severity or complicating the condition of the disease. Chronic ER stress and activation of the unfolded-protein response (UPR) through endogenous or exogenous insults may result in impaired calcium and redox homeostasis, oxidative stress via protein overload thereby also influencing vital mitochondrial functions. Calcium released from the ER augments the production of mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Toxic accumulation of ROS within ER and mitochondria disturbs fundamental organelle functions. Sustained ER stress is known to potentially elicit inflammatory responses via UPR pathways. Additionally, ROS generated through inflammation or mitochondrial dysfunction could accelerate ER malfunction. Dysfunctional UPR pathways have been associated with a wide range of diseases including several neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, metabolic disorders, cancer, inflammatory disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and others. In this review, we have discussed the UPR signaling pathways, and networking between ER stress-induced inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial signaling events, which further induce or exacerbate ER stress.
DRAG REDUCTION IN TURBULENT FLOW OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS

Progress in understanding turbulent drag reduction by polymer additives has recently been made on several fronts. The near-wall dynamics of Newtonian turbulence is becoming better understood. Detailed computations of complex flows of model polymer solutions are now possible. Insights into the effects of viscoelasticity have been gained from a number of important model flows, and the understanding of the dynamics of dilute polymer solutions, as well as the ability to perform detailed simulations of them, is maturing. We review the advances in these fronts and illustrate their contributions to the understanding of both turbulence and drag reduction. Finally, we highlight open questions and propose a general conceptual framework that would, if validated, unify observations of drag reduction from turbulence onset to the maximum drag reduction asymptote.
The Role of Cytokines in the Peripheral Blood of Major Depressive Patients.

BACKGROUND Recent technological advances offer an opportunity to further elucidate the complex cytokine network in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The objective of this study was to investigate the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the mechanism of depressive disorders. Given the activating role of cytokines on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and the relevance of its regulation in MDD, we also analyzed the relationships between several cytokines and cortisol levels. METHODS Twenty-five unipolar depressive patients and 20 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Flow cytometric bead array system (FCM-CBA) was used to examine the concentration of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, INF-α) in peripheral blood. Plasma Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and serum cortisol concentrations were detected. RESULTS Compared with the controls, depressive patients had a significant increase in concentration of IL-2, TNF, serum cortisol, and TNF/IL-4 (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between serum cortisol and IL-2, as well as ACTH and IL-2 (p < 0.05) in depressive patients. There was a significant positive correlation between IL-2 and the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD) total scores in depressive patients, and also with TNF (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in concentration of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and INF-α between two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that depressive patients had an increase in concentration of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. Both IL-2 and TNF play important roles in the development of depressive disorders, and their concentration in peripheral blood may be used to evaluate the severity of depressive disorders.
The emerging role of molecular imaging and targeted therapeutics in peritoneal carcinomatosis

Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a common and often fatal late-stage complication of many gastrointestinal and gynecologic malignancies. This review discusses the ongoing evolution of diagnostic and treatment strategies for peritoneal carcinomatosis and the role that molecular imaging and radioimmunotherapy may play in improving patient survival. An overview of recent developments in targeted imaging and therapeutics for peritoneal carcinomatosis, as well as the authors’ opinions as to future developments in this field is also provided.
Analysis of the Drosophila Clock Promoter Reveals Heterogeneity in Expression between Subgroups of Central Oscillator Cells and Identifies a Novel Enhancer Region

The CLOCK-CYCLE (CLK-CYC) heterodimer lies at the heart of the circadian oscillator mechanism in Drosophila, yet little is known about the identity of transcription factors that regulate the expression of Clk and/or cyc. Here, the authors have used a transgenic approach to isolate regions of the Clk locus that are necessary for expression in central oscillator neurons in the adult fly brain. This analysis shows that central clock cells can be subdivided into 2 distinct groups based on Clk gene regulation. Expression in the lateral neuron (LN), dorsal neuron 1 anterior (DN1a) and 2 (DN2) clusters requires cis-elements located in a 122 base-pair (bp) region (–206 to –84) of the Clk promoter. Expression in the remaining dorsal neurons, 1 posterior (DN1p) and 3 (DN3) and the lateral posterior neurons (LPN), requires regulatory elements located in the –856 to –206 region. In addition, expression in photoreceptors of the compound eye is enhanced by cis-elements located in a 3rd region of the Clk locus (–1982 to –856). This region also enhances expression in nonoscillator cells in the brain including the Kenyon cells, but expression in these neurons is suppressed by regulatory sites located further upstream of –1982. The authors’ analysis reveals clear heterogeneity in Clk gene expression in the adult brain and provides a necessary focus to isolate novel transcription factors that bind at the Clk locus to regulate expression in different oscillator neuron subgroups. These results also suggest that the DN1a/DN2 neurons may have more molecular commonality with the LNs than they do with the DN1p/DN3/LPN neurons. Finally, this analysis has generated new transgenic lines that will enable genes to be misexpressed in subgroups of central oscillator cells that have previously been resistant to discrete genetic manipulation. Hence, these lines provide important new tools to facilitate a more complete dissection of the neural network that regulates output rhythms in physiology and behavior.
The role of HMG I(Y) in the assembly and function of the IFN‐β enhanceosome

Transcriptional activation of the virus inducible enhancer of the human interferon‐β (IFN‐β) gene in response to virus infection requires the assembly of an enhanceosome, consisting of the transcriptional activators NF‐κB, ATF‐2/c‐Jun, IRFs and the architectural protein of the mammalian high mobility group I(Y) [HMG I(Y)]. Here, we demonstrate that the first step in enhanceosome assembly, i.e. HMG I(Y)‐dependent recruitment of NF‐κB and ATF‐2/c‐Jun to the enhancer, is facilitated by discrete regions of HMG I and is mediated by allosteric changes induced in the DNA by HMG I(Y) and not by protein–protein interactions between HMG I(Y) and these proteins. However, we show that completion of the enhanceosome assembly process requires protein–protein interactions between HMG I(Y) and the activators. Finally, we demonstrate that once assembled, the IFN‐β enhanceosome is an unusually stable nucleoprotein structure that can activate transcription at high levels by promoting multiple rounds of reinitiation of transcription.
How Effective are Unemployment Benefit Sanctions? Looking Beyond Unemployment Exit

This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of benefit sanctions, i.e. temporary reductions in unemployment benefits as punishment for noncompliance with eligibility requirements. In addition to the effects on unemployment durations, we evaluate the effects on post-unemployment employment stability, on exits from the labor market and on earnings. In our analysis we use a rich set of Swiss register data which allow us to distinguish between ex ante effects, the effects of warnings and the effects of enforcement of benefit sanctions. Adopting a multivariate mixed proportional hazard approach to address selectivity, we find that both warnings and enforcement increase the job finding rate and the exit rate out of the labor force. Warnings do not affect subsequent employment stability but do reduce post-unemployment earnings. Actual benefit reductions lower the quality of post-unemployment jobs both in terms of job duration as well as in terms of earnings. The net effect of a benefit sanction on post-unemployment income is negative. Over a period of two years after leaving unemployment workers who got a benefit sanction imposed face a net income loss equivalent to 30 days of full pay due to the ex post effect. In addition to that, stricter monitoring may reduce net earnings by up to 4 days of pay for every unemployed worker due to the ex ante effect.
Joy, fear, vulnerability and trust in groups that lead : a storied account and call to action

This first-person, narrative and autobiographical-based study is intended to contribute to better understanding of building trust in groups that lead in service sector organizations. The groups in question include committees, teams, task forces, and executive groups. Success in building trust comes when a group cycles through six elements of a systems model. The model emerged from evidence I gathered from a population of fifty-seven research participants, most of whom dedicated at least eight hours to this work. The first three elements in the model are: planning and initiating trust, undertaking activities to earn trust, and creating a trust space. The trust space is created through the internalization of openness, deep listening, common passion and purpose, and shared responsibility. The pivotal fourth element involves an individual group member making a 'leap of faith'. The leap of faith requires exposure to vulnerability, risk-taking and uncertainty. The leap results in successful trust-building only where the group in question embraces the leap, thereby shifting vulnerability from the individual to the group. Groups that achieve group trust have 'fields' or auras radiating amongst group members: group identity, group bond and psychological safety. They also evidence the states of group success, cooperation and connection. Thus group members can go from the fear associated with vulnerability to the joy and release that come with success. With success, there is also an increased likelihood of group members participating in peak group experiences: generative dialogue, synergy, high performance, fusion of horizons, flow and common consciousness. The functions and roles taken on by trusting groups that lead include: performing leadership functions, contributing to a climate of trust in a larger organization, and providing individual leaders with support. I contemplate the model potentially applying to any type of service sector group that leads while noting that the model is not exclusive; there may well be other models and approaches to building trust in groups. The limitations in my study's research population mean that the only groups that I can directly postulate from the research as likely to build trust through the leap of faith are groups made up of knowledge workers.
The H2 Sensor of Ralstonia eutropha Is a Member of the Subclass of Regulatory [NiFe] Hydrogenases

ABSTRACT Two energy-generating hydrogenases enable the aerobic hydrogen bacterium Ralstonia eutropha (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus) to use molecular hydrogen as the sole energy source. The complex synthesis of the nickel-iron-containing enzymes has to be efficiently regulated in response to H2, which is available in low amounts in aerobic environments. H2 sensing inR. eutropha is achieved by a hydrogenase-like protein which controls the hydrogenase gene expression in concert with a two-component regulatory system. In this study we show that the H2 sensor of R. eutropha is a cytoplasmic protein. Although capable of H2 oxidation with redox dyes as electron acceptors, the protein did not support lithoautotrophic growth in the absence of the energy-generating hydrogenases. A specifically designed overexpression system for R. eutrophaprovided the basis for identifying the H2 sensor as a nickel-containing regulatory protein. The data support previous results which showed that the sensor has an active site similar to that of prototypic [NiFe] hydrogenases (A. J. Pierik, M. Schmelz, O. Lenz, B. Friedrich, and S. P. J. Albracht, FEBS Lett. 438:231–235, 1998). It is demonstrated that in addition to the enzymatic activity the regulatory function of the H2 sensor is nickel dependent. The results suggest that H2 sensing requires an active [NiFe] hydrogenase, leaving the question open whether only H2 binding or subsequent H2oxidation and electron transfer processes are necessary for signaling. The regulatory role of the H2-sensing hydrogenase ofR. eutropha, which has also been investigated in other hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, is intimately correlated with a set of typical structural features. Thus, the family of H2 sensors represents a novel subclass of [NiFe] hydrogenases denoted as the “regulatory hydrogenases. ”
Grasping the process of implicit mentalization

Mentalization has developed through different waves and its definition has gradually changed. Through this process mentalization theorists have not taken a particular position on the philosophical underpinnings of the understanding of others, except that Theory of Mind (ToM) is referred to as a commonsense and underlying theoretical basis. It is apparent that ToM does not explain all dimensions of Mentalization Theory (MT), especially implicit mentalization, and theorists do not account for how implicit mentalization can be captured in interaction. In this article we explain the divergence between MT and ToM and the lack of a philosophical basis for the process of understanding others in MT. We show that conversation analysis (CA) can be used to capture implicit mentalization in interaction. We argue that MT needs a theoretical and philosophical formulation about what constitutes intersubjectivity and the process of understanding others. We suggest that phenomenology could inhabit this space.
Pre- and Postprocessing for Statistical Machine Translation into Germanic Languages

In this thesis proposal I present my thesis work, about pre- and postprocessing for statistical machine translation, mainly into Germanic languages. I focus my work on four areas: compounding, definite noun phrases, reordering, and error correction. Initial results are positive within all four areas, and there are promising possibilities for extending these approaches. In addition I also focus on methods for performing thorough error analysis of machine translation output, which can both motivate and evaluate the studies performed.
Multiculturalism and Creativity

Today’s diverse society often includes culturally rich environments that contain cues pertaining to more than one culture. These cultural cues can shape cognitive processes, such as creativity. Recent evidence shows that bicultural experience enhances creativity, and that for culture-related domains, this effect is particularly evident among biculturals who blend their two cultural identities. The present study tested whether enhanced creativity among more blended biculturals was due to increased idea generation (i.e., ideational fluency). Moreover, the authors tested whether these effects generalized to noncultural domains, which may indicate that bicultural experience enhances creativity in broader arenas. One hundred seventy-seven Chinese Americans completed a creativity task in either a monocultural or bicultural context (manipulated via Chinese or American symbols or both). Greater bicultural identity blendedness predicted domain-general creativity in bicultural but not in monocultural contexts, and this was mediated by ideational fluency. Implications for enhancing creativity in our diverse society are discussed.
Communication, Community, and Disconnection: Pre-Service Teachers in Virtual School Field Experiences

This study examined the experiences of 11 graduate-level pre-service teachers completing Virtual School Field Experiences (VSFEs) with cooperating teachers in fully online, asynchronous high school courses in New York State. The VSFEs included a 7-week online teacher training course, and a 7-week online field experience. Pre-service teachers completed pre- and post-VSFE questionnaires, biweekly written journals, and formal structured interviews. Pre-service teachers reported success in communicating with their students, and struggles with establishing a sense of community in their online courses. We discuss these outcomes, and suggest that the particulars of the VSFE matter for pre-service teacher outcomes.
Benzodiazepine use among depressed patients treated in mental health settings.

OBJECTIVE Most depression treatment guidelines emphasize treatment with antidepressant medication and recommend that benzodiazepine use be minimized, particularly among elderly patients. However, little is known about patterns of benzodiazepine use in specialty mental health settings. The authors examined benzodiazepine use among a large sample of depressed patients treated in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) mental health settings. METHOD The VA National Registry for Depression was used to identify patients treated for depression in specialty mental health settings in 129 VA facilities during the first 3 months of fiscal year 2001 (October 1 to December 31, 2000) (N=128,029). The VA pharmacy database was used to identify outpatients who filled a prescription for benzodiazepines. The authors report on the prevalence and patterns of outpatient benzodiazepine use during the study year (fiscal year 2001) and evaluate patient demographic and clinical factors associated with use. RESULTS During the study year, 36% of the depressed patients filled a benzodiazepine prescription and 89% filled an antidepressant prescription. Most users (78%) received > or = 90 days' supply of benzodiazepines, and 61% received > or = 180 days' supply. Older patients, whites, Hispanics, and patients with comorbid anxiety disorders were more likely to use benzodiazepines. Older patients were also more likely to receive > or = 90 days' supply of benzodiazepines, compared with younger patients, but were treated with lower doses. Benzodiazepine use varied significantly with region of the country and facility. CONCLUSIONS Depressed patients treated in mental health settings commonly receive long-term treatment with benzodiazepines in combination with antidepressants, a pattern of use that is inconsistent with guideline recommendations. Elderly patients are particularly likely to receive benzodiazepines. Further research on the effectiveness of this widespread practice is needed.
International Family Planning Perspectives Relationship between Hiv Risk Perception and Condom Use: Evidence from a Population-based Survey in Mozambique

In 2000, an estimated 12% of adults aged 15–49 in Mozam-bique were infected with HIV. 1 Most estimates show an increasing prevalence of infection, and about one-half of new infections occur among 15–24-year-olds. 2 Nevertheless, according to the 1997 Mozambique Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), young adults had an extremely low rate of condom use. 3 Individuals' knowledge of HIV transmission and accurate assessment of their own risk seem to be among the key factors in adoption of safer sexual practices. 4 Policymak-ers must understand these factors to design effective policies in the fight against HIV and AIDS. Adolescent and young adult behavior is of special interest for several reasons. First, the number of life-years saved is greatest when infections are averted in relatively young individuals. Second, preventing HIV infection in women of childbearing age prevents transmission from mother to child. Finally, it may be easier to change sexual attitudes, practices and risky behaviors among the young than among older people. 5 In Mozambique, the response to HIV/AIDS has included educational programs, media campaigns, social marketing of condoms, and voluntary counseling and testing services. All of these programs aim to provide individuals with information about HIV transmission, thereby allowing them to make informed choices. The hope has been that acquired knowledge will lead to changes in sexual behavior that will help prevent the spread of the disease. However , policymakers and program officials have not had access to adequate population-based data for adolescents and young adults to develop targeted programs and evaluation strategies. KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOR According to the AIDS risk reduction model, knowledge of AIDS is a prerequisite to recognizing risky behavior and taking action to change it, 6 but findings regarding the relationship between knowledge and behavior have been inconsistent. In a review study, Becker and Joseph found an ecological correlation between AIDS knowledge and behavior among bisexual or homosexual men and young heterosexual adults. 7 However, they did not find clear evidence on the mechanism of this correlation and suggested that a third factor may link knowledge to behavior. In Zambia, Magnani et al. found HIV/AIDS knowledge to be associated with a reduced probability of sexual experience and an elevated probability of condom use among boys. 8 A cross-sectional study using DHS data from Uganda, Kenya and Zambia showed that knowing somebody with AIDS was predictive of protective sexual behavior, as were knowledge of HIV …
Understanding publics’ perception and behaviors in crisis communication: Effects of crisis news framing and publics’ acquisition, selection, and transmission of information in crisis situations

ABSTRACT This study aims to better understand publics’ perception and communicative behaviors in crisis communication. The extant research has overlooked how framing factors and different publics’ communicative behaviors directly influence crisis outcomes, including reputation and behavioral intentions. An online experiment with 1,113 participants was conducted to fill the gap. The findings demonstrated that preventable crisis news framing was a strong negative predictor for crisis outcomes. Another finding based on Communicative Action in Problem Solving (CAPS) in Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) revealed that information attending, forwarding, and seeking are positively associated with reputation and behavioral intentions.