Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of glacier loss and vegetation succession on annual basin runoff

Abstract. We use a simplified glacier-landscape model to investigate the degree to which basin topography, climate regime, and vegetation succession impact centennial variations in basin runoff during glacier retreat. In all simulations, annual basin runoff initially increases as water is released from glacier storage but ultimately decreases to below preretreat levels due to increases in evapotranspiration and decreases in orographic precipitation. We characterize the long-term (> 200 years) annual basin runoff curves with four metrics: the magnitude and timing of peak basin runoff, the time to preretreat basin runoff, and the magnitude of end basin runoff. We find that basin slope and climate regime have strong impacts on the magnitude and timing of peak basin runoff. Shallow sloping basins exhibit a later and larger peak basin runoff than steep basins and, similarly, continental glaciers produce later and larger peak basin runoff compared to maritime glaciers. Vegetation succession following glacier loss has little impact on the peak basin runoff but becomes increasingly important as time progresses, with more rapid and extensive vegetation leading to shorter times to preretreat basin runoff and lower levels of end basin runoff. We suggest that differences in the magnitude and timing of peak basin runoff in our simulations can largely be attributed to glacier dynamics: glaciers with long response times (i.e., those that respond slowly to climate change) are pushed farther out of equilibrium for a given climate forcing and produce larger variations in basin runoff than glaciers with short response times. Overall, our results demonstrate that glacier dynamics and vegetation succession should receive roughly equal attention when assessing the impacts of glacier mass loss on water resources.
Application of Neuroscience in Education

Neuroscience is a part of biology that focuses on systems and nerve cells in the brain. The science of nerve cells and brain work systems has an interesting focal point, which is to find out how the human brain works in every activity and action performed. In the learning process, the application of neuroscience can be said to be appropriate to help the learning process become more optimal by maximizing brain work. That is one of the goals of neuroscience, which is to be able to maximize the work of the learner's brain in the learning process and to make learning more meaningful and more interesting for the students themselves. But, of course, the application of neuroscience cannot be done directly in the classroom. It must go through several connecting aspects first, such as neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, psychological mechanisms, educational theory and then the classroom. In other words, the application of neuroscience in the teaching process still takes time, considering some of the aspects mentioned earlier.
Optimal Centralized Update With Multiple Local Out-of-Sequence Measurements

In a multisensor target tracking system, observations produced by sensors typically arrive at a central processor out of sequence. There have been some update algorithms for single out-of-sequence measurement (OOSM). In this paper, we consider optimal centralized update algorithms with multiple asynchronous (different lag time) OOSMs. First, we generalize the optimal update algorithm with single one-step-lag OOSM in [Y. Bar-Shalom, ldquoUpdate With Out-of-Sequence Measurements in Tracking: Exact Solution,rdquo IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 38, pp. 769-778, July 2002] to optimal centralized update algorithm with multiple one-step-lag OOSMs. Then, based on best linear unbiased estimation, we present an optimal centralized update algorithm with multiple arbitrary-step-lag OOSMs. Finally, two suboptimal centralized update algorithms are proposed to reduce the computational complexity. A numerical example shows that performances of two suboptimal centralized algorithms are close to that of the optimal centralized update algorithm.
Optimal SINR-Based Scheduling in mmWave WPANs with Power Control and Rate Adaption

Spatial sharing is one of the most important merits in 60 GHz millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless personal area networks (WPANs). In this paper, we address the optimal scheduling problem under physical interference model with power control and rate adaption to exploit spatial sharing in mmWave WPANs. The optimization problem is formulated as the minimum length scheduling problem with the constraint of the minimum traffic demand. To obtain the optimal solution with low computational complexity, column generation (CG) algorithm is employed to derive the optimal schedule. Simulation results demonstrate that the scheduled length for all transmission links can be significantly reduced by using rate adaption and power control schemes, and be further reduced by configuring directional antennas at both transmitter and receiver sides.
Role of Functional Block Extension in Lesion-Related Atrial Flutter

Background —A line of block in the right atrium (RA) between the venae cavae is necessary to obtain classic atrial flutter (AFL). We tested the hypothesis that the location of that line of block would determine whether the AFL reentrant circuit would be due to single-loop reentry or figure-of-8 reentry. Methods and Results —Simultaneous mapping from 392 sites (both atria and the atrial septum) was performed in 13 normal dogs before and after creating a linear lesion on the RA free wall. The lesion was 1 to 1.5 cm anterior and parallel to the crista terminalis (7 dogs) or posterior and close to the crista terminalis region (6 dogs). Sustained AFL (>2 minutes) was then induced. In 4 dogs with an anterior lesion, the AFL reentrant circuit traveled around the lesion (lesion reentry). In 9 dogs (3 with anterior lesions and 6 with posterior lesions), the AFL reentrant circuit included the anterior RA free wall, the atrial septum, and Bachmann’s bundle (single-loop reentry). In these 9 dogs, the fixed line of block was extended to the superior and/or inferior vena cava by a functional line of block, thereby preventing lesion reentry. No figure-of-8 reentry was induced. Conclusions —In this model, the location of a fixed line of block and its functional extension determine the type of AFL reentry. These data provide an explanation for the chronic AFL that occurs in some patients after surgical repair of congenital heart lesions.
Differential Mechanisms Associated with Vascular Disrupting Action of Electrochemotherapy: Intravital Microscopy on the Level of Single Normal and Tumor Blood Vessels

Electropermeabilization/electroporation (EP) provides a tool for the introduction of molecules into cells and tissues. In electrochemotherapy (ECT), cytotoxic drugs are introduced into cells in tumors, and nucleic acids are introduced into cells in gene electrotransfer. The normal and tumor tissue blood flow modifying effects of EP and the vascular disrupting effect of ECT in tumors have already been determined. However, differential effects between normal vs. tumor vessels, to ensure safety in the clinical application of ECT, have not been determined yet. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the effects of EP and ECT with bleomycin on the HT-29 human colon carcinoma tumor model and its surrounding blood vessels. The response of blood vessels to EP and ECT was monitored in real time, directly at the single blood vessel level, by in vivo optical imaging in a dorsal window chamber in SCID mice with 70 kDa fluorescently labeled dextrans. The response of tumor blood vessels to EP and ECT started to differ within the first hour. Both therapies induced a vascular lock, decreased functional vascular density (FVD) and increased the diameter of functional blood vessels within the tumor. The effects were more pronounced for ECT, which destroyed the tumor blood vessels within 24 h. Although the vasculature surrounding the tumor was affected by EP and ECT, it remained functional. The study confirms the current model of tumor blood flow modifying effects of EP and provides conclusive evidence that ECT is a vascular disrupting therapy with a specific effect on the tumor blood vessels.
The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis promotes recovery after spinal cord injury by mediating bone marrow-derived from mesenchymal stem cells

This study aims to explore the role of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in mediating BMSCs and SCI recovery. BMSCs were collected and SCI rat models were established. Wistar rats were assigned into the blank control, sham, SCI, SCI + BMSCs, SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1, SCI + BMSCs + AMD3100 (an inhibitor of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis) and SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1 + AMD3100 groups. Hind limb motor function was measured 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after operation. qRT-PCR, western blotting and ELISA was performed to determine the expressions of SDF-1, CXCR4, NGF, BDNF, GFAP and GAP-43, TNF-α, IL-1β, L-6 and IFN-γ. Hind limb motor function scores 7 days after the operation were reduced in the SCI rats of the blank control and sham groups. Hind limb function was found to be better in the SCI + BMSCs and SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1 groups than in the SCI, SCI + BMSCs + AMD3100 and SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1 + AMD3100 groups 14, 21 and 28 days after operation. Furthermore, the SCI group had lower SDF-1, CXCR4, NGF, BDNF and GAP-43 expressions but higher GFAP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ than the blank control and sham groups 28 days after operation. While, the SCI + BMSCs, SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1 and SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1 + AMD3100 groups displayed opposite trends to the SCI and SCI + BMSCs + AMD3100 groups. In conclusion, SDF-1/CXCR4 axis promotes recovery after SCI by mediating BMSCs.
Small-Animal PET of Steroid Hormone Receptors Predicts Tumor Response to Endocrine Therapy Using a Preclinical Model of Breast Cancer

Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR) are expressed in most human breast cancers and are important predictive factors for directing therapy. Because of de novo and acquired resistance to endocrine therapy, there remains a need to identify which ERα-positive (ERα+)/PR-positive (PR+) tumors are most likely to respond. The purpose of this study was to use estrogen- and progestin-based radiopharmaceuticals to image ERα and PR in mouse mammary tumors at baseline and after hormonal therapy and to determine whether changes in these imaging biomarkers can serve as an early predictive indicator of therapeutic response. Methods: Mammary adenocarcinomas that spontaneously develop in aged female mice deficient in signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) were used. Imaging of ERα and PR in primary tumor–bearing mice and mice implanted with mammary cell lines (SSM1, SSM2, and SSM3) derived from primary STAT1-deficient (STAT1−/−) tumors was performed. Hormonal treatments consisted of estradiol, an ER agonist; letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor; and fulvestrant, a pure ER antagonist. Small-animal PET/CT was performed using 18F-fluoroestradiol (18F-FES) for ER, 18F-fluoro furanyl norprogesterone (18F-FFNP) for PR, and 18F-FDG for glucose uptake. Tracer uptake in the tumor was quantified and compared with receptor concentration determined by in vitro assays of resected tumors. Results: Primary STAT1−/− mammary tumors and implanted SSM2 and SSM3 tumors showed high 18F-FES and 18F-FFNP uptake and were confirmed to be ERα+/PR+. Classic estrogen-induced regulation of the progesterone receptor gene was demonstrated by increased 18F-FFNP uptake of estradiol-treated SSM3 tumors. Treatment with fulvestrant decreased 18F-FFNP, 18F-FES, and 18F-FDG uptake and inhibited growth of SSM3 tumors but decreased only 18F-FES uptake in SSM2 tumors, with no effect on growth, despite both tumors being ERα+/PR+. Decreased 18F-FFNP uptake by SSM3 tumors occurred early after initiation of treatment, before measurable tumor growth inhibition. Conclusion: Using small-animal PET, a profile was identified that distinguished fulvestrant-sensitive from fulvestrant-resistant ERα+/PR+ tumors before changes in tumor size. This work demonstrates that imaging baseline tumoral 18F-FES uptake and initial changes in 18F-FFNP uptake in a noninvasive manner is a potentially useful strategy to identify responders and nonresponders to endocrine therapy at an early stage.
Flux balance analysis of biological systems: applications and challenges

Systems level modelling and simulations of biological processes are proving to be invaluable in obtaining a quantitative and dynamic perspective of various aspects of cellular function. In particular, constraint-based analyses of metabolic networks have gained considerable popularity for simulating cellular metabolism, of which flux balance analysis (FBA), is most widely used. Unlike mechanistic simulations that depend on accurate kinetic data, which are scarcely available, FBA is based on the principle of conservation of mass in a network, which utilizes the stoichiometric matrix and a biologically relevant objective function to identify optimal reaction flux distributions. FBA has been used to analyse genome-scale reconstructions of several organisms; it has also been used to analyse the effect of perturbations, such as gene deletions or drug inhibitions in silico. This article reviews the usefulness of FBA as a tool for gaining biological insights, advances in methodology enabling integration of regulatory information and thermodynamic constraints, and finally addresses the challenges that lie ahead. Various use scenarios and biological insights obtained from FBA, and applications in fields such metabolic engineering and drug target identification, are also discussed. Genome-scale constraint-based models have an immense potential for building and testing hypotheses, as well as to guide experimentation.
Middle to Late Miocene Contractional Deformation in Costa Rica Triggered by Plate Geodynamics

Contractional deformation in Costa Rica is usually attributed to the subduction of the aseismic Cocos Ridge. In this work, we review the evidences for contraction in the middle to late Miocene, prior to the arrival of the Cocos Ridge at the Middle America Trench. We find that the Miocene phase of contractional deformation is found in all of Costa Rica, probably extending to Nicaragua as well. The widespread distribution of this event requires a regional or plate geodynamic trigger. We analyze the possible mechanisms that could produce the onset of contractional deformation, using the better known case of subduction orogeny, the Andes, as an analog. We propose that a change in the direction of the Cocos plate since ∼19 Ma led to a change from oblique to orthogonal convergence, producing contractional deformation of the upper plate.
Transcription Factor Binding Site Polymorphism in the Motilin Gene Associated with Left-Sided Displacement of the Abomasum in German Holstein Cattle

Left-sided displacement of the abomasum (LDA) is a common disease in many dairy cattle breeds. A genome-wide screen for QTL for LDA in German Holstein (GH) cows indicated motilin (MLN) as a candidate gene on bovine chromosome 23. Genomic DNA sequence analysis of MLN revealed a total of 32 polymorphisms. All informative polymorphisms used for association analyses in a random sample of 1,136 GH cows confirmed MLN as a candidate for LDA. A single nucleotide polymorphism (FN298674:g.90T>C) located within the first non-coding exon of bovine MLN affects a NKX2-5 transcription factor binding site and showed significant associations (ORallele = 0.64; −log10Pallele = 6.8, −log10Pgenotype = 7.0) with LDA. An expression study gave evidence of a significantly decreased MLN expression in cows carrying the mutant allele (C). In individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the mutation, MLN expression was decreased by 89% relative to the wildtype. FN298674:g.90T>C may therefore play a role in bovine LDA via the motility of the abomasum. This MLN SNP appears useful to reduce the incidence of LDA in German Holstein cattle and provides a first step towards a deeper understanding of the genetics of LDA.
Student Entrepreneurial Interest Entrepreneurial Knowledge and Social Media Usage

The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge and the use of social media on student entrepreneurial interest, both individually and simultaneously. This research method is quantitative, uses multiple linear regression models, and applies statistical analysis using SPSS software version 26. The research population includes STIE Galileo students in the even semester of 2022/2023, and the sampling technique was carried out using the Slovin formula, which resulted in 74 students as randomly selected samples. The results of this study indicate a significant influence between entrepreneurial knowledge and the use of social media on student entrepreneurial interest, both partially and jointly. The findings of this study can strengthen entrepreneurial knowledge and social media utilization as an effort to stimulate students' entrepreneurial interest.
Assessment of Cognitive Functions in Bipolar Disorder Patients

: Bipolar disorders are chronic disorders with a high relapse rate; the lifetime prevalence is approximately 4%. Bipolar patients may experience cognitive impairment at various phases of the illness, even during the euthymic phase of the disease. Aims: To assess cognitive abilities in individuals with bipolar 1 disorder during remission and to investigate the correlation between cognitive functions and the clinical profile and demographic characteristics of the patients. Setting and Design: This is a case-control study involving patients diagnosed with bipolar 1 disorder in the euthymic phase, as per DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Patients and methods: This study included 36 bipolar 1 disorder patients in the euthymic phase diagnosed according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Also, it included 36 cross-matched healthy individuals as control subjects. Results: Patients with bipolar1 disorder demonstrated considerably lesser cognitive functions during remission than the control group. The bipolr1 disorder severity and recurrence are significantly inversely correlated to cognitive function. Conclusion: Bipolar1 disorder patients frequently have cognitive impairment at all phases of the illness, even during euthymia. Cognitive impairment is frequently seen as a fundamental feature of bipolar disorder. The severity and recurrence of the illness appear to play a key influence in cognitive impairments.
Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and pathogenic Leptospira spp. in rodents from outdoor farms in western Spain

Sixty-five rats (Rattus norvegicus) and 5 mice (Mus musculus ) were trapped from 8 outdoor farms and the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli was not detected in any individual. Nevertheless, using the microscopic agglutination test, it was found that 20% (13/65) of rat serum samples were positive for anti-Leptospira antibodies, and DNA of pathogenic leptospires was detected in 3.07% (2/65) of the rat kidneys by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The most common infecting serovar was Castellonis (7.69%), followed by Canicola (6.15%) and Mangus (6.15%). According to these results, rats from outdoor farms may be considered a reservoir host for Leptospira in the study area.
Self-Consistent Modeling of Power Flow in a Recyclable Transmission Line for a $Z$-Pinch-Driven IFE System

A self-consistent imploding Z-pinch-load model is coupled to a particle-in-cell simulation to study power flow in a recyclable transmission line (RTL) for a Z-pinch-driven inertial fusion energy (IFE) system. The system is driven by a voltage wave appropriate for driving the IFE target implosion when there is no particle emission from the walls of the RTL. Models for both electron and ion emission from the RTL walls are included in the simulations to allow the study of their effects on power coupled to the load. Insight is obtained for designing an efficient IFE system which satisfies system constraints on RTL inductance and driver voltage
The M2-Muscarinic Receptor Inhibits the Development of Streptozotocin-Induced Neuropathy in Mouse Urinary Bladder

We investigate the role of M2-muscarinic receptors in maintaining neurogenic bladder contraction during hyperglycemia. Mice were injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (125 mg/kg), and neurogenic contraction of urinary bladder from wild type and M2-muscarinic receptor knockout (M2 KO) mice was measured at 8 to 24 weeks after treatment. In wild-type bladder lacking urothelium, the summation of the cholinergic (64%) and purinergic (56%) components of the electrical-field-stimulated response exceeded 100%, indicating a reserve capacity. Although the cholinergic component was slightly less in the M2 KO mouse, the total electrical-field-stimulated contraction was the same as wild type. The cholinergic and purinergic components of contraction in wild-type bladder were minimally affected by streptozotocin treatment. In M2 KO bladder, streptozotocin treatment reduced both the cholinergic (after 8–9 and 20–24 weeks) and purinergic (after 20–24 weeks only) components. The loss of function was approximately 50 to 70%. Similar results were observed in bladder with intact urothelium. M2 KO bladder was more sensitive to the relaxant effect of isoproterenol compared with wild type, and this difference significantly increased at the early and late time points after streptozotocin treatment. In the presence of urothelium, however, this difference in isoproterenol sensitivity was smaller with streptozotocin treatment, but this trend reversed over time. Our results show that M2 receptors oppose urinary bladder distension in wild-type bladder and inhibit streptozotocin-induced neuropathy.
Socioeconomic status and depression in life course perspective.

The overrepresentation of depression in the lower socioeconomic strata (SES) suggests that the structure arrangements of society organize in part psychologically-impairing experiences and processes. To date investigations into the mechanisms that link SES and depression have proceeded without aid of a life-course perspective so that little is know about the ways in which the influence of socially-structured experiences and processes vary through the phases of life. In this study we draw on nationally representative data from the National Comorbidity Survey and the Work Family and Well-Being Study to examine the changing influence of educational attainment and household income on depression throughout the entire adult life course. Findings indicate that the association between depression and these socioeconomic indicators strengthens significantly through the phases of adulthood. Further the mechanisms that underlie this association are age-graded in their influence: while economic strains mediate the relationship between SES and depression to a similar degree through early middle and late adulthood both physical health problems and coping resources exert a greater mediating influence at more advanced stages of the life course. These results underscore the necessity for a more complete integration of insights from the stress paradigm and the life course perspective. (authors)