Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Linear Geranylphenols and Their Effect on Mycelial Growth of Plant Pathogen Botrytis cinerea

Natural geranyl compounds are known to exhibit important biological activities. In this work a series of geranylphenols were synthesized to evaluate their effect on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea. Geranyl derivatives were synthesized by direct geranylation reactions between the corresponding phenol derivatives and geraniol, using BF3.OEt2 as catalyst and AgNO3 as secondary catalyst. Previously reported molecules [geranylhydroquinone (2), geranylhydroquinone diacetate (6) and geranylphloroglucinol (9)], and new substances [(E)-4-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol (geranyl-pyrogallol, 7), (E)-4-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl)benzene-1,2,3-triyl triacetate (8), (E)-2-(3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl)benzene-1,3,5-triyl triacetate geranylphloroglucinol triacetate (10), 2,4-bis((E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl)benzene-1,3,5-triyl triacetate (11), 2,6-bis((E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl)-3,5-dihydroxyphenyl acetate (12)], were obtained. All compounds were characterized by IR, HRMS and NMR spectroscopic data. The inhibitory effect of the synthesized compounds on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea was tested in vitro. Excepting compound 11, all substances constrained the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea. The antifungal activity depends on the chemical structure of geranylphenol derivatives. Compounds 2 and 9 were the more effective substances showing inhibition degrees higher than those obtained with the commercial fungicide Captan, even at lower concentrations. Monosubstitution on the aromatic nucleus by a geranyl chain seems to be more effective for the inhibition of mycelial growth than a double substitution. These results suggest that the new derivatives of geranylphenols have the ability to block the mycelial development of the plant pathogen B. cinerea and that this capacity depends strongly on the structural features and lipophilicity of the compounds.
The Observational Analysis of Behavior

Dillenburger and Keenan’s use of non-experimental methods represents a significant departure from the scientific orthodoxy of behavior analysis. However, field studies cannot be by-passed if behavior analysis is to provide serious accounts of natural phenomena such as bereavement. Here I explore some theoretical implications of a non-experimental approach to behavior.
The Challenges of Becoming a White Ally

The four articles in this Major Contribution represent a major step toward defining, identifying, discussing, and analyzing the many internal and external challenges faced by White individuals on their journeys to developing nonracist and antiracist identities. I attempt to extract important White ally themes from the contributions, indicate areas of concern, stress that being nonracist is not enough, and point to an important area of preparation that would aid White individuals in becoming allies in the struggle for equal rights.
SIRT3, a Mitochondrial NAD+-Dependent Deacetylase, Is Involved in the Regulation of Myoblast Differentiation

Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), one of the seven mammalian sirtuins, is a mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase known to control key metabolic pathways. SIRT3 deacetylases and activates a large number of mitochondrial enzymes involved in the respiratory chain, in ATP production, and in both the citric acid and urea cycles. We have previously shown that the regulation of myoblast differentiation is tightly linked to mitochondrial activity. Since SIRT3 modulates mitochondrial activity, we decide to address its role during myoblast differentiation. For this purpose, we first investigated the expression of endogenous SIRT3 during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. We further studied the impact of SIRT3 silencing on both the myogenic potential and the mitochondrial activity of C2C12 cells. We showed that SIRT3 protein expression peaked at the onset of myoblast differentiation. The inhibition of SIRT3 expression mediated by the stable integration of SIRT3 short inhibitory RNA (SIRT3shRNA) in C2C12 myoblasts, resulted in: 1) abrogation of terminal differentiation - as evidenced by a marked decrease in the myoblast fusion index and a significant reduction of Myogenin, MyoD, Sirtuin 1 and Troponin T protein expression - restored upon MyoD overexpression; 2) a decrease in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and citrate synthase protein expression reflecting an alteration of mitochondrial density; and 3) an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mirrored by the decreased activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Altogether our data demonstrate that SIRT3 mainly regulates myoblast differentiation via its influence on mitochondrial activity.
COSMIC EVOLUTION OF RADIO SELECTED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN THE COSMOS FIELD

We explore the cosmic evolution of radio luminous active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with low radio powers (L1.4 GHz ≲ 5 × 1025 W Hz−1) out to z = 1.3 using to date the largest sample of ∼600 low-luminosity radio AGN at intermediate redshift drawn from the VLA–COSMOS survey. We derive the radio-luminosity function for these AGNs, and its evolution with cosmic time assuming two extreme cases: (1) pure luminosity and (2) pure density evolution. The former and latter yield L* ∝ (1 + z)0.8 ± 0.1, and Φ* ∝ (1 + z)1.1 ± 0.1, respectively, both implying a fairly modest change in properties of low-radio-power AGNs since z = 1.3. We show that this is in stark contrast with the evolution of powerful (L1.4 GHz > 5 × 1025 W Hz−1) radio AGN over the same cosmic time interval, constrained using the 3CRR, 6CE, and 7CRS radio surveys by Willot et al. We demonstrate that this can be explained through differences in black hole fueling and triggering mechanisms, and a dichotomy in host galaxy properties of weak and powerful AGNs. Our findings suggest that high- and low-radio-power AGN activities are triggered in different stages during the formation of massive red galaxies. We show that weak radio AGN occur in the most massive galaxies already at z ∼ 1, and they may significantly contribute to the heating of their surrounding medium and thus inhibit gas accretion onto their host galaxies, as recently suggested for the “radio mode” in cosmological models.
Mechanism of Cannabinoid Effects on Long-Term Potentiation and Depression in Hippocampal CA1 Neurons

Cannabinoids, the active constituents of marijuana, are known to impair learning and memory. Receptors for cannabinoids are highly expressed in the hippocampus, a brain region that is believed to play an important role in certain forms of learning and memory. To investigate the possible contribution of cannabinoid receptor-mediated deficits in hippocampal function to the learning and memory impairments produced by marijuana, we studied the effects of cannabinoid receptor activation on two models of learning and memory, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), in hippocampal slices. Although LTP and LTD of CA1 field potentials were blocked by cannabinoid receptor activation in the presence of Mg2+, they could be induced after Mg2+ was removed. Similarly, LTP and LTD of whole-cell EPSCs were unimpaired in the presence of cannabinoid receptor agonist when the postsynaptic membrane was depolarized during the LTP or LTD induction protocol. Cannabinoid receptor activation also reduced EPSCs and enhanced paired-pulse facilitation, while having no effect on the amplitude of spontaneous miniature EPSCs. Finally, as with cannabinoid receptor activation, inhibition of LTP by adenosine receptor activation could be overcome by removal of Mg2+ or depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane during tetanus. Our results indicate that cannabinoid receptor activation does not directly inhibit the molecular mechanisms responsible for long-term synaptic plasticity but instead impairs LTP and LTD by reducing presynaptic neurotransmitter release to a level below that required to depolarize the postsynaptic membrane to relieve Mg2+ blockade of NMDA receptors.
Spatial Diffusion of X-Ray Emission Lines in the M87 Cooling Flow; Evidence for Absorption

Recent XMM-Newton observations of the cooling flow in M87 indicate sharply decreasing oxygen, iron, and silicon abundances within ~5 kpc of the galactic center. This result is unexpected since stellar mass loss and Type Ia supernovae are expected to produce pronounced central abundance maxima for all three elements. However, it has been suggested that many of the strong X-ray lines are optically thick and diffuse to larger radii in the cooling flow before escaping, falsifying the central abundances. We verify with radiation transfer calculations that this effect does indeed occur in the M87 cooling flow but that it is insufficient to account for the M87 observations. We suggest that some source of continuous opacity is required to reduce the central X-ray line emission, perhaps by warm gas at T ~ 105-106 K. The radial surface brightness profiles of X-ray resonance lines are also sensitive to turbulence in cooling flows, which reduces the line center optical depths considerably. Turbulence may provide sufficient energy to continuously heat the warm absorbing gas.
EVALution 1.0: an Evolving Semantic Dataset for Training and Evaluation of Distributional Semantic Models

In this paper, we introduce EVALution 1.0, a dataset designed for the training and the evaluation of Distributional Semantic Models (DSMs). This version consists of almost 7.5K tuples, instantiating several semantic relations between word pairs (including hypernymy, synonymy, antonymy, meronymy). The dataset is enriched with a large amount of additional information (i.e. relation domain, word frequency, word POS, word semantic field, etc.) that can be used for either filtering the pairs or performing an in-depth analysis of the results. The tuples were extracted from a combination of ConceptNet 5.0 and WordNet 4.0, and subsequently filtered through automatic methods and crowdsourcing in order to ensure their quality. The dataset is freely downloadable1. An extension in RDF format, including also scripts for data processing, is under development.
Conscious intention and brain activity.

The problem of free will lies at the heart of modern scientific studies of consciousness. An influential series of experiments by Libet has suggested that conscious intentions arise as a result of brain activity. This contrasts with traditional concepts of free will, in which the mind controls the body. A more recent study by Haggard and Eimer has further examined the relation between intention and brain processes, concluding that conscious awareness of intention is linked to the choice or selection of a specific action, and not to the earliest initiation of action processes. The exchange of views in this paper further explores the relation between conscious intention and brain activity.
Depletion of Arabidopsis SC35 and SC35-like serine/arginine-rich proteins affects the transcription and splicing of a subset of genes

Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins are important splicing factors which play significant roles in spliceosome assembly and splicing regulation. However, little is known regarding their biological functions in plants. Here, we analyzed the phenotypes of mutants upon depleting different subfamilies of Arabidopsis SR proteins. We found that loss of the functions of SC35 and SC35-like (SCL) proteins cause pleiotropic changes in plant morphology and development, including serrated leaves, late flowering, shorter roots and abnormal silique phyllotaxy. Using RNA-seq, we found that SC35 and SCL proteins play roles in the pre-mRNA splicing. Motif analysis revealed that SC35 and SCL proteins preferentially bind to a specific RNA sequence containing the AGAAGA motif. In addition, the transcriptions of a subset of genes are affected by the deletion of SC35 and SCL proteins which interact with NRPB4, a specific subunit of RNA polymerase II. The splicing of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) intron1 and transcription of FLC were significantly regulated by SC35 and SCL proteins to control Arabidopsis flowering. Therefore, our findings provide mechanistic insight into the functions of plant SC35 and SCL proteins in the regulation of splicing and transcription in a direct or indirect manner to maintain the proper expression of genes and development.
Examining the validity of curriculum-based measurement for students with emotional and behavior disorders in middle school

STUDENTS WITH EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOR DISORDERS IN MIDDLE SCHOOL by CHRISTOPHER DARRELL MARTIN (Under the Direction of Cecil Fore, III) ABSTRACT There has been a recent emphasis on improving the academic performance of students with disabilities (NCLB, 2002). Improving the academic performance of students with Emotional and Behavior Disorders is especially important in the current accountability era in which there is much emphasis placed on performance of standardized tests. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of curriculum-based measurement for students with Emotional and Behavior Disorders. The curriculum-based measures Maze, and Oral Reading Fluency were compared to the Woodcock-Johnson III subtests (reading fluency, passage comprehension). The assessments were administered to fifty-five students in a middle school setting. Results indicated significant correlations between the curriculum-based measures (Maze, Oral Reading Fluency) and the Woodcock-Johnson subtests (reading fluency, passage comprehension). Results of the study are discussed along with limitations, implications for practice, and implications for future research.
The effects of different compatibilities of Qing'e formula on scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in the mouse

Background: The Qing'e formula (QEF) is a well-known traditional Chinese prescription that has been clinically employed for treatment of bone disease for hundreds of years. Objective: The present study aims to observe the effects of different compatibilities of QEF on the scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in the mouse, and further to explore its action mechanisms and compatibility rationality. Materials and Methods: The learning and memory alterations in the mouse were evaluated using the step-down test and Morris water maze (MWM) test; the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus were measured using colorimetric method or immunohistochemistry. Results: The results showed that different compatibilities of QEF significantly prolonged latency in the step-down test, shortened escape latency in the navigation test, increased the percentage of residence time, and the percentage of swimming distance in the target quadrant in the probe trial session. In addition, our results also found that different compatibilities of QEF remarkably inhibited AChE activity and increased BDNF expression in the hippocampus of mice. What's more, the group after being treated with whole recipe (QF) showed the highest level of improvement. Conclusions: These findings not only suggest that QEF may effectively ameliorate cognitive deficits through inhibiting AChE activity and increasing BDNF expression in the hippocampus but also elucidate the rationality of QEF.
The Relationship Among Personality Traits, Character Strengths, and Life Satisfaction in College Students

Utilizing a sample of college students who completed the Adolescent Personal Style Inventory for College Students {Lounsbury & Gibson, 2004), the VIA Classification of Strengths (Peter, Park, & Seligman, 2004), and a Quality of Life Scale, specific relations between the Big Five Factor Model personality traits, character strengths, and life satisfaction in college students were hypothesized and examined. With the exception of the Big Five trait, Conscientiousness, all of the hypothesized correlations were found to be significant at the . 05 level. This study also investigated whether the character strengths model and the Big Five model were significant predictors of life satisfaction in · college students. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the character strengths model added validity above and beyond the Big Five in predicting life satisfaction in college students. Results are discussed in teims of implications for clinical aspects ( e.g. treatment modalities) in the field of psychology.
Spitzer Observations of the Supergiant Shell Region in IC 2574

We present spatially resolved Spitzer Space Telescope imaging of the supergiant shell region of the M81 group dwarf galaxy IC 2574 obtained as part of the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey. This region harbors one of the best nearby examples of a kinematically distinct H I shell, with an associated remnant stellar cluster; the shell is initiating sequential star formation as it interacts with the surrounding interstellar medium. This region dominates the infrared luminosity of IC 2574 and is spatially resolved in all Spitzer imaging bands. We study the differences in dust temperature as a function of local environment and compare local star formation rates as inferred from Hα and total infrared luminosities. We find that the strong Hα sources are associated with regions of warm dust; however, the most luminous infrared and Hα sources are not necessarily cospatial. The coolest dust is found in the regions farthest from the rim of the shell; these regions show the best agreement between star formation rates derived from Hα and from total infrared luminosities (although discrepancies at the factor of 3-4 level still exist). There is considerable variation in the radio-far-infrared correlation in different regions surrounding the shell. The low dust content of the region may influence the scatter seen in these relations; these data demonstrate that the expanding shell is dramatically affecting its surroundings by triggering star formation and altering the dust temperature.
FORMER TEAM SPORT ATHLETES’ EXPERIENCES OF THE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPORT-RELATED CONCUSSION

FORMER TEAM SPORT ATHLETES’ EXPERIENCES OF THE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPORT-RELATED CONCUSSION by Megan Cosmo Lee Loftin This study presents the results of a phenomenological qualitative analysis of former team sport athletes’ experiences of physical and psychological effects of sport-related concussion. Concussions have become increasingly prevalent in sport and knowledge surrounding the injury has become more available. Most research on sport-related concussions has focused on return to play and the physiological aspects of the injury; however, concussed individuals may also suffer psychological symptoms. Former athletes are experiencing health issues due to the physical and psychological nature of this injury. This study sought to add to this literature by exploring what physical and psychological effects former high school/collegiate team sport athletes experienced because of a sport-related concussion and the meanings they make of (how they experienced) these physical and psychological effects of a sport-related concussion. FORMER TEAM SPORT ATHLETES’ EXPERIENCES OF THE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPORT-RELATED CONCUSSION
Anxiety-Like Behaviors and c-Fos Expression in Adult Zebrafish: Effects of Housing Conditions, Alcohol and Caffeine

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iv LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION . 1 Alcohol and Caffeine . 1 The Zebrafish Animal Model. 3 CHAPTER II – EXPERIMENT 1 . 6 The Novel Tank Test . 6 The Effects of Alcohol on Adult Zebrafish . 7 The Effects of Caffeine on Adult Zebrafish . 11 The Effects of Alcohol and Caffeine on Adult Zebrafish . 13 Specific Aim 1 . 14 Hypotheses . 14 General Zebrafish Laboratory Housing . 15 Novel Tank Testing Methods. 15 Behavioral Analysis . 17 Statistical Analysis . 18 Experiment 1 Results . 19 vi CHAPTER III – EXPERIMENT 2 . 25 C-Fos Protein . 25 The Limbic System . 26 Specific Aim 2 . 29 Hypothesis. 29 C-Fos Immunohistochemistry Methods . 29 Statistical Analysis . 31 Experiment 2 Results . 31 CHAPTER IV – EXPERIMENT 3 . 36 Social Isolation and Environmental Enrichment . 36 Specific Aim 3 . 40 Hypotheses . 40 Housing Condition Methods . 40 Statistical Analysis . 42 Experiment 3 Results . 43 CHAPTER V – DISCUSSION . 49 APPENDIX A – Experiment 3 Additional Figures . 56 APPENDIX B – Experiment 3 Additional Tables . 60 APPENDIX C – IACUC Approval Letters . 68 REFERENCES . 70
Array-based identification of common DNA methylation alterations in ulcerative colitis

Patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis (UC) have higher risk of developing colorectal cancer. Albeit the causes remain to be understood, epigenetic alterations have been suggested to play a role in the long-term cancer risk of these patients. In this work, we developed a novel microarray platform based on methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism (MS-AFLP) DNA fingerprinting. The over 10,000 NotI sites of the human genome were used to generate synthetic primers covering these loci that are equally distributed into CpG rich regions (promoters and CpG islands) and outside the CpG islands, providing a panoramic view of the methylation alterations in the genome. The arrays were first tested using the colon cancer cell line CW-2 showing the reproducibility and sensitivity of the approach. We next investigated DNA methylation alterations in the colonic mucosa of 14 UC patients. We identified epigenetic alterations affecting genes putatively involved in UC disease, and in susceptibility to develop colorectal cancer. There was a strong concordance of methylation alterations (both hypermethylation and hypomethylation) shared by the cancer cells of the CW-2 cell line and the non-cancer UC samples. To the best of our knowledge, this work defines the first high-throughput aberrant DNA methylation profiles of the colonic mucosa of UC patients. These epigenetic profiles provide novel and relevant knowledge on the molecular alterations associated to the UC pathology. Some of the detected alterations could be exploited as cancer risk predictors underlying a field defect for cancerization in UC-associated carcinogenesis.
The Material and Social Dynamics of Motivation: Contributions to Open Source Language Technology Development

With the emergence of new forms of Internet and volunteer based peer production communities (see von Hippel, 2006; Benkler 2006; Tapscott & Williams 2007) such as Free/ Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS), the question of individual motivation has become important. Why make a contribution to collective use without getting remuneration for it? Early FLOSS studies and theorizations sought to categorize the motivation of ‘hackers’ to explain the motivation of programmer-developers in programmer-to-proThe Material and Social Dynamics of Motivation: Contributions to Open Source Language Technology Development
Performance evaluation of flow fairness in proxy-based TCP for ad hoc networks

Ad hoc networks have technical problem of throughput degradation for long hop sessions, especially for long TCP sessions. One promising way to resolve this significant technical problem is proxy-based TCP which divides long end-to-end TCP session into several sub-sessions at proxy host(s). We have already revealed that original proxy-based TCP cannot improve TCP throughput easily. We also revealed that cause of throughput degradation is burst transmission of segments in each divided sub-session. We proposed adaptive rate control and intentional flow control which prevents burst transmission and improves TCP throughput. In this paper, we evaluate throughput performance of our proposed schemes in multiple flow case. Simulation results show that it still obtains better total throughput but has fairness problem for throughput of each flow. We investigates causes for this unfair condition of our proposed schemes and show future research directions for resolving this fairness issue.