Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Robust Random Cut Forest Based Anomaly Detection on Streams

In this paper we focus on the anomaly detection problem for dynamic data streams through the lens of random cut forests. We investigate a robust random cut data structure that can be used as a sketch or synopsis of the input stream. We provide a plausible definition of non-parametric anomalies based on the influence of an unseen point on the remainder of the data, i.e., the externality imposed by that point. We show how the sketch can be efficiently updated in a dynamic data stream. We demonstrate the viability of the algorithm on publicly available real data.
MRI characteristics of disc displacement of temporomandibular disorders and its correlation with clinical findings in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects

Objectives: Pain caused by temporomandibular disorders originates from either muscular or articular conditions, or both. Distinguishing the precise source of the pain is a significant diagnostic challenge to clinicians, and effective management hinges on establishing a correct diagnosis temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction is a common condition that is best evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The important step in MR imaging of the TMJ is to evaluate the articular disk, or meniscus, in terms of its morphologic features and its location relative to the condyle in both closedand open-mouth positions. Disc location is of prime importance because the presence of a displaced disk is a critical sign of TMJ dysfunction. However asymptomatic volunteers can have disc displacement. It is important for the maxillofacial radiologist to detect early MR imaging signs of dysfunction, thereby avoiding the evolution of this condition to its advanced and irreversible phase which is characterized by osteoarthritic changes such as condylar flattening or osteophytes. Henceforth, the aim of the study was to evaluate MRI Characteristics of Disc Displacement of temporomandibular disorders and its correlation with clinical findings in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects Materials and Methods: In this clinical study, 30 patients (60 TMJs) were examined clinically and divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 15 patients with clinical signs and symptoms of TMDs either unilaterally or bilaterally and considered as study group. Group 2 consisted of 15 patients with no signs and symptoms of TMDs and considered as control group. MRI was done for both the TMJs of each patient. Displacement of the posterior band of articular disc in relation to the condyle was quantified as anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDR), anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWR), posterior disc displacement (PDD). Results: Disk displacement was found in 13 (86.7%) patients of 15 symptomatic subjects in Group 1 on MRI and 2 (13.3%) were diagnosed normal with no disc displacement. In Group 2, 1(6.7%) of 15 asymptomatic patients were diagnosed with disc displacement while 14 (93.3%) were normal. Sensitivity and Specificity tests were applied in both the groups to correlate MRI characterstics of disc displacement and clinical finding of TMD and results showed Sensitivity of 92.9% and Specificity of 87.5%. Conclusion: Disk displacement on MRI correlated well with presence or absence of clinical signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders with high Sensitivity and Specificity of 92.9% and 87.5%
Attitude toward livestock farming does not influence the earlier observed association between proximity to goat farms and self-reported pneumonia

Background: Attitudes toward environmental risks may be a source of bias in environmental health studies because concerns about environmental hazards may influence self-reported outcomes. Objective: The main aim was to assess whether earlier observed associations between proximity to goat farms and self-reported pneumonia were biased by participants’ attitude toward farming. Methods: We developed an attitude-score for 2,457 participants of the Dutch Livestock Farming and Neighbouring Residents’ Health Study (veehouderij en gezondheid omwonenden) by factor analysis of 13 questionnaire items related to attitude toward livestock farming. Linear regression analysis was used to assess associations between attitude and potential determinants. The effect of attitude on the association between goat farm proximity and pneumonia was analyzed by evaluating (1) misclassification of the outcome, (2) effect modification by attitude, and (3) exclusion of participants reporting health problems due to farms in their environment. Results: In general, the study population had a positive attitude toward farming, especially if participants were more familiar with farming. Older participants, females, ex-smokers, and higher-educated individuals had a more negative attitude. Both self-reported respiratory symptoms and exposure to livestock farms were associated with a more negative attitude. Misclassification of self-reported pneumonia was nondifferential with regard to participants’ attitude. Furthermore, no indication was found that the association between proximity to goat farms and pneumonia was modified by attitude. Excluding subjects who attributed their health symptoms to livestock farms did also not change the association. Conclusions: The association between goat farm proximity and pneumonia was not substantially biased by study participants’ attitude toward livestock farming.
Direct activation of GABAA receptors by barbiturates in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.

1. The direct activation of the GABAA receptor by pentobarbitone (PB) and phenobarbitone (PHB) was characterized in cultured rat hippocampal neurons using whole‐cell voltage clamp and single channel recording techniques. 2. In whole‐cell recordings, PB and PHB produced a concentration‐dependent activation of Cl‐ current (EC50 values, 0.33 and 3.0 mM, respectively). The response to the barbiturates was similar to that produced by GABA, although GABA was more potent (EC50, 5.5 microM). PB and PHB were substantially more potent in enhancing the response to 1 microM GABA (EC50 values, 94 microM and 0.89 mM, respectively). The maximal magnitude of the responses to PB was similar to that of the maximal response to GABA or GABA + PB. PHB appeared to be modestly less efficacious. 3. The mean deactivation time constant for whole‐cell Cl‐ currents evoked by 1 mM PB + 1 microM GABA was significantly longer (480 +/‐ 34 ms) than for 1 mM PB (170 +/‐ 9 ms) or 1 microM GABA (180 +/‐ 14 ms) alone. 4. Whole‐cell currents directly activated by 300 microM PB and 1 microM GABA were blocked by the GABA receptor antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin. 5. Unitary GABAA receptor channel currents evoked by 300 microM PB had similar main conductance, mean open time and mean burst duration as those activated by 2 microM GABA alone. Single channel openings and bursts were of shorter mean duration when 100 and 300 microM PHB were used. 6. High concentrations of PB (1‐3 mM) and PHB (3‐10 mM) produced a rapid block of currents activated by the barbiturate alone or by the barbiturate in the presence of 1 microM GABA. The estimated IC50 values for block of PB‐ and PHB‐potentiated GABA currents were 2.8 and 12.9 mM, respectively. 7. Single channel currents activated by high concentrations of PB and PHB alone or in the presence of GABA demonstrated flickering, probably reflecting fast channel block. 8. We conclude that the gating of the GABAA receptor channel by PHB and PB is functionally similar to that produced by the natural agonist GABA alone, but distinct from that obtained when barbiturates modulate the response to GABA. At high concentrations, the barbiturates produce a channel blocking action that limits the maximum total current conducted by the channel.
Generalized set-valued variational-like inclusions and Wiener-Hopf equations in Banach spaces

By using the notion of Jη-proximal mapping for a nonconvex, lower semicontinuous, η-subdifferentiable proper functional in reflexive Banach spaces, we introduce and study a class of generalized set-valued variational-like inclusions in Banach spaces and show their equivalences with a class of Wiener-Hopf equations. We propose two new iterative algorithms for the class of generalized set-valued variational-like inclusions. Furthermore, we prove the existence of solutions of the generalized set-valued variational-like inclusions and the convergence criteria of the two iterative algorithms for the generalized set-valued variational-like inclusions in reflexive Banach spaces. The results presented in this paper are new and are an extension of the corresponding results in this direction.
Sleep deprivation and false confessions

Significance False confessions occur surprisingly frequently in the context of interrogations and criminal investigations. Indeed, false confessions are thought to account for approximately 15–25% of wrongful convictions in the United States. Here we demonstrate that sleep deprivation increases the likelihood that a person will falsely confess to wrongdoing that never occurred. Furthermore, our data suggest that it may be possible to identify certain individuals who are especially likely to falsely confess while sleep deprived. The present research is a crucial step toward understanding the role of sleep deprivation in the problem of false confession and, in turn, raises complex questions about the use of sleep deprivation in the interrogation of innocent and guilty suspects. False confession is a major contributor to the problem of wrongful convictions in the United States. Here, we provide direct evidence linking sleep deprivation and false confessions. In a procedure adapted from Kassin and Kiechel [(1996) Psychol Sci 7(3):125–128], participants completed computer tasks across multiple sessions and repeatedly received warnings that pressing the “Escape” key on their keyboard would cause the loss of study data. In their final session, participants either slept all night in laboratory bedrooms or remained awake all night. In the morning, all participants were asked to sign a statement, which summarized their activities in the laboratory and falsely alleged that they pressed the Escape key during an earlier session. After a single request, the odds of signing were 4.5 times higher for the sleep-deprived participants than for the rested participants. These findings have important implications and highlight the need for further research on factors affecting true and false confessions.
SINR-constrained power minimization in MISO interference channel with imperfect CSI: A Bernstein Approximation approach

We consider SINR-constrained power minimization in MISO interference channel with imperfect channel state information (CSI). The problems is formulated as probability-constrained optimization problems. We make use of the Bernstein approximation to conservatively transform the probabilistic constraints into deterministic ones, and consequently convert the original stochastic optimization problems into convex optimization problems. Extensive simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Effect of dietary macronutrient composition under moderate hypocaloric intake on maternal adaptation during lactation.

BACKGROUND No evidence-based recommendations exist concerning what dietary macronutrient composition optimizes weight loss during lactation while maintaining milk production. OBJECTIVES The study was designed to test the following hypotheses: compared with a reduced-calorie, high-carbohydrate (H-CHO) diet, an isonitrogenous, isocaloric high-fat (H-F) diet will decrease milk production and carbohydrate oxidation, increase gluconeogenesis and hexoneogenesis, and not affect energy balance. DESIGN Seven healthy lactating mothers and their infants were studied on 2 occasions in random order for 8 d separated by 1-2 wk. On one occasion, the subjects received the H-F (30% of energy as carbohydrate and 55% as fat) diet and on the other occasion received the H-CHO (60% of energy as carbohydrate and 25% as fat) diet. Milk production, infant intakes, and substrate and hormone concentrations were measured. Glucose rates of appearance, production, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and hexoneogenesis were measured by using stable-isotope gas chromatography-mass spectrometric techniques, and energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured by using indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Milk volume, lactose, and protein concentrations were unaffected. Milk fat, energy, and infant intakes were higher (P < 0.05) during the H-F diet. Neither gluconeogenesis nor hexoneogenesis was different. During the H-F diet, energy expenditure and fat and protein oxidation rates were higher (P < 0.05), and the daily energy balance deficit was greater (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Milk fat, energy output, and energy expenditure were higher during the H-F diet, which resulted in a greater negative energy balance. The lactating mothers adapted to a low carbohydrate intake by decreasing carbohydrate oxidation. Additional studies are warranted to determine whether a hypocaloric H-F diet might promote weight loss to a greater extent than the H-CHO diet while maintaining milk production.
Rapamycin synergizes with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib in non–small-cell lung, pancreatic, colon, and breast tumors

The receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR) is overexpressed in many cancers. One important signaling pathway regulated by EGFR is the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K)-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1-Akt pathway. Activation of Akt leads to the stimulation of antiapoptotic pathways, promoting cell survival. Akt also regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-S6K-S6 pathway to control cell growth in response to growth factors and nutrients. Recent reports have shown that the sensitivity of non–small-cell lung cancer cell lines to EGFR inhibitors such as erlotinib (Tarceva, OSI Pharmaceuticals) is dependent on inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1-Akt-mTOR pathway. There can be multiple inputs to this pathway as activity can be regulated by other receptors or upstream mutations. Therefore, inhibiting EGFR alone may not be sufficient for substantial inhibition of all tumor cells, highlighting the need for multipoint intervention. Herein, we sought to determine if rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, could enhance erlotinib sensitivity for cell lines derived from a variety of tissue types (non–small-cell lung, pancreatic, colon, and breast). Erlotinib could inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Akt, and S6 only in cell lines that were the most sensitive. Rapamycin could fully inhibit S6 in all cell lines, but this was accompanied by activation of Akt phosphorylation. However, combination with erlotinib could down-modulate rapamycin-stimulated Akt activity. Therefore, in select cell lines, inhibition of both S6 and Akt was achieved only with the combination of erlotinib and rapamycin. This produced a synergistic effect on cell growth inhibition, observations that extended in vivo using xenograft models. These results suggest that combining rapamycin with erlotinib might be clinically useful to enhance response to erlotinib. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(11):2676–84]
Lifting assertion and consistency checkers from single to multiple viewpoints

Using a priority preorder on requirements or specifications, we lift established property-verification techniques of threevalued model checking from single to multiple viewpoints. This lift guarantees a maximal degree of autonomy and accountability to single views, automatically synthesizes single-analysis results for multiple-view consistency and assertion checking, allows the re-use of single-view technology (e.g. standard model checkers), and transforms many meta-results (e.g. soundness of abstraction) from the singleview to the multiple-view setting. We formulate assertionconsistency lattices as a proper denotational universe for this lift, show that their symmetric versions are DeMorgan lattices, and classify both structures through (idempotent) order-isomorphisms on (self-dual) priority preorders in the finite case. In particular, this lift generalizes Fitting’s multiple-valued semantics of modal logic in that our treatment of negation generalizes Heyting negation beyond fully specified and consistent models. We compare our approach to existing work on multiple-valued model checking.
Treatment of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: an international task force consensus statement

Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova Medical School, Via N. Giustiniani 2, Padova 35121, Italy; Heart Center Osnabrück-Bad Rothenfelde, Marienhospital Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany; New England Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA; First Cardiology Department, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece; Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Yannis Protonotarios Medical Centre, Hora Naxos, Greece; Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany; Center of Sports Sciences, Rome, Italy; The Heart Hospital, London, UK; and University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
Evaluation of military trauma system practices related to damage-control resuscitation

BACKGROUND The Joint Theater Trauma System (JTTS) was developed with the vision that every soldier, marine, sailor, and airman injured on the battlefield would have the optimal chance for survival and maximum potential for functional recovery. In this analysis, we hypothesized that information diffusion through the JTTS, via the dissemination of clinical practice guidelines and process improvements, would be associated with the acceptance of evidence-based practices and decreases in trauma practice variability. METHODS The current evaluation was designed as a single time-series quasi-experimental study as a preanalysis and postanalysis relative to the implementation of clinical practice guidelines and process improvement interventions. Data captured from patients admitted to hospital-level (Level III) military treatment facilities in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2003 to 2010 were retrospectively analyzed from the Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR) to determine the potential impact of process improvement initiatives on clinical practice. RESULTS The JTTS clinical practice guidelines for massive transfusion led to increased compliance with balanced component transfusion and decreased practice variability. During the course of the evaluation period, hypothermia on presentation decreased dramatically after the publication of the hypothermia prevention and management clinical practice guideline. CONCLUSION Developed metrics demonstrate that evidence-based quality improvement initiatives disseminated through the JTTS were associated with improved clinical practice of resuscitation following battlefield injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/care management study, level IV.
The Hydrodynamic Response of the Sediment‐Water Interface to Coherent Turbulent Motions

Unique observations of the hydrodynamics across the sediment‐water interface are used to quantify the instantaneous response of the interstitial fluid to the passage of coherent turbulent motions in the overlying flow. Over a range of permeability Reynolds numbers ReK=Ku∗/ν (where K is the sediment permeability, u∗ is the shear velocity, and ν is the fluid viscosity), the passage of these turbulent motions create velocity fluctuations and momentum fluxes at the sediment‐water interface to greatly exceed their mean values. Sweep motions are observed to penetrate into the sediment bed and induce instantaneous momentum fluxes that can be an order of magnitude larger than the mean bed shear stress. By penetrating into the sediment bed, the turbulent motions increase the effective roughness experienced by the flow and therefore the flow resistance. The properties of the mean flow alone are thus insufficient to describe the interaction of the overlying flow with the sediments.
Synchrony affects Taylor’s law in theory and data

Significance Two widely confirmed patterns in ecology are Taylor’s law (TL), which states that the variance of population density is approximately a power of mean population density, and population synchrony, the tendency of species’ population sizes in different areas to be correlated through time. TL has been applied in many areas, including fisheries management, conservation, agriculture, finance, physics, and meteorology. Synchrony of populations increases the likelihood of large-scale pest or disease outbreaks and shortages of resources. We show that changed synchrony modifies and can invalidate TL. Widespread recent changes in synchrony, possibly resulting from climate change, may broadly affect TL and its applications. Taylor’s law (TL) is a widely observed empirical pattern that relates the variances to the means of groups of nonnegative measurements via an approximate power law: varianceg ≈ a × meangb, where g indexes the group of measurements. When each group of measurements is distributed in space, the exponent b of this power law is conjectured to reflect aggregation in the spatial distribution. TL has had practical application in many areas since its initial demonstrations for the population density of spatially distributed species in population ecology. Another widely observed aspect of populations is spatial synchrony, which is the tendency for time series of population densities measured in different locations to be correlated through time. Recent studies showed that patterns of population synchrony are changing, possibly as a consequence of climate change. We use mathematical, numerical, and empirical approaches to show that synchrony affects the validity and parameters of TL. Greater synchrony typically decreases the exponent b of TL. Synchrony influenced TL in essentially all of our analytic, numerical, randomization-based, and empirical examples. Given the near ubiquity of synchrony in nature, it seems likely that synchrony influences the exponent of TL widely in ecologically and economically important systems.