Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks, and Global Governance

The public sphere is the space of communication of ideas and projects that emerge from society and are addressed to the decision makers in the institutions of society. The global civil society is the organized expression of the values and interests of society. The relationships between government and civil society and their interaction via the public sphere define the polity of society. The process of globalization has shifted the debate from the national domain to the global debate, prompting the emergence of a global civil society and of ad hoc forms of global governance. Accordingly, the public sphere as the space of debate on public affairs has also shifted from the national to the global and is increasingly constructed around global communication networks. Public diplomacy, as the diplomacy of the public, not of the government, intervenes in this global public sphere, laying the ground for traditional forms of diplomacy to act beyond the strict negotiation of power relationships by building on shared cultural meaning, the essence of communication.
DNA footprints of European hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus and E. concolor: Pleistocene refugia, postglacial expansion and colonization routes

European hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus and E. concolor, are among the many European plant and animal taxa that have been subjected to cyclical restriction to glacial refugia and interglacial expansion. An analysis of 95 mitotypes, comprising partial cytochrome b and control region sequences, shows deep divergence between the two hedgehog species. Three europaeus and two concolor clades are clearly identified and are consistent with previously identified refugia for Europe: the Iberian peninsula, Italy, and the Balkans. The degree of mitochondrial divergence among these clades suggests pre‐Pleistocene separation of the refugial populations. In contrast, analysis of two nuclear introns clearly separates the two concolor clades, as in the mitochondrial data, but cannot discriminate the three europaeus clades. This discrepancy between nuclear and mitochondrial data is attributed to historical differences in the refugial population size of europaeus and concolor. The geographical distribution of mitotypes is analysed using nested clade analysis. This method, by including unobserved (‘missing’) mitotypes, can identify mitotype groupings that remain undetected in conventional analyses. However, the application of nested clade analysis to the study of refugial populations may be hampered by such factors as the loss of haplotypes from the refugial areas by repeated contractions of the population and the recent time scale of colonization relative to mutation rate.
Large group interventions as a tool for community visioning and planning

Large group interventions (LGIs) are a type of multi-stakeholder process designed to “get the whole system in the room” in order to develop shared understandings and agreements. LGIs are said to be well-suited to the conditions of complexity, plurality, and uncertainty that are often associated with community visioning and planning settings. However, there is little research regarding what reasonably to expect from large group intervention processes and how best to design them. Sharing findings of a multi-stakeholder large group visioning and planning process in the Pacific Northwest, this article informs understanding of how and why large group interventions work, and their applicability to community visioning, planning, and development.
How Partners' Views Influence Auditor Judgment

SUMMARY: Prior research has shown that auditors who learn superiors' views before making their own judgment are influenced by them (e.g., Peecher 1996; Tan et al. 1997; Cohen and Trompeter 1998; Brown et al. 1999; Wilks 2002). We use the theory of motivated reasoning (Kunda 1990, 1999) to examine the malleability of individual auditors' judgments after auditors have reached their own independent conclusions. In a between-subjects experiment with practicing auditors and audit students, we find that auditors who learn the views of their superiors after reaching their own judgment subsequently report that their original, independent judgment had been the same as that of their superiors. Our findings provide evidence that knowledge of superiors' views biases auditors' reports of their prior independent judgments, potentially inhibiting discussion and resolution of contrary views. Moreover, in our study this bias is not significantly different from the influence superiors' views have on auditors who learn tho.
The management of serous papillary uterine cancer

Purpose of review Uterine papillary serous cancer is an extremely aggressive cancer, the optimum management of which is still being determined. It is important to understand advances that have been made in 2005 regarding the molecular biology, diagnosis, and management of this deadly disease. Recent findings The main themes in the literature regarding uterine papillary serous cancer are that a potential precursor lesion, serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma, has been recognized as an early form of the disease. A variety of molecular biologically important markers have now been identified, including p53, HER2/neu, IL-6, kallikrein 6, and claudin-4, some of which may be susceptible to molecularly targeted therapy. Systematic surgical staging is necessary before additional therapy is recommended. Stage I uterine papillary serous cancer requires aggressive treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy for successful treatment. The most effective management of advanced stage disease remains to be resolved. Summary Serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma should be treated as a form of uterine papillary serous cancer. Multimodality therapy is required for the successful management of early stage uterine papillary serous cancer. Advanced disease is often unresponsive to conventional therapy. Molecularly targeted therapies are now being introduced into the management of this disease.
Participative Bureaucracy and Productivity in the Machined Products Sector

In a participative bureaucracy, group-based employee participation mechanisms provide opportunities to reexamine old routines and to take advantage of informal shortcuts that employees have worked out on their own. Instead of proving to be dinosaurs, older and larger bureaucratically structured organizations are demonstrating a capability for adaptation and change and achieving new productivity advantages through such participative structures. For small firms, a participative bureaucracy is complementary to the productive use of information technology in the machining process.
Managing the Invisible: Identifying Value-Maximizing Combinations of Risk and Capital

This article demonstrates the linkage—often asserted but seldom described—between Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and maximizing a firm's value. I show that knowing a firm's aggregate risk exposure (via ERM), when combined with a valuation model like the one presented here, can enable the firm's managers to identify and choose value-maximizing combinations of risk and capital. Using value maximization as the criterion for choosing a firm's capital structure is quite distinct from rules of thumb that CFOs often use for such decisions. The valuation model shows that increasing an insurer's surplus from an initially low level typically increases the present value of future cash flows that take into account the probability of impairment from extreme losses. In contrast to traditional literature on the risk of ruin, impairment here is taken to mean a loss of creditworthiness such that the firm's business model is no longer sustainable, whether or not the firm is solvent. However, beyond a certain optimal level relative to a firm's risk, further increases in surplus actually reduce a firm's value added measured in this fashion. Sensitivity analyses presented here show how these conclusions are affected by changes in the values of crucial variables. In particular, the article shows how managers can use this model to identify specific actions that their firm can take to increase its value added, and it emphasizes the practical importance of making a firm's value both visible and manageable.
Equality of school choice: a study applied to the Spanish region of Aragón

The aim of this paper is to test whether the distribution of students by social, cultural and racial characteristics is homogeneous between Spanish public schools (PS) and publicly subsidised private schools (PSPS) or whether segregation exists between the profile of pupils attending each type of school. The theoretical framework is based on the contributions of researchers into school choice policies, while the empirical application uses a 2005 questionnaire answered by the final year secondary school students of the Spanish region of Aragón. We quantify the degree of internal segregation within each sector (PS and PSPS) and estimate a probit model in order to discover which factors determine the choice of a PSPS. We conclude that the distribution of pupils between PS and PSPS follows a clear socioeconomic pattern which favours privately owned schools. Our study offers an additional result, namely, that cream-skimming processes are more recurrent within the publicly subsidised sector, which is shown to be far more selective than the public sector in its distribution of pupils. Finally, it is found that the higher the socioeconomic status, the higher the probability of choosing PSPS, suggesting that the segregation found in this paper may be caused partly by the choice patterns of Spanish families.
Provocation of bradycardia and hypotension by isoproterenol and upright posture in patients with unexplained syncope.

Neurally mediated hypotension and bradycardia are believed to be common causes of syncope. We used the "upright-tilt test" (duration, less than or equal to 10 minutes) with or without an infusion of exogenous catecholamine (isoproterenol [1 to 5 micrograms per minute], given intravenously) to elicit bradycardia, hypotension, or both in 24 patients with recurrent syncope and in 18 control subjects. A conventional electrophysiologic test performed before the tilt test was positive in 9 of the 24 patients, revealing arrhythmias that may have caused recurrent syncope, but was negative and thus nondiagnostic in 15 patients. The tilt test alone (i.e., without isoproterenol) induced symptomatic bradycardia or hypotension in 1 of the 9 patients with positive electrophysiologic tests (11 percent), 4 of the 15 patients with negative electrophysiologic tests (27 percent), and none of the controls. When the isoproterenol infusion was administered during the tilt test, 9 of the 11 patients with negative electrophysiologic and tilt tests had syncope, marked slowing of the heart rate, and hypotension. In contrast, isoproterenol was associated with tachycardia and only a slight decline in arterial pressure in the 8 remaining patients with positive electrophysiologic tests and the 18 control subjects, and syncope developed in only 1 of the 8 patients with positive electrophysiologic tests and negative tilt tests (13 percent) and 2 of the 18 control subjects (11 percent). We conclude that an isoproterenol infusion administered in conjunction with the upright-tilt test may be useful for identifying susceptibility to neurally mediated recurrent syncope.
The Walk-down to Beatable Analyst Forecasts: The Role of Equity Issuance and Insider Trading Incentives*

Security regulators and the business press have alleged that firms play an 'earnings-guidance game' where analysts make optimistic forecasts at the start of the year and then 'walk down' their estimates to a level the firm can beat by the end of the year. In a comprehensive sample of I/B/E/S individual analysts' forecasts of annual earnings from 1983-1998, we find strong support for the claim in the post-1992 period. We examine whether the 'walk down' to beatable targets is associated with managers' incentives to sell stock after earnings announcements on the firm's behalf (via new equity issuance) or from their personal accounts (insider trades). Consistent with these hypotheses, we find that the 'walk down' to beatable targets is most pronounced in firms that are either net issuers of equity or in firms where managers are net sellers of stock after an earnings announcement. These findings provide new insights on how capital market incentives affect communications between managers and analysts.
Google Search Intensity and Its Relationship with Returns and Trading Volume of Japanese Stocks

This study examines the relationship between online search intensity and stock-trading behavior in the Japanese market. The search intensity is measured by the search volume of company names on Google. Our sample consists of 189 Japanese stocks searched between 2008 and 2011. We find correlations with search intensity that are strongly positive for trading volume and weakly positive for stock returns. Our results are consistent with the notion that the increase in search activity is associated with increases in trading activity, but the probability that this increase in trading raises stock prices is not high.
The Work of Kings : The New Buddhism in Sri Lanka

Examines the turbulent modern history and sociology of the Sri Lankan Buddhist Monkhood and its effects upon contemporary society. Using translated Sinhalese documents and interviews with monks, Sri Lankan anthropologist H.L. Seneviratne unravels the inner workings of this New Buddhism and the ideology on which it is based. Beginning with Anagarika Dharmapala's "rationalization" of Buddhism in the early-20th century, which called for monks to take on a more activist role in the community, Seneviratne shows how the monks have graduallyu revised their role to include involvement in political and economic spheres. The altruistic, morally pure monks of Dharmapala's dream have become, Seneviratne argues, self-centered and arrogant, concealing self-aggrandizement behind a facade of "social service".
Are Multi-Echelon Inventory Methods Worth Implementing in Systems with Low-Demand-Rate Items?

In practice, most multi-echelon inventory systems are managed using adaptations of single location methods. This paper shows that such methods can be dramatically inferior to methods designed to take advantage of a system's structure. This is especially true in repair parts inventory systems where most items have low demand rates. In this paper we describe a multi-echelon method adapted to a particular situation. Data taken from a large (over $100 million investment) industrial inventory system are used to provide comparative results on overall inventory required to meet a given service level. The multi-echelon method used involves an (s - 1, s) ordering policy and Poisson demand, both of which are appropriate for low demand items; this method requires much lower total investment than the single-location method requires to achieve the same average level of performance. Thus it appears that multi-echelon methods are worthwhile in many situations.
Day-of-the-Week Effects in the Indian Stock Market

This paper investigates empirically the day-of-the-week effect on stock returns and volatility of the Indian stock markets. The GARCH (1,1), EGARCH (1,1) and TGARCH (1,1) models were employed to examine the existence of daily anomalies over the period of 1st July, 1997 to 29th June, 2012. The empirical results derived from the GARCH models indicate the existence of day-of-the-week effects on stock returns and volatility of the Indian stock markets. The study reveals positive Monday and Wednesday effects in the NSE-Nifty and BSE-SENSEX market returns. The average return on Monday is significantly higher than the average return of Wednesday in the NSE-Nifty and BSE-SENSEX markets. Besides, the findings confirm the strong support of ARCH and GARCH effects persist in the returns series. Moreover, the asymmetric GARCH models show that the Indian stock market returns exhibit asymmetric (leverage) effect. Most importantly, the empirical results indicate that Tuesday effects have negative impact on volatility after controlling the persistence and asymmetric effects.
Unintended Consequences of Repression: Alliance Formation in South Korea's Democracy Movement (1970-1979)

Research regarding the impact of repression on social movements has yielded conflicting findings; some argue that repression decreases the total quantity of protest events while others argue that it motivates protest. To move beyond this impasse, various scholars have suggested exploring how repression influences the quality of social movements. This study assesses the impact repression had on the formation of alliances between different social groups participating in South Korea's democracy movement. Results from negative binomial regression analyses show that repression facilitated the formation of alliances between movement actors at a time when the overall number of protest events decreased. This study contributes to the literature on coercion and mobilization by pointing to the possibility of movement development during low levels of a protest cycle.
Predicting life-time and regular cannabis use during adolescence; the roles of temperament and peer substance use: the TRAILS study.

AIMS The aim of the present study was to determine the mediating role of affiliation with cannabis-using peers in the pathways from various dimensions of temperament to life-time cannabis use, and to determine if these associations also contributed to the development of regular cannabis use. METHODS Objectives were studied using data from 1300 participants of the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS), a large, general population study of Dutch adolescents. We used parent-reports on the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire to assess the dimensions of high-intensity pleasure, shyness, fearfulness, frustration and effortful control at age 10-12 years. By means of self-reports, life-time and regular cannabis use were determined at age 15-18 years, and proportion of substance-using peers was determined at ages 12-15 and 15-18 years. Models were adjusted for age, sex, intelligence and parental cannabis use. RESULTS High-intensity pleasure [odds ratio (OR) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-1.13] and effortful control (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.89-0.96) affected the risk for life-time cannabis use through their influence on affiliation with cannabis-using peers. Shyness affected this risk independently from peer cannabis use. Only the pathway from effortful control was associated additionally with the development of regular cannabis use (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.89-0.98). CONCLUSIONS Peer cannabis use and, to a lesser extent, certain temperamental characteristics affect an adolescent's risk of cannabis use, and should be considered in prevention programmes. We recommend future research to focus upon factors that potentially modify the association between temperament, affiliation with cannabis-using peers and cannabis use.
The Value of Exchange

Contemporary social exchange researchers have largely ignored how variations in the value of exchange affect power relations, concentrating instead on effects of the structure of exchange, particularly the size and shape of exchange networks. In this article, we show that value, when conceptualized and studied as a dimension of actors' alternative exchange relations, has strong and systematic effects on actors' use of power. Results of a laboratory experiment support our hypotheses, showing that an actor's power over another increases with the value of that actor's exchange with alternative partners. The effects of value on power use are comparable in strength to the effects of the availability of alternatives, and they are remarkably robust, holding for both negotiated and reciprocal forms of exchange and for networks in which the availability of alternative partners is both high and low.
Job insecurity, career opportunities, discrimination and turnover intention in post-apartheid South Africa: examples of informative hypothesis testing

The objective of this paper was to investigate differences in male employee experiences in the light of employment equity law and a strong affirmative action drive within present-day South African organizations. This research is important as it can substantiate or invalidate perspectives and beliefs surrounding employment equity issues. A cross-sectional design was used which consisted of a stratified random sample from five corporate organizations (N = 1000). Latent variable modeling with Bayesian estimation was implemented. This paper also demonstrated the use of informative hypothesis testing and subsequent Bayes factors to directly compare the informative hypotheses, in order to show how much more likely one hypothesis is to be the correct hypothesis, compared to the other(s). The results revealed that non-designated (white male) employees experience more job insecurity than their designated (black male) counterparts, but this does not necessarily associate with more turnover intention. It was also found that when designated employees experience less career opportunities, they show more turnover intention. Furthermore, it was shown that designated employees perceive more discrimination, but that this does not associate with more turnover intention. The limitations and future research opportunities are discussed.
Enhanced responsiveness of cardiac vagal chemosensitive endings to bradykinin in heart failure.

There is good evidence that the cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreflexes are blunted in chronic heart failure (HF). Other evidence, however, suggests that the cardiac chemoreflex is enhanced during HF. In the present study, we sought to determine whether HF alters the sensitivity of cardiac vagal chemosensitive endings to bradykinin (BK), an endogenous mediator that activates ventricular C fiber afferents. We measured the activity of cardiac vagal single fibers and compared the afferent responses to left atrial injections of BK and capsaicin in sham-operated and pacing-induced HF dogs. The capsaicin-sensitive endings did not respond to changes in cardiac pressures evoked by vascular snares and were C fiber endings (0.8-2.1 m/s). Most were located in the left heart. There was no difference in rate or pattern of resting discharge of the cardiac vagal fibers between HF and sham groups (1.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3 impulses/s, respectively). The afferent response to BK (0.001-1 microgram/kg), but not capsaicin (1-10 micrograms/kg), was greater in HF compared with sham dogs. Captopril (2 mg/kg i.v.) significantly enhanced resting discharge (P < 0.05) from cardiac chemosensitive vagal afferents in HF but not sham dogs. The afferent response to BK in both groups was significantly (P < 0.05) and similarly enhanced. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) significantly inhibited resting discharge (P < 0.05) and nearly abolished the afferent responses to lower doses of BK in HF, but did not affect resting discharge and less effectively attenuated responses to BK in sham dogs. Responses to capsaicin did not differ between HF and sham animals. From these results, we conclude that 1) resting discharge from cardiac vagal chemosensitive endings is not altered in HF, 2) these vagal endings exhibit an enhanced sensitivity to exogenous BK but not to capsaicin in the HF state, 3) angiotensin-converting enzyme activity inhibits resting discharge from these afferents in HF, and 4) the cyclooxygenase system contributes to the enhanced BK responsiveness of cardiac chemosensitive endings in HF.