Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polysaccharides extraction from submerged-cultured mycelium of Grifola frondosa

Alkaline (NaOH) hydrolysis and aqueous extraction method were comparatively studied in polysaccharides extraction from mycelia of Grifola frondosa obtained with submerged-culture. The results show that the polysaccharide content and the total extract rate from alkaline extraction method were obviously higher than those from the aqueous extraction method. The conditions of alkaline extraction were further optimized by the orthogonal matrix method, and the results reveal that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: ratio of alkaline volume to mycelium weight was 15 (mL/g), alkaline concentration was 1.0 mol/L, hydrolysis temperature was 70°C, and hydrolysis time was 1.5 hour. With the optimized condition, the polysaccharide extraction rate reached 11.18 ± 0.37 %. The mycelial polysaccharide obtained with alkaline hydrolysis method was fractionated by the DEAE column chromatography. Four G. frondosa polysaccharide (GFPS) fractions were isolated in the polysaccharide sample with GFPS-1 as the main component.
THE COSMIC NEAR-INFRARED BACKGROUND. II. FLUCTUATIONS

The near-infrared background (NIRB) is one of a few methods that can be used to observe the redshifted light from early stars at a redshift of 6 and above, and thus it is imperative to understand the significance of any detection or nondetection of the NIRB. Fluctuations of the NIRB can provide information on the first structures, such as halos and their surrounding ionized regions in the intergalactic medium (IGM). We combine, for the first time, N-body simulations, radiative transfer code, and analytic calculations of luminosity of early structures to predict the angular power spectrum (Cl) of fluctuations in the NIRB. We study in detail the effects of various assumptions about the stellar mass, the initial mass spectrum of stars, the metallicity, the star formation efficiency (f*), the escape fraction of ionizing photons (fesc), and the star formation timescale (tSF), on the amplitude as well as the shape of Cl. The power spectrum of NIRB fluctuations is maximized when f* is the largest (as Cl ∝ f2*) and fesc is the smallest (as more nebular emission is produced within halos). A significant uncertainty in the predicted amplitude of Cl exists due to our lack of knowledge of tSF of these early populations of galaxies, which is equivalent to our lack of knowledge of the mass-to-light ratio of these sources. We do not see a turnover in the NIRB angular power spectrum of the halo contribution, which was claimed to exist in the literature, and explain this as the effect of high levels of nonlinear bias that was ignored in the previous calculations. This is partly due to our choice of the minimum mass of halos contributing to NIRB (∼2 × 109 M☉), and a smaller minimum mass, which has a smaller nonlinear bias, may still exhibit a turnover. Therefore, our results suggest that both the amplitude and shape of the NIRB power spectrum provide important information regarding the nature of sources contributing to the cosmic reionization. The angular power spectrum of the IGM, in most cases, is much smaller than the halo angular power spectrum, except when fesc is close to unity, tSF is longer, or the minimum redshift at which the star formation is occurring is high. In addition, low levels of the observed mean background intensity tend to rule out high values of f* ≳ 0.2.
Power control for a PV generation system using a single-phase grid-connected quasi Z-source inverter

This paper presents a photo-voltaic generation system using a single-phase grid-connected quasi Z-source inverter (QZSI). The method to track the maximum power point of the PV array by adjusting the shoot-through time of the QZSI is suggested. The modified switching patterns for controlling effectively the shoot-through time while reducing the switching loss are applied. The ac grid current controller with a resonant controller is designed in order to eliminate the steady-state error at the grid frequency, 60Hz. To confirm the effectiveness of proposed methods, some simulation results are shown.
The 21-gene recurrence score assay impacts adjuvant therapy recommendations for ER-positive, node-negative and node-positive early breast cancer resulting in a risk-adapted change in chemotherapy use

Background We carried out a prospective clinical study to evaluate the impact of the Recurrence Score (RS) on treatment decisions in early breast cancer (EBC). Patients and methods A total of 379 eligible women with estrogen receptor positive (ER+), HER2-negative EBC and 0–3 positive lymph nodes were enrolled. Treatment recommendations, patients' decisional conflict, physicians' confidence before and after knowledge of the RS and actual treatment data were recorded. Results Of the 366 assessable patients 244 were node negative (N0) and 122 node positive (N+). Treatment recommendations changed in 33% of all patients (N0 30%, N+ 39%). In 38% of all patients (N0 39%, N+ 37%) with an initial recommendation for chemoendocrine therapy, the post-RS recommendation changed to endocrine therapy, in 25% (N0 22%, N+ 39%) with an initial recommendation for endocrine therapy only to combined chemoendocrine therapy, respectively. A patients' decisional conflict score improved by 6% (P = 0.028) and physicians' confidence increased in 45% (P < 0.001) of all cases. Overall, 33% (N0 29%, N+ 38%) of fewer patients actually received chemotherapy as compared with patients recommended chemotherapy pre-test. Using the test was cost-saving versus current clinical practice. Conclusion RS-guided chemotherapy decision-making resulted in a substantial modification of adjuvant chemotherapy usage in node-negative and node-positive ER+ EBC.
[Relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of IL2RA, IL-10 Gene and Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosisin in children].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL2RA and IL-10 gene with the pathogenesis of Epstein Barr Virus associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) in children and the effect of correlated SNPs on the prognosis of children with EBV-HLH. METHODS For EBV-HLH group (51 cases), EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (EBV-IM) group (48 cases) and EBV-positive healthy children group (52 cases), the genotypes at rs2104286, rs12722489, rs11594656 of IL2RA gene and rs1800896, rs1800871 and rs1800872 of IL-10 gene were detected with the SNaPshot technique. The distribution differences of genotype frequency and allele frequency of each SNP in each group were analyzed, and the correlated SNPs were taken as the research object for survival analysis. RESULTS the frequency of AA genotype at rs1800896 of IL-10 gene in EBV-HLH group was higher than that in IM group (58.8% vs 25.0%) and healthy control group (58.8% vs 26.9%). The frequency of A allele in EBV-HLH group was higher than that in IM group (74.5% vs 54.2%) and healthy control group (74.5% vs 57.7%). Similarly, the frequency of AA genotype at rs2104286 of IL2RA gene in EBV-HLH group was higher than that in both IM (54.9% vs 27.1%) and healthy control group (54.9% vs 25.0%). The frequency of A allele in EBV-HLH group was higher than that in both IM (70.6% vs 51.0%) and healthy control group (70.6% vs 46.2%). Kaplan-Meier survival curves of EBV-HLH children with different genotypes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The polymorphism of rs1800896 in IL-10 gene and rs2104286 in IL2RA gene may be related with the incidence of EBV-HLH in children, and the AA genotype and A allele of the both sites may be the susceptible risk factors for EBV-HLH.
Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 October 2010–30 November 2010

This article documents the addition of 277 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Ascochyta rabiei, Cambarellus chapalanus, Chionodraco hamatus, Coptis omeiensis, Cynoscion nebulosus, Daphnia magna, Gerbillus nigeriae, Isurus oxyrinchus, Lates calcarifer, Metacarcinus magister, Oplegnathus fasciatus, Pachycondyla verenae, Phaethon lepturus, Pimelodus grosskopfii, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Scomberomorus niphonius, Sepia esculenta, Terapon jarbua, Teratosphaeria cryptica and Thunnus obesus. These loci were cross‐tested on the following species: Austropotamobius italicus, Cambarellus montezumae, Cambarellus puer, Cambarellus shufeldtii, Cambarellus texanus, Chionodraco myersi, Chionodraco rastrospinosus, Coptis chinensis, Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala, Coptis deltoidea, Coptis teeta, Orconectes virilis, Pacifastacus leniusculus, Pimelodus bochii, Procambarus clarkii, Pseudopimelodus bufonius, Rhamdia quelen, Sepia andreana, Sepiella maindroni, Thunnus alalunga, Thunnus albacares, Thunnus maccoyii, Thunnus orientalis, Thunnus thynnus and Thunnus tonggol.
Development of Binomial Sequential Sampling Plans for Forecasting Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae Based on the Relationship to Adult Counts and Turfgrass Damage

ABSTRACT Binomial sequential sampling plans were developed to forecast weevil Listronotus maculicollis Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), larval damage to golf course turfgrass and aid in the development of integrated pest management programs for the weevil. Populations of emerging overwintered adults were sampled over a 2-yr period to determine the relationship between adult counts, larval density, and turfgrass damage. Larval density and composition of preferred host plants (Poa annua L.) significantly affected the expression of turfgrass damage. Multiple regression indicates that damage may occur in moderately mixed P. annua stands with as few as 10 larvae per 0.09 m2. However, >150 larvae were required before damage became apparent in pure Agrostis stolonifera L. plots. Adult counts during peaks in emergence as well as cumulative counts across the emergence period were significantly correlated to future densities of larvae. Eight binomial sequential sampling plans based on two tally thresholds for classifying infestation (T = 1 and two adults) and four adult density thresholds (0.5, 0.85, 1.15, and 1.35 per 3.34 m2) were developed to forecast the likelihood of turfgrass damage by using adult counts during peak emergence. Resampling for validation of sample plans software was used to validate sampling plans with field-collected data sets. All sampling plans were found to deliver accurate classifications (correct decisions were made between 84.4 and 96.8%) in a practical timeframe (average sampling cost <22.7 min).
English-Plus Multilingualism as the New Linguistic Capital? Implications of University Students’ Attitudes Towards Languages of Instruction in a Multilingual Environment

ABSTRACT This article investigates university students’ attitudes and perceptions about language in a multilingual country where most instruction is in English and annual national literacy results have been declining for at least 15 years. Despite this decline, English seems to be entrenched as the language of instruction, and at university it seems a foregone conclusion that instruction will occur in English. Bourdieu’s concept of linguistic capital is offered as an explanation for the preponderance of English, but the question is posed: Is the dominance of English as simple as desiring linguistic capital? Do students really regard English as critical to success, and if so, is it to the exclusion of their home languages? The results show that students invest considerable effort in learning English, but not to the exclusion of their home language and with little desire to assimilate with the English culture. The results also provide interesting and sometimes contrasting insights into students’ desired language of instruction.
RELATION BETWEEN NURSING MANAGERS' LEADERSHIP STYLES AND RATE OF NURSING EMPLOYEES' JOB SATISFACTION

Background & Objective: Job satisfaction is the one of factors that affected by leadership style of managers and can effect on health organization practice. The aim of this study was to determine relation between leadership styles of nursing managers and rate of nursing employees' job satisfaction. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 720 nursing employees of Gorgan Medical teaching centers during 2006. Leadership style and job satisfaction were main variables of study. Data gathering tools were questionnaire of demographic characters, job satisfaction and standardized Bark's leadership style. Gathered data were analyzed by χ, Mann-Whitney and ANOVA statistical tests. Results: The most of participants (74.3%) were women, nurses (86.6%) with the mean age of 32.7±7.32 years. The rate of satisfaction in the most of nursing employees (79.8%) was low and moderate. 63.2% of participates believed that their nursing managers had transactional leadership style and 34.9% of them said nursing managers apply transformational leadership method. Data analysis showed that nursing managers have transactional leadership, had higher job satisfaction rate (88.01 V.S 86.36). This difference was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that, there is not statistical relation between leadership styles of nursing managers and rate of nursing employees' job satisfaction.
Pharmacological Activity and Clinical Use of PDRN

PDRN is a proprietary and registered drug that possesses several activities: tissue repairing, anti-ischemic, and anti-inflammatory. These therapeutic properties suggest its use in regenerative medicine and in diabetic foot ulcers. PDRN holds a mixture of deoxyribonucleotides with molecular weights ranging between 50 and 1,500 KDa, it is derived from a controlled purification and sterilization process of Oncorhynchus mykiss (Salmon Trout) or Oncorhynchus keta (Chum Salmon) sperm DNA. The procedure guarantees the absence of active protein and peptides that may cause immune reactions. In vitro and in vivo experiments have suggested that PDRN most relevant mechanism of action is the engagement of adenosine A2A receptors. Besides engaging the A2A receptor, PDRN offers nucleosides and nucleotides for the so called “salvage pathway. ” The binding to adenosine A2A receptors is a unique property of PDRN and seems to be linked to DNA origin, molecular weight and manufacturing process. In this context, PDRN represents a new advancement in the pharmacotherapy. In fact adenosine and dipyridamole are non-selective activators of adenosine receptors and they may cause unwanted side effects; while regadenoson, the only other A2A receptor agonist available, has been approved by the FDA as a pharmacological stress agent in myocardial perfusion imaging. Finally, defibrotide, another drug composed by a mixture of oligonucleotides, has different molecular weight, a DNA of different origin and does not share the same wound healing stimulating effects of PDRN. The present review analyses the more relevant experimental and clinical evidences carried out to characterize PDRN therapeutic effects.
Towards higher resolution: Two‐dimensional Electrophoresis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins using overlapping narrow immobilized pH gradients

The rising number of proteome projects leads to new challenges for two‐dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients and different applications of this technique. Not only wide pH gradients such as 4—12 or 3—12 (Görg et al., Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 712—717) which can give an overview of the total protein expressions of cells are in demand but also overlapping narrow immobilized pH gradients are to be used for more specialized and detailed research and micropreparative separations. The advantage of overlapping narrow pH gradients is the gain in higher resolution by stretching the protein pattern in the first dimension. This simplifies computer‐aided image analysis and protein identification (e.g., by mass spectrometry). In this study the protein patterns of yeast cells in pH gradients 4—5, 4.5—5.5, 5—6, 5.5—6.7 and 6—9 are presented and compared to the pH 4—7 and 3—10 gradients. This combination allowed us to reveal a total of 2286 yeast protein spots compared to 755 protein spots in the pH 3—10 gradient.
Behavior and Load Sharing of Piled-Strip System in Sandy Soil

Probably the most common type of deep foundations is the pile foundation. Piles are defined as relatively long, slender, column-like members. The piles is constructed with a pile cap in most of work of buildings and bridges. The piles in this case are considered carry the load alone and the cap only distribute the load on piles, this system is called piled-raft foundation. The aim of this paper is study the behavior of piled-strip system under a rate of loadings of 1 mm/s as a static loading and presents the sharing between footing and piles in. The sand container is manufactured to contain the soil using inside dimensions of 1 m long, 0.5 m width and 0.6 m depth. The box consists of four steel side frames and a steel base frame which are connected to each other by bolting and welding to form the box frames of the model. Strip footing model is manufactured to represents the pile cap of which encloses the piles under the columns load. The model was made of steel plates welded to transform the load using two v-shaped grooves to house the knife - edge loading blades. To achieve a plane strain condition the dimensions of footing are chosen to have 0.49 m length, 0.135 m width, and 0.2 m height. To achieve the plane strain piles conditions of piles footing, the steel frame with the dimensions of 0.49 m length, 0.4 m depth, and 0.03 m thickness is enfolded by 1 mm aluminum plate. Abrasive papers were glued to give the required roughness to simulate the piles in site. An experimental tests shows that the two capacities of pile, end bearing capacity and skin friction resistance sharing with 75.6% and 24.4% of piles capacity respectively. The results show also that the settlement is smaller for piled-strip system than the piles alone. The results also show that the sharing of footing in capacity with a 33.8% and the piles with 66.2%.
Dexterity and functionality enhancement of the SJTU Unfoldable Robotic System

SPL (Single Port Laparoscopy) received more and more attention due to the potential of generating better surgical outcomes than multi-port laparoscopy. Several robotic systems were constructed to allow surgeons to operate in an intuitive way so as to ease the challenges of using manual SPL tools. The SURS (SJTU Unfoldable Robotic System) is one of the recent developments dedicated for SPL. The SURS can be inserted into abdomen through a φ12mm incision in its folded configuration and can then be unfolded for dual-arm interventions with integrated visual guidance. With the design descriptions, modeling and experimentation reported in a recent manuscript, this paper presents the follow-up investigations to enhance the SURS's capabilities. Bending ranges of the continuum manipulation arms are enlarged to enhance the system's distal dexterity. An additional tool with an electrical cautery spatula was fabricated and assembled into the system to realize tissue resection. With the dexterity and functionality augmented, the SURS could be further tested in animal studies.
Accuracy Analyses of Passive Tracking of Several Clicking Sperm Whales - A Case of Complex Sources Binding

Abstract: This paper provides a real-time passive underwater acoustic method to track multiple emitting whales using four or more omni-directional widely-spaced bottom-mounted hydrophones and to evaluate the performance of the system via the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) and Monte Carlo simulations. After a non-parametric Teager-Kaiser-Mallat signal filtering, rough Time Delays Of Arrival are calculated, selected and filtered, and used to estimate the positions of whales for a constant or linear sound speed profile. The complete algorithm is tested on real data from the NUWC and the AUTEC. The CRLB and Monte Carlo simulations are computed and compared with the tracking results. Our model is validated by similar results from the US Navy and Hawaii univ labs in the case of one whale, and by similar whales counting from the Columbia univ. ROSA lab in the case of multiple whales. At this time, our tracking method is the only one giving typical speed and depth estimations for multiple (5) emitting whales located at 1 to 5 km from the hydrophones.
Facephenes and rainbows: Causal evidence for functional and anatomical specificity of face and color processing in the human brain

Significance Are some regions of the human brain exclusively engaged in a single specific mental process? Here we test this question in a neurosurgery patient implanted with electrodes for clinical reasons. When electrically stimulated in the fusiform face area while viewing objects, the patient reported illusory faces while the objects remained unchanged. When stimulated in nearby color-preferring sites, he reported seeing rainbows. The fact that stimulation of face-selective sites affected only face percepts and stimulation of color-preferring sites affected only color percepts, in both cases independent of the object being viewed, supports the view that some regions of cortex are indeed exclusively causally engaged in a single mental process and highlights the risks entailed in standard interpretations of neural decoding results. Neuroscientists have long debated whether some regions of the human brain are exclusively engaged in a single specific mental process. Consistent with this view, fMRI has revealed cortical regions that respond selectively to certain stimulus classes such as faces. However, results from multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA) challenge this view by demonstrating that category-selective regions often contain information about “nonpreferred” stimulus dimensions. But is this nonpreferred information causally relevant to behavior? Here we report a rare opportunity to test this question in a neurosurgical patient implanted for clinical reasons with strips of electrodes along his fusiform gyri. Broadband gamma electrocorticographic responses in multiple adjacent electrodes showed strong selectivity for faces in a region corresponding to the fusiform face area (FFA), and preferential responses to color in a nearby site, replicating earlier reports. To test the causal role of these regions in the perception of nonpreferred dimensions, we then electrically stimulated individual sites while the patient viewed various objects. When stimulated in the FFA, the patient reported seeing an illusory face (or “facephene”), independent of the object viewed. Similarly, stimulation of color-preferring sites produced illusory “rainbows. ” Crucially, the patient reported no change in the object viewed, apart from the facephenes and rainbows apparently superimposed on them. The functional and anatomical specificity of these effects indicate that some cortical regions are exclusively causally engaged in a single specific mental process, and prompt caution about the widespread assumption that any information scientists can decode from the brain is causally relevant to behavior.