Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Behind the window dressing: Ethnic minority police perspectives on cultural diversity

Bedrock assumptions about the benefits of recruiting more ethnic minority police officers and enhancing cultural diversity training for police are critically evaluated by black and Asian police officers in Britain. Neither policy finds favour among groups which articulate a previously concealed interpretation of such aims: that their value lies in presenting an outward image of action rather than furthering the public good. The research reported in this paper - the first to have gained the cooperation of British police services - involved unstructured interviews with officers from African Caribbean and South Asian backgrounds. The interviews took place in the 18 months following the publication of the Macpherson Report in February 1999 and reflected some of the policy recommendations made by the report, which was based on the inquiry into the death of Stephen Lawrence. Interviewees analyse the two central policy directives advanced by both the Macpherson Report and the Scarman Report, which had been published 18 years before. Both policies concern the enhancement of cultural diversity as a way of combating racism. Cynically regarded in some quarters as 'window dressing', the policies are not seen as helpful, nor even harmless, but as pernicious in that they contrive to give the appearance of progress, while actually achieving little. Interviews were subject to strict confidentiality and conducted in circumstances of the officers' choice in the effort to minimise any inhibitions about expressing views candidly. The officers' perspective is revealed by extensive use of verbatim quotations which drive the narrative of the article. They indicate how far the viewpoints of ethnic minority officers contrast with official policy.
Frontopolar activity and connectivity support dynamic conscious augmentation of creative state

No ability is more valued in the modern innovation‐fueled economy than thinking creatively on demand, and the “thinking cap” capacity to augment state creativity (i.e., to try and succeed at thinking more creatively) is of broad importance for education and a rich mental life. Although brain‐based creativity research has focused on static individual differences in trait creativity, less is known about changes in creative state within an individual. How does the brain augment state creativity when creative thinking is required? Can augmented creative state be consciously engaged and disengaged dynamically across time? Using a novel “thin slice” creativity paradigm in 55 fMRI participants performing verb‐generation, we successfully cued large, conscious, short‐duration increases in state creativity, indexed quantitatively by a measure of semantic distance derived via latent semantic analysis. A region of left frontopolar cortex, previously associated with creative integration of semantic information, exhibited increased activity and functional connectivity to anterior cingulate gyrus and right frontopolar cortex during cued augmentation of state creativity. Individual differences in the extent of increased activity in this region predicted individual differences in the extent to which participants were able to successfully augment state creative performance after accounting for trait creativity and intelligence. Hum Brain Mapp 36:923–934, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The rationalization of civil society

Two ideas are almost universally accepted as reality in political sociology. One is that numbers are declining in nearly all membership associations. The usual interpretation of this phenomenon is that it occurs because of individualization. The other is that the character of collective action has changed. This idea, which stems from Touraine, Melucci and Castells, states that a new historical category of social action has emerged, one that resembles action in primary groups rather than in organizations and in some way is a victory over the iron law of oligarchy. This article questions both ideas. The author intends to show that another historical process is in play here, namely, a process of ‘inert rationalization’ in social movements, political parties and associations, which is taking place in Europe with different starting points and at different tempos. The result of this process can be summed up as ‘more organization with fewer people’. Domination, inherent in oligarchic organizations, is being transformed by the creation of a new organizational boundary between elite (or profession) and members. The point is that it is membership itself as a form for affiliation that is disappearing, not just members. The article argues that this is mainly because resource mobilization patterns have historically changed from the mobilization of resources drawn from members to the mobilization of resources drawn from other organizations. Finally, the article analyses the importance of the unstructured power fields (or open spaces) created by rationalization processes for social innovation and new social movements.
Genetics of Ustilago violacea. XXXV. Transposition in Haploid and Diploid Sporidia and Germinating Teliospores

Ustilago violacea sporidia of the white (w) MAD strain (a‐2 w lys‐3 ino‐1 thi) incubated on minimal medium containing 100 mM KClO3 (potassium chlorate) produced only colonies with the pink phenotype. Sporidia from these colonies retained their pink color on complex medium. Sporidia of the diploid D1 strain (a‐1 y nic‐1 thi/a‐2 w met‐1 arg‐f Chl70 thi) and of the diploid D2 strain (a‐1 y his‐1 glu‐1 thi/a‐2 w lys‐3 ino‐1 thi) produced pink colonies on complex medium. Streaks of diploid D1 sporidia from the pink colonies were stable on complex medium. In contrast, streaks of diploid D2 sporidia, which are heterozygous for the MAD strain, were unstable, initially producing pink colonies on complex medium but then, with continued incubation, producing white termini. Sporidia from the white termini with diploid morphology continued to yield white colonies. Teliospore colonies from three crosses with the MAD strain as a common parent were uniformly pink or had a pink sector instead of the expected uniformly white colonies or colonies having a white sector. Four of 20 and 13 of 20 teliospore colonies, respectively, from two of the three crosses had both a‐1 and a‐2 sporidia, and the remaining colonies had only a‐1 or only a‐2 sporidia. All 40 teliospore colonies from the third cross had only a‐1 or only a‐2 sporidia. All of these observations indicated that the MAD strain may have two autonomous, transactive transposable elements in different chromosomes and that insertional mutations in at least two haplolethal loci were responsible for the teliospore colonies with only a‐1 or only a‐2 mating type. Crossing over between a haplolethal locus and the centromere would account for teliospore colonies with both a‐1 and a‐2 sporidia.
The Power of Individual-Level Drivers of Inventive Performance

We combine two lines of research on inventive and creative performance that have been separated before. We use empirical models of the performance of inventors over their careers based on an established theoretical framework of the drivers of creativity, the Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other (KSAO) model. We link survey information spanning the inventors’ entire careers and psychometric test evidence with patent history data for more than 1000 inventors. We also control for variables that have traditionally been used in studies of inventive performance including inventor age, applicant type, technology, patent, and time information. We show that educational level, skills acquired during the career, personality traits, career motivation, cognitive ability, and cognitive problem-solving style are significantly related to inventive performance.
Using Early Standardized Language Measures to Predict Later Language and Early Reading Outcomes in Children at High Risk for Language-Learning Impairments

The aim of the study was to examine the profiles of children with a family history (FH+) of language-learning impairments (LLI) and a control group of children with no reported family history of LLI (FH—) and identify which language constructs (receptive or expressive) and which ages (2 or 3 years) are related to expressive and receptive language abilities, phonological awareness, and reading abilities at ages 5 and 7 years. Participants included 99 children (40 FH+ and 59 FH—) who received a standardized neuropsychological battery at 2, 3, 5, and 7 years of age. As a group, the FH+ children had significantly lower scores on all language measures at 2 and 3 years, on selected language and phonological awareness measures at 5 years, and on phonological awareness and nonword reading at 7 years. Language comprehension at 3 years was the best predictor of later language and early reading for both groups. These results support past work suggesting that children with a positive family history of LLI are at greater risk for future language and reading problems through their preschool and early school-age years. Furthermore, language comprehension in the early years is a strong predictor of future language-learning status.
Treadmill Walking in Old Age May Not Reproduce the Real Life Situation

Objective: In a preliminary study in our laboratory, healthy elderly people had a higher heart rate during treadmill walking than during corridor walking at the same speed. The objective of this study was to determine whether this initial observation, (1) persisted after repeated testing, (2) was present in younger adults, (3) was due to wearing a mouthpiece during treadmill walking, or (4) was due to a change in gait.
Direct Relationship between Angiographic Characteristics of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque and Filling Defect in the Cerebral Protection Filters : Based on the Conventional Angiography

Objective Neurologic complications during carotid artery stenting (CAS) are usually associated with distal embolic event. These embolic incident during CAS are highly associated with the carotid plaque instability. The current study was undertaken to identify the angiographic characteristics of carotid plaque vulnerability, which was represented as filling defect in the cerebral protection filters during CAS. Methods A total of 107 patients underwent CAS with use of a distal protection filter. Angiographic carotid plaque surface morphology was classified as smooth, irregular, and ulcerated. To determine predictable factors of filling defect in the protection filters, 11 variables were retrospectively analyzed which might influence filling defect in the protection filters during CAS. Results Filling defects during CAS were presented in the 33 cerebral protection filters. In multivariate analysis, angiographic ulceration [odds ratio (OR), 6.60; 95% confidence interval (CI) : 2.24, 19.4; p=0.001], higher stenosis degree (OR, 1.06; 95% CI : 1.00, 1.12; p=0.039), and coexistent thrombus (OR, 7.58; 95% CI : 1.69, 34.05; p=0.08) were highly associated with filling defect in the cerebral protection devices during CAS. Among several variables, angiographic surface ulceration was the only significant factor associated with flow stagnation during CAS (OR, 4.11; 95% CI : 1.33, 12.72; p=0.014). Conclusion Plaque surface morphology on carotid angiography can be a highly sensitive marker of plaque instability during CAS. The independent risk factors for filling defect in the filter devices during CAS were plaque ulceration, stenosis degree, and coexistent thrombus.
Economic growth and contraction and their impact on the poor

This paper considers the relationship between growth in real per capita GDP and the growth in real per capita GDP of the poorest 20% of a country. It uses the data set compiled by Dollar and Kraay (2002), but come to very different conclusions. We argue that if the purpose is to answer questions about the impact of growth on the poor, models are best estimated in growth rates. The empirical results show that growth's impact on the poor occurs in two episodes. First, in periods of sustained economic slowdown (negative growth over a period of at least 5 years), the poor clearly suffer more than the average. In contrast, where economies are growing, the poor do not benefit as much as the average. We also find that the poor benefit from growth less in periods of high inflation, and in countries with low average income.
Enhancing Faculty Awareness and Knowledge of Students with Disabilities.

An increasing number of students with disabilities are enrolling in postsecond‐ary institutions. To better serve these students, faculty, administrators and counselors must develop an understanding of the needs of students with disabilities and how to make accommodations for their success. An inservice program that targeted skills in enhancing awareness of student needs, meeting legal mandates for accommodations, and developing a team approach to serving students is presented. As a result of participation in the inservice program, all community colleges in the Commonwealth have instituted an advisory council that addresses the academic environment and needed support services for students with disabilities.
Psychosocial working conditions and exhaustion in a working population sample of Swedish middle-aged men and women.

BACKGROUND Exhaustion is a concept of interest for both occupational health research and stress-disease theory research. The aim of the present study was to explore associations between chronic stressors, in terms of psychosocial working conditions, and exhaustion in a Swedish middle-aged population sample. METHODS A vocationally active population sample of the Malmö Shoulder and Neck Study cohort, comprising 2555 men and 2466 women between 45 and 64 years of age, was used. Psychosocial working conditions, assessed by means of the demand-control-support model, were measured longitudinally with a 1-year interval. Exhaustion was assessed by the SF-36 vitality scale and measured at follow-up, yielding a cross-sectional study design. RESULTS Exhaustion was twice as common in women as in men. High psychological job demands, low job control and low job support were independently associated with exhaustion in both men and women. These associations remained after controlling for a variety of potential confounders and mediators, including socio-demographic factors, lifestyle factors, musculoskeletal pain, disease, other work-related factors (including physical workload) and non-work-related factors. High demands in combination with low control (job strain), and job strain combined with low job support (iso-strain), increased the risk for exhaustion. CONCLUSION Psychosocial working conditions seem to contribute to exhaustion in middle-aged men and women. Future research should include exploration of exhaustion as a possible mediator between work stress and disease, as well as exploration of other chronic stressors, including non-work-related stressors, regarding their effects on exhaustion in men and women.
MAINTENANCE IN VISUO-SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY

Two proposed factors affecting visual working memory maintenance were explored. By means of the dynamic visual noise technique (DVN, Quinn & McConnell, 1996), perceptual structural complexity, and dynamic movement of irrelevant visual information, have been shown to affect memory for subject-generated images, but not for visual inputs. Three experiments manipulated the level of perceptual complexitity (standard DVN vs. dynamic figures, and dynamic vs. static characteristics) of an interfering display, while performing a visual recognition short-term memory task employing novel polygons. Results replicated the lack of standard DVN effect on memory for visual inputs, but showed that an irrelevant visual figure, more structured than standard DVN, decreased performance. Polygon recognition was affected by a static irrelevant visual figure, but was significantly lower when it was dynamic. Interference based on perceptual factors, and spatial displacements of incoming inputs, are discussed within the context of visual working memory mechanisms and architecture.
Early Emergence of Delayed Social Competence in Infants Born Late and Moderately Preterm

Objective: To assess behavioral outcomes and social competence at 2 years of age in infants born late and moderately preterm (LMPT; 32–36 wk gestation). Method: One thousand one hundred and thirty LMPT infants and 1255 term-born (≥37 wk) controls were recruited at birth to a prospective geographical population-based study. Parents completed the Brief Infant and Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) at 2 years corrected age to assess infants' behavior problems and social competence. Cognitive development was assessed using the Parent Report of Children's Abilities-Revised. Parent questionnaires at 2 years were completed for 638 (57%) LMPT and 765 (62%) term-born infants. Group differences in the prevalence of behavior problems and delayed social competence between LMPT infants and term-born controls were adjusted for age, sex, small-for-gestational-age, socioeconomic status and cognitive impairment. Results: Late and moderately preterm infants were at significantly increased risk of delayed social competence compared with term-born controls (26.4% vs 18.4%; adjusted-relative risk [RR] 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03–1.58), but there was no significant group difference in the prevalence of behavior problems (21.0% vs 17.6%; adjusted-RR 1.13, 0.89–1.42). Non-white ethnicity (RR 1.68, 1.26–2.24), medium (RR 1.60, 1.14–2.24) and high (RR 1.98, 1.41–2.75) socioeconomic risk and recreational drug use during pregnancy (RR 1.70, 1.03–2.82) were significant independent predictors of delayed social competence in LMPT infants. Conclusion: Birth at 32 to 36 weeks of gestation confers a specific risk for delayed social competence at 2 years of age. This may be indicative of an increased risk for psychiatric disorders later in childhood.
Nivolumab for second-line treatment of metastatic squamous non-small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, toxicity, and place in therapy of nivolumab, a novel immunotherapy agent for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) of the squamous cell subtype are reviewed. SUMMARY Nivolumab is a novel programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitor indicated as a second-line treatment for patients with NSCLC whose tumors exhibit squamous cell histology. Nivolumab has high affinity for the PD-1 receptor, and durable responses to treatment have been reported in clinical trials. In a Phase II study evaluating the drug's safety and efficacy in patients who had disease progression despite treatment with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy and at least one additional systemic therapy, nivolumab-treated patients had an objective response rate of 14.5%, with a 17% rate of grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events; overall survival at one year was 40.8%. A head-to-head comparison of docetaxel and nivolumab for second-line treatment of squamous cell NSCLC demonstrated superior overall survival and reduced grade 3 or 4 adverse effects in nivolumab-treated patients. CONCLUSION Nivolumab is a novel PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor that is effective for treating advanced squamous NSCLC in patients previously treated with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy or alternative first-line agents. Based on its improved efficacy and lower toxicity relative to docetaxel, nivolumab should be considered standard second-line therapy for this population.
IS TASK AUTONOMY BENEFICIAL FOR CREATIVITY? PRIOR TASK EXPERIENCE AND SELF-CONTROL AS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

In this study we elaborate on the autonomy–creativity relationship by identifying potential boundary conditions. Specifically, we hypothesized that when task autonomy is provided people’s reactions are shaped by the level of their prior experience or skills and by whether or not they have previously worked on a task autonomously. We further hypothesized that self-control would moderate the autonomy–creativity link. The analysis of data collected from 148 individuals who completed 2 sets of creativity tasks under different task conditions revealed that task autonomy reduces creative performance when there is no prior task-relevant experience. Individuals with high self-control showed similar levels of creativity regardless of the level of task autonomy. In contrast, those with low self-control performed more creatively under a no autonomy condition than under an autonomy condition. Our findings highlight the need for considering various boundary conditions when considering changes in the effects of task autonomy on creativity.
Toxicological Safety Evaluation of Gadobutrol

ObjectivesGadobutrol (Gadovist/Gadavist, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany) is a nonionic, macrocyclic, gadolinium-based contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system as well as liver and kidneys and for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance angiography. For risk assessment of the single diagnostic use in humans, the toxicity of this compound was evaluated with a series of preclinical studies. Materials and MethodsPreclinical studies into acute, repeated-dose, reproductive, and developmental toxicity as well as genotoxicity, local tolerance, contact-sensitizing potential, and antigenicity were performed. ResultsIn rodents, lethality was observed after a single intravenous administration of 20 mmol/kg, representing doses at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than the standard single diagnostic dose in humans (0.1 mmol/kg). The no observed adverse effect levels after repeated (daily) administrations over the course of 4 weeks exceeded the single diagnostic dose in humans by a factor of 12 in rats and 10 in dogs (calculated on the basis of body weight), and no unexpected organ toxicity was observed. The most salient finding of repeated dosing in both rats and dogs was vacuolization of renal tubular epithelium without concomitant effect on kidney function, which represents a well-known finding for this class of compounds. Gadobutrol was not teratogenic in rats, rabbits, and monkeys even when given repeatedly during organogenesis at maximum dose levels tested, being 25 to 100 times (based on body weight) above the diagnostic dose in humans. No indications of potential genotoxic, contact allergenic, or immunotoxic effects were observed. In local tolerance testing, gadobutrol was well tolerated after intravenous administration. ConclusionsGadobutrol was well tolerated with high safety margins between the single diagnostic dose of 0.1 mmol/kg in humans and the doses showing effects in animal studies.
Ubiquitous presence, partial use: the everyday interaction of children and their families with ICT

This paper aims to move away from the notion of a digital divide premised on technology ‘haves and have‐nots’ to a more nuanced understanding based on technological practices. It draws on empirical research from interviews with eight case‐study families about the ways in which information and communication technologies (ICT) fit into their everyday lives. The families were chosen to reflect those owning multiple technologies, rather than to be ‘representative’ of the social make‐up of schools or geographical area. The intention here is to explore the barriers to use of ICT in technologically privileged households, and to ask questions around the orthodoxy of the digital divide. The novel approach of using only privileged families is an attempt to build on the new thinking of the digital divide as based on qualitative concerns. Relevance and social networks as crucial mediating factors in people’s access to ICT are explored in three socio‐spatial environments. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the findings link to ICT pedagogical thinking and educational technology policymaking.