Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single unit activity in striate cortex of unrestrained cats

A beginning has recently been made in recording single neurone activity from animals with chronically implanted electrodes (Hubel, 1957a; Gusel'nikov, 1957; Ricci, Doane & Jasper, 1957; Strumwasser, 1958). These methods eliminate anaesthetics, paralysing drugs, brain-stem lesions, and other acute experimental procedures. They make it possible to record electrical events in the higher central nervous system with the animal in a normal state, and to correlate these electrical events with such variables as waking state, attention, learning, and motor activity. The present paper describes a method for unit recording from the cortex of unanaesthetized, unrestrained cats, and presents some observations from the striate cortex. The objectives have been (1) to observe maintained unit activity under various conditions such as sleep and wakefulness, and (2) to find for each unit the natural stimuli which most effectively influence firing. Of 400 units observed, some 200 are presented here because of their common characteristics. Since there is reason to believe that the remainiing 200 units were afferent fibres from the lateral geniculate nucleus, these will be described in a separate paper. A preliminary account of some of this work has been given elsewhere (Hubel, 1958).
The Physiological Differentiation between Fear and Anger in Humans

Summary Forty‐three subjects were stimulated in the laboratory to "fear" and "anger," during which the following physiological reactions were recorded: (1) heart rate, (2) ballistocardiogram, (3) respiration rate, (4) face temperature, (5) hand temperature, (6) skin conductance, and (7) integrated muscle potential. The scores used were the maximum rise and maximum fall from the preceding resting level and the number of responses of a critical value per unit time. Of the 14 scores thus obtained, 7 showed significant discrimination between anger and fear. Diastolic blood pressure rises, heart rate falls, number of rises in skin conductance, and muscle potential increases, were greater for anger than for fear, whereas skin conductance increases, number of muscle potential increases, and respiration rate increases were greater for fear than for anger. Profile difference scores, computed from appropriate combinations of these differences, were found to be greater than zero in 42 of the 43 cases and to have a mean which deviated very significantly from zero, which rejects the null hypothesis that there is no difference in physiological reaction between anger and fear. The patterns obtained for anger and fear argue against the Arnold proposal that anger is a strong reaction of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous systems, whereas fear is but a sympathetic reaction. Another finding was the very low correlations among the physiological reactions and the significantly higher intercorrelations for anger than for fear, which was interpreted as indicating greater physiological integration during anger. Between‐subject variance was significantly greater than within‐subject variance, which supports the findings of Lacey and Malmo that there is considerable specificity in physiological response patterns. The physiological response patterns of anger were suggested as being similar to those produced by injections of epinephrine and nor‐epinephrine combined, and those of fear as being similar to injections of epinephrine.
Ready for action: Developing classroom teams to prepare students for the business world

The ability to work in teams is one of the most highly valued professional skills. Preparing students to operate effectively in workplace teams, therefore, is naturally a priority for business and management faculty. Managing course-based teams, however, can be a challenging and complicated process for many instructors. This article offers instructors practical solutions to those challenges. After a brief review of relevant literature on workplace and course-based teams, the authors provide the results of a survey of 207 current undergraduate business students conducted in the fall of 2015 in which the authors sought to determine: (1) the factors that influence students’ best and worst team experiences, and (2) undergraduate students’ overall impressions of teamwork. Based on these results, the authors developed two successful—though very different—strategies for managing the classroom group process, which were implemented in business communication courses in the spring of 2016.
The Influence of Online Store Perception on Customer Behavior in the Experiential Marketing Context

Customer experience is an important consideration in the establishment and maintenance of long term relationship between firms and their customers. The purpose of this study was to propose and test an integrative model for examining the relative influence of online store perception on customer behavior. The empirical results showed that physical presence, competence, and enjoyment were the important variables to enhance utilitarian value, experiential value and trust. It is important to afford enjoying experience even if the product seems to be utilitarian. The findings also revealed that utilitarian value, experiential value, and trust combine to determine the online store loyalty. Thus, creating and maintaining customer experience is an appropriate and necessary strategy for increasing customer loyalty.
Human rights education: developing a theoretical understanding of teachers’ responsibilities

ABSTRACT The United Nations (UN) asserts that children and young people should have access to human rights education (HRE) and that schools are one of the key means through which HRE should be made available. However, there is currently limited knowledge about the presence and form of HRE in school contexts, and there is no established means through which HRE provision within schools is evaluated. This paper proposes a theoretical framework to support the classification of teachers’ responsibilities in relation to HRE and argues that systemic change is needed within education systems if HRE provision is to be realised in more extensive and consistent ways. The curriculum documents of three nations – Australia, England and Sweden – were analysed to determine teacher responsibilities for educating pupils about human rights. The viability of the developed framework was then tested through applying it to the outcomes of these analyses. The theoretical contribution made by the paper deepens knowledge and understandings about the nature of responsibilities placed on teachers to educate pupils about human rights, and provides a foundation from which to stimulate debate about what constitutes effective school-based HRE practices.
String stability of interconnected vehicles under communication constraints

In this paper, we present a novel modelling and string stability analysis method for an interconnected vehicle string in which information exchange takes place via wireless communication. The usage of wireless communication introduces time-varying sampling intervals, delays, and communication constraints of which the impact on string stability requires a careful analysis. In particular, we study a Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system which regulates inter-vehicle distances in a vehicle string and utilizes information exchange between vehicles through wireless communication in addition to local sensor measurements. The propagation of disturbances through the interconnected vehicle string is inspected by using the notion of so-called string stability which is formulated here in terms of an ℒ2-gain requirement from disturbance inputs to controlled outputs. This paper provides conditions on the uncertain sampling intervals and delays under which string stability can still be guaranteed. These results support the design of CACC systems that are robust to uncertainties introduced by wireless communication.
Definition of the unique human extraocular muscle allotype by expression profiling.

The extraocular muscles (EOMs) are a unique group of specialized muscles that are anatomically and physiologically distinct from other skeletal muscles. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the EOMs is their differential sensitivity to disease. EOMs are spared in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) despite widespread involvement of other skeletal muscles. Conversely, they are early and prominent targets in myasthenia gravis and mitochondrial myopathies. It is unclear how EOMs achieve such specialization or a differential response to diseases; however, this has been attributed to a unique, group-specific pattern of gene expression or "allotype. " To begin to address these issues as well as define the human EOM allotype, we analyzed the human EOM transcriptome using oligonucleotide-based expression profiling. Three hundred thirty-eight genes were found to be differentially expressed in EOM compared with quadriceps femoris limb muscle, using a twofold cutoff. Functional characterization revealed expression patterns corresponding to known metabolic and structural properties of EOMs such as expression of EOM-specific myosin heavy chain (MYH13) and high neural, vascular, and mitochondrial content, suggesting that the profiling was sensitive and specific. Genes related to myogenesis, stem cells, and apoptosis were detected at high levels in normal human EOMs, suggesting that efficient and continuous regeneration and/or myogenesis may be a mechanism by which the EOMs remain clinically and pathologically spared in diseases such as DMD. Taken together, this study provides insight into how human EOMs achieve their unique structural, metabolic, and pathophysiological properties.
Circular velocity profiles of dark matter haloes

We use a high-resolution simulation of a galaxy-sized dark matter halo, published simulated data as well as four cluster-sized haloes from Fukushige, Kawai & Makino to study the inner halo structure in a A cold dark matter cosmology. We find that the circular velocity curves are substantially better described by Stoehr et al. (SWTS) profiles than by Navarro, Frenk & White (NFW) or Moore et al. profiles. Our findings confirm that no asymptotic slope is reached and that the profiles are nearly universal, but not perfectly. The velocity profiles curve at a constant rate in log (r) over the full converged range in radii and the corresponding extrapolated density profiles reach a finite maximum density. We find that the claim of a strong discrepancy between the observed inner slopes of the density profiles of low surface brightness galaxies and their simulated counterparts on the grounds of currently available observations and simulations is unfounded. In addition, if the SWTS profile turns out to be a good description of the halo profile for the regions that cannot be probed with simulations of today, then even in these regions the agreement between simulations and observations is very reasonable.
Developing guidance to inform a clinically meaningful and feasible suicide risk assessment measure for use in emergency departments

Introduction: Over 800,000 people die by suicide each year, and despite being a global public health issue, limited research exists exploring suicide risk assessment practices in emergency departments. The current thesis investigated emergency department suicide risk assessment practices and clinician experiences in Scotland, to develop guidance to inform the development of a clinically meaningful and feasible suicide risk assessment for these settings which is theoretically underpinned. Methods: A mixed-method triangulation approach was utilised. Two systematic reviews were conducted to update the risk and protective factor literature. This was followed by a national survey of suicide risk assessment practices in emergency departments. Fiftyone clinicians across 17 emergency departments participated, and six clinicians participated in follow-up semi-structured interviews to investigate their experiences, which were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings of the thesis were triangulated using the ‘following-a-thread’ method, to develop guidance for informing the development of future risk assessment for use in emergency departments. Results: The systematic reviews identified emerging risk and protective factors including, sexual orientation and internet usage. The survey identified substantial variation in practice between emergency department clinicians. Only 35 (68.6%) participants reported using a suicide risk assessment tool. Importantly, variation was found not only across clinicians and departments, but also within departments, with clinicians based within the same department reporting differing risk assessment practices, indicating both interand intra-department suicide risk assessment practice differences. The qualitative analysis of clinician experience established four major themes (current experiences; components of suicide risk assessment; clinical decision-making; suicide
Inapproximability of the Partition Function for the Antiferromagnetic Ising and Hard-Core Models

Recent inapproximability results of Sly (2010), together with an approximation algorithm presented by Weitz (2006), establish a beautiful picture of the computational complexity of approximating the partition function of the hard-core model. Let λ c ( $\mathbb{T}_{\Delta}$ ) denote the critical activity for the hard-model on the infinite Δ-regular tree. Weitz presented an FPTAS for the partition function when λ < λ c ( $\mathbb{T}_{\Delta}$ ) for graphs with constant maximum degree Δ. In contrast, Sly showed that for all Δ ⩾ 3, there exists εΔ > 0 such that (unless RP = NP) there is no FPRAS for approximating the partition function on graphs of maximum degree Δ for activities λ satisfying λ c ( $\mathbb{T}_{\Delta}$ ) < λ < λ c ( $\mathbb{T}_{\Delta}$ ) + εΔ. We prove that a similar phenomenon holds for the antiferromagnetic Ising model. Sinclair, Srivastava and Thurley (2014) extended Weitz's approach to the antiferromagnetic Ising model, yielding an FPTAS for the partition function for all graphs of constant maximum degree Δ when the parameters of the model lie in the uniqueness region of the infinite Δ-regular tree. We prove the complementary result for the antiferromagnetic Ising model without external field, namely, that unless RP = NP, for all Δ ⩾ 3, there is no FPRAS for approximating the partition function on graphs of maximum degree Δ when the inverse temperature lies in the non-uniqueness region of the infinite tree $\mathbb{T}_{\Delta}$ . Our proof works by relating certain second moment calculations for random Δ-regular bipartite graphs to the tree recursions used to establish the critical points on the infinite tree.
Computer-aided graphing: a comparative study

Abstract Despite the massive investment of time and money in information technology it is difficult to get clear evidence of ‘value-added’ in relation to IT use in our schools. This comparative study was conducted to investigate if there are any advantages to pupils using computer generated graphs as opposed to plotting them manually. The context of the study was a secondary science practical activity involving electrical characteristic graphs. There was evidence that plotting graphs manually not only caused a time penalty but difficulties in drawing the best fit lines reinforced, rather than corrected, misunderstandings about the relationships between the variables. The positive effects noted when using the computer approach seemed to be most significant for younger and less able pupils. The data on pupil-teacher discussions suggested that this was a significant factor in assisting the development of pupils' interpretation skills whatever approach was adopted. The study was able to make suggestions on th.
Assessing The Helpfulness Of Online Product Review: A Progressive Experimental Approach

The online product review has been advocated as an important determinant of a consumer’s purchase decision. Although prior research has been instrumental in articulating the benefits of the online product review, there remains a dearth of investigation on what kind of product review will be perceived to be helpful to a consumer. Through two sequential experiments, we investigate the endogenous features of a product review that influence the helpfulness of the perceived product review. Product review helpfulness is manifested by the review’s source credibility and the review’s diagnosticity. Results from the first experiment reveal that a consumer review is more credible than the expert review. Leading from this, we conduct the second experiment and focus on examining the influence of the type of consumer review (reflected the level of review abstractness). The results indicate that subjects perceive the concrete consumer review (i.e., of low abstractness) as more diagnostic than the abstract consumer review. Examining the two experimental results holistically, we deduce that consumer reviews with low levels of abstractness (i.e., are highly concrete) could yield higher degrees of perceived helpfulness compared with highly abstract consumer reviews and expert reviews. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Genomic organization of repetitive DNAs and its implications for male karyotype and the neo-Y chromosome differentiation in Erythrinus erythrinus (Characiformes, Erythrinidae)

Abstract Studies have demonstrated the effective participation of repetitive DNA sequences in the origin and differentiation of the sex chromosomes in some biological groups. In this study several microsatellites and retrotranposable sequences were cytogenetically mapped in the Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) male genome (karyomorph C), focusing on the distribution of these sequences in the sex chromosomes and in the evolutionary processes related to their differentiation. Males of E. erythrinus – karyomorph C – present 2n = 51 chromosomes (7m + 2sm + 6st + 36a), including the X1X2Y sex chromosomes. The C-positive heterochromatin has a predominant localization on the centromeric region of most chromosome pairs, but also in some telomeric regions. The 5S rDNA sites are located in the centromeric region of 27 chromosomes, including 26 acrocentric ones and the metacentric Y chromosome. The retrotransposons Rex 1 and Rex 6 show a dispersed pattern in the karyotype, contrasting with the Rex 3 distribution which is clearly co-localized with all the 27 5S rDNA sites. The microsatellite sequences show a differential distribution, some of them restricted to telomeric and/or interstitial regions and others with a scattered distribution on the chromosomes. However, no preferential accumulation of these elements were observed in the neo-Y chromosome, in contrast to what usually occurs in simple sex chromosome systems.
Pygmalion’s 50th anniversary: the state of the art in teacher expectation research

In 2018, we celebrate 50 years of research on teacher expectations. This tradition began with the publication of the influential book Pygmalion in the Classroom by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968). Rosenthal and Jacobson concluded that if teachers’ expectations about student ability were manipulated early in the school year, those expectations would carry over to affect how the students performed on an IQ test. From the very first moment, this work received many critiques (e.g., Thorndike, 1968), although it must also be noted that it was both brave and ground-breaking to bring research on experimenter effects into classrooms. It marked the beginning of a rich tradition of investigating teachers’ expectations. Now, 50 years after the start of teacher expectation research, it is time to reflect on what we have achieved thus far and what promising directions there are for moving forward. There seem a number of (more or less) uncontested findings with regard to teacher expectations. First, some studies have shown that teachers are relatively accurate in their expectations (Jussim & Harber, 2005), but nevertheless teachers seem to favour some students over others in their expectations (e.g., De Boer, Bosker, & Van der Werf, 2010; Glock & Krolak-Schwerdt, 2013; Rubie-Davies, 2010; Riley & Ungerleider, 2012; Sorhagen, 2013; Tenenbaum & Ruck, 2007; Timmermans, De Boer, & Van der Werf, 2016). Specifically, teachers seem to favour students from more affluent families over those from less affluent families. In addition, teachers appear to hold lower expectations than warranted for special needs students (Arabsolghar & Elkins, 2000; Cameron & Cook, 2013; Moscardini, 2015). However, evidence regarding the relations between teacher expectations and student ethnicity and gender have been found to be more inconsistent. Some studies found lower expectations for ethnic minority students than for majority students, for boys in reading, and for girls in mathematics, whereas other studies did not show differences by gender or ethnicity. Second, teachers’ expectations affect subsequent teaching behaviour; for example, through teachers providing more opportunities to learn, asking richer questions, and providing learning-focussed feedback to students for whom the teachers have high expectations (e.g., Brophy & Good, 1970; Good & Lavigne, 2018; RubieDavies, 2007; Tenenbaum & Ruck, 2007; Weinstein, 2002). Third, teacher expectations work as a self-fulfilling prophecy (Merton, 1948) on subsequent student outcomes such as performance, intelligence, and motivation, by means of differential behaviour of teachers towards highand low-expectation students as well as via the opportunity to learn that is provided to different students (Brophy & Good, 1970). The estimated effect sizes of the selffulfilling prophecy in the academic domain, however, differ considerably between reviews and meta-analyses (Hattie, 2009, d = .43; Jussim & Harber, 2005, r = .1–.2; Raudenbush, 1984, d = .11; Rosenthal & Rubin, 1978, d = .70).
Modulation of Hormonal, Oxidative Stress and Fatty Acids Profiling in Response to Glutamine and Chromium in Diabetic Rats

Background: Fatty acids profiling of diabetes may be helpful in early diagnosis and management of diabetic. Chromium is a trace element and important cofactor for many anti-oxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase. Glutamine is semi essential amino acid and reported to improve endothelial function, decrease blood pressure, and vasodilator. This study investigated fatty acids profiling in diabetic rats and their response to administration of glutamine and chromium. Methods: Fifty male albino rats were divided into 2 groups as following: GPI (10 rats); Control group. GP II (40 rats) were injected alloxan (75 mg /kg) i.p. for six consecutive days for induction of diabetes. Diabetic rats were divided into four groups: GP II: (Untreated diabetic): GP III: Rats were given orally with L-glutamine (100 mg/kg). GP IV: Rats were given with Chromium chloride (30 µg/ kg) ip. GP IV: Rats were given Glutamine and Chromium. After 6 weeks. Sera were used for the determination of Nitric oxide (NO), malondialdhyde (MDA), total antioxidants, insulin, glucagon, HA1C and fatty acids profile. Results: Data obtained showed that, diabetic rats treated with glutamine and chromium restore the levels of hormones, HA1C, NO and MDA better than individual treatment (p<0.01) compared with untreated diabetic (p<0.001). A significant elevation of saturated fatty acids in diabetic and reduced unsaturated FA compared with control. Combination treatment reversed this ratio. This may explain increased insulin sensitivity in treated rats compared with untreated. Conclusion: It was concluded that, Glutamine combined with chromium increased insulin sensitivity and recovery pancreatic efficacy in insulin production. Administration of glutamine or chromium reduced HA1c, the mechanisms involved explored the potential of these compounds in control fatty acids contents and management of diabetic.