Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Code Attention: Translating Code to Comments by Exploiting Domain Features

Appropriate comments of code snippets provide insight for code functionality, which are helpful for program comprehension. However, due to the great cost of authoring with the comments, many code projects do not contain adequate comments. Automatic comment generation techniques have been proposed to generate comments from pieces of code in order to alleviate the human efforts in annotating the code. Most existing approaches attempt to exploit certain correlations (usually manually given) between code and generated comments, which could be easily violated if the coding patterns change and hence the performance of comment generation declines. In this paper, we first build C2CGit, a large dataset from open projects in GitHub, which is more than 20$\times$ larger than existing datasets. Then we propose a new attention module called Code Attention to translate code to comments, which is able to utilize the domain features of code snippets, such as symbols and identifiers. We make ablation studies to determine effects of different parts in Code Attention. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed module has better performance over existing approaches in both BLEU and METEOR.
Effects of Drawing on Alpha Activity: A Quantitative EEG Study With Implications for Art Therapy

Abstract Little empirical evidence exists as to how materials used in art therapy affect the brain and its neurobiological functioning. This pre/post within-groups study utilized the quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) to measure residual effects in the brain after 20 minutes of drawing. EEG recordings were conducted before and after participants (N = 10; 6 artists and 4 non-artists) created a drawing in oil pastels. Results showed a statistical difference (p <.05) pre- and post-drawing among artists in the left posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital regions within the alpha frequency band. For the non-artists, differences in alpha were recorded in the right parietal and right prefrontal areas. There were no significant findings between the groups. Results suggest that alpha rhythm may play an important role in drawing. Because alpha rhythm is associated with self-regulation, relaxation, memory, visual processing, intelligence, and creativity, this finding has useful implications for art therapy. The application of qEEG methodology with art therapy may help assess and further refine clinical treatment.
Apigenin and naringenin suppress colon carcinogenesis through the aberrant crypt stage in azoxymethane-treated rats

Epidemiological evidence suggests that a diet abundant in fruits and vegetables may protect against colon cancer. Bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and limonoids, have been shown to possess antiproliferative and antitumorigenic effects in various cancer models. This experiment investigated the effects of four citrus flavonoids and one limonoid mixture at the promotion stage of chemically induced colon cancer in rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 10 rats/group) were randomly allocated to one of six diets formulated to contain 0.1% apigenin, 0.02% naringenin, 0.1% hesperidin, 0.01% nobiletin, 0.035% limonin glucoside/obacunone glucoside mixture or a control diet (0% flavonoid/limonoid). Rats received experimental diets for 10 weeks and were injected with azoxymethane (15 mg/kg) at weeks 3 and 4. Excised colons were evaluated for aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation, colonocyte proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen assay), apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (immunoblotting). When compared with the control diet, apigenin lowered the number of high multiplicity ACF (HMACF >4 aberrant crypts/focus) by 57% (P < 0.05), while naringenin lowered both the number of HMACF by 51% (P < 0.05) and the proliferative index by 32% (P < 0.05). Both apigenin and naringenin increased apoptosis of luminal surface colonocytes (78% and 97%, respectively; P < 0.05) when compared with the control diet. Hesperidin, nobiletin and the limonin glucoside/obacunone glucoside mixture did not affect these variables. The colonic mucosal protein levels of iNOS or COX-2 were not different among the six diet groups. The ability of dietary apigenin and naringenin to reduce HMACF, lower proliferation (naringenin only) and increase apoptosis may contribute toward colon cancer prevention. However, these effects were not due to mitigation of iNOS and COX-2 protein levels at the ACF stage of colon cancer.
CAMP: Content-Agnostic Malware Protection

--In spite of recent advances, the world wide web remains an important vector for malware installation. Approaches to evaluating potentially malicious code before execution in a browser, such as blacklisting or content-based detection are hindered by an attacker’s ability to easily change hosting domains or mutate malware binaries. On the other hand, whitelistbased approaches are challenged by the large, dynamic, and heterogeneous space of benign binaries that they must track. In practice these approaches continue to provide value for popular binaries at either extreme of maliciousness (e.g., the current large outbreak of malware, the benign binaries shipped with an OS), but bridging the gap between whitelist and blacklist detection for web malware remains a significant challenge. This paper presents CAMP, a content-agnostic malware protection system based on binary reputation that is designed to address these shortcomings. CAMP is built into the browser and determines the reputation of most downloads locally, relying on server-side reputation data only when a local decision cannot be made. This paper gives a detailed overview of CAMP and its architecture and provides an evaluation of the system through a six-month deployment in which 200 million users of Google Chrome requested between eight to ten million reputation requests a day. Our evaluation shows that CAMP exhibits accuracy close to 99% relative to proprietary VM-based dynamic analysis, is able to process requests in less than 130 ms on average, and was able to detect approximately five million intentional malware downloads per month that were not detected by existing solutions.
TRANSMISSION AND INTERPRETATION

Abstract Secondary school teachers’ responses to questions about the setting of written tasks to pupils were categorised and shown to fall upon a dimension called Transmission‐Interpretation. Half of the variance accounted for by this dimension was related to the subject taught. It is then suggested that the Transmission‐Interpretation dimension could be used to relate the teacher's view of what constitutes knowledge with his expectations about the learner's and the teacher's classroom roles.
Thirty Years of Education in China: Between Change and No Change

This article reviews the education reform and development footprints in China by analyzing four key education policy documents in the past three decades. The conclusion is that the reform and development of China's educational establishment have provided excellent support for the operations of China's political and economic systems. The reality is that all the great achievements are manifested in quantitative changes as exemplified by nine-year compulsory education and the popularization of higher education. However nowhere, from the concept of education to the administration of education, has there been any fundamental change of substance. The reform of education, like economic reform, will probably be heading to deeper waters.
Systematic Review of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in India: The Past, Present, and the Future Trends

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has become an asymptomatic disease in the Western world with the introduction of routine calcium screening. However, the same phenomenon is not observed in India. We have now systematically reviewed the status of PHPT in India. While there is a paucity of literature on PHPT from India when compared to Western countries, some information can be gleaned upon. Most patients present with symptomatic disease whereas very few are screen-detected cases (bone disease 77%, renal disease 36%, and 5.6% asymptomatic). Mean calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and alkaline phosphate levels are high while Vitamin D levels are low. The average parathyroid gland weight is large and the majority being parathyroid adenomas (89.1%). Hungry bone syndrome (HBS) is common in the postoperative period. The disease-related mortality rate is 7.4%, recurrence 4.16%, and persistent disease 2.17%. We suggest that dedicated efforts are needed to pick up asymptomatic disease in India by methods like incorporating calcium estimation in the routine health check-up programs.
Electronic resources and services in Pakistani university libraries: A survey of users' satisfaction

This study is an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of electronic resources and services in Pakistani university libraries on the basis of users' satisfaction. A survey method was employed to conduct the research. Using convenience sampling, eight university libraries; four each from Islamabad and Lahore including two from the public sector and two from the private sector having IT applications, were included in the users survey. The total population (i.e., 40,236) of library users was very large; therefore, a reasonable, manageable and convenient sample of 800 library users, including 100 users each from the eight libraries was selected. A semi structured questionnaire was designed to collect data, while a five-point Likert Scale from 1 (Dissatisfied) to 5 (Extremely satisfied) was used to measure the satisfaction level of the respondent. The study concluded that Pakistani university libraries are offering effective electronic resources and services to their users.
Gender and collaboration patterns in distance education research

This paper explores the associations between gender, collaboration and research methods in distance education research. Following a bibliometric approach, collaboration is operationalised through co‐author relationships. The study is based on a review of 695 papers published in five prominent distance education journals between 2000 and 2008. It reveals a significant trend towards collaborative research in distance education. There are no significant gender differences regarding the number of co‐authors of collaborative papers. However, female researchers significantly choose different research topics than their male colleagues. Women are over‐represented in research areas such as learner characteristics, learner support or interaction, and communication in learning communities, while men are more concerned with topics stereotypically associated with them: technology and management. There is a significant propensity for female researchers to apply qualitative methods or to triangulate qualitative and quantitative methods. Research methods also affect collaboration. On average, research teams on quantitative projects are significantly bigger than those who produce articles that are qualitative in nature.
Behavior‐dependent modulation of hippocampal EEG activity by the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine in rats

Both active wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) give rise to rhythmic synchronized hippocampal field oscillations, known as theta activity. Antidepressant drugs, including norepinephrine re‐uptake inhibitors are proven to diminish REM sleep, and REM sleep‐related hippocampal theta oscillation. Since reboxetine, a highly selective norepinephrine re‐uptake inhibitor has been shown to block REM sleep, but induce or facilitate hippocampal theta activity in anesthetized rats, the current study investigated the effects of reboxetine on stage‐ and behavior dependent theta activity. Polysomnographic recordings, which included hippocampal field potentials at the hippocampal fissure, were carried out in rats for 8 h during the light phase of the circadian cycle. Theta rhythm was analyzed during three different behavioral conditions: REM sleep, during motor activity in a familiar environment, and during exploration in a novel environment. We found that, compared with REM sleep, theta power was relatively low during periods of active wakefulness when the animal was in the familiar home cage, but considerably increased during exploration in a novel environment. Reboxetine suppressed sleep and thus abolished REM sleep‐related hippocampal theta rhythm, attenuated theta in the familiar environment, and significantly enhanced theta oscillations associated with exploratory behavior. Our findings demonstrate a state‐ and behavior‐dependent modulation of hippocampal theta activity by reboxetine, providing further evidence for a prominent role of norepinephrine in arousal and focused or selective attention © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioreductive activation of quinone antitumor drugs by mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1

The authors recently demonstrated that the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) is involved in the sensitivity of cancer cells to furanonaphthoquinone (FNQ). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether mitochondrial VDAC1 reduces quinone antitumor drugs. The VDAC1 purified by immunoprecipitation reduced FNQ in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and produced H2O2. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the band that reduced FNQ NADH-dependently mainly included VDAC1. Because H2O2 generation in catalyzing FNQ with NADH caused mitochondrial damage, the cytotoxic activity of FNQ was induced by VDAC1. In the quinone antitumor drugs, menadione (VK3), adriamycin and mitomycin C, mitochondrial VDAC1 bioreductively activated VK3. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial VDAC1 is a pharmacologic target for the treatment of tumor.
The anti-angiogenic herbal composition Ob-X from Morus alba, Melissa officinalis, and Artemisia capillaris regulates obesity in genetically obese ob/ob mice

Context: The growth and development of adipose tissue leading to obesity is suggested to depend on angiogenesis. Our previous study showed that Melissa officinalis L. (Labiatae), Morus alba L. (Moraceae), and Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (Compositae) are involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. We hypothesized that Ob-X, a mixture of three herbs, M. alba, M. officinalis, and A. capillaris, can regulate obesity. Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effect of Ob-X on obesity in genetically obese ob/ob mice. Materials and methods: The effect of Ob-X on angiogenesis was measured using a mouse Matrigel plug assay. The effects of Ob-X on obesity were investigated in ob/ob mice. Results: Ob-X inhibited angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, as evidenced by decreased blood vessel density in a mouse matrigel plug assay. Administration of Ob-X to ob/ob mice for 5 weeks produced a significant reduction in body weight gain by 27% compared with control (12.1 ± 3.01 vs. 16.6 ± 2.24 g, respectively). Ob-X also significantly decreased visceral adipose tissue mass by 15% (0.87 ± 0.12 vs. 1.02 ± 0.15 g, respectively). The size of adipocytes in visceral adipose tissue was reduced by 46% in Ob-X-treated mice. Ob-X treatment inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation and significantly decreased circulating glucose levels compared with controls (197 ± 56.5 vs. 365 ± 115 mg/dL, respectively). Discussion and conclusion: These results suggest that Ob-X, which has an anti-angiogenic activity, reduces body weight gain and visceral adipose tissue mass in genetically obese mice, providing evidence that obesity can be prevented by angiogenesis inhibitors.
Crisis Management and Household Strategies in Lofoten: A Question of Sustainable Development

L'article etudie les reponses des familles de pecheurs des iles Lofoten a la crise de la peche a la morue survenue dans les annees 1980 ainsi que les changements dans les modes de gestion de la peche. Il s'interroge sur l'experience des pecheurs en matiere de developpement renouvelable. Le point central est l'etude des strategies des familles en reponse a l'hostilite des changements dans leur environnement, et plus particulierement le role des femmes dans la peche locale. Quatre strategies sont reperees : expansion, diversification, reduction des depenses et retrait. L'etude indique que le succes apparent du regime norvegien de gestion a provoque une grande incertitude dans les commmunautes villageoises cotieres des iles Lofoten et a mis leur culture sous une grande pression. Il n'a pas entraine des modes sociaux et culturels de developpement durables pour les populations cotieres
Evaluating Sentiment Analysis Systems in Russian

In this paper we describe our experience in conducting the first open sentiment analysis evaluations in Russian in 2011-2012. These initiatives took part within Russian Information Retrieval Seminar (ROMIP), which is an annual TREC-like competition in Russian. Several test and train collections were created for such tasks as sentiment classification in blogs and newswire, opinion retrieval. The paper describes the state of the art in sentiment analysis in Russian, collection characteristics, track tasks and evaluation metrics.
BUILDING ROOF RECONSTRUCTION FROM LIDAR DATA AND AERIAL IMAGES THROUGH PLANE EXTRACTION AND COLOUR EDGE DETECTION

In this paper a strategy for 3D reconstruction of building roofs from airborne laser scanning and aerial images is discussed. In order to keep it as general as possible, no predefined primitives or ground plans are required. The processing is done directly on the raw LiDAR point cloud, so as to avoid any loss of information due to interpolation. Computations involving local surface normals, which are usually rather noisy in dense datasets, are avoided. Only roofs composed of planar patches are considered. The guiding principle is to select thresholds that can be derived from the data itself and to make the algorithms largely independent of their exact values. The main purpose of image integration is the refinement of the building outline. In that the importance of utilising the available chromatic information is shown.
A spatial signature of sprawl: or the proportion and distribution of linear networkcircuits

This paper sets out to investigate whether the frequency distribution ofthe linear network circuits within a graph-based representation of aroad transportation system can be helpful in identifying sprawl and, inparticular, whether a 'spatial signature of sprawl' can be determined.This paper is based upon an earlier study on Peachtree City, Georgia and in particular of its dual transportation system (roads and golf cartpaths). In order to fully understand the effect that the dualtransportation system has upon Peachtree City, the frequencydistribution of its circuits are compared to three, supposed, 'suburban' areas and three, supposed, 'urban' districts. The conclusion of thispaper is that there is, unquestionably, a measurable continuum between 'suburbia' and 'urbanity' and that this is reflected in the frequency,length and distribution of the graph network circuits. The main sectionof this paper is concerned with the presentation and discussion ofalternative algorithms for calculating these circuits. This section isfollowed by an introduction of a selection of methods for interpretingthe resultant data. Finally, with respect to Peachtree City, this paperconcludes that the effect of the dual transportation system is to make it more 'urban' than it would otherwise be, although it remains adistinctly suburban environment.
Academic staff's perceptions of characteristics of learning organization in a higher learning institution

Purpose – The main objective of this study was to examine academic staff's perceptions of the characteristics of a learning organization within higher education: in this instance, the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The study also examined the relationship between the characteristics of a learning organization and satisfaction with performance in teaching and research activities.Design/methodology/approach – A survey method was used in a sample of 400 academicians with a return rate of 214 (53.5 per cent). Watkins and Marsick's and Marsick and Watkins's learning organization questionnaire was used to measure the characteristics of the learning organization and to collect data for the study.Findings – The main results showed that the academic staff indicated moderate levels of the characteristics of a learning organization and satisfaction with performance. The results also showed that there were positive and significant relationships between dimensions of the learning organization and sa.
Display of Alcohol Use on Facebook: A Content Analysis

The present study has two main objectives. First, to examine how alcohol use is portrayed in the visual and textual references on Facebook, and second, to determine how friends react to these alcohol-related postings. A theoretically based content analysis of 160 Facebook profiles generated 2,575 pictures and 92 status updates referring to alcohol use, which represented about 6.50% of the pictures in the total sample and 2.90% of the status updates. These visual and textual references, as well as the peer reactions to these posts, mostly referred to alcohol use in a positive context (72.23% of the pictures and 72.83% of the messages). Furthermore, multiple regression analyses identified the number of Facebook friends and the number of status updates referring to alcohol use as significant predictors of the total number of uploaded pictures containing alcohol use. The results of this study are discussed within the framework of expectancy models of behavior and media effects theories, and show that alcohol-related references are quite common, while negative reactions to these posts are seldom. Further research into the effects of these visual and textual messages is warranted.
Simulating hydromagnetic processes in star formation: introducing ambipolar diffusion into an adaptive mesh refinement code

Given the importance of simulating hydromagnetic processes that impact star formation, we have earlier developed a 3D adaptive mesh approach that allows us to include hydromagnetic processes during the formation and evolution of cores, discs and stars in observed regions of star formation. In this paper, we take the next step in this program – namely – to develop a modified version of the 3D adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) code flash in which the ambipolar diffusion of the magnetic field in poorly ionized molecular gas is implemented. We approach the problem using a single-fluid approximation to simplify numerical calculations. In this paper, we present a series of test cases including oblique isothermal and non-isothermal C-shocks. We also present a study of the quasi-static collapse of a uniform, self-gravitating, magnetized sphere that is initially supported by its magnetic field against collapse (i.e. magnetically subcritical). Applications to the collapse of a pre-stellar Bonnor–Ebert sphere are presented in a companion paper.
Tutoring: Guided Learning by Doing

Individualized instruction significantly improves students' pedagogical and motivational outcomes. In this article, we seek to characterize tutorial behaviors that could lead to these benefits and to consider why these actions should be pedagogically useful. This experiment examined university students learning LISP programming with the assistance of a tutor. Tutoring sessions were audiotaped, allowing u to analyze every verbal utterance during the sessions and thereby to identify the conversational events that lead to pedagogical success. This discourse analysis suggests that tutors are successful because they take a very active role in leading the problem solving by offering confirmatory feedback and additional guidance while students are on profitable paths and error feedback after mistakes. However, tutors carefully structure their feedback to allow students to perform as much of the work as possible while the tutor ensures that problem solving stays on track. These results suggest the types of strate.