Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Source‐based morphometry: The use of independent component analysis to identify gray matter differences with application to schizophrenia

We present a multivariate alternative to the voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) approach called source‐based morphometry (SBM), to study gray matter differences between patients and healthy controls. The SBM approach begins with the same preprocessing procedures as VBM. Next, independent component analysis is used to identify naturally grouping, maximally independent sources. Finally, statistical analyses are used to determine the significant sources and their relationship to other variables. The identified “source networks,” groups of spatially distinct regions with common covariation among subjects, provide information about localization of gray matter changes and their variation among individuals. In this study, we first compared VBM and SBM via a simulation and then applied both methods to real data obtained from 120 chronic schizophrenia patients and 120 healthy controls. SBM identified five gray matter sources as significantly associated with schizophrenia. These included sources in the bilateral temporal lobes, thalamus, basal ganglia, parietal lobe, and frontotemporal regions. None of these showed an effect of sex. Two sources in the bilateral temporal and parietal lobes showed age‐related reductions. The most significant source of schizophrenia‐related gray matter changes identified by SBM occurred in the bilateral temporal lobe, while the most significant change found by VBM occurred in the thalamus. The SBM approach found changes not identified by VBM in basal ganglia, parietal, and occipital lobe. These findings show that SBM is a multivariate alternative to VBM, with wide applicability to studying changes in brain structure. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health Care Quality, Geographic Variations, and the Challenge of Supply-Sensitive Care

69 THE UNITED STATES SPENDS MORE per capita on health care services than any other country, yet there are mounting concerns about the uneven and unpredictable quality of care provided at even the “best” American institutions. In 1998, the National Roundtable on Health Care Quality reported serious and widespread quality problems throughout the American health care system, regardless of organizational setting or payment mechanism (Chassin and Galvin 1998). A review of published studies indicated that, on average, 50 percent of patients did not receive recommended preventive care; 30 percent did not receive needed care for acute medical conditions, and 40 percent went without necessary care for chronic conditions (Schuster, McGlynn, and Brook 1998). An Institute of Medicine (2001) panel concluded that safe and error-free delivery of effective care will require a fundamental redesign of the health care system. Studies of geographic variations in medical care underscore the scope of the challenge, documenting twofold differences in Medicare spending among regions (Dartmouth Medical School 1999). There are dramatic variations in the
RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE

Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is a common problem in neurosurgical and neurological practice. It can arise as a consequence of intracranial mass lesions, disorders of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation, and more diffuse intracranial pathological processes. Its development may be acute or chronic. There are well established methods for the measurement, continuous monitoring, and treatment of raised ICP. Evidence from prospective randomised controlled clinical trials that monitoring and treatment of raised ICP per se improves outcome is currently lacking for many conditions. The normal range of ICP varies with age (table 1) though values in the paediatric population are not well established. Thresholds for initiating treatment for intracranial hypertension vary according to aetiology and within single conditions there is debate about the appropriate upper limit of normal. For example, various authors have suggested thresholds of 15, 20, and 25 mm Hg for the initiation of treatment for raised ICP in patients with head injury. View this table: Table 1 Normal intracranial pressure values Table 2 lists some common causes of raised ICP. View this table: Table 2 Examples of causes of raised intracranial pressure ### Volume–pressure relations The relation between volume and pressure within the cranium is non-linear (fig 1). The Monro-Kellie hypothesis states that the sum of the intracranial volumes of blood, brain, CSF, and other components (for example, tumour, haematoma) is constant. The skull is considered as an enclosed and inelastic container. An increase in the volume of any one of the intracranial contents must be offset by a decrease in one or more of the others or be associated with a rise in ICP. Intracranial blood (especially in the venous compartment) and CSF are the two components whose volume can adapt most easily to accommodate an increase in the volume of intracranial contents. Once these compensatory mechanisms are exhausted, further increases in volume result in large rises in ICP. Compliance (the …
Chapter 5: Charms Talismanic: Testing Teachers for the Improvement of American Education

During the last decade a majority of the states have adopted new teacher tests. Proposals for new national tests for teachers abound. And, in the last few years, the amount of literature devoted to teacher testing has increased dramatically. The aim of this chapter is to review these developments. But first, we document the tremendous recent growth in teacher testing to show why such a review is both timely and important. The number of states requiring teachers or would-be teachers to pass some form of entrance or certification examination has grown from only a handful in the mid-1970s to a clear majority by the mid-1980s (Lehmann & Phillips, 1985; Office of Educational Research and Improvement, in press). According to one observer, "By 1990, virtually every state will require tests of basic skills, subject matter knowledge, or professional knowledge before a teacher can receive a standard license to teach" (Darling-Hammond, 1986, p. 1). Moreover, in the last few years there have been several national initiatives calling for new assessments of teachers and prospective teachers. Leaders of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) and the National Education Association (NEA) have called for a national test for teachers that would be controlled, not by state education agencies, but by teachers and other professional educators (Richburg, 1985; Shanker, 1985). In 1985, the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) adopted new standards for the accreditation of colleges, school de-
Developing responsible leadership through a ‘pedagogy of challenge’: an investigation into the impact of leadership education on teenagers

This paper proposes a new model for understanding education through ‘responsible leadership’ – a term which draws on the models of distributed and authentic leadership and on a dialogic understanding of responsible action. It defines ‘dispositions for learning’ as different forms of the single quality of ‘openness to learning’. A ‘pedagogy of challenge’ is proposed as a way of developing these dispositions. The model is tested through a small-scale investigation into the effect of a two-day leadership education course on five 14-year-old students which conforms to the proposed model. This suggests a link between the students' participation and their dispositions for learning; in addition, it suggests change in their attitude towards, and perceived performance in, their academic subjects over a four-month period. It also highlights potential conflicts between promoting responsible leadership and curricular, assessment-focused learning. Larger-scale studies are recommended.
Benthic Archives Reveal Recurrence and Dominance of Toxigenic Cyanobacteria in a Eutrophic Lake over the Last 220 Years

Akinetes are resistant cells which have the ability to persist in sediment for several decades. We have investigated the temporal distribution of akinetes of two species, Dolichospermum macrosporum and Dolichospermum flos-aquae, in a sediment core sampled in Lake Aydat (France), which covers 220 years. The upper part, from 1907 to 2016, the number of akinetes fluctuated but stayed at high concentrations, especially for D. macrosporum in surface sediment (with the maximal value close to 6.105 akinetes g DW−1 of sediment), suggesting a recurrence of blooms of this species which was probably closely related to anthropic eutrophication since the 1960s. Before 1907, the abundance of akinetes of both species was very low, suggesting only a modest presence of these cyanobacteria. In addition, the percentage of intact akinetes was different for each species, suggesting different ecological processes in the water column. This percentage also decreased with depth, revealing a reduction in germination potential over time. In addition, biosynthetic genes of anatoxin-a (anaC) and microcystin (mcyA) were detected. First results show a high occurrence of mcyA all down the core. In contrast, anaC gene was mostly detected in the surface sediment (since the 1980s), revealing a potentially more recent occurrence of this cyanotoxin in Lake Aydat which may be associated with the recurrence of blooms of D. macrosporum and thus with anthropic activities.
Analysis of the impact of surface layer properties on evaporation from porous systems using column experiments and modified definition of characteristic length

The hydraulic properties of the layer at the vicinity of the soil surface have significant impact on evaporation and could be harnessed to reduce water losses. The effect of the properties of the upper layer on the evolution of phase distribution during the evaporation process is first illustrated from three‐dimensional pore network simulations. This effect is then studied from experiments carried out on soil columns under laboratory conditions. Comparisons between homogeneous columns packed with coarse (sand) and fine (sandy loam) materials and heterogeneous columns packed with layers of fine overlying coarse material and coarse overlying fine material of different thicknesses are performed to assess the impact of upper layer properties on evaporation. Experiments are analyzed using the classical approach based on the numerical solution of Richards equation and semianalytical theoretical predictions. The theoretical analysis is based on the clear distinction between two drying regimes, namely, the capillary regime and the gravity‐capillary regime, which are the prevailing regimes in our experiments. Simple relationships enabling to estimate the duration of stage 1 evaporation (S1) for both regimes are proposed. In particular, this led to defining the characteristic length for the gravity‐capillary regime from the consideration of viscous effects at low water content differently from available expressions. The duration of S1, during which most of the water losses occur, for both the homogeneous and two‐layer columns is presented and discussed. Finally, the impact of liquid films and its consequences on the soil hydraulic conductivity function are briefly discussed.
An exploration of primary to secondary school transition planning for children with Down’s syndrome

This study explores factors that influence decisions about transition and what works for children with Down’s syndrome transferring from primary to secondary school. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews to gain the views of support staff and parents of two children with Down’s syndrome. One parent had chosen mainstream secondary school and was negotiating the transition, whilst the other was making decisions around future placement. The Voice of the Child (VoC) was elicited using rating scales. Thematic analysis revealed practical and ideological insights into transition, highlighting the need for parental involvement, planned transition and recognition of the individual needs of the child. The educational and social implications of these findings are considered along with directions for future research.
Microbe domestication and the identification of the wild genetic stock of lager-brewing yeast

Domestication of plants and animals promoted humanity's transition from nomadic to sedentary lifestyles, demographic expansion, and the emergence of civilizations. In contrast to the well-documented successes of crop and livestock breeding, processes of microbe domestication remain obscure, despite the importance of microbes to the production of food, beverages, and biofuels. Lager-beer, first brewed in the 15th century, employs an allotetraploid hybrid yeast, Saccharomyces pastorianus (syn. Saccharomyces carlsbergensis), a domesticated species created by the fusion of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ale-yeast with an unknown cryotolerant Saccharomyces species. We report the isolation of that species and designate it Saccharomyces eubayanus sp. nov. because of its resemblance to Saccharomyces bayanus (a complex hybrid of S. eubayanus, Saccharomyces uvarum, and S. cerevisiae found only in the brewing environment). Individuals from populations of S. eubayanus and its sister species, S. uvarum, exist in apparent sympatry in Nothofagus (Southern beech) forests in Patagonia, but are isolated genetically through intrinsic postzygotic barriers, and ecologically through host-preference. The draft genome sequence of S. eubayanus is 99.5% identical to the non-S. cerevisiae portion of the S. pastorianus genome sequence and suggests specific changes in sugar and sulfite metabolism that were crucial for domestication in the lager-brewing environment. This study shows that combining microbial ecology with comparative genomics facilitates the discovery and preservation of wild genetic stocks of domesticated microbes to trace their history, identify genetic changes, and suggest paths to further industrial improvement.
New results on the sum of Gamma random variates with application to the performance of wireless communication systems over Nakagami‐m fading channels

The probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function of the sum of L‐independent but not necessarily identically distributed Gamma variates, applicable to the output statistics of maximal ratio combining receiver operating over Nakagami‐m fading channels or in other words to the statistical analysis of the scenario where the sum of squared Nakagami‐m distributions is user‐of‐interest, are presented in closed form in terms of well‐known Meijer's G function and easily computable Fox's H̄ function for integer‐valued and non‐integer‐valued m fading parameters. Further analysis, particularly on bit error rate via a PDF‐based approach, is also offered in closed form in terms of Meijer's G function and Fox's H̄ function for integer‐valued fading parameters and extended Fox's H̄ function ( Ĥ ) for non‐integer‐valued fading parameters. Our proposed results complement previous known results that are either expressed in terms of infinite sums, nested sums or higher‐order derivatives of the fading parameter m. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of training in strategic questioning on children's problem-solving performance

Forty-six 5th graders in 3 conditions worked in pairs to solve computer-assisted problems. One group (guided questioning) used strategic questions to guide their cognitive and metacognitive activity during problem solving, with partners engaging in a questioning-answering dialogue. A 2nd group (unguided questioning) was simply instructed to ask and answer questions with their partners during problem solving. A 3rd group (control) received no training or instructions in questioning
Climatic variability and landscape heterogeneity impact urban mosquito diversity and vector abundance and infection

Urban habitat heterogeneity can modify interactions across species and lead to spatially fine grained differences in β-diversity patterns and their associated ecosystem services. Here, we study the impacts of landscape heterogeneity and climatic variability on: (1) the richness and diversity patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and (2) the abundance and West Nile virus infection rate of the house mosquito, Culex pipiens, in Chicago, USA. We conducted a four year long study (2005–2008) in 8 sites that captured a gradient of urban heterogeneities. We found a total of 19 mosquito species, a representative sample of mosquito species richness in the area, according to both model estimation (Chao2 ± S.E. = 20.50 ± 2.29) and faunal records for Chicago. We found that heterogeneity in the landscape was the best predictor of both mosquito species richness and diversity, with the most heterogeneous landscapes harboring the largest number of species. In general there were no changes in species richness over the years that could be associated with weather patterns and climatic variability (WPCV). In contrast, changes in diversity were associated with WPCV. Our results also showed that WPCV had major impacts on house mosquito abundance and West Nile virus mosquito infection rate (MIR) patterns. Although MIR was independent of mosquito diversity, it was associated with overall mosquito abundance, which had a convex association with species richness (i.e., abundance increases to a point after which it decreases as function of species richness). Finally, our results highlight the importance of considering dominant vector species as part of a community of vectors, whose biodiversity patterns can directly or indirectly impact the risk of infectious disease transmission.
The relevance of circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETC) for therapy monitoring during neoadjuvant (primary systemic) chemotherapy in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Having demonstrated in a previous report that the response of circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETC) during the first cycles of primary (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy perfectly reflects the response of the tumor, in the present study the changes in cell numbers during subsequent cycles and their possible impact on the therapy's outcome were examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 58 breast cancer patients CETC were quantified during therapy with either EC (epirubicin/ cyclophosphamid) or dose intensified E (epirubicin) followed by taxane, with or without trastuzumab, and subsequent CMF (cyclophosphamid/methorexate/ fluorouracil). RESULTS CETC numbers declined more than 10-fold (good response) in 65% (her2/neu-negative) and 55% (her2/neu-positive) of patients during EC, and in 60% during dose intensified E, respectively, followed by an increase of CETC in all patients. CETC remained increased, decreasing only when adding CMF. A good initial response correlated with estrogen-receptor negativity, a poor response with early distant relapse (P < 0,0001, hazard ratio = 11.91). CONCLUSION Response of CETC already during the first cycles of neoadjuvant treatment predicts the final response of the tumor. Hitherto unknown effects of the release of tumor cells during therapy further our understanding of tumor-blood interaction and may improve access of agents like antibodies to cells. The impact on the further course of disease remains to be evaluated.
A Study on Comparison of Classification and Regression Tree and Multiple Regression for Predicting of Soldiers' Depression

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore status and level of depression, anxiety and self esteem in Korean soldiers and identify effective statistical methods that account for and predict their depression. Methods: A cross sectional study design was employed. Data were collected from five hundred thirty four soldiers in Gang-won Province and analyzed using stepwise multiple regression and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) with SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: The mean scores for depression, anxiety and self-esteem were 10.7±9.75, 38.5±10.16 and 31.7±5.20 respectively. Around one-forth (23.6%) of participants were above mild depression level. Major variables showing significant correlations were anxiety, self-esteem, duration of military service and the number of ventilation activities. Anxiety, self-esteem and duration of military service accounted for 62.3% of the variance in depression according to multiple regression. In CART analysis, predicting factors in the high risk group were high level anxiety and uncertain plan after discharge from military. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that anxiety was major factor of soldiers’ depression both in multiple regression and CART. Also, CART applied in this study was an effective method in screening a risk group of soldiers’ depression.
Differential Effects of Adenosine and Nitroglycerin on the Action Potentials of Large and Small Coronary Arteries

We used intracellular microelectrodes to study some membrane electrical properties of isolated large (>1.0 nun) and small (<500 /un) coronary arteries of the dog. The resting membrane potential (Em) was not significantly different in large arteries and small arteries (average of -56 mV and -53 mV, respectively) nor was the input resistance (9 MΩ and 10 MΩ, respectively). Spontaneous action potentials were not present in vessels of either size, and action potentials could not be induced by electrical stimulation. Addition of tetraethylammonium ion (TEA, 10 mM) rapidly induced overshooting action potentials on electrical stimulation in both large and small arteries. The amplitude of the action potential increased as a function of log [Ca1+]o, the slope of the curve being 30 mV/decade in the large and small arteries, thus demonstrating that CaI+ carries most of the inward current during the action potential. Verapamil (10−6 M) blocked these Ca1+-dependent action potentials in both the large and small coronaries. Adenosine (1CT6 M) blocked the action potential in the small coronary arteries but had no effect on the action potential in the large coronary arteries. In contrast, nitroglycerin (10−6M) blocked the action potential in the large coronary arteries but not in the small arteries. The results of this study demonstrate that adenosine blocks Ca1+ inward current preferentially in small coronary arteries, and nitroglycerin blocks the Ca1+ current preferentially in large coronary arteries. These observations are consonant with a role for adenosine in the metabolic regulation of coronary blood flow in the small coronary vessels. cire Res 44:176-182, 1979
The Rorschach Ego Impairment Index: Prediction of Treatment Outcome in a Child Psychiatric Population

In this study, we investigated the treatment utility of the revision of Perry and Viglione's (1991) Rorschach Ego Impairment Index (EII-2) in a sample of 53 child psychiatric inpatients. Parent ratings of symptomatic functioning on the Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders (DSMD; Naglieri, LeBuffe, & Pfeiffer, 1994) were obtained at admission, 30 days postdischarge, and 120 days postdischarge. EII-2 scores correlated with initial symptom elevations on the Critical Pathology at admission. EII-2 scores did not predict short-term response to treatment. However, EII-2 scores demonstrated moderate correlations with long-term outcome and relapse. EII-2 was related to prediction of worsening of symptoms between 30-day and 120-day follow-up as measured by Reliable Change Index scores that were computed for the Externalizing, Internalizing, Critical Pathology, and Total DSMD scales.
An Empirical Evaluation Of The Information Signalling And Financial Distress Hypotheses 19 TABLE 1 Summary Statistics for the Six Bond Categories

This study empirically tests two theories put forth to explain the existence of convertible debt which exhibit a significant premium between conversion value and call price. We reject the Information Signalling hypothesis of Harris and Raviv. Our results suggest that management does not use the premium as a mechanism for signalling investors. We validate the Financial Distress hypothesis of Jaffee and Shleifer. Our results suggest that management allows the premium to develop in order to decrease the likelihood of a failed conversion. This is important since the concept of cost avoidance pervades the literature on convertible debt calls.