Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hatred in the Hallways: Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Students in U.S. Schools

Abstract This report contains evidence of the substantial failure of the government at the local, state, and federal level to protect lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students from human rights violations, including harassment, violence, and deprivation of the right to education. In this report, Human Rights Watch calls on state authorities to end legal and de facto discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, to compel school officials to protect all students from harassment and violence, to create models for intervention to stop harassment and its devastating impact on students, and to monitor school systems throughout the country to ensure compliance with the principle of nondiscrimination.
Metacognition and its relationship with students' academic performance

This paper discusses metacognition, defined as thinking about one's own thinking, and its relationship to student's academic performance. A number of previous studies have shown that metacognition and intelligence were associated, and therefore suggested that students who have metacognition tend to be successful learners. This paper also reports on a study investigating the relationship between students' academic achievement and metacognitive awareness, which has been done a private secondary school in Kuching. An established instrument by Shraw and Andersonâ€™s Metacognitive Awareness Inventory is used for the purpose of this study. Specifically, this study examined the relationship between studentâ€™s academic performance and each of the five components of metacognition regulation namely planning, information management strategies, comprehension monitoring, debugging strategies and evaluation. It also examined metacognition awareness in students across gender and different academic years. Overall, the findings revealed a significant positive relationship between student's academic performance and metacognitive awareness, a significant difference in metacognition awareness between Form 2 and Form 5 students, and no significant difference in metacognition awareness between male and female across all academic years. Some suggestions to develop metacognition in students are discussed, and possible directions for research on metacognition in learning process are proposed.
Nonparametric Inferences for Additive Models

Additive models with backfitting algorithms are popular multivariate nonparametric fitting techniques. However, the inferences of the models have not been very well developed, due partially to the complexity of the backfitting estimators. There are few tools available to answer some important and frequently asked questions, such as whether a specific additive component is significant or admits a certain parametric form. In an attempt to address these issues, we extend the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) tests to additive models, using the backfitting estimator. We demonstrate that under the null models, the newly proposed GLR statistics follow asymptotically rescaled chi-squared distributions, with the scaling constants and the degrees of freedom independent of the nuisance parameters. This demonstrates that the Wilks phenomenon continues to hold under a variety of smoothing techniques and more relaxed models with unspecified error distributions. We further prove that the GLR tests are asymptotically optimal in terms of rates of convergence for nonparametric hypothesis testing. In addition, for testing a parametric additive model, we propose a bias corrected method to improve the performance of the GLR. The bias-corrected test is shown to share the Wilks type of property. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the Wilks phenomenon and the power of the proposed tests. A real example is used to illustrate the performance of the testing approach.
Prospective Elementary Teachers' Misunderstandings in Solving Ratio and Proportion Problems.

This study explores difficulties that prospective elementary mathematics teachers have with the concepts of ratio and proportion, mainly when they are engaged in solving problems using algorithm procedures. These difficulties can be traced back to earlier experiences when they were students of junior and high school. The reflection on these difficulties by student teachers, comparing to informal ways of solving the problems is a fundamental step of the pre-service programme in which they are involved. In this communication I also present and discuss an attempt to promote development of prospective teachers’ own knowledge of ratio and proportion as well as their awareness of the pupils’ difficulties on this subject. Teacher education programmes should provide both a profound mathematics understanding of the basic concepts of mathematics and the capacity of future teachers to be aware of the difficulties and the misconceptions of the students (e.g. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1989, 1991, 2001), in order to enable future teachers to create adequate learning situations for their students. One of the basic concepts of the Portuguese elementary mathematics curriculum (grades 6-9) is the proportionality concept, which has been an obstacle to the learning of Mathematics. Most of the teachers teach this theme in a very formal way, emphasising the memorisation of the rules. Researchers on proportional reasoning have been looking for children’s strategies and errors (e.g. Hart, 1984, Lamon, 1993, Vergnaud, 1988). Vergnaud has mainly distinguished two kinds of strategies to solve situations involving direct proportions: the scalar operator “within” the same magnitude and the functional (across the measures) “between” the two magnitudes. Teachers should be aware of their own strategies and errors when they are dealing with situations of proportionality both direct (isomorphism of measures) and “inverse” (product of measures). They need to understand the differences between these two structures, respecting the invariance and the Cartesian graphs and to know what is the model that is underlying a specific problem. In this study I will focus on the procedures and on the reasoning of future teachers in solving proportionality problems in the context of a teacher education programme. I begin by providing a short explanation of the programme inasmuch as it seems important to understand the process that prospective teachers followed until being prepared to elaborate lessons for their future pupils to teach ratio and proportion. THE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME
A two‐phase model for sheet flow regime based on dense granular flow rheology

[1] A two-phase model having a μ(I) rheology for the intergranular stresses and a mixing length approach for the turbulent stresses is proposed to describe the sheet flow regime of sediment transport. In the model, two layers are considered: a dilute suspension layer and a dense sediment bed layer. The concentration profile is obtained from the dilatancy law ϕ(I) in the sediment bed layer and from a Rouse profile in the suspension layer. The comparison of velocity profile, concentration profile, and macroscopic parameters (sediment transport rate, thickness, and roughness) with experimental data shows a good agreement. These comparisons demonstrate that the dense granular rheology is relevant to describe intense bed-load transport in turbulent regime (sheet flow). The transition from the dense static bed to the dilute suspension is well described by the present model. Also, the different regimes of the dense granular rheology seems to be able to capture the transition between collision-dominant and turbulent-fluctuations-dominant sheet flows, depending on the particle's characteristics.
Social Problem Solving and Strategy Use in Young Children

In the present study, the authors investigated what prosocial-assertive, passive, and coercive strategies 6-year-olds (N = 257) would propose in response to stories about 2 socially challenging situations: displacing another child in a game and obtaining a toy from another child. The scenarios also varied the gender composition of the characters. Participants' verbalizations while acting out their responses using toy props fell into 13 categories of strategies. Teachers reported antisocial behavior and social competence of the participants. Girls and boys responded similarly in their general suggestions of prosocial or assertive strategies, but girls were more likely to offer prosocial strategies with other girls than with boys. Teacher-rated competence and antisocial behavior interacted in predicting coercive responses by girls but not by boys. The results demonstrate that prosocial and antisocial behaviors need to be considered in interaction to fully understand the nature of social competence.
Capacity statistics and scheduling gain for MIMO systems in correlated Rayleigh fading

Taking into account realistic propagation environments, in the presence of spatial fading correlation at both the transmitter and the receiver, we derive closed-form analytical expressions for the exact characteristic function and statistical moments (mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis) of instantaneous capacity for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channels. These results enable us to analytically evaluate two relevant information-theoretic capacity measures - ergodic and outage capacity - and other higher-order statistics of the capacity. We also analyze the multi-user scheduling gain in rate-feedback systems using the Gaussian approximation to the capacity distribution.
Evidence-based evaluation of early versus late surgical decompression in cervical spinal cord injury

© 2015 Asian Journal of Neurosurgery | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‐ Medknow Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Alexander Vaccaro, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Address for correspondence: Prof. Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E‐mail: v_rahimi@sina.tums. ac.ir References
The Role of Phase-locking to the Temporal Envelope of Speech in Auditory Perception and Speech Intelligibility

The temporal envelope of speech is important for speech intelligibility. Entrainment of cortical oscillations to the speech temporal envelope is a putative mechanism underlying speech intelligibility. Here we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to test the hypothesis that phase-locking to the speech temporal envelope is enhanced for intelligible compared with unintelligible speech sentences. Perceptual “pop-out” was used to change the percept of physically identical tone-vocoded speech sentences from unintelligible to intelligible. The use of pop-out dissociates changes in phase-locking to the speech temporal envelope arising from acoustical differences between un/intelligible speech from changes in speech intelligibility itself. Novel and bespoke whole-head beamforming analyses, based on significant cross-correlation between the temporal envelopes of the speech stimuli and phase-locked neural activity, were used to localize neural sources that track the speech temporal envelope of both intelligible and unintelligible speech. Location-of-interest analyses were carried out in a priori defined locations to measure the representation of the speech temporal envelope for both un/intelligible speech in both the time domain (cross-correlation) and frequency domain (coherence). Whole-brain beamforming analyses identified neural sources phase-locked to the temporal envelopes of both unintelligible and intelligible speech sentences. Crucially there was no difference in phase-locking to the temporal envelope of speech in the pop-out condition in either the whole-brain or location-of-interest analyses, demonstrating that phase-locking to the speech temporal envelope is not enhanced by linguistic information.
Myths about the proton. The nature of H+ in condensed media.

Recent research has taught us that most protonated species are decidedly not well represented by a simple proton addition. What is the actual nature of the hydrogen ion (the "proton") when H(+), HA, H2A(+), and so forth are written in formulas, chemical equations, and acid catalyzed reactions? In condensed media, H(+) must be solvated and is nearly always dicoordinate, as illustrated by isolable bisdiethyletherate salts having H(OEt2)2(+) cations and weakly coordinating anions. Even carbocations such as protonated alkenes have significant C-H···anion hydrogen bonding that gives the active protons two-coordinate character. Hydrogen bonding is everywhere, particularly when acids are involved. In contrast to the normal, asymmetric O-H···O hydrogen bonding found in water, ice, and proteins, short, strong, low-barrier (SSLB) H-bonding commonly appears when strong acids are present. Unusually low frequency IR νOHO bands are a good indicator of SSLB H-bonds, and curiously, bands associated with group vibrations near H(+) in low-barrier H-bonding often disappear from the IR spectrum. Writing H3O(+) (the Eigen ion), as often appears in textbooks, might seem more realistic than H(+) for an ionized acid in water. However, this, too, is an unrealistic description of H(aq)(+). The dihydrated H(+) in the H5O2(+) cation (the Zundel ion) gets somewhat closer but still fails to rationalize all the experimental and computational data on H(aq)(+). Researchers do not understand the broad swath of IR absorption from H(aq)(+), known as the "continuous broad absorption" (cba). Theory has not reproduced the cba, but it appears to be the signature of delocalized protons whose motion is faster than the IR time scale. What does this mean for reaction mechanisms involving H(aq)(+)? For the past decade, the carborane acid H(CHB11Cl11) has been the strongest known Brønsted acid. (It is now surpassed by the fluorinated analogue H(CHB11F11). ) Carborane acids are strong enough to protonate alkanes at room temperature, giving H2 and carbocations. They protonate chloroalkanes to give dialkylchloronium ions, which decay to carbocations. By partially protonating an oxonium cation, they get as close to the fabled H4O(2+) ion as can be achieved outside of a computer.
The Salience of the Subtle Aspects of Parental Involvement and Encouraging that Involvement: Implications for School-Based Programs

Background/Context For many years, educators, parents, and social scientists have conceptualized engaged parents as those who help their children with their homework, frequently attend school functions, and maintain household rules that dictate when their young engage in schoolwork and leisure. Recent meta-analyses on parental involvement confirm the salience of more subtle social variables, which Bandura and Walters asserted may be even more important than overt parental behavior in fostering positive student outcomes. These results indicate that factors such as parental expectations, the quality of parent–child communication, and parental style may be more highly related to student achievement than various more overt expressions of this involvement. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The purpose of the article is to examine what the body of research literature indicates about the role and utility of the subtle aspects of parental involvement. The article first establishes a theoretical framework, using Bandura and Walter's research. Then the article focuses on three issues regarding parental involvement: (1) the salience of subtle aspects of parental involvement; (2) subtle actions are also important to help schools more completely involve parents; and (3) to what extent is it possible to educate parents to become more involved? The article also addresses whether those aspects of parental involvement that are the most efficacious in everyday living are also the most vital in school-based parental involvement programs. Research Design The article is an analytical essay that summarizes the recent research on the influence of subtle aspects of parental involvement. It reaches conclusions based on investigations into family and school practices. Conclusion There are deliberate actions that teachers can take to enhance parental involvement. First, educate parents to comprehend, and then act on, the fact that it is probably some of the more subtle aspects of parental involvement, such as high expectations and communication, that are among the most important. Second, educate school leaders, teachers, and staff to understand that raising parental participation may be more a function of subtle but important demonstrations of love and respect than a matter of instructing parents to apply particular methods of helping children. Naturally, all these factors are important, but the spirit and the attitude of parental involvement may actually be more important than the pedagogy applied at home. As parents, educators, and other leaders apply these principles, it is likely that parental involvement in the early 21st century will be greater than it has been in recent memory. Ultimately, teachers, students, and parents will all benefit from this development.
Information systems, human capital, and enterprise value

By collecting 76 Chinese listed companies with a 2–13 year magnitude and approximately 360 samples of observations data, this paper empirically studies the relationship between information systems and enterprise value in the Chinese context by using GLS regression method. This study draws the following conclusions: 1 In the short term, the use of information systems has a statistically negative effect on enterprise value, and in reality, this negative impact is obviously significant, however, over a longer period of time, this negative impact decreases year by year, and has an effect of increasing marginal returns, showing a U-shape relationship. In the long run, the use of information systems has a statistically significant and positive impact on enterprise value. 2 The complementary influence between information systems and human capital on enterprise value is statistically positive.
Use of 5-fluorodeoxycytidine and tetrahydrouridine to exploit high levels of deoxycytidylate deaminase in tumors to achieve DNA- and target-directed therapies.

In view of the 20- to 80-fold elevation of deoxycytidine-5'-phosphate (dCMP) deaminase in many human malignant tumors, we have utilized 5-fluorodeoxycytidine ( FdCyd ) coadministered with tetrahydrouridine ( H4Urd ) as a combination of antitumor agents against two murine solid tumors which possess high levels of dCMP deaminase. This approach is based on our past studies in which we demonstrated that FdCyd is an excellent substrate for mammalian 2'-deoxycytidine kinase, and that H4Urd increases the toxicity of FdCyd in the mouse. Cell culture studies utilizing 2'- deoxytetrahydrouridine which inhibits cytidine deaminase and as 2'- deoxytetrahydrouridine -5'-monophosphate inhibits dCMP deaminase, provide indirect evidence for the pathway that we had proposed in the past, 2'- Deoxytetrahydrouridine antagonized the toxicity of FdCyd to a greater extent than did H4Urd and showed marked antagonism in cytidine deaminase-deficient cells. Cell lines lacking both cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate deaminase were markedly resistant to FdCyd . Thymidine and deoxyuridine antagonized toxicity in a manner consistent with the proposed pathway of anabolism of FdCyd and consistent with its resulting in the inhibition of thymidylate synthetase. We have established the efficacy of FdCyd + H4Urd chemotherapy utilizing adenocarcinoma 755 and Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL X DBA/2 F1 mice. An example of an optimum schedule versus Lewis lung carcinoma is FdCyd , 10 to 12 mg/kg, plus H4Urd , 25 mg/kg, coadministered simultaneously, once per day on Days 1 to 7 after tumor implantation. Tumor inhibitions on Days 12, 14, and 16 were 95, 90, and 80%, respectively, with 8% maximum weight loss. Comparative studies were undertaken only with Lewis lung carcinoma and it was established that FdCyd + H4Urd surpasses the efficacies of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine as well as FdCyd when administered without H4Urd . We propose that the administration of FdCyd with H4Urd can result in preferential, tumor-directed conversion of a nontoxic nucleoside analogue to a toxic antimetabolite by an enzyme that is markedly elevated in human tumor tissue. The analogues of deoxycytidine are resistant to catabolism and are anabolized by a different subset of enzymes than are 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine; therefore, it is a novel approach. Not only are there intrinsic selectivity, metabolic stability, and the advantages that accrue from prodrug therapy in this strategy, but in addition, the potential for an exclusively DNA-directed effect exists. This is in contrast to approaches with 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, in which, in addition to DNA effects, parallel effe
Histopathological, immunohistochemical, lectinhistochemical and molecular findings in spontaneous bovine abortions by Campylobacter fetus.

Bovine campylobacteriosis (BC) is a venereal disease caused by Campylobacter fetus characterized by temporary infertility with mild endometritis, early embryonic death and occasional abortions. The objectives of this study were to describe and identify C. fetus in spontaneous bovine abortion on the basis of histopathological, immunohistochemical, lectinhistochemical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The most frequent foetal lesion was neutrophilic bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia. Other commonly observed lesions included non-suppurative interstitial enteritis, hepatitis, pericarditis, myositis, myocarditis, and meningitis. In this study, C. fetus fetus was phenotypically classified in all bovine foetuses from lungs and abomasal fluids. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining revealed positive stained Campylobacter organisms with typical morphology. Lectin binding patterns not showed great differences between the infected and the non-infected groups. The most important changes were a minor peanut agglutinin (PNA) and DBA binding in the alveolar cells of the lungs and DBA globet cells in some of the C. fetus-positive foetuses. Individual variations in each lectin binding pattern complicate the evaluation of the lectins results. All foetuses positive to IHC were positive by PCR. Better efficiency of PCR was obtained from abomasal fluids than from lung tissues. The association of culture and phenotypic techniques with histopathology, IHC and PCR allowed a better characterization and description of BC.
The Response of the Antarctic Oscillation to Increasing and Stabilized Atmospheric CO2

Abstract Recent results from greenhouse warming experiments, most of which follow the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IS92a scenario, have shown that under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) exhibits a positive trend. However, its response during the subsequent CO2 stabilization period has not been explored. In this study, it is shown that the upward trend of the AAO reverses during such a stabilization period. This evolution of an upward trend and a subsequent reversal is present in each ensemble of three greenhouse simulations using three versions of the CSIRO Mark 2 coupled climate model. The evolution is shown to be linked with that of surface temperature, which also displays a corresponding trend and reversal, incorporating the well-known feature of interhemispheric warming asymmetry with smaller warming in the Southern Hemisphere (smaller as latitude increases) than that in the Northern Hemisphere during the transient period, and vice versa dur.