Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interpreting red blood cells in lumbar puncture: distinguishing true subarachnoid hemorrhage from traumatic tap.

OBJECTIVES The study purpose was to determine the optimal use of lumbar puncture (LP) red blood cell (RBC) counts to identify subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) when some blood remains in the final tube. METHODS A case series was performed at a tertiary emergency department (ED). Records of 4,496 consecutive adult patients billed for LPs between 2001 and 2009 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were headache (HA), final tube RBCs ≥ 5, and neurovascular imaging within 2 weeks of the visit. Demographics, relevant history and physical examination components, LP results, and neuroimaging findings were recorded for 280 patients. True-positive (TP) and true-negative (TN) SAH were strictly defined. Primary outcomes were the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for final tube RBC count, differential RBC count between the final and initial tubes, and absolute differential RBC count between the final and initial tubes divided by the mean RBC count of the two tubes (also called the percent change in RBC count). RESULTS There were 26 TP and 196 TN results; 58 patients were neither. The TP group consisted of 19 patients with visible or possible SAH on imaging (17 on noncontrast head computed tomography [CT; 12 definite and five possible] and two on magnetic resonance imaging), six with xanthochromia and a vascular lesion (aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation [AVM] > 2 mm), and one with xanthochromia and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive meningitis. As a test for SAH, final tube RBC AUC was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80 to 0.91). Interval likelihood ratios (LRs) for final tube RBC count were LR 0 (95% CI = 0 to 0.3) for RBCs < 100, LR 1.6 (95% CI = 1.1 to 2.3) for 100 < RBCs < 10,000, and LR 6.3 (95% CI = 4.8 to 23.4) for RBCs > 10,000. Differential RBC count was not associated with SAH, with AUC 0.45 (95% CI = 0.31 to 0.60). However, the percent change in RBC count between the final and initial tubes had an AUC 0.84 (95% CI = 0.78 to 0.90), and the optimal test threshold for SAH was 0.63, with positive LR 3.6 (95% CI = 2.7 to 4.7) and negative LR 0.10 (95% CI = 0.03 to 0.4) for percent change <63% and >63%, respectively. This test added additional independent information to the final tube RBC count based on improved logistic regression model fit and discriminatory ability as measured by the LR test and c statistic, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Final LP tube RBC count and the percent change in RBC count, but not the simple differential count between the final and initial tubes, were associated with SAH. In this sample, there were no patients with SAH who had RBCs < 100 in the final tube, and RBCs > 10,000 increased the odds of SAH by a factor of 6.
Distribution, diversity, and conservation of coral reefs and coral communities in the largest marine protected area of Pacific Panama (Coiba Island)

Sampling scale and lack of attention to taxa other than scleractinian corals have limited the capacity to protect coral reefs and coral communities in Pacific Panama. The distribution of coral habitats (live coral cover) and their species richness in the largest marine protected area of Panama, the Coiba National Park (270 125 ha), is described using quadrat transects and manta tows. The species richness of scleractinian corals and octocorals was lower in coral reefs than in coral communities, and a close relationship between richness and live coral cover was observed only in coral communities. The distribution of high live coral cover in coral communities overlapped with areas of high coral species richness. Average live coral cover in communities was 64%, compared to 28% in reefs, whereas algae cover was 30% and 49%, respectively. Twenty-two coral and 34 octocoral species were observed, many only now detected in Panama as endemic or new species. Analysis of satellite imagery showed 80% of terrestrial habitats were mostly primary forest, and coral reefs and coral communities covered 1700 ha, about 2% of marine habitats. Shallow marine environments (< 20 m) had up to 60% calcareous red algae cover (rhodolite beds). Based on the distribution of live coral cover and species richness, three conservation units were identified as priority, with the southern and northernmost sides of the marine protected area as the most significant. These three areas encompass most of the rare and endemic species or populations, as well as species previously regarded as endangered.
Dissociable cortico-striatal connectivity abnormalities in major depression in response to monetary gains and penalties

Background Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) are characterized by maladaptive responses to both positive and negative outcomes, which have been linked to localized abnormal activations in cortical and striatal brain regions. However, the exact neural circuitry implicated in such abnormalities remains largely unexplored. Method In this study 26 unmedicated adults with MDD and 29 matched healthy controls (HCs) completed a monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses probed group differences in connectivity separately in response to positive and negative outcomes (i.e. monetary gains and penalties). Results Relative to HCs, MDD subjects displayed decreased connectivity between the caudate and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in response to monetary gains, yet increased connectivity between the caudate and a different, more rostral, dACC subregion in response to monetary penalties. Moreover, exploratory analyses of 14 MDD patients who completed a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial after the baseline fMRI scans indicated that a more normative pattern of cortico-striatal connectivity pre-treatment was associated with greater improvement in symptoms 12 weeks later. Conclusions These results identify the caudate as a region with dissociable incentive-dependent dACC connectivity abnormalities in MDD, and provide initial evidence that cortico-striatal circuitry may play a role in MDD treatment response. Given the role of cortico-striatal circuitry in encoding action–outcome contingencies, such dysregulated connectivity may relate to the prominent disruptions in goal-directed behavior that characterize MDD.
Orthographic Facilitation in Oral Vocabulary Acquisition

An experiment investigated whether exposure to orthography facilitates oral vocabulary learning. A total of 58 typically developing children aged 8–9 years were taught 12 nonwords. Children were trained to associate novel phonological forms with pictures of novel objects. Pictures were used as referents to represent novel word meanings. For half of the nonwords children were additionally exposed to orthography, although they were not alerted to its presence, nor were they instructed to use it. After this training phase a nonword–picture matching posttest was used to assess learning of nonword meaning, and a spelling posttest was used to assess learning of nonword orthography. Children showed robust learning for novel spelling patterns after incidental exposure to orthography. Further, we observed stronger learning for nonword–referent pairings trained with orthography. The degree of orthographic facilitation observed in posttests was related to children's reading levels, with more advanced readers showing more benefit from the presence of orthography.
The DNA Damage Response Pathway Contributes to the Stability of Chromosome III Derivatives Lacking Efficient Replicators

In eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA replication initiates at multiple origins. Large inter-origin gaps arise when several adjacent origins fail to fire. Little is known about how cells cope with this situation. We created a derivative of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome III lacking all efficient origins, the 5ORIΔ-ΔR fragment, as a model for chromosomes with large inter-origin gaps. We used this construct in a modified synthetic genetic array screen to identify genes whose products facilitate replication of long inter-origin gaps. Genes identified are enriched in components of the DNA damage and replication stress signaling pathways. Mrc1p is activated by replication stress and mediates transduction of the replication stress signal to downstream proteins; however, the response-defective mrc1AQ allele did not affect 5ORIΔ-ΔR fragment maintenance, indicating that this pathway does not contribute to its stability. Deletions of genes encoding the DNA-damage-specific mediator, Rad9p, and several components shared between the two signaling pathways preferentially destabilized the 5ORIΔ-ΔR fragment, implicating the DNA damage response pathway in its maintenance. We found unexpected differences between contributions of components of the DNA damage response pathway to maintenance of ORIΔ chromosome derivatives and their contributions to DNA repair. Of the effector kinases encoded by RAD53 and CHK1, Chk1p appears to be more important in wild-type cells for reducing chromosomal instability caused by origin depletion, while Rad53p becomes important in the absence of Chk1p. In contrast, RAD53 plays a more important role than CHK1 in cell survival and replication fork stability following treatment with DNA damaging agents and hydroxyurea. Maintenance of ORIΔ chromosomes does not depend on homologous recombination. These observations suggest that a DNA-damage-independent mechanism enhances ORIΔ chromosome stability. Thus, components of the DNA damage response pathway contribute to genome stability, not simply by detecting and responding to DNA template damage, but also by facilitating replication of large inter-origin gaps.
Colorectal visceral perception in diverticular disease

Background and aims: The pathogenesis of asymptomatic diverticular disease (ADD) and symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD) has not been elucidated. The aim of our study was to assess whether altered visceral perception or abnormal compliance of the colorectal wall play a role in these clinical entities. Methods: Ten ADD patients, 11 SUDD patients, and nine healthy controls were studied. Using a dual barostat device, sensations were scored and compliance curves obtained using stepwise intermittent isobaric distensions of the rectum and sigmoid, before and after a liquid meal. In addition, the colonic response to eating was assessed by monitoring the volumes of both barostat bags at operating pressure before and after the meal. Results: In the rectum, perception was increased in the SUDD group compared with controls (p = 0.010) and the ADD group (p = 0.030). Rectal compliance curves were not different between the groups. In the sigmoid colon, perception in the pre- and postprandial periods was increased in SUDD compared with controls (p = 0.018) but not when compared with ADD. Sigmoid volume-pressure curves had comparable slopes (compliance) in all groups but were shifted downwards in SUDD compared with ADD in the preprandial period (p = 0.026). The colonic response to eating (decrease in intrabag volume) was similar in all three groups, both in the rectum and sigmoid. Conclusion: Symptomatic but not asymptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease is associated with heightened perception of distension, not only in the diverticula bearing sigmoid, but also in the unaffected rectum. This hyperperception is not due to altered wall compliance.
Piecewise Companding Transform Assisted Optical-OFDM Systems for Indoor Visible Light Communications

In visible light communications (VLCs) relying on intensity-modulation and direct detection (IM/DD), the conversion from electrical signals to optical signals and the limited dynamic range of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) constitute the fundamental impediments in the way of high-integrity communications, especially when orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is employed. In IM/DD VLCs, only real-valued positive signals are used for signal transmission. However, the Fourier transform of OFDM systems is operated in the complex domain. In order to meet the requirements of the IM/DD VLCs, the complex-to-real conversion is achieved at the cost of reducing the bandwidth efficiency. Moreover, OFDM signals experience a high peak-to-average power ratio; hence, typically clipping is used for confining the positive-valued signals within the LED’s dynamic range. However, hard clipping leads to the loss of orthogonality for optical OFDM (O-OFDM) signals, generating inter-carrier interference. As a result, the performance of the clipping-based O-OFDM systems may be severely degraded. In this paper, the concept of piecewise companding transform (CT) is introduced into the O-OFDM system advocated, forming the CTO-OFDM arrangement. We first investigate the general principles and design criteria of the piecewise CTO-OFDM. Based on our studies, three types of piecewise companders, namely, the constant probability sub-distribution function, linear PsDF (LPsDF), and the non-LPsDF-based CT, are designed. Furthermore, we investigate the nonlinear effect of hard clipping and of our CT on O-OFDM systems in the context of different scenarios by both analytical and simulation techniques. Our investigations show that the CTO-OFDM constitutes a promising signaling scheme conceived for VLCs, which exhibits a high bandwidth efficiency, high flexibility, high reliability, as well as a high data-rate, despite experiencing nonlinear distortions.
Solvable spin glass of quantum rotors.

We examine a model of M-component quantum rotors coupled by Gaussian-distributed random, infinite-range exchange interactions. A complete solution is obtained at M=∞ in the spin-glass and quantum-disordered phases. The quantum phase transition separating them is found to possess logarithmic violations of scaling, with no further modifications to the leading critical behavior at any order in 1/M; this suggests that the critical properties of the transverse-field Ising model (believed to be identical to the M→1 limit) are the same as those of the M=∞ quantum rotors
The sensitivity of auditory brainstem response testing for the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.

OBJECTIVES To determine the sensitivity of auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing for detecting acoustic neuromas and to determine whether the test is less sensitive for detecting small tumors. DESIGN Retrospective review of the medical charts of 58 patients with acoustic neuroma who had all of the data necessary for inclusion in the study. SETTING University-affiliated referral practice of one neurotologist. PATIENTS Patients with acoustic neuromas who had both ABR tracings and magnetic resonance imaging films available for review. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Positive ABR and negative ABR results correlated with tumor size. RESULTS Tumor size ranged from 0.4 to 7 cm. The overall sensitivity of ABR in diagnosing acoustic neuromas was 90%. However, ABR was progressively less sensitive with decreasing tumor size. Only 7 (58%) of the 12 tumors 1 cm or smaller were detected by ABR. CONCLUSION Auditory brainstem response testing cannot be relied on for detection of small acoustic neuromas and should not be used as a criterion to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging should be performed when an acoustic neuroma is suspected clinically.
Multilingual Part-of-Speech Tagging with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Models and Auxiliary Loss

Bidirectional long short-term memory (bi-LSTM) networks have recently proven successful for various NLP sequence modeling tasks, but little is known about their reliance to input representations, target languages, data set size, and label noise. We address these issues and evaluate bi-LSTMs with word, character, and unicode byte embeddings for POS tagging. We compare bi-LSTMs to traditional POS taggers across languages and data sizes. We also present a novel bi-LSTM model, which combines the POS tagging loss function with an auxiliary loss function that accounts for rare words. The model obtains state-of-the-art performance across 22 languages, and works especially well for morphologically complex languages. Our analysis suggests that bi-LSTMs are less sensitive to training data size and label corruptions (at small noise levels) than previously assumed.
Study of visual evoked potentials in diabetics without retinopathy: correlations with clinical findings and polyneuropathy

To evaluate central optic pathways’involvement in diabetics, visual evoked potentials (VEP), in particular the latency of positive peak (LP100), were studied in 35 patients without retinopathy (4 insulin‐dependent, 31 noninsulin‐dependent) and 35 normal controls using reversal pattern stimulation. LP100 was significantly delayed in diabetics at both binocular and monocular stimulation. Furthermore, the delay in LP100 was significantly longer in the diabetics with polyneuropathy than in those without, particularly after binocular stimulation. A positive correlation was found between latencies of VEP and HbAl, duration of disease, and neurologic score. VEP measurement seems a simple and sensitive method for detecting early alterations in central optic pathways in diabetics.
Regulation of Blood and Lymphatic Vascular Separation by Signaling Proteins SLP-76 and Syk

Lymphatic vessels develop from specialized endothelial cells in preexisting blood vessels, but the molecular signals that regulate this separation are unknown. Here we identify a failure to separate emerging lymphatic vessels from blood vessels in mice lacking the hematopoietic signaling protein SLP-76 or Syk. Blood-lymphatic connections lead to embryonic hemorrhage and arteriovenous shunting. Expression of slp-76 could not be detected in endothelial cells, and blood-filled lymphatics also arose in wild-type mice reconstituted with SLP-76–deficient bone marrow. These studies reveal a hematopoietic signaling pathway required for separation of the two major vascular networks in mammals.
Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical samples from pediatric patients by polymerase chain reaction

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in clinical samples (nasopharyngeal aspirations or bronchoalveolar lavages) obtained from 100 children, 1 month to 16 years old. PCR allowed the detection of M. pneumoniae DNA from 20 out of the 100 patients studied. In 16 cases, PCR positivity was associated with acute respiratory symptomatology. For five PCR-positive patients, a positive culture or a serological response evidenced acute M. pneumoniae infections. A lack of antibody response was observed particularly with immunocompromised children and infants less than 12 months old. The amount of M. pneumoniae DNA in the PCR was estimated in a semiquantitative way by comparison of its hybridization signal with those obtained for 100, 10, and 1 color-changing unit (CCU) of the M. pneumoniae FH strain. Small amounts (less than or equal to 10(2) CCU/ml) of M. pneumoniae were found in samples from asymptomatic patients, while larger amounts (greater than or equal to 10(2) to greater than or equal to 10(4) CCU/ml) were found for 8 out of 10 patients with acute pneumonia.
Outage-Optimal Transmit Antenna Selection for Cooperative Decode-and-Forward Systems

We propose and analyze three different transmit antenna selection schemes for cooperative diversity systems with regenerative relays. Our goal is to minimize the information out- age probability by properly selecting one out of several available antenna elements at the source node. This problem is generally more involved than transmit antenna selection for conventional single-hop systems since the selection of a certain antenna element affects always both the source-to-relay as well as the source-to- destination link. The various schemes that we present are based upon different kinds of channel state information and we analyze all of them in terms of the achievable outage probability as well as the asymptotic behavior in the high SNR regime. In this paper, we propose and analyze various strategies for selecting an appropriate transmit antenna at the source node of a cooperative diversity system with a regenerative decode-and- forward relay. The different schemes are based upon different kinds of channel state information (csi) and they are optimal in terms of minimizing the outage probability between source and destination conditioned on the available csi. We derive generic expressions for the corresponding outage performance for arbitrary channel distributions and we explicitly present closed-form expressions for the important case of Rayleigh fading on all links. Furthermore, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of all schemes in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime and we quantify the achievable diversity order.
Broad Hα wings from the optically thin stellar wind of the hot components in symbiotic binaries

Aims. To model broad H wings observed in symbiotic binaries by an optically thin, bipolar stellar wind from their hot components as an alternative to that considering the Raman scattering of Ly photons on atomic hydrogen. Methods. Prole-tting analysis. Comparison of the observed broad H wings and their luminosity with those predicted by the model. Results. Synthetic H proles t excellently the observed wings forj vj> 200 km s 1 in our sample of 10 symbiotic stars during the quiescent as well as active phases. The wing prole formed in the stellar wind can be approximated by a function f ( v)/ v 2 , which is of the same type as that arising from the Raman scattering. Therefore it is not possible to distinguish between these two processes only by modeling the line prole. Some observational characteristics of the H -emission, its relationship with the emission measure of the symbiotic nebula and a steep radio spectrum at 1.4 n 15 GHz suggest the ionized stellar wind from the hot component to be the dominant source contributing to the H wings during active phases. The model corresponding mass-loss rates from the hot components are of a few 10 8 M yr 1 and of a few (10 7 10 6 ) M yr 1 during quiescent and active phases, respectively.
Reconstruction of the regulatory network of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 on basis of correlated gene expression and conserved regulatory motifs

Gene regulatory networks can be reconstructed by combining transcriptome data from many different experiments to elucidate relations between the activity of certain transcription factors and the genes they control. To obtain insight in the regulatory network of Lactobacillus plantarum, microarray transcriptome data from more than 70 different experimental conditions were combined and the expression profiles of the transcriptional units (TUs) were compared. The TUs that displayed correlated expression were used to identify putative cis‐regulatory elements by searching the upstream regions of the TUs for conserved motifs. Predicted motifs were extended and refined by searching for motifs in the upstream regions of additional TUs with correlated expression. In this way, cis‐acting elements were identified for 41 regulons consisting of at least four TUs (correlation > 0.7). This set of regulons included the known regulons of CtsR and LexA, but also several novel ones encompassing genes with coherent biological functions. Visualization of the regulons and their connections revealed a highly interconnected regulatory network. This network contains several subnetworks that encompass genes of correlated biological function, such as sugar and energy metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and stress response.