Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WHAT DO HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS WANT? A STUDY OF EXPECTATIONS AND STANDARDS

This study investigated the classroom standards and expectations held by high school regular and special educators. Two hundred twenty regular educators and 24 special educators completed the SBS Inventory of Teacher Social Behavior Standards and Expectations (SRS) (Walker & Rankin, 1980). Results indicated that both groups of educators gave highest priority to behaviors reflecting good academic performance, study habits, and classroom deportment, while deemphasizing students' interpersonal skills and problems. Regular educators were more rigorous than special educators in their expressed standards. In general the results were similar to those described for elementary school teachers (Walker & Rankin, 1983). * * ★ Two widely accepted principles of training to promote generalization and maintenance are: 1) to teach behaviors that will be reinforced in the natural environment after training is terminated; and 2) to use stimuli likely to be found in both the training and generalization settings (Kazdin & Bootzin, 1972; Stokes & Baer, 1977). If these principles are to be followed in high school programs, special educators must be aware of the setting demands placed on handicapped adolescents as these students enter generalization settings (i.e., less restrictive regular education environments). An awareness of the expectations and standards of regular educators allows a special educator to teach behaviors that will be reinforced in the mainstream. This leads
Dithiocarbamates as potent inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa B activation in intact cells

Dithiocarbamates and iron chelators were recently considered for the treatment of AIDS and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we show that dithiocarbamates and metal chelators can potently block the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), a transcription factor involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression, signaling, and immediate early gene activation during inflammatory processes. Using cell cultures, the pyrrolidine derivative of dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was investigated in detail. Micromolar amounts of PDTC reversibly suppressed the release of the inhibitory subunit I kappa B from the latent cytoplasmic form of NF-kappa B in cells treated with phorbol ester, interleukin 1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Other DNA binding activities and the induction of AP-1 by phorbol ester were not affected. The antioxidant PDTC also blocked the activation of NF-kappa B by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting a role of oxygen radicals in the intracellular signaling of LPS. This idea was supported by demonstrating that treatment of pre-B and B cells with LPS induced the production of O2- and H2O2. PDTC prevented specifically the kappa B-dependent transactivation of reporter genes under the control of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat and simian virus 40 enhancer. The results from this study lend further support to the idea that oxygen radicals play an important role in the activation of NF-kappa B and HIV-1.
Distributed Partial Information Management ( DPIM ) Framework for Survivable Networks

This paper describes a novel framework called Distributed Partial Information Management (or DPIM). It addresses several major challenges in achieving efficient shared path protection under distributed control with only partial information, including (1) how much partial information about existing active and backup paths (or APs and BPs respectively) is maintained and exchanged; (2) how to obtain a good estimate of the bandwidth needed by a candidate BP, called BBW, and subsequently select a pair of AP and BP for a connection establishment request so as to minimize total bandwidth consumption and/or maximize revenues; (3) how to distributively allocate minimal BBW (and de-allocate maximal BBW) via distributed signaling; and (4) how to update and subsequently exchange the partial information. Two DPIM schemes, one using Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and the other using a heuristic to find a pair of AP and BP, as well as several possible information exchange methods based on the modifications or extensions to existing IP-based routing protocols, are proposed. The performances of the two DPIM schemes are shown to be much better than an existing ILP-based scheme requiring about the same amount of partial information. In addition, the trade-offs between the performance and information exchange frequency are also studied, and an efficient information exchange method is identified. The paper also presents an elegant way to support dynamic requests for protected, unprotected, and pre-emptiable connections in the unified DPIM framework.
A Multiscale Vibrational Spectroscopic Approach for Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Pollen

Background Analysis of pollen grains reveals valuable information on biology, ecology, forensics, climate change, insect migration, food sources and aeroallergens. Vibrational (infrared and Raman) spectroscopies offer chemical characterization of pollen via identifiable spectral features without any sample pretreatment. We have compared the level of chemical information that can be obtained by different multiscale vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Methodology Pollen from 15 different species of Pinales (conifers) were measured by seven infrared and Raman methodologies. In order to obtain infrared spectra, both reflectance and transmission measurements were performed on ground and intact pollen grains (bulk measurements), in addition, infrared spectra were obtained by microspectroscopy of multigrain and single pollen grain measurements. For Raman microspectroscopy measurements, spectra were obtained from the same pollen grains by focusing two different substructures of pollen grain. The spectral data from the seven methodologies were integrated into one data model by the Consensus Principal Component Analysis, in order to obtain the relations between the molecular signatures traced by different techniques. Results The vibrational spectroscopy enabled biochemical characterization of pollen and detection of phylogenetic variation. The spectral differences were clearly connected to specific chemical constituents, such as lipids, carbohydrates, carotenoids and sporopollenins. The extensive differences between pollen of Cedrus and the rest of Pinaceae family were unambiguously connected with molecular composition of sporopollenins in pollen grain wall, while pollen of Picea has apparently higher concentration of carotenoids than the rest of the family. It is shown that vibrational methodologies have great potential for systematic collection of data on ecosystems and that the obtained phylogenetic variation can be well explained by the biochemical composition of pollen. Out of the seven tested methodologies, the best taxonomical differentiation of pollen was obtained by infrared measurements on bulk samples, as well as by Raman microspectroscopy measurements of the corpus region of the pollen grain. Raman microspectroscopy measurements indicate that measurement area, as well as the depth of focus, can have crucial influence on the obtained data.
The association between reported and calculated reservation wages

Do reported reservation wages correspond to the concept of reservation wages that economists have? Using panel data on British unemployed I calculate reservation wages from a search model and compare these with reported reservation wages. It is shown that men's reported reservation wages are greater than what the model predicts, and that for women there is hardly a relation between the two variables.
Changes in polyphosphate sedimentation: a response to excessive phosphorus enrichment in a hypereutrophic lake

Historic changes in lake phosphorus (P) loading are often determined in paleolimnological investigations by as - sessing stratigraphic changes in sediment total P. Polyphosphate (poly-P) in sediments may provide additional information on historic lake trophic status, because phytoplankton store surplus P intracellularly as poly-P when supplies exceed growth re - quirements. We hypothesize that phytoplankton (i.e., cyanobacteria and diatoms) with stored poly-P can remain intact and vi- able for many decades after sedimentation and that sedimented poly-P is not geochemically reactive. We tested our hypotheses with sediment cores from Lake Apopka, Fla. , U.S.A. , where P loading has increased ~7-fold since the 1920s and phytoplankton biomass is nitrogen limited owing to excessive P enrichment. We show that sedimented poly-P is mobilized by sample drying (i.e., becomes water soluble, geochemically reactive, and bioavailable); that anthropogenic P enrichment is expressed in the sediment record as increasing concentrations of poly-P; and that, consequently, sedimentary poly-P is a sen - sitive indicator of historic excessive P enrichment. Sedimentary poly-P is not geochemically reactive; thus, it represents bio - logical attenuation that may partially ameliorate the effects of excessive P loading.
Neuronal ageing in long‐term cultures: Alterations of Ca2+ homeostasis

Deficiencies of Ca2+ homeostasis are proposed to play an important role in neuronal ageing and/or neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate, in a defined neuronal population, primary cerebellar granule neuron culture, the time-dependent changes in Ca2+ homeostasis and compare them with data obtained in cerebellar brain slices from aged rats. In neurons aged in culture (DIV 23), a small decrease in the resting [Ca2+]i was associated with a decrease in the maximal rate of [Ca2+]i increase upon KCl-induced depolarization and in the amplitude of the [Ca2+]i response, when compared with mature neurons (DIV 9). The most significant change of [Ca2+]i signal parameters was a 50% decrease in the rate of [Ca2+]i recovery after the stimulation. These results were similar to those obtained in aged brain slices, and indicate that primary neuronal cultures could serve as a model for studying the age-related changes in Ca2+ homeostasis.
IN VIVO DEPLETION OF CD8+ T CELLS RESULTS IN Th2 CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND ALTERNATE MECHANISMS OF ALLOGRAFT REJECTION

A current hypothesis states that Th1 cytokines promote allograft rejection and that Th2 cytokines promote graft acceptance. We present data that question the tolerogenic activity of Th2 cytokines, and we suggest that Th2 cytokines may evoke allograft rejection by recruitment of alternate effector mechanisms. Unmodified rejection of mouse heterotopic cardiac allografts is associated with the accumulation of large numbers of donor-reactive CD8+ CTL within the allograft, which is indicative of a Th1-driven cellular response. However, when recipients are depleted of CD8+ CTL, rejection still occurs and is associated with an aggressive cellular infiltrate rich in eosinophils, large mononuclear cells, and fibroblast-like cells. Eosinophils, which are responsive to the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, are not present in unmodified rejecting allografts. Differential production of Th1 versus Th2 cytokines was further suggested by altered levels of IgG2a (promoted by IFNγ) and IgG1 (promoted by IL-4) alloantibody in the sera of these mice; IgG2a dominated the alloantibody response in unmodified allograft recipients, whereas IgGl levels increased in recipients depleted of CD8+ CTL. Altered intragraft cytokine gene expression was verified by RT-PCR; Thl (IL-2, IFNγ), but not Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10), cytokine mRNAs were readily detectable in the allografts of unmodified recipients. In contrast, both Thl and Th2 cytokine genes were expressed in the allografts of mice depleted of CD8+ CTL. These data suggest that donor-reactive CD8+ CTL inhibit intragraft production of Th2 cytokines, thereby promoting a Thl domi-nated-rejection response. Elimination of CD8+ cells
Metabolomics and cardiovascular biomarker discovery.

BACKGROUND Metabolomics, the systematic analysis of low molecular weight biochemical compounds in a biological specimen, has been increasingly applied to biomarker discovery. CONTENT Because no single analytical method can accommodate the chemical diversity of the entire metabolome, various methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) have been employed, with the latter coupled to an array of separation techniques including gas and liquid chromatography. Whereas NMR can provide structural information and absolute quantification for select metabolites without the use of exogenous standards, MS tends to have much higher analytical sensitivity, enabling broader surveys of the metabolome. Both NMR and MS can be used to characterize metabolite data either in a targeted manner or in a nontargeted, pattern-recognition manner. In addition to technical considerations, careful sample selection and study design are important to minimize potential confounding influences on the metabolome, including diet, medications, and comorbitidies. To this end, metabolite profiling has been applied to human biomarker discovery in small-scale interventions, in which individuals are extremely well phenotyped and able to serve as their own biological controls, as well as in larger epidemiological cohorts. Understanding how metabolites relate to each other and to established risk markers for diseases such as diabetes and renal failure will be important in evaluating the potential value of these metabolites as clinically useful biomarkers. SUMMARY Applied to both experimental and epidemiological study designs, metabolite profiling has begun to highlight the breadth metabolic disturbances that accompany human disease. Experimental work in model systems and integration with other functional genomic approaches will be required to establish a causal link between select biomarkers and disease pathogenesis.
Byzantine Broadcast Under a Selective Broadcast Model for Single-hop Wireless Networks

This paper explores an old problem, {\em Byzantine fault-tolerant Broadcast} (BB), under a new model, {\em selective broadcast model}. The new model "interpolates" between the two traditional models in the literature. In particular, it allows fault-free nodes to exploit the benefits of a broadcast channel (a feature from reliable broadcast model) and allows faulty nodes to send mismatching messages to different neighbors (a feature from point-to-point model) simultaneously. The {\em selective broadcast} model is motivated by the potential for {\em directional} transmissions on a wireless channel. We provide a collection of results for a single-hop wireless network under the new model. First, we present an algorithm for {\em Multi-Valued} BB that is order-optimal in bit complexity. Then, we provide an algorithm that is designed to achieve BB efficiently in terms of message complexity. Third, we determine some lower bounds on both bit and message complexities of BB problems in the {\em selective broadcast model}. Finally, we present a conjecture on an "exact" lower bound on the bit complexity of BB under the {\em selective broadcast} model.
OBSERVATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COHERENT OPTICAL RADIATION AND MICROBUNCHING INSTABILITY IN THE SLAC NEXT LINEAR COLLIDER TEST ACCELERATOR

The NLC Test Accelerator (NLCTA) at SLAC is currently configured for a proof-of-principle echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) experiment using an 120 MeV beam. During commissioning, unexpected coherent optical undulator radiation (CUR) and coherent optical transition radiation (COTR) was observed when beam is accelerated off-crest and compressed after the chicanes. The CUR and COTR is likely due to a microbunching instability where the initial small ripples in cathode drive laser is compressed and amplified. In this paper we present the observation and characterization of the CUR, COTR and microbunching instability at NLCTA.
The Young and the Digital: What the Migration to Social Network Sites, Games, and Anytime, Anywhere Media Means for Our Future

In 2006, S. Craig Watkins participated in the MacArthur Foundations well-funded digital media initiative alongside a select team of scholars and tech experts. The goal was simple: to understand young peoples emphatic embrace of social and mobile media. Watkins went on to build a small research team that skillfully collected over 500 surveys and conducted 350 in-depth interviews with young adults, parents, and educators while visiting the online spaces where young people gather. It was a full-scale immersion into what Watkins calls the digital trenches, and when he emerged, his understanding of the ways young people learn, play, bond, and communicate had become more detailed and dynamic.It may come as no surprise that more teens are online than ever beforein fact 87 percent are. Consequentially, television is no longer the dominant medium it once was because young people are now spending an average of six to eight hours a day online. Watkins contends that most teens and twenty-somethings migrate online to share their lives with friends, something television simply cannot offer. As Melinda, a twenty-one-year-old student, proclaimed, What do people do without Facebook? In other words, for young people today, if youre not online, then youre not really livingand the ubiquitous presence of their mobile phones, laptops, and iPods positions them at the center of our evolving digital landscape.Timely and deeply relevant, The Young and the Digital covers a host of provocative issuesthe influence of social sites like MySpace and Facebook; the growing appetite for anytime, anywhere media and fast entertainment; how online digital gates reinforce race and class divisions; how technology is transforming Americas classroomsand takes a fresh look at the pivotal role technology played in the historic 2008 election. Watkins also debunks popular myths surrounding cyberpredators, Internet addiction, and social isolation. The result is a fascinating portrait, both optimistic and cautious, about the coming of age of the first fully wired generation.
Co-adaptation in a Handwriting Recognition System

Handwriting is a natural and versatile method for human-computer interaction, especially on small mobile devices such as smart phones. However, as handwriting varies significantly from person to person, it is difficult to design handwriting recognizers that perform well for all users. A natural solution is to use machine learning to adapt the recognizer to the user. One complicating factor is that, as the computer adapts to the user, the user also adapts to the computer and probably changes their handwriting. This paper investigates the dynamics of coadaptation, a process in which both the computer and the user are adapting their behaviors in order to improve the speed and accuracy of the communication through handwriting. We devised an information-theoretic framework for quantifying the efficiency of a handwriting system where the system includes both the user and the computer. Using this framework, we analyzed data collected from an adaptive handwriting recognition system and characterized the impact of machine adaptation and of human adaptation. We found that both machine adaptation and human adaptation have significant impact on the input rate and must be considered together in order to improve the efficiency of the system as a whole.
All-Optical Short-Time Fourier Transform Based on a Temporal Pulse-Shaping System Incorporating an Array of Cascaded Linearly Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings

An all-optical approach to implementing short-time Fourier transform (STFT) of a high-speed and broadband electrical signal is proposed and demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. The STFT is implemented based on a temporal pulse shaping system incorporating an array of cascaded linearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings (LCFBGs). An electrical signal to be analyzed is applied to a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) to modulate the optical spectrum of a time-stretched optical pulse from a mode-locked laser (MLL). Each individual LCFBG in the LCFBG array functions as a bandpass filter to filter a specific range of the spectrum, which is equivalent to applying a window function to the corresponding section of the temporal signal, and at the same time, as a dispersive element to implement real-time Fourier transform. A theoretical analysis is performed which is verified by a numerical simulation and a proof-of-concept experiment. The key feature of this technique is that STFT can be implemented in real time which can find applications in analyzing an electrical signal with a bandwidth up to several hundreds of gigahertz.
Community detection with and without prior information

We study the problem of graph partitioning, or clustering, in sparse networks with prior information about the clusters. Specifically, we assume that for a fraction ρ of the nodes their true cluster assignments are known in advance. This can be understood as a semi-supervised version of clustering, in contrast to unsupervised clustering where the only available information is the graph structure. In the unsupervised case, it is known that there is a threshold of the inter-cluster connectivity beyond which clusters cannot be detected. Here we study the impact of the prior information on the detection threshold, and show that even minute (but generic) values of ρ>0 shift the threshold downwards to its lowest possible value. For weighted graphs we show that a small semi-supervising can be used for a non-trivial definition of communities.
Stability preserving transformations: packet routing networks with edge capacities and speeds

In the context of an adversarial input model, we consider the effect on stability results when edges in packet routing networks can have capacities and speeds/slowdowns. In traditional packet routing networks, every edge is considered to have the same unit capacity and unit speed. We consider both static modifications (i.e. where the capacity or speed of an edge is fixed) and dynamic modifications where either the capacity or the speed of an edge can be dynamically changing over time. Amongst our results, we show that the universal stability of LIS is not preserved when either the capacity or the speed is changing dynamically whereas many other common scheduling protocols do maintain their universal stability. In terms of universal stability of networks, stability is preserved for dynamically changing capacities and speeds. The situation for static modifications, is not as clear but we are able to show that (in contrast to the dynamic case) that any “well defined” universally stable scheduling rule maintains its universality under static capacities, and common scheduling rules also maintain their universal stability under static speeds.