Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Stress Alters Progestogens to Mediate Susceptibility to Sex-Typical, Stress-Sensitive Disorders, such as Drug Abuse: A Review

Maternal–offspring interactions begin prior to birth. Experiences of the mother during gestation play a powerful role in determining the developmental programming of the central nervous system. In particular, stress during gestation alters developmental programming of the offspring resulting in susceptibility to sex-typical and stress-sensitive neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, neither these effects, nor the underlying mechanisms, are well understood. Our hypothesis is that allopregnanolone, during gestation, plays a particularly vital role in mitigating effects of stress on the developing fetus and may mediate, in part, alterations apparent throughout the lifespan. Specifically, altered balance between glucocorticoids and progestogens during critical periods of development (stemming from psychological, immunological, and/or endocrinological stressors during gestation) may permanently influence behavior, brain morphology, and/or neuroendocrine-sensitive processes. 5α-reduced progestogens are integral in the developmental programming of sex-typical, stress-sensitive, and/or disorder-relevant phenotypes. Prenatal stress (PNS) may alter these responses and dysregulate allopregnanolone and its normative effects on stress axis function. As an example of a neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and/or neurodegenerative process, this review focuses on responsiveness to drugs of abuse, which is sensitive to PNS and progestogen milieu. This review explores the notion that allopregnanolone may effect, or be influenced by, PNS, with consequences for neurodevelopmental-, neuropsychiatric-, and/or neurodegenerative- relevant processes, such as addiction.
Thought and Two Languages: The Impact of Bilingualism on Cognitive Development

By the end of 1979, approximately 3.6 million children in the United States were judged to be in need of special linguistic assistance to cope with the regular school curriculum (Pifer, 1980); at the time, however, roughly 315,000 children were participating in some kind of bilingual education program. Despite the fact that federal spending on bilingual education is comparatively low, and that existing programs reach only a fraction of eligible children, bilingual education is presently under considerable attack. Indeed, "few other educational experiments in recent years have managed to arouse such passionate debate-so much so, in fact, that the future of this promising educational tool is uncertain" (Pifer, 1980, p. 4). The attack against bilingual education can be explained mostly in terms of political, cultural, and socioeconomic variables (see Fishman, 1977). A discussion of such variables is well beyond the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, for our purposes it should be noted that psychological and educational research on the effectiveness of bilingual education often has provided the attackers with sophisticated weapons. For example, an influential study of bilingual education projects sponsored by the Office of Education in 1976 (American Institute for Research, 1977) showed that many existing programs were not providing academic gains for students and, in some cases, were allowing students to fall behind. Although the study has been criticized severely for basic methodological flaws, it has contributed significantly to a negative mood against bilingual education efforts in the nation (Blanco, 1977). Tucker and D'Anglejan (1971) outlined four commonly held beliefs regarding the effects of bilingual education:
Striatal recruitment during an implicit sequence learning task as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging

Prior research has repeatedly implicated the striatum in implicit sequence learning; however, imaging findings have been inconclusive with respect to the sub‐territories and laterality involved. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied brain activation profiles associated with performance of the serial reaction time task (SRT) in 10 normal right‐handed males. Behavioral results indicate that significant implicit learning occurred, uncontaminated by significant explicit knowledge. Concatenated fMRI data from the entire cohort revealed significant right‐lateralized activation in both the caudate and putamen. Analysis of fMRI data from individual subjects showed inter‐individual variability as to the precise territories involved, including right as well as left caudate and putamen. Interestingly, all seven subjects who manifested robust learning effects exhibited significant activation within the putamen. Moreover, among those seven subjects, the magnitude of signal intensity change within the putamen correlated significantly with the magnitude of reaction time advantage achieved. These findings demonstrate right‐sided striatal activation across subjects during implicit sequence learning, but also highlight interindividual variability with respect to the laterality and striatal subterritories involved. In particular, results from individual subjects suggest that, during the SRT, the reaction time advantage garnered via implicit sequence learning might be predominantly associated with activity within the putamen. Hum. Brain Mapping 5:124–132, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Title: Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Exercise Tolerance in Asthmatic Individuals

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on exercise tolerance, inspiratory muscle fatigue and the perception of dyspnea in asthmatic individuals. Methods: Using a matched, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 15 clinicallydiagnosed asthmatics underwent either 6 wks of inspiratory muscle training (IMT, n=7) consisting of 30 breaths twice-daily at 50% maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax), or sham-IMT (PLA, n=8) consisting of 60 breaths daily at 15% PImax. Time to the limit of exercise tolerance (Tlim) was assessed using constant power-output (70% peak power) cycle ergometery. Inspiratory muscle fatigue was determined by comparing the preto post-exercise reduction in PImax. Dyspnea during the Tlim test was evaluated at 2-min intervals using the Borg CR-10 scale. Results: There were no significant changes (p>0.05) in Tlim, inspiratory muscle fatigue, or perception of dyspnea in the PLA group following the intervention. In contrast, in the IMT group, PImax increased by 28%, and Tlim by 16% (P<0.05). Dyspnea during exercise was also reduced significantly by 16% (P<0.05). The exercise induced fall in PImax was reduced from10% pre-IMT, to 6%, post-IMT (P<0.05), despite the longer Tlim. Conclusion: These data suggest that IMT attenuates inspiratory muscle fatigue, reduces the perception of dyspnea, and increases exercise tolerance. These findings suggest that IMT may be a helpful adjunct to asthma management that has the potential to improve participation and adherence to exercise training in this group. However, the perception of breathlessness is also an important signal of bronchoconstriction, and thus caution should be exercised if this symptom is abnormally low.
Effects of Syntactic Structure on Sentence Comprehension Ability as a Function of the Canonicity of Word-Order and Its Relation to Working Memory Capacity in Korean-Speaking Elderly Adults

배경 및 목적: 본 연구는 한국어 어순 규범성에 따른 문장유형이 노년층 문장이해능력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, 이와 관련된 인지기제로써 작업기억과의 관련성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법: 총 51명의 한국어 사용자 노년층이 실험에 참가하였다. 문장이해과제는 총 3가지 문장유형으로 구성하였으며(능동문-2항동사, 능동문-3항동사, 피동문), 모든 문장유형은 규범.
The Development of Shared Stereotypic Impressions in Conversation

The authors’ research over the past 10 years has examined how dyads work together to find a common ground understanding through which to develop a shared impression. This article begins by examining the extant motivations underlying such efforts and presents a model of why and under what conditions shared stereotypic impressions develop. The article then turns to the mechanisms through which these shared stereotypic impressions develop through conversation, with a particular eye to the relation between dyads’ language choices and their resulting impressions. Finally, the article addresses a serious limitation of the authors’ work, namely, the authors’ primary focus on dyads comprising individuals who share a common group identity such as gender or ethnicity. Working within their model framework, the authors discuss the unique challenges of shared impression formation facing dyads who comprise individuals from dissimilar groups.
A Mini-Review of fMRI Studies of Human Medial Temporal Lobe Activity Associated with Recognition Memory

This review considers event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of human recognition memory that have or have not reported activations within the medial temporal lobes (MTL). For comparisons both between items at study (encoding) and between items at test (recognition), MTL activations are characterized as left/right, anterior/posterior, and hippocampus/surrounding cortex, and as a function of the stimulus material and relevance of item/source information. Though no clear pattern emerges, there are trends suggesting differences between item and source information, and verbal and spatial information, and a role for encoding processes during recognition tests. Important future directions are considered.
Freedom of the city: Contemporary issues and policy influences on children and young people's use of public open space in England

Abstract Following a reflection of childhood experiences of public open spaces in daily life the paper moves on to a discussion about definitions of public open space. Contemporary policy related to children, young people and public open space in England are then identified. This context is addressed as policy which directly affects public open space and policy areas, drawn from other political drivers, which have an indirect influence on children and young people's use of public open space. There is some reference to evidence which has fed into some of these policy areas. Teenagers who are skateboarders are used as an example of one group of young people who experience other—legal, social and physical—controls on their use of public open space.
Modelling and simulation of a flywheel based energy storage system for an industrial manipulator

This paper investigates feasibility of using a flywheel based energy recovery and storage system for a robotic manipulator. The incentive is supported by ever growing necessity for efficient systems and optimisation of power consumption of industrial processes. Previous work has shown that robotic manipulators can benefit from incorporation of energy recovery and temporary energy storage system which resulted in significant reduction in power consumption. The ABB IRB 140 manipulator is used as a test bed for simulation and data collection. The manipulator internal parameters are identified and model is constructed using MATLAB/Simulink. The manipulator is programmed to executed a number of trajectories representing typical industrial tasks during which joints data is recorded and applied to the model. Simulation results show that flywheel based energy storage system is fully compatible with the manipulator controller hardware and is able to achieve reduction in power consumption.
An Examination of the Perceptions of Organizational Politics Model: Replication and Extension

This study examined the Perceptions of PoliticsModel (Ferris, Russ, & Fandt, 1989) in a three-phaseprocess. In the first phase, the model was examinedusing Anderson and Gerbing's (1988) two-step approach to structural equations modeling. Themodel was tested on data collected from 786 employees ofa state government agency and 469 employees of anelectric utility cooperative. Results from this phase indicated that the model had acceptablefit and was more parsimonious than any of the competingmodels to which it was compared. In the second phase,understanding as a moderator of the relationships between perceptions of organizational politicsand several outcome variables was examined. Resultsindicated that understanding only moderated the outcomerelationship between politics and job satisfaction, not intent to turnover or job anxiety. Finally,in phase three, the additional outcome variables oforganizational satisfaction, supervisor effectiveness,and self-reported individual performance were included in an effort to expand the Ferris et al. (1989)framework. Additionally, the moderating effects ofunderstanding on the relationships between perceptionsof politics and these new outcome variables were explored. Results from the final step indicatedthat adding the new outcome variables increased theparsimonyof the model without decreasing model fit. Withrespect to the moderating effects, only thepolitics-performance relationship was moderated byunderstanding.Allof these results are discussed in light of theirimplications for future research.
Comparison of PCR and culture to the indirect fluorescent-antibody test for diagnosis of Potomac horse fever

Potomac horse fever is an acute systemic equine disease caused by Ehrlichia risticii. Currently, serologic methods are widely used to diagnose this disease. However, serologic methods cannot determine whether the horse is presently infected or has been exposed to ehrlichial antigens in the past. The purpose of the present study was to compare the sensitivities of the nested PCR and cell culture with that of the indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) test for the diagnosis of Potomac horse fever. Blood and fecal specimens serially collected from a pony experimentally infected with E. risticii Maryland, blood specimens serially collected from mice inoculated with E. risticii Ohio 380, and blood and/or fecal specimens collected from 27 horses which had clinical signs compatible with Potomac horse fever were examined. These horses resided in Kentucky, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Vermont. The IFA test titer became positive after 6 days postinoculation (p.i.) for the pony. A culture of the blood of the pony was positive for E. risticii starting on day 1 and was positive through day 28 p.i. By the nested PCR, E. risticii was detectable in the blood and feces of the pony starting on day 1 and was detectable through day 32 p.i. E. risticii was detected in the blood of subclinically infected mice by the nested PCR. Twenty-two clinical specimens were seropositive for E. risticii by the IFA test, with titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:1,280. E. risticii was cultured from 95% (20 of 21) of seropositive clinical blood specimens. E. risticii was detected in the blood by PCR in 81% (17 of 20) of the culture-positive clinical specimens. The study indicated that the nested PCR is as sensitive as culture for detecting infection with E. risticii.
Parental satisfaction with pediatric day case surgery.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Children make excellent candidates for day case surgery. Satisfaction is an important measure of the outcome. The aim of this study was to establish the degree of parental satisfaction with day-case surgery for their children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parents of one hundred children were questioned. They were asked to answer questions on their level of satisfaction in several areas; communication with doctors (surgeon and anesthesiologist), physical conditions, staff's care, patients' problems and 2 open ended questions. RESULTS Parents were most satisfied with nursing care and most dissatisfied with physical conditions. Ninetyseven per-cent of parents stated that, if given a choice they would opt for day case surgery for their child again. CONCLUSIONS There is a high rate of satisfaction with day case surgery, however, considerable effort is needed to prepare better physical conditions, better time schedule organizations, more anesthesia outpatient clinic consultations.
Neural Response Generation via GAN with an Approximate Embedding Layer

This paper presents a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to model single-turn short-text conversations, which trains a sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) network for response generation simultaneously with a discriminative classifier that measures the differences between human-produced responses and machine-generated ones. In addition, the proposed method introduces an approximate embedding layer to solve the non-differentiable problem caused by the sampling-based output decoding procedure in the Seq2Seq generative model. The GAN setup provides an effective way to avoid noninformative responses (a.k.a “safe responses”), which are frequently observed in traditional neural response generators. The experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms existing neural response generation models in diversity metrics, with slight increases in relevance scores as well, when evaluated on both a Mandarin corpus and an English corpus.
Prevalence of bacteria in the nipple discharge of patients with duct ectasia

The aim of this study was to identify the aerobic and the anaerobic microorganisms which can be related to duct ectasia. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 100 patients with coloured nipple discharge (duct ectasia group), and Group 2 (the control group) was composed of 50 patients without nipple discharge. The culture media used were BHI‐PRAS, blood agar, mannitol agar and MacConkey agar. There was a high frequency of bacterial growth in the two groups: 85% in Group 1 and 88% in Group 2. The most prevalent bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. There was a statistically significant higher rate of smokers in the duct ectasia group compared with the control group, 25 (25%) patients vs. 5 (10%), respectively (p = 0.03). These findings allow us to put forth the hypothesis that the genesis of duct ectasia may be a non‐infectious inflammatory process.
Autistic-Like Traits in Adult Patients with Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

Autism spectrum disorder often co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders. Although a high prevalence of autistic-like traits/symptoms has been identified in the pediatric psychiatric population of normal intelligence, there are no reports from adult psychiatric population. This study examined whether there is a greater prevalence of autistic-like traits/symptoms in patients with adult-onset psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia, and whether such an association is independent of symptom severity. The subjects were 290 adults of normal intelligence between 25 and 59 years of age (MDD, n=125; bipolar disorder, n=56; schizophrenia, n=44; healthy controls, n=65). Autistic-like traits/symptoms were measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale for Adults. Symptom severity was measured using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and/or the Young Mania Rating Scale. Almost half of the clinical subjects, except those with remitted MDD, exhibited autistic-like traits/symptoms at levels typical for sub-threshold or threshold autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, the proportion of psychiatric patients that demonstrated high autistic-like traits/symptoms was significantly greater than that of healthy controls, and not different between that of remitted or unremitted subjects with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. On the other hand, remitted subjects with MDD did not differ from healthy controls with regard to the prevalence or degree of high autistic-like traits/symptoms. A substantial proportion of adults with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia showed high autistic-like traits/symptoms independent of symptom severity, suggesting a shared pathophysiology among autism spectrum disorder and these psychiatric disorders. Conversely, autistic-like traits among subjects with MDD were associated with the depressive symptom severity. These findings suggest the importance of evaluating autistic-like traits/symptoms underlying adult-onset psychiatric disorders for the best-suited treatment. Further studies with a prospective design and larger samples are needed.
Market Orientation and Organizational Performance

Orientation plays a vital role for organizations to compete to create sustainable competitive advantage. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between market orientation (MO) and organizational performance (OP) with service quality (SQ) as a moderator in the context of the hotel industry in Malaysia. MO and OP were conceptualized as three- and two-dimensional constructs, respectively, whereas SQ, which consists of two-dimensional constructs, namely, technical quality and functional quality, was used as a moderator. Data were gathered through a survey using a structured questionnaire with a sample of 187 executive-level employees employed in hotels rated three stars and above in Malaysia. SmartPLS 2.0 (M3) with path modeling and bootstrapping was used to examine the standard error of the estimate and t-values. The findings suggest that only competitor orientation dimension of MO was significantly related to OP, whereas customer orientation and inter-functional coordination were not related. Interestingly, SQ was found to have moderated the relationship between MO and performance of the hotels in Malaysia. SQ exists to fill in the gap between customers’ expectations and their perception of the service providers’ performance that further creates differentiation and competitive advantage, which enhance MO practices and ultimately lead to improvements in the firm’s performance. Implications of the findings, potential limitations of the study, and directions for future research are highlighted.
Intra-individual variation and estimates of usual physical activity.

PURPOSE The magnitude of intra-individual variation, as determined by three methods of physical activity (PA) assessment, was estimated to determine the optimal number of repeated measures needed to reliably measure an individual's usual PA habits. METHODS Data were obtained from 77 healthy adults enrolled in the Survey of Activity, Fitness, and Exercise (SAFE). PA was measured by: 1) Caltrac accelerometers worn 48-hours every 26 days for one year; 2) concurrent 48-hour PA records (PARs); and 3) a corresponding series of four-week PA histories (FWH). Repeated measures regression analyses were used to analyze the data. RESULTS PA tended to be slightly higher in the summer months as compared with the winter months, but this seasonality explained little of the intra-individual variation. The intra-individual standard deviation (SD) estimated for the FWH (180 MET-min(d(-1))) was 39% of the mean annual MET-min(d(-1)), as compared with the Caltrac (163 MET-mind(d(-1)) or 9%) and PAR (259 MET-min(d(-1)) or 11%). Given the intra-individual variation, three repeated observations of the FWH, six Caltrac, or nine PAR over the course of the year were needed to achieve 80% reliability in estimation of mean annual PA. CONCLUSIONS Intra-individual variation in PA is substantial and must be accounted for in estimates of usual PA.