Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Pharmacists' Practice in Patient Education When Dispensing a Metered-Dose Inhaler

Improper inhalation technique with beta-agonist metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) decreases efficacy of the bronchodilator. The success of demonstrating the correct technique and the pharmacist's role in patient education has been reported. To obtain information regarding the routine patient education practice of pharmacists when dispensing a beta-agonist MDI (albuterol), the following study was performed. Fifty-two prescriptions for an albuterol MDI were presented to 52 randomly chosen community pharmacists in three Tennessee cities. Twenty-six independent and 26 chain pharmacies were evaluated. Pharmacists' practice with regard to patient education, instruction, and demonstration of the correct usage of the MDI was observed and recorded. Overall, 13 percent of the pharmacists initially offered to educate the patient-investigator (PI) regarding the correct usage of the MDI without being asked for information. Fifty-three percent of pharmacists offered information only upon being asked specifically how to use the MDI. Of the pharmacists who offered to educate the PI, 71 percent discussed less than half of the eight steps correctly. Only 1 of the 52 pharmacists actually demonstrated MDI inhalation technique, and this in response to a request. No pharmacist asked the PI to perform the technique while he/she observed. No pharmacist offered information on delivery enhancement devices. Our results demonstrate that few pharmacists educate patients on the correct usage of an MDI, and that many pharmacists are not aware of the correct technique.
The emotional labour of caring about looked‐after children

Quality relationships form the backbone of social work with children and their families. They are particularly relevant in the close, intimate work with looked-after children who have identified how important it is to them that their relationship with their social worker is positive, warm and meaningful. It is accepted that in order to achieve and maintain successful and meaningful relationships, practitioners need to engage at an emotional as well as a professional level. All too often this requires a trade-off between organizational efficiency and the emotional work of caring for looked-after children. Therefore, it would appear the role of corporate parent is increasingly difficult, involving complex decisions about how practitioners might best spend their time, where their loyalties lie and the quality and direction of the final output. Using data from a series of interviews with practitioners, this paper explores the difficulties of maintaining active emotional engagement with children using the sociological concept of emotional labour.
Theory of mind and language comprehension in schizophrenia.

Background: Theory of mind (ToM) is the natural ability to attribute/infer mental states about ourselves and others. The study of the limits of this capacity in autism-spectrum disorders has been projected more recently to the case of schizophrenia. Method: We review the studies on ToM deficiency in schizophrenia, based on the link observed by Chris Frith between psychotic symptoms and mentalizing anomalies, with particular attention to the implications of ToM in linguistic communication in the field of figurative language comprehension. Results: The data support a connection between ToM deficits and psychotic symptoms. In schizophrenia, the deficit in ToM appears to be specific and not dependent on more general cognitive abilities, and according to the evidence examined, it resembles a trait more than a state condition. The analysis of results shows that anomalies in ToM have projections on pragmatic aspects of language comprehension. Conclusions: ToM deficits showed by schizophrenic patients are especially linked to difficulties in understanding figurative language, beyond the influence of intelligence and executive functions.
Intersubjective Meaning and Collective Action In'Fragile'Societies: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications

The capacity to act collectively is not just a matter of groups sharing interests, incentives and values (or being sufficiently small), as standard economic theory predicts, but a prior and shared understanding of the constituent elements of problem(s) and possible solutions. From this standpoint, the failure to act collectively can stem at least in part from relevant groups failing to ascribe a common intersubjective meaning to situations, processes and events. Though this is a general phenomenon, it is particularly salient in countries characterized by societal fragility and endemic conflict. We develop a conceptual account of intersubjective meanings, explain its relevance to development practice and research, and examine its implications for development work related to building the rule of law and managing common pool resources.
Creativity and flow in musical composition: an empirical investigation

Although an extensive literature exists on creativity and music, there is a lack of published research investigating possible links between musical creativity and Csikszentmihalyi's concept of flow or optimal experience. This article examines a group composition task to study the relationships between creativity, flow and the quality of the compositions produced. First-year university students (n = 45) worked on a group composition task during three meetings. Each time the students met, they completed a detailed questionnaire that assessed aspects of each student's experience of the group compositional process using an ‘experience sampling form’ based on Csikszentmihalyi's previous work. Completed compositions were recorded and rated for quality and creativity by the participants and by a group of music education specialists (n= 24). Results indicated a number of ways in which the specialists’ assessments of quality related to the students’ assessments of creativity and flow. The study provides an example of a research method that can be used to further our understanding of the processes and outcomes of group music composition tasks. The discussion also considers a number of important ways that the concept of flow can be utilized within a music education context.
Viral Apoptosis Evasion via the MAPK Pathway by Use of a Host Long Noncoding RNA

An emerging realisation of infectious disease is the high incidence of genetic instability resulting from pathogen-induced DNA lesions, often leading to classical hallmarks of cancer such as evasion of apoptosis. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) induces apoptosis in CD4+ T cells but is largely non-cytopathic in macrophages, thereby leading to long-term dissemination of the pathogen specifically by these host cells. Apoptosis is triggered by double-strand breaks (DSBs), such as those induced by integrating retroviruses, and is coordinated by the p53-regulated long noncoding RNA lincRNA-p21, in a complex with its protein binding partners HuR and hnRNP-K. Here, we monitor the cellular response to infection to determine how HIV-1 induces DSBs in macrophages yet evades apoptosis in these cells. We show that the virus does so by securing the pro-survival MAP2K1/ERK2 cascade early upon entry, in a gp120-dependent manner, to orchestrate a complex dysregulation of lincRNA-p21. By sequestering HuR in the nucleus, HIV-1 enables lincRNA-p21 degradation. Simultaneously, the virus permits transcription of pro-survival genes by sequestering hnRNP-K in the cytoplasm via the MAP2K1/ERK2 pathway. Notably, this pro-survival cascade is unavailable for similar viral manipulation in CD4+ T cells. The introduction of MAP2K1, ERK2 or HDM2 inhibitors in HIV-infected macrophages results in apoptosis providing strong evidence that the viral-mediated apoptotic block can be released, specifically by restoring the nuclear interaction of lincRNA-p21 and hnRNP-K. These results reveal pathogenic control of apoptosis and DNA damage via a host long noncoding RNA, and present MAP2K1/ERK2 inhibitors as a novel therapeutic intervention strategy for HIV-1 infection in macrophages.
The Section Drawing and Australian Archaeological Practice

Archaeology is centred on the visual. The archaeologistâ€™s research is intrinsically bound to analysis of the visual evidence of past cultures. It is therefore not surprising that great stress has been placed on the use of the visual as a means of recording archaeology and of presenting the findings of archaeological research, creating in the process, objects of knowledge. These objects are themselves artefacts that can be used to study the material culture of archaeology. Through the study of section drawings of Australian Indigenous sites, this thesis does just that. It firstly considers the development of stratigraphy from its beginnings as an element of geology to its inclusion as a mainstream practice within archaeology, and secondly, in its application to the context of Australian archaeological practice. Analysis of the components of the drawing is undertaken to identify the encoding and highlighting practices embedded in the production of the illustration. In addition, the relationship between the text and the image is evaluated to discover how information is provided by the two media. Results not only provide an insight into the ways in which the section drawing is used, but also provide an insight into the way that the construction of knowledge is developed in the context of Indigenous Australian archaeology. Significant to the construction of knowledge is the devaluation of the section drawing over time, especially since 1990. There has been a marked movement to textual presentation of information and as a result the section drawing has become a symbolic entity in the context of the archaeological report. The results suggest that this may be due to changing priorities in Australian research. When research focused on establishing the time depth of Indigenous occupation of Australia the section was of value in visualising this, consequently the illustration carried more information and coding. As research interests have changed, so too has the value of the section drawing.
The Vulnerabilities of Children whose Parents have been Sexually Abused in Childhood: Towards a New Framework

Summary Concerns about the parenting capacity of adults with a history of childhood sexual abuse have often been framed in individualizing and pathologizing ways. This paper draws on qualitative research with twenty-four women survivors of childhood sexual abuse to develop a new framework for understanding the possible vulnerabilities of their children that may help inform anti-oppressive practice. The framework places the mother-child relationship in its broader context, taking account of the role of the immediate family, the extended family, the community and the state. Within each level of context we identify the range of issues that could contribute to children's vulnerability, elaborating the processes involved. Some issues recur within different contexts, for example the impacts of survivors' issues around attachment, and others connect across contexts, such as the impact on children of deterioration in their mothers' mental health when appropriate services are not available. All of these issues may affect survivors' well-being and access to social support and hence their ability to care effectively for their children. Ways of supporting both survivors and their children involving greater collective responsibility for children, effective collaboration between mental health services and child-care services, and professional responses which take account of contextual issues are identified.
Human CHN1 Mutations Hyperactivate α2-Chimaerin and Cause Duane's Retraction Syndrome

Duane's retraction syndrome (DRS) is a complex congenital eye movement disorder caused by aberrant innervation of the extraocular muscles by axons of brainstem motor neurons. Studying families with a variant form of the disorder (DURS2-DRS), we have identified causative heterozygous missense mutations in CHN1, a gene on chromosome 2q31 that encodes α2-chimaerin, a Rac guanosine triphosphatase–activating protein (RacGAP) signaling protein previously implicated in the pathfinding of corticospinal axons in mice. We found that these are gain-of-function mutations that increase α2-chimaerin RacGAP activity in vitro. Several of the mutations appeared to enhance α2-chimaerin translocation to the cell membrane or enhance its ability to self-associate. Expression of mutant α2-chimaerin constructs in chick embryos resulted in failure of oculomotor axons to innervate their target extraocular muscles. We conclude that α2-chimaerin has a critical developmental function in ocular motor axon pathfinding.
Introduction: money and the morality of exchange

This collection is concerned with the symbolic representation of money in a range of different societies, and more specifically with the moral evaluation of monetary and commercial exchanges. It focuses on the different cultural meanings surrounding monetary transactions, emphasizing the enormous cultural variation in the way money is symbolized and how this symbolism relates to culturally constructed notions of production, consumption, circulation, and exchange.
On the Acquisition of Scrambling in Japanese

This paper presents an experimental study of the acquisition of Japanese scrambling. Japanese is a free word-order language, and allows both the subjectobject- verb order and the object-subject-verb order. Harada (1977) and Saito (1985), among others, have proposed that the former is the basic order and that the latter is derived by movement of the object. We first show that children understand scrambled sentences much earlier then generally assumed, even at age 2. Then, we present evidence that those children actually have proper knowledge of the syntactic properties of scrambling. We used sentences with the anaphor zibun to test children's knowledge of the reconstruction property of scrambling. Our results show that those who were successful with the interpretation of simple scrambled sentences and the interpretation of zibun in active non-scrambled sentences showed perfect performance with scrambled sentences containing zibun. This suggests that children not only can properly interpret simple scrambled sentences, but actually know the properties of scrambling as a movement operation from a very early age.
PHYSICIAN REFERRAL FREQUENCY FOR PHYSICAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA

Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk for developing musculoskeletal complications. Few studies have examined the role of physical therapy (PT) for addressing these complications. The study objective was to examine why and when in the medical treatment, children with ALL receive a referral to PT. Retrospective chart review of 35 children, diagnosed with ALL in 2006 and 2007 at Penn State Children's Hospital was carried out. A questionnaire was completed by 6 pediatric oncologists, to identify their referral patterns. The chart review demonstrated that 25 of the 35 patients had reports of musculoskeletal complications sometime during their treatment, but only 10 (30%) were referred to PT. The most common reason for referral was decreased functional mobility. Patients were referred evenly through all phases of therapy. Vincristine was reduced in 5 patients, the most common cause being peripheral neuropathy and foot drop. The majority (5/6) of the physicians reported that they “sometimes” refer patients to PT, through different phases of therapy, with 1/3 reporting all phases. The results show that although physicians identified the musculoskeletal complications, only a minority of patients were referred for PT. This supports the need for increasing the awareness of physicians about benefits of early integration of PT into the medical treatment.
Reconciling ‘Cognitive Priming’ vs ‘Obtrusive Contingency’ Hypotheses

This study tries to negotiate two competing hypotheses involving the obtrusiveness of issues in media agenda-setting study: the ‘obtrusive contingency’ and the ‘cognitive priming’ hypotheses. The former holds that an individual’s direct experience overwhelms the influence of media coverage, so agenda-setting effects decrease as the obtrusiveness of personal experience with an issue increases. On the other hand, the latter contends that personal experience with an issue enhances, rather than lessens agenda-setting effects. Based on a theory of associative network, the study argues that obtrusive issues show agenda-setting effects within a shorter time period as compared to unobtrusive ones. The degree to which the US is involved in foreign policy issues was considered a criterion to determine the obtrusiveness of the issues.
EMMPRIN expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) is identified as a tumor-cell membrane protein that stimulates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) production. Several studies have shown that higher EMMPRIN expression is associated with shorter survival time and correlated significantly with more advanced clinico-parameters of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between clinico-pathologic characteristics and EMMPRIN, and prognostic significance of EMMPRIN expression in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS Extracellular MMP inducer expression was examined immunohistochemically on paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 68 patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma and who underwent radical surgeries from 1996 to 2006. The 68 patients were followed up from 1 to 119 months, with an average of 27.5 months. Nonparametric tests were performed for the comparison of EMMPRIN expression between two independent groups. Survival analysis was performed to find the prognostic significance of EMMPRIN expression. RESULTS We found that EMMPRIN expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma is significantly higher than that in non-cancerous epithelium adjacent to carcinoma of tongue. In addition, EMMPRIN expression is significantly associated with tumor diameter and clinical stage in the samples, but did not correlate with gender, age, tumor metastasis, and pathological grade. Finally, survival analysis indicates that EMMPRIN overexpression correlates significantly with poor overall survival in the patient cohort. CONCLUSION These results suggest that EMMPRIN might represent an attractive target for immunotherapeutic approaches in a subgroup of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
Self-employment as a response to the double day for women and men in Canada

Malgre une augmentation recente de la participation masculine aux tâches de la maison, les femmes assurent encore la plus grande partie de ce travail, que ce soit les soins apportes aux enfants, le nettoyage, la cuisine, les courses, la gestion financiere, l'education ou les conseils personnels. Toutefois, de nombreuses femmes menent une activite professionnelle remuneree, qui vient s'ajouter a leurs responsabilites au sein du foyer. Cet article pose la question de savoir si les femmes choisissent le travail autonome comme un moyen d'alleger quelque peu les pressions rigides que leur impose leur «double travail». Alors que les femmes semblent effectivement se tourner vers le travail autonome pour cause de conflits entre travail et vie de famille, les hommes ne semblent pas guides par les memes raisons. Despite recent increases in the amount of work done in the home by men, most of this work is still performed by women. These duties range from child care, cleaning, and cooking to shopping, financial management and domestic discipline and counselling. Yet many women also hold down paid jobs in addition to their domestic responsibilities. This paper investigates whether women turn to self-employment as a way of introducing some flexibility into the rigid pressures from both sides of this “double day. ” While women do appear to turn to self-employment as one way of coping with conflicting family and work pressures, the same is not true for men.
Control Cognitions and Causal Attributions as Predictors of Fatigue Severity in a Community Sample

ABSTRACT Control cognitions and causal attributions of fatigue were examined in relation to Weiner's Causal Attribution theory in a community sample. Participants were 97 females and 43 males, aged 18–83 years. Weiner's dimensions of stability and uncontrollability and physical and psychosocial attributions of fatigue were related to fatigue severity. Escape-avoidance coping mediated between psychosocial causal attributions of fatigue to fatigue; whereas planful problem-solving and exercise moderated between stability cognitions to fatigue and psychosocial attributions of fatigue to fatigue, respectively. This, the cause(s) of fatigue were perceived as stable, uncontrollable, and involving physical and psychosocial factors, participants reported worse fatigue. Taken together, the results suggest that fatigue treatments may be most effective when they are tailored or matched to the belief systems of the individuals with fatigue.
Matematik Öğretmenlerinin Ev Ödevleri ve Sınıf İçi Değerlendirmelere Yönelik Görüşleri: TIMSS 1999 ve TIMSS 2007 Dönemleri

The purpose of this study is to compare the responses to the common items regarding opinions about homework and in-class assessment in “TIMSS Mathematics Teachers’ Questionnaire” which were given by the mathematics teachers who participated to the TIMSS 1999 and TIMSS 2007 assessments. The sample from Turkey consists of 204 math teachers in TIMSS 1999 and 146 teachers in TIMSS 2007. The graphs which were generated from Mathematics Teachers’ Questionnaire data were compared in TIMSS 1999 and TIMSS 2007. Besides, the data were analyzed with z-test whether there were significant differences between the response percentages of the teachers’ opinions in TIMSS 1999 and 2007 periods. According to the findings, the frequency of homework, the amount of time to do homework and the giving frequency of type of homework such based on doing problem and routine exercises did not change, and checking homework and using homework as a contribution to student’ marks increased from 1999 to 2007. In addition, importance given by the teachers to the national-scaled exams and exams of their own has increased more in time.