Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reaching up: The influence of gender, status, and relationship type on men's and women's network preferences

Organizational research provides evidence that men and women differ in the structure of their personal networks as well as in the rewards attained from their personal networks (Ibarra 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997. The potential confound in past research between structural constraints and personal preferences has made it difficult to explain why men and women’s networks are different regarding gender, status and relationship type. In this dissertation, I explain gender-based differences in networks through a framework of network preferences when seeking career-related advice with specific focus on three key variables: gender-based homophily, status, and relationship type. In Study 1 and Study 2, I test the effect of status alone and then the interaction between status and gender-based homophily to determine who men and women are most likely to approach when seeking career-related advice. I find that both men and women prefer higher-status others more than equal-status others when seeking career-related advice. I also find widespread gender-based homophily for women but limited gender-based homophily for men. In Study 3, given that individuals prefer seeking advice from higher status others as found in the prior studies, I only examine situations where there is a higher status advice-giver while further examining gender homophily and also building in the consideration of two relationship types, instrumental and multiplex, to understand their influence on men’s and women’s network preferences. I find that both men and women most prefer seeking advice from same-sex multiplex ties. However, because same-sex multiplex ties are not always available in organizations, I also examine their “next” preferences which reveal divergent findings between men and women. Women’s next preference is a male with a multiplex tie, whereas men’s next preference is either a male with an instrumental tie or a female with a multiplex tie, and for both men and women, instrumental ties with women are low on the preference hierarchy. This dissertation contributes to research on personal networks because it highlights the complex psychology that drive network preferences regarding gender-based homophily, status and relationship type. It also offers methodological contributions in that all the studies utilized an experimental design where organizational composition constraints were eliminated and key variables were manipulated to establish causality. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Management First Advisor Nancy Rothbard This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn. edu/edissertations/144
The Maternally Expressed WRKY Transcription Factor TTG2 Controls Lethality in Interploidy Crosses of Arabidopsis

The molecular mechanisms underlying lethality of F1 hybrids between diverged parents are one target of speciation research. Crosses between diploid and tetraploid individuals of the same genotype can result in F1 lethality, and this dosage-sensitive incompatibility plays a role in polyploid speciation. We have identified variation in F1 lethality in interploidy crosses of Arabidopsis thaliana and determined the genetic architecture of the maternally expressed variation via QTL mapping. A single large-effect QTL, DR. STRANGELOVE 1 (DSL1), was identified as well as two QTL with epistatic relationships to DSL1. DSL1 affects the rate of postzygotic lethality via expression in the maternal sporophyte. Fine mapping placed DSL1 in an interval encoding the maternal effect transcription factor TTG2. Maternal parents carrying loss-of-function mutations in TTG2 suppressed the F1 lethality caused by paternal excess interploidy crosses. The frequency of cellularization in the endosperm was similarly affected by both natural variation and ttg2 loss-of-function mutants. The simple genetic basis of the natural variation and effects of single-gene mutations suggests that F1 lethality in polyploids could evolve rapidly. Furthermore, the role of the sporophytically active TTG2 gene in interploidy crosses indicates that the developmental programming of the mother regulates the viability of interploidy hybrid offspring.
Taxonomic bias and international biodiversity conservation research

While greater research on threatened species alone cannot ensure their protection, understanding taxonomic bias may be helpful to address knowledge gaps in order to identify research directions and inform policy. Using data for over 10 000 animal species listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we investigated taxonomic and geographic biodiversity conservation research trends worldwide. We found extreme bias in conservation research effort on threatened vertebrates compared with lesser-studied invertebrates in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats at a global scale. Based on an analysis of common threats affecting vertebrates and invertebrates, we suggest a path forward for narrowing the research gap between threatened vertebrates and invertebrates.
Confessions of a New York rupture researcher: An insider’s guide and critique

Abstract Objective: The study of alliance rupture has become quite prevalent since 1990 and especially in the past 10 years where we have seen a noticeable surge in empirical publications on the subject. This honorary paper attempts to provide a critical review of this literature from the perspective of someone who has contributed to it in his collaborative work on a research program designed to investigate ruptures and to develop intervention and training models to resolve them. Method: This paper is organized into three topics or sections: (1) alliance rupture, (2) rupture resolution, and (3) alliance training; and it addresses definitions, findings, questions, and lessons with regard to each topic. Results/Conclusions: It suggests some clinical conceptualizations (concerning agency and communion as well as mutual recognition), training implications (regarding emotion regulation and deliberate practice), and methodological considerations (promoting pluralism and contextualism), along with future directions. Clinical or methodological significance of this article: The paper provides a critical review of research on a possible risk factor and potential change process in psychotherapy, including related training strategies, that has important implications for treatment outcome and professional development.
Candida albicans Hap43 Domains Are Required under Iron Starvation but Not Excess

Iron availability is a central factor in infections, since iron is a critical micronutrient for all living organisms. The host employs both iron limitation and toxicity strategies to control microbial growth, and successful pathogens are able to tightly coordinate iron homeostasis in response to changing iron levels. As a commensal and opportunistic pathogen, Candida albicans copes with both iron deficiency and excess via the precise regulation of iron acquisition, consumption and storage. The C. albicans transcription factor Hap43 is known to be required for the iron starvation response, while specific domains of its ortholog, HapX, in Aspergillus fumigatus, were recently shown to regulate iron uptake and consumptions genes under both low and high iron levels. Therefore, we investigated the contribution of C. albicans Hap43 domains in response to changing iron levels. We found the C-terminus of Hap43 to be essential for the activation of iron uptake genes during iron starvation, whereas, in contrast to A. fumigatus, Hap43 was not required in mediating adaptation to iron resistance. These data indicate that the generally conserved metal acquisition systems in fungal pathogens can show individual adaptations to the host environment.
Examining explanatory mechanisms of positive and expressive writing: Towards a resource-oriented perspective

This study tested the hypothesis that benefits of positive and expressive writing accrue when the intervention matches or activates the participant’s personal resources. Students were randomly assigned to keep a newly developed resource diary (RD, n = 114), which asked the participants to write about positive experiences and personal resources, or an expressive writing diary (ED, n = 114), which asked the participants to engage with negative emotional experiences, at home on three consecutive days per week for four weeks. Participants keeping the RD perceived significantly more social support and reported a significantly better mood at post-test than participants keeping the ED. Compared to a control group (n = 81) treatment effects of both writing interventions were higher for participants with lower pre-test values of well-being and brooding as well as for participants who wrote in an ‘atmosphere of activated resources. ’ It is suggested that research should move away from testing deficit-compensating hypotheses towards a stronger resource orientation.
A New Approach to Feedback for Robust Signaling Gradients

The patterning of many developing tissues is orchestrated by gradients of morphogens through a variety of elaborate regulatory interactions. Such interactions are thought to make gradients robust, that is, resistant to changes induced by genetic or environmental perturbations; but just how this might be done is a major unanswered question. Recently extensive numerical simulations suggest that robustness of signaling gradients cannot be attained by negative feedback (of the Hill's function type) on signaling receptors but can be achieved through binding with nonsignaling receptors (or nonreceptors for short) such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans with the resulting complexes degrading after endocytosis. These were followed by a number of analytical and numerical studies in support of the aforementioned observations. However, evidence of feedback regulating signaling gradients has been reported in literature. The present paper undertakes a different approach to the role of feedback in robust signaling gradients. The overall goal of the project is to investigate the effectiveness of feedback mechanisms on ligand synthesis, receptor synthesis, nonreceptor synthesis, and other regulatory processes in the morphogen gradient system. As a first step, we embark herein a proof‐of‐concept examination of a new spatially uniform feedback process that is distinctly different from the conventional spatially nonuniform Hill function approach.
VLSI implementation of discrete wavelet transform

This paper presents a VLSI implementation of discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The architecture is systolic in nature and performs both high-pass and low-pass coefficient calculations with only one set of multipliers, in contrast to the approaches presented in the literature. The architecture is simple, modular, and cascadable, and has been implemented in VLSI. Experimental results show that real-time coefficient calculation on a 512/spl times/512 monochrome video input can be achieved with 1.2 /spl mu/m technology.
Effect of the Regressing Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy on Ovarian Folliculogenesis after Parturition in Cattle1

Abstract In cattle, the first postpartum dominant follicle has a predilection for the ovary contralateral to the previously gravid uterine horn, possibly due to a local inhibitory effect of the regressing corpus luteum of pregnancy in the ipsilateral ovary. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the regressing corpus luteum of pregnancy suppresses folliculogenesis in the ipsilateral ovary after parturition. Dairy cows were treated with prostaglandin F2α between 190 and 220 days of gestation to cause luteolysis without inducing parturition (n = 14) or were untreated controls (n = 32). Follicular growth and function were monitored by daily transrectal ultrasonography and collection of plasma samples for estimation of FSH, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations. The proportion of first dominant follicles in the ipsilateral ovary was similar for treated and control animals (4/14 vs. 8/32), as was the time interval between calving and establishment of a dominant follicle (mean ± SEM, 10.1 ± 0.4 vs. 10.7 ± 0.5 days). Furthermore, no significant effect of treatment on dominant follicle growth or function was found as determined by plasma hormone concentrations. Although greater folliculogenesis was found in the ovary contralateral to the previously gravid uterine horn, once the location of the future first dominant follicle was selected, the timing of events was independent of location. We suggest that the corpus luteum of pregnancy does not have a local effect on postpartum ovarian folliculogenesis and that, instead, an effect of the previously gravid uterine horn shortly after parturition should be considered.
Race and Cultural Flexibility among Students in Different Multiracial Schools

Background/Context One of the most critical functions of a well-integrated school is the development of “culturally flexible” students who, over the course of their social development, effectively navigate diverse social environs such as the workplace, communities, and neighborhoods. Most studies, albeit with some exceptions, have investigated the impact of desegregation on short- and long-term gains in achievement and attainment, as opposed to its impact on intergroup relations. Mixed-race schools are vital not only for bolstering achievement outcomes of previously disadvantaged students but also for promoting social cohesion in a diverse society. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Specifically, this article examines the difference in cultural flexibility between black and white students enrolled in schools with different racial and ethnic compositions. Cultural flexibility is defined as the propensity to value and move across different cultural and social peer groups and environments. Furthermore, this article provides some insight into how students in different mixed-race and desegregated educational contexts experience their school's social organization and cultural environments, which influence their interactions and academic behaviors. Setting The study was conducted over a 6-month period in four high schools: a majority-minority school and a majority-white school located in a northeastern city, and a majority-minority school and a majority-white school located in a southern city. Research Design Survey data were gathered from a randomly stratified sample of 471 Black and White students attending. In addition, ethnographic notes from weeks of school observations and transcribed interview data from 57 group interviews conducted in the four schools with students in Grades 9–12 complemented the survey research. Data Collection and Analysis Findings reveal significant associations among self-esteem, academic and extracurricular placement, and cultural flexibility for black students. Also, black students in majority-minority schools scored significantly higher on the cultural flexibility scale than those in majority-white schools. Among white students, regional location and academic placement showed statistically significant associations with cultural flexibility. The ethnographic and interview data further explicate why these patterns occurred and illuminate how certain school contextual factors are likely linked to students’ cultural flexibility. Overall, this study's findings highlight some connections between student and school behaviors as they pertain to both students’ and educators’ willingness and ability to realize the visions of racial and ethnic integration wholly.
[Phacoemulsification cataract surgery in vitrectomized eyes].

OBJECTIVE This study focuses on determining the intra- and post-operative complications stemming from technical difficulties, anatomical aspects, intraoperatory management and visual outcome of post-vitrectomized patients that undergo phacoemulsification. METHOD In this prospective, longitudinal, observational and descriptive study phacoemulsification was performed in 25 post-vitrectomized eyes that required cataract surgery. Pre-surgical variables: sex, age, affected eye, visual accuity, underlying vitreoretinal disease, anterior segment morphological findings such as: cataract density and pupil alterations. Intrasurgical variables: characteristic of anterior chamber and pupil, phacoemulsification technique and time and the presence of complications. Post-surgical variables were also registered: visual capacity and the presence of complications. Minimum six-month follow-up period. RESULTS The average interval between pars plana vitrectomy and phacoemulsification was 18.5 months. Silicone oil was the most frequent tamponade used in our serie (44%). Biomicroscopical findings were miosis 28% and posterior synechies 24%. The average interval of phaco time was 2.26 minutes. The intraoperative findings were fluctuations in the anterior chamber depth (24%) and anterior capsular tears (12%). The postoperative complications most frequently seen were posterior capsular plaque (28%) and corneal edema (16%). CONCLUSIONS Phacoemulsification is a safe and effective technique in eyes after pars plana vitrectomy that require cataract surgery. The surgeon must be aware of the morphological and anatomical findings of these eyes. Visual rehabilitation will generally be determined by the presence of an underlying vitreo-retinal pathology.
Pregnancy in women with sickle cell trait

Summary. The complications and outcome of 334 pregnancies in women with sickle cell trait beween 1975 and 1981 are reviewed. The perinatal mortality rate was 6 per 1000. The main maternal complications were recurrent urinary tract infections (6%) and haematuria (16.5%). Fetal distress in labour was seen in 17% and 11.5% were delivered by emergency caesarean section. Compared with a comparable group of women without sickle cell trait, the mean birthweight of the babies (3202 g) was not reduced. The mean age of the mothers (25 years), their mean parity (1.46) and the percentage who were para 4 or more (13%) were all significantly increased, with important implications for the continuing transmission of the sickle cell gene.
New therapies in the treatment of melanoma

Introduction: Therapies targeting immune checkpoints (CTLA-4) and the MAP kinase signaling pathway (RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK) have transformed the treatment of advanced melanoma in the past year. Agents aimed at other therapeutic targets of interest are being actively evaluated in the clinic. Areas covered: Areas of active therapeutic interest in melanoma include immunotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy and chemotherapy; combinations of these modalities are now under systematic exploration. Expert opinion: The evaluation of patients with melanoma now includes the molecular profiling of tumor mutations in the BRAF, as well as c-Kit, NRAS and other genes that have been discovered to be drivers of different subsets of the disease. The analysis of the host immunological response to melanoma is equally important, as a basis for the development of immunotherapies that have been of value to melanoma patients in the adjuvant arena, as well as for therapy of metastatic disease. The understanding of these two facets of the disease will provide a more rational basis for the delivery of individualized therapy for the disease both in its advanced setting, and in the adjuvant arena, in the future.
Greenhouse warming by nitrous oxide and methane in the Proterozoic Eon

An anoxic, sulfidic ocean that may have existed during the Proterozoic Eon (0.54–2.4 Ga) would have had limited trace metal abundances because of the low solubility of metal sulfides. The lack of copper, in particular, could have had a significant impact on marine denitrification. Copper is needed for the enzyme that controls the final step of denitrification, from N2O to N2. Today, only about 5–6% of denitrification results in release of N2O. If all denitrification stopped at N2O during the Proterozoic, the N2O flux could have been 15–20 times higher than today, producing N2O concentrations of several ppmv, but only if O2 levels were relatively high (>0.1 PAL). At lower O2 levels, N2O is rapidly photodissociated. Methane concentrations may also have been elevated during this time, as has been previously suggested. A lack of dissolved O2 and sulfate in the deep ocean could have produced a high methane flux from marine sediments, as much as 10–20 times today’s methane flux from land. The photochemical lifetime of CH4 increases as more CH4 is added to the atmosphere, so CH4 concentrations of up to 100 ppmv are possible during this time. The combined greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O could have provided up to 10° of warming, thereby keeping the surface warm during the Proterozoic without necessitating high CO2 levels. A second oxygenation event near the end of the Proterozoic would have resulted in a reduction in both atmospheric N2O and CH4, perhaps triggering the Neoproterozoic “Snowball Earth” glaciations.
Effects of Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy on Movement Kinematics and Daily Function in Patients With Stroke: A Kinematic Study of Motor Control Mechanisms

Background and Objective. Motor control of the upper extremity during unilateral and bimanual functional tasks and functional change during daily activities were evaluated in patients with stroke treated with modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT). Methods. In a pre-post randomized, controlled trial, 30 stroke patients received 2 hours of mCIMT or traditional rehabilitation (TR) for 3 weeks. Motor control of the upper extremity was evaluated using kinematic analysis in unilateral and bilateral tasks. Kinematic variables included spatial and temporal movement efficiency and type of movement control (preplanned control, representing well-learned movement, or feedback-guided control). Functional outcomes were evaluated using the Motor Activity Log (MAL) and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Results. Patients receiving mCIMT showed more temporally (P = .013) and spatially (P = .011) efficient movement and more preplanned movement control (P = .009) during the bimanual task, and greater gains in FIM (P = .004) and MAL scores (amount of use: P < .0001, and quality of movement: P = .012) than patients in the TR group. Patients receiving mCIMT produced more ballistic/preplanned reaching movement than did patients receiving TR (P = .023) during the unilateral task; but there were no group differences in temporal or spatial efficiency in unilateral task performance. Conclusions. Relative to TR, mCIMT produced a greater improvement in functional performance and motor control. Improvement of motor control after mCIMT was based on improved spatial and temporal efficiency, apparently more salient during bimanual rather than unilateral task performance. This suggests that bilateral task performance should potentially be emphasized in kinematic study of changes in motor control after mCIMT.
The central role of the teacher - even in student centred pedagogies

We describe a case study of an unusually ? student-centred? mathematics teacher whose students construct unusual ? and positive ? mathematical dispositions and identities. We draw on a self-report ? teacher-centred pedagogic practices? scale, interview and classroom lesson analyses to identify her pedagogic practice and her reflections on these. Our analysis distinguishes ? mathematical? and ? social? strands in her narrative within lessons which ensure that whilst her practices are found to be engaging and ensure agency and choice she maintains firm control over the ? mathematical narrative? In this sense her practice appears contradictory: Activity Theory suggests this as an objective contradiction between the learners? knowledge and the mathematical reformulation of it that the teacher mediates.