Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of Epstein‐Barr virus gene polymorphisms in nasal T/NK‐cell lymphomas and normal nasal tissues: Implications on virus strain selection in malignancy

Whether particular Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) strains are preferentially selected in malignant diseases remains controversial. Assessment of the importance of strain variation in the pathogenicity of EBV has been hampered principally by the lack of accurate data on the prevalence of virus variants in the normal population. To clarify this issue, a detailed comparative analysis of the EBV genomes contained in normal nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosal tissues and in nasal T/NK‐cell lymphoma, which originates at these anatomic sites, was carried out by PCR amplification across the 30‐bp deletion and the 33‐bp repeat loci in the LMP1 gene and the type‐specific polymorphic loci in the EBNA2 and EBNA3C genes and by sequence analysis of the 3' C‐terminal region of the LMP1 gene. Whilst the majority of EBV strains in either normal or tumour tissues were type 1 viruses with similar numbers of LMP1 repeats, a marked predominance of LMP1 deletion (del‐LMP1) over non‐deleted/wild‐type LMP1 (wt‐LMP1) variants was observed in nasal T/NK‐cell lymphoma. Although del‐LMP1 variants were also prevalent in the normal carriers of our population, wt‐LMP1 was detected at a significantly higher frequency in normal vs. tumour tissues (p = 0.036). More critically, wt‐LMP1 variants were found frequently in mixed infection with del‐LMP1 variants in the normal carriers. Sequence analysis identified 2 major del‐LMP1 (and several wt‐LMP1) variants containing signatory nucleotide changes in relation to the prototype B95–8 sequence in both normal and neoplastic nasal tissues. Together, our data provide strong evidence for a selection mechanism for del‐LMP1 over the wt‐LMP1 variants in tumours. Int. J. Cancer 80:356–364, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towards an Interactive Acculturation Model: A Social Psychological Approach

The first part of this paper proposes a continuum of ideological premises that seeks to account for the broad range of immigrant integration policies adopted by Western democratic states. In the second part, a review of Social Psychological models of immigrant acculturation strategies demonstrates the need to explain more clearly the interactive nature of immigrant and host community relations. The Interactive Acculturation Model (IAM) presented next proposes that relational outcomes are the product of the acculturation orientations of both the host majority and immigrant groups as influenced by state integration policies. The model makes predictions regarding the acculturation combinations most likely to produce consensual, problematic, and conflictual relational outcomes between immigrants and members of the host community. Social psychological research is needed to test the validity of the IAM model empirically. La premiere partie de cet article propose un continuum des premisses ideologiques qui anime.
The effects of a Self-Alert Training (SAT) program in adults with ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by attention and impulsivity problems, is one of the most common behavioral disorders. The first line of treatment for ADHD is psychostimulant medication, but this has limited effectiveness, particularly in adults, and is often associated with adverse side-effects. Thus, it is imperative that new non-pharmaceutical approaches to treatment are developed. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a non-pharmacological Self-Alert Training (SAT) intervention on ADHD symptom prevalence, psychological and cognitive functioning, and on everyday functional impairment in adults with ADHD. Fifty-one adult participants with a current diagnosis of ADHD were randomized to either SAT or a Control Training (CT) program. They were assessed at baseline, immediately following the 5-week training period, and after 3-months using ADHD symptoms scales, as well as a series of neuropsychological tests and psychological questionnaires. Subjective ratings of everyday life attention and memory problems were also collected. The SAT group showed significant improvements in ADHD inattentive and impulsive symptoms, depressive symptoms and in self-efficacy ratings compared to the CT group at both post-training and at the 3-month assessment. Pre-post improvements in SAT participants on untrained cognitive tasks measuring selective attention and executive functions were also observed. Finally, the SAT group reported improved subjective ratings of everyday life attention at both assessment points. This pattern of results suggests that SAT may be beneficial in treating ADHD symptoms as well as psychological and cognitive impairments in adult ADHD. A large-scale randomized controlled trial (RCT) is needed.
Neurological evaluation of the maturity of newborn infants.

Cerebral maturation during the last three months of fetal life brings about constant modification of muscle tone and of certain reflexes. This has enabled a scheme to be devised, whereby the neurological maturity of the premature infant at different ages can be assessed. Saint-Anne Dargassies (1955) defined this neurological progression by analysing a group of 100 prematures of known gestational age, and the longitudinal evolution of healthy prematures, born at 28 weeks' gestational age and studied up to 40 weeks' gestational age. The clinical results have been compared with the electroencephalographic (Dreyfus-Brisac, Flescher, and Plassart, 1962) and anatomical (Larroche, 1962) stages of development of the brain. In applying this maturation scheme to 'small-for-dates' babies it has been concluded that brain development during fetal life progresses independently of unfavourable gestational circumstances. Chronic fetal stress is reflected mainly in the birthweight and to a lesser degree in the body length at birth. The brain, however, from the point of view of anatomy and physiology, evolves more in proportion to the gestational age (Gesell and Amatruda, 1945; Bergstrom, Gunther, Olow, and Soderling, 1955; Saint-Anne Dargassies, 1955). The original observations on which this paper is based are those of Minkowski, Larroche, Vignaud, Dreyfus-Brisac, and Saint-Anne Dargassies (1966). This paper presents a practical method for applying clinically the principles described by these authors. Butler and Bonham (1963) estimated that a third of infants weighing less than 2500 g. have a gestational age greater than 38 weeks. The small-for-dates baby is liable to develop serious metabolic disturbance shortly after birth; for this reason it is imperative that the assessment of gestational age be made early. Occasionally the initial neurological evaluation of maturation is confused by signs of neurological disorders. But, as a rule, neurological examination during the first days of life can provide
Is the tourism–economic growth nexus time-varying? Bootstrap rolling-window causality analysis for the top 10 tourist destinations

ABSTRACT This article explores the time-varying causal nexus between tourism development and economic growth for the top 10 tourist destinations in the world, namely China, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Spain, Turkey, the UK and the United States of America, over the period 1990–2015. To that end, a bootstrap rolling window Granger causality approach based on the modified Granger causality test is used. A new index for tourism activity which combines via principal component analysis the commonly used tourism indicators is also employed. The results of the bootstrap rolling window causality tests reveal that the causal relations between tourism and economic growth vary substantially over time and across countries in terms of both magnitude and direction. It is shown that the causal linkages tend to be more pronounced for a large group of countries following the global financial crisis of 2008. Additionally, Germany, France and China clearly stand out as the countries with the weakest causal nexus, while the UK, Italy and Mexico emerge as the countries that have the strongest causal links. These results have particularly important implications for policymakers.
Looking back on experienced teachers’ reflections: how did pre-service school practice support the development of self-efficacy?

This research focuses on experienced Estonian teachers’ pre-service school practice. Each one of the 19 teachers interviewed in this study had over 25 years of professional experience. We were interested in their recollections of their pre-service school practice and the impact that their experience had on them professionally. The results indicate the importance of support systems and a cooperative atmosphere in the school, both of which enable a beginning teacher’s self-efficacy. Despite the lack of explicit support structures from the 1960s to the 1980s, implicit support existed and played an important role in facilitating the development of student teachers’ self-efficacy.
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in bio-aerosols from untreated TB patients.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is predominantly an airborne disease. However, quantitative and qualitative analysis of bio-aerosols containing the aetiological agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has proven very challenging. Our objective is to sample bio-aerosols from newly diagnosed TB patients for detection and enumeration of Mtb bacilli. Methods: We monitored each of 35 newly diagnosed, GeneXpert sputum-positive, TB patients during 1 hour confinement in a custom-built Respiratory Aerosol Sampling Chamber (RASC). The RASC (a small clean-room of 1.4m ) incorporates aerodynamic particle size detection, viable and non-viable sampling devices, real-time CO 2 monitoring, and cough sound-recording. Microbiological culture and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) were used to detect Mtb in each of the bio-aerosol collection devices. Results: Mtb was detected in 27/35 (77.1%) of aerosol samples; 15/35 (42.8%) samples were positive by mycobacterial culture and 25/27 (92.96%) were positive by ddPCR. Culturability of collected bacilli was not predicted by radiographic evidence of pulmonary cavitation, sputum smear positivity, or cough rate. Mtb was detected on all viable cascade impactor stages with a peak at aerosol sizes 2.0-3. 5μm. This suggests a median of 0.09 CFU/litre of exhaled air (IQR: 0.07 to 0.3 CFU/l) for the aerosol culture positives and an estimated median concentration of 4.5x10 CFU/ml (IQR: 2.9x10 -5.6x10 ) of exhaled particulate bio-aerosol. Conclusions: Mtb was identified in bio-aerosols exhaled by the majority of untreated TB patients using the RASC. Molecular detection was more sensitive than mycobacterial culture on solid media, suggesting that further studies are required to determine whether this reflects a significant proportion of differentially detectable bacilli in these samples.
Unemployment, Not Working and Jobs for the Young in Urban Africa: Evidence from Ghana

The question posed in this paper is the nature and role of unemployment in African urban labour markets. Unemployment has been modeled as a device for equilibrating wages between high and low wage sectors, as a pool of labour learning about its skills and as a costly scaring process resulting from a policy failure to create jobs. In this paper we use panel data from Ghana’s urban labour market to investigate the nature of its unemployment and the mechanisms that affect the transition into jobs particularly for the young. We show that conventionally measured unemployment rates, even for the young, can be low while the numbers not working are very high. The analysis suggests that the numbers not working decline rapidly with age and that the labour market is characterized by substantial transitions across types of job and between being in and out of paid employment. Time spent not working does not appear to change the probability of finding a job, increase earnings or scar workers. The problem suggested by the data is not that jobs cannot be found it is that, for the young, jobs pay so little.
Placing London: From Imperial Capital to Global City

"[The] book is neatly divided into three tours of the focal districts of Central London [and] replete with lurid and dangerous sights and sounds . I am lured by Eade's new manual to travel to London to sample samosas, discover provocative multicultural art and theater, and make nocturnal sorties for the hoisting of ales. " * Urban Affairs "[The author] writes clearly and with feeling . [The information] is always plausible and well documented. " * Contemporary Sociology ". an excellent . wonderful collection of essays. " * Friends Newsletter, Max Kade Institute "An impressive and scholarly analysis . a profound, college-level retrospective and highly recommended. " * The Midwest Book Review ". a timely and innovative study. The scholarship is sound and the book is well organised and clearly written. " * Les Back, Goldsmiths College London continues to fascinate a vast audience across the world, and an extensive, diverse literature now exists describing and analyzing this metropolis. The central question - what is London? - has produced many answers but none of them, the author argues, uncovers the complex ways in which knowledge is constructed in the diverse attempts to represent places and people. On the contrary: a gulf has opened up between analysis of contemporary London as a global, postcolonial city, on the one hand, and historical accounts of the imperial capital on the other. The author shows how the gap can be bridged by combining an analysis of the representation over time by various experts of London and certain localities with an investigation of the ways in which residents have represented their communities through struggles over symbolic and material resources. John Eade is Reader in the Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Roehampton.
Nasal NK/T Cell Lymphoma in Taiwan: A Clinicopathologic Study of 22 Cases, with Analysis of Histologic Subtypes, Epstein-Barr Virus LMP-1 Gene Association, and Treatment Modalities

Nasal NK/T cell lymphoma is a distinctive type of extranodal lymphoma with an unique immunophenotype and a strong association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It is one of the common extranodal lymphomas in Taiwan. We studied 22 cases of nasal NK/T cell lymphoma to characterize their clinicopathologic features and to explore the possible differences between histologic subtypes and their clinical behavior as well as the prevalence of 30-base pair (bp) deleted latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) gene of the EBV. They consisted of 5 cases of small cell type (SC), 6 cases of medium-sized cell type (MC), 6 cases of large cell type (LC), and 5 cases of pleomorphic cell type (PC). Twelve patients were men and 10 were women (1.2 to 1), and their ages ranged from 34 to 75 years with a median age of 55.5 years. The median ages of the LC type and PC type were older than the other 2 types. No other clinical features differed significantly among the 4 subtypes. Nasal obstruction was the most common initial presenting symptom. All but 1 case had stage IE disease at the time of diagnosis. Five cases developed extranasal involvement and skin was the most common site. No bone marrow involvement was detected. The majority of patients received local radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Local irradiation was more effective than chemotherapy alone. We achieved an overall survival of 63.6% at 5 years as estimated by the Kaplan-Meier analysis, which was better than other series. All cases displayed an immunophenotypic profile of CD3ε+, CD20-, CD56+, and TIA-1+ except that 1 case was CD3ε-. Fourteen of 22 cases (64%) expressed LMP-1. Nine cases of various cell types (41%) were also CD30+. Among the 4 histologic subtypes, the SC type differed from the other types by the absence of angiodestruction and necrosis, although angioinvasive growth was seen in 2 of them. Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia was seen in only 3 cases of the SC type, and all 5 cases of the SC type were CD30-. No statistical difference in survival was found among the 4 histologic subtypes or between CD30+ and CD30-cases. All 22 cases were positive for EBV by polymerase chain reaction and Epstein-Barr virus early RNA (EBER) in-situ hybridization. A high prevalence rate of 86% (19/22) of the 30-base pair (bp) deleted LMP-1 gene was found, but 81.5% (22/27) of the EBV-positive control reactive lymphoid tissues also had the 30-bp deleted LMP-1 gene. Therefore, the high prevalence of the 30-bp deleted LMP-1 gene found in NK/T cell lymphoma could be due to the high prevalence of the deleted variant in this geographic region. However, it remains possible that the high prevalence of the deleted LMP-1 gene contributed to the increased incidence of EBV-associated nasal NK/T cell lymphoma in Taiwan.
Age-dependent fate and lineage restriction of single NG2 cells

NG2-expressing glia (NG2 cells, polydendrocytes) appear in the embryonic brain, expand perinatally, and persist widely throughout the gray and white matter of the mature central nervous system. We have previously reported that NG2 cells generate oligodendrocytes in both gray and white matter and a subset of protoplasmic astrocytes in the gray matter of the ventral forebrain and spinal cord. To investigate the temporal changes in NG2 cell fate, we generated NG2creER™BAC transgenic mice, in which tamoxifen-inducible Cre is expressed in NG2 cells. Cre induction at embryonic day 16.5, postnatal day (P) 2, P30 and P60 in mice that were double transgenic for NG2creER™BAC and the Cre reporter revealed that NG2 cells in the postnatal brain generate only NG2 cells or oligodendrocytes, whereas NG2 cells in the embryonic brain generate protoplasmic astrocytes in the gray matter of the ventral forebrain in addition to oligodendrocytes and NG2 cells. Analysis of cell clusters from single NG2 cells revealed that more than 80% of the NG2 cells in the P2 brain give rise to clusters consisting exclusively of oligodendrocytes, whereas the majority of the NG2 cells in the P60 brain generate clusters that contain only NG2 cells or a mixture of oligodendrocytes and NG2 cells. Furthermore, live cell imaging of single NG2 cells from early postnatal brain slices revealed that NG2 cells initially divide symmetrically to produce two daughter NG2 cells and that differentiation into oligodendrocytes occurred after 2-3 days.
Factors Underlying Organizations' Successful Press Release Publication in Newspapers: Additional PR Elements for the Evolving “Press Agentry” and “Public Information” Models

This study tests 71 PR elements and tools regarding publishing success of 373 press releases in light of PR's two major, unidirectional models: press agentry and public information. Thirteen PR agencies and 12 subject areas were analyzed. A formula was developed to pinpoint the successful PR elements in 575 published news items emanating from these press releases. The main elements underlying publication success were importance of the item, its novelty and its practical usefulness; text composition and timely transfer to the journalist; and original source of the item. Overall, the public information model had the higher average success rate. The study's ramifications for organizations' overall communication strategy are also discussed.
Modeling term structures of defaultable bonds

This article presents convenient reduced-form models of the valuation of contingent claims subject to default risk, focusing on applications to the term structure of interest rates for corporate or sovereign bonds. Examples include the valuation of a credit-spread option. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Quid Pro Quo? Initial Teacher Education in Secondary Schools

Abstract The trend towards giving British secondary schools a fuller role in initial teacher education (ITE) has been gathering pace for much of the second half of this century. The impetuses driving this development have been partly professional and partly political. However, a recent political initiative (Circular 9/92, Department for Education, 1992) precipitated the development of school‐based ITE beyond what the professional evidence supported. This paper examines teachers’ perceptions of the costs and benefits to schools of involvement in school‐based ITE, as instituted by Circular 9/92, distinguishing between tangible and intangible costs and benefits. It is based on a survey of schools from throughout England and Wales. Four groups of teachers with different levels of involvement and managerial responsibility were sampled. The paper also explores teachers’ perceptions of the relationship between costs and benefits before offering some concluding speculations on the future of school‐based ITE.
A Discourse of Disillusionment: Letters to the Editor in Two Zimbabwean Magazines 10 Years after Independence

This paper examines Letters to the Editor (LEs) in two Zimbabwean magazines in 1990. Zimbabwe celebrated 10 years of independence in 1990 and the marking of a decade stimulated evaluation of the achievements of independence. The LEs in independently owned magazines provided a site for non-elite writers to engage in an alternative discourse to the `celebratory' discourse of the state-controlled daily press. We examine the corpus of LEs in terms of discourse structure and lexico-grammatical features, using critical discourse analysis and computer concordancing to identify features of this alternative discourse. We conclude that there is an emergent `discourse of disillusionment' which suggests the gradual erosion of the post-independence national consensus. We discuss briefly the relevance of this discourse to the role of media and civil society in Zimbabwe.
Sex on the brain: Are gender‐dependent structural and functional differences associated with behavior?

A substantial number of studies provide evidence documenting a variety of sex differences in the brain. It remains unclear whether sexual differentiation at the neural level is related to that observed in daily behavior, cognitive function, and the risk of developing certain psychiatric and neurological disorders. Some investigators have questioned whether the brain is truly sexually differentiated and support this view with several arguments including the following: (1) brain structural or functional differences are not necessarily reflected in appropriate differences at the behavioral level, which might suggest that these two phenomena are not linked to each other; and (2) sex‐related differences in the brain are rather small and concern features that significantly overlap between males and females. This review polemicizes with those opinions and presents examples of sex‐related local neural differences underpinning a variety of sex differences in behaviors, skills, and cognitive/emotional abilities. Although male/female brain differentiation may vary in pattern and scale, nonetheless, in some respects (e.g., relative local gray matter volumes) it can be substantial, taking the form of sexual dimorphism and involving large areas of the brain (the cortex in particular). A significant part of this review is devoted to arguing that some sex differences in the brain may serve to prevent (in the case where they are maladaptive), rather than to produce, differences at the behavioral/skill level. Specifically, some differences might result from compensatory mechanisms aimed at maintaining similar intellectual capacities across the sexes, despite the smaller average volume of the brain in females compared with males. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.