Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Much Do We Really know About Equity's Impact on Relational Communication? Issues in Measuring Equity in Communication Research

This study examined the question of whether the short global measure of equity that is typically used in communication research has fidelity to the manner in which equity was originally conceptualized. Participants were 100 pairs of college students in close relationships. They reported equity in their relationships using Hatfield's 1-item measure and also a component measure calculated with Walster et al.'s original formula for computing equity. The two measures correlated only r = . 28 (students) and . 26 (partners). Correlations between these measures and other relational properties that are theoretically related (e.g., satisfaction, closeness) did not provide definitive support for either measure as being a valid measure of equity. These findings have significant implications for study of equity and relational communication, especially relational maintenance, because they cast question on how valid our measurement of equity has actually been.
Questions Used by Secondary Student Teachers To Guide Discussion and Testing in Social Studies: A Study in Planning1

studies has been directed repeatedly toward efforts to develop students’ critical thinking abilities and, especially in recent years, toward discovery procedures. As an effective teaching strategy, questions and questioning have been viewed by teachers as one of the most important tools for developing knowledge and thinking skills in students. Studies over the years suggest that to no other teaching procedure has so much time and attention been devoted (3, 4, 23). Both in and out of class, students are consistently faced with oral and written questions that far too often demand little of them beyond the ability to remember (i, 8, 9, 12). Moreover, the main emphasis of questions asked by students is upon recall (10, 14). If questions used by teachers can be significant in developing the cognitive powers of students and if a primary aim of the social studies is to develop critical thinking abilities, an analysis of the questions social studies student teachers plan and compose for instruction could be an important first step in helping teacher candidates become more fully aware of what they are doing. Previous studies have highlighted thinking processes in the
Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire: An instrument to assess sexual dysfunctional beliefs as vulnerability factors to sexual problems

The aim of the present article is to present a new instrument, specially developed to assess beliefs about sexuality that are supposed to be closely related with the development of sexual disorders. Using a cognitive theory perspective we hypothesized that sexual behaviour and its problems are in someway related to the way we think about sexuality, our beliefs and our expectations. Although some questionnaires of sexual attitude, information and beliefs already exist, there is, until now, no specific measure oriented to assess both male and female sexual dysfunctional beliefs related to aetiology. The Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire is a 40-item self-reported measure constituted by two versions (female and male) rated on a five point likert scale. Both male and female versions present satisfactory test-retest reliability (r=0.73 and r=0.80 respectively), and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.93 for male and 0.81 for the female version). Studies of convergent validity show a relationship with other measures of sexual and more general beliefs, as well as with measures of sexual functioning. Discriminant validity studies support its capacity to discriminate functional from sexual dysfunctional subjects. It is expected that these measures could be useful in both clinical practice and educational programmes serving as an indicator of vulnerability to sexual dysfunction.
The relationship between part‐time employment and A‐level results

Summary The database established during 1989 by the A‐level Information System (ALIS) was utilized to consider the amount of part‐time work which A‐level students reported and their subsequent A‐level results. Data were also available on prior achievement, ability tests, gender and home background. About half of all A‐level students reported being engaged in part‐time work and they tended to get slightly lower A‐level grades than A‐level students, with similar characteristics, who were not involved in part‐time work. The lower grades are, however, not interpreted as being caused by involvement in part‐time work, but simply as being associated with it. This conclusion is reached by consideration of the relationships found between A‐level grades and part‐time work across different subjects on the one hand, and the lack of connection between part‐time work and the number of hours spent on homework on the other.
The Interrelationship among Locus of Control, Sexual Satisfaction and Marital Satisfaction

The primary goal of the present study is to examine the interrelationships among locus of control, sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction. In the current study, a sample which was composed of 200 married persons was investigated. Research tools include locus of control, sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction. For data analysis, correlation and independent hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to determine the relationships between the predictor variables and criterion variable. Results revealed that there is a significant interrelationship between internal locus of control and sexual satisfaction with marital satisfaction. Another finding of the current research indicated the significant relationship between sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction. Locus of control and sexual satisfaction predicted the marital satisfaction.
The Dilemma of the Gifted Woman

The abilities of highly capable women have rarely received serious recognition, support, or guidance. Although there is increasing interest in attracting women to positions of social, political, educational, and scientific leadership, many obstacles inhibit women from realizing their potential in these areas. These obstacles include: confusion about the meaning and nature of giftedness; psychological and cultural barriers to owning and displaying one's abilities; and ambivalent attitudes of peers, parents, and significant others toward exceptional ability in women. This paper encourages feminist psychologists to respond to this population's unique affective needs, and focuses on recognizing, understanding, and furthering exceptional ability in women in the face of gender-role stereotyping and cultural pressures.
Evidence for a role of vertebrate Disp1 in long-range Shh signaling

Dispatched 1 (Disp1) encodes a twelve transmembrane domain protein that is required for long-range sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Inhibition of Disp1 function, both by RNAi or dominant-negative constructs, prevents secretion and results in the accumulation of Shh in source cells. Measuring the Shh response in neuralized embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells, with or without Disp1 function, demonstrates an additional role for Disp1 in cells transporting Shh. Co-cultures with Shh-expressing cells revealed a significant reduction in the range of the contact-dependent Shh response in Disp1−/− neuralized EBs. These observations support a dual role for Disp1, not only in the secretion of Shh from the source cells, but also in the subsequent transport of Shh through tissue.
A Developmental Functional MRI Study of Prefrontal Activation during Performance of a Go-No-Go Task

This study examines important developmental differences in patterns of activation in the prefrontal cortex during performance of a Go-No-Go paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eighteen subjects (9 children and 9 adults) were scanned using gradient echo, echo planar imaging during performance of a response inhibition task. The results suggest four general findings. First, the location of activation in the prefrontal cortex was not different between children and adults, which is similar to our earlier pediatric fMRI results of prefrontal activation during a working memory task (Casey et al., 1995). Second, the volume of activation was significantly greater for children relative to adults. These differences in volume of activation were observed predominantly in the dorsal and lateral prefrontal cortices. Third, although inhibitory processes have typically been associated with more ventral or orbital frontal regions, the current study revealed activation that was distributed across both dorsolateral and orbitofrontal cortices. Finally, consistent with animal and human lesion studies, activity in orbital frontal and anterior cingulate cortices correlated with behavioral performance (i.e., number of false alarms). These results further demonstrate the utility of this methodology in studying pediatric populations.
Conditioning in Probabilistic Programming

This article investigates the semantic intricacies of conditioning, a main feature in probabilistic programming. Our study is based on an extension of the imperative probabilistic guarded command language pGCL with conditioning. We provide a weakest precondition (wp) semantics and an operational semantics. To deal with possibly diverging program behavior, we consider liberal preconditions. We show that diverging program behavior plays a key role when defining conditioning. We establish that weakest preconditions coincide with conditional expected rewards in Markov chains—the operational semantics—and that the wp-semantics conservatively extends the existing semantics of pGCL (without conditioning). An extension of these results with nondeterminism turns out to be problematic: although an operational semantics using Markov decision processes is rather straightforward, we show that providing an inductive wp-semantics in this setting is impossible. Finally, we present two program transformations that eliminate conditioning from any program. The first transformation hoists conditioning while updating the probabilistic choices in the program, while the second transformation replaces conditioning—in the same vein as rejection sampling—by a program with loops. In addition, we present a last program transformation that replaces an independent identically distributed loop with conditioning.
Acute hormonal response to glucose, lipids and arginine infusion in overweight cats

In cats, the incidence of obesity and diabetes is increasing, and little is known about specific aspects of the endocrine control of food intake in this species. Recent data suggest that ghrelin has an important role in the control of insulin secretion and vice versa, but this role has never been demonstrated in cats. Here we aimed to improve our understanding about the relationship between insulin, amylin and ghrelin secretion in response to a nutrient load in overweight cats. After a 16 h fast, weekly, six overweight male cats underwent randomly one of the four testing sessions: saline, glucose, arginine and TAG. All solutions were isoenergetic and isovolumic, and were injected intravenously as a bolus. Glucose, insulin, acylated ghrelin (AG), amylin and prolactin were assayed in plasma before and 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 min after the nutrient load. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess the effect of bolus and time on the parameters. A parenteral bolus of glucose or arginine increased insulin and ghrelin concentrations in cats. Except for with the TAG bolus, no suppression of ghrelin was observed. The absence of AG suppression after the intravenous load of arginine and glucose may suggest: (1) that some nutrients do not promote satiation in overweight cats; or that (2) AG may be involved in non-homeostatic consumption mechanisms. However, the role of ghrelin in food reward remains to be assessed in cats.
Evidence of Myogenic Vascular Control in the Rat Cerebral Cortex

The potential presence of myogenic regulation in the cerebral microvasculature of the rat was investigated using a method which alters intravascular pressure without appreciably changing cerebral perfusion pressure (arterial minus venous pressure). The entire rat was placed in a sealed box, with the cranial cavity open to the atmosphere and prepared for in vivo microscopy. By increasing the ambient pressure in the box, both systemic arterial and venous pressure could be changed by nearly equal amounts (±20 mm Hg). Heart and respiratory rates were not influenced by changing ambient pressure by ±20 mm Hg. At elevated ambient pressures, cortical arterioles constricted in linear proportion to the ambient pressure, whereas subatmospheric ambient pressures caused vasodilation whose magnitude was about equal at ambient pressures of —6 to —18 mm Hg. The calculated vessel wall tension typically remained within about ±10–15% of control during changes of transmural pressure of ±20–40%. In all cases, arteriolar responses to changes in ambient and intravascular pressure reached a new steady state within 10–15 seconds and were sustained for up to 30 minutes. These data are interpreted to indicate the presence of a myogenic vascular response in the brain vasculature of the rat.
LINKED OR DIVIDED BY THE WEB?: Internet use and sociability in four European countries

It is often assumed that the increased use of the new information and communication technology (ICT) can displace traditional face-to-face sociability. At the same time, it has been argued that the new ICT can also strengthen traditional forms of sociability. This article evaluates these opposite views by examining how the frequency of Internet use is connected with two forms of sociability: civic engagement and interpersonal involvement. Empirical interest is narrowed down to four European countries. The data utilized are the Finnish, British, French and Italian sections of the European Social Survey 2002–2003 (N = 6,762). The methods of analysis include cross-tabulations and logistic regression models. The findings indicate that frequent Internet use is positively associated with both forms of sociability in all countries. However, there are also cross-country differences in the strength of these associations and in the effects of sociodemographic control variables. The findings thus suggest that the contemporary development of the information society has different implications for different types of societies.
The archaeological interpretation of prehistoric metalworking

Abstract Certain general assumptions made by archaeologists as to the organization of metalwork production are examined, with particular reference to the European Bronze Age. Alternative models to those generally accepted for the trade in raw materials, the position and status of the smith in society, and forms of industrial organization are proposed and the influence of factors such as increased specialization and trade are discussed. Finally, attention is drawn to the dangers of using differences in metalwork to support the definition of chronological and cultural distinctions without the application of adequate checks derived from the rest of the material culture.
Correlates of Inconsistent Refusal of Unprotected Sex among Armenian Female Sex Workers

This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence and correlates of inconsistent refusal of unprotected sex among female sex workers (FSWs) in Armenia. One hundred and eighteen street-based FSWs between the ages of 20 and 52 completed a questionnaire assessing FSWs' demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral characteristics. A total of 52.5% (n = 62) of FSWs reported inconsistent refusal of unprotected sex with clients in the past 3 months. Logistic regression analysis controlling for participants' age and education revealed that perceiving more barriers toward condom use (AOR = 1.1; P < 0.01), reporting more types of abuse (AOR = 2.1; P < 0.01), and setting lower fees for service (AOR = 0.9; P = 0.02) significantly predicted inconsistent refusal of unprotected sex. HIV-risk-reduction behavioral interventions tailored to FSWs working in Yerevan Armenia should address the factors identified in this study toward the goal of enhancing refusal of unprotected sex and ultimately preventing acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV.
Minimalist in Style: Self, Identity, and Well-being in Japan

In the present paper we propose that Eastern conceptions of well-being are minimalist in their emphasis on the idea of “nothingness. ” They place a strong emphasis on the realization that everything in the world is transient, fluid, and thus ultimately incomprehensible. This realization, in turn, may be expected to afford experiences of gratitude and peaceful disengagement. To illustrate this proposal, we used data from two studies, which suggest that the two dimensions of minimalist well-being (i.e., gratitude and peaceful disengagement) are distinct in both Japan and the USA. Moreover, unlike in many existing measures of well-being, Japanese were at least as high as Americans in their minimalist well-being scores. Implications for self, identity, and optimal functioning are discussed.
‘Race’, Gender and Neoliberalism: changing visual representations in development

Abstract This article examines the increasing use of ‘positive’, active images of ‘poor women in developing countries’ by development institutions, in relation to several interlinked factors: critiques of earlier representations of ‘Third World women’ as an essentialised category of ‘passive victims’; the appropriation—and transformation—within neoliberal discourses of development from the 1990s onwards of concepts of agency and empowerment; and changes in the role of development NGOs in the same period. Through a discussion of recent publicity campaigns by Oxfam Unwrapped, the Nike Foundation and Divine chocolate, the article examines the specific and gendered ways in which these more recent visual productions are racialised, exploring, in particular, parallels and continuities between colonial representations of women workers and today's images of micro-entrepreneurship within the framework of neoliberal globalisation. The article concludes that, like their colonial predecessors, contemporary representations obscure relations of oppression and exploitation, and work to render collective challenges to the neoliberal model invisible.
Adult Children's Forgiveness of Parents' Betrayals

The purpose of this study was to establish whether adult children's commitment, trust, and relational satisfaction are differentiated by their forgiveness stage (i.e., Stage 1, “Impact;” Stage 2, “Definition;” Stage 3, “Moving On”) in response to a parent's act of betrayal. Participants included 61 adult children who completed an online survey. Adult children's commitment, trust, and relational satisfaction were highest in the third stage of forgiveness. Future research should specifically analyze the messages exchanged between the parent and adult child to better understand the progression through the stages.
Correlates of Smoke-Free Home Policies in Shanghai, China

Background. Approximately 63.7% of nonsmokers in China are exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) in their homes. The current study documents the prevalence and correlates of smoke-free home policies in Shanghai, as well as reasons for implementing such a policy and places where smoking is most commonly allowed. Methods. We conducted in-person surveys of 500 participants using a multistage proportional random sampling design in an urban and suburban district. Results. Overall, 35.3% had a smoke-free home policy. In the logistic regression, having higher income, not having smokers in the home, having children in the home, having fewer friends/relatives who permit smoking at home, and not being a current smoker were correlates of having a smoke-free home policy (P < 0.05). Concern about the health impact of SHS was reportedly the most important reason for establishing a smoke-free home. Among participants with no or partial bans, the most common places where smoking was allowed included the living room (64.2%), kitchen (46.1%), and bathroom (33.8%). Conclusions. Smoke-free home policies were in place for a minority of households surveyed. Establishing such a policy was influenced by personal smoking behavior and social factors. These findings suggest an urgent need to promote smoke-free home policies through tobacco control programs.
Calcium:Magnesium Ratio in Local Groundwater and Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction among Males in Rural Finland

Several epidemiologic studies have shown an association between calcium and magnesium and coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity. In this small-area study, we examined the relationship between acute myocardial infarction (AMI) risk and content of Ca, Mg, and chromium in local groundwater in Finnish rural areas using Bayesian modeling and geospatial data aggregated into 10 km × 10 km grid cells. Data on 14,495 men 35–74 years of age with their first AMI in the years 1983, 1988, or 1993 were pooled. Geochemical data consisted of 4,300 measurements of each element in local groundwater. The median concentrations of Mg, Ca, and Cr and the Ca:Mg ratio in well water were 2.61 mg/L, 12.23 mg/L, 0.27 μg/L, and 5.39, respectively. Each 1 mg/L increment in Mg level decreased the AMI risk by 4.9%, whereas a one unit increment in the Ca:Mg ratio increased the risk by 3.1%. Ca and Cr did not show any statistically significant effect on the incidence and spatial variation of AMI. Results of this study with specific Bayesian statistical analysis support earlier findings of a protective role of Mg and low Ca:Mg ratio against coronary heart disease but do not support the earlier hypothesis of a protective role of Ca.
The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport's Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice

Allport's The Nature of Prejudice is a social psychological classic. Its delineation of the components and principles of prejudice remains modern, especially its handling of cognitive factors. The volume's cognitive contentions are outlined, and then extended with an application from attribution theory. An "ultimate attribution error" is proposed: (1) when prejudiced peonle perceive what they regard as a negative act by an outgroup member, they will more than others attribute it dispositionally, often as genetically determined, in comparison to the same act by an ingroup member: (2) wlhen prejudiced people perceive what they regard as a positive act by an outaroup member, they will more than others attribute it in comparison to the same act by an ingroup member to one or more of the following: (a) "the exceptional case," (b) luck or special advantage, (c) hig,h motivation and effort, and (d) manipulable situational context. Predictions are advanced as to which of these responses will be adopted and under which conditions the phenomenon will be magnified.