Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the relationship between work and non-work roles of parenting males at a higher education institution

Title: Exploring the relationship between work and non-work roles of parenting males at a higher education institution. Key terms: Work roles, non-work roles, non-work-to-work spillover, positive spillover, negative spillover, antecedents, consequences, working fathers, accumulation of multiple roles, academic staff, and higher education institution. today's society, there are two very important domains in the life of an employed individual, namely work and home. Within the home (or non-work) domain, different roles emerge. These roles differ from one person to the next. Since both work and non-work roles encompass the individual's whole life, it is necessary to investigate what the different life roles are and how they influence an individual's multiple roles, whether positively or negatively. The objective of this study was to investigate the different roles that working fathers experience, to identifY how these fathers experience the interaction between multiple roles, and the consequences ofbeing involved in multiple roles. Since dramatic changes within the economic, political and social climate has give rise to more women entering the workforce, a large amount of research has been dedicated to investigate the consequence of these changes within different spheres of life. However, this study focussed on the different roles fulfilled by the parental male, specifically investigating working fathers at a higher education institution. A research design from a qualitative experimental approach was used to conduct this study. The participants consisted of 10 working fathers, who are lectures at a specific higher education institute and who differ with regard to age as well as educational and socio­ economic status. Semi-structured interviews 'with the selected participants were used to collect the necessary data. Content analysis was used to analyse, reduce and interpret the data obtained from the participants. The results indicated that the working fathers in this study has specific non-work (home domain) roles, namely roles regarding leisure, spirituality, leadership roles in the community, family (parental, extended family, spousal) as well as a work role and being a fmandal provider. Most of them fulfil all of the above-mentioned
On satisfying timing constraints in hard-real-time systems

We explain why pre-run-time scheduling is essential if one wishes to guarantee that timing constraints will be satisfied in a large complex hard-real-time system. We examine some of the major concerns in pre-run-time scheduling and consider what formulations of mathematical scheduling problems can be used to address those concerns. This paper provides a guide to the available algorithms.
Motion‐Induced Sickness Following Bilateral Ablation of Area Postrema in Squirrel Monkeys

Using squirrel monkeys as experimental subjects, we reexamined the disputed role of the area postrema (AP) in motion‐induced vomiting. After anesthetization, the obex and rhomboid fossa were exposed surgically, and the AP was ablated by thermal coagulation using either a battery cautery or a CO2 microsurgical laser. Sham operations were performed on another sample of monkeys. Two or more weeks after surgery, all animals were given 10 daily 2‐hour horizontal rotations at 30 rpm. Every monkey in both the lesions and sham samples vomited on two or more test days. While the vomiting characteristics were modified following ablation of AP, its function is not indispensible for the development of motion sickness in horizontally‐rotated squirrel monkeys.
Constitutive ablation of dendritic cells breaks self-tolerance of CD4 T cells and results in spontaneous fatal autoimmunity

Lack of immunological tolerance against self-antigens results in autoimmune disorders. During onset of autoimmunity, dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to be critical for priming of self-reactive T cells that have escaped tolerance induction. However, because DCs can also induce T cell tolerance, it remains unclear whether DCs are required under steady-state conditions to prevent autoimmunity. To address this question, we crossed CD11c-Cre mice with mice that express diphtheria toxin A (DTA) under the control of a loxP-flanked neomycin resistance (neoR) cassette from the ROSA26 locus. Cre-mediated removal of the neoR cassette leads to DTA expression and constitutive loss of conventional DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, and Langerhans cells. These DC-depleted (ΔDC) mice showed increased frequencies of CD4 single-positive thymocytes and infiltration of CD4 T cells into peripheral tissues. They developed spontaneous autoimmunity characterized by reduced body weight, splenomegaly, autoantibody formation, neutrophilia, high numbers of Th1 and Th17 cells, and inflammatory bowel disease. Pathology could be induced by reconstitution of wild-type (WT) mice with bone marrow (BM) from ΔDC mice, whereas mixed BM chimeras that received BM from ΔDC and WT mice remained healthy. This demonstrates that DCs play an essential role to protect against fatal autoimmunity under steady-state conditions.
The role of feedback in shaping neural representations in cat visual cortex

In the primary visual cortex, neurons with similar response preferences are grouped into domains forming continuous maps of stimulus orientation and direction of movement. These properties are widely believed to result from the combination of ascending and lateral interactions in the visual system. We have tested this view by examining the influence of deactivating feedback signals descending from the visuoparietal cortex on the emergence of these response properties and representations in cat area 18. We thermally deactivated the dominant motion-processing region of the visuoparietal cortex and used optical and electrophysiological methods to assay neural activity evoked in area 18 by stimulation with moving gratings and fields of coherently moving randomly distributed dots. Feedback deactivation decreased signal strength in both orientation and direction maps and virtually abolished the global layout of direction maps, whereas the basic structure of the orientation maps was preserved. These findings could be accounted for by a selective silencing of highly direction-selective neurons and by the redirection of preferences of less selective neurons. Our data suggest that signals fed back from the visuoparietal cortex strongly contribute to the emergence of direction selectivity in early visual areas. Thus we propose that higher cortical areas have significant influence over fundamental neuronal properties as they emerge in lower areas.
Herschel : the first science highlights Special feature L etter to the E ditor The Herschel first look at protostars in the Aquila rift

As part of the science demonstration phase of the Herschel mission of the Gould Belt key program, the Aquila rift molecular complex has been observed. The complete ∼3.3◦ × 3.3◦ imaging with SPIRE 250/350/500 μm and PACS 70/160 μm allows a deep investigation of embedded protostellar phases, probing of the dust emission from warm inner regions at 70 and 160 μm to the bulk of the cold envelopes between 250 and 500 μm. We used a systematic detection technique operating simultaneously on all Herschel bands to build a sample of protostars. Spectral energy distributions are derived to measure luminosities and envelope masses, and to place the protostars in an Menv−Lbol evolutionary diagram. The spatial distribution of protostars indicates three star-forming sites in Aquila, with W40/Sh2-64 HII region by far the richest. Most of the detected protostars are newly discovered. For a reduced area around the Serpens South cluster, we could compare the Herschel census of protostars with Spitzer results. The Herschel protostars are younger than in Spitzer with 7 Class 0 YSOs newly revealed by Herschel. For the entire Aquila field, we find a total of ∼45–60 Class 0 YSOs discovered by Herschel. This confirms the global statistics of several hundred Class 0 YSOs that should be found in the whole Gould Belt Survey.
Lateral turns in the Lamprey. II. Activity of reticulospinal neurons during the generation of fictive turns.

We studied the neural correlates of turning movements during fictive locomotion in a lamprey in vitro brain-spinal cord preparation. Electrical stimulation of the skin on one side of the head was used to evoke fictive turns. Intracellular recordings were performed from reticulospinal cells in the middle (MRRN) and posterior (PRRN) rhombencephalic reticular nuclei, and from Mauthner cells, to characterize the pattern of activity in these cell groups, and their possible functional role for the generation of turns. All recorded reticulospinal neurons modified their activity during turns. Many cells in both the rostral and the caudal MRRN, and Mauthner cells, were strongly excited during turning. The level of activity of cells in rostral PRRN was lower, while the lowest degree of activation was found in cells in caudal PRRN, suggesting that MRRN may play a more important role for the generation of turning behavior. The sign of the response (i.e., excitation or inhibition) to skin stimulation of a neuron during turns toward (ipsilateral), or away from (contralateral) the side of the cell body was always the same. The cells could thus be divided into four types: 1) cells that were excited during ipsilateral turns and inhibited during contralateral turns; these cells provide an asymmetric excitatory bias to spinal networks and presumably play an important role for the generation of turns; these cells were common (n = 35; 52%) in both MRRN and PRRN; 2) cells that were excited during turns in either direction; these cells were common (n = 19; 28%), in particular in MRRN; they could be involved in a general activation of the locomotor system after skin stimulation; some of the cells were also more activated during turns in one direction and could contribute to an asymmetric turn command; 3) one cell that was inhibited during ipsilateral turns and excited during contralateral turns; and 4) cells (n = 12; 18%) that were inhibited during turns in either direction. In summary, our results show that, in the lamprey, the large majority of reticulospinal cells have responses during lateral turns that are indicative of a causal role for these cells in turn generation. This also suggests a considerable overlap between the command system for lateral turns evoked by skin stimulation, which was studied here, and other reticulospinal command systems, e.g., for lateral turns evoked by other types of stimuli, initiation of locomotion, and turns in the vertical planes.
Congenital Cataract Screening

Congenital cataract is a leading cause of visual deprivation which can damage the developing visual system of a child; therefore early diagnosis, management and long-term follow-up are essential. It is recommended that all neonates be screened by red reflex examination at birth and suspected cases be referred to ophthalmic centers. Early surgery (<6 weeks of age, based on general neonatal health) is important for achieving the best visual outcome particularly in unilateral cases. In bilateral cases, surgery is highly recommended before appearance of strabismus or nystagmus (<10 weeks of age) with no longer than a one-week interval between the fellow eyes. Parents should be informed that surgery is a starting point and not the endpoint of treatment. Appropriate postoperative management including immediate optical correction in the form of aphakic glasses or contact lenses, or intraocular lens (IOL) implantation at the appropriate age (>1 year) is highly recommended. After surgery, amblyopia treatment and periodic follow-up examinations should be started as soon as possible to achieve a satisfactory visual outcome. Practitioners should consider the possibility of posterior capsular opacity, elevated intraocular pressure and amblyopia during follow-up, especially in eyes with microphthalmia and/or associated congenital anomalies. All strabismic children should undergo slit lamp examination prior to strabismus surgery to rule out congenital lens opacities. From a social point of view, equal and fair medical care should be provided to all children regardless of gender.
Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in mild dementia: a comparison between Alzheimer's disease and multi‐infarct dementia

The objective was to investigate the clinical and psychometric differences between patients with dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) and patients with multi‐infarct dementia (MID), matched for age, sex, education, and severity. Sixteen patients with DAT, 16 patients with MID, and 30 healthy individuals, were drawn from a longitudinal study on aging and dementia. Subjects with medical or previous mental disorders were excluded. DAT and controls with focal brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were excluded. Diagnosis of dementia was carried out according to DSM‐III‐R criteria. Dementia severity was staged using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, and only patients with a score of 0.5‐1 on CDR were studied. The main outcome measures were quantitative clinical scales of the assessment of global mental status, depression and anxiety, as well as a wide battery of neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of executive/conceptual functions and memory, as well as attention verbal ability, and visuospatial skill functions. The performance of demented patients compared to normal controls was affected on all measurements except for depression and anxiety. DAT patients showed compared to MID patients a greater extent of impairment on tasks assessing verbal comprehension and memory while MID patients were more significantly impaired on measures of frontal lobe functioning. Clinically matched DAT and MID patients show a differential pattern of neuropsychological impairment when studied in an early stage of dementia and with a mild degree of severity. Such patterns might be of value for the development of clinical diagnostic criteria.
Entropic transport: a test bed for the Fick–Jacobs approximation

Biased diffusive transport of Brownian particles through irregularly shaped, narrow confining quasi-one-dimensional structures is investigated. The complexity of the higher dimensional diffusive dynamics is reduced by means of the so-called Fick–Jacobs approximation, yielding an effective one-dimensional stochastic dynamics. Accordingly, the elimination of transverse, equilibrated degrees of freedom stemming from geometrical confinements and/or bottlenecks causes entropic potential barriers that the particles have to overcome when moving forward noisily. The applicability and the validity of the reduced kinetic description are tested by comparing the approximation with Brownian dynamics simulations in full configuration space. This non-equilibrium transport in such quasi-one-dimensional irregular structures implies, for moderate-to-strong bias, a characteristic violation of the Sutherland–Einstein fluctuation–dissipation relation.
Achieving scalable model-based testing through test case diversity

The increase in size and complexity of modern software systems requires scalable, systematic, and automated testing approaches. Model-based testing (MBT), as a systematic and automated test case generation technique, is being successfully applied to verify industrial-scale systems and is supported by commercial tools. However, scalability is still an open issue for large systems, as in practice there are limits to the amount of testing that can be performed in industrial contexts. Even with standard coverage criteria, the resulting test suites generated by MBT techniques can be very large and expensive to execute, especially for system level testing on real deployment platforms and network facilities. Therefore, a scalable MBT technique should be flexible regarding the size of the generated test suites and should be easily accommodated to fit resource and time constraints. Our approach is to select a subset of the generated test suite in such a way that it can be realistically executed and analyzed within the time and resource constraints, while preserving the fault revealing power of the original test suite to a maximum extent. In this article, to address this problem, we introduce a family of similarity-based test case selection techniques for test suites generated from state machines. We evaluate 320 different similarity-based selection techniques and then compare the effectiveness of the best similarity-based selection technique with other common selection techniques in the literature. The results based on two industrial case studies, in the domain of embedded systems, show significant benefits and a large improvement in performance when using a similarity-based approach. We complement these analyses with further studies on the scalability of the technique and the effects of failure rate on its effectiveness. We also propose a method to identify optimal tradeoffs between the number of test cases to run and fault detection.
Inclusive Schooling in a Plural Society: Removing the Margins.

For many children and youth from racially and ethnically minoritized communities, the Euro-centric focus of public education can be an alienating experience. Having been in this situation as a Pakistani-Muslim immigrant growing up in predominantly white suburban schools in Canada, I have first hand knowledge of how the politics of social difference can inform the experiences of marginalized youth on a day-to-day basis. This reinforced for me a position of being located on the margins instead of in the centre of educational discourse and praxis. Inclusive Schooling in a Plural Society: Removing the Margins
Has cutting become cool? : Normalising, social influence and socially-motivated deliberate self-harm in adolescent girls : a research project presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealan

The literature focusing on deliberate self-harm (DSH) has grown exponentially over the last decade. The most commonly understood reasons for DSH are based on distress relief and attenuation of emotional numbness. However, few studies have explored the social aspects of DSH. With the advent of some youth subcultures where DSH appears to be routine, the possibility arises that DSH may have become a normalised, social behaviour which is influenced by peers and which may not always be rooted in underlying psychopathology, such as borderline personality disorder (BPD), or it may derive from a somewhat different pattern of underlying psychopathology than that which is usually found among those who engage in DSH. This study aimed to explore the differences between self-harming and non-self-harming adolescent girls, and between girls who self-harm for social reasons and those who endorse other reasons for DSH, in terms of social influence, underlying psychopathology and normalising of DSH. Participants were 387 adolescent girls (303 non-self-harmers and 84 self-harmers) from schools in the greater Auckland area. Results showed that socially-motivated selfharmers were more susceptible to peer pressure and endorsed higher levels of normalisation of DSH than their counterparts, although overall levels of normalisation were low. However, those who endorsed social reasons for harm did not do so exclusively and were just as likely to endorse emotional reasons. Social harmers did not differ from other harmers in terms of psychological problems but indicated that the impact of their problems was less. When compared to non-self-harmers, the selfharming girls scored higher in peer influence and lower in parent influence, and also scored higher on measures of psychopathology. Clinical implications and suggestions for further research are discussed. Deliberate Self-Harm ii
A multilingual study on intensity as a cue for marking prosodic boundaries

Speech intensity is one of the main prosodic cues, playing a role in most of the suprasegmental phenomena. Despite this, its contribution to the signalling of prosodic hierarchy is still relatively understudied, compared to the other cues, like duration or fundamental frequency. We present here an investigation on the role of intensity in prosodic boundary detection in four different languages, by testing several intensity measures. The statistical analysis performed showed significant correlates of prosodic boundaries, for most intensity measures employed and in all languages. Our findings were further validated with a classification experiment in which the boundary/non-boundary distinction was learned in unsupervised manner, using only intensity cues. It showed that intensity range measures outperform absolute intensity measures, with the total intensity range being consistently the best feature.
Effect of tributyltin (TBT) on ATP levels in human natural killer (NK) cells: Relationship to TBT‐induced decreases in NK function

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role that tributyltin (TBT)‐induced decreases in ATP levels may play in TBT‐induced decreases in the tumor lysing (lytic) function of natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are a subset of lymphocytes that act as an initial immune defense against tumor cells and virally infected cells. TBT is an environmental contaminant that has been detected in human blood, which has been shown to interfere with ATP synthesis. Previous studies have shown that TBT is able to decrease very significantly the lytic function of NK cells. In this study NK cells were exposed to various concentrations of TBT and to two other compounds that interfere with ATP synthesis (rotenone a complex I inhibitor and oligomycin an ATP synthase inhibitor) for various lengths of time before determining the levels of ATP and lytic function. Exposures of NK cells to 10, 25, 50 and 100 nm TBT did not significantly reduce ATP levels after 24 h. However, these same exposures caused significant decreases in cytotoxic function. Studies of brief 1 h exposures to a range of TBT, rotenone and oligomycin concentrations followed by 24 h, 48 h and 6 day periods in compound‐free media prior to assaying for ATP levels or cytotoxic function showed that each of the compounds caused persistent decreases in ATP levels and lytic function of NK cells. Exposures to 0.05–5 µm rotenone or oligomycin for 1 h reduced ATP levels by 20–25% but did not have any measurable effect on the ability of NK cells to lyse tumor cells. ATP levels were also decreased by about 20–25% after 24 h or 48 h exposures to rotenone or oligomycin (0.5 µm ), and the lytic function was decreased by about 50%. The results suggest that TBT‐induced decreases in ATP levels were not responsible for the loss of cytotoxic function seen at 1 h and 24 h. However, TBT‐induced decreases of NK‐ATP levels may be at least in part responsible for losses of NK‐cytotoxic function seen after 48 h and 6 day exposures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.