Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Endoplasmic Reticulum-Bound Ca2+/Mn2+Pump, ECA1, Supports Plant Growth and Confers Tolerance to Mn2+ Stress1

Plants can grow in soils containing highly variable amounts of mineral nutrients, like Ca2+ and Mn2+, though the mechanisms of adaptation are poorly understood. Here, we report the first genetic study to determine in vivo functions of a Ca2+ pump in plants. Homozygous mutants of Arabidopsis harboring a T-DNA disruption in ECA1 showed a 4-fold reduction in endoplasmic reticulum-type calcium pump activity. Surprisingly, the phenotype of mutant plants was indistinguishable from wild type when grown on standard nutrient medium containing 1.5 mmCa2+ and 50 μm Mn2+. However, mutants grew poorly on medium with low Ca2+ (0.2 mm) or high Mn2+ (0.5 mm). On high Mn2+, the mutants failed to elongate their root hairs, suggesting impairment in tip growth processes. Expression of the wild-type gene (CAMV35S::ECA1) reversed these conditional phenotypes. The activity of ECA1 was examined by expression in a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant, K616, which harbors a deletion of its endogenous calcium pumps. In vitro assays demonstrated that Ca2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+stimulated formation of a phosphoenzyme intermediate, consistent with the translocation of these ions by the pump. ECA1 provided increased tolerance of yeast mutant to toxic levels of Mn2+ (1 mm) and Zn2+(3 mm), consistent with removal of these ions from the cytoplasm. These results show that despite the potential redundancy of multiple Ca2+ pumps and Ca2+/H+ antiporters in Arabidopsis, pumping of Ca2+ and Mn2+ by ECA1 into the endoplasmic reticulum is required to support plant growth under conditions of Ca2+ deficiency or Mn2+ toxicity.
Expressing Causation in Written English

This article reports a study of the ways in which the notion of causation is expressed in written British English. The focus of the study was on how causation is marked or expressed explicitly in the computerised one million word LOB corpus. A total of 130 different devices for expressing causation was collected from a number of sources, and the frequency of these devices in the LOB corpus was established. The use of causative conjunctions was found to be the most frequent of eight major ways of marking causation, closely followed by causative adverbs. There was a tendency for language in use to focus on the cause or reason rather than effect in a causal rela tionship. Causation is also sometimes implied rather than marked explicitly in texts. Because implicit causation is much more difficult to identify, it is suggested that more attention needs to be paid to im plied causation in English language teaching. Comprehension of cau sation is important in language use, affecting both the analysis of in formation in texts and skills such as notetaking involving accurate in formation transfer. The findings of the study provide an empirical basis for the development of course design and teaching materials, especially for courses in English for academic purposes.
Combination dolutegravir–abacavir–lamivudine in the management of HIV/AIDS: clinical utility and patient considerations

The current standard of care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment is a three-drug regimen containing a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a protease inhibitor, or an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) plus two nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Given their potency, safety, and distinctive mechanism of action, INSTIs represent an important advance in HIV type 1 (HIV-1) therapy. Dolutegravir (DTG) is a new-generation INSTI recently approved for the treatment of HIV-1-infected adult patients, with distinct advantages compared with other available antiretroviral agents. In well-designed, large clinical trials, DTG-containing regimens have demonstrated either noninferiority or superiority to current first-line agents such as raltegravir-, darunavir/ritonavir-, and efavirenz-containing regimens. The favorable safety profile, low potential for drug interactions, minimal impact on lipids, good tolerability, and high resistance barrier of DTG makes this compound one of the preferred choices for HIV therapy in multiple clinical scenarios, including treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients. DTG is the only antiretroviral drug not yet associated with de novo emergence of resistance mutations in treatment-naïve individuals. However, data from in vitro studies and clinical trial suggest the possibility of cross-resistance between first- and second-generation INSTIs. Even though these profiles are infrequent at the moment, they need to be monitored in all current patients treated with INSTIs. With its potent activity, good tolerability, simplicity of dosing, and minimal drug interaction profile, DTG will likely play a major role in the management of patients with HIV-1 infection. On the basis of clinical trial data, current guidelines endorse DTG in combination with nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors as one of the recommended regimens in antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients. Most of the favorable clinical experiences from clinical trials are based on the combination of DTG with abacavir/lamivudine, and DTG is planned to be coformulated with abacavir/lamivudine. This will provide a further advantage, given that single tablet regimens are associated with higher adherence rates as well as improvement in quality of life and enhanced patient preference.
ETHNIC THREAT AND SOCIAL CONTROL: EXAMINING PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR JUDICIAL USE OF ETHNICITY IN PUNISHMENT*

Research on social inequality in punishment has focused for a long time on the complex relationship among race, ethnicity, and criminal sentencing, with a particular interest in the theoretical importance that group threat plays in the exercise of social control in society. Prior research typically relies on aggregate measures of group threat and focuses on racial rather than on ethnic group composition. The current study uses data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents to investigate the influence of more proximate and diverse measures of ethnic group threat, examining public support for the judicial use of ethnic considerations in sentencing. Findings indicate that both aggregate and perceptual measures of threat influence popular support for ethnic disparity in punishment and that individual perceptions of criminal and economic threat are particularly important. Moreover, we find that perceived threat is conditioned by aggregate group threat contexts. Findings are discussed in relation to the growing Hispanic population in the rapidly changing demographic structure of U.S. society.
Postindustrial Environments and Organizational Effectiveness in Colleges and Universities

Almost no one could have accurately predicted the turbulent changes that have characterized the world since the close of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s. Dramatic political rearrangements have shocked even the most astute analysts and observers, and the speed with which technological, organizational, and economic changes have occurred is mind-boggling. Peters' [53] title, Thriving on Chaos, once considered hyperbole, now seems an understatement. Of course, for years, authors have been predicting the emergence of a postindustrial era, characterized by high degrees of turbulent change, competitiveness, information overload, organizational decline, and uncertainty [4, 17, 38]. And there is no dearth of best-selling books touting prescriptions for coping with such conditions, centering on themes such as one-minute managing, intrapreneuring, matrix management, MBWA, quality circles, excellence, wellness, Theory Z, transformational leadership, and customer service [see 5, 28, 54, 73]. On the other hand, almost all of these prescriptions are (1) based on case studies of notable successes and/or notable failures, (2) not inclusive of college and university organizations, and (3) void of systematic, empirical analyses of the relationships between the managerial prescriptions being touted, the turbulent external environment being faced, and organizational effectiveness. Some excellent empirical investigations have been published of responses to environmental jolts [47], decision making in high velocity environments [29], and adaptation to conditions of decline [27, 72]. But
Evidence of tick-borne organisms in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from the western United States.

Free-ranging mule deer (MD; Odocoileus hemionus) from Arizona and California were tested for evidence of infection with several tick-borne pathogens, including species of Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Babesia, and Borrelia. Of 125 mule deer tested from Arizona, 29 (23%) and 11 (9%) had antibodies reactive to E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophilum by indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing, respectively; none of the six MD tested from California were seropositive. Using a commercial competitive ELISA kit, antibodies reactive to Anaplasma spp. were detected in 19 (15%) MD from Arizona and four of six (67%) MD from California. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for tick-borne pathogens was conducted on blood samples from 29 MD from Arizona and 11 MD from California. Twenty-two of 29 (75.9%) MD from Arizona had PCR evidence of infection with at least one tick-borne pathogen. We detected an Anaplasma sp. in 19 of 29 (65.5%) MD and a Babesia sp. in 10 of 29 (34%) MD. Sequencing of these amplicons indicated that the Anaplasma sp. was the same that had previously been detected in MD from California and the Babesia sp. was similar to one previously detected in a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from California. All of the California MD had evidence of infection with a tick-borne pathogen. Two different species of Anaplasma spp. were detected in MD from California, eight of of 11 MD were infected with an Anaplasma sp. , and three of 11 MD were infected with A. ovis. This is the first report of a mule deer naturally infected with A. ovis. Ten of 11 MD from California were infected with a Babesia-like organism previously associated with human disease, and a single MD was PCR positive for Borrelia coriaceae, which has been associated with epizootic bovine abortion. Together, these data suggest that MD in northern Arizona and eastern California are exposed to several pathogens of human and veterinary importance.
Block ownership and information disclosure in privatized firms-Evidence of Web disclosure from China

This paper examines whether the different types of block shareholdings will have a different impact on the extent of Web voluntary disclosure during the differential privatization stages. Prior literature suggests that block ownership may have a substitutive or complementary monitoring effect on corporate disclosure. However, for economies transferring from state endowment to being privately held such as China, the inconsistent roles of state, legal persons and private blockholders with tradable shares have caused concerns in terms of their influence on a company’s voluntary disclosure. Our results show that state and private blockholders with tradable shares have diverse Web reporting policies during the differential privatization stage. The state and legal person shares are less likely to engage in Internet voluntary disclosure and private blockholders appear inattentive to Web disclosure too in highly privatized firms. The findings indicate the possibility of information asymmetry in highly privatized firms, namely that a reporting choice may exist due to the blockholder’s intention rather than public’s interests. The results suggest that reinforcement of the institutional environment and continuous scrutiny of a firm’s reporting practices should be emphasized during privatization.
Effect of passengers’ active head tilt and opening/closure of eyes on motion sickness in lateral acceleration environment of cars

Abstract This study examined the effect of passengers’ active head-tilt and eyes-open/eyes-closed conditions on the severity of motion sickness in the lateral acceleration environment of cars. In the centrifugal head-tilt condition, participants intentionally tilted their heads towards the centrifugal force, whereas in the centripetal head-tilt condition, the participants tilted their heads against the centrifugal acceleration. The eyes-open and eyes-closed cases were investigated for each head-tilt condition. In the experimental runs, the sickness rating in the centripetal head-tilt condition was significantly lower than that in the centrifugal head-tilt condition. Moreover, the sickness rating in the eyes-open condition was significantly lower than that in the eyes-closed condition. The results suggest that an active head-tilt motion against the centrifugal acceleration reduces the severity of motion sickness both in the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. They also demonstrate that the eyes-open condition significantly reduces the motion sickness even when the head-tilt strategy is used. Practitioner Summary: Little is known about the effect of head-tilt strategies on motion sickness. This study investigated the effects of head-tilt direction and eyes-open/eyes-closed conditions on motion sickness during slalom automobile driving. Passengers’ active head tilt towards the centripetal direction and the eyes-open condition greatly reduce the severity of motion sickness.
An end-to-end adaptation protocol for layered video multicast using optimal rate allocation

Layered transmission is a promising solution to video multicast over the heterogeneous Internet. However, since the number of layers is practically limited, noticeable mismatches would occur between the coarse-grained layer subscription levels and the heterogeneous and dynamic rate requirements from the receivers. In this paper, we show that such mismatch can be effectively reduced using a dynamic and fine-grained layer rate allocation on the sender's side. Specifically, we study the optimization criteria for rate allocation, and propose a metric called application-aware fairness index. This metric takes into consideration 1) the nonlinear relation between the perceived video quality and the delivered rate and 2) the degree of satisfaction for receivers with heterogeneous bandwidth requirements. We formulate the rate allocation into an optimization problem with the objective of maximizing the expected fairness index for all receivers in a multicast session. We then derive an efficient and scalable solution, and demonstrate that it can be seamlessly integrated into an end-to-end adaptation protocol, called hybrid adaptation layered multicast (HALM). This protocol takes advantage of the emerging fine-grained layered coding, and is fully compatible with the best-effort Internet infrastructure. Simulation and numerical results show that HALM noticeably improves the degree of fairness, and interacts with TCP traffic better than static allocation based protocols. More important, increasing the number of layers in HALM generally improves the degree of fairness; it is sufficient to obtain satisfactory performance with a small number of layers (three to five layers).
Cervical artery dissection

Objective: To examine the import of prior cervical trauma (PCT) in patients with cervical artery dissection (CeAD). Methods: In this observational study, the presence of and the type of PCT were systematically ascertained in CeAD patients using 2 different populations for comparisons: 1) age- and sex-matched patients with ischemic stroke attributable to a cause other than CeAD (non–CeAD-IS), and 2) healthy subjects participating in the Cervical Artery Dissection and Ischemic Stroke Patients Study. The presence of PCT within 1 month was assessed using a standardized questionnaire. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and ORs adjusted for age, sex, and center were calculated. Results: We analyzed 1,897 participants (n = 966 with CeAD, n = 651 with non–CeAD-IS, n = 280 healthy subjects). CeAD patients had PCT in 40.5% (38.2%–44.5%) of cases, with 88% (344 of 392) classified as mild. PCT was more common in CeAD patients than in non–CeAD-IS patients (ORcrude 5.6 [95% CI 4.20–7.37], p < 0.001; ORadjusted 7.6 [95% CI 5.60–10.20], p < 0.001) or healthy subjects (ORcrude 2.8 [95% CI 2.03–3.68], p < 0.001; ORadjusted 3.7 [95% CI 2.40–5.56], p < 0.001). CeAD patients with PCT were younger and presented more often with neck pain and less often with stroke than CeAD patients without PCT. PCT was not associated with functional 3-month outcome after adjustment for age, sex, and stroke severity. Conclusion: PCT seems to be an important environmental determinant of CeAD, but was not an independent outcome predictor. Because of the characteristics of most PCTs, the term mechanical trigger event rather than trauma may be more appropriate.
Chromosomal Diversity in Lactococcus lactis and the Origin of Dairy Starter Cultures

A large collection of Lactococcus lactis strains, including wild-type isolates and dairy starter cultures, were screened on the basis of their phenotype and the macrorestriction patterns produced from pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of SmaI digests of genomic DNA. Three groups of dairy starter cultures, used for different purposes in the dairy industry, and a fourth group made up of strains isolated from the environment were selected for analysis of their chromosomal diversity using the endonuclease I-CeuI. Chromosome architecture was largely conserved with each strain having six copies of the rRNA genes, and the chromosome size of individual strains ranged between 2,240 and 2,688 kb. The origin of L. lactis strains showed the greatest correlation with chromosome size, and dairy strains, particularly those with the cremoris phenotype, had smaller chromosomes than wild-type strains. Overall, this study, coupled with analysis of the sequenced L. lactis genomes, provides evidence that defined strain dairy starter cultures have arisen from plant L. lactis strains. Adaptation of these strains to the dairy environment has involved loss of functions resulting in smaller chromosomes and acquisition of genes (usually plasmid associated) that facilitate growth in milk. We conclude that dairy starter cultures generally and the industrially used cremoris and diacetylactis phenotype strains in particular comprise a specialized group of L. lactis strains that have been selected to become an essential component of industrial processes and have evolved accordingly, so that they are no longer fit to survive outside the dairy environment.
Effects of cognitive behavioral coaching on depressive symptoms in a sample of type 2 diabetic inpatients in Nigeria

Background: Depression is one of the mental health problems confronting those with diabetes mellitus and may result from self-defeating thoughts and lifestyles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral coaching (CBC) program on depressive symptoms in a sample of the Type 2 diabetic inpatients in Onitsha metropolis of Anambra State, Nigeria. Methods: The design of the study was pretest–post-test randomized control group design. The participants were 80 Type 2 diabetic inpatients randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups. The primary outcome measures were Beck's Depression Inventory-II and a Diabetic Inpatient's Depressive Symptoms Observation Checklist. Mean, standard deviation, repeated measures analysis of covariance, and partial eta squared were used for data analysis. Results: The results revealed that the baseline of depressive symptoms was similar between the control and treatment groups of the Type 2 diabetic inpatients. But, exposing the Type 2 diabetic inpatients to a cognitive behavioral coaching program significantly reduced the depressive symptoms in the treatment group compared to those in the control group at the end of the intervention. The effects of cognitive behavioral coaching program on the depressive symptoms of those in the treatment group remained consistent at a 6 month follow-up meetings compared to the control group. Conclusion: Given the potential benefits of a cognitive behavioral coaching program, clinicians and mental health professionals are urged to support and implement evidence-based cognitive-behavioral coaching interventions aimed at promoting diabetic inpatients’ wellbeing in the Nigerian hospitals.
News‐Media and Terrorism: Changing Relationship, Changing Definitions

This article discusses two aspects that are important for understanding the relationship between Western news media and terrorism: the changing representation of terrorists and terrorist attacks in the media and, with it, the changing definition of terrorism. By calling attention to evolving news media practices in times of terrorism, I argue that advanced communication technologies and the emergence of global media ecology since the 1990s has made terrorism more visible in both national and international media landscapes. One result is that the more the news media expose terrorism to global audiences via the “front door,” the more controversial the use of the terms “terrorism” and “terrorist” become in social, political, and scholarly discourses. The paper addresses the evolving journalistic practices and their consequences as documented in previous studies on media reporting of terrorism in several national contexts, mostly the UK, the United States, and Israel.
The psychological contracts of violation victims: A post‐violation model

Summary Organizations may fail to keep their commitments to their employees, at times leading to psychological contract violation. Although many victims of violation remain with their employer despite such adverse experiences, little research exists on their responses in the aftermath of violation. This paper develops a post-violation model to explain systematically how violation victims respond to and cope with violation and the effects this process has on their subsequent psychological contract. Central to post-violation are the victims' beliefs regarding the likelihood of violation resolution and the factors affecting it. The model specifies how the victim engages in a self-regulation process that results in an array of potential psychological contract outcomes. Possible outcomes include reactivation of the original pre-violation contract, the formation of a new contract that may be more or less attractive than the original, or a state of dissolution wherein the victim fails to form a functional psychological contract with the employer. The research and practical implications of this model are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.