Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: What Every Parent Wants to Know

About the Authors Foreword by U.S. Congresswoman Anne M. Northup Preface Section I: What Is ADHD and What Causes It? 1. Definition and Characteristics of ADHD 2. Causes of ADHD Section II: How Is ADHD Diagnosed? 3. Diagnosing ADHD by Observing Behavior 4. Diagnosing ADHD by Interviewing 5. Diagnosing ADHD by Using Parent and Teacher Ratings 6. Diagnosing ADHD from Physical, Biomedical, Laboratory, and Mental Measures 7. Case Examples in Assessing Children Section III: How Is ADHD Treated? 8. Behavior Management to Help the Child with ADHD 9. Medication Treatment in ADHD Eric Benjamin 10. ADHD and Eligibility for Special School Services 11. Finding the Best School Placement 12. Classroom Techniques 13. Counseling, Biofeedback, and Other Interventions 14. Case Examples in Treatment 15. Financing Help for Your Child References Index.
Prevalence of genital mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas and chlamydia in pregnancy

Summary The study was designed to determine the prevalence of genital mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas and Chlamydia on women attending their first prenatal visit, in conjunction with pre-term labour or HIV status. For pre-term labour (2003), 199 women were monitored for pre-term delivery (<37 weeks); for colonisation and HIV (2005), 219 women were screened. Microbial detection was performed on DNA extracted from endocervical swabs employing PCR techniques. Colonisation was seen to be highest in the 14–20 year age group from 2003. In women aged ≥21 years, co-colonisation was 13%, although there was a shift from co-colonisation with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in 2003, to other dual/triple combinations in 2005. Overall, major trends from both collection periods were that the prevalence of U. urealyticum tended to be higher in women ≥26 years, while the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and M. hominis lower. No association was evident between colonisation with M. hominis, U. urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum and labour outcome. HIV status had no effect on the prevalence/co-colonisation of M. hominis, U. urealyticum or C. trachomatis. The importance of genital mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas and C. trachomatis in long-term aetiologies requires further investigations, certainly in relation to syndromic management regimens that fail to reduce colonisation rates.
The significance of anaemia in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND The effects of pre-existing anaemia on the occurrence and course of an acute coronary syndrome has recently become a topic of extensive research. The data on the significance of anaemia in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are less abundant and the conclusions equivocal. AIM To evaluate the incidence of anaemia and its impact on early outcomes in patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI. METHODS Based on a retrospective review of the medical records of hospitalised patients we selected a study group comprising 551 consecutive patients with STEMI, including 164 females, mean age 63.4 ± 12 years, undergoing primary PCI within the first 12 hours after the onset of chest pain. Anaemia was diagnosed according to the World Health Organisation criteria based on haemoglobin (Hb) values on admission (〈 12 g/dL for females, 〈 13 g/dL for males). RESULTS Anaemia was diagnosed in 61 (11%) patients (in 13% of females and 10% of males). The anaemic patients were older (71 vs 63 years, p 〈 0.001), had a lower body mass (70 vs 80 kg, p 〈 0.003) and a higher TIMI risk score for STEMI (5 vs 3, p 〈 0.0001). Their laboratory results showed a greater renal impairment (GFR 66.8 vs 75.8 mL/min, p 〈 0.008) and higher C-reactive protein levels (24.8 vs 14.4 mg/L, p 〈 0.001). There were no significant differences in post-infarction myocardial damage as estimated on the basis of ejection fraction and the baseline and peak CK-MB levels. During treatment, in both groups, there was a significant decrease in Hb levels from 11.9 to 11.0 g/dL in the anaemic patients (p 〈 0.0004) and from 14.3 to 13.3 g/dL in the non-anaemic patients (p 〈 0.001). While GFR did not change significantly in the anaemic patients, there was a significant increase in the non-anaemic patients from 75.8 to 80.9 mL/min (p 〈 0.001). The in-hospital mortality was low with a total of 8 (1.3%) patients dying: 5 (8.2%) in the anaemic group and 3 (0.6%) in the non-anaemic group (p 〈 0.001). The anaemic patients were also characterised by a higher incidence of cardiovascular complications (33% vs 17%, p = 0.003). In the multivariate analysis, older age, systolic blood pressure on admission and elevated white blood count were independently associated with a higher risk of death and cardiovascular complications, whereas baseline Hb level was a significant prognostic factor only in the univariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Patients with anaemia who develop STEMI are, right from the admission, a separate, higher-risk population of patients with considerably increased risk of death and in-hospital cardiovascular complications. The unfavourable impact of anaemia on outcomes in patients with acute MI undergoing PCI is complex and cannot be explained by the increased extend of post-infarction myocardial damage. In patients with STEMI, anaemia on admission should be treated as an additional risk factor.
Correlation of N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) with survival and fractures in patients (pts) with bone metastases from renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

e16016 Background: The osteolysis marker NTX has shown prognostic significance in pts with bone metastases from a broad range of solid tumors, but its potential in pts with RCC has not been investigated. METHODS This was an exploratory correlative analysis of NTX levels and outcomes in the RCC subset of pts treated with zoledronic acid (ZOL) in a 21-month phase III trial (Rosen et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002). In North American pts in this study, urinary NTX was measured approximately every 3 mo and was expressed per mmol creatinine (CR). Endpoints included overall survival (OS), disease progression in bone, and pathologic fractures. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for pts with elevated NTX (NTX ≥ 64 nmol/mmol CR) versus normal NTX (< 64 nmol/mmol CR) were calculated by Cox regression for baseline and most recent (≤ 6 mo prior) NTX assessments. RESULTS Among 55 ZOL-treated RCC pts, 29 had baseline NTX data (median = 60 nmol/mmol CR). Whereas baseline NTX levels showed trends for outcomes, recent NTX levels profoundly correlated with outcomes ( Table ). An elevated recent NTX measurement correlated with a > 13-fold increased risk of death and a > 11-fold increased risk of progression in bone. Correlations were also significant for first and all on-study fractures. CONCLUSIONS In pts with RCC receiving ZOL, serial NTX assessments may provide important prognostic insight. Although based on a small sample size, correlations between recent NTX levels and outcomes in RCC pts are more profound than those previously reported in pts with other solid tumors (Brown et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005). Elevated NTX could alert physicians to the need to more closely monitor bone lesions and intervene to prevent fractures in RCC pts. This may be especially important in the context of new systemic therapies that are improving the outlook in the advanced RCC setting. [Table: see text] [Table: see text].
Sonographic joint assessment in rheumatoid arthritis: associations with clinical joint assessment during a state of remission.

OBJECTIVE Sonography, as compared with clinical assessment, is a sensitive tool for evaluating synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, differences between these assessment tools may depend on how joint activity (i.e., an active joint) is defined. The present study was undertaken to compare clinically active joints with sonographically active joints in patients with RA, applying different sonographic definitions of an active joint. METHODS Sonographic assessment of the finger and wrist joints (total of 11 joints) of each hand was performed in RA patients whose disease was in remission (Clinical Disease Activity Index ≤2.8; n = 60). Gray-scale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound signals for synovitis were evaluated on a 4-point scale (grade 0 = none, grade 3 = severe). The sensitivity and specificity of swollen joint counts were investigated using, as reference, increasingly stringent sonographic definitions of an active joint. Sonographic findings were also assessed for correlations with other clinical variables, including the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI). Followup analyses were performed after 6-12 months. RESULTS GS ultrasound signals yielded positive findings for synovitis in 67.2% of the 1,320 joints assessed, and PD ultrasound signals indicated signs of synovitis in 20.4% of the joints assessed. Clinical identification of joint swelling was 100% specific for sonographic joint activity, independent of the stringency of the sonographic definition used; maximum sensitivity of the swollen joint counts was 25% for the most stringent definition (i.e., GS grade 3 and PD grade 3). Furthermore, patients with a higher-grade PD signal (grade 3) showed a higher HAQ DI score compared to patients with lower-grade PD signals (mean ± SD HAQ DI 0.45 ± 0.62 versus 0.20 ± 0.35). A higher grade of PD signal at baseline was found in joints that were assessed as clinically swollen at the consecutive followup visit. CONCLUSION Low-grade PD and GS ultrasound signals may not necessarily reflect the presence of active synovitis in RA joints. High-grade PD signals correlate well with the presence of clinical joint swelling and clinical disease activity, and a higher grade of PD signal is associated with higher degrees of functional impairment.
Structural MRI biomarkers for preclinical and mild Alzheimer's disease

Noninvasive MRI biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) may enable earlier clinical diagnosis and the monitoring of therapeutic effectiveness. To assess potential neuroimaging biomarkers, the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative is following normal controls (NC) and individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD. We applied high‐throughput image analyses procedures to these data to demonstrate the feasibility of detecting subtle structural changes in prodromal AD. Raw DICOM scans (139 NC, 175 MCI, and 84 AD) were downloaded for analysis. Volumetric segmentation and cortical surface reconstruction produced continuous cortical surface maps and region‐of‐interest (ROI) measures. The MCI cohort was subdivided into single‐ (SMCI) and multiple‐domain MCI (MMCI) based on neuropsychological performance. Repeated measures analyses of covariance were used to examine group and hemispheric effects while controlling for age, sex, and, for volumetric measures, intracranial vault. ROI analyses showed group differences for ventricular, temporal, posterior and rostral anterior cingulate, posterior parietal, and frontal regions. SMCI and NC differed within temporal, rostral posterior cingulate, inferior parietal, precuneus, and caudal midfrontal regions. With MMCI and AD, greater differences were evident in these regions and additional frontal and retrosplenial cortices; evidence for non‐AD pathology in MMCI also was suggested. Mesial temporal right‐dominant asymmetries were evident and did not interact with diagnosis. Our findings demonstrate that high‐throughput methods provide numerous measures to detect subtle effects of prodromal AD, suggesting early and later stages of the preclinical state in this cross‐sectional sample. These methods will enable a more complete longitudinal characterization and allow us to identify changes that are predictive of conversion to AD. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Telephone triage systems in UK general practice: analysis of consultation duration during the index day in a pragmatic randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Telephone triage is an increasingly common means of handling requests for same-day appointments in general practice. AIM To determine whether telephone triage (GP-led or nurse-led) reduces clinician-patient contact time on the day of the request (the index day), compared with usual care. DESIGN AND SETTING A total of 42 practices in England recruited to the ESTEEM trial. METHOD Duration of initial contact (following the appointment request) was measured for all ESTEEM trial patients consenting to case notes review, and that of a sample of subsequent face-to-face consultations, to produce composite estimates of overall clinician time during the index day. RESULTS Data were available from 16,711 initial clinician-patient contacts, plus 1290 GP, and 176 nurse face-to-face consultations. The mean (standard deviation) duration of initial contacts in each arm was: GP triage 4.0 (2.8) minutes; nurse triage 6.6 (3.8) minutes; and usual care 9.5 (5.0) minutes. Estimated overall contact duration (including subsequent contacts on the same day) was 10.3 minutes for GP triage, 14.8 minutes for nurse triage, and 9.6 minutes for usual care. In nurse triage, more than half the duration of clinician contact (7.7 minutes) was with a GP. This was less than the 9.0 minutes of GP time used in GP triage. CONCLUSION Telephone triage is not associated with a reduction in overall clinician contact time during the index day. Nurse-led triage is associated with a reduction in GP contact time but with an overall increase in clinician contact time. Individual practices may wish to interpret the findings in the context of the available skill mix of clinicians.
Outreach to diversify clinical trial participation: A randomized recruitment study

Background/Aims Racial and ethnic minorities remain underrepresented in clinical research, yet few recruitment strategies have been rigorously evaluated. Methods We experimentally tested whether targeted recruitment letters acknowledging diabetes health disparities and health risks specific to recipients’ racial/ethnic group improved two metrics of trial participation: willingness to be screened and enrollment. This experiment was efficiently nested within a randomized clinical trial examining a preventive lifestyle intervention among women at high risk for diabetes. Pregnant women with gestational diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (N = 445) were randomized to receive a targeted recruitment letter with health risk information specific to their racial/ethnic group (n = 216), or a standard letter with risk information for the general population (n = 229). All letters were bilingual in English and Spanish. Results The targeted as compared to the standard letter did not improve screening or enrollment rates overall or within separate racial/ethnic groups. Among Latina women who preferred Spanish, the targeted letter showed trends for improved screening (66.7% vs 33.3%, p = .06) and enrollment rates (38.9% vs 13.3%, p = .13). In contrast, among Latina women who preferred English, the targeted letter significantly lowered screening (29.6% vs 57.1%, p = .04) and showed trends for lowered enrollment rates (25.9% vs 50.0%, p = .07). Conclusion Results from this randomized study appear to suggest that recruitment letters with diabetes health risk information targeted to recipients’ race/ethnicity may improve one metric of clinical trial participation among Latina women who prefer Spanish, but not English. Larger experimental studies, incorporating input from diverse participant stakeholders, are needed to develop evidence-based minority recruitment strategies.
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity the Relationship between Unsupervised Time after School and Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls

Background: Rising obesity and declining physical activity levels are of great concern because of the associated health risks. Many children are left unsupervised after the school day ends, but little is known about the association between unsupervised time and physical activity levels. This paper seeks to determine whether adolescent girls who are without adult supervision after school are more or less active than their peers who have a caregiver at home.
Institutional Determinants of Investment in Transition Economies

Investment has been found to be a significant determinant of growth. This paper analyses the effects of institutions and transition progress on investment rates of transition economies since the collapse of the Socialist Bloc. Political institution is measured by the Freedom House’s Political Rights and Civil Liberties indexes; economic institution is proxied by the Index of Economic Freedom compiled by the Heritage Foundation; and transition progress is documented by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s transition index. Panel data estimation techniques are applied and the results show that institutions and transition progress have expected and significant effect on investment rates of transition economies. However, it is the progress in all aspects of economic freedom that matters; just some individual economic freedom measures are significant marginally. Besides, as conditioning variables, growth, saving and financial development (liquid liabilities as % of GDP) are also found to have significant and positive effect on investment in transition economies. This paper highlights the indirect effect of institutions on economic growth via investment.
Detecting and measuring asymmetric links in an IP network

The rapid growth of Internet traffic has made it important to pinpoint network bottlenecks. Measuring link bandwidths can help identifying such bottlenecks. Existing bandwidth measurement tools such as Pathchar, Bing and Bprobe assume symmetric links. But as ADSL lines, cable modems, satellite links, and 56 K modems gain popularity, it becomes necessary to consider asymmetric links. We present an algorithm that can measure each hop's link bandwidth in both directions in an IP network. Hence it is trivial to detect link asymmetry. We performed several experiments to validate our algorithm. We also discuss factors that can adversely affect the precision and/or correctness of bandwidth measurement, and suggest some possible solutions.
The effect of causal strength on the use of causal and similarity-based information in feature inference

The Effect of Causal Strength on the Use of Causal and Similarity-based Information in Feature Inference Rachel Stephens School of Psychology, University of Adelaide Daniel Navarro School of Psychology, University of Adelaide John Dunn School of Psychology, University of Adelaide Michael Lee Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine Abstract: Category-based feature generalizations are affected by similarity relationships between objects and by knowledge of causal relationships between features. However, there is disagreement between recent studies about whether people will simultaneously consider both relationships. To help resolve this discrepancy, the current study addresses an important difference between past experimental designs: the strength of causal relationships between features. Participants were trained on a set of four different kinds of artificial alien animals, and were taught about three novel features. Participants were taught that either: 1) there were no relationships between the three features; 2) the features shared weak causal relationships; or 3) the features shared strong causal relationships. After training, all participants made feature predictions about the four kinds of animals, to test which relationships the participants used. Three probabilistic graphical models were fit to participants’ predictions: one that considers only the tree-structured similarities between objects, one that considers only the causal chain relationships between features, and one that combines knowledge of both relationships. It was found that the strength of the causal relationships influenced the degree to which participants’ feature generalizations were affected by causal and similarity considerations.
Accumulation of TIP2;2 Aquaporin during Dark Adaptation Is Partially PhyA Dependent in Roots of Arabidopsis Seedlings

Light regulates the expression and function of aquaporins, which are involved in water and solute transport. In Arabidopsis thaliana, mRNA levels of one of the aquaporin genes, TIP2;2, increase during dark adaptation and decrease under far-red light illumination, but the effects of light at the protein level and on the mechanism of light regulation remain unknown. Numerous studies have described the light regulation of aquaporin genes, but none have identified the regulatory mechanisms behind this regulation via specific photoreceptor signaling. In this paper, we focus on the role of phytochrome A (phyA) signaling in the regulation of the TIP2;2 protein. We generated Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing a TIP2;2-GFP fusion protein driven by its own promoter, and showed several differences in TIP2;2 behavior between wild type and the phyA mutant. Fluorescence of TIP2;2-GFP protein in the endodermis of roots in the wild-type seedlings increased during dark adaptation, but not in the phyA mutant. The amount of the TIP2;2-GFP protein in wild-type seedlings decreased rapidly under far-red light illumination, and a delay in reduction of TIP2;2-GFP was observed in the phyA mutant. Our results imply that phyA, cooperating with other photoreceptors, modulates the level of TIP2;2 in Arabidopsis roots.
A Deliberation Procedure for Judgment Aggregation Problems

Judgment aggregation problems are a class of collective decision-making problems represented in an abstract way, subsuming some well known collective decision-making problems such voting problems. A collective decision can be reached either by aggregation of individual decisions or by deliberation -- allowing each decision-maker to change their individual decision in response to the individual decisions the other decision-makers made in the previous step. Impossibility results exist for judgment aggregation operators, voting operators, and judgment deliberation operators. However, while specific aggregation operators were constructed for aggregation of judgments and votes, deliberation procedures have only been studied for voting problems. Here we propose a deliberation procedure for judgment aggregation, based on movements in an undirected graph, and we study for which instances it produces a consensus. We also compare the computational complexity of our deliberation procedure with that of related judgment aggregation operators.