Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Positive Effects of Extra Curricular Activities on Students

xtracurricular activities are found in all levels of our schools in many different forms. They can be sports, clubs, debate, drama, school publications, student council, and other social events. A student’s future can be determined in the things that they do in the hours after school and before their parents get home. This paper describes the role of extracurricular activities and the positive effects that they can have on students of all kinds ranging from the above average student to the student that is on the brink of dropping out of school.
LP 714-37: A Wide Pair of Ultracool Dwarfs Actually Is a Triple

LP 714-37 was identified by Phan-Bao et al. as one of the very few wide pairs of very low mass (VLM) stars known to date, with a separation of 33 AU. Here we present adaptive optics imaging that resolves the secondary of the wide pair into a tighter binary, with a projected angular separation of 0. ″36, or 7 AU. The estimated spectral types of LP 714-37B and LP 714-37C are M8.0 and M8.5, respectively. We discuss the implications of this finding for brown dwarf formation scenarios.
Method comparison of ultrasound and kilovoltage x-ray fiducial marker imaging for prostate radiotherapy targeting

Several measurement techniques have been developed to address the capability for target volume reduction via target localization in image-guided radiotherapy; among these have been ultrasound (US) and fiducial marker (FM) software-assisted localization. In order to assess interchangeability between methods, US and FM localization were compared using established techniques for determination of agreement between measurement methods when a ‘gold-standard’ comparator does not exist, after performing both techniques daily on a sequential series of patients. At least 3 days prior to CT simulation, four gold seeds were placed within the prostate. FM software-assisted localization utilized the ExacTrac X-Ray 6D (BrainLab AG, Germany) kVp x-ray image acquisition system to determine prostate position; US prostate targeting was performed on each patient using the SonArray (Varian, Palo Alto, CA). Patients were aligned daily using laser alignment of skin marks. Directional shifts were then calculated by each respective system in the X, Y and Z dimensions before each daily treatment fraction, previous to any treatment or couch adjustment, as well as a composite vector of displacement. Directional shift agreement in each axis was compared using Altman–Bland limits of agreement, Lin's concordance coefficient with Partik's grading schema, and Deming orthogonal bias-weighted correlation methodology. 1019 software-assisted shifts were suggested by US and FM in 39 patients. The 95% limits of agreement in X, Y and Z axes were ±9.4 mm, ±11.3 mm and ±13.4, respectively. Three-dimensionally, measurements agreed within 13.4 mm in 95% of all paired measures. In all axes, concordance was graded as ‘poor’ or ‘unacceptable’. Deming regression detected proportional bias in both directional axes and three-dimensional vectors. Our data suggest substantial differences between US and FM image-guided measures and subsequent suggested directional shifts. Analysis reveals that the vast majority of all individual US and FM directional measures may be expected to agree with each other within a range of 1–1.5 cm. Since neither system represents a gold standard, clinical judgment must dictate whether such a difference is of import. As IMRT protocols seek dose escalation and PTV reduction predicated on US- and FM-guided imaging, future studies are needed to address these potential clinically relevant issues regarding the interchangeability and accuracy of novel positional verification techniques. Comparison series with multiple image-guidance systems are needed to refine comparisons between targeting methods. However, we do not advocate interchangeability of US and FM localization methods.
Partner Pornography Use and Effects on Female Partners: The Moderating Effects of Religious Coping and the SBW Stereotypy on Women's Mental Health and Relationship Satisfaction

PARTNER PORNOGRAPHY USE AND EFFECTS ON FEMALE PARTNERS: THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF RELIGIOUS COPING AND THE SBW STEREOTYPY ON WOMEN’S MENTAL HEALTH AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION Aretha Raquel Guidry, LMSW School of Behavioral Sciences Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA Doctor of Education in Community Care and Counseling Pornography use is wide-spread, and its detrimental effects are clearly outlined in the literature. In contrast to the abundance of literature related to male use and its influence on the user, female partners, and relationships, there is a dearth of empirical findings addressing racial differences and various coping mechanisms potentially moderating the link between pornography use, mental health outcomes, and relationship satisfaction. To this end, the present study examined the mental health outcomes of female partners, as moderated by religious coping and the strong Black woman (SBW) stereotypy, and the subsequent effect on relationship satisfaction. Participants in the study completed assessments to evaluate the degree to which they embody characteristics consistent with the SBW stereotypy, levels of religious coping, presence and level of depression and anxiety, and overall relationship satisfaction. Two-hundred and seventy-five female participants, obtained via Qualtrics, were all in committed relationships with partners
IT ] 18 A ug 2 00 5 Source Coding for Campbell ’ s Penalties

Given a probability vector, Huffman coding finds a corresponding prefix-free binary code that minimizes the mean codeword length. In this paper we explore situations in which the goals are different from those in Huffman coding. We explore a family of penalties (generalized means) proposed by Campbell [8], finding redundancy bounds for a common subfamily. We generalize an efficient algorithm for finding length-limited codes [20] to an efficient algorithm for finding optimal codes for any convex Campbell cost. This algorithm, which also applies to a broader family of problems, can be performed using quadratic time and linear space.
Evidence for stroke-induced neurogenesis in the human brain

Experimental stroke in rodents stimulates neurogenesis and migration of newborn neurons from their sites of origin into ischemic brain regions. We report that in patients with stroke, cells that express markers associated with newborn neurons are present in the ischemic penumbra surrounding cerebral cortical infarcts, where these cells are preferentially localized in the vicinity of blood vessels. These findings suggest that stroke-induced compensatory neurogenesis may occur in the human brain, where it could contribute to postischemic recovery and represent a target for stroke therapy.
Entrepreneurial Self-Identity, Perceived Corruption, Exogenous and Endogenous Obstacles as Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention in Italy

Although entrepreneurship is considered one of the most powerful drivers of national economies around the world, there is little consensus about what informal factors foster entrepreneurial intention. In accordance with recent literature, entrepreneurial self-identity perception, the perception of corruption in the entrepreneurship ecosystem, and perceived exogenous and endogenous obstacles to entrepreneurship were hypothesized as antecedents of college students’ and graduates’ entrepreneurial intention. A study with a sample (N = 153) composed of college students and graduates from an Italian university was conducted. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to test the research hypotheses. The hypotheses that entrepreneurial self-identity perception and corruption perception of the entrepreneurial ecosystem are positive antecedents of entrepreneurial intention were confirmed. Corruption was considered as a viable and socially acceptable strategy that entrepreneurs might adopt in order to easily overcome governmental norms and rules about managing firms. It was hypothesized that the perception of corruption of the entrepreneurial ecosystem might be a positive antecedent of entrepreneurial intention if the subjects perceived the corruption as pervasive of the economic ecosystem and the effort made by national government to control corruption as ineffective. From this point of view, the positive causal relationship between perceived corruption and entrepreneurial intention could reveal college students and graduates’ propensity to perceive corruption as a phenomenon capable of generating a “grease the wheel” effect.
Anti-GZK Effect in Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Ray Diffusive Propagation

We discuss the anti-GZK effect in the diffusive propagation of ultra-high-energy protons in intergalactic magnetic fields, which consists of a jump-like increase of the maximum distance from which ultra-high-energy protons can reach an observer. The position of this jump, Ej ≈ 2 × 1018 eV, is determined exclusively by energy losses (transition from adiabatic to pair-production energy losses), and it is independent of the diffusion parameters. The diffuse spectrum presents a low-energy steepening approximately at this energy, which is very close to the position of the second knee observed in the cosmic ray spectrum. The dip, seen in the universal spectrum as a signature of the interaction with the cosmic microwave background radiation, is also present in the case of diffusive propagation in magnetic fields.
The effect of linear and daily undulating periodized resistance training on the neuromuscular function and the maximal quadriceps strength

Background: ‪The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 9 weeks’ resistance training utilizing a daily undulating periodization (DUP) program versus a linear periodization (LP) program on concentric and isometric muscle strength and neuromuscular function of the quadriceps muscle. Material and methods: ‪30 male subjects (age = 21.7 ±2.5 yr, body mass = 71.4 ±11.9 kg, height =1.77 ±0.09 m) participated in the study. Subjects were randomly divided into DUP and LP training groups. Both the DUP and LP training group performed leg press exercise 3 times per week. Volume and intensity were equated for each training program. However, the periodization type was different between the two groups. Additionally, the maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) of the quadriceps muscle and the associated electromyography (EMG) activity were recorded before and after 9 weeks of the DUP and LP training programs. Results: ‪The DUP training program resulted in a greater increase (50.1% ±10.1) in quadriceps isometric strength compared with the LP training program (35.5% ±7.3; F = 7.6, p < 0.025). Accordingly, EMG activity of the quadriceps muscle after 9 weeks of the DUP training program was significantly larger than that observed after the LP training model (F = 7.5, p < 0.05). Conclusions: ‪Resistance training using a DUP program is more effective than a LP program to elicit neuromuscular activity and muscle strength.
Pointer Sentinel Mixture Models

Recent neural network sequence models with softmax classifiers have achieved their best language modeling performance only with very large hidden states and large vocabularies. Even then they struggle to predict rare or unseen words even if the context makes the prediction unambiguous. We introduce the pointer sentinel mixture architecture for neural sequence models which has the ability to either reproduce a word from the recent context or produce a word from a standard softmax classifier. Our pointer sentinel-LSTM model achieves state of the art language modeling performance on the Penn Treebank (70.9 perplexity) while using far fewer parameters than a standard softmax LSTM. In order to evaluate how well language models can exploit longer contexts and deal with more realistic vocabularies and larger corpora we also introduce the freely available WikiText corpus.
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in STK11 Influences Insulin Sensitivity and Metformin Efficacy in Hyperinsulinemic Girls With Androgen Excess

OBJECTIVE Serine-threonine kinase STK11 catalyzes the AMP-activated protein kinase complex. We tested the hypothesis that a gene variant in STK11 contributes to variation in insulin sensitivity and metformin efficacy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied the effects of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs8111699) in STK11 on endocrine-metabolic and body composition indexes before and after 1 year of metformin in 85 hyperinsulinemic girls with androgen excess, representing a continuum from prepuberal girls with a combined history of low birth weight and precocious pubarche over to postmenarchial girls with hyperinsulinemic ovarian hyperandrogenism. Metformin was dosed at 425 mg/day in younger girls and 850 mg/day in older girls. STK11 rs8111699 was genotyped. Endocrine-metabolic features were assessed in the fasting state; body composition was estimated by absorptiometry. RESULTS Genotype effects were similar in younger and older girls. At baseline, the mutated G allele in STK11 rs8111699 was associated with higher insulin and IGF-I levels (both P < 0.005). The response to metformin differed by STK11 genotype: GG homozygotes (n = 24) had robust metabolic improvements, GC heterozygotes (n = 38) had intermediate responses, and CC homozygotes (n = 23) had almost no response. Such differences were found for 1-year changes in body composition, circulating insulin, IGF-I, free androgen index, and lipids (all P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS In hyperinsulinemic girls with androgen excess, the STK11 rs8111699 SNP influences insulin sensitivity and metformin efficacy, so that the girls with the least favorable endocrine-metabolic profile improve most with metformin therapy.
Measurement Error in the Consumer Price Index: Where Do We Stand?

We survey the evidence bearing on measurement error in the CPI and provide our best estimate of the magnitude of CPI bias. We also identify a "weighting" bias in the CPI that has not been previously discussed in the literature. In total, we estimate that the CPI overstates the change in the cost of living by about 0.6 percentage point per year, with a confidence interval that ranges from 0.1 to 1.2 percentage points. Roughly half of this bias is accounted for by the CPI's inability to fully capture the welfare improvement from quality change and the introduction of new items. Our bias estimate is smaller than that found in several earlier studies, in part because the BLS has recently made a variety of improvements to its procedures; our study highlights several potential areas for further improvement.
Multifunctional Voltage Source Inverter for Renewable Energy Integration and Power Quality Conditioning

In order to utilize the energy from the renewable energy sources, power conversion system is necessary, in which the voltage source inverter (VSI) is usually the last stage for injecting power to the grid. It is an economical solution to add the function of power quality conditioning to the grid-connected VSI in the low-voltage distribution system. Two multifunctional VSIs are studied in this paper, that is, inductive-coupling VSI and capacitive-coupling VSI, which are named after the fundamental frequency impedance of their coupling branch. The operation voltages of the two VSIs are compared when they are used for renewable energy integration and power quality conditioning simultaneously. The operation voltage of the capacitive-coupling VSI can be set much lower than that of the inductive-coupling VSI when reactive power is for compensating inductive loads. Since a large portion of the loads in the distribution system are inductive, the capacitive-coupling VSI is further studied. The design and control method of the multifunctional capacitive-coupling VSI are proposed in this paper. Simulation and experimental results are provided to show its validity.
Development and applications of Coarse Grained models for RNA

In contrast to proteins much less attention has been focused on development of computational models for describing RNA molecules, which are being recognized as playing key roles in many cellular functions. Current atomically detailed force fields are not accurate enough to capture the properties of even simple nucleic acid constructs. In this article, we review our efforts to develop coarse-grained (CG) models that capture the underlying physics for the particular length scale of interest. Two models are discussed. One of them is the Three Interaction Site (TIS) model in which each nucleotide is represented by three beads corresponding to sugar, phosphate, and base. The other is the Self-Organized Polymer (SOP) model in which each nucleotide is represented as a single interaction center. Applications of the TIS model to study the complexity of hairpin formation and the effects of crowding in shifting equilibrium between two conformations in human telomerase pseudoknot are described. The work on crowding illustrates a direct link to the activity of telomerase. We use the SOP model to describe the response of {\it Tetrahymena} ribozyme to force. The simulated unfolding pathways agree well with single molecule pulling experiments. We also review predictions for the unfolding pathways for {\it Azoarcus} ribozyme. The success of the CG applications to describe dynamics in RNA gives hope that more complex processes involving RNA-protein interactions can be tackled using variants of the proposed models.
Lattice Network Codes Based on Eisenstein Integers

In this paper, we investigate lattice network codes (LNCs) constructed from Eisenstein integer based lattices. Quantization and encoding algorithms over Eisenstein integers are first introduced. Then, a union bound estimation (UBE) of the decoding error probability is derived when the shaping region of the LNC is a product of regular hexagons. Next, the Gaussian reduction algorithm is generalized to be applicable to complex lattices over Eisenstein integers such that an optimal coefficient vector can be found in the two-transmitter single-relay system. Based on the UBE, design criteria for optimal LNCs with minimum decoding error probability are formulated and applied to construct both Gaussian integer and Eisenstein integer based good LNCs from rate-1/2 feed-forward convolutional codes by Complex Construction A. The constructed codes provide up to 7.65 dB nominal coding gains over Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, we introduce the construction of LNCs from linear codes by Complex Construction B. The nominal coding gains and error performance of the LNCs thus constructed are explicitly analyzed. Examples show that the LNCs constructed by Complex Construction B provide a better tradeoff between code rate and nominal coding gain.
Basins of attraction in network dynamics: A conceptual framework for biomolecular networks

The state-space of a discrete dynamical network is connected into basins of attraction, mathematical objects that can be computed and shown as graphs for small networks. Multiple attractors explain how the same genetic regulatory network can maintain different stable patterns of gene activation, the cell types in multi-cellular organisms. Ideas of modularity suggest that the overall genetic network is actually made up of semi-independent sub-networks. Each sub-network also settles into one of a range attractors according to its current state, which if perturbed can cause the dynamics to jump to alternative attractors. A network’s “memory”, its ability to categorize, is provided by its separate basins of attraction, and also by the topology of the trees and sub-trees rooted on each attractor. Based on computer simulations of cellular automata and random Boolean networks, using the authors software Discrete Dynamics Lab[23], this paper describes how basins of attraction might provide a conceptual framework for biomolecular networks.
Unexpected discontinuities in life–history evolution under size–dependent mortality

In many organisms survival depends on body size. We investigate the implications of size–selective mortality on life–history evolution by introducing and analysing a new and particularly flexible life–history model with the following key features: the lengths of growth and reproductive periods in successive reproductive cycles can vary evolutionarily, the model does not constrain evolution to patterns of either determinate or indeterminate growth, and lifetime number and sizes of broods are the outcomes of evolutionarily optimal life–history decisions. We find that small changes in environmental conditions can lead to abrupt transitions in optimal life histories when size–dependent mortality is sufficiently strong. Such discontinuous switching results from antagonistic selection pressures and occurs between strategies of early maturation with short reproductive periods and late maturation with long reproductive cycles. When mortality is size–selective and the size–independent component is not too high, selection favours prolonged juvenile growth, thereby allowing individuals to reach a mortality refuge at large body size before the onset of reproduction. When either component of mortality is then increased, the mortality refuge first becomes unattractive and eventually closes up altogether, resulting in short juvenile growth and frequent reproduction. Our results suggest a new mechanism for the evolution of life–history dimorphisms.
Three Essays on Diversity-Performance Relationship from a Positive Psychology Lens

of the study. Since this is a veteran topic, I restricted the search to the last 26 years, from January 1990 till December 2015. I further narrowed the search by reviewing all the titles of the resultant search, abstract and parts of the text where needed. For inclusion in the review, the study had to be an empirical investigation explicitly exploring the concept of relational demography as an antecedent or moderator. Further, the outcome had to be analyzed at the individual level; some studies on the topic have also been investigated at the dyad level and are 8 embraced in the review. Also, multi-level studies are incorporated as long as the outcome was at the individual level. With diversity being such an encompassing concept, related constructs such as diversity management, diversity climate, etc. are not included. The final search resulted in 93 studies from a vast spread of 31 journals. Descriptive Information of Articles Studies included in the review are drawn primarily from management journals but also from other disciplines such as human resources, industrial relations, inter-cultural studies, among others. Table 1 indicates the journal names and abbreviations used, and the journal wise count of articles published. This analysis indicates that majority of the studies (almost 61 percent) are published in seven journals, viz. Academy of Management Journal (10.75%), Group and Organization Management (6.452%), Journal of Applied Psychology (10.75%), Journal of Organizational Behavior (12.90%), Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (7.53%), Organization Science (5.38%), and Personnel Psychology (6.45%), suggesting that these take the lead in research issues on the topic. The remaining articles are sporadically published in the spread of 24 journals, contributing between one to four articles over the time frame reviewed. --------------------------------------------------Insert Table 1 about here --------------------------------------------------Further, the time spread indicates a limited number of studies on the topic, with some years having no studies published (e.g., 1993, 1994). This does not imply that there was no related research, instead, reiterating that this review includes only empirical investigations, a