Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Do Women Weather Economic Shocks? A Review of the Evidence

Do women weather economic shocks differently than men? The evidence shows this to be the case, especially in low-income countries. The first-round impacts of economic crises on women's employment should be particularly salient in the current downturn, since women have increased their participation in the globalized workforce and therefore are more directly affected by the contraction of employment than in the past. Crises also have second-round impacts, as vulnerable households respond to declining income with coping strategies that can vary significantly by gender. In the past, women from low-income households have typically entered the labor force, while women from rich households have often exited the labor market in response to economic crises. In contrast, men's labor force participation rates have remained largely unchanged. Evidence also suggests that women defer fertility during economic crises and that child schooling and child survival are adversely affected, mainly in low-income countries, with adverse effects on health being greater for girls than for boys. In middle-income countries, by contrast, the effects on children's schooling and health are more nuanced, and gender differences less salient. Providing women in poor households with income during economic downturns makes economic sense. This paper reviews workfare programs and cash transfers and finds that the former provide poor women with income only when they include specific design features. The latter have been effective in providing mothers with income and protecting the wellbeing of children in periods of economic downturn.
The Impact of the Type of Accounting Standards on Preparers' Judgments

This article examines preparers' consolidation judgments and how they are impacted by the precision of accounting standards (substance-over-form versus rules-based). The examination is performed via two laboratory experiments in a consolidated accounting setting. In Experiment 1, it was found that when subjects used a substance-over-form accounting standard they justified their consolidation judgments on case specific information rather than on different interpretations of the phrase 'capacity to control'. In Experiment 2, it was found that when subjects used a rules-based standard, incentives were found to impact on accountants' consolidation judgments and more aggressive judgments were made through their assessments of case specific information. Comparison of the judgments made in Experiment 1 with one of the treatment groups in Experiment 2 enabled a comparison to be made of consolidation judgments of subjects under both substance-over-form and rules-based accounting standards. While both groups had the same incentive not to consolidate, marginally, significantly more subjects using the rules-based standard did not consolidate than subjects using the substance-over-form standard. This finding is contrary to anecdotal claims that the imprecision of substance-over-form standards may be less effective in stopping biased financial reporting than rules-based standards.
THE IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ON HOUSEHOLDS - A REVIEW OF HOUSEHOLD STUDIES

Thirty two studies of the impact of HIV/AIDS on households conducted over the last decade were reviewed. The direct and indirect costs of HIV/AIDS to households increase with severity of illness and ultimately death. HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality affect household income and expenditure patterns. Households employ various survival strategies to alleviate loss of labour and income, survive the financial cost and optimise the use of safety networks. Various gaps were found in the literature, which future studies could explore. Household surveys should be multi-disciplinary and longitudinal in nature so that the full impact of HIV/AIDS could be assessed over time. Copyright 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.
How Big Data Will Change Accounting

SYNOPSIS: Big Data will have increasingly important implications for accounting, even as new types of data become accessible. The video, audio, and textual information made available via Big Data can provide for improved managerial accounting, financial accounting, and financial reporting practices. In managerial accounting, Big Data will contribute to the development and evolution of effective management control systems and budgeting processes. In financial accounting, Big Data will improve the quality and relevance of accounting information, thereby enhancing transparency and stakeholder decision making. In reporting, Big Data can assist with the creation and refinement of accounting standards, helping to ensure that the accounting profession will continue to provide useful information as the dynamic, real-time, global economy evolves.
Hedonic Wages and Labor Market Search

This article investigates the consequences of labor market search for the theory of hedonic wages. We find that the introduction of search has surprising consequences for the theory of hedonic wages. In particular, we demonstrate that the equilibrium distribution of wage and nonwage amenity bundles generally bears little resemblance to workers' underlying preferences. A consequence of this analysis is that estimates of workers' marginal willingness to pay, derived from the conventional hedonic wage methodology, are biased. In addition, we demonstrate that search generates differences between firm‐level and employee‐level data that can cause substantial deviations in the estimates of hedonic wage equations.
Equilibrium Analysis, Banking, Contagion and Financial Fragility

This paper contains a general equilibrium model of an economy with incomplete markets (GEI) with money and default. The model is a simplified version of the real world consisting of a non-bank private sector, banks, a central bank, a government and a regulator. The model is used to analyse actions by policy-makers and to identify policy relevant empirical work. Key analytical results are: a financially fragile system need not collapse; efficiency can be improved with policy intervention; and a system with heterogeneous banks is more stable than one with homogeneous ones. Existence of monetary equilibria allows for positive default levels in equilibrium. It also characterises contagion and financial fragility as an equilibrium phenomenon. A definition of financial fragility is proposed. Financial fragility occurs when aggregate profitability of the banking sector declines and defaults in the non-bank and banking private sectors increase. Thus, equilibria with financial fragility require financial vulnerability in the banking sector and liquidity shortages in the non-bank private sector. The model will be used as a basis to carry out empirical work on the costs of financial instability, to quantify the effectiveness of particular regulatory tools such as capital requirements, and to identify trade-offs between increasing stability through action by authorities and the efficiency of the financial system.
Règles d'allocation pour les programmes de pass culturel

On envisage le probleme de l’allocation de la recette issue d’un programme de pass culturel. Differentes proprietes sont introduites pour une regle d’allocation sur cette classe de problemes. On combine ensuite certaines de ces proprietes afin de caracteriser deux regles d’allocation. La premiere de ces deux regles coincide avec la valeur de Shapley [1953] d’un jeu cooperatif a utilite transferable introduit par Ginsburgh et Zang [2003]. La seconde regle d’allocation coincide avec le partage egalitaire (de la capacite de la grande coalition) de ce meme jeu. En consequence, nous obtenons une caracterisation de la valeur de Shapley et une caracterisation du partage egalitaire pour cette classe de jeux. Ces deux caracterisations sont comparables dans le sens ou l’on passe de l’une a l’autre en supprimant une propriete et en etendant le principe d’une autre propriete.
The Design of National Fiscal Frameworks and Their Budgetary Impact

This study analyses the link between fiscal frameworks and their budgetary impact. We look at different features of national numerical fiscal rules in combination with fiscal councils and medium-term budgeting frameworks. We construct our own time-varying dataset for national fiscal frameworks for the period 1990-2012 covering all 27 EU Member States and estimate a dynamic panel on aggregate and disaggregated fiscal policy variables. We find strong support that numerical fiscal rules help to improve the primary balance, and that the budgetary impact can be further strengthened when supported by independent fiscal councils and an effective medium-term budgeting framework. JEL Classification: E61, E62, H60
The effect of organisational culture on attitude and intention toward knowledge sharing: a study of Iranian SMEs

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of organisational culture on knowledge sharing in small and medium sized enterprises. In order to explore the factors influencing employees' knowledge sharing in small and medium sized enterprises, the Denison organisational culture model (involvement, consistency, adaptability and mission), which has a significant effect on knowledge sharing, is used. The research method is descriptive; the survey and data collection tool is the questionnaire. The statistical population of this study is employees of small and medium sized enterprises in Nowshahr in Iran. To analyse the data SPSS and PLS software were used. Research results were analysed using a structural equations model. Research findings show that the organisational culture and its traits (involvement, consistency, adaptability and mission) are significant predictors of employees' attitudes and intentions with regard to knowledge sharing. Hence by recognising which factors influence knowledge sharing in small and medium sized enterprises, it is possible to encourage employees to share knowledge and to improve organisational culture by developing these factors.
Consistent Human Resource Practices

This article explores the role of consistency in human resource praaices. It explores and explains different forms of consistency and why they are valuable in managing human resources: consistency among different aspects of human resource policy, such as integrating compensation, recruitment, and promotion policies; consistency in how human resource policies affect different classes of employees (should scientists and engineers be treated similarly, for instance, and what about clericals? ); and consistency of human resource policies over time. In the context of the second sort of consistency, the article explores both the span of consistency and "manufactured distinctions" that facilitate distinctive treatment to different employees. The article discusses the problem of measuring consistency and provides examples illustrating consistent and inconsistent human resource practices.
Changes in management accounting practices in Malaysia

Purpose - Malaysia has moved towards global competitiveness. As an important contributor to the Malaysian economy, this change makes manufacturing companies in Malaysia need to ensure that their business operation and management cope with the current changes. To do this they need to reconsider their existing management accounting practices more than ever. Therefore, this study is carried out to determine how changes in management accounting practices in Malaysian manufacturing companies took place in response to a changing business environment and the effect of changes on performance. Design/methodology/approach - A structured questionnaire survey is used to collect the data from various manufacturing companies in Malaysia. The Federation of Malaysian Manufacturer Directory is used as a sampling frame. Findings - The results show that the level of changes in management accounting practices increased over the five year period from 2003 to 2007. The changes mostly occurred through the introduction of new practices, replacement of existing practices and modification of the way existing practices were used. Findings in this study also reveal that there are no significant differences in management accounting practices among local and foreign companies, or between small and medium, and large companies. This study also support previous research in terms of the positive relationship between changes in management accounting practices and performance. Originality/value - Taken together this research outcome has contributed to the existing management accounting change literature especially in a developing economy setting.
Realized Volatility Forecast: Structural Breaks, Long Memory, Asymmetry, and Day‐Of‐The‐Week Effect

We investigate the properties of the realized volatility in Chinese stock markets by employing the high-frequency data of Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index and four individual stocks from Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and find that the volatility exhibits the properties of long-term memory, structural breaks, asymmetry, and day-of-the-week effect. In addition, the structural breaks only partially explain the long memory. To capture these properties simultaneously, we derive an adaptive asymmetry heterogeneous autoregressive model with day-of-the-week effect and fractionally integrated generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity errors (HAR-D-FIGARCH) and use it to conduct a forecast of realized volatility. Compared with other heterogeneous autoregressive realized volatility models, the proposed model improves the in-sample fit significantly. The proposed model is the best model for the day-ahead realized volatility forecasts among the six models based on various loss functions by utilizing the superior predictive ability test.
Can the student‐t distribution provide accurate value at risk?

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate how effectively the value at risk (VaR) estimated using the student-t distribution captures the market risk. Design/methodology/approach – Two alternative VaR models, VaR-t and VaR-x models, are presented and compared with the benchmark model (VaR-n model). In this study, we consider the Student-t distribution as a fit to the empirical distribution for estimating the VaR measure, namely, VaR-t method. Since the Student-t distribution is criticized for its inability to capture the asymmetry of distribution of asset returns, we use the extreme value theory (EVT)-based model, VaR-x model, to take into account the asymmetry of distribution of asset returns. In addition, two different approaches, excess-kurtosis and tail-index techniques, for determining the degrees of freedom of the Student-t distribution in VaR estimation are introduced. Findings – The main finding of the study is that using the student-t distribution for estimating VaR can improve the VaR estimation and offer accurate VaR estimates, particularly when tail index technique is used to determine the degrees of freedom and the confidence level exceeds 98.5 percent. Originality/value – The main value is to demonstrate in detail how well the student-t distribution behaves in estimating VaR measure for stock market index. Moreover, this study illustrates the easy process for determining the degrees of freedom of the student-t, which is required in VaR estimation.
Mutations in the rpoH (htpR) gene of Escherichia coli K-12 phenotypically suppress a temperature-sensitive mutant defective in the sigma 70 subunit of RNA polymerase

Escherichia coli K-12 strain 285c contains a mutation in rpoD, the gene encoding the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase. The 70-kilodalton sigma polypeptide encoded by this allele is unstable, and this instability leads to temperature-sensitive growth. We describe the isolation and characterization of four temperature-resistant pseudorevertants of 285c that can grow at high temperature. Each of these revertants increased the stability of the sigma 70 mutant protein. The map position of the suppressor mutations was close to that of the rpoH (htpR) gene. A multicopy plasmid containing the intact rpoH gene restored the temperature-sensitive phenotype. Marker rescue experiments established the positions of three of the alleles within the rpoH gene. One mutation has been sequenced and causes a leucine-to-tryptophan change 7 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of the rpoH gene product.
Water for food security: challenges for Pakistan

Pakistan’s water management is at a critical watershed. The world’s seventh-most populous country faces serious challenges that will require improvements in both the “hardware” and “software” of agricultural water management. Water shortages are growing rapidly as a result of growing demand across all water-using sectors. Rapid population growth, from 175 million people in 2010 to an estimated 236 million by 2030 and 280 million by 2050 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, & Population Division, 2011), and international food-price spikes create pressure to increase agricultural production of staples; but demand for cash crops is also growing rapidly, including for cotton, fruit trees and tobacco, to raise rural incomes and generate rural employment to absorb the relatively young, rapidly growing rural population. Water management is also increasingly affected by climate change – including an increased number of flood and drought events – and growing energy shortages, which affect how water is being sourced and used. Last but not least, Pakistan’s political situation is fragile, which has reduced incentives to invest in enhanced agricultural water (and other) technologies. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is involved in a longer-term Pakistan Strategy Support Program (http://www.ifpri.org/book-8211/ourwork/program/ pakistan-strategy-support-program), supported by USAID, to address a range of critical food policy challenges in the country. Water policy is an important contributor to food policy outcomes in the country. Similarly, the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (http://wle.cgiar.org), led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), calls for more work on revitalizing Asia’s irrigation systems for enhanced water and food security. IWMI has a long-term presence in Pakistan’s most agriculturally productive province, Punjab. In this context, IFPRI, with the participation of IWMI, held a Pakistan Water Day in April 2012, where recent research on agricultural water management in Pakistan was presented. This special issue includes several of the papers that were developed as a result of
The Removal of a Specialist Oversight Body for Local Public Audit: Insights from the Health Service in England

The abolition of the Audit Commission in England and Wales removes the ‘protector of the public purse’. The oversight body and its audit practice are largely replaced by the private sector regime and audit firms. We analyse the audit market for health service foundation trusts, an area of local public audit that operates without oversight from the Commission. We find evidence of premiums paid to some Big4 firms and that the presence of specialist public service auditors results in fee discounts. The firms limit their liability and assurance of audit quality is reduced under new audit regimes and governance structures.
Exclusionary Vertical Restraints and Antitrust: Experimental Law and Economics Contributions

Vertical restraints have been subject of lively policy and academic discussions. Scholars associated with the Chicago School challenged early foreclosure doctrines by arguing that vertical restraints primarily reflected efficiency considerations. More recently, industrial organization economists have used the tools of game theory and information economics to showth at these business practices might actually serve anticompetitive purposes. The influence of the new economic theories on antitrust policies has been limited by the complexity of the models and the scarcity of empirical evidence. Experimental law and economics might advance the knowledge of the factors that affect the anticompetitive effects of vertical restraints. Hence, it might strengthen the contributions of academic work to the design and implementation of antitrust policies. This chapter is intended to contribute to the discussion of the exclusionary effects of vertical restraints, and the role of experimental law and economics in antitrust law. Special attention is devoted to vertical integration, exclusive dealing contracts, and tying and bundling practices. Although the experimental literature on exclusionary vertical restraints is relatively recent, the findings from these studies provide important insights. First, this research indicates that vertical restraints might indeed be used as market foreclosure mechanisms. Second, this work identifies previously non-modeled factors that might influence the effects of these business practices. My analysis underscores the importance of combining experimental and behavioral observation with theoretical modeling.
The curse of the benchmark: an assessment of the validity and value of e-government comparisons

Benchmarking of e-government and the information society is a booming business. This phenomenon raises several interesting questions. Why does this particular part of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) world receive so much of this type of attention? Why are there so many benchmarks? What do they purport to measure? Who reads these and how much credence is given to them? Do they play a valuable role in advancing e-government and e-society or is their impact actually negative? This article looks at these and a number of related questions including the degree of consistency between different benchmarks, trends over time and the importance or otherwise that governments place on these reports. From this, some tentative theories about the role of benchmarking, the pressures that benchmarks place on public managers and their significance are proposed and some limitations of benchmarks are identified and discussed.
Dynamic Gravity: Endogenous Country Size and Asset Accumulation (Gravité Dynamique: Le Cas Où La Taille Du Pays Et L’Accumulation D’Actifs Sont Endogènes) 

Numerous gravity applications have resorted to panel data econometric techniques over the past decade. However, with the theory of gravity being so far only static, these estimations lack solid structural dynamic foundations. As a consequence, a consensus on a unified dynamic gravity estimation approach is yet to be reached. In this paper, (i) we build the theoretical foundations for a dynamic gravity model, (ii) we provide guidance for gravity‐type estimations with panel data and we consider applications, and (iii) we calibrate and simulate our model to compare its properties with those of the standard, static gravity setup. (De nombreuses applications du modele de gravite ont eu recours a des techniques econometriques de donnees de panel au cours de la derniere decennie. Cependant, la theorie de la gravite demeurant statique pour le moment, ces estimations manquent de fondements structurels dynamiques solides. En consequence, on n’a pas fait consensus sur une approche unifiee a l’estimation de modeles de gravite dynamique. Dans ce memoire, (i) on construit les fondements theoriques d’un modele de gravite dynamique; (ii) on suggere uen facon de proceder pour l’estimation de modeles de gravitea l’aide de donnees de panel, et on examine certaines applications; et (iii) on calibre notre modele et on le soumet a des simulations pour comparer ses proprietes avec celles obtenues au moyen du modele statique standard. )