Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Who Trusts? Personality, Trust and Knowledge Sharing

The strategic importance of knowledge sharing and its relationships with organizational and managerial (i.e. environmental) factors have been well documented. The effects of some context-specific individual factors—including interpersonal trust—on knowledge sharing have also been investigated. The effects of enduring and pervasive individual factors (i.e, personality) on knowledge sharing have not been adequately described empirically. This article links personality, specifically agreeableness, a broad personality domain and propensity to trust, a narrow personality facet, to knowledge sharing via interpersonal trust, thereby clarifying substantial person-related effects within these important workplace phenomena.
The Potency of Hyaluronan of Different Molecular Weights in the Stimulation of Blood Phagocytes

The regulatory functions of glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) are suggested to be dependent on its molecular weight (MW). Proinflammatory and stimulatory effects are proposed mainly for the low MW HA. However, the complex response of blood phagocytes to HA of different MW is unclear. Herein, the effects of highly purified HA of precisely defined MW (52, 250, and 970 kDa) on human blood phagocytes were tested. All MW HA activated blood phagocytes, including the spontaneous production of ROS, degranulation, and the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, with low MW HA 52 kDa having the highest potency and high MW HA 970 kDa having the lowest potency. Interestingly, HA inhibited ROS production stimulated by opsonized zymosan particles and, in contrast, potentiated starch-activated ROS production, mostly independent of MW. Data showed a significant effect of HA of different MW on blood phagocytes, including high MW HA.
Robust Detection of Degenerate Configurations while Estimating the Fundamental Matrix

We present a new method for the detection of multiple solutions or degeneracy when estimating thefundamental matrix, with specific emphasis on robustness to data contamination (mismatches). The fundamental matrix encapsulates all the information on camera motion and internal parameters available from image feature correspondences between two views. It is often used as a first step in structure from motion algorithms. If the set of correspondences is degenerate, then this structure cannot be accurately recovered and many solutions explain the data equally well. It is essential that we are alerted to such eventualities. As current feature matchers are very prone to mismatching the degeneracy detection method must also be robust to outliers.In this paper a definition of degeneracy is given and all two-view nondegenerate and degenerate cases are catalogued in a logical way by introducing the language of varieties from algebraic geometry. It is then shown how each of the cases can be robustly determined from image correspondences via a scoring function we develop. These ideas define a methodology which allows the simultaneous detection of degeneracy and outliers. The method is called PLUNDER-DL and is a generalization of the robust estimator RANSAC.The method is evaluated on many differing pairs of real images. In particular it is demonstrated that proper modeling of degeneracy in the presence of outliers enables the detection of mismatches which would otherwise be missed. All processing including point matching, degeneracy detection, and outlier detection is automatic.
The Physical Health of Women in Primary Care who Were Maltreated as Children

ABSTRACT Current literature suggests that women with a history of childhood maltreatment are troubled by multiple, varied, and vague physical symptoms. The purpose of this study was to test a causal theoretical model that identifies the relationships among childhood maltreatment, chronic stress, and the health status of women seeking primary care. Survey design was used with a sample of 159 women, ages 18–88, who were seeking primary health care. Subjects completed four measures of childhood trauma and health. Forty-seven percent of the women reported a history of moderate or severe childhood maltreatment. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypothesized relationships among the variables. Emotional abuse predicted physical abuse, sexual abuse, and current trauma symptoms. Current trauma symptoms, in turn, were moderately predictive of perceived general health and strongly predictive of perceived mental health and physical symptoms. Subjects who experienced physical neglect or emotional neglect or abuse, with or without physical or sexual abuse, differed significantly from those who had not experienced physical neglect or emotional neglect or abuse. These two groups of subjects differed on trauma symptoms and perceived general and mental health. Primary health care professionals need to address issues of both childhood contact abuse and childhood emotional abuse. Interventions by mental health professionals should aim to assist women to resolve issues related to childhood maltreatment in order to positively affect their general and physical health.
Vector-space calculation of semantic surprisal for predicting word pronunciation duration

In order to build psycholinguistic models of processing difficulty and evaluate these models against human data, we need highly accurate language models. Here we specifically consider surprisal, a word’s predictability in context. Existing approaches have mostly used n-gram models or more sophisticated syntax-based parsing models; this largely does not account for effects specific to semantics. We build on the work by Mitchell et al. (2010) and show that the semantic prediction model suggested there can successfully predict spoken word durations in naturalistic conversational data. An interesting finding is that the training data for the semantic model also plays a strong role: the model trained on indomain data, even though a better language model for our data, is not able to predict word durations, while the out-ofdomain trained language model does predict word durations. We argue that this at first counter-intuitive result is due to the out-of-domain model better matching the “language models” of the speakers in our data.
Bacterial diversity in Adirondack mountain lakes as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequences

Bacterial communities of seven lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State were characterized by amplification and sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA. Analysis of over 100 partial sequences revealed a diverse collection of lineages, largely of the class Proteobacteria (19% alpha subdivision, 31% beta subdivision, and 9% gamma subdivision), the phylum Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides (15%), and the order Actinomycetales (18%). Additionally, a number of the sequences were similar to those of the order Verrucomicrobiales. However, few of the sequence types are closely related to those of characterized species. The relative contributions of the groups of sequences differed among the lakes, suggesting that bacterial population structure varies and that it may be possible to relate aquatic bacterial community structure to water chemistry.
Parenting Expectations, Experiences, and Adjustment to Parenthood: A Test of the Violated Expectations Framework.

This study assessed the effects of violated parenting expectations on the adjustment to parenthood in a sample of 473 married, middle-class, white women pregnant with their first child. The women were interviewed during the final trimester of pregnancy and at one year post-birth. The bivariate results indicated that women's expectations about how parenting would affect their lives and how they would fare in the maternal role did not match their experiences, although the magnitude of the discrepancies was small. In general, women expected things to be better at one year post-birth than they actually were. The multivariate results indicated that these discrepancies significantly affected the ease of their adjustment to motherhood. Adjustment was more difficult when parenting expectations exceeded experiences in the following domains: relationship with spouse, physical well-being, maternal competence, and maternal satisfaction. In addition, high expectations regarding child care assistance from spouse, and support from extended family, were associated with a more difficult period of adjustment, net of the actual amount of assistance or support received. The transition to parenthood is a major life event with long-term consequences for individuals in families. As such it is one of the most commonly studied transitions in the life cycle. Early work in this area suggested that entry into parenthood precipitated a crisis for the family unit (Dyer, 1963; Hill, 1949; LeMasters, 1957). However, researchers found little empirical support for this view of parenthood (Hobbs, 1965; Hobbs & Cole, 1976; Hobbs & Wimbish, 1977; Russell, 1974). They thus rejected the notion of crisis, and offered an alternative conceptualization of the entry into parenthood as a transition associated with the experience of stress as well as the satisfactions and rewards of parenting (Hobbs & Cole, 1976; Jacoby, 1969; Rossi, 1968; Russell, 1974). While research in this area originated as an attempt to understand the nature of the transition and its effect on individuals as well as the family unit, the scope of this work has shifted over time to an almost exclusive focus on how becoming a parent affects the marital relationship. This work has generally found declines in marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood (Belsky, Lang, & Rovine, 1985; Belsky & Pensky, 1988; Belsky & Rovine, 1990; Cowan et al., 1985; Glenn & McLanahan, 1982; Goldberg, Michaels, & Lamb, 1985; Miller & Sollie, 1980; Ryder, 1973). This finding has held across a variety of research designs that have progressively become more reCenter for Population and Family Health, 60 Haven Avenue B-3, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.
Metacognition: Answered and Unanswered Questions

This article summarizes "facts" emerging from recent research and explanations of those facts arising from metacognitive theory. We suggest that the following four questions should be addressed empirically: (a) How can we measure "knowing about knowing" more accurately? , (b) How can we measure the effects of strategy instruction? , (c) What are the relations between content knowledge and strategy knowledge? , and (d) What is the role of achievement motivation in use of strategies?
Optimism and Psychological Well-Being of Police Officers With Different Work Experiences

This study examined the relationship between optimism and psychological well-being (PWB) among police officers. Sixty police officers, both male and female, between the age range of 26 to 57 years were categorized into two equal groups consisting of participants below 10 years of work experience (Group 1) and above 10 years of work experience (Group 2). They were administered the Psychological Well-Being Scale and Life Orientation Test. Results show that police officers of these two groups differed significantly on their optimism levels. Significant positive correlations were found between optimism and PWB, for Group 2 and the entire sample of police officers. The findings of this study indicate the need for organization-specific interventions to increase optimism to manage health outcomes, and improve the PWB of these officers.
Criterion-Referenced and Norm-Referenced Agreement Between the Mile Run/Walk and PACER

The purposes of this study were to examine the test-retest reliability of the PACER 20-m, multistage shuttle run and to examine the equivalence reliability of the mile run/walk and PACER from both a criterion-referenced and norm-referenced framework. All fourth- and fifth-grade children (N = 266) from one public school were administered two trials of the PACER and one trial of the mile run/walk (mean age = 10.5 ± 0.5 years). The percent of boys that passed the PACER (68%) was similar to the percent of boys that passed the mile run/walk (66%); however, the percent of girls that passed the PACER (96%) far exceeded the percent of girls that passed the mile run/walk (65%). Criterion-referenced reliability was estimated with proportion of agreement (Pa) and modified kappa (Kq) using FITNESSGRAM® (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) standards. Pa = . 97 (Kq = .94) for girls and Pa = . 82 (Kq = .65) for boys. The high level of agreement for girls was found because of the low criterion-referenced standard.
Ideologies of Motherhood in European Community Sex Equality Law

This article argues that, in a series of cases from Hofmann in the mid‐1980s to Hill and Stapleton in 1998, the Court of Justice has reproduced, and thereby legitimated, a traditional vision of motherhood and the role of women in the family, and in society generally. This vision, characterised as the ‘dominant ideology of motherhood’, limits the potential of the Community's sex equality legislation to bring about real improvements in the lives of women. Accordingly, far from alleviating discrimination against women, the Court's jurisprudence is reinforcing traditional assumptions which inhibit women's progress. It is argued that the Court should reject the dominant ideology of motherhood and utilise its interpretative space to pursue a more progressive and liberating rendering of women and men's relationships and obligations to each other and their children.
Robustness of the T Test: A Guide for Researchers on Effect of Violations of Assumptions

The purpose of this study was to determine empirically the effects of quantified violations of assumptions underlying the t test. Using computer simulations, the effects of heterogeneity of variance, non-normality, and nonlinear transformations of scales were studied separately and in all combinations. Monte Carlo procedures were used to generate populations of scores for which distributions were normal, positively skewed, negatively skewed, and leptokurtic. Samples of varying sizes were then randomly selected from specific populations and t tests were run to identify where discrepancies between obtained and expected t distributions would occur. Results indicated that certain violations or combinations produce little distortion in resulting t distributions while other violations produce significant discrepancies. Specific guidelines and reference tables were developed to assist the researcher in assessing the severity of certain violations or degrees of violation.
Proteinase K-Resistant Material in ARR/VRQ Sheep Brain Affected with Classical Scrapie Is Composed Mainly of VRQ Prion Protein

ABSTRACT Classical scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. In sheep, susceptibility to disease is genetically influenced by single amino acid substitutions. Genetic breeding programs aimed at enrichment of arginine-171 (171R) prion protein (PrP), the so-called ARR allele, in the sheep population have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the occurrence of classical scrapie in the field. Understanding the molecular basis for this reduced prevalence would serve the assessment of ARR adaptation. The prion formation mechanism and conversion of PrP from the normal form (PrPC) to the scrapie-associated form (PrPSc) could play a key role in this process. Therefore, we investigated whether the ARR allele substantially contributes to scrapie prion formation in naturally infected heterozygous 171Q/R animals. Two methods were applied to brain tissue of 171Q/R heterozygous sheep with natural scrapie to determine the relative amount of the 171R PrP fraction in PrPres, the proteinase K-resistant PrPSc core. An antibody test differentiating between 171Q and 171R PrP fragments showed that PrPres was mostly composed of the 171Q allelotype. Furthermore, using a novel tool for prion research, endoproteinase Lys-C-digested PrPres yielded substantial amounts of a nonglycosylated and a monoglycosylated PrP fragment comprising codons 114 to 188. Following two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, only marginal amounts (<9%) of 171R PrPres were detected. Enhanced 171Rres proteolytic susceptibility could be excluded. Thus, these data support a nearly zero contribution of 171R PrP in PrPres of 171R/Q field scrapie-infected animals. This is suggestive of a poor adaptation of classical scrapie to this resistance allele under these natural conditions.
The joint determination of audit fees, non-audit fees, and abnormal accruals

Prior research has estimated piece-meal the determinants of audit fees, non-audit fees and abnormal accruals. Intuition, informal analysis, and a variety of theories suggest that audit fees, non-audit fees, and abnormal accruals are jointly determined. We address this endogeneity issue by modeling the confluence of audit fees, fees for non-audit services and abnormal accruals in a system of simultaneous equations.Our joint estimation provides a starting point to look simultaneously at several competing theories. Using audit and non-audit fee data from the UK for 1994–2000, we find evidence consistent with knowledge spillovers (or economies of scope) from auditing to non-audit services and from non-audit services to auditing. While knowledge spillovers from non-audit services to auditing have been found in prior research [e.g. see Simunic, 1984], the presence of knowledge spillovers from auditing to non-audit services is a new result. Contrary to recent results in Ferguson et al. (2000) and Frankel et al. (2002), we do not find support for the assertion that fees for non-audit services increase abnormal accruals. In fact, contrary to the results in Ashbaugh et al. (2003) and Chung and Kallapur (2003), we find that non-audit fees decrease abnormal accruals, which we attribute to the productive effects of non-audit services. We also find evidence that audit fees increase abnormal accruals, consistent with behavioral theories of unconscious influence or bias in the auditor-client relation. The findings are robust to tests with US data.
Activity Lifespan: An Analysis of User Survival Patterns in Online Knowledge Sharing Communities

Retaining participation is crucial for information services, online knowledge sharing services among them. We present the first comprehensive analysis of users’ activity lifespan across three predominant online knowledge-sharing communities. Extending previous work focusing on initial interactions of new users, we use survival analysis to quantify participation patterns that can be used to predict individual lifespan over the long term. We discuss how cross-site differences in user participation and the underlying factors can be related to differences in system design and culture. We conduct a longitudinal comparison of the communities’ evolvement between two distinct stages, the initial days just after the site launch and one year later. We also observe that sub-communities corresponding to different topics differ in their ability to sustain users. All results reveal the complexity and diversity in users’ engagement to a site and design implications are discussed.
The polygyny–fertility hypothesis revisited: the situation in Ghana

Summary Re-examination of the polygyny–fertility hypothesis, by multiple regression analysis of the 1988 Ghana DHS data, reveals that polygyny has no effect on the number of children ever born; i.e. polygynously married women are as fertile as those monogamously married. Husband's age has no significant role in determining the number of children ever born to a woman.
Participation in Victim-Offender Mediation and Reoffense: Successful Replications?

Objective: A study was conducted to determine the extent to which four investigations of the effect of participation in victim-offender mediation (VOM) on reoffense were successful replications. Method: The data from these four studies were combined and statistical analyses performed to determine if differences between studies were attributable to sampling variability. If the differences between studies were statistically nonsignificant, the results would be consistent with the four studies being successful replications of each other. Results: The results were consistent with the four studies representing a successful replication series. Analyses of the combined samples of 1,298 juveniles indicated that VOM participants reoffended at a rate 32% lower than nonparticipants. Conclusion: The difference in reoffense rates was more than three times larger than the average effect associated with interventions for delinquency found in a recent meta-analysis. These results suggested that VOM participation was associated with significant reductions in delinquent behavior.
Does Analogical Reasoning With Visual Clues Affect Novice and Experienced Design Students' Creativity?

Design students' creative thinking abilities should be enhanced. Yet the educational tools that will lead to this goal are not entirely clear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether analogical reasoning with visual clues could help to achieve this goal. The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT)–Figural form was given 103 undergraduate students in a design-based program. Novice and experienced design students' creative-thinking skills were tested under 3 conditions: with (a) no visual clues, (b) few visual clues, or (c) many visual clues. The results showed that (a) the presence of visual clues enhanced some aspects of creativity (fluency and flexibility); (b) compared to experienced design students, novice design students showed better performance on some aspects of creative potential (elaboration); and (c) the number of visual clues influenced novice and experienced students differently. Whether the results will apply to different subject groups and methodological situations remains to be seen. Still, findings of this study have practical implications for design education. To enhance creative thinking skills, instructors may encourage design students' use of visual clues.
Impact of Various Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions on the Growth of Common Bacterial and Yeast Pathogens

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) used in the treatment of patients with end-stage renal failure is frequently complicated by peritonitis (1), which is associated with prolonged hospitalization, protracted or recurrent infections, catheter removal, and an attributed mortality of 5% – 10% (2–4). The major pathogens of PD-associated peritonitis are gram-positive cocci such as Staphylococcus epidermidis (28%) and S. aureus (23%) (5). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common gram-negative organism, being responsible for 4% of all PD-associated peritonitis episodes (5). Less frequently, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, and yeasts can be found as causative agents. It has been suggested that infection develops because of touch contamination, migration of skin organisms from the exit site through or around the catheter, and transbowel migration of bacteria (5). The development, since the early 1990s, of new PD solutions considerably improved the safety and effectiveness of PD. Compared with patients using conventional solutions, those using biocompatible solutions tend to experience significantly fewer episodes of peritonitis (6). Further, the new biocompatible PD solutions with low glucose degradation products or neutral pH, or both, have been shown to be less cytotoxic for mesothelial and host-defense cells (7). To clarify how various PD solutions support the growth of bacteria and yeasts, we investigated the growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and Candida albicans in lactate-buffered glucose-containing solutions [Dianeal PD4 at 3 different glucose concentrations: 1.36%, 2.27%, 3.86% (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL, USA)], lactate/bicarbonate– buffered glucose-containing solutions with an acidic pH [Physioneal 40 at 1.36%, 2.27%, and 3.86% glucose (Baxter Healthcare Corporation)], pH-neutral lactatebuffered icodextrin-containing solution (Extraneal: Baxter Healthcare Corporation), and lactate-buffered amino-acid-containing solution (Nutrineal PD4: Baxter Healthcare Corporation).