Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phase III intermittent MAB vs continuous MAB.

4513 Background: Patients with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer cannot be cured with any of the therapeutic tools available today. METHODS After an initial induction treatment of three months, with CPA 200 mg for two week's and then monthly depot injections of LHRH analogue (decaptyl) plus 200 mg of CPA daily in 766 patients with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, 626 patients whose PSA decreased below 4 or to 80% below their initial value, were randomised to intermittent or continuous therapy. RESULTS Among the 314 patients on Intermittent therapy, 50% have been off therapy for at least 52 weeks following the initial LHRH therapy, 29% have been off therapy for over 36 months. For the 197 patients whose PSA went down to ≤ 2 ng/ml, the median time off therapy was 74 weeks. When these patients returned to therapy they had a median of 14 weeks of treatment, followed by a second period off therapy, median 70 weeks. Patients with PSA < 2 ng/ml have spent a median of 82% of their time receiving no therapy.After a median follow up of 51 months, 321 patients have died: 162 in the Intermittent arm compared to 159 in the Continuous arm (HR = 1.03 [95% confidence interval 0.83, 1.28; p = 0.79]). Estimated survival at 5 years was 53.8% in the Intermittent Group and 51.0% in the Continuous Group.Subjective or Objective progression was noted in 224 patients, 113 on the intermittent arm and 111 on the continuous arm with a hazard ratio of 1.09 (95% CI 0.84, 1.42), p=0.52. The main differences in quality of life between the two arms of the study were confined to sexual function.Sexual activity was significantly greater (p<0.01) in the intermittent arm with 41% of men reporting sexual activity at 9 months, 40% at 15 months and 35% at 21 months.The most commonly reported side effects were hot flushes, were more frequently among those on Continuous Therapy, 30% of continuous patients compared to 20% of intermittent patients, p < 0.01. CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence that Intermittent therapy leads to a significantly elevated hazard of dying (p = 0.79) or to a greater subjective or objective progression (p = 0.52) and with less impact on quality of live and less medication, patients with PSA < 2 ng/ml on randomisation have spent a median of 82% of their time receiving no therapy. We think that intermittent therapy is an option to use in regular clinic. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Reflections on leadership : how Robert K. Greenleaf's theory of Servant-leadership influenced today's top management thinkers

Partial table of contents: ROBERT K. GREENLEAF: GRANDFATHER OF NEW PARADIGM THINKING. Life's Choices and Markers (R. Greenleaf). Claiming Servant-Leadership as Your Heritage (C. Rieser). The Strategic Toughness of Servant-Leadership (D. Tarr). THE EMERGING MODEL OF SERVANT-LEADERSHIP. Servant-Leadership Training and Discipline in Authentic Community (M. Peck). The Search for Spirit in the Workplace (C. Lee & R. Zemke). The Leader as Servant (W. Kiechel). First Among Equals: A Corporate Executive's Vision and the Reemerging Philosophy of Trustees as Servant-Leaders (D. Brody). GROWING AS SERVANT-LEADERS/MANAGERS. Managing Toward the Millennium (J. Hennessy, et al.). Power and Passion: Finding Personal Purpose (J. Bordas). The New Leadership (M. Kelley). GREENLEAF'S LEGACY. Robert Greenleaf's Legacy: A New Foundation for Twenty-First Century Institutions (P. Senge). Chaos, Complexity and Servant-Leadership (J. McCollum). Servant-Leadership and the Future (R. Vanourek). Notes. Permissions and Copyrights. Recommended Reading. Contributors. Index. Index.
Appendix to : “ Risk Matters : The Real Effects of Volatility Shocks ”

∗Corresponding author: Juan F. Rubio-Ramírez, 213 Social Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. E-mail: Juan.Rubio-Ramirez@duke.edu. We thank Mark Aguiar, Marco Bomono, Javier García-Cicco, Alejandro Justiniano, Jim Hamilton, Kolver Hernandez, Ralph Koijen, Diego Vilan and participants at various seminars and conferences for useful comments. Beyond the usual disclaimer, we must note that any views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta or the Federal Reserve System. Finally, we also thank the NSF for financial support.
Do Large Departments Make Academics More Productive? Agglomeration and Peer Effects in Research

We study the effect of a large set of department characteristics on individual publication records. We control for many individual time-varying characteristics, individual fixed-effects and reverse causality. Department characteristics have an explanatory power that can be as high as that of individual characteristics. The departments that generate most externalities are those where academics are homogeneous in terms of publication performance and have diverse research fields, and, to a lesser extent, large departments, with more women, older academics, star academics and foreign co-authors. Department specialisation in a field also favours publication in that field. More students per academic does not penalise publication. At the individual level, women and older academics publish less, while the average publication quality increases with average number of authors per paper, individual field diversity, number of published papers and foreign co-authors.
Effect of drug resistance on the generation of secondary cases of tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND The results of animal studies suggest that isoniazid-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are less pathogenic than isoniazid-susceptible strains. Here, we assess the relative pathogenicity of drug-resistant and drug-susceptible strains, in a human population. METHODS We linked IS6110 genotype patterns of M. tuberculosis strains with drug-susceptibility test results and epidemiologic information for 85% of culture-positive incident cases of tuberculosis (TB) in San Francisco during 1991-1999. We assumed that drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains were transmitted to secondary case patients if the drug-resistance and genotype patterns were identical. We calculated the number of secondary cases for each drug-resistance pattern and determined the relative secondary-case rate ratio (SR) of drug-resistant TB to drug-susceptible TB. RESULTS There were 1800 patients with culture-positive TB, drug-susceptibility test results, and genotyping results. The overall SR of drug-resistant to drug-susceptible TB cases was 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-0.69). The SR was 0.29 (95% CI, 0.15-0.57) for isoniazid-resistant strains, 0.10 (95% CI, 0.02-0.42) for strains resistant to both isoniazid and streptomycin, and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.53-1.47) for streptomycin-resistant strains. There were no secondary cases caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. The SR for rifampin-resistant cases was 2.33 (95% CI, 1.04-5.25). Seventy-eight percent (7/9) of the patients with rifampin-resistant secondary cases of TB were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. CONCLUSION In the context of an effective TB program in San Francisco, strains that were resistant to isoniazid either alone or in combination with other drugs were less likely to result in secondary cases than were drug-susceptible strains. In this setting, isoniazid-resistant and MDR TB cases were not likely to produce new, incident drug-resistant TB cases.
Motivation in Learning Contexts: Theoretical Advances and Methodological Implications

Introduction. Shifting research on motivation and cognition to an integrated approach on learning and motivation in context (S. Jarvela). Reconceptualizing Motivation in Context. Context sensitivity: activated motivational beliefs, current concerns and emotional arousal (M. Boekaerts). A comparative, sociocultural analysis of context and motivation (D.T. Hickey, M. McCaslin). Understanding learning and motivation in context: a multi-dimensional and multi-level sociocognitive-situative perspective (S. Volet). Studying Motivation in Natural Learning Settings. Using context to enrich and challenge our understanding of motivational theory (J.C. Turner). Motivation in context: challenges and possibilities in studying the role of motivation in new pedagogical cultures (S. Jarvela, M. Niemivirta). Context-bound research in the study of motivation in the classroom (M.S. Lemos). What to learn from what we feel? The role of students' emotions in the mathematics classroom (P. Op't Eynde et al.). Perceived Learning Environments and Motivation. Perceived leaning environments and the individual learning process: the mediating role of motivation in learning (M. Wosnitza, P. Nenniger). Towards a multilayer model of context and its impact on motivation (J-L. Gurtner et al.). Development of interests and interest-based motivational orientations: a longitudinal study in vocational school and work settings (A. Krapp, D. Lewalter). Student motivation and self-regulation as a function of future time perspective and perceived instrumentality (W. Lens et al.). Situational Dynamics of Motivation and Cognition. Multiple goals, multiple contexts: the dynamic interplay between personal goals and contextual goal stresses (E.A. Linnenbrick, P.R. Pintrich). Age and gender effects on students' evaluations regarding the self and task-related experiences in mathematics (I. Dermitzaki, A. Efklides). Long-term development of motivation and cognition in family and school contexts (M. Vauras et al.). Conclusion. Emerging trends in recent research on motivation in learning contexts (S. Volet).
Aldosterone Increases NHE-1 Expression and Induces NHE-1-Dependent Hypertrophy in Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Abstract—We determined the effect of 24-hour aldosterone (100 nmol/L) treatment on hypertrophic responses in rat neonatal ventricular myocytes and the possible role of Na+-H+ exchange isoform 1 (NHE-1). Aldosterone significantly increased cell size by 61% and expression of atrial natriuretic peptide by 2-fold. NHE-1 mRNA expression and protein abundance were significantly increased, and intracellular Na+ levels were elevated. Both hypertrophy and elevated Na+ levels were prevented by the NHE-1-specific inhibitor EMD87580 as well as the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone, although the increased NHE-1 levels were prevented only by spironolactone. Aldosterone transiently (within 5 minutes) stimulated p44/42 phosphorylation, which decreased thereafter for the remaining 24 hours, whereas p38 phosphorylation was reduced. Neither a p38 nor a p44/42 inhibitor had any effect on aldosterone-induced hypertrophy or NHE-1 regulation. Our results therefore demonstrate a direct hypertrophic effect of aldosterone on cultured myocytes, which is dependent on NHE-1 activity.
Energy partitioning in male growing turkeys.

Feed is one of the most important cost factors in poultry production, and energy represents the largest fraction of this cost. Surprisingly little is known about the energy utilization in turkeys. A better understanding of the energy utilization by growing turkeys may contribute to improve the efficiency of nutrient and energy utilization. The objective of the present study was to quantify the change in energy utilization in male turkeys during growth. Energy and nitrogen balances were performed in a respiration chamber in medium-type male turkeys to partition ME intake between heat production (HP) and energy retention as protein and lipid. The measurements consisted of 7-d balance periods during which the turkeys were offered feed ad libitum during 6 d, followed by 1 d of fasting. Total HP was partitioned into fasting HP, activity-related HP, and thermic effect of feeding. Results of the components of ME utilization were analyzed by ANOVA. Also, the maintenance energy expenditure and efficiencies of energy utilization were estimated by multiple regression analysis. Feed intake and growth were in line with the recommendations of the breeder. Fasting HP was proportional to BW raised to the power 0.75. The ME intake decreased with increasing BW and HP increased from 53 to 64% of ME intake at 0.5 and 13.5 kg of BW, respectively. The fasting HP represented the largest part of HP and averaged 449 kJ. (kg of BW)(-0.75). d(-1). The activity-related HP accounted for 9.1% of ME intake, whereas the thermic effect of feeding decreased with increasing BW and ranged from 17.9 to 14.5% of ME intake. Energy retained as protein decreased with increasing BW from 67 to 37% of energy retention. The maintenance energy expenditure was estimated at 641 kJ. (kg of BW)(-0.75). d(-1), whereas energy efficiencies for protein and lipid retention were 65 and 100%, respectively. This study contributes to the understanding of the changes in energy utilization in turkeys during growth.
Housing Speculation and Housing Price Bubble in Korea

One of the major social and economic problems in Korea in recent years has beenand still is the sustained housing prices spiral, especially since 2000. In Seoul, theratio ofhousing pricesto household annual income is about 10 times. This is three orfour times higher than the corresponding ratios in advanced countries. To make thematter worse, housing prices continue to rise rapidly in large cities including Seoul(up to twenty per cent per year lately). The excessively high housing prices results inworsening housing affordability, higher wage rates and worker's weakening desire to work. It is a common belief in Korea that speculation is the main reason for such high housing prices, thus the government has applied a series of anti-speculative measures including major increase in capital gains tax and property tax. However, these measures have not been able to eliminate speculative housing prices bubbles. This paper is designed on one hand to evaluate the contribution of speculative activities tohousing prices hike and, on the other to verify the presence of bubble in housing prices. In order to quantify the impact of speculation on housing prices, a simple devise is applied; the value of the explained variation of housing prices resulting from a regression analysis is decomposed into the percentage share of each independent variable including the variable for speculation. The presence of bubble is verified through three estimation methods: the long-run.
An empirical approach to smartphone energy level prediction

We conduct a large-scale user study to measure the energy consumption characteristics of 20,100 BlackBerry smartphone users. Our dataset is several orders of magnitude larger than any previous work. We use this dataset to build the Energy Emulation Toolkit (EET) that allows developers to evaluate the energy consumption requirements of their applications against real users' energy traces. The EET computes the successful execution rate of energy-intensive applications across all users, specific devices, and specific smartphone user types. We also consider active adaptation to energy constraints. By classifying smartphone users based on their charging characteristics we demonstrate that energy level can be predicted within 72% accuracy a full day in advance, and through an Energy Management Oracle energy intensive applications can adapt their execution to achieve a near optimal successful execution rate.
The effect of thyroid hormones in psoriasis vulgaris.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Certain endocrinological disturbances are assumed to exacerbate psoriasis. In this study we compared the serum thyroid hormone levels of a group of psoriasis patients with that of a control group. METHODS The total T3 (TT3), free T3 (FT3), total T4 (TT4), free T4 (FT4) and TSH levels obtained from the sera of 103 psoriatics (37 males and 66 females) and 96 controls (40 male and 56 female) were measured by immunological assay. RESULTS Statistical assessments displayed no differences in TT3, FT4 and TSH serum levels for the two groups. Differences between the means of serum TT4 (P=0.033) and serum FT3 (P=0.041) levels showed statistical differences among the groups. We also found that at least one thyroid hormone level in the blood was increased in 23 patients of the psoriatic group compared to 9 patients in the control group (P=0.022). The average Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores in this patient group were significantly higher than in those with normal hormone levels (P< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The role of thyroid hormones in the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis and the effects of such differences in psoriatic patients must be investigated with wider and comprehensive laboratory and clinical studies.
Information Driven Self-Organization of Complex Robotic Behaviors

Information theory is a powerful tool to express principles to drive autonomous systems because it is domain invariant and allows for an intuitive interpretation. This paper studies the use of the predictive information (PI), also called excess entropy or effective measure complexity, of the sensorimotor process as a driving force to generate behavior. We study nonlinear and nonstationary systems and introduce the time-local predicting information (TiPI) which allows us to derive exact results together with explicit update rules for the parameters of the controller in the dynamical systems framework. In this way the information principle, formulated at the level of behavior, is translated to the dynamics of the synapses. We underpin our results with a number of case studies with high-dimensional robotic systems. We show the spontaneous cooperativity in a complex physical system with decentralized control. Moreover, a jointly controlled humanoid robot develops a high behavioral variety depending on its physics and the environment it is dynamically embedded into. The behavior can be decomposed into a succession of low-dimensional modes that increasingly explore the behavior space. This is a promising way to avoid the curse of dimensionality which hinders learning systems to scale well.
Behavioural Activation Treatment of Anxiety (BATA): A preliminary investigation using a series of single-case clinical replications

Behavioural activation (BA) therapy (Lejuez, Hopko, & Hopko, 2001; Martell, Addis, & Jacobson, 2001) is based on operant behavioural principles and involves efforts to increase the amount of ‘meaningful’ activity in the client’s everyday life, so that he or she increases contact with positive reinforcement for clinically-healthy behaviours while also decreasing contact with negative reinforcement for ‘depressed’ or ‘anxious’ behaviours. BA is an effective treatment for depression, yet rarely has been applied to anxiety despite functional similarities including the habitual avoidance that is a feature of both disorders. In this study Behavioural Activation Treatment of Anxiety (BATA) was evaluated across a series of single-case replications involving seven adults, each of whom met criteria for clinical anxiety. In each case, following a baseline period, BATA was delivered in twelve weekly 60-minute individual sessions. The effects of the treatment were evaluated using an A-B-C phase change with repeated measurement design. Dependent variables were self-monitored daily anxiety and activity levels, self-reported anxiety, and the participants’ ratings of the ‘therapeutic relationship’ between themselves and the BATA therapist. A measure of treatment integrity was used. In six of the seven cases significant changes in daily activity levels and clinically significant decreases in anxiety were reported during the treatment phase. In five of those six cases, decreases in anxiety matched decreases in self-monitored daily anxiety. Reductions in anxiety were maintained up to a 3-month follow-up. Overall, participants rated the therapeutic relationship as just approaching ‘adequate’ and these ratings appeared not to be associated with the changes in anxiety and activity levels across the course of treatment. The treatment integrity data showed that the therapist’s behaviour followed the treatment protocol. Overall, the results of the study were promising and showed that BATA can provide effective treatment for chronic anxiety problems in adults.
The crystal structure of L-ornithine hydrochloride.

The crystal structure of L-ornithine hydrochloride, NH3+(CH2)3CH(NH+)COO-. C1 -, has been determined by using complete three-dimensional intensity data obtained with Mo K~ radiation. The crystal data are: a = 10.005, b= 7.992, c= 5.000 A and fl= 96.98 °, the space group P21. The structure including the hydrogen atoms has been refined by the block-diagonal matrix least-squares method. The final R is 0.04, and the e.s. d. 's of positional parameters for C, N and O atoms are about 0.004 A,. All the bond lengths and angles are normal. The ornithine molecule exists as a zwitterion, each N atom having an extra proton and making three hydrogen bonds. The molecule is characterized by the two planar groups; the carboxyl group and the aliphatic side chain, the latter including two amino nitrogen atoms. A comparison of the molecular structures of ornithine, lysine and arginine in the crystals showed that some parts of the three molecules have a common characteristic but, as a whole, there are substantial differences due to the internal rotations of the C,,-C B bonds.
Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus Strain B-6 Xylanolytic-Cellulolytic Enzyme System That Degrades Insoluble Polysaccharides

ABSTRACT A facultatively anaerobic bacterium, Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6, isolated from an anaerobic digester produces an extracellular xylanolytic-cellulolytic enzyme system containing xylanase, β-xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase, acetyl esterase, mannanase, carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), avicelase, cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase, amylase, and chitinase when grown on xylan under aerobic conditions. During growth on xylan, the bacterial cells were found to adhere to xylan from the early exponential growth phase to the late stationary growth phase. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed the adhesion of cells to xylan. The crude enzyme preparation was found to be capable of binding to insoluble xylan and Avicel. The xylanolytic-cellulolytic enzyme system efficiently hydrolyzed insoluble xylan, Avicel, and corn hulls to soluble sugars that were exclusively xylose and glucose. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of a crude enzyme preparation exhibited at least 17 proteins, and zymograms revealed multiple xylanases and cellulases containing 12 xylanases and 9 CMCases. The cellulose-binding proteins, which are mainly in a multienzyme complex, were isolated from the crude enzyme preparation by affinity purification on cellulose. This showed nine proteins by SDS-PAGE and eight xylanases and six CMCases on zymograms. Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration showed that the cellulose-binding proteins consisted of two multienzyme complexes with molecular masses of 1,450 and 400 kDa. The results indicated that the xylanolytic-cellulolytic enzyme system of this bacterium exists as multienzyme complexes.