Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The nature of mothers' work and children's schooling in Nepal: The influence of income and time effects

This paper examines the influence of the nature of mothers’ work on Nepali children’s schooling outcomes. Using nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS), it analyses whether the engagement of mothers (and fathers) in nonagricultural work has significant consequences for their children’s school attendance and grade attainment, compared with these consequences when parents’ work is in traditional subsistence agriculture. With the high rate of female labor-force participation and the rapidly transforming workforce in Nepal, transitions into more formal and nonagricultural forms of work are expected to have significant time and income effects upon their families and children, particularly on their children’s schooling, especially that of girls. Using analyses that simultaneously account for the work patterns of mothers and fathers, this study uses binary probit and ordinary least squares models to examine these relationships. Results indicate that children of parents who both work in the nonagriculture sector are significantly more likely to have attended or currently be attending school and have higher grade attainment, compared with children whose parents work in the agriculture sector. These associations do not persist, however, when income controls are added, which suggests that strong income effects may be driving these associations. No evidence of significant time effects is observed. The extended analyses in the study fail to find evidence of mediating effects of income or maternal control over resources on children’s schooling. Policy implications of this research, including those for policies promoting women’s economic participation and for schooling of children in Nepal, are discussed.
Trade, Production Networks and the Exchange Rate

This paper examines the effect of cross-border production sharing on the sensitivity of trade to the exchange rate and to other key variables. Theoretically, the response of a country's exports to the exchange rate should decline as the share of exported components for use in the manufacture of its imports rises. Similarly, the response of its imports of end products should decline as the share of its exported components in those imports rises. The response of a country's imports to domestic GDP should decline and the response to the exporting country's GDP should rise as the share of imported components for use in the manufacture of exports rises. These propositions are tested for trade between the U.S. and Mexico, using OLS and VEC techniques and allowing for the impact of NAFTA. The findings broadly confirm the aforementioned priors. In addition to their implications for trade-balance adjustment, these results have potentially important implications for the choice of exchange-rate regime.
Prevalence of Central Obesity among Adults with Normal BMI and Its Association with Metabolic Diseases in Northeast China

Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of central obesity among adults with normal BMI and its association with metabolic diseases in Jilin Province, China. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 in Jilin Province of China. Information was collected by face to face interview. Descriptive data analysis and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of prevalence/frequency were conducted. Log-binomial regression analyses were used to find the independent factors associated with central obesity and to explore the adjusted association between central obesity and metabolic diseases among adults with normal BMI. Results Among the adult residents with normal BMI in Jilin Province, 55.6% of participants with central obesity self-assessed as normal weight and 27.0% thought their body weight were above normal. 12.7% of central obesity people took methods to lose weight, while 85.3% didn’t. Female, older people and non-manual worker had higher risk to be central obesity among adults with normal BMI. Hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were significantly associated with central obesity among adults with normal BMI, the PRs were 1.337 (1.224–1.461), 1.323 (1.193–1.456) and 1.261 (1.152–1.381) separately when adjusted for gender, age and BMI. Conclusions Hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were significantly associated with central obesity among adults with normal BMI in Jilin Province, China. The low rates of awareness and control of central obesity among adults with normal BMI should be improved by government and health department.
MOVEMENT BEHAVIOUR, SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS AND SPATIAL COGNITION IN SPACES OF CONSUMPTION:

In this paper spaces of consumption are considered to be spaces of fundamental value in the formation of social and cognitive interfaces. The case of Camden Market in London is an assemblage of miscellaneous markets, which forms an amalgam of multiple markets. The movement behaviour of the users is being influenced by the differences in spatial configurations of the markets, the kinds and the distributions of goods, and the cognitive dimension attributed by space that allow people to navigate through the stalls. The paper brings to discussion, through simplified sketches, data gathered through observations on the movement patterns and space syntax analysis, the relationship between movement behaviour and the spatial patterns of the Market. In seeking the mechanisms that affect the movement patterns in Camden Market, the study brings into focus – at a second level – the relationship between Cage and Electric Ballroom. It is concluded that each market exhibits distinct movement patterns attributed to different geometric rules that underlie each structure. The cultural and social rules derived from the social aspect of the goods suggest also patterns of movement, while the cognitive mechanisms that each user recalls in order to remember or discover specific commodities are subjects of inevitable invariance.
Monetary Policy Operations and the Financial System

Since 2007, central banks of industrialized countries have counteracted financial instability, recession, and deflationary risks with unprecedented monetary policy operations. While generally regarded as successful, these measures also led to an exceptional increase in the size of central bank balance sheets. The book first introduces the subject by explaining monetary policy operations in normal times, including the key instruments (open market operations, standing facilities, reserve requirements, and the collateral framework). Second, the book reviews the basic mechanics of financial crises as they have hit economies many times. The book then explains what central banks need to do to when financial markets and banks are impaired to fulfil their monetary policy and financial stability mandates. Besides demonstrating the need for non-conventional monetary policy measures, the book also highlights their dangers, such as moral hazard and increased central bank risk taking. The book draws a number of lessons from the crisis on non-conventional monetary policy operations, assessing what measures have worked well, and how a framework should be designed in future normal times such as to contribute to make financial crises less likely. Central bank monetary policy operations have traditionally been considered as a matter of practice, while the macroeconomic modelling of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy is regarded as a discipline relying on substantial theory ('monetary economics'). However, monetary policy operations can equally benefit from a theory, and from a normative framework to guide policy choices. The limited interest that monetary policy operations have found for many decades in academic economics may well have contributed to the many misunderstandings on central bank actions over recent years. This book provides a basis for a better theoretical understanding of real-world monetary policy operations.
Perception of Educational Equity and School Climate: A Case Study

Although educational equity and school climate are considered critical factors to ensuring the success of every student in the 21 century (Darling-Hammond, 2010; Mitchell, Bradshaw, & Leaf, 2010; Skrla, McKenzie, & Scheurich, 2009), limited research has explored the relationship and strength of association between indicators of educational equity and school climate. Literature in these areas has largely treated these areas as separate. Using quantitative data from 24,757 students and 1,404 staff, this statistical analysis investigated whether middle school students and teachers perceive equity in school climate differently based on race, and whether a relationship between perceived equity and school climate exists. Results indicated staff and student’s perceptions of equity in school climate by race, school, and year. The data revealed an absence of significant relationships based on race/ethnicity. Results also suggest that the longterm commitment of the District to the Education For the Future strategic data driven continuous school improvement process effected positive equitable systemic change. The significant need for further research exploring the relationships between perceived educational equity and school climate in order to identify indicators of measurement that promote equitable systemic strategies for the best educational results for each student are discussed.
Dynamic Activation of Frontal, Parietal, and Sensory Regions Underlying Anticipatory Visual Spatial Attention

Although it is well established that multiple frontal, parietal, and occipital regions in humans are involved in anticipatory deployment of visual spatial attention, less is known about the electrophysiological signals in each region across multiple subsecond periods of attentional deployment. We used MEG measures of cortical stimulus-locked, signal-averaged (event-related field) activity during a task in which a symbolic cue directed covert attention to the relevant location on each trial. Direction-specific attention effects occurred in different cortical regions for each of multiple time periods during the delay between the cue and imperative stimulus. A sequence of activation from V1/V2 to extrastriate, parietal, and frontal regions occurred within 110 ms after cue, possibly related to extraction of cue meaning. Direction-specific activations ∼300 ms after cue in frontal eye field (FEF), lateral intraparietal area (LIP), and cuneus support early covert targeting of the cued location. This was followed by coactivation of a frontal–parietal system [superior frontal gyrus (SFG), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), LIP, anterior intraparietal sulcus (IPSa)] that may coordinate the transition from targeting the cued location to sustained deployment of attention to both space and feature in the last period. The last period involved direction-specific activity in parietal regions and both dorsal and ventral sensory regions [LIP, IPSa, ventral IPS, lateral occipital region, and fusiform gyrus], which was accompanied by activation that was not direction specific in right hemisphere frontal regions (FEF, SFG, MFG). Behavioral performance corresponded with the magnitude of attention-related activity in different brain regions at each time period during deployment. The results add to the emerging electrophysiological characterization of different cortical networks that operate during anticipatory deployment of visual spatial attention.
Analysis on open access citation advantage: an empirical study based on Oxford open journals

This study takes 12,354 original research articles which were published in 93 Oxford Open journals in 2009 as a sample, and carries out statistic analyses on the citation frequency that these articles have received by July 2010 to validate 3 hypotheses: (1) there is citation advantage for open access articles(OACA) published in Oxford Open journals over the non-OA ones; (2) OACA varies with disciplines; (3) there is some correlation between the impact factors(IFs) of Oxford Open journals and the OACA of their open access articles. This study discovers that: there exists OACA for open access articles, in this case 138.87% higher over non-OA ones; different subjects have different OACAs, and Humanities journals in Oxford Open have even a negative OACA; Oxford Open journals with lower IFs have stronger OACAs than those with higher IFs.
EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS OF A SCALED CAR BODY FOR METRO VEHICLES

This contribution deals with the investigation of an approximately 1/10-scaled model of a metro vehicle car body concerning the low structural eigenmodes. The mode l has been developed by means of finite element calculations in such a way that the eigenfrequ encies of the model lie close together. An experimental modal analysis has been carried o ut to determine the structural dynamics behavior of the realized model. The achieved resu lts verify the predicted dense lying eigenfrequencies. In addition to that the accomplished ex p rimental modal analysis provides a sophisticated basis to improve the modelling of the investigate d structure for control purposes. Such simulations and measurements are done to sup port design developments and concepts to achieve a higher ride quality for metro vehicles.
An Autoinhibitory Control Element Defines Calcium-regulated Isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase*

Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are classified functionally, based on whether calmodulin binding is Ca2+-dependent (cNOS) or Ca2+-independent (iNOS). This key dichotomy has not been defined at the molecular level. Here we show that cNOS isoforms contain a unique polypeptide insert in their FMN binding domains which is not shared with iNOS or other related flavoproteins. Previously identified autoinhibitory domains in calmodulin-regulated enzymes raise the possibility that the polypeptide insert is the autoinhibitory domain of cNOSs. Consistent with this possibility, three-dimensional molecular modeling suggested that the insert originates from a site immediately adjacent to the calmodulin binding sequence. Synthetic peptides derived from the 45-amino acid insert of endothelial NOS were found to potently inhibit binding of calmodulin and activation of cNOS isoforms. This inhibition was associated with peptide binding to NOS, rather than free calmodulin, and inhibition could be reversed by increasing calmodulin concentration. In contrast, insert-derived peptides did not interfere with the arginine site of cNOS, as assessed from [3H]N G-nitro-l-arginine binding, nor did they potently effect iNOS activity. Limited proteolysis studies showed that calmodulin’s ability to gate electron flow through cNOSs is associated with displacement of the insert polypeptide; this is the first specific calmodulin-induced change in NOS conformation to be identified. Together, our findings strongly suggest that the insert is an autoinhibitory control element, docking with a site on cNOSs which impedes calmodulin binding and enzymatic activation. The autoinhibitory control element molecularly defines cNOSs and offers a unique target for developing novel NOS activators and inhibitors.
The resting microstate networks (RMN): cortical distributions, dynamics, and frequency specific information flow

A brain microstate is characterized by a unique, fixed spatial distribution of electrically active neurons with time varying amplitude. It is hypothesized that a microstate implements a functional/physiological state of the brain during which specific neural computations are performed. Based on this hypothesis, brain electrical activity is modeled as a time sequence of non-overlapping microstates with variable, finite durations (Lehmann and Skrandies 1980, 1984; Lehmann et al 1987). In this study, EEG recordings from 109 participants during eyes closed resting condition are modeled with four microstates. In a first part, a new confirmatory statistics method is introduced for the determination of the cortical distributions of electric neuronal activity that generate each microstate. All microstates have common posterior cingulate generators, while three microstates additionally include activity in the left occipital/parietal, right occipital/parietal, and anterior cingulate cortices. This appears to be a fragmented version of the metabolically (PET/fMRI) computed default mode network (DMN), supporting the notion that these four regions activate sequentially at high time resolution, and that slow metabolic imaging corresponds to a low-pass filtered version. In the second part of this study, the microstate amplitude time series are used as the basis for estimating the strength, directionality, and spectral characteristics (i.e., which oscillations are preferentially transmitted) of the connections that are mediated by the microstate transitions. The results show that the posterior cingulate is an important hub, sending alpha and beta oscillatory information to all other microstate generator regions. Interestingly, beyond alpha, beta oscillations are essential in the maintenance of the brain during resting state.
On the regularity of approximate solutions to conservation lawswith piecewise smooth

In this paper we address the questions of the convergence rate for approximate solutions to conservation laws with piecewise smooth solutions in a weighted W 1;1 space. Convergence rate for the derivative of the approximate solutions is established under the assumption that a weak pointwise-error estimate is given. In other words, we are able to convert weak pointwise-error estimates to optimal error bounds in a weighted W 1;1 space. For convex conservation laws, the assumption of a weak pointwise-error estimate is veriied by Tadmor SIAM J. Numer. Anal. , 28 (1991), pp. 891-906]. Therefore, one immediate application of our W 1;1-convergence theory is that for convex conservation laws we indeed have W 1;1-error bounds for the approximate solutions to conservation laws. Furthermore, the O()-pointwise error estimates of Tadmor and Tang SIAM J. Numer.
Information-Theoretic Inference of Large Transcriptional Regulatory Networks

The paper presents MRNET, an original method for inferring genetic networks from microarray data. The method is based on maximum relevance/minimum redundancy (MRMR), an effective information-theoretic technique for feature selection in supervised learning. The MRMR principle consists in selecting among the least redundant variables the ones that have the highest mutual information with the target. MRNET extends this feature selection principle to networks in order to infer gene-dependence relationships from microarray data. The paper assesses MRNET by benchmarking it against RELNET, CLR, and ARACNE, three state-of-the-art information-theoretic methods for large (up to several thousands of genes) network inference. Experimental results on thirty synthetically generated microarray datasets show that MRNET is competitive with these methods.
PROSPECTS FOR MONETARY INTEGRATION IN ASEAN

In the past two decades, a new resolve for both increased economic integration and monetary and exchange rate cooperation has started to emerge in ASEAN, especially since the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis. This book addresses the question of whether there are sufficient economic reasons to justify such a move. The first chapter presents an historical overview of the integration process in ASEAN. The following two chapters present a review of the main theory and empirical works on optimum currency areas. The fourth chapter investigates whether structural shocks among ASEAN countries are becoming more symmetrical over time, thus investigating whether this region is becoming better prepared to introduce a common currency. The fifth chapter studies the degree of relative price adjustment in ASEAN by providing a study on the degree of exchange rate pass-through into domestic prices, using the distribution chain of pricing. The sixth chapter researches whether the recorded increase in intra-ASEAN trade is moving ASEAN members towards closer economic integration by applying a new panel data methodology. The final chapter presents the main conclusions.
Ja n 20 05 Multivariate Subresultants in Roots

We give a rational expression for the subresultants of n + 1 generic polynomials f1, . , fn+1 in n variables as a function of the coordinates of the common roots of f1, . , fn and their evaluation in fn+1. We present a simple technique to prove our results, giving new proofs and generalizing the classical Poisson product formula for the projective resultant, as well as the expressions of Hong for univariate subresultants in roots.
Why the Nature of Oil Shocks Matters

This article studies the impact of oil shocks on the macroeconomy in two ways insofar unexploited in the literature. The analysis is conducted at the global level, and it explicitly accounts for the potentially changing nature of oil shocks. Based on an original world GDP series and a grouping of oil shocks according to their nature, we find that oil supply shocks negatively impact world growth, contrary to oil demand shocks, procyclical in their nature. This result is robust at the national level for the US. Furthermore, endogenous monetary policy is shown to have no countercyclical effects in the context of an oil demand shock.
Cluster versus Field Elliptical Galaxies and Clues on Their Formation

Using new observations for a sample of 931 early-type galaxies, we investigate whether the Mg2-σ0 relation shows any dependence on the local environment. The galaxies have been assigned to three different environments depending on the local overdensity (clusters, groups, and field); we used our complete redshift database to guide the assignment of galaxies. It is found that cluster, group, and field early-type galaxies follow almost identical Mg2-σ0 relations, with the largest Mg2 zero-point difference (clusters minus field) being only 0.007±0.002 mag. No correlation of the residuals is found with the morphological type or the bulge-to-disk ratio. Using stellar population models in a differential fashion, this small zero-point difference implies a luminosity-weighted age difference of only ~1 Gyr between the corresponding stellar populations, with field galaxies being younger. The mass-weighted age difference could be significantly smaller if minor events of late star formation took place preferentially in field galaxies. We combine these results with the existing evidence for the bulk of stars in cluster early-type galaxies having formed at very high redshift and conclude that the bulk of stars in galactic spheroids had to form at high redshifts (z≳3), no matter whether such spheroids now reside in low- or high-density regions. The cosmological implications of these findings are briefly discussed.