Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Quantum Integers and Rationals

We introduce the notions of quantum characteristic and quantum flatness for arbitrary rings. More generally, we develop the theory of quantum integers in a ring and show that the hypothesis of quantum flatness together with positive quantum characteristic generalizes the usual notion of prime positive characteristic. We also explain how one can define quantum rational numbers in a ring and introduce the notion of twisted powers. These results play an important role in many different areas of mathematics and will also be quite useful in a subsequent work of the authors.
DETERMINANTS OF THE FLOW AND COMPOSITION OF BILE IN THE UNANESTHETIZED DOG DURING CONSTANT INFUSIONS OF SODIUM TAUROCHOLATE.

Physiological factors affecting the flow and composition of bile may be divided into two general categories. First, the availability of bile salts (by hepatic synthesis and by reabsorption from the bowel) has a significant influence on the rate of bile production. The choleretic effect of natural bile salts and the phenomenon of enterohepatic circulation of these compounds were first demonstrated by Schiff in 1870 (1). These observations have been confirmed by many workers since that time. It has been estimated that 85 to 90 per cent of the bile salt excreted in the bile is reabsorbed and returned to the liver (2, 3). For this reason the entry of bile itself into the duode-num provides a major stimulus for further bile production. Second, factors independent of the availability of bile salts can affect bile production. This category would include, for example, neural stimuli (4, 5), humoral agents such as secretin (6-8) and changes in vascular perfusion (5). During any investigation of biliary secretion in which bile is removed and not replaced, achievement of a steady state is thwarted by progressive depletion of bile salts which would normally undergo enterohepatic circulation. In the present studies this problem has been circumvented by constant intravenous infusion of sodium tauro-cholate. The results substantiate the important role of active bile salt secretion in the process of bile production and also suggest that the flow and composition of bile are modified by the addition of variable amounts of a solution which is similar in certain respects to pancreatic juice. METHODS All studies were conducted on four trained adult female mongrel dogs (21 to 30 Kg.) which had been pre-* This investigation was supported by a grant from the Department of the Army (Contract DA-49-007-MD-205). t Markle Scholar in Medical Science. t: Rockefeller Traveling Fellow in Medicine. pared several months previously by splenectomy, cho-lecystectomy and installation of a Thomas duodenal fis-tula apparatus (9). Food and water were withheld for 15 hours prior to each study. The fistula was opened and a No. 5 or No. 6 Fr. olive-tipped ureteral catheter inserted into the ampulla of Vater and advanced about 5 cm. into the common bile duct. The animal was then placed upright in a sling. Bile was withdrawn by gentle aspiration using an oiled tuberculin syringe, and collected under mineral oil in graduated tubes. By noting the volume collected, frequent estimations of bile flow were obtained (at …
A matroidal framework for network-error correcting codes

Matroidal networks were introduced by Dougherty et al. and have been well studied in the recent past. It was shown that a network has a scalar linear network coding solution if and only if it is matroidal associated with a representable matroid. The current work attempts to establish a connection between matroid theory and network-error correcting codes. In a similar vein to the theory connecting matroids and network coding, we abstract the essential aspects of network-error correcting codes to arrive at the definition of a matroidal error correcting network. An acyclic network (with arbitrary sink demands) is then shown to possess a scalar linear error correcting network code if and only if it is a matroidal error correcting network associated with a representable matroid. Therefore, constructing such network-error correcting codes implies the construction of certain representable matroids that satisfy some special conditions, and vice versa.
Variation in form of circle of Willis. The relation of the variations to collateral circulation: anatomic analysis.

It has been assumed that the arrangement of the arteries at the base of the brain is symmetrical and that the architecture of the circle of Willis provides a structural basis for free anastomotic flow. With increasing utilization of angiography and development of cerebrovascular surgery, there is obvious need for validating this concept. The elaborate embryological evolution of the circle of Willis and the shifting patterns which precede its definitive form predispose to abnormal development which may influence its capacity as a shunt mechanism. Relatively little information in this regard can be obtained from published studies. Investigation of anomalous formation of the cerebral arterial complex has been concerned chiefly with defective development of individual stems and the relation of such abnormalities to embryologic or phylogenetic evolution. Little attention has been paid to the structure of the circle as a whole or to correlation of its configuration with anastomotic potential. To
Conformally invariant trilinear forms on the sphere

To each complex number $\lambda$ is associated a representation $\pi_\lambda$ of the conformal group $SO_0(1,n)$ on $\mathcal C^\infty(S^{n-1})$ (spherical principal series). For three values $\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\lambda_3$, we construct a trilinear form on $\mathcal C^\infty(S^{n-1})\times\mathcal C^\infty(S^{n-1})\times \mathcal C^\infty(S^{n-1})$, which is invariant by $\pi_{\lambda_1}\otimes \pi_{\lambda_2}\otimes \pi_{\lambda_3}$. The trilinear form, first defined for $(\lambda_1, \lambda_2,\lambda_3)$ in an open set of $\mathbb C^3$ is extended meromorphically, with simple poles located in an explicit family of hyperplanes. For generic values of the parameters, we prove uniqueness of trilinear invariant forms.
Francisella tularensis inhibits Toll‐like receptor‐mediated activation of intracellular signalling and secretion of TNF‐α and IL‐1 from murine macrophages

Microbial ligands, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bacterial lipoproteins, activate Toll‐like receptors (TLR) of mononuclear phagocytes, thereby inducing proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial activity. We show that Francisella tularensis, an intracellular pathogen, is capable of inhibiting this macrophage response. Infection with the live vaccine strain F. tularensis LVS rendered cells of the murine macrophage‐like cell line J774A.1 incapable of secreting TNF‐α or IL‐1β and mobilizing an antimicrobial activity in response to bacterial lipopeptide or Escherichia coli‐derived LPS. Inhibition of TNF‐α secretion occurred also when J774 cells were infected with F. tularensis LVS in the presence of chloramphenicol, but not when they were infected with a mutant of F. tularensis LVS defective in expression of a 23 kDa protein that is upregulated during intracellular infection. Purified F. tularensis LPS did not show an agonistic or antagonistic effect on the E. coli LPS‐induced activation of the J774 cells. Francisella tularensis LVS suppressed the capability of the cells to respond to LPS or bacterial lipopeptide (BLP) with activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), and degradation of the in‐hibitor of NF‐κB, IκB, was blocked during the infection. Also the LPS‐ or BLP‐induced phosphorylation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase p38 and the transcription factor c‐Jun was inhibited by F. tularensis LVS but not by the 23 kDa protein mutant. In conclusion, F. tularensis appears capable of abrogating the TNF‐α and IL‐1 responses of macrophages induced by E. coli LPS or BLP via a mechanism that involves suppression of several intracellular pathways and is dependent on expression of a bacterial 23 kDa protein.
Physiological Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Buffalograsses to Blissus Occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Feeding

Abstract The impact of Blissus occiduus Barber feeding on resistant (‘Prestige’) and susceptible (‘378’) buffalograsses, Buchloë dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann, was evaluated through measurement of carbon exchange rate, light and carbon assimilation (A-Ci) curves, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and nonstructural carbohydrates. No significant differences in carbon exchange rates were observed between infested and control plants for 378 at 5 and 10 d after infestation; however, at 20 d after chinch bug introduction, significant differences in carbon exchange rates between infested and control 378 plants were detected. Carbon exchange rates were similar between infested and control Prestige plants at 5, 10, and 20 d after infestation, suggesting that resistant plants can allocate energy for recovery from chinch bug injury. Significant differences in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and the apparent photosynthetic electron transport ratio were observed between infested and control 378 plants, whereas, no significant differences in the photochemical efficiency of PSII and the electron transport ratio were detected between control and infested Prestige plants. Blissus occiduus-infested 378 and Prestige plants consistently had similar or higher levels of nonstructural carbohydrates compared with their respective control plants. These data suggest that both resistant and susceptible buffalograsses increase levels of nonstructural carbohydrates in response to B. occiduus feeding. This research also suggests compensatory photosynthesis takes place in Prestige but not in 378.
Nondestructive evaluation of progressive neuronal changes in organotypic rat hippocampal slice cultures using ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence microscopy

Abstract. Three-dimensional tissue cultures have been used as effective models for studying different diseases, including epilepsy. High-throughput, nondestructive techniques are essential for rapid assessment of disease-related processes, such as progressive cell death. An ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence microscopy (UHR-OCM) system with ∼1.5 μm axial resolution and ∼2.3 μm transverse resolution was developed to evaluate seizure-induced neuronal injury in organotypic rat hippocampal cultures. The capability of UHR-OCM to visualize cells in neural tissue was confirmed by comparison of UHR-OCM images with confocal immunostained images of the same cultures. In order to evaluate the progression of neuronal injury, UHR-OCM images were obtained from cultures on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days in vitro (DIVs). In comparison to DIV 7, statistically significant reductions in three-dimensional cell count and culture thickness from UHR-OCM images were observed on subsequent time points. In cultures treated with kynurenic acid, significantly less reduction in cell count and culture thickness was observed compared to the control specimens. These results demonstrate the capability of UHR-OCM to perform rapid, label-free, and nondestructive evaluation of neuronal death in organotypic hippocampal cultures. UHR-OCM, in combination with three-dimensional tissue cultures, can potentially prove to be a promising tool for high-throughput screening of drugs targeting various disorders.
Predicting three‐dimensional patellofemoral kinematics from static imaging‐based alignment measures

Patellofemoral pain syndrome causes significant discomfort and disability among much of the general population. Despite recent breakthroughs in dynamic three‐dimensional imaging technologies to assess pathological patellofemoral motion, such tools remain costly for clinical diagnostics applications. Thus, this study investigated whether three‐dimensional patellofemoral kinematics could be predicted from routine two‐dimensional static measures of patellofemoral joint alignment quantified from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data acquired in full knee extension. Twenty‐six volunteers clinically diagnosed with patellofemoral pain (19 F/7 M, 25.9 ± 11.1 years) and 26 control subjects (19 F/7 M, 25.3 ± 7.7 years) were included in this IRB‐approved study. Static three‐dimensional sagittal T1‐weighted gradient recall echo and dynamic MRI scans were acquired. For the dynamic image acquisition, subjects cyclically flexed and extended their knee (at 30 cycles/min) while a full cine‐phase contrast MRI set (24 time frames of anatomic images and x‐, y‐, and z‐velocity images) was acquired. From these data, static measures of patellofemoral alignment and three‐dimensional patellofemoral kinematics were derived. Single and multiple regressions between static and kinematic variables were evaluated. Although shown reliable, the static MRI measures could only partially predict patellofemoral kinematics, with r2‐values ranging from 16% to 77%. This makes it imperitave that the current precise, accurate, 3D, dynamic imaging techniques be translated into clinical tools. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 441–447, 2013
Unemployment and young people's health

Morrell, Taylor and Kerr, from the University of Sydney's Department of Public Health, review the evidence of an association between unemployment and psychological and physical ii/‐ health in young people aged 15–24 years. Aggregate data show youth unemployment and youth suicide to be strongly associated. Youth unemployment is also associated with psychological symptoms, such as depression and loss of confidence. Effects on physical health have been less extensively studied; however, there is some evidence for an association with raised blood pressure. Finally, the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors (cannabis use and, less consistently, tobacco and alcohol consumption) is higher in unemployed compared with employed young people.
Tubular structures in S49 mouse lymphoma are regulated through in vivo host-cell interaction and in vitro interferon treatment

Malignant S49 mouse lymphoma cells that grow in suspension culture demonstrate in their cytoplasm characteristic tubular structures. These structures also appear in immunogenic, substrate-adherent variants of S49 cells that grow in culture. Upon transfer of both cell types into nude mice, the tubular structures of the adherent variants (and not the suspension-growing cells) undergo a profound alteration whereby their tubular components disappear and clusters of viruslike particles appear. These very closely resemble, on morphological grounds, precursors of B-type retroviruses. This specific in vivo interaction between the host and the S49 variant can be mimicked in culture by treatment of these cells for 24 h with 500 U/ml of mouse interferon. The suspension-growing S49 cells are unresponsive to interferon in this respect. Immunohistochemical analysis reveals that both tubular structures and the viruslike particles represent stages in the morphogenesis of mouse mammary tumor virus. A working hypothesis is advanced relating the regulation of the tubular system to the impaired tumorigenic potential of adherent S49 cells in syngeneic Balb/c hosts.
Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the USA

A major challenge in assessing the public health impact of legalizing cannabis use in Colorado and Washington State is the absence of any experience with legal cannabis markets. The Netherlands created a de facto legalized cannabis market for recreational use, but policy analysts disagree about how it has affected rates of cannabis use. Some US states have created de facto legal supply of cannabis for medical use. So far this policy does not appear to have increased cannabis use or cannabis‐related harm. Given experience with more liberal alcohol policies, the legalization of recreational cannabis use is likely to increase use among current users. It is also likely that legalization will increase the number of new users among young adults but it remains uncertain how many may be recruited, within what time frame, among which groups within the population, and how many of these new users will become regular users.
Learning Meta-Embeddings by Using Ensembles of Embedding Sets

Word embeddings -- distributed representations of words -- in deep learning are beneficial for many tasks in natural language processing (NLP). However, different embedding sets vary greatly in quality and characteristics of the captured semantics. Instead of relying on a more advanced algorithm for embedding learning, this paper proposes an ensemble approach of combining different public embedding sets with the aim of learning meta-embeddings. Experiments on word similarity and analogy tasks and on part-of-speech tagging show better performance of meta-embeddings compared to individual embedding sets. One advantage of meta-embeddings is the increased vocabulary coverage. We will release our meta-embeddings publicly.
Homozygous PKP2 deletion associated with neonatal left ventricle noncompaction

Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by a trabecular meshwork and deep intertrabecular myocardial recesses that communicate with the left ventricular cavity. Several genetic causes of LVNC have been reported, with variable modes of inheritance, including autosomal dominant and X‐linked inheritance, but relatively few responsible genes have been identified. A NGS workflow, based on a panel of 95 genes developed for sequencing most prevalent sudden cardiac death‐causing genes, was used to make a rapid and costless molecular diagnosis in two siblings with a severe noncompaction cardiomyopathy starting prenatally and leading to rapid cardiac failure. For the first time, a total homozygous PKP2 deletion was identified. This molecular defect was further confirmed by MLPA and array‐comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Heterozygous PKP2 mutations are usually reported in a significant proportion of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy cases. Our results show, for the first time, the involvement of PKP2 in severe cardiomyopathy with ventricular non compaction.
Distal and Local Group Learning: Performance Trade-offs and Tensions

There is increasing recognition that group members learn not only within the group (i.e., local learning), but also externally (i.e., distal learning), and these two group learning processes may facilitate group performance in different ways. Yet, despite this recognition, there is much that is not understood about whether they complement or inhibit each other in affecting group performance, and whether group social and task conditions that foster one type of learning do so at the expense of the other. The findings from this field study of teams from four firms show that (1) local learning and distal learning are positively related to group efficiency and group innovativeness, respectively; (2) distal learning negatively interacts with local learning to impede group efficiency; and (3) high levels of group cohesion promote distal learning but diminish local learning. Overall, these findings suggest that there are not only performance trade-offs to engaging in either only local or distal learning, but also performance disadvantages to engaging in both types of group learning because distal learning impedes local learning from achieving a high level of group efficiency. In addition, there is preliminary evidence to suggest that tensions can arise from simultaneously managing both types of group learning because a high level of group cohesion increases distal learning but decreases local learning.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB may predominantly present with an attenuated clinical phenotype

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB, Sanfilippo syndrome type B) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme N-acetyl-αD-glucosaminidase (NAGLU). Information on the natural course of MPS IIIB is scarce but much needed in view of emerging therapies. To improve knowledge on the natural course, data on all 52 MPS IIIB patients ever identified by enzymatic studies in the Netherlands were gathered. Clinical data on 44 patients could be retrieved. Only a small number (n=9; 21%) presented with a classical MPS III phenotype; all other patients showed a much more attenuated course of the disease characterized by a significantly slower regression of intellectual and motor abilities. The majority of patients lived well into adulthood. First signs of the disease, usually mild developmental delay, were observed at a median age of 4 years. Subsequently, patients showed a slowing and eventually a stagnation of development. Patients with the attenuated phenotype had a stable intellectual disability for many years. Molecular analysis was performed in 24 index patients. The missense changes p.R643C, p.S612G, p.E634K, and p.L497V were exclusively found in patients with the attenuated phenotype. MPS IIIB comprises a remarkably wide spectrum of disease severity, and an unselected cohort including all Dutch patients showed a large proportion (79%) with an attenuated phenotype. MPS IIIB must be considered in patients with a developmental delay, even in the absence of a progressive decline in intellectual abilities. A key feature, necessitating metabolic studies, is the coexistence of behavioral problems.
A new Voronoi-based surface reconstruction algorithm

Author(s): Amenta, Nina; Bern, Marshall; Kamvysselis, Manolis | Abstract: We describe our experience with a new algorithm for the reconstruction of surfaces from unorganized sample points in IR3. The algorthim is the first for this problem with provable guarantees. Given a ''good sample'' from a smooth surface, the output is guaranteed to be topologically correct and convergent to the original surface as the sampling sensity increases. The definition of a good sample is itself interesting: the required sampling density varies locally, rigorously capturing the intuitive notion that featureless areas can be reconstructed from fewer samples. The output mesh interpolates, rather than approximates, the input points. Our algorithm is based on the three-dimensional Voronoi diagram. Given a good program for thsi fundamental subroutine, the algorithm is quite easy to implement.
Structural Analysis of Molecular Clouds: Dendrograms

We demonstrate the utility of dendrograms at representing the essential features of the hierarchical structure of the isosurfaces for molecular line data cubes. The dendrogram of a data cube is an abstraction of the changing topology of the isosurfaces as a function of contour level. The ability to track hierarchical structure over a range of scales makes this analysis philosophically different from local segmentation algorithms like CLUMPFIND. Points in the dendrogram structure correspond to specific volumes in data cubes defined by their bounding isosurfaces. We further refine the technique by measuring the properties associated with each isosurface in the analysis allowing for a multiscale calculation of molecular gas properties. Using COMPLETE13CO (J = 1→ 0) data from the L1448 region in Perseus and mock observations of a simulated data cube, we identify regions that have a significant contribution by self-gravity to their energetics on a range of scales. We find evidence for self-gravitation on all spatial scales in L1448, although not in all regions. In the simulated observations, nearly all of the emission is found in objects that would be self-gravitating if gravity were included in the simulation. We reconstruct the size-line-width relationship within the data cube using the dendrogram-derived properties and find it follows the standard relation: σv ∝ R0.58. Finally, we show that constructing the dendrogram of CO (J = 1→ 0) emission from the Orion-Monoceros region allows for the identification of giant molecular clouds in a blended molecular line data set using only a physically motivated definition (self-gravitating clouds with masses >5 × 104 M☉).