Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contribution of impaired early-stage visual processing to working memory dysfunction in adolescents with schizophrenia: a study with event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

CONTEXT Working memory (WM) deficits in patients with schizophrenia have mainly been associated with prefrontal dysfunction. However, the contribution of perceptual deficits and abnormalities in sensory areas has not been explored. The present study closes this important gap in our understanding of WM dysfunction in schizophrenia by monitoring neural activity during WM encoding and retrieval with event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). OBJECTIVE To investigate the neurophysiological changes that contribute to WM impairment in early-onset schizophrenia at perceptual and cognitive stages using the ERP components P1, P3a, P370, and P570 and fMRI data from extrastriate visual areas. DESIGN We conducted the study between June 1, 2003, and December 20, 2006. Electroencephalographic and fMRI data were acquired separately during a visual delayed discrimination task. Participants encoded up to 3 abstract shapes that were presented sequentially for 600 milliseconds each and decided after a 12-second delay whether a probe matched 1 of the sample stimuli. SETTING Between-group study at an inpatient psychiatric hospital and outpatient psychiatric facilities. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria and 17 matched controls participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Amplitude of the ERP components P1, P3a, P370, and P570 and the fMRI signal from extrastriate visual areas. RESULTS The P1 amplitude was reduced in patients during encoding and retrieval. The P1 amplitude increased with WM load during encoding only in controls. In this group, a stronger P1 amplitude increase predicted better WM performance. The P1 reduction was mirrored by reduced activation of visual areas in patients in fMRI. The P370 amplitude during encoding and retrieval was also reduced in patients. CONCLUSIONS The P1 amplitude reduction indicates an early visual deficit in adolescents with schizophrenia. Our findings suggest that P1 is of particular relevance for successful WM encoding. Early visual deficits contribute to impaired WM in schizophrenia in addition to deficits in later memory-related processes.
A Semantic Account of Type-Directed Partial Evaluation

We formally characterize partial evaluation of functional programs as a normalization problem in an equational theory, and derive a type-based normalization-by-evaluation algorithm for computing normal forms in this setting. We then establish the correctness of this algorithm using a semantic argument based on Kripke logical relations. For simplicity, the results are stated for a non-strict, purely functional language; but the methods are directly applicable to stating and proving correctness of type-directed partial evaluation in ML-like languages as well.
Errorless Learning and the Acquisition of Word Processing Skills

Word processing and other computer-based tasks represent an important dimension to rehabilitation because of the increasing prevalence of computers in both recreation and employment. This study describes an investigation into the use of errorless learning (EL) as a means of teaching basic word processing skills to a memory-impaired individual. The protocol we used incorporated established EL methods together with spaced repetition. The basic training was carried out using a simplified version of a commercially available word processing package. The package was menu-driven and therefore encouraged the use of recognition memory rather than explicit recall of commands. The task of word processing was broken down into a hierarchy of subskills. An incremental learning procedure was applied in which the subject was taught one set of subskills and given plenty of practice, before the next set was introduced in parallel. The participant was trained to follow a set procedure, for example, to open and edit an exist.
Analyzing the effects of diversity perceptions and shared leadership on emotional conflict: a dynamic approach

Recent attempts to incorporate time to the study of groups reveal temporal factors can impact group functioning. However, studies of group diversity to date are largely cross-sectional and capture the relationship between diversity and its outcomes at one point in time. The present research attempts to overcome this shortcoming by analyzing the interplay between diversity and emotional conflict across time. At the same time, the current study aims to establish an empirical basis for the commonly stated assertion in intergroup relations research that the basis of categorization shifts from surface-level attributes to deep-level attributes as groups mature. Finally, by incorporating shared leadership, this study aims to suggest a contextual lever that can help groups avoid potential disadvantages of diversity. In a longitudinal study of 301 individuals from 81 groups, the present study found that surface-level diversity was negatively linked to emotional conflict in the beginning and the end of groups' interaction whereas deep-level diversity was positively linked to emotional conflict in the middle of groups' interaction. Shared leadership was found to moderate the relationship between diversity and emotional conflict. Implications for human resource management are discussed.
Rich Club Organization of Macaque Cerebral Cortex and Its Role in Network Communication

Graph-theoretical analysis of brain connectivity data has revealed significant features of brain network organization across a range of species. Consistently, large-scale anatomical networks exhibit highly nonrandom attributes including an efficient small world modular architecture, with distinct network communities that are interlinked by hub regions. The functional importance of hubs motivates a closer examination of their mutual interconnections, specifically to examine the hypothesis that hub regions are more densely linked than expected based on their degree alone, i.e. forming a central rich club. Extending recent findings of rich club topology in the cat and human brain, this report presents evidence for the existence of rich club organization in the cerebral cortex of a non-human primate, the macaque monkey, based on a connectivity data set representing a collation of numerous tract tracing studies. Rich club regions comprise portions of prefrontal, parietal, temporal and insular cortex and are widely distributed across network communities. An analysis of network motifs reveals that rich club regions tend to form star-like configurations, indicative of their central embedding within sets of nodes. In addition, rich club nodes and edges participate in a large number of short paths across the network, and thus contribute disproportionately to global communication. As rich club regions tend to attract and disperse communication paths, many of the paths follow a characteristic pattern of first increasing and then decreasing node degree. Finally, the existence of non-reciprocal projections imposes a net directional flow of paths into and out of the rich club, with some regions preferentially attracting and others dispersing signals. Overall, the demonstration of rich club organization in a non-human primate contributes to our understanding of the network principles underlying neural connectivity in the mammalian brain, and further supports the hypothesis that rich club regions and connections have a central role in global brain communication.
Book Review: Being gifted in school: An introduction to development, guidance, and teaching

better chance of focusing resources more powerfully on the inequities. He mentions reading and mathematics programs with very small class sizes offive or six students. He also chides both the research and practitioner communities for not looking more closely at the work ofresearchers who have found low-track environments that encourage achievement and effort, citing the work ofLinda Valli and Adam Gamoran. Loveless' final chapter is not an easy message for anyone seriously interested in the achievement gaps among students of differing cultural backgrounds. The field of gifted education would do well to examine his work closely for any insights it might offer about achievement disparities among talented youth at the highest performance levels. Although his book does not comfort readers, it does offer some advice in the form of indicators to determine if a tracked or detracked building organization has unintended and deleterious consequences. Educators of talented students will be pleased to note that Loveless mentions high achievers as one area of concern. He suggests two indicators that detracked schools should monitor for high-achieving students. First, the mathematics achievement in general and the algebra achievement in particular should be examined. Drops in algebra accomplishments are a danger signal. Second, high-achieving minority students in urban schools should be watched closely. According to Loveless, the long-range effects of detracking are not known. What is known is that the learners most likely to be in a detracked school are minority students in urban schools. From his perspective, the burden of unknown experimentation has fallen on students and schools who may be the most fragile. What are we to make of The Tracking Wars: State Reform Meets School Policy ? There is something in the book to annoy virtually everyone. Devoid of rant, Loveless takes many parties in the debate to task: researchers, policy makers, and advocates alike. He is most generous to teachers, principals, and parents, -the people who have to cope with the day-to-day realities of schooling in America. The Tracking Wars is not a book over which the reader will nod off; Loveless is skilled in presenting data and argument. His book forced me to think about the noisy array of factors that affect decisions in schools every day. It also forced me to think about the deep divisions and inequities in our society that may be visited on the heads of children.
Job Satisfaction of Community College Faculty.

Community college faculty (_n = 390) completed the Job Satisfaction Inventory. Areas of greatest satisfaction included relationships with supervisors and colleagues as well as satisfaction with the actual task of teaching. Faculty were least satisfied with opportunities for professional development, time allocation, and somewhat less satisfied with the preparation and motivation of their students. Differences between men and women faculty are noted.
Effects of Information and Evaluation in Film Criticism

This study reports results of an experiment in which student subjects read various types of film reviews and then reported interest in attending the film. One review had high information content about the film and no positive or negative opinion about it, while other reviews contained high or low information and either positive or negative evaluation. The study finds that higher amounts of information—regardless of evaluation—leads to more interest in the film. Reviews with high information plus positive evaluation lead to most interest, but high information alone raised interest nearly as much.
Distribution of parvalbumin‐, calretinin‐, and calbindin‐D28k–immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the human entorhinal cortex

Parvalbumin, calretinin, and calbindin‐D28k are calcium‐binding proteins that are located in largely nonoverlapping neuronal populations in the brain. The authors studied the distribution of parvalbumin‐, calretinin‐, and calbindin‐D28k–immunoreactive (ir) cells, fibers, terminals, and neuropil in the eight subfields of the human entorhinal cortex. The distribution of each of the three calcium‐binding proteins largely followed the cytoarchitectonic borders of the eight entorhinal subfields, although the regional and laminar distributions of the three proteins were segregated rather than overlapping. The highest density of parvalbumin‐ir neurons and terminals was found in the caudal and lateral subfields of the entorhinal cortex. Calretinin and calbindin‐D28k immunoreactivities were high rostromedially, although a large number of calretinin and calbindin‐D28k neurons were also found in the caudal subfields. All parvalbumin‐ir cells had a morphological appearance of nonpyramidal neurons. Parvalbumin‐ir terminals formed basket‐like formations around unstained somata and cartridges, suggesting that parvalbumin neurons compose a subpopulation of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic basket cells and chandelier cells, respectively. Although calretinin and calbindin‐D28k were also found in numerous nonpyramidal neurons, both were also located in pyramidal‐shaped neurons in layers V and VI (calretinin) and in layers II and III (calbindin) of the entorhinal cortex, suggesting that they play roles in projection neurons as well. Moreover, the high density of nonpyramidal neurons containing calcium‐binding proteins in layers II and III of the entorhinal cortex suggests that they form an integral component of a network that controls the entorhinal outputs to the hippocampus. Furthermore, the largely nonoverlapping distributions of the parvalbumin‐, calretinin‐, and calbindin‐ir neuronal populations in the entorhinal cortex indicate that each of them may modulate a different subset of topographically organized entorhinal outputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 388:64–88, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational exposure to silica and lung cancer risk in the Netherlands

Objectives The lung cancer carcinogenicity of crystalline silica dust remains the subject of discussion. Epidemiological evidence is based on occupational cohort studies and population-based case–control studies. The aim of this study was to assess associations between male lung cancer risk and silica exposure in a population-based cohort study. Methods The study was conducted among men aged 55–69 years (n=58 279) from the Netherlands Cohort Study, which included self-reported, life-time job histories. Job titles were linked to the occupational groups of the external Finnish Job Exposure Matrix (FINJEM), including probability and level of silica exposure, each for specific time periods. 1667 incident lung cancer cases with known silica exposure status (210 exposed) were available after 11.3 years of follow-up. Risks were estimated based on a case–cohort design, and using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Adjusted for smoking and other confounders, elevated risks were observed for exposure duration (RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.41 for 26–51 years vs no exposure) and cumulative exposure (RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.93 to 2.33 for ≥3 vs <3 mg/m3.year). Associations with average exposure levels were weaker. Associations were stronger for occupations with an exposure probability of ≥90%. Adjustment for asbestos exposure slightly increased the risk. Conclusions Results from this prospective population-based cohort study corroborate the classification of crystalline silica as a lung carcinogen. Associations could not be explained by smoking or by asbestos exposure.
Smoke-free policies in psychiatric services: identification of unmet needs

Introduction Smoke-free policies have been extended to enclosed workplaces in many countries; however, smoking continues to be commonly allowed on psychiatric premises. The aim of this study was to describe tobacco control strategies undertaken in psychiatric inpatient services and day centres in Spain. Methods This cross-sectional survey included all psychiatric service centres that offered public services in Catalonia, Spain (n=192). Managers responded to a questionnaire of 24 items that covered four dimensions, including clinical intervention, staff training and commitment, smoking area management and communication of smoke-free policies. Results A total of 186 managers (96.9%) completed the questionnaire. Results showed low tobacco control in psychiatric services: 41.0% usually intervened in patient tobacco use, 34.1% had interventional pharmacotherapy available and 38.9% had indoor smoking areas. Day centres showed the lowest implementation of tobacco control measures. Out of 186 managers, 47.3% stated that the staff had insufficient knowledge on smoking cessation interventions. Conclusions The former Spanish partial law has not been sufficiently successful in promoting tobacco control in psychiatric services. There is room for improvement in tobacco control policies, specifically in smoking interventions, staff training and resource availability.
Defining social spaces by way of deletion: the untold story of Albanian migration in the postwar period

European migration has been characterised since the end of the Second World War as one shaped by migratory work schemes and economic opportunism. The underlying rationale which induced hundreds of thousands of people to move to Western Europe during the period, therefore, has been largely reduced to economic factors. This article challenges the value of such approaches by identifying a largely forgotten community whose extensive settlement in European cities has never been studied as part of this postwar migration. The case of Albanian-speakers reveals a large number of reasons why people settled in Europe. The article further explores the sociological consequences for these Albanian communities as a result of their unrecognised condition in their host societies, in particular as it concerns their capacities throughout the postwar period to politically organise and to adopt measures of self-representation that were deemed important to them.
Validity of Some Objective Scales of Motivation for Predicting Academic Achievement

THE main purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a self-rating scale, designed to yield a fairly direct measure of academic achievement-motivation, will show higher correlations with achievement than will a measure of a person’s generalized need for achievement. This hypothesis was suggested by Myers (1965) but his study did not present a test of it with data on the same individuals. Other purposes were to check on the comparative predictive validity of (1) similar scales such as those derived from the Stern Activities Index (SAI), (2) a simple preference between academic and nonacademic subjects (Mayhew, 1965), (3) conventional verbal and nonverbal measures of general ability, and (4) selected combinations of these variables.
Up-regulation of adiponectin, its isoforms and receptors in end-stage kidney disease.

BACKGROUND Despite the favourable effects of adiponectin on the vasculature and insulin resistance (IR), levels are increased in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), in whom both IR and atherosclerosis are prevalent. METHODS To investigate this paradox, we examined the distribution of adiponectin isoforms, the expression of adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) mRNA on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in 41 patients with ESKD on haemodialysis and 41 matched controls, and its function by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation of AdipoR on PBMC. We also compared the expression of AdipoR on PBMC with that on muscle and subcutaneous and visceral fat in 10 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. RESULTS The proportion of the high molecular weight (HMW) isoform of adiponectin was increased in the dialysis group (P = 0.001), even though these patients were significantly insulin resistant compared with controls (P = 0.006). AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 on PBMC were also increased in patients with ESKD (P < 0.05 and P = 0.007, respectively), but levels did not correlate with IR, the HMW isoform or other anthropometric measurements. There was a strong correlation between AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 on PBMC in ESKD and in subcutaneous and visceral fat in controls. However, there was no relationship between AdipoR in PBMC, muscle or visceral fat. Phosphorylation of AMPK by recombinant adiponectin showed that AdipoR on PBMC, from controls and ESKD patients, were equally functional. CONCLUSIONS IR in ESKD is not explained by the change in isoformic distribution, or by AdipoR down-regulation or dysfunction. Rather, this receptor-ligand axis is up-regulated and may be a beneficial response to the inflammatory milieu of ESKD.
Observations of Ventilation During Resuscitation in a Canine Model

BackgroundFear of infection limits the willingness of laymen to do cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study assessed the time course of change in arterial blood gases during resuscitation with only chest compression (no ventilation) in an effort to identify the time for which ventilation could be deferred. Methods and ResultsAortic pressures and arterial blood gases were monitored in seven 20- to 30-kg dogs in ventricular fibrillation (VF) at 2-minute intervals during chest compression alone (no ventilation) at 80 to 100 compressions per minute. Before the induction of ventricular fibrillation, all animals were intubated and ventilated with room air, 10 mL/kg. The endotracheal tube was removed when VF was induced. Pre-VF arterial pH, PCO2, and O2 saturation were (mean ± SEM) 7.39 ± 0.02, 27.0 ± 1.5 mm Hg, and 97.5 ± 0.5%, respectively, with aortic pressures being 143.2 ± 5.7/116.2 ± 4.6 mm Hg. At 4 minutes of chest compression alone, the corresponding values were 7.39 ± 0.03, 24.3 ± 3.1 mm Hg, and 93.9 ± 3.0%, with an arterial pressure of 48.1 ± 7.7/22.6 ± 3.9 mm Hg. Mean minute ventilation during the fourth minute of CPR, measured with a face mask-pneumotachometer, was 5.2 ± 1.1 L/min. ConclusionsThese data suggest that in the dog model of witnessed arrest, chest compression alone during CPR can maintain adequate gas exchange to sustain O2 saturation > 90% for > 4 minutes. The need for immediate ventilation during witnessed arrest should be reexamined.
Emotional intelligence development: leveraging individual characteristics

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the separate and combined effects of three individual characteristics on training gains achieved in a leadership development program designed to enhance participants' emotional intelligence (EI). The overall purpose was to test heretofore untested propositions advanced by various theorists concerning the impact of openness to experience (OE), self‐efficacy (SE), and receptivity to feedback (RF) on training outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – This empirical study utilized a sample of 135 fully‐employed business students in a treatment/control group research design.Findings – The findings suggest that leadership development professionals will likely derive differential EI training gains depending upon participants' status across several variables. Receptivity to feedback was directly associated with EI training gains while the SE‐RF and SE‐OE interactions were predictors of EI training gains.Practical implications – The results hold implications for organ.
The Potential of Outcome Measurement for Strengthening Nonprofits’ Accountability to Beneficiaries

This article considers one mechanism that could create a clearer accountability path between nonprofits and their beneficiaries: Outcome measurement. Outcome measurement focuses attention on a nonprofit’s beneficiaries and whether they are better off as a result of the nonprofit’s work. The article analyzed 10 outcome measurement guides targeted to nonprofits, totaling more than 1,000 pages of text. The analysis shows that the guides were neither uniform in the conceptualization of nonprofit beneficiaries nor in how they directed nonprofits to use outcome measurement with their beneficiaries. Despite scholars’ suggestion that a nonprofit’s relationship to their beneficiaries is a key accountability relationship, the guides suggest that beneficiaries have an ambiguous standing, relative to other stakeholders, in the nonprofit accountability environment.