Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of CH4 and CO2 Production Originating from Rice Straw, Soil and Root Organic Carbon in Rice Microcosms

Flooded rice fields are an important source of the greenhouse gas CH4. Possible carbon sources for CH4 and CO2 production in rice fields are soil organic matter (SOM), root organic carbon (ROC) and rice straw (RS), but partitioning of the flux between the different carbon sources is difficult. We conducted greenhouse experiments using soil microcosms planted with rice. The soil was amended with and without 13C-labeled RS, using two 13C-labeled RS treatments with equal RS (5 g kg−1 soil) but different δ13C of RS. This procedure allowed to determine the carbon flux from each of the three sources (SOM, ROC, RS) by determining the δ13C of CH4 and CO2 in the different incubations and from the δ13C of RS. Partitioning of carbon flux indicated that the contribution of ROC to CH4 production was 41% at tillering stage, increased with rice growth and was about 60% from the booting stage onwards. The contribution of ROC to CO2 was 43% at tillering stage, increased to around 70% at booting stage and stayed relatively constant afterwards. The contribution of RS was determined to be in a range of 12–24% for CH4 production and 11–31% for CO2 production; while the contribution of SOM was calculated to be 23–35% for CH4 production and 13–26% for CO2 production. The results indicate that ROC was the major source of CH4 though RS application greatly enhanced production and emission of CH4 in rice field soil. Our results also suggest that data of CH4 dissolved in rice field could be used as a proxy for the produced CH4 after tillering stage.
Reproductive biology and spatiotemporal patterns of spawning in striped marlin Kajikia audax.

This study presents the first histology-based assessment of the reproductive dynamics of south-west Pacific striped marlin Kajikia audax. Maturity and reproductive status were assessed from histological sections of ovaries (n = 234) and testes (n = 243) of fish caught in commercial longline and recreational fisheries between 2006 and 2009. Spawning peaked in the Coral Sea during November and December at sea surface temperatures between 24.8 and 28.3° C. Lower jaw fork length (L(LJF)) at 50% maturity (L(LJF50)), a key variable for stock assessment, was estimated to be 2100 ± 102 mm (mean + s.e.) for females and 1668 ± 18 mm for males. Unlike large pelagic tunas Thunnus spp. , the proportion of females increased with length and spawning fish formed multiple large-scale aggregations within a broad latitudinal band. This study provides a starting point for biological parameters needed for stock assessment and conservation of K. audax and introduces the multiple aggregation spawning concept as a reproductive mechanism to explain genetic heterogeneity observed in some highly migratory species.
The Course and Termination of Corticothalamic Fibres Arising in the Visual Cortex of the Rat

Corticothalamic axons have been studied in adult Lister hooded rats with single or dual injections of tracers into the visual cortex. Labelled axons leave medial and lateral injection sites in separate or partially overlapping bundles along parallel trajectories in the subcortical white matter. In the internal capsule they converge and both bundles enter roughly the same sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). Their reticular terminal fields, however, differ. Axons from a medial injection site innervate more lateral parts of the TRN than do the axons from lateral injection sites. The most medial third of the TRN is not innervated from area 17 but receives a topographically arranged input from peristriate cortex (Crabtree and Killackey, 1989, Eur J. Neurosci., 1, 94‐109; Coleman and Mitrofanis, 1996, EWK J. Neurosci., 8, 388‐404). The two groups of axons then separate in the dorsal thalamus, axons from medial parts of visual cortex turning caudally into lateral regions of the lateral geniculate nucleus, whereas fibres from more lateral cortex continue into medial parts of the nucleus. Connolly and van Essen (1984, J. Comp. Neurol., 226, 544‐564) and Nelson and LeVay (1985, J. Comp. Neurol., 240, 322‐330) have shown that in the geniculocortical pathway the two groups of fibres cross over in the subcortical white matter, probably in the region of the subplate. We show that the corticothalamic pathway also has a crossing, but it occurs in, or close to, the diencephalon itself, in the region of the perireticular nucleus. This result suggests that each of these pathways, the geniculocortical and the corticogeniculate, may undergo reorganization within distinct cerebral zones, one diencephalic for the corticothalamic axons and the other telencephalic for the thalamocortical axons.
Characterization and follow‐up of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction detected by high resolution manometry

Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is a newly described diagnostic entity growing in importance due to the use of high resolution manometry (HRM). There is little knowledge regarding its incidence, etiopathogeny, long‐term evolution, and most suitable treatment. Our objective was to increase the awareness of EGJOO to optimize the management of these patients.
Reassessing Readers' Comprehension Monitoring.

For the past three decades, most metacognitive studies in the research field of reading have focused on how metacognition functions best in specific, successful strategies, instead of investigating how comprehension monitoring can be developed. This results in knowing what metacognitive strategies to use and how they are used, but still does not account for their successful and automatic utilization. The internalization of metacognitive competency therefore seems to deserve further investigation. The present study aims at reassessing both proficient and less-proficient readers’ comprehension monitoring. The findings of this study show, first of all, that proficient readers displayed more competency in monitoring their ongoing thinking process since they tended to monitor their reading process all the time in order to compensate for words that had not been previously decoded. Secondly, the proficient readers employed higher levels of comprehension monitoring which included internal and external consistency (Baker, 1985, 1996). Thirdly, comprehension monitoring can be developed by interaction with a knowledgeable person. Teacher intervention enhanced the less-proficient readers’ development of comprehension monitoring by providing them with basic language knowledge as a resource for comprehension monitoring and integrating sporadic information. Finally, the present study suggests that comprehension monitoring is no less significant than reading strategies. Comprehension monitoring can only become possible when there is something available to be monitored (Perfetti, Maureen, & Foltz, 1996). Instruction of basic language knowledge, therefore, should come before that of comprehension monitoring.
Ownership, Failure, and Experience: Goals and Evaluation Metrics of University-Based Arts Venture Incubators

This article expands on a paper originally presented at the annual conference of USASBE in 2013.1 It is a narrative qualitative study of four university-based arts venture incubators, one of which is headed by the author. Its purpose is to describe in narrative form the goals of such programs and the means by which university-based arts venture incubators measure their success. There is scant research on small business incubator evaluation and even less on arts venture incubator evaluation. The article looks at four university-based arts venture incubators to identify key issues of evaluation and similarities and differences across program types.
Cost analysis of magnetically controlled growing rods compared with traditional growing rods for early-onset scoliosis in the US: an integrated health care delivery system perspective

Purpose Traditional growing rod (TGR) for early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is effective but requires repeated invasive surgical lengthenings under general anesthesia. Magnetically controlled growing rod (MCGR) is lengthened noninvasively using a hand-held magnetic external remote controller in a physician office; however, the MCGR implant is expensive, and the cumulative cost savings have not been well studied. We compared direct medical costs of MCGR and TGR for EOS from the US integrated health care delivery system perspective. We hypothesized that over time, the MCGR implant cost will be offset by eliminating repeated TGR surgical lengthenings. Methods For both TGR and MCGR, the economic model estimated the cumulative costs for initial implantation, lengthenings, revisions due to device failure, surgical-site infections, device exchanges (at 3.8 years), and final fusion, over a 6-year episode of care. Model parameters were estimated from published literature, a multicenter EOS database of US institutions, and interviews. Costs were discounted at 3.0% annually and represent 2015 US dollars. Results Of 1,000 simulated patients over 6 years, MCGR was associated with an estimated 270 fewer deep surgical-site infections and 197 fewer revisions due to device failure compared with TGR. MCGR was projected to cost an additional $61 per patient over the 6-year episode of care compared with TGR. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the results were sensitive to changes in the percentage of MCGR dual rod use, months between TGR lengthenings, percentage of hospital inpatient (vs outpatient) TGR lengthenings, and MCGR implant cost. Conclusion Cost neutrality of MCGR to TGR was achieved over the 6-year episode of care by eliminating repeated TGR surgical lengthenings. To our knowledge, this is the first cost analysis comparing MCGR to TGR – from the US provider perspective – which demonstrates the efficient provision of care with MCGR.
SENSORY AND COGNITIVE CHANGES WITH AGE. IN: MOBILITY AND TRANSPORTATION IN THE ELDERLY

The objectives of the paper were to review selected research literature on sensory and cognitive changes that come with aging and to discuss the implications of these findings for the ability of older adults to maintain personal mobility and be able to drive. Maintaining upright posture, walking and driving include behaviors that involve utilizing and responding to complex sensory and cognitive information that changes rapidly over time. Because age-associated slowing is a common factor in sensory, cognitive, and motor behaviors, the review of the literature was organized around the implications of this general finding. As is true in a lot of research on age differences in abilities, the variability among sensory, cognitive, and motor skills involved in personal mobility and in driving are very substantial among elderly persons. The paper concluded that task redesign and improved ergonomics can compensate for diminished sensory capacity and slower speed of mental and motor behavior, and that skill training and physical training, particularly resistive strength training, can significantly improve some skills involved in personal mobility and driving.
Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Minat Mahasiswa Akuntansi Untuk Berkarir Menjadi Akuntan Publik (Studi Kasus Pada Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta)

Penelitian ini berjudul Analisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi minat mahasiswa akuntansi untuk berkarir menjadi akuntan publik (Studi kasus pada Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta). Tujuan Penelitian ini sebagai berikut : 1) Untuk mengetahui apakah nilai intrinsik pekerjaan berpengaruh terhadap minat mahasiswa akuntansi untuk berkarir menjadi akuntan publik. 2) Untuk mengetahui apakah persepsi penghasilan berpengaruh terhadap minat mahasiswa akuntansi untuk berkarir menjadi akuntan publik. 3) Untuk mengetahui apakah pertimbangan pasar kerja berpengaruh terhadap minat mahasiswa akuntansi untuk berkarir menjadi akuntan publik. 4) Untuk mengetahui apakah sifat pekerjaan profesi akuntan berpengaruh terhadap minat mahasiswa akuntansi untuk berkarir menjadi akuntan publik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei yaitu menggunakan kuesioner sebagai alat untuk mengumpulkan data primer. Populasi dalam penelitian ini, adalah Mahasiswa akuntansi fakultas ekonomi dan bisnis Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta angkatan 2009 dan 2010 berjumlah 152. Dari populasi tersebut diambil sampel, sampel dalam penelitian ini diambil secara purposive sampling. Berdasarkan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan diperoleh jumlah sampel 37 responden. Tehnik yang digunakan adalah convenience sampling yang berarti sampel yang digunakan mudah di hubungi, tidak menyusahkan, mudah untuk mengukurnya, dan bersifat kooperatif. Penelitian yang dilakukan memperoleh hasil sebagai berikut : a) menunjukkan hasil uji t bahwa variabel nilai intrinsik pekerjaan memperoleh nilai thitung = 1,145 dengan nilai p=0,261. Sedangkan ttabel pada taraf signfikansi 5% adalah = 2,042. Dikarenakan thitung 0,05, maka H1 ditolak. Artinya nilai intrinsik pekerjaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap minat mahasiswa akuntansi untuk berkarir menjadi akuntan publik. b) Berdasarkan hasil uji t dapat diketahui bahwa variabel persepsi penghasilan memperoleh nilai thitung = 3,197 dengan nilai p=0,003. Sedangkan ttabel pada taraf signfikansi 5% adalah = 2,042. Dikarenakan thitung > ttabel (3,197 > 2,042) dengan p ttabel (2,266 > 2,042) dengan p<0,05, maka H3 diterima. Artinya faktor pertimbangan pasar kerja berpengaruh positif terhadap minat mahasiswa akuntansi untuk berkarir menjadi akuntan publik. d) Hasil uji t terhadap variabel sifat pekerjaan profesi akuntan publik memperoleh nilai thitung = 2,724 dengan nilai p=0,010. Sedangkan ttabel pada taraf signfikansi 5% adalah = 2,042. Dikarenakan thitung > ttabel (2,724 > 2,042) dengan p<0,05, maka H4 diterima. Artinya sifat pekerjaan profesi akuntan publik berpengaruh positif terhadap minat mahasiswa akuntansi untuk berkarir menjadi akuntan publik.
Measuring and understanding engagement

This chapter aims a) to provide a review of the main ways in which employee engagement has been measured; b) to give insight into issues that may occur when designing and implementing such measures; and c) to consider implications in regards to presenting and interpreting engagement scores. Whilst covering academic material, this chapter is designed with the practitioner in mind. Two short case studies illustrating how employee engagement can be measured and evaluated in practice are described at the end of this chapter.
Effects of active warm-up and diurnal increase in temperature on muscular power.

PURPOSE To investigate the effects of both an active warm-up (AWU) and the diurnal increase in body temperature on muscular power. METHODS Eight male subjects performed maximal cycling sprints in the morning (7:00-9:00 a.m.) and afternoon (5:00-7:00 p.m.) either after an AWU or in a control condition. The AWU consisted of 12 min of pedaling at 50% of & OV0312;O2 max inter-spersed with three brief accelerations of 5 s. RESULTS Rectal temperature, maximal force developed during the cycling sprint, and muscular power were higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P<0.05). Rectal temperature, calculated muscular temperature, and muscular power were higher after AWU than in control condition (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The beneficial effect of an AWU can be combined with that of the diurnal increase in central temperature to improve muscular power.
Induced seismicity provides insight into why earthquake ruptures stop

Our theoretical model of rupture arrest indicates that most of the injection-induced earthquakes have been self-arrested. Injection-induced earthquakes pose a serious seismic hazard but also offer an opportunity to gain insight into earthquake physics. Currently used models relating the maximum magnitude of injection-induced earthquakes to injection parameters do not incorporate rupture physics. We develop theoretical estimates, validated by simulations, of the size of ruptures induced by localized pore-pressure perturbations and propagating on prestressed faults. Our model accounts for ruptures growing beyond the perturbed area and distinguishes self-arrested from runaway ruptures. We develop a theoretical scaling relation between the largest magnitude of self-arrested earthquakes and the injected volume and find it consistent with observed maximum magnitudes of injection-induced earthquakes over a broad range of injected volumes, suggesting that, although runaway ruptures are possible, most injection-induced events so far have been self-arrested ruptures.
Learning Frames from Text with an Unsupervised Latent Variable Model

We develop a probabilistic latent-variable model to discover semantic frames---types of events and their participants---from corpora. We present a Dirichlet-multinomial model in which frames are latent categories that explain the linking of verb-subject-object triples, given document-level sparsity. We analyze what the model learns, and compare it to FrameNet, noting it learns some novel and interesting frames. This document also contains a discussion of inference issues, including concentration parameter learning; and a small-scale error analysis of syntactic parsing accuracy.
Comparison of Post-Operative Muscular Strength Between Gamma Nailing and Hemiarthroplasty System in Femoral Intertrochanteric Fractures

Background: The current study focuses on the comparison of postoperative muscular strength around the hip joint of patients with femoral intertrochanteric fractures treated either by cephalo-medullary (CM) nailing or a new bipolar hip prosthesis (BHP), an especially attached device to secure displaced greater trochanteric fragment. Methods: Twenty patients treated with CM nailing were age- and sex- matched with a control group of 20 patients treated with BHP. Maximum isometric forces at the bilateral hip joint were measured during the follow up period. Means of 3 measurements were represented. Results: The mean and standard deviation values (kg) of muscle strength at the non-operative/ operative side in the CM nailing group were as follows: flexion strength 9.5±4.7/8.5±4.9 (P=0.06), extension strength 6.2±3.5/5.5±3.7 (P=0.08), abduction strength at 0 degrees 7.7±3.5/6.2±2.8 (p=0.002), abduction strength at 10 degrees 5.5±2.0/4.2±2.0 (p=0.001). In the BHP group, mean and standard deviation values of muscle strength at the non-operative/ operative side were as follows: flexion strength 6.5±2.8/6.0±3.4 (P=0.08), extension strength 4.4±0.9/4.4±0.6 (P=0.83), abduction strength at 0 degrees 5.1±1.9/5.0±1.6 (p=0.12), and that at 10 degrees 4.7±1.4/4.6±1.3 (p=0.10). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that CM nailing may cause a 25-30% decrease in postoperative muscle strength around the hip joint, particularly during hip abduction. With the new BHP, greater trochanter reduction is achieved allowing early weight bearing and maintaining strength in abduction. Surgeons should consider postoperative muscular strength as one of the necessary factors for selection of the appropriate surgical procedure. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III.
Educational Data Mining & Students’ Performance Prediction

It is important to study and analyse educational data especially students’ performance. Educational Data Mining (EDM) is the field of study concerned with mining educational data to find out interesting patterns and knowledge in educational organizations. This study is equally concerned with this subject, specifically, the students’ performance. This study explores multiple factors theoretically assumed to affect students’ performance in higher education, and finds a qualitative model which best classifies and predicts the students’ performance based on related personal and social factors.
THUIR at TREC 2005: Enterprise Track

IR group of Tsinghua University participated in the expert finding task of TREC2005 enterprise track this year. We developed a novel method which is called document reorganization to solve the problem of locating expert for certain query topics. This method collects and combines related information from different media formats to organize a document which describes an expert candidate. This method proves both effective and efficient for expert finding task. Our submitted run (THUENT0505) obtains the best performance in all participants with evaluation metric MAP. The reorganized documents are also significantly smaller in size than the original corpus.
Emmert's Law in the Ames Room

The Ames distorted room illusion, in which the perceived sizes of objects placed within the room differ from their objective sizes, has been used to support arguments for indirect perception. A study is reported in which Emmert's law of the apparent size of after-images was examined in relation to the Ames room's illusory alteration of apparent and actual distances. Size judgments of afterimages projected into the Ames room were compared with control conditions in which both actual and apparent afterimage projection distances were reproduced. Results indicate that Emmert's law may not provide a simple geometrical relationship between proximal image size and actual viewing distance, and that the processes involved in making afterimage size judgments are similar to those processes involved in making size judgments of ‘real world’ objects.
Progression of the “Psychological Typhoon Eye” and Variations Since the Wenchuan Earthquake

Background In 2008 after a massive earthquake jolted Wenchuan, China, we reported an effect that we termed a “Psychological Typhoon Eye”: the closer to the center of the devastated area, the lower the level of concern felt by residents about safety and health. We now report on the progression of this effect and the development of new variations after the quake as well as investigating potential explanations. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted two sequential surveys of 5,216 residents in non-devastated and devastated areas in September-October 2008 and April-May 2009. Respondents were asked five questions to assess their concerns about safety and health. A MANCOVA showed a significant inverse effect of residential devastation level on the estimated number of medical and psychological workers needed, the estimated probability of an epidemic outbreak, and the estimated number of self-protective behaviors needed (Ps<0.001), in spite of the passage of one year. The level of post-earthquake concern decreased significantly with an increase in the residential devastation level. Additionally, we observed two variations in the “Psychological Typhoon Eye” effect, in that the respondents' concern decreased with increasing relational distance between a respondent and victims who had suffered either physical or economic damage. Conclusions/Significance The previously reported effect of a “Psychological Typhoon Eye” remains robust over a 1-year period. We found that the “psychological immunization” theory did not provide a satisfactory explanation for these intriguing results. Our findings may be useful in understanding how people become resilient to threats.