Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is Tanaka-Johnston mixed dentition analysis an applicable method for a Saudi population?

OBJECTIVES To test the applicability of the Tanaka and Johnston prediction method in a Saudi population. METHODS The current study was conducted at the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from September 2013 to January 2014, on a sample of 409 pairs of orthodontic study models. The mesiodistal width of the mandibular permanent incisors, permanent canines, and permanent premolars were measured using an electronic digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01mm. The predicted widths derived from the Tanaka and Johnston equation were compared with the actual measured widths. RESULTS Gender differences were observed in the sum of the mesiodistal width of canine and premolars in both arches as indicated by t-test (p<0.001). The sum of the actual mesiodistal widths of canines and premolars were compared with the predicted widths derived from the Tanaka and Johnston equation and significant differences were found (p<0.001). The regression analysis indicated that the sum of the mesiodistal width of the mandibular permanent incisors is a good predictor for those of unerupted canines and premolars, with the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.51 to 0.61. Accordingly, 2 linear regression equations were developed for tooth width prediction for Saudi males and females. CONCLUSION The Tanaka and Johnston prediction equation overestimated the sum of mesiodistal widths of permanent canines and premolars in Saudis. New regression equations were formulated for the prediction of tooth width in the Saudi population.
Contribution of the Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Contralesional Primary Sensorimotor Cortex to Motor Recovery after Subcortical Stroke

It remains uncertain if the contralesional primary sensorimotor cortex (CL_PSMC) contributes to motor recovery after stroke. Here we investigated longitudinal changes in the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the CL_PSMC and their association with motor recovery. Thirteen patients who had experienced subcortical stroke underwent a series of resting-state fMRI and clinical assessments over a period of 1 year at 5 time points, i.e., within the first week, at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year after stroke onset. Thirteen age- and gender-matched healthy subjects were recruited as controls. The CL_PSMC was defined as a region centered at the voxel that had greatest activation during hand motion task. The dynamic changes in the rsFCs of the CL_PSMC within the whole brain were evaluated and correlated with the Motricity Index (MI) scores. Compared with healthy controls, the rsFCs of the CL_PSMC with the bilateral PSMC were initially decreased, then gradually increased, and finally restored to the normal level 1 year later. Moreover, the dynamic change in the inter-hemispheric rsFC between the bilateral PSMC in these patients was positively correlated with the MI scores. However, the intra-hemispheric rsFC of the CL_PSMC was not correlated with the MI scores. This study shows dynamic changes in the rsFCs of the CL_PSMC after stroke and suggests that the increased inter-hemispheric rsFC between the bilateral PSMC may facilitate motor recovery in stroke patients. However, generalization of our findings is limited by the small sample size of our study and needs to be confirmed.
Task and worker assignment in the shared-machine U-shaped assembly line

This study presents a new approach on a U-shaped line namely, task and worker (double) assignment in the shared-machine U-shaped assembly line. A case study was done on a garment manufacturing company in Thailand. In order to revolutionize and consider the lean concept of waste reduction and synchronous move, three objective functions were considered: minimizing the number of workstations (workers), minimizing walking time, and maximizing full work. The results showed that the shared-machine U-shaped line has the same number of workstations (or workers) as the straight line and traditional U-line but the walking time is less than the latter while the utilization of worker is satisfying. In addition, the utilization of machine is better than other lines. Hence, the proposed model can help improve the double assignment and increase machine and worker utilization of a manufacturing company.
Organizational Adaptation: Strategic Choice and Environmental Determinism.

Lawrence G. Hrebiniak and William F. Joyce The prevailing assumption in recent literature is that strategic choice and environmental determinism represent mutually exclusive, competing explanations of organizational adaptation. The present paper, in contrast, argues that choice and determinism are independent variables that can be positioned on two separate continua to develop a typology of organizational adaptation. The interactions of these variables result in four main types: (1) natural selection, with minimum choice and adaptation or selection out, (2) differentiation, with high choice and high environmental determinism and adaptation within constraints, (3) strategic choice, with maximum choice and adaptation by design, and (4) undifferentiated choice, with incremental choice and adaptation by chance. These types influence the number and forms of strategic options of organizations, the decisional emphasis on means or ends, political behavior and conflict, and the search activities of the organization in its environment.
A Modeling Approach for – Fractional- N Frequency Synthesizers Allowing Straightforward Noise Analysis

A general model of phase-locked loops (PLLs) is derived which incorporates the influence of divide value variations. The proposed model allows straightforward noise and dynamic analyses of – fractionalfrequency synthesizers and other PLL applications in which the divide value is varied in time. Based on the derived model, a general parameterization is presented that further simplifies noise calculations. The framework is used to analyze the noise performance of a custom – synthesizer implemented in a 0.6m CMOS process, and accurately predicts the measured phase noise to within 3 dB over the entire frequency offset range spanning 25 kHz to 10 MHz.
Mechanisms of propranolol action in infantile hemangioma

Infantile hemangioma is a common tumor of infancy. Although most hemangiomas spontaneously regress, treatment is indicated based on complications, risk to organ development and function, and disfigurement. The serendipitous discovery of propranolol, a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor blocker, as an effective means to regress hemangiomas has made this a first-line therapy for hemangioma patients. Propranolol has shown remarkable response rates. There are, however, some adverse effects, which include changes in sleep, acrocyanosis, hypotension, and hypoglycemia. Over the last few years, researchers have focused on understanding the mechanisms by which propranolol causes hemangioma regression. This has entailed study of cultured vascular endothelial cells including endothelial cells isolated from hemangioma patients. In this article, we review recent studies offering potential mechanisms of how various cell types found in hemangioma may respond to propranolol.
Planning With Deadlines in Stochastic Domains

We provide a method, based on the theory of Markov decision problems, for efficient planning in stochastic domains. Goals are encoded as reward functions, expressing the desirability of each world state; the planner must find a policy (mapping from states to actions) that maximizes future rewards. Standard goals of achievement, as well as goals of maintenance and prioritized combinations of goals, can be specified in this way. An optimal policy can be found using existing methods, but these methods are at best polynomial in the number of states in the domain, where the number of states is exponential in the number of propositions (or state variables). By using information about the starting state, the reward function, and the transition probabilities of the domain, we can restrict the planner's attention to a set of world states that are likely to be encountered in satisfying the goal. Furthermore, the planner can generate more or less complete plans depending on the time it has available. We describe experiments involving a mobile robotics application and consider the problem of schedulilng different phases of the planning algorithm given time constraints.
Understanding Urban Public Space in a Leisure Context

For many people, the city is a landscape of everyday life. In cities, public spaces serve as venues for social interaction, sociability, conviviality, and the enactment of community. Despite their relevance to community life, however, urban spaces remain underexamined in the leisure literature. If researchers seek to understand leisure in the context of everyday experiences, they must also consider the spatial perspective in which leisure activities are pursued. In this research reflection, we argue that urban public spaces and some private spaces are fundamentally leisure settings that warrant greater research attention. We propose to broaden the conceptual understanding of what constitutes urban public space by outlining four categories of urban space based on ownership and accessibility.
Web Appendix for : The Trade Consequences of Maritime Insecurity : Evidence from Somali Piracy

This document contains additional data exercises that complement the empirical analysis in the study “The Trade Consequences of Maritime Insecurity: Evidence from Somali Piracy”, and are not intended for publication. All the references to the estimated regression model, or to particular specifications that are not reported this appendix, correspond to equations and results included in the manuscript submitted for publication.
Stabilizing contributions of sulfur-modified nucleotides: crystal structure of a DNA duplex with 2′-O-[2-(methoxy)ethyl]-2-thiothymidines

Substitution of oxygen atoms by sulfur at various locations in the nucleic acid framework has led to analogs such as the DNA phosphorothioates and 4′-thio RNA. The phosphorothioates are excellent mimics of DNA, exhibit increased resistance to nuclease degradation compared with the natural counterpart, and have been widely used as first-generation antisense nucleic acid analogs for applications in vitro and in vivo. The 4′-thio RNA analog exhibits significantly enhanced RNA affinity compared with RNA, and shows potential for incorporation into siRNAs. 2-Thiouridine (s2U) and 5-methyl-2-thiouridine (m5s2U) are natural nucleotide analogs. s2U in tRNA confers greater specificity of codon–anticodon interactions by discriminating more strongly between A and G compared with U. 2-Thio modification preorganizes the ribose and 2′-deoxyribose sugars for a C3′-endo conformation, and stabilizes heteroduplexes composed of modified DNA and complementary RNA. Combination of the 2-thio and sugar 2′-O-modifications has been demonstrated to boost both thermodynamic stability and nuclease resistance. Using the 2′-O-[2-(methoxy)ethyl]-2-thiothymidine (m5s2Umoe) analog, we have investigated the consequences of the replacement of the 2-oxygen by sulfur for base-pair geometry and duplex conformation. The crystal structure of the A-form DNA duplex with sequence GCGTAT*ACGC (T* = m5s2Umoe) was determined at high resolution and compared with the structure of the corresponding duplex with T* = m5Umoe. Notable changes as a result of the incorporation of sulfur concern the base-pair parameter ‘opening’, an improvement of stacking in the vicinity of modified nucleotides as measured by base overlap, and a van der Waals interaction between sulfur atoms from adjacent m5s2Umoe residues in the minor groove. The structural data indicate only minor adjustments in the water structure as a result of the presence of sulfur. The observed small structural perturbations combined with the favorable consequences for pairing stability and nuclease resistance (when combined with 2′-O-modification) render 2-thiouracil-modified RNA a promising candidate for applications in RNAi.
Reconfigurable array for transcendental functions calculation

Expanding transcendental functions in a series of Shift-and-Add operations is an alternative to Taylor or Chebyshev series expansions when fixed-point arithmetic with reduced wordlength is required. Typically, reconfigurable arrays do not provide architectural support for shift operations. Instead, shift operations are emulated by either multiplexing logic or multiplication by a power of 2. In this paper we describe the architecture of a reconfigurable array that can natively support shift operations. Rather than augmenting the reconfigurable fabric with dedicated shift units, the interconnection network is extended with shift capabilities. This is conceptually possible since a shift operation is a rearrangement and not a combination of the signals. Layers of computing tiles supporting Shift-and-Add/Subtract and Add-and-Select operations are interleaved with interconnect layers. On such a reconfigurable array, a variety of transcendental functions can be efficiently implemented.
Were the 2010 Pakistan floods predictable?

During July 2010, a series of monsoonal deluges over northern Pakistan resulted in catastrophic flooding, loss of life and property and an agricultural crisis that may last for years. Was the rainfall abnormal compared to previous years? Furthermore, could a high probability of flooding have been predicted? To address these questions, regional precipitation is analyzed using three dataset sets covering the 1981–2010 time period. It is concluded that the 2010 average May to August (MJJA) rainfall for year 2010 is somewhat greater in magnitude than previous years. However, the rainfall rate of the July deluges, especially in North Pakistan was exceptionally rare as deduced from limited data. The location of the deluges over the mountainous northern part of the country lead to the devastating floods. The European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 15‐day Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) is used to assess whether the rainfall over the flood affected region was predictable. A multi‐year analysis shows that Pakistan rainfall is highly predictable out to 6–8 days including rainfall in the summer of 2010. We conclude that if these extended quantitative precipitation forecasts had been available in Pakistan, the high risk of flooding could have been foreseen. If these rainfall forecasts had been coupled to a hydrological model then the high risk of extensive and prolonged flooding could have anticipated and actions taken to mitigate their impact.
On the SNR penalty of MPSK with hybrid selection/maximal ratio combining over i.i.d. Rayleigh fading channels

Closed-form expressions that lower and upper bound the penalty of hybrid selection/maximal ratio combining relative to maximal ratio combining (MRC) for M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) modulation are proved. The bounds offer simple-to-evaluate explicit expressions, and are typically within 0.6 dB for hybrid systems with diversity order up to eight that use at least two branches, yet are independent of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Contrary to conclusions conjectured in a previously published paper, it is proved that the SNR penalty is not a constant, independent of SNR. It is also shown that previous estimates of the performance losses of selection diversity relative to MRC underestimate or lower bound the losses for MPSK modulation systems, and that the true loss can be significantly larger than previously believed. An upper bound to this loss is also obtained.
Thailand’s Sufficiency Economy: Origins and Comparisons with Other Systems of Religious Economics

The contemporary world is witnessing the growing re-assertion of public religion, including attempts to reorient economic organization and action according to religious teachings. One such attempt is the Thai concept of “sufficiency economy,” an economic model based on the collected sayings and development projects of Thailand’s king. The author examines the sufficiency economy model from three perspectives. First, he analyzes the origins and principles of sufficiency economy as a model for Buddhist economics. Second, he critically analyzes some possible political uses and misuses of the sufficiency economy discourse. Finally, he comparatively examines sufficiency economy in relation to Islamic finance and Gandhian economics.
We are what we eat: Regulatory gaps in the United States that put our health at risk

The American diet has changed dramatically since 1958, when Congress gave the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to ensure the safety of chemicals in food. Since then, thousands of chemicals have entered the food system. Yet their long-term, chronic effects have been woefully understudied, their health risks inadequately assessed. The FDA has been sluggish in considering scientific knowledge about the impact of exposures—particularly at low levels and during susceptible developmental stages. The agency’s failure to adequately account for the risks of perchlorate—a well-characterized endocrine-disrupting chemical—to vulnerable populations is representative of systemic problems plaguing the regulation of chemicals in food. Today, we are faced with a regulatory system that, weakened by decades of limited resources, has fallen short of fully enforcing its mandates. The FDA’s inability to effectively manage the safety of hundreds of chemicals is putting our children’s health at risk.
A user study on visualizing directed edges in graphs

Graphs are often visualized using node-link representations: vertices are depicted as dots, edges are depicted as (poly)lines connecting two vertices. A directed edge running from vertex A to B is generally visualized using an arrow representation: a (poly)line with a triangular arrowhead at vertex B. Although this representation is intuitive, it is not guaranteed that a user is able to determine edge direction as quickly and unambiguously as possible; alternative representations that exhibit less occlusion and visual clutter might be better suited. To investigate this, we developed five additional directed-edge representations using combinations of shape and color. We performed a user study in which subjects performed different tasks on a collection of graphs using these representations and combinations thereof to investigate which representation is best in terms of speed and accuracy. We present our initial hypotheses, the outcome of the user studies, and recommendations regarding directed-edge visualization.
TWITTER MINING FOR DISCOVERY , PREDICTION AND CAUSALITY : APPLICATIONS AND METHODOLOGIES

Twitter has found substantial use in a number of settings. For example, Twitter played a major role in the ‘Arab Spring’ and has been adopted by a large number of the Fortune 100. All of these and other events have led to a large database of Twitter tweets that has attracted the attention of a number of companies and researchers through what has become known as ‘Twitter mining’ (also known as ‘TwitterMining’). This paper analyses some of the approaches used to gather information and knowledge from Twitter for Twitter mining. In addition, this paper reviews a number of the applications that employ Twitter Mining, investigating Twitter information for prediction, discovery and as an informational basis of causation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
More than Words: Restorative Justice Concepts in Transitional Justice Settings

This article considers the applicability of restorative justice literature in the transitional justice arena. The authors argue that while restorative justice is applied to a wide range of conflicts, the established literature is often of limited value within a transitional context. Insufficient attention is often paid to the inherent difficulties in importing theories, concepts and practices designed for the context of ‘settled’ societies into post-conflict environments. Significantly more consideration needs to be given to the practical operation of transitional justice mechanisms, as well as their underlying normative bases, so that they might live up to the claims of many commentators that transitional justice is ‘restorative’.
Support for Censorship of Television Violence

This study examined predictors of support for censorship of television violence, including third-person effects (the belief that others are more affected by televised violence than oneself) and exposure to specific news stories about the issue. A random sample of 253 residents in a small, Midwestern metropolitan area participated via telephone interviews. The third-person effect for aggression predicted greater support for censorship, but the third-person effect for mean-world perceptions did not. However, when perceived effects on self and others were examined separately, greater support for censorship was associated with respondents' beliefs that violent content increased others' aggressive tendencies but their own mean-world perceptions. More frequent exposure to news stories about imitation was associated with more willingness to censor violent content, but four other types of news stories were unrelated to censorship support. Interpretations and implications of these and other findings are discussed.
Stochastic trade networks

This paper develops a simple network model to describe the dynamic of the intensive and extensive margin of international trade flows. The result is achieved by means of the combination of two mechanisms of proportional growth: the first (discrete) determines the formation of trade links, the second (continuous) governs trade intensity. We show that our setup is able to simultaneously match a large number of empirical regularities, such as the fraction of zero trade flows across pairs of countries or the high concentration of trade with respect to both products and destinations. Our findings suggest that stylized facts are strongly interconnected across different levels of aggregation of trade data , so that a unifying explanation is called for. By incorporating stochastic elements into standard trade models we can improve their ability to explain relevant facts about world trade.
GPU-based NFA implementation for memory efficient high speed regular expression matching

Regular expression pattern matching is the foundation and core engine of many network functions, such as network intrusion detection, worm detection, traffic analysis, web applications and so on. DFA-based solutions suffer exponentially exploding state space and cannot be remedied without sacrificing matching speed. Given this scalability problem of DFA-based methods, there has been increasing interest in NFA-based methods for memory efficient regular expression matching. To achieve high matching speed using NFA, it requires potentially massive parallel processing, and hence represents an ideal programming task on Graphic Processor Unit (GPU). Based on in-depth understanding of NFA properties as well as GPU architecture, we propose effective methods for fitting NFAs into GPU architecture through proper data structure and parallel programming design, so that GPU's parallel processing power can be better utilized to achieve high speed regular expression matching. Experiment results demonstrate that, compared with the existing GPU-based NFA implementation method [9], our proposed methods can boost matching speed by 29~46 times, consistently yielding above 10Gbps matching speed on NVIDIA GTX-460 GPU. Meanwhile, our design only needs a small amount of memory space, growing exponentially more slowly than DFA size. These results make our design an effective solution for memory efficient high speed regular expression matching, and clearly demonstrate the power and potential of GPU as a platform for memory efficient high speed regular expression matching.