Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revised normative standards of performance of men on a quantitative ataxia test battery.

Revised normative standards of performance are presented, of men, ages 16–60 years, on a quantitative ataxia test battery in terms of five new chronological age groupings based on a sample of 1 055 normal men. Very nearly similar sensitivity of all battery subtests to aging influences was observed, which implies a unitary sensitivity of the battery to such influences on the complex postural equilibrium functions sampled by it. Results tentatively suggest that the progressive nature of negative aging influences along the life span sampled become apparent several years earlier than reported previously. The new normative standards should allow more precise laboratory and clinical applications of the test battery, which has proved to be useful particularly in the vestibular physiological and neuro-otological assessment of postural equilibrium-disequilibrium, including spontaneous and induced vestibular ataxia. The test battery has other clinical and research applications.
REPRESENTATION

In these days, when, if the words of constitutions can be trusted, sovereign Parliaments based on manhood or adult suffrage are rapidly extending their sway over the greater part of the world, there is surely no conception more deserving of the attention of the political theorist than that of Representation. There was a time when government for most men meant monarchy, when ruler meant king or king's minister. To-day for most men ruler means Parliament or ministers responsible to Parliament, and government means representative government. In those former times the political theorist would naturally take the king or prince for his centre-piece, and devote himself to expounding the nature and attributes of the office. “For from the prince, as from a well spring, cometh the flood of all that is good or evil upon the people” (Sir T. More). In our own day he would perhaps do well to devote himself first and mainly to reflection on the meaning of this term representation, standing as it does for something which is taken by general consent to constitute the distinctive feature of the normal modern type of government. He may run the risk of speaking merely for his own day; but he should at least be sure of remaining near the centre of his subject.
Histological evaluation of direct pulp capping with a self-etching adhesive and calcium hydroxide on human pulp tissue.

AIM To evaluate human pulp tissue response following direct pulp capping with a self-etching adhesive: Clearfil SE BOND (SB). METHODOLOGY Forty-five sound teeth from 20 subjects were used. Forty-one teeth had their pulp mechanically exposed at the base of a Class 1 cavity preparation and were divided into two groups: group 1, teeth were capped with SB (n = 21), and group 2, with calcium hydroxide cement (CH) (n = 20). Four teeth were maintained intact as an untreated control group. After 7, 30 and 90 days, respectively, 15 teeth were extracted and processed for light microscopic examination. Pulp healing and bacterial microleakage were assessed by haematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome and Brown and Brenn stain techniques. The data were analysed statistically by using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS After the 7-day observation period, the inflammatory reaction in the SB group was slight and significantly less severe than that of the CH group (P < 0.05). After the 30- and 90-day observation periods, the inflammatory reaction was slight in both groups, but specimens with dentine bridge formation in the SB group were significantly less common than those in the CH group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Clearfil SB had good biocompatibility with human pulp tissue, but its ability to induce reparative dentine was significantly lower than that of calcium hydroxide.
Perforin expression and cytotoxic activity of sputum CD8+ lymphocytes in patients with COPD.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the inflammatory response to cigarette smoking differs between smokers who acquire COPD and those who do not, and the CD8(+) T- lymphocytes have been identified as a key player in this response. OBJECTIVE To investigate the cytotoxic activity and perforin expression of CD8(+) lymphocytes in the airway lumen of patients with COPD. METHODS Thirty-six male smokers with COPD, 25 male smokers without COPD, and 10 healthy nonsmokers participated in the study. T-lymphocytes of induced sputum samples were labeled with appropriate monoclonal antibodies and measured using flow cytometry. The cytotoxic activity of CD8(+) cells was defined by incubating them with specific target cells (K562). RESULTS The percentage and the total number of CD8(+) lymphocytes were significantly higher in COPD smokers compared to non-COPD smokers (p = 0.01 and p = 0.005, respectively) or to healthy nonsmokers (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). Perforin expression in CD8(+) cells was significantly higher in smokers with COPD compared to the other two groups (p = 0.001). Increased cytotoxic activity of T cells was also observed in induced sputum of patients with COPD in comparison to the other two groups. CONCLUSION CD8(+) cells are not only increased in number in sputum samples of smokers with COPD but are highly activated, expressing high levels of perforin. These findings suggest that CD8(+) T-lymphocytes play a significant role in the inflammatory process of COPD.
Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate symptoms and neurocognitive recovery patterns after sports-related concussion in high school and college athletes. STUDY DESIGN College athletes (n = 371) and high school athletes (n = 183) underwent baseline neuropsychological evaluation between 1997 and 2000. Individuals who received a concussion during athletic competition (n = 54) underwent serial neuropsychologic evaluation after injury and were compared with a noninjured within-sample control group (n = 38). Main outcome measures included structured interview, four memory measures, and Concussion Symptom Scale ratings. Baseline to postinjury change scores and multiple analyses of variance were used to compare recovery curves within and between groups. RESULTS High school athletes with concussion had prolonged memory dysfunction compared with college athletes with concussion. High school athletes performed significantly worse than age-matched control subjects at 7 days after injury (F = 2.90; P <.005). College athletes, despite having more severe in-season concussions, displayed commensurate performance with matched control subjects by day 3 after concussion. Self-report of postconcussion symptoms by student athletes was not predictive of poor performance on neuropsychologic testing. CONCLUSIONS Caution and systematic evaluation should be undertaken before returning athletes with concussion to competition. Sole reliance on the self-report of the athlete may be inadequate. Preliminary data may suggest a more protracted recovery from concussion in high school athletes.
Dynamic and selective combination of extensions in component-based applications

Support for dynamic and client-specific customization is required in many application areas. We present a (distributed) application as consisting of a minimal functional core, implemented as a component based system, and an unbound set of potential extensions that can be selectively integrated within this core functionality. An extension to this core may be a new service due to new requirements of end users. Another important category of extensions we consider are non-functional services such as authentication, which typically introduce interaction refinements at the application level. In accordance with the separation of concerns principle, each extension is implemented as a layer of mixin-like wrappers. Each wrapper incrementally adds behavior and state to a core component instance from the outside, without modifying the component's implementation. The novelty of this work is that the composition logic, responsible for integrating extensions into the core system, is externalized from the code of clients, core system and extensions. Clients (end users, system integrators) can customize this composition logic on a per collaboration basis by 'attaching' high-level interpretable extension identifiers to their interactions with the core system.
Troglitazone suppresses the secretion of type I collagen by mesangial cells in vitro.

BACKGROUND Our laboratory has shown that troglitazone, a thiazolidinedione and peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist, prevents mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis in diabetic rats. We investigated and compared the action of two PPAR agonists at the level of the mesangial cell. METHODS Rat mesangial cells were grown in medium containing 5 mmol/L glucose, 30 mmol/L glucose, or 5 mmol/L glucose plus 25 mmol/L mannitol. The cultures were either left untreated, treated with 10 micromol/L troglitazone (PPAR-gamma), or 100 micromol/L clofibrate (PPAR-alpha). The following parameters were used to assess mesangial cell responses: detection of PPAR-gamma and -alpha mRNA, the degree of PPAR-gamma and -alpha activation, spread cell area, total protein production, and laminin and type I collagen production. RESULTS Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed the presence of PPAR-gamma and -alpha mRNA in rat mesangial cells. PPAR-gamma and -alpha proteins are active in mesangial cells and the extent of activation is affected by different glycemic conditions. Troglitazone and clofibrate treatment corrected in part the increase in spread cell area seen in mesangial cells in hyperglycemic conditions. However, neither agonist corrected the increase in total protein production induced by hyperglycemia. Treatment with troglitazone resulted in a significant, specific decrease in type I collagen along with a slight decrease in laminin production in both medium conditions. Clofibrate had no effect on laminin synthesis in either medium condition but did decrease type I collagen synthesis in cells grown in hyperglycemic conditions. CONCLUSION PPAR-alpha and -gamma mRNA signaling pathways are in place and active in mesangial cells. Both agonists affect the phenotypic behavior of mesangial cells and ameliorate changes resulting from hyperglycemia. The data indicate that the correction of mesangial cell phenotype by troglitazone may influence production/deposition of a pathological fibrotic connective tissue matrix (that is, type I collagen) by these cells.
Génération de Transformations de Modèles : une approche basée sur les treillis de Galois. (Model Transformation Generation : a Galois Lattices approach)

La transformation de modeles est une operation fondamentale dans l'ingenierie dirigee par les modeles. Elle peut etre manuelle ou automatisee, mais dans ce dernier cas elle necessite de la part du developpeur qui la concoit la maitrise des meta-modeles impliques dans la transformation. La generation de transformations de modeles a partir d'exemples permet la creation d'une transformation de modele en se basant sur des exemples de modeles sources et cibles. Le fait de travailler au niveau modele permet d'utiliser les syntaxes concretes definies pour les meta-modeles et ne necessite plus une maitrise parfaite de ces derniers.Nous proposons une methode de generation de transformations de modeles a partir d'exemples basee sur l'Analyse Relationnelle de Concepts (ARC) permettant d'obtenir un ensemble de regles de transformations ordonnees sous forme de treillis. L'ARC est une methode de classification qui se base sur des liens de correspondances entre les modeles pour faire emerger des regles. Ces liens etant un probleme commun a toute les methodes de generation de transformation de modeles a partir d'exemples, nous proposons une methode basee sur des methodes d'alignement d'ontologie permettant de les generer.
Pseudothrombocytopenia: manifestation of a new type of platelet agglutinin.

Spuriously low electronic platelet counts heparin, oxalate, or citrate. Agglutination were obtained on blood collected in EDTA in the presence of EDTA was not inhibited from six patients. Platelet numbers on by heparin, a-tocopherol, or N-ethylmaleblood smears and electronic counts per- imide, but was inhibitied by excess EDTA formed on blood collected in other anti- or divalent cation. The agglutinin was coagulants were normal. Plasma or sera temperature independent in five of the six from these patients agglutinated homolo- patients and had the physical and imgous, as well as autologous platelets, in munologic characteristics of a gamma the presence of EDTA or DTPA, but ag- globulin. The clinical significance and glutination did not occur in blood or mechanism of EDTA-dependent agglutinaplatelet-rich plasma anticoagulatedwith tion of platelets is unknown. P LATELET COLD AGGLUTININS active at room temperature have been responsible for spuriously low platelet counts. ’ These agglutinins were active at temperatures below 34#{176}C and had the physical and immunologic characteristics ofgamma globulins. Homologous and autologous platelets were agglutinated, and the type ofanticoagulant used had no effect on the agglutination. The agglutinins were discovered during investigation of low platelet counts obtained on an electronic particle counter in five patients with no clinical evidence ofthrombocytopenia. In these five patients, normal platelet counts were found in blood diluted directly from fingerstick or in blood kept at 370 C. The purpose of the present report is to describe another type of platelet agglutinin which is active at 37#{176}C, as well as at room temperature, and is dependent upon the presence of the anticoagulant, eihylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), for its activity. These agglutinins were discovered in six patients because blood for platelet counting with the Coulter Counter is routinely collected
Inoculation and successful colonization of whitebark pine seedlings with native mycorrhizal fungi under greenhouse conditions

Efforts to maintain and restore whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) forests in western North America have increased dramatically over the last two decades and now include the planting of nursery-grown rust resistant seedlings in openings and burned areas. Over 200,000 nursery seedlings have been planted in the western U.S. but survival rates are low and in many areas approach zero. One possibility for enhancing seedling survival is application of mycorrhizal fungi in the greenhouse before out-planting. All pines require ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) to survive in nature, including whitebark pine.
Beliefs in conspiracy theories and the need for cognitive closure

An important component of conspiracy theories is how they influence, and are influenced by, the evaluation of potential evidence. Some individuals may be more open minded regarding certain explanations for events whereas others may seek closure and thus cut off a conspiracy explanation. Two studies examined the relationship between the need for cognitive closure (NFCC), levels of belief in real world conspiracy theories, and the attribution of conspiracy theories to explain events. A first, small (N = 30) and preliminary study found no relationship between NFCC and beliefs in conspiracy theories, suggesting that both advocates and opponents of conspiracy explanations do not differ on this dimension. A second study (N = 86) revealed that evidence for and against conspiracy theories had an influence on attributions of the likelihood of a conspiracy to explain a novel event. Specifically, after reading evidence individuals with high levels of belief in conspiracy theories tended to rate a conspiracy explanation as more likely whereas those with low levels of belief rated it as less likely. However, when the need for cognitive closure (NFCC) was experimentally lowered the effects of prior beliefs in conspiracy theories diminished.
Imaging imagination : a multi-method investigation into the brain dynamics of visual mental imagery

Recalling to mind a visual scene is a common mental operation. It requires both the mental representation of the objects that form the scene and their spatial arrangement. Here we unravel the topography and dynamics of brain activation during a behaviourally-controlled paradigm that requires the imagery of complex visual scenes. With functional MRI (fMRI) we localized the functional network of activated brain regions that includes the mesial superior frontal gyrus (SFG), the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), the calcarine sulcus, bilateral parietal regions and the parahippocampal gyrus. The BOLD latency information reveals an earlier onset of frontal regions and subcortical structures compared to ventro-temporal and parietal regions. These early frontal regions work closely together though with the remote parietal regions to encode the spatial sketch of the scene and with occipital-temporal regions to encode the detailed visual representations of the objects. The relation between subjects’ behavioural performances and brain activations during mental imagery demonstrate the crucial role of mesial SFG in forming and maintaining the mental image of the scene.
The discovery of ERO counterparts to faint submillimetre galaxies

We have used deep ground-based imaging in the near-infrared (near-IR) to search for counterparts to the luminous submillimetre (submm) sources in the catalogue of Smail et al. For the majority of the submm sources the near-IR imaging supports the counterparts originally selected from deep optical images. However, in two cases (10 per cent of the sample) we find a relatively bright near-IR source close to the submm position, sources that were unidentified in the deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and ground-based R-band images used by Smail et al. We place limits on colours of these sources from deep high-resolution Keck II imaging and find they have 2σ limits of (I−K)≳6.8 and (I−K)≳6.0, respectively. Both sources thus class as extremely red objects (EROs). Using the spectral properties of the submm source in the radio and submm we argue that these EROs are probably the source of the submm emission, rather than the bright spiral galaxies previously identified by Smail et al. This connection provides important insights into the nature of the enigmatic ERO population and faint submm galaxies in general. From the estimated surface density of these submm-bright EROs we suggest that this class accounts for the majority of the reddest members of the ERO population, in good agreement with the preliminary conclusions of pointed submm observations of individual EROs. We conclude that the most extreme EROs represent a population of dusty, ultraluminous galaxies at high redshifts; further study of these will provide useful insights into the nature of star formation in obscured galaxies in the early Universe. The identification of similar counterparts in blank-field submm surveys will be extremely difficult owing to their faintness (K∼20.5, I≳26.5). Finally, we discuss the radio and submm properties of the two submm-bright EROs discovered here and suggest that both galaxies lie at z≳2.
Barcelona

: The aim of the following article is to study the republican commemoration of Sarrià martyrs, celebration in memory of the last republican resistance to the Pavía’s coup d'état in January 1874, between 1875 and 1910. With a chronological analysis of this republican festival, the hypothesis of our investigation is since the public order provisions adopted by restorationist authorities regarding this commemoration led to a radicalization of the republican political culture towards insurrectionary forms using Sarrià myth as a source of legitimation.
Cervical HPV Infection in Female Sex Workers: A Global Perspective

Introduction: Approximately 291 million women worldwide are HPV DNA carriers. Studies have indicated that having multiple sexual partners may lead to higher HPV transmission. Thus female sex workers (FSWs) may be at greater risk of infection compared to the general population. Herein we review publications with data on FSW cervical HPV test results. We also examine variations of HPV prevalence and risk behaviors by region. Knowledge of prevalent HPV types in FSWs may lead to improved prevention measures and assist in understanding vaccination in high-risk groups. Methods: We conducted a review of the literature by searching PUBMED using the terms “prostitution” or “female sex workers”, “human papillomavirus” or “HPV”, and “prevalence” or “PCR” to find articles. We excluded studies without HPV testing or HPV type specific results, or unconventional HPV testing. Results: A total of 35 peer-reviewed publications were included in our review. High risk HPV types 16 and 18 ranged from 1.1-38.9‰ in prevalence. In addition to high-risk HPV types, newer studies reported non-carcinogenic HPV types also of high prevalence. The most prevalent HPV types reported among FSWs included HPV 6 (11.5%), 16 (38.9%), 18 (23.1%), 31 (28.4%), 52 (32.7%), and 58 (26.0%). Conclusions: Female sex workers have an overall high prevalence of HPV infection of high-risk types as evident through various testing methods. FSWs are thought to be at increased risk of cervical cancer because of high HPV exposure. This highlights the need for HPV and cervical prevention campaigns tailored to FSWs.
Chinese Public Willingness to Pay to Avoid Having Nuclear Power Plants in the Neighborhood

In spite of the decreasing share of nuclear power all over the world, China resumed the approval of large-scale construction of nuclear power plants in 2012. However, influenced by the worldwide spreading anti-nuclear attitudes, people who live near nuclear power plants showed increasing concerns about nuclear risks. Consequently, the Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) syndrome of nuclear power plants should be evaluated prudently to support the healthy development of nuclear power in China. Based on the face-to-face survey data, this study estimates Chinese public willingness to pay (WTP) to avoid having nuclear power plants in the neighborhood. The respondents include both residents who currently live near and those who would live near nuclear power plants in the future. Considering the possible presence of the sample selection bias caused by protest responses, this paper constructs a two-step sample selection model with the protest responses and the double bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) questions. Using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), we measure the effects of influencing factors of public WTP and study the decay of WTP with longer distances from nuclear power plants. The results suggest that most people are willing to pay higher electricity prices to avoid having nuclear power plants in the neighborhood. Comparing the WTP to avoid having nuclear power plants nearby with the current electricity price, we find that there is an increase of 56.7% and 69.1% of respondents’ WTP for a nuclear power plant located 80 km and 30 km, respectively.