Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON MULTIVARIATE RISK AVERSION

This paper develops a matrix-measure of multivariate risk aversion which is related to a notion of risk premium and states the restrictions that must be imposed upon the matrix-measures of two utility functions in order that one require a higher risk premium than another for every small multivariate risk. A necessary and sufficient condition for comparability of global attitude towards risk is that the local restrictions hold over the entire domain. The usefulness of the measures of risk aversion is discussed within the context of a multivariate risk-sharing problem. UNIVARIATE MEASURES OF ABSOLUTE and relative risk aversion were introduced in the seminal works of Pratt [8] and Arrow [1], and have since become indispensable tools for the analysis of risk bearing in situations involving unidimensional risks. Recent years witnessed numerous attempts to generalize various aspects of the Pratt-Arrow notions to the case of multivariate risk (Kihlstrom and Mirman [6], Keeney [5], Duncan [2], Paroush [7], and Stiglitz [9]). The univariate case is qualitatively different from the multivariate case in that the ordinal preferences of all decision makers are identical, whereas in the multivariate case the preference orderings may differ among decision makers. This fact has two important consequences. First, while the analysis of risk bearing in situations involving univariate risks turns out to depend solely upon the cardinal properties of the function representing the ordinal preferences of the decision makers involved, in situations involving multivariate risks, the ordinal preferences themselves play an important role in addition to that of the function representing them. Second, in the univariate case the local measure of absolute risk aversion permits a complete ordering of individuals according to the relation "at least as risk averse as," whereas in the multivariate case such ordering is not in general independent of the specific risk under consideration. Pratt [8] has shown that the univariate measure of absolute risk aversion satisfies a formal relation to a number which has the interpretation of risk premium. In this study I introduce a matrix measure of absolute multivariate risk aversion which satisfies a similar formal criterion. It should be noted at the outset, however, that in the multivariate case the risk premium may be regarded as a vector of commodities (see, for example, Duncan [2, 3]), and interpersonal comparison of risk aversion is not directional independent. I.e., the ranking of risk
Substance P‐induced relaxation and hyperpolarization in human cerebral arteries

1 Vascular effects of substance P were studied in human isolated pial arteries removed from 14 patients undergoing cerebral cortical resection. 2 Substance P induced a concentration‐dependent relaxation in the presence of indomethacin. No relaxation was seen in arteries where the endothelium had been removed. 3 Nω–nitro‐L‐arginine (l‐NOARG, 0.3 mM) abolished the relaxation in arteries from six patients. The relaxation was only partially inhibited in the remaining eight patients, the reduction of the maximum relaxation being less than 50% in each patient. 4 The L‐NOARG‐resistant relaxation was abolished when the external K+ concentration was raised above 30 mM. 5 Substance P caused a smooth muscle hyperpolarization (in the presence of L‐NOARG and indomethacin), but only when the artery showed an L‐NOARG‐resistant relaxation. 6 The results indicate that nitric oxide is an important mediator of endothelium‐dependent relaxation in human cerebral arteries. Furthermore, another endothelium‐dependent pathway, causing hyperpolarization and vasodilatation, was identified in arteries from more than half the population of patients.
Scanning electron micrograph analysis of hypomineralized enamel in permanent first molars.

UNLABELLED First molars with cream- to yellow-coloured demarcated opacities of the enamel, often in combination with severe loss of substance, are common in many child populations. The aetiology is obscure. AIM AND METHOD The aim of this study was to study the ultrastructure of the enamel of 10 affected teeth by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to gain a better understanding of the clinical appearance and treatment problems of this condition, and to find some clues to its aetiology. RESULTS The basic enamel structure with enamel rods and interrod zones was found in porous parts of the enamel, as well as in normal parts, but the packing of the hydroxylapatite crystals seemed to be looser and less well organized in the porous parts. The border between normal and hypomineralized enamel was usually distinct, and followed the direction of the rods. The preserved basic structure indicates normal function of the ameloblasts during their secretion phase, but impaired function during their maturation stage. CONCLUSION Considering the poor etch profile, it seems reasonable to recommend removal of all affected enamel surrounding the cavity, if possible, and to use a glass ionomer filling with its chemical bonding to tooth substrate, when restoring first molars with remaining affected enamel.
Human capital disclosure and organizational performance

Purpose – This study aims to demonstrate the positive effect of human capital disclosure on firm performance, and to specify the boundary conditions of the relationship.Design/methodology/approach – The study applies the signaling and stakeholder perspectives and uses a one‐year lag design to avoid reverse causality in exploring the human capital disclosure and performance link. Content analysis of annual reports and hierarchical regression are applied.Findings – Human capital disclosure positively impacts on organizational performance such as market‐to‐book ratio and ROA. Organizational size negatively moderates the relationship between disclosure of human capital information and firm performance. Knowledge intensity has curvilinear positive moderation effect between the relationship above.Practical implications – Human capital disclosure can help communicate to various stakeholders. Organizational performance can thus be enhanced through the communication process. Disclosure in the context of higher kno.
Determinants of Technical Efficiency in Chinese Banking: A Double Bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

Abstract The main objective of this study is to measure the technical efficiency level of the Chinese banking industry. It uses a double bootstrap data envelopment analysis approach to compute bias-corrected efficiency scores and investigate the determinants of bank efficiency in China between 2003 and 2010. We observe that Chinese commercial banks regardless of ownership have shown improved efficiency from 2003 to 2010. Our results show a significant difference in the performance between state-owned banks and joint-stock banks over the period analyzed. Moreover, the equity-to-asset ratio also significantly explains variations in inefficiency across Chinese commercial banks. Initial public offering is considered one of the effective ways to improve bank efficiency in China. Overall, the present study provides valuable empirical information that can be used to help guide deliberations regarding future reform policies.
Trust and early years education and care: an exploration of parents' trust in preschool provision

Relationships of trust are increasingly considered central to the provision of welfare services. This thesis undertakes an empirical exploration of trust within a key welfare field - early years education and care. While trust is often identified as a key dimension when parents use preschool provision, a rigorous investigation of trust - its meaning, its production and its complexity – is lacking. The thesis has in addition a subsidiary focus. Empirical research into trust in welfare services has not adequately addressed organisational form or behaviour as a location of trust production. Within the study there is, therefore, a particular enquiry into trust at the organisational level. Empirical investigation was undertaken through in-depth interviews with parents and managers across diverse preschool organisations. The thesis identifies how parents gave prominence to their own critical determination of the trustworthiness of provision, derived from information collected from multiple sources. Parents did not, as some theorists propose, undertake a calculation of the extrinsic constraints and incentives upon providers’ behaviours. Instead they constructed an inductive portrait of workers’ competence and benevolence through both conscious deliberation and less conscious intuitive reasoning. Such trust construction was framed by parents’ interpretations of care, quality and risk, and mediated by barriers to information which they might face. At the organisational level, a priori features such as organisational form or sector had little effect on trust; of significance instead were trust-producing behaviours, such as transparency, and trust-reducing behaviours, such as staff turnover. The thesis makes an original theoretical contribution by developing explanations of parents’ trust in preschool provision, by linking such explanations to literature on care and on intuitive reasoning, and by adding to the general stock of theory around trust. It also carries implications for policy and practice. There is little support for concerns that contemporary welfare service reform may undermine trust: regulatory systems provided a useful underpinning for trust; market-based provision – as long as any monetary exchange was sensitively handled - was not antithetical to parents’ construction of trust. The thesis nonetheless identifies benefit in provision through an integrated centre, where parents developed trust over time prior to use of preschool provision. Such a process was especially helpful to parents who faced disadvantage.
Viruses and chronic pulmonary disease : The role of immune modulation

2. Introduction: This is a generally well written and informative introduction, and I have no comments on the style of this. However, Referee 1 notes that one comment regarding the differences and similarities between the diseases you discuss is a little overstated. You discuss later in this article there is more of a connection between COPD and asthma than there is between either of these and CF. Therefore, please add a brief sentence here to clarify this.
The Dissent Voting Behaviour of Bank of England MPC Members

I examine the propensity of Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee (BoEMPC) members to cast dissenting votes. In particular, I compare the type and frequency of dissenting votes cast by socalled insiders (members of the committee chosen from within the ranks of bank staff) and outsiders (committee members chosen from outside the ranks of bank staff). Significant differences in the dissent voting behaviour associated with these groups is evidenced. Outsiders are significantly more likely to dissent than insiders; however, whereas outsiders tend to dissent on the side of monetary ease, insiders do so on the side of monetary tightness. I also seek to rationalise why such differences might arise, and in particular, why BoEMPC members might be incentivised to dissent. Amongst other factors, the impact of career backgrounds on dissent voting is examined. Estimates from logit analysis suggest that the effect of career backgrounds is negligible.
Amino acid residues required for binding of lymphocyte function- associated antigen 3 (CD58) to its counter-receptor CD2

Efficient activation and regulation of the cellular immune response requires engagement of T cell accessory molecules as well as the antigen-specific T cell receptor. The lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA) 3 (CD58)/CD2 accessory pathway, one of the first discovered, has been extensively characterized in terms of structure and function of the CD2 molecule, which is present on all T lymphocytes and natural killer cells of the human immune system. The binding site of human CD2 for LFA-3 has been localized to two epitopes on one face of the first immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of this two-domain, Ig superfamily molecule. Human LFA-3 is genetically linked and is 21% identical in amino acid sequence to CD2, suggesting that this adhesive pair may have evolved from a single ancestral molecule. We have aligned the amino acid sequences of LFA-3 and CD2 and mutagenized selected amino acids in the first domain of LFA-3 that are analogous to those implicated in the binding site of CD2. The data show that K30 and K34, in the predicted C-C' loop, and D84, in the predicted F-G loop of LFA- 3, are involved in binding to CD2, suggesting that two complementary sites on one face of the first domain of each molecule bind to each other.
Micronucleus in Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions and Carcinoma

Aims and Objectives: To score and compare micronucleus (MN) in the whole spectrum of cervical lesions including normal, inflammatory, abnormal squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and invasive cancer (IC) and to evaluate the role of MN as a biomarker in different pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 224 slides, comprised of normal (40), inflammatory (40), ASC-US (30), LSIL (38), HSIL (30) and IC (46), were studied. All the cases of HSIL, IC and ASC-US had histopathology. The LSIL, normal and inflammatory smears were again reviewed by 2 experienced cytopathologists independently. Two observers separately and independently counted the number of micronucleated cells per 1,000 of epithelial cells in oil immersion magnification (×100 objective) which was expressed as MN score per 1,000 cells. Results: The mean MN scores ± SD in normal, inflammatory, ASC-US, LSIL, HSIL and IC cases of cervical lesions were 1.02 ± 1.59, 0.4250 ± 0.71208, 2.87 ± 2.21, 4.7368 ± 5.62179, 21.30 ± 17.18 and 18.50 ± 9.54, respectively. MN scores of IC and HSIL were significantly high compared to the normal (p < 0.000), the inflammatory (p < 0.000), the ASC-US (p < 0.000) and to the LSIL (p < 0.000) group (analysis of variance test). LSIL showed significant difference with the normal (p = 0.043), the inflammatory (p = 0.019), the HSIL (p < 0.000) and the IC (p < 0.000) group but not with the ASC-US (p = 0.342) group. Conclusions: MN scoring on the epithelial cells of cervix could be used as a biomarker in cancer screening. This is an easy, simple, reliable, reproducible and objective test which can be performed on routinely stained smears.
The Local Helioseismology of Inclined Magnetic Fields and the Showerglass Effect

We present evidence for the dependence of helioseismic Doppler signatures in active regions on the line-of-sight angle in inclined magnetic fields. Using data from the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, we performed phase-sensitive holography in the penumbrae of sunspots over the course of several days as the spots traversed the solar disk. Control correlations, which comprise a correlation of the surface wave amplitude with the incoming acoustic wave amplitude from a surrounding region, were mapped. There is a direct dependence of control-correlation phase signatures on the line-of-sight angle in the plane defined by the vertical and magnetic field vectors. The phase shift of waves observed along directions close to the orientation of the magnetic field is smaller than the phase shift observed when the line of sight is at a significant angle with respect to the field orientation. These findings have important implications for local helioseismology. The variation in phase shift (or the equivalent acoustic travel-time perturbations) with line-of-sight direction suggests that a substantial portion of the phase shift occurs in the photospheric magnetic field. Observations of the vector components of the field may be used to develop a proxy to correct these phase perturbations (known as the acoustic showerglass) that introduce uncertainties in the signatures of acoustic perturbations below the surface.
The Dynamics of Default and Debt Reorganization

This article documents the fact that when debtors decide to default on their obligations too early, it is in the creditors' collective interest, as residual claimants, to make concessions prior to forcing a costly liquidation. Symmetrically, when debtors prefer to default at an inefficiently late stage, it is in the creditors' interest to propose a departure from the absolute priority rule. This article develops a continuous time pricing model of dynamic debt restructuring that reflects the crucial influence of the two counterparties' relative bargaining power. Simple and intuitive path-dependent pricing formulae are derived for equity and debt. The debt capacity as well as the evolution of the firm's capital structure throughout its existence is provided. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
The Fourth Rise of China: Cultural Implications

The Chinese have a deep-rooted ancient culture of values, but are now tending to opt for secular alternatives coming directly or indirectly from the West. Whilst China is itself struggling to come to terms with these, its influence in the region is more likely to be felt in terms of its political and economic cultures than its culture of values.
Lower bounds on maximal determinants of binary matrices via the probabilistic method

Let D(n) be the maximal determinant for n × n {±1}-matrices, and R(n) = D(n)/n be the ratio of D(n) to the Hadamard upper bound. We give several new lower bounds on R(n) in terms of d, where n = h + d, h is the order of a Hadamard matrix, and h is maximal subject to h ≤ n. A relatively simple bound is R(n) ≥ ( 2 πe )d/2( 1− d ( π 2h )1/2) for all n ≥ 1. An asymptotically sharper bound is R(n) ≥ ( 2 πe )d/2 exp ( d ( π 2h )1/2 + O ( d h2/3 )) . We also show that R(n) ≥ ( 2 πe )d/2 if n ≥ n0 and n0 is sufficiently large, the threshold n0 being independent of d, or for all n ≥ 1 if 0 ≤ d ≤ 3 (which would follow from the Hadamard conjecture). The proofs depend on the probabilistic method, and generalise previous results that were restricted to the cases d = 0 and d = 1.
Reasoning with Sarcasm by Reading In-Between

Sarcasm is a sophisticated speech act which commonly manifests on social communities such as Twitter and Reddit. The prevalence of sarcasm on the social web is highly disruptive to opinion mining systems due to not only its tendency of polarity flipping but also usage of figurative language. Sarcasm commonly manifests with a contrastive theme either between positive-negative sentiments or between literal-figurative scenarios. In this paper, we revisit the notion of modeling contrast in order to reason with sarcasm. More specifically, we propose an attention-based neural model that looks in-between instead of across, enabling it to explicitly model contrast and incongruity. We conduct extensive experiments on six benchmark datasets from Twitter, Reddit and the Internet Argument Corpus. Our proposed model not only achieves state-of-the-art performance on all datasets but also enjoys improved interpretability.
Managerial overconfidence and corporate takeovers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to model the announcement returns of merging firms based on managerial overconfidence about merger synergy. Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies continuous-time real options techniques and game theoretic concepts. Managerial overconfidence and strategic interaction between the bidder and the target are incorporated into the model. Findings – This model implies that: abnormal returns to bidding shareholders will be negative with a high degree of managerial overconfidence; combined returns to shareholders are usually positive; and both the bidder's and the target's abnormal returns are related to industry characteristics, the degree of managerial overconfidence, and the way merger synergies are divided. Originality/value – This paper, for the first time, reconciles theoretically the following stylized facts: combined returns to shareholders are usually positive; and returns to the acquirer are, on average, not positive. In addition, the model generates new predictions relating these returns to industry characteristics and the degree of managerial overconfidence.
An Autoinhibited Structure of α-Catenin and Its Implications for Vinculin Recruitment to Adherens Junctions*

Background: α-Catenin is an actin-binding protein that recruits vinculin to adherens junctions. Results: An elongated autoinhibited structure of α-catenin indicates structural and functional coupling of its vinculin- and actin-binding mechanisms. Conclusion: The anchoring strength of adherens junctions is dynamically regulated by α-catenin to match the actomyosin-generated tension. Significance: Multistate conformations of α-catenin facilitate the direct and vinculin-assisted linkages between the cadherin-catenin complex and the actin cytoskeleton. α-Catenin is an actin- and vinculin-binding protein that regulates cell-cell adhesion by interacting with cadherin adhesion receptors through β-catenin, but the mechanisms by which it anchors the cadherin-catenin complex to the actin cytoskeleton at adherens junctions remain unclear. Here we determined crystal structures of αE-catenin in the autoinhibited state and the actin-binding domain of αN-catenin. Together with the small-angle x-ray scattering analysis of full-length αN-catenin, we deduced an elongated multidomain assembly of monomeric α-catenin that structurally and functionally couples the vinculin- and actin-binding mechanisms. Cellular and biochemical studies of αE- and αN-catenins show that αE-catenin recruits vinculin to adherens junctions more effectively than αN-catenin, partly because of its higher affinity for actin filaments. We propose a molecular switch mechanism involving multistate conformational changes of α-catenin. This would be driven by actomyosin-generated tension to dynamically regulate the vinculin-assisted linkage between adherens junctions and the actin cytoskeleton.