Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Overview and Classification of Service Description Approaches in Automated Service Composition Research

In recent years, automated service composition has been a fervid research area in service computing. Within this area, service description plays a crucial role in terms of the development of a diverse number of automation schemes. In this paper, we provide an investigation and classification of the service description approaches that have been used in a diverse collection of automated service composition studies. To position the service description approaches used in automated service composition throughout the service description world and to clearly classify them, we propose five two-value dimensions. Using the proposed dimensions, we first perform a categorization and provide a simple introduction to current representative industrial service description standards. Subsequently, because we discovered that most of the studied automated composition approaches follow a tuple-based service description paradigm, an exhaustive classification and discussion of this paradigm is made, with the automated composition approaches adopting this paradigm as an example. Finally, we discuss issues that are currently relevant to the service description field and possible solutions. With this study, the reader can obtain a complete understanding of service description approaches used in automated service composition research, including their common formulation and assumptions.
BSKs Mediate Signal Transduction from the Receptor Kinase BRI1 in Arabidopsis

Brassinosteroids (BRs) bind to the extracellular domain of the receptor kinase BRI1 to activate a signal transduction cascade that regulates nuclear gene expression and plant development. Many components of the BR signaling pathway have been identified and studied in detail. However, the substrate of BRI1 kinase that transduces the signal to downstream components remains unknown. Proteomic studies of plasma membrane proteins lead to the identification of three homologous BR-signaling kinases (BSK1, BSK2, and BSK3). The BSKs are phosphorylated by BRI1 in vitro and interact with BRI1 in vivo. Genetic and transgenic studies demonstrate that the BSKs represent a small family of kinases that activate BR signaling downstream of BRI1. These results demonstrate that BSKs are the substrates of BRI1 kinase that activate downstream BR signal transduction.
Reduction in mortalin level by its antisense expression causes senescence‐like growth arrest in human immortalized cells

Human normal cells have active p53 and pRB tumor suppressor pathways and undergo telomere shortening at each cell division. When immortalized, these exhibit functional inactivation of one or both tumor suppressor pathways and activation of telomere‐maintaining mechanisms. Regulation of immortalization promoting molecular pathways by other genes is poorly understood and is an essential component of cancer therapeutics. In the present study, we have immortalized human normal cells by functional inactivation of p53 and pRB tumor suppressor proteins and simultaneous activation of telomerase function. We demonstrate that when the expression of mortalin (a member of hsp70 family proteins) was suppressed in such genetically defined immortal cells they underwent a permanent growth arrest.
Natural Image Coding in V1: How Much Use Is Orientation Selectivity?

Orientation selectivity is the most striking feature of simple cell coding in V1 that has been shown to emerge from the reduction of higher-order correlations in natural images in a large variety of statistical image models. The most parsimonious one among these models is linear Independent Component Analysis (ICA), whereas second-order decorrelation transformations such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) do not yield oriented filters. Because of this finding, it has been suggested that the emergence of orientation selectivity may be explained by higher-order redundancy reduction. To assess the tenability of this hypothesis, it is an important empirical question how much more redundancy can be removed with ICA in comparison to PCA or other second-order decorrelation methods. Although some previous studies have concluded that the amount of higher-order correlation in natural images is generally insignificant, other studies reported an extra gain for ICA of more than 100%. A consistent conclusion about the role of higher-order correlations in natural images can be reached only by the development of reliable quantitative evaluation methods. Here, we present a very careful and comprehensive analysis using three evaluation criteria related to redundancy reduction: In addition to the multi-information and the average log-loss, we compute complete rate–distortion curves for ICA in comparison with PCA. Without exception, we find that the advantage of the ICA filters is small. At the same time, we show that a simple spherically symmetric distribution with only two parameters can fit the data significantly better than the probabilistic model underlying ICA. This finding suggests that, although the amount of higher-order correlation in natural images can in fact be significant, the feature of orientation selectivity does not yield a large contribution to redundancy reduction within the linear filter bank models of V1 simple cells.
Evolution of eusociality and the soldier caste in termites: a validation of the intrinsic benefit hypothesis

In termites the evolution of reproductive altruism is not based on a particularly high relatedness between nestmates. For the evolution and maintenance of the ancestral sterile soldier caste, the benefits generated by the soldiers’ presence must compensate the loss of the soldiers’ reproductive potential. To study the impact of soldiers on colony's fitness, we manipulated the proportion of soldiers to nonsoldiers in colonies of the dry‐wood termite Cryptotermes secundus. ‘Soldier‐less’ colonies were obtained by removing soldiers and inhibiting their development with an extract of soldier heads. The colonies were set up for 1 year in experimental nests in the field. ‘Soldier‐less’ colonies produced fewer soldiers. The reduction of soldiers neither affected colony survival nor helper growth, but fewer dispersing sexuals were produced in ‘soldier‐less’ than in control colonies. This confirms what was only supposed so far, that in termites soldiers are maintained for their intrinsic benefit to cost ratio.
Discovery of Novel Biomarkers by Microarray Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Gene Expression in Benzene-Exposed Workers

Benzene is an industrial chemical and component of gasoline that is an established cause of leukemia. To better understand the risk benzene poses, we examined the effect of benzene exposure on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression in a population of shoe-factory workers with well-characterized occupational exposures using microarrays and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PBMC RNA was stabilized in the field and analyzed using a comprehensive human array, the U133A/B Affymetrix GeneChip set. A matched analysis of six exposed–control pairs was performed. A combination of robust multiarray analysis and ordering of genes using paired t-statistics, along with bootstrapping to control for a 5% familywise error rate, was used to identify differentially expressed genes in a global analysis. This resulted in a set of 29 known genes being identified that were highly likely to be differentially expressed. We also repeated these analyses on a smaller subset of 508 cytokine probe sets and found that the expression of 19 known cytokine genes was significantly different between the exposed and the control subjects. Six genes were selected for confirmation by real-time PCR, and of these, CXCL16, ZNF331, JUN, and PF4 were the most significantly affected by benzene exposure, a finding that was confirmed in a larger data set from 28 subjects. The altered expression was not caused by changes in the makeup of the PBMC fraction. Thus, microarray analysis along with real-time PCR confirmation reveals that altered expressions of CXCL16, ZNF331, JUN, and PF4 are potential biomarkers of benzene exposure.
Does Bilingualism Influence Cognitive Aging?

Recent evidence suggests a positive impact of bilingualism on cognition, including later onset of dementia. However, monolinguals and bilinguals might have different baseline cognitive ability. We present the first study examining the effect of bilingualism on later‐life cognition controlling for childhood intelligence. We studied 853 participants, first tested in 1947 (age = 11 years), and retested in 2008–2010. Bilinguals performed significantly better than predicted from their baseline cognitive abilities, with strongest effects on general intelligence and reading. Our results suggest a positive effect of bilingualism on later‐life cognition, including in those who acquired their second language in adulthood. Ann Neurol 2014;75:959–963
Do offender and victim typical conflict styles affect forgiveness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether victim and offender conflict management styles (yielding and forcing) predict forgiveness following an interpersonal transgression and apology. Perceived offender remorse, expectation of reoffending, and transgression severity along with trait empathy were also examined as potential mediators of conflict style effects and as direct predictors of forgiveness.Design/methodology/approach – In total, 112 Australian adults completed a questionnaire including a written scenario describing a hypothetical transgression perpetrated either by a forcing‐ or yielding‐prone offender.Findings – Offender conflict style was significantly related to forgiveness, with the yielding‐offender compared to forcing‐offender scenario resulting in higher forgiveness, an effect fully mediated by perceived offender remorse. Additionally, perceived offender remorse, transgression severity and likelihood of reoffending, and participant empathic concern added to predictions of f.
Seeing the Forest through the Seeds

Understanding the evolution of primate behavioral diversity requires multilevel approaches that encompass individuals, populations, and the effects of individuals and populations on each other. At one level are analyses of individual behavior patterns under different ecological and demographic conditions. At another level are the effects of individual behavior on the demography and genetics of local populations, which in turn shape the behavior and biology of their individual members. Multilevel studies across populations and over time provide insights into the range of behavioral variation that particular species can express and are necessary for distinguishing the species‐specific behavior patterns on which evolutionary comparisons are based. These studies therefore provide the insights necessary to incorporate intraspecific variation into comparative models.
White-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) can perceive pitch change in conspecific song by using the frequency ratio independent of the frequency difference

In the ascending songs of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis), the first note (Phrase 1) is sung lower than the remaining notes (Phrase 2). The production of this frequency change is more reliably predicted by the frequency ratio (Phrase 2 - Phrase 1) than by the frequency difference (Phrase 2 - Phrase 1). To determine whether sparrows use the ratio rather than the difference to identify ascending songs, we transposed a low-frequency song upward in frequency, maintaining a normal frequency difference but altering the frequency ratio, and we transposed a high-frequency song downward in the same way
Conformity and Anticonformity among Americans and Chinese

Summary Using a three-variable design, this study investigated conformity to male and female group pressures among Chinese and American male college students. Methodologically, it departed from traditional group pressure studies in a number of ways: (a) the study was conducted outside the psychological laboratory where demand characteristics of the situation were believed to resemble college life conditions more closely, (b) it utilized changes in personal opinions about beliefs rather than perceptual judgments, (c) it employed unobtrusive, as well as conventional, means of measuring conformity. Another major difference was that S presented his opinion prior to those of the confederates who expressed contradictory opinions to those of S. Five confederates, all male or all female were used. S and confederate opinions and degree of strength of opinions were assessed on six controversial issues. Latency between hearing the controversial statement and S's announcing his opinion was recorded. When S and all co.
Genome-Wide Association Study of Gene by Smoking Interactions in Coronary Artery Calcification

Many GWAS have identified novel loci associated with common diseases, but have focused only on main effects of individual genetic variants rather than interactions with environmental factors (GxE). Identification of GxE interactions is particularly important for coronary heart disease (CHD), a major preventable source of morbidity and mortality with strong non-genetic risk factors. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CHD, and coronary artery calcification (CAC) is directly correlated with quantity of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. In the current study, we tested for genetic variants influencing extent of CAC via interaction with smoking (GxS), by conducting a GxS discovery GWAS in Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) sibships (N = 915 European Americans) followed by replication in Framingham Heart Study (FHS) sibships (N = 1025 European Americans). Generalized estimating equations accounted for the correlation within sibships in strata-specific groups of smokers and nonsmokers, as well as GxS interaction. Primary analysis found SNPs that showed suggestive associations (p≤10−5) in GENOA GWAS, but these index SNPs did not replicate in FHS. However, secondary analysis was able to replicate candidate gene regions in FHS using other SNPs (+/−250 kb of GENOA index SNP). In smoker and nonsmoker groups, replicated genes included TCF7L2 (p = 6.0×10−5) and WWOX (p = 4.5×10−6); and TNFRSF8 (p = 7.8×10−5), respectively. For GxS interactions, replicated genes included TBC1D4 (p = 6.9×10−5) and ADAMTS9 (P = 7.1×10−5). Interestingly, these genes are involved in inflammatory pathways mediated by the NF-κB axis. Since smoking is known to induce chronic and systemic inflammation, association of these genes likely reflects roles in CAC development via inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, the NF-κB axis regulates bone remodeling, a key physiological process in CAC development. In conclusion, GxS GWAS has yielded evidence for novel loci that are associated with CAC via interaction with smoking, providing promising new targets for future population-based and functional studies of CAC development.
12‐month safety and efficacy of everolimus with reduced exposure cyclosporine in de novo renal transplant recipients

The proliferation signal inhibitor everolimus (Certican), has demonstrated efficacy with full‐dose cyclosporine (CsA) (Neoral®). Two multicenter randomized controlled studies were performed to compare 12‐month efficacy and safety of everolimus 1.5 and 3.0 mg/day with reduced‐dose CsA. Study 1 enrolled 237 de novo renal allograft recipients, randomizing 222 nonblack patients to either everolimus 1.5 or 3.0 mg/day, with the Neoral® dose guided by C2 (monitoring of CsA concentration 2 h after dosing). Study 2 had a similar protocol, with basiliximab included, enrolling 256 recipients and randomizing 243 nonblack patients. In Study 1, there was a lower incidence of acute rejection in nonblack patients on 3 mg/day (16.4%) compared with 1.5 mg/day (25.9%), P = 0.08. In Study 2, the inclusion of basiliximab lowered the overall incidence of acute rejection; 14.3% of nonblack patients (3 mg/day) and 13.6% of nonblack patients (1.5 mg/day) had acute rejection by 12 months (P =0.891). Renal function was preserved throughout the study, with no differences observed between groups within studies. Everolimus was well tolerated with no significant differences between doses. Everolimus, in combination with reduced‐dose Neoral®, demonstrated efficacy and was well tolerated. Basiliximab allows for utilization of lower doses of everolimus with reduced dosing of Neoral®.
Influence of instruction in mathematics for low performing students on strategy use

Effects of two subtraction instruction types for low achieving children were compared. The first was based on constructivist ideas. The second was more or less traditional but did include interaction opportunities comparable to those in constructivist classrooms. Sixteen students (eight in each condition) with an average age of 10.5 years were trained during 34 lessons. Results showed no performance differences between the two groups on the subtraction problems instructed. There was a performance advantage for the traditional group on transfer problems without regrouping. The constructivist group used more different strategies but was not able to use this bigger repertory in a flexible way; instead, they used their strategies rather randomly. These findings pose questions on the usefulness of constructivist teaching in mathematics for low performers.
Role of self-talk in the classroom: investigating the relationship of eight-to-nine-year-olds' self-regulatory self-talk strategies with their classroom self-regulatory behaviour and mathematical achievement

Much research has been conducted on children's self-talk and its use to regulate thinking and behaviour, but research has typically been conducted on audible self-talk when undertaking specific tasks designed by researchers and in laboratory situations. Addressing the need to study self-talk in the classroom and by students of an age when self-talk is largely internalised, this study investigated the association of self-talk with children's self-regulatory behaviour and academic performance. The findings reported in this paper are based on the data from self-report questionnaires on self-talk completed by eight-to-nine-year-olds, national mathematics achievement test results, and a teacher-completed behaviour rating scale. Based on the previous research, results were somewhat unexpected, including that self-talk may not have a very strong role in children's behavioural self-regulation and calling into question an effect of self-talk on children's learning in the classroom. Possible reasons are provided and the need for future research is acknowledged.
The impact of impression management over time

Purpose – The purpose of these studies was to investigate how the repeated use of impression management (IM) tactics is related to supervisor perceptions in newly formed supervisor-subordinate dyads. Design/methodology/approach – Two studies were conducted – a lab study in which participants evaluated a confederate who performed an accounting task while using different types of IM across five trials, and a field study examining the IM tactics of new employees and their supervisors' ratings of likability and performance at two points in time. Findings – In the lab study, the repeated use of ingratiation had an increasingly positive effect on performance ratings, whereas repeated apologies had an increasingly negative effect on evaluations of performance. The influence of IM tactics on ratings of subordinate likability did not change with repeated use. In the field study, subordinates' use of apologies and justifications was more strongly associated with supervisor evaluations of likability and performance .
University mission and identity for a post post‐public era

The paper reflects on the implications of two influential albeit contrary movements affecting research universities in Australia (and many other nations): global rankings, which normalize the comprehensive science‐based research university; and the policy emphasis on diversification. It critiques the global rankings developed by the Times Higher Education Supplement and the Shanghai Jiao Tong University, which tend to shift control over the definition and purpose of university activity to the rankings agencies themselves. Taken together, rankings and diversity pose for university executives and governing bodies the question of university mission and strategy. It is knowledge creation that distinguishes universities. To go to the root of mission and strategy is to revisit the academic fundamentals, focusing on the mixed public/private character of the core academic ‘products’ of universities and on the internal ethical regimes essential to sustain free scholarship and research.
X-Force: Force-Executing Binary Programs for Security Applications

This paper introduces X-Force, a novel binary analysis engine. Given a potentially malicious binary executable, X-Force can force the binary to execute requiring no inputs or proper environment. It also explores different execution paths inside the binary by systematically forcing the branch outcomes of a very small set of conditional control transfer instructions. X-Force features a crash-free execution model that can detect and recover from exceptions. In particular, it can fix invalid memory accesses by allocating memory on-demand and setting the offending pointers to the allocated memory. We have applied X-Force to three security applications. The first is to construct control flow graphs and call graphs for stripped binaries. The second is to expose hidden behaviors of malware, including packed and obfuscated APT malware. X-Force is able to reveal hidden malicious behaviors that had been missed by manual inspection. In the third application, X-Force substantially improves analysis coverage in dynamic type reconstruction for stripped binaries.
Adherence to a DASH-style diet and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women.

BACKGROUND The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet has been shown to lower blood pressure, but little is known about its long-term effect on cardiovascular end points. Our objective was to assess the association between a DASH-style diet adherence score and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in women. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, diet was assessed 7 times during 24 years of follow-up (1980-2004) with validated food frequency questionnaires. A DASH score based on 8 food and nutrient components (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and legumes, low-fat dairy, red and processed meats, sweetened beverages, and sodium) was calculated. Lifestyle and medical information was collected biennially with a questionnaire. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to adjust for potential confounders. The study population comprised 88,517 female nurses aged 34 to 59 years without a history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes in 1980. The main outcome measures were the numbers of confirmed incident cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction, CHD death, and stroke. RESULTS We documented 2129 cases of incident nonfatal myocardial infarction, 976 CHD deaths, and 2317 [corrected] cases of stroke. After adjustment for age, smoking, and other cardiovascular risk factors, the relative risks of CHD across quintiles of the DASH score were 1.0, 0.99, 0.86, 0.87, and 0.76 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.85) (P<.001 for trend). The magnitude of risk difference was similar for nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD. The DASH score was also significantly associated with lower risk of stroke (multivariate relative risks across quintiles of the DASH score were 1.0, 0.92, 0.91, 0.89, and 0.82) (P=.002 for trend). Cross-sectional analysis in a subgroup of women with blood samples showed that the DASH score was significantly associated with lower plasma levels of C-reactive protein (P=.008 for trend) and interleukin 6 (P=.04 for trend). CONCLUSION Adherence to the DASH-style diet is associated with a lower risk of CHD and stroke among middle-aged women during 24 years of follow-up.