Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Targeted Deletion of Fgl-2/Fibroleukin in the Donor Modulates Immunologic Response and Acute Vascular Rejection in Cardiac Xenografts

Background—Xenografts ultimately fail as a result of acute vascular rejection (AVR), a process characterized by intravascular thrombosis, fibrin deposition, and endothelial cell activation. Methods and Results—We studied whether targeted deletion of Fgl-2, an inducible endothelial cell procoagulant, (Fgl-2−/−) in the donor prevents AVR in a mouse-to-rat cardiac xenotransplantation model. By 3 days after transplant, Fgl-2+/+ grafts developed typical features of AVR associated with increased levels of donor Fgl-2 mRNA. Grafts from Fgl-2−/− mice had reduced fibrin deposition but developed cellular rejection. Treatment with a short course of cobra venom factor and maintenance cyclosporine resulted in long-term acceptance of both Fgl-2+/+ and Fgl-2−/− grafts. On withdrawal of cyclosporine, Fgl-2+/+ grafts developed features of AVR; in contrast, Fgl-2−/− grafts again developed acute cellular rejection. Rejecting Fgl-2+/+ hearts stained positively for IgG, IgM, C3, and C5b-9, whereas rejecting Fgl-2−/− hearts had minimal Ig and complement deposition despite xenoantibodies in the serum. Furthermore, serum containing xenoantibodies failed to stain Fgl-2−/− long-term treated hearts but did stain wild-type heart tissues. Treatment of Fgl-2−/− xenografts with mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus, a clinically relevant immune suppression protocol, led to long-term graft acceptance. Conclusions—Deletion of Fgl-2 ameliorates AVR by downregulation of xenoantigens and may facilitate successful clinical heart xenotransplantation.
Contextual advertising in games: Impacts of game context on a player’s memory and evaluation of brands in video games

Abstract Contextual advertising is growing in digital marketing communication. Previous research on traditional media has shown that the surrounding context affects advertising effectiveness. Similarly, the context in a game may influence a player’s processing of brands advertised in that game. To examine the effects of contextual advertising in games, the present article affords two independent experiments investigating how positive and negative game contexts influence players’ memories and attitudes with respect to brands advertised via billboards in games. Drawing from literature on the limited capacity model, the authors demonstrate that positive and negative game contexts decrease brand memory since they require a high level of cognitive effort. The authors also find that varying a game context influence the perception of brands advertised in the game via the contextual priming mechanism and that positive contexts generate more positive brand attitudes than negative or neutral contexts. The findings have important implications for consumer researchers and marketers, as they indicate how contexts in games can be utilized to establish brand awareness and increase positive brand perceptions in contextual advertising using games.
What to Expect When the Unexpected Happens: Social Media Communications Across Crises

The use of social media to communicate timely information during crisis situations has become a common practice in recent years. In particular, the one-to-many nature of Twitter has created an opportunity for stakeholders to disseminate crisis-relevant messages, and to access vast amounts of information they may not otherwise have. Our goal is to understand what affected populations, response agencies and other stakeholders can expect-and not expect-from these data in various types of disaster situations. Anecdotal evidence suggests that different types of crises elicit different reactions from Twitter users, but we have yet to see whether this is in fact the case. In this paper, we investigate several crises-including natural hazards and human-induced disasters-in a systematic manner and with a consistent methodology. This leads to insights about the prevalence of different information types and sources across a variety of crisis situations.
Autonomic Response Specificity and Rorschach Color Responses

1 HE PURPOSE of this report is twofold: a) to present some data concerning intraindividual differences in the degree of activation of different physiological functions in response to stress; and b) to illustrate the significance of such patterning of response for researches that seek to establish relationships between autonomic reactions and personality. In this paper the relationship studied is between physiological response to stress and an index of "emotionality" derived from the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Cannon's researches (2, 3) have resulted in two assumptions that are implicit in many psychophysiological investigations. They are that only the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system responds to unpleasant stress, and that all sympathetically innervated structures show equal increments or decrements of activity. Recent studies, however, demonstrate that the autonomic nervous system does not respond as a whole in "normal" individuals. For one physiological measure an individual may be over-reactive, for another markedly underreactive (4, 5}. Malmo and his collaborators have shown similar results with psychosomatic patients (6, 7). Their work has led them to formulate a principle of symptom specificity. "This principle states that in psychiatric patients presenting a somatic complaint, the particular physiological mechanism of that complaint is specifically susceptible to activation by stressful experience" (7). It is not known whether this principle applies only to those who have already devel-
Misfolding of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules in Activated T Cells Allows cis-Interactions with Receptors and Signaling Molecules and Is Associated with Tyrosine Phosphorylation*

Knowledge of the origin and biochemical status of β2-microglobulin-free or misfolded major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I molecules is essential for understanding their pleiotropic properties. Here we show that in normal human T cells, misfolding of MHC-I molecules is turned on upon activation and cell division and is proportional to the level of proliferation. Immunoprecipitation showed that a number of proteins are associated with MHC-I heavy chains at the surface of activated T cells, including the CD8αβ receptor and the chaperone tandem calreticulin/ERp57, associations that rely upon the existence of a pool of HC-10-reactive molecules. Biochemical analysis showed that misfolded MHC-I molecules present at the cell surface are fully glycosylated mature molecules. Importantly, misfolded MHC-I molecules are tyrosine phosphorylated and are associated with kinase activity. In vitro kinase assays followed by reprecipitation indicated that tyrosine phosphorylation of the class I heavy chain is probably mediated by a Src tyrosine kinase because Lck was found associated with HC-10 immunocomplexes. Finally, we show that inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation by using the Src-family tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 resulted in enhanced release of MHC-I heavy chains from the cell surface of activated T cells and a slight down-regulation of cell surface W6/32-reactive molecules. This study provides new insights into the biology of MHC-I molecules and suggests that tyrosine phosphorylation may be involved in the regulation of MHC-I misfolding and expression.
A longitudinal study of imitation in one infant three to nine weeks of age.

Piagetian theory of imitation allows for imitation of head movements by perceptive-motor accommodation, but precludes mouth, tongue and hand imitation in the first weeks of life. Nevertheless, imitation of these latter behaviours has been reported in several recent studies. Controls were often inadequate in these studies however. Some of them used only one observer while others lacked measures of scorer reliability or did not control for activation effects and experimenter bias. Furthermore, although a developmental process was hypothesized, none of these studies continued observation for more than one week. This study was designed as a longitudinal study of early imitation using more controlled conditions. One male infant was observed and video taped every second day from the age of 19 to 62 days. Four behaviours were modelled each test day: head nodding, mouth opening and closing, tongue protrusion and hand opening and closing. Each presentation was video taped and consisted of a 15 second control interval, a 15 second modelling interval, and a 15 second delay interval. In order to keep the activating effect of a moving model the same in the control interval as in the modelling interval, the experimenter made slight sideways movements of her head in the control interval.
Nearly Tight Bounds on ℓ1 Approximation of Self-Bounding Functions

We study the complexity of learning and approximation of self-bounding functions over the uniform distribution on the Boolean hypercube ${0,1}^n$. Informally, a function $f:{0,1}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is self-bounding if for every $x \in {0,1}^n$, $f(x)$ upper bounds the sum of all the $n$ marginal decreases in the value of the function at $x$. Self-bounding functions include such well-known classes of functions as submodular and fractionally-subadditive (XOS) functions. They were introduced by Boucheron et al in the context of concentration of measure inequalities. Our main result is a nearly tight $\ell_1$-approximation of self-bounding functions by low-degree juntas. Specifically, all self-bounding functions can be $\epsilon$-approximated in $\ell_1$ by a polynomial of degree $\tilde{O}(1/\epsilon)$ over $2^{\tilde{O}(1/\epsilon)}$ variables. Both the degree and junta-size are optimal up to logarithmic terms. Previously, the best known bound was $O(1/\epsilon^{2})$ on the degree and $2^{O(1/\epsilon^2)}$ on the number of variables (Feldman and Vondr \'{a}k 2013). These results lead to improved and in several cases almost tight bounds for PAC and agnostic learning of submodular, XOS and self-bounding functions. In particular, assuming hardness of learning juntas, we show that PAC and agnostic learning of self-bounding functions have complexity of $n^{\tilde{\Theta}(1/\epsilon)}$.
Clustering validity assessment using multi representatives

Clustering is a mostly unsupervised procedure and the majority of the clustering algorithms depend on certain assumptions in order to define the subgroups present in a data set. Moreover, they may behave in a different way depending on the features of the data set and their input parameters values. Therefore, in most applications the resulting clustering scheme requires some sort of evaluation as regards its validity. In this paper a new validity index, CDbw, is defined based on well-known clustering criteria enabling: i. the finding of the optimal input parameters’ values for a clustering algorithm that results in the optimal partitioning of a data set, ii. the selection of the algorithm that provides the optimal partitioning of a data set. CDbw puts emphasis on the geometric features of clusters, handling efficiently arbitrary shaped clusters. It achieves this by representing each cluster by a certain fixed number of clusters rather than a single center point. Our experimental results confirm the reliability of our index showing that it performs favorably in all cases selecting independently of clustering algorithm the scheme that best fits the data under consideration.
Neuronal Networks during Burst Suppression as Revealed by Source Analysis

Introduction Burst-suppression (BS) is an electroencephalography (EEG) pattern consisting of alternant periods of slow waves of high amplitude (burst) and periods of so called flat EEG (suppression). It is generally associated with coma of various etiologies (hypoxia, drug-related intoxication, hypothermia, and childhood encephalopathies, but also anesthesia). Animal studies suggest that both the cortex and the thalamus are involved in the generation of BS. However, very little is known about mechanisms of BS in humans. The aim of this study was to identify the neuronal network underlying both burst and suppression phases using source reconstruction and analysis of functional and effective connectivity in EEG. Material/Methods Dynamic imaging of coherent sources (DICS) was applied to EEG segments of 13 neonates and infants with burst and suppression EEG pattern. The brain area with the strongest power in the analyzed frequency (1–4 Hz) range was defined as the reference region. DICS was used to compute the coherence between this reference region and the entire brain. The renormalized partial directed coherence (RPDC) was used to describe the informational flow between the identified sources. Results/Conclusion Delta activity during the burst phases was associated with coherent sources in the thalamus and brainstem as well as bilateral sources in cortical regions mainly frontal and parietal, whereas suppression phases were associated with coherent sources only in cortical regions. Results of the RPDC analyses showed an upwards informational flow from the brainstem towards the thalamus and from the thalamus to cortical regions, which was absent during the suppression phases. These findings may support the theory that a “cortical deafferentiation” between the cortex and sub-cortical structures exists especially in suppression phases compared to burst phases in burst suppression EEGs. Such a deafferentiation may play a role in the poor neurological outcome of children with these encephalopathies.
Social and Motivational Antecedents of Perceptions of Transformational Leadership: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

The purpose of the study was to gain a better understanding of the social and motivational antecedents of transformational leadership perceptions. Drawing on self-determination theory, a model was proposed in which perceptions of quality of relationships predict perceptions of transformational leadership behaviour through autonomous motivation and self-efficacy. Data were collected from 568 school principals. Results from SEM analyses provide support for the proposed model. Specifically, results indicate that the more principals perceive their workplace relationships as positive, the greater are their autonomous motivation and self-efficacy in managerial abilities, which in turn contribute to self-reported transformational leadership behaviour. Implications for theories of leadership and management practice are discussed.
The Effects of Dose and Route on the Toxicokinetics and Disposition of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride in Male F-344 Rats and Female B6C3F1 Mice

These studies characterize the effect of dose and route of administration on the disposition and elimination of the ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (Bmim-Cl). After i.v. (5 mg/kg) or oral (50 mg/kg) administration to male F-344 rats [14C]Bmim-Cl detected in blood decreased rapidly. Clearance rates from the blood after i.v. and oral administration were similar (7.4 and 11.9 ml/min, respectively). Systemic bioavailability was determined to be 62.1% of a 50 mg/kg dose in rats. Urinary excretion of the parent compound by rats was the major route of elimination (i.v.: 91% in 24 h; oral: 55–74% in 24 h). The rates and routes of elimination were not affected by escalation of dose (0.5–50 mg/kg) or repeated oral administration (five daily administrations, 50 mg/kg) and were similar in male rats and B6C3F1 female mice (86–95% of dose eliminated in 24 h). Apparent systemic exposure to Bmim-Cl after dermal administration was dependent upon vehicle, as assessed by the percentage of dose eliminated in urine after application in a particular vehicle (water: 1%; ethanol/water: 3%; and dimethylformamide/water: 13% of dose). Regardless of gender, species, dose, route, or number of exposures, high-pressure liquid chromatography-UV/visible-radiometric analyses of urine samples showed a single peak that coeluted with the Bmim-Cl standard. These studies illustrate that systemic bioavailability of Bmim-Cl is high, tissue disposition and metabolism are negligible, and absorbed compound is extensively extracted by the kidney and eliminated in the urine as the parent compound.
A randomised clinical trial comparing 2% econazole and 5% natamycin for the treatment of fungal keratitis

Aim: To compare 2% econazole and 5% natamycin in the management of fungal keratitis. Methods: A randomised clinical trial was performed using 2% econazole or 5% natamycin as the two treatment arms on patients presenting with culture positive fungal keratitis to the cornea service at Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India. Results: 116 patients were recruited, and 112 continued in the study. There were no significant differences between the two arms at baseline or for success (defined as a healed or healing ulcer) at final visit (p = 0.79). Conclusions: 2% Econazole appears to be as effective as 5% natamycin for the management of fungal keratitis.
Studies in Virtual Communities, Blogs, and Modern Social Networking: Measurements, Analysis, and Investigations

Subhasish Dasgupta is an associate professor of information systems in the School of Business, George Washington University. Dasgupta received his PhD from Baruch College, The City University of New York (CUNY). He received both his MBA and BS from the University of Calcutta (India). He has published his research in refereed journals such as Decision Support Systems, the European Journal of Information System, the Journal of Global Information Management, the Electronic Markets Journal, and the Simulation and Gaming Journal. Dasgupta has published two edited books, Internet and Intranet Technologies in Organizations and Encyclopedia of Virtual Communities and Technologies. He has also presented his research in major regional, national, and international conferences. Released: May 2013 An Excellent Addition to Your Library!
Intergenerational transmission of depression: A launch and grow model of change across adolescence

Abstract The present study tested a “launch-and-grow” type of cascade model in which an earlier risk factor (e.g., exposure to maternal depression by age 12) was hypothesized to predict several risk processes during development (e.g., stress, family relationships, self-worth [SW]), which then set the course for the growth of children's depressive symptoms over time. Participants were 240 mothers and children (mean age = 11.87 years, SD = 0.57) who were evaluated annually across 6 years. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM diagnoses was used to assess mothers' psychiatric history; 185 mothers had had a mood disorder and 55 mothers were lifetime free of psychiatric diagnoses. At each assessment, mothers completed measures of their current level of depressive symptoms and stressful life events; adolescents completed measures about their perceptions of the family environment and their SW; and clinicians rated adolescents' level of depressive symptoms based on separate interviews with the adolescent and mother. Latent growth curve analyses revealed that history of maternal depression significantly predicted the intercepts of the growth trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms, mothers' current depressive symptoms, stressful life events, family environment, and adolescents' SW. The intercepts of each of these variables then predicted the trajectory (i.e., slope) of the growth of adolescents' depressive symptoms across the 6 years of the study. These results were consistent with the hypothesized model of maternal depression launching a set of risk factors, which in turn predict the growth of depressive symptoms during adolescence. Implications for interventions aimed at preventing depression in at-risk youth are discussed.
Preposicion + Sujeto + Infinitivo: "Para yo hacerlo"

L'A. examine la construction espagnole [Preposition + sujet + infinitif] telle qu'elle apparait dans le discours cultive dans douze villes espagnoles et sud-americaines. L'emploi de cette construction est significatif seulement a Caracas et San Juan. Les prepositions utilisees sont a 94 % de et para. Les sujets sont majoritairement (82 %) pronominaux, generalement yo et el. La coreferentialite des sujets matrices et de l'infinitif est moins frequente (41 %) que l'emploi de sujets differents
Suicide patterns and association with predictors among Rhode Island public high school students: a latent class analysis.

OBJECTIVES We analyzed Rhode Island's 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data to investigate suicide patterns and their association with suicide risk predictors among public high school students. METHODS We used latent class regression analysis of Rhode Island's 2007 YRBS data (from a random sample of 2210 public high school students) to model latent classes of suicide risk and identify predictors of latent class membership. RESULTS Four latent classes of suicide risk were modeled and predictors were associated with each: class 1 (emotionally healthy, 74%); class 2 (considered and planned suicide, 14%) was associated with being female, having low grades, being gay/lesbian/bisexual/unsure, feeling unsafe at school, having experienced forced sexual intercourse, and self-perceived overweight; class 3 (attempted suicide, 6%) was associated with speaking a language other than English at home, being gay/lesbian/bisexual/unsure, feeling unsafe at school, and forced sexual intercourse; and class 4 (planned and attempted suicide, 6%) was associated with the previously mentioned predictors and with being in 9th or 10th grade and currently smoking. CONCLUSIONS A single model characterized and quantified 4 patterns of suicide risk among adolescents and identified predictors for 3 at-risk classes. Interventions for high-risk youths may help prevent adolescent suicides.
Fighting, worrying and sharing: Operation ‘Protective Edge’ as the first WhatsApp war

This study looks at the roles that WhatsApp, the popular smartphone application, played in the lives of Israeli citizens, who were exposed to war menaces during July 2014. During the war, WhatsApp became the subject of public, media, and political discourse, especially within the context of disseminating information related to combat – ‘authentic’ news items (before they were published in the media) alongside rumors that were devoid of factual basis. Research questions focused on the ways in which citizens used the application, the attributed effects of that usage on their lives, and the possible connections between proximity of residence to combat areas, patterns of usage, and perceived implications. Data are based on a representative survey of 500 Israeli citizens aged 16–75, all of whom are smartphone users (maximum sample error 4.5%). The survey was conducted during the third week of the military operation ‘Protective Edge’, which took place between Israel and Hamas in the summer of 2014. The authors’ findings suggest that WhatsApp played a central multi-functional role in the lives of its users during the wartime, functioning as a mass as well as interpersonal communication channel. Participants used the application on a daily basis for various purposes: getting news and updates regarding the war; checking on their loved ones; delivering humorous satirical messages; spreading war-related rumors; and helping to promote voluntary aid initiations. Users expressed their beliefs that the application enabled them to stay updated and ‘in the know’, helped them calm down, and deepened their communal and national sentiments. While findings regarding WhatsApp and similar applications usages have been collected for the last few years, this research exposes its centrality under extreme circumstances. Further on, this work suggests that WhatsApp may be thought of as a unique combination of mass and interpersonal communication channels.