Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Role for Silent Synapses in the Development of the Pathway from Layer 2/3 to 5 Pyramidal Cells in the Neocortex

The integration of neurons within the developing cerebral cortex is a prolonged process dependent on a combination of molecular and physiological cues. To examine the latter we used laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) of caged glutamate in conjunction with whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to probe the integration of pyramidal cells in the sensorimotor regions of the mouse neocortex. In the days immediately after postnatal day 5 (P5) the origin of the LSPS-evoked AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic inputs were diffuse and poorly defined with considerable variability between cells. Over the subsequent week this coalesced and shifted, primarily influenced by an increased contribution from layers 2/3 cells, which became a prominent motif of the afferent input onto layer 5 pyramidal cells regardless of cortical region. To further investigate this particular emergent translaminar connection, we alternated our mapping protocol between two holding potentials (−70 and +40 mV) allowing us to detect exclusively NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated inputs. This revealed distal MK-801-sensitive synaptic inputs that predict the formation of the mature, canonical layer 2/3 to 5 pathway. However, these were a transient feature and had been almost entirely converted to AMPAR synapses at a later age (P16). To examine the role of activity in the recruitment of early NMDAR synapses, we evoked brief periods (20 min) of rhythmic bursting. Short intense periods of activity could cause a prolonged augmentation of the total input onto pyramidal cells up until P12; a time point when the canonical circuit has been instated and synaptic integration shifts to a more consolidatory phase.
Learning Universal Embeddings from Attributes

We address the problem of learning a universal embedding space from which different semantic concepts or notions of similarity can originate. Contemporary attribute datasets provide rich multi-label annotations to achieve this goal. Universal embeddings learned from the multi-label attributes would naturally encourage feature sharing, leading to reduced feature redundancy and boosted generalization ability. This paper presents a multi-task framework to learn universal embeddings by mapping them to different subspaces, each corresponds to one particular attribute and is supervised by the triplet similarity. A weighted triplet loss is proposed to combine all the possible triplets for all attributes in a small batch, with weights designed to favor triplets with hard examples by computing their attribute set similarity. This not only eliminates the need for hard triplet mining in batch, and makes the most of available data in a simple way, but also helps to learn the structure of the private and shared features in universal space to encode different triplet similarities across attributes. The learning is made more robust by competing against an adversarial network that perturbs the universal embeddings to increase the loss. The resulting Weighted Triplet-induced Adversarial Universal Embedding (WT-AUE) achieves strong results for attribute prediction, low-shot generalization as well as off-task recognition.
DNA looping induced by a transcriptional enhancer in vivo

Enhancers are DNA sequences that can activate gene transcription from remote positions. In yeast, regulatory sequences that are functionally equivalent to the metazoan enhancers are called upstream activating sequences (UASs). UASs show a lower degree of flexibility than their metazoan counterparts, but can nevertheless activate transcription from a distance of >1000 bp from the promoter. One of several models for the mechanism of action of transcriptional enhancers proposes that enhancer-bound activating proteins contact promoter-bound transcription factors and thereby get in close proximity to the promoter region with concomitant looping of the intervening DNA. We tested the mode of enhancer activity in yeast. A polymerase II-transcribed gene was paired with a remote, inducible enhancer. An independent reporter system was inserted next to the promoter to monitor the potential modes of enhancer activity. Our results show that the enhancer activated the reporter system only in the presence of a functional promoter. We also demonstrate that the heterologous expression of GAGA, a factor known to facilitate DNA loop formation, allows enhancer action in yeast over a distance of 3000 bp.
Tamarindus indica Extract Alters Release of Alpha Enolase, Apolipoprotein A-I, Transthyretin and Rab GDP Dissociation Inhibitor Beta from HepG2 Cells

Background The plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol lowering effects of Tamarindus indica extract have been previously described. We have also shown that the methanol extract of T. indica fruit pulp altered the expression of lipid-associated genes including ABCG5 and APOAI in HepG2 cells. In the present study, effects of the same extract on the release of proteins from the cells were investigated using the proteomics approach. Methodology/Principal Findings When culture media of HepG2 cells grown in the absence and presence of the methanol extract of T. indica fruit pulp were subjected to 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the expression of seven proteins was found to be significantly different (p<0.03125). Five of the spots were subsequently identified as alpha enolase (ENO1), transthyretin (TTR), apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I; two isoforms), and rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta (GDI-2). A functional network of lipid metabolism, molecular transport and small molecule biochemistry that interconnects the three latter proteins with the interactomes was identified using the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis software. Conclusion/Significance The methanol extract of T. indica fruit pulp altered the release of ENO1, ApoA-I, TTR and GDI-2 from HepG2 cells. Our results provide support on the effect of T. indica extract on cellular lipid metabolism, particularly that of cholesterol.
Understanding person acquisition using an interactive activation and competition network

Face perception is one of the most developed visual skills that humans display, and recent work has attempted to examine the mechanisms involved in face perception through noting how neural networks achieve the same performance. The purpose of the present paper is to extend this approach to look not just at human face recognition, but also at human face acquisition. Experiment 1 presents empirical data to describe the acquisition over time of appropriate representations for newly encountered faces. These results are compared with those of Simulation 1, in which a modified IAC network capable of modelling the acquisition process is generated. Experiment 2 and Simulation 2 explore the mechanisms of learning further, and it is demonstrated that the acquisition of a set of associated new facts is easier than the acquisition of individual facts in isolation of one another. This is explained in terms of the advantage gained from additional inputs and mutual reinforcement of developing links within an interactive neural network system.
On the Calculation of System Entropy in Nonlinear Stochastic Biological Networks

Biological networks are open systems that can utilize nutrients and energy from their environment for use in their metabolic processes, and produce metabolic products. System entropy is defined as the difference between input and output signal entropy, i.e., the net signal entropy of the biological system. System entropy is an important indicator for living or non-living biological systems, as biological systems can maintain or decrease their system entropy. In this study, system entropy is determined for the first time for stochastic biological networks, and a computation method is proposed to measure the system entropy of nonlinear stochastic biological networks that are subject to intrinsic random fluctuations and environmental disturbances. We find that intrinsic random fluctuations could increase the system entropy, and that the system entropy is inversely proportional to the robustness and stability of the biological networks. It is also determined that adding feedback loops to shift all eigenvalues to the farther left-hand plane of the complex s-domain could decrease the system entropy of a biological network.
Sonar jamming in the field: effectiveness and behavior of a unique prey defense

SUMMARY Bats and insects provide a model system for integrating our understanding of predator–prey ecology, animal behavior and neurophysiology. Previous field studies of bat–insect interactions have been limited by the technological challenges involved with studying nocturnal, volant animals that use ultrasound and engage in battles that frequently last a fraction of a second. We overcame these challenges using a robust field methodology that included multiple infrared cameras calibrated for three-dimensional reconstruction of bat and moth flight trajectories and four ultrasonic microphones that provided a spatial component to audio recordings. Our objectives were to document bat–moth interactions in a natural setting and to test the effectiveness of a unique prey defense – sonar jamming. We tested the effect of sonar jamming by comparing the results of interactions between bats and Grote’s tiger moth, Bertholdia trigona, with their sound-producing organs either intact or ablated. Jamming was highly effective, with bats capturing more than 10 times as many silenced moths as clicking moths. Moths frequently combined their acoustic defense with two separate evasive maneuvers: flying away from the bat and diving. Diving decreased bat capture success for both clicking and silenced moths, while flying away did not. The diving showed a strong directional component, a first for insect defensive maneuvers. We discuss the timing of B. trigona defensive maneuvers – which differs from that of other moths – in the context of moth auditory neuroethology. Studying bat–insect interactions in their natural environment provides valuable information that complements work conducted in more controlled settings.
The Influence of Subjective Factors on the Development of the Transformational Style of Leadership

Managers have to face the complexity of the technological and informational environment, social change, increasing entrepreneurial activity, accelerating technological developments and a more educated and skilled workforce. Leadership is a critical element in the success of an organization. Dynamic and efficient leadership involves creating a vision and action plan to ensure that organizations are client-centered, as well as creating a favourable environment for employees to optimize productivity and innovation. Although the elements that can influence leadership are multiple, and with regard to the transformational leadership style is an interpretable measure of how it takes place, we consider it appropriate to analyse and measure the factors that contribute to its formation. The opportunity of undertaking this research derives from the need to identify the antecedents that contribute to the formation of the transformational leadership style.
Problem Identification of Professional Development of Physical Education Teachers in Elementary School

This study aims to identify problems confronted by Physical Education Teachers (PE) of elementary schools (SD) in their professional development. The collected data is utilized as a requisite in determining alternative problemsolving coaching. The survey method is used to identify seven existing problems. The respondents are PE teachers of elementary schools in districts of three selected cities: Pasuruan, Malang and Batu. The results of this study show professional development becomes a necessity of PE teachers; however, some adjustments related to the characteristics of school subjects and personality of PE teachers are imperative.
Classification of EEG Signals Using a Multiple Kernel Learning Support Vector Machine

In this study, a multiple kernel learning support vector machine algorithm is proposed for the identification of EEG signals including mental and cognitive tasks, which is a key component in EEG-based brain computer interface (BCI) systems. The presented BCI approach included three stages: (1) a pre-processing step was performed to improve the general signal quality of the EEG; (2) the features were chosen, including wavelet packet entropy and Granger causality, respectively; (3) a multiple kernel learning support vector machine (MKL-SVM) based on a gradient descent optimization algorithm was investigated to classify EEG signals, in which the kernel was defined as a linear combination of polynomial kernels and radial basis function kernels. Experimental results showed that the proposed method provided better classification performance compared with the SVM based on a single kernel. For mental tasks, the average accuracies for 2-class, 3-class, 4-class, and 5-class classifications were 99.20%, 81.25%, 76.76%, and 75.25% respectively. Comparing stroke patients with healthy controls using the proposed algorithm, we achieved the average classification accuracies of 89.24% and 80.33% for 0-back and 1-back tasks respectively. Our results indicate that the proposed approach is promising for implementing human-computer interaction (HCI), especially for mental task classification and identifying suitable brain impairment candidates.
About goats, girls, boys and the bees : promoting adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health and rights in Uganda, Indonesia and Thailand; an Intervention Mapping approach

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Health impact assessment of major collective events: an overview of the available experiences

Background: major sporting and cultural events are a sensitive political and social issue. The aim of this study was to perform a critical review of the international literature regarding health impact assessment (HIA) studies of major events to identify all the health indicators available in the literature. Methods: we drew up a review of available literature on HIAs pertaining to major sports and cultural events. The papers obtained were read and then assessed in relation to the inclusion criteria, and the health indicators used were listed and commented upon. Results: we found three published HIA reports. One is a full report, and the other two are a screening report and a rapid HIA report. Through a detailed analysis, it has been possible to develop a set of indicators that can be used for future HIAs on major sporting and cultural events. Conclusions: reports of HIAs for major events that are available online identify several health impacts. In the pre-event phase, negative effects are predominant; in the post-event period, positive impacts prevail. The characteristics of the different stakeholders involved in the events play an important role in the evaluation process.
Optimal Save-Then-Transmit Protocol for Energy Harvesting Wireless Transmitters

In this paper, the design of a wireless communication device relying exclusively on energy harvesting is considered. Due to the inability of rechargeable energy sources to charge and discharge at the same time, a constraint we term the energy half-duplex constraint, two rechargeable energy storage devices (ESDs) are assumed so that at any given time, there is always one ESD being recharged. The energy harvesting rate is assumed to be a random variable that is constant over the time interval of interest. A save-then-transmit (ST) protocol is introduced, in which a fraction of time ρ (dubbed the save-ratio) is devoted exclusively to energy harvesting, with the remaining fraction 1-ρ used for data transmission. The ratio of the energy obtainable from an ESD to the energy harvested is termed the energy storage efficiency, η. We address the practical case of the secondary ESD being a battery with η <; 1, and the main ESD being a super-capacitor with η = 1. Important properties of the optimal save-ratio that minimizes outage probability are derived, from which useful design guidelines are drawn. In addition, we compare the outage performance of random power supply to that of constant power supply over the Rayleigh fading channel. The diversity order with random power is shown to be the same as that of constant power, but the performance gap can be large. Finally, we extend the proposed ST protocol to wireless networks with multiple transmitters. It is shown that the system-level outage performance is critically dependent on the number of transmitters and the optimal save-ratio for single-channel outage minimization.
Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer risk by molecularly defined subtypes.

BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer. Because colorectal carcinogenesis is a heterogeneous process, we investigated whether cigarette smoking is differentially associated with molecularly defined subtypes of colorectal cancer. METHODS We evaluated associations between smoking and incident colorectal cancer, overall and by microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype (MSI-high vs MSI-low or microsatellite stable), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP positive or CIMP negative), and BRAF mutation status (BRAF mutation positive or BRAF mutation negative), among 37 399 participants in a population-based cohort study (the Iowa Women's Health Study). Cigarette smoking (and other exposures) was assessed by self-report at baseline in 1986, including smoking status (never and ever [former or current]), age at initiation, total duration, average number of cigarettes smoked per day, cumulative pack-years, and induction period. Vital status and state of residence were determined by mailed follow-up questionnaires in 1987, 1989, 1992, and 1997 and by linkage to Iowa death certificate records. Nonrespondents were checked via the National Death Index to identify descendants. Participants with newly diagnosed (ie, incident) colorectal cancer were identified through annual linkage with the Iowa Cancer Registry. Archived paraffin-embedded tumor tissue specimens were obtained for 555 patients with colorectal cancer who were diagnosed from January 1, 1986, through December 31, 2002, and MSI status, CIMP status, and BRAF status were determined. Multivariable Cox regression models were fit to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Ever-smokers were at moderately increased risk for incident colorectal cancer (RR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.35) compared with never-smokers. Higher risk estimates were observed for current smokers with MSI-high tumors (RR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.26 to 3.14), CIMP-positive tumors (RR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.22 to 2.90), and BRAF mutation-positive tumors (RR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.22 to 3.02). Other smoking-related variables (ie, age at initiation, total duration, average number of cigarettes smoked per day, cumulative pack-years, and induction period) were also associated with MSI-high, CIMP-positive, and BRAF mutation-positive tumor subtypes. Conversely, cigarette smoking status (ever vs never) was not associated with the MSI-low or microsatellite stable (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.25), CIMP-negative (RR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.30), or BRAF mutation-negative subtypes (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.65 to 1.27). CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study of older women, cigarette smoking was associated with the MSI-high, CIMP-positive, and BRAF mutation-positive colorectal cancer subtypes, which indicates that epigenetic modification may be functionally involved in smoking-related colorectal carcinogenesis.
Comparison of the Short-Term Outcomes after Postisometric Muscle Relaxation or Kinesio Taping Application for Normalization of the Upper Trapezius Muscle Tone and the Pain Relief: A Preliminary Study

The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the resting bioelectrical activity of the upper trapezius muscle (the UT muscle) before and after one of the two interventions: postisometric muscle relaxation (PIR) and Kinesio Taping (KT). Moreover a comparison between group results was conducted. From the initial 61 volunteers, 52 were selected after exclusion criteria and were allocated randomly to 2 groups: PIR group and KT group. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and completion of the intervention. The primary outcome measure was change in bioelectrical activity of UT muscle evaluated by surface electromyography (sEMG). Secondary outcomes included subjective assessment of pain using visual analogue scale (VAS). Significant differences were found only in KT group: the average resting bioelectrical activity decreased by 0.8 μV (p = 0.0237) and the average VAS result reduced by 2.0 points (p = 0.0001). Greater decrease of VAS results was recorded in KT group compared to PIR group (p = 0.0010). Both PIR and KT intervention did not influence significantly the resting bioelectrical activity of UT muscle. KT application was better for pain relief in the studied sample compared with PIR intervention.
KSHV MicroRNAs Mediate Cellular Transformation and Tumorigenesis by Redundantly Targeting Cell Growth and Survival Pathways

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is causally linked to several human cancers, including Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease, malignancies commonly found in HIV-infected patients. While KSHV encodes diverse functional products, its mechanism of oncogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we determined the roles KSHV microRNAs (miRs) in cellular transformation and tumorigenesis using a recently developed KSHV-induced cellular transformation system of primary rat mesenchymal precursor cells. A mutant with a cluster of 10 precursor miRs (pre-miRs) deleted failed to transform primary cells, and instead, caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Remarkably, the oncogenicity of the mutant virus was fully restored by genetic complementation with the miR cluster or several individual pre-miRs, which rescued cell cycle progression and inhibited apoptosis in part by redundantly targeting IκBα and the NF-κB pathway. Genomic analysis identified common targets of KSHV miRs in diverse pathways with several cancer-related pathways preferentially targeted. These works define for the first time an essential viral determinant for KSHV-induced oncogenesis and identify NF-κB as a critical pathway targeted by the viral miRs. Our results illustrate a common theme of shared functions with hierarchical order among the KSHV miRs.
A Study on Automatically Extracted Keywords in Text Categorization

This paper presents a study on if and how automatically extracted keywords can be used to improve text categorization. In summary we show that a higher performance --- as measured by micro-averaged F-measure on a standard text categorization collection --- is achieved when the full-text representation is combined with the automatically extracted keywords. The combination is obtained by giving higher weights to words in the full-texts that are also extracted as keywords. We also present results for experiments in which the keywords are the only input to the categorizer, either represented as unigrams or intact. Of these two experiments, the unigrams have the best performance, although neither performs as well as headlines only.