Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occipital plagiocephaly.

The diagnosis of occipital plagiocephaly has remained a complex and controversial issue in the field of craniofacial surgery. Over the past 30 years, numerous studies have been published describing the management and treatment for 'posterior plagiocephaly', 'plagiocephaly without synostosis', 'deformational plagiocephaly' and 'occipital plagiocephaly', with surgical 'correction' being chosen as the primary modality of treatment irrespective of the patency status of the lambdoid sutures. Two hundred and four patients with unilateral occipital plagiocephaly have been seen at the Australian Craniofacial Unit over the past 16 years. Each patient was evaluated by a craniofacial surgeon, paediatric neurosurgeon and paediatric geneticist. All children underwent plain radiographs of the skull to define the sutural anatomy. In those patients where the sutural anatomy was equivocal, 2-D and 3-D CT scans were performed. Only two of the 204 patients (approximately 1%) manifested the clinical, radiographic and pathological features of true unilambdoid synostosis. There was radiographic evidence of sutural fusion on plain films, 2-D and 3-D CT scans. Pathology specimens showed bony sutural fusion. Two hundred and two patients presented with unilateral occipital deformities and patent sutures on radiography. These patients with occipital plagiocephaly in the absence of true synostosis were initially managed conservatively (head positioning, and physiotherapy in those patients with torticollis). Those patients who underwent surgical correction in infancy (21/204) included patients with severe plagiocephaly not responding to conservative therapy (19/204) and the two patients with true unilambdoid synostosis (2/204). One hundred and ninety-one of the total patients (94%) were noted by their parents to have acceptable improvement in their head shape. Thirteen patients were seen within the past year and are too early to assess. Two surgical patients (one fronto-orbital advancement, one occipital craniectomy) and one patient followed conservatively were judged by their parents to be without notable improvement. In our series it is apparent that the majority of cases of occipital plagiocephaly are not secondary to true synostosis and can be managed by conservative positional measures.
Studies in retention.

The importance of retention is shown by the fact that growth or improvement in skills, knowledges, and attitudes is dependent upon the learner's retention of the effects of previous experience. The use of recall as an aid to retention has been emphasized by theorists on methods of study and by investigators in the field of memory. The lack of experimental evidence on the effect of recall on retention where conditions approach those of actual schoolroom practice prompted this investigation. The primary purpose of the investigation was to determine the effect of recall on retention of facts which children acquire through reading when the materials and the methods of study are similar to those used in classroom situations. Two subsidiary problems of the investigation relate to the effect of item difficulty upon the form of retention curves and to the relationship between the learning ability of the students and the rate of forgetting. Related Research. —A number of experimental studies have dealt with various aspects of the problem of this investigation. Myers found that immediate recall in the form of written reproduction was beneficial to later reproduction of a list of unrelated words. An indirect or incidental method of learning the words had been employed.
Improvement of the therapeutic index of anticancer drugs by the superoxide dismutase mimic mangafodipir.

BACKGROUND Anticancer drugs act by increasing intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels. Mangafodipir, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic with catalase and glutathione reductase activities, protects normal cells from apoptosis induced by H2O2. We investigated its and other oxidative stress modulators' effects on anticancer drug activity in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Cell lysis and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were assessed in vitro in human leukocytes from healthy subjects and in murine CT26 colon cancer cells. Cells were exposed to the chemotherapeutic agents paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, or 5-fluorouracil, either in the presence or absence of mangafodipir and other oxidative stress modulators. Cell viability was evaluated by the methylthiazoletetrazolium assay. The effects of mangafodipir and other oxidative stress modulators on peripheral blood counts and on tumor growth were studied in BALB/c mice that were implanted with CT26 tumors and treated with 20 mg/kg paclitaxel. Survival of BALB/c mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus was also examined by treatment group. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS In vitro lysis of leukocytes exposed to paclitaxel, oxaliplatin, or 5-fluorouracil in combination with mangafodipir was decreased by 46% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 44% to 48%), 30.5% (95% CI = 29% to 32%), and 15% (95% CI = 10% to 20%), compared with lysis of cells treated with anticancer agent alone. Mangafodipir also statistically significantly enhanced in vitro anticancer drug cytotoxicity toward CT26 cancer cells. In vivo, mangafodipir protected mice against paclitaxel-induced leukopenia. Moreover, the survival rate of mice infected with S. aureus and treated with paclitaxel was higher when mangafodipir was also administered (survival: 3 of 17 versus 14 of 17, P < .001). In addition, mangafodipir amplified the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on CT26 tumor growth in mice. CONCLUSIONS Mangafodipir decreased hematotoxicity and enhanced cytotoxicity of anticancer agents.
#WhyIStayed, #WhyILeft: Microblogging to Make Sense of Domestic Abuse

In September 2014, Twitter users unequivocally reacted to the Ray Rice assault scandal by unleashing personal stories of domestic abuse via the hashtags #WhyIStayed or #WhyILeft. We explore at a macro-level firsthand accounts of domestic abuse from a substantial, balanced corpus of tweeted instances designated with these tags. To seek insights into the reasons victims give for staying in vs. leaving abusive relationships, we analyze the corpus using linguistically motivated methods. We also report on an annotation study for corpus assessment. We perform classification, contributing a classifier that discriminates between the two hashtags exceptionally well at 82% accuracy with a substantial error reduction over its baseline.
Queer Youth Space: A Protective Factor for Sexual Minority Youth

Physical, psychological, and social vulnerabilities of sexual minority youth are well documented. Yet factors that protect this population from these risks remain relatively unknown. Previous researchers suggest that (1) a sense of safety, meaningful relationships with others, and positive identity development are protective and (2) social support programs focusing on sexual minority youth (Queer Youth Space) have a positive impact. In this article, Queer Youth Space is explored as a program that may promote protective factors and mediate risks. Theories of attachment, self psychology, and social identity are applied to conceptualize Queer Youth Space and its protective roles. Implications for social work practice and research are discussed.
Isolation, characterization and amplification of simple sequence repeat loci in coffee.

Simple sequence repeat (microsatellite) loci in coffee were identified in clones isolated from enriched and random genomic libraries. It was shown that coffee is a plant species with low microsatellite frequency. However, the average distance between two loci, estimated at 127kb for poly (AG), is one of the shortest of all plant genomes. In contrast, the distance between two poly (AC) loci, estimated at 769kb, is one of the largest in plant genomes. Coffee (AC)n microsatellites are frequently associated with other microsatellites, mainly (AT)n motifs, while (AG)n microsatellites are not normally associated with other microsatellites and have a higher number of perfect motifs. Dinucleotide repeats (AG) and (AC) were found in ATrich regions in coffee. Sequence analysis of (AC)n microsatellites identified in coffee revealed the possible association of these repeated elements with miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs). In addition, some of the evaluated SSR markers produced transposon-like amplification patterns in tetraploid genotypes. Of 12 SSR markers developed, nine were polymorphic in diploid genotypes while 5 were polymorphic in tetraploid genotypes, confirming a greater genetic diversity in diploid species.
The even cycle problem for directed graphs

If each arc in a strongly connected directed graph of minimum in- degree and outdegree at least 3 is assigned a weight 0 or 1, then the resulting weighted directed graph has a directed cycle of even total weight. This proves a conjecture made by L. Lovisz in 1975 and has applications to colour-critical hypergraphs, sign-nonsingular matrices, and permanents of matrices. MATHEMATICAL INSTITUTE, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK, DK-2800 LYNGBY,
Risk factors for multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a systematic review

Background: The resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in western countries has been attributed to the HIV epidemic, immigration, and drug resistance. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is caused by the transmission of multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in new cases, or by the selection of single drug resistant strains induced by previous treatment. The aim of this report is to determine risk factors for MDR-TB in Europe. Methods: A systematic review was conducted of published reports of risk factors associated with MDR-TB in Europe. Meta-analysis, meta-regression, and sub-grouping were used to pool risk estimates of MDR-TB and to analyse associations with age, sex, immigrant status, HIV status, occurrence year, study design, and area of Europe. Results: Twenty nine papers were eligible for the review from 123 identified in the search. The pooled risk of MDR-TB was 10.23 times higher in previously treated than in never treated cases, with wide heterogeneity between studies. Study design and geographical area were associated with MDR-TB risk estimates in previously treated patients; the risk estimates were higher in cohort studies carried out in western Europe (RR 12.63; 95% CI 8.20 to 19.45) than in eastern Europe (RR 8.53; 95% CI 6.57 to 11.06). National estimates were possible for six countries. MDR-TB cases were more likely to be foreign born (odds ratio (OR) 2.46; 95% CI 1.86 to 3.24), younger than 65 years (OR 2.53; 95% CI 1.74 to 4.83), male (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.65), and HIV positive (OR 3.52; 95% CI 2.48 to 5.01). Conclusions: Previous treatment was the strongest determinant of MDR-TB in Europe. Detailed study of the reasons for inadequate treatment could improve control strategies. The risk of MDR-TB in foreign born people needs to be re-evaluated, taking into account any previous treatment.
Inhibition of return : Neural basis and function

Abstract A goal of neuropsychology is to connect cognitive functions with underlying neural systems. Posner (1984; in press) has proposed a framework for doing so in which elementary mental operations in cognitive models are expressed in terms of component facilitations and inhibitions in the performance of normal persons. Studies of brain-injured patients are used to link these components to underlying neural systems. In the area of spatial attention one such component is the tendency to inhibit orienting towards visual locations which have been previously attended (inhibition of return). Here we report studies in patients and normals which demonstrate the relationship of this component to neural systems which generate saccades. The first experiment showed that midbrain lesions impairing saccade generation produced a concurrent loss of the inhibition of return, whereas cortical components shown to impair facilitatory components did not. The second and third experiments show that the inhibition of return .
Plasma ghrelin level and plasma ghrelin/obestatin ratio are related to intestinal metaplasia in elderly patients with functional dyspepsia

Background Whether plasma ghrelin/obestatin levels are associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, subtypes of functional dyspepsia (FD), and gastric mucosal histology has not yet been established in elderly patients. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma ghrelin and obestatin levels are related to gastric mucosal histology, H. pylori infection, and FD subtypes in elderly patients with FD. Methods Ninety-two patients diagnosed with FD and older than 60 years (median age 69.4; range 60–88) were included. Clinical symptoms investigated included postprandial fullness, epigastric pain, epigastric soreness, nausea, and vomiting. According to the Rome III criteria, patients diagnosed with FD were divided into two subtypes: epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) and postprandial distress syndrome (PDS). Plasma ghrelin and obestatin levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay, and histological examination of gastric mucosa was performed. H. pylori infection was determined by histopathological examination of gastric mucosal biopsy and/or Campylobacter-like organism test. Results In our study, plasma ghrelin levels and plasma ghrelin/obestatin (G/O) ratio were significantly lower in subjects with intestinal metaplasia compared with those without intestinal metaplasia (ghrelin, p = 0.010; G/O ratio, p = 0.012). On the other hand, there were no significant differences in plasma ghrelin and obestatin levels between H. pylori–positive and H. pylori–negative groups. (ghrelin, p = 0.130; obestatin, p = 0.888). Similarly, no significant differences were detected between the EPS and PDS groups (ghrelin, p = 0.238; obestatin, p = 0.710). Conclusions Patients with intestinal metaplasia, a known precursor of gastric cancer, had significantly less plasma ghrelin levels and G/O ratio than those without intestinal metaplasia.
Modelling the Relationships among Beliefs about Learning, Knowledge, and Teaching of Pre-Service Teachers in Singapore

This paper aims to investigate the beliefs about knowledge, learning and teaching of 718 Singaporean pre-service teachers. The results show that three out of eight hypotheses were supported by the data. These hypotheses are 1) Innate ability will significantly influence traditionalist teaching positively, 2) Learning effort/process will significantly influence constructivist teaching positively, and 3) Learning effort/process will significantly influence traditionalist teaching negatively. The results also indicate that the participants may not hold relativistic outlooks and that they may be inclined towards constructivist teaching rather than traditional teaching. In addition, the participants may not be epistemologically ready for constructivist teaching. This paper contributes to the research on teachers' beliefs by applying structural equation modelling to examine the strengths and inter-relationships between different types of beliefs.
Social Skills Training With Children: Where Do We Go From Here?

Provides an overview and update of social skills training (SST) as an intervention approach for children's peer relationship problems. The relative paucity of recent outcome studies on SST was noted. SST research stimulated investigation of children's peer relations; however, problems remain with this intervention approach. Three areas highlighted for further investigation of SST include: (a) broadening intervention models to account for multisystemic influences (e.g., peers, teachers, family) on children's peer relationships, (b) considering other indices of social functioning (e.g., peer friendships and support) as treatment outcomes in addition to peer acceptance and social behavior, and (c) designing treatment studies that are sensitive to the realities of clinical practice.
Dysfunction of right-hemisphere attentional networks in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Although differential right-hemisphere dysfunction has been implicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for more than 15 years, this relation remains controversial. Neuroimaging studies suggest asymmetric dysfunction, but neuropsychological evidence in support of this is rather inconsistent. This study examined attentional asymmetry in ADHD adults with a psychophysical extinction task. The interference from right- or left-hemifield distractors with contralateral orientation sensitivity was determined. In a previous study using this paradigm, right brain-damaged patients with left neglect displayed asymmetric distractor interference, meaning a significant interference from a right distractor with left-hemifield orientation sensitivity but no interference from a left distractor with right-hemifield orientation sensitivity. A similar but less pronounced asymmetry was observed in a group of ADHD adults (n = 16). These results indicate dysfunction of right-hemisphere attentional circuits in ADHD.
Female entrepreneurs' personal characteristics and motivation: a review of the Greek situation

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate the issue of women entrepreneurs in Greece by looking into personal characteristics and motivation of female Greek entrepreneurs in order to assist Greek policy makers in their future attempts to devise programs to support them in the start‐up phase.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a review of the entrepreneurial environment and female entrepreneurship in Greece, approached first through an analysis of the existing bibliography and then through the presentation and analysis of data exploring personal characteristics and motivation, drawn mainly from three similarly designed surveys (two of which were designed and carried out by the authors), covering the period 1990‐2000.Findings – It is important that women entrepreneurs are not treated as a monolithic category: rather, policies and programs to support them should begin with a diagnosis of their personal characteristics and motives aimed at strengthening pull motives that comprise a base for mor.
Effectiveness of environmental offsets in environmental impact assessment: practitioner perspectives from Western Australia

Environmental offsets are positive mitigation measures implemented during environmental impact assessment (EIA) approvals to compensate for unavoidable negative environmental actions. Through interviews with 29 practitioners experienced with offsets, this study investigated the level of support for environmental offsets in Western Australia, implementation of the mitigation sequence and achievement of ‘net environmental gain’ and ‘like for like’ in practice. In-principle support for the use of offsets was almost unanimous. However, the practical workability of ‘like for like’ was questioned along with claims that offsets failed to deliver net benefits. Greater guidance and follow-up will be necessary if practice is to live up to expectation.
QoS-aware joint power allocations and relay selection for NLOS coherent optical wireless communications

In order to improve the energy efficiency of the optical wireless communications, a joint power allocation and relay selection scheme is proposed for a relay assisted non-line-of-sight optical wireless communication system employing coherent detection with a dual optical channel multiplexing technique. The proposed joint power allocation and relay selection scheme aims to improve energy efficiency of the optical wireless communication system by minimizing the total average transmit power, and provides the delay aware quality-of-service guarantee through maintaining a minimum required effective capacity over the atmospheric turbulence fading channels. The joint power allocation and relay selection problem is formulated as a non-convex and combinatorial optimization problem, and the solution of this optimization problem is obtained using a time-sharing relaxation technique. Subsequently, a fast-convergent algorithm is proposed for the joint power allocation and relay selection by considering the delay aware quality-of-service requirements of the services transmitted over the optical wireless communication channels. Numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed joint power allocation and relay selection scheme in terms of the energy saving for different statistical delay constraints.
Executive dysfunction in children with early brain disease: Outcomes post Haemophilus influenzae meningitis

Neuropsychological data from a study of the sequelae of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis were analyzed to investigate the validity of tests of executive function. The total sample of school‐age children was divided into two groups. The affected group comprised the 53 children who had had the disease and were considered at risk for sequelae. The unaffected group consisted of the remaining 170 children considered at no or minimal risk for sequelae. To examine construct validity, data from the unaffected group were submitted to an exploratory factor analysis. Factor composites were then computed to assess the validity of the factors as measures of disease sequelae and as correlates of achievement and behavioral outcomes. Construct validity was demonstrated by evidence for three executive factors, termed Response Speed, Response Inhibition, and Planning‐Sequencing. Evidence for concurrent validity was provided by group differences in the Response Speed composite and by associations of all three execut.
On the trade-off between cost and availability of virtual networks

To minimize cost, Virtual Network Operators (VNOs) need to consider the required network availability already at the network design stage. One generic approach to reach the availability target is to select only high-quality physical network elements that offer high availability and consequently demand high expenses per element. The other generic approach to achieve high availability is to add protection capacity on the level of the virtual network based on lower cost components. In this paper, we analyze both alternatives with a simulation tool to answer the fundamental question how quality can be traded against capacity. For this purpose, we consider different network topologies and the influence of different parameters and provide a framework to find an optimal strategy between Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) targets for the physical infrastructure and the usage of additional backup paths on the virtual network level.
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal associations in coping strategies and physical health outcomes among HIV-Positive youth

This study assessed whether coping styles had an influence on physical health outcomes either concurrently or longitudinally in a sample of HIV-positive youth. Coping styles were characterized as positive, passive, depressive withdrawal, and escapist. A cross-sectional latent variable analysis (N = 279) assessed associations among environmental stress, self-esteem, social support, coping styles, AIDS symptoms, and CD4 count. A more restricted longitudinal analysis (N = 174) tested associations among earlier environmental stress, self-esteem, coping styles, and AIDS symptoms at follow-up. CD4 count was not associated with coping styles in the cross-sectional analysis. Concurrent AIDS symptoms were significantly predicted by depressive withdrawal and environmental stress. A passive coping style modestly predicted more AIDS symptoms longitudinally. Correlates of perceived health and well-being of persons with HIV/AIDS are important to investigate in addition to more objective measures such as CD4 count that may not be amenable to change through coping style interventions alone.