Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Switch in chemokine receptor expression upon TCR stimulation reveals novel homing potential for recently activated T cells

When naive T lymphocytes are activated and differentiate into memory/effector cells, they down‐regulate receptors for constitutive chemokines such as CXCR4 and CCR7 and acquire receptors for inflammatory chemokines such as CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3, depending on the Th1/Th2 polarization. This switch in chemokine receptor usage leads to the acquisition of the capacity to migrate into inflamed tissues. Using RNase protection assays, staining with specific antibodies, and response to recombinant chemokines, we now show that following TCR stimulation, memory/effector T cells undergo a further and transient switch in receptor expression. CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, CCR6 and CXCR3 are down‐regulated within 6 h, while CCR7, CCR4, CCR8 and CXCR5 are up‐regulated for 2 to 3 days. Up‐regulation of CCR7 following TCR stimulation was observed also among resting peripheral blood T cells and required neither co‐stimulation nor exogenous IL‐2. On the other hand IL‐2 down‐regulated CXCR5, up‐regulated CCR8 and facilitated the recovery of CCR3 and CCR5. Upon TCR stimulation, Th1 and Th2 cells produced comparable sets of chemokines, including RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1β, I‐309, IL‐8 and macrophage‐derived chemokine, which may modulate surface chemokine receptors and contribute to cell recruitment at sites of antigenic recognition. Altogether these results show that following TCR stimulation effector/memory T cells transiently acquire responsiveness to constitutive chemokines. As a result, T cells that are activated in tissues may either recirculate to draining lymph nodes or migrate to nearby sites of organized ectopic lymphoid tissues.
Mandatory Disclosure and Individual Investors: Evidence From the Jobs Act

One prominent justification for the mandatory disclosure rules that define modem securities law is that these rules encourage individual investors to participate in stock markets. Mandatory disclosure, the theory goes, gives individual investors access to information that puts them on a more equal playing field with sophisticated institutional shareholders. Although this reasoning has long been cited by regulators and commentators as a basis for mandating disclosure, recent work has questioned its validity. In particular, recent studies contend that individual investors are overwhelmed by the amount of information required to be disclosed under current law, and thus they cannot and do not use that information to analyze the companies that they own. Using a recent change in the law that allows firms to disclose less information before their initial public offering ("IPO"), we examine whether reduced disclosure leads to less trading by individual investors. Our results show that, immediately following the IPO, individual investors are less likely to trade in the stocks of the firms that provide less disclosure but that this difference disappears after two weeks of trading. Our findings have important implications for the lawmakers now examining whether, and how, to change the mandatory disclosure rules that have served as the basis offederal securities law for generations. * Colleen Honigsberg and Yu-Ting Forester Wong are Ph.D. Candidates at Columbia Business School. Robert J. Jackson, Jr. is Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Ira M. Millstein Center on Global Markets and Corporate Ownership at Columbia Law School. We thank Lucian Bebchuk, Edwige Cheynel, Zohar Goshen, Scott Hirst, Alon Kalay, Shail Pandit, Richard Squire, and workshop participants at the 2015 Annual Meeting of the American Accounting Association, Columbia Law School, and Harvard Law School for helpful comments. We are also grateful to Abraham Lowenstein for exceptional research assistance. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW
Use of RNA amplification in the optimal characterization of global gene expression using cDNA microarrays

Microarray analysis of human tissue is frequently hindered by the limited amount of RNA available. Although amplification protocols can be utilized, the relative representation of transcripts present in the starting material must remain unaltered. In this study, 200 ng of total RNA derived from cultured renal epithelial cells from tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) carriers and control individuals was amplified by in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase. The resulting Cy‐labeled cDNAs (from total or amplified RNA (aRNA)) were analyzed as direct replicates and dye‐flips on slides containing 10,000 human cDNAs. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the direct replicate experiments were 0.80 (20 μg total RNA), 0.85 (40 μg total RNA), and 0.93 (2 μg of aRNA). Comparisons between the array data revealed that the majority of genes expressed in total RNA (97% for 20 μg and 85% for 40 μg) were also detected in aRNA. The correlation coefficient of the expression ratios for genes detected in both total RNA (40 μg) and aRNA was 0.63. Further, Student's t‐test indicated no significant difference (P = 0.83) between these ratios. These results indicate that the number of expressed genes detected with total RNA is proportional to the amount of RNA used and underscore the requirement of large amounts of total RNA for a comprehensive characterization of gene expression profiles. RNA amplification allows the detection of a large number of genes expressed in the starting RNA population without altering their relative intensities significantly. Thus, an RNA amplification step improves the quality of gene expression results obtained by microarray analysis. This study indicates that high quality microarray data can be generated from small amounts of RNA, including those extracted from limiting clinical samples and microdissected histological specimens. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
UIS failure mechanism of SiC power MOSFETs

This paper investigates the failure mechanism of SiC power MOSFETs during avalanche breakdown under unclamped inductive switching (UIS) test regime. Switches deployed within motor drive applications could experience undesired avalanche breakdown events. Therefore, avalanche ruggedness is an important feature of power devices enabling snubber-less converter design and is also a desired feature in certain applications such as automotive. It is essential to thoroughly characterize SiC power MOSFETs for better understanding of their robustness and more importantly of their corresponding underling physical mechanisms responsible for failure in order to inform device design and technology evolution. Experimental results during UIS at failure and 2D TCAD simulation results are presented in this study.
Performance Pay and Wage Inequality

We document that an increasing fraction of jobs in the U.S. labor market explicitly pay workers for their performance using bonuses, commissions, or piece-rates. We find that compensation in performance-pay jobs is more closely tied to both observed (by the econometrician) and unobserved productive characteristics of workers. Moreover, the growing incidence of performance-pay can explain 24 percent of the growth in the variance of male wages between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, and accounts for nearly all of the top-end growth in wage dispersion (above the 80th percentile).
Inhibition in vivo of Reticulo-Endothelial Phagocytosis by Synthetic Polyamino Acids.∗

Summary 1. Treatment of mice with synthetic PL or PG regularly inhibited hepatic, and frequently also splenic, phagocytosis of subsequently injected Cr51-labeled sheep red cells. 2. This inhibition was roughly proportional to the dose of polyamino acid, and disappeared after approximately one week. 3. The interference with phagocytosis was offered as an explanation for the previously reported depression of formation of antibodies in mice treated with PL.
Molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus subtype B: A novel genotype of subtype B circulating in China

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is major pathogen of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children worldwide. There have been many studies regarding HRSV subgroup A (HRSV‐A) G protein genetic variability but little information about HRSV subtype B (HRSV‐B) G protein genetic diversity and molecular evolution in China. Thus, a survey of the molecular epidemiology and evolution of the G protein in China is of high importance. In this study, the circulation and genetic diversity of HRSV in Chongqing, Southwestern China, from June 2009 to May 2013, were investigated. A total of 3,167 nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained in this study, and it was found that HRSV‐B predominated in the 2009–2010 and 2012–2013 epidemic seasons. This study identified the genetic variability of the glycoprotein G gene among 102 HRSV‐B strains isolated by cell culture from Chongqing nasopharyngeal aspirates, and 68 Chinese HRSV‐B sequences were deposited in GenBank. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HRSV‐B strains were clustered into three genotypes: BA (n = 111, 65.29%), GB3 (n = 5, 2.94%), and a new GB genotype (n = 54, 31.77%) named GB5. The GB5 strains varied from other genotypes in the central conserved region and N‐glycosylation sites. The estimated evolutionary rate of Chinese HRSV‐B was 2.01 × 10−3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year, which is similar to the reports from Belgium and the Netherlands with 1.95 × 10−3 and 2.78 × 10−3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year, respectively. This study provides data on the circulating pattern and molecular characterization of HRSV‐B genotypes in China during four consecutive years and may contribute to HRSV vaccine development. J. Med. Virol. 87: 1–9, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Query Expansion Using the UMLS ® Metathesaurus ®

Recent work has demonstrated the importance of query expansion for improving retrieval effectiveness when applying statistically-based systems to MEDLINE ® citations. The research has suggested the use of retrieval feedback for enhancing the original text of users’ queries. As an alternative method of query expansion, we propose the use of the MetaMap program for associating UMLS Metathesaurus concepts with the original query. Our experiments show that query expansion based on MetaMap compares favorably with retrieval feedback. We conclude that the optimal strategy would be to combine the two techniques.
Is Twitter a Good Place for Asking Questions? A Characterization Study

People often turn to their social networks to fulfill their information needs. We conducted a study of question asking and answering (Q&A) behavior on Twitter. We found that the most popular question types were rhetorical and factual. Surprisingly, along with entertainment and technology questions, people asked personal and health-related questions. The majority of questions received no response, while a handful of questions received a high number of responses. The larger the askers’ network, the more responses she received; however, posting more tweets or posting more frequently did not increase chances of receiving a response. Most often the ‘follow’ relationship between asker and answerer was one-way. We provide a rich characterization of Q&A in social information streams and discuss implications for design.
Caenorhabditis elegans Innexins Regulate Active Zone Differentiation

In a genetic screen for active zone defective mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans, we isolated a loss-of-function allele of unc-7, a gene encoding an innexin/pannexin family gap junction protein. Innexin UNC-7 regulates the size and distribution of active zones at C. elegans neuromuscular junctions. Loss-of-function mutations in another innexin, UNC-9, cause similar active zone defects as unc-7 mutants. In addition to presumptive gap junction localizations, both UNC-7 and UNC-9 are also localized perisynaptically throughout development and required in presynaptic neurons to regulate active zone differentiation. Our mosaic analyses, electron microscopy, as well as expression studies suggest a novel and likely nonjunctional role of specific innexins in active zone differentiation in addition to gap junction formations.
What You Teach Impacts on How You Feel: A Study on Teachers` Emotionality across Disciplines

The growing attention to teachers` emotion has been in line with the new necessities of modern life and has been considered as a leading exponent of fast-changing educational settings through the clarification of the new personal accountabilities. This unique study endeavored to compare levels of anxiety, depression, life satisfaction, job satisfaction and life pleasure between teachers in humanities, formal sciences and natural sciences. More than 720 teachers across 14 different academic disciplines were compared and contrasted based upon the result of the following standard psychological tests: Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Diener`s Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brayfield-Rothe Index of Job Satisfaction and Goldberg Depression Scale. The results were enlightening as the humanist teachers` psychological well-being was conspicuously superior to their counterparts in natural and formal sciences. Being that said, the result can broaden the horizon of educational researchers whose work revolves around emotionality of teachers as well as educational planners and programmers to consider the implications in their teacher training programs.
Number of teeth is related to atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid arteries in an elderly population.

BACKGROUND Periodontal disease has been associated with cardiovascular disorders with an atherosclerotic background, and number of teeth (NT) has been suggested as a possible risk indicator for cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study is to investigate whether NT was related to the intima-media thickness (IMT) and to atherosclerotic plaque in carotid arteries in an elderly population. METHODS In a population-based study including 1,016 participants aged 70 years, the NT was self-reported by 947 of the participants. Carotid artery IMT was evaluated by ultrasound. The occurrence of plaque was also measured. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between NT and the number of carotid arteries with plaque. RESULTS A significant inverse relationship was found between the NT and the number of carotid arteries with plaque after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, C-reactive protein, leukocyte count, blood pressure, and Framingham risk score, with odds ratio of 0.89, 95% confidence interval of 0.82 to 0.98, and P = 0.016. The relationship was fairly linear, suggesting a dose-response relationship. When NT was divided into quintiles using the first one as referent, the relationship persisted for all quintiles except for the second one. However, no relationship to IMT was seen. CONCLUSION The present study further emphasizes that tooth loss could be an easily obtained risk indicator for atherosclerosis.
Çoklu Zeka Kuramına Dayalı Öğrenme Yönteminin Öğrencilerin Tutum ve Akademik Başarılarına Etkisinin Motivasyon Stillerine Göre Analizi/Analyze of Effect of Learning Method Based on the Multiple Intelligence Theory on Permanence of Students' Academic Succe

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of the transaction between the learning method based on the Multiple Intelligence Theory and motivational styles on students’ attitudes towards their biology course, their academic success their knowledge. In the study, the experimental study design was used and the pretest-protest control group model was used as a quasi-experimental model. The study was conducted with 300 students attending ninth grade in a high school situated in Agri during the school year 2010-2011. Classes on the Classification of Living Creatures and Biological Diversity were taught using the learning method based on the Multiple Intelligence Theory in the experimental group and by using the traditional learning method in the control group. The implementation process of the study was realized during a total of 30 course hours in 15 weeks. The personal information questionnaire applied in normalizing, the biology attitude scale, the biology success test and the motivational styles questionnaire were used as data collection tools in this investigation. Data were collected by applying a biology attitude scale and success test at the beginning and end of the investigation. The following results were obtained from this study: The common effect of the method and motivational style implemented on learning is not significant. The common impact of the group and motivational style does not have a significant impact on the attitude score. In all motivational styles, the averages of the success scores of the experimental group are higher than those belonging to the control group. In the experimental group in which the learning method based on the multiple intelligence theory was implemented, the highest average of the success score was in the cooperative motivational style, while the lowest was in the participation motivational style. In the control group in which the traditional learning method was implemented, while the highest success score belonged to the investigation motivational style, the lowest average of the success score was observed in those who had a communication motivational style
Differences Making a Difference

Summary As the field of family therapy continues to gain exposure both in the U.S. and abroad, family therapists and their supervisors are increasingly likely to come from diverse cultural backgrounds. This study examines how differences in culture of origin influence supervisory relationships. Twelve individual interviews were conducted with six supervisors and six supervisees who had worked with one or more supervisees or supervisors whose culture of origin differed from their own. The descriptive data was analyzed using the method of constant comparison. Results reflect cross-cultural supervisees' acclimation to a Western/U.S. training context, specific challenges associated with cross-cultural supervision, and ways in which supervisors can sensitively and effectively supervise culturally different supervisees. Implications for education and training in family therapy are presented.
Diphtheria in Lao PDR: Insufficient Coverage or Ineffective Vaccine?

Background During late 2012 and early 2013 several outbreaks of diphthe-ria were notified in the North of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The aim of this study was to determine whether the re-emergence of this vaccine-preventable disease was due to insufficient vaccination coverage or reduction of vaccine effectiveness within the affected regions. Methods A serosurvey was conducted in the Huaphan Province on a cluster sampling of 132 children aged 12–59 months. Serum samples, socio-demographic data, nutri-tional status and vaccination history were collected when available. Anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus IgG antibody levels were measured by ELISA. Results Overall, 63.6% of participants had detectable diphtheria antibodies and 71.2% tetanus antibodies. Factors independently associated with non-vaccination against diphtheria were the distance from the health centre (OR: 6.35 [95% CI: 1.4–28.8], p = 0.01), the Lao Theung ethnicity (OR: 12.2 [95% CI:1,74–85, 4], p = 0.01) and the lack of advice on vac-cination given at birth (OR: 9.8 [95% CI: 1.5–63.8], (p = 0.01) while the level of maternal edu-cation was a protective factor (OR: 0.08 [95% CI: 0.008–0.81], p = 0.03). Most respondents claimed financial difficulties as the main reason for non-vaccination. Out of 55 children whose vaccination certificates stated that they were given all 3 doses of diphtheria-containing vaccine, 83.6% had diphtheria antibodies and 92.7% had tetanus antibodies. Furthermore, despite a high prevalence of stunted and underweight children (53% and 25.8%, respectively), the low levels of anti-diphtheria antibodies were not correlated to the nutritional status. Conclusions Our data highlight a significant deficit in both the vaccination coverage and diphtheria vaccine effectiveness within the Huaphan Province. Technical defi-ciencies in the methods of storage and distribution of vaccines as well as unreliability of vac-cination cards are discussed. Several hypotheses are advanced to explain such a decline in immunity against diphtheria and recommendations are provided to prevent future outbreaks.
Key Lessons from Performance of the U.S. EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) Tier 1 Male and Female Pubertal Assays

The male and female pubertal assays, which are included in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) Tier 1 battery, can detect endocrine-active compounds operating by various modes of action. This article uses the collective experience of three laboratories to provide information on pubertal assay conduct, interlaboratory reproducibility, endpoint redundancy, and data interpretation. The various criteria used to select the maximum tolerated dose are described. A comparison of historical control data across laboratories confirmed reasonably good interlaboratory reproducibility. With a reliance on apical endpoints, interpretation of pubertal assay effects as specifically endocrine-mediated or secondary to other systemic effects can be problematic and mode of action may be difficult to discern. Across 21–23 data sets, relative liver weight, a nonspecific endocrine endpoint, was the most commonly affected endpoint in male and female assays. For endocrine endpoints, patterns of effects were generally seen; rarely was an endocrine-sensitive endpoint affected in isolation. In males, most frequently missed EPA-established performance criteria included mean weights for kidney and thyroid, and the coefficient of variation for age and body weight at preputial separation, seminal vesicle weight, and final body weight. In females, the frequently missed EPA-established performance criteria included mean adrenal weight and mean age at vaginal opening. To ensure specificity for endocrine effects, the pubertal assays should be interpreted using a weight-of-evidence approach as part of the entire EDSP battery. Based on the frequency with which certain performance criteria were missed, an EPA review of these criteria is warranted.
Atypical Celiac Disease: From Recognizing to Managing

The nonclassic clinical presentation of celiac disease (CD) becomes increasingly common in physician's daily practice, which requires an awareness of its many clinical faces with atypical, silent, and latent forms. Besides the common genetic background (HLA DQ2/DQ8) of the disease, other non-HLA genes are now notably reported with a probable association to atypical forms. The availability of high-sensitive and specific serologic tests such as antitissue transglutuminase, antiendomysium, and more recent antideamidated, gliadin peptide antibodies permits to efficiently uncover a large portion of the submerged CD iceberg, including individuals having conditions associated with a high risk of developing CD (type 1 diabetes, autoimmune diseases, Down syndrome, family history of CD, etc.), biologic abnormalities (iron deficiency anemia, abnormal transaminase levels, etc.), and extraintestinal symptoms (short stature, neuropsychiatric disorders, alopecia, dental enamel hypoplasia, recurrent aphtous stomatitis, etc.). Despite the therapeutic alternatives currently in developing, the strict adherence to a GFD remains the only effective and safe therapy for CD.