Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polypoid Endometriosis: A Clinicopathologic Analysis of 24 Cases and a Review of the Literature

We describe 24 cases of polypoid endometriosis, most of which were referred because of problems in differential diagnosis, particularly distinction from a low-grade müllerian neoplasm. The patients were 23 to 78 years (mean 52.5 years) of age. Seven patients were on unopposed estrogen, four on combined estrogen-progestin therapy, and one patient had a synchronous ovarian thecoma. The most common clinical presentations were a pelvic mass, vaginal polypoid masses, and large bowel obstruction. In some cases, the intraoperative findings suggested a neoplasm. Sites of involvement in order of frequency included colon, ovary, uterine serosa, cervical and/or vaginal mucosa, ureter, fallopian tube, omentum, bladder, paraurethral and paravaginal soft tissue, and retroperitoneum. Multiple sites were involved in seven cases. Five cases occurred within ovarian or extraovarian endometriotic cysts. The lesions ranged up to 14 cm in size and formed polypoid, pink, gray or tan, masses. On microscopic examination, the polypoid masses were composed of an admixture of endometriotic glands and stroma. A variety of glandular architectural patterns were observed, sometimes in combination, most commonly cystic and noncystic simple hyperplasia, but also simple or complex hyperplasia with atypia, disordered proliferative, and cystic atrophy. Various types of epithelial metaplasia (tubal, mucinous, squamous, papillary syncytial metaplasia) were common. Hemorrhage, fibrosis, prominent thick-walled blood vessels, hemosiderin-laden histiocytes, and decidual change were also present in some cases. Eighteen cases were associated with usual (nonpolypoid) endometriosis. In one case, polypoid endometriosis merged with a mucinous borderline tumor of endocervical-type. In all but two cases, polypoid endometriosis lacked periglandular stromal hypercellularity, stromal atypia, and intraglandular stromal papillae, helping distinguish it from adenosarcoma. Focal intraglandular stromal papillae were noted in two cases with focal mild periglandular stromal hypercellularity in one of them, but no stromal atypia was present in either case. Follow-up data in 17 patients indicated that 15 patients were alive without evidence of residual disease, 1 was alive with residual endometriosis, and 1 died of other causes. In conclusion, polypoid endometriosis is a rare manifestation of endometriosis that may be mistaken for a neoplasm on clinical, intraoperative, or pathologic assessment. Some cases may be attributable to exogenous hormones or hyperestrinism and, like conventional endometriosis, some may evolve into a premalignant or, rarely, a neoplastic lesion. The main lesion in the differential is a müllerian (mesodermal) adenosarcoma.
The Influence of Movement Initiation Deficits on the Quantification of Retention in Parkinson’s Disease

In patients with an impaired motor system, like Parkinson’s disease (PD), deficits in motor learning are expected and results of various studies seem to confirm these expectations. However, most studies in this regard are behaviorally based and quantify learning by performance changes between at least two points in time, e.g., baseline and retention. But, performance in a retention test is also dependent on other factors than learning. Especially in patients, the functional capacity of the control system might be altered unspecific to a certain task and learning episode. The aim of the study is to test whether characteristic temporal deficits exist in PD patients that affect retention performance. We tested the confounding effects of typical PD motor control deficits, here movement initiation deficits, on retention performance in the motor learning process. 12 PD patients and 16 healthy control participants practiced a virtual throwing task over 3 days with 24 h rest between sessions. Retention was tested comparing performance before rest with performance after rest. Movement initiation deficits were quantified by the timing of throwing release that should be affected by impairments in movement initiation. To scrutinize the influence of the initiation deficits on retention performance we gave participants a specific initiation intervention prior to practice on one of the three practice days. We found that only for the PD patients, post-rest performance as well as release timing was better with intervention as compared to without intervention. Their performance could be enhanced through a tuning of release initiation. Thus, we suggest that in PD patients, performance decline after rest that might be easily interpreted as learning deficits could rather result from disease-related deficiencies in motor control.
An Ancient Duplication of Exon 5 in the Snap25 Gene Is Required for Complex Neuronal Development/Function

Alternative splicing is an evolutionary innovation to create functionally diverse proteins from a limited number of genes. SNAP-25 plays a central role in neuroexocytosis by bridging synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane during regulated exocytosis. The SNAP-25 polypeptide is encoded by a single copy gene, but in higher vertebrates a duplication of exon 5 has resulted in two mutually exclusive splice variants, SNAP-25a and SNAP-25b. To address a potential physiological difference between the two SNAP-25 proteins, we generated gene targeted SNAP-25b deficient mouse mutants by replacing the SNAP-25b specific exon with a second SNAP-25a equivalent. Elimination of SNAP-25b expression resulted in developmental defects, spontaneous seizures, and impaired short-term synaptic plasticity. In adult mutants, morphological changes in hippocampus and drastically altered neuropeptide expression were accompanied by severe impairment of spatial learning. We conclude that the ancient exon duplication in the Snap25 gene provides additional SNAP-25-function required for complex neuronal processes in higher eukaryotes.
Pilot pattern optimization for compressed sensing based sparse channel estimation in OFDM systems

The frequency selective channel estimation problem in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is investigated using compressed sensing (CS). Based on minimizing mutual coherence of the measurement matrix in CS theory, a criterion of optimizing the pilot pattern for the CS-based channel estimation is proposed. Simulation results show that using the pilot pattern designed according to the proposed optimization criterion gives a much better performance than using other pilot patterns in terms of the mean square error of the channel estimate as well as the bit error rate of the system.
On the Modelling of Polarized MIMO Channel

This paper presents a simple model for polarized multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. At first, the model is desired for line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, and then generalized for non-LOS (NLOS) case. The analysis of the crosspolarization discrimination (XPD) for a 2×2 MIMO systems shows that the XPD depends on both the antenna patterns and the polarization mismatch between the transmit and receive antenna pairs. In addition, this theoretical model can be easily integrated into the spatial channel model (SCM) to predict the dual-polarized MIMO channels for LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios. The comparisons between simulation results and measurements further proof this model’s applicability.
Protective Effects of HemoHIM on Immune and Hematopoietic Systems Against γ‐Irradiation

We examined the effect of HemoHIM on the protective efficacy of hematopoietic stem cells and on the recovery of immune cells against sublethal doses of ionizing radiation. Two‐month‐old mice were exposed to γ‐rays at a dose of 8, 6.5, or 5 Gy for a30‐day survival study, endogenous spleen colony formation, or other experiments, respectively. HemoHIM was injected intraperitoneally before and after irradiation. Our results showed that HemoHIM significantly decreased the mortality of sublethally irradiated mice. The HemoHIM administration decreased the apoptosis of bone marrow cells in irradiated mice. On the other hand, HemoHIM increased the formation of endogenous spleen colony in irradiated mice. In irradiated mice, the recovery of total leukocytes in the peripheral blood and lymphocytes in the spleen were enhanced significantly by HemoHIM. Moreover, the function of B cells, T cells, and NK cells regenerated in irradiated mice were significantly improved by the administration of HemoHIM. HemoHIM showed an ideal radioprotector for protecting hematopoietic stem cells and for accelerating the recovery of immune cells. We propose HemoHIM as a beneficial supplement drug during radiotherapy to alleviate adverse radiation‐induced effects for cancer patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IoT Connectivity in Radar Bands: A Shared Access Model Based on Spectrum Measurements

To address the challenge of more spectrum for IoT connectivity, this article proposes an SA framework with rotating radars. The proposed framework is based on the results of our measurement campaign in which we measured spectrum usage patterns and signal characteristics of three different ground-based fixed rotating radar systems near Oulu, Finland. In our work, we review different IoT protocols and their use of licensed or unlicensed spectrum. We make the case that IoT systems generate much data that cannot be accommodated with licensed/unlicensed spectrum, which already suffer from congestion. We identify the suitability of shared access between different rotating radars and IoT networks. We then present a zone-based SA framework in rotating radar spectrum for the operators providing IoT services, highlight its benefits, and also specify challenges in its implementation. To fully develop the considered zone-based SA method that ensures coexistence of IoT devices with no harmful interference to the rotating radars, we propose an REM-enabled architecture for the SA. The proposed architecture provides principles and rules for using the SA for the IoT, and it does not require modifications in the incumbent radar systems.
Keep Your Scanners Peeled

Objective: The feasibility of measuring drivers’ automation trust via gaze behavior during highly automated driving was assessed with eye tracking and validated with self-reported automation trust in a driving simulator study. Background: Earlier research from other domains indicates that drivers’ automation trust might be inferred from gaze behavior, such as monitoring frequency. Method: The gaze behavior and self-reported automation trust of 35 participants attending to a visually demanding non-driving-related task (NDRT) during highly automated driving was evaluated. The relationship between dispositional, situational, and learned automation trust with gaze behavior was compared. Results: Overall, there was a consistent relationship between drivers’ automation trust and gaze behavior. Participants reporting higher automation trust tended to monitor the automation less frequently. Further analyses revealed that higher automation trust was associated with lower monitoring frequency of the automation during NDRTs, and an increase in trust over the experimental session was connected with a decrease in monitoring frequency. Conclusion: We suggest that (a) the current results indicate a negative relationship between drivers’ self-reported automation trust and monitoring frequency, (b) gaze behavior provides a more direct measure of automation trust than other behavioral measures, and (c) with further refinement, drivers’ automation trust during highly automated driving might be inferred from gaze behavior. Application: Potential applications of this research include the estimation of drivers’ automation trust and reliance during highly automated driving.
Quantification of Calcium Amount in a New Experimental Model: A Comparison between Ultrasound and Computed Tomography

Purpose Calcification is an important prognostic factor in aortic valve stenosis. However, there is no ultrasound (US) method available to accurately quantify calcification in this setting to date. We aimed to validate a new US method for measuring the amount of calcium in an in vitro model, and compare it to computed tomography (CT), the current imaging gold standard. Materials and Methods An agar phantom (2% agar) was made, containing 9 different amounts of calcium-hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH (2 to 50mg). The phantoms were imaged with micro-CT and US (10 MHz probe). The calcium area (areacalcium) and its maximum pixel value (PVmax) were obtained. These values were summed to calculate CT and US calcium scores (∑(areacalcium × PVmax)) and volumes (∑areacalcium). Both US- and CT-calcium scores were compared with the calcium amounts, and with each other. Results Both calcium scores correlated significantly with the calcium amount (R2 = 0.9788, p<0.0001 and R2 = 0.8154, p<0.0001 for CT and US respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between US and CT for calcium volumes (R2 = 0.7392, p<0.0001) and scores (R2 = 0.7391, p<0.0001). Conclusion We developed a new US method that accurately quantifies the amount of calcium in an in vitro model. Moreover it is strongly correlated with CT.
The Limits of Visual Working Memory in Children: Exploring Prioritization and Recency Effects With Sequential Presentation

Recent research has demonstrated that, when instructed to prioritize a serial position in visual working memory (WM), adults are able to boost performance for this selected item, at a cost to nonprioritized items (e.g., Hu, Hitch, Baddeley, Zhang, & Allen, 2014). While executive control appears to play an important role in this ability, the increased likelihood of recalling the most recently presented item (i.e., the recency effect) is relatively automatic, possibly driven by perceptual mechanisms. In 3 Experiments 7 to 10 year-old’s ability to prioritize items in WM was investigated using a sequential visual task (total N = 208). The relationship between individual differences in WM and performance on the experimental task was also explored. Participants were unable to prioritize the first (Experiments 1 and 2) or final (Experiment 3) item in a 3-item sequence, while large recency effects for the final item were consistently observed across all experiments. The absence of a priority boost across 3 experiments indicates that children may not have the necessary executive resources to prioritize an item within a visual sequence, when directed to do so. In contrast, the consistent recency boosts for the final item indicate that children show automatic memory benefits for the most recently encountered stimulus. Finally, for the baseline condition in which children were instructed to remember all 3 items equally, additional WM measures predicted performance at the first and second but not the third serial position, further supporting the proposed automaticity of the recency effect in visual WM.
A Portmanteau Test for ARMA Processes with Infinite Variance

We propose a portmanteau test for autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time series models with infinite variance. Our test is based on the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) of trimmed residuals from the fitted model. The asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic is derived when the innovation has a Pareto-type distribution and the estimators of the ARMA coefficients satisfy certain condition. The effectiveness of our test is established through extensive simulation studies. In general, our test agrees very well with that of Lee and Ng (2010) and under some circumstances it performs even better. Three real world examples are also provided to demonstrate its usage.
Halophilic archaea on Earth and in space: growth and survival under extreme conditions

Salts are abundant on Mars, and any liquid water that is present or may have been present on the planet is expected to be hypersaline. Halophilic archaea (family Halobacteriaceae) are the microorganisms best adapted to life at extremes of salinity on Earth. This paper reviews the properties of the Halobacteriaceae that may make the group good candidates for life also on Mars. Many species resist high UV and gamma radiation levels; one species has survived exposure to vacuum and radiation during a space flight; and there is at least one psychrotolerant species. Halophilic archaea may survive for millions of years within brine inclusions in salt crystals. Many species have different modes of anaerobic metabolism, and some can use light as an energy source using the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. They are also highly tolerant to perchlorate, recently shown to be present in Martian soils, and some species can even use perchlorate as an electron acceptor to support anaerobic growth. The presence of characteristic carotenoid pigments (α-bacterioruberin and derivatives) makes the Halobacteriaceae easy to identify by Raman spectroscopy. Thus, if present on Mars, such organisms may be detected by Raman instrumentation planned to explore Mars during the upcoming ExoMars mission.
Higher Intelligence Is Associated with Less Task-Related Brain Network Reconfiguration

The human brain is able to exceed modern computers on multiple computational demands (e.g., language, planning) using a small fraction of the energy. The mystery of how the brain can be so efficient is compounded by recent evidence that all brain regions are constantly active as they interact in so-called resting-state networks (RSNs). To investigate the brain's ability to process complex cognitive demands efficiently, we compared functional connectivity (FC) during rest and multiple highly distinct tasks. We found previously that RSNs are present during a wide variety of tasks and that tasks only minimally modify FC patterns throughout the brain. Here, we tested the hypothesis that, although subtle, these task-evoked FC updates from rest nonetheless contribute strongly to behavioral performance. One might expect that larger changes in FC reflect optimization of networks for the task at hand, improving behavioral performance. Alternatively, smaller changes in FC could reflect optimization for efficient (i.e., small) network updates, reducing processing demands to improve behavioral performance. We found across three task domains that high-performing individuals exhibited more efficient brain connectivity updates in the form of smaller changes in functional network architecture between rest and task. These smaller changes suggest that individuals with an optimized intrinsic network configuration for domain-general task performance experience more efficient network updates generally. Confirming this, network update efficiency correlated with general intelligence. The brain's reconfiguration efficiency therefore appears to be a key feature contributing to both its network dynamics and general cognitive ability. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain's network configuration varies based on current task demands. For example, functional brain connections are organized in one way when one is resting quietly but in another way if one is asked to make a decision. We found that the efficiency of these updates in brain network organization is positively related to general intelligence, the ability to perform a wide variety of cognitively challenging tasks well. Specifically, we found that brain network configuration at rest was already closer to a wide variety of task configurations in intelligent individuals. This suggests that the ability to modify network connectivity efficiently when task demands change is a hallmark of high intelligence.
Direct current ablation destroys multi-stage fibrosarcomas in rats

Introduction: Direct current (DC) ablation offers the potential for precise targeting of tumors and stimulation of the immune system, but has not achieved widespread use. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact on tumor size and subject survival of combining a main ablation treatment with a low-current pretreatment, to assess potential immune system activation, and to assess stimulation-related parameters. Methods and Results: Twenty-six female Fischer 344 rats were injected with methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma cells to create primary tumors and again in the contralateral flank when primary tumors reached 700 mm3 (contralateral tumors were proxies for metastases). There were four treatment groups: two control animals received no treatment; six control plus placebo animals had electrodes implanted but received no stimulation; eight received high-current stimulation (80 coulombs (C) of charge at 20 milliamperes (mA), over 66 minutes); and eight received high-current treatment one day after a low-current pretreatment (10C, 10 mA, 16.6 min). Electrodes were inserted through the tumor base in a single plane, 4.0mm apart, alternating anode and cathode. Treatments commenced once primary tumors reached 700 mm3. All control animals were sacrificed 55 days after primary tumor cell injection due to excessive tumor growth. Tumors disappeared from all 16 treated rats within eight days; retreatment was required in two animals. Pretreatment had no effect on tumor disappearance or survival. Conclusion: Direct current ablation provides highly effective tumor destruction in a rat model. Slower growth of contralateral tumors suggests a remote effect that may involve the immune system.
Intuitive ethics: how innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues

maps embellished with fantastical beasts, sixteenth-century wonder chambers 1⁄2lled with natural and technological marvels, even late-twentieth-century supermarket tabloids–all attest to the human fascination with things that violate our basic ideas about reality. The study of morality and culture is therefore an intrinsically fascinating topic. People have created moralities as divergent as those of Nazis and Quakers, headhunters and Jains. And yet, when we look closely at the daily lives of people in divergent cultures, we can 1⁄2nd elements that arise in nearly all of them– for example, reciprocity, loyalty, respect for (some) authority, limits on physical harm, and regulation of eating and sexuality. What are we to make of this pattern of similarity within profound difference? Social scientists have traditionally taken two approaches. The empiricist approach posits that moral knowledge, moral beliefs, moral action, and all the other stuff of morality are learned in childhood. There is no moral faculty or moral anything else built into the human mind, although there may be some innate learning mechanisms that enable the acquisition of later knowledge. To the extent that there are similarities across cultures, they arise because all cultures face similar problems (e.g., how to divide power and resources, care for children, and resolve disputes) for which they have often developed similar solutions. The nativist approach, on the other hand, holds that knowledge about such issues as fairness, harm, and respect for authority has been built into the human mind by evolution. All children who are raised in a reasonable environment will come to develop these ideas, even if they are not taught by adults. To the extent that there are differences across cultures, they arise because of local variation in the implementation of universal moral