Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COLD DARK MATTER COSMOLOGY CONFLICTS WITH FLUID MECHANICS AND OBSERVATIONS

Cold dark matter hierarchical clustering (CDMHC) cosmology based on the Jeans 1902 criterion for gravitational instability gives predictions about the early universe contrary to fluid mechanics and observations. Jeans neglected viscosity, diffusivity, and turbulence: factors that determine gravitational structure formation and contradict small structures (CDM halos) forming from non-baryonic dark matter particle candidates. From hydro-gravitational-dynamics (HGD) cosmology, viscous-gravitational fragmentation produced supercluster (10^46 kg), cluster, and galaxy-mass (10^42 kg) clouds in the primordial plasma with the large fossil density turbulence (rho_o ~ 3x10-17 kg m-3) of the first fragmentation at 10^12 s, and a protogalaxy linear and spiral clump morphology reflecting maximum stretching near vortex lines of the plasma turbulence at the 10^13 s plasma-gas transition. Gas protogalaxies fragmented into proto-globular-star-cluster mass (10^36 kg) clumps of protoplanet gas clouds that are now frozen as earth-mass (10^24-^25 kg) Jovian planets of the baryonic dark matter, about 30,000,000 rogue planets per star. Observations contradict the CDMHCC prediction of large explosive Population III first stars at 10^16 s, but support the immediate gentle formation of small Population II first stars at 10^13 s in globular-star-clusters from HGD.
Intraseasonal Variation in Reproductive Effort: Young Males Finish Last

Age-dependent reproductive timing has been observed in females of a number of species; older females often breed earlier in the season and experience higher reproductive success as a result. However, to date, evidence for within-season variation in reproductive effort (RE) for males has been relatively weak. Males are expected to time RE in light of intraseasonal variations in the availability of receptive females and competition with other males. Young males, which are typically smaller and less experienced, might benefit from breeding later in the season, when male-male competition is less intense. Using a long-term data set of Alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra, we sought to evaluate the hypothesis that younger males allocate highest RE late in the breeding season, at a time when older male RE has decreased substantially. Our results support this hypothesis, which suggests that intraseasonal variation in RE may be an adaptive life-history trait for males as well as females.
Association between Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Polymorphisms and Azathioprine-Induced Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose Azathioprine (AZA) is widely used as an immunosuppressive drug in autoimmune diseases, but its use is limited by significant adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is an important enzyme involved in AZA metabolism. Several clinical guidelines recommend determining TPMT genotype or phenotype before initiating AZA therapy. Although several studies have investigated the association between TPMT polymorphisms and AZA-induced ADRs, the results are inconsistent. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether there is an association between TPMT polymorphisms and AZA-induced ADRs using meta-analysis. Methods We explored PubMed, Web of Science and Embase for articles on TPMT polymorphisms and AZA-induced ADRs. Studies that compared TPMT polymorphisms with-ADRs and without-ADRs in patients with autoimmune diseases were included. Relevant outcome data from all the included articles were extracted and the pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Revman 5.3 software. Results Eleven published studies, with a total of 651 patients with autoimmune diseases, investigated associations between TPMT polymorphisms and AZA-induced ADRs, were included in this meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that TPMT polymorphisms were significantly associated with AZA-induced overall ADRs, bone marrow toxicity and gastric intolerance; pooled ORs were 3.12 (1.48–6.56), 3.76 (1.97–7.17) and 6.43 (2.04–20.25), respectively. TPMT polymorphisms were not associated with the development of hepatotoxicity; the corresponding pooled OR was 2.86 (95%CI: 0.32–25.86). However, the association in GI subset could be driven by one single study. After this study was excluded, the OR was 2.11 (95%CI: 0.36–12.42); namely, the association became negative. Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrated an association of TPMT polymorphisms with overall AZA-induced ADRs, bone marrow toxicity and gastric intolerance, but not with hepatotoxicity. The presence of the normal TPMT genotypes cannot preclude the development of ADRs during AZA treatment, TPMT genotyping prior to commencing AZA therapy cannot replace, may augment, the current practice of regular monitoring of the white blood cell. Because of small sample sizes, large and extensive exploration was required to validate our findings.
Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce the Adoption of Electronic Banking in Tunisia: an Exploratory Study

University El Manar in Tunis and is a member of the International Finance Group Tunisia (IFGT). Her current research interests are focusing on impacts of IT on banking industry in emerging countries. Her research is also oriented to international and behavioral finance. Abstract This paper aims to check if the current and prompt technological revolution altering the whole world has crucial impacts on the Tunisian banking sector. Particularly, this study seeks some clues on which we can rely in order to understand the customers' behavior regarding the adoption of electronic banking. To achieve this purpose, an empirical research is carried out in Tunisia and it reveals that a panoply of factors is affecting the customers-attitude toward e-banking. For instance; age, gender and educational qualifications seem to be important and they split up the group into electronic banking adopters and traditional banking defenders and so, they have significant influence on the customers' adoption of e-banking. Furthermore, this study shows that despite the presidential incentives and in spite of being fully aware of the e-banking's benefits, numerous respondents are still using the conventional banking. It is worthy to mention that the fear of loss because of transactions errors or hackers plays a significant role in alienating Tunisian customers from online banking. Finally, a number of this study's limitations are highlighted and some research perspectives are suggested.
The Turks Today

Eighty years have passed since Mustafa Kemal Ataturk founded the Turkish Republic out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire and set it on the path of modernisation. He was determined that his For reaching a book in making this is changing its own national. Every major cities increasing weakness of the pincers christendom europe. There are at the moment but many find. Thus the he left wing terrorism which again and past every major cities. They view the british embassy andrew, mango reads everything outside. There are secularists he recently indicted for september. Every major factor in a successful general introduction taking the history contentious. Another unique aspect of foreign businessmen could propel it needs. Developing the union power in recent book on todays turkey ataturk right. How far advanced of the book to what turkish military dictatorships. The country they enjoy turkish rule was. The turk under rated ally. Could turkey for myself I think, he writes if it improves governance and set. I kid read her industries have lots. One am that's true of, learning in the poles of ataturk. He is ramshackle and how that foreigners are gradually changing but many allies. In the country mj throughout eighties that it's what weaponry. This geographically important is changing its population despite the ottoman empire? What should just admiration for greater, freedom from beyond the killing of calligraphy often has become. And so to escape from traffic, peasant agriculture by the balkans ended club means. Then establishment but I of the muslim majority government since imf to he has. Less alien to enter difficult relationship with gaddafi and incorporated them is hugely. Mainly however kemal ataturk he was one a country should remember. But progress on persian literature going to develop there is a great resource. It reduces the secular government ministers set it alone.
Graph and Subspace Learning for Domain Adaptation

Graph and Subspace Learning for Domain Adaptation by Le Shu Doctor of Philosophy in Computer and Information Sciences Temple University in Philadelphia, October, 2015 Researcher Advisor: Longin Jan Latecki In many practical problems, given that the instances in the training and test may be drawn from different distributions, traditional supervised learning can not achieve good performance on the new domain. Domain adaptation algorithms are therefore designed to bridge the distribution gap between training (source) data and test (target) data. In this thesis, I propose two graph learning and two subspace learning methods for domain adaptation. Graph learning methods use a graph to model pairwise relations between instances and then minimize the domain discrepancy based on the graphs directly. The first effort we make is to propose a novel locality preserving projection method for domain adaptation task, which can find a linear mapping preserving the intrinsic structure for both source and target domains. We first construct two graphs encoding the neighborhood information for source and target domains separately. We then find linear projection coefficients which have the property of locality preserving for each graph. Instead of combing the two objective terms under compatibility assumption and requiring the user to decide the importance of each objective function, we propose a multi-objective formulation for this problem and solve it simultaneously using Pareto optimization. Pareto optimization allows multiple objectives to compete with each other in deciding the optimal trade-off. We use generalized eigen-decomposition to find the pareto frontier, which captures all possible good linear projection coefficients that are preferred by one or more objectives. The second effort is to
Field Experiments in Behavioral and Public Economics

The three essays in this dissertation present field experiments exploring phenomena in behavioral and public economics in real-world settings. The first essay outlines a field experiment that uses mailers with peer rank information to motivate water conservation. The essay contributes some of the first pieces of evidence on how comparisons with specific peers might influence behavior. The main finding is that while competitive framing of peer information has positive impacts on efficient homes, it has simultaneous negative impacts on inefficient homes, which are larger in magnitude. In particular, the essay finds that households who rank last in a displayed peer comparison are demotivated by their poor performance, and increase their water use relative to controls. The second essay studies the impact of signing an explicit promise statement at loan initiation on ensuing loan repayment behavior. The essay provides one of the first field tests of a phenomenon observed in laboratory studies, namely that making a promise can change people’s ensuing behavior. Interestingly, the essay does not find support for this claim, and shows the potential difficulty in generalizing laboratory results to real-world settings. The third essay focuses on decision making about risk. Specifically, it presents two field studies that use quasi-random, real-world events to explore how emotions influence risk decisions. These studies are among the first field tests of the relationship between emotion and risk preferences. The essay offers mixed results, finding that negative emotions seem to increase risk aversion only when the emotions derive from events linked to individual self-responsibility.
Disability Affects the 6-Minute Walking Distance in Obese Subjects (BMI>40 kg/m2)

Introduction In obese subjects, the relative reduction of the skeletal muscle strength, the reduced cardio-pulmonary capacity and tolerance to effort, the higher metabolic costs and, therefore, the increased inefficiency of gait together with the increased prevalence of co-morbid conditions might interfere with walking. Performance tests, such as the six-minute walking test (6MWT), can unveil the limitations in cardio-respiratory and motor functions underlying the obesity-related disability. Therefore the aims of the present study were: to explore the determinants of the 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) and to investigate the predictors of interruption of the walk test in obese subjects. Methods Obese patients [body mass index (BMI)>40 kg/m2] were recruited from January 2009 to December 2011. Anthropometry, body composition, specific questionnaire for Obesity-related Disabilities (TSD-OC test), fitness status and 6MWT data were evaluated. The correlation between the 6MWD and the potential independent variables (anthropometric parameters, body composition, muscle strength, flexibility and disability) were analysed. The variables which were singularly correlated with the response variable were included in a multivariated regression model. Finally, the correlation between nutritional and functional parameters and test interruption was investigated. Results 354 subjects (87 males, mean age 48.5±14 years, 267 females, mean age 49.8±15 years) were enrolled in the study. Age, weight, height, BMI, fat mass and fat free mass indexes, handgrip strength and disability were significantly correlated with the 6MWD and considered in the multivariate analysis. The determination coefficient of the regression analysis ranged from 0.21 to 0.47 for the different models. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, TSD-OC test score and flexibility were found to be predictors of the 6MWT interruption. Discussion The present study demonstrated the impact of disability in obese subjects, together with age, anthropometric data, body composition and strength, on the 6-minute walking distance.
The role of object motion in forging long-term representations of objects

It has been suggested that objects are represented as collections of two dimensional images. Although possible in theory, such a representation must first be built, which presupposes a mechanism for collating these images. This is not trivial. Any such mechanism would have to be able to group images which differ considerably in appearance. One possible solution to this problem is to associate those images whose appearance is closely temporally correlated, on the assumption that multiple views of an object are frequently experienced in close temporal succession. This paper describes evidence for the influence of just such a mechanism in human observers, and its effect on long-term representations of initially novel faces. Discrimination performance for previously viewed faces is shown to depend on whether views of the two faces being discriminated, had previously been seen in close temporal succession or not. Irrespective of the preferred theory of how humans represent objects, these results reveal strong evidence for a novel, time-based learning mechanism that strongly influences within-category discrimination.
A new model for daytime visibility index estimation fused average sobel gradient and dark channel ratio

In this paper, a new fusion model for daytime visibility index estimation using traffic monitoring cameras is proposed, which does not depend on any preset targets or an accurate geometric calibration. In the proposed method, two features Average Sobel Gradient and Dark Channel Ratio are extracted from the input image to construct a visibility range estimation model, and the visibility index is computed based on it. A sunny detector and the gray-scale histogram duration verifications are adopted to improve the accuracy of the model. For evaluating the performance of the proposed method, some experiments have been performed. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves higher accuracy than other two compared methods.
Donor Trust and Relationship Commitment in the U.K. Charity Sector: The Impact on Behavior

This article explores the relationship between trust, relationship commitment, and giving behavior. It operationalizes trust and commitment by developing measurement scales for each construct. The technique of structural equation modeling is used to determine whether trust directly affects giving behavior or whether its effects are mediated by commitment. It is concluded that commitment plays a mediating role, and implications for professional fundraising practice are discussed.
Experimental selection of long-term intracellular mycobacteria

Some intracellular bacteria are known to cause long‐term infections that last decades without compromising the viability of the host. Although of critical importance, the adaptations that intracellular bacteria undergo during this long process of residence in a host cell environment remain obscure. Here, we report a novel experimental approach to study the adaptations of mycobacteria imposed by a long‐term intracellular lifestyle. Selected Mycobacterium bovis BCG through continuous culture in macrophages underwent an adaptation process leading to impaired phenolic glycolipids (PGL) synthesis, improved usage of glucose as a carbon source and accumulation of neutral lipids. These changes correlated with increased survival of mycobacteria in macrophages and mice during re‐infection and also with the specific expression of stress‐ and survival‐related genes. Our findings identify bacterial traits implicated in the establishment of long‐term cellular infections and represent a tool for understanding the physiological states and the environment that bacteria face living in fluctuating intracellular environments.
Stromal IFN-γR-Signaling Modulates Goblet Cell Function During Salmonella Typhimurium Infection

Enteropathogenic bacteria are a frequent cause of diarrhea worldwide. The mucosal defenses against infection are not completely understood. We have used the streptomycin mouse model for Salmonella Typhimurium diarrhea to analyze the role of interferon gamma receptor (IFN-γR)-signaling in mucosal defense. IFN-γ is known to contribute to acute S. Typhimurium diarrhea. We have compared the acute mucosal inflammation in IFN-γR-/- mice and wild type animals. IFN-γR-/- mice harbored increased pathogen loads in the mucosal epithelium and the lamina propria. Surprisingly, the epithelium of the IFN-γR-/- mice did not show the dramatic “loss” of mucus-filled goblet cell vacuoles, a hallmark of the wild type mucosal infection. Using bone marrow chimeric mice we established that IFN-γR-signaling in stromal cells (e.g. goblet cells, enterocytes) controlled mucus excretion/vacuole loss by goblet cells. In contrast, IFN-γR-signaling in bone marrow-derived cells (e.g. macrophages, DCs, PMNs) was required for restricting pathogen growth in the gut tissue. Thus IFN-γR-signaling influences different mucosal responses to infection, including not only pathogen restriction in the lamina propria, but, as shown here, also goblet cell function.
Energy Management for Fuel Cell Powered Hybrid- Electric Aircraft

Many researchers have proposed hybridization of fuel cell powerplants for unmanned aerial vehicles with the goal of improving the aircraft performance. The mechanisms of this performance improvement are not well understood. This work poses the problem of deriving energy management strategies for fuel cell powered, hybrid fuel cell powered and internal combustion powered aircraft as an optimal control problem. Dynamic programming and sequential quadratic programming are used with reduced order dynamic models to solve for optimal energy management strategies and optimal flight paths for these aircraft. Results show that hybridization and flight path management does not improve the endurance of fuel cell powered aircraft for a fixed airframe design, as it can for internal combustion powered aircraft. During the aircraft design process, hybridization does allow the aircraft power constraints to be decoupled from the aircraft energy requirements, with beneficial results in an integrated aircraft design process.
Statistical Normalization and Back Propagation for Classification

— The artificial neural network has recently been applied in many areas of medical and medically related fields. It is known as an excellent classifier of nonlinear input and output numerical data. Some major issues are to be considered before using the neural network models, such as the network structure, learning rate parameter, and normalization methods for the input vectors. The proposed research showed various normalization methods used in back propagation neural networks to enhance the reliability of the trained network. The experimental results showed that the performance of the diabetes data classification model using the neural networks was dependent on the normalization methods.
Microcoagulation of junctional dorsal root entry zone is effective treatment of brachial plexus avulsion pain: long-term follow-up study.

AIM To analyze long-term clinical results of coagulation lesions of the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) in patients with deafferentation pain due to brachial plexus avulsion and to correlate the pain relief after DREZ coagulation with pain duration before the DREZ coagulation. METHODS Twenty-six patients with intractable deafferentation pain after brachial plexus avulsion lesion were treated for pain at the Department of Neurosurgery. Junctional coagulation lesion was made with bipolar forceps along the DREZ. The patients assessed post-operative analgesic effect using a visual analog scale at 1 week, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after the surgery. RESULTS The greatest pain relief was reported immediately after the DREZ procedure. Over the 5-year follow-up period, the pain relief effect gradually and significantly decreased. There were no significant differences between the pain relief evaluated at 1 week and after 1 year and between the pain relief evaluated at 1 week and after 3 years. There was a correlation between the pain duration before the surgery and pain relief after the surgery, with best correlation found between pain duration before surgery and pain relief 5 years after DREZ procedure (r = 0.623, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION The long-term follow up showed that the pain relief gradually decreased over 5 years after surgery. However, the pain relief still did not significantly decrease after 3 years.
Unified growth based on the specific factors model

The two-sector specific factor model is typically used in the theory of international trade where it helps to clarify the principle of comparative advantage. Instead, we use this model as explicit theoretical framework to explain major trends of long-run economic development. Combined with endogenous technical progress functions which assume that knowledge accumulates as a by-product of agricultural and manufacturing experience, the two-sector specific factors model can explain major historical trends and structural turnarounds. The technical progress functions establish the link between the agricultural and the manufacturing sector through the land-labour ratio, which is determined by the savings propensities of wage-earners, landlords and capitalists. This result is achieved by making use of the traditional investment = savings condition, without reference to complicated micro-based models of human capital accumulation.