Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SEX DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN ABILITY TO DISCERN FACIAL RESEMBLANCE MIGHT BE DUE TO FEMALE DISPERSAL

Inclusive fitness theory presumes a human ability to discriminate between kin and nonkin. The present study investigated to what extent computer-generated similarity or dissimilarity can be discerned as phenotypic resemblance or dissimilarity, respectively, on a conscious level. Furthermore, sex differences assumed from female dispersal theory were examined. Three warps, one of computed similarity and one of computed dissimilarity of varying degree to a reference face among them, were presented to subjects, who were asked to indicate the image that they perceived as the most similar or dissimilar, respectively, to the source face. Higher degrees of (dis-)similarity led to higher recognition rates, which, however, never exceeded 80 percent. Women achieved higher recognition rates than men and (dis-)similarity was recognized more easily in female faces by both male and female subjects. We hypothesize that these sex differences are due to an evolutionary adaptation enabling women to recognize potentially remote relatives when they have left their natal groups and joined others to avoid inbreeding.
Design of an energy‐efficient and reliable data delivery mechanism for mobile ad hoc networks: a cross‐layer approach

In a mobile ad hoc network, the data packet may fail to be delivered for various reasons mostly for route failure, congestion, and battery energy drain. Hence, providing reliable and timely data delivery in this network in an energy‐efficient way is challenging. Although there exist several solutions to solve these problems, they can handle either route failure or congestion or energy‐efficient routing. Hence, to cope up with all the problems simultaneously, we propose a route failure and congestion‐aware energy‐efficient cross‐layer design that spans the transport and network layer. In the transport layer, we introduce the concept of local packet buffering during link failure and congestion. As a result, the packet dropping rate of the network and energy consumption decreases. In the network layer, a routing protocol is proposed for selecting the energy‐efficient path for data transmission. It uses the buffering mechanism in case of route maintenance. In addition, we employ a multilevel congestion detection and control mechanism at the source and intermediate nodes that can judiciously take the most appropriate decision for congestion control in the network proactively. The simulation results showed that the proposed cross‐layer design provided better performance as compared with the state‐of‐the‐art protocols. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insularity and Linguistic Endemicity

Insularity can play a crucial role in the development (or adoption) of endemic dialect structures. This claim is based on an analysis of the co-occurrence of preterit forms with the quasi-modal used to, as in we used to went there all the time, in the dialect of English spoken on the South Atlantic island of Tristan da Cunha. The author argues that useta went structures most likely originated in second-language (L2) forms of English since some of the Tristan da Cunha settlers had nonnative competence of English. Two crucial stages need to be considered for an explanation of the emergence and development of such structures: an origination phase, which depends on nonnative influence and admixture with interlanguage forms, and a consolidation phase, which depends on the nonlinguistic conditioning of the community. The analysis is contextualized with reference to language acquisition and language-learning processes elsewhere.
MRI volumetric study of dementia with Lewy bodies

Objective: To compare global and regional atrophy on MRI in subjects with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), AD, vascular dementia (VaD), and normal aging. In addition, the relationship between APOE-ε4 genotype and volumetric indices was examined. Method: MRI-based volume measurements of the whole-brain, ventricles, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, and amygdala were acquired in elderly subjects with DLB (n = 27; mean age = 75.9 years), AD (n = 25; 77.2 years), VaD (n = 24; 76.9 years), and normal control subjects (n = 26; 76.2 years). Results: Subjects with DLB had significantly larger temporal lobe, hippocampal, and amygdala volumes than those with AD. No significant volumetric difference between subjects with DLB and VaD was observed. Compared with control subjects, ventricular volumes were increased in all patients with dementia, though those with DLB showed a relative preservation of whole-brain volume. There were no significant differences in frontal lobe volumes between the four groups. APOE-ε4 status was not associated with volumetric indices. Conclusion: The findings support the hypothesis that DLB is associated with a relative preservation of temporal lobe structures. In the differentiation of DLB and AD, this may have important implications for diagnosis.
Hylobatid communities: Changing views on pair bonding and social organization in hominoids.

Social organization involving pair bonding and two-adult groups is rare in mammals. Current sociobiological theory suggests that this grouping and behavior pattern is somewhat anomalous. The gibbons (genus Hylobates) are the only hominoids to exhibit pair bonds and two-adult groups. In this article I present an overview of the current issues in monogamy and pair-bond theory, and review traditional conceptualizations and the accumulated data relevant to gibbon social organization. The significance of hominoid behavioral phylogeny and population-wide studies is also considered. Recent findings indicate that pair-bonding and two-adult groups are not ubiquitous among the hylobatids. Many aspects of gibbon behavior and ecology do not conform to expectations of the conditions under which two-adult groups and/or pair-bonding patterns should evolve. A review of the information available from long-term and short-term studies of gibbons suggests an alternative way of viewing their socioecology. I propose that gibbons currently exist in variable communities that have arisen via ecological pressures and specific behavioral patterns from an ancestral multimale/multi-female grouping pattern. This social organization is not best characterized as "monogamous. " This review also suggests that hominoid grouping patterns can be viewed as occurring along a continuum rather than as being discretely different units.
Platelet‐derived growth factor‐B increases colon cancer cell growth in vivo by a paracrine effect

PDGF‐B released from colon tumor cells regulated tumor growth in athymic mice in a paracrine manner by inducing blood vessel formation. A positive correlation was found between expression of PDGF B‐chain in cells grown in vitro and the number of factor VIII‐positive blood vessels in tumors induced by three classes of colon carcinoma cell lines. Elevated expression of PDGF‐B was also correlated with tumor size. Each cell line had the same mutations in the colon cancer genes APC, DCC, and p53 and had wild type c‐K‐ras genes (Huang et al. [1994] Oncogene, 9:3701–3706.) eliminating the possibility that any differences in tumor blood vessel formation were due to mutations and/or deletions in these genes. Colon carcinoma cells released biologically active PDGF capable of stimulating the growth of NIH3T3 cells, which was inhibited by neutralizing antisera to PDGF‐AB chains. An inverse correlation was found between induction of factor VIII‐positive blood vessels and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while no correlation was seen with expression of either TGFα or k‐FGF. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) expression was not detected in these tumor cells. TGFβ1 was capable of inducing PDGF‐B expression in the undifferentiated U9 colon carcinoma cell line, but this sensitivity was not seen in differentiated cells. In contrast, TGFβ1 inhibited VEGF expression in both undifferentiated cells and differentiated colon cancer cells. Thus, TGFβ1 has two roles in the growth of undifferentiated U9 colon carcinoma cells in vivo: direct stimulation of cell proliferation as we have showed in earlier studies, and an increase in angiogenesis by inducing PDGF‐B. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reserve Mobilization, Total Sugars and Proteins in Germinating Seeds of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) under Water Deficit after Short Period of Imbibition

Imbibition during the first few hours is crucial for the success of seed germination process. The effect of water deficit after 2 and 8 hours (h) of imbibition of seeds of durum wheat was studied in terms of reserve mobilization, total sugars and proteins at 24, 48 and 72 h post treatment. Imbibition for 2 and 8 h was not enough to support normal mobilization of seed reserves and solubilization of sugars. But, a significant increase in total proteins was shown after 24 and 48 h of water deficit for the two imbibition periods (2 and 8 h). Our results indicate that most of the biochemical and molecular changes are intensified during the first 2-8 h of imbibition. Therefore, biochemical and molecular dissection of this phase of seed germination is of great value in the improvement of our understanding of plant’s response to water deficit.
“It's Me. I'm Fixin’ to Know the Hard Words”: Children's Perceptions of “Good Readers” as Portrayed in Their Representational Drawings

This study utilized a qualitative, interpretative, analytic technique based on image-based research. This descriptive study was designed to investigate children's perceptions of “good readers” as portrayed in their representational drawings. Children in grades kindergarten through 6, 156 total, in 14 schools in a small, rural school district in the southwestern United States were interviewed using a picture protocol format. The participants included high-, middle-, and low-reading ability students. As the drawings and the children's descriptions of their drawings were viewed across the grades from kindergarten through 6th grade, discernible trends were evident from the categories of people, artifacts, settings, and affective issues in the images. Additionally, the children's verbal descriptions of their “good reader” while drawing yielded five major categories of data: (1) decoding; (2) comprehension, remembering facts and details or strategy use; (3) looking at pictures; (4) neatness, attention to treatment of books; and (5) reading behavior.
Career management competences ‐ the individual perspective

Asserts that flatter, delayered organizations offer fewer opportunities than before for long‐term job security and career progression in the conventional sense. Suggests that if flatter organizations are unable to provide career progression to the same degree as previously, new ways have to be found to retain and motivate staff and reward performance in the absence of opportunities to progress up the organizational ladder. Examines the implications for both individuals and organizations of this new employment climate.
The outcome of hidden neurotic illness treated in general practice.

One thousand patients attending a general practice surgery were asked to complete the general health questionnaire as the first stage of screening for hidden minor psychiatric disorders. Those who had an unexpectedly high score of 20 or more were randomly allocated to doctors or health visitors for treatment. After one year, these two groups were reinterviewed by the doctors and health visitors respectively and comparable rates of recovery were found. After five years, they were interviewed again and a second general health questionnaire completed. It was found that both groups had improved significantly, and that there was no significant difference between them.Poor outcome was associated with problems with children, household or neighbours and with a previous history of psychiatric illness. Improvement was associated with physical treatment of the original disorder, resolution of the original problem and job satisfaction.The implication of these findings for the comparative management of minor psychiatric disorders by general practitioners and non-medical health workers in primary care are discussed.
Reassessing and Reconceptualizing the Multidimensional Nature of Organizational Commitment

This study was designed to reassess and reconceptualize the multidimensional nature of organizational commitment. The Organizational Commitment Questionnaire of Porter, Steers, Mowday, and Boulian was administered to 259 employees representing five retail banks. Factor analysis (principal factor, promax rotation) yielded the three dimensions proposed by Porter, et al. in 1974. This conceptualization was inadequate because one dimension, i.e., desire to maintain organizational membership, overlaps the withdrawal construct. A similar criticism has been levelled against Meyer and Allen's 1991 model. Consistent with the three-dimensional attitude theory, organizational commitment was reconceptualized in terms of cognitive, emotive, and conative meanings. The proposed dimensions include normative commitment (amount of cognitive consonance with organizational norms), affective commitment (intensity of emotional attachment to the organization), and volitive commitment (extent of conative orientation towards organizational goals).
SPIO-Enhanced MRI Findings of Well-Differentiated Hepatocellular Carcinomas: Correlation with MDCT Findings

Objective This study was designed to assess superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced MRI findings of well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) correlated with their multidetector-row CT (MDCT) findings. Materials and Methods Seventy-two patients with 84 pathologically proven well-differentiated HCCs underwent triple-phase MDCT and SPIO-enhanced MRI at a magnetic field strength of 1.5 Tesla (n = 49) and 3.0 Tesla (n = 23). Two radiologists in consensus retrospectively reviewed the CT and MR images for attenuation value and the signal intensity of each tumor. The proportion of hyperintense HCCs as depicted on SPIO-enhanced T2- or T2*-weighted images were compared in terms of tumor size (< 1 cm and > 1 cm), five CT attenuation patterns based on arterial and equilibrium phases and magnetic field strength, by the use of univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Seventy-eight (93%) and 71 (85%) HCCs were identified by CT and on SPIO-enhanced T2- and T2*-weighted images, respectively. For the CT attenuation pattern, one (14%) of seven isodense-isodense, four (67%) of six hypodense-hypodense, four (80%) of five isodense-hypodense, 14 (88%) of 16 hyperdense-isodense and 48 (96%) of 50 hyperdense-hypodense HCCs were hyperintense (Cochran-Armitage test for trend, p < 0.001). Based on the use of multivariate analysis, the CT attenuation pattern was the only factor that affected the proportion of hyperintense HCCs as depicted on SPIO-enhanced T2- or T2*-weighted images (p < 0.001). Tumor size or magnetic field strength was not a factor that affected the proportion of hyperintense HCCs based on the use of univariate and multivariate analysis (p > 0.05). Conclusion Most well-differentiated HCCs show hyperintensity on SPIO-enhanced MRI, although the lesions show various CT attenuation patterns. The CT attenuation pattern is the main factor that affects the proportion of hyperintense well-differentiated HCCs as depicted on SPIO-enhanced MRI.
Travel Distances in Daily Travel and Long-Distance Travel: What Role is Played by Urban Form?

There is a lot of research on spatial differences in travel behaviour, specifically on travel distances. This research suggests that the distances travelled by the inhabitants of municipalities with lower population and neighbourhoods with lower density and less mixed land use are longer than those travelled by the inhabitants of cities with higher population, high density, and greater mixed land use. However, related studies focus mainly on daily travel. In this paper we study travel distances in daily trips based on random day trip diaries and long-distance trips for private and business purposes based on retrospective questions in the same questionnaire, asking about “longer journeys with overnight stay” within three months of the survey. We use Heckman models and ordinary least squares regressions to study the effects of municipality size classes based on population, population density, and land-use mix, while controlling for sociodemographics. We find distances travelled on long-distance trips and daily trips to be affected by sociodemographics in much the same way, while spatial effects affect distances travelled on daily and long-distance trips mostly in different directions. Residents of small municipalities and low-density neighbourhoods make fewer and/or shorter long-distance journeys than those living in large cities and high-density neighbourhoods, but the latter travel shorter distances in their daily lives.
Adolescent Work Quality

Adolescent employment is commonly valued in the United States for its ability to promote youths’ positive psychosocial development. Empirical research, however, suggests the extent to which youth reap such benefits from work is largely a function of work’s quality. This study investigated adolescent work quality by examining the extent to which characteristics associated with positive or negative psychosocial outcomes are found in the jobs adolescents hold today. Our findings from surveys and interviews with working youth show that contemporary adolescent jobs provide at least moderate levels of the characteristics that promote positive psychosocial outcomes and some of those that promote negative outcomes. Adolescent jobs have the greatest capacity to encourage positive psychosocial development by providing opportunities for youth to be helpful and, to a lesser extent, to be around supportive others and to learn new things. Improvements in other areas of work quality are needed to maximize work’s potential to contribute positively to adolescent psychosocial development.
Genuine inquiry

The concept of inquiry is central to contemporary discussions of teacher and leader professional learning and problem solving in interpersonal contexts. However, while few would debate its value, there has been little discussion of the significant challenges inherent in engaging in genuine inquiry. In this article, we distinguish between genuine and pseudo-inquiry, and define the former as motivated by an open-minded stance and desire to learn. We argue in our literature review, that while both forms of inquiry may share the same linguistic features, deeper analysis of underlying thoughts and motives is required to distinguish the two types of inquiry. We then report a descriptive study of how 13 school leaders (in a simulated setting) inquired into their concerns about a teacher’s behaviour. The analysis of their conversation transcripts showed that they engaged in limited genuine inquiry. Leaders’ capacity for genuine inquiry was constrained by their judgmental thinking, tendency to avoid negative emotion and desire to maximize staying in control of the conversation. Implications for further research on inquiry and for leadership development are discussed.
The Spatio-Cognitive Abilities of the Visually Impaired Population

This article reports on an experiment undertaken to test the spatiocognitive competence of the visually impaired population in regard to wayfinding. The test consisted of eight basic wayfinding tasks, each representing a particular spatio-cognitive operation. The tasks were executed in a labyrinthian layout allowing for control of the difficulty level of the tasks and limiting extraneous perceptual factors, which tended to interfere with the measure of spatio-cognitive abilities. The experimental groups were composed of congenitally totally blind, adventitiously totally blind, and subjects with a weak visual residue; the control was established by a sighted and a sighted blindfolded group. The sample's 18 subjects per group were matched in terms of age, education, and sex. The performance results of the visually impaired groups in all eight tasks led to rejection of any spatio-cognitive deficiency theory. The performance of the congenitally totally blind group, in particular, shows that spatio-cognitive competence can be acquired without vision and without previous visual experience. The congenitally totally blind tend to perform better than the adventitiously totally blind and the sighted blindfolded groups, but not as well as the sighted and the group with a visual residue. The visually impaired groups, in general, tend to take more time to complete the tasks than the sighted control group. The results also show that age and education affect performance, but sex does not.
Determination of optimal feedback gain matrix for a class of nonlinear systems

The paper studies optimal control of a class of nonlinear systems with quadratic/non-quadratic cost functions and suggests a new methodology to determine the control gain matrix for the nonlinear system. The nonlinear system model is approximated as a sequence of linear time varying approximations in which the classical controller design methods can be utilized. Then, optimal control is designed for the approximated linear time varying system where the optimal control is determined to minimize a given cost function. The results of convergence of the successive linear time varying approximations to the nonlinear system are used and an optimal feedback gain matrix for the nonlinear system is obtained. The convergence of optimal control gain matrix designed for the successive linear time varying systems to a nonlinear gain matrix is proved. Once the gain matrix is determined from the successive approximations, then it is used as an optimal feedback gain matrix for the nonlinear system in a range of implementation domain. The method suggested in this study eliminates the disadvantages of the successive linear time varying approximation approach where the optimal control is obtained from a series of approximations for all implementation cases. The suggested methodology is compared with similar types of approximation based approaches studied in the literature.
The Principal's Role in Promoting School Development Activity in Norwegian Compulsory Schools

The focus of this article is to explore the role of the principal in promoting school development activity (SDA) in Norwegian compulsory schools. The sample included 81 schools from 42 randomly selected municipalities. Results suggest that the principal can promote SDA among the teaching staff by playing an active role in creating an innovative culture at school. Moreover, results suggest that the principal may have a more important role in promoting SDA in secondary than in primary schools. Finally, results indicate that support from local authorities was related to SDA involvement among secondary school principals, whereas it was unrelated to such involvement among primary school principals.