Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Return to where? The geography of elderly return migration in Sweden

There are considerable regional differences when it comes to age composition, as rural areas are ageing more rapidly as a result of age-selective migration. Eras of urbanization and counter-urbanization are also making their mark on migration patterns from a long-term perspective. The current generation approaching retirement age in Sweden is a generation of urbanization, thereby constituting a potential for return migration, especially to some rural regions many people of this generation left decades ago. The aim of this paper is to compare rates of return migration in municipalities in Sweden in order to identify regions where return migration is particularly important, and also to identify which regions are the most attractive for return migration. The empirical study is based on Swedish register data, and the results indicate that the rate of return migration varies considerably between regions; some are more attractive for return migration, yet return migrants might be most significant in the regions that attract few other migrants. Another conclusion is that the regions that lost a greater share of this generation on account of previous migration often fail to attract return migrants.
Review of the empirical literature on factors affecting the supply of off-farm labour

The objective of this paper is to assess the currently available literature relating to the labour allocation of farm households. An overview of the theoretical model relating to joint participation and hours of labour supply decisions of farm households is presented; followed by the resulting empirical specification. A discussion of the factors affecting both the participation in an off-farm job and the level of off-farm labour supplied is then undertaken and empirical findings from a range of studies are presented. There is found to be a degree of consensus among authors in relation to the variables chosen to explain the decisions and the nature of the relationships established. Broadly speaking, household characteristics have a stronger influence on spouses decisions than on operators, and farm characteristics have a stronger impact on operators decisions than spouses.
Property Rights and Efficiency in the Oyster Industry

OWNERSHIP rights to resources and product are important determinants of economic efficiency. The effects of a communal or common property right system for resource allocation have received the principal attention of contributors to the literature pertaining to fishery economics. In the context of this literature, common property means that any member of the community has the right to harvest the fish stock. However, the right in practice may be constrained by government enforced conservation policies such as bag limits and size limitations. Consensus among the discussants is that common property leads to over-exploitation of fish stocks and perhaps extinction of the species.1 The property rights literature draws similar conclusions.2 To date, the literature contains few examples of empirical investigations of the effects of property right systems and, in particular, applications to the fisheries.3 In this paper the significance of property rights for one aspect of economic efficiency, labor productivity, is empirically tested using data from the U.S.
Major malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy

Background: The offspring of women with epilepsy are at an increased risk of major congenital malformations, but the impact of the various contributing factors remains unresolved. Method: In 1980 through 1998, the authors prospectively followed up 970 pregnancies in women with epilepsy at a single maternity clinic. Of their 979 offspring, 740 were exposed to maternal antiepileptic drugs (AED) during the first trimester of pregnancy and 239 were not exposed. Maternal AED levels and serum folate concentrations were measured at the end of the first trimester. Logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors associated with the occurrence of major malformations in the fetuses and newborns. Results: Major malformations were detected in 28 fetuses (3.8%) exposed to maternal AED and in 2 (0.8%) not exposed (p = 0.02). After logistic regression analysis, the occurrence of major malformations was independently associated with use of carbamazepine (adjusted OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.0 to 6.0), use of valproate (4.1; 1.6 to 11), use of oxcarbazepine (10.8; 1.1 to 106), low serum folate concentration (5.8; 1.3 to 27), and low maternal level of education (3.0; 1.3 to 6.8). Major malformations were not associated with seizures during the first trimester (0.6; 0.1 to 2.9). Conclusions: Major malformations in the offspring of mothers with epilepsy are associated with use of AED during early pregnancy, and also with low serum folate concentrations and a low level of education.
Equity Incentives and Earnings Management

We examine the relationship between equity incentives and earnings management in the banking industry. By focusing on this regulated industry and using industry-specific earnings management proxies, we provide evidence on the impact of regulation on earnings management arising from chief executive officers’ equity incentives. We find that bank managers with high equity incentives are more likely to manage earnings, but only when capital ratios are closer to the minimums required by regulators. This finding indicates that, in the banking industry, potential regulatory intervention induces, rather than mitigates, earnings management arising from equity incentives.
Incentives, Monitoring, and Employee Stock Ownership Plans: New Evidence and Interpretations

This paper reviews the theory and evidence for agency theory-based explanations for employee stock ownership plans found in the financial participation literature. The UK Workplace Employee Relations Survey 1998 is used to test whether share plans substitute for direct monitoring and individual incentives. Contrary to some predictions in the literature, individual incentives are found to be complements of share plans, while other measures of monitoring costs provide mixed results. However, it is found that monitoring costs and a wide range of performance targets explain the conjunction of stock plans and individual incentives. It is suggested that share plans are used to mitigate dysfunctional effects of individual incentives by engendering cooperation and trust, and by broadening the range and time frame of desired performance outcomes.
Culinary preferences of foreign tourists in India

Realizing the growing importance of culinary tourism, the present study explores culinary preferences of foreign tourists through surveys conducted at various tourist spots in India. In order to identify latent factors beneath, data related to preferences were factor analyzed. The outcome of the analysis suggests that tourists’ preferences converge into five factors, namely, taste and quality of food, food preparation, localization of food and dining etiquettes, tradition and nutrition of food, and food aroma and cleanliness. Furthermore, convergence in foreign tourists was also explored based on their responses. From the analysis, three segments emerged, namely, taste seekers, localization seekers and experience seekers. The study also discusses the implications of the outcome for marketers and researchers.
From Human Capital to Social Capital: A Longitudinal Study of Technology–Based Academic Entrepreneurs

This article develops theory relating to how differences in the human capital of academic entrepreneurs influence their ability to develop social capital that can address the barriers to venture development. We examine the development of social capital by three types of academic entrepreneurs with differing levels of entrepreneurship experience: nascent, novice, and habitual entrepreneurs. Using a longitudinal study, critical differences are observed between the structure, content, and governance of their social networks. We propose that entrepreneurs with prior business ownership experience have broader social networks and are more effective in developing network ties. Less experienced entrepreneurs likely encounter structural holes between their scientific research networks and industry networks. Support initiatives help attract industry partners for novice entrepreneurs from engineering and the material sciences but academics based within biological sciences encounter greater difficulties building such ties. Regardless of academic discipline, business ownership experience appears essential to learn to build relationships with experienced managers and potential equity investors.
Market Rents and Economic Segregation: Evidence From a Natural Experiment

Abstract One argument against deregulating the rental housing market is that high market rents in attractive areas would increase economic segregation. During the 1990s one major city in Sweden (Malmö) increased rents step by step in attractive areas, while another (Stockholm) did not do so. This ‘natural experiment’ makes it possible to get new evidence about the relation between market rents and economic segregation. The development in different types of areas within the cities is compared over a ten-year period. The results indicate that segregation increased in almost the same way in both cities. Possible counteracting factors are discussed, but the conclusion is that the result must be seen as important evidence against the hypothesis that a (slow) move towards market rent would drastically increase economic segregation.
The Design of Private Reinsurance Contracts

This paper examines the role of reinsurance relationships in the trading of underwriting risk when this trade takes place in an environment that is characterized by asymmetric information and in which information is revealed only over time. It begins by explaining how information problems affect the efficiency of the allocation of risk between insurer and reinsurer, and how long-term implicit contracts between insurers and reinsurers allow the inclusion of new information in the pricing of both future and past reinsurance coverage. Because of these features, the ceding company purchases a more efficient quantity of reinsurance. Specifically, such arrangements lead to more reinsurance coverage, higher insurer profits, and lower expected distress in the industry. It is, in short, Pareto improving.
Garcinone C exerts antitumor activity by modulating the expression of ATR/Stat3/4E‑BP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common head and neck malignancies and is typically treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Garcinone C, a natural compound isolated from Garcinia oblongifolia Champ. , is a xanthone derivative with potential cytotoxic effects on certain cancers. However, there are limited studies regarding its effects on NPC cells, and its mechanism of action in NPC remains unknown. In the present study, we found that garcinone C significantly inhibited cell viability of the human NPC cell lines CNE1, CNE2, HK1 and HONE1. This inhibition was exerted in a time‑ and dose‑dependent manner. Flow cytometry demonstrated that garcinone C arrested the cell cycle at the S phase. Moreover, with 10 µM of high‑dose garcinone C treatment, the cells exhibited necrotic morphology changes including cell swelling, rough endoplasmic reticulum degranulation, endoplasmic reticulum dilatation, mitochondrial swelling and vacuolar degeneration. In addition, we found that garcinone C stimulated the expression levels of ATR and 4E‑BP1, while efficiently inhibiting the expression levels of cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyclin E2, cdc2, CDK7 and Stat3. Collectively, the ability of garcinone C to inhibit NPC in growth in vitro suggested that garcinone C may be a novel agent for the management of NPC.
The Mechanism of Unresponsiveness to Circulating Tumor Antigen MUC1 Is a Block in Intracellular Sorting and Processing by Dendritic Cells1

Immunity to tumor Ags in patients is typically weak and not therapeutic. We have identified a new mechanism by which potentially immunogenic glycoprotein tumor Ags, such as MUC1, fail to stimulate strong immune responses. MUC1 is a heavily glycosylated membrane protein that is also present in soluble form in sera and ascites of cancer patients. We show that this soluble protein is readily taken up by dendritic cells (DC), but is not transported to late endosomes or MHC class II compartments for processing and binding to class II MHC. MUC1 uptake is mediated by the mannose receptor, and the protein is then retained long term in early endosomes without degradation. Long-term retention of MUC1 does not interfere with the ability of DC to process and present other Ags. We also demonstrate inhibited processing of another important glycoprotein tumor Ag, HER-2/neu. This may, therefore, be a frequent obstacle to presentation of tumor Ags and an important consideration in the design of cancer vaccines. It should be possible to overcome this obstacle by providing DC with a form of tumor Ag that can be better processed. For MUC1 we show that a 140-aa-long synthetic peptide is very efficiently processed by DC.
Intellectual capital and performance within the banking sector of Luxembourg and Belgium

Purpose – Intellectual capital is widely acknowledged as the most critical resource of modern organizations. Nevertheless, empirical evidence on its actual contribution to the dynamics of the value creation process remains scarce, especially within certain sectors and geographic regions. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap by investigating the effects of intellectual capital and its components on business performance in banking institutions within Luxembourg and Belgium.Design/methodology/approach – This empirical research is conducted using a dedicated survey instrument administered to over 200 banks. Data analysis is achieved through structural equation modeling.Findings – Results indicate that human capital contributes both directly and indirectly to business performance in the banking sector. Structural and relational capital are positively related to business performance, though results are not statistically significant. Surprisingly, relational capital has been evidenced to negatively m.
Implications of Corporate Social Responsibility for the Performance of Nigerian Firms

Although a fairly large body of literature generally exists on the subject of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), there is observably scant empirical evidence emanating from countries in sub-Saharan Africa, like Nigeria, that have become most vulnerable to ecological degradation problems as a result of increased environment-related business activities. This study seeks to contribute to closure of this gap with its examination of the effect of corporate social responsibility activities on the financial performance of firms operating in some of the industries that have the greatest impact on the environment in Nigeria. Using an inferential research design, a cross-sectional study was carried out to test the effect of CSR, represented by the cost of Corporate Social Performance variables of waste management, pollution abatement, social action and fines and penalties on the financial performance of firms, measured by Return on Capital Employed. It was found that waste management and pollution abatement are both significantly and positively associated with firm performance, while social action and fines and penalties are strongly, but negatively related. Based on these mixed results, we recommend that firms should actively invest in proper waste management and pollution abatement, while social action should be approached with caution, and effective disclosure policies and practices put in place in order to avoid or eliminate liabilities of fines and penalties for environmental infractions. The study indicates scope for a wider coverage of firms and use of longitudinal data for measuring the CSR effects over an extended period of time.
Is core needle biopsy superior to fine‐needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of papillary breast lesions?

Since the 1980s core needle biopsy (CNB) has gained remarkable popularity and in many institutions it has replaced fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). However, similar to FNAB, limitation remains in the ability of this procedure to reliably diagnose a small, but prognostically significant, number of breast lesions. These include entities such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, fibro‐epithelial tumors, radial scar, papillary lesions, and lobular neoplasia. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of CNB vs. FNAB in the same breast lesions, we reviewed our cases of papillary lesions of the breast. In a retrospective study, we identified 36 cases of FNAB and 11 cases of CNB diagnosed as papillary lesions and compared the results with their corresponding surgical specimen. Interpretation ranged from papillary vs. atypical papillary lesions favoring benign vs. malignant tumors, respectively. Occasionally, definitive diagnosis of papillary carcinoma was entertained. Immunohistochemical staining with smooth muscle actin was used to evaluate the presence or absence of a myoepithelial cell layer. FNAB had benign findings in 21 lesions, atypical in 10, and malignant in five. Of the five lesions yielding malignant features, four had invasive carcinoma and one had micropapillary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Surgery revealed invasive carcinoma in three of the cases interpreted as atypical papillary lesions and invasive cancer and micropapillary DCIS in three of the cases diagnosed as benign lesions. Similar results were obtained with CNB. DCIS was found in one out of six of the cases diagnosed as papilloma. Out of the four cases that were interpreted as atypical papillary lesion, surgery revealed invasive carcinoma in one case and one case had micropapillary DCIS. Diagnosis of malignancy was confirmed by histology in one case interpreted as papillary carcinoma by CNB. This study suggested that both FNAB and CNB share similar diagnostic challenges and a follow‐up surgical excision is indicated when diagnosis of a papillary lesion is entertained by both procedures. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:329–334. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age effects on the temporal evolution of isometric and swallowing pressure.

BACKGROUND The tongue plays a key role in bolus propulsion through the oropharyngeal chamber. In this study, possible age effects on the magnitude and timing of lingual pressure generation were analyzed. METHODS Oral pressure was measured during isometric and swallowing tasks for 10 elderly (mean age = 81 years) and 10 young (mean age = 51 years) subjects. Three trials each of the isometric task and swallows of three different boluses (3 ml semisolid, 3 ml liquid, and 10 ml liquid) were performed by each subject. The timing and magnitude of isometric and swallowing pressure generation along with the pattern of the swallowing pressure waveform were analyzed. RESULTS Whereas maximum lingual isometric pressures decreased with age (p < .001). no significant age difference was found for swallowing pressure. Time taken to reach peak pressure also was reduced with age in both the isometric task and swallows of liquid boluses (p < .05), while no significant age effect was found for semisolid swallows. Finally, only elderly subjects showed a pattern of liquid swallowing pressure generation in which multiple lingual gestures were required to reach peak pressure (termed "pressure building"), a pattern demonstrated by both young and elderly groups for semisolids. CONCLUSIONS Decreased lingual strength with age combined with unchanging swallowing pressure leads to a decreased "pressure reserve," perhaps leaving older individuals more at risk for dysphagia resulting from insults directly or indirectly to the swallowing system. Additionally, swallowing is generally "slowed" with age, apparently due to both central and peripheral factors, and this change may have an impact on bolus flow outcomes.
THE INFLUENCE OF TIME AND TYPE OF SOLVENT ON EFFICIENCY OF THE EXTRACTION OF POLYPHENOLS FROM GREEN TEA AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OBTAINED EXTRACTS

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the type of solvent and time on efficiency of the extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant properties extracts ob- tained from green tea. Extraction was conducted at room temperature using four solvents: water and 80% ethanol, 80% methanol and 80% acetone (water solutions, v/v) at 15, 30 and 60 minutes. Extracts were analysed for contents of polyphenols and catechins. The antioxidant properties have been determined by two methods: scavenging activity against DPPHand the method with ABTS �+ . The abilities of extracts to chelate iron ions (II) have been investigated too. On the basis of findings it turned out that both type of solvent and time have a significant influence on extraction of polyphenols from green tea. The best solvent for the extraction of total polyphenols was 80% acetone, whereas for catechins was water. The increase of extraction of polyphenols with prolonged extraction time was observed. All extracts had antioxidant properties against DPPHand ABTS �+ and abilities to chelate iron ions (II).
Effects of the workplace social context and job content on nurse burnout

Job burnout is a continuing concern for human resource management, as it affects employee productivity and well-being. In particular, the nursing profession is widely recognized as a stressful occupation that leads to burnout. The present study examines the relative significance of workplace social context in a health care setting and the job content of the nursing profession for influencing the three dimensions of job burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment (Maslach & Jackson, 1981). Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of a random sample of 1,190 nurses working in 43 public hospitals in Hong Kong. The results indicate that although both the workplace social context and job content have significant effects on burnout dimensions, the effects of the workplace social context were significantly stronger. In addition, the workplace social context had a significant negative effect on personal accomplishment, whereas job content influenced personal accomplishment positively. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of devising management interventions for dealing with job burnout in the nursing profession. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impacts of SARS on the Consumer Behaviour of Chinese Domestic Tourists

By analysing the impacts of SARS on the consumer behaviour of Chinese tourists, this empirical research paper probes into the sensitivity of consumers towards crises in making decisions concerning leisure travel. The survey indicates that SARS has greatly affected people’s life, work and travelling during the SARS period while the impacts on people’s inclination to travel, the preference of leisure trips and concern of public hygiene vary. Generally speaking, the impacts of SARS are of a nature of paroxysm and time period, and the decrease of travel and tourism was caused by a combination of internal motivation as well as external compulsory measures and travel bans. Furthermore, the establishment of an effective communication system and emergency measures will contribute to the recovery of the tourist market.