Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glacial deposits on the rim of a Hesperian‐Amazonian outflow channel source trough: Mangala Valles, Mars

Mangala Valles, located in tropical regions of Mars, is interpreted to have formed by dike‐induced cracking of the cryosphere to produce a linear graben and catastrophic release of groundwater sequestered under hydrostatic pressure. Outpouring of water and downcutting led to erosion and widening of the graben to produce a trough. Patterns of ridges and lobes along the outer rims of the trough are interpreted to have formed primarily by local accumulations of snow and ice on the graben rim (derived from exposed ponded groundwater in the graben), and glacial‐like outward flow of ice lobes resulting in development of moraines and tills along the north and south rims of the trough. These observations and interpretations support the concept that the climate of Mars was a hyper‐arid cold polar‐like desert similar to today in the Late Hesperian‐Early Amazonian period.
Competition between the RNA Transcript and the Nontemplate DNA Strand during R-Loop Formation In Vitro: a Nick Can Serve as a Strong R-Loop Initiation Site

ABSTRACT Upon transcription of some sequences by RNA polymerases in vitro or in vivo, the RNA transcript can thread back onto the template DNA strand, resulting in an R loop. Previously, we showed that initiation of R-loop formation at an R-loop initiation zone (RIZ) is favored by G clusters. Here, using a purified in vitro system with T7 RNA polymerase, we show that increased distance between the promoter and the R-loop-supporting G-rich region reduces R-loop formation. When the G-rich portion of the RNA transcript is downstream from the 5′ end of the transcript, the ability of this portion of the transcript to anneal to the template DNA strand is reduced. When we nucleolytically resect the beginning of the transcript, R-loop formation increases because the G-rich portion of the RNA is now closer to the 5′ end of the transcript. Short G-clustered regions can act as RIZs and reduce the distance-induced suppression of R-loop formation. Supercoiled DNA is known to favor transient separation of the two DNA strands, and we find that this favors R-loop formation even in non-G-rich regions. Most strikingly, a nick can serve as a strong RIZ, even in regions with no G richness. This has important implications for class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation and possibly for other biological processes in transcribed regions.
A Kohno-Drinfeld theorem for quantum Weyl groups

Let g be a complex, simple Lie algebra with Cartan subalgebra h and Weyl group W and let V be a finite–dimensional representation of g. In [MTL], we introduced a new, W –equivariant flat connection on h with values in V and simple poles along the root hyperplanes. This connection depends upon a parameter ∈ C and it was conjectured in [TL] that its monodromy is equivalent to the representation of the braid group of type g defined by Lusztig, Kirillov–Reshetikhin and Soibelman by using the action of the quantum group U g on V. In this paper, we prove this conjecture for g = sln.
Militarisation and State Institutions: ‘Professionals’ and ‘Soldiers’ inside the Zimbabwe Prison Service

Efforts to understand Zimbabwe's recent upheavals have brought scholars into productive conversation with approaches to African politics hitherto neglected in Zimbabwe. These have included political science analyses of ‘disorder’ and ethnographic approaches to the state at its unstable ‘margins’. Such analyses have highlighted the reconstitution of power through the expansion of powerful networks inside and outside state institutions and focused attention on the social and governmental effects of uncertainty. While these approaches are very different, they share a tendency to neglect processes of change within the civil service proper. Using a study of the ‘militarisation’ of Zimbabwe's prison service, I argue that these processes are essential to understanding the nature of political transformation. Militarisation catastrophically undermined the prison service's capacity to carry out its most basic functions and divided its staff between ‘professionals’ and ‘soldiers’. Professionals embraced an historically rooted state ideal built on the value of rules and expertise. They cast both as essential attributes of statehood just as they were comprehensively subverted by the soldiers in the name of an ongoing liberation struggle. Civil servants in these two camps no longer shared a common set of norms or purposes, though they all participated to greater or lesser degrees in the ‘militarised’ practices that pervaded the service. The unequal battle over the nature of state authority that ensued was – and remains – crucial to the exercise and legitimation of state power.
The Teenage Brain

Adolescence is associated with heightened mortality rates due in large measure to negative consequences from risky behaviors. Theories of adolescent risk taking posit that it is driven by immature cognitive control coupled with heightened reward reactivity, yet surprisingly few empirical studies have examined these neurobiological systems together. In this article, we describe a series of studies from our laboratory aimed at further delineating the maturation of cognitive control through adolescence, as well as how rewards influence a key aspect of cognitive control: response inhibition. Our findings indicate that adolescents can exert adult-like control over their behavior but that they have limitations regarding the consistency with which they can generate optimal responses compared with adults. Moreover, we demonstrate that the brain circuitry supporting mature cognitive (inhibitory) control is still undergoing development. Our work using the rewarded antisaccade task, a paradigm that enables concurrent assessment of rewards and inhibitory control, indicates that adolescents show delayed but heightened responses in key reward regions along with concurrent activation in brain systems that support behaviors leading to reward acquisition. Considered together, our results highlight adolescent-specific differences in the integration of basic brain processes that may underlie decision making and more complex risk taking in adolescence.
Attachment models affect brain responses in areas related to emotions and empathy in nulliparous women

Background: The attachment model, as assessed by means of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), is crucial for understanding emotion regulation and feelings of security in human interactions as well as for the construction of the caregiving system. The caregiving system is a set of representations about affiliative behaviors, guided by sensitivity and empathy, and is fully mature in young‐adulthood. Here, we examine how different attachment models influence brain responses in areas related to empathy and emotions in young‐adult subjects with secure and dismissing attachment models. Methods: By means of AAI, we selected 11 nulliparous young‐adult females with a secure model and 12 with a dismissing model. Subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance, whereas imitating or observing and empathizing with infant facial expressions. Subjects were tested for alexithymia and reflective functioning. Results: Dismissing subjects activated motor, mirror, and limbic brain areas to a significantly greater extent, but deactivated the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and the perigenual anterior cingulated cortex (pACC). During emotional faces, increased activity in dismissing women was seen in the right temporal pole. Furthermore, greater alexithymia was correlated with greater activity in the entorhinal cortex and greater deactivation in the pACC/mOFC. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence of how the attachment model influences brain responses during a task eliciting attachment. In particular, hyperactivation of limbic and mirror areas may reflect emotional dysregulation of infantile experiences of rejection and lack of protection, whereas increased deactivation of fronto‐medial areas may be the expression of the inhibition of attachment behaviors, which is a typical aspect of dismissing attachment. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring Performance in Social Enterprises

This article addresses the subject of management control and tries to create a performance measurement system for social enterprises, that is, how to measure success. Three reference fields for management are analyzed: (a) economic-financial performance, linked to the determination of general performance (profits, value added, etc.) and analytic results (production-cost of services, efficiency indicators, etc.); (b) social effectiveness, to measure the quantity and quality of work undertaken and to identify its impact on the intended beneficiaries and the community; and (c) institutional legitimacy, verifying conformity with law and mission statement. In integrating these aspects, we propose a multidimensional controlling framework that is appropriate to the management of a social enterprise. We try to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical model through the illustration of an Italian empirical case: the work integration social enterprise “Ulisse. ”
Social and behavioural factors associated with HIV seroconversion in homosexual men attending a central London STD clinic: A feasibility study

An unmatched retrospective case control study was conducted to test the feasibility of investigating social and behavioural factors which may have contributed to recent HIV seroconversion in a group of homosexual men. Participants, recruited from a London sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic, were sexually active and had had a negative HIV test with a subsequent test (positive (cases) or negative (controls)) within three to 15 months. Twenty cases and 22 controls were recruited between February and October 1995. There was no difference between cases and controls in: the number of regular or casual sexual partners, the proportion who were unaware of their regular partners' serostatus (cases 60%, controls 59%), or the proportion who had known HIV-positive regular partners (cases 20%, controls 23%). A significant difference in sexual behaviour was found only when the HIV status of partners, if known, was taken into account: cases were more likely than controls to have had unprotected receptive anal intercourse with a partner not known to be HIV-negative (OR = 5.5, CI = 1.15-29.50). Fifty per cent of the cases and 27% of the controls acquired acute STDs between the two HIV tests. All participants achieved high self-efficacy scores, but the controls believed their peers placed a greater value on safer sex. Cases cited emotional issues and the use of drugs and alcohol as contributing to their seroconversion, whereas controls cited a commitment to safer sex and the avoidance of high-risk situations as contributing to their remaining HIV-negative. The results illustrate the importance of acknowledging the concept of 'negotiated safety' in studies of sexual behaviour; seroconversion was only associated with unprotected sex with a partner not known to be HIV-negative. Despite high self-efficacy scores, indicating the skills to negotiate safer sex, high levels of unsafe anal intercourse were reported. Differences between cases and controls included the importance of safer sex, periods of emotional vulnerability, influence of peers and the appropriate use of condoms. There is a need for these results to be confirmed in a larger and more powerful study.
Perspective Shifts on the Selection Task: Reasoning or Relevance?

The single most investigated problem in the psychology of reasoning is the Wason selection task (see Evans, Newstead, & Byrne, 1993, Chapter 4 for a detailed review). Nevertheless, there is room for considerable doubt as to whether subjects' choices on this task actually reflect a process of reasoning at all, as we shall argue here (see also Evans, in press). Selection task studies can broadly be divided into those using abstract or arbitrary problem content and those using thematic content. At one time it appeared that subjects were very poor at solving the abstract task but quite good on the thematic task, but we now know this to be a double simplification. First, there are manipulations that cause subjects to choose largely correctly on the abstract task (see Platt & Griggs, 1993, 1995), and second, the pragmatic influences introduced by realistic content can sometimes trigger non-normative selection patterns. The Wason selection task is described by Holyoak and Cheng (this issue) and will not be repeated in detail here. Suffice it to say that subjects are asked to test a rule of the form if p then q by deciding whether or not to tum over each of four cards displaying the values p, not-p, q, and not-q. If the facing side of the card provides information about the antecedent of the rule, then the hidden side will provide information about the consequent, and vice versa. The logically correct choices are the cards p and not-q which could provide evidence that a card violates the rule. This choice is rarely observed on the abstract task where arbitrary relations such as "If there is a vowel on one side of the card then there is a consonant on the other side of the card" are used. It has been known for many years, however, that certain kinds of thematic phrasings of the rule, together with an appropriate context, will produce this logically Correct pattern. One of the most important new findings in this literature in recent years is that the pattern of selections observed can be radically altered by instructions that manipulate the perspective of the subject in terms of which character they identify with in a scenario. For example, given the statement:
An Assessment of Shea Butter Marketing in Southwestern Nigerian Markets

The study carried out an assessment of Shea butter marketing in Southwestern Nigeria. It specifically examined the socio-economic characteristics of the Shea butter marketers in the study area, determined the profitability of Shea butter marketing and also examined the market structure and conduct for the Shea butter in the study area. A multi- stage sampling technique was used to select 30 Shea butter marketers in the study area and structured questionnaires were administered to them. Descriptive statistics, gross margin and Gini-coefficient techniques were used to analyze the data collected. The study showed that 80% of the respondents belong to the active segment of the population while the remaining 20% were older than 50 years. Analysis also revealed that Shea butter market was dominated by the retailers which accounted for 56.6% of the sellers though there were other categories of sellers such as wholesalers (20.0%), wholesaler/retailers (23.4%) but zero percent of the processors. The profitability analysis showed that an average marketer incurred an average total cost of ? 232,090.83 per quarter but earned an average revenue of ? 316, 80.00 per quarter which imply that an average Shea butter marketer earned ? 84,709.17 per quarter as gross margin. A Gini-Coefficient of 0.77 obtained in this study indicates high level of concentration in the Shea butter market. Keywords: Shea butter; Market structure; Market conduct; Wholesalers; Retailers.
State and Society in the Philippines

Promising to situate the Philippines in global and regional contexts, the authors aim to ‘reconsider the narrative of Philippine political development’, to attempt a ‘sustained analysis of state formation over the course of a millennium’ and to develop a ‘framework for understanding Philippine state-society relations over time’ (page xv). Whereas the standard narrative follows conventional historical periodisation – ‘“preHispanic”; Spanish; revolutionary; American; Commonwealth; Japanese; and, in the Republican era, by presidential administration’ – the authors have written a book that ‘acknowledges the Southeast Asian connections of the Philippines and the changing rhythm of state and social formation across times and regimes’ (page 4).
A fast and robust ODF estimation algorithm in Q-ball imaging

We propose a simple and straightforward analytic solution for the Q-ball reconstruction of the diffusion orientation distribution function (ODF) of the underlying fiber population. First, the signal is modeled with a high order spherical harmonic series using a Laplace-Beltrami regularization method which leads to an elegant mathematical simplification of the Funk-Radon transform using the Funk-Hecke formula. In doing so, we obtain a fast and robust model-free ODF approximation. We validate the accuracy of the estimation quantitatively against synthetic data generated from the multi-tensor model and show that our estimated ODF can recover known multiple fiber regions in a biological phantom and in the human brain
Bundling Information Goods: Pricing, Profits and Efficiency

We study the strategy of bundling a large number of information goods, such as those increasingly available on the Internet, and selling them for a fixed price. We analyze the optimal bundling strategies for a multiproduct monopolist, and we find that bundling very large numbers of unrelated information goods can be surprisingly profitable. The reason is that the law of large numbers makes it much easier to predict consumers' valuations for a bundle of goods than their valuations for the individual goods when sold separately. As a result, this "predictive value of bundling" makes it possible to achieve greater sales, greater economic efficiency, and greater profits per good from a bundle of information goods than can be attained when the same goods are sold separately. Our main results do not extend to most physical goods, as the marginal costs of production for goods not used by the buyer typically negate any benefits from the predictive value of large-scale bundling. While determining optimal bundling strategies for more than two goods is a notoriously difficult problem, we use statistical techniques to provide strong asymptotic results and bounds on profits for bundles of any arbitrary size. We show how our model can be used to analyze the bundling of complements and substitutes, bundling in the presence of budget constraints, and bundling of goods with various types of correlations and how each of these conditions can lead to limits on optimal bundle size. In particular we find that when different market segments of consumers differ systematically in their valuations for goods, simple bundling will no longer be optimal. However, by offering a menu of different bundles aimed at each market segment, bundling makes traditional price discrimination strategies more powerful by reducing the role of unpredictable idiosyncratic components of valuations. The predictions of our analysis appear to be consistent with empirical observations of the markets for Internet and online content, cable television programming, and copyrighted music.
Same‐Sex Marriage and Negative Externalities*

Objectives. Conventional theory regarding externalities and personal choices implies that in the absence of negative externalities, there is no economic rationale for government to regulate or ban those choices. We evaluate whether legally recognizing (or prohibiting) same‐sex marriage has any adverse impact on societal outcomes specifically related to “traditional family values. ” Methods. Using data from 1990 to 2004 in the U.S. states, with statistical controls appropriate for the particular model, and with fixed effects, we test the claim of the Family Research Council that same‐sex marriage will have negative impacts on marriage, divorce, abortion rates, the proportion of children born to single women, and the percent of children in female‐headed households. Results. We find no statistically significant adverse effect from allowing gay marriage. Bans on gay marriage, when they are not overturned, appear to be associated with a lower abortion rate and a lower percentage of children in female‐headed households. However, allowing gay marriage also shows the same or stronger associations. Conclusions. The argument that same‐sex marriage poses a negative externality on society cannot be rationally held. Although many might believe that this conclusion is so obvious that it does not warrant testing, many politicians use this argument as a fact‐based rationale to legitimize bans on same‐sex marriage.
Maternal and child health: is South Asia ready for change?

South Asia still has a long way to go to meet the United Nations' millennium development goals for maternal and child mortality A review of maternal and child health in South Asia a few years ago revealed a sorry picture.1 The region had persistently high rates of maternal and infant mortality that had largely remained resilient to change. In recent years, several countries in the region have seen relative prosperity, middle class affluence, and unprecedented economic development.w1 It is uncertain, however, whether this has been associated with improvements in health, especially that of women and children, and whether the underlying determinants of ill health have changed. We review current maternal and child health in South Asia and suggest interventions that may make a difference. We reviewed all available information on maternal and child health indicators in the South Asian region (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives). We also included Afghanistan, which is technically not part of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, because of its strategic and geographical location. In addition to locally available published data and reports, we reviewed the available information from the World Health Organization, Unicef, and the World Bank. We also reviewed data on mortality and interventions from the Bellagio Child Survival Group and other recent intervention studies in the region. A global review of child deaths by the Bellagio Child Survival Group showed that 34% of child deaths occur in South Asia and that the region has almost two thirds of the global burden of malnutrition.2 Of an estimated half a million maternal deaths worldwide, almost half occur in South and Southeast Asia.3 Maternal mortality ratios range from 23/100 000 live births in Sri Lanka to 539/100 000 in Nepal.4 Given the close relation between …
Interlimb neural interactions in the corticospinal pathways

Corticospinal excitability is known to be modulated during voluntary muscle contraction of distal limbs. Although a large number of studies have demonstrated the variety of modulations in corticospinal excitability during distal limb movement, those interlimb neural interactions in corticospinal excitability have not been fully understood. Here, we mainly review previous studies that used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to report the modulation of corticospinal excitability during distal limb movement, and discuss related neural mechanisms and functional implications. Corticospinal modulation, produced across the limbs, was observed regardless of the combination of limbs (i.e., upper limbs, upper and lower limbs, and lower limbs). The pattern of modulation depended on the strength and the modality of muscle contraction in the active limb. Discrete forceful isometric contraction tended to facilitate corticospinal excitability in the tested muscle of the opposite limb. However, isotonic muscle contraction tended to show suppression or movement phase-locked specific facilitation. In association with the involvement of modulation in spinal motoneuronal and intracortical motor circuitry, it was suggested that different neural mechanisms mediate each pattern of corticospinal modulation.