Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Micro-doppler based human-robot classification using ensemble and deep learning approaches

Radar sensors can be used for analyzing the induced frequency shifts due to micro-motions in both range and velocity dimensions identified as micro-Doppler (μ-D) and micro-Range (μ-R), respectively. Different moving targets will have unique μ-D and μ-R signatures that can be used for target classification. Such classification can be used in numerous fields, such as gait recognition, safety and surveillance. In this paper, a 25 GHz FMCW Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) radar is used in industrial safety for real-time human-robot identification. Due to the real-time constraint, joint Range-Doppler (R-D) maps are directly analyzed for our classification problem. Furthermore, a comparison between the conventional classical learning approaches with handcrafted extracted features, ensemble classifiers and deep learning approaches is presented. For ensemble classifiers, restructured range and velocity profiles are passed directly to ensemble trees, such as gradient boosting and random forest without feature extraction. Finally, a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) is used and raw R-D images are directly fed into the constructed network. DCNN shows a superior performance of 99% accuracy in identifying humans from robots on a single R-D map.
Relationship Between Site Disturbance and Forest Harvesting Equipment Traffic

A study was done to evaluate the use of global positioning systems (GPS) to track the position of forest harvesting equipment and use the information to assess site impacts. GPS units were attached to tree-length harvesting machinery in two clearcuts (1 feller-buncher, 2 skidders). Position of the equipment was recorded at 2-second intervals throughout the harvest of both stands. The positional data were differentially corrected, then filtered using a custom software package to calculate the area of impact based on the path taken by the machinery. Result of the. calculations were raster maps with cell values equal to the number of tire passes over that location. For the current study, grid resolution was 0.5x0. $ m. Following harvest, visual assessments of site disturbance on a chain-by-chain grid were made and the results compared to estimates from the traffic maps. Soil physical properties were measured in a 1 ha area of one stand and the values correlated with local traffic levels. Results indicated that the GPS-based approach to assessing site impacts gave results equivalent to what would be expected from an intensive visual inspection. For the conditions tested, 25 percent of the stand remained untrafficked, 25 percent received more than 5 passes, and 50 percent of the stand received 1 to 5 passes. There was no clear correlation, however, between observed number of passes and changes in measured soil properties. INTRODUCTION There is a great deal of research interest in the sustainability of forest management practices. Forest operations to implement many management objectives require the application of heavy equipment on tracts, resulting in impacts to the soil. These impacts may persist over time and result in decreased stand productivity. It is important to understand how machinery impacts a stand and what factors influence the degree of impact. A number of studies have quantified how machinery affects soils on a microenvironment scale, generally measuring changes in soil properties at a fixed point for a given traffic intensity level. Machinery impacts on soils have been shown to vary with soil type and moisture, machine type, size, and weight, number of passes, tire.and drive train characteristics, and other factors
Patterns in Inversion Sequences II: Inversion Sequences Avoiding Triples of Relations

Inversion sequences of length $n$, $\mathbf{I}_n$, are integer sequences $(e_1, \ldots, e_n)$ with $0 \leq e_i < n$ for each $i$. The study of patterns in inversion sequences was initiated recently by Mansour-Shattuck and Corteel-Martinez-Savage-Weselcouch through a systematic study of inversion sequences avoiding words of length 3. We continue this investigation by generalizing the notion of a pattern to a fixed triple of binary relations $(\rho_1,\rho_2,\rho_3)$ and consider the set $\mathbf{I}_n(\rho_1,\rho_2,\rho_3)$ consisting of those $e \in \mathbf{I}_n$ with no $i < j < k$ such that $e_i \rho_1 e_j$, $e_j \rho_2 e_k$, and $e_i \rho_3 e_k$. We show that "avoiding a triple of relations" can characterize inversion sequences with a variety of monotonicity or unimodality conditions, or with multiplicity constraints on the elements. We uncover several interesting enumeration results and relate pattern avoiding inversion sequences to familiar combinatorial families. We highlight open questions about the relationship between pattern avoiding inversion sequences and families such as plane permutations and Baxter permutations. For several combinatorial sequences, pattern avoiding inversion sequences provide a simpler interpretation than otherwise known.
An adaptive submodule voltage balancing method for Modular Multilevel Converter in HVDC transmission system

Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is considered a promising circuit topology for high voltage and high power applications. There is a trade-off between submodule (SM) capacitor voltage balancing and switching frequency. In this paper, an adaptive SM capacitor voltage balancing method is proposed based on that different arm currents have different charging or discharging capabilities. The algorithm can reduce switching frequency without affecting capacitor voltage balancing. The threshold current selection and average switching frequency calculation of power device are presented which provide theoretical basis to system design. Finally, the simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Evaluation of extended and continuous use oral contraceptives

Oral contraceptives are classically given in a cyclic manner with 21 days of active pills followed by 7 days of placebo. In the past 4 years, new oral contraceptives have been introduced which either shorten the placebo time, lengthen the active pills (extended cycle), or provide active pills every day (continuous). These concepts are not new; extended and continuous pills were first studied in the 1960s and 1970s and have been provided in an off-label manner by gynecologists to treat menstrual disorders, such as menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea, and gynecologic disorders, such as endometriosis. Now that extended and continuous combined oral contraceptives are available for all patients, it is critical for providers to understand the physiology, dosing, side effects, and benefits of this form of oral contraceptive. This article reviews the history and the potential uses of the new continuous combined oral contraceptive.
Dipole Mode Analysis of Arrays of Dielectric and Plasmonic Particle Metamaterials

This dissertation presents a theoretical study and numerical evaluations of design and applications of metamaterials. We begin with a brief review of the history of metamaterials and then investigate the design and applications of metamaterials in electromagnetics and optics. The thesis is divided into two main parts – part I (chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5) and part II (chapters 6 and 7). The first part is devoted to the design and development of metamaterials. The second half is dedicated to the applications of metamaterials in microwave and optical frequencies. To achieve a metamaterial with desired figure of merit, one needs to create appropriate electric and magnetic dipole moments (in small scale) and then tailor them to the application of interest. Arraying these dipole moments can lead to the required material properties. Since dielectric spheres have the potential to offer both electric and magnetic dipole modes, I consider an array of dielectric spheres. To investigate the behavior, I present a comprehensive method to solve the problem of multiple scattering of a plane wave incident on an arbitrary configuration of N spheres. By using multipole expansion method, I show that, if the spheres are small enough, such that the magnitude of higher order modes are negligible compared to the dipole modes, it is enough to consider only the first electric and magnetic modes. Namely, we can model each sphere with electric and magnetic dipolar modes. I then present an analytical solution for the problem of plane-wave scattering by 3D arrays of small spheres. We theoretically investigate the characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves supported by three dimensional (3D) periodic arrays of dielectric and magneto-dielectric spheres. It is assumed that either the spheres are sufficiently small or the frequency is such that only the dipole scattered modes are excited. Imposing the boundary conditions, will determine the required equations for obtaining kd − βd dispersion characteristics. To ease the computer calculations, we transform slowly convergent summations to rapidly ones. A metamaterial constructed from unit-cells of two different spheres is created, where one set of spheres develops electric modes, and the other set establishes magnetic modes. It is demonstrated that such a composite of high dielectric spheres provides double negative (DNG) metama-
Minimising generation of acid whey during Greek yoghurt manufacturing

Greek yoghurt, a popular dairy product, generates large amounts of acid whey as a by-product during manufacturing. Post-processing treatment of this stream presents one of the main concerns for the industry. The objective of this study was to manipulate initial milk total solids content (15, 20 or 23 g/100 g) by addition of milk protein concentrate, thus reducing whey expulsion. Such an adjustment was investigated from the technological standpoint including starter culture performance, chemical and physical properties of manufactured Greek yoghurt and generated acid whey. A comparison was made to commercially available products. Increasing protein content in regular yoghurt reduced the amount of acid whey during whey draining. This protein fortification also enhanced the Lb. bulgaricus growth rate and proteolytic activity. Best structural properties including higher gel strength and lower syneresis were observed in the Greek yoghurt produced with 20 g/100 g initial milk total solid compared to manufactured or commercially available products, while acid whey generation was lowered due to lower drainage requirement.
Multicentre comparison of a diagnostic assay: aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica

Objective Antibodies to cell surface central nervous system proteins help to diagnose conditions which often respond to immunotherapies. The assessment of antibody assays needs to reflect their clinical utility. We report the results of a multicentre study of aquaporin (AQP) 4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) assays in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Methods Coded samples from patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or NMOSD (101) and controls (92) were tested at 15 European diagnostic centres using 21 assays including live (n=3) or fixed cell-based assays (n=10), flow cytometry (n=4), immunohistochemistry (n=3) and ELISA (n=1). Results Results of tests on 92 controls identified 12assays as highly specific (0–1 false-positive results). 32 samples from 50 (64%) NMO sera and 34 from 51 (67%) NMOSD sera were positive on at least two of the 12 highly specific assays, leaving 35 patients with seronegative NMO/spectrum disorder (SD). On the basis of a combination of clinical phenotype and the highly specific assays, 66 AQP4-Ab seropositive samples were used to establish the sensitivities (51.5–100%) of all 21 assays. The specificities (85.8–100%) were based on 92 control samples and 35 seronegative NMO/SD patient samples. Conclusions The cell-based assays were most sensitive and specific overall, but immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry could be equally accurate in specialist centres. Since patients with AQP4-Ab negative NMO/SD require different management, the use of both appropriate control samples and defined seronegative NMOSD samples is essential to evaluate these assays in a clinically meaningful way. The process described here can be applied to the evaluation of other antibody assays in the newly evolving field of autoimmune neurology.
Perception of the Impact of Type 1 Diabetes on Low-Income Families

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the psychosocial impact of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) on low-income families of various racial/ethnic backgrounds. Methods A qualitative study using qualitative descriptive methods was conducted with a total of 21 patient-parent dyads from African American, Hispanic, and white heritage, respectively. An interview guide was developed to explore each family’s attitudes and beliefs related to diabetes. Results Although all subjects were in excellent metabolic control (mean A1C levels were between 7.3% and 7.6%), there were a number of identifiable differences in the perception of the impact of T1DM among the 3 groups. Themes in the data demonstrated differences in the following areas: (1) view of diabetes and its effects on the family; (2) ability to successfully treat diabetes; (3) ability to cope with diabetes; and (4) experiences with the health care system. Most notable themes include a disparity across racial/ethnic groups in the preoccupation with the disease after diagnosis, cultural and financial factors identified, and differences in treatment modalities and reasons for their use. Conclusions Diabetes education and care need to carefully address such differences. Although these differences are likely multifactorial, with components of socioeconomic status, family structure, and family experiences involved, it is evident that ethnicity itself is an important factor that can affect the ability of families to manage and cope with diabetes.
Issues and Options in the Delineation of Well Capture Zones under Uncertainty

The delineation of wellhead protection areas (WHPAs) under uncertainty is still a challenge for heterogeneous porous media. For granular media, one option is to combine particle tracking (PT) with the Monte Carlo approach (PT‐MC) to account for geologic uncertainties. Fractured porous media, however, require certain restrictive assumptions under this approach. An alternative for all types of media is the capture probability (CP) approach, which is based on the solution of the standard advection‐dispersion equation in a backward mode, making use of the analogy between forward and backward transport processes. Within this context, we review the current controversy about the correct form of the conceptual model for transport, finding that the advection‐diffusion model, which represents the diffusive interchange between streamtubes with differing velocities, is more physically realistic than the conventional advection‐dispersion model. For mildly to moderately heterogeneous materials, stochastic theories and simulation experiments show that this process converges at the field scale to an effective advection‐dispersion process that can be simulated with conventional transport models using appropriate macrodispersivity values. For highly heterogeneous materials, stochastic theories do not yet exist but there is no reason why the process should not converge naturally as well. Macrodispersivities appear to be formation‐specific. The advection‐dispersion model can be used for capture zone delineation in heterogeneous granular media. For fractured porous systems, hybrid equivalent porous medium and discrete fracture network or CP‐based approaches may have potential. In general, capture zones delineated by PT without MC will always be too small and should not be used as a basis for land‐use decisions.
Plasma Tenofovir Levels to Support Adherence to TDF/FTC Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention in MSM in Los Angeles, California

Background: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective against HIV acquisition when taken as prescribed. Strategies that identify and intervene with those challenged by adherence to daily medication are needed. Setting: PATH-PrEP was an open-label single-arm interventional cohort study conducted at 2 community-based clinical sites in Los Angeles, CA. Methods: We enrolled self-identified men who have sex with men and transgender women ≥18 years of age at an elevated risk of HIV acquisition. Participants received a postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)–based or PrEP-based HIV prevention package for at least 48 weeks. Plasma tenofovir levels from each PrEP visit assessed as below the limit of quantitation (<10 ng/mL) triggered increased adherence support. Results: Three hundred one participants enrolled. Forty-eight–week retention in the PrEP cohort was 75.1%. Biomarker evidence of PrEP adherence consistent with ≥4 doses per week at weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 was found in 83.1%, 83.4%, 75.7%, 71.6%, and 65.5% of participants, respectively; younger and African American participants were less likely to have protective drug levels. Most of those with suboptimal adherence had adherence improvement after brief intervention. One seroconversion occurred in a participant who discontinued PrEP. Nearly half (46.4%) of participants were diagnosed with at least 1 incident sexually transmitted infection during 48 weeks of study follow-up. Conclusions and Relevance: PrEP was acceptable and well tolerated in a diverse population of men who have sex with men in Los Angeles. A brief intervention triggered from biomarkers of poor adherence was associated with improved adherence. Drug level monitoring has the potential to allow targeting of additional adherence support to those struggling with daily tablet adherence.
Empirical Ballistic Limit Velocity Model for Bi-Layer Ceramic–Metal Armor

An empirical model to estimate the ballistic velocity limit (BLV) of bi-layer ceramic–metal armor materials, considering momentum and energy balance during impact process, is proposed. Three ceramic materials as front layer, namely: alumina (Al2O3 96%) boron carbide (B4C) and silicon carbide (SiC) and three materials as backing layer, namely: aluminium alloy (Al 5083H116), steel 4340 and titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), are considered. Initially, materials constitutive and failure model constants are validated through comparison of simulations performed using finite element explicit solver, AUTODYN®, against the available experimental data in the literature. Impact simulations of different combinations of thicknesses and materials from three ceramic materials and three metal materials and thicknesses and different projectile lengths, chosen based on orthogonal array technique, are performed from which B LV of the armors are calculated. Empirical constants in the proposed model are obtained using least square fitting to the B LV data obtained from simulations. Comparison between results obtained from the empirical model for B LV of ceramic–metal armor impacted by flat-ended projectiles, with available limited experimental data is carried out. The empirical B LV expression is used for optimization of alumina/aluminium armor system, for weight and volume objectives. Optimization results compare well with the experimental measurements.
RANK TWO DETECTION OF SINGULARITIES OF SCHUBERT VARIETIES

Let G be a semisimple, simply connected complex algebraic group with Borel subgroup B, maximal torus T ⊆ B and Weyl group W = NG(T )/T . Identify W with the T -fixed points of the flag variety G/B by w 7→ ẇB where w = ẇT with ẇ ∈ NG(T ). For w ∈ W , the Schubert variety Xw := BẇB/B is a l(w)-dimensional B-stable closed subvariety of G/B with T -fixed points { v ∈ W | v ≤ w } where ≤ denotes Chevalley-Bruhat order on W and l is the standard length function. For background and references to the extensive literature on Schubert varieties, and in particular for the definition of rational smoothness, see [1] and also [27], [5], [31], [6]. We mention in particular that v ≤ w is a rationally smooth point of Xw iff there is a Zariski open neighbourhood Uv of v such that the local cohomology H•(Xan w , X an w \{v′}; Q) of Xw in analytic topology is the same in each dimension as H•(Cl(w), C \ {0}; Q), for all v′ ∈ Uv. Further, each v ≤ w is rationally smooth in Xw iff H•(Xan w ; Q) satisfies Poincaré duality. A smooth point of Xw is rationally smooth. The main results of this paper entail the following criterion for smoothness and rational smoothness of T -fixed points of Schubert varieties Xw. Theorem. (a) For v ≤ w in W , v is a rationally smooth point of Xw iff for each coset Dz of each rank two (not necessarily standard) parabolic subgroup D of W such that z ∈ [v, w] and ](Dz ∩ [v, w]) ≥ 3, there is a unique x ∈ Dz ∩ [v, w] such that for each reflection t of D, either tx < x or tx w. (b) Fix v ∈ W with v rationally smooth in Xw. For each D, z and x as in (a), let y be the minimum element of Dz in the order ≤ on W , and let H be a semisimple, simply connected complex algebraic group with the same root system as D and a Borel subgroup C corresponding to the roots for D which are positive for B. Then v is a smooth point of Xw iff for each Dz (and the corresponding x, y, H, C), żẏ−1C is a smooth point in Cẋẏ−1C/C (a Schubert variety in H/C).
Intrinsic Astrocyte Heterogeneity Influences Tumor Growth in Glioma Mouse Models

The influence of cellular origin on glioma pathogenesis remains elusive. We previously showed that mutations inactivating Rb and Pten and activating Kras transform astrocytes and induce tumorigenesis throughout the adult mouse brain. However, it remained unclear whether astrocyte subpopulations were susceptible to these mutations. We therefore used genetic lineage tracing and fate mapping in adult conditional, inducible genetically engineered mice to monitor transformation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) astrocytes and immunofluorescence to monitor cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment over time. Because considerable regional heterogeneity exists among astrocytes, we also examined the influence of brain region on tumor growth. GFAP astrocyte transformation induced uniformly rapid, regionally independent tumor growth, but transformation of GLAST astrocytes induced slowly growing tumors with significant regional bias. Transformed GLAST astrocytes had reduced proliferative response in culture and in vivo and malignant progression was delayed in these tumors. Recruited glial cells, including proliferating astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitors and microglia, were the majority of GLAST, but not GFAP astrocyte‐derived tumors and their abundance dynamically changed over time. These results suggest that intrinsic astrocyte heterogeneity, and perhaps regional brain microenvironment, significantly contributes to glioma pathogenesis.