Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chalk porosity and Tertiary uplift, Western Approaches Trough, SW UK and NW French continental shelves

Porosities have been derived from sonic logs for the Cenomanian–Maastrichtian Chalk of 22 hydrocarbon exploration wells in the Western Approaches Trough. Although the burial depth of the Chalk studied ranges from 40–1500 m below sea-bed, porosities are all within the range 0–45%. The most deeply buried Chalk sequences exhibit close to normal porosity/depth relations for offshore chalks. Abnormally low porosities in the remainder of the wells result from burial at greater depth than that presently observed. Low porosities were preserved during Tertiary, Alpine-related uplift of the area. For a given well the magnitude of uplift not reversed by subsequent subsidence (apparent uplift) equals the displacement of its porosity/depth relation from the normal relation along the depth axis. Apparent uplift in the Western Approaches Trough ranges from 0–1.3 km. In the Western Approaches Trough, Chalk porosity data provide evidence of more widespread Tertiary uplift than do seismic reflection records. Alpine-related compression and uplift (fault-bounded basin inversion) is apparent only on seismic records in the southern part of the Trough (Brittany and South-West Channel Basins), whereas Chalk porosity data suggest regional uplift occurred throughout the Trough and adjacent highs. Chalk porosity data were also used to quantify Tertiary uplift in the Cleethorpes-l well of the East Midlands shelf. The resultant value of 1.1km is considerably greater than that previously derived from shale sonic velocities (approximately 0.3 km) and slightly less than that based on apatite fission track analysis (1.3–1.7 km).
Improved approximation for directed cut problems

We present improved approximation algorithms for directed multicutand directed sparsest cut. The current best known approximationratio for these problems is O(n1/2). We obtain an Õ(n11/23)-approximation. Our algorithm works with thenatural LP relaxation used in prior work. We use a randomized roundingalgorithm with a more sophisticated charging scheme and analysis toobtain our improvement. This also implies a Õ(n11/23) upper bound on the ratio between the maximum multicommodity flowand minimum multicut in directed graphs.
Estimating the Labor Market Impact of Voluntary Military Service Using Social Security Data on Military Applicants

This study uses Social Security data on the earnings of military applicants to the all-volunteer forces to compare the earnings of Armed Forces veterans with the earnings of military applicants who did not enlist. Matching, regression, and Instrumental Variables (IV) estimates are presented. The matching and regression estimates control for most of the characteristics used by the military to select qualified applicants from the military applicant pool. The IV estimates exploit an error in the scoring of exams used by the military to screen applicants between 1976 and 1980. All the estimates suggest that soldiers who served in the early 1980s were paid considerably more than comparable civilians while in the military. Military service also appears to have led to a modest (less than 10 percent) increase in the civilian earnings of nonwhite veterans while actually reducing the civilian earnings of white veterans. Most of the positive effects of military service on civilian earnings appear to be attributable to improved employment prospects for veterans.
Field-to-Wire Coupling in an Electrically Large Cavity: A Semianalytic Solution

This paper proposes a semianalytic solution to the problem of high frequency coupling on a wire running in electrically large enclosures. This model is basically derived from the transmission-line (TL) theory in which the electromagnetic (EM) environment, represented as a random plane-wave spectrum, is characterized by its statistical parameters. The results are compared to those obtained by randomly generating elementary plane-wave samples and numerically calculating their EM coupling through a TL model.
Filtering ‘ways of seeing’ through their lenses: representations of Antarctic exploration by lesser known Heroic Era photographers.

Photographers made a major contribution to the recording of the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration. By far the best known photographers were the professionals, Herbert Ponting and Frank Hurley, hired to photograph British and Australasian expeditions. But a great number of photographs were also taken on Belgian, German, Swedish, French, Norwegian and Japanese expeditions. These were taken by amateurs, sometimes designated official photographers, often scientists recording their research. Apart from a few Pole-reaching images from the Norwegian expedition, these lesser known expedition photographers and their work seldom feature in the scholarly literature on the Heroic Era, but they, too, have their importance. They played a vital role in the growing understanding and advancement of Antarctic science; they provided visual evidence of their nation’s determination to penetrate the polar unknown; and they played a formative role in public perceptions of Antarctic geopolitics. The objective of this study is to collate background information and literature on lesser known Heroic Era photographers and to offer a discursive examination of photographs, assessing their representations of exploration in Antarctica. Photographers' ‘ways of seeing’ were influenced by their backgrounds and often by the history of their nations’ involvement in Arctic exploration. Their representations were shaped within contexts of prevailing polar exploration discourses—the race for the South Pole, nationalism, heroic adventure, and scientific investigation. The images they brought back were determined by the nature of their expeditions, whether inherently scientific, nationalist, or adventure-seeking; by the various sponsoring imperatives; and by how their photographic documentation was intended to be used. This study is important because it offers a comparative consideration of photographers of less well known expeditions from a range of nations and cultures, offering new layers of understanding of the forces that drove the exploration of Antarctica. It is based on principles of historiography and on discourse analysis, an appropriate method for examining the multi-layered cultural messages within the images.
Rebalancing China's growth: some unsettled questions

China's leadership has spoken for much of the past decade about the need to ‘rebalance’ the economy and put it onto a different growth path, with domestic consumption as a leading driver of growth. This paper analyses two questions in this regard. The first is how to best to characterise China's existing growth path. China is typically considered to be an export-led economy par excellence. However, the results of the growth accounting approach are reviewed which question this characterization. Second, if China wishes to shift growth paths then, on the basis of insights generated by post-Keynesian growth models, I conclude that a shift to a consumption-driven (wage-led) growth path may be much more problematic than is generally assumed. Résumé Durant la dernière décennie, les autorités chinoises n'ont cessé de communiquer sur la nécessité de rééquilibrer l'économie chinoise et de la mettre sur une différente trajectoire de développement, en faisant de la consommation domestique une des sources majeures de la croissance. Cet article en explore deux problématiques. D'abord, on s'interroge sur la meilleure façon de caractériser l'économie chinoise. En effet, alors que la Chine est communément perçue comme un pays exportateur, des études récentes démontrent le contraire. Ensuite, on explore les autres trajectoires de développement susceptibles d'être empruntées par la Chine. Il semble, sur la base des conclusions des modèles de croissance post-keynésiens, qu'un changement de trajectoire de croissance en Chine serait plus problématique que ce qui est généralement admis.
An Activation-Based Model of Sentence Processing as Skilled Memory Retrieval

We present a detailed process theory of the moment-by-moment working-memory retrievals and associated control structure that subserve sentence comprehension. The theory is derived from the application of independently motivated principles of memory and cognitive skill to the specialized task of sentence parsing. The resulting theory construes sentence processing as a series of skilled associative memory retrievals modulated by similarity-based interference and fluctuating activation. The cognitive principles are formalized in computational form in the Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) architecture, and our process model is realized in ACT-R. We present the results of 6 sets of simulations: 5 simulation sets provide quantitative accounts of the effects of length and structural interference on both unambiguous and garden-path structures. A final simulation set provides a graded taxonomy of double center embeddings ranging from relatively easy to extremely difficult. The explanation of center-embedding difficulty is a novel one that derives from the model' complete reliance on discriminating retrieval cues in the absence of an explicit representation of serial order information. All fits were obtained with only 1 free scaling parameter fixed across the simulations; all other parameters were ACT-R defaults. The modeling results support the hypothesis that fluctuating activation and similarity-based interference are the key factors shaping working memory in sentence processing. We contrast the theory and empirical predictions with several related accounts of sentence-processing complexity.
AMS Without 4-Wise Independence on Product Domains

In their seminal work, Alon, Matias, and Szegedy introduced several sketching techniques, including showing that $4$-wise independence is sufficient to obtain good approximations of the second frequency moment. In this work, we show that their sketching technique can be extended to product domains $[n]^k$ by using the product of $4$-wise independent functions on $[n]$. Our work extends that of Indyk and McGregor, who showed the result for $k = 2$. Their primary motivation was the problem of identifying correlations in data streams. In their model, a stream of pairs $(i,j) \in [n]^2$ arrive, giving a joint distribution $(X,Y)$, and they find approximation algorithms for how close the joint distribution is to the product of the marginal distributions under various metrics, which naturally corresponds to how close $X$ and $Y$ are to being independent. By using our technique, we obtain a new result for the problem of approximating the $\ell_2$ distance between the joint distribution and the product of the marginal distributions for $k$-ary vectors, instead of just pairs, in a single pass. Our analysis gives a randomized algorithm that is a $(1\pm \epsilon)$ approximation (with probability $1-\delta$) that requires space logarithmic in $n$ and $m$ and proportional to $3^k$.
Quantifying Bulk Electrode Strain and Material Displacement within Lithium Batteries via High‐Speed Operando Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation

Tracking the dynamic morphology of active materials during operation of lithium batteries is essential for identifying causes of performance loss. Digital volume correlation (DVC) is applied to high‐speed operando synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography of a commercial Li/MnO2 primary battery during discharge. Real‐time electrode material displacement is captured in 3D allowing degradation mechanisms such as delamination of the electrode from the current collector and electrode crack formation to be identified. Continuum DVC of consecutive images during discharge is used to quantify local displacements and strains in 3D throughout discharge, facilitating tracking of the progression of swelling due to lithiation within the electrode material in a commercial, spiral‐wound battery during normal operation. Displacement of the rigid current collector and cell materials contribute to severe electrode detachment and crack formation during discharge, which is monitored by a separate DVC approach. Use of time‐lapse X‐ray computed tomography coupled with DVC is thus demonstrated as an effective diagnostic technique to identify causes of performance loss within commercial lithium batteries; this novel approach is expected to guide the development of more effective commercial cell designs.
Alteration of Conserved Alternative Splicing in AMELX Causes Enamel Defects

Tooth enamel is the most highly mineralized tissue in vertebrates. Enamel crystal formation and elongation should be well controlled to achieve an exceptional hardness and a compact microstructure. Enamel matrix calcification occurs with several matrix proteins, such as amelogenin, enamelin, and ameloblastin. Among them, amelogenin is the most abundant enamel matrix protein, and multiple isoforms resulting from extensive but well-conserved alternative splicing and postsecretional processing have been identified. In this report, we recruited a family with a unique enamel defect and identified a silent mutation in exon 4 of the AMELX gene. We show that the mutation caused the inclusion of exon 4, which is almost always skipped, in the mRNA transcript. We further show, by generating and characterizing a transgenic animal model, that the alteration of the ratio and quantity of the developmentally conserved alternative splicing repertoire of AMELX caused defects in enamel matrix mineralization.
Overcoming challenges in developing more usable pedestrian navigation systems

ABSTRACT This article presents an overview of a research project focusing on improving the usability of pedestrian navigation systems by following a User-Centered Design (UCD) approach. One of the main problems with those systems is how to adequately support and enhance the spatial interactions of a traveler to new urban areas, which is crucial for successful self-orienting and wayfinding. The methodology employed allows for conceptualizing, implementing and evaluating research prototypes that aim to satisfy the special user requirements. Outlined in this article are the techniques designed and integrated in the developed prototype, the methods used for their evaluation through field-based studies and the challenges encountered during this process. New techniques with a measurable impact on the effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction of navigation were tested and found to dramatically enhance the sense of personal geo-identification in new places. Examples of those techniques are landmark visibility indication, multi-path routing based on time availability, multi-perspective landmark photos and reverse overview + detail maps. Overall, the outcomes of this research verify the capacity of UCD to help overcoming current usability issues with pedestrian navigation systems. By demonstrating an effective UCD methodology and discussing the lessons learned, we intend to aid the development of next generation navigation appliances.
Purification and characterization of an extracellular fragment of the sea urchin egg receptor for sperm

Fertilization in the sea urchin involves species-specific interaction between the ligand bindin on the surface of acrosome-reacted sperm and a receptor of high molecular weight on the surface of the egg. Efforts to understand this interaction and the resultant signal transduction events leading to egg activation have been limited because of the large size and extreme insolubility of the intact receptor on the egg surface. Earlier work suggested that an alternative strategy would be to isolate proteolytic fragments of the extracellular domain of this receptor. Consequently, we have treated S. purpuratus eggs with a specific protease, lysylendoproteinase C. This enzyme treatment abolished the ability of eggs to bind sperm and resulted in the release of proteolytic fragments that bound to sperm and showed inhibitory activity in a fertilization bioassay. One of these fragments, presumed to be a fragment of the extracellular domain of the receptor, was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography and shown to be a 70-kD glycosylated protein. Several lines of evidence support the contention that this fragment is derived from the receptor. First, the fragment inhibited fertilization species specifically. Second, species specific binding of the 70-kD glycoprotein to acrosome-reacted sperm was directly demonstrated by using 125I-labeled receptor fragment. Third, the fragment exhibited the same species specificity in binding to isolated bindin particles. Species specificity was abolished by Pronase digestion of the fragment. This observation supports the hypothesis that although binding is mediated by the carbohydrate moieties, species specificity is dependent on the polypeptide backbone. The availability of a structurally defined fragment of the receptor will facilitate further studies of the molecular basis of gamete interaction.
A Study on the Relationship between Teacher Self Efficacy and Burnout

The major purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between teacher self efficacy and burnout. In order to collect the related data, “Maslach Burnout Inventory” and “Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale” were used. The sample of the study consisted of 163 randomly cho- sen teachers who worked in various primary and secondary state schools in 2014-2015 aca- demic year. The results of the data analysis put forward that there was significant, medium and negative correlation between teacher self efficacy and burnout levels of the participants. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis results, which were run to assess the relationship be- tween the two variables better, indicated that teacher self efficacy predicted burnout negative- ly. In the light of these findings and other related studies several suggestions were made
Regeneration and growth control in Nereis. I. Growth and regeneration.

The annelid body, as typified by that of Nereis , consists of a presegmental prostomium, a number of segments, and a postsegmental pygidium. The larval trochosphere is unsegmented. Once proliferation of segments has started, their number increases steadily throughout most of the life of the adrenal, though the rate of proliferation declines (Clark & Clark, 1962). New segments are added posteriorly by proliferation and differentiation of tissue comprising the growth zone, which forms the anterior border of the pygidium. After loss of the pygidium and posterior segments, wound healing is followed by the formation of a new growth zone. Amoebocyte migration (Stephan-Dubois, 1955,1956,1958) and dedifferentiation of cells adjacent to the level of transection (Herlant-Meewis & Nokin, 1962) are important in the early stages of regeneration. Proliferation of segments recommences and they are produced more rapidly than they are in the intact animal, as will be shown later.
High-power long-pulse second harmonic generation and optical damage with free-running Nd:YAG laser

Frequency doubling with a free-running long-pulse Nd:YAG laser and LBO or KTP nonlinear crystals yields conversion efficiency of up to 17.5% and 162 W peak power in the second harmonic. This efficiency is obtained for a TEM/sub 00/ beam with rectangular temporal pulse shape of 50 to 400 /spl mu/s. To our knowledge, this is the highest second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency reported for the long-pulse free-running configuration. The efficiency is limited by optical damage with much lower threshold than in the Q-switch domain. The damage is preceded by a saturation effect of the SHG efficiency. Both wavelengths (fundamental and second-harmonic) are necessary for the creation of the catastrophic damage. We present first evidence for a mechanism that involves creation of transient absorption centers by the second-harmonic radiation due to multiphoton absorption. Absorption of the fundamental wave at these centers leads to local heating and ultimately catastrophic damage.
BRAF‐Mutated Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma is Associated with Temporal Location, Reticulin Fiber Deposition and CD34 Expression

BRAF V600E mutation and homozygous deletion of CDKN2A (p16) are frequent molecular alterations in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas (PXAs). We investigated 49 PXAs for clinical, histological and immunohistochemical characteristics related to BRAF mutation status. BRAF mutation was detected by immunohistochemical assay and DNA sequencing in 38/49 (78%) tumors. All but one PXA located in the temporal lobe harbored a BRAF V600E mutation (23/24; 96%) compared with 10/19 nontemporal PXAs (53%; P = 0.0009). Histological and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated increased reticulin deposition (76% vs. 27%; P = 0.003) and a more frequent expression of CD34 in BRAF‐mutant PXAs (76% vs. 27%; P = 0.003).
Functional analysis of a G protein‐coupled receptor from the Southern cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) identifies it as the first arthropod myokinin receptor

The myokinins are invertebrate neuropeptides with myotropic and diuretic activity. The lymnokinin receptor from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca) has been the only previously identified myokinin receptor. We had cloned a G protein‐coupled receptor (AF228521) from the tick Boophilus microplus (Arthropoda: Acari), 40% identical to the lymnokinin receptor, that we have now expressed in CHO‐K1 cells. Myokinins at nanomolar concentrations induced intracellular calcium release, as measured by fluorescent cytometry and the receptor coupled to a pertussis toxin‐insensitive G protein. Absence of extracellular calcium did not inhibit the fluorescence response, indicating that intracellular stores were sufficient for the initial response. Control cells only transfected with vector did not respond. We conclude that the tick receptor is the first myokinin receptor to be cloned from an arthropod.
Rotation of the upper first molar in Class I, II, and III patients

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean rotation of the upper first molar (U1st M) in cast models from nontreated patients presenting: Class I, skeletal Class II, dental Class II, and skeletal Class III, comparing with Class I orthodontically treated patients. Materials and Methods: One hundred cast models were evaluated with five groups, composed of nontreated Class I (n = 20), dental Class II (n = 20), skeletal Class II (n = 20), skeletal Class III (n = 20), and treated Class I (n = 20). Measurements were taken from photocopies of the upper arches. The angle formed between a line crossing the mesiopalatal and the distal-buccalcusps of the U1st M and a line traced on mid palatal junction were measured in all samples. Results: One-way variance analysis showed that dental Class II group presented great mean rotation of the 1st molar (x = 78.95°, SD = 6.19) (P < 0.05), and in 85% of the patients from this group this angle was higher than 73°. Conclusions: The skeletal Class II and skeletal Class III groups showed similar mean position of the 1st molar, presenting rotation in approximately 50% of the patients. It can be concluded that upper molar rotation occurs mainly in dental Class II patients and shows higher mesial rotation angle.