Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE DETERMINANTS OF FACULTY PATENTING BEHAVIOR : DEMOGRAPHICS OR OPPORTUNITIES ?

We examine the individual, contextual, and institutional determinants of faculty patenting behavior in a panel dataset spanning the careers of 3,884 academic life scientists. Using a combination of discrete time hazard rate models and fixed effects logistic models, we find that patenting events are preceded by a flurry of publications, even holding constant time-invariant scientific talent and the latent patentability of a scientist's research. Moreover, the magnitude of the effect of this flurry is influenced by context --such as the presence of coauthors who patent and the patent stock of the scientist's university. Whereas previous research emphasized that academic patenters are more accomplished on average than their non-patenting counterparts, our findings suggest that patenting behavior is also a function of scientific opportunities. This result has important implications for the public policy debate surrounding academic patenting. Pierre Azoulay Columbia University Graduate School of Business 3022 Broadway, Uris Hall 704 New York, NY 10027 and NBER pa2009@columbia.edu Waverly Ding University of California Haas School of Business 545 Student Services #1900 Berkeley, CA 94720 wding@haas.berkeley. edu Toby Stuart Columbia University Graduate School of Business 3022 Broadway, Uris Hall 710 New York, NY 10027 toby.stuart@columbia.edu
Standard climate models radiation codes underestimate black carbon radiative forcing

Abstract. Radiative forcing (RF) of black carbon (BC) in the atmosphere is estimated using radiative transfer codes of various complexities. Here we show that the two-stream radiative transfer codes used most in climate models give too strong forward scattering, leading to enhanced absorption at the surface and too weak absorption by BC in the atmosphere. Such calculations are found to underestimate the positive RF of BC by 10% for global mean, all sky conditions, relative to the more sophisticated multi-stream models. The underestimation occurs primarily for low surface albedo, even though BC is more efficient for absorption of solar radiation over high surface albedo.
Simple heuristics in sports

How do people make decisions under conditions of limited knowledge, time, and cognitive capacity in real-life situations such as sports? In this review I will introduce the concept of simple heuristics – rules of thumb that are based on the building blocks of decision making: how to search for information, stop information search, and decide quickly and accurately – and how they can help us understand the decisions made by athletes, coaches, referees, managers, and fans in tasks involving high uncertainty, such as predicting tournament outcomes, allocating balls to teammates, or determining when to buy or sell a talented player. I will present an ‘adaptive toolbox’ of such heuristics, that is, a collection of strategies that work effectively in specific environments. Additional building blocks will be added to explain motor behavior itself, which is central to many sport applications. Finally, principles for studying the use of simple heuristics by people involved in sports will be presented to guide future applications.
Understanding top-level ontological distinctions

The main goal of this paper is to present a systematic methodology for selecting general ontological categories to be used for multiple practical purposes. After a brief overview of our basic assumptions concerning the way a useful top-level ontology should be linked to language and cognition, we present a set of primitive relations that we believe play a foundational role. On the basis of these relations, we define a few formal properties, which combined together help to understand and clarify the nature of many common ontological distinctions.
Resistance Phenotypes Mediated by Aminoacyl-Phosphatidylglycerol Synthases

ABSTRACT The specific aminoacylation of the phospholipid phosphatidylglycerol (PG) with alanine or with lysine catalyzed by aminoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol synthases (aaPGS) was shown to render various organisms less susceptible to antibacterial agents. This study makes use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa chimeric mutant strains producing lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (L-PG) instead of the naturally occurring alanyl-phosphatidylglycerol (A-PG) to study the resulting impact on bacterial resistance. Consequences of such artificial phospholipid composition were studied in the presence of an overall of seven antimicrobials (β-lactams, a lipopeptide antibiotic, cationic antimicrobial peptides [CAMPs]) to quantitatively assess the effect of A-PG substitution (with L-PG, L-PG and A-PG, increased A-PG levels). For the employed Gram-negative P. aeruginosa model system, an exclusive charge repulsion mechanism does not explain the attenuated antimicrobial susceptibility due to PG modification. Additionally, the specificity of nine orthologous aaPGS enzymes was experimentally determined. The newly characterized protein sequences allowed for the establishment of a significant group of A-PG synthase sequences which were bioinformatically compared to the related group of L-PG synthesizing enzymes. The analysis revealed a diverse origin for the evolution of A-PG and L-PG synthases, as the specificity of an individual enzyme is not reflected in terms of a characteristic sequence motif. This finding is relevant for future development of potential aaPGS inhibitors.
Effective Reuse via Modeling, Managing and Searching of Business Process Assets

Cost and competitive pressures are forcing business organizations to reuse assets from repositories, rather than develop them from scratch. But this has been hampered by some issues that have not been addressed so far. First, there is a lack of a mechanism for the representation of business process assets as variants and versions in repositories. Second, there is no formal means to compare between different variants and versions of an asset and determine which is the best to select for reuse. Third, there is a lack of a technique to determine the extent to which a business process asset could be customized for reuse. In this paper, we address the above research issues by presenting an integrated approach for modeling, analyzing, and searching business process assets in a repository for enhancing reuse. We demonstrate our approach on a large repository of business process assets in the insurance domain.
Dimensions of Family Relationships Associated with Depressive Symptomatology in Mothers of Young Children

Although mothers of young children have a higher incidence of depressive symptomatology than do either women who are not mothers or men, very little is known about the psychological nature of this phenomenon. This study examines the way in which psychological dimensions of family relationships are associated with or contribute to this increased risk in married Caucasian mothers raising first-born children. The relationships between maternal depressive symptomatology and recollections of parental relationships during childhood, marital satisfaction, and maternal separation anxiety were examined. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that these three factors explained 35.5% of the variance in maternal depressive symptomatology. These results, in addition to significant zero-order correlations, are discussed in light of the existing psychological literature.
Robust Face Detection Based on Convolutional Neural Networks

Automatic face detection in digital video is becoming a very important research topic, due to its wide range of applications, such as security access control, model-based video coding or content-based video indexing. In this paper, we present a connectionist approach for detecting and precisely localizing semi-frontal human faces in complex images, making no assumption on the content or the lighting conditions of the scene, neither on the size, the orientation, and the appearance of the faces. Unlike other systems depending on a hand-crafted feature detection stage, followed by a feature classification stage, we propose a convolutional neural network architecture designed to recognize strongly variable face patterns directly from pixel images with no preprocessing, by automatically synthesizing its own set of feature extractors from a large training set of faces. Moreover, the use of receptive fields, shared weights and spatial subsampling in such a neural model provides some degrees of invariance to translation, rotation, scale, and deformation of the face patterns. We present in details the optimized design of our architecture and our learning strategy. Then, we present the process of face detection using this architecture. Finally, we provide experimental results to demonstrate the robustness of our approach and its capability to precisely detect extremely variable faces in uncontrolled environment.
Sample covariance matrix eigenvalues based blind SNR estimation

In this paper, a newly developed SNR estimation algorithm is presented. The new algorithm is based on the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix of the recieved signal. The presented algorithm is blind in the sense that both the noise and the signal power are unknown and estimated from the received samples. The Minimum Descriptive Length (MDL) criterion is used to split the signal and noise corresponding eigenvalues. The experimental results are judged using the Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) between the estimated and the actual SNRs. The results show that, depending on the value of the received vectors size and the number of received vectors, the NMSE is changed and down to -55 dB NMSE can be achieved for the highest used values of the system dimensionality.
Canine retraction: A systematic review of different methods used

Canine retraction is a very important step in treatment of patients with crowding, or first premolar extraction cases. In severe crowding cases until, the canines have been distilized to relive the crowding, space to correctly align the incisors will not be available. Correct positioning of the canines after retraction is of great importance for the function, stability, and esthetics. The aim of this systematic review was to examine, in an evidence-based way, which kinds of canine retraction methods/techniques are most effective and which have the least side effects. A literature survey was performed by applying the Medline Database (Entrez PubMed) and Science Direct database covering the period from 1985 to 2014, to find out efficient ways to accomplish canine retraction. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective and retrospective controlled studies, and clinical trials were included. Two reviewers selected and extracted the data independently and assessed the quality of the retrieved studies. The search strategy resulted in 324 articles, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. Due to the vast heterogeneity in study methods, the scientific evidence was too weak to evaluate retraction efficiency during space closure. The data so far reviewed proved that elastomeric power chains, elastic threads, magnets, NiTi coil springs, corticotomies, distraction osteogenesis, and laser therapy, all are able to provide optimum rate of tooth movements. All the methods were nearly similar to each other for retraction of canines Most of the techniques lead to anchorage loss in various amounts depending on the methods used. Most of the studies had serious problems with small sample size, confounding factors, lack of method error analysis, and no blinding in measurements. To obtain reliable scientific evidence, controlled RCT′s with sufficient sample sizes are needed to determine which method/technique is the most effective in the respective retraction situation. Further studies should also consider patient acceptance and cost analysis as well as implants and minor surgeries for canine retraction.
Moving From College Aspiration to Attainment: Learning From One College Access Program

Using data from a survey of 75 parents and high school students who were eligible for a college access program, this article examines parents’ and students’ college aspirations and their confidence in fulfilling that goal. The authors argue that pre-college preparation programs can benefit from the non-economic forms of capital that these families undoubtedly have. Moreover, students’ and their parents’ confidence in college aspirations are often situated in deeply-rooted beliefs in the ultimate benefits of education for individual, familial, and communal uplift. Understanding the valuable role of social and cultural capital in the college goals of first-generation and low-income youth will help college preparation programs build stronger partnerships with their students and families as they help them move from college aspirations to attainment.
β-1,3-Glucanase from Delftia tsuruhatensis Strain MV01 and Its Potential Application in Vinification

ABSTRACT During vinification microbial activities can spoil wine quality. As the wine-related lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus parvulus is able to produce slimes consisting of a β-1,3-glucan, must and wine filtration can be difficult or impossible. In addition, the metabolic activities of several wild-type yeasts can also negatively affect wine quality. Therefore, there is a need for measures to degrade the exopolysaccharide from Pediococcus parvulus and to inhibit the growth of certain yeasts. We examined an extracellular β-1,3-glucanase from Delftia tsuruhatensis strain MV01 with regard to its ability to hydrolyze both polymers, the β-1,3-glucan from Pediococcus and that from yeast cell walls. The 29-kDa glycolytic enzyme was purified to homogeneity. It exhibited an optimal activity at 50°C and pH 4.0. The sequencing of the N terminus revealed significant similarities to β-1,3-glucanases from different bacteria. In addition, the investigations indicated that this hydrolytic enzyme is still active under wine-relevant parameters such as elevated ethanol, sulfite, and phenol concentrations as well as at low pH values. Therefore, the characterized enzyme seems to be a useful tool to prevent slime production and undesirable yeast growth during vinification.
The Effects of Mothers' Depression on the Behavioral Assessment of Disruptive Child Behavior

ABSTRACT Assessment issues with families of disruptive children ages 3 to 8 years, and depressed mothers are of significant clinical and research importance. Given the long-term deleterious effects that parenting styles of depressed mothers may have on children, and given that interventions for families with disruptive children frequently include behavioral family therapy, clinical assessment should include some evaluation of how parenting is related to the behavior of children of depressed mothers. Previous observational studies of depressed mothers and their disruptive children have failed to identify behavioral differences between these families and families of similarly disruptive children whose mothers are not depressed. This failure to identify differences presents a conundrum for clinicians: a widely reported parenting style, with well-reported child behavior sequelae has not yet been linked with identified moment-to moment interactions between mother and child. This paper investigates some characteristics of families with disruptive children and depressed mothers, and compares the observed behaviors of disruptive children of depressed and non-depressed mothers. Fifty mother-child dyads: 14 depressed mothers with disruptive children, 17 non-depressed mothers with disruptive children, and 19 non-problem controls participated. Differences observed suggest that, while children of depressed mothers employed a similar range of disruptive behaviors to other disruptive children, the density of those behaviors differed. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Molecular Analysis of Human and Canine Staphylococcus aureus Strains Reveals Distinct Extended-Host-Spectrum Genotypes Independent of Their Methicillin Resistance

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of infectious diseases in humans and various animal species. Although presumptive host-specific factors have been reported, certain genetic lineages seem to lack specific host tropism, infecting a broad range of hosts. Such Extended-Host-Spectrum Genotypes (EHSGs) have been described in canine infections, caused by common regional human methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) lineages. However, information is scarce about the occurrence of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) EHSGs. To gain deeper insight into EHSG MSSA and EHSG MRSA of human and canine origin, a comparative molecular study was carried out, including a convenience sample of 120 current S. aureus (70 MRSA and 50 MSSA) isolates obtained from infected dogs. spa typing revealed 48 different spa types belonging to 16 different multilocus sequence typing clonal complexes (MLST-CCs). Based on these results, we further compared a subset of canine (n = 48) and human (n = 14) strains, including isolates of clonal complexes CC5, CC22, CC8, CC398, CC15, CC45, and CC30 by macrorestriction (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE]) and DNA-microarray analysis. None of the methods employed was able to differentiate between clusters of human and canine strains independently of their methicillin resistance. In contrast, DNA-microarray analysis revealed 79% of the 48 canine isolates as carriers of the bacteriophage-encoded human-specific immune evasion cluster (IEC). In conclusion, the high degree of similarity between human and canine S. aureus strains regardless of whether they are MRSA or MSSA envisions the existence of common genetic traits that enable these strains as EHSGs, challenging the concept of resistance-driven spillover of MRSA.
Fear, Social Interactions, and Violence Mitigation

The fear of crime is generally considered as a social ill that undermines dimensions of individual well-being. Prior research generally specifies the fear of crime as an outcome variable in order to understand its complex etiology. More recently, however, researchers have suggested fear has a deterrence function whereby it reduces individuals’ involvement in violent encounters. This notion could hold important clues to understand the social sources of violence. We examine whether the fear of crime inhibits involvement in violent encounters, both as offender or victim, and if adjustments in routine activities explain these effects. The results suggest fear of crime reduces violence involvement, in part, by constraining routine activities. We conclude that the fear of crime appears to be a mechanism of violence mitigation that, paradoxically, bolsters physical well-being. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for criminological theory and research on interpersonal violence.
Adolescent-Parent Conflict among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong.

Adolescent-parent conflict was examined in 120 lower-class Chinese early, mid-, and late adolescents in Hong Kong. Individually interviewed adolescents described actual family conflicts, rated their frequency and intensity, justified their own and their parents' perspective on disputes, described how conflicts were resolved, and rated their parents' parenting styles. Conflicts were primarily with mothers, of moderate frequency and severity, and occurred over everyday issues. Chinese adolescents reasoned about conflicts primarily in terms of personal jurisdiction; personal reasoning decreased with age and was more frequent among males than females. Parents' reasoning was seen as primarily pragmatic. Adolescents wanted greater autonomy in decision making than their parents granted them, but parents' views prevailed less with age. Chinese parents were described as relatively warm and controlling; greater parental control and lower warmth were significantly related to conflict frequency and intensity. The findings are seen as reflecting autonomy development in a different cultural context.
Obedience and autonomy: Religion and parental values reconsidered.

A long research tradition examines the relationships between religion and parental values, defines broadly as the traits that adults find most desirable in children. Two such traits have been of particular interest: obedience and intellectual autonomy. The authors argue that contemporary Conservative Protestants are prone to endorse authoritarian parenting orientations disproportionately -that is, to value obedience at the expense of autonomy. In addition, they hypothesize that Catholics tend to embrace more authoritarian child-rearing values than do non-Conservative Protestants and other Americans
Nonveridical visual direction produced by monocular viewing

We examined the nonveridicality of visual direction produced by monocularviewing. In Experiment 1,19 subjects pointed to a small light and moved a smalllight to their subjective median plane. The extent of constant error under mon-ocular and binocular viewing conditions differed in both tasks (p < .001). Themonocular-binocular difference was larger when the viewing distance was 25 cmthan when it was 50 cm (p < .01). Also, correlations between phoria and mon-ocular-binocular differences ranged from . 58 to . 77, depending on viewing dis-tances and tasks. The effects of phoria within the context of Hering's principleof visual direction can account for these results. In Experiment 2, the samesubjects adapted to phoria-induced error by placing a finger over a monocularlyviewed target. The difference in their pointing responses before and after thetask were reliable (p < .005), and the correlations between phoria and the pre-to posttest differences were . 45 or . 77, depending on the number of adaptationtrials. We argue that all monocular experiments dealing with visual directionshould control for these effects.
Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases Contribute to Sex-Related Differences in Clearance of Zolpidem in Rats

Objectives: The recommended zolpidem starting dose was lowered in females (5 mg vs. 10 mg) since side effects were more frequent and severe than those of males; the mechanism underlying sex differences in pharmacokinetics (PK) is unknown. We hypothesized that such differences were caused by known sex-related variability in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) expression. Methods: Male, female, and castrated male rats were administered 2.6 mg/kg zolpidem, ± disulfiram (ADH/ALDH pathway inhibitor) to compare PK changes induced by sex and gonadal hormones. PK analyses were conducted in rat plasma and rat brain. Key findings: Sex differences in PK were evident: females had a higher CMAX (112.4 vs. 68.1 ug/L) and AUC (537.8 vs. 231.8 h∗ug/L) than uncastrated males. Castration induced an earlier TMAX (0.25 vs. 1 h), greater CMAX (109.1 vs. 68.1 ug/L), and a corresponding AUC increase (339.7 vs. 231.8 h∗ug/L). Administration of disulfiram caused more drastic CMAX and TMAX changes in male vs. female rats that mirrored the effects of castration on first-pass metabolism, suggesting that the observed PK differences may be caused by ADH/ALDH expression. Brain concentrations paralleled plasma concentrations. Conclusion: These findings indicate that sex differences in zolpidem PK are influenced by variation in the expression of ADH/ALDH due to gonadal androgens.
Safety of central venous catheter placement at diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children

Central venous catheters (CVC) facilitate the management of patients with cancer. Optimal timing for placement of a CVC is controversial. We sought to determine whether early placement in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a group at high risk for infection and thrombosis, was associated with an increased rate of surgical complications.