Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contextual Cueing: Implicit Learning and Memory of Visual Context Guides Spatial Attention

Global context plays an important, but poorly understood, role in visual tasks. This study demonstrates that a robust memory for visual context exists to guide spatial attention. Global context was operationalized as the spatial layout of objects in visual search displays. Half of the configurations were repeated across blocks throughout the entire session, and targets appeared within consistent locations in these arrays. Targets appearing in learned configurations were detected more quickly. This newly discovered form of search facilitation is termed contextual cueing. Contextual cueing is driven by incidentally learned associations between spatial configurations (context) and target locations. This benefit was obtained despite chance performance for recognizing the configurations, suggesting that the memory for context was implicit. The results show how implicit learning and memory of visual context can guide spatial attention towards task-relevant aspects of a scene.
Genetic evidence that two independent S-loci control RNase-based self-incompatibility in diploid strawberry

The self-incompatibility mechanism that reduces inbreeding in many plants of the Rosaceae is attributed to a multi-allelic S locus which, in the Prunoideae and Maloideae subfamilies, comprises two complementary genes, a stylar-expressed S-RNase and a pollen-expressed SFB. To elucidate incompatibility in the subfamily Rosoideae, stylar-specific RNases and self-(in)compatibility status were analysed in various diploid strawberries, especially Fragaria nubicola and F. viridis, both self-incompatible, and F. vesca, self-compatible, and in various progenies derived from them. Unexpectedly, two unlinked RNase loci, S and T, were found, encoding peptides distinct from Prunoideae and Maloideae S-RNases; the presence of a single active allele at either is sufficient to confer self-incompatibility. By contrast, in diploid Maloideae and Prunoideae a single locus encodes S-RNases that share several conserved regions and two active alleles are required for self-incompatibility. Our evidence implicates the S locus in unilateral inter-specific incompatibility and shows that S and T RNases can, remarkably, confer not only allele-specific rejection of cognate pollen but also unspecific rejection of Sn Tn pollen, where n indicates a null allele, consistent with the the presence of the pollen component, SFB, activating the cognitive function of these RNases. Comparison of relevant linkage groups between Fragaria and Prunus suggests that Prunus S-RNases, unique in having two introns, may have resulted from gene conversion in an ancestor of Prunus. In addition, it is shown that there is a non-S locus that is essential for self-incompatibility in diploid Fragaria.
Bankruptcy: Is it Enough to Forgive or Must We Also Forget?

In many countries, lenders are restricted in their access to information about borrowers' past defaults. The authors study this provision in a model of repeated borrowing and lending with moral hazard and adverse selection. They analyze its effects on borrowers' incentives and access to credit, and identify conditions under which it is optimal. The authors argue that “forgetting” must be the outcome of a regulatory intervention by the government. Their model's predictions are consistent with the cross-country relationship between credit bureau regulations and the provision of credit, as well as the evidence on the impact of these regulations on borrowers' and lenders' behavior.
Lack of chemopreventive effects of P2X7R inhibitors against pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an almost uniformly lethal disease with inflammation playing an important role in its progression. Sustained stimulation of purinergic receptor P2X7 drives induction of NLRP inflammasome activation. To understand the role of P2X7 receptor and inflammasome, we performed transcriptomic analysis of p48Cre/+-LSL-KrasG12D/+ mice pancreatic tumors by next generation sequencing. Results showed that P2X7R's key inflammasome components, IL-1β and caspase-1 are highly expressed (p < 0.05) in pancreatic tumors. Hence, to target P2X7R, we tested effects of two P2X7R antagonists, A438079 and AZ10606120, on pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) and their progression to PC in p48Cre/+-LSL-KrasG12D/+ mice. Following dose optimization studies, for chemoprevention efficacy, six-week-old p48Cre/+-LSL-KrasG12D/+ mice (24–36/group) were fed modified AIN-76A diets containing 0, 50 or 100 ppm A438079 and AZ10606120 for 38 weeks. Pancreata were collected, weighed, and evaluated for PanINs and PDAC. Control diet-fed male mice showed 50% PDAC incidence. Dietary A438079 and AZ10606120 showed 60% PDAC incidence. A marginal increase of PanIN 3 (carcinoma in-situ) was observed in drug-treated mice. Importantly, the carcinoma spread in untreated mice was 24% compared to 43–53% in treatment groups. Reduced survival rates were observed in mice exposed to P2X7R inhibitors. Both drugs showed a decrease in caspase-3, caspase-1, p21 and Cdc25c. Dietary A438079 showed modest inhibition of P2X7R, NLRP3, and IL-33, whereas AZ10606120 had no effects. In summary, targeting the P2X7R pathway by A438079 and AZ10606120 failed to show chemopreventive effects against PC and slightly enhanced PanIN progression to PDAC. Hence, caution is needed while treating high-risk individuals with P2X7R inhibitors.
Compound Nerve Action Potential of Common Peroneal Nerve and Sural Nerve Action Potential in Common Peroneal Neuropathy

To enhance the accuracy for determining the precise localization, the findings of the compound nerve action potentials (CNAPs) of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) were investigated in patients with common peroneal mononeuropathy (CPM) in the knee, and the sural sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) were also analyzed. Twenty-five patients with CPM in the knee were retrospectively reviewed. The findings of the CNAPs of the CPN recorded at the fibular neck and the sural SNAPs were analyzed. The lesion was localized at the fibular head (abnormal CNAPs) and at or distal to the fibular head (normal CNAPs). Seven patients were diagnosed as having a lesion at or distal to the fibular neck, and 18 cases were diagnosed as having a fibular head lesion. The sural SNAPs were normal in all the cases of lesion at or distal to the fibular neck. Among 18 cases of fibular head lesion, the sural SNAPs were normal in 7 patients: two cases of conduction block and 5 cases of mild axon loss. Eleven patients showed abnormal sural SNAPs. Of those, 9 cases were severe axon loss lesions and 2 patients were diagnosed as having severe axon loss with conduction block. The recording of the CNAPs may enhance precise localization of CPM in the knee. Moreover, the sural SNAPs could be affected by severe axonal lesion at the fibular head.
Multiple Regression

The objective of this study was to identify the impact of technological development on the growth of the manufacturing sector in the KSA during the period )1995-2022(, and in order to discover the aspects of the relationships between the variables, a Multiple Linear Regression Analysis model was used, and a number of tests to express the relationship between growth in the manufacturing sector as a dependent variable, and the related independent variables, which were selected based on previous studies and the researcher‘s judgments, represented in: spending on technological development, labor force, number of factories, and the value of manufacturing exports. By testing the hypotheses that were identified, the general trend of the variables was identified through the statistical program E-views. As expected, the results showed a direct relationship between the dependent variable and both the value of manufacturing exports and spending on technological development, while the results showed -contrary to what was expected-a direct relationship between the dependent variable and both the labor force and the number of factories. The study recommends a number of recommendations, It is represented in making awareness efforts for small and medium-sized enterprises in the process of selecting the appropriate technological technology in the production process, which enhances the efficiency of the outputs, providing the appropriate environment for investors in the technological field and the industrial field to achieve a competitive advantage over the rest of the industrialized countries, paying attention to manufacturing industries and their exports to reduce dependence on Oil revenues, conducting more studies related to technological development and its impact on the industrial sector in the KSA.
The Coding Causes of Death in HIV (CoDe) Project: Initial Results and Evaluation of Methodology

Background: The Coding Causes of Death in HIV (CoDe) Project aims to deliver a standardized method for coding the underlying cause of death in HIV-positive persons, suitable for clinical trials and epidemiologic studies. Methods: The project incorporates detailed data collection, a classification system, and a centralized adjudication process performed by 2 independent reviewers. The methodology was tested in the Data Collection on Adverse events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study, and independent reviews of causes of death were compared. Logistic regression models identified factors associated with initial agreement by reviewers on underlying cause of death. Results: A total of 491 reported fatal cases were adjudicated; in only 5% of cases the cause of death remained undetermined after adjudication. Reviewers initially agreed on the underlying cause for 339 (69%) deaths. As compared with deaths due to AIDS-related causes, the odds of agreement were more than 80% lower when deaths were ultimately deemed to be due to non-AIDS-related causes (odds ratio = 0.17 [95% confidence interval = 0.08–0.37]) or undetermined causes (0.11 [0.04–0.36]). The odds of initial agreement were also lower for deaths occurring in subjects with hypertension (0.43 [0.22–0.85]) and depression (0.43 [0.23–0.80]). Conclusions: The extent and format of data collected in the CoDe Project appear to be sufficient for an informed review, and the proposed coding scheme is adequate for obtaining an underlying cause of death.
ragged seedling2 Encodes an ARGONAUTE7-Like Protein Required for Mediolateral Expansion, but Not Dorsiventrality, of Maize Leaves[C][W]

This work identifies ragged seedling2 as a maize homolog of Arabidopsis argonaute7 and focuses on the role of small RNA molecules in establishing leaf polarity. Leaves arise from the flank of the shoot apical meristem and are asymmetrical along the adaxial/abaxial plane from inception. Mutations perturbing dorsiventral cell fate acquisition in a variety of species can result in unifacial (radially symmetrical) leaves lacking adaxial/abaxial polarity. However, mutations in maize (Zea mays) ragged seedling2 (rgd2) condition cylindrical leaves that maintain dorsiventral polarity. Positional cloning reveals that rgd2 encodes an ARGONAUTE7 (AGO7)-like protein required to produce ta-siARF, a trans-acting small interfering RNA that targets abaxially located auxin response factor3a (arf3a) transcripts for degradation. Previous studies implicated ta-siARF in dorsiventral patterning of monocot leaves. Here, we show that arf3a transcripts hyperaccumulate but remain abaxialized in rgd2 mutant apices, revealing that ta-siARF function is not required for arf3a polarization. RGD2 also regulates miR390 accumulation and localization in maize shoot apices. Similar to the abaxialized maize mutant leafbladeless1 (lbl1), rgd2 mutants exhibit ectopic accumulation of the abaxial identity factor miR166 in adaxial domains. Thus, hyperaccumulation of arf3a and ectopic accumulation of miR166 are insufficient to condition abaxialized leaf phenotypes in maize. Finally, transcripts of a maize ago1 paralog overaccumulate in lbl1 but not in rgd2 mutants, suggesting that upregulation of ago1 combined with ectopic accumulation of miR166 contribute to abaxialized leaf formation in lbl1. We present a revised model for the role of small RNAs in dorsiventral patterning of maize leaves.
Cathepsin G can be responsible for von Willebrand factor degradation in whole blood during storage

SIR, The in v i m lability of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (vWF) in a majority of its commercial prepara, tions is well established. Much less is known about SIR, the fate of vWF in whole blood during storage. Recently, Farrugia et al. (1993) reported the stabilization of vWF in banked blood by leukocyte depletion. According to the authors, proteolysis mediated by the enzymes released from leukocytes should be taken into consideration as a likely reason for the reported loss of activity and degradation of high-molecularweight vWF multimers. Studying the influence of leukocytic proteinases on vWF in cryoprecipitate (Jelenska et al., 1990) we found that cathepsin G is more effective in the degradation of vWF multimers and the decline of ristocetin co-factor activity than human neutrophil elastase (HNE). Moreover, the addition of fibrinogen prevented the degradation of vWF induced by HNE, but not by cathepsin G in the purified factor VIII/vWF concentrate (Jelehska et al., 1991). Similarly, Turtington (1991) found that factor X coagulant activity was much more sensitive to cathepsin G than to HNF degradation in the plasma medium. Recently, we compared the degradation of vWF multimers in human plasma by leukocytic enzymes (purified as described by Kopek et al., 1980) in the presence of different concentrations of a I -proteinase inhibitor (a I -PI), which is well known to inactivate efficiently not only HNE but cathepsin G as well (Carrel, 1986). Plasma of two patients with the congenital deficiencies of a l -PI (10mg% and 33 mg%) and plasma from healthy blood donors (alPI< 250mgY0) were incubated with cathepsin G or HNE (Fig. I). In normal plasma (not shown) both HNE and cathepsin G did not change vWF multimeric pattern. However, Fig. 1 clearly indicates that the degradation by cathepsin G of vWF multimers is much more efficient than by HNE in both al-PIdeficient plasma samples. Threefold higher enzyme concentrations were required for the degradation of vWF multimers in the patient B plasma (less severe
STEROID: in silico heuristic target combination identification for disease-related signaling networks

Given a signaling network, the target combination identification problem aims to predict efficacious and safe target combinations for treatment of a disease. State-of-the-art in silico methods use Monte Carlo simulated annealing (mcsa) to modify a candidate solution stochastically, and use the Metropolis criterion to accept or reject the proposed modifications. However, such stochastic modifications ignore the impact of the choice of targets and their activities on the combination's therapeutic effect and off-target effects which directly affect the solution quality. In this paper, we present Steroid, a novel method that addresses this limitation by leveraging two additional heuristic criteria to minimize off-target effects and achieve synergy for candidate modification. Specifically, off-target effects measure the unintended response of a signaling network to the target combination and is generally associated with toxicity. Synergy occurs when a pair of targets exerts effects that are greater than the sum of their individual effects, and is generally a beneficial strategy for maximizing effect while minimizing toxicity. Our empirical study on the cancer-related mapk-pi3k network demonstrates the superiority of Steroid in comparison to mcsa-based approaches. Specifically, Steroid is an order of magnitude faster and yet yields biologically relevant synergistic target combinations with significantly lower off-target effects.
HLA class I and II antigen phenotypes of North American Indians from Minnesota: implications for marrow transplants using unrelated donors

As a result of an appeal for a bone marrow donor for a North American Indian (Native American) patient, 261 Native Americans from our community were typed for HLA‐A,B,DR antigens, and 51 were typed for HLA‐A,B antigens only. The HLA antigen frequencies of the Native Americans were compared with those of 12,881 white bone marrow donors and were found to differ markedly. To investigate the implications these differences in HLA antigen frequencies would have for the location of unrelated bone marrow donors, the HLA types of 12 Native American bone marrow transplant patients from our institution were used to search among 5389 HLA‐A,B,DR‐typed white donors in the National Marrow Donor Program file and the file of 261 HLA‐A,B,DR‐typed Native American donors. In the white donor file, at least two donors were found that matched at all HLA‐A,B,DR antigen loci of one Native American patient (8%). Using the Native American donor file, which was less than one‐twentieth the size of the white donor file, an HLA‐A,B,DR‐matched donor was also found for one (8%) of the patients. These results suggest that although donors for nonwhites can be identified in a file of HLA‐typed white volunteers, the probability of finding a suitably matched donor for such individuals is enhanced if donors representing racial or ethnic minorities are included in unrelated donor registries.
Effective spam classification based on meta-heuristics

Using machine learning techniques such as naive Bayes, decision trees and support vector machines to automatically filter out spam e-mails has drawn many researchers' attention. Previous methods use keywords contained in e-mails to extract binary features from the corpus. However, since keywords of e-mails change from time to time, the performance of keyword-based solution is not stable. In this study, we use behaviors of spammers as the features for classifying e-mails. Such behaviors are first described by meta-heuristics and used as features of e-mails for classification. A total of 113 new features are extracted from the given meta-heuristics. Using existing machine learning techniques, the filtering performance is much better than that using keyword-based filtering. In addition, the training time is substantially reduced because of the low dimensional feature space and sparse feature vectors.
Mild Intraoperative Hypothermia Reduces Production of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Mild hypothermia directly impairs numerous immune functions in vitro.However, the in vivo effects of mild hypothermia on neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative killing remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that mild intraoperative hypothermia decreases neutrophil phagocytic capacity and generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (a measure of oxidative killing). Additionally, we evaluated the effects of in vitro temperature manipulations on each function. Thermal management was randomly assigned in 10 surgical patients, causing intraoperative core temperatures to range from 33 to 37 degrees C. Production of reactive oxygen intermediates and neutrophil phagocytosis were evaluated using flow cytometry at ambient temperature. Phagocytic capacity was assessed by uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Escherichia coli. Reactive oxygen production was estimated by the intracellular conversion of dihydrorhodamine 123 to rhodamine 123. Blood samples were obtained preoperatively, 1 h after surgery started, and 2 h postoperatively. Blood was also obtained from 10 matched control subjects and tested at 32, 37, and 40 degrees C. Neutrophil oxidative and phagocytic capacities were significantly reduced intraoperatively, compared with preoperative and postoperative values. Intraoperative production of reactive oxygen species was linearly related to core temperature. In contrast, there was no correlation between core temperature and phagocytic activity. In vitro production of reactive oxygen intermediates increased sixfold from 32 to 40 degrees C. In vitro phagocytic capacity increased fourfold in this temperature range. Production of oxidative intermediates was most closely related to intraoperative core temperature, decreasing nearly fourfold over a 4 degrees C range. This in vivo temperature dependence was matched in vitro. Impaired neutrophil oxidative killing may contribute to the observed hypothermia-induced reduction in resistance to infection. (Anesth Analg 1996;82:810-6)
Crystal Structure of the Complex mAb 17.2 and the C-Terminal Region of Trypanosoma cruzi P2β Protein: Implications in Cross-Reactivity

Patients with Chronic Chagas' Heart Disease possess high levels of antibodies against the carboxyl-terminal end of the ribosomal P2ß protein of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcP2ß). These antibodies, as well as the murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 17.2, recognize the last 13 amino acids of TcP2ß (called the R13 epitope: EEEDDDMGFGLFD) and are able to cross-react with, and stimulate, the ß1 adrenergic receptor (ß1-AR). Indeed, the mAb 17.2 was able to specifically detect human β1-AR, stably transfected into HEK cells, by flow cytometry and to induce repolarisation abnormalities and first degree atrioventricular conduction block after passive transfer to naïve mice. To study the structural basis of this cross-reactivity, we determined the crystal structure of the Fab region of the mAb 17.2 alone at 2.31 Å resolution and in complex with the R13 peptide at 1.89 Å resolution. We identified as key contact residues on R13 peptide Glu3, Asp6 and Phe9 as was previously shown by alanine scanning. Additionally, we generated a model of human β1-AR to elucidate the interaction with anti-R13 antibodies. These data provide an understanding of the molecular basis of cross-reactive antibodies induced by chronic infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.
An End-to-End Measurement of Certificate Revocation in the Web's PKI

Critical to the security of any public key infrastructure (PKI) is the ability to revoke previously issued certificates. While the overall SSL ecosystem is well-studied, the frequency with which certificates are revoked and the circumstances under which clients (e.g., browsers) check whether certificates are revoked are still not well-understood. In this paper, we take a close look at certificate revocations in the Web's PKI. Using 74 full IPv4 HTTPS scans, we find that a surprisingly large fraction (8%) of the certificates served have been revoked, and that obtaining certificate revocation information can often be expensive in terms of latency and bandwidth for clients. We then study the revocation checking behavior of 30 different combinations of web browsers and operating systems; we find that browsers often do not bother to check whether certificates are revoked (including mobile browsers, which uniformly never check). We also examine the CRLSet infrastructure built into Google Chrome for disseminating revocations; we find that CRLSet only covers 0.35% of all revocations. Overall, our results paint a bleak picture of the ability to effectively revoke certificates today.