Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Examination of Fifth- and Eighth-Grade Children's Question-Answering Behavior: An Instructional Study in Metacognition

While it may be obvious that one's ability to answer a question is dependent upon the knowledge one possesses relative to the question's topic, less obvious, but equally important, is one's ability to access appropriate information sources in search of a correct answer. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a ten-week program designed to heighten fifth- and eighth-grade students' awareness of information explicitly stated in text, information implied by text, and information found only in the individual's knowledge base. In addition, the relative usefulness of prompting students to think of these three relationships between questions and sources of information was examined. Results indicated that while the training program was effective at both the fifth and eighth grades, the eighth-grade students benefitted as much from a 10-minute orientation to the concepts. Prompting students to use their knowledge of question-answer relationships was helpful in the fifth grade, but disruptive in the eighth.
Are Immigrants Healthier? The Case of Depression among Filipino Americans

Immigration has fundamentally changed American society by increasing racial and ethnic diversity. Yet, our knowledge of the relationship between immigrant status and mental health remains limited. This study provides evidence that Filipino American immigrants have significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms than Filipinos born in the United States, net of gender, age, marital status, socioeconomic status, and place of residence. I also examine the mediating effects of individualism, collectivism, ethnic identification, and perceived racial/ethnic discrimination to understand why immigrants are healthier. Furthermore, my results suggest that age at immigration warrants more attention. Immigrating during childhood predicts significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms in adulthood than immigrating after childhood, independent of the duration of residence in the United States. Although this study is specific to Filipino Americans, it has implications for theories about selective migration and the social psychological ramifications of adapting to American culture as a racial/ethnic minority.
Attachment to Pet Dogs and Depression in Rural Older Adults

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to learn more about the relationship between pet attachment, the ability to care for a pet, and depression in older adults. One hundred and seventeen Caucasian, older, adult dog owners in rural, south-central Pennsylvania were recruited using non-random sampling methods through veterinary offices and dog grooming salons in south-central Pennsylvania, USA. They completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire, which was returned by mail. Half of the respondents were female, 74% were married, and 27% were employed. Attachment to pet dogs was measured by the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale. Regression analysis revealed that higher levels of pet attachment and widowhood were associated with higher levels of depression, and the ability to care for the dog and satisfaction with human relationships were associated with lower levels of depression. Higher levels of pet attachment may indicate that the pet plays a central role in the older adult's life and may substitute for human companionship.
Dystrophin as a diagnostic marker in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. Correlation of immunofluorescence and western blot.

Dystrophin is the gene product of the Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophy gene locus on the short arm of the X chromosome. Complete lack of dystrophin is pathognomonic for DMD and variable changes of the molecule may be observed in the milder allelic form of BMD. In the present study the two methods available for dystrophin assessment, immunofluorescence detections on cryosections (IF) and Western blotting (WB) were systematically compared using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to various regions along the dystrophin molecule. A total of 95 patients with DMD or BMD were investigated including two female patients. Dystrophin assessment revealed abnormal abundance and/or distribution in all 95 patients with DMD or BMD. Only trace amounts of dystrophin were detected in 29% of the DMD patients and complete lack of dystrophin was found in 71%. In two females with DMD but with normal karyotype single dystrophin-positive fibres were found among more than 90% negative fibres. Out of 26 patients with BMD 19 (73%) had a dystrophin molecule of abnormal molecular weight. The results of IF were largely compatible with those from WB but differences were also observed, e.g. one barely symptomatic BMD patient with dystrophin of increased molecular weight showed normal IF. Out of four carriers of BMD three showed evidence of reduced dystrophin immunostaining in some muscle fibres. In 20 other patients limb girdle muscualar dystrophy with "Duchenne-like" or "Becker-like" phenotype was suspected because dystrophin showed normal abundance and distribution. Focal discontinuity of muscle cell-surface dystrophin staining was observed in one patient with a congenital, autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy and in one out of five patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. The study emphasizes the need for, and value of, dystrophin assessment in every case of suspected BMD or DMD.
Notch gain of function in mouse periocular mesenchyme downregulates FoxL2 and impairs eyelid levator muscle formation, leading to congenital blepharophimosis

Notch signaling is pivotal for the morphogenesis and homeostasis of many tissues. We found that aberrant Notch activation in mouse neural-crest-derived periocular mesenchymal cells (POMCs), which contribute to the formation of corneal and eyelid stroma, results in blepharophimosis. Compound transgenic mice overexpressing the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1-ICD) in POMCs (POMCN1-ICD) showed relatively minor effects on the cornea, but increased cell apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation during eyelid morphogenesis. Eyelid closure at E15.5 and eyelid formation at birth were incomplete. In further analyses, overexpression of N1-ICD impaired eyelid levator smooth muscle formation by downregulating the transcription factor FoxL2. This is similar to the effect of haploinsufficiency of FOXL2 in humans, which results in type II BPES (blepharophimosis, ptosis and epicanthus inversus syndrome). In vitro studies showed that FoxL2 expression is augmented by a low dose of N1-ICD but was downregulated by a high dose, depending on the extent of Hes-1 and Hey-1 activation. Moreover, transfection of CMV-FoxL2 enhanced α-SMA promoter activity. These data strongly imply that a physiologically low level of Notch1 is crucial for proper FoxL2 expression in POMCs, which is, in turn, essential for Müeller muscle formation and normal eyelid development.
Strategy Matters: The Contingent Value of Social Capital in the Survival of Local Social Movement Organizations

Social capital plays a central role in facilitating the mobilization of social movement organizations (SMOs). Do the initial mobilization advantages of social capital persist, however, as movement organizations evolve? And do the strategies pursued by social movement organizations affect these advantages? We investigate these questions through a broad empirical analysis of factors affecting the short-term persistence of local chapters of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). Reasoning that multiple forms of social capital would each have a positive impact on survival, we assess the independent effect of several indicators of social capital with mixed results. Consistent with prior research, we find that access to patronage at founding and a greater stock of weak ties in the community confer survival advantages. Yet SMOs that emerged from preexisting groups and those with leaders previously tied to one another through civic engagement were less likely to persist, raising a first cautionary flag about the generality of advantages of resource co-optation and "bloc recruitment. " The effect of preexisting, strong ties among group leaders varies by how much emphasis the group placed on victim aid activities. Those ties conferred expected survival advantages on groups that did not strongly emphasize victim aid activities. The implications of these results are discussed.
A RAD Tag Derived Marker Based Eggplant Linkage Map and the Location of QTLs Determining Anthocyanin Pigmentation

Both inter- and intra-specific maps have been developed in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The former benefit from an enhanced frequency of marker polymorphism, but their relevance to marker-assisted crop breeding is limited. Combining the restriction-site associated DNA strategy with high throughput sequencing has facilitated the discovery of a large number of functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers discriminating between the two eggplant mapping population parental lines ‘305E40’ and ‘67/3’. A set of 347 de novo SNPs, together with 84 anchoring markers, were applied to the F2 mapping population bred from the cross ‘305E40’ x ‘67/3’ to construct a linkage map. In all, 415 of the 431 markers were assembled into twelve major and one minor linkage group, spanning 1,390 cM, and the inclusion of established markers allowed each linkage group to be assigned to one of the 12 eggplant chromosomes. The map was then used to discover the genetic basis of seven traits associated with anthocyanin content. Each of the traits proved to be controlled by between one and six quantitative trait loci (QTL), of which at least one was a major QTL. Exploitation of syntenic relationships between the eggplant and tomato genomes facilitated the identification of potential candidate genes for the eggplant QTLs related to anthocyanin accumulation. The intra-specific linkage map should have utility for elucidating the genetic basis of other phenotypic traits in eggplant.
Essay: Re-engaging Planning Theory? Towards ‘South-Eastern’ Perspectives

Yes, this is what they did to Tallinn . in a city where about 50 percent of the population is Russian, they simply removed all Russian signs, billboards, street names and Russian sounding businesses . Russian is not an official language, so we cannot use it in planning discussions and city government . we are wiped out of our own city, where most of us were born . (we are) now the invisible half of this place which still remains our homeland. (Vadim Polischuk, Russian human rights activist, Tallinn, Estonia, personal interview, May 2005)
Introductory Statistics With R

Most papers describe the background of the case studies very well and give details on the statistical methods applied. Although more than half of the papers apply different types of hierarchical regression models, there are still a variety of other Bayesian models. As expected, most of these papers use Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods in obtaining a posterior. However, I was a little surprised that many of them implement their algorithms using BUGS, a software package designed to simplify the Bayesian data analysis. In general, I found many of the papers collected in this book interesting. Technometrics readers who are interested in applying Bayesian analysis in real case studies may  nd this book useful. One might consider using this book as supplementary material in graduate-level seminar courses on Bayesian data analysis. However, one serious de ciency for this purpose is that only a few papers provide complete datasets.
(Dis)similar Readings

The present article compares Indian and American audiences’ interpretations of the Hollywood sitcom Friends. The article is guided by Olson’s narrative transparency theory, which posits transparency as ‘the capability of certain texts to seem familiar regardless of their origin, to seem a part of one’s own culture, even though they have been crafted elsewhere’. Thirty-seven regular viewers of Friends in India and 35 from the US were interviewed personally and in focus groups. Indian viewers questioned the truth-value of the content to conclude that Friends portrayed a universal American culture that is completely different from an Indian standpoint. These interpretations made the media text opaque, and the Indian audience members rejected the safe sex message discussed in the episode studied. The American audience found Friends overly exaggerated, but safe sex and sexuality messages somewhat more culturally proximate.
Optimal recovery of single disk failure in RDP code storage systems

Modern storage systems use thousands of inexpensive disks to meet the storage requirement of applications. To enhance the data availability, some form of redundancy is used. For example, conventional RAID-5 systems provide data availability for single disk failure only, while recent advanced coding techniques such as row-diagonal parity (RDP) can provide data availability with up to two disk failures. To reduce the probability of data unavailability, whenever a single disk fails, disk recovery (or rebuild) will be carried out. We show that conventional recovery scheme of RDP code for a single disk failure is inefficient and suboptimal. In this paper, we propose an optimal and efficient disk recovery scheme, Row-Diagonal Optimal Recovery (RDOR), for single disk failure of RDP code that has the following properties: (1) it is read optimal in the sense that it issues the smallest number of disk reads to recover the failed disk; (2) it has the load balancing property that all surviving disks will be subjected to the same amount of additional workload in rebuilding the failed disk. We carefully explore the design state space and theoretically show the optimality of RDOR. We carry out performance evaluation to quantify the merits of RDOR on some widely used disks.
Negotiation as a Social Process

Introduction Negotiation in its Social Context - Roderick M Kramer and David M Messick Emerging Trends and Future Prospects PART ONE: NEW THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Negotiator Cognition in Social Contexts - Introduction Social Context in Negotiation - Leigh Thompson, Erika Peterson and Laura Kray An Information-Processing Perspective Networks and Collective Scripts - Dean G Pruitt Paying Attention to Structure in Bargaining Theory Let's Make Some New Rules - Charles D Samuelson and David M Messick Social Factors that Make Freedom Unattractive Regression to the Mean, Expectation Inflation, and the Winner's Curse in Organizational Contexts - J Richard Harrison and Max H Bazerman In Dubious Battle - Roderick M Kramer Heightened Accountability, Dysphoric Cognition and Self-Defeating Bargaining Behavior The Relational Contexts of Negotiation - Introduction Multi-Party Negotiation in its Social Context - Jeffrey T Polzer, Elizabeth A Mannix and Margaret A Neale Power and Emotional Processes in Negotiations - Edward J Lawler and Jeongkoo Yoon A Social Exchange Approach Joint Decision Making - Leonard Greenhalgh and Deborah I Chapman The Inseparability of Relationships and Negotiation Toward the Conflict - Robert J Robinson A Research Agenda for Emerging Organizational Challenges PART TWO: EXPERIMENTAL EXPLORATIONS Experimental Explorations - Introduction Time of Decision, Ethical Obligation and Causal Illusion - Michael W Morris, Damien L H Sim and Vittorio Girotto Temporal Cues and Social Heuristics in the Prisoner's Dilemma Fairness versus Self-Interest - J Keith Murnighan and Madan M Pillutla Asymmetric Moral Imperatives in Ultimatum Bargaining Social Context in Tacit Bargaining Games - Richard Pl Larrick and Sally Blount Consequences for Perceptions of Affinity and Cooperative Behavior Why Ultimatums Fail - Roderick M Kramer, Pri Pradhan-Shah and Stephanie L Woerner Social Identity and Moralistic Aggression in Coercive Bargaining Property, Culture and Negotiation - Peter G Carnevale
The relationship between followers' perceived quality of relationship and preferred leadership style

Purpose – Although leaders and followers are both essential elements within the leadership process, there has been limited research regarding followers and their role in the process. The purpose of this paper is to answer specific calls for research in the studies of followership, leadership, and the follower/leader relationship through the examination of the relationship between followers’ perception of quality of relationship with their leaders and followers’ preferred leadership style from their leaders. Design/methodology/approach – The study utilized a quantitative, correlational approach using the LMX-7 questionnaire to measure followers’ perceived quality of relationship with their leader and the MLQ-5x to measure followers’ preferred leadership style from their leader. The test sample was 105 CPA's working in the USA for companies over 1,000 employees in size. Findings – The study determined positive, significant levels of relationship between follower's perceived quality of relationship and follo.
Nonlocal Linear Image Regularization and Supervised Segmentation

A nonlocal quadratic functional of weighted differences is examined. The weights are based on image features and represent the affinity between different pixels in the image. By prescribing different formulas for the weights, one can generalize many local and nonlocal linear denoising algorithms, including the nonlocal means filter and the bilateral filter. In this framework one can easily show that continuous iterations of the generalized filter obey certain global characteristics and converge to a constant solution. The linear operator associated with the Euler–Lagrange equation of the functional is closely related to the graph Laplacian. We can thus interpret the steepest descent for minimizing the functional as a nonlocal diffusion process. This formulation allows a convenient framework for nonlocal variational minimizations, including variational denoising, Bregman iterations, and the recently proposed inverse scale space. It is also demonstrated how the steepest descent flow can be used for segmenta.
c-erbB-4 protein expression in human breast cancer

The Type 1 family of growth factor receptors includes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-erbB-2, c-erbB-3 and c-erbB-4. Overexpression of the first two members is associated with poorer prognosis in patients with breast carcinoma. In this study we examined the expression of c-erbB-4 protein using the monoclonal antibody HFR-1. A total of 127 consecutive cases of primary operable invasive breast carcinoma presenting between 1975 and 1977 were studied. All patients were managed by simple mastectomy or conservation surgery with radiotherapy and no adjuvant therapy given. Long-term follow-up was maintained. Routine, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour samples were used and sections were stained immunohistochemically using the Duet StreptABC method. Immunoreactivity was classified using a simple semi-quantitative scoring method. Protein expression was generally low but definite positive cytoplasmic, membranous and nuclear reactivity was identified in 58%, 41% and 25% of cases respectively. Expression at all three sites demonstrated significant inverse associations were histological grade. In addition, membrane accentuation correlated inversely with the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI), while cytoplasmic reactivity showed a positive association with c-erbB-3 expression. No significant associations were found with disease-free interval or survival. The results of this study demonstrate that higher levels of c-erbB-4 protein expression are associated with a more differentiated histological phenotype in contrast to the other members of the Type 1 family. Larger series with extended follow-up will be required to ascertain definitively the prognostic value of c-erbB-4 expression in breast carcinoma. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
Mental Links to Excellence

This study included 235 Canadian Olympic athletes who participated in the 1984 Olympic Games in Sarajevo and Los Angeles. Individual interviews were carried out with 75 athletes and a questionnaire was completed by another 160 to assess their mental readiness for the Olympic Games and factors related to mental readiness. Common elements of success were identified, as well as factors that interfered with optimal performance at the Olympic Games. Statistically significant links were found between Olympic performance outcome and certain mental skills.
Enhancing the assessment experience: improving student perceptions, engagement and understanding using online video feedback

Individualised video screencasts with accompanying narration were used to provide assessment feedback to a large number (n = 299) of first-year Bachelor of Education students at Edith Cowan University in Western Australia. An anonymous online survey revealed that nearly three times as many respondents (61%) preferred video feedback to written feedback (21%). The results reflect a clear preference for video feedback among the research participants. Participants commented that video feedback was clearer and less ambiguous than other forms of feedback and improved both the quality and quantity of the feedback received. Participants also felt that video feedback established greater rapport with their tutor and provided them with greater insight into the assessment process.
Strengthening grief support for adolescents coping with a peer’s death

This article offers suggestions for strengthening school-based grief support following an adolescent’s death. Such interventions must be considered within the context of: (a) development during adolescence; (b) the role of peers in adolescent development; and (c) the fact that an adolescent peer’s death is a non-normative life crisis in developed countries. Review of those three topics leads to an overview of death during adolescence; an exploration of adolescent bereavement, grief, and mourning; consideration of disenfranchised grief in relation to an adolescent peer’s death; and an integration of this foundational knowledge in supporting bereaved adolescents within a school setting.
Investigation of ionospheric response due to Tohoku earthquake using GPS satellite measurements

This paper investigates the ionospheric response due to the great M 9.0 Tohoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 in Japan using ground-based GPS-TEC measurements surrounding the epicenter. Results show that co-seismic TEC oscillations were observed starting from 7-14 minutes after the earthquake with typical periods of 2-7 minutes, peak disturbance time lag of 13-17 minutes. Results show that the short period ionospheric disturbances induced by acoustic waves travelling in the ionosphere and Rayleigh waves propagate at horizontal velocities of about 1212 m/s and 2216 m/s, respectively. These short period ionospheric disturbances were observed in the northeast direction of the epicenter.