Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flawed justice: A study of wrongly convicted African American women

ABSTRACT This exploratory study examines 37 wrongfully convicted Black women. The cases were culled from electronic databases located at the Innocence Project, the Center on Wrongful Convictions, the Death Penalty Information Center, the National Registry of Exonerations and from the innocence database at forejustice.org in addition to newspaper and magazine articles. Prosecutorial misconduct and perjury by criminal justice officials constituted the 2 most important factors leading to wrongful convictions. Police misconduct was the 3rd most important factor, followed by ineffective assistance of counsel and insufficient evidence to support a conviction. The use of informants, false confessions, witness errors, and forensic errors were among the least common contributors. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are also addressed.
Attachment Insecurity and Attachment Disorder

Editor's note Attachment problems can be divided into two broad categories. First, attachment insecurity and disorganization characterize patterns of child/caregiver relationship that represent risk factors for later psychopathology. Second, so-called attachment disorders are categorical disorders of disrupted attachment usually associated with early social deprivation, neglect or maltreatment. These latter include both disinhibited attachment disorder, which reveals itself in indiscriminate sociability, and inhibited attachment disorder. In cases of attachment insecurity, various forms of intervention with parents appear to have effectiveness in increasing parental sensitivity but their impact on attachment per se is less clear cut. These interventions appear to work best when they are relatively brief and specifically target caregiver sensitivity. In more severe cases, especially those involving attachment disorder, interventions may require placement of the children in adoptive homes. ‘Holding therapy’ lacks empirical support and may pose serious risk to children. Introduction Child attachment refers to particular key characteristics of the relationship between child and specific caregiver that are known to be strongly associated with social development and mental health. Research on normative patterns of attachment in infancy find that attachment insecurity (including ‘disorganization’) is a relative psychosocial risk factor for later development and is best conceptualized as a developmental risk variable on Axis V of a multiaxial classification (Green & Goldwyn, 2002). Two less common forms of developmental disturbance associated with severe disruption or absence of early attachment relationships are recognized as Axis 1 clinical disorders in both DSM and ICD systems, although neither has yet received robust empirical validation.
Streptococcus equi Detection Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Equine Nasopharyngeal and Guttural Pouch Wash Samples

Background Bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of Streptococcus equi in nasopharyngeal washes (NPW) and guttural pouch lavage (GPL) samples have low sensitivity. In human diagnostics, processing of samples with flocked swabs has improved recovery rates of bacterial agents because of improved surface area and elution factors. Hypothesis For S. equi subsp. equi (S. equi) detection in NPW and GPL samples we hypothesized that: direct‐PCR would be more reliable than flocked swab culture (FS culture); flocked swab PCR (FS‐PCR) would be equivalent to direct‐PCR; and FS culture would be more reliable than traditional culture. Samples A total of 193 samples (134 NPW and 59 GPL) from 113 horses with either suspected S. equi infection, convalescing from a known S. equi infection, or asymptomatic horses screened for S. equi. Methods Prospective study. Samples were submitted for S. equi direct‐PCR. Using logistic regression, direct‐PCR (gold standard) was compared to FS culture, traditional culture, and FS‐PCR also performed. Results Direct‐PCR was statistically more sensitive than FS‐PCR, FS culture, and traditional culture (P < .001). All methods had sensitivities <70% relative to the direct‐PCR. FS culture had a similar sensitivity relative to traditional culture. The odds of GPL samples being positive on direct‐PCR (P = .030) and FS‐PCR were greater than those for NPW samples (P = .021). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Use of flocked swabs during laboratory preprocessing did not improve detection of S. equi via either PCR or bacterial culture from samples. Direct‐PCR is the preferred method of detection of S. equi.
Hemodynamic significance assessment of equivocal iliac artery stenoses by comparing duplex ultrasonography with intra-arterial pressure measurements.

BACKGROUND This study evaluated the accuracy of duplex ultrasonography (DUS)-based peak systolic velocity ratio (PSVR) and ipsilateral common femoral artery (CFA) velocity waveform analysis to identify a hemodynamically significant equivocal iliac artery stenosis (30-75% lumen diameter reduction). Intra-arterial pressure measurements were used as a reference. METHODS In a previously performed prospective study (NTR5085), 30 patients with 35 iliac artery stenoses underwent intra-arterial angiography. To determine the hemodynamic significance of the iliac artery stenoses, intra-arterial translesional pressure measurements were performed under hyperemic conditions. Preprocedural DUS was obtained of the iliac and femoral arteries. PSVR over the iliac lesions was determined, and ipsilateral CFA velocity waveforms were retrospectively classified. The intraobserver and interobserver agreement for CFA velocity waveform classification were evaluated. Sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy were calculated by comparing PSVR, velocity waveform analysis, and a combination of these parameters to the intra-arterial translesional pressure gradient. A translesional pressure gradient ≥10 mmHg, PSVR ≥2.5, and a monophasic or biphasic CFA velocity waveform were considered to be indicative for a hemodynamically significant iliac artery stenosis. RESULTS For classification of ipsilateral CFA velocity waveforms, intraobserver and interobserver agreement were 0.94 and 0.82, respectively. A PSVR ≥2.5 could identify a hemodynamically significant stenosis with 83% sensitivity, 67% specificity, and an overall accuracy of 77%. When both a monophasic and a biphasic velocity waveform were considered to indicate a hemodynamically significant iliac artery stenosis, sensitivity was 78%, specificity was 50%, and the overall accuracy was 69%. The combination of a PSVR ≥2.5 with either a monophasic or a biphasic CFA velocity waveform was found in 20 stenoses and resulted in 94% sensitivity, 75% specificity, and 90% accuracy. When the remainder of the stenoses (N.=15) was classified by means of the PSVR, the overall accuracy remained 77%. CONCLUSIONS DUS is a very useful noninvasive imaging modality to determine the significance of an iliac artery stenosis. A combination of translesional PSVR ≥2.5 with either a monophasic or a biphasic ipsilateral CFA ultrasound waveforms has a good accuracy and helps to select patients that benefit most from follow-up examination by computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography.
Emerging Counselors’ Perception of Wellness

Four focus groups with 12 students indicated three themes on the topic of wellness: (a) wellness was an important, complex construct unique to the individual, (b) wellness as an “opening of the eyes” through awareness, translation, and integration, and (c) emerging counselors’ recommendations. Implications for training and research are discussed.
Über die Haltbarkeit der in der Situational Action Theory beschriebenen Interaktionseffekte in verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen

Der vorliegende Artikel ist mit der Prufung zweier in der Situational Action Theory prominent spezifizierter Wechselwirkungseffekte befasst: der Interaktion von Disposition und Exposition und der interaktiven Wirkung von Moralitat und Selbstkontrolle. Obwohl ein Zusammenwirken der genannten Faktoren bei der Steuerung delinquenten Handelns schon in mehreren Untersuchungen nachgewiesen wurde, hat bislang noch keine Arbeit sich der Frage nach der Stabilitat dieser Interaktionsbeziehungen fur verschiedene Bevolkerungsgruppen angenommen. Basierend auf Daten einer Antwerpener Schulerbefragung wird hier gezeigt, dass die postulierten Interaktionsdynamiken bei Jungen und Madchen bzw. Adoleszenten mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund gleichermasen zum Tragen kommen. Eine solche soziodemographische Invarianz der Interaktionseffekte spricht einerseits fur die Robustheit der in der Theorie formulierten Interaktionsbeziehungen und stutzt andererseits die Annahme, dass mit den angebotenen Wirkungsmechanismen tatsachlich die masgeblichen proximalen Ursachen kriminellen Handelns identifiziert sind.
A review of the kidneys that nobody wanted: determinants of optimal outcome.

BACKGROUND We previously reported excellent outcome at 6 months after transplantation in recipients of expanded criteria donor kidneys that other local centers had declined, kidneys that nobody wanted (KNW), versus controls. We now report follow-up after 23 months. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 27 donor and 24 recipient characteristics in 126 adult recipients of transplants from January 1, 1995, to November 25, 1996. RESULTS Donors of control kidneys versus KNW were younger and had significantly higher minimum 4-hr urine output. Recipients of control kidneys versus KNW had significantly more HLA matches and lower 3-month posttransplant serum creatinine levels. Patient and graft survival rates were similar between the control kidneys versus the KNW. We also compared the control kidneys and KNW with regard to prompt function or delayed graft function and satisfactory versus unsatisfactory function (unsatisfactory: serum creatinine > or =2.5 ml/dl or graft loss at 6 months) to identify donor and recipient characteristics associated with delayed graft function and unsatisfactory outcome. The incidence of rejection was significantly lower in control kidneys and KNW with satisfactory function versus control kidneys and KNW with unsatisfactory function. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate: (1) similar graft survival at 12 months, (2) lower donor age, (3) higher minimum 4-hr urine output, and (4) more HLA matches in recipients of control kidneys versus KNW. Optimal outcome was achieved in recipients of control kidneys and KNW with prompt function and satisfactory function based upon serum creatinine in the first 6 months and in recipients with lower rates of rejection. Although outcome is dependent upon many donor and recipient variables, we believe that with careful donor and recipient selection, excellent outcome can be achieved using expanded criteria donor kidneys.
Weekly docetaxel, cisplatin, and irinotecan (TPC): results of a multicenter phase II trial in patients with metastatic esophagogastric cancer.

BACKGROUND Recent studies have examined the addition of docetaxel to fluorouracil and cisplatin in advanced esophagogastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We carried out a phase I dose-escalation study of weekly docetaxel, cisplatin, and irinotecan (TPC), given on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks, in patients with chemonaive solid tumors. Subsequently, we completed a multiinstitutional phase II study of TPC in patients with previously untreated, metastatic esophagogastric cancer. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in the phase I trial; a weekly schedule of TPC was well tolerated. On that basis, docetaxel 30 mg/m(2), cisplatin 25 mg/m(2), and irinotecan 65 mg/m(2) were selected for the phase II trial, where in the first 18 patients irinotecan 65 mg/m(2) caused too much diarrhea and was reduced to 50 mg/m(2). Among 56 eligible patients with previously untreated, metastatic esophagogastric cancer enrolled in the phase II trial, three complete and 27 partial responses were observed (overall response rate=54%), and 15 patients (30%) had stable disease. Median progression-free survival was 7.1 months, and median survival was 11.9 months. At the final irinotecan dose of 50 mg/m(2), grade 3 or higher toxicity included diarrhea (26%), neutropenia (21%), nausea (18%), fatigue (16%), anorexia (13%), and thrombosis/embolism (13%). CONCLUSIONS Weekly TPC is an active and well-tolerated regimen for patients with esophagogastric cancer.
Supplementary Note 1: Fabrication of Scanning Thermal Microscopy Probes

Fabrication of the scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) probes is summarized in Supplementary Fig. 1 and proceeds as follows: (Step 1) To begin, a 500 nm thick low-stress layer of silicon nitride (SiN x) on a silicon (Si) wafer is deposited by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). (Step 2) An 8 µm thick layer of low temperature silicon oxide (LTO) is deposited on top of the wafer and is annealed at 1000 °C for 1 hour to reduce the residual stresses of the SiN x and LTO layers. The LTO layer is then etched to create the sharp probe tip. Subsequently, a 100 nm thick chromium (Cr) layer is sputtered and lithographically patterned by wet etching. This Cr pattern is critical to create the LTO probe tip. (Step 3) The probe tip is created by wet etching in buffered HF (HF: NH 4 F = 1 : 5), which takes ~100 minutes. In order to create a sharp tip, the etching status is frequently monitored. (Step 4) A gold (Au) line (Cr/Au: 5/90 nm thick) is lithographically defined by sputtering and wet etching. This Au line forms the first metal layer of the nanoscale Au-Cr thermocouple. Subsequently, a 70 nm thick layer of SiN x is deposited via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) which serves as electrical insulator. (Step 5) A layer of Shipley Microposit S1827 photoresist (6 µm thick) is deposited on the wafer, and the photoresist and PECVD SiN x are slowly plasma-etched until a very small portion of Au is exposed at the apex of the tip. (Step 6) A Cr line (90 nm thick) is lithographically defined by sputtering and wet etching. This Cr line together with the very small Au extrusion establishes a nanoscale Au-Cr thermocouple at the tip apex. (Step 7) A 70 nm thick PECVD SiN x is deposited for the electrical insulation. Subsequently, a Au line (Cr/Au: 5/90nm thick) is lithographically defined by sputtering and wet etching. Note that this Au line is the outermost metal layer of the probe. (Step 8) Finally, the SThM probes are released by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) to create the desired SThM probes. The dimensions of the cantilever are chosen to yield a probe stiffness in excess of 10 4 Nm-1 .
Commodity Prices and Growth

In this paper we propose an endogenous growth model of commodity-rich economies in which: (i) long-run (steady-state) growth is endogenous and yet independent of commodity prices; (ii) commodity prices affect short-run growth through transitional dynamics; and (iii) the status of net commodity importer/exporter is endogenous. We argue that these predictions are consistent with historical evidence from the 19th to the 21st century.
Global Investigation of Therapeutic Decisions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and of its Treatment with Sorafenib (GIDEON) second interim analysis in more than 1,500 patients: Clinical findings in patients with liver dysfunction.

4001 Background: GIDEON is an ongoing, global, prospective, noninterventional study of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients (pts) suitable for systemic therapy and receiving sorafenib (Sor) in real-life practice. Its aim is to evaluate Sor safety and efficacy in diverse settings and pt subgroups where data are limited such as pts with liver dysfunction ie Child-Pugh B (CP-B). METHODS Demographics, medical/disease/treatment history are recorded. At follow-up visits Sor dose, concomitant treatment, liver function, adverse events (AEs) and efficacy are recorded. From Jan 2009 to Dec 2010, 2,770 pts were enrolled in 37 countries. Per protocol, the 2nd interim analysis (IA) was planned when ~1,500 treated pts were followed ≥4 mos. RESULTS 1,586 pts comprise the safety population; CP-A, 965 (61%); CP- B, 368 (23%). Sor median daily dose was higher in the CP-B group, but median duration of therapy was shorter (Table). Treatment-emergent drug-related AE rates were similar in both groups, but a greater percentage of CP-B pts discontinued Sor due to AEs. Deaths during treatment up to 30 days of last Sor dose were greater in the CP-B group (34%) than in the CP-A group (15%). In the ITT population (1614 pts), preliminary median overall survival (OS) was 10.5 mos in the CP-A pts (n=982) and 5 mos in the CP-B pts (n=373). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary second IA results indicate that the Sor safety profile is generally similar in the CP-B and CP-A pts. The shorter median OS in the CP-B pts most likely reflects the poorer prognosis and natural history of liver disease in this patient population. [Table: see text].
Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in Greek children.

BACKGROUND AND AIM Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) is one of the most important procedures in paediatric pulmonology. To the best of our knowledge there is no review - audit summarising the experience with FFB in children in Greece. We therefore analysed retrospectively all FFBs performed by the paediatric pulmonology team in our hospital in order to analyse indications for bronchoscopy in our population, explore diagnostic yield for each indication and highlight potential complications. Material - Methods: Three hundred and sixteen (316) diagnostic FFBs performed in 305 children during a six years period were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS Seventy five (75) % of bronchoscopies had a meaningful outcome. Diagnostic yield for individual indications ranged from 41% to 91%. Stridor was the most rewarding indication (91%). Fever was the most common side effect (7%). The rest of complications were in small numbers and easily reversible. CONCLUSIONS Bronchoscopy is a safe procedure and in our diverse population the overall diagnostic yield was 75%.
Hormonal replacement therapy affects calcitonin gene-related peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide secretion in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE Menopause is associated with critical changes in the cardiovascular system, and the possible effect of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) on these changes is under investigation. The aim of our study was to evaluate in postmenopausal women the effects of HRT and clonidine on the response of plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to the upright posture test and the saline infusion test respectively. METHODS CGRP and ANP levels were measured with specific radioimmunological assays and expressed in pmol/l (means +/- S.E.M). DESIGN Postmenopausal women (age 46-53 years) (n = 18) were studied before and after 3 months of HRT (n = 13) or clonidine treatment (n = 5). RESULTS After HRT or clonidine treatment plasma CGRP levels (14.9 +/- 1.6 and 15.9 +/- 3.8 pmol/l) were significantly higher than before (9.8 +/- 0.6 and 10.5 +/- 1.6 pmol/l) (P < 0.01). The assumption of upright posture caused no change in plasma CGRP levels before treatment, while after HRT, but not after clonidine treatment, an increase in plasma CGRP levels was observed (P < 0.01 at 5 and 20 min). Basal plasma ANP levels significantly decreased after both HRT and clonidine treatment (P < 0.01). In untreated women the saline infusion test did not induce any change in plasma ANP levels; a significant response to the test was restored after HRT but not after clonidine treatment (P < 0.01 at 90 and 120 min). CONCLUSIONS The results show that some of the adaptive responses modified by menopausal changes are restored by HRT but not clonidine treatment, suggesting a modulatory role for sex steroid hormones in cardiovascular function and salt and water balance.
Grasping at molecular interactions and genetic networks in Drosophila melanogaster using FlyNets, an Internet database

FlyNets (http://gifts.univ-mrs.fr/FlyNets/FlyNets_home_page.++ +html) is a WWW database describing molecular interactions (protein-DNA, protein-RNA and protein-protein) in the fly Drosophila melanogaster. It is composed of two parts, as follows. (i) FlyNets-base is a specialized database which focuses on molecular interactions involved in Drosophila development. The information content of FlyNets-base is distributed among several specific lines arranged according to a GenBank-like format and grouped into five thematic zones to improve human readability. The FlyNets database achieves a high level of integration with other databases such as FlyBase, EMBL, GenBank and SWISS-PROT through numerous hyperlinks. (ii) FlyNets-list is a very simple and more general databank, the long-term goal of which is to report on any published molecular interaction occuring in the fly, giving direct web access to corresponding s in Medline and in FlyBase. In the context of genome projects, databases describing molecular interactions and genetic networks will provide a link at the functional level between the genome, the proteome and the transcriptome worlds of different organisms. Interaction databases therefore aim at describing the contents, structure, function and behaviour of what we herein define as the interactome world.
Associations among music majors’ personality traits, empathy, and aptitude for ensemble performance

The present study aimed to investigate the associations between music performers’ personality and ensemble performance aptitude, and between music performers’ empathy and ensemble performance aptitude. We employed three types of questionnaires: the short form of the Japanese Big Five Scale, the Japanese multidimensional scale of empathy, and 15 items on the duration of daily music activities and the frequency of solo and ensemble performance in public. A total of 68 music majors participated in the study. The main findings are as follows: (1) positive correlations existed between ensemble aptitude and Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Openness, and between ensemble preference and Conscientiousness; (2) Extraversion was linked with daily musical activity with other performers; and (3) empathy was not associated with performers’ ensemble aptitude, whereas it was associated with solitary music activities.