Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
All That Glistens: II. The Effects of Reflective Surface Finishes on the Mouthing Activity of Infants and Toddlers

A number of infants and toddlers have been observed to mouth and to lick the horizontal metal mirrors of toys on their hands and knees in a manner not unlike the way older children drink from rain pools in developing countries. Such mouthing of glistening surfaces by nursing-age children might characterize the precocious ability to recognize the glossy and sparkling features of water long before this information is useful later in development. Two experiments examined the frequency with which infants and toddlers mouthed lightweight 25.4-cm diameter dinner plates during 5 bouts of plate contact. Experiments were conducted in the natural context of toy handling during playtime at 10 day-care facilities in northern California. In the first experiment, 22 children divided into 2 age groups (13 between 6 and 12 months and 9 between 13 and 17 months) were examined as they handled or contacted a stainless steel plate with a mirror finish or a glossy white plastic plate. The stainless steel plate was mouthed at a significantly (p < .0001) larger percentage of plate-contact bouts than the white glossy plate, with no appreciable difference in age. Consistent with observations that some forms of mouthing resembled drinking activity, children mouthed the stainless steel plate on their hands and knees significantly (p < .025) more than the glossy white plate. The 2nd experiment compared teal-blue plastic plates with plates that had glossy and dull surface finishes. Forty-six infants and toddlers in 3 age groups (7-12 months, 13-18 months, and 19-24 months) handled or contacted both plates for 5 bouts. The glossy plate elicited a significantly (p < .05) larger percentage of mouthing than the dull plate, but this effect was restricted to the youngest age group. Mouthing of both plates increased markedly in the oldest age group, a result that likely characterizes the association of dinner plates with eating. Together, the results of these experiments suggest that infants and toddlers have the precocious ability to recognize the optical cues for water as characterized by the gleaming highlights and clear reflections of polished metal. The reduction of mouthing of the teal plate with a dull surface finish provides ideas for thwarting mouthing that endangers children by applying dull surface finishes to potentially hazardous household objects known to have caused incidences of suffocation, choking, and the transmission of pathogens by saliva.
Factors That Influence General Internists' and Surgeons' Performance on Maintenance of Certification Exams

Purpose Good clinical judgment is important to providing high-quality patient care. Keeping current in one's field is challenged by rapid advances in health care and demanding practices. Understanding the collective factors that influence a practicing physician's clinical judgment could help medical educators design improvement programs that target specific audiences. Method Data from two medical specialty boards, the American Board of Internal Medicine and American Board of Surgery, were used. Multiple regression analyses were conducted relating first-attempt performance on the maintenance of certification (MOC) exam with physician age, amount of continuing medical education (CME) undertaken, number of physicians in the practice, medical school type, and prior exam performance. Data were based on demographics and exam scores of 18,447 general internists and 4,961 general surgeons who took the MOC exam for the first time between 2003 and 2007. Results Similar findings were obtained for general internists and surgeons. Younger physicians, those with higher scores on initial certification, physicians in group not solo practice, and U.S. medical graduates were significantly more likely to pass the MOC exam (P<.001). Effect sizes were small except for performance on the initial certification exam. General internists with higher internal medicine program directors' ratings and more CME activities were also significantly more likely to pass (P<.001). Conclusions Medical educators may target improvement programs for those who practice in isolation, are older, are international medical graduates, and performed poorly on their initial certification exam. Practicing without sustaining requisite clinical judgment has serious implications for patient care.
Rendering on a budget: a framework for time-critical rendering

We present a technique for optimizing the rendering of high-depth complexity scenes. Prioritized-Layered Projection (PLP) does this by rendering an estimation of the visible set. The novelty in our work lies in the fact that we do not explicitly compute visible sets. Instead, our work is based on computing on demand a priority order for the polygons that maximizes the likelihood of rendering visible polygons before occluded ones for any given scene. Given a fixed budget, e.g. time or number of triangles, our rendering algorithm makes sure to render geometry, respecting the computed priority. There are two main steps to our technique: (1) an occupancy based tessellation of space; and (2) a solidity based traversal algorithm. PLP works by computing an occupancy based tessellation of space, which tends to have smaller cells where there are more geometric primitives, e.g., polygons. In this spatial tessellation, each cell is assigned a solidity value, which is directly proportional to its likelihood of occluding other cells. In its simplest form, a cell's solidity value is directly proportional to the number of polygons contained within it. During our traversal algorithm, cells are marked for projection, and the geometric primitives contained within them actually rendered. The traversal algorithm makes use of the cells' solidity, and other view-dependent information to determine the ordering in which to project cells. By tailoring the traversal algorithm to the occupancy based tessellation, we can achieve very good frame rates with low preprocessing and rendering costs. We describe our technique and its implementation in detail. We also provide experimental evidence of its performance and briefly discuss extensions of our algorithm.
GRANITE TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION WITH GABOR FILTERS

The problem of classifying the visual appearance of natural stones, such as granite plates, represents, nowadays, an important demand in marble and granite industry. Companies which operate in the natural stones supply chain, usually have to guarantee the uniformity of the visual appearance of a batch of plates. Such kind of task is typically carried out by a skilled worker who decides about the pertinence of a plate to a given group. The development of an expert system capable of automatically executing such control, would introduce signiﬁcant enhancement in natural stone industry. The realization of such a system, however, is a challenging problem, since the appearance of the plates may be very similar and classiﬁcation may be difﬁcult also to a human observer.
Stereotypes and Mental Life: The Case of the Motivated but Thwarted Tactician

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effects of information-processing goals and attentional capacity on subjects′ impressions of a target. In Study 1, extending previous research in this area, both information-processing goals and a resource depleting task were manipulated simultaneously. It was predicted that, in contrast with outcome-independent subjects, subjects who were made outcome-dependent upon a woman would make individuated evaluations of her. This effect, however, was anticipated to be contingent upon the availability of attentional resources. Under conditions of cognitive busyness, it was predicted that both outcome-independent and -dependent subjects would view the woman in a relatively stereotyped (i.e., less individuating) manner. Our results supported this prediction. Resource depletion appeared to diminish subjects′ ability to individuate the woman, even when they were motivated to view her in such a manner. Study 2 utilized a probe reaction task to investigate the differential demands processing goals impose upon perceivers′ attentional capacity. In line with our predictions, outcome-dependent subjects used more cognitive resources when learning about a woman than comparable outcome-independent subjects. Taken together, these results demonstrate the dynamic interaction between cognitive and motivational factors in the determination of perceivers′ impressions of others. We consider these findings in the wider context of models of stereotyping and social inference.
Relationship between Environment and the Broadband Optical Properties of Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We examine the relationship between environment and the luminosities, surface brightnesses, colors, and profile shapes of luminous galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). For the SDSS sample, galaxy color is the galaxy property most predictive of the local environment. Galaxy color and luminosity—measures of the star formation history—jointly comprise the most predictive pair of properties. At fixed luminosity and color, density is not closely related to surface brightness or to Sérsic index—measures of galaxy structure. In the text, we discuss what measurable residual relationships exist, generally finding that at red colors and fixed luminosity, the mean density decreases at the highest surface brightnesses and Sérsic indices. In general, these results suggest that the structural properties of galaxies are less closely related to galaxy environment than are their masses and star formation histories.
Radiological Findings in Endomyocardial Fibrosis

The radiological findings in 102 cases of endomyocardial fibrosis occurring in Equatorial Africa are presented. Postmortem studies confirmed the diagnosis in 39 cases. Angiocardiography was done in 78. The right side of the heart was primarily involved in 48 patients and the cardiac silhouette was characteristically globular suggesting a pericardial effusion, the large heart having a conspicuous background of oligemic pulmonary fields. Angiocardiography usually revealed a dilated right atrium and ventricle, extremely slow transit of the contrast material, and tricuspid incompetence. Occasionally, a filling defect in the right atrium, interpreted as thrombus, was seen.The left side of the heart was established as being primarily involved in 13 cases and the picture of rheumatic mitral disease was simulated. Angiocardiography revealed a rather small left ventricle and mitral regurgitation. Biventricular disease was present in 42 patients, the main differentiating point in routine films from right endomyocardial fibrosis being the size of the superior pulmonary veins. The complete diagnosis is difficult to detect without angiographic studies.
Divergent estrogen receptor‐positive and ‐negative breast cancer trends and etiologic heterogeneity in Denmark

Long‐term breast cancer trends in incidence in the United States (US) show rising estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive rates and falling ER‐negative rates. We hypothesized that these divergent trends reflect etiologic heterogeneity and that comparable trends should be observed in other countries with similar risk factor profiles. Therefore, we analyzed invasive female breast cancers in Denmark, a country with similar risk factors as the US. We summarized the overall trend in age‐standardized rates with the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) statistic (1993–2010) and used age‐period‐cohort models to estimate age‐specific EAPCs, cohort rate ratios and projections for future time periods (2011–2018). In Denmark, the overall rate of ER‐positive cancers rose between 1993 and 2010 by 3.0% per year (95% CI: 2.8–3.3% per year), whereas the overall rate of ER‐negative cancers fell by 2.1% per year (95% CI: −2.5 to −1.6% per year). The ER‐positive rate increased fastest among postmenopausal women and the ER‐negative rate decreased fastest among premenopausal women, reflecting that cohorts born after 1944 were at relatively higher risk of ER‐positive tumors and lower risk of ER‐negative tumors. If current trends continue, ER‐positive cancers will increase at least 13% by 2018 in Denmark, ER‐negative cancers will fall 15% by 2018, and breast cancer overall will increase at least 7% by 2018. Divergent ER‐specific trends are consistent with distinct etiologic pathways. If trends in known risk factors are responsible, the Danish and US experience may foreshadow a common pattern worldwide.
Forging Feminist Identity in an International Movement: A Collective Identity Approach to Twentieth-Century Feminism

L'A. decrit de quelle maniere l'identite feministe s'est constituee au 20 e siecle. Il qualifie le mouvement feministe de mouvement international. Il estime que l'identite collective des feministes se manifeste, d'une part, au travers d'un sentiment d'appartenance a une meme organisation, a un meme mouvement et, d'autre part, au travers de solidarites.
Staphylococcal Superantigens Spark Host-Mediated Danger Signals

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) of Staphylococcus aureus, and related superantigenic toxins produced by myriad microbes, are potent stimulators of the immune system causing a variety of human diseases from transient food poisoning to lethal toxic shock. These protein toxins bind directly to specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on antigen-presenting cells, resulting in hyperactivation of T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Activated host cells produce excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 causing clinical symptoms of fever, hypotension, and shock. Because of superantigen-induced T cells skewed toward TH1 helper cells, and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, superantigens can exacerbate autoimmune diseases. Upon TCR/MHC ligation, pathways induced by superantigens include the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, resulting in activation of NFκB and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Various mouse models exist to study SEB-induced shock including those with potentiating agents, transgenic mice and an “SEB-only” model. However, therapeutics to treat toxic shock remain elusive as host response genes central to pathogenesis of superantigens have only been identified recently. Gene profiling of a murine model for SEB-induced shock reveals novel molecules upregulated in multiple organs not previously associated with SEB-induced responses. The pivotal genes include intracellular DNA/RNA sensors, apoptosis/DNA damage-related molecules, immunoproteasome components, as well as antiviral and IFN-stimulated genes. The host-wide induction of these, and other, antimicrobial defense genes provide evidence that SEB elicits danger signals resulting in multi-organ damage and toxic shock. Ultimately, these discoveries might lead to novel therapeutics for various superantigen-based diseases.
Paternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Behavioral or Emotional Problems in the United States

BACKGROUND: The negative effects of maternal mental health problems on child health are well documented. In contrast, there is a profound paucity of information about paternal mental health's association with child health. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of paternal mental health problems and depressive symptoms and children's emotional or behavioral problems. METHODS: We analyzed Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data, which included a representative sample of US children (N = 21 993) aged 5 to 17 years and their mothers and fathers. The main outcome measure was child emotional or behavioral problems assessed by using the Columbia Impairment Scale. RESULTS: Paternal depressive symptoms, as assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire–2, and mental health problems, more generally, assessed by using the Short-Form 12 Scale, were independently associated with increased rates of child emotional or behavioral problems even after controlling for numerous potential confounders including maternal depressive symptoms and other mental health problems. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for emotional or behavioral problems among children of fathers with depressive symptoms was 1.72 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33–2.23) and the aOR associated with abnormal paternal scores on the mental component scale of the Short-Form 12 was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.10–1.62) for those within 1 SD below average and 1.48 (95% CI: 1.20–1.84) for those >1 SD below average. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use a representative US sample to demonstrate that living with fathers with depressive symptoms and other mental health problems is independently associated with increased rates of emotional or behavioral problems of children.
Gender Differences in Vocational Interests and Their Stability Across Different Assessment Methods

In studies on gender differences with respect to Holland’s (1997) vocational interests, men often score higher on Realistic (and sometimes also on Investigative and Enterprising) interests, and women score higher on Social and Artistic interests. In research and practice, vocational interests are almost exclusively assessed by means of questionnaires. The aim of this study was to examine whether these results are also stable across assessment methods. Thus, a questionnaire and a nonverbal interest inventory were administered to a sample of N = 448 participants. Results were in the expected direction for both inventories, men scoring higher on Realistic interests and women scoring higher on Artistic and Social interests. However, the structure of interests varied between men and women: The structural assumptions of Holland’s theory fit the data for men better than the data for women. Thus, mean-level gender differences should be interpreted conservatively.
A Hammerstein-type equalizer for concatenated fiber-wireless uplink

In optical fiber-based wireless access schemes, the radio signal is transmitted through fiber without frequency conversion radio-over-fiber (ROF). Although the fiber has adequate bandwidth, nonlinear distortion due to electrical to optical (E/O) conversion is a concern. In the uplink, the dynamic multipath wireless channel is followed by this static memoryless ROF link; this forms a Wiener system. In this paper, we propose a Hammerstein type decision feedback equalizer (HDFE) for the fiber-wireless uplink to combat the nonlinear distortion and the wireless channel dispersion. The proposed equalizer is less complex because it handles static and dynamic distortions separately. The nonlinear distortion is compensated first, reducing the power of cross modulation products significantly. Analytical results show that the lower bound of the mean squared error depends on the optical and wireless channel noise. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the HDFE for the nonlinear channel approaches the performance of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) in a linear channel when the nonlinearity is adequately compensated.
Understanding Peace and War: A Review of Developmental Psychology Research

Abstract Over the past decades the number of studies dealing with the developing understanding of peace and war among children and adolescents has considerably increased. No coherent overview is available despite this increase. The purpose of this review is to address this absence and to offer a systematic discussion of early and contemporary studies. Besides the absence of a coherent review, most studies fail to offer a theoretical framework for the interpretation and examination of the developing understanding of peace and war. In the discussion of the literature it is shown that there is no overall consensus about the meaning of peace and war. For instance, children and adolescents in different cultural settings (i.e., geographically different areas or countries) are reported to differ in the development of the meanings they attach to peace and war. Early and contemporary studies offer ample evidence, not only for a dependency of the findings on employed measurement procedures and designs, but also for the apparent presence of a multitude of variables which affect the development of the understanding of peace and war. In all early and in most contemporary studies, age and gender are the major explanatory variables for the observed variations. In more recent studies indications are presented for a structural relationship between the understanding of interpersonal relationships and the understanding of peace, in particular. The influence of other variables such as social institutions and socialization agents on the development of this understanding appears to be primarily theoretically discussed, but rarely empirically supported.
Rethinking the multiplicity of cognitive resources and curricular representations: Alternatives to 'learning styles' and 'multiple intelligences'

Many educational theorists in recent decades have argued for the plurality of forms of knowledge, both in the mind and in the curriculum. Two popular ways of conceptualizing this plurality have claimed that individual students either differ in their 'learning styles' or possess 'multiple intelligences'. Both theories have encountered numerous theoretical, empirical and pedagogical difficulties. The claim made by learning styles theorists that students fall into modality types, and that curricular topics can be adequately rendered into modality-specific representations, has been challenged. The claim made by multiple intelligences advocates that students' intelligences can be assessed has not been validated, and the instructional implications offered by proponents do not follow from the theory. It is contended that students' diverse cognitive resources interact with but do not correspond to the categories of curricular representations, and the curricular implications of that contention are outlined and discussed
A Quantitative Analysis of Athletes’ Voluntary Use of Slow Motion, Real Time, and Fast Motion Images

The current study examined athletes’ reported intentional use of slow-motion, real-time, and fast-motion images. Athletes (N = 604; 298 males and 306 females; Mage = 21.73 years, SD = 4.54) completed the Image Speed Questionnaire, an instrument created to assess the frequency with which athletes reported employing the three image speeds. Despite the applied sport psychology guideline of imaging only at real time speed, athletes reported employing all three image speeds to varying degrees depending on the function of imagery being employed and the stage of learning of the athlete. Gender and competitive level were found not to influence athletes’ reported voluntary image speed use. Athletes reported employing slow-motion images most often when learning or developing a skill or strategy. Real-time images were consistently used most often by athletes regardless of imagery function or stage of learning, and fast-motion images were used most often when imaging skills or strategies that had been mastered. Findings are discussed within the context of the stages of learning (Fitts & Posner, 1967) and the PETTLEP (Physical; Environmental; Task; Timing; Learning; Emotional, and Perspective) approach to motor imagery (Holmes & Collins, 2001). Implications for imagery practitioners and future directions for image speed research are also offered.