Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Peptidergic transmission in sympathetic ganglia of the frog.

1. A slow synaptic potential recorded in neurones of sympathetic ganglia of bullfrog, the late slow e.p.s.p., is probably mediated by a peptide resembling luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH), because (1). a LHRH‐like peptide is contained in preganglionic nerve terminals and is released upon nerve stimulation, (2) application of LHRH to ganglion cells mimics the effects of the natural transmitter for the late slow e.p.s.p., and (3) the pharmacological properties of LHRH and the natural transmitter for the late slow e.p.s.p. are similar. 2. Neurones in frog sympathetic ganglia are also depolarized by substance P. The substance P receptors, unlike the LHRH receptors or the post‐synaptic receptors for the late slow e.p.s.p., are not blocked by antagonist of LHRH. No cross‐desensitization was found between the substance P‐induced response and the LHRH‐induced response or the late slow e.p.s.p. 3. Substance P‐like immunoreactivity is contained in bundles of axons passing through the ganglia. This distribution is distinct from the distribution of LHRH‐like immunoreactivity in preganglionic nerve terminals. Thus, substance P receptors and substance P‐containing fibers are distinct from the post‐synaptic receptors and preganglionic fibers responsible for the late slow e.p.s.p. 4. Physiological and anatomical evidence is presented which indicates that the peptidergic transmitter for the late slow e.p.s.p. can diffuse for many micrometres before acting on ganglion cells.
Lack of functional normalisation of tumour vessels following anti-angiogenic therapy in glioblastoma

Neo-angiogenesis represents an important factor for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to a growing tumour, and is considered to be one of the main pathodiagnostic features of glioblastomas (GBM). Anti-angiogenic therapy by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) blocking agents has been shown to lead to morphological vascular normalisation resulting in a reduction of contrast enhancement as seen by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Yet the functional consequences of this normalisation and its potential for improved delivery of cytotoxic agents to the tumour are not known. The presented study aimed at determining the early physiologic changes following bevacizumab treatment. A time series of perfusion MRI and hypoxia positron emission tomography (PET) scans were acquired during the first week of treatment, in two human GBM xenograft models treated with either high or low doses of bevacizumab. We show that vascular morphology was normalised over the time period investigated, but vascular function was not improved, resulting in poor tumoural blood flow and increased hypoxia.
Glutamate and dopamine in schizophrenia: An update for the 21st century

The glutamate and dopamine hypotheses are leading theories of the pathoaetiology of schizophrenia. Both were initially based on indirect evidence from pharmacological studies supported by post-mortem findings, but have since been substantially advanced by new lines of evidence from in vivo imaging studies. This review provides an update on the latest findings on dopamine and glutamate abnormalities in schizophrenia, focusing on in vivo neuroimaging studies in patients and clinical high-risk groups, and considers their implications for understanding the biology and treatment of schizophrenia. These findings have refined both the dopamine and glutamate hypotheses, enabling greater anatomical and functional specificity, and have been complemented by preclinical evidence showing how the risk factors for schizophrenia impact on the dopamine and glutamate systems. The implications of this new evidence for understanding the development and treatment of schizophrenia are considered, and the gaps in current knowledge highlighted. Finally, the evidence for an integrated model of the interactions between the glutamate and dopamine systems is reviewed, and future directions discussed.
Global lobbies for a global economy: The creation of the Spanish Institute of Family Firms in international perspective

Globalisation has encouraged the creation of global lobbies which promote the interests of their associated members in international institutions. However, despite their increased importance in the global economy, scholarly literature has so far offered scarce data or analysis about these lobbies. This article examines the creation of global lobbies for large family firms over the last two decades, and the strong connection established in this period between collective action, education and internationalisation in the strategies of such firms. The establishment of the Spanish Institute of Family Firms is considered to be an early European adaptation of pioneering North American lobbies and a model for other European and Latin American associations of large family firms.
Territorial Autonomy in Gagauzia

The year 1995 was momentous for the Gagauz people located primarily in the towns and villages of southern Moldova in the area known as Gagauzia. The Gagauz leadership in Comrat and the Moldovan government in Chişinău reached agreement in December 1994 on autonomy for Gagauzia, ending a five-year secessionist movement involving both a war of words and sporadic conflict. For Chişinău, this agreement settled the lesser, but nonetheless important, of two secessionist movements that threatened the Moldovan state's viability. For Gagauzia, the agreement set the terms for extensive cultural, political, and social autonomy within Moldova. For Europe, this agreement broke new ground in granting a small nation control of its affairs within a larger state.
Comparison of Conventional Susceptibility Testing, Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a Latex Agglutination Testing, and mecA Real-Time PCR for Detection of Oxacillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus

ABSTRACT Penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2a latex agglutination was compared with conventional susceptibility testing and mecA real-time PCR for the detection of oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Inoculum volume and induction with oxacillin were PBP 2a testing variables. For coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, an increased inoculum volume of 10 μl greatly reduced the number of isolates requiring induction.
The Feltham-Ohlson (1995) Model: Empirical Implications

This paper develops empirical implications of the Feltham and Ohlson (1995) model, which relates a firm's market value to accounting data and their expected realizations. The key issue concerns how one conceptualizes/measures a firm's expected growth to explain its market value when the model also includes more basic accounting measures reflecting its current performance. It is shown that market value can be expressed in terms of (1) financial assets (liabilities) with a coefficient of 1, (2) the expected change in operating earnings with a nonnegative coefficient, (3) the expected operating earnings with a positive coefficient, (4) current (net) operating assets with a nonnegative coefficient, and (5) the expected change in (net) operating assets with a positive coefficient. One identifies the measure of a firm's expected growth by normalizing the last variable with current (net) operating assets. The variable will be relevant if and only if the accounting is conservative.
Transport Costs in Brazil under the Light of Geographical Economics

In the beginning there was only space. It was only after mankind started to worry and delft into metaphysical considerations about the limitation of their own existence on earth by counting days, seasons, years, that the notion of time came into existence. Yet, time has and will always be somehow connected to space, to movement across space. Geographical economics shrewdly captures the relative notion of time and space with the concept of transport costs. As long as there is a distance between things, it will take time to carry people, goods, knowledge, or information from one place to another. No matter how infinitesimal the dividing time or space between things may be made by technology, there will always be an economic cost related with the abridging of it. As long as our time on this common ground remains scarce, both time and space will have an opportunity cost associated with it and, therefore, an economic cost. Some will argue that, besides transport costs, there are many other determinants to the spreading or agglomeration of human activity over space. I do not dispute with them. Yet, for a geographical economics model to deserve praise, transport costs will have to be reflected in it one way or the other. The level of transport costs has always played a significant part not only in the development of countries but also in the shaping of the urban scenario within countries and regions. The Brazilian roads system has in the past been the major driving force that propelled development and interconnectivity of urban systems across this continent-size country. Until recently the policy of the federal government had leaned towards granting users free access to roads in order to promote economic development. Under the argument of the `failure of the state' in providing for the maintenance of the roads system, the federal government shifted its policy towards the privatization of the utility. The change, however, has been decided almost strictly upon political, managerial and financial considerations. Little attention has been given to the possible implications this abrupt policy change might have had on the ongoing economic development process of the affected cities and regions. Now, with the new insights offered by geographical economics, the opportunity of drawing a clearer picture of the issue is at hand. After gathering the necessary historic data, this research sets out to first offer a review of the recent displacements of economic activity over the Brazilian ground, then to present a description of geographical economics, its core model and its variant inclusive of congestion, of the Helpman_Hanson model of geographical economics, and finally we apply the core model of geographical economics to Brazilian recent reality. The expected outcome of this study is to offer politicians in Brazil a tool _ shaped to fit more closely to a developing country's reality _ to be used when deciding on policies that bear direct implications on trade and displacement of human activity across this continent-size country.
Statistical analysis of predominantly transient protein–protein interfaces

A non‐redundant set of 170 protein–protein interfaces of known structure was statistically analyzed for residue and secondary‐structure compositions, pairing preferences and side‐chain–backbone interaction frequencies. By focussing mainly on transient protein–protein interfaces, the results underline previous findings for protein–protein interfaces but also show some new interesting aspects of transient interfaces. The residue compositions at interfaces found in this study correlate well with the results of other studies. On average, contacts between pairs of hydrophobic and polar residues were unfavorable, and the charged residues tended to pair subject to charge complementarity. Secondary structure composition analysis shows that neither helices nor β‐sheets are dominantly populated at interfaces. Analyzing the pairing preferences of the secondary structure elements revealed a higher affinity within the same elements and alludes to tight packings. In addition, the results for the side‐chain and backbone interaction frequencies, which were measured under more stringent conditions, showed a high occurrence of side‐chain–backbone interactions. Taking a closer look at the helix and β‐sheet binding frequencies for a given side‐chain and backbone interaction underlined the relevance of tight packings. The polarity of interfaces increased with decreasing interface size. These types of information may be useful for scoring complexes in protein–protein docking studies or for prediction of protein–protein interfaces from the sequences alone. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory Suppression and Swallowing from Introduction of Fluids into the Laryngeal Region of the Lamb

Summary: Introduction of 0.9% NaCl or undiluted fetal tracheal fluid into the laryngeal region produced no suppression of breathing in lambs during the perinatal period. As NaCl or tracheal fluid solutions were increasingly diluted with water, progressively greater respiratory suppression associated with rapid swallowing was observed. Introduction of amniotic fluid was associated with variable suppression of respiration. The swallowing induced by the dilute solutions was as rapid as two swallows per sec. Lambs 3 months of age swallowed when water was introduced into the laryngeal region, but were able to alternate swallows between breaths without suppression of breathing.Speculation: The suppression of breathing by presence of certain fluids in the laryngeal region may have important clinical implications. At birth, aspiration of amniotic fluid into the laryngeal area could seriously suppress breathing under certain conditions. In the pre-term or newly born infant, introduction of fluids with low osmolality into the laryngeal region might initiate this detrimental reflex more strongly than in older children. Finally, the aggravated response where life-threatening apnea develops from presence of small amounts of fluid in the laryngeal region might occur especially in neonatal disease states predisposing to apneic episodes. Under such conditions, swallowing could clear the liquid from the laryngeal region so that this area would be free of fluid at subsequent postmortem examination. Death from apnea could occur as terminal hypoxia supervenes, leaving little evidence for the pathologist to define the cause of death.
Determinants of socially responsible corporate behaviours in the Spanish electricity sector

Purpose - This paper aims to achieve a better understanding about the competitive and institutional pressures that can determine socially responsible corporate behaviours of organisations that operate in an organisational field. Design/methodology/approach - The paper draws on New Institutional Sociology to analyse pressures on Spanish electricity companies to behave in socially responsible ways. Data collection covers the period 1997-2008 and the data sources were the following: semi-structured interviews, industrial regulation, documents, websites of organisations and associations, and informal discussions. Findings - Socially responsible corporate behaviours of Spanish electricity companies were due not only to internal decisions based on economic rationality, but also to various institutional (coercive, normative and mimetic) pressures. Research limitations/implications - The study covers a specific organisational field, the Spanish electricity sector. Further research would be necessary in order to analyse other organisational fields and to compare the results. Practical implications - Conditions under which organisations behave in socially responsible ways are contrasted in the case of Spanish electricity companies, for instance, the healthy economic environment, the monitoring of their behaviour and their participation in associations that promote Corporate Social Responsibility. Originality/value - Generally, pressures of the environment on organisations to behave in socially responsible ways have received little attention and the specialised literature has focused on the individual organisation level of analysis. So, a contribution of the paper is to analyse the pressures of the competitive and institutional environment on a specific organisational field so that organisations adopt socially responsible corporate behaviours.
The Financial Stability of Notional Account Pensions

A number of European countries are reforming their pension benefit formulas by adopting "notional" accounts. These accounts are used to determine individual benefits, but pay-as-you-go financing is retained. This paper addresses the belief that by choosing adjustment rules cleverly, notional accounts can provide automatic financial equilibrium in the short run. If this were true, it would be a valuable advantage in terms of insulating the government budget from demographic pressures, while insulating the pension budget from fiscal pressures. It is shown that notional account benefit formulas cannot provide automatic financial equilibrium in the short run. The paper also suggests that if indexing rules are chosen in a particular way, and shocks revert rapidly to a mean, the pension institution may achieve financial stability in the long run. However, long-run stability is unlikely to be valuable because political interference occurs in the short run. Copyright 2000 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
The Constant Elasticity of Variance Model and Its Implications For Option Pricing

where the instantaneous variance of the percentage price change is equal to U2/S2and hence is a direct inverse function of the stock price. In the traditionally used lognormal model, which corresponds to the limiting case a = 2, the variance rate is not a function of the stock price itself. Both casual empiricism and economic rationale tend to support the inverse relationship. If this relationship is borne out by the empirical data, an option pricing formula based on the constant elasticity of variance diffusion could fit the actual market prices better than the Black-Scholes model. In this article we empirically investigate the relationship between the stock price level and its variance of return and perform a comparative statics analysis of the Black-Scholes prices and those based on two special cases of the constant elasticity of variance class (a = 1 and a = 0).
Intrinsic Sex‐Linked Variations in Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation Potential of Bone Marrow Multipotent Stromal Cells

Bone formation and aging are sexually dimorphic. Yet, definition of the intrinsic molecular differences between male and female multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in bone is lacking. This study assessed sex‐linked differences in MSC differentiation in 3‐, 6‐, and 9‐month‐old C57BL/6J mice. Analysis of tibiae showed that female mice had lower bone volume fraction and higher adipocyte content in the bone marrow compared to age‐matched males. While both males and females lost bone mass in early aging, the rate of loss was higher in males. Similar expression of bone‐ and adipocyte‐related genes was seen in males and females at 3 and 9 months, while at 6 months, females exhibited a twofold greater expression of these genes. Under osteogenic culture conditions, bone marrow MSCs from female 3‐ and 6‐month‐old mice expressed similar levels of bone‐related genes, but significantly greater levels of adipocyte‐related genes, than male MSCs. Female MSCs also responded to rosiglitazone‐induced suppression of osteogenesis at a 5‐fold lower (10 nM) concentration than male MSCs. Female MSCs grown in estrogen‐stripped medium showed similar responses to rosiglitazone as MSCs grown in serum containing estrogen. MSCs from female mice that had undergone ovariectomy before sexual maturity also were sensitive to rosiglitazone‐induced effects on osteogenesis. These results suggest that female MSCs are more sensitive to modulation of differentiation by PPARγ and that these differences are intrinsic to the sex of the animal from which the MSCs came. These results also may explain the sensitivity of women to the deleterious effects of rosiglitazone on bone. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 296–307, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contentious Implementation and Retrenchment in Neoliberal Policy Reform: The Global Electric Power Industry, 1989–2001

We develop theory about the effect of domestic and global institutional forces across countries and over time, following a national government's adoption of a globally diffusing policy, on retrenchment—the degree to which a government reinstates the objectives of a policy's predecessor without repealing the new policy to balance conflicting institutional forces. World political culture legitimates and supports the new policy, while the policy's domestic opponents seek to mobilize opposition to it. Peer country governments' behavior and intergovernmental organizations may help or hinder domestic opponents' efforts. We tested our model by examining governments' renegotiation of the terms of private electricity generation projects in 62 countries in 1989–2001. Although no country formally repealed electricity liberalization during that period, governments selectively renegotiated the terms of private investment in roughly 20 percent of private power generation projects in countries that liberalized. Results support our hypotheses about the effects of domestic and global institutional forces—the former of which we measure through automated natural language parsing of 8.52 million newspaper articles—and the idea that domestic audiences' preexisting cognitive constructs and normative beliefs shape governments' implementation of globally diffusing policies.
Sox and the Transition from Apartheid to Democracy: South African Auditing Developments Through the Lens of Modernity Theory

This paper uses South Africa as an example to explore how crises of trust – stemming from the legacy of Apartheid, local and international corporate failures and the changing regulatory framework in the United States – have contributed to shaping aspects of South African corporate governance. Using Giddens' theory of modernity, the research considers how the country's racist past and recent corporate scandals have converged to shape South Africa's corporate governance landscape. In turn, mechanisms of modernity explain why South Africa has developed a highly sophisticated system of corporate governance.
Investment in Emerging Markets We are Not in Kansas Anymore…Or are We?

We document that (i) although private investment growth in emerging markets has decelerated in recent years, it came down from cyclical highs and remains close to pre-crisis trends; and (ii) investment-to-output ratios generally remain close to or above historical averages. We show that investment is positively related to expect future profitability, cash flows and debt flows, and negatively associated with leverage. Critically, it is also positively related to (country-specific) commodity export prices and capital inflows. Lower commodity export prices and expected profitability, a moderation in capital inflows, and increased leverage account for the bulk of the recent investment deceleration.
THE REACTION OF EXCHANGE RATES TO ECONOMIC NEWS

This paper examines the short-run responses of spot exchange rates to several types of economic news. Survey data are used to divide economic announcements into expected and unexpected components with the latter measuring news. The results indicate that exchange rates are systematically related to unexpected money announcements after the October 1979 switch in Federal Reserve operating procedures but not before. This response does not appear to have changed, however, after the October 1982 Federal Reserve regime change. Short-run exchange rate movements are not systematically related to news on inflation or real activity.
The Importance of Error Management Culture in Organizations: The Impact on Employee Helping Behaviors During Service Failures and Recoveries in Restaurants

This study examined the influence of error management culture on employee helping behaviors during service failure and recovery situations in restaurants. Data was collected from 236 employees working in 22 restaurants in Turkey. Additionally, supervisors were asked to evaluate the employees’ helping behaviors. Hierarchical linear regression analysis indicated that error management culture had a significant positive influence on employee helping behaviors (self-rated), employee helping behaviors (manager-rated), and coworker helping behaviors. Furthermore, the study includes important theoretical and practical implications for researchers and industry practitioners.