Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nerve endings with structural characteristics of mechanoreceptors in the human scleral spur.

PURPOSE The innervation of the scleral spur region was investigated to learn whether mechano-receptors are present in this region. METHODS Serial tangential sections and whole-mount preparations of the scleral spur region of 18 human eyes of different ages were investigated with electronmicroscopic and immunohistochemical methods. For immunohistochemistry antibodies against neurofilament-proteins, synaptophysin, substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), tyrosine-hydroxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and acetylcholinesterase were used. RESULTS Club- or bulb-shaped nerve endings with a diameter of 5 microns to 25 microns were identified in the scleral spur region throughout the whole circumference of the eyes. The terminals derive from myelinated axons with a diameter of approximately 3 microns and stain with antibodies against neurofilament-proteins and synaptophysin but do not stain for tyrosine-hydroxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, acetylcholinesterase, NPY, VIP, SP, or CGRP. Electronmicroscopically, the endings contain abundant neurofilaments, granular and agranular vesicles of different sizes, numerous mitochondria, and lysosome-like lamellated structures. The endings are incompletely ensheathed by Schwann cells. Those areas of the cell membrane of the endings that are not covered by Schwann cells are in intimate contact with the fibrillar connective tissue elements of the scleral spur. CONCLUSION These structural features are highly characteristic for mechanoreceptive nerve endings in other tissues of the human body. The authors therefore hypothesize that the club-or bulb-shaped nerve endings in the human scleral spur are afferent mechanoreceptors that measure stress or strain in the connective tissue elements of the scleral spur. Such changes might be induced by ciliary muscle contraction and/or by changes in intraocular pressure.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Are Children with High-Functioning Autism Better at Syntax than Typically Developing Children ? The Case of Dutch Object Relative Clauses

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A Forward Genetics Screen in Mice Identifies Recessive Deafness Traits and Reveals That Pejvakin Is Essential for Outer Hair Cell Function

Deafness is the most common form of sensory impairment in the human population and is frequently caused by recessive mutations. To obtain animal models for recessive forms of deafness and to identify genes that control the development and function of the auditory sense organs, we performed a forward genetics screen in mice. We identified 13 mouse lines with defects in auditory function and six lines with auditory and vestibular defects. We mapped several of the affected genetic loci and identified point mutations in four genes. Interestingly, all identified genes are expressed in mechanosensory hair cells and required for their function. One mutation maps to the pejvakin gene, which encodes a new member of the gasdermin protein family. Previous studies have described two missense mutations in the human pejvakin gene that cause nonsyndromic recessive deafness (DFNB59) by affecting the function of auditory neurons. In contrast, the pejvakin allele described here introduces a premature stop codon, causes outer hair cell defects, and leads to progressive hearing loss. We also identified a novel allele of the human pejvakin gene in an Iranian pedigree that is afflicted with progressive hearing loss. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms of pathogenesis associated with pejvakin mutations are more diverse than previously appreciated. More generally, our findings demonstrate that recessive screens in mice are powerful tools for identifying genes that control the development and function of mechanosensory hair cells and cause deafness in humans, as well as generating animal models for disease.
‘Write it down and then what?’: Promoting pre-service teachers’ language awareness, metacognitive development and pedagogical skills through reflections on vocabulary acquisition and teaching

Abstract This is the second of two articles based on a study of the contribution of vocabulary notebooks to the development of second language vocabulary, language awareness, metacognitive skills and pedagogical skills of non-native English-speaking pre-service teachers. In this article, the impact of reflections on non-native pre-service teachers’ language awareness and knowledge of foreign language pedagogy is explored. The data collection included examination of each participant’s vocabulary notebook reflections, individual questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Findings show that reflective learning is conducive to non-native pre-service teachers’ pedagogical and metacognitive development. Reflections also enhanced participants’ understanding of vocabulary acquisition processes. This investigation adds to the body of research on the use reflective learning for language awareness, vocabulary acquisition and language teacher education.
Main concepts for two picture description tasks: an addition to Richardson and Dalton, 2016

ABSTRACT Background: Proposition analysis of the discourse of persons with aphasia (PWAs) has a long history, yielding important advancements in our understanding of communication impairments in this population. Recently, discourse measures have been considered primary outcome measures, and multiple calls have been made for improved psychometric properties of discourse measures. Aims: To advance the use of discourse analysis in PWAs by providing Main Concept Analysis checklists and descriptive statistics for healthy control performance on the analysis for the Cat in the Tree and Refused Umbrella narrative tasks utilized in the AphasiaBank database protocol. Methods & Procedures: Ninety-two control transcripts, stratified into four age groups (20–39 years; 40–59; 60–79; 80+), were downloaded from the AphasiaBank database. Relevant concepts were identified, and those spoken by at least one-third of the control sample were considered to be a main concept (MC). A multilevel coding system was used to determine the accuracy and completeness of the MCs produced by control speakers. Outcomes & Results: MC checklists for two discourse tasks are provided. Descriptive statistics are reported and examined to assist readers with evaluation of the normative data. Conclusions: These checklists provide clinicians and researchers with a tool to reliably assess the discourse of PWAs. They also help address the gap in available psychometric data with which to compare PWAs to healthy controls.
Activities of ankle muscles during gait analyzed by simulation using the human musculoskeletal model

The purpose of this study was to analyze the activity of ankle muscles during normal gait by simulation method using the human musculoskeletal model. The equipment used in this study was three-dimensional motion capture system and force platform, and OpenSim was used for simulation. Collected data was scaled to Gait2392 that is the human musculoskeletal simulation model using in the OpenSim. Tibialis anterior (TA) worked as a major muscle during gait, producing a higher force than other muscles. Main muscles contributing to propulsion were gastrocnemius medial head (GMH) and soleus (SOL) with their maximum forces appear to be more than 1.5 times the body weight. GMH and SOL showed cooperation for maintaining propulsion around left foot initial contact in the gait cycle. This study has shown a difference between activation and force pattern. The peak-activation of the TA and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) was similarly shown to be around 0.8 in the initial double stance, but the peak-force produced by these muscles in the same period showed a difference with 0.4 Newton/body weight higher in TA than in EDL. We suggest that when assessing muscle contribution to gait, it would be reasonable to consider the force generated because the human movement was generated by the mechanical net force of muscles.
Morphological Structure in Native and Nonnative Language Processing

This article presents a selective overview of studies that have investigated how advanced adult second language (L2) learners process morphologically complex words. The studies reported here have used different kinds of experimental tasks (including speeded grammaticality judgments, lexical decision, and priming) to examine three domains of morphological processing (regular and irregular inflection, derived word forms, and morphosyntactic phenomena) in L2 learners from typologically different first language (L1) backgrounds. The results from these studies demonstrate clear differences between native and nonnative processing in all three domains, indicating that adult L2 learners are less sensitive to morphological structure than native speakers and rely more on lexical storage than on morphological parsing during processing.
Emotion display and suppression among Arab and Jewish assistant principals in Israel

Purpose It is widely accepted that educational leaders and teachers need to manage and regulate their emotions continually, mainly because schooling and teaching processes expose many emotions. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to trace the ways Israeli assistant principals, both Arab and Jewish, manage their emotions at work. Design/methodology/approach Based on semi-structured interviews with 15 assistant principals, it was found that they are required to manage their emotions in accordance with entrenched emotion rules in the culture and society. Findings Most of the Jewish female APs tend to display warmth and empathy toward teachers in order to better understand their personal needs and professional performances. In contrast, Arab APs suppressed or fabricated emotional expression in their discourse with teachers and parents, in order to maintain a professional façade and retain the internal cohesion of the school. Both groups of APs believed their emotion regulation results in higher level of harmony in the school. Empirical and practical suggestions are put forward. Originality/value The paper is original and contributes to the theoretical and practical knowledge.
Long Memory in Stock Market Volatility and the Volatility-in-Mean E ¤ ect : The FIEGARCH-M Model Bent

We extend the fractionally integrated exponential GARCH (FIEGARCH) model for daily stock return data with long memory in return volatility of Bollerslev and Mikkelsen (1996) by introducing a possible volatility-in-mean e¤ect. To avoid that the long memory property of volatility carries over to returns, we consider a ltered FIEGARCH-in-mean (FIEGARCH-M) e¤ect in the return equation. The ltering of the volatility-in-mean component thus allows the co-existence of long memory in volatility and short memory in returns. We present an application to the S&P 500 index which documents the empirical relevance of our model. JEL Classi cation: C22. Keywords: FIEGARCH, nancial leverage, GARCH, long memory, risk-return tradeo¤, stock returns, volatility feedback. We are grateful to the Danish Social Science Research Council (grant no. FSE 275-05-0220), the Center for Analytical Finance (CAF), and the Center for Research in Econometric Analysis of Time Series (CREATES, funded by the Danish National Research Foundation) for nancial support. Some of this research was carried out when Christensen was visiting the Department of Economics at Harvard University and Zhu was visiting the Department of Economics at Cornell University, and the generosity and hospitality of both departments are gratefully acknowledged. yCorresponding author: Morten Ørregaard Nielsen, Department of Economics, Cornell University, 486 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; phone: +1 607 255 6338; fax: +1 607 255 2818; email: mon2@cornell.edu
THE CALIFORNIA MOLECULAR CLOUD

We present an analysis of wide-field infrared extinction maps of a region in Perseus just north of the Taurus–Auriga dark cloud complex. From this analysis we have identified a massive, nearby, but previously unrecognized, giant molecular cloud (GMC). Both a uniform foreground star density and measurements of the cloud's velocity field from CO observations indicate that this cloud is likely a coherent structure at a single distance. From comparison of foreground star counts with Galactic models, we derive a distance of 450 ± 23 pc to the cloud. At this distance the cloud extends over roughly 80 pc and has a mass of ≈ 105 M☉, rivaling the Orion (A) molecular cloud as the largest and most massive GMC in the solar neighborhood. Although surprisingly similar in mass and size to the more famous Orion molecular cloud (OMC) the newly recognized cloud displays significantly less star formation activity with more than an order of magnitude fewer young stellar objects than found in the OMC, suggesting that both the level of star formation and perhaps the star formation rate in this cloud are an order of magnitude or more lower than in the OMC. Analysis of extinction maps of both clouds shows that the new cloud contains only 10% the amount of high extinction (AK > 1.0 mag) material as is found in the OMC. This, in turn, suggests that the level of star formation activity and perhaps the star formation rate in these two clouds may be directly proportional to the total amount of high extinction material and presumably high density gas within them and that there might be a density threshold for star formation on the order of n(H2) ≈ a few × 104 cm−3.
Isolating rule- versus evidence-based prefrontal activity during episodic and lexical discrimination: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of detection theory distinctions.

Dorsolateral and frontopolar prefrontal cortices (PFCs) are often implicated in neuroimaging studies of memory retrieval, with this activity ascribed to controlled monitoring processes indicative of difficult or demanding retrieval. Difficulty, however, is multiply determined, with success rates governed both by the available evidence and by the nature of decision rules applied to that evidence. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we isolated these factors by 1) contrasting different decision rules across matched evidence and 2) manipulating the level of evidence within a fixed decision rule. For identically constructed retrieval probes (1 old and 1 new item), same-different (are these different? ) compared with forced-choice (which one is old? ) decision rules yielded bilateral dorsolateral and right frontopolar PFC increases. However, these regions were unaffected when the available evidence was greatly lowered within forced-choice decisions. Thus, the regions were simultaneously sensitive to the type of decision rule and yet insensitive to the level of evidence supporting those decisions. Analogous lexical tasks yielded similar patterns, demonstrating that the PFC responses were not episodic memory specific. We discuss the mechanistic differences between same-different versus forced-choice decisions and the implications of these data for current theories of PFC activity during episodic remembering and executive control.
Teaching the security mindset to CS1 students

In this 21st century technological world, the inherent problems of computer security are becoming increasingly important, and it is critical that our students gain the necessary skills and knowledge, early in their academic programs, to handle these problems. Specifically, the lack of security mindset is responsible for many overlooked and exploitable security bugs in the computer programs that these students design. While learning the security concepts generally requires a more advanced knowledge of computer science, learning the security mindset can be, and should be, addressed as early as CS 1. Although the primary focus of any traditional CS 1 course is that of basic programming concepts, we believe that teaching the security mindset in this course is valuable and effective. In this paper we discuss the course that we have taught for four terms-an introductory course that teaches the security mindset to beginner programmers. We start out by using the term-long incremental development of a security-sensitive program-the login program. Students develop the security mindset by thinking as both hackers and defenders, in order to catch and fix the logical and run-time errors that may lead to security breaches in the program.
Implicit representation of graphs

How to represent a graph in memory is a fundamental data structuring question. In the usual representations of an <italic>n</italic>-node graph, the names of the nodes (i.e. integers from 1 to <italic>n</italic>) betray nothing about the graph itself. Indeed, the names (or labels) on the <italic>n</italic> nodes are just log<italic>n</italic> bit place holders to allow data on the edges to code for the structure of the graph. In our scenario, there is no such waste. By assigning <italic>&Ogr;</italic>(log<italic>n</italic>) bit labels to the nodes, we completely code for the structure of the graph, so that given the labels of two nodes we can test if they are adjacent in time linear in the size of the labels. Furthermore, given an arbitrary original labeling of the nodes, we can find structure coding labels (as above) that are no more than a small constant factor larger than the original labels. These notions are intimately related to vertex induced universal graphs of polynomial size. For example, we can label planar graphs with structure coding labels of size < 4log<italic>n</italic>. This implies the existence of a graph with <italic>n</italic><supscrpt>4</supscrpt> nodes that contains all <italic>n</italic>-node planar graphs as vertex induced subgraphs (It was not previously known that this class had polynomial sized universal graphs). The theorems on finite graphs extend to a theorem about the constrained labeling of infinite graphs.
On the intensity and spatial morphology of the 511-kev emission in the milky way

The positron emissivity of the Galactic bulge and disk, resulting from radioactivity of SNIa, is reassessed in the light of a recent evaluation of the SNIa rate. It is found that the disk may supply more positrons than required by recent observations, but the bulge (where the characteristic e + ' annihilation line at 511 keV is in fact observed by SPI/INTEGRAL) only about 10% of the total. It is argued that a large fraction of the disk positrons may be transported via the regular magnetic field of the Galaxy into the bulge, where they annihilate. This would increase both the bulge positron emissivity and the bulge/disk ratio, alleviating considerably the constraints imposed by INTEGRAL data analysis. We argue that the bulge/disk ratio can be considerably smaller than the values derived by the recent analysis of Knodlseder et al. (2005, AA this possibility could be soon tested, as data are accumulated in the SPI detectors. The success of the proposed scenario depends critically upon the, very poorly known at present, properties of the galactic magnetic field and of the propagation of low energy positrons in it.
A Posteriori Error Estimation Based on Potential and Flux Reconstruction for the Heat Equation

We derive a posteriori error estimates for the discretization of the heat equation in a unified and fully discrete setting comprising the discontinuous Galerkin, various finite volume, and mixed finite element methods in space and the backward Euler scheme in time. Extensions to conforming and nonconforming finite element spatial discretizations are also outlined. Our estimates are based on a $H^1$-conforming reconstruction of the potential, continuous and piecewise affine in time, and a locally conservative $\mathbf{H}(\mathrm{div})$-conforming reconstruction of the flux, piecewise constant in time. They yield a guaranteed and fully computable upper bound on the error measured in the energy norm augmented by a dual norm of the time derivative. Local-in-time lower bounds are also derived; for nonconforming methods on time-varying meshes, the lower bounds require a mild parabolic-type constraint on the meshsize.
On the Use of the Kernel Method for Specification Test of Diffusion Models 1

Abstract: This paper evaluates the use of the nonparametric kernel method for testing specification of diffusion models as originally considered in Aı̈t-Sahalia (1996). A serious doubt on the ability of the kernel method for diffusion model testing has been cast in Pritsker (1998), who observes severe size distortion of the test proposed by Aı̈t-Sahalia and finds that 2755 years of data are required in order for the kernel density estimator to attain a level of accuracy achieved with 22 years of independent data. We introduce in this paper a set of additional measures to the kernel method and show that the severe size distortion observed by Pritsker (1998) can be overcome by implementing these measures. Our simulation for both the Vasicek and Cox-Ingersoll-Ross diffusion models indicates that the proposed test has reasonable size and power under various degrees of data persistence for as little as 10 years of data. We apply the proposed test to a monthly Federal Fund rate data and find there are empirical supports for some of the one-factor diffusion models proposed in the literature.
Phytoplankton Cell Size: Intra- and Interspecific Effects of Warming and Grazing

Decreasing body size has been suggested as the third universal biological response to global warming after latitudinal/altitudinal range shifts and shifts in phenology. Size shifts in a community can be the composite result of intraspecific size shifts and of shifts between differently sized species. Metabolic explanations for the size shifts dominate in the literature but top down effects, i.e. intensified size-selective consumption at higher temperatures, have been proposed as alternative explanation. Therefore, we performed phytoplankton experiments with a factorial combination of warming and consumer type (protist feeding mainly on small algae vs. copepods mainly feeding on large algae). Natural phytoplankton was exposed to 3 (1st experiment) or 4 (2nd experiment) temperature levels and 3 (1st experiment: nano-, microzooplankton, copepods) or 2 (2nd experiment: microzooplankton, copepods) types of consumers. Size shifts of individual phytoplankton species and community mean size were analyzed. Both, mean cell size of most of the individual species and mean community cell size decreased with temperature under all grazing regimes. Grazing by copepods caused an additional reduction in cell size. Our results reject the hypothesis, that intensified size selective consumption at higher temperature would be the dominant explanation of decreasing body size. In this case, the size reduction would have taken place only in the copepod treatments but not in the treatments with protist grazing (nano- and microzooplankton).
Enhanced Stability and Antitumoral Activity Single-Chain TNF, a TNF Derivative with

Klaus Pfizenmaier and Peter ScheurichSterns, Steve D. Shnyder, Jason H. Gill, Daniela N. Mannel,Zimmermann, Marie Kuhnle, Jeannette Gerspach, Theobald Anja Krippner-Heidenreich, Ingo Grunwald, Gudrunhttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/12/8176J Immunol€2008; 180:8176-8183; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/12/8176.full#ref-list-1This article cites 32 articles, 11 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai. org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: