Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional Trade Between India and Pakistan: Prospect of Most Favourite Nation (MFN)

The globalization especially economic globalization let the process more progressive and with the advancements in the iteration of innovation and inventions in technologies related to trade, marine, communication, logistics, production and management etc, have substantially reshaped the pace of trade and exchange. In this paper the impact of political decision on regional trade between India and Pakistan has been studied, from the prospect of Most Favorite Nation (MFN). Where the time period was 1951 to 2011, using STATA. Study is based on Pre and Post MFN status. As the study shows that there is a substantial evidence that Indian decision of declaring Pakistan as MFN has shifted the dimension of trade in favor of India. Where the process of globalization and increasing consumerism in Pakistan has let the Trend to be significant in case of Indian exports to Pakistan. Whereas, Pakistan hasnâ€™t gain much after this decision relatively. Moreover, Indian exports to Pakistan increase when Pakistan economy shows improvement. On the other hand, Pakistan export to India are indifferent of Indian economic situation. Status of government in Pakistan has insignificant impact on mutual trade.
Neural Representation for the Perception of the Intentionality of Actions

A novel population of cells is described, located in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus (STSa, sometimes called STPa) of the temporal lobe in the macaque monkey. These cells respond selectively to the sight of reaching but only when the agent performing the action is seen to be attending to the target position of the reaching. We describe how such conditional selectivity can be generated from the properties of distinct cell populations within STSa. One cell population responds selectively to faces, eye gaze, and body posture, and we argue that subsets of these cells code for the direction of attention of others. A second cell population is selectively responsive to limb movement in certain directions (e.g., responding to an arm movement to the left but not to an equivalent leg movement or vice versa). The responses of a subset of cells sensitive to limb movement are modulated by the direction of attention (indicated by head and body posture of the agent performing the action). We conclude that this combined analysis of direction of attention and body movements supports the detection of intentional actions.
Performance comparison of nonlinear filters for indoor WLAN positioning

Indoor WLAN positioning should be modeled as a nonlinear and non-Gaussian dynamic system due to the complex indoor environment, radio propagation and motion behaviour. The aim of this paper is to analyze different filtering strategies for real life indoor WLAN positioning systems. The performance criteria for the comparison are the mean of localization errors and computational complexity. Three nonlinear filters are analyzed: Fourier density approximation (FF), particle filter (PF) and grid-based filter (GF), which are representatives for deterministic and random density approximation approaches. Our experimental results help to choose the appropriate filtering techniques under different resource limitations.
Put on a Smiley Face: Textspeak and Personality Perceptions

With the emergence of Web 2.0, there has been a dramatic surge in user-generated content. Although the Internet provides greater freedom in self-presentation, computer-mediated communication is characterized by a more relaxed attitude to grammar, spelling, and punctuation. The language of the Internet, or textspeak, may be suitable for casual interactions but inappropriate in professional contexts. Participant perceptions of an author's personality were tested in two distinct contexts (formal vs. informal) and the written information was manipulated under three levels of textspeak: none, low, and high. Participants judged the author as less conscientious and less open but more emotionally stable when textspeak was used. However, context had no impact. Personality perceptions of textspeak users differ to those who write in Standard English, and this is likely to extend to informal impression management contexts (e.g., online dating). These findings also have a number of implications, for example in terms of screening applicants via social media.
Trade Liberalization and Income Distribution

Empirical work relating trade liberalization and income distributed has iden- tified an important anomaly. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem predict trade liberalization will shift income toward a country's abundant factor. For developing countries, this suggests liberalization will principally benefit the abundant unskilled labor. Yet extensive empirical studies have identified many cases with a contrary result. This paper develops a simple theoretical explanation for this anomaly. It shows that countries which are labor abundant in a global sense may see wages decline with liberalization if they are capital abundant in a local sense. The current absence of empirical work that would allow us to identify the relevant local abundance implies that virtually all assertions regarding anticipated distributional consequences of trade liberalization are without foundation. There may likewise be important implications for industrialized countries that border developing countries undertaking trade liberalization, particularly in regard to the incentives for migration.
Racial Differences in Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke among Children

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among U.S. children. Despite African-American children’s having a lower reported exposure to tobacco compared to whites, they suffer disproportionately from tobacco-related illnesses and have higher levels of serum cotinine than white children. The goal of this study was to test whether African-American children have higher levels of serum and hair cotinine, after accounting for ETS exposure and various housing characteristics. We investigated the level of cotinine in both hair and serum in a sample of 222 children with asthma. Using a previously validated survey for adult smokers, we assessed each child’s exposure to ETS. We collected detailed information on the primary residence, including home volume, ventilation, and overall home configuration. Despite a lower reported ETS exposure, African-American children had higher mean levels of serum cotinine (1.41 ng/mL vs. 0.97 ng/mL; p = 0.03) and hair cotinine (0.25 ng/mg vs. 0.07 ng/mg; p < 0.001) compared with white children. After adjusting for ETS exposure, housing size, and other demographic characteristics, serum and hair cotinine levels remained significantly higher in African-American children (β = 0.34, p = 0.03) than in white children (β = 1.06, p < 0.001). Housing volume was significantly associated with both serum and hair cotinine but did not fully explain the race difference. Our results demonstrate that, despite a lower reported exposure to ETS, African-American children with asthma had significantly higher levels of both serum and hair cotinine than did white children. Identifying causes and consequences of increased cotinine may help explain the striking differences in tobacco-related illnesses.
On the Nature of Dialogic Identity Work

This paper seeks to supplement the theory that identity work incorporates a dialogic process by focusing on how such processes can proceed. The research question is: how do people's identities become meaningful? The aim is to theorize the `route to meaning construction' of the self by producing a model of micro dialogical process. The model synthesizes current research on dialogic processes and classic concepts of Bakhtin and Wittgenstein. An empirical analysis is conducted of a longitudinal multi-method engagement with an organization in the cultural sector, focusing on the multiple identity narratives of a manager. Subsequently, the model is developed to incorporate the concepts of meaning-giving tensions and enabling/militating factors.
General Duality for Perpetual American Options

In this paper, we investigate the generalization of the Call-Put duality equality obtained in Alfonsi and Jourdain (preprint, 2006, available at ) for perpetual American options when the Call-Put payoff (y - x)+ is replaced by ϕ(x,y). It turns out that the duality still holds under monotonicity and concavity assumptions on ϕ. The specific analytical form of the Call-Put payoff only makes calculations easier but is not crucial unlike in the derivation of the Call-Put duality equality for European options. Last, we give some examples for which the optimal strategy is known explicitly.
Recovering performance in the short term after coach succession in Spanish basketball organisations

ABSTRACT Research papers on succession processes in sports organisations have usually shown contradictory results. Several factors can explain the different effects on performance after changes, so the purpose of this paper is to obtain a better understanding of coach changes and their impacts on short-term performance. For this purpose, we use ordinary least squares (with Stata) to analyse panel data from a longitudinal sample of 15 years (from the 1997–1998 season to the 2011–2012 season) of Spanish professional basketball organisations, examining all changes in head coaches that occurred during the teams’ competitive seasons using the variables of coach experience or human capital changes within the organisation after the change of coach to determine the repercussions of these changes on performance. The results, with p < . 05, support two hypotheses: H2, the possibility of short-term improved performance in organisations after a coach change; and H3, if a coach change is accompanied by more profound changes in human capital (players) the result is worse performance. These results are not contradictory because they indicate that it is possible to recover performance in the short term, but if managers make too many changes at the same time, the team cannot coordinate itself to recover its performance. For organisations, this observation is important because organisations can change key leaders when performance is low but must consider that a large number of simultaneous changes are overly risky because this increases instability and disruption.
Histochemical and biochemical analysis of the size-dependent nanoimmunoresponse in mouse Peyer’s patches using fluorescent organosilica particles

Background/objective The size-dependent mucosal immunoresponse against nanomaterials (nanoimmunoresponse) is an important approach for mucosal vaccination. In the present work, the size-dependent nanoimmunoresponse of mouse Peyer’s patches (PPs) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) level was investigated using fluorescent thiol-organosilica particles. Methods Various sizes of fluorescent thiol-organosilica particles (100, 180, 365, 745, and 925 nm in diameter) were administered orally. PPs were analyzed histochemically, and IgA levels in PP homogenates, intestinal secretions around PPs, and bile were analyzed biochemically. Results When compared with the larger particles (745 and 925 nm), oral administration of smaller thiol-organosilica particles (100, 180, and 365 nm) increased the number of CD11b+ macrophages and IgA+ cells in the subepithelial domes of the PPs. Additionally, administration of larger particles induced the expression of alpha-L-fucose and mucosal IgA on the surface of M cells in the follicle-associated epithelia of PPs and increased the number of 33D1+ dendritic cells in the subepithelial domes of the PPs. IgA contents in the bile and PP homogenates were high after the administration of the 100 nm particles, but IgA levels in the intestinal secretions were high after the administration of the 925 nm particles. Two size-dependent routes of IgA secretions into the intestinal lumen, the enterohepatic route for smaller particles and the mucosal route for larger particles were proposed. Conclusion Thiol-organosilica particles demonstrated size-dependent nanoimmunoresponse after oral administration. The size of the particles may control the mucosal immunity in PPs and were useful in mucosal vaccination approaches.
Team-based learning in a subsection of a veterinary course as compared to standard lectures

Team-Based Learning (TBL) maximizes class time for student practice in complex problems using peer learning in an instructor-guided format. Generally entire courses are structured using the comprehensive guidelines of TBL. We used TBL in a subsection of a veterinary course to determine if it remained effective in this format. One section of the class was taught the material using PowerPoint based lectures. The other group was taught the same material by the same instructor using TBL. All students took the same examination on the material at the end of the course and again 18 months later. There were no differences in the course examination or course grades but grade distributions differed; TBL grades were more widely distributed and female TBL students outperformed male TBL students. TBL students scored significantly higher on the repeat examination. Objective student engagement was high and students were
Transcription Factor Interactions Mediate EGF-Dependent COX-2 Expression

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is linked to poor prognosis in patients with malignant gliomas. Amplification/overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly seen in these tumors. EGFR signaling, through activation of the p38-MAPK/PKC-δ/Sp1 cascade, plays an essential role in the regulation of COX-2 expression in glioma cells. Here, we report that Src kinase contributes upstream to this signaling cascade. In addition, more detailed analysis revealed the involvement of FOXM1, a member of the forkhead box family of transcriptional activators, in EGF-dependent COX-2 induction. FOXM1 protein increased after stimulation with EGF, although its role in modulating COX-2 expression does not depend on this increase. While a conventional FOXM1 responsive element resides in a distal region (−2872/−2539 relative to the transcriptional start site) of the COX-2 promoter, this is not required for EGF-dependent induction of COX-2. Instead, FOXM1 forms a cooperative interaction with Sp1 at the Sp1-binding site (-245/-240 relative to the start site) of the COX-2 promoter to mediate EGF-induced COX-2 expression. Definition of this novel interaction provides a clearer understanding of the mechanistic basis for EGF induction of COX-2. Implications: These data provide a guide for the evaluation of potential newer therapeutic targets that have relevance in this disease. Mol Cancer Res; 11(8); 875–86. ©2013 AACR.
Functional anatomy of the forelimb in Promegantereon* ogygia (Felidae, Machairodontinae, Smilodontini) from the Late Miocene of Spain and the origins of the sabre‐toothed felid model

We examine the functional anatomy of the forelimb in the primitive sabre‐toothed cat Promegantereon ogygia in comparison with that of the extant pantherins, other felids and canids. The study reveals that this early machairodontine had already developed strong forelimbs and a short and robust thumb, a combination that probably allowed P. ogygia to exert relatively greater forces than extant pantherins. These features can be clearly related to the evolution of the sabre‐toothed cat hunting method, in which the rapid killing of prey was achieved with a precise canine shear‐bite to the throat. In this early sabre‐toothed cat from the Late Miocene, the strong forelimbs and thumb were adapted to achieve the rapid immobilization of prey, thus decreasing the risk of injury and minimizing energy expenditure. We suggest that these were the major evolutionary pressures that led to the appearance of the sabre‐toothed cat model from the primitive forms of the Middle Miocene, rather than the hunting of very large prey, although these adaptations reached their highest development in the more advanced sabre‐toothed cats of the Plio‐Pleistocene, such as Smilodon and Homotherium. Although having very different body proportions, these later animals developed such extremely powerful forelimbs that they were probably able to capture relatively larger prey than extant pantherins.
Chapter 2 Where Next in Object Recognition and how much Supervision Do We Need ?

Object class recognition is an active topic in computer vision still presenting many challenges. In most approaches, this task is addressed by supervised learning algorithms that need a large quantity of labels to perform well. This leads either to small datasets (<10,000 images) that capture only a subset of the realworld class distribution (but with a controlled and verified labeling procedure), or to large datasets that are more representative but also add more label noise. Therefore, semi-supervised learning has been established as a promising direction to address object recognition. It requires only few labels while simultaneously making use of the vast amount of images available today. In this chapter, we outline the main challenges of semi-supervised object recognition, we review existing approaches, and we emphasize open issues that should be addressed next to advance this research
Leadership Intentions of Young Women

The underrepresentation of women in leadership positions is a nagging problem in American society. Young women’s leadership intentions drive them to assume leadership opportunities despite barriers. The role of one particular personality trait most identified with leadership, namely, social potency, was examined in directly and indirectly predicting leadership intentions. 124 female college students were sampled. As hypothesized, social potency directly predicted leadership self-efficacy, leadership interest, and one of the two indicators of leadership intentions. Moreover, social potency indirectly predicted leadership intentions through leadership self-efficacy. A bootstrap procedure yielded significant indirect effects of social potency on leadership self-efficacy, leadership interest, and leadership intentions.
Method for reducing the viscosity of a chocolate.

Method for reducing the viscosity of a chocolate. The present invention is directed to a method for reducing the viscosity of melted chocolate. In this method a chocolate mixture comprising a chocolate source, a fat source and a sweetener is provided. The chocolate mixture is subjected to refining and conching or other processing. Then the mixture for liquefied chocolate which liquefies during conching, is subjected to a work of high shear mixing while the chocolate mixture is still in the molten state.
Fetal crown‐rump length measurement by ultrasound in normal pregnancy

Summary. Fetal crown‐rump length (CRL) was determined by ultrasound in 105 healthy pregnant women. Each fetus was measured two to four times between the 7th and 14th week, giving a total of 300 observations. The descriptive curve of CRL as a function of age was very similar to those published by others. The longitudinally collected observations showed that CRL in female fetuses was significantly smaller compared with that in male fetuses (P<0·01). There was no demonstrable effect of maternal age, height or parity on fetal CRL. Measurement of CRL enables assessment of gestational age to within ±4–6 days (95% confidence interval), with greatest precision at CRL measurements of 31–40 mm. The discrepancy between ultrasound age as estimated from a CRL measurement and menstrual age may be a variable of prognostic significance in threatened abortion and maternal diabetes.
Title Kinetics of neutralizing antibodies in patients naturally infectedby H 5 N 1 virus

Background: Little is known about the kinetics of anti-H5 neutralizing antibodies in naturally H5N1-infected patients with severe clinical illness or asymptomatic infection. Methods: Using H5N1 microneutralisation (MN) and H5-pseudotype particle-based microneutralisation assays (H5pp) we analyzed sera sequentially obtained from 11 severely ill patients diagnosed by RT-PCR (follow-up range 1–139 weeks of disease onset) and 31 asymptomatically infected individuals detected in a sero-epidemiological study after exposure to H5N1 virus (follow-up range: 1–2 month –11 months after exposure). Results: Of 44 sera from 11 patients with H5N1 disease, 70% tested positive by MN (antibody titre $80) after 2 weeks and 100% were positive by 3 weeks after disease onset. The geometric mean MN titers in severely ill patients were 540 at 1–2 months and 173 at 10–12 months and thus were higher than the titers from asymptomatic individuals (149 at 1–2 months, 62.2 at 10–12 months). Fractional polynomial regression analysis demonstrated that in all severely ill patients, positive titers persisted beyond 2 years of disease onset, while 10 of 23 sera collected 10–11 months after exposure in asymptomatically infected individuals tested negative. Conclusions: Our results indicate that people with asymptomatic H5N1 infection have lower H5N1 antibody titres compared to those with severe illness and that in many asymptomatically infected patients the antibody titer decreased to levels below the threshold of positivity within one year. These data are essential for the design and interpretation of seroepidemiological studies. Citation: Buchy P, Vong S, Chu S, Garcia J-M, Hien TT, et al. (2010) Kinetics of Neutralizing Antibodies in Patients Naturally Infected by H5N1 Virus. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10864. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0010864 Editor: Ding Xiang Liu, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore Received March 1, 2010; Accepted May 2, 2010; Published May 27, 2010 Copyright: 2010 Buchy et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was supported by a grant from the AFD (French Agency for Development, SISEA project, RESPARI program, http://www.pasteurinternational.org/ip/easysite/pasteur-international-en/scientific-activities/projects/all-our-projects/sisea), by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, by the Area of Excellence Scheme of the University Grants Committee, Hong Kong (Grant AoE/M-12/06), and by the Wellcome Trust, UK. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: pbuchy@pasteur-kh.org
A New Adaptive Small-Cell Architecture

Small cells are an emerging approach to improving hotspots throughput in cellular networks. Unfortunately, they cannot be deployed in a large scale under current cellular architectures, because of a severe interference problem and inefficient use of spectrum. We propose a new small-cell architecture which reconfigures topologies and frequency bands, adapting to changing traffic demands and interference-mitigating requirements. The new architecture consists of distributed small-cell nodes (SCN) and co-located baseband units (BBU), and adaptively switches the connections between the SCNs and BBUs. The BBUs can even be shared among multiple SCNs that use different frequency bands. Our architecture requires fewer BBUs, and the spectrum and energy utilization is significantly more efficient compared with current architectures. Simulations show that the new architecture is able to increase the spectrum utilization by 23.5%, and improve the network satisfaction regarding traffic demands by 144.2% for small cells covering 0.5 km2. Our architecture can also reduce the investment and energy consumption of the BBUs by up to 40%.