Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting Perceptions of Sexual Harassment Based on Type of Resistance and Belief in Token Resistance

This study examined perceptions of sexual harassment based on belief in women's use of token resistance and a victim's physical or verbal resistance to unwanted sexual attention, described in experimentally manipulated vignettes. Findings from 541 undergraduates revealed that a stronger belief in token resistance was associated with weaker perceptions of sexual harassment. Results showed that any type of resistance led to stronger perceptions of sexual harassment than no resistance at all, except for those with a stronger belief in women's use of token resistance. Perceptions among those with a stronger belief strengthened only when there were two forms of resistance offered simultaneously. These findings extend the literature by investigating the influence of physical resistance on sexual harassment perceptions.
Counting charges

Voltage-gated ion channels of excitable tissue have evolved an exquisite sensitivity to membrane potential. The open probability of a typical potassium or sodium channel, for example, may be increased by two orders of magnitude in response to a depolarization of less than 10 mV (Zagotta et al., 1994; Hirschberg et al., 1995). As recognized by Hodgkin and Huxley (1952), this responsiveness to changes of membrane potential is a consequence of the movement of charges during the conformational changes known as gating (see arguments in Sigworth, 1994). Charge transfer must occur across the membrane electric field during gating, and, in principal, it is possible to estimate the total number of elementary electronic charges (e0) completely transferred across the electric field to account for the voltage dependence of gating observed experimentally. We now know that ion channels are t ransmembrane proteins and that the charges which move during gating are likely to be comprised mainly of the amino acids of the so-called e~ subunits of sodium, potassium, and calcium channels. The usual assumption is that charge movement during gating is due to a rearrangement of the sidechains of highly charged amino acids, such as arginine, lysine, aspartate, or glutamate. However, it is worth considering that significant charge also resides in the atoms of neutral amino acids (Creighton, 1993). As a first step in understanding the molecular basis of voltage dependence and at identifying the important players in voltage sensitivity, it is necessary to know just how many charges move through the electric field as a channel undergoes a transformation from a resting closed state to an open configuration. This turns out to be a relatively trivial task for a channel with exactly two gating states: closed and open. For this two-state channel gating is de termined by two voltage-dependent rate constants: one for opening and the other for closing the channel. If these rate constants each depend exponentially on membrane potential, the relationship between steady-state open probability (Po) and voltage (V) will have the form of a Boltzmann function with a midpoint on the voltage axis of Vmi,t and a voltagedependen t equilibrium constant K(V),
Getting Big Too Fast: Strategic Dynamics with Increasing Returns and Bounded Rationality

Neoclassical models of strategic behavior have yielded many insights into competitive behavior, despite the fact that they often rely on a number of assumptions---including instantaneous market clearing and perfect foresight---that have been called into question by a broad range of research. Researchers generally argue that these assumptions are “good enough” to predict an industry's probable equilibria, and that disequilibrium adjustments and bounded rationality have limited competitive implications. Here we focus on the case of strategy in the presence of increasing returns to highlight how relaxing these two assumptions can lead to outcomes quite different from those predicted by standard neoclassical models. Prior research suggests that in the presence of increasing returns, tight appropriability, and accommodating rivals, in some circumstances early entrants can achieve sustained competitive advantage by pursuing “get big fast” (GBF) strategies: Rapidly expanding capacity and cutting prices to gain market share advantage and exploit positive feedbacks faster than their rivals. Using a simulation of the duopoly case we show that when the industry moves slowly compared to capacity adjustment delays, boundedly rational firms find their way to the equilibria predicted by conventional models. However, when market dynamics are rapid relative to capacity adjustment, forecasting errors lead to excess capacity---overwhelming the advantage conferred by increasing returns. Our results highlight the risks of ignoring the role of disequilibrium dynamics and bounded rationality in shaping competitive outcomes, and demonstrate how both can be incorporated into strategic analysis to form a dynamic, behavioral game theory amenable to rigorous analysis.
Automatic Target Recognition of SAR Images Based on Global Scattering Center Model

This paper proposes a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) automatic target recognition approach based on a global scattering center model. The scattering center model is established offline using range profiles at multiple viewing angles, so the original data amount is much less than that required for establishing SAR image templates. Scattering center features at different target poses can be conveniently predicted by this model. Moreover, the model can be modified to predict features for various target configurations. For the SAR image to be classified, regional features in different levels are extracted by thresholding and morphological operations. The regional features will be matched to the predicted scattering center features of different targets to arrive at a decision. This region-to-point matching is much easier to implement and is less sensitive to nonideal factors such as noise and pose estimation error than point-to-point matching. A matching scheme going through from coarse to fine regional features in the inner cycle and going through different pose hypotheses in the outer cycle is designed to improve the efficiency and robustness of the classifier. Experiments using both data predicted by a high-frequency electromagnetic (EM) code and data measured in the MSTAR program verify the validity of the method.
Validation of Italian multiple sclerosis quality of life 54 questionnaire

OBJECTIVES Health related quality of life (HRQOL) inventories are multi-dimensional measures of patient-centred health status developed for clinical research. The MS quality of life 54 (MSQOL-54) is an MS-specific HRQOL inventory originally devised for English speaking patients. It consists of a core measure, the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) previously adapted into Italian, and 18 additional items exploring domains relevant to patients with MS (MS-18 module). The authors translated and culturally adapted into Italian the MS-18 module of the MSQOL-54 questionnaire, and clinically validated the whole questionnaire. METHODS The MS-18 module was translated following the methodology of the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) project. The MSQOL-54 was validated in 204 consecutive patients with MS seen between April and September 1997 at three participating centres. The questionnaire was explained by the physician who also administered the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and mini mental status scale examination, and the patient filled in the MSQOL-54 and Beck depression inventory questionnaires (BDI), with assistance if required. The contribution of impairments and disabilities to MSQOL-54 scores were assessed, and mean scores were compared with normative data for the general Italian population, and with the original sample of United States MS patients. RESULTS The mean age of the 204 patients was 42 years; mean EDSS score was 4.5 (range 0-8.5). Patients’ participation in the assessment was satisfactory, and all scales satisfied the usual psychometric standards. The characteristics of the United States sample matched those of our patients in all but gender (72% United States patientsv 52% Italian patients were women), and education (90% United States patients and 44% Italian patients completed high school); MSQOL-54 profiles were also similar. The EDSS was significantly associated with the physical health composite but not with the mental health composite score. Multiple linear regression modelling showed that age and BDI independently predicted physical health composite (p < 0.001), and mental health composite (p < 0.001). Clinical worsening in the previous year had an independent effect on the physical health composite (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The Italian version of MSQOL-54 is easy to administer and is well accepted by patients. Neurological impairment has a limited influence on perceived quality of life, while age and depressive symptoms has a major influence.
Cytochrome P450 1A1 gene polymorphisms and digestive tract cancer susceptibility: a meta‐analysis

Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is a phase I enzyme that regulates the metabolism of environmental carcinogens and alter the susceptibility to various cancers. Many studies have investigated the association between the CYP1A1 MspI and Ile462Val polymorphisms and digestive tract cancer (DTC) risk in different groups of populations, but their results were inconsistent. The PubMed and Embase Database were searched for case–control studies published up to 30th September, 2015. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the relationship. Totally, 39 case–control studies (9094 cases and 12,487 controls) were included. The G allele in Ile/Val polymorphism was significantly associated with elevated DTC risk with per‐allele OR of 1.24 (95% CI = 1.09–1.41, P = 0.001). Similar results were also detected under the other genetic models. Evidence was only found to support an association between MspI polymorphism and DTC in the subgroups of caucasian and mixed individuals, but not in the whole population (the dominant model: OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.94–1.91, P = 0.146). In conclusion, our results suggest that the CYP1A1 polymorphisms are potential risk factors for DTC. And large sample size and well‐designed studies with detailed clinical information are needed to more precisely evaluate our founding.
Isolation by adaptation in Neochlamisus leaf beetles: host‐related selection promotes neutral genomic divergence

This study tests how divergent natural selection promotes genomic differentiation during ecological speciation. Specifically, we use adaptive ecological divergence (here, population divergence in host plant use and preference) as a proxy for selection strength and evaluate the correlation between levels of adaptive and genetic differentiation across pairwise population comparisons. Positive correlations would reveal the pattern predicted by our hypothesis, that of ‘isolation by adaptation’ (IBA). Notably, IBA is predicted not only for selected loci but also for neutral loci. This may reflect the effects of divergent selection on neutral loci that are ‘loosely linked’ to divergently selected loci or on geneflow restriction that facilitates genetic drift at all loci, including neutral loci that are completely unlinked to those evolving under divergent selection. Here, we evaluate IBA in maple‐ and willow‐associated populations of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles. To do so, we collected host preference data to construct adaptive divergence indices and used AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) and mitochondrial sequences to quantify genetic differentiation. Partial Mantel tests showed significant IBA in ‘pooled’ analyses of putatively neutral and of putatively selected (‘outlier’) AFLP loci. This pattern was also recovered in 12% of ‘locus‐specific’ analyses that separately evaluated genetic differentiation at individual neutral loci. These results provided evidence for widespread effects of selection on neutral genomic divergence. Our collective findings indicate that host‐related selection may play important roles in the population genomic differentiation of both neutral and selected gene regions in herbivorous insects.
International Variations in Hip Fracture Probabilities: Implications for Risk Assessment

It is recommended that intervention thresholds should be based on absolute fracture risk, but there is a large variation in hip fracture incidence from different regions of the world. The aim of this study was to examine heterogeneity of hip fracture probability in different regions from recent estimates of hip fracture incidence and mortality to adjust intervention thresholds. Ten‐year probabilities of hip fracture were computed in men and women at 10‐year intervals from the age of 50 years and lifetime risks at the age of 50 years from the hazard functions of hip fracture and death. Lifetime risk at the age of 50 years varied from 1% in women from Turkey to 28.5% in women from Sweden. High lifetime risks in women were associated with high lifetime risks in men (r = 0.83). There also were significant correlations of 10‐year risk at any age between men and women. Ten‐year probability was standardized to that of men and women from Sweden (set at 1.0). There was a 15‐fold range in 10‐year probability from 1.24 in Norway to 0.08 in Chile. Countries were categorized by 10‐year probabilities comprising very high risk (Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, and the United States), high risk (China [Taiwan {TW}], Germany, Switzerland, Finland, Greece, Canada, The Netherlands, Hungary, Singapore, Italy, United Kingdom, Kuwait, Australia, and Portugal), medium risk (China [Hong Kong {HK}], France, Japan, Spain, Argentina, and China), and low risk (Turkey, Korea, Venezuela, and Chile). The categorization of hip fracture probabilities can be used to adjust intervention thresholds based on age, sex, and relative risk from a reference population such as Sweden.
Evidence for the microwave effect during hybrid sintering and annealing of ceramics

Enhanced mass transport during the high temperature processing of ceramics by microwave heating, generally known as the 'microwave effect', has been observed by many researchers and some hypotheses have been proposed to explain it. However it is still a controversial issue, centring on temperature measurement accuracy. The primary goal for the present work was to achieve definitive evidence of the microwave effect via the microwave hybrid processing of ceramics using accurate temperature measurement. Three temperature measurement techniques, viz. thermocouple, pyrometer and optical fibre thermometer, have been investigated to determine their accuracy during the hybrid microwave heating of ceramic materials. The experimental results, obtained from melting point measurement on vanadium pentoxide and the heating of three other materials with different loss factors and thermal conductivities, showed that the optical fibre thermometer was the best choice. An accuracy of ±2oC was obtained, provided the probe had been calibrated and was protected from stray radiation from conventional heating elements. Direct evidence for the microwave effect was sought from experiments involving the sintering and annealing of ceramics at different microwave power levels but using an identical temperature I time profile in each case. Sample temperature was monitored using optical fibre thermometry and sample size, composition and precursor powder size were all varied. Specifically, four main ceramics with different loss factors were investigated, viz. zinc oxide (very lossy), yttria stabilised zirconia (intermediate loss) and alumina and silica (low loss). The results from the experiments showed that an increase in final density was observed for the samples that saw the highest microwave power level compared to I those sintered using pure conventional heating, nearly 25% in the largest case for zinc oxide with the highest loss factor among the four investigated materials. This was equivalent to an effective temperature increase of approximately 1OOoC. For the low loss alumina samples, the increase was extremely small, with the yttria stabilised zirconia intermediate between the two. In addition, during annealing of fully dense ZnO ceramic pellets, enhanced grain growth was observed during hybrid heating compared to pure conventional heating. Temperature gradients within the samples, a major potential cause of the effect, were assessed using two different approaches and found to be
Load-Deflection Behavior of Smooth Dowels

Transverse joints in pavement structures accommodate contraction, expansion, and interruptions in construction. Mechanical load transfer devices, such as dowel bars, are often used in rigid pavements to transfer force from a loaded slab to an adjacent slab. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of concrete strength, dowel diameter (smooth dowels), and joint width on transverse deflections of loaded dowels. Instrumentation was developed to measure the deflected shape of a portion of a dowel embedded in a slab. Laboratory mockups of pavement joints containing concrete with three nominal compressive strengths, three different dowel diameters, and two different joint widths were tested. Results indicated differences between measured dowel deflections and deflected shapes from those predicted by a widely used equation for a prismatic bar resting on an elastic foundation. Agreement between theory and the tests was also found to be quite sensitive to an elastic parameter used in the prediction equation.
On searches for gravitational waves from mini-creation events by laser interferometric detectors

As an alternative view to the standard big bang cosmology, the quasi-steady-state cosmology argues that the Universe was not created in a single great explosion: it did not have a beginning, nor will it ever come to an end. The creation of new matter in the Universe is a regular feature occurring through finite explosive events. Each creation event is called a mini-bang, or a mini-creation event. Gravitational waves are expected to be generated as a result of any anisotropy present in this process of creation. A mini-creation event that ejects matter in two oppositely directed jets is thus a source of gravitational waves, which can in principle be detected by laser interferometric detectors. In the present work we consider the gravitational waveforms propagated by linear jets and then estimate the response of laser interferometric detectors such as LIGO and LISA.
American College of Gastroenterology Guideline on the Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) remains a prevalent, worldwide, chronic infection. Though the prevalence of this infection appears to be decreasing in many parts of the world, H. pylori remains an important factor linked to the development of peptic ulcer disease, gastric malignanc and dyspeptic symptoms. Whether to test for H. pylori in patients with functional dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), patients taking nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, with iron deficiency anemia, or who are at greater risk of developing gastric cancer remains controversial. H. pylori can be diagnosed by endoscopic or nonendoscopic methods. A variety of factors including the need for endoscopy, pretest probability of infection, local availability, and an understanding of the performance characteristics and cost of the individual tests influences choice of evaluation in a given patient. Testing to prove eradication should be performed in patients who receive treatment of H. pylori for peptic ulcer disease, individuals with persistent dyspeptic symptoms despite the test-and-treat strategy, those with H. pylori-associated MALT lymphoma, and individuals who have undergone resection of early gastric cancer. Recent studies suggest that eradication rates achieved by first-line treatment with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), clarithromycin, and amoxicillin have decreased to 70–85%, in part due to increasing clarithromycin resistance. Eradication rates may also be lower with 7 versus 14-day regimens. Bismuth-containing quadruple regimens for 7–14 days are another first-line treatment option. Sequential therapy for 10 days has shown promise in Europe but requires validation in North America. The most commonly used salvage regimen in patients with persistent H. pylori is bismuth quadruple therapy. Recent data suggest that a PPI, levofloxacin, and amoxicillin for 10 days is more effective and better tolerated than bismuth quadruple therapy for persistent H. pylori infection, though this needs to be validated in the United States.
Use of the operating microscope and loupes for head and neck free microvascular tissue transfer: a retrospective comparison.

OBJECTIVE To analyze whether less cumbersome loupes are as equally efficacious as the microscope for magnification for free tissue transfers in head and neck reconstruction. DESIGN A 7-year retrospective review of 151 consecutive microvascular free tissue transfers compares the operating microscope with loupe magnification. SETTING A tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS A total of 151 consecutive patients undergoing microvascular reconstructions. INTERVENTION Microvascular reconstruction of ablative head and neck cancer defects using either microscopic or loupe-provided magnification. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Medical records were reviewed for demographic data, preoperative radiation status, type of defect and flap, length of procedure, complications, and length of stay. RESULTS Two teams shared the reconstructions, with all microvascular anastomoses created or directly supervised by one of us (D.A.R.). One team used the operating microscope for magnification (84 cases), while the other used loupes (67 cases). Complication rates were statistically similar for the 2 techniques, the length of procedure tended to be shorter in the loupe group, and the length of stay was statistically similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS A review of the literature validates the usefulness of loupe magnification in free tissue transfer surgery. To our knowledge, this is the largest number of head and neck reconstruction cases presented comparing these techniques. Loupes offer the surgeon comfort and easy access to and uncomplicated visualization of the operating field. Furthermore, loupes may decrease operating time and help avoid complicated equipment. Therefore, loupe magnification should be considered in head and neck reconstruction without the fear of increased morbidity.