Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological trade‐off between intra‐ and interannual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population

This preprint has been reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In Evolutionary Biology (http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100039). The efficiency of plant resistance to fungal pathogen populations is expected to decrease over time, due to its evolution with an increase in the frequency of virulent or highly aggressive strains. This dynamics may differ depending on the scale investigated (annual or pluriannual), particularly for annual crop pathogens with both sexual and asexual reproduction cycles. We assessed this time-scale effect, by comparing aggressiveness changes in a local Zymoseptoria tritici population over an eight-month cropping season and a six-year period of wheat monoculture. We collected two pairs of subpopulations to represent the annual and pluriannual scales: from leaf lesions at the beginning and end of a single annual epidemic, and from crop debris at the beginning and end of a six-year period. We assessed two aggressiveness traits – latent period and lesion size – on sympatric and allopatric host varieties. A trend toward decreased latent period concomitant with a significant loss of variability was established during the course of the annual epidemic, but not over the six-year period. Furthermore, a significant cultivar effect (sympatric vs. allopatric) on the average aggressiveness of the isolates revealed host adaptation, arguing that the observed patterns could result from selection. We thus provide an experimental body of evidence of an epidemiological trade-off between the intra- and inter-annual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population. More aggressive isolates were collected from upper leaves, on which disease severity is usually lower than on the lower part of the plants left in the field as crop debris after harvest. We suggest that these isolates play little role in sexual reproduction, due to an Allee effect (difficulty finding mates at low pathogen densities), particularly as the upper parts of the plant are removed from the field, explaining the lack of transmission of increases in aggressiveness between epidemics.
Enhancing Individual Placement and Support: Promoting Job Tenure by Integrating Natural Supports and Supported Education

Competitive employment represents a normalized and valued social role for adults in this culture. Individuals with psychiatric disabilities often desire this role and frequently express that employment is a goal in their recovery process. Despite this, they have historically had very low rates of competitive employment and when work is obtained, the employment tenure is alarmingly short. This article proposes the addition of two service enhancements to the most recognized Supported Employment (SE) model, Individual Placement and Support (IPS), -to increase job tenure. The first enhancement is the development of natural support networks to normalize individuals' roles in the workforce and decrease their reliance on paid support. The second enhancement is the establishment of a career ladder by increasing access to and success in post-secondary education and training institutions through Supported Education (SEd). This article identifies the major limitation of the IPS model, short job tenure, and outlines the potential for the proposed service enhancements to address this limitation for people with psychiatric disabilities.
Finding Interaction Faults Adaptively Using Distance-Based Strategies

Software systems are typically large and exhaustive testing of all possible input parameters is usually not feasible. Testers select tests that they anticipate may catch faults, yet many unanticipated faults may be overlooked. This work complements current testing methodologies by adaptively dispensing one-test-at-a-time, where each test is as â€œdistantâ€ as possible from previous tests. Two types of distance measures are explored: (1) distance defined in relation to combinations of parameter-values not previously tested together and (2) distance computed as the maximum minimal Hamming distance from previous tests. Experiments compare the effectiveness of these two types of distance-based tests and random tests. Experiments include simulations, as well as examination of instrumented data from an actual system, the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). Results demonstrate that the two instantiations of distance-based tests often find more faults sooner and in fewer tests than randomly generated tests.
THE GLUTAMATE AND GLUTAMINE CONTENT OF RAT BRAIN AFTER PORTOCAVAL ANASTOMOSIS

Abstract— Rats have been subjected to portocaval anastomosis and the ammonium ion in plasma and the glutamate and glutamine levels in plasma, red cells and brain have been estimated up to 6 weeks after operation. The glutamine, but not the glutamate, levels in brain were consistently raised, being about 2.5 times greater than normal and the level can be correlated with the level of plasma ammonium ion. Consideration is given to the possibility that the glutamine may be in the greatly enlarged neuroglial compartment in this abnormal metabolic state.
Agnes Goes to Prison

Historically developed along gender lines and arguably the most sex segregated of institutions, U.S. prisons are organized around the assumption of a gender binary. In this context, the existence and increasing visibility of transgender prisoners raise questions about how gender is accomplished by transgender prisoners in prisons for men. This analysis draws on official data and original interview data from 315 transgender inmates in 27 California prisons for men to focus analytic attention on the pursuit of “the real deal”—a concept we develop to reference a dynamic related to how gender is accomplished by transgender inmates. Specifically, among transgender inmates in prisons for men, there is competition for the attention and affection of “real men” in prisons: the demonstrable and well-articulated desire to secure standing as “the best girl” in sex segregated institutional environments. Our empirical examination sheds light on the gender order that underpins prison life, the lived experience of gender and sexuality for transgender inmates in prisons for men, and how that experience reveals new aspects of the workings of gender accountability.
Avoiding perpetuating fraudulent publications in addendum to Sagit M et al: Efficacy of a single preoperative dose of pregabalin for postoperative pain after septoplasty.

combining features of eccrine porome and Paget’s dermatosis. Arch Dermatol 1963;88:597Y607 3. Robson A, Greene J, Ansari N, et al. Eccrine porocarcinoma (malignant eccrine poroma): a clinicopathologic study of 69 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:710Y720 4. Zeidan YH, Zauls AJ, Bilic M, et al. Treatment of eccrine porocarcinoma with metastasis to the parotid gland using intensity-modulated radiation therapy : a case report. J Med Case Rep 2010;4:147
Successful Vaccine-Induced Seroconversion by Single-Dose Immunization in the Presence of Measles Virus-Specific Maternal Antibodies

ABSTRACT In humans, maternal antibodies inhibit successful immunization against measles, because they interfere with vaccine-induced seroconversion. We have investigated this problem using the cotton rat model (Sigmodon hispidus). As in humans, passively transferred antibodies inhibit the induction of measles virus (MV)-neutralizing antibodies and protection after immunization with MV. In contrast, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the MV hemagglutinin (VSV-H) induces high titers of neutralizing antibodies to MV in the presence of MV-specific antibodies. The induction of neutralizing antibodies increased with increasing virus dose, and all doses gave good protection from subsequent challenge with MV. Induction of antibodies by VSV-H was observed in the presence of passively transferred human or cotton rat antibodies, which were used as the models of maternal antibodies. Because MV hemagglutinin is not a functional part of the VSV-H envelope, MV-specific antibodies only slightly inhibit VSV-H replication in vitro. This dissociation of function and antigenicity is probably key to the induction of a neutralizing antibody in the presence of a maternal antibody.
Comparison of Augmentation Methods for Internal Fixation of Osteoporotic Ankle Fractures

Background: Internal fixation of osteoporotic ankle fractures is associated with failure of fixation. This study compared different augmentation methods biomechanically. Materials and Methods: In nine paired fresh-frozen cadaver legs, an identical supination-external rotation type II ankle fracture was created. Fractures were stabilized using an eight-hole locking plate. In four pairs, two screws were inserted across the syndesmosis for purchase in the tibial metaphysis. One leg from each pair was randomly selected for injection of calcium sulphate-calcium phosphate graft into the screw holes. Each leg was mounted to an MTS machine in a custom loading frame. Axial cyclic loading to body weight was performed to measure displacement at the fracture site, followed by rotational loading to failure simulating a supination external rotation injury. Data were analyzed using a two-way paired t -test and ANOVA. Results: The specimens used had a mean bone mineral density of 0.49 ± 0.15 (SD) g/cm2, and a mean age of 83 ± 12 years. In the biomechanical tests, there were no significant differences between augmented and non-augmented locking plates without the tibia-pro-fibula screws in axial stiffness (p = 0.10), external rotation angle at failure (p = 0.42), failure torque (p = 0.57), energy absorbed before failure (p = 0.47), and motion at the fracture site with cyclic axial loading (p = 0.15). There were no significant differences between augmented and non-augmented locking plates with the tibia-pro-fibula screws in the external rotation angle at failure (p = 0.83), failure torque (p = 0.58), and failure energy (p = 0.4). However, the overall strength of the fixation tended to increase with tibia-pro-fibula screws and augmentation. Conclusion: Internal fixation of an osteoporotic lateral malleolar fracture using a locking plate and screws provided a construct comparable in strength to that augmented with calcium sulfate-calcium phosphate graft and/or tibia-pro-fibula screws. Clinical Relevance: Strategies to augment internal fixation of osteoporotic ankle fractures may minimize risk for failure of fixation and may enable early weight bearing mobilization and return to function in elderly patients.
Characterization of a region of plasmid pBL1 of Brevibacterium lactofermentum involved in replication via the rolling circle model

The minimal region for autonomous replication of pBL1, a 4.5-kb cryptic plasmid of Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 that has been used to construct a variety of corynebacterium vectors, was shown to be contained on a 1.8-kb HindII-SphI DNA fragment. This region contains two open reading frames (ORFs) (ORF1 and ORF5) which are essential for pBL1 replication in B. lactofermentum. Accumulation of single-strand intermediates in some of the constructions indicates that plasmid pBL1 replicates via the rolling circle replication model; its plus strand and minus strand were identified by hybridization with two synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to each pBL1 strand. ORF1 seems to encode the Rep protein and showed partial homology with sequences for Rep proteins from Streptomyces plasmids which replicate via rolling circle replication such as pIJ101, pSB24, and pJV1.
Job Demand–Control–Support and diabetes risk: The moderating role of self-efficacy

Work-related stressors, including high demands and low control, play a significant role in the aetiology of diabetes. Nevertheless, most studies focus on main effects, and few consider individual differences that may moderate the stress–health association. Drawing from the Job Demands–Control-–Support (JDC-S) model, this study addresses this gap by testing how baseline levels of JDC-S affect an increase in two risk factors for diabetes—glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG)—and by investigating the moderating role of self-efficacy. Participants (N = 1618) were Israeli employees who attended two consecutive routine health examinations. All were free of diabetes at baseline. JDC-S and self-efficacy were assessed at baseline (T1), and HbA1C and FPG were assessed at T1 and T2. Data were analysed with logistic and linear regressions, controlling for well-established diabetes risk factors. High demands and low support predicted an increase in HbA1C and FPG. In addition, high self-efficacy interacted with high demands and with low control in the prediction of an increase in HbA1C and FPG. Although employees with high self-efficacy might function well at work, overloading them may harm their physical health. Similarly, incongruence between employees’ sense of ability and the control given to them at work may result in physical impairment.
Emotional Processing in Cognitive Therapy and Vocal Expression of Feeling

College students with unresolved traumatic experiences were given a brief course of cognitive therapy or asked to talk into a tape recorder. Both procedures were equally effective in reducing negative mood and negative thoughts, although cognitive therapy was somewhat more effective on one outcome measure. The arousal of negative affect was inversely related to positive outcome. The reduction of negative affect and, particularly, negative thoughts was positively related to outcome. In spite of similarities in outcome, the two procedures seemed to operate by somewhat different processes
ALMA SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY IN THE HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD: THE INFRARED EXCESS OF UV-SELECTED z = 2–10 GALAXIES AS A FUNCTION OF UV-CONTINUUM SLOPE AND STELLAR MASS

We make use of deep 1.2 mm continuum observations (12.7 μJy beam−1 rms) of a 1 arcmin2 region in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field to probe dust-enshrouded star formation from 330 Lyman-break galaxies spanning the redshift range z = 2–10 (to ∼2–3 M⊙ yr−1 at 1σ over the entire range). Given the depth and area of ASPECS, we would expect to tentatively detect 35 galaxies, extrapolating the Meurer z ∼ 0 IRX–β relation to z ≥ 2 (assuming dust temperature Td ∼ 35 K). However, only six tentative detections are found at z ≳ 2 in ASPECS, with just three at >3σ. Subdividing our z = 2–10 galaxy samples according to stellar mass, UV luminosity, and UV-continuum slope and stacking the results, we find a significant detection only in the most massive (>109.75 M⊙) subsample, with an infrared excess (IRX = LIR/LUV) consistent with previous z ∼ 2 results. However, the infrared excess we measure from our large selection of sub-L∗ (<109.75 M⊙) galaxies is ± 0.34 (bootstrap and formal uncertainties) and ± 0.18 at z = 2–3 and z = 4–10, respectively, lying below even an IRX–β relation for the Small Magellanic Cloud (95% confidence). These results demonstrate the relevance of stellar mass for predicting the IR luminosity of z ≳ 2 galaxies. We find that the evolution of the IRX–stellar mass relationship depends on the evolution of the dust temperature. If the dust temperature increases monotonically with redshift ( ) such that Td ∼ 44–50 K at z ≥ 4, current results are suggestive of little evolution in this relationship to z ∼ 6. We use these results to revisit recent estimates of the z ≥ 3 star formation rate density.
Repeatability study of commercial harmonic phase standards measured by a nonlinear vector network analyzer

In this paper, we present the first published repeatability study of commercial harmonic phase standards (HPS) measured by a nonlinear vector network analyzer. Specifically, we measure two harmonic phase standards, one of which is specified to 20 GHz and the other to 50 GHz. By performing 5 calibrations and making 100 measurements from 600 MHz to 19.8 GHz at each calibration, we determine the repeatability bounds for the complex wave-variable vectors and associated phases and magnitudes of each harmonic component. We also compare the mean phase values to those supplied by the manufacturer. While we achieve standard uncertainties of no greater than 0.73/spl deg/, we find significant variations in the mean values with changing HPS conditions and show evidence of a substantial thermal contribution.
Developing criteria for healthy organizational change

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify criteria for healthy change in organizations and to develop practical guidelines for intended change. We aimed to explore how change processes at the shop floor level can be better informed by consultants and labour inspectors. A total of 180 interviews were conducted with managers and employees in 90 units of public and private organizations in Norway. The interviews were analysed through four steps representing an expansion of grounded theory, and converted to qualitative analysis using QSR and N6 software. We found that organizational change processes were better managed by more attention to awareness of the local norms and diversity among employees in the perception and reactions to change efforts. An inspector or consultant should be aware of these phenomena in any change effort and tell the organization how to deal with them. The other three factors identified were early role clarification, manager availability, and using constructive conflicts to deal with change. They are all important coping mechanisms at the organizational level that will bring change processes onto a more optimal track if correctly managed. A healthy process empowers individuals instead of making them insecure and defensive in times of change. This will help them restore perceived control and promote job security, which benefits both them and the organization.
High inbreeding and low connectivity among Ambystoma texanum populations in fragmented Ohio forests

Abstract Habitat loss and fragmentation negatively impact the size and diversity of many natural populations. Woodland amphibians require connected aquatic and terrestrial habitats to complete their life cycle, and often rely on metapopulation structure for long‐term persistence. Wetland loss and deforestation fragment amphibian populations, which may result in population isolation and its negative effects. The aim of this research was to analyze the population genetic structure of small‐mouthed salamanders (Ambystoma texanum) in western Ohio, where agriculture is now the dominant land use. Salamander tail tissue was collected from eight breeding pools. Three pools occur in the same forest; the other five are in forest patches at distances ranging from 250 m to 20 km from one another. Eight microsatellite loci were amplified by PCR and genotyped for allele size. Observed heterozygosities were lower than expected in all sampled populations; the two most isolated sites (Ha1, Ha2) had the highest inbreeding coefficients. Ha2 also had the lowest mean number of alleles and was found to be genetically differentiated from populations to which our data analysis indicates it was historically connected by gene flow. The most distant site (Ha1) had the highest number of private alleles and showed genetic differentiation from other populations both historically and currently. Geographic distance between pools was strongly correlated with the number of private alleles in a population. The results suggest that population isolation results in decreased genetic diversity and that a breakdown of metapopulation structure due to landscape change may contribute to differentiation between once‐connected populations.
Hierarchical Predictive Control of Microgrids in Islanded Operation

This paper presents a hierarchical control architecture for the regulation of frequency and nodal voltages of a microgrid in islanded operation. Considering systems with both dispatchable and nondispatchable generation, as well as noncontrollable loads, the suggested approach allows to coordinate the MG devices in order to maintain the network variables inside the desired operational ranges. Moreover, the proposed algorithm, based on model predictive control, introduces the possibility to define different resource management strategies while taking into account the constraints of the available devices. Simulation examples are reported and described in the final part of this paper.
Psychological effects of occupational exposure to organic solvent mixtures on printers

Purpose: Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with long-term exposure to organic solvents have been investigated for a long time in many occupational studies. The aim of our study was to identify preclinical effects of low-level chronic solvent exposure on the cognitive performance of silk-screen printers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including 38 printers which were exposed to organic solvent mixtures and 45 controls without neurotoxic exposure. The psychometric test battery included nine tests and two questionnaires. Results: The sum of scales or the total score of the PNF was also significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the exposed group than in the non-exposed. The printers performed worse in some psychometric tests than did controls. Cross validation with the psychometric performances resulted in 69.6% of participants being correctly classified (55.9% printers and 80% controls). Highly significant differences (p < 0.001) between both groups of exposed and non-exposed workers were found for the mean values of the multidimensional psychometric score. Conclusions: These results of our study proved not only that chronic exposure to organic solvent mixtures could induce a psychological effect but also that the psychological/psychometrical tests performed in this study were capable of predicting neurotoxicity.
Why are childlike portrayals appealing in East Asia?

This study compares the effectiveness of childlike and adult-like portrayals in Taiwan and the US. It is argued that culturally shaped self-concepts affect responses to ads using these two types of portrayal. Childlike portrayals should exert a positive influence on ad evaluations in cultures where such images are generally relevant to and congruent with the self-concept. Findings of an experiment showed that, in both cultures, childlike portrayals were perceived as friendlier than adult-like portrayals. Taiwanese participants, however, whose interdependent self-concepts focus on interpersonal relations and harmony, reported more warm feelings and a stronger self–brand connection, as well as more favourable attitudes towards the ad and the brand, following exposure to the childlike portrayal. In contrast, American participants did not respond to the two portrayals differently, presumably because they found the childlike image to be less relevant to their independent self-concepts.