Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigations of the Diurnal Variation of Vertical HCHO Profiles Based on MAX-DOAS Measurements in Beijing: Comparisons with OMI Vertical Column Data

An investigation into the diurnal characteristics of vertical formaldehyde (HCHO) profiles was conducted based on multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements in Beijing during the CAREBEIJING campaign, covering a month-long period through August and September 2006. Vertical HCHO profiles were retrieved based on a combined differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique and an optimal estimation method (OEM). The HCHO volume-mixing ratio (VMR) was found to be highest in the layer from the surface up to an altitude of 1 km and to decrease with altitude above this layer. In all retrieved profiles, HCHO was not detected in the layer from 3–4 km. Over the diurnal cycle, the HCHO VMR values were generally highest at 15:00 local time (LT) and were lower in the morning and late afternoon. The mean HCHO VMRs were 6.17, 1.82, and 0.80 ppbv for the 0–1, 1–2, and 2–3-km layers, respectively, at 15:00 LT, whereas they were 3.54 (4.79), 1.06 (1.43), and 0.46 (0.63) ppbv for the 0–1, 1–2, and 2–3-km layers, respectively, at 09:00 (17:00) LT. The HCHO VMRs reached their highest values at 15:00 LT on August 19, which were 17.71, 5.20, and 2.31 ppbv for the 0–1, 1–2, and 2–3-km layers, respectively. This diurnal pattern implies that the photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was most active at 15:00 LT for several days during the campaign period. In a comparison of the derived HCHO VCDs with those obtained from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) measurements, the HCHO vertical column density (VCD) values obtained from the OMI measurements tend to be smaller than those from the MAX-DOAS.
Loss Aversion and Seller Behaviour: Evidence from the Housing Market

Data from downtown Boston in the 1990s show that loss aversion determines seller behavior in the housing market. Condominium owners subject to nominal losses 1) set higher asking prices of 25-35 percent of the difference between the property's expected selling price and their original purchase price; 2) attain higher selling prices of 3-18 percent of that difference; and 3) exhibit a much lower sale hazard than other sellers. The list price results are twice as large for owner-occupants as investors, but hold for both. These findings are consistent with prospect theory and help explain the positive price-volume correlation in real estate markets.
Increased Cerebral Water Content in Hemodialysis Patients

Little information is available on the impact of hemodialysis on cerebral water homeostasis and its distribution in chronic kidney disease. We used a neuropsychological test battery, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a novel technique for quantitative measurement of localized water content using 3T MRI to investigate ten hemodialysis patients (HD) on a dialysis-free day and after hemodialysis (2.4±2.2 hours), and a matched healthy control group with the same time interval. Neuropsychological testing revealed mainly attentional and executive cognitive dysfunction in HD. Voxel-based-morphometry showed only marginal alterations in the right inferior medial temporal lobe white matter in HD compared to controls. Marked increases in global brain water content were found in the white matter, specifically in parietal areas, in HD patients compared to controls. Although the global water content in the gray matter did not differ between the two groups, regional increases of brain water content in particular in parieto-temporal gray matter areas were observed in HD patients. No relevant brain hydration changes were revealed before and after hemodialysis. Whereas longer duration of dialysis vintage was associated with increased water content in parieto-temporal-occipital regions, lower intradialytic weight changes were negatively correlated with brain water content in these areas in HD patients. Worse cognitive performance on an attention task correlated with increased hydration in frontal white matter. In conclusion, long-term HD is associated with altered brain tissue water homeostasis mainly in parietal white matter regions, whereas the attentional domain in the cognitive dysfunction profile in HD could be linked to increased frontal white matter water content.
Incidental Atrial Fibrillation and its Management

Abstract Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia, yet because AF can often be intermittent or lacking in overt symptoms, its prevalence is underestimated, and it may be diagnosed only incidentally. Because AF is a potent ischemic stroke risk factor and stroke rates are similar for paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent AF, all AF types require prompt management. This involves identifying and treating underlying causative factors, then implementing a “rate-control” or “rhythm-control” strategy. Regardless of approach, concomitant antithrombotic therapy for stroke risk reduction is recommended. Antithrombotic agent choice (acetylsalicylic acid or warfarin) depends on level of stroke risk; this review covers both the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc risk stratification schemes. Warfarin provides effective ischemic stroke prophylaxis but has numerous drawbacks, including a narrow therapeutic range, unpredictable pharmacokinetics, slow on-/offset of action, and multiple food and drug interactions. New oral anticoagulants that lack many of these drawbacks are in development. Here we review these drugs for stroke prevention in AF.
Noisy Parameters in Risky Choice

We examine the effect of variability in model parameters on the predictions of expected utility theory and cumulative prospect theory, two of the most influential choice models in decision making research. We find that zero-mean and symmetrically distributed noise in the underlying parameters of these models can systematically distort choice probabilities, leading to false conclusions. Likewise, differences in choice proportions across decision makers might be due to differences in the amount of noise affecting underlying parameters rather than to differences in actual parameter values. Our results suggest that care and caution are needed when trying to infer the underlying preferences of decision makers, or the effects of psychological, biological, economic, and demographic variables on these preferences.
CD4+ T cells that express high levels of CD45RB induce wasting disease when transferred into congenic severe combined immunodeficient mice. Disease development is prevented by cotransfer of purified CD4+ T cells

Purified CD4+ lymph node T cells were sorted into two populations on the basis of their expression of CD45RB (CD45RBhi and CD45RBlo) and injected into congenic severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. After a period of time that was dependent on the number of cells injected, the SCID mice that received CD45RBhi/CD4+ T cells developed a wasting disease that was not seen in SCID mice that received the CD4+/CD45RBlo cells or whole lymph node cells. At death, SCID mice that received the CD4+/CD45RBhi cells had increased spleen and lymph node cellularity compared with normal SCID mice and SCID mice that received the CD4+/CD45RBlo T cells. The spleen and lymph node contained CD4+ cells and neither CD8+ nor surface immunoglobulin M-positive cells, plus a population of cells that did not express any of those markers. At necropsy, the SCID mice that received the CD4+/CD45RBhi cells had significant hyperplasia of the intestinal mucosa with significant lymphoid cell accumulation in the lamina propria. Interestingly, mice that received mixtures of whole lymph node or purified CD4+ cells with CD4+/CD45RBhi cells did not develop weight loss, indicating that the unseparated CD4+ population contained cells that were capable of regulating the reactivity of the CD4+/CD45RBhi cells.
Luteinizing Hormone Secretion during Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Tests in Obese Girls with Central Precocious Puberty

Objective: Girls with precocious puberty have high luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and advanced bone age. Obese children enter puberty at earlier ages than do non-obese children. We analyzed the effects of obesity on LH secretion during gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) tests in girls with precocious puberty. Methods: A total of 981 subjects with idiopathic precocious puberty who had undergone a GnRH stimulation testing between 2008 and 2014 were included in the study. Subjects were divided into three groups based on body mass index (BMI). Auxological data and gonadotropin levels after the GnRH stimulation test were compared. Results: In Tanner stage 2 girls, peak stimulated LH levels on GnRH test were 11.9±7.5, 10.4±6.4, and 9.1±6.1 IU/L among normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, respectively (p=0.035 for all comparisons). In Tanner stage 3 girls, peak stimulated LH levels were 14.9±10.9, 12.8±7.9, and 9.6±6.0 IU/L, respectively (p=0.022 for all comparisons). However, in Tanner stage 4 girls, peak stimulated LH levels were not significantly different among normal, overweight, and obese children. On multivariate analysis, BMI standard deviation score was significantly and negatively associated with peak LH (β=-1.178, p=0.001). Conclusion: In girls with central precocious puberty, increased BMI was associated with slightly lower peak stimulated LH levels at early pubertal stages (Tanner stages 2 and 3). This association was not valid in Tanner stage 4 girls.
Default Morphology in Second Language Spanish

Morphological variability is a persistent and systematic phenomenon whose source is the subject of current debate in second language theory. In this paper, I argue that variability is not equivalent to missing inflection, as defaults are typically incorrectly inflected for tense and person-number agreement. Data from the spontaneous production of 11 advanced and intermediate speakers of Spanish show that nonfinite defaults are rare, contrary to the expectations of the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis. Furthermore, default morphology is systematic: 3 rd person acts as a default in non-3 rd contexts, present-tense in past contexts, and singular in plural contexts—the reverse of these does not occur. I propose an underspecification-based theory, coupled with independently-derived markedness criteria, that predicts the morphemes that are adopted as defaults.
High expression level of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR is associated with poor overall survival in gastric cancer patients: evidence from meta-analysis.

PURPOSE Although several studies have investigated the association between the development of gastric cancer (GC) and the expression level of long non-coding (lnc) RNA HOTAIR, no clear evidence about whether its expression is associated with the overall survival (OS) of GC patients exists. In this study we tried to explore the association between lncRNA HOTAIR expression levels with OS and other clinical features in GC patients. METHODS Databases including PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were used to search eligible studies. The quality of included studies was assessed according to reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies (REMARK). The association between the expression level of lncRNA HOTAIR and OS was evaluated by calculating the pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using the STATA software, version 12.0. RESULTS A total of 9 studies involving 740 GC and 768 normal gastric tissues were included in this meta-analysis. The average score of quality assessment was 18.89±1.08, (range 16.5-20). The results indicated that high expression levels of lncRNA HOTAIR were associated with poor OS in GC patients (pooled HR: 1.43, 95% CI:1.17-1.76, p=0.000). Subgroup analyses showed that elevated expression of lncRNA HOTAIR was significantly associated with poor OS in Chinese GC patients (HR=1.414, 95%CI: 1.120-1.785, p=0.000), and not treated GC patients (HR=1.464, 95%CI: 1.179-1.817, p=0.001). Subgroup analyses also revealed that some GC patients features (e.g. T3-T4, III/IV stage, differentiation) were associated with an unfavorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS High expression level of lncRNA HOTAIR is associated with a poor OS in GC patients. Thus, lncRNA HOTAIR might be a potentially useful independent prognostic biomarker for GC.
Biomechanical Testing and Histologic Examination of Intradermal Skin Closure in Dogs Using Barbed Suture Device and Non‐Barbed Monofilament Suture

OBJECTIVE To compare the biomechanical strength and histologic features of 3-0 Glycomer™ 631 barbed suture (V-LOC™ 90 Absorbable Wound Closure Device, Covidien, Mansfield, MA) to non-barbed 3-0 Glycomer™ 631 suture (Biosyn™, Covidien) for intradermal skin wound closure in the dog. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, factorial, in vivo. ANIMALS Eighteen purpose-bred, mature male, and female hound dogs. METHODS Eighteen adult hound dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups designated by postoperative day of assessment. Six skin incisions were made along the dorsum in the thoracolumbar region of each dog with an equal number (n=3) randomly assigned to closure with barbed or non-barbed suture. Six dogs were euthanatized on postoperative days 3, 10, and 14, respectively. Two additional incisions were made on each dog after euthanasia for baseline data (Day 0). The skin incision specimens were harvested for biomechanical testing and histologic evaluation. RESULTS Non-barbed closure had significantly higher maximum load at failure (P<.001) and stiffness (P<.001) than barbed closure regardless of day. The average tissue reaction score was significantly higher for barbed closure (P=.008), regardless of day. Suturing time for barbed closures was significantly shorter. There was no significant difference in frequency of complications between closures. CONCLUSION Barbed Glycomer™ 631 closures had a significantly lower maximum load at failure and stiffness, and higher average tissue reaction scores, but showed no difference in short term outcome for intradermal closure of dorsally located skin incisions in dogs.
Origin and evolution of developmental enhancers in the mammalian neocortex

Significance The neocortex mediates complex cognitive and motor tasks in all mammals. A long-debated question is how this complex structure evolved in primitive mammals. Here we investigate the role of novel mammalian gene regulatory sequences in the emergence of the neocortex and the mechanisms by which these sequences emerged. We find that ∼20% of elements active during human and mouse neocortical development were born in early mammals. These novel mammalian elements enrich for cell migration, cell signaling, and axon guidance functions, implicating these processes in neocortical origins. In contrast to recent studies, we propose a model in which novel regulatory elements emerge as short sequences of minimal biological significance. Many disappear, but those that survive become increasingly complex over time. Morphological innovations such as the mammalian neocortex may involve the evolution of novel regulatory sequences. However, de novo birth of regulatory elements active during morphogenesis has not been extensively studied in mammals. Here, we use H3K27ac-defined regulatory elements active during human and mouse corticogenesis to identify enhancers that were likely active in the ancient mammalian forebrain. We infer the phylogenetic origins of these enhancers and find that ∼20% arose in the mammalian stem lineage, coincident with the emergence of the neocortex. Implementing a permutation strategy that controls for the nonrandom variation in the ages of background genomic sequences, we find that mammal-specific enhancers are overrepresented near genes involved in cell migration, cell signaling, and axon guidance. Mammal-specific enhancers are also overrepresented in modules of coexpressed genes in the cortex that are associated with these pathways, notably ephrin and semaphorin signaling. Our results also provide insight into the mechanisms of regulatory innovation in mammals. We find that most neocortical enhancers did not originate by en bloc exaptation of transposons. Young neocortical enhancers exhibit smaller H3K27ac footprints and weaker evolutionary constraint in eutherian mammals than older neocortical enhancers. Based on these observations, we present a model of the enhancer life cycle in which neocortical enhancers initially emerge from genomic background as short, weakly constrained “proto-enhancers. ” Many proto-enhancers are likely lost, but some may serve as nucleation points for complex enhancers to evolve.
Spatial Seismic Excitations and Response Spectra

A random‐vibration‐based force‐response spectrum of a simple oscillating frame is proposed as a simplified measure of the effect of spatial seismic excitations on structures. Such a response spectrum reflects the effect of incoherent support motions on quasi‐static and dynamic response of structures. The response spectrum is formulated as a dynamic coefficient in terms of point spectral density and unlagged coherency of excitations as well as frequency‐response function of the oscillator. A concise analysis is performed in order to study joint effect of dynamic and quasi‐static excitations. The effect of two principal parameters (separation distance and apparent wave velocity) is analyzed in detail. It appears that for some values of natural frequency, separation distance, and apparent wave velocity the force spectrum is reduced and that for the others it is amplified. After some calibration, the derived response spectrum may find application in engineering practice as a partial coefficient.
The Environmental Benefits of Urban Agriculture on Unused, Impermeable and Semi-Permeable Spaces in Major Cities With a Focus on Philadelphia, PA

Cities face many environmental challenges, including air and water quality issues, lack of sufficient green space, excess heat capture, polluted stormwater runoff and lack of ecological biodiversity. Urban agriculture presents a unique opportunity to utilize vacant or idle land and rooftops throughout cities for the production of healthy, pesticide-free food. Adding green spaces to a neighborhood, including community gardens and urban farms, is known to provide a number of social, health, economic and environmental benefits. Unfortunately, most studies have neglected to analyze the potential contributions of urban agriculture to improvement of ecological sustainability in cities. This study used a multi-pronged approach to examine the environmental benefits of urban agriculture on unused, vacant real estate or rooftops as compared to the alternative of leaving the land or space in its current state. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn. edu/mes_capstones/46 1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF URBAN AGRICULTURE ON UNUSED, IMPERMEABLE AND SEMI-PERMEABLE SPACES IN MAJOR CITIES, WITH A FOCUS ON PHILADELPHIA, PA
Dynamic polarizabilities and Rydberg states of silicon, phosphorous, and sulfur.

Dynamic dipole polarizabilities ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}$(\ensuremath{\omega}) within and beyond the normal dispersion region for the neutral atoms Si, P, and S in their ground and valence excited states have been calculated using the linearized version of time-dependent coupled Hartree-Fock theory. Roothaan formalism has been adopted to treat the open-shell atoms. Excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and quantum defects have been estimated for several optically allowed transitions, and analytic representations of the singly excited Rydberg orbitals have been found. The results are compared with existing theoretical and spectroscopic data.
Mechanisms and Regulation of Extracellular DNA Release and Its Biological Roles in Microbial Communities

The capacity to release genetic material into the extracellular medium has been reported in cultures of numerous species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, and also in the context of multicellular microbial communities such as biofilms. Moreover, extracellular DNA (eDNA) of microbial origin is widespread in natural aquatic and terrestrial environments. Different specific mechanisms are involved in eDNA release, such as autolysis and active secretion, as well as through its association with membrane vesicles. It is noteworthy that in microorganisms, in which DNA release has been studied in detail, the production of eDNA is coordinated by the population when it reaches a certain cell density, and is induced in a subpopulation in response to the accumulation of quorum sensing signals. Interestingly, in several bacteria there is also a relationship between eDNA release and the development of natural competence (the ability to take up DNA from the environment), which is also controlled by quorum sensing. Then, what is the biological function of eDNA? A common biological role has not been proposed, since different functions have been reported depending on the microorganism. However, it seems to be important in biofilm formation, can be used as a nutrient source, and could be involved in DNA damage repair and gene transfer. This review covers several aspects of eDNA research: (i) its occurrence and distribution in natural environments, (ii) the mechanisms and regulation of its release in cultured microorganisms, and (iii) its biological roles. In addition, we propose that eDNA release could be considered a social behavior, based on its quorum sensing-dependent regulation and on the described functions of eDNA in the context of microbial communities.
Does the presence of thyroid antibodies affect the course and outcome of pregnancy in type 1 diabetic women?

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the significance of the presence of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (anti-TPO Abs) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) pregnant women relative to the course of pregnancy and, especially, with regard to metabolic control, thyroid function, maternal complications and neonatal outcome. Methods: In a prospective observational study of 91 DM1 women with singleton pregnancies, anti-TPO, anti-thyroglobulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and free thyroxine index (T4/thyroid binding capacity) were measured in each trimester. At each visit, HbA1c, body mass index, and units of insulin per kilogram were recorded, as were complications and pregnancy outcome. Results: Twenty-one (27%) of the 78 women who met the inclusion criteria presented with positive anti-TPO Abs. There were no differences regarding glycemic control (HbA1c) or insulin dose. First-trimester TSH levels were significantly higher in the anti-TPO-positive group than in the anti-TPO-negative group. Finally, no differences were observed regarding diabetic or obstetric complications and neonatal outcome. Conclusion: One fourth of DM1 pregnant women presented with positive anti-TPO Abs. However, the presence of anti-TPO Abs does not seem to be related with worse metabolic control or adverse pregnancy outcome. Further investigation is needed; meanwhile, the effort for early treatment of thyroid dysfunction and strict metabolic control in all DM1 women should be continued.