Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interferon-inducible protein 10 induction and inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo by the antitumor agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA).

5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a drug synthesized in this laboratory that halts tumor blood flow and induces tumor hemorrhagic necrosis in transplantable murine tumors, is known to induce the synthesis of antiangiogenic cytokines in vitro. We have measured the induction of mRNA for modulators of angiogenesis in vivo and investigated whether DMXAA may also have an additional antiangiogenic action through the production of these cytokines. The genes for IFN-alpha and for interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) were strongly induced in both spleen and Colon 38 tumor tissue after DMXAA treatment, whereas that for IFN-gamma was induced in spleen but not in tumor. Expression of mRNA for IFN-beta and for the p35 or the p40 subunits of interleukin 12 was not observed in either tissue. Splenic IP-10 mRNA induction was not a result of IFN-gamma production induced with DMXAA because spleen tissue from DMXAA-treated mice that lacked functional IFN-gamma receptors expressed similar amounts of IP-10 mRNA as those from wild-type mice. A single i.p. injection of DMXAA (20 mg/kg) was sufficient to reduce fibroblast growth factor-induced endothelial cell invasion of Matrigel implants in athymic nude mice by nearly 100%. The inactive analogue 8-methylxanthenone-4-acetic acid did not up-regulate the genes for IP-10 or IFNs and did not inhibit endothelial cell invasion. Antibodies to IP-10 reversed the inhibition of DMXAA of endothelial cell invasion by 58%; antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IFN-alpha reversed inhibition by 7%, 5%, and 0%, respectively. The data support the hypothesis that DMXAA, in addition to antivascular effects mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, may have an antiangiogenic effect mediated largely by the induction of IP-10.
Indian‐Atlantic interocean exchange: Dynamics, estimation and impact

Interocean exchange of heat and salt around South Africa is thought to be a key link in the maintenance of the global overturning circulation of the ocean. It takes place at the Agulhas Retroflection, largely by the intermittent shedding of enormous rings that penetrate into the South Atlantic Ocean. This makes it extremely hard to estimate the inter ocean fluxes. Estimates of direct Agulhas leakage from hydrographic and tracer data range between 2 and 10 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1). The average ring shedding frequency, determined from satellite information, is approximately six rings per year. Their associated interocean volume transport is between 0.5 and 1.5 Sv per ring. A number of Agulhas rings have been observed to cross the South Atlantic. They decay exponentially to less than half their initial size (measured by their available potential energy) within 1000 km from the shedding region. Consequently, most of their properties mix into the surroundings of the Benguela region, probably feeding directly into the upper (warm) limb of the global thermohaline circulation. The most recent observations suggest that in the present situation Agulhas water and Antarctic Intermediate Water are about equally important sources for the Benguela Current. Variations in the strength of these may lead to anomalous stratification and stability of the Atlantic at decadal and longer timescales. Modeling studies suggest that the Indian-Atlantic interocean exchange is strongly related to the structure of the wind field over the South Indian Ocean. This leads in the mean to a subtropical supergyre wrapping around the subtropical gyres of the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans. However, local dynamical processes in the highly nonlinear regime around South Africa play a crucial role in inhibiting the connection between the two oceans. The regional bottom topography also seems to play an important role in locking the Agulhas Currents' retroflection. State-of-the-art global and regional “eddy-permitting” models show a reasonably realistic representation of the mean Agulhas system; but the mesoscale variability and the local geometrical and topographic features that determine largely the interocean fluxes still need considerable improvement. In this article we present a review of the above mentioned aspects of the interocean exchange around South Africa: the estimation of the fluxes into the South Atlantic from different types of observations, our present level of understanding of the exchanges dynamics and forcing, its representation in state-of-the-art models, and, finally, the impact of the Indian-Atlantic fluxes on regional and global scale both within the Atlantic Ocean and in interaction with the overlying atmosphere.
Beating CountSketch for heavy hitters in insertion streams

Given a stream p1, …, pm of items from a universe U, which, without loss of generality we identify with the set of integers {1, 2, …, n}, we consider the problem of returning all ℓ2-heavy hitters, i.e., those items j for which fj ≥ є √F2, where fj is the number of occurrences of item j in the stream, and F2 = ∑i ∈ [n] fi2. Such a guarantee is considerably stronger than the ℓ1-guarantee, which finds those j for which fj ≥ є m. In 2002, Charikar, Chen, and Farach-Colton suggested the CountSketch data structure, which finds all such j using Θ(log2 n) bits of space (for constant є > 0). The only known lower bound is Ω(logn) bits of space, which comes from the need to specify the identities of the items found. In this paper we show one can achieve O(logn loglogn) bits of space for this problem. Our techniques, based on Gaussian processes, lead to a number of other new results for data streams, including: (1) The first algorithm for estimating F2 simultaneously at all points in a stream using only O(lognloglogn) bits of space, improving a natural union bound. (2) A way to estimate the ℓ∞ norm of a stream up to additive error є √F2 with O(lognloglogn) bits of space, resolving Open Question 3 from the IITK 2006 list for insertion only streams.
The emergence of concentrated settlements in medieval Western Europe: explanatory frameworks in the historiography

There is now a general scholarly consensus that the concentration of rural people into settlements in Western Europe (as opposed to dispersed or scattered habitations across the countryside) occurred in various stages between the eighth and twelfth centuries, though with regional divergences in precise timing, speed, formation, and intensity. What is clear from the literature is that a “one-size fits all” model for settlement development across Western Europe is not possible. Concentrated settlements appeared in certain parts of Europe for different reasons. This article discusses the strengths and limitations of four of the most influential frameworks for explaining patterns of medieval settlement concentration and their relation to social and economic change. The frameworks under analysis emphasize, respectively, power, coercion and lordship; communalism and territorial formalization; fieldsystems and resource-management; and urbanization and market-integration.
Olfactory impairment in Parkinson's disease and white matter abnormalities in central olfactory areas: A voxel‐based diffusion tensor imaging study

Olfactory dysfunction is known to occur before the appearance of the classical motor signs in Parkinson's disease (PD) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in PD have reported fractional anisotropy (FA) reductions in the early disease stages. We aimed to investigate the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and white matter (WM) FA of central olfactory areas in early PD. Twenty‐four patients at Hoehn and Yahr stages I and II and 24 healthy controls matched by age, gender and years of education participated in this study. DTI was acquired at a 3 Tesla scanner and odor identification was assessed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). We performed FA voxelwise group comparisons in the central olfactory structures using tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) and correlation analyses between FA values in these central olfactory areas and UPSIT scores. Patients with severe microsmia (UPSIT between 19 and 25) and anosmia (UPSIT lower or equal to 18) had lower FA values than PD patients with mild/moderate or no olfactory dysfunction (UPSIT between 26 and 40) and healthy controls in the WM adjacent to gyrus rectus. In addition, patients with anosmia had reduced FA in the WM surrounding primary olfactory areas in comparison with healthy controls. FA values in the WM adjacent to primary olfactory cortex and right gyrus rectus correlated with UPSIT scores in the PD group. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that microstructural WM reductions are present in the central olfactory system of early stage PD patients and that these reductions are associated with reduced ability to smell. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Impact of Test-Taking Behaviors on Full-Scale IQ Scores From the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—IV Spanish Edition

Research on children’s counterproductive test behavior supports a three-factor model for behaviors: inattentiveness, avoidance, and uncooperative mood. In this study, test behaviors measured by the Guide to the Assessment of Test Session Behaviors (GATSB) are rated on a sample of 110 Hispanic Spanish-speaking children included in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—IV (WISC-IV) Spanish standardization to further understand the relationship of test behavior to test performance in Spanish-speaking children tested in their native language. GATSB scores generally are within the average range. Correlations between WISC-IV Spanish Full-Scale IQ and GATSB Total Score are significant for the total group, females and males, and ages 13-16 but not for ages 6-8 or 9-12. The amount of variance accounted for by the GATSB score is substantially less than in prior studies of Hispanic children tested in English with the WISC-III. Possible reasons for these discrepant findings are discussed.
String tensions and deconfinement transition in the SU(4) center vortex model

A center vortex model for the infrared sector of SU(4) Yang-Mills theory is constructed such as to reproduce both the ratio between the zero-temperature quark and diquark string tensions known from lattice Yang-Mills theory, as well as the properties of the deconfinement transition. On this basis, the temperature dependence of the spatial quark and diquark string tensions is predicted. Though still phenomenologically viable, details of the construction of the SU(4) center vortex model corroborate previous arguments that modeling infrared Yang-Mills dynamics purely in terms of vortex world-surface characteristics may become less appropriate as the number of colors is increased.
Non-Formal Education: Information and Planning Issues.

The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of UNESCO or of the IIEP. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO or IIEP concerning the legal status of any country , territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. The publication costs of this report have been covered through a grant-in-aid offered by UNESCO and by voluntary contributions made by several Member States of UNESCO, the list of which will be found on the last page of this report. This report has been typeset using IIEP's computer facilities and has been printed in IIEP's printshop.
Contractual Renegotiations in Strategic Alliances

This study provides an empirical investigation of the incidence and antecedents of contractual renegotiations in strategic alliances. We bring together initial conditions based on transaction cost theory and ex post contingencies highlighted by recent conceptual and qualitative research on the evolution of collaborative agreements. The results indicate that firms tend to change the governance of alliances when a misalignment exists between the chosen governance structure and features of the transaction. Further, we find that asset specificity affects alliance design as well as post-formation governance decisions. Contractual alterations are also more likely when firms employ less extensive contractual safeguards in their alliances and when a parent firm’s strategy changes. We find no evidence that cross-border alliances are any more or less likely to experience contractual renegotiations than domestic alliances.
INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN THE BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS INTERFACE

This research contributes to the growing body of Resource Based View (RBV) empirical research by isolating organizational resources and capabilities that impact successful firm performance in the context of Inter-organizational Information and Communication Technology (IICT) implementation in business-to-business customer interface. Despite extensive IICT implementation, many organizations do not maximize potential business value from IICT investments due to human and organizational reasons. This paper empirically tests a theoretical model that makes the connection between organizational resources and capabilities and successful IICT adoption. Results suggest that, in addition to a robust information technology (IT) infrastructure, investment in organizational change management, the ability to sense changes in the technology environment, development of managerial IT knowledge, and a culture of freely shared internal information are key factors in a company’s ability to successfully integrate IICT in their exchange relationships with customers.
Distinguishing Weak and Strong Disposability among Undesirable Outputs in DEA: The Example of the Environmental Efficiency of Chinese Coal-Fired Power Plants

Different from traditional efficiency research and previous studies considering undesirable outputs, this paper proposes models which distinguish weak and strong disposability features among various undesirable outputs based on the technical nature of the undesirable outputs. The paper illustrates the approach using a research sample covering 582 base-load Chinese coal-fired power plants in 2002. Our final results show that (1) imposing the technically correct disposability features on undesirable outputs makes a significant difference to the final efficiency evaluation. This suggests the necessity of properly distinguishing disposability features among undesirable outputs in efficiency models; (2) compared to their US and European counterparts, Chinese power plants relatively waste more resources. This suggests a great urgency for the Chinese electricity industry to improve its efficiency in coal-fired electricity generation sector.
Correlation of Altered Expression of the Autophagy Marker LC3B with Poor Prognosis in Astrocytoma

Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most serious malignant brain tumors and is characterized by resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Recent studies suggest that autophagy may play an important role not only in the regulation of cancer development and progression but also in determining the response of cancer cells to anticancer therapy. The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between protein expressions of two autophagy markers, LC3B and Beclin-1, with clinical parameters in astrocytoma patients. Furthermore, the expression of CD133, a marker of the cancer stem-like cells, in astrocytoma patients was also investigated. A total of 106 thin-section slides were retrospectively collected from astrocytoma patients. LC3B, but not Beclin-1, protein expression was found to significantly correlate with resistance to radiation- or chemotherapy. In addition, high intensity of LC3B staining was predictive of poor prognosis. Furthermore, survival time of patients with high-level expression in both CD133 and LC3B was significantly shorter than those with weak expression in both CD133 and LC3B. These results suggest that astrocytoma cancer stem-like cells together with enhanced autophagy may cause resistance to radiation therapy/chemotherapy and that targeting the cancer stem-like cell in astrocytoma may offer a viable therapeutic approach.
Long-Term Effect of Early Relationships for African American Children’s Academic and Social Development: An Examination From Kindergarten to Fifth Grade

This study investigates the extent to which the quality of the relationships between African American children and their mothers and teachers in kindergarten predict academic and social development during elementary school years using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. The role of prior center care and the ethnicity of the kindergarten teacher were also examined as moderators. Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that a close relationship with mothers during kindergarten predicted children’s academic skill on standardized achievement tests and mother-rated social skills, whereas a close relationship with the kindergarten teachers predicted mother- and teacher-rated social skills and teacher-rated behavior problems. Teacher ethnicity moderated the association between conflict with the kindergarten teacher and subsequent behavior problems. The possible implications of these findings for African American children’s academic and social success are discussed.
Variance in practice emergency medical admission rates: can it be explained?

BACKGROUND Emergency admission rates have been rising steadily in recent years, with the majority of the increase owing to emergency medical admissions. Possible causative factors include changing demography, incidence of disease, admission thresholds, multiple admissions, and appropriateness of admission. AIM To investigate the impact of patient and practice factors on variance in general practices' emergency medical admissions rates. DESIGN OF STUDY Multiple regression analysis relating emergency medical admission rates of general practices to patient and practice characteristics. SETTING The study was conducted between 1996 and 1997 in the acute hospital trust serving the study area, Dundee, Scotland. METHOD Scottish Morbidity Record 1 (SMR1) data, which contains details of all hospital consultant episodes, was used to calculate individual practices emergency medical admission rates. These rates were then standardised to an expected value of 100. Forward selection was used to find a suitable multiple regression model to predict each practice's emergency medical admission rate from practice and patient variables. RESULTS Crude emergency medical admission rates for general practices showed a 1.8-fold variation between the top and bottom deciles. The deprivation status and age of patients explained 42% of the variance in admission rates (64% with the exclusion of one practice that had a poor fit to the model). After correcting for age and deprivation there was a 1.2-fold variation in general practices' emergency medical admission rates. CONCLUSION The most important factors in explaining variance in general practices' emergency medical admission rates are socio-demographic, with age and deprivation explaining a large proportion of the variation. We found no evidence to support the contention that general practice factors were linked with admission rates.
Education for Sustainable Development and Climate Change Education in China: A Status Report

Recognizing the significance of education in promoting sustainable development (SD), China has developed a number of policies and initiatives relating to education for sustainable development (ESD) and climate change education (CCE). The article first reviews China’s national policies and initiatives with regard to SD, climate change, education, ESD and CCE. Second, it investigates the educational approaches adopted in the implementation of ESD and CCE in China, including the establishment of ESD schools and districts, curriculum development, the promotion of the ESD teaching and learning model, thematic activities, and the monitoring and evaluation mechanism. Third, a number of characteristics of ESD in China are analyzed in the article. For example, ESD in China is considered as a way to quality education; and it follows a whole school approach and often requires cross-sectoral cooperation. Last, the article identifies several main challenges faced with the ESD and CCE work in China and provides some feasible solutions to these challenges.
CONVERGENCE OF THE FOURTH MOMENT AND INFINITE DIVISIBILITY

In this note we prove that, for infinitely divisible laws, con- vergence of the fourth moment to 3 is sufficient to ensure convergence in law to the Gaussian distribution. Our results include infinitely divisible measures with respect to classical, free, Boolean and monotone convolution. A similar criterion is proved for compound Poissons with jump distribution supported on a finite number of atoms. In particular, this generalizes recent results of Nourdin and Poly (2012). 2000 AMS Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 46L54; Secondary: 60E07.
Antiglaucoma medications during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight: a population-based study

Objective: To study the relationship between using antiglaucoma medications during pregnancy and the risk of having low-birth-weight (LBW) infants. Methods: The study group comprised 244 pregnant women who had been prescribed topical medication to control glaucoma during pregnancy. The comparison group comprised 1952 pregnant women matched for age, year of delivery, maternal hypertension and gestational diabetes. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to calculate the adjusted odds ratio of having LBW infants. Results: The majority of pregnant women (77.5%) were prescribed beta-blockers to control glaucoma. After adjusting for characteristics of the infant (gender, parity and gestational age), mother (age, the highest educational level, marital status, hypertension and gestational diabetes), father (the highest educational level), parental age difference and family monthly income, there was no significant difference in the risk of LBW infants between mothers prescribed beta-blockers and mothers in the comparison cohort (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.48, 95% CI 0.86 to 2.56). However, there was a significantly higher risk of LBW infants for mothers prescribed topical antiglaucoma medications other than beta-blockers (adjusted OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.05 to 5.00). Conclusions: Topical beta-blockers can be the first-line drugs when considering medical treatment of glaucoma in a pregnant woman.