Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preschool Children’s Adjustment Following a Hurricane: Risk and Resilience in the Face of Adversity

Research Findings: It is clear that disasters negatively affect both adults and children. Yet there is little research examining the mechanisms whereby some people are negatively affected by disasters whereas others are resilient to these negative effects. Family functioning and child characteristics might be factors that influence the impact of disasters on young children. We tested this premise in a sample of 118 children living in an area affected by a Category 3 hurricane, with 47 of these children participating before and after the hurricane. Results indicated that disaster experiences and emotion regulation are predictors of adjustment following natural disasters. Findings also suggested that the effects of disaster experiences on children’s adjustment are sometimes indirect through their impact on parental depression and parent hostility. Practice or Policy: These findings indicate that working to minimize the likelihood of parent–child separations during disasters could reduce the negative effects of disasters on children. In addition, promoting better emotional regulatory abilities in young children may help them to be more resilient when experiencing natural disasters, and providing parents with the support they need to more effectively parent may also decrease the likelihood that children will experience adjustment difficulties following disasters.
Different cognitive processes underlie human mate choices and mate preferences

Based on undergraduates' self-reports of mate preferences for various traits and self-perceptions of their own levels on those traits, Buston and Emlen [Buston PM, Emlen ST (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8805–8810] concluded that modern human mate choices do not reflect predictions of tradeoffs from evolutionary theory but instead follow a “likes-attract” pattern, where people choose mates who match their self-perceptions. However, reported preferences need not correspond to actual mate choices, which are more relevant from an evolutionary perspective. In a study of 46 adults participating in a speed-dating event, we were largely able to replicate Buston and Emlen's self-report results in a pre-event questionnaire, but we found that the stated preferences did not predict actual choices made during the speed-dates. Instead, men chose women based on their physical attractiveness, whereas women, who were generally much more discriminating than men, chose men whose overall desirability as a mate matched the women's self-perceived physical attractiveness. Unlike the cognitive processes that Buston and Emlen inferred from self-reports, this pattern of results from actual mate choices is very much in line with the evolutionary predictions of parental investment theory.
A meta-analysis of word-finding treatments for aphasia

Background: The research literature on treatment methods for word-finding deficits in aphasia is extensive. A meta-analysis of studies for word-finding therapy was conducted in order to objectively synthesise this information to answer large-scale questions of treatment efficacy. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of various treatment approaches for word-finding deficits for individuals with aphasia. This analysis also examined gains made to trained and untrained words, the level of maintenance after therapy, and the effect of the time post-onset of aphasia on the recovery of language function. Methods & Procedures: Various search methods were used to gather anomia treatment studies for this analysis. From 44 studies, 107 effect sizes were calculated for the final analysis. These data were sorted according to the following moderator variables: treatment category (semantic, phonological, or mixed), word set (trained, exposed-related, exposed-unrelated, unexposed-unrelated, and unexposed-related), follow-up measures, and median number of months post-onset. Outcomes & Results: All therapy approaches showed evidence of efficacy, although the variance between studies was large. Strong gains were seen for trained and exposed words, but only minor gains for unexposed words. Large effects were seen for up to 2 months post-therapy, with lingering effects at 3 months post-therapy. Treatment appeared efficacious even for individuals that were years post-onset. Conclusions: An objective synthesis of the literature shows that intervention for word-finding deficits is efficacious. However, the level of gains varied widely across studies and therapy approaches. As expected, little generalisation was found for untrained-unexposed words.
On the measurability of information quality

The notion of information quality (IQ) has been investigated extensively in recent years. Much of this research has been aimed at conceptualizing IQ and its underlying dimensions (e.g., accuracy, completeness) and at developing instruments for measuring these quality dimensions. However, less attention has been given to the measurability of IQ. The objective of this study is to explore the extent to which a set of IQ dimensions—accuracy, completeness, objectivity, and representation—lend themselves to reliable measurement. By reliable measurement, we refer to the degree to which independent assessors are able to agree when rating objects on these various dimensions. Our study reveals that multiple assessors tend to agree more on certain dimensions (e.g., accuracy) while finding it more difficult to agree on others (e.g., completeness). We argue that differences in measurability stem from properties inherent to the quality dimension (i.e., the availability of heuristics that make the assessment more tangible) as well as on assessors' reliance on these cues. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of concepts of interrelationships among duration, distance, and speed

The main purpose of this study was to clarify the developmental processes of understanding of interrelationships among the three concepts, duration, distance, and speed. In Experiment 1, ” ve developmental phases were found based on data of 222 four- to eleven-year-old children. In the ” rst phase, children displayed an implicit understanding of the direct relationships between duration and distance, and between distance and speed. This phase was most common among 4-year-olds. Second, children occasionally understood the inverse relation between duration and speed. Third, all of the two direct relations and the inverse relation were almost correctly understood, although the third dimension was still rather ignored. Fourth, children made their judgements based on the duration-distance-speed system, but were not fully conscious of it. Finally, children judged consciously based on this system. About half of the 11-year-olds reached this phase. In Experiment 2, 29 children repeatedly participated in the same experiment six or eight times once a year till 6th grade. Generally, their understanding developed along the process that emerged in Experiment 1, although there was facilitation of a transfer from the coordination of two-by-two relations to the duration-distance-speed system. Theoretical and educational implications of these ” ndings were discussed.
The Next Generation of Collective Action Research

The articles presented in this volume describe part of a new generation of interest and vigor in the social psychological study of collective action. This new wave builds nicely on the foundation set by social identity, self-categorization, and relative deprivation theories but also introduces a number of important innovative perspectives and variables. In this commentary, I review some of these expansions and additions, raise a number of conceptual concerns that arise out of these new directions, and discuss more generally some novel and important directions that emerge from the work presented in the volume and in other recent work on collective action.
HBV Core Region Variability: Effect of Antiviral Treatments on Main Epitopic Regions

Background Amino acid (AA) changes in specific hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) regions were assessed in patients infected with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) after a 12-month untreated period and after receiving antiviral therapy (interferon, lamivudine or adefovir dipivoxil), and in inactive hepatitis B surface antigen-positive carriers. Methods Samples corresponding to different time points in 76 CHB cases (64 on-treatment) and 4 inactive carriers were included. The main precore mutation, T-helper immunodominant epitope at AA 50–69 (Th50–69), minor T-helper epitope (Th28–47), B-cell immunodominant epitope (B74–84) and a conserved region of HBcAg at AA 1–11 (AA1–11) were directly sequenced. For comparisons, the average number of AA changes in each region was standardized to 12 months (Av12). Results AA changes clustered mainly in immunodominant regions (69%). The highest percentage of cases (%n) with changes and highest Av12 changes were detected after interferon treatment (%n=73%, Av12=3.1 in Th50–69 and %n=86%, Av12=2.7 in B74–84). At baseline, immunodominant regions had higher Av12 changes in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients and those with main precore mutations. Changes in the Th28–47 region were more frequent after nucleoside/nucleotide analogue treatment (40%) than before treatment (9%). Codons 74 and 77 were the most polymorphic, and the double change E64D-N67T was significantly observed. Codon 84 substitutions were mainly associated with interferon treatment (P=0.05). Conclusions Natural and treatment-induced substitutions in HBV core protein, occurring especially with interferon treatment, were characterized. Some immune-stimulating activity related to the minor Th28–47 epitope might be associated with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues; this activity was also seen in inactive carriers.
The Right Stuff: Understanding Cultural Differences in Leadership Performance.

A study was conducted that examined which managerial skill dimensions were critical for effective leadership for managers in the USA and seven European countries. The results suggested more similarities than differences across countries. Specifically, a core group of two skill dimensions emerged as critical for effective leadership across countries and operationalizations of criticality. These dimensions were analyze issues and drive for results. However, results did differ depending on how criticality was operationalized. The findings of the study suggest that: users of 360‐degree feedback instruments should not rely solely on perceived importance of a skill dimension to aid in ratings interpretation, and the ability to solve complex problems and learn quickly on the one hand and being hard‐working and persistent on the other hand are prerequisites for effective leadership, regardless of whether you are leading in Pittsburgh or in Paris.
Empathy, Self-Esteem and Creativity among Junior Ballet Dancers

62 junior ballet dancers from the Finnish National Opera (44 girls, 18 boys, ages 9 to 17 yr.) completed the Battle Self-esteem Inventory Form B or AD, the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, 2 factors from Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory, 10 items from Rosenberg's scale, the modified Mehrabian and Epstein Empathy Scale, a questionnaire on hobbies, the Rorschach and the Figural B Form of Torrance's creativity test. Analysis showed dancers trained 4–5 nights/week, tended to have creative hobbies, were more empathetic and sensitive (especially girls) than controls. Dancers had higher self-esteem than the normative sample.
On the usage of conditional probabilities for automatic new topic identification

Using conditional probabilities for automatic new topic identification is an efficient approach compared to the other studies of new topic identification due to its significant performance as well as relatively easy implementation. In this paper, we analyze the usage of conditional probabilities approach for automatic new topic identification, and extend the approach by considering the position of a query, namely query number, as an input for the computation of conditional probabilities besides the other -mostly usedparameters (time interval and search pattern). Specifically, we consider four different settings where these three parameters together as well as their 2-combinations are used for the conditional probability computations. The performance analysis of the approach with these settings is also presented.
Syndecan‐1, a key regulator of cell viability in endometrial cancer

Syndecan‐1 is one of the major proteoglycans on cell surfaces involved in major biological processes. Although loss of syndecan‐1 correlates well with the gain of cancerous characteristics in a wide range of cancers, increased expression of syndecan‐1 also coincides with adverse outcomes in some cancers, including breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers. For this Janus‐faced attitude of syndecan‐1, we sought to examine expression patterns of syndecan‐1 in endometrial carcinoma (EC) and gain insight into the roles of syndecan‐1. Immunohistochemical examinations of 109 endometrial tissue samples from myoma, hyperplasia and EC uteri revealed that syndecan‐1 expression was significantly upregulated in EC compared with hyperplasia (p < 0.001). To evaluate pathophysiological functions of syndecan‐1, its expression level was altered, and subsequent outcomes were examined using human endometrial cancer cell lines such as HEC‐1A, AN3CA and KLE cells. Overexpression of syndecan‐1 increased the growth of HEC‐1A cells regardless of anchorage dependence while silencing syndecan‐1 by antisense RNAs caused apoptotic cell death. Consistent with decreased viability, the loss of syndecan‐1 was also accompanied by a decrease in the activation of Erk and Akt and a concomitant decrease in the phosphorylation of PTEN and PDK1, which are known as negative and positive regulators of Akt activation, respectively. These down‐regulatory effects were reversed upon overexpression of syndecan‐1. Collectively together, the aforementioned findings lend support to the notion that upregulation of syndecan‐1 may be a critical element for endometrial cancers in maintaining their viability and thus can serve as a cancer specific therapeutic and diagnostic marker. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Mediating and Moderating Effects of Teacher Preference on the Relations between Students' Social Behaviors and Peer Acceptance

Tested on a sample of 1,365 Hong Kong primary school students from five grades, teacher preference or the extent to which the classroom teacher likes a child in the class was found to both mediate and, to a lesser extent, moderate the relations between children's social behaviors and peer acceptance across age groups. The mediating effect suggests that peer acceptance responds not only to the behavior of a student but also to how much the classroom teacher likes or dislikes the student. The moderating effect suggests that the associations between student social behaviors and peer acceptance differ as functions of teacher preference. The mediating teacher preference was stronger with younger children, whereas a stronger moderating teacher preference was found for the older children. These findings confirm the supposition that three social processes involving the teacher, children, and peers contribute to children's social status and relations in the classroom.
Characterization of extremal epidemic networks with diffusion characters

Epidemic models often incorporate contact networks along which the disease can be passed. The connectivity of the network can have a substantial impact on the course of the epidemic. In this study an evolutionary computation system is used to optimizes networks with a fixed distribution of contacts to yield either long-lasting epidemics or epidemics in which a maximal number of individuals are infected in a given time step. These networks represent extremal cases of network behavior. A novel network analysis tool called the diffusion character matrix, derived from the Leontief inverse of a modified adjacency matrix, is used to demonstrate that the networks located for the two optimizations are substantially different. The diffusion character matrix analysis allows us to place several metric-like dissimilarity measure on the space of graphs with a fixed number of nodes. The evolutionary algorithm used searches the space of networks with a specified degree sequence, with degrees representing the number of contacts for each member of the population. The representation used to evolve networks is a linear chromosome specifying a series of degree-preserving editing moves applied to an initial network that specifies the degree sequence of the searched networks. The evolutionary algorithm uses a non-standard type of restart called recentering in which the currently best network in the population replaces the initial network at intervals. The recentering operator moves the evolving population to successively higher fitness regions of the search space. In this study the algorithm is applied to networks with constant degrees from 3 to 7. The diffusion character matrix analysis also demonstrates that the volume of the search space occupied by networks maximizing the number of individuals that fall sick in one time step is much smaller than that occupied by networks that maximize epidemic length.
Multisensory Competition Is Modulated by Sensory Pathway Interactions with Fronto-Sensorimotor and Default-Mode Network Regions

Multisensory information competes for preferential access to consciousness. It remains unknown what neural processes cause one particular modality to win multisensory competition and eventually dominate behavior. Thus, in a paradigm in which human participants sought to make simultaneous auditory and visual detection responses, we sought to identify prestimulus and poststimulus neural signals that were associated with auditory and visual dominance on each trial. Behaviorally, visual detection responses preceded auditory responses more frequently than vice versa. Even when visual responses were preceded by auditory responses, they recovered more quickly from previous responses, indicating the dominance of vision over audition. Neurally, visual precedence was associated with increased prestimulus activity in the prefrontal cortex and reduced prestimulus activity in the default-mode network, and increased poststimulus connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the visual system. Moreover, the dorsal visual stream showed not only increased activity in post-perceptual phases but also enhanced connectivity with the sensorimotor cortex, indicating the functional role of the dorsal visual stream in prioritizing the flow of visual information into the motor system. In contrast, auditory precedence was associated with increased prestimulus activity in the auditory cortex and increased poststimulus neural coupling between the auditory and the sensorimotor cortex. Finally, whenever one modality lost multisensory competition, the corresponding sensory cortex showed enhanced connectivity with the default-mode network. Overall, the outcome of audiovisual competition depended on dynamic interactions between sensory systems and both the fronto-sensorimotor and the default-mode network. Together, these results revealed both the neural causes and the neural consequences of visual and auditory dominance during multisensory competition.
Effects of Altering Training Volume and Intensity on Body Mass, Performance, and Hormonal Concentrations in Weight‐Event Athletes

Eight NCAA Division I weight-event track and field athletes (4 M, 4 F) followed a periodized training program during a 6-month competitive season. Subjects were tested preseason (W0) and then at 4-week intervals (W4, W8, W12, W16, W20, W24). Training volume was recorded daily and totaled for each 4-week period. Percent fat (%fat) and lean body mass (LBM) were determined via hydrostatic weighing. Performance measurements included the overhead shot (OS), kneeling shot (KS), vertical jump power (VJP), anaerobic power (AP), and anaerobic capacity (AC). At W8 through W24 blood was collected and analyzed for testosterone ([Test]) and cortisol ([Cort]) concentrations. Both sexes demonstrated similar responses to training with increases in LBM, OS, and KS. No changes were observed for %fat, VJP, AP, or AC. The [Test] and [Cort] were similar throughout the training period, but the [Test]:[Cort] ratio was lowest after the 4-wk interval with the highest intensity. The data indicate that varying training volume and intensity will result in increases in LBM, OS, and KS without large alterations in hormonal concentrations.
Single-mask microfabrication of three-dimensional objects from strained bimorphs

Recently, techniques known as ‘micro-origami’ or ‘strain architecture’ have emerged for the fabrication of out-of-plane micro- and nanostructures by relaxation of a pair of strain-mismatched thin films. Applications of such structures include optical reflectors, actuators and micropositioners. We illustrate how control of the folding order can generate complex three-dimensional objects from metal-oxide bilayers using this approach. By relying on the fact that narrower structures are released from the substrate first, it is possible to create multi-axis loops and interlinked objects with several sequential release steps, using a single photomask. The structures remain planar until released by XeF2 dry silicon etching, making it possible to integrate them with other MEMS and microelectronic devices early in the process.
Does the “Negro” Still Need Separate Schools? Single-Sex Educational Settings as Critical Race Counterspaces

This article explores whether contemporary educators should consider single-sex educational settings as viable interventions in educating African American males. Using qualitative data from a 2-year study of single-sex educational spaces in two Los Angeles County high schools, the authors argue that when all-male spaces effectively function as Critical Race Theory counterspaces, the educational experiences of high school–aged Black males are positively transformed. These cocurricular, single-sex counterspaces can effectively shield Black males from the marginalizing effects of urban schooling while serving as platforms for productive reengagement in positive school trajectories. Research-based principles for designing effective single-sex educational settings are discussed.
ISOLATION OF VIRUSES FROM WILD MAMMALS IN WEST AFRICA, 1966-1970

During the 5-year period 1966–1970, a total of 7497 wild mammals of at least 101 different species were collected from 36 locations in Nigeria, Dahomey, and Togo and sampled for virus. The collections were made in five ecologically distinct vegetative zones: high forest, Guinea, Sudan, and Sahel woodland, and the Jos Plateau. Sixteen different virus types, represented by 83 isolates, were recovered, as follows: Arumowot (6 isolates), Bhanja (2), bluetongue type 7 (1), Chandipura (1), Congo (2), Dakar bat (3), Dugbe (1), IbAn 17143 (1), IbAn 33709 (1), Lebombo (1), Mokola (4), poxvirus IbAn 34325 (1), Semliki Forest (1), SudAn 754/61 (53), Uganda S (3), and West Nile (2). Viruses were isolated from Nigeria, the principal area of mammal collecting, and Dahomey, but not from Togo. The possible relationship of these viruses to diseases of man and domestic animals is discussed.