Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IARC Carcinogen Update

In their article “Pulmonary Effects of Indoor- and Outdoor-Generated Particles in Children with Asthma,” Koenig et al. (2005) made use of their really interesting model that enables them to discern exposure from indoor- and outdoor-generated particles. They concluded that The ambient-generated component of PM2.5 [particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter] exposure is consistently associated with increases in eNO [exhaled nitric oxide] and the indoor-generated component is less strongly associated with eNO. This finding should not lead to the assumption that particles generated indoors are in general not able to induce endogenous NO production. The authors themselves pointed out one limitation of their study: Children in the Seattle panel study spent an average of 66% of their time indoors at home and 21% indoors away from home (primarily at school) … (Koenig et al. 2005) However, contribution of indoor sources to PM exposure was only estimated on the basis of measurement data from the subjects’ residences. This could have led to uncertainties in the exposure assessment, biasing the effect estimates toward null. I also want to mention the great variability in possible indoor sources of PM. In their article, Koenig et al. (2005) provided no information on the smoking status of household members. If the 19 children under study lived in nonsmoking households, the results might be true for this setting but not for others. Finally, I suggest that time of measurement and exposure should be considered. If the children attend school in the morning, they might go home (maybe in high traffic) at noon or early afternoon for lunch. [NO] samples were collected in the afternoon or early evening at the child’s residence. Children were asked to forgo food intake for 1 hr before collection of exhaled breath. If NO production peaks several hours after exposure, it could be possible that the children’s exposure on their way home from school was the most influential one (not because of the origin of the particles but because of the study’s lag structure). It would be interesting and rather rewarding to study the short-term lag structure between PM exposure and both exhaled NO and lung function [for which Koenig et al. (2005) found an association with exposure due to sources in the residents’ homes]. I would expect an increase of exhaled NO to be a rather late reaction to inflammatory stimuli. For example Rolla et al. (2004) reported that after aspirin inhalation by subjects with aspirin-inducible asthma, NO increased significantly reaching the peak value 4 hr after bronchoconstriction.
MUlti-Store Tracker (MUSTer): A cognitive psychology inspired approach to object tracking

Variations in the appearance of a tracked object, such as changes in geometry/photometry, camera viewpoint, illumination, or partial occlusion, pose a major challenge to object tracking. Here, we adopt cognitive psychology principles to design a flexible representation that can adapt to changes in object appearance during tracking. Inspired by the well-known Atkinson-Shiffrin Memory Model, we propose MUlti-Store Tracker (MUSTer), a dual-component approach consisting of short- and long-term memory stores to process target appearance memories. A powerful and efficient Integrated Correlation Filter (ICF) is employed in the short-term store for short-term tracking. The integrated long-term component, which is based on keypoint matching-tracking and RANSAC estimation, can interact with the long-term memory and provide additional information for output control. MUSTer was extensively evaluated on the CVPR2013 Online Object Tracking Benchmark (OOTB) and ALOV++ datasets. The experimental results demonstrated the superior performance of MUSTer in comparison with other state-of-art trackers.
Axon-to-Glia Interaction Regulates GABAA Receptor Expression in Oligodendrocytes

Myelination requires oligodendrocyte-neuron communication, and both neurotransmitters and contact interactions are essential for this process. Oligodendrocytes are endowed with neurotransmitter receptors whose expression levels and properties may change during myelination. However, only scant information is available about the extent and timing of these changes or how they are regulated by oligodendrocyte-neuron interactions. Here, we used electrophysiology to study the expression of ionotropic GABA, glutamate, and ATP receptors in oligodendrocytes derived from the optic nerve and forebrain cultured either alone or in the presence of dorsal root ganglion neurons. We observed that oligodendrocytes from both regions responded to these transmitters at 1 day in culture. After the first day in culture, however, GABA sensitivity diminished drastically to less than 10%, while that of glutamate and ATP remained constant. In contrast, the GABA response amplitude was sustained and remained stable in oligodendrocytes cocultured with dorsal root ganglion neurons. Immunochemistry and pharmacological properties of the responses indicated that they were mediated by distinctive GABAA receptors and that in coculture with neurons, the oligodendrocytes bearing the receptors were those in direct contact with axons. These results reveal that GABAA receptor regulation in oligodendrocytes is driven by axonal cues and that GABA signaling may play a role in myelination and/or during axon-glia recognition.
Particular fine-grained parallel GA for simulation study of distributed human-based GA

The paper proposes and investigates a particular fine-grained parallel genetic algorithm (GA) for understanding the behaviors of a similar distributed human-based GA through simulations. The particular fine-grained parallel GA restricts interactions between individuals in terms of not space but time, which can occur in real human interactions. Specifically, it gives each individual its own cycle time for encountering other individuals according to a probability distribution. The simulation results show that the GA performance depends on the setting of the encounter timings for the individuals.
Project types of business process management: Towards a scenario structure to enable situational method engineering for business process management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore project types (PTs) of business process management (BPM). PTs are a key concept to describe development situations in situational method engineering (SME). SME acts on the assumption that generic methods need to be adapted to the specifics of the development situation in which they are to be applied.Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on results from an empirical analysis directed at the identification of design factors of and realization approaches to BPM. It extends an earlier study through the inclusion of new data points that allow for the derivation and characterization of PTs. To this end, multivariate data analysis techniques such as regression analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis are applied. Albeit inherently behavioral, the research described in the paper constitutes an important foundation for subsequent design research (DR) activities, in particular for the engineering of situational methods.Findings – The analysis suggests.
Magnetic Field Dipolarization and Its Associated Ion Flux Variations in the Dawnside Deep Inner Magnetosphere: Arase Observations

The Arase satellite observed clear dipolarization signatures at r~4.3–4.6 RE, GMLAT~16°–18°, and MLT~5.5–5.7 hr around 15:00 UT on 27 March 2017 when Dst~−70 nT. Strong magnetic field fluctuations were embedded and their characteristic frequency was close to the local gyrofrequency of O+ ions. After the dipolarization, O+ flux was enhanced at ≤15 keV, while H+ flux showed no clear variations. These observations provide evidence for the direct supply of O+ ions from the ionosphere. There were no clear signatures for the nonadiabatic local acceleration of O+ ions. We consider that a bump‐on‐tail structure in the energy spectrum around 30–50 keV due to a combination of charge exchange loss and drift motion of ions masks the nonadiabatic acceleration. Occurrence of the magnetic field dipolarization at dawn, which is far from the well‐known premidnight occurrence peak, may be due to an eastward skewing of partial ring current during the storm main phase.
Hard Words

How do children acquire the meaning of words? And why are words such as know harder for learners to acquire than words such as dog or jump? We suggest that the chief limiting factor in acquiring the vocabulary of natural languages consists not in overcoming conceptual difficulties with abstract word meanings but rather in mapping these meanings onto their corresponding lexical forms. This opening premise of our position, while controversial, is shared with some prior approaches. The present discussion moves forward from there to a detailed proposal for how the mapping problem for the lexicon is solved, as well as a presentation of experimental findings that support this account. We describe an overlapping series of steps through which novices move in representing the lexical forms and phrase structures of the exposure language, a probabilistic multiple-cue learning process known as syntactic bootstrapping. The machinery is set in motion by word-to-world pairing, a procedure available to novices from the onset, one that is efficient for a stock of lexical items (mostly nouns) that express concrete basic-level concepts. Armed with this foundational stock of "easy" words, learners achieve further lexical knowledge by an arm-over-arm process in which successively more sophisticated representations of linguistic structure are built. Lexical learning can thereby proceed by adding structure-to-world mapping methods to the earlier available machinery, enabling efficient learning of abstract items-the "hard" words. Thus acquisition of the lexicon and the clause-level syntax are interlocked throughout their course, rather than being distinct and separable parts of language learning. We concentrate detailed attention on two main questions. The first is how syntactic information, seemingly so limited, can affect word learning so pervasively. The second is how multiple sources of information converge to solve lexical learning problems for two types of verbs that pose principled obstacles for word-to-world mapping procedures. These types are perspective verbs (e.g., chase and flee) and credal verbs (e.g., think and know). As we discuss in closing, the outcome of the hypothesized learning procedure is a highly lexicalized grammar whose usefulness does not end with successful acquisition of the lexicon. Rather, these detailed and highly structured lexical representations serve the purposes of the incremental multiple-cue processing machinery by which people produce speech and parse the speech that they hear.
Residential Treatment for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Identifying Trajectories of Change and Predictors of Treatment Response

Background Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a difficult condition to treat and has been associated with serious medical and economic issues among U.S. military veterans. Distinguishing between treatment responders vs. non-responders in this population has become an important public health priority. This study was conducted to identify pre-treatment characteristics of U.S. veterans with combat-related PTSD that might contribute to favorable and unfavorable responses to high value treatments for this condition. Method This study focused on 805 patients who completed a VHA PTSD residential program between 2000 and 2007. These patients completed the PTSD Clinical Checklist at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and a four-month follow-up assessment. Latent growth curve analysis (LCGA) was incorporated to determine trajectories of changes in PTSD across these assessments and whether several key clinical concerns for this population were associated with their treatment responses. Study Findings LCGA indicated three distinct trajectories in PTSD outcomes and identified several clinical factors that were prospectively linked with changes in veterans' posttraumatic symptomatology. When compared to a group with high PTSD symptom severity that decreased over the program but relapsed at follow-up (41%), the near half (48.8%) of the sample with an improving trajectory had less combat exposure and superior physical/mental health. However, when compared to a minority (10.2%) with relatively low symptomatology that also remained somewhat stable, patients in the improving group were younger and also reported greater combat exposure, poorer physical/mental health status, and more problems with substance abuse before the start of treatment. Conclusions Findings suggest that veterans are most likely to benefit from residential treatment in an intermediate range of symptoms and risk factors, including PTSD symptom severity, history of combat exposure, and comorbid issues with physical/mental health. Addressing these factors in an integrative manner could help to optimize the effectiveness of treatments of combat-related PTSD in many cases.
Physics Informed Deep Learning (Part I): Data-driven Solutions of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

We introduce physics informed neural networks -- neural networks that are trained to solve supervised learning tasks while respecting any given law of physics described by general nonlinear partial differential equations. In this two part treatise, we present our developments in the context of solving two main classes of problems: data-driven solution and data-driven discovery of partial differential equations. Depending on the nature and arrangement of the available data, we devise two distinct classes of algorithms, namely continuous time and discrete time models. The resulting neural networks form a new class of data-efficient universal function approximators that naturally encode any underlying physical laws as prior information. In this first part, we demonstrate how these networks can be used to infer solutions to partial differential equations, and obtain physics-informed surrogate models that are fully differentiable with respect to all input coordinates and free parameters.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics On the Asymmetry Between Upward and Downward Field-Aligned Currents Interacting With the Ionosphere

The paper presents results from the numerical study of the magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions driven by the large-scale electric ﬁeld in the magnetically conjugate, high-latitude regions of northern and southern hemispheres. Simulations of the two-ﬂuid MHD model demonstrate that these interactions can lead to a generation of a system of small-scale, intense ﬁeld-aligned currents with a signiﬁcant diﬀerence in size and amplitude between the upward and downward currents. In particular, in both hemispheres, the downward currents (where the electrons are ﬂowing from the ionosphere) become more narrow and intense than the adjacent upward currents. At high latitudes, the ﬁeld-aligned currents are closely related to the discrete auroral arcs. The fact that this mechanism produces very narrow and intense downward currents embedded into the broader upward current regions makes it relevant to the explanation of the “black” auroral arcs appearing as narrow, dark strips embedded in the broad luminous background. results from simulations of a two-ﬂuid MHD model describing magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction conducted by ULF electromagnetic waves and FACs at high latitudes. The goal of this study is to explain self-consistent formation of the FAC system with the characteristic features of the black aurora. Results from this study suggest that the black aurora is produced by the strongly nonlinear IFI developed simultaneously in two conjugate hemispheres. The favorable conditions for the development of the black include relatively and ﬁeld in should ﬁeld The conditions development in and downward FAC interacting with the explain observational features of black aurora.
UNDERSTANDING THE LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF WEB SEARCH QUERIES

Web search queries have been observed to exhibit properties of a rudimentary language system, distinct from the mother language from which words of the queries are drawn. It has been hypothesized that the language of search queries is fast growing in complexity, reflected in the steady increase of query lengths over the years. In this research, we make the first attempts to quantify change in the linguistic structure of search queries by examining large query logs spaced four years apart. We adopt a multi-pronged approach and analyze query structure from three different perspectives, namely, language models, complex networks and positional preferences of words. All experimental findings confirm that the linguistic structure of Web search queries is indeed evolving.
WOODPECKER ABUNDANCE AND HABITAT USE IN THREE FOREST TYPES IN EASTERN TEXAS C

Ansm\cr. -Woodpeckers were censused in 60 fixed-radius (300 m) circular plots (divided Into eight 45”arc pie-shaped sectors) in mature forests (60-80 years-old) of three forest types (20 plots per type) m eastern Texas: bottomland hardwood forest. longleaf pine (Pinus polustrts) Savannah, and mixed pine-hardwood forest. A total of 2242 individual woodpeckers of eight species was detected in 144 h of censusing. Vegetation characteristics in plot sectors utth and without woodpeckers were compared. Woodpecker presence and abundance were primarily associated with the occurrence of large snags and logs. Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melunerpes carofinus) were the most abundant and widespread species, especially in areas containing more hardwoods than pines. Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) were the least abundant and most habitat-restricted woodpecker, occurring only in the longleaf pine Savannah. Pileated Woodpeckers (D~ocopur pileafus) were the most evenly distributed species among the forest types, but occurred primarily in mature forests with large snags and logs. Bottomland hardwood forests were important for Northern Flickers (Cokzpres aururus), Redheaded Woodpeckers (Mefunerpes erythrocephalus), and Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers (Sphyrupicus vurius) during the fall and winter, and for Downy Woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) during the summer and winter. The Hairy Woodpecker (P. vibsus) was most frequently encountered in areas of recent disturbance in the mixed pine-hardwood forests, especially in fall. Vocal imitation of a Barred Owl (Strir vatin) increased the number of woodpecker detections by 71%. Received 14 Jun. 1997, uccepted 10 May 1997.
Pseudoinversion of degenerate metrics

Let (M,g) be a smooth manifold M endowed with a metric g. A large class of differential operators in differential geometry is intrinsically defined by means of the dual metric g∗ on the dual bundle TM∗ of 1-forms on M. If the metric g is (semi)-Riemannian, the metric g∗ is just the inverse of g. This paper studies the definition of the above-mentioned geometric differential operators in the case of manifolds endowed with degenerate metrics for which g∗ is not defined. We apply the theoretical results to Laplacian-type operator on a lightlike hypersurface to deduce a Takahashi-like theorem (Takahashi (1966)) for lightlike hypersurfaces in Lorentzian space ℝ1n
Mapping the Success Dimensions of Large Oil and Gas Projects

In order to satisfy the increase in world energy demand, the global oil and gas industry is expected to invest US$ 25 trillion from 2015 to 2040 in development projects (IEA, 2015). However oil and gas projects have had a long track record of sluggish performance. This study investigated the performance of Development (Pre-FID) Large Oil and Gas Projects and determinants of their success. Adopting a view that project success comprises success factors and criteria considered simultaneously, 11 success criteria and 57 success factors were first identified using a systematic and exhaustive literature review backed up by validation from experienced practitioners. A global online survey was then conducted to solicit the perceptions of project directors and managers from Owners and EPC Contractors regarding the identified success criteria and factors. A total of 96 and valid responses were received. Exploratory factor analysis using SPSS software identified three success criteria groupings - (1) Project Management Success, (2) Business Success, and (3) Future Potential/Growth. For success factors the number of groupings is six. These are (1) Project Management, Leadership & Team Competence, (2) Front End Loading, (3) Project External Context and Compliance, (4) Project Impacts on External Environment, (5) Project Risk and Quality Management, and (6) Project Connectivity with Local Resources Capacity. The criteria and factors identified are directly applicable to projects and programs in other domains such as mining, large scale infrastructure development, ship building, and defense acquisition. The results of this study can be used as a starting point towards the development of a success measurement methodology for industrial megaprojects.
UTP-dependent Inhibition of Na+ Absorption Requires Activation of PKC in Endometrial Epithelial Cells

The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP)-dependent inhibition of Na+ absorption in porcine endometrial epithelial cells. Acute stimulation with UTP (5 μM) produced inhibition of sodium absorption and stimulation of chloride secretion. Experiments using basolateral membrane–permeabilized cell monolayers demonstrated a reduction in benzamil-sensitive Na+ conductance in the apical membrane after UTP stimulation. The UTP-dependent inhibition of sodium transport could be mimicked by PMA (1 μM). Several PKC inhibitors, including GF109203X and Gö6983 (both nonselective PKC inhibitors) and rottlerin (a PKCδ selective inhibitor), were shown to prevent the UTP-dependent decrease in benzamil-sensitive current. The PKCα-selective inhibitors, Gö6976 and PKC inhibitor 20–28, produced a partial inhibition of the UTP effect on benzamil-sensitive Isc. Inhibition of the benzamil-sensitive Isc by UTP was observed in the presence of BAPTA-AM (50 μM), confirming that activation of PKCs, and not increases in [Ca2+]i, were directly responsible for the inhibition of apical Na+ channels and transepithelial Na+ absorption.
High-Mannose But Not Complex-Type Glycosylation of Tetherin Is Required for Restriction of HIV-1 Release

Tetherin is an interferon-inducible antiviral protein that inhibits the release of a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses by retaining virions at the surface of infected cells. While the role of specific tetherin domains in antiviral activity is clearly established, the role of glycosylation in tetherin function is not clear. In this study, we carried out a detailed investigation of this question by using tetherin variants in which one or both sites of N-linked glycosylation were mutated (N65A, N92A, and N65,92A), and chemical inhibitors that prevent glycosylation at specific stages of oligosaccharide were added or modified. The single N-linked glycosylation mutants, N65A and N92A, efficiently inhibited the release of Vpu-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In contrast, the non-glycosylated double mutant, N65,92A, lost its ability to block HIV-1 release. The inability of the N65,92A mutant to inhibit HIV-1 release is associated with a lack of cell-surface expression. A role for glycosylation in cell-surface tetherin expression is supported by tunicamycin treatment, which inhibits the first step of N-linked glycosylation and impairs both cell-surface expression and antiviral activity. Inhibition of complex-type glycosylation with kifunensine, an inhibitor of the oligosaccharide processing enzyme mannosidase 1, had no effect on either the cell-surface expression or antiviral activity of tetherin. These results demonstrate that high-mannose modification of a single asparagine residue is necessary and sufficient, while complex-type glycosylation is dispensable, for cell-surface tetherin expression and antiviral activity.