Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects Of Program Involvement On Commercial Exposure And Recall In A Naturalistic Setting

Although program involvement is often found to be an important determinant of commercial recall, studies have produced mixed results. The authors contend that inconsistent findings are, in large part, a result of the degree to which respondents are free to determine their exposure to commercials. It is hypothesized that in studies where exposure is not forced, program involvement has a positive effect on commercial recall. This proposition was examined during the broadcast of four matches of the 2000 European Soccer Championship (N = 344). Results show that viewers who saw a highly involving match recalled commercials significantly better than those who saw matches that scored lower on program involvement. This effect was, in large part, mediated by respondents' exposure to the commercials.
Thrombospondin 1—a key astrocyte‐derived neurogenic factor

Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1), an oligomeric matrix protein, is known for its antiangiogenic activity. Recently, TSP1 has been shown to regulate synaptogenesis in the developing brain. In this study, we examine another role of TSP1 in the CNS, namely, in proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We found that adult mice deficient in TSP1 exhibit reduced proliferation of NPCs in vivo [13,330±826 vs. 4914±455 (mean±SE wt vs. TSP1−/−); P<0.001, Student's t test] and impaired neuronal differentiation (1382±83 vs. 879±79; P<0.001). In vitro, NPC obtained from adult TSP1 −/− mice display decreased proliferation in BrdU assay (48±8 vs. 24±3.5%; P<0.01) and decreased neuronal fate commitment (8±0.85 vs. 4.6±0.5%; P<0.05) in contrast to wild‐type NPCs. Both proliferation and neuronal differentiation deficits are remediable in vitro by exogenous TSP1. Notably, conditioned medium from TSP1−/− astrocytes, unlike that from control astrocytes, fails to promote neurogenesis in wild‐type NPCs, suggesting that TSP1 is one of the key molecules responsible for astrocyte‐induced neurogenesis. Our data demonstrate that TSP1 is a critical participant in maintenance of the adult NPC pool and in neuronal differentiation. —Lu, Z. , Kipnis, J. Thrombospondin 1—a key astrocytederived neurogenic factor. FASEB J. 24, 1925–1934 (2010). www.fasebj. org
Quantifying the Role of Viewing the Denali “Big 5” in Visitor Satisfaction and Awareness: Conservation Implications for Flagship Recognition and Resource Management

Wildlife viewing is a primary attraction at Denali National Park (DNP), with most visitors wishing to observe the “Big 5”: grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus), caribou (Rangifer tarandus), Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli), and moose (Alces alces gigas). This study explored the role of individual “Big 5” species on (a) visitors' wildlife viewing satisfaction, (b) overall trip satisfaction, and (c) awareness of fundamental purposes for establishing DNP (i.e., enabling legislation). Data were obtained from 582 DNP visitor surveys during 2007. Grizzly observations yielded significantly higher levels of wildlife viewing satisfaction than all other species except caribou. No significant difference was found between species for overall trip satisfaction. Awareness of enabling legislation improved with higher levels of satisfaction and number of species observed. Grizzly bear and caribou are recommended as flagship species. This could increase viewing opportunities and visitor satisfaction within an experienced-based management framework.
The Cytolytic P2Z Receptor for Extracellular ATP Identified as a P2X Receptor (P2X7)

The P2Z receptor is responsible for adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent lysis of macrophages through the formation of membrane pores permeable to large molecules. Other ATP-gated channels, the P2X receptors, are permeable only to small cations. Here, an ATP receptor, the P2X7 receptor, was cloned from rat brain and exhibited both these properties. This protein is homologous to other P2X receptors but has a unique carboxyl-terminal domain that was required for the lytic actions of ATP. Thus, the P2X7 (or P2Z) receptor is a bifunctional molecule that could function in both fast synaptic transmission and the ATP-mediated lysis of antigen-presenting cells.
In the Guise of STEM Education Reform

In this article, we present findings from a three-year comparative longitudinal and ethnographic study of how schools in two cities, Buffalo and Denver, have taken up STEM education reform, including the idea of “inclusive STEM-focused schools,” to address weaknesses in urban high schools with majority low-income and minority students. Although introduced with great fanfare, the data indicate that well-meaning efforts toward expanding opportunities in STEM-focused schools for low-income underrepresented minorities quickly dissolved. We focus on mechanisms that seem to underlie this dissolution and consider its contributions to short- and long-term inequalities.
The Speech Intelligibility Index and the pure-tone average as predictors of lexical ability in children fit with hearing AIDS.

PURPOSE To determine whether a clinically obtainable measure of audibility, the aided Speech Intelligibility Index (SII; American National Standards Institute, 2007), is more sensitive than the pure-tone average (PTA) at predicting the lexical abilities of children who wear hearing aids (CHA). METHOD School-age CHA and age-matched children with normal hearing (CNH) repeated words and nonwords, learned novel words, and completed a standardized receptive vocabulary test. Analyses of covariance allowed comparison of the 2 groups. For CHA, regression analyses determined whether SII held predictive value over and beyond PTA. RESULTS CHA demonstrated poorer performance than CNH on tests of word and nonword repetition and receptive vocabulary. Groups did not differ on word learning. Aided SII was a stronger predictor of word and nonword repetition and receptive vocabulary than PTA. After accounting for PTA, aided SII remained a significant predictor of nonword repetition and receptive vocabulary. CONCLUSIONS Despite wearing hearing aids, CHA performed more poorly on 3 of 4 lexical measures. Individual differences among CHA were predicted by aided SII. Unlike PTA, aided SII incorporates hearing aid amplification characteristics and speech-frequency weightings and may provide a more valid estimate of the child's access to and ability to learn from auditory input in real-world environments.
Asymmetric effects of cooler and warmer winters on beech phenology last beyond spring

In temperate trees, the timings of plant growth onset and cessation affect biogeochemical cycles, water, and energy balance. Currently, phenological studies largely focus on specific phenophases and on their responses to warming. How differently spring phenology responds to the warming and cooling, and affects the subsequent phases, has not been yet investigated in trees. Here, we exposed saplings of Fagus sylvatica L. to warmer and cooler climate during the winter 2013–2014 by conducting a reciprocal transplant experiment between two elevations (1,340 vs. 371 m a.s.l., ca. 6°C difference) in the Swiss Jura mountains. To test the legacy effects of earlier or later budburst on the budset timing, saplings were moved back to their original elevation shortly after the occurrence of budburst in spring 2014. One degree decrease in air temperature in winter/spring resulted in a delay of 10.9 days in budburst dates, whereas one degree of warming advanced the date by 8.8 days. Interestingly, we also found an asymmetric effect of the warmer winter vs. cooler winter on the budset timing in late summer. Budset of saplings that experienced a cooler winter was delayed by 31 days compared to the control, whereas it was delayed by only 10 days in saplings that experienced a warmer winter. Budburst timing in 2015 was not significantly impacted by the artificial advance or delay of the budburst timing in 2014, indicating that the legacy effects of the different phenophases might be reset during each winter. Adapting phenological models to the whole annual phenological cycle, and considering the different response to cooling and warming, would improve predictions of tree phenology under future climate warming conditions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHTNING ACTIVITY IN DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUDS WITH THE OVERSHOOTING TOPS

In this study characteristics of lightning activity, such as type and amplitude of lightning strokes, in the penetrating clouds, i.e. convective clouds with overshooting tops (OT), are analyzed. The focus was on the warm part of the year (May-September) during 2009. The study area covers a region from approximately 41°N 8°E to 49.5°N 24°E. Deep convect ive clouds with OTs were detected from the Meteosat 9 data, using a so called COMB method based on the infrared window (IRW, 10.8 μm) channel and the absorption channels of water vapor (WV, 6.2 μm) and ozone (O3, 9.7 μm) in form of brightness temperature differences (BTD). Locations and times of the detected OTs were compared to the distribution and types of the lightning strokes, provided by the Lightning Location System, a part of the International Lightning Detection Network in Europe (LINET). For each satellite pixel meeting the OT criteria, occurrence of lightning discharge was searched 5 min before and after the time of the scan, within the range of 0.05° from the pixel posi tion. The results present the characteristics of lightning in the vicinity of the OTs.
Ageing effects on word production processes: an ERP topographic analysis

The increasing word-finding difficulty is one of the most investigated characteristics of language ageing. The transmission deficit model postulates an age-related weakening in the pathway from lexicon to phonology, leading to insufficient priming of the complete phonology. To bring neurophysiological evidence of age-related modifications in word production, we investigated the inter-age time course of ERPs in picture naming compared to picture–word verification, where lexical–phonological processes are not involved. Only marginal age-related differences in RTs were found in picture naming. Older adults showed lower accuracy in picture naming, but higher accuracy in picture–word verification. Between-age ERP divergences were observed in an early time window associated with semantic processes. In picture naming, age differences in ERP amplitudes were also observed in a later time window compatible with phonological processing. Results suggest that modifications in word production could stem from age-related changes affecting the processing dynamics in the semantic system.
Social Network Site Usage and Personal Relations of Migrants

In this study, we examine the relation between social network site (SNS) usage and the personal networks of immigrants, using a unique dataset composed of a representative sample of immigrants living in the Netherlands. In theory, SNSs can be a helpful tool for immigrants, because they may help establish social ties in the destination country and help maintain ties with people in the country of origin. We examine whether this is also true in practice by analyzing whether the frequency of using two SNSs—Facebook and Hyves (a Dutch SNS)—is associated with the number of ingroup and outgroup ties, as well as the quality of social relations. In addition, we test whether general emotional disclosure boosts the effect of SNS usage on the quality of relationships. We find that SNS usage is associated with more outgroup ties, but not with more ingroup ties. Our analyses also show that SNS usage is associated with greater quality social relationships among migrants. Contrary to our expectations, we found no interaction between general emotional disclosure and SNS usage on satisfaction with social relations. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele Is Unrelated to Cognitive or Functional Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease: Retrospective and Prospective Analysis

Objective: The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Ε4 allele is a well-documented genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Its role, if any, in the progression of cognitive and functional impairment in AD has been the subject of discrepant reports in the literature. This study aimed to determine whether ApoE Ε4 dose is related to the progression of cognitive and functional decline in AD patients by combined retrospective and prospective analyses. Methods: A sample of 366 AD patients was genotyped for ApoE. Subjects received tests of cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE; Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale, ADAS-Cog) and daily function (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, IADL; Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living, ADCS-ADL) at baseline and at multiple subsequent time points during their participation in a variety of research protocols. In retrospective analyses, scores on baseline cognitive and functional measures were compared cross-sectionally among genotype groups, controlling for duration of symptoms. In prospective analyses, longitudinal rates of change for each measure were computed by linear regression and compared across genotype groups. Results: No association was observed between ApoE Ε4 dose and any of the retrospective or prospective measures of cognitive or functional decline in this AD patient sample. Conclusions: Although ApoE Ε4 increases the risk for AD and decreases the age of disease onset in population studies, it did not significantly influence the rate of disease progression in cognitive or functional domains in our sample.
Evaluation of model-based deformation correction in image-guided liver surgery via tracked intraoperative ultrasound

Abstract. Soft-tissue deformation represents a significant error source in current surgical navigation systems used for open hepatic procedures. While numerous algorithms have been proposed to rectify the tissue deformation that is encountered during open liver surgery, clinical validation of the proposed methods has been limited to surface-based metrics, and subsurface validation has largely been performed via phantom experiments. The proposed method involves the analysis of two deformation-correction algorithms for open hepatic image-guided surgery systems via subsurface targets digitized with tracked intraoperative ultrasound (iUS). Intraoperative surface digitizations were acquired via a laser range scanner and an optically tracked stylus for the purposes of computing the physical-to-image space registration and for use in retrospective deformation-correction algorithms. Upon completion of surface digitization, the organ was interrogated with a tracked iUS transducer where the iUS images and corresponding tracked locations were recorded. Mean closest-point distances between the feature contours delineated in the iUS images and corresponding three-dimensional anatomical model generated from preoperative tomograms were computed to quantify the extent to which the deformation-correction algorithms improved registration accuracy. The results for six patients, including eight anatomical targets, indicate that deformation correction can facilitate reduction in target error of ∼52%.
Theories of biological aging: Genes, proteins, and free radicals

Traditional categorization of theories of aging into programmed and stochastic ones is outdated and obsolete. Biological aging is considered to occur mainly during the period of survival beyond the natural or essential lifespan (ELS) in Darwinian terms. Organisms survive to achieve ELS by virtue of genetically determined longevity assuring maintenance and repair systems (MRS). Aging at the molecular level is characterized by the progressive accumulation of molecular damage caused by environmental and metabolically generated free radicals, by spontaneous errors in biochemical reactions, and by nutritional components. Damages in the MRS and other pathways lead to age-related failure of MRS, molecular heterogeneity, cellular dysfunctioning, reduced stress tolerance, diseases and ultimate death. A unified theory of biological aging in terms of failure of homeodynamics comprising of MRS, and involving genes, milieu and chance, is acquiring a definitive shape and wider acceptance. Such a theory also establishes the basis for testing and developing effective means of intervention, prevention and modulation of aging.
Child Adoption in Contemporary Rural China

Based on qualitative information from in-depth interviews and quantitative data from a survey of 425 adoptive families conducted in summer 2001 in rural China, this study attempts to explain the social and demographic patterns of adoption and investigate the roles of the State and families in adoption processes in contemporary rural China. Within the changing context of the new political economy, culture, and social conditions brought about by market reforms (1978) and the “one-child” policy (1979), this study shows that adoption is nowincreasingly used as a strategy for the childless as well as reproductive couples to reach ideal family size and particularly ideal sex composition of children. Moreover, Chinese families are willing to adopt girls, though strong son preference persists. Overall, it appears that individual adoptions of children in rural China follow increasingly individual desires rather than State directives.
PLACE ATTACHMENT AMONG OLDER ADULTS LIVING IN NORTHERN REMOTE COMMUNITIES IN CANADA

Place attachment refers to the experience of emotional and cognitive ties to the physical environment. Among older adults, place attachment may be experienced and represented as a sense of insideness that consists of three dimensions: physical insideness, social insideness, and autobiographical insideness (Rowles, 1990). The study employed a qualitative research method to examine the dimensions of place attachment among older adults living on the Queen Charlotte Islands, a northern remote setting in British Columbia. Overall, aspects of the physical and social environment, rural lifestyle, and time in place are salient to the development and reinforcement of place-based ties. Findings from the study have relevance for health and housing policy for older rural populations in reducing potential trauma from relocation, planning and development of appropriate housing options and improving service delivery for new and long-term residents.
Psychological Health and Problem-Solving Self-Appraisal in Older Adults.

This study investigated relations between psychological health and problem-solving self-appraisal in 97 adults aged 65-96 years. Participants completed the Problem-Solving Inventory (P. P. Heppner, 1988) and two measures of psychological health encompassing both well-being and distress dimensions. Results of a canonical correlation analysis indicated that relations between problem-solving self-appraisal and psychological health were complex and sometimes contradictory. On the one hand, as problem-solving self-appraisal became more favorable (more confidence, more control, and increased approaching of problems), well-being increased and distress decreased. Conversely, perceptions of avoidant problem solving and decreased control were also associated with some increases in psychological health. Research and counseling implications are discussed.
The Influence of Professional Development on Teachers' Psychosocial Perceptions of Teaching a Health-Related Physical Education Curriculum

The impact of a yearlong professional development intervention on physical education teachers’ psychosocial perceptions was investigated. Experienced mentor teachers (n = 15) were paired with inexperienced protege teachers (n = 15) who helped them learn how to teach a health-related physical education curriculum (i.e., the Exemplary Physical Education Curriculum). Using the theory of planned behavior as the guiding theory, it was hypothesized that teachers would experience favorable increases in various psychological constructs (e.g., attitude) and variables reflecting the social culture of their schools (e.g., administrator’s perceptions) as compared with control teachers (n = 17). A variety of statistically significant main and interaction effects with mean scores in expected directions were found. In general, mentors and proteges developed a more positive view of their own psychological state (e.g., perceived behavioral control) and of the immediate school social environment (i.e., support from administrators and fellow teachers). The significant results, combined with meaningful effect sizes, supported the effectiveness of this intervention.
Analyzing Resistance Narratives at the North American Anarchist Gathering

In this study, a methodological framework is established for the examination of resistance narratives in alternative media texts. Using the concepts of narrative paradigm, narrative fragmentation, constitutive elements of narrative, and hegemonic and/or emancipatory resistance, the author analyzed the manner of resistance within narrative fragments in alternative media circulated at the 2002 North American Anarchist Gathering. Qualitative content analysis identified the constitutive elements of cultural values and identity that showed an overarching narrative of resistance in the alternative media texts at the Gathering. The author then assessed the narrative based on Mumby's notions of hegemonic and emancipatory resistance. The analysis demonstrated an overarching narrative about egalitarianism, while hindering capitalists' ability to manipulate workers, which could be both hegemonic and emancipatory.
Negative associations: the role of identification in group-based guilt

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Teacher Standards and Gender: Factors in Special Education Referral?.

AbstractData from a prior research project involving 92 teachers from 11 elementary schools were reanalyzed using multiple regression techniques. In the reanalysis, student problem behavior was categorized according to severity (i.e., high or low) and was entered as an independent variable, first with teacher standards and then with teacher standards and gender to explain the variance in teachers’ decisions to refer students for special education services. An interaction between the independent variables in the first analysis showed that teachers with strict standards referred students with low levels of aggressive behavior more frequently than did teachers with lax standards. The opposite was true for students with high levels of aggression. Together, the two-way interactions of student aggression with teacher standards and gender explained 19% of the variance in teachers’ referral decisions.