Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Evolutionary Game of Pressure (or Interference), Resistance and Collaboration

In this paper we extend the framework of evolutionary inspection game put forward recently by the author and coworkers to a large class of conflict interactions dealing with the pressure executed by the major player (or principal) on the large group of small players that can resist this pressure or collaborate with the major player. We prove rigorous results on the convergence of various Markov decision models of interacting small agents (including evolutionary growth), namely pairwise, in groups and by coalition formation, to a deterministic evolution on the distributions of the state spaces of small players paying main attention to situations with an infinite state-space of small players. We supply rather precise rates of convergence. The theoretical results of the paper are applied to the analysis of the processes of inspection, corruption, cyber-security, counter-terrorism, banks and firms merging, strategically enhanced preferential attachment and many other.
No Significant Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Stroke After Adjustment for Lifestyle Factors and Indication.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are among the top 10 most prescribed medications worldwide. We investigated the association between PPI use and ischemic stroke. METHODS We collected data on 68,514 women (mean age, 65 ± 7 years) enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study since 2000 and 28,989 men (mean age, 69 ± 8 years) in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study since 2004, without a history of stroke. We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association between risk of incident stroke and PPI use among participants. The primary end point was first incident stroke. RESULTS In the 2 cohorts, we documented 2599 incident strokes (2037 in women and 562 in men) over a 12-year period, encompassing 949,330 person-years. After adjustment for established risk factors for stroke, PPI use was associated with a significant increase in risk of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.37). The association was reduced after we adjusted for potential indications for PPI use, including history of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or gastrointestinal bleeding, and prior use of histamine-2 receptor antagonist therapy (hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.27). Regular PPI use was not associated with increased risk of stroke overall or hemorrhagic stroke. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of data from the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we did not find a significant association between PPI use and ischemic stroke, after accounting for indications for PPI use. Prior reports of an increased risk of stroke may be due to residual confounding related to chronic conditions associated with PPI use.
What is New in Shock, August 2016?

The two lead manuscripts for this issue of Shock are review articles that summarize current knowledge about the pathogenesis and potential treatment of inflammatory syndromes such as trauma and sepsis. Sawa et al. focused on the pathogenic relevance of a cellular surveillance pathway (cellular-associated detoxification and defenses) that regulates key cellular functions (e.g., mitochondrial activities) in inflammationrelated diseases. They assume that variations in cellular surveillance are associated with the pathogenesis of an adverse outcome under these conditions (1). In the second review article, the authors analyzed the modulatory effects of small non-coding RNA (miRNA) on classical or alternative activation of macrophages after inflammatory stimuli. As miRNA has the potential to affect the polarization of macrophages, it also might have a therapeutic value under these circumstances (2). In the issue’s clinical science section, two studies (3, 4) investigated the relevance of different inflammatory parameters in a post-traumatic setting. Receptor interacting protein kinase3 (RIP3) represents a significant marker for necroptosis, a specific form of cell death. In a case control study, researchers investigated the relationship among systemic RIP3 levels and the severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the amount of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion (3). RIP3 plasma concentrations 48 h after admission were associated with the severity of AKI as well as with the number of transfused RBC. The authors concluded that necroptosis might contribute to traumaand transfusion-related AKI in severely injured patients (3). In a prospective observational study, the concentrations of proand anti-inflammatory cytokines were up to 100-fold higher in unprocessed shed hemothorax blood (USHB) compared with the systemic levels of healthy volunteers. Therefore, autotransfusion of USHB seems to have the potential to enhance the cytokine load after trauma, thereby increasing the incidence of post-traumatic end-organ damage. The authors underline the need for randomized trials to determine the safety and efficacy of autotransfusion as a therapeutic approach (4). In a volunteer model of compensated hemorrhagic shock, Ho et al. (5) aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different strategies for fluid resuscitation on oxygen delivery (DO2) and the relevance of the cardiac index under these conditions. Although fast fluid resuscitation resulted in higher blood pressure values during the resuscitation phase, a significant
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Youth With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study

OBJECTIVE We assessed the prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) enrolled in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) was used to assess DPN in 1,734 youth with T1D (mean ± SD age 18 ± 4 years, T1D duration 7.2 ± 1.2 years, and HbA1c 9.1 ± 1.9%) and 258 youth with T2D (age 22 ± 3.5 years, T2D duration 7.9 ± 2 years, and HbA1c 9.4 ± 2.3%) who were enrolled in the SEARCH study and had ≥5 years of diabetes duration. DPN was defined as an MNSI exam score of >2. Glycemic control over time was estimated as area under the curve for HbA1c. RESULTS The prevalence of DPN was 7% in youth with T1D and 22% in youth with T2D. Risk factors for DPN in youth with T1D were older age, longer diabetes duration, smoking, increased diastolic blood pressure, obesity, increased LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and lower HDL cholesterol (HDL-c). In youth with T2D, risk factors were older age, male sex, longer diabetes duration, smoking, and lower HDL-c. Glycemic control over time was worse among those with DPN compared with those without for youth with T1D (odds ratio 1.53 [95% CI 1.24; 1.88]) but not for youth with T2D (1.05 [0.7; 1.56]). CONCLUSIONS The high rates of DPN among youth with diabetes are a cause of concern and suggest a need for early screening and better risk factor management. Interventions in youth that address poor glycemic control and dyslipidemia may prevent or delay debilitating neuropathic complications.
Shrinkage Fields for Effective Image Restoration

Many state-of-the-art image restoration approaches do not scale well to larger images, such as megapixel images common in the consumer segment. Computationally expensive optimization is often the culprit. While efficient alternatives exist, they have not reached the same level of image quality. The goal of this paper is to develop an effective approach to image restoration that offers both computational efficiency and high restoration quality. To that end we propose shrinkage fields, a random field-based architecture that combines the image model and the optimization algorithm in a single unit. The underlying shrinkage operation bears connections to wavelet approaches, but is used here in a random field context. Computational efficiency is achieved by construction through the use of convolution and DFT as the core components, high restoration quality is attained through loss-based training of all model parameters and the use of a cascade architecture. Unlike heavily engineered solutions, our learning approach can be adapted easily to different trade-offs between efficiency and image quality. We demonstrate state-of-the-art restoration results with high levels of computational efficiency, and significant speedup potential through inherent parallelism.
Systematization and description of the internal carotid arteries and their main ramifications at the brain base in turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)

Thirty turtle brains (Trachemys scripta elegans) were injected with latex to systematize and describe the internal carotid arteries and their main ramifications at the brain base. The internal carotid arteries had one intercarotid anastomosis. At the level of the tuber cinereum, the internal carotid artery bifurcated into its terminal branches, the rostral and the caudal branches. The rostral branch emitted the rostral choroid artery, the orbital artery, and a series of middle cerebral arteries. After giving off the last middle cerebral artery, the rostral branch continued as the rostral cerebral artery in the cerebral longitudinal fissure, and had one anastomosis with its contralateral homologous artery, the rostral communicating artery, making the first rostral closure of the cerebral arterial circle. Next, the rostral cerebral arteries anastomosed forming a rostral interhemispheric artery, making the second rostral closure of the cerebral arterial circle. The internal carotid artery, after emitting its rostral branch, continued caudally as the caudal branch. The caudal branch ran caudally along the ventral surface of the mesencephalic tegmentum, emitted the caudal cerebral artery and the mesencephalic artery, and continued caudomedially while progressively narrowing, and anastomosed with its contralateral homologous artery, forming the basilar artery. The narrower portion also emitted the trigeminal artery. The anastomosis of the caudal branches closed the cerebral arterial circle caudally. The internal carotid arteries exclusively supplied the cerebral arterial circle of the turtle. Anat Rec, 299:1090–1098, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of time off feed on broiler viscera weight, diameter, and shear.

The influence of time off feed on broiler viscera weight, intestinal diameter, and shear was studied by subjecting market-age male broilers (42, 44, or 48 d) to incremental feed withdrawal periods (0, 6, 12, 18, or 24 h). Body weight was determined prior to feed withdrawal and at the time of processing. After slaughter, scalding, and defeathering, the abdominal cavity was opened. Diameter and shear of the proventriculus-ventriculus junction, jejunum, and ileum segments were measured, as were gallbladder length and width. Thoracic and abdominal viscera, liver, and ventriculus weights were determined, and liver surface color was measured. Percentage body weight loss increased with longer feed withdrawal periods, as viscera, liver, and ventriculus weights decreased. Gallbladder length increased with time off feed, whereas its width did not change. Diameter of the proventriculus-ventriculus junction, jejunum, and ileum decreased with longer feed withdrawal periods. Shear values for the proventriculus-ventriculus junction, jejunum, and ileum were not influenced by time off feed. Positive correlations (P < 0.05 and r > 0.4) between viscera weight and intestinal diameter were detected. Correlations between all measured parameters and shear values were not significant. Liver color measurements indicated that longer feed withdrawal periods resulted in significant linear decreases in L* (lightness), +a* (redness), and +b* (yellowness). Longer feed withdrawal periods decreased viscera weight and intestinal diameter, which would lower the potential for cutting the intestine during automated evisceration. However, the resulting greater gallbladder length (5 mm) would increase the possibility of bile contamination during evisceration.
HER2+ Cancer Cell Dependence on PI3K vs. MAPK Signaling Axes Is Determined by Expression of EGFR, ERBB3 and CDKN1B

Understanding the molecular pathways by which oncogenes drive cancerous cell growth, and how dependence on such pathways varies between tumors could be highly valuable for the design of anti-cancer treatment strategies. In this work we study how dependence upon the canonical PI3K and MAPK cascades varies across HER2+ cancers, and define biomarkers predictive of pathway dependencies. A panel of 18 HER2+ (ERBB2-amplified) cell lines representing a variety of indications was used to characterize the functional and molecular diversity within this oncogene-defined cancer. PI3K and MAPK-pathway dependencies were quantified by measuring in vitro cell growth responses to combinations of AKT (MK2206) and MEK (GSK1120212; trametinib) inhibitors, in the presence and absence of the ERBB3 ligand heregulin (NRG1). A combination of three protein measurements comprising the receptors EGFR, ERBB3 (HER3), and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (CDKN1B) was found to accurately predict dependence on PI3K/AKT vs. MAPK/ERK signaling axes. Notably, this multivariate classifier outperformed the more intuitive and clinically employed metrics, such as expression of phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK, and PI3K pathway mutations (PIK3CA, PTEN, and PIK3R1). In both cell lines and primary patient samples, we observed consistent expression patterns of these biomarkers varies by cancer indication, such that ERBB3 and CDKN1B expression are relatively high in breast tumors while EGFR expression is relatively high in other indications. The predictability of the three protein biomarkers for differentiating PI3K/AKT vs. MAPK dependence in HER2+ cancers was confirmed using external datasets (Project Achilles and GDSC), again out-performing clinically used genetic markers. Measurement of this minimal set of three protein biomarkers could thus inform treatment, and predict mechanisms of drug resistance in HER2+ cancers. More generally, our results show a single oncogenic transformation can have differing effects on cell signaling and growth, contingent upon the molecular and cellular context.
Detection of aneuploidy in patients with cancer through amplification of long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINEs)

Significance The detection of aneuploidy in clinical samples can be critical for various diagnostic applications in cancer and can also inform cancer genetics. Next-generation sequencing protocols such as whole-genome and exome sequencing are typically used to detect aneuploidy in cancer samples, but amplicon-based protocols achieve high coverage depth at relatively low cost and can be used when only tiny amounts of DNA are available. In this paper, we describe new bioinformatic tools to detect aneuploidy using data generated from amplification with a single primer pair. This approach can be applied to samples containing only a few nanograms of DNA and as little as 1% neoplastic content and has a variety of applications in cancer diagnostics and forensic science. Aneuploidy is a feature of most cancer cells, and a myriad of approaches have been developed to detect it in clinical samples. We previously described primers that could be used to amplify ∼38,000 unique long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINEs) from throughout the genome. Here we have developed an approach to evaluate the sequencing data obtained from these amplicons. This approach, called Within-Sample AneupLoidy DetectiOn (WALDO), employs supervised machine learning to detect the small changes in multiple chromosome arms that are often present in cancers. We used WALDO to search for chromosome arm gains and losses in 1,677 tumors and in 1,522 liquid biopsies of blood from cancer patients or normal individuals. Aneuploidy was detected in 95% of cancer biopsies and in 22% of liquid biopsies. Using single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the amplified LINEs, WALDO concomitantly assesses allelic imbalances, microsatellite instability, and sample identification. WALDO can be used on samples containing only a few nanograms of DNA and as little as 1% neoplastic content and has a variety of applications in cancer diagnostics and forensic science.
Cutaneous angiosarcoma: update on biology and latest treatment

Purpose of review The present review aims to provide readers with the latest updates on the biology and clinical management of cutaneous angiosarcoma (cAS). Recent findings The genomic alteration of cAS is heterogeneous. Mutations are enriched in the mitosis-activated kinase (MAPK) pathway. Functional analysis has identified molecules that may serve as potential markers and therapeutic targets of angiosarcoma. These molecules include survivin, HSP90, FOXM1, miR-497-5p, KCa3.1, and miR210. This body of knowledge has not yet transferred to clinical practice. The mainstay of treatment for cAS remains surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy. The efficacy of paclitaxel as an adjuvant chemotherapy is suggested. For patients with advanced cAS, paclitaxel is the treatment of choice. There are also second-line treatment options that are supported by evidence of varying strength. A multikinase inhibitor, pazopanib, has been assessed in several studies, most of which support its efficacy for angiosarcoma. Bevacizumab monotherapy may be effective for angiosarcoma. The efficacy of eribulin mesylate and trabectedin for angiosarcoma is currently being assessed. Recent publications highlighted the role of the immune system in the biology of cAS. Summary Future research efforts should focus on the following aspects of cAS: drug development directed at recent molecular targets, clinical trials designed specifically for patients with cAS, and the role of immunotherapy for cAS.
Comparative analysis of textured and grooved hydrodynamic journal bearing

Research is being focused on to find the influence of surface variations such as texturing or grooving on the bearing performances. Though, earlier it was restricted to the theoretical aspects alone, however, with the help of advance manufacturing techniques (laser surface texturing, etching, special grinding process, etc.), it has become possible to produce micro-textures or grooves on the surface of journal bearing. The objective of the present study is to numerically compare the influence of spherical texture and micro-grooving (longitudinal and transverse) on friction coefficient and average temperature of journal bearing at low and high eccentricity ratios. From the findings, it has been observed that the micro-grooving reduces the friction coefficient and average temperature is maximum in comparison with spherical texture.
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Special Tests for Rotator Cuff Tear: The ROW Cohort Study

Objective The aim was to assess diagnostic accuracy of 15 shoulder special tests for rotator cuff tears. Design From February 2011 to December 2012, 208 participants with shoulder pain were recruited in a cohort study. Results Among tests for supraspinatus tears, Jobe test had a sensitivity of 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80%–96%), specificity of 62% (95% CI, 53%–71%), and likelihood ratio of 2.30 (95% CI, 1.79–2.95). The full can test had a sensitivity of 70% (95% CI, 59%–82%) and a specificity of 81% (95% CI, 74%–88%). Among tests for infraspinatus tears, external rotation lag signs at 0 degrees had a specificity of 98% (95% CI, 96%–100%) and a likelihood ratio of 6.06 (95% CI, 1.30–28.33), and the Hornblower sign had a specificity of 96% (95% CI, 93%–100%) and likelihood ratio of 4.81 (95% CI, 1.60–14.49). Conclusions Jobe test and full can test had high sensitivity and specificity for supraspinatus tears, and Hornblower sign performed well for infraspinatus tears. In general, special tests described for subscapularis tears have high specificity but low sensitivity. These data can be used in clinical practice to diagnose rotator cuff tears and may reduce the reliance on expensive imaging.
Effect of Anomalous Crystal Structure of Iron Aluminides Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13: Low Phonon Thermal Conductivity and Potentiality as Thermoelectric Materials

Iron Aluminide Fe2Al5 has a rigid framework of both fully occupied aluminum and iron sites and channels of partially occupied aluminum sites. On the other hand, Fe4Al13 possesses a large unit cell with 102 atoms. These complex and peculiar crystal structures bring a low phonon thermal conductivity. Here, we report the thermoelectric properties and discuss how the proposed chain structure and large unit cell can lead to a low phonon thermal conductivity. The calculated room-temperature phonon thermal conductivity by using the Wiedemann-Franz law is approximately 1.5 W/mK and 0.8 W/mK for Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13, respectively. From the comparison with other Fe-Al alloys, which have neither plural partially occupied sites nor a large unit cell, we found that (1) the speci c heat does not decrease at high temperature, i.e. aluminum atoms at partially occupied sites seem to be xed rather than liquid behavior. (2) the speed of sound for Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13 are almost identical among Fe-Al alloys, i.e. the average phonon group velocity of acoustic modes for Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13 are not slower than that of Fe-Al alloys, (3) the electrical conductivities of Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13 are lower than those of the other Fe-Al alloys. These results suggest that the low phonon thermal and electrical conductivities are brought by short relaxation times of both phonons and electrons due to chemical disorder such as the partially occupied sites. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.MF201607]
Genetic polymorphisms of GPR126 are functionally associated with PUMC classifications of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in a Northern Han population

GPR126 has been identified to be associated with AIS (Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis) in different populations, but data on the northern Chinese population are unavailable. Additionally, it is important to know the exact clinical phenotypes associated with specific genetic polymorphisms. Fourteen SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) loci in GPR126 were genotyped in 480 northern Chinese Han AIS patients and 841 controls. These patients were classified into three types based on the PUMC classification system. Luciferase assays were used to investigate their regulation of GPR126 transcription activity. Combined and stratified genotype–phenotype association analyses were conducted. The alleles rs225694, rs7774095 and rs2294773 were significantly associated with AIS (P = 0.021, 0.048 and 0.023, respectively). rs225694 and rs7774095 potentially have regulatory functions for the GRP126 gene. Correlation analysis revealed that allele A of rs225694 was a risk allele only for PUMC type II AIS (P = 0.036) and allele G of rs2294773 was a risk allele only for PUMC type I AIS (P = 0.018). In summary, rs225694, rs7774095 and rs2294773 are significantly associated with disease in northern Chinese Han AIS patients. The SNPs rs225694 and rs2294773 are associated with different AIS PUMC classifications.