Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thinking Outside the Black Box

Despite the widespread involvement of third parties in organizational team decision making, little empirical research has explored the effect of these individuals on team outcomes. Expanding literature on team decision making to include the role of external third parties, this study investigates the effects of the interaction between type of third-party input (direction, devil’s advocacy, or expert advice) and team cultural values heterogeneity on team decision outcomes. Using an experimental design, the authors find that input type interacts with team cultural values heterogeneity on individualism-collectivism to predict decision effectiveness. With no third-party input, teams homogeneous and heterogeneous on individualism-collectivism were equally effective. With devil’s advocacy or expert advice, homogeneous teams were more effective than were heterogeneous teams. However, importantly, when an external third party provided direction, heterogeneous teams were more effective thanwere homogeneousteams. The findings contribute to the theory regardingteam composition and decision making. The article concludes with suggestions for practice and future research.
The role of simulation in teaching sinus surgery in otolaryngology residency: A survey of rhinologists

Background Simulation is currently recognized as an effective surgical training tool. However, no standardized curriculum exists for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) simulation training. The goal of this study was to obtain an understanding of current ESS simulation use to aid the future development of an ESS training curriculum. Methods A 14-question survey regarding sinus simulation in residency training was developed through the education committee of the American Rhinologic Society. The survey was administered to academic American Rhinologic Society members in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The participants provided information regarding the type, amount, and effectiveness of simulation use in their residency program. Results Responses were received from 67 training programs; 45% of the programs endorsed using simulation training, although only 23.9% used ESS simulation, and all the programs used cadavers. Only 12.5% of respondent programs required ESS simulation training before operating on live patients, and trainees had an average of <6 hours of simulation training before live operations. A majority of respondents observed subjective improvement in residents' endoscope handling, dexterity, and understanding of anatomy after ESS simulation. The greatest obstacles identified were associated cost and lack of realistic simulators. Conclusion A majority of responders observed improved surgical technique and knowledge in residents after simulation training. However, <25% of the survey responders used ESS simulation and cited cost and limited availability as the most common barriers. A curriculum of validated simulators has potential to improve the quality of ESS training during residency.
Moral Identity and Judgments of Charitable Behaviors

In several studies, the authors examine the potential to leverage a consumer's moral identity to enhance brand and company identification and promote goodwill through community relations. Studies 1a and 1b show that even when opportunity costs are equivalent (subjectively or economically), consumers who also have a highly self-important moral identity perceive the act of giving time versus money as more moral and self-expressive. The authors extend these findings to self-reported preferences and establish boundary conditions in two additional studies. Consumers with higher organizational status prefer to give money versus time, but this preference is weaker for those with a highly self-important moral identity (Study 2), and the preference for giving time versus money is more likely to emerge when the moral self is primed and the time given has a moral purpose (Study 3).
Joined‐up training: improving the partnership links between a university PGCE(FE) course and its placement colleges

This research was prompted by a recognition that the links could be improved between the Cardiff University Postgraduate Certificate in Education (Further Education) (PGCE (FE)) course and its partner colleges, in which students complete their teaching practice. It sets out to explore the external and internal policies on such partnerships, and attempts to track their development. This is a turbulent time for Initial Teacher Training (ITT) in FE, and there continues to be much debate, consultation and change in this area, as the sector struggles for identity, proper recognition and satisfactory regulation. Some of the wider literature on teaching practice experiences, partnerships and mentoring within FE settings is drawn upon to elucidate the findings from this study. The main body of the research consists of a study of five teaching practice students at different placement colleges from January to May/June 2004. Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with each of them twice, once mid‐way through their placement, and again at the end. Three of their mentors were also interviewed. It is their perceptions of the partnership links which form the basis for this study. The interviews were analysed systematically, and a number of strong themes emerged. For example, there were concerns about the role of the mentor and the Link Tutor in the colleges, and the inconsistent approach to these roles from the point of view of both students and mentors. Other themes concern the preparation for placement and the socialisation of trainees during the first part of the placement. The role of the partnership between the university and the colleges in facilitating these processes was explored using the evidence from the interviews. An evaluation research approach was applied to these data in order to provide a framework for the analysis of the interviews. Although there are some very positive aspects of these partnership arrangements, gaps and inconsistencies are identified from the findings, and recommendations are made to address them. Some of these recommendations were implemented in early 2005 and are ongoing.
Surgical aspects of esophageal disease: perforation and caustic injury.

Esophageal perforation presents as an emergency because treatment delay reduces survival. Iatrogenic perforation, spontaneous perforation, and trauma account for a large majority of esophageal perforations (1–4). Endoscopic procedures are the most common cause of iatrogenic esophageal perforation, with the cricopharyngeal area most commonly injured (1). Midand distal esophageal perforations usually result from biopsies to document malignancy or from dilatations. Infrequent causes of iatrogenic esophageal perforation include difficult endotracheal intubation, blind insertion of a minitracheostomy, resection of lung cancer, blind dissection of the abdominal esophagus, operations on the cervical spine, thyroidectomy, and palliative intubation, stenting, or laser treatment of esophageal tumors. Boerhaave’s syndrome, esophageal rupture induced by straining, is the most common type of spontaneous perforation. Ruptures usually occur in the left posterior aspect of the lower esophagus and are five times more frequent in males (1). Severe reflux and candidal, herpetic, and immunodeficiency infections also cause pathologic perforations. Destruction of the esophageal wall by carcinoma may cause mediastinal or pleural perforations. Esophageal perforations from penetrating or blunt trauma are frequently overshadowed by associated injuries and have a poor prognosis if unrecognized (1, 5, 6).
Are Elite Universities Losing Their Competitive Edge?

We study the location-specific component in research productivity of economics and finance faculty who have ever been affiliated with the top 25 universities in the last three decades. We find that there was a positive effect of being affiliated with an elite university in the 1970s; this effect weakened in the 1980s and disappeared in the 1990s. We decompose this university fixed effect and find that its decline is due to the reduced importance of physical access to productive research colleagues. We also find that salaries increased the most where the estimated externality dropped the most, consistent with the hypothesis that the de-localization of this externality makes it more difficult for universities to appropriate any rent. Our results shed some light on the potential effects of the internet revolution on knowledge-based industries.
Historic Landscape Characterisation: A landscape archaeology for research, management and planning

Abstract This article outlines a relatively new form of landscape archaeology known in England as Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC). Whilst it seeks to present and analyse the ‘historic character’ of landscapes, HLC is also a forward-looking approach that uses its distinctively ‘archaeological’ perspective to inform planning for the future. The article argues that HLC is particularly well placed to facilitate communication between landscape scholars from different disciplines and other people concerned with landscapes.
Modulation of oculomotor capture by abrupt onsets during attentionally demanding visual search

The influence of abrupt onsets on attentionally demanding visual search (i.e., search for a letter target among heterogeneous letter distractors), as indexed by performance and eye movement measures, was investigated in a series of studies. In Experiments 1 and 2 we examined whether onsets would capture the eyes when the appearance of an onset predicted neither the location nor the identity of the target. Subjects did direct their eyes to the abrupt onsets on a disproportionate number of trials in these studies. Interestingly, however, onset capture was modulated by subjects' scan strategies. Furthermore, onsets captured the eyes less frequently than would have been predicted by paradigms showing attentional capture when no eye movements are required. Experiment 3 examined the question of whether onsets would capture the eyes in a situation in which they never served as the target. Capture was observed in this study. However, the magnitude of capture effects was substantially diminished as compared to previous behavioural studies in which the onset had a chance probability of serving as the target. These data are discussed in terms of the influence of top-down constraints on stimulus-driven attentional and oculomotor capture by abrupt onset stimuli.
Semianalytic Approach to Understanding the Distribution of Neutral Hydrogen in the Universe: Comparison of Simulations with Observations

Following Bi & Davidsen, we perform one-dimensional semianalytic simulations along the lines of sight to model the intergalactic medium (IGM). Since this procedure is computationally efficient in probing the parameter space—and reasonably accurate—we use it to recover the values of various parameters related to the IGM (for a fixed background cosmology) by comparing the model predictions with different observations. For the currently favored low-density cold dark matter model (Ωm = 0.4, ΩΛ = 0.6, and h = 0.65), we obtain, using statistics obtained from the transmitted flux, constraints on (1) the combination f = (ΩBh2)2/J-12, where ΩB is the baryonic density parameter and J-12 is the total photoionization rate in units of 10-12 s-1, (2) temperature T0 corresponding to the mean density, and (3) the slope γ of the effective equation of state of the IGM at a mean redshift z ≃ 2.5. We find that 0.8 < T0/ < 2.5 and 1.3 < γ < 2.3, while the constraint obtained on f is 0.0202 < f < 0.0322. A reliable lower bound on J-12 can be used to put a lower bound on ΩBh2, which can be compared with similar constraints obtained from big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and cosmic microwave background radiation studies. We find that if J-12 > 1.2, the lower bound on ΩBh2 is in violation of the BBN value.
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in traffic policemen occupationally exposed to vehicular emission

Background and Aim: It is a well-known fact that traffic policemen in Delhi are exposed to immense vehicular pollution particularly at crowded intersections. These pollutants affect various systems of the body including nervous system in due course of time. Realizing these facts, we recorded absolute and inter peak latencies (IPLs) of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in traffic policemen exposed to enormous vehicular emission and compared with the normal controls living in the residential areas in Delhi. Methods: Totally, 60 subjects all males and nonsmokers between 30 and 50 years of age were studied, 30 belonged to exposed group comprised of traffic policemen and 30 nonexposed controls. Their BAEPs were recorded using MEB 5200 Neuropack II plus evoked potential recorder (Nihon Kohden, Japan) and evaluation of anthropometric and neuro-psychiatric parameters was done. To compare BAEP results, Student′s t-test was used. Results: Significantly prolonged absolute peak latencies I, II, III, IV, V and IPL I-III in exposed group were observed as compared to controls. Conclusion: Findings suggest prolongation of peripheral and central auditory conduction time in exposed subjects. The prolonged latencies in exposed group may be attributed to occupational exposure to vehicular emission.
Should leadership talent management in schools also include the management of self-belief?

International concerns about leadership shortages in schools have prompted a renewed research focus upon leadership talent and leadership talent management. The journey to leadership has been previously researched from the perspectives of professional development, equality of opportunity, work environment and personal characteristics. However, a small number of studies have begun to suggest that the management of self-belief may be an important but neglected factor in the journey to leadership. Is there any basis upon which to implicate the management of self-belief as an important component of talent management in schools? Self-belief has not been previously explored within a frame of talent management. This article offers an analysis which strongly suggests a relationship between the management of self-belief and the goals of talent management expressed via socialisation, belonging, perseverance, and the facilitation of identity transformation and the enactment of leadership. The article concludes that self-belief is an important component of talent management and warrants further exploration if human potential is not to be lost, wasted or misplaced within schools.
The Pathoparasitology of the Alimentary Tract and Pancreas of Nonhuman Primates: A Review

A review of the literature concerning the gross and histologic lesions associated with protozoal and metazoal parasitism in the alimentary tract and pancreas of nonhuman primates is presented. In addition, the natural history, morphology, life cycle, methods for diagnosis, and potential for zoonotic disease are reviewed briefly for each parasite discussed. The parasite species reviewed in detail are those most common or most likely to produce lesions in the alimentary tract and pancreas of the nonhuman primate host. All parasites, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, in each major group (protozoa: flagellates, sarcodines, sporozoans, neosporans, and ciliates; and metazoa: trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans, and pentastomids) that have been reported in the nonhuman primate alimentary tract and pancreas are presented in tables.
Student Achievement of 3rd-Graders in Comparable Single-Age and Multiage Classrooms

Abstract This study compared reading, writing, and mathematics achievement of students in comparable multiage and single-age classrooms in three different school districts. We sought links between these two types of classroom groupings and 1) gender, 2) Title I and non-Title I status, and 3) Hispanic and non-Hispanic students. We used performance-based standardized achievement tests to assess student abilities of a more complex nature. This study used samples of 3rd-graders from school districts where both single-age and multiage classrooms existed. One threat to the validity of these results was selection bias (Burns & Mason, 1998). This threat was taken into consideration by using a control variable, Title I and non-Title I. We analyzed results by main effects and interaction with this control variable to determine if the type of student taught (e.g., Title I or non-Title I; boy or girl) seemed affected by classroom organization. Results showed higher achievement for regular students in multiage settings when compared with the same population of students in a single-age setting, but no differences were observed for Title I students in both multiage and single-age settings. We concluded that non-Title I students in multiage classrooms were achieving more highly than non-Title I students in comparable traditional single-age settings. However, the hypothesis that multiage grouping might benefit Title I students and other traditionally lower-achieving students was not borne out in this descriptive study.
Toxoplasmosis and Epilepsy — Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

Background Toxoplasmosis is an important, widespread, parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. The chronic infection in immunocompetent patients, usually considered as asymptomatic, is now suspected to be a risk factor for various neurological disorders, including epilepsy. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature to estimate the risk of epilepsy due to toxoplasmosis. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted of several databases and journals to identify studies published in English or French, without date restriction, which looked at toxoplasmosis (as exposure) and epilepsy (as disease) and met certain other inclusion criteria. The search was based on keywords and suitable combinations in English and French. Fixed and random effects models were used to determine odds ratios, and statistical significance was set at 5.0%. Principal findings Six studies were identified, with an estimated total of 2888 subjects, of whom 1280 had epilepsy (477 positive for toxoplasmosis) and 1608 did not (503 positive for toxoplasmosis). The common odds ratio (calculated) by random effects model was 2.25 (95% CI 1.27–3.9), p = 0.005. Conclusions Despite the limited number of studies, and a lack of high-quality data, toxoplasmosis should continue to be regarded as an epilepsy risk factor. More and better studies are needed to determine the real impact of this parasite on the occurrence of epilepsy.
Domestic violence and child abuse: developing social work practice

This paper takes as its starting point the report produced by the Social Services Inspectorate (1995), entitled Domestic Violence and Social Care, which seeks to alert social workers to the links between domestic violence and child abuse and urges the profession to respond more effectively to these two interconnected forms of violence. Having examined the research findings which provide evidence for these links, the theoretical and service delivery contexts in which these two forms of violence have been studied and conceptualized by the social work profession, both in the United Kingdom and in the United States, are identified. Studies of the social work response to domestic violence are discussed and some of the difficulties experienced by social workers in responding effectively to the needs of families where both forms of violence are experienced are considered. In particular, the issues of ‘invisible’ men and ‘trapped’ women and children are explored. It is argued that effective social work intervention which challenges these stereotypes will require additional resources and the article concludes with a consideration of whether the Messages from Research report might herald a shift in the approach to child protection that would promote the allocation of resources to this area of work.
‘Becoming somebody’: youth transitions through education and migration in Peru

The past few decades have witnessed international pressure to get more children in the world educated, for longer. The view that school education is core to definitions of good childhoods and successful youth transitions is increasingly widespread, globally and locally. However, structural inequalities persist and migration for education has become an important individual, family and community response to overcome these gaps. This article explores the relationship between migration and educational aspirations among a group of young people participating in Young Lives, an international study of child poverty, in Peru. It draws on survey and qualitative data collected on a cohort of children being tracked by the study over a 15-year period, from the time they were 8 years old (2002) into early adulthood (2017). Young people and their parents connect migration with the process of ‘becoming somebody in life’ and with their high educational aspirations. This is linked to intergenerational dependencies and the roles that children play in mitigating family poverty. Their aspirations are generated against a country backdrop of economic and social inequalities, a recent history of political violence and resulting mass displacement, and established and diverse patterns of internal and international migration.
Mapping RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides of avian tumor virus RNAs: sarcoma-specific oligonucleotides are near the poly(A) end and oligonucleotides common to sarcoma and transformation-defective viruses are at the poly(A) end

The large RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides of the nondefective (nd) Rous sarcoma virus (RSV): Prague RSV of subgroup B (PR-B), PR-C and B77 of subgroup C; of their transformation-defective (td0 deletion mutants: td PR-B, td PR-C, and td B77; and of replication-defective (rd) RSV(-) were completely or partially mapped on the 30 to 40S viral RNAs. The location of a given oligonucleotide relative to the poly(A) terminus of the viral RNAs was directly deduced from the smallest size of the poly(A)-tagged RNA fragment from which it could be isolated. Identification of distinct oligonucleotides was based on their location in the electrophoretic/chromatographic fingerprint pattern and on analysis of their RNase A-resistant fragments. The following results were obtained. (i) The number of large oligonucleotides per poly(A)-tagged ffagment increased with increasing size of the fragment. This implies that the genetic map is linear and that a given RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides has, relative to the poly(A) end, the same location on all 30 to 40S RNA subunits of a given 60 to 70S viral RNA complex, (ii) Three sarcoma-specific oligonucleotides were identified in the RNAs of Pr-B, PR-C and B77 by comparison with the RNAs of the corresponding td viruses.