Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Incidence of Insider Trading in Betting Markets and the Gabriel and Marsden Anomaly

Estimates of insider trading in the betting on individual races, conditional on the Shin model (1993), are employed in an analysis of the market anomaly observed by Gabriel and Marsden (1990) that Tote payments on winning bets consistently exceed those paid by bookmakers. Use of more appropriate statistical methods suggests that the original anomaly disappears, but that another remains: bookmakers pay more generously than the Tote on winning bets on favourites, but less generously on winning longshot bets. This discrepancy is shown to be associated with the incidence of insider trading in the betting on each race, and it is argued that it cannot be arbitraged away because of the bookmakers' dominant market position. Copyright 2001 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
Complex Considerations in Couples’ Financial Information Management: Extending the Theory of Motivated Information Management

Using Time 1 to Time 2 data from 387 adults, we examine the effectiveness of the theory of motivated information management (TMIM) in accounting for the various processes by which adults in committed romantic relationships manage financial uncertainty via communication with their partners. Our results indicate that the TMIM operates well in this context. We also contribute to the theoretical development of TMIM’s revised theoretical framework in three ways, namely, by (a) examining the joint operation of positive and negative emotions (anxiety and optimism, respectively) on information management, (b) testing two types of outcome expectancies (knowledge and relationship), and (c) testing the model’s prediction of multiple information management strategies (i.e., direct and indirect information seeking, avoidance, and cognitive reappraisal). Findings indicate that both (a) anxiety and optimism, and (b) knowledge outcome expectancies and relationship outcome expectancies differentially contributed to information management decisions.
Visuo-haptic feedback for 1-D guidance in laparoscopic surgery

Due mainly to drastically shortened recovery times and lower overall cost, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is growing standard for many surgical interventions. However, associated loss of visual depth perception, difficult hand-eye coordination and distorted haptic sensation tend to complicate this task for the surgeon. In this paper, we explore the potential of simple visual, haptic or combined visual and haptic cues for intuitively assisting surgeons in moving their instrument tip within a predefined 3-D plane. 23 subjects carried out trajectory following tasks within a plane under provision of 9 different combinations of visual and haptic guidance feedback. Evaluated forms of haptic feedback encompassed both tactile cues and kinaesthetic feedback using soft virtual fixtures. Results show clear superiority of soft guidance virtual fixtures over other forms of feedback, leading to performance levels above those obtained in open surgery. However, promising results for the use of cutaneous vibrotactile feedback are also obtained, with potential for integration in MIS tool handles.
Glucose-induced activation of glucose uptake in cells from the inner and outer blood-retinal barrier.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to elucidate in vitro the effect of elevated glucose on glucose uptake in the cells comprising the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers: human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) and human retinal vascular endothelial (hRVE) cells. METHODS Primary cultures of hRPE and hRVE cells grown in 5.5 or 22 mM glucose or in 22 mM mannitol were used to measure the rates of glucose uptake with [(3)H]-3-O-methyl glucose as a tracer. GLUT1 expression was measured by Northern and western blot analyses. Cellular fractionation was performed by differential centrifugation. GLUT1 overexpression was accomplished by adenoviral transduction. RESULTS Increasing media glucose from 5.5 to 22 mM for 30 minutes caused a 1.9-fold increase in the V(max) of glucose uptake in hRPE cells and a 2.5-fold increase in hRVE cells. These increases were nonosmotic and glucose specific, in that the exposure to 22 mM mannitol did not affect the V(max) of glucose uptake. mRNA, total protein expression, and translocation of GLUT1, the glucose transporter predominantly expressed in hRPE and hRVE cells, were not affected by 22 mM glucose for up to 48 hours. High-glucose effects on V(max) were abolished with 10 microg/mL of the microtubule assembly inhibitor nocodazole. hRPE cells transduced to overexpress GLUT1 showed a 1.5-fold increase in the V(max) for glucose uptake versus control-transduced cells. However, the magnitude of glucose-induced increase in glucose uptake was the same in GLUT1- and control-transduced cells. CONCLUSIONS High glucose induced 1.9- and 2.5-fold increases in the V(max) of glucose uptake in hRPE and hRVE cells, respectively. These increases were not due to an increase in GLUT1 expression. The increases were dependent on microtubule integrity, but not on GLUT1 translocation. The mechanism of the increases is unknown. GLUT1 regulating protein(s) and/or novel glucose transporter(s) may be involved in the regulation of glucose uptake by glucose in the cells that comprise the blood-retinal barrier.
Sexual Attraction, Depression, Self-Harm, Suicidality and Help-Seeking Behaviour in New Zealand Secondary School Students

Objective: To describe the sexual attractions of New Zealand secondary school students and investigate the associations between sexual attraction and self-reported depression, self-harm, suicidality and help-seeking behaviour. Method: Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the associations between sexual attraction and depressive symptoms, suicidality, self-harming and help-seeking behaviours in a nationally representative secondary school health and well-being survey, undertaken in 2007. Results: Of the students surveyed, 92% were attracted to the opposite sex, 1% to the same sex, 3% to both sexes, 2% were not sure and 2% were attracted to neither sex. Students who were attracted to the same or to both sexes consistently had higher prevalence estimates of depression (p = < 0.0001), suicidality (p = < 0.0001) and self-harming (p = < 0.0001). Odds ratios were highest for students who reported they were attracted to both sexes for depressive symptoms (OR 3.7, 95%CI 2.8–4.7), self-harm (OR 5.8, 95%CI 4.4–7.6) and attempted suicide (OR 7.0, 95%CI 5.2–9.4). Students not exclusively attracted to the opposite sex were more likely to report having seen a health professional for an emotional worry and were more likely to have difficulty accessing help for emotional concerns. Conclusions: The study findings highlight significant mental health disparities faced by students attracted to the same or both sexes, with those attracted to both sexes appearing particularly vulnerable. There is a vital need to ensure primary care and mental health services have the capacity and capability to screen and provide appropriate responsive care for youth who are attracted to the same or both sexes.
Magnetic reconnection at 3D null points: effect of magnetic field asymmetry

Context. The magnetic field in many astrophysical plasmas, for example in the solar corona, is known to have a highly complex ‐ and clearly three-dimensional ‐ structure. Turbulent plasma motions in high-β regions where field lines are anchored, such as the solar interior, can store large amounts of energy in the magnetic field. This energy can only be released when magnetic reconnection occurs. Reconnection may only occur in locations where huge gradients of the magnetic field develop, and one candidate for such locations are magnetic null points, known to be abundant for example in the solar atmosphere. Reconnection leads to changes in the topology of the magnetic field, and energy being released as heat, kinetic energy and acceleration of particles. Thus reconnection is responsible for many dynamic processes, for instance flares and jets. Aims. The aimof this paper is to investigatethe properties of magnetic reconnection at a 3D null point, with respect totheir dependence on the symmetry of the magnetic field around the null. In particular we examine the rate of reconnection of magnetic flux at the null point, as well as how the current sheet forms and its properties. Methods. We use mathematical modelling and finite difference resistive MHD simulations. Results. It is found that the basic structure of the mode of magnetic reconnection considered is unaffected by varying the magnetic field symmetry, that is, the plasma flow is found to cross both the spine and fan of the null. However, the peak intensity and dimensions of the current sheet are dependent on the symmetry/asymmetry of the field lines. As a result, the reconnection rate is also found to be strongly dependent on the field asymmetry. Conclusions. The symmetry/asymmetry of the magnetic field in the vicinity of a magnetic null can have a profound effect on the geometry of any associated reconnection region, and the rate at which the reconnection process proceeds.
Transformational Leadership and Athlete Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Coaching Competency

Drawing on social cognitive theory, we examine the relationship between coaches’ transformational leadership and athletes’ evaluations of coaches’ coaching competency. We also investigate how coaching competency can mediate the positive effect of coaches’ transformational leadership on athletes’ satisfaction. Using path analysis with bootstrapping techniques, we analyzed 397 competitive volleyball players to test our research model. Our results revealed that (a) coaches’ transformational leadership has a positive effect on coaching competency, and (b) coaching competency mediates the positive effect of coaches’ transformational leadership on athletes’ satisfaction. Implications for coach education and sport psychology in terms of theory and research are discussed.
First Detection of 492 GHz [C I] Emission from the Large Magellanic Cloud

The 3P1 →3P0 fine-structure transition of neutral atomic carbon [C I] was observed with the Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory (AST/RO) toward two star-forming regions in the Large Magellanic Cloud: N159 and 30 Doradus. The [C I] line is weak in the vicinity of 30 Dor, a region with a uniquely hard and intense UV field. The I[C I]/ICO ratio in N159 is enhanced by a factor ≳2 compared to the Milky Way Galaxy, a result attributable to the lower metallicity of the Large Magellanic Cloud.
Early and late HHV-6 gene transcripts in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal appearing white matter

Abstract Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, the aetiology of which is believed to have both genetic and environmental components. We have investigated one of the candidate viruses for the environmental component of multiple sclerosis, the neurotropic human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Utilizing fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques, we have examined human post-mortem tissues for the presence of immediate early and late viral gene expression in multiple sclerosis patient normal appearing white matter (NAWM), lesional tissue and normal control brain samples. HHV-6 gene transcription was detected in all tissue samples and was restricted to oligodendrocytes, as determined by double mRNA FISH analysis. Quantitative analysis of viral mRNA expression indicated that both NAWM and lesional multiple sclerosis samples exhibited significantly higher levels of HHV-6 expression compared with the normal control samples. Lesional samples exhibited the highest levels of viral gene expression, with NAWM exhibiting an intermediate level between lesional and control tissues. Immunofluorescence against early and late HHV-6 proteins verified active translation of HHV-6 viral mRNA in oligodendrocytes. Southern blot analysis of nested polymerase chain reactions using extracted genomic DNA and cDNA confirmed the presence of the HHV-6 genome in all individuals, with the active expression profile mirroring the FISH results. The frequent high level of HHV-6 infection in multiple sclerosis samples suggests a possible role in pathogenesis.
Evolutionary magnetic resonance appearance of renal cell carcinoma after percutaneous cryoablation

Objective: To determine the evolutionary MRI appearance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) following cryoablation. Methods: For this institution review board-approved study, we recruited patients with biopsy-proven RCC and treated them with percutaneous cryoablation between November 2009 and October 2014. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed the pre-procedural and follow-up MRI. The findings included tumour sizes, signal intensities on T1 weighted imaging (T1WI), T2 weighted imaging (T2WI), diffusion-weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map and contrast enhancement patterns. The ADC values of the tumours before and after treatment were measured. Results: A total of 26 patients were enrolled. The ablated tumours exhibited predominantly high signals on T1WI at 1–9-month follow-up (47.1% strong hyperintense at 3 months) and subsequently returned to being isointense. In T2WI, the signals of the ablated tumours were highly variable during the first 3 months and became strikingly hypointense after 6 months (58.3% strong hypointense at 6 months). Diffusion restriction was prominent during the first 3 months (lowest ADC: 0.62 ± 0.29 × 10−3 mm2 s−1 at 1 month). Contrast enhancement persisted up to 6 months after the procedure. The residual enhancement gradually increased in the dynamic scan and was most prominent in the delay phase. Conclusion: The MRI of the cryoablated renal tumour follows a typical evolutionary pattern. Advances in knowledge: Familiarity of practitioners with the normal post-cryoablation change of RCC on MRI can enable the early detection and prevention of tumour recurrence.
Apical Plasma Membrane Proteins and Endolyn-78 Travel through a Subapical Compartment in Polarized WIF-B Hepatocytes

We studied basolateral-to-apical transcytosis of three classes of apical plasma membrane (PM) proteins in polarized hepatic WIF-B cells and then compared it to the endocytic trafficking of basolaterally recycling membrane proteins. We used antibodies to label the basolateral cohort of proteins at the surface of living cells and then followed their trafficking at 37°C by indirect immunofluorescence. The apical PM proteins aminopeptidase N, 5′nucleotidase, and the polymeric IgA receptor were efficiently transcytosed. Delivery to the apical PM was confirmed by microinjection of secondary antibodies into the bile canalicular-like space and by EM studies. Before acquiring their apical steady-state distribution, the trafficked antibodies accumulated in a subapical compartment, which had a unique tubulovesicular appearance by EM. In contrast, antibodies to the receptors for asialoglycoproteins and mannose-6-phosphate or to the lysosomal membrane protein, lgp120, distributed to endosomes or lysosomes, respectively, without accumulating in the subapical area. However, the route taken by the endosomal/lysosomal protein endolyn-78 partially resembled the transcytotic pathway, since anti–endolyn-78 antibodies were found in a subapical compartment before delivery to lysosomes. Our results suggest that in WIF-B cells, transcytotic molecules pass through a subapical compartment that functions as a second sorting site for a subset of basolaterally endocytosed membrane proteins reaching this compartment.
The Effects of Decentralization on Schooling: Evidence from the Sao Paulo State's Education Reform

Decentralization of the delivery of public services provision is an important governance reform recently witnessed in many developing countries. Public education has been one of the key public services devolved to lower level governments. This paper uses an exclusive and rich longitudinal data on primary schools to evaluate the effects of the decentralization reform implemented on the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, on several indicators of school performance and school resources. Specific aspects of the Sao Paulo’s State education reform combined with the data available allow me to deal with some common identification issues encountered by previous empirical studies on the subject. I find conflicting results for different school quality measures; decentralization increased dropout rates and failure rates across all primary school grades but improved several school resources. Further empirical investigation suggests that the worsening of these school performance indicators for the two first grades was partially driven by the democratization of the school access promoted by the education reform. Evaluation of the distributive outcome of the reform suggests that its effects were more perverse for schools located on rural and poor areas. I also find evidence that decentralization widened the gap between the “good” and “bad” schools. Moreover, I find no evidence that the municipalities’ administrative experience affected the program’s outcome.
A comparison of evolved finite state classifiers and interpolated Markov models for improving PCR primer design

This presents results on training both finite state classifiers and interpolated Markov models as classifiers for polymerase chain reaction primers. The goal of the study is to find techniques to decrease the number of primers that fail to amplify correctly within a large genomics project. Standard primer design packages already select primers in a manner consistent with current knowledge of the biophysics of DNA. The classifiers trained in this effort are used to capture lab and organism specific features of primer data and are used to postprocess the output of standard primer design packages. The finite state classifiers in this study are trained with a novel evolutionary algorithm that uses an incremental fitness reward system and multipopulation hybridization. This hybridization is akin to population seeding, not the more usual hybridization of evolutionary computation with other techniques. The interpolated Markov model is a form of Markov model that adapts to data rich and data sparse portions of the training set by using a variable order in its modeling. The interpolated Markov models exhibited slightly superior performance and trains with far higher speed. The finite state classifiers provide a substantially different classification, however, and require less training data.
Video-passwords: advertising while authenticating

We introduce a new class of authentication schemes called "video-passwords", which require the user to watch and remember parts of a given video (e.g., a sequence of scenes, movements, and/or sounds). We propose four different video-password schemes, describe their prototypes, and analyze their security. Under certain parameters, the security of some of these schemes appears to be theoretically comparable to traditional text passwords. Video-passwords provide more than potentially better security; they also present a unique opportunity for businesses to consider -- advertising through the rich multimedia used in the login task. We suggest that the adoption of new schemes, such as video-passwords may be more likely in the presence of monetary incentives provided through advertising; we also discuss some ethical issues that may arise from such incentives.
Sexual Assault in Canada 2004 and 2007 by

Materials exhibiting transparency and electrical conductivity simultaneously, transparent conductors, Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), which have high transparency through the visible spectrum and high electrical conductivity are already being used in numerous applications. Low-emission windows that allow visible light through while reflecting the infrared, this keeps the heat out in summer, or the heat in, in winter. A thin conducting layer on or in between the glass panes achieves this. Low-emission windows use mostly F-doped SnO 2. Most of these TCO's are n type semiconductors and are utilized in a variety of commercial applications, such as flat-panel displays, photovoltaic devices, and electrochromic windows, in which they serve as transparent electrodes. Novel functions may be integrated into the materials since oxides have a variety of elements and crystal structures, providing great potential for realizing a diverse range of active functions. However, the application of TCOs has been restricted to transparent electrodes, notwithstanding the fact that TCOs are n-type semiconductors. The primary reason is the lack of p-type TCOs, because many of the active functions in semiconductors originate from the nature of the pn-junction. In 1997, H. Kawazoe et al.[2] reported CuAlO 2 thin films as a first p-type TCO along with a chemical design concept for the exploration of other p-type TCOs. The first chapter describes the development of TCOs particularly ZnO and the delafossite structures p type TCOs. The second chapter describes the different thin film deposition techniques used to deposit the p and n type TCOs and the different characterisation tools used to characterise the thin films. The thicknesses of the films were measured using Vecco Stylus profilometer.X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out to study the crystallograoghic properties of the thin films prepared. The energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for evaluating the composition and morphology of the films. Optical properties were investigated using the UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer by recording the transmission/absorption spectra. The electrical properties were studied using the two probe and four
Membrane potentials and resistances of giant mitochondria. Metabolic dependence and the effects of valinomycin

The membrane potentials and resistances of giant mitochondria from mice fed cuprizone have been studied. They were found to correspond approx. 10-20 mV, positive inside, and 2 M omega, respectively. These properties were found to be independent of the metabolic state. The microelectrodes were in the inner mitochondrial space since (a) the potentials in the presence of valinomycin depended on the K+ concentration of the medium and magnitude of the K+ diffusion potentials was consistent with the presence of a high internal concentration of K+, (b) almost identical results were obtained with mitochondria from which the external membrane had been removed and the cristae were evaginated, and (c) punch-through experiments, in which the microelectrodes were advanced until they emerged through the other side of the mitochondria, showed an identical membrane potential both in the presence and in the absence of valinomycin. The potentials were stable under a variety of conditions and showed no sign of decay of membrane leakiness. Detailed evidence that the impaled mitochondria are metabolically viable will be presented in a separate publication.