Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chronic Poverty and Older People in the Developing World

The paper explores the relationship between old age and chronic poverty in the developing world, and the implications of this for achieving global targets for poverty reduction.For the majority of the world's older people, the meaning of old age is not a chronological definition but the changing roles accompanying physical change and reduced capacity to contribute or maintain a livelihood. As a result of trends towards lower fertility and mortality, populations are aging. Whilst this demographic transition is global, the growth in numbers and proportions of older people is most rapid in the so-called "developing" countries. In the absence of policies, infrastructure, services and information increasing numbers of people in the south are aging in poverty.Available evidence reviewed in this paper highlights three key features of chronic poverty in old age: it is strongly associated with reduced framework of capacity, it is a condition from which few if any can be expected to escape, and it is both caused by and perpetuates chronic intergenerational poverty. Opportunities to employ physical strength, often the most critical asset of poor people, are reduced in old age. Widespread institutional and social exclusion on the basis of age and gender represent formidable barriers for the poorest older people in their efforts to achieve income and social security, and crucially their health. The differential impacts of age on women and men is only beginning to be understood.Factors indicating high risk of chronic poverty for older women include their greater longevity and likelihood of widowhood, inequitable inheritance laws, and low access to education and health services, while risk factors for men in some communities include abrupt loss of status and low levels of support from children.A review of the actions of government, civil society and international agencies to address old age poverty indicates that aging is still distant from the overall social development agendas at all levels. Current poverty reduction measures and proposals have not sufficiently acknowledged the intergenerational dimension of poverty, nor has attention been paid to older people's own survival strategies. The paper argues that these are critical elements of any credible poverty reduction programme.
Continuous vs interval training on glycemic control and macro‐ and microvascular reactivity in type 2 diabetic patients

To determine the effects of continuous aerobic exercise training (CON) vs interval aerobic exercise training (INT) on glycemic control and endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation, 43 participants with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to the sedentary, CON, and INT groups. The CON and INT exercise training programs were designed to yield the same energy expenditure/exercise session and included walking on treadmill for 30 and 40 min/day, 3 times/week for 12 weeks. Body fatness and heart rate at rest decreased and leg muscle strength increased (all P < 0.05) in both the CON and INT groups. Fasting blood glucose levels decreased (P < 0.05) in both exercise groups but glycosylated hemoglobin levels decreased (P < 0.05) only in the INT group. Maximal aerobic capacity, flow‐mediated dilation, and cutaneous reactive hyperemia increased significantly in both exercise groups; however, the magnitude of improvements was greater in the INT group. Only the INT group experienced reductions in erythrocyte malondialdehyde and serum von Willebrand factor and increases in plasma glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide (all P < 0.05). We concluded that both continuous and interval training were effective in improving glycemic control, aerobic fitness, and endothelium‐dependent vasodilation, but the interval training program appears to confer greater improvements than the continuous training program.
Project Green Hope, a Halfway House for Women Offenders: Where Do They Go From Here?

This article provides a detailed description of Project Green Hope: Services for Women, Inc., a halfway house for women offenders and the only residential facility in New York City which serves both parolees and women referred by the courts. It also analyzes the effectiveness of ProjectGreen Hope by reporting on a non-experimental study involving women placed in the program by the courts as an alternative to incarceration over an approximately 2 1/2 year period.
Willingness and capacity: the determinants of prosocial organizational behaviour among nurses in the UK

Employees' prosocial organizational behaviour (PSOB), such as 'helping' and 'service quality' behaviour, is widely recognized as an important contributor to organizational success, particularly in service industry. Empirical studies in this area have been mainly conducted in the US context with samples of non-professional service workers. In this paper, PSOB among UK National Health Service nurses was empirically examined. Based on the general motivation and performance literature in psychology, nurses' PSOB performance was theoretically hypothesized to be a function of both their 'willingness' and their 'capacity' for PSOB performance. The 'willingness' component is captured by nurses' 'commitment' to their workplace and to their occupation, while the 'capacity' factor is tapped by nurses' sense of 'self-efficacy'. The empirical results of this study indicate that the level of PSOB is significantly explained by both commitment and self-efficacy and the contributions of self-efficacy and commitment to PSOB were independent and incremental. However, of the two forms of commitment, it was nurses' organizational rather than their occupational commitment which proved to be important. The theoretical contributions of the study and its implications for HRM practices are discussed.
Detection and Recognition of Number Sequences in Spoken Utterances

In this paper we investigate the detection and recognition of sequences of numbers in spoken utterances. This is done in two steps: first, the entire utterance is decoded assuming that only numbers were spoken. In the second step, non-number segments (garbage) are detected based on word confidence measures. We compare this approach to conventional garbage models. Also, a comparison of several phone posterior based confidence measures is presented in this paper. The work is evaluated in terms of detection task (hit rate and false alarms) and recognition task (word accuracy) within detected number sequences. The proposed method is tested on German continuous spoken utterances where target content (numbers) is only 20%.
Telling Our Stories of Leadership: If We Don’t Tell Them They Won’t Be Told

The purpose of this qualitative study is to bring the interlocking system of race, gender, and social class (intersectionality) to the conversation of leadership by examining the leadership experiences of 10 African American women in predominantly White organizations. According to the women in this study, disempowering encounters, being excluded from the good ole boy social network, being the only one, needing validation, and demythicizing (disrupting myth) stereotypical images were the most salient encounters that they experienced. Another finding from this study was the need for sociocultural theories such as Black feminist theory and critical race theory to explain and give voice to the everyday lived experiences of African American women leaders.
Exome sequencing of lymphomas from three dog breeds reveals somatic mutation patterns reflecting genetic background

Lymphoma is the most common hematological malignancy in developed countries. Outcome is strongly determined by molecular subtype, reflecting a need for new and improved treatment options. Dogs spontaneously develop lymphoma, and the predisposition of certain breeds indicates genetic risk factors. Using the dog breed structure, we selected three lymphoma predisposed breeds developing primarily T-cell (boxer), primarily B-cell (cocker spaniel), and with equal distribution of B- and T-cell lymphoma (golden retriever), respectively. We investigated the somatic mutations in B- and T-cell lymphomas from these breeds by exome sequencing of tumor and normal pairs. Strong similarities were evident between B-cell lymphomas from golden retrievers and cocker spaniels, with recurrent mutations in TRAF3-MAP3K14 (28% of all cases), FBXW7 (25%), and POT1 (17%). The FBXW7 mutations recurrently occur in a specific codon; the corresponding codon is recurrently mutated in human cancer. In contrast, T-cell lymphomas from the predisposed breeds, boxers and golden retrievers, show little overlap in their mutation pattern, sharing only one of their 15 most recurrently mutated genes. Boxers, which develop aggressive T-cell lymphomas, are typically mutated in the PTEN-mTOR pathway. T-cell lymphomas in golden retrievers are often less aggressive, and their tumors typically showed mutations in genes involved in cellular metabolism. We identify genes with known involvement in human lymphoma and leukemia, genes implicated in other human cancers, as well as novel genes that could allow new therapeutic options.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With Intestinal Failure

Objectives: Survival of infants with intestinal failure (IF) has increased in the past decade; however, data on their health-related quality of life (HRQOL) are lacking. We hypothesized that HRQOL would be lower among children with IF compared with that of healthy children. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of the HRQOL of children enrolled in the outpatient intestinal rehabilitation program at Seattle Children's Hospital using the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales parent proxy-report and the Family Impact Module questionnaires. Parents were asked 2 open-ended questions pertaining to the suitability and completeness of the PedsQL to assess their and their child's HRQOL. Results: Parents of 23 children with IF completed the questionnaires. Compared with norms for healthy children, parents reported significantly lower total PedsQL scores for children ages 1 to 2 years (mean difference −13.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] −21.86 to −4.46; P = 0.003) and 2 to 6 years (mean difference −15.57, 95% CI −22.66 to −8.48; P < 0.001). Scores were also lower for children younger than 1 year (mean difference −6.43, 95% CI −13.93 to 1.07), although this test was not statistically significant. No measured demographic or clinical characteristics were associated with HRQOL. The majority of parents (65%) said the PedsQL failed to address important effects of IF on children and their families. Conclusions: Children with IF and their parents have a decreased HRQOL compared with healthy children as measured by the PedsQL survey. A disease-specific module or separate HRQOL questionnaire is needed for a more comprehensive assessment of HRQOL in children with IF.
Profile of BCR-ABL transcript levels based on Sokal prognostic score in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib.

AIM to elucidate the pattern of molecular response assessed by logarithmic reduction in BCR-ABL transcription levels based on Sokal prognostic score in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients receiving Imatinib treatment. METHODS cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hematologic Outpatient Clinic, Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya in all chronic phase CML patients from June 2008 to June 2012. Data on subject characteristics (age and sex), complete blood count with differential and spleen size were collected. Patients were stratified according to Sokal score at diagnosis. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to monitor BCR-ABL levels in patients who fulfilled study. Proportion difference of complete molecular response (MR) was analyzed by chi-square test, while differences of BCR-ABL transcript level among Sokal prognostic scole subgroups was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS 40 subjects finished the study. After 18 months of Imatinib treatment, the undetected BCR-ABL transcript level (complete MR) were 7(70%), 8(66.7%), and 9(50%) in low-, intermediate-, and high risk group patients, respectively (p=0.417). Although proportion of subjects with complete MR is higher in sokal low risk group compared to in sokal high risk groups (70% v.s. 50%), but this difference is not statistically significant (p=0.557). Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there was no significant difference of BCR-ABL transcript level among Sokal prognostic score subgroup (p=0.734). CONCLUSION there was no difference of BCR-ABL transcript level among sokal prognostic score risk groups in chronic phase CML patients treated with Imatinib.
Book Review: The free-market innovation machine: analyzing the growth miracle of capitalism

nostalgias for a once and future authentic city, grounded in face-to-face interaction, and hyperboles about the economic importance of clusters and local interdependences, but also pointedly in relation to the hopes held out for design and public encounter as key to effective urban democracy. The second strategy takes off (almost literally sometimes) from the insights and images of the everyday literature, spinning webs of suggestive metaphors and comparisons, until (often) an authorial superego cautions that some analytic method, methodological clarity, serious empirical work or simply care is required to establish what is true and important. The third approach is a fairly pure scholasticism, as in the chapter on power. This proceeds to an interesting conclusion about the balance between sophisticated networks of control and an urban complexity – which prevents them functioning reliably or predictably – via a lengthy exposition of Deleuze’s version of Foucault’s diagrams of power applied to urban utopian texts. Those with a taste for this kind of thing will get more unalloyed pleasure and stimulation from the book than I did. Much of it is very much to the point, and a great deal, even of these less rewarding chapters, is very well written. However, I found it peculiarly frustrating that in a number of key chapters there was a preference for issues that were novel, or interesting from a scholarly perspective, over what might be more important objectively and politically. Thus the chapter on ‘the “hard” issues of power domination and oppression’ starts by being concerned not with:
Challenge of leading in Javanese culture

Scholars in the field of management and culture have developed paradigms regarding the importance of managing people across culture. While most scholars agree that culture plays a vital role in an organization, it has been recognized that research on the sub-cultures within a national culture that impact on an organization, is very limited. One example is the impact of Javanese culture in Indonesian organizations' environments. Indonesia is widely known as a multicultural country, with a population made up of people from approximately 364 ethnicities. Of these ethnicities, the Javanese have come to be recognized over time as the most culturally and politically dominant in Indonesia. The exploration of Javanese culture and its development over time are the central concerns of this article. The values central to Javanese culture are identified and the relationship between these values and Western perspectives of management practices such as communication, change management, and conflict management are discussed.
Sex differences and similarities in communication : critical essays and empirical investigations of sex and gender in interaction

Prologue - "Recurring Issues in Sex Differences and Similarities in Communication", D.J. Canary and K. Dindia "What's the Difference? A Dialogue About Differences and Similarities Between Women and Men", J.T. Wood and K. Dindia "Toward an Expanded Orientation to the Study of Sex Differences in Friendship", P.H. Wright "Gender Differences in Interaction - a Reexamination", E. Aries "Researching Sex Differences Within Sex Similarities - the Evolutionary Consequences of Reproductive Differences", P.A. Andersen "Social Support and the Emotional Lives of Men and Women - an Assessment of the Different Cultures Perspective", A.W. Kunkel and B.R. Burleson "The Gender-Linked Language Effect - Do Language Differences Really Make a Difference? ", A. Mulac "How Big Are Nonverbal Sex Differences? The Case of Smiling and Sensitivity to Nonverbal Cues", J.A. Hall "Gender as a Culturally Determined Construct - Communication Styles in Japan and the United States", V. Waldron and L. Di Mare "Gender Differences in Intimacy and Related Behaviours - Context and Process", H.T. Reis "An Evolutionary View of Understanding Gender Effects in Communicating Attraction", M.R. Trost and J.K. Albert "Gender Differences in Being Influential and/or Influenced - a Challenge to Prior Explanations", M. Burgoon and R.S. Klingle "Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Sex Differences and Similarities in Conflict Behaviour", L.M. Sagrestano et al "A Comparison of Topics and Objectives in a Cross Section of Young Men's and Women's Everyday Conversations", R.A. Clark "Expressing Emotion - Sex Differences in Social Skills and Communicative Responses to Anger, Sadness and Jealousy", L.K. Guerrero and R. Reiter "Sex Differences in Presenting and Detecting Deceptive Messages", J.K. Burgoon et al "Conversational Maintenance Behaviours of Husbands and Wives - an Observational Analysis", E.B. Robey et al "Perceptions of Men and Women Departing from Conversational Sex-Role Stereotypes During Initial Interaction", A.E. Lindsey and W.R. Zakahi "First Date Initiation and Exactment - an Expectancy Violation Approach", P.A. Mongeau et al "Methodological Considerations When Examining a Gendered World", M. Allen.
The Impact of Homelessness on Children

In the past several years, families with children have joined the ranks of the homeless in significant numbers. These families now constitute a third of the homeless population and are rapidly growing. This article describes the effects of growing up in shelters and welfare hotels, and discusses various coping strategies that children have developed to adapt to the stresses of homelessness. It includes a summary of what is known about the children's developmental, emotional and learning needs.
Extending the Search for Order in Social Motivation

(Deci & Ryan, 1991). Weiner's analysis focuses on the functions of coping and survival and is consistent with a reactive view of behavior. However, because much of human behavior is not reactive, but rather is aimed at actualization-at satisfying intrinsic needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness-his theory is too narrow to account for the range of human responses even to the emotions that he considers. Although one could argue that actualization and development have coping and survival value, the typical interpretation of survival does not incorporate such concepts. Thus, theorists must recognize that the functions of human action are not just coping and survival, but also include development, in order to make room in their theories for self-regulation.
Questioning assent: how are children's views included as families make decisions about clinical trials?

Background Assent is used to take children's wishes into account when they are invited into clinical trials, but the concept has attracted considerable criticism. We investigated children's accounts of decision‐making with the aim of informing practice in supporting children when invited to join a clinical trial. Methods We audio‐recorded qualitative, semi‐structured interviews with 22 children aged 8–16 years about being invited to take part in a clinical trial. Most children were interviewed with their parents. Analysis of the transcribed interviews examined the content of participants' accounts thematically, whilst also drawing on principles of discourse analysis, which examines how individuals use talk to achieve certain effects or social practices. Results It was not possible to separate children's knowledge of the clinical trial, or their decision‐making processes from that of their parents, with parents taking a substantial mediating role in producing their children's decisions. Decision‐making gradually unfolded across time and events and was interwoven within the family context, rather than happening in one moment or in the clinical setting. Whilst children valued their parents' role, a case study of child–parent disagreement indicated how children can struggle to be heard. Conclusions Decisions happen within a process of family dynamics, in contrast to ideas of assent that isolate it from this context. Parents have a substantial role in children's decisions, and thus how families come to provide consent. Reflecting this we argue that assent practices need to focus on supporting parents to support their children in learning and deliberating about trials. However, this needs to be accompanied by practitioners being alert to the possibility of divergence in child and parent views and enabling children's perspectives to be heard.
Difficulty or Dependency?

Abstract This study examines how the prevalence of disability among subgroups of older persons is influenced by the activity of daily living (ADL) scale selected. Using the 1993 Survey of Asset and Income Dynamics of the Oldest Old, we construct four disability scales, ranging from difficulty performing an ADL to receiving help with an ADL, or dependency. In all instances, the difficulty scales produce substantially higher estimates of disability than the dependency scales. Larger percentages of women, Blacks, and less educated persons are classified disabled under all scales compared with men, Whites, and more educated persons. Specific subgroups are more sensitive to the scale used. The policy implications of using ADL scales to establish program eligibility are discussed.
Education improves referral of patients suspected of having spondyloarthritis by general practitioners: a study with unannounced standardised patients in daily practice

Objectives To evaluate the practice performance of general practitioners (GPs) and GP residents in recognising and referring patients suspected for having axial or peripheral spondyloarthritis (SpA), and to investigate the influence of education on this performance. Methods GP (residents) were visited in two rounds by standardised patients (SPs) simulating axial SpA, peripheral SpA or carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) with in between an educational intervention on SpA for part of the participants. Participants were unaware of the nature of the medical problem and study purpose. CTS was included as diversionary tactic. The primary outcome was ≥40% improvement in (considering) referral of the SPs with SpA to the rheumatologist after education. Secondary outcomes included ordering additional diagnostic tests, correct recognition of SpA and identification of variables contributing to this. Results 68 participants (30 GPs and 38 GP residents) were included, of which 19 received education. The primary outcome was met. A significantly higher proportion of GP (residents) from the intervention group referred patients to the rheumatologist compared with the control group after education (change scores, axial SpA +71% vs +15% (p<0.01); peripheral SpA +48% vs 0% (p<0.001)). Participants who received education, more frequently correctly recognised SpA compared with controls (change scores, axial SpA +50% vs −5% (p<0.001); peripheral SpA +21% vs 0% (p=0.01). Conclusions Recognition and referral of patients suspected for having SpA by GP (residents) is low, but targeted education markedly improved this. This supports the development of educational initiatives to improve recognition of SpA and hence referral to a rheumatologist.