Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Moral Development: A Critical Review of Research on Kohlbergian Stage Theory.

Research in moral development from a cognitive-developmental model has been greatly influenced by the Piagetian stage theory of Lawrence Kohlberg. Based on the assumption of inherent cognitive development of internal structures, Kohlberg's theory maintains that the stages are universal across cultures and persons. As a primarily organismic theory, minimal importance is given to external factors such as culture, socialization processes, and situational context. Individuals are expected to progress sequentially through each stage regardless of cultural, personal, or environmental influences. The primary instrument used in assessing moral development in the literature on Kohlberg's theory is the Moral Judgment Interview (MJI) originally developed in Kohlberg's (1958) doctoral dissertation. In general, the empirical evidence provides little support for Kohlberg's assertion of a strict stage concept. Despite a moderately high level of consistency using the MJI, which may be related to instrument bias, the longitudinal data exhibit significant inconsistencies that cannot sustain the "structured whole" assumption. There appears to be significant support for upward sequentiality through Kohlberg's stages, with qualifications. First, the strength of +. his evidence rests on extensive revisions to the scoring systems which have eliminated deviant findings of regression and stage-skipping. Second, the evidence that does support the notion that the upward sequentiality assumption is limited to the lower stages of Kohlberg's hierarchy. Kohlberg's research program has encountered substantial problems in supporting the empirical existence of principled Post-Conventional reasoning. (LLL) ********************************************************************* * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** MORAL DEVELOPMENT: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON KOHLBERGIAN STAGE THEORY A Doctoral Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Yosemead School of Psychology Biola University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Psychology Coms) U DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Ofirce of Educatic. "al Research and improiemout EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (MCI C his document has beer, reproducoc1 as received from the person or organization ritilnaling 'Minor changes hove been made to improve reprOdUCtion Quelily Points of vie* or opinions stated rn this docu mint do not necessarily represent official OERI position or pohcy by Daniel Lee Haffey August 1991
Dual representation of item positions in verbal short-term memory: Evidence for two access modes

Memory sets of N=1 ~ 5 digits were exposed sequentially from left-to-right across the screen, followed by N recognition probes. Probes had to be compared to memory list items on identity only (Sternberg task) or conditional on list position. Positions were probed randomly or in left-to-right order. Search functions related probe response times to set size. Random probing led to ramped, “Sternbergian” functions whose intercepts were elevated by the location requirement. Sequential probing led to flat search functions—fast responses unaffected by set size. These results suggested that items in STM could be accessed either by a slow search-on-identity followed by recovery of an associated location tag, or in a single step by following item-to-item links in study order. It is argued that this dual coding of location information occurs spontaneously at study, and that either code can be utilised at retrieval depending on test demands.
Automatic Monitoring of Primate Locomotor Behaviour Using Accelerometers

Accelerometry data were transmitted by a radio collar attached to a hand-reared red-ruffed lemur housed in a large indoor/outdoor enclosure at Chester Zoo. An observer simultaneously recorded locomotor behaviour using a manually operated event recorder. Both data streams were recorded directly to hard disk to ensure accurate synchrony. Leaps were modelled using a y = x 2 – x 3 formulation for the take-off acceleration, to link peak acceleration to leap distance. Cyclic locomotor modes were analysed using power spectra and the modal frequency used to estimate stride periodicity. Comparison of the dual data shows that leaping behaviour can be recorded reliably, and acceleration magnitude provides accurate predictions of the distance travelled. Cyclic activities were less well characterised, but calibration should permit travel distance estimations equalling or bettering those from conventional techniques.Introduction
Neck muscle synergies during stimulation and inactivation of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC).

The interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) is thought to control torsional and vertical head posture. Unilateral microstimulation of the INC evokes torsional head rotation to positions that are maintained until stimulation offset. Unilateral INC inactivation evokes head position-holding deficits with the head tilted in the opposite direction. However, the underlying muscle synergies for these opposite behavioral effects are unknown. Here, we examined neck muscle activity in head-unrestrained monkeys before and during stimulation (50 muA, 200 ms, 300 Hz) and inactivation (injection of 0.3 mul of 0.05% muscimol) of the same INC sites. Three-dimensional eye and head movements were recorded simultaneously with electromyographic (EMG) activity in six bilateral neck muscles: sternocleidomastoid (SCM), splenius capitis (SP), rectus capitis posterior major (RCPmaj.), occipital capitis inferior (OCI), complexus (COM), and biventer cervicis (BC). INC stimulation evoked a phasic, short-latency ( approximately 5-10 ms) facilitation and later ( approximately 100-200 ms) a more tonic facilitation in the activity of ipsi-SCM, ipsi-SP, ipsi-COM, ipsi-BC, contra-RCPmaj. , and contra-OCI. Unilateral INC inactivation led to an increase in the activity of contra-SCM, ipsi-SP, ipsi-RCPmaj. , and ipsi-OCI and a decrease in the activity of contra-RCPmaj. and contra-OCI. Thus the influence of INC stimulation and inactivation were opposite on some muscles (i.e., contra-OCI and contra-RCPmaj.), but the comparative influences on other neck muscles were more variable. These results show that the relationship between the neck muscle responses during INC stimulation and inactivation is much more complex than the relationship between the overt behaviors.
Skew Generalized Quasi-Cyclic Codes over Finite Fields

In this work, we study a class of generalized quasi-cyclic (GQC) codes called skew GQC codes. By the factorization theory of ideals, we give the Chinese Remainder Theorem over the skew polynomial ring, which leads to a canonical decomposition of skew GQC codes. We also focus on some characteristics of skew GQC codes in details. For a 1-generator skew GQC code, we define the parity-check polynomial, determine the dimension and give a lower bound on the minimum Hamming distance. The skew quasi-cyclic (QC) codes are also discussed briefly.
The Hodrick-Prescott Filter at Time Series Endpoints

The Hodrick-Prescott filter is often applied to economic series as part of the study of business cycles. Its properties have most frequently been explored through the development of essentially asymptotic results which are practically relevant only some distance from series endpoints. Our concern here is with the most recent observations, as policy-makers will often require an assessment of whether, and by how much, an economic variable is "above trend". We show that if such an issue is important, an easily implemented adjustment to the filter is desirable.
High arterial compliance in cirrhosis is related to low adrenaline and elevated circulating calcitonin gene related peptide but not to activated vasoconstrictor systems

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Static and dynamic functions of the wall of large arteries are largely unknown in cirrhosis in vivo. The present study was undertaken to determine arterial compliance (COMPart) in relation to vasodilator and vasoconstrictor systems in patients with cirrhosis. In addition, vasoactivity was manipulated by inhalation of oxygen. STUDY POPULATION AND METHODS In 20 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and 12 controls we determined COMPart (stroke volume relative to pulse pressure), cardiac output, plasma volume, systemic vascular resistance, central circulation time, plasma catecholamines, renin activity, endothelin-1, and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) at baseline and during oxygen inhalation. RESULTS COMPartwas significantly increased in cirrhotic patients compared with controls (1.32 v 1.06 ml/mm Hg; p< 0.05) and inversely related to plasma adrenaline levels (r=−0.53; p<0.02) but positively related to circulating levels of CGRP (r=0.58; p<0.01). No significant relation was found for plasma noradrenaline, renin activity, or endothelin-1. COMPart was positively related to plasma volume (r=0.50; p<0.02) and inversely to systemic vascular resistance (r=−0.69; p<0.001) and central circulation time (r=−0.49; p<0.02). During oxygen inhalation, COMPart decreased (−13%; p<0.005) and systemic vascular resistance increased (+10%; p<0.001) towards normal values without significant changes in mean arterial pressure. Plasma adrenaline (−16%; p<0.01) decreased and the relation to COMPart disappeared. The relation of COMPart to CGRP and circulatory variables remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Elevated arterial compliance in cirrhosis is related to low adrenaline, high CGRP, and systemic hyperdynamics but not to indicators of the activated vasoconstrictor systems (noradrenaline, renin, endothelin-1). Thus the altered static and dynamic characteristics of the wall of large arteries are intimately associated with circulatory and vasodilatory derangement in cirrhosis but biomanipulation indicates that the changes are, at least in part, reversible during isobaric conditions.
The effects of sleep quality and duration in late pregnancy on labor and fetal outcome

Background: Sleep disturbance is common during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of sleep duration and its quality on labor and fetal outcome. Method: In a cross sectional study, primigravida women with singleton pregnancy (gestational age > 37 weeks) were recruited. Women with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or those who needed emergency cesarean section were excluded. Data regarding the type and length of delivery, the quality of sleep as well as the neonates’ weight and Apgar scores were recorded. Results: Totally, 457 participants were recruited. There was a significant correlation between the sleep duration and length of delivery stages. In most participants with more than 8 hours sleep, the first stage of delivery lasted between 6 and 10 hours. They had normal vaginal delivery with induction, and their neonates’ Apgar score was > 9 (p = 0.029, p = 0.018, and p = 0.001, respectively). Most mothers with refreshing sleep had normal vaginal delivery with induction, their neonates weighted ≥ 2500 g and with Apgar score > 9 (p = 0.010, p < 0.001, and p = 0.005 respectively). Conclusion: Sleep duration and quality of sleep can affect the type of delivery, length of labor stages, as well as neonates’ Apgar score and birth weight. Such predictors of labor and fetal outcome should be assessed during prenatal evaluations.
Impact of a Recombinant Biocontrol Bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens pc78, on Microbial Community in Tomato Rhizosphere

Pseudomonas fluorescens pc78 is an effective biocontrol agent for soil-borne fungal diseases. We previously constructed a P43-gfp tagged biocontrol bacteria P. fluorescens pc78-48 to investigate bacterial traits in natural ecosystem and the environmental risk of genetically modified biocontrol bacteria in tomato rhizosphere. Fluctuation of culturable bacteria profile, microbial community structure, and potential horizontal gene transfer was investigated over time after the bacteria treatment to the tomato rhizosphere. Tagged gene transfer to other organisms such as tomato plants and bacteria cultured on various media was examined by polymerase chain reaction, using gene specific primers. Transfer of chromosomally integrated P43-gfp from pc78 to other organisms was not apparent. Population and colony types of culturable bacteria were not significantly affected by the introduction of P. fluorescens pc78 or pc78-48 into tomato rhizosphere. Additionally, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles were investigated to estimate the influence on the microbial community structure in tomato rhizosphere between non-treated and pc78-48-treated samples. Interestingly, rhizosphere soil treated with strain pc78-48 exhibited a significantly different bacterial community structure compared to that of non-treated rhizosphere soil. Our results suggest that biocontrol bacteria treatment influences microbial community in tomato rhizosphere, while the chromosomally modified biocontrol bacteria may not pose any specific environmental risk in terms of gene transfer.
Role of photodynamic therapy in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

PURPOSE To evaluate photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with Verteporfin for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) involving the fovea in Indian eyes, through a retrospective interventional case series. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 9 patients (9 eyes) diagnosed to have PCV with foveal involvement between September 2001 and October 2002. RESULTS Nine eyes underwent PDT for PCV. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 16 months. Initial visual acuity (VA) ranged from 1/60 to 6/12 and final VA varied from 1/60 to 6/9 at the end of follow-up. VA improved in 4/9 eyes (44.4%) by one line and remained unchanged in 5/9 eyes (55.6%), hence it was considered stabilized in all eyes. No adverse effects or events were observed during or after treatment with verteporfin. CONCLUSION PDT may be beneficial for PCV with foveal involvement. Its long-term efficacy requires to be evaluated.
Talent Recognition and Development: Successor to Gifted Education

Our charge from the editor for this special issue on "Critical Appraisals of the Field" was for contributors to "step outside their practice and take a constructive look at themselves, their profession, and their programs. " In order to respond to this charge, we believe it is necessary to consider the emerging emphasis on talent identification and development in relation both to its role in the broad educational setting of today's (and tomorrow's) schools and to its origins in "gifted education. " Many writers have already proposed that gifted education and school improvement have important and valuable contributions to make to each other [e.g., J. F. Feldhusen, 1993; Gallagher, 1991;Renzulli, 1993; Renzulli &. Reis, 1991; Tomlinson &. Callahan, 1992; Treffinger, 1991a,1993, in press). The 1993United States Department of Education Report, National Excellence: A Case for Developing America's Talent, posed the challenge succinctly:
The maternal-effect gene futile cycle is essential for pronuclear congression and mitotic spindle assembly in the zebrafish zygote

Embryos have been successfully used for the general study of the cell cycle. Although there are significant differences between the early embryonic and the somatic cell cycle in vertebrates, the existence of specialised factors that play a role during the early cell cycles has remained elusive. We analysed a lethal recessive maternal-effect mutant, futile cycle (fue), isolated in a maternal-effect screen for nuclear division defects in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The pronuclei fail to congress in zygotes derived from homozygous fue mothers. In addition, a defect in the formation of chromosomal microtubules prevents mitotic spindle assembly and thus chromosome segregation in fue zygotes. However, centrosomal functions do not appear to be affected in fue embryos, suggesting this mutant blocks a subset of microtubule functions. Cleavage occurs normally for several divisions resulting in many anucleate cells, thus showing that nuclear- and cell division can be uncoupled genetically. Therefore, we propose that in mitotic spindle assembly chromosome-dependent microtubule nucleation is essential for the coupling of nuclear and cell division.
Correlation of Brain White Matter Diffusion Anisotropy and Mean Diffusivity with Reaction Time in an Oddball Task

Background: Reaction time (RT) is a frequently used measure of information processing speed, but the underlying physiological and anatomical conditions are not yet fully understood. A correlation between measures of white matter (WM) ultrastructural properties and RT is expected – particularly for those WM tracts that are involved in the attentional system of the brain. Methods: Diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired in 43 unrelated healthy subjects (age: 22.7 ± 1.8 years), and RT was measured during an attention-requiring visual oddball task in the same scanning session. Voxel-by-voxel and region of interest analyses were performed for the large association tracts. A linear regression model was used to correlate fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values with mean RT. Results: Our analyses revealed significant positive correlations between RT and MD in several WM association tracts, predominantly in the right hemisphere. To a lesser extent, significant negative correlations were found between RT and FA in right temporal WM. Conclusion: These findings suggest that subcortical ultrastructural properties of the dorsal and ventral visual stream are relevant with regard to information processing speed. Furthermore, MD appears to be more sensitive than FA in detecting functionally relevant ultrastructural variations in WM tracts.
Fully-automatic recognition of various parking slot markings in Around View Monitor (AVM) image sequences

This paper proposes a novel fully-automatic method for recognizing various parking slot markings in image sequences acquired by an Around View Monitor (AVM) system which is gaining popularity as a parking-aid product. The proposed method utilizes an approach which finds parking slots in AVM image sequences using a simple detector and combines sequentially acquired slots rather than using a sophisticated heavy detector in order to achieve the robustness against diverse practical situations. Parking slots are first detected in the current image using the hierarchical tree structure based approach presented in our previous paper [1]. Then, the current positions of previously detected parking slots are predicted using a transformation between consecutive images, and the parking slots detected in the current image and predicted from previous images are combined. The resulting parking slots are clustered according to their types and orientations, and the clusters which contain more than a predetermined number of slots are selected as final parking slots. The proposed method was evaluated using 10 AVM image sequences that include 134 parking slots, and demonstrated a detection rate of 95% with only three false detections.
Pharyngolaryngeal migration: a delayed complication of an impacted bullet in the neck

Abstract We present a case of a patient who sustained a bullet wound to the mouth and face resulting in impaction of the foreign body in the neck. This was initially managed conservatively until migration into the supralaryngeal area occurred. This resulted in airway obstruction, dysphagia, and dysphonia necessitating resuscitation and per-operative intrapharyngeal removal. Bullet wounds are uncommon in this country and experience with these cases is lacking. This paper discusses the various management options and the mechanism of how the bullet became lodged in the tissues of the neck.
In vitro assembly of prenucleolar bodies in Xenopus egg extract

Nuclei assembled in Xenopus egg extract from purified DNA or chromatin resemble their natural counterparts in a number of structural and functional features. However, the most obvious structural element of normal interphase nuclei, the nucleolus, is absent from the in vitro reconstituted nuclei. By EM, cytological silver staining, and immunofluorescence microscopy employing antibodies directed against various nucleolar components we show that nuclei assembled in vitro contain numerous distinct aggregates that resemble prenucleolar bodies (PNBs) by several criteria. Formation of these PNB-like structures requires pore complex-mediated nuclear transport of proteins but is independent of the genetic content of the in vitro nuclei as well as transcriptional and translational events. Our data indicate that nuclei assembled in vitro are capable of initiating early steps of nucleologenesis but that the resulting PNBs are unable to fuse with each other, probably due to the absence of a functional nucleolus organizer. With appropriate modifications, this experimental system should be useful to define and analyze conditions promoting the site- specific assembly of PNBs into a coherent nucleolar body.
Analysis of sparse-partial wavelength conversion in wavelength-routed WDM networks

Wavelength conversion has been shown as one of the key techniques to improve blocking performance in a wavelength-routed all-optical network. Given that wavelength converters nowadays remain very expensive, how to make effective use of a limited number of wavelength converters becomes an important issue. We propose sparse-partial wavelength conversion (SPWC) network architecture with the inherent flexibility that can facilitate network carriers to migrate the optical backbone to support wavelength conversion. We demonstrate that this network architecture can significantly save the number of wavelength converters, yet achieving excellent blocking performance. Theoretical and simulation results indicate that, the performance of a wavelength-routed WDM network with only 1-5%of wavelength conversion capability is very close to that with full-complete wavelength conversion capability.
A Theoretical Method for Mercury Ion Detection Based on Calculation of T-Hg2+-T Configuration Energy

The energy value of specific structural unit of T-Hg2+-T is calculated theoretically, and the secondary structures of a series of DNA molecules based on T-Hg2+-T structure are predicted theoretically with the minimum free energy algorithm. At the same time, Gibbs free energy is thought to have changed before and after hybridization of DNA molecules in the presence and absence of mercury ions. According to the second law of thermodynamics, the trend and direction of the reaction before hybridization were judged. A novel DNA molecule based on T-Hg2+-T structure was designed and applied to the detection of mercury ion. It provides a new theoretical design method for the design of mercury ion electrochemical probe in the future.
Resource Allocation in Software Defined Fog Vehicular Networks

Vehicular network is an important application scenario of the fifth generation (5G) mobile communications. Due to the increasing number of vehicles and the users' various requirements, resource allocation problem in vehicular networks becomes more serious and has attracted researchers' attention. In this paper, we investigate the resource allocation in software defined fog vehicular networks where we formulate the problem as a mean-field game (MFG). We present a state space function by considering both interference factors and energy availability. Then the problem can be modeled as a cost minimization with the constraint of state space. Through the mean-field approximation method, we derive the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) and Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK) equations. A joint finite difference algorithm is proposed to solve the coupled HJB and FPK equations. The numerical results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.