Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Young people and sex and relationships education

Other chapters in this book illustrate how the contexts and environments in which some young people live render them especially vulnerable to negative physical and psychological sexual health outcomes. Young people across the world however do not form an homogenous group and have diverse needs realities preferences and vulnerabilities. Many grow up in relative safety unaffected by sexual exploitation untouched by national or regional conflict and so on. While special attention certainly needs to be directed towards those in especially vulnerable contexts (and indeed those who enable and maintain such contexts) the provision of appropriate mainstream sexual health programming should not be overlooked nor its importance underestimated. To a large extent ail young people are vulnerable simply by virtue of their age and the ways in which many people in positions of responsibility restrict their access to information and services. There has been frequent and heated debate - for many years and in many countries - concerning the most appropriate ways to address issues of sexual development. Topics of such debates have included the age-appropriateness of sex and relationships education whose responsibility it is what should be covered the most suitable style of delivery the extent to which approaches should be framed within specific religious and/or cultural discourses and indeed whether such forms of education should take place at all. This chapter discusses some of these issues but with a particular focus on poorer country contexts.
Influence of the Amorphous Silicon Thickness on Top Gate Thin-Film Transistor Electrical Performances

We have analyzed the influence of the hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thickness on the electrical performances of top gate thin-film transistors (TFTs). We have observed that, when the a-Si:H thickness increases, the threshold voltage and the subthreshold slope decrease. The modification of the TFT apparent field-effect mobility has also been investigated: we have shown that it first increases with the a-Si:H thickness, and then decreases for thicker a-Si:H films. This change of electrical performances is most likely associated with both the variation of a-Si:H microstructure during the film depositions and the effect of parasitic source and drain series resistances. We have demonstrated that for a given TFT geometry, it is therefore possible to define an optimum a-Si:H thickness ensuring maximum TFT electrical performances, and that this optimum thickness increases significantly with the TFT channel length.
Fractionated Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Benign Perioptic Tumors: Outcomes of 38 Patients in a Single Institute

Background This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fractionated Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for perioptic lesions. Methods Thirty-eight patients with perioptic tumors were treated at our institute from May 2004 to December 2008. All patients had a lesion in close contact with the optic apparatus. Twenty-four of these patients had undergone surgical resection before fractionated GKRS. Radiation was delivered in four sessions with 12 hours intervals between sessions. The mean target volume was 3,851 mm3 and the median cumulative marginal dose was 20 Gy. The median follow-up was 38.2 months. Visual acuity and visual fields were analyzed according to visual impairment score using the German Ophthalmological Society guidelines. Results Tumor control was achieved in 35 (94.6%) of the 37 patients with available follow-up images. Progressive tumor growth was observed in two craniopharyngioma patients (5.4%). Favorable visual outcomes in the postoperative period were achieved in 94.7% of cases (36/38). Sixteen patients showed visual function after fractionated GKRS, twenty cases were stationary, and two patients showed visual function deterioration after GKRS. Conclusion GKRS is a safe and effective alternative to either surgery or fractionated radiotherapy for selected benign lesions that are adjacent to the optic apparatus.
Student Level Factors That Influence the Employability of TAFE Graduates over Time: A Partial Least-Squares Analysis.

The main purposes of technical and further education (TAFE) courses are to prepare students for employment and are so designed to meet the skill needs of industry. In 1999 and 2000, Student Outcomes Survey (SOS) data were collected from 1998 and 1999 South Australian (SA) TAFE graduates on behalf of the National Centre for Vocational Education and Research (NCVER). This paper reports on a study that used the SOS data to identify whether or not the student level factors that influence the employability of 1998 vocational education and training (VET) graduates were similar to that of the 1999 VET graduates. A hypothesised model of student level factors influencing employability of SA TAFE graduates was developed and the partial least square path analysis (PLSPATH) procedure was employed to test the model. The paper first discusses the results obtained from the PLSPATH analysis and then goes on to compare the student level factors that influence the employability of SA TAFE graduates on different occasions.
Capital Flows and Crises

The implications of capital mobility for growth and stability are some of the most contentious and least understood contemporary issues in economics. In this book, Barry Eichengreen discusses historical, theoretical, empirical, and policy aspects of the effects, both positive and negative, of capital flows. He focuses on the connections between capital flows and crises as well as on those between capital flows and growth. Eichengreen argues that international financial liberalization, like other forms of economic liberalization, can positively affect the efficiency of resource allocation and the rate of economic growth. But analyses of both recent and historical experience also show an undeniable association between capital mobility and crises, especially when domestic institutions are weak and the harmonization of capital account liberalization and other policy reforms is inadequate. In his conclusion, Eichengreen makes suggestions for policy design to maximize the benefits of international financial liberalization while minimizing the risks of financial instability.
Essays on Residential Segregation, the Economics of Prestige at the Elite Colleges, and Property Rights

This dissertation consists of three chapters. In the first chapter of the dissertation, I propose a new method for estimating the racial tipping points of US neighborhoods. Applying this method to US census data, I find that the average neighborhood tipping point has increased from 15% in 1970 to 42% in 2010. Moreover, I find that from 1970-2010 that differences in racial preferences play a diminishing role in explaining cross city differences in tipping points. Differences in the outside options of white householdâ? s, on the other hand, play an increasingly important role in explaining cross city differences in tipping points from 1970-2010. In the second chapter of the dissertation, which is joint work with Kent Smetters, we document an important fact about Ivy League Schools. In the past 13 years the demand for undergraduate admission to Ivy League schools has doubled while the number of available spaces has increased by less than 3%. We show that this pattern can be explained by a model in which elite schools restrict supply in order to maintain their relative selectivity. Focusing on Harvard, Yale and Princeton, we find that the resulting loss in social surplus is an average of $73M for each school (annually), with producers (schools) bearing the larger absolute loss in social surplus and consumers (students) bearing the larger relative loss in social surplus. In the third chapter of this dissertation, I use a two country treatment-control design to study an economic policy in the Bahamas that restricted the property rights of non-natives. Contrary to the prevailing view in the development literature that restricted property rights reduces GDP growth; I find that GDP growth in the Bahamas increased while this policy was in place (relative to a peer country Barbados, which did not have a similar policy). When the policy is repealed, I find that there are large inflows of foreign capital to the Bahamas with no corresponding increase in GDP growth. This study highlights the importance of differentiating between the property rights of natives and non-natives as separate channels for promoting economic growth in small developing countries. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Applied Economics First Advisor Todd Sinai
The effects of corporate governance on financial performance and financial distress: evidence from Egypt

Purpose – This paper aims to empirically examine the quality of corporate governance (CG) practices in Egyptian-listed companies and their impact on firm performance and financial distress in the context of an emerging market such as that of Egypt. Design/methodology/approach – To assess the level of CG practices at a given firm, the current study constructs a corporate governance index (CGI) which consists of four dimensions: disclosure and transparency, composition of the board of directors, shareholders’ rights and investor relations and ownership and control structure. Based on a sample of 86 non-financial firms listed on the Egyptian Exchange, the effects of CG on performance and financial distress are assessed. Tobin’s Q is used to assess corporate performance. At the same time, the Altman Z-score is used as a financial distress indicator, as it measures financial distress inversely. The bigger the Z-score, the smaller the risk of financial distress. Findings – The overall score of the CGI, on avera.
Polymorphisms in p53 and the p53 pathway: roles in cancer susceptibility and response to treatment

• Introduction • SNPs in TP53 exons altering amino‐acid sequence • Polymorphism in TP53 introns • Linkage between the polymorphisms • Silent mutations and SNPs in TP53 • Polymorphisms in other members of the p53 family • Polymorphisms in p53 target genes • Polymorphisms in p53 response elements • Concluding remarks
Future developments in global livestock and grains markets: the impacts of livestock productivity convergence in Asia‐Pacific

Increasing livestock product consumption in many Asian countries has been accompanied by growth in some countries’ imports of feedgrains for their domestic livestock sectors. This contributes to debate over future levels of grain imports. Yet projections often pay little attention to developments in livestock production. The impacts of technological catch‐up in livestock production on trade in livestock and grains products among countries in the Asia‐Pacific region are assessed. Tests are conducted of the hypothesis that productivity levels in the Asia‐Pacific region are converging. Projections of livestock productivity are made and incorporated in a modified GTAP model. The consequences for regional and global trade in livestock and grains products are explored.
Efficiency Improvement by Optimization of Absorber Layer and n-Layer in a-Si: H/a-SiGe:H Advanced Thin Film Solar Cells

In this paper the effect of the absorber layer and n-layer properties such as thickness and doping concentration on the electrical characteristic of the a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H thin film hetero structure solar cells such as photo-generation rate, recombination rate and electric field through the cell is investigated. Introducing Ge atoms to the Si lattice in Si-based solar cells is an effective approach in improving their characteristics. Especially, current density of the cell can be enhanced without deteriorating its open circuit voltage. Optimization shows that for an appropriate Ge concentration, the efficiency of a-Si: H/a-SiGe solar cell is improved by about 6.5% compared with the traditional a-Si: H solar cell. This work presents a novel numerical evaluation and optimization of amorphous silicon double junction (a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H) thin film solar cells and focuses on optimization of a-SiGe:H mid-gap single junction solar cell based on the optimization of the Ge content in the film, thick nesses of the i-layer and n-layer, and doping concentration of the films. Maximum efficiency of 23.5%, with short circuit current density of 265 A/m2 and open circuit voltage of 1.13V for double junction solar cell has been achieved.
Popper and computer induction

Introduction In a recent article in BioEssays, John F. Allen uses Popper's philosophy of science to argue on p. 107 that ``There is no induction machine'', and that looking for one will result in ``waste of resources spent on the search itself. '' This argument is of great interest to me because I started my research life as a graduate student in philosophy of science in Popper's department at the London School of Economics in the years 1966±68. Popper had just published his book Conjectures and Refutations, 1963 in which he says on p. 53: ``Induction, i.e. inference based on many observations, is a myth. It is neither a psychological fact, nor a fact of ordinary life, nor one of scientific procedure. '' Indeed I remember Popper making the statement: ``induction is a myth'' in one of his lectures in 1967, to which he added: ``and those who claim that there is induction do not know what they are talking about. '' I need hardly add that I was completely convinced by Popper's very forceful arguments for this thesis which I believed for many years.
The flow structure of a puff

From time-resolved stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements over the entire circular cross section of a pipe, a first-of-its-kind quasi-instantaneous three-dimensional velocity field of a turbulent puff at a low Reynolds number is reconstructed. At the trailing edge of the puff, where the laminar flow undergoes transition to turbulence, pairs of counterrotating streamwise vortices are observed that form the legs of large hairpin vortices. At the upstream end of the puff, a quasi-periodic regeneration of streamwise vortices takes place. Initially, the vortex structure resembles a travelling wave solution, but as the vortices propagate into the turbulent region of the puff, they continue to develop into strong hairpin vortices. These hairpin vortices extract so much energy from the mean flow that they cannot be sustained. This structure provides a possible explanation for the intermittent character of the puffs in pipe flow at low Reynolds numbers.
Faith in Development: Partnership between the World Bank and the Churches of Africa

Most of Africa's poor are deeply religious. Not only are faith communities among the poor, in many cases they are the poor. Like other faith communities, the Christian Church in Africa has grown impressively. Its development role must be taken seriously, not just because it is trusted and broad-based within Africa, but also because it is a part of a global movement capable of improving the lives of the poor. The papers in this report were presented at the Churches of Africa/World Bank Conference on Alleviating Poverty in Africa, which was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in March 2000. Representatives of African churches came together with senior staff at the World Bank for discussions on a topic of mutual and urgent concern: alleviating poverty in Africa. Participants at the conference expressed a wide range of viewpoints, including treating people as subjects rather than objects, promoting investment and industrialization through human capital formation, listening to the "voices of the poor," recapturing lost market shares in promary commodity markets, the ideal patterns of church development practice, gender inequality, enterprise solutions for addressing poverty, and the church's role in promoting social justice and as well as income generation and service delivery.
The linear Monge-Kantorovitch linear colour mapping for example-based colour transfer

A common task in image editing is to change the colours of a picture to match the desired colour grade of another picture. Finding the correct colour mapping is tricky because it involves numerous interrelated operations, like balancing the colours, mixing the colour channels or adjusting the contrast. Recently, a number of automated tools have been proposed to find an adequate one-to-one colour mapping. The focus in this paper is on finding the best linear colour transformation. Linear transformations have been proposed in the literature but independently. The aim of this paper is thus to establish a common mathematical background to all these methods. Also, this paper proposes a novel transformation, which is derived from the Monge-Kantorovitch theory of mass transportation. The proposed solution is optimal in the sense that it minimises the amount of changes in the picture colours. It favourably compares theoretically and experimentally with other techniques for various images and under various colour spaces. (9 pages)
Concurrent Interactive Processes in a Pure Functional Language.

In this paper we present an operational semantics for concurrent interactive processes in the purely functional programming language Clean. An interactive process is in essence a state transition system which apart from its logical state can also access the state of the file system, do highlevel Graphical User I/O, and do inter-process communication via synchronous and asynchronous message passing and data sharing. Inter-process communication is type-safe and polymorphic . The semantics of the system is based on earlier work on the Interleaved Event I/O system. In this paper we identi fy limitations of the inter leaved model in the context of concurrent processes and propose a new process semantics that does allow a concurrent implementation. The method basically introduces a Remote Procedure Call communication scheme and demonstrates how to apply this scheme to obtain a concurrent process semantics. The resulting system is the Concurrent Event I/O system . The operational semantics is given in Clean itself. As a result the concurrency system is completely functional because the construction is done within the pure functional framework.
Back-to-Front Down Under? Part-Time/Full-Time Wage Differentials in Australia

In 2003, part-time employment in Australia accounted for over 42% of the Australian female workforce, nearly 17% of the male workforce, and represented 28% of total employment. Of the OECD countries, only the Netherlands has a higher proportion of working women employed part-time and Australia tops the OECD league in terms of its proportion of working men who are part-time. In this paper we investigate part-time full-time hourly wage gaps using important new panel data from the first four waves of the new Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. We find that, once unobserved individual heterogeneity has been taken into account, part-time men and women typically earn an hourly pay premium. This premium varies with casual employment status, but is always positive, a result that survives our robustness checks. We advance some hypotheses as to why there is a part-time pay advantage in Australia.
Team or Individual: What Determines Workers' Preferred Bonus Schemes?

This paper uses data from a firm with team production to investigate the association between workers’ productivity, risk aversion and preferred bonus scheme (team or individual). Standard economics make a strong prediction in this case. Workers persistently producing above the team average should vote for an individual bonus. The only concern that may moderate this preference is risk aversion. The economic model predicts the case at hand fairly well. Relative work place productivity is strongly associated with a preference for individual bonuses, and risk aversion is associated with a preference for a team bonus. There is, however, one noticeable exception to this pattern: a substantial fraction of low performers prefer an individual bonus. I argue there are two types of other regarding concerns that can explain why under-performers prefer a payment system that reduces their income; distributional fairness and social emotions.
Emergence of Daptomycin Resistance in Daptomycin-Naïve Rabbits with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infection Is Associated with Resistance to Host Defense Cationic Peptides and mprF Polymorphisms

Background Previous studies of both clinically-derived and in vitro passage-derived daptomycin–resistant (DAP-R) Staphylococcus aureus strains demonstrated the coincident emergence of increased DAP MICs and resistance to host defense cationic peptides (HDP-R). Methods In the present investigation, we studied a parental DAP-susceptible (DAP-S) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain and three isogenic variants with increased DAP MICs which were isolated from both DAP-treated and DAP-untreated rabbits with prosthetic joint infections. These strains were compared for: in vitro susceptibility to distinct HDPs differing in size, structure, and origin; i.e.; thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal proteins [tPMPs] and human neutrophil peptide-1 [hNP-1]; cell membrane (CM) phospholipid and fatty acid content; CM order; envelope surface charge; cell wall thickness; and mprF single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and expression profiles. Results In comparison with the parental strain, both DAP-exposed and DAP-naive strains exhibited: (i) significantly reduced susceptibility to each HDP (P<0.05); (ii) thicker cell walls (P<0.05); (iii) increased synthesis of CM lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (L-PG); (iv) reduced content of CM phosphatidylglycerol (PG); and (v) SNPs within the mprF locus No significant differences were observed between parental or variant strains in outer CM content of L-PG, CM fluidity, CM fatty acid contents, surface charge, mprF expression profiles or MprF protein content. An isolate which underwent identical in vivo passage, but without evolving increased DAP MICs, retained parental phenotypes and genotype. Conclusions These results suggest: i) DAP MIC increases may occur in the absence of DAP exposures in vivo and may be triggered by organism exposure to endogenous HDPs: and ii) gain-in-function SNPs in mprF may contribute to such HDP-DAP cross-resistance phenotypes, although the mechanism of this relationship remains to be defined.
A general model of watershed extraction and representation using globally optimal flow paths and up-slope contributing areas

Many modern hydrological models require data inputs provided by automated digital terrain analysis functions incorporated into GIS. These inputs include fields representing surface flow directions, up-slope contributing areas, and sub-catchment partitions. Existing raster-based terrain analysis tools, including both those in off-the-shelf GIS packages and those in the recent literature, were designed to work with digital elevation data in mountainous topography. For highly variable topography, which may include large flood plains, lakes, wetlands, and other relatively flat areas, existing tools cannot accommodate the variable signal-to-noise in the source elevation data without significant human intervention to handle special cases. A general model for calculating flow directions, up-slope contributing areas, and sub-catchment partitions that automatically adapts to the variable information content of grid-based elevation data sets is presented here. The model uses a combination of breadth-first search and global optimization to extract the maximum amount of signal from any location within the data. The model is demonstrated to work well in handling topography dominated by large flood plains, lakes and other flat areas without the need for a large number of empirical rules. An important contribution of the approach is the handling of explicit hydrologic features, which makes the spatial representation closely related to hydrological processes. The results have important implications for developing hydrological models that are tractable in large, heterogeneous watersheds using moderate resolution data.