Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Random Stimulus Generation using Entropy and XOR Constraints

Despite the growing research effort in formal verification, constraint-based random simulation remains an integral part of design validation, especially for large design components where formal techniques do not scale. However, stimulating important aspects of a design to uncover bugs often requires the construction of complex constraints to guide stimulus generation. We propose Toggle, a stimulus generation engine, which features (1) an entropy-based coverage analysis to efficiently find portions of the design inadequately sensitized by simulation and (2) a novel strategy to automatically stimulate these portions through a specialized SAT algorithm that uses small randomized XOR constraints. As our experimental results demonstrate, Toggle requires minimal input from the verification engineer, and significantly improves the coverage qualities of the generated stimuli when compared to plain random simulation.
Twelve tips to improve bedside teaching

Bedside teaching has long been considered the most effective method to teach clinical skills and communication skills. Despite this belief, the frequency of bedside rounds is decreasing and it is believed that this is a major factor causing a sharp decline in trainees' clinical skills. Several barriers appear to contribute to this lack of teaching at the bedside and have been discussed extensively in the literature. Concern about trainees' clinical skills has led organizations such as the American Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the WHO Advisory Committee on Medical training to recommend that training programs should increase the frequency of bedside teaching in their clinical curricula. Although obstacles to bedside teaching are acknowledged, this article in the '12 tips' series is a detailed description of teaching strategies that could facilitate a return to the bedside for clinical teaching.
Emergent dynamics of turn-taking interaction in drumming games with a humanoid robot

We present results from an empirical study investigating emergent turn-taking in a drumming experience involving Kaspar, a humanoid child-sized robot, and adult participants. In this work, our aim is to have turn-taking and role switching which is not deterministic but emerging from the social interaction between the human and the humanoid. Therefore the robot is not just dasiafollowingpsila and imitating the human, but could be the leader in the game and being imitated by the human. Data from the first implementation of a human-robot interaction experiment are presented and analysed qualitatively (in terms of participantspsila subjective experiences) and quantitatively (concerning the drumming performance of the human-robot pair). Results are analysed statistically and show significant differences for the three games (with different probabilistic models) where the models enabling more interaction and more ldquonaturalrdquo turn-taking were preferred by the human participants.
Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion, and the Contribution of Intestinal Metabolism to the Oral Disposition of [14C]Cobimetinib, a MEK Inhibitor, in Humans

The pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of cobimetinib, a MEK inhibitor, were characterized in healthy male subjects (n = 6) following a single 20 mg (200 μCi) oral dose. Unchanged cobimetinib and M16 (glycine conjugate of hydrolyzed cobimetinib) were the major circulating species, accounting for 20.5% and 18.3% of the drug-related material in plasma up to 48 hours postdose, respectively. Other circulating metabolites were minor, accounting for less than 10% of drug-related material in plasma. The total recovery of the administered radioactivity was 94.3% (±1.6%, S.D.) with 76.5% (±2.3%) in feces and 17.8% (±2.5%) in urine. Metabolite profiling indicated that cobimetinib had been extensively metabolized with only 1.6% and 6.6% of the dose remaining as unchanged drug in urine and feces, respectively. In vitro phenotyping experiments indicated that CYP3A4 was predominantly responsible for metabolizing cobimetinib. From this study, we concluded that cobimetinib had been well absorbed (fraction absorbed, Fa = 0.88). Given this good absorption and the previously determined low hepatic clearance, the systemic exposures were lower than expected (bioavailability, F = 0.28). We hypothesized that intestinal metabolism had strongly attenuated the oral bioavailability of cobimetinib. Supporting this hypothesis, the fraction escaping gut wall elimination (Fg) was estimated to be 0.37 based on F and Fa from this study and the fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh) from the absolute bioavailability study (F = Fa × Fh × Fg). Physiologically based pharmacokinetics modeling also showed that intestinal clearance had to be included to adequately describe the oral profile. These collective data suggested that cobimetinib was well absorbed following oral administration and extensively metabolized with intestinal first-pass metabolism contributing to its disposition.
Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty in Fuchs’ Endothelial Dystrophy versus Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy

Purpose: To compare clinical and confocal scan outcomes after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) performed for Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy (FED) versus pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK). Methods: This retrospective comparative study included 47 consecutive eyes of 39 patients with the diagnosis of FED (n = 29, group 1) or PBK (n = 18, group 2) that underwent DSAEK. Clinical outcomes were compared between the study groups. At the final follow-up examination, confocal microscopy was used to measure and compare central corneal and graft thickness as well as endothelial cell density and morphology between the two groups. Results: Mean age at the time of surgery was 65.2 ± 11.8 and 69.4 ± 12.5 years in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P = 0.27). Follow-up period was 23.6 ± 14.0 months in group 1 and 25.6 ± 15.7 months in group 2 (P = 0.79). Postoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was significantly better in group 1 than in group 2 until postoperative month 6. Afterwards, the two study groups were comparable in this regard. At the final follow-up examination, spherical equivalent refractive error was + 0.39 ± 1.46 diopters (D) in group 1 and + 0.80 ± 1.47 D in group 2 (P = 0.45). Postoperative keratometric astigmatism was 1.02 ± 0.83 D and 2.36 ± 0.67 D, respectively (P < 0.001). Mean central graft thickness was 98.0 ± 33.3 μm in group 1 and 107.6 ± 28.0 μm in group 2 (P = 0.45). No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the postoperative endothelial cell density. Conclusion: The outcomes of DSAEK surgery were comparable between FED and PBK. All grafts were clear despite the lower than normal endothelial cell counts.
Double-Bounce Component in Cross-Polarimetric SAR From a New Scattering Target Decomposition

Common vegetation scattering theories assume that the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) cross-polarization (cross-pol) signal represents solely volume scattering. We found that this assumption is incorrect based on SAR phase measurements acquired over the South Florida Everglades indicating that the cross-pol radar signal often samples the water surface beneath the vegetation. Based on these new observations, we propose that the cross-pol signal consists of both double-bounce and volume scattering components. The simplest multibounce scattering mechanism that generates cross-pol signal occurs by rotated dihedrals. Thus, we use the rotated dihedral mechanism to revise some of the vegetation scattering theories and develop a fourcomponent decomposition algorithm with single-bounce, co-pol double-bounce, cross-pol double-bounce, and volume scattering components. We tested the new decomposition in both urban and rural environments using RADARSAT-2 quad-pol data sets. The decomposition of the San Francisco area shows higher doublebounce scattering and reduced volume scattering in the urban area with respect to the common three-component decomposition. The decomposition of the rural Everglades area shows that the relation between volume and cross-pol double bounce depends on the vegetation density. Thus, we suggest that, when possible, SAR-based biomass estimate studies should use the volume scattering calculated by our decomposition rather than the cross-pol signal, which also contains a double-bounce component.
Tensor Envelope Partial Least-Squares Regression

ABSTRACT Partial least squares (PLS) is a prominent solution for dimension reduction and high-dimensional regressions. Recent prevalence of multidimensional tensor data has led to several tensor versions of the PLS algorithms. However, none offers a population model and interpretation, and statistical properties of the associated parameters remain intractable. In this article, we first propose a new tensor partial least-squares algorithm, then establish the corresponding population interpretation. This population investigation allows us to gain new insight on how the PLS achieves effective dimension reduction, to build connection with the notion of sufficient dimension reduction, and to obtain the asymptotic consistency of the PLS estimator. We compare our method, both analytically and numerically, with some alternative solutions. We also illustrate the efficacy of the new method on simulations and two neuroimaging data analyses. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
An empirical study of industrial requirements engineering process assessment and improvement

This article describes an empirical study in industry of requirements engineering process maturity assessment and improvement. Our aims were to evaluate a requirements engineering process maturity model and to assess if improvements in requirements engineering process maturity lead to business improvements. We first briefly describe the process maturity model that we used and modifications to this model to accommodate process improvement. We present initial maturity assessment results for nine companies, describe how process improvements were selected and present data on how RE process maturity changed after these improvements were introduced. We discuss how business benefits were assessed and the difficulties of relating process maturity improvements to these business benefits. All companies reported business benefits and satisfaction with their participation in the study. Our conclusions are that the RE process maturity model is useful in supporting maturity assessment and in identifying process improvements and there is some evidence to suggest that process improvement leads to business benefits. However, whether these business benefits were a consequence of the changes to the RE process or whether these benefits resulted from side-effects of the study such as greater self-awareness of business processes remains an open question.
Optimal de-anonymization in random graphs with community structure

Anonymized social network graphs published for academic or advertisement purposes are subject to de-anonymization attacks by leveraging side information in the form of a second, public social network graph correlated with the anonymized graph. This is because the two are from the same underlying graph of true social relationships. In this paper, the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of user identities for the anonymized graph are characterized and sufficient conditions for successful de-anonymization for underlying graphs with community structure are provided. The results generalize prior work that assumed underlying graphs of Erdíís-Renyi type, and prove the optimality of the attack strategy adopted in the literature.
Maximum Entropy in Support of Semantically Annotated Datasets

One of the important problems of semantic web is checking whether two datasets describe the same quantity. The existing solution to this problem is to use these datasets' ontologies to deduce that these datasets indeed represent the same quantity. However, even when ontologies seem to confirm the identify of the two corresponding quantities, it is still possible that in reality, we deal with somewhat different quantities. A natural way to check the identity is to compare the numerical values of the measurement results: if they are close (within measurement errors), then most probably we deal with the same quantity, else we most probably deal with different ones. In this paper, we show how to perform this checking.
A STRATIGRAPHIC REVIEW OF THE LATE CALLOVIAN TO OXFORDIAN INTERVAL, FISHER BANK BASIN AREA (UK SECTOR, CENTRAL NORTH SEA)

The Middle to Upper Jurassic succession of six wells in the Fisher Bank Basin area has been reviewed within a consistent biostratigraphic framework. Significant, but age‐equivalent, vertical and lateral facies changes across the area have been demonstrated and a number of controlling factors are discussed. Several candidate Maximum Flooding Surfaces (MFSs) have been recognised, and various approaches to sequence stratigraphy in the Central North Sea are assessed. This has been particularly focused on the J40/J50 sequence boundary (top Middle Oxfordian) of Rattey and Hayward (1993) and its position with respect to the MFS picks of various authors. New analyses across the Port‐an‐Righ Ironstone MFS from an onshore outcrop and its correlation to the northern Moray Firth indicate that this may not be represented by the high gamma feature widely correlated throughout the Central North Sea, as the latter seems to occur at a slightly older level; it might occur as a more subdued feature, which is difficult to pick on logs in more heterogeneous settings.
A simple and self-consistent geostrophic-force-balance model of the thermohaline circulation with boundary mixing

Abstract. A simple model of the thermohaline circulation (THC) is formulated, with the objective to represent explicitly the geostrophic force balance of the basinwide THC. The model comprises advective-diffusive density balances in two meridional-vertical planes located at the eastern and the western walls of a hemispheric sector basin. Boundary mixing constrains vertical motion to lateral boundary layers along these walls. Interior, along-boundary, and zonally integrated meridional flows are in thermal-wind balance. Rossby waves and the absence of interior mixing render isopycnals zonally flat except near the western boundary, constraining meridional flow to the western boundary layer. The model is forced by a prescribed meridional surface density profile. This two-plane model reproduces both steady-state density and steady-state THC structures of a primitive-equation model. The solution shows narrow deep sinking at the eastern high latitudes, distributed upwelling at both boundaries, and a western boundary current with poleward surface and equatorward deep flow. The overturning strength has a 2/3-power-law dependence on vertical diffusivity and a 1/3-power-law dependence on the imposed meridional surface density difference. Convective mixing plays an essential role in the two-plane model, ensuring that deep sinking is located at high latitudes. This role of convective mixing is consistent with that in three-dimensional models and marks a sharp contrast with previous two-dimensional models. Overall, the two-plane model reproduces crucial features of the THC as simulated in simple-geometry three-dimensional models. At the same time, the model self-consistently makes quantitative a conceptual picture of the three-dimensional THC that hitherto has been expressed either purely qualitatively or not self-consistently.
Comparison of Zn, Cu, and Fe Content in Hair and Serum in Alopecia Areata Patients with Normal Group

Background. Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition, in which hair is lost from some areas of the body. Though its etiopathogenesis is not fully understood, there are claims that imbalance of trace elements may trigger the onset of AA, by distorting immune functions. In this study, we tried to investigate the relationship between AA and iron, zinc, and copper levels of serum and hair. Materials and Methods. Sixteen female patients with AA (14–40 years old) and 27 healthy female controls were enrolled in this study. Serum and hair level of iron, zinc, and copper were measured by flame emission spectroscopy. The resulting data was analyzed with SPSS15. Results. We did not detect a significant difference in the serum and hair level of iron, zinc, and copper between patients and controls. There was a significant correlation between serum and hair level of iron (r = 0.504, P = 0.001), zinc (r = 0.684, P = 0.0001), and copper (r = 0.759, P = 0.0001) in patients and controls. Discussion and Conclusion. According to this study, there was no statistically significant difference between trace elements among AA patients and controls. So the trace elements level in hair and serum may not be relevant to the immunologic dysfunction that exists in AA patients.
A topological embedding of the lexicon for semantic distance computation

Abstract We show how a quantitative context may be established for what is essentially qualitative in nature by topologically embedding a lexicon (here, WordNet) in a complete metric space. This novel transformation establishes a natural connection between the order relation in the lexicon (e.g., hyponymy) and the notion of distance in the metric space, giving rise to effective word-level and document-level lexical semantic distance measures. We provide a formal account of the topological transformation and demonstrate the value of our metrics on several experiments involving information retrieval and document clustering tasks.
Nigella sativa (Black Cumin) Seed Extract Alleviates Symptoms of Allergic Diarrhea in Mice, Involving Opioid Receptors

The incidence of food hypersensitivity and food allergies is on the rise and new treatment approaches are needed. We investigated whether N. sativa, one of its components, thymoquinone, or synthetic opioid receptor (OR)-agonists can alleviate food allergy. Hence, ovalbumin (OVA) -sensitized BALB/c-mice were pre-treated either with a hexanic N. sativa seed extract, thymoquinone, kappa- (U50'4889) or mu-OR-agonists (DAMGO) and subsequently challenged intra-gastrically with OVA. All 4 treatments significantly decreased clinical scores of OVA-induced diarrhea. N. sativa seed extract, thymoquinone, and U50'488 also decreased intestinal mast cell numbers and plasma mouse mast cell protease-1 (MMCP-1). DAMGO, in contrast, had no effect on mast cell parameters but decreased IFNγ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 concentration after ex vivo re-stimulation of mesenteric lymphocytes. The effects on allergy symptoms were reversible by OR-antagonist pre-treatment, whereas most of the effects on immunological parameter were not. We demonstrate that N. sativa seed extract significantly improves symptoms and immune parameters in murine OVA-induced allergic diarrhea; this effect is at least partially mediated by thymoquinone. ORs may also be involved and could be a new target for intestinal allergy symptom alleviation. N. sativa seed extract seems to be a promising candidate for nutritional interventions in humans with food allergy.
Revised N-Gram based Automatic Spelling Correction Tool to Improve Retrieval Effectiveness

We present a language-independent spell-checker that is based on an enhancement of the n-gram model. The spell checker is proposing correction suggestions by selecting the most promising candidates from a ranked list of correction candidates that is derived based on n-gram statistics and lexical resources. Besides motivating and describing the developed techniques, we briefly discuss the use of the proposed approach in an application for keyword- and semantic-based search support. In addition, the proposed tool was compared with state-of-the-art spelling correction approaches. The evaluation showed that it outperforms the other methods.
Oocyte follicle cells association during development of human ovarian follicle. A study by high resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Morphodynamics of oocyte follicle cells association during the development of human ovarian follicles were studied by transmission electron microscopy and high resolution scanning electron microscopy including the ODO method. For this study primordial, primary, growing preantral and antral follicles were systematically analysed in a total of 20 adult and fetal (3-8 months and at term) ovaries. In early stages of follicle development (primordial and primary stages) the flattened and/or polyhedral cells, closely associated with the growing oocyte, project an increasing number of microvillous processes. These are in apposition with the oolemma, and form bulbous terminals presenting attachment zones such as zonula adherens, desmosomes and communicating junctions (gap junctions). "Focal contacts" between oolemma, and lateral microvillous extensions of follicle cells were also present. Unusual forms of contact between follicle cell microvilli and oocytes in the early stages of growing primordial and primary follicles were also observed. These consist of long, thin extensions penetrating into the oocyte through deep invaginations of the oolemma. The aid of high resolution SEM of specimens subjected to the ODO method clearly reveals their 3-D arrangement within the ooplasm. They appear as long tortuous microvilli coming very close to the nucleus, and in their course are closely associated with a variety of organelles such as Golgi vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum membranes and nascent forms of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Using integrated observations by TEM and SEM, there may be as many as 3-5 "intraooplasmic processes" even in only one plane of fracture of an oocyte. Therefore, if the total volume of the oocyte and associated cells is considered, their amounts appear to be higher than previously reported. Thus, they have to be considered as normal devices of deep contact between the ooplasm and associated follicle cell extensions. The presence of such structures within the ooplasm in early developing follicles well coincides with the great increase in volume of the oocyte. Although it is commonly believed that the activation of the growing oocyte may depend on the numerous contacts between the oolemma and follicle cells (mostly via gap junctions), the finding of these additional intraoocytic extensions suggests that they may in someway contribute to the initiation of growth in the human. In fact, these microvilli penetrate deep into the ooplasm, much like a sword in its sheath. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
HNN-Based Multiuser Detection for Uplink CDMA Communication System Under Multipath Fading Channels

Novel Hopfield neural network (HNN) technique is proposed as an effective multiuser detection method of the uplink multiuser CDMA communication system. By the appropriate choice of the channel state information for the HNN parameters, the HNN collectively resolves the effects of both the inter-symbol interference due to the multipath fading channel and the multiple access interference in the receiver of the uplink CDMA communication system