Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Global Compact: An Analysis of the Motivations of Adoption in the Spanish Context

In the 10 years after the launch of the United Nations Global Compact (GC), there have been very few empirical assessments of the initiative in the academic literature. In this study, drawing from institutional theory and the resource‐based view of the firm, we examine motivations of business participants to adopt the GC principles in the Spanish context. Using survey data from Spain – the country reporting the highest volume of business participants in the GC – we find that external institutional forces as well as internal organisational resources shape motivations for adopting GC principles. In particular, we find that early and late adopters are motivated similarly by the perceived opportunity of achieving image gains, while late adopters are motivated more by economic gains than early adopters. We further find that regardless of the extent of internal intangible resources possessed, firms are similarly motivated by economic gains. The results also show that companies with more intangible resources are motivated more by image gains than those with fewer resources. Our findings indicate that contrary to its earlier days, economic gains have emerged as an important motivator for the adopters of the GC principles with image gains still being an important motivator.
Dental and periodontal complications of lip and tongue piercing: prevalence and influencing factors.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of lip and tongue piercing complications and explore the effect of ornament time wear period, habits, ornament morphology and periodontal biotype on the development of complications. METHODS One hundred and ten subjects with 110 lip and 51 tongue piercings were assessed for abnormal toothwear and/or tooth chipping/cracking (dental defects), gingival recession, clinical attachment loss and probing depth of teeth adjacent to the pierced site. Piercing habits (biting, rolling, stroking, sucking) were recorded. RESULTS Wear time and habits significantly affected the prevalence of dental defects and gingival recession. Pierced site significantly affected dental defects prevalence, with greater prevalence for tongue than lip piercing. Wear time significantly affected attachment loss and probing depth. Attachment loss and probing depth did not significantly differ between tongue and lip piercings. Gingival recession was significantly associated with ornament height closure and stem length of tongue ornaments. Periodontal biotype was not significantly associated with gingival recession, attachment loss and probing depth. CONCLUSIONS Dental defects prevalence is greater for tongue than lip piercing. Gingival recession is similar for tongue and lip piercing. Longer wear time of tongue and lip piercing is associated with greater prevalence of dental defects and gingival recession, as well as greater attachment loss and probing depth of teeth adjacent to pierced sites. Ornament morphology affects gingival recession prevalence.
Challenging ‘strategic HRM’ and the relevance of the institutional setting

One of the more fundamental aspects of the ongoing debate about the added value of HRM relates to ‘best’ practice versus ‘best-fit’. Best practice suggests the universal success of certain HR practices, while best-fit acknowledges the relevant impact of contextual factors. We argue that differences in embeddedness and in institutional settings between, for example, countries affect the nature of HRM. To understand this phenomenon, we are in need of additional theory. In this article we will use the theory of new institutionalism as a better way to understand the shaping of HR policies and practices in different settings. After a concise review of the latest debates in the area of strategic HRM, in which the resource-based view is the dominant perspective, we turn to an analysis of HRM in different institutional settings, which suggests the need for additional theory: ie new institutionalism. We offer propositions to explain the impact of different institutional mechanisms, including coercive, normative and mimetic ones, on the shaping of HR policies and practices in organisations. The remainder of the article then focuses on possible implications for practitioners, theoretical implications for future research, and challenges for strategic HRM.
IMPLEMENTASI ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR DI INDONESIA

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui penga r uh komisaris independen, reputasi auditor, Risk Management Committee (RMC), konsentrasi kepemilikan dan ukuran perusahaan terhadap pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). Populasi penelitian ini adalah perusahaan Man u faktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2010-2011. Teknik pemilihan sampel berdasarkan purposive sampling . Sampel yang masuk kriteria sebanyak 90 perusahaan. Unit analisis sampel untuk tahun 2010-2011 sebanyak 180 annual report . Metode analisis data penelitian ini yaitu analisis regresi linier berganda . Hasil pengujian menunjukan komisaris independen tidak berpengaruh terhadap Enterprise Risk Management . Sedangkan reputasi auditor, Risk Management Committee , konsentrasi kepemilikan dan ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh positif terhadap pengungkapan Enterprise Risk Management. The purpose of this study to examine the effect of the independent commissioner, auditor reputation, Risk Management Committee (RMC), ownership concentration and firm size effect in the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) disclosure. The population of this research are all Manufacturing companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2010-2011. The sampling technique used in this research was puposive sampling. There are 90 companies qualified as samples. The samples for analysis are annual reports in the period of 2010-2011 amounted 180 financial reports. Multiple regression analysis was employed to analyse data. The results shows that variable of independent commissioner does not effect Enterprise Risk Management disclosure. While auditor reputation, Risk Management Committee, ownership concentration and firm size have positive effects on Enterprise Risk Management disclosure. Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE AR-SA /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
Clinical cross-reactivity among foods of the Rosaceae family.

BACKGROUND Foods from the Rosaceae botanical family have been increasingly reported as causes of allergic reaction. Patients frequently have positive skin tests or radioallergosorbent test results for multiple members of this botanical family. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to investigate the clinical cross-reactivity assessed by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) of Rosaceae foods (apricot, almond, plum, strawberry, apple, peach, and pear). METHODS Thirty-four consecutive adult patients complaining of adverse reactions to Rosaceae were included in the study. Skin prick tests and CAP System (FEIA) were performed with Rosaceae foods in all patients. Clinical reactivity to Rosaceae was systematically evaluated by open food challenges (OFCs), unless there was a convincing history of a recent severe anaphylaxis. Positive reactions on OFCs were subsequently evaluated by DBPCFCs. RESULTS Twenty-six and 24 patients had positive skin prick tests and CAP FEIA with Rosaceae, respectively; from these 88% and 100% had positive tests with >/=2. No evidence of clinical reactivity was found in 66% percent of positive skin prick tests and 63% of positive specific IgE determinations to fruits. A total of 226 food challenges (including OFC and DBPCFC) were performed in the 28 patients with positive skin prick tests or CAP System FEIA. Of 182 initial OFCs carried out, 26 (14%) reactions were confirmed by DBPCFCs. Overall, 40 reactions were considered positive in 22 patients with positive skin tests or CAP FEIA. Thirty-eight reactions had been previously reported, the remaining two were detected by systematic challenges. Most reactions were caused by peach (22 patients), apple (6), and apricot (5). Ten patients (46%) were clinically allergic to peach and other Rosaceae. CONCLUSION Positive skin test and CAP System FEIA should not be taken as the only guide for multi-species dietary restrictions. Nevertheless, the potential clinical allergy to other Rosaceae should not be neglected. If the reported reaction is confirmed, current tolerance to other Rosaceae should be precisely established unless there has been ingestion without symptoms after the reaction.
Aid, Aid for Trade, and bilateral trade: An empirical study

In a gravity model for 184 countries between 1990 and 2005, we show that bilateral aid is not only positively correlated with donor exports, as suggested in earlier studies, but also positively associated with recipient exports to donors. Our interpretation is that an intensified aid relation reduces the effective cost of distance. We find a particularly strong effect of aid in the form of technical assistance. The effect of trade-related assistance (Aid for Trade) is small and fully accounted for by aid to investments in trade-related infrastructure. The aid-trade link is particularly strong for donor exports to Sub-Saharan African countries and for recipient exports of strategic materials.
Simulated annealing and Boltzmann machines - a stochastic approach to combinatorial optimization and neural computing

SIMULATED ANNEALING. Combinatorial Optimization. Simulated Annealing. Asymptotic Convergence. Finite-Time Approximation. Simulated Annealing in Practice. Parallel Simulated Annealing Algorithms. BOLTZMANN MACHINES. Neural Computing. Boltzmann Machines. Combinatorial Optimization and Boltzmann Machines. Classification and Boltzmann Machines. Learning and Boltzmann Machines. Appendix. Bibliography. Indices.
THE SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF FERMI BRIGHT BLAZARS

We have conducted a detailed investigation of the broadband spectral properties of the γ-ray selected blazars of the Fermi LAT Bright AGN Sample (LBAS). By combining our accurately estimated Fermi γ-ray spectra with Swift, radio, infra-red, optical, and other hard X-ray/γ-ray data, collected within 3 months of the LBAS data taking period, we were able to assemble high-quality and quasi-simultaneous spectral energy distributions (SED) for 48 LBAS blazars. The SED of these γ-ray sources is similar to that of blazars discovered at other wavelengths, clearly showing, in the usual log ν–log ν Fν representation, the typical broadband spectral signatures normally attributed to a combination of low-energy synchrotron radiation followed by inverse Compton emission of one or more components. We have used these SED to characterize the peak intensity of both the low- and the high-energy components. The results have been used to derive empirical relationships that estimate the position of the two peaks from the broadband colors (i.e., the radio to optical, αro, and optical to X-ray, αox, spectral slopes) and from the γ-ray spectral index. Our data show that the synchrotron peak frequency (νSpeak) is positioned between 1012.5 and 1014.5 Hz in broad-lined flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and between 1013 and 1017 Hz in featureless BL Lacertae objects. We find that the γ-ray spectral slope is strongly correlated with the synchrotron peak energy and with the X-ray spectral index, as expected at first order in synchrotron–inverse Compton scenarios. However, simple homogeneous, one-zone, synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) models cannot explain most of our SED, especially in the case of FSRQs and low energy peaked (LBL) BL Lacs. More complex models involving external Compton radiation or multiple SSC components are required to reproduce the overall SED and the observed spectral variability. While more than 50% of known radio bright high energy peaked (HBL) BL Lacs are detected in the LBAS sample, only less than 13% of known bright FSRQs and LBL BL Lacs are included. This suggests that the latter sources, as a class, may be much fainter γ-ray emitters than LBAS blazars, and could in fact radiate close to the expectations of simple SSC models. We categorized all our sources according to a new physical classification scheme based on the generally accepted paradigm for Active Galactic Nuclei and on the results of this SED study. Since the LAT detector is more sensitive to flat spectrum γ-ray sources, the correlation between νSpeak and γ-ray spectral index strongly favors the detection of high energy peaked blazars, thus explaining the Fermi overabundance of this type of sources compared to radio and EGRET samples. This selection effect is similar to that experienced in the soft X-ray band where HBL BL Lacs are the dominant type of blazars.
The role of the marketing function in small and medium sized enterprises

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine marketing in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), its role as a driver of competitive advantage, and, therefore, its importance to the firm.Design/methodology/approach – The study is conducted with 100 SMEs located in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States.Findings – The marketing function is not as well developed or influential in SMEs as it is in large corporations. Two environmental factors, type of market (consumer) and firm orientation (hierarchal), facilitate marketing's influence within a firm.Research limitations/implications – Analyses conducted and conclusions reached in this research are based on a very limited sample of SMEs located in one region of one country. Broader sampling would help in generalization of the findings.Practical implications – The results of this study are particularly troubling because marketing resources are one driver of competitive advantage. For marketing to increase in influence, individuals trained in mar.
Electoral Systems and Protectionism: An Industry‐Level Analysis

Our paper advances the previous literature on the relationship between electoral systems and trade protection in several ways. First, our paper is the first to incorporate disaggregated, productlevel data in a crosscountry study. We find that prior crosscountry results, based on national average tariffs, mask a great deal of underlying industrylevel variation. Second, we introduce an innovative proxy for geographic concentration of ownership that varies both by industry and by country. We find that geographic concentration helps to explain the industry heterogeneity. Greater geographic concentration is linked to higher average tariffs, a finding consistent with the theoretical model.
Time to pregnancy among the wives of men exposed to organic solvents.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether paternal exposure to organic solvents is associated with decreased fertility. METHODS: A retrospective time to pregnancy study was conducted among men biologically monitored for organic solvents. The workers were classified into exposure categories on the basis of work description and the use of solvents as reported in the questionnaires, and on biological exposure measurements. The relative fecundability density ratios (FDR--an analogue of incidence density ratio of clinically recognised pregnancies) were calculated with discrete proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: After three mailings 316 (72.1%) wives of the monitored men participated. The final study population consisted of 282 couples who did not use contraception at the beginning of pregnancy. The FDRs, adjusted for potential confounders, were 0.80 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.57 to 1.11) and 0.74 (95% CI 0.51 to 1.06) for high or frequent and low or intermediate exposure, respectively. High or frequent and low or intermediate exposure were related to decreased fecundability among primigravida (FDRs 0.36; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.66 and 0.53; 95% CI 0.27 to 1.04) but not among couples with at least one previous pregnancy (FDRs 0.96; 95% CI 0.62 to 1.49 and 0.77; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.24). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study provide limited support for the hypothesis that paternal exposure to organic solvents might be associated with decreased fertility. Further studies with careful design are warranted.
How strategic focus relates to the delivery of leadership training and development

Despite progress in the development of leadership development models over recent years, these models fail to account for the differentiation in leadership training and development (LTD) practices found between organizations. We conducted an exploratory, multiple case study of formal leadership training and development in 10 organizations, in different business sectors in the United Kingdom. We show that the strategic focus of LTD was shaped by the business goals pursued by these 10 organizations. We also found the strategic focus of LTD to be a broad contingency factor differentiated by level of impact, which then influenced the pattern of LTD delivery. The findings offer support for a contingency perspective in explaining how leadership training and development is configured in differing organizational contexts
PREDICTIONS DERIVED FROM THE EMPLOYMENT FORECAST SURVEY

RELIABLE predictions of future employment are but one of many pieces of intelligence useful to governments in the formulation and implementation of policies of economic stabilization. With the adoption of a stabilization programme in 19451 an explicit need for these predictions was created in the Canadian government. In that year the "Employment Forecast Survey" was initiated by the federal Department of Labour in an attempt to secure the data from which these predictions could be derived.2 This survey is still conducted by the Department. This article summarizes the results of an analysis of the predictions which were derived from data obtained by the Employment Forecast Survey from 1946 until 1957, when this method was abandoned, and a new technique of securing predictions from the data was adopted. Because these predictions were so little known outside Canadian government circles it may be useful to provide a brief description of the technique by which they were made, and an assessment of their reliability. The original conception of the survey was comparatively simple. It seemed reasonable, a priori, that the individual decision-makers in an industrial establishment would be able to forecast the future employment of their own establishment with considerable reliability. From forecasts submitted by a sample which included the most "dynamic" establishments in each industry,
Factors Related to the Selection of a Real Estate Agency or Agent

Real estate firms attempting to maintain or increase their market share want to know the characteristics of the firm or individual agents that are important to market participants. A survey of homeowners conducted during August 1987 found the following: 1) the individual agent is more important than the firm itself in the selection of a real estate firm; 2) knowing an agent of the firm was the primary factor considered in the selection of a real estate firm; and 3) agent characteristics of selling ability, competence, integrity, knowledge of the market, and understanding the client's needs and concerns were most important.
Order Flow, Transaction Clock, and Normality of Asset Returns: A Comment on Ané and Geman (2000)

We investigate the procedure used by Ane and Geman (2000) to recover the moments of information flow from high frequency data in a model which generalizes the subordinated / mixture of distributions process in Clark (1973). Using Monte Carlo experiments we show that the third and higher moments of the latent information flow cannot be accurately recovered using their univariate procedure. We explain why this happens. In our data, returns conditioned on the recentered number of trades are not Gaussian.
What is a region? Towards a statehood theory of regions

This article presents the outline of a statehood theory of regions with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of what regions are, how they function and how they emerge. First, a definition of region is introduced that starts from the use of the concept of region in everyday language. It is argued that ‘region’ is a discursive tool used to refer to governance units that are not states but have some statehood properties. Second, a comparative framework is developed that allows to present theories of regions in a systematic way. Third, this framework is used to outline a general theory of regions at the supra-national, sub-national or cross-border level. This theory can be labelled as a ‘statehood theory of regions’ as it underlines the statehood properties of regions as well as the complex relationships between states and regions. According to this theory, regions are in a double relation to states: they are to some extent supportive to the state(s) that created them, and they have a tendency t.
Cell surface hydrophobicity and adherence to extra–cellular matrix proteins in two collections of methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus

SUMMARY Non-specific and specific mechanisms of adherence have been examined in two collections of methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Determination of hydrophobicity by salt aggregation, hydrophobicity indices and of adherence to the extra–cellular matrix proteins fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin and collagen type 1 have failed to reveal any correlation with phage-type, plasmid profile or antibiogram. Further, the strain collections, made over a period of years in two countries, differ markedly in their adherence characteristics; MRSA are heterogeneous in this respect. Such heterogeneity may explain the polarization of views on the epidemicity or ‘virulence’ of MRSA. With the exception of adherence to collagen a small group of methicillin sensitive S. aureus had characteristics intermediate between the two groups of MRSA.
Differences between easy- and difficult-to-mill chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Part II: protein, lipid and mineral composition.

BACKGROUND Part I introduced the concept of easy- and difficult-to-mill chickpea genotypes, the broad chemical composition of their seed fractions and proposed mechanistic explanations for physical differences consistent with observed variation in milling ease. Part II continues this research by delving deeper into the amino acid, fatty acid and mineral components. RESULTS No association between fatty acid composition and ease of milling was observed. However, particular amino acids and mineral elements were identified that further support roles of lectins, pectins and mineral-facilitated binding in the adhesion of chickpea seed coat and cotyledons. CONCLUSION These differences suggest underlying mechanisms that could be exploited by breeding programmes to improve milling performance. This study shows that the content and composition of amino acids, fatty acids and minerals within different chickpea tissues vary with seed type (desi and kabuli) and within desi genotypes in ways that are consistent with physical explanations of how seed structure and properties relate to milling behaviour.