Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of Phonemic Distinction in Japanese Preschool Children

The literature suggests that, within several months of birth, infants develop the ability to distinguish between different speech sounds. However, the time frame for discrimination of a specific phonological system remains unclear. In order to clarify this, the discrimination responses of 211 preschool children were examined. The test battery consisted of 16 pairs of Japanese words, of which each pair contained distinctive phonemes in the initial syllables only. Test stimuli were presented in 2 ways: one as a whole test word and the other as only the initial syllable, which contained the target phoneme. When the test stimuli were whole words, correct discrimination exceeded 60% for test pairs in age groups older than 2:06–2:11 chronological age (years:months). However, when initial syllables were used, correct discrimination only exceeded 60% in age groups older than 3:06–3:11. Phonemic distinction within syllables seems to be established during early preschool age in Japanese children.
The Solution of Tridiagonal Linear Systems on the CDC STAR 100 Computer

The problem of solving tridmgonal linear systems on vector computers is considered. In particular, implementations of several direct and lterative methods are given for the Control Data Corporatlon STAR-100 computer. The direct methods considered are Gaussian elimination, a parallel method due to Stone, and cyclic reduction; the iteratlve methods considered are Jacobi's method, successive overrelaxaUon, and a parallel method due to Traub. In addition, timing formulas for the methods based on current information are included to provide a basis for comparison In general, the direct methods are found to be superior to the iterative methods. The choice of direct methods depends on the size of the system, but for more than 125 equations, cyclic reduction is the fastest algorithm.
Robust perception-based data reduction and transmission in telehaptic systems

In this paper, two robust perception-based haptic data reduction and transmission techniques are presented to reduce data traffic in telehaptic systems. A prediction approach that relies on the least-squares method and median filtering is exploited in order to reduce the number of packets transmitted, and efficiently reconstruct unsuccessfully received data samples. Knowledge from human haptic perception is also used and incorporated into the general data reduction architecture. The techniques are initially evaluated in a basic experimental setting in order to validate their performance. Their application in a haptic-enabled telementoring surgery simulation is also demonstrated. The experimental results prove the proposed approach's effectiveness as haptic data packets can be reduced by as much as 96% in normal network conditions and up to 93% in the presence of significant communication delay and packet loss, while preserving the overall quality of the telehaptic environment.
Response of cauliflower to nitrogen fixing biofertilizer and graded levels of nitrogen.

A field experiment was carried out at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during September, 2007 to February, 2008 to assess the response of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis cv. Kathmandu Local) to biofertilizer containing free living nitrogen fixing bacteria Azospirillum and Azotobacter and different levels of nitrogen. The experiment was laid out in factorial Randomized Complete Block Design consisting of 10 treatments (nitrogen 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha –1 alone and in combinations of 2 kg of the nitrogen fixing biofertilizer) arranged in 5 × 2 complete factorial with 3 replications. Application of nitrogen along with the biofertilizer significantly increased morphological, yield and quality characters as compared to application of nitrogen without biofertilizer. The maximum stem height, stem diameter, highest curd height, curd diameter, fresh curd weight and curd yield were recorded at 120 kg nitrogen and 2 kg biofertilizer ha –1 . Cauliflower curd yield obtained at 120 kg nitrogen ha –1 did not significantly differ with the curd yield recorded at 60 kg nitrogen and 2 kg biofertilizer ha –1 . The earliest days to curd initiation and maturity were recorded at 30 kg nitrogen and 2 kg biofertilizer ha –1 . The highest vitamin C content of curds and the most attractive curd color were recorded at 60 kg nitrogen and 2 kg biofertilizer ha –1 , while the appearance and over all acceptability were recorded at 120 kg nitrogen and 2 kg biofertilizer ha –1 . The finding demonstrated a saving of 60 kg nitrogen ha –1 without significantly affecting yield. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011, Page 41-50 DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/aej.v12i0. 7562
Conformational Properties of Prion Strains Can Be Transmitted to Recombinant Prion Protein Fibrils in Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion

ABSTRACT The phenomenon of prion strains with distinct biological characteristics has been hypothesized to be involved in the structural diversity of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc). However, the molecular basis of the transmission of strain properties remains poorly understood. Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QUIC) is a cell-free system that uses Escherichia coli-derived recombinant PrP (rPrP) for the sensitive detection of PrPSc. To investigate whether the properties of various prion strains can be transmitted to amyloid fibrils consisting of rPrP (rPrP fibrils) using RT-QUIC, we examined the secondary structure, conformational stability, and infectivity of rPrP fibrils seeded with PrPSc derived from either the Chandler or the 22L strain. In the first round of the reaction, there were differences in the secondary structures, especially in bands attributed to β-sheets, as determined by infrared spectroscopy, and conformational stability between Chandler-seeded (1st-rPrP-fibCh) and 22L-seeded (1st-rPrP-fib22L) rPrP fibrils. Of note, specific identifying characteristics of the two rPrP fibril types seen in the β-sheets resembled those of the original PrPSc. Furthermore, the conformational stability of 1st-rPrP-fibCh was significantly higher than that of 1st-rPrP-fib22L, as with Chandler and 22L PrPSc. The survival periods of mice inoculated with 1st-rPrP-fibCh or 1st-rPrP-fib22L were significantly shorter than those of mice inoculated with mixtures from the mock 1st-round RT-QUIC procedure. In contrast, these biochemical characteristics were no longer evident in subsequent rounds, suggesting that nonspecific uninfected rPrP fibrils became predominant probably because of their high growth rate. Together, these findings show that at least some strain-specific conformational properties can be transmitted to rPrP fibrils and unknown cofactors or environmental conditions may be required for further conservation. IMPORTANCE The phenomenon of prion strains with distinct biological characteristics is assumed to result from the conformational variations in the abnormal prion protein (PrPSc). However, important questions remain about the mechanistic relationship between the conformational differences and the strain diversity, including how strain-specific conformations are transmitted. In this study, we investigated whether the properties of diverse prion strains can be transmitted to amyloid fibrils consisting of E. coli-derived recombinant PrP (rPrP) generated by real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QUIC), a recently developed in vitro PrPSc formation method. We demonstrate that at least some of the strain-specific conformational properties can be transmitted to rPrP fibrils in the first round of RT-QUIC by examining the secondary structure, conformational stability, and infectivity of rPrP fibrils seeded with PrPSc derived from either the Chandler or the 22L prion strain. We believe that these findings will advance our understanding of the conformational basis underlying prion strain diversity.
The Synaptic Framework for Chemical Signaling in Nucleus Accumbens

ABSTRACT: Our knowledge of the organization of the nucleus accumbens has been greatly advanced in the last two decades, but only now are we beginning to understand the complex neural circuitry that underlies the mix of behaviors attributed to this nucleus. Superimposed on the neurochemically defined territories of the shell and core are four or more conduits for information flow. Each of these behaviorally relevant pathways can be characterized by the spatial distribution of inputs to its central unit: the GABAergic projection neuron, a spiny cell that also contains the opioid peptides, enkephalin or dynorphin. In this review, current models of accumbal circuits will be examined and, with the aid of recent anatomical findings, further extended to shed light on how functionally diverse information is processed in this nucleus. However complex, accumbal wiring is not fixed, and, as we will show, psychostimulants, dopamine‐deleting lesions, and chronic blockade of dopaminergic receptors can alter the anatomical substrate, synaptology, and neurotrophic factors that govern circuits through the shell and core.
Systematic review of case reports of antiphospholipid syndrome following infection

Objective The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of case reports documenting the development of antiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid syndrome-related features after an infection. Methods We searched Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed ePubs, and The Cochrane Library – CENTRAL through March 2015 without restrictions. Studies reporting cases of antiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid syndrome-related features following an infection were included. Results Two hundred and fifty-nine publications met inclusion criteria, reporting on 293 cases. Three different groups of patients were identified; group 1 included patients who fulfilled the criteria for definitive antiphospholipid syndrome (24.6%), group 2 included patients who developed transient antiphospholipid antibodies with thromboembolic phenomena (43.7%), and group 3 included patients who developed transient antiphospholipid antibodies without thromboembolic events (31.7%). The most common preceding infection was viral (55.6%). In cases that developed thromboembolic events Human immunodeficiency and Hepatitis C viruses were the most frequently reported. Parvovirus B19 was the most common in cases that developed antibodies without thromboembolic events. Hematological manifestations and peripheral thrombosis were the most common clinical manifestations. Positive anticardiolipin antibodies were the most frequent antibodies reported, primarily coexisting IgG and IgM isotypes. Few patients in groups 1 and 2 had persistent antiphospholipid antibodies for more than 6 months. Outcome was variable with some cases reporting persistent antiphospholipid syndrome features and others achieving complete resolution of clinical events. Conclusions Development of antiphospholipid antibodies with all traditional manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome were observed after variety of infections, most frequently after chronic viral infections with Human immunodeficiency and Hepatitis C. The causal relationship between infection and antiphospholipid syndrome cannot be established, but the possible contribution of various infections in the pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome need further longitudinal and controlled studies to establish the incidence, and better quantify the risk and the outcomes of antiphospholipid-related events after infection.
The Empty Desk

The unimaginable suddenly happens; without warning, a nursing student suddenly dies, creating an aftermath of emotional turmoil for peers and faculty. Upon receipt of the news, classmates are in absolute disbelief and shock, and struggle to comprehend the reality of the death. For many of these young adults, this is the first experience with peer death. This qualitative phenomenological study explored the grief experiences, coping strategies, and reactions of nursing students following the sudden death of a classmate. Purposive sampling yielded nine participants from four different universities who experienced the death of their classmate within the previous year. Nine major themes emerged as the participants reflected on their emotional struggle with grief, both as a peer and a member of a helping profession. This study yielded a rich understanding of the grief experience for nursing students, while providing insights for policy development and supportive interventions for faculty, counselors, and administrators.
Venti: A New Approach to Archival Storage

This paper describes a network storage system, called Venti, intended for archival data. In this system, a unique hash of a block's contents acts as the block identifier for read and write operations. This approach enforces a write-once policy, preventing accidental or malicious destruction of data. In addition, duplicate copies of a block can be coalesced, reducing the consumption of storage and simplifying the implementation of clients. Venti is a building block for constructing a variety of storage applications such as logical backup, physical backup, and snapshot file systems. We have built a prototype of the system and present some preliminary performance results. The system uses magnetic disks as the storage technology, resulting in an access time for archival data that is comparable to non-archival data. The feasibility of the write-once model for storage is demonstrated using data from over a decade's use of two Plan 9 file systems.
Effects of atrial pacing on atrio-sinus conduction and overdrive suppression in the isolated rabbit sinus node.

vascular response to endotoxin in intact dogs. Surgery. 73: 246-255 Puig-Muset P, Puig-Parellada P, Martin-Esteve J (1972) Biochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Imidazole. Barcelona, Spain, published by the authors, pp 99-101 Samuelsson B, Goldyne M, Granstrom E, Hamberg M, Hammarstrom S, Malmsten C (1978) Prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Annu Rev Biochem 47: 997-1029 Webb JG, Saelens DA, Halushka PV (1978) Biosynthesis of prostaglandin E by rat superior cervical ganglia. J Neurochem 31:13-19 Yoshimoto T, Yamamoto S, Hayaishi O (1978) Selective inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide thromboxane isomerase by 1-carboxyalkyl-imidazoles. Prostaglandins 16: 529-540
ENDOVASCULAR AND SURGICAL TREATMENT OF RUPTURED CEREBRAL ANEURYSMS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

OBJECTIVEPediatric cerebral aneurysms are rare. There are very few recent studies that focus on the multidisciplinary treatment of ruptured aneurysms. We reviewed our pediatric endovascular and surgical experience with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. METHODSPediatric patients aged 16 years and younger who were admitted with a diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and treated at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were included in this analysis. RESULTSTwelve patients with 13 aneurysms (4 male patients and 8 female patients; age range, 4 months–16 years; mean age, 5.1 years), were admitted with subarachnoid hemorrhage during the past 12 years. The majority of patients were admitted in good clinical condition; 31% were in Hunt and Hess Grade II, and 31% were in Hunt and Hess Grade III. The remaining patients were in poor clinical condition and were in Hunt and Hess Grade IV (23%) or Grade V (15%). Computed tomography revealed that 15% of the patients were in Fisher Grade 2, 23% were in Fisher Grade 3, and 62% were in Fisher Grade 4. Endovascular techniques were used in the treatment of 5 aneurysms, and microsurgery was used in the treatment of 8 aneurysms. In the endovascular group, aneurysm sizes ranged from 2 to 35 mm (mean, 12.6 mm); 3 aneurysms were in the anterior circulation, and 2 were in the posterior circulation. In the microsurgery group, 6 aneurysms were in the anterior circulation, and 2 were in the posterior circulation; sizes ranged from 3 to 15 mm (mean, 6.8 mm). Sixty-nine percent of the patients were independent at follow-up. CONCLUSIONContemporary endovascular and microsurgical techniques can be used effectively to treat ruptured cerebral aneurysms in pediatric patients. In the time period studied, the techniques were equally effective when used in the appropriate patients.
fNIRS-based online deception decoding

Deception involves complex neural processes in the brain. Different techniques have been used to study and understand brain mechanisms during deception. Moreover, efforts have been made to develop schemes that can detect and differentiate deception and truth-telling. In this paper, a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based online brain deception decoding framework is developed. Deploying dual-wavelength fNIRS, we interrogate 16 locations in the forehead when eight able-bodied adults perform deception and truth-telling scenarios separately. By combining preprocessed oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin signals, we develop subject-specific classifiers using the support vector machine. Deception and truth-telling states are classified correctly in seven out of eight subjects. A control experiment is also conducted to verify the deception-related hemodynamic response. The average classification accuracy is over 83.44% from these seven subjects. The obtained result suggests that the applicability of fNIRS as a brain imaging technique for online deception detection is very promising.
The Order of Prime-Boost Vaccination of Neonatal Calves with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and a DNA Vaccine Encoding Mycobacterial Proteins Hsp65, Hsp70, and Apa Is Not Critical for Enhancing Protection against Bovine Tuberculosis

ABSTRACT Priming neonatal calves at birth with a Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and boosting with a DNA vaccine consisting of plasmids encoding mycobacterial antigens Hsp65, Hsp70, and Apa or the reverse prime-boost sequence induced similar levels of protection against experimental challenge with Mycobacterium bovis. When M. bovis was isolated from a thoracic lymph node following challenge, the two groups of calves given the prime-boost regimen had significantly lower numbers of M. bovis isolates than those vaccinated with BCG alone. These observations suggest that the exact sequence of administration of a prime-boost vaccination regimen in a neonatal animal model is not critical to the development of immunity.
Measuring Outcomes of School Nursing Services

Considerable information exists about the impact of school health services on student health and academic achievement. Much less information exists about the specific impact of school nursing services. This article reports on a Washington State project that studied documentation of outcomes of school nurse interventions, the scope of the school nurse role, and the infrastructure necessary to report outcomes of school nursing. A literature review about outcomes of school nursing was conducted. Twenty-two leaders in school nurse issues were interviewed. The literature review yielded 15 articles documenting positive outcomes of school nursing. Interview analysis revealed leader ideas about important outcomes of school nurse services and the infrastructure needed to document the impact of school nursing. The existing literature on positive outcomes addresses a limited portion of the school nurse role. Components of infrastructure necessary to document outcomes are delineated. Resources for infrastructure development are discussed.
The Returns of Zionism: Myths, Politics and Scholarship in Israel

In this original and wide-ranging study, Gabriel Piterberg examines the ideology and literature behind the colonization of Palestine, from the late nineteenth century to the present. Exploring Zionism's origins in Central-Eastern European nationalism and settler movements, he shows how its texts can be placed within a wider discourse of western colonization. Piterberg revisits the work of Theodor Herzl, Gershom Scholem, Anita Shapira and David Ben-Gurion, among other thinkers influential in the formation of the Zionist myth, to break open prevailing views of Zionism. He demonstrates that it was in fact unexceptional, expressing a consciousness and imagination typical of colonial settler movement. Shaped by European ideological currents and the realities of colonial life, Zionism constructed its own story as a unique and impregnable one, in the process excluding the voices of an indigenous people - the Palestinian Arabs.
Markov random fields reveal an N-terminal double beta-propeller motif as part of a bacterial hybrid two-component sensor system

The recent explosion in newly sequenced bacterial genomes is outpacing the capacity of researchers to try to assign functional annotation to all the new proteins. Hence, computational methods that can help predict structural motifs provide increasingly important clues in helping to determine how these proteins might function. We introduce a Markov Random Field approach tailored for recognizing proteins that fold into mainly β-structural motifs, and apply it to build recognizers for the β-propeller shapes. As an application, we identify a potential class of hybrid two-component sensor proteins, that we predict contain a double-propeller domain.
Organization of the entorhinal—hippocampal system: A review of current anatomical data

Although the hippocampal formation must be regarded as a critical component of the “medial temporal lobe memory system,” there is now convincing evidence that it does not actually store memories for a long time (Zola-Morgan and Squire, 1990; Squire and Zola-Morgan, 1991). The repository of memory traces most probably is in the domain of the association cortex. It can thus be inferred that the hippocampal formation needs to have reciprocal connections with these cortical domains. However, the striking feature of the connectivity of the medial temporal lobe is that the hippocampal formation has its major cortical connections with the entorhinal cortex only, and that this cortical area, and not the hippocampal formation, forms part of numerous multisynaptic cortico-cortical networks. This is mainly achieved through its reciprocal connections with adjacent parts of the parahippocampal cortex (Witter et al., 1989b). An important issue is whether the parahippocampal cortex-hippocampal formation is organized as a topological system of anatomically defined and restricted channels by which selective attributes of incoming information are processed and eventually returned to the association cortex for permanent storage. A well-known example is the so-called “lamellar hypothesis of hippocampal organization” that was put forward by Andersen and colleagues in the early 1970s (Andersen et al., 1971). They proposed that the hippocampal formation comprises a number of cytoarchitectonically and connectionally stereotyped transverse slices stacked along the longitudinal axis and operating as independent functional units. Recent anatomical findings, summarized by Amaral and Witter (1989), indicate that the hippocampal formation can more reasonably be viewed as a three-dimensional cortical system in which the processing of information takes place along both longitudinal and transverse axes. This does not exclude that, as a result of physiological mechanisms or intrinsic wiring properties of the network, specific activation of neuronal populations in one lamella might occur. This article summarizes the current knowledge about the anatomy of the entorhinal-hippocampal system. Although the most detailed anatomical information is derived from studies in the rat, available studies in other species, such as the cat and monkey, point to a rather similar organization in all three species. The available evidence indicates that specific channels that can be identified anatomically may indeed be present in the hippocampal region, but in contrast to the transverse slices that figure in the