Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
dclone: Data Cloning in R

Abstract The dclone R package contains lowlevel functions for implementing maximum like-lihood estimating procedures for complex mod-els using data cloning and Bayesian MarkovChain Monte Carlo methods with support forJAGS, WinBUGS and OpenBUGS. Introduction Hierarchical models, including generalized linearmodels with mixed random and ﬁxed effects, areincreasingly popular. The rapid expansion of ap-plications is largely due to the advancement of theMarkov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms andrelated software (Gelman et al.,2003;Gilks et al.,1996;Lunn et al.,2009). Data cloning is a statisticalcomputing method introduced byLele et al.(2007). Itexploits the computational simplicity of the MCMCalgorithms used in the Bayesian statistical frame-work, but it provides the maximum likelihood pointestimates and their standard errors for complex hi-erarchical models. The use of the data cloning al-gorithm is especially valuable for complex models,where the number of unknowns increases with sam-ple size (i.e. with latent variables), because inferenceand prediction procedures are often hard to imple-ment in such situations.The
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in a Psychology Clinic

Abstract People with anxiety disorders demand psychological attention most often. Therefore, it seems important to identify both the characteristics of the patients who demand help and the clinical variables related to that demand and its treatment. A cohort of 292 patients who requested help at a university clinical facility was studied. The typical profile of the patient was: being female, young, unmarried, with some college education, and having previously received treatment, especially pharmacological one. The three most frequent diagnoses of anxiety, which include 50% of the cases, were: Anxiety Disorder not otherwise specified, Social Phobia, and Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. Regarding the characteristics of the intervention, the average duration of the assessment was 3.5 sessions (SD = 1.2), and the duration of the treatment was 14 sessions (SD = 11.2). The percentage of discharges was 70.2%. The average cost of treatment was around €840. The results are discussed, underlining the value of empirically supported treatments for anxiety disorders.
Domain Patterns, Texture and Macroscopic Electro-mechanical Behavior of Ferroelectrics

This paper examines the domain patterns and its relation to the macroscopic electromechanical behavior of ferroelectric solids using a theory based on homogenization and energy minimization. The domain patterns in different crystalline systems are classified, the spontaneous strain and polarization for single crystals and polycrystals are characterized, and the optimal texture of polycrystals for high-strain actuation is identified. The results also reveal why it is easy to pole PZT at compositions close to the ‘morphotropic phase boundary. ’
Distinct Contributions of the Magnocellular and Parvocellular Visual Streams to Perceptual Selection

During binocular rivalry, conflicting images presented to the two eyes compete for perceptual dominance, but the neural basis of this competition is disputed. In interocular switch rivalry, rival images periodically exchanged between the two eyes generate one of two types of perceptual alternation: (1) a fast, regular alternation between the images that is time-locked to the stimulus switches and has been proposed to arise from competition at lower levels of the visual processing hierarchy or (2) a slow, irregular alternation spanning multiple stimulus switches that has been associated with higher levels of the visual system. The existence of these two types of perceptual alternation has been influential in establishing the view that rivalry may be resolved at multiple hierarchical levels of the visual system. We varied the spatial, temporal, and luminance properties of interocular switch rivalry gratings and found, instead, an association between fast, regular perceptual alternations and processing by the magnocellular stream and between slow, irregular alternations and processing by the parvocellular stream. The magnocellular and parvocellular streams are two early visual pathways that are specialized for the processing of motion and form, respectively. These results provide a new framework for understanding the neural substrates of binocular rivalry that emphasizes the importance of parallel visual processing streams, and not only hierarchical organization, in the perceptual resolution of ambiguities in the visual environment.
How Changes in Psychosocial Job Characteristics Impact Burnout in Nurses: A Longitudinal Analysis

Aims: The main aim of this longitudinal study was to test the Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model and to analyze whether changes in psychosocial job characteristics are related to (changes in) burnout. Background: Previous studies on the effects of JDCS variables on burnout dimensions have indicated that the iso-strain hypothesis (i.e., high job demands, low control, and low support additively predict high stress reactions) and the buffer hypotheses (i.e., high job control and/or social support is expected to moderate the negative impact of high demands on stress reactions) have hardly been examined concurrently in a longitudinal design; and that the effects of changes of psychosocial job variables on burnout dimensions have hardly been analyzed. Design: This two wave study was carried out over a period of 14 months in a sample of 217 Italian nurses. Method: Hierarchical regression analyses were used to test the cross lagged main and interactive effects of JDCS variables, and to analyse the across-time effects of changes in JDCS dimensions on burnout variables. Results: The Time 1 job characteristics explained 2–8% of the variance in the Time 2 burnout dimensions, but no support for the additive, or the buffer hypothesis of the JDCS model was found. Changes in job characteristics explained an additional 3–20% of variance in the Time 2 burnout dimensions. Specifically, high levels of emotional exhaustion at Time 2 were explained by high levels of social support at Time 1, and unfavorable changes in demands, control, and support over time; high depersonalization at Time 2 was explained by high social support at time 1 and by an increase in demands over time; and high personal accomplishment at Time 2 was predicted by high demands, high control, interactive effect demands × control × social support, at Time 1, and by a decrease in demands over time. No reversed effects of burnout on work characteristics have been found. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the work environment is subject to changes: the majority of employees experienced considerable changes in all job conditions over time. These changes impacted employee burnout. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.
Specific Targeting of the Basolateral Amygdala to Projectionally Defined Pyramidal Neurons in Prelimbic and Infralimbic Cortex

Abstract Adjacent prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) regions in the medial prefrontal cortex have distinct roles in emotional learning. A complete mechanistic understanding underlying this dichotomy remains unclear. Here we explored targeting of specific PL and IL neurons by the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a limbic structure pivotal in pain and fear processing. In mice, we used retrograde labeling, brain-slice recordings, and adenoviral optogenetics to dissect connectivity of ascending BLA input onto PL and IL neurons projecting to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) or the amygdala. We found differential targeting of BLA projections to PL and IL cortex. Activating BLA projections evoked excitatory and inhibitory responses in cortico-PAG (CP) neurons in layer 5 (L5) of both PL and IL cortex. However, all inhibitory responses were polysynaptic and monosynaptic BLA input was stronger to CP neurons in IL cortex. Conversely, the BLA preferentially targeted corticoamygdalar (CA) neurons in layer 2 (L2) of PL over IL cortex. We also reveal that BLA input is projection specific by showing preferential targeting of L5 CP neurons over neighboring L3/5 CA neurons in IL cortex. We conclude by showing that BLA input is laminar-specific by producing stronger excitatory responses CA neurons in L3/5 compared with L2 in IL cortex. Collectively, this study reveals differential targeting of the BLA to PL and IL cortex, which depends both on laminar location and projection target of cortical neurons. Overall, our findings should have important implications for understanding the processing of pain and fear input by the PL and IL cortex.
Urea permeability of human red cells

The rate of unidirectional [14C]urea efflux from human red cells was determined in the self-exchange and net efflux modes with the continuous flow tube method. Self-exchange flux was saturable and followed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. At 38 degrees C the maximal self-exchange flux was 1.3 X 10(-7) mol cm-2 s-1, and the urea concentration for half-maximal flux, K1/2, was 396 mM. At 25 degrees C the maximal self-exchange flux decreased to 8.2 X 10(-8) mol cm-2 s-1, and K1/2 to 334 mM. The concentration-dependent urea permeability coefficient was 3 X 10(-4) cm s-1 at 1 mM and 8 X 10(-5) cm s-1 at 800 mM (25 degrees C). The latter value is consonant with previous volumetric determinations of urea permeability. Urea transport was inhibited competitively by thiourea; the half-inhibition constant, Ki, was 17 mM at 38 degrees C and 13 mM at 25 degrees C. Treatment with 1 mM p-chloromercuribenzosulfonate inhibited urea permeability by 92%. Phloretin reduced urea permeability further (greater than 97%) to a "ground" permeability of approximately 10(-6) cm s-1 (25 degrees C). This residual permeability is probably due to urea permeating the hydrophobic core of the membrane by simple diffusion. The apparent activation energy, EA, of urea transport after maximal inhibition was 59 kJ mol-1, whereas in control cells EA was 34 kJ mol-1 at 1 M and 12 kJ mol-1 at 1 mM urea. In net efflux experiments with no extracellular urea, the permeability coefficient remained constantly high, independent of a variation of intracellular urea between 1 and 500 mM, which indicates that the urea transport system is asymmetric. It is concluded that urea permeability above the ground permeability is due to facilitate diffusion and not to diffusion through nonspecific leak pathways as suggested previously.
Comparative study of different electric propulsion system configurations based on IPMSM drive for battery electric vehicles

This paper presents a comparison between three different configurations of battery-powered electric vehicle (EV) propulsion system. Direct torque controlled (DTC) drive system of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) is proposed. Bidirectional interleaved DC/DC converter is used to adapt the power flow between motor and battery in motoring and regenerative braking operation modes. Rule based power management and control (PMC) algorithm is adopted to manage and control the power flow between different drive systems. The drive and control system of IPMSM is implemented and simulated using MATLAB/SIMLINK. Furthermore, complete vehicle model is established and simulated using AVL CRUISE. Vehicle driving performance is calculated and presented in the simulation results to specify the potential of each propulsion system configuration. The best EV propulsion system is defined by comparing different configuration results to each other.
A Promising Tool to Achieve Chemical Accuracy for Density Functional Theory Calculations on Y-NO Homolysis Bond Dissociation Energies

A DFT-SOFM-RBFNN method is proposed to improve the accuracy of DFT calculations on Y-NO (Y = C, N, O, S) homolysis bond dissociation energies (BDE) by combining density functional theory (DFT) and artificial intelligence/machine learning methods, which consist of self-organizing feature mapping neural networks (SOFMNN) and radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN). A descriptor refinement step including SOFMNN clustering analysis and correlation analysis is implemented. The SOFMNN clustering analysis is applied to classify descriptors, and the representative descriptors in the groups are selected as neural network inputs according to their closeness to the experimental values through correlation analysis. Redundant descriptors and intuitively biased choices of descriptors can be avoided by this newly introduced step. Using RBFNN calculation with the selected descriptors, chemical accuracy (≤1 kcal·mol−1) is achieved for all 92 calculated organic Y-NO homolysis BDE calculated by DFT-B3LYP, and the mean absolute deviations (MADs) of the B3LYP/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/STO-3G methods are reduced from 4.45 and 10.53 kcal·mol−1 to 0.15 and 0.18 kcal·mol−1, respectively. The improved results for the minimal basis set STO-3G reach the same accuracy as those of 6-31G(d), and thus B3LYP calculation with the minimal basis set is recommended to be used for minimizing the computational cost and to expand the applications to large molecular systems. Further extrapolation tests are performed with six molecules (two containing Si-NO bonds and two containing fluorine), and the accuracy of the tests was within 1 kcal·mol−1. This study shows that DFT-SOFM-RBFNN is an efficient and highly accurate method for Y-NO homolysis BDE. The method may be used as a tool to design new NO carrier molecules.
Prenatal choline supplementation ameliorates the long-term neurobehavioral effects of fetal-neonatal iron deficiency in rats.

BACKGROUND Gestational iron deficiency in humans and rodents produces long-term deficits in cognitive and socioemotional function and alters expression of plasticity genes in the hippocampus that persist despite iron treatment. Prenatal choline supplementation improves cognitive function in other rodent models of developmental insults. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether prenatal choline supplementation prevents the long-term effects of fetal-neonatal iron deficiency on cognitive and social behaviors and hippocampal gene expression. METHODS Pregnant rat dams were administered an iron-deficient (2-6 g/kg iron) or iron-sufficient (IS) (200 g/kg iron) diet from embryonic day (E) 3 to postnatal day (P) 7 with or without choline supplementation (5 g/kg choline chloride, E11-18). Novel object recognition (NOR) in the test vs. acquisition phase, social approach (SA), and hippocampal mRNA expression were compared at P65 in 4 male adult offspring groups: formerly iron deficient (FID), FID with choline supplementation (FID-C), IS, and IS with choline supplementation. RESULTS Relative to the intact NOR in IS rats (acquisition: 47.9%, test: 60.2%, P < 0.005), FID adult rats had impaired recognition memory at the 6-h delay (acquisition: 51.4%, test: 55.1%, NS), accompanied by a 15% reduction in hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) (P < 0.05) and myelin basic protein (Mbp) (P < 0.05). Prenatal choline supplementation in FID rats restored NOR (acquisition: 48.8%, test: 64.4%, P < 0.0005) and increased hippocampal gene expression (FID-C vs. FID group: Bdnf, Mbp, P < 0.01). SA was also reduced in FID rats (P < 0.05 vs. IS rats) but was only marginally improved by prenatal choline supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Deficits in recognition memory, but not social behavior, resulting from gestational iron deficiency are attenuated by prenatal choline supplementation, potentially through preservation of hippocampal Bdnf and Mbp expression. Prenatal choline supplementation may be a promising adjunct treatment for fetal-neonatal iron deficiency.
Mechanisms influencing friendship in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Kinship, familiarity or personality trait similarity?

Traditionally the term ‘friendship’ in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) research has been avoided. Yet descriptions of close affiliative bonds similar to those described in human friendships have been well documented. The present study aimed to prove the existence of chimpanzee friendship, by considering whether there are similar mechanisms to those which have been implicated in the formation of human friendships, kinship and the residual effects of two kin recognition mechanisms; familiarity and phenotype matching. Eleven chimpanzees (6 males and 5 females) from Edinburgh Zoo were studied to investigate the influence of kinship, proximity and personality trait similarity on duration and number of affiliative behaviours. Results indicated that kinship between mother and offspring, and measures of proximity within arm’s length, were good indicators of time spent in affiliative interactions. Personality trait similarity had no effect on affiliative interactions. We concluded that chimpanzees show friendships, and similar kinship and kin recognition mechanisms operate in their formation and maintenance as those in human friendships. The existence of friendship in chimpanzee societies provides an insight into chimpanzee social complexity, that previous research may have overlooked. Chimpanzee Friendship 4
Grammatical change through lexical accumulation: Voicing cooccurrence restrictions in Afrikaans

Two explanations are offered in the literature for the origin of lexical patterns of consonantal voicing cooccurrence: (i) speaker-oriented: a cooccurrence pattern may result from voicing assimilation under ease-of-articulation pressures, and (ii) listener-oriented: a cooccurrence pattern may result from systematic misperception by listeners. This article argues for a third possible origin of such patterns: (iii) lexical accumulation: a series of unrelated sound changes may conspire to create a lexical pattern of voicing cooccurrence. Once introduced into the lexicon of some language through any of these three routes, speakers can elevate such a pattern to a grammatical principle. A new voicing cooccurrence pattern in Afrikaans is presented as an example of a pattern that arose via this third route of lexical accumulation. Evidence is also presented that this pattern is being learned as a grammatical constraint by Afrikaans speakers.
Mastery motivation in early childhood : development, measurement, and social processes

Mastery Motivation is concerned with how children learn or master' certain tasks. Aspects of cognitive, social and language development are all important and mastery motivation is a key factor in understanding later developmental and educational achievement. Concentrating on the pre-school child, the book examines how mastery motivation is best measured and assessed. It also looks at how environmental components, such as the parent-infant relationship or the use of toys, affect the development of mastery motivation. In addition, the relation between the acquisition of longer attention span and persistence in infants, and their subsequent educational achievement, is discussed. With a broad range of international contributors Mastery Motivation will be of interest to developmental psychologists and educationalists, and advanced students in these fields.
The Stability of Decelerating Shocks Revisited

We present a new method for analyzing the global stability of the Sedov-von Neumann-Taylor self-similar solutions, describing the asymptotic behavior of spherical decelerating shock waves expanding into ideal gas with density ∝r-ω. Our method allows one to overcome the difficulties associated with the nonphysical divergences of the solutions at the origin. We show that while the growth rates of global modes derived by previous analyses are accurate in the large-wavenumber (small-wavelength) limit, they do not correctly describe the small-wavenumber behavior for small values of the adiabatic index γ. Our method furthermore allows one to analyze the stability properties of the flow at early times, when the flow deviates significantly from the asymptotic self-similar behavior. We find that at this stage the perturbation growth rates are larger than those obtained for unstable asymptotic solutions at similar γ, ω. Our results reduce the discrepancy that exists between theoretical predictions and experimental results.
Genetic and phenotypic diversity of echovirus 30 strains and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes

Several enterovirus serotypes should be considered as potentially diabetogenic. The capacity of an enterovirus to kill or impair the functions of human β‐cells can vary among the strains within a given serotype as shown previously for echovirus 9 and 30 (E‐30). The evolution of E‐30 has also shown patterns correlating with the global increase of type 1 diabetes incidence. In the present study, antigenic properties of a set of E‐30 isolates were investigated and the results correlated with the previously documented β‐cell destructive phenotype of the strains, or to genetic clustering of the strains. No simple correlation between the three properties was observed. A full‐length infectious clone was constructed and sequenced from one of the isolates found to be most destructive to β‐cells (E‐30/14916net87). Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that this strain was closely related to the E‐30 prototype strain at the capsid coding region while outside the capsid region prototype strains of several other human enterovirus B serotypes clustered more closely. This suggests that the relatively greater pathogenicity of the strain might be based on properties of the genome outside of the structural protein coding region. Neutralizing antibody assays on sera from 100 type 1 diabetic patients and 100 controls using three different E‐30 strains did not reveal differences between the groups. This finding does not support a previous proposition of aberrant antibody responses to E‐30 in diabetic patients. It is concluded that identification of the genetic counterparts of pathogenicity of E‐30 strains requires further studies. J. Med. Virol. 79:945‐955, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
signSGD: compressed optimisation for non-convex problems

Training large neural networks requires distributing learning across multiple workers, where the cost of communicating gradients can be a significant bottleneck. signSGD alleviates this problem by transmitting just the sign of each minibatch stochastic gradient. We prove that it can get the best of both worlds: compressed gradients and SGD-level convergence rate. signSGD can exploit mismatches between L1 and L2 geometry: when noise and curvature are much sparser than the gradients, signSGD is expected to converge at the same rate or faster than full-precision SGD. Measurements of the L1 versus L2 geometry of real networks support our theoretical claims, and we find that the momentum counterpart of signSGD is able to match the accuracy and convergence speed of Adam on deep Imagenet models. We extend our theory to the distributed setting, where the parameter server uses majority vote to aggregate gradient signs from each worker enabling 1-bit compression of worker-server communication in both directions. Using a theorem by Gauss, we prove that the non-convex convergence rate of majority vote matches that of distributed SGD. Thus, there is great promise for sign-based optimisation schemes to achieve both communication efficiency and high accuracy.
The Role of Trait Anger in the Relationship between Stressors and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Convergent Findings from Multiple Studies and Methodologies

Across three studies, we investigated the moderating role of trait anger in the relationship between workplace stressors and counterproductive work behaviors (CWB). In Study 1, all the variables were measured using self-reports. In Study 2, workplace stressors were measured using co-worker reports, trait anger was measured using significant other reports, and CWB was measured using self-reports. In Study 3, we measured workplace stressors at Time 1, trait anger at Time 2 (6 months later), and objective indicators of CWB at Time 3 (12 months after Time 2). Convergent results were obtained across the three studies, with positive associations between workplace stressors and CWB, trait anger and CWB, and with trait anger moderating the relationship between stressors and CWB.