Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RABINOWITSCH REVISITED

In the late eighteenth century both Euler and Legendre noticed that n +n+41 is prime for n = 0, 1, 2 . 39, and remarked that there are few polynomials with such small degree and coefficients that give such a long string of consecutive prime values. Rabinowitsch, at the 1912 International Congress of Mathematicians [18], showed that n + n + A is prime for n = 0, 1, 2, . A − 2 if and only if 4A − 1 is squarefree and the ring of integers of the field Q( √ 1 − 4A) has just one equivalence class of ideals (that is, class number one). In 1934 Heilbronn [11] proved that there are only finitely many such fields, and in 1952 Heegner [10] that there are just seven such fields, corresponding to A = 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 17 and 41. One can generalize Rabinowitsch’s criterion to other polynomials, and to other fields; for example, Mollin and Williams proved the following for real quadratic fields: n + n − A is prime for all positive n < √ A − 1 if and only if the field Q( √ 4A + 1) has class number one where either A = 4, or A ≥ 5 is odd and is of the form m or m + m ± 1 for some integer m, see [17, 352-354]. One can develop similar criterion for when the class number is 2, or 3, or any fixed number (see [15, 16]). The idea in all of these proofs is that if a large proportion of the values of a quadratic polynomial of discriminant d are prime then there cannot be many small primes p for which (d/p) = 1 (else those small primes would divide the values of the given quadratic polynomial, preventing it from being prime very often). If that is the case then the value of L(1, (d/.)) will be surprisingly small, which is equivalent to having h(d), the class number, small if d < 0, and to having both h(d) and d, the fundamental unit, small if d > 0. We remark that d is “small” if and only if the continued fraction for (1 + √ d)/2 or √ d/2 (as d ≡ 1 or 0 (mod 4)) is short, that is if d is a value of one of several special forms. Siegel [22] showed that L(1, (d/.)) 1/d and Tatuzawa [23] made Siegel’s argument explicit, excluding at most one d, a presumably hypothetical counterexample to the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis. Using Tatuzawa’s result, Mollin [15, 16] gives many explicit criteria “with one possible exception”. One might ask whether it is possible to find quadratic polynomials with arbitrarily long strings of consecutive prime values (though we do not necessarily constrain
Issues in Management Education and Training in Developing Countries: Some Evidence From Africa

MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT In the industrialised countries formal management education and training has been practised for many years. In the USA, for example, business schools have existed for 50 years, and in UK for nearly 30 years. There has been a degree of disillusionment about the achievements of this massive educational effort. Why is it that training in other areas can demonstrate concrete results in terms of increased effectiveness in job performance, yet the formal education and training of managers has generally failed to live up to earlier expectations? Two inter-related factors appear relevant: What do managers do? How do managers learn?
Producing children’s corporeal privacy: ethnographic video recording as material-discursive practice

This article discusses the use of video cameras in participant observation drawing on approximately 300 hours of video data from an ethnographic study of Swedish family life. Departing from Karen Barad’s post-humanistic perspective on scientific practices, the aim is to critically analyse how researchers, research participants and technology produce and negotiate children’s corporeal privacy. Ethnographic videotaping is understood as a material-discursive practice that creates and sustains boundaries between private and public, where videotaping is ideologically connected to a public sphere that may at times ‘intrude’ on children’s corporeal privacy. The limits of corporeal privacy are never fixed, but open for negotiation; ethnographers may therefore unintentionally transgress the boundary and thus be faced with ethical dilemmas. The fluidity of privacy calls for ethical reflexivity before, during and after fieldwork, and researchers must be sensitive to when ethical issues are at hand and how to deal with them.
The Profile of Heparanase Expression Distinguishes Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma from Benign Neoplasms

Introduction The search for a specific marker that could help to distinguish between differentiated thyroid carcinoma and benign lesions remains elusive in clinical practice. Heparanase (HPSE) is an endo-beta-glucoronidase implicated in the process of tumor invasion, and the heparanase-2 (HPSE2) modulates HPSE activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of heparanases in the development and differential diagnosis of follicular pattern thyroid lesions. Methods HPSE and HPSE2 expression by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry evaluation, western blot analysis and HPSE enzymatic activity were evaluated. Results The expression of heparanases by qRT-PCR showed an increase of HPSE2 in thyroid carcinoma (P = 0.001). HPSE activity was found to be higher in the malignant neoplasms than in the benign tumors (P<0.0001). On Western blot analysis, HPSE2 isoforms were detected only in malignant tumors. The immunohistochemical assay allowed us to establish a distinct pattern for malignant and benign tumors. Carcinomas showed a typical combination of positive labeling for neoplastic cells and negative immunostaining in colloid, when compared to benign tumors (P<0.0001). The proposed diagnostic test presents sensitivity and negative predictive value of around 100%, showing itself to be an accurate test for distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions. Conclusions This study shows, for the first time, a distinct profile of HPSE expression in thyroid carcinoma suggesting its role in carcinogenesis.
Permeable walls, floors, ceilings and doors. Partition delusions in late paraphrenia

A partition delusion is the belief that people, objects or radiation can pass through what would normally constitute a barrier to such passage. These delusions have been reported to be common in late paraphrenia and late‐onset schizophrenia. Such partition delusions were found in 68% of 50 patients with late paraphrenia, but only in 13% of patients with schizophrenia who had grown old and in 20% of young schizophrenics. Partition delusions, often in association with persecutory beliefs, are common in late paraphrenia and we discuss some possible reasons for this.
The Reliability and Validity of the Personal Competence of Health Care (PCHC) Scale

Purpose: This study was aimed to revise Personal Power of Health Care (PPHC) scale which was developed to measure the personal power and competence for health care. Methods: Research phases designed for this study were literature review, scale development, and discussion with experts and pre-test for content validity, and survey for construct validity and reliability. The scale was composed of 25 items with 7 dimensions and tested to 592 adults ranged from 20 to 59 aged living in S and W city. Results: From factor analysis, 7 dimensions were identified and named as follows: Health-perception, Health problem identifying and solving, Socio-economical involvement, Sociocultural relationship, Self-regulation, Spiritual wellbeing, and Health policy participation. The total explained variance was 54.69%. The reliability was . 817 of Cronbach`s alpha. The PCHC scale was significantly different from gender, religion, education level, monthly income, and presence of family disease, but not different from age and job. Also, there were significant correlations among Health Promotion Lifestyles Profile II, WHO QOL-BREF and self-efficacy. Conclusion: This PCHC scale is reliable and valid to measure personal competence of health care.
Cultural values as predictors of attitudes towards equality and diversity: a Canadian experience

This exploratory study examined the role of both gender and race/ethnicity, and their interaction, on cultural values likely to be related to attitudes toward equality and diversity and an attitude towards equality and diversity itself. Data were collected from 120 employees from a large financial institution in Canada. Non‐North Americans and non‐Caucasians held cultural values that were found to be associated with less support for equality. These findings suggest that additional efforts must be made to bring non‐Caucasians on side as companies attempt to create a level playing field for all employees.
From homing behavior to cognitive mapping: integration of egocentric pose relations and allocentric landmark information in a graph model

This thesis is based on the opinion that the evolution of a spatial memory, which is the basis for more complex navigation capabilites, could be explained by a combination of simple navigation strategies. Complex navigation capabilites are e.g. route planing or the ability of finding shortcuts over unknown areas. It is assumed, that the spatial memory, or the “cognitive map”, is organized as a graph. Autonomous agents are used in order to test the plausibility of these assumptions. As a result the agent is able to map an unknown environment autonomously. The exploration behavior is build upon three building blocks: obstacle avoidance, visual homing, and path integration. Visual homing is based on a simple landmark model, which consists of a slightly preprocessed panoramic image, capturing the surrounding landmark configuration. Homing to known places is possible by comparing the instantaneous image to the image recorded at the home location. Performance of the homing algorithm is determined by three quantities. First, the area where the success of a homing trial is guaranteed (“Catchment Area”). Second, the spatial precession with which the home location could be reached. And third, the performance of the image classifier, which is used to decide if the agent is located near a known location. These quantities mainly determine the node density, necessary for secure navigation and the maximal portion of the environment which could be mapped. A second possibility to define a place is to use a position in a coordinate system. Metric information, which is necessary for this approach, is commonly achieved by path integration, i.e. the continues integration of egomotion data. In order to account for accumulating errors, the path integrator state (position and heading) is approximated by a probability distribution. Therefore, uncertainty in the path integration process is a function of the trajectory, and not, as is the case for the visual homing method, a function of the location. Combining path integration and visual homing leads to a graph model, where each place is characterized by a snapshot. Additionally, the whole graph is embedded into a coordinate system. The embedded graph could be seen as a cognitive map model (“embedded view graph model”), which includes topological knowledge and survey knowledge. The model is build in three steps. First, a robust homing scheme is defined, which is able to compensate path integration errors using visual landmark information. Second, path integration is generalized to an optimization problem, which calculates globally consistent position estimates from local metric relations. Different to recent graph embedding
Discovering Disability: The General Classes of Disabled People and the Classic Welfare State, 1948–1964

The recognition of the needs of disabled people was a major feature of the expansion of statutory welfare in twentieth-century Britain. Beginning with the recognition of the special needs of disabled school children in the final decade of the nineteenth century, the state took on the welfare of groups of disabled people perceived to be exceptionally disadvantaged and worthy of statutory welfare. Blind people and disabled ex-servicemen of the First World War were recognized in legislation in the interwar years. Tort law and compensation provided cash benefits and rehabilitation schemes for those injured at work. The unprecedented expansion of statutory welfare in Britain during and after the Second World War brought the possibility of new provision in cash and services for all disabled people. Yet, despite the rhetoric of universalism, the welfare of the “general classes” of disabled people received little consideration in the classic welfare-state settlement of 1943 to 1948. The general classes were defined as physically disabled adults whose disablement did not result from combat or industrial injury, excluding blind and deaf people, and mentally ill people, for whom separate provisions were made. There were a great number of disabling conditions within this heterogeneous group. The most common conditions were diseases of bones and musculoskeletal conditions,
Childhood maltreatment, stressful life events, and alcohol craving in adult drinkers.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship between stressful life events and alcohol craving in the general population, and whether a history of childhood maltreatment sensitizes individuals to crave alcohol after adult stressors. METHODS Participants were 22,147 past-year drinkers from Wave 2 (2004 to 2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. A structured, face-to-face interview assessed past-year stressful life events, alcohol craving, and history of childhood maltreatment. Logistic regression was used to generate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) to evaluate the relationship between stressful life events and craving, adjusting for demographic characteristics and parental history of alcoholism. Interaction between stressful life events and childhood maltreatment was also assessed. RESULTS Compared to participants with no stressful life events, those with ≥ 3 events had increased odds of moderate alcohol craving (aOR = 3.15 [95% CI = 2.30 to 4.33]) and severe craving (aOR = 8.47 [95% CI = 4.78 to 15.01]). Stressful life events and childhood maltreatment interacted in predicting severe craving (p = 0.017); those with ≥ 3 events were at higher risk of craving if they had been exposed to childhood maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS A direct relationship between stressful life events and risk of alcohol craving was observed. Further, history of childhood maltreatment increased the salience of stressful life events in adulthood. Future studies should examine the role of psychiatric comorbidity in more complex models of stress sensitization and alcohol craving.
Membrane cofactor protein (MCP or CD46) is a cellular pilus receptor for pathogenic Neisseria

Pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis mediate binding of the bacteria to human cell‐surface receptors. We found that purified pili bound to a 55‐ to 60‐kDa doublet band on SDS–PAGE of separated human epithelial cell extracts. This is a migration pattern typical of membrane cofactor protein (MCP or CD46). MCP is a widely distributed human complement regulatory protein. Attachment of the bacteria to epithelial cells was blocked by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against MCP, suggesting that this complement regulator is a receptor for piliated Neisseria. We proved this hypothesis by demonstrating that piliated, but not non‐piliated, gonococci bound to CHO cells transfected with human MCP‐cDNA. We also demonstrated a direct interaction between purified recombinant MCP and piliated Neisseria. Finally, recombinant MCP protein produced in E. coli inhibited attachment of the bacteria to target cells. Taken together, our data show that MCP is a human cell‐surface receptor for piliated pathogenic Neisseria.
Helicobacter pylori infection potentiates the inhibition of gastric acid secretion by omeprazole

BACKGROUND Omeprazole has a greater intragastric pH elevating effect in Helicobacter pylori positive than negative subjects. Ammonia production byH pylori has been suggested as a probable mechanism. AIMS To assess the effect ofH pylori status on gastric acid secretion during omeprazole treatment, and to examine the possible role of ammonia neutralisation of intragastric acid in increased omeprazole efficacy in infected subjects. METHODS TwentyH pylori positive and 12H pylori negative healthy volunteers were examined before and six to eight weeks after commencing omeprazole 40 mg/day. On both occasions plasma gastrin and acid output were measured basally and in response to increasing doses of gastrin 17 (G-17). Gastric juice ammonium concentrations were also measured. RESULTS Prior to omeprazole, measurements were similar in the H pyloripositive and negative subjects. During omeprazole, median basal intragastric pH was higher in the H pyloripositive (7.95) versus negative (3.75) subjects (p<0.002). During omeprazole basal, submaximal (180 pmol/kg/h G-17), and maximal acid outputs (800 pmol/kg/h G-17) were lower in H pylori positive subjects (0.0, 3.6, 6.0 mmol/h respectively) versus negative subjects (0.3, 14.2, 18.6 mmol/h) (p<0.03 for each). This effect was not explained by neutralisation by ammonia. CONCLUSION The presence ofH pylori infection leads to a more profound suppression of acid secretion during omeprazole treatment. The effect cannot be explained by neutralisation of intragastric acid by bacterial ammonia production and its precise mechanism has to be explained.
Mindful practice.

Mindful practitioners attend in a nonjudgmental way to their own physical and mental processes during ordinary, everyday tasks. This critical self-reflection enables physicians to listen attentively to patients' distress, recognize their own errors, refine their technical skills, make evidence-based decisions, and clarify their values so that they can act with compassion, technical competence, presence, and insight. Mindfulness informs all types of professionally relevant knowledge, including propositional facts, personal experiences, processes, and know-how, each of which may be tacit or explicit. Explicit knowledge is readily taught, accessible to awareness, quantifiable and easily translated into evidence-based guidelines. Tacit knowledge is usually learned during observation and practice, includes prior experiences, theories-in-action, and deeply held values, and is usually applied more inductively. Mindful practitioners use a variety of means to enhance their ability to engage in moment-to-moment self-monitoring, bring to consciousness their tacit personal knowledge and deeply held values, use peripheral vision and subsidiary awareness to become aware of new information and perspectives, and adopt curiosity in both ordinary and novel situations. In contrast, mindlessness may account for some deviations from professionalism and errors in judgment and technique. Although mindfulness cannot be taught explicitly, it can be modeled by mentors and cultivated in learners. As a link between relationship-centered care and evidence-based medicine, mindfulness should be considered a characteristic of good clinical practice.
Time devoted to job and off-job activities, interrole conflict, and affective experiences.

Employed persons (N=120) were surveyed to examine the demands on their time from both work and nonwork activities and the degree of interrole conflict they experienced. Job interference with off-job activities and off-job interference with job commitments were separate but interrelated components of conflict. On-job time was associated with job interference, but off-job time was not linked with off-job interference. Job interference mediated the effect of time demands on satisfaction, organizational commitment, and psychological strain, whereas satisfaction linked interrole conflict and affective experiences
Biometric Encryption : A Positive-Sum Technology that Achieves Strong Authentication , Security AND Privacy

1 Background / Context . 2 Growing Public Awareness and Interest . 3 A Biometrics Primer . 4 Traditional Biometrics: Privacy vs. Security – A Zero-Sum Game . 4 Biometric Identification vs. Verification . 6 Problems with using Biometrics for Identification Purposes . 7 Views of the Privacy Community . 10 Deployment Experience to Date . 11 Security Vulnerabilities of a Biometric System . 12 Biometric Encryption . 15 Biometrics and Cryptography . 15 What is Biometric Encryption? 15 Advantages of Biometric Encryption (over other Biometric Systems) . 17 1. NO retention of the biometric image or template . 17 2. Multiple / cancellable / revocable identifiers . 17 3. Improved authentication security: stronger binding of user biometric and identifier . 18 4. Improved security of personal data and communications . 18 5. Greater public confidence, acceptance, and use; greater compliance with privacy laws . 19 6. Suitable for large-scale applications . 19 Current State of Biometric Encryption . 22 Related Technologies . 24 Scientific, Technological, and Privacy-Related Merits . 25 Case Study #1: Small-scale use of Biometric Encryption . 26 Case Study #2: Anonymous database; large or medium-scale applications. 27 Case Study #3: Travel documents; large-scale database applications . 28 Next Steps to Bringing Biometric Encryption to the Prototype Stage . 29 Summary and Conclusions . 31 Appendix 1 — Privacy References . 32 Current International Work on Biometrics . 32 Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario, Canada . 32 Canada . 32 European Data Protection Supervisor . 33 Relevant Documents Adopted by the Article 29 Working Party . 34 International Data Protection Commissioners . 35 Other EU . 35 COE . 36 OECD . 37 United States . 37 MISC . 37 Biometrics Web Sites . 39 Biometrics Research Sites . 39 Appendix 2 — Technical References . 40 Publications on Biometric Encryption and related technologies . 40 Related Technologies . 43 List of Publications . 43 Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario
Evaluation of Shear Modulus and Damping in Dynamic Centrifuge Tests

Correct evaluation of shear modulus and damping characteristics in soils under dynamic loading is key to both the fundamental understanding of soil behavior and the practical application of soil modeling programs. Dynamic centrifuge tests can contribute significant information about soil behavior, but great care must be taken over the signal processing techniques involved, and the test conditions are different from the laboratory experiments that form the database of existing knowledge. This paper outlines several factors that require careful consideration when deriving stiffness and damping parameters from centrifuge data. Shear modulus and damping degradation curves for a dry sand, saturated sand, soft clay and a model waste are then evaluated to explore some of the factors that are introduced during centrifuge tests. Stiffness is seen to be a more reliable parameter than damping ratio. Damping during centrifuge tests for certain materials appeared to differ from the expected values.