Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does power corrupt or does it facilitate goal attainment? Dominance and functionalist perspectives in psychological models of power

This article describes how psychological models of power adopt the dominance and functionalist perspective in examining the influence of power on power holders. According to the dominance perspective, power leads to a desire to increase dominance over others and has a negative and corruptive influence on the person holding it, whereas the functionalist perspective puts emphasis on how power aids the attainment of the power holder’s and the group’s goals and should therefore trigger processes helpful in goal attainment. The main object of analysis is the assumptions about how power influences social perception.
Enhancement of Osteoclastic Bone Resorption and Suppression of Osteoblastic Bone Formation in Response to Reduced Mechanical Stress Do Not Occur in the Absence of Osteopontin

Reduced mechanical stress to bone in bedridden patients and astronauts leads to bone loss and increase in fracture risk which is one of the major medical and health issues in modern aging society and space medicine. However, no molecule involved in the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon has been identified to date. Osteopontin (OPN) is one of the major noncollagenous proteins in bone matrix, but its function in mediating physical-force effects on bone in vivo has not been known. To investigate the possible requirement for OPN in the transduction of mechanical signaling in bone metabolism in vivo, we examined the effect of unloading on the bones of OPN−/− mice using a tail suspension model. In contrast to the tail suspension–induced bone loss in wild-type mice, OPN−/− mice did not lose bone. Elevation of urinary deoxypyridinoline levels due to unloading was observed in wild-type but not in OPN−/− mice. Analysis of the mechanisms of OPN deficiency–dependent reduction in bone on the cellular basis resulted in two unexpected findings. First, osteoclasts, which were increased by unloading in wild-type mice, were not increased by tail suspension in OPN−/− mice. Second, measures of osteoblastic bone formation, which were decreased in wild-type mice by unloading, were not altered in OPN−/− mice. These observations indicate that the presence of OPN is a prerequisite for the activation of osteoclastic bone resorption and for the reduction in osteoblastic bone formation in unloaded mice. Thus, OPN is a molecule required for the bone loss induced by mechanical stress that regulates the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Trends in In-Hospital Mortality among Patients with Stroke in China

Background The incidence and burden of stroke in China is increasing rapidly. However, little is known about trends in mortality during stroke hospitalization. The objectives of this study were to assess trends of in-hospital mortality among patients with stroke and explore influence factors of in-hospital death after stroke in China. Methods 109 grade III class A hospitals were sampled by multistage stratified cluster sampling. All patients admitted to hospitals between 2007 and 2010 with a discharge diagnosis of stroke were included. Trends in in-hospital mortality among patients with stroke were assessed. Influence factors of in-hospital death after stroke were explored using multivariable logistic regression. Results Overall stroke hospitalizations increased from 79,894 in 2007 to 85,475 in 2010, and in-hospital mortality of stroke decreased from 3.16% to 2.30% (P<0.0001). The percentage of severe patients increased while odds of mortality (2010 versus 2007) decreased regardless of stroke type: subarachnoid hemorrhage (OR 0.792, 95% CI = 0.636 to 0.987), intracerebral hemorrhage (OR 0.647, 95% CI = 0.591 to 0.708), and ischemic stroke (OR 0.588, 95% CI = 0.532 to 0.649). In multivariable analyses, older age, male, basic health insurance, multiple comorbidities and severity of disease were linked to higher odds of in-hospital mortality. Conclusions The mortality of stroke hospitalizations decreased likely reflecting advancements in stroke care and prevention. Decreasing of mortality with increasing of severe stroke patients indicated that we should pay more attention to rehabilitation and life quality of stroke patients. Specific individual and hospital-level characteristics may be targets for facilitating further declines.
Inference on Association Measure for Bivariate Survival Data with Hybrid Censoring

By SUHONG ZHANG, YING ZHANG, KATHRYN CHALONER Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, C22 GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A. suhong-zhang@uiowa.edu ying-j-zhang@uiowa.edu kathryn-chaloner@uiowa.edu AND JACK T. STAPLETON Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa and Iowa City VA Medical Center, SW54-15 GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242 U.S.A. jack-stapleton@uiowa.edu
Technical and vocational education and training and marginalised youths in post-conflict Sierra Leone: Trainees’ experiences and capacity to aspire

The article aims to build on current understandings of the experiences and aspirations of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) trainees in conflict-affected countries, focussing on the case study of Sierra Leone. Employing the capabilities approach pioneered by Amartya Sen, it casts light on the different benefits beyond employability which young people acquire through TVET. This includes the development of their ‘capacity to aspire’. At the same time, the article shows the poor conditions and social stigma that continue to surround TVET and the profession of ‘skilled man’ in the country of Sierra Leone. By doing so, the article shows the potential of capabilities approach and the concept of ‘capacity to aspire’ to more systematically look at the wider benefits of TVET to young people. It also reveals the simplistic nature of the international community’s expectations with regards to TVET’s role in post-conflict societies.
An Algorithm for Distributing and Retrieving Information in Sensor Networks

Replication of data items among different nodes of a wireless infrastructureless network may be an efficient technique to increase data availability and improve access latency. This paper proposes a novel algorithm to distribute data items among nodes in these networks. The goal of the algorithm is to deploy the replicas of the data items in a way such that they are sufficiently distant from each other to prevent excessive redundancy but, simultaneously, they remain close enough to each participant, such that data retrieval can be performed using a small number of messages. In most scenarios, our approach allows any node to retrieve a data item from a nearby node. The paper describes the algorithm and provides its performance evaluation for several different network configurations.
Israel’s Biospatial Politics: Territory, Demography, and Effective Control

Not long after the June 1967 war, at a meeting of the Labor Party, Golda Meir turned to Prime Minister Levi Eshkol and asked: “What are we going to do with a million Arabs? ” Eshkol paused for a moment and then answered: “I get it,” he said. “You want the dowry, but you don’t like the bride! ” This anecdote underscores that, from the very beginning, Israel made a clear distinction between the land it had occupied in the 1967 war — the dowry — and the Palestinians who inhabited it — the bride. While the distinction between the people and their land swiftly became the overarching logic informing the structure of Israel’s colonial project in the occupied territories, it has also informed Israel’s land policies within the pre1967 borders (Said 1980). Indeed, the notion that there are “two Israels” — the virtuous liberal democracy west of the Green Line, or the 1949 armistice agreement border, and the iniquitous colonial regime within the territories Israel occupied in 1967 — is a construct disseminated by liberal Zionists that conceals the intricate connection between race and space produced by the Jewish state.1 This “good Israel” / “bad Israel” framing does not hold water once one acknowledges that the Judaization of land has been a prime objective of every single government since Israel’s establishment in 1948, while the modes of Palestinian dispossession on both sides of the Green Line have been uncannily similar.
A concept of absolute continuity and a Riemann type integral

The present invention provides a hinged canned food draining tool that includes first and second arms, and a presser equipped with a magnet for facilitating draining of liquid from canned food via a separated lid of the can. The tool is preferably hinged at ends of the first and second arms, and includes a portion that supports and accommodates a can between ends of the tool arms opposite the ends at which they are hinged.
Sub-National Revenue Mobilization in Peru

This paper analyzes the problem of sub-national revenue mobilization in Peru and proposes several policy reforms to improve collection performance while maintaining a sound revenue structure. In particular, the paper analyzes the current revenues of regional and municipal governments and identifies the main priorities for reform. Among the most important problems are the acute inequalities and inefficiencies associated with revenue sharing from extractive industries. These revenues represent a significant share of sub-national budgets and currently they are distributed without consideration of the relative expenditure needs or fiscal capacity of sub-national units. In order to address this problem, the paper proposes the incorporation of a measure of fiscal capacity into the formula of the FONCOMUN, the municipal equalization transfer program. Other reforms explored include the reassignment of revenue sources between municipal provincial and district governments and the assignment of new taxes to regional governments.
Randomized cross-over trial of insulin glargine plus lispro or NPH insulin plus regular human insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin regimens.

OBJECTIVE To compare blood glucose control and incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes on multiple injection regimens managed with either an insulin analog combination or NPH insulin plus regular human insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a randomized cross-over study, 28 adolescents with type 1 diabetes on multiple injection therapy received either insulin glargine prebedtime plus lispro preprandially (LIS/GLAR) or NPH insulin prebedtime plus regular human insulin preprandially (R/NPH). During each 16-week treatment arm, subjects completed home blood glucose profiles, and at the end of each treatment arm, they were admitted for an overnight metabolic profile. A total of 25 subjects completed the study. RESULTS Compared with R/NPH therapy, LIS/GLAR was associated with lower mean blood glucose levels (LIS/GLAR versus R/NPH): fasting (8.0 vs. 9.2 mmol/l, P < 0.0001), 2 h postbreakfast (8.1 vs. 10.7 mmol/l, P < 0.0005), prelunch (8.9 vs. 10.1 mmol/l, P < 0.01), and 2 h postlunch (8.0 vs. 9.5 mmol/l, P < 0.002). However, there was no difference in mean blood glucose levels before or after the evening meal. Incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia on overnight profiles was 43% lower on LIS/GLAR compared with R/NPH therapy; however, there was no difference in rates of self-reported symptomatic hypoglycemia. Total insulin dose required to achieve target blood glucose control was lower on LIS/GLAR (1.16 IU/kg) compared with R/NPH therapy (1.26 IU/kg, P < 0.005), but there was no significant difference in HbA(1c) levels (LIS/GLAR versus R/NPH: 8.7 vs. 9.1%, P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with insulin glargine plus lispro reduced the incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia and was at least as effective as R/NPH insulin therapy in maintaining glycemic control in adolescents on multiple injection regimens.
Exploring the impact of the ECHO model™ in Ontario on primary healthcare providers sharing of chronic pain knowledge: A qualitative study

ECHO Ontario Chronic Pain/Opioid Stewardship (ECHO Ontario Pain) is a telehealth platform, which supports healthcare providers (HCPs, spokes) to manage patients with chronic pain in their communities, using specialists (hub). ECHO Ontario Pain is using this model to address challenges, such as dealing with a lack of knowledge about chronic pain and inappropriate opioid prescribing practices. Thirteen qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with HCPs from the program. Four themes developed: (1) experiences with chronic pain management before joining ECHO, (2) learning and sharing in the program, (3) the use of technology, and (4) recommendations for improvements. ECHO Ontario Pain was a novel way to provide education by demonstrating the effectiveness of participating in an online learning model. The study highlights the value of different learning approaches and how they affect HCPs interactions with their patients, their practices, and their wider community. Overall, these findings complement and add to existing ECHO research.
Exploring Local Community Structures in Large Networks

In this paper, we extend the concept of degree from single vertex to sub-graph, and present a formal definition of module/community in a network based on this extension. A new locally optimized algorithm is designed to find the module for a given source vertex in a network. Our analysis shows that the complexity of this algorithm is O(K2d) where K is the number of vertices to be explored in the sub-graph and d is the average degree of the vertices in the sub-graph. Based on this algorithm, we implement a JAVA tool, MoNet, for exploring local community structures in large networks. Using this tool to analyze a co-purchase network from Amazon shows that there are local community structures in this network. Further analyses on these local community structures demonstrate that media items are much easier to form compact local modules than book items do, indicating that recommending digital media items to customers based on co-purchasing information in the online store is more efficient than recommending books
Dolabelladienetriol, a Compound from Dictyota pfaffii Algae, Inhibits the Infection by Leishmania amazonensis

Background Chemotherapy for leishmaniasis, a disease caused by Leishmania parasites, is expensive and causes side effects. Furthermore, parasite resistance constitutes an increasing problem, and new drugs against this disease are needed. In this study, we examine the effect of the compound 8,10,18-trihydroxy-2,6-dolabelladiene (Dolabelladienetriol), on Leishmania growth in macrophages. The ability of this compound to modulate macrophage function is also described. Methodology/Principal Findings Leishmania-infected macrophages were treated with Dolabelladienetriol, and parasite growth was measured using an infectivity index. Nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α and TGF-β production were assayed in macrophages using specific assays. NF-kB nuclear translocation was analyzed by western blot. Dolabelladienetriol inhibited Leishmania in a dose-dependent manner; the IC50 was 44 µM. Dolabelladienetriol diminished NO, TNF-α and TGF-β production in uninfected and Leishmania-infected macrophages and reduced NF-kB nuclear translocation. Dolabelladienetriol inhibited Leishmania infection even when the parasite growth was exacerbated by either IL-10 or TGF-β. In addition, Dolabelladienetriol inhibited Leishmania growth in HIV-1-co-infected human macrophages. Conclusion Our results indicate that Dolabelladienetriol significantly inhibits Leishmania in macrophages even in the presence of factors that exacerbate parasite growth, such as IL-10, TGF-β and HIV-1 co-infection. Our results suggest that Dolabelladienetriol is a promising candidate for future studies regarding treatment of leishmaniasis, associated or not with HIV-1 infection.
Unfolding polyhedral bands

A band is defined as the intersection of the surface of a convex polyhedron with the space between two parallel planes, as long as this space does not contain any vertices of the polyhedron. An unfolding of a given band is obtained by cutting along exactly one edge and placing all faces of the band into the plane, without causing intersections. We prove that for a specific type of band there exists an appropriate edge to cut so that the band may be unfolded.
Expression of a Nondegradable Cyclin B1 Affects Plant Development and Leads to Endomitosis by Inhibiting the Formation of a Phragmoplast

In plants after the disassembly of mitotic spindle, a specific cytokinetic structure called the phragmoplast is built, and after cytokinesis, microtubules populate the cell cortex in an organized orientation that determines cell elongation and shape. Here, we show that impaired cyclin B1 degradation, resulting from a mutation within its destruction box, leads to an isodiametric shape of epidermal cells in leaves, stems, and roots and retarded growth of seedlings. Microtubules in these misshaped cells are grossly disorganized, focused around the nucleus, whereas they were entirely missing or abnormally organized along the cell cortex. A high percentage of cells expressing nondestructible cyclin B1 had doubled DNA content as a result of undergoing endomitosis. During anaphase the cytokinesis-specific syntaxin KNOLLE could still localize to the midplane of cell division, whereas NPK1-activating kinesin-like protein 1, a cytokinetic kinesin-related protein, was unable to do so, and instead of the formation of a phragmoplast, the midzone microtubules persisted between the separated nuclei, which eventually fused. In summary, our results show that the timely degradation of mitotic cyclins in plants is required for the reorganization of mitotic microtubules to the phragmoplast and for proper cytokinesis. Subsequently, the presence of nondegradable cyclin B1 leads to a failure in organizing properly the cortical microtubules that determine cell elongation and shape.
Trust Integrated Cooperation Architecture for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

In recent years, several secure routing protocols have been proposed to secure communications among nodes in mobile ad hoc networks. However, they are not tailored to defend against denial of service (DoS) attacks such as flooding and packet drop attacks. This has led to the development of models that target cooperation among nodes. These models either fail to protect against flooding attacks or only defend against greedy nodes that drop packets to save battery resources. The main shortcoming of cooperation models is that they fail to evaluate the trustworthiness for other nodes. In this paper, we propose a Trust Integrated Cooperation Architecture which consists of an obligation-based cooperation model known as fellowship to defend against both flooding and packet drop attacks. In our architecture, fellowship enhances its security decisions through a trust model known as secure MANET routing with trust intrigue (SMRTI). In comparison with related models, SMRTI deploys a novel approach to communicate recommendations such that the deployed approach is free from well-known issues such as honest elicitation, free riding, bias of a recommender, and additional overhead.
Young People and Political Participation: An Analysis of European Union Policies

There is now widespread recognition that, far from being politically apathetic, young people across Europe are engaged in a wide range of ‘political’ activities. While turnout at national and European elections among the 18-25 age group may be low, researchers have highlighted diverse and creative new forms of political participation. In relation to young women, in particular, Harris (2005) has presented a compelling analysis of the new ‘borderspaces’ opened up between public and private domains by young women through the use of new technologies. She contends that in the face of greater surveillance and regulation brought about by the shift to neo-liberal forms of governmentality, carving out a protected space for oneself is a political act, in itself. Moreover, the creative ways in which young women across the world use such spaces – to question dominant narratives about the nature of contemporary girlhood, to resist discourses which construct young women as merely passive consumers, and to trouble conventional notions of ‘youth participation’ – are highly political. Some EU representatives have indicated an awareness of these new forms of engagement and professed a desire to develop links between them and more traditional forms of party politics and policy making (Hoskins, 2005). Nevertheless, the degree to which these sentiments have been translated into policy remains unclear. This article draws on recent documents on young people, citizenship and political participation to assess the extent to which these new spaces of young women's politics are, firstly, recognised and, secondly, valued within EU policy.
Network Emulation Tools for Modeling Grid Behavior

There is increasing interest in Grids that use compute, storage, and network resources in configurations involving both flexible sharing and tight-coupling. Such usage produces complex dynamics, subject to complex non-linear behavior. We believe that detailed packet level simulation is both possible and necessary forhigh fidelity grid simulations. We present the MicroGrid, a tool set which allows researchers to emulate Grid resources and applications directly. The MicroGrid tools include a scalable network emulatorMaSSF whose design can support emulation thousands of grid resources and application elements. We demonstrate the MicroGrid, byapplyingthree types of applications: 1) basic parallel applications (NASNAS Parallel Benchmarks), 2) peer to peer applications (Gnutella file sharing), and 3) in a detailed evaluation of GridFTP on the TeraGrid. These studies exploit the packet-level simulation capabilities of MaSSF to expose detailed dynamic communication behavior. In the cases of Gnutella and GridFTP, these dynamic characteristics provide critical insights into how to use and improve the application and resource configurations.
Episodic memory function is associated with multiple measures of white matter integrity in cognitive aging

Previous neuroimaging research indicates that white matter injury and integrity, measured respectively by white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and fractional anisotropy (FA) obtained from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), differ with aging and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and are associated with episodic memory deficits in cognitively normal older adults. However, knowledge about tract-specific relationships between WMH, FA, and episodic memory in aging remains limited. We hypothesized that white matter connections between frontal cortex and subcortical structures as well as connections between frontal and temporo-parietal cortex would be most affected. In the current study, we examined relationships between WMH, FA and episodic memory in 15 young adults, 13 elders with minimal WMH and 15 elders with extensive WMH, using an episodic recognition memory test for object-color associations. Voxel-based statistics were used to identify voxel clusters where white matter measures were specifically associated with variations in episodic memory performance, and white matter tracts intersecting these clusters were analyzed to examine white matter-memory relationships. White matter injury and integrity measures were significantly associated with episodic memory in extensive regions of white matter, located predominantly in frontal, parietal, and subcortical regions. Template based tractography indicated that white matter injury, as measured by WMH, in the uncinate and inferior longitudinal fasciculi were significantly negatively associated with episodic memory performance. Other tracts such as thalamo-frontal projections, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and dorsal cingulum bundle demonstrated strong negative associations as well. The results suggest that white matter injury to multiple pathways, including connections of frontal and temporal cortex and frontal-subcortical white matter tracts, plays a critical role in memory differences seen in older individuals.