Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sampling of information goods

With the development of information technology and the emergence of electronic market places, great business opportunities are created with reduced spatial restraints, lowered search costs, and increased diversity. Marketing practitioners have long been seeking ways to take advantage of the burgeoning technologies. As one of the most commonly utilized marketing tools, free sampling also has its online presence, especially for information goods that can be digitalized with ease nowadays. However, despite its wide adoption, free sampling has attracted little attention. In this article, we provide an analytical model to study the economic rationale behind free samples. We argue that with the development of computer technologies, even a less sophisticated Internet user can be an information provider nowadays. As a result, a "free sample" is less and less under control of a seller. In the context of our analytical framework, we find that this trend does not always hurt the seller. On the contrary, under certain circumstances, the monopolistic seller can be better off with the presence of the free samples provided by third parties. We further include advertising into our model. Based on our analysis, we argue that the decreasing search costs for free samples threaten the effectiveness of advertising.
Reflective Thinking, Machine Learning, and User Authentication via Artificial K-lines

Artificial K-lines (AKL) is a structure that can be used to store different types of knowledge, as long as this knowledge is represented by series of events connected by causality. Unlike, and, perhaps, complementary to, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), AKL can combine inter-domain knowledge and its knowledge base can be augmented dynamically without rebuilding of the entire system. In this paper we demonstrate the diversity of AKL by illustrating, through examples, its workings for three applications across three completely different areas of study. The first example demonstrates that our structure can generate a solution where most other known technologies are either incapable of, or very complicated in doing so. The second example illustrates a novel, human-like, way of machine learning. The third example presents a behavior metrics based method for password authentication.
Favipiravir elicits antiviral mutagenesis during virus replication in vivo

Lethal mutagenesis has emerged as a novel potential therapeutic approach to treat viral infections. Several studies have demonstrated that increases in the high mutation rates inherent to RNA viruses lead to viral extinction in cell culture, but evidence during infections in vivo is limited. In this study, we show that the broad-range antiviral nucleoside favipiravir reduces viral load in vivo by exerting antiviral mutagenesis in a mouse model for norovirus infection. Increased mutation frequencies were observed in samples from treated mice and were accompanied with lower or in some cases undetectable levels of infectious virus in faeces and tissues. Viral RNA isolated from treated animals showed reduced infectivity, a feature of populations approaching extinction during antiviral mutagenesis. These results suggest that favipiravir can induce norovirus mutagenesis in vivo, which in some cases leads to virus extinction, providing a proof-of-principle for the use of favipiravir derivatives or mutagenic nucleosides in the clinical treatment of noroviruses. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.03679. 001
Torque Density Improvement of Five-Phase PMSM Drive for Electric Vehicles Applications

In order to enhance torque density of five-phase permanent magnetic synchronous motor with third harmonic injection for electric vehicles (EVs) applications, optimum seeking method for injection ratio of third harmonic was proposed adopting theoretical derivation and finite element analysis method, under the constraint of same amplitude for current and air-gap flux. By five-dimension space vector decomposition, the mathematic model in two orthogonal space plane, d₁ ? q₁ and d₃ ? q₃, was deduced. And the corresponding dual-plane vector control method was accomplished to independently control fundamental and third harmonic currents in each vector plane. A five-phase PMSM prototype with quasi-trapezoidal flux pattern and its fivephase voltage source inverter were designed. Also, the dual-plane vector control was digitized in a single XC3S1200E FPGA. Simulation and experimental results prove that using the proposed optimum seeking method, the torque density of five-phase PMSM is enhanced by 20%, without any increase of power converter capacity, machine size and iron core saturation.
Human papillomavirus and disease status following therapy for cervical cancer.

We enrolled 85 patients with invasive cervical cancer and collected cervicovaginal lavage samples at each clinical visit for diagnosis, staging, treatment, and follow-up. Lavage samples were tested by L1 consensus polymerase chain reaction for human papillomavirus (HPV). Results were compared with HPV demonstrated in tumor tissue and the clinical status at time of sample collection. Sensitivity and specificity of the lavage for detection of tumor HPV, determined on the basis of results of tests on lavage samples collected prior to therapy, were found to be 56% and 76.9%, respectively. The proportion of lavage samples detecting tumor HPV decreased significantly with treatment, from 0.54 at diagnosis to 0.03 at complete response (P < .001). Local treatment failure was associated with increased detection of tumor HPV; however, no samples were positive prior to clinically detected treatment failure. These results suggest that cervicovaginal lavage is not an effective sampling method for epidemiological analysis of HPV in cervical tumors.
Optimal tuning of PID controller using GWO algorithm for speed control in DC motor

This paper introduces a bio-inspired meta-heuristic soft computing method to optimize the performance of a PID controller used in DC motor speed control. APID controller is designed for an adopted second order DC motor system and the evolutionary algorithm based on Grey Wolf Optimizer is used to optimize the controller. In MATLAB/Simulink environment, the best set of PID parameters thus obtained from the optimization are used with a step input to the DC motor to get the transient response specifications such as rise time, settling time, maximum over shoot and steady state error. These results are then compared with results from other conventional techniques and soft computing methods to look for the most efficient method to get best transient response in a DC Motor.
Embedding Spanning Trees in Random Graphs

We prove that if $T$ is a tree on $n$ vertices with maximum degree $\Delta$ and the edge probability $p(n)$ satisfies $np\geq C\max\{\Delta\log n,n^{\epsilon}\}$ for some constant $\epsilon>0$, then with high probability the random graph $G(n,p)$ contains a copy of $T$. The obtained bound on the edge probability is shown to be essentially tight for $\Delta=n^{\Theta(1)}$.
A Cellular Basis for Wolbachia Recruitment to the Host Germline

Wolbachia are among the most widespread intracellular bacteria, carried by thousands of metazoan species. The success of Wolbachia is due to efficient vertical transmission by the host maternal germline. Some Wolbachia strains concentrate at the posterior of host oocytes, which promotes Wolbachia incorporation into posterior germ cells during embryogenesis. The molecular basis for this localization strategy is unknown. Here we report that the wMel Wolbachia strain relies upon a two-step mechanism for its posterior localization in oogenesis. The microtubule motor protein kinesin-1 transports wMel toward the oocyte posterior, then pole plasm mediates wMel anchorage to the posterior cortex. Trans-infection tests demonstrate that factors intrinsic to Wolbachia are responsible for directing posterior Wolbachia localization in oogenesis. These findings indicate that Wolbachia can direct the cellular machintery of host oocytes to promote germline-based bacterial transmission. This study also suggests parallels between Wolbachia localization mechanisms and those used by other intracellular pathogens.
Utility of the Alcohol Consumption Questions in the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test for Screening At-Risk Drinking and Alcohol Use Disorders among Korean College Students

Background This study evaluated the utility of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Alcohol Consumption Questions (AUDIT-C) in screening at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders among Korean college students. Methods For the 387 students who visited Chungnam National University student health center, drinking state and alcohol use disorders were assessed through diagnostic interviews. In addition, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye-opener (CAGE) were applied. The utility of the questionnaires for the interview results were compared. Results The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) of AUDIT-C for screening at-risk drinking were 0.927 in the male and 0.921 in the female participants. The AUROCs of AUDIT and CAGE were 0.906 and 0.643, respectively, in the male, and 0.898 and 0.657, respectively, in the female participants. The optimal screening scores of at-risk drinking in AUDIT-C were ≥6 in the male and ≥4 in the female participants; and in AUDIT and CAGE, ≥8 and ≥1, respectively, in the male, and ≥5 and ≥1 in the female participants. The AUROCs of AUDIT-C in screening alcohol use disorders were 0.902 in the male and 0.939 in the female participants. In the AUDIT and CAGE, the AUROCs were 0.936 and 0.712, respectively, in the male, and 0.960 and 0.844, respectively, in the female participants. The optimal screening scores of alcohol use disorders in AUDIT-C were ≥7 in the male and ≥6 in the female participants; and in AUDIT and CAGE, ≥10 and ≥1, respectively, in the male, and ≥8 and ≥1 in the female participants. Conclusion AUDIT-C is considered useful in screening at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders among college students.
A study on effects of muscle fatigue on EMG-based control for human upper-limb power-assist

It may be difficult task for physically weak elderly, disabled and injured individuals to perform the day to day activities in their life. Therefore, many assistive devices have been developed in order to improve the quality of life of those people. Especially upper-limb power-assist exoskeletons have been developed since the upper limb motions are vital for the daily activities. Electromyography (EMG) signals of the upper limb muscles have sometimes been used as a primary signal to control the power assist exoskeletons since the EMG signals directly reflect the motion intention of the user. But one of the main obstacles for EMG based controller is the muscle fatigue, because the muscle fatigue might change the EMG patterns. It is important for power-assist exoskeleton to correctly assist the user for longer period of time. But it has high probability of user muscles been fatigued because users getting more and more exhausted at the end of the day. Therefore it is necessary to consider the variations of EMG signals due to the effect of muscle fatigue. In this paper it demonstrates the study which was conducted to find out the effects of muscle fatigue on the three EMG features derived from the raw EMG signals of the Bicep brachii, Deltoid-posterior, Deltoid-anterior and Supinator muscles of the upper limb. Shoulder vertical flexion/extension, shoulder abduction/adduction, elbow flexion/extension and forearm pronation/supination motions were carried out before and after a set of muscle fatiguing exercises. The three features computed in this experiment were RMS (Root Mean Square), MPF (Mean Power Frequency) and a spectral feature (FInsm5) which was proposed by Dimitrov. Comparison results of these three features of all muscles before and after the fatiguing exercises showed an percentage increase of the RMS and FInsm5 features whereas MPF showed a percentage decrease with respect to the before fatiguing conditions. The result showed that the EMG RMS may not a reliable feature to use as the only input signal in EMG based control for human upper-limb power assist in the muscle fatiguing conditions. Therefore, it is suggested that a modification method for compensating the effect of muscle fatigue is required on the EMG based control in order to have a long and reliable use of the human upper-limb power assist exoskeletons.
USING A GRAPH MODEL

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. ENB 118 Tampa, FL, 33620, USA E-mail: aschenke, kandel@csee.usf. edu Department of Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel E-mail: mlast@bgumail.bgu. ac.il Inst. Fur Informatik und angewandte Mathematik, Department of Computer Science, University of Bern, Neubrückstrasse 10, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland E-mail: bunke@iam.unibe. ch
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ICAD GENERATIVE MODEL FOR BLENDED WING BODY AIRCRAFT DESIGN

Aim of the EC sponsored project ‘Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization of Blended Wing-Bodies’ is the development and application of a fully integrated Computer Design Engine (CDE). TU Delft contributed to the project with the development of a Blended Wing-Body Multi-Model Generator, which is able to supply geometries and data to the analysis software, either COTS or tailor made, used by the various disciplinary groups in the project team (aerodynamics, structures, stability and control etc.). A full parametric definition of the aircraft has been implemented in the KTI ICAD environment. The ICAD Multi-Model Generator (or Generative Model) holds the ‘knowledge’ of the Blended Wing Body aircraft, such that consistent models can be generated, at different leve ls of fidelity, suitable for the various disciplines involved in the CDE. A large range of aircraft variants can be generated, just editing the values of the aircraft parameters, which are all collected in one single input file. The optimiser can change the parameters value within the optimisation loop, without the need for user interactive sessions. The generative model can be run in batch mode, even from remote sites.
Does Public Service Motivation Always Lead to Organizational Commitment? Examining the Moderating Roles of Intrinsic Motivation and Ethical Leadership

Much of the work in public management indicates that public service motivation (PSM) generally leads to higher levels of organizational commitment. We argue that this relationship is more complex than generally assumed. First, drawing from self-determination theory, we propose that intrinsic motivation is conceptually distinct from PSM and that the two variables could interact. Second, drawing from the fit perspective, we further propose that ethical leadership is a contextual variable that will enhance the effect of PSM. A field study of public employees in Thailand provides support for this contingency perspective. We found that intrinsic motivation moderated the effect of PSM, such that the effect was positive only for individuals with high-intrinsic motivation but negative for those with low-intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, our analysis revealed a three-way interaction, which indicated that PSM was most positively related to organizational commitment when accompanied by high-intrinsic motivation and ethical leadership.
RFID's Impact on Logistic Operations: Towards a Comprehensive Empirical Assessment

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an information technology whose appeal to practitioners and researchers remains high. Although an impressive amount of research addresses its use in various applications, its impact on logistic operations, where it is expected to yield the most significant benefits, has been poorly understood to date. In particular, stringent empirical research along these lines is still missing and many questions remain unanswered. Which generic activities are crucial when introducing RFID in logistic processes? Are detailed planning, expertise, standards, and collaboration with business partners actually essential to achieve RFID profitability or is RFID introduction easier than expected by most decision makers. Does most of the value created by RFID projects come from improved automation, visibility, or completely new ways to do business? In order to answer these questions, we have designed a survey instrument which is described and evaluated in this paper 1 . The hypotheses motivated in this document will soon be tested using a representative sample of RFID adopters and the structural equation modelling methodology.
Why does offspring size affect performance? Integrating metabolic scaling with life-history theory

Within species, larger offspring typically outperform smaller offspring. While the relationship between offspring size and performance is ubiquitous, the cause of this relationship remains elusive. By linking metabolic and life-history theory, we provide a general explanation for why larger offspring perform better than smaller offspring. Using high-throughput respirometry arrays, we link metabolic rate to offspring size in two species of marine bryozoan. We found that metabolism scales allometrically with offspring size in both species: while larger offspring use absolutely more energy than smaller offspring, larger offspring use proportionally less of their maternally derived energy throughout the dependent, non-feeding phase. The increased metabolic efficiency of larger offspring while dependent on maternal investment may explain offspring size effects—larger offspring reach nutritional independence (feed for themselves) with a higher proportion of energy relative to structure than smaller offspring. These findings offer a potentially universal explanation for why larger offspring tend to perform better than smaller offspring but studies on other taxa are needed.
Using distributional data to explore derivational under-markedness: a study of the event/property polysemy in nominalization

This paper proposes a corpus-based analysis of deverbal suffixed nouns in Italian displaying an ambiguity between a clear event reading (partenza ‘departure’) and a clear property reading (intelligenza ‘intelligence’). It focuses, in particular on words derived with the suffixes -nza and -zione. Three sets of syntactic contexts for words containing the two suffixes (highand low-frequency -nza words and high-frequency -zione words) were extracted from a large corpus of contemporary Italian and coded according to their semantic reading. The comparison of the three datasets, on the one side, confirms an evolution, already observed in the literature, of -nza from a typically deverbal action suffix to a typically deadjectival property suffix, and, on the other side, shows that the same ambiguity is observed with -zione nouns, although, unlike the case of -nza, in this case it remains a marginal feature. The results obtained show the interest of large-scale empirical observations for the analysis of morphological phenomena, and militate in favour of a model in which (regular) polysemy should be considered as a constituting property of derived words.
Near-infrared LED based non-invasive blood glucose sensor

Diabetes is a metabolic pathological condition of concern, which affects vital organs of body if not diagnosed and treated on time. Regular monitoring of blood glucose is important to avoid complication of diabetes. Commonly used glucose measurement methods are invasive which generally involves finger puncturing. These methods are painful and frequent pricking cause calluses on the skin and have risk of spreading infectious diseases. Therefore there is need to develop a non-invasive monitoring system which can measure blood glucose continuously without much problem. The present work is focused on development of non-invasive blood glucose measurement sensor system using Near-infrared (NIR) technique. Initially in-vitro glucose measurement prototype is developed using continuous wave (CW) from NIR LED (940 nm) to check the sensitivity of the system for different glucose concentrations. Later a Sensor patch was designed using LED and a photodiode to observe diffused reflectance spectra of blood from the human forearm. Diffused reflectance spectra of the subjects obtained with this technique was also compared with commercially available invasive finger tip gluco-meter. The results are promising and show the potential of using NIR for glucose measurement.
The Influence of Young Children's Use of Technology on Their Learning: A Review

* Corresponding author ABSTRACT This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review on empirical studies of how technologies influence young children's learning. Eighty-seven articles published between 2003 and 2013 were identified through the Web of Science database. We employed content analysis to identify the research trends of this topic. "Technology evaluation," "adults' roles," and "teaching approaches" are three emerging research themes during 2008-2013. About one-third of the studies involved children who were from immigrant or low socioeconomic status families, or had special needs. The majority of the reviewed studies revealed that the technologies had positive effects on children's performance across developmental domains. Particularly, in social domain, most studies showed that technologies enhanced children's collaboration and interaction with others and their development of multiculturalism. We also propose a typology for conceptualizing the complexity of the relationships between technology use and children's learning. We argue that children's learning with technology is conditioned by several factors categorized into children, adults, and technology aspects. Moreover, a trend of examining children's development of digital literacy emerged, involving investigation of the skills needed for and perceptions of technology use. Lastly, while most studies viewed children as consumers of technology, their role as creators has been understudied and deserves more research attention.
Recollection, familiarity, and content-sensitivity in lateral parietal cortex: a high-resolution fMRI study

Numerous studies have identified brain regions where activity is consistently correlated with the retrieval (recollection) of qualitative episodic information. This ‘core recollection network’ can be contrasted with regions where activity differs according to the contents of retrieval. The present study used high-resolution fMRI to investigate whether these putatively-distinct retrieval processes engage common versus dissociable regions. Subjects studied words with two encoding tasks and then performed a memory test in which they distinguished between recollection and different levels of recognition confidence. The fMRI data from study and test revealed several overlapping regions where activity differed according to encoding task, suggesting that content was selectively reinstated during retrieval. The majority of recollection-related regions, though, did not exhibit reinstatement effects, providing support for a core recollection network. Importantly, lateral parietal cortex demonstrated a clear dissociation, whereby recollection effects were localized to angular gyrus and confidence effects were restricted to intraparietal sulcus. Moreover, the latter region exhibited a non-monotonic pattern, consistent with a neural signal reflecting item familiarity rather than a generic form of memory strength. Together, the findings show that episodic retrieval relies on both content-sensitive and core recollective processes, and these can be differentiated from familiarity-based recognition memory.