Associations between Parenting, Neurobiological Variables, and Adolescent and Young Adult Risk-Taking

2 Introduction . 3 The Neurobiological Model of Adolescent and Young Adult Risk-Taking . 4 Young Adult Alcohol Abuse . 6 Influential Environmental Factors . 9 Individual and Contextual Differences . 9 Influence of Parental Mechanisms on Adolescent and Young Adult Risk-Taking . 10 Authoritative Parental Mechanisms . 10 Authoritarian Parental Mechanisms . 11 Parental Monitoring . 12 Current Research . 13 Hypothesis I . 14 Hypothesis II . 14 Hypothesis III.15 Methods.15 Participants . 15 Measures . 16 Data Analysis . 19 Results . 21 Discussion . 24 Limitations . 27 Future Research . 28 Conclusions . 30 References . 31 RUNNING HEAD: Parenting, Neurobiological Variables, and Risk-Taking 3 Abstract Evidence suggests that adolescence and young adulthood is a transitional stage whereby unique contextual factors may increase the likelihood for certain individuals to engage in risk-taking compared to their peers. In addition to influential environmental aspects (i.e. parenting, societal affiliations, peer influence) an adolescent’s and young adult’s underdeveloped cognitive control system is unable to successfully inhibit early maturing tendencies such as sensation seeking and reward sensitivity. However, previous research indicates that certain parental mechanisms may serve as protective/promotive agents for stabilizing this neurobiological imbalance. Therefore, the focus of the current research was to examine how parenting behaviors and styles moderate the relations between neurobiological variables and risk-taking during young adulthood. It was expected that authoritarian parenting methods would have adverse effects on young adult behavior by inhibiting maturing cognitive control abilities and exacerbating early developing socioemotional tendencies. Conversely, it was suspected that authoritative parenting would serve as a protective agent against young adult risk-taking by increasing cognitive control abilities and suppressing socioemotional tendencies. Additionally, parental monitoring is a behavior that, depending on context, may serve to either inhibit or exacerbate young adult risk-taking. An online survey was conducted to assess young adults from MTurk. Participants completed a variety of questionnaires regarding parent-child interactions, levels of sensation seeking and self-regulatory abilities, and engagement in risky behavior such as alcohol abuse. In sum, this research may be used to inform parents and caregivers of the influence of parent-child interactions on adolescent and young adult risk-taking.Evidence suggests that adolescence and young adulthood is a transitional stage whereby unique contextual factors may increase the likelihood for certain individuals to engage in risk-taking compared to their peers. In addition to influential environmental aspects (i.e. parenting, societal affiliations, peer influence) an adolescent’s and young adult’s underdeveloped cognitive control system is unable to successfully inhibit early maturing tendencies such as sensation seeking and reward sensitivity. However, previous research indicates that certain parental mechanisms may serve as protective/promotive agents for stabilizing this neurobiological imbalance. Therefore, the focus of the current research was to examine how parenting behaviors and styles moderate the relations between neurobiological variables and risk-taking during young adulthood. It was expected that authoritarian parenting methods would have adverse effects on young adult behavior by inhibiting maturing cognitive control abilities and exacerbating early developing socioemotional tendencies. Conversely, it was suspected that authoritative parenting would serve as a protective agent against young adult risk-taking by increasing cognitive control abilities and suppressing socioemotional tendencies. Additionally, parental monitoring is a behavior that, depending on context, may serve to either inhibit or exacerbate young adult risk-taking. An online survey was conducted to assess young adults from MTurk. Participants completed a variety of questionnaires regarding parent-child interactions, levels of sensation seeking and self-regulatory abilities, and engagement in risky behavior such as alcohol abuse. In sum, this research may be used to inform parents and caregivers of the influence of parent-child interactions on adolescent and young adult risk-taking.