Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Regional Role in Post-Cold War Military Industrial Conversion

Regionally concentrated post-cold war military spending cuts offer an opportunity to compare regional conversion across countries. The authors briefly lay out the challenge and distinguish regional from national and industrial conversion strategies. Several factors facilitate or impede region-level conversion efforts: regional contextual factors—defense dependency, isolation, diversity, and vigor in the regional economy; military industrial features—sectoral specialization, size, and ownership patterns; and political structure and behavior—federal/unitary systems, regional public sector capacity, political party structure, leadership, and coalition building. The authors illustrate each with examples drawn from eighteen regions in eight countries, the subjects of articles collected in this special issue.
A Simulation Comparison of Buffet Restaurants

Two ostensibly similar buffets operating in two districts of the same state offer the customer substantially different dining experiences. While the customer usually has to wait in a queue for a table at both, one buffet allows the customer to complete that meal in an average of 40 minutes, while customers at the other buffet may have to wait as long as 90 minutes to complete the process. A PC-based Monte Carlo-type simulation of the two buffets shows the interaction of restaurant design with operational procedures. The buffet with the lengthy meal time called on servers to handle numerous tasks, including check settlement and keeping track of all beverages due to a policy of charging for some refills. The resulting server congestion stretched the length of time customers had to wait for a server's attention beyond reasonable limits, with likely damage to customer satisfaction. The other buffet had customers pay in advance, and servers did not have to tally beverages, although servers still delivered them. The computer model allowed the authors to test the result of one operational change on customer waiting and table time. Waiting times diminished significantly when customers were allowed unlimited access to soft-drink dispensers-thus freeing servers of the need to deal with beverages. This demonstration shows the efficacy of computer models to allow managers to play out what-if scenarios before committing funds to operational changes.
Theory of Mind and conduct problems in children: Deficits in reading the “emotions of the eyes”

A significant clinical feature of disorders of antisocial behaviour involves difficulties in social functioning. It has been suggested that deficits in “theory of mind” (ToM) reasoning—the ability to decode others’ emotions and thoughts—may underlie social difficulties in these populations. Success in demonstrating ToM impairment associated with antisocial behaviour and psychopathy in adults and children have been limited. In the current study, parent-reported conduct problems were concurrently measured with performance on an advanced test of ToM developed for children, the Child Eyes Test (Journal of Developmental and Learning Disorders, 5, 47–78). Preadolescent and young adolescent children (n=79) drawn from a community sample were required to identify emotions from photographic stimuli depicting the eye region of the face only. Findings suggested a generalised impairment in ToM in children with conduct problems, as indicated by a significant relationship between poor Eyes Test performance and conduct problems, even when IQ, sex and age were controlled for. The findings are discussed in the context of the amygdala theory of psychopathy, and the neural systems suggested to mediate performance on the Eyes Test.
Effect of heparin on platelet aggregation

The effect of heparin on platelet aggregation was systematically examined on platelets in plasma (PRP), as well as on gel‐filtered, washed, and formaldehyde‐fixed platelets. Results indicate that, although heparin causes a mild potentiation of platelet aggregation in the PRP systems, a significant inhibitory activity is observed when heparin is added to isolated platelets. This inhibitory activity appears to be specific and not related to the impurities in the heparin preparations, as heparinase, as well as protamine, effectively neutralizes the heparin‐mediated inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation.
XerD-mediated FtsK-independent integration of TLCϕ into the Vibrio cholerae genome

Significance Our results indicate that integration and excision of the toxin-linked cryptic satellite phage TLCϕ depend on a Xer recombination pathway different from the pathways so far described for other integrative mobile elements exploiting Xer (IMEXs) and for plasmid and chromosome dimer resolution. They also provide the most likely mechanism for the complete elimination of IMEX arrays that occurred in some Vibrio cholerae strains of the second wave of the current cholera pandemic. As in most bacteria, topological problems arising from the circularity of the two Vibrio cholerae chromosomes, chrI and chrII, are resolved by the addition of a crossover at a specific site of each chromosome, dif, by two tyrosine recombinases, XerC and XerD. The reaction is under the control of a cell division protein, FtsK, which activates the formation of a Holliday Junction (HJ) intermediate by XerD catalysis that is resolved into product by XerC catalysis. Many plasmids and phages exploit Xer recombination for dimer resolution and for integration, respectively. In all cases so far described, they rely on an alternative recombination pathway in which XerC catalyzes the formation of a HJ independently of FtsK. This is notably the case for CTXϕ, the cholera toxin phage. Here, we show that in contrast, integration of TLCϕ, a toxin-linked cryptic satellite phage that is almost always found integrated at the chrI dif site before CTXϕ, depends on the formation of a HJ by XerD catalysis, which is then resolved by XerC catalysis. The reaction nevertheless escapes the normal cellular control exerted by FtsK on XerD. In addition, we show that the same reaction promotes the excision of TLCϕ, along with any CTXϕ copy present between dif and its left attachment site, providing a plausible mechanism for how chrI CTXϕ copies can be eliminated, as occurred in the second wave of the current cholera pandemic.
The Real Effects of Transnational Activity upon Investment and Labour Demand within Japan's Machinery Industries

This paper attempts to estimate the real effects of transnational activity upon both investment and labour demand, within each of the five industries that comprise Japan's domestic machinery sector. The study uses a standard model of investment and labour demand, which is augmented to include foreign wages. It is argued that this approach is the most suitable for capturing the real effects of transnational activity, since foreign wages indicate the attractiveness of alternative sites for investment, production and employment. A simultaneous equations estimator is employed and, for each industry, there is evidence that both the behaviour of investment and labour demand are sensitive to foreign wage conditions. The results indicate the extent to which transnational activity has had a real effect upon Japan's domestic machinery sector.
The efficient market inefficiency of capitalization–weighted stock portfolios

35 A s of the end of 1990, the largest 200 prehensive cap-weighted portfolios occupy positions defined-benefit pension plans had indexed a combined total of approximately $200 billion to capitalization-weighted stock portfolios, such as the Wilshire 5000. The sponsors of these plans presumably return. E: believe this to be an efficient investment, in the inside the efficient set. In this context, theory directs us to manage risk in seeking out investment portfolios with the lowest possible volatility given expected 6 8 5
Relationship between OSCE scores and other typical medical school performance indicators: a 5-year cohort study.

BACKGROUND Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) are used at the majority of U.S. medical schools. Given the high resource demands with constructing and administering OSCEs, understanding how OSCEs relate to typical performance measures in medical school could help educators more effectively design curricula and evaluation to optimize student instruction and assessment. PURPOSE To investigate the correlation between second-year and third-year OSCE scores, as well as the associations between OSCE scores and several other typical measures of students' medical school performance. METHODS We tracked the performance of a 5-year cohort (classes of 2007-2011). We studied the univariate correlations among OSCE scores, U.S. Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores, and medical school grade point average. We also examined whether OSCE scores explained additional variance in the USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge score beyond that explained by the Step 1 score. RESULTS The second- and third-year OSCE scores were weakly correlated. Neither second- nor third-year OSCE score was strongly correlated with USMLE scores or medical school grade point average. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that OSCEs capture a viewpoint that is different from typical assessment measures that largely reflect multiple choice questions; these results also support tenets of situated cognition theory.
A Study On Drivers' Route Choice Under The Influence Of ATIS Accuracy

This paper investigates the effects of ATIS (Advanced Traveler Information Systems) accuracy on drivers' compliance with descriptive information and route choice behavior. The approach adopted here examines drivers' compliance with ATIS and the subsequent route choice using a nested logit model. Compliance is modeled as a binary logit model which is then used as an upper branch to the route choice process. Stated Preference (SP) methods are used to collect data on drivers' behavior. The questionnaire incorporated the factors affecting drivers' perception of information accuracy such as travel time error average and variability. The results showed that not only does ATIS accuracy affect drivers' compliance, but it also has an impact on the reliability of each route. Attitudes toward risk were also found important in the decision making process.
Local Application of Growth Hormone to Enhance Osseointegration in Osteoporotic Bones: A Morphometric and Densitometric Study.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the effect of local application of growth hormone on osseointegration of dental implants inserted in osteoporotic bones. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty female New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. Ten were ovariectomized and fed a low-calcium diet for 6 weeks, and the others remained intact. A titanium implant was inserted into each tibia, in both groups. In half of the rabbits, 2 IU of growth hormone was placed into the ostectomy prior to the implant insertion. Two weeks after implant surgery, all animals were sacrificed. Tibiae were dissected from soft tissues, and included in methacrylate to be studied under light microscopy. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by morphometric and densitometric analysis, respectively. Multifactorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical evaluation. P < . 05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS Ovariectomy induced less BIC and BMD in regions closer to the implant compared with the control group. Local application of growth hormone was able to increase the BIC in the ovariectomized group, with statistically significant differences with respect to the control group (P < .01). Regarding the BMD, no statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this experimental study, local application of 2 IU of recombinant human growth hormone at the moment of titanium implant insertion in rabbit tibiae significantly enhanced the BIC around titanium implants 15 days after the implantation in this experimental osteoporotic animal model, without affecting the BMD.
Private/Public Research: Knowledge Assets and Future Scenarios

Knowledge and know-how have always played a critical role in agricultural, resource, and environmental systems (ARES). In our areas of expertise, as well as throughout American society, it has long been recognized that prosperity rests on knowledge and its useful applications. At the dawn of the twentyfirst century, however, the source, the concentration, the distribution, and the use of knowledge could change dramatically. While this has been true for some time in other segments of the U.S. economy, it has seriously emerged as a fundamental force in ARES only over the course of this last decade of the twen-
Destination Evaluation: The Role of Previous Travel Experience and Trip Characteristics

This study uses canonical correlation analysis to examine the relationship between two sets of variables that can be used in evaluating a travel destination. The first set is composed of five variables that are referred to as previous travel experience and trip characteristics. These five variables include two measures of previous travel experience (number of countries visited, number of countries visited for pleasure) and three trip characteristics (length of stay, number of people in the travel party, and travel mode). The second set of variables consists of four criterion variables referred to as destination evaluation variables. These variables (satisfaction, service quality, value, and likelihood to return) are used to evaluate the travel destination. Results of the study indicated that a portion of the variance in destination evaluation can be attributed to previous travel experience and trip characteristics.
Recombinant protein‐based ELISA and immuno‐cytochemical assay for the diagnosis of SARS†

A new Coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) is the aetiological agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Because of the critical role played by serological assays for SARS diagnosis, an in‐house ELISA based on SARS‐CoV recombinant antigens was developed. The SARS‐CoV nucleocapsid protein (N), three N fragments (N1, N2, and N3) and the intraviral domain of the membrane protein (M2) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as histidine‐tagged proteins. Six reference sera from SARS patients were used to detect virus‐specific IgG in an ELISA using each recombinant protein as coating antigen. High‐titre positive reactions were detected in all SARS positive sera. The specificity of the assay appears to be high as no positive reaction was detected in the sera of 20 healthy subjects and 73 patients with non‐SARS, low‐tract respiratory infections. Specific hyper‐immune sera to SARS‐CoV and the recombinant proteins, N, N1, N2, N3, and M2 were also generated in mice and rabbits. The specificity of these sera was confirmed by an immunocytochemical assay on biochips of SARS‐CoV infected and uninfected cells. J. Med. Virol. 76:137–142, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivariable statistical regression models of the areal extent of hypoxia over the Texas–Louisiana continental shelf

Observations of the areal extent of seasonal hypoxia over the Texas–Louisiana continental shelf from 1985 to 2010 are correlated with a variety of physical and biogeochemical forcing mechanisms. Significant correlation is found between hypoxic area and both nitrogen load (r2 = 0.24) and east–west wind speed (r2 = 0.16). There is also a significant increasing trend in the areal extent of hypoxia in time; a linearly increasing trend over the entire record (r2 = 0.17), a step increase in area for the years 1994 and beyond (r2 = 0.21), and a step increase for 1993 and beyond (r2 = 0.29) were all found to be significantly correlated with area. The year 1988, often included in other studies, was found to be a statistical outlier, in that the statistical regression properties are strongly modified when this year is included. The exclusion of any other year does not have as great an effect as excluding 1988 from the record. The year 1989 is also excluded, as this year had no full shelf survey, for a total of 24 years of data for the record. Multivariable regression models using all possible combinations of the forcing variables considered were calculated. The best performing models included east–west wind, either a linear trend in time or step in time (1994 and beyond), and either nitrogen load or river discharge combined with nitrogen concentration. The range of adjusted correlation coefficients ranged from r2 = 0.47 to 0.67. The best model (east–west wind, a step increase in time 1994 and beyond, river discharge, and nitrogen concentration) has a standard error of 3008 km2.
Estimating growth rate in the presence of serially correlated errors

The aim of this study is to address the difficulties frequently encountered in estimating average growth rates by a log-linear time trend in the presence of serially correlated errors. There are a few studies in the literature that provide some guidance on choosing the appropriate method depending on the degree of first order serial correlation. However, the higher order serial correlation case is generally ignored. This study proposes the Nelder-Mead simplex method as a general solution to estimating linear trend in the presence of serial correlation of any order. The proposed method and the conventional methods are applied to the real GDP per capita series of 27 OECD countries. Twelve series seem to be better modelled by a log-linear trend with AR(2) residuals, and five of them yield remarkably different growth rates.
An Analysis of Cooperative Research and Development

I analyze the effects of cooperative research, whereby member firms agree to share the costs and fruits of a research project before they undertake it. In this model industrywide agreements tend to have socially beneficial effects when the degree of product market competition is low, when there are R&D spillovers in the absence of cooperation, when a high degree of sharing is technologically feasible, and when the agreement concerns basic research rather than development activities. I show that a royalty-free cross-licensing agreement among any number of firms lowers the equilibrium level of innovation even though it increases the efficiency of R&D through sharing.
Determination of natural killer cell function by flow cytometry

Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a subset of peripheral blood lymphocytes that mediate non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity of foreign target cells. The "gold standard" assay for NK cell activity has been the chromium release assay. This method is not easily performed in the clinical laboratory because of difficulties with disposal of radioactive and hazardous materials, short reagent half-lives, expense, and difficulties with assay standardization. We describe a flow cytometric assay for the clinical measurement of NK cell activity. This study compared the chromium release assay and the flow cytometric assay by using clinically relevant specimens. There were no significant differences between the two assays in the measurement of lytic activity for 17 peripheral blood specimens or in reproducibility in repeated samplings of healthy individuals. We also established a normal range of values for NK activity in healthy adults and identified a small cluster of individuals who have exceptionally high or low levels of NK activity. The flow cytometric assay was validated by testing specimens from subjects expected to have abnormally low levels of NK activity (pregnant women) and specimens from healthy individuals in whom the activity of NK cells was enhanced by exposure to interleukin-2 or alpha interferon. Treatment with these agents was associated with a significant increase in NK activity. These results confirm and extend those of others, showing that the flow cytometric assay is a viable alternative to the chromium release assay for measuring NK cell activity.
Informative simultaneous confidence intervals for the fallback procedure

The fallback procedure is an extension of the hierarchical test procedure relaxing the predefined hierarchical order. It can be applied for example in dose‐finding studies. If interest is in extending the fallback procedure to simultaneous confidence intervals, one finds proposals in the literature, which have, however, the drawback that noninformative rejections may arise. A noninformative rejection means that the confidence interval of a rejected null hypothesis contains all parameters of the alternative and thus gives no useful information about the true value of the effect parameter. We present a modification of the fallback procedure with corresponding simultaneous confidence intervals that is informative in every case where a hypothesis is rejected. The main idea consists of splitting the level between the null hypotheses and a nested family of informative hypotheses constituting the alternative. The splitting weights depend continuously on the parameter. The new method is represented by a simple graph and can be easily implemented by an explicit algorithm. We give an example and compare our approach with an existing extension of the fallback procedure to simultaneous confidence intervals by simulations in the context of a dose‐finding clinical trial. As a result, we see that the problem of noninformative rejections can be completely removed by the informative fallback procedure, while the involved power loss can be controlled by careful planning.
Restoration of ascending noradrenergic projections by residual locus coeruleus neurons: Compensatory response to neurotoxin‐induced cell death in the adult rat brain

There is clinical and experimental evidence that monoamine neurons respond to lesions with a wide range of compensatory adaptations aimed at preserving their functional integrity. Neurotoxin‐induced lesions are followed by increased synthesis and release of transmitter from residual monoamine fibers and by axonal sprouting. However, the fate of lesioned neurons after long survival periods remains largely unknown. Whether regenerative sprouting may contribute significantly to recovery of function following lesions which induce cell loss has been questioned. We have previously analyzed the response of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons to systemic administration of the noradrenergic (NE) neurotoxin N‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐N‐ethyl‐2‐bromobenzylamine (DSP‐4) to adult rats. This drug causes ablation of nearly all LC axon terminals within 2 weeks after administration, followed by a profound loss of LC cell bodies 6 months later. The present study was conducted to determine the fate of surviving LC neurons and to characterize their potential for regenerative sprouting during a 16 month period after DSP‐4 treatment. The time‐course and extent of LC neuron degeneration were analyzed quantitatively in Nissl‐stained sections, and the regenerative response of residual neurons was characterized by dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. The results document that LC neurons degenerate gradually after DSP‐4 treatment, cell loss reaching on average 57% after 1 year. LC neurons which survive the lesion exhibit a vigorous regenerative response, even in those animals in which cell loss exceeds 60–70%. This regenerative process leads progressively to restoration of the NE innervation pattern in the forebrain, with some regions becoming markedly hyperinnervated. In stark contrast to the forebrain, very little reinnervation takes place in the brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord. These findings suggest that regenerative sprouting of residual neurons is an important compensatory mechanism by which the LC may regain much of its functional integrity in the presence of extensive cell loss. Furthermore, regeneration of LC axons after DSP‐4 treatment is region‐specific, suggesting that the pattern of reinnervation is controlled by target areas. Elucidation of the factors underlying recovery of LC neurons after DSP‐4 treatment may provide insights into the compensatory mechanisms of central neurons after injury and in disease states. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.