Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emotional Responses to Pleasant and Unpleasant Olfactory, Visual, and Auditory Stimuli: a Positron Emission Tomography Study

Neural correlates of responses to emotionally valenced olfactory, visual, and auditory stimuli were examined using positron emission tomography. Twelve volunteers were scanned using the water bolus method. For each sensory modality, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during presentation of both pleasant and unpleasant stimuli was compared with that measured during presentation of neutral stimuli. During the emotionally valenced conditions, subjects performed forced-choice pleasant and unpleasant judgments. During the neutral conditions, subjects were asked to select at random one of a two key-press buttons. All stimulations were synchronized with inspiration, using an airflow olfactometer, to present the same number of stimuli for each sensory modality. A no-stimulation control condition was also performed in which no stimulus was presented. For all three sensory modalities, emotionally valenced stimuli led to increased rCBF in the orbitofrontal cortex, the temporal pole, and the superior frontal gyrus, in the left hemisphere. Emotionally valenced olfactory and visual but not auditory stimuli produced additional rCBF increases in the hypothalamus and the subcallosal gyrus. Only emotionally valenced olfactory stimuli induced bilateral rCBF increases in the amygdala. These findings suggest that pleasant and unpleasant emotional judgments recruit the same core network in the left hemisphere, regardless of the sensory modality. This core network is activated in addition to a number of circuits that are specific to individual sensory modalities. Finally, the data suggest a superior potency of emotionally valenced olfactory over visual and auditory stimuli in activating the amygdala.
Assessing eco-toxicological effects of industrial 2,4-D acid iso-octylester herbicide on rat pancreas and liver

Abstract We studied the eco-toxic and carcinogenic effects of a commonly used 2,4-D acid iso-octylester herbicide on rat liver and pancreas. The rats in Group 1 were fed a standard feed and the rats in Group 2 were fed with standard feed to which was added 200 mg/kg/day 2,4-D acid iso-octylester for 16 weeks. Azaserine, 30 mg/kg/body weight, was injected into rats of Groups 3 and 4 to investigate the effects of 2,4-D acid iso-octylester on the development of neoplasms. After feeding the rats with neoplasms in Group 4 with food including 200 mg/kg/day 2,4-D acid iso-octylester for 16 weeks, an autopsy was carried out on all animals. We found that 2,4-D acid iso-octylester caused the formation of atypical cell foci (ACF) in the pancreata and livers of rats. ACF that were formed experimentally by exposure to azaserine had increased diameter, volume and number of atypical cell foci/mm2 and mm3 after exposure to 2,4-D acid iso-octylester. Our observations indicated that this herbicide potentially is a cancer initiator.
Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Cytometric Pattern Is More Accurate than Subepithelial Deposits of Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase IgA for the Diagnosis of Celiac Disease in Lymphocytic Enteritis

Background & Aims An increase in CD3+TCRγδ+ and a decrease in CD3− intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) is a characteristic flow cytometric pattern of celiac disease (CD) with atrophy. The aim was to evaluate the usefulness of both CD IEL cytometric pattern and anti-TG2 IgA subepithelial deposit analysis (CD IF pattern) for diagnosing lymphocytic enteritis due to CD. Methods Two-hundred and five patients (144 females) who underwent duodenal biopsy for clinical suspicion of CD and positive celiac genetics were prospectively included. Fifty had villous atrophy, 70 lymphocytic enteritis, and 85 normal histology. Eight patients with non-celiac atrophy and 15 with lymphocytic enteritis secondary to Helicobacter pylori acted as control group. Duodenal biopsies were obtained to assess both CD IEL flow cytometric (complete or incomplete) and IF patterns. Results Sensitivity of IF, and complete and incomplete cytometric patterns for CD diagnosis in patients with positive serology (Marsh 1+3) was 92%, 85 and 97% respectively, but only the complete cytometric pattern had 100% specificity. Twelve seropositive and 8 seronegative Marsh 1 patients had a CD diagnosis at inclusion or after gluten free-diet, respectively. CD cytometric pattern showed a better diagnostic performance than both IF pattern and serology for CD diagnosis in lymphocytic enteritis at baseline (95% vs 60% vs 60%, p = 0.039). Conclusions Analysis of the IEL flow cytometric pattern is a fast, accurate method for identifying CD in the initial diagnostic biopsy of patients presenting with lymphocytic enteritis, even in seronegative patients, and seems to be better than anti-TG2 intestinal deposits.
Bullying Behaviour in Schools: Towards Better Understandings and Practice

This study of school bullying provides an overview of the development of international anti-bullying initiatives, an in-depth analysis of the state of antibullying approaches in New Zealand and a description of the impact of such approaches on the behaviour in one secondary school community. Its findings endorse the use of effective, school-based, anti-bullying interventions, in particular, those developed in Scandinavia and Britain during the last twenty years. The efforts to combat bullying in New Zealand are reviewed. While some New Zealand programmes are found to be effective, the anti-bullying initiatives of the Ministry of Education and the Education Review Office are found wanting, as is their failure to respond effectively to the growing public concern over bullying. A number of anti-bullying interventions undertaken within one school community are evaluated. While generally found to reduce bullying, the limitations of these interventions became evident when one class group was viewed in greater depth in a study which discovered an entrenched bullying ‘culture’ and provided insights into the bullying dynamic. The communication difficulties experienced when a small number of powerful individuals capture the dynamics of power and abuse, and in effect establish the relationship style for the whole group, are then highlighted. As a result of the understandings gained through this classroom-based study, a number of conclusions are developed about the importance of the role played by leaders, both teacher and pupil.
Height of Industrial Hand Wheel Valves Affects Torque Exertion

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine how height of a hand wheel affects maximum torque production and risk of injury to the shoulders and back of workers. Background: Workers in the processing, refinery, and energy generation industries manually open and close valves with hand wheels that require high torque. This task is physically strenuous and can lead to shoulder musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Method: Maximum torque exertions in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions at three heights (knee, chest, and overhead) were tested. Results: The torque production in the counterclockwise (left) direction was greater than that of the clockwise (right) direction (150.5 N·m vs. 141 N·m). This main effect was independent of valve height, as there was no interaction between direction and valve height (p = .686). Participants exerted at least 10% greater torque at the overhead level than at the chest level (means of 153.2 N·m vs. 138.3 N·m). There was no difference in maximum torque between knee and overhead levels and between knee and chest levels. Conclusion: According to ergonomics principles, the risk of MSDs affecting the shoulder and trunk from turning valves should be lowest at chest height because the postures of the shoulder and trunk are at or near neutral. However, workers exerted greatest torque when the valve was located overhead. Whether valves located at overhead height, compared with chest height, present greater risk of MSDs to workers is not known. Application: Design engineers should avoid placing hand wheel valves at knee height or lower.
Leveraging knowledge management across strategic alliances

Alliance building has several stages, and the manager who leverages his organization's knowledge through each stage creates the foundation for a successful partnership. Introduction With an annual growth rate of 25 per cent and a projected value of US$40 trillion by the year 2004, there is little doubt that alliances will have a major impact on management in the 21st century. The " make versus buy " decision that once confronted decision makers has expanded and is now a more complex " make versus buy versus partner " decision. Alliance managers must make difficult decisions about when to partner and with whom, as well as how to structure and manage the partnership. Managers who can leverage information and knowledge across each stage of the alliance process will find that a knowledge-based approach is critical to the success of any partnership. In this article, we discuss the importance and effectiveness of sound knowledge management practices in the context of an alliance. Any discussion of a knowledge-based approach to alliance management must be based on several truths. • If managed correctly, alliances can significantly increase a company's financial returns. As a recent study pointed out, companies expect that by 2003, 35 per cent of their revenues will come from alliances, up from 21 per cent in 1998 and 15 per cent in 1995. 1,2 But alliances do more than contribute to a firm's bottom line. Firms can no longer develop all the resources, technologies and products to compete in today's dynamic marketplace, and so many of those firms use alliances to acquire the critical skills, knowledge and capabilities that they lack. • Companies form R&D alliances, not simply to reach short-term financial milestones, but to observe, learn and internalize the know-how of their partners. In U.S.-Japanese alliances in the past, for example, Japanese companies saw these partnerships as a way to learn from their partner, while their U.S. counterparts used these alliances as a substitute for more competitive skills, ultimately resulting in an erosion of their own internal skills. 3 Therefore, with companies that look on alliances as a way of learning from their partners, practices that enable knowledge sharing, creation, dissemination and internalization become critical. • An alliance knowledge management capability is both an important component of alliance success and a differentiating factor. Managing knowledge resources in an alliance is extremely challenging, and it is a primary reason for high failure …
Ulcerative Colitis: A Challenge to Surgeons

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease that specifically affects the mucosa of the rectum and colon. Although the etiology of this recurring inflammatory disorder remains essentially unknown, there have been significant advances in identifying the likely genetic and environmental factors that contribute to its pathogenesis. The clinical course of the disease typically manifests with remissions and exacerbations characterized by rectal bleeding and diarrhea. Since ulcerative colitis most commonly affects patients in their youth or early middle age, the disease can have serious long-term local and systemic consequences. There is no specific medical therapy that is curative. Although medical therapy can ameliorate the inflammatory process and control most symptomatic flares, it provides no definitive treatment for the disease. Proctocolectomy or total removal of the colon and rectum provides the only complete cure; however, innovative surgical alternatives have eliminated the need for a permanent ileostomy. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed account of the surgical management of ulcerative colitis.
Relaxation schemes for the multicomponent Euler system

We show that it is possible to construct a class of entropic schemes for the multicomponent Euler system describing a gas or fluid homogeneous mixture at thermodynamic equilibrium by applying a relaxation technique. A first order Chapman–Enskog expansion shows that the relaxed system formally converges when the relaxation frequencies go to the infinity toward a multicomponent Navier–Stokes system with the classical Fick and Newton laws, with a thermal diffusion which can be assimilated to a Soret effect in the case of a fluid mixture, and with also a pressure diffusion or a density diffusion respectively for a gas or fluid mixture. We also discuss on the link between the convexity of the entropies of each species and the existence of the Chapman–Enskog expansion.
Cortical State Determines Global Variability and Correlations in Visual Cortex

The response of neurons in sensory cortex to repeated stimulus presentations is highly variable. To investigate the nature of this variability, we compared the spike activity of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of cats with that of their afferents from lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), in response to similar stimuli. We found variability to be much higher in V1 than in LGN. To investigate the sources of the additional variability, we measured the spiking activity of large V1 populations and found that much of the variability was shared across neurons: the variable portion of the responses of one neuron could be well predicted from the summed activity of the rest of the neurons. Variability thus mostly reflected global fluctuations affecting all neurons. The size and prevalence of these fluctuations, both in responses to stimuli and in ongoing activity, depended on cortical state, being larger in synchronized states than in more desynchronized states. Contrary to previous reports, these fluctuations invested the overall population, regardless of preferred orientation. The global fluctuations substantially increased variability in single neurons and correlations among pairs of neurons. Once this effect was removed, pairwise correlations were reduced and were similar regardless of cortical state. These results highlight the importance of cortical state in controlling cortical operation and can help reconcile previous studies, which differed widely in their estimate of neuronal variability and pairwise correlations.
[Unintentional injuries in the home environment: home safety].

OBJECTIVE To review the characteristics of unintentional injuries and their impact on children and adolescents. SOURCES OF DATA Articles published between 2000 and 2005 in the MEDLINE, EBSCO, Proquest, SciELO, BVS and Google Scholar databases were selected. The authors used the keywords unintentional injuries, injuries, safe home, burns, falls, drowning, scorpions, snakes, poisoning, child, adolescent, mortality, injury control, and hospitalization. Some articles were evaluated based on the selected publications. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS Unintentional injuries in the world and in Brazil are analyzed, and so are the behaviors currently adopted for injury prevention and control. The impact on mortality, on physical damage, and the economic burden of injuries are evaluated. Special emphasis is placed on home environment, approaching the effects of child development, social disparities and contextualization of home environment on children's world and vulnerabilities. The main types of events that cause physical damage to the child and adolescent in the home environment are described. CONCLUSION The prevention of injuries in the home environment is possible. In this case, health professionals have the challenge to reduce the consequences of unintentional injuries on the morbidity and mortality of children and young people in Brazil and in the whole world.
Meta-learning Recommendation of Default Hyper-parameter Values for SVMs in Classification Tasks

Machine learning algorithms have been investigated in several scenarios, one of them is the data classification. The predictive performance of the models induced by these algorithms is usually strongly affected by the values used for their hyper-parameters. Different approaches to define these values have been proposed, like the use of default values and optimization techniques. Although default values can result in models with good predictive performance, different implementations of the same machine learning algorithms use different default values, leading to models with clearly different predictive performance for the same dataset. Optimization techniques have been used to search for hyper-parameter values able to maximize the predictive performance of induced models for a given dataset, but with the drawback of a high computational cost. A compromise is to use an optimization technique to search for values that are suitable for a wide spectrum of datasets. This paper investigates the use of meta-learning to recommend default values for the induction of Support Vector Machine models for a new classification dataset. We compare the default values suggested by the Weka and LibSVM tools with default values optimized by meta-heuristics on a large range of datasets. This study covers only classification task, but we believe that similar ideas could be used in other related tasks. According to the experimental results, meta-models can accurately predict whether tool suggested or optimized default values should be used.
Does Gender-Fair Language Pay Off? The Social Perception of Professions from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective

In many languages, masculine forms (e.g., German Lehrer, “teachers, masc.”) have traditionally been used to refer to both women and men, although feminine forms are available, too. Feminine-masculine word pairs (e.g., German Lehrerinnen und Lehrer, “teachers, fem. and teachers, masc.”) are recommended as gender-fair alternatives. A large body of empirical research documents that the use of gender-fair forms instead of masculine forms has a substantial impact on mental representations. Masculine forms activate more male representations even when used in a generic sense, whereas word pairs (e.g., German Lehrerinnen und Lehrer, “teachers, fem. and teachers, masc.”) lead to a higher cognitive inclusion of women (i.e., visibility of women). Some recent studies, however, have also shown that in a professional context word pairs may be associated with lesser status. The present research is the first to investigate both effects within a single paradigm. A cross-linguistic (Italian and German) study with 391 participants shows that word pairs help to avoid a male bias in the gender-typing of professions and increase women's visibility; at the same time, they decrease the estimated salaries of typically feminine professions (but do not affect perceived social status or competence). This potential payoff has implications for language policies aiming at gender-fairness.
Carbohydrate-electrolyte drink ingestion and skill performance in tennis

5 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 Chapter 2: Review of Literature 10 2.1 The physiological demands of tennis 11 2.2 Metabolite responses to exercise 20 2.3 Heart rate response to exercise and intensity 23 2.4 Accelerometry 26 2.5 Fluid balance 28 2.6 Carbohydrate ingestion 34 2.7 Measures of arousal and affect 45 2.8 Measures of skill and performance 47 2.9 Match analysis in tennis 50 Chapter 3: Methodology 55 3.1 Pre-screening 58 3.2 Familiarisation 59 3.3 Main trial protocol and data collection 59 Chapter 4: Results 66 4.1 Physiological and psychological results 68 4.1. 1 Blood glucose and lactate 68 4.1. 2 Body mass 69 4.1. 3 Urine volume and osmolality 70 4.1. 4 Psychological measures 71 4.2 Skill test results 72 4.2.1 Skill test total score, groundstroke total score and service total score.72 4.2.2 Skill test groundstroke score and service score by zone 73 4.2.3 Speed of serve during the skill tests 73 4.2.4 Heart rate values recorded during the skill tests 74 4.3 Match analysis results 75 4.3.1 Serve success 75 4.3.2 Return success 78 4.3.3 Rallies 80
Effect of flecainide on atrial and ventricular refractoriness and conduction in patients with normal left ventricle. Implications for possible antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic mechanisms.

We studied the effects of intravenous flecainide (2 mg.kg-1) on atrial and ventricular refractoriness and conduction during sinus rhythm, induced atrial fibrillation and atrial pacing at rates of 100, 120 and 150 ppm, in 14 patients with normal left ventricle. Flecainide caused a significant increase in QRS duration during sinus rhythm (mean +/- SD: 87.2 +/- 8.4 ms vs 102.8 +/- 9.1 ms, P < 0.001), atrial fibrillation (87.8 +/- 10.0 ms vs 108.8 +/- 13.7 ms, P < 0.001) and at all paced rates. The duration of the atrial electrogram was significantly increased during sinus rhythm (54.9 +/- 13.2 ms vs 64.8 +/- 16.6 ms, P = 0.003) and at all pacing rates. The PA interval was also significantly prolonged, as was the pacing stimulus-to-atrial-electrogram interval at all pacing rates. There was increased QRS duration and atrial electrogram prolongation at higher pacing rates. Atrial refractoriness was prolonged during sinus rhythm (216.4 +/- 28.2 vs 228.6 +/- 36.1, P = 0.02), but not during atrial pacing at any rate. The QT interval, but not the JT interval or ventricular refractoriness, was significantly prolonged during sinus rhythm and at all pacing rates. Flecainide slows atrial conduction in a use dependent manner and increases atrial refractoriness during sinus rhythm but not during faster atrial pacing, thus not displaying a use-dependent effect. QRS duration is prolonged in a use-dependent manner without a commensurate increase in ventricular refractoriness. In the presence of rapidly conducted atrial fibrillation, which was not found to be slowed by flecainide, this effect may constitute a proarrhythmic mechanism even in patients with no apparent myocardial abnormality.
A balanced W-band HFET doubler

A new W-band balanced monolithic HFET doubler has been designed, fabricated and characterized. The doubler was simulated by linear analysis and a harmonic balance method. A new large signal HFET model was applied for the analysis of the balanced HFET doubler. The experimental investigation confirm the results of the harmonic-balance simulations. Experimentally an output power of ¿5 dBm at 90 GHz and a conversion loss of approximately 15-18 dB (2-3% efficiency) at 88-96 GHz with an input power of 10 dBm.
Effect of aging on network structure.

In network evolution, the effect of aging is universal: in scientific collaboration network, scientists have a finite time span of being active; in movie actors network, once popular stars are retiring from stage; devices on the Internet may become outmoded with techniques developing so rapidly. Here we find in citation networks that this effect can be represented by an exponential decay factor, e(-betatau), where tau is the node age, while other evolving networks (the Internet, for instance) may have different types of aging, for example, a power-law decay factor, which is also studied and compared. It has been found that as soon as such a factor is introduced to the Barabasi-Albert scale-free model, the network will be significantly transformed. The network will be clustered even with infinitely large size, and the clustering coefficient varies greatly with the intensity of the aging effect, i.e., it increases linearly with beta for small values of beta and decays exponentially for large values of beta. At the same time, the aging effect may also result in a hierarchical structure and a disassortative degree-degree correlation. Generally the aging effect will increase the average distance between nodes, but the result depends on the type of the decay factor. The network appears like a one-dimensional chain when exponential decay is chosen, but with power-law decay, a transformation process is observed, i.e., from a small-world network to a hypercubic lattice, and to a one-dimensional chain finally. The disparities observed for different choices of the decay factor, in clustering, average node distance, and probably other aspects not yet identified, are believed to bear significant meaning on empirical data acquisition.