Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gas Giant Protoplanets Formed by Disk Instability in Binary Star Systems

Gas giant planets have been discovered in binary or triple star systems with a range of semimajor axes. We present a new suite of three-dimensional radiative gravitational hydrodynamics models suggesting that binary stars may be quite capable of forming planetary systems similar to our own. One difference between the new and previous calculations is the inclusion of artificial viscosity in the previous work, leading to significant conversion of disk kinetic energy into thermal energy in shock fronts and elsewhere. New models are presented showing how vigorous artificial viscosity can help to suppress clump formation. The new models with binary companions do not employ any explicit artificial viscosity and also include the third (vertical) dimension in the hydrodynamic calculations, allowing for transient phases of convective cooling. The new calculations of the evolution of initially marginally gravitationally stable disks show that the presence of a binary star companion may actually help to trigger the formation of dense clumps that could become giant planets. Earth-like planets would form much later in the inner disk regions by the traditional collisional accumulation of progressively larger, solid bodies. We also show that in models without binary companions, which begin their evolution as gravitationally stable disks, the disks evolve to form dense rings, which then break up into self-gravitating clumps. The latter models suggest that the evolution of any self-gravitating disk with sufficient mass to form gas giant planets is likely to lead to a period of disk instability, even in the absence of a trigger such as a binary star companion.
Provision of Step-Level Public Goods

Groups of five players participated in a social dilemma game in which each player receives a monetary endowment and then chooses whether to contribute it to a monetary public good. The good is provided to all group members if at least three contributions are made; it is not provided, otherwise. Experiment 1 showed that the simultaneous protocol of play—where decisions are made privately and anonymously—is significantly less effective in solving the dilemma than the sequential protocol—where decisions are made sequentially with complete information about previous decisions in the sequence. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and, in addition, showed that the sequential protocol with only information about previous noncooperative choices is significantly more effective in solving the dilemma than the sequential protocol with only information about previous cooperative choices.
Casting the Net: A Multimodal Network Perspective on User-System Interactions

Information systems (IS) researchers have typically examined the user-system relationship as an isolated dyad between a single, independent user and an individual, freestanding information system. We argue that this conceptualization does not adequately represent most organizations today, in which multiple users interact with multiple information systems within a group. Relying heavily on the theory and methods behind social network analysis, we introduce the concept of multimodal networks to assess both users and information systems as equivalent nodes in a single social network. This perspective allows us to examine the influence of information systems on organizational outcomes as a function of all of the user-system and interpersonal interactions in a group. We explore two different possible mechanisms for this influence: (1) direct user-system interactions by aggregating the strength of all the dyadic user-system interactions in a group, and (2) indirect user-system interactions by assessing the cent.
Competitiveness in the Latin American Manufacturing Sector: Trends and Determinants

After analysing the evolution of exports from the large Latin American countries over the last decade, and examining on a case by case basis the determinants for each countryA¢â‚¬â„¢s performance, this study concludes that competitiveness in the manufacturing sectors of most countries in the region went down from 2007 to 2012, after relatively favourable progress in the previous five-year period between 2002 and 2007. This recent deterioration, which has been more noticeable in countries such as Brazil and Colombia, is related to the real exchange rate appreciation, high labour costs and insufficient progress in labour productivity. The main exception to these regional trends is Mexico, where gains in the manufacturing sectorA¢â‚¬â„¢s competitiveness continued beyond 2007, partly because the exchange rate stayed relatively depreciated and labour costs, as well as work productivity, performed better than in the South American countries. However, from 2011 onwards, the reversal of these trends has been making it difficult for the Mexican manufacturing sector to gain competitiveness. Case studies of each of the regionA¢â‚¬â„¢s main countries show that in general the exchange rate, labour costs and work productivity were the main determinants in the evolution of manufacturing competitiveness in the last decade. In fact, the countries and periods where these variables performed poorly coincide with losses of market share in international trade and deteriorating competitiveness. Nevertheless, the impact of the remaining variables affecting the manufacturing sectorA¢â‚¬â„¢s competitiveness is not insignificant either. In fact, gains in competitiveness have been greater (and losses in competitiveness smaller) in Chile and Peru, where the institutional framework has improved and logistics and energy costs reduced or kept under control.
Assessing School Facilities for Learning/Assessing the Impact of the Physical Environment on the Educational Process: Integrating Theoretical Issues with Practical Concerns.

Lackney, Jeffery A. Assessing School Facilities for Learning/Assessing the Impact of the Physical Environment on the Educational Process: Integrating Theoretical Issues with Practical Concerns. Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State. Educational Design Inst. 1999-09-17 65p. ; Paper presented at the UEF21 New Jersey Institute of Technology Conference (Newark, NJ, September 17, 1999). For full text: http://www.edi. msstate.edu/theoretical.html. Reports Descriptive (141) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. *Educational Environment; *Educational Quality; Elementary Secondary Education; Public Schools; *Student School Relationship Baltimore City Public Schools MD; *Building Evaluation; Facility Management
Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching

Evidence for the superiority of guided instruction is explained in the context of our knowledge of human cognitive architecture, expert–novice differences, and cognitive load. Although unguided or minimally guided instructional approaches are very popular and intuitively appealing, the point is made that these approaches ignore both the structures that constitute human cognitive architecture and evidence from empirical studies over the past half-century that consistently indicate that minimally guided instruction is less effective and less efficient than instructional approaches that place a strong emphasis on guidance of the student learning process. The advantage of guidance begins to recede only when learners have sufficiently high prior knowledge to provide "internal" guidance. Recent developments in instructional research and instructional design models that support guidance during instruction are briefly described.
Convex Surface Heat Transfer Behaviour in the Presence of Obliquely Impinging Non-Isothermal Slot Jets

—Experimental measurements for the circumferential variation of Nusselt number and effectiveness for a straight and an inclined slot jet impinging on a convex cylindrical surface are reported in this study. The curvature ratio defined as the ratio of slot width to diameter of impingement target surface (b/D) was kept constant at 0.045. Data are reported for Reynolds numbers, based on the velocity of the jet and width of the slot, equal to 5500 and 8500 for jets inclined at 0 0 , 30 0 and 45 0 to the jet axis. The non dimensional distances between jet exit and apex of the convex surface (H/b) equal to 4, 6, 8 and 10 were studied. The results show that with obliquely impinging jets the maximum Nu shifts towards the uphill side. The effectiveness distribution is affected more significantly than the heat transfer distribution. The variation of effectiveness decreases on the downhill side but exhibits a rapidly decreasing trend on the uphill side with increase in inclination angle.
A Comparison of Deflation and the Balancing Preconditioner

In this paper we compare various preconditioners for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. We compare the well-known balancing preconditioner used in domain decomposition methods with a so-called deflation preconditioner. We prove that the effective condition number of the deflated preconditioned system is always, i.e., for all deflation vectors and all restrictions and prolongations, below the condition number of the system preconditioned by the balancing preconditioner. Even more, we establish that both preconditioners lead to almost the same spectra. The zero eigenvalues of the deflation preconditioned system are replaced by eigenvalues which are one if the balancing preconditioner is used. Moreover, we prove that the A-norm of the errors of the iterates built by the deflation preconditioner is always below the A-norm of the errors of the iterates built by the balancing preconditioner. Depending on the implementation of the balancing preconditioner the amount of work of one iteration of the deflation preconditioned system is less than or equal to the amount of work of one iteration of the balancing preconditioned system. If the amount of work is equal, both preconditioners are sensitive with respect to inexact computations. Finally, we establish that the deflation preconditioner and the balancing preconditioner produce the same iterates if one uses certain starting vectors. Numerical results for porous media flows emphasize the theoretical results.
Capital Asset Pricing Model and Arbitrage Pricing Theory in the Italian Stock Market: an Empirical Study

The Italian stock market (ISM) has interesting characteristics. Over 40% of the shares, in a sample of 30 shares, together with the Mibtel market index, are normally distributed. This suggests that the returns distribution of the ISM as a whole may be normal, in contrast to the findings of Mandelbrot (1963) and Fama (1965). Empirical tests in this study suggest that the relationships between β and return in the ISM over the period January 1990 – June 2001 is weak, and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) has poor overall explanatory power. The Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), which allows multiple sources of systematic risks to be taken into account, performs better than the CAPM, in all the tests considered. Shares and portfolios in the ISM seem to be significantly influenced by a number of systematic forces and their behaviour can be explained only through the combined explanatory power of several factors or macroeconomic variables. Factor analysis replaces the arbitrary and controversial search for factors of the APT by “trial and error” with a real systematic and scientific approach. The behaviour of share prices, and the relationship between risk and return in financial markets, have long been of interest to researchers. In 1905, a young scientist named Albert Einstein, seeking to demonstrate the existence of atoms, developed an elegant theory based on Brownian motion. Einstein explained Brownian motion the same year he proposed the theory of relativity. At that time his results were considered completely revolutionary. However, the theory of Brownian motion had been discovered five years earlier by a young French doctoral candidate named Louis Bachelier. He, too, was trying to explain certain complex movements: stock prices on the Paris Bourse. Bachelier was the first to study the fluctuations in the prices of stocks and shares and their probability distributions. His PhD thesis contained remarkable results, which anticipated not only Einstein's theory of Brownian motion but also many of the modern concepts of theoretical finance. Bachelier received a respectable “mention honorable”, but his theory did not receive much attention and he died in provincial obscurity, in 1946 (Holt (1997)). ∗ I am grateful to Dr. Andy Adams and Dr. Celso Brunetti, School of Management, University of Edinburgh, for their comments and assistance. However, I alone am responsible for any error.
Fundamental Indexes™: Current and Future Applications

Since the initial circulation of Fundamental Indexation research in mid-2004, the concept has spurred great interest and debates in the investment community. At its core, Fundamental Indexing argues that cap-weighting systematically overweights overvalued stocks and underweights undervalued stocks in a portfolio, which leads to a return drag in traditional indexes. Unless we believe that share prices are identically equal to the eventual true fair value of a company, this is an obvious truism. Advocates of cap-weighting generally dismiss this concern with the equally true observation that we cannot know which companies are over- or under-valued. We first outline the methodology and results of the original research in large company US stocks and then review future applications; namely extending down the size spectrum, applying internationally and using Fundamental Indexing in sector funds. The excess returns of fundamental Indexing are found to be considerably larger in smaller company and international portfolios. Meanwhile, sector funds based upon Fundamental Indexes produce excess returns in all ten economic sectors over a sixteen-year period.
Automatic programming using genetic programming

Genetic programming (GP) is an evolutionary algorithm which explores a program space rather than a solution space which is typical of other evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithms. GP finds solutions to problems by evolving a program, which when implemented will produce a solution. This paper investigates the use of genetic programming for automatic programming. The paper focuses on the procedural/imperative programming paradigm. More specifically the evolution of programs using memory, conditional and iterative programming constructs is investigated. An internal representation language is defined in which to evolve programs. The generational GP algorithm was implemented using the grow method to create the initial population, tournament selection to choose parents and reproduction, crossover and mutation for regeneration purposes. The paper also presents a form of incremental learning which facilitates modularization. The GP approach to automatic programming was tested on ten programming problems that are usually presented to novice programmers in a first year procedural programming course of an undergraduate degree in Computer Science. The GP approach evolved solutions for all ten problems, with incremental learning needed in two instances to produce a solution.
Underlying Skills of Oral and Silent Reading Fluency in Chinese: Perspective of Visual Rapid Processing

Reading fluency is a critical skill to improve the quality of our daily life and working efficiency. The majority of previous studies focused on oral reading fluency rather than silent reading fluency, which is a much more dominant reading mode that is used in middle and high school and for leisure reading. It is still unclear whether the oral and silent reading fluency involved the same underlying skills. To address this issue, the present study examined the relationship between the visual rapid processing and Chinese reading fluency in different modes. Fifty-eight undergraduate students took part in the experiment. The phantom contour paradigm and the visual 1-back task were adopted to measure the visual rapid temporal and simultaneous processing respectively. These two tasks reflected the temporal and spatial dimensions of visual rapid processing separately. We recorded the temporal threshold in the phantom contour task, as well as reaction time and accuracy in the visual 1-back task. Reading fluency was measured in both single-character and sentence levels. Fluent reading of single characters was assessed with a paper-and-pencil lexical decision task, and a sentence verification task was developed to examine reading fluency on a sentence level. The reading fluency test in each level was conducted twice (i.e., oral reading and silent reading). Reading speed and accuracy were recorded. The correlation analysis showed that the temporal threshold in the phantom contour task did not correlate with the scores of the reading fluency tests. Although, the reaction time in visual 1-back task correlated with the reading speed of both oral and silent reading fluency, the comparison of the correlation coefficients revealed a closer relationship between the visual rapid simultaneous processing and silent reading. Furthermore, the visual rapid simultaneous processing exhibited a significant contribution to reading fluency in silent mode but not in oral reading mode. These findings suggest that the underlying mechanism between oral and silent reading fluency is different at the beginning of the basic visual coding. The current results also might reveal a potential modulation of the language characteristics of Chinese on the relationship between visual rapid processing and reading fluency.
Chernoff Test for Strong-or-Weak Radar Models

The active management of the sensing stage in inference systems provides substantial gains in performance. This has been first shown by H. Chernoff in 1959 in the context of sequential hypothesis testing. This paper shows applications of these methods to cognitive radar systems. We propose a simple strong-or-weak model for the radar echoes, where the radar sequentially probes the surrounding environment using a sequence of waveforms, each tailored to a specific target. We provide an active multihypothesis sequential test in which the radar chooses the probing waveform based upon the past selections and the past radar returns. We determine how to select the sequence of waveforms, and provide simple analytical expressions for the resulting radar performance in the regime of small risks. Finally, computer simulations are used to corroborate the analytical approximations for values of risks of practical interest.
The Global Structure and Evolution of a Self-Gravitating Multiphase Interstellar Medium in a Galactic Disk

Using high-resolution, two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations, we investigate the evolution of a self-gravitating multiphase interstellar medium in the central kiloparsec region of a galactic disk. We find that a gravitationally and thermally unstable disk evolves, in a self-stabilizing manner, into a globally quasi-stable disk that consists of cold (T<100 K), dense clumps and filaments surrounded by hot (T>104 K), diffuse medium. The quasi-stationary, filamentary structure of the cold gas is remarkable. The hot gas, characterized by low-density holes and voids, is produced by shock heating. The shocks derive their energy from differential rotation and gravitational perturbations due to the formation of cold dense clumps. In the quasi-stable phase in which cold and dense clouds are formed, the effective stability parameter Q has a value in the range 2-5. The dynamic range of our multiphase calculations is 106-107 in both density and temperature. Phase diagrams for this turbulent medium are analyzed and discussed.
Formation of the spontaneous surface relief grating under pulsed exposure

Formation of the spontaneous surface relief grating under pulsed exposure with different pulse widths and repetition rates are studied. We used a low power diode laser with the wavelength of λ= 532nm as pump beam at normal incidence to the surface of azo-polymer film. The wavelength of pump beam is far from the maximum of absorption spectrum. Spontaneous surface relief grating with grating pitch of ∼1383nm was formed.
The institutional economics of cultivated mushrooms in Swaziland : a study on value chains, transaction costs and collective action.

i DECLARATION 1 – PLAGIARISM iv DECLARATION 2 – PUBLICATIONS v DEDICATION vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Research problem and justification 5 1.3 Research objectives 10 1.4 Outline of the thesis 11 CHAPTER 2: THE RELEVANCE OF VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS, TRANSACTION COSTS, AND COLLECTIVE ACTION IN PROMOTING SMALLHOLDERS’ PARTICIPATION IN HIGH-VALUE AGRICULTURAL MARKETS 12 2.
Testing quantum contextuality

Two entangled particles in threedimensional Hilbert space (per particle) are considered in an EPR-type arrangement. On each side the Kochen-Specker observables {J 1 , J 2 2 , J 2 3 } and {J̄ 2 1 , J̄ 2 2 , J 2 3 } with [J 2 1 , J̄ 2 1 ] 6= 0 are measured. The outcomes of measurements of J 3 (via J 2 1 , J 2 2 ) and J 2 3 (via J̄ 1 , J̄ 2 2 ) are compared. Although formally J 2 3 is associated with the same projection operator, quantum contextuality requires that the outcome depends on the complete disposition of the measurement apparatus, in particular whether J 1 or J̄ 2 1 is measured alongside. Besides complementarity, contextuality [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] is another, more subtle nonclassical feature of quantum mechanics. That is, one and the same physical observable may appear different, depending on the context of measurement; i.e., depending on the particular way it was inferred. Stated differently, the outcome of a physical measurement may depend also on other physical measurements which are coperformed. In Bell’s own words [1, section 5], “The result of an observation may reasonably depend not only on the state of the system . but also on the complete disposition of the apparatus. ” This property is usually referred to as contextuality. Formally, contextuality may be related to the nonexistence of two-valued measures on Hilbert logics [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11] and the partial algebra of projection operators [12, 13] when the dimension of the Hilbert space is higher than two. Contextuality then expresses the impossibility to construct consistently truth values of the whole physical system by any arrangement of truth values of “proper parts” thereof. The term “proper part” refers to any maximal number of independent comeasurable observables corresponding to commuting self-adjoint operators. In quantum logics [14, 15], these are denoted by boolean subalgebras or “blocks” which can be represented by a single “maximal” observable. The entirety of all proper parts is then identified with the whole