Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Colocalization of GnRH binding sites with gonadotropin-, somatotropin-, somatolactin-, and prolactin-expressing pituitary cells of the pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis, in vitro.

Previous studies in the pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis, have demonstrated that fibers with immunoreactivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (ir-GnRH) reach all areas of the pituitary gland, the rostral pars distalis (RPD), the proximal pars distalis (PPD), and the pars intemedia (PI). A close association was shown between ir-GnRH fibers and gonadotropin (GtH)-, growth hormone (GH)-, somatolactin (SL)-, and prolactin (PRL)-expressing cells. The presence of only one GnRH variant, suspected to be a novel form, has been shown in pituitary extracts of this fish. In addition, GnRH may stimulate GtHs, GH, SL, and PRL levels in different fish species. The objective of the present study was to seek GnRH receptors and therefore colocalization with GtHs, GH, SL, and PRL cells in O. bonariensis using a pituitary primary cell culture system. GnRH binding sites were revealed by autoradiography of an iodinated superactive GnRH agonist ([(125)I]GnRH-A) and pituitary cells were identified by immunocytochemistry using piscine antisera. Following autoradiography, silver grains representing specific [(125)I]GnRH-A binding were associated with anti GtH, GH, SL, and PRL positive cells. These results demonstrate the presence of GnRH binding sites on these cells. It is suggested that GnRH may play a wide role in the neuroendocrine control of different pituitary hormones in addition to the GtHs.
CT-guided percutaneous vertebroplasty of the upper cervical spine via a translateral approach.

BACKGROUND The clinical management of spinal hemangiomas and osteolytic metastases involving the upper cervical spine (C1-C3) is challenging. Symptoms vary from simple vertebral pain to progressive neurological deficits. Surgery and radiotherapy have been the treatment options for years. Surgery, however, can result in complications, such as hemorrhage, and may be counter-indicated when the treatment goal is primarily palliative due to multiple metastases, an unfavorable prognosis and/or a poor performance state. On the other hand, radiotherapy carries the risk of inducing secondary sarcomas or producing radionecrosis. Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) was recently introduced as an alternative for treating patients in whom surgery and radiotherapy are counter-indicated. As of yet, there are few PVP case reports. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PVP using a computed tomography (CT)-guided translateral approach via the space between the carotid sheath and vertebral artery for hemangiomas or metastatic lesions at C1-C3 under local anesthesia. STUDY DESIGN CT-guided PVP was performed in 15 patients with hemangiomas or metastatic lesions at C1-C3 and clinical outcomes were evaluated. SETTING An interventional therapy group at a medical center in a major Chinese city. METHODS Fifteen consecutive patients had a total of 15 cervical vertebral bodies treated with CT-guided PVP via a translateral approach. The patients were followed up for a mean postoperative period of 8.3 months (range, 1-40 months). Pain status was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). The presence of complications was assessed preoperatively (baseline) and at 24 hours, 2 weeks, and one, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively, or until the patient died or was lost to follow-up. RESULTS Fifteen consecutive patients were successfully treated with CT-guided PVP via a translateral approach. Their mean VAS score decreased from 7.7 ± 2.9 preoperatively to 1.4 ± 1.5 by the 24 hour postoperative time point, and was 1.2 ± 1.3 at 2 weeks, 1.2 ± 1.3 at one month, 1.4 ± 1.3 at 3 months, 0.6 ± 0.9 at 6 months, 0.3 ± 0.5 at 12 months, and 0 at 24 months after the procedure. The mean VAS score at all of the postoperative time points differed significantly from the preoperative baseline score (P < 0.05). No severe complications were observed. Mild complications included 2 cases (13.3%) of asymptomatic cement leakage into the epidural space, one case (6.67%) of anterior leakage from the vertebral body, and 2 cases (13.3%) of paravertebral leakage. LIMITATIONS This was an observational study with a relatively small sample size. CONCLUSIONS The safety and efficacy of CT-guided PVP using a translateral approach via the space between the carotid sheath and vertebral artery were demonstrated in patients with hemangioma or metastasis in the upper cervical spine. CT-guided PVP via a translateral approach should become a treatment option for such patients.
The Evidence on Credit Constraints in Post-Secondary Schooling

This paper examines the family income -- college enrollment relationship and the evidence on credit constraints in post-secondary schooling. We distinguish short-run liquidity constraints from the long-term factors that promote cognitive and noncognitive ability. Long-run factors crystallized in ability are the major determinants of the family income -- schooling relationship, although there is some evidence that up to 8% of the U.S. population is credit constrained in a short-run sense. Evidence that IV estimates of the returns to schooling exceed OLS estimates is sometimes claimed to support the existence of substantial credit constraints. This argument is critically examined.
Fast , Approximate 3 D Face Reconstruction from Multiple Views

3D face reconstruction is essential for a number of applications. Most approaches are aimed at producing accurate models and make use of high levels of control to achieve this, such as through restricted motion, structured light, or specialist equipment. However, there is also a considerable market for reconstructions in uncontrolled environments but where a lower level of accuracy is acceptable, for example, in avatar generation for games. It is this that we are trying to achieve, specifically: fast, approximate reconstruction using multiple views from a single low-cost camera in a largely uncontrolled environment. We present a multi-step process combining: an extended Viola-Jones face detector and Active Appearance Models (AAM) for feature detection; Sparse Bundle Adjustment (SBA) for reconstruction; refinement; and texture generation, to produce a high-quality 3D model of a face. We describe the method in detail and present several visually convincing results.
Mobile Security as a Service

The purpose of this paper is to study how a software product company can expand its product-based business with the Software as a Service (SaaS) model in the mobile setting. In this research study we examine how the SaaS model can be implemented by a software company with existing PC-based software business and conduct a case study on F-Secure and its mobile security as a service offering. The differences between the product and service business are considerable and the change of focus from one to the other is not easily done. For example, the scale economies, which are associated with product business, are not easily achieved in service business. However, the SaaS business model has many benefits to offer to SaaS providers. To providers, SaaS offers e.g. expanded customer base, lowered production and distribution costs, more predictable cash flows, and shortened sales cycle. Our findings include that by successfully solving the risks associated with the SaaS model and by fulfilling the customersâ demands of customization and at the same time benefiting from economies of scale, scope, and aggregation, F-Secure has managed to leverage its domain area expertise with its SaaS offering: F-Secure has expanded its PC-based antivirus and security application business to cover also mobile devices. F-Secure has also increased its potential customer base amongst smart phone users (both end-users and businesses) with the help of its partners: mobile operators and handset manufacturers.
Emerging Infectious Disease

The term ‘emerging diseases’ has become synonymous with new, previously unknown infectious agents, or with known infectious agents which are either spreading geographically or increasing in incidence. An analysis by Jones et al (2008) showed that since 1940 there has been a steady increase in new diseases, and new diseases are continuing to emerge today. Most of these new diseases are of minor importance with respect to human or animal health, but occasionally important, highly pathogenic diseases arise, such as we have seen in recent years with SARS and Nipah virus, or with new variants or strains of known diseases such as avian H5N1 influenza, the current pandemic strain of H1N1 2009 influenza virus, and extremely drug resistant tuberculosis.
Multicenter study of paroxysmal dyskinesias in Japan—Clinical and pedigree analysis

To investigate the clinical features of paroxysmal dyskinesias and carry out a pedigree analysis, we conducted a multicenter survey in Japan. A questionnaire was mailed to 229 medical institutions. A total of 150 patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC), including 53 sporadic cases and 97 affected individuals from 32 pedigrees, were identified. The mean age of onset of PKC was 8.8 years, and 80% of the cases were men. Of the 32 pedigrees with familial occurrence, 18 (56%) were compatible with an autosomal‐dominant inheritance (AD) with complete penetrance, and seven (22%) had AD with incomplete penetrance; the remaining seven were sibling recurrence cases with apparently healthy parents. In six of seven familial cases with incomplete penetrance, the disease gene was thought to be transmitted by clinically unaffected females. Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis (PDC) was found in five cases, including two sporadic cases and three affected individuals from two pedigrees; the mean age of onset was 0.6 years, and a male predominance was noted (male:female = 4:1). There was one case of paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia and one case of paroxysmal exertion‐induced dyskinesia. There is an unexplained male predominance for paroxysmal dyskinesias. When the genetic defect of patients with paroxysmal dyskinesias is identified, the pathophysiology of the disease will become more clear.
Parathyroid hormone regulates 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase mRNA by altering its stability

The up-regulation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is well established and occurs at the transcriptional level through two vitamin D response elements in the promoter of the gene. However, the mechanism of down-regulation of the 24-hydroxylase by parathyroid hormone (PTH) has not yet been elucidated. To study the mechanism of PTH action, we used AOK-B50 cells, a porcine kidney-cell line with stably transfected opossum PTH receptor in which both the 24-hydroxylase mRNA and activity are down-regulated by PTH. Cells dosed with 1,25(OH)2D3 at 0 h, and subsequently at 0, 1, 2, or 4 h with 100 nM of PTH, showed levels of 24-hydroxylase mRNA equivalent to 72.6, 65.3, 57.2, and 37.1%, respectively, of the levels found in cells dosed with 1,25(OH)2D3 only. All cells were collected 7 h after the initial 1,25(OH)2D3 dose. This pattern of expression indicated that PTH does not act by repressing transcription but rather by making the mRNA for 24-hydroxylase susceptible to degradation. At least 1 h is required for PTH to act. Further RNA and protein syntheses are required for PTH to act. However, the sites and mechanism whereby PTH causes 24-hydroxylase mRNA degradation are unknown. Because the untranslated regions of genes can determine the stability of its transcripts, we studied the 5′ untranslated region and the 3′ untranslated region of the rat 24-hydroxylase gene by using reporter-gene strategy to identify possible PTH sites of action. None was found, suggesting that the destabilization site is elsewhere in the coding region.
Generating Images with Perceptual Similarity Metrics based on Deep Networks

Image-generating machine learning models are typically trained with loss functions based on distance in the image space. This often leads to over-smoothed results. We propose a class of loss functions, which we call deep perceptual similarity metrics (DeePSiM), that mitigate this problem. Instead of computing distances in the image space, we compute distances between image features extracted by deep neural networks. This metric better reflects perceptually similarity of images and thus leads to better results. We show three applications: autoencoder training, a modification of a variational autoencoder, and inversion of deep convolutional networks. In all cases, the generated images look sharp and resemble natural images.
SPECTRAL K-WAY RATIO-CUT PARTITIONING -- PART I: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

Recent research on partitioning has focussed on the ratio-cut cost metric which maintains a balance between the sizes of the edges cut and the sizes of the partitions without fixing the size of the partitions a priori. Iterative approaches and spectral approaches to two-way ratio-cut partitioning have yielded higher quality partitioning results. In this paper we develop a spectral approach to multi-way ratio-cut partitioning which provides a generalization of the ratio-cut cost metric to k-way partitioning and a lower bound on this cost metric. Our approach uses Lanczos algorithm to find the k smallest eigenvalue/eigenvector pairs of the Laplacian of the graph. The eigenvectors are used to construct an orthogonal projection to map a vertex (of the graph) in an n-dimensional space into a k-dimensional subspace. We exploit the (near) orthogonality of the projected points to effect high quality clustering of points in a k-dimensional subspace. An efficient algorithm is presented for coercing the points in the k-dimensional subspace into k-partitions. Advancement over the current work is evidenced by the results of experiments on the standard MCNC benchmarks.
African American Men’s and Women’s Perceptions of Clinical Trials Research: Focusing on Prostate Cancer among a High-Risk Population in the South

While African Americans are at a significantly higher risk for developing certain cancers, they also have low rates of participation in cancer research, particularly clinical trials. This study assessed both African American men’s and African American women’s (1) knowledge of and participation in cancer-related clinical research and (2) barriers to and motivations for participating in clinical research. Data were collected from a total of 81 participants. Phase I of this research consisted of qualitative focus groups (all 81 participants). Phase II included quantitative pre/post survey data from an education program (56 participants). Findings from the study revealed that African American men and women had poor knowledge about clinical trials and the informed consent process, limited experience in participating in clinical trials, and they feared and mistrusted cancer research. Participants identified incentives, assurance of safety, knowledge and awareness, and benefiting others as motivators to participate in clinical trials research.
Are Nouns Learned Before Verbs? Infants Provide Insight into a Longstanding Debate.

For decades, a spirited debate has existed over whether infants' remarkable capacity to learn words is shaped primarily by universal features of human language or by specific featuers of the particulare native language they are acquiring. A strong focus for this debate has been a well-documented difference in early word learning: Infants' success in learning verbs lags behind their success in learning nouns. In this review, we articulate both sides of the debate and summarize new cross-linguistic evidence from infants that underscores the role of universal features and begins to clarify the impact of distinctly different languages on early language and conceptual development.
Environmental justice and the new pluralism : the challenge of difference for environmentalism

PART 1. PLURALISM AND DIFFERENCE: THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE 1. Introduction: The Environmental Challenge to Pluralism 2. Approaches to Difference in the US Environmental Movement: Classification Schemes, Hegemonic Definitions, and Singular Motivations PART 2. CRITICAL PLURALISM IN THEORY 3. Pluralism and Difference: A Genealogy of Multiplicity 4. Components of a Critical Pluralism: Ethics and Processes PART 3. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: CRITICAL PLURALISM IN PRACTICE 5. The Politics of Networking in the Grassroots Environmental Justice Movement 6. Communicative Practices and Communicative Demands in the Environmental Justice Movement PART 4. CONCLUSION 7. Environmental Justice and the Prospects for a Critical Pluralism
In cerebro unveiling unconscious mechanisms during reading

Neuro-imaging studies of reading converge to suggest that linguistically elementary stimuli are confined to the activation of bilateral posterior regions, whereas linguistically complex stimuli additionally recruit left hemispheric anterior regions, raising the hypotheses of a gradual bilateral-toleft and a posterior-to-anterior recruitment of reading related areas. Here, we tested these two hypotheses by contrasting a repertoire of eight categories of stimuli ranging from simple orthographic-like characters to words and pseudowords in a single experiment, and by measuring BOLD signal changes and connectivity while 16 fluent readers passively viewed the stimuli. Our results confirm the existence of a bilateral-to-left and posterior-to-anterior recruitment of reading related areas, straightforwardly resulting from the increase in stimuli’s linguistic processing load, which reflects reading processes: visual analysis, orthographic encoding and phonological decoding. Connectivity analyses strengthened the validity of these observations and additionally revealed an enhancement of the left parieto-frontal information trafficking for higher linguistic processing. Our findings clearly establish the notion of a gradual spatio-functional recruitment of reading areas and demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first evidence of a robust and staged link between the level of linguistic processing, the spatial distribution of brain activity and its information trafficking.
The role of p16-cyclin D/CDK-pRb pathway in the tumorigenesis of endometrioid-type endometrial carcinoma

We analysed p16 gene alteration and p16, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), CDK6, cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin D3 and retinoblastoma protein (pRb) expression in ten normal endometriums (PE), 18 endometrial hyperplasias (EH) and 35 endometrial cancers (EC). Two of ten PE (20%), nine of 18 EH (50.0%) and 29 of 35 EC (82.9%) exhibited p16 nuclear staining. p16 expression was significantly higher in EC than EH (P = 0.0119). In the six p16 (–) EC, one was considered to have reduced gene dosage consistent with possible homozygous deletion of the CDKN2 gene and three had methylation in 5′CpG island in the promoter region of the p16 gene, whereas none showed such reduced gene dosage and four had methylation in the nine p16 (–) EH. Strong CDK4 staining was observed in 12 of 35 EC (34.3%) and one of 18 EH (5.6%). The strong expression of CDK4 was higher in EC than in EH (P = 0.0399). The expression of CDK4 was higher in EH than PE (P = 0.0054). The abnormalities of p16-cyclin D/CDK-pRb pathway were detected in 18 of 35 EC (51.4%). In conclusion, the expression of p16 and CDK4 may be an early event in the neoplastic transformation of endometrial cancer. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
Collapsing the cardinals of HOD

Assuming that $GCH$ holds and $\kappa$ is $\kappa^{+3}$-supercompact, we construct a generic extension $W$ of $V$ in which $\kappa$ remains strongly inaccessible and $(\alpha^+)^{HOD} < \alpha^+$ for every infinite cardinal $\alpha < \kappa$. In particular the rank-initial segment $W_\kappa$ is a model of ZFC in which $(\alpha^+)^{HOD} < \alpha^+$ for every infinite cardinal $\alpha$.
Association between anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome and human herpesvirus 6 reactivation and hypogammaglobulinemia.

BACKGROUND Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) is a life-threatening, drug-induced, multiorgan system reaction. The identification of predisposing factors is clearly needed to predict the incidence and outcome of AHS; attention has recently been focused on reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). OBJECTIVE To determine whether immunosuppressive conditions that can allow HHV-6 reactivation could be specifically detected in association with the onset of AHS. DESIGN We analyzed patients with AHS who were treated during 1997-2002. Two groups of patients receiving anticonvulsants served as controls. SETTING Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Patients Ten patients with AHS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The results of serologic tests for antibody titers for various viruses, including HHV-6, HHV-6 DNA detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoglobulin levels by turbidimetric immunoassay, IgG subclass levels by nephelometry, and CD19(+) B-cell counts by flow cytometric analysis, were sequentially assessed. RESULTS Serum IgG levels (mean, 745 mg/dL) and circulating B-cell counts (mean, 88/ micro L) in patients with AHS were significantly decreased at onset compared with control groups (P<.001 and P =.007, respectively). These alterations returned to normal on full recovery. Reactivation of HHV-6 as judged by a greater than 4-fold increase in HHV-6 IgG titers was exclusively detected in most patients with AHS associated with decreased IgG levels and B-cell counts. CONCLUSIONS A decrease in immunoglobulin levels and B-cell counts can be associated with HHV-6 reactivation and the subsequent onset of AHS. These immunological alterations might be a useful predictor of the development of AHS.
Social capital: empirical meaning and measurement validity

Little is known about social capital in practice, since measurement of the concept remains an emerging field. Drawing on data from the institute's Families, Social Capital and Citizenship survey of 1500 Australian households, Wendy Stone and Jody Hughes aim to contribute to the development of theoretically based and empirically valid measures of social capital that can be applied in future work.
Unsupervised Intrusion Detection System

This thesis evolves around Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Neural Network (NN). Intrusion detection systems are gaining more and more territory in the field of secure networks and new ideas and concepts regarding the intrusion detection process keep surfacing. One idea is to use a neural network algorithm for detecting intrusions. The neural network algorithms have the ability to be trained and learn socalled patterns in a given environment. This feature can be used in connection with an intrusion detection system, where the neural network algorithm can be trained to detect intrusions by recognizing patterns of an intrusion. This thesis outlines an investigation on the unsupervised neural network models and choice of one of them for evaluation and implementation. The thesis also includes works on computer networks, providing a description and analysis of the structure of the computer network in order to generate network features. A design proposal for such a system is documented in this thesis together with an implementation of an unsupervised intrusion detection system.