Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ENDOCRINE INFLUENCES UPON THE SALIVARY GLANDS *

Evidence is accumulating gradually that the salivary glands, at least in the experimental animal, are associated very intimately with various endocrine organs and that a functional disturbance of one of the latter may induce significant morphologic and physiological alterations in the salivary glands. Much of the early work concerned with the hormonal influences of the salivary glands was that of the Japanese, who published numerous papers speaking particularly of “the internal secretion of the salivary glands” (for example, Ogata, 1934; Takizawa et al., 1938, 1939; Hukusima, 1940). The collective studies of the Japanese investigators are not entirely convincing in affirming that the salivary glands possess an endocrine function in themselves, although some of their work is quite suggestive. Katagiri and Higashijo (1940) reported that ligation of rat parotid gland ducts and extirpation of the submaxillary glands resulted in atrophy of the testes and hypertrophy of the uterus and adrenal cortex. The salivary glands themselves have not been transplanted successfully from their usual location to another site in the body. Ota (1937) has reported that when the salivary glands of dogs were transplanted into bone marrow, the gland elements disappeared, but the ducts of the parotid gland persisted for some time. An extensive report has been published by Ito (1954) on biochemical studies of a “purified salivary gland hormone” called parotin. The French workers have made some of the most significant contributions in attempting to relate the salivary glands and endocrine organs. In the wellknown papers by Lacassagne (1940 a, b, c), i t was shown that there were histological differences between the male and female mouse submaxillary glands and that, if male sex hormone were administered to a female mouse, its submaxillary gland assumed the characteristics of that of the male. Lacassagne suggested that these organs could be used as a test of activity for androgens and estrogens, and speculated that, since a variation in submaxillary gland structure between sexes existed, a corresponding difference in the quality of the saliva excreted also might exist. Subsequently, Raynaud and Rebeyrotte (1949 a, 6 ) did report a difference in the amylase activity of mouse saliva between males and females. Junquiera and his co-workers (1948), however, were unable to find differences in amylase activity of male and female mouse salivary gland tissue extracts, although differences in the protease activity were noted. Buillard and Delsuc (1941) also have reported atrophic changes in the salivary glands following castration. Raynaud (1950) has shown that the injection of testosterone into the submaxillary glands of mice resulted in a marked hypertrophy of the tubules and interpreted this as evidence of a direct action of this adrogen on the gland.
Moving between markets? Immigrant entrepreneurs in different markets

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the markets in which immigrant entrepreneurs are active and to examine whether these differ between first‐ and second‐generation immigrants. , – Information was gathered from 252 in‐depth interviews with first‐ and second‐generation immigrant entrepreneurs in The Netherlands. , – The results of this paper show that the second generation are more active in mainstream markets and entrepreneurs move from one market to another by the strategic use of ethnicity. , – The more traditional literature on immigrant entrepreneurship gives the impression that immigrant entrepreneurs are mainly active in an ethnic or a middleman market. However, the paper demonstrates that this is no longer the case for second‐generation immigrant entrepreneurs who were born and/or raised in the receiving society. Furthermore, it reveals the dynamic character of immigrant entrepreneurship by examining the first and second generations.
Investigation of agency agreement formation: new opportunities for marketing relationship development in service industries

This paper examines agent–principal agreements that prevail in marketing structures. Structural equation modeling reveals a new positioning of the relative importance of antecedents in agreement formation for two agency contexts (recruitment consultants and real estate agents). The insignificance of negotiation in agreement formation deviates from services marketing relationship models in which negotiation pre-empts commitment. A close coupling of agent attributes and information disclosure similarly positions business and consumer exchanges, contrary to sales literature. As agreement formation is not directly determined by any single event, management should not focus on outcome-based metrics for process refinement.
Antiviral Activity of Oral JNJ-53718678 in Healthy Adult Volunteers Challenged With Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Placebo-Controlled Study

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease has no effective treatment. JNJ-53718678 is a fusion inhibitor with selective activity against RSV. Methods After confirmation of RSV infection or 5 days after inoculation with RSV, participants (n = 69) were randomized to JNJ-53718678 75 mg (n = 15), 200 mg (n = 17), 500 mg (n = 18), or placebo (n = 17) orally once daily for 7 days. Antiviral effects were evaluated by assessing RSV RNA viral load (VL) area under the curve (AUC) from baseline (before the first dose) until discharge, time-to-peak VL, duration of viral shedding, clinical symptoms, and quantity of nasal secretions. Results Mean VL AUC was lower for individuals treated with different doses of JNJ-53718678 versus placebo (203.8-253.8 vs 432.8 log10 PFUe.hour/mL). Also, mean peak VL, time to peak VL, duration of viral shedding, mean overall symptom score, and nasal secretion weight were lower in each JNJ-53718678-treated group versus placebo. No clear exposure-response relationship was observed. Three participants discontinued due to treatment-emergent adverse events of grade 2 and 1 electrocardiogram change (JNJ-53718678 75 mg and 200 mg, respectively) and grade 2 urticaria (placebo). Conclusions JNJ-53718678 at all 3 doses substantially reduced VL and clinical disease severity, thus establishing clinical proof of concept and the compound's potential as a novel RSV treatment. Clinical trials registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02387606; EudraCT number: 2014-005041-41.
Contributions to modern economics

Contributions to Modern Economics includes contributions to two great intellectual upheavals in economic theory: the Keynesian Revolution and the revival of the classical theory of profits led by Piero Sraffa. The formation of prices in capitalist and socialist economies and of international trade is also discussed. The evolution of these ideas is linked to the personal and historical events that influenced them. Comprised of 24 chapters, this book begins by describing the second crisis of economic theory, which is related to the first crisis — the great slump of the 1930s. The reader is then introduced to the theory of money and the analysis of output; obstacles to full employment; and the concept of hoarding. Subsequent chapters explore capital, profits, and prices, with emphasis on the theory of capital, imperfect competition, and the theory of value. International trade, capitalism, and beggar-my-neighbor remedies for unemployment are also examined. This monograph should be of interest to economists.
Hydrodynamic properties of dense colloidal crystals

• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Peripheral neuropathy and neurological disorders in an unselected Brazilian population‐based cohort of IBD patients

Background: Several neurological disorders have been described in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, but their exact frequency is unknown. Methods: We prospectively studied the prevalence of neurological disorders (especially peripheral neuropathy) in a group of 82 patients with Crohn's disease (CD, n = 31) or ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 51) from 2 Brazilian tertiary care university clinics and followed them through a period of at least 1 year. All patients were interviewed and had complete neurological evaluations. Results: Large‐fiber sensory or sensorimotor polyneuropathy (PN) was observed in 16.1% of the CD and 19.6% of the UC patients. PN was usually mild, predominantly symmetric, and distal with axonal involvement. One patient had demyelinating PN at the diagnosis of CD. Mild carpal tunnel syndrome was common in female UC patients. Sensory symptoms without electromyography abnormalities, suggestive of small‐fiber neuropathy or subclinical myelopathy, affected 29% and 11.8%, respectively. After excluding other known etiological or contributory factors for PN, 13.4% of the IBD patients had otherwise unexplained large‐fiber or small‐fiber PN (7.3% with large‐fiber SM PN). Nondebilitating headache was the most common neurological complaint. Three patients had ischemic strokes, 5 were epileptic, and 1 transient chorea. Conclusions: Neurological disorders, especially PN, are common in our Brazilian cohort of IBD patients. They are diverse, multifactorial, and more common in women. Despite the mild phenotype in most cases, attention should be given by the general practitioner and gastroenterologist since they are frequently undiagnosed. Further studies are necessary to confirm these findings in populations with different genetic and nutritional backgrounds.
Establishing a Mechanistic Basis for the Large Kinetic Steps of the NS3 Helicase*

The NS3 helicase from hepatitis C virus is a prototypical DEx(H/D) RNA helicase. NS3 has been shown to unwind RNA in a discontinuous manner, pausing after long apparent steps of unwinding. We systematically examined the effects of duplex stability and ionic conditions on the periodicity of the NS3 unwinding cycle. The kinetic step size for NS3 unwinding was examined on diverse substrate sequences. The kinetic step size (16 bp/step) was found to be independent of RNA duplex stability and composition, but it exhibited strong dependence on monovalent salt concentration, decreasing to ∼11 bp/step at low [NaCl]. We addressed this behavior by analyzing the oligomeric state of NS3 at various salt concentrations. Whereas only NS3 oligomers are capable of processive unwinding, we found that monomeric NS3 is an active helicase that unwinds with low processivity. We demonstrate that low salt conditions enhance unwinding by monomeric NS3, which is likely to account for the reduction in apparent step size under low salt conditions. Based on results reported here, as well as available structural and single molecule data, we present an unwinding mechanism that addresses the apparent periodicity of NS3 unwinding, the magnitude of the step size, and that integrates the various stepwise motions observed for NS3. We propose that the large kinetic step size of NS3 unwinding reflects a delayed, periodic release of the separated RNA product strand from a secondary binding site that is located in the NTPase domain (Domain II) of NS3. These findings suggest that the mechanism of product release represents an important and unexplored feature of helicase mechanism.
Participation in the Youth Civic Web: Assessing User Activity Levels in Web Sites Presenting Two Civic Styles

ABSTRACT Concerns over youth disengagement from conventional politics mixed with perceptions of youth aptitude for digital media have led scholars and practitioners to investigate civic Web sites as locations of potential youth learning and participation. Over the past few years, the scholarly literature on youth civic Web sites has developed a number of conceptual vocabularies for, and catalogued the nature of, the civic engagement opportunities offered by such sites. But the extant literature lacks documentation of a critically important step in this research logic: the extent to which young users actually take advantage of the opportunities to offered them. This study addresses this gap by presenting a theoretically driven investigation of specific participatory features in the youth civic Web and the quantity of user contributions they attract. Drawing from untested assumptions found in recent work, we test hypotheses concerning the impact on user activity of (a) citizenship orientations communicated by sites and (b) the organizational background of sites. We find that how sites communicate citizenship plays a significant role in determining the quantity of user participation, while the type of organization sponsoring a site makes little difference. We also document the existence of certain “superstar” sites that attract disproportionate amounts of user content. Directions for future research and methodological issues related to the coding of diverse activity on complex sites and challenges to causal inference are also discussed.
Full Quantum Treatment of Remote Coulomb Scattering in Silicon Nanowire FETs

We study the influence of remote Coulomb scattering (RCS) due to trapped charges at the silicon oxide/high- kappa material interface on the electrical performances of silicon nanowire (Si-NW) FETs. We address a full quantum analysis based on the 3-D self-consistent solution of the Poisson-Schrdinger equation within the coupled mode-space non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. We find that the RCS strongly affects the electrical performances of Si-NWs by increasing both the inverse subthreshold voltage slope and the I off current. RCS-limited mobility, which is mainly determined by screening effects, is found to have quasi-linear dependence on the 1-D channel electron density, and its dependence on fixed charge density and interface layer thickness is discussed.
Bone Age and Nutritional Status of Toddlers with Congenital Heart Disease.

The prevalence of malnutrition and growth failure is higher in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Different types of cardiac malformations can affect nutrition and growth to various degrees. Bone age (BA) may be delayed in children with (CHD). To assess the adverse effects of (CHD) on growth and to evaluate the additive role of cyanosis and pulmonary hypertension (PH) on (BA) delay. Growth parameters including weight, height and head circumference of 50 cases (27♂ & 23♀) with (CHD) and aged 2-6 years were compared with Egyptian growth curves. Patients were classified into four groups, based on the presence or absence of cyanosis and (PH). A strong positive correlation was found between (PH) and the incidence of (BA) delay. The incidence of (BA) delay in patients with normal pulmonary pressure, mild (PH), moderate (PH) and severe (PH) was 39.2%, 42.8%, 80% and 100% respectively. The decrease in both body weight (in 60% of cases) and body height (in 56% of the patients) was statistically significant, whereas the decrease in head circumference (in 24% of cases) was statistically insignificant. Also, 60% of cyanotic patients had (BA) delay. Cyanosis, that may affect (BA) delay less than (PH), has showed statistical significance difference. Bone age delay and growth retardation are common findings in children with (CHD). Also, cyanosis and/or (PH) may further deteriorate their growth and hence they should be promptly managed, considering the significance of (PH) on (BA) delay and growth retardation.
Ethnicity and fertility differentials in Peninsular Malaysia: do policies matter?

Ethnic groups have had differing demographic responses to economic and population policies in peninsular Malaysia. Of 14 million inhabitants in 1988 58% were Malay 32% Chinese and 10% India. While the national fertility rate began falling in the late 1950s this trend was not uniform over these main ethnic groups. Although the total fertility rate (TFR) for Chinese and Indians steadily declines the TFR for the Malay population leveled off in the mid 1970s. The TFR for Malays reversed from being the lowest among the three ethnic groups in the 1950s to become the highest; the gap between Malay and non-Malay population growth rates has steadily widened since the mid 1970s. Analysis of micro-level data from the first and second Malaysian Family Life surveys of 1976 and 1988 indicate that the New Economic and New Population Policies reduced desired fertility for Chinese and Indians but had a modest pronatalist effect upon Malays. These results clearly demonstrate that differential response to broad-based population policies may change the ethnic composition of populations. Moreover if current policy remains in effect in peninsular Malaysia current demographic trends will most likely persist.
The Entrenchment Problem, Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Firm Value

In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of two main corporate governance mechanisms, namely the board of directors and auditing, in mitigating the equity discounts arising from the potential entrenchment problem between inside and outside shareholders. Overall, the empirical results suggest that both boards with equity incentives and higher quality auditors may act as effective governance mechanisms with positive valuation implications. The monitoring incentives of the board of directors appear to play a key governance role. Specifically, we find that boards where board members have invested their personal wealth in the firm demand more stringent auditing, claim higher dividends and thereby limit the agency problem of free cash flow.
Risk Decomposition and Portfolio Diversification When Beta is Nonstationary: A Note

THE PROCESS OF DIVERSIFICATION and the subsequent reduction in portfolio risk have received considerable attention in the financial literature [5, 7-9, 10, 14-16, 25]. King [9], in his pioneering work on diversification, used multivariate statistical methods to decompose risk on a sample of 63 NYSE firms from six industries over the period 1927 to 1960. From this sample he concluded that on the average about half of a stock's variance could be explained by market behavior. Later, Evans and Archer [5] examined the effect of naive diversification on portfolio risk. Using semi-annual data for the period 1958 to 1967, they examined diversification among 470 securities listed in the Standard and Poor's Index by constructing 60 randomly selected portfolios which varied in size from 1 to 40 stocks. They then calculated the portfolio return's mean standard deviation and estimated the level of systematic or undiversifiable risk by estimating the asymptote to which the mean standard deviation decreased. The results of heir study showed that the majority of risk reduction is accomplished through randomly diversifying among only 10 securities. While these studies served to define the speed and limits of random diversification, other studies [7, 10, 14-16] have shown that systematic attempts to select stocks can result in inefficiencies in diversification. As the CAPM has gained in popularity, it has become increasingly common to examine the level of diversification and decompose risk through the use of ordinary-least-squares (O.L.S.) regressions in which the variability explained by the market is designated systematic risk and the variability of the error term is used as a measure of unsystematic risk. Inherent in this dichotomization is the assumption that the beta (or relationship between the market's returns and the individual stock's returns) is stationary. In the present study, we shall show that while the use of O.L. S. to partition risk is commonplace, it can lead to incorrect conclusions due to error introduced by the violation of this assumption, that is, the nonstationarity of security betas. The existence of instability of beta coefficients has been pointed out in studies by Altman, Jacquillat, and Levasseur [1], Baesel [2], Fabozzi and Francis [6], Levitz [11], Levy [12], and Roenfelt, Griepentrog, and Pflaum [19]. Fabozzi and Francis [6], for example, found that many beta coefficients move randomly through time rather than remaining stable as assumed by the O.L. S. model. The result-of this nonstationarity is that the O.L. S. technique not only provides an inefficient estimate of systematic risk, but it also allows the nonstationarity of beta to be reflected in the estimate of unsystematic risk. Thus, the O.L. S.
The Aggregation of Investor's Diverse Judgments and Preferences in Purely Competitive Security Markets

The vector of equilibrium aggregate market values (or per share prices) of a given set of risk assets trading in purely competitive markets of individually risk-averse investors has been derived in earlier work under certain simplifying assumptions, including the absence of taxes and transactions costs and a single (uniform) holding period for the assessment of uncertain outcomes (See [8], [9], [10], [15], and [12]). The other critical assumptions in these studies were (a) the existence of a riskless asset available for holding or borrowing at a fixed, exogenously determined interest rate, (b) an assumption that all investors act in terms of identical joint probability distributions over end-of-period outcomes, and (c) the acceptance of a mean-variance criterion for portfolio decisions.
Changes in Alcohol-Related Harm after Alcohol Policy Changes in Denmark

Objectives: This paper examines changes in alcohol-related harm in Denmark between 2003 and 2005 after changes in alcohol policies were introduced between 2003 and 2005. Methods: Interrupted time series analysis was performed with data on violent assaults and hospitalisations for acute alcohol intoxication from 2003 through 2005. Results: A 26% increase in the number of acute alcohol intoxication hospitalisations among people aged 15 years and younger was detected after the tax reduction on spirits. No significant increase in violent assaults and acute intoxication among adults was found. Conclusions: Even modest alcohol price policies can affect more vulnerable population sub-groups such as under-age youth. Policy makers should consider such consequences when forming economic policies that also have public health implications.
An Empirical Analysis of Triple Bottom-Line Reporting and its Determinants: Evidence from the United States and Japan

This paper investigates triple bottom-line (TBL) disclosures of 50 of the largest US and Japanese companies. Twenty disclosure criteria were developed for each of the TBL disclosure areas: economic, social, and environmental. Disclosure information was examined in annual reports, stand-alone reports, and special website reports. Regression analysis was used to examine empirically the determinants of TBL disclosure practice. Our results indicate that, for total TBL disclosure (combining economic, social, and environmental categories), the extent of reporting is higher for firms with larger size, lower profitability, lower liquidity, and for firms with membership in the manufacturing industry. Further analysis indicates that the results for the total TBL disclosure are primarily driven by non-economic disclosures. We also find that the extent of overall TBL reporting is higher for Japanese firms, with environmental disclosure being the key driver. This result could be attributed to the differences in national cultures, the regulatory environment, and other institutional factors between the United States and Japan.