Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial structure in length at age of cod in the Barents Sea

Cod Gadus morhua population in the Barents Sea was found to be spatially structured with regard to length-at-age. Results were based on data collected during research surveys in the Barents Sea between 1982 and 1997. The identified spatial structure was most pronounced for age groups 2–4 years and decreased for the older age groups with higher potential for migration. A positive linear correlation between mean length-at-age and mean geographical temperature was established for age groups 2–4 years. This correlationwas shownto be strongest when based on mean temperatures during 3 year periods ending with the year of capture. The spatial structure in length-at-age was shown to follow the temperature gradient of the Barents Sea. A large part of the observed area effects could be explained by temperature variation between areas. Evidence is also presented which indicates that the predictability and sensitivity of the dependence of length-at-age on temperature increases under extreme environmental conditions, i.e. in the northern and eastern areas of the Barents Sea. # 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
The impact of glide phases on the trackability of hydrodynamic trails in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)

SUMMARY The mystacial vibrissae of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) constitute a highly sensitive hydrodynamic receptor system enabling the seals to detect and follow hydrodynamic trails. In the wild, hydrodynamic trails, as generated by swimming fish, consist of cyclic burst-and-glide phases, associated with various differences in the physical parameters of the trail. Here, we investigated the impact of glide phases on the trackability of differently aged hydrodynamic trails in a harbour seal. As fish are not easily trained to swim certain paths with predetermined burst-and-glide phases, the respective hydrodynamic trails were generated using a remote-controlled miniature submarine. Gliding phases in hydrodynamic trails had a negative impact on the trackability when trails were 15 s old. The seal lost the generated trails more often within the transition zones, when the submarine switched from a burst to a glide moving pattern. Hydrodynamic parameter analysis (particle image velocimetry) revealed that the smaller dimensions and faster decay of hydrodynamic trails generated by the gliding submarine are responsible for the impaired success of the seal tracking the gliding phase. Furthermore, the change of gross water flow generated by the submarine from a rearwards-directed stream in the burst phase to a water flow passively dragged behind the submarine during gliding might influence the ability of the seal to follow the trail as this might cause a weaker deflection of the vibrissae. The possible ecological implications of intermittent swimming behaviour in fish for piscivorous predators are discussed.
Sext Up KIDS: How Children are Becoming Hypersexualized

As a media professor, a fruitful topic of discussion in my classes is the sexualization of girls in contemporary popular culture. I screen ads in class for tween girl clothing featuring statements like “I’m too pretty to do homework so my brother has to do it for me” (JC-Penney), and cherry-printed thong underwear marketed to girls ages 6–12 (Limited Too) to highlight the routine stereotyping and sexualization of girls in consumer culture. We discuss the sexualized appearance of Disney princesses, Bratz, and Monster High dolls marketed to toddlers and young girls. My students analyze gender representations in fashion magazine ads, and we examine the current reality television trend of spotlighting the world of child glitz pageants where young girls routinely affect a made-up, sexualized mini-adult persona. Despite the relative closeness of age of my college students to the tween and teen markets, most are shocked and dismayed by these popular representations of women and girls. Though my students also have grown up in a culture where the female body is sexualized, it is clear that a shift has occurred in the last decade or so that has intensified the sexualization of girls in the media and in their daily lives. This shift to what has been called a “pornified” culture is due in part to the Internet and mobile technologies that provide more access to pornography, resulting in the seeping of pornographic images into mainstream popular culture (Nikunen, Paasonen, & Saarenmaa, 2007; Paul, 2005). Sext Up KIDS (A Dream Street Pictures Production released by Media Education Foundation in 2012) is a documentary by award-winning filmmaker Maureen Palmer that examines the negative effects of living in a hypersexualized world on girls’ lives. The film uses the voices of researchers, teens, and parents to shed light on the consequences of living in a pornified culture, where girls are encouraged to become sexy at an early age and to perform sexually for the pleasure of boys and men. The film seeks to shine a light on adolescent sex culture for parents and adults who may be in the dark about the reality of how youth experience gender, sex, and sexuality today. The film also provides teachers with a valuable tool for generating dialogue about the influence of media culture on the sexualization of adolescents. Due to the film’s discussion of sexual acts, the documentary may be better suited for college and other adult, rather than adolescent, audiences. College educators will likely find Sext Up KIDS to be an asset to student engagement on the topic and a memorable look at how growing up too soon has taken on a whole new meaning in today’s digital culture. The use of the voices of scholarly experts as an accompaniment to the powerful visual account of the hypersexualization of
Real-time and wearable functional electrical stimulation system for volitional hand motor function control using the electromyography bridge method

Voluntary participation of hemiplegic patients is crucial for functional electrical stimulation therapy. A wearable functional electrical stimulation system has been proposed for real-time volitional hand motor function control using the electromyography bridge method. Through a series of novel design concepts, including the integration of a detecting circuit and an analog-to-digital converter, a miniaturized functional electrical stimulation circuit technique, a low-power super-regeneration chip for wireless receiving, and two wearable armbands, a prototype system has been established with reduced size, power, and overall cost. Based on wrist joint torque reproduction and classification experiments performed on six healthy subjects, the optimized surface electromyography thresholds and trained logistic regression classifier parameters were statistically chosen to establish wrist and hand motion control with high accuracy. Test results showed that wrist flexion/extension, hand grasp, and finger extension could be reproduced with high accuracy and low latency. This system can build a bridge of information transmission between healthy limbs and paralyzed limbs, effectively improve voluntary participation of hemiplegic patients, and elevate efficiency of rehabilitation training.
Turning Points

The decision whether to leave an abusive relationship is very complex for victims. A small but growing body of research demonstrates the importance of turning points in these decisions. Situated within the theoretical framework of the Transtheoretical Model of Change, this study uses a phenomenological data analysis process to analyze the descriptions of turning points provided by a sample of 123 survivors of past abusive relationships who had been out of any abusive relationships for at least 2 years. Six distinct themes of turning points are identified: (a) facing the threat of severe violence; (b) changing their perspective about the relationship, abuse, and/or their partner; (c) learning about the dynamics of abuse; (d) experiencing an intervention from external sources or consequences; (e) realizing the impact of the violence on children; and (f) the relationship being terminated by the abuser or some other cause. Implications for research, counseling practice, and theory are discussed.
Copeptin, Insulin Resistance, and Risk of Incident Diabetes in Older Men

Context: Prior studies suggested a role for the arginine vasopressin (AVP) system in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Prospective studies on the association between copeptin (the C-terminal fragment of AVP hormone) and incident diabetes are limited. Objective: We have examined the association between plasma copeptin and the risk of incident diabetes in older men. Design: The British Regional Heart Study was a prospective study with an average of 13 years follow-up. Setting: General practices in the United Kingdom were studied. Participants: Participants were 3226 men aged 60 to 79 years with no prevalent diabetes. Outcome: We measured 253 patients with incident diabetes. Results: Copeptin was positively and significantly associated with renal dysfunction, insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), metabolic risk factors (waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, and liver function), C-reactive protein, tissue plasminogen activator, and von Willebrand factor (endothelial dysfunction) but not with plasma glucose. The risk of incident diabetes was significantly elevated only in men in the top fifth of the copeptin distribution (>6.79 pmol/L), and this risk persisted after adjustment for several diabetes risk factors including metabolic risk factors and C-reactive protein (adjusted hazard ratio in the top fifth vs the rest = 1.78 [95% confidence interval, 1.34–2.37]). Risk was markedly attenuated although it remained significant after further adjustment for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and plasma glucose (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.47 [1.11–1.97]). The increased risk was seen even when the analysis was restricted to men with no chronic kidney disease or to men with no impaired fasting glucose (<6.1 mmol/L). Conclusion: Copeptin is associated with a significantly increased risk of diabetes in older men. The association is partly mediated through lower insulin sensitivity. The findings suggest a potential role of the AVP system in diabetes.
Impaired Surface Membrane Expression of C3bi but Not C3b Receptors on Neonatal Neutrophils

ABSTRACT: Because increased complement receptor expression is necessary for optimal function of adult neutrophils, we tested the hypothesis that the increased susceptibility of neonates to infection might be due to an impaired ability of neonatal neutrophils to increase expression of complement receptors in response to chemotactic stimuli. We used monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry to compare surface expression of the receptors for the complement components C3b (CR1) and C3bi (CR3) on adult and neonatal cord blood neutrophils (PMNs). We also compared receptor expression on PMNs from infants delivered by cesarean section without labor versus infants delivered vaginally. Expression of both CR1 and CR3 was minimal on resting adult and neonatal PMNs maintained at 0° C. There was a modest increase in expression of both receptors when PMNs were warmed to 37° C. This increase was similar on adult and neonatal cells, both unfractionated in whole blood and after isolation with Percoll density centrifugation, with one exception. Expression of CR1 was greater on isolated PMNs from vaginally delivered infants versus adults when the cells were warmed to 37° C. This difference was not observed with cells from infants delivered by cesarean section without labor, suggesting this modest increase in receptor expression may be due to factors associated with labor. When isolated cells were stimulated with either N-formyl-methionyl-Ieucyl-phenylalanine or zymosan-activated serum, expression of CR1 increased to the same extent in both neonatal and adult PMNs. In contrast, maximal CR3 expression on cord PMNs stimulated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or zymosan-activated serum was only 75% of the adult values. This was significantly less than CR3 expression in adult PMNs across a broad range of N-formylmethionyl- Ieucyl-phenylalanine concentrations. Maximal stimulated expression of both receptors was the same in PMNs from infants delivered by cesarean section without labor and from infants delivered vaginally. The diminished CR3 expression on cord PMNs was not due to decreased responsiveness to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine per se since deficient CR3 expression was observed at all concentrations tested and also when zymosan-activated serum was the stimulus. Our observations of impaired expression of CR3, which is necessary for adherence and directed migration, may explain some of the impairment of these functions in neonatal neutrophils.
The ‘Enrichment Hypothesis’ as an Explanation of Women's Participation in Rugby

Abstract The widely acknowledged reduction in participation in sport by women presents a major challenge to sports administrators. Especially challenged are sports that are non‐traditional for women, typified by ‘masculine’ characteristics of physical power and body contact, such as rugby. The purpose of this paper is to seek an explanation for why some women do decide to participate in such non‐traditional sports. Specifically, it examines women who participate in rugby, focusing on the applicability of the ‘enrichment hypothesis’ (Auster, 2001) as a method of explaining their participation. The enrichment hypothesis proposes that non‐traditional leisure choices require exposure to a social environment that provides both an awareness of and support for such choices (Auster, 2001). Interviews with 40 female rugby union players from South Australia were conducted, employing a semi‐structured interview technique, to examine the motivations for why they initially participated in rugby and what kept them participating. The findings from these interviews lend support to the enrichment hypothesis, suggesting participants were involved because they knew other players, had a family that were supportive and involved in the sport, and that the social element of the participation was a key ongoing motivator. The implications for sports administrators keen to maximise women's participation in non‐traditional leisure and sports fields are discussed.
Learning in Virtual Courses and its Relationship to Thinking Styles

This study examines students learning in virtual courses and the relationship between their performance and thinking styles. The research focused on two categories of dependent variables: the first consists of students' scholastic performance measured by grades, successful Web searches, completion of assignments, and the use of asynchronous communication channels. The second refers to the students' attitudes toward, and level of satisfaction with, virtual learning. Independent variables included six thinking styles (according to Sternberg's mental self-government theory): global, local, internal, external, liberal, and conservative styles, as well as gender and prior experience in information and communications technology (ICT). Participants were 110 eighth and ninth graders who were enrolled in a three-month virtual course on the retrieval and use of on-line information. The findings show considerable individual differences in student performance and attitudes. Prior experience with ICT was found as the major factor affecting the virtual learning, while gender, in this study, did not. Learners with liberal or internal thinking styles outperformed the other students in the course. The results suggest that though virtual courses provide opportunities for all learners, such opportunities may be greater for some learners than for others. These results are discussed in the context of equity and diversity in the classroom.
Circadian preference, nighttime sleep and daytime functioning in young adulthood

The aim of this study was to investigate whether evening circadian preference, as measured by the Horne and Östberg questionnaire, is associated with disrupted nighttime sleep, poorer daytime functioning, and substance/drug use in young adults. The sample was comprised of 1271 first-year university students; the mean age was 18.85 ± 1.45 years, and 35.45% were men. The study was cross-sectional, and the participants completed self-reported, anonymous questionnaires provided during an in-class survey. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that evening types (E-types) were characterized by having difficulties initiating sleep, following irregular sleep-wake patterns, and having a higher perceived sleep debt. Moreover, missing classes due to oversleeping, reporting excessive daytime sleepiness, and using more tobacco and alcohol were the daytime variables most associated with having an evening circadian preference. These results suggest that circadian preference might be related not only to different sleep—wake schedules but also to different lifestyles, a fact that is discussed in relation to recent models of circadian regulation of the sleep—wake cycle. Future studies will be necessary to better clarify the complex relationship between circadian preference, disturbed sleep, daytime sleepiness and substance/drug use.
Belief and Will

absolutely right or wrong? because no moral legislation has its basis in pure ethics. But the pertinent questions are: Will prohibitory legislation, if enacted, do harm or good ? Will it educate the nation into a healthy temperance sentiment ? or will it be so openly and flagrantly violated as to lower the tone of public morality and lessen respect for law and order? Will it promote self-control or breed hypocrisy? Will it bring a national blessing or a national calamity? If it will have both good and evil effects, will its advantages or disadvantages be greater ? What will be its residuum of influence in moulding our national character ? These questions it does not lie within my province now to answer. My task is completed, if I have made it clear that they are legitimate questions, and that the asking of them is the only way by which we can find our duty as citizens. A satisfactory answer to them cannot be given in any off-hand manner, but must involve careful study of our social conditions and of the actual results of prohibitory legislation in similar conditions elsewhere. D. J. FRASER. ST. JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK.
Food access and obesity

This paper was commissioned by the Foresight programme of the Office of Science and Innovation, Department of Trade and Industry © 2007 Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO; published with permission Journal compilation © 2007 The International Association for the Study of Obesity. obesity reviews 8 (Suppl. 1) , 99–107 99 OnlineOpen: This article is available free online at www.blackwell-synergy.com Blackwell Publishing LtdOxford, UKOBRObesity Reviews1467-7881© 2007 Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO; published with permission; Journal compilation © 2007 The International Association for the Study of Obesity ? 2007 8 ••99107 Review Article Food access and obesity M. White
Calcified Carcinoma of the Gallbladder with Calcified Nodal Metastasis Presenting as a Porcelain Gallbladder: A Case Report

Porcelain gallbladder is regarded as a risk factor of gallbladder cancer. A porcelain gallbladder with calcified regional lymph nodes was found using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a 43-year-old man who presented with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. His cholecystectomy specimen showed diffuse wall thickening and contained small gallstones. Histological examination revealed diffuse infiltrative adenocarcinoma with extensive intratumoral calcification (calcified carcinoma). The majority of the calcified material was located within or replaced the tumor glands, and was not found in the stroma. A lymph node was totally replaced with a calcified metastatic adenocarcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, only one case of calcified lymph node metastasis from a calcified carcinoma of the gallbladder has been previously reported in the literature. We herein add a case of calcified carcinoma of the gallbladder with calcified lymph node metastasis, presenting as a porcelain gallbladder on CT and MRI.
Risk factor profiles and use of cardiovascular drug prevention in women and men with peripheral arterial disease

Objective To determine cardiovascular comorbidities and use of cardiovascular disease preventive drugs in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), with special attention to sex differences. Design A cross-sectional point-prevalence study. Patients A population sample of patients that are 60-90 years old. Setting Primary care areas in four Swedish regions. Main outcome measures Prevalence of PAD stages, comorbidities and medication use. Results The prevalence of any type of PAD was 18.0% (range 16-20), of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease (APAD) was 11.1% (range 9-13), intermittent claudication was 6.8% (range 6.5-7.1), and of critical limb ischemia (CLI) was 1.2% (range 1.0-1.5). APAD and CLI were more common in women. Statins were used by 17.5% (range 16.9-18.2), 29.4% (range 29.0-30.1), and 30.3% (range 29.9-30.8) of the patients with APAD, intermittent claudication, and CLI, respectively, and antiplatelet therapy was reported by 34.1% (range 33.7-34.3), 47.6% (range 47.3-47.9), and 60.2% (range 59.1-60.7). The odds ratio for having APAD was 1.7 (range 1.2-2.4) for women with a smoking history of 10 years in relation to nonsmokers. This association was observed only in men who had smoked for at least 30 years or more. Preventive drug use was more common in men with PAD. Compared with women they had an odds ratio of 1.3 (range 1.1-1.5) for lipid-lowering therapy, 1.3 (range 1.0-1.7) for β-blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and 1.5 (range 1.2-1.9) for antiplatelet therapy. Conclusion The patients' risk factor profiles differed among the PAD stages. Smoking duration already seemed to be a risk factor for women with PAD after 10 years of smoking, as compared with 30 years for men, and fewer women reported use of preventive medication. These observations may partly explain the sex differences in prevalence that were observed. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 16:39-46 © 2009 The European Society of Cardiology
Mechanisms for recF-dependent and recB-dependent pathways of postreplication repair in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli uvrB

The molecular mechanisms for the recF-dependent and recB-dependent pathways of postreplication repair were studied by sedimentation analysis of DNA from UV-irradiated Escherichia coli cells. When the ability to repair DNA daughter strand gaps was compared, uvrB recF cells showed a gross deficiency, whereas uvrB recB cells showed only a small deficiency. Nevertheless, the uvrB recF cells were able to perform some limited repair of daughter strand gaps compared with a "repairless" uvrB recA strain. The introduction of a recB mutation into the uvrB recF strain greatly increased its UV radiation sensitivity, yet decreased only slightly its ability to repair daughter strand gaps. Kinetic studies of DNA repair with alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients indicated that the accumulation of unrepaired daughter strand gaps led to the formation of low-molecular-weight DNA duplexes (i.e., DNA double-strand breaks were formed). The uvrB recF cells were able to regenerate high-molecular-weight DNA from these low-molecular-weight DNA duplexes, whereas the uvrB recF recB and uvrB recA cells were not. A model for the recB-dependent pathway of postreplication repair is presented.