Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing the full-threshold and Swedish interactive thresholding algorithms for short-wavelength automated perimetry.

PURPOSE To compare the Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm (SITA) with the full-threshold (FT) strategy for short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP). METHODS One eye of 286 patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) and 289 age-matched participants without GON from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) and the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES) were classified with optic disc stereophotographs taken within 6 months of visual field testing, conducted within a 3-month period. Six parameters were derived per test, including pattern standard deviation (PSD) and the number of pattern deviation plot (PDP) points triggered at <1%. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis equated the tests for specificity (80%, 90%, and 95%). Sensitivities of parameters with the highest area under the curve (AUC) and STATPAC (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) PSD were compared. Agreement, severity, and test duration between algorithms were assessed. RESULTS Sensitivities were not different between algorithms using PSD. With PDP <1%, SWAP-FT was more sensitive (35%) than SWAP-SITA (29%) at 95% specificity (P<0.05). Sensitivity and specificity using the STATPAC PSD at 95% (P<5%) and 99.5% (P<0.05%) was similar between algorithms. Severity correlated significantly between algorithms (P<0.001), although there was bias for SWAP-SITA to suggest more severe loss. SWAP-SITA required significantly less test time than did SWAP-FT (P<0.001). Mean differences in PSD, PDP <1%, and MD between algorithms were not clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS Both algorithms performed similarly when equated for specificity. The reduced test duration makes SWAP-SITA the better choice. Testing with both algorithms within a short period is recommended for confirmation of results when switching from FT to SITA.
Geophysical Framework of Northern End of Gulf of California Structural Province

More than 3,000 gravity observations in the Northern Gulf province, including an underwater gravity survey of the Salton Sea, show the over-all trend of isogal contours to be northwest, parallel to the tectonic pattern dominated by the San Andreas fault system. Contours northeast of the trough trend east, probably reflecting Transverse Range structures in this area. A prominent and linear gradient of 5 mgal/km marks the Banning-Mission Creek fault in the Coachella Valley but dies out southeastward at about the same point the surface trace disappears. The San Jacinto fault zone is characterized by a series of maxima and minima that tend to confirm continuity of this fault zone to the Gulf of California. A 15-20 mgal maximum over the Obsidian Buttes suggests a large anomalous mass at depth, or may be related to contemporaneous metamorphism of the Tertiary sedimentary section that has recently been observed in nearby steam wells. The regional gravity gradient indicates a crustal thickening northwest from the Gulf of California; inferred crustal thicknesses are 32 km at the International Border and 40 km at San Gorgonio Pass. Ten seismic refraction profiles in the Imperial and Coachella Valleys indicate several throughgoing velocity zones, but we are unable to correlate these with known stratigraphic units. The maximum thickness of sediments in the trough appears to be about 6.4 km (21,000 ft) just south of the International Border, with basement becoming shallower both to the north and south. The Salton trough has many geophysical and structural similarities to the Dead Sea rift, but the markedly en echelon pattern of major faults in the Salton trough and Gulf of California appears unique. A particular problem is presented by their orientation, which would suggest left-lateral displacement across the zone rather than the right-lateral displacement that is known to characterize at least the northern end of the province.
Distributed adaptive fuzzy iterative learning control of coordination problems for higher order multi-agent systems

In this paper, the adaptive fuzzy iterative learning control scheme is proposed for coordination problems of Mth order (M ≥ 2) distributed multi-agent systems. Every follower agent has a higher order integrator with unknown nonlinear dynamics and input disturbance. The dynamics of the leader are a higher order nonlinear systems and only available to a portion of the follower agents. With distributed initial state learning, the unified distributed protocols combined time-domain and iteration-domain adaptive laws guarantee that the follower agents track the leader uniformly on [0, T]. Then, the proposed algorithm extends to achieve the formation control. A numerical example and a multiple robotic system are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.
Comparative Effectiveness of Standard Care With IV Thrombolysis Versus Without IV Thrombolysis for Mild Ischemic Stroke

Background One third of patients presenting with initially mild strokes have unfavorable outcomes, and the efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in this population has not been proven. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of standard care with IVT versus without IVT in mild stroke patients. Methods and Results Using a multicenter stroke registry database, we identified patients with acute ischemic stroke who presented within 4.5 hours of symptom onset and had initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores ≤5. Multivariable logistic analysis and propensity score matching were used to adjust for baseline imbalances between the patients who did and did not receive IVT. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs of IVT were estimated for 3‐month modified Rankin Scale scores of 0 to 1 and symptomatic. Of 13 117 patients with stroke who were hospitalized between April 2008 and May 2012, 1386 met the eligibility criteria, and 194 (14.0%) were treated with IVT. For a modified Rankin Scale of 0 to 1 at 3 months, the adjusted odds ratios were 1.96 (95% CI, 1.28 to 3.00; P=0.002) by multivariable logistic analysis and 1.68 (1.10 to 2.56; P=0.02) by propensity score matching analysis, respectively. There was a statistically nonsignificant excess of symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation (odds ratios=3.76 [0.95 to 16.42; P=0.06] and 4.81 [0.84 to 49.34; P=0.09]), respectively. Conclusions In this observational registry‐based study, standard care with IVT is more effective than not receiving IVT in mild ischemic stroke patients, and there is a statistically nonsignificant risk of symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation.
Atypical Antipsychotics and Other Therapeutic Options for Treatment of Resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Antidepressant therapies, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are current first-line treatments for Major Depressive Disorder. However, over 50% of treated patients show an inadequate response to initial antidepressant therapy. If the therapeutic outcomes from two antidepressant therapies are suboptimal, potentially resulting in Treatment Resistant Depression, subsequent strategies include switching to another antidepressant or augmenting treatment by combining with other agents. When combined with SSRIs, atypical antipsychotics have supplementary action on dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems. Studies on combined treatment with atypical antipsychotics have shown significantly increased remission rates, shortened response times, and favorable side effects. Augmentation of antidepressants with atypical antipsychotics is now an acceptable treatment strategy which leads to increased remission rates and better outcomes for patients.
Actual Neurosis as the Underlying Psychic Structure of Panic Disorder, Somatization, and Somatoform Disorder: an Integration of Freudian and Attachment Perspectives

Starting from a contemporary critique of the DSM-IV, this paper argues that the diagnostic categories of panic disorder, somatization, and undifferentiated somatoform disorders can be understood as belonging to a common type of psychopathology—i.e., the Freudian actual neuroses. In addition to their strong clinical similarity, these disorders share an etiological similarity; and the authors propose a combination of Freud’s focus on this type of patient’s inability to represent an endogenous drive arousal with the post-Freudian focus on separation anxiety. An etiological hypothesis is put forward based on contemporary psychoanalytic attachment theory, highlighting mentalization. Concrete implications for a psychoanalytically based treatment are proposed.
Ketoacidosis at Diabetes Onset Is Still Frequent in Children and Adolescents

OBJECTIVE We aimed at analyzing the frequency, clinical characteristics, and trends associated with the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the onset of type 1 diabetes on the basis of long-term follow-up data. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 106 pediatric diabetes centers in Germany and Austria participated in this study. Data from14,664 patients with type 1 diabetes collected between 1995 and 2007 were suitable for evaluation. DKA was defined and classified according to the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes consensus guidelines. RESULTS DKA was observed in 21.1% of patients. The frequency of DKA, including the severe form, remained unchanged throughout the 13-year observation period. The frequency of DKA was particularly striking among children <5 years of age (26.5%). CONCLUSIONS Ketoacidosis occurring at diabetes onset continues to be a difficult problem. Our data show no significant change in the frequency and magnitude of DKA over the last 13 years.
Working memory performance and preoccupying thoughts in female dieters: evidence for a selective central executive impairment.

OBJECTIVE The study aimed to extend previous research into the impaired cognitive performance of spontaneous dieters by employing the Double Span Memory Task to investigate the relationship between weight-loss dieting and performance simultaneously on the three subsystems of working memory. METHOD A sample of 33 dieting and 33 non-dieting women were presented with increasingly longer sequences of common objects, displayed successively in different, randomly chosen locations of a 4 x 4 grid. Participants were then asked to name the objects (phonological loop), point to the locations (visuospatial sketch pad), or both (central executive). Participants also completed self-report measures of preoccupying cognitions, dietary restraint, depressed affect, and verbal intelligence. RESULTS Current dieters performed more poorly than non-dieters on combined recall, but not on the single recall of objects or locations. They also scored more highly on self-rated preoccupying cognitions. CONCLUSION Dieting to lose weight selectively impairs central executive functioning, rather than the storage capacity of the two slave systems. This dieting-related central executive deficit is at best partly attributable to the preoccupying thoughts about food, weight, and body shape accompanying dieting.
Optical mapping of electrical heterogeneities in the heart during global ischemia

Real-time optical registration of electrical activity in the heart allows the study of arrhythmogenic mechanisms, in particular due to global ischemia. It is known that global ischemia increases electrical heterogeneity in the heart. However, inter-ventricular differences between the right (RV) and left ventricle (LV) during ischemia and their relationship to arrhythmogenesis remains poorly understood. We used high resolution optical mapping (di-4-ANEPPS, excitation at 532nm, emission at 640±50 nm) of Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts to quantify inter-ventricular heterogeneity in the heart during periodic pacing and ventricular fibrillation. Two fast CCD cameras were used to record electrical activity from the RV and LV during control, global ischemia (20 min), and reperfusion. Hearts were paced at progressively reduced (from 300 ms to 100 ms) basic cycle lengths and ventricular fibrillation was induced by burst pacing and recorded before the global ischemia, and after the reperfusion. The action potential durations (APD), maximum slopes of APD restitution curves (Smax), and mean dominant frequency (DF) of ventricular fibrillation were measured for both LV and RV surfaces. No APD heterogeneity was observed in control hearts. Global ischemia induced inter-ventricular heterogeneity in APDs (RV: 109±21 ms, LV: 89±23 ms; p<0.01) that was abolished upon reperfusion. However, Smax was uniformly decreased in both RV (control: 0.94±0.25, ischemia: 0.36±0.12; p<0.01) and LV (control: 0.99±0.24, ischemia: 0.43±0.21; p<0.01) and did not recover upon reperfusion. In addition, the DF of ventricular fibrillation during reperfusion decreased significantly in RV (from 8.6±1.3 Hz to 6.2±1.1 Hz; p<0.05) but remained the same in LV (9.0±0.8 Hz vs 8.5±1.0 Hz). Thus, our results demonstrate that global ischemia induces inter-ventricular heterogeneity in APD during periodic pacing. Although this effect was abolished upon reperfusion, Smax did not recover, indicating the presence of residual changes in electrical properties of the heart. Therefore, reperfusion reveals the presence of inter-ventricular heterogeneities in the dynamics of ventricular fibrillation.
The geophysics of the Elura orebody ? data and comments

This paper introduces the sequence of geophysical papers that make up the bulk of this volume. To provide a quick reference and a conspectus of the material a somewhat simplified summary of properties and techniques is given. Also, some miscellaneous field results (provided by EZ and not covered elsewhere) are presented, with little comment, for completeness of the data record. Some comments are made on the weathered zone, gossan and orebody magnetisation, for these are important subjects warranting further study.
Learning with Knowledge from Multiple Experts

The use of domain knowledge in a learner can greatly improve the models it produces. However, high-quality expert knowledge is very difficult to obtain. Traditionally, researchers have assumed that knowledge comes from a single self-consistent source. A little-explored but often more feasible alternative is to use multiple weaker sources. In this paper we take a step in this direction by developing a method for learning the structure of a Bayesian network from multiple experts. Data is then used to refine the structure and estimate parameters. A simple analysis shows that even relatively few noisy experts can produce high-quality knowledge when combined. Experiments with real and simulated experts in a variety of domains show the benefits of this approach.
Metal-semiconductor-metal traveling-wave photodetectors

We demonstrate a novel type of traveling wave photodetector: "metal-semiconductor-metal traveling-wave photodetecor" (MSM-TWPD). The demonstrated devices were fabricated using low-temperature grown GaAs (LTG-GaAs). In order to achieve high internal quantum efficiency, the narrow spacing between electrodes was fabricated by the self-aligned process without e-beam lithography. Electro-optical sampling measurement results at different optical pumping levels are reported. Ultrahigh bandwidth (0.8-ps, 570-GHz transform bandwidth) performance was observed even under high optical power illumination (/spl sim/1.8 mW) with 8.1% net quantum efficiency. Compared with a LTG-GaAs-based p-i-n TWPD and vertically illuminated MSM photodetector (PD), this novel TWPD has higher output saturation current with near terahertz electrical bandwidth, better quantum efficiency, and can be easily fabricated and integrated with other microwave devices. It thus promises the application in high-power distributed PD array or terahertz signal generation.
Statistical models for dependent and non-stationary extreme events

Extreme value methods are used in a wide range of applications, for example they may be used for modelling wave heights and river levels in hydrology, wind speeds in structural engineering and share price return levels in economics. Many statistical models and methods of inference exist for the extreme values of univariate sequences of independent and identically distributed (IID) random variables. However, in most applications, the data sets are not IID and are often multivariate, and yet methods for modelling the extremes of sequences which fail to fulfil one, or both, of the IID assumptions and (or) are multivariate remain the subject of ongoing research. The work contained in this thesis is a contribution to this area. Most of our work has been motivated by a multivariate air pollution data set, which shows complex seasonal trends and covariate relationships. We begin with a model for the extremes of a univariate sequence which displays short-range dependence within the sample extremes. Next we propose a method for modelling the extremes of a non-stationary univariate process; we then extend this methodology to model a multivariate process with non-stationary marginal and dependence structures. Finally we consider a new estimator for the dependence structure of a sequence of multivariate extremes which are pairwise dependent.
Comparative Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change on Heat- and Cold-Related Mortality in the United Kingdom and Australia

Background: High and low ambient temperatures are associated with increased mortality in temperate and subtropical climates. Temperature-related mortality patterns are expected to change throughout this century because of climate change. Objectives: We compared mortality associated with heat and cold in UK regions and Australian cities for current and projected climates and populations. Methods: Time-series regression analyses were carried out on daily mortality in relation to ambient temperatures for UK regions and Australian cities to estimate relative risk functions for heat and cold and variations in risk parameters by age. Excess deaths due to heat and cold were estimated for future climates. Results: In UK regions, cold-related mortality currently accounts for more than one order of magnitude more deaths than heat-related mortality (around 61 and 3 deaths per 100,000 population per year, respectively). In Australian cities, approximately 33 and 2 deaths per 100,000 population are associated every year with cold and heat, respectively. Although cold-related mortality is projected to decrease due to climate change to approximately 42 and 19 deaths per 100,000 population per year in UK regions and Australian cities, heat-related mortality is projected to increase to around 9 and 8 deaths per 100,000 population per year, respectively, by the 2080s, assuming no changes in susceptibility and structure of the population. Conclusions: Projected changes in climate are likely to lead to an increase in heat-related mortality in the United Kingdom and Australia over this century, but also to a decrease in cold-related deaths. Future temperature-related mortality will be amplified by aging populations. Health protection from hot weather will become increasingly necessary in both countries, while protection from cold weather will be still needed. Citation: Vardoulakis S, Dear K, Hajat S, Heaviside C, Eggen B, McMichael AJ. 2014. Comparative assessment of the effects of climate change on heat- and cold-related mortality in the United Kingdom and Australia. Environ Health Perspect 122:1285–1292; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/ehp.1307524
The Causes of Politicization of Ethnicity - a Comparative Case Study of Kenya and Tanzania

Recent literature establishes that ethnicity needs to be politically relevant to have a negative effect on a country’s development process. Yet, an understanding of the factors that cause ethnicity to be a political salient factor is still limited. This paper compares the development of the high politicization of ethnicity in Kenya to the low politicization in Tanzania by tracing the impact of ethnic structures, colonial administration, land distribution, and nation building policies on the politicization of ethnicity. Evidence from extensive archival material, historical secondary sources and expert interviews rejects the ethnic structure argument but supports the negative impact of colonial rule and land distribution, and the positive impact of nation building policies on the politicization of ethnicity. Indeed, fully implemented nation building policies, such as the promotion of Swahili and the intermingling of secondary school students, have the potential to lastingly mitigate the political salience of ethnicity.
Female CEOs

_____________________________________________________________________________ We examine how the gender distribution of the board and that of the executive suite influences the firm’s choice of CEO. We find that the likelihood of a female being appointed CEO increases with the number of (i) female directors and (ii) females among the five highest-paid executives. Consistent with the “critical mass” hypothesis of Moss Kanter (1977), we find a significant jump in this probability at firms with three or more women on the board. We find no gender-specific difference in the stock price reaction to news of the CEO appointment or in the post-appointment operating performance of firms. JEL Classification: G30; G34; J71;
Inferring the higher-order phylogeny of mosses (Bryophyta) and relatives using a large, multigene plastid data set.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Investigating the early diversification of major clades requires well-corroborated and accurate phylogenetic inferences. We examined the performance of a large set of plastid genes for inferring the broad phylogenetic backbone of mosses-the second largest major clade of land plants-and their nearest relatives. METHODS We surveyed 14-17 plastid genes from a broadly representative taxonomic sampling of the major bryophyte lineages, including all major lines of non-peristomate mosses. We examined how well these new data corroborated or contradicted the findings of other studies, and investigated the effect of removing rapidly evolving characters. KEY RESULT: We inferred major clades with at least as strong support as other studies that used more taxa. We corroborated current views of overall embryophyte relationships, i.e., (liverworts, (mosses, (hornworts, tracheophytes))), with strong maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap support, and also placed Zygnematales as the sister group of embryophytes with moderate ML bootstrap support. Within mosses, we confirmed Oedipodiaceae as the sister group of the large clade of peristomate taxa. Likelihood analysis also firmly placed Takakiaceae as the sister group of all other mosses, a strong conflict with parsimony results. Parsimony converged on the Takakia-sister result when rapidly evolving characters were removed, depending on the tree used to classify the site rates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings broadly support the utility of a 14-gene set from the plastome for future, more densely sampled phylogenetic studies of mosses and relatives, potentially complementing anticipated whole-plastome studies. Likelihood and parsimony conflicts flag possible instances of long-branch attraction, including one involving the earliest split in moss phylogeny.