Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of surface energy parameters of dental self-adhesive resin cements on bond strength to dentin

The purpose of this study was to determine the surface energy parameters of dental self-adhesive resin cements (SRCs) and to measure their bond strength to dentin. Six dental SRCs (RelyX Unicem Clicker, RU; Maxcem Elite, ME; BisCem, BC; Clearfil SA Luting, SA; Multilink Speed, MS; seT PP, SP) and one resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RelyX Luting 2, RL; control) were tested. Smear layer-covered bovine dentin was used as bonding substrate. Using the dynamic sessile drop method, surface energy, surface energy components, degree of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity (expressed as ΔG sws using thermodynamic notation), and apparent surface energies for each material were calculated. The luting cements were bonded to the dentin and stored in water at 37 °C for 24 h prior to shear bond strength test (n = 10). Pearson correlation analysis was applied to detect possible correlations between surface energy parameters and measured shear bond strength (α = 0.05). RU, SA, and MS produced negative ΔG sws values (hydrophobic), whereas ME, BC, SP, and RL yielded positive ones (hydrophilic). RU had the highest value among all six SRCs tested, the value for MS being statistically equivalent (p = 0.785). The base component, ΔG sws, and surface energy determined with water showed significant negative linear correlations with dentin bond strength (r/p = −0.801/0.030, −0.900/0.006, and −0.892/0.007, respectively). These results suggest that bonding to smear layer-covered bovine dentin was governed by the base component and the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the SRCs.
POPULATION GENETICS AND OBJECTIVITY IN SPECIES DIAGNOSIS

Species as evolutionary lineages are expected to show greater evolutionary independence from one another than are populations within species. Two measures of evolutionary independence that stem from the study of isolation‐with‐migration models, one reflecting the amount of gene exchange and one reflecting the time of separation, were drawn from the literature for a large number of pairs of closely related species and pairs of populations within species. Both measures, for gene flow and time, showed broadly overlapping distributions for pairs of species and for pairs of populations within species. Species on average show more time and less gene flow than populations, but the similarity of the distributions argues against there being a qualitative difference associated with species status, as compared to populations. The two measures of evolutionary independence were similarly correlated with FST estimates, which in turn also showed similar distributions for species comparisons relative to population comparisons. The measures of gene flow and separation time were examined for the capacity to discriminate intraspecific differences from interspecific differences. If used together, the two measures could be used to develop an objective (in the sense of being repeatable) measure for species diagnosis.
Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Systemic Sclerosis Lung Disease

Background. Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) is a potential biomarker to distinguish systemic sclerosis (SSc) associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and interstitial lung disease (ILD). We evaluated the discriminative validity, feasibility, methods of eNO measurement, and magnitude of differences across lung diseases, disease-subsets (SSc, systemic lupus erythematosus), and healthy-controls. Methods. Consecutive subjects in the UHN Pulmonary Hypertension Programme were recruited. Exhaled nitric oxide was measured at 50 mL/s intervals using chemiluminescent detection. Alveolar and conducting airway NO were partitioned using a two-compartment model of axial diffusion (CMAD) and the trumpet model of axial diffusion (TMAD). Results. Sixty subjects were evaluated. Using the CMAD model, control subjects had lower median (IQR) alveolar NO than all PAH subjects (2.0 (1.5, 2.5) versus 3.14 ppb (2.3, 4.0), p = 0.008). SSc-ILD had significantly lower median conducting airway NO compared to controls (1009.5 versus 1342.1 ml⁎ppb/s, p = 0.04). SSc-PAH had increased median (IQR) alveolar NO compared to controls (3.3 (3.0, 5.7) versus 2.0 ppb (1.5, 2.5), p = 0.01). SSc-PAH conducting airway NO inversely correlated with DLCO (r −0.88 (95% CI −0.99, −0.26)). Conclusion. We have demonstrated feasibility, identified that CMAD modeling is preferred in SSc, and reported the magnitude of differences across cases and controls. Our data supports discriminative validity of eNO in SSc lung disease.
Self-consistent theory of rupture by progressive diffuse damage.

We analyze a self-consistent theory of crack growth controlled by a cumulative damage variable d(t) dependent on stress history, in the quasistatic regime where the sound wave velocity is taken as infinite. Depending upon the damage exponent m, which controls the rate of damage dd/dt~sigma(m) as a function of local stress sigma, we find two regimes. For 0<m<2, the model predicts a finite-time singularity. This retrieves previous results by Zobnin for m=1 and by Bradley and Wu for 0<m<2. To improve on this self-consistent theory which neglects the dependence of stress on damage, we apply the functional renormalization method of Yukalov and Gluzman and find that divergences are replaced by singularities with exponents in agreement with those found in acoustic emission experiments. For m>/=2, the rupture dynamics is not defined without the introduction of a regularizing scheme. We investigate three regularization schemes involving, respectively, a saturation of damage, a minimum distance of approach to the crack tip, and a fixed stress maximum. In the first and third schemes, the finite-time singularity is replaced by a crack dynamics defined for all times but which is controlled by either the existence of a microscopic scale at which the stress is regularized or by the maximum sustainable stress. In the second scheme, a finite-time singularity is again found. In the first two schemes within this regime m>/=2, the theory has no continuous limit.
Probabilities on finite models

Let be a finite set of (nonlogical) predicate symbols. By an -structure, we mean a relational structure appropriate for . Let be the set of all -structures with universe {1, …, n}. For each first-order -sentence σ (with equality), let μn(σ) be the fraction of members of for which σ is true. We show that μn(σ) always converges to 0 or 1 as n → ∞, and that the rate of convergence is geometrically fast. In fact, if T is a certain complete, consistent set of first-order -sentences introduced by H. Gaifman [6], then we show that, for each first-order -sentence σ, μn(σ) →n 1 iff T ⊩ ω. A surprising corollary is that each finite subset of T has a finite model. Following H. Scholz [8], we define the spectrum of a sentence σ to be the set of cardinalities of finite models of σ. Another corollary is that for each first-order -sentence a, either σ or ˜σ has a cofinite spectrum (in fact, either σ or ˜σ is “nearly always“ true). Let be a subset of which contains for each in exactly one structure isomorphic to . For each first-order -sentence σ, let νn(σ) be the fraction of members of which a is true. By making use of an asymptotic estimate [3] of the cardinality of and by our previously mentioned results, we show that vn(σ) converges as n → ∞, and that limn νn(σ) = limn μn(σ). If contains at least one predicate symbol which is not unary, then the rate of convergence is geometrically fast.
Ultralow-fatigue shape memory alloy films

Memory alloys that avoid exhaustion Shape memory alloys can pop back into shape after being deformed. However, often these alloys cannot cope with a large number of deformation cycles. Chluba et al. find an alloy that avoids this pitfall, deforming 10 million times with very little fatigue (see the Perspective by James). Such low-fatigue materials could be useful in a plethora of future applications ranging from refrigerators to artificial heart valves. Science, this issue p. 1004; see also p. 968 Precipitates that reproducibly guide the phase transformations in shape memory alloys give rise to ultralow fatigue. [Also see Perspective by James] Functional shape memory alloys need to operate reversibly and repeatedly. Quantitative measures of reversibility include the relative volume change of the participating phases and compatibility matrices for twinning. But no similar argument is known for repeatability. This is especially crucial for many future applications, such as artificial heart valves or elastocaloric cooling, in which more than 10 million transformation cycles will be required. We report on the discovery of an ultralow-fatigue shape memory alloy film system based on TiNiCu that allows at least 10 million transformation cycles. We found that these films contain Ti2Cu precipitates embedded in the base alloy that serve as sentinels to ensure complete and reproducible transformation in the course of each memory cycle.
Childhood Intussusception: A Literature Review

Background Postlicensure data has identified a causal link between rotavirus vaccines and intussusception in some settings. As rotavirus vaccines are introduced globally, monitoring intussusception will be crucial for ensuring safety of the vaccine programs. Methods To obtain updated information on background rates and clinical management of intussusception, we reviewed studies of intussusception in children <18 years of age published since 2002. We assessed the incidence of intussusception by month of life among children <1 year of age, seasonality, method of diagnosis, treatment, and case-fatality. Findings We identified 82 studies from North America, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, and Central & South America that reported a total of 44,454 intussusception events. The mean incidence of intussusception was 74 per 100,000 (range: 9–328) among children <1 year of age, with peak incidence among infants 5–7 months of age. No seasonal patterns were observed. A radiographic modality was used to diagnose intussusception in over 95% of the cases in all regions except Africa where clinical findings or surgery were used in 65% of the cases. Surgical rates were substantially higher in Africa (77%) and Central and South America (86%) compared to other regions (13–29%). Case-fatality also was higher in Africa (9%) compared to other regions (<1%). The primary limitation of this review relates to the heterogeneity in intussusception surveillance across different regions. Conclusion This review of the intussusception literature from the past decade provides pertinent information that should facilitate implementation of intussusception surveillance for monitoring the postlicensure safety of rotavirus vaccines.
Deconstructing the Inefficacy of Global Cache Replacement Policies

In a conventional two-level cache hierarchy, L1 cache hits do not propagate to the L2 cache; as a result, the L2 cache only observes a “filtered” memory access stream. A frequently accessed address may hit in the L1, but since these accesses never make it to the L2, the corresponding copy in the L2 will “decay” with respect to its replacement policy state and may eventually get evicted. Previous studies have advocated the use of global replacement policies where the L1 access information propagates to the L2 to maintain a replacement policy state that is consistent with the overall global memory access stream. We first attempt to duplicate previously reported results on global cache replacement policies. Despite the intuitive explanation for why a global scheme should work, our experimental results show that the performance potential of global replacement is very limited. We deconstruct the problem with reuse-distance analysis and show that only under very specific reuse-distance profiles will a program be able to benefit from global replacement. Our experiments include the evaluation of multi-core shared caches, inclusive cache hierarchies, and a wide spectrum of cache sizes and associativities; we show that global replacement fails to provide significant performance benefits for any of these scenarios.
Immunization of Preterm Infants With 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

OBJECTIVE: The safety and immunogenicity of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) in preterm infants were assessed in this study. METHODS: Three parallel groups of infants received 3-dose primary immunization with PHiD-CV at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and a booster dose at 16 to 18 months: preterm I (gestation period ≥ 27 and <31 weeks, N = 50); preterm II (≥31 and <37 weeks, N = 87); and term (≥37 weeks, N = 149). Solicited symptoms and adverse events were recorded. Immune responses to PHiD-CV and coadministered vaccine antigens were measured. RESULTS: The incidence of solicited general symptoms was similar across groups, and the frequency of grade 3 general symptoms was low. Incidences of redness and swelling were generally lower in preterm infants. PHiD-CV was immunogenic for each of the 10 vaccine pneumococcal serotypes (postprimary, ≥92.7% of infants reached enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody concentrations ≥ 0.2 μg/mL and postbooster, ≥97.6%) and for protein D, with a trend for lower postprimary geometric mean antibody concentrations and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) titers in preterm infants for some pneumococcal serotypes. Postbooster, ≥91.9% of subjects in each group had an OPA titer ≥ 8 for each of the vaccine serotypes. Pneumococcal antibody concentrations and OPA titers after priming and booster vaccination were comparable between the 2 preterm groups. CONCLUSIONS: PHiD-CV was well tolerated and immunogenic in preterm infants when given as a 3-dose primary vaccination, with robust enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody and OPA booster responses in the second year of life.
Plonowanie i sklad chemiczny pomidora szklarniowego uprawianego w podlozach inertnych

The effect of inert media (rockwool, perlite, expanded clay) and two levels of nutrient solution (EC-2.3 and EC-2.8) on the yield and mineral composition of greenhouse tomato cultivar 'Cunero F1' was investigated. The experiment showed no significant effect of medium and nutri- ent solution levels on the total and marketable yield of tomato fruits.
Increased Expression of Dopamine Receptors in Synovial Fibroblasts From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inhibitory Effects of Dopamine on Interleukin‐8 and Interleukin‐6

Observations in both animal models of arthritis and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suggest a role for dopamine and its receptors in RA. Because synovial fibroblasts (SFs) contribute to inflammation and joint destruction in RA, the aim of this study was to investigate dopaminergic pathways in SFs obtained from patients with RA and, for comparison, in SFs from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) undergoing knee joint replacement surgery.
Simple, Efficient Object Encoding using Intersection Types

I present a type-theoretic encoding of objects that interprets method dispatch by self-application (i.e., method functions are applied to the objects containing them) but still validates the expected subtyping relationships. The naive typing of self-application fails to validate the expected subtyping relationships because it is too permissive and allows application to similarly typed objects that are not self. This new encoding solves this problem by constraining methods to be applied only to self using existential and intersection types. Using this typing, I give a full account of objects including self types and method update. I also present another application of this object encoding to fully abstract, closure-passing closure conversion. The typing constructs used in this encoding appear to be quite rich, but they may be axiomatized in a novel, restricted fashion that is metatheoretically simple.
Time-Consistent Decisions and Temporal Decomposition of Coherent Risk Functionals

In management and planning it is commonplace for additional information to become available gradually over time. It is well known that most risk measures (risk functionals) are time in consistent in the following sense: it may happen that at a given time period, some loss distribution appears to be less risky than another one, but looking at the conditional distribution at a later time, the opposite relation holds almost surely.The extended conditional risk functionals introduced in this paper enable a temporal decomposition of the initial risk functional that can be used to ensure consistency between past and future preferences. The central result is a decomposition theorem, which allows recomposing the initial coherent risk functional by compounding the conditional risk functionals without losing information or preferences. It follows from our results that the revelation of partial information in time must change the decision maker’s preferences—for consistency reasons—among the remaining courses of action. Further, in many situations, the extended conditional risk functional allows ranking of different policies, even based on incomplete information.In addition, we use counterexamples to show that without change-of-measures, the only time-consistent risk functionals are the expectation and the essential supremum.
Effects of seasonal hypoxia on macrobenthic production and function in the Rappahannock River, Virginia, USA

Since colonial times, anthropogenic effects have eroded Chesapeake Bay's health, resulting in an increase in the extent and severity of hypoxia (≤2 mg O2 l �1 ), adversely affecting community structure and secondary production of macrobenthos in the Bay and its tributaries. The influence of hypoxia on macrobenthic communities is well documented, but less well known is the regulatory effect of hypoxia on macrobenthic production. Changes in macrobenthic produc- tion were assessed in the lower Rappahannock River, a sub-estuary of Chesapeake Bay, in an area known to experience seasonal hypoxia. During the spring, summer, fall, and following spring of 2007 and 2008, 10 samples were collected each season for a total of 80 samples, and macrobenthic production was estimated using Edgar's allometric equation. Additionally, from early spring to late fall, dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured continuously at 2 of the 10 sites in 2007, and 2 of the 10 sites in 2008; in conjunction, the macrobenthic community was assessed through bi-weekly grab samples at these sites. Hypoxic sites had as much as 85% lower macrobenthic pro- duction compared to normoxic sites, and macrobenthic production at hypoxic sites was associated with primarily smaller, disturbance-related annelids. Macrobenthic production differed across seasons, and estimated sediment reworking rates were significantly higher during normoxia, indi- cating that the functional role of the macrobenthic community changed during hypoxia.
Twin-transformed lattice defects in γ-TiAl

We study the transformation of lattice defects in γ-TiAl upon intersection by deformation twins. A faulted dipole is chopped forming a dislocation loop faulted on the cube plane of the twin; faulted dipoles and twin loops may shrink at different rates. Dislocations with 1/2<110] and <011] Burgers vectors gliding on octahedral planes are transformed into configurations with low mobility on {010} plane. Elementary mechanisms involved in the transformation are considered and a pole mechanism for twin growth at forest dislocations is proposed.
The effectiveness of sedentary behaviour interventions for reducing body mass index in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta‐analysis

Intervention studies have been undertaken to reduce sedentary behaviour (SB) and thereby potentially ameliorate unhealthy weight gain in children and adolescents. We synthesised evidence and quantified the effects of SB interventions (single or multiple components) on body mass index (BMI) or BMI z‐score in this population. Publications up to March 2015 were located through electronic searches. Inclusion criteria were interventions targeting SB in children that had a control group and objective measures of weight and height. Mean change in BMI or BMI z‐score from baseline to post‐intervention were quantified for intervention and control groups and meta‐analyzed using a random effects model. The pooled mean reduction in BMI and BMI z‐score was significant but very small (standardized mean difference = −0.060, 95% confidence interval: −0.098 to −0.022). However, the pooled estimate was substantially greater for an overweight or obese population (standardized mean difference = −0.255, 95% confidence interval: −0.400 to −0.109). Multicomponent interventions (SB and other behaviours) delivered to children from 5 to 12 years old in a non‐educational setting appear to favour BMI reduction. In summary, SB interventions are associated with very small improvement in BMI in mixed‐weight populations. However, SB interventions should be part of multicomponent interventions for treating obese children. © 2016 World Obesity
Phenylephrine-induced hypertension reduces ischemia following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

We studied the influence of phenylephrine-induced hypertension on the area of ischemia during brief middle cerebral artery occlusion. Rats were anesthetized with 1.2 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) isoflurane, and the middle cerebral artery was occluded via a subtemporal craniectomy. Immediately thereafter, in one group (n = 9) arterial blood pressure was increased 30-35 mm Hg above the preocclusion level by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine. In a second, control, group (n = 10) there was no manipulation of blood pressure. Local cerebral blood flow was determined autoradiographically 15 minutes after occlusion. The areas (expressed as a percentage of the total coronal cross-sectional area) in which local cerebral blood flow decreased to three ranges (0-6 ml/100 g/min [rapid neuronal death probable], 6-15 ml/100 g/min [delayed neuronal death probable], and 15-23 ml/100 g/min [electrophysiologic dysfunction with prolonged survival probable]) were measured. The areas in which local cerebral blood flow decreased to the two more severely ischemic ranges were smaller in the phenylephrine group than in the control group. For example, in the coronal section in the center of the middle cerebral artery distribution, local cerebral blood flow was 0-6 ml/100 g/min in 6.7 +/- 1.4% of the section in normotensive rats but was in that range in only 1.7 +/- 0.6% of the section during phenylephrine-induced hypertension (p less than 0.05). For the 6-15 ml/100 g/min range, the areas were 6.8 +/- 0.8% and 3.8 +/- 0.7%, respectively (p less than 0.05). For the 15-23 ml/100 g/min range, there were no differences between groups. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adenovirus Type 4 and 7 Vaccination or Adenovirus Type 4 Respiratory Infection Elicits Minimal Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses to Nonhuman Adenovirus Vaccine Vectors

ABSTRACT Antivector immunity may limit the immunogenicity of adenovirus vector vaccines. We tested sera from individuals immunized with adenovirus type 4 and 7 (Ad4 and Ad7, respectively) vaccine or naturally infected with Ad4 for their ability to neutralize a panel of E1-deleted human and chimpanzee adenoviruses (ChAd). Small statistically significant increases in titers to ChAd63, ChAd3, human Ad35, and human Ad5 were observed. Neutralizing antibodies elicited by Ad4 infection or immunization results in a small amount of adenovirus cross-reactivity.