Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst in 29 Children

The purpose of this study was to review longitudinally the clinical features, method of treatment, and recurrence rates of 40 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst in children treated at one institution. Twenty-nine patients with histologic confirmation of the diagnosis and minimum follow-up of 2 years were included. Thirteen patients were less than 10 years of age, and 16 were in the second decade of life. The most frequent location of the lesion was the tibia (seven cases). Patients were treated with curettage, curettage and bone grafting, or resection. The overall recurrence rate was 27.5%. Five lesions recurred once, and three recurred twice. The average time before recurrence was 18.7 months. Complications occurred in six cases, three of them with physeal arrest. The lesion occurred more commonly in females in the second decade of life and was not associated with a pre-existing tumor. The recurrence rate dropped after the use of a high-speed bur.
RAMOLI: A generic knowledge-based systems shell for symbolic data

Non classical logics were introduced to allow handling imperfect concepts in intelligent systems. One of the principal non classical logic is multi-valued logic that has the particularity to support symbolic data. We introduced in a previous work an approximate reasoning in the multi-valued framework based on linguistic modifiers that checks approximate reasoning axiomatics. This paper describes the development of software model for the treatment of imperfection with our approach of approximate reasoning. It is a knowledge-based systems shell for symbolic data called RAMOLI. This shell provides simple and interactive Graphical User Interface to introduce knowledge and to infer with our approximate reasoning.
The characterization and localization of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR1 in the rat brain

The cloning of cDNAs that encode functional glutamate receptors makes it possible to produce antibodies that can be used as high-affinity probes for the localization and characterization of these receptors in the mammalian brain. We have made antibodies to different regions of the first cloned member of this family, GluR1, using bacterially overproduced antigen. On Western blots, these antisera detect glycoprotein(s) of 105 kDa present in crude membranes of the hippocampus and cerebellum. The 105-kDa band is associated with postsynaptic densities, and it is observed in cultured cells upon transfection with the GluR1 cDNA. Although glutamate receptors are thought to be the most prevalent excitatory ligand-gated ion channel in the mammalian brain, immunohistochemistry reveals that the receptors recognized by these antisera are localized predominantly in neurons of the cerebellum and some structures of the limbic system, including the hippocampus, the central nucleus of the amygdala, and portions of the septum. This pattern of expression is, in general, consistent with the distribution of GluR1 mRNA as determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Our results suggest that glutamate excitatory circuits recognized by these antisera are predominantly found in regions of the limbic system that are reciprocally interconnected.
Age-Related Changes in Task-Switching Components: The Role of Task Uncertainty

The present study examined age differences in executive functioning, using an externally cued task-switching paradigm. Two components of task switching were assessed: the ability to maintain and select among task sets (general switch costs) and the ability to switch between task sets (specific switch costs). In contrast to previous findings, we found large age-related differences in specific switch costs, especially when the number of potentially relevant task sets is increased from two to four. Age-related differences in general switch costs were absent when external task cues subserved executive processing in task switching. Generally, the findings suggest that age-related impairments in task-switching components vary as a function of task uncertainty, such as the presence of environmental prompts to behavior.
Relearn Faster and Retain Longer

Both repeated practice and sleep improve long-term retention of information. The assumed common mechanism underlying these effects is memory reactivation, either on-line and effortful or off-line and effortless. In the study reported here, we investigated whether sleep-dependent memory consolidation could help to save practice time during relearning. During two sessions occurring 12 hr apart, 40 participants practiced foreign vocabulary until they reached a perfect level of performance. Half of them learned in the morning and relearned in the evening of a single day. The other half learned in the evening of one day, slept, and then relearned in the morning of the next day. Their retention was assessed 1 week later and 6 months later. We found that interleaving sleep between learning sessions not only reduced the amount of practice needed by half but also ensured much better long-term retention. Sleeping after learning is definitely a good strategy, but sleeping between two learning sessions is a better strategy.
The Emotional Side of Prejudice: The Attribution of Secondary Emotions to Ingroups and Outgroups

If people favor their ingroup, are especially concerned with their own group, and attribute different essences to different groups, it follows that their essence must be superior to the essence of other groups. Intelligence, language, and certain emotions are all considered to be distinctive elements of human nature or essence. The role of inteligence and language in discrimination, prejudice, and racism has already been largely investigated, and this article focuses on attributed emotions. Specifically, we investigate the idea that secondary emotions are typically human characteristics, and as such, they should be especially associated with and attributed to the ingroup. Seondary emotions may even be denied to outgroups. These differential associations and attributions of specifically human emotions to ingroups versus outgroups should affect intergroup relations. Results from several initial experiments are summarized that support our reasoning. This emotional approach to prejudice and racism is contrasted with more classic, cognitive perspectives.
Predicting the phase equilibria of petroleum fluids with the SAFT‐VR approach

The SAFT-VR equation of state is combined with a semi-continuous thermodynamic approach to model several synthetic and crude oil systems. In our approach, the oil fractions are defined by a continuous distribution that is then represented as discrete pseudo-components using the Gaussian quadrature method. The SAFT-VR parameters for the pseudo-components are obtained from simple linear relationships that were defined in earlier work, which allows the approach to be easily applied to undefined oil systems. Good agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental data is obtained for bubble point pressure calculations of several gas condensates and the solubility of gases such as methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide in several crude oils. 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 53: 720‐731, 2007
Learning interaction dynamics with coupled hidden Markov models

An analysis of interactions between different physiological control systems may only be possible with correlation functions if the signals have similar spectral distributions. Interactions between such signals can be modelled in state space rather than observation space, i.e. interactions are modelled after first translating the observations into a common domain. Coupled hidden Markov models (CHMM) are such state-space models. They form a natural extension to standard hidden Markov models. The authors perform CHMM parameter estimation under a Bayesian paradigm, using Gibbs sampling, and in a maximum likelihood framework, using the expectation maximisation algorithm. The performance differences between the estimators are demonstrated on simulated data as well as biomedical data. It is shown that the proposed method gives meaningful results when comparing two different signals, such as respiration and EEG.
Teachers and education policy: Roles and models

Abstract Four models are outlined for describing and analysing the role of teachers in the formulation of educational policy and the resulting processes of change. The model of teachers as partners in education policy making draws on a pluralist view of political processes and an assumption of a degree of autonomy for teachers and schools. A model of teachers as implementers of change draws a sharp distinction between the processes of policy making and policy execution and excludes teachers from an involvement in the former. A model of teachers as resisting change has been put forward both by those most opposed to and those most supportive of current educational policy developments. Finally, a model of teachers as policy makers in practice is proposed to describe the way in which the reality of teaching situations can lead to the independent actions of individual teachers having systematic policy effects. The applicability of these models is considered in the context of contemporary educational changes dr.
An Integrative Approach to Depression: Part 1—Etiology

This two-part series presents an integrative model for understanding and treating depression, encompassing the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual levels of the human being. Major depressive disorder may be seen as a dysregulated form of an adaptive response. Theories regarding the adaptive functions of depression drawn from psychology, evolutionary biology, ethology, neuroendocrinology, dream research, the philosophies of naturopathy and homeopathy, and the spiritual traditions of the Native Americans and other cultures are reviewed and synthesized. This model provides the basis for the rational application of a variety of complementary and conventional therapies.
A Database of Isoinertial Trunk Strength Tests against Three Resistance Levels in Sagittal, Frontal, and Transverse Planes in Normal Male Subjects

Spatial Joint complexes, such as the spine, require multiaxial systems to adequately assess their functional capacity. The B200 isostation (Isotechnologies, Inc., Carrboro, North Carolina) is a triaxial system that has three hydraulic pumps under control of an IBM-XT. The transducers measure the torque, angular position, and velocity for all axes simultaneously. There is no isoinertial data base available for strength at different resistances in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes. A normal data base for dynamic performance against resistances equal to 30%, 50%, and 70% of the maximum isometric strength of trunk muscles in all three planes was established.
The Economics of Consumer Knowledge

While approaches to measuring the state of a consumer's knowledge are well developed, much less is known about the relationship between knowledge and consumer choice and information search. The purpose of this article is to explore these relationships by treating consumer knowledge as human capital, which affects the full price of consumption and search activities. Using this framework, models are presented to explain life cycle consumption patterns, lifestyles, brand loyalty, choice of features, and search behavior. This economic perspective is compared and contrasted to other consumer research on these topics, including recent qualitative research that examines consumption behavior. Copyright 2001 by the University of Chicago.
Acidosis and Coagulopathy: The Differential Effects on Fibrinogen Synthesis and Breakdown in Pigs

Objective:Uncontrolled bleeding from coagulopathy signals imminent death in severely injured patients. Acidosis is an important predictor of coagulopathy, but the underlying contributing mechanisms are unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of acidosis on fibrinogen metabolism and coagulation function in a swine model. Methods:Twelve pigs were randomly divided into the control (n = 6) and acid (n = 6) groups. Acidosis of pH 7.1 was induced by infusion of 0.2 M HCl in lactated Ringer solution in the acid group. Afterward, an infusion of stable isotope 1-13C-phenylalanine (6 hours) and d5-phenylalanine (4 hours) was performed. Blood samples were withdrawn hourly to quantify fibrinogen synthesis and degradation rates using gas chromatograph and mass spectrometry analysis. To correlate changes in fibrinogen metabolism, coagulation changes were assessed by prolonged prothrombin time, partial activated thromboplastin time, activated clotting time, and thrombelastograph (TEG). Results:Acidosis caused decreases in mean arterial pressure, arterial bicarbonate concentration, base excess, fibrinogen concentration, and platelet counts. Acidosis increased fibrinogen degradation rate from the control value of 4.3 ± 1.0 mg/kg/h to 11.8 ± 1.4 mg/kg/h (P < 0.05), with no effect on fibrinogen synthesis. Prolonged prothrombin time, partial activated thromboplastin time, activated clotting time were consistently prolonged by acidosis (all P < 0.05). Clotting rapidity (angle α in TEG) was decreased from a baseline value of 73.3 ± 1.1 degree to 63.0 ± 2.4 degree (P < 0.05). Clot strength (maximum amplitude in TEG) was decreased from a baseline value of 72.2 ± 1.4 mm to 56.2 ± 3.1 mm (P < 0.05). Conclusions:Acidosis compromised the clotting process and accelerated fibrinogen consumption with no effect on fibrinogen production, resulting in a deficit in fibrinogen availability.
Australian academics teaching in Singapore: striving for cultural empathy

Within a framework of shrinking public funding for universities, competition for students and pressures for the internationalization of education, Australian universities have formed partnerships with Asian organizations to offer Australian degrees to fee‐paying students in their home countries. Teaching Asian students in Asia is complex, expensive and challenging for the university, its local partners, students and academics. However, Singapore and Australia have recently signed a free trade agreement and others may follow, thereby increasing the amount of teaching Australian universities undertake in Asia. Issues of education and cultural empathy have become more important than ever in this new environment. This paper discusses one international degree program and the way it is experienced by its Singaporean students and Australian academics as each group strives to understand the academic and cultural needs of the other. Singaporean students in the study reported a range of different learning styles and most preferred teaching and learning approaches that encourage deep learning. The Australian academics considered that these characteristics were similar to those of Australian students, but it appears that the way Australian academics facilitate student‐centredness is confronting to Singaporeans used to different teaching, learning and assessment methods. Some Singaporean students accorded local tutors less ‘expert’ status than the Australian lecturers, thus they placed low value on the tutorial assistance provided as a key part of mixed‐mode delivery of the course. Also, the Australian academics reported that they had difficulty finding culturally appropriate ways to ask for, and receive, critical evaluative feedback from the Singaporean students and tutors. In general, notwithstanding the challenges involved, the Singaporean students appreciated the opportunity to earn an Australian degree without having to leave Singapore, and the Australian academics found the experience of teaching in Singapore to be rewarding.
Sex Differences in Strength and Fatigability

The pattern of fatigue resulting from systematically varying the intercontraction rest interval was examined in male (N = 14) and female (N = 15) subjects employing a hand-grip fatigue exercise of 5 min duration. The contraction was maintained for 3 s, and the rest interval varied between 1, 2, 3, and 4 s, the order randomly assigned each subject. The fatigue bouts were separated by at least one week, and all testing was performed on a BLH load cell and recorder. No significant differences existed in initial maximum strength for either males or females over the four testing conditions, but significant differences did occur in final strength and absolute and relative endurance for both groups. The female subjects were significantly lower than males in initial and final strength, and absolute endurance. However, the females had significantly more relative endurance than males. The fatigue curves were two-component exponentials, with a half-time decay for the main component of 116 s for the males and 80 s fo.
Reasoning about physician-assisted suicide: analysis of comments by physicians and the Swedish general public

Two questionnaires directed to Swedish physicians and a sample of the Swedish population investigated attitudes towards physician-assisted suicide (PAS). The aim of the present work was to analyse qualitative data from these questionnaires in order to explore how respondents reason about PAS. Data were analysed in two steps. First, we categorized different kinds of responses and identified pro and con arguments. Second, we identified general conclusions from the responses. The data reflect the differences in attitudes towards PAS among the public and physicians, with the former mainly in favour of PAS and the latter mainly against. There was, however, considerable agreement about what requirements must be met before PAS could be considered ethical. Many arguments against PAS concerned the professional role of physicians, which indicates that it may not be assisted suicide as such that many PAS opponents disagree with, but rather that it is handled by physicians in the regular health-care system.
A 1.62 µW 8-channel ultra-high input impedance EEG amplifier for dry and non-contact biopotential recording applications

In this paper, a low-power electroencephalogram (EEG) analog front-end (AFE) with ultra-high input impedance is presented. This AFE can be utilized for both dry and non-contact biomedical applications due to its very high input impedance along with DC signal suppression. The amplifier achieves an input impedance of 45 fF ∥1 TΩ and a common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) higher than 110 dB. The power consumption of the proposed 8-channel AFE and its input referred noise over the 0.5-100 Hz bandwidth are 1.62 μW and 2.62 μVrms, respectively. This yields a noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 3.11. The simulations are carried out in the 180 nm standard CMOS technology using a ± 0.5 V power supply.
The effect of variation in sentence length on young children's attention and comprehension

The effect of sentence length on children's attention and com prehension was studied. Twenty-five two- to five-year-olds were placed into three groups, High, Middle, and Low, based on their mean length of utterance (MLU). Subsequently, each child watched three videotaped stories, each having the same number of words but a different MLU. The time the child spent gazing at the monitor was measured. Comprehension was measured by a picture choice task. Results indicated that the High group attended most to the Long Level, comprehended obvious content best at the Long Level, and comprehended subtle content best at the Medium Level; the Low group attended most to the Medium Level and comprehended little. It was concluded that both input level and child level differentially affect attention and comprehension.
Applicant Faking, Social Desirability, and the Prediction of Counterproductive Work Behaviors

Recent studies have pointed to within-subjects designs as an especially effective tool for gauging the occurrence of faking behavior in applicant samples. The current study utilized a within-subjects design and data from a sample of job applicants to compare estimates of faking via within-subjects score change to estimates based on a social desirability scale. In addition, we examined the impact of faking on the relationship between Conscientiousness and counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs), as well as the direct linkage between faking and CWBs. Our results suggest that social desirability scales are poor indicators of within-subjects score change, and applicant faking is both related to CWBs and has a negative impact on the criterion-related validity of Conscientiousness as a predictor of CWBs.
Socioeconomic status, IQ, and delinquency.

A number of studies have found a negative relationship between IQ and delinquent involvement. Some researchers maintain that IQ is a spurious variable in the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and delinquency, whereas others assert that IQ bears a causal relationship to delinquency that is independent of the effects of SES. Results from two Danish prospective longitudinal studies are presented that support the latter view, In each study a significant negative correlation between IQ and level of delinquent involvement remained after SES effects were partialled out. It is posited that low IQ children may be likely to engage in delinquent behavior because their poor verbal abilities limit their opportunities to obtain rewards in the school environment.
Nonsexual Multiple Role Relationships: Attitudes and Behaviors of Social Workers

This study describes social workers' attitudes and behaviors in relation to different types of nonsexual multiple role relationships, views about the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics section on nonsexual multiple role relationships, and formal education on multiple role relationships. A relatively high proportion of the sample (n = 305) of members of the NASW chapter in New York City rated each of 18 types of nonsexual multiple role relationships as ethical, particularly when qualified as "under some conditions. " Many respondents had engaged in nonsexual multiple role relationships with subordinates, although less often with current clients and students than with former clients, supervisees, and employees. Education on nonsexual multiple role relationships appears to be inadequate. Although most endorsed the NASW Code of Ethics section on multiple role relationships, a substantial proportion reported confusion about the interpretation of the wording. The adoption of operationally defined guidelines on multiple role relationships by agencies and the provision of safe and supportive environments that encourage open discussion and attention to this issue in supervision may help to minimize inappropriate behaviors.
Cutting Edge: Members of the Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Fibrinogen-Binding Protein Family Inhibit the Interaction of C3d with Complement Receptor 21

Staphylococcus aureus expresses a highly diversified arsenal of immune evasion proteins, many of which target the complement system. The extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) and the Efb homologous protein (Ehp) have previously been demonstrated to bind to C3 and inhibit complement activation and amplification. In this study we present the first evidence that Efb and Ehp are also capable of inhibiting the interaction of C3d with complement receptor 2 (CR2), which plays an important role in B cell activation and maturation. The C-terminal domain of Efb efficiently blocked this interaction both in surface plasmon resonance-based competition studies and cellular assays and prevented the CR2-mediated stimulation of B cells. Furthermore, analyses of the available structural data were consistent with a molecular mechanism that reflects both steric and electrostatic effects on the C3d-CR2 interaction. Our study therefore suggests that S. aureus may disrupt both the innate and adaptive immune responses with a single protein module.