Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sixteen and Not Pregnant: Teen-created YouTube Parody Videos and Sexual Risk-Taking in the United States

This study provides a qualitative content analysis of teen-produced parody videos of the MTV show 16 and Pregnant produced primarily in the United States. This study examined the types of strategies teens used to mimic the show as well as the common themes that emerged in the parody videos. Analyses looked at differences between the content of the original show and the parody videos. Girls produced the majority of the films, suggesting that media production may be an important avenue for girls to make sense of sexual risk-taking. In the end, this study argues for an expanded framework for researching television and risk behavior by considering youth's cultural production.
Extensive Reading Interventions for Students With Reading Difficulties After Grade 3

This synthesis extends a report of research on extensive interventions in kindergarten through third grade (Wanzek & Vaughn, 2007) to students in Grades 4 through 12, recognizing that many of the same questions about the effectiveness of reading interventions with younger students are important to address with older students, including (a) how effective are extensive interventions in improving reading outcomes for older students with reading difficulties or disabilities and (b) what features of extensive interventions (e.g., group size, duration, grade level) are associated with improved outcomes. Nineteen studies were synthesized. Ten studies met criteria for a meta-analysis, reporting on 22 distinct treatment/comparison differences. Mean effect sizes ranged from 0.10 to 0.16 for comprehension, word reading, word reading fluency, reading fluency, and spelling outcomes. No significant differences in student outcomes were noted among studies related to instructional group size, relative number of hours of intervention, or grade level of intervention.
The Effect of Feeder Location on Pollen Collection by Bumble Bees in a Tomato Greenhouse in Ontario, Canada

ABSTRACT The foraging behavior of bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson) was examined as a function of feeder location containing sugar solution in a commercial tomato greenhouse in Manotick, Ontario, Canada. The feeders were located within the nest-box (fed-close) or placed 1.5 m away (fed-far) and the placement of the two types of colonies was counterbalanced over time. No effect of feeder location was found in colony activity levels or in pollen load size. A foraging trade-off between sugar solution and pollen collection, however, was found: the proportion of foraging trips in which pollen was brought back was significantly reduced for fed-far colonies, which contrasts with our laboratory study in which the opposite effect was found. We interpret our findings as possibly reflecting a limitation in pollen supply in the greenhouse: an already possibly strained ability to find and bring back pollen to the colony was accentuated by increasing the task demands of collecting sugar solution.
Energy turnover in relation to slowing of contractile properties during fatiguing contractions of the human anterior tibialis muscle

Slowing and loss of muscle power are major factors limiting physical performance but little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. The slowing might be a consequence of slow detachment of cross bridges and, if this were the case, then a reduction in the ATP cost of an isometric contraction would be expected as the muscle fatigued. The human anterior tibialis muscle was stimulated repeatedly under ischaemic conditions at 50 Hz for 1.6 s with a 50% duty cycle and muscle metabolites measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Over the course of 20 contractions the half‐time of relaxation increased from 36.5 ± 0.09 ms (mean ±s.e.m.) to 113 ± 17 ms and isometric force was reduced to 63 ± 3% of the initial value. ATP turnover was determined from the change in high energy phosphates and lactate production, the latter estimated from the change of intracellular pH. ATP turnover over the first three contractions was 2.45 ± 0.09 mm s−1 and decreased to 1.8 ± 0.06 mm s−1 over the last five tetani. However, when this latter value was normalised for the decrease in isometric force, it became 2.56 ± 0.3 mm s−1, which is the same as the turnover of the fresh muscle. The data suggest that the rate of cross bridge detachment is unaffected by fatigue and are consistent the suggestion that it is the rate of attachment which is slowed rather than the rate of detachment. The present results focus attention on stages in the cross bridge cycle concerned with attachment and the transition from low to high force states that may be influenced by metabolic changes in the fatiguing muscle.
The neural basis of cultural differences in delay discounting

People generally prefer to receive rewarding outcomes sooner rather than later. Such preferences result from delay discounting, or the process by which outcomes are devalued for the expected delay until their receipt. We investigated cultural differences in delay discounting by contrasting behaviour and brain activity in separate cohorts of Western (American) and Eastern (Korean) subjects. Consistent with previous reports, we find a dramatic difference in discounting behaviour, with Americans displaying much greater present bias and elevated discount rates. Recent neuroimaging findings suggest that differences in discounting may arise from differential involvement of either brain reward areas or regions in the prefrontal and parietal cortices associated with cognitive control. We find that the ventral striatum is more greatly recruited in Americans relative to Koreans when discounting future rewards, but there is no difference in prefrontal or parietal activity. This suggests that a cultural difference in emotional responsivity underlies the observed behavioural effect. We discuss the implications of this research for strategic interrelations between Easterners and Westerners.
The New Style Boards of Governors – Are They Working?

In the 1980s, the Government believed that the extra demand for new graduates would need to be met by making higher education institutions more ‘business–like’. This change was aimed at making these institutions more responsive to the country’s economic needs by improving access, quality and efficiency. One consequence of the move to more ‘business–like’ organisations was the imposition, under The Education Reform Act (1988) and The Further and Higher Education Act (1992), of newly constituted boards of governors upon the new universities and colleges of higher education. These new boards were structured so that the majority of their membership consisted of ‘independent members’, defined in the 1988 Act as ‘persons appearing to the appointing authority to have experience of, and to have shown capacity in industrial, commercial, or employment matters or the practice of any profession’. These boards were expected to lead, or at least to act as catalysts for, the necessary change process. The paper argues that boards of governors could be said to be very efficient but not necessarily very effective and suggests that more needs to be known about the corporate governance process in the new universities and colleges of higher education.
Refighting Pickett's Charge: Mathematical Modeling of the Civil War Battlefield*

type="main"> We model Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg to see whether the Confederates could have achieved victory by committing more infantry, executing a better barrage, or facing a weaker defense. Our mathematical modeling is based on Lanchester equations, calibrated using historical army strengths. We weight the Union artillery and infantry two different ways using two sources of data, and so have four versions of the model. The models estimate that a successful Confederate charge would have required at least one to three additional brigades. An improved artillery barrage would have reduced these needs by about one brigade. A weaker Union defense could have allowed the charge to succeed as executed. The Confederates plausibly had enough troops to take the Union position and alter the battle's outcome, but likely too few to further exploit such a success.
SEAL-lab Technical Report – No . 2015-001 ( November 30 , 2015 ) Processing-in-Memory in ReRAM-based Main Memory

Process in memory (PIM) is a promising solution to address the “memory wall” issue, and most of the proposed PIM architectures integrate logic with memory. However, as long as the computation is done by logic, it needs to access memory for data. In this work, we propose a novel PIM system, utilizing metal-oxide resistive random access memory (ReRAM) as main memory and also for computation. As an emerging non-volatile memory, ReRAM has been considered as a promising candidate for future memory architecture, thanks to its high density, fast read access, and low leakage power. In addition, it has the capability to represent synaptic weights and execute neural networks with its crossbar architecture. Our proposed design is based on a ReRAM-based main memory system. In the proposed design, a portion of ReRAM crossbar arrays can be configured either as normal memory or to be used for neural computation (hence a morphable PIM structure). We design the required peripheral circuits by computing carefully to minimize the area overhead, and also to provide a hardwaresoftware interface for the developers so that they can easily configure the proposed design for various neural network tasks. We evaluate the proposed design on two sets of benchmarks, and compare it with a CPU-only solution and two neural process unit (NPU) solutions (using NPUs as co-processors and as PIM-processors through 3D stacking). The experiment results show that the proposed design achieve the best energy-efficiency with the highest speedup, which is ∼9000× faster than the CPU-only solution for large neural networks. In addition, it is also a low-overhead PIM solution, with only < 3.8% area overhead compared to the normal ReRAM chips.
The Irrelevance of Factor Analysis for the Study of Group Differences.

Jensen's target article (Jensen, 1985) discusses three hypotherses. The first is the basic one of the late Charles Spearman (1932) on the factox structure of intelligence test scores (Spearman's g hypothesis), The second is one mentioned only in passing by Spearman, but pursued vigoralusly here by Jensen, on a relation of g to racial differences on intelligence test scores. The third is Jensen's own, on the biological nature of g. The main thrust of the target article is to try to establish the last two hypotheses. The purpose of the present commentary is to show how Jensen has failed in his efforts, the failure being more fundamental than brought out in the 29 peer commentaries published alongside the target article. For the convenience of the reader, each of the three hypotltzeses will be restated in full when its turn comes for in-depth discussion below. The second and third hypotheses depend directly on the first, namely, that there exists a single common factor for intelligence test scores. Hence the last two hypotheses can hardly be discussed coherently, in the form presented, if the first is incorrect. Accordingly, the present commentary will open with an analysis in some depth of Jensen7s (1985)(and other factor analysts') exposition of the first hypothesis an exposition that we shall find to be an inaccurate and misleading account of Spearman's works. An extended critique seems to be in order here, since almost all the peer commentaries accompanying the target article appear to accept Jensen7s faulty formulations concerning g at face value, and some even give them a hearty amen. The second hypothesis concerns the relationship between group differences in test scores and the factor structure of those scores. It is surprising to find that neither Jensen's target article (1985), nor any of the 29 peer commentaries on it, contains any mention of the algebraic analyses of a closely related problem published decades ago by two of the giants of factor analysis: Gsdfrey Thomson (1939) and L.L. Thurstone (1947). Had Jensen realized the algebraic
Appartenance professionnelle et articulation travail/famille. Comparaison de deux groupes professionnels : les infirmières et les policiers

Cet article etudie la relation entre la vie professionnelle et la vie familiale en privilegiant une entree par la profession afin de mettre en avant l’impact des specificites de l’appartenance professionnelle sur la maniere de vivre et de gerer cette relation et les tensions sous-jacentes. Pour ce faire, les auteurs prennent appui sur une enquete par questionnaire realisee en Belgique francophone aupres de 314 infirmieres-parents et de 284 policiers-parents. Ils montrent qu’au cote des differences entre les hommes et les femmes, l’appartenance professionnelle induit tendanciellement des ressentis et des modes d’attenuation de la tension en matiere d’articulation de la vie professionnelle avec la vie familiale (APF) differents. Les differences observees permettent d’opposer au final deux grands modes de regulation de cette APF : l’un a caractere sequentiel dans le milieu infirmier; l’autre a caractere integratif dans le milieu policier.
Emotion Detection Algorithm Using Frontal Face Image

An emotion detection algorithm using frontal facial image is presented in this paper. The algorithm is composed of three main stages: image processing stage and facial feature extraction stage, and emotion detection stage. In image processing stage, the face region and facial component is extracted by using fuzzy color fllter, virtual face model, and histogram analysis method. The features for emotion detection are extracted from facial component in facial feature extraction stage. In emotion detection stage, the fuzzy classifler is adopted to recognize emotion from extracted features. It is shown by experiment results that the proposed algorithm can detect emotion well.
Structural Changes in the Us Economy: Bad Luck or Bad Policy?

This paper investigates the relationship between time variations in output and inflation dynamics and monetary policy in the US. There are changes in the structural coefficients and in the variance of the structural shocks. The policy rules in the 1970s and 1990s are similar as is the transmission of policy disturbances. Inflation persistence is only partly a monetary phenomena. Variations in the systematic component of policy have limited effects on the dynamics of output and inflation. Results are robust to alterations in the auxiliary assumptions.
A Conversation Analysis approach to facilitating communication with memory books

This article reports on the use of Conversational Analysis (CA) as a tool for developing an individualised intervention plan, using a memory book, for a caregiver of someone with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). Two 10-minute interactions between the participant with DAT and his caregiver were analysed, looking at turn taking, topic management, and repair. Based on these results, an intervention workshop was presented to the caregiver. A further two 10-minute interactions were analysed, examining the effect of the intervention workshop. Changes in interactions after the intervention workshop were noted, which the caregiver deemed as improvements. This suggests that direct intervention with a caregiver using CA may be beneficial in maximising the use of a memory book. However, it remains inconclusive whether improvement can be directly attributed to CA intervention alone.
How to Train Your Browser

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is one of the most common web application vulnerabilities. It is therefore sometimes referred to as the “buffer overflow of the web. ” Drawing a parallel from the current state of practice in preventing unauthorized native code execution (the typical goal in a code injection), we propose a script whitelisting approach to tame JavaScript-driven XSS attacks. Our scheme involves a transparent script interception layer placed in the browser’s JavaScript engine. This layer is designed to detect every script that reaches the browser, from every possible route, and compare it to a list of valid scripts for the site or page being accessed; scripts not on the list are prevented from executing. To avoid the false positives caused by minor syntactic changes (e.g., due to dynamic code generation), our layer uses the concept of contextual fingerprints when comparing scripts. Contextual fingerprints are identifiers that represent specific elements of a script and its execution context. Fingerprints can be easily enriched with new elements, if needed, to enhance the proposed method’s robustness. The list can be populated by the website’s administrators or a trusted third party. To verify our approach, we have developed a prototype and tested it successfully against an extensive array of attacks that were performed on more than 50 real-world vulnerable web applications. We measured the browsing performance overhead of the proposed solution on eight websites that make heavy use of JavaScript. Our mechanism imposed an average overhead of 11.1% on the execution time of the JavaScript engine. When measured as part of a full browsing session, and for all tested websites, the overhead introduced by our layer was less than 0.05%. When script elements are altered or new scripts are added on the server side, a new fingerprint generation phase is required. To examine the temporal aspect of contextual fingerprints, we performed a short-term and a long-term experiment based on the same websites. The former, showed that in a short period of time (10 days), for seven of eight websites, the majority of valid fingerprints stay the same (more than 92% on average). The latter, though, indicated that, in the long run, the number of fingerprints that do not change is reduced. Both experiments can be seen as one of the first attempts to study the feasibility of a whitelisting approach for the web.
Educating Pupils with Intellectual Disabilities in England: Thirty years on

In April 1971, responsibility for the education of all children with intellectual disabilities in England and Wales passed from health to education authorities at national and local level. From that date, no child could be declared to be "ineducable," regardless of the nature or severity of their disability or whether they were living with their families or in residential institutions. The former Junior Training Centres were redesignated as special schools and were administered by the same Local Education Authorities who were responsible for all other publicly funded schools in the community. This paper highlights major developments in the education of children with intellectual disabilities in the light of an early review of progress and problems and subsequent reforms to the education system as a whole. Key issues include access to the National Curriculum, prospects for the education of children with intellectual disabilities in mainstream schools, and the implications of these developments for the professional development of all teachers.
Manuscript Number: Full Title: Techno-Economic Analysis of Horseradish Peroxidase Production Using a Transient Expression System in Nicotiana benthamiana

Abstract: Despite the advantages of plant-based transient expression systems relative to microbial or mammalian cell systems, the commercial production of recombinant proteins using plants has not yet been achieved to any significant extent. One of the challenges has been the lack of published data on the costs of manufacture for products other than biopharmaceuticals. In this study, we report on the technoeconomic analysis of the production of a standard commercial enzyme, namely horseradish peroxidase (HRP), using a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana. Based on the proven plant yield of 240 mg HRP/kg biomass, a biomass productivity of 15 kg biomass/m2/year and a process yield of 54% (mg HRP product/mg HRP in biomass), it is apparent that HRP can be manufactured economically via transient expression in plants in a large scale facility (> 5 kg HRP/year). At this level, the process is competitive vs. the existing technology (extraction of the enzyme from horseradish) and the product is of comparable or improved activity, containing only the preferred isoenzyme C. Production scale, protein yield and biomass productivity are found to be the most important determinants of overall viability.
Anyone who wants sex? Seeking sex partners on sex-oriented contact websites

While the role of the Internet in dating for sexual reasons has been recognized, the amount of research into partner-seeking activities on sex-oriented contact websites is still limited. This study explores the experiences, thoughts and strategies related to partner-seeking activities on sex-oriented contact websites. A qualitative approach is used to complement and expand upon the existing primarily quantitative literature in this field. An analysis of 17 interviews revealed that sex seekers established various types of sexual contacts, located both in the online and the offline worlds. Although online interactions began with the disclosure of sex-related details, not all sexual contacts established online progressed into offline encounters. Those who had sex with a partner found on a sex-oriented contact website tended to outline the context in advance of the sexual encounter to help keep their behavior sexually disinhibited once offline. The theory of sexual scripts has been used to interpret the extent of sexually disinhibited behavior in online dating for sexual purposes.
Tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in acute ischemic stroke: Outcomes associated with ambulation.

PURPOSE Several clinical trials have highlighted general favorable outcomes of intravenous tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in acute ischemic stroke using different measures including, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Findings from most of these measures indicate that the benefits of rt-PA are time dependent, thus, supporting intensive efforts to fast-track hospital thrombolytic treatment in patients with stroke. Despite the widespread benefits of rt-PA, the effectiveness of this therapy on specific functions such as ambulatory performance of the recovering stroke patient is not fully investigated. We aim to investigate this issue in the current study. METHODS We analyzed data from a retrospective cohort of acute ischemic stroke patients admitted to Greenville Health System (GHS) between 2010-2013. We identified patients who received rt-PA within a 4.5 hour time frame following the onset of acute ischemic stroke symptoms. Our analysis compared ambulatory variables and hospital-level characteristics in proportions of patients receiving rt-PA with those not receiving rt-PA. This analysis determined whether early treatment with rt-PA is associated with favorable changes in ambulatory status from admission to discharge following acute ischemic stroke. RESULTS Among 663 patients with ischemic stroke who were eligible to receive rt-PA, 241 patients received rt-PA and 422 patients did not due to several risk factors. We found a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) for changes in ambulation status from hospital admission to discharge between patients receiving rt-PA and patients who did not receive rt-PA. Among patients who received rt-PA, 27.8% improved in their ambulation status, 41.9% saw no change in their ambulation status, 0.4% worsened in their ambulation status, and 29.9% were unable to be determined. Of the patients who did not receive rt-PA, 20.1% improved in their ambulation status, 61.8% saw no change in their ambulation status, 1.4% worsened in their ambulation status, and 16.6% were unable to be determined. CONCLUSION Our current study indicates that early treatment with rt-PA may be associated with favorable changes in ambulatory status from admission to discharge following acute ischemic stroke.