Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STATISTICS IN BRIEF Adolescent Cigarette Smoking: A Longitudinal Analysis Through Young Adulthood

It is estimated that smoking results in more deaths each year in the United States than alcohol, cocaine, heroin, AIDS, suicide, homicide, motor vehicle accidents, and fires combined (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2000). With about 8 out of 10 adult smokers in the United States having tried their first cigarette before age 18 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1994), it is not surprising that there has been considerable concern about adolescent smoking.
The role of DNA breaks in genomic instability and tumorigenesis

Summary: DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) represent dangerous chromosomal lesions that can lead to mutation, neoplastic transformation, or cell death. DSBs can occur by extrinsic insult from environmental sources or may occur intrinsically as a result of cellular metabolism or a genetic program. Mammalian cells possess potent and efficient mechanisms to repair DSBs, and thus complete normal development as well as mitigate oncogenic potential and prevent cell death. When DSB repair (DSBR) fails, chromosomal instability results and can be associated with tumor formation or progression. Studies of mice deficient in various components of the non‐homologous end joining pathway of DSBR have revealed key roles in both the developmental program of B and T lymphocytes as well as in the maintenance of general genome stability. Here, we review the current thinking about DSBs and DSBR in chromosomal instability and tumorigenesis, and we highlight the implications for understanding the karyotypic features associated with human tumors.
Efficient Routing in Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks: The Multiple-Copy Case

Intermittently connected mobile networks are wireless networks where most of the time there does not exist a complete path from the source to the destination. There are many real networks that follow this model, for example, wildlife tracking sensor networks, military networks, vehicular ad hoc networks, etc. In this context, conventional routing schemes fail, because they try to establish complete end-to-end paths, before any data is sent. To deal with such networks researchers have suggested to use flooding-based routing schemes. While flooding-based schemes have a high probability of delivery, they waste a lot of energy and suffer from severe contention which can significantly degrade their performance. Furthermore, proposed efforts to reduce the overhead of flooding-based schemes have often been plagued by large delays. With this in mind, we introduce a new family of routing schemes that "spray" a few message copies into the network, and then route each copy independently towards the destination. We show that, if carefully designed, spray routing not only performs significantly fewer transmissions per message, but also has lower average delivery delays than existing schemes; furthermore, it is highly scalable and retains good performance under a large range of scenarios. Finally, we use our theoretical framework proposed in our 2004 paper to analyze the performance of spray routing. We also use this theory to show how to choose the number of copies to be sprayed and how to optimally distribute these copies to relays.
Numerical study of the effect of gas temperature on the time for onset of particle nucleation in argon?silane low-pressure plasmas

Particle nucleation in silane plasmas has attracted interest for the past decade, both due to the basic problems of plasma chemistry involved and the importance of silane plasmas for many applications. A better understanding of particle nucleation may facilitate the avoidance of undesirable particle contamination as well as enable the controlled production of nanoparticles for novel applications. While understanding of particle nucleation has significantly advanced over the past years, a number of questions have not been resolved. Among these is the delay of particle nucleation with an increasing gas temperature, which has been observed in experiments in argon–silane plasmas. We have developed a quasi-one-dimensional model to simulate particle nucleation and growth in silane containing plasmas. In this paper we present a comparative study of the various effects that have been proposed as explanations for the nucleation delay. Our results suggest that the temperature dependence of the Brownian diffusion coefficient is the most important effect, as diffusion affects both the loss rate and growth rate of particles.
Challenges to Bridging Field and Classroom Instruction: Exploring Field Instructors’ Perspectives on Macro Practice

ABSTRACT Field education and macro practice have been highlighted as central educational domains in social work education; however, little scholarship has looked at how macro social work practice competencies have been integrated into field-based learning. This exploratory study aimed to gain perspectives from field instructors regarding macro social work and the integration of macro practice into their work with practicum students. Consistent with scholarship that has elucidated the impacts of neoliberalism on social work, including the marginalization of macro practice, emergent themes demonstrated that field instructors face barriers to incorporating macro work into their training of students. Challenges include prevalence of the medical model, time constraints, and funding limitations. Further, field instructors observed gaps among students, their university, and their organizational setting in regard to expectations for integrating macro practice into field education. Recommendations and directions for future research are discussed.
A randomized trial of urodynamic testing before stress-incontinence surgery.

BACKGROUND Urodynamic studies are commonly performed in women before surgery for stress urinary incontinence, but there is no good evidence that they improve outcomes. METHODS We performed a multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial involving women with uncomplicated, demonstrable stress urinary incontinence to compare outcomes after preoperative office evaluation and urodynamic tests or evaluation only. The primary outcome was treatment success at 12 months, defined as a reduction in the score on the Urogenital Distress Inventory of 70% or more and a response of "much better" or "very much better" on the Patient Global Impression of Improvement. The predetermined noninferiority margin was 11 percentage points. RESULTS A total of 630 women were randomly assigned to undergo office evaluation with urodynamic tests or evaluation only (315 per group); the proportion in whom treatment was successful was 76.9% in the urodynamic-testing group versus 77.2% in the evaluation-only group (difference, -0.3 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, -7.5 to 6.9), which was consistent with noninferiority. There were no significant between-group differences in secondary measures of incontinence severity, quality of life, patient satisfaction, rates of positive provocative stress tests, voiding dysfunction, or adverse events. Women who underwent urodynamic tests were significantly less likely to receive a diagnosis of overactive bladder and more likely to receive a diagnosis of voiding-phase dysfunction, but these changes did not lead to significant between-group differences in treatment selection or outcomes. CONCLUSIONS For women with uncomplicated, demonstrable stress urinary incontinence, preoperative office evaluation alone was not inferior to evaluation with urodynamic testing for outcomes at 1 year. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00803959.).
“Painted from life ...” A Disengaged Youth? Young people and NEETs in a devastated country

4 1. Sketching the socioeconomic background . 6 2. On Youth unemployment in the EU and Greece . 8 2.1. Youth unemployment in the EU . 8 2.2. Youth unemployment in Greece . 9 3. Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEETs) . 11 3.1. On the state of play in the EU . 11 3.2. NEETs in Greece . 14 3.3. Prior research findings on NEETs . 16 4. Prometheus Bound: The Greek Youth and NEETs within the Crisis Era . 17 4.1. Socio-demographics, psychological prolife and the revival of the intergenerational transmission of poverty . 17 4.2. The impact of the ongoing crisis in youth employability-unemployment, social exclusion and survival strategies . 23 4.4. Issues of political behavior . 29 5. Discussion: A disrupted life course . 34 References . 36
Understanding the regulation and function of adult neurogenesis: contribution from an insect model, the house cricket.

Since the discovery of adult neurogenesis, a major issue is the role of newborn neurons and the function-dependent regulation of adult neurogenesis. We decided to use an animal model with a relatively simple brain to address these questions. In the adult cricket brain as in mammals, new neurons are produced throughout life. This neurogenesis occurs in the main integrative centers of the insect brain, the mushroom bodies (MBs), where the neuroblasts responsible for their formation persist after the imaginal molt. The rate of production of new neurons is controlled not only by internal cues such as morphogenetic hormones but also by external environmental cues. Adult crickets reared in an enriched sensory environment experienced an increase in neuroblast proliferation as compared with crickets reared in an impoverished environment. In addition, unilateral sensory deprivation led to reduced neurogenesis in the MB ipsilateral to the lesion. In search of a functional role for the new cells, we specifically ablated MB neuroblasts in young adults using brain-focused gamma ray irradiation. We developed a learning paradigm adapted to the cricket, which we call the "escape paradigm. " Using this operant associative learning test, we showed that crickets lacking neurogenesis exhibited delayed learning and reduced memory retention of the task when olfactory cues were used. Our results suggest that environmental cues are able to influence adult neurogenesis and that, in turn, newly generated neurons participate in olfactory integration, optimizing learning abilities of the animal, and thus its adaptation to its environment. Nevertheless, odor learning in adult insects cannot always be attributed to newly born neurons because neurogenesis is completed earlier in development in many insect species. In addition, many of the irradiated crickets performed significantly better than chance on the operant learning task.
Potential of the Virion-Associated Peptidoglycan Hydrolase HydH5 and Its Derivative Fusion Proteins in Milk Biopreservation

Bacteriophage lytic enzymes have recently attracted considerable interest as novel antimicrobials against Gram-positive bacteria. In this work, antimicrobial activity in milk of HydH5 [a virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolase (VAPGH) encoded by the Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage vB_SauS-phiIPLA88], and three different fusion proteins created between HydH5 and lysostaphin has been assessed. The lytic activity of the five proteins (HydH5, HydH5Lyso, HydH5SH3b, CHAPSH3b and lysostaphin) was confirmed using commercial whole extended shelf-life milk (ESL) in challenge assays with 104 CFU/mL of the strain S. aureus Sa9. HydH5, HydH5Lyso and HydH5SH3b (3.5 µM) kept the staphylococcal viable counts below the control cultures for 6 h at 37°C. The effect is apparent just 15 minutes after the addition of the lytic enzyme. Of note, lysostaphin and CHAPSH3b showed the highest staphylolytic protection as they were able to eradicate the initial staphylococcal challenge immediately or 15 min after addition, respectively, at lower concentration (1 µM) at 37°C. CHAPSH3b showed the same antistaphyloccal effect at room temperature (1.65 µM). No re-growth was observed for the remainder of the experiment (up to 6 h). CHAPSH3b activity (1.65 µM) was also assayed in raw (whole and skim) and pasteurized (whole and skim) milk. Pasteurization of milk clearly enhanced CHAPSH3b staphylolytic activity in both whole and skim milk at both temperatures. This effect was most dramatic at room temperature as this protein was able to reduce S. aureus viable counts to undetectable levels immediately after addition with no re-growth detected for the duration of the experiment (360 min). Furthermore, CHAPSH3b protein is known to be heat tolerant and retained some lytic activity after pasteurization treatment and after storage at 4°C for 3 days. These results might facilitate the use of the peptidoglycan hydrolase HydH5 and its derivative fusions, particularly CHAPSH3b, as biocontrol agents for controlling undesirable bacteria in dairy products.
Naringin: A Protector of the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Projection

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and a biochemical reduction of striatal dopamine levels. Despite the lack of fully understanding of the etiology of Parkinson's disease, accumulating evidences suggest that Parkinson's disease may be caused by the insufficient support of neurotrophic factors, and by microglial activation, resident immune cells in the brain. Naringin, a major flavonone glycoside in grapefruits and citrus fruits, is considered as a protective agent against neurodegenerative diseases because it can induce not only anti-oxidant effects but also neuroprotective effects by the activation of anti-apoptotic pathways and the induction of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. We have recently reported that naringin has neuroprotective effects in a neurotoxin model of Parkinson's disease. Our observations show that intraperitoneal injection of naringin induces increases in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity in dopaminergic neurons of rat brains with anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, the production of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by naringin treatment contributes to the protection of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projection in a neurotoxin model of Parkinson's disease. Although the effects of naringin on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in human brains are largely unknown, these results suggest that naringin may be a beneficial natural product for the prevention of dopaminergic degeneration in the adult brain.
DAG Scheduling Using a Lookahead Variant of the Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time Algorithm

Among the numerous DAG scheduling heuristics suitable for heterogeneous systems, the Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time (HEFT) heuristic is known to give good results in short time. In this paper, we propose an improvement of HEFT, where the locally optimal decisions made by the heuristic do not rely on estimates of a single task only, but also look ahead in the schedule and take into account information about the impact of this decision to the children of the task being allocated. Preliminary simulation results indicate that the lookahead variation of HEFT can effectively reduce the makespan of the schedule in most cases without making the algorithm’s execution time prohibitively high.
Kekerasan terhadap Anak yang dilakukan oleh Orang Tua (Child Abuse)

Indonesia Pendahuluan: Artikel ini betujuan untuk menjelaskan fenomena kekerasan terhadap anak dalam pengasuhan orang tua yang mengalami stres. Metode: Tulisan ini merupakan hasil dari kajian pustaka yang berkaitan dengan tindakan kekerasan terhadap anak. Hasil: Setiap orang perlu pemahaman tentang jenis-jenis kekerasan terhadap anak, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi munculnya tindakan kekerasan terhadap anak, pemerintah, orang tua, dan masyarakat harus bekerjasama dalam menekan tindakan kekerasan terhadap anak. English Introduction: This article aims to explain the phenomenon of child abuse in the care of parents who are experiencing stress. Method: This paper is a literature review related to child abuse. Result: Everyone needs an understanding of the types of child abuse, the factors that influence the emergence of child abuse, the government, parents, and the community should work together in suppressing acts of child abuse.
Promoting Interactive Whiteboard Use in Language and Vocational Education: a Tale of iTILT and SmartVET EU Projects

In this study we provide an overview of the strategies and instruments developed through two European projects to support teacher training and to promote effective use of interactive whiteboards in a variety of subject areas and educational sectors. The two European projects, both funded through the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Commission, are: Interactive Technologies in Language Teaching (iTILT) and Supporting Continuous Professional Development of Vocational Education and Training (VET) teachers in the use of Interactive Whiteboards (SmartVET). We will outline both projects and report in detail on the outcomes and recommendations resulting from the needs analysis on which both projects based the design of their training models and material. Other results reported include the training practices and resources that were developed, including 1) online training through more than 250 video clips of IWB practice in classrooms in six European countries, some 30 instructional video clips together with additional resources, 2) training handbooks with realistic model materials. We conclude by summarizing the project related research and discussing evaluative data provided by the teachers and the reflections of the trainers / researchers.
RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY of LEPTIN ADMINISTRATION after GASTRIC BYPASS

Obese individuals have high levels of circulating leptin and are resistant to the weight‐reducing effect of leptin administration at physiological doses. Although Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an effective weight loss procedure, there is a plateau in weight loss and most individuals remain obese. This plateau may be partly due to the decline in leptin resulting in a state of relative leptin insufficiency. The main objective of this study was to determine whether leptin administration to post‐RYGB patients would promote further weight reduction.
Incentives and Prosocial Behavior

We develop a theory of prosocial behavior that combines heterogeneity in individual altruism and greed with concerns for social reputation or self-respect. Rewards or punishments (whether material or image-related) create doubt about the true motive for which good deeds are performed and this "overjustification effect" can induce a partial or even net crowding out of prosocial behavior by extrinsic incentives. We also identify settings that are conducive to multiple social norms and those where disclosing one's generosity may backfire. Finally, we analyze the choice by public and private sponsors of incentive levels, their degree of confidentiality and the publicity given to agents' behavior. Sponsor competition is shown to potentially reduce social welfare.
Sasakian Geometry, Hypersurface Singularities, and Einstein Metrics,” Supplemento ai Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo Serie II

This review article has grown out of notes for the three lectures the second author presented during the XXIV-th Winter School of Geometry and Physics in Srni, Czech Republic, in January of 2004. Our purpose is twofold. We want give a brief introduction to some of the techniques we have developed over the last 5 years while, at the same time, we summarize all the known results. We do not give any technical details other than what is necessary for the clarity of the exposition. In conclusion we would like to argue that Sasakian geometry has emerged as one of the most powerful tools of constructing and proving existence of special Riemannian metrics, such as Einstein metrics or metrics of positive Ricci curvature, on a wide range of odd-dimensional manifolds. The key geometric object in the theory is that of a contact structure (hence, only odd dimensions) together with a Riemannian metric naturally adapted to the contact form. Sasakian metrics in contact geometry are analogous to the Kähler metrics in the symplectic case. We begin with basic facts about contact and Sasakian manifolds after which we focus on exploring the fundamental relation between the Sasakian and the transverse Kähler geometry. In this context positive Sasakian, Sasakian-Einstein, and 3-Sasakian manifolds are introduced. In Section 3 we present all known constructions of 3-Sasakian manifolds. These come as V-bundles over compact quaternion Kähler orbifolds and large families can be explicitly obtained using symmetry reduction. We also discuss Sasakian-Einstein manifolds which are not 3-Sasakian. Here there has been only one effective method of producing examples, namely by representing a Sasakian-Einstein manifold as the total space of an S 1 Seifert bundle over a Kähler-Einstein orbifold. In the smooth case with a trivial orbifold structure , this construction goes back to Kobayashi [Kob56]. Any smooth Fano variety Z which admits a Kähler-Einstein metric can be used for the base of a unique simply connected circle bundle P which is Sasakian-Einstein. Any Sasakian-Einstein manifold obtained this way is automatically regular. It is clear that, in order to get non-regular examples of Sasakian-Einstein structures, one should replace the smooth Fano structure with a Fano orbifold. This was done in [BG00] where we generalized the Kobayashi construction to V-bundles over Fano orbifolds. However , at that time, with the exception of twistor spaces of known 3-Sasakian met-rics, compact Fano orbifolds known to admit orbifold Kähler-Einstein metrics were rare. …