Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Opposite Modulation of Brain Functional Networks Implicated at Low vs. High Demand of Attention and Working Memory

Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies indicate that the brain organizes its activity into multiple functional networks (FNs) during either resting condition or task-performance. However, the functions of these FNs are not fully understood yet. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate the operation of these FNs, spatial independent component analysis (sICA) was used to extract FNs from fMRI data acquired from healthy participants performing a visual task with two levels of attention and working memory load. The task-related modulations of extracted FNs were assessed. A group of FNs showed increased activity at low-load conditions and reduced activity at high-load conditions. These FNs together involve the left lateral frontoparietal cortex, insula, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. A second group of FNs showed increased activity at high-load conditions and reduced activity at low-load conditions. These FNs together involve the intraparietal sulcus, frontal eye field, lateral frontoparietal cortex, insula, and dorsal anterior cingulate, bilaterally. Though the two groups of FNs showed opposite task-related modulations, they overlapped extensively at both the lateral and medial frontoparietal cortex and insula. Such an overlap of FNs would not likely be revealed using standard general-linear-model-based analyses. Conclusions By assessing task-related modulations, this study differentiated the functional roles of overlapping FNs. Several FNs including the left frontoparietal network are implicated in task conditions of low attentional load, while another set of FNs including the dorsal attentional network is implicated in task conditions involving high attentional demands.
‘Celebrate humanity’ or ‘consumers?’: A critical evaluation of a brand in motion

The Olympics is a global event that acts as a carrier of cultural meanings and identities that are available to international audiences and markets. Our wider project examining the Athens Olympic Games seeks to investigate how such meanings are re-represented, distributed, and marketed by the media-sport complex. Here, we investigate how the initial formulation, development and use of the ‘Celebrate Humanity’ programme was framed by the IOC marketing department as a way both to deflect criticism of the IOC and as one means by which to provide ‘added-value’ to TOP sponsors. Attention is given to two main sources: IOC documents and interviews with personnel from TOP sponsors and representatives from their advertising agencies. Our conclusion is that this programme, and the wider Olympic movement, is characterized by a basic contradiction between the ideals of ‘Olympism’ and the realities of the modern Olympics in practice. The ‘message’ becomes embedded in a broader process of commerce whereby the media/marketing/advertising/corporate nexus is concerned less with the values underpinning Olympism per se and more with how such values can help build markets, construct and enhance brand awareness and create ‘glocal’ consumers/identities. ‘Celebrate Humanity’ is no exception.
Commodity Futures Market in India: A Study of Trends in the Notional Multi-Commodity Indices

The main purpose of the present study would be to look into some characteristics of the Indian commodity futures market in order to judge whether prices indicate efficient functioning of the market or otherwise, particularly as this market is less developed compared to the financial derivatives markets, being constrained by its chequered history with many policy reversals. Using the available notional price indices for the commodity market we find that multi-commodity indices, which have higher exposure to metals and energy products, with clear and efficient price dissemination in national and international markets, behave like the equity indices in terms of efficiency and flow of information. Both the contemporaneous futures and spot prices contribute to price discovery and the futures market can provide information for current spot prices and thus help to reduce volatility in the spot prices of the relevant commodities and provide for effective hedging of price risk. Agricultural indices on the other hand do not exhibit such features very clearly. Our results also help to build a case for opening up of parts of the Indian agricultural futures market.
A STUDY OF SOME COGNITIVE AND OTHER DISABILITIES IN BACKWARD READERS OF AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE AS ASSESSED BY A NON-VERBAL TEST

Summary. The application of a Sentence Reading Test and a Non-Verbal Intelligence Test to the whole of the third year pupils in twenty-two junior schools gave results for 1,205 children. Of the 139 who had a reading quotient of <80, seventy had standardized non-verbal scores ≥90. Fifty of these seventy backward readers were paired, individually, with average to good readers, matched for non-verbal test score, social class, sex and school. These two groups undertook a number of individual tests. The backward readers showed no deficit in performance on an oral test of language structure, but a poorer performance on a variety of tests involving spatial relationships and left-right discrimination; also a greater ‘rotation effect’ on a test involving the copying of abstract designs.
What makes a Gael? Identity, language and ancestry in the Scottish Gàidhealtachd

Scholars know far less about ‘national identity’ than ‘nations’ and ‘nationalism’. The authors argue that the concept is sociologically important and briefly discuss its relationship with language. They examine empirically how people living in the Gàidhealtachd, the area of Scotland associated with Gaelic language and culture, whether they are Gaelic speakers or not, whether incomers or not, go about their territorial identity business. The article shows how respondents’ Gaelic identity relates to their British and Scottish identity; how people living in the Gàidhealtachd assess putative claims to a Gaelic identity based variously on language, residence and ancestry; and how they see the balance between ‘cultural’ and ‘political’ elements in Gaelic. The authors argue that to study ‘what makes a Gael? ’ highlights the key role territorial identity plays in connecting social structure to social action, and also that identity provides a set of meanings and understandings through which people experience social structure and feel empowered to act.
Self‐directed learning and prostate cancer: a thematic analysis of the experiences of twelve patients

Although self‐directed learning is a common response for many of the 232,090 US men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer each year, very little is known about the nature of the experience for them. Four themes emerged from interviews with 12 prostate cancer patients describing their self‐education efforts in regard to their disease. A qualitative paradigm was used for this study with data collected using a semi‐structured interview protocol. Purposeful sampling technique was employed to identify information‐rich subjects who were within five years of diagnosis and who had used self‐directed learning extensively in coping with their prostate cancer. Using the constant comparative method, four common themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: • Men don’t talk. The participants indicated that men are reluctant to talk about health problems, including prostate cancer. • Living with the reality of my situation and my choices. These prostate cancer patients found that they had difficult choices to make in regard to their treatment and that learning about the side effects of their cancer treatments did not prepare them for the reality of actually experiencing them. • The struggle with emotions. The men in this study appeared to be very strong in regard to the cognitive aspects of their self‐directed learning in regard to their cancer but to struggle with their emotional responses. • Watchful waiting. The men in this study indicated that once having been diagnosed with prostate cancer, the process of dealing with it is never over. Their learning involved coming to terms with this uncertainty. Conclusions included that, for the men in this study, gender appeared to be an important influence on their experiences with self‐directed learning and prostate cancer.
Intergroup relations and group solidarity : Effects of group identification and social beliefs on depersonalized attraction

An intergroup extension of M. A. Hogg's (1992, 1993) social attraction hypothesis is proposed. Netball teams were investigated with measures assessing the relationship between (a) objective status; (b) social beliefs about intergroup status, stability, legitimacy, and permeability; (c) group identification, self-categorization, and prototypicality; (d) interpersonal relations and similarity; (e) depersonalized social attraction; and (f) true personal attraction. As predicted, group-membership-based social attraction was directly influenced by self-categorization; indirectly influenced, through self-categorization, by intergroup status and stability beliefs; and uninfluenced by interpersonal relations. Social attraction (related to prototypicality and group identification ) was relatively independent of personal attraction (related to similarity and interpersonal variables). Legitimacy, permeability, and the empirical co-occurence of social and personal attraction in cohesive groups are discussed.
Epidemiological profile of tinea capitis in São Paulo City*

Tinea capitis is the most common fungal infection in children. The identification of the etiologic agent helps clinicians make their therapeutic choice. Studies conducted in different countries show a changing pattern of the main etiological agents according to their regions. We performed a retrospective study in the tertiary public service in São Paulo, analyzing the isolated etiological agents in patients with tinea capitis from March 2013 to May 2015. Microsporum canis was the main agent (56.6%), followed by Trichophyton tonsurans (36.6%). Despite recent migratory movements in the city, we observed no change in the causative agent of tinea capitis.
O-Antigen Modulates Infection-Induced Pain States

The molecular initiators of infection-associated pain are not understood. We recently found that uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) elicited acute pelvic pain in murine urinary tract infection (UTI). UTI pain was due to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its receptor, TLR4, but pain was not correlated with inflammation. LPS is known to drive inflammation by interactions between the acylated lipid A component and TLR4, but the function of the O-antigen polysaccharide in host responses is unknown. Here, we examined the role of O-antigen in pain using cutaneous hypersensitivity (allodynia) to quantify pelvic pain behavior and using sacral spinal cord excitability to quantify central nervous system manifestations in murine UTI. A UPEC mutant defective for O-antigen biosynthesis induced chronic allodynia that persisted long after clearance of transient infections, but wild type UPEC evoked only acute pain. E. coli strains lacking O-antigen gene clusters had a chronic pain phenotype, and expressing cloned O-antigen gene clusters altered the pain phenotype in a predictable manner. Chronic allodynia was abrogated in TLR4-deficient mice, but inflammatory responses in wild type mice were similar among E. coli strains spanning a wide range of pain phenotypes, suggesting that O-antigen modulates pain independent of inflammation. Spinal cords of mice with chronic allodynia exhibited increased spontaneous firing and compromised short-term depression, consistent with centralized pain. Taken together, these findings suggest that O-antigen functions as a rheostat to modulate LPS-associated pain. These observations have implications for an infectious etiology of chronic pain and evolutionary modification of pathogens to alter host behaviors.
Health Effects of Trihalomethanes as Chlorinated Disinfection by Products: A Review Article

Trihalomethanes (THMs) were among the first disinfection byproducts to be discovered in chlorinated water. The substances form during a reaction between chlorine and organic matter in the water. Trihalomethanes are suspected to have negative effects on birth such as, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation in term births, as well as gestational age and preterm delivery. There are also some evidences showing these by-products to be mutagenic and carcinogenic, the greatest amount of evidence being related to the bladder cancer. However, there exist inconsistencies regarding such effects of THMs as different studies have provided different results in this regard. The aim of the present study is to provide a review of the related researches about the above mentioned health effects of THMs. Keywords—Trihalomethans, by-products, disinfection,
Possible Mechanism of Prostaglandin‐Induced Renal Vasoconstriction in the Rat

SUMMARY We studied the role of the renin-angiotensiii system in the vasoconstrictor effect induced by prostaglandins (PG) on the renal ralcroclrculation in 25 euvolemk Munich-Wistar rats. Infusions ofsubrasodepressor doses of PGE, and PGIt led to lower mean rallies for single nephron (SN) glomerular filtration rate (GFR), total kidney GFR, glomerular plasma flow rate, QA, and ultraflltration coefficient (Kr) than were found in animals given rehide alone (control group). On the other hand, the mean values for glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference, AP, and total renal arteriolar resistance, RTA, tended to be higher in the experimental groups. The effects of PGI, on the renal microcirculation were more pronounced than for PGE*. These increases in £P and RTA >nd decreases in QA and Kf are typical of changes induced by angtotensin II (AH). To further explore this All-like phenomenon, an infusion of saralasin, a competitive AH antagonist, was used. Indeed, when saralasin was infused together with either PGE, or PGI, the previously noted effects on AP, QA, RTA and Kf were largely abolished. Thus, saralasin transformed the renal action of PGE, and PGI, from vasoconstrictor (low QA, high RTA) to vasodilator (high QA and low RTA). Therefore, the effects of nonvasodepressor doses of PGE, and PGI, on the renal microcirculation appear to depend on an intermediate action of AH. (Hypertension 3 (suppl II): H-81-H-8S, 1981)
Classification of very high resolution SAR images of urban areas by dictionary-based mixture models, copulas, and Markov random fields using textural features

This paper addresses the problem of the classification of very high resolution (VHR) SAR amplitude images of urban areas. The proposed supervised method combines a finite mixture technique to estimate class-conditional probability density functions, Bayesian classification, and Markov random fields (MRFs). Textural features, such as those extracted by the greylevel co-occurrency method, are also integrated in the technique, as they allow to improve the discrimination of urban areas. Copulas are applied to estimate bivariate joint class-conditional statistics, merging the marginal distributions of both textural and SAR amplitude features. The resulting joint distribution estimates are plugged into a hidden MRF model, endowed with a modified Metropolis dynamics scheme for energy minimization. Experimental results with COSMO-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X images point out the accuracy of the proposed method, also as compared with previous contextual classifiers.
Cell‐mediated autoimmunity in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with anti‐Hu antibodies

Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis or subacute sensory neuronopathy associated with small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) and high titers of anti‐HuD antibodies, also called the “anti‐Hu syndrome,” is believed to result from an immune response triggered by tumor antigens and misdirected to the neurons. To further assess the issue of cell‐mediated immunity in this disease, the peripheral blood lymphocyte surface phenotype was studied in 15 patients suffering from the anti‐Hu syndrome (seropositive group) and in two control groups consisting of 12 seronegative SCLC patients without neurological syndrome and 15 healthy volunteers. In addition, the recombinant human HuD protein was used to stimulate in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 10 seropositive patients and of 10 patients from each control group. Phenotypic analysis of the peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed a significant increase of the memory helper (CD45RO+CD4+) T cells in the seropositive group in comparison with the two control groups. Antigen‐specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, measured by [3H]thymidine uptake after HuD antigen stimulation, was much higher in the seropositive group than in the two control groups, and phenotypic analysis of proliferating cells revealed a significant expansion of the CD45RO subpopulation of T cells in the seropositive group. Furthermore, after HuD stimulation, a significant increase of the interferon‐γ/interleukin‐4 ratio was found in culture supernatants of the seropositive group compared with seronegative SCLC patients and normal controls. Taken together, these results indicate that HuD protein is an antigenic target for autoreactive CD4+ T cells, presumably of the Th1 subtype, which could therefore be directly involved in cell‐mediated injury of the nervous system as well as in antitumoral immunity. Ann Neurol 1999;45:162–167
Enduring Rivalries: Theoretical Constructs and Empirical Patterns

Historians commonly criticize studies in a more behavioral mode as being “ahistorical”; that is, they lump together a disparate group of events without regard for their historical contexts. We propose to focus on what may be the most obvious and serious form of historical continuity: repeated conflict among the same set of states, or what we refer to (in accordance with the small but growing literature) as “enduring rivalries. ” Specifically, we (1) explore the theoretical relevance of the concept of enduring rivalries, (2) define the concept of enduring rivalries, (3) evaluate current operational criteria for enduring rivalries, and (4) describe empirically the rivalries generated by those criteria.
Developmental changes in four types of gesture in relation to acts and vocalizations from 10 to 21 months

The development of four types of gesture (instrumental, expressive, enactive and deictic) was examined in relation to acts and vocalizations in two infants over the period when they were aged 10 to 21 months. Observations were made in their homes when they were playing and reading books with their mothers. The initial predominance of acts declined while gestures increased from 10 to 18 months. The gestural types differed in their time of emergence, frequency of use and the context in which they were used. Generally, there was a progressive increase in the coordination of gestures and vocalizations but differences were found in when and how often gestural types were accompanied by vocalizations. These vocalizations showed developmental changes from babbling and proto-words to single and then multi-word utterances. Initially, co-occurring gesture and vocalization expressed the same meaning but as the two modes came to be used to express diverse meanings, more complex ideas were conveyed. During the period when the number and functional flexibility of the child's words are limited, gestures play an important role in enhancing communicative effectiveness. The establishment of an integrated, plurifunctional and increasingly conventional signalling system seems to provide a supportive framework for the acquisition of linguistic signals.
Teaching Business Communications in Community College

Who is the community college communications student? What does he need to learn? How do we teach this material to these students? - These questions are covered by identifying the student, emphasizing appearance, clear and complete message, and good will in communications, and discussing effective interpersonal relationships in the classroom. This article discusses the value of variety in classroom techniques and also lists specific types of practical writing exercises.
Hedonic or utilitarian premiums: does it matter?

Purpose – This study aims to analyse what type of premium, hedonic or utilitarian, is preferred in a promotional context. Additionally, it seeks to examine the role of affective and cognitive reactions in decision processes where utilitarian and hedonic premiums are involved. Design/methodology/approach – Three experiments were conducted. A single factor within-subjects design was employed, with the nature of the premium (hedonic/utilitarian) as the treatment factor. Respondents were asked to make their choice between two promotional offers. Affective and cognitive reactions were measured. Regression analyses were conducted to test the hypothesized effects. Findings – The results show that hedonic premiums are preferable to utilitarian ones in a promotional context, other characteristics of the premium (e.g. premium attractiveness) being equal. The findings also identify that a preference for the hedonic/utilitarian premium is more likely to emerge when affective/cognitive reactions are incited, and indic.
Supporting personal networking through computer networking

REPGRID-NET: A NEIWORKING SUPPORT SYSTEM RepGrid-Net is a computer-based message system that integrates conventional electronic mail and bulletin board facilities with repertory grid elicitation and analysis facilities to provide both unstructured and structured communications supporting the formation and operation of special interest networks. Users see a mail system in which special-interest networks are specifically supported. The coordinators of such a network provide a basic focus for it through statements of inten~ topics and issues which are handled on a bulletin board basis. They also provide one or more kernel grids listing specific topics and the concepts which they apply to them. These kernel grids can be developed by others interested in the groups, using the stated topics and concepts, and adding to them. General similarities between grids are analyzed to provide a socionet of people with common viewpoints, and this may be used to access the mail system to communicate with them. Detailed comparisons of similarities and differences between viewpoints may be made, and individual concept structures can be analyzed. —— Is! I1%%%’”1
Tilted Nonparametric Estimation of Volatility Functions With Empirical Applications

This article proposes a novel positive nonparametric estimator of the conditional variance function without reliance on logarithmic or other transformations. The estimator is based on an empirical likelihood modification of conventional local-level nonparametric regression applied to squared residuals of the mean regression. The estimator is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to the local linear estimator in the case of unbounded support but, unlike that estimator, is restricted to be nonnegative in finite samples. It is fully adaptive to the unknown conditional mean function. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the finite-sample performance of the estimator. Two empirical applications are reported. One uses cross-sectional data and studies the relationship between occupational prestige and income, and the other uses time series data on Treasury bill rates to fit the total volatility function in a continuous-time jump diffusion model.