Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Captive Wildlife at Zhengzhou Zoo, China

Cryptosporidium spp. , Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common gastrointestinal protists in humans and animals. Two hundred and three fecal specimens from 80 wildlife species were collected in Zhengzhou Zoo and their genomic DNA extracted. Three intestinal pathogens were characterized with a DNA sequence analysis of different loci. Cryptosporidium felis, C. baileyi, and avian genotype III were identified in three specimens (1.5%), the manul, red‐crowned crane, and cockatiel, respectively. Giardia duodenalis was also found in five specimens (2.5%) firstly: assemblage B in a white‐cheeked gibbon and beaver, and assemblage F in a Chinese leopard and two Siberian tigers, respectively. Thirteen genotypes of E. bieneusi (seven previously reported genotypes and six new genotypes) were detected in 32 specimens (15.8%), of which most were reported for the first time. A phylogenetic analysis of E. bieneusi showed that five genotypes (three known and two new) clustered in group 1; three known genotypes clustered in group 2; one known genotype clustered in group 4; and the remaining four genotypes clustered in a new group. In conclusion, zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. , G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi are maintained in wildlife and transmitted between them. Zoonotic disease outbreaks of these infectious agents possibly originate in wildlife reservoirs.
Egyptian Workers and January 25th: A Social Movement in Historical Context

The largest Arab country, with a political life that has a broad pan-Arab resonance, Egypt saw between 2 and 4 million of its workers participate in some 3,400 to 4,000 strikes and other collective actions from 1998 to 2010, a movement sustained with no support from the state-sponsored Egyptian Trade Union Federation. Their movement provided numerous occasions for exercises in participatory democracy. When workers did begin to speak about politics, they did not limit themselves to formal democracy—free parliamentary elections and the rotation of power. They demanded substantive democracy: free trade unions and distributive social justice. These understandings of democracy were rarely articulated as a comprehensive political program by a recognized national leadership.
Interactions among Foundation Species and their Consequences for Community Organization, Biodiversity, and Conservation

Foundation species create complex habitats in which associated organisms find refuge from biological and physical stress; these foundation species are thus fundamental to the structure and resilience of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In the present article, we develop an approach to understanding foundation species' effects in communities that are maintained not by a single foundation species, as has been the focus of research to date, but by multiple, co-occurring foundation species. Using examples from diverse ecosystems, we illustrate the prevalence of multiple foundation-species assemblages and hypothesize that the nature of foundation-species interactions has important consequences for community structure. We predict where positive and negative interactions among foundation species will occur and suggest that they organize communities hierarchically in nested or adjacent assemblages that underlie landscape-scale patterns in species distribution. Elucidating the predictable nature of foundation-species interactions may be key to understanding and managing the biodiversity and functioning of many ecosystems.
The value relevance of a non‐GAAP performance metric to the capital markets

Purpose - The study is driven by concerns raised by standard setters and others about the usefulness of performance reporting under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Of primary interest is whether explicitly defining what information should be included in earnings results in an earnings measure that is more relevant than operating earnings computed according to current GAAP. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether reducing management discretion in the reporting of performance adds to the value relevance of the performance measures reported to capital markets. Design/methodology/approach - The value relevance of this non-GAAP earnings measure is examined by estimating market valuation and returns models for 518 US firms included in the Standard & Poor's 500 Index over the time period 2002-2007. Findings - Results show that the explicitly defined non-GAAP measure used is significantly associated with equity market values and returns and is significantly more value-relevant than the GAAP measure. Originality/value - The paper contributes to accounting literature assessing the relevance of earnings in setting equity market value. More specifically, it provides evidence consistent with prior results that non-GAAP performance measures are more useful in valuation than GAAP earnings. However, in contrast with prior studies, the more explicit performance measure the paper examines removes some of the classificatory discretion pervasive in other non-GAAP earnings metrics.
Reverse Genetic Analysis of the Recombination in Theilovirus based onthe Infectious cDNA Clones

Saffold virus (SAFV) which belongs to the species Theilovirus of the genus Cardiovirus of the family Picornaviridae is a novel human cardiovirus identified in 2007. However, the pathogenicity of SAFV to humans still remains unclear. Recent studies by the phylogenetic and recombination analyses of Theilovirus suggest that there are no recombination events between viruses of the different type (e.g. SAFV and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)). Information on the recombination events of these viruses will be helpful to better understand the host specificity and pathogenicity of SAFV. In the present study, we performed the reverse genetic analysis to investigate the possibility of the recombination between SAFV and TMEV. The recombination of the capsid protein (VP1 and/or VP2) by reverse genetics between SAFV and TMEV did not happen, although the recombination of the non-capsid protein, L, occurred. These results strongly suggest that the shift of host range from rodents to humans or from humans to rodents by natural recombination of capsid protein(s) within Theiloviruses does not happen. The present results will provide the valuable information for the studies on the pathogenicity of SAFV.
The Money or the Care: A Comparison of Couple and Sole Parent Households' Time Allocation to Work and Children

Households provide their members with both financial support and caring services. In sole parent households, the functions of earning money and caring for children fall to one individual. Current government policy favours work force participation as the solution to the higher poverty rates in lone parent families, but this may have a mirror effect on their ability to provide care. There is a great deal of research into the financial impacts of sole motherhood, but very little into the amount of time that sole parents' devote to care of their children, and what this means for their total (paid and unpaid) work commitments. In this paper I address this research gap. I analyse the Australian Bureau of Statistics Time Use Survey 1997 (over 4000 randomly selected households), to compare sole and couple parents' overall time commitments to paid and unpaid work and to investigate whether time spent with children in lone parent and couple-headed families differs in type or quantity.
Innovation Types and Productivity Growth: Evidence from Korean Manufacturing Firms

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate productivity growth according to three types of innovation: product innovation, product improvement, and process innovation, using firm-level data from the Korea Innovation Survey 2002 about Korean manufacturing companies. This study is conducted in two steps. The first step measures firm-level Malmquist productivity index by data envelopment analysis (DEA). The second step estimates econometric regression models by weighted least square utilizing the productivity index as a dependent variable and each of the innovation types and other characteristics of firms as independent variables. The empirical results partly support the idea that the types of innovation matter in productivity growth. Specifically, process innovation may result in higher productivity performance than product innovation in the short run. This result stems from the difference in efficiency growth when productivity growth is decomposed into two components: efficiency growth and technical growth. That is, product innovation by definition involves product development and radical innovation and so, it can deteriorate efficiency growth relative to other types of innovation due to the process of product development and the adjustments that are needed to new innovations whereas process innovation is implemented to reduce defects, lead time, costs and other factors, and as such is very efficiency orientated. Consequently it helps improve efficiency growth.
Divergence of Opinion in Complete Markets: A Note

We consider an Arrow-Debreu model with agents who have different subjective probabilities. In general, asset prices will depend only on aggregate consumption and the distribution of subjective probabilities in each state of nature. If all agents have identical preferences then an asset with "more dispersed" subjective probabilities will have a lower price than an asset with less dispersed subjective probabilities if risk aversion does not decline too rapidly. It seems that this condition is likely to be met in practice, so that increased dispersion of beliefs will generally be associated with reduced asset prices in a given Arrow-Debreu equilibrium. THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL recent investigations concerning the effect of heterogeneous probability beliefs on asset prices. Most of these investigations have taken place in the context of CAPM-like mean-variance models; see, for example, Lintner [5], Miller [7], Williams [10], Jarrow [4], and Mayshar [6]. Comparatively little has been done in the analysis of differences of opinion in an Arrow-Debreu contingent claims context. Rubinstein [8], Breeden and Litzenberger [2], and Breeden [1] have presented nice analyses of asset price determination in an Arrow-Debreu model, but most of their results have assumed commonly held probability beliefs. In this paper we analyze the impact of divergence of opinion on asset prices in an Arrow-Debreu economy. The results serve to generalize the findings of Rubinstein and Breeden-Litzenberger to the case of different probability beliefs. Among the results we establish are: 1. In equilibrium, asset prices depend only on aggregate consumption and the distribution of subjective probability beliefs. 2. Asset values are an increasing function of any one individual's probability beliefs. 3. An increase in the "spread" of the probability beliefs of investors may increase or decrease equilibrium asset values depending on the value of a parameter of the utility function. However, the most likely effect is to decrease the asset values. These results are especially interesting in light of the recent empirical work of Cragg and Malkiel [3]. They studied the relationship between ex post return and various measures of risk for common stocks and found that the measure of risk that performed best in their analysis was a measure of divergence of opinion
Human mesenchymal stem cells response to multi-doped silicon-strontium calcium phosphate coatings

The search for apatitic calcium phosphate coatings to improve implants osteointegration is, nowadays, preferentially focused in the obtaining of compositions closer to that of the inorganic phase of bone. Silicon and strontium are both present in trace concentrations in natural bone and have been demonstrated, by separate, to significantly improve osteoblastic response on calcium phosphate bioceramics. This work aims the controlled and simultaneous multi-doping of carbonated calcium phosphate coatings with both elements, Si and Sr, by pulsed laser deposition technique and the biological response of human mesenchymal stem cells to them. A complete physicochemical characterization has been also performed to analyze the coatings and significant positive effect was obtained at the osteogenic differentiation of cells, confirming the enormous potential of this multi-doping coating approach.
Nonelective Left-Sided Colon Cancer Resections are Associated with Worse Postoperative and Oncological Outcomes: A Propensity-Matched Study.

Background: Emergency general surgery patients are at significant risk of postoperative complications and mortality compared with their elective counterparts. Although challenged by some studies, increasing evidence shows that emergency colectomy for cancer is associated with worse early postoperative and long-term outcomes. Methods: We have included all patients with colon cancer admitted to the Emergency Hospital of Bucharest between January 2011 and January 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA (1) colon tumor; (2) left-sided localization of the tumor; (3) pathology exam revealing adenocarcinoma. EXCLUSION CRITERIA (1) rectal cancers; (2) benign pathology (e.g. diverticulitis). Results: We included 615 patients with left-sided colon cancer. 275 (44.7%) patients presented complicated disease. The complication was represented by obstruction in 205 (33.3%) patients (OG), hemorrhage in 55 (8.9%) patients (HG), and perforation in 15 (2.4%) patients (PG). The anastomotic leakage rate was similar between obstructive and elective cases (6.2% versus 6.5%, P 0.05), but was significantly higher for hemorrhagic patients (16%) (P=0.046). The 30-day complication rate and mortality were significantly higher in emergency patients (P 0.05). Conclusions: We found significant worse short- and long-term outcomes for patients with nonelective left-sided colon cancer resections. Correlating the ominous prognosis with the high incidence of the complicated disease, we may emphasize the impact on de complicated colon cancer on the general population.
Characterization and Distribution of Salmonella spp . Isolated from Poultry Slaughterhouse-processingin Shandong Province

Salmonella spp.is the most important food-borne pathogens of public health interest incriminated in poultry meat worldwide. The purpose of this study to estimate the prevalence Salmonella spp. contamination in poultry products from 12 different located geographical areas from among the 12 poultry slaughterhouses authorized in China and to characterize all the isolates by serotypes, PFGE patterns, MLST patterns and antimicrobial susceptibility. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the poultry slaughterhouse was 10.4%. All 100 strains of Salmonella spp. comprising 13 majority serotypes were identified. S. Enteritidis was the most frequently isolated from samples. The isolates displayed resistance to sulfisoxazole (SF) (79.0%), doxycycline (DOX) (68.0%), tetracycline (TE) (65.0%), florfenicol (FFC) (64.0%), ampicillin (AM) (50.0%), gentamicin (GM) (48.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (30.0%), spectinomycin (SPT) (30.0%), enrofloxacin (ENR) (10.0%), ofloxacin (NOR) (10.0%), amoxicillin potassium clavulanat (AC) (1.0%) and polymyxin (PME) (4.0%). The Salmonella spp. isolates were not resistant to cefotaxime (EFT). Each isolates were multi-drug resistant as they were resistant to at least 2 groups of antimicrobials. Four clusters and 38 fingerprint-patterns generated by PFGE were identified among strains recovered from various locations, providing information on associations among the strains as well as evidence of the existence of persistent strains in some areas. MLST analysis of isolates identified the 10 STs, the 7 housekeeping genes had the different variation.
Near-Infrared Quantum Cutting Luminescence and Energy Transfer Mechanism of Ba2Y(BO3 )2Cl:Bi3+, Yb3+ Phosphors

The quantum cutting luminescent materials have attracted a great of interest in the fields of solar cells. In this paper, the novel Ba<sub>2</sub>Y(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cl:Bi<sup>3+</sup>, Yb<sup>3+</sup> quantum cutting phosphors were prepared, and their quantum cutting luminescence and energy transfer mechanism were investigated. The visual emission of Bi<sup>3+</sup> was observed ranging from 350 to 650 nm, which is attributed to the <sup>3</sup>P<sub>1</sub>→<sup>1</sup>S<sub>0</sub> transition of Bi<sup>3+</sup>. The near infrared emission ranging from 950 to 1100 nm is due to the <sup>2</sup>F<sub>7/2</sub>→<sup>2</sup> F<sub>5/2</sub> transition of Yb<sup>3+</sup>. The cooperative energy transfer mechanism from the Bi<sup> 3+</sup> to Yb<sup>3+</sup> in Ba<sub>2</sub>Y(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cl:Bi<sup>3+</sup>, Yb<sup> 3+</sup> phosphor was investigated, and their cooperative energy transfer process could be expressed as the Bi<sup> 3+</sup>(<sup>3</sup>P<sub>1</sub>)→Yb<sup>3+(2</sup>F<sub>5/2</sub>) + Yb<sup>3+</sup>( <sup>2</sup>F<sub>5/2</sub>). The maximum quantum cutting efficiency was about 170.2%, which suggested the Bi<sup>3+</sup> and Yb<sup>3+</sup> co-doped Ba<sub>2</sub>Y(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cl phosphors can act as a promising candidate for the silicon solar cells.
A Spatial Analysis of Sectoral Complementarity

This paper presents a spatial econometric method for characterizing productivity comovement across sectors of the U.S. economy. Input‐output relations provide an economic distance measure that is used to characterize interactions between sectors, as well as conduct estimation and inference. We construct two different economic distance measures. One metric implies that two sectors are close to one another if they use inputs of other industrial sectors in nearly the same proportion, and the other metric implies that sectors are close if their outputs are used by the same sectors. Our model holds that covariance in productivity growth across sectors is a function of economic distance. We find that (1) positive cross‐sector covariance of productivity growth generates a substantial fraction of the variance in aggregate productivity, (2) cross‐sector productivity covariance tends to be greatest between sectors with similar input relations, and (3) there are constant to modest increasing returns to scale. We test and reject the hypothesis that these correlations are due to a common shock.
Anterior cruciate ligament injury patterns among collegiate men and women.

OBJECTIVE To determine potential patterns that cause males and females to tear the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) while playing basketball or soccer. DESIGN AND SETTING We reviewed data submitted to the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System over the last 10 years, as well as profile data collected from collegiate certified athletic trainers. SUBJECTS College athletes involved in basketball or soccer. MEASUREMENTS Historical information was collected on those athletes involved in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System. Athletes involved in the profiling study underwent physical measurements related to flexibility, as well as a more detailed history relating to the ACL tear. RESULTS College-age women involved in basketball or soccer tear their ACLs at significantly higher rates than college-age men involved in the same sports. No distinct physical or historical measurements could be attributed to this different rate of injury. CONCLUSIONS Although the higher rate at which women compared with men tear their ACLs has persisted over the last 10 years, this increased incidence is not clearly attributable to any physical or historical measurements that were monitored.
A New Proposal for Multivariable Modelling of Time‐Varying Effects in Survival Data Based on Fractional Polynomial Time‐Transformation

The Cox proportional hazards model has become the standard for the analysis of survival time data in cancer and other chronic diseases. In most studies, proportional hazards (PH) are assumed for covariate effects. With long‐term follow‐up, the PH assumption may be violated, leading to poor model fit. To accommodate non‐PH effects, we introduce a new procedure, MFPT, an extension of the multivariable fractional polynomial (MFP) approach, to do the following: (1) select influential variables; (2) determine a sensible dose‐response function for continuous variables; (3) investigate time‐varying effects; (4) model such time‐varying effects on a continuous scale. Assuming PH initially, we start with a detailed model‐building step, including a search for possible non‐linear functions for continuous covariates. Sometimes a variable with a strong short‐term effect may appear weak or non‐influential if ‘averaged’ over time under the PH assumption. To protect against omitting such variables, we repeat the analysis over a restricted time‐interval. Any additional prognostic variables identified by this second analysis are added to create our final time‐fixed multivariable model. Using a forward‐selection algorithm we search for possible improvements in fit by adding time‐varying covariates. The first part to create a final time‐fixed model does not require the use of MFP. A model may be given from ‘outside’ or a different strategy may be preferred for this part. This broadens the scope of the time‐varying part. To motivate and illustrate the methodology, we create prognostic models from a large database of patients with primary breast cancer. Non‐linear time‐fixed effects are found for progesterone receptor status and number of positive lymph nodes. Highly statistically significant time‐varying effects are present for progesterone receptor status and tumour size. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Regional Disparity and Vertical Conflict in Indonesia

This study examines data on regional inequality in Indonesia to help explain regional unrest. Analysis indicates that the New Order regime's equalization policies produced low levels of welfare inequality by transferring wealth from resource-rich provinces to poor communities on the one hand and to Jakarta on the other. Many in the subsidizing provinces resent this strategy which has held back their regions' development. They therefore exhibit an aspiration to inequality as they seek to stop such wealth transfer and to acquire greater control over their own resources. Yet policy emphasis on the economy over development of political institutions has left the political system with no effective means to address regional grievances, which are now manifest in vertical conflicts between the centre and the regions. We therefore propose a new philosophy for equalization policies. Rather than using a development fund to distribute wealth evenly across the regions, policy should aim to equalize people's opportunities and guarantee a minimum standard of basic services for all Indonesians, without impeding the growth potential of regions.
Comments on "The Relationship between Diffusion Rates, Experience Curves, and Demand Elasticities for Consumer Durable Technological Innovations."

Traditionally, marketing scholars have focused their attention on demand analysis; that is, they have attempted to explain consumers' response to various marketing activities. By and large, the supply side, or the producer's problems, have been ignored. The Bass paper (this issue) is one of the first marketing studies to analyze both the consumer's and producer's problems. The analysis is within the context of the diffusion of new products. In this note I will synthesize the Bass work and comment on some of the assumptions which underlie it. The Bass (1969) model of the sales of new consumer durables can be equivalently represented as