Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential Activation of Right Superior Parietal Cortex and Intraparietal Sulcus by Spatial and Nonspatial Attention

Neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in human spatial attention. We tested the hypothesis that this area is also involved in nonspatial aspects of attention and working memory using positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers. In an initial experiment, digits were presented in pseudo-random spatial locations, and subjects attended either to locations or digits in order to detect single targets (attention condition) or to sequences of stimuli (working memory (WM) condition). Right superior parietal cortex (BA7) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) were active during both spatial (locations) and nonspatial (digits) tasks compared to rest, although more so for the former. Additionally, right PPC was activated to an even greater extent during tests of WM than of attention, especially for tests of spatial WM. There were no differences in activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the spatial versus nonspatial versions of the task, contrary to many previous studies. A follow-up experiment which presented abstract objects in a fixed, central location confirmed that right IPS was active during tests of nonspatial attention and also that this activation is not due to incidental spatial representation of digit stimuli. However, BA7 was not activated by this nonspatial, nondigit attentional task. Overall, these data suggest first that right IPS is recruited for both nonspatial and spatial attention and WM. Second, right BA7 is recruited specifically for spatial (both direct and indirect) forms of attentional processing. Finally, PPC activations in spatial WM tasks are likely to be due to a combination of spatial perception, attention, and WM, rather than to any of these individually.
Validación del inventario SISCO del estrés académico y análisis comparativo en adultos jóvenes de la Universidad Industrial de Santander y la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Seccional Bucaramanga, Colombia

espanolLa investigacion titulada: “Validacion del Inventario SISCO del Estres Academico y analisis comparativo en adultos jovenes de la Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS y la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Seccional Bucaramanga” tuvo como objetivo principal validar el Inventario SISCO de Estres Academico y realizar un analisis comparativo en adultos jovenes de la UIS y la UPB Seccional Bucaramanga. La muestra fue de 300 estudiantes de pregrado de la UIS, hombres y mujeres con edades entre los 18 y 22 anos, que cursan de primero a tercer semestre en diversas carreras profesionales en la Universidad Publica UIS. La metodologia empleada fue de corte instrumental. Para el analisis estadistico los autores utilizaron el programa SPSS 10, en donde basicamente se examino el Inventario SISCO a traves de una consistencia interna calculado por medio de Alfa de Cronbach, Analisis Factorial, realizado con la rotacion Varimax. Estos valores estadisticos indicaron una buena fiabilidad del instrumento para futuras aplicaciones. En cuanto al estudio descriptivo comparativo se tuvieron en cuenta tres aspectos: los indicadores empiricos del estres academico; las dimensiones (estresores, sintomas y estrategias de afrontamiento) y el estres academico como variable teorica. Encontrandose una diferencia significativa de sig EnglishThe qualified investigation (research): " Validation of the Inventory SISCO of the Academic Stress and comparative analysis in young adults from the Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS and the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Sectional Bucaramanga ". It had like primary target to validate SISCO Inventory of Academic Stress and to realise a comparative analysis in young adults in the UIS and the UPB, Sectional Bucaramanga. The sample was constituted by 300 students from predegree in the UIS, men and women with ages between 18 and 22 years old, which they study from first to third semester in diverse professional careers in Public University UIS. The used methodology was of instrumental type. For the statistical analysis the authors used the program SPSS 10, where basically the SISCO Inventory it was examined through an internal consistency calculated by means Cronbach‟s Alpha, Analysis Factorial, realized with Varimax rotation. These statistical values was indicated a good reliability of the instrument for future applications. As far as the comparative descriptive study, three aspects were born in mind: the empirical indicators of the academic stress; the dimensions (stressors, symptoms and confrontation strategies) and the academic stress like theoretical variable. Being a significant difference of sig
What is technology? Development and evaluation of a simple instrument for measuring children's conceptions of technology

ABSTRACT Technology is important to all aspects of our lives, so helping students develop an accurate understanding of technology should be an educational goal at the K-12 level. Assessments are important tools in reaching this goal. We developed an instrument to measure the technology conceptions of children ages 8–11, the ‘What is Technology’ (WT) instrument. We gathered evidence for the validity of using the WT instrument to measure children's conceptions of technology, including changes due to an intervention, and we describe those changes. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to establish scales, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with new samples of subjects to confirm our hypothesised model of children's conceptions. For further evidence, we analyzed and coded the written responses children gave to open-ended questions asking them to explain their understanding of technology, then calculated correlations between these codes and the CFA-confirmed scale measures. We found that children tend to think of technology as artifacts that are powered by electrical energy; however, after instruction most children's conceptions become more consistent with definitions given in educational standards. The instrument is shown to be valid and reliable for its intended use, to assess preadolescent children's conceptions of technology, and evaluate the impact of an intervention.
The Variety of Carbon-Metal Bonds inside Cu-ZSM-5 Zeolites: A Density Functional Theory Study

Large-scale density functional theory calculations (DFT) found various types of binding of an unsaturated hydrocarbon (C2H2 and C2H4) to a ZSM-5 zeolite extraframework copper cation. We employed the DFT calculations based on the B3LYP functional to obtain local minima of an unsaturated hydrocarbon adsorbed on one or two copper cations embedded inside ZSM-5, and then compared their stabilization energies. The DFT results show that the stabilization energies are strongly dependent on the copper coordination environment as well as configurations of two copper cations. Consequently, the inner copper-carbon bonds are influenced substantially by a nanometer-scale cavity of ZSM-5.
CYP1B1 Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Background Studies investigating the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) and prostate cancer (PCa) risk report conflicting results. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship between CYP1B1 polymorphisms and PCa risk, a meta-analysis was performed. Methodology/Principal Findings A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify all eligible studies of CYP1B1 polymorphisms and PCa risk. A total of 14 independent studies, including 6380 cases and 5807 controls, were identified. We investigated by meta-analysis the effects of 5 polymorphisms in CYP1B1 L432V (12 studies, 5999 cases, 5438 controls), R48G (6 studies, 1647 cases, 1846 controls), N453S (4 studies, 1407 cases, 1499 controls), −13C/T (4 studies, 1116 cases, 1114 controls), and A119S (4 studies, 1057 cases, 1018 controls). There was no evidence that L432V had significant association with PCa in overall population. After subgroup analyses by ethnicity, we found that L432V was significantly associated with PCa risk in Asians (additive: OR = 2.38, 95%CI = 1.31-4.33, P = 0.004; recessive: OR = 2.11, 95%CI = 1.17–3.79, P = 0.01; dominant: OR = 1.52, 95%CI = 1.14–2.01, P = 0.004; allelic: OR = 1.52, 95%CI = 1.20–1.92, P = 0.0006). When stratified by source of controls, significantly elevated PCa risk was found in all genetic models in population based studies (additive: OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.14–1.57, P = 0.0003; recessive: OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.09–1.43, P = 0.002; dominant: OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.11–1.41, P = 0.0002; allelic: OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.09–1.28, P<0.0001). For N453S, there was a significant association between N453S polymorphism and PCa risk in both overall population (dominant: OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.00–1.38, P = 0.04) and mixed population (domiant: OR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.06–1.63, P = 0.01; allelic: OR = 1.27, 95%CI = 1.05–1.54, P = 0.01). For A119S, our analysis suggested that A119S was associated with PCa risk under recessive model in overall population (OR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.04–1.80, P = 0.03). Conclusions The results suggest that L432V, N453S, and A119S polymorphisms of CYP1B1 might be associated with the susceptibility of PCa. Further larger and well-designed multicenter studies are warranted to validate these findings.
Dog-Human Relationship Affects Problem Solving Behavior in the Dog

ABSTRACTIn this paper we present evidence that simple problem solving in the dog is strongly influenced by the relationship with the owner. Twenty-eight dog-owner pairs were observed in a novel situation and when performing a simple problem-solving task. Dogs were categorized according to their relationship with the owners (“companionship” or “working relationship”). In addition to the behavioral analysis of the dogs, the anthropomorphic attitudes of the owners were assessed by a questionnaire. Factor analysis showed two factors of correlated behavioral variables (“social dependence,” “social play”) of the dogs that referred to the dog-human relationship. Dogs in a companion relationship behaved socially dependently, showing a decreased performance in the problem solving task and were viewed more anthropomorphically by the owners. Results suggest that the dogs' decreased problem-solving performance is less dependent on their cognitive abilities; instead the strong, dependent relationship with the owner pr.
Learning the Structure of Sum-Product Networks via an SVD-based Algorithm

Sum-product networks (SPNs) are a recently developed class of deep probabilistic models where inference is tractable. We present two new structure learning algorithms for sum-product networks, in the generative and discriminative settings, that are based on recursively extracting rank-one submatrices from data. The proposed algorithms find the subSPNs that are the most coherent jointly in the instances and variables - that is, whose instances are most strongly correlated over the given variables. Experimental results show that SPNs learned using the proposed generative algorithm have better likelihood and inference results - and also much faster - than previous approaches. Finally, we apply the discriminative SPN structure learning algorithm to handwritten digit recognition tasks, where it achieves state-of-the-art performance for an SPN.
TO WHAT EXTENT ARE US REGIONAL INCOMES CONVERGING

Long-run income convergence is investigated in the context of US states. We employ a novel pair-wise econometric procedure based on a probabilistic definition of convergence. The idea behind this is that the time-series properties of all the possible regional income pairs are examined by means of unit root and non-cointegration tests where inference is based on the fraction of rejections. We distinguish between the cases of strong convergence, where the implied cointegrating vector is [1,-1], and weak convergence, where long-run homogeneity is relaxed. In order to address cross-sectional dependence, we employ a bootstrap methodology to derive the empirical distribution of the fraction of rejections. We find supporting evidence of US states sharing a common stochastic trend, which is consistent with a definition of convergence based on long-run forecasts of state incomes being proportional rather than equal. We also find that the strength of convergence between states decreases with distance and initial income disparity. Using data at the Metropolitan Statistical Areas level, the evidence for convergence is stronger.
Origins and evolution of the Europeans' genome: evidence from multiple microsatellite loci

There is general agreement that the current European gene pool is mainly derived from Palaeolithic hunting–gathering and Neolithic farming ancestors, but different studies disagree on the relative weight of these contributions. We estimated admixture rates in European populations from data on 377 autosomal microsatellite loci in 235 individuals, using five different numerical methods. On average, the Near Eastern (and presumably Neolithic) contribution was between 46 and 66%, and admixture estimates showed, with all methods, a strong and significant negative correlation with distance from the Near East. If the assumptions of the model are approximately correct, i.e. if the Basques' and Near Easterners' genomes represent a good approximation to the Palaeolithic and Neolithic settlers of Europe, respectively, these results imply that half or more of the Europeans' genes are descended from Near Eastern ancestors who immigrated in Europe 10 000 years ago. If these assumptions are incorrect, our results show anyway that clinal variation is the rule in the Europeans' genomes and that lower estimates of Near Eastern admixture obtained from the analysis of single markers do not reflect the patterns observed at the genomic level.
Lactose intolerance: diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors

Most people are born with the ability to digest lactose, the major carbohydrate in milk and the main source of nutrition until weaning. Approximately 75% of the world’s population loses this ability at some point, while others can digest lactose into adulthood. This review discusses the lactase-persistence alleles that have arisen in different populations around the world, diagnosis of lactose intolerance, and its symptomatology and management.
The Acrylamide (S)-2 As a Positive and Negative Modulator of Kv7 Channels Expressed in Xenopus laevis Oocytes

Background Activation of voltage-gated potassium channels of the Kv7 (KCNQ) family reduces cellular excitability. These channels are therefore attractive targets for treatment of diseases characterized by hyperexcitability, such as epilepsy, migraine and neuropathic pain. Retigabine, which opens Kv7.2-5, is now in clinical trial phase III for the treatment of partial onset seizures. One of the main obstacles in developing Kv7 channel active drugs has been to identify compounds that can discriminate between the neuronal subtypes, a feature that could help diminish side effects and increase the potential of drugs for particular indications. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study we have made a thorough investigation of the Bristol-Myers Squibb compound (S)-N-[1-(4-Cyclopropylmethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1], [4]oxazin-6-yl)-ethyl]-3-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-acrylamide [(S)-2] on human Kv7.1-5 channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We found that the compound was a weak inhibitor of Kv7.1. In contrast, (S)-2 efficiently opened Kv7.2-5 by producing hyperpolarizing shifts in the voltage-dependence of activation and enhancing the maximal current amplitude. Further, it reduced inactivation, accelerated activation kinetics and slowed deactivation kinetics. The mechanisms of action varied between the subtypes. The enhancing effects of (S)-2 were critically dependent on a tryptophan residue in S5 also known to be crucial for the effects of retigabine, (S)-1 and BMS-204352. However, while (S)-2 did not at all affect a mutant Kv7.4 with a leucine in this position (Kv7.4-W242L), a Kv7.2 with the same mutation (Kv7.2-W236L) was inhibited by the compound, showing that (S)-2 displays a subtype-selective interaction with in the Kv7 family. Conclusions/Significance These results offer further insight into pharmacological activation of Kv7 channels, add to the understanding of small molecule interactions with the channels and may contribute to the design of subtype selective modulators.
Does Past Success Lead Analysts to Become Overconfident?

This paper provides evidence that analysts who have predicted earnings more accurately than the median analyst in the previous four quarters tend to be simultaneously less accurate and further from the consensus forecast in their subsequent earnings prediction. This phenomenon is economically and statistically meaningful. The results are robust to different estimation techniques and different control variables. Our findings are consistent with an attribution bias that leads analysts who have experienced a short-lived success to become overconfident in their ability to forecast future earnings.
Trends in Concentrations and Use of Agricultural Herbicides for Corn Belt Rivers , 1996-2006

A L D O V . V E C C H I A , * , † R O B E R T J . G I L L I O M , ‡ D A N I E L J . S U L L I V A N , § D A V I D L . L O R E N Z , | A N D J E F F R E Y D . M A R T I N ⊥ U.S. Geological Survey, 821 E. Interstate Avenue, Bismarck, North Dakota 58503, U.S. Geological Survey, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, California 95819, U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S. Geological Survey, 2280 Woodale Drive, Mounds View, Minnesota 55112, and U.S. Geological Survey, 5957 Lakeside Boulevard, Indianapolis, Indiana 46278
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience Cellular Neuroscience Climbing Fi Ber Coupling between Adjacent Purkinje Cell Dendrites in Vivo

Climbing fi ber discharges within the rat cerebellar cortex have been shown to display synchrony, especially for climbing fi bers terminating in the same parasagittal bands. In addition, Purkinje cells which have the smallest rostrocaudal separation also seem to have the highest degree of synchrony. But this has so far only been investigated for distances down to 250 µm. In the present study, we wanted to investigate whether Purkinje cells that are located immediately next to each other display a particularly pronounced synchrony in their climbing fi ber discharges. To this end, we used a previously undescribed type of electrophysiological recording, a single electrode, loose patch, dual dendritic recording, from pairs of adjacent Purkinje cells in the decerebrated, non-anesthetized cat. From each recorded dendrite, this technique provided well isolated, unitary calcium spikes, which we found to have a spontaneous activity that was essentially identical with the pattern of spontaneous climbing fi ber discharges. By calculating the coupling in fi ring between the adjacent dendrites, we found that most climbing fi ber responses occurred independently of each other and that the probability of coupled discharges was less than 8%. These values are comparable to those obtained in previous studies for Purkinje cells located within the same parasagittal band and show that climbing fi ber coupling within a microzone exists also in non-rodent mammalian species. However, since the degree of synchrony of climbing fi ber discharge was not particularly pronounced in adjacent Purkinje cells, it seems unlikely that climbing fi ber synchrony has pronounced systematic regional variations within the same microzone. band (Sugihara et al., 2001) and that different IO neurons projecting the same microzone can be found in the same small part of the which has a motor output that is functionally specifi c to the CF receptive fi eld of the afferent PCs (Ekerot et al., 1995; Jorntell and Ekerot, 1999). Therefore, the microzones, together with their corticonuclear target cells and olivocerebellar afferent neurons, may be regarded as the smallest functional units of the cerebellum, which has been termed microcomplexes (see Apps and Garwicz, 2005). Interestingly, within a microzone, PCs with the smallest rostro-caudal separation also seem to have the highest degree of synchrony. This is true at least down to distances of 250 µm, which is the resolution defi ned by the physical constraints of the multi-electrode arrays used to obtain the data (Lang et al., 1999; Sugihara et …
A Politics of Peripheries: Deleuze and Guattari as Dependency Theorists

Given that Deleuze and Guattari came to prominence after May 1968, many readers attempt to determine the political significance of their work. The difficulty that some encounter finding its political implications contrasts with Deleuze and Guattari's commitment to radical causes. In response, Patton and Thoburn elaborate on the Marxist elements in the pair's oeuvre, a line of analysis I continue. Focusing on A Thousand Plateaus, I discuss their references to the theorisation of the ‘dependency theorists’, a group of Marxist-inspired scholars who became influential during the 1960s. Does their engagement with dependency theory provide the basis for a political project?
An optimized collaborative platform for educational cloud computing in application and presentation layers of OSI model

In this paper we will talk about an approach for online course publishing that has not been exploited totally, the creation of an education platform using cloud computing. This approach allows to see a new tool for its use as innovative educational technology. In the first instance, the rapid growth of social networks has proposed a tendency to create collaborative spaces, with no educational purposes, being the most common leisure and informative for its use. On appeal, cloud computing in recent years has demonstrated to have benefits that were not given with the traditional distribution of contents through the internet, it also allows to distribute information on distinct servers in distinct geographical areas, and having this way a system that is always available with no delays on content delivery.
Radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of surface convection in low-mass stars: connections to stellar structure and asteroseismology

Abstract Radiation-hydrodynamical simulations of surface convection in low-mass stars can be exploited to derive estimates of i) the efficiency of the convective energy transport in the stellar surface layers; ii) the convection-related photometric micro-variability. We comment on the universality of the mixing-length parameter, and point out potential pitfalls in the process of its calibration which may be in part responsible for the contradictory findings about its variability across the Hertzsprung-Russell digramme. We further comment on the modelling of the photometric micro-variability in HD 49933 – one of the first main COROT targets.