Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microdetermination of 2‐Deoxyglucose and 2‐Deoxyglucose 6‐Phosphate to Determine Glucose Utilization Rates in Single Neurons and Small CNS Regions After Injecting Nontracer Amounts of 2‐Deoxyglucose

Abstract: A nontracer amount (0.25 mmol/kg of body weight) of 2‐deoxyglucose (DG) was intravenously injected into rats, which were frozen 2 and 4 min later in liquid nitrogen. Freeze‐dried samples of CNS regions and cell bodies of spinal motor neurons were prepared, and the concentrations of glucose, glucose 6‐phosphate, DG, and DG 6‐phosphate (DG6P) in them were microassayed after 3,000–1,500,000‐fold amplification using an enzymatic amplification reaction, NADP cycling. Based on the time course of glucose, DG, and DG6P concentrations in arterial plasma and the anterior horn of the spinal cord, the Sokoloff‐type rate equations for DG and DG6P concentrations were mathematically solved, and the resultant DG and DG6P concentration functions were fitted to the data points using the nonlinear least‐squares fitting SALS package program. This fitting provided four rate constants for the functions and supported the theoretical basis for our calculations of glucose utilization rate (GUR) when DG was administered in nontracer amounts. The GUR was highest in the spinal motor neurons and lowest in the white matter of the cerebellum. Neuron‐rich structures, such as the cerebellar molecular and granular layers and the anterior horn of the spinal cord, had higher GUR values than the white matter of the cerebellum and spinal cord.
Metabolism of hexamethylmelamine-ring-14C in rats and man.

The metabolism of hexamethylmelamine (HMM), an antineoplastic drug, was studied in man and rats. After administration of HMM-ring-14C to two patients, peak plasma levels of radioactivity were seen 1 hr after drug administration and the plasma half-life of radioactivity was 13 hr. Patients excreted 61% of the radioactivity in the urine within 24 hr and 89% within 72 hr. No expired 14CO2 was found in the breath of patients within 6 hr of administration, and less than 0.2% of radioactivity was found in the feces in 48 hr. Rats that were given HMM-ring-14C i.p. excreted 74% radioactivity in urine, 19% in feces, and none as 14CO2 within 24 hr. Urinary metabolites were isolated by ion exchange methods, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and quantitated using thin-layer chromatography with a radiochromatogram scanner. The urinary metabolites of HMM in both rats and man were N -demethylated homologs of HMM. These experiments suggest that in man and rats there is no significant metabolic cleavage of the s -triazine ring and that methylmelamines and melamine appear to be the only major urinary metabolites of HMM. In vitro assays for inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase from rat liver revealed that neither HMM nor its metabolites exhibited inhibition of this enzyme.
Beeinflusst der türkische Migrationshintergrund das Behandlungsergebnis

: Study results indicate a higher psycho-social burden for people with a Turkish migration background who live in Germany. The present study researches, if such a burden difference is detectable at the beginning of an inpatient treatment program for patients with psychological/psychosomatic disorders, if different treatment progressions occur and asks which influence the factor migration background plays in terms of the treatment results. At admission patients with a Turkish migration background (N = 99 vs. N = 753) showed a higher psychopathological burden. There was less treatment success for patients with a Turkish migration background und they didn't reach verifiable improvements in some scales. The regression analysis points out the importance of the factor migration background as an independent negative predictor of a positive treatment result.
Least-Squares Fitting Algorithms of the NIST Algorithm Testing System

This report describes algorithms for fitting certain curves and surfaces to points in three dimensions. All fits are based on orthogonal distance regression. The algorithms were developed as reference software for the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Algorithm Testing System, which has been used for 5 years by NIST and by members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers’ B89.4. 10 standards committee. The Algorithm Testing System itself is described only briefly; the main part of this paper covers the general linear algebra, numerical analysis, and optimization methods it employs. Most of the fitting routines rely on the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization routine.
Inactivation of the KcsA potassium channel explored with heterotetramers

The tetrameric prokaryotic potassium channel KcsA is activated by protons acting on the intracellular aspect of the protein and inactivated through conformational changes in the selectivity filter. Inactivation is modulated by a network of interactions within each protomer between the pore helix and residues at the external entrance of the channel. Inactivation is suppressed by the E71A mutation, which perturbs the stability of this network. Here, cell-free protein synthesis followed by protein purification by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to produce heterotetramers of KcsA that contain different combinations of wild-type and E71A subunits. Single-channel recordings from these heterotetramers reveal how the network of interactions in individual protomers affects ionic conduction and channel inactivation, suggesting that the latter is a cooperative process.
Annealing Effect on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Mn-Implanted 6H-SiC

n-type 6H-SiC(0001) substrates were implanted with a fluence of Mn+ 5× 1016 (maximum Mn content of 7%), with implantation energy of 80 keV and substrate temperature of 365 °C to promote recrystallization. The samples were characterized using Rutherford backscattering and channeling (RBS/C) spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis in the energy dispersive X-ray (EPMA-EDX) technique; while the magnetization was studied using a superconducting quantum interference device techniques. In the as-implanted sample, three well-defined specific defect zones were identified as deduced from the analysis of RBS/C spectra. It is shown that the two main vacancy-related and interstitial-related defects undergo limited changes when annealing at 800 °C, while a major recovery is obtained after annealing at 1100 °C. Strain relaxation was also observed upon annealing as determined from HRXRD. Magnetization was strongly reduced with increasing annealing temperature from 800 °C to 1600 °C. This effect seems to be related to the dilution effect (reduction of Mn content) due to the local diffusion of Mn as suggested from the results obtained using both RBS/C and EPMA-EDX techniques.
Family study of panic disorder: comparison with generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and normal subjects

Family studies have demonstrated that genetic factors are involved in panic and other anxiety disorders. In order to investigate these factors, 25 probands with panic disorder (PD) were compared with three other groups (age and sex matched): patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and normal subjects. About 75% of all first-degree relatives were personally interviewed. Age-corrected morbidity risk (MR) was calculated according to the Stromgren method. The distribution of psychopathology in first-degree relatives showed significantly greater MR for PD in the relatives of PD probands in comparison with all groups. For all anxiety disorders and various psychiatric disorders, relatives of PD patients also showed greater MR than controls. The frequency of GAD and MDD in relatives did not discriminate between the groups. The results of this study validate PD as a separate illness from GAD, the differentiation of PD from MDD, and support the hypothesis of a genetic contribution to the predisposition of PD.
A 20‐year view of trying to develop emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies in graduate management education

Purpose – Development of competencies needed to be effective managers and leaders requires program design and teaching methods focused on learning. The paper presents an update and a view of 20 years of attempting to develop these competencies.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 14 longitudinal studies of the impact of a particular MBA program on developing emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies are reviewed. Three new studies are to complete a 20‐year perspective. This is a value added design. It asks how are the graduates different from when they entered the program? Findings – Emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies that predict effectiveness in management and leadership can be developed in adults through a graduate management program. These improvements can sustain out as far as seven years. But this degree of value added can be eroded by a tumultuous organizational climate.Research limitations/implications – It is a series of 17 longitudinal studies on one sch.
A Quantitative Exploration of Gendered Pathways to Crime in a Sample of Male and Female Juvenile Offenders

Feminist (gendered) pathways theorists maintain that female criminality is largely survival-based, and tied to a constellation of factors including early trauma, ensuing mental health issues, and poverty. Based on items drawn from the Youth Assessment and Screening Instrument, multidimensional scaling was performed to elucidate the respective thematic structure of background and offending characteristics of 663 female and 1,175 male juvenile offenders under community supervision in New York State. Although the gendered pathways theme emerged exclusively for females, a theme closely resembling the traditional antisocial pathway depicted in mainstream correctional literature was also evident among females. Theoretical integration is therefore recommended.
Profoundly Gifted Girls and Autism Spectrum Disorder

A case study of the psychometric characteristics of two profoundly gifted girls, one with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the other without ASD, is used to describe the nuances and subtleties most relevant in understanding the relationship between extreme giftedness and social difficulties. Through the presentation of the results from psychoeducational and psychosocial assessments, we demonstrate how data from a comprehensive evaluation can distinguish between the manifestation of extreme giftedness and concomitant social impairment indicative of ASD. Comparison of the assessment results highlights the relevance of cognitive and achievement information as well as the need for specific measures to diagnosis ASD. The girls demonstrated virtually identically superior cognitive and achievement performances. However, an in-depth analysis of additional measures, especially those specific to ASD, indicates that information about adaptive behavior and executive functioning can reveal important distinctions that are helpful in understanding the need for unique interventions specific to ASD. Putting the Research to Use: Previous literature reviews about profoundly gifted students with social impairments have cautioned against misdiagnosis (Webb et al., 2005) of psychological disorders. These psychologists posit that social impairments are primarily the result of social-emotional vulnerability associated with very high IQs. Further, they argue that concomitant social difficulties are characteristics of giftedness, not indicators of a disability. We compared two profoundly gifted girls, each with social difficulties, who are virtually identical in their cognitive and achievement profiles. Our comparison reveal the importance of basing conclusions about social impairments on comprehensive assessments that use measures uniquely designed to distinguish between “difficulty” and “disability. ” We demonstrate that although “misdiagnosis” is a possibility with profoundly gifted children, the greater risk is “missed” diagnosis, which precludes the opportunity for appropriate intervention. In today's atmosphere of “anti-testing” it is important to advocate for a comprehensive assessment with the necessary measures to understand the degree of social impairment.
Critical success factors of enterprise resource planning systems implementation success in China

ERP implementation issues have been given much attention since two decades ago due to its low implementation success. Nearly 90 percent of ERP implementations are late or over budget (Martin, 1998) and the success rate with ERP implementation is about 33%. In China, the success rate of implementing ERP systems is extremely low at 10% (Zhu and Ma, 1999) which is much lower than that in West countries. This study attempts to study critical success factors affecting enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems implementation success in China with focus on both generic and unique factors. User satisfaction and White's ABCD classification method are used to judge whether an ERP system implementation is a success or a failure. Survey methodology and structural equation modeling technique of PLS-graph are used to collect and analyze data. Discussions on the results of data analysis are made.
Central coherence and theory of mind in autism: Reading homographs in context

The hypothesis that people with autism have a specific deficit in ‘theory of mind’ has been successful in explaining the characteristic triad of social, communication and imagination impairments. It cannot, however, explain the non-social impairments and skills shown by people with autism. Frith (1989) and Frith & Happe (1994a) have suggested that these aspects of autism can, instead, be understood as manifestations of a characteristic of general information processing in autism: ‘weak central coherence’. The relationship between theory of mind deficits and weak coherence is examined in the present paper. Sixteen relatively able participants with autism, who differed in their theory of mind task performance, were tested with a homograph reading task, in which pronunciation of target words is determined by integration of whole sentence context (e.g. pronouncing tear in ‘In her eye/dress there was a big tear’). The results suggest that people with autism at all levels of theory of mind performance show a relative failure to process information for context-dependent meaning in this task. The implications of these findings for current theories of autism are discussed.
Disconnection between the default mode network and medial temporal lobes in post-traumatic amnesia

See Bigler (doi:10.1093/aww277) for a scientific commentary on this article. Post-traumatic amnesia is common following traumatic brain injury and is an important predictor of clinical outcome. De Simoni et al. report that post-traumatic amnesia results from a temporary disruption to functional brain networks involved in memory processing, with functional connectivity between the parahippocampal gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex particularly affected.
A Survey Study of Audience Satisfaction with the Religious Programs of Radio-Television in Tehran

Abstract Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) began eliminating views, approaches, and cultural elements running contrary to the teachings of Islam, replacing them with cultural and religious elements rooted in Islam. These policies were designed to in meet the expectations and demands of Iran's religious society. This article examines the factors shaping expectations of the religion-oriented society of Iran regarding the IRIB. Findings indicate that more than 75% of respondents believe that the IRIB meets their expectations. Results also confirm that two factors, religiosity and people's approval of television programs, play a significant role in influencing religious expectations from the IRIB.
Using Self-Generated Drawings to Solve Arithmetic Word Problems

AbstractIn this article, two intervention studies are described that were set up to investigate whether encouraging elementary students to generate drawings of arithmetic word problems facilitates problem-solving performance. The interventions consisted of 60 to 90 min of practice and showed the usefulness of self-generated drawings for solving word problems. The subjects in the first study were first and second graders, and in the second study, fifth graders. The results indicated that the fifth graders improved problem solutions after the intervention, whereas the first and second graders did not. Unlike the first and second graders, the fifth graders generated lots of drawings of word problems. The findings suggest that the nature of the difficulties children experience when solving arithmetic word problems influences their decision to generate drawings.
Niche-Independent Symmetrical Self-Renewal of a Mammalian Tissue Stem Cell

Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells multiply in simple monoculture by symmetrical divisions. In vivo, however, stem cells are generally thought to depend on specialised cellular microenvironments and to undergo predominantly asymmetric divisions. Ex vivo expansion of pure populations of tissue stem cells has proven elusive. Neural progenitor cells are propagated in combination with differentiating progeny in floating clusters called neurospheres. The proportion of stem cells in neurospheres is low, however, and they cannot be directly observed or interrogated. Here we demonstrate that the complex neurosphere environment is dispensable for stem cell maintenance, and that the combination of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) is sufficient for derivation and continuous expansion by symmetrical division of pure cultures of neural stem (NS) cells. NS cells were derived first from mouse ES cells. Neural lineage induction was followed by growth factor addition in basal culture media. In the presence of only EGF and FGF-2, resulting NS cells proliferate continuously, are diploid, and clonogenic. After prolonged expansion, they remain able to differentiate efficiently into neurons and astrocytes in vitro and upon transplantation into the adult brain. Colonies generated from single NS cells all produce neurons upon growth factor withdrawal. NS cells uniformly express morphological, cell biological, and molecular features of radial glia, developmental precursors of neurons and glia. Consistent with this profile, adherent NS cell lines can readily be established from foetal mouse brain. Similar NS cells can be generated from human ES cells and human foetal brain. The extrinsic factors EGF plus FGF-2 are sufficient to sustain pure symmetrical self-renewing divisions of NS cells. The resultant cultures constitute the first known example of tissue-specific stem cells that can be propagated without accompanying differentiation. These homogenous cultures will enable delineation of molecular mechanisms that define a tissue-specific stem cell and allow direct comparison with pluripotent ES cells.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Comparing Alginate Silver Dressing with Silver Zinc Sulfadiazine Cream in the Treatment of Pressure Ulcers

Background The treatment of pressure ulcers is complicated, given the various wound dressing products available. The cost of different treatments varies and the cost-effectiveness of each product has not been thoroughly evaluated. We compare two wound dressing protocols-alginate silver dressing (AlSD) and silver zinc sulfadiazine cream (AgZnSD) with regard to wound healing and cost-effectiveness. Methods Patients with grade III or IV sacral or trochanteric pressure ulcers were eligible for this prospective, randomized controlled trial. The patients were randomized to receive one of the two dressings for an eight-week period. The criteria of efficacy were based on the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) scoring tool. The cost of treatment was also assessed. Results Twenty patients (12 women and 8 men) were randomly assigned to receive either AlSD (n=10) or AgZnSD cream (n=10). The demographic data and wound characteristics were comparable in the two groups. The two groups showed no significant difference in the reduction of PUSH score, wound size, or volume of exudate. The tissue type score was significantly lower in the AlSD group (3.15±0.68-1.85±0.68 vs. 2.73±0.79-2.2±0.41; P=0.015). The cost of treatment was significantly lower in the AlSD group (377.17 vs. 467.74 USD, respectively; P<0.0001). Conclusions Alginate silver dressing could be effectively used in the treatment of grade III and IV pressure ulcers. It can improve wound tissue characteristics and is cost-effective.
Contributions of professional community to exemplary use of ICT

In these six case study sites, the commitment to teachers' individual learning about technology as a support to instruction was very strong and was complemented by technology leadership, support staff and professional development programming dedicated towards this end. This paper describes some conclusions about how the presence of this need to learn and the supportive conditions to do so was reciprocal, or mutually supportive, of the development of professional community around technology use. The professional community deepened and refined the shared vision related to the purposes of instructional technology, and the technology support. The supposition is that effective use of technology and professional community are mutually supportive in that increases in one create conditions for increases in the other.
An EEG-Based Fatigue Detection and Mitigation System

Research has indicated that fatigue is a critical factor in cognitive lapses because it negatively affects an individual's internal state, which is then manifested physiologically. This study explores neurophysiological changes, measured by electroencephalogram (EEG), due to fatigue. This study further demonstrates the feasibility of an online closed-loop EEG-based fatigue detection and mitigation system that detects physiological change and can thereby prevent fatigue-related cognitive lapses. More importantly, this work compares the efficacy of fatigue detection and mitigation between the EEG-based and a nonEEG-based random method. Twelve healthy subjects participated in a sustained-attention driving experiment. Each participant's EEG signal was monitored continuously and a warning was delivered in real-time to participants once the EEG signature of fatigue was detected. Study results indicate suppression of the alpha- and theta-power of an occipital component and improved behavioral performance following a warning signal; these findings are in line with those in previous studies. However, study results also showed reduced warning efficacy (i.e. increased response times (RTs) to lane deviations) accompanied by increased alpha-power due to the fluctuation of warnings over time. Furthermore, a comparison of EEG-based and nonEEG-based random approaches clearly demonstrated the necessity of adaptive fatigue-mitigation systems, based on a subject's cognitive level, to deliver warnings. Analytical results clearly demonstrate and validate the efficacy of this online closed-loop EEG-based fatigue detection and mitigation mechanism to identify cognitive lapses that may lead to catastrophic incidents in countless operational environments.