Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
when and why is the friedman rule optimal ? ∗

In most models with inÞnitely-lived representative agents (ILRA models), the optimal monetary policy is the Friedman Rule. In overlapping generations (OG) models, in contrast, there are widely used deÞnitions of optimality under which the Friedman Rule usually is not optimal. This paper seeks to identify the basic difference between the role of money in ILRA vs. OG models, using their prescriptions for the optimal monetary policy to illustrate the nature and importance of this difference. To this end, we study the welfare properties of monetary policies in an OG model under two different money demand assumptions: reserve requirements and stochastic relocation. In both cases, the optimal policy can be said to deviate from the Friedman Rule. Our analysis of these results indicates that OG models produce different optimal monetary policies from ILRA models because in OG models, the standard method for constructing a monetary regime causes exchanges ∗We began working on this paper while Russell was visiting Iowa State University, and we completed the current version while Bhattacharya was visiting the University of Texas at Austin. We acknowledge useful discussions with Randy Wright, as well as helpful comments from participants in the Midwest Macro Meetings in Atlanta and seminars at IUPUI and the University of Alberta. Please address all correspondence to: Joseph Haslag, Department of Economics, 118 Professional Bldg. , University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia MO 65211; phone: 573-882-3483, fax: 573-882-2697, E-mail: haslagj@missouri.edu
A Fast Newton's Method for a Nonsymmetric Algebraic Riccati Equation

A special instance of the algebraic Riccati equation $XCX-XE-AX+B=0$ where the $n\times n$ matrix coefficients $A,B,C,E$ are rank structured matrices is considered. Relying on the structural properties of Cauchy-like matrices, an algorithm is designed for performing the customary Newton iteration in $O(n^2)$ arithmetic operations (ops). The same technique is used to reduce the cost of the algorithm proposed by L. -Z. Lu in [Numer. Linear Algebra Appl. , 12 (2005), pp. 191-200] from $O(n^3)$ to $O(n^2)$ ops while still preserving quadratic convergence in the generic case. As a byproduct we show that the latter algorithm is closely related to the customary Newton method by simple formal relations. In critical cases where the Jacobian at the required solution is singular and quadratic convergence turns to linear, we provide an adaptation of the shift technique in order to get rid of the singularity. The original equation is transformed into an equivalent Riccati equation where the singularity is removed while the matrix coefficients maintain the same structure as in the original equation. This leads to a quadratically convergent algorithm with complexity $O(n^2)$ which provides approximations with full precision. Numerical experiments and comparisons which confirm the effectiveness of the new approach are reported.
Iron Kα Emission from the Low-Luminosity Active Galaxies M81 and NGC 4579

We report on the XMM-Newton spectroscopy of the low-luminosity active galaxies (LLAGNs) M81 and NGC 4579, both of which have known black hole masses and well-sampled spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The iron Kα line profiles from both LLAGNs can be described in terms of two components: a narrow line at 6.4 keV, and a moderately broad line (FWHM ~ 2 × 104 km s -1) arising from highly ionized, He-like or H-like species (E ~ 6.8 keV). We interpret the broad lines arising from an accretion disk, the inner edge of which is restricted to large radii (rin ~ 100rg). However, the Eddington ratio, L/LEdd, of these sources is 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than that required to photoionize a cold disk to He-like iron. We suggest that the lines can be explained as collisionally ionized X-ray lines arising from the transition region between a hot (radiatively inefficient) flow in the inner regions and a cold disk outside r ~ 100rg. The accretion flow geometry probed by our XMM-Newton observations is consistent with the truncated disk models proposed to explain the SED of LLAGNs.
Modeling Complex Socio-technical Systems using Multi-Agent Simulation Methods

Multi-agent systems can be effective tools for reasoning about human and group behavior. Their effectiveness is enhanced when the algorithms lead the simulated agents to behave as humans behave, rather than doing what is optimal for the task. Such systems are even more effective when the model’s inputs are real data and the generated outputs are comparable to actual data files in the real world. Such systems can be created by combining sophisticated planning and learning algorithms with extensive knowledge of human behavior and underlying networks. Social networks are defined as the set of relations such as authority and friendship that link people to people. Social networks enable and constrain communication in human systems – as well as agent communication in multi-agent models of social phenomena.
Parasite Fate and Involvement of Infected Cells in the Induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses to Toxoplasma gondii

During infection with the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the presentation of parasite-derived antigens to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is essential for long-term resistance to this pathogen. Fundamental questions remain regarding the roles of phagocytosis and active invasion in the events that lead to the processing and presentation of parasite antigens. To understand the most proximal events in this process, an attenuated non-replicating strain of T. gondii (the cpsII strain) was combined with a cytometry-based approach to distinguish active invasion from phagocytic uptake. In vivo studies revealed that T. gondii disproportionately infected dendritic cells and macrophages, and that infected dendritic cells and macrophages displayed an activated phenotype characterized by enhanced levels of CD86 compared to cells that had phagocytosed the parasite, thus suggesting a role for these cells in priming naïve T cells. Indeed, dendritic cells were required for optimal CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, and the phagocytosis of heat-killed or invasion-blocked parasites was not sufficient to induce T cell responses. Rather, the selective transfer of cpsII-infected dendritic cells or macrophages (but not those that had phagocytosed the parasite) to naïve mice potently induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, and conferred protection against challenge with virulent T. gondii. Collectively, these results point toward a critical role for actively infected host cells in initiating T. gondii-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses.
Drosophila SETDB1 Is Required for Chromosome 4 Silencing

Histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation is associated with gene repression and heterochromatin formation. In Drosophila, SU(VAR)3–9 is responsible for H3K9 methylation mainly at pericentric heterochromatin. However, the histone methyltransferases responsible for H3K9 methylation at euchromatic sites, telomeres, and at the peculiar Chromosome 4 have not yet been identified. Here, we show that DmSETDB1 is involved in nonpericentric H3K9 methylation. Analysis of two DmSetdb1 alleles generated by homologous recombination, a deletion, and an allele where the 3HA tag is fused to the endogenous DmSetdb1, reveals that this gene is essential for fly viability and that DmSETDB1 localizes mainly at Chromosome 4. It also shows that DmSETDB1 is responsible for some of the H3K9 mono- and dimethyl marks in euchromatin and for H3K9 dimethylation on Chromosome 4. Moreover, DmSETDB1 is required for variegated repression of transgenes inserted on Chromosome 4. This study defines DmSETDB1 as a H3K9 methyltransferase that specifically targets euchromatin and the autosomal Chromosome 4 and shows that it is an essential factor for Chromosome 4 silencing.
Thrombomodulin is found on endothelium of arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatics, and on syncytiotrophoblast of human placenta

We have used antibodies to human thrombomodulin isolated from placenta to investigate the distribution of this cofactor for protein C activation in human tissues. Thrombomodulin was found on endothelial cells of arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatics by immunocytochemical staining using an avidin-biotin peroxidase method. Thrombomodulin was not detected on sinusoidal lining cells of liver or on postcapillary high-endothelial venules of lymph node, although the latter contained another endothelial antigen, von Willebrand factor. Other cells noted to contain thrombomodulin antigen are those of the syncytiotrophoblast in placenta. The thrombomodulin in syncytiotrophoblast was primarily on the plasma membrane surface that forms the maternal blood sinus. Syncytiotrophoblast also stained with antibodies to von Willebrand factor, which implies that these cells have multiple endothelial functions. Thrombomodulin antigen was found in all organs studied, with the notable exception of brain.
Applying Name Entity Recognition to Informal Text

Although Name Entity Recognition (NER) has been a well-studied problem in recent years, it is seldom applied to informal document, such as E-mail message and Newsgroup postings. Unlike the formal text, which is well-structured and with seldom error, the name entities are much more difficult to recognize in informal one. The key problems for informal text are that it has unstructured properties, more grammatical error, and more spelling error. All of these properties will degrade the performance of the existent classifiers and well-designed features which are suitable for original NER. In this project, we are going to apply two approaches, Maximum Entropy Classifier (MaxEnt ) and Conditional Random Field (CRF), which are often used for formal text NER, to informal text NER. We do some experiment to show if they are still good for the informal task. We also focus on how to extract efficient and effective features especially for informal text.
Exploring the origin of the ion selectivity of the KcsA potassium channel

The availability of structural information about biological ion channels provides an opportunity to gain a detailed understanding of the control of ion selectivity by biological systems. However, accomplishing this task by computer simulation approaches is very challenging. First, although the activation barriers for ion transport can be evaluated by microscopic simulations, it is hard to obtain accurate results by such approaches. Second, the selectivity is related to the actual ion current and not directly to the individual activation barriers. Thus, it is essential to simulate the ion currents and this cannot be accomplished at present by microscopic MD approaches. In order to address this challenge, we developed and refined an approach capable of evaluating ion current while still reflecting the realistic features of the given channel. Our method involves generation of semimacroscopic free energy surfaces for the channel/ions system and Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations of the corresponding ion current. In contrast to most alternative macroscopic models, our approach is able to reproduce the difference between the free energy surfaces of different ions and thus to address the selectivity problem. Our method is used in a study of the selectivity of the KcsA channel toward the K+ and Na+ ions. The BD simulations with the calculated free energy profiles produce an appreciable selectivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the trend in the selectivity in the ion current is produced by a computer simulation approach. Nevertheless, the calculated selectivity is still smaller than its experimental estimate. Recognizing that the calculated profiles are not perfect, we examine how changes in these profiles can account for the observed selectivity. It is found that the origin of the selectivity is more complex than generally assumed. The observed selectivity can be reproduced by increasing the barrier at the exit and the entrance of the selectivity filter, but the necessary changes in the barrier approach the limit of the error in the PDLD/S‐LRA calculations. Other options that can increase the selectivity are also considered, including the difference between the Na+…Na+ and K+…K+ interaction. However, this interesting effect does not appear to lead to a major difference in selectivity since the Na+ ions at the limit of strong interaction tend to move in a less concerted way than the K+ ions. Changes in the relative binding energies at the different binding sites are also not so effective in changing the selectivity. Finally, it is pointed out that using the calculated profiles as a starting point and forcing the model to satisfy different experimentally based constraints, should eventually provide more detailed understanding of the different complex factors involved in ion selectivity of biological channels. Proteins 2003;52:412–426. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low-Level Information and High-Level Perception: The Case of Speech in Noise

Auditory information is processed in a fine-to-crude hierarchical scheme, from low-level acoustic information to high-level abstract representations, such as phonological labels. We now ask whether fine acoustic information, which is not retained at high levels, can still be used to extract speech from noise. Previous theories suggested either full availability of low-level information or availability that is limited by task difficulty. We propose a third alternative, based on the Reverse Hierarchy Theory (RHT), originally derived to describe the relations between the processing hierarchy and visual perception. RHT asserts that only the higher levels of the hierarchy are immediately available for perception. Direct access to low-level information requires specific conditions, and can be achieved only at the cost of concurrent comprehension. We tested the predictions of these three views in a series of experiments in which we measured the benefits from utilizing low-level binaural information for speech perception, and compared it to that predicted from a model of the early auditory system. Only auditory RHT could account for the full pattern of the results, suggesting that similar defaults and tradeoffs underlie the relations between hierarchical processing and perception in the visual and auditory modalities.
Money Growth and Infl‡ation: Evidence from a Markov Switching Bayesian VAR

We contribute to the empirical debate on the role of money in monetary policy by analysing the features of the relationship between money growth and inflation in a Bayesian Markov Switching framework for a set of four countries, the US, the UK, the Euro area and Japan, over an estimation period spanning from 1960 to 2012. We find that the relationship between money growth and inflation appears to be nonlinear, as our estimation results identify multiple inflation regimes displaying clear and diversified features; moreover, as part of the model's information set, money growth plays a determinant role in the allocation of regimes. We show that observing monetary developments does (slightly) improve the signal of entering a high inflation regime but the influence of money on such signal seems to be relevant mainly in the 70s and the early 80s, i.e. in periods featuring exceptionally high rates of inflation. Our evidence confi? rms that the relationship between money and inflation appears to be relatively weak during periods featuring low and stable inflation.
Current status and future directions of clinical research and practice in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients in Korea

which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Perspective Current status and future directions of clinical research and practice in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients in Korea The Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Working Party of the Korean Society of Hematology (KAALLWP) conducted a phase II clinical study [1] from 2005 to 2010 on adult patients with Philadelphia-negative (Ph-neg) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), based on a four-drug induction chemotherapy regimen consisting of daunorubicin (DNR), vincristine, prednisone, and L-asparaginase. Based on previous studies showing promising results for dose-intensified DNR delivered during induction treatment for adult ALL [1, 2], the KAALLWP study evaluated whether the addition of higher doses of DNR early during the course of frontline therapy (during the induction cycle) could improve the prognosis (KALLA 0501). The results of our current study, which enrolled 191 patients, indicate a CR rate of 88.5% and a 3-year overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) rate of 46.1% and 43.1%, respectively. In addition, dose-escalated DNR as induction chemotherapy showed tolerable toxicities and a CR rate comparable to those of previous studies. However, in terms of long-term survival, this treatment regimen showed disappointing results, suggesting the need for stronger post-remission therapies in the future protocol. Asparaginase is one of the drugs of the standard treatment for ALL and is used for remission induction and post-remission courses in the majority of pediatric-inspired adult treatment protocols [3, 4]. Recently, minimal residual disease (MRD) has been conclusively demonstrated as an independent prognostic factor in both childhood and adult ALL [5]. MRD is used in several clinical trials for risk assignment and to guide overall clinical management. However, at present, it is difficult to carry out MRD-based treatment strategies in adult ALL patients in Korea because of standardization of methods and difficulty in centralization of assessment. The KAALLWP plans to perform a new multicenter study for adult ALL (KALLA 1406) that will adopt the pediatric concept of delayed intensification and integrate higher doses of non-myelotoxic agents, such as L-asparaginase and corticosteroid, especially in post-remission treatment courses. MRD-based risk stratification is currently difficult to perform across all centers in Korea due to the difficulty of standardization and sample delivery. Therefore, risk stratification is generally based on patient age, with the aim of excluding adolescents and young adults (＜25 years) who could benefit from dose-intensified non-myelotoxic agents without allogeneic hematopoietic cell …
The M × N Flowshop Problem with Separable, Sequence-independent Setup Times

This paper presents an MILP model for the permutation flowshop wherein the setup times are both separable from the job processing times and independent of a job's position in the processing sequence. Two experiments were conducted to estimate the computer times necessary to solve problems with up to 9 machines and 15 jobs, and to then compare these solution time requirements to those required to solve the same sets of problems solved as regular (NSIST) flowshop problems. The resultant data were then used to assess the impact on two optimal sequence performance measures, makespan and mean flowtime when setup times were separated from their jobs and allowed to begin as soon as the machine was free from the preceding job. This impact of separated setup times was found to increase with increasing numbers of machines, but to decrease slightly with increasing numbers of jobs for a given number of machines. Lastly, the data were used to analyze the impact on mean flowtime when makespan is minimized, and the impact on makespan when mean flowtime is minimized.
Csi1p recruits alp7p/TACC to the spindle pole bodies for bipolar spindle formation

The spindle pole body (SPB) localization of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe TACC orthologue alp7p depends on the SPB protein csi1p. Compromised interaction between csi1p and alp7p delays bipolar spindle formation and leads to abnormal chromosome segregation.
Topic Detection from Large Scale of Microblog Stream with High Utility Pattern Clustering

With the popularity of social media, detecting topics from microblog streams have become an increasingly important task. However, it's a challenge due to microblog streams have the characteristics of high-dimension, short and noisy content, fast changing, huge volume and so on. In this paper, we propose a high utility pattern clustering (HUPC) framework over microblog streams. This framework first extracts a group of representative patterns from the microblog stream, and then groups these patterns into topic clusters. This approach works well on large scale of microblog streams because it clusters the patterns that perform better in describing topics, rather than clustering noises and microblogs directly. Furthermore, the proposed framework can detect coherent topics and new emerging topics simultaneously. Extensive experimental results on Twitter streams and Sina Weibo streams show that the developed method achieves better performance than other existing topic detection methods, leading to a desirable solution of detecting event from microblog streams.
Interface Properties between Lithium Metal and a Composite Polymer Electrolyte of PEO18Li(CF3SO2)2N-Tetraethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether

The electrochemical properties of a composite solid polymer electrolyte, consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) was examined as a protective layer between lithium metal and a water-stable lithium ion-conducting glass ceramic of Li1+x+y(Ti,Ge)2−xAlxP3−ySiyO12 (LTAP). The lithium ion conductivity and salt diffusion coefficient of PEO18LiTFSI were dramatically enhanced by the addition of TEGDME. The water-stable lithium electrode with PEO18LiTFSI-2TEGDME, as the protective layer, exhibited a low and stable electrode resistance of 85 Ω·cm2 at 60 °C, after 28 days, and low overpotentials of 0.3 V for lithium plating and 0.4 V for lithium stripping at 4.0 mA·cm−2 and 60 °C. A Li/PEO18LiTFSI-2TEGDME/LTAP/saturated LiCl aqueous solution/Pt, air cell showed excellent cyclability up to 100 cycles at 2.0 mAh·cm−2.
Refactoring of Aspect-Oriented Software

The application of refactorings during an object-oriented development process improves the design and therefore the quality of software. Aspectorientation is a new programming paradigm that increases the modularity of software. Hence, it seems natural to apply both aspect-orientation as well as refactoring during a software development process since both techniques permit to increase the modularity and comprehensibility of software. However, on the one hand existing object-oriented refactoring techniques cannot directly be applied to aspect-oriented software because traditional object-oriented refactoring applied in an aspect-oriented environment is no longer behavior preserving. On the other hand, since the new features of aspect-oriented languages permit to modularize software in different ways there is a large variety of new refactorings based on these features. This paper discusses the relationship between object-oriented refactoring and aspect-orientation. We show what aspect-oriented elements conflict with existing refactorings and propose solutions for these conflicts for the aspect language AspectJ. Furthermore, we introduce a number of new aspect-oriented refactorings which help on the one hand to migrate from object-oriented to aspect-oriented software and on the other hand to restructure existing aspect-oriented code.