Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Color Doppler assessment of blood flow in endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE To determine the location and intensity of angiogenesis as well as selected flow parameters by transvaginal color Doppler (TVCD) and to evaluate the relation of myometrial invasion, histological grading, lymph nodes, and omental and adnexal metastasis on blood flow characteristics in endometrial cancer. METHODS Transvaginal colour Doppler and pulsed Doppler ultrasound were performed on 90 women with endometrial cancer. The degree of invasion as well as adnexal, omental, and pelvic lymph node metastasis was evaluated. Location of the blood vessels (peripheral, central, mixed) and vascular density as well as selected Doppler blood flow indices: PSV, RI of neoplastic infiltration was assessed. RESULTS The median age of the 90 women was 63.3 +/- 12.3 years (range 32 to 86 years); of these 92.2% were postmenopausal. Cancer concerned only the endometrium (E), with superficial (S) and deep infiltration (D) established in 14.4%, 45.6% and 40%, respectively. The histological maturity was as follows: G1 - 17.6%, G2 - 66.7%, G3 - 16.6% of cases. Adnexal, omental and lymph node metastasis was found in 12.2%, 3.3% and 16.6%, respectively. Abnormal low impedance and high velocity flow (mean RI 0.38 +/- 0.09, PSV 20.45 +/- 9.6 cm/sec) were found in 88.9% of cases. In types E, S, D in 61.5%, 92.7% and 94.4%, respectively (p = 0.003). Differences in RI and PSV between groups with high and low vascular density were statistically significant (p = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). In all cases peripheral and mixed vascularity were found more frequently (p < 0.05). A positive significant correlation between vascular density increase and surgicopathological stage of cancer was found more frequently (p < 0.005). There were significant differences in vascular density, Doppler blood flow indices and vascular location in each type of histological malignancy (p < 0.05). No significant differences in each flow parameter in hematogenous-adnexal/omental metastatic and non metastatic cases were found, whereas pelvic lymph node involvement and vascular density were shown to be statistically significant (p < 0.02). There were significant differences in vascular density in lymph-node positive cases whereas the remaining flow parameters did not differ. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TVCD evaluation of endometrial cancer is a reliable method for assessing endometrial angiogenesis. Our results indicate that blood flow rates correspond with increased angiogenesis in endometrial cancers, and might potentially be used as a good prediction factor for tumor progression and metastasis in affected women. Preoperative ultrasound examination should be seen as an important tool in the establishment of individualized treatment programs for women with endometrial cancer.
Respiratory Burst Process in Diabetic Children

Background Increased rate of infections in diabetes mellitus (DM) is an accepted fact. Pathophysiologically, several tasks of the immune system could be involved including polymorphonuclear (PMN) functions. Objectives The aim of this research was to evaluate the respiratory burst process of PMNs that is an essential part of phagocytosis, in children with DM. Patients and Methods Fifty two children with insulin dependent diabetes and 29 non-diabetic children were enrolled in this cross sectional study from 2010 to 2011. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test was done on PMNs taken from their heparinized blood. The resultant data was analyzed by SPSS version 16. P values were considered significant when it was under 0.05. Results Mean NBTs were 72.1 ± 15.84 and 94.68 ± 5.31 in diabetics and non-diabetics, respectively (P < 0.001). Using Pearson correlation, there was no significant correlation between the NBT level and age, gender, duration of diabetes, daily insulin usage and blood HbA1C level. Conclusions Compared to non-diabetics, respiratory burst process of polymorphonuclears is obviously decreased in diabetic children. This can explain one of the mechanisms involved in the increased rate of infections in DM.
Responsibility and Reproach

Feminist thinking about moral responsibility for oppressive and sexist behavior illustrates just this kind of confusion. When wrongdoing takes the form of social oppression, the relationship between individuals and their actions shifts in ways that render uncertain our judgments about moral responsibility and, with those, our judgments about the blameworthiness of individuals and our entitlement to reproach them. Part of the uncertainty about how to assign moral responsibility derives from the atypical character of the wrongdoing that feminists critique. Unlike ordinary cases of individual wrongdoing, oppressive wrongdoing often occurs at the level of social practice, where social acceptance of a practice impedes the individual's awareness of wrongdoing. Thus questions about moral responsibility become very difficult questions about how to weigh the social determinants producing moral ignorance against the individual's competence to engage in moral reasoning. The social scale at which oppression occurs complicates thinking about moral responsibility in other ways as well. If we assume, as we often do, that only morally flawed individuals could act oppressively, then we will have to conclude that the number of morally flawed individuals is more vast than we had dreamed and includes individuals whom we would otherwise rank high on scales of moral virtue and goodwill. The oddity of this conclusion forces serious questions about the possibility of morally unflawed individuals committing serious wrongdoing. Finally, when wrongdoing occurs at a social levelthat is, at a level that places whole social groups at risk, and where wrongdoing stands a much greater chance of being perpetuated by its very normalcy-our moral and personal stake in intervening in the pattern is much higher. The question of blame becomes notjust a question about blameworthiness, but more important a question about our entitlement to use moral reproach as a tool for effecting social change. Does the justified use of moral reproach require, as it does in ordinary cases, being
Processes and Preconditions Underlying Terrorism in Second-Generation Immigrants

The purpose of this article is to encourage empirical research on the precursors and processes underlying terrorism in second-generation immigrants. While the Western-born children of immigrants may be at no greater risk of terrorism overall, their strategic significance as a resource for violent groups makes it important for researchers to understand the factors that may lead even a small number of these individuals to terrorism. Existing literature on the context, process, and identity factors contributing to terrorism is reviewed. Drawing on a social identity framework, it is argued that a number of additional factors will be relevant to second-generation terrorists, and that these will depend on the individual's particular pattern of cultural identification. Three forms of cultural identification in the second-generation are thus identified: ingroup, outgroup, and transitional outgroup identification. The implications of each for understanding terrorism are discussed, and suggestions for future resear.
Automated Classification of Port-Scans from Distributed Sensors

Computer worms randomly perform port-scans to find vulnerable hosts to intrude over the Internet. Malicious software varies its port-scan strategy, e.g., some hosts intensively perform scans on a particular target and some hosts scan uniformly over IP address blocks. In this paper, we propose a new automated worm classification scheme from distributed observations. Our proposed scheme can detect some statistics of worm behavior with a simple decision tree consisting of some nodes to classify source addresses with optimal threshold values. The choice of thresholds is automated to minimize the entropy gain of classification. Once a tree is constructed, the classification can be done very quickly and accurately. In this paper, we analyze a set of source addresses observed by the distributed sensors in IS- DAS observed with 30 sensors in one year in order to clarify a primary statistics of worms. Based on the statistical characteristics, we present the proposed classification and show th e performance of the proposed scheme.
The impact of misleading questions on eyewitness memory in children and adults

The study examined developmental patterns of the negative effect of misleading post-event information in two different kinds of eyewitness interviews. A total of 284 subjects aged between five and 64 years were shown a short video about a theft and three weeks as well as four weeks later questioned about it. The social pressure in the interview after three weeks was manipulated by asking half of the subjects suggestive and misleading questions. The other half was asked open-ended and unbiased questions. In the neutral interview four weeks later, all subjects were asked the same set of recognition questions about the event. The results revealed that preschoolers in particular had problems with the interplay between cognitive and social factors (social pressure induced through the wording of the misleading questions) in the interview setting after three weeks. In the neutral recognition test, all age groups were shown to suffer from prior misinformation to about the same extent. However, with an exception in the group of 6-year-old children the negative effect of prior misinformation on the accuracy of recognition proved to be due to items that were peripheral to the observed event. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
A 'grown up' university? Towards a manifesto for lifelong learning

This paper considers the nature of the university as an institution in a time of great change in the function of the university. Lifelong Learning as a concept is highly politicized and its desired ends are not clear - possibilities are discussed. The debates herein are related to the position of the universities and their (potential and current) role in recruiting adult learners. Consideration is given to the ways in which the university must change if it is to become a fit place in which for adults to learn; continued and increased adult participation being crucial if lifelong learning is to become a reality.
A Deeper Look into Bug Fixes: Patterns, Replacements, Deletions, and Additions

Many implementations of research techniques that automatically repair software bugs target programs written in C. Work that targets Java often begins from or compares to direct translations of such techniques to a Java context. However, Java and C are very different languages, and Java should be studied to inform the construction of repair approaches to target it. We conduct a large-scale study of bug-fixing commits in Java projects, focusing on assumptions underlying common search-based repair approaches. We make observations that can be leveraged to guide high quality automatic software repair to target Java specifically, including common and uncommon statement modifications in human patches and the applicability of previously-proposed patch construction operators in the Java context.
Differences between affective profiles in temperament and character in Salvadorians: the self-fulfilling experience as a function of agentic (self-directedness) and communal (cooperativeness) values

We used the affective profiles model to investigate differences in personality with respect to different combinations of positive (PA) and negative affect (NA). The positive affect and negative affect schedule was used to categorise 135 Salvadorians into four affective profiles: self-fulfilling (high PA and low NA), high affective (high PA and high NA), low affective (low PA and low NA), and self-destructive (low PA and high NA). Personality was measured using the temperament and character inventory-revised. High NA individuals reported higher levels of harm avoidance, while high PA individuals reported higher levels of persistence. Self-destructives reported lower levels of self-directedness compared to all profiles, while cooperativeness was higher only among self-fulfilling individuals. Nevertheless, also low affectives scored high in self-directedness. The discerned differences in character suggest that the self-fulfilling experience, defined as frequently experiencing positive emotions and infrequently experiencing negative emotions, is a function of agentic values in conjunction with communal values.
Tryptophan‐nicotinamide, imipramine and their combination in depression

In a double‐blind controlled study lasting 4 weeks 25 newly admitted severely depressed patients were randomly assigned to tryptophan‐nicotinamide or imipramine or tryptophan‐nicotinamideimipramine combination. Nicotinamide was given to reduce peripheral breakdown of tryptophan. Although there were no substantial differences between the three treatments, the efficacy of tryptophannicotinamide tended to diminish after 2 weeks when the dose of tryptophan was increased from 4 g/day to 6 g/day and that of nicotinamide from 1.0 g/day to 1.5 g/day. The therapeutic response of patients treated with tryptophan‐nicotinamide was significantly correlated with the rise in plasma tryptophan. For the tryptophannicotinamide‐imipramine group, however, therapeutic response and rise in plasma tryptophan were negatively correlated, implying that tryptophan levels were too high in some patients. The data suggest that tryptophan‐nicotinamide may be as effective as imipramine in unipolar patients providing the dose is kept within the therapeutic window, and that at low doses it could also potentiate the action of tricyclic antidepressants. Bipolar patients seem to require higher doses of tryptophan than unipolar patients.
Quality versus Quantity: The Use of Observation by Early Childhood Educators in Improving the Performance of Children Enrolled in Preschool Programs in Ghana

In the current study, the authors explored how early childhood educators used observation to support children in the learning environment. The objectives set were to find out the observation methods teachers used, ascertain their understanding of child observation, find out activities children undertook, and how teachers documented what children did and said during play activities. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design, using in-depth interviews, focus group discussion and photography, was considered appropriate for this research. Three main themes emerged in this study: Teachers or Playmates? , Observation as in Supervision, and Observation or Resources? The results of the study revealed that supervision of activities that children engaged in was equated to observation. Lack of observational skills, resources, and poor record keeping emerged as areas of concern. Implications for child development are rooted in the need for teachers to recognize the educational needs of children via observation and to develop appropriate strategies to address identified needs.
Accommodations and Item-Level Analyses Using Mixture Differential Item Functioning Models

The purpose of this study was to use differential item functioning (DIF) and latent mixture model analyses to explore factors that explain performance differences on a large-scale mathematics assessment between examinees allowed to use a calculator or who were afforded item presentation accommodations versus those who did not receive the same accommodations. Data from a state accountability assessment of mathematics for students in Grade 8 were analyzed. More than 73,000 students participated, of which 12,268 were students with disabilities (SWD) receiving test accommodations. DIF analyses detected performance differences between examinees without accommodations and those who used a calculator or those where the item presentation was altered. Latent performance class analyses revealed that performance differences were associated with item difficulty and abilty in addition to accommodation status. Results support validity studies that use mixture models that can consider context variables related to item type, academic skills, and accommodations.
Plasmid protein TubR uses a distinct mode of HTH-DNA binding and recruits the prokaryotic tubulin homolog TubZ to effect DNA partition

The segregation of plasmid DNA typically requires three elements: a DNA centromere site, an NTPase, and a centromere-binding protein. Because of their simplicity, plasmid partition systems represent tractable models to study the molecular basis of DNA segregation. Unlike eukaryotes, which utilize the GTPase tubulin to segregate DNA, the most common plasmid-encoded NTPases contain Walker-box and actin-like folds. Recently, a plasmid stability cassette on Bacillus thuringiensis pBtoxis encoding a putative FtsZ/tubulin-like NTPase called TubZ and DNA-binding protein called TubR has been described. How these proteins collaborate to impart plasmid stability, however, is unknown. Here we show that the TubR structure consists of an intertwined dimer with a winged helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif. Strikingly, however, the TubR recognition helices mediate dimerization, making canonical HTH–DNA interactions impossible. Mutagenesis data indicate that a basic patch, encompassing the two wing regions and the N termini of the recognition helices, mediates DNA binding, which indicates an unusual HTH–DNA interaction mode in which the N termini of the recognition helices insert into a single DNA groove and the wings into adjacent DNA grooves. The TubZ structure shows that it is as similar structurally to eukaryotic tubulin as it is to bacterial FtsZ. TubZ forms polymers with guanine nucleotide-binding characteristics and polymer dynamics similar to tubulin. Finally, we show that the exposed TubZ C-terminal region interacts with TubR-DNA, linking the TubR-bound pBtoxis to TubZ polymerization. The combined data suggest a mechanism for TubZ-polymer powered plasmid movement.
Constructing masculinized sportscapes: Skiing, gender and nature in British Columbia, Canada

Sport sociology has provided a significant body of critical research on gender and social inequality within outdoor sport. Less attention is given to how the social construction of sport landscapes shapes gendered power relations. This article examines how skiing landscapes are constructed as masculinized spaces. The mountainous sublime is a site for performing athletic, risk-seeking masculinity.The backcountry and advanced terrain at ski resorts also appear as masculinized places. By contrast, less risky areas of the skiing landscape may be interpreted as ‘gender-neutral’ or feminized space. Through skiing, participants construct the meaning of gender and place, privileging masculinized versions of the sport.
Depression and PTSD in Survivors of Male Violence: Research and Training Initiatives to Facilitate Recovery

Male violence is an enduring feature of women's lives from childhood through old age. The review covers child sexual abuse, rape, and partner violence with emphasis on the prevalence of violence, its mental health consequences, the course of recovery, and mediators and moderators of traumatic impact. The primary focus is depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, the two major diagnostic entities through which postassault emotions and behaviors have been conceptualized and measured. The effects of psychiatric conceptualizations of victimization and patterns of individual recovery are critically reviewed. The PTSD paradigm as the sole foundation for most victimization research is also debated. Following the review, mental health services for victimized women are examined. The article concludes with public policy recommendations to improve the availability and accessibility of mental health services with emphasis on reaching those survivors who are less likely to consult the formal system.
The Tragedy of the Commons and Economic Growth: Why Does Capital Flow from Poor to Rich Countries?

We analyze a differential game in which all interest groups have access to a common capital stock. We show that the introduction of a technology that has inferior productivity but enjoys private access may ameliorate the tragedy of the commons. We use this model to analyze capital flight: in many poor countries, property rights are not well defined; since "safe" bank accounts in rich countries (the inferior technology) are available to citizens of these countries, they engage in capital flight. We show that the occurrence of capital flight does not imply that opening the capital account reduces growth and welfare.
Civil society and urban food insecurity: analyzing the roles of local food organizations in Johannesburg

Food security civil society organizations (FSCSOs) have emerged as important institutions in the battle against food insecurity in the Global South. However, little attention has so far been paid to their organizational structure, institutional roles, and governance configurations. To fill this gap, in this paper I used surveys, semi-structured interviews, and place-based case studies to analyze the landscape of Johannesburg’s FSCSOs. Results indicate that while they fulfill many important roles, an uneven distribution of resources, institutional instability, and underdevelopment of food security social movements nevertheless weakens their ability to be effective service providers and vehicles of broader social change. Thus, despite a growing literature on alternative food and food justice movements that heralds FSCSOs as a solution to urban food insecurity, this paper argues that their conceptualization has, so far, been poorly developed; and as a consequence, their transformative potential remains weakly theorized.
What Can Searching Behavior Tell Us About the Difficulty of Information Tasks? A Study of Web Navigation

Task has been recognized as an influential factor in information seeking behavior. An increasing number of studies are concentrating on the specific characteristics of the task as independent variables to explain associated information-seeking activities. This paper examines the relationships between operational measures of information search behavior, subjectively perceived post-task difficulty and objective task complexity in the context of factual information-seeking tasks on the web. A question-driven, web-based information-finding study was conducted in a controlled experimental setting. The study participants performed nine search tasks of varying complexity. Subjective task difficulty was found to be correlated with many measures that characterize the searcher's activities. Four of those measures, the number of the unique web pages visited, the time spent on each page, the degree of deviation from the optimal path and the degree of the navigation path's linearity, were found to be good predictors of subjective task difficulty. Objective task complexity was found to affect the relative importance of those predictors and to affect subjective assessment of task difficulty.