Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supervised Metaphor Detection using Conditional Random Fields

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for supervised classification of linguistic metaphors in an open domain text using Conditional Random Fields (CRF). We analyze CRF based classification model for metaphor detection using syntactic, conceptual, affective, and word embeddings based features which are extracted from MRC Psycholinguistic Database (MRCPD) and WordNet-Affect. We use word embeddings given by Huang et al . to capture information such as coherence and analogy between words. To tackle the bottleneck of limited coverage of psychological features in MRCPD, we employ synonymy relations from WordNet ® . A comparison of our approach with previous approaches shows the efficacy of CRF classifier in detecting metaphors. The experiments conducted on VU Amsterdam metaphor corpus provides an accuracy of more than 92% and F-measure of approximately 78%. Results shows that inclusion of conceptual features improves the recall by 5% whereas affective features do not have any major impact on metaphor detection in open text.
Functional genetic polymorphisms and female reproductive disorders: Part II—endometriosis

BACKGROUND Endometriosis has a strong genetic component, and numerous genetic studies have been reported. METHODS We have systematically reviewed these studies and included 114 in our final selection. RESULTS We found no consistent evidence linking endometriosis with specific polymorphisms in genes encoding inflammatory mediators, proteins involved in sex steroid metabolism, vascular function and tissue remodelling. Although a number of polymorphisms have been associated with endometriosis in selected populations, the associations have not been independently confirmed, either because only single studies were carried out on these markers/genes or because other studies reported no association. The most solid evidence linking specific polymorphisms to endometriosis came from studies investigating glutathione-S-transferase, a phase II detoxification enzyme. Carriage of the GSTT1 null deletion variant showed consistent association with endometriosis with a 29% increased risk; however, it cannot be excluded that this result was due to publication bias, and this association should be independently confirmed in large-scale, well-designed case–control studies. CONCLUSIONS The evidence of an association between genetic polymorphisms and endometriosis is weak. Carriage of the GSTT1 null deletion may moderately increase the risk of this disease. We suggest that the methodology of association studies should be improved in order to identify and validate associations in endometriosis.
The dynamical state of RX J1347.5−1145 from a combined strong lensing and X-ray analysis

We perform a combined X-ray and strong lensing analysis of RX J1347.5−1145, one of the most luminous galaxy clusters at X-ray wavelengths. We show that evidence from strong lensing alone, based on published Very Large Telescope (VLT) and new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data, strongly argues in favour of a complex structure. The analysis takes into account arc positions, shapes and orientations, and is done thoroughly in the image plane. The cluster inner regions are well fitted by a bimodal mass distribution, with a total projected mass of Mtot= (9.9 ± 0.3) × 1014 M⊙ h−1 within a radius of 360 kpc h−1 (1.5 arcmin). Such a complex structure could be a signature of a recent major merger as further supported by X-ray data. A temperature map of the cluster, based on deep Chandra observations, reveals a hot front located between the first main component and an X-ray emitting south-eastern subclump. The map also unveils a filament of cold gas in the innermost regions of the cluster, most probably a cooling wake caused by the motion of the cD inside the cool core region. A merger scenario in the plane of the sky between two dark matter subclumps is consistent with both our lensing and X-ray analyses, and can explain previous discrepancies with mass estimates based on the virial theorem.
The role of noun phrases in misunderstandings in Brunei English in ELF settings

Abstract Innovative usage of noun phrases is among the most widely reported features of new varieties of English throughout the world and also in discourse in ELF settings, but its effect on intelligibility has not been extensively investigated. In an attempt to remedy this, ten conversations in English between Bruneians and people from elsewhere were recorded, and a total of 153 tokens were identified in which the non-Bruneians did not understand the Bruneian speakers. In twenty of these tokens, the grammar of a noun phrase may be one factor in giving rise to the misunderstanding, involving added or absent articles, innovative use of plurals, and the unexpected gender of a pronoun. Further analysis suggests that non-standard grammar was probably the main factor in just four of these tokens, two involving an added article before a proper noun, one with a spurious -s on the end of other, and one in which she was used to refer to a male. There were many instances of non-standard grammar in noun phrases throughout the conversations, but this rarely caused a problem, which suggests that the innovative structure of noun phrases seldom impacts on the intelligibility of Brunei English in ELF settings.
HCG 16 Revisited: Clues about Galaxy Evolution in Groups

We present new spectroscopic observations of five galaxies, members of the unusually active compact group HCG 16, observed using the Palomar 5 m telescope. The high signal-to-noise ratios (S/N ∼ 70) of the spectra allow us to study the variation of the emission-line characteristics and the stellar populations in the nucleus and the circumnuclear regions of the galaxies. The emission-line characteristics of these galaxies are complex, varying between Seyfert 2's and LINERs or between LINERs and starbursts. All of the galaxies show traces of intermediate-age stellar populations, which supports our previous result that poststarburst galaxies are common in compact groups. The galaxies HCG 16-4 and HCG 16-5 show double nuclei and therefore could be two cases of recent merger. Our observations support a scenario in which HCG 16 was formed by the successive merger of metal-poor, low-mass galaxies. The galaxies HCG 16-1 and HCG 16-2, which are more evolved, form the old core of the group. Galaxies HCG 16-4 and HCG 16-5 are two more recent additions that are still in a merging phase. Galaxy HCG 16-5 is a starburst galaxy that is just beginning to fall into the core. If HCG 16 is representative of compact groups in their early stage, the whole set of observations implies that the formation of compact groups is the result of hierarchical galaxy formation. HCG 16 could be one example of this process operating in the local universe.
People’s Perceptions about the Importance of Forests on Borneo

We ascertained villagers’ perceptions about the importance of forests for their livelihoods and health through 1,837 reliably answered interviews of mostly male respondents from 185 villages in Indonesian and Malaysian Borneo. Variation in these perceptions related to several environmental and social variables, as shown in classification and regression analyses. Overall patterns indicated that forest use and cultural values are highest among people on Borneo who live close to remaining forest, and especially among older Christian residents. Support for forest clearing depended strongly on the scale at which deforestation occurs. Deforestation for small-scale agriculture was generally considered to be positive because it directly benefits people’s welfare. Large-scale deforestation (e.g., for industrial oil palm or acacia plantations), on the other hand, appeared to be more context-dependent, with most respondents considering it to have overall negative impacts on them, but with people in some areas considering the benefits to outweigh the costs. The interviews indicated high awareness of negative environmental impacts of deforestation, with high levels of concern over higher temperatures, air pollution and loss of clean water sources. Our study is unique in its geographic and trans-national scale. Our findings enable the development of maps of forest use and perceptions that could inform land use planning at a range of scales. Incorporating perspectives such as these could significantly reduce conflict over forest resources and ultimately result in more equitable development processes.
Attentional biases in children's anxiety: The role of executive control.

The construct of 'Effortful Control' relates to the efficiency of executive attention. It is the self-regulatory aspect of temperament which involves the ability to inhibit a dominant response and activate a subdominant response. The literature review explores evidence for the link between anxiety in children and attentional biases to threat, and whether this can be explained in terms of individual differences in effortful / executive control. The empirical paper presents a study using a multi- informant methodology carried out on a normative population of nine to eleven year old school children. It employs questionnaire and computerised measures of effortful control and anxiety. The results provide evidence for a weak attentional bias effect in anxious children to angry faces linked to difficulties with disengagement of attention. Unexpectedly, no significant interactions were found between effortful control and anxiety in relation to the anger disengagement effect. However, there were significant effects for self-reported aggression, teacher reported externalising problems, and IQ on the anger disengagement effect. The critical appraisal highlights some of the limitations of the study, explores some of the clinical implications of the research, and suggests some ideas for the direction of future investigations into attention and anxiety in children.
Individual Acceptance of e-Government: A Literature Review

In order to develop more acceptable e-government services, government needs to understand the factors influencing citizens to use the services. This paper reviews prior studies on acceptable e-government services and accepting users of e-government services. Demographic characteristics of the users, the impact of culture, and the psychological factors for using egovernment services are discussed. By understanding and measuring the adoption factors, government may predict acceptance of a new e-government service, evaluate an existing e-government service, and improve acceptance of the service by defining and running management strategies.
Researching Practice Wisdom in Social Work

Researching practice wisdom in social work Social workers, as skilled helpers who make professional decisions using intuitive actions rather than by following defined rules, deserve better recognition for their practice wisdom. However, since there is a tendency amongst practitioners who adhere to the evidence-based paradigm to disregard practitioners’ knowledge, empirical research on practice wisdom in social work needs to be encouraged. The author argues that the lack of a sound methodology hinders the development of such an invaluable asset for practitioners. It is suggested that a heuristic paradigm that embraces the concepts of tacit knowing, intuition and indwelling will provide a way forward towards recognizing the importance of social workers’ practice wisdom.
When Privacy meets Security: Leveraging personal information for password cracking

Passwords are widely used for user authentication and, despite their weaknesses, will likely remain in use in the foreseeable future. Human-generated passwords typically have a rich structure, which makes them susceptible to guessing attacks. In this paper, we study the effectiveness of guessing attacks based on Markov models. Our contributions are two-fold. First, we propose a novel password cracker based on Markov models, which builds upon and extends ideas used by Narayanan and Shmatikov (CCS 2005). In extensive experiments we show that it can crack up to 69% of passwords at 10 billion guesses, more than all probabilistic password crackers we compared again t. Second, we systematically analyze the idea that additional personal information about a user helps in speeding up password guessing. We find that, on average and by carefully choosing parameters, we can guess up to 5% more passwords, especially when the number of attempts is low. Furthermore, we show that the gain can go up to 30% for passwords that are actually based on personal attributes. These passwords are clearly weaker and should be avoided. Our cracker could be used by an organization to detect and reject them. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to systematically study the relationship between chosen passwords and users' personal information. We test and validate our results over a wide collection of leaked password databases.
Architecting an Energy-Efficient DRAM System for GPUs

This paper proposes an energy-efficient, high-throughput DRAM architecture for GPUs and throughput processors. In these systems, requests from thousands of concurrent threads compete for a limited number of DRAM row buffers. As a result, only a fraction of the data fetched into a row buffer is used, leading to significant energy overheads. Our proposed DRAM architecture exploits the hierarchical organization of a DRAM bank to reduce the minimum row activation granularity. To avoid significant incremental area with this approach, we must partition the DRAM datapath into a number of semi-independent subchannels. These narrow subchannels increase data toggling energy which we mitigate using a static data reordering scheme designed to lower the toggle rate. This design has 35% lower energy consumption than a die-stacked DRAM with 2.6% area overhead. The resulting architecture, when augmented with an improved memory access protocol, can support parallel operations across the semi-independent subchannels, thereby improving system performance by 13% on average for a range of workloads.
Pattern-based process discovery

Service-oriented systems consist of services exchanging messages. The service interactions often only form at runtime, and implicitly define instances of a business process. Our research addresses the problem of identifying process instances, so that process analytics and optimization techniques may be applied to service-oriented systems. We introduce a novel approach to discover process instances, which takes a catalog of messaging patterns and actual message logs as input. The pattern catalog describes abstract, common service interactions, while the message logs comprise service correlation information of the concrete system under consideration. We present the required concepts, a prototype, and an experimental evaluation of our approach. Results show that pattern-based process discovery is a feasible option to discover process instances in service-oriented systems.
Meaning of parental involvement among Korean immigrant parents: A mixed-methods approach

ABSTRACT The authors' goal was to identify ways in which Korean immigrant parents define the concept of parental involvement and to examine the statistical significances of interrelationships among these meanings. Seventy-seven parents responded to an open-ended question that asked them to define the meaning of parental involvement; 141 responses were analyzed. Qualitative analysis resulted in four distinct categories: (a) support at home (68.8%), (b) home–school connection (17.7%), (c) participation in school (5.0%), and (d) duty (8.5%). The category of support at home was divided into three subcategories: Support of nonacademic development (31.9%), support of emotional psychological development (29.1%), and support of academic success (7.8%). A correlational analysis indicated that support of emotional psychological development was negatively correlated with home–school connection and support of academic success. The parents who considered parental involvement to be their duty did not perceive their roles as participating in home–school connections and supporting nonacademic development activities.
Contribution of neurons in monkey parietal cortex to a visual grouping

i General introduction 1 Part 1 Relationship between neural responses and visual grouping in the monkey parietal cortex Introduction Materials and Methods Visual stimuli and behavioral task Surgical procedures and recording Data analysis Histology Results Monkey behavior during a grouping detection task Comparison of the responses of L-IPS neurons to target and non-target stimuli Responses to the target stimuli: example neurons Selective responses to target features: population analysis Effect of attention: population analysis Mechanism of the attentional modulation Time course of the orientation selectivity and attentional modulation Correlation between neural selectivity and behavioral performance Responses to conventional bar stimuli Discussion Grouping of discrete elements in the L-IPS Attentional control of visual grouping Relation to the functional organization of the IPS Shape selectivity in the ventral and dorsal streams 5 7 7 10 12 14 16 16 16 19 21 22 23 27 28 29 31 31 32 33 34 Part 2 Activities of different cell classes in visual grouping Introduction 37 Table of
Lp-variations for multifractal fractional random walks.

A multifractal random walk (MRW) is defined by a Brownian motion subordinated by a class of continuous multifractal random measures $M[0,t], 0\le t\le1$. In this paper we obtain an extension of this process, referred to as multifractal fractional random walk (MFRW), by considering the limit in distribution of a sequence of conditionally Gaussian processes. These conditional processes are defined as integrals with respect to fractional Brownian motion and convergence is seen to hold under certain conditions relating the self-similarity (Hurst) exponent of the fBm to the parameters defining the multifractal random measure $M$. As a result, a larger class of models is obtained, whose fine scale (scaling) structure is then analyzed in terms of the empirical structure functions. Implications for the analysis and inference of multifractal exponents from data, namely, confidence intervals, are also provided.
Spectral surface albedo over Morocco and its impact on radiative forcing of Saharan dust

In May–June 2006, airborne and ground-based solar (0.3–2.2μm) and thermal infrared (4–42μm) radiation measurements have been performed in Morocco within the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM). Upwelling and downwelling solar irradiances have been measured using the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement System (SMART)-Albedometer. With these data, the areal spectral surface albedo for typical surface types in southeastern Morocco was derived from airborne measurements for the first time. The results are compared to the surface albedo retrieved from collocated satellite measurements, and partly considerable deviations are observed. Using measured surface and atmospheric properties, the spectral and broad-band dust radiative forcing at top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface has been estimated. The impact of the surface albedo on the solar radiative forcing of Saharan dust is quantified. In theSAMUM case of 19 May 2006, TOA solar radiative forcing varies by 12Wm−2 per 0.1 surface-albedo change. For the thermal infrared component, values of up to +22Wm−2 were derived. The net (solar plus thermal infrared) TOA radiative forcing varies between −19 and +24Wm−2 for a broad-band solar surface albedo of 0.0 and 0.32, respectively. Over the bright surface of southeastern Morocco, the Saharan dust always has a net warming effect.
Potential predictability of rapid changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

We explore the potential predictability of rapid changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) using a coupled global climate model (HadCM3). Rapid changes in the temperature and salinity of surface water in the Nordic Seas, and the flow of dense water through Denmark Strait, are found to be precursors to rapid changes in the model's MOC, with a lead time of around 10 years. The mechanism proposed to explain this potential predictability relies on the development of density anomalies in the Nordic Seas which propagate through Denmark Strait and along the deep western boundary current, affecting the overturning. These rapid changes in the MOC have significant, and widespread, climate impacts which are potentially predictable a few years ahead. Whilst the flow through Denmark Strait is too strong in HadCM3, the presence of such potential predictability motivates the monitoring of water properties in the Nordic Seas and Denmark Strait.
EMG analysis using wavelet functions to determine muscle contraction

Modern spectrum analysis has been applied to various bio-medical signal processing. Wavelet transform (WT) has been applied in this research for the analysis of the surface electromyography signal (SEMG). Mean and median frequencies of the SEMG power spectrum were used to indicate changes in muscle contraction during gait. This paper reports on the effectiveness of the wavelet transform applied to the SEMG signal as a means of understanding muscle contractions during gait. Power spectrum analysis on the EMG signal from right rectus femoris muscle was performed using various wavelet functions (WF). With the appropriate choice of the WF, it is possible to analyze SEMG significantly. Results show that WF Daubechies45 presents the most significant changes in SEMG power spectrum compared to the other WFs. Electromyography (EMG) signal represents the electrical activity of muscles. A muscle is composed of many Motor Units (MUs). EMG signals detected directly from the muscle or from the skin by using surface electrodes show a train of motor unit action potentials (MUAP) plus noise. With increasing muscle force, the raw EMG signal shows an increase in the number of MUAP recruited at increasing firing rates. EMG signals are modeled as a zero mean colored noise, which can be characterized by power spectrum density function (1). It is desired to apply a method of power spectrum analysis to study the frequency characteristics of random signals like EMG. In the SEMG, recruitment and increase in the firing frequencies are seen as an amplitude increase of the SEMG signal (2). Changes in the EMG power spectrum are used as an indicator of changes in muscle contraction and muscle fatigue for ergonomic purposes (3). In this research, SEMG are decomposed using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) with various WFs. It is the technique that provides information related to the time- frequency variation of the signal and used for feature enhancement for biosignals. The purpose of this research is to analyze the SEMG power spectral parameters with the various WF during nine trial walk. In this study WFs, Haar, Daubechies (db2, db3, db4, db5, db45) and Symmlet (sym4, sym5) are used for the WT. As a tool for analyzing frequency components of the EMG signals, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is considered. A superposed EMG signal can be considered as summation of sine waves with different frequency velocity. The FFT algorithm is described as a decomposition of the EMG signal to its underlined sinus contents. The mean and median frequencies are the most important parameters for analyzing the frequency components of the EMG signal. In this research, mean and median frequency parameters are considered for the EMG power spectrum analysis during a 9 trial walk. Results show that, WF db45 presents the best contrast in the mean and median frequencies while compared to the other WFs. The study also demonstrates that mean and median frequency increases with an increase of muscle contraction.