Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Las ideas de los alumnos sobre la ciencia como teorías implícitas

ResumenDurante los ultimos anos, los trabajos sobre el aprendizaje de las ciencias han estado dominados por dos enfoques contrapuestos: la teoria piagetiana de las operaciones formales y el enfoque de las ideas previas o concepciones alternativas. Frente a estos dos enfoques los autores proponen una alternativa intermedia basada en el concepto de «teorias implicitas». Estas teorias serian teorias personales que, como las teorias cientificas, sirven para organizar y predecir el mundo circundante. No obstante, presentan tambien caracteristicas muy diferentes de las teorias cientificas tanto en lo referente a su contenido como a su organizacion. Estas diferentes caracteristicas tienen, como se expone en el articulo, importantes consecuencias tanto para la investigacion como para la practica educativa.
From Innate to Adaptive Immune Response in Muscular Dystrophies and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: The Role of Lymphocytes

Skeletal muscle is able to restore contractile functionality after injury thanks to its ability to regenerate. Following muscle necrosis, debris is removed by macrophages, and muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), the muscle stem cells, are activated and subsequently proliferate, migrate, and form muscle fibers restoring muscle functionality. In most muscle dystrophies (MDs), MuSCs fail to properly proliferate, differentiate, or replenish the stem cell compartment, leading to fibrotic deposition. However, besides MuSCs, interstitial nonmyogenic cells and inflammatory cells also play a key role in orchestrating muscle repair. A complete understanding of the complexity of these mechanisms should allow the design of interventions to attenuate MDs pathology without disrupting regenerative processes. In this review we will focus on the contribution of immune cells in the onset and progression of MDs, with particular emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We will briefly summarize the current knowledge and recent advances made in our understanding of the involvement of different innate immune cells in MDs and will move on to critically evaluate the possible role of cell populations within the acquired immune response. Revisiting previous observations in the light of recent evidence will likely change our current view of the onset and progression of the disease.
Characterization of Coastal Urban Watershed Bacterial Communities Leads to Alternative Community-Based Indicators

Background Microbial communities in aquatic environments are spatially and temporally dynamic due to environmental fluctuations and varied external input sources. A large percentage of the urban watersheds in the United States are affected by fecal pollution, including human pathogens, thus warranting comprehensive monitoring. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a high-density microarray (PhyloChip), we examined water column bacterial community DNA extracted from two connecting urban watersheds, elucidating variable and stable bacterial subpopulations over a 3-day period and community composition profiles that were distinct to fecal and non-fecal sources. Two approaches were used for indication of fecal influence. The first approach utilized similarity of 503 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) common to all fecal samples analyzed in this study with the watershed samples as an index of fecal pollution. A majority of the 503 OTUs were found in the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. The second approach incorporated relative richness of 4 bacterial classes (Bacilli, Bacteroidetes, Clostridia and α-proteobacteria) found to have the highest variance in fecal and non-fecal samples. The ratio of these 4 classes (BBC∶A) from the watershed samples demonstrated a trend where bacterial communities from gut and sewage sources had higher ratios than from sources not impacted by fecal material. This trend was also observed in the 124 bacterial communities from previously published and unpublished sequencing or PhyloChip- analyzed studies. Conclusions/Significance This study provided a detailed characterization of bacterial community variability during dry weather across a 3-day period in two urban watersheds. The comparative analysis of watershed community composition resulted in alternative community-based indicators that could be useful for assessing ecosystem health.
Recidivism among treated sexual offenders and comparison subjects: Recent outcome data from the Regional Treatment Centre (Ontario) high-intensity Sex Offender Treatment Programme

Abstract The present investigation examined a sample of 64 offenders treated at the Regional Treatment Centre (Ontario) Sex Offender Treatment Programme (RTCSOTP) and a sample of 55 untreated sexual offenders from the Ontario region of Correctional Service of Canada. Groups were matched on age at index offence, Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) score and type of sexual offender (i.e. intrafamilial child molester, extrafamilial child molester and rapist). As well, the Rapid Risk Assessment of Sexual Offence Recidivism Scale (RRASOR) was scored on all offenders in the present investigation. Recidivism, based upon officially recorded conviction data, was used as the primary dependent measure. Results indicated that both treated offenders and comparison participants evidenced low sexual recidivism rates (approximately 10% over follow-up periods that extended beyond nine years for both treated and comparison offenders). With reference to high PCL-R treated and comparison offenders, both groups evidenced rates of sexual recidivism approaching zero (one offender in each group recidivated sexually). These data have important implications for those who view treatment with high PCL-R offenders as without hope for success. Both treated and untreated comparison offenders received a wide variety of non-sexual offender programmes directed at criminogenic need areas. Treated offenders who were rated as being higher risk on the RRASOR evidenced substantially lower than predicted rates of sexual offending.
Harmonic Regression Models: A Comparative Review with Applications

Strongly periodic series occur frequently in many disciplines. This paper reviews one specific approach to analyzing such series viz. the harmonic regression approach. In this paper the five major methods suggested under this approach are critically reviewed and compared, and their empirical potential highlighted via two applications. The out-of-sample forecast comparisons are made using the Superior Predictive Ability test, which specifically guards against the perils of data snooping. Certain tentative conclusions are drawn regarding the relative forecasting ability of the different methods.
Therapeutic evaluation of piperacillin for acute pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis

The efficacy and pharmacokinetics of piperacillin monotherapy were studied in 46 patients with cystic fibrosis. Two patients were dropped from the study within 24 hr of enrollment because of drug‐associated nausea and vomiting. Initially fourteen older patients (> 12 years) receiving piperacillin 450 mg/kg/day underwent a preliminary evaluation. Based on the results, 30 younger patients (⩽ 12 years) randomized in a double‐blind fashion received either 600 or 900 mg/kg/day of piperacillin in six divided doses. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates for t1/2, Vdss, and Cl were similar for first dose and steady‐state evaluations. In 27 patients, approximately 43% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine after 4 hr. Piperacillin CiR averaged 49% of the total Cl. No difference in overall clinical efficacy could be identified between 600 and 900 mg/kg/day of piperacillin using two different objective scoring systems. Although a reduction in sputum Pseudomonas colony counts was greater following the 900 mg/kg/day regimen, this appeared to be independent of clinical effect. In 14 patients (32%), a distinct adverse serum‐sicknesslike reaction was observed. The incidence of this reaction appeared to increase as the dose of piperacillin increased. All signs and symptoms of this reaction resolved within 36 hr of discontinuing piperacillin administration but recurred immediately on rechallenge in four patients. All patients with the adverse reaction were subsequently treated with β‐lactam antibodies without ill effect. Overall, clinical improvement appeared to be independent of the piperacillin dose. Our data support the use of total daily piperacillin dosages not exceeding 600 mg/kg. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:101–109.
PN and galactic chemical evolution

Recent applications of PN to the study of galactic chemical evolution are reviewed, such as PN and stellar populations, abundance gradients, including their space and time variations, determination of the He/H radial gradient and of the helium-to-metals enrichment ratio, and the [O/Fe] x [Fe/H] relation in the solar neighbourhood and in the galactic bulge.
A system-wide professional learning approach about inclusion for teachers in Hong Kong

This study examines changes in attitudes, teaching efficacy, and concerns about inclusive education in a sample of 2361 teachers in Hong Kong who took a professional learning course about inclusive education. Participants completed a questionnaire seeking demographic information and their perceptions about these three aspects of inclusive education both before and after their course. Items were selected from the Sentiments, Attitudes, and Concerns about Inclusive Education Scale Revised and Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practices scales that were of relevance to the objectives of this study. The results indicate that in all three areas of acceptance, teaching efficacy, and concerns about inclusive education, positive improvements were made as a result of training, although generally this improvement was strongest in areas that teachers felt were under their direct control. The small amount of change in areas that teachers felt were not under their control may indicate that whatever change initiatives are put in place, they need to be holistic and systemic.
Understanding Representation in Design

Representing computer applications and their use is an important aspect of design. In various ways, designers need to externalize design proposals and present them to other designers, users, or managers. This article deals with understanding design representations and the work they do in design. The article is based on a series of theoretical concepts coming out of studies of scientific and other work practices and on practical experiences from design of computer applications. The article presents alternatives to the ideas that design representations are mappings of present or future work situations and computer applications. It suggests that representations are primarily containers of ideas and that representation is situated at the same time as representations are crossing boundaries between various design and use activities. As such, representations should be carriers of their own contexts regarding use and design. The article proposes that abstraction, elevating the representation from the situation, is not the only way to do this, and it proposes alternatives.
The Development of the Resource-Based View of the Firm: A Critical Appraisal

Over the last 20 years, the resource-based view (RBV) has reached a pre-eminent position among theories in the field of strategy, but debate continues as to its precise nature. This paper contributes to the debate by critically reviewing the development of the RBV to date. The critical appraisal examines the development of the RBV in terms of theory, method, empirical evidence and practical insights. It is contended that the permeable and eclectic nature of the RBV stems from its being a theory about what firms are and how they function, and that its popularity is due to an absence of limiting behavioural assumptions. Finally, the authors provide their own subjective views on where they think RBV scholars should focus their efforts in the future.
Structure-Activity Relationships of Synthetic Analogs of Jasmonic Acid and Coronatine on Induction of Benzophenanthridine Alkaloid Accumulation in Eschscholzia californica Cell Cultures

Abstract A facile test system based on the accumulation of benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids in Eschscholzia californica cell suspension culture (an indicator of defense gene activation) has been used to analyze a series of synthetic compounds for elicitor-like activity. Of the 200 jasmonic acid and coronatine analogs tested with this system, representative results obtained with 49 of them are presented here. The following can be summarized concerning structure-activity relationships: there is a large degree of plasticity allowed at the C-3 of jasmonic acid in the activation of defense genes. The carbonyl moiety is not strictly required, but exocyclic double bond character appears necessary. The pentenyl side chain at C-2 cannot tolerate bulky groups at the terminal carbon and still be biologically active. Substitutions to the C-1′ position are tolerated if they can potentially undergo β-oxidation. Either an alkanoic acid or methyl ester is required at C-1, or a side chain that can be shortened by β-oxidation or by peptidase hydrolysis. Coronatine and various derivatives thereof are not as effective as jasmonic acid, and derivatives in inducing benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid accumulation. Jasmonic acid rather than the octadecanoic precursors is therefore considered to be a likely signal transducer of defense gene activation in planta.
Computational Modeling Reveals Distinct Effects of HIV and History of Drug Use on Decision-Making Processes in Women

Objective Drug users and HIV-seropositive individuals often show deficits in decision-making; however the nature of these deficits is not well understood. Recent studies have employed computational modeling approaches to disentangle the psychological processes involved in decision-making. Although such approaches have been used successfully with a number of clinical groups including drug users, no study to date has used computational modeling to examine the effects of HIV on decision-making. In this study, we use this approach to investigate the effects of HIV and drug use on decision-making processes in women, who remain a relatively understudied population. Method Fifty-seven women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) were classified into one of four groups based on their HIV status and history of crack cocaine and/or heroin drug use (DU): HIV+/DU+ (n = 14); HIV+/DU− (n = 17); HIV−/DU+ (n = 14); and HIV−/DU− (n = 12). We measured decision-making with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and examined behavioral performance and model parameters derived from the best-fitting computational model of the IGT. Results Although groups showed similar behavioral performance, HIV and DU exhibited differential relationship to model parameters. Specifically, DU was associated with compromised learning/memory and reduced loss aversion, whereas HIV was associated with reduced loss aversion, but was not related to other model parameters. Conclusions Results reveal that HIV and DU have differential associations with distinct decision-making processes in women. This study contributes to a growing line of literature which shows that different psychological processes may underlie similar behavioral performance in various clinical groups and may be associated with distinct functional outcomes.
Academic Underachievement Among the Gifted: Students' Perceptions of Factors that Reverse the Pattern

Underachievement among the gifted has been a focus of research for over 35 years. With few exceptions, studies of interventions for gifted underachievers have demonstrated only limited success. This study investigated factors which had influenced the reversal of the underachievement pattern in 10 gifted students, ages 14 to 20, who moved from chronic underachievement to academic success. Results indicated six factors were influential in reversing poor school performance. There was evidence that some gifted underachievers may respond well to interventions incorporating educational modifications which focus on individual strengths and interests.
Mitigating the Effect of a Criminal Record at Sentencing

The assumption in courts and sentencing research is that recidivists—or, defendants with a criminal record who are facing new charges—are considered more blameworthy and perceived as more dangerous by courtroom decision makers, including prosecutors. Nagel and Schulhofer suggested that defendants with a prior record may be viewed as sympathetic by federal prosecutors because of “human factors,” leading to substantial assistance departures in these cases. We conceptualize human factors as local life circumstances, or temporally bound situations that make attributional statements about the defendant. We operationalize local life circumstances in terms of employment status, financial responsibility to dependents, and drug use, and determine whether these circumstances affect the likelihood of a receiving a substantial assistance departure among defendants with an established record of criminality. In addition to case characteristics, employment and drug use increased the likelihood of a prosecutor-sponsored sentence departure among recidivists in federal court.
Effect of Subarachnoid Morphine on the Incidence of Spinal Headache

Background and Objectives. The addition of fentanyl to hyperbaric local anesthetics has been shown to reduce the incidence of post dural puncture headache in the obstetric patient. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of subarachnoid morphine on the incidence of headache. Methods. Eighty-two healthy patients undergoing cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia were studied. All patients were hydrated with 1500 ml lactated Ringer's solution. Patients were randomly assigned to receive, in a double-blind fashion, 0.2 mg of either morphine (Group 1, n = 40) or saline (Group 2, n = 42) in 0.2 ml volume mixed with 0.75% bupivacaine in 8.25% dextrose plus 0.2 ml 1:1000 epinephrine. Spinal anesthesia was induced using a 25-gauge spinal needle at L3-4 interspace with the bevel, in most cases, parallel to the dural fibers. Patients were followed for three days to evaluate the incidence and severity of headache using a four-category rank scale (none, mild, moderate, severe). Data were analyzed for statistical significance using Student's t -test or chi-square test as appropriate. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results. The incidence of post dural puncture headache did not differ significantly between groups. Eight patients in Group 1 versus nine patients in Group 2 developed headache ( p > 0.05). Similarly, the use of blood patch or intravenous caffeine sodium benzoate to treat the headache did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion. It is concluded from our study that subarachnoid morphine did not decrease the incidence of post dural puncture headache in the obstetric patient.
A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation

Sexually antagonistic selection can drive both the evolution of sex chromosomes and speciation itself. The tropical butterfly the African Queen, Danaus chrysippus, shows two such sexually antagonistic phenotypes, the first being sex-linked colour pattern, the second, susceptibility to a male-killing, maternally inherited mollicute, Spiroplasma ixodeti, which causes approximately 100% mortality in male eggs and first instar larvae. Importantly, this mortality is not affected by the infection status of the male parent and the horizontal transmission of Spiroplasma is unknown. In East Africa, male-killing of the Queen is prevalent in a narrow hybrid zone centred on Nairobi. This hybrid zone separates otherwise allopatric subspecies with different colour patterns. Here we show that a neo-W chromosome, a fusion between the W (female) chromosome and an autosome that controls both colour pattern and male-killing, links the two phenotypes thereby driving speciation across the hybrid zone. Studies of the population genetics of the neo-W around Nairobi show that the interaction between colour pattern and male-killer susceptibility restricts gene flow between two subspecies of D. chrysippus. Our results demonstrate how a complex interplay between sex, colour pattern, male-killing, and a neo-W chromosome, has set up a genetic ‘sink' that keeps the two subspecies apart. The association between the neo-W and male-killing thus provides a ‘smoking gun' for an ongoing speciation process.
Learning to Play Limited Forecast Equilibria

Abstract This paper provides a learning justification for limited forecast equilibria, i.e., strategy profiles such that (1) players choose their actions in order to maximize the discounted average payoff over their horizon of foresight as given by their forecasts and (2) forecasts are correct on and off the equilibrium path. The limited forecast equilibria appear to be the stochastically stable outcomes of a simple learning process involving (vanishing) trembles.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C72, D83.
Abnormal White Matter Blood-Oxygen-Level–Dependent Signals in Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), can cause persistent behavioral symptoms and cognitive impairment, but it is unclear if this condition is associated with detectable structural or functional brain changes. At two sites, chronic mTBI human subjects with persistent post-concussive symptoms (three months to five years after injury) and age- and education-matched healthy human control subjects underwent extensive neuropsychological and visual tracking eye movement tests. At one site, patients and controls also performed the visual tracking tasks while blood-oxygen-level–dependent (BOLD) signals were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Although neither neuropsychological nor visual tracking measures distinguished patients from controls at the level of individual subjects, abnormal BOLD signals were reliably detected in patients. The most consistent changes were localized in white matter regions: anterior internal capsule and superior longitudinal fasciculus. In contr.
Emancipation, Epiphany and Resistance: On the Underimagined and Overdetermined in Critical Marketing

The emerging area of 'critical marketing' claims that the value of importing critical social theory lies in its capacity to interrogate the basic assumptions and conventions that guide research and teaching practice and collective institutional development within the marketing discipline. In her reviews of the character and status of critical marketing, Burton (2001, 2005) bemoans the slow development of critical discourse in marketing, attributing it to "[a] lack of a theoretical tradition and relatively poor knowledge of theoretical developments in other social sciences" (2001:737). She broadly asserts that emancipation from the structures and strictures that bind marketing scholars to normalised institutionalised logics, such as performative means-ends calculus and naïve scientism, should be the goal of a critical marketing project that seeks to redress the lack of critical theoretical discourse within the discipline. This paper considers the claimed liberatory potential of critmar, arguing that notions of emancipation are not only situated and utopian in character, but undermined by the politics of representation: this is another way of saying that if we are to realise the reflexive, de-naturalising goals of critmar, we must theorise social contexts of marketing knowledge production. The paper discusses how it might be that self-consciously motivated critical theorising in marketing could make it possible to see and say different things than we are accustomed to; to interrogate our understanding anew, perhaps revealing new insights, or reminding us of past insights now forgotten. In this way the paper explores critmar's aim to open up collective disciplinary space for new voices and new sources of disciplinary capital, encouraging a theoretical pluralism within marketing that draws on the wider social sciences.