Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing for lack of fit in inverse regression—with applications to biophotonic imaging

Summary. We propose two test statistics for use in inverse regression problems Y=Kθ+ɛ, where K is a given linear operator which cannot be continuously inverted. Thus, only noisy, indirect observations Y for the function θ are available. Both test statistics have a counterpart in classical hypothesis testing, where they are called the order selection test and the data‐driven Neyman smooth test. We also introduce two model selection criteria which extend the classical Akaike information criterion and Bayes information criterion to inverse regression problems. In a simulation study we show that the inverse order selection and Neyman smooth tests outperform their direct counterparts in many cases. The theory is motivated by data arising in confocal fluorescence microscopy. Here, images are observed with blurring, modelled as convolution, and stochastic error at subsequent times. The aim is then to reduce the signal‐to‐noise ratio by averaging over the distinct images. In this context it is relevant to decide whether the images are still equal, or have changed by outside influences such as moving of the object table.
cological management of intensively cropped agro-ecosystems improves soil uality with sustained productivity

Intensively cropped agricultural production systems should be managed to improve soil quality and ecological processes and ultimately strengthen system capacity for sustained biological productivity. We examined the long-term changes (>20 years) in soil quality and productivity with incorporation of ecological management principles in a set of intensively managed row crop systems of the upper Midwest, USA. Replicated experimental treatments include corn (maize)–soybean–wheat cropping systems under four different management regimes: (a) conventional tillage and fertilizer/chemical inputs (Conventional), (b) no tillage with conventional fertilizer/chemical inputs (No-till), (c) conventional tillage with ∼30% of conventional fertilizer/chemical inputs and a leguminous cover crop (Reduced Input), and (d) conventional tillage with no fertilizer/chemical input and a leguminous cover crop (Organic). Effects of these treatments on soils were compared by developing a soil quality index (SQI) from 19 selected soil health indicators. An old field community maintained in early succession provided a benchmark for comparison. Reduction in tillage or fertilizer (No-till, Reduced Input and Organic) resulted in increased SQI and improved crop production. The No-till (SQI = 1.02) and Reduced Input (SQI = 1.01) systems outperformed ineralization et primary productivity (NPP) itrogen use efficiency
The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) framework: the Kempen pilot

One of the most common treatments for dysphagia is the provision of texture-modified food and thickened liquids. To improve patient safety, a standardised terminology has been advocated. In 2015, the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) framework was released. The IDDSI framework describes texture-modified food and thickened liquids for individuals of all ages, in all care settings and in all cultures. To put the IDDSI framework into operation, a pilot site in Kempen, Germany volunteered to conduct a quality assurance process to document IDDSI implementation. The process commenced on the neurology ward, with findings to inform roll-out to other wards and eventually other hospitals. Through wide stakeholder involvement using simultaneous top-down and bottom-up approaches and agreed timelines, the Kempen Pilot achieved implementation at ward level. Practical training, incorporating the IDDSI framework into a range of communication channels and inter-professional collaboration were.
Biochemical and Molecular Actions of Nutrients Leucine Regulates Translation Initiation in Rat Skeletal Muscle Via Enhanced eIF 4 G Phosphorylation 1 , 2

The BCAA, leucine, stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in part through enhanced initiation of mRNA translation. However, understanding how leucine regulates protein synthesis remains elusive. The intent of the present investigation was to examine the effect of leucine, independent of other regulatory agents, on key events in translation initiation in skeletal muscle and to elucidate the extent to which signaling through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) accounts for the effect of the amino acid on protein synthesis. Hindlimb preparations from postabsorptive rats were perfused with medium containing food-deprived (1X) or superphysiologic (10X) concentrations of leucine with all other amino acids at 1X concentration. Protein synthesis was significantly greater in both gastrocnemius and soleus perfused with 10X compared with 1X leucine. The stimulatory effects of leucine on protein synthesis were unaffected by a specific inhibitor of PI3-kinase (LY 294002). Moreover, signaling through mTOR, as monitored by the phosphorylation status of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) or the 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1), was not further enhanced by 10X compared with 1X leucine. However, binding of eIF4E to eIF4G and eIF4G(Ser-1108) phosphorylation in the eIF4E immunoprecipitate were enhanced as was eIF4G(Ser-1108) phosphorylation in the total tissue extract after perfusion with medium containing 10X leucine. Collectively, these observations illustrate an experimental model whereby leucine in the absence of other regulatory agents stimulates eIF4E eIF4G assembly and protein synthesis directly in skeletal muscle, possibly by augmenting phosphorylation of eIF4G through a signaling pathway independent of mTOR. J. Nutr. 134: 1704–1710, 2004.
Translating Arden MLMs into GLIF Guidelines - A Case Study of Hyperkalemia Patient Screening

To re-examine the validity of the medical knowledge that are embedded in the legacy system, we translated a Medical Logic Module (MLM) for hyperkalemia patient screening into the GuideLine Interchange Format (GLIF). We used a set of guiding principles to direct the translation. In addition, we used the GLIF3 Guideline Execution Engine (GLEE) as a testing tool to validate the encoded GLIF guideline by applying it to 5 simulated patient cases. The result has shown that it is possible to translate Arden MLMs into GLIF guidelines. However, significant efforts are necessary to handle the problems arose during the translation process. Automatic translation could be a more generalizable approach for future work.
RELATEDNESS NEED SATISFACTION IN SENIOR EXECUTIVES

his research investigated relatedness need satisfaction in senior executives in three studies (two qualitative/ one quantitative). In study 1, we identified a matrix of coping strategies (MoCS) as conceptualization of senior executives’ behavioral responses to perceived social rejection or exclusion. Study 2 found that senior executives’ level of relatedness need satisfaction as a potential indicator of self-regulation failure was not significantly different from the rest of us. However, every sixth senior executive participant and every fourth senior executive participant from large organizations had a very low relatedness need satisfaction score with very large effect size. The final study 3, identified a relatedness loop model (RLM) as a theoretical framework for relatedness need satisfaction processes. In summary, our work offers an empirical foundation
Limbic system structures differentially contribute to exploratory trip organization of the rat

The role of limbic system structures in spatial orientation continues to be debated. The hippocampus (HPC) has been implicated in encoding symbolic representations of environments (i.e., cognitive map), whereas entorhinal cortex (EC) function has been implicated in self‐movement cue processing (i.e., dead reckoning). These distinctions largely depend on the electrophysiological characteristics of cells within these regions and behavioral tasks that typically fail to dissociate environmental and self‐movement cue processing. Topographic and kinematic characteristics of exploratory trip organization have been shown to differentially depend on environmental and self‐movement cue processing. The present study examines the effects of either HPC or EC lesions on exploratory trip organization under varying lighting conditions. HPC lesions selectively impaired all measures of performance under dark conditions, but spared all measures of performance under light conditions. EC lesions impaired kinematic measures related to distance estimation under all conditions and impaired all measures of performance under light conditions. These results provide evidence that the HPC is involved in processing self‐movement cues but not environmental cues, and EC is involved in processing distance estimates generated from either self‐movement or environmental cues. These observations provide further support for serial processing of self‐movement cues through limbic system structures that converge on the HPC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poor Radiological and Good Functional Long-term Outcome of Surgically Treated Scheuermann Patients

Study Design. Cohort study. Objective. To analyze long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of surgically treated Scheuermann patients. Summary of Background Data. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of surgery for Scheuermann kyphosis are unknown. A single-center cohort of 33 consecutive, surgically treated (between 1991 and 1998) Scheuermann patients was studied. Methods. Clinical and radiological data of 29 surgically treated Scheuermann patients were collected (posterior approach n = 13; combined anterior-posterior procedure n = 16), after a mean follow-up of 18 years. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were measured preoperatively (PRE) and twice postoperatively: 2 to 8 years postoperative (FU 1) and 14 to 21 years postoperative (FU 2). Visual Analog Score pain, Short Form-36 (SF-36), and EQ-5d scores were recorded at FU 2 only. Radiographs were analyzed for correction, distal and proximal junctional kyphosis, and implant failures. Results. Mean preoperative kyphosis of the corrected levels was 76° (range 60°–105°) and decreased to a Cobb of 58°(range 30°–105°) at FU 2. Median Visual Analog Score was 2.5 points (range 0–8) and median ODI score was 12 (range 0–62) at FU 2. The ODI score at FU 1 was significantly better as compared to PRE (P < 0.001) and FU 2 (P < 0.001). Also, anterior-posterior treated group had a significantly better ODI score as compared to the posterior-only group (P = 0.023). EQ-5d scores on mobility, usual activities, and pain/discomfort were worse compared to an age-matched population control group; however, SF-36 outcome scores were comparable. Proximal junctional kyphosis was present in 53% of patients, distal junctional kyphosis did not occur, and implant failure/removal had occurred in 69% of patients. Radiological complications do not relate with the ODI, EQ-5d, and SF-36 and 72% of the patients were satisfied. Conclusion. Radiological results of this cohort were disappointing but did not relate to clinical outcome scores. Even lumbar pain could not prevent a high patient satisfaction and quality of life. Patients treated with a combined anterior-posterior approach tended to perform better. Level of Evidence: 3
Effect of Topical Honey on Mandibular Bone Defect Healing in Rats.

AIM In medicine, honey is known for its various biological or pharmacological effects, from wound dressing to anticancero-genic and from anti-inflammatory to antibacterial activities. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of honey on healing of mandibular bone defects in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS This animal study was performed on 24 wild-type Wistar rats. Following shaving, disinfection, and extraoral incision, a 2 × 2 mm defect was created at mandibular angle. In the experimental group, the defect was filled with sterile honey, while it was left unfilled in the control group. The rats were sacrificed after 2 and 4 weeks and defects were assessed histologically. The results were compared using Mann-Whitney U-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS After 2 weeks, five samples of the experimental group were in mineralization phase, while all samples of the control group were in the vascularization phase (p = 0.015). After 4 weeks, the defects were filled in four samples of the experimental group, while all samples of the control group were in the mineralization stage (p = 0.002). Histomorphometric assessment revealed that the mean new bone formation in the experimental group was significantly more than the control group, both after 2 and 4 weeks (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION The results showed that honey could accentuate bone healing of mandibular small defects in rats. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Honey might have potential in repair of human alveolar bone defects.
Dietary iron is associated with bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women.

Healthy nonsmoking postmenopausal women (n = 242; ages 40-66 y) were included in the Bone, Estrogen, and Strength Training (BEST) Study. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at five sites (lumbar spine L2-L4, trochanter, femur neck, Ward's triangle and total body) using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Mean nutrient intakes were assessed using a 3-d diet record. Regression models were calculated using each BMD site as the dependent variable and iron as the independent variable. Covariates included in the models were years past menopause, fat-free mass, fat mass, use of hormone replacement therapy, total energy intake and dietary intake of protein and calcium. Using linear models, iron was associated with greater BMD at all sites (P < or = 0.01), even after adjusting for protein and/or calcium. Increasing levels of iron intake (>20 mg) were associated with greater BMD at several bone sites among women with a mean calcium intake of 800-1200 mg/d. Elevated iron intake was not associated with greater BMD among women with higher (>1200 mg/d) or lower calcium intakes (<800 mg/d). Dietary iron may be a more important factor in bone mineralization than originally thought and, its combined effect with calcium on BMD warrants exploration in future studies.
Supplementation with 3 compositionally different tocotrienol supplements does not improve cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND Tocotrienols have been reported to lower LDL-cholesterol and fasting glucose concentrations and to have potent antioxidant effects, but the results are contradictory. OBJECTIVE The objective was to study the relative effect of tocotrienol supplements of different compositions (mixed alpha- plus gamma-, high gamma-, or P25-complex tocotrienol) on blood lipids, fasting blood glucose, and the excretion of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha), a measure of oxidative stress, in healthy hypercholesterolemic men and women. DESIGN This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-design study in which subjects (n = 67 men and women) consumed 1 of 3 commercially available tocotrienol supplements or a safflower oil placebo for 28 d. Blood and urine samples were obtained before and after the 28-d supplementation phase for analysis of fasting blood lipids, glucose, tocotrienols and tocopherols, and 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha). RESULTS Overall, serum tocotrienols were increased in subjects who consumed tocotrienols, which showed that the putatively active components were absorbed. No significant differences in mean lipid or glucose concentrations were observed among the 4 treatment groups at the end of the 28-d supplementation phase. However, when the values were expressed as a percentage change from the concentrations during the presupplementation run-in phase, LDL cholesterol increased slightly (7 +/- 2%) but significantly (P < 0.05) in the group consuming the mixed alpha- plus gamma-tocotrienol supplement when compared with LDL cholesterol in the group consuming the P25-complex tocotrienol. Neither mean concentrations nor the percentage change in 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) differed significantly among treatments. CONCLUSION Supplementation with 200 mg tocotrienols/d from 3 commercially available sources has no beneficial effect on key cardiovascular disease risk factors in highly compliant adults with elevated blood lipid concentrations.
Ethnic differences in dairy and related nutrient consumption among US adults and their association with obesity, central obesity, and the metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest dairy consumption and associated nutrients may be protective against some of the components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). OBJECTIVES We examined the association between consumption of a variety of dairy products and their related nutrients with obesity, central obesity, and MetS, and attempted to explain some of the ethnic differences in metabolic outcomes through dairy consumption using national data. DESIGN Nationally representative indicators of obesity, central obesity, and MetS among US adults were constructed from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 data, including direct anthropometric assessments, blood pressure, and laboratory tests. Sample sizes ranged from 4519 for MetS to 14 618 for obesity. Associations between diet (assessed using 24-h recalls) and metabolic and other outcomes were tested using multivariate linear and logistic models and structural equation models. RESULTS We found a significant inverse association between intake of whole milk, yogurt, calcium, and magnesium and metabolic disorders. Odds ratios for one more daily serving of yogurt and 100 mg Mg for MetS were 0.40 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.89) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.96), respectively. The opposite was found for intakes of cheese, low-fat milk, and phosphorus. Using structural equation models, ethnic differences in some MetS outcomes, such as body mass index and systolic blood pressure, were partly explained by variations in dairy-related nutrients. CONCLUSIONS Various dairy products may have differential associations with metabolic disorders, including obesity. Ethnic differences in dairy consumption may explain in part the ethnic disparities in metabolic disorders in the US population.
Decreases in fasting leptin and insulin concentrations after acute energy restriction and subsequent compensation in food intake.

BACKGROUND The decrease in leptin after energy restriction is a starvation signal to the brain. Several studies have found an association between this decrease and subjective appetite; however, no solid data are available on the acute decrease in fasting leptin concentration and subsequent caloric compensation. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the effect of acute decreases in fasting leptin concentrations, induced by energy restriction, on subsequent energy intake compensation. We hypothesized that men with a large decrease in fasting leptin concentrations would have larger ad libitum energy intakes than would men with a small decrease in leptin. DESIGN Thirty-four male unrestrained eaters [age: 23 +/- 3 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 22.3 +/- 1.6] participated in a semicontrolled intervention study. Fasting serum leptin and insulin concentrations were measured before and 2 d after 62% energy restriction. Energy intake was measured on the 2 following days on which food was provided ad libitum. RESULTS During energy restriction, fasting leptin and insulin concentrations decreased by 27.2% (95% CI: -34.4%, -19.9%) and 30.7% (95% CI: -41.0%, -20.4%), respectively. Subjects consumed 143 +/- 27% of their estimated energy requirements (18.3 +/- 2.9 MJ) on the first day and 124 +/- 20% (16.0 +/- 2.6 MJ) on the second day of ad libitum intake. No significant correlations were observed between decreases in fasting leptin or insulin concentrations and subsequent ad libitum energy intake; however, decreases in insulin were correlated with an increase in carbohydrate intake (r=-0.49, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Although fasting leptin concentrations decreased significantly during energy restriction and subjects showed compensatory behavior during subsequent ad libitum food intake, no association was observed between the decrease in fasting leptin concentrations and caloric compensation.
Model Selection for PCA-Linear SVM for automated detection of NS1 molecule from Raman spectra of salivary mixture

Of recent, detection of Non-structural Protein 1 (NS1) in saliva has become appealing, as it may lead to a noninvasive detection method for NS1-related diseases at the febrile phase, before complication developed. NS1 is found to have a molecular fingerprint with the use of SERS technique. Our work here intends to determine an optimum PCA-Linear SVM model for automated detection of NS1 molecules from Raman spectra of NS1 adulterated saliva. Raman spectra of normal saliva (n=64) and saliva adulterated with low concentration NS1 (n=64) are used. Since Raman features extracted for each spectrum numbered at 1801, ranking and selection of features in order of their contribution is important prior to classification, for efficient computation. Hence, PCA for feature selection and SVM with linear kernel for classification are integrated. It is found that the Cattel's Scree test is the best stopping criteria for PCA with a selection of 5 PCs and a box constraint of 20 is optimum for Linear SVM. Together they achieve a classification performance, [accuracy sensitivity, specificity], of [98.71% 98.97% 98.44%].
Serum selenium and risk of prostate cancer-a nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND Selenium is a potential chemopreventive agent against prostate cancer, whose chemoprotective effects are possibly mediated through the antioxidative properties of selenoenzymes. Interrelations with other antioxidative agents and oxidative stressors, such as smoking, are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The aims were to investigate the association between serum selenium and prostate cancer risk and to examine interactions with other antioxidants and tobacco use. DESIGN A nested case-control study was performed within the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Serum selenium in prospectively collected samples was compared between 724 incident prostate cancer case subjects and 879 control subjects, frequency-matched for age, time since initial screen, and year of blood draw. The men were followed for up to 8 y. RESULTS Overall, serum selenium was not associated with prostate cancer risk (P for trend = 0.70); however, higher serum selenium was associated with lower risks in men reporting a high (more than the median: 28.0 IU/d) vitamin E intake [odds ratio (OR) for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of selenium: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.91; P for trend = 0.05; P for interaction = 0.01] and in multivitamin users (OR for highest compared with the lowest quartile of selenium: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.04; P for trend = 0.06; P for interaction = 0.05). Furthermore, among smokers, high serum selenium concentrations were related to reduced prostate cancer risk (OR for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of selenium: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.97; P for trend = 0.09; P for interaction = 0.007). CONCLUSION Greater prediagnostic serum selenium concentrations were not associated with prostate cancer risk in this large cohort, although greater concentrations were associated with reduced prostate cancer risks in men who reported a high intake of vitamin E, in multivitamin users, and in smokers.