Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systematic Angle Random Walk Estimation of the Constant Rate Biased Ring Laser Gyro

An actual account of the angle random walk (ARW) coefficients of gyros in the constant rate biased rate ring laser gyro (RLG) inertial navigation system (INS) is very important in practical engineering applications. However, no reported experimental work has dealt with the issue of characterizing the ARW of the constant rate biased RLG in the INS. To avoid the need for high cost precise calibration tables and complex measuring set-ups, the objective of this study is to present a cost-effective experimental approach to characterize the ARW of the gyros in the constant rate biased RLG INS. In the system, turntable dynamics and other external noises would inevitably contaminate the measured RLG data, leading to the question of isolation of such disturbances. A practical observation model of the gyros in the constant rate biased RLG INS was discussed, and an experimental method based on the fast orthogonal search (FOS) for the practical observation model to separate ARW error from the RLG measured data was proposed. Validity of the FOS-based method was checked by estimating the ARW coefficients of the mechanically dithered RLG under stationary and turntable rotation conditions. By utilizing the FOS-based method, the average ARW coefficient of the constant rate biased RLG in the postulate system is estimated. The experimental results show that the FOS-based method can achieve high denoising ability. This method estimate the ARW coefficients of the constant rate biased RLG in the postulate system accurately. The FOS-based method does not need precise calibration table with high cost and complex measuring set-up, and Statistical results of the tests will provide us references in engineering application of the constant rate biased RLG INS.
Prospective diagnostic performance evaluation of single‐voxel 1H MRS for typing and grading of brain tumours

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether single‐voxel 1H MRS could add useful information to conventional MRI in the preoperative characterisation of the type and grade of brain tumours. MRI and MRS examinations from a prospective cohort of 40 consecutive patients were analysed double blind by radiologists and spectroscopists before the histological diagnosis was known. The spectroscopists had only the MR spectra, whereas the radiologists had both the MR images and basic clinical details (age, sex and presenting symptoms). Then, the radiologists and spectroscopists exchanged their predictions and re‐evaluated their initial opinions, taking into account the new evidence. Spectroscopists used four different systems of analysis for 1H MRS data, and the efficacy of each of these methods was also evaluated. Information extracted from 1H MRS significantly improved the radiologists' MRI‐based characterisation of grade IV tumours (glioblastomas, metastases, medulloblastomas and lymphomas) in the cohort [area under the curve (AUC) in the MRI re‐evaluation 0.93 versus AUC in the MRI evaluation 0.85], and also of the less malignant glial tumours (AUC in the MRI re‐evaluation 0.93 versus AUC in the MRI evaluation 0.81). One of the MRS analysis systems used, the INTERPRET (International Network for Pattern Recognition of Tumours Using Magnetic Resonance) decision support system, outperformed the others, as well as being better than the MRI evaluation for the characterisation of grade III astrocytomas. Thus, preoperative MRS data improve the radiologists' performance in diagnosing grade IV tumours and, for those of grade II–III, MRS data help them to recognise the glial lineage. Even in cases in which their diagnoses were not improved, the provision of MRS data to the radiologists had no negative influence on their predictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of Community Ambulation After Stroke: Current Status and Future Developments

Background and Purpose— This report considers the measurement of community ambulation for people with stroke. The conceptual issues underlying measurement of community ambulation are reviewed, and tests that measure either the task itself or at least some of its components are identified and discussed. Conclusions— The findings from this review suggest that although some progress has been made toward identifying community ambulation as a stand-alone entity, reliable and valid measures have not yet been developed. Gait speed, which is used often as a proxy measure for community ambulation, does not consistently reflect the level of community ambulation attained, and continued reliance on its use, particularly the 10-m timed walk, is misplaced. The limitations of the measures reviewed here point toward self-report as being the most useful outcome for current clinical use. However, this report highlights the need for research to first inform a theoretical framework for the measurement of community ambulation, from which a measurement tool or a battery of measurements can be developed and tested.
Deep Learning and Hierarchal Generative Models

It is argued that deep learning is efficient for data that is generated from hierarchal generative models. Examples of such generative models include wavelet scattering networks, functions of compositional structure, and deep rendering models. Unfortunately so far, for all such models, it is either not rigorously known that they can be learned efficiently, or it is not known that "deep algorithms" are required in order to learn them. We propose a simple family of "generative hierarchal models" which can be efficiently learned and where "deep" algorithm are necessary for learning. Our definition of "deep" algorithms is based on the empirical observation that deep nets necessarily use correlations between features. More formally, we show that in a semi-supervised setting, given access to low-order moments of the labeled data and all of the unlabeled data, it is information theoretically impossible to perform classification while at the same time there is an efficient algorithm, that given all labelled and unlabeled data, perfectly labels all unlabelled data with high probability. For the proof, we use and strengthen the fact that Belief Propagation does not admit a good approximation in terms of linear functions.
Bioactive Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Lippia triphylla

Five new compounds, lippianosides A (1), B (2), C (3), D (4), and E (5), along with 26 (6–31) known ones were obtained from the 95% EtOH extract of Lippia triphylla (L. triphylla) aerial parts collected from Rwanda, Africa. Among the known compounds, 11 and 17–30 were isolated from the Lippia genus for the first time. In addition, 12, 13, and 16 were firstly obtained from this species. The structures of them were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant and triglyceride accumulation inhibition effects of the 31 compounds were examined in L6 cells and HepG2 cells, respectively.
Association between serum levels of soluble CD40/CD40 ligand and organ damage in hypertensive patients

1. CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) have a critical role in the pathophysiology and risk prediction of coronary artery syndrome, including atherothrombosis and atherosclerosis. However, the contribution of the CD40/CD40L dyad, especially the soluble form of CD40L (sCD40L), to the pathophysiology of hypertension and associated organ damage remains unknown.
A mutant lacking the glutamine synthetase gene (glnA) is impaired in the regulation of the nitrate assimilation system in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803

The existence in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 of two genes (glnA and glnN) coding for glutamine synthetase (GS) has been recently reported (J.C. Reyes and F.J. Florencio, J. Bacteriol. 176:1260-1267, 1994). In the current work, the regulation of the nitrate assimilation system was studied with a glnA-disrupted Synechocystis mutant (strain SJCR3) in which the only GS activity is that corresponding to the glnN product. This mutant was unable to grow in ammonium-containing medium because of its very low levels of GS activity. In the SJCR3 strain, nitrate and nitrite reductases were not repressed by ammonium, and short-term ammonium-promoted inhibition of nitrate uptake was impaired. In Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, nitrate seems to act as a true inducer of its assimilation system, in a way similar to that proposed for the dinitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. A spontaneous derivative strain from SJCR3 (SJCR3.1), was able to grow in ammonium-containing medium and exhibited a fourfold-higher level of GS activity than but the same amount of glnN transcript as its parental strain (SJCR3). Taken together, these finding suggest that SJCR3.1 is a mutant affected in the posttranscriptional regulation of the GS encoded by glnN. This strain recovered regulation by ammonium of nitrate assimilation. SJCR3 cells were completely depleted of intracellular glutamine shortly after addition of ammonium to cells growing with nitrate, while SJCR3.1 cells maintained glutamine levels similar to that reached in the wild-type Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Our results indicate that metabolic signals that control the nitrate assimilation system in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 require ammonium metabolism through GS.
CTP: An efficient, robust, and reliable collection tree protocol for wireless sensor networks

We describe CTP, a collection routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. CTP uses three techniques to provide efficient, robust, and reliable routing in highly dynamic network conditions. CTP's link estimator accurately estimates link qualities by using feedback from both the data and control planes, using information from multiple layers through narrow, platform-independent interfaces. Second, CTP uses the Trickle algorithm to time the control traffic, sending few beacons in stable topologies yet quickly adapting to changes. Finally, CTP actively probes the topology with data traffic, quickly discovering and fixing routing failures. Through experiments on 13 different testbeds, encompassing seven platforms, six link layers, and multiple densities and frequencies, and detailed observations of a long-running sensor network application that uses CTP, we study how these three techniques contribute to CTP's overall performance.
Textual Cohesion and Coherence in Children's Writing Revisited.

The study examined the relationship between cohesion and coherence in children's writing and whether this relationship varied with story content, quality of writing, and grade level. Findings from this study, which used a unidimensional, linguistic, text-based measure of coherence (Hasan's [1984] cohesive harmony index), were compared to the results of an earlier study, which used a multidimensional, holistic rating of coherence. Two stories written by each of 27 third graders and 22 sixth graders were scored for 11 cohesion variables, coherence, and quality. Main conclusions of the present study were: (a) there was evidence of a relationship between cohesion and coherence; (b) the relationship varied according to text content; (c) the relationship did not vary according to quality of writing; and (d) the relationship did not vary according to the students' grade level. Additionally, in the first study, developmental effects were found for cohesion, coherence, and quality. When compared to findings from the earlier study, both similarities and disparities were noted.
Survival and Durability of Mitral Valve Repair Surgery for Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease

Abstract Aim of the study: To evaluate the results after standardized techniques of mitral valve repair (MVr) for treatment of degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR) and to analyze risk factors for late outcomes. Methods: Two hundred and sixty‐one patients (mean age 63 ± 12 years) underwent MVr between January 1999 and January 2010 for degenerative MR. In the last five years, all repair techniques were performed routinely using annuloplasty prosthetic ring, with or without quadrangular or triangular resection of posterior leaflet and/or edge‐to‐edge technique as always indicated by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Mean follow‐up (99% complete) was 54 ± 38 (range, 6 to 137) months. Results: Operative mortality was 0.8% (2/261), 10‐year actuarial survival 89%± 3%. At 10 years of follow‐up freedom from cardiac death was 94%± 2.6%, from reoperation 95%± 2.4%, from thromboembolism 96%± 2.1%, and from endocarditis 100%. Independent predictor of late all‐causes mortality was advanced age at operation (71 ± 10 years vs. 62 ± 12 years, p = 0.0068). Late progression to moderate or severe MR was observed in 12/256 patients (4.7%). Independent predictor of late progression to moderate or severe MR was annuloplasty without the use of prosthetic ring (p = 0.04). Reoperation was required in six patients (2.3%). Follow‐up echocardiography showed improvement of MR, left ventricular end‐diastolic and end‐systolic diameters, left atrial diameter, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons with preoperative values). Conclusions: MVr is a low‐risk, durable surgical procedure. Standardized techniques, with the routine use of prosthetic ring, improve late results. (J Card Surg 2011;26:360‐366)
Larger dispersion of INa in female dog ventricle as a mechanism for gender-specific incidence of cardiac arrhythmias.

AIMS Women have a higher incidence of long QT-related arrhythmias, whereas men exhibit a higher incidence of Brugada syndrome (BrS). The cardiac sodium current (I(Na)) is associated with arrhythmias in BrS and long QT-syndrome (LQTS) and conduction disease. Although a great deal of work has been performed to explain how heterogeneous distribution of repolarizing currents triggers arrhythmias, the transmural distribution of I(Na) within the cardiac ventricle and its contribution to generate the arrhythmogenic substrate remain unknown. We undertook to determine whether I(Na) was heterogeneously distributed within the ventricular wall of canine heart, an animal model close to humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Using patch-clamp and molecular biology techniques, we tested whether gender differences exist in the ventricular distribution and amplitude of I(Na) in the canine heart model. Our results show that the I(Na) amplitude is smaller in the female epicardial and endocardial layers of the left ventricle, but similar to male in the mid-myocardium. Exposure of female cardiomyocytes to testosterone increased the amplitude of I(Na) to levels similar to male in epicardium, but had no effects in mid-myocardial and endocardial cells. Castrated male dogs displayed I(Na) amplitudes similar to what was found in female hearts. CONCLUSION The larger dispersion of I(Na) amplitude within the female cardiac ventricle may contribute to the higher risk of arrhythmias in females. Testosterone modulates this dispersion. By decreasing the transmural dispersion of I(Na), testosterone may exert a protective effect against LQTS-related arrhythmias in males.
In defence of the 8-point algorithm

The fundamental matrix is a basic tool in the analysis of scenes taken with two uncalibrated cameras, and the 8 point algorithm is a frequently cited method for computing the fundamental matrix from a set of 8 or more point matches. It has the advantage of simplicity of implementation. The prevailing view is, however, that it is extremely susceptible to noise and hence virtually useless for most purposes. The paper challenges that view, by showing that by preceding the algorithm with a very simple normalization (translation and scaling) of the coordinates of the matched points, results are obtained comparable with the best iterative algorithms. This improved performance is justified by theory and verified by extensive experiments on real images. <<ETX>>
School Psychological Applications of Computer Technology

The growth of computer availability in school settings in the 1980’s has been phenomenal even though applications may lag behind (e.g., see ETS Developments, Fall, 1988). This development comes as a surprise to many who predicted failure based on the experience of the 1960’s. Popular thinking among computer education professionals today is that the early suggestions of a computer revolution in the 1960’s proved mistaken due to the expense of the mainframe computers and the relative difficulty of timesharing systems. A specific example of this latter problem is the tendency of computers to work
Distribution and modulation of the cellular receptor for transforming growth factor-beta

Scatchard analyses of the binding of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) to a wide variety of different cell types in culture revealed the universal presence of high affinity (Kd = 1-60 pM) receptors for TGF-beta on every cell type assayed, indicating a wide potential target range for TGF-beta action. There was a strong (r = +0.85) inverse relationship between the receptor affinity and the number of receptors expressed per cell, such that at low TGF-beta concentrations, essentially all cells bound a similar number of TGF- beta molecules per cell. The binding of TGF-beta to various cell types was not altered by many agents that affect the cellular response to TGF- beta, suggesting that modulation of TGF-beta binding to its receptor may not be a primary control mechanism in TGF-beta action. Similarly, in vitro transformation resulted in only relatively small changes in the cellular binding of TGF-beta, and for those cell types that exhibited ligand-induced down-regulation of the receptor, down- regulation was not extensive. Thus the strong conservation of binding observed between cell types is also seen within a given cell type under a variety of conditions, and receptor expression appears to be essentially constitutive. Finally, the biologically inactive form of TGF-beta, which constitutes greater than 98% of autocrine TGF-beta secreted by all of the twelve different cell types assayed, was shown to be unable to bind to the receptor without prior activation in vitro. It is proposed that this may prevent premature interaction of autocrine ligand and receptor in the Golgi apparatus.
Reduction of sodium content in spicy soups using monosodium glutamate

Background Excessive dietary sodium intake causes several diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular and renal disease, etc. Hence, reducing sodium intake has been highly recommended. In this study the effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG), as an umami substance, on saltiness and sodium reduction was investigated. Methods and Results The trained panellists were presented with basic spicy soups (curry chicken and chili chicken) containing different amounts of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0–1.2%) and MSG (0–1.2%). They tasted the optimum concentrations of NaCl and MSG for the two spicy soups and the overall acceptability were 0.8% and 0.7%, respectively. There was no significant effect of spiciness level on the saltiness and umami taste of both soups. The optimum levels of combined NaCl and MSG for overall acceptance in the chili and curry soups were 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively. The results showed that with the addition of MSG, it is possible to reduce sodium intake without changing the overall acceptability of the spicy soup. A 32.5% reduction in sodium level is made feasible by adding 0.7% MSG to the spicy soups. Conclusions This study suggests that low-sodium soups can be developed by the addition of appropriate amounts of MSG, while maintaining the acceptability of the spicy soups. It was also proven that it is feasible to reduce sodium intake by replacing NaCl with MSG.
Using Relations for Identification and Normalization of Disorders: Team CLEAR in the ShARe/CLEF 2013 eHealth Evaluation Lab

This paper describes a system for span detection and nor- malization of disorder mentions in clinical notes as dened in Tasks 1a and 1b of the 2013 ShARe/CLEF eHealth Evaluation Lab (1). We take a supervised learning, chunking-based approach to identifying disorder spans. In particular, our system introduces a method for identifying the spans of disjoint and overlapping disorder mentions using relation ex- traction and semantic role labeling (SRL). Our primary objective was to demonstrate the utility of relations for resolving the spans of disjoint disorder mentions. We used a CRF-based sequence labeler to extract ini- tial disorder spans. Using these spans, we applied a locational relation extractor and SRL system to locate pairs of spans belonging to the same disorder mention. We used a dictionary-based approach to disorder nor- malization. Under strict evaluation for Task 1a, our system performed 3rd out of the 15 best performing systems for each team, achieving an F-measure of 0.687. For Task 1b, our system achieved a strict F-measure of 0.441. Our disjoint span resolution system signicantly improved the performance of our system in both tasks, achieving a 5.5% increase over our baseline system in Task 1a and a 7.8% increase in Task 1b.
Protection of Pattern Electroretinogram and Retinal Ganglion Cells by Oncostatin M after Optic Nerve Injury

Injury to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons leads to selective loss of RGCs and vision. Previous studies have shown that exogenous neurotrophic factors promote RGC survival. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of oncostatin M (OSM), a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, on pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and RGC survival after optic nerve crush (ON-crush) in the mouse. BALB/C mice received ON-crush in the left eyes for either 4-second or 1-second duration (4-s or 1-s). Fluoro-gold retrograde labeling was used to identify RGCs. RGC function was assessed by PERG measurement. OSM or CNTF protein was injected intravitreally immediately after ON-crush. OSM responsive cells were identified by localization of increased STAT3 phosphorylation. Significant higher RGC survival (46% of untreated control) was seen in OSM-treated eyes when assessed 2 weeks after 4-s ON-crush as compared to that (14% of untreated control) of the PBS-treated eyes (P<0.001). In addition, PERG amplitude was significantly higher in eyes treated with OSM or CNTF 1 week after 1-s ON-crush (36% of baseline) as compared with the amplitude of PBS-treated eyes (19% of the baseline, P = 0.003). An increase in STAT3 phosphorylation was localized in Müller layer after OSM treatment, suggesting that Müller cells mediate the effect of OSM. Our results demonstrate that one single injection of either OSM or CNTF after ON-crush improves RGC survival together with their electrophysiological activity. These data provide proof-of-concept for using neurotrophic factors OSM and CNTF for RGC degenerative diseases, including glaucoma and acute optic nerve trauma.
The “yips”

The “yips” is an involuntary motor disturbance affecting golfers. A 69-item questionnaire was constructed and distributed to 1,050 professional and amateur golfers in an effort to define and characterize this syndrome. Of the male golfers there was a 42% response rate and 28% reported suffering from the yips. The disorder was described most frequently as jerks, tremors, and spasms affecting the preferred arm distally and primarily during putting. When compared with unaffected golfers, afflicted golfers were significantly older and had more cumulative years of golfing. In 24%, activities other than golfing were affected and 25% reported involvement of body regions beyond the arms. These data support the hypothesis that the yips represents a focal dystonia and shares many features with other occupational dystonias.