Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In vitro pullout strength of screws inserted in adult equine third metacarpal bone after overdrilling a 4.5-mm threaded insertion hole.

OBJECTIVE To determine and compare the in vitro pullout strength of 5.5-mm cortical versus 6.5-mm cancellous bone screws inserted in the diaphysis and metaphysis of adult equine third metacarpal (MCIII) bones, in threaded 4.5-mm cortical bone screw insertion holes that were then overdrilled with a 4.5-mm drill bit to provide information relevant to the selection of a replacement screw if a 4.5-mm cortical screw is stripped. STUDY DESIGN In vitro pullout tests of 5.5-mm cortical and 6.5-mm cancellous screws in equine MCIII bones. SAMPLE POPULATION Two independent cadaver studies each consisting of 14 adult equine MCIII bones. METHODS Two 4.5-mm cortical screws were placed either in the middiaphysis (study 1) or distal metaphysis (study 2) of MCIII bones. The holes were then overdrilled with a 4.5-mm drill bit and had either a 5.5-mm cortical or a 6.5-mm cancellous screw inserted; screw pullout tests were performed at a rate of 0.04 mm/second until screw or bone failure occurred. RESULTS In diaphyseal bone, the screws failed in all tests. Tensile breaking strength for 5.5-mm cortical screws (997.5 +/- 49.3 kg) and 6.5-mm cancellous screws (931.6 +/- 19.5 kg) was not significantly different. In metaphyseal bone, the bone failed in all tests. The holding power for 6.5-mm cancellous screws (39.1 +/- 4.9 kg/mm) was significantly greater than 5.5-mm cortical screws (23.5 +/- 3.5 kg/mm) in the metaphysis. There was no difference in the tensile breaking strength of screws in the diaphysis between proximal and distal screw holes; however, the holding power was significantly greater in the distal, compared with the proximal, metaphyseal holes. CONCLUSIONS Although tensile breaking strength was not different between 5.5-mm cortical and 6.5-mm cancellous screws in middiaphyseal cortical bone, holding power of 6.5-mm cancellous screws was greater than 5.5-mm cortical screws in metaphyseal bone of adult horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE If a 4.5-mm cortical bone screw strips in MCIII diaphyseal bone of adult horses, either a 5.5-mm cortical or 6.5-mm cancellous screw, however, would have equivalent pullout strengths. A 6.5-mm cancellous screw, however, would provide greater holding power than a 5.5-mm cortical screw in metaphyseal bone.
Shooting the Messenger to Spite the Message? Exploring Reactions to Claims of Racial Bias

Two experiments examined aspects of the communicator, message, and audience in producing evaluative backlash toward minorities who make claims of ongoing racial bias. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated a White or Black confederate who gave a speech expressing no claim, a mild claim, or an extreme claim of racial bias. Results indicated a race-specific evaluative backlash: Participants more negatively rated Black compared with White communicators, but only when the claim was extreme. Experiment 2 found that participants more negatively rated Black (vs. White) communicators when they used low-quality arguments, but this backlash was eliminated when Black communicators used high-quality arguments. Furthermore, participants who held stronger meritocracy beliefs and who heard low-quality arguments were more likely to evaluate Black communicators harshly. These findings clarify the conditions under which people from advantaged groups are more likely to recognize claims of racial bias as legitimate and respond favorably to the communicator.
Hardiness and the competitive trait anxiety response

This study examined the effects of hardiness, its subcomponents and skill level upon the intensity and direction dimensions of competitive trait anxiety and self‐confidence intensity. Participants (n = 199) completed the Dispositional Resilience Scale, a modified version of the Sport Anxiety Scale and the self‐confidence scale extracted from a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory‐2. Findings partially supported the hypotheses that elite athletes high in hardiness, commitment and control would demonstrate lower levels of worry and a more facilitative interpretation of the anxiety response. Self‐confidence analyses revealed significant interactions for the commitment and skill interaction only. No interactions were found between skill level and challenge, although main effects were evident for intensity (challenge) and direction (skill level): These findings identify hardiness as an important personality construct within a sport specific situation, and provide support for skill level as being a vital individual difference variable” when measuring competitive anxiety. The role of self‐confidence and possible coping behaviors are also discussed, as are measurement issues regarding the cognitive terms of “worry” and “concern”.
Zum Zeitverhalten beim computergestützten adaptiven Testen: Antwortlatenzen bei richtigen und falschen Lösungen

Zusammenfassung. In einer systematischen Untersuchung der Bearbeitungszeiten bei computergestutzt-adaptiv vorgegebenen Matrizenaufgaben beschreibt Hornke (1997) als einen wesentlichen Befund, das falsche Losungen eine deutlich langere Bearbeitungszeit aufweisen als richtige Losungen. Um die generelle Gultigkeit dieses Befundes zu uberprufen, wurde in der vorliegenden Studie das Zeitverhalten von 120 Testpersonen bei der computergestutzten adaptiven Vorgabe einer perzeptiv-sensorischen und einer kognitiven Diskriminationsaufgabe untersucht. Die Ergebnisse belegen, das auch bei diesen sehr viel weniger komplexen Aufgaben falsche Antworten um ca. 25% langere Latenzen aufweisen als richtige Antworten. Es ergaben sich jedoch keine Anhaltspunkte fur die Annahme, das die langeren Latenzen fur falsche Antworten als Artefakt einer hoheren Aufgabenschwierigkeit interpretiert werden konnen. Schlieslich stutzen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie die Vermutung, das das Zeitverhalten einer Testperson ein eigenstand.
“It’ll Never Be the White Kids, It’ll Always Be Us”

We examine how Black high school students, participants in a Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) program, understand issues of racial discrimination and inequality in their schools. Through semi-structured individual interviews conducted early in the program, eight students (six boys and two girls) recount experiences of racial stereotyping, discrimination from teachers and staff, lack of institutional support for a positive racial climate, and lack of racial diversity in curricular offerings. Further, through evolving critical analysis supported by the YPAR experience, these students describe rationale for and implications of such negative race-based educational experiences. Findings reveal how Black adolescents interpret the racial discrimination and inequality they experience in school and the implications of parental and community socialization on the development of a critical understanding of race-based social inequalities.
T Follicular Helper Cells and B Cell Dysfunction in Aging and HIV-1 Infection

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a subset of CD4 T cells that provide critical signals to antigen-primed B cells in germinal centers to undergo proliferation, isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation to generate long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells during an immune response. The quantity and quality of Tfh cells therefore must be tightly controlled to prevent immune dysfunction in the form of autoimmunity and, on the other hand, immune deficiency. Both Tfh and B cell perturbations appear during HIV infection resulting in impaired antibody responses to vaccines such as seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine, also seen in biologic aging. Although many of the HIV-associated defects improve with antiretroviral therapy (ART), excess immune activation and antigen-specific B and T cell responses including Tfh function are still impaired in virologically controlled HIV-infected persons on ART. Interestingly, HIV infected individuals experience increased risk of age-associated pathologies. This review will discuss Tfh and B cell dysfunction in HIV infection and highlight the impact of chronic HIV infection and aging on Tfh–B cell interactions.
Zinc Absorption from Micronutrient Powder Is Low but Is not Affected by Iron in Kenyan Infants

Interference with zinc absorption is a proposed explanation for adverse effects of supplemental iron in iron-replete children in malaria endemic settings. We examined the effects of iron in micronutrient powder (MNP) on zinc absorption after three months of home fortification with MNP in maize-based diets in rural Kenyan infants. In a double blind design, six-month-old, non-anemic infants were randomized to MNP containing 5 mg zinc, with or without 12.5 mg of iron (MNP + Fe and MNP − Fe, respectively); a control (C) group received placebo powder. After three months, duplicate diet collections and zinc stable isotopes were used to measure intake from MNP + non-breast milk foods and fractional absorption of zinc (FAZ) by dual isotope ratio method; total absorbed zinc (TAZ, mg/day) was calculated from intake × FAZ. Mean (SEM) TAZ was not different between MNP + Fe (n = 10) and MNP − Fe (n = 9) groups: 0.85 (0.22) and 0.72 (0.19), respectively, but both were higher than C (n = 9): 0.24 (0.03) (p = 0.04). Iron in MNP did not significantly alter zinc absorption, but despite intakes over double estimated dietary requirement, both MNP groups’ mean TAZ barely approximated the physiologic requirement for age. Impaired zinc absorption may dictate need for higher zinc doses in vulnerable populations.
Constant Storage Self-Healing Key Distribution with Revocation in Wireless Sensor Network

A self-healing key distribution scheme enables a large group of users (sensor nodes) to establish a session key dynamically over an unreliable, or lossy wireless network. The main property of self-healing ensures that the qualified users can recover the lost session keys on their own from the broadcast packets and some private information, without any additional communication with the group manager, thus decreasing the load on the group manager. The only requirement for a user to recover the lost session keys, is its membership in the group both before and after the sessions in which the broadcast packets containing the keys are sent. Self-healing approach of key distribution is stateless in the sense that a user who has been off-line for some period is able to recover the lost session keys immediately after coming back on-line. This paper presents a new self-healing key distribution scheme with revocation capability that requires constant storage of personal keys for each user and we feel, it is more efficient than the previous schemes in terms of communication complexity. The novelty of this scheme is to use a different and more efficient self-healing mechanism compared to the ones in the literature. The scheme is supported by a proper security analysis in an appropriate security model. It is unconditionally secure and achieves both forward and backward secrecy. Moreover, unlike previous works, proposed self-healing key distribution is not restricted to m sessions in Setup phase.
Investigation of insulin resistance in narcoleptic patients: dependent or independent of body mass index?

Background: Narcolepsy is a severe sleep-wake cycle disorder resulting in most cases from a lack of orexin, the energy balance-regulating hormone. Narcoleptic patients have been reported to suffer from an excess morbidity of Type 2 diabetes, even after correction for their often elevated body mass index. Methods: To explore whether narcolepsy is specifically associated with a propensity to develop insulin resistance, we measured fasting glucose, insulin, and intact proinsulin levels in 43 narcoleptic patients and 47 controls matched for body mass index and age. The proinsulin-to-insulin ratio was calculated. Insulin resistance was determined using the homeostatic model assessment method. Results: Narcoleptic patients did not show elevated insulin resistance parameters. Conclusion: In contrast with earlier reports, we found no evidence that narcolepsy specifically elevates the risk of insulin resistance (and consequently of type 2 diabetes) independently of body mass index.
The Future of Ethnicity Classifications

In the first decade of the twenty-first century, ‘diversity’ has emerged as a key value in its own right, celebrated through human rights and similar policies promoting identity and providing an additional focus to that of the more traditional equalities agenda and its concern with ‘statistical proportionality’. It has been conjectured that classifications rooted in diversity policy will either propel data collection practices into the use of finer-grained distinctions or that these measurement systems will collapse under their own weight. In Britain pressure to increase the number of categories in ethnicity classifications highlights the tension between the validity of granular categories and their utility (in terms of practicality of data collection). Similarly, the interest in identity evokes a trade-off between the selective attribution of such measures and the greater stability of operationally defined ethnicity. In meeting the challenge of the diversity agenda, a number of approaches—innovative for Britain—are now being debated to accommodate greater numbers of categories in census collections. These include multi-ticking across categories (thereby capturing multiplicity) and the shift from classifications framed by colour to those privileging ethnic background (but attended by category proliferation). Conceptually, the measurement of the multiple dimensions of ethnicity has found favour but not so far encompassing ethnic origin/ancestry collected in US and Canadian Censuses. While some have argued that ethnicity classifications are already unwieldy and that retrenchment is needed, validity—increasingly insisted upon by the collectivities themselves and other non-state organisations—is seen as winning out. The demands of inclusiveness and identity visibility indicate that classifications are headed in the direction of greater complexity.
Stochastic Analysis of the Effect of Using Harmonic Generators in Power Systems

Switch mode electronic devices including Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and personal computers introduce capacitive power factor and current harmonics to the power system. Since middle 80’s and with the expanding use of nonlinear switch mode electronic loads, concerns arose about their effect on the power systems. In many IEEE documents, it is recommended to study the effect of electronic loads. Switch mode devices have a capacitive power factor between 55 and 93 percent (Allexperts), which can cause the increase of reactive power and power loss. The power loss in an office building wirings due to the current harmonics may be more than twice that of the linear load equipment (Key et al., 1996). Capacity of the transformers may be reduced more than 50 per cent in the presence of harmonic components (Schneider, 2009). CFL is a more efficient and durable replacement of the traditional incandescent lamp. Replacing traditional light bulbs by CFLs has several advantages including energy saving, increase in the capacity of plants and distribution transformers, peak shaving, less carbon emission and customer costs. On average, 20 percent of the total use of electricity is consumed in lighting (Michalik et al., 1997), (Tavanir). However, the increase in the number of electronic devices especially the CFLs in power systems must be carefully planned. Replacing the incandescent light bulbs with CFLs means replacing the system’s major Ohmic load with a capacitive load of high frequency harmonic components. In areas where lighting is a major use of electricity, e.g. places where natural gas or other fossil fuels are used for heating purposes, unplanned replacing of incandescent lamps with CFLs can introduce unexpected negative effects on the system. Also, in areas with a considerable number of other switch mode devices e.g. commercial areas with many office buildings it is important to plan the number of CFLs carefully. Most of the present studies on the effect of switch mode devices are based on tentative experiments and power factor measuring before and after using the devices in the power system (Gonos et al., 1999), and proposing a model for the network has been less discovered. In order for studying such effects, it is better to classify the system equipment to the substation equipment and consumer side equipment. Dramatic changes in power quality indicators of the distribution systems may cause disorders or even damages in the consumer equipments. Such disorders are especially important for sensitive appliances such as medical and hospital devices.
The social meaning and function of food rituals in healthcare practice: An ethnography

This ethnographic study was undertaken to build a picture of physiotherapy practice through prolonged observation. Several building blocks of the therapists' culture were created one of which was the negotiation and meaning of food rituals in the practice of a team of physiotherapists in a UK National Health Service hospital. Interviews were carried out following the observations to gain the therapists' perspectives in an open critical exploration of assumptions and ideas. The analysis was iterative and followed a systematic recognized ethnographic approach. The findings revealed explicit and implicit meanings of the food rituals. Explicitly they were instrumental in sustaining continuity and a strong sense of harmony. They were seen as a morale-booster, a key ingredient to mark departures and a powerful component of the therapists' break time. They underpinned a need for cohesion within an environment of constant change. Implicitly, they were a vehicle to expose tensions and a catalyst for isolation. Food rituals, for this team, reduced the anxiety and stress, which unpredictability, a hallmark of clinical practice can engender. By hiding their concerns in rituals, the team members were able to avoid a real confrontation with issues of authority and hierarchy that underscored these activities. They also maintained the continuity of a professional tradition and contributed to a strong sense of professional autonomy which can smooth the pathway to inter-professional collaboration.
Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography of the spleen in healthy adult cats--a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the splenic stiffness of healthy adult cats using acoustic radiation force impulse elastography to determine the quality (greyscale images and tissue deformity) and quantity (shear velocity) standards. METHODS Fifteen healthy, adult shorthair cats were selected. The echotexture, echogenicity, size and edges of the spleen were assessed via mode-B ultrasound. Using qualitative elastography, specific portions of the spleen were evaluated according to homogeneity, presence of deformities and white and dark regions. The shear velocities in different portions of the spleen were quantitatively evaluated. RESULTS The echotexture, echogenicity, size and edges of the spleen were normal on B-mode ultrasound in all cats. On qualitative elastography, the evaluated splenic portions were not deformable, and the images presented as homogeneous dark areas. On quantitative elastography, the mean shear velocity values were 1 · 98 m/s for the head portion, 1 · 77 m/s for the body portion and 2 · 03 m/s for the tail portion. These were not significantly different. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Quantitative and qualitative acoustic radiation force impulse elastography of the spleen in healthy adult cats was easily implemented and this study may provide baseline data for this organ to allow the future use of this technique in evaluating cats with splenic disease.
Professional Development Experiences in Co-Teaching

Co-teaching is a widely implemented instructional strategy that poses unique challenges to teachers and may require targeted training. This study considers the role of pre-service and in-service professional development opportunities regarding co-teaching and teacher confidence, interests, and attitudes regarding co-teaching in a sample of general education and special education teachers. After controlling for key teacher demographics, professional development opportunities around co-teaching were positively associated with each teacher outcome. Teachers with more frequent in-service opportunities in co-teaching were more confident in their co-teaching practice and demonstrated higher levels of interest and more positive attitudes about co-teaching than did those teachers with less frequent in-service opportunities. Pre-service training on co-teaching was also positively associated with teacher confidence.
Nitrogen Mineralization from Anaerobically Digested Centrifuge Cake and Aged Air‐Dried Biosolids

This study was conducted to estimate nitrogen (N) mineralization of anaerobically digested centrifuge cake from the Stickney Water Reclamation Plant (SWRP) and Calumet Water Reclamation Plant (CWRP), lagoon‐aged air‐dried biosolids from the CWRP, and Milorganite at three rates of application (0, 12.5 and 25 Mg ha−1). The N mineralized varied among biosolids as follows: Milorganite (44%) > SWRP centrifuge cake (35%) > CWRP centrifuge cake (31%) > aged air‐dried (13%). The N mineralized in the SWRP cake (32%) and CWRP aged air‐dried biosolids (12%) determined from the 15N study were in agreement with the first study. The N mineralization value for centrifuge cake biosolids observed in our study is higher than the value given in the Part 503 rule and Illinois Part 391 guidelines. These results will be used to fine‐tune biosolids application rate to match crop N demand without compromising yield while minimizing any adverse effect on the environment.
Understanding Sex Differences in Children's Classroom Experiences

Despite the common theme that sex-role messages pervade children's schooling experiences, surprisingly little is known about the differences in day-to-day classroom interactions that turn girls into "girl students" and boys into "boy students. " Within the public school system, attempts to reduce or eliminate sex inequities have dealt mainly with developing nonsexist instructional materials and providing activities that raise teachers', administrators', counselors', parents', students', and community leaders' awareness of inequitable practices (Lockheed, Finkelstein, and Harris 1979; Womens' Educational Equity Act Program, n.d.). While there has clearly been a need to eliminate sex stereotyping and discrimination in course materials, recent research into classroom interaction patterns shows that the existence of sex bias in curricular content does not sufficiently explain differences in girls' and boys' attitudes, behavior, and achievement in school. Yet a review of this research indicates that these findings are unclear and often con-
Semantic lifecycles: modelling, application, authoring, mining, and evaluation of meaningful data

The Semantic Web aims at evolving the 'web of data' to an 'intelligent information space' which is responsive to both human beings and computer systems. Consequently, semantic technologies have emerged in many application fields, primarily to provide intelligent IT systems. Semantics, therefore, is considered to be the essence of systemic intelligence. In this paper, we introduce a lifecycle model for semantics, consisting of five phases: a) modeling; b) application; c) authoring; d) mining; e) evaluation of semantic information. With respect to this model, we analyse semantic lifecycles from former research work and summarise experiences as well as future research activities.
Magnetic localized surface plasmons

Here we demonstrate the emergence of localized surface plasmon modes of geometrical origin in metallic particles whose surface is periodically textured at a subwavelength scale. In particular, we study a novel magnetic mode appearing in such structures, which features subwavelength confinement and has no analogue in conventional particle plasmonics.