Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Making of Entrepreneurial Islam and the Islamic Spirit of Capitalism

This essay examines the relationship between Islam and economy through a case study of Islamic entrepreneurs in Turkey. It analyzes the cultural politics of Islamic entrepreneurs and examines the Islamization of capitalism and the construction of entrepreneurial Islam by probing the interpretative activities of Islamic actors who deconstruct and reconstruct the relationship between Islam, economy and entrepreneurship. The construction of Islam as incompatible with and antagonistic to capitalism has a long history. Vestiges of such thinking still continue to be reflected in contemporary accounts that depict the encounter between Islamic societies and forces of global capital as a hostile battle, each trying to outdo the other. It can be argued that this confrontational scenario is not limited to Islamic world, but also displayed in other accounts that study the meeting of forces of capital with those of local cultures at a global scale. This essay attempts to challenge such dualist accounts that oppose “global capital” and “local culture”, and shows how such dualisms fail to see how capitalism and culture interpenetrate and transform each other. The essay attempts to show that a new synthesis between religion and capitalism is unfolding where culture has not been outdone but is creatively transformed and integrated to capitalism, while capitalism is made a part of “one’s culture”. 1. With special thanks to Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Mahir Saul, Serife Genis, Amit Prasad and Kelly Lynne Maynard for their comments and support. I would also like to thank the anomymous reviewers for their comments.
Mitochondrially encoded methionine is inversely related to longevity in mammals

Methionine residues in proteins react readily with reactive oxygen species making them particularly sensitive to oxidation. However, because oxidized methionine can be reduced back in a catalyzed reaction, it has been suggested that methionine residues act as oxidant scavengers, protecting not only the proteins where they are located but also the surrounding macromolecules. To investigate whether methionine residues may be selected for or against animal longevity, we carried out a meta‐examination of mitochondrial genomes from mammalian species. Our analyses unveiled a hitherto unnoticed observation: mitochondrially encoded polypeptides from short‐lived species are enriched in methionine when compared with their long‐lived counterparts. We show evidence suggesting that methionine addition to proteins in short‐lived species, rather than methionine loss from proteins in long‐lived species, is behind the reported difference in methionine usage. The inverse association between longevity and methionine, which persisted after correction for body mass and phylogenetic interdependence, was paralleled by the methionine codon AUA, but not by the codon AUG. Although nuclear encoded mitochondrial polypeptides exhibited higher methionine usage than nonmitochondrial proteins, correlation with longevity was only found within the group of those polypeptides located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Based on these results, we propose that short‐lived animals subjected to higher oxidative stress selectively accumulate methionine in their mitochondrially encoded proteins, which supports the role of oxidative damage in aging.
Errors in reward prediction are re£ected in the event-related brain potential

The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative de£ection in the event-related brain potential associated with error processing. A recent theory holds that the ERN is elicited by the impact of a reward prediction error signal carried by the mesencephalic dopamine system on anterior cingulate cortex. The theory predicts that larger ERNs shouldbe elicitedbyunexpectedunfavorable outcomes than by expected unfavorable outcomes. We tested the theory in an experiment in which the frequency of occurrence of reward was varied by condition, reasoning that the system that produces the ERN would come to expect non-reward when rewards were infrequent. Consistent with the theory, we found that larger ERNs were elicited by unexpected absences of reward. NeuroReport 14:2481^2484 c 2003 Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
Glycolysis Is Governed by Growth Regime and Simple Enzyme Regulation in Adherent MDCK Cells

Due to its vital importance in the supply of cellular pathways with energy and precursors, glycolysis has been studied for several decades regarding its capacity and regulation. For a systems-level understanding of the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell metabolism, we couple a segregated cell growth model published earlier with a structured model of glycolysis, which is based on relatively simple kinetics for enzymatic reactions of glycolysis, to explain the pathway dynamics under various cultivation conditions. The structured model takes into account in vitro enzyme activities, and links glycolysis with pentose phosphate pathway and glycogenesis. Using a single parameterization, metabolite pool dynamics during cell cultivation, glucose limitation and glucose pulse experiments can be consistently reproduced by considering the cultivation history of the cells. Growth phase-dependent glucose uptake together with cell-specific volume changes generate high intracellular metabolite pools and flux rates to satisfy the cellular demand during growth. Under glucose limitation, the coordinated control of glycolytic enzymes re-adjusts the glycolytic flux to prevent the depletion of glycolytic intermediates. Finally, the model's predictive power supports the design of more efficient bioprocesses.
Mercury Contaminated Material Decontamination Methods: Investigation and Assessment

Over the years mercury has been recognized as having serious impacts on human health and the environment. This recognition has led to numerous studies that deal with the properties of various mercury forms, the development of methods to quantify and speciate the forms, fate and transport, toxicology studies, and the development of site remediation and decontamination technologies. This report reviews several critical areas that will be used in developing technologies for cleaning mercury from mercury-contaminated surfaces of metals and porous materials found in many DOE facilities. The technologies used for decontamination of water and mixed wastes (solid) are specifically discussed. Many technologies that have recently appeared in the literature are included in the report. Current surface decontamination processes have been reviewed, and the limitations of these technologies for mercury decontamination are discussed. Based on the currently available technologies and the processes published recently in the literature, several processes, including strippable coatings, chemical cleaning with iodine/iodide lixiviant, chemisorbing surface wipes with forager sponge and grafted cotton, and surface/pore fixation through amalgamation or stabilization, have been identified as potential techniques for decontamination of mercury-contaminated metal and porous surfaces. Their potential merits and applicability are discussed. Finally, two processes, strippable coatings and chemical cleaning with iodine/iodide lixiviant, were experimentally investigated in Phase II of this project.
The prevention measure of resonance overvoltges in extra high voltage transmission lines

A rapid estimation of resonant overvoltages has been developed on basis of analysis of resonant circuit of the disconnected phase on extra high voltage transmission line. The influence of mutual induction caused by the design features of the three-phase shunt reactor group on overvoltages has been taken into account. A simulation model of the power transmission line has been developed to simulate electromagnetic transient processes in the incomplete phase mode. In response to the developed model and rapid assessment, a comparison of the effectiveness of the most common measures to prevent resonance overvoltages has been made. For calculation, the data of a real high-voltage power transmission line of a rated voltage of 750 kV was taken.
Emotional and Behavioral Effects of Participating in an Online Study of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: An Experimental Analysis

In this study, we experimentally assessed whether participating in online research about nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) may produce iatrogenic effects. A sample of 847 college students was randomly assigned to either an experimental condition (n = 439), in which they were exposed to questionnaires assessing NSSI, or a control condition (n = 408) that did not include NSSI questions. Immediate effects were evaluated with pre- and postmeasures, and 3 weeks later, 472 participants (68%) participated in a follow-up assessment of reactions, NSSI behavior, and urge to self-injure. Overall, results indicated that responding to detailed questions about NSSI did not produce iatrogenic effects immediately or over the follow-up period and may have contributed to positive outcomes. The positive findings largely held true for participants who reported engaging in different severities of NSSI behavior. There do not appear to be significant short-term adverse or iatrogenic effects of participating in detailed, online NSSI research. Implications for researchers and ethics review boards are discussed.
Semi-Automatic Floating-Point Implementation of Special Functions

This work introduces an approach to the computer-assisted implementation of mathematical functions geared toward special functions such as those occurring in mathematical physics. The general idea is to start with an exact symbolic representation of a function and automate as much as possible of the process of implementing it. In order to deal with a large class of special functions, our symbolic representation is an implicit one: the input is a linear differential equation with polynomial coefficients along with initial values. The output is a C program to evaluate the solution of the equation using domain splitting, argument reduction and polynomial approximations in double-precision arithmetic, in the usual style of mathematical libraries. Our generation method combines symbolic-numeric manipulations of linear ODEs with interval-based tools for the floating-point implementation of "black-box" functions. We describe a prototype code generator that can automatically produce implementations on moderately large intervals. Implementations on the whole real line are possible in some cases but require manual tool setup and code integration. Due to this limitation and as some heuristics remain, we refer to our method as "semi-automatic" at this stage. Along with other examples, we present an implementation of the Voigt profile with fixed parameters that may be of independent interest.
Entity Identification in Database Integration: An Evidential Reasoning Approach

Entity identiication is the problem of matching object instances from diierent databases which correspond to the same real-world entity. In this paper, we present a 2-step entity identiication process in which attributes for matching tuples may be missing in certain tuples, and thus need to be derived prior to the matching. To match tuples, we require identity rules which specify the conditions to be satissed by a pair of tuples, from diierent databases, before they can be considered as modeling the same real-world entity. We also introduce ILFD's (instance-level functional dependencies) as a form of inference rules which derive the missing identifying attributes. In order to provide more interesting integrated results to the users, we allow both identity rules and ILFD's to contain indee-niteness represented as necessary and possible support information. Based on support logic programmingg2], we develop an approach to perform reasoning on the local databases using identity rules and ILFD's.
Developing Communities of Leaders: Outcomes of a Statewide Initiative

Community leadership programs are the most common approach to leadership development in the United States and traditionally emphasize community education and professional networking. Directors and volunteer board members from 17 local community leadership programs participated in the Kansas Community Leadership Initiative (KCLI) designed to enhance their community leadership skills. Participants gained new insights about themselves and others, frequently used the leadership skills in professional and personal relationships, and had future intentions to further incorporate what they had learned into their leadership programs and communities. Insights for creating and sustaining change in leadership programs and initiatives are presented.
Quantitative Languages Defined by Functional Automata

A weighted automaton is functional if any two accepting runs on the same finite word have the same value. In this paper, we investigate functional weighted automata for four different measures: the sum, the mean, the discounted sum of weights along edges and the ratio between rewards and costs. On the positive side, we show that functionality is decidable for the four measures. Furthermore, the existential and universal threshold problems, the language inclusion problem and the equivalence problem are all decidable when the weighted automata are functional. On the negative side, we also study the quantitative extension of the realizability problem and show that it is undecidable for sum, mean and ratio. We finally show how to decide whether the language associated with a given functional automaton can be defined with a deterministic one, for sum, mean and discounted sum. The results on functionality and determinizability are expressed for the more general class of functional weighted automata over groups. This allows one to formulate within the same framework new results related to discounted sum automata and known results on sum and mean automata. Ratio automata do not fit within this general scheme and specific techniques are required to decide functionality.
Up and down: stamen movements in Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae) enhance both outcrossing and delayed selfing.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Stamen movements directly determine pollen fates and mating patterns by altering positions of female and male organs. However, the implications of such movements in terms of pollination are not well understood. Recently, complex patterns of stamen movements have been identified in Loasaceae, Parnassiaceae, Rutaceae and Tropaeolaceae. In this study the stamen movements in Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae) and their impact on pollination are determined. METHODS Pollination effects of stamen movements were studied in Ruta graveolens, in which one-by-one uplifting and falling back is followed by simultaneous movement of all stamens in some flowers. Using 30 flowers, one stamen was manipulated either to be immobilized or to be allowed to move freely towards the centre of the flower but be prevented from falling back. Pollen loads on stigmas and ovule fertilization in flowers with or without simultaneous stamen movement were determined. RESULTS Pollen removal decreased dramatically (P < 0·001) when the stamen was stopped from uplifting because its anther was seldom contacted by pollinators. When a stamen stayed at the flower's centre, pollen removal of the next freely moved anther decreased significantly (P < 0·005) because of fewer touches by pollinators and quick leaving of pollinators that were discouraged by the empty anther. Simultaneous stamen movement occurred only in flowers with low pollen load on the stigma and the remaining pollen in anthers dropped onto stigma surfaces after stamens moved to the flower's centre. CONCLUSIONS In R. graveolens pollen removal is promoted through one-by-one movement of the stamen, which presents pollen in doses to pollinators by successive uplifting of the stamen and avoids interference of two consecutively dehisced anthers by falling back of the former stamen before the next one moves into the flower's centre. Simultaneous stamen movement at the end of anthesis probably reflects an adaptation for late-acting self-pollination.
Increased orbitofrontal cortex activation associated with "pro-obsessive" antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia have an approximately 10-fold higher risk for obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) than the general population. A large subgroup seems to experience OCS as a consequence of second-generation antipsychotic agents (SGA), such as clozapine. So far little is known about underlying neural mechanisms. METHODS To investigate the role of SGA treatment on neural processing related to OCS in patients with schizophrenia, we stratified patients according to their monotherapy into 2 groups (group I: clozapine or olanzapine; group II: amisulpride or aripiprazole). We used an fMRI approach, applying a go/no-go task assessing inhibitory control and an n-back task measuring working memory. RESULTS We enrolled 21 patients in group I and 19 patients in group II. Groups did not differ regarding age, sex, education or severity of psychotic symptoms. Frequency and severity of OCS were significantly higher in group I and were associated with pronounced deficits in specific cognitive abilities. Whereas brain activation patterns did not differ during working memory, group I showed significantly increased activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during response inhibition. Alterations in OFC activation were associated with the severity of obsessions and mediated the association between SGA treatment and co-occurring OCS on a trend level. LIMITATIONS The main limitation of this study is its cross-sectional design. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first imaging study conducted to elucidate SGA effects on neural systems related to OCS. We propose that alterations in brain functioning reflect a pathogenic mechanism in the development of SGA-induced OCS in patients with schizophrenia. Longitudinal studies and randomized interventions are needed to prove the suggested causal interrelations.
Childless Elderly: What Are They Missing?.

The value of children to their elders as emotional, physical, financial, and other supports is widely asserted and empirically supported. Many of today's elderly do not have children and, therefore, do not have this particular mutual support relationship. Using the 1979 Social Change in Canada data base, the subjective and objective experiences of noninstitutionalized childless and parent elderly are compared. The results show few statistically significant differences between the two categories of elderly, but trends show benefits for both. The childless are more financially secure and in better health, while parents tend to be surrounded by greater numbers of friends and have more general satisfaction with life.
Managing Uncertainty and Ontologies in Databases

Nowadays a vast amount of data is generated in Extensible Markup Language (XML). However, it is necessary for applications in some domains to store and manipulate uncertain information, e.g. when the sensor inputs are noisy, or we want to store data that is uncertain. Another big change we can see in applications and web data is the increasing use of ontologies to describe the semantics of data, i.e., the semantic relationships between the terms in the databases. As such information is usually absent from traditional databases, there is tremendous opportunity to ask new kinds of queries that could not be handled in the past. This provides new challenges on how to manipulate and maintain such new kinds of database systems. In this dissertation, we will see how we can (i) incorporate and manipulate uncertainty in databases, and (ii) efficiently compute aggregates and maintain views on ontology databases. First, I explain applications that require manipulating uncertain information in XML databases and maintaining web ontology databases written in Resource Description Framework (RDF). I then introduce the probabilistic semistructured PXML data model with two formal semantics. I describe a set of algebraic operations and its efficient implementation. Aggregations of PXML instances are studied with two semantics proposed: possible-worlds semantics and expectation semantics. Efficient algorithms with pruning are given and evaluated to show their feasibility. I introduce PIXML, an interval probability version of PXML, and develop a formal semantics for it. A query language and its operational semantics are given and proved to be sound and complete. Based on XML, RDF is a language used to describe web ontologies. RDQL, an RDF query language, is extended to support view definition and aggregations. Two sets of algorithms are given to maintain non-aggregate and aggregate views. Experimental results show that they are efficient compared with standard relational view maintenance algorithms.
Concentration fluctuations in a mesoscopic oscillating chemical reaction system

Under sustained pumping, kinetics of macroscopic nonlinear biochemical reaction systems far from equilibrium either can be in a stationary steady state or can execute sustained oscillations about a fixed mean. For a system of two dynamic species X and Y, the concentrations nx and ny will be constant or will repetitively trace a closed loop in the (nx, ny) phase plane, respectively. We study a mesoscopic system with nx and ny very small; hence the occurrence of random fluctuations modifies the deterministic behavior and the law of mass action is replaced by a stochastic model. We show that nx and ny execute cyclic random walks in the (nx, ny) plane whether or not the deterministic kinetics for the corresponding macroscopic system represents a steady or an oscillating state. Probability distributions and correlation functions for nx(t) and ny(t) show quantitative but not qualitative differences between states that would appear as either oscillating or steady in the corresponding macroscopic systems. A diffusion-like equation for probability P(nx, ny, t) is obtained for the two-dimensional Brownian motion in the (nx, ny) phase plane. In the limit of large nx, ny, the deterministic nonlinear kinetics derived from mass action is recovered. The nature of large fluctuations in an oscillating nonequilibrium system and the conceptual difference between “thermal stochasticity” and “temporal complexity” are clarified by this analysis. This result is relevant to fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and metabolic reaction networks.
Authenticity, employee silence, prohibitive voice, and the moderating effect of organizational identification

Authenticity is an important concept in positive psychology and has been shown to be related to well-being, health, and leadership effectiveness. The present paper introduces employee authenticity as a predictor of relevant workplace behaviors, namely employee silence and prohibitive voice. Converging evidence across two studies using cross-sectional and longitudinal designs demonstrates that when responding to hypothetical problematic workplace events (Study 1) or actual workplace experiences (Study 2), individual differences in employees’ authenticity predicted more self-reported voice behaviors and less silence that emanated from various motivations. Furthermore, authenticity scores consistently yielded predictive utility over and above the contribution of a broad set of individual and organization-based characteristics. Finally, organizational identification moderated the relation between authenticity and silence, such that for employees with high levels of identification, the relation between authenticity and silence was stronger.