Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
British public accountants in America: A historical study of social mobility and fluidity associated with élite immigration

Purpose - This study seeks to examine aspects of social class associated with British public accountancy immigrants to the USA prior to the First World War. The study's specific purpose is to investigate the social mobility and fluidity associated with these elite immigrants in the early history of US public accountancy. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is informed by previous studies of both social class and elite immigration and uses biographical data describing 395 British chartered and incorporated accountancy immigrants entering the USA between 1875 and 1914. Data analyses describe social mobility and fluidity based on the recorded occupations of these elite immigrants. Findings - Despite their elite status, the immigrants experienced inter-generational downward mobility immediately post-migration. The evidence also indicates inter-generational and intra-generational upward mobility for immigrants settling in the USA and for those who did not settle there. The study further reveals evidence of social fluidity associated with both settlers and non-settlers. Practical implications - The study suggests that immigration to the USA did not immediately improve the occupational status of British public accountants who settled there. Nor, compared to those who did not settle in the USA, was it necessarily a more advantageous career path to improved occupational status. The study adds to existing knowledge of British accountants in the early US public accountancy profession and, more generally, to that of social mobility associated with immigration of the period. Originality/value - The study is significant because it provides knowledge of social mobility and fluidity associated with elite immigrants and contributes to the social history of British accountants in the early development of US public accountancy.
Construct continuity in the presence of multidimensionality

Unidimensionality – a condition, under which only one dominant construct is being measured by the test, is a fundamental assumption of most modern day psychometric models. However, some tests are multidimensional by design. A test, for instance, might measure physics, biology and chemistry subscales combined to measure a "general science" composite. The relative magnitudes of those subscales sometimes shift from administration to administration, which results in an altered composite. This study examined the conditions under which two different forms of a multidimensional test measure the same composite construct to a degree that allows them to be equated, i.e. used interchangeably. IRT true-score equating was used in a simulation study to assess the closeness of the scores on the forms. Conditions examined included the correlations between subscales, varying number of items per subscale form to form, and different subpopulation ability estimates on the subscales. Differences in the equating errors due to generating model (1PL or 3PL) were also examined. A way of calculating a unidimensional composite from a two-dimensional ability was devised and compared to the unidimensional composite obtained from Parscale. It was found that in general, the errors increase with decreasing correlation between traits and increased divergence of the two forms to be equated, with the later being the main predictor of the equating errors. However, the magnitude of those errors was small for the population as a whole especially when all examinee abilities are drawn from the same distribution. It was concluded that IRT true score equating is relatively robust to multidimensionality for the conditions examined, especially if the overall population score is desired. However, when accurate estimate of the equated score for individuals at the extremes of the population is needed, or whenever population abilities are drawn from more than one distribution, the unidimensional true score equating functions well only for very similar forms and with high correlations between traits. %%%%
Relating Population-Code Representations between Man, Monkey, and Computational Models

Perceptual and cognitive content is thought to be represented in the brain by patterns of activity across populations of neurons. In order to test whether a computational model can explain a given population code and whether corresponding codes in man and monkey convey the same information, we need to quantitatively relate population-code representations. Here I give a brief introduction to representational similarity analysis, a particular approach to this problem. A population code is characterized by a representational dissimilarity matrix (RDM), which contains a dissimilarity for each pair of activity patterns elicited by a given stimulus set. The RDM encapsulates which distinctions the representation emphasizes and which it deemphasizes. By analyzing correlations between RDMs we can test models and compare different species. Moreover, we can study how representations are transformed across stages of processing and how they relate to behavioral measures of object similarity. We use an example from object vision to illustrate the method's potential to bridge major divides that have hampered progress in systems neuroscience.
An investigation of DTNS2D for use as an incompressible turbulence modelling test-bed

This paper documents an investigation of a two dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes solver for use as a test-bed for turbulence modelling. DTNS2D is the code under consideration for use at the Center for Modelling of Turbulence and Transition (CMOTT). This code was created by Gorski at the David Taylor Research Center and incorporates the pseudo compressibility method. Two laminar benchmark flows are used to measure the performance and implementation of the method. The classical solution of the Blasius boundary layer is used for validating the flat plate flow, while experimental data is incorporated in the validation of backward facing step flow. Velocity profiles, convergence histories, and reattachment lengths are used to quantify these calculations. The organization and adaptability of the code are also examined in light of the role as a numerical test-bed.
Prognostic value of ERG, PTEN, CRISP3 and SPINK1 in predicting biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer

The established prognostic factors associated with prostatic adenocarcinoma are the Gleason score, pathological T staging and serum prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) level. However, these prognostic factors alone are not sufficient for predicting prognostic characteristics, including early stage or advanced prostate cancer, presence of metastasis or disease-related mortality. The purpose of the present study was to simultaneously evaluate the prognostic value and associations of four biomarkers, namely, transcriptional regulator ERG (ERG), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP3) and serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1), and to conduct risk stratification of prostate cancer for use in patient management. A total of 68 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, prostate cancer samples from radical prostatectomies were obtained in the Kyung Hee University Hospital (Seoul, Korea) and were studied immunohistochemically for ERG, PTEN, CRISP3 and SPINK1 to determine the proportion and intensity of staining. SPINK1 expression was mutually exclusive of ERG expression (P=0.001). The loss of PTEN and high CRISP3 expression are unfavorable indicators for prostate cancer, as PTEN loss was associated with shorter biochemical recurrence (BCR) (P=0.039), and high CRISP3 expression was associated with increased BCR (P<0.001) and cancer-related mortalities (P=0.011). Using the combination of low PTEN and high CRISP3 expression enables attention to be focused on patients who exhibit a poor prognosis. Subgrouping of patients, into high-risk and low-risk categories, was correlated with BCR-free survival in prostate cancer upon multivariate analysis (P=0.030). Overall, low PTEN and high CRISP3 expression significantly characterize the subgroups of prostate cancer that have a poor prognosis for BCR.
A Family Matter

Abstract The 2004 debate over civil marriage for same-gender couples highlights issues faced by mixed-orientation couples after one of the spouses comes out as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. The disclosure becomes a family matter as their spouses and children cope with the new information and antigay attitudes. The majority of couples divorce. A minority stays married for three years or more by developing strategies that enhance the relationship, offset outside pressures, and sustain the family circle. Peers provide the most support, while therapists are often unfamiliar with sexual orientation, mixed orientation couples, or societal attitudes that impact families with a gay, lesbian, or bisexual parent. This article provides that information so that professionals can help these couples improve the quality of their lives and develop skills to create a future in which homosexuality, same-gender relationships, and gay parenting are more widely accepted and legalized. This development would decrease the number of mixed-orientation marriages with closeted spouses and increase the potential for both types of families to form lasting marriages and strong family units.
Self-Schemata and Exercise Identity in Older Adults

One's sense of self over time, or identity, is an important component of well-being. Schemata formed from components of identity, such as an exerciser schema, have been associated with behaviors that promote physical activity. This study explored the process of exercise-identity formation in active older adults, questioned whether or not the term exerciser was a meaningful descriptor for their behavior, and examined whether self-views were mediated by perceptions of aging. Thirteen older adults (66–90 years) were interviewed. Results supported the contention that identity formation is a purposeful activity. Participants were more likely to ascribe alternative labels to their exercise behavior, and what it meant to be “old” mediated their perceptions of exercise. Results are discussed with regard to implications for interventions.
Involvement of a cell wall receptor in the mode of action of an anti-Candida toxin of Pichia anomala

Hanes-Woolf, Dixon, and Hill plots of growth rates of Candida albicans RC1 grown in various concentrations of glucose and a Pichia anomala WC65 toxin suggested the presence of toxin-binding sites. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with antitoxin antibodies demonstrated binding of the toxin to the cell wall. Resistance to the toxin of a mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in cell wall beta-1-6-D-glucan suggests that the glucan either served as the receptor or influenced the number or composition of the receptor. Immunofluorescence that appeared to be associated with the cell membrane of toxin-treated spheroplasts of C. albicans was also observed. Spheroplasts of the resistant mutant of S. cerevisiae were sensitive to the toxin.
Spontaneous Self-distancing and Adaptive Self-reflection across Adolescence Self-distancing and Emotion Regulation

Experiments performed primarily with adults show that self-distancing facilitates adaptive self-reflection. However, no research has investigated whether adolescents spontaneously engage in this process or whether doing so is linked to adaptive outcomes. In this study, 226 African American adolescents, aged 11–20, reflected on an anger-related interpersonal experience. As expected, spontaneous self-distancing during reflection predicted lower levels of emotional reactivity by leading adolescents to reconstrue (rather than recount) their experience and blame their partner less. Moreover, the inverse relation between self-distancing and emotional reactivity strengthened with age. These findings highlight the role that self-distancing plays in fostering adaptive self-reflection in adolescence, and begin to elucidate the role that development plays in enhancing the benefits of engaging in this process. When children and adults experience strong negative emotions, they often try to make sense of them question: Why do attempts to understand feelings sometimes succeed and other times fail? According to one line of work performed primarily with adults, the ability to self-distance or " take a step back " when reflecting on emotional experiences plays a critical role in allowing people to work through negative experiences in ways that promote meaning making rather than emotional reactivity (Kross & Ayduk, 2011). This process could be especially useful in regulating emotions during adolescence, a period characterized by more powerful and frequent negative emotional experiences than any other research that we are aware of has examined whether the spontaneous activation of self-distanc-ing explains normative differences in adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection among adolescents. In the current study, we addressed this question using a developmental framework that allowed us to examine (a) whether spontaneous self-distancing is related to adaptive emotional responses in adolescence and (b) whether the use or efficacy of spontaneous self-distancing strategies varies with age. Psychological distancing—from the self, the here, the now, or reality—allows us to mentally transcend the immediate, egocentric experience of a
The Role of CBP in Estrogen Receptor Cross-Talk with Nuclear Factor-κB in HepG2 Cells.

Functional interactions or cross-talk between ligand-activated nuclear receptors and the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) may play a major role in ligand-mediated modification of diseases processes. In particular, the cardioprotective effects of estrogen replacement therapy are thought to be due in part to the ability of ligand-bound estrogen receptor (ER) to inhibit NF-κB function. In the current study 17β-estradiol-bound ERα interfered with cytokine-induced activation of a NF-κB reporter in HepG2 cells. The estrogen metabolite, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, and the phytoestrogen, genistein, were also effective inhibitors of NF-κB activation, whereas tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and raloxifene were inactive. This inhibition was reciprocal, as NF-κB interfered with the trans-activation properties of ERα. Ligand-bound ERα did not inhibit NF-κB binding to DNA, but it did decrease the histone acetyltransferase activity required for NF-κB transcriptional activity. Coexpression of the .
Rollback-Dependency Trackability: A Minimal Characterization and Its Protocol

Abstract Considering a checkpoint and communication pattern, the rollback-dependency trackability (RDT) property stipulates that there is no hidden dependency between local checkpoints. In other words, if there is a dependency between two checkpoints due to a noncausal sequence of messages (Z-path), then there exists a causal sequence of messages (C-path) that doubles the noncausal one and that establishes the same dependency. This paper introduces the notion of RDT-compliance. A property defined on Z-paths is RDT-compliant if the causal doubling of Z-paths having this property is sufficient to ensure RDT. Based on this notion, the paper provides examples of such properties. Moreover, these properties are visible, i.e., they can be tested on the fly. One of these properties is shown to be minimal with respect to visible and RDT-compliant properties. In other words, this property defines a minimal visible set of Z-paths that have to be doubled for the RDT property to be satisfied. Then, a family of communication-induced checkpointing protocols that ensure on-the-fly RDT properties is considered. Assuming processes take local checkpoints independently (called basic checkpoints), protocols of this family direct them to take on-the-fly additional local checkpoints (called forced checkpoints) in order that the resulting checkpoint and communication pattern satisfies the RDT property. The second contribution of this paper is a new communication-induced checkpointing protocol P . This protocol, based on a condition derived from the previous characterization, tracks a minimal set of Z-paths and breaks those not perceived as being doubled. Finally, a set of communication-induced checkpointing protocols are derived from P . Each of these derivations considers a particular weakening of the general condition used by P . It is interesting to note that some of these derivations produce communication-induced checkpointing protocols that have already been proposed in the literature.
The Mälardalen WCET Benchmarks: Past, Present And Future

Modelling of real-time systems requires accurate and tight estimates of the Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) of each task scheduled to run. In the past two decades, two main paradigms have emerged within the field of WCET analysis: static analysis and hybrid measurement-based analysis. These techniques have been succesfully implemented in prototype and commercial toolsets. Yet, comparison among the WCET estimates derived by such tools remains somewhat elusive as it requires a common set of benchmarks which serve a multitude of needs. The Mälardalen WCET research group maintains a large number of WCET benchmark programs for this purpose. This paper describes properties of the existing benchmarks, including their relative strengths and weaknesses. We propose extensions to the benchmarks which will allow any type of WCET tool evaluate its results against other state-of-the-art tools, thus setting a high standard for future research and development. We also propose an organization supporting the future work with the benchmarks. We suggest to form a committee with a responsibility for the benchmarks, and that the benchmark web site is transformed to an open wiki, with possibility for the WCET community to easily update the benchmarks.
Quantifying Robustness in a Spatial Model of Metabolism-Boundary Co-Construction

We introduce a spatial model of autopoiesis that demonstrates boundary-metabolism co-construction, disintegration following harsh perturbations, and self-repair in response to lighter perturbations. The system’s continued maintenance is equated with robustness and quantitatively investigated. This investigation highlights several important operational dependencies for robustness including spatiality, identity, stability, and appropriate specification of perturbations in the types of environments to which an entity must be robust.
Dynamics of HIV‐1 replication following influenza vaccination of HIV+ individuals

Levels of HIV‐1 have been reported to increase in peripheral blood after influenza vaccination of HIV+ individuals. In this study we have evaluated the dynamics of these changes. Ten HIV‐1+ individuals classified in revised CDC clinical categories B and C as well as five seronegative healthy controls were vaccinated with the recommended influenza strains. HIV viral RNA and proviral DNA were sequentially quantified in serum and blood lymphocytes, respectively. Nine of the 10 HIV+ individuals had an increase in the frequency of infected CD4 cells 2 weeks after influenza vaccination. Individuals with low viral load had a rapid increase in viraemia and a small increase in frequency of infected cells in peripheral blood. In contrast, individuals with high viral load had a small drop in viraemia followed by a significant rise in the rate of infected cells. The observed changes may resemble those taking place during intercurrent infections in HIV+ individuals. The effects of the relative increases in infectious virus after the transient viraemic phase should be further investigated to evaluate potential risks of vaccination.
Response to Comment on: Gorboulev et al. Na+-d-glucose Cotransporter SGLT1 Is Pivotal for Intestinal Glucose Absorption and Glucose-Dependent Incretin Secretion. Diabetes 2012;61:187–196

In response to the commentary of Professor Kellett (1), we would like to clarify the following points. The data reported in our article (2) confirm the observation that SGLT1-mediated D-glucose uptake in the presence of a high D-glucose concentration in the small intestinal lumen mediates translocation of GLUT2 to the luminal membrane of the enterocytes; however, they contradict the hypothesis that GLUT2 is the major pathway of D-glucose absorption when glucose is plentiful (3–6). Comparing SGLT1-mediated and GLUT2-mediated glucose uptake into isolated brush-border membrane (BBM) vesicles, we present evidence that SGLT1 transports about 90% of D-glucose into the enterocytes in the presence of high luminal glucose whereas only about 10% …
Connexin 43 expression predicts poor progression-free survival in patients with non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer

Objectives To evaluate the protein expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) in primary urothelial bladder cancer and test its association with the histopathological characteristics and clinical outcome. Methods A tissue microarray containing 348 tissue samples from 174 patients with primary urothelial carcinomas of the bladder was immunohistochemically stained for Cx43. The intensity of staining was semiquantitatively evaluated (score 0, 1+, 2+), and the association with clinicopathological features was assessed. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify predictors for progression-free survival (PFS). Results Membranous Cx43 immunoreactivity was detected in 118 (67.8%) of 174 analysable urothelial carcinomas, of which 31 (17.8%) showed even a strong (score 2+) and mainly homogeneous staining. Strong expression levels of Cx43 (score 2+) were associated with higher tumour grade, multiplicity and increased proliferation (all p<0.05). In the subgroup of patients with stage pTa and pT1 bladder tumours (n=158), strong Cx43 expression (p<0.001), solid growth pattern (p<0.001) and increased Ki-67 proliferation fraction (p<0.05) were significantly associated with shorter PFS in an univariable Cox regression analysis. In multivariable Cox regression models, Cx43 immunoreactivity and histological growth pattern remained highly significant and adverse risk factors for PFS. Conclusions The expression levels of Cx43 are frequent in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), with high expression levels being associated with poor prognosis. Routine assessment of Cx43 expression may improve the identification of high-risk NMIBC.
Intracellular lithium and cyclic AMP levels are mutually regulated in neuronal cells

In this work, we studied the effect of intracellular 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on Li+ transport in SH‐SY5Y cells. The cells were stimulated with forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, or with the cAMP analogue, dibutyryl‐cAMP. It was observed that under forskolin stimulation both the Li+ influx rate constant and the Li+ accumulation in these cells were increased. Dibutyryl‐cAMP also increased Li+ uptake and identical results were obtained with cortical and hippocampal neurons. The inhibitor of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, KB‐R7943, reduced the influx of Li+ under resting conditions, and completely inhibited the effect of forskolin on the accumulation of the cation. Intracellular Ca2+ chelation, or inhibition of N‐type voltage‐sensitive Ca2+ channels, or inhibition of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) also abolished the effect of forskolin on Li+ uptake. The involvement of Ca2+ on forskolin‐induced Li+ uptake was confirmed by intracellular free Ca2+ measurements using fluorescence spectroscopy. Exposure of SH‐SY5Y cells to 1 mm Li+ for 24 h increased basal cAMP levels, but preincubation with Li+, at the same concentration, decreased cAMP production in response to forskolin. To summarize, these results demonstrate that intracellular cAMP levels regulate the uptake of Li+ in a Ca2+‐dependent manner, and indicate that Li+ plays an important role in the homeostasis of this second messenger in neuronal cells.