Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Image Captioning and Visual Question Answering Based on Attributes and External Knowledge

Much of the recent progress in Vision-to-Language problems has been achieved through a combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). This approach does not explicitly represent high-level semantic concepts, but rather seeks to progress directly from image features to text. In this paper we first propose a method of incorporating high-level concepts into the successful CNN-RNN approach, and show that it achieves a significant improvement on the state-of-the-art in both image captioning and visual question answering. We further show that the same mechanism can be used to incorporate external knowledge, which is critically important for answering high level visual questions. Specifically, we design a visual question answering model that combines an internal representation of the content of an image with information extracted from a general knowledge base to answer a broad range of image-based questions. It particularly allows questions to be asked where the image alone does not contain the information required to select the appropriate answer. Our final model achieves the best reported results for both image captioning and visual question answering on several of the major benchmark datasets.
Credit Risk Models: An Application to Deposit Insurance Pricing

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) has recently tested credit risk measurement models used by large international banks to measure the risk of their portfolios in order to measure the risk of default of its insured banks' deposits. Using both balance sheet and equity market data for a sample of 15 large Italian banks, this study applies some of these models to value both individual and portfolio default risks for a deposit insurance agency. The empirical analysis allows to estimate the loss probability distribution which in turn can be used to: (i) evaluate the capital adequacy of the deposit insurance agency; (ii) estimate the marginal contribution to the whole portfolio risk of a single insured bank; (iii) identify a formula for deposit insurance pricing, as an alternative to the one based on option pricing models. Such a formula, based on a value-at-risk framework enables a more accurate risk quantification.
Criminal deterrence and sentence severity : an analysis of recent research

The Insitute of Criminology at the University of Cambridge recently undertook,at the behest of the Home Office, a comprehensive study of the literature on criminal deterrence, concentrating on recent research. The result, published in this book, examines the popular claim that 'deterrence works'. That it works in general terms is beyond dispute, but the claim most favoured by law-makers is narrower: that tougher sentences have a direct impact on criminal behaviour, limiting the number and severity of offences committed. This study seeks to discover the truth of that claim. Deterrence as a penal aim, is a broad subject, hence the authors of this work decided to look at two elements of recent research. First they looked at studies which examine the marginal deterrent effects of changing the certainty of punishment, that is, of altering the likelihood of an offender's being apprehended and convicted for a crime. Secondly they looked at studies of the marginal deterrent effects of altering the severity of punishment through changes in sentencing policy. It is their evaluation and analysis of the latter which is the principal focus of the work, and which will make the book essential reading for all those interested in sentencing and penal policy.
Disability and Marginal Utility of Income

It is often assumed that disability lowers the marginal utility of income. In this article individuals’ marginal utility of income in two states, (1) paralyzed in both legs from birth and (2) not mobility impaired at all, are measured through experimental choices between imagined lotteries behind a so-called “veil of ignorance”. The outcomes of the lotteries include both income and disability status. It is found that most people have higher marginal utility when paralyzed than when not mobility impaired at all. The median ratio of the two marginal utilities is estimated at between 1.16 and 1.92. The two marginal utilities are evaluated at the same levels of income. Quite little of the heterogeneity in this ratio can be explained by socio-economic background, but having personal experience of mobility impairment and supporting the Left party, the Social democratic party, the Green party or the Liberal party are associated with having a high ratio. The results suggest, in contrast to e.g. Finkelstein et al. (2008) and Viscusi and Evans (1990) that more than full insurance of income losses connected to being disabled is optimal. The results further suggests, in contrast to e.g. Sen (1997) and Roemer (1985, 1996, 2001), that given a utilitarian social welfare function resources should be transferred to, rather than from, disabled people. Finally, if the transfers are not large enough to smooth out the marginal utilities of the disabled and the non-disabled, distributional weights based on disability status (in opposite to income) should be used in cost-benefit analysis.
Immigration and hybridization patterns of yellow and anubis baboons in and around Amboseli, Kenya

In 1986, Samuels and Altmann reported evidence for a hybrid zone between Papio anubis and Papio cynocephalus in Amboseli, Kenya, in a baboon population that has been the subject of long‐term study since 1971 [Samuels & Altmann, International Journal of Primatology 7:131–138, 1986]. In the current report we document ongoing patterns of hybridization in Amboseli between anubis and yellow baboons. In July 2000, we exhaustively scored living members of study groups for their degree of hybridity, using seven phenotypic characteristics (five in juveniles). We also scored all former members of study groups on the basis of photographic records, field notes, and observer recollections. A total of five anubis males and 11 males with hybrid phenotypes have immigrated into study groups over the course of the long‐term study, and immigrations by hybrid males have increased in frequency over time. Further, the increasing frequency of hybrid phenotypes among animals born into study groups indicates that anubis and hybrid males have successfully reproduced in study groups. However, hybrid phenotypes and anubis immigrations were limited to groups in the southwestern portion of the Amboseli basin, with no hybrids occurring in the six eastern groups. Finally, we present evidence that anubis and hybrid males in Amboseli exhibit patterns of natal dispersal that are different from those of yellow males in Amboseli: males with anubis or hybrid phenotypes were significantly more likely to immigrate as juveniles or young subadults than were yellow males. Am. J. Primatol. 53:139–154, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Efficient Technique to Protect Serial Shift Registers Against Soft Errors

This brief presents a technique to efficiently correct single soft errors in serial shift registers. The proposed scheme uses two copies of the shift register. To achieve error correction, data are convolutionally encoded at the input of one of the copies and are decoded at its output. This processing ensures that in that copy, any error affecting a single bit will corrupt its output for multiple cycles. On the other hand, a single-bit error in the original copy will corrupt its output only for one cycle. Therefore, the error patterns can be used to identify the copy that has suffered the error and, consequently, to correct the error. The proposed technique has been implemented in a Hardware Description Language and implemented in a 45-nm library. A fault injection tool has been used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, showing that it can correct all single soft errors. The cost of the proposed approach in terms of circuit area has been compared with a traditional triple-modular redundancy implementation. The results show significant cost reductions, which approach a factor of 33% for large shift registers.
Probable Role of Beta 2-Adrenergic Receptor Gene Haplotype in Toluene Diisocyanate-Induced Asthma

Purpose A genetic polymorphism of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor is a major factor associated with the asthmatic phenotype. The association of this polymorphism with toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma has not been investigated. We examined 103 TDI-induced asthma patients (TDI-OA), 60 asymptomatic exposed controls (AEC), and 263 unexposed healthy controls (NC) in order to identify beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2) polymorphisms and the possible association with TDI-induced asthma. Methods Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADRB2 were genotyped by direct sequencing. Serum-specific IgE and IgG levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phenotypes and clinical patient parameters were compared. Results SNPs were identified (-47 T>C, -20 T>C, Arg16Gly A>G, Gln27Glu C>G, Leu134Leu G>A, Arg175Arg C>A) during ADRB2 screening (from -231 to 793 bp). No significant differences in allelic and genotypic frequencies were noted for any of the six ADRB2 SNPs. The Arg16Gly A>G, Leu134Leu G>A, and Arg175Arg C>A SNPs and haplotype 1 [TTACGC] were significantly associated with specific IgE antibodies to the TDI-human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate in TDI-exposed subjects (P<0.05). Exposed workers with the ADRB2 ht1/ht1 homozygote had a significantly higher TDI-HSA conjugate-specific IgE sensitization rate than did those with the null ht1 haplotype (odds ratio, 15.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.81-131.06). Conclusions ADRB2 polymorphisms may affect IgE-specific sensitization to TDI-HSA conjugate in TDI-exposed workers.
The Effects of a Tangible User Interface On designers ’ spatial cognition

A tangible user interface for designers changes the way in which the designers perceive and interact with a digital model. We studied the changes a specific tangible user interface has on designers’ spatial cognition through the comparison of designers using tangible user interface and graphical user interface environments. The results reveal that TUIs change designers’ spatial cognition, and then the changes in spatial cognition affect the design processes by increasing designers’ problem-finding behaviours leading to a creative design.
Transcription of clpP Is Enhanced by a Unique Tandem Repeat Sequence in Streptococcus mutans

ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans, the primary causative agent of human dental caries, contains a single copy of the gene encoding ClpP, the chief intracellular protease responsible for tolerance to various environmental stresses. To better understand the role of ClpP in stress response, we investigated the regulation of clpP expression in S. mutans. Using semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis, we observed that, under nonstressed conditions, clpP expression is somewhat constant throughout the growth phases, although it gradually decreases as cells enter the late stationary phase. The half-life of the clpP transcript was found to be less than 1 minute. Sequence analysis of the clpP locus reveals the presence of a 50-bp tandem repeat sequence located immediately upstream of the clpP promoter (PclpP). PCR and DNA sequence analyses suggest that the number of tandem repeat units can vary from as few as two to as many as nine, depending on the particular S. mutans isolate. Further analysis, using a transcriptional reporter fusion consisting of PclpP fused to a promoterless gusA gene, indicates that the presence of the repeat sequence region within PclpP results in an approximately fivefold increase in expression from PclpP compared to the repeat-free transcriptional reporter fusion. CtsR, a transcriptional repressor that negatively regulates clpP expression, has no effect on this repeat-mediated induction of clpP transcription. Furthermore, the repeat sequence is not necessary for the induction of clpP under stress conditions. Database searches indicate that the region containing the tandem repeats is absent in the clpP loci in other bacteria, including other closely related Streptococcus spp. , suggesting that the repeat sequences are specific for the induction of clpP expression in S. mutans. We speculate that a host-specific transcriptional activator might be involved in the upregulation of clpP expression in S. mutans.
Cardiovagal regulation during combined hypoxic and orthostatic stress: fainters vs. nonfainters.

We tested the hypothesis that individual differences in the effect of acute hypoxia on the cardiovagal arterial baroreflex would determine individual susceptibility to hypoxic syncope. In 16 healthy, nonsmoking, normotensive subjects (8 women, 8 men, age 20-33 yr), we assessed orthostatic tolerance with a 20-min 60 degrees head-upright tilt during both normoxia and hypoxia (breathing 12% O(2)). On a separate occasion, we assessed baroreflex control of heart rate (cardiovagal baroreflex gain) using the modified Oxford technique during both normoxia and hypoxia. When subjects were tilted under hypoxic conditions, 5 of the 16 developed presyncopal signs or symptoms, and the 20-min tilt had to be terminated. These "fainters" had comparable cardiovagal baroreflex gain to "nonfainters" under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (normoxia, fainters: -1.2 +/- 0.2, nonfainters: -1.0 +/- 0.2 beats.min(-1). mmHg(-1), P = 0.252; hypoxia, fainters: -1.3 +/- 0.2, nonfainters: -1.0 +/- 0.1 beats.min(-1). mmHg(-1), P = 0.208). Furthermore, hypoxia did not alter cardiovagal baroreflex gain in either group (both P > 0.8). It appears from these observations that hypoxic syncope results from the superimposed vasodilator effects of hypoxia on the cardiovascular system and not from a hypoxia-induced maladjustment in baroreflex control of heart rate.
Commodities and Capabilities

Commodities and Capabilities presents a set of inter-related theses concerning the foundations of welfare economics, and in particular about the assessment of personal well-being and advantage. The argument presented focuses on the capability to function, i.e. what a person can do or can be, questioning in the process the more standard emphasis on opulence or on utility. In fact, a person's motivation behind choice is treated here as a parametric variable which may or may not coincide with the pursuit of self-interest. Given the large number of practical problems arising from the roles and limitations of different concepts of interest and the judgement of advantage and well-being, this scholarly investigation is both of theoretical interest and practical import.
Biotin Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Mediated by a Conserved DNA Element and Requires the Activity of Biotin-Protein Ligase*

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin that functions as a prosthetic group in carboxylation reactions. In addition to its role as a cofactor, biotin has multiple roles in gene regulation. We analyzed biotin effects on gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and demonstrated by microarray, Northern, and Western analyses that all yeast genes encoding proteins involved in biotin metabolism are up-regulated following biotin depletion. Many of these genes contain a palindromic promoter element that is necessary and sufficient for mediating the biotin response and functions as an upstream-activating sequence. Mutants lacking the plasma membrane biotin transporter Vht1p display constitutively high expression levels of biotin-responsive genes. However, they react normally to biotin precursors that do not require Vht1p for uptake. The biotin-like effect of precursors with regard to gene expression requires their intracellular conversion to biotin. This demonstrates that Vht1p does not act as a sensor for biotin and that intracellular biotin is crucial for gene expression. Mutants with defects in biotin-protein ligase, similar to vht1Δ mutants, also display aberrantly high expression of biotin-responsive genes. Like vht1Δ cells, they have reduced levels of protein biotinylation, but unlike vht1Δ mutants, they possess normal levels of free intracellular biotin. This indicates that free intracellular biotin is irrelevant for gene regulation and identifies biotin-protein ligase as an important element of the biotin-sensing pathway in yeast.
THE DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The objective of this study is to shed light on the determinants of foreign direct investiment (FDI) in developing countries. In order to undertake it, we performe a econometric model based in panel data analysis for 38 developing countries (including transition economies) for the 1975-2000 period. Among the major conclusions we have that the FDI is correlated to level of schooling, economy's degree of openness, risk and variables related to macroeconomic performance like inflation, risk and average rate of economic growth. The results also show that the FDI has been closely associated with stock market performance. Lastly, a causality test between FDI and GDP is performed. There is evidence of the existence of causality in sense that GDP leading to FDI, but not vice versa.
Wealth and the Construction of Non-Cognitive Skills. The Case of Colombia

The purpose of this article is to identify to what extent there is a causal relationship between wealth and non-cognitive skills for children in Colombia. This article contributes to the existing literature of skills formation in three ways. First, methodological shortcomings of previous works are addressed. Second, variables that have been omitted in earlier studies are included in this analysis. Third, this is first article with such objective in the context of Colombia. One of the major conclusions of the literature of skills formation, in the context of a developed economy is that income has a limited impact in this process. The results of this study suggest that might not be the case in developing countries.
Handbook of the Fundamentals of Financial Decision Making:In 2 Parts

This handbook in two parts covers key topics of the theory of financial decision making. Some of the papers discuss real applications or case studies as well. There are a number of new papers that have never been published before especially in Part II. Part I is concerned with Decision Making Under Uncertainty. This includes subsections on Arbitrage, Utility Theory, Risk Aversion and Static Portfolio Theory, and Stochastic Dominance. Part II is concerned with Dynamic Modeling that is the transition for static decision making to multiperiod decision making. The analysis starts with Risk Measures and then discusses Dynamic Portfolio Theory, Tactical Asset Allocation and Asset-Liability Management Using Utility and Goal Based Consumption-Investment Decision Models. A comprehensive set of problems both computational and review and mind expanding with many unsolved problems are in an accompanying problems book. The handbook plus the book of problems form a very strong set of materials for PhD and Masters courses both as the main or as supplementary text in finance theory, financial decision making and portfolio theory. For researchers, it is a valuable resource being an up to date treatment of topics in the classic books on these topics by Johnathan Ingersoll in 1988, and William Ziemba and Raymond Vickson in 1975 (updated 2nd edition published in 2006).
Non-Secular Regularities in Stock Returns: The Impact of the High Holy Days on the U.S. Equity Market, Forthcoming in the Financial Analysts Journal

We study how daily returns and volume behave around the Jewish High Holy Days. We find that on both Rosh HaShanah and Yom Kippur, volume is down significantly, relative to that on all trading days in the sample period. When we consider a cumulative measure that allows for preemptive or delayed trading activity, we find that returns are significantly positive around Rosh HaShanah and significantly negative around Yom Kippur. Overall, the results are consistent with our a priori intuition that Jews play a major role in equity trading, so that their sentiment around important Jewish holidays has a significant impact on the U.S. equity market.
A neuronal device for the control of multi-step computations

We describe the operation of a neuronal device which embodies the computational principles of the `paper-and-pencil' machine envisioned by Alan Turing. The network is based on principles of cortical organization. We develop a plausible solution to implement pointers and investigate how neuronal circuits may instantiate the basic operations involved in assigning a value to a variable (i.e., x=5), in determining whether two variables have the same value and in retrieving the value of a given variable to be accessible to other nodes of the network. We exemplify the collective function of the network in simplified arithmetic and problem solving (blocks-world) tasks. Received: 14 June 2013, Accepted: 9 July 2013; Edited by: G. B. Mindlin; DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.4279/PIP.050006 Cite as: A Zylberberg, L Paz, P R Roelfsema, S Dehaene, M Sigman, Papers in Physics 5, 050006 (2013)
The changing profile of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Antiproteinuric effect predicts renal protection by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in rats with established adriamy-cin nephrosis. de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Additive antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition and a low-protein diet in human renal disease. antagonist treatment lowers plasma total and very low þ low density lipoprotein cholesterol in Type 1 diabetic patients with albuminuria without affecting plasma cholesterol ester-ification and cholesteryl ester transfer. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 550–552 19. Dullaart RP, Gansevoort RT, Dikkeschei BD et al. Role of elevated lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein activities in abnormal lipoproteins from proteinuric patients. Leopold B et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors lower LDL cholesterol without reducing Lp(a) levels. The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Effect of pravastatin on loss of renal function in people with moderate chronic renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease. A controlled, prospective study of the effects of atorvastatin on proteinuria and progression of kidney disease. 'Cellular and fluid exudation in the interstitial tissue. ' was described by Councilman in 1898 when he examined the kidneys of patients dying of scarlet fever and diptheria [1]. In particular he noted that the organs were sterile thus raising the possibility of an allergic-type phenomenon. This entity was termed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN). The widespread introduction of percutaneous renal biopsy led to the discovery of similar findings in association with drug-related renal failure, in particular related to the use of penicillins and sulphonamides. Histological examination in ATIN reveals an infiltrate, which is largely composed of T cells, together with some macrophages and plasma cells. As there is some evidence for cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity and positive in vitro lymphocyte stimulation tests in response to suspected drugs, the aetiology is presumed to be immune-mediated [2]. This is illustrated by the rapid recrudescence of disease upon inadvertent rechallenge in drug-related ATIN, a clear manifestation of an immunological memory response [3–5].
Hamiltonian cohomological derivation of four-dimensional nonlinear gauge theories

Consistent couplings among a set of scalar fields, two types of one-forms and a system of two-forms are investigated in the light of the Hamiltonian BRST cohomology, giving a four-dimensional nonlinear gauge theory. The emerging interactions deform the first-class constraints, the Hamiltonian gauge algebra, as well as the reducibility relations.