Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Safety of Insulin Glargine Use in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background The prevalence of diabetes in women of childbearing age is increasing. As such, the number of pregnancies complicated by diabetes will inevitably increase. New insulin analogues such as the long-acting analogue Insulin glargine may represent beneficial treatment options in pregnancy by ensuring that patients achieve excellent glycemic control without risk of maternal hypoglycemia. Objective To determine the fetal safety of insulin glargine use in the treatment of diabetes in pregnancy compared with NPH insulin therapy. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of all original human studies that reported neonatal outcomes among women with pregestational or gestational diabetes who were managed with either insulin glargine or NPH insulin during pregnancy. A systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials database, and Web of Science from 1980 to June 1, 2010. Outcomes included large size for gestational age, macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, birth trauma, congenital anomalies, preterm delivery, perinatal mortality, respiratory distress, and hyperbilirubinemia. Relative risk ratios and weighted mean differences were computed with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Eight studies reporting on a total of 702 women with pregestational or gestational diabetes in pregnancy treated with either insulin glargine (n = 331) or NPH insulin (n = 371) met the inclusion criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of fetal outcomes studied with the use of insulin glargine compared to NPH insulin. Conclusions: No evidence has been documented for increased adverse fetal outcomes with the use of insulin glargine in pregnancy compared to the use of NPH insulin. These results increase the choices for women requiring basal insulin therapy in pregnancy.
Coping Strategies in Call Centres: Work Intensity and the Role of Co-Workers and Supervisors

It has been observed that customer service workers often develop mutually supportive coping strategies to protect themselves from the emotional strain of overwork. These strategies can receive tacit support from supervisors, who may accept them as a means of getting the work done. The study explores the impact of a number of different forms of support on emotional exhaustion among a group of 480 call centre workers focusing, in particular, on the role of supportive behaviours relating to absence taking. The research shows that a supportive co-worker absence culture and team leader absence permissiveness can lessen the effects of job demands on emotional exhaustion and improve worker well-being. The implications of these findings are discussed.
On the long‐term interannual variability of the east Asian winter monsoon

The East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) and Siberian High (SH) are inherently related, based on prior studies of instrumental data available for recent decades (since 1958). Here we develop an extended instrumental EAWM index since 1871 that correlates significantly with the SH. These two indices show common modes of variation on the biennial (2–3 year) time scale. We also develop an index of the pressure gradient between the SH and the Aleutian Low, a gradient which critically impacts EAWM variability. This difference series, based on tree‐ring reconstructions of the SH and the North Pacific Index (NPI) over the past 400 years, shows that the weakening of this gradient in recent decades has not been unusual in a long‐term context. Correlations between the SH series and a tree‐ring reconstruction of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) suggest a variable tropical‐higher latitude teleconnection.
Effect of nurse-directed hypertension treatment among First Nations people with existing hypertension and diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Risk Evaluation and Microalbuminuria (DREAM 3) randomized controlled trial

Background: First Nations people with diabetes mellitus and hypertension are at greater risk of renal and cardiovascular complications than are non-native patients because of barriers to health care services. We conducted this randomized controlled trial to assess whether a community-based treatment strategy implemented by home care nurses would be effective in controlling hypertension in First Nations people with existing hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Methods: We compared 2 community-based strategies for controlling hypertension in First Nations people with existing hypertension and diabetes. In the intervention group, a home care nurse followed a predefined treatment algorithm of pharmacologic antihypertensive therapy. In the control group, treatment decisions were made by each subject's primary care physician. The primary outcome measure was the difference between the 2 groups in the change in systolic blood pressure after 12 months. Secondary outcome measures were the change in diastolic blood pressure over time, the change in urine albumin status and the incidence of adverse events. Results: Both groups experienced a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure by the final visit (by 24.0 [standard deviation (SD) 13.5] mm Hg in the intervention group and by 17.0 [SD 18.6] mm Hg in the control group); p < 0.001 in each case). However, the difference between the 2 groups in this change was not significant. Patients in the intervention group had a larger decrease in diastolic blood pressure over time than did those in the control group (by 11.6 [SD 10.6] mm Hg v. 6.8 [SD 11.1] mm Hg respectively; p = 0.05). The groups did not differ significantly in terms of changes in urine albumin excretion or incidence of adverse events. Interpretation: High rates of blood pressure control in the community were achieved in both groups in the DREAM 3 study. The addition of a home care nurse to implement a treatment strategy for blood pressure control was more effective in lowering diastolic than systolic blood pressure compared with home care visits for blood pressure monitoring alone and follow-up treatment by a family physician.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Congenital Heart Defects: A Meta-Analysis

Background There are still inconsistent conclusions about the association of prenatal alcohol drinking with congenital heart defects (CHDs). We conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and the risk of overall CHDs and the CHDs subtypes. Methods Case-control and cohort studies published before March 2015 were searched through PubMed and Embase. Two authors independently extracted data and scored the study quality according to the Newcastle-0ttawa Scale. The pooled ORs and 95%CI were estimated using the random-effects model and heterogeneity was assessed by the Q test and I2 statistic. Results A total of 20 studies were finally included. The results provided no evidence of the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and the risk of overall CHDs (OR = 1.06, 95%CI = 0.93–1.22), ventricular septal defects (VSDs) (OR = 1.04, 95%CI = 0.86–1.25), or atrial septal defects (ASDs) (OR = 1.40, 95%CI = 0.88–2.23). However, prenatal alcohol drinking was marginally significantly associated with conotruncal defects (CTDs) (OR = 1.24, 95%CI = 0.97–1.59) and statistically significantly associated with d-Transposition of the Great Arteries (dTGA) (OR = 1.64, 95%CI = 1.17–2.30). Moreover, both prenatal heavy drinking and binge drinking have a strong association with overall CHDs (heavy drinking: OR = 3.76, 95%CI = 1.00–14.10; binge drinking: OR = 2.49, 95%CI = 1.04–5.97), and prenatal moderate drinking has a modest association with CTDs (OR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.05–1.75) and dTGA (OR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.09–3.20). Conclusions In conclusion, the results suggested that prenatal alcohol exposure was not associated with overall CHDs or some subtypes, whereas marginally significant association was found for CTDs and statistically significant association was found for dTGA. Further prospective studies with large population and better designs are needed to explore the association of prenatal alcohol exposure with CHDs including the subtypes in specific groups.
Test and Repair Scheduling for Built-In Self-Repair RAMs in SOCs

Built-in self-repair (BISR) is one promising approach for improving the yield of memory cores in an system-on-chip (SOC). This paper presents a test scheduling approach for BISR memory cores under the constraint of maximum power consumption. An efficient test scheduling algorithm based on the early-abort probability is proposed. Experimental results show that the scheduled results of the proposed algorithm have lower expected test time in comparison with the previous work. For ITC’02 benchmarks, for example, about 10.7% average reduction ratio of expected test time can be achieved by the proposed algorithm.
Oral and Intravenous Acetylcysteine for Treatment of Acetaminophen Toxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Introduction: There are few reports summarizing the effectiveness of oral and intravenous (IV) acetylcysteine. We determined the proportion of acetaminophen poisoned patients who develop hepatotoxicity (serum transaminase > 1000 IU/L) when treated with oral and IV acetylcysteine. Methods: Studies were double abstracted by trained researchers. We determined the proportions of patients who developed hepatotoxicity for each route using a random effects model. Studies were further stratified by early and late treatment. Results: We screened 4,416 abstracts; 16 articles, including 5,164 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. The overall rate of hepatotoxicity for the oral and IV routes were 12.6% and 13.2%, respectively. Treatment delays are associated with a higher rate of hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: Studies report similar rates of hepatotoxicity for oral and IV acetylcysteine, but direct comparisons are lacking. While it is difficult to disentangle the effects of dose and duration from route, our findings suggest that the rates of hepatotoxicity are similar for oral and IV administration.
Bacterial Adhesion and Surface Roughness for Different Clinical Techniques for Acrylic Polymethyl Methacrylate

This study sought to assess the effect of different surface finishing and polishing protocols on the surface roughness and bacterial adhesion (S. sanguinis) to polymethyl methacrylates (PMMA). Fifty specimens were divided into 5 groups (n = 10) according to their fabrication method and surface finishing protocol: LP (3 : 1 ratio and laboratory polishing), NF (Nealon technique and finishing), NP (Nealon technique and manual polishing), MF (3 : 1 ratio and manual finishing), and MP (3 : 1 ratio and manual polishing). For each group, five specimens were submitted to bacterial adhesion tests and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two additional specimens were subjected to surface topography analysis by SEM and the remaining three specimens were subjected to surface roughness measurements. Data were compared by one-way ANOVA. The mean bacterial counts were as follows: NF, 19.6 ± 3.05; MP, 5.36 ± 2.08; NP, 4.96 ± 1.93; MF, 7.36 ± 2.45; and LP, 1.56 ± 0.62 (CFU). The mean surface roughness values were as follows: NF, 3.23 ± 0.15; MP, 0.52 ± 0.05; NP, 0.60 ± 0.08; MF, 2.69 ± 0.12; and LP, 0.07 ± 0.02 (μm). A reduction in the surface roughness was observed to be directly related to a decrease in bacterial adhesion. It was verified that the laboratory processing of PMMA might decrease the surface roughness and consequently the adhesion of S. sanguinis to this material.
Emotional modulation of visual and motor areas by dynamic body expressions of anger

Abstract The ability to detect emotional meaning in others’ behavior constitutes a central component of social competence. Expressions of anger in particular present salient signals that play a major role in the regulation of social interactions. Investigations of human anger signals have to date used still pictures of facial expressions but so far the neurobiological basis of bodily communication of anger remains largely unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the present study investigated the neural bases involved in perceiving anger signals emanating from the whole body. Our study also investigates what the presence of dynamic information adds to the perception of body expressions of anger. Participants were scanned while viewing stimuli (stills or videos) of angry and neutral whole-body expressions. Whole-body expressions of anger elicit activity in regions including the amygdala and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, which play a role in the affective evaluation of the stimuli. Importantly, the perception of dynamic body expressions of anger additionally engages the hypothalamus, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the temporal pole and the premotor cortex, brain regions that are coupled with autonomic reactions and motor responses related to defensive behaviors.
Drivers’ Beliefs, Habits, and Strategies Regarding High Beam Usage

Research suggests that drivers do not fully understand the visual challenges they face when driving at night, and that drivers typically under-use their high beams. Because little is known about what factors influence drivers’ usage of high beams, this study surveyed 202 undergraduates concerning their beliefs, habits, and strategies in choosing beam settings. Participants completed a 29-question survey asking about their general understanding of headlamp usage and roadway safety. These data reflect what drivers learned about beam usage when they were taught to drive and describe the factors that influence drivers’ selection of high and low beams. The data also describe the participants’ estimates of the frequency with which they use high beams, and quantify drivers’ estimates of the distance at which they can see different objects at night. These data offer insight into drivers’ beliefs about headlights, night vision, and safety. These insights are expected to be useful when designing educational interventions to encourage appropriate usage of high beams.
Unaltered number of brain serotonin uptake sites in suicide victims

The 5-HT uptake sites were studied with [3H ] paroxetine as radioligand in frontal cortex, cingulate cortex and hypothalamus from a control group (n=22) and a group of suicide victims (n = 19). The binding was also analysed with regard to the method of suicide (violent or non-violent) and history of depressive symptoms. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd ) was the same, 0.07-0.10 nM, and did not differ between the two groups studied. The maximum number of binding sites (B max) for the controls were frontal cortex 112±21, cingulate gyrus 227±92 and hypothalamus 699±240 fmol/mg protein. The B max values for the suicide group were not different from those of the control group. When the binding parameters were analysed according to the method of suicide (violent or non-violent) there were no differences in comparison to the control group or between these two suicide groups. Similarly, suicides with and without history of depression did not differ in [3H ] paroxetine binding and were not different from the control group. The control and suicide groups were not different with respect to age and post- mortem storage time. Considering 5-HT uptake sites as indirect markers for 5-HT terminals, these data suggest that the 5-HT terminal system is intact in the neocortex, the limbic system and in the hypothalamus in suicide victims.
Does comprehension precede production? The development of children's responses to telegraphic sentences of varying grammatical adequacy

ABSTRACT The comprehension ability of 36 children at three stages of telegraphic speech (mean length of utterance 1·45, 2·03, and 2·76 morphemes) was assessed using active behavioural responses to declarative and imperative sentences. Both forms were varied in syntactic and semantic complexity. The responses were scored in terms of objects used by the child, whether or not the child's actions were appropriate, and whether or not appropriate verbalization accompanied the actions. A significant increase in verbal and behavioural appropriateness with age was found for both imperative and declarative forms. Consistent with Shipley, Smith & Gleitman's (1969) results, advanced telegraphic speakers responded most often to adult stimulus forms. However, contrary to Shipley et al.'s findings, all children, even the earliest telegraphic speakers, were more accurate in responding to adult forms than to child forms, suggesting that ability to comprehend adult linguistic forms is present even at the earliest stages of telegraphic speech. The findings imply that re-evaluation of the development of comprehension ability in telegraphic speakers is necessary.
Challenging Dominant Discourses: Identity and change and the experience of 'infertility' and 'involuntary childlessness'

In this article I draw on data from a completed feminist sociological study within which I was concerned to explore the experience (especially women's) of 'infertility' and 'involuntary childlessness. ' I begin by outlining the focus of current discussion and debate and the associated dominant discourses. With reference to the experience of my respondents I then consider issues of definition and identity and change and adaptation arguing that respondent accounts represent a challenge to the discourses (including those of feminists and social scientists) that dominate discussion in this area. Throughout I consider the difference between the biological condition of 'infertility' and the social experience of 'involuntarily childlessness' and reflect on the significance of the biological and the social for my respondents. Finally, I outline the necessity of making these issues central to feminist concerns and consider the value and limitations of focusing on the discursive.
The Analysis of Verbal Explanations for Marital Separation: Implications for Attribution Theory1

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the structure and content of real-life attributions, using these data to examine some important theoretical and empirical issues in attribution theory. The causal attributions examined came from free-response verbal protocols of explanations for marital separation of 29 males and 33 females living in New Zealand. Respondents gave causal importance weghts to the attributions from their verbal protocols, utilizing the technique of subjective magnitude estimation. Ipsative data, representing perceived causal responsibility for different attribution targets (self, ex-spouse, external factors, etc.), were derived from these weights, and the impact a range of independent variables exerted on these derived free-response attribution percentages was examined. Evidence is presented which supports the validity and reliability of this technique. The normative data gathered was found to be both consistent and inconsistent with different aspects of attribution theory. The implications for attribution theory are discussed.
Power, Spirituality, and Time From a Feminist Perspective: Correlates of Sobriety in a Study of Sober Female Participants in Alcoholics Anonymous

BACKGROUND: The social support network and spiritual orientation of Alcoholics Anonymous were significant predictors of the choice of this study's sample of 125 sober alcoholic women to actively participate in Alcoholics Anonymous for at least 1 year. Religious affiliation is another choice that a woman may make in seeking to know herself in sobriety. OBJECTIVE: The first objective of these ancillary analyses was to determine whether either length of sobriety or number of weekly meetings attended was correlated to power as knowing participation in change, perceived social support, and spirituality. The second objective was to determine whether there was a difference in spirituality between women who actively participated in their religion and those who did not. DESIGN: This correlational study was designed to explore relations among power as knowing participation in change, social support, spirituality, length of sobriety, and number of weekly meetings attended. These research questions were answered by using hierarchical multiple regressions and a t test. RESULTS: The number of Alcoholics Anonymous meetings attended weekly contributed significantly to power and to spirituality. Length of sobriety was not correlated with any of the three major variables. Spirituality scores were also significantly higher for those who were actively involved in their religion than for those who were not. CONCLUSIONS: The significant difference among the findings in the conceptualization of time emphasizes the needfor a continuing connection with a group ofpeers. Also, the role of organized religion in spiritual orientation was demonstrated.
Collectivistic individualism: Transcending a traditional opposition

Individualism is typically separated from its counterpart—collectivism. It is regarded as one of the most important characteristics of American people, comparing to collectivism of Eastern Asian people. However, such a simple dichotomy as individualism vs. collectivism is unproductive for psychology. An ethnographic study was performed at some schools in the United States from Japanese point of view. The result suggested that the dichotomy was too simple to understand American practices to socialize individualistic orientations. The study also fails to help in understanding cultural peculiarities of both the United States and Japan. The “American individualism” seemed to be salient in terms of guiding children to be selectively independent from peers, but not from parents—in contrast to the Japanese ways. Collectivistic aspects were also found in specific forms of social organization within schools in the United States. The “American collectivism” seemed to be salient in terms of promoting upward social mobility of the individualistic actor, and not viewed as a downward social trajectory or a repressive act against the individual.
Study Abroad: The Experience of American Undergraduates

Preface Introduction Research Questions and Methodology How Do Students Who Study Abroad Differ from Those Who Remain on Their Home Campus? Experiences Related to the Sojourn of Study Abroad Students and Changes in Their Language Proficiency Impacts of the Study Abroad Experience Analyses of Personal and Sojourn Variables Related to Impacts of Study Abroad Long-Term Effects: A Follow-up of Study Abroad Alumni/ae The Significance of the Study's Findings: Policy and Research Implications Appendixes Index