Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Stimulus Salience and Attentional Capture Across the Neural Hierarchy in a Stop-Signal Task

Inhibitory motor control is a core function of cognitive control. Evidence from diverse experimental approaches has linked this function to a mostly right-lateralized network of cortical and subcortical areas, wherein a signal from the frontal cortex to the basal ganglia is believed to trigger motor-response cancellation. Recently, however, it has been recognized that in the context of typical motor-control paradigms those processes related to actual response inhibition and those related to the attentional processing of the relevant stimuli are highly interrelated and thus difficult to distinguish. Here, we used fMRI and a modified Stop-signal task to specifically examine the role of perceptual and attentional processes triggered by the different stimuli in such tasks, thus seeking to further distinguish other cognitive processes that may precede or otherwise accompany the implementation of response inhibition. In order to establish which brain areas respond to sensory stimulation differences by rare Stop-stimuli, as well as to the associated attentional capture that these may trigger irrespective of their task-relevance, we compared brain activity evoked by Stop-trials to that evoked by Go-trials in task blocks where Stop-stimuli were to be ignored. In addition, region-of-interest analyses comparing the responses to these task-irrelevant Stop-trials, with those to typical relevant Stop-trials, identified separable activity profiles as a function of the task-relevance of the Stop-signal. While occipital areas were mostly blind to the task-relevance of Stop-stimuli, activity in temporo-parietal areas dissociated between task-irrelevant and task-relevant ones. Activity profiles in frontal areas, in turn, were activated mainly by task-relevant Stop-trials, presumably reflecting a combination of triggered top-down attentional influences and inhibitory motor-control processes.
Mind the Gap: Potential for Rebounds during Antiangiogenic Treatment Breaks

VEGF pathway inhibitors have shown benefits in many cancers, yet many (often controversial) questions remain about whether vascular and tumor regrowth can occur when therapy is stopped. Marked increases in endothelial cell proliferation could play a role in putative rebounds, potentially influencing overall efficacy, dosing schedules, and presurgical intervention strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 18(14); 3719–21. ©2012 AACR.
The Impact of Adapting Content for Students with Individual Differences

Combining adaptive hypermedia methods with strategies proposed by instructional theory and motivation models, an adaptable tutorial was designed and developed. The aim of this study was to assess whether the goals of an adaptable tutorial, which individualized instruction based on student motivation and prior knowledge, were being met (i.e. knowledge gains and motivation gains) and to identify weak or problematic areas, in terms of usability, where the tutorial could be improved. A total of 186 undergraduate students participated in two stages of this study. The data were obtained through questionnaires, surveys, focus group interviews, and system logs. Preliminary results indicated that overall students were pleased with their experiences however, certain groups of students benefited more than others.
Predictors for Haemophilus influenzae colonization, antibiotic resistance and for sharing an identical isolate among children attending 16 licensed day-care centers in Michigan.

BACKGROUND Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae is an important cause of otitis media in children. Children attending day-care centers are at an increased risk for nontypable H. influenzae colonization and otitis media. We describe the prevalence of nontypable H. influenzae colonization, antibiotic resistance and predictors for colonization and sharing an identical isolate with at least 1 other child in the same day-care centers among children attending 16 day-care centers. METHODS Throat swabs of 198 children < 3 years old attending 16 day-care centers were cultured for H. influenzae. Day-care center directors and parents completed risk factors questionnaires. Nontypable H. influenzae isolates were screened for antibiotic resistance and genotyped. Statistics were performed using SAS software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). RESULTS We isolated 179 unique nontypable H. influenzae strains from 127 participants. Colonization ranged from 0% to 95% among day-care centers. As individual factors, exposure to tobacco smoke was associated with colonization (P = 0.05), and racial self-identifications as "other" (nonwhite, nonblack) was protective (P = 0.035), whereas as "black" was protective for sharing (P = 0.03). Pacifier use was associated with sharing (P = 0.04), but not with colonization. As day-care centers factors, rates of colonization and sharing were higher in day-care centers with > or = 5 classrooms (P < 0.01 and P = 0.03), with such suboptimal hygiene habits as minimal hand washing by staff after eating (P < 0.002 and P < 0.01) or by children after wiping their own nose (P = 0.01 and P = 0.003). Of colonized children, 41% presented a beta-lactamase-producing strain. Colonized children were more likely to carry resistant strains if they were taking an antibiotic (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Although day-care center colonization varied, the overall colonization rate was high. Colonization with nontypable H. influenzae, with beta-lactamase-producing strain and sharing were, mostly, associated with modifiable risk factors.
Medullary Carcinoma of the Breast

Breast cancer is today the most frequent malignant disease among women in Denmark and worldwide. Since 1960 a steady increase in incidence has been observed (Ewertz, 1993) with a current cumulative incidence rate of 8.5% in the age group from 0-74 years (1993, The Danish Cancer Registry). Thus, approximately one out of 12 Danish women will develop breast cancer before the age of 75 years. In 1993 approximately 3200 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed, and 1400 women died of breast cancer (The Danish Cancer Registry). Breast cancer thus constitutes a very important health problem. Medullary carcinoma of the breast (MC) is an interesting histological subgroup of breast cancer. It was introduced as a histopathological entity in the late 1940’s, and redefined in the mid1970’s (Pedersen et al. 1988). It constitutes about 5% of all breast cancers. The individual histopathological characteristics of MC indicate a poor prognosis, but MC is most often associated with a better prognosis than for breast cancer in general (Pedersen et al. 1988). Because of this biological paradox, the author found it important to characterize medullary carcinoma of the breast with regard to histopathological, biochemical and clinical characteristics, and their prognostic importance, thereby hoping to reach some special guidelines for the treatment of this particular kind of breast cancer, and perhaps a better understanding of the biology of breast cancer in general. If a histopathological diagnosis is to be used by the clinician as a guide to treatment, this histological diagnosis has to be reproducible and to contain consistent prognostic information. Our first study, therefore, analyzed the interand intraobserver variability in the histopathological diagnosis of MC and its prognostic implications, using the presently acknowledged definition of MC (Pedersen et al. 1989). The results of the study did not fulfil the demands for reproducibility and prognostic consistency. Consequently, we continued to analyze the interand intraobserver variability of the individual histopathological features leading to the diagnosis of MC, and their prognostic importance. Based on these observations we proposed a new simplified definition of MC, intending to meet the demands for reproducibility and prognostic consistency (Pedersen et al. 1990, Pedersen et al. 1991). Concommitantly we performed a study on DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction in medullary carcinoma of the breast, using the same histological material (Pedersen et al. 1994). The prognostic importance of the new histological diagnosis of MC and of the individual histological characteristics was subsequently tested in another tumour population, and to further validate and improve the diagnostic criteria a multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed on the combined population (Pedersen et al. 1994). Finally, the group of MC according to the selected criteria was characterized as to 1) histological features, 2) prognosis compared with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC), and 3) prevalence and prognostic importance of classical risk factors in breast cancer (Pedersen et al. 1995).
Mechanisms Involved by Reactive Elements upon High Temperature Chromia Scale Growth

The influence of Y 2 O 3 , Pr 2 O 3 , Nd 2 O 3 , Sm 2 O 3 and Yb 2 O 3 coatings on Fe-30Cr alloy oxidation behaviour was investigated at 1000°C in air under atmospheric pressure. Isothermal exposures indicated that the Y 2 O 3 coating was the most protective after 100 hours. Pr 2 O 3 , Nd 2 O 3 and Sm 2 O 3 coatings were less effective, but the less beneficial effect was observed when Yb 2 O 3 coating was applied onto the Fe-Cr alloy surface. Two-stage oxidation experiments in 16 O 2 and then 18 O 2 were performed to get information about the chromia growth phenomena with and without reactive elements. The 18 O-tracer distribution was determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS). The experiments performed on uncoated samples clearly demonstrated that chromia growth mechanism was controlled by chromium cationic diffusion, whereas on reactive element coated samples the external diffusion of chromium ions was not predominant.
Human 5-HT7 Receptor-Induced Inactivation of Forskolin-Stimulated Adenylate Cyclase by Risperidone, 9-OH-Risperidone and Other “Inactivating Antagonists”

We have previously reported on the unusual human 5-hydroxytryptamine7 (h5-HT7) receptor-inactivating properties of risperidone, 9-OH-risperidone, bromocriptine, methiothepin, metergoline, and lisuride. Inactivation was defined as the inability of 10 μM 5-HT to stimulate cAMP accumulation after brief exposure and thorough removal of the drugs from HEK293 cells expressing h5-HT7 receptors. Herein we report that brief exposure of the h5-HT7 receptor-expressing cells to inactivating drugs, followed by removal of the drugs, results in potent and efficacious irreversible inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Pretreatment, followed by removal of the inactivating drugs inhibited 10 μM forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity with potencies similar to the drugs' affinities for the h5-HT7 receptor. The actions of the inactivating drugs were pertussis toxin-insensitive, indicating the lack of Gi in their mechanism(s) of action. Methiothepin and bromocriptine maximally inhibited 10 μM forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase, whereas the other drugs produced partial inhibition, indicating the drugs are inducing slightly different inactive conformations of the h5-HT7 receptor. Maximal effects of these inactivating drugs occurred within 15 to 30 min of exposure of the cells to the drugs. A Gs-mediated inhibition of forskolin-stimulated activity has never been reported. The inactivating antagonists seem to induce a stable conformation of the h5-HT7 receptor, which induces an altered state of Gs, which, in turn, inhibits forskolin-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase. These and previous observations indicate that the inactivating antagonists represent a unique class of drugs and may reveal GPCR regulatory mechanisms previously unknown. These drugs may produce innovative approaches to the development of therapeutic drugs.
Curse of schistosomiasis on Egyptian liver.

Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease caused by a trematode blood fluke of the genus schistosoma that belongs to the schistosomatidae family. The ancient Egyptians contracted the disease more than 4 000 years ago. It was recognized through haematuria, the main sign of urinary bilharziasis was recorded in the Kahun papyrus 1900 B.C. as “â-a-â” disease[1]. One of the milestone events in the history of bilharziasis occurred in 1851, Theodor Bilharz, a German physician working at Cairo Medical School, saw the fluke in the mesenteric veins of post-mortem of an Egyptian boy[2,3], then described two types of ova, one with a terminal spine, and the other with a lateral spine, which he considered to be the mature and immature ova, respectively, produced by the female worms of the same species[2]. The controversy was finally settled by Leiper (1915-1918), when he demonstrated the presence of two species of Bilharzia that were different with regard to the morphology of the adult worms, the type of ova, the molluscan intermediate host, and the human habitat (i.e. the urogenital versus the intestinal tract)[4]. Another milestone was the introduction by McDonagh (1918), of antimony as an antibilharzial agent, and the popularization of the drug by Christopherson (1918) in Egypt[5,6]. In the life cycle, the adult worms live in terminal venules of the bowel (S mansoni, S japonicum) or bladder (S. haematobium). When eggs passed in feces or urine reach fresh water, a larval form is released that subsequently infects snails, the intermediate host. After development, infective larvae (cercariae) leave the snails, enter water, and infect exposed persons through the skin or mucous membranes. After penetration, the cercariae become “schistosomula” that reach the portal circulation in the liver, where they rapidly mature. After a few weeks, adult worms pair, mate, and migrate mainly to terminal venules of specific veins, where females deposit their eggs. By means of lytic secretions, some eggs reach the lumen of the bowel or bladder and are passed with feces or urine. Others are retained in the bowel or bladder wall, while still others are carried in the circulation to the liver, lung, and (less often) to other tissues.
Placement of central venous port catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters in the routine clinical setting of a radiology department: analysis of costs and intervention duration learning curve

Background Placement of central venous port catheters (CVPS) and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) is an integral component of state-of-the-art patient care. In the era of increasing cost awareness, it is desirable to have more information to comprehensively assess both procedures. Purpose To perform a retrospective analysis of interventional radiologic implantation of CVPS and PICC lines in a large patient population including a cost analysis of both methods as well as an investigation the learning curve in terms of the interventions’ durations. Material and Methods All CVPS and PICC line related interventions performed in an interventional radiology department during a three-year period from January 2011 to December 2013 were examined. Documented patient data included sex, venous access site, and indication for CVPS or PICC placement. A cost analysis including intervention times was performed based on the prorated costs of equipment use, staff costs, and expenditures for disposables. The decrease in intervention duration in the course of time conformed to the learning curve. Results In total, 2987 interventions were performed by 16 radiologists: 1777 CVPS and 791 PICC lines. An average implantation took 22.5 ± 0.6 min (CVPS) and 10.1 ± 0.9 min (PICC lines). For CVPS, this average time was achieved by seven radiologists newly learning the procedures after performing 20 CVPS implantations. Total costs per implantation were €242 (CVPS) and €201 (PICC lines). Conclusion Interventional radiologic implantations of CVPS and PICC lines are well-established procedures, easy to learn by residents, and can be implanted at low costs.
Highly Energy-Efficient On-Chip Pulsed-Current-Mode Transmission Line Interconnect

System-on-a-chip (SoC) has become possible since a great number of circuit elements can be integrated into a single chip by the miniaturization technologies for Si CMOS. Network-onChip (NoC) has been investigated actively, and it is expected to be a new approach for designing the communication subsystems of SoC (Lee et al., 2008). Enormous circuit blocks are loaded onto the NoC, and on-chip networks like local area networks (LANs) in the NoC communicate among these circuit blocks. Since the performance of the NoC is strongly affected by on-chip networks, the construction of efficient on-chip communications infrastructures will be increasingly significant. Some of the important characteristics for on-chip interconnects are bandwidth, latency, and power. In particular, power saving technologies are very important in realizing Green IT (information technology). Power dissipation in on-chip networks mainly occurs at interconnects due to the increase of wiring resistance and capacitance. A significant issue is that power consumption of conventional on-chip interconnects, i.e. so-called RC lines, is proportional to the signal frequency; hence, it is very difficult to reduce energy dissipation per bit. Given the recent trend of high-speed signaling, we have to solve this problem and offer some good solutions. One solution is the use of copper lines and low-k dielectric, and these techniques have been widely applied and reduce power consumption for transmitting signals. However long interconnects still consume large power as in the case of RC lines. Another solution is the introduction of on-chip transmission line interconnects (TLIs). The applications of TLIs have been widely demonstrated. Modulation (Chang et al., 2003), pulsedcurrent-mode (Jose et al., 2006), current-mode-logic (Ito et al., 2004, 2005; Ishii et al., 2006; Gomi et al., 2004), low voltage differential signaling (Ito et al., 2007) and multi-drop (Ito et al., 2008) techniques are proposed, and these techniques enable the improvement of bandwidth, latency and extensibility of on-chip networks. Figure 1 is an image of on-chip networks with TLIs. It is also reported that TLIs have a better power efficiency than the conventional on-chip lines as the line length and signal frequency increase (Ito et al., 2004; Gomi et al., 2004; Ito et al., 2005; Ishii et al., 2006; Ito et al., 2007). Further improvement of the power efficiency at low frequencies is the design challenge in the case of on-chip TLIs. Since current-mode differential amplifiers are usually used for transmitters (Txs) and receivers (Rxs) in TLIs, Tx and Rx consume static power regardless ardless of the signal frequency. This means TLIs waste power if they are applied to paths with a low activity factor or to transmit low bit-rate signals.
Salivary IL-1β and PGE2 as biomarkers of periodontal status, before and after periodontal treatment.

AIM Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) are key inflammatory mediators involved in periodontitis. The purpose was to compare their salivary concentrations in relation to periodontal status and their changes after periodontal treatment, to determine their use as non-invasive diagnostic tools. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 74 subjects grouped in periodontally healthy, mild, moderate and severe periodontitis, according to clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD) served as participants. IL-1β and PGE2 were determined in unstimulated whole saliva by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Interleukin -1β increased with the severity of periodontitis with a large effect size in prediction of CAL (η(2) = 0.35, p = 0.0001). PGE2 showed an increment in mild periodontitis and another in moderate. A significant effect size was also found between PGE2 and PPD (η(2) = 0.12, p = 0.003). Both mediators decreased after periodontal treatment. With a selected threshold of 212 pg/ml, salivary IL1-β predicted periodontitis with 78% sensitivity and 100% specificity. With a selected threshold of 121 pg/ml, salivary PGE2 predicted periodontitis with 78% sensitivity and 91% specificity. CONCLUSION The high sensitivity and specificity of salivary IL-1β and PGE2 in identifying periodontitis suggest a potential use as biomarkers for diagnosis of periodontitis presence and severity.
Comparison of three videolaryngoscopes: Pentax Airway Scope, C‐MAC™, Glidescope® vs the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation *

We compared the intubating characteristics of the Pentax Airway Scope, the C‐MAC™ and the Glidescope® with those of the Macintosh laryngoscope in 400 patients without predictors of difficult intubation. We found shorter intubation times with the Airway Scope (mean (SD) 20.6 (11.5) s) compared with the C‐MAC (31.9 (17.6) s) and Glidescope (31.2 (15.0) s), p < 0.001. The median (IQR [range]) score for ease of intubation was significantly lower (better) with the Airway Scope (0 (0–8.75 [0–60])) than with the C‐MAC (10 (0–20 [0–90])) or Glidescope (0 (0–20 [0–80])), p < 0.001. Ease of blade insertion in the C‐MAC (0 (0–0 [0–30])) was superior to that of the Airway Scope (0 (0–0 [0–70])), Macintosh (0 (0–0 [0–80])) or Glidescope (0 (0–10 [0–60])), p = 0.006. More patients had a grade 1 laryngeal view with the Airway Scope (97%) compared with the C‐MAC (87%), Glidescope (78%), or Macintosh (58%), p < 0.001. There were no grade 3 laryngeal views with the Airway Scope. The three videolaryngoscopes had comparable first attempt successful intubation rates: 95% for the Airway Scope, 93% for the C‐MAC and 91% for the Glidescope.
Melatonin mitigates cadmium phytotoxicity through modulation of phytochelatins biosynthesis, vacuolar sequestration, and antioxidant potential in Solanum lycopersicum L

Melatonin is a ubiquitous signal molecule, playing crucial roles in plant growth and stress tolerance. Recently, toxic metal cadmium (Cd) has been reported to regulate melatonin content in rice; however, the function of melatonin under Cd stress, particularly in higher plants, still remains elusive. Here, we show that optimal dose of melatonin could effectively ameliorate Cd-induced phytotoxicity in tomato. The contents of Cd and melatonin were gradually increased over time under Cd stress. However, such increase in endogenous melatonin was incapable to reverse detrimental effects of Cd. Meanwhile, supplementation with melatonin conferred Cd tolerance as evident by plant biomass and photosynthesis. In addition to notable increase in antioxidant enzymes activity, melatonin-induced Cd stress mitigation was closely associated with enhanced H+-ATPase activity and the contents of glutathione and phytochelatins. Although exogenous melatonin had no effect on root Cd content, it significantly reduced leaf Cd content, indicating its role in Cd transport. Analysis of Cd in different subcellular compartments revealed that melatonin increased cell wall and vacuolar fractions of Cd. Our results suggest that melatonin-induced enhancements in antioxidant potential, phytochelatins biosynthesis and subsequent Cd sequestration might play a critical role in plant tolerance to Cd. Such a mechanism may have potential implication in safe food production.