Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental reorganization of the cerebellar cortex. I. Morphological effects of elimination of all microneurons with prolonged x‐irradiation started at birth

The heads of Long‐Evans rats were irradiated from birth with a schedule of repeated doses of low‐level x‐ray which prevented the acquisition of the postnatally‐forming basket, stellate and granule cells. The absence of these microneurons led to several changes in the organization of the cerebellar cortex, studied at 30 days of age with light and electron microscopy. The somata of Purkinje cells were not strung out in a monolayer. Their primary dendrites were randomly oriented and arborized differently depending on the position of their somata in the depth of the cortex. Many Purkinje cell perisomatic processes, normally seen only in infants, were retained. Climbing and mossy fibers formed inconspicuous, symmetrical synapses with the somata and conspicuous, asymmetrical synapses with the perisomatic processes and dendritic thorns of Purkinje cells. Massive Purkinje cell dendrites with innumerable thorns made up much of the neuropil of the cortex. The dendritic thorns, in addition to forming true synapses, also established pseudosynapses with glial processes and synapses devoid of vesicles with the surface or the interior of Purkinje cell dendrites. The latter type of contact apparently led to autolysis of part of the dendrite, which was the only clear pathological phenomenon observed. These results indicated considerable autonomy in the growth of Purkinje cell dendrites, which arborized richly and sprouted innumerable small processes in the absence of parallel fibers, and formed postsynaptic dense membranes in contiguity with inappropriate processes, such as those of Purkinje cells or astrocytes.
Can gamers detect cloud delay?

In many games, a win or a loss is not only contingent on the speedy reaction of the players, but also on how fast the game can react to them. From our ongoing project, we aim to establish perceptual thresholds for visual delays that follow user actions. In this first user study, we eliminated the complexities of a real game and asked participants to adjust the delay between the push of a button and a simple visual presentation. At the most sensitive, our findings reveal that some perceive delays below 40 ms. However, the median threshold suggests that motor-visual delays are more likely than not to go undetected below 51-90 ms. These results will in future investigations be compared to thresholds for more complex visual stimuli, and to thresholds established from different experimental approaches.
Prognostic Role of Tissue and Circulating MicroRNA-200c in Malignant Tumors: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Recently, many studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNA) exhibit altered expression in various cancers and may serve as prognostic biomarkers. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic role of miR-200c expression in different cancers. Methods: Studies were recruited by searching PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library (last search update was May 2014) and assessed by further quality evaluation. Results: A total of 25 studies dealing with various carcinomas were identified for systematic review. Among them, 18 studies were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. Our results indicated that the expression of tissue miR-200c was not associated with OS and PFS in various carcinomas; however, downregulation of tissue miR-200c did predict poor OS of patients with stage I disease (HR=0.41, 95% CI 0.25-0.68, P=0.001). Furthermore, overexpression of blood miR-200c was significantly related to poor OS and PFS (HR=3.07 95% CI 1.58-5.96 P=0.001, HR=2.26 95% CI 1.66-3.08 P<0.001, respectively), especially in patients with advanced disease. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis clarified that low expression of miR-200c in primary tissue was significantly associated with poor survival in cancer patients at early stage, whereas a high level of blood miR-200c predicted poor prognosis in patients with advanced tumors.
Optimal Forwarding in Opportunistic Delay Tolerant Networks With Meeting Rate Estimations

Data transfer in opportunistic delay tolerant networks (DTNs) must rely on unscheduled sporadic meetings between nodes. The main challenge in these networks is to develop a mechanism based on which nodes can learn to make nearly optimal forwarding decision rules despite having no apriori knowledge of the network topology. The forwarding mechanism should ideally result in a high-delivery probability, low-average latency, and efficient usage of the network resources. In this paper, we propose both centralized and decentralized single-copy message forwarding algorithms that, under relatively strong assumptions about the networks behavior, minimize the expected latencies from any node in the network to a particular destination. After proving the optimality of our proposed algorithms, we develop a decentralized algorithm that involves a recursive maximum-likelihood procedure to estimate the meeting rates. We confirm the improvement that our proposed algorithms make in the system performance through numerical simulations on datasets from synthetic and real-world opportunistic networks.
Characterizing horizontal variability and energy spectra in the Arctic Ocean halocline

Energy transfer from the atmosphere into the upper Arctic Ocean is expected to become more efficient as summer sea-ice coverage decreases and multiyear ice thins due to recent atmospheric warming. However, relatively little is known about how energy is transferred within the ocean by turbulent processes from large to small scales in the presence of ice and how these pathways might change in future. This study characterises horizontal variability in several regions of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean under differing sea-ice conditions. Historic along track CTD data collected by a Royal Navy submarine during summer 1996 allows a unique examination of horizontal variability and associated wavenumber spectra within the Arctic Ocean halocline. Spectral analysis indicates that potential energy variance under perennial sea-ice in the Amundsen Basin is O(100) less than within the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) of Fram Strait. Spectra from all regions show a transition in scaling at wavelengths of approximately 5 to 7 km. At scales greater than the transition wavelength to 50 km, energy spectra are consistent with a k-3 scaling (where k is wavenumber) and interior quasi-geostrophic dynamics. The scaling of spectra at these scales is extremely similar between regions suggesting similar dynamics and energy exchange pathways. The k-3 scaling is steeper than typically found in regions of mid latitude open ocean. At scales below the transition wavelength to 300 m, spectra are close to a k-5/3 scaling or flatter, indicating a change in dynamics, which is potentially due to internal waves dominating variability at small scales. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
S81L and G170R mutations causing Primary Hyperoxaluria type I in homozygosis and heterozygosis: an example of positive interallelic complementation

Primary Hyperoxaluria type I (PH1) is a rare disease due to the deficit of peroxisomal alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), a homodimeric pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) enzyme present in humans as major (Ma) and minor (Mi) allele. PH1-causing mutations are mostly missense identified in both homozygous and compound heterozygous patients. Until now, the pathogenesis of PH1 has been only studied by approaches mimicking homozygous patients, whereas the molecular aspects of the genotype-enzymatic-clinical phenotype relationship in compound heterozygous patients are completely unknown. Here, for the first time, we elucidate the enzymatic phenotype linked to the S81L mutation on AGT-Ma, relative to a PLP-binding residue, and how it changes when the most common mutation G170R on AGT-Mi, known to cause AGT mistargeting without affecting the enzyme functionality, is present in the second allele. By using a bicistronic eukaryotic expression vector, we demonstrate that (i) S81L-Ma is mainly in its apo-form and has a significant peroxisomal localization and (ii) S81L and G170R monomers interact giving rise to the G170R-Mi/S81L-Ma holo-form, which is imported into peroxisomes and exhibits an enhanced functionality with respect to the parental enzymes. These data, integrated with the biochemical features of the heterodimer and the homodimeric counterparts in their purified recombinant form, (i) highlight the molecular basis of the pathogenicity of S81L-Ma and (ii) provide evidence for a positive interallelic complementation between the S81L and G170R monomers. Our study represents a valid approach to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of PH1 in compound heterozygous patients.
The Structure of Natural Young , Mature , and Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests in Oregon and Washington

Structural characteristics of forest overstories, understories, and forest floor and coarse woody litter accumulations were related to stand age, geography, and relative site moisture in 196 Douglas-fir stands in western Oregon and Washington. Stands ranged in age from 40 to 900 years and typically originated after wildfire. A series of multivariate analyses was used to identify structural attributes that distinguished oldgrowth (>195 years old) from mature (80-195 years old) and young (40-80 years old) age-classes. Separate analyses of four attribute sets-overstory, stand condition (degree of damage and disease), understory vegetation, and forest floor and coarse woody litter indicated that the age-classes differed in numerous attributes. Discriminant models that used overstory characteristics, such as tree density, density of large Douglas-firs, and variation in tree diameter, and models combining variables from the four different attribute sets were most successful in distinguishing the age-classes. Age-classes represent portions of a continuous gradient of structural variation associated with age, based on ordinations with canonical discriminant analysis. Old-growth stands from different geographic provinces and relative site moisture-classes differ considerably in structure. Much of this variation in oldgrowth structure was associated with variation in densities of shade-tolerant trees and characteristics of the understory vegetation. Variation in old-growth-forest structure strongly suggests that low to moderate disturbance during the life of the stands has had an important influence on stand structure. The study provides a basis for defining and taking inventory of old-growth conditions as well as for managing the natural diversity of old-growth and earlier successional Douglas-fir forests in western Oregon and Washington. Introduction Douglas-fir forms dense, long-lived coniferous forests that dominate the mountainous landscapes of western Oregon and Washington. The structure and habitat quality of these forests varies greatly as a consequence of forest succession, disturbance, and plant community and environmental factors. The loss of the habitat structure associated with natural and oldgrowth Douglas-fir forests is a matter of intense public debate. The range of variability in the ecological structure of these forests is becoming more and more limited as the majority of forest lands are committed to short rotations for wood products. Information about natural Douglas-fir forest structure, its variability, and the processes that determine it are needed to identify wildlife habitat relationships, to
Relationships among red cell distribution width, anemia, and interleukin-6 in adult congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND Red cell distribution width (RDW) is known to be associated with anemia and mortality in cardiovascular diseases, while anemia itself is related to increased mortality. RDW may also be related to cytokine activation. We investigated the potential of RDW to predict anemia-adjusted mortality in patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) and we evaluated the relationships among RDW, anemia, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). METHODS AND RESULTS This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Blood RDW and IL-6 levels were measured in 144 patients with ACHD (median age [interquartile range (IQR)], 28 [22-36] years), 84% in New York Heart Association class I/II. During a mean 4.8-year follow-up, 21 (15%) patients died of cardiovascular causes. Elevated RDW (>15.0%) correlated significantly with mortality risk in a univariate analysis (RDW hazard ratio [HR]: 1.570; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.208-2.040 per 1 standard deviation increase; P=0.001). Elevated RDW levels correlated significantly with increased anemia-adjusted mortality (adjusted RDW HR: 1.912; 95% CI: 1.369-2.670; P<0.001). The high RDW group had significantly elevated serum IL-6 levels (RDW >15%, median [IQR], 3.7 [0.9-13.9] pg/ml vs. RDW ≤15%, 1.4 [0.8-2.5 pg/ml]; P=0.001), as did patients with anemia (anemia, 1.9 [0.9-5.2] pg/ml vs. no anemia, 1.4 [0.8-2.5 pg/ml]; P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS Elevation of RDW may be related with increased IL-6 and anemia-adjusted cardiovascular mortality in patients with ACHD.
The Perception of Musical Rhythm and Metre

The occurrence of relatively long notes, and the repetition of melodic phrases are important cues to the metre, or regular beat, of a piece of music. A model of how people use this information to infer the metre of unaccompanied melodies is described here. The model is in the form of a computer program, and involves a definition of melodic repetition which encompasses repetitions that include certain kinds of variation. The program has been applied to the task of analysing the metric structure of the forty-eight fugue subjects of the Well-Tempered Clavier by J S Bach. The program is discussed in relation to other models both of musical understanding and of sequential concept learning.
A Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Emotion Processing in Children

Although cogmttve development and emotional development are often viewed as separate components in the development of the child, the two are intricately related to each other. The purpose of this chapter is to review and examine how cognitive development is related to emotional development, and how traditional and current theories of cognitive development provide us with a framework for understanding the development of emotion processing in children. Topics explored in this chapter include the role of executive functioning, language development and cognitive concepts of self on the development of emotional competence. Moreover, three theories of cognitive development: Theory of Mind, Weak Central Coherence theory and Systemizing Theory are considered in relation to cognitive and emotional processing in a special population, children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion of the remaining challenges for theories of cognitive development, especially in terms of exploring the reciprocal relation between cognition and emotion.
Role of gp91phox Homolog Nox1 in Induction of Premalignant Spindle Phenotypes of HPV 16 E6/E7—Immortalized Human Keratinocytes

The NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of superoxide- and hydrogen peroxide—producing proteins has been recognized as important for signal transduction that regulates receptor-mediated functions, including cytoskeleton remodeling, cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and cell death. Nox1 was the first of the Nox catalytic subunits to be cloned and shown to induce tumorigenic conversion of mouse fibroblasts. While Nox1 has been shown to be expressed in human colon and prostate cancers, however, limited studies have demonstrated the involvement of Nox1 in an early step of cell transformation. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the role of Nox1 in cancer, as well as the contribution of our studies to demonstrate the involvement of Nox1 on neoplastic progression of human keratinocytes beyond the immortalization step. The generation of spindle phenotypes concomitant with anchorage-independent growth and invasiveness will be highlighted and discussed in relation to the possible role of Nox1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Understanding these mechanisms may provide insight into Nox1 and redox signaling components as potential therapeutic targets to inhibit tumor progression.
Polar grey relational analysis and its application in clinical trial

Using grey relational analysis (GRA) to analyze the grey relation between the cardiovascular medicine and fatality rate in hospitalized patients with acute coronary heart disease events in Beijing. A few valid data from the published results of the study "the fatality trends of acute coronary heart disease events in Beijing", which was a part of the National Key 75' Project, shared with WHO MONICA Project. GRA with order test of these data was performed. Positive grey relation was found between cardiovascular fatality rate and medicine including non-beta adrenoceptor blocker antiarrhythmics (NBAA), positive inotropic drugs (PID), calcium channel blockers (CCB). Negative grey relation between cardiovascular fatality rate and medicine including nitroglycerin (NG), antiplatelet agents (APT), beta-adrenoceptor blockers (BB) and ACEI was revealed. Grey relation between fatality rate and anticoagulants or thrombolytics was very weak. Cardiovascular fatality rate can be increased by CCB and NBAA, and decreased by NG, APT, BB and ACEI. GRA with order test is a more effective method in trial data.
Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice Finding Software Metrics Threshold Values Using Roc Curves

SUMMARY An empirical study of the relationship between object-oriented (OO) metrics and error-severity categories is presented. The focus of the study is to identify threshold values of software metrics using receiver operating characteristic curves. The study used the three releases of the Eclipse project and found threshold values for some OO metrics that separated no-error classes from classes that had high-impact errors. Although these thresholds cannot predict whether a class will definitely have errors in the future, they can provide a more scientific method to assess class error proneness and can be used by engineers easily.
Investigating Maternal Brain Structure and its Relationship to Substance Use and Motivational Systems

Substance use during pregnancy and the postpartum period may have significant implications for both mother and the developing child. However, the neurobiological basis of the impact of substance use on parenting is less well understood. Here, we examined the impact of maternal substance use on cortical gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes and whether this was associated with individual differences in motivational systems of behavioral activation and inhibition. Mothers were included in the substance-using group if any addictive substance was used during pregnancy and/or in the immediate postpartum period (within 3 months of delivery). GM volume was reduced in substance-using mothers compared to non-substance-using mothers, particularly in frontal brain regions. In substance-using mothers, we also found that frontal GM was negatively correlated with levels of behavioral activation (i.e., the motivation to approach rewarding stimuli). This effect was absent in non-substance-using mothers. Taken together, these findings indicate a reduction in GM volume is associated with substance use and that frontal GM volumetric differences may be related to approach motivation in substance-using mothers.
Emerging collective behavior in a simple artificial financial market

We consider a simple model for a society of economic agents, where each can invest a discrete quantity. Interactions among agents happen in a neighborhood and depend on the motivation level (insider information, economy prospects, etc.). The profit of the group fluctuates stochastically and is used to update individual motivations. We analyze the behavior, as a function of time, of the global persistence, given the initial quantity of money invested. Our simulations show that this quantity -- a measure of the probability that the amount of money of the entire group remains at least equal to the initial amount -- has a power law updating behavior. We have also performed simulations with heterogeneous agents, including deceiver and conservative agents. We show that, although there is no regular pattern regarding the average wealth, robust power laws for persistence exist, indicating that this can be used to model the emerging collective behavior. Besides, the updating of motivation and the presence of conservatives and deceivers is remarkable and has an influence on the persistence.
Interaction due to Hall Current and Rotation in a Modified Couple Stress Elastic Half-Space due to Ramp-type Loading

The present investigation is to focus on the effect of Hall current and rotation in a modified couple stress theory of elastic half space due to ramp-type loading in a homogeneous, isotropic, thermoelastic diffusive medium. The mathematical formulation is prepared for different theories of thermoelastic diffusion, including the Coriolis and centrifugal forces. The Laplace and Fourier transforms techniques are applied to obtain the solutions of the governing equations. The components of displacement, stresses, temperature change and mass concentration are obtained in the transformed domain. The numerical inversion technique has been used to obtain the solutions in the physical domain. Effects of Hall current and rotation are shown on the resulting quantities. Some particular cases are also discussed in the present problem.
Habitat Associations of Fishes in the Devils River, Texas

ABSTRACT The Devils River is a spring-fed river that drains desert landscape in southern Texas and provides essential habitat for several endemic and threatened fish species. To evaluate potential effects of seasonal changes in physical habitat on fish distribution and abundance, we examined species-habitat associations in two reaches separated by 1.5 km. A distinct assemblage pattern existed in each of three mesohabitat types (pool, riffle, run). At the scale of stream reach, species distribution and abundance were associated more with factors related to geomorphology than physicochemistry. Similar mesohabitats had similar fish assemblages, irrespective of reach. Reaches and mesohabitats displayed seasonal variation in physicochemistry and fish assemblage structure. Assemblages associated with runs were least variable across seasons, however no species was strongly associated with runs. Because runs had comparatively little structural complexity and provided little protection from piscivorous smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), species probably use these areas primarily as migration corridors. Densities of two threatened species, Etheostoma grahami and Cyprinella proserpina, were negatively correlated with smallmouth bass density.