Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Tonsil and Jejunum with Lymph Node Tissues of Slaughtered Swine in Metro Manila, Philippines

Due to frequent antibiotic exposure, swine is now recognized as potential risk in disseminating drug-resistant Salmonella enterica strains. This study thus subjected 20 randomly selected S. enterica isolates from tonsil and jejunum with lymph node (JLN) tissues of swine slaughtered in Metro Manila, Philippines, to VITEK 2 antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The test revealed all 20 isolates had resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent, in which highest occurrence of resistance was to amikacin (100%), cefazolin (100%), cefuroxime (100%), cefuroxime axetil (100%), cefoxitin (100%), and gentamicin (100%), followed by ampicillin (50%), and then by sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim (30%). Three multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were detected. The sole S. enterica serotype Enteritidis isolate showed resistance to 12 different antibiotics including ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, amikacin, gentamicin, and tigecycline. This study is the first to report worldwide on the novel resistance to tigecycline of MDR S. enterica serotype Enteritidis isolated from swine tonsil tissues. This finding poses huge therapeutic challenge since MDR S. enterica infections are associated with increased rate of hospitalization or death. Thus, continual regulation of antimicrobial use in food animals and prediction of resistant serotypes are crucial to limit the spread of MDR S. enterica isolates among hogs and humans.
Lexical Diversity in Writing and Speaking Task Performances

In the rating scales of major international language tests, as well as in automated evaluation systems (e.g. e-rater), a positive relationship is often claimed between lexical diversity, holistic quality of written or spoken discourses, and language proficiency of candidates. This article reports a posteriori validation study that analysed a sample of the archived data of an international language test to examine empirically to what extent such relationships exist. It is also noted that previous studies on lexical diversity in the field of applied linguistics have focused exclusively on either written or spoken discourses, no study to date has compared lexical diversity of spoken and written discourses produced by the same participants. Therefore, the second aim of this article is to understand the differences in lexical diversity between writing and speaking task performances, and to what extent the topics of the writing prompts may affect lexical diversity of written discourses. Using D as a measure of lexical diversity (Malvern and Richards 1997, 2002; Malvern et al.2004), it was found that D had a statistically significant and positive correlation with the overall quality ratings of both writing and speaking performances as well as the candidates’ general language proficiency. Nevertheless, the significant relationships were not borne out across the subgroups of the sample in terms of gender, first language background, purpose of taking the test and topics of the writing prompts. The different writing topics also had significant effects on lexical diversity—especially the topics that candidates were highly familiar with—even after controlling for writing ability and overall language proficiency. The lexical diversity of candidates’ writing and speaking performances were approximately at the same level; further, D was found to be a better predictor of speaking than writing performance. The implications of these findings are discussed with specific reference to the use of lexical diversity measures to inform language test validation and the development of lexical diversity parameters in automated evaluation systems.
Building a Semantically Transparent Corpus for the Generation of Referring Expressions.

This paper discusses the construction of a corpus for the evaluation of algorithms that generate referring expressions. It is argued that such an evaluation task requires a semantically transparent corpus, and controlled experiments are the best way to create such a resource. We address a number of issues that have arisen in an ongoing evaluation study, among which is the problem of judging the output of GRE algorithms against a human gold standard.
Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Causes Degradation of Sp 100 Proteins That Suppress Viral Gene Expression

The interferon-inducible Sp100 proteins are thought to play roles in the chromatin pathway and in transcriptional regulation. Sp100A, the smallest isoform, is one of the major components of PML nuclear bodies (NBs) that exhibit intrinsic antiviral activity against several viruses. Since PML NBs are disrupted by the immediate-early 1 (IE1) protein during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, the modulation of Sp100 protein expression or activity during infection has been suggested. Here, we show that Sp100 proteins are lost largely in the late stages of HCMV infection. This event required viral gene expression and involved posttranscriptional control. The mutant virus with deletion of the sequence for IE1 (CR208) did not have Sp100 loss. In CR208 infection, PML depletion by RNA interference abrogated the accumulation of SUMO-modified Sp100A and of certain high-molecular-weight Sp100 isoforms but did not significantly affect unmodified Sp100A, suggesting that the IE1-induced disruption of PML NBs is not sufficient for the complete loss of Sp100 proteins. Sp100A loss was found to require proteasome activity. Depletion of all Sp100 proteins by RNA silencing enhanced HCMV replication and major IE (MIE) gene expression. Sp100 knockdown enhanced the acetylation level of histones associated with the MIE promoter, demonstrating that the repressive effect of Sp100 proteins may involve, at least in part, the epigenetic control of the MIE promoter. Sp100A was found to interact directly with IE1 through the N-terminal dimerization domain. These findings indicate that the IE1-dependent loss of Sp100 proteins during HCMV infection may represent an important requirement for efficient viral growth.
Social Processes and Genetic Influences in Child Development: Novel Uses of Twin and Adoption Designs

: Genetically informed design, such as twin and adoption studies, help delineate mechanisms of social influence on individual differences in a wide range of psychological characteristics. This paper reviews findings from the Nonshared Environment of Adolescent Development (NEAD) study and its contribution to our understanding of environmental mechanisms for adolescent development, with special attention to child effect on family systems. Future directions for quantitative behavior genetics research are discussed.
Personal Values and Public Opinion

Social science considers values a key motivator of human behavior, yet studies of values in public opinion have tended to focus on more limited political values. I investigate how a general theory of human values (Schwartz, 1992) shapes public opinion. In one dimension, individuals are motivated by a desire for independent thought and action versus conformity to traditional social norms; in the second, individuals are motivated by a desire to care for others versus control or achieve superior social status over them. Copyright (c) 2009 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.
Cognitive enhancement: a comparative review of computerized and athletic training programs

Cognitive enhancement refers to any type of improvement in cognitive performance following targeted interventions. Cognitive training is a rapidly growing market with potential to further expand in the future. Several computerized software programs promoting cognitive enhancement have been developed in recent years, with controversial results and implications. Within the research field, advances have been made regarding our understanding of the benefits inherent to cognitive programs, mainly involving working memory mechanisms and videogame training paradigms. In a distinct literature, physical exercise has been shown to broadly enhance cognitive functions, in humans and animals. In this article, we bring together these two trends of research in a comparative review, leading the discussion to an emerging third approach: designed sports training. Specifically designed sports, which tax working memory and spatial ability by incorporating motion in three-dimensional space, are an optimal way to combine the benefits of traditional cognitive training and physical exercise into a single activity. We discuss these findings in the context of embodied cognition, and argue that sensorimotor learning in designed sports is a key mechanism linking training and cognitive enhancement.
Nurturing Entrepreneurs’ Work–Family Balance: A Gendered Perspective

A survey of 258 entrepreneurs examined how positive facets of their family experiences, family–to–business enrichment, and support, nurture their satisfaction with work–family balance. Satisfaction with work–family balance was nurtured by instrumental family–to–business enrichment to the advantage of women as a group and by instrumental support from the family at home to the advantage of men as a group. Overall, results supported feminist theories that depict entrepreneurship as a gendered process. Female entrepreneurs tend to nurture satisfaction with work–family balance by creating work–family synergies, whereas male entrepreneurs tend to nurture satisfaction with work–family balance by obtaining family support at home.
The Frontal Granular Cortex and Behavior.

The papers collected in this monograph, the result of a symposium at the Pennsylvania State University in 1962, are of a high level of sophistication and provide a noteworthy contribution to the subject. In spite of the fact that there is a unifying theme running through the book, the nonspecialist in the field would benefit greatly from a formal attempt at a summary or synthesis. The book may conveniently be divided into three sections: anatomy, infrahuman observations, and human observations. Anatomical data are provided in two excellent papers, which might have been placed in the beginning of the book rather than the end for orientation purposes. Konrad Akert discusses the corticopetal projections, using the retrograde degeneration technique, and shows the precise dependency of Area 8, 9, and orbital cortex on paralamellar, parvocellular, and magnocellular parts of thalamic nucleus medialis dorsalis, respectively. Walle Nauta, with his usual thoroughness and clarity
A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis of Students’ Attitudes about Science Careers

To encourage students to seek careers in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields, it is important to gauge students’ implicit and explicit attitudes towards scientific professions. We asked high school and college students to rate the similarity of pairs of occupations, and then used multidimensional scaling (MDS) to create a spatial representation of occupational similarity. Other students confirmed the emergent MDS map by rating each of the occupations along several dimensions. We found that participants across age and sex considered scientific professions to be less creative and less people‐oriented than other popular career choices. We conclude that students may be led away from STEM careers by common misperceptions that science is a difficult, uncreative, and socially isolating pursuit.
Direct Evidence for the Formation of Diastereoisomeric Benzylpenicilloyl Haptens from Benzylpenicillin and Benzylpenicillenic Acid in Patients

Covalent binding to proteins to form neoantigens is thought to be central to the pathogenesis of penicillin hypersensitivity reactions. We have undertaken detailed mass spectrometric studies to define the mechanism and protein chemistry of hapten formation from benzylpenicillin (BP) and its rearrangement product, benzylpenicillenic acid (PA). Mass spectrometric analysis of human serum albumin exposed to BP and PA in vitro revealed that at low concentrations (drug protein molar ratio 0.001:1) and during short time incubations BP and PA selectively target different residues, Lys199 and Lys525, respectively. Molecular modeling showed that the selectivity was a function of noncovalent interaction before covalent modification. With increased exposure to higher concentrations of BP and PA, multiple epitopes were detected on albumin, demonstrating that the multiplicity of hapten formation is a function of time and concentration. More importantly, we have demonstrated direct evidence that PA is a hapten accounting for the diastereoisomeric BP antigen formation in albumin isolated from the blood of patients receiving penicillin. Furthermore, PA was found to be more potent than BP with respect to stimulation of T cells from patients with penicillin hypersensitivity, illustrating the functional relevance of diastereoisomeric hapten formation.
Changes in Molecular Characteristics of Cereal Carbohydrates after Processing and Digestion

Different extraction, purification and digestion methods were used to investigate the molecular properties of carbohydrates in arabinoxylan and β-glucan concentrates, dietary fiber (DF) rich breads and ileum content of bread fed pigs. The breads studied were: a low DF wheat bread (WF), whole meal rye bread (GR), rye bread with kernels (RK), wheat bread supplemented with wheat arabinoxylan concentrate (AX) and wheat bread supplemented with oat β-glucan concentrate (BG). The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of extractable carbohydrates in β-glucan concentrate decreased eight-fold after inclusion in the BG bread when exposed to in vitro digestion, while the Mw of purified extractable carbohydrates in AX bread was reduced two-fold, and remained almost unaffected until reaching the terminal ileum of pigs. Similarly, the Mw of purified extractable carbohydrates in GR and RK bread was not significantly changed in the ileum. The AX bread resulted in the highest concentration of dissolved arabinoxylan in the ileum among all the breads that caused a substantial increased in ileal AX viscosity. Nevertheless, for none of the breads, the Mw of extractable carbohydrates was related neither to the bread extract nor ileal viscosity.
London 2012 olympic and paralympic games: Including volunteers with disabilities- A podium performance?

This article presents an examination of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games' volunteers who identified as having access needs and/or disabilities. The methodology draws upon data collected as part of a larger quantitative mixed method research design through an online survey that included open-ended questions. The quantitative element of the online survey was framed by the Special Event Volunteer Motivation Scale together with sociodemographic questions supplemented by disability and access specific questions. The qualitative analysis of the open-ended responses of the experiences of people with disability was framed using the UK government's Office of Disability Issues (ODI) policy conceptualization of the barriers affecting the access and inclusion of people with disability. A small number of volunteers related feedback consistent with the principles of the ODI best practice through good staff support and overall positive experiences. However, other experiences indicate significant organizational, environmental, and structural issues faced by volunteers with disability in the program. The implications of these findings for future event planning processes and broader macropolicy considerations are discussed.
Job/Housing Imbalance and Commuting Time in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area: Exploration of Causes of Longer Commuting Time

Commuting is the major source of congestion and air pollution in the United States. For almost a decade, urban policy-makers have been concerned about the geographical balance between locations of jobs and housing as a strategy for reducing traffic congestion and air pollution in American cities. Despite the popularity and apparent acceptance of the job/housing (J/H) imbalance concept among public policy-makers, little empirical research has been done on the J/H imbalance and how it relates to commuting patterns. This research examines commuting patterns in the Atlanta metropolitan area to determine the extent to which commuting flow volume is the result of an imbalance between the location of home and workplace by using the most sophisticated and largest geographical scale data provided by the 1990 U.S. Census of Transportation Planning Package. This paper uses a Geographic Information System (GIS) to measure the job/housing imbalance within a commuting catchment area having a 7-mile radius from the centroid of each Transportation Analysis Zone. Analysis of variance, stepwise multiple regression and cartographic evidence all confirm the relationship between the imbalance of jobs and housing (J/H) and mean travel time to work. This investigation highlights the fact that the imbalance between the location of jobs and housing is the most important determinant for longer commuting and suggests that higher quality housing growth close to the job-rich communities may benefit the workers to economize the commuting time.
Maxillary Distraction Osteogenesis Using a Rigid External Distractor: Which Clinical Factors Are Related With Relapse?

Introduction:Maxillary distraction osteogenesis is a reliable treatment for cleft lip and palate with midfacial retrusion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of long-term follow-up in patients with cleft lip and palate after maxillary distraction osteogenesis and to find clinical factors related to relapse. From February 2002 to June 2008, 21 patients with severe class III malocclusion were treated at our hospital. We performed distraction osteotomy with a rigid external distractor device. The distraction length was more than 15 mm in all patients. Methods:Preoperative and postoperative lateral cephalometric radiographs were used for analysis. The sella-nasion-subnasale, sella-nasion-supramentale, and point-A-point-B-nasion (sella-nasion-subnasale–sella-nasion-supramentale) angles were recorded. The timelines for follow-up were preoperatively, after distraction, after consolidation, at 3 years, and once fully grown (5- to 8-year follow-ups). A comparative analysis of clinical factors was performed for the relapsing and nonrelapsing groups. Results:Of the 21 patients, 14 had relapsed. The mean age in the relapsing group was 9.1 years (7 boys and 7 girls) with 9 patients with unilateral cleft palate and 5 c bilateral cleft palate. The mean age in the nonrelapsing group was 11.7 years (4 boys and 3 girls) with 5 patients with unilateral cleft palate and 2 patients with bilateral cleft palate. Discussion:Despite greater anterior overcorrection, relapse occurred owing to scar tissue retraction and mandibular compensatory hypertrophy. The results suggest that the younger the patient, the more likely relapse will occur.
Domestic Violence and Children's Behavior in Low-Income Families

SUMMARY This paper uses data from a representative sample (N = 443) of mothers with pre-school and school-age children who were randomly selected from the welfare caseload in one urban county in Michigan in early 1997. We investigate how mothers' experiences of severe physical abuse relate to maternal reports of children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Mothers experiencing domestic violence did not differ from other mothers on punitive discipline or emotional warmth towards their children, but they did experience more parenting stress and had higher rates of mental health and substance abuse disorders. Controlling for an array of demographic characteristics, results suggest that children of abused mothers display significantly higher levels of externalizing, but not internalizing, behavior problems. The association of domestic violence and externalizing behaviors is only partially mediated by maternal psychological characteristics.
Identifying hybridization and admixture using SNPs: application of the DArTseq platform in phylogeographic research on vertebrates

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are increasingly being used to generate multi-locus data for phylogeographic and evolutionary genetics research. We detail the applicability of a restriction enzyme-mediated genome complexity reduction approach with subsequent NGS (DArTseq) in vertebrate study systems at different evolutionary and geographical scales. We present two case studies using SNP data from the DArTseq molecular marker platform. First, we used DArTseq in a large phylogeographic study of the agamid lizard Ctenophorus caudicinctus, including 91 individuals and spanning the geographical range of this species across arid Australia. A low-density DArTseq assay resulted in 28 960 SNPs, with low density referring to a comparably reduced set of identified and sequenced markers as a cost-effective approach. Second, we applied this approach to an evolutionary genetics study of a classic frog hybrid zone (Litoria ewingii–Litoria paraewingi) across 93 individuals, which resulted in 48 117 and 67 060 SNPs for a low- and high-density assay, respectively. We provide a docker-based workflow to facilitate data preparation and analysis, then analyse SNP data using multiple methods including Bayesian model-based clustering and conditional likelihood approaches. Based on comparison of results from the DArTseq platform and traditional molecular approaches, we conclude that DArTseq can be used successfully in vertebrates and will be of particular interest to researchers working at the interface between population genetics and phylogenetics, exploring species boundaries, gene exchange and hybridization.
Microsatellite Instability Accounts for Tumor Site-Related Differences in Clinicopathologic Variables and Prognosis in Human Colon Cancers

OBJECTIVE:Colon cancers with high frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) are preferentially located in the proximal colon. Given that 15–20% of sporadic colon cancers are MSI-H, we determined whether tumor site-specific differences in clinicopathological variables, biomarkers, and prognosis are due to inclusion of MSI-H cases.METHODS:TNM stage II and III primary colon carcinomas (N = 528) from patients enrolled in 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant trials were analyzed for MSI using 11 microsatellite markers. Immunostaining for DNA mismatch repair (hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6) and p53 proteins was performed. DNA ploidy (diploid vs aneuploid/tetraploid) and proliferative indices (PI: S-phase + G2M) were analyzed by flow cytometry.RESULTS:MSI-H was found in 95 (18%) colon cancers. Proximal tumors (N = 286) were associated with MSI-H, older age (>65 yr), poor differentiation, and diploid DNA content compared with distal tumors (all P ≤ 0.016). Nuclear p53 staining was more frequent in distal tumors (P = 0.002); PI was unrelated to tumor site. When MSI-H tumors were excluded, no tumor site-related differences were found except for age, which remained associated with proximal cancers (P = 0.030). Proximal site was associated with improved disease-free survival in all patients (P = 0.042), but not when MSI-H cases were excluded (P = 0.236). MSI-H status or loss of mismatch repair proteins, diploidy, and lower PI were associated with improved survival rates.CONCLUSIONS:Tumor site-related differences in clinicopathological variables, biomarkers, and prognosis of sporadic colon cancers can be explained by the inclusion of MSI-H cases. Older age, however, is associated with proximal tumor site independent of MSI status.