Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Representing past and future events

Although much research on cognitive time travel in animals is relatively recent, its origins can be traced to an anticipatory conditioned response in Pavlovian conditioning and to various instrumental conditioning phenomena, including contrast effects (e.g., the increase in responding that often occurs in anticipation of the reduction in the density of reinforcement), the differential outcomes effect (facilitated performance on a conditional discrimination when conditional cues are followed by discriminably different outcomes), and the apparent finding that when rats learn a radial maze they may anticipate choosing arms not yet chosen. Many of these findings suggest a form of prospective stimulus coding. More recently, researchers have asked whether animals can cognitively travel back in time to retrieve information about past events (episodic memory). Several researchers have shown that animals are capable of remembering the what, where, and when of an event but we have argued that such evidence is neither necessary nor sufficient evidence for episodic memory. Instead, we have argued that better evidence for episode memory requires that an animal provide ''an answer to an unexpected question'' (e.g., ''What did you experience? '' or ''What did you do? ''). We (and others) have reported evidence that animals can answer such questions. The ability of animals to anticipate future events (future planning) has also been reported. Thus, although conclusive evidence for cognitive time travel in animals is limited by the fact that the phenomenon is personal (i.e., it has a strong subjective component), there is accumulating evidence that animals show behavior that when reported in humans would be taken as evidence for cognitive time travel.
Sudden and sustained response of Acacia koa crop trees to crown release in stagnant stands

We examined the growth response of Acacia koa Gray (koa) in dense (10 000 trees/ha), ~25-year-old, second- growth stands on Hawai'i to crown release (thinning) and grass control. Koa diameter increment increased within 2 months of thinning across the range of residual densities (200-900 trees/ha). After 3 years, diameter increment in the most intense thinning treatment was 180% greater than in the control treatment (1.4 vs. 0.5 cm/year); in the least intense thinning treat- ment diameter increment was 100% greater than the control (1.0 vs. 0.5 cm/year). Koa's growth response was independent of all measures of tree size (diameter at breast height, height, and leaf area) across the range of tree sizes sampled. A grass control treatment to determine if reduced competition for soil water would improve koa growth showed no improvement in growth response. Koa phyllode � 13 C values, which represent an integrated measure of tree water status, showed no evi- dence of tree water stress (mean � 13 C = -28.3%) and were not significantly different between the grass removal and con- trol treatments. These results demonstrate that koa is capable of responding quickly and positively to crown release despite years of suppressed growth and suggest that landowners interested in managing koa forests may have considerable flexibil- ity in the timing and application of thinning treatments to koa stands.
Vertex transversals that dominate

For any graph, there is a largest integer k such that given any partition of the vertex set with at most k elements in each class of the partition, there is transversal of the partition that is a dominating set in the graph. Some basic results about this parameter, the partition domination number, are obtained. In particular, it is shown that its value is 2 for the two-dimensional infinite grid, and that determining whether a given vertex partition admits a dominating transversal is NP-complete, even for a graph which is a simple path. The existence of various dominating transversals in certain partitions in regular graphs is studied as well.
Global Identification of Multiple OsGH9 Family Members and Their Involvement in Cellulose Crystallinity Modification in Rice

Plant glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) comprises typical endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EGases, EC3.2.1.4). Although GH9A (KORRIGAN) family genes have been reported to be involved in cellulose biosynthesis in plants, much remains unknown about other GH9 subclasses. In this study, we observed a global gene co-expression profiling and conducted a correlation analysis between OsGH9 and OsCESA among 66 tissues covering most periods of life cycles in 2 rice varieties. Our results showed that OsGH9A3 and B5 possessed an extremely high co-expression with OsCESA1, 3, and 8 typical for cellulose biosynthesis in rice. Using two distinct rice non-GH9 mutants and wild type, we performed integrative analysis of gene expression level by qRT-PCR, cellulase activities in situ and in vitro, and lignocellulose crystallinity index (CrI) in four internodes of stem tissues. For the first time, OsGH9B1, 3, and 16 were characterized with the potential role in lignocellulose crystallinity alteration in rice, whereas OsGH9A3 and B5 were suggested for cellulose biosynthesis. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and gene co-expression comparison revealed GH9 function similarity in Arabidopsis and rice. Hence, the data can provide insights into GH9 function in plants and offer the potential strategy for genetic manipulation of plant cell wall using the five aforementioned novel OsGH9 genes.
Flight Simulator Motion Literature Pertinent to Airline-Pilot Recurrent Training and Evaluation.

There has been much debate over the years regarding the need for flight simulator motion for airline-pilot training and evaluation. From the intuitive perspective there is the dictum, “The airplane moves, so the simulator must move” – but intuition alone is not enough to make a valid case for requiring elaborate—and costly—motion systems for training and evaluation of airline pilots. The ultimate goal of training and checking—to produce and maintain highly-skilled pilots capable of ensuring a superior level of safety in both normal and abnormal flight operations—cannot be met without adequate resources available to all airlines world-wide. A big part of the motion debate is what resources are adequate—whether the current regulations specifying six-degree-of-freedom Stewart-motion platforms are appropriate or whether the regulations need to be modified; whether advanced-motion-system simulators, which more realistically simulate aircraft motion, are needed; or whether more flexible motion criteria opening the field for alternative motion stimulation would improve universal access to simulator training and thus benefit safety. While there has been much debate, the main issues regarding motion can be broken down into four main facets: 1) how the human perception system responds to airplane motion; 2) the limits of the hexapod-motion systems currently regulated for pilot training in accurately simulating airplane motion; 3) the opinions of aviation experts who experience the issue in the real training environment; and 4) empirical evidence on the necessity of physical motion systems for effective simulator training and checking to ensure transfer between simulator and airplane. This paper brings all of these aspects together by summarizing the literature pertinent to the simulator-motion debate. First, we discuss the extent to which humans’ ability to perceive and appropriately respond to aircraft disturbances depends on visual motion, physical motion, or both. Second, current limitations in flight data availability for certain scenarios, as well as simulator hardware limitations, are discussed. Third, we summarize and respond to the published positions of several stakeholders. Fourth, a range of analytic and empirical work is summarized, from enhanced motion-feedback modeling to pilot-in-the-loop experiments, as well as meta-analytical work on the benefit of motion simulation on transfer of training to the airplane. This includes a synthesis of the Federal Aviation Administration/Volpe Center empirical studies to date.
Role of muscle IL-6 in gender-specific metabolism in mice

The aim of the present work was to further explore the physiological roles of muscle-derived IL-6. Adult-floxed and conditional skeletal muscle IL-6 knock out male and female mice were used to study energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry at rest and during treadmill exercise, and body temperature cycle during the light phase) and energy intake (response to fast/refeeding). We also evaluated the responses to leptin and the activity of the insulin signalling pathway in skeletal muscle and liver by phosphorylation of Akt at Ser 473. The stress response was also studied. Results indicate a relevant role of muscle IL-6 in maintaining energy homeostasis, especially in males. Absence of muscle IL-6 in male mice results in lower core body temperature in the light phase, increased respiratory exchange ratio (RER) both at rest and during exercise, increased expression of TCA cycle marked gene, citrate synthase in muscle, reduced fat storage and decreased body weight and food consumption in response to leptin. In females, muscle IL-6 deficiency increases VO2 and CO2 levels similarly. Also in contrast to males, energy expenditure (EE) measured over 48h reveals a significant elevation in female mice with muscle IL-6 deficiency; moreover, they show a modified response to fasting-refeeding and to restraint stress. The present results contribute to the understanding of the role of muscle IL-6 in male and female mouse metabolism, not only during exercise but also in the basal state and in situations where energy balance is altered.
Attenuation of Proinflammatory Responses by S-[6]-Gingerol via Inhibition of ROS/NF-Kappa B/COX2 Activation in HuH7 Cells

Introduction. Hepatic inflammation underlies the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. S-[6]-Gingerol has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Important inflammatory mediators of interleukins include nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). We now explore the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of S-[6]-gingerol in liver cells. Methods. HuH7 cells were stimulated with IL1β to establish an in vitro hepatic inflammatory model. Results. S-[6]-Gingerol attenuated IL1β-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in HuH7 cells, as evidenced by decreasing mRNA levels of inflammatory factor IL6, IL8, and SAA1, suppression of ROS generation, and increasing mRNA levels of DHCR24. In addition, S-[6]-gingerol reduced IL1β-induced COX2 upregulation as well as NFκB activity. Similar to the protective effects of S-[6]-gingerol, both NS-398 (a selective COX2 inhibitor) and PDTC (a selective NFκB inhibitor) suppressed mRNA levels of IL6, IL8, and SAA1. Importantly, PDTC attenuated IL1β-induced overexpression of COX2. Of particular note, the protective effect of S-[6]-gingerol against the IL1β-induced inflammatory response was similar to that of BHT, an ROS scavenger. Conclusions. The findings of this study demonstrate that S-[6]-gingerol protects HuH7 cells against IL1β-induced inflammatory insults through inhibition of the ROS/NFκB/COX2 pathway.
Childhood Poverty Predicts Adult Amygdala and Frontal Activity and Connectivity in Response to Emotional Faces

Childhood poverty negatively impacts physical and mental health in adulthood. Altered brain development in response to social and environmental factors associated with poverty likely contributes to this effect, engendering maladaptive patterns of social attribution and/or elevated physiological stress. In this fMRI study, we examined the association between childhood poverty and neural processing of social signals (i.e., emotional faces) in adulthood. Fifty-two subjects from a longitudinal prospective study recruited as children, participated in a brain imaging study at 23–25 years of age using the Emotional Faces Assessment Task. Childhood poverty, independent of concurrent adult income, was associated with higher amygdala and medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) responses to threat vs. happy faces. Also, childhood poverty was associated with decreased functional connectivity between left amygdala and mPFC. This study is unique, because it prospectively links childhood poverty to emotional processing during adulthood, suggesting a candidate neural mechanism for negative social-emotional bias. Adults who grew up poor appear to be more sensitive to social threat cues and less sensitive to positive social cues.
Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. II. Binocular interactions and sensitivity to binocular disparity.

1. Electrophysiological recordings were made in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of five macaque monkeys. Binocularity and selectivity for disparity were examined using a computer-driven stimulator to activate each eye independently. Results were obtained from 91 single units in MT. 2. Most units in MT receive approximately balanced inputs from the two eyes, and very few could be driven through only one eye. 3. In one type of test for disparity selectivity, units were examined with stimuli that had different but fixed horizontal disparities, thereby simulating frontoparallel movements at different distances from the animal. About two-thirds of ;the units tested for fixed disparity selectivity (52/76) showed pronounced sensitivity to horizontal disparity. Most of these units could be grouped into the same four classes of disparity-tuned units that have previously been described in V1 and V2 of the macaque: near, far, tuned excitatory, and tuned inhibitory. 4. Twenty units were tested for sensitivity to vertical stimulus disparity, which does not normally contribute to stereopsis. Most were as sensitive to vertical disparities as to horizontal. 5. Units were also tested for selectivity for stimuli that moved with changing disparity, simulating trajectories with components of motion toward or away from the animal (motion in depth). No units were found to be truly selective for motion in depth. Units tuned for fixed disparity could appear to prefer motion in depth if tested only with trajectories whose common center point was far from the unit's optimal fixed disparity. However, we do not consider this to represent genuine selectivity for motion in depth, since 1) the responses ara adequately and more easily explained in terms of selectivity for fixed disparity and 2) the best overall response of these units is to frontoparallel motion at the optimal fixed disparity. This observation bears importantly on the interpretation of motion in depth selectivity in previous investigations. 6. The presence of a substantial degree of selectivity for fixed disparity in MT, together with previously demonstrated selectivities for direction and speed, indicates that MT is well suited for the analysis of motion in three-dimensional space.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Stabilization of Phenolic Compounds From Natural Sources – Review ( Supercritical Extraction and Stabilization of Phenolic Compounds )

Phenolic compounds are components commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Recently, they have been subject of considerable scientific and therapeutic interest mainly due to their antioxidant properties and related healthpromoting benefits, as confirmed by the numerous papers devoted to various properties of these compounds. Thus, the extractions of phenolic compounds with functional properties from natural sources have attracted special interests. Supercritical fluid extraction offers a number of advantages over conventional extraction methods above all in relation to the conditions employed during the extraction process that ensures minimal alteration of the active phenolics and the healing properties could be more easily preserved. This work provides an updated overview on the principal applications of Supercritical fluid extraction in recovery of bioactive phenolics emphasizing the effects of temperature, pressure, addition of co-solvents and time on the extraction yield of these compounds and their antioxidant activities for a possible applications in food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industries.
The Protective Role of Resilience in Attenuating Emotional Distress and Aggression Associated with Early-life Stress in Young Enlisted Military Service Candidates

Early life stress (ELS) may induce long-lasting psychological complications in adulthood. The protective role of resilience against the development of psychopathology is also important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among ELS, resilience, depression, anxiety, and aggression in young adults. Four hundred sixty-one army inductees gave written informed consent and participated in this study. We assessed psychopathology using the Korea Military Personality Test, ELS using the Childhood Abuse Experience Scale, and resilience with the resilience scale. Analyses of variance, correlation analyses, and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for statistical analyses. The regression model explained 35.8%, 41.0%, and 23.3% of the total variance in the depression, anxiety, and aggression indices, respectively. We can find that even though ELS experience is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and aggression, resilience may have significant attenuating effect against the ELS effect on severity of these psychopathologies. Emotion regulation showed the most beneficial effect among resilience factors on reducing severity of psychopathologies. To improve mental health for young adults, ELS assessment and resilience enhancement program should be considered.
Myosin VIIa, harmonin and cadherin 23, three Usher I gene products that cooperate to shape the sensory hair cell bundle

Deaf‐blindness in three distinct genetic forms of Usher type I syndrome (USH1) is caused by defects in myosin VIIa, harmonin and cadherin 23. Despite being critical for hearing, the functions of these proteins in the inner ear remain elusive. Here we show that harmonin, a PDZ domain‐containing protein, and cadherin 23 are both present in the growing stereocilia and that they bind to each other. Moreover, we demonstrate that harmonin b is an F‐actin‐bundling protein, which is thus likely to anchor cadherin 23 to the stereocilia microfilaments, thereby identifying a novel anchorage mode of the cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, harmonin b interacts directly with myosin VIIa, and is absent from the disorganized hair bundles of myosin VIIa mutant mice, suggesting that myosin VIIa conveys harmonin b along the actin core of the developing stereocilia. We propose that the shaping of the hair bundle relies on a functional unit composed of myosin VIIa, harmonin b and cadherin 23 that is essential to ensure the cohesion of the stereocilia.
Analisis Fama French Five Factor Model dan Three Factor Model dalam Menjelaskan Return Portofolio Saham yang Masuk Pada Indeks Kompas 100 Periode 2010-2015

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji Fama French Five Factor Model (5FF) dan Three Factor Model dalam menjelaskan cross section return pada saham-saham yang masuk pada Indeks Kompas 100 periode 2010-2015. Faktor-faktor dalam model 5FF yaitu market risk, size, book-to-market equity, profitability, dan investment. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan model analisis regresi linier berganda dalam bentuk data panel untuk keseluruhan portofolio dan masing-masing portofolio yang terbentuk. Jumlah observasi pada penelitian ini sebanyak 1080 yang terdiri dari 18 portofolio selama periode Juli 2010 – Juni 2015. Hasil temuan penelitian ini sama seperti penelitian Fama dan French (2014), yaitu market risk dan profitability berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap return. Size dan investment berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap return. Perbedaan hasil terletak pada faktor book-to-market, yang pengaruhnya tidak signifikan terhadap return. Selain itu, pada penelitian ini juga didapatkan hasil bahwa Model 5FF dapat menjelaskan return dengan lebih baik daripada model 3FF
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

The study of culture and decision making addresses variations in how and why people from different cultures sometimes tend to decide differently. This review is organized around what is intended to be a comprehensive analysis of the distinct fundamental questions that people must answer in the process of making virtually all real-life decisions. Our emphasis was on recent developments as well as identifying important yet neglected topics (e.g., how decision episodes get started—or not, and why some decisions are never implemented). Early as well as current efforts have focused mainly on East Asian and North American Caucasian cultures, with little treatment of other populations. In such studies, individualism and collectivism have been the dominant explanatory factors although related but distinct concepts such as ‘‘tightness” and ‘‘looseness” have been welcome additions to recent discussions. Throughout, the review emphasizes practical concerns, such as the challenges of intercultural learning and collaboration. 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A Cross-sectional Approach to Regional Long-run Inflation in Italy

Considering a sample of about 70 Italian regions, this paper goes beyond the assumption that there exists a unique core inflationary process in a macroeconomy. We show that local long-run inflation rates can display remarkable variability. On the one hand they are negatively correlated with productivity growth, on the other the less competitive is the local retail sector and the higher is long-run inflation.
Syntax-semantics mapping of locative arguments

This paper proposes a syntax-semantics correspondence of locative expressions: This proposal is based on the syntactic hierarchy among three locative structures (PPs, VPs, and verbal affixes) and the semantic hierarchy among four locative arguments (Goal, Source, Symmetric Path, Stative Location). As for the syntactic hierarchy, the verbal affixes are closer to the head verb than the locative/path verbs are, and the locative/path verbs than the locative PPs. As for the semantic hierarchy, the following four arguments form a hierarchy due to their semantic closeness to the motion event: Goal > S-Path > Source > St-Location. (cf. Nam 1995, 2004) We argue for this correspondence claim by identifying some crucial typological implications holding between the syntactic/semantic hierarchies.
A Unified Picture of the FIP and Inverse FIP Effects

We discuss models for coronal abundance anomalies observed in the coronae of the sun and other late-type stars following a scenario ﬁrst introduced by Schwadron, Fisk & Zurbuchen of the interaction of waves at loop footpoints with the partially neutral gas. Instead of considering wave heating of ions in this location, we explore the eﬀects on the upper chromospheric plasma of the wave ponderomotive forces. These can arise as upward propagating waves from the chromosphere transmit or reﬂect upon reaching the chromosphere-corona boundary, and are in large part determined by the properties of the coronal loop above. Our scenario has the advantage that for realistic wave energy densities, both positive and negative changes in the abundance of ionized species compared to neutrals can result, allowing both FIP and Inverse FIP eﬀects to come out of the model. We discuss how variations in model parameters can account for essentially all of the abundance anomalies observed in solar spectra. Expected variations with stellar spectral type are also qualitatively consistent with observations of the FIP eﬀect in stellar coronae.