Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Colorblind, Deaf and Dumb: Examining Race in a Contemporary American High School

Despite rhetoric of a meritocratic education system, there is little doubt that race still plays a significant role in advantaging white students while disadvantaging black students in school. These advantages and disadvantages are subtly carried out. The root causes of racial disparities in schools are not easily identified and often considered taboo outside of the academy. There is little research that assesses the ways in which students understand the relationship between race and schooling when compared to professional educators. Therefore, the research question for this project was: What language and perspectives do school personnel use in discussing race and what language and perspectives do black students use in discussing race? This project discovered that black students experience subtle mechanisms of disadvantage in school because race is not addressed by faculty members, black identity is not ascribed as "academic," and a racial divide exists between a majority white faculty and black students. This project also argues that black students experience hegemonic influences which cause them to fail to see the race through in a critical and systematic way.
A Meta-Analysis of Development Aid Allocation: The Effects of Income Level and Population Size

The effect on aid allocation of the income level and population size in the recipient country is analyzed. The data show that both variables have a significant and robust negative effect, but they explain only a small part of the variation. The main thrust of the paper is a meta-analysis of the large aid allocation literature, where the impact of the two variables is analyzed, controlled for a wide range of factors. By the standard meta-tests, the results converge to much the same as found in our own analysis of the data. The poverty effect is in accordance with stated policies of all donors, while the population effect appears contrary to the stated policy of all donors. The main multilateral donors do not influence this pattern. Indeed, the evidence suggests that the poverty effect is smaller for the multilateral donors. Six main hypotheses are presented to explain the population effect.
Outer Membrane Proteins of Fibrobacter succinogenes with Potential Roles in Adhesion to Cellulose and in Cellulose Digestion

ABSTRACT Comparative analysis of binding of intact glucose-grown Fibrobacter succinogenes strain S85 cells and adhesion-defective mutants AD1 and AD4 to crystalline and acid-swollen (amorphous) cellulose showed that strain S85 bound efficiently to both forms of cellulose while mutant Ad1 bound to acid-swollen cellulose, but not to crystalline cellulose, and mutant Ad4 did not bind to either. One- and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) of outer membrane cellulose binding proteins and of outer membranes, respectively, of strain S85 and adhesion-defective mutant strains in conjunction with mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic peptides was used to identify proteins with roles in adhesion to and digestion of cellulose. Examination of the binding to cellulose of detergent-solubilized outer membrane proteins from S85 and mutant strains revealed six proteins in S85 that bound to crystalline cellulose that were absent from the mutants and five proteins in Ad1 that bound to acid-swollen cellulose that were absent from Ad4. Twenty-five proteins from the outer membrane fraction of cellulose-grown F. succinogenes were identified by 2-DE, and 16 of these were up-regulated by growth on cellulose compared to results with growth on glucose. A protein identified as a Cl-stimulated cellobiosidase was repressed in S85 cells growing on glucose and further repressed in the mutants, while a cellulose-binding protein identified as pilin was unchanged in S85 grown on glucose but was not produced by the mutants. The candidate differential cellulose binding proteins of S85 and the mutants and the proteins induced by growth of S85 on cellulose provide the basis for dissecting essential components of the cellulase system of F. succinogenes.
Essays on housing and monetary policy

This thesis, motivated by my reflections about the failings of monetary policy implementation as a cause of the sub-prime crisis, attempts to answer the following inquiries: (i) whether interest rates have played a major role in generating the house price fluctuations in the U.S., (ii) what are the effects of accommodative monetary policy on the economy given banks’ excessive risk-taking, and (iii) whether an optimal monetary policy rule can be found for curbing credit-driven economic volatilities in the model economy with unconventional transmission channels operating. By using a decomposition technique and regression analysis, it can be shown that shortterm interest rates exert the most potent influence on the evolution of the volatile components of housing prices. One possible explanation for this is that low policy rates for a prolonged period tend to encourage bankers to take on more risk in lending. This transmission channel, labelled as the risk-taking channel, accounts for the gap to some extent between the forecast and the actual impact of monetary policy on the housing market and the overall economy. A looser monetary policy stance can also shift the preference of economic agents toward housing as theoretically and empirically corroborated in the context of choice between durable and nondurable goods. This transmission route is termed the preference channel. If these two channels are operative in the economy, policy makers need to react aggressively to rapid credit growth in order to stabilize the paths of housing prices and output. These findings provide meaningful implications for monetary policy implementation. First of all, central bankers should strive to identify in a timely fashion newly emerging and statedependent transmission channels of monetary policy, and accurately assess the impact of policy decisions transmitted through these channels. Secondly, the intervention of central banks in the credit or housing market by adjusting policy rates can be optimal, relative to inaction, in circumstances where banks’ risk-taking and the preference for housing are overly exuberant. JEL Classification: E32, E42, E44, E51, E52, E53
"Liquidation" Cycles: Old-Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression

During the 1929-33 slide into the Great Depression, the Federal Reserve took almost no steps to keep the money supply or the price level stable. Instead, the Federal Reserve acted - disastrously - as if the gathering Great Depression could not be avoided, and was best endured. Such a liquidationist' theory of depressions was in fact common before the Keynesian Revolution, and was held and advanced by economists like Kayek and Schumpeter. This paper tries to reconstruct the logic of the liquidationist' view. It argues that the perspective was carefully thought out (although not adequate to the Depression), may hold some truth in other times and places, and could be the core of a more productive research program that currently popular real' business cycle theories.
Abdominal and Pericoronary Adipose Tissue Quantification with Computed Tomography and Their Relationship to Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Inflammatory Markers

1. Soos P, Horvath P, Schauerte P, Zima E, Juhasz-Nagy A, Merkely B Ventricular rate control during atrial fibrillation with stimulation of the AV-nodal parasympathetic plexus. Eur Surg Res 2002,34:38. 2. Fatima U, Maurovich-Horvat P, Cury R, Witzke C, Hoffmann U, Abbara S, Brady TJ, Palacios IF, Holmvang G: MRI for Diagnosis of Myocarditis by Global and Delayed Enhancement Techniques: Added Value to Diagnose Unsuspected Coronary Disease. JACC 2006,47:Suppl1. 3. Maurovich-Horvat P, Kerecsen G, Préda I, Móri T, Soós P, Sallai T, Fövényi J, Merkely B, Jermendy G: Measurement of coronary artery calcification by using dualsource computed tomography in adult asymptomatic patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 2009,58 Suppl1:A190. 4. Maurovich-Horvat P, Kriegel MF, Schlett CL, Nakazawa G, Vorpahl M, Nakano M, Bamberg F, Virmani R, Hoffmann U: Assessment of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque by High-Definition Computed Tomography: an ex vivo Study in Human Hearts. Circulation 2009,120: S303-a. 5. Marincheva-Savcheva G, Maurovich-Horvat P, Subramanian S, MedinaZuluaga H, Vijayakumar J, Brady TJ, Hoffmann U, Tawakol A: Coronary Artery Plaques with High-risk Morphological Features Display an Increased Inflammatory Activity as DOI:10.14753/SE.2012. 1663
Saddle solutions of the balanced bistable diffusion equation

We prove that Δu + f(u) = 0 has a unique entire solution u(x, y) on ℝ2 which has the same sign as the function xy, where f is a balanced bistable function like f(u) = u − u3. But we neither assume f is odd nor assume the monotonicity properties of f(u)/u. Our result generalizes a previous result by Dang, Fife, and Peletier [12]. Our approach combines bifurcation methods and recent results on the qualitative properties for elliptic equations in unbounded domains by Berestycki, Caffarelli and Nirenberg [5, 6]. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Academic dishonesty : comparing American and foreign students' attitudes

approved: Redacted for privacy_ V/ Dr. Thomas E. Grigsby To determine whether there were differences between foreign (Arab) and American student attitudes toward academic dishonesty in Oregon State University, a seventyeight item questionnaire designed by Kirk, (1970) was adapted and administered to two hundred and eighty Arab and American graduate and undergraduate students. Three aspects of academic dishonesty were examined: (1) behaviors which constitute cheating,(2) the recommended punishment for the cheating behavior, and (3) the academic settings in which cheating occurs. Selected Findings A twoway analysis of variance revealed that: 1. There was no difference between Arab and American students' attitudes toward behaviors which constitute cheating, 2. there was statistically significant difference between graduate and undergraduate students' attitudes regarding cheating behaviors. Undergraduates did not consider many behaviors to be cheating, while graduate students did consider such behaviors as cheating, 3. there was statistically significant difference between Arab and American students recommended punishment. Arab students were less severe in their recommended punishment of the cheating behavior, and 4. there was statistically significant nationality and class level difference toward the academic settings in which cheating occurs. American students considered most of the behaviors as cheating irrespective of the actions of the teacher. Graduate students also considered most of students' behaviors as cheating. Findings of this study suggest that Arab students were apparently influenced by their cultural background as reflected in their lower mean scores in attitude and recommended punishment of the cheating behaviors. Selected Recommendations Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made: 1. Colleges and universities should develop and publish a comprehensive statement on academic dishonesty, 2. Students, especially international, should be told that instructors are watching for incidents of cheating, and that punishment will be related to the severity of the cheating incident, 3. Academic integrity should be stressed, with special emphasis on the school definition of unacceptable academic behaviors, regardless of the cultural background of students, 4. Provisions should be made to encourage students to report cheating incidents and to protect their anonymity in the process, and 5. Research should be conducted with other foreign student groups to examine the generalizability of the findings of this study. ACADEMIC DISHONESTY: COMPARING AMERICAN AND FOREIGN STUDENTS' ATTITUDES
Gray and white matter brain chemistry in young children with autism.

CONTEXT The brain pathophysiological abnormalities underlying autism remain unclear. Neuroimaging and histological studies suggest cellular abnormalities early in the course of the disease. OBJECTIVE To measure the in vivo chemical profile of gray and white matter tissues in autism. DESIGN Cross-sectional spectroscopic imaging study comparing 3- to 4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with age-matched comparison groups of children with delayed development (DD) and typical development (TD). SETTING The University of Washington Diagnostic Imaging Sciences Center, Seattle. PARTICIPANTS Forty-five 3- to 4-year-old children with ASD, 12 age-matched children with DD, and 10 age-matched children with TD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Estimates of gray and white matter concentrations for choline-containing compounds (Cho), creatine plus phosphocreatine, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and myo-inositol (mI). Transverse relaxation times for Cho, creatine plus phosphocreatine, and NAA expressed relative to control subjects with TD were examined to evaluate tissue compactness. RESULTS The children with ASD demonstrated decreased gray matter concentrations of Cho (P < .001), creatine plus phosphocreatine (P = .02), NAA (P = .02), and mI (P = .008) compared with children with TD. Gray matter Cho transverse relaxation was also prolonged for the ASD sample compared with the TD group (P = .01). The children with ASD demonstrated significantly decreased levels of Cho (P = .04) and mI (P = .008) and trend-level NAA (P = .09) in gray matter compared with the DD group. For white matter, both children with ASD and children with DD showed a similar pattern of NAA and mI level decreases (for children with ASD vs children with TD: NAA, P = .03; mI, P = .04; for children with DD vs children with TD, NAA, P = .03; mI, P = .07). In several analyses, cerebral volume contributed significantly as a covariate. CONCLUSIONS Reduced gray matter chemical concentrations and altered Cho transverse relaxation, in a pattern distinct from that in children with DD, suggest decreased cellularity, or density, at this early time point in ASD. Possibly reflecting shared developmental features, white matter results were common to ASD and DD groups. The relationship between cerebral volume and neurochemistry at this early time point may indicate processes related to unit scaling.
Hemocyte Responses of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella, to the Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

Abstract Hemocyte encapsulation reactions of infective juveniles of two Iranian isolates of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditina: Heterorhabditidae) and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Tylenchina: Steinernematidae), were compared in the economic pest Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The former was a more responsive host than the latter and the hemocyte responses occurred sooner and more extensively. Complete encapsulation of some of the nematodes occurred by 4 h post injection for H. bacteriophora in both L. decemlineata and G. mellonella, and by 2 h pi for S. feltiae in L. decemlineata. The percentage of encapsulation from 24 h to 72 h pi in L. decemlineata was 86.2% for S. feltiae and 39% for H. bacteriophora. In G. mellonella there were no encapsulation or melanization responses against S. feltiae, whereas when H. bacteriophora was encapsulated and melanized (16.7%) the encapsulation level was lower than in L. decemlineata. This study may contribute to effectively selecting entomopathogenic nematode species active against significant economic pests based on the latter's cellular immune response.
Do Females with Bulimia Nervosa and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Have Selective Memory Biases?

Background: The cognitive model suggests memory biases for weight/shape and food related information could be important in the maintenance of eating disorders. Aims: The current study aims to evaluate this and extend previous research by (a) including females with eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) as a discreet group; (b) considering whether levels of hunger and the pleasantness of the stimulus words are important in word recall. Method: The study includes three groups of females, 16 with bulimia nervosa, 18 with EDNOS and 17 non-dieting general population controls. All participants completed a self-referential encoding and memory recall task. Results: A main effect of word type (p < .01) with no group by word type interaction or between group difference was found. A priori contrasts indicated that both eating disorder groups recalled significantly more weight/shape and food words compared to all other word categories (p < .01) compared to the control group; with no significant difference found between the eating disorder groups. In relation to the recall of food words, no significant differences were found between groups for levels of hunger. Both eating disorder groups rated the negative weight/shape (p < .01), negative food (p < .01) and neutral body words (p < .01) as more unpleasant than the control group. Conclusions: The implications for cognitive theory and future research are discussed.
Corporate governance, resources, FDI commitment and firm performance: Empirical analyses of Taiwanese high-tech firms

Purpose – This study aims to explore the effects of corporate governance structure and resources on foreign direct investment (FDI) commitment and firm performance. Design/methodology/approach – The data are collected from high-tech firms listed by the Taiwan Stock Exchange. All selected 137 firms have complete FDI and other required data during 2007-2009. The mean values of the variables during the three-year period were used for analysis. Findings – The results indicate that both chief executive officer (CEO) duality and government shareholding affect a firm’s FDI; and the higher the management shareholding ratio, the lower the return on equity. Moreover, a large ownership of substantial shareholders can enhance a firm’s performance; and higher institutional ownership can lead to higher firm performance. Research limitations/implications – This study analyses the limited data from 137 high-tech firms in Taiwan during the three-year period of 2007-2009. Further analyses of other industries, countries and.
Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic: Models of π-Institutions

An important part of the theory of algebraizable sentential logics consists of studying the algebraic semantics of these logics. As developed by Czelakowski, Blok, and Pigozzi and Font and Jansana, among others, it includes studying the properties of logical matrices serving as models of deductive systems and the properties of abstract logics serving as models of sentential logics. The present paper contributes to the development of the categorical theory by abstracting some of these model theoretic aspects and results from the level of sentential logics to the level of π -institutions.
Diagnostic potential of chromogenic substrates for rapid detection of bacterial enzymatic activity in health and disease associated periodontal plaques.

periodontal diseases may therefore be an Introduction ^^^^ ^^^ cfftcietit method of diagnosis. Microbiologieal investigaliotis have shown The present study evaluated the potential that distinct microbial populations are as-of a rapid test system for the detection of sociated with healthy or diseased periodon-specific bacterial enzymatic activities in tal tissues (Loesche 1982). Several micro-some periodontally defined populations, scopic and microbiological approaches have been attempted in recent years to diagnose and monitor periodontal conditions in hu-Materials and Methods mans. These Include examination of morph-Selection of substrates and lest procedure ological types and motiiity of bacteria by The following ^-naphtylamide derivatives darkfield or phase-contrast microscopy and (Sigma) were chosen for the development of microbiological culturing of subgingival the rapid test system: N-a-benzoyl-DL-plaque to determine the composition of the arginine (BANA) (Try), L-pyrrolidine (Pyr), cultivable flora. L-phenylalanine (Phe), L-leucine (Leu). L-These methods may, however, not be valine (Val), L-serine (Ser), L-arginine suitable for routine use as they are time (Arg). and L-alanine (Ala), consuming, are limited to the analysis of few The selection of these substrates was plaque samples, and require expert handling based on the enzymatic reactions of specific from the time of sampling through the bacteriai species belonging to the genera: analysis ofthe plaque specimens. laboratories demonstrate that some perio-and Selenomonas. In addition, species oi dontopathic bacteria may also be character-these genera were tested at decreasing con ized by their enzymatic activities (Dzink, centrations to ascertain the efficiency of tht With the exception of BANA each subs detection of selected bacterial enzymatic trate was prepared by suspending 0.016 g ol reactions directly in plaques associated with the powder in 1 ml dimethylsulfoxide, foi
Status security and career deviance : Theory and evidence from physicians in a large medical organization

This paper adapts status-based conformity theory to the study of careers. I develop the notion that middle-status conformity shapes individual willingness to pursue professionally deviant career activities in organizations. Further, I propose that an individual’s social status and labor market position can combine to predict deviant action. These ideas are tested using a unique sample of employed physicians who all had the option to take a professionally-deviant part time career path in a large medical organization. Controlling for other factors, I find strong evidence of status effects, as well as the hypothesized interaction between status and position, in predicting which physicians take up the part time option. Forrest Briscoe is Assistant Professor of Labor Studies & Industrial Relations (LSIR) and Sociology. 126 Willard Building, University Park PA 16802 | 814.865. 0746 | fbriscoe@psu.edu Thanks to Lotte Bailyn, Alex Colvin, Tom Kochan, Jesper Sorensen and Ezra Zuckerman for guidance and feedback. This research was supported by the MIT Workplace Center and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
On the Economics of Industrial Safety

Articles on this subject often begin by citing the National Safety Council statistics that over two million workers are injured each year, 14,000 are killed, and 190,000 are permanently disabled by industrial accidents. ' The passage of the Williams-Steiger Bill in 19702 which established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) clearly reflects our legislators' beliefs that this accident toll is intolerably high. Further, one can infer from the Report of the National Commission on State Workmen's Compensation Laws (NCSWCL)3 that the current compensation to victims of industrial accidents is grossly inadequate. Legislative actions at both federal and state levels have mainly been intended to achieve two objectives: (1) to reduce the frequency and severity of work-related injuries and diseases, and (2) to provide more equitable compensation to victims of these mishaps. The former has significance for economic efficiency, indicating that the present industrial accident toll exceeds some socially optimal accident toll. The latter is concerned with what constitutes "just and fair" compensation.4 An economist has something to say about the former issue, and I shall try to do so in this paper even though I agree with Professor Stigler who wrote, "[l]acking real expertise and lacking also evangelical ardor, the economist has had little influence upon the evolution of economic policy. "5