Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Politics of social change in Ghana : the Konkomba struggle for political equality

Introduction: Power and Social Change in Africa * Chapter One: "Their Power Will Be Uniformly Supported" - The Politics of Historical Memory in Northern Ghana * "This Wild but Interesting Tribe" - Konkomba Feuds and Obstacles to British Rule * "A Festering Sore on an Otherwise Healthy Administrative Body" - Konkomba Political Agency and British Authority * "Down with Black Imperialism in the North! " - Education, Local Politics and Self-Help Initiatives * "That All Konkombas Should Henceforth Unite" - Ethnic Politics and the Use of Violence in Northern Ghana * "We Even Dance Together" - Social Relations in Post-Conflict Northern Ghana *Bibliography
Environmental and Public Health Outcomes: An International and Historical Comparison

What factors determine the environmental and quality of life conditions that exist in different regions of the world? What factors can explain how these conditions evolve through time? This paper empirically examines the answers to these questions, focusing on the link between economic freedom and environmental quality, using information about the historical experiences of 130 countries over the interval of the years 1960 through 1992. An important conclusion from this analysis is that more repressive regimes on average have more environmental degradation. Across the board, governments that were rated as having less economic and political freedom consistently had higher levels of emissions and poorer public health indicators.
Relating annual increments of the endangered Blanding's turtle plastron growth to climate

This research is the first published study to report a relationship between climate variables and plastron growth increments of turtles, in this case the endangered Nova Scotia Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii). We used techniques and software common to the discipline of dendrochronology to successfully cross-date our growth increment data series, to detrend and average our series of 80 immature Blanding's turtles into one common chronology, and to seek correlations between the chronology and environmental temperature and precipitation variables. Our cross-dated chronology had a series intercorrelation of 0.441 (above 99% confidence interval), an average mean sensitivity of 0.293, and an average unfiltered autocorrelation of 0.377. Our master chronology represented increments from 1975 to 2007 (33 years), with index values ranging from a low of 0.688 in 2006 to a high of 1.303 in 1977. Univariate climate response function analysis on mean monthly air temperature and precipitation values revealed a positive correlation with the previous year's May temperature and current year's August temperature; a negative correlation with the previous year's October temperature; and no significant correlation with precipitation. These techniques for determining growth increment response to environmental variables should be applicable to other turtle species and merit further exploration.
LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Entanglement and tensor product decomposition for two fermions

The problem of the choice of tensor product decomposition in a system of two fermions with the help of Bogoliubov transformations of creation and annihilation operators is discussed. The set of physical states of the composite system is restricted by the superselection rule forbidding the superposition of fermions and bosons. It is shown that the Wootters concurrence is not the proper entanglement measure in this case. The explicit formula for the entanglement of formation is found. This formula shows that the entanglement of a given state depends on the tensor product decomposition of a Hilbert space. It is shown that the set of separable states is narrower than in the two-qubit case. Moreover, there exist states which are separable with respect to all tensor product decompositions of the Hilbert space.
Targeting without alienating

The growing diversity of different nations’ populations has encouraged advertisers to adopt their strategy by taking into consideration groups of consumers that were not traditionally targeted, such as cultural and sexual minorities. However, while such targeting has been favourably received among the targeted minorities, it has also engendered unfavourable reactions among majority members. This paper examines a way for advertisers to target a specific minority group within the mainstream media while maintaining resonance among the broader audience. An experiment is conducted to examine viewers’ responses to multicultural advertising in France. Results demonstrate the fundamental role of viewers’ congruence judgements and felt targetedness on the effectiveness of multicultural targeting attempts, and extend our understanding of consumer responses to multicultural advertising.
Mean-field dynamics of tumor growth and control using low-impact chemoprevention

Cancer poses danger because of its unregulated growth, development of resistant subclones, and metastatic spread to vital organs. Although the major transitions in cancer development are increasingly well understood, we lack quantitative theory for how chemoprevention is predicted to affect survival. We employ master equations and probability generating functions, the latter well known in statistical physics, to derive the dynamics of tumor growth as a mean-field approximation. We also study numerically the associated stochastic birth-death process. Our findings predict exponential tumor growth when a cancer is in its early stages of development and hyper-exponential growth thereafter. Numerical simulations are in general agreement with our analytical approach. We evaluate how constant, low impact treatments affect both neoplastic growth and the frequency of chemoresistant clones. We show that therapeutic outcomes are highly predictable for treatments starting either sufficiently early or late in terms of initial tumor size and the initial number of chemoresistant cells, whereas stochastic dynamics dominate therapies starting at intermediate neoplasm sizes, with high outcome sensitivity both in terms of tumor control and the emergence of resistant subclones. The outcome of chemoprevention can be understood in terms of both minimal physiological impacts resulting in long-term control and either preventing or slowing the emergence of resistant subclones. We argue that our model and results can also be applied to the management of early, clinically detected cancers after tumor excision.
Efficacy and Adverse Events Associated With Use of OnabotulinumtoxinA for Treatment of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose OnabotulinumtoxinA is used widely for the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess its efficacy and safety for neurogenic detrusor overactivity treatment. Methods A systematic literature review was performed to identify all published randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of onabotulinumtoxinA for neurogenic detrusor overactivity treatment. MEDLINE, Embase, and the CENTRAL were employed. Reference lists of retrieved studies were reviewed carefully. Results Six publications involving 871 patients, which compared onabotulinumtoxinA with a placebo were analyzed. Efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA treatment was shown as a reduction of the mean number of urinary incontinence episodes per day (mean difference, -1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.70 to -1.12; P<0.00001), maximum cystometric capacity (135.48; 95% CI, 118.22–152.75; P<0.00001), and maximum detrusor pressure (-32.98; 95% CI, -37.33 to -28.62; P<0.00001). Assessment of adverse events revealed that complications due to onabotulinumtoxinA injection were localized primarily to the urinary tract. Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that onabotulinumtoxinA is an effective treatment for neurogenic detrusor overactivity with localized advent events.
Measuring Altruistic Behavior in Surveys: The All‐Or‐Nothing Dictator Game

A field study of altruistic behaviour is presented using a modification of the dictator game in a large random sample survey in the Netherlands (n=1,964). In line with laboratory experiments, only 5.7% donated money. In line with other survey research on giving, generosity increased with age, education, income, trust, and prosocial value orientation.
w to motivate yourself and others ? Intended and intended consequences iana

To achieve goals, individuals and organizations must understand how to effectively motivate themselves and others. We review three broad strategies that people employ to increase motivation: giving feedback, setting goal targets, and applying incentives. Although each of these strategies can effectively motivate action under certain circumstances and among certain people, they can also result in unintended consequences: not helping or even hurting motivation. For example, employers may give positive feedback that leads employees to relax their effort or negative feedback that undermines employees’ commitment, organizations may set goals that are overly ambitious and consequently reduce motivation, and certain incentives might appear attractive before pursuing an action but uncertain incentives better motivate action during goal pursuit. By identifying when and how these common motivational strategies work versus fail, we are able to prescribe a specific set of guidelines that will help people understand how to motivate themselves and others. 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: jschroeder@haas.berkeley. edu (J. Schroeder), et.fishbach@chicagobooth.edu (A. Fishbach).
The commodity currency puzzle

This paper addresses the purchasing power parity (PPP) puzzle for a commodity currency. In particular, we analyse the real exchange rate behaviour in Norway, which has a primary commodity (oil) that constitutes the majority of its exports. A substantial part of the literature on commodity currencies has found that, despite controlling for the effect of commodity prices, PPP does not hold in the long run. We show that once we also control for the effect of the interest rate differential in the real exchange rate relationship, the discrepancies from PPP are fully accounted for. Furthermore, with the interest rate differential included in the long run real exchange rate relationship, the real oil price plays only a minor role. Adjustment to equilibrium (half-lives) is also substantially reduced, taking no more than one year on average. Hence, contrary to earlier findings on commodity currencies, we have effectively removed the PPP puzzle.
Microstructure observations during the spring 2011 STRATIPHYT-II cruise in the northeast Atlantic

Abstract. Small-scale temperature and conductivity variations have been measured in the upper 100 m of the northeast Atlantic during the STRATIPHYT-II cruise (Las Palmas–Reykjavik, 6 April–3 May 2011). The measurements were done at midday and comprised 2 to 15 vertical profiles at each station. The derived turbulent quantities show a transition between weakly-stratified (mixed layer depth, MLD, 100), which was centered at about 48° N. The temperature eddy diffusivities, KT, range from 10−5 to 100 m2 s−1 in the weakly-stratified stations, and range from 3 × 10−4 to 2 × 100 m2 s−1 in the well-mixed stations. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates, e, range from 3 × 10−8 to 2 × 10−6 m2 s−3 south of the transition zone, and from 10−7 to 10−5 m2 s−3 north of the transition zone. The station-averaged KT values throughout the mixed layer increase exponentially with the wind speed. The station-averaged e values throughout the mixed layer scale with the wind stress similarity variable with a scaling factor of about 1.8 in the wind-dominated stations (e a 1.8 us3/(−κz)). The values of KT and e are on average 10 times higher compared to the values measured at the same stations in July 2009. The results presented here constitute a unique data set giving large spatial coverage of upper ocean spring turbulence quantities.
Assessment of the Tumor Redox Status in Head and Neck Cancer by 62Cu-ATSM PET

Purpose Tumor redox is an important factor for cancer progression, resistance to treatments, and a poor prognosis. The aim of the present study was to define tumor redox (over-reduction) using 62Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (62Cu-ATSM) PET and compare its prognostic potential in head and neck cancer (HNC) with that of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG). Methods Thirty HNC patients (stage II–IV) underwent pretreatment 62Cu-ATSM and 18F-FDG PET scans. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVATSM and SUVFDG) and tumor-to-muscle activity concentration ratios (TMRATSM and TMRFDG) were measured. Reductive-tumor-volume (RTV) was then determined at four thresholds (40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% SUVATSM), and total-lesion-reduction (TLR) was calculated as the product of the mean SUV and RTV for 62Cu-ATSM. In 18F-FDG, metabolic-tumor-volume (MTV) and total-lesion-glycolysis (TLG) were obtained at a threshold of 40%. A ROC analysis was performed to determine % thresholds for RTV and TLR showing the best predictive performance, and these were then used to determine the optimal cut-off values to stratify patients for each parameter. Progression-free-survival (PFS) and cause-specific-survival (CSS) were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results The means ± standard deviations of PFS and CSS periods were 16.4±13.4 and 19.2±12.4 months, respectively. A ROC analysis determined that the 70% SUVATSM threshold for RTV and TLR was the best for predicting disease progression and cancer death. Optimal cut-offs for each index were SUVATSM = 3.6, SUVFDG = 7.9, TMRATSM = 3.2, TMRFDG = 5.6, RTV = 2.9, MTV = 8.1, TLR = 14.0, and TLG = 36.5. When the cut-offs for TMRATSM and TLR were set as described above in 62Cu-ATSM PET, patients with higher TMRATSM (p = 0.03) and greater TLR (p = 0.02) showed significantly worse PFS, while patients with greater TLR had significantly worse CSS (p = 0.02). Only MTV in 18F-FDG PET predicted differences in PSF and CSS (p = 0.03 and p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusion Tumor redox parameters measured by 62Cu-ATSM PET may be determinants of HNC patient outcomes and help define optimal patient-specific treatments.
2D and 3D palmprint information and Hidden Markov Model for improved identification performance

Biometric systems based on a single source of information suffer from limitations such as the lack of uniqueness, non-universality of the chosen biometric trait, noisy data and spoof attacks. Multibiometrics are relatively new systems that overcome those problems. These systems fuse information from multiple biometric sources in order to achieve better identification performance. In this paper, 2D and 3D palmprint are integrated in order to construct an efficient multibiometric identification system based on matching score level fusion. For that, the texture information is characterized by the rotation invariant VARiance measures (VAR) and compressed using the Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Subsequently, we use the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for modeling the feature vector of each palmprint. Finally, Log-likelihood scores are used for palmprint evaluation. The proposed scheme is tested and evaluated using PolyU 2D-3D palmprint database of 250 users. Our experimental results show the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed system, which brings high identification accuracy rate.
Complexity theory made easy: the formal language approach to the definition of complexity classes

In recent years generalized acceptance criteria for different nondeterministic computation models have been examined. Instead of the common definition where an input word is said to be accepted if in the corresponding computation tree an accepting path exists, more general conditions on this tree are used. We survey some recent results from this context, paying particular attention to nondeterministic finite automata as well as nondeterministic polynomial-time Turing machines.
Patterns of Human Papillomavirus Types in Multiple Infections: An Analysis in Women and Men of the High Throughput Human Papillomavirus Monitoring Study

Background To evaluate the pattern of co-infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in both sexes in Sweden. Methods Cell samples from genital swabs, first-void urine, and genital swabs immersed in first-void urine were collected in the present cross-sectional High Throughput HPV Monitoring study. Overall, 31,717 samples from women and 9,949 from men (mean age 25) were tested for 16 HPV types using mass spectrometry. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate the expected number of multiple infections with specific HPV types, adjusted for age, type of sample, and accounting for correlations between HPV types due to unobserved risk factors using sample-level random effects. Bonferroni correction was used to allow for multiple comparisons (120). Results Observed-to-expected ratio for any multiple infections was slightly above unity in both sexes, but, for most 2-type combinations, there was no evidence of significant departure from expected numbers. HPV6/18 was found more often and HPV51/68 and 6/68 less often than expected. However, HPV68 tended to be generally underrepresented in co-infections, suggesting a sub-optimal performance of our testing method for this HPV type. Conclusions We found no evidence for positive or negative clustering between HPV types included in the current prophylactic vaccines and other untargeted oncogenic types, in either sex.
FKBP8 and the autophagy-inducing Class-III PI3K Complex Roles of LIR dependent interactions Zambarlal Baban Bhujabal A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor

The term physical activity and body movement is used to have as broad a perspective as possible upon the students' use of their own bodies. When a climber stands still in the middle of a climbing route, situations can occur where the observer claims that quite a lot of physical activity goes on while there is no actual body movement. If a person stands on the ground and bends her or his arms, some observers will claim that no physical activity goes on; the person is just moving her or his arms. iv …geometry is grasping space. And since it is about the education of children, it is grasping that space in which the child lives, breathes and moves. The space that the child must learn to know, explore, conquer, in order to live, breathe and move better in it. (Freudenthal, 1973, p. 403) If the students experience the process of reinventing mathematics as expanding common sense, then they will experience no dichotomy between everyday life experience and mathematics. Both will be part of the same reality (Gravemeijer and Doorman, 1999, p. 127). v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work leading to this thesis has been carried out during the years 2003-2007 at the University of Tromsø, Norway. Both the Faculty of Science and the Department of Education have supported this work and I would like to thank all the people who have contributed to my research and my education. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Odd Valdermo, whose critical and insightful comments have been of great value. He also deserves a great thank for his strong focus on the ethical aspects of my work and for his quick replies to my questions. The value of having a clever supervisor is difficult to measure. Before I started this work there was no research in the field of didactics of mathematics at the University of Tromsø. Without Ragnar Soleng's positive attitude towards this field and his willingness to let me become a research fellow at the Department of Statistics and Mathematics, this work could not have been carried out. The students and teachers who shared their time and experiences with me have been of great value because classroom research is dependent on the participating students, their parents and teachers. In particular, I would express my gratitude towards Frode Hansen and Kjetil Fjellsbø for their patience and their positive attitude towards …
Low frequency radio monitoring of Cygnus X-1 and Cygnus X-3

We present the results of monitoring observations of the micro-quasars Cygnus X-1 and Cygnus X-3 at 0.61 and 1.28 GHz. The observations were performed with the Giant Meter-wave Radio Telescope between 2003 June and 2005 January. Variable, unresolved sources were found in both cases. Cyg X-1 was detected in about half of the observations, with a median flux density about 7 mJy at each frequency. The variations in Cyg X-1 may be due to refractive interstellar scintillation. Cyg X-3 was detected in each observation, and varied by a factor of 4. For this source, models of the scintillation suggest a very long timescale (the order of 40 yr at 1.28 GHz), therefore, we believe that the variations are intrinsic to the source.
Lighting Arnold flames: Resonance in doubly forced periodic oscillators

We study doubly forced nonlinear planar oscillators: whose forcing frequencies have a fixed rational ratio: ? 1 = (m/n)? 2. After some changes of parameter, we arrive at the form we study: We assume has an attracting limit cycle - the unforced planar oscillator - with frequency ? 0, and the two forcing functions W1 and W2 are period one in their second variables. We consider two parameters as primary: ? , an appropriate multiple of the forcing period, and ? , the forcing amplitude. The relative forcing amplitude ? [1,2] is treated as an auxiliary parameter. The dynamics is studied by considering the stroboscopic maps induced by sampling the solutions of the differential equations at time intervals equal to the period of forcing, T = ? /? 0. For any fixed ? , these oscillators have a standard form of a periodically forced oscillator, and thus exhibit the Arnold resonance tongues in the primary parameter plane. The special forms at ? = 1 and ? = 2 can introduce certain symmetries into the problem. One effect of these symmetries is to provide a relatively natural example of oscillators with multiple attractors. Such oscillators typically have interesting bifurcation features within corresponding resonance regions - features we call `Arnold flames' because of their flame-like appearance in the corresponding bifurcation diagrams. By changing the auxiliary parameter ? , we `melt' one singly forced oscillator bifurcation diagram into another, and in the process we control certain of these `intraresonance region' bifurcation features.
Management Research: An Introduction

PART ONE: STARTING MANAGEMENT RESEARCH Introducing Management Research The Ingredients of Successful Research PART TWO: PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICS The Philosophy of Research Design The Politics of Management Research PART THREE: DOING AND COMPLETING THE RESEARCH Qualitative Methods Quantitative Methods Finishing Research Appendix Searching the Management Literature
FLIP: An Efficient Privacy-Preserving Protocol for Finding Like-Minded Vehicles on the Road

Vehicle chatting is one of the most promising applications in VANETs, which allows like-minded vehicles to chat on the topics of common interest on the road. However, there exist some newly emerging privacy challenging issues in vehicle chatting application, such as how to find a like-minded vehicle on the road and how to prevent one's interest privacy (IP) from others who are not like-minded? In this paper, to tackle these challenging issues, we propose an efficient privacy-preserving \underline{f}inding \underline{l}ike-minded veh\underline{i}cle \underline{p}rotocol (FLIP), and apply the provable security technique to demonstrate its security. In addition, extensive simulations are also conducted to examine its practical considerations, i.e., the relation between the expected IP-preserving level and the delay of finding like-minded vehicles on the road.