Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regenerative Partition Structures

A partition structure is a sequence of probability distributions for $\pi_n$, a random partition of $n$, such that if $\pi_n$ is regarded as a random allocation of $n$ unlabeled balls into some random number of unlabeled boxes, and given $\pi_n$ some $x$ of the $n$ balls are removed by uniform random deletion without replacement, the remaining random partition of $n-x$ is distributed like $\pi_{n-x}$, for all $1 \le x \le n$. We call a partition structure regenerative if for each $n$ it is possible to delete a single box of balls from $\pi_n$ in such a way that for each $1 \le x \le n$, given the deleted box contains $x$ balls, the remaining partition of $n-x$ balls is distributed like $\pi_{n-x}$. Examples are provided by the Ewens partition structures, which Kingman characterised by regeneration with respect to deletion of the box containing a uniformly selected random ball. We associate each regenerative partition structure with a corresponding regenerative composition structure, which (as we showed in a previous paper) is associated in turn with a regenerative random subset of the positive halfline. Such a regenerative random set is the closure of the range of a subordinator (that is an increasing process with stationary independent increments). The probability distribution of a general regenerative partition structure is thus represented in terms of the Laplace exponent of an associated subordinator, for which exponent an integral representation is provided by the Levy-Khintchine formula. The extended Ewens family of partition structures, previously studied by Pitman and Yor, with two parameters $(\alpha,\theta)$, is characterised for $0 \le \alpha 0$ by regeneration with respect to deletion of each distinct part of size $x$ with probability proportional to $(n-x)\tau+x(1-\tau)$, where $\tau = \alpha/(\alpha+\theta)$.
Gender and Organization: Towards a Differentiated Understanding

This paper treats a number of issues within the area of gender and organization. Alternative approaches are discussed — from comparing groups of women and men in organizations to using gender as a metaphor for illuminating the character of organizations. The limitations of generalizations on the relationship between gender and organizations are indicated. Instead of advocating a unitary feminine view and making just one case against male-domination and discrimination in organizations, differences between groups of women and a multiplicity of forms of masculinity in working life are suggested. In order to better understand gender bias and conflicts in organizations, a differentiated understanding of gender/ organization relations is suggested, based on an organizational symbolism approach.
Ethics in intercultural research: reflections on the challenges of conducting field research in a Syrian context

This paper examines the experiences of two British students conducting doctoral fieldwork in Damascus, Syria. The cross-cultural nature of their work provides an opportunity to examine some of the assumptions which underlie specific principles of research governance in the UK such as anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent. Culturally variant understandings of notions such as privacy and permission-giving are explored, and the implications for social science research are discussed. Their experiences highlight the importance of understanding what constitutes locally acceptable research, and the concept of gatekeepers is critically examined. It is suggested that researchers are often ill-prepared for the complexities they may encounter in the process of gaining access, which often relies heavily on relational trust-building. The effect of power differentials on ethical procedures is explored, and the need to recognise the risk of both participant and researcher disempowerment is highlighted.
The Difficulty in Using Orphan Afterglows to Measure Gamma-Ray Burst Beaming

If gamma-ray burst (GRB) emission is strongly collimated, then GRBs occur throughout the universe at a rate much higher than is detected. Since the emission from the optical afterglow is thought to be more isotropic than the gamma-ray emission, it has been hypothesized that a search for orphan afterglows (those without the triggering GRB) would allow strong constraints to be placed on the degree of GRB collimation. In this paper we establish that, within the context of leading models of GRB jet evolution, measurement of the GRB beaming angle θjet using optical orphan searches is extremely difficult, perhaps impossible in practice. We show that this is because, in the leading model of GRB jets, the effective afterglow beaming angle scales with the jet angle, Ωopt ∝ Ωjet for small angles, and so the ratio of detected orphan afterglows to GRBs is independent of the jet opening angle. Thus, the number of expected afterglow detections is the same for moderate jet angles (~20°) as for arbitrarily small jet angles (≪0.°1). For nearly isotropic GRB geometry, or for radio afterglow searches in which the jet has become nonrelativistic, the ratio of afterglows to GRBs may give information on collimation. However, using a simple model we estimate the expected number of orphan detections in current supernova surveys and find this number to be less than 1 for all jet opening angles. Even for future supernova surveys, the small detection rate and lack of dependence on collimation angle appear to ruin the prospects of determining GRB beaming by this method. Radio searches may provide the best hope to find the missing orphans.
Dentists' self-estimation of their competence to treat avulsion and root fracture injuries.

AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of Norwegian dentists on avulsion and root fracture injuries. METHOD An electronic questionnaire (QuestBack) was sent in 2012 to all dentists (n = 255) employed in the Public Dental Service (PDS) in three counties of Norway. The dentists were asked to state whether they felt they had sufficient competence to treat avulsion and root fractures immediately and long term. Based on international guidelines, the authors achieved a consensus for ideal treatment. Based on two cases, the clinicians were to assess their own competence. They were classified into either a 'sufficient competence' (SC) group or an 'insufficient competence' (ISC) group. The data were evaluated by descriptive statistics and chi-square bivariate analysis. RESULTS The response rate was 64%, 95 dentists (62%) in the SC group and 58 (38%) in the ISC group. Significantly more young dentists responded (P < 0.001). Correct treatment (reposition and splint) for a one-day-old fracture in the middle third of the root with luxation of the coronal fragment was chosen more often by the SC group compared with the ISC group (P = 0.03), but estimating the long-term prognosis, there was no difference (P = 0.14). In a case with a previous avulsion injury and obvious signs of pulp necrosis and external infection-related root resorption, the majority (n = 97, 63%) would choose root canal treatment with a Ca(OH)₂ dressing which was considered correct treatment, but fewer than half of the clinicians (40%) diagnosed the external infection related to root resorption which was visible on a radiograph. There was no difference between the groups (P = 0.81). CONCLUSION The study shows that overall knowledge among Norwegian dentists is good, but more knowledge on detecting and diagnosing external root resorption is needed. Self-estimation of own competence does not reflect level of knowledge.
Changes in Attitudes and Practice toward Dying People after Completion of a U.K.-Based Distance Learning Death and Dying Course

K260 is an Open University distance learning course in death and dying that incorporates historical, anthropological, sociological, and psychological approaches to death and dying. The course deals with principles and practices of palliative care, communication with dying people and their families, bereavement and grief, and moral, ethical, and legal issues involved in death and dying. Through a qualitative analysis of respondent written comments regarding how they would respond to a dying person, this study sought to determine how students felt their attitudes and practice had changed as a result of studying this course in terms of how they would respond to a dying person. Six themes emerged that individually and in combination highlight important ways in which respondents perceived their response toward a dying person had altered as a result of completing K260. These themes are awareness, understanding, and insight; individualized care and patient autonomy; self-awareness; ability to communicate emotionally; ability to communicate practically; and practical knowledge and resources developed.
Functional microRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease and cancer: differential regulation of common mechanisms and pathways

Two of the main research priorities in the United States are cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, which are attributed to abnormal patterns of cellular behavior. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have been implicated as regulators of cellular metabolism, and thus are an active topic of investigation in both disease areas. There is presently a more extensive body of work on the role of miRNAs in cancer compared to neurodegenerative diseases, and therefore it may be useful to examine whether there is any concordance between the functional roles of miRNAs in these diseases. As a case study, the roles of miRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their functions in various cancers will be compared. A number of miRNA expression patterns are altered in individuals with AD compared with healthy older adults. Among these, some have also been shown to correlate with neuropathological changes including plaque and tangle accumulation, as well as expression levels of other molecules known to be involved in disease pathology. Importantly, these miRNAs have also been shown to have differential expression and or functional roles in various types of cancer. To examine possible intersections between miRNA functions in cancer and AD, we review the current literature on these miRNAs in cancer and AD, focusing on their roles in known biological pathways. We propose a pathway-driven model in which some molecular processes show an inverse relationship between cancer and neurodegenerative disease (e.g., proliferation and apoptosis) whereas others are more parallel in their activity (e.g., immune activation and inflammation). A critical review of these and other molecular mechanisms in cancer may shed light on the pathophysiology of AD, and highlight key areas for future research. Conclusions from this work may be extended to other neurodegenerative diseases for which some molecular pathways have been identified but which have not yet been extensively researched for miRNA involvement.
Happiness at Work

Happiness in the form of pleasant moods and emotions, well-being, and positive attitudes has been attracting increasing attention throughout psychology research. The interest in happiness has also extended to workplace experiences. This paper reviews what is known about the definition, causes and consequences of happiness at work, drawing also on insights from the expanding positive psychology literature on happiness in general. Many discrete organizational behavior constructs arguably belong to a larger family of happiness-related constructs, and share some common causes and consequences. Happiness at work includes, but is far more than, job satisfaction. A comprehensive measure of individual-level happiness might include work engagement, job satisfaction, and affective organizational commitment. Aspects of happiness have been (and should be) conceptualized and measured at multiple levels, including transient experiences, stable person-level attitudes, and collective attitudes, and with respect to multiple foci, such as discrete events, the job, and the organization. At all levels, there is evidence that happiness has important consequences for both individuals and organizations. Past research has tended to underestimate the importance of happiness at work.
Do Female and Male Employees in Iran Experience Similar Work–Family Interference, Job, and Life Satisfaction?

This study aims at examining gender differences in the experience of work–family interference and perceived job–life satisfaction in a group of Iranian employees. The participants in the study consist of 387 Iranian male and female employees from a variety of organizations. The results of t tests and multiple regression analysis using EQS 6.1 support the hypothesis that Iranian male and female employees experience similar interference in their work–family domains although they spend different numbers of hours in the workplace. The findings also show that whereas work-to-family interference has significant and negative effects on job–life satisfaction among male employees, for female employees, working hours and family-to-work interference had even more significant and negative effects on their job–ife satisfaction. Implications are discussed and recommendations made regarding future research and interventions in this area.
Demystifying Intuition: What It Is, What It Does, and How It Does It

Definitions of intuition are discussed and two working definitions are proposed. This is followed by a list of eight unresolved problems concerning intuition. It is suggested that all of these problems can be resolved by cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), a dual-process theory of personality according to which people process information with two systems, an experiential/intuitive system that is an associative learning system that humans share with other animals and a uniquely human verbal reasoning system. Intuition is considered to be a subsystem of the experiential/ intuitive system that operates by exactly the same principles and attributes but has narrower boundary conditions. The next section includes a presentation of the most relevant aspects of CEST with an emphasis on the operating rules and attributes of the experiential/intuitive system. This is followed by demonstrating how the operation of the experiential/intuitive system can resolve each of the unresolved problems concerning intuition. The article closes with a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the experiential/intuitive and rational/analytic systems. It is concluded that neither system is generally superior to the other, as each has important advantages and disadvantages.
Broad passband, wide stopband, high power evanescent mode filters using capacitively-loaded ridges

This paper presents advanced structures that extend the class of capacitively-loaded evanescent mode filters and mitigate some of the limits that are common for this technology. Innovative design details and modifications with respect to a conventional structure are properly applied so as to improve the filter performance when high power, broad passband, and wide stopband are all required at relatively high frequency. The proposed structures combine coaxial capacitance based resonators with evanescent mode ridged waveguide sections so as to obtain capacitively-loaded ridge waveguide bandpass filters. The approach is validated by the design and experimental results of two X- and Ku-band filters. Particularly remarkable are the performance of the Ku-band filter, which has a wide passband from 12 to 18 GHz, a wide stopband up to 54 GHz, and which successfully handled 100 W of continuous power.
Efficacy and safety of oral tolvaptan therapy in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

OBJECTIVE Tolvaptan, an oral antagonist of the vasopressin V(2) receptor, has been found to improve hyponatremia in patients with mixed etiologies. This study analyzed a subgroup of patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tolvaptan in this group. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Hyponatremic patients in the SALT-1 and SALT-2 studies with a diagnosis of SIADH were identified based on clinical diagnosis by individual study investigators. Subjects were randomized to receive oral placebo (n=52) or tolvaptan 15 mg daily, with further titration to 30 and 60 mg daily, if necessary, based on the response of serum [Na(+)] (n=58). RESULTS In patients with SIADH, improvement in serum [Na(+)] was significantly greater (P<0.0001) with tolvaptan than placebo over the first 4 days of therapy as well as the entire 30-day study, with minimal side effects of increased thirst, dry mouth, and urination. Only 5.9% of tolvaptan-treated patients had overly rapid correction of hyponatremia as defined by current guidelines. After discontinuation of tolvaptan, serum [Na(+)] declined to values similar to placebo. A significant positive treatment effect favoring tolvaptan on the physical component, and a near-significant trend on the mental component, was found using the SF-12 Health Survey. Tolvaptan was associated with a significantly reduced incidence of fluid restriction. CONCLUSIONS Results for the SIADH subgroup were analogous to those of the combined SALT population regarding efficacy and safety but demonstrated a greater improvement in the physical component of the SF-12 Health Survey than in the full mixed etiology SALT patient group.
Overactive cannabinoid 1 receptor in podocytes drives type 2 diabetic nephropathy

Significance Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in the United States, and one of the most significant long-term complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which currently lack fully effective therapy. Hyperglycemia and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are thought to be the two main drivers of this pathology. We have recently shown that selective blockade of peripheral cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1R) delayed and attenuated the development of type 2 diabetes in a rat model. Here we show that the nephropathy-inducing effects of both hyperglycemia and activation of the RAS involve CB1R activation in glomerular podocytes, and that antagonism of peripheral CB1R could represent a novel, effective, and rational approach to both prevent and reverse diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage kidney disease, and overactivity of the endocannabinoid/cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) system contributes to diabetes and its complications. Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats develop type 2 diabetic nephropathy with albuminuria, reduced glomerular filtration, activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), oxidative/nitrative stress, podocyte loss, and increased CB1R expression in glomeruli. Peripheral CB1R blockade initiated in the prediabetic stage prevented these changes or reversed them when animals with fully developed diabetic nephropathy were treated. Treatment of diabetic ZDF rats with losartan, an angiotensin II receptor-1 (Agtr1) antagonist, attenuated the development of nephropathy and down-regulated renal cortical CB1R expression, without affecting the marked hyperglycemia. In cultured human podocytes, CB1R and desmin gene expression were increased and podocin and nephrin content were decreased by either the CB1R agonist arachydonoyl-2′-chloroethylamide, angiotensin II, or high glucose, and the effects of all three were antagonized by CB1R blockade or siRNA-mediated knockdown of CNR1 (the cannabinoid type 1 receptor gene). We conclude that increased CB1R signaling in podocytes contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy and represents a common pathway through which both hyperglycemia and increased RAS activity exert their deleterious effects, highlighting the therapeutic potential of peripheral CB1R blockade.
Cross‐National Differences in Victimization. Disentangling the Impact of Composition and Context

Varying rates of criminal victimization across countries are assumed to be the outcome of countrylevel structural constraints that determine the supply ofmotivated oienders, as well as the differential composition within countries of suitable targets and capable guardianship. However, previous empirical tests of these ‘compositional’ and ‘contextual’ explanations of cross-national diierences have been performed upon macro-level crime data due to the unavailability of comparable individual-level data across countries. This limitation has had two important consequences for cross-national crime research. First, micro-/meso-level mechanisms underlying cross-national differences cannot be truly inferred from macro-level data. Secondly, the eiects of contextual measures (e.g. income inequality) on crime are uncontrolled for compositional heterogeneity. In this paper, these limitations are overcome by analysing individual-level victimization data across 18 countries from the International CrimeVictims Survey. Results from multi-level analyses on theft and violent victimization indicate that the national level of income inequality is positively related to risk, independent of compositional (i.e. micro- and meso-level) diierences. Furthermore, crossnational variation in victimization rates is not only shaped by diierences in national context, but also by varying composition. More speci¢cally, countries had higher crime rates the more they consisted of urban residents and regions with lowaverage social cohesion.
Signaling role of CD36 in platelet activation and thrombus formation on immobilized thrombospondin or oxidized low‐density lipoprotein

Summary. Background and Objective: Platelets abundantly express glycoprotein CD36 with thrombospondin‐1 (TSP1) and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) as proposed ligands. How these agents promote platelet activation is still poorly understood. Methods and Results: Both TSP1 and oxLDL caused limited activation of platelets in suspension. However, immobilized TSP1 and oxLDL, but not LDL, strongly supported platelet adhesion and spreading with a major role of CD36. Platelet spreading was accompanied by potent Ca2+ rises, and resulted in exposure of P‐selectin and integrin activation, all in a CD36‐dependent manner with additional contributions of αIIbβ3 and ADP receptor stimulation. Signaling responses via CD36 involved activation of the protein tyrosine kinase Syk. In whole blood perfusion, co‐coating of TSP1 or oxLDL with collagen enhanced thrombus formation at high‐shear flow conditions, with increased expression on platelets of activated αIIbβ3, P‐selectin and phosphatidylserine, again in a CD36‐dependent way. Conclusions: Immobilized TSP1 and oxLDL activate platelets partly via CD36 through a Syk kinase‐dependent Ca2+ signaling mechanism, which enhances collagen‐dependent thrombus formation under flow. These findings provide novel insight into the role of CD36 in hemostasis.
DOES FORM-FOCUSED INSTRUCTION AFFECT THE ACQUISITION OF IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE?

The extent to which form-focused instruction contributes to the acquisition of second language implicit knowledge is controversial. Whereas Krashen (1993) has argued that the effects of FFI on acquisition are peripheral, N. Ellis (this issue) sees FFI as facilitative and even necessary for developing implicit L2 knowledge. This article examines the role of FFI in developing implicit knowledge by reviewing 11 studies that have examined the effect of FFI on learners' free production. The review suggests that FFI can contribute to the acquisition of implicit knowledge and points to two variables that appear to influence its success—the choice of the target structure and the extent of the instruction. FFI involving extensive instruction directed at “simple” structures was more likely to succeed. However, limited instruction directed at complex structures also proved effective, provided that the target structures are readily available in noninstructional input.