Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Future Tourism : Political, Social and Economic Challenges

1. Introduction: What Future for Tourism? Part 1: Global Changes and Their Impact on Future Tourism 2. "Peak Oil" Confronts Society and Tourism: A Futuristic View 3. The Political Economy of Future Tourism Part 2: Political and Social Trends and Future Tourism 4. Security and the Future of Tourism 5. Wellbeing, Equity, Sustainable Development and Social Tourism in Twenty-first Century Europe 6. Shapers and Shifters for the Future of Travel and Tourism 7. Tourism and Quality of Life 8. Through a Glass Darkly: The Future of Tourism is Personal Part 3: Managerial Issues and Future Tourism 9. Tourism in a Technology-Dependent World 10. Human Resource Issues in the New Millennium 11. Sustainability: An Issue for the Tourism Industry in the New Millennium 12. Tomorrow's Tourist and the Case Study of New Zealand Part 4: Concluding Thoughts 13. Future Tourism: Where to Now?
A comparison of serial computed tomography and functional change in bronchiectasis

In bronchiectasis the morphological determinants of (marginal) fluctuations in pulmonary function tests are uncertain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serial computed tomography (CT) changes in relation to pulmonary function trends in patients with bronchiectasis. The relationships between pulmonary function indices and CT scans in 48 adult patients with bronchiectasis were evaluated at baseline and at follow-up, at a median interval of 28 months (range 6–74 months). Two independent observers semiquantitatively scored CT features of bronchial and small airways disease. At initial assessment, the severity of airflow obstruction was linked primarily to the extent of mosaic attenuation. However, serial changes in pulmonary function indices were only associated with serial changes in mucous plugging scores. Alterations in mucous plugging on serial CT were associated with changes in the severity of bronchiectasis and bronchial wall thickness. Greater severity of all three morphological abnormalities at baseline CT were predictive of significant declines in forced expiratory volume in one second, with severe bronchial wall thickness being the most adverse prognostic determinant. Variations in mucous plugging on computed tomography correlate with minor fluctuations in pulmonary function tests in bronchiectasis. However, the severity of bronchial wall thickness is the primary determinant of subsequent major functional decline.
Dynamic Changes in Helicobacter pylori Status Following Gastric Cancer Surgery

Background/Aims Helicobacter pylori eradication is recommended in patients with early gastric cancer. However, the possibility of spontaneous regression raises a question for clinicians about the need for “retesting” postoperative H. pylori status. Methods Patients who underwent curative gastrectomy at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and had a positive H. pylori status without eradication therapy at the time of gastric cancer diagnosis were prospectively enrolled in this study. H. pylori status and atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) histologic status were assessed pre- and postoperatively. Results One hundred forty patients (mean age, 59.0 years; 60.7% male) underwent subtotal gastrectomy with B-I (65.0%), B-II (27.1%), Roux-en-Y (4.3%), jejunal interposition (0.7%), or proximal gastrectomy (4.3%). Preoperative presence of AG (62.9%) and IM (72.9%) was confirmed. The mean period between surgery and the last endoscopic follow-up was 38.0±25.6 months. Of the 140 patients, 80 (57.1%) were found to be persistently positive for H. pylori, and 60 (42.9%) showed spontaneous negative conversion at least once during follow-up. Of these 60 patients, eight (13.3%) showed more complex postoperative dynamic changes between negative and positive results. The spontaneous negative conversion group showed a trend of having more postoperative IM compared to the persistent H. pylori group. Conclusions A high percentage of spontaneous regression and complex dynamic changes in H. pylori status were observed after partial gastrectomy, especially in individuals with postoperative histological IM. It is better to consider postoperative eradication therapy after retesting for H. pylori.
Leakage Power Estimation & Minimization In a 6T SRAM Cell Using Dual Vth, Dual Tox, & Stacking Techniques

Aggressive CMOS scaling results in low threshold voltage and thin oxide thickness for transistors manufactured in deep submicrometer regime. As a result, reducing the subthreshold and tunneling gate leakage currents has become one of the most important criteria in the design of VLSI circuits. In this article we will discuss three major leakage current components in a SRAM cell and also discuss different methods based on dual- Vth & dual- Tox and two sleepy stack techniques to reduce the total leakage power dissipation of static random access memories (SRAMs) while maintaining their performance. On the other hand, performance loss occurs simultaneously with leakage saving. To validate the effect of low power techniques the leakage current and Read and write delays of SRAM cells with 45nm CMOS process has been simulated.
Type I Planetary Migration in a Self-Gravitating Disk

We investigate the tidal interaction between a low-mass planet and a self-gravitating protoplanetary disk by means of two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. We first show that considering a planet as freely migrating in a disk without self-gravity leads to a significant overestimate of the migration rate. The overestimate can reach a factor of 2 for a disk having 3 times the surface density of the minimum mass solar nebula. Unbiased drift rates may be obtained only by considering a planet and a disk orbiting within the same gravitational potential. In the second part, the disk self-gravity is taken into account. We confirm that the disk gravity enhances the differential Lindblad torque with respect to the situation where neither the planet nor the disk feels the disk gravity. This enhancement only depends on the Toomre parameter at the planet location. It is typically 1 order of magnitude smaller than the spurious one induced by assuming a planet migrating in a disk without self-gravity. We confirm that the torque enhancement due to the disk gravity can be entirely accounted for by a shift of Lindblad resonances and can be reproduced by the use of an anisotropic pressure tensor. We do not find any significant impact of the disk gravity on the corotation torque.
Inefficiency in industry

The authors of this book examine the nature and causes of inefficiency in manufacturing industry. They provide a detailed examination of the nature of inefficiency and the issues involved in its measurement. A detailed examination of inefficiency in Australian and British industry is made with an identification of the sources of inefficiency and a comparison of the two countries. The implications for government policy and industrial strategy are analyzed. The book draws on research conducted during a major international research project involving 150 industries in the UK, US, Japan, Australia, Korea, Canada and Norway. It makes a contribution to our understanding of the causes of inefficency and draws important implications for government policy-makers, business and industrial economists, and planners and strategists working in industry. The lessons should be influential in shaping future government policy and improving the competitiveness of a nations's industry.
Prospective study of regular aspirin use and the risk of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can inhibit tumor development in the large bowel. An inverse association between the use of NSAIDs and the incidence of breast cancer has been observed, but this association has not been statistically significant in all studies. PURPOSE We analyzed data from the prospective Nurses' Health Study to evaluate the influence of aspirin use on breast cancer risk. METHODS We studied a population of 89,528 female registered nurses who reported no history of breast or other cancers (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and who returned a mailed questionnaire in 1980 that elicited information concerning breast cancer risk factors and current and past aspirin use. Follow-up questionnaires were mailed to the participants every 2 years; the women were followed through 1992. Information concerning current aspirin use was obtained from each biennial questionnaire, except in 1986. Cases of breast cancer were identified through questionnaire responses, and permission was sought for a review of medical records to confirm the diagnoses. Our analysis was based on 2414 cases of invasive breast cancer, which included 2303 cases confirmed with medical records and 111 cases for which no records were obtained. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age or age plus other known or potential breast cancer risk factors (i.e., multivariate), were calculated. RESULTS Regular aspirin use (two or more tablets per week) in 1980 was unrelated to breast cancer incidence during the succeeding 12-year period (with no regular aspirin use as the referent, multivariate RR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.95-1.12). The corresponding risk estimate for consistent regular aspirin use during the period from 1980 through 1988 was 1.01 (95% CI = 0.80-1.27). The risks were similar for heavy aspirin use (for more than two tablets per day [i.e., > 14 per week] in 1980 and in 1980 through 1988, the multivariate RRs [95% CIs] were 1.05 [0.89-1.23] and 1.09 [0.75-1.60], respectively) and for extended durations of regular use (e.g., for 20 years or more of regular use, multivariate RR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.71-1.41). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that regular aspirin use does not reduce the risk of breast cancer.
Renewable Fuel Standard: Potential Economic and Environmental Effects of U.S. Biofuel Policy

In the United States, we have come to depend on plentiful and inexpensive energy to support our economy and lifestyles. In recent years, many questions have been raised regarding the sustainability of our current pattern of high consumption of nonrenewable energy and its environmental consequences. Further, because the United States imports about 55 percent of the nation's consumption of crude oil, there are additional concerns about the security of supply. Hence, efforts are being made to find alternatives to our current pathway, including greater energy efficiency and use of energy sources that could lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as nuclear and renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels. The United States has a long history with biofuels and the nation is on a course charted to achieve a substantial increase in biofuels. Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The report describes biofuels produced in 2010 and those projected to be produced and consumed by 2022, reviews model projections and other estimates of the relative impact on the prices of land, and discusses the potential environmental harm and benefits of biofuels production and the barriers to achieving the RFS2 consumption mandate. Policy makers, investors, leaders in the transportation sector, and others with concerns for the environment, economy, and energy security can rely on the recommendations provided in this report.
A New Provably Secure Transitive Signature Scheme

A transitive signature scheme allows a signer to publish a graph in an authenticated and cost-saving manner. The resulting authenticated graph is indeed the transitive closure of the graph constructed by edges which are explicitly signed by the signer. A property of the transitive signature scheme enables such scenario is called composability. Composability means that by knowing signatures on two edges of a triangle, one can infer to a valid signature on the other edge of the triangle without knowledge of the signer's secret key thereby saving the signer from signing one signature. Several transitive signature schemes have been proposed so far (1, 2, 3). Their security assumptions are based on the intractability of computing discrete logarithm, inverting RSA function, factoring and solving Die-Hellman problem. In this paper, we will present another transitive signature scheme based the GQ signature scheme. The security of our proposed can be proven under the assumption that solving the strong RSA problem is hard in case of non-adaptive chosen-message attack. In case of adaptive chosen-message attack, similar to Bellare and Neven's work (2, 3), we can show that breaking our scheme is as hard as solving the one-more-RSA inversion problem.
Globalization: A Short History

Preface vii Chapter I. "Globalization": Circumnavigating a Term 1 A Diagnosis of the Present and a Term for a Historical Process 1 The Core Concept and the Controversies 5 Chapter II. The Dimensions of Globalization 13 World System--Imperialism--Global History 14 Networks and Interaction Spheres 21 Historical Periods 27 Chapter III. The Development and Establishment of Worldwide Connections Until 1750 31 Long-distance Trade, Empires, Ecumenes 31 Gunpowder Empires and Maritime Domains 42 Holes in the Net 49 Chapter IV. 1750-1880: Imperialism, Industrialization, and Free Trade 57 Early World Politics and Atlantic Revolutions 57 The Far-reaching Impact of the Industrial Revolution 62 Empires and Nation-States 69 The Emergence of a World Economy 76 Chapter V. 1880-1945: Global Capitalism and Global Crises 81 The Experience of Globality, Global Economy, and World Politics at the Turn of the Century 81 Imperialism and World War 90 1918-1945: Global Crises and Conflicts 99 The "American Century" 107 Chapter VI. 1945 to the Mid-1970s: Globalization Split in Two 113 Political Spaces: Power Blocs, Nation-States, and Transnational Movements 113 The Institutions of the Global Economy 121 Sociocultural Globalization? 130 Chapter VII. Conclusion 141 A New Millennium 141 On the Road to a Global Age? 145 Globalization: Putting the Concept into Perspective 150 Notes 153 Recommended Literature 171 Index 181
Option Pricing and Hedging in the Presence of Transaction Costs and Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

In the presence of transaction costs the perfect option replication is impossible which invalidates the celebrated Black and Scholes (1973) model. In this chapter we consider some approaches to option pricing and hedging in the presence of transaction costs. The distinguishing feature of all these approaches is that the solution for the option price and hedging strategy is given by a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE). We start with a review of the Leland (1985) approach which yields a nonlinear parabolic PDE for the option price, one of the first such in finance. Since the Leland's approach to option pricing has been criticized on different grounds, we present a justification of this approach and show how the performance of the Leland's hedging strategy can be improved. We extend the Leland's approach to cover the pricing and hedging of options on commodity futures contracts, as well as path-dependent and basket options. We also present examples of finite-difference schemes to solve some nonlinear PDEs. Then we proceed to the review of the most successful approach to option hedging with transaction costs, the utility-based approach pioneered by Hodges and Neuberger (1989). Judging against the best possible tradeoff between the risk and the costs of a hedging strategy, this approach seems to achieve excellent empirical performance. The asymptotic analysis of the option pricing and hedging in this approach reveals that the solution is also given by a nonlinear PDE. However, this approach has one major drawback that prevents the broad application of this approach in practice, namely, the lack of a closed-form solution. The numerical computations are cumbersome to implement and the calculations of the optimal hedging strategy are time consuming. Using the results of asymptotic analysis we suggest a simplified parameterized functional form of the optimal hedging strategy for either a single option or a portfolio of options and a method for finding the optimal parameters.
SAX-3 (Robo) and UNC-40 (DCC) Regulate a Directional Bias for Axon Guidance in Response to Multiple Extracellular Cues

Axons in Caenorhabditis elegans are guided by multiple extracellular cues, including UNC-6 (netrin), EGL-20 (wnt), UNC-52 (perlecan), and SLT-1 (slit). How multiple extracellular cues determine the direction of axon guidance is not well understood. We have proposed that an axon's response to guidance cues can be modeled as a random walk, i.e., a succession of randomly directed movement. Guidance cues dictate the probability of axon outgrowth activity occurring in each direction, which over time creates a directional bias. Here we provide further evidence for this model. We describe the effects that the UNC-40 (DCC) and SAX-3 (Robo) receptors and the UNC-6, EGL-20, UNC-52, and SLT-1 extracellular cues have on the directional bias of the axon outgrowth activity for the HSN and AVM neurons. We find that the directional bias created by the cues depend on UNC-40 or SAX-3. UNC-6 and EGL-20 affect the directional bias for both neurons, whereas UNC-52 and SLT-1 only affect the directional bias for HSN and AVM, respectively. The direction of the bias created by the loss of a cue can vary and the direction depends on the other cues. The random walk model predicts this combinatorial regulation. In a random walk a probability is assigned for each direction of outgrowth, thus creating a probability distribution. The probability distribution for each neuron is determined by the collective effect of all the cues. Since the sum of the probabilities must equal one, each cue affects the probability of outgrowth in multiple directions.
Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in the Development Process in Uganda

The authors wish to thank all those who provided their time and shared their knowledge and perspectives on mainstreaming adaptation to climate change in the development process. This work was made possible through a fellowship from the International Institute of Environment and Development (IIED), London, UK under the Capacity Strengthening in the Least Developed Countries for Adaptation to Climate Change (CLACC) Project. We also acknowledge and thank the Centre for International Climate and Environment Research (CICERO), for hosting the research fellow from ACTS for two months during the fellowship. In particular, we would like to thank Lars Otto Naess (CICERO) for useful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. The CLACC fellowship programme aims to build the capacity of civil society organizations in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) on issues relating to adaptation to climate change. As part of the activities, country reports for Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda have been prepared through reviewing their respective national communications, poverty reduction strategy papers, plans for combating desertification and other relevant reports on environment and development. The programme aims to contribute to strengthening of the capacity of civil society in LDCs to help the most vulnerable groups adapt to climate change. The report will also help in establishing an information and knowledge system to support countries to deal with the adverse impacts of climate change. All the three countries have ratified the framework convention, signifying their commitment to the global environment and principles of sustainable development. It is important that civil society and other stakeholders are prepared well to effectively contribute to climate change initiatives in their respective countries and regions.
Star formation in young star cluster NGC 1893

We present a comprehensive multiwavelength study of the star-forming region NGC 1893 to explore the effects of massive stars on low-mass star formation. Using near-infrared colours, slitless spectroscopy and narrow-band Hα photometry in the cluster region we have identified candidate young stellar objects (YSOs) distributed in a pattern from the cluster to one of the nearby nebulae Sim 129. The V, (V- I) colour-magnitude diagram of the YSOs indicates that majority of these objects have ages between 1 and 5 Myr. The spread in the ages of the YSOs may indicate a non-coeval star formation in the cluster. The slope of the K-band luminosity function for the cluster is estimated to be 0.34 ± 0.07, which agrees well with the average value (∼0.4) reported for young clusters. For the entire observed mass range 0.6 < M/M ⊙ ≤ 17.7 the value of the slope of the initial mass function, 'Γ', comes out to be -1.27 ± 0.08, which is in agreement with the Salpeter value of - 1.35 in the solar neighbourhood. However, the value of 'Γ' for pre-main-sequence phase stars (mass range 0.6 < M/M ⊙ ≤ 2.0) is found to be -0.88 ± 0.09 which is shallower than the value (-1.71 ± 0.20) obtained for main-sequence stars having mass range 2.5 < M/M ⊙ ≤ 17.7 indicating a break in the slope of the mass function at ∼2M ⊙ . Estimated 'Γ' values indicate an effect of mass segregation for main-sequence stars, in the sense that massive stars are preferentially located towards the cluster centre. The estimated dynamical evolution time is found to be greater than the age of the cluster, therefore, the observed mass segregation in the cluster may be the imprint of the star formation process. There is evidence for triggered star formation in the region, which seems to govern initial morphology of the cluster.
Multiterminal Source-Channel Communication Under Orthogonal Multiple Access

We consider the problem of multiterminal source-channel communication where a number of distributed and possibly correlated sources are transmitted through an orthogonal multiple access channel to a common destination. We characterize the optimal tradeoff between the transmission cost Γ and the distortion vector D as measured against individual sources. Our approach consists of two steps: (1) a multiple-letter characterization of the rate-distortion region for the multiterminal source coding; (2) a source-channel separation theorem ensuring that all achievable pairs of (Γ, D) can be obtained by combining the rate-distortion region and the orthogonal multiple access channel capacity region. As a corollary, we determine the optimal power and distortion tradeoff in a quadratic Gaussian sensor network under orthogonal multiple access, and show that separate source and channel coding strictly outperforms the uncoded (amplify-forward) transmission, and is in fact optimal in this case. This result is in sharp contrast to the case of non-orthogonal multiple access for which separate source and channel coding is not only suboptimal but also strictly inferior to uncoded transmission [11].