Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Implications of the Parsing of Japanese Wh-Scrambling Constructions

Grammatical theories differ with respect to mechanisms used to relate displaced categories to the predicates from which they derive their argument roles. Transformational theories are multi-stratal, and relate displaced categories to their underlying canonical positions, from which argument interpretation proceeds, as in a declarative clause. By contrast, mono-stratal theories do “not assume the existence of an extraction site, so there is no sense in which the processing of this construction requires the formation of an underlying” representation. There have been a number of attempts to use evidence from language processing to decide among these alternative theories. Although we cannot decisively settle this issue here, we present evidence from Japanese that provides new challenges, for mono-stratal theories in particular. Many studies of head-initial languages have shown that a displaced category is associated with an argument role as soon as the relevant predicate is encountered during processing. Pickering and Barry (1991) argue that this fact supports a mono-stratal grammatical theory where the displaced category is directly associated with the predicate, without
Rb-Sr ages and tectonic setting of some granite intrusions, coastal Labrador

Results of Rb–Sr isotopic and chemical analyses from five bodies of granite and from one body of granitic gneiss cropping out along the coast of Labrador between Nain and the Khaumayat (Kaumajet) Mountains are reported. These indicate that: (1) the Okhakh, Nanukhtut, and Saddle Island Granites were intruded between ~2400 Ma ago and ~2300 Ma ago, contemporaneously with the extrusion of volcanic rocks within the Mugford Group; (2) the Loon Granite was emplaced ~1576 Ma ago; and (3) the Operngeviksoakh and Manvers Granites crystallized ~1376 Ma ago and ~ 1280 Ma ago respectively, contemporaneously with the final stages of emplacement of the Nain Complex. These granites are characterized by large initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, suggesting that they are of predominantly crystal origin. All of these granite bodies were emplaced post-tectonically and did not accompany any regional deformation or metamorphism.
Value Change in Oil and Gas Production: II. Additional Information with Variable Cost and Variable Success Probability

This paper in the series dealing with development options for producing oil fields considers the effects of uncertainty in parameters influencing the future expected value of the filed worth depending on strategies for field development based on the acquisition of information in relation to business “as is”. Three simple illustrations show how the uncertainty in estimated ranges of parameters for the business “as is” situation, the potential development under acquisition of information, and the combined uncertainty of both scenarios, can be quantified and an informed decision made as to how to proceed based upon the information available and also the uncertainty of that information. In addition, a quantification of the sensitivity of worth to the uncertainty in the parameters is provided so that one can quickly determine where to concentrate effort to narrow the ranges of the most important parameters causing the uncertainty in estimates of worth. This advantage allows one to ignore less important parameters and spend time effort and money on narrowing the ranges of factors determining the major fuzziness in estimates of worth.
The seismic sea wave of July 9, 1956, in the Greek archipelago

The earthquake of July 9, 1956 (magnitude 7½, epicentral intensity VIII-IX MM), with epicenter at 36°54′N, 26°12′E, was followed by a severe seismic sea wave which originated near 36°49′N, 26°09E. The wave was probably produced by a series of landslides on the steep banks of the submarine trench of Amorgos. The amplitude of the wave near its source was 100 feet, and the agitation of the sea within the central area lasted several days. A list of seismic sea waves in the Greek archipelago and adjacent seas is given in the Appendix.
The Importance of Prepass Code Scheduling for Superscalar and Superpipelined Processors

Superscalar and superpipelined processors utilize parallelism to achieve peak performance that can be several times higher than that of conventional scalar processors. In order for this potential to be translated into the speedup of real program, the compiler must be able to schedule instructions so that the parallel hardware is effectively utilized. Previous work has shown that prepass code scheduling helps to produce a better schedule for scientific programs, but the importance of prescheduling has never been demonstrated for control-intensive non-numeric programs. These programs are significantly different from the scientific programs because they contain frequent branches. The compiler must do global scheduling in order to find enough independent instructions. In this paper, the code optimizer and scheduler of the IMPACT-I C compiler is described. Within this framework, we study the importance of prepass code scheduling for a set of production C programs. It is shown that, in contrast to the results previously obtained for scientific programs, prescheduling is not important for compiling control-intensive programs to the current generation of superscalar and superpipelined processors. However, if some of the current restrictions on upward code motion can be removed in future architectures, prescheduling would substantially improve the execution time of this class of programs on both superscalar and superpipelined processors. >
Fairness in the Mail and Opportunism in the Internet: A Newspaper Experiment on Ultimatum Bargaining

Abstract On 11 May 2001, readers of the Berliner Zeitung were invited to participate in an ultimatum bargaining experiment played in the strategy vector mode: each participant chooses not only how much (s)he demands of the DM1,000 pie but also which of the nine possible offers of DM100, 200,y, 900 (s)he would accept or reject. In addition, participants were asked to predict the most frequent type of behavior. Three randomly selected proposer-responder pairs were rewarded according to the rules of ultimatum bargaining and three randomly chosen participants of those who predicted the most frequent type of behavior received a prize of DM500. Decisions could be submitted by mail, fax or via the internet. Behavior is described, statistically analyzed and compared to the usual laboratory ultimatum bargaining results.
Eye-Tracking Metrics for Task-Based Supervisory Control

Task-based, rather than vehicle-based, control architectures have been shown to provide superior performance in certain human supervisory control missions. These results motivate the need for the development of robust, reliable usability metrics to aid in creating interfaces for use in this domain. To this end, we conduct a pilot usability study of a particular task-based supervisory control interface called the Research Environment for Supervisory Control of Heterogenous Unmanned Vehicles (RESCHU). In particular, we explore the use of eye-tracking metrics as an objective means of evaluating the RESCHU interface and providing guidance in improving usability. Our main goals for this study are to 1) better understand how eye-tracking can augment standard usability metrics, 2) formulate initial models of operator behavior, and 3) identify interesting areas of future research.
Corneal biomechanics: a review

Biomechanics is often defined as ‘mechanics applied to biology’. Due to the variety and complexity of the behaviour of biological structures and materials, biomechanics is better defined as the development, extension and application of mechanics for a better understanding of physiology and physiopathology and consequently for a better diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury. Different methods for the characterisation of corneal biomechanics are reviewed in detail, including those that are currently commercially available (Ocular Response Analyzer and CorVis ST). The clinical applicability of the parameters provided by these devices are discussed, especially in the fields of glaucoma, detection of ectatic disorders and orthokeratology. Likewise, other methods are also reviewed, such as Brillouin microscopy or dynamic optical coherence tomography and others with potential application to clinical practice but not validated for in vivo measurements, such as ultrasonic elastography. Advantages and disadvantages of all these techniques are described. Finally, the concept of biomechanical modelling is revised as well as the requirements for developing biomechanical models, with special emphasis on finite element modelling.
Characterization of the Response to Zinc Deficiency in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120

ABSTRACT Zur regulators control zinc homeostasis by repressing target genes under zinc-sufficient conditions in a wide variety of bacteria. This paper describes how part of a survey of duplicated genes led to the identification of the open reading frame all2473 as the gene encoding the Zur regulator of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. All2473 binds to DNA in a zinc-dependent manner, and its DNA-binding sequence was characterized, which allowed us to determine the relative contribution of particular nucleotides to Zur binding. A zur mutant was found to be impaired in the regulation of zinc homeostasis, showing sensitivity to elevated concentrations of zinc but not other metals. In an effort to characterize the Zur regulon in Anabaena, 23 genes containing upstream putative Zur-binding sequences were identified and found to be regulated by Zur. These genes are organized in six single transcriptional units and six operons, some of them containing multiple Zur-regulated promoters. The identities of genes of the Zur regulon indicate that Anabaena adapts to conditions of zinc deficiency by replacing zinc metalloproteins with paralogues that fulfill the same function but presumably with a lower zinc demand, and with inducing putative metallochaperones and membrane transport systems likely being involved in the scavenging of extracellular zinc, including plasma membrane ABC transport systems and outer membrane TonB-dependent receptors. Among the Zur-regulated genes, the ones showing the highest induction level encode proteins of the outer membrane, suggesting a primary role for components of this cell compartment in the capture of zinc cations from the extracellular medium.
Unintentional ingestion of over the counter medications in children less than 5 years old

Objective: Childhood ingestion of medications remains a substantial problem. Medication available over the counter (OTC) is widely used and has significant toxicity. The present study aims to investigate the nature and extent of unintentional ingestion of OTC medication in children < 5 years old in Victoria, Australia, during the period 1996−2000, in order to highlight critical factors.
Factors affecting success of split-thickness skin grafts in the modern burn unit.

BACKGROUND The use of early tangential excision or excision to fascia of burn wounds has led to the application of split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs) to a variety of graft beds, including dermis, granulation tissue, fat, and fascia. Because insufficient objective data are available on the effect of the graft bed on survival of an STSG, a 2-year review of success rates of STSGs on a variety of graft beds was completed. METHODS The success rates of all 599 STSGs applied to dermis, granulation tissue, fat, and fascia in 233 consecutive burn patients (mean total body surface area [TBSA] burned, 14.5%) by one surgeon at a regional burn center over a 2-year period were reviewed. Data were analyzed to compare outcomes of STSGs on the graft beds listed and in low-risk versus high-risk groups of patients (TBSA burned < or = 35% and > 35%; age < or = 18 years and > 18 years; age < or = 55 years and > 55 years; and diabetes mellitus). One-way analysis of variance was used to compare results of STSGs on different graft beds, and tests were used to analyze differences in results of STSGs in low-risk versus high-risk groups (p < 0.05, significant). RESULTS The mean success rate at 14 days for all 599 STSGs applied in the 233 patients was 90 +/- 22%. The success rate of STSG on the various surfaces ranged from 85% (fascia) to 93% (dermis; granulation), but the differences among the four graft beds were not significant. Total body surface area burned (> 35%), older age (> 55 years), and the presence of diabetes mellitus each had a significant impact on the percentage take of STSGs at 14 days after application. CONCLUSION In the hands of an experienced burn surgeon, the recipient bed has no significant impact on the success rate of STSGs at 14 days postgrafting, except in those patients 18 years or younger, in which the mean STSG success rate was significantly greater on granulation tissue compared with fat. TBSA burned > 35%, age > 55 years, and the presence of diabetes mellitus continue to have an adverse impact on the success rate of STSGs at 14 days.
Epidemiological Survey of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Resistance and Corresponding Molecular Mechanisms in Escherichia coliIsolates in France: New Genetic Features ofblaTEM Genes

ABSTRACT Amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance (MIC >16 μg/ml) and the corresponding molecular mechanisms were prospectively studied inEscherichia coli over a 3-year period (1996 to 1998) in 14 French hospitals. The overall frequency of resistant E. coli isolates remained stable at about 5% over this period. The highest frequency of resistant isolates (10 to 15%) was observed, independently of the year, among E. coli isolated from lower respiratory tract samples, and the isolation rate of resistant strains was significantly higher in surgical wards than in medical wards in 1998 (7.8 versus 2.8%). The two most frequent mechanisms of resistance for the 3 years were the hyperproduction of the chromosomal class C β-lactamase (48, 38.4, and 39.7%) and the production of inhibitor-resistant TEM (IRT) enzymes (30.4, 37.2, and 41.2%). By using the single-strand conformational polymorphism–PCR technique and sequencing methods, we determined that 59 IRT enzymes corresponded to previously described IRT enzymes whereas 8 were new. Three of these new enzymes derived from TEM-1 by only one amino acid substitution (Ser130Gly, Arg244Gly, and Asn276Asp), whereas three others derived by two amino acid substitutions (Met69Leu and Arg244Ser, Met69Leu and Ile127Val, and Met69Val and Arg275Gln). The two remaining new IRTs showed three amino acid substitutions (Met69Val, Trp165Arg, and Asn276Asp and Met69Ile, Trp165Cys, and Arg275Gln). New genetic features were also found inblaTEM genes, namely,blaTEM-1B with either the promotersPa and Pb, P4, or a promoter displaying a C→G transversion at position 3 of the −35 consensus sequence and new blaTEM genes, notably one encoding TEM-1 but possessing the silent mutations originally described in blaTEM-2 and then in someblaTEM-encoding IRT enzymes.
Modeling the Atmospheric Response to Irrigation in the Great Plains. Part I: General Impacts on Precipitation and the Energy Budget

AbstractSince World War II, the expansion of irrigation throughout the Great Plains has resulted in a significant decline in the water table of the Ogallala Aquifer, threatening its long-term sustainability. The addition of near-surface water for irrigation has previously been shown to impact the surface energy and water budgets by modifying the partitioning of latent and sensible heating. A strong increase in latent heating drives near-surface cooling and an increase in humidity, which has opposing impacts on convective precipitation. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) was modified to simulate the effects of irrigation on precipitation. Using a satellite-derived fractional irrigation dataset, grid cells were divided into irrigated and nonirrigated segments and the near-surface soil layer within irrigated segments was held at saturation. Nine April–October periods (three drought, three normal, and three pluvial) were simulated over the Great Plains. Averaging over all simulati.
Bacterial Source Tracking and Survival of Escherichia coli

Surface water is used for drinking by many people around the world. E. coli is the most frequently used bacterial indicator used for assessing water quality. The survival, sources, and concentrations of E. coli were examined through a series of experiments that investigated the survival of beef cattle E. coli on land and in water, and used bacterial source tracking (BST) to determine the sources of fecal contamination diurnally and annually in multiple watersheds in British Columbia. A fecal pat experiment was conducted to examine the survival of E. coli under 4 levels of solar exposure. E. coli survived longer with increasing shade. Age of fecal pats, as well as exposure to solar radiation negatively influenced the survival of E. coli. The survival of E. coli in stream water was examined in filtered and unfiltered stream water at 3 different temperatures (6, 20 and 26 oC). There was no significant difference in the survival of E. coli in filtered versus non-filtered stream water. Lower water temperatures (6 oC) increased the survival of E. coli. The addition of manure to the water substantially increased the nutrient concentrations and organics. BST is a rapidly growing area of research and technology development and many methods are being developed and tested. The choice of method used for BST depends on: question(s) to be answered, scale of identification needed, available expertise, cost of analysis, turnaround time, and access to facilities. The spatial, diurnal, and annual sources and concentrations of E. coli were investigated in several watersheds in British Columbia. Fecal coliforms and E. coli concentrations varied throughout the day, as well as by site, month and year. Ribotyping identified many different sources of E. coli within iii the watersheds. The majority of E. coli isolates classified were from wildlife sources in each watershed even though they had different land-use. Supervisors: Dr. Asit Mazumder and Dr. Rick Nordin, (Department of Biology)
Hybrid Swarm Intelligence Energy Efficient Clustered Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Currently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used in many applications, namely, environment monitoring, disaster management, industrial automation, and medical electronics. Sensor nodes carry many limitations like low battery life, small memory space, and limited computing capability. To create a wireless sensor network more energy efficient, swarm intelligence technique has been applied to resolve many optimization issues in WSNs. In many existing clustering techniques an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is utilized to collect information from the field periodically. Nevertheless, in the event based applications, an ant colony optimization (ACO) is a good solution to enhance the network lifespan. In this paper, we combine both algorithms (i.e., ABC and ACO) and propose a new hybrid ABCACO algorithm to solve a Nondeterministic Polynomial (NP) hard and finite problem of WSNs. ABCACO algorithm is divided into three main parts: (i) selection of optimal number of subregions and further subregion parts, (ii) cluster head selection using ABC algorithm, and (iii) efficient data transmission using ACO algorithm. We use a hierarchical clustering technique for data transmission; the data is transmitted from member nodes to the subcluster heads and then from subcluster heads to the elected cluster heads based on some threshold value. Cluster heads use an ACO algorithm to discover the best route for data transmission to the base station (BS). The proposed approach is very useful in designing the framework for forest fire detection and monitoring. The simulation results show that the ABCACO algorithm enhances the stability period by 60% and also improves the goodput by 31% against LEACH and WSNCABC, respectively.
The IEEE 802 . 15 . 3 a UWB Channel Model as a Two-Dimensional Augmented Cluster Process

The IEEE 802.15. 3a standards body has developed a modification of the Saleh–Valenzuela (SV) multipath channel model as the accepted channel model for ultra-wideband (UWB) investigations. The SV model is a well-defined simulation model that is straightforward to implement. However, since the model as specified is not directly amenable to theoretical analysis, it is constructed here as a two-dimensional “augmented cluster point process” that is composed of three statistically independent components that can be separately analyzed. For the IEEE 802.15. 3a model, general formulas are derived for means, variances, and covariances of important channel quantities. In particular, closedform expressions in terms of the channel parameters are found in the following cases: the number of multipath arrivals, the number of detectable multipath arrivals, the sum of path gains, the sum of squares of path gains, and the received multipath waveform. In addition, closed-form expressions are found for the power-delay profile and the detectable-path profile.
OBSERVATIONAL SIGNATURES OF CONVECTIVELY DRIVEN WAVES IN MASSIVE STARS

We demonstrate observational evidence for the occurrence of convectively driven internal gravity waves (IGWs) in young massive O-type stars observed with high-precision CoRoT space photometry. This evidence results from a comparison between velocity spectra based on two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of IGWs in a differentially rotating massive star and the observed spectra. We also show that the velocity spectra caused by IGWs may lead to detectable line-profile variability and explain the occurrence of macroturbulence in the observed line profiles of OB stars. Our findings provide predictions that can readily be tested by including a sample of bright, slowly and rapidly rotating OB-type stars in the scientific program of the K2 mission accompanied by high-precision spectroscopy and their confrontation with multi-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of IGWs for various masses and ages.
Seiches and tidal ringing in the sea near Shetland

Study of medium-frequency waves from tide gauges and sea-bed pressure sensors round Shetland show a seiche of 50 cycles per day, confined to the east coast, and a curious enhancement of the 6th harmonic of the twice-daily tide, prominent only near the edge of the continental shelf. Explanations of both are offered in terms of trapped edge-waves.