Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A policy framework for accelerating adoption of new vaccines

Rapid uptake of new vaccines can improve health and wealth and contribute to meeting Millennium Development Goals. In the past, however, the introduction and use of new vaccines has been characterized by delayed uptake in the countries where the need is greatest. Based on experience with accelerating the adoption of Hib, pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines, we propose here a framework for new vaccine adoption that may be useful for future efforts. The framework organizes the major steps in the process into a continuum from evidence to policy, implementation and finally access. It highlights the important roles of different actors at various times in the process and may allow new vaccine initiatives to save time and improve their efficiency by anticipating key steps and actions.
Hemorheologic abnormalities associated with HIV infection: in vivo assessment of retinal microvascular blood flow.

PURPOSE To evaluate retinal microvascular blood flow in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals using scanning laser Doppler flowmetry (SLDF) and to seek correlations between flow and various laboratory measures that may predict alterations in flow. METHODS The Heidelberg Retina Flowmeter and SLDF software were used to acquire in vivo retinal blood flow data from 24 HIV-infected individuals and 16 HIV-negative control subjects. In each subject, separate scans were performed in each of six retinal regions: nasal parapapillary retina; macula; and the superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal periphery. Erythrocyte aggregation (assessed in vitro by a fully automatic erythrocyte aggregometer and by zeta sedimentation ratio [ZSR, a hematocrit-independent sedimentation rate]), serum fibrinogen level, plasma viscosity, and leukocyte rigidity (assessed in vitro with a cell transit analyzer) were compared with flow in selected regions. RESULTS Flow was significantly higher in the periphery (superior, nasal, inferior, temporal) than in the posterior retina (nasal parapapillary retina, macula). Flow was highest in the temporal periphery for both HIV-infected subjects and control subjects. Flow in the posterior retina was significantly lower in HIV-infected subjects than in control subjects (P < 0.0001). Among HIV-infected individuals, flow in the macula correlated negatively with ZSR (r = -0.397, P = 0.0547) and leukocyte rigidity (r = -0.505, P = 0.0119). CONCLUSIONS Microvascular blood flow in the posterior retina is reduced in HIV-infected individuals. Both increased erythrocyte aggregation and increased leukocyte rigidity contribute to this hemorheologic abnormality.
Does ownership structure affect firm value? Intellectual capital across industries perspective

Purpose – Previous empirical studies on the nature of the relationship between ownership and corporate value have produced mixed results. Meanwhile, effective management of knowledge‐based intellectual capital has become a key factor to corporate success, both in firm performance and corporate value. Thus, this paper aims to reexamine the link among ownership, proxies for intellectual capital and corporate value in the emerging Taiwan market.Design/methodology/approach – Using two‐stage least square estimation of panel data in a simultaneous equations framework, the authors focus on: What is the interdependent impact of ownership on corporate value through the mediating role of intellectual capital (IC)? Does ownership directly or indirectly (i.e. via IC) influence corporate value? Does it persist across industries? Findings – The empirical results suggest that the relationship between ownership and corporate value mainly depends on industry characteristics and the nature of proxies for intellectual capita.
Fibrinolytic activity in the clinical crisis of sickle-cell anaemia.

the standard retinal photographs have proved of practical worth. Five retinopathic abnormalities have been photographed in four standard degrees of severity, and the photographs under study were graded according to these standards. In this way not only was it possible to define deterioration or improvement, it was also possible to devise a simple quantitative assessment of the extent of the changes. With the exception of venous changes, observer errors in assigning grades was slight and results were found to be reproducible.
Molecular Cloning of a Xylosyltransferase That Transfers the Second Xylose to O-Glucosylated Epidermal Growth Factor Repeats of Notch*

Background: Notch EGF repeats are glycosylated with xylose containing O-glycans. Results: We have identified a human gene encoding an enzyme transferring the second xylose to generate the Xyl-Xyl-Glc trisaccharide on Notch EGF repeats. Conclusion: Genes encoding all glycosyltransferase activities involved in the O-glucose-linked modification are now known. Significance: Identification of the responsible genes allows elucidation of the biological role of Notch xylosylation. The extracellular domain of Notch contains epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats that are extensively modified with different O-linked glycans. O-Fucosylation is essential for receptor function, and elongation with N-acetylglucosamine, catalyzed by members of the Fringe family, modulates Notch activity. Only recently, genes encoding enzymes involved in the O-glucosylation pathway have been cloned. In the Drosophila mutant rumi, characterized by a mutation in the protein O-glucosyltransferase, Notch signaling is impaired in a temperature-dependent manner, and a mouse knock-out leads to embryonic lethality. We have previously identified two human genes, GXYLT1 and GXYLT2, encoding glucoside xylosyltransferases responsible for the transfer of xylose to O-linked glucose. The identity of the enzyme further elongating the glycan to generate the final trisaccharide xylose-xylose-glucose, however, remained unknown. Here, we describe that the human gene C3ORF21 encodes a UDP-xylose:α-xyloside α1,3-xylosyltransferase, acting on xylose-α1,3-glucoseβ1-containing acceptor structures. We have, therefore, renamed it XXYLT1 (xyloside xylosyltransferase 1). XXYLT1 cannot act on a synthetic acceptor containing an α-linked xylose alone, but requires the presence of the underlying glucose. Activity on Notch EGF repeats was proven by in vitro xylosylation of a mouse Notch1 fragment recombinantly produced in Sf9 insect cells, a bacterially expressed EGF repeat from mouse Notch2 modified in vitro by Rumi and Gxylt2 and in vivo by co-expression of the enzyme with the Notch1 fragment. The enzyme was shown to be a typical type II membrane-bound glycosyltransferase localized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Service Channel Choice for Supply Chain: Who is Better Off by Undertaking the Service?

In recent years, increasing interests have arisen in adding product value through the provision of service. This study considers the problem in which a demand‐enhancing service can be provided by different supply chain parties, resulting in four alternative service channels: (a) manufacturer undertaking service, namely M‐channel, (b) retailer undertaking service, namely R‐channel, (c) manufacturer outsourcing service to third‐party (3P), namely M‐3P‐channel, and (d) retailer outsourcing service to 3P, namely R‐3P‐channel. We quantitatively model these service channels and derive the optimal decisions with the following observations: When the service costs are equal for the different parties, there is a conflict in service channel choice since both the manufacturer and the retailer prefer to undertake the service or hire the 3P by themselves, although M‐channel generates the highest market demand and system profit; When the service costs are different among these parties, R‐channel and 3P‐channels are more preferable if the service cost is less sensitive to the service level and if the market demand is more sensitive to the service level. We also conduct an empirical study to test some of the insights developed from the analytical models; our empirical findings support the analytical results.
A closer look at bispectral index monitoring.

The most common fear expressed by preanesthesia patients is experiencing awareness while under general anesthesia. Although extremely rare, awareness during anesthesia does occur and patients have recalled explicit details and conversations that occurred while they were under general anesthesia, including described recall of the intubation process. The Bispectral Index Monitor (BIS) was developed by Aspect Medical System of Newton, MA, to measure patient response to the administration of potent sedative, hypnotic agents. The BIS monitor is intended to decrease the risk of intraoperative awareness by providing the anesthetist with a quantitative assessment regarding the hypnotic state of the patient.
Protein Self-Marking by Ectoparasites: A Case Study Using Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Abstract The ability to mark individuals is a critical feature of many entomological investigations, including dispersal studies. Insect dispersal is generally investigated using mark–release–recapture techniques, whereby marked individuals are released at a known location and then captured at a measured distance. Ectoparasite dispersal has historically been challenging to study, in part because of the ethical concerns associated with releasing marked individuals. Here, we introduce the protein self-marking technique, whereby ectoparasites mark themselves in the field by feeding on the blood of an introduced host. We demonstrate the potential of this technique using laboratory-reared bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) that marked themselves by feeding on either rabbit or chicken blood. We then used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect host-specific blood serum proteins in bed bugs. We assessed these protein markers' ability to 1) distinctively identify marked individuals, 2) persist following multiple feedings on an alternate diet, 3) persist over time across a range of temperatures, and 4) transfer from marked to unmarked individuals. Protein markers were detectable in bed bugs before and after molting, remained detectible after multiple feedings on an alternate diet, persisted regardless of whether an individual was starved or fed on an alternate diet following original mark acquisition, and did not transfer between individuals. The duration of detectability depended on temperature. Our results suggest that protein self-marking is an effective technique for marking bed bugs and holds promise for use in dispersal studies of ectoparasitic insects.
“Interpreneurship” Organisational (re)emergence and entrepreneurial development in a second‐generation family firm

Although there has been some attention to how notions of entrepreneurship and family intersect in the life of family businesses, analysis of these issues in relation to inter‐generational and organisational emergence in small family firms is underdeveloped. In order to redress this imbalance, it is important to undertake analysis of entrepreneurial issues alongside those of family, ownership, management and inter‐generational emergence. A fourth entrepreneurial axis is added to Gersick's developmental life cycle framework to facilitate this. This is then applied to aid interpretive analysis of two second generation owner‐managers and sons‐in‐law of the original founders of a small manufacturing company in the UK. Working with his younger brother‐in‐law, the two family members are responsible for taking a small steeplejack company into its third generation and a new electrical engineering market. As the younger brother‐in‐law takes on an entrepreneurial role within the company and endeavours to develop new opportunities, the chairman gives an account of the struggles involved in achieving a balance between ownership, management and family tensions. The notion of “interpreneurship” whereby family members are interacting and creating new possibilities for themselves, their lives, their organizations whilst drawing upon past events, happenings, experiences and conversations that have gone before, is also considered.
Landmarks for Keyhole Neurosurgical Procedures through Pterion

Background: Pterion is a very crucial landmark. Thus, the present study was conducted to study pterion from morphometric as well as surgical point of view and its relation with underlying brain structures. Material and methods: The current study was conducted on 46 pterion in dry, adult human skulls and 20 in cadaveric skulls. Various types of pterion and their distance from other landmarks were determined. Parameters measured on dry skulls included distance from center of pterion to middle of zygomatic arch, fronto-zygomatic suture, temporo-zygomatic suture and external auditory meatus, respectively. In cadaveric skulls, relation of these parameters with underlying brain structures was observed. Observations: Incidence of different types of pterions was found to be 60.83% sphenoparietal; 23.8% epipteric; 12.17% stellate and 3.2% frontotemporal. Distance from center of pterion to middle of zygomatic arch was significantly high in stellate variety of pterion. Distance from center of pterion to middle of frontozygomatic suture was seen corresponding with inferior border of frontal lobe. Conclusions: This information can be useful for keyhole surgeries in and around pterion and can be useful for selection of appropriate site of craniotomy for approaching deeper structures of brain.
John Howard: The Great Privatiser?

This article outlines and analyses the principles that have driven John Howard's privatisation agenda in the context of the broader Australian experience. Howard has articulated a vision for the state in which individual choice has primacy over collective decisions, governments are strategic and the public sector is focused more on enabling or facilitating than on directly delivering public services. In this article we identify Howard's articulated vision and contrast this to his time in government to address the question of whether he has, in fact, been a great privatiser. By adopting a broader framework for analysing privatisation, we argue that his vision has, in part, been enacted during the past decade through the politically strategic use of a range of privatisation technologies.
The objective and subjective outcome of orthodontic care in one municipal health center

Abstract Objective . The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of orthodontic care in one municipal health center. Materials and methods. The material consisted of one age-cohort of 15–16 year-old adolescents (n = 67). Of them, 97% participated in a clinical examination. The final group included in the study consisted of 61 adolescents (91% of the whole age cohort). The occlusions were evaluated applying the Occlusal Morphology and Function Index (OMFI), the Dental Health Component (DHC) and the Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Moreover, all adolescents filled in a semi-structured questionnaire enquiring about their satisfaction with the function and appearance of their own dentition and self-perceived orthodontic treatment need. They also scored their own dental appearance on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results. Of the adolescents, 42% had received orthodontic treatment, while 58% were untreated. All morphological criteria of the OMFI were met by 58% of orthodontically treated and 49% of untreated adolescents and all functional criteria by 67% and 57%, respectively. Treatment need was registered in two of the treated adolescents (7%) and five of the untreated adolescents (14%). Treated adolescents were more often satisfied with their dental appearance than untreated adolescents (p = 0.034). In both groups, satisfaction with the function was high (93%). Conclusions. Orthodontic treatment seems to improve both occlusal morphology and function. The high satisfaction with one's own dental appearance among the treated adolescents is worth noting.
Reconsidering the change in global biosphere productivity between the Last Glacial Maximum and present day from the triple oxygen isotopic composition of air trapped in ice cores

We present a global model to infer past biosphere productivity using the record of triple isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen. Our model incorporates recent determinations of the mass‐dependent relationships between δ17O and δ18O associated with leaf transpiration and various O2 uptake processes. It also considers the spatial and seasonal variations of vegetation distribution, climatic conditions, and isotopic composition of meteoric water. On the basis of this model, we provide global estimates for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present of (1) the triple isotopic composition of leaf water, (2) isotopic fractionation factors for terrestrial dark respiration in soils and in leaves as well as total terrestrial respiration, (3) relationships between δ17O and δ18O associated with terrestrial biological steady state, and (4) 17O anomalies issued from both the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres. Using these data and the vegetation distribution simulated by the ORCHIDEE model, we estimated that the rate of global biological productivity during the LGM was 60–75% of the present rate. Our value for the LGM is at the lower end of previous estimates and suggests that the rise in biosphere productivity since the last glacial is larger than previously thought.
The Impact of Culture on Self-Service on Technology Adoption in the Hotel Industry

Abstract Increasingly technology based solutions are being used to deliver customer service within the international hotel sector. Frequently, these are being driven by cost and operational efficiency concerns, rather than customer service concerns. The argument is presented in this paper that the undifferentiated use of these solutions across international hotel chains without consideration of the diversity of national cultures that may utilize these services may impact negatively on customer service and organizational performance. A number of propositions are suggested both for further academic research and as factors for consideration by hotel managers in this sector.
Estimating the Effects of South Africa's Youth Employment Tax Incentive – An Update

Our previous study of the effects of South Africa's Employment Tax Incentive (ETI) (Ranchhod and Finn, 2014) found that the ETI did not have a statistically significant impact on youth employment probabilities in the first six months of 2014. In this update we extend the period of analysis from six months to all twelve months of 2014 and find that this does not alter our qualitative findings. These are that the ETI has not resulted in a statistically significant change in the probability of young people finding jobs, despite its cost of R2 billion over the first year of its existence. Furthermore, there is no evidence to suggest that the introduction of the ETI resulted in an increase in the level of churning for youth in the labour market.
Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World

Recent scholarship on democratization has produced several dominant hypotheses concerning the role of institutional design in promoting stable democracy. This article tests these hypotheses by examining the outcomes of 56 transitions to democracy in the Third World between 1930 and 1995. The authors' analysis contradicts recent scholarship on institutional design by finding that the choice of constitutional type (presidential or parliamentary) is not significantly related to the likelihood of democratic survival in less developed countries. It is also found that in the context of the Third World, the combination of multipartism and presidential democracy does not appear to lessen significantly the likelihood of democratic consolidation, nor does parliamentarism evince any obvious superiority in sustaining competitive multiparty regimes. The findings are sufficiently strong to warrant a rethinking of some of the dominant hypotheses on the institutional design of democracy.
Lymphocyte-Rich Gastric Cancer: Associations with Epstein-Barr Virus, Microsatellite Instability, Histology, and Survival

Lymphocyte-rich gastric carcinomas may have a better prognosis than cancers without a pronounced host inflammatory response. Two subsets of gastric cancer—Epstein-Barr virus-positive and microsatellite instability high—have been associated with a lymphocyte-rich phenotype. We assessed relationships between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, Epstein-Barr virus status, microsatellite instability status, and cancer-specific survival in 110 resected gastric cancers. Seven patients had Epstein-Barr virus-positive cancer, including 4 (3.7%) of 107 consecutive patients. Tumors from 17 patients (16%) were designated microsatellite instability high on the basis of negative immunohistochemical staining for MLH1; all tumors had intact expression of MSH2 and MSH6. Epstein-Barr virus-positive cancers had increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes compared with Epstein-Barr virus-negative cancers (median 450/10 HPF versus 21/10 HPF, P < .001). Microsatellite instability–high cancers also had increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes compared with non–microsatellite instability–high cancers (median 150/10 HPF versus 20/HPF, P < .001). Microsatellite instability–high cancers affected older patients and were more likely to be intestinal in the Lauren classification and expanding in the Ming classification. By univariate analysis, decreased risk of death from gastric cancer was significantly associated with low tumor stage, expanding growth pattern, increasing tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte count, and microsatellite instability–high status. High tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte count and microsatellite instability–high status retained statistical significance as favorable prognostic factors after adjustment for tumor stage in multivariate analysis. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte count retained statistical significance as a favorable prognostic factor after adjustment for microsatellite instability–high status; but microsatellite instability–high status did not remain a significant independent prognosticator after adjustment for tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte count. The association between microsatellite instability–high cancers and high tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte counts may account for the association of microsatellite instability–high gastric cancers with improved survival.
The Effect of Organizational Form on Investment Products: An Empirical Analysis of the UK Unit Trust Industry

The mutual versus plc debate has now branched out to include discussion of the potential benefits to consumers from alternative organisational forms. This paper investigates whether performance, risk and fee levels differ across mutual and plc ownership groups in the UK unit trust industry. To this end, this paper uses monthly time-series data for UK unit trusts industry for the years 2000 to 2005 and compares recorded performance from a consumer perspective by organisational form. The paper finds some difference between the two organisational groups with respect to the annual management fee charged and risk-exposures, which seem to affect returns of their unit trusts. Consistent with recent studies, such results suggest that diversity of organisational form fosters product variations across UK investment products. Copyright (c) 2007 The Author; Journal compilation (c) 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.