Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An All-Subtrees Approach to Unsupervised Parsing

We investigate generalizations of the all-subtrees "DOP" approach to unsupervised parsing. Unsupervised DOP models assign all possible binary trees to a set of sentences and next use (a large random subset of) all subtrees from these binary trees to compute the most probable parse trees. We will test both a relative frequency estimator for unsupervised DOP and a maximum likelihood estimator which is known to be statistically consistent. We report state-of-the-art results on English (WSJ), German (NEGRA) and Chinese (CTB) data. To the best of our knowledge this is the first paper which tests a maximum likelihood estimator for DOP on the Wall Street Journal, leading to the surprising result that an unsupervised parsing model beats a widely used supervised model (a treebank PCFG).
Switch-Reset Models : Exact and Approximate Inference

Reset models are constrained switching latent Markov models in which the dynamics either continues according to a standard model, or the latent variable is resampled. We consider exact marginal inference in this class of models and their extension, the switch-reset models. A further convenient class of conjugateexponential reset models is also discussed. For a length T time-series, exact ltering scales with T 2 and smoothing T 3 . We discuss approximate ltering and smoothing routines that scale linearly with T . Applications are given to change-point models and reset linear dynamical systems.
The Effects of Transformational, Transactional, and Laissez Faire Leadership Characteristics on Subordinate Influencing Behavior

The purpose of this study was to experimentally manipulate the relationship of (a) four transformational leadership >characteristics (charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulation, and individual >consideration); (b) two transactional leadership characteristics (contingent reward and management-by-exception); and (c) laissez faire leadership with soft, hard, and rational subordinate influencing behavior. It was predicted that subordinates would most often report using a soft (charisma and inspiration) and rational (individual consideration and intellectual stimulation) approach with transformational leaders, a hard approach with laissez faire leaders, and a rational (contingent reward) as well as hard (management-by-exception) approach with transactional leaders. Four hundred and fifty-one subjects of a graduate and evening undergraduate business school randomly received a scenario depicting a male or female leader exhibiting either one of the four transformational leadership characteristics, one of the.
Do Undergraduates and MBAs Differ Online?: Initial Conclusions From the Literature

To date, online learning research in business and management education generally assumes that degree program level does not affect effective online learning practice. However, the few studies that have examined both undergraduate and graduate business students have found differences in the learning outcomes of those groups. Because research samples tend to be exclusively either graduate or undergraduate students, researchers and practitioners of online business education are left to speculate regarding potential differences between these student populations. This article reviews the online business and management education literature and proposes differences between undergraduate and graduate business students and courses based on student and instructor characteristics, course design characteristics, technological characteristics, and preferences for and performance in courses delivered at least partially online, relative to classroom-based courses. Some of the primary conclusions from the review are that consideration of learning styles, student demographics, and perceptions of the course management system are more important in undergraduate online courses, and that ensuring effective participant interaction is a larger issue for instructors and course design in graduate online courses. The article concludes with preliminary recommendations for researchers, instructors, instructional designers, and degree program directors for developing and designing courses that are suited appropriately to these student populations.
Impact of inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy on mortality in infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae: variability by site of infection.

BACKGROUND Infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species (ESBL-EK) have increased markedly in recent years. Risk factors for mortality among ESBL-EK infections have not been studied. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a 625-bed tertiary care medical center and a 344-bed urban community hospital to determine whether inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy (IIAT) (>48 hours between the time a culture was obtained and initiation of an agent to which the infecting organism was susceptible) is associated with mortality in ESBL-EK infections. All hospitalized patients with an ESBL-EK infection between June 1, 1997, and December 31, 2002, were eligible for inclusion. Subsequently, we conducted a nested case-control study to identify risk factors for IIAT. RESULTS Of 187 subjects, 32 (17.1%) died while in the hospital. Clinical site of infection was a significant effect modifier in the association between IIAT and mortality. The presence of IIAT was an independent risk factor for mortality, but only for nonurinary ESBL-EK infections (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 10.04 [1.90-52.96]). Independent risk factors for IIAT were (1) infection with a multidrug-resistant ESBL-EK (ie, resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, and quinolones) (14.58 [1.91-111.36]) and (2) health care-acquired ESBL-EK infection (4.32 [1.49-12.54]). CONCLUSIONS Inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy is an independent risk factor for mortality in ESBL-EK infections, but only among nonurinary infections. Multidrug resistance was a strong risk factor for IIAT.
Use of discrete choice experiments to elicit preferences

This paper considers the application of discrete choice experiments for eliciting preferences in the delivery of health care. Drawing upon the results from a recently completed systematic review, the paper summarises the application of this technique in health care. It then presents a case study applying the technique to rheumatology outpatient clinics. 200 patients were questioned about the importance of six attributes: staff seen (junior doctor or specialist nurse); time in waiting area; continuity of contact with same staff; provision of a phone-in/advice service; length of consultation; and change in pain levels. The systematic review indicated that discrete choice experiments have been applied to a wide number of areas and a number of methodological issues have been addressed. Consistent with this literature, the case study found evidence of both rationality and theoretical validity of responses. The approach was used to establish the relative importance of different attributes, how individuals trade between these attributes, and overall benefit scores for different clinic configurations. The value of attributes was estimated in terms of time, and this was converted to a monetary measure using the value of waiting time for public transport. Discrete choice experiments represent a potentially useful instrument for eliciting preferences. Future methodological work should explore issues related to the experimental design of the study, methods of data collection and analysis, and satisfaction with the economic axioms of the instrument. Collaborative work with psychologists and qualitative researchers will prove useful in this research agenda.
How to survive email

Email is a good servant but a bad master. Email as a useful tool for communication hides many potential threats. As well as it is fast and straightforward it can easily grow to a state when user must deal with hundreds of email every month, not being able to do other work. This state is often referred to as email overload. This paper follows on a research conducted at UHK in 2012 and extends it to its second phase. The results are used to analyze users' requirements on electronic communication and to describe formally the process of dealing with email. Another objective is author's own definition of email overload in terms of obtained and derived findings. A set of improvements is proposed for a new communication tool which shall be designed and shaped in the future work.
Articulation of Extreme Formant Patterns for Emphasized Vowels

Abstract This study examined formant, jaw and tongue dorsum measurements from X-ray microbeam recordings of American English speakers producing emphasized vs. unemphasized words containing high-front, mid-front and low vowels. For emphasized vowels, the jaw position, regardless of vowel height, was lower, while the tongue dorsum had a more extreme articulation in the direction of the phonological specification of the vowel. For emphasized low vowels, the tongue dorsum position was lower with the acoustic consequence of F1 and F2 bunched closer together. For emphasized high and mid-front vowels, the tongue was more forward with the acoustic consequence of F1 and F2 spread more apart. These findings are interpreted within acoustic models of speech production. They also provide empirical data which have application to the C/D model hypothesis that both increased lowering of jaw and enhanced tongue gesture are consequences of a magnitude increase in the syllable pulse due to emphasis.
The Relationships between Top Management Demographic Characteristics, Rational Decision Making, Environmental Munificence, and Firm Performance

This study examines the relationships between top management demographics, rational decision making (RDM), munificence, and firm performance. We expect top management demographics to influence rational decision making, and rational decision making to influence firm performance. In addition, we hypothesize a moderating effect of environmental munificence on the rational decision making-firm performance relationship. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a survey that measured RDM. Top management demographic characteristics, environmental munificence, and firm performance were collected from archival sources. We examined the relationships between RDM and top management age, tenure, and education level, using regression analyses. The results of this study provide support for the assertion that top management demographic characteristics influence decision making, and for the role of environmental munificence as a moderator in the relationship between decision making and organizational performance.
Structures produced by the collision of extragalactic jets with dense clouds

We investigate how several parameters can affect the results of a collision between an extragalactic jet and a dense, intergalactic cloud, through a series of hydrodynamic simulations. Such collisions are often suggested to explain the distorted structures of some radio jets. However, theoretical studies of this mechanism are in conflict over whether it can actually reproduce the observations. The parameters are the Mach number, and the relative densities of the jet and the cloud to the ambient medium. Using a simple prescription, we have produced synthetic radio images for comparison with observations. These show that a variety of structures may be produced from simple jet–cloud collisions. We illustrate this with a few examples, and examine the details in one case. In most cases we do not see a clear, sustained deflection. Lighter jets are completely disrupted. The most powerful jets produce a hotspot at the impact which outshines any jet emission, and erode the cloud too quickly to develop a deflected arm. It appears that moderate Mach numbers and density contrasts are needed to produce bends in the radio structure. This explains the apparent conflict between theoretical studies, as conclusions were based on different values of these parameters. Shocks are produced in the ambient medium that might plausibly reproduce the observed alignment of the extended emission-line regions with the radio axis.
The Teaching of Cultural Issues in U.S. and Canadian Medical Schools

Purpose Despite the importance of culture in health care and the rapid growth of ethnic diversity in the United States and Canada, little is known about the teaching of cultural issues in medical schools. The study goals, therefore, were to determine the number of U.S. and Canadian medical schools that have courses on cultural issues, and to examine the format, content, and timing of those courses. Method The authors contacted the deans of students and/or directors of courses on cultural issues at all 126 U.S. and all 16 Canadian medical schools. Using a cross-sectional telephone survey, they asked whether each school had a course on cultural sensitivity or multicultural issues and, if so, whether it was separate or contained within a larger course, when in the curriculum the course was taught, and which ethnic groups the course addressed. Results The response rates were 94% for both U.S. (118) and Canadian (15) schools. Very few schools (U.S. = 8%; and Canada = 0%) had separate courses specifically addressing cultural issues. Schools in both countries usually addressed cultural issues in one to three lectures as part of larger, mostly preclinical courses. Significantly more Canadian than U.S. schools provided no instruction on cultural issues (27% versus 8%; p =.04). Few schools taught about the specific cultural issues of the largest minority groups in their geographic areas: only 28% and 26% of U.S. schools taught about African American and Latino issues, respectively, and only two thirds of Canadian schools taught about either Asian or Native Canadian issues. Only 35% of U.S. schools addressed the cultural issues of the largest minority groups in their particular states. Conclusions Most U.S. and Canadian medical schools provide inadequate instruction about cultural issues, especially the specific cultural aspects of large minority groups.
TARGET ARTICLE: Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or "Would Jesse Jackson 'Fail' the Implicit Association Test?"

Measures of implicit prejudice are based on associations between race-related stimuli and valenced words. Reaction time (RT) data have been characterized as showing implicit prejudice when White names or faces are associated with positive concepts and African-American names or faces with negative concepts, compared to the reverse pairings. We offer three objections to the inferential leap from the comparative RT of different associations to the attribution of implicit prejudice: (a) The data may reflect shared cultural stereotypes rather than personal animus, (b) the affective negativity attributed to participants may be due to cognitions and emotions that are not necessarily prejudiced, and (c) the patterns of judgment deemed to be indicative of prejudice pass tests deemed to be diagnostic of rational behavior.
Verfälschungstendenzen im NEO-FFI: Eine experimentelle Überprüfung

Zusammenfassung: Die Anfalligkeit des NEO-FFI fur systematische Antwortverzerrungstendenzen wurde in zwei Studien untersucht. In Studie 1 wurden 96 Probanden instruiert, ihre Antworten auf den NEO-FFI in Bezug auf die Erzeugung eines von vier Personlichkeitsbildern zu verzerren: hohe (1) vs. niedrige (2) Gewissenhaftigkeit oder hohe (3) vs. niedrige (4) Vertraglichkeit. In Studie 2 wurden unwillentliche Antwortverzerrungen als Folge eines “kognitiven Priming” untersucht. 144 Probanden wurden entweder mit einer sehr gewissenhaften oder einer wenig gewissenhaften Personlichkeitsbeschreibung konfrontiert, bevor sie sich auf dem NEO-FFI unter der Standardinstruktion einschatzten. Eine Kontrollgruppe bearbeitete den NEO-FFI ohne vorheriges Priming. Die Ergebnisse aus Studie 1 zeigen, dass die Probanden ihre Antwortmuster auf den kritischen Skalen instruktionsgemas falschen konnten. Gleichzeitig verzerrten sie auch die ubrigen Skalen in die entsprechende positive oder negative Richtung. In Studie 2 ergab sich n.
Putting the Maltese cross into context

of the original article: Noam Chomsky and other linguists and psychologists have suggested that human linguistic behavior is somehow governed by a mental representation of a transformational grammar. Challenges to this controversial claim have often been met by invoking an explicitly computational perspective: It makes perfect sense to suppose that a grammar could be represented in the memory of a computational device and that this grammar could govern the device's use of a language. This paper urges, however, that the claim that humans are such a device is unsupported and that it seems unlikely that linguists and psychologists really want to claim any such thing. Evidence for the linguists' original claim is drawn from three main sources: the explanation of language comprehension and other linguistic abilities; evidence for formal properties of the rules of the grammar; and the explanation of language acquisition. It is argued in this paper that none of these sources provides support for the view that the grammar governs language processing in something like the way a program governs the operation of a programmed machine. The computational approach, on the contrary, suggests ways in which linguistic abilities can be explained without the attribution of any explicit representation of rules governing linguistic behavior. Language processing and computer programs
Red Blood Cell Transfusion Practices

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion therapy is used in the clinical setting for a variety of indications, including patient resuscitation, augmentation of oxygen delivery, and to reverse or alleviate the symptoms of anemia [1–5]. Despite calls for a more conservative approach to blood transfusion as early as the late 1950s [6,7], the trend toward more cautious transfusion practices did not begin until the 1980s. Several factors were responsible: concern over transmission of viruses; new means of processing blood; blood shortages; and the use of alternatives to blood [1–3,8–17]. While the risk of contracting a transfusion-related viral infection (eg, HIV, hepatitis) is lower than ever [17], blood systems worldwide continue to advocate a conservative approach to transfusions. This article reviews recent RBC transfusion practice in North America, including use of guidelines, variations in practice, and the benefits and risks associated with RBC transfusion.
The Public Psychology Doctoral Training Model: Training clinical psychologists in community mental health competencies and leadership.

National reports have illuminated problems within the public mental health system such as fragmented care for serious mental illness, mental health care disparities for underserved populations, a dearth of data-driven evidence-based practices, and inadequacies in policy and advocacy work (President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Chu et al. (2012) established the public psychology competencies that would create the foundation needed for psychology leadership to assist in the transformation of the community mental health system. Yet, systematic doctoral-level training efforts in these competencies appear sparse. This article presents key components of a Public Psychology Doctoral Training Model that trains psychologists in the competencies needed for leadership in community mental health. Key components include the following: (a) a focus on public psychology foundational and functional competencies, (b) collaborative partnerships between academic, community, and county/state/federal entities, and (c) group case–method learning beyond the classroom. The Diversity and Community Mental Health (DCMH) emphasis area is presented as an example, and recommendations are provided for other doctoral programs endeavoring to establish similar programs.
Spatial and temporal variability of natural regeneration in a temperate old-growth forest

Abstract• The natural regeneration of shade-tolerant tree species is characterized by large spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability. The mechanisms producing those patterns are still poorly understood and the knowledge of long-term fluctuations in regeneration processes is very limited. • We used data from long-term study plots in an old-growth stand dominated by European beech and silver fir to address three questions: (1) Is a tendency towards clumping in seedlings associated with a particular spatial scale? (2) Are the spatial patterns in seedlings constant over time? (3) Is the distribution of seedlings related to light intensity? • Over the study period the seedling density varied from 2.5 to 6 ind. /m2. Stronger fluctuations occurred at a fine scale. Seedlings were clumped at distances ranging from a few centimeters to a few meters. The distribution of places with high seedling densities was relatively constant over time, especially in beech. Positive but weak rank correlations were found between light intensity and densities of beech and fir seedlings. • Despite large fluctuations in seedlings densities, caused by mast-seeding, a permanent seedling bank was maintained. Very pronounced clumping of tree seedlings found in this study was only partially explained by differences in light intensity. Résumé• La régénération naturelle des essences tolérantes à l’ombre est caractérisée par une grande hétérogénéité spatiale et une variabilité temporelle. Les mécanismes de production de ces modèles sont encore mal compris et la connaissance des fluctuations à long terme des processus de régénération est très limitée. • Nous avons utilisé des données provenant d’études à long terme de parcelles, dans une vieille forêt ancienne dominée par le hêtre et le sapin pectiné, pour répondre à trois questions : (1) Y a-t-il une tendance à des bouquets de semis associée à une échelle spatiale particulière? (2) Les modèles spatiaux des semis sont-ils constants dans le temps? (3) La distribution des semis est-elle liée à l’intensité de la lumière? • Au cours de la période d’étude, la densité des semis a varié de 2.5 à 6 ind. /m2. De fortes fluctuations se sont produites à une échelle fine. Les plants étaient distribués en bouquets à des distances allant de quelques centimètres à quelques mètres. La distribution des emplacements avec des densités de semis élevées a été relativement constante au fil du temps, surtout avec le hêtre. Des corrélations positives mais faibles, ont été trouvées entre l’intensité de la lumière et les densités de semis de hêtre et de sapin. • En dépit de fortes fluctuations des densités de semis, causées par la chute des graines, un stock permanent de semis a été maintenu. Des bouquets très marqués de semis, retrouvés dans cette étude n’ont été que partiellement expliqués par des différences dans l’intensité lumineuse.