Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Play Behaviors of Young Children Exposed to a Traumatic Event

PLAY BEHAVIORS OF YOUNG CHILDREN EXPOSED TO A TRAUMATIC EVENT ERICA LYNNE SMITH, LCSW This study examined the relationship between exposures to a traumatic event and play behaviors of child witnesses to the World Trade Center terrorist attacks in 2001, using a subsample of 71 children from the NYC Young Children‟s Project (NYCYCP) interviewed 9-12 months after the event. Child Behavior Checklist broadband scales revealed little disturbance in the total sample. As expected, a larger percentage of children met alternative PTSD diagnostic criteria than DSMIV diagnostic criteria. Through level of change in observed play behaviors in the exposed children, this study explored impact of a traumatic event. Analysis of the change in child play behavior in Pre-WTC mention and Post-WTC mention segments of the videotaped interviews revealed common themes in the play behaviors seen in other studies of trauma exposed children, such as aggression, anxiety, generalized fears, and event specific fears. This study describes strategies of self-soothing and self-regulation used by the children as they recounted their experience. The findings suggest that through play behaviors, young children are able to supplement verbal report and provide self-reported complex internalized affective experiences when impacted by traumatic experiences. Additionally, the study reveals that the children were impacted by their experience of the event 9-12 months later.
Insulation Design of a Stop Joint Box of 80-kV DC HTS Cables Based on DC Electric Field Analysis

Among the accessories of the dc high-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cable, a stop joint box (SJB) is an essential component for the long-distance transmission cable connections and the separation of the cooling section. The main insulating material of the SJB is a polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP), which is already generally used for dc HTS power cable. In order to separate the cooling section, an epoxy spacer is located at the center of the SJB. Due to the weakness of surface breakdown characteristics compared with that of punctual breakdown and different nature of dc electric field distribution determined by the ratio of conductivities of dielectric materials, the epoxy spacer configuration of the SJB should be carefully designed based on dc electric field analysis. In this paper, the optimum configuration of the epoxy spacer of the SJB was investigated based on dc electric field analysis. On the basis of the initial SJB model, which is already designed for the joint box of the conventional ac oil-filled power cable, a variety of improved SJB models with different epoxy spacer configurations were considered. In dc electric field simulations, the main objective was to reduce the tangential dc electric field intensity at the interface between PPLP and epoxy spacer. To find the optimum epoxy spacer configuration, a parametric sweep technique was applied, and an appropriate SJB model could be identified. However, its tangential dc electric field intensity remained still higher than that of the design criteria for the dc electric field from the experimental results. Therefore, as a novel method, a thin Kraft layer between the PPLP and the epoxy spacer was added to reduce electric field intensification. The simulation result of the newly designed insulation structure revealed the possibility of lowering the tangential electric field. Furthermore, different electrical conductivity values were applied to the additional layer instead of the original Kraft value in order to meet the critical electric field intensity. Finally, 1E-11 S/m, among those values, showed the best simulation result, which was lower than the design criteria for the dc electric field. To verify the effect of the additional layer for dc electric field mitigation, miniature SJB specimens were fabricated, and dc breakdown tests were performed using a step-by-step test method. Based on the experimental results, SJB specimens with an additional layer showed the highest breakdown strength compared with that of SJB specimens without an additional layer. Thus, the optimum configuration of SJB determined by dc electric field analysis was approved by experimental works. Consequently, these insulation design skills based on dc electric field analysis could be usefully adopted in developing the SJB of 80-kV dc HTS power cables.
Toxoplasma-induced activities of peritoneal and spleen natural killer cells from beige mice against thymocytes and YAC-1 lymphoma targets

Homozygous (bg/bg) and heterozygous (bg/+) beige mice were infected with Toxoplasma gondii, and splenic and peritoneal natural killer (NK) cell activities were assayed against YAC-1 lymphoma (NK-YAC) and thymocyte (NK-THY) targets. Although uninfected bg/bg mice were devoid of NK-YAC activity when compared with bg/+ mice, NK-THY activity was at a completely normal level. Both effector cells showed NK-1.2+ Thy-1.2 +/- asialo GM1+ asialo GM2+ phenotype. T. gondii infection induced a marked augmentation in splenic NK-YAC activity of bg/+ mice, whereas a slight increase was shown in the bg/bg mouse spleen cells. On the other hand, the infection did not change the splenic NK-THY activity of either strain of mice. An increased expression of Thy-1.2 antigen was shown on both NK-THY and NK-YAC effector cells from the infected mouse spleen. The T. gondii-induced augmentation was dramatic in the peritoneal cavity of the both mice. The activated peritoneal NK cells were of the NK-1.2- Thy-1.2+ asialo GM1 +/- asialo GM2+ phenotype and were considered to be generated from functionally inactive peritoneal cells. Splenic effector cells obtained from the infected mice were selectively depleted with target cell monolayer, whereas peritoneal cells from the infected mice were strongly absorbed by the target monolayers without selectivity. A weak but significant interferon (IFN) titer was detected in the peritoneum, but not in the spleen, of the infected mice. Most of the IFN titer was acid labile. Treatment with anti-IFN-alpha/beta resulted in partial decline of both NK and IFN activities of bg/bg mice, but not bg/+ mice. Thus, involvement of both IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma in the generation of peritoneal NK cells and IFN-independent augmentation of splenic NK cells in toxoplasmosis were suggested.
Essentialism and Racial Bias Jointly Contribute to the Categorization of Multiracial Individuals

Categorizations of multiracial individuals provide insight into the psychological mechanisms driving social stratification, but few studies have explored the interplay of cognitive and motivational underpinnings of these categorizations. In the present study, we integrated research on racial essentialism (i.e., the belief that race demarcates unobservable and immutable properties) and negativity bias (i.e., the tendency to weigh negative entities more heavily than positive entities) to explain why people might exhibit biases in the categorization of multiracial individuals. As theorized, racial essentialism, both dispositional (Study 1) and experimentally induced (Study 2), led to the categorization of Black-White multiracial individuals as Black, but only among individuals evaluating Black people more negatively than White people. These findings demonstrate how fundamental cognitive and motivational biases interact to influence the categorization of multiracial individuals.
Time perspective and autobiographical memory: Individual and gender differences in experiencing time and remembering the past

This study examined the degree to which time perspectives were associated with the processes and content of autobiographical memory. A sample of 230 young adults (118 women) completed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999), the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John and Srivastava, 1999), and responded in writing to seven memory prompts as well as to items from the Autobiographical Memory Questionnaire (AMQ; Rubin et al., 2003). The Past Positive and Future subscales of the ZTPI predicted many aspects of memory even when controlling for BFI traits. There were gender differences in time perspectives and gender moderated a number of the correlations between time perspectives and autobiographical memory.
Cortisone Action on Serum Colony-Stimulating Factor and Bone Marrow in Vitro Colony-Forming Cells∗

Summary Cortisone acetate in adult C57BL mice, in doses of 0.25-2.0 mg, caused an acute fall in serum levels of colony-stimulating factor and a slower fall in the bone marrow content of in vitro colony-forming cells reaching minimum values 3 days after injection. Doses of cortisone as low as 10 μg inhibited colony formation in vitro by bone marrow cells.
Improving hospital doctors’ working lives: online questionnaire survey of all grades

Background: In 2001, the Department of Health produced the Improving Working Lives (IWL) for Doctors document. This is the first national survey which asks hospital doctors what changes are needed to improve their working lives. Methods: An online questionnaire was run over a period of six weeks and was open to all doctors of all grades. Doctors were asked to choose their top five factors from a list of 35 diverse choices or to provide alternatives in free text. Demographic data were also collected. Results: 1603 hospital doctors working in the UK completed the online questionnaire. Improved secretarial or managerial support was the first IWL choice for consultants, with different aspects of clinical and non-clinical support representing their top four choices. Junior hospital doctors and staff and associate specialist grades (staff grades, associate specialists, and clinical assistants) identified improved support for education and training as their first choice, while among the female specialist registrars, it was improved support for childcare. Greater opportunities to develop new skills was an important issue for doctors in the surgical specialties and improved access to mentoring was important for all junior doctors, staff and associate specialist grades, and doctors from black and ethnic minority groups. Conclusions: Hospital doctors in the UK need more support to improve their working lives. The principle needs are better secretarial and managerial support for consultants; education, training, and mentoring for junior doctors and staff and associate specialist grades; and improved opportunities to develop new skills for those in surgical specialties. Support with childcare is an important issue for female specialist registrars. The Department of Health, NHS trusts, deaneries, and Royal Colleges need to endorse policies that promote a training and working environment that will improve working lives for all hospital doctors, ensuring that appropriate and continuing support is available from the time doctors enter the new foundation programmes and proposed run-through grades, to their time spent as consultants in today’s NHS.
Subcellular localization prediction of eukaryotic proteins using functional domain frequency measure

Biologically, the function of a protein is highly related to its subcellular localization. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop an automatic yet reliable method for protein subcellular localization prediction, especially when large-scale genome sequences are to be analyzed. Various methods have been proposed to perform the task. The results, however, are not satisfactory in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. The proposed functional domain frequency measure (FDFM) is considerably simple yet greatly effective for subcellular localization prediction in a supervised fashion. The experimental results demonstrate that the total accuracy for three separate datasets by the FDFM method can reach up to 89.4%, 93.5% and 89%, respectively.
Similarity analysis of functional connectivity with functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Abstract. One of the remaining challenges in functional connectivity (FC) studies is investigation of the temporal variability of FC networks. Recent studies focusing on the dynamic FC mostly use functional magnetic resonance imaging as an imaging tool to investigate the temporal variability of FC. We attempted to quantify this variability via analyzing the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals, which were recorded from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of 12 healthy subjects during a Stroop test. Mutual information was used as a metric to determine functional connectivity between PFC regions. Two-dimensional correlation based similarity measure was used as a method to analyze within-subject and intersubject consistency of FC maps and how they change in time. We found that within-subject consistency (0.61±0.09) is higher than intersubject consistency (0.28±0.13). Within-subject consistency was not found to be task-specific. Results also revealed that there is a gradual change in FC patterns during a Stroop session for congruent and neutral conditions, where there is no such trend in the presence of an interference effect. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the between-subject, within-subject, and temporal variability of FC and the feasibility of using fNIRS for studying dynamic FC.
Critical Realism and Qualitative Research: An Introductory Overview

Many of the methodology textbooks that business and management students are encouraged to use a simple and, in our view, flawed dichotomy between objectivist (positivist, deductive, and empiricist) approaches, which are typically aligned with quantitative empirical methods, and subjectivist (social constructionist, inductive, and interpretive) approaches, which are typically aligned with qualitative empirical methods. Whilst this dichotomy certainly simplifies approaches to research, it is based on the odd assumption that some data should a priori, be ruled out simply on the basis of whether it is appropriate and consonant with the general orientation of the approach. Such as assumption is not only, as we discuss later, theoretically flawed, but is also out of kilter with the day to day experiences of individuals: counting can often give us insights into meaning or values (for example when suicide rates rise), and interpreting sights and sounds can give us greater understanding of an external and objective reality (think about all the signs drivers respond to when obeying "the rules of the road", for example).
An examination of a two-factor model of rumination and its impact on the relationship between posttraumatic growth and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

AN EXAMINATION OF A TWO-FACTOR MODEL OF RUMINATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH AND POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) Jennifer Q. Kane, Ph.D. George Mason University, 2009 Dissertation Director: James E. Maddux, Ph.D. Research indicates that over half the US population will experience a trauma at some point during their lifetime (Kessler et al., 1995). Following traumatic events, individuals frequently experience a range of intrusion, avoidance, and arousal symptoms that fall on a continuum and can occur with such frequency and intensity that they meet the criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; American Psychiatric Association, 2001). However, though many people experience traumas, only a small percentage develop PTSD. Research shows that many trauma survivors actually report benefit finding, or posttraumatic growth, after trauma. Currently, there is no clear understanding of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth. The current study hypothesized that two very different types of cognitive processing reflection and brooding would moderate the relationship between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth, with reflection strengthening the relationship (making it more positive), and brooding weakening the relationship. 270 University undergraduate students completed self-report questionnaires asking about their trauma history, PTSD symptoms, their use of reflection and brooding, and their perceptions of posttraumatic growth. Although reflection and brooding both moderated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth, both had the same antagonistic effects, switching the relationship between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth from positive to negative. The current study concludes that: 1) Future studies should investigate the role of third variables in attempting to understand the relationship between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth; 2) Cognitive processing variables appear to be excellent sources of information in this relationship; 3) Brooding and reflection may represent one way to investigate distinctions between adaptive and maladaptive forms of cognitive processing after trauma, if measurement tools are improved.
Greater Resistance and Lower Contribution of Free Radicals to Hypoxic Neurotoxicity in Immature Rat Brain Compared to Adult Brain as Revealed by Dynamic Changes in Glucose Metabolism

Seven-day-old rat brain slices were incubated at 36°C in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution containing [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), and serial two-dimensional time-resolved images of [18F]FDG uptake by the slices were obtained. The Gjedde-Patlak graphical method was applied to the image data, and the duration limit of hypoxia loading that allowed recovery of the fractional rate constant (k3*) of [18F]FDG (proportional to the cerebral glucose metabolic rate) after hypoxia loading to the unloaded control level was 50 min, and MK-801 as an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist had neuroprotective effects, but PBN as a free radical scavenger was ineffective. In our previous study in adult (7-week-old) rat brains [Murata et al., Exp Neurol 2000, 164:269–279], the limit of the hypoxia loading time was 20 min, and both MK-801 and PBN were effective. In the immature rat brains, the ratio of aerobic glucose metabolism to the total glucose metabolism was low compared with the adult rat brains, suggesting only a slight involvement of free radicals in hypoxic neurotoxicity. These data suggest that the higher resistance of immature brains to hypoxia compared to that of adult brains is attributable to a lower involvement of free radicals due to a lower aerobic glucose metabolic rate.
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina in wild and domestic carnivores

SummaryAscarididae nematodes of genera Toxocara and Toxascaris are of significant epizootic relevance among predatory mammals from families Canidae and Felidae. Localization of these nematodes in the definitive hosts, their morphology, as well as the measurements of eggs and adult worms are similar. Recently, molecular techniques have provided alternative approaches for the identification of ascarid species. A common feature of the life cycles of these generally monoxenous nematodes is the significant participation of small rodents. In case of Toxocara spp. , the rodent plays the role of paratenic host but optional intermediate host for T. leonina. Several studies indicate co-occurence of both T. canis and T. leonina in domestic and wild canids as well as T. cati and T. leonina in felids. Although the infections of humans with T. canis and T. cati are common worldwide, larvae of T. leonina has the potential to cause human disease as emerging zoonosis.
Mind the gap: accountability, observation and special education

Abstract There is an absence of observation-based tools designed to evaluate teaching in special education classrooms. Evaluations derived from classroom observations are integral to the accountability process, adding value to understanding teaching and learning by providing a lens into the classroom that test scores cannot capture. The present paper systematically examined existing classroom observation tools, identifying constructs measured and noting elements unique to special education classrooms. Results demonstrate that most extant tools tap into three primary categories of teacher behaviours, but overlook the role paraprofessionals play as well as teacher professional behaviours. Taken together, results reflect the need for a tool designed specifically for special education classrooms. Limitations and implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity in leukemia blasts correlates with poor outcome in childhood acute myeloid leukemia

Microenvironmental factors contribute to the immune dysfunction characterizing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible enzyme that degrades tryptophan into kynurenine, which, in turn, inhibits effector T cells and promotes regulatory T-cell (Treg) differentiation. It is presently unknown whether childhood AML cells express IDO1 and whether IDO1 activity correlates with patient outcome. We investigated IDO1 expression and function in 37 children with newly diagnosed AML other than acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blast cells were cultured with exogenous IFN-γ for 24 hours, followed by the measurement of kynurenine production and tryptophan consumption. No constitutive expression of IDO1 protein was detected in blast cells from the 37 AML samples herein tested. Conversely, 19 out of 37 (51%) AML samples up-regulated functional IDO1 protein in response to IFN-γ. The inability to express IDO1 by the remaining 18 AML samples was not apparently due to a defective IFN-γ signaling circuitry, as suggested by the measurement of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation. Co-immunoprecipitation assays indicated the occurrence of physical interactions between STAT3 and IDO1 in AML blasts. In line with this finding, STAT3 inhibitors abrogated IDO1 function in AML blasts. Interestingly, levels of IFN-γ were significantly higher in the bone marrow fluid of IDO-expressing compared with IDO-nonexpressing AMLs. In mixed tumor lymphocyte cultures (MTLC), IDO-expressing AML blasts blunted the ability of allogeneic naïve T cells to produce IFN-γ and promoted Treg differentiation. From a clinical perspective, the 8-year event-free survival was significantly worse in IDO-expressing children (16.4%, SE 9.8) as compared with IDO-nonexpressing ones (48.0%, SE 12.1; p=0.035). These data indicate that IDO1 expression by leukemia blasts negatively affects the prognosis of childhood AML. Moreover, they speak in favor of the hypothesis that IDO can be targeted, in adjunct to current chemotherapy approaches, to improve the clinical outcome of children with AML.
Management of Antiviral Resistance in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

A meeting of physicians and scientists involved in the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) was held to review current scientific data regarding antiviral resistance in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The goals of the meeting were to describe current treatments for CHB, discuss emerging issues in HBV drug resistance and to delineate patient monitoring, including markers for resistance, during administration of antiviral therapy. The aim of this review article is to provide treating physicians with a framework for the management of CHB in the context of antiviral resistance. Definitions of primary and secondary antiviral treatment failure can be used to aid monitoring and early diagnosis of drug resistance before disease progression occurs as a consequence of viral breakthrough. Primary antiviral treatment failure is defined as failure of a drug to reduce HBV DNA levels by ≥1xlog10 IU/ml within 3 months following initiation of therapy, and secondary antiviral treatment failure as a rebound of HBV replication of ≥1xlog10 IU/ml from nadir in patients with an initial antiviral treatment effect (≥1xlog10 IU/ml decrease in serum HBV DNA). Confirmation of antiviral drug failure can be established by sequencing the HBV DNA polymerase and identifying specific genetic markers of antiviral drug resistance. In addition to virological assays, HBV resistance can be assessed from a clinical perspective including increased serum alanine aminotransferase levels and the development of systemic symptoms or signs of liver failure. Potential strategies to prevent the emergence of resistance and how to manage drug-resistant HBV once it emerges are discussed.