Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
N2O, NO, N2 and CO2 emissions from tropical savanna and grassland of northern Australia: an incubation experiment with intact soil cores

Strong seasonal variability of hygric and thermal soil conditions are a defining environmental feature in northern Australia. However, how such changes affect the soil–atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), nitric oxide (NO) and dinitrogen (N 2 ) is still not well explored. By incubating intact soil cores from four sites (three savanna, one pasture) under controlled soil temperatures (ST) and soil moisture (SM) we investigated the release of the trace gas fluxes of N 2 O, NO and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Furthermore, the release of N 2 due to denitrification was measured using the helium gas flow soil core technique. Under dry pre-incubation conditions NO and N 2 O emissions were very low ( −2 h −1 ; 2 O-N m −2 h −1 ) or in the case of N 2 O, even a net soil uptake was observed. Substantial NO (max: 306.5 μg N m −2 h −1 ) and relatively small N 2 O pulse emissions (max: 5.8 ± 5.0 μg N m −2 h −1 ) were recorded following soil wetting, but these pulses were short lived, lasting only up to 3 days. The total atmospheric loss of nitrogen was generally dominated by N 2 emissions (82.4–99.3% of total N lost), although NO emissions contributed almost 43.2% to the total atmospheric nitrogen loss at 50% SM and 30 °C ST incubation settings (the contribution of N 2 at these soil conditions was only 53.2%). N 2 O emissions were systematically higher for 3 of 12 sample locations, which indicates substantial spatial variability at site level, but on average soils acted as weak N 2 O sources or even sinks. By using a conservative upscale approach we estimate total annual emissions from savanna soils to average 0.12 kg N ha −1 yr −1 (N 2 O), 0.68 kg N ha −1 yr −1 (NO) and 6.65 kg N ha −1 yr −1 (N 2 ). The analysis of long-term SM and ST records makes it clear that extreme soil saturation that can lead to high N 2 O and N 2 emissions only occurs a few days per year and thus has little impact on the annual total. The potential contribution of nitrogen released due to pulse events compared to the total annual emissions was found to be of importance for NO emissions (contribution to total: 5–22%), but not for N 2 O emissions. Our results indicate that the total gaseous release of nitrogen from these soils is low and clearly dominated by loss in the form of inert nitrogen. Effects of seasonally varying soil temperature and moisture were detected, but were found to be low due to the small amounts of available nitrogen in the soils (total nitrogen <0.1%).
Geometric realizations of Wakimoto modules at the critical level

We study the Wakimoto modules over the affine Kac-Moody algebras at the critical level from the point of view of the equivalences of categories proposed in our previous works, relating categories of representations and certain categories of sheaves. In particular, we describe explicitly geometric realizations of the Wakimoto modules as Hecke eigen-D-modules on the affine Grassmannian and as quasi-coherent sheaves on the flag variety of the Langlands dual group.
Implications of bleeding in acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention

The advent of potent antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents over the past decade has resulted in significant improvement in reducing ischemic events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the use of antiplatelet and antithrombotic combination therapy, often in the settings of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), has led to an increase in the risk of bleeding. In patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction treated with antithrombotic agents, bleeding has been reported to occur in 0.4%–10% of patients, whereas in patients undergoing PCI, periprocedural bleeding occurs in 2.2%–14% of cases. Until recently, bleeding was considered an intrinsic risk of antithrombotic therapy, and efforts to reduce bleeding have received little attention. There have been increasing data demonstrating that bleeding is associated with adverse outcomes, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and death. Therefore, it is imperative to optimize patient outcomes by adopting pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies to minimize bleeding while maximizing treatment efficacy. In this paper, we present a review of the bleeding classifications used in large-scale clinical trials in patients with ACS and those undergoing PCI treated with antiplatelets and antithrombotic agents, adverse outcomes, particularly mortality associated with bleeding complications, and suggested predictive risk factors. Potential mechanisms of the association between bleeding and mortality and strategies to reduce bleeding complications are also discussed.
Statistical mechanics of logarithmic REM: duality, freezing and extreme value statistics of 1/f noises generated by Gaussian free fields

We compute the distribution of the partition functions for a class of one-dimensional random energy models with logarithmically correlated random potential, above and at the glass transition temperature. The random potential sequences represent various versions of the 1/f noise generated by sampling the two-dimensional Gaussian free field (2D GFF) along various planar curves. Our method extends the recent analysis of Fyodorov and Bouchaud (2008 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 41 372001) from the circular case to an interval and is based on an analytical continuation of the Selberg integral. In particular, we unveil a duality relation satisfied by the suitable generating function of free energy cumulants in the high temperature phase. It reinforces the freezing scenario hypothesis for that generating function, from which we derive the distribution of extrema for the 2D GFF on the [0,1] interval. We provide numerical checks of the circular case and the interval case and discuss universality and various extensions. The relevance to the distribution of the length of a segment in Liouville quantum gravity is noted.
Cosmic Rays and Radio Halos in Galaxy Clusters: New Constraints from Radio Observations

Clusters of galaxies are sites of acceleration of charged particles and sources of nonthermal radiation. We report on new constraints on the population of cosmic rays in the intracluster medium (ICM) obtained via radio observations of a fairly large sample of massive, X-ray-luminous galaxy clusters in the redshift interval 0.2-0.4. The bulk of the observed galaxy clusters does not show any hint of megaparsec-scale synchrotron radio emission at the cluster center (radio halo). We obtained solid upper limits to the diffuse radio emission and discuss their implications for the models for the origin of radio halos. Our measurements allow us to also derive a limit to the content of cosmic-ray protons in the ICM. Assuming spectral indices of these protons δ = 2.1-2.4 and μG level magnetic fields, as from rotation measures, these limits are 1 order of magnitude deeper than present EGRET upper limits, while they are less stringent for steeper spectra and lower magnetic fields.
DESIGNING OUT CRIME FROM EVIDENCE TO ACTION

Designing Out Crime is an increasingly fashionable crime prevention approach, which is being implemented on a global scale (Cisneros, 1995) despite criticisms concerning the apparent lack of evidence to support this approach. This paper reviews the evidence and argues that although residual uncertainty remains, there is a large body of research, which supports Designing Out Crime as a pragmatic and effective crime prevention approach. The paper discusses an innovative approach adopted in Western Australia, which is seeking to embed Designing Out Crime within the State’s planning process and public policy frameworks.
Learning from MARQuIS: future direction of quality and safety in hospital care in the European Union

This article summarises the significant lessons to be drawn from, and the policy implications of, the findings of the Methods of Assessing Response to Quality Improvement Strategies (MARQuIS) project—a part of the suite of research projects intended to support policy established by the European Commission through its Sixth Framework Programme. The article first reviews the findings of MARQuIS and their implications for healthcare providers (and particularly for hospitals), and then addresses the broader policy implications for member states of the European Union (EU) and for the commission itself. Against the background of the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme, it then outlines a number of future areas for research to inform policy and practice in quality and safety in Europe. The article concludes that at this stage, a unique EU-wide quality improvement system for hospitals does not seem to be feasible or effective. Because of possible future community action in this field, attention should focus on the use of existing research on quality and safety strategies in healthcare, with the aim of combining soft measures to accelerate mutual learning. Concrete measures should be considered only in areas for which there is substantial evidence and effective implementation can be ensured.
Analysis of the robustness of the TMR architecture in SRAM-based FPGAs

Non radiation-hardened SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are very sensitive to Single Event Upsets (SEUs) affecting their configuration memory and thus suitable hardening techniques are needed when they are intended to be deployed in critical applications. Triple Module Redundancy is a known solution for hardening digital logic against SEUs that is widely adopted for traditional techniques (like ASICs). In this paper we present an analysis of the SEU effects in circuits hardened according to the Triple Module Redundancy to investigate the possibilities of successfully applying TMR to designs mapped on commercial-off-the-shelf SRAM-based FPGAs, which are not radiation hardened. We performed different fault-injection experiments in the FPGA configuration memory implementing TMR designs and we observed that the percentage of SEUs escaping TMR could reach 13%. In this paper we report detailed evaluations of the effects of the observed failure rates, and we proposed a first step toward an improved TMR implementation.
Pregnancy-specific stress, prenatal health behaviors, and birth outcomes.

OBJECTIVE Stress in pregnancy predicts earlier birth and lower birth weight. The authors investigated whether pregnancy-specific stress contributes uniquely to birth outcomes compared with general stress, and whether prenatal health behaviors explain this association. DESIGN Three structured prenatal interviews (N = 279) assessing state anxiety, perceived stress, life events, pregnancy-specific stress, and health behaviors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gestational age at delivery, birth weight, preterm delivery (<37 weeks), and low birth weight (<2,500 g). RESULTS A latent pregnancy-specific stress factor predicted birth outcomes better than latent factors representing state anxiety, perceived stress, or life event stress, and than a latent factor constructed from all stress measures. Controlling for obstetric risk, pregnancy-specific stress was associated with smoking, caffeine consumption, and unhealthy eating, and inversely associated with healthy eating, vitamin use, exercise, and gestational age at delivery. Cigarette smoking predicted lower birth weight. Clinically-defined birth outcomes were predicted by cigarette smoking and pregnancy-specific stress. CONCLUSION Pregnancy-specific stress contributed directly to preterm delivery and indirectly to low birth weight through its association with smoking. Pregnancy-specific stress may be a more powerful contributor to birth outcomes than general stress.
A Comparison of Willingness to Pay to Prevent Child Maltreatment Deaths in Ecuador and the United States

Background Assessing societal willingness-to-pay (WTP) is one approach for monetising potential benefits of an intervention. In the field of child maltreatment (CM), such estimates are scarce and have rarely been compared between populations from different countries. Aims/Objectives/Purpose This study estimates WTP for an intervention intended to reduce the mortality risk associated with CM, comparing an Ecuadorian to US population. Methods We used the contingent valuation method to ask WTP in increased annual taxes (in US$) for a 50% reduction in CM mortality risk. The US population (n=117) was selected by random-digit dial in 2008. The Ecuadorian population (n=78) was selected by convenience from different shopping districts in 2012. The 2008 WTP estimates were inflated to 2012 US$ for comparison. The maximum likelihood function was estimated using interval regression in STATA. Other covariates tested in the model included age, gender, race, and history of CM abuse. Results/Outcomes The WTP for a 50% reduction in the risk of a child being killed by a caretaker or parent was $167 ($146–$190, 95% CI) in Ecuador, and $215 ($185 to $246, 95% CI) in the US, which was significantly different at p=0.08 when tested in the reduced model. In the full model, none of the covariates including country were significant. Significance/Contribution to the Field WTP to prevent CM death varies marginally from one population to another, likely tempered by differences in purchasing power. Given the overall low probability of CM death, the value placed on a life saved from CM in either population is considerable.
Developing Verb Frames for Hindi

This paper introduces an ongoing work on developing verb frames for Hindi. Verb frames capture syntactic commonalities of semantically related verbs. The main objective of this work is to create a linguistic resource which will prove to be indispensable for various NLP applications. We also hope this resource to help us better understand Hindi verbs. We motivate the basic verb argument structure using relations as introduced by Panini. We show the methodology used in preparing these frames and the criteria followed for classifying Hindi verbs.
Metastatic Insulinoma in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are extremely rare, and although insulinomas are the commonest, less than 10% of insulinomas are malignant. Most patients with insulinomas present with neuroglycopenic symptoms and weight gain attributable to insulin excess. Here, we report a case where a 67-year-old lady with a background history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and breakthrough hyperinsulinism who presented with coma. The biochemical profile revealed features typical of insulinoma, and CT and endosonography confirmed a pancreatic tumor with large volume right-sided liver metastases (biopsy confirming a neuroendocrine tumor). The patient underwent successful one-step RO surgical resection, distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, and right hepatectomy, and 9 months postoperatively, she remains free of recurrent disease. She remains a diabetic.
Banking and Asset Prices in a Flexible-Tree Economy

We embed the notion of banks as monitors who reduce risk into a "two-trees" framework, and consider an economy in which capital can be moved between the trees. We characterize how resources are optimally allocated between the intermediated banking sector and a risky sector as a function of the relative size of the banking sector - the bank share - and the speed at which capital can move in and out of that sector - financial flexibility. The model has three main implications: First, the bank share and financial flexibility affect asset prices; for example, price-dividend ratios are lower the higher the financial flexibility, and shocks to the economy affect the slope of the term structure in a predictable way. Second, the relationship between financial flexibility and real growth rates is ambiguous; high financial flexibility may lead to either higher or lower growth rates. Third, the speed at which capital moves into and out of the banking sector is a highly nonlinear function of the bank share; an implication is that the bank share may remain perpetually low after a shock to the banking sector. Methodologically, our paper contributes to the two-trees literature by allowing for reallocation of resources between trees in a tractable framework; this flexible-tree approach allows for stationary share distributions.
Fingerprint-based Similarity Search and its Applications

This paper introduces a new technology and tools from the field of text-based information retrieval. The authors have developed – a fingerprint-based method for a highly efficient near similarity search, and – an application of this method to identify plagiarized passages in large document collections. The contribution of our work is twofold. Firstly, it is a search technology that enables a new quality for the comparative analysis of complex and large scientific texts. Secondly, this technology gives rise to a new class of tools for plagiarism analysis, since the comparison of entire books becomes computationally feasible. The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 gives an introduction to plagiarism delicts and related detection methods, Section 2 outlines the method of fuzzy-fingerprints as a means for near similarity search, and Section 3 shows our methods in action: It gives examples for near similarity search as well as plagiarism detection and discusses results from a comprehensive performance analyses. 1 Plagiarism Analysis Plagiarism is the act of claiming to be the author of material that someone else actually wrote (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2005), and, with the ubiquitousness
The Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Analogue, Exendin-4, Decreases the Rewarding Value of Food: A New Role for Mesolimbic GLP-1 Receptors

The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) system is a recently established target for type 2 diabetes treatment. In addition to regulating glucose homeostasis, GLP-1 also reduces food intake. Previous studies demonstrate that the anorexigenic effects of GLP-1 can be mediated through hypothalamic and brainstem circuits which regulate homeostatic feeding. Here, we demonstrate an entirely novel neurobiological mechanism for GLP-1-induced anorexia in rats, involving direct effects of a GLP-1 agonist, Exendin-4 (EX4) on food reward that are exerted at the level of the mesolimbic reward system. We assessed the impact of peripheral, central, and intramesolimbic EX4 on two models of food reward: conditioned place preference (CPP) and progressive ratio operant-conditioning. Food-reward behavior was reduced in the CPP test by EX4, as rats no longer preferred an environment previously paired to chocolate pellets. EX4 also decreased motivated behavior for sucrose in a progressive ratio operant-conditioning paradigm when administered peripherally. We show that this effect is mediated centrally, via GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs). GLP-1Rs are expressed in several key nodes of the mesolimbic reward system; however, their function remains unexplored. Thus we sought to determine the neurobiological substrates underlying the food-reward effect. We found that the EX4-mediated inhibition of food reward could be driven from two key mesolimbic structures—ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens—without inducing concurrent malaise or locomotor impairment. The current findings, that activation of central GLP-1Rs strikingly suppresses food reward/motivation by interacting with the mesolimbic system, indicate an entirely novel mechanism by which the GLP-1R stimulation affects feeding-oriented behavior.
Evaluating the usability of a head-up display for selection from choice lists in cars

It has been established that head-down displays (HDDs), such as those commonly placed in the dashboard of commercial automobiles, negatively affect drivers' visual attention [1]. This problem can be exacerbated when screens are "busy" with graphics or rich information. In this paper, which is an extension of a user-preference study [23], we present the results of a driving simulator experiment where we examined two potential alternatives to HDDs for presenting textual lists. Subjects conducted a series of street name finding tasks using each of three system variants: one with a head-down display (HDD), one with a head-up display (HUD), and one with only an auditory display. We found that the auditory display had the least impact on driving performance and mental load, but at the expense of task completion efficiency. The HUD variant had a low impact on mental load and scored highest in user satisfaction, and therefore appears to be the most viable target for future study.
High-energy electron observations by PPB-BETS flight in Antarctica

We have observed cosmic-ray electrons from 10 GeV to 800 GeV by a long duration balloon flight using Polar Patrol Balloon (PPB) in Antarctica. The observation was carried out for 13 days at an average altitude of 35 km in January 2004. The detector is an imaging calorimeter composed of scintillating-fiber belts and plastic scintillators inserted between lead plates with 9 radiation lengths. The performance of the detector has been confirmed by the CERN-SPS beam test and also investigated by Monte-Carlo simulations. New telemetry system using a commercial satellite of Iridium, power supply by solar batteries, and automatic level control using CPU have successfully been developed and operated during the flight. From the long duration balloon observations, we derived the energy spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons in the energy range from 100 GeV to 800 GeV. In addition, for the first time we derived the electron arrival directions above 100 GeV, which is consistent with the isotropic distribution.
By the Numbers: Measuring Community Development Corporations' Capacity

Community development corporations (CDCs) attempt to build capacity-that is, the ability to carry out their functions more effectively-in a variety of ways. In previous research, the authors defined five categories of capacity (resource, organizational, networking, programmatic, and political). In this article, they take on the difficult task of measuring the amorphous concept of capacity building. They look specifically at the relationship between community development partnerships, local intermediaries funded in part by the Ford Foundation to support community development, and CDCs' capacity-building efforts. Their survey of 219 CDCs allows them to provide a detailed estimation of capacity of CDCs in twenty cities.
Salivary Lipid Peroxidation and Total Sialic Acid Levels in Smokers and Smokeless Tobacco Users as Maraş Powder

Maraş powder (MP), a different type of smokeless tobacco (ST) and prepared from a tobacco of species Nicotiana rustica Linn, is widely used in Turkey. We aimed to investigate the effects of MP on salivary total sialic acid (TSA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and to compare these parameters in smokers and MP users (MPUs). The salivary TSA and MDA concentrations were significantly higher in the smokers and MPU than those of control subjects and also in MPU than that of smokers. We have also observed that as the number of cigarettes consumed and MP amount increases, TSA and MDA levels increase too. In smokers, MDA values were significantly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked and the duration of smoking. In MPU, both MDA and TSA levels were significantly correlated with the duration of MP use and the amount of daily consumed MP. We have concluded increased salivary TSA and MDA levels associated in MPU and smokers. Results can help to evaluate harmful effects of these habits. It is important to point out that bigger change in the measured parameters has been observed for MP use. This observation may be an important indication of harmful effects of ST use as MP.