Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computed tomographic estimation of lung dimensions throughout the growth period

The aim of the current study was to use computed tomography (CT) to estimate airway wall and lumen, and arterial and parenchyma dimensions in children throughout the growth period, and to provide normative data to study alterations caused by pulmonary disease. Clinical CT scans reported as normal that were performed in children for nonpulmonary and noncardiac reasons were analysed for lung weight, gas volume, lung expansion, lung surface/volume ratio, airway wall area, airway lumen area, airway lumen perimeter, arterial area and airway surface length/area ratio. The age range of the 50 subjects was 0–17.2 yrs. The data showed only little increase in lung expansion throughout childhood (n = 32). There was substantial variability in lung expansion between subjects. Airway wall and lumen and arterial area were exponentially associated with subjects' height (n = 50). Airway surface length/area ratio was linearly associated to alveolar surface/volume ratio. The data from the current study provide normative computed tomography estimates of airway wall and lumen, and arterial and parenchyma dimensions throughout the growth period that may be useful for the study of alterations in disease.
Design and verification of the Rollback Chip using HOP: a case study of formal methods applied to hardware design

The use of formal methods in hardware design improves the quality of designs in many ways: it promotes better understanding of the design; it permits systematic design refinement through the discovery of invariants; and it allows design verification (informal or formal). In this paper we illustrate the use of formal methods in the design of a custom hardware system called the “Rollback Chip” (RBC), conducted using a simple hardware design description language called “HOP”. An informal specification of the requirements of the RBC is first given, followed by a behavioral description of the RBC stating its desired behavior. The behavioral description is refined into progressively more efficient designs, terminating in a structural description. Key refinement steps are based on system invariants that are discovered during the design, and proved correct during design verification. The first step in design verification is to apply a program called PARCOMP to derive a behavioral description from the structural description of the RBC. The derived behavior is then compared against the desired behavior using equational verification techniques. This work demonstrates that formal methods can be fruitfully applied to a nontrivial hardware design. It also illustrates the particular advantages of our approach based on HOP and PARCOMP. Last, but not the least, it formally verifies the RBC mechanism itself .
Influence of a coronal envelope as a free boundary to global convective dynamo simulations

We explore the effects of an outer stably stratified coronal envelope on rotating turbulent convection, differential rotation, and large-scale dynamo action in spherical wedge models of the Sun. We solve the compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations in a two-layer model with unstable stratification below the surface, representing the convection zone, and a stably stratified coronal envelope above. The interface represents a free surface. We compare our model to models that have no coronal envelope. The presence of a coronal envelope is found to modify the Reynolds stress and the $\Lambda$ effect resulting in a weaker and non-cylindrical differential rotation. This is related to the reduced latitudinal temperature variations that are caused by and dependent on the angular velocity. Some simulations develop a near-surface shear layer that we can relate to a sign change in the meridional Reynolds stress term in the thermal wind balance equation. Furthermore, the presence of a free surface changes the magnetic field evolution since the toroidal field is concentrated closer to the surface. In all simulations, however, the migration direction of the mean magnetic field can be explained by the Parker--Yoshimura rule, which is consistent with earlier findings. A realistic treatment of the upper boundary in spherical dynamo simulations is crucial for the dynamics of the flow and magnetic field evolution.
Making Sense of Policy Paradoxes: A Case Study of Teacher Leadership

In this article we present findings from case study research conducted in one district that was implementing inclusive special education programs and new testing and accountability policies in site-managed schools. We specifically examined how, in the absence of direction from school- and district-level administrators, teachers provided the leadership in their schools and helped others make sense of and manage these paradoxical policies. We concluded that leadership emanates from those willing to step forward and help others make sense of paradox. In this case, teachers filled the leadership void and facilitated special education reform in their schools. Their values, vision, and preferences provided the framework for sensemaking. However, in the absence of a unified district-wide vision, teachers’ efforts were idiosyncratic and isolated, which limited their abilities to effect systemic change. We propose that teacher leadership cannot be allowed to happen by chance, but must be supported with changes in role, training, and structure.
Stress “deafness” in a Language with Fixed Word Stress: An ERP Study on Polish

The aim of the present contribution was to examine the factors influencing the prosodic processing in a language with predictable word stress. For Polish, a language with fixed penultimate stress but several well-defined exceptions, difficulties in the processing and representation of prosodic information have been reported (e.g., Peperkamp and Dupoux, 2002). The present study utilized event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the factors influencing prosodic processing in Polish. These factors are (i) the predictability of stress and (ii) the prosodic structure in terms of metrical feet. Polish native speakers were presented with correctly and incorrectly stressed Polish words and instructed to judge the correctness of the perceived stress patterns. For some stress violations, an early negativity was found which was interpreted as a reflection of an error-detection mechanism. In addition, exceptional stress patterns (=antepenultimate stress) and post-lexical (=initial) stress evoked a task-related positivity effect (P300) whose amplitude and latency is correlated with the degree of anomaly and deviation from an expectation. In contrast, violations involving the default (=penultimate stress) did not produce such an effect. This asymmetrical result is interpreted to reflect that Polish native speakers are less sensitive to the default pattern than to the exceptional or post-lexical patterns. Behavioral results are orthogonal to the electrophysiological results showing that Polish speakers had difficulties to reject any kind of stress violation. Thus, on a meta-linguistic level Polish speakers appeared to be stress-“deaf” for any kind of stress manipulation, whereas the neural reactions differentiate between the default and lexicalized patterns.
Aqueous Extract from Pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.) Attenuated Hyperlipidemia and Cardiac Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Mice

This study examined the lipid-lowering and cardiac protective effects of aqueous extract of pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.) in type 2 diabetic mice. Pepino at 1, 2, or 5% was supplied for 8 weeks. Results showed that pepino significantly decreased water intake and epididymal fat pad weight in diabetic mice (P < 0.05). Pepino treatments also significantly reduced plasma glucose and insulin levels, HOMA-IR index, and improved oral glucose tolerance (P < 0.05). Plasma and hepatic levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol (TC) were higher in diabetic groups when compared with normal group (P < 0.05), pepino treatments at 2 and 5% decreased triglyceride and TC levels in both plasma and liver (P < 0.05). Diabetes enhanced mRNA expression of resistin and diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (DGAT1) in epididymal fat pad (P < 0.05); however, pepino intake significantly suppressed mRNA expression of resistin and DGAT1 in epididymal fat pad (P < 0.05). Pepino intake significantly reduced reactive oxygen species level, increased glutathione level, and retained glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in cardiac tissues (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that pepino could be considered as a functional food for the alleviation of type 2 diabetes.
Somalia - The Untold Story: The War Through the Eyes of Somali Women

Acknowledgements Foreword Preface Introduction Part 1 Experiences in War 1. Women and Pastoralist Economy - Roda Ibrihim 2. Marriage in Traditional Somali Society - Sadia Ahmed 3. Rape - A Weapon of War - Fousia Musse Part 2 Impact of the War On Women and Their Responses Section 1 Changing Roles and Responsibilities in the Family 4. Single Mothers in Canada - Ladan Affi 5. Women Traders - Amina M. Warsame Section 2 Women Mobilise For Peace 6. Women and Peace-building Somaliland - Zeynab Hassan & shukri Hariir 7. Wajir Women for Peace - Dekha Ibrihim Section 3 Women and Leadership 8 Women and Leadership Facts & Figures Maps Glossary Bibliography Further Reading Resource List Index
A system for the comparison of glottal source model s for articulatory speech synthesis

Models of the vocal folds usually differ in the num ber and function of their control parameters. For example, some models are controlled by muscle activation patterns, while other models are controlled by physical parameters, e.g. glottal rest area and vocal fold tension. To make these models exchangeable in our articulatory speech synthesizer , a common model-independent interface for the dynamic control of these parameters is required. Ou r approach is to assume a fixed set of glottal rest configurations for different phonation types and fu nctions. We distinguish, for example, rest configurations for modal phonation, pressed phonati on, breathy phonation, whisper, a glottal stop, and abducted vocal folds for voiceless sounds. Each imp lemented vocal fold model must provide an individual setting of its parameters to realize the corresponding phonation type or functions. At the model-independent level of control in the synthesiz er, laryngeal articulation is specified as a sequen ce of discrete gestures, each of which represents move ment toward one of the glottal rest configurations at an adjustable speed. The change of the parameter s is governed by critically damped 6 th order linear systems to ensure smooth shape transitions. Fundamental frequency is controlled independently from the other parameters by a sequence of F 0 targets. Therefore, each implemented vocal fold mo del must provide a mechanism to map a given F 0 on the affected parameters, e.g. a vocal fold tens ion parameter. For the aerodynamic-acoustic simulation of the voca l system based on a non-linear transmission-line circuit model, the vocal folds are represented as t wo abutting tube sections with time-varying crosssectional areas. Hence, each implemented model must define a mapping from the geometry of the glottis to the areas and lengths of these tube sect ions. Results Currently, one geometrical vocal fold model and two variants of the two-mass model are implemented in the system. The models can be exchanged without difficulty for the articulatory synthesis of arbitrary utterances to evaluate the sound of the v oices in running speech. Discussion We hope that the presented system will facilitate t he future development and evaluation of vocal fold models by their integration into a complete articul atory speech synthesizer based on a common control interface. References
TCAD-based simulation of hot-carrier degradation in p-channel mosfets using silicon energy-balance and oxide carrier-transport equations

We present a TCAD-based approach for characterizing hot-carrier degradation in p-channel MOSFETs that includes models for hot-electron injection, carrier transport, and electron trapping in the oxide. The energy-balance equations have been solved in the silicon substrate to accurately model the carrier-heating and injection processes. This approach clearly illustrates the physical mechanisms responsible for hot-carrier degradation in p-channel MOSFETs. The simulations have been compared with experimental data obtained from 0. 8μm SOI pMOS devices and show an excellent match.
Music Memory Following Short-term Practice and Its Relationship with the Sight-reading Abilities of Professional Pianists

This study investigated the relationship between the ability to sight-read and the ability to memorize a score using a behavioral experiment. By measuring the amount of memorization following short-term practice, we examined whether better sight-readers not only estimate forthcoming notes but also memorize musical structures and phrases with more practice. Eleven pianists performed the music first by sight-reading. After a 20-minute practice, the participants were asked to perform from memory without any advance notice. The number of mistakes was used as an index of performance. There were no correlations in the numbers of mistakes between sight-reading and memory trial performance. Some pianists memorized almost the entire score, while others hardly remembered it despite demonstrating almost completely accurate performance just before memory trial performance. However, judging from the participants’ responses to a questionnaire regarding their practice strategies, we found auditory memory was helpful for memorizing music following short-term practice.
R2 Indicator based Multiobjective Memetic Optimization for the Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time Windows and Demands (PDP-TW-D)

This paper defines a multiobjective variant of the Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP), called PDP with Time Windows and Demands (PDP-TW-D), and approaches the problem with a novel memetic optimization algorithm. With respect to multiple optimization objectives, the goal of PDP-TW-D is to find a set of Pareto-optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles in order to serve given transportation requests. This paper considers five optimization objectives for PDP-TW including the number of vehicles, the total travel distance and the total waiting time. The proposed algorithm is designed as an evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithm that is augmented by a local search algorithm. It uses the population of individuals, each of which represents a solution candidate, and evolves them via genetic operators (e.g., crossover and mutation operators) through generations. In addition to this global search process, it allows individuals to improve themselves in each generation through local search. Experimental results show that the global and local search processes complement to improve convergence speed and can effectively obtain quality trade-off solutions with respect to conflicting objectives.
On the boundary orbit accumulation set for a domain with noncompact automorphism group.

For a smoothly bounded pseudoconvex domain $D\subset{\Bbb C}^n$ of finite type with non-compact holomorphic automorphism group $\text{Aut}(D)$, we show that the set $S(D)$ of all boundary accumulation points for $\text{Aut}(D)$ is a compact subset of $\partial D$ and, if $S(D)$ contains at least three points, it is connected and thus has the power of the continuum. We also discuss how $S(D)$ relates to other invariant subsets of $\partial D$ and show in particular that $S(D)$ is always a subset of the \v{S}ilov boundary.
Infants ' Differential Social Responses to Attractive and Unattractive Faces

Two studies were conducted to examine infants' social responses to attractive and unattractive faces. In Study I, 60 12-month-olds interacted with a stranger who wore a professionally constructed attractive or unattractive mask. The infants showed more positive affective tone, less withdrawal, and more play involvement with the stranger in the attractive condition. In Study 2, 43 12-montholds played with an attractive and an unattractive doll. The infants played significantly longer with the attractive doll. These results extend and amplify earlier findings showing that young infants exhibit visual preferences for attractive over unattractive faces. Both visual and behavioral preferences for attractiveness are evidently exhibited much earlier in life than was previously supposed.
Economic Insecurity and Fertility Intentions: The Case of Italy

We aim to provide an explanation for the combination of the relatively low female participation rates and lowest-low fertility levels in Italy. Starting from the assumption that childbearing decisions also depend on uncertainty about future employment, income, and wealth, we empirically assess how fertility intentions are affected by job instability, which may severely compromise the employment stability of workers, and economic disadvantages in terms of household income and wealth, which may imply insufficient means to deal with potential adverse future events, thereby generating in the household feelings of anxiety and economic insecurity. We show that the instability of women's work status (i.e., the holding of occasional and precarious jobs) significantly discourages the decision to attempt having a first child. Low levels of household wealth significantly and positively influence the decision to postpone attempting a first child. The chances of further childbirth are significantly and negatively influenced by household income insecurity.
Effects of whole-body vibration after eccentric exercise on muscle soreness and muscle strength recovery

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not a single whole-body vibration treatment after eccentric exercise can reduce muscle soreness and enhance muscle recovery. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty untrained participants were randomly assigned to two groups: a vibration group (n=10) and control group (n=10). Participants performed eccentric quadriceps training of 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 120% 1RM, with 4 min rest between sets. After that, the vibration group received 3 sets of 1 min whole body vibration (12 Hz, 4 mm) with 30 s of passive recovery between sets. Serum creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, muscle soreness (visual analog scale) and muscle strength (peak isometric torque) were assessed. [Results] Creatine kinase was lower in the vibration group than in the control group at 24 h (200.2 ± 8.2 vs. 300.5 ± 26.1 U/L) and at 48 h (175.2 ± 12.5 vs. 285.2 ± 19.7 U/L) post-exercise. Muscle soreness decreased in vibration group compared to control group at 48 h post-exercise (34.1 ± 11.4 vs. 65.2 ± 13.2 mm). [Conclusion] Single whole-body vibration treatment after eccentric exercise reduced delayed onset muscle soreness but it did not affect muscle strength recovery.
A Global Constraint for Cutset Problems

We onsider the problem of nding a utset in a dire ted graph G = (V;E), i.e. a set of verti es that uts all y les in G. Finding a utset of minimum ardinality is NP-hard. There exist several approximate algorithms and exa t algorithms, most of them using graph redu tion te hniques. In this paper we propose a global onstraint for utset problems. The utset onstraint is a boolean onstraint over variables asso iated to the verti es of a given graph, that states that the subgraph restri ted to the verti es having their boolean variable set to true is a y li . We propose a ltering algorithm based on graph ontra tion operations and inferen e of simple boolean onstraints, that has an O(jEj + jV jlogjV j) time omplexity. We dis uss sear h heuristi s based on graph properties provided by the utset onstraint, and show the eÆ ien y of the utset onstraint on ben hmarks of the literature for pure minimum utset problems, and on an appli ation to log-based re on iliation problems where the global utset onstraint is mixed with other boolean onstraints.
A Novel Spam Email Detection System Based on Negative Selection

Nowadays, detecting and filtering are still the most feasible ways of fighting spam emails . There are many reasonably successful spam email filters in operation. However, proactively catching new strains of spam emails, where no previous knowledge is available, is still a major challenge. Negative selection is a branch of artificial immune systems. It has a strong temporal nature and is especially suitable for discovering unknown temporal patterns. This nature makes it a good candidate in quickly discovering and detecting new strains of spam emails. In this paper, we study the feasibility of negative selection in detecting spam emails without using any prior knowledge of any spam emails. We use TREC07 corpus for our experiments. The outcomes, under the assumption of no prior knowledge about spam emails, are very encouraging. We also discuss our findings and point out possible future directions.
A Clinical Evaluation of Anatomic Features of Gingiva in Dental Students in Tabriz, Iran

Background and aims The anatomical features of gingiva are important in appropriate periodontal treatment planning. This study was designed to determine the anatomic features of gingival in a group of dental students in Tabriz, Iran. Materials and methods One-hundred healthy subjects (aged 20-24 years old) with no history of periodontal or orthodontic treatment and a gingival index of zero or one were included. The following measurements were made using a periodontal probe: the distance between the gingival margin and base of gingival sulcus (depth of sulcus); the distance between the gingival margin and mucogingival junction (keratinized gingiva); and the distance between base of gingival sulcus and mucogingival junction (attached gingiva). Existence of free gingival groove was also recorded by observation. Mean values of collected data were calculated. Results The widest attached gingiva and keratin-ized gingiva on the buccal aspect was seen in upper lateral incisor and their minimum in lower premo-lars. The maximum depth of sulcus on the buccal surface was recorded in upper right molar and its minimum on the buccal surface was found in lower left canine. All of the studied students had free gin-gival groove on the buccal or oral aspect of at least one tooth. Conclusion The anatomic features found in this study were similar to those of the previous studies. However, mild variations with regard to race differ-ences were observed.
Psycholinguistic Models of Sentence Processing Improve Sentence Readability Ranking

While previous research on readability has typically focused on document-level measures, recent work in areas such as natural language generation has pointed out the need of sentence-level readability measures. Much of psycholinguistics has focused for many years on processing measures that provide difficulty estimates on a word-by-word basis. However, these psycholinguistic measures have not yet been tested on sentence readability ranking tasks. In this paper, we use four psycholinguistic measures: idea density, surprisal, integration cost, and embedding depth to test whether these features are predictive of readability levels. We find that psycholinguistic features significantly improve performance by up to 3 percentage points over a standard document-level readability metric baseline.
Annotating Uncertainty in Hungarian Webtext

Uncertainty detection has been a popular topic in natural language processing, which manifested in the creation of several corpora for English. Here we show how the annotation guidelines originally developed for English standard texts can be adapted to Hungarian webtext. We annotated a small corpus of Facebook posts for uncertainty phenomena and we illustrate the main characteristics of such texts, with special regard to uncertainty annotation. Our results may be exploited in adapting the guidelines to other languages or domains and later on, in the construction of automatic uncertainty detectors.