Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Circum Black Sea phylogeography of Barbus freshwater fishes: divergence in the Pontic glacial refugium

We used DNA sequence variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1141 bp) to assess the phylogeography of Barbus fishes in the Black Sea region. Our aim was to test whether the recent (≈ 22 000–7500 years ago) freshwater phase of the Black Sea was a conduit for gene flow among freshwater fishes that today are found in streams entering the saltwater Black Sea. Deep phylogeographical breaks suggestive of allopatric divergence were observed between four regional groups of populations. Coalescent simulation used to distinguish between this and an alternative scenario that the phylogeographical structure was due to random lineage sorting showed that the contemporary populations were unlikely (P < 0.001) to have been founded by a single ancestral population. Divergences between the lineages (0.86–2.54%) were dated to the Middle to Late Pleistocene using distances and a molecular clock corrected for superimposed substitutions. Taken together, this evidence suggests that multiple refugial populations survived over several later glaciations in the vicinity of the Black Sea. This Pontic refugium served as the primary source for the postglacial expansion throughout Europe as far as the Atlantic basin. However, only one of the phylogeographical lineages contributed to this dispersion, whereas the others remain restricted to the Black Sea region and followed independent evolutionary trajectories.
Comparative analyses: Are there discernable patterns in the development of and relationships among National Identification and in-group/out-group attitudes?

The purpose of this concluding article in this special issue is to examine whether the developmental courses for National Identification, in-group/out-group attitudes, and the relations between both variables could be characterized by general developmental patterns across different national settings. For this purpose the data from all participants in eight national studies were combined (N = 725) and subjected to the same sequence of analyses reported in the individual studies, be it that the most important independent variable now consisted of 12 levels representing the different national settings. The analyses revealed that the presence versus the absence of actual or recent armed conflict is the most important differentiating variable characterizing the national groups that participated in this study. Universal developmental courses for National Identification and in-group/out-group attitudes predicted by traditional theoretical models such as the CDT and SIDT cannot be maintained across different sociohistorical and political settings. The findings appear more consistent with theoretical models that incorporate reference to sociohistorical factors, such as the SSCMT and the IDCT.
By‐product inhibition effects on ethanolic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Inhibition by secondary fermentation products may limit the ultimate productivity of new glucose to ethanol fermentation processes. New processes are under development whereby ethanol is selectively removed from the fermenting broth to eliminate ethanol inhibition effects. These processes can concentrate minor secondary products to the point where they become toxic to the yeast. Vacuum fermentation selectively concentrates nonvolatile products in the fermentation broth. Membrane fermentation systems may concentrate large molecules which are sterically blocked from membrane transport. Extractive fermentation systems, employing nonpolar solvents, may concentrate small organic acids. By‐product production rates and inhibition levels in continuous fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been determined for acetaldehyde, glycerol, formic, lactic, and acetic acids, 1‐propanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐butanol, and 2,3‐butanediol to assess the potential effects of these by‐products on new fermentation processes. Mechanisms are proposed for the various inhibition effects observed.
Broad absorption features in wind-dominated ultraluminous X-ray sources?

The luminosities of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) require an exotic solution with either supercritical accretion modes on to stellar-mass black holes or subcritical accretion on to intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) being invoked. Discriminating between the two is non-trivial due to the present lack of a direct mass measurement. A key expectation of the supercritical mode of accretion is the presence of powerful radiatively driven winds. Here we analyse XMM–Newton data from NGC 5408 X-1 and NGC 6946 X-1 and find that strong soft residuals present in the X-ray spectra can be reconciled with broadened, blueshifted absorption by a partially ionized, optically thin phase of this wind. We derive initial values for the physical parameters of the wind; we also discuss other possible origins for the observed features.
Larval Morphology and Anatomy of the Parasitoid Exorista larvarum (Diptera: Tachinidae), with an Emphasis on Cephalopharyngeal Skeleton and Digestive Tract

Abstract The endogenous development of the tachinid gregarious larval parasitoid Exorista larvarum L. (Diptera: Tachinidae) has been analyzed in the last larval instar of a factitious host, the wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with the use of histological techniques and scanning electron microscopy. This study has focused on the parasitoid internal body structures and their changes during the larval development. The first and second instars are enveloped by a host-derived hemocyte capsule attached to the respiratory funnel via a prominent anal hook located between 2 anal lobes. The third instar abandons the respiratory funnel and migrates free in the body cavity of the already dead host. Emphasis is given to the prominent cephalopharyngeal skeleton, highlighting the morphological aspects of its sclerotized as well as non-sclerotized components. In addition to the cephalopharyngeal skeleton, the anterior third of the larval parasitoid body is occupied by large salivary glands, massive proventriculus, and cerebral ganglia. The extensive digestive tract, which occupies the major part of the body, is differentiated into well-marked individual parts. The abdomen is predominantly filled with the extremely long mesenteron that increases in size during the larval development. The whole body is covered by an apparently thin integument, with strong spines that are especially numerous in the anterior and posterior body parts.
TSV open defects in 3D integrated circuits: Characterization, test, and optimal spare allocation

Three-dimensional integration based on die/wafer stacking and through-silicon-vias (TSVs) promises to overcome interconnect bottlenecks for nanoscale integrated circuits (ICs). However, TSVs are prone to defects such as shorts and opens that affect circuit operation in stacked ICs. We analyze the impact of open defects on TSVs and describe techniques for screening such defects. The proposed characterization technique estimates the additional delay introduced due to a resistive open defect as well as due to rerouting based on spare TSVs. We also present an optimization method based on integer linear programming (ILP) that allocates spares to functional TSVs such that the spare for a functional TSV is neither too close to a functional TSV (to avoid the case of both functional and spare TSV being defective) nor too far to ensure that the additional delay due to rerouting is below an upper limit. Results are presented using Hspice simulations based on a 45 nm predictive technology model, recently published data on TSV parasitics, and a commercial ILP solver.
Self-Determination in Intervention With Battered Arab Women in Community Health Clinics in Israel

Many abused women from patriarchal collectivistic societies that are subjected to social control seek help in community health clinics. The article is based on a qualitative study, which consisted of 24 interviews with 12 abused Israeli Arab women who sought the help of social workers in community health clinics. A central theme that emerged from the interviews was the women’s wish to maintain their self-determination in retaining the power to determine the boundaries of the intervention within the professional relationship. The discussion focuses on the dialectical consequences of maintaining the women’s self-determination—empowering them, on one hand, and limiting them, on the other.
Knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and attitudes toward teaching children with ADHD: THE role of teaching experience

Knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and attitudes toward teaching children with ADHD are compared across stages of Australian teachers' careers. Relative to preservice teachers with (n = 218) and without (n = 109) teaching experience, in-service teachers (n = 127) show more overall knowledge of ADHD, more knowledge of characteristics and treatments for ADHD, and higher perceived knowledge. In-service teachers reported less favorable emotion about teaching children with ADHD than did pre-service teachers without experience and more favorable behaviors than pre-service teachers with experience. Groups did not differ in knowledge of causes of ADHD, overall attitudes, stereotypical beliefs, and beliefs about teaching children with ADHD. Identification of knowledge gaps and ambivalent attitudes will guide pre-service and in-service training courses.
[Consequences and treatment of cervical stenoses after laser conization or loop electrosurgical excision].

OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency and the consequences of cervical stenosis in patients treated by laser conization or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and to analyse the results of cervical enlargement plastic surgery or neostomia. METHODS Two hundred and fifty-five women treated by laser conization and 277 by LEEP were regularly followed by postoperative colposcopy, for a mean period of 38 and 16 months, respectively. Stenosis was defined as cervical narrowing which could not admit a 2.5 mm-diameter Hegar's dilator. RESULTS Stenosis complicated 10.2% of the laser conizations and 4.3% of the LEEP. Thus, 38 cases of cervical stenosis of which 7 were complete were diagnosed 2 to 40 months after treatment. Among the 34 non-menopaused women who developed a stenosis, 5 had a secondary amenorrhea, 6 a severe dysmenorrhea and one an infertility related to oligoamucorrhea. In the patients with stenosis, endocervical cell retrieval was possible in 21 (55%) cases and in none the squamocolumnar junction was visible at colposcopy. Seven patients underwent an enlargement plastic surgery of the cervical canal for incomplete stenosis and two a neostomia for complete stenosis. Cervical restenosis has been observed in 7 of 9 cases in a mean delay of 12 months (3 to 48 months). Nevertheless, the endocervical cell retrieval remained possible in 8 of 9 cases and after a mean follow-up of 26 months no menstrual troubles recurred. CONCLUSION LEEP provides fewer cervical stenosis than laser conization. The enlargement plastic surgery allows to correct durably the menstrual troubles in spite of the very frequent restenosis.
Secondary modern schools: are their pupils disadvantaged?

There are still 10 English local educational authorities (LEAs) that are wholly selective and a further 10 with some grammar and secondary modern schools. This article examines the academic performance of pupils in secondary modern schools and the funding of these schools using national data sets matching pupils' performance at Key Stage 2 and General Certificate of Education (GCSE) as well as data on funding from Section 52 statements. Students in secondary modern schools gained one less grade on average than equivalent students in comprehensive schools while grammar school pupils obtained five grades more. After taking account of the cost factors and grant entitlements that influence funding per pupil, secondary modern schools in the years 2000/01–2002/03 were funded around £80 less per pupil while grammar school pupils received over £100 more per pupil compared to comprehensive schools. Secondary modern schools were more likely to be in financial deficit than comprehensive and particularly grammar scho.
Clinical Isolates of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-ProducingEscherichia coli: Serotypes, Virulence Characteristics, and Molecular Profiles of Strains of the Same Serotype

ABSTRACT All human Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) non-O157 strains (n = 56) isolated in Finland from 1990 to August 2000 were characterized for the O:H serotype,stx1 and stx2 genes, production of enterohemolysin, and sensitivity to 12 antimicrobial agents. Strains of the same serotype were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after XbaI restriction of total DNA. The 56 non-O157 isolates belonged to 29 serotypes. Two of the serotypes (O102:H7 and OX181:H49) have not previously been described as being associated with STEC infections in humans or isolated from animals. Thirty-four strains (61%) within seven serotypes (O103:H2 [14 isolates], O26:H11 [6 isolates], O145:H28 [4 isolates], O145:HNM [3 isolates], O15:HNM [3 isolates], OX174:H21 [2 isolates], and O Rough:HNM [2 isolates]) were represented by more than one isolate. Of these strains, O103:H2 isolates were divided into seven, O26:H11 isolates were divided into four, and the rest within a serotype were divided into two genotypes in PFGE. In PCR, 31 (55%) of the 56 strains were positive for the stx2 gene only and 24 strains (43%) were positive for stx1 only. One strain (O43:H2) carried both stx1 andstx2. Forty-two strains (75%) produced enterohemolysin, and 39 strains (70%) possessed the eaegene. Of the latter 39 strains, 36 (92%) were enterohemolytic, whereas only 6 (35%) of the 17 isolates lacking the eae gene were enterohemolytic (P < 0.001). The majority of the strains (44 strains, 79%) were sensitive to all 12 antimicrobials tested. Of the 56 strains, 20 (36%) were associated with small family outbreaks in nine families and 14 (25%) were associated with recent travel abroad.
Astrophysical configurations with background cosmology: probing dark energy at astrophysical scales

We explore the effects of a positive cosmological constant on astrophysical and cosmological configurations described by a polytropic equation of state. We derive the conditions for equilibrium and stability of such configurations and consider some astrophysical examples where our analysis may be relevant. We show that in the presence of the cosmological constant the isothermal sphere is not a viable astrophysical model since the density in this model does not go asymptotically to zero. The cosmological constant implies that, for a polytropic index smaller than 5, the central density has to exceed a certain minimal value in terms of the vacuum density in order to guarantee the existence of a finite-size object. We examine such configurations together with effects of A in other exotic possibilities, such as neutrino and boson stars, and we compare our results to N-body simulations. The astrophysical properties and configurations found in this paper are specific features resulting from the existence of a dark energy component. Hence, if found in nature they would be an independent probe of a cosmological constant, complementary to other observations.
Changes in the Novel Orphan, C5a Receptor (C5L2), during Experimental Sepsis and Sepsis in Humans1

Sepsis is associated with extensive complement activation, compromising innate immune defenses, especially in neutrophils (PMN). Recently, a second C5a receptor (C5L2) was detected on PMN without evidence of intracellular signaling. The current study was designed to determine changes in C5L2 in blood PMN during sepsis. In vitro exposure of PMN to C5a, but not to fMLP, led to reduced content of C5L2. Following cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in rats, PMN demonstrated a time-dependent decrease in C5L2. In vivo blockade of C5a during experimental sepsis resulted in preservation of C5L2. Similarly, PMN from patients with progressive sepsis showed significantly reduced C5L2 expression (n = 26), which was virtually abolished in patients who developed multiorgan failure (n = 10). In contrast, sepsis survivors exhibited retention of C5L2 (n = 12/13). The data suggest that C5L2 on PMN diminishes during sepsis due to systemic generation of C5a, which is associated with a poor prognosis.
Influence of Common Associated Forefoot Disorders on Preoperative Quality of Life in Patients With Hallux Valgus

Background: Hallux valgus (HV) is frequently associated with other forefoot disorders, but its influence on preoperative quality of life (QOL) has not been well characterized. The main purpose of this study was to assess the influence of common associated forefoot disorders (metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities) on preoperative QOL in patients with HV. Methods: Preoperative QOL assessed through the Short Form–36 (SF-36, version 2) was obtained from 94 patients with HV from a database. Patients were classified according to their condition: HV alone, HV and metatarsalgia, HV and lesser toe deformities, and HV and both metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities. Values of each domain were compared among groups. In addition, a correlational study between SF-36 and radiographic severity of HV was performed. The mean age of the 94 patients was 62.6 ± 12.3 years. There were 42.6% patients with HV alone, 30.8% with HV and metatarsalgia, 16% with HV and lesser toe deformities, and 10.6% with HV and both metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities. Results: Patients with HV and associated metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities had significantly worse physical function (P = .029), role-physical (P = .017), bodily pain (P = .045), role-emotional (P = .016), mental health (P = .001), and mental component summary (P = .003) compared to patients with HV alone. There were no significant correlations between radiographic HV and intermetatarsal angles and any of the domains or summaries of the SF-36. Conclusion: Patients with HV and both metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities have significantly worse QOL compared to patients with HV alone. The presence of associated forefoot deformities may be a discriminating factor for the prioritization of surgical treatment of HV. Level of Evidence: Level III, cross-sectional study.
Precompetition Emotions, Bodily Symptoms, and Task-Specific Qualities as Predictors of Performance in High-Level Karate Athletes

The study, based on the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model, examined the practical utility of precompetition idiosyncratic emotions, bodily responses, and task-specific qualities (physical, technical, and tactical performance characteristics) in predicting the performance of ten Italian high-level karate athletes. First, athletes recalled their best and worst performances to develop individualized scales (profiles) with 33-idiosyncratic items (12 items for emotions, 12 for bodily responses, and nine for task-specific qualities). These scales were then used to assess the athletes' actual emotions, bodily responses, and task-specific qualities 15 minutes prior to the first-round fight in ten competitions across the entire season. It was revealed that idiosyncratic emotions and bodily responses differentiated between successful and less than successful (average) performances. These findings provide empirical support for the validity and practical utility of the in/out-of-zone notion extended to bodily symptoms. In contrast, relatively stable, task-specific characteristics did not differentiate between individually good and average situational performances. Future directions and practical implications of the study are suggested.
Fluoxetine (Prozac) augments platelet activation mediated through protease‐activated receptors

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Observing the therapeutic alliance in family therapy: associations with participants' perceptions and therapeutic outcomes

Positive and negative alliance-related behaviours of thirty-seven families seen in brief family therapy were rated from videotapes using the System for Observing Family Therapy Alliances (Friedlander et al., 2006b). Positive associations were found between in-session behaviour and participants’ perceptions of the alliance and improvement so far both early (session 3) and later in therapy (session 6). Binary logistic regression showed that successful outcomes (defined as consensus by therapist and all family members on general improvement and reduced problem severity) were significantly predicted by positive individual behaviour (Engagement in the Therapeutic Process, Emotional Connection with the Therapist, Safety within the Therapeutic System) in session 3 and productive withinfamily collaboration (Shared Sense of Purpose within the Family) in session 6. Shared Sense of Purpose was the alliance indicator most consistently associated with clients’ and therapists’ perceptions of therapeutic progress; moreover, it was the only alliance indicator to improve significantly over time in treatment.