Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards Context-Aware Interaction Recognition for Visual Relationship Detection

Recognizing how objects interact with each other is a crucial task in visual recognition. If we define the context of the interaction to be the objects involved, then most current methods can be categorized as either: (i) training a single classifier on the combination of the interaction and its context; or (ii) aiming to recognize the interaction independently of its explicit context. Both methods suffer limitations: the former scales poorly with the number of combinations and fails to generalize to unseen combinations, while the latter often leads to poor interaction recognition performance due to the difficulty of designing a contextindependent interaction classifier. ,,To mitigate those drawbacks, this paper proposes an alternative, context-aware interaction recognition framework. The key to our method is to explicitly construct an interaction classifier which combines the context, and the interaction. The context is encoded via word2vec into a semantic space, and is used to derive a classification result for the interaction. The proposed method still builds one classifier for one interaction (as per type (ii) above), but the classifier built is adaptive to context via weights which are context dependent. The benefit of using the semantic space is that it naturally leads to zero-shot generalizations in which semantically similar contexts (subject-object pairs) can be recognized as suitable contexts for an interaction, even if they were not observed in the training set. Our method also scales with the number of interaction-context pairs since our model parameters do not increase with the number of interactions. Thus our method avoids the limitation of both approaches. We demonstrate experimentally that the proposed framework leads to improved performance for all investigated interaction representations and datasets.
Liraglutide for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing. Management of this condition and minimizing the cardiovascular risks associated with it poses a significant burden on healthcare resources across the world. Currently available therapeutic agents are effective in glycemic management; however, the majority of these are associated with undesirable effects such as hypoglycemia and weight gain. Incretin-based therapies have been introduced over the last few years and are associated with less risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain. Areas covered: This review includes current challenges in the management of T2DM, and an overview of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies, in particular the results of Phase III clinical studies of recently approved liraglutide. Apart from glycemic control, multifactorial interventions are needed to minimize the cardiovascular risks associated with T2DM. Liraglutide is effective in improving glycemic control measured by HbA1c and it is also shown to improve weight. Recently, the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK has approved liraglutide 1.2 mg dose in dual and triple therapy for T2DM. Expert opinion: Liraglutide, a once-daily GLP-1 analog, has a definite role in selected patients with T2DM and the long-term cardiovascular safety is currently being ascertained in ongoing trials.
Blood Transfusion in Developing Countries: Problems, Priorities and Practicalities

The acute medical services could not exist without blood transfusions—life-savers in many situations. But transfusions can also be a quick and easy route for the transmission of infectious agents such as HIV, HBV, HCV and malaria. Infection through blood supply is a major issue in all countries but particularly in those with economic constraints which limit safety. This study was carried out in India (March—May 1997) and involved centres in Delhi, Calcutta and Vellore. It examined many aspects of blood transfusion including donor screening, use of professional donors, blood testing and criteria for blood use1. The many problems in Indian blood transfusion services are mirrored in other countries. Here we examine the problems, priorities and practicalities of blood transfusion particularly in developing countries.
Triterpenes and the Antimycobacterial Activity of Duroia macrophylla Huber (Rubiaceae)

Duroia macrophylla popularly known as “cabeça-de-urubú,” “apuruí,” or “puruí-grande-da-mata” occurs in the Amazon Forest. Its leaves and branches were collected twice and extracted with dichloromethane and methanol. All extracts were subjected to phytochemical investigation and terpenes and flavonoids were found in all dichloromethane and methanol extracts, respectively. Methanol extracts from both branches (1st collection) and leaves (2nd collection) presented hydrolyzed tannins, yet alkaloids were only detected in the dichloromethane and methanol extracts from branches at the 2nd collection. Phenol compounds were found in both dichloromethane extracts' collections. The action of every extract was assayed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (RMPr, H37Rv, and INHr strains), showing that the dichloromethane extract from leaves (1st collection) has the major biological activity, with a MIC of 6.25 μg/mL for the INHr strain, 25.0 μg/mL for the RMPr strain, and ≤6.25 μg/mL for the H37Rv strain. The chromatographic fractioning of the dichloromethane extract from leaves (1st collection) yielded the isolation of two triterpenes: oleanolic and ursolic acids, which were identified by NMR analysis and reported for the first time in the Duroia genus.
50% duty cycle may be inappropriate to achieve a sufficient chest compression depth when cardiopulmonary resuscitation is performed by female or light rescuers

Objective Current guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation recommend chest compressions (CC) during 50% of the duty cycle (DC) in part because of the ease with which individuals may learn to achieve it with practice. However, no consideration has been given to a possible interaction between DC and depth of CC, which has been the subject of recent study. Our aim was to determine if 50% DC is inappropriate to achieve sufficient chest compression depth for female and light rescuers. Methods Previously collected CC data, performed by senior medical students guided by metronome sounds with various down-stroke patterns and rates, were included in the analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the association between average compression depth (ACD) with average compression rate (ACR), DC, and physical characteristics of the performers. Expected ACD was calculated for various settings. Results DC, ACR, body weight, male sex, and self-assessed physical strength were significantly associated with ACD in multivariate analysis. Based on our calculations, with 50% of DC, only men with ACR of 140/min or faster or body weight over 74 kg with ACR of 120/min can achieve sufficient ACD. Conclusion A shorter DC is independently correlated with deeper CC during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The optimal DC recommended in current guidelines may be inappropriate for achieving sufficient CD, especially for female or lighter-weight rescuers.
BV QUANTIZATION OF COVARIANT (POLYSYMPLECTIC) HAMILTONIAN FIELD THEORY

Covariant (polysymplectic) Hamiltonian field theory is the Hamiltonian counterpart of classical Lagrangian field theory. They are quasi-equivalent in the case of almost-regular Lagrangians. This work addresses Batalin–Vilkoviski (BV) quantization of polysymplectic Hamiltonian field theory. We compare BV quantizations of associated Lagrangian and polysymplectic Hamiltonian field systems in the case of almost-regular quadratic Lagrangians.
The on-farm impact of alternative grazing management options to improve sustainability in western Chinese grasslands

Chinese grasslands are suffering considerable pressures from human and livestock populations. It has been estimated that 90% of Chinese grasslands are suffering from light to heavy levels of degradation. Allied to this is the low household income of herders and farmers dependant upon livestock products for their livelihood. Although a range of reasons have been proposed for the high levels of grassland degradation, principal among these are the high stocking rates adopted by farmers. This not only results in high utilisation rates of the pasture biomass, leading to bare areas and soil erosion, but individual animal productivity rates also decline. This paper presents the results of a modelling study of a grassland system in Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in northern China. This shows that reducing stocking rates leads to not only an increase in livestock productivity, but whole-farm returns are also increased. From a sustainability perspective, the greater pasture biomass remaining on the grassland also reduces the incidence of soil erosion in the areas.
Computerized analysis of the likelihood of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules with use of artificial neural networks.

PURPOSE To develop a computer-aided diagnostic scheme by using an artificial neural network (ANN) to assist radiologists in the distinction of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-six chest radiographs of 34 primary lung cancers and 22 benign nodules were digitized with a 0.175-mm pixel size and a 10-bit gray scale. Eight subjective image features were evaluated and recorded by radiologists in each case. A computerized method was developed to extract objective features that could be correlated with the subjective features. An ANN was used to distinguish benign from malignant nodules on the basis of subjective or objective features. The performance of the ANN was compared with that of the radiologists by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS Performance of the ANN was considerably greater with objective features (area under the ROC curve, Az = 0.854) than with subjective features (Az = 0.761). Performance of the ANN was also greater than that of the radiologists (Az = 0.752). CONCLUSION The computerized scheme has the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of radiologists in the distinction of benign and malignant solitary pulmonary nodules.
PREPARED BY THE CALIFORNIA STATE LANDS COMMISSION, MARINE INVASIVE SPECIES PROGRAM

Purpose and Disclaimer This update provides information regarding the ability and availability of ballast water treatment systems to meet California " s performance standards for the discharge of ballast water. This update is produced by California State Lands Commission (Commission) staff as a follow-up to the legislatively mandated 2009 technology assessment report (see Dobroski et al. 2009). This update is not a mandated report and does not provide Commission-approved recommendations, nor does this update constitute an endorsement or approval of any treatment system or system manufacturer by the Commission. The Commission does not approve ballast water treatment systems. It is the responsibility of the vessel owner/operator to select treatment systems that will ensure that ballast water is discharged in compliance with all applicable laws, regulations and permits. The update is solely intended as a resource for stakeholders interested in ballast water treatment systems for use in California waters.
The Role of Metarepresentation in the Production and Resolution of Referring Expressions

In this paper we consider the potential role of metarepresentation—the representation of another representation, or as commonly considered within cognitive science, the mental representation of another individual's knowledge and beliefs—in mediating definite reference and common ground in conversation. Using dialogues from a referential communication study in which speakers conversed in succession with two different addressees, we highlight ways in which interlocutors work together to successfully refer to objects, and achieve shared conceptualizations. We briefly review accounts of how such shared conceptualizations could be represented in memory, from simple associations between label and referent, to “triple co-presence” representations that track interlocutors in an episode of referring, to more elaborate metarepresentations that invoke theory of mind, mutual knowledge, or a model of a conversational partner. We consider how some forms of metarepresentation, once created and activated, could account for definite reference in conversation by appealing to ordinary processes in memory. We conclude that any representations that capture information about others' perspectives are likely to be relatively simple and subject to the same kinds of constraints on attention and memory that influence other kinds of cognitive representations.
Reorganization of tropical climate during El Niño : A weak temperature gradient approach

Abstract The applicability of a weak temperature gradient (WTG) formulation for the reorganization of tropical climate during El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is investigated. This idealized dynamical framework solves for the divergent portion of the tropical circulation by assuming a spatially homogeneous perturbation temperature profile and a mass balance constraint applied over the tropical belt. An intermediate-level complexity model [the Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model (QTCM)] configured with the WTG assumptions is used to simulate El Nino conditions and is found to yield an appropriate level of tropospheric warming, a plausible pattern of precipitation anomalies in the tropical Pacific source region of El Nino, and a gross precipitation deficit over the Tropics outside the Pacific (hereafter the “remote Tropics”). Additional tests of the WTG framework with La Nina forcing conditions and enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations support its applicability. However, the ENSO respons.
Postdetection diversity receiver for DAPSK signals on the Rayleigh and Rician-fading channel

In this paper, the optimum decision boundaries for (N, M) differential amplitude phase-shift keying on the Rayleigh-fading channel are analyzed. A postdetection maximal ratio combining (MRC) and weighted maximal ratio combining (WMRC) diversity receivers are proposed. In the Rayleigh-fading channel, assuming a high signal-to-noise ratio and a small normalized Doppler frequency, the analytical optimum decision boundaries are obtained. In addition, it is shown that an outer optimum decision boundary is the inverse of the inner optimum decision boundary. In the proposed MRC receiver, the decision at each branch is made based on the minimum distance criterion. The performance of the MRC receiver is analyzed, in terms of the union bound for bit error probability. The proposed WMRC receiver assigns weighting factors to the decision variable at each branch, based on the optimum decision boundaries. The performance of the WMRC is investigated through computer simulation and compared with those of MRC and equal gain combining (EGC). From the results, the performances of MRC and WMRC are found to be better than those of the EGC receiver on both the Rayleigh- and Rician-fading channels. It is also found that the performance improvement of WMRC over MRC is more pronounced as the number of diversity branches increases.
Microgranular enclaves as indicators of hybridization processes in granitoid rocks, Hercynian Belt, Spain

Many Hercynian granitoids of calc-alkaline composition are characterized by the presence of microgranular enclaves of tonalite to diorite composition. Though some differences in size, shape, and relative abundance of the enclaves are observed between deep-seated, high-level, and subvolcanic plutons, there are considerable similarities in texture, grain size, and composition. In magma interaction zones where basic and silicic magmas mingled, enclaves were generated from the disruption, by convective flow, of synplutonic dykes of basic, fractionated, perhaps hybrid, magmas. Many enclaves can be interpreted as non-consolidated portions of basic magma in thermal equilibrium with the host granitoid. Under such condition, enclaves are easily disaggregated and mixed with the host granitoid, contributing to the hybridization of the latter. The process implies the development of special textures in both enclave and host granitoid, and may be tested by chemical variations and correlations, suggesting that the presence of enclaves, with these particular textures and compositions, may imply that a form of hybridization was involved in the genesis of the host granitoids.
R A ] 6 A pr 2 00 3 Two linear transformations each tridiagonal with respect to an eigenbasis of the other ; the TDD canonical form and the LB-UB canonical form ∗

Let K denote a field and let V denote a vector space over K with finite positive dimension. We consider an ordered pair of linear transformations A : V → V and B : V → V which satisfy both (i), (ii) below. (i) There exists a basis for V with respect to which the matrix representing A is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing B is diagonal. (ii) There exists a basis for V with respect to which the matrix representing A is diagonal and the matrix representing B is irreducible tridiagonal. We call such a pair a Leonard pair on V . We introduce two canonical forms for Leonard pairs. We call these the TD-D canonical form and the LB-UB canonical form. In the TD-D canonical form the Leonard pair is represented by an irreducible tridiagonal matrix and a diagonal matrix, subject to a certain normalization. In the LB-UB canonical form the Leonard pair is represented by a lower bidiagonal matrix and an upper bidiagonal matrix, subject to a certain normalization. We describe the two canonical forms in detail. As an application we obtain the following results. Given square matrices A, B over K, with A tridiagonal and B diagonal, we display a necessary and sufficient condition for A, B to represent a Leonard pair. Given square matrices A, B over K, with A lower bidiagonal and B upper bidiagonal, we display a necessary and sufficient condition for A, B to represent a Leonard pair. We briefly discuss how Leonard pairs correspond to the q-Racah polynomials and some related polynomials in the Askey scheme. We present some open problems concerning Leonard pairs.
Lightning activities on the Tibetan Plateau as observed by the lightning imaging sensor

[1] Lightning flash activities on the Tibetan Plateau are investigated using observations from the lightning imaging sensor. About 95% of the flashes are found to occur during May to September with a single peak in the summer from June to August. There is substantial lightning activity in May on the plateau, especially on the southern and eastern plateau. The diurnal variation of the lightning activity shows a prominent peak from 1500 to 1700 LT for most of the plateau with earlier activity on the eastern and southern plateau and a delay on the western, northern, and central plateau. Few lightning flashes are observed between 0000 and 1000 LT. The highest flash density is found in the grassland central plateau with a value of 4.5 flashes km−2 yr−1, while the minimum is found in the semiarid western plateau with a value of 1.5 flashes km−2 yr−1. The optical radiance of flashes fits a lognormal distribution. More energetic flashes are found on the mountainous eastern and northern plateau, and weaker flashes are found on the wet southern and semiarid western plateau. A nonlinear relationship between lightning activity and monthly averaged convective available potential energy (CAPE) is found. The flash number per CAPE on the Tibetan Plateau is much larger than it is for other regions with prominent lightning activity (but low altitude).
Perceived Impact of Dental Pain on the Quality of Life of Preschool Children and Their Families

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the perceived impact of dental caries and dental pain on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among preschool children and their families. A cross-sectional study was conduct with 843 preschool children in Campina Grande, Brazil. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire on socio-demographic information, their child’s general/oral health and history of dental pain. The Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale was administered to determine the perceived impact of caries and dental pain on OHRQoL. The children underwent an oral examination. Logistic regression for complex sample was used to determine associations between the dependent and independent variables (OR: Odds ratio, α = 5%). The independents variables that had a p-value <0.20 in the bivariate analysis were selected for the multivariate model. The prevalence of dental caries and dental pain was 66.3% and 9.4%, respectively. Order of birth of the child, being the middle child (OR: 10.107, 95%CI: 2.008-50.869) and youngest child (OR: 3.276, 95%CI: 1.048-10.284) and dental pain (OR: 84.477, 95%CI: 33.076-215.759) were significant predictors of the perceived impact on OHRQOL for children. Poor perception of oral health was significant predictor of the perceived impact on OHRQOL for family (OR=7.397, 95%CI: 2.190-24.987). Dental caries was not associated with a perceived impact on the ORHQoL of either the children or their families. However, order of child birth and dental pain were indicators of impact of OHRQoL on preschool children and poor perception of oral health was indicators of impact on families.
Making the Most of the Revolving Door: The Impact of Outward Personnel Mobility Networks on Organizational Creativity

We examine the impact of key personnel's loss to competition on their former employers' creative performance. Using archival data on the career histories of designers and the creative performance of their fashion houses between 2000 and 2010, we find that a house's outward centrality in the network of personnel mobility-resulting from personnel departures-has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the house's creative performance. This relationship is moderated by the house's inward centrality in a network of personnel mobility stemming from hiring competitors' employees, the tenure of its creative directors, the accomplishments of these directors, and the house's status. Our results suggest that organizations can enhance their creativity by relying on ideas obtained through relationships with their former employees long after these employees left to work for the competition. However, this effect is contingent upon characteristics of the organization that may be associated with its capacity to absorb these ideas and its ability to signal legitimacy of the resulting output to the external audiences.
Crafting a multi-task CNN for viewpoint estimation

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were recently shown to provide state-of-the- art results for object category viewpoint estimation. However different ways of formulat- ing this problem have been proposed and the competing approaches have been explored with very different design choices. This paper presents a comparison of these approaches in a unified setting as well as a detailed analysis of the key factors that impact perfor- mance. Followingly, we present a new joint training method with the detection task and demonstrate its benefit. We also highlight the superiority of classification approaches over regression approaches, quantify the benefits of deeper architectures and extended training data, and demonstrate that synthetic data is beneficial even when using ImageNet training data. By combining all these elements, we demonstrate an improvement of ap- proximately 5% mAVP over previous state-of-the-art results on the Pascal3D+ dataset [28]. In particular for their most challenging 24 view classification task we improve the results from 31.1% to 36.1% mAVP.