Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selective State Retention Power Gating Based on Formal Verification

This work is aimed to reduce the area and power consumption in low-power VLSI design. A new selective approach for State Retention Power Gating (SRPG) based on Module Checking formal verification techniques is presented, and so-called Selective SRPG (SSRPG). The proposed approach is applied in order to minimize the number of retention flip flops required for state retention during sleep mode. The proposed technique automatically selects a reduced set of retention flip flops which include only the indispensable flip flops required for a proper state recovery using some unique criteria. The criteria are represented as a set of formal properties using propositional formulas to analyze the flip-flop's input equations. Those properties are expressed in temporal logic formalism, specifically, in Computation Tree Logic (CTL). The extraction of the essential retention flip flops is carried out using common formal verification techniques. This work suggests an efficient alternative to the conventional SRPG and PG techniques. The proposed approach has been applied to a practical design with about 3000 FFs. The results demonstrate a saving factor of about 80% comparing to SRPG and thus reducing area, static power consumption and synthesis tool convergence run time. This leads to significant potential area reduction of up to 10% of the total chip area and similar energy impact. Other few published related SSRPG techniques require either exhaustive simulations or impractical design representation, and are not aimed to classify a specific flip flop in a given physical design. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time common Formal Verification Tools are used for applying a Selective SRPG approach.
Lifespan depends on month of birth

Month of birth influences adult life expectancy at ages 50+. Why? In two countries of the Northern Hemisphere–Austria and Denmark–people born in autumn (October–December) live longer than those born in spring (April–June). Data for Australia show that, in the Southern Hemisphere, the pattern is shifted by half a year. The lifespan pattern of British immigrants to Australia is similar to that of Austrians and Danes and significantly different from that of Australians. These findings are based on population data with more than a million observations and little or no selectivity. The differences in lifespan are independent of the seasonal distribution of deaths and the social differences in the seasonal distribution of births. In the Northern Hemisphere, the excess mortality in the first year of life of infants born in spring does not support the explanation of selective infant survival. Instead, remaining life expectancy at age 50 appears to depend on factors that arise in utero or early in infancy and that increase susceptibility to diseases later in life. This result is consistent with the finding that, at the turn of the last century, infants born in autumn had higher birth weights than those born in other seasons. Furthermore, differences in adult lifespan by month of birth decrease over time and are significantly smaller in more recent cohorts, which benefited from substantial improvements in maternal and infant health.
Purification of the Cucumber Necrosis Virus Replicase from Yeast Cells: Role of Coexpressed Viral RNA in Stimulation of Replicase Activity

ABSTRACT Purified recombinant viral replicases are useful for studying the mechanism of viral RNA replication in vitro. In this work, we obtained a highly active template-dependent replicase complex for Cucumber necrosis tombusvirus (CNV), which is a plus-stranded RNA virus, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant CNV replicase showed properties similar to those of the plant-derived CNV replicase (P. D. Nagy and J. Pogany, Virology 276:279-288, 2000), including the ability (i) to initiate cRNA synthesis de novo on both plus- and minus-stranded templates, (ii) to generate replicase products that are shorter than full length by internal initiation, and (iii) to perform primer extension from the 3′ end of the template. We also found that isolation of functional replicase required the coexpression of the CNV p92 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the auxiliary p33 protein in yeast. Moreover, coexpression of a viral RNA template with the replicase proteins in yeast increased the activity of the purified CNV replicase by 40-fold, suggesting that the viral RNA might promote the assembly of the replicase complex and/or that the RNA increases the stability of the replicase. In summary, this paper reports the first purified recombinant tombusvirus replicase showing high activity and template dependence, a finding that will greatly facilitate future studies on RNA replication in vitro.
Performance improvement of implicit integral robot force control through constraint-based optimization

Classical control approaches to robot force control have been extensively addressed by research in the last decades and are now considered a paradigm when dealing with force control for industrial robots. With this respect, the present paper exploits the capability of state-of-the-art Quadratic Programming (QP) solvers to specify a simple and intuitive constraint-based optimization strategy aiming at improving closed-loop performance of a classical force controller, such as the implicit force control with pure integral action for a position-controlled manipulator in contact with a compliant environment. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is experimentally validated on an industrial robot equipped with a force sensor.
The Reconstitution of Privilege: Integration in Former White Schools in South Africa

This article draws upon ongoing school-based work to examine the nature of the integration process in South African schools, and its significance for redrawing the lines of privilege and subordination in South Africa. Focusing on former White schools, the article argues that an asymmetry continues to exist in the contact that takes place between White and Black. The essential impetus of this asymmetry is to produce practices of cultural assimilation in which Black people are required to give up their own aesthetics and cultural practices in favor of those of the dominant middle-class and White community into which they step. However, significantly more complex identity formations are emerging out of these developments.
A logic-based framework for attribute based access control

Attribute based access control (ABAC) grants accesses to services based on the attributes possessed by the requester. Thus, ABAC differs from the traditional discretionary access control model by replacing the <i>subject</i> by a set of attributes and the <i>object</i> by a set of services in the access control matrix. The former is appropriate in an identity-less system like the Internet where subjects are identified by their characteristics, such as those substantiated by certificates. These can be modeled as attribute sets. The latter is appropriate because most Internet users are not privy to method names residing on remote servers. These can be modeled as sets of service options. We present a framework that models this aspect of access control using logic programming with set constraints of a computable set theory [DPPR00]. Our framework specifies policies as stratified constraint flounder-free logic programs that admit primitive recursion. The design of the policy specification framework ensures that they are consistent and complete. Our ABAC policies can be transformed to ensure faster runtimes.
Neuronal activity in the isolated mouse spinal cord during spontaneous deletions in fictive locomotion: insights into locomotor central pattern generator organization

• The organization of the spinal circuitry responsible for the generation of locomotor rhythm and control of locomotion in mammals is largely unknown, though several types of spinal interneurons involved in the rodent locomotor network have been identified. • Ventral root recordings of spinal motoneurons during fictive locomotion in the isolated mouse spinal cord show spontaneous deletions of activity. The majority of deletions in the isolated neonatal mouse spinal cord are non‐resetting: they do not change the phase of subsequent motor cycles. Flexor and extensor motoneurons express asymmetric responses during deletions: flexor deletions are accompanied by tonic ipsilateral extensor activity, while extensor deletions do not perturb rhythmic ipsilateral flexor activity. Non‐resetting deletions on one side of the cord do not perturb rhythmic activity on the other side of the cord and can occur in isolated hemicords. • We have characterized the activity of motoneurons and identified interneurons during spontaneous motor deletions. The motoneurons and a subset of V2a interneurons fall silent during non‐resetting motor deletions while a second subset of V2a interneurons and commissural interneurons continue unperturbed rhythmic firing. This allowed us to suggest their involvement at different levels of the locomotor network operation. • We have developed a computational model of the central pattern generator that reproduces, and proposes a mechanistic explanation for, our experimental results. The model provides novel insights into the organization of spinal locomotor networks.
Soil Mechanics of High Speed Rail Tracks

As high speed rail is becoming increasingly popular around the globe, alignments are being forced onto marginal land due to land costs and the requirement for straight tracks. Rail foundations spread the applied wheel loads to prevent damage to the underlying in-situ soil upon which tracks are built. Designs which cannot sustain the resulting stresses will cause serviceability issues and will require overhaul, disrupting services and costing heavily. The project investigates such problems and is computational in nature, employing Imperial College’s Finite Element Program (ICFEP) for a parametric study. Increasing ballast layer thickness has been shown to decrease both deflection under load and cause less strain in the subgrade, thus improving performance and design life. It has also been shown crushed rock ballast may be replaced by cheap, sustainable sandy sub-ballast. The study shows despite the additive effect of many wheel impulses, track movements are smaller at higher speeds.
Clinical dimensions of anticipatory mourning: Theory and practice in working with the dying, their loved ones, and their caregivers.

Dr. Therese Rando is joined by 17 contributing authors to present the most comprehensive resource available on the perspectives, issues, interventions, and changing views associated with anticipatory mourning.Content HighlightsIntroductionPart I Knowledge and Theory -- A Review and Critique of the Literature; The Six Dimensions of Anticipatory Mourning; Re-Creating Meaning in the Face of Illness; The Transition to Loving in Absence; The Transition of Fading Away; On the Experience of Traumatic Stress; Coping with Dying: Similarities, Differences, and Suggested Guidelines for Helpers; Denial and the Limits of Anticipatory Mourning; Towards an Appropriate DeathPart II Anticipatory Mourning from Different Perspectives -- Grief in Dying Persons; Promoting Healthy Anticipatory Mourning in Intimates of the Life-Threatened or Dying Person; Challenges for Professional and Volunteer CaregiversPart III Specific and Applied Cases -- Anticipatory Mourning and Prenatal Diagnosis; Dealing with Chronic/Terminal Illness or Disability of a Child; Anticipatory Mourning in HIV/ AIDS; Mourning Psychosocial Loss: Alzheimers, ALS, and Irreversible Coma; Advance Directives; Organ Donation; The Human-Animal Bond
Balloon atrial septostomy for total anomalous pulmonary venous return.

During the 2-year period July I970 to July I972, balloon atrial septostomy was performed in I2 patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous return, ranging in age from 4 days to I year, and in weight from 2 27 to 6 8o kg. After septostomy, 9 of the I2 patients were improved both clinically and haemodynamically. Of these 9 patients, I died inexplicably I week after the septostomy. In the remaining 8 patients, improvement was maintained during follow-up ranging from 7 months to 2 years. Repeat cardiac catheterization in 4 patients documented continued haemodynamic improvement. Of the I2 patients, 3 were not helped by the septostomy and required operation within a few days. In 2 of these infants, the opening created by the septostomy was found at operation to be too small to have been considered beneficial, yet both of these patients had had less than a i mmHg mean atrial pressure gradient before septostomy. The third patient, who had infradiaphragmatic return, had a large interatrial communication confirmed at operation. Based on the results achieved in these patients, balloon atrial septostomy is now recommended at the time of the initial cardiac catheterization in all infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous return. The procedure is less likely to be successful in infants over 3 months of age, and in those with infradiaphragmatic pulmonary venous return. The haemodynamic improvement obtained by successful septostomy in the young infant should allow delay of operation until a more optimal age.
Aerobic endurance testing of children and adolescents—a comparison of two treadmill‐protocols

Fifty‐eight children and adolescents of both sexes, aged 8–16, were tested on a treadmill using two different protocols. The well‐known Bruce‐protocol has the disadvantages of steep incline and large increments at each step. A new protocol (Oslo‐protocol) with less incline and smaller increments was compared to the Bruce‐protocol. The results from the two protocols showed no differences with regard to peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) or peak heart rate (HRpeak). However, the respiratory exchange ratio (R) and blood lactate concentration [La−] showed higher values when the Bruce‐protocol was used. The study also indicated that the often used criteria of HRpeak, R and achievement of a plateau in VO2 to estimate VO2peak, were not reliable indicators in either protocol. When time to exhaustion was used as an estimation of aerobic endurance level, the Oslo‐protocol discriminated better than the Bruce‐protocol. As a conclusion, the results indicate that none of the criteria may be used as a reliable indicator of having achieved VO2peak. An experienced testleader may be essential to define when VO2peak has been reached in children. On the basis of the results from the current study, the Oslo‐protocol seems suitable as a test‐protocol when testing children and adolescents for VO2peak.
Childhood Psychological Maltreatment and Quality of Marriage

Abstract This study examined the role of adult psychological distress in mediating associations between childhood psychological maltreatment and marital satisfaction in a sample of 65 newlywed couples. Results indicated that a significant linkage between psychological maltreatment (including emotional abuse and emotional neglect) and marital satisfaction was eliminated when accounting for global psychological distress, hostility, and depression in the overall sample. These findings were moderated by gender, such that for men, the long-term correlates of emotional abuse were mediated by broad psychological distress and paranoia. Conversely, for women, relations between emotional abuse and emotional neglect and later marital satisfaction were mediated by obsessive-compulsive tendencies and hostility. The implications of these results for future research and clinical work will be discussed.
Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.

BACKGROUND Conous infusions of sedative drugs in the intensive care unit may prolong the duration of mechanical ventilation, prolong the length of stay in the intensive care unit and the hospital, impede efforts to perform daily neurologic examinations, and increase the need for tests to assess alterations in mental status. Whether regular interruption of such infusions might accelerate recovery is not known. METHODS We conducted a randomized, controlled trial involving 128 adult patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation and continuous infusions of sedative drugs in a medical intensive care unit. In the intervention group, the sedative infusions were interrupted until the patients were awake, on a daily basis; in the control group, the infusions were interrupted only at the discretion of the clinicians in the intensive care unit. RESULTS The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 4.9 days in the intervention group, as compared with 7.3 days in the control group (P=0.004), and the median length of stay in the intensive care unit was 6.4 days as compared with 9.9 days, respectively (P=0.02). Six of the patients in the intervention group (9 percent) underwent diagnostic testing to assess changes in mental status, as compared with 16 of the patients in the control group (27 percent, P=0.02). Complications (e.g., removal of the endotracheal tube by the patient) occurred in three of the patients in the intervention group (4 percent) and four of the patients in the control group (7 percent, P=0.88). CONCLUSIONS In patients who are receiving mechanical ventilation, daily interruption of sedative-drug infusions decreases the duration of mechanical ventilation and the length of stay in the intensive care unit.
Cultural psychology: The culture of acquisition and the practice of understanding

When I began research on craft apprenticeship among Vai and Gola tailors in Liberia 15 years ago, the community of scholars who worked on cross-cultural comparative studies of education and cognitive development had definite opinions about “informal education. ” Learning through apprenticeship was assumed to be concrete, context-embedded, intuitive, limited in the scope of its application, mechanical, rote, imitative, not creative or innovative – and out of date. Views have changed. There is considerable interest, currently, in situated learning, embodied knowledge, and the mutual constitution of the person and the lived-in world. The math-learning research community, which certainly claims a stake in debates about crucial forms of thinking and knowing, has begun to explore apprenticeship learning, or “the new cognitive apprenticeship. ” By this they mean that it might be possible to learn math by doing what mathematicians do , by engaging in the structure-finding activities and mathematical argumentation typical of good mathematical practice (e.g., Brown, Collins, and Newman, in press; Schoenfeld, 1985). They emphasize the situated character of problem-solving activity while focusing on learning in doing. There is agreement, then, about the situated character of learning and knowing in apprenticeship, while the significance of this fact has become subject to quite different valuation over time. Indeed, those same math-learning researchers are likely to describe conventional school math learning as the all too mechanical transmission of a collection of facts to be learned by rote, a process devoid of creative contributions by the learner.
Adaptive Sliding Mode Control With Perturbation Estimation and PID Sliding Surface for Motion Tracking of a Piezo-Driven Micromanipulator

This paper proposes an improved sliding mode control with perturbation estimation (SMCPE) featuring a PID-type sliding surface and adaptive gains for the motion tracking control of a micromanipulator system with piezoelectric actuation. One advantage of the proposed controller lies in that its implementation only requires the online estimation of perturbation and control gains without acquiring the knowledge of bounds on system uncertainties. The dynamic model of the system with Bouc-Wen hysteresis is established and identified through particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach, and the controller is designed based on Lyapunov stability analysis. A high-gain observer is adopted to estimate the full state from the only measurable position information. Experimental results demonstrate that the performance of proposed controller is superior to that of conventional SMCPE in both set-point regulation and motion tracking control. Moreover, a submicron accuracy tracking and contouring is achieved by the micromanipulator with dominant hysteresis compensated for a low magnitude level, which validates the feasibility of the proposed controller in the field of micro/nano scale manipulation as well.
Zhang Neural Network for Online Solution of Time-Varying Linear Matrix Inequality Aided With an Equality Conversion

In this paper, for online solution of time-varying linear matrix inequality (LMI), such an LMI is first converted to a time-varying matrix equation by introducing a time-varying matrix, of which each element is greater than or equal to zero. Then, by employing Zhang 's neural dynamic method, a special recurrent neural network termed Zhang neural network (ZNN) is proposed and investigated for solving online the converted time-varying matrix equation as well as the time-varying LMI. Such a ZNN model showed in an explicit dynamics exploits the time-derivative information of time-varying coefficients. In addition, theoretical analysis and results of the proposed ZNN model are discussed and presented to show its excellent performance on solving the time-varying LMI. Computer simulation results further demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed ZNN model for online solution of the time-varying LMI and the converted time-varying matrix equation.
Hsf1 Activation Inhibits Rapamycin Resistance and TOR Signaling in Yeast Revealed by Combined Proteomic and Genetic Analysis

TOR kinases integrate environmental and nutritional signals to regulate cell growth in eukaryotic organisms. Here, we describe results from a study combining quantitative proteomics and comparative expression analysis in the budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, to gain insights into TOR function and regulation. We profiled protein abundance changes under conditions of TOR inhibition by rapamycin treatment, and compared this data to existing expression information for corresponding gene products measured under a variety of conditions in yeast. Among proteins showing abundance changes upon rapamycin treatment, almost 90% of them demonstrated homodirectional (i.e., in similar direction) transcriptomic changes under conditions of heat/oxidative stress. Because the known downstream responses regulated by Tor1/2 did not fully explain the extent of overlap between these two conditions, we tested for novel connections between the major regulators of heat/oxidative stress response and the TOR pathway. Specifically, we hypothesized that activation of regulator(s) of heat/oxidative stress responses phenocopied TOR inhibition and sought to identify these putative TOR inhibitor(s). Among the stress regulators tested, we found that cells (hsf1-R206S, F256S and ssa1-3 ssa2-2) constitutively activated for heat shock transcription factor 1, Hsf1, inhibited rapamycin resistance. Further analysis of the hsf1-R206S, F256S allele revealed that these cells also displayed multiple phenotypes consistent with reduced TOR signaling. Among the multiple Hsf1 targets elevated in hsf1-R206S, F256S cells, deletion of PIR3 and YRO2 suppressed the TOR-regulated phenotypes. In contrast to our observations in cells activated for Hsf1, constitutive activation of other regulators of heat/oxidative stress responses, such as Msn2/4 and Hyr1, did not inhibit TOR signaling. Thus, we propose that activated Hsf1 inhibits rapamycin resistance and TOR signaling via elevated expression of specific target genes in S. cerevisiae. Additionally, these results highlight the value of comparative expression analyses between large-scale proteomic and transcriptomic datasets to reveal new regulatory connections.