Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of return at multiple locations and its impact on visual search

Previous research has shown that when attention is directed sequentially to multiple locations, inhibition of return (IOR) can be observed at each location, with a larger magnitude of IOR at the more recently attended locations. In the present study we asked whether this “multiple IOR” effect influences search only for simple feature targets, as has been shown in the past, or whether it generalizes to more complex, attentionally demanding conjunction search situations. The results demonstrated that IOR effects (1) occur for more complex conjunction search environments, (2) are larger for the attentionally demanding conjunction search, and (3) occur at more locations for conjunction search than feature search. Together these data provide a clear demonstration of the robustness and responsiveness of the IOR effect across search situations—which is precisely what is expected of a phenomenon posited to facilitate efficient visual search of real-world environments. Nevertheless, these data do not firmly establish that IOR effects established by the cueing paradigm before search is implemented are the same as the IOR effects that are assumed to be established during search itself. We suggest that this disconnection between paradigms highlights a fundamental limitation of laboratory-based research.
Increased bone mineral density according to increase of skeletal muscle mass in 534 Korean women: A retrospective cohort study conducted over 2.7 years

Objective To determine the impact of the changes in the amount of abdominal fat, directly measured by computed tomography, body composition, and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors on the bone mineral density (BMD) of Korean women. Methods A retrospective cohort study involving 534 Korean women aged 29 to 78 years, who had undergone both dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal adipose tissue analysis by computed tomography scan more than twice between January 2004 and December 2010. The changes in the BMD values were examined in association with the changes in fat amount, body composition parameters, and risk factors of MetS. Results On cross sectional analysis, there was a significant positive correlation between femoral BMD and total abdominal fat amount at the initial visit. However, the correlation disappeared when the impact of change of the fat amount on the change in BMD was analyzed over the study period. When the MetS and body composition parameters were analyzed, a significantly positive correlation was found between skeletal muscle mass and BMD. There was no significant relationship between the MetS risk factors or other body composition parameters and BMD throughout the study period after adjusting for age (time interval). Conclusion Among body composition parameters, only increased skeletal muscle mass had a positive correlation with increased BMD over the study period of 2.7 years.
Risperidone Decreases Craving and Relapses in Individuals with Schizophrenia and Cocaine Dependence

Objective: To examine the efficacy of atypical neuroleptics for decreasing craving and drug relapses during protracted withdrawal in individuals dually diagnosed with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence. Method: We conducted a 6-week, open-label pilot study comparing risperidone with typical neuroleptics in a sample of withdrawn cocaine-dependent schizophrenia patients. Results: Preliminary results suggest that individuals treated with risperidone had significantly less cue-elicited craving and substance abuse relapses at study completion. Further, they showed a trend toward a greater reduction in negative and global symptoms of schizophrenia. Conclusion: Atypical neuroleptics may help reduce craving and relapses in this population. Future research should include more rigorous double-blind placebo-controlled studies with this class of medications.
Learning lessons from sunk costs

Study participants rated the quality of several arguments for continuing an original plan in sunk cost situations in order to (a) avoid wasting resources, (b) learn to make better decisions, (c) punish poor decision making, and (d) appear consistent. The lesson-learning argument was perceived as most appropriate when adult teachers taught lessons to others, the original decision was carelessly made, or if it consumed comparatively more resources. Ratings of the lesson-learning argument were higher for teacher-learner than for adult-alone situations, regardless of whether the learner was a child or an adult. The implications for improving decision making and judging whether the sunk cost effect is a bias are discussed.
Anti-Americanism in Europe: Theoretical Mechanisms and Empirical Evidence

One of the most popular explanations for post-9/11 anti-Americanism argues that resentment against America and Americans is mainly a function of the US government’s unpopular actions. The present article challenges this interpretation: first, it argues that neither the vitality of the resentment in times when the United States had no influence in the respective parts of the world nor its recent radical manifestations are accounted for in a political reductionist framework. In fact, specific traditions of anti-Americanism have an influence on the negative attitudes observed today, as a comparison between Britain, France, Germany, and Poland reveals. Second, this article suggests an alternative theoretical approach. Anti-Americanism can be explained by two basic mechanisms: it functions as a strategy to project denied and disliked self-concepts onto an external object, and it offers an interpretation frame for complex social processes that allows to reduce cognitive dissonance. Multivariate analyses based on empirical data collected in the Pew surveys of 2002 and 2007 show the fruitfulness of our theoretical approach.
Vitamin D deficiency is common and is associated with overweight in Mexican children aged 1–11 years

Abstract Objective To assess vitamin D dietary sources, intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and their association with individual and sociodemographic characteristics in Mexican children. Design Data obtained from 2695 children aged 1–11 years from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (2012) were analysed. Diet was assessed by a 141-item FFQ. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D was measured by a chemiluminescent assay. Results Mean vitamin D intake was 3·38 (se 0·09) µg/d (135·2 (se 3·6) IU/d) among pre-school children and 2·85 (se 0·06) µg/d (114·0 (se 2·4) IU/d) in school-age children. Milk accounted for 64·4 % of vitamin D intake in pre-school children and 54·7 % in school-age children. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<50 nmol/l) was 25·9 % in pre-schoolers and 36·6 % in school-age children. Overweight/obese school-age children had a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency compared with normal-weight children (OR=2·23; 95 % CI 1·36, 3·66; P<0·05). Conclusions Vitamin D intakes are low in Mexican children, and milk is the main source of the vitamin. Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with overweight in school-age children.
Captured Macro-embolus of Fractured Atheromatous Plaque by the Embolic Protection Device during Carotid Stent Assisted Angioplasty

The authors present a case in which macro-embolus from the ruptured atheromatous plaque developed during carotid artery stenting (CAS). A 63-year-old man who had suffered a left middle cerebral artery territory infarction had significant proximal left internal carotid artery stenosis required CAS procedure. Immediate after stent deployment, the patient showed abrupt neurological deterioration with 12 × 3 mm sized macro-embolus which was caught by the embolus protection device (EPD). Retrieval of the macro-embolus was performed safely and the patient recovered to pre-procedure status. Macro-embolus can be resulted during the CAS. The EPD can capture the macro-embolus and safe removal is technically feasible.
Differential contributions of majority and minority influence

In most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of “prevailing. ” Within this context, evidence exists that majorities exert more public influence and that minority influence, when it occurs, tends to operate primarily at the latent level. In the present formulation, it is proposed that the differences between majority and minority influence are in fact more extensive once influence is considered in a broader context. In particular, it is proposed that exposure to persistent minority views fosters greater thought about the issue. Furthermore, this thought tends to be divergent rather than convergent, and as a result, people tend to be better decision makers because they attend to more aspects of the situation and reexamine premises. By contrast, it is proposed that exposure to persistent majority views fosters convergent thinking and leads to an unreflective acceptance of the majority position. Three experimental studies are reported that directly test some of the propositions, and the formulation is linked to available knowledge in the areas of social cognition, creativity, and problem solving both at the individual and group levels. Finally, some practical implications of this formulation for small group decision making and for society at large are offered.
INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE ESTIMATION OF A THRESHOLD MODEL MEHMET CANER

Threshold models (sample splitting models) have wide application in economics. Existing estimation methods are confined to regression models, which require that all right-hand-side variables are exogenous. This paper considers a model with endogenous variables but an exogenous threshold variable. We develop a twostage least squares estimator of the threshold parameter and a generalized method of moments estimator of the slope parameters. We show that these estimators are consistent, and we derive the asymptotic distribution of the estimators. The threshold estimate has the same distribution as for the regression case (Hansen, 2000, Econometrica 68, 575-603), with a different scale. The slope parameter estimates are asymptotically normal with conventional covariance matrices. We investigate our distribution theory with a Monte Carlo simulation that indicates the applicability of the methods.
Discordance Between Self-report of Physician Diagnosis and Administrative Database Diagnosis of Arthritis and Its Predictors

Objective. To study predictors of discordance between self-reported physician diagnosis and administrative database diagnosis of arthritis. Methods. A cohort of all veterans who utilized Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN)-13 medical facilities were mailed a questionnaire that included patient self-report of physician diagnosis of arthritis and questions regarding demographics, functional limitation, and SF-36V (a validated version of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36). Kappa coefficient was used to assess the extent of agreement between self-report of physician diagnosis and administrative database definitions that incorporated International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes and use of medications for arthritis. We identified predictors of overall discordance between self-report and administrative database diagnosis using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results. Among 70,334 eligible veterans surveyed, 19,749 subjects had an ICD diagnosis of arthritis in the administrative database in the year prior to the survey; 34,440 answered the arthritis question and 18,464 self-reported a physician diagnosis of arthritis. Kappa coefficient showed slight to fair agreement of 0.19–0.32 between self-report and administrative database definitions of arthritis. We found significantly higher overall discordance among veterans with more comorbidities, greater age, worse functional status, lower use of outpatient and inpatient services, lower education level, and among single medical-site users. Conclusion. Low level of agreement between self-report and database diagnosis of arthritis and its significant association with patient demographic, clinical, and functional characteristics highlights the limitation of use of these strategies for identification of patients with arthritis in epidemiological studies.
Childhood abuse and psychosis; a critical review of the literature

Childhood trauma has long been recognised as a potential cause for a range of affective mental health problems arising in adulthood. Only in recent years has the association between childhood abuse and psychosis begun to be investigated. This paper provides a critical review of the literature addressing the relationship between childhood abuse and psychosis. Implications for practitioners are discussed, including practice, policy, treatment and child protection issues. A significant proportion of people develop psychosis in adulthood following all types of childhood abuse, including people diagnosed with schizophrenia, major depressive disorders, dissociative identity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Evidence suggests the possibility of a causal relationship between childhood abuse and psychosis in adulthood. Mental health nurses are ideally placed to offer help, care and support to those individuals who experience psychosis by acknowledging and listening to their life events, including experiences of childhood abuse.
Developing a head for energy sensing: AMP‐activated protein kinase as a multifunctional metabolic sensor in the brain

The 5′‐adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic and stress sensor that has been functionally conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. Activation of the AMPK system by various physiological or pathological stimuli that deplete cellular energy levels promotes activation of energy restorative processes and inhibits energy consumptive processes. AMPK has a prominent role not only as a peripheral sensor of energy balance, but also in the CNS as a multifunctional metabolic sensor. Recent work suggests that AMPK plays an important role in maintaining whole body energy balance by coordinating feeding behaviour through the hypothalamus in conjunction with peripheral energy expenditure. In addition, brain AMPK is activated by energy‐poor conditions induced by hypoxia, starvation, and ischaemic stroke. Under these conditions, AMPK is activated as a protective response in an attempt to restore cellular homeostasis. However in vivo, it appears that the overall consequence of activation of AMPK is more complex than previously imagined, in that over‐activation may be deleterious rather than neuroprotective. This review discusses recent findings that support the role of AMPK in brain as a multidimensional energy sensor and the consequences of its activation or inhibition under physiological and pathological states.
Effect of chest X-rays on the risk of breast cancer among BRCA1/2 mutation carriers in the international BRCA1/2 carrier cohort study: a report from the EMBRACE, GENEPSO, GEO-HEBON, and IBCCS Collaborators' Group.

PURPOSE Women who carry germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are at greatly increased risk of breast cancer (BC). Numerous studies have shown that moderate to high doses of ionizing radiation are a risk factor for BC. Because of the role of the BRCA proteins in DNA repair, we hypothesized that BRCA carriers might be more sensitive to ionizing radiation than women in the general population. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study of 1,601 female BRCA1/2 carriers was performed. Risk of breast cancer from exposure to chest x-rays, as assessed by questionnaire data, was analyzed using a weighted Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS In this cohort, any reported exposure to chest x-rays was associated with an increased risk of BC (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.54; P = .007). This risk was increased in carrier women aged 40 years and younger (HR = 1.97; P < .001) and in women born after 1949 (HR = 2.56; P < .001), particularly those exposed only before the age of 20 years (HR = 4.64; P < .001). CONCLUSION In our series of BRCA carriers, we detected a relatively large effect on BC risk with a level of radiation exposure that is at least an order of magnitude lower than in previously studied medical radiation-exposed cohorts. Although part of this increase may be attributable to recall bias, the observed patterns of risk in terms of age at exposure and attained age are consistent with those found in previous studies. If confirmed, the results have important implications for the use of x-ray imaging in young BRCA1/2 carriers.
Micro-Level Studies of Violence in Civil War: Refining and Extending the Control-Collaboration Model

The article reviews recent advances in the study of violence in civil wars. It provides a brief description of the baseline “control-collaboration” model, discusses alternatives to it, and reviews recent empirical studies that supply additions, corrections, extensions, and refinements to the baseline model. It highlights some of the assumptions that can be relaxed based on this new research, including the following ones: that in civil war context information is produced exclusively or even primarily by civilian denunciations at the local level; that violence is only used to deter civilian defection; that conflict is always locally dyadic; and that rival factions are organizationally indistinct from each other and resort to similar repertoires of violence. These refinements and extensions have the potential to produce a novel set of predictions that can be tested against both existing and new data. The essay notes the dynamism of this research program and recommends two steps for future research. First, it recommends moving to a higher-level, empirical and theoretical synthesis, by relying on the growing corpus of empirical studies and exploring scope conditions in a much more systematic way than was possible previously. Second, it recommends scaling up the findings of micro-level, subnational studies to the meso and macro-levels, by deriving novel empirical implications and testing them.
A diffusion tensor-based finite element model of microdialysis in the deep brain

Microdialysis of the basal ganglia was recently used to study neurotransmitter levels in relation to deep brain stimulation. In order to estimate the anatomical origin of the obtained data, the maximum tissue volume of influence (TVImax) for a microdialysis catheter was simulated using the finite element method. This study investigates the impact of brain heterogeneity and anisotropy on the TVImax using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to create a second-order tensor model of the basal ganglia. Descriptive statistics showed that the maximum migration distance for neurotransmitters varied by up to 55% (n = 98,444) for DTI-based simulations compared with an isotropic reference model, and the anisotropy differed between different targets in accordance with theory. The size of the TVImax was relevant in relation to the size of the anatomical structures of interest, and local tissue properties should be accounted for when relating microdialysis data to their anatomical targets.
Data fusion for multi-lesion Diabetic Retinopathy detection

Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) with timely treatment prevents blindness. Several researchers have focused their work on the development of computer-aided lesion-specific detectors. Combining detectors is a complex task as frequently the detectors have different properties and constraints and are not designed under a unified framework. We extend our previous work for detecting DR lesions based on points of interest and visual words to include additional detectors for the most common DR lesions and investigate fusion techniques to combine different classifiers for classification of normal or signs of diabetic retinopathy. The combination methods show promising results and shed light on the possible advantages of combining complementary lesion detectors for the DR diagnosis problem.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence for Abnormalities in Response Selection in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Differences in Activation Associated with Response Inhibition but Not Habitual Motor Response

Impaired response inhibition is thought to be a core deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Prior imaging studies investigating response inhibition in children with ADHD have used tasks involving different cognitive resources, thereby complicating the interpretation of their findings. In this study, a classical go/no-go task with a well-ingrained stimulus-response association (green = go; red = no-go) was used in order to minimize extraneous cognitive demands. Twenty-five children with ADHD and 25 typically developing (TD) children between the ages of 8 and 13 years and group-matched for IQ and performance on the go/no-go task were studied using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Analyses were used to examine differences in activation between the ADHD and TD groups for go (habitual motor response) and no-go (requiring inhibition of the motor response) events. Region-of-interest analyses revealed no between-group difference in activation in association with go events. For no-go events, the children with ADHD demonstrated significantly less activation than did TD controls within a network important for inhibiting a motor response to a visual stimulus, with frontal differences localized to the pre-supplementary motor area. Although blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI data show no differences between children with ADHD and TD children in association with a habituated motor go response, during no-go events, which require selecting not to respond, children with ADHD show diminished recruitment of networks important for response inhibition. The findings suggest that abnormalities in circuits important for motor response selection contribute to deficits in response inhibition in children with ADHD and lend support to the growing awareness of ADHD-associated anomalies in medial frontal regions important for the control of voluntary actions.
A Fast Stochastic Contact Model for Planar Pushing and Grasping: Theory and Experimental Validation

Based on the convex force-motion polynomial model for quasi-static sliding, we derive the kinematic contact model to determine the contact modes and instantaneous object motion on a supporting surface given a position controlled manipulator. The inherently stochastic object-to-surface friction distribution is modelled by sampling physically consistent parameters from appropriate distributions, with only one parameter to control the amount of noise. Thanks to the high fidelity and smoothness of convex polynomial models, the mechanics of patch contact is captured while being computationally efficient without mode selection at support points. The motion equations for both single and multiple frictional contacts are given. Simulation based on the model is validated with robotic pushing and grasping experiments.
The Development of Flexibility and Abstraction in Preschool Children

This study examined the development of flexibility and abstraction in preschool children by using a newly designed Pattern Completion Task (PCT) and the Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST). In the PCT, children were presented with an incomplete pattern consisting of different-colored shapes and were asked to select the colored shape that appropriately completed the pattern. In the FIST, children were presented with three cards, each depicting items that could vary in terms of shape, size, color, and number. Children were asked to first select two cards that matched on one dimension and then to select two cards that matched on a different dimension. Both tasks were administered to 97 three-to five-year-old preschool children. Results from both the PCT and the FIST showed that the ability to flexibly shift between features of objects undergoes major development during the preschool years. Furthermore, difficult items from both tasks were significantly correlated, indicating that the same flexibility component underlies performance in both tasks.