Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence-based psychotherapy: Where practice and research meet.

The adoption of evidence-based practice (EBP) has powerful ramifications for the future of psychotherapy. As the EBP movement spreads throughout healthcare, with its associated demands for demonstrable results, cost monitoring and accountability, mental health professionals are not in agreement on the best treatments and their bases or how to weight the factors that contribute to good outcomes. "Evidence-Based Psychotherapy: Where Practice and Research Meet" engages the voices of a broad range of clinical researchers, practitioners, educators, and public policy advocates in a comprehensive discussion of the spectrum of issues and arguments in the current debate about EBP. Acknowledging differences in the fundamental purposes of research and practice in psychology, a trio of distinguished editors (Carol D. Goodheart, Alan E. Kazdin, and Robert J. Sternberg) present a range of viewpoints on the role and nature of EBP from leading figures in clinical practice and research. Their intent is to instigate a dialogue among mental health professionals. To this end, the book offers distinctive perspectives, seeks common ground, and reveals legitimate differences, unanswered questions, and promising avenues for improving psychotherapy. The chapter authors examine the evolution, politics, treatment approaches and implications of EBP in psychotherapy. In their cogent introduction and notes between the sections, the editors tie together the book's themes, discuss their implications, and present conclusions. The final chapter lays out a series of cautions regarding EBP in psychotherapy tied to the themes arising in the book.
Color light-emitting diode reflection topography: validation of keratometric repeatability in a large sample of wide cylindrical-range corneas

Purpose To investigate repeatability of steep and flat keratometry measurements, as well as astigmatism axis in cohorts with normal range and regular astigmatic such as: eyes following laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and normal population, as well as cohorts of high and irregular astigmatism such as keratoconic eyes, and keratoconic eyes following corneal collagen cross-linking, employing a novel corneal reflection topography device. Methods Steep and flat keratometry and astigmatism axis measurement repeatability was investigated employing a novel multicolored-spot reflection topographer (Cassini) in four study groups, namely a post myopic LASIK-treated Group A, a keratoconus Group B, a post-CXL keratoconus Group C, and a control Group D of routine healthy patients. Three separate, maps were obtained employing the Cassini, enabling investigation of the intra-individual repeatability by standard deviation. Additionally we investigated in all groups,the Klyce surface irregularity indices for keratoconus, the SAI (surface asymmetry index) and the SRI (surface regularity index). Results Flat keratometry repeatability was 0.74±0.89 (0.03 to 5.26) diopters (D) in the LASIK Group A, 0.88±1.45 (range minimum to maximum, 0.00 to 7.84) D in the keratoconic Group B, and 0.71±0.94 (0.02 to 6.23) D in the cross-linked Group C. The control Group D had flat keratometry repeatability 0.36±0.46 (0.00 to 2.71) D. Steep keratometry repeatability was 0.64±0.82 (0.01 to 4.81) D in the LASIK Group A, 0.89±1.22 (0.02 to 7.85) D in the keratoconic Group B, and 0.93±1.12 (0.04 to 5.93) D in the cross-linked Group C. The control Group D had steep keratometry repeatability 0.41±0.50 (0.00 to 3.51) D. Axis repeatability was 3.45±1.62° (0.38 to 7.78°) for the LASIK Group A, 4.12±3.17° (0.02 to 12.13°) for the keratoconic Group B, and 3.20±1.99° (0.17 to 8.61°) for the cross-linked Group C. The control Group D had axis repeatability 2.16±1.39° (0.05 to 5.86°). The SAI index measurement repeatability was 0.33±0.40 (0.01 to 2.31) in the post-LASIK Group A, 0.39±0.75 (0.00 to 7.15) in the keratoconic Group B, and 0.43±0.56 (0.05 to 3.50) in the keratoconus post-CXL Group C. The control group had SAI measurement repeatability of 0.26±0.30 (0.00 to 2.39). The SRI index repeatability was 0.22±0.17 (0.01 to 0.96) for post-LASIK Group A, 0.20±0.18 (0.00 to 1.07) in keratoconic Group B, and 0.13±0.09 (0.00 to 0.45) in the keratoconus post-CXL Group C. The control Group D had SRI measurement repeatability of 0.23±0.16 (0.00 to 0.75). Conclusion This novel corneal topography device appears to offer very high specificity in estimating corneal keratometry and specific corneal irregularity indices, even in topographically challenging corneas such as LASIK treated, keratoconic, and cross-linked.
On the nature of the extragalactic number counts in the K-band

Context. The galaxy number counts has been traditionally used to test models of galaxy evolution. However, the origin of significant differences in the shape of number counts at different wavelengths is still unclear. By relating the most remarkable features in the number counts with the underlying galaxy population it is possible to introduce further constraints on galaxy evolution. Aims. We aim to investigate the causes of the different shape of the K-band number counts when compared to other bands, analyzing in detail the presence of a change in the slope around K similar to 17.5. Methods. We present a near-infrared imaging survey, conducted at the 3.5 m telescope of the Calar Alto Spanish-German Astronomical Center (CAHA), covering two separated fields centered on the HFDN and the Groth field, with a total combined area of similar to 0.27 deg(2) to a depth of K similar to 19 (3 sigma, Vega). By combining our data with public deep K-band images in the CDFS (GOODS/ISAAC) and high quality imaging in multiple bands, we extract K-selected catalogs characterized with highly reliable photometric redshift estimates. We derive redshift binned number counts, comparing the results in our three fields to sample the effects of cosmic variance. We derive luminosity functions from the observed K-band in the redshift range [0.25-1.25], that are combined with data from the references in multiple bands and redshifts, to build up the K-band number count distribution. Results. The overall shape of the number counts can be grouped into three regimes: the classic Euclidean slope regime (d log N/dm similar to 0.6) at bright magnitudes; a transition regime at intermediate magnitudes, dominated by M* galaxies at the redshift that maximizes the product phi*dVc/d Omega; and an alpha dominated regime at faint magnitudes, where the slope asymptotically approaches -0.4(alpha + 1) controlled by post-M* galaxies. The slope of the K-band number counts presents an averaged decrement of similar to 50% in the range 15.5 < K < 18.5 (d log N/dm similar to 0.6-0.30). The rate of change in the slope is highly sensitive to cosmic variance effects. The decreasing trend is the consequence of a prominent decrease of the characteristic density phi(K,obs)* (similar to 60% from z = 0.5 to z = 1.5) and an almost flat evolution of M(K,obs)* (1 sigma compatible with M(K,obs)* = -22.89 +/- 0.25 in the same redshift range).
T Cells in Tumors and Blood Predict Outcome in Follicular Lymphoma Treated with Rituximab

Purpose: T cells influence outcome in follicular lymphoma, but their contributions seem to be modified by therapy. Their impact in patients receiving rituximab without chemotherapy is unknown. Experimental Design: Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the T cells in tumors and/or blood in a total of 250 follicular lymphoma patients included in two Nordic Lymphoma Group randomized trials that compared single rituximab with IFN-α2a–rituximab combinations. Results: In univariate analysis, higher levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in both tumors and blood correlated with superior treatment responses, and in multivariate analysis, tumor-CD3+ (P = 0.011) and blood-CD4+ (P = 0.029) cells were independent. CD4+ cells were favorable regardless of treatment arm, but CD8+ cells were favorable only in patients treated with single rituximab, because IFN-α2a improved responses especially in patients with low CD8+ cell levels. Higher levels of blood-CD3+ (P = 0.003) and blood-CD4+ (P = 0.046) cells predicted longer overall survival, and higher levels of blood-CD8+ cells longer times to next treatment (P = 0.046). Conclusions: We conclude that therapeutic effects of rituximab are augmented by tumor-associated T cells for rapid responses and by systemic T cells for sustained responses. CD4+ and CD8+ cells are both favorable in patients treated with rituximab. IFN-α2a abrogates the negative impact of few CD8+ cells. Clin Cancer Res; 17(12); 4136–44. ©2011 AACR.
Transcripts Encoding K12, v-FLIP, v-Cyclin, and the MicroRNA Cluster of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Originate from a Common Promoter

ABSTRACT Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of three malignancies associated with AIDS and immunosuppression. Tumor cells harbor latent virus and express kaposin (open reading frame [ORF] K12), v-FLIP (ORF 71), v-Cyclin (ORF 72), and latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA; ORF 73). ORFs 71 to 73 are transcribed as multicistronic RNAs initiating from adjacent constitutive and inducible promoters upstream of ORF 73. Here we characterize a third promoter embedded within the ORF 71-to-73 transcription unit specifying transcripts that encode ORF 71/72 or K12. These transcripts may also be the source of 11 microRNAs arranged as a cluster between K12 and ORF 71. Our studies reveal a complex arrangement of interlaced transcription units, incorporating four important protein-encoding genes required for latency and pathogenesis and the entire KSHV microRNA repertoire.
Synbiotic therapy (Bifidobacterium longum/Synergy 1) initiates resolution of inflammation in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled pilot trial

Background and aims: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an acute and chronic inflammatory disease of the large bowel with unknown aetiology. The immune response against normal commensal microorganisms is believed to drive inflammatory processes associated with UC. Therefore, modulation of bacterial communities on the gut mucosa, through the use of probiotics and prebiotics, may be used to modify the disease state. Methods: A synbiotic was developed for use in UC patients combining a probiotic, Bifidobacterium longum, isolated from healthy rectal epithelium, and a prebiotic (Synergy 1), a preferential inulin-oligofructose growth substrate for the probiotic strain. Treatment was employed in a double blinded randomised controlled trial using 18 patients with active UC for a period of one month. Clinical status was scored and rectal biopsies were collected before and after treatment, and transcription levels of epithelium related immune markers were measured. Results: Sigmoidoscopy scores (scale 0–6) were reduced in the test group (start 4.5 (1.4), end 3.1 (2.5)) compared with placebo (start 2.6 (2.1), end 3.2 (2.2)) (p = 0.06). mRNA levels for human beta defensins 2, 3, and 4, which are strongly upregulated in active UC, were significantly reduced in the test group after treatment (p = 0.016, 0.038, and 0.008, respectively). Tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 1α, which are inflammatory cytokines that drive inflammation and induce defensin expression, were also significantly reduced after treatment (p = 0.018 and 0.023, respectively). Biopsies in the test group had reduced inflammation and regeneration of epithelial tissue. Conclusions: Short term synbiotic treatment of active UC resulted in improvement of the full clinical appearance of chronic inflammation in patients receiving this therapy.
Changes in gastric contents in pigs fed a finely ground and pelleted or coarsely ground meal diet.

The objective was to characterize the change in stomach contents in relation to time after feeding between pigs consuming a restricted amount of a finely ground and pelleted (FGP) or coarsely ground meal (CGM) diet. Particular interest was placed on the concentration of organic acids and ammonia, the products of microbial fermentation. Thirty barrows were ranked by weight and assigned to a postfeeding time of 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12 h and either the FGP or CGM diet. Initiation and termination of the experiment were staggered over a 2-wk period. The treatment period was 42 d. Percentage of dry matter was higher (P<.01) in the stomach contents of pigs on the CGM diet. Concentrations of pepsin and protein were higher (P<.05) and ammonia tended to be higher (P = .10) in the proximal stomach of pigs fed the FGP diet. In contrast, concentrations of acetate and L-lactate were higher (P<.05) in the proximal stomach of pigs fed the CGM diet. All pigs on the CGM diet had stomachs that graded as normal on visual inspection. There was variable damage to the stomachs of pigs on the FGP diet. Measurement of chromium concentration in the stomach after an oral dose of Cr-EDTA clearly demonstrated the mixing that occurs between the proximal and distal stomach by 2 h after feeding in pigs consuming the FGP diet, whereas a gradient was maintained in pigs consuming the CGM diet. Thus, components normally secreted in the distal stomach return to the proximal stomach. These data show that components secreted in the distal region, such as acid and pepsin, may play a role in initiating damage to the stratified squamous mucosa. High concentrations of organic acids in the stomach of pigs on the CGM diet were not associated with damage to the stratified squamous mucosa in the esophageal region.
Markers of tolerance development to food allergens

IgE‐mediated reactions to food allergens are the most common cause of anaphylaxis in childhood. Although allergies to cow's milk, egg, or soy proteins, in contrast to peanut and tree nut allergens, resolve within the first 6 years of life in up to 60% due to natural tolerance development, this process is not well understood. At present, there is no cure or treatment for food allergy that would result in an induction of tolerance to the symptom‐eliciting food. Avoidance, providing an emergency plan and education, is the standard of treatment. Oral immunotherapeutic approaches have been proven reasonable efficacy; however, they are associated with high rates of side‐effects and low numbers of patients achieving tolerance. Nevertheless, mechanisms that take place during oral immunotherapy may help to understand tolerance development. On the basis of these therapeutic interventions, events like loss of basophil activation and induction of regulatory lymphocyte subsets and of blocking antibodies have been described. Their functional importance at a clinical level, however, remains to be investigated in detail. Consequently, there is eminent need to understand the process of tolerance development to food allergens and define biomarkers to develop and monitor new treatment strategies for food allergy.
Predicting applicants’ job pursuit behavior from their selection expectations: the mediating role of the theory of planned behavior

Applicants' pretest expectations about the forthcoming selection procedure may serve as a key factor in applicants' decision-making. The current study examined the validity of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as an explanatory mechanism of the relationship between pretest selection expectations (warmth/respect, chance to demonstrate potential, difficulty of faking, unbiased assessment, feedback) and job pursuit behavior. Data were collected at two points in time, using a sample of applicants for the military. Selection expectations, job pursuit attitude, subjective norm, and controllability were significantly related to job pursuit intention. Job pursuit attitude mediated the relationship between selection expectations and job pursuit intention. Subjective norm and time lag were the only significant predictors of job pursuit behavior. Practical implications, strengths and limitations, as well as directions for further research are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microinjection of carbachol in the supramammillary region suppresses CA1 pyramidal cell synaptic excitability

Previous studies have established that the posterior hypothalamus‐supramammillary (SUM) region is involved in the control of the hippocampal theta rhythm and also modulates the synaptic excitation of hippocampal neurons. Particularly, the medial but not lateral SUM region mediates reticular stimulation‐induced suppression of CA1 pyramidal cell synaptic excitation to Schaffer collateral stimulation. In the present study using urethane anesthetized rats, we have investigated the effect of direct chemical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus‐SUM region on CA1 pyramidal cell excitability. It was observed that microinjection of the cholinergic muscarinic receptor agonist, carbachol (0.1 μl, concentration of either 0.0052, 0.156, or 0.625 μg/μl), evoked concentration‐dependent suppression of CA1 pyramidal cell excitability that was dissociated from theta activation. Further, carbachol microinjection preferentially recruited the lateral SUM region when compared with the medial SUM and the posterior hypothalamic regions. In this context, the shortest latencies to suppression at the lowest concentration of carbachol and the strongest suppression at higher concentrations were observed with lateral microinjections. The carbachol‐induced suppression was attenuated by inactivation of the medial septal region by microinjection of procaine (0.5 μl, 20% w/v). These results underscore a possible role for cholinergic mechanisms in the lateral SUM region in modulation of CA1 pyramidal cell synaptic excitation via the medial septal region. Furthermore, the present findings when juxtaposed with the medial SUM mediation of reticularly‐elicited suppression suggest a medial‐lateral topographic organization of the SUM region in modulation of CA1 excitability. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation Predict Outsiders' Responses to an External Group Conflict: Implications for Identification, Anger, and Collective Action

Members of groups in conflict may take collective action: actions to improve conditions for their group as a whole. The psychological antecedents of collective action for groups that are party to conflict and inequality are well-established. Comparatively little is known about how uninvolved outsiders respond to an external intergroup conflict. We investigate how personal ideological orientations of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) shape outsiders’ willingness to take collective action in support of groups engaged in external conflict. In Study 1, US residents read about conflicts between disadvantaged citizens and an advantaged government in Greece and Russia. In Study 2, US residents read about a similar conflict in a fictional country, Silaria. Path analyses revealed that SDO and RWA shaped psychological appraisals of the conflict contexts, which predicted intentions to take collective action on behalf of either group. SDO and RWA were positively associated with advantaged group identification and anger at a disadvantaged group, and negatively associated with disadvantaged group identification and anger at an advantaged group. Group identification and anger predicted subsequent collective action intentions on behalf of either group. The sensitivity of outsiders’ appraisals to ideological orientations suggests strategies for both advantaged and disadvantaged groups to recruit outsiders as allies in group conflict.
The relationship between perceived religious discrimination and self‐esteem for Muslim Australians

Abstract Muslim Australians represent one of the fastest growing migrant groups in Australia. They are also the group who, after Indigenous Australians, experience the most discrimination. Previous research on the minority stress model confirms a link between such discrimination and mental health. However, in relation to self‐esteem and discrimination, the results are mixed, potentially reflecting whether people reject or identify with prejudiced views of them and also the type of discrimination being measured. To explore this issue further in an Australian context, we asked 49 Australian Muslims to complete Rosenberg's Self‐esteem Scale and the Perceived Religious Discrimination Scale. In support of both the minority stress model and the rejection‐identification model, we found that perceived interpersonal and systemic discrimination accounts for a small but significant variation in self‐esteem. Interpersonal discrimination was negatively related to self‐esteem, and systemic discrimination positively related. The effects of interpersonal discrimination on self‐esteem can guide therapists to interventions that help clients resist internalising discrimination experiences. The effects of institutional discrimination support therapists becoming part of the resistance to and challenging of discrimination and inequality.
It's About Time: How Input Timing Is Used and Not Used To Create Emergent Properties in the Auditory System

The hypothesis for directional selectivity of frequency modulations (FMs) invokes a mechanism with an honored tradition in sensory neurobiology, the relative timing of excitation and inhibition. The proposal is that the timing disparity is created by asymmetrical locations of excitatory tuning and inhibitory sidebands. Thus, cells in which the inhibitory sidebands are tuned to frequencies lower than the excitatory tuning are selective for downward sweeping FMs, because frequencies first generate excitation followed by inhibition. Upward sweeping FMs, in contrast, first evoke inhibition that either leads or is coincident with the excitation and prevents discharges. Here we evaluated FM directional selectivity with in vivo whole-cell recordings from the inferior colliculus of awake bats. From the whole-cell recordings, we derived synaptic conductance waveforms evoked by downward and upward FMs. We then tested the effects of shifting inhibition relative to excitation in a model and found that latency shifts had only minor effects on EPSP amplitudes that were often <1.0 mV/ms shift. However, when the PSPs peaked close to spike threshold, even small changes in latency could cause some cells to fire more strongly to a particular FM direction and thus change its directional selectivity. Furthermore, the effect of shifting inhibition depended strongly on initial latency differences and the shapes of the conductance waveforms. We conclude that “timing” is more than latency differences between excitation and inhibition, and response selectivity depends on a complex interaction between the timing, the shapes, and magnitudes of the excitatory and inhibitory conductances and spike threshold.