Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nurture, bureaucracy and re-balancing the mind and heart

With increasing managerialism and bureaucratisation in the caring professions, where the focus of attention is directed primarily to the techno-rational, the instrumental and the impersonal, care becomes labour in the service of economy, efficiency and effectiveness. Relying on the work of psychodynamic theorists, the first part of this paper offers a critical analysis of selected 'snapshots of practice' demonstrating the costs of abdicating emotion and nurture in the care process. The second part of the paper describes an 18-month co-operative inquiry involving women practitioner/students in health, social care and education. The study highlights the quest for meaning and significance in learning and work and the process of re-balancing the mind and heart in the context of the bureaucratic organisation as one of heroic dimensions. Establishing a sustained community of care yielded a renewed sense of direction and creative action among participants.
Spatial Variations of Single-Family Residential Water Consumption in Portland, Oregon

Although water demand theories identify price structures, technology, and individual behavior as determinants of water demand, limited theoretical or empirical evidence suggests a link between urban development patterns and water use. To assess the role of urban development patterns on water demand, we used GIS and statistical models to analyze single-family residential water consumption in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area. Our results show that residential water consumption per household at the census block group scale is best explained by average building size, followed by building density and building age, with low water consumption areas clustering together and typically located in high-density and older neighborhoods. Accounting for spatial dependence among residuals, explanatory variables explain up to 87% of variations in water consumption. Our results help to develop a water demand framework that incorporates existing factors with urban development policies to more effectively manage limited water and land resources.
Considering health insurance: how do dialysis initiates with Medicaid coverage differ from persons without Medicaid coverage?

BACKGROUND Type of health insurance is an important mediator of medical outcomes in the United States. Medicaid, a jointly sponsored Federal/State programme, is designed to serve medically needy individuals. How these patients differ from non-Medicaid-enrolled incident dialysis patients and how these differences have changed over time have not been systematically examined. METHODS Using data from the United States Renal Data System, we identified individuals initiating dialysis from 1995 to 2004 and categorized their health insurance status. Longitudinal trends in demographic, risk behaviour, functional, comorbidity, laboratory and dialysis modality factors, as reported on the Medical Evidence Form (CMS-2728), were examined in all insurance groups. Polychotomous logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted generalized ratios (AGRs) for these factors by insurance status, with Medicaid as the referent insurance group. RESULTS Overall, males constitute a growing percentage of both Medicaid and non-Medicaid patients, but in contrast to other insurance groups, Medicaid has a higher proportion of females. Non-Caucasians also constitute a higher proportion of Medicaid patients than non-Medicaid patients. Body mass index increased in all groups over time, and all groups witnessed a significant decrease in initiation on peritoneal dialysis. Polychotomous regression showed generally lower AGRs for minorities, risk behaviours and functional status, and higher AGRs for males, employment and self-care dialysis, for non-Medicaid insurance relative to Medicaid. CONCLUSIONS While many broad parallel trends are evident in both Medicaid and non-Medicaid incident dialysis patients, many important differences between these groups exist. These findings could have important implications for policy planners, providers and payers.
Ar Ticle Identification of an Immediate Foxp3  Precursor to Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells in Peripheral Lymphoid Organs of Nonmanipulated Mice

1393 CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (T reg cells) expressing the forkhead family transcription factor Foxp3 play a nonredundant role in maintaining dominant immunological tolerance (Sakaguchi et al., 2008). Experimental evidence suggesting an important function of the thymus in producing T reg cells includes the demonstration of the presence of Foxp3 + T cells in the thymus by expression analysis in single cells (Fontenot et al., 2005b) and the reduction of peripheral T reg cell numbers by neonatal thymectomy at day 3 after birth (Sakaguchi et al., 1985). Besides thymic T reg cell generation, initially naive CD4 + Foxp3  T cells can extrathymically acquire a Foxp3 + T reg cell phenotype in several in vitro and in vivo experimental settings, such as TGF- treatment in vitro (Chen et al., 2003; Fantini et al., 2004, 2007) or homeostatic expansion in lymphopenic mice (Curotto de Lafaille et al., 2004; Knoechel et al., 2005). Under more physiological conditions, antigen (Ag)-specific T reg cells can be induced in vivo from TCR transgenic CD4 + T cells by delivering Ag under subimmunogenic conditions, such as infusion by implanted osmotic minipumps (Apostolou and von Boehmer, 2004) or injection of recombi-nant anti–DEC-205 fusion antibodies to target steady-state DCs (Kretschmer et al., 2005, 2006). In contrast to TGF-–mediated in vitro generation of Foxp3 + cells (Floess et al., 2007; Polansky et al., 2008), DC-targeted T reg cell de novo generation in vivo results in efficient demethylation of conserved CpG motifs within the noncoding part of the Foxp3 gene (Polansky et al., 2008), which is a predictive parameter for the long-term stability of induced Foxp3 expression. Consequently, T reg cells generated in this manner survive for extended periods of time in the absence of the inducing Ag and maintain a stable Foxp3 + suppressor phenotype under im-munogenic conditions (Kretschmer et al., 2005; Polansky et al., 2008). Consistent with the absence of deliberate DC activation as a prerequisite for efficient DC-targeted T reg cell conversion, cells that proliferate least induce Foxp3 expression more efficiently than those that divide robustly (Kretschmer et al., 2005). The capacity of specialized subsets of steady-state DCs in lymphoid tissues to induce Foxp3 expression is further corroborated by the observation that CD103 + DCs from the small intestine and intestine-associated lymphoid organs induce Foxp3 expression in vitro in a small fraction of initially CD4 + Foxp3  T cells via TGF-– and retinoic …
Emotions–Adaptive Standards And/Or Primitive Constructs: A Reply to Mascolo and Mancuso

Abstract In replying to Mascolo & Mancuso's paper, I have contrasted their functionalist approach to emotional states and experience with my position on emotions as epigenetically-available primitive constructs. Biologically, Mascolo & Mancuso treat emotions as mobilizaiton in the face of discrepancies. My proposal of a four-dimensional model provides a biological grounding for the marvellous diverisyt of human emotional experience. Where Mascolo & Mancuso treat emotions as discrete entities and highlight emotion knowledge, J have suggested emotions operate as bipolar constructs, and I have highlighted experience. We should attend to emotions in terms of both knowledge and experience, but it is important to maintain the distinction
Parents' views on confidentiality and health advice for adolescents in general practice

Background: Confidentiality is an important issue for adolescents when using health services, but many health professionals consider objections from parents an obstacle to providing confidential care for this age group. Whereas health professionals and young people consider general practice an appropriate setting for adolescent health promotion, little is known about parents' views. Objectives: The main objective was to explore the views of parents of adolescents regarding confidentiality and the role of general practice in promoting teenage health. A secondary objective was to investigate parents' self-reported health behaviours, and their awareness of such behaviours in their own adolescent children. Methods: Postal questionnaire sent to the parents or guardians (n = 631) of all 14–15-year-old patients on two general practice registers in Hertfordshire, UK. Results: Few parents (2%) were aware of practice policy on confidentiality, and many (48%) did not think that adolescents aged under 16 years should always have the right to confidential consultations. Most parents (64%) considered general practice an appropriate setting for health advice for adolescents and a fifth of them said that there was at least one health-related topic they would like to discuss with a general practitioner (GP) or nurse in relation to their adolescents' health. Parents' own health risk behaviours were correlated with those reported for their children. Conclusion: Information about confidentiality and general practice-based health services for young people needs to be provided clearly to parents as well as to adolescents, particularly as some parents of adolescents may have reservations about confidentiality. The majority of parents consider general practice to be an appropriate setting for adolescent health promotion.
Effects of spatial scale of sampling on food web structure

This study asks whether the spatial scale of sampling alters structural properties of food webs and whether any differences are attributable to changes in species richness and connectance with scale. Understanding how different aspects of sampling effort affect ecological network structure is important for both fundamental ecological knowledge and the application of network analysis in conservation and management. Using a highly resolved food web for the marine intertidal ecosystem of the Sanak Archipelago in the Eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska, we assess how commonly studied properties of network structure differ for 281 versions of the food web sampled at five levels of spatial scale representing six orders of magnitude in area spread across the archipelago. Species (S) and link (L) richness both increased by approximately one order of magnitude across the five spatial scales. Links per species (L/S) more than doubled, while connectance (C) decreased by approximately two-thirds. Fourteen commonly studied properties of network structure varied systematically with spatial scale of sampling, some increasing and others decreasing. While ecological network properties varied systematically with sampling extent, analyses using the niche model and a power-law scaling relationship indicate that for many properties, this apparent sensitivity is attributable to the increasing S and decreasing C of webs with increasing spatial scale. As long as effects of S and C are accounted for, areal sampling bias does not have a special impact on our understanding of many aspects of network structure. However, attention does need be paid to some properties such as the fraction of species in loops, which increases more than expected with greater spatial scales of sampling.
Pax6 Is Required at the Telencephalic Pallial–Subpallial Boundary for the Generation of Neuronal Diversity in the Postnatal Limbic System

During embryogenesis, the pallial–subpallial boundary (PSB) divides the two main progenitor domains in the telencephalon: the pallium, the major source of excitatory neurons, and the subpallium, the major source of inhibitory neurons. The PSB is formed at the molecular interface between the pallial (high Pax6+) and subpallial (high Gsx2+) ventricular zone (VZ) compartments. Initially, the PSB contains cells that express both Pax6 and Gsx2, but during later stages of development this boundary is largely refined into two separate compartments. In this study we examined the developmental mechanisms underlying PSB boundary formation and the postnatal consequences of conditional loss of Pax6 function at the PSB on neuronal fate in the amygdala and olfactory bulb, two targets of PSB-derived migratory populations. Our cell fate and time-lapse imaging analyses reveal that the sorting of Pax6+ and Gsx2+ progenitors during embryogenesis is the result of a combination of changes in gene expression and cell movements. Interestingly, we find that in addition to giving rise to inhibitory neurons in the amygdala and olfactory bulb, Gsx2+ progenitors generate a subpopulation of amygdala excitatory neurons. Consistent with this finding, targeted conditional ablation of Pax6 in Gsx2+ progenitors results in discrete local embryonic patterning defects that are linked to changes in the generation of subsets of postnatal excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the amygdala and inhibitory neurons in the olfactory bulb. Thus, in PSB progenitors, Pax6 plays an important role in the generation of multiple subtypes of neurons that contribute to the amygdala and olfactory bulb.
Adopting a restorative approach to young offenders in Hong Kong: a public survey

With declining faith in the retributive and rehabilitative models of the criminal justice system, the restorative justice (RJ) model has become increasingly favored. Most countries that practice RJ do so for juvenile offenders, and most of these are western countries. It is believed that the illegal acts of most juvenile offenders are committed impulsively. Hong Kong, as an international Asian city that is predominantly Chinese, may want to follow the global trend in adopting some types of RJ practice to deal with juvenile offenders. As public sanction/endorsement is one of the crucial criteria for the implementation of RJ, this article presents the findings of a telephone survey in Hong Kong to explore public support for the idea. It was found that the general public is in favor of the idea of RJ even though their knowledge of the local juvenile justice system is typically inadequate. Some preliminary recommendations are offered.
Contribution of Vaccine-Induced Immunity toward either the HA or the NA Component of Influenza Viruses Limits Secondary Bacterial Complications

ABSTRACT Secondary bacterial infections contribute to morbidity and mortality from influenza. Vaccine effectiveness is typically assessed using prevention of influenza, not secondary infections, as an endpoint. We vaccinated mice with formalin-inactivated influenza virus vaccine preparations containing disparate HA and NA proteins and demonstrated an ability to induce the appropriate anti-HA and anti-NA immune profiles. Protection from both primary viral and secondary bacterial infection was demonstrated with vaccine-induced immunity directed toward either the HA or the NA. This finding suggests that immunity toward the NA component of the virion is desirable and should be considered in generation of influenza vaccines.
Identification of the Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Regulatory Phosphorylation Site in the α-Amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl4-isoxazole-propionate-type Glutamate Receptor*

Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-KII) can phosphorylate and potentiate responses of α-amino3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate-type glutamate receptors in a number of systems, and recent studies implicate this mechanism in long term potentiation, a cellular model of learning and memory. In this study we have identified this CaM-KII regulatory site using deletion and site-specific mutants of glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1). Only mutations affecting Ser831 altered the 32P peptide maps of GluR1 from HEK-293 cells co-expressing an activated CaM-KII. Likewise, when CaM-KII was infused into cells expressing GluR1, the Ser831 to Ala mutant failed to show potentiation of the GluR1 current. The Ser831 site is specific to GluR1, and CaM-KII did not phosphorylate or potentiate current in cells expressing GluR2, emphasizing the importance of the GluR1 subunit in this regulatory mechanism. Because Ser831 has previously been identified as a protein kinase C phosphorylation site (Roche, K. W., O’Brien, R. J., Mammen, A. L., Bernhardt, J., and Huganir, R. L. (1996) Neuron 16, 1179–1188), this raises the possibility of synergistic interactions between CaM-KII and protein kinase C in regulating synaptic plasticity.
Instilling the Soul of Group Work in Social Work Education

This article addresses the process of developing an educational model for teaching social work with groups in an undergraduate social work degree program in Israel. The model was developed against a backdrop of decreasing status of social group work within the profession and the consequent loss of its unique identity and power in the social work field. The model's aims are to provide the students with the basic principles of social group work, to ensure its place in their professional identity, and to awaken curiosity regarding its use in their future practice as social workers.
Mercury in the Umbilical Cord: Implications for Risk Assessment for Minamata Disease.

Umbilical cord tissue was obtained from 50 births in the Faroe Islands, where high mercury intake is due to ingestion of pilot whale meat. The mercury concentration correlated significantly with the frequency of maternal whale meat dinners during pregnancy and with mercury concentrations in umbilical cord blood and in maternal hair. The results were compared with published values for mercury in umbilical cord tissue from 12 infants diagnosed with congenital methylmercury poisoning in Minamata, Japan. From the regression coefficients obtained in the Faroese samples, the median umbilical cord mercury concentration of 4.95 nmol/g dry weight in Minamata would correspond to 668 nmol/l cord blood and 114 nmol/g maternal hair. These levels agree well with other evidence of susceptibility of the fetus to increased exposure to methylmercury. ImagesFigure 1.Figure 2.
Application of the ASE Model to the Assertive Behavior of Non-smoking College Students Under Secondhand Smoke Exposure

Purpose:The present study was to apply the Attitudes-Social influence-Efficacy (ASE) model in order to identify factors associated with the assertive behavior of non-smoking college students when they are exposed to secondhand smokes in Korea. Methods: Data were collected from non-smoking college students (N=1,656, 76.6% female) at two universities in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The main outcome measure was the assertive behavior. ASE factors such as attitudes toward being assertive, social influences, and self-efficacy as well as socio-demographic, healthrelated, and smoking-related factors were self-administrated.Results:Themean of the assertive behavior (range 1~5 points) was 2.23; 37.6% was not at all assertive, while 4.3% was always assertive. Higher assertiveness was significantly correlated with a higher level of positive attitude, social influence and self-efficacy (p<.05 for all). Stepwisemultiple regression analyses showed that the social influencewas the strongest factor associated with the assertive behavior ( =0.430, β p<.001, R=.246), followed by self-efficacy, motive to assertiveness, having any family member who had diseases, and male gender. These factors explained the assertive behavior by 39.7%. Conclusion:The ASEmodel may explain the assertive behavior of non-smoking college students under secondhand smoke exposure. Social influence and self-efficacy were significant factors associated with their assertive behavior.
Marriage and Involvement in Crime: A Consideration of Reciprocal Effects in a Nationally Representative Sample

Some theories contend that marriage leads to desistance from crime. Indeed, many studies have reported married persons are less involved in crime. Research has developed under the testable assumption that marriage affects criminal behavior but that criminal involvement does not affect marital propensity (i.e. no selection effect). The current study tests this assumption in two ways. First, we examine a cross-lagged path model where prior marital status is allowed to influence future crime and prior crime is allowed to influence future marital status. Second, we analyze a reciprocal effects model where the contemporaneous influence of marriage on criminal activity is examined while also estimating the influence of criminal behavior on marriage. The findings reveal mixed support for the effect of marriage on crime. The marriage effect is observed in one of the cross-lagged models but not in the reciprocal effects models. Implications for both theory and policy are considered.
Sleep spindling and fluid intelligence across adolescent development: sex matters

Evidence supports the intricate relationship between sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) spindling and cognitive abilities in children and adults. Although sleep EEG changes during adolescence index fundamental brain reorganization, a detailed analysis of sleep spindling and the spindle-intelligence relationship was not yet provided for adolescents. Therefore, adolescent development of sleep spindle oscillations were studied in a home polysomnographic study focusing on the effects of chronological age and developmentally acquired overall mental efficiency (fluid IQ) with sex as a potential modulating factor. Subjects were 24 healthy adolescents (12 males) with an age range of 15–22 years (mean: 18 years) and fluid IQ of 91–126 (mean: 104.12, Raven Progressive Matrices Test). Slow spindles (SSs) and fast spindles (FSs) were analyzed in 21 EEG derivations by using the individual adjustment method (IAM). A significant age-dependent increase in average FS density (r = 0.57; p = 0.005) was found. Moreover, fluid IQ correlated with FS density (r = 0.43; p = 0.04) and amplitude (r = 0.41; p = 0.049). The latter effects were entirely driven by particularly reliable FS-IQ correlations in females [r = 0.80 (p = 0.002) and r = 0.67 (p = 0.012), for density and amplitude, respectively]. Region-specific analyses revealed that these correlations peak in the fronto-central regions. The control of the age-dependence of FS measures and IQ scores did not considerably reduce the spindle-IQ correlations with respect to FS density. The only positive spindle-index of fluid IQ in males turned out to be the frequency of FSs (r = 0.60, p = 0.04). Increases in FS density during adolescence may index reshaped structural connectivity related to white matter maturation in the late developing human brain. The continued development over this age range of cognitive functions is indexed by specific measures of sleep spindling unraveling gender differences in adolescent brain maturation and perhaps cognitive strategy.