Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scale-Free Relationships Facilitate Cooperation in Spatial Games with Sequential Strategy

Recently, the area of study of spatial game continuously has extended, and researchers have especially presented a lot of works of coevolutionary mechanism. We have recognized coevolutionary mechanism as one of the factors for the promotion of cooperation like five rules by Nowak. However, those studies still deal with the optimal response (best decision). The best decision is persuasive in most cases, but does not apply to all situations in the real world. Contemplating that question, researchers have presented some works discussing not only the best decision but also the second-best decision. Those studies compare the results between the best and the second-best, and also state the applicability of the second-best decision. This study, considering that trend, has extended the match between two groups to spatial game with the second-best decision. This extended model expresses relationships of groups as a spatial network, and every group matches other groups of relationships. Then, we examine how mutual cooperation changes in each case where either we add probabilistic perturbation to relationships or ties form various types of the structure. As a result, unlike most results utilizing the best decision, probabilistic perturbation does not induce any change. On the other hand, when ties are the scale-free structure, mutual cooperation is enhanced like the case of the best decision. When we probe the evolution of strategies in that case, groups with many ties play a role for leading the direction of decision as a whole. This role appears without explicit assignment. In the discussion, we also state that the presented model has an analogy to the real situation, collusive tendering.
The Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome and Potential Link to Alzheimer’s Disease

Accumulating clinical- and scientific research-based evidence is driving our increased awareness of the significance of the human microbiome (HM) to the healthy and homeostatic operation of the human central nervous system (CNS). HM communities occupy several different but distinct microbial ecosystems on and within the human body, including nasal, oral, and otic cavities, the surface of the skin and the urogenital and the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. The complex symbiotic inter-relationship between the GI-tract microbiome and its host is strongly influenced by diet and nutrition, and when optimized can be highly beneficial to food digestion, nutrient intake, and immune health (1–6). For example, dietary composition ultimately affects the structure, organization, function, and speciation of the HM occupying the GI tract, in part by supplying multiple substrates for microbial metabolism. Typical Western diets containing high fat–cholesterol, low amounts of soluble and insoluble fiber, and sugar- and salt-enrichment not only impart deleterious nutrition but also dietary constraints on the HM. This in turn impacts the supply of microbiome-generated molecules absorbed into the systemic circulation for transport into the extensive neurovasculature of the CNS. This short communication will focus on emerging ideas concerning the contribution of the GI-tract microbiome to human neurological disease with emphasis on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) wherever possible.
Predicting Spatial Distribution of Key Honeybee Pests in Kenya Using Remotely Sensed and Bioclimatic Variables: Key Honeybee Pests Distribution Models

Bee keeping is indispensable to global food production. It is an alternate income source, especially in rural underdeveloped African settlements, and an important forest conservation incentive. However, dwindling honeybee colonies around the world are attributed to pests and diseases whose spatial distribution and influences are not well established. In this study, we used remotely sensed data to improve the reliability of pest ecological niche (EN) models to attain reliable pest distribution maps. Occurrence data on four pests (Aethina tumida, Galleria mellonella, Oplostomus haroldi and Varroa destructor) were collected from apiaries within four main agro-ecological regions responsible for over 80% of Kenya’s bee keeping. Africlim bioclimatic and derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) variables were used to model their ecological niches using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). Combined precipitation variables had a high positive logit influence on all remotely sensed and biotic models’ performance. Remotely sensed vegetation variables had a substantial effect on the model, contributing up to 40.8% for G. mellonella and regions with high rainfall seasonality were predicted to be high-risk areas. Projections (to 2055) indicated that, with the current climate change trend, these regions will experience increased honeybee pest risk. We conclude that honeybee pests could be modelled using bioclimatic data and remotely sensed variables in MaxEnt. Although the bioclimatic data were most relevant in all model results, incorporating vegetation seasonality variables to improve mapping the ‘actual’ habitat of key honeybee pests and to identify risk and containment zones needs to be further investigated.
An investigation of growth temperature on the surface morphology and optical properties of 1.3 µm InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot structures

We have investigated the surface morphology and optical properties of InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots grown at 450, 480 and 510 °C. While the performances of QD devices utilizing InAs/InGaAs/GaAs structures have been well-documented, there have not been many research efforts on the growth optimization of InAs/InGaAs/GaAs QDs. We found that, unlike InAs/GaAs QD structures, InAs/InGaAs/GaAs QD structures benefit from a lower QD growth temperature. Evidence from the photoluminescence (PL) spectra suggests a decreasing presence of nonradiative islands and a multi-modal size distribution following the decrease in the growth temperature. Strong room temperature PL emission at 1.32 µm with a narrow full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 27.8 meV was obtained from the InAs/InGaAs/GaAs QD structure grown at 450 °C, as verified by the large areal density and narrow dot size distribution. This work indicates the feasibility of obtaining good surface morphology and optical properties at a low growth temperature for InAs/InGaAs/GaAs QD structures.
Time course of ‘set’‐related changes in muscle responses to stance perturbation in humans.

1. In standing subjects, toe‐down rotation of a supporting platform elicits a medium‐latency response (MLR) in tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and a long‐latency response (LLR) in soleus (Sol). Toe‐up rotation induces a short‐latency response (SLR) in Sol and a LLR in TA. When subjects steadily hold onto a stable frame, all responses are decreased, except Sol SLR. The aim of this investigation was to assess whether the response modulation is dependent on information from the hand touching the frame, or whether it anticipates the holding task. 2. The time course of the changes in response amplitude was studied in a time interval centred around the act of holding, performed in a reaction‐time mode. Subjects kept their extended arm close to the frame in front of them and brought the hand in contact with the frame in response to a visual go‐signal. The platform was moved at different intervals prior to or after the go‐signal. Surface EMGs of Sol, TA and deltoid (Delt) were recorded. 3. TA MLR began to decrease when the platform was displaced at an interval of 140 ms after the go‐signal, about 200 ms before subjects touched the frame and 120 ms before termination of Delt EMG. Four hundred milliseconds after the go‐signal the response reached and maintained maximal inhibition, similar to that occurring under the stationary holding condition. The time course of inhibition of Sol LLR and TA LLR was similar to that of TA MLR, except that LLRs began to decrease at an earlier interval. Due to the different response latency from the onset of the perturbations, the beginning of inhibition of both MLRs and LLRs occurred almost simultaneously. 4. The changes in amplitude of leg muscle responses are not triggered by the go‐signal, contact with the frame, or arm motion, suggesting that the modulation is related to the transition to a new, stabilized postural ‘set’. The similar extent and parallel time course of MLR and LLR suppression, possibly transmitted through different pathways, points to the spinal cord as the site of action. The lack of depression of the monosynaptic SLR suggests an effect at premotoneuronal level. On the basis of selectivity, latency and time course of the effect, we favour the hypothesis that a monoaminergic pathway from the brainstem is involved.
Error Bounded Schemes for Time-dependent Hyperbolic Problems

In this paper we address the error growth in time for hyperbolic problems in first order form in bounded domains. The energy method is used to study when an error growth or a fixed error bound is obtained. It is shown that the choice of boundary procedure is a crucial point. Numerical experiments corroborate the theoretical findings.
Evaluation of Enhanced Attention to Local Detail in Anorexia Nervosa Using the Embedded Figures Test; an fMRI Study

The behavioural literature in anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorders has indicated an overlap in cognitive profiles. One such domain is the enhancement of local processing over global processing. While functional imaging studies of autism spectrum disorder have revealed differential neural patterns compared to controls in response to tests of local versus global processing, no studies have explored such effects in anorexia nervosa. This study uses functional magnetic resonance imaging in conjunction with the embedded figures test, to explore the neural correlates of this enhanced attention to detail in the largest anorexia nervosa cohort to date. On the embedded figures tests participants are required to indicate which of two complex figures contains a simple geometrical shape. The findings indicate that whilst healthy controls showed greater accuracy on the task than people with anorexia nervosa, different brain regions were recruited. Healthy controls showed greater activation in the precuneus whilst people with anorexia nervosa showed greater activation in the fusiform gyrus. This suggests that different cognitive strategies were used to perform the task, i.e. healthy controls demonstrated greater emphasis on visuospatial searching and people with anorexia nervosa employed a more object recognition-based approach. This is in accordance with previous findings in autism spectrum disorder using a similar methodology and has implications for therapies addressing the appropriate adjustment of cognitive strategies in anorexia nervosa.
Inhaled Long-Acting β2-Agonists Do Not Increase Fatal Cardiovascular Adverse Events in COPD: A Meta-Analysis

Background The cardiovascular safety of inhaled long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a controversial problem. Certain studies have suggested that inhaled LABAs lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with COPD. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the cardiovascular safety of inhaled LABAs in COPD. Methods A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trials for LABA treatment of COPD with at least 3 months of follow-up was performed. The fixed-effects model was used to evaluate the effects of LABAs on fatal cardiovascular adverse events. Adverse events were collected for each trial, and the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for LABA/placebo were estimated. Results There were 24 trials included in this meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, inhaled LABAs significantly decreased fatal cardiovascular adverse events in COPD patients (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.86, P = 0.002). In sensitivity analysis, there was still no increased risk of fatal cardiovascular events (RR 0.68, 95%CI 0.46 to 1.01, P = 0.06) after excluding the trial with the largest weight. Among the different types of LABAs, only salmeterol had a significant effect (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.90). In subgroup analyses, inhaled LABAs were able to significantly decrease fatal cardiovascular events in long-term trials (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.87) and in trials with severe COPD patients (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.96). Conclusion Inhaled LABAs do not increase the risk of fatal cardiovascular events in COPD patients.
Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS): β-Lactam and Quinolone Antibiotics Stimulate Virulent Phage Growth

Although the multiplication of bacteriophages (phages) has a substantial impact on the biosphere, comparatively little is known about how the external environment affects phage production. Here we report that sub-lethal concentrations of certain antibiotics can substantially stimulate the host bacterial cell's production of some virulent phage. For example, a low dosage of cefotaxime, a cephalosporin, increased an uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain's production of the phage ΦMFP by more than 7-fold. We name this phenomenon Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS). A related effect was observed in diverse host-phage systems, including the T4-like phages, with β-lactam and quinolone antibiotics, as well as mitomycin C. A common characteristic of these antibiotics is that they inhibit bacterial cell division and trigger the SOS system. We therefore examined the PAS effect within the context of the bacterial SOS and filamentation responses. We found that the PAS effect appears SOS-independent and is primarily a consequence of cellular filamentation; it is mimicked by cells that constitutively filament. The fact that completely unrelated phages manifest this phenomenon suggests that it confers an important and general advantage to the phages.
Modified Short Beam Shear Test for Measurement of Interlaminar Shear Strength of Composites

A modified short beam shear test was proposed to measure interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of fiber reinforced carbon-carbon composites (CCC). The direct loading in the short beam shear (SBS) test is replaced by an indirect loading through a rubber pad and an aluminum seat. This loading reduced flexure stresses to less than one fourth of the SBS test and eliminated transverse shear stress concentration under the load point. Both beam and contact finite element analyses were conducted to validate the proposed method. The finite element analysis showed that the ILSS calculated from beam equation overestimates the strength by 5% for shear flexible composites. This reduction was found to be the same for both polymeric and carbon matrix composites. The test data confirmed the interlaminar shear failure and very low data scatter in measured strength. The measured ILSS of T300 CCC was 2.68 ksi and it is one of the highest values reported in literature.
Marital status and quality in middle-aged women: Associations with levels and trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors.

The current study compared cardiovascular risk profiles and trajectories (i.e., within-person changes) of women who were married or cohabitating and who had high relationship satisfaction with those of women with moderate or low satisfaction and with those of women who were single, divorced, and widowed. Participants were 493 women from the Healthy Women Study, a prospective investigation of health during and after the menopausal transition. Risk factors were measured across more than 5 occasions and 13 years, on average. Data were analyzed using a multilevel modeling technique. Overall, women in relationships with high satisfaction had lower levels of biological, lifestyle, and psychosocial risk factors when compared with the other groups. In some cases, women in satisfying marriages also showed a lower risk trajectory on risk factors relative to other women. Hence, marriage appears to confer health benefits for women, but only when marital satisfaction is high.
Velamentous cord insertion: is it associated with adverse perinatal outcomes?*

Abstract Introduction: Velamentous cord insertion (VCI) can be identified on prenatal ultrasound with an incidence of around 1%. We set out to examine the association between VCI and perinatal outcomes. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 482 812 pregnancies using the California vital statistics birth cohort dataset linked with patient discharge dataset from 2006 during which 2327 (0.48%) were complicated by VCI. Outcomes examined included intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), small for gestational age (SGA), preterm delivery, manual removal of the placenta and cesarean delivery. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi squared tests and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: Pregnancies with VCI, compared to those without, were associated with an increased risk of IUFD (2.6% versus 0.28%, p = 0.001), SGA (16.93% versus 10.17%, p = 0.001), preterm delivery <37 weeks (12.5% versus 9.10%, p = 0.001), manual removal of placenta (14.47% versus 0.76%, p = 0.01) and postpartum hemorrhage (6.66% versus 2.88%, p = 0.001). Adjusting for confounders, the adjusted odds of IUFD were more than nine times in pregnancies with VCI (aOR 9.56; 95% CI 6.76–13.5) than those without. Discussion: VCI is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes such as IUFD, SGA, preterm delivery <37 weeks, need for manual removal of placenta and post-partum hemorrhage. Routine identification of the placental cord insertion site should be considered. Close surveillance of these pregnancies should be undertaken. Future research should focus on the optimal management including the gestational age for delivery of these pregnancies.
Staging Proposal for External Auditory Meatus Carcinoma Based on Preoperative Clinical Examination and Computed Tomography Findings

An accepted staging system for squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory meatus is currently lacking and would permit accurate comparison of treatment strategies and results for patients with this unusual neoplasm. In order to develop such a staging system we reviewed the prognostic variables and the accuracy of radiographic diagnoses in 39 patients undergoing temporal bone resection for squamous carcinoma of the external auditory meatus. Predictors of poor survival were extensive tumor involvement, facial nerve paralysis, middle ear involvement, and cervical or periparotid lymphadenopathy. In a comparison of 12 specific anatomic sites, computed tomography was found to be an accurate indicator of histopathologically proven tumor invasion. On the basis of this clinical-radiographic-histopathologic analysis, we propose a TNM staging system for external auditory meatus carcinoma utilizing preoperative computed tomography and physical examination. This system fulfills the requirements of the American Joint Committee on Cancer that a staging system should provide a sound basis for therapeutic planning for cancer patients by describing the survival and resultant treatment of different patient groups in comparable form.
Cross-lingual Semantic Generalization for the Detection of Metaphor

In this work, we describe a supervised cross-lingual methodology for detecting novel and conventionalized metaphors that derives generalized semantic patterns from a collection of metaphor annotations. For this purpose, we model each metaphor annotation as an abstract tuple – (source, target, relation, metaphoricity) – that packages a metaphoricity judgement with a relational grounding of the source and target lexical units in text. From these annotations, we derive a set of semantic patterns using a three-step process. First, we employ several generalized representations of the target using a variety of WordNet information and representative domain terms. Then, we generalize relations using a rule-based, pseudo-semantic role labeling. Finally, we generalize the source by partitioning a semantic hierarchy (defined by the target and the relation) into metaphoric and non-metaphoric regions so as to optimally account for the evidence in the annotated data. Experiments show that by varying the generality of the source, target
Elevated Temperature Affects Development, Survivorship, and Settlement of the Elkhorn Coral, Acropora palmata (Lamarck 1816)

Elevated seawater temperatures during the late summer have the potential to negatively affect the development and survivorship of the larvae of reef corals that are reproductive during that time of year. Acropora palmata, a major Caribbean hermatype, reproduces annually during August and September. A. palmata populations have severely declined over the past three decades, and recovery will require high recruitment rates. Such recruitment will be limited if larval supply is reduced by elevated temperatures. The effects of elevated temperatures on development, survival, and larval settlement of A. palmata were investigated by culturing newly fertilized eggs at temperatures ranging from 27.5 to 31.5 °C. Development was accelerated and the percentage of developmental abnormalities increased at higher temperatures. Embryo mortality peaked during gastrulation, indicating that this complex developmental process is particularly sensitive to elevated temperatures. Larvae cultured at 30 and 31.5 °C experienced as much as an 8-fold decrease in survivorship compared to those at 28 °C. Additionally, settlement was 62% at 28 °C compared to 37% at 31.5 °C. These results indicate that embryos and larvae of A. palmata will be negatively affected as sea surface temperatures continue to warm, likely reducing recruitment and the recovery potential of A. palmata on Caribbean reefs.
The integrin effector PINCH regulates JNK activity and epithelial migration in concert with Ras suppressor 1

Cell adhesion and migration are dynamic processes requiring the coordinated action of multiple signaling pathways, but the mechanisms underlying signal integration have remained elusive. Drosophila embryonic dorsal closure (DC) requires both integrin function and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling for opposed epithelial sheets to migrate, meet, and suture. Here, we show that PINCH, a protein required for integrin-dependent cell adhesion and actin–membrane anchorage, is present at the leading edge of these migrating epithelia and is required for DC. By analysis of native protein complexes, we identify RSU-1, a regulator of Ras signaling in mammalian cells, as a novel PINCH binding partner that contributes to PINCH stability. Mutation of the gene encoding RSU-1 results in wing blistering in Drosophila, demonstrating its role in integrin-dependent cell adhesion. Genetic interaction analyses reveal that both PINCH and RSU-1 antagonize JNK signaling during DC. Our results suggest that PINCH and RSU-1 contribute to the integration of JNK and integrin functions during Drosophila development.