Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Secularism and the Recovery of Religious Tolerance

A significant aspect of the post-colonial structures of knowledge in the Third World is a peculiar form of imperialism of categories. Under such imperialism, a conceptual domain is sometimes hegemonized by a concept produced and honed in the West, hegemonized so effectively that the original domain vanishes from our awareness. Intellect and intelligence become IQ, the oral cultures become the cultures of the primitive, the oppressed become the proletariat, social change becomes development. After a while, people begin to forget that IQ is only a crude measure of intelligence and that one day someone else may think up another kind of index to assess the same thing; that social change did not begin with development, nor will it stop once the idea of development dies a natural or unnatural death. In this paper, I seek to provide a political preface to the recovery of a well-known domain of public concern in South Asia, ethnic and especially religious tolerance, from the hegemonic language of secularism popularized by Westernized intellectuals and middle classes exposed to the globally dominant language of the nation-state in this part of the world. This language, whatever may have been its positive contributions to humane governance and to religious tolerance in the past, increasingly has become a cover for the complicity of modern intellectuals and the modernizing middle classes of South Asia in the new forms of religious violence. These are the forms in which the state, the media and the ideologies of national security, development and modernity propagated by the modern intelligentsia and the middle classes play crucial roles. To provide the political preface I have promised, I have first to describe four trends which have become clearly visible in South Asia during this century, particularly after the Second World War.
UCP2 Deficiency Helps to Restrict the Pathogenesis of Experimental Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniosis in Mice

Background Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a mitochondrial transporter that has been shown to lower the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania upregulate UCP2 and thereby suppress ROS production in infected host tissues, allowing the multiplication of parasites within murine phagocytes. This makes host UCP2 and ROS production potential targets in the development of antileishmanial therapies. Here we explore how UCP2 affects the outcome of cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) and visceral leishmaniosis (VL) in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and in C57BL/6 mice lacking the UCP2 gene (UCP2KO). Methodology and Findings To investigate the effects of host UCP2 deficiency on Leishmania infection, we evaluated parasite loads and cytokine production in target organs. Parasite loads were significantly lower in infected UCP2KO mice than in infected WT mice. We also found that UCP2KO mice produced significantly more interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-17 and IL-13 than WT mice (P<0.05), suggesting that UCP2KO mice are resistant to Leishmania infection. Conclusions In this way, UCP2KO mice were better able than their WT counterparts to overcome L. major and L. infantum infections. These findings suggest that upregulating host ROS levels, perhaps by inhibiting UPC2, may be an effective approach to preventing leishmaniosis.
The Virtual World of Social Networking Sites

Social Networking Sites (SNSs) such as Facebook have made inroads in the life of users. The current study used a quantitative approach to explore adolescents’ usage of SNS in Mumbai and their perceptions and experiences of the same. The sample consisted of 121 adolescent boys and girls in the age group of 13–18 years. Easily accessible Internet and availability of devices such as smartphones influenced access to SNS. Computer-mediated-communication was the preferred means of communication. Selective self-representation and online social comparison were pertinent themes seen through the study. Gender and age differences were found in the overall usage and experiences of SNS. Parental involvement and monitoring resulted in adolescents engaging in privacy management and helped control risky online behaviour. Overall, adolescents reported more positive experiences with SNS.
Pediatric Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Practical Considerations and Future Prospects

Despite the utilization of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in children since the early 1970s, several challenges remain once the procedure is complete. These include little documentation on normal controls, the limitations due to the size of the patient, and uniform processes for assessment. It was not until 1995 that a taskforce on pediatric BAL was formed by the European Respiratory Society, and to our knowledge, they remain the only committee evaluating the process [1]. We examined our procedures and reviewed the literature in an attempt to document the most fruitful practices that would allow improved data comparison and introduce possible investigations.
The increasing prominence of household transmission of hepatitis A in an area undergoing a shift in endemicity

In the rapidly developing city of Almaty, Kazakhstan, rates of hepatitis A have fallen, but no data on prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) exist with which to interpret incidence data. In the autumn of 2001, we determined the anti-HAV prevalence among household and school contacts of hepatitis A cases. For contacts aged 0–4 years, 5–9 years, 10–14 years, 15–19 years, or 20–30 years, immune prevalences were 9, 12, 33, 33 and 77% respectively, among immediate-family household contacts and 15, 28, 49, 52 and 77% respectively, among community contacts. Child community contacts were more likely to be immune than their immediate-family household counterparts (odds ratio 2·0, 95% confidence interval 1·3–3·2). Almaty is experiencing an epidemiological shift in hepatitis A incidence. Feasible and effective prevention strategies using hepatitis A vaccine should be explored.
End-to-Side Nerve Coaptation: Is An Additional Proximal Coaptation Useful When Available?

The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effects of end-to-side coaptation of the proximal end of a severed nerve to the same intact nerve, in addition to traditional end-to-side coaptation of the distal end, with an aim to use the intact nerve as a nerve conduit in a rat model and to compare the functional and histologic results of this modality to those obtained after nerve grafting and traditional end-to-side nerve coaptation. In group A, a peroneal nerve defect measuring 1 cm was created in the left hind limb, and a nerve graft 1 cm long was used to bridge the defect. In group B, only the distal stump of the peroneal nerve was coapted to the intact tibial nerve. In group C, both ends of the peroneal nerve defect were coapted to the intact tibial nerve in an end-to-side fashion 1.5 cm apart from each other, and in group D, the peroneal nerve defect was left unrepaired. Group E was consisted of nonoperated peroneal nerves that were used to obtain normative data. Although significantly higher myelinated axon densities were observed in groups B and C compared with group A and group E, total number of the myelinated axons was significantly higher only in group C. Peroneal functional index assessments demonstrated that nerve recovery in the peroneal nerve was similar in groups A and C, and both were better than those observed in groups B and D. Collectively, these results suggest that end-to-side coaptation of both ends of a severed nerve to an intact nerve, in case of a nerve defect in this length, may serve as an alternative for nerve grafting.
Targeting Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), or tumor-initiating cells, comprise a subset of tumor cells with demonstrated ability for tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Targeting of CSCs remains an attractive yet elusive therapeutic option, with the goal of increasing specificity and effectiveness in tumor eradication, as well as decreasing off-target or systemic toxicity. Research into further characterization and targeted therapy toward head and neck CSCs is an active and rapidly evolving field. This review discusses the current state of research into therapy against head and neck CSCs and future directions for targeted therapy.
Social Capital and Depression

The purpose of this study is 2-fold: (1) to examine how much variance of depression is attributed to the household level and (2) to examine the relationships between individual- and household-level social capital and depression using multilevel analysis from the Korean Welfare Panel Study data. Results show that more than 30% of variance in depression is derived from household-level differences. Results also show that individual level of trust and satisfaction with relationships in the family and household level of satisfaction with relationships among family members was related to depression. The results imply that forming and increasing household or family-level social capital along with individual-level social capital may contribute to preventing depression.
¡Haciendo travesuras con vatos locos como yo! A low-self control approach to gang violence, gang membership, and criminal offending--violent victimization among gang members

Criminologists have traditionally studied criminal offending and violent victimization separately. Extant studies, however, demonstrates that criminals and victims overlap to some degree, hinting that a common underlying trait explains both criminal offending and violent victimization. This study tests whether Gottfredson and Hirschi‘s self-control theory explains the overlap in criminal offending and violent victimization exposure among gang members. Using cross-sectional survey data from the Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) Program in the United States, 1995-1999, results from the regression models show that low self-control is to some degree correlated with criminal offending and violent victimization. Gang members were more likely than non-gang members to participate in some forms of criminal activities, but they were not more likely to be victimized. When variables stemming from social learning and social bonding are included in the regression models, results show that associating with delinquent peers had the strongest effect in predicting criminal offending, contradicting Gottfredson and Hirschi‘s claim that self-control is the only cause of criminal behavior. In concert with previous studies that have found a link between low self-control and violent victimization, results show that youths with low self-control were somewhat more likely than youths with higher self-control to report being victimized. The results of the study, as well as venues for future research, are discussed. ¡HACIENDO TRAVESURAS CON VATOS LOCOS COMO YO! A LOW SELF-CONTROL APPRAOCH TO GANG VIOLENCE, GANG MEMBERSHIP, AND CRIMINAL OFFENDING--VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION AMONG GANG MEMBERS
An empirical analysis of input validation mechanisms in web applications and languages

Web applications have become an integral part of the daily lives of millions of users. Unfortunately, web applications are also frequently targeted by attackers, and attacks such as XSS and SQL injection are still common. In this paper, we present an empirical study of more than 7000 input validation vulnerabilities with the aim of gaining deeper insights into how these common web vulnerabilities can be prevented. In particular, we focus on the relationship between the specific programming language used to develop web applications and the vulnerabilities that are commonly reported. Our findings suggest that most SQL injection and a significant number of XSS vulnerabilities can be prevented using straight-forward validation mechanisms based on common data types. We elaborate on these common data types, and discuss how support could be provided in web application frameworks.
Nonrobustness of the Carryover Effects of Small Classes in Project STAR

Background Class size reduction (CSR) is an enduring school reform undertaken in an effort to improve academic achievement and has been widely encouraged in the United States. Supporters of CSR often cite the positive contemporaneous and carryover effects of Project STAR. Much has been discussed regarding the robustness of the contemporaneous effects but not regarding that of the carryover effects. Purpose This article checks the robustness of the carryover effects of STAR's small classes. Setting STAR was undertaken in 75–79 schools in Tennessee. Participants: Each year in the experimental period, 6,000–7,000 students in grades K–3 participated in the experiment, for a total of 12,000 students during the entire period. Intervention As students initially entered STAR schools, they were (arguably) randomly assigned to small classes with 13–17 students, regular classes with 22–25 students without teacher aides, and regular classes with 22–25 students with teacher aides. The experiment was performed from 1985 through 1989, but information on STAR students continued to be collected thereafter. Research Design STAR is a randomized controlled field experiment. Data Analysis In this article, STAR schools are divided into “effective” schools and “ineffective” schools. Effective schools are defined as schools where the test scores of students in small classes were statistically significantly higher than those of students in regular classes at the 5% level in both math and reading. By contrast, ineffective schools are defined as schools where the test scores of students in small classes were not statistically significantly higher than those of students in regular classes at the 5% level in either math or reading. Separately for effective schools, schools other than effective schools, and ineffective schools, the academic achievement of students is regressed on variables indicating small class assignment, along with student characteristics and school-by-entry wave fixed effects. Findings The carryover effects of CSR are not robust; they are driven mostly by effective schools, which account for at most a quarter of STAR schools. During this investigation, it is revealed that, in contrast to the protocol of randomization, observable student characteristics in these schools are not randomly distributed between small and regular classes. They are instead distributed in such a way as to increase the academic achievement of students in small classes and decrease that of students in regular classes. Recommendations Caution is recommended when citing the positive carryover effects of S TAR.
Noninvasive assessment of respiratory muscle strength and activity in Myotonic dystrophy

Objective To evaluate sensitivity/specificity of the maximum relaxation rate (MRR) of inspiratory muscles, amplitude of electromyographic activity of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), scalene (SCA), parasternal (2ndIS) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles; lung function and respiratory muscle strength in subjects with Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) compared with healthy subjects. Design and methods Quasi-experimental observational study with control group. MRR of inspiratory muscles, lung function and amplitude of the electromyographic activity of SCM, SCA, 2ndIS and RA muscles during maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax), maximum expiratory pressure (PEmax) and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) tests were assessed in eighteen DM1 subjects and eleven healthy. Results MRR was lower in DM1 group compared to healthy (P = 0.001) and was considered sensitive and specific to identify disease in DM1 and discard it in controls, as well as SNIP% (P = 0.0026), PImax% (P = 0.0077) and PEmax% (P = 0.0002). Contraction time of SCM and SCA was higher in DM1 compared to controls, respectively, during PImax (P = 0.023 and P = 0.017) and SNIP (P = 0.015 and P = .0004). The DM1 group showed lower PImax (P = .0006), PEmax (P = 0.0002), SNIP (P = 0.0014), and higher electromyographic activity of the SCM (P = 0.002) and SCA (P = 0.004) at rest; of 2ndIS (P = 0.003) during PEmax and of SCM (P = 0.02) and SCA (P = 0.03) during SNIP test. Conclusions MD1 subjects presented restrictive pattern, reduced respiratory muscle strength, muscular electrical activity and MRR when compared to higher compared to controls. In addition, the lower MRR found in MD1 subjects showed to be reliable to sensitivity and specificity in identifying the delayed relaxation of respiratory muscles.
Exploiting the Essential Assumptions of Analogy-Based Effort Estimation

Background: There are too many design options for software effort estimators. How can we best explore them all? Aim: We seek aspects on general principles of effort estimation that can guide the design of effort estimators. Method: We identified the essential assumption of analogy-based effort estimation, i.e., the immediate neighbors of a project offer stable conclusions about that project. We test that assumption by generating a binary tree of clusters of effort data and comparing the variance of supertrees versus smaller subtrees. Results: For 10 data sets (from Coc81, Nasa93, Desharnais, Albrecht, ISBSG, and data from Turkish companies), we found: 1) The estimation variance of cluster subtrees is usually larger than that of cluster supertrees; 2) if analogy is restricted to the cluster trees with lower variance, then effort estimates have a significantly lower error (measured using MRE, AR, and Pred(25) with a Wilcoxon test, 95 percent confidence, compared to nearest neighbor methods that use neighborhoods of a fixed size). Conclusion: Estimation by analogy can be significantly improved by a dynamic selection of nearest neighbors, using only the project data from regions with small variance.
Transforming Settler States: Communal Conflict and Internal Security in Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe.

impact (or lack thereof) on provincial autonomy and self-government; the lessons taught to Canadians by the broader concept of imperial home rule as clues to the federal relationship in Canada; and the deep faith of debaters on both sides in the rule of law as the fundamental basis of both liberty and community. In his well-argued conclusion, Vipond demonstrates that in the Ontario debates proponents of provincial rights (of the provinces as independent political communities) based their defense "on a deep commitment to liberal individualism" and an equally deep commitment to the view that the people were "the source of, and the ultimate check on, governmental authority," wherever it might be exercised! "The ideology of provincial autonomy, in short, was both considerably more ambiguous and considerably more subtle" than it came to be seen in later years (pp. 194-95). Vipond begs his readers "to see beyond, or see through, the 'competing visions' that animate, but also divide most constitutional discussions" in Canada today and to understand that underlying both concepts is the "common commitment to liberalism" of all Canadians (p. 196). In his view, the principles of liberalism are sufficient today (as they have always been) to allow a resolution of the Canadian constitutional crisis. That is what he sees as the challenge to Canadian federalism and perhaps its ultimate solution. Some 45 pages of chapter notes give evidence of Vipond's careful and thorough research and understanding of the complexities of his theme; the index is unusually well constructed. It is a most thought-provoking and constructive book.
Accurate characterization of extravascular lung water in acute respiratory distress syndrome*

Objectives:Measurements of extravascular lung water (EVLW) correlate to the degree of pulmonary edema and have substantial prognostic information in critically ill patients. Prior studies using single indicator thermodilution have reported that 21% to 35% of patients with clinical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have normal EVLW (<10 mL/kg). Given that lung size is independent of actual body weight, we sought to determine whether indexing EVLW to predicted or adjusted body weight affects the frequency of increased EVLW in patients with ARDS. Design:Prospective, observational cohort study. Setting:Medical and surgical intensive care units at two academic hospitals. Patients:Thirty patients within 72 hrs of meeting American-European Consensus Conference definition of ARDS and 14 severe sepsis patients without ARDS. Interventions:None. Measurement and Main Results:EVLW was measured for 7 days by PiCCO transpulmonary thermodilution; 225 measurements of EVLW indexed to actual body weight (ActBW) were compared with EVLW indexed to predicted body weight (PBW) and adjusted body weight (AdjBW). Mean EVLW indexed to ActBW was 12.7 mg/kg for ARDS patients and 7.8 mg/kg for non-ARDS sepsis patients (p < .0001). In all patients, EVLW increased an average of 1.1 ± 2.1 mL/kg when indexed to AdjBW and 2.0 ± 4.1 mL/kg when indexed to PBW. Indexing EVLW to PBW or AdjBW increased the proportion of ARDS patients with elevated EVLW (each p < .05) without increasing the frequency of elevated EVLW in non-ARDS patients. EVLW indexed to PBW had a stronger correlation to Lung Injury Score (r2 = .39 vs. r2 = .17) and Pao2/Fio2 ratio (r2 = .25 vs. r2 = .10) than did EVLW indexed to ActBW. Conclusions:Indexing EVLW to PBW or AdjBW reduces the number of ARDS patients with normal EVLW and correlates better to Lung Injury Score and oxygenation than using ActBW. Studies are needed to confirm the presumed superiority of this method for diagnosing ARDS and to determine the clinical treatment implications.
The Interaction of Cognitive Learning Style and Achievement of Selected Students of English as a Second Language

The purposes of this study were (1) to determine if the culture of the student's first language was a significant variable in field-dependent-independent cognitive learning style, and (2) if a student's second language achievement has a significant relationship to variables of grade level, sex, time in an English as a second language (ESL) program, second language proficiency level or cognitive learning style. It was hypothesized that (1) there are significant positive correlations between field-independence and the variables of achievement, proficiency level, and grade level, (2) there are significant positive correlations between second language achievement and proficiency level, grade level and time in an ESL program, (3) there are no significant differences in field-dependence between the sexes or the four cultures of Laotian, Spanish, Tongan, and Vietnamese, and (4) there is no significant difference in the mean achievement score between the sexes.
面向发展的公共财政管理——评The International Handbook of Public Financial Management

Allen, R. , Hemming, R. ＆ Potter, B.H. （2013）. The International Handbook of Public Financial Management. New York： Palgrave Macmillan. 881 PP.一、引言国家治理能力很大程度上依赖于国家的预算能力（Schick，1990）。 国家治理运用国家预算这一重要的政策工具，管理政府汲取的有限资源，通过预算过、程对竞争性政策目标进行调整和排序，实施优先发展项目。 在国家治理的框架下，国家预算回答了“做什么”的问题，反映了政府的政策选择及相应的政策成本。