Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election

Research on political judgment and decision-making has converged with decades of research in clinical and social psychology suggesting the ubiquity of emotion-biased motivated reasoning. Motivated reasoning is a form of implicit emotion regulation in which the brain converges on judgments that minimize negative and maximize positive affect states associated with threat to or attainment of motives. To what extent motivated reasoning engages neural circuits involved in cold reasoning and conscious emotion regulation (e.g., suppression) is, however, unknown. We used functional neuroimaging to study the neural responses of 30 committed partisans during the U.S. Presidential election of 2004. We presented subjects with reasoning tasks involving judgments about information threatening to their own candidate, the opposing candidate, or neutral control targets. Motivated reasoning was associated with activations of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and lateral orbital cortex. As predicted, motivated reasoning was not associated with neural activity in regions previously linked to cold reasoning tasks and conscious (explicit) emotion regulation. The findings provide the first neuroimaging evidence for phenomena variously described as motivated reasoning, implicit emotion regulation, and psychological defense. They suggest that motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from reasoning when people do not have a strong emotional stake in the conclusions reached.
Phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of pomace extracts from four Virginia‐grown grape varieties

Abstract Grape pomace is a potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of pomace extracts from four Virginia‐grown grape varieties were investigated. White grape pomaces had higher (P < 0.05) solvent extraction yield than red varieties. Concentrations of total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), total anthocyanin (TAC), tannins, condensed tannins (CT), as well as antioxidant capacities (DPPH• and ABTS•+free radical scavenging) differed (P < 0.05) among four pomace extracts. ABTS•+ scavenging capacity was positively correlated with TPC, TFC, tannins, and CT (P < 0.05), whereas DPPH• capacity was positively correlated with TAC (P < 0.05). Nine flavonoid compounds were identified, of which catechin and epicatechin were the two most abundant. Antibacterial activity was observed against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, but not against Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 3510 and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028. L. monocytogenes was more susceptible than S. aureus.
A Public Administration Headache: An Evaluation Analysis of Prison Policy and Recidivism Toward Social Reintegration

We focus on discovering, describing, and understanding prison recidivism; secondly, we intend to know if the prison policy contributes to deterrence of crime; thirdly, we want to know if prison labor and vocational education and training influence the rate of prison recidivism by increasing social reintegration or decreasing prison recidivism. We use a sample of n = 1643 prisoners, multivariate clustering methods, focusing on latent class models, to trace the profile of prisoners, and we use the chi-square test to test dependence/independence of some variable pairs. Data support the heterogeneity of inmates, resulting in two clusters, recidivists (50%), and nonrecidivists.
Expression of the Astrocyte Water Channel Aquaporin-4 in the Mouse Brain

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a bidirectional water channel that is found on astrocytes throughout the central nervous system. Expression is particularly high around areas in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting that AQP4 plays a role in fluid exchange between the cerebrospinal fluid compartments and the brain. Despite its significant role in the brain, the overall spatial and region-specific distribution of AQP4 has yet to be fully characterized. In this study, we used Western blotting and immunohistochemical techniques to characterize AQP4 expression and localization throughout the mouse brain. We observed AQP4 expression throughout the forebrain, subcortical areas, and brainstem. AQP4 protein levels were highest in the cerebellum with lower expression in the cortex and hippocampus. We found that AQP4 immunoreactivity was profuse on glial cells bordering ventricles, blood vessels, and subarachnoid space. Throughout the brain, AQP4 was expressed on astrocytic end-feet surrounding blood vessels but was also heterogeneously expressed in brain tissue parenchyma and neuropil, often with striking laminar specificity. In the cerebellum, we showed that AQP4 colocalized with the proteoglycan brevican, which is synthesized by and expressed on cerebellar astrocytes. Despite the high abundance of AQP4 in the cerebellum, its functional significance has yet to be investigated. Given the known role of AQP4 in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, the widespread and region-specific expression pattern of AQP4 suggests involvement not only in fluid balance and ion homeostasis but also local synaptic plasticity and function in distinct brain circuits.
Caspase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein modulates amyloid β‐protein toxicity

The amyloid β‐protein precursor (APP) is proteolytically cleaved to generate the amyloid β‐protein (Aβ), the principal constituent of senile plaques found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, Aβ in its oligomeric and fibrillar forms have been hypothesized to induce neuronal toxicity. We and others have previously shown that APP can be cleaved by caspases at the C‐terminus to generate a potentially cytotoxic peptide termed C31. Furthermore, this cleavage event and caspase activation were increased in the brains of AD, but not control, cases. In this study, we show that in cultured cells, Aβ induces caspase cleavage of APP in the C‐terminus and that the subsequent generation of C31 contributes to the apoptotic cell death associated with Aβ. Interestingly, both Aβ toxicity and C31 pathway are dependent on the presence of APP. Both APP‐dependent Aβ toxicity and C31‐induced apoptotic cell death involve apical or initiator caspases‐8 and ‐9. Our results suggest that Aβ‐mediated toxicity initiates a cascade of events that includes caspase activation and APP cleavage. These findings link C31 generation and its potential cell death activity to Aβ cytotoxicity, the leading mechanism proposed for neuronal death in AD.
Are abstract concepts like dinosaur feathers? Objectification as a conceptual tool: evidence from language and gesture of English and Polish native speakers

Studies based on the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999) usually identify conceptual metaphors by analysing linguistic expressions and creating a post hoc interpretation of the findings. This method has been questioned for a variety of reasons, including its circularity (Muller, 2008), lack of falsifiability (Vervaeke & Kennedy, 1996, 2004), and lack of predictive power (Ritchie, 2003). It has been argued that CTM requires additional constraints to improve its applicability for empirical research (Gibbs, 2011; Ritchie, 2003). This paper sets out to propose additional methodological structure to CTM, a theory of conceptual metaphor in which much of abstract thought is generated by metaphorical mapping from embodied experience (Ruiz de Mendoza Ibanez & Perez Hernandez, 2011). Introducing Objectification Theory defined by Szwedek (2002, 2007, 2011) ameliorates a number of methodological issues in CTM. First, the embodiment claim of CTM in its current form cannot be empirically proven incorrect (Vervaeke & Kennedy, 2004) as any mapping within it is possible (although only some actually happen). Objectification introduces pre-metaphorical structure of the kind suggested by Glucksberg (2001), constraining source and target domain selection, predicting which mappings are more likely to happen. Second, while many claim that metaphors trace back to a literal concept based on embodied physical experience (Gibbs, Costa Lima, & Francozo, 2004), it is unclear what criteria are used to define „physical”. Metaphorical domains are often described using the terms „abstract” and „concrete”, Objectification proposes objective criteria for deciding whether a concept is experientially grounded. Finally, Objectification provides grounds for introducing a hierarchical framework for metaphor typology, preventing post-hoc addition of metaphor types if and when suitable for the explanation of a phenomenon; thus increasing the consistency of the CTM framework, both internally and with other cognitive science disciplines. This thesis focuses on providing evidence for Objectification Theory and identifying its applications in metaphor and gesture research.
An Active Contour Model for Segmenting and Measuring Retinal Vessels

This paper presents an algorithm for segmenting and measuring retinal vessels, by growing a ldquoRibbon of Twinsrdquo active contour model, which uses two pairs of contours to capture each vessel edge, while maintaining width consistency. The algorithm is initialized using a generalized morphological order filter to identify approximate vessels centerlines. Once the vessel segments are identified the network topology is determined using an implicit neural cost function to resolve junction configurations. The algorithm is robust, and can accurately locate vessel edges under difficult conditions, including noisy blurred edges, closely parallel vessels, light reflex phenomena, and very fine vessels. It yields precise vessel width measurements, with subpixel average width errors. We compare the algorithm with several benchmarks from the literature, demonstrating higher segmentation sensitivity and more accurate width measurement.
Healthy Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review of Current Data

There is growing evidence that healthy dietary patterns including Mediterranean, prudent, traditional and plant-food based dietary patterns could have favorable effects in breast cancer prevention but there are inconsistencies in this regard. In the current study we reviewed the current evidences in relation to healthy dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer. Both positive and negative association between Mediterranean dietary pattern and scores as well as prudent and traditional diet and breast cancer risk were observed in case-control and cohort studies. These conflicting findings might be explained by several issue including different dietary assessment methods, different definitions of Mediterranean dietary pattern and score, measurement errors, race differences, and potential confounding variables adjusted in the models. The healthy dietary patterns with high loading of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes had been mainly accompanied with a considerable reduced risk of breast cancer in different races. It should be noted that menopausal and tumor's hormone receptor status, as well as body mass index of women had determinant role in the association of healthy dietary patterns and breast cancer risk. Protective effects of healthy dietary patterns against breast cancer were mainly observed in women with normal body weight (BMI<25 kg/m2). Further studies are required to clear the associations of dietary patterns and breast cancer risk.
Relationship between Career Motivation and Perceived Spiritual Leadership in Health Professional Educators: A Correlational Study in Iran

Background and Aims: Career motivation in university educators through efficient ways and appropriate with the educational system, is considered one of the important factors affecting education of students and their competence. This study aimed to determine the relationship between career motivation and spiritual leadership among a university of medical sciences in the west, Iran. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional correlation study was conducted among the university educators of medical sciences in the west, Iran in 2012. All of the educators (N=230) were selected and recruited according to census method. The data were collected by two established self-completed questionnaires on spiritual leadership (SL) and career motivation. Data were analyzed statistically by parametric tests: Pearson correlation, independent student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The Pearson correlation test identified a significant relationship between educators’ career motivation and vision, altruistic love, hope/faith, meaning/calling and membership dimensions of spiritual leadership (p<0.05). The independent t-test detected a significant relationship between the ‘hope/faith’ (p=0.04) and organizational commitment (p=0.004) dimensions and the gender of educators. ANOVA revealed significant differences in educators’ years of work experience and their overall career motivation (p=0.003) and the dimension of ‘membership’ (p<0.04). A significant relationship was found in ‘altruistic love’ and ‘Hope/faith’, and the educators’ academic rank place in the university (p=0.03). Also a significant relationship was found in ‘vision’ (p=0.03) and ‘altruistic love’ (p=0.002) and ‘membership’ (p=0.04) dimensions, and the type of faculty. Conclusion: The results indicate that the dimensions of existence of spiritual leadership may have a positive relationship with educators’ career motivation.
A multi-agent scanner to detect stored-XSS vulnerabilities

The cross-site scripting (XSS) has become a common vulnerability of many web sites and web applications. XSS consists in the exploitation of input validation flaws, with the purpose of injecting arbitrary script code which is later executed at the web browser of the victim. One interesting possibility to prevent this type of vulnerability is the use of vulnerability scanners. However, current scanners are capable of detecting just one of the two main modalities of XSS attacks. This paper introduces a novel multi-agent system for the automated scanning of web sites to detect the presence of XSS vulnerabilities exploitable by an stored-XSS attack. The rate of detection of the system is evaluated in two different scenarios.
A biochemical and immunohistochemical study of the protective effects of carnosine for carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats

We investigated the protective effect of carnosine on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver tissue damage. Thirty-two adult male rats were divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was the untreated control, group 2 was injected with 0.2 ml/kg/day carbon tetrachloride, group 3 was injected with with 0.2 ml/kg/day carbon tetrachloride plus 200 mg/kg/day carnosine, and group 4 was injected with 200 mg/kg/day carnosine. Increased serum alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase levels, liver malondialdehyde levels, HSP-70 expression and steatosis were observed following treatment with carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride caused severe biochemical and histopathological changes in liver tissue and treatment with carnosine partially prevented the damage. HSP-70 may help control liver damage.
Rheology of the Upper Mantle: A Synthesis

Rheological properties of the upper mantle of the Earth play an important role in the dynamics of the lithosphere and asthenosphere. However, such fundamental issues as the dominant mechanisms of flow have not been well resolved. A synthesis of laboratory studies and geophysical and geological observations shows that transitions between diffusion and dislocation creep likely occur in the Earth's upper mantle. The hot and shallow upper mantle flows by dislocation creep, whereas cold and shallow or deep upper mantle may flow by diffusion creep. When the stress increases, grain size is reduced and the upper mantle near the transition between these two regimes is weakened. Consequently, deformation is localized and the upper mantle is decoupled mechanically near these depths.
Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of “Broken Windows”

This article reveals the grounds on which individuals form perceptions of disorder. Integrating ideas about implicit bias and statistical discrimination with a theoretical framework on neighborhood racial stigma, our empirical test brings together personal interviews, census data, police records, and systematic social observations situated within some 500 block groups in Chicago. Observed disorder predicts perceived disorder, but racial and economic context matter more. As the concentration of minority groups and poverty increases, residents of all races perceive heightened disorder even after we account for an extensive array of personal characteristics and independently observed neighborhood conditions. Seeing disorder appears to be imbued with social meanings that go well beyond what essentialist theories imply, generating self-reinforcing processes that may help account for the perpetuation of urban racial inequality.
The moderating role of working memory capacity and alcohol-specific rule-setting on the relation between approach tendencies and alcohol use in young adolescents.

BACKGROUND Dual process models of alcohol addiction propose that the transition from normative alcohol consumption to heavy drinking is the result of an imbalance in interplay between relatively impulsive or automatic and reflective or controlled processes. The current study examines whether impulsive and reflective processes are also detectable in a sample of adolescents with limited alcohol use. METHODS Specifically, we tested the interaction between alcohol approach tendencies and 2 types of reflective processes, working memory capacity (WMC) and alcohol-specific rule-setting, on changes in alcohol use of 238 young adolescents (mean age: 13.82 years). Gender differences in these associations were also explored. RESULTS Results showed that WMC did not moderate the relation between approach tendencies and subsequent alcohol use, whereas rule-setting did, with stronger associations between approach tendencies and alcohol use for male adolescents reporting more permissive parents than male adolescents with parents enforcing stricter rules involving alcohol use. Associations between approach tendencies and subsequent alcohol use did not emerge for female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that even in a sample of adolescents with limited drinking experience, automatic processes are positively associated with alcohol use for male adolescents that are not motivated by parents to control their drinking.
THE CERRO PRIETO AND SALTON SEA GEOTHERMAL FIELDS - ARE THEY REALLY ALIKE?

In the Salton Trough, of southern California and northern Baja California, the most important geothermal fields are those at the Salton Sea (SSGF) and Cerro Prieto (CPGF). They have nearly the same geologic framework; both are located in active pullapart basins within the Trough, an actively growing rift valley which is the northern landward extension of the Gulf of California. The lithologic columns in these fields are dominated by deltaic and alluvial deposits, with that of the SSGF being richer in lacustrine sediments and evaporites. The heat sources in both fields are oceanic ridge-type intrusions of sheeted dike complexes. The volcanoes found in the CP and SS areas are genetically related to the hypabyssal rocks intercepted by some of the geothermal wells. The maximum temperatures measured in the wells are similar (i.e., around 350370° C). The main difference between the two fields is in the salinity of the geothermal fluids. The maximum total dissolved solids in the SSGF geothermal brines is about 30% and only about 3% in CPGF brines. The hydrogeological regimes and the lithology prevailing in these fields could reflect this contrast.
Sınıf Öğretmeni Adaylarının Sosyo-kültürel Özellikleri ve Öğretmenlik Mesleğine Yönelik Tutumları Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Bu calismada, ogretmen adaylarinin sosyo-kulturel ozellikleri ve ogretmenlik meslegine yonelik tutumlari ile bu tutumlarin, sosyo-kulturel ozelliklerine gore farklilasip farklilasmadigi belirlenmeye calisilmistir. Calisma grubunu, 2002-2003 Ogretim Yilinda, H.U. Sinif Ogretmenligi Ana Bilim Dali’nda ogrenim goren 468 kiz, 124 erkek, toplam 592 ogretmen adayi olusturmustur. Calisma sonucunda, adaylarin ogretmenlik meslegine yonelik tutumlari yuksek ( =43,19) bulunmustur. Adaylarda, annelerin % 52’si, babalarin % 32’si ilkokul mezunu, annelerin % 78’i ev kadini, babalarin %22’si serbest meslek sahibidir. Adaylarin % 36’sinin aile geliri 250-500 milyon TL arasindadir. Calisma sonuclara gore, adaylarinin tutum puani ortalamalari kiz adaylarin lehine anlamli farklilik gosterirken, tercih siralarina gore farklilik bulunamamistir. Tutum puanlari ortalamalari arasinda annenin egitim durumuna gore anlamli farklilik gozlenmezken, babanin egitim durumunda ise farkliligin okur yazar ile okumaz-yazmaz, ilkokul, ortaokul, lise ve universite mezunlari arasinda okur-yazarin aleyhine oldugu anlasilmisti r. Adaylarin anne ve babalarinin meslekleri ve ailelerin gelir durumlari acisindan bakildiginda, tutum puanlarinda farklilasma gorulmemistir. Anahtar kelimeler: Tutum, ogretmenlik meslegine yonelik tutum, sosyo-kulturel ozellikler ve tutum.
Optimism, Response to Treatment of Depression, and Rehospitalization After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Objective Optimism has been associated with a lower risk of rehospitalization after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, but little is known about how optimism affects treatment of depression in post-CABG patients. Methods Using data from a collaborative care intervention trial for post-CABG depression, we conducted exploratory post hoc analyses of 284 depressed post-CABG patients (2-week posthospitalization score in the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire ≥10) and 146 controls without depression who completed the Life Orientation Test – Revised (full scale and subscale) to assess dispositional optimism. We classified patients as optimists and pessimists based on the sample-specific Life Orientation Test – Revised distributions in each cohort (full sample, depressed, nondepressed). For 8 months, we assessed health-related quality of life (using the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey) and mood symptoms (using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HRS-D]) and adjudicated all-cause rehospitalization. We defined treatment response as a 50% or higher decline in HRS-D score from baseline. Results Compared with pessimists, optimists had lower baseline mean HRS-D scores (8 versus 15, p = .001). Among depressed patients, optimists were more likely to respond to treatment at 8 months (58% versus 27%, odds ratio = 3.02, 95% confidence interval = 1.28–7.13, p = .01), a finding that was not sustained in the intervention group. The optimism subscale, but not the pessimism subscale, predicted treatment response. By 8 months, optimists were less likely to be rehospitalized (odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval = 0.32–0.93, p = .03). Conclusions Among depressed post-CABG patients, optimists responded to depression treatment at higher rates. Independent of depression, optimists were less likely to be rehospitalized by 8 months after CABG. Further research should explore the impact of optimism on these and other important long-term post-CABG outcomes.