Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives.

THE importance of the choice situation is reflected in the considerable amount of theory and research on conflict. Conflict theory has generally dealt, however, with the phenomena that lead up to the choice. What happens after the choice has received little attention. The present paper is concerned with some of the consequences of making a choice. Previous consideration of the consequences of choice have been limited to relatively unspecified hypotheses (1, 3) or to qualitative analysis (4). However, a recent theory by Festinger (2) makes possible several explicit predictions. According to this analysis of the choice situation, all cognitive elements (items of information) that favor the chosen alternative are "consonant," and all cognitive elements that favor the unchosen alternative are "dissonant" with the choice behavior. Furthermore, other things being equal, the greater the number of elements favoring the unchosen alternative (i.e., the greater the relative attractiveness of the unchosen alternative) the greater the resulting "dissonance. " When "dissonance" exists, the person will attempt to eliminate or reduce it. Although space limitations preclude further discussion of the theory, it may be said that several derivations are possible concerning the consequences of making a choice. The present study was designed to test the following: 1. Choosing between two alternatives creates dissonance and a consequent pressure to reduce it. The dissonance is reduced by making the chosen alternative more desirable and the unchosen alternative less desirable after the choice than they were before it. 2. The magnitude of the dissonance and the 1 This paper is based on a thesis offered in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Minnesota. The author wishes to thank his advisor, Dr. Leon Festinger, for his invaluable aid in the formulation and execution of the study. He also wishes to thank the Laboratory for Research in Social Relations, which supported the study. 4 The author is now in the Department of Psychology, Yale University. consequent pressure to reduce it are greater the more closely the alternatives approach equal desirability. 3. Exposing a person to new relevant cognitive elements, at least some of which are consonant, facilitates the reduction of dissonance.
The Query Complexity of Contracts

Algorithmic contract design is a new frontier in the intersection of economics and computation, with combinatorial contracts being a core problem in this domain. A central model within combinatorial contracts explores a setting where a principal delegates the execution of a task, which can either succeed or fail, to an agent. The agent can choose any subset among a given set of costly actions, where every subset is associated with a success probability. The principal incentivizes the agent through a contract that specifies the payment upon success of the task. A natural setting of interest is one with submodular success probabilities. It is known that finding the optimal contract for the principal is $\mathsf{NP}$-hard, but the hardness result is derived from the hardness of demand queries. A major open problem is whether the hardness arises solely from the hardness of demand queries, or if the complexity lies within the optimal contract problem itself. In other words: does the problem retain its hardness, even when provided access to a demand oracle? We resolve this question in the affirmative, showing that any algorithm that computes the optimal contract for submodular success probabilities requires an exponential number of demand queries, thus settling the query complexity problem.
The Distributional Impacts of Policies for the Control of Transport Externalities an Applied General Equilibrium Model

Technical abstract The paper uses an applied general equilibrium model, calibrated to the situation in Belgium in 1990, to evaluate the welfare effects of small policy changes in the presence of transport externalities. The model incorporates three types of externalities: congestion, which has a feedback effect on the behaviour of the economic agents, air pollution and accidents. The model is used to perform balanced budget incidence simulations in which the marginal cost of public funds is calculated for four alternative policy instruments: a lump sum tax, the labour income tax, the fuel taxes and peak road pricing. For each of these instruments the marginal cost of public funds is calculated. The results of the model are compared with those of a model in which congestion, air pollution and accidents are assumed to remain constant at their initial level. The model contributes to the literature in two ways. First of all, it includes non-identical individuals which allows to analyse the equity effects of the policy reforms. The second contribution is related to the way in which the externalities are modelled: the feedback effect of congestion is explicitly taken into account and the value of a marginal time saving is determined endogenously in the model. The simulations show that the ranking of the instruments in terms of their marginal cost of public funds changes significantly when the effect of the reform on the externalities is taken into account. Secondly, regardless of the way in which the tax revenue is recycled, the welfare gain of peak road pricing is higher than that of the fuel tax. When the externality tax revenue is recycled through the lump sum tax the welfare gains are higher for the poorer than for the richer quintiles. On the other hand, the main beneficiary of revenue recycling through the labour income tax is the richest quintile. Consequently, when the social welfare function gives a higher weight to the welfare of individuals belonging to the poorer quintiles, the distributional impacts of the policy reforms cause the welfare gain to be higher when the revenue is recycled through an increase in the lump sum transfer rather than through a lower labour income tax rate. The link is made with the double dividend literature. A weak double dividend can be realised only when all individuals are given the same welfare weight. However, the inclusion of distributional considerations offers the possibility of realising …
Evidence of Academic Self Efficacy, Perceived Teacher Support, Age and Gender as Predictors of School Burnout

School burnout is an increasing area of research in the adolescent education literature. The present study extended the literature by focusing on personal variables that can serve as a protective factor against school burnout among students in a rural public university where basic amenities and facilities are lacking. Therefore, the study investigated academic self-efficacy, perceived teacher support, gender and age as factors that predict school burnout. The study was a cross-sectional ex post facto survey that involved 300 undergraduates randomly selected from a public university in southwest Nigeria. The sample comprised 143 males and 157 females, whose ages ranged between 14 years and 34 years (Mean = 22.55; SD = 3.37). Data were collected with a questionnaire made up of four sections that measured the variables of interest in the study. Demographic variables measured were age, sex, and, level of study. Standardized scales that measured school burnout, general self-efficacy perceived teacher support were used to administered on participants. Result showed significant joint influence of academic self efficacy, perceived teacher support, gender and age on school burnout. Academic self efficacy and perceived teacher support had significant independent influence on school burnout.
Indirect and Direct Relationships Between Self-Regulation and Academic Achievement During the Nursery/Elementary School Transition of French Students

Research Findings: Several recent studies carried out in the United States and abroad (i.e., Asia and Europe) have demonstrated that the ability of young children to regulate their behavior (including inhibitory control, working memory, attentional control) significantly predicts their academic achievement. The current study examined the contribution of self-regulation skills measured by the Head–Toes–Knees–Shoulders task in predicting the literacy, word recognition, and mathematical performance of 138 French children followed from their last year in nursery school (5.7 years old) to their 1st year in elementary school (7.3 years old). The current study also examined whether self-regulation skills differ by gender. Results indicated that self-regulation performance was similar for boys and girls. Path analyses revealed different patterns of relationships between self-regulation and mathematics and between self-regulation and literacy/word recognition. Self-regulation was significantly associated with math skills both directly and indirectly. In addition, early literacy skills were strongly associated with both mathematics and word recognition performance. Practice or Policy: Results suggest that developing the strong self-regulation and early academic skills of young French children could be beneficial to their academic achievement.
Détection et analyse de l'impact des défauts de code dans les applications mobiles. (Detection and analysis of impact of code smells in mobile applications)

Les applications mobiles deviennent des logiciels complexes qui doivent etre developpes rapidement tout en evoluant de maniere continue afin de repondre aux nouveaux besoins des utilisateurs ainsi qu’aux mises a jour regulieres du contexte d’execution, a savoir le systeme d’exploitation des peripheriques mobiles. S’adapter a ces contraintes peut provoquer la presence de mauvais choix d’implementation ou de conception que nous appelons defauts de code. La presence de defauts de code au sein d’une application peut degrader la qualite et les performances d’une application en compliquant les tâches de maintenance et d’evolution. Il est alors important de connaitre ces defauts mais aussi de pouvoir les detecter et les corriger, afin de permettre aux developpeurs d’ameliorer la qualite et les performances de leur application. Les defauts de code sont bien connus pour les applications orientes objets et de nombreux outils permettent leurs detections, mais ce n’est pas le cas pour les applications mobiles. Les connaissances concernant les defauts de code dans les applications mobiles sont lacunaires, notamment au niveau de l’impact de la correction de ces defauts sur l’application, de plus les outils permettant la detection et la correction des defauts sont inexistants ou peu matures. Nous presentons donc ici une classification de 17 defauts de code pouvant apparaitre dans les applications Android, ainsi qu’un outil permettant la detection et la correction des defauts de code sur Android. Nous appliquons et validons notre methode sur de grandes quantites d’applications (plus de 3000) dans deux etudes qui evaluent la presence et l’evolution du nombre des defauts de code dans des applications populaires. De plus, nous presentons aussi deux approches destinees a evaluer l’impact de la correction des defauts de code sur les performances et la consommation d’energie des applications. Nous avons applique ces approches sur des applications libres ce qui nous a permis d’observer que la correction des defauts de code est benefique dans la plupart des cas.
Adapting OC20-trained EquiformerV2 Models for High-Entropy Materials

Computational high-throughput studies, especially in research on high-entropy materials and catalysts, are hampered by high-dimensional composition spaces and myriad structural microstates. They present bottlenecks to the conventional use of density functional theory calculations, and consequently, the use of machine-learned potentials is becoming increasingly prevalent in atomic structure simulations. In this communication, we show the results of adjusting and fine-tuning the pretrained EquiformerV2 model from the Open Catalyst Project to infer adsorption energies of *OH and *O on the out-of-domain high-entropy alloy Ag-Ir-Pd-Pt-Ru. By applying an energy filter based on the local environment of the binding site the zero-shot inference is markedly improved and through few-shot fine-tuning the model yields state-of-the-art accuracy. It is also found that EquiformerV2, assuming the role of general machine learning potential, is able to inform a smaller, more focused direct inference model. This knowledge distillation setup boosts performance on complex binding sites. Collectively, this shows that foundational knowledge learned from ordered intermetallic structures, can be extrapolated to the highly disordered structures of solid-solutions. With the vastly accelerated computational throughput of these models, hitherto infeasible research in the high-entropy material space is now readily accessible.
Unique mechanistic insights into the beneficial effects of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in the prevention of cardiac fibrosis

Tissue fibrosis represents one of the largest groups of diseases for which there are very few effective therapies. In the heart, myocardial infarction (MI) resulting in the loss of cardiac myocytes can culminate in adverse cardiac remodeling leading to eventual heart failure. Adverse cardiac remodeling includes myocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and electrical remodeling. We have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of several potent soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors (sEHIs) in different models of cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Here, we directly determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of sEHIs in cardiac remodeling post-MI. Treatment with a potent sEHI, 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidine-4-yl)urea (TPPU), which was started 1 wk post-MI in a murine model, results in a significant improvement in cardiac function. Importantly, treatment with TPPU results in a decrease in cardiac fibrosis as quantified using histological and immunostaining techniques. Moreover, single-cell–based assays demonstrate that treatment with TPPU results in a significant decrease not only in the percentages but also the proliferative capacity of different populations of cardiac fibroblasts as well as a reduction in the migration of fibroblasts into the heart from the bone marrow. Our study provides evidence for a possible unique therapeutic strategy to reduce cardiac fibrosis and improve cardiac function post-MI.
Non-Decision Time Effects in the Lexical Decision Task

It has been argued that performance in the lexical decision task (LDT) does not provide a direct measure of lexical access because of the effect of decision processes. We reexamine LDT data and fits of the diffusion decision model reported by Ratcliff, Gomez and McKoon (2004) and show that they assumed too little role for non-decision processes in explaining the word frequency effect. Our analysis supports an effect of frequency on decision and non-decision time.
Populations at Increased Risk of HIV Infection: Current Knowledge and Limitations

Summary:Research data describing the prevalence and patterns of behaviors that place persons at increased risk of HIV infection are extremely limited. The scarcity of data has constrained potential applications of surveillance data, research on specific high-risk behaviors, and epidemiological studies. This article critically reviews available research for four population groups: intravenous drug users, homosexual males, and sexually active adolescents and adults. The fallacies inherent in estimating risk group size underscore the need for population-based research that can provide detailed data on sexual and drug use behaviors.
VIP, PACAP‐38, BDNF and ADNP in NMDA‐induced excitotoxicity in the rat retina

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal injection of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide‐38 (PACAP‐38), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the VIP‐associated glial protein activity‐dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) in the rat retina. These elements have well‐documented neuroprotective properties and may thus be integrated in endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms in the retina which break down in NMDA excitotoxicity.
Adolescent-onset psychosis: prevalence, needs and service provision

Background Little is known of the epidemiology and care needs of people with adolescent-onset psychosis. Aims To examine prevalence and the cross-sectional disability, needs and service provision for adolescent-onset psychosis in areas of central Scotland with a total population of 1.75 million. Method We identified and contacted 103 young people using an opt-out research design. Fifty-three participants and their carers and keyworkers were interviewed using a modified version of the Cardinal Needs Schedule. Results The 3-year prevalence was 5.9 per 100 000 general population. Twenty-one (20%) adolescents were not in contact with mental health services; 80% of first admissions were to adult acute psychiatric wards. Those interviewed had high levels of morbidity: 29 (55%) had serious to pervasive impairment of functioning; there were relatively high levels of side-effects, negative symptoms, anxiety, occupational, friendship and family difficulties. Care provision was better for ‘clinical' than for ‘social' domains; 20% had five or more unmet needs; 17% had at least one intractable problem. Conclusions This low-prevalence disorder requires an assertive multi-agency approach in the context of a national planning framework.
Predicting Lawyer Effectiveness: Broadening the Basis for Law School Admission Decisions

Law school admission decisions are heavily influenced by a student's undergraduate grade point average (UGPA) and Law School Admission Test (LSAT) score. These measures, although predictive of first-year law school grades, make no effort to predict professional competence and, for the most part, they do not. These measures also create adverse impact on applicants from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups. This article describes the rationale for and process by which we explored new tests to predict lawyer effectiveness rather than law school grades and reports results of a multiyear empirical study involving over 3,000 graduates from Berkeley Law School and Hastings College of the Law. Tests measuring personality constructs, interests, values, and judgment predicted lawyering competency but had little or no adverse impact on underrepresented minority applicants. Combined with the LSAT and UGPA, these broader tests could assess law applicants on the basis both of projected professional effectiveness and academic indicators.
Map Alignment in Traveling Multisegment Routes

Two hypotheses were based on previous research with simple path maps and you-are-here maps. First, when given a choice, observers prefer to align a map with the environment that it represents; second, performance on way finding tasks is better when the map is aligned than when it is not aligned with the environment. This latter phenomenon is called the map alignment effect. Both hypotheses were strongly supported in two experiments conducted in a relatively structured environment using four-segment paths. A third experiment was conducted in a larger, wooded, hilly environment. The observers carried the map and consulted it at will while finding a route from a starting point to a goal. In this setting, both hypotheses again found support. Observers did not consult the map at every turn, but when they did, they turned the map into map/environment alignment on two thirds of the instances. Errors occurred with greater frequency when the map was not aligned with the environment. The generality of the map alignment effect was thus demonstrated for larger and more complex environments than have previously been studied and with more naturalistic map-use procedures than have been used. Finally, there was clear evidence that observers acquired incidental knowledge about the spatial structure of the environment while using a map to negotiate the environment, despite the fact that there was no explicit requirement to learn. Questions remain about the nature of the learning and retention of information so acquired.
Paradigms in Consumer Research: A Review of Perspectives and Aapproaches

Claims that the consumer behaviour field, during the last two decades, has become both multinational and multidisciplinary. States that marketing with its consumer behaviour, has become the most import sub‐field, while significant contributions to its understanding have been made by economists, psychologists, sociologists and political scientists. Attempts to prove that integrating the field into comprehensive models has not been very successful thus far, by using a different track. Organizes into 9 sections and addresses, finally, the further development of consumer theory and research. Posits that the majority of studies on consumer behaviour have approached the subject matter at the individual, rather than the group, level. Summarizes that the ‘gospel’ preached is that of individual, proactive, foresightful choice ‐ which is compatible with rationalistic culture, stressing volition and personal responsibility by broadening the field of consumer behaviour
Private Investment in Developing Countries: The Effects of Commodity Shocks and Uncertainty

The link between ex post discrete shocks and private investment have never been formally tested in a panel data context, while the evidence of a link between ex ante commodity price uncertainty and investment is weak. This paper constructs measures of discrete shocks and uncertainty using a new multi-country data set of aggregate commodity price indices, and tests the relationship between various manifestations of commodity price variability and private investment rates within the context of a canonical empirical investment model estimated on a sample of 44 developing countries. The analysis confirms theoretical predictions that positive ex post commodity price shocks have strong positive effects on private investment rates in low income developing countries, conditional upon the level of commodity prices. It is also shown that the prospect of uncertain future commodity prices andex post negative shocks do not affect private investment rates.
Cookies, Disposition, and Job Attitudes: The Effects of Positive Mood-Inducing Events and Negative Affectivity on Job Satisfaction in a Field Experiment

Abstract Reasoning from findings in a variety of literatures, three hypotheses were advanced: (1) negative affectivity (NA), a disposition to experience aversive emotional states, is associated negatively with job satisfaction; (2) positive mood-inducing events at the time of questionnaire administration increases job satisfaction; and (3) NA and positive mood-inducing events interact such that the effects on job satisfaction of positive events are weaker among high NA individuals than it is among low NAs. Support was obtained for all three hypotheses among a sample of 57 hospital workers randomly assigned to attend on-site questionnaire administration sessions at which small gifts (e.g., cookies) were or were not distributed. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the need to broaden further theoretical perspectives on job satisfaction. More generally, they also are discussed in reference to the study of the effects of NA and mood on judgments.