Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examination of Middle-School Students' Independent Use of a Complex Mnemonic System

Abstract The purpose of the present 2-experiment study was to determine whether a recently developed mnemonic numeric strategy could be used more independently by middle school students. In the context of associating various 18th-, 19th-, and 20th-century inventions with their dates, the authors found that students could successfully implement the strategy in a group-instructional context (as opposed to the one-on-one individual administrations of earlier investigations). The students were not, however, able to take the basic components of the strategy and effectively apply them without complete mnemonic pictorial support. That is, students did not create their own memory-enhancing visual images in the absence of instructor-provided interactive line drawings. The results are consistent with those of previous research documenting that less sophisticated learners (including middle school students) are unable to apply complex mnemonic strategies independently unless they are provided with sufficient auxiliary support to reduce information-processing demands.
Wildlife Value Orientations of Rural Mongolians

Mongolia provides an interesting example to study wildlife value orientations (WVOs), because of its long tradition as a society based on pastoral nomadism and the dramatic changes in the socioeconomic situation during the recent transition from socialism toward a market economy. In the summer of 2005 and 2006 nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with respondents with a herding background. Large individual differences were expected in the WVOs, but with an overall tendency toward more materialism and less mutualism. The WVO concept and quantitative method seemed to work well for the Mongolian sample, but results were not in accordance with expectations developed from a western U.S. sample. This is most likely due to widely differing economic and cultural realities. Yet, it still challenges the idea of a common cross-cultural trend in the human–wildlife relationship.
The Job Demands-Resources Model in emergency service volunteers: Examining the mediating roles of exhaustion, work engagement and organizational connectedness

Using a sample of 887 volunteer emergency service workers in South Australia, we conducted a study based on the JD-R framework to examine the roles of three mediators in the relationship between job characteristics and volunteer well-being. These were (i) exhaustion as a mediator in the relationships between job demands and both poor mental health and turnover intentions; and (ii) work engagement and organizational connectedness as mediators in the relationships of job resources (training and organizational support) with happiness and turnover intentions. Organizational connectedness, a relatively new construct, is a positive state of well-being that involves an emotional connection with other workers, with service recipients and with aspects of the task and the organization's values. Results indicated that all three mediators were important in explaining volunteer well-being. Specifically, job demands were positively related to exhaustion, which, in turn, was linked to ill-health and turnover intentions. Job resources were positively related to work engagement and organizational connectedness, which were, in turn, negatively related to turnover intentions. However, while organizational connectedness mediated the relationship between job resources and happiness, this was not the case for work engagement. The roles of these variables in future research in paid and voluntary work are discussed.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of breast lumps with histopathologic correlation in Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria: a five-year review.

OBJECTIVE To determine the histopathologic correlation of fine needle aspiration cytology FNAC of breast masses seen in the department of histopathology of the Federal Medical Center Owo, Southwestern Nigeria. DESIGN This is a 5-year retrospective study of breast lumps seen at Department of Histopathology, Federal Medical Centre Owo, a tertiary health care facility in Southwestern Nigeria between January 1 2010 and December 31 2014. PARTICIPANTS All patients who had Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Breast lumps with subsequent histological confirmation over this period were included in the study. RESULTS In the five years under review (2010-2014), a total of 289 FNAC of breast lumps were done. The aspirates were obtained from 275 (95.2%) females and 14 (4.8%) males. There were 161 cases of FNAC with corresponding tissue for histological correlation giving a biopsy rate of 55.7%. The sensitivity of FNAC in determining the final histologic diagnosis was found to be 99.4% while the specificity was 100%. FNAC was able to determine final histologic diagnosis conclusively in 86.3% of cases. CONCLUSION We therefore concluded that FNAC is a reliable diagnostic tool of breast lumps in our centre. Being a fast and cheap diagnostic tool as highlighted by previous studies, we advocate that clinicians should continue to embrace this diagnostic technique in the surgical management of breast lumps. FUNDING This study was entirely funded by the authors.
High Density Electroencephalography in Sleep Research: Potential, Problems, Future Perspective

High density EEG (hdEEG) during sleep combines the superior temporal resolution of EEG recordings with high spatial resolution. Thus, this method allows a topographical analysis of sleep EEG activity and thereby fosters the shift from a global view of sleep to a local one. HdEEG allowed to investigate sleep rhythms in terms of their characteristic behavior (e.g., the traveling of slow waves) and in terms of their relationship to cortical functioning (e.g., consciousness and cognitive abilities). Moreover, recent studies successfully demonstrated that hdEEG can be used to study brain functioning in neurological and neuro-developmental disorders, and to evaluate therapeutic approaches. This review highlights the potential, the problems, and future perspective of hdEEG in sleep research.
RNA Stable Isotope Probing, a Novel Means of Linking Microbial Community Function to Phylogeny

ABSTRACT Identifying microorganisms responsible for recognized environmental processes remains a great challenge in contemporary microbial ecology. Only in the last few years have methodological innovations provided access to the relationship between the function of a microbial community and the phylogeny of the organisms accountable for it. In this study stable-isotope-labeled [13C]phenol was fed into a phenol-degrading community from an aerobic industrial bioreactor, and the 13C-labeled RNA produced was used to identify the bacteria responsible for the process. Stable-isotope-labeled RNA was analyzed by equilibrium density centrifugation in concert with reverse transcription-PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. In contradiction with findings from conventional methodologies, this unique approach revealed that phenol degradation in the microbial community under investigation is dominated by a member of the Thauera genus. Our results suggest that this organism is important for the function of this bioreactor.
Retention of Induced Mutations in a Drosophila Reverse-Genetic Resource

Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) is a reverse-genetic method for identifying point mutations in chemically mutagenized populations. For functional genomics, it is ideal to have a stable collection of heavily mutagenized lines that can be screened over an extended period of time. However, long-term storage is impractical for Drosophila, so mutant strains must be maintained by continual propagation of live cultures. Here we evaluate a strategy in which ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenized chromosomes were maintained as heterozygotes with balancer chromosomes for >100 generations before screening. The strategy yielded a spectrum of point mutations similar to those found in previous studies of EMS-induced mutations, as well as 2.4% indels (insertions and deletions). Our analysis of 1887 point mutations in 148 targets showed evidence for selection against deleterious lesions and differential retention of lesions among targets on the basis of their position relative to balancer breakpoints, leading to a broad distribution of mutational densities. Despite selection and differential retention, the success of a user-funded service based on screening a large collection several years after mutagenesis indicates sufficient stability for use as a long-term reverse-genetic resource. Our study has implications for the use of balancer chromosomes to maintain mutant lines and provides the first large-scale quantitative assessment of the limitations of using breeding populations for repositories of genetic variability.
The relationship between school ground design and intensity of physical activity

In this study, we investigated the relationship between school ground design and children's physical activity levels. In particular, we were interested in understanding the contribution of ‘green’ school ground design to physical activity levels. Data for this study were collected at an elementary school in Australia and in Canada. At each school, scans of Target Areas were completed to record the students' location and intensity of physical activity, based on the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY) (Australia: 23 scans, 6 Target Areas; Canada: 18 scans, 7 Target Areas). At both schools, the highest percentage of children present was engaged in vigorous physical activity on the manufactured equipment (42% of children/scan). Similarly, at both schools, the green area encouraged the highest percentage of children present to be engaged in moderate physical activity (47% of Australian children/scan, 51% of Canadian children/scan). The patterns of sedentary behavior differed slightly between countries. At the Australian school, the paved sporting courts (57%) and the paved canteen courtyard (50.5%) promoted the highest degree of sedentary play. At the Canadian school, the treed grassy berm (42%) and the treed concrete steps (43%) encouraged the highest percentage of sedentary behavior, followed by the open asphalt (34%). These results are also discussed in light of gender distribution. We conclude with a discussion of the design and cultural factors that influence children's physical activity on school grounds. We argue that if school grounds are to realize their potential to promote physical activity, they should include a greater diversity of design features and ‘green’ elements that engage children of varying interests and abilities in active play.
A Sport Leader's Attempt to Foster a Coaches' Community of Practice

This case study examines a sport leader's attempt to foster a coaches' community of practice in a competitive youth baseball league. It is analysed using Wenger's [8] community of practice framework. Interviews were conducted with seven participants including the sport leader (technical director), the league manager, and five coaches. The retrospective account of time period 1 (covering four years) portrays how a visionary leader instigated changes in the sport culture to have coaches share knowledge with the common goal of developing all of the league athletes. For example, the coaches were selected for their specific expertise and were given the responsibility for the corresponding players not only on their own team but on all teams in the league. Establishing a co-operative environment in a competitive context required strong leadership and presented challenges including the alignment of all the coaches, parents, and referees. The time period 2 (covering three years), also studied retrospectively, demonstrates that the loss of the visionary leader led to the return to a more traditional, competitive environment. Finally, the time period 3 (covering one year), which was the timeframe when the research project was conducted, shows a willingness to return to the collaborative ways of time period 1, but also the challenges in making this happen without the presence of a strong, visionary leader.
Modulation of poly‐N‐acetylglucosamine accumulation within mature Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms grown in excess glucose

PNAG is a major component of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms involved in intercellular adhesion as well as in the interaction of the biofilm with components of the host immune response. Synthesis of PNAG has been found to be regulated by several environmental factors. In the present study, the effect of glucose metabolism‐dependent culture medium acidification in PNAG accumulation was evaluated. Established S. epidermidis biofilms were allowed to grow in excess glucose with or without maintained pH conditions. PNAG accumulation in these biofilms was determined by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy using wheat germ agglutinin as a fluorescent probe. Biofilms grown in maintained pH conditions presented significantly higher amounts of this polymer as well as higher icaA expression than biofilms grown in acidic pH conditions. Moreover, PNAG accumulation in biofilms grown in non‐maintained pH conditions occurred in association with cell death. Overall, we show that glucose metabolism by decreasing the culture pH affects biofilm physiology in respect to PNAG production and cell death. The reported in vitro modulation of PNAG accumulation within S. epidermidis biofilms further highlights the role of environment on determining the biofilm physiological state.
Hippocampal Lesions in Pigeons (Columba Livia) Disrupt Reinforced Preexposure but not Overshadowing or Blocking

Three experiments examined the effects of hippocampal lesions in pigeons on overshadowing, blocking, and a latent inhibition treatment (non-differential reinforced preexposure) using a simultaneous visual discrimination paradigm. The results showed that hippocampal damage did not influence overshadowing (Experiment 1) or blocking (Experiment 2) but did attenuate the retardation in conditioning associated with non-differential reinforced preexposure to to-be-discriminated stimuli (Experiment 3). Hippocampal birds also displayed impaired autoshaping (Experiments 1, 2, and 3). The correspondence between the behavioural effects of avian and mammalian hippocampal lesions is discussed, and the implications of the present pattern of results for avian hippocampal function are considered.
Comment on Gergen's "Social Psychology as History"

A recent article by Gergen suggests that social psychology cannot reasonably aspire to the general time-independent laws that are characteristic of the physical sciences. Consideration of this thesis suggests that the underlying rationale may place undue reliance on the effects of psychological enlightenment, and on the individual's needs to demonstrate his behavioral freedom and uniqueness. A tentative generali zation suggests that the processes underlying social behavior may be relatively stable, but that they operate on an endless variety of social contents (conditions) to yield the diverse social behaviors and relation ships that we observe.
Risk factor of birth weight below 2,500 grams and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Thai children.

OBJECTIVES To study the factor of birth weight below 2,500 grams and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and to identify the factors that are associated with ADHD. MATERIAL AND METHOD A retrospective, hospital-based, case control study was conducted with 122 ADHD cases from the child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient unit at Siriraj Hospital, 119 nonADHD from students who have been assessedfrom Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Conners Teacher Rating Scale, they are identified as normal. Mothers of both groups have been asked to fill a self report questionnaire to evaluate demographic data, prenatal data, factors effected pregnancy both physical and mental illness, post natal period, birth weight, underlying disease, physical illness and family history of ADHD. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the adjust effect of all factors. RESULTS The number of ADHD cases who had a birth weight below 2,500 grams was 3.6 times the number of control cases who had a birth weight below 2,500 grams. It was statistically significant (p = 0.03). Factors associated with ADHD were pregnancy complication (p value < 0.05, OR = 4.17, 95%CI [1.66, 14.02]), emotional distress during pregnancy (p value <0.05, OR = 2.99, 95%CI [1.43, 5.40]), postnatal complication (p value < 0.05, OR = 3.26, 95%CI[1.56, 6.41] and a family history of ADHD (p value < 0.05, OR = 3.6, 95%CI [1.65, 8.11]. CONCLUSION From the present study, the birth weight below 2,500 grams, pregnancy complication, emotional distress during pregnancy, neonatal complication and a family history of ADHD may be the risk factors of ADHD.
Weight and health locus of control beliefs in an Australian community sample

Abstract This research aimed to examine weight locus of control beliefs in a community sample, within the framework of Wallston's (1992) Modified Social Learning Theory. A sample of 457 males and 537 females from a high and low socioeconomic area of Melbourne completed a survey which included the Dieting Belief Scale (DBS) (Stotland and Zuroff, 1990). Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (HLOC) scale (Wallston. Wallston and DeVellis. 1978). Health as a Value (Lau, Hartman and Ware. 1986) scale, a measwe of Weight Control Self–efficacy. assessments of recent weight control behaviours and Body Mass Index. Weight and health were generally believed to be predominantly under internal control. Those in the higher SES were: less likely to believe chance/genetic factors determined a person's weight, and those in the higher compared to lower BMI group were more likely to believe weight to be internally controlled. There were no main effects of sex on the DBS subscales. Heavier males. however, were: less likely.
A Recycling-Defective Vacuolar Sorting Receptor Reveals an Intermediate Compartment Situated between Prevacuoles and Vacuoles in Tobacco[W]

This work examines two mutations of the same motif in a vacuolar sorting receptor that have opposite effects on the protein’s localization, shedding light on the full transport cycle of the receptor. The results support the idea that the prevacuolar compartment matures by gradual receptor depletion from an early prevacuolar compartment to a previously undescribed late prevacuolar compartment. Plant vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) display cytosolic Tyr motifs (YMPL) for clathrin-mediated anterograde transport to the prevacuolar compartment. Here, we show that the same motif is also required for VSR recycling. A Y612A point mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana VSR2 leads to a quantitative shift in VSR2 steady state levels from the prevacuolar compartment to the trans-Golgi network when expressed in Nicotiana tabacum. By contrast, the L615A mutant VSR2 leaks strongly to vacuoles and accumulates in a previously undiscovered compartment. The latter is shown to be distinct from the Golgi stacks, the trans-Golgi network, and the prevacuolar compartment but is characterized by high concentrations of soluble vacuolar cargo and the rab5 GTPase Rha1(RabF2a). The results suggest that the prevacuolar compartment matures by gradual receptor depletion, leading to the formation of a late prevacuolar compartment situated between the prevacuolar compartment and the vacuole.
Selection for reduced translation costs at the intronic 5′ end in fungi

It is generally believed that introns are not translated; therefore, the potential intronic features that may be related to the translation step (occurring after splicing) have yet to be thoroughly studied. Here, focusing on four fungi, we performed for the first time a comprehensive study aimed at characterizing how translation efficiency is encoded in introns and affects their evolution. By analysing their intronome we provide evidence of selection for STOP codons close to the intronic 5′ end, and show that the beginning of introns are selected for significantly high translation, presumably to reduce translation and metabolic costs in cases of non-spliced introns. Ribosomal profiling data analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae supports the conjecture that in this organism intron retention frequently occurs, introns are partially translated, and their translation efficiency affects organismal fitness. We show that the reported results are more significant in highly translated and highly spliced genes, but are not associated only with genes with a specific function. We also discuss the potential relation of the reported signals to efficient nonsense-mediated decay due to splicing errors. These new discoveries are supported by population-genetics considerations. In addition, they are contributory steps towards a broader understanding of intron evolution and the effect of silent mutations on gene expression and organismal fitness.
Neural song control system of hummingbirds: Comparison to swifts, vocal learning (Songbirds) and nonlearning (Suboscines) passerines, and vocal learning (Budgerigars) and nonlearning (Dove, owl, gull, quail, chicken) nonpasserines

Males of certain hummingbird species such as Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna) learn their song during postnatal development. Here we report that male Anna's hummingbirds and male Amazilia hummingbirds (Amazilia amazilia), two singing hummingbird species, possess forebrain areas that are similar in morphological appearance, location, and connectivity to the song control areas RA (nucleus robustus archistriatalis), HVC (nucleus hyperstriatalis ventrale, pars caudale, or higher vocal center), and LMAN (lateral part of nucleus mangnocellularis anterioris) of oscine passerines (songbirds). The vocal control areas of songbirds are further defined by the expression of androgen receptors. Similarly, the singing hummingbird species express androgen receptors in the LMAN‐like area and in the HVC‐like area. The hummingbird RA projects to the medullary syringeal motonucleus nXIIts (nucleus hypoglossus pars tracheosyringealis) and the respiratory premotonucleus RAm (nucleus retroambigualis). The HVC‐, RA‐, and LMAN‐like areas are rudimentary in adult male ruby‐throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) and Allen's hummingbirds (Selasphorus sasin) and not distinguishable in female hummingbirds, none of which sing. Vocal‐area‐like forebrain areas (delineated by the cytoarchitecture or androgen receptor expression) were not found in vocal nonlearning swifts and suboscines, the taxonomic sister groups of hummingbirds and songbirds, respectively. These areas were also missing in owls, ring doves, gulls, and gallinaceous species, nonpasserines that do not learn vocalizations. Budgerigars (vocal learners) are known to have forebrain vocal areas, but these areas do not express sex steroid receptors. These data suggest that hummingbirds and songbirds belong to two groups of birds that have common forebrain circuits. Parts of this circuit are organized as nuclear‐like structures (LMAN, HVC, RA) in species that learn to sing. J. Comp. Neurol. 426:182–196, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.