Nanoengineered and Biomimetic Protein-derived Adhesives with Improved Adhesion Strength and Water Resistance

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii PREFACE -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v DEDICATION -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------viii TABLE OF CONTENTS -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------x LIST OF TABLES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xvii LIST OF FIGURES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------xxi CHAPTER 1 – General Introduction and Thesis Objectives -------------------------------------1 1.1 References: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 CHAPTER 2 – Literature Review ----------------------------------------------------------------------10 2.1 Agricultural Byproducts -------------------------------------------------------------------------10 2.1.1 Oilseed Industry -----------------------------------------------------------------------------10 2.1.2 Oilseed Processing--------------------------------------------------------------------------12 2.1.3 Composition and Applications of Oilseed Meals --------------------------------------14 2.1. 4 Properties and Extraction of Soy and Canola Proteins --------------------------------15 2.1. 4.1 Soy Protein --------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 2.1. 4.2 Canola Protein ----------------------------------------------------------------------------17 2.1. 5 Value Addition to Oilseed Industry Byproducts ---------------------------------------18 2.2. Adhesion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 2.2.1 Adhesion Mechanisms ---------------------------------------------------------------------20 2.2.1.1 Wood Adhesion --------------------------------------------------------------------------23 2.2.2 Adhesive Failure ----------------------------------------------------------------------------25 2.3 Wood Adhesives ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 2.3. 1 History of Wood Adhesives ---------------------------------------------------------------27 2.3. 2 Synthetic Wood Adhesives ----------------------------------------------------------------28 xi 2.3. 2.1 Formaldehyde Based Adhesives -------------------------------------------------------28 2.3. 2.2 Isocyanate Based Adhesives -----------------------------------------------------------30 2.3. 2.3 Epoxy Adhesives -------------------------------------------------------------------------31 2.3. 2.4 Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesives -----------------------------------------------------------32 2.3. 3 Synthetic versus Biobased Adhesives ---------------------------------------------------32 2.3. 4 Biobased Wood Adhesives ----------------------------------------------------------------33 2.3. 4.1 Tannin Adhesives ------------------------------------------------------------------------33 2.3. 4.2 Lignin Adhesives ------------------------------------------------------------------------34 2.3. 4.3 Carbohydrate Adhesives ----------------------------------------------------------------35 2.3. 4.4 Lipid Based Adhesives ------------------------------------------------------------------36 2.3. 4.5 Protein Based Adhesives ----------------------------------------------------------------36 2.3. 5 Major Protein Sources in Adhesive Preparation ---------------------------------------37 2.3. 5.1 Soy Protein Adhesive -------------------------------------------------------------------38 2.3. 5.2 Wheat Gluten Based Adhesives -------------------------------------------------------40 2.3. 5.3 Canola Protein Adhesive ----------------------------------------------------------------41 2.4 Nanotechnology in Wood Adhesive Research -----------------------------------------------42 2.4.1 Nanomaterials -------------------------------------------------------------------------------42 2.4.1.1 Nanoclay ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------44 2.4.1.2 Nanocrystalline Cellulose --------------------------------------------------------------44 2.4.1.3 Graphite Oxide ---------------------------------------------------------------------------45 2.4.2 Recent Advances in Nanotechnology Based Adhesive Development --------------46 2.5 Biomimetics in Wood Adhesive Research ---------------------------------------------------47 2.5.1 Mussel Adhesion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------48 2.5.1.1 Mussel Adhesion Mechanism ----------------------------------------------------------49 2.5.2 Recent Advances in Biomimetics Based Adhesive Development -------------------50 2.6 References -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52 CHAPTER 3 Exfoliating Nanomaterials in Canola Protein Derived Adhesive Improves Strength and Water Resistance ------------------------------------------------------------------------79 3.