Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Mirtazapine in the Treatment of Antipsychotic-Induced Akathisia

Objective: To evaluate the role of mirtazapine in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia. Data Sources: MEDLINE (1966–February 2008) and PsycINFO (1967–February 2008) were searched using the terms akathisia and mirtazapine. A bibliographic search was conducted as well. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language articles identified from the search were evaluated. All primary literature was included in the review. Data Synthesis: Antipsychotic-induced akathisia can be difficult to manage and may respond to mirtazapine based on its antagonist activity at the serotonin 5-HT2A/5-HT2C receptors. Three case reports (N = 9 pts.>, 1 placebo-controlled trial (N = 26), and 1 placebo- and propranolol-controlled study (N = 90) that evaluated mirtazapine for antipsychotic-induced akathisia have been published. Mirtazapine demonstrated a response rate of 53.8% compared with a 7.7% response rate for placebo, based on at least a 2-point reduction on the Barnes Akathisia Scale (global subscale; p = 0.004). Using the same criterion, mirtazapine and propranolol demonstrated efficacy based on response rates of 43.3% and 30.0% compared with placebo (6.7%; p = 0.0051). Mirtazapine was better tolerated than propranolol. In both studies, drowsiness was the most common adverse event associated with mirtazapine. Conclusions: Mirtazapine may be considered a treatment option for antipsychotic-induced akathisia. It may be especially useful for patients with contraindications or intolerability to β-blockers and for those with comorbid depression or negative symptoms. Additional studies should be conducted to provide further evidence of mirtazapine's effectiveness in treating akathisia.
Was Adam Smith Right After All? Another Test of the Theory of Compensating Wage Differentials

Past attempts to estimate the magnitude of compensating wage differentials have been hindered by the biasing effects of omitted variables and measurement error. We argue that a wage change formulation, estimated with panel data that contain worker reports of their own job characteristics, reduces both of these biases. Our empirical results, based on a large panel of workers in Sweden, confirm these conjectures by giving many more reasonable coefficient estimates for a wage change equation than for a wage level formulation.
How international are the top academic journals? The case of marketing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of international involvement in the editorial boards and content of the leading journals of the marketing discipline to investigate a reported bias against non‐US material.Design/methodology/approach – The research employed two approaches: editorial board and content analysis of ten leading marketing journals, and interviews with an expert panel of senior marketing academics.Findings – The top journals of the marketing journal were found to have low levels of international involvement, with high proportions of both US authors and data, and US membership of editorial boards. The editorial board analysis also revealed institutional links with journal boards, and a network of overlapping membership between the editorial boards. The expert panel provided divergent views on reasons for the USA dominance, but the board analysis seemed to best fit with the suggestion of networks of scholars who are naturally inclined to favor research that fits their wor.
Social capital: an asset or a liability to entrepreneurial activity?

This study has outlined a framework for studying social capital related to entrepreneurial activity. An acknowledgement of both positive and negative effects of social capital, as well as a distinction between business-related and civil society-related social capital, has led to a framework that focuses upon enabling versus disabling business-related social capital and encouraging versus discouraging civil society-related social capital. A representative sample consisting of 712 Norwegian farm households, in which 20% were engaged in entrepreneurial activity, was analysed to investigate hypothesised association between social capital and entrepreneurial activity. The analysis found evidence of enabling social capital in terms of diverse networks and in terms of strong ties that could facilitate cooperation. It also found disabling social capital in terms of overembeddedness in the farming community. Other results indicate that improved measures are needed to address civil society-related social capital.
News Dissemination and Investor Attention

We examine how investor attention changes when a firm adopts a modern news dissemination technology. We find that after continental European firms begin using an English-language electronic wire service to disseminate company news, they exhibit a stronger initial reaction to earnings surprises, a lower post earnings announcement stock price drift, and an increase in abnormal trading volume near earnings announcements, compared with when they disseminated their news in non-electronic format and in a continental European language. Our results hold for a sub-sample of firms for which the decision to use a wire service was likely exogenous. The effect of wire services on investor attention is due to the format of news (electronic and English-language), not to the increased speed of news transmission.
An analytical approach to coexisting evaluation in multi-RAT heterogeneous networks with opportunistic CSMA/CA

This paper proposes an analytical approach to modeling and analyzing the coexisting transmission performance in a multi-tier heterogeneous network with multiple radio access technologies (Multi-RATs). The coexistence issue is a special phenomenon uniquely existing in a multi-RAT network and it is rarely studied in prior works on heterogeneous wireless network. To simply characterize the coexisting transmission impacts in a multi-RAT network, in this paper we consider a three-tier heterogeneous network using the RATs of L and U, where RAT-L is adopted by the access points (APs) in the first two tiers, APs in the third tier only use RAT-U and the APs in the second tier can opportunistically use RAT-U. The opportunistic CSMA/CA protocol is used by the APs contending the RAT-U channel and the channel access probabilities for the RAT-U AP in two different tiers are derived under the proposed user association scheme with random weights. The coexisting coverages of RAT-L and RAT-U are defined and found, respectively. Numerical results show that the proposed modeling and analyzing approach can be well applied to evaluate the coexistence transmission performance while LTE and WiFi APs both access the unlicensed band.
Forthcoming: Review of Financial Studies New Evidence on Measuring Financial Constraints: Moving Beyond the KZ Index*

We collect detailed qualitative information from financial filings to categorize financial constraints for a random sample of firms from 1995 to 2004. Using this categorization, we estimate ordered logit models predicting constraints as a function of different quantitative factors. Our findings cast serious doubt on the validity of the KZ index as a measure of financial constraints, while offering mixed evidence on the validity of other common measures of constraints. We find that firm size and age are particularly useful predictors of financial constraint levels, and we propose a measure of financial constraints that is based solely on these firm characteristics. JEL Classification: G31; G32; D92
Norwegians' Preferences for U.S. Lodging Facilities: Market Segmentation Approach

Abstract This study attempts to examine Norwegians' preferences for U.S. lodging facilities through a segmentation approach. In an effort to determine Norwegians' lodging choice preferences, a series of focus group surveys was conducted. With the information obtained from the focus group surveys, a survey questionnaire assessing Norwegians' lodging preferences was developed. One hundred sixty-nine useful questionnaires collected from various on-site surveys were analyzed in the study. A non-hierarchical cluster technique was used to group the respondents into mutually exclusive clusters. Two clusters labeled as Frugal Visitors and Extravagant Guests emerged from the analysis. In the conclusion, marketing implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
Apartisanship and anti‐party sentiment in the United Kingdom: Correlates and constraints

This article seeks to examine evidence of the existence and growth of anti-party sentiment in the UK. While it is clear that the available data cannot unambiguously confirm these phenomena, at least a prima facie case can be made on the basis of such evidence. Regression analysis suggests that while erosion of the class cleavage in the country is associated with the loosening of partisan commitments, the shortcomings of party governments in the area of economic policy management might contribute significantly to a sense of popular alienation from the major parties. Notwithstanding this, anti-party sentiment is perhaps not as high as might be expected in a country where perceptions of national economic decline have been widespread. Political culture and the electoral system are very real constraints that do much to account for this.
Handle with care: cost of equity estimation with the discounted dividend model when corporations repurchase

It is standard to use the discounted dividend model to estimate the cost of equity. The model is flawed, however, for corporations that repurchase shares. As many corporations have begun to repurchase significant amounts of their shares, the way this affects cost of equity estimates warrants study. This article illustrates that the discounted dividend model, as customarily applied, will lead to cost of equity estimates that are too low.
What Explains Cross-Country Industry Growth Patterns? Trade, Development and the Equity Financing Channel

We test theories that examine how economic and financial development affect cross-country industry growth patterns. Finance theory suggests that financial development affects growth by lowering the cost of external finance. This has the implication that industries in more finance-hungry sectors will grow faster in countries where financial markets are more developed. In addition, if financing constraints are lessened when stock market performance is high, firms in sectors more dependent on external finance should grow more rapidly following periods of good stock market performance. Trade and development theories, on the other hand, imply that a country's product-mix and the pattern of industrial growth reflect which stage of development it is in and its factor endowments. Thus, one implication of trade/development theories is that countries that are close to each other in terms of GDP per capita should have similar patterns of industrial growth. Our tests find support for each of these theories.
Changes over time in risk factors for cardiovascular disease and use of lipid-lowering drugs in HIV-infected individuals and impact on myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND Because of the known relationship between exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy and cardiovascular disease (CVD), it has become increasingly important to intervene against risk of CVD in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. We evaluated changes in risk factors for CVD and the use of lipid-lowering therapy in HIV-infected individuals and assessed the impact of any changes on the incidence of myocardial infarction. METHODS The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study is a collaboration of 11 cohorts of HIV-infected patients that included follow-up for 33,389 HIV-infected patients from December 1999 through February 2006. RESULTS The proportion of patients at high risk of CVD increased from 35.3% during 1999-2000 to 41.3% during 2005-2006. Of 28,985 patients, 2801 (9.7%) initiated lipid-lowering therapy; initiation of lipid-lowering therapy was more common for those with abnormal lipid values and those with traditional risk factors for CVD (male sex, older age, higher body mass index [calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], family and personal history of CVD, and diabetes mellitus). After controlling for these, use of lipid-lowering drugs became relatively less common over time. The incidence of myocardial infarction (0.32 cases per 100 person-years [PY]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.35 cases per 100 PY) appeared to remain stable. However, after controlling for changes in risk factors for CVD, the rate decreased over time (relative rate in 2003 [compared with 1999-2000], 0.73 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.50-1.05 cases per 100 PY]; in 2004, 0.64 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.44-0.94 cases per 100 PY]; in 2005-2006, 0.36 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.24-0.56 cases per 100 PY]). Further adjustment for lipid levels attenuated the relative rates towards unity (relative rate in 2003 [compared with 1999-2000], 1.06 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.63-1.77 cases per 100 PY]; in 2004, 1.02 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.61-1.71 cases per 100 PY]; in 2005-2006, 0.63 cases per 100 PY [95% CI, 0.36-1.09 cases per 100 PY]). CONCLUSIONS Although the CVD risk profile among patients in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study has decreased since 1999, rates have remained relatively stable, possibly as a result of a more aggressive approach towards managing the risk of CVD.
Micro Frictions, Asset Pricing, and Aggregate Implications

We study the implications of recent advances in the asset pricing literature on investment, and vice versa in a DSGE model with non-trivial heterogeneity in production units, lumpy investment, and long run productivity risk. We make three contributions. First, for aggregate asset pricing, investment frictions do not change the price of risk; in fact even a frictionless model can deliver a high price of risk. Second, the failure of production models in producing a high volatility of equity is likely due to failures in matching the joint dynamics of profit, wage, and dividend rather than to investment frictions. We provide an experiment to show a promising mechanism that is useful for future research in this area. Third, for aggregate investment, long run productivity risk can produce heteroscedasticity and history dependence in aggregate investment rate, providing an alternative to the Bachmann, Caballero, and Engel (2010) explanation of these phenomena.
Closed-form convexity and cross-convexity adjustments for Heston prices

We present a new and general technique for obtaining closed-form expansions for prices of options in the Heston model, in terms of Black–Scholes prices and Black–Scholes Greeks up to arbitrary order. We then apply the technique to solve, in detail, the cases for the second-order and third-order expansions. In particular, such expansions show how the convexity in volatility, measured by the Black–Scholes volga, and the sensitivity of delta with respect to volatility, measured by the Black–Scholes vanna, impact option prices in the Heston model. The general method for obtaining the expansion rests on the construction of a set of new probability measures, equivalent to the original pricing measure, and which retain the affine structure of the Heston volatility diffusion. Finally, we extend the method to the pricing of forward-starting options in the Heston model.
Immunoregulation of Granuloma Formation in Murine Schistosomiasis Mansoni a

Schistosomiasis mansoni is a chronic, T lymphocyte-mediated granulomatous disease that affects mainly the liver and intestines of the infected host. The chronic inflammatory process and subsequent fibrous repair are the major factors in the pathology of the disease. In the murine model of schistosomiasis at the onset of the chronic stage of the infection, the granulomatous response undergoes spontaneous modulation with concomitant alleviation of the pathologic disturbance. Analysis of the process of modulation revealed that it results from the interaction between inflammatory and regulatory subpopulations of T lymphocytes. At the acute phase of the infection, the granulomatous response is initiated and maintained by inflammatory TDH cells that release lymphokines which mobilize and recruit the macrophages, eosinophils, etc. for the generation of the lesion. Already at this stage, while the inflammatory influence prevails, a low number of suppressor T lymphocytes are present. With the progress of the infection, the overheated inflammatory response is curbed by regulatory processes. At least two, but perhaps more, T suppressor lymphocytes are involved in the maintenance of the modulation of the granulomatous response. Modulation is an active process that needs constant maintenance, probably by recruitment of fresh suppressor cells. Removal of the suppressor population causes an immediate elevation of the granulomatous response. During modulation, T suppressor lymphocytes either abrogate or greatly diminish inflammatory lymphokine production. This in turn may be the cause for decreased cell recruitment and diminution in newly formed granuloma size. Apparently a total abrogation of the granulomatous response is not desirable because released egg antigens can be harmful to liver parenchyma cells. This has been demonstrated both in thymus-deprived and in nude, infected mice. Thus, a smaller inflammatory response has the double advantage of not only being less destructive, but also shielding the underlying tissue from damage by parasite products. The various subpopulations of T lymphocytes communicate with one another by means of soluble suppressor factors that arise from the suppressor T cells. The factors may have different functions. One factor may regulate lymphokine production whereas another may recruit fresh suppressor cells from a pool of precursors. The factors act in an antigen-specific manner. Tentatively, one may assume that these factors are composed of two units: one is the I subregion membrane marker and the other is the specific recognition receptor. The nature of this receptor is still unclear, but it may be an anti-idiotypic determinant. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Making Sense of Green Logistics

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate whether or not greening efforts are dependent on a higher level company-wide sustainability strategy to be carried out and whether or not greening efforts lead to any changes in logistics effectiveness and logistics efficiency. Design/methodology/approach - – The paper is based on empirical data collected via a survey sent to logistics managers and transport purchasers at Nordic multinationals. The results were analysed using structural equation model as to validate the anticipated relationships between the designed constructs. Findings - – Within this research, the authors have tried to validate the existence of relationships between a company's sustainability strategy, its transportation greening efforts and logistics performance. Research limitations/implications - – The paper investigates the possible effect the sustainability strategy of the firm will have on its decision to green its transportation, and the possible effect these measures will have on logistics efficiency and effectiveness. The empirical data gathered for this research are regionally restricted to the Nordic region. Further research could empirically test these relationships with empirical data from other countries or industries, perhaps using other performance constructs, to see if the results hold true. Practical implications - – It is shown that companies with a sustainability strategy are focusing on greening their transportation both from purchasing and operations perspectives to improve their entire environmental performance. The results from this paper fail to support the assumption that company-wide sustainability strategies are imperative for supply chain greening. Originality/value - – The paper is among the first attempts in analysing the relationships between a company's sustainable strategy and its logistics performance through greening the transportation activities.
Bone morphogenetic proteins regulate ionotropic glutamate receptors in human retina

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are required for the development of retina, but their role in the mature eye is unknown. We therefore examined the expression of BMP‐7 in adult human retina and assessed its effects on horizontal cells cultured from adult human retina. BMP‐7 expression was detected in all retinal layers, with high levels of expression being present in the inner and outer nuclear layers. Human horizontal cells, found in the inner nuclear layer, possess both AMPA and kainate receptors, and glutamatergic agonists that activate these receptors induce prominent inward currents. Exposure to BMP‐7 suppresses the kainate receptor current but enhances the AMPA receptor current. BMP‐6, activin, and cartilage‐derived morphogenic protein‐2 (CDMP‐2) have similar effects to BMP‐7 and act just as rapidly (< 1 s). In contrast BMP‐2 and transforming growth factor‐β2 are inactive. The actions of BMP‐7 on both AMPA and kainate receptors were blocked by the nonselective kinase inhibitor, staurosporine. In contrast, the serine/threonine kinase inhibitors blocked only the effects of BMP‐7 on the AMPA current. Thus, BMPs rapidly and differentially regulate two ionotropic glutamate receptors through distinct pathways, neither of which involves nuclear regulatory activity. These observations suggest that BMPs might modify synaptic function in the mature nervous system.
A longitudinal study of material planning applications in manufacturing companies

Purpose – The paper seeks to describe the state-of-the-art, reasons for selecting various material planning methods, and modes of applying methods for initiating inventory replenishment of purchased items. It also identifies trends from 1993 to 2005. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical survey data are collected from Swedish manufacturing companies in 1993, 1999 and 2005. The MRP, re-order point, fixed interval ordering, run-out time, and Kanban methods are studied. Findings – MRP is the most commonly used method and its position has strengthened since 1993. A common way of determining parameters such as order quantities and safety stocks is to use judgment and experience. Parameters used in material planning methods are reviewed relatively infrequently. The planning frequency has increased, with daily planning now being typical. Research limitations/implications – The major limitation is that different data collection techniques were used in 1993 compared with 1999 and 2005. An important research implication is that the state-of-the-art applications differ from theoretically appropriate application modes. The trends are towards less appropriate modes among the most widespread applications. Practical implications – The frequency of reviewing planning variables is relatively low in industry, and should in most situations be increased. The paper implies that more user-friendly software applications need to be developed and implemented. It could serve as guidelines when designing and developing training and education programs and function as a benchmark. Originality/value – The paper provides a longitudinal state-of-the-art description of materials planning usage and identifies application modes with positive and negative performance impact.