Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Music Ability and Intelligence to Auditory and Visual Conservation of the Kindergarten Child

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of music ability and intelligence to auditory and visual conservation of the kindergarten child. Observations took place in two kindergartens with a total sample of 34 children. The Simons Measurements of Music Listening Skills (SMMLS) was used to determine the child's music ability; the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) tested the child's verbal intelligence. Two criterion tests, the Musical Tasks Test and the Piagetian Tasks Test, were used to measure the child's auditory and visual conservation abilities. Results revealed no significant relationship between auditory and visual conservation. The observed correlation between verbal intelligence and visual conservation, as measured by the PPVT and the Piagetian Tasks Test, was nonsignificant. Music ability was significantly related to auditory conservation. The total regression model, which included variables of music ability, intelligence, and the interaction of music ability/intelligence, was able to predict auditory conservation at the . 075 level of significance. Data suggested that educators should not assume that visual conservers are auditory conservers. Data also suggested that children's music ability is a strong indication of their ability to solve auditory conservation tasks.
The Psychology of Happiness

Introduction. How to measure and study happiness. Joy and other positive emotions. Satisfaction. Humour and laughter. Social relationships. Work and employment. Leisure. Money, class and education. Personality, age and gender. Religion. National differences in happiness. Happiness enhancement. The effects of positive moods and happiness. Conclusions.
More Careful or Less Marriageable?: Parental Divorce, Spouse Selection and Entry into Marriage

Despite the large literature on the long-term effects of parental divorce, few studies have analyzed the effects of parental divorce on spouse selection behavior. However, the characteristics of one's spouse can have important effects on economic well-being and on marital success. We use discrete-time, event-history data from Finnish population registers to study the effects of parental divorce on entry into marriage with spouses who have different educational qualifications (both absolute and relative to one's own education), using conditional multinomial logistic regression models. The results show that Finnish children of divorce have lower rates of marriage than those from intact families. In particular, children of divorce have a lower likelihood of marrying spouses with secondary education or more, and especially low rates of marrying someone with a tertiary degree. The latter gap is smaller among those with tertiary education, as a result of the higher rates of homogamous marriage among the children of divorce with high education. Our findings suggest that children of divorce carry with them traits and behaviors that make them less marriageable candidates in the marriage market. We discuss the possible implications of these findings.
Genetic Underpinnings of Transformational Leadership

In this study, the authors investigate the extent to which dispositional hope mediates genetic influences on transformational leadership. Based on a sample of female twins (214 identical and 178 fraternal) from the Minnesota Twin Registry, results indicated that 53% of the variance in hope and 49% of the variance in transformational leadership were accounted for by genetic factors. After controlling for positive emotionality and negative emotionality, it was found that the genetic influence on transformational leadership was mediated by dispositional hope with the overlapping genetic factors explaining 20.8% of the total variance in transformational leadership.
National Differences In Organizational Commitment

This article examines organizational commitment in a sample of 49 countries. Affective commitment (AC) varies significantly by country and is strongly related to dimensions of personality. AC is high in countries where the population is extravert and low in countries where the population is neurotic. Consistent with the notion that high extraversion and low neuroticism are indicative of positive affect, AC is also found to be high in countries where the population is happy. Socioeconomic conditions have a statistically significant but marginal influence on AC. AC tends to be slightly higher in countries with low levels of unemployment and high economic activity rates but is unrelated to per capita national income. There are significant relationships between AC and some aspects of national culture. AC is negatively related to societal cynicism and positively to egalitarian commitment. In general, however, most cultural dimensions are unrelated to AC.
An Empirical Study on the Effects of Embodied Conversational Agents on User Retention Performance and Perception in a Simulated Mobile Environment

The paper presents a user study designed to examine the impact of the presence of a multimodal ECA on the user’s ability to retain content of cultural value with variable degree of difficulty (i.e., technical and simple content). The study was conducted in the lab, using a high resolution panorama representing four locations in an archaeological attraction. The content participants perceived differed both in terms of complexity and length. Participants interacted with an ECA-based system and then with a non-ECA system that provided content about popular locations in the attraction. Results indicate that participants who used the system with the ECA retained content of variable difficulty more consistently, than those who used the system without the ECA. However, we also found that if text is added as an additional output modality to an ECA-based information system it can positively impact the perception of the technical content, which can potentially lead to enhanced retention of technical content.
ASSESSING STUDENTS’ CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING AFTER A FIRST COURSE IN STATISTICS

This paper describes the development of the CAOS test, designed to measure students’ conceptual understanding of important statistical ideas, across three years of revision and testing, content validation, and realiability analysis. Results are reported from a large scale class testing and item responses are compared from pretest to posttest in order to learn more about areas in which students demonstrated improved performance from beginning to end of the course, as well as areas that showed no improvement or decreased performance. Items that showed an increase in students’ misconceptions about particular statistical concepts were also examined. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for students’ understanding of different statistical topics, followed by suggestions for further research.
Specific cellular features of atheroma associated with development of neointima after carotid endarterectomy: the carotid atherosclerosis and restenosis study.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate whether some cellular and molecular features of tissue retrieved at carotid endarterectomy are associated with the extent of neointima formation at ultrasound follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred fifty patients were studied. Endarterectomy specimens were tested by immunocytochemistry with the use of (1) monoclonal antibodies that identify smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fetal-type SMCs on the basis of smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin content, (2) the anti-macrophage HAM 56, and (3) the anti-lymphocyte CD45RO. The maximum intima-media thickness (M-IMT) of the revascularized vessel was assessed by the use of B-mode ultrasonography 6 months after surgery. The M-IMT values were related positively to the number of SMCs (r=0.534, P<0.0005) and negatively to that of macrophages and lymphocytes (r=-0.428, P<0.0005, and -0.538, P=0.001, respectively). Patients were classified as class 1 (M-IMT </=1.0 mm), class 2 (1. 01.3 mm). An abundance of SMCs, mostly of fetal type, was found in the plaque of class 3 patients, whereas lesions from class 1 patients were rich in macrophages and lymphocytes. In the multivariate analysis, factors related to M-IMT were the number of SMCs and the percentage of fetal-type SMCs present in the plaque. CONCLUSIONS Although the classic risk factors did not play a role, an abundance of SMCs and a scarcity of macrophages characterized the primary lesion of patients in whom neointima developed after surgery. In patients in whom neointima did not develop, lesions were rich in macrophages and lymphocytes. This approach can be useful in defining patients at risk of restenosis.
Longitudinal changes in macular retinal layer thickness in pediatric populations: Myopic vs non-myopic eyes

Knowledge of the normal in vivo thickness of the retina, and its individual layers in pediatric populations is important for diagnosing and monitoring retinal disorders, and for understanding the eye’s normal development and the impact of eye growth and refractive error such as myopia (short-sightedness) upon retinal morphology. In this prospective, observational longitudinal study, total retinal thickness (and individual retinal layer thickness) and the changes in retinal morphology occurring over an 18-month period were examined in 101 children with a range of refractive errors. In childhood, the presence of myopia was associated with subtle but statistically significant (p<0.05) changes in the topographical thickness distribution of macular retinal thickness (and retinal layer thickness), characterised by a thinning of the parafoveal retina (and parafoveal or perifoveal thinning in most outer and inner retinal layers). The parafoveal retina was on average 6 μm thinner in myopic children. However, over 18 months, longitudinal changes in retinal thickness and individual layers were of small magnitude (average changes of less than 2 μm over 18 months), indicative of a high degree of stability in retinal morphology in healthy adolescent eyes, despite significant eye growth over this same period of time. This provides the first detailed longitudinal assessment of macula retinal layer morphology in adolescence, and delivers new normative data on expected changes in retinal structure over time and associated with myopia during this period of childhood development.
EXPLANATIONS FOR UNEMPLOYMENT IN BRITAIN

Psychological studies on unemployment in the 1930's and the 1970's and 1980's have concentrated on the psychological impact of unemployment on such things as people's health, self-esteem and social interaction. Furthermore studies have, not unnaturally, concentrated almost exclusively on the unemployed neglecting the employed altogether. Very few studies have concerned the range and determinants of lay explanations or attributions about the causes of unemployment. This study set out to examine differences in the explanations for unemployment as a function of whether people were employed or unemployed, as well as their age, sex, education and voting pattern, The results showed a predictable pattern of differences between the employed and unemployed, the former believing more in individualistic explanations and less in societal explanations than the latter. Whereas there were few sex and age differences, education and vote revealed numerous differences in explanations for unemployment. As in the case with explanations for poverty, Conservatives found individualistic explanations for unemployment more important than Labour voters who in turn found societal explanations more important than Conservative voters. Results were discussed in terms of the psychology of explanations, political socialization and the experience of unemployment. Problems in this study as well as the limitations and difficulties in research of the kind were also discussed.
Growth of bismuth tri-iodide platelets for room temperature X-ray detection

Bismuth tri-iodide synthesized from bismuth subcarbonate and potassium iodide, and then purified by zone refining followed by one sublimation, was used as starting material. Platelets were grown by physical vapor deposition (PVD) under argon (500 mmHg), with a source temperature of 300 /spl deg/C and during 5-7 days. Growth temperature was at about 260 /spl deg/C. Other set of platelets was grown by traveling molten zone (TMZ), at 460 /spl deg/C and with a traveling speed of 5 mm/h. Platelets are up to 20 /spl times/ 10 mm/sup 2/ in size, and from 50 to 80 /spl mu/m in thickness. Dendritic-like defects turned out to be the main surface defect for the PVD crystals. Some samples exhibit hexagonal microcrystals on their surface, which indicates that they grow from layers of hexagonal grains. Detectors were made with representative platelets by Pd or Au thermal deposition (contact areas of 0.03, 0.09, 0.12 cm/sup 2/), Pd wire attachment with aquadag and acrylic encapsulation. TMZ crystals show a better surface crystal quality, but this fact does not seem to particularly influence the detector electrical properties. Nevertheless, the metal used for contact deposition determines the resistivity, and Au emerges as better than Pd for this purpose. Detector X-ray response was measured by irradiation with a /sup 241/Am source of 3.5 mR/h. Resistivities up to 2.0 /spl times/ 10/sup 12/ /spl Omega/-cm were obtained, the best reported for detectors made with monocrystals of this material, which correlates with the fact that these detectors are the first BiI/sub 3/ ones that responds to an X-ray moderate radiation exposure. Platelets obtained in the present work give detector grade but not spectrometric grade material, for which energy resolution can not be calculated nor compared with previous results.
The Racial-Cultural Framework

Suicide-related outcomes are a major public health challenge in communities of color in the United States. To address these challenges, this Major Contribution makes theoretical, empirical, and practice-related contributions to scholarship on suicide-related outcomes among people of color. In this article, the authors present a new framework to conceptualize previous suicidology scholarship, address existing literature gaps, and inform counseling psychologists’ future work on suicide-related outcomes in U.S. communities of color. The framework consists of three components and nine principles that highlight the types of constructs, populations, and preventive interventions that should be emphasized in theory, research, and practice addressing suicide-related outcomes in communities of color. The authors explain why suicide-related outcomes in communities of color deserve attention, describe the framework, and discuss implications of the framework for future practice and training. It is hoped that this framework can serve as a resource and impetus for new paradigms of suicidology work in communities of color.
SATISFACTION AND PERFORMANCE REVISITED: INTERVENING VARIABLES AND INDIRECT RELATIONSHIPS

The role of employee satisfaction in the human resources literature is one that is long-lived and, while theoretical rationales explaining why satisfaction may influence firm performance abound, little convincing evidence of a strong connection between these constructs exists. The current study suggests one plausible, and in this case, empirically substantiated possibility, namely that the relationship between these constructs can be “purely” indirect. By examining the influence of unit-level employee satisfaction on financial performance in the presence of other theoretically (and organizationally) relevant intervening variables—employee responsiveness, retention, and customer satisfaction—a model was proposed that exhibited remarkably good fit to the data and indicated that the path from satisfaction to performance was indirect as opposed to mediated. Further, proximity effects resulting from causal distance were found.
Evolutionary branching under asymmetric competition.

I investigate the evolution of a continuous trait, such as body size or arms level, which affects the outcome of competitive contests such that the contestant with the larger trait value has a higher probability of winning. I show that a polymorphism of distinctly different strategies can evolve in an initially monomorphic population even if mutations have only small phenotypic effect. In a simple Lotka-Volterra-type model of asymmetric competition, I derive the conditions under which two strategies can gradually evolve from a single ancestral strategy; the evolution of higher level polymorphisms is studied by numerical analysis and computer simulations of specific examples. High levels of polymorphism may build up during evolution. The coevolution of strategies in polymorphic populations, however, may also lead to extinction, which decreases the level of polymorphism. I discuss whether the evolution of several haploid strategies from a single initial strategy may correspond to the evolution of several sympatric species in a diploid outbreeding population.
Mental health service use among older Canadians with anxiety and comorbid physical conditions

Objectives: The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between mental health service use and comorbid any anxiety and commonly occurring physical conditions (i.e., arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and gastrointestinal disease) in a national sample of older Canadians. Methods: The sample consisted of older adults aged 55 years and older from the Canadian Community Health Survey 1.2 (N = 12,792). Trained lay interviewers assessed mental disorders based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. Physical conditions were based on self-reported diagnoses by health professionals. Past-year mental health service use was categorized into whether services were utilized in the general or specialty sectors. Crosstabulations and multiple logistic regressions examined the effects of both anxiety and physical conditions on mental health service use within the general and specialty mental health sectors. Results: Adjusted logistic regressions indicated that there was no effect of anxiety among older adults with gastrointestinal disease on mental health service use. Conversely, in adjusted regressions, having a comorbid anxiety disorder with cardiovascular disease or arthritis was associated with increased odds of service use from the general sector in comparison to cardiovascular disease and arthritis, respectively, alone. Additionally, older adults with comorbid any anxiety disorder and gastrointestinal disease in comparison to anxiety alone had lower rates of seeking mental health services; however, these effects were no longer significant in an adjusted model. Conclusion: Comorbidity between gastrointestinal conditions and anxiety was associated with unmet mental health service needs. This may be conceptualized in the context overlapping symptomatology in gastrointestinal conditions and anxiety.
Selection and cloning of poly(rC)-binding protein 2 and Raf kinase inhibitor protein RNA activators of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase from prostate cancer cells

The antiviral and antitumor functions of RNase L are enabled by binding to the allosteric effectors 5′-phosphorylated, 2′,5′-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A). 2-5A is produced by interferon-inducible 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) upon activation by viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Because mutations in RNase L have been implicated as risk factors for prostate cancer, we sought to determine if OAS activators are present in prostate cancer cells. We show that prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, LNCaP and DU145), but not normal prostate epithelial cells (PrEC), contain RNA fractions capable of binding to and activating OAS. To identify the RNA activators, we developed a cDNA cloning strategy based on stringent affinity of RNAs for OAS. We thus identified mRNAs for Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and poly(rC)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2) that bind and potently activate OAS. In addition, human endogenous retrovirus (hERV) envelope RNAs were present in PC3 cells that bind and activate OAS. Analysis of several gene expression profiling studies indicated that PCBP2 RNA was consistently elevated in metastatic prostate cancer. Results suggest that OAS activation may occur in prostate cancer cells in vivo stimulated by cellular mRNAs for RKIP and PCBP2.
Use of Homogeneously-Sized Carbon Steel Ball Bearings to Study Microbially-Influenced Corrosion in Oil Field Samples

Microbially-influenced corrosion (MIC) contributes to the general corrosion rate (CR), which is typically measured with carbon steel coupons. Here we explore the use of carbon steel ball bearings, referred to as beads (55.0 ± 0.3 mg; Ø = 0.238 cm), for determining CRs. CRs for samples from an oil field in Oceania incubated with beads were determined by the weight loss method, using acid treatment to remove corrosion products. The release of ferrous and ferric iron was also measured and CRs based on weight loss and iron determination were in good agreement. Average CRs were 0.022 mm/yr for eight produced waters with high numbers (105/ml) of acid-producing bacteria (APB), but no sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Average CRs were 0.009 mm/yr for five central processing facility (CPF) waters, which had no APB or SRB due to weekly biocide treatment and 0.036 mm/yr for 2 CPF tank bottom sludges, which had high numbers of APB (106/ml) and SRB (108/ml). Hence, corrosion monitoring with carbon steel beads indicated that biocide treatment of CPF waters decreased the CR, except where biocide did not penetrate. The CR for incubations with 20 ml of a produced water decreased from 0.061 to 0.007 mm/yr when increasing the number of beads from 1 to 40. CRs determined with beads were higher than those with coupons, possibly also due to a higher weight of iron per unit volume used in incubations with coupons. Use of 1 ml syringe columns, containing carbon steel beads, and injected with 10 ml/day of SRB-containing medium for 256 days gave a CR of 0.11 mm/yr under flow conditions. The standard deviation of the distribution of residual bead weights, a measure for the unevenness of the corrosion, increased with increasing CR. The most heavily corroded beads showed significant pitting. Hence the use of uniformly sized carbon steel beads offers new opportunities for screening and monitoring of corrosion including determination of the distribution of corrosion rates, which allows estimation of the probability of high rate events that may lead to failure.
Effects of Lamotrigine on Electrically Induced Afterdischarge Duration in Anaesthetised Rat, Dog, and Marmoset

Summary: The effects of lamotrigine (LTG), a novel potent anticonvulsant, following intravenous (i.v.) bolus injection were studied on the durations of electrically induced afterdischarges of the EEG in halothane‐anaesthetised dogs and marmosets, species used in toxicity studies. For comparison, the effect of LTG on hippocampal afterdischarge duration was also studied in halothane anaesthetised rats, a species in which the anticonvulsant action of LTG has been widely investigated. The known anticonvulsants phenytoin (PHT) and pheno‐barbital (PB) were included for comparison. LTG reduced afterdischarge duration in a dose‐dependent manner in rat and dog; it was approximately twofold more potent than PHT in the dog and three‐ to fourfold more potent than PB in both dog and rat (LTG ED50 values = 4.5 and 11.7 mg kg‐1 i.v. in dogs and rats, respectively). PHT was ineffective in the rat at sublethal doses (< 40 mg kg‐1 i.v.). In limited studies in marmosets, i.v. administration of both LTG and PHT (both 5–15 mg kg‐1) reduced or abolished afterdischarge. Thus, LTG was a potent anticonvulsant in rat, dog, and marmoset in after‐discharge models of partial (focal) seizures and may be of utility in the treatment of partial seizures in humans.