Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised classification of digital images using enhanced sensor pattern noise

We present in this work an unsupervised image classifier, which is capable of clustering images taken by an unknown number of unknown digital cameras into a number of classes, each corresponding to one camera. The classification system first extracts and enhances a sensor pattern noise (SPN) from each image, which serves as the fingerprint of the camera that has taken the image. Secondly, it applies an unsupervised classifier trainer to a small training set of randomly selected SPNs to cluster the SPNs into classes and uses the centroids of those identified classes as the trained classifier. The classifier trainer treats each SPN as a random variable and uses Markov random field (MRF) approach to iteratively assigns a class label to each SPN (i.e., random variable) based on the class labels assigned to the members of a small set of SPNs, called membership committee, and the similarity values between it and the members of the membership committee until a stop criteria is met. The classifier trainer requires no a priori knowledge about the dataset from the user. Finally the image not included in the small training set are classified using the trained classifier depending on the similarity between their SPNs and the centroids of the trained classifier.
Exploring Outcome Measures for Exercise Intervention in People with Parkinson's Disease

Background. It is widely believed that exercise improves mobility in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is difficult to determine whether a specific type of exercise is the most effective. The purpose of this study was to determine which outcome measures were sensitive to exercise intervention and to explore the effects of two different exercise programs for improving mobility in patients with PD. Methods. Participants were randomized into either the Agility Boot Camp (ABC) or treadmill training; 4x/week for 4 weeks. Outcome measures were grouped by the International Classification of Function/Disability (ICF). To determine the responsiveness to exercise, we calculated the standardized response means. t-tests were used to compare the relative benefits of each exercise program. Results. Four of five variables at the structure/function level changed after exercise: turn duration (P = 0.03), stride velocity (P = 0.001), peak arm speed (P = 0.001), and horizontal trunk ROM during gait (P = 0.02). Most measures improved similarly for both interventions. The only variable that detected a difference between groups was postural sway in ABC group (F = 4.95; P = 0.03). Conclusion. Outcome measures at ICF body structure/function level were most effective at detecting change after exercise and revealing differences in improvement between interventions.
The influence of race–ethnicity and physical activity levels on elementary school achievement

ABSTRACT The authors used structural equation modeling to map the relationships between student race–ethnicity via the mediating variable physical activity on English language arts (ELA) and mathematics achievement among 964 fourth- and fifth-grade students. The students attended a New York City Metropolitan area school district and completed the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children, which measured weekly average activity levels. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the use of this instrument. Physical activity had a significant, substantive effect on both ELA and mathematics achievement for students, but was most pronounced among White students on ELA and among Black students on mathematics. Hispanic ethnicity had significant direct and indirect negative associations with ELA and mathematics achievement via their decreased physical activity levels relative to White and Black students. These findings help confirm the important link between physical activity and academic achievement and the need to foster more healthy physical activities for students of all races and ethnicities.
A Major External Source of Cholinergic Innervation of the Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens Originates in the Brainstem

Cholinergic transmission in the striatal complex is critical for the modulation of the activity of local microcircuits and dopamine release. Release of acetylcholine has been considered to originate exclusively from a subtype of striatal interneuron that provides widespread innervation of the striatum. Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nuclei indirectly influence the activity of the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens through their innervation of dopamine and thalamic neurons, which in turn converge at the same striatal levels. Here we show that cholinergic neurons in the brainstem also provide a direct innervation of the striatal complex. By the expression of fluorescent proteins in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)::Cre+ transgenic rats, we selectively labeled cholinergic neurons in the rostral PPN, caudal PPN, and LDT. We show that cholinergic neurons topographically innervate wide areas of the striatal complex: rostral PPN preferentially innervates the dorsolateral striatum, and LDT preferentially innervates the medial striatum and nucleus accumbens core in which they principally form asymmetric synapses. Retrograde labeling combined with immunohistochemistry in wild-type rats confirmed the topography and cholinergic nature of the projection. Furthermore, transynaptic gene activation and conventional double retrograde labeling suggest that LDT neurons that innervate the nucleus accumbens also send collaterals to the thalamus and the dopaminergic midbrain, thus providing both direct and indirect projections, to the striatal complex. The differential activity of cholinergic interneurons and cholinergic neurons of the brainstem during reward-related paradigms suggest that the two systems play different but complementary roles in the processing of information in the striatum.
Seeing Academically Marginalized Students’ Multimodal Designs From a Position of Strength

This article examines multimodal texts created by a cohort of academically marginalized secondary school students in Singapore as part of a language arts unit on persuasive composition. Using an interpretivist qualitative approach, we examine students’ multimodal designs to highlight opportunities taken up for expanding literacy practices traditionally not available to lower tracked students. Findings examine the authorial stances and rhetorical force that students enacted in their multimodal designs, despite lack of regular opportunities to author complex texts and a schooling history of low expectations. We extend arguments for the importance of providing all students with opportunities to take positions as designers and creators while acknowledging systematic barriers to such opportunities for academically marginalized students. This study thus counters deficit views of academically marginalized students’ literacy practices by demonstrating their authoritative stance taking and enacting of layered positionalities through multimodal designs in which they renegotiated ways of knowing and doing in their classroom.
Lignin peroxidase functionalities and prospective applications

Ligninolytic extracellular enzymes, including lignin peroxidase, are topical owing to their high redox potential and prospective industrial applications. The prospective applications of lignin peroxidase span through sectors such as biorefinery, textile, energy, bioremediation, cosmetology, and dermatology industries. The litany of potentials attributed to lignin peroxidase is occasioned by its versatility in the degradation of xenobiotics and compounds with both phenolic and non‐phenolic constituents. Over the years, ligninolytic enzymes have been studied however; research on lignin peroxidase seems to have been lagging when compared to other ligninolytic enzymes which are extracellular in nature including laccase and manganese peroxidase. This assertion becomes more pronounced when the application of lignin peroxidase is put into perspective. Consequently, a succinct documentation of the contemporary functionalities of lignin peroxidase and, some prospective applications of futuristic relevance has been advanced in this review. Some articulated applications include delignification of feedstock for ethanol production, textile effluent treatment and dye decolourization, coal depolymerization, treatment of hyperpigmentation, and skin‐lightening through melanin oxidation. Prospective application of lignin peroxidase in skin‐lightening functions through novel mechanisms, hence, it holds high value for the cosmetics sector where it may serve as suitable alternative to hydroquinone; a potent skin‐lightening agent whose safety has generated lots of controversy and concern.
A Method Towards the Fully Automatic Merging of Lexical Resources

Lexical Resources are a critical component for Natural Language Processing applications. However, the high cost of comparing and merging different resources has been a bottleneck to obtain richer resources and a broader range of potential uses for a significant number of languages. With the objective of reducing cost by eliminating human intervention, we present a new method towards the automatic merging of resources. This method includes both, the automatic mapping of resources involved to a common format and merging them, once in this format. This paper presents how we have addressed the merging of two verb subcategorization frame lexica for Spanish, but our method will be extended to cover other types of Lexical Resources. The achieved results, that almost replicate human work, demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
The silencing of race at Rhodes: ritual and anti-politics on a post-apartheid campus

ii Table of contents . iii Acknowledgements . iv The legitimized (re)production of ‘racial’ dominance. 5 ‘100 years of excellence’: Silences in the production of the dominant historical narrative of Rhodes University. 28 ‘Drinking culture’ – the performance of ‘racial’ dominance in Rhodes student life 54 Conclusion – Winding roads of ‘whiteness’: the changing same? 74 Bibliography . 84
Do Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels Predict Serious Complication Risk of Infection in Pediatric Cancer Patients?

Determination of risk of severe bacterial infection complication in children with cancer is important to diminish the cost of hospitalization and therapy. In this study, children with cancer (leukemia excluded) were evaluated for risk of severe infection complication, success of therapy and the relation between clinical and inflammatory parameters during neutropenic fever attacks. Children who fulfilled the criteria of neutropenic fever with cancer were enrolled in the study. During admission, together with clinical and laboratory parameters; interleukin-6, interleukin-8, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II, and soluble interleukin 2 reseptor ve procalcitonin levels were detected. Empirical therapy was started with piperacillin/tazobactam and relation between the inflammatory cytokine levels and therapy response parameters were evaluated. The study population included 31 children and 50 neutropenic attacks were studied. In 48% of the attacks, absolute neutrophile count was >100/mm3 and infectious agents were shown microbiologically in 12% of the attacks. In the study group with piperacillin/tazobactam monotherapy, the success rate without modification was 58%. In the therapy modified group mean duration of fever, antibiotherapy and hospitalization were significantly longer than the group without modification. Inflammatory cytokines’ levels during admission (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, soluble tumor necrosis factor reseptor II) were higher in patients with fever >3 days and in multiple regression analysis, it has been shown that they have a determinative role on fever control time. Other cytokines did not show any significant relationship with risk of severe bacterial infection complication and success of therapy.
Similarity: towards a unified account of scalar implicatures, free choice permission and presupposition projection

I propose a new theory of scalar implicatures: the speaker should be in the same epistemic status with respect to alternatives obtained via similar transformations (e.g., replacements of a scalar items with various stronger items). This theory extends naturally to explain presupposition projection. Cases where scalar items and presupposition triggers co-occur are straightforwardly accounted for. The main focus is the unification between various phenomena: scalar implicatures, free choice effects and presupposition projection. Yet, the system can be split into independent proposals for each of these issues.
Selecting damped Lyman α systems through Ca ii absorption – I. Dust depletions and reddening at z∼ 1

We use the average E(B − V ) and Zn II column densities of a sample of z ∼ 1C aII λλ 3935, 3970 absorption-line systems selected from the fourth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to show that on average, with conservative assumptions regarding metallicities and dust-to-gas ratios, they contain column densities of neutral hydrogen greater than the damped Lyman α (DLA) limit. We propose that selection by Ca II absorption is an effective way of identifying high column densities of neutral hydrogen, and thus large samples of DLAs at z abs 1.3 from the SDSS. The number density of strong Ca II absorbers (with rest-frame equivalent width Wλ3935 0.5 A), is ∼20‐30 per cent that of DLAs, after correcting for the significant bias against their detection due to obscuration of the background quasars by dust. On average these absorbers have E(B − V ) 0.1 mag; the dustiest absorbers show depletions of refractory elements at a level of the largest depletions seen in DLAs. For the first time we can measure the dust-to-metals ratio in a sample of absorption-selected galaxies, and find values close to, or even larger than, those observed locally. All of these properties suggest that a substantial fraction of the Ca II absorbers are more chemically evolved than typical DLAs. There is a trend of increasing dust content with W λ3935; this trend with strong-line equivalent width is also observed in an equivalent, but much larger, sample of Mg II absorbers. Such a trend would result if the dustier systems are hosted by more massive, or disturbed, galaxies. Follow-up imaging is required to provide conclusive evidence for or against these scenarios. From consideration of the E(B − V ) distribution in our sample, and assuming Ca II absorbers represent a subset of DLAs, we calculate that dust obscuration causes an underestimation in the number density of DLAs by at least 8‐12 per cent at these redshifts. Finally, the removal of broad absorption line (BAL) quasars from the SDSS quasar sample increases the sensitivity of the detection of reddening by intervening absorbers. To this end, we describe a new, automated, principal component analysis (PCA) method for identifying BAL quasars.
Functions of the Medial Frontal Cortex A Model of Monoaminergic Modulation

Denne afhandling er i forbindelse med nedenfor anførte tidligere offentliggjorte artikler af Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet ved Aarhus Universitet antaget til offentligt at forsvares for den medicinske doktorgrad, fredag den 2. A. STN-stimulation in Parkinson's disease restores striatal inhibition of thalamocortical projection. Stimulation of subthalamic nucleus inhibits emotional activation of fusiform gyrus. modulation of cerebral blood flow measured with positron emission tomography (PET) in humans. Acknowledgement This thesis is based on experimental studies carried out from 1999 to 2007 mainly during my employment as a " divided child " between the PET center and the Neurological Department at Aarhus University Hospital. Half of my time I worked as a scientist, half as a clinical neurologist. This was a period in my professional carrier that I enjoyed a lot and I can only recommend this blend of science and clinic to anybody else, who like me would like to pursue a scientific idea, but still wants to keep working as a physician without loosing the daily patient contact. I would like to thank my superiors, colleges and co-workers at the PET center and at the Neurologi-cal Department for their support during this process, as well as the laboratory staff at the PET center for their patience in teaching me how to work safely with radioactive tracers. But in particular I have to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Albert Gjedde. Without his support this thesis would probably never have been written. Finally, thanks to my wife Dorthe for still believing in me all the times when I myself ceased to believe anything. Introduction 1 Introduction Never express yourself more clearly than you are able to think. The medial frontal cortex (MFC), and particularly the orbitofrontal part (also called the ventrome-dial frontal cortex, vMFC, or inferomedial prefrontal cortex, IMPC), is important to normal social behavior. The importance was first recognized by James Harlow (1848, 1868). He described the damage inflicted on Phineas Gage's brain and the profound consequences for Gage's personality and social conduct. The discovery largely went unnoticed for almost 100 years. For these many years, neuroscientists considered the orbitofrontal cortex to be more or less a " terra ignota ". In a review of 275 PET and fMRI studies reported in the period 1988-1998, Cabeza and Nyberg (2000) included less than ten that described activations or deactivations in this region. In the last 15 years, however, neuroscientists and psychologists rediscovered this …
Functional segregation of cortical language areas by sentence repetition

The functional organization of the perisylvian language network was examined using a functional MRI (fMRI) adaptation paradigm with spoken sentences. In Experiment 1 , a given sentence was presented every 14.4 s and repeated two, three, or four times in a row. The study of the temporal properties of the BOLD response revealed a temporal gradient along the dorsal–ventral and rostral–caudal directions: From Heschl's gyrus, where the fastest responses were recorded, responses became increasingly slower toward the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus and toward the temporal poles and the left inferior frontal gyrus, where the slowest responses were observed. Repetition induced a decrease in amplitude and a speeding up of the BOLD response in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), while the most superior temporal regions were not affected. In Experiment 2 , small blocks of six sentences were presented in which either the speaker voice or the linguistic content of the sentence, or both, were repeated. Data analyses revealed a clear asymmetry: While two clusters in the left superior temporal sulcus showed identical repetition suppression whether the sentences were produced by the same speaker or different speakers, the homologous right regions were sensitive to sentence repetition only when the speaker voice remained constant. Thus, hemispheric left regions encode linguistic content while homologous right regions encode more details about extralinguistic features like speaker voice. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using sentence‐level adaptation to probe the functional organization of cortical language areas. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A sample of mJy radio sources at 1.4 GHz in the Lynx and Hercules fields - I. Radio imaging, multicolour photometry and spectroscopy

With the goal of identifying high-redshift radio galaxies with Fanaroff-Riley class I (FR I) classification, here are presented high-resolution, wide-field radio observations, near-infrared and optical imaging and multi-object spectroscopy of two fields of the Leiden-Berkeley Deep Survey. These fields, Hercules. 1 and Lynx.2, contain a complete sample of 81 radio sources with S 1.4GHz > 0.5 mJy within 0.6 deg 2 . This sample will form the basis for a study of the population and cosmic evolution of high-redshift, low-power, FR I radio sources which will be presented in Paper II. Currently, the host galaxy identification fraction is 86 per cent with 11 sources remaining unidentified at a level of r' ≥ 25.2 mag (Hercules; four sources) or r' ≥ 24.4 mag (Lynx; seven sources) or K ≥ 20 mag. Spectroscopic redshifts have been determined for 49 per cent of the sample and photometric redshift estimates are presented for the remainder of the sample.
Hydroxylation and N-Dechloroethylation of Ifosfamide and Deuterated Ifosfamide by the Human Cytochrome P450s and Their Commonly Occurring Polymorphisms

The hydroxylation and N-dechloroethylation of deuterated ifosfamide (d4IFO) and ifosfamide (IFO) by several human P450s have been determined and compared. d4IFO was synthesized with deuterium at the alpha and alpha′ carbons to decrease the rate of N-dechloroethylation and thereby enhance hydroxylation of the drug at the 4′ position. The purpose was to decrease the toxic and increase the efficacious metabolites of IFO. For all of the P450s tested, hydroxylation of d4IFO was improved and dechloroethylation was reduced as compared with nondeuterated IFO. Although the differences were not statistically significant, the trend favoring the 4′-hydroxylation pathway was noteworthy. CYP3A5 and CYP2C19 were the most efficient enzymes for catalyzing IFO hydroxylation. The importance of these enzymes in IFO metabolism has not been reported previously and warrants further investigation. The catalytic ability of the common polymorphisms of CYP2B6 and CYP2C9 for both reactions were tested with IFO and d4IFO. It was determined that the commonly expressed polymorphisms CYP2B6*4 and CYP2B6*6 had reduced catalytic ability for IFO compared with CYP2B6*1, whereas CYP2B6*7 and CYP2B6*9 had enhanced catalytic ability. As with the wild-type enzymes, d4IFO was more readily hydroxylated by the polymorphic variants than IFO, and d4IFO was not dechloroethylated by any of the polymorphic forms. We also assessed the use of specific inhibitors of P450 to favor hydroxylation in human liver microsomes. We were unable to separate the pathways with these experiments, suggesting that multiple P450s are responsible for catalyzing both metabolic pathways for IFO, which is not observed with the closely related drug cyclophosphamide.
Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Deterioration of Supercritical n-Decane in Horizontal Circular Tubes

In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the regenerative cooling process of scramjet engines, in this paper, a numerical investigation on the supercritical convective heat transfer of n-decane in horizontal circular tubes was conducted, based on a complete set of conservation equations and the Renormalization group (RNG) k–e turbulence model with enhanced wall treatment. The present study mainly focuses on the heat transfer deterioration (HTD) phenomenon, including the mechanism and critical conditions for the onset of HTD. Moreover, the applicability of some conventional heat transfer empirical correlations was analyzed and compared, thus providing guidance for the Nusselt number predictions in the cooling channels. Results indicate that under the compositive conditions of low pressure and high heat flux, two types of HTD phenomena could occur when the wall and bulk fluid temperatures are near the pseudo-critical temperature, owing to the abnormal distributions of near-wall turbulent kinetic energy and radial velocity, respectively. Increasing the pressure would effectively alleviate and eliminate the HTD. A comparison of numerical results with those obtained with different empirical expressions shows that the Bae-Kim expression provides the best agreement, especially when HTD occurs. Furthermore, a new correction for critical heat flux of HTD has been successfully developed.