Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge , Attitude and Practice on Immunization among Migrant Mothers : A Questionnaire Development and Field Application

Background: Migrant mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) are predictors for children’s vaccination status. Mothers are the main decision makers for childhood health. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess the immunization KAP of migrant mothers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among migrant mothers by using a questionnaire which was developed by all co-authors according to the objective of this study. Internal consistency was assessed by using Cronbach’s α coefficient. The test-retest reliability was assessed by using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The construct validity was determined through the known-group validity technique. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were applied to examine the disparities of immunization KAP of migrant mothers with different socialdemographic characteristics. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the knowledge score, attitude score and practice score were 7.8 ± 1.4, 7.2 ± 2.2, 6.2 ± 2.3, respectively. Good internal consistency was found for KAP items with Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.881, 0.755 and 0.783, respectively. The test-retest reliability showed a satisfactory reliability with a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient value of 0.817. Migrant mothers with ‘fully immunized’ children showed better KAP scores than mothers who did not, suggesting a good construct validity. Mothers’ age, maternal education level, number of children in household, latest continuous living time, and monthly household income per capita were significantly associated with the immunization KAP among migrant mothers. Conclusions: This study showed an optimal reliability and validity of the questionnaire for measuring the KAP on immunization among migrant mothers in Yiwu and therefore this version can be used in future research.
Structure and properties of large intersecting families

We say that a family of $k$-subsets of an $n$-element set is intersecting if any two of its sets intersect. In this paper we study properties and structure of large intersecting families. We prove a conclusive version of Frankl's theorem on intersecting families with bounded maximal degree. This theorem, along with its generalizations to cross-intersecting families, strengthens the results obtained by Frankl, Frankl and Tokushige, Kupavskii and Zakharov and others. We study the structure of large intersecting families, obtaining some very general structural theorems which extend the results of Han and Kohayakawa, as well as Kostochka and Mubayi. We also obtain an extension of some classic problems on intersecting families introduced in the 70s. We extend an old result of Frankl, in which he determined the size and structure of the largest intersecting family of $k$-sets with covering number $3$ for $n>n_0(k)$. We obtain the same result for $n>Ck$, where $C$ is an absolute constant. Finally, we obtain a similar extension for the following problem of Erd\H os, Rothschild and Sz\'{e}meredi: what is the largest intersecting family, in which no element is contained in more than a $c$-proportion of the sets, for different values of $c$.
Trophic shift in the diet of the pelagic thresher shark based on stomach contents and stable isotope analyses

Abstract The trophic ecology of the pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus) was analysed using stomach contents and carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope analysis. The sharks were caught in Ecuadorian waters between June and December 2003. Approximately 24 prey species were found in the stomachs of 111 sharks. The most common species were Dosidicus gigas, Benthosema panamense and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis. Mean (± SD) muscle isotope values of the pelagic thresher shark were −16.0±0.3‰ for δ13C and 13.7±1.1‰ for δ15N; mean (± SD) vertebrae values were −16.7±2.0 for δ13C and 9.4±1.8 for δ15N. There were no significant sex-related differences in muscle δ13C and δ15N; however, female vertebrae had significantly higher mean (± SD) δ13C values (−16.4±2.0‰) than males (−18.8±0.3‰). Inter-individual variation in δ15N values was observed in both tissues and was likely related to foraging in different ecosystems with distinct isotope values. Both stomach content and isotope data suggest that the pelagic thresher shark is a specialist predator in Ecuadorian waters. In general, little is known about the foraging ecology and movement patterns of this globally distributed but elusive top marine predator, and how these fundamental ecological traits vary among populations. By using two independent but complementary approaches, our study addresses these questions for the pelagic thresher sharks in Ecuadorian waters. Such information is critically important for the design of effective management strategies for these highly exploited but poorly understood predators.
Ambient PM2.5 and Stroke: Effect Modifiers and Population Attributable Risk in Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Background and Purpose— Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate pollution (PM2.5) has been linked to increased stroke. Few studies, however, have examined the effects of long-term exposure. Methods— A total of 45 625 participants were interviewed and included in this study, the participants came from the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health, a prospective cohort in 6 low- and middle-income countries. Ambient PM2.5 levels were estimated for participants’ communities using satellite data. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to examine the association between long-term PM2.5 exposure and stroke. Potential effect modification by physical activity and consumption of fruit and vegetables was assessed. Results— The odds of stroke were 1.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.22) for each 10 &mgr;g/m3 increase in PM2.5. This effect remained after adjustment for confounding factors including age, sex, smoking, and indoor air pollution (adjusted odds ratio=1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.21). Further stratified analyses suggested that participants with higher levels of physical activity had greater odds of stroke, whereas those with higher consumption of fruit and vegetables had lower odds of stroke. These effects remained robust in sensitivity analyses. We further estimated that 6.55% (95% confidence interval, 1.97%–12.01%) of the stroke cases could be attributable to ambient PM2.5 in the study population. Conclusions— This study suggests that ambient PM2.5 may increase the risk of stroke and may be responsible for the astounding stroke burden in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, greater physical activity may enhance, whereas greater consumption of fruit and vegetables may mitigate the effect.
Factors in United States Forest Service district rangers' decision to manage a fire for resource benefit

United States wildland fire policy and program reviews in 1995 and 2000 required both the reduction of hazardous fuel and recognition of fire as a natural process. Despite the fact that existing policy permits managing natural ignitions to meet resource benefits, or Wildland Fire Use (WFU), most fuel reduction projects rely on mechanical treatments and prescribed fire. Budget constraints suggest that successful fuel and ecosystem management hinges on expanding WFU. The decision to authorise WFU in the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USFS) rests with line officers, and the so-called 'go/no go' decision constitutes a time-critical risk assessment. Factors influencing this decision clearly impact the viability of WFU. The present study examined influences on line officers' go/no go decision. A telephone survey was conducted of all USFS district rangers with WFU authority in the Northern, Intermountain, and Southwestern Regions. The census was completed during February 2005 and obtained an 85% response rate. Data were analysed using Classification and Regression Tree analysis. Personal commitment to WFU provided the primary classifier for 91% of the district rangers who authorised WFU. External factors, negative public perception, resource availability, and a perceived lack of support from the USFS were the main disincentives to authorising WFU.
Effect of tones on voice onset time (VOT) in Cantonese aspirated stops

The study investigated the possible interaction between VOT values associated with aspirated stops produced at six different lexical tones (high falling, high rising, mid level, mid-low falling, mid-low rising and mid-low level) in Cantonese. A total of 27 male Cantonese speakers were recruited and they were instructed to read phrases containing targeted CV syllables formed by the aspirated Cantonese stops (/p h /, /t h /, and /k h /) and the vowel /a/ at the six tones. VOT analysis revealed that, across aspirated stops, tones in the upper tone register produced shorter VOT while those in the lower tone register had longer VOT values. In particular, mid-low rising tone showed the longest VOT than all other tones. This finding indicated an interaction between VOT and tone during Cantonese stop production is confirmed.
Optimizing the size of anaerobic digesters

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of manure from confined feeding operations (CFOs) to produce biogas and in turn electric power in farm or feedlot based units as well as centralized plants is evaluated for two settings in Alberta, Canada: a mixed farming area (Red Deer County), and an area of concentrated beef cattle feedlots (Lethbridge County). Centralized plants need to transport manure to the plant and digestate back to the source CFO, an added cost relative to farm or feedlot based plants, but gain from the economy of scale in plant capital and operating cost. Based on a county survey of manure sources, a centralized plant drawing manure from 63 sources in the mixed farming area, at a manure yield of 34 dry tonne year-1 km-2, could produce 5.9 net MW of power at a cost of $240 MWh-1 (in 2005 U.S. dollars). No individual CFO in the mixed farming area, including a 7,500 head beef cattle feedlot, could produce power at a lower cost with a farm or feedlot based unit. Based on manure yields from an Alberta-based 1 MW demonstration AD plant, a centralized plant drawing manure from 560,000 beef cattle in Lethbridge County, at a manure yield of 280 dry tonne year-1 km-2, could produce power at a cost of $150 MWh-1. In Lethbridge County, an individual feedlot larger than 20,000 head of beef cattle could produce power at a lower cost than the centralized plant. Commercial processes to recover concentrated nutrients and a dischargeable water stream from digestate are not available. However, the theoretical impact of digestate processing was analyzed based on a capital cost of 2/3 of the AD plant itself. Digestate processing shifts the balance in favor of centralized processing, and a feedlot would need to be larger than 250,000 head to produce power at a lower cost than a centralized plant. Power from biogas has a high cost relative to current power prices and to the cost of power from other large-scale renewable sources. Power from biogas would need to be justified by other factors than energy value alone, such as phosphate recovery, pathogen reduction, or odor control.
The measurement and prevalence of developmental thinking about the family: evidence from Nepal.

This paper evaluates the theory presented by Thornton (2001 forthcoming) that the interrelated ideas of societal development and modernity are understood and believed by ordinary people and has influence on their values and behavior. Using both qualitative and quantitative data collected in Nepal in 2003-2004 we examine the knowledge and beliefs of ordinary people asking the extent to which they understand and believe the ideas of development and modernity and use these ideas in evaluating the world around them including demographic and family behavior. An important outcome of this study is its confirmation of the ability to measure the complex concepts of development in a survey conducted with a broad spectrum of people in Nepal. There is also evidence supporting the contention that developmental thinking has been disseminated widely in Nepal with large fractions of people understanding and endorsing developmental models. This evidence is consistent with the expectation that developmental thinking has been widely disseminated around the world and is related to people’s beliefs and values about family life. (authors)
A prospective study of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among treated and untreated adolescents 5 years after a catastrophic disaster.

OBJECTIVE This study evaluated 1) the natural course of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among untreated adolescents from two cities in an earthquake zone (Gumri and Spitak) and one at the periphery (Yerevan) who were differentially exposed to the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia and 2) the effectiveness of brief trauma/grief-focused psychotherapy among adolescents from Gumri. METHOD One hundred twenty-five adolescents were assessed with the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI) and the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) at 1.5 and 5 years postearthquake. At 1.5 years, trauma/grief-focused group and individual psychotherapy was provided over 6 weeks to a group of students in Gumri. RESULTS CPTSD-RI scores among untreated adolescents from Gumri and Spitak subsided significantly but mildly at follow-up, with scores from Spitak, the city at the epicenter, remaining above the cutoff for a diagnosis of PTSD. DSRS scores increased mildly in both earthquake cities but only significantly in Gumri. Among treated adolescents in Gumri, improvement in CPTSD-RI scores was three times that of the untreated Gumri comparison group. The treated group also tended to improve on their DSRS scores, whereas these scores worsened significantly among untreated subjects. CONCLUSIONS Untreated adolescents exposed to severe trauma are at risk for chronic PTSD and depressive symptoms. Brief trauma/grief-focused psychotherapy is effective in reducing PTSD symptoms and halting the progression of depression. This study supports the implementation of mental health intervention programs in schools after disasters to reduce trauma-related psychopathology.
Risk of ischemic stroke in metabolically healthy obesity: A nationwide population-based study

Background Whether metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals are at increased risk of ischemic stroke is not well known. We investigated the association of the MHO phenotype with ischemic stroke. Methods A total of 354,083 adults (age 45.8 ± 14.2 years) from the Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort enrolled in 2004–2008 were followed-up for incident ischemic stroke until 2013. Subjects meeting none of the metabolic syndrome criteria were classified as ‘metabolically healthy’. The cohort was categorized into four groups according to obesity and metabolic status: metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW), MHO, and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). Results Ischemic stroke was newly diagnosed in 4,884 (1.4%) individuals during a mean follow-up of 7.4 ± 1.5 years. Stroke incidence rates for the MHNW, MUNW, MHO, and MUO groups were 0.56, 2.61, 0.61, and 2.76 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. While risk for stroke increased significantly in metabolically unhealthy groups, it was not increased in MHO compared to the MHNW group on multivariate analysis. In metabolically healthy individuals, obesity did not increase the risk for ischemic stroke, regardless of the severity of obesity. Meanwhile, in metabolically unhealthy individuals, being obese was significantly associated with increased risk of stroke. Conclusions MHO individuals were not at increased risk for ischemic stroke. However, obesity increased risk for ischemic stroke in persons with metabolic risk factors; therefore, maintaining normal weight may be more important for this population. Also, metabolic unhealthiness showed greater association than obesity with stroke.
Hip and Ankle Kinematics in Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Situations: Video Analysis Using Model-Based Image Matching

Background: Detailed kinematic descriptions of real anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury situations are limited to the knee only. Purpose: To describe hip and ankle kinematics as well as foot position relative to the center of mass (COM) in ACL injury situations through use of a model-based image-matching (MBIM) technique. The distance between the projection of the COM on the ground and the base of support (BOS) (COM_BOS) normalized to the femur length was also evaluated. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Ten ACL injury video sequences from women’s handball and basketball were analyzed. Hip and ankle joint kinematic values were obtained by use of MBIM. Results: The mean hip flexion angle was 51° (95% CI, 41° to 63°) at initial contact and remained constant over the next 40 milliseconds. The hip was internally rotated 29° (95% CI, 18° to 39°) at initial contact and remained unchanged for the next 40 milliseconds. All of the injured patients landed with a heel strike with a mean dorsiflexion angle of 2° (95% CI, –9° to 14°), before reaching a flatfooted position 20 milliseconds later. The foot position was anterior and lateral to the COM in all cases. However, none of the results showed larger COM_BOS than 1.2, which has been suggested as a criterion for ACL injury risk. Conclusions: Hip kinematic values were consistent among the 10 ACL injury situations analyzed; the hip joint remained unchanged in a flexed and internally rotated position in the phase leading up to injury, suggesting that limited energy absorption took place at the hip. In all cases, the foot contacted the ground with the heel strike. However, relatively small COM_BOS distances were found, indicating that the anterior and lateral foot placement in ACL injury situations was not different from what can be expected in noninjury game situations.
A Review of Risk Perceptions and Other Factors that Influence Flood Mitigation Behavior

In flood risk management, a shift can be observed toward more integrated approaches that increasingly address the role of private households in implementing flood damage mitigation measures. This has resulted in a growing number of studies into the supposed positive relationship between individual flood risk perceptions and mitigation behavior. Our literature review shows, however, that, actually, this relationship is hardly observed in empirical studies. Two arguments are provided as an explanation. First, on the basis of protection motivation theory, a theoretical framework is discussed suggesting that individuals’ high‐risk perceptions need to be accompanied by coping appraisal to result in a protective response. Second, it is pointed out that possible feedback from already‐adopted mitigation measures on risk perceptions has hardly been considered by current studies. In addition, we also provide a review of factors that drive precautionary behavior other than risk perceptions. It is found that factors such as coping appraisal are consistently related to mitigation behavior. We conclude, therefore, that the current focus on risk perceptions as a means to explain and promote private flood mitigation behavior is not supported on either theoretical or empirical grounds.
Production and evaluation of waste and short-fibre composites

This research project investigated techniques to enable the fabrication of fibre reinforced composite components from waste generated in the manufacture of glass fibre fabrics. These waste fabrics and fibres were used to manufacture filament wound tubes using a new technique termed “clean filament winding”. The end-use application for the filament wound tubes was to replace cardboard inner tubes that are currently used by the sponsoring industrial partner to over-wrap the woven fabrics. Pre-manufactured glass fibres were also used in this study to investigate the production of aligned short-fibre prepregs via a vibration-based alignment technique. The aligned short-glass fibre preforms were autoclaved to produce composite panels. The short-fibre composites were evaluated through the degree of alignment of the short-fibres in the preform, tensile and flexural strengths, fibre volume and void fractions. The filament wound tubes were characterised by: fibre volume and void fractions, hoop-tensile strength, lateral compression strength and inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS). The composite tubes produced using the clean filament winding process proved comparable to those produced using conventional wet-filament winding. Lateral compression strength of the filament wound tubes was significantly superior compared to the cardboard tubes. The degree of short-fibre alignment using the vibration-based alignment technique was over 80%.
Spatial Ecology and Factors Influencing Movement Patterns of Desert Massasauga Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii) in Southeastern Colorado

The Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus) occurs from extreme southeastern Canada to northern Mexico, and most populations are highly threatened due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Although their range is reduced from historical levels, they may be locally abundant in appropriate habitat. We studied movement patterns, home range and core activity centers, habitat use, and prey abundance in a robust population of Desert Massasauga Rattlesnakes (S. c. edwardsii) in southeastern Colorado by radiotracking 36 snakes over four active seasons (May–October). In the spring, snakes made long-distance directed movements (mean = 1.89 km) from the hibernacula (shortgrass, compacted clay soils) to summer foraging areas (mixed-grass/Sand Sagebrush, sandhills). Summer activity was characterized by short distance non-directional movements, and snakes were most often observed at the base of Sand Sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia). Home ranges and core activity centers were significantly larger for males than for females, but daily movements, total distance moved, and range length did not differ significantly between sexes. Prey base surveys indicated a significantly higher abundance of both rodents and lizards in summer foraging grounds than at hibernation sites. Snakes returned to the hibernaculum area in October and appeared to hibernate individually in rodent burrows. Migration patterns exhibited by S. c. edwardsii are likely resource driven, with the migratory movements observed in the spring resulting in utilization of summer foraging habitat with more abundant prey. Conversely, hibernacula with greater thermal and structural stability in the shortgrass habitat (perhaps due to the compacted clay soils versus loose sandy soils) favor migratory return for torpor in the fall. At present, the main populations in Colorado occur far from developing regions in the state, but due to habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from projected agricultural expansion and urbanization, these populations may be threatened in the future.
Quarterly Progress and Status Report Sound symbolism in deictic

TMH-QPSR 2/1996 It is shown that pairs of demonstratives in which there is a vocalic opposition have an advantage in their struggle for existence in languages when Fz ' is higher in the proximal than in the distal form. It is also shown that nasals are preferred in first person pronouns while stops and other obstruents are preferred in second person pronouns. Explanations are suggested for both findings. They involve afinities with the association of pitch with size, the proprioceptive qualities of speech sounds, and oral pointing gestures. (Summary of paper to appear in H. Aili and P. av Trampe (eds.) Tongues and Texts Unlimited, 1996)