Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Causes and Consequences of Unexpected Educational Transitions in Switzerland

The present study examines transition patterns of Swiss secondary and tertiary school students. Switzerland’s highly canalized education system allows us to test how tracking affects person‐environment fit of students for students who choose a normative versus unexpected downward transition pattern. In addition, we investigate how self-efficacy expectations and personal values affect an unexpected transition choice. Results indicate that students with strong expectancies and personal values can oppose institutional norms and chart their own academic course; however, these students are less likely to perceive a good fit between their own interests and competencies and institutional demands after the transition. Our findings underscore the importance of developmentally appropriate educational environments and systems permeable enough to adapt to developing students’ changing interests. Switzerland, like most industrialized countries, aims to prepare its youth for a productive adulthood through compulsory schooling (until ninth grade) and uppersecondary general education or vocational education and training (VET). This goal is instantiated through a highly stratified tracking system in secondary and tertiary education. Though students can decide between many school options in transition situations, we can distinguish between normative and unexpected transition patterns. Within school transitions, students who move on to a lower track than they were on before the transition are considered to be following an unexpected downward educational transition because they do not follow a normative educational pathway.
TEACHERS INFLUENCE ON GOAL ORIENTATION: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EIGHTH GRADERS GOAL ORIENTATION, THEIR EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF LEARNING, AND THEIR TEACHERS INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES WILLIAM DEE NICHOLS

Address correspondence to William Dee Nichols, Department of Teaching and Learning, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 226 War Memorial Hall (Office # 305), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0313. E-mail: wnichols@vt.edu TEACHERS’ INFLUENCE ON GOAL ORIENTATION: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EIGHTH GRADERS’ GOAL ORIENTATION, THEIR EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF LEARNING, AND THEIR TEACHERS’ INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
Intelligence, Reaction Time (r-l-) and a New 'odd-man-out' Rt Paradigm

A sample of adult 5's of reasonably normal mteiligence were given an 'IQ' test, a series of RT tests using 0, I , 2. 3 bits of information in a Hick paradigm and an RT task requiring choice of I of 3 lights as an 'odd-man-out' on the basis of its relative position. Negative correlations were found betxveen both RT and measures of variation in RT and 'IQ' for both of the two tasks. Recent results showing no correlation between Hick slope and 'IQ' and no increase in correlation between *lQ' and RT with increasing number of bits, are confirmed. An explanation for findings of Ss whose RT data do not conform to Hick's law is tested and found inadequate. The 'odd-man-out' task is found to show an effect of 'learning' across the period of the task, the size of the learning effect was found also to correlate with 'IQ'. but no evidence for learning was found with the choice RT task.
Report on the third workshop on hot topics in software upgrades (HotSWUp'11)

Report on the third workshop on hot topics in software upgrades (HotSWUp'11). The workshop combined presentations of peer-reviewed research papers with a keynote speech on the practical issues related to performing large-scale upgrades. The audience included researchers and practitioners from academia, industry, and government. In addition to the technical presentations, the program allowed ample time for discussions, which were driven by debate questions provided in advance by the presenters. HotSWUp provides a premier forum for discussing problems that are often considered niche topics in the established research communities. For example, the technical discussions at HotSWUp'11 covered dynamic software updates, package management tools, database schema upgrades, upgrades of systems with real-time constraints, upgrading satellite software, and highlighted many synergies among these and other topics.
Ownership Traits and Downsizing Behaviour: Evidence for the Largest Spanish Firms, 1990—1998

This paper explores and tests the differences in downsizing behaviour depending upon three ownership-based traits of the largest Spanish companies: stock versus privately held corporations, foreign versus domestic firms and state-owned versus private companies. From a theoretical standpoint, we develop an explanatory model of downsizing that accounts for techno-economic, institutional, and socio-cognitive explanations which serves as a conceptual basis for generating hypotheses on the role of ownership in downsizing decisions. Probit estimates using a sample of large Spanish firms (1990—1998) confirm that stock corporations and state-owned firms engaged in a privatization process are more likely to downsize than privately held domestic companies. We found less conclusive results about the downsizing behaviour of foreign firms. Finally, our findings corroborate the relevance of organizational decline and institutional factors for predicting the downsizing event.
Affective Reactions in the Blink of an Eye: Individual Differences in Subjective Experience and Physiological Responses to Emotional Stimuli

This experiment examined individual differences in emotional responsivity by recording the startle eyeblink reflex while 57 college students viewed affect-laden pictures and then rated their pleasantness. All participants first completed measures of affect intensity, alexithymia, and depression. Startleprobes were some-times presented at 120, 300, 800, or 4,500 ms after slide onset. By 300 ns, blinks elicited during negative slides were larger than those elicited during positive ones. Negative slides were also rated as more unpleasant. Moreover, all three personality variables moderated either the valence ratings, startle modification, or both. High-affect intensity was associated with diminished modulation of startle, but more extreme ratings. Alexithymia had no effect on the startle measure, but high-alexithymia participants did show more moderate ratings. Depressed participants exhibited accelerated (120 ms) modulation of startle. The results suggest the importance of measuring both physiological responses and subjective feelings in the study of individual differences in emotion.
A review of the rodent fauna of Seram, Moluccas, with the description of a new subspecies of mosaic‐tailed rat, Melomys rufescens paveli

With five previously described native species, all of them endemic, and at least four introduced species, the murid rodent fauna of Seram is more diverse than that catalogued from any other Moluccan island. Here, the rodent fauna of Seram is briefly reviewed, and a newly recorded rodent from the island is described as Melomys rufescens paveli, a new subspecies of a species otherwise known from New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago. Other non-volant mammals from Seram and the nearby islands of Ambon and Buru are briefly discussed.
Attributional Retraining Increases Career Decision‐Making Self‐Efficacy

This study examined whether 60 college students (41 women and 19 men), grouped according to their career locus of control, were differentially affected by a videotaped career intervention. The intervention was an attributional retraining procedure designed to persuade students to attribute low levels of confidence in making career decisions and career-related failures to a lack of effort. Results indicated that the career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) of students who initially exhibited an external career locus of control significantly increased after the attributional retraining procedure (p < .05), whereas the students who initially exhibited an internal career locus of control demonstrated no significant increase in CDMSE after attributional retraining.
Identifying the Professional Development Needs of Public School Principals Based on the Interstate School Leader Licensure Consortium Standards

The roles and responsibilities of principals are increasingly focused on instructional leadership. In many states, changes in the preparation and credentialing of future principals have been based on recognized leadership standards. Requirements for practicing principals to complete professional development aligned with such standards have also increased. This article presents the results of a preliminary study on principals’ self-identification of professional development needs based on the 2008 Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium Standards and their preferences for professional development delivery methods to meet those needs.
The First Does the Work, But the Third Time's the Charm: The Effects of Massed Repetition on Episodic Encoding of Multimodal Face–Name Associations

In social interactions, it is often necessary to rapidly encode the association between visually presented faces and auditorily presented names. The present study used event-related potentials to examine the neural correlates of associative encoding for multimodal face–name pairs. We assessed study-phase processes leading to high-confidence recognition of correct pairs (and consistent rejection of recombined foils) as compared to lower-confidence recognition of correct pairs (with inconsistent rejection of recombined foils) and recognition failures (misses). Both high- and low-confidence retrieval of face–name pairs were associated with study-phase activity suggestive of item-specific processing of the face (posterior inferior temporal negativity) and name (fronto-central negativity). However, only those pairs later retrieved with high confidence recruited a sustained centro-parietal positivity that an ancillary localizer task suggested may index an association-unique process. Additionally, we examined how these processes were influenced by massed repetition, a mnemonic strategy commonly employed in everyday situations to improve face–name memory. Differences in subsequent memory effects across repetitions suggested that associative encoding was strongest at the initial presentation, and thus, that the initial presentation has the greatest impact on memory formation. Yet, exploratory analyses suggested that the third presentation may have benefited later memory by providing an opportunity for extended processing of the name. Thus, although encoding of the initial presentation was critical for establishing a strong association, the extent to which processing was sustained across subsequent immediate (massed) presentations may provide additional encoding support that serves to differentiate face–name pairs from similar (recombined) pairs by providing additional encoding opportunities for the less dominant stimulus dimension (i.e., name).
Membrane tethering by the atlastin GTPase depends on GTP hydrolysis but not on forming the cross-over configuration

The atlastin GTPase couples nucleotide hydrolysis to formation of a trans cross-over dimer to catalyze homotypic endoplasmic reticulum membrane fusion. Assays that separate tethering from fusion reveal that stable trans contact for tethering depends on GTP hydrolysis. In contrast, cross-over formation is required only for the fusion step.
The relationship between short-term intraindividual variability and longitudinal intraindividual cognitive change in older adulthood: covariation and prediction of change

This dissertation presents two studies of intraindividual variability in a longitudinal context to further explore the relationship between short-term intraindividual variability and longer-term cognitive change in older adults. A sample of 304 community-dwelling older adults initially aged 64-92 years completed between 1 to 6 waves of annual testing over a 5-year period. Participants completed an extensive battery of accuracyand latency-based tests covering a wide range of cognitive complexity. The first study addressed the longitudinal nature of intraindividual variability over 3 years. Group-based increases in inconsistency were limited to the latter half of older adulthood (i.e., 75 years and older), but there were significant individual differences across the entire sample. The covariation relationships between change in cognition and change in inconsistency were significant across the one-year interval, and found to remain stable across both time and older age. For each additional unit increase in intraindividual variability, participants’ cognitive performance correspondingly declined. The strength of the coupling relationship however was stronger for fluid cognitive domains such as memory,
Organizing Ambiguity: A Grounded Theory of Leadership and Sensemaking Within Dangerous Contexts

Leaders in high-reliability organizational contexts such as firefighting, emergency medicine, and law enforcement often face the challenge of making sense of environments that are dangerous, highly ambiguous, and rapidly changing. Most leadership research, however, has focused on more stable conditions. This study analyzed 100 reports of “near-miss” situations in which firefighters narrowly escaped injury or death, drawing upon sensemaking and high-reliability organizational theories to provide a grounded theory of leadership processes within extreme events. Themes related to direction setting, knowledge, talk, role acting, role modeling, trust, situational awareness, and agility were key categories. Further abstraction of the data revealed the higher-order categories of framing, heedful interrelating, and adjusting as key characteristics of the overall social process of leadership within dangerous contexts, labeled organizing ambiguity. These findings highlight leadership as a collective sensemaking process in which ambiguity is reduced and resilience promoted in the face of danger via interaction among and between leaders and followers.
Women, Region, and Types of Homicide

This study assesses the regional differences in the relationship between women's economic and social status and homicide offending. Specifically, this study investigates whether the status of women differs significantly in the South relative to non-South regions of the United States and if so, how these disparities translate into regional variations in female homicides by relationship type (e.g., acquaintances, family members, and nonfamily intimates). The findings show regional differences in the status of women, but these differences do not consistently reveal more traditional or lower statuses among Southern women as predicted. Moreover, the structural position of women contributes more to explained variance in types of homicide within the non-South region as compared to the South.
Gray matter N-acetyl aspartate deficits in secondary progressive but not relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spectroscopic examination of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients has revealed abnormally low N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) signal intensity, even in brain tissue that appears normal on high-resolution structural MR images but has yielded inconclusive evidence to distinguish the well-documented clinical differences between MS subtypes. This study used proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and high-resolution MR imaging to characterize metabolite profiles in normal-appearing brain tissue of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and secondary progressive (SP) MS. METHODS Volumetric spiral MRSI was used together with high-resolution MR imaging to derive absolute measures of metabolite concentrations separately in normal-appearing supratentorial cerebral gray matter and white matter in five RRMS patients, five SPMS patients, and nine age-matched controls. Structural MR images were segmented into compartments of gray matter, white matter, CSF, and lesions, and metabolite signals per unit of tissue volume were calculated for gray matter and white matter separately. RESULTS Only the SPMS group had significantly lower NAA concentrations in normal-appearing gray matter compared with concentrations in controls. NAA in normal-appearing white matter was equally reduced in RRMS and SPMS patients. The functional relevance of this brain metabolite measure was suggested by the observed but statistically nonsignificant correlation between higher disability scores on the Expanded Disability Status Scale and lower gray matter NAA concentrations. CONCLUSION The otherwise occult abnormality in supratentorial gray matter in SPMS but not RRMS may explain the more severe physical and cognitive impairments afflicting patients with SPMS that do not correlate well with visible lesion burden.
Development of Polymer Microcapsules Functionalized with Fucoidan to Target P‐Selectin Overexpressed in Cardiovascular Diseases

New tools for molecular imaging and targeted therapy for cardiovascular diseases are still required. Herein, biodegradable microcapsules (MCs) made of polycyanoacrylate and polysaccharide and functionalized with fucoidan (Fuco‐MCs) are designed as new carriers to target arterial thrombi overexpressing P‐selectin. Physicochemical characterizations demonstrated that microcapsules have a core–shell structure and that fucoidan is present onto the surface of Fuco‐MCs. Furthermore, their sizes range from 2 to 6 µm and they are stable on storage over 30 d at 4 °C. Flow cytometry experiments evidenced the binding of Fuco‐MCs for human activated platelets as compared to MCs (mean fluorescence intensity: 12 008 vs. 9, p < 0.001) and its absence for nonactivated platelets (432). An in vitro flow adhesion assay showed high specific binding efficiency of Fuco‐MCs to P‐selectin and to activated platelet aggregates under arterial shear stress conditions. Moreover, both types of microcapsules reveal excellent compatibility with 3T3 cells in cytotoxicity assay. One hour after intravenous injection of microcapsules, histological analysis revealed that Fuco‐MCs are localized in the rat abdominal aortic aneurysm thrombotic wall and that the binding in the healthy aorta is low. In conclusion, these microcapsules appear as promising carriers for targeting of tissues characterized by P‐selectin overexpression and for their molecular imaging or treatment.
"'NOT IN CANADA': THE NON-EBOLA PANIC AND MEDIA MISREPRESENTATION OF THE BLACK COMMUNITY"

This paper investigates the case of a non-Ebola panic in Hamilton, Ontario in 2001. Using in-depth interviews of journalists, hospital staff, members of the Congolese-Black community and content analysis of coverage by four Canadian newspapers, this study shows that the media problematized the case by cross-articulating a health scare of Ebola with immigration, crime and “race”. Utilizing extant “late modernity” literature and its attendant anxiety over risks, the study shows how a “scapegoat” was created, feasted upon by the media and aroused the collective conscience of mainstream Canadian society. Consequently, the voice of the community was misrepresented and underrepresented in the media. This study explicates the human material effects of media coverage on members of the community. Through interviews with key dramatis personae in the event, this study qualitatively teases out how weak ties to major institutions of society can lead to a drowning out of minority standpoints regardless of its authenticity and factuality.
Late-Life Divorce

The impact of late-life divorce on family rituals has not been systematically explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived changes in specific family celebrations, traditions, important life cycle events, and day-to-day family contact that occurred for a group of 115 adult children (73 females and 42 males) whose parents had divorced after a long-term marriage. A strong positive correlation was found between perceived disruptiveness of the parental divorce and changes in family rituals, particularly at Thanksgiving and Christmas. The role of women as kinkeepers, sibling differences, and the implications of evolving family ritual activities for theory development, research, assessment, and intervention are explored.
How Learning Works: 7 Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching

Publisher Description: Distilling the research literature and translating the scientific approach into language relevant to a college or university teacher, this book introduces seven general principles of how students learn. The authors have drawn on research from a breadth of perspectives (cognitive, developmental, and social psychology; educational research; anthropology; demographics; organizational behavior) to identify a set of key principles underlying learning, from how effective organization enhances retrieval and use of information to what impacts motivation. Integrating theory with real-classroom examples in practice, this book helps faculty to apply cognitive science advances to improve their own teaching.
Hispanic Families: Stability and Change

Spurred in part by the rapid growth of the Hispanic population, considerable progress has been made over the past several decades in documenting the family behavior of Hispanics. Scholars increasingly recognize the importance of disaggregating the Hispanic population by national origin and generation, but the literature remains inconsistent in this regard. With an emphasis on demographic indicators of family behavior, this review summarizes trends in marriage, fertility, and family/household structure among the major Hispanic subgroups and identifies key issues in the literature that attempts to explain existing patterns. The role of generation is systematically addressed, as are the shortcomings of the standard practice of using cross-sectional data on generation to draw inferences about assimilation. We conclude that new research designs are needed to address the complexities of the migration process and their links to family patterns. In addition, future research should push toward greater integration of cultural and structural perspectives on how Hispanic families are shaped.
Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals

The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry.