Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calretinin‐, neurocalcin‐, and parvalbumin‐immunoreactive elements in the olfactory bulb of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

The distribution pattern and morphology of calretinin‐, neurocalcin‐, and parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons were studied in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs of the hedgehog. The detection of these markers was carried out by using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies and the avidin‐biotin‐immunoperoxidase method. Specific neuronal populations were positive for these calcium‐binding proteins in the hedgehog olfactory bulb, revealing both similarities to and differences from the data reported in the olfactory bulb of rodent species. The distribution pattern of each calcium‐binding protein studied in the accessory olfactory bulb was highly similar to that described in other macrosmatic species. However, in the main olfactory bulb , the markers analyzed were expressed in similar interneuronal populations as they are in the rodent olfactory bulb, whereas cell groups categorized as projecting neurons demonstrated striking differences in the expression of these calcium‐binding proteins. These results suggest that the expression of calcium‐binding proteins in a given brain region is not a constant feature among species despite a similar organization but that different factors could influence their expression. Thus, the accessory olfactory system involved in the processing of specific and similar olfactory cues among species demonstrates a more constant organization among species. By contrast, the functionally important role of the main olfactory system in the hedgehog is accompanied by a more complex organization, which is reflected in an increased diversity of calcium‐buffering systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 429:554–570, 2001. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self-Healing Topology Discovery Protocol for Software-Defined Networks

This letter presents the design of a self-healing protocol for automatic discovery and maintenance of the network topology in software-defined networks. The proposed protocol integrates two enhanced features (i.e., layer two topology discovery and autonomic fault recovery) in a unified mechanism. This novel approach is validated through simulation experiments using OMNET++. Obtained results show that our protocol discovers and recovers the control topology efficiently in terms of time and message load over a wide range of generated networks.
Two-year impact of community-based health screening and parenting groups on child development in Zambia: Follow-up to a cluster-randomized controlled trial

Background Early childhood interventions have potential to offset the negative impact of early adversity. We evaluated the impact of a community-based parenting group intervention on child development in Zambia. Methods and findings We conducted a non-masked cluster-randomized controlled trial in Southern Province, Zambia. Thirty clusters of villages were matched based on population density and distance from the nearest health center, and randomly assigned to intervention (15 clusters, 268 caregiver–child dyads) or control (15 clusters, 258 caregiver–child dyads). Caregivers were eligible if they had a child 6 to 12 months old at baseline. In intervention clusters, caregivers were visited twice per month during the first year of the study by child development agents (CDAs) and were invited to attend fortnightly parenting group meetings. Parenting groups selected “head mothers” from their communities who were trained by CDAs to facilitate meetings and deliver a diverse parenting curriculum. The parenting group intervention, originally designed to run for 1 year, was extended, and households were visited for a follow-up assessment at the end of year 2. The control group did not receive any intervention. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed for primary outcomes measured at the year 2 follow-up: stunting and 5 domains of neurocognitive development measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development–Third Edition (BSID-III). In order to show Cohen’s d estimates, BSID-III composite scores were converted to z-scores by standardizing within the study population. In all, 195/268 children (73%) in the intervention group and 182/258 children (71%) in the control group were assessed at endline after 2 years. The intervention significantly reduced stunting (56/195 versus 72/182; adjusted odds ratio 0.45, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.92; p = 0.028) and had a significant positive impact on language (β 0.14, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.27; p = 0.039). The intervention did not significantly impact cognition (β 0.11, 95% CI −0.06 to 0.29; p = 0.196), motor skills (β −0.01, 95% CI −0.25 to 0.24; p = 0.964), adaptive behavior (β 0.21, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.44; p = 0.088), or social-emotional development (β 0.20, 95% CI −0.04 to 0.44; p = 0.098). Observed impacts may have been due in part to home visits by CDAs during the first year of the intervention. Conclusions The results of this trial suggest that parenting groups hold promise for improving child development, particularly physical growth, in low-resource settings like Zambia. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02234726
Dark matters: effects of light at night on metabolism

Life on earth has evolved during the past several billion years under relatively bright days and dark night conditions. The wide-spread adoption of electric lights during the past century exposed animals, both human and non-human, to significant light at night for the first time in their evolutionary history. Endogenous circadian clocks depend on light to entrain to the external daily environment and seasonal rhythms depend on clear nightly melatonin signals to assess time of year. Thus, light at night can derange temporal adaptations. Indeed, disruption of naturally evolved light–dark cycles results in several physiological and behavioural changes with potentially serious implications for physiology, behaviour and mood. In this review, data from night-shift workers on their elevated risk for metabolic disorders, as well as data from animal studies will be discussed. Night-shift workers are predisposed to obesity and dysregulated metabolism that may result from disrupted circadian rhythms. Although studies in human subjects are correlative, animal studies have revealed several mechanisms through which light at night may exert its effects on metabolism by disrupting circadian rhythms that are associated with inflammation, both in the brain and in the periphery. Disruption of the typical timing of food intake is a key effect of light at night and subsequent metabolic dysregulation. Strategies to avoid the effects of light at night on body mass dysregulation should be pursued.
Monitoring of Intracellular l‐βD‐Arabinofuranosylcytosine 5′‐Triphosphate in 1‐β‐D‐Arabinofuranosylcytosine Therapy at Low and Conventional Doses

1‐β‐D‐Arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara‐C) is used empirically at a low, conventional, or high dose. Ara‐C therapy may be optimal if it is directed by the clinical pharmacokinetics of the intracellular active metabolite of ara‐C, 1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylcytosine 5′‐triphosphate (ara‐CTP). However, ara‐CTP has seldom been monitored during low‐ and conventional‐dose ara‐C therapies because detection methods were insufficiently sensitive. Here, with the use of our newly established method (Cancer Res., 56, 1800‐1804 (1996), ara‐CTP was monitored in leukemic cells from acute myelog‐enous leukemia patients receiving low‐ or conventional‐dose ara‐C [subcutaneous ara‐C administration (10 mg/m2) (3 patients), continuous ara‐C infusion (20 or 70 mg/m2/24 h) (7 patients), 2‐h ara‐C infusion (70 mg/m2) (4 patients), and 2‐h infusion of N4‐behenoyl‐l‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylcy‐tosine, a deaminase‐resistant ara‐C derivative (70 mg/m2) (6 patients)]. Ara‐CTP could be determined at levels under 1μM. There was a close correlation between the elimination half‐life values of the plasma ara‐C and the intracellular ara‐CTP. The presence of ara‐C in the plasma was important to maintain ara‐CTP. The continuous ara‐C and the 2‐h N4‐behenoyl‐l‐β‐D‐arabinofura‐nosylcytosine infusions maintained ara‐CTP and the plasma ara‐C longer than the subcutaneous ara‐C or the 2‐h ara‐C infusion. They also afforded relatively higher ara‐CTP concentrations, and consequently produced ara‐CTP more efficiently than the 2‐h ara‐C infusion. Different administration methods produced different quantities of ara‐CTP even at the same dose.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP) Based Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Endosulfan Pesticide

The use of endosulfan pesticides in agriculture can cause environmental problems, such as pollution in aquatic environments that can lead to destruction of fishery resources and drinking water. So, it has become imperative to detect and separate the hazardous pesticide endosulfan from contaminated water. In this work, molecularly imprinted membrane has been fabricated for the specific recognition by using methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate (EGDMA) as cross linker. The molecular imprinting of endosulfan on membrane matrix was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). This was followed by sensing of the endosulfan by voltammetry. The electrochemical potential is additional information enhancing the selectivity of the sensor. It can be concluded that MIP-based voltammetric sensors are very promising analytical tool for the development of highly selective analytical sensor. The test results of electrode performance indicated that MIP endosulfan-based aluminum-carbon sensor had detection limit of 0.02 mM, sensitive in the concentration range from 0.02 to 0.12 mM with Nernst factor > 0.059 V/decade and had good stability.
The axon number of the rat sciatic nerve: a stereological study.

Summary This study was designed to determine with stereological methods the number of axons in the sciatic nerve as a result of peripheral nerve blockage following injection of lidocaine and prilocaine into hind limb muscle. Nine adult female Sprague-Dawley rats weighted 150-200 g were used in the study. Ketamine was employed intraperitoneal to the rats as 50 mg/kg. The prilocaine and lidocaine were equally (5 mg/ml) injected to the left and right limbs of the 4 rats. As a control group, isotonic sodium chloride (0.9%) was performed as 0.2 ml into the extremities of the remaining 5 rats. When the application completed, surrounding muscles and soft tissues as well as sciatic nerve were dissected as 0.5x1. 0 cm length. In order to determine neurotoxic effects of lidocaine and prilocaine on sciatic nerve, the number of axons was computed by unbiased stereological method. Following of the square root transformation, Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare groups. When the unbiased comparisons were executed to both groups, the effects of lidocaine and prilocaine on sciatic nerve were found statistically non-significant.
Effects of banded and residual fertilizer phosphorus on dryland spring wheat yield in the Northern Plains.

Although phosphate fertilizers are commonly applied either by surface broadcasting or banding with the seed to dryland spring wheat (L.), data are limited on the residual effects of previous fertilization on plant growth and grain yield. This is especially true in regions where there are drought periods during the growing season. Therefore, the residual effects of P fertilization on spring wheat grown on Parshall fine sandy loam (Pachic haploboroll) were determined in a field study at Mandan, North Dakota. Fertilizer rates of 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg P/ha were broadcast in 1968 to establish several levels of residual P in the soil. In 1969 subplots were established on each of the broadcast P plots, to which P was banded with the seed at the rate of 15 kg/ha either (i) repeated to the same subplot each year for 6 years, (ii) on a new subplot (previously unfertilized) each year, or (iii) not at all.After 6 years of cropping, the residual effects of 160 kg P/ha broadcast in 1968 resulted in an average increase in grain yields of about 10% (200 kg ha year. Banding of P with the seed resulted in an additional 10% increase in grain yields, with about half this increase due to current-year banding and about half due to residual effects of banding in previous years. Residual effects of banding and broadcast treatments were additive, with little interaction. Average plant P concentrations (1969–1974) were significantly increased by both the P initially applied and by the banded-P treatments at all growth stages. NaHCO-soluble P levels in the 0- to 15-cm soil depth decreased with time for all broadcast P treatments, but repeated banding of P on the same plot each year increased NaHCO-soluble P levels during the 6 years of study. An exception was the 160-kg P/ha broadcast-P treatments where NaHCO-soluble P level was still decreasing. The addition of banded P decreased percent fertilizer P recovery in grain, especially when P was repeatedly banded each year on the same site. Since yield increases resulted from banding P with the seed even when soil test levels were high, it was concluded that banding P may be beneficial for spring wheat in the cool springs of the northern Great Plains no matter what soil test level is present.
Propagation of P waves and Rayleigh waves in Melanesia: Structural implications

The records of the Orstom seismological stations in New Caledonia and New Hebrides were used for a study of the propagation of P waves and Rayleigh waves in the South Pacific seismic belts, particularly in the New Hebrides area. After a brief study of the seismicity of the New Hebrides arc, it is shown that P arrivals from deep-focus earthquakes in Fiji and from the Longshot explosion are late in Melanesia, and that local differences exist between stations. A study of P-wave propagation from normal earthquakes of the New Hebrides implies an important difference between the stable areas of New Caledonia in the Loyalty Islands and the seismic area of New Hebrides. It is shown that the propagation has an azimuthal influence, and this influence is interpreted as a lithospheric plate effect and as a root of mountain effect. In the second part of the paper, Rayleigh-wave dispersion is studied by a systematic investigation of influence coefficients of layer parameters. The structural framework of the area between Australia and the andesite line is presented. In this area the crust is thicker than in oceanic regions, being about 20 km on the average, about 15 km in basins, and 25–30 km under the Coral Sea platform and ridges. Theoretical models to explain body-wave and Rayleigh-wave propagation give results in fair agreement with observations in the New Hebrides anomalous area. It is found that there is a crust where P-wave velocity is high on a low-velocity upper mantle. Speed increases with depth from 7.4 km/sec at a depth of 20 km to 8.1 km/sec at a depth of 120 km. In the third part of this paper the results and geological implications are discussed in the sea-floor spreading and continental-drift concepts. There is fair agreement with the hypothesis that spreading occurs from the Indian Antarctic and Pacific Antarctic ridges. The area to the east of New Hebrides (North Fiji basin, Fiji Islands, and Lau ridge) would be a large stable plate between two mobile plates of lithosphere converging and thrusting under the Tonga-Kermadec and New Hebrides arcs. According to the propagation of seismic waves under New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands and to geological observations, it is suggested that New Caledonia and Norfolk ridge would be an island arc whose activity ceased in the Oligocene.
Leveraging Unlabeled Data for Emotion Recognition With Enhanced Collaborative Semi-Supervised Learning

One of the major obstacles that has to be faced when applying automatic emotion recognition to realistic human–machine interaction systems is the scarcity of labeled data for training a robust model. Motivated by this concern, this paper seeks to utmost exploit unlabeled data that are pervasively available in the real-world and easy to be collected, by means of novel semi-supervised learning (SSL) approaches. Conventional SSL methods such as self-training, suffer from their inherent drawback of error accumulation, i.e., the samples that are misclassified by the system are continuously employed to train the model in the following learning iterations. To address this major issue, we first propose an enhanced learning strategy, by which we re-evaluate the previously automatically labeled samples in each learning iteration, in order to update the training set by correcting the mislabeled samples. We further exploit multiple modalities and models in the SSL system, by using collaborative SSL, where all modalities and models are considered simultaneously; samples are selected by means of minimizing the joint entropy. This strategy is supposed to not only improve the performance of the model for data annotation and consequently enhance the trustability of the automatically labeled data, but also to elevate the diversity of selected data. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches, we performed extensive experiments on the remote collaborative and affective database, which includes multimodal recordings of spontaneous affective interactions of dyads. The empirical results show that the proposed approaches significantly outperform recently well-established SSL methods.
Lack of Detectable HIV-1 Molecular Evolution during Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

A better understanding of changes in HIV-1 population genetics with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is critical for designing eradication strategies. We therefore analyzed HIV-1 genetic variation and divergence in patients' plasma before cART, during suppression on cART, and after viral rebound. Single-genome sequences of plasma HIV-1 RNA were obtained from HIV-1 infected patients prior to cART (N = 14), during suppression on cART (N = 14) and/or after viral rebound following interruption of cART (N = 5). Intra-patient population diversity was measured by average pairwise difference (APD). Population structure was assessed by phylogenetic analyses and a test for panmixia. Measurements of intra-population diversity revealed no significant loss of overall genetic variation in patients treated for up to 15 years with cART. A test for panmixia, however, showed significant changes in population structure in 2/10 patients after short-term cART (<1 year) and in 7/10 patients after long-term cART (1–15 years). The changes consisted of diverse sets of viral variants prior to cART shifting to populations containing one or more genetically uniform subpopulations during cART. Despite these significant changes in population structure, rebound virus after long-term cART had little divergence from pretherapy virus, implicating long-lived cells infected before cART as the source for rebound virus. The appearance of genetically uniform virus populations and the lack of divergence after prolonged cART and cART interruption provide strong evidence that HIV-1 persists in long-lived cells infected before cART was initiated, that some of these infected cells may be capable of proliferation, and that on-going cycles of viral replication are not evident.
SUBMILLIMETER POLARIZATION SPECTRUM IN THE VELA C MOLECULAR CLOUD

Polarization maps of the Vela C molecular cloud were obtained at 250, 350, and 500 μm during the 2012 flight of the balloon-borne telescope BLASTPol. These measurements are used in conjunction with 850 μm data from Planck to study the submillimeter spectrum of the polarization fraction for this cloud. The spectrum is relatively flat and does not exhibit a pronounced minimum at λ ∼ 350 μm as suggested by previous measurements of other molecular clouds. The shape of the spectrum does not depend strongly on the radiative environment of the dust, as quantified by the column density or the dust temperature obtained from Herschel data. The polarization ratios observed in Vela C are consistent with a model of a porous clumpy molecular cloud being uniformly heated by the interstellar radiation field.
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports Correlated Disturbances and U . S . Business Cycles

The dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models used to study business cycles typically assume that exogenous disturbances are independent first-order autoregressions. This paper relaxes this tight and arbitrary restriction by allowing for disturbances that have a rich contemporaneous and dynamic correlation structure. Our first contribution is a new Bayesian econometric method that uses conjugate conditionals to allow for feasible and quick estimation of DSGE models with correlated disturbances. Our second contribution is a reexamination of U.S. business cycles. We find that allowing for correlated disturbances resolves some conflicts between estimates from DSGE models and those from vector autoregressions and that a key missing ingredient in the models is countercyclical fiscal policy. According to our estimates, government spending and technology disturbances play a larger role in the business cycle than previously ascribed, while changes in markups are less important.
Cholinergic neurotransmission links solitary chemosensory cells to nasal inflammation

Significance Millions of people worldwide suffer from chronic nasal inflammation involving obstructed airflow and nasal discharge. Although nasal inflammation is often considered to be a reaction to allergens, approximately one-quarter of all cases are nonallergic rhinitis. The causes of this disease are unknown, but symptoms may be triggered or exacerbated by a variety of inhaled irritants or even seemingly innocuous odors. We report here that specialized chemosensory cells of the nasal epithelium of mice detect potential irritants and transmit this information to pain-sensing nerve terminals, which then release bioactive peptides to trigger an inflammatory response—all without the necessity for activity of the adaptive immune system. This previously unidentified pathway may offer therapeutic targets for intervention in nonallergic rhinitis. Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) of the nasal cavity are specialized epithelial chemosensors that respond to irritants through the canonical taste transduction cascade involving Gα-gustducin and transient receptor potential melastatin 5. When stimulated, SCCs trigger peptidergic nociceptive (or pain) nerve fibers, causing an alteration of the respiratory rate indicative of trigeminal activation. Direct chemical excitation of trigeminal pain fibers by capsaicin evokes neurogenic inflammation in the surrounding epithelium. In the current study, we test whether activation of nasal SCCs can trigger similar local inflammatory responses, specifically mast cell degranulation and plasma leakage. The prototypical bitter compound, denatonium, a well-established activator of SCCs, caused significant inflammatory responses in WT mice but not mice with a genetic deletion of elements of the canonical taste transduction cascade, showing that activation of taste signaling components is sufficient to trigger local inflammation. Chemical ablation of peptidergic trigeminal fibers prevented the SCC-induced nasal inflammation, indicating that SCCs evoke inflammation only by neural activity and not by release of local inflammatory mediators. Additionally, blocking nicotinic, but not muscarinic, acetylcholine receptors prevents SCC-mediated neurogenic inflammation for both denatonium and the bacterial signaling molecule 3-oxo-C12-homoserine lactone, showing the necessity for cholinergic transmission. Finally, we show that the neurokinin 1 receptor for substance P is required for SCC-mediated inflammation, suggesting that release of substance P from nerve fibers triggers the inflammatory events. Taken together, these results show that SCCs use cholinergic neurotransmission to trigger peptidergic trigeminal nociceptors, which link SCCs to the neurogenic inflammatory pathway.