Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Associationist View of Biases in Causal and Probabilistic Judgment

1 Introduction During the last few decades, an important debate has taken place in cognitive psychology concerning the rationality of human reasoning. One field in which this debate has been vigorous is that of inductive inference and probabilistic reasoning or, in more general terms, situations in which people make predictions about research has produced mixed results, ranging from some showing that human predictive behaviour under uncertain conditions is basically rational to others demonstrating violations of various principles of rationality. Equally controversial has been research on the psychological processes involved in this kind of reasoning. The debate has been intense and models have been proposed based on very different mechanisms, from those which involve the application of rules and procedures of a quasi-logical nature as the basis of human In spite of this variety, a great deal of this research has been guided by normative analyses of the tasks facing the reasoner. Marr (1982) emphasized the importance of the analysis of the task our cognitive system has to solve in order to correctly characterize the psychological processes involved. Normative theories have been taken as computational descriptions of the goals guiding behaviour. In the case of inferential tasks, normative analyses have frequently borrowed from disciplines such as logic or the mathematical theory of probability. Generally, researchers in this field take theoretical principles from such formal disciplines as the basis of a computational description of the objectives people have to satisfy when solving the task. In short, normative theories have played the role of a heuristic or guide (the heuristic function) in the formulation of psychological theories about how inferences In addition, normative theories have served another purpose (the arbitration function). Any deviations of individuals' inferential behaviour from the prescriptions made by such theories have been viewed as errors or irrationalities; that is, 2 normative theories have served to define what counts as an error (Gigerenzer & The heuristic function rests on a basic assumption, often made implicitly. This assumption is that there exists a degree of agreement between the task demands as characterized by the normative analysis and the demands to which people are sensitive. Note that a good computational description does not entail a perfect agreement between the normative analysis and all the demands people respond to. In fact, such a perfect agreement is virtually impossible because this would presuppose a well-established understanding of the processes involved in making inductive inferences. …
AMPylation of Rho GTPases by Vibrio VopS Disrupts Effector Binding and Downstream Signaling

The Vibrio parahaemolyticus type III effector VopS is implicated in cell rounding and the collapse of the actin cytoskeleton by inhibiting Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases). We found that VopS could act to covalently modify a conserved threonine residue on Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 with adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP). The resulting AMPylation prevented the interaction of Rho GTPases with downstream effectors, thereby inhibiting actin assembly in the infected cell. Eukaryotic proteins were also directly modified with AMP, potentially expanding the repertoire of posttranslational modifications for molecular signaling.
A Piggyback Representation for Action Recognition

In video understanding, the spatial patterns formed by local space-time interest points hold discriminative information. We encode these spatial regularities using a word2vec neural network, a recently proposed tool in the field of text processing. Then, building upon recent accumulator based image representation solutions, input videos are represented in a hybrid manner: the appearance of local space time interest points is used to collect and associate the learned descriptors, which capture the spatial patterns. Promising results are shown on recent action recognition benchmarks, using well established methods as the underlying appearance descriptors.
Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack After Head and Neck Radiotherapy: A Review

Background and Purpose— Cerebrovascular disease can complicate head and neck radiotherapy and result in transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke. Although the incidence of radiation vasculopathy is predicted to rise with improvements in median cancer survival, the pathogenesis, natural history, and management of the disease are ill defined. Methods— We examined studies on the epidemiology, imaging, pathogenesis, and management of medium- and large-artery intra- and extra-cranial disease after head and neck radiotherapy. Controlled prospective trials and larger retrospective trials from the last 30 years were prioritized. Results— The relative risk of transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke is at least doubled by head and neck radiotherapy. Chronic radiation vasculopathy affecting medium and large intra- and extra-cranial arteries is characterized by increasing rates of hemodynamically significant stenosis with time from radiotherapy. Disease expression is the likely consequence of the combined radiation insult to the intima-media (accelerating atherosclerosis) and to the adventitia (injuring the vasa vasorum). Optimal medical treatment is not established. Carotid endarterectomy is confounded by the need to operate across scarred tissue planes, whereas carotid stenting procedures have resulted in high restenosis rates. Conclusions— Head and neck radiotherapy significantly increases the risk of transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke. Evidence-based guidelines for the management of asymptomatic and symptomatic (medium- and large-artery) radiation vasculopathy are lacking. Long-term prospective studies remain a priority, as the incidence of the problem is anticipated to rise with improvements in postradiotherapy patient survival.
On sleep-wakeup scheduling of non-penetrable barrier-coverage of wireless sensors

This paper identifies a new security problem of existing scheduling algorithms for barrier-coverage of sensors, which never considered before. A barrier-cover of wireless sensors is a subset of sensors seamlessly spanning between two opposite sides such that no intruder can move from one side to the other without being detected. The goal of the scheduling algorithms is to find a sleep-wakeup schedule of sensors such that the time to protect an area of interest using a series of alternating barrier-covers can be maximized. We introduce a new security problem which may exist when two barrier-covers, whose covered areas are not completely disjoint, alternate. We show how an intruder can utilize a set of points, namely “barrier-breaches”, to penetrate the alternating barrier-covers. We also propose two remedies for this problem for existing scheduling algorithms. Our analysis shows that depending on the input graph, one of our approaches works better than the other. Given that such scheduling algorithms only need to run during the initialization phase of a sensor network, we suggest to apply both approaches and pick the better schedule rather than relying solely on the approach which works well on average.
Science Teaching Practice and Science Teaching Efficacy Beliefs by Development of Elementary School Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge

This study explored the effectiveness of science teaching practice and science teaching efficacy beliefs by development of elementary school teachers' pedagogical content knowledge. Three research questions are formulated: 1) Is there any relationship between the development of teachers' pedagogical content knowledge and the science teaching efficacy beliefs? 2) How does the development of teachers' pedagogical content knowledge affect the science teaching practice? 3) How do the science teaching efficacy beliefs affect the science teaching practice? 120 subjects were chosen in 53 public elementary schools. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed to triangulate the results. Results indicate that the development of teachers' pedagogical content knowledge and science teaching efficacy beliefs are more developed in accordance with teachers' teaching career and academic career are increased. There are significant relationships between teachers' science pedagogical content knowledge and science teaching efficacy beliefs. The more the teachers' pedagogical content knowledge, the more confident in science teaching practice. The more the science teaching efficacy beliefs, the more confident in science teaching practice. Also these teachers tried to present teaching objectives and learning problems in the beginning stages of science lessons, and they tried to review each learning stage.
Candidate Rotating Toroids around High-Mass (Proto)Stars

Using the OVRO, Nobeyama, and IRAM millimeter arrays, we searched for “disk”-outflow systems in three high-mass (proto)star-forming regions: G16.59–0.05, G23.01–0.41, and G28.87+0.07. These were selected from a sample of NH3 cores (Codella, Testi, & Cesaroni) associated with OH and H2O maser emission (Foster & Caswell) and with no or very faint continuum emission. Our imaging of molecular line (including rotational transitions of CH3CN) and 3 mm dust continuum emission revealed that these are compact (≲0.06-0.13 pc), massive (~100-400 M☉), and hot (~100 K) molecular cores (HMCs) that are likely sites of high-mass star formation prior to the appearance of ultracompact H II regions. All three sources turn out to be associated with molecular outflows from 12CO and/or HCO+ J = 1–0 line imaging. In addition, velocity gradients of 10-100 km s−1 pc−1 in the innermost, densest regions of the G23.01–0.41 and G28.87+0.07 HMCs are identified along directions roughly perpendicular to the axes of the corresponding outflows. All the results suggest that these cores might be rotating about the outflow axis, although the contribution of rotation to gravitational equilibrium of the HMCs appears to be negligible. Our analysis indicates that the three HMCs are close to virial equilibrium due to turbulent pressure support. Comparison with other similar objects where rotating toroids have been identified so far shows that in our case rotation appears to be much less prominent; this can be explained by the combined effect of unfavorable projection, large distance, and limited angular resolution with the current interferometers.
Perceived Discrimination of Immigrant Adolescents in Greece How Does Group Discrimination Translate Into Personal Discrimination

The purpose of this study was to examine whether and how individual differences contribute to the translation of perceived group discrimination into perceived personal discrimination. One hundred forty-five Pontic Greek and 269 Albanian students (mean age 12.9 years) enrolled in Greek urban public schools were assessed in Grade 1 of high school. Albanians reported higher discrimination against their ethnic group, but not higher discrimination against themselves, personally, than Pontic Greeks. Personal discrimination could be predicted by perceived group discrimination as well as from individual characteristics of immigrant students, independently of their ethnicity. Furthermore, when students reported high, but not low, group discrimination, many of their individual characteristics were shown to buffer against translating perceived group discrimination into experiences of personal discrimination. These results highlight the importance of individual differences, in addition to perceptions of group discrimination, for feelings of being discriminated against as an individual and suggest that high group discrimination of immigrants, independently of ethnic background, does not necessarily result in high personal discrimination, if individual protective factors are present.
Rett syndrome: clinical and molecular update

Purpose of review New information on the clinical and molecular aspects of Rett syndrome has emerged at an accelerated pace since the identification of mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) was first reported in 1999. Recent reports not only present new insights into the clinical and molecular understanding of this unique disorder but also have important implications for the neurobiology beyond Rett syndrome. Recent findings This review covers recent advances in Rett syndrome from clinical management issues to laboratory-based genetic discoveries. Summary Clinical management issues include electrocardiographic findings, scoliosis, osteopenia, and motor control. Interesting phenotype-genotype correlations have resulted from the recognition of large-scale deletions in MECP2 as a cause of Rett syndrome, and the more recent identification of an alternate splicing isoform of the gene product. These are beginning to provide a more coherent picture of the spectrum of disease caused by mutations in MECP2. The neurobiologic role of the MECP2 gene in Rett syndrome and normal development has been greatly elucidated with the development of animal models of Rett syndrome and the study of MECP2 in humans and rodents.
Can Investment Shocks Explain the Cross-section of Stock Returns ?

In this paper we assess the role of capital-embodied technology shocks in explaining properties of the cross section of stock returns. Existing theories seem to disagree on the sign and magnitude of the price the market demands for bearing the risk of such shocks: while a negative price is necessary to justify the value premium or the cross-sectional predictability of returns by firm characteristics, a positive price is required to justify the existence of momentum profits. Our direct empirical analysis, conducted over the 1930–2010 period, finds weak support for the existence of a significant price of risk for investment-specific shocks and indicates, instead, that inferences based on commonly used proxies of investment-specific shocks are sensitive to the time period considered (pre vs. post 1963). Taking the magnitude of the value premium or the momentum profits as given we further infer that the empirically observed magnitude of these shocks appears to be too small to explain such phenomena. Finally, exploiting the fact that investment shocks manifest themselves through the creation of new capital stock, we propose novel cross-sectional tests that rely on firms’ capital intensities to indirectly assess the impact of investment shocks on stock returns without measuring these shocks directly. The empirical evidence we gather lends mild support to the hypothesis that investment-specific shocks can explain a significant part of the cross sectional variations in stock returns. JEL Classification Codes : E22; G12; O30
Emission of terahertz radiation from SiC

We report the emission of strong coherent broadband terahertz radiation from 6H-silicon-carbide (SiC) excited with optical pulses. The measured terahertz spectral signal-to-noise ratio is better than one thousand. We determine that the terahertz radiation is generated via second order optical nonlinearity (optical rectification). We present a measurement of the ratio of nonlinear susceptibility tensor elements χzzz(2)/χzxx(2) and the complex index of refraction of silicon carbide at terahertz frequencies.
Squeezed: Life in a Time of Food Price Volatility, Year 1 Results

High and rising food prices no longer come as a surprise, but rapid price changes and the cumulative effects of five years’ worth of price rises are still squeezing those on low incomes. People are working harder over longer hours and their wages are not keeping pace with inflation, so they are having to adapt wherever, and however, possible. The first year results of a four-year study on how food price volatility affects everyday life find important changes in people’s well-being and development. But in areas of life neglected by policy, domestic care work and informal social safety nets in particular, Squeezed provides reasons to prepare for the next food price spike and provides recommendations for how best to do so, including widening social assistance for the most vulnerable; being ready with temporary spike-proofing measures; monitoring the real impacts on people’s lives and well-being; rethinking social protection policy to ‘crowd-in’ care and informal social assistance; and enabling people to participate in policies to tackle food price volatility.
C-reactive protein, immunoglobulin G and complement co-localize in renal immune deposits of proliferative lupus nephritis

The pattern recognition molecules C-reactive protein (CRP) and C1q are of big interest in relation to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Circulating autoantibodies against CRP and C1q are frequently found in SLE patients with active disease, particularly in lupus nephritis (LN), and rising levels reportedly relate to disease activity and outcome. If CRP-, or dsDNA- and/or C1q-containing immune complexes (ICs) are pathogenic in LN, glomerular IgG-deposits would be expected to co-localize with these antigens. In search for proof of this concept, renal biospsies from patients with active LN (n = 5) were examined with high-resolution immunogold electron microscopy. Renal biopsies from patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura, pauci-immune nephritis and renal cancer served as controls. IgG antibodies against CRP, C1q and nucleosomes were analyzed in pre–post flare sera. We could demonstrate that CRP, C1q, C3c and dsDNA were co-localized with IgG in electron dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane/subendothelial space in all of the 5 LN patients. Deposits of IgG, CRP, complement and dsDNA were 10-fold higher in LN compared to controls. All SLE patients had circulating anti-nucleosome antibodies; 4/5 had serum antibodies against CRP, dsDNA, and C1q at biopsy/flare. Despite a limited number of cases, the results support the notion of a pathogenic role not only for anti-dsDNA antibodies, but also for anti-CRP and anti-C1q in LN. The glomerular ICs may have been generated by deposition of circulating ICs or by in situ IC formation.
Genetic Epidemiology, Hematological and Clinical Features of Hemoglobinopathies in Iran

There is large variation in the molecular genetics and clinical features of hemoglobinopathies in Iran. Studying structural variants of hemoglobin demonstrated that the β-chain variants of hemoglobin S and D-Punjab are more prevalent in the Fars (southwestern Iran) and Kermanshah (western Iran) provinces, respectively. Also, α-chain variants of Hb Q-Iran and Hb Setif are prevalent in western Iran. The molecular basis and clinical severity of thalassemias are extremely heterogenous among Iranians due to the presence of multiethnic groups in the country. β-Thalassemia is more prevalent in northern and southern Iran. Among 52 different β-thalassemia mutations that have been identified among Iranian populations, IVSII-1 G:A is the most frequent mutation in most parts of the country. The presence of IVS I-5 G:C mutation with high frequency in southeastern Iran might reflect gene flow from neighboring countries. A wide spectrum of α-thalassemia alleles has been detected among Iranians with −α 3.7 kb as the most prevalent α-thalassemia mutation. The prevention program of thalassemia birth in Iran has reduced the birth rate of homozygous β-thalassemia since the implementation of the program in 1997. In this review genetic epidemiology, clinical and hematological aspects of hemoglobinopathies, and the prevention programs of β-thalassemia in Iran will be discussed.
Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species

Interest in elasmobranch biodiversity and taxonomy has grown in recent years, catalyzed primarily by four influences: (1) the large number of new species that have been described over the past 30 years (e.g., Last and Stevens, 2009); (2) the recognition that many species of elasmobranchs, several of which have not yet been formally described, may be threatened with extinction from fishing pressures and habitat destruction (Stevens et al., 2000); (3) the growing interest in DNA “barcoding” as a tool to augment taxonomic description (e.g., Ward et al., 2007); and (4) an emerging recognition of the important role that elasmobranchs play as top predators in marine ecosystems (Heithaus et al., 2008). Increasingly, elasmobranch workers across a wide range of fields of science, both pure and applied, are recognizing the importance of an accurate species-level taxonomy. Fisheries scientists are ever more keenly aware of the need for accurate species-level assessments of catches to manage fisheries effectively. Ecologists have become more careful to ensure that the animals to which life history attributes are ascribed constitute distinct species rather than assemblages of closely related congeners with potentially different ecological roles and life history attributes. Finally, conservation biologists are beginning to recognize how critically important it is to have an accurate understanding of species compositions based on careful taxonomy to prioritize and manage units of biodiversity for conservation (Griffiths et al., 2010; Iglesias et al., 2009; White and Kyne, 2010). CONTENTS
The Role of Emotional Intelligence and Personality Variables on Attitudes Toward Organisational Change

Although the role of organisational characteristics in the change process has been extensively analysed and discussed in the literature, individual characteristics, which are equally crucial for the success of change, have been neglected. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to add a different way of looking and working with organisational change by focusing on individuals’ emotions and personality traits. This paper explores how emotional intelligence and the “big five” dimensions of personality can facilitate organisational change at an individual level by exploring the relationship between these attributes and attitudes toward organisational change. The sample consisted of 137 professionals who completed self‐report inventories assessing emotional intelligence, personality traits and attitudes towards organisational change. The results confirmed that there is a relationship between personality traits and employees’ attitudes toward change. Similarly, the contribution of emotional intelligence to the attitudes to change was found to be significant, indicating the added value of using an emotional intelligence measure above and beyond the effect of personality. The practical implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the phases of a change project.
Financial Constraints, Intangible Assets, and Firm Dynamics : Theory and Evidence

I study whether firms' reliance on intangible assets is an important determinant of financing constraints. I construct new measures of firm-level physical and intangible assets using accounting information on U.S. public firms. I find that firms with a higher share of intangible assets in total assets start smaller, grow faster, and have higher Tobin’s q. Asset tangibility predicts firm dynamics and Tobin’s q up to 30 years but has diminishing predicative power. I develop a model of endogenous financial constraints in which firm size and value are limited by the enforceability of financial contracts. Asset tangibility matters because physical and intangible assets differ in their residual value when the contract is repudiated. This mechanism is qualitatively important to explain stylized facts of firm dynamics and Tobin’s q.