Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social Grading of Occupations

t-T1HIS IS the first report of work undertaken as the result of a grant | received by the London School of Economics from the Trustees of v the Nuffield Foundation. The purpose of the research is to discover the chief factors responsible for social class differences, for movement and hlndrances to movement from class to class under present conditions) and for the changes that have been taking place in the class structure of the population of England and Wales in recent years. Although the first approach to the problem must be general, because no class in the population is selfcontained and the boundary between neighbounng classes is bluxTed, interest will be centred chiefly in the middle class, for about this class much is surmised and little is known with certainty; past studies have been confined for the most part to the so-called working class. A survey of a large random sample of the population on a nation-wide scale is being camed out in order to discover possible evidence of class mobility by change of occupational grade with changing circumstances, also by comparing the grades of parents and their children and by change of grade on the part of women on mamage if the grade of occupation of the husband differs from that of the fe's father. The grade of occupation first entered is largely detened by educational opportunity, and particulars as to education as well as occupation will be collected in the random sample surveyv A report on this work will be published in due course. Occupational status is of course not the only factor which contributes to the detertnination of class but, being closely linked with economic status, it obviously has a very important beanng on class. If then we are to trace changes in social class by changes in occupation, a preliminary examination of the social grading of occupations is essential.
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Otitis Media: Construction of a Phenotype Landscape

Otitis media (OM) represents a complex set of clinically defined disease phenotypes. Epidemiological and pathological data suggest that inflammation of the middle ear occurs on a continuum of disease. Here I review epidemiological data and apply mathematical modelling to better define the interrelation of OM phenotypes, including the relationship of upper respiratory tract infection to acute OM (AOM), of AOM to OM with effusion, and of recurrent OM to chronicity of effusion. I use these mathematical models to represent OM graphically as a ‘landscape of disease'. This novel nosology may enable clinicians and researchers to better conceptualise middle ear inflammation in its various forms, although the limits of its application are also discussed.
An exploration of the criterion and construct validity of the self-compassion scale

Past research indicates that self-compassion has positive implications for psychological health and functioning. However, as a newly specified construct, the literature regarding self-compassion could benefit from a more thorough validation of the primary scale used in this area of research, the Self-Compassion Scale. In the present study, structural path analysis (using Amos) was used to explore the criterion validity of the SCS with four variables which have been theorized to be relevant to self-compassion (caregiver emotional responsiveness, fear of emotion, internalized spirituality, and achievement goal orientation). Initial hypothesis testing indicated support for the path model, with the exception of achievement goals which were not significantly associated with self-compassion. Trimming these paths in a subsequent analysis improved model fit. Interestingly, further analyses of the model indicated that the pairing of participant and parent gender produced substantial differences in path coefficients. Next, correlational and factor analytic methods were used to test the construct validity of the SCS. Correlational analyses found adequate convergent construct validity but some lack of divergent validity between SCS dimensions and conceptually similar constructs (i.e., fear of emotion, social connectedness and self-criticism). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a two-factor model fit the data better than the one-factor model proposed by the author of the SCS. The incremental validity of the two-factor model was supported by incorporating a two-factor SCS in the path analysis. In sum, these findings generally support the criterion validity of the SCS through meaningful associations with theoretically relevant variables but cautions that these associations are strongly influenced by gender. It is also strongly recommended that a two-factor model of the SCS be explored in further research to ascertain its incremental utility for understanding self-compassion’s positive effects on psychological health.
Intergenerational educational mobility and completed fertility

This paper investigates the role of intergenerational social mobility in completed fertility of women born between 1948 and 1972 in Poland. It examines the hypothesis of acculturation, which implies that fertility of the mobiles will be in between that seen in their parents’ (origin) and their new (destination) stratum. Using a 2013 large-scale survey I employ diagonal mobility models and explore the interplay between completed fertility and woman’s education, her parents’ education, educational mobility and the sibship size. I compare birth cohorts whose reproductive careers took place before and after the collapse of communism. The results suggest that educational mobility was very stable over time, oscillating around 70%; nine out of ten mobiles moved up. Fertility exhibited a strictly negative educational gradient; fertility of the upward and downward movers tended to be lower and higher, respectively, than that of the non-movers. Except for daughters of at least one highly educated parent, the destination stratum played a much more important role in the achieved family size than the origin.
One-trial conditioned suppression: effects of instructions on extinction.

: Two experimental groups of undergraduate volunteers received a single Pavlovian conditioning trial consisting of a paired presentation of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and a shock unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Control groups received either the CS alone or the UCS alone. Subjects from one experimental group were subsequently instructed that they would not receive further shocks, while the other experimental group received no such instructions. The CS alone was then presented once to all four groups while subjects were engaged in a button-pressing task maintained by slide reinforcement. During the latter phase, rate of button-pressing was measured. Classically conditioned suppression of button-pressing was obtained in the noninstructed experimental group but not in the instructed group. The results demonstrate that suppression can be a sensitive index of Pavlovian conditioning in humans but question the use of conditioned suppression as an adequate experimental analog of clinically observed anxiety-motivated behavior.
Frequency-Dependent Relationship Between Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Power and Head Motion Is Localized Within Distributed Association Networks

Recent studies have highlighted the importance of analyzing spectral power in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data. Significant modulation of power has been ascribed to the performance of cognitive tasks and has been ascribed clinical significance. However, the role of confounding factors such as head motion on spectral power is not fully understood. Specifically, the spatial distribution of frequency-dependent associations between rs-fMRI power and motion is unknown. We utilized a large rs-fMRI dataset (n=1000) to quantify the influence of head motion on spectral power in different frequency bands. We (1) performed regression analyses across the entire sample and (2) computed difference maps between high- and low-motion groups, more consistent with common experimental designs, and both analyses gave similar results. Greater head motion led to reduced spectral power at lower frequencies (0.007-0.05 Hz), but increased power at higher frequencies (0.12-0.167 Hz). Importantly, our whole-brain voxel-wise analysis showed that brain areas in distributed association networks (e.g., default mode and frontoparietal control networks) were most susceptible to head motion. These results were consistent with or without global signal regression (GSR). Additionally, without GSR, we noted a positive correlation with low-frequency power in the pre- and postcentral gyrus (S1/M1), mid-cingulate cortex, and insula and a negative correlation with mid-frequency (0.05-0.12 Hz) power in S1/M1, visual, and lateral temporal cortices. Hence, head motion significantly affects rs-fMRI power and great care must be taken when assigning a diagnostic marker for clinical populations known to present with greater head motion.
Gene characterized for membrane desaturase that produces (E)-11 isomers of mono- and diunsaturated fatty acids

Moth species have evolved integral membrane desaturases that exhibit a wide diversity in substrate specificity, as well as in regiospecificity and stereospecificity of the unsaturated products. We report here the cloning and expression of a single desaturase from the sex pheromone gland of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, that makes E11 isomers of monounsaturated (E11-16 and E11-14) fatty acids and a diunsaturated (E9,E11-14) fatty acid. In the pheromone gland, the monoene precursor is made available by β oxidation of E11-16 acid with a subsequent two-carbon loss to E9-14 acid. A functional assay using a baculovirus expression system required addition of myristic acid and E9-14 acid precursors to demonstrate the unusual regiospecificity and stereospecificity of this desaturase. The amino acid sequence of this desaturase has ≈61% identity to that of Z11-desaturases from two other insect species, and only ≈48% identity to the metabolic Z9-desaturases in those species. A pheromone-gland Z9-desaturase gene also was found with the light brown apple moth that differed in its deduced amino acid sequence (66% identity) with the metabolic Z9-desaturase from fat body in this species.
Visuospatial cognition in Huntington's disease

The notion of specificity of visuospatial dysfunction in Huntington's disease (HD) was evaluated in a sample of afficted patients as a function of symptom duration, age at onset, and overall dementia severity. Factor analytic procedures indicated that overall visuospatial processing capacity (factor 1) as well as the ability for spatial manipulation (factor 3) was markedly affected in HD patients. In contrast, consistency of spatial judgment (factor 2) appeared to remain relatively intact in these patients. Age at onset seemed to have no relationship with any of these variables, whereas dementia severity demonstrated a significant relationship with overall visuospatial processing capacity. Most importantly, duration of symptoms was significantly associated with the declining ability to mentally perform spatial manipulations. The observation of circumscribed visuospatial impairment in HD patients may have important consequences for the further understanding of the neurobehavioral consequences of this disorder.
Anisotropic connectivity implements motion-based prediction in a spiking neural network

Predictive coding hypothesizes that the brain explicitly infers upcoming sensory input to establish a coherent representation of the world. Although it is becoming generally accepted, it is not clear on which level spiking neural networks may implement predictive coding and what function their connectivity may have. We present a network model of conductance-based integrate-and-fire neurons inspired by the architecture of retinotopic cortical areas that assumes predictive coding is implemented through network connectivity, namely in the connection delays and in selectiveness for the tuning properties of source and target cells. We show that the applied connection pattern leads to motion-based prediction in an experiment tracking a moving dot. In contrast to our proposed model, a network with random or isotropic connectivity fails to predict the path when the moving dot disappears. Furthermore, we show that a simple linear decoding approach is sufficient to transform neuronal spiking activity into a probabilistic estimate for reading out the target trajectory.
Clinical Trials in Rehabilitation: What Are the Obstacles?

Whyte J: Clinical trials in rehabilitation: What are the obstacles? Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003;82(Suppl):S16–S21.Across rehabilitation, there is a shortage of treatments that have demonstrated efficacy and effectiveness through rigorously controlled clinical trials. Although rehabilitation efficacy and effectiveness research present many of the obstacles that are found in research on other biomedical domains, they also present a number of obstacles that are specific to the conceptual framework underlying rehabilitation practice. In this article, I review the specific challenges presented by the need to rigorously define the research participants, the treatment under investigation, and the outcomes by which treatment response will be measured. I also suggest research that will be necessary to surmount some of these obstacles.
Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck: The impact of local control on survival

The management for mucosal melanoma of the head and neck is controversial in view of the poor prognosis. Thirty‐five patients seen from 1955 to 1991 were analyzed retrospectively. Almost all (34/35) presented with localized disease. Primary treatments included radical surgery (15), local resection (11), radiation therapy (6), or systemic treatment (2). While the rate of local recurrence was high (27/34), only 5 patients developed distant disease before local relapse. Furthermore, only 5/21 achieved successful local salvage. Patients with their disease controlled locally had significantly longer survival than those with persistent local disease (P = .0001). The 5‐year disease‐specific survival was 45%.
Singular Perturbation Approximation of Balanced Infinite- Dimensional Systems

This paper concerned with a model reduction of infinite dimensional systems by using the singular perturbation approximation. The system considered is that of the exponentially stable linear system with bounded and finite-rank input and output operators such that the balanced realization can be performed on the system. Furthermore, the singular perturbation method is applied to reduce the order of the balanced infinite dimensional systems. A reduced-order model can be obtained by setting to zero of derivative all states corresponding to smaller Hankel singular values. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, numerical simulations are applied to the heat conduction.
Comparison of the effects of dopamine and beta-adrenergic agonists on adenylate cyclase of renal glomeruli and striatum.

A dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase was identified in glomeruli prepared from rat kidney. The properties of central and peripheral cyclase-linked dopamine receptors were then compared by testing the ability of dopamine, isoproterenol, and the dopamine analogues, 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (A-6,7-DTN), 2-amino-5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (A-5,6-DTN), and N,N -di- n -propyl dopamine (DPDA) to stimulate cyclic AMP production in homogenates and intact cell preparations of rat striatum and glomeruli. Cyclic AMP production in striatal homogenates was increased by dopamine, A-6,7-DTN, and DPDA, although DPDA was much less potent than the other two agonists. A-5,6-DTN (0-1000 µM) and isoproterenol (0-100 µM) were without effect in this preparation. In contrast, in a homogenate of kidney glomeruli as well as in striatal slices and in the intact glomeruli, all of these agonists increased cyclic AMP production. The pharmacological character of this response was further characterized by using the dopamine antagonist, fluphenazine, and the beta -adrenergic antagonist, propranolol. In glomerular homogenates, fluphenazine (10 µM) blocks the response to A-6,7-DTN (100 µM) and dopamine (100 µM) but does not affect the response to isoproterenol (1 µM) or A-5,6-DTN (100 µM). Propranolol (100 µM), on the other hand, blocked the response to isoproterenol, A-5,6-DTN, and partially blocked the dopamine response. A similar profile of activity was observed in intact glomeruli and in striatal slices. These findings suggest that both dopaminergic and beta -adrenergic receptors can mediate the production of cyclic AMP in the rat striatum and in the kidney vasculature. It is further suggested that dopamine can activate both types of receptors, depending on its concentration. The beta -rotameric conformer of dopamine (as exemplified by the semi-rigid analogue A-6,7-DTN) preferentially activates dopamine receptors, whereas the alpha -rotameric conformer (A-5,6-DTN) preferentially activates beta -adrenergic receptors. The potency series for activation of dopamine receptors is dopamine = A-6,7-DTN > DPDA in both tissues. The relative potency for activation of the beta -adrenergic response is also similar in both tissues. On the basis of the limited series of compounds studied, the cyclase-linked receptor in kidney vasculature and that in striatum appear to be quite similar.
Teachers’ Academic Disciplines and Attitudes towards Inclusive Education

This paper aimed at finding out if teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education are influenced by their academic disciplines. Teachers are integral to the implementation of inclusive education and their attitudes constitute one of the biggest barriers to inclusive education. Research has identified factors that influence negative attitudes such as training, experience, resources, administrative support, gender, type and severity of the disability, but the teacher’s academic discipline as a factor has received very little attention in research. Academic disciplines have different structures so there is a probability that teaching children with different disabilities may be easier with one academic discipline than another. The study was a descriptive survey that made use of a 33-item closed ended questionnaire bearing the cognitive, affective and psychomotor components of attitudes towards inclusive education. Participants, who were public secondary school teachers from 4 out of 10 regions in Cameroon, were expected to rate the items on a five-point scale, ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The validity index stood at 0.86 while the reliability estimate was 0.83. Data were grouped into three categories – science, arts and social sciences and analyzed descriptively and inferentially, using means, t- test and ANOVA. Findings reveal that teachers significantly differ in their attitudes towards inclusive education according to academic disciplines even though they are generally positive. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
Angiotensin II Stimulation of NAD(P)H Oxidase Activity: Upstream Mediators

Abstract— Angiotensin II (Ang II)–stimulated hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NAD(P)H oxidases. The upstream signaling mechanisms by which Ang II activates these oxidases are unclear but may include protein kinase C, tyrosine kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and Rac, a small molecular weight G protein. We found that Ang II–stimulated ROS production is biphasic. The first phase occurs rapidly (peak at 30 seconds) and is dependent on protein kinase C activation. The larger second phase of ROS generation (peak at 30 minutes) requires Rac activation, because inhibition of Rac by either Clostridium difficile toxin A or dominant-negative Rac significantly inhibits Ang II–induced ROS production. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitors (wortmannin or LY294002) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor kinase blocker AG1478 attenuate both Rac activation and ROS generation. The upstream activator of EGF receptor transactivation, c-Src, is also required for ROS generation, because PP1, an Src kinase inhibitor, abrogates the Ang II stimulation of both responses. These results suggest that c-Src, EGF receptor transactivation, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and Rac play important roles in the sustained Ang II–mediated activation of vascular smooth muscle cell NAD(P)H oxidases and provide insight into the integrated signaling mechanisms whereby Ang II stimulation leads to activation of the growth-related NAD(P)H oxidases.
Design Requirements for an Architecture Consistency Tool

Software architecture and its related documentation are acknowledged as some of the most important artefacts created during system design. However, often the implemented system diverges, over time, from the designed architecture. This phenomenon is called architectural drift and is either a result of inconsistent evolution of the system, or a failure to keep the architectural documentation up to date. A case study, performed at IBM, over two years showed how architectural drift can occur in small development teams over time. It suggested that even when approaches are in place to identify architectural drift, they may prove insufficient for subsequent removal of the drift, and some possible reasons for this were derived. Consequently, this document outlines the resultant design requirements for an approach to inhibit architectural drift, primarily by identifying it as, or before, it is introduced.
Analysis of the structure of currents in the Gulf of Finland using the Okubo-Weiss parameter

We analyze transport properties of surface water flow in the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea, using spatial distributions of the Okubo-Weiss parameter, which reveals the spatial pattern of strain and relative vorticity at a specific time. The calculations are based on surface velocities calculated using the OAAS model with a spatial resolution of 1 nautical mile for 1987 in the framework of BONUS+ BalticWay cooperation. The currents are, on average, strain-dominated, with typical OW parameter values about 0.1. During short instances the OW parameter can abruptly increase by a factor 10. These events are not correlated with wind speed but occur slightly more frequently during the windy autumn season. Substantial areas of strong strain and relative vorticity regularly occur along the coast (due to topographic effects and coastal current fluctuations) and at two offshore areas; (i) in the eastern part near the mouth of the Neva river and (ii) in the north-western part of the gulf. The patterns of strong strain in the western part of the gulf originate from the northern nearshore but at times span down to the southern coast.