Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Looking Back 10 Years After the Arbour Inquiry

The decade of the 1990s can be marked as one of major dissension, conflict, and change within federal corrections for women in Canada. In this article, the authors reflect back on this period of time by examining the correctional ideologies, policies, and practices that were operating in the Canadian federal prison for women. Finding these policies and practices to be inherently gendered and punitive in nature, it is argued that punishment was at the time and continues to be the cornerstone of the regulation of women prisoners, and that it takes a specific, gendered form that relies on the deployment of traditional patriarchal conceptions of femininity. Drawing on interviews with correctional personnel and analyses of correctional policies and the Arbour Inquiry transcripts, this article reconstructs Correctional Service of Canada’s (CSC) responses to incarcerated women’s “unfeminine” behavior, specifically women’s self-harming behavior and their violence against others, as overly disciplinary. It is proposed that CSC’s ideological foundation, as well as the practices and policies that were operating both at the time of and following the incident at the Kingston Prison for Women that resulted in the Arbour Inquiry, remain deeply entrenched in an oppressive hierarchical structure of gender inequality. This structure fails to question how traditional conceptions of femininity shape policies and practices. It has also aided in the construction of a new genre of “misbehaved” women in corrections, which in turn has been used to justify the harsh regulatory treatment of federally sentenced women. Without challenging its traditional gender ideologies, CSC is unable to offer any alternatives to its punitive practices, which continue to operate.
Large Market Asymptotics for Differentiated Product Demand Estimators With Economic Models of Supply

IO economists often estimate demand for differentiated products using data sets with a small number of large markets. This paper addresses the question of consistency and asymptotic distributions of instrumental variables estimates as the number of products increases in some commonly used models of demand under conditions on economic primitives. I show that, in a Bertrand–Nash equilibrium, product characteristics lose their identifying power as price instruments in the limit in certain cases, leading to inconsistent estimates. The reason is that product characteristic instruments achieve identification through correlation with markups, and, depending on the model of demand, the supply side can constrain markups to converge to a constant quickly relative to sampling error. I find that product characteristic instruments can yield consistent estimates in many of the cases I consider, but care must be taken in modeling demand and choosing instruments. A Monte Carlo study confirms that the asymptotic results are relevant in market sizes of practical importance.
Precise Deviations Results for the Maxima of Some Determinantal Point Processes: the Upper Tail

We prove precise deviations results in the sense of Cram\'er and Petrov for the upper tail of the distribution of the maximal value for a special class of determinantal point processes that play an important role in Random Matrix Theory. Here we cover all three regimes of moderate, large and superlarge deviations for which we determine the leading order description of the tail probabilities. As a corollary of our results we identify the region within the regime of moderate deviations for which the limiting Tracy-Widom law still predicts the correct leading order behavior. Our proofs use that the determinantal point process is given by the Christoffel-Darboux kernel for an associated familiy of orthogonal polynomials. The necessary asymptotic information on this kernel has mostly been obtained in \cite{KSSV} using the Deift-Zhou \cite{DeiftZhou} nonlinear steepest descent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems, following and improving on previous applications \cite{DKMVZ1, DKMVZ2, KuijlaarsVanlessen, Vanlessen} to orthogonal polynomials and to random matrices. In the superlarge regime the results of \cite{KSSV} do not suffice and we put stronger assumptions on the point processes. The results of the present paper and the relevant parts of \cite{KSSV} have been proved in the dissertation \cite{Diss}.
Comparisons of Short Answer and Multiple Choice Tests Covering Identical Subject Content

Validity of test materials is of vital concern. Does a test measure what we wish it to measure! Does it measure the desirable outcomes of the course? Does it measure the objectives set for the course? Be fore the advent of the ' ' new type ' ' tests, ' ' essay ' ' examinations were the most common type of test. The "new types'' have been proven more reliable in giving the same rating when repeated. This reliability has been gained largely by making less ambiguous, more definite, and more objective test items. Some data have been given to show that "essay" tests may be made quite reliable if care is taken in framing test ques tions and objective scoring keys are used. In general it must be ad mitted that ' ' essay ' ' tests involve more creative capacities of individuals in that they give more opportunity for self-expression. The short answer test is the nearest like the "essay" test though it lacks the creative opportunities of the latter. It calls for a definite an swer to a definite query, breaking up the desired "essay" responses into more unitary portions, thus steering the student along a path chosen by the test constructor, absolving him from fashioning the pattern of the responses. An uncompleted statement test is probably the next nearest relative of the "essay" test but seemingly a trifle less satisfactory than the short answer test on the whole because the blanks to be filled in are not always so pointed as the short answer test items. A series of blanks may be filled in so as to give a quite different trend to the thought and yet be quite accurate. The multiple choice test introduces a quite different element? that of selection among several alternatives. No creative ability is brought into play nor is there any leeway for a student's choice of words from his own vocabulary. Ability to choose the best of several responses is the ability required. The test is thus usually 100 percent objective. This discussion presents evidence on computed reliability and validity of the short answer (Form A) and multiple choice (Form B) types of test when the subject content was planned to be identical in the two. Form B (multiple choice) was prepared after Form A and each item paralleled a corresponding item in Form A. In Form A a definite query required a definite response not suggested to the student. He had to furnish the information or judgment from his own accumulated experiences. In 28
The Identity-Matching Principle: Corporate and Organizational Identification in a Franchising System

This paper examines corporate and organizational identification in franchisee organizations from the perspective of the social identity approach. We propose the identity-matching principle (IMP) as a heuristic for understanding and predicting the different effects of nested identifications. According to the IMP, when identifications and relevant behavioural or attitudinal outcomes address the same level of categorization, their relationship will be stronger. A study is presented with employees (n=281) matched to managers (n=101). Supporting the IMP, organizational identification (but not corporate identification) predicted customer-oriented behaviour on the level of the local organization, whereas corporate identification (but not organizational identification) predicted attitude toward corporate citizenship behaviour. Furthermore, multilevel analyses showed that these relationships were enhanced in organizations where managers displayed the respective behaviours themselves to a greater extent. Implications for theorizing about leadership and organizational attachments are discussed alongside recommendations for organizational practitioners.
Combat Exposure, Unit Cohesion, and Demographic Characteristics of Soldiers Reporting Posttraumatic Growth

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) refers to the positive cognitive, spiritual, emotional, and social changes that can occur after a traumatic experience. The current study uses data from 1,663 soldiers who participated in a voluntary survey 6 months after redeployment. The purpose of this study was to predict posttraumatic growth from combat exposure, unit cohesion, and demographic characteristics. We found that greater combat exposure and stronger unit cohesion were associated with more PTG. Being married, a minority, and a junior enlisted soldier were also predictive of greater PTG. Our study defines a group of soldiers with low PTG who are at risk for adverse psychosocial problems. Our results suggest that unit cohesion could be targeted and strengthened to improve PTG.
Postpartum Acquired Hemophilia (Factor VIII Inhibitors): A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Pathologic inhibitors of blood coagulation as a cause of postpartum acquired hemostatic failure are rare. Since 1937, 96 cases of postpartum factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitors, including the current case, have been reported. Suspicion for the diagnosis of this condition is often low. We report a case of postpartum FVIII inhibitor formation in a 24-year-old woman who developed intermittent postpartum bleeding that resulted from the inhibitors she formed to FVIII. A unique form of therapy was used in treatment of her disorder. She did not respond to conventional surgical or medical management of her bleeding until Autoplex T (Baxter Healthcare, Glendale, CA), an activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) was used. The literature concerning acquired hemophilia is reviewed, and new therapeutic medical advances are emphasized. Target Audience Obstetricians & Gynecologists and Family Physicians Learning Objectives After completion of this article, the reader will be able to outline the typical presentation of postpartum acquired hemophilia and to list the diagnostic tests that should be performed as well as the potential treatment of this condition.
“To veil the threat of terror”: Afghan women and the ⟨clash of civilizations⟩ in the imagery of the U.S. war on terrorism

This article explores the role of widely circulated images of Afghan people in building public support for the 2001–2002 U.S. war with Afghanistan. Emphasizing images of women, I argue that these representations participate in the more general category of “the clash of civilizations,” which constitutes a verbal and a visual ideograph linked to the idea of the “white man's burden. ” Through the construction of binary oppositions of self and Other, the evocation of a paternalistic stance toward the women of Afghanistan, and the figuration of modernity as liberation, these images participate in a set of justifications for war that contradicts the actual motives for the war. These contradictions have a number of implications for democratic deliberation and public life during wartime.
Identifying Spatial Variation Patterns in Multivariate Manufacturing Processes

Large sets of multivariate measurement data are now routinely available through automated in-process measurement in many manufacturing industries. These data typically contain valuable information regarding the nature of each major source of process variability. In this article we assume that each variation source causes a distinct spatial variation pattern in the measurement data. The model that we use to represent the variation patterns is of identical structure to one widely used in the so-called “blind source separation” problem that arises in many sensor-array signal processing applications. We argue that methods developed for blind source separation can be used to identify spatial variation patterns in manufacturing data. We also discuss basic blind source separation concepts and their applicability to diagnosing manufacturing variation.
Conscription of children in armed conflict—a form of child abuse. A study of 19 former child soldiers

Armed combat in childhood is a form of child abuse. It may lead to serious consequences, including post-traumatic stress disorder. The inherent emotional abuse and acts or omissions by caregivers may cause behavioural, cognitive, emotional or mental disorder in the child. Nineteen former child soldiers were interviewed in a rehabilitation centre using a standard questionnaire. Reasons for recruitment included: volunteered (18), hatred of enemy (revenge) (5), virtue of being a freedom fighter (martyrdom) (9), as a means of supporting their family (economic) (3). One child was abducted, 7 joined for fear of the ‘enemy’ abducting them, and in 5 a family member was killed by ‘enemy’ or own group. The children were involved in manual labour (15), guard duty (15), front-line fighting (7), bomb manufacture (5), setting sea/land mines (5) and radio and communication (2). Fifteen were trained in firearms and 14 in self-destruction. Twelve children attempted to or did run away and 11 refused to obey orders or argued. This led to various punishments, including kitchen duty, beatings, imprisonment, blackmail or death threats. A majority of the children felt sad and emotionally upset when they remembered their mother and family. Children's involvement in war, whatever the ‘justifications’ may be, should always be considered as forced, as they cannot truly comprehend their action in war. The responsibility must be taken by the adult caregivers. The following definition of the abuse of children in armed conflict is proposed: ‘The involvement of dependent, developmentally immature children and adolescents in armed conflict they do not truly comprehend, to which they are unable to give informed consent, and which adversely affects the child's right to unhindered growth and identity as a child’. Firm international agreement on guidelines for the lower age limit of recruitment of children into armed forces is required. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The middle hepatitis B virus envelope protein is not necessary for infectivity of hepatitis delta virus

The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) envelope contains the large (L), middle (M), and small (S) surface proteins encoded by coinfecting hepatitis B virus. Although HDV-like particles can be assembled with only the S protein in the envelope, the L protein is essential for infectivity in vitro (C. Sureau, B. Guerra, and R. Lanford, J. Virol. 67:366-372, 1993). Here, we demonstrate that the M protein, previously described as carrying a site for binding to polymerized human albumin, is not necessary for infectivity. HDV-like particles coated with the S plus L or the S plus M plus L proteins are infectious in primary cultures of chimpanzee hepatocytes. We conclude that the S and L proteins serve two essential functions in the HDV replication cycle; the S protein ensures the export of the HDV genome from an infected cell by forming a particle, and the L protein ensures its import into a human hepatocyte.
Discriminative facility in the face of threat: Relationship to psychological distress

Abstract This study explored whether discriminative facility in dealing with threatening situations is negatively associated with distress. Discriminative facility entails the ability to (1) “accurately” appraise the controllability of stressors and (2) use more problem-focused relative to emotion-focused coping with controllable stressors and at the same time more emotion-focused relative to problem-focused coping with uncontrollable stressors. We conducted a preliminary study to obtain “accurate” appraisals of the controllability of two stressors. In the main study, college students (N = 109) provided information regarding their appraisal of the controllability of the two stressors, how they coped with these two stressors, and their level of both stressor-specific distress and general distress. The relationship between coping strategy (problem- vs emotion-focused) and stressor-specific distress was found to be a function of the controllability of the stressor. Specifically, with controllable stressors, the high use of problem-focused coping was associated with less distress than the high use of emotion-focused coping. The opposite was found to be the case with uncontrollable stressors. More importantly, discriminative facility was negatively related to general distress. The results suggest that discriminative facility in the appraisal of and coping with stressors is an important mediator in the experience of psychological symptoms as a result of stress.
The Cessation of Rumination Through Self-Affirmation

Drawing from self-affirmation theory (C. M. Steele, 1988) and L. L. Martin and A. Tesser's (1989, 1996) theory of ruminative thinking, the authors hypothesized that people stop ruminating about a frustrated goal when they can affirm an important aspect of the self. In 3 experiments participants were given failure feedback on an alleged IQ test. Failure feedback led to increased rumination (i.e., accessibility of goal-related thoughts) compared with no-failure conditions (Studies 1 and 2). Rumination was reduced when participants could self-affirm after failure (Studies 1 and 2) or before failure (Study 3). In Study 3, self-affirmation led to increased positive affect on a disguised mood test and more positive name letter evaluations. Moreover, the obtained increase in positive affect mediated the effect of self-affirmation on rumination. It is concluded that self-affirmation may be an effective way to stop ruminative thinking.
A Biomechanical Analysis of the Vertical Jump and Three Modified Plyometric Depth Jumps

Plyometrics are recommended for increasing strength and power. The plyometric depth jump (DJ involves the hip extensors far less than the countermovement jump (CM), thus DJ may not adequately train the hip extensors. This research sought to develop a DJ that would demand more from the hip extensors. Specific jumps were also developed for the ankle and knee extensors. Subjects, 11 college-age men, performed CMJ and DJ from a height of 50 cm. Data were collected to determine net joint moments, power, and work about the joints. Variables were calculated during the down and up phases and for the entire jump. Maximum moment and power values were calculated for each joint. ANOVAs were used to compare the selected variables from DJ to the corresponding variables in CMJ. All variables from the selected joints were greater with DJ, and 29 of the 33 comparisons were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05). The corresponding joint moments for ankle, knee, and hip depth jumps were significantly greater than for CMJ. The modified plyometric jumps were shown to enhance the contribution of the muscles that extend the ankle, knee, and hip.
[Analysis of the interaction between visual and vestibular influence in postural control].

INTRODUCTION Postural control depends on a coordinate function of the visual, somatosensory and vestibular systems. A correct analysis of each of them is necessary, in order to obtain an adequate postural evaluation. METHODS A normal and a pathological vestibular group of subjects are study. A dynamometric platform studied was performed for every subject in both groups. A scalogram, the centre of pressure variation velocity, and the area, were the parameters analyzed. RESULTS In both groups, parameters showed higher values when propioceptive and visual system were altered. A pattern of visual dependence was identified in both groups. The scalogram in the normal group showed a minimal centre of pressure variation. In contrast, the pathological group showed a major variation, with differences depending on the compensation status. CONCLUSIONS Our study protocol with posturography is an adequate instrument of postural evaluation, which discriminates the visual dependence and aids to evaluate the compensation.
Informal Conceptions of Probability

A model of informal reasoning under conditions of uncertainty, the outcome approach, was developed to account for the nonnormative responses of a subset of 16 undergraduates who were interviewed. For individuals who reason according to the outcome approach, the goal in questions of uncertainty is to predict the outcome of an individual trial. Their predictions take the form of yes-no decisions on whether an outcome will occur on a particular trial. These predictions are then evaluated as having been either right or wrong. Their predictions are often based on a deterministic model of the situation. In follow-up interviews using a different set of problems, responses of outcome-oriented participants were predicted. In one problem, their responses were at variance both with normative interpretations of probability and with the "representativeness heuristic" (Kahneman & Tversky, 1972). Although the outcome approach is inconsistent with formal theories of probability, its components are logically consistent an.
Oscillatory Alpha-Band Mechanisms and the Deployment of Spatial Attention to Anticipated Auditory and Visual Target Locations: Supramodal or Sensory-Specific Control Mechanisms?

Oscillatory alpha-band activity (8–15 Hz) over parieto-occipital cortex in humans plays an important role in suppression of processing for inputs at to-be-ignored regions of space, with increased alpha-band power observed over cortex contralateral to locations expected to contain distractors. It is unclear whether similar processes operate during deployment of spatial attention in other sensory modalities. Evidence from lesion patients suggests that parietal regions house supramodal representations of space. The parietal lobes are prominent generators of alpha oscillations, raising the possibility that alpha is a neural signature of supramodal spatial attention. Furthermore, when spatial attention is deployed within vision, processing of task-irrelevant auditory inputs at attended locations is also enhanced, pointing to automatic links between spatial deployments across senses. Here, we asked whether lateralized alpha-band activity is also evident in a purely auditory spatial-cueing task and whether it had the same underlying generator configuration as in a purely visuospatial task. If common to both sensory systems, this would provide strong support for “supramodal” attention theory. Alternately, alpha-band differences between auditory and visual tasks would support a sensory-specific account. Lateralized shifts in alpha-band activity were indeed observed during a purely auditory spatial task. Crucially, there were clear differences in scalp topographies of this alpha activity depending on the sensory system within which spatial attention was deployed. Findings suggest that parietally generated alpha-band mechanisms are central to attentional deployments across modalities but that they are invoked in a sensory-specific manner. The data support an “interactivity account,” whereby a supramodal system interacts with sensory-specific control systems during deployment of spatial attention.
IN SITU DETECTION OF THE EPSTEIN–BARR VIRUS‐ENCODED NUCLEAR ANTIGEN 1 IN ORAL HAIRY LEUKOPLAKIA AND VIRUS‐ASSOCIATED CARCINOMAS

A new monoclonal antibody has been used to examine immunohistochemically the expression of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA) 1 in virus‐associated epithelial lesions. EBNA1 was detected in the tumour cell nuclei of 10/13 undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas and of 10/10 EBV‐associated gastric carcinomas. EBNA1 was also detected in 13 of 16 oral hairy leukoplakia (HL) samples, where its expression was confined to nuclei in the upper epithelial cell layers whilst basal epithelial cells were negative. This observation is in agreement with previous studies demonstrating the absence of latent EBV infection in the basal cell compartment of HL and suggests an essential role for EBNA1, not only in latent EBV infection but also in virus replication.