Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Higher Auslander-Reiten theory on maximal orthogonal subcategories

We introduce the concept of maximal orthogonal subcategories over artin algebras and orders, and develop higher Auslander-Reiten theory on them. Auslander-Reiten theory, especially the concept of almost split sequences and their existence theorem, is fundamental to study categories which appear in representation theory, for example, modules over artin algebras [ARS][GR][Ri], their functorially finite subcategories [AS][S], their derived categories [H], Cohen-Macaulay modules over CohenMacaulay rings [Y], lattices over orders [A2,3][RS], and coherent sheaves on projective curves [AR2][GL]. In these Auslander-Reiten theory, the number ‘2’ is quite symbolic. For one thing, almost split sequences give minimal projective resolutions of simple objects of projective dimension ‘2’ in functor categories. For another, Cohen-Macaulay rings and orders of Krull-dimension ‘2’ have fundamental sequences and provide us one of the most beautiful situation in representation theory [A4][E][RV][Y], which is closely related to McKay’s observation on simple singularities [Ma]. In this sense, usual AuslanderReiten theory should be ‘2-dimensional’ theory, and it would have natural importance to search a domain of higher Auslander-Reiten theory from the viewpoint of representation theory and non-commutative algebraic geometry (e.g. [V][ArS][GL]). In this paper, we introduce (n− 1)-orthogonal subcategories as a natural domain of higher Auslander-Reiten theory (§2.2) which should be ‘(n + 1)-dimensional’. We show that higher Auslander translate and higher Auslander-Reiten isomorphisms can be defined quite naturally for such categories (§2.3,§2.3.1). Using them, we show that our categories have n-almost split sequences (§3.1,§3.3.1), which are completely new generalization of usual almost split sequences and give minimal projective resolutions of simple objects of projective dimension ‘n + 1’ in functor categories. We also show the existence of higher dimensional analogy of fundamental sequences for Cohen-Macaulay rings and orders of Krull-dimension ‘n + 1’ (§3.4.3). We show that an invariant subring (of Krulldimension ‘n + 1’) corresponding to a finite subgroup G of GL(n + 1, k) has a natural maximal (n − 1)-orthogonal subcategory (§2.5). In the final section, we give a classification of all maximal 1-orthogonal subcategories for representation-finite selfinjective algebras and representation-finite Gorenstein orders of classical type (§4.2.2). We show that the number of such subcategories is related to Catalan number (§4.2.3). These results would suggest us that our higher Auslander-Reiten theory is far from abstract non-sense. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 16E30; Secondary 16G70
A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study of the Chemical Reactivity of Cis- and Trans-Resveratrol

The chemical reactivity of resveratrol isomers with the potential to play a role as inhibitors of the nonenzymatic glycation of amino acids and proteins, both acting as antioxidants and as chelating agents for metallic ions such as Cu, Al and Fe, have been studied by resorting to the latest family of Minnesota density functionals. The chemical reactivity descriptors have been calculated through Molecular Electron Density Theory encompassing Conceptual DFT. The active sites for nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks have been chosen by relating them to the Fukui function indices, the dual descriptor f(2)(r) and the electrophilic and nucleophilic Parr functions. The validity of “Koopmans’ theorem in DFT” has been assessed by means of a comparison between the descriptors calculated through vertical energy values and those arising from the HOMO and LUMO values.
A Functionally Significant Polymorphism in ID3 Is Associated with Human Coronary Pathology

Aims We previously identified association between the ID3 SNP rs11574 and carotid intima-media thickness in the Diabetes Heart Study, a predominantly White diabetic population. The nonsynonymous SNP rs11574 results in an amino acid substitution in the C-terminal region of ID3, attenuating the dominant negative function of ID3 as an inhibitor of basic HLH factor E12-mediated transcription. In the current investigation, we characterize the association between the functionally significant polymorphism in ID3, rs11574, with human coronary pathology. Methods and Results The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a longitudinal study of subclinical cardiovascular disease, including non-Hispanic White (n = 2,588), African American (n = 2,560) and Hispanic (n = 2,130) participants with data on coronary artery calcium (CAC). The Coronary Assessment in Virginia cohort (CAVA) included 71 patients aged 30–80 years, undergoing a medically necessary cardiac catheterization and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at the University of Virginia. ID3 SNP rs11574 risk allele was associated with the presence of CAC in MESA Whites (P = 0.017). In addition, the risk allele was associated with greater atheroma burden and stenosis in the CAVA cohort (P = 0.003, P = 0.04 respectively). The risk allele remained predictive of atheroma burden in multivariate analysis (Model 1: covariates age, gender, and LDL, regression coefficient = 9.578, SE = 3.657, p = 0.0110; Model 2: covariates Model 1, presence of hypertension, presence of diabetes, regression coefficient = 8.389, SE = 4.788, p = 0.0163). Conclusions We present additional cohorts that demonstrate association of ID3 SNP rs11574 directly with human coronary artery pathology as measured by CAC and IVUS: one a multiethnic, relatively healthy population with low levels of diabetes and the second a predominantly White population with a higher incidence of T2DM referred for cardiac catheterization.
Matrix variate RBM model with Gaussian distributions

Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) is a particular type of random neural network models modeling vector data based on the assumption of Bernoulli distribution. For multidimensional and non-binary data, it is necessary to vectorize and discretize the information in order to apply the conventional RBM. It is well-known that vectorization would destroy internal structure of data, and the binary units will limit the applying performance due to fickle real data. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Matrix variate Gaussian Restricted Boltzmann Machine (MVGRBM) model for matrix data whose entries follow Gaussian distributions. Compared with some other RBM algorithms, MVGRBM can model real value data better and it has good performance in image classification. To prove that adding Gaussian parameters could model input data well, we compared the reconstruction performance of the Gaussian parameters updating and fixed.
Combination of convergence groups

We state and prove a combination theorem for relatively hyperbolic groups seen as geometrically finite convergence groups. For that, we explain how to contruct a boundary for a group that is an acylindrical amalgamation of relatively hyperbolic groups over a fully quasi-convex subgroup. We apply our result to Sela's theory on limit groups and prove their relative hyperbolicity. We also get a proof of the Howson property for limit groups.
A Digital Image Encryption Algorithm Based A Composition of Two Chaotic Logistic Maps

The chaos based cryptographic algorithms have suggested several advantages over the traditional encryption algorithms such as high security, speed, reasonable computational overheads and computational power. This paper introduces an efficient chaos-based stream cipher, composing two chaotic logistic maps and a large enough external secret key for image encryption. The external secret key is used to derive the initial conditions for the chaotic maps, and is employed with the two chaotic maps to confuse the relationship between the cipher image and the plain image. In the encryption phase, the pixels are encrypted using an iterative cipher module based feedback and data-dependent inputs mechanism for mixing the current encryption parameters with previously encrypted information. To make the cipher more robust against any attack, the secret key is modified after encryption of each pixel of the plain image. The results of several experimental, statistical analysis and key sensitivity tests show that the proposed image encryption scheme provides an efficient and secure way for real-time image encryption and transmission.
Two-dimensional gas chromatography/electron-impact mass spectrometry with cryofocusing for simultaneous quantification of MDMA, MDA, HMMA, HMA, and MDEA in human plasma.

BACKGROUND 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or Ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug. Analysis of MDMA and metabolites in human plasma, particularly in pharmacokinetic studies, requires low limits of quantification. Two-dimensional GC/MS with cryofocusing is a chromatographic technique recognized for its increased selectivity and resolution. METHODS This method simultaneously quantifies 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), MDMA, and its metabolites, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) in human plasma. With hydrochloric acid, we hydrolyzed 1 mL plasma, fortified with internal standard. Analytes were subjected to solid-phase extraction, derivatized with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride, and quantified using cryofocused 2-dimensional GC/MS operated in electron-impact selected ion-monitoring mode. RESULTS Limits of quantification were 1.0 microg/L for MDA and 2.5 microg/L for MDEA, MDMA, HMMA, and HMA. Calibration curves were linear to 100 microg/L for MDA and HMA and to 400 microg/L for MDEA, MDMA, and HMMA, with r(2) > 0.997. At 3 concentrations spanning the linear dynamic range of the assay, mean overall extraction efficiencies from plasma were > or =85% for all compounds of interest. Recoveries were 85.6% to 107.2% of target, and intra- and interassay imprecision (CV) was <8.5% for all drugs at 3 concentrations within the range of the assay. None of the 66 exogenous compounds tested interfered with analyte quantification. CONCLUSIONS This GC/MS assay provides low limits of quantification for simultaneous determination of MDEA, MDMA, and metabolites MDA, HMMA, and HMA in human plasma. The 2D chromatographic system should be suitable for application to other analytes and to other complex matrices.
Influence of Aesthetic Appreciation of Wildlife Species on Attitudes towards Their Conservation in Kenyan Agropastoralist Communities

The influence of human aesthetic appreciation of animal species on public attitudes towards their conservation and related decision-making has been studied in industrialized countries but remains underexplored in developing countries. Working in three agropastoralist communities around Amboseli National Park, southern Kenya, we investigated the relative strength of human aesthetic appreciation on local attitudes towards the conservation of wildlife species. Using semi-structured interviewing and free listing (n = 191) as part of a mixed methods approach, we first characterized local aesthetic judgments of wildlife species. With a Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) approach, we then determined the influence of perceiving four species as beautiful on local support for their protection (“rescuing them”), and of perceiving four other species as ugly on support for their removal from the area, while controlling for informant personal and household socioeconomic attributes. Perceiving giraffe, gazelles and eland as beautiful is the strongest variable explaining support for rescuing them. Ugliness is the strongest variable influencing support for the removal of buffalo, hyena, and elephant (but not lion). Both our qualitative and quantitative results suggest that perceptions of ugly species could become more positive through direct exposure to those species. We propose that protected areas in developing countries facilitate visitation by local residents to increase their familiarity with species they rarely see or most frequently see in conflict with human interests. Since valuing a species for its beauty requires seeing it, protected areas in developing countries should connect the people who live around them with the animals they protect. Our results also show that aesthetic appreciation of biodiversity is not restricted to the industrialized world.
Learning from Synthetic Data Using a Stacked Multichannel Autoencoder

Learning from synthetic data has many important and practical applications, An example of application is photo-sketch recognition. Using synthetic data is challenging due to the differences in feature distributions between synthetic and real data, a phenomenon we term synthetic gap. In this paper, we investigate and formalize a general framework -- Stacked Multichannel Autoencoder (SMCAE) that enables bridging the synthetic gap and learning from synthetic data more efficiently. In particular, we show that our SMCAE can not only transform and use synthetic data on the challenging face-sketch recognition task, but that it can also help simulate real images, which can be used for training classifiers for recognition. Preliminary experiments validate the effectiveness of the framework.
China's Development of Language Policy for "Subjectivity with Diversity"

The essay writer attempts to describe the development of Chinese language policy since late half a century from the the perspectives of subjectivity and diversity.By subjectivity policy,it refers to universal mandarin promoted nationwide as stipulated by the Constitution;by diversity policy,it refers to the freedom of ethnic minorities to use and develop their own languages as stipulated by the Constitution.The two rules are general principles for Chinese language policy.In the foreseeable future,we should respect the development rule of language,dialectical unification between subjectivity and diversity as a stance for our language policy.While playing a leading role by national universal language,we should handle well ethnic-minority languages,local dialects,Chinese complex script and foreign-language application on the law to serve for different purposes and protect ethnic-minority languages scientifically so that harmony between community,language and life.
Molecular and Cellular Pathobiology the C-jun Nh 2 -terminal Kinase 2 Plays a Dominant Role in Human Epidermal Neoplasia

The c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. It is unclear how different JNK proteins contribute to human cancer. Here, we report that JNK2 is activated in more than 70% of human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) samples and that inhibition of JNK2 pharmacologically or genetically impairs tumorigenesis of human SCC cells. Most importantly, JNK2, but not JNK1, is sufficient to couple with oncogenic Ras to transform primary human epidermal cells into malig-nancy with features of SCC. JNK2 prevents Ras-induced cell senescence and growth arrest by reducing the expression levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p16 and the activation of NF-κB. On the other hand, JNK, along with phosphoinositide 3-kinase, is essential for Ras-induced glycolysis, an energy-producing process known to benefit cancer growth. These data indicate that JNK2 collaborates with other oncogenes, such as Ras, at multiple molecular levels to promote tumorigenesis and hence represents a promising therapeutic target for cancer.
Effect of private versus emergency medical systems transportation in motor vehicle accident victims: Trauma Center Experience in Saudi Arabia

Objective: To assess the effect of the mode of transportation of trauma patients (emergency medical service [EMS] vs. non-EMS) on their final clinical outcome in terms of mortality and length of hospital stay. Materials And Methods: A retrospective study included all patients who were involved in motor vehicle crashes, and who were transferred immediately to an emergency department of a trauma care center from December 2008 to December 2012. Patients were classified into two groups: those brought through EMS and those brought by non-EMS (private transport). Information on demographic characteristics including age and gender was recorded and medical data such as blood pressure, pulse, oxygen saturation, temperature, initial Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), saturation, temperature, initial Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), injury severity score (ISS), and final outcome (discharged or expired) were obtained. Descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation (SD) were computed for continuous variables and statistical significance was tested by t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test. Categorical variables were described by frequency distribution and percentages; Chi-square or Fisher′s exact test as appropriate were employed to test for statistical significance. Logistics regression was performed with mortality as dependent variable and mode of transport and all demographic and prehospital variables as independent variables. A general linear model analysis was performed to test whether the mode of transport was significant to length of hospital stay in EMS and non-EMS clients. Results: Out of 308 patients identified during the study period, 232 were transported through EMS and 76 through non-EMS. The two groups were similar with regard to mortality and length of stay. The crude mortality rate was 30.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24.64-36.53) in the EMS group and 28.9% (95% CI: 18.44-38.76) in the non-EMS group (p = 0.785). The average length of hospital stay was 9 days (interquartile range [IQR] = 8, 95% CI: 7.3-10.1) for the EMS group and 8 days (IQR = 9.5, 95% CI: 6.7-10.9) for the non-EMS group (p = 0.803). Multivariate analysis showed that of the study variables, only the injury severity score (ISS) and Glasgow coma score (GCS) were significant to mortality (p < 0.01), and GCS was more significant to the length of hospital stay (p < 0.01). Conclusions: There was no significant difference between the EMS and non-EMS groups as they relate to mortality and length of stay in hospital. However, the mortality and length of hospital stay was statistically significant to ISS and GCS.
MR sialography in patients with Sjögren syndrome.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MR sialography of the parotid gland ducts in the diagnosis and staging of Sjögren syndrome. METHODS MR imaging was performed on a 1.5-T unit with a neck phased-array coil. MR sialographic source images were obtained using a heavily T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequence with spectral fat suppression. All images were analyzed on the basis of maximum intensity projection reconstruction. Five healthy control subjects and 51 patients with definite Sjögren syndrome (43 with primary disease and eight with secondary disease) were examined with MR sialography. A labial gland biopsy was performed in all patients and histopathologic grading was done by means of focal scores. The findings of MR sialography were compared with the results of labial gland biopsy to determine the effectiveness of the technique in the diagnosis and staging of Sjögren syndrome. RESULTS In all five control subjects, the main duct and the primary branching ducts of the parotid glands were clearly visible on MR sialographic images. In patients with Sjögren syndrome, a punctate, globular, cavitary, or destructive appearance was well seen within the parotid glands. Findings obtained at MR sialography correlated well with the results of labial gland biopsy. CONCLUSION MR sialography has the potential to produce diagnostic findings in the parotid gland ducts of patients with Sjögren syndrome. Our results suggest that this method will augment and possibly replace X-ray sialography.
Cholinergic Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease Enhance in Vitro Dopamine Release

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with a decline in cognitive abilities. Patients also frequently have noncognitive symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, apathy, and psychosis, that impair daily living. The most commonly prescribed treatments for Alzheimer's disease are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil (Aricept; Eisai Inc., Teaneck, NJ) and galantamine (Reminyl; Janssen Pharmaceutica Products, Titusville, NJ). Enhanced cholinergic functions caused by these compounds are believed to underlie improvements in learning, memory, and attention. The noncognitive aspects of dementia, however, are usually linked to serotonin and dopamine rather than acetylcholine because those neurotransmitter systems most directly influence mood, emotional balance, and psychosis. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry applied to mouse striatal brain slices was used to measure the real-time release of dopamine arising from spontaneous activity or from single electrical stimulations. At concentrations that include their prescribed dosage ranges, donepezil (1–1000 nM) and galantamine (50–1000 nM) increase action potential-dependent dopamine release. Consistent with previous literature, the data support slightly different modes of action for donepezil and galantamine. The ability of these commonly prescribed drugs to alter catecholamine release may underlie their influence over noncognitive symptoms of dementia. Furthermore, these results suggest that acting via nicotinic receptors, these drugs may serve presently untapped therapeutic roles by altering dopamine release in other disorders involving dopaminergic systems.
SSQSA architecture

The aim of this paper is to describe architecture of the software system called Set of Software Quality Static Analyzers (SSQSA). The main aim of SSQSA is to provide some static software analyzers to ensure, check, and consequently increase, the quality of software products. Its main characteristic is the language independency which makes it more usable than many other similar systems.
Restorative justice in cases of sexual violence

This study aimed to fill a gap in the debate regarding the application of restorative justice (RJ) conferencing to sexual offences. This gap is currently characterized by absence of views expressed by survivors of sexual violence (Wager, 2013). The debate has largely occurred in an ‘empirical vacuum’ (McGlynn et al., 2012) and without the necessary consultation. This study consisted of a web-based survey of 121 community members, 40 of whom identified themselves as survivors of sexual violence. The findings indicate that both survivors and non-survivors of sexual violence express positive attitudes towards the use of restorative justice in these cases.