Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting leisure time physical activity in Finnish school students : a longitudinal study of the trans-contextual model

Maiken Rømer Hansen. 2018. Predicting Leisure Time Physical Activity in Finnish School Students. A Longitudinal Study on The Trans-Contextual Model. Master’s Thesis in Sport and Exercise Psychology. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences. University of Jyväskylä. 74pp. Considering the consequences of inactivity among children, a central question is how to motivate them to become more physically active. The trans-contextual model (TCM) explains how autonomy support in one context lead to autonomous forms of motivation in the same context which can then transfer to other contexts. There is considerable research demonstrating links between autonomy supportive environment and student autonomous motivation and adaptive outcomes in class. However, comparatively less research has focused on the role of autonomy support in PE setting on children’s behavior outside of school and no other studies have investigated the effect of time of the TCM variables. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of time on the motivational sequence of the TCM. Participants were 277 students aged 12-16 years from two Finnish secondary schools. Scales based on the Perceived Locus of Causality Questionnaire and the Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire, and self-reported PA level were distributed wice 4 weeks apart. Data were analyzed using SPSS for correlations and regression analysis of the change score variables calculated as the results from time 1 subtracted from results from time 2. Results showed only minor changes between the two time points. In general, relatively low R squared values of the change score variables were found, with the strongest predictor variable being change in autonomous motivation in leisure time (LT) explaining 15% of the variance in change in intention. Especially interesting for the TCM, change in autonomous motivation in class explained 13% of the variance in change in autonomous motivation in LT. In conclusion, results supported the hypotheses demonstrating the TCM ́s efficacy in explaining variance in model variables. Future research implementing an intervention is needed to obtain a more complete understanding of the motivational sequence proposed by the model and the effect of autonomy support in PE on LT PA participation.
A Comparison among some Models of V 1 Orientation Selectivity

Several models exist for explaining V1 orientation tuning. The modified feedforward model (MFM) and the recurrent model (RM) are major examples. We have implemented, at the same level of detail, these two models alongside a few newer variations, and thoroughly compared their receptive-field structures. We found that anti-phase inhibition in the MFM enhances both spatial phase information and orientation tuning, producing well-tuned simple cells. This remains true for a newer version of the MFM that incorporates un-tuned complex-cell inhibition. In contrast, when the recurrent connections in the RM are strong enough to produce typical V1 orientation tuning, they also eliminate spatial phase information, making the cells complex. Introducing phase-specificity into the connections of the RM (as done in an original version of the RM) can make the cells phase sensitive, but the cells show an incorrect 90° peak-shift of orientation tuning under opposite contrast signs. An inhibition-dominant version of the RM can generate well-tuned cells across the simple/complex spectrum, but it predicts that the net effect of cortical interactions is to suppress feedforward excitation across all orientations in simple cells. Finally, adding anti-phase inhibition used in the MFM into the RM produces a most general model. We call this new model the modified recurrent model (MRM) and show that this model can also produce well-tuned cells throughout the simple/complex spectrum. Unlike the inhibition-dominant RM, the MRM is consistent with data from cat V1 suggesting that the net effect of cortical interactions is to boost simple cell responses at the preferred orientation. These results suggest that the MFM is well suited for explaining orientation tuning in simple cells, whereas the standard RM is for complex cells. The assignment of the RM to complex cells also avoids conflicts 3 between the RM and the experiments of cortical inactivation (done on simple cells) and the spatial-frequency dependence of orientation tuning (found in simple cells). Since orientation-tuned V1 cells show a continuum of simple-to complex-cell behavior, the MRM provides the best description of V1 data.
Using Centrality Measures to Predict Helpfulness-Based Reputation in Trust Networks

In collaborative Web-based platforms, user reputation scores are generally computed according to two orthogonal perspectives: (a) helpfulness-based reputation (HBR) scores and (b) centrality-based reputation (CBR) scores. In HBR approaches, the most reputable users are those who post the most helpful reviews according to the opinion of the members of their community. In CBR approaches, a “who-trusts-whom” network—known as a trust network—is available and the most reputable users occupy the most central position in the trust network, according to some definition of centrality. The identification of users featuring large HBR scores is one of the most important research issue in the field of Social Networks, and it is a critical success factor of many Web-based platforms like e-marketplaces, product review Web sites, and question-and-answering systems. Unfortunately, user reviews/ratings are often sparse, and this makes the calculation of HBR scores inaccurate. In contrast, CBR scores are relatively easy to calculate provided that the topology of the trust network is known. In this article, we investigate if CBR scores are effective to predict HBR ones, and, to perform our study, we used real-life datasets extracted from CIAO and Epinions (two product review Web sites) and Wikipedia and applied five popular centrality measures—Degree Centrality, Closeness Centrality, Betweenness Centrality, PageRank and Eigenvector Centrality—to calculate CBR scores. Our analysis provides a positive answer to our research question: CBR scores allow for predicting HBR ones and Eigenvector Centrality was found to be the most important predictor. Our findings prove that we can leverage trust relationships to spot those users producing the most helpful reviews for the whole community.
Virial scaling of galaxies in clusters: bright to faint is cool to hot

By combining galaxy tracers from high-resolution N-body and hydrodynamical simulations, we present a consistent picture of the behaviour of galaxy velocities in massive clusters. In haloes above ~ 10^14 Msun, the brightest satellite galaxies are slightly cooler compared to the dark matter, while fainter satellites are hotter. Within the virial radius of a cluster, the mean velocity dispersion based on the 100 brightest galaxies is a factor of 1.065 +/- 0.005 (stat) +/- 0.027 (sys) higher than that of the dark matter (corresponding to a ~10-15 per cent bias in the dynamical mass estimate) while that based on only the five brightest galaxies is 0.868 +/- 0.039 (stat) +/- 0.035 (sys). These trends are approximately independent of redshift. The velocity structure is sensitive to the modelling of galaxies in clusters, indicative of the complex interplay of tidal stripping, dynamical friction, and merging. Velocity dispersions derived from instantaneous subhalo properties are larger than those employing either peak subhalo properties or hydrodynamical galaxy tracers. The latter two methods are consistent, implying that stacked spectroscopic analysis of cluster samples should, after correction for projection, show a trend towards slightly higher velocities when fainter galaxies are included, with an unbiased measure of dark matter velocity dispersion coming from approximately 30 galaxies per cluster. We show evidence that the velocity distribution function of bright galaxies near the cluster centre has a low-velocity tail due to strong dynamical friction.
Optimal Fault-Tolerant Path-Tracking Control for 4WS4WD Electric Vehicles

This paper investigates the path-tracking problem for four-wheel-steering and four-wheel-driving electric vehicles with input constraints, actuator faults, and external resistance. A hybrid fault-tolerant control approach, which combines the linear-quadratic control method and the control Lyapunov function technique, is proposed. It not only maintains the vehicle's tracking performance in spite of faults, input constraints, and external resistance but also reduces the cost of the fault-tolerant process. A prototype vehicle from the Laboratoire d'Automatique, Ge¿nie Informatique et Signal (LAGIS), is particularly focused on illustrating the applicability of our approach.
Challenges and Assistive Technology during Typical Routines: Perspectives of Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Other Disabilities

ABSTRACT Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities can face challenges during typical daily routines. Assistive technology can be used to address the problems encountered during typical routines, yet the competence of caregivers of children with these disabilities in using assistive technology varies. This study was designed to explore Saudi Arabian caregivers’ perceptions about problematic typical daily routines. Caregivers of children with these disabilities were surveyed about the problems they encountered with typical routines, the solutions they found to the problems, the assistive technology they used in the solutions, and their training in and feelings of competence about using assistive technology. Caregivers experienced problems in playing, bathing, and mealtime routines and some found solutions using assistive technology. Over one-third of the caregivers did not feel at all competent in using assistive technology. Suggestions for future research as well as training and development for caregivers are provided.
On the Cosmic Origins of Carbon and Nitrogen

We analyze the behavior of N/O and C/O abundance ratios as a function of metallicity as gauged by O/H in large, extant Galactic and extragalactic H II region abundance samples. We compile and compare published yields of C, N, and O for intermediate mass and massive stars and choose appropriate yield sets based on analytical chemical evolution models fitted to the abundance data. We then use these yields to compute numerical chemical evolution models that satisfactorily reproduce the observed abundance trends and thereby identify the most likely production sites for carbon and nitrogen. Our results suggest that carbon and nitrogen originate from separate production sites and are decoupled from one another. Massive stars (M > 8 M☉) dominate the production of carbon, while intermediate-mass stars between 4 and 8 M☉, with a characteristic lag time of roughly 250 Myr following their formation, dominate nitrogen production. Carbon production is positively sensitive to metallicity through mass-loss processes in massive stars and has a pseudo-secondary character. Nitrogen production in intermediate mass stars is primary at low metallicity, but when 12 + log(O/H) > 8.3, secondary nitrogen becomes prominent, and nitrogen increases at a faster rate than oxygen—indeed, the dependence is steeper than would be formally expected for a secondary element. The observed flat behavior of N/O versus O/H in metal-poor galaxies is explained by invoking low star formation rates that flatten the age-metallicity relation and allow N/O to rise to observed levels at low metallicities. The observed scatter and distribution of data points for N/O challenge the popular idea that observed intermittent polluting by oxygen is occurring from massive stars following star bursts. Rather, we find most points cluster at relatively low N/O values, indicating that scatter is caused by intermittent increases in nitrogen caused by local contamination by Wolf-Rayet stars or luminous blue variables. In addition, the effect of inflow of gas into galactic systems on secondary production of nitrogen from carbon may introduce some scatter into N/O ratios at high metallicities.
THE EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURE AND AN ANTIMITOTIC DRUG ON THE CONTENT AND THE LOCALIZATION OF Ca 2 +-BINDING PROTEINS OF THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM IN WHEAT

The effects of low temperature (3°C, 7 days) and the anti-microtubule drug, oryzalin, on the content and organization of reticuloplasmins (Ca2+-binding marker proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum) in winter wheat seedlings were studied. For identification and visualization of reticuloplasmins, one-dimensional SDS-PAGE with subsequent western blotting and indirect fluorescent microscopy were applied. We used polyclonal HSP70 and CRH antibodies against BiP and calreticulin (Cal), respectively. On immunoblots, the brightest bands corresponded to polypeptides with mol wts of 58 kD (calreticulin) and 79 kD (BiP). The content of calreticulins in roots was shown to be higher than in leaves. Cold acclimation enhanced the concentration of calreticulins and BiP in cells. Oryzalin (10 μM, treatment for 3 h) did not affect on the level of reticuloplasmins in roots of non-hardened and cold hardened plants. However, both oryzalin and low-temperature treatments resulted in the accumulation of reticuloplasmins in the two spherical structures in the vicinity of the plasmalemma and nuclear envelope. After the combined action of oryzalin and low temperature, the cortical sphere of BiP proteins was shifted into the endoplasm, and calreticulins appeared in the nuclear matrix. We believe that these changes in reticuloplasmin localization are related to the rearrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum determined by the cytoskeleton modification. They result in the improved capacity of reticuloplasmins to control Ca2+ behavior and/or to function as chaperones. The results obtained permit the conclusion that cytoskeletal proteins
YB-1, the E2F pathway, and regulation of tumor cell growth.

BACKGROUND Y-box binding factor 1 (YB-1) has been associated with prognosis in many tumor types. Reduced YB-1 expression inhibits tumor cell growth, but the mechanism is unclear. METHODS YB-1 mRNA levels were compared with tumor grade and histology using microarray data from 771 breast cancer patients and with disease-free survival and distant metastasis-free survival using data from 375 of those patients who did not receive adjuvant therapy. Microarrays were further searched for genes that had correlated expression with YB-1 mRNA. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to study the effects of reduced YB-1 expression on growth of three tumor cell lines (MCF-7 breast, HCT116 colon, and A549 lung cancer cells), on tumorigenesis by A549 cells in nude mice, and on global transcription in the three cancer cell lines. Reporter gene assays were used to determine whether YB-1 siRNAs affected the expression of E2F1, and chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to determine whether YB-1 bound to various E2F promoters as well as E2F1-regulated promoters. All P values were from two-sided tests. RESULTS YB-1 levels were elevated in more aggressive tumors and were strongly associated with poor disease-free survival and distant metastasis-free survival. YB-1 expression was often associated with the expression of genes with E2F sites in their promoters. Cells expressing YB-1 siRNA grew substantially more slowly than control cells and formed tumors less readily in nude mice. Transcripts that were altered in cancer cell lines with YB-1 siRNA included 32 genes that are components of prognostic gene expression signatures. YB-1 regulated expression of an E2F1 promoter-reporter construct in A549 cells (eg, relative E2F1 promoter activity with control siRNA = 4.04; with YB-1 siRNA = 1.40, difference= -2.64, 95% confidence interval = -3.57 to -1.71, P < .001) and bound to the promoters of several well-defined E2F1 target genes. CONCLUSION YB-1 expression is associated with the activity of E2F transcription factors and may control tumor cell growth by this mechanism.
Binding of scorpion toxin to receptor sites associated with sodium channels in frog muscle. Correlation of voltage-dependent binding with activation

Purified scorpion toxin (Leiurus quinquestriatus) slows inactivation of sodium channels in frog muscle at concentrations in the range of 17-170 nM. Mono[125I]iodo scorpion toxin binds to a single class of sites in frog sartorius muscle with a dissociation constant of 14 nM and a binding capacity of 13 fmol/mg wet weight. Specific binding is inhibited more than 90% by 3 microM sea anemone toxin II and by depolarization with 165 mM K+. Half-maximal inhibition of binding is observed on depolarization to -41 mV. The voltage dependence of scorpion toxin binding is correlated with the voltage dependence of activation of sodium channels. Removal of calcium from the bathing medium shifts both activation and inhibition of scorpion toxin binding to more negative membrane potentials. The results are considered in terms of the hypothesis that activation of sodium channels causes a conformational change in the scorpion toxin receptor site resulting in reduced affinity for scorpion toxin.
Incremental projection learning in the presence of noise

In many practical situations in neural network learning, training data is supplied one by one. Therefore, it is important to consider to add new training data to neural networks in order to further improve their generalization capability. In this paper, a method of incremental projection learning in the presence of noise is presented. The proposed method provides exactly the same learning result as that obtained by b a t c h projection learning. By using the method, a criterion for redundancy of an additional datum is derived, and the relationship between a prior and a posterior learning results is studied. Moreover, a simple form of incremental projection learning under certain conditions is given. Finally, the eec-tive of the proposed method is demonstrated through computer simulations.producing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS).
Genetic Ancestry-Smoking Interactions and Lung Function in African Americans: A Cohort Study

Background Smoking tobacco reduces lung function. African Americans have both lower lung function and decreased metabolism of tobacco smoke compared to European Americans. African ancestry is also associated with lower pulmonary function in African Americans. We aimed to determine whether African ancestry modifies the association between smoking and lung function and its rate of decline in African Americans. Methodology/Principal Findings We evaluated a prospective ongoing cohort of 1,281 African Americans participating in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study initiated in 1997. We also examined an ongoing prospective cohort initiated in 1985 of 1,223 African Americans in the Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Pulmonary function and tobacco smoking exposure were measured at baseline and repeatedly over the follow-up period. Individual genetic ancestry proportions were estimated using ancestry informative markers selected to distinguish European and West African ancestry. African Americans with a high proportion of African ancestry had lower baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) per pack-year of smoking (−5.7 ml FEV1/ smoking pack-year) compared with smokers with lower African ancestry (−4.6 ml in FEV1/ smoking pack-year) (interaction P value = 0.17). Longitudinal analyses revealed a suggestive interaction between smoking, and African ancestry on the rate of FEV1 decline in Health ABC and independently replicated in CARDIA. Conclusions/Significance African American individuals with a high proportion of African ancestry are at greater risk for losing lung function while smoking.
The conditional CAPM and the cross section of expected returns : evidence for the Canadian market

In this study we test a conditional version of the CAPM, proposed by Jagannathan and Wang (1996), that allows betas (Ý) to vary over time as proxied by the yield spread between three-month Prime Corporate Paper and the three-month T-Bill rate ([Special characters omitted.] ). The model also includes a measure of the sensitivity of human capital to the market Ý as proxied by the lagged return on Total Labor Income ([Special characters omitted.] ), and SIZE (log of share price times number of shares outstanding) as explanatory variables. Our objective is twofold: (a) to test this model's ability to better explain the cross-sectional variation of monthly returns on 25 SIZE - and beta -sorted portfolios of Canadian common stocks over the period from June 1965 to December 1992 (330 months); and (b) to compare the performance of this conditional CAPM with the unconditional CAPM (SLB model). For portfolio formation, we use a methodology similar to Fama and French (1992). For the estimation procedure, we use the two-step approach of Fama and MacBeth (1973) as well as the more powerful GLS time-series cross-sectional estimation approach. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Testing for high-dimensional white noise using maximum cross-correlations

SUMMARY We propose a new omnibus test for vector white noise using the maximum absolute autocorrelations and cross-correlations of the component series. Based on an approximation by the $L_\infty$-norm of a normal random vector, the critical value of the test can be evaluated by bootstrapping from a multivariate normal distribution. In contrast to the conventional white noise test, the new method is proved to be valid for testing departure from white noise that is not independent and identically distributed. We illustrate the accuracy and the power of the proposed test by simulation, which also shows that the new test outperforms several commonly used methods, including the Lagrange multiplier test and the multivariate Box–Pierce portmanteau tests, especially when the dimension of the time series is high in relation to the sample size. The numerical results also indicate that the performance of the new test can be further enhanced when it is applied to pre-transformed data obtained via the time series principal component analysis proposed by J. Chang, B. Guo and Q. Yao (arXiv:1410.2323). The proposed procedures have been implemented in an R package.
A VERY COMPACT DENSE GALAXY OVERDENSITY WITH δ ≃ 130 IDENTIFIED AT z ∼ 8: IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY PROTOCLUSTER AND CLUSTER CORE FORMATION

We report the first identification of a compact dense galaxy overdensity at z ∼ 8 called A2744z8OD. A2744z8OD consists of eight Y-dropout galaxies behind Abell 2744 that were originally pinpointed by Hubble Frontier Fields studies. However, so far, no studies have derived the basic physical quantities of structure formation or made comparisons with theoretical models. We obtain a homogeneous sample of dropout galaxies at z ∼ 8 from eight field data of Hubble legacy images that are as deep as the A2744z8OD data. Using the sample, we find that a galaxy surface overdensity value of A2744z8OD is very high δ ≃ 130 , where δ is defined by an overdensity in a small circle of 6″ ( ≃ 30 physical kiloparsecs) radius. Because there is no such large δ value reported for high-z overdensities to date, A2744z8OD is a system that is clearly different from those found in previous high-z overdensity studies. In the galaxy+structure formation models of Henriques et al., there exists a very similar overdensity, Modelz8OD, that is made of eight model dropout galaxies at z ∼ 8 in a 6″ radius circle. Modelz8OD is a progenitor of a today’s 10 14 M ⊙ cluster, and more than half of the seven Modelz8OD galaxies are merged into the brightest cluster galaxy of the cluster. If Modelz8OD is a counterpart to A2744z8OD, the models suggest that A2744z8OD would be part of a cluster core forming from a 10 14 M ⊙ cluster that began star formation at z > 12 .