Complication of Type 1 Diabetes in Craniofacial and Dental Hard Tissue

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic systemic disease arisen under the conditions when the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot use it effectively. Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction, where the body’s defense system attacks the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes incidence has been rising all over the world, especially under the age of 15 years. There are strong premonitions of geographic difference; however, the overall annual increase in a number of affected population is estimated to be approximately 3%. Under these circumstances, detailed understanding of the influence of type 1 diabetes on various organs is integrant. The systematic diseases have been seen to have a considerable effect on bone. As such, diabetes also exerts some degree of influence on bone in general. Hyperglycemia or impaired glucose metabolism has a number of detrimental effects on bone metabolism; for example, it is well documented that bone mass decreases and rate of bone fracture risk increases in type 1 diabetes patients. Nonetheless, there are few reports describing the influence of type 1 diabetes on hard tissue in craniofacial region. From a dental clinical perspective, uncontrolled diabetic condition is thought to be one of the main causative factors of increased risk of inflammation and dental caries that lead to tooth loss and may also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease or preterm birth. However, there are only few reports focusing on type 1 diabetes complication in oral and maxillofacial region. Thus, in this chapter, we summarize the complication of type 1 diabetes in craniofacial hard tissue. Based on our previous data, type 1 diabetes lead to the retardant effects in cranium, mandible, and teeth during early growth period. This information is of critical importance not only for the better understanding 1 diabetes complication jaw or teeth but also development of efficient treatment and prevention of oral diseases in type 1 diabetes patients. group compared to controls in all three dimensions. The previous study investigated the DM effect exclusively on the growth of risks may complicate the outcome of orthodontic treatment which is associated with less ability of orthodontic patients to implement proper oral hygiene measures due to increased areas of bacterial biofilm formation around orthodontic brackets. These comprehensive studies carried out on bone and craniofacial growth suggest that planning the treatment in craniofacial region for patients affected with hormonal disorders is more complex procedure than the treatment of normal patients. Up-to-date data also suggest that it is of prime importance to keep close attention to the general systemic condition of these patients and administer the proper hormonal therapy for these patients when needed to avoid any detrimental effects on bone resulting from any hormonal imbalance. Moreover, the results of tooth analysis in experimen‐ tal type 1 diabetes model showed that the type 1 diabetes condition suppressed the enamel and dentine formation; however, the enamel and dentine densities were not affected. This indicates that diabetic patients may be more susceptible to dental caries and teeth size discrepancies. Type 1 diabetes patients’ dental problems should be handled carefully, and their diabetic condition monitoring is of prime importance, especially during early stage of tooth development.