Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Complex Nature of Unique and Shared Effects in Hierarchical Linear Regression : Implications for Developmental Psychology

Hierarchical linear regression and related techniques, such as commonality analysis, path analysis, and linear structural equation models with mediator variables, are often used to determine the extent to which the influence of an exogenous variable on a dependent variable, A, is "unique" to this exogenous variable, or "shared with" another predictor variable, B. The authors formally show that shared and unique effects are related to the partial correlation between A and B controlling for the exogenous variable. We discuss the implications of this property of hierarchical linear regression with a special consideration of the role of chronological age in developmental psychology and warn against the uncritical use of hierarchical linear regression procedures.
Entanglement Structure in Expanding Universes

We investigate entanglement of a quantum field in de Sitter spacetime using a particle detector model. By considering the entanglement between two comoving detectors interacting with a scalar field, it is possible to detect the entanglement of the scalar field by swapping it to detectors. For the massless minimal scalar field, we find that the entanglement between the detectors cannot be detected when their physical separation exceeds the Hubble horizon scale. This behavior supports the appearance of the classical nature of quantum fluctuations generated during the inflationary era.
Identification of eight novel mutations and transcript analysis of two splicing mutations in Chinese newborns with MCC deficiency

3‐Methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase (MCC) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inborn error of leucine metabolism, caused by mutations in either MCCC1 or MCCC2 gene. We identified eight novel mutations of MCCC1 or MCCC2 in six Chinese newborns screened by tandem mass spectrometry. Transcript analysis revealed that the novel splice mutation c.639+5G>T produced a normal transcript and a transcript of exon 6 skipping which led to truncated MCCC1 protein. The remaining seven novel mutations may cause structure damage and dysfunction of MCC as predicted by in silico analysis. In conclusion, our study expands the spectrum of mutations found in MCCC1 and MCCC2 and provides a rough prevalence of 1 of 68,333 in Chinese population. Although the affected patients remained asymptomatic during follow‐up, we hold the view that early detection through newborn screening, early intervention and follow‐up may provide an important guidance to prevent subsequent metabolic disorders and deal with crisis later in life.
WiTraffic: Low-Cost and Non-Intrusive Traffic Monitoring System Using WiFi

The traffic monitoring system is an imperative tool for traffic analysis and transportation planning. In this paper, we present WiTraffic: the first WiFi-based traffic monitoring system. Compared with existing solutions, it is non-intrusive, cost- effective, and easy-to-deploy. Unique WiFi Channel State Information (CSI) patterns of passing vehicles are captured and analyzed to effectively perform vehicle classification, lane detection, and speed estimation. A machine learning technique is adopted to train vehicle classification models and efficiently categorize vehicles. An Earth Mover's Distance (EMD)-based vehicle lane detection algorithm and vehicle speed estimation mechanism are proposed to further utilize WiFi CSI to identify the lane in which a vehicle is located and to estimate the vehicle speed. We implemented WiTraffic with off-the-shelf WiFi devices and performed real-world experiments with over a week of field data collection in both local roads and highways. The results show that the mean classification accuracy, lane detection accuracy for both local road and highway settings are around 96%, and 95%, respectively. The average root-mean- square error (RMSE) of the proposed CSI-based speed estimation method on a highway was 5mph in our experimental settings.
Seasonal-to-Interannual Variability of Ethiopia/Horn of Africa Monsoon. Part I: Associations of Wavelet-Filtered Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation and Global Sea Surface Temperature

Abstract Horn of Africa rainfall varies on multiple time scales, but the underlying climate system controls on this variability have not been examined comprehensively. This study therefore investigates the linkages between June–September Horn of Africa (especially Ethiopian) rainfall and regional atmospheric circulation and global sea surface temperature (SST) variations on several key time scales. Wavelet analysis of 5-day average or monthly total rainfall for 1970–99 identifies the dominant coherent modes of rainfall variability. Several regional atmospheric variables and global SST are then identically wavelet filtered, based on the rainfall frequency bands. Regression, correlation, and composite analyses are subsequently used to identify the most important rainfall–climate system time-scale relationships. The results show that Ethiopian monsoon rainfall variation is largely linked with annual time-scale atmospheric circulation patterns involving variability in the major components of the monsoon syste.
Feasibility and Reproducibility of Echo Planar Spectroscopic Imaging on the Quantification of Hepatic Fat

Objectives 1H-MRS is widely regarded as the most accurate noninvasive method to quantify hepatic fat content (HFC). When practical period of breath holding, and acquisition of HFC over multiple liver areas is considered, a fast MR spectroscopic imaging technique is desired. The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility and reproducibility of echo planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) on the quantification of HFC in subject with various HFCs. Methods Twenty two volunteers were examined in a 3T MR system. The acquisition time of proposed EPSI protocol was 18 seconds. The EPSI scans were repeated 8 times for each subject to test reproducibility. The peak of water and individual peaks of fat including methyl, methylene, and allylic peaks at 0.9, 1.3, and 2.0 ppm were fitted. Calculated amount of water and fat content were corrected for T2 relaxation. The total HFC was defined as the combination of individual peaks. Standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variance (COV) and fitting reliability of HFC quantified by LCModel were calculated. Results Our results show that the SDs of total HFC for all subjects are less than 2.5%. Fitting reliability is mostly under 10% and positively correlates with COV. Subjects separated into three subgroups according to quantified total HFC show that improved fitting reliability and reproducibility can be achieved on subjects with higher total HFC. Conclusions We have demonstrated feasibility of the proposed EPSI protocols on the quantification of HFC over a whole slice of liver with scan time in a single breath hold.
Three Sets of Weight Training Superior to 1 Set With Equal Intensity for Eliciting Strength

The purpose of this study was to compare single and multiple sets of weight training for strength gains in recreation-ally trained individuals. Sixteen men (age = 21 ± 2.0) were randomly assigned to 1 set (S-1; n = 8) or 3 set (S-3; n = 8) groups and trained 3 days per week for 12 weeks. One repetition maximum (1RM) was recorded for bench press and leg press at pre-, mid-, and posttest. Subjects trained according to daily undulating periodization (DUP), involving the bench press and leg press exercises between 4RM and 8RM. Training intensity was equated for both groups. Analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed statistically significant differences favoring S-3 in the leg press (p < 0.05, effect size [ES] = 6.5) and differences approaching significance in the bench press (p = 0.07, ES = 2.3). The results demonstrate that for recreationally trained individuals using DUP training, 3 sets of training are superior to 1 set for eliciting maximal strength gains.
Bacterial colonization increases daily symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

RATIONALE Respiratory pathogens are frequently isolated from the airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the absence of an exacerbation. This bacterial "colonization" by potential pathogens is associated with host inflammatory and immune responses, which could increase respiratory symptoms. OBJECTIVES To study whether bacterial colonization impacts daily respiratory symptoms in COPD. METHODS In a longitudinal prospective observational study of COPD, patients recorded daily symptoms electronically on the Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale (BCSS). Sputum cultures and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed every 2 weeks. The relationship of BCSS and bacterial colonization was analyzed with generalized linear mixed effects models, after controlling for exacerbations, weather conditions, lung function, and demographic variables. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 41 patients recorded daily symptoms for 12,527 days. The average BCSS score was higher during the periods of colonization, determined by sputum culture with one or more of the following pathogens: nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compared to periods without colonization (5.28 vs. 4.46; P = 0.008) after controlling for confounding variables. The finding did not change when colonization was defined by quantitative PCR (average BCSS, 4.77 vs. 4.25; P = 0.006). Sputum IL-8 levels were elevated with bacterial colonization. CONCLUSIONS Even in the absence of clinical exacerbation, colonization by bacterial pathogens in COPD was associated with a clinically significant moderate increase in daily symptoms, likely mediated by increased airway inflammation. Novel therapies that decrease bacterial colonization in COPD could improve daily symptoms and quality of life.
Synoptic Influences on Snow Accumulation on Glaciers East and West of a Topographic Divide: Southern Alps, New Zealand

Abstract Understanding relationships between snow accumulation and synoptic climatology is important for assessing the way in which future climate variability will impact on glacier mass balance. However, few studies have as yet examined these relationships. Variability in snow accumulation on mid-latitude glaciers is strongly influenced by atmospheric circulation, orography, and redistribution of snow by wind. Very little is known about these processes in the New Zealand Southern Alps, where it is assumed that west-facing glaciers receive higher snow totals. However, few measurements are available to test this hypothesis. These processes were investigated over a 21-day period in winter 2008 on glaciers located west (Franz Josef Glacier) and east (Tasman Glacier) of the Main Divide of the Southern Alps. We directly measured snow accumulation and considered how it was affected by synoptic weather regime and location with respect to the Main Divide. Both glaciers received ∼75% of their snowfall during troughing regimes, which are characterized by strong westerly quadrant winds bringing humid air masses from the Tasman Sea over the Southern Alps. The Franz Josef Glacier site received ∼30% more snow than the Tasman Glacier site, but wind deflation meant that by the end of the study period, net snow accumulation was similar at both sites. Blocking synoptic regimes resulted in a reversal of prevailing westerly flow, generating strong downslope winds at Franz Josef Glacier and snow loss.
Evaluation of interleukin-1β and 8 in gutka chewers with periodontitis among a rural Indian population

Purpose Smokeless tobacco-based oral-use products like gutka are popular in India. Gutka usage leads to increased periodontal destruction and inflammation; however, the relevant mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of gutka in periodontitis by examining its effect on the levels of interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-8 from the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Methods A total of 45 patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty patients with periodontitis (15 gutka chewers [GCP] and 15 nongutka chewers [NGC]) and 15 periodontally healthy controls (HC) were selected. The full-mouth plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and recession (RC) were recorded. The IL-1β and IL-8 levels in the GCF of all subjects were assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Quantikine). Results The IL-1β and IL-8 levels were not significantly higher in the GCP group (IL-1β, 369.01±273.44 µL; IL-8, 205.97±196.78 µL) as compared to those in the NGC group (IL-1β, 195.57±96.85 µL; IL-8, 178.61±149.35 µL). More gingival RC and loss of attachment was seen among the GCP group (RC: 2.02±0.31, P=0.013; CAL: 4.60±0.56, P<0.001) than among the NGC group (RC, 1.21±1.15; CAL, 3.70±0.32); however, PD was deeper among the NGC subjects (P=0.002). PI and GI were significantly higher for the periodontitis group (P<0.001) when compared to the HC, but there was no difference among gutka chewers and non-chewers (P=0.22 and P=0.89). A positive correlation was found between the IL-8 levels and the duration of gutka chewing (r=-0.64, P<0.01). Conclusions Gutka chewing leads to increased gingival RC and clinical loss of attachment. There was no effect seen in the proinflammatory cytokine levels in the GCF of gutka users. Graphical Abstract
Internal structure of a detachment horizon in the most external part of the Pyrenean fold and thrust belt (northern Spain)

Abstract The thick Eocene Cardona salt forms the detachment horizon of the most external part of the Pyrenean fold and thrust belt. This salt horizon forms the cores of anticlines and is intensively mined for potash. The study of the structure of the salt layer at three sites (Cabanasses, Súria-Shaft IV and Balsareny underground mines) reveals that the metric and decametric scale structures are consistent with deformation in a shear zone (detachment horizon) with a shear sense of top-to-the-south and not related to compressional or diapiric folding. A further study shows that these structures are later modified by larger wavelength folds and thrusts which have a surface expression. The total horizontal shortening in the two anticlines studied (Súria and El Guix) is a minimum of 750 m. All the folds developed in the detachment horizon have horizontal axes which are normal to the shear direction. This contrasts with folds developed in detachment horizons with intense shearing, where folds with axes parallel to shear direction are common.
Local Linear Convergence of ISTA and FISTA on the LASSO Problem

We use a model LASSO problem to analyze the convergence behavior of the ISTA and FISTA iterations, showing that both iterations satisfy local linear convergence rate bound when close enough to the solution. Using the observation that FISTA is an accelerated ISTA process, and a spectral analysis of the associated matrix operators, we show that FISTA's convergence rate can slow down as it proceeds, eventually becoming slower than ISTA. This observation leads to a proposed heuristic algorithm to take an ISTA step if it shows more progress compared to FISTA, as measured by the decrease in the objective function. We illustrate the results with some synthetic numerical examples.
Apparent loss of CFC‐113 in the upper ocean

We report and evaluate data of the chlorofluorocarbon CFC-113, in comparison with concurrent data for CFC-12, from cruises into the temperate North Atlantic, the tropical western Pacific, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Weddell Sea. We consistently find CFC-113 deficiencies in the warmer upper waters, which we interpret as CFC-113 depletion at rates of the order of 3% per year, with possibly accelerated rates in the mixed layer or near the surface. These results severely limit a tracer utility of CFC-113 in the warm upper waters of the ocean. Tracer applications in the deep waters of the ocean should be much less affected, since CFC-113 loss in such waters appears to be far slower. This also holds for the Eastern Mediterranean, despite its rather warm deep waters. For the Weddell Sea, the data indicate a CFC-113 deficiency (∼20%) in the shelf waters, which converts into a similar deficiency in newly formed deep and bottom water. Such CFC-113 deficiency has to be accounted for in Southern Ocean tracer work. Future work is proposed to study CFC-113 loss in the ocean in additional detail and to elucidate the loss mechanism(s), on which our data give little clue.
New Development in Greenhouse Technology can Mitigate the Water Shortage Problem of the 21st Century

The world's fresh accessible water situation is deteriorating at a dismal pace. Though the situation is already quite dramatic in Africa, the near future will bring us great problems in Asia as well, considering the pace at which the population is growing and the rise in water use per capita as the economy induces a raised demand. Agricultural consumption of fresh water is one of the main water uses world wide; however, it appears that protected cultivation of horticultural crops can alleviate the problem. Drip irrigation already reduces water use dramatically. However, novel high technological solutions in greenhouse production can lead the way to highly efficient water use production techniques. Adoption of more efficient water use techniques will contribute to sustainability, especially in highly populated urban areas. The novel Dutch technology of closed greenhouses could help develop water efficient production systems
GEOCHEMISTRY AND U-PB ZIRCON AGE OF THE INTERNAL OSSA-MORENA ZONE OPHIOLITE SEQUENCES: A REMNANT OF RHEIC OCEAN IN SW IBERIA

The Early Paleozoic geodynamic evolution in SW Iberia is believed to have been dominated by the opening of the Rheic Ocean. The Rheic Ocean is generally accepted to have resulted from the drift of peri-Gondwanan terranes such as Avalonia from the northern margin of Gondwana during Late CambrianEarly Ordovician times. The closure of the Rheic Ocean was the final result of a continent-continent collision between Gondwana and Laurussia that produced the Variscan orogen. The Ossa-Morena Zone is a peri-Gondwana terrane, which preserves spread fragments of ophiolites - the Internal Ossa-Morena Zones Ophiolite Sequences (IOMZOS). The final patchwork of the IOMZOS shows a complete oceanic lithospheric sequence with geochemical characteristics similar to the ocean-floor basalts, without any orogenic fingerprint and/or crustal contamination. The IOMZOS were obducted and imbricated with high pressure lithologies. Based on structural, petrological and whole-rock geochemical data, the authors argue that the IOMZOS represent fragments of the oceanic lithosphere from the Rheic Ocean. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb geochronological data on metagabbros point to an age of ca. 480 Ma for IOMZOS, providing evidence of a well-developed ocean in SW Iberia during this period, reinforcing the interpretation of the Rheic Ocean as a wide ocean among the peri-Gondwanan terranes during Early Ordovician times.
Comparison Of Features For DP-Matching Based Query-by-Humming System

In this paper, we compared three kinds of similarity measures for DP-matching based query-by-humming music retrieval experiments. First, a DP matching-based algorithm is formulated using the similarity between a deltaPitch of an input humming and that of a song in the database. Then the three similarities are introduced: distance-based similarity, quantization-based similarity and fuzzy quantization-based similarity. The three similarities are compared by experiments. From the experimental results, the distance-based one gave the best recall rate. In addition, we examined the combination of distance-based and fuzzy-quantization-based similarities. The experimental result showed that the recall rate was improved by the combination.
Tracking microseismic signals from the reservoir to surface

Since the launch of commercial microseismic mapping of hydraulic fracturing in the Barnett Shale in 2000, microseismic has become the de facto geophysical technique to characterize stimulated fracture networks in unconventional reservoirs. Effective stimulation of these resources through hydraulic stimulations along multiple intervals of horizontal wells is critical to economic production from tight and shale oil and gas resources. The inherent low permeability of these formations necessitates creation of permeable flow paths between the reservoir and wellbore through injection of high-pressure fluids. Microseismic observations over the last decade have led to a paradigm shift in our concept and engineering models of hydraulic fractures from simple, planar fractures to complex fracture networks controlled by the stress state and the existence of pre-existing fractures. Injected fluids in rock tend to follow the “path of least resistance” that minimizes the work done, preferentially growing into pre-existi.
Treat-to-target in systemic lupus erythematosus: recommendations from an international task force

The principle of treating-to-target has been successfully applied to many diseases outside rheumatology and more recently to rheumatoid arthritis. Identifying appropriate therapeutic targets and pursuing these systematically has led to improved care for patients with these diseases and useful guidance for healthcare providers and administrators. Thus, an initiative to evaluate possible therapeutic targets and develop treat-to-target guidance was believed to be highly appropriate in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients as well. Specialists in rheumatology, nephrology, dermatology, internal medicine and clinical immunology, and a patient representative, contributed to this initiative. The majority convened on three occasions in 2012–2013. Twelve topics of critical importance were identified and a systematic literature review was performed. The results were condensed and reformulated as recommendations, discussed, modified and voted upon. The finalised bullet points were analysed for degree of agreement among the task force. The Oxford Centre level of evidence (LoE, corresponding to the research questions) and grade of recommendation (GoR) were determined for each recommendation. The 12 systematic literature searches and their summaries led to 11 recommendations. Prominent features of these recommendations are targeting remission, preventing damage and improving quality of life. LoE and GoR of the recommendations were variable but agreement was >0.9 in each case. An extensive research agenda was identified, and four overarching principles were also agreed upon. Treat-to-target-in-SLE (T2T/SLE) recommendations were developed by a large task force of multispecialty experts and a patient representative. It is anticipated that ‘treating-to-target’ can and will be applicable to the care of patients with SLE.