Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High levels of ultraviolet radiation observed by ground-based instruments below the 2011 Arctic ozone hole

Abstract. Greatly increased levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation were observed at thirteen Arctic and sub-Arctic ground stations in the spring of 2011, when the ozone abundance in the Arctic stratosphere dropped to the lowest amounts on record. Measurements of the noontime UV Index (UVI) during the low-ozone episode exceeded the climatological mean by up to 77% at locations in the western Arctic (Alaska, Canada, Greenland) and by up to 161% in Scandinavia. The UVI measured at the end of March at the Scandinavian sites was comparable to that typically observed 15–60 days later in the year when solar elevations are much higher. The cumulative UV dose measured during the period of the ozone anomaly exceeded the climatological mean by more than two standard deviations at 11 sites. Enhancements beyond three standard deviations were observed at seven sites and increases beyond four standard deviations at two sites. At the western sites, the episode occurred in March, when the Sun was still low in the sky, limiting absolute UVI anomalies to less than 0.5 UVI units. At the Scandinavian sites, absolute UVI anomalies ranged between 1.0 and 2.2 UVI units. For example, at Finse, Norway, the noontime UVI on 30 March was 4.7, while the climatological UVI is 2.5. Although a UVI of 4.7 is still considered moderate, UV levels of this amount can lead to sunburn and photokeratitis during outdoor activity when radiation is reflected upward by snow towards the face of a person or animal. At the western sites, UV anomalies can be well explained with ozone anomalies of up to 41% below the climatological mean. At the Scandinavian sites, low ozone can only explain a UVI increase of 50–60%. The remaining enhancement was mainly caused by the absence of clouds during the low-ozone period.
DNA repair initiated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes by 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide is inhibited by fludarabine and clofarabine.

PURPOSE Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes respond to DNA alkylation by excision repair, with the extent of repair increasing as the cells acquire resistance to alkylating agents. Because incorporation of nucleotide analogues into the repair patches elicits death signals in quiescent cells, the increased capacity for excision repair in alkylator-resistant cells could facilitate incorporation of nucleotide analogues. We hypothesized that the mechanism-based interaction of nucleoside analogues with alkylating agents could elicit greater than additive killing of CLL cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Lymphocytes from 50 patients with CLL that were not refractory to alkylators were treated in vitro with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) with or without prior incubation with fludarabine nucleoside (F-ara-A) or with clofarabine (Cl-F-ara-A). DNA damage repair kinetics were determined by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. Cytotoxicity was assessed by staining with annexin V. RESULTS CLL lymphocytes promptly initiated and completed excision repair in response to 4-HC. A 2-h preincubation with 10 microM F-ara-A or 10 microM Cl-F-ara-A inhibited the repair initiated by 4-HC, with inhibition peaking at the intracellular concentrations of 50 microM F-ara-ATP or 5 microM Cl-F-ara-ATP. Combining 4-HC with either F-ara-A or Cl-F-ara-A produced more than additive apoptotic cell death than the sum of each alone. The increase in cytotoxicity was proportional to the initial magnitude of the DNA incision and to the extent of repair inhibition by the nucleoside analogues, suggesting close correlation between the repair inhibition and induction of cell death. CONCLUSIONS DNA repair, which is active in CLL lymphocytes, may be a biological target for facilitating the incorporation of nucleoside analogues and increasing their cytotoxicity. Thus, the increased repair capacity associated with resistant disease may be manipulated to therapeutic advantage.
60GHz CMOS divide-by-5 injection-locked frequency divider with an open-stub-loaded floating-source injector

A new injector topology is adopted for the design of a 60-GHz CMOS divide-by-5 injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD). The topology is based on a distributed-element harmonic termination by an open-stub structure connected to the floating source end of the differential injection pair. With this topology together with an N-MOS cross-coupled oscillator core, the supply voltage and power consumption of the divider can be greatly reduced. A test circuit is implemented in a 90-nm CMOS process. With the added λ/4 open stub, the simulated frequency locking range of the designed ILFD with the distributed-element harmonic termination scheme has been greatly extended over 70%. The measured power consumption is 3.75 mW at a supply voltage of 0.6 V and the locking range is 4.1 GHz. A good figure of merit (FOM) of 69.4 is achieved.
External/internal clock synchronization in ATM-based distributed systems

We present a clock synchronization algorithm, based on recent results on convergence functions, designed to achieve external and internal synchronization over ATM. We take advantage of transmission delay and delay variation control granted by ATM networks to achieve high precision required to ensure real-time capabilities or distributed data coherence. Precision of the algorithm mainly depends on cell transmission jitter that introduces uncertainty in time determination. Cell delay variation is heavily reduced by the use of ATM Continuous Bit Rate (CBR) point-to-multipoint connections to exchange timestamps. The use of the ATM multicast capability allows one to reduce the required CBR bandwidth. The algorithm achieves a synchronization closer than 100 /spl mu/s, despite F/sub clock/ arbitrary clock failures and F/sub crash/ node crashes on at least 3F/sub clock/+1+F/sub crash/ nodes. An implementation model for high-precision, combining ATM Operation And Maintenance (OAM) cells and network adapter firmware is described, and is currently implemented in the ANTARA technology.
Brush-border alpha-actinin? Comparison of two proteins of the microvillus core with alpha-actinin by two-dimensional peptide mapping

The bundle of filaments within the intestinal microvillus contains four major polypeptides in addition to actin calmodulin, a 70-kdalton subunit and two polypeptides with molecular masses similar to that of the Z-line component alpha-actinin (95 and 105 kdaltons). Two- dimensional mapping of tryptic peptides indicates that (a) alpha- actinins from chicken skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle are similar but not identical proteins and that skeletal alpha-actinin in more similar to the cardiac subunit than to the alpha-actinin from gizzard; (b) the brush-border 95- and 105-kdalton subunits are closely related to each other, but the smaller subunit is not a proteolytic fragment of the 105-kdalton subunit; and (c) although there is considerable peptide overlap between the brush-border subunits and the three alpha-actinins, the peptide maps of the 95- and 105-kdalton proteins are substantially distinct from the various alpha-actinin maps, suggesting that neither brush-border subunit is a bona fide alpha-actinin. Nevertheless, on the basis of peptide mapping criteria alone, one cannot exclude the possibility that the brush-border subunits are "alpha-actinin-like. " However, there is no immunological cross-reactivity between the brush- border subunits and alpha-actinins, using antibodies prepared against gizzard alpha actinin.
Complex Hadamard matrices and the spectral set conjecture

By analyzing the connection between complex Hadamard matrices and spectral sets, we prove the direction ? spectral ) tile? of the Spectral Set Conjecture, for all sets A of size |A|  5, in any finite Abelian group. This result is then extended to the infinite grid Zd for any dimension d, and finally to Rd. It was pointed out recently in [16] that the corresponding statement fails for |A| = 6 in the group Z5 3, and this observation quickly led to the failure of the Spectral Set Conjecture in R5 [16], and subsequently in R4 [13]. In the second part of this note we reduce this dimension further, showing that the direction ? spectral ) tile? of the Spectral Set Conjecture is false already in dimension 3.
Changes After Quitting Cigarette Smoking

Changes in cardiorespiratory symptoms and coronary disease risk indicators over an average 11/2-year period were assessed in 9392 persistent cigarette smokers and 3825 persons who quit smoking between two multiphasic checkups. The prevalence of questionnaire-reported chronic cough fell markedly in subjects who quit a one-or-more-pack/day habit (e.g., from 11.2% to 1.8% in white men,p < 0.001). However, chest pain, shortness of breath and exertional leg pain showed no consistent improvement in quitters compared with persistent smokers. Weight gain was about 2–3 lbs greater in quitters, but changes in blood pressure were small and not consistent across race-sex groups, nor were there consistent differences between persistent smokers and quitters in trends in vital capacity, cholesterol or prevalence of ECG abnormality. Quitting was associated with increase in serum uric acid levels of about 0.2–0.5 mg/dl and relative falls in hemoglobin, leukocyte count and serum glucose levels, all consistent with smoker-nonsmoker differences previously found in cross-sectional studies. Except for the small increases in weight and uric acid levels, quitting smoking did not appear to increase risk of coronary heart disease by other mechanisms.
A Runtime Framework for Machine-Augmented Software Design Using Unsupervised Self-Learning

Modern computer software comprises tens of millions of lines of code and is deployed in highly dynamic environments such as data-centres, with constantly fluctuating user populations and popular content patterns. Together this complexity and dynamism make computer software very difficult to develop and maintain. The autonomic computing community has grown to address some of these challenges, developing automation in areas such as self-optimisation and self-healing. However, work to date either (i) focuses on a specific problem in isolation, neglecting the broader complexity of software construction, or (ii) considers the design process but is human-centric, relying on expertly-crafted models. In this paper we examine software development as a process, infusing this process with a level of autonomy that seeks to make software an active part of its own development team. We present an overview of our framework and we demonstrate the accuracy of our framework in autonomously finding the most suitable software design at runtime according to specific operating conditions.
The importance of intermediate representations for the modeling of 2D shape detection: Endstopping and curvature tuned computations

Computational models of visual processes with biological inspiration - and even biological realism - are currently of great interest in the computer vision community. This paper provides a biologically plausible model of 2D shape which incorporates intermediate layers of visual representation that have not previously been fully explored. We propose that endstopping and curvature cells are of great importance for shape selectivity and show how their combination can lead to shape selective neurons. This shape representation model provides a highly accurate fit with neural data from [17] and provides comparable results with real-world images to current computer vision systems. The conclusion is that such intermediate representations may no longer require a learning approach as a bridge between early representations based on Gabor or Difference of Gaussian filters (that are not learned since they are well-understood) and later representations closer to object representations that still can benefit from a learning methodology.
Implicit Degenerate Evolution Equations and Applications

The initial-value problem is studied for evolution equations in Hilbert space of the general form d se(u)+N(u) l:, dt where and are maximal monotone operators. Existence of a solution is proved when1 is a subgradient and either is strongly monotone or 9 is coercive; existence is established also in the case where 1 is strongly monotone and is subgradient. Uniqueness is provedwhen one of or is continuous self-adjoint and thesum is strictlymonotone; examples of nonuniqueness are given. Applications are indicated for various classes of degenerate nonlinear partial differential equations or systems of mixed elliptic-parabolic-pseudo- parabolic types and problems with nonlocal nonlinearity.
Thermo-mechanical Behaviour of Energy Piles

Energy piles are an effective and economic means of using geothermal energy resources for heating and cooling buildings, contributing to legislative requirements for renewable energy in new construction. While such piles have been used for around 25 years with no apparent detrimental effect, there is limited understanding of their thermo-mechanical behaviour. This paper synthesises the results from three published field studies and illustrates some of the engineering behaviour of such piles during heating and cooling. Simplified load transfer mechanisms for a single pile subjected to pure thermal loadings (i.e. without mechanical load) and combined thermo-mechanical loadings have been developed and are used to interpret the field data with regard to change in axial stress and shaft friction during heating and cooling. The effect of end restraint and ground conditions on the thermo-mechanical response of energy piles is discussed. Values of change in axial stress and mobilised shaft friction due to thermal.
Promoting Independence of People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Focus Group Study Perspectives from People with Intellectual Disabilities, Legal Representatives, and Support Staff

People with intellectual disabilities (ID) commonly struggle with managing their affairs, while they consider it important to be independent. This study aimed to gain insight into the perspectives of people with ID, legal representatives, and support staff on promoting independence in this population. Two focus groups were conducted with people with ID (n = 7), two with legal representatives (n = 13), and three with support staff (n = 17). Topics included the meaning of independence, the current level and needs of people with ID regarding their independence, and what they perceived as barriers and requirements when wanting to promote independence in this group. Possible outcomes of a greater independence of people with ID were also discussed. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed qualitatively with a general inductive approach. According to the respondents, people with ID require support from others, but most want to be more independent. Various barriers are experienced when trying to promote independence. These concern barriers at the level of support staff (e.g., lack of time), family (e.g., taking over tasks), and of the persons with ID themselves (e.g., emotional difficulties). When promoting independence in this population, more support and time seem necessary, as well as a clear, step-by-step tailored approach and good communication between all parties involved. Last, several advantages (e.g., greater self-worth) and risks (e.g., overestimation by others, greater exposure to hazards) were proposed that could result from a greater independence of people with ID. As this study showed that people with ID generally want to become more independent. This stresses the need for the development of interventions, which could benefit from the findings from this study.
Voice Source Dynamics in Intonation

A qualitative analysis of voice source dynamics is presented for utterances varying in focal placement, with falling (F) and rising (R) pitch. Source parameters, F0, EE, UP, RG, OQ and RD were obtained by manual inverse filtering and parameterization. Results for F sentences suggest that focalization depends on the balancing of focal and non-focal portions of the entire IP. Local prominence-enhancing shifts (towards tenser phonation) are complemented by deaccentuation of post-focal material. While the broad trends are similar in F and R contours, the rising F0 of the R sentences appears to counteract the deaccentuation pattern found with the F contours. Thus, focal accentuation yields less source differentiation in the later portions of the IP.
At Issue Schizophrenia and Attentional Deficit Disorder (ADD): Reply to Kaffman

Kaffman's critique (1986) of the National Institute of Mental HealthIsraeli High-Risk Study pointed to the existence of children who were considered to be suffering from Attentional Deficit Disorder (ADD) among the offspring of the schizophrenic parents—who were considered adult ADD patients rather than schizophrenic patients. We feel this viewpoint represents a misunderstanding of the nature and genesis of ADD and schizophrenia. While a subgroup of the offspring of schizophrenic parents do show "ADD-like" behavior, we believe that their disorder represents a separate and different entity. This is based upon the epidemiological evidence of the differing family patterns on the one hand, and some findings of differing attentional deficits on the other hand. A literature review of these findings is presented as a basis for our view about the differences between ADD and schizophrenia.
Leading Indicators: What Have We Learned?

We provide a summary updated guide for the construction, use and evaluation of leading indicators, and an assessment of the most relevant recent developments in this field of economic forecasting. To begin with, we analyze the problem of selecting a target coincident variable for the leading indicators, which requires coincident indicator selection, construction of composite coincident indexes, choice of filtering methods, and business cycle dating procedures to transform the continous target into a binary expansion/recession indicator. Next, we deal with criteria for choosing good leading indicators, and simple non-model based methods to combine them into composite indexes. Then, we examine models and methods to transform the leading indicators into forecasts of the target variable. Finally, we consider the evaluation of the resulting leading indicator based forecasts, and review the recent literature on the forecasting performance of leading indicators.
Effects of variable mutation rates and epistasis on the distribution of allele frequencies in humans

The site frequency spectrum (SFS) has long been used to study demographic history and natural selection. Here, we extend this summary by examining the SFS conditional on the alleles found at the same site in other species. We refer to this extension as the “phylogenetically-conditioned SFS” or cSFS. Using recent large-sample data from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC), combined with primate genome sequences, we find that human variants that occurred independently in closely related primate lineages are at higher frequencies in humans than variants with parallel substitutions in more distant primates. We show that this effect is largely due to sites with elevated mutation rates causing significant departures from the widely-used infinite sites mutation model. Our analysis also suggests substantial variation in mutation rates even among mutations involving the same nucleotide changes. We additionally find evidence for epistatic effects on the cSFS: namely, that parallel primate substitutions at nonsynonymous sites are more informative about constraint in humans when the parallel substitution occurs in a closely related species. In summary, we show that variable mutation rates and local sequence context are important determinants of the SFS in humans.
Detailed theoretical models for extra-solar planet-host stars. The ``red stragglers'' HD 37124 and HD 46375

In this paper we analyse and discuss the HR Diagram position of two extra-solar planet-host stars - HD 37124 and HD 46375 - by means of theoretical stellar evolution models. This work was triggered by the results obtained by Laws et al. (2003) who found that these stars were in contradiction to the expectation based on their high metallicity. Fixing the age of both stars with the value based on their chromospheric activity levels and computing our own evolutionary models using the CESAM code, we are able to reproduce the observed luminosity, effective temperature and metallicity of both stars for a set of stellar parameters that are astrophysically reliable even if it is non-trivial to interpret the absolute values for these parameters. Our results are discussed in the context of the stellar properties of low mass stars.
The confidence delusion: A sociological exploration of participants’ confidence in sport-for-development

Although sport is widely utilised as a tool for personal development, capacity building, and fostering peace, there are still numerous theoretical gaps in our knowledge about how sport influences individuals’ identities, and how this translates into their everyday lives. Within the academic literature there has been seemingly little focus placed upon participants’ emotional and embodied accounts of their sport-for-development (SfD) experiences. This paper uses phenomenologically-inspired theory to explore individuals’ lived experiences of a SfD course, and their descriptions of the social interactions and feelings of confidence they encountered, in order to address this lack of experiential data. An ethnographic methodology was used to collect data through four sports leadership course observations, and cyclical interviews over 4–10 months with eleven course attendees, plus individual interviews with five tutors. Participants’ understandings of their course experiences and the subsequent influence these understandings had on their lives were described through their use of the term confidence. A further phenomenological and sociological interrogation of this term enabled confidence to be seen as being experienced as a ‘frame’ and ‘through the body’ by participants. This study provides original conceptualisations of confidence in relation to participants’ SfD experiences, as well as important discussions regarding the role of emotions and embodiment in understanding the impact of SfD on participants’ everyday lives.
Empathy and Utilitarian Judgment in Incarcerated and Community Control Adolescents

We aimed to test direct and indirect associations of affective and cognitive empathy and utilitarian judgment (UJ) on involvement in serious crimes during adolescence. An Italian sample including 67 male incarcerated youths and 239 male community youths completed Rule-Breaking (RBS), Perspective Taking (PT), and Empathic Concern (EC) scales. Moreover, participants responded to moral dilemmas evaluating UJs. A community control and a community deviant group were identified based on the scores on RBS. A MANOVA showed that incarcerated youth were higher in UJ and lower in PT than community control youth whereas community deviant group was lower in EC than the other two groups. A Structural Equation Model evidenced that UJ was directly associated with the probability of belonging to the incarcerated versus community control group and mediated the relationship between PT and group. Results were discussed in light of different theoretical explanations of the used measure for UJ.