Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Computational Model of Plan-Based Narrative Conflict at the Fabula Level

Conflict is an essential element of interesting stories. In this paper, we operationalize a narratological definition of conflict and extend established narrative planning techniques to incorporate this definition. The conflict partial order causal link planning algorithm (CPOCL) allows narrative conflict to arise in a plan while maintaining causal soundness and character believability. We also define seven dimensions of conflict in terms of this algorithm's knowledge representation. The first three-participants, reason, and duration-are discrete values which answer the “who? ” “why? ” and “when? ” questions, respectively. The last four-balance, directness, stakes, and resolution-are continuous values which describe important narrative properties that can be used to select conflicts based on the author's purpose. We also present the results of two empirical studies which validate our operationalizations of these narrative phenomena. Finally, we demonstrate the different kinds of stories which CPOCL can produce based on constraints on the seven dimensions.
Synaptic Pathways to Phrenic Motoneurons Are Enhanced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal hemisection at C2 reveals caudal synaptic pathways that cross the spinal midline (crossed phrenic pathways) and can restore inspiratory activity in ipsilateral phrenic motoneurons. Intermittent hypoxia induces plasticity in the cervical spinal cord, resulting in enhanced inspiratory phrenic motor output. We hypothesized that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) (alternating 11% O2 and air; 5 min periods; 12 hr per night; 7 nights) would strengthen crossed phrenic pathways. Experiments were performed on anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, ventilated, and spinally injured (C2 hemisection) rats that were exposed to either normoxia or CIH before acute injury (preconditioning) or after chronic injury (postconditioning). Spontaneous inspiratory bursts or compound action potentials evoked via stimulation of the ventrolateral funiculus (contralateral to injury) were recorded in both phrenic nerves. Spontaneous or evoked activity in crossed phrenic pathways were minimal or absent in all acutely injured rats regardless of preconditioning. In rats postconditioned with normoxia, crossed phrenic inspiratory bursts were observed occasionally during baseline conditions and always during chemoreceptor stimulation (hypoxia and hypercapnia). However, CIH postconditioned rats had substantially larger crossed phrenic inspiratory bursts during baseline, hypoxia, and hypercapnia (allp < 0.05 vs normoxic group). Short-latency (0.7 msec) evoked crossed phrenic potentials were also enhanced by CIH conditioning in chronically injured rats (p< 0.05). We conclude that CIH induced spinal cord plasticity-enhanced phrenic motor output. This plasticity required preconditions established by chronic spinal injury.
Duration of T Cell-Mediated Immunity Death-1 Transcription and Limits the Directly Promotes Programmed Cell a IFN-HonjoTamon

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory coreceptor for T lymphocytes that provides feedback inhibition of T cell activation. Although PD-1’s expression on T cells is known to be activation dependent, the factors that determine the timing, intensity, and duration of PD-1 expression in immune reactions are not fully understood. To address this question, we performed a ﬁne mapping analysis of a conserved 5 9 -ﬂanking region of the PD-1 gene and identiﬁed a putative IFN stimulation response element, which was responsible for PD-1 transcription in the 2B4.11 T cell line. Consistent with this ﬁnding, activation by IFN- a enhanced both the induction and maintenance of PD-1 expression on TCR-engaged primary mouse T cells through an association IFN-responsive factor 9 (IRF9) to the IFN stimulation response element. Furthermore, PD-1 expression on Ag-speciﬁc CD8 + T cells was augmented by IFN- a in vivo. We propose that strong innate inﬂammatory responses promote primary T cell activation and their differentiation into effector cells, but also cause an attenuated T cell response in sustained immune reactions, at least partially through type I IFN-mediated PD-1 transcription. Based on this idea, we demonstrate that IFN- a administration in combination with PD-1 blockade in tumor-bearing mice effectively augments the antitumor immunity, and we propose this as a novel and rational approach for cancer immunotherapy. The Journal of Immunology , 2011, 186: 000–000. cell a balance of positive and negative signals that are transmitted the T cell– APC interaction at sites of T cell priming, as the lymph nodes, during contact with target cells at peripheral sites.
Pride and prejudice: using ethnic-sounding names and inter-ethnic marriages to identify labor market discrimination

We use non-random sorting into interethnic marriage and salient differences between Sephardic and Ashkenazi surnames to evaluate the causal impact of Sephardic affiliation on wages. Using the 1995 Israeli Census, we estimate the effect of a Sephardic affiliation on wages. We first compare the wages of Israeli Jewish males born to Sephardic fathers and Ashkenazi mothers (SA), who are more likely to carry a Sephardic surname, with the wages of Israeli Jewish males born to Ashkenazi fathers and Sephardic mothers (AS). We find that SA workers earn significantly less than their AS counterparts. We then exploit the custom of women to adopt their husbands. surnames to disentangle actual ethnicity from the ethnicity perceived by the market. Consistent with our interpretation of the results for males, we find that it is father-in-law’s ethnicity - rather than father’s ethnicity - that shapes female wage rates, yet only for daughters of interethnic couples and others with mild skin tone who have equal chances to be perceived either as an Ashkenazi or as a Sephardic group member.
An Improved Estimation of Averaged Ranks of Partial Orders

Comparison of objects characterized by a multitude of criteria will typically not lead to a linear order, but to a partial order. However, often a linear order is desirable or even required. The present paper presents an improved - extended - approximate local partial order model to estimate a weak or linear order based on averaged ranks of the studied objects originally being partially ordered. The paper analyses various possible partial order scenarios by means of the new local partial order model, the results being compared to the original approach as well as to exact values (their calculation can be extremely time consuming), demonstrating a distinct improvement of the extended method compared to the original local partial order ranking method. By the approximate methods the values of averaged ranks can be understood in terms of three basic partial order parameters. The method is applied to current research on human health effects of rocket fuel transformation products.
Transaction Costs and Asset Prices: A Dynamic Equilibrium model

In this article we study the effects of transaction costs on asset prices. We assume an overlapping generations economy with a riskless, liquid bond, and many risky stocks carrying proportional transaction costs. We obtain stock prices and turnover in closed form. Surprisingly, a stock's price may increase in transaction costs, and a more frequently traded stock may be less adversely affected by an increase in transaction costs. Calculations based on the "marginal" investor overestimate the effects of transaction costs. For realistic parameter values, transaction costs have very small effects on stock prices but large effects on turnover. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
The Role of Comments' Controversy in Large-Scale Online Discussion Forums

In this paper, we examine the value of comments in large-scale of discussion forums. We survey the relevant literature and employ the key content quality identification features. We then construct comment semantics features and build several regression models to explore the value of comment semantics dynamics. The results reconfirm the usefulness of several essential quality predictors, including time, reputation, length, and editorship. We also found that comment semantics are valuable to shape the answer quality. Specifically, the diversity of comments significantly contributes to the answer quality. In addition, when searching for good quality answers, it is important to look for global semantics dynamics (diversity), rather than observe local differences (disputable content). Finally, the presence of comments shepherd the community to revise the posts by attracting attentions to the posts and eventually facilitate the editing process.
Adaptive System Use; An Investigation at the System Feature Level

System use has been simply defined and measured. In this research, we investigate the dynamics of system use at the individual level. A new concept called adaptive system use is developed to capture user modifications to their use of system features. A causal model including antecedents of adaptive system use is developed. Three antecedents of adaptive system use are identified. Using a sample of 282 users of MS Office, our study examines the psychometric properties of adaptive system use and confirms the research model. Four types or dimensions of adaptive system use are trying new features, feature substitution, feature combination, and feature repurposing. Triggers are found to be the most important antecedent of adaptive system use. Facilitating conditions also affect adaptive system use significantly. Research and practical implications are offered.
Masticatory function following implants replacing a second molar

Purpose The aim of this study was to obtain objective and standardized information on masticatory function and patient satisfaction following second molar single implant therapy. Methods Twenty adult patients, who had restored second molar single implants more than 1 month before the study, were enrolled in this study. All patients received a chewing test using peanuts before and after insertion of the implant prosthesis, with a questionnaire and visual analogue scale (VAS) to evaluate the effect of second molar single implant therapy. Results This study obtained standardized information on the masticatory function objectively (e.g., P, R, X50) before (Pre-insertion) and after insertion (Post-insertion) of the implant prosthesis. Masticatory performance (P) after insertion of the implant prosthesis significantly increased from 67.8±9.9 to 84.3±8.5% (P<0.0001). With the implant prosthesis, the P value increased by 24%. The masticatory efficiency index (R) of Post-insertion is higher than that of Pre-insertion (P<0.0001). With the implant prosthesis, the R value increased by 29%. The median particle size (X50) of Post-insertion is lower than that of Pre-insertion (P<0.0001). More than 90% of the patients were satisfied with the second molar single implant therapy from a functional point of view. Conclusions These findings indicate that a second molar single implant can increase masticatory function.
THE CHROMOSOMES IN HEREDITY

In a recent announcement of some results of a critical study of the chromosomes in the various cell-generations of Brac/zystola' the author briefly called attention to a possible relation between the phenomena there described and certain conclusions first drawn from observations on plant hydrids by Gregor Mendel in 2 1865, and recently confirmed by a Ilurliber of able investigators. Further attention has already beeti called to the theoretical aspects of the subject in a brief communication by Professor E. B. Wilson.3 The present paper is devoted to a more detailed discussion of these aspects, the speculative character of which may be justified by the attempt to indicate certain lines of work calculated to test the validity of the conclusions drawn. The general conceptions here advanced were evolved purely from cytological data, before the author had knowledge of the Mende han principles, and are now presented as the contribution of a cytologist who can make no pretensions to complete familiarity with the results of experimental studies on heredity. As will appear hereafter, they completely satisfy the conditions in typical Mendelian cases, and it seems that many of the known devia tions from the Mendelian type may be explained by easily con ceivable variations from the normal chromosomic processes. It has long been admitted that we must look to the organiza tion of the germ-cells for the ultimate determination of hereditary phenomena. Mendel fully appreciated this fact and even insti tuted special experiments to determine the nature of that organi zation. From them he drew the brilliant conclusion that, while,
Kinds of Objecthood in Chamorro Grammar

Perlmutter 1982 and Gibson 1990, employing the framework of Relational Grammar (RG), discuss various grammatical phenomena which appear to require reference to grammatical relations (GRs) other than surface or 'final' GRs. Accordingly, they argue for the superiority of 'multistratal' theories, such as RG, which provide multiple formal representations of GRs over 'monostratal' theories, like Categorial Grammar and Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar, that do not. The 'surfacy' approach to GRs suffices to account for a range of agreement and other facts in a number of languages (as discussed in Dowty 1982). However, Gibson 1990 shows that Dowty's approach to GRs fails to account for a number of morphosyntactic generalisations in Chamorro, a Western Austronesian language, that are straightforwardly accounted for under an approach that recognises the existence of nonfinal GRs. In this paper I show how Gibson's Chamorro data might be accounted for within a version of HPSG that assumes the existence of an argument structure feature (ARG-S), which arguably can be used to provide a
An Inline Coaxial Quasi-Elliptic Filter With Controllable Mixed Electric and Magnetic Coupling

Based on the concept of using controllable mixed electric and magnetic coupling to design planar filters in our earlier work, we propose a novel inline coaxial filter, in which the electric and magnetic coupling can be separately controlled. Due to this controllable mixed coupling, the filter can operate with a quasi-elliptic characteristic. By modifying resonator structure and inserting additional coupling components, the filter size is substantially reduced and the coupling becomes more easily controllable, thus being able to produce a highly selective filter with a compact size. In addition, asymmetric response can be easily achieved. For the N-order filter, a maximum of N - 1 finite transmission zeros can be realized.
Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Demonstrates Post-transcriptional Regulation of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation to Hematopoiesis*S

Embryonic stem (ES) cells can differentiate in vitro to produce the endothelial and hematopoietic precursor, the hemangioblasts, which are derived from the mesoderm germ layer. Differentiation of BryGFP/+ ES cell to hemangioblasts can be followed by the expression of the BryGFP/+ and Flk1 genes. Proteomic and transcriptomic changes during this differentiation process were analyzed to identify mechanisms for phenotypic change during early differentiation. Three populations of differentiating BryGFP ES cells were obtained by flow cytometric sorting, GFP−Flk1− (epiblast), GFP+Flk1− (mesoderm), and GFP+Flk1+ (hemangioblast). Microarray analyses and relative quantification two-dimensional LCLC-MS/MS on nuclear extracts were performed. We identified and quantified 2389 proteins, 1057 of which were associated to their microarray probe set. These included a variety of low abundance transcription factors, e.g. UTF1, Sox2, Oct4, and E2F4, demonstrating a high level of proteomic penetrance. When paired comparisons of changes in the mRNA and protein expression levels were performed low levels of correlation were found. A strong correlation between isobaric tag-derived relative quantification and Western blot analysis was found for a number of nuclear proteins. Pathway and ontology analysis identified proteins known to be involved in the regulation of stem cell differentiation, and proteins with no described function in early ES cell development were also shown to change markedly at the proteome level only. ES cell development is regulated at the mRNA and protein level.
Inhibitory Effect of Albendazole and Its Metabolites on Cytochromes P450 Activities in Rat and Mouflon in Vitro

Cytochromes P450 (CYP) belong to the most important biotransformation enzymes, therefore, their inhibition may lead to serious pharmacological and toxicological consequences. Albendazole (ABZ) is a benzimidazole anthelmintic widely used in human and veterinary medicine. The effects of ABZ on CYP were investigated on the rat (Rattus norvergicus) and mouflon (Ovis musimon) hepatic microsomes. Besides ABZ, its two main metabolites (albendazole sulfoxide, ABZSO, and albendazole sulfone, ABZSOO) were tested to clarify which compound is responsible for the inhibitory effect. After preincubation of microsomes with the benzimidazoles (1, 5 and 25 mM), CYP activities, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and benzyloxyresorufin O-dearylase activities were measured. The results showed that both ABZ and ABZSO, but not ABZSOO, exhibited significant potency to inhibit CYP activities measured in both tested species. Since ABZ as well as ABZSO are known inducers of EROD activity, our results clearly demonstrate that the drug can act as inducer and also as inhibitor of the same enzyme. In in vitro studies the CYP inhibition may mask the CYP induction. The extent of inhibition observed in mouflon was significantly higher than in rat. This finding emphasizes the importance of performance of inhibition studies in target animal species. Possible consequences of CYP inhibition should be taken into account during the anthelmintic therapy of mouflons with ABZ. Abbreviations: ABZ – albendazole, ABZSO – albendazole sulfoxide, ABZSOO – albendazole sulfone, BROD – benzyl-oxyresorufin O-dearylase, CYP – cytochrome P450, EROD – ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase,
A Critical Examination of Dual-Language Science Educators: Ideology, Pedagogy, Access, and Equity.

A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF DUAL-LANGUAGE SCIENCE EDUCATORS: IDEOLOGY, PEDAGOGY, ACCESS, AND EQUITY by Melissa Arabel Navarro Martell Claremont Graduate University and San Diego State University: 2018 This study explores how K-8 critically conscious dual-language science teachers (CCDLSTs) working with bilingual learners (BLs) practice their critical consciousness via the four tenets of dual-language education: ideological clarity, pedagogical perspective and clarity, access for all, and equitable spaces (IPAE). This study is informed by the main research question: How are the IPAE tenets manifested in K-8 CCDLSTs’ daily classroom practice? Previous research offers limited information on how dual-language science teachers practice their critical consciousness. Given the era of Common Core State Standards and the number of BLs left with underprepared teachers, this study advances understanding of what CCDLSTs are doing in classrooms to draw on the assets of BLs. A phenomenological design was used to gather interview and observational data of how six CCDLSTs employed a critically conscious pedagogy in a dual-language setting while creating access to science content, with equity at the core. Findings include research-based examples of the instructional processes CCDLSTs used in their classrooms and how they planned and implemented science lessons inclusive of the IPAE tenets.
Electronic and magnetic structures of the postperovskite- type Fe[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] and implications for planetary magnetic records and deep interiors

Citation Shim, Sang-Heon et al. " Electronic and magnetic structures of the postperovskite-type Fe2O3 and implications for planetary magnetic records and deep interiors. Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters.
Optimal Taxation in the Presence of Externalities

This paper attempts to integrate the theory of optimal taxation with the analysis of the use of indirect taxation to counteract negative external effects (Pigovian taxes). A first-best solution to the problem of the optimal tax on an externalitygenerating good is contrasted with the case where the government also needs other, distortionary taxes in order to satisfy its revenue requirements. The main result is that the Pigovian principle holds in a modified form in the latter case as well. The problem of the distributional impact of taxation is also studied for the special case of individuals with identical preferences and a utilitarian social welfare function.
'Red-green' coalitions in the Federal Republic of Germany: models of formation and maintenance

The thesis examines the processes of coalition formation and maintenance involving the SPD and Green party at the sub-national level in the Federal Republic of Germany. The theoretical component builds upon formal models of coalition formation to posit a New Model of Coalition Formation and Maintenance that balances office-seeking and policy oriented payoffs as a determinant of coalition behaviour. To this end it uses the ‘policy network’ idiom of public policy analysis (with an emphasis on environmental policy) as a secondary theoretical framework. The theoretical framework is used in tandem with empirical data on institutional processes, policy outputs and outcomes, party political behaviour and value-orientation within the electorate. The empirical component centres on the research question: to what extent have the Greens assumed a ‘normal’ role within the German party system? Such a ‘normal’ role means that the Greens’ strategic behaviour can be interpreted as the rational pursuit of a specific bundle of (office-seeking and policy-oriented) preferences. The thesis argues that this is indeed the case and that these preferences – and the Greens’ strategic behaviour in pursuit of them – are consistent and predictable. The thesis concludes that the Greens have become increasingly pragmatic over time in pursuit of their preferences, although their strategic options (and those of the SPD) are constrained by the ability of the party’s parliamentarians to mobilise the Basis in support of their strategic goals.
Correctionalism, desistance and the future of probation in Ireland

This paper argues that desistance research should provoke a reconsideration of the essential character of interventions with adults involved in offending behaviour. It begins by discussing broad accounts of the characteristics of late-modern penal systems as the background to an exploration of current developments in probation policy and practice. In particular, the discussion develops some contrasts between ‘welfarist rehabilitation’ and ‘correctional treatment’ as competing (but inadequate) paradigms for probation practice. In the context of these contrasts, the situation of probation in Ireland receives particular attention. Possible implications for practice of some important desistance studies are then developed, in order to stimulate discussion and debate about the extent to which desistance research might challenge the correctionalism that is emerging most clearly in England and Wales, but also in Scotland, Ireland and other jurisdictions. In the conclusion, bearing in mind persistent rumours about the possibility of organisational developments in Ireland that might mirror those in England and Wales, the prospects for more constructive developments are considered.