Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Genome Sequence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2

ABSTRACT The genomic DNA sequence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) strain HG52 was determined as 154,746 bp with a G+C content of 70.4%. A total of 74 genes encoding distinct proteins was identified; three of these were each present in two copies, within major repeat elements of the genome. The HSV-2 gene set corresponds closely with that of HSV-1, and the HSV-2 sequence prompted several local revisions to the published HSV-1 sequence (D. J. McGeoch, M. A. Dalrymple, A. J. Davison, A. Dolan, M. C. Frame, D. McNab, L. J. Perry, J. E. Scott, and P. Taylor, J. Gen. Virol. 69:1531–1574, 1988). No compelling evidence for the existence of any additional protein-coding genes in HSV-2 was identified.
Quality assurance of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer patients treated in DAHANCA 10 randomized trial

1Laboratory of Radiation Physics, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, 2Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, 3Department of Oncology, Finsen Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark, 4Department of Oncology, Aalborg Hospital, Denmark, 5Department of Oncology, Division of Radiophysics, University Hospital Herlev, Denmark, 6Department of Oncology, University Hospital Herlev, Denmark, 7Department of Medical Physics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, 8Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark and 9Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
A Review of Research in Revising Instructional Text

School textbooks are commonly criticized. This article reviews research in revising instructional text by examining multidisciplinary research in readability, text structure, text interestingness, expert revisers' strategies, and readers' comprehension strategies. Findings are that much of this research is limited by a simplistic view of reading, the use of experimentally contrived texts and contexts, and a dependency on recall as a measure of comprehension. A promising line of recent research uses readers' verbal protocols to guide revision and develop revision principles. Further research needs to: (a) develop other innovative ways of measuring comprehension, (b) focus on subject specific concerns, and (c) examine classroom contexts of textbook use.
Literary Intelligence: A Virtue Theoretical Analysis with Special Reference to its Educational Implications

In this dissertation it is argued that the concept of “literary intelligence” as used and developed by Frank Raymond Leavis and other members of his Scrutiny circle is a viable theoretical and educational notion and is long due a reappraisal. Their thesis that reading quality texts intelligently assists our personal and moral development is taken up and subjected to philosophical analysis. It is also argued that a theory of intellectual virtue is best suited for such a reappraisal. Literary intelligence is then found to be best interpreted as a form of Aristotelian practical intelligence. This interpretation allows us to theorize the moral salience of literary experiences. This theorization is achieved through an in-depth analysis of relevant articles written by Leavis, Harding and Bantock, assorted writings on the relationship between life and art as envisaged by a number of thinkers, as well as a sustained analysis of the theory of intellectual virtue. In particular, recourse is taken to the theory of intellectual virtue as drafted by American philosopher Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski. Consequently, a number of educational implications of the above theories are identified and commented upon. Also, it is shown that the above-mentioned theoretical insights fit in well with the consistent findings of research into reading. Finally it is argued that if the capacity to read well is best approached as a moral trait, then reading education cannot be legitimately conceptualized as one ‘competence’ among others. On the contrary: reading education ought to form the moral kernel of the curriculum. A sustained and socially sanctioned emphasis on the fostering of reading and the creation of a culture of literacy will widely expand the social, cultural and moral horizons of children and adults alike.
PointGuard™: Protecting Pointers from Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities

Despite numerous security technologies crafted to resist buffer overflow vulnerabilities, buffer overflows continue to be the dominant form of software security vulnerability. This is because most buffer overflow defenses provide only partial coverage, and the attacks have adapted to exploit problems that are not well-defended, such as heap overflows. This paper presents PointGuard, a compiler technique to defend against most kinds of buffer overflows by encrypting pointers when stored in memory, and decrypting them only when loaded into CPU registers. We describe the PointGuard implementation, show that PointGuard's overhead is low when protecting real security-sensitive applications such as OpenSSL, and show that PointGuard is effective in defending against buffer overflow vulnerabilities that are not blocked by previous defenses.
The Mosaic Ancestry of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel and the D. melanogaster Reference Genome Reveals a Network of Epistatic Fitness Interactions

North American populations of Drosophila melanogaster derive from both European and African source populations, but despite their importance for genetic research, patterns of ancestry along their genomes are largely undocumented. Here, I infer geographic ancestry along genomes of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and the D. melanogaster reference genome, which may have implications for reference alignment, association mapping, and population genomic studies in Drosophila. Overall, the proportion of African ancestry was estimated to be 20% for the DGRP and 9% for the reference genome. Combining my estimate of admixture timing with historical records, I provide the first estimate of natural generation time for this species (approximately 15 generations per year). Ancestry levels were found to vary strikingly across the genome, with less African introgression on the X chromosome, in regions of high recombination, and at genes involved in specific processes (e.g., circadian rhythm). An important role for natural selection during the admixture process was further supported by evidence that many unlinked pairs of loci showed a deficiency of Africa–Europe allele combinations between them. Numerous epistatic fitness interactions may therefore exist between African and European genotypes, leading to ongoing selection against incompatible variants. By focusing on hubs in this network of fitness interactions, I identified a set of interacting loci that include genes with roles in sensation and neuropeptide/hormone reception. These findings suggest that admixed D. melanogaster samples could become an important study system for the genetics of early-stage isolation between populations.
Legitimacy, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Public Administration in Sweden

Public administration in Sweden has been the chief vehicle for the rapid postwar development toward an extensive welfare state. However, during the 1980s, as a result of increasing criticism about inertia and bureaucratization, several major reforms were initiated to "renew" the public sector. These reforms included a wide range of different measures, including deregulation, privatization, and "liberalization" experiments at the local level. This paper argues that these reforms, along with increased overall efficiency of the public sector, fulfilled a number of political and admin istrative functions. They were aimed at enhancing the overall legitimacy of the public administration and also at displacing conflicts triggered by fiscal problems to the local political level. As a result, the 1980s witnessed local governments becoming increasingly important suppliers of public services. At the same time, state public administration agencies adopted a more subtle and observant role than they had previously played.
Who will help prevent sexual violence: Creating an ecological model of bystander intervention.

Given the prevalence of sexual and relationship violence in communities, innovations in prevention are sought. One promising line of inquiry directs efforts not at victims or perpetrators but at community members who are potential witnesses to high-risk events along the continuum of violence or who may need to support victims after an assault. To date, the main organizing framework for understanding bystander behavior is the work of Latane and Darley (1970), who described a series of stages that lead to an individual’s decision to intervene or not when someone needs help. Yet this model focuses mainly on factors within the individual or his or her immediate context. In the current review, I use ecological models by Bronfenbrenner (1977, 2005) and Kelly (2006) to expand our view of key factors that help promote and may serve as barriers to helpful bystander intervention. For example, ecological theories suggest important community-level variables, such as campus size or cultural values, that may influence the degree of helping and may, in some instances, be leverage points for creating change.
Be All that You Can Be

Former military service has long been considered a plus for the résumé of a political candidate, presumably because voters may rely on this information as a shortcut by which to make inferences about the candidates and cast ballots accordingly. Previous research has demonstrated that such heuristics frequently affect vote decisions, but few studies have examined the impact of candidates’ military background on support at the polls; moreover, existing research is largely observational, leaving open crucial questions about causal impact. We build on this work by conducting an original survey experiment imbedded in a national survey in 2008 to test the effects of labeling a candidate an Iraq War veteran. Formulating our hypotheses from known issue and trait stereotypes of the military, we demonstrate that military experience can be helpful to some candidates under some conditions. The experimental evidence we present shows that stereotypes based on both issue position (military intervention) and issue ownership (Republican ties) matter to voters facing a military candidate, but only when that candidate is a Democrat. The results we report support the notion that voters rely on information shortcuts, but we find that there is considerable heterogeneity in the impact of heuristics.
Neuropathologic Assessment of Dementia Markers in Identical and Fraternal Twins

Twin studies are an incomparable source of investigation to shed light on genetic and non‐genetic components of neurodegenerative diseases, as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Detailed clinicopathologic correlations using twin longitudinal data and post‐mortem examinations are mostly missing. We describe clinical and pathologic findings of seven monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. Our findings show good agreement between clinical and pathologic diagnoses in the majority of the twin pairs, with greater neuropathologic concordance in MZ than DZ twins. Greater neuropathologic concordance was found for β‐amyloid than tau pathology within the pairs. ApoE4 was associated with higher β‐amyloid and earlier dementia onset, and importantly, higher frequency of other co‐occurring brain pathologies, regardless of the zygosity. Dementia onset, dementia duration, difference between twins in age at dementia onset and at death, did not correlate with AD pathology. These clinicopathologic correlations of older identical and fraternal twins support the relevance of genetic factors in AD, but not their sufficiency to determine the pathology, and consequently the disease, even in monozygotic twins. It is the interaction among genetic and non‐genetic risks which plays a major role in influencing, or probably determining, the degeneration of those brain circuits associated with pathology and cognitive deficits in AD.
Correlated Leverage and Its Ramifications

This paper develops a theory in which housing prices, the capital structures of banks (mortgage lenders) and the capital structures of mortgage borrowers are all endogenously determined in equilibrium. There are four main results. First, leverage is a “positively correlated” phenomenon in that high leverage among borrowers is positively correlated with high leverage among banks, and higher house prices lead to higher leverage for both. The intuition is that first-time homebuyers with fixed wealth endowments must borrow more to buy more expensive homes, whereas higher current house prices rationally imply higher expected future house prices and therefore higher collateral values on bank loans, inducing banks to be more highly levered. Second, higher bank leverage leads to greater house price volatility in response to shocks to fundamental house values. Third, a bank’s exposure to credit risk depends not only on its own leverage but also on the leverage decisions of other banks. Fourth, positive fundamental shocks to house prices dilute financial intermediation by reducing banks’ pre-lending screening, and this reduction in bank screening further increases house prices. Empirical and policy implications of the analysis are drawn out, and empirical evidence is provided for the first two main results. The key policy implications are that greater geographic diversification by banks, tying mortgage tax exemptions to the duration of home ownership, and increasing bank capital requirements when borrower leverage is high can help reduce house price volatility.
New methodologies for comparative research? Establishing ‘constants’ and ‘contexts’ in educational experience

Drawing upon a programme of comparative studies in three European countries, England, France and Denmark, this paper discusses some of the particular issues and problems that can arise in comparative research. It outlines some ways in which the research has attempted to resolve these and to shed light on the complex interplay of factors—personal, social and structural—that influence young people's engagement with learning. It argues that comparative approaches which combine careful measurement with ‘up‐close’, deep understanding of real‐world contexts, can be a very powerful mix. The paper proceeds to discuss some innovative features of comparative research design such as the use of student quotations from the three countries as a stimulus to group interviews with students and the employment of an ‘insider‐outsider’ perspective, both in the development of research instruments and in fieldwork, by collaborators from more than one country working together and writing up their observations of countries other.
Children's ideas about ecology 2: ideas found in children aged 5‐16 about the cycling of matter

This paper reports some of the findings from a study of the ecological understandings of children aged 5‐16 years in schools in the north of England. Children's ideas about selected ecological concepts were elicited through a series of written tasks and individual interviews set in a range of contexts, referred to here as probes. Responses of about 200 pupils, across the age range, were obtained on each probe. In this paper pupils’ ideas related to the cycling of matter between organisms, and between organisms and the abiotic environment in which they live, are presented and discussed. The design and methodology of the study were reported earlier (Leach et al. in press a) while a subsequent paper will discuss the children's ideas relating to other aspects of the interdependency of organisms in ecosystems (Leach et al. in press b).
Morphological alterations in the hippocampus following hypobaric hypoxia

1 The morphological consequences of hypobaric hypox ia, exposure to reduced pressure atmospheres, were examined in the hippocampus of male Fischer 344 rats. Severe chronic hypoxia can produce permanent neuronal damage with hippocampal structures being especially vulnerable. 2 Hippocampal morphology was studied using histolo gical observations after a 4 day exposure to sea level, 5500 m, or 6400 m. Two groups tested at 6400 m were sacrificed at different intervals following exposure, 72 and 144 h, to examine the effect of post-exposure time on neuronal damage. 3 Histological damage was observed in rats' brains following exposure to altitude, with cell degeneration and death increasing as altitude increased. In addition, it was found that the longer the time following exposure before sacrifice, the more noticeable the damage, suggest ing delayed neurotoxicity. Increases in the number of damaged cells following altitude were significant for the CA3 region of one 6400 m group; however, other differ ences did not reach statistical significance. Rats exposed to altitude for 4 days ate less and lost significantly more weight than did animals at sea level. 4 It appears that 4 days of exposure to altitudes less than or equal to 6400 m does produce changes in the CA3 subfield, but the damage is different than that seen with other models of non-transient ischemia.
Correlates and Consequences of Father Nurturance in an African American College Sample

The objectives of the present study are to identify sociodemographic factors associated with father nurturance and assess the relationship between parental (mother and father) nurturance and youth psychological well-being among 216 African American college-aged youth. Participants attended a historically Black college in the Mid-Atlantic region. Findings indicated that the frequency and duration of the participants’ interactions with their fathers were associated with levels of father nurturance. Youth whose mothers and fathers were married or cohabitating, compared with those who were separated, divorced, widowed, or never married, had lower levels of psychological well-being. Furthermore, youth who reported more mother nurturance had higher levels of overall psychological well-being. These findings highlight the importance of time-based variables in youths’ perceptions of father nurturance and raise important questions about how the nature of the coparental relationship and variations in the fathering role affect youth well-being.
Review: Acids in the brain: a factor in panic?

Several methods to experimentally induce panic cause profound acid-base disturbances. Evidence suggests that CO2 inhalations, lactate infusions and, to a certain extent, voluntary hyperventilation can conceivably lead to a common scenario of brain acidosis in the face of disparate intravascular pH alterations. The importance of this event is reflected in data that support a model in which experimental panic attacks, as proxy to those occurring spontaneously, constitute a response to acute brain acidosis. Given that central CO2/H+ chemoreception is an important drive for ventilation, and many chemosensitive neurons are related to respiration and arousal, this model can explain much of the connection between panic and respiration. We propose that the shared characteristics of CO2/H+ sensing neurons overlap to a point where threatening disturbances in brain pH homeostasis, such as those produced by CO2 inhalations, elicit a primal emotion that can range from breathlessness to panic.
FAemb: A function approximation-based embedding method for image retrieval

The objective of this paper is to design an embedding method mapping local features describing image (e.g. SIFT) to a higher dimensional representation used for image retrieval problem. By investigating the relationship between the linear approximation of a nonlinear function in high dimensional space and state-of-the-art feature representation used in image retrieval, i.e., VLAD, we first introduce a new approach for the approximation. The embedded vectors resulted by the function approximation process are then aggregated to form a single representation used in the image retrieval framework. The evaluation shows that our embedding method gives a performance boost over the state of the art in image retrieval, as demonstrated by our experiments on the standard public image retrieval benchmarks.
An Investigation of Time-Sharing Ability as a Factor in Complex Performance

Thirty-nine men were tested on a total of six tasks; performance was measured on each task presented individually and on two complex tasks made up of three-task subsets. A factor analysis performed on the resultant data revealed a factor that showed high loadings for two different monitoring tasks for complex performance but negligible loadings for these tasks for simple performance; separate, orthogonal factors were found for the two monitoring tasks when they were performed under simple-task conditions. The monitoring measures, thus, appear to possess properties that would be expected of measures of a time-sharing ability.
Does the Flynn Effect Differ by IQ Level in Samples of Students Classified as Learning Disabled?

This research examined scores from two learning-disabled (LD) samples for evidence of the Flynn Effect (FE; Flynn, 1999) to determine (a) whether the FE was evident, and (b) if the magnitude of the FE differed on IQ scores at varying levels of intelligence. Sample 1 consisted of 40 children who were administered the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability-Revised (WJ-R Cog) and the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability-Ill (WJ-III Cog) approximately 8 weeks apart. Sample 2 consisted of triennial test data for 169 students who were tested once with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and 3 years later with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III). After an initial analysis for the overall FE, Samples 1 and 2 were each divided into IQ level groups (e.g., 91-105) and analyzed accordingly. Results for Sample 1 (W-J) indicated that the 2+ point observed IQ change was not significant for this relatively small sample, although it appeared to be consistent with the direction and degree predicted by the FE (Flynn, 1984). Results for Sample 2 (WISC) indicated a significant IQ change consistent with the FE. Neither sample exhibited statistically significant differences for FE by IQ level. However, consistent with previous research, observed differences increased from lower to higher IQ levels. Consequently, this research cannot rule out the possibility that a child's IQ level influences the degree to which the FE is apparent.
Decoloniality as the Future of Africa

Decoloniality is not only a long-standing political and epistemological movement aimed at liberation of (ex-) colonized peoples from global coloniality but also a way of thinking, knowing, and doing. It is part of marginalized but persistent movements that merged from struggles against the slave trade, imperialism, colonialism, apartheid, neo-colonialism, and underdevelopment as constitutive negative elements of Euro-North American-centric modernity. As an epistemological movement, it has always been overshadowed by hegemonic Euro-North American-centric intellectual thought and social theories. As a political movement, it has consistently been subjected to surveillance of global imperial designs and colonial matrices of power. But today, decoloniality is remerging at a time when the erstwhile hegemonic Euro-North American-centric modernity and its dominant epistemology are experiencing an epistemological break. This epistemic break highlights how Euro-North American-centric modernity has created modern problems of which it has no modern solutions and how theories/knowledges generated from a Euro-North American-centric context have become exhausted if not obstacles to the understanding of contemporary human issues. This essay introduces, defines, and explains the necessity for decoloniality as a liberatory language of the future for Africa.