Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of a fish stock's demographic structure on offspring survival and sensitivity to climate

Significance It is feared that loss of old and large spawners impairs heavily fished fish stocks’ reproductive capacity and increases their sensitivity to environmental fluctuations. The Barents Sea cod is the world’s largest cod stock and has been reported to show increased temperature–recruitment associations in periods with predominantly young and small spawners. We here investigate the possible causal basis for the link between demographic structure and recruitment by analyzing long-term egg survey data. Results support a link between demographic structure and abundance and distributional extent of eggs but not between egg distribution and recruitment. These results question whether the benefits of a wide spatiotemporal distribution of spawning are of quantitative importance for recruitment. Commercial fishing generally removes large and old individuals from fish stocks, reducing mean age and age diversity among spawners. It is feared that these demographic changes lead to lower and more variable recruitment to the stocks. A key proposed pathway is that juvenation and reduced size distribution causes reduced ranges in spawning period, spawning location, and egg buoyancy; this is proposed to lead to reduced spatial distribution of fish eggs and larvae, more homogeneous ambient environmental conditions within each year-class, and reduced buffering against negative environmental influences. However, few, if any, studies have confirmed a causal link from spawning stock demographic structure through egg and larval distribution to year class strength at recruitment. We here show that high mean age and size in the spawning stock of Barents Sea cod (Gadus morhua) is positively associated with high abundance and wide spatiotemporal distribution of cod eggs. We find, however, no support for the hypothesis that a wide egg distribution leads to higher recruitment or a weaker recruitment–temperature correlation. These results are based on statistical analyses of a spatially resolved data set on cod eggs covering a period (1959−1993) with large changes in biomass and demographic structure of spawners. The analyses also account for significant effects of spawning stock biomass and a liver condition index on egg abundance and distribution. Our results suggest that the buffering effect of a geographically wide distribution of eggs and larvae on fish recruitment may be insignificant compared with other impacts.
Microstructure optimization of ferrite-martensite steels with 3.5wt% Mn : from phase transformation to micromechanics

Ferrite-martensite dual-phase (DP) steels have been widely used in automotiveindustry due to their excellent mechanical properties, such as high work-hardeningrate and a good compromise between strength and ductility allowing high energyabsorbing performance. In order to fully exploit the potential of DP steels and extendthe application, the dual-phase microstructure has to be optimized for bettercombination of strength and formability that is characterized by uniform strainand/or fracture strain. As a starting point, detailed literature review is made on themicrostructure development and mechanical properties of DP steels, and the keyfactors controlling microstructural features and determining mechanical propertiesare identified. Through experimental investigation, microstructures are developed inorder to decouple the effects of various microstructural features, and themicrostructure—mechanical properties relationship is systematically studied.Micromechanical modeling is used to further understand the experimental resultswithin a quantitative framework, and to provide a support for microstructurerefinement of DP steels by parametric study. Strategies of designing DP steels tofulfill specific forming operation have been proposed, and the concept of DP steelswith graded martensite islands has been discussed with FEM analysis as a possibilityof improving strength—formability trade-off.
A systematic review of consumer preference for e-cigarette attributes: Flavor, nicotine strength, and type

Objective Systematic review of research examining consumer preference for the main electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) attributes namely flavor, nicotine strength, and type. Method A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles resulted in a pool of 12,933 articles. We included only articles that meet all the selection criteria: (1) peer-reviewed, (2) written in English, and (3) addressed consumer preference for one or more of the e-cigarette attributes including flavor, strength, and type. Results 66 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Consumers preferred flavored e-cigarettes, and such preference varied with age groups and smoking status. We also found that several flavors were associated with decreased harm perception while tobacco flavor was associated with increased harm perception. In addition, some flavor chemicals and sweeteners used in e-cigarettes could be of toxicological concern. Finally, consumer preference for nicotine strength and types depended on smoking status, e-cigarette use history, and gender. Conclusion Adolescents could consider flavor the most important factor trying e-cigarettes and were more likely to initiate vaping through flavored e-cigarettes. Young adults overall preferred sweet, menthol, and cherry flavors, while non-smokers in particular preferred coffee and menthol flavors. Adults in general also preferred sweet flavors (though smokers like tobacco flavor the most) and disliked flavors that elicit bitterness or harshness. In terms of whether flavored e-cigarettes assisted quitting smoking, we found inconclusive evidence. E-cigarette users likely initiated use with a cigarette like product and transitioned to an advanced system with more features. Non-smokers and inexperienced e-cigarettes users tended to prefer no nicotine or low nicotine e-cigarettes while smokers and experienced e-cigarettes users preferred medium and high nicotine e-cigarettes. Weak evidence exists regarding a positive interaction between menthol flavor and nicotine strength.
Diversity and Connectivity of Layer 5 Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons in the Mouse Barrel Cortex

Inhibitory interneurons represent 10–15% of the neurons in the somatosensory cortex, and their activity powerfully shapes sensory processing. Three major groups of GABAergic interneurons have been defined according to developmental, molecular, morphological, electrophysiological, and synaptic features. Dendritic-targeting somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST-INs) have been shown to display diverse morphological, electrophysiological, and molecular properties and activity patterns in vivo. However, the correlation between these properties and SST-IN subtype is unclear. In this study, we aimed to correlate the morphological diversity of layer 5 (L5) SST-INs with their electrophysiological and molecular diversity in mice of either sex. Our morphological analysis demonstrated the existence of three subtypes of L5 SST-INs with distinct electrophysiological properties: T-shaped Martinotti cells innervate L1, and are low-threshold spiking; fanning-out Martinotti cells innervate L2/3 and the lower half of L1, and show adapting firing patterns; non-Martinotti cells innervate L4, and show a quasi-fast spiking firing pattern. We estimated the proportion of each subtype in L5 and found that T-shaped Martinotti, fanning-out Martinotti, and Non-Martinotti cells represent ∼10, ∼50, and ∼40% of L5 SST-INs, respectively. Last, we examined the connectivity between the three SST-IN subtypes and L5 pyramidal cells (PCs). We found that L5 T-shaped Martinotti cells inhibit the L1 apical tuft of nearby PCs; L5 fanning-out Martinotti cells also inhibit nearby PCs but they target the dendrite mainly in L2/3. On the other hand, non-Martinotti cells inhibit the dendrites of L4 neurons while avoiding L5 PCs. Our data suggest that morphologically distinct SST-INs gate different excitatory inputs in the barrel cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Morphologically diverse layer 5 SST-INs show different patterns of activity in behaving animals. However, little is known about the abundance and connectivity of each morphological type and the correlation between morphological subtype and spiking properties. We demonstrate a correlation between the morphological and electrophysiological diversity of layer 5 SST-INs. Based on these findings we built a classifier to infer the abundance of each morphological subtype. Last, using paired recordings combined with morphological analysis, we investigated the connectivity of each morphological subtype. Our data suggest that, by targeting different cell types and cellular compartments, morphologically diverse SST-INs might gate different excitatory inputs in the mouse barrel cortex.
Analysis of two decoupled time-stepping finite-element methods for incompressible fluids with microstructure

ABSTRACT In this article, two full discrete schemes of the micropolar Navier–Stokes equations (MNSE) are proposed and analysed, namely a fully decoupled scheme and a decoupled penalty-projection scheme. The fully decoupled scheme decouples the MNSE system into two sub-problems, one is the velocity–pressure system, the other is the angular velocity system, but still keeps unconditional stability with respect to the time step size. The stability and the optimal rate of convergence of the scheme are proved. Moreover, the decoupled penalty-projection method is derived based on the Chorin/Temam projection methods for the velocity–pressure system equipped with grad-div stabilization with parameter γ, we also prove that this scheme is unconditionally stable. In particular, we show that the solution of the decoupled penalty-projection method converges to the associated full decoupled method solution as . These time-stepping discretization schemes can be implemented efficiently in practice. Numerical experiments are given to validate the convergence rate predictions and demonstrate the efficiency of the new methods.
Cumulative risks of stent migration and gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with lumen-apposing metal stents

Abstract Background: Delayed gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and stent migration are known adverse events which may occur following placement of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs). Methods: All consecutive patients who underwent LAMS placement between May 2011 and June 2017 at a single tertiary medical center were included. Demographics and procedural details were prospectively collected. Post-procedure follow-up and outcome measures were retrospectively collected. The cumulative risks of migration and LAMS-related GI bleeding were estimated using the life-table method. Risk predictors were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: We analyzed 250 patients (64.8 % men; median age 71.6 [interquartile range (IQR) 57.9 – 83.6]). Median follow-up was 78.5 days (IQR 31 – 246.5 days). Thirty-four stent migrations (13.6 %) occurred (5 symptomatic). On multivariable analysis, associations with migration included nasocystic drains (hazard ratio [HR] 6.5, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.2 – 19.3), pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs; HR 4.2, 95 %CI 1.8 – 10.1), and double-pigtail stents (HR 2.4, 95 %CI 1.2 – 4.9). Migration risk at 12 months was 25.5 % (95 %CI 17.9 % – 35.7 %) and was higher for PFCs 48.9 % (33.4 % – 66.9 %) than other indications 8.4 % (4.9 % – 17.5 %; P < 0.001). LAMSs placed for longer durations (i. e. enteral anastomoses, biliary and gallbladder drainage) presented an 8.4 % cumulative risk at 2 years. There were 13 LAMS-related GI hemorrhages (5.2 %), two of them fatal, presenting a median of 3 days (IQR 1 – 9 days) after deployment. The cumulative risk of bleeding at 12 months was 6.9 % (3.6 % – 12.7 %). Conclusions: LAMS migration occurs in 1 out of 7 cases and is most common when treating PFCs. Bleeding related to LAMS placement occurs much less commonly but can be life-threatening.
A New View of Multi-User Hybrid Massive MIMO: Non-Orthogonal Angle Division Multiple Access

This paper presents a new view of multi-user (MU) hybrid massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems from array signal processing perspective. We first show that the instantaneous channel vectors corresponding to different users are asymptotically orthogonal if the angles of arrival of users are different. We then decompose the channel matrix into an angle domain basis matrix and a gain matrix. The former can be formulated by steering vectors and the latter has the same size as the number of RF chains, which perfectly matches the structure of hybrid precoding. A novel hybrid channel estimation is proposed by separately estimating the angle information and the gain matrix, which could significantly save the training overhead and substantially improve the channel estimation accuracy compared with the conventional beamspace approach. Moreover, with the aid of the angle domain matrix, the MU massive MIMO system can be viewed as a type of non-orthogonal angle division multiple access to simultaneously serve multiple users at the same frequency band. Finally, the performance of the proposed scheme is validated by computer simulation results.
Understanding rapid dewatering of cellulose fibre suspensions

Rapid dewatering of cellulose fibre suspensions is a fundamental process in many unit operations in the production of pulp and paper. Understanding dewatering behaviour can be applied to optimizing designs of industrial equipment. In this project, we assess the suitability of a well-established modeling approach, referred to as the base model, at capturing the one dimensional dewatering behaviour of cellulose fibre suspensions seen experimentally. This modeling approach requires two closure relationships determined experimentally, i.e. compressive yield stress and permeability. Experimental equipment has been designed, constructed, and operated to obtain the closure relationships and collect dewatering results for validation of the model. Two experimental techniques, with close agreement, have been developed for the collection of compressive yield stress. Permeability results are obtained through Darcian permeation experiments. Two approaches, neglecting and accounting for flow induced compaction, were developed. Results were found to fall within values seen in the literature. The base model provided good representation of ideal nylon fibre suspension trials. These solid fibres are representative of the base models constitutive equation for an infinite solid phase rearrangement rate constant. The base model poorly represents the cellulose fibre suspensions’ dewatering behaviour. The suggested source of discrepancy is the further dynamic due to the dewatering of the individual porous cellulose fibres which results in a finite solid phase rearrangement rate constant. The base model is expanded upon in hopes of capturing this rate dependent behaviour. This extended model, with the determined closure relationships, captured load versus solid volume fraction profiles at varying dewatering rates better than the base model for cellulose fibre suspensions. Further improvements in representation were seen through close representation of the solid phase velocity profiles found experimentally during dewatering. Various cellulose fibre suspensions were investigated to begin a catalog of different dewatering behaviours seen through variations in pulp production variables. Investigations included varying fibre species, pulping processes, levels of low consistency refining, and impacts of dewatering chemical additives.
In humans at least 75% of insulin secretion arises from punctuated insulin secretory bursts.

Detection of insulin secretory bursts in peripheral blood is hampered by hepatic insulin extraction, dilution in the systemic insulin pool, and time-delayed damping of secretory burst amplitude. Previous studies in dogs in vivo and other experiments in vitro have shown that ∼70% of all insulin is released within distinct insulin secretory bursts. To establish a method for detection and quantification of pulsatile insulin release in humans on the basis of peripheral insulin concentration measurements, we used a high-sensitivity, -specificity, and -precision insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and optimized an established deconvolution methodology to quantify the frequency, mass, and amplitude of insulin secretory bursts as well as to estimate the relative contribution of pulsatile insulin release to overall insulin secretion. By use of minutely sampled serum insulin concentrations measured by a highly sensitive insulin ELISA, and insulin kinetics of 2.8 min (first half-life), 5.0 min (second half-life), and a fractional slow component of 0.28, the deconvolved insulin secretion rates in 20 healthy subjects during glucose infusion (4.5 mg ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ min-1) could be resolved into a series (4.7 ± 0.1 min/pulse) of approximately symmetric insulin secretory bursts with a mean mass of 87 ± 12 pmol ⋅ l-1 ⋅ pulse-1and a mean amplitude (maximal release rate) of 35 ± 4.7 pmol ⋅ l-1 ⋅ min-1. The relative contribution of pulsatile to overall insulin secretion was 75 ± 1.6% (range 59-85%). We conclude that in vivo insulin secretion in humans during nominal glucose stimulation consists of a series of punctuated insulin secretory bursts accounting for ≥75% of total insulin secretion.
Volatile Profile of Raw Lamb Meat Stored at 4 ± 1 °C: The Potential of Specific Aldehyde Ratios as Indicators of Lamb Meat Quality

The objectives of the present study were: (a) to evaluate the aroma evolution of raw lamb packaged in multi-layer coating film and stored at 4 ± 1 °C, with respect to storage time and (b) to investigate whether specific aldehyde ratios could serve as markers of lamb meat freshness and degree of oxidation. Volatile compounds were determined using headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results showed that the most dominant volatiles were 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-heptane, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-hexanol, carbon disulfide and p-cymene. Volatile compound content was increased during storage time. However, statistically significant differences were recorded only for hexanal, heptanal, and nonanal (p < 0.05). Additionally, the evolution of aldehydes during storage recorded a positive Pearson’s correlation (r) (p < 0.05), whereas hexanal to nonanal, heptanal to nonanal, octanal to nonanal ratios, along with the sum of aldehydes to nonanal ratio, were positively correlated (r = 0.83–1.00) with the degree of oxidation (mg malonic dialdehyde per kg of lamb meat). A perfect Pearson’s correlation (r = 1) was obtained for the ratio hexanal to nonanal. Therefore, this ratio is proposed as an indicator of lamb meat freshness and overall quality.
OTA Prevention and Detoxification by Actinobacterial Strains and Activated Carbon Fibers: Preliminary Results

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium that contaminate food and feed raw materials. To reduce OTA contamination, we first tested in vitro, actinobacterial strains as potential biocontrol agents and afterward, through a physical decontamination method using activated carbon fibers (ACFs). Actinobacterial strains were screened for their ability to reduce OTA in solid co-culture with A. carbonarius, which is the major OTA-producing species in European vineyards. Four strains showed a high affinity for removing OTA (67%–83%) with no significant effect on fungal growth (<20%). The mechanism of action was first studied by analyzing the expression of OTA cluster genes (acOTApks, acOTAnrps, acOTAhal) by RT-qPCR showing a drastic reduction in all genes (7–15 times). Second, the ability of these strains to degrade OTA was assessed in vitro on ISP2 solid medium supplemented with OTA (100 µg/L). Two strains reduced OTA to undetectable levels. As for the physical method, high adsorption rates were obtained for ACFs at 0.8 g/L with a 50% adsorption of OTA in red wine by AC15 and 52% in grape juice by AC20 within 24 h. These promising methods could be complementarily applied toward reducing OTA contamination in food chains, which promotes food safety and quality.
Jinkui Shenqi Pills Ameliorate Asthma with “Kidney Yang Deficiency” by Enhancing the Function of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis to Regulate T Helper 1/2 Imbalance

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of JKSQP in a rat model of asthma with kidney-yang deficiency (KYD). Materials and Methods. Hydrocortisone (HYD) was used to establish the rat model of KYD; rats were then sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). JKSQP was administered to OVA-challenged rats, and the changes in signs and symptoms of KYD were observed. The leukocyte number and subpopulations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted and the cells were stained with Wright–Giemsa dye. Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CORT), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and OVA-specific IgE levels were determined using relevant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) kits. Results. JKSQP not only reversed the phenomenon of KYD but also significantly inhibited the number of leukocyte and eosinophils in the BALF, increasing the level of interferon (IFN)-γ and decreasing the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IgE in the serum compared with the OVA-challenged groups. Conclusions. Taken together, the antiasthma effects of JKSQP were likely mediated by the enhancement of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the reversal of T helper 1/2 imbalance.