Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissociation between adipose tissue signals, behavior and the food-entrained oscillator.

Digestive and metabolic processes are entrained by restricted feeding (RFS) schedules and are thought to be potential elements of a food-entrained oscillator (FEO). Due to the close relationship of leptin with metabolic regulation and because leptin is a relevant communication signal of the individual's peripheral metabolic condition with the central nervous system, we explored whether leptin is an endogenous entraining signal from the periphery to a central element of an FEO. First we characterized in the rat the diurnal rhythm of serum leptin (in rats fed ad libitum (AL)), its adjustment to an RFS and the influence of fasting after RFS, or RFS followed by AL feeding and then total food deprivation (RF-AF) in the persistence of this fluctuating pattern. We also explored the response of free fatty acids and stomach weight under the same entraining conditions. We compared the metabolic response with the behavioral expression of drinking anticipatory activity (AA) under the same conditions. Finally, we tested the effect of daily i.c. v administration of leptin as a putative entraining signal for the generation of AA. Metabolic parameters responded to food entrainment by adjusting their phase to mealtime. However, leptin and free fatty acid rhythms persisted only for a few cycles in fasting conditions and readjusted to the light-darkness cycle after an RF-AF protocol. In contrast, behavioral food-entrained rhythms persisted after both fasting manipulations. Daily leptin i.c. v. administration did not produce AA, nor produce changes in the behavioral free-running rhythm. Stomach weight indicated an adaptive process allowing an extreme stomach distension followed by a slow emptying process, which suggests that the stomach may be playing a relevant role as a storage organ. In conclusion, metabolic signals here studied respond to feeding schedules by adjusting their phase to mealtime, but do only persist for a few cycles in fasting. Leptin does not produce AA and thus is not an entraining signal for FEO. The response of metabolic signals to feeding schedules depends on different mechanisms than the expression of AA.
Relationship of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis with obesity, exercise and Mediterranean diet in Spanish schoolchildren

Background: Although several studies have investigated the influence of diet on asthma in schoolchildren, none of them has evaluated how obesity can modify this effect. A study was undertaken to evaluate the association of various foods and a Mediterranean diet with the prevalence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis, adjusting for obesity and exercise. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 20 106 schoolchildren aged 6–7 years from eight Spanish cities. Using the ISAAC phase III questionnaire, parents reported chest and nose symptoms, food intake, weight, height and other factors, including exercise. A Mediterranean diet score was developed. A distinction was made between current occasional asthma (COA) and current severe asthma (CSA). Results: Independent of the amount of exercise, each Mediterranean score unit had a small but protective effect on CSA in girls (adjusted OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.98). Exercise was a protective factor for COA and rhinoconjunctivitis in girls and boys (the more exercise, the more protection). Obesity was a risk factor for CSA in girls (adjusted OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.51 to 3.64). Individually, a more frequent intake (1–2 times/week and ⩾3 times/week vs never/occasionally) of seafood (adjusted ORs 0.63 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.91) and 0.53 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.80)) and cereals (adjusted OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.30 to 1.02) and 0.39 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.68)) were protective factors for CSA, while fast food was a risk factor (adjusted ORs 1.64 (95% CI 1.28 to 2.10) and 2.26 (95% CI 1.09 to 4.68)). Seafood (adjusted ORs 0.74 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.92) and 0.67 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.85)) and fruit (adjusted ORs 0.76 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.97) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.88)) were protective factors for rhinoconjunctivitis. Conclusions: A Mediterranean diet has a potentially protective effect in girls aged 6–7 years with CSA. Obesity is a risk factor for this type of asthma only in girls.
An Allosteric Mechanism Inferred from Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Phospholamban Pentamer in Lipid Membranes

Phospholamban functions as a regulator of Ca2+ concentration of cardiac muscle cells by triggering the bioactivity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. In order to understand its dynamic mechanism in the environment of bilayer surroundings, we performed long time-scale molecular dynamic simulations based on the high-resolution NMR structure of phospholamban pentamer. It was observed from the molecular dynamics trajectory analyses that the conformational transitions between the “bellflower” and “pinwheel” modes were detected for phospholamban. Particularly, the two modes became quite similar to each other after phospholamban was phosphorylated at Ser16. Based on these findings, an allosteric mechanism was proposed to elucidate the dynamic process of phospholamban interacting with Ca2+-ATPase.
Non-Photorealistic Rendering from Stereo

Abstract : A new paradigm for automatic non-photorealistic rendering is introduced in this paper. Non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) provides an alternative way to render complex scenes by emphasizing high level or salient perceptual features. Particularly, the pen-and-ink rendering style produces sketchy-like drawings that can effectively communicate shape and geometry. This is achieved by combining drawing primitives that mimic ink patterns used by artists. Existing NPR approaches can be categorized into two groups depending on the type of input they use: image based and object based. Image-based NPR techniques use 2D images to produce the renderings. Object-based techniques work directly on given 3D models and make use of the full volumetric representation. In this paper, the authors propose to enjoy the best of both worlds by developing a hybrid model that simultaneously uses information from the image and object domains. These two sources of information are provided by a calibrated stereoscopic system. Given a pair of stereo images and the calibration data, they solve the stereo problem to extract the normal and principal direction fields, which are fundamental for guiding a texture synthesis algorithm that generates the NPR renderings. In particular, normals guide tonal variations, while principal directions determine the orientation of stroke-like texture patterns. They describe a particular, fully automatic implementation of these ideas and present a number of examples.
Low-density generator matrix codes for indoor and Markov channels

We propose a modified algorithm for the decoding of linear codes with low-density generator matrix (LDGM) codes (a class of LDPC codes) over indoor and finite-state binary Markov channels. In order to avoid error floors, a concatenation of two LDGM codes is utilized. The hidden Markov model representing the channel is incorporated into the graph corresponding to the LDGM codes, and the message passing algorithm is modified accordingly. The proposed scheme clearly outperforms systems in which the channel statistics are not exploited in the decoding process, allowing reliable communication at rates which are above the capacity of a memoryless channel with the same stationary bit error probability as the Markov channel. Moreover, the proposed method can be successfully applied for real wireless channels that can be modeled with hidden Markov models, such as indoor channels.
Single β-Actin mRNA Detection in Neurons Reveals a Mechanism for Regulating Its Translatability

The physical manifestation of learning and memory formation in the brain can be expressed by strengthening or weakening of synaptic connections through morphological changes. Local actin remodeling underlies some forms of plasticity and may be facilitated by local β-actin synthesis, but dynamic information is lacking. In this work, we use single-molecule in situ hybridization to demonstrate that dendritic β-actin messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomes are in a masked, neuron-specific form. Chemically induced long-term potentiation prompts transient mRNA unmasking, which depends on factors active during synaptic activity. Ribosomes and single β-actin mRNA motility increase after stimulation, indicative of release from complexes. Hence, the single-molecule assays we developed allow for the quantification of activity-induced unmasking and availability for active translation. Further, our work demonstrates that β-actin mRNA and ribosomes are in a masked state that is alleviated by stimulation. Imaging of β-actin messenger RNA (mRNA) in neurons reveals transient alteration of mRNA availability during synaptic plasticity. [Also see Perspective by Akbalik and Schuman] Observing the Messenger In order to elucidate the dynamics of individual components in the cell, single-molecule technologies are being developed (see the Perspective by Akbalik and Schuman). Park et al. (p. 422) used a mouse expressing fluorescent β-actin messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to visualize mRNA movements in living cells and tissues. Buxbaum et al. (p. 419) showed that neurons contain β-actin mRNAs and ribosomes packaged in a dense structure, impenetrable by oligonucleotide probes. This effectively masks the mRNAs until neuronal stimulation exposes the mRNA and ribosomes briefly, presumably reflecting the local stimulation and translation involved, for example, in the generation of memories.
A Cortical Region Consisting Entirely of Face-Selective Cells

Face perception is a skill crucial to primates. In both humans and macaque monkeys, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveals a system of cortical regions that show increased blood flow when the subject views images of faces, compared with images of objects. However, the stimulus selectivity of single neurons within these fMRI-identified regions has not been studied. We used fMRI to identify and target the largest face-selective region in two macaques for single-unit recording. Almost all (97%) of the visually responsive neurons in this region were strongly face selective, indicating that a dedicated cortical area exists to support face processing in the macaque.
Generation and Imaging of Transgenic Mice that Express G-CaMP7 under a Tetracycline Response Element

The spatiotemporally controlled expression of G-CaMP fluorescent calcium indicator proteins can facilitate reliable imaging of brain circuit activity. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse line that expresses G-CaMP7 under a tetracycline response element. When crossed with a forebrain-specific tetracycline-controlled transactivator driver line, the mice expressed G-CaMP7 in defined cell populations in a tetracycline-controlled manner, notably in pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 of the cortex and in the CA1 area of the hippocampus; this expression allowed for imaging of the in vivo activity of these circuits. This mouse line thus provides a useful genetic tool for controlled G-CaMP expression in vivo.
Mechanism and Design Analysis of Articulated Ankle Foot Orthoses for Drop-Foot

Robotic technologies are being employed increasingly in the treatment of lower limb disabilities. Individuals suffering from stroke and other neurological disorders often experience inadequate dorsiflexion during swing phase of the gait cycle due to dorsiflexor muscle weakness. This type of pathological gait, mostly known as drop-foot gait, has two major complications, foot-slap during loading response and toe-drag during swing. Ankle foot orthotic (AFO) devices are mostly prescribed to resolve these complications. Existing AFOs are designed with or without articulated joint with various motion control elements like springs, dampers, four-bar mechanism, series elastic actuator, and so forth. This paper examines various AFO designs for drop-foot, discusses the mechanism, and identifies limitations and remaining design challenges. Along with two commercially available AFOs some designs possess promising prospective to be used as daily-wear device. However, the design and mechanism of AFO must ensure compactness, light weight, low noise, and high efficiency. These entailments present significant engineering challenges to develop a new design with wide consumer adoption.
9-AA Block of the Sodium Channel Depends on the Previous History

Local anesthetics block the excitability o f nerve by blocking Na channels (Taylor , 1959). T h e block may exhibit bo th f requencyand vo l t age -dependen t features . T h e f r e q u e n c y d e p e n d e n t block arises f r o m the interaction o f b ind ing react ion with channel gat ing (Cour tney , 1975), and the vo l t age -dependen t block is ascribed to the b inding react ion which is itself vo l t age -dependen t (Strichartz, 1973). T h e recep to r for the local anesthetic molecule is t hough t to be located inside the Na channel (Strichartz, 1973; Hille, 1977). T h e cationic local anesthetic molecule is t hough t to gain access to the recep to r via the inner m o u t h o f the channe l only when the channe l is open . T h u s , the d r u g r e c e p t o r b ind ing and the d r u g effect on the gat ing mechan ism are two factors that are impor t an t in modu la t ing the voltageand f r equency -dependen t block. This p a p e r presents a detailed analysis o f the f r equency -dependen t block o f Na channels us ing 9-aminoacr idine (9-AA) as an example . T h o u g h the frequency -dependen t block o f Na channels has been studied in myel ina ted nerve p repa ra t ions (Strichartz, 1973; Khodorov et al., 1976; Cour tney , 1975; Hille, 1977), squid axon p repa ra t ion offers two distinct advantages for these studies: First, in ternal per fus ion p rov ided a direct delivery o f d r u g to the inside o f axon m e m b r a n e ; and second, the h gate may be r emoved by p ronase t r ea tmen t J. GEN. PHYSIOL. ~ T h e Rockefeller Univers i ty Press 9 0022-1295/79/01/0001-0051.00 V o l u m e 73 J a n u a r y 1979 1-21 on Jne 0, 2017 D ow nladed fom Published January 1, 1979
Cell Hierarchy and Lineage Commitment in the Bovine Mammary Gland

The bovine mammary gland is a favorable organ for studying mammary cell hierarchy due to its robust milk-production capabilities that reflect the adaptation of its cell populations to extensive expansion and differentiation. It also shares basic characteristics with the human breast, and identification of its cell composition may broaden our understanding of the diversity in cell hierarchy among mammals. Here, Lin− epithelial cells were sorted according to expression of CD24 and CD49f into four populations: CD24medCD49fpos (putative stem cells, puStm), CD24negCD49fpos (Basal), CD24highCD49fneg (putative progenitors, puPgt) and CD24medCD49fneg (luminal, Lum). These populations maintained differential gene expression of lineage markers and markers of stem cells and luminal progenitors. Of note was the high expression of Stat5a in the puPgt cells, and of Notch1, Delta1, Jagged1 and Hey1 in the puStm and Basal populations. Cultured puStm and Basal cells formed lineage-restricted basal or luminal clones and after re-sorting, colonies that preserved a duct-like alignment of epithelial layers. In contrast, puPgt and Lum cells generated only luminal clones and unorganized colonies. Under non-adherent culture conditions, the puPgt and puStm populations generated significantly more floating colonies. The increase in cell number during culture provides a measure of propagation potential, which was highest for the puStm cells. Taken together, these analyses position puStm cells at the top of the cell hierarchy and denote the presence of both bi-potent and luminally restricted progenitors. In addition, a population of differentiated luminal cells was marked. Finally, combining ALDH activity with cell-surface marker analyses defined a small subpopulation that is potentially stem cell- enriched.
In vitro synergy of baicalein and gentamicin against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Little is known about the possible synergism of baicalein, a bioactive flavone of Scutellariae radix (a Chinese herb), when used in conjunction with other antimicrobial agents against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). This in vitro study examined the possible synergism of the combination of baicalein and gentamicin against VRE. METHODS Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of baicalein as well as gentamicin were determined against 39 clinical isolates of VRE by the agar dilution method. Synergistic activities were determined using the checkerboard method based on the fractional inhibitory concentration indices and also the time-kill method. Further time-kill studies were conducted with these two agents against one randomly chosen clinical isolate, VRE-096. RESULTS Minimal concentrations inhibiting 50% (MIC(50)) and 90% (MIC(90)) of isolates for baicalein and gentamicin were all >256 microg/mL. Synergism between baicalein and gentamicin was demonstrated against four clinical isolates of VRE (VRE-70, VRE-940, VRE-096 and VRE-721). When approximately 5 x 10(5) colony-forming units/mL of VRE-096 was incubated with both baicalein at a concentration of 32 microg/mL (1/8 x MIC) and gentamicin at a concentration of 128 microg/mL (1/2 x MIC), there was an inhibitory effect against VRE that persisted for 48 h. At 48 h, the combination of baicalein and gentamicin at these respective concentrations resulted in a reduction of growth by approximately 2 orders of magnitude compared to that for the starting inoculum and by 3 orders of magnitude compared to that for baicalein alone, the more active single agent. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that baicalein and gentamicin can act synergistically in inhibiting VRE in vitro.
The crisis as a wake-up call : do banks tighten screening and monitoring during a financial crisis ?

To what extent was the credit contraction during the global financial crisis due to more intense screening and monitoring by banks? We address this question by analysing changes in the structure of a large number of syndicated loans to private, non-financial corporations. We find an increase in retention rates among syndicate arrangers during the crisis that we cannot explain by borrower risk or interbank liquidity alone. This increased “skin in the game” is especially pronounced when information asymmetries between the borrower and the lending syndicate – or within the syndicate – are high. This indicates that the reduction in bank lending during the crisis was at least partly caused by stricter bank screening and monitoring: a wake-up call.
The Effect of Ambiguity Aversion on Insurance and Self�?Protection

In this article, we derive a set of simple conditions such that ambiguity aversion always raises the demand for self‐insurance and the insurance coverage, but decreases the demand for self‐protection. We also characterise the optimal insurance design under ambiguity aversion and exhibit a case in which the straight deductible contract is optimal as in the expected utility model.
The extra-virgin olive oil handbook

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Functional Roles of Mouse Sperm Hyaluronidases, HYAL5 and SPAM1, in Fertilization1

Although sperm entry into the oocyte-cumulus complex and subsequent sperm penetration through the cumulus matrix to reach the oocyte zona pellucida are essential for mammalian fertilization, the molecular mechanism remains controversial. Previously, we have shown that mouse sperm lacking SPAM1 are capable of penetrating the cumulus matrix despite a delayed dispersal of cumulus cells. We also have identified another sperm hyaluronidase, HYAL5, as a candidate enzyme involved in sperm penetration through the cumulus. In the present study, we produced HYAL5-deficient mice to uncover the functional roles of HYAL5 and SPAM1 in fertilization. The HYAL5-deficient mice were fully fertile and yielded normal litter sizes. In vitro fertilization assays demonstrated that HYAL5-deficient epididymal sperm is functionally normal. We thus conclude that HYAL5 may be dispensable for fertilization. Comparative analysis among wild-type, HYAL5-deficient, and SPAM1-deficient epididymal sperm revealed that only SPAM1 is probably involved in sperm penetration through the cumulus matrix. Notably, the loss of SPAM1 resulted in a remarkably increased accumulation of sperm on the surface or outer edge of the cumulus. These data suggest that SPAM1 may function in sperm entry into the cumulus and sperm penetration through the cumulus matrix.
Neural Correlates of an Injury-Free Model of Central Sensitization Induced by Opioid Withdrawal in Humans

Preclinical evidence suggests that opioid withdrawal induces central sensitization (CS) that is maintained by supraspinal contributions from the descending pain modulatory system (DPMS). Here, in healthy human subjects we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the supraspinal activity during the withdrawal period of the opioid remifentanil. We used a crossover design and thermal stimuli on uninjured skin to demonstrate opioid withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) without a CS-inducing peripheral stimulus. Saline was used in the control arm to account for effects of time. OIH in this injury-free model was observed in a subset of the healthy subjects (responders). Only in these subjects did opioid infusion and withdrawal induce a rise in activity in the mesencephalic-pontine reticular formation (MPRF), an area of the DPMS that has been previously shown to be involved in states of CS in humans, which became significant during the withdrawal phase compared with nonresponders. Paradoxically, this opioid withdrawal-induced rise in MPRF activity shows a significant negative correlation with the behavioral OIH score indicating a predominant inhibitory role of the MPRF in the responders. These data illustrate that in susceptible individuals central mechanisms appear to regulate the expression of OIH in humans in the absence of tissue injury, which might have relevance for functional pain syndromes where a peripheral origin for the pain is difficult to identify.