Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accelerated stability studies of Sufoofe Sailan: A Unani formulation

Introduction: Sufoofe Sailan (SS) is a polyherbal powder preparation used in Unani medicine to treat gynecological diseases. It is observed that SS degrade early as it is in the form of powder; however, the stability study of SS was not carried out till date. Aim: To evaluate the accelerated stability of SS. Materials and Methods: Finished formulation of SS was packed in three airtight transparent polyethylene terephthalate containers. One pack was analyzed just after manufacturing and remaining two packs were kept in stability chamber at 40°C ± 2°C/75% ± 5% RH, of which one pack was analyzed after the completion of three and another after 6 months. Organoleptic, physico-chemical, microbiological parameters along with high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting were carried out. Results: Organoleptic characters showed no significant change in accelerated stability condition. All physico-chemical parameters showed changes <5%, HPTLC fingerprinting showed minimum changes and microbial studies were in confirmation to the World Health Organization guidelines. Conclusion: SS confirmed to the International Conference on Harmonization Guideline for accelerated testing of the pharmaceutical product on said parameters and as per the Grimm's statement the shelf life of SS may last 20 months.
CEO Tenure and Risk-Taking

This paper conducts a systematic analysis of the effect of CEO tenure on risk-taking. We document an overall positive relation between tenure and risk-taking. The results are inconsistent with viewing tenure primarily as an indicator of human capital investment. Though we can not rule out the explanations based on the power and experience effects of tenure, our results are more consistent with interpreting tenure as the career concerns of a manager. Consistent with this interpretation and recent theoretical work, we show that the effect of CEO tenure on risk-taking depends on the information asymmetry about CEO ability.
EGFR- and VEGF(R)-Targeted Small Molecules Show Synergistic Activity in Colorectal Cancer Models Refractory to Combinations of Monoclonal Antibodies

Purpose: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and VEGF(R) signaling show extensive cross-talk, providing a rationale for joint targeting of the two pathways. However, combinations of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting EGFR and VEGF showed disappointing activity in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). We speculated that inhibition of surface receptors and ligands might only partly prevent oncogenic signaling whereas small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) would also influence intracellular signaling. Experimental Design: Mice with CRC xenografts were treated with two TKIs, vargatef and afatinib, or with two mAbs, bevacizumab and cetuximab, and their influence on tumor growth, viability, in vivo DNA synthesis, and the presence of phosphorylated EGFR and VEGFR was determined. The activity of the TKIs was further characterized in CRC cells with different KRAS status. Results: Vargatef and afatinib together showed strong tumor growth inhibition toward HT-29 xenografts compared with either drug alone, which was associated with a 5-fold increase in apoptotic tumor cell death. In comparison, bevacizumab and cetuximab together were exclusively cytostatic with no more activity than either drug alone. Exposure to the two TKIs was accompanied by a marked decrease of tumor-associated intracellular phospho-VEGFR1 and phospho-EGFR, whereas similar exposure to the two mAbs had no detectable effect. A synergistic activity of vargatef plus afatinib was observed in all eight CRC cell lines examined, independent of KRAS status. Conclusions: Our results indicate that attenuation of intracellular EGFR and/or VEGF signaling is required for cytotoxic activity. These findings provide a rationale for trials of the TKIs, even in patients with mutant KRAS. Clin Cancer Res; 17(20); 6522–30. ©2011 AACR.
Single muscle fiber analysis of mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke‐like episodes (MELAS)

We examined muscle sections from 3 patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke‐like episodes (MELAS), using single‐fiber polymerase chain reaction, histochemistry, and in situ hybridization. Most type 1 ragged‐red fibers showed positive cytochrome c oxidase activity at the subsarcolemmal region, while type 2 ragged‐red fibers had little cytochrome c oxidase activity. However, there was no difference in the amount of total (mutant and wild‐type) mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) and the proportion of mutant mtDNA between type 1 and type 2 ragged‐red fibers. These observations suggest that mitochondrial proliferation and nuclear factors affect muscle pathology, including cytochrome c oxidase activity, in MELAS. Total mtDNAs were greatly increased in ragged‐red fibers (about 5–17 times over those in non–ragged‐red fibers). The proportion of mutant mtDNA was significantly higher in ragged‐red fibers (88.1 ± 5.5%) than in non–ragged‐red fibers (63.2 ± 21.6%). Thus, the amount of wild‐type mtDNA as well as mutant mtDNA was increased in ragged‐red fibers in MELAS, failing to support the contention of a replicative advantage of mutant mtDNA. The proportion of mutant mtDNA was significantly higher in the strongly succinate dehydrogenase–reactive blood vessels (83.2 + 4.2%) than in non–succinate dehydrogenase–reactive blood vessels (38.8 ± 16.2%). It seems likely that systemic vascular abnormalities involving cerebral vessels lead to the evolution of stroke‐like episodes in MELAS.
Outer shell type 2 DOF bending manipulator using spring-link mechanism for medical applications

In recent years, robotic technology has been introduced to medical fields and many surgical robots have been presented not only in academic fields but also as commercialized products. In this paper, an outer shell type 2 DOF bending manipulator using a spring-link mechanism is presented. The mechanism was developed for a surgical robot, which can implement various surgical treatment devices inside of the manipulator. The spring-link mechanism is a simple combination of a flat spring and a rigid link with a passive joint connection. The outer shell type 2 DOF bending manipulator is composed by four spring-link mechanisms. The most unique feature of the manipulator is that these four springs are interconnected in the kinematics. Therefore, it is possible to realize a robust and backlash-free motion by taking into account the interconnections of springs such as an internal stress of the structure. In addition, by locating four spring-link mechanisms around the manipulator, it is possible to place medical devices inside of the manipulator.
Preference Dynamics in the 2014 Congressional Midterm Elections

Abstract The vote intentions of Americans experienced meaningful change over the course of the 2014 campaign, largely to the detriment of Democrats and in favor of the GOP. Vote intention trajectories generally followed sensible and predictable patterns, reflecting forces and developments that unfolded over the course of the campaign cycle. Specifically, changes in voter sentiments were fueled primarily by assessments about the president and, relatedly, about the condition of the national economy. Higher levels of Obama approval helped Democratic contenders over the course of the 2014 midterm cycle, while Republicans appeared to benefit from improvements in the economy. Political events and assessments of congressional performance were unrelated to vote intentions in 2014.
"Acquired" Chiari I malformation after multiple lumbar punctures: case report.

The authors present the history of a patient with a Chiari I malformation "acquired" after multiple traumatic lumbar punctures. The genesis of tonsillar descent is believed to be related to persistent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid secondary to the multiple traumatic lumbar punctures. The topic of acquired Chiari I malformations and complications of lumbar puncture is reviewed.
Countering code-injection attacks with instruction-set randomization

We describe a new, general approach for safeguarding systems against any type of code-injection attack. We apply Kerckhoff's principle, by creating process-specific randomized instruction sets (e.g., machine instructions) of the system executing potentially vulnerable software. An attacker who does not know the key to the randomization algorithm will inject code that is invalid for that randomized processor, causing a runtime exception. To determine the difficulty of integrating support for the proposed mechanism in the operating system, we modified the Linux kernel, the GNU binutils tools, and the bochs-x86 emulator. Although the performance penalty is significant, our prototype demonstrates the feasibility of the approach, and should be directly usable on a suitable-modified processor (e.g., the Transmeta Crusoe). Our approach is equally applicable against code-injecting attacks in scripting and interpreted languages, e.g., web-based SQL injection. We demonstrate this by modifying the Perl interpreter to permit randomized script execution. The performance penalty in this case is minimal. Where our proposed approach is feasible (i.e., in an emulated environment, in the presence of programmable or specialized hardware, or in interpreted languages), it can serve as a low-overhead protection mechanism, and can easily complement other mechanisms.
Equilibration of an Atmosphere by Adiabatic Eddy Fluxes

AbstractA major question for climate studies is to quantify the role of turbulent eddy fluxes in maintaining the observed atmospheric mean state. Both the equator-to-pole temperature gradient and the static stability of the extratropical atmosphere are set by a balance between these eddy fluxes and the radiative forcing. Much attention has been paid to the adjustment of the isentropic slope, which relates the static stability and the meridional temperature gradient. It is often argued that the extratropical atmosphere always equilibrates such that isentropes leaving the surface in the subtropics reach the tropopause near the poles. However, recent work challenged this argument. This paper revisits scaling arguments for the equilibrated mean state of a dry atmosphere, which results from a balance between the radiative forcing and the along-isentropic eddy heat flux. These arguments predict weak sensitivity of the isentropic slope to changes in the radiative forcing, consistent with previous results. Large .
The relationship between attachment theory and transformational leadership in California community college chief executive officers

This study examines a relatively new area of investigation: the relationship between attachment theory (Bowlby, 1973, 1980, 1982) and transformational leadership theory. Using self-report surveys and controlling for demographic variables, California community college chief executive officers’ (CEOs) attachment styles and transformational leadership characteristics are measured and the potential relationship between them examined (N=74). The two measures used are Kouzes and Posner’s (2002a) Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) and Brennan, Clark, and Shaver’s (1998) Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR). No significant correlation between attachment scores and the demographic variables was found in the study. Three moderate strength positive correlations were found between LPI scores and the demographic variables: between age and the LPI Enable Others to Act score, between female CEOs and the LPI Challenge the Process score, and between female CEOs and the LPI total score. The analysis demonstrated moderate correlations between the two attachment scales and the five transformational leadership characteristics as well as the LPI total score, with all 12 resulting correlations being negative and significant at the p <. 05 level both before and after controlling for demographic variables. The moderate correlation found in this study between more securely attached leaders and their self-assessed transformational leadership style found provides insight into the complex fields of leadership study and personality theory. Implications include the possibility of incorporating attachment and leadership measures into employee selection to better match desired styles to the organization’s needs. Individual leaders may also be able to leverage the relationship explored in this study to further their personal leadership development.
Systematic Review of Kinship Care Effects on Safety, Permanency, and Well-Being Outcomes

Objective: Children in out-of-home placements typically display more educational, behavioral, and psychological problems than do their peers. This systematic review evaluated the effect of kinship care placement compared to foster care placement on the safety, permanency, and well-being of children removed from the home for maltreatment. Methods: Review authors independently read titles and abstracts identified in the searches, selected appropriate studies, assessed the eligibility of each study, evaluated the methodological quality, and extracted outcome data for meta-analysis. Results: Outcome data from the 102 included quasi-experimental studies suggest that, as compared to children in foster care, children in kinship care experience fewer behavioral problems and mental health disorders, better well-being, less placement disruption, fewer mental health services, and similar reunification rates. Conclusions: This review supports the practice of treating kinship care as a viable out-of-home placement option. This conclusion is tempered by methodological and design weaknesses of the included studies.
Metabolism of renal tumors in situ and during ischemia.

The concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glucose 6-phosphate, glycerol 3-phosphate, malate, glutamate, 2-oxoglutarate, acetoacetate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate have been measured in freeze-clamped Renal Tumors 8997-K (MK-1) and 9789-K (MK-3). Samples were taken within 5 sec after excision of the tumor and during the subsequent ischemia up to 10 min. The results were compared with similar values for liver and kidney. The activities of enzymes responsible for the initial stages of the catabolism of free fatty acids and ketone bodies (acyl-CoA synthetase, 3-oxo acid-CoA transferase, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase) were also measured in order to evaluate the relative importance of these potential fuels of respiration. In contrast to kidney and liver, the renal tumors maintained their ATP levels during ischemia provided that glycolysis occurred. After inhibition of glycolysis by iodoacetamide, ATP was no longer maintained. The rates of glycolysis during ischemia, as measured by lactate production, were 6- to 8-fold higher in the tumors than in kidney. The glucose 6-phosphate decreased in both tumors by about 50% during ischemia. More lactate was formed than glucose removed in both tumors and kidneys. The lactate/pyruvate and glutamate/oxoglutarate ratios increased during ischemia, whereas there was no change in the 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio. The activity of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in the tumors was hardly measurable and was probably insufficient to establish equilibrium between its substrates. Ischemia did not alter the glycerol 3-phosphate concentration appreciably. The activities of acyl-CoA synthetase, 3-oxo acid-CoA transferase, and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase in the tumors indicate that free fatty acids and acetoacetate can act as fuels of respiration.
Peritraumatic Responses and Their Relationship to Perceptions of Threat in Female Crime Victims

Peritraumatic responses, aside from dissociation, have been understudied in acute trauma populations. Participants were 172 female rape, 68 assault, and 80 robbery victims recruited through formal reporting agencies and assessed 1 month after the crime. Despite substantial overlap across crimes, rape victims reported more emotional responses reflecting fear, detachment, shame, and more nonactive behavioral responses. Regression analysis examining the prediction of perceived threat by peritraumatic responses and crime variables indicated that increased duration of crimes; decreased calmness; increased fear; numbing; use of begging, pleading, and crying; and attempts to reason with the perpetrator(s) were all significantly associated with increased appraisal of threat.
Caching on the move: Towards D2D-based information centric networking for mobile content distribution

With the advent of device-to-device (D2D) communications, user equipment (UE) such as smart phones will become an integral part of the (mobile) network for content distribution operations. In this context, we introduce a novel Information centric networking (ICN) framework for mobile content caching and distribution based on direct D2D communications in cellular network environments. Specifically, small pieces of mobile content can be cached at incentivised mobile UEs known as helpers, and the ICN-aware cellular network edge (e.g. base stations) are able to resolve content requests from local mobile clients to the helpers in their D2D proximity. With simple POI (point of interests) based selection of helpers as well as content caching/eviction control at the base station side, a significant proportion of mobile content requests can be locally resolved to helpers in proximity of clients, thus achieving very effective content traffic offloading away from the cellular network infrastructure.
“Zebra world”: The promotion of imperial stereotypes in a children’s book

Learning materials have become significant determinants of quality learning environments for young children. This study presents an example of such learning material in the Finnish context – a children’s book entitled: Bibi muuttaa Suomeen (translated: Bibi Moves to Finland) by Katja Kallio and Maggie Lindholm (2005). The main concern of this article is how the ‘us’ and ‘them’ (Finland vs. Africa) meet or co-exist together in the book, which describes a young girl, Bibi, her life in a ‘traditional’ African village and subsequent move to Finland. The positive intention of the book is to familiarize Finnish children with different cultures and the life of immigrant children. In this study concepts such as ‘Whiteness’, normality and belonging are discussed within a critical approach to intercultural education. The data consist of a focus group interview conducted for student teachers and our own analysis as two experts in the book. The material was analysed with the help of critical discourse analysis and a critical incident approach. The results show that despite good intentions to educate children about immigration and other people in a more positive light, the book serves to maintain the social structure of Finnish society as White, modern and superior to ‘others’ in Africa. It is important that teachers and teacher educators are able to challenge this type of representation of the world and of immigration in children’s books and learning materials.
A key role for allostatic overload in ASD and other disorders. Commentary on “An integrative model of autism spectrum disorder: ASD as a neurobiological disorder of experienced environmental deprivation, early life stress, and allostatic overload” by William M. Singletary, MD

The brain is the central organ of perceiving, responding, and adapting to life experiences, and it communicates in a reciprocal manner with the rest of the body via autonomic, neuroendocrine, metabolic, and immune mediators that are essential for adaptation to stressful experiences by a process referred to as “allostasis. ” Singletary reminds us that the impaired ability of the ASD-prone infant to respond to the “serve and return” interaction with parents leads to a state of frustration and chronic stress resulting in the cumulative “wear and tear” of adapting to chronic stress, called “allostatic overload,” that worsens the trajectory of the disorder and helps shape brain architecture, behavior, and systemic physiology. Singletary says that successful treatment must recognize the deviation from a normal developmental course as early as possible and intervene to redirect it. He cites examples in children where this has made a huge difference. Thus, the epigenetic plasticity of the brain is key to the development of successful interventions and the continuing plasticity of the brain throughout the life course gives hope for further beneficial interventions.
The Effect of Heat Stress on Measures of Running Performance and Heart Rate Responses During A Competitive Season in Male Soccer Players.

Measures of running performance (RP) and heart rate responses (HR) to matchplay during three different heat stress (HS) conditions were assessed in seven National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I male soccer players. Total distance (TD), as well as distance covered within distinct velocity zones [walking (WALK), jogging (JOG), low speed running (LSR), high-speed running (HSR), sprinting (SPRINT), low-intensity running (LIR), and high-intensity running (HIR)] were assessed using GPS units over 12 matches. HS was monitored during each match, and matches were defined as low (HSlow, n=4), moderate (HSmod, n=4), or high (HShigh, n=4) HS. Minutes played were significantly different across HS conditions (p=0.03). Therefore, distance covered within each movement velocity was assessed relative to minutes played, and as a percentage of total playing time. WALKrel was significantly greater during HShigh compared to HSlow (p=0.035). LIRrel was significantly greater during HSmod (p=0.015) compared to HSlow. A trend was observed for %WALK being higher during HShigh compared to HSlow (p=0.066). %LIR was significantly greater during HShigh compared to HSlow (p=0.048). HIR was not significantly different across HS conditions. Percent of time spent >85% HRmax was significantly greater during HShigh (p=0.002) and HSmod (p<0.001) compared to HSlow. Percent of time spent between 65-84% HRmax was significantly greater during HSlow compared to HShigh (p<0.001). Results indicate that HS resulted in increased LIR and %HR≥85, while HIR was maintained. HIR performance may be conserved through decreased playing time and/or the adoption of pacing strategies. This may assist coaches in altering player management strategies to optimize team performance.
Silencing the PTEN gene is protective against neuronal death induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat

Neurons are targets of toxicity induced by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protein Tat (transactivator of transcription). Exposure to Tat increases [Ca2+]i in striatal neurons and activates multiple cell death pathways. In earlier studies the authors showed that Tat activated both caspase-3 and endonuclease-G, a caspase-independent effector of apoptosis, and that Tat-induced neurotoxicity was not attenuated by a caspase-3 inhibitor. Because Tat activates multiple, parallel death pathways, the authors attempted to reduce Tat-induced neurotoxicity by manipulating signaling pathways upstream of mitochondrial apoptotic events. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), a negative regulator of Akt/PKB (protein kinase B) phosphorylation, was chosen as a target for silencing. Akt/PKB activity directs multiple downstream pathways mediated by GSK3β, BAD, forkhead transcription factors, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and others, in a manner that promotes proliferation and survival. Striatal neurons were nucleofected with short interfering RNA (siRNA) vectors targeting PTEN, or a negative-control siRNA. Although Tatu1–86 significantly increased the death of neurons transfected with control construct by 72 h, PTEN-silenced neurons were completely protected. These findings indicate that Akt is a critical intermediary in the direct neurotoxicity induced by HIV-1 Tat, and identify Akt regulation as a possible therapeutic strategy for Tat-induced neurotoxicity in HIV encephalitis (HIVE).