Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SEPARATION OF MINERAL MATTER FROM INDIAN COAL BY USING SOLVENTS

Coal resources have been estimated at over 861 billion tone globally. India accounts for 236 billion tonne of coal. Coal meets around 30.3 % of global primary energy needs and generates 42% of the world’s electricity. Indian electricity capacity has a rapid growth from 1350MW in the year 1947 to more than 140,000MW presently. Wide spectrum of coal is required ranging from power generation to steel production, infrastructure and commercial purposes. Indian coals contain high in ash content ranging from 15% to 55% [1] but low in sulphur content. Power plants complain of high ash content, inconsistent quality and size. Research and process development to produce the ash-free coal (Hyper-coal, HPC) has been carrying out since 1999 [5]. To improve the quality of coal by washing to reduce the environmental impact, enhance coal quality and increase process efficiency. Coal washing and coal beneficiation processes are the major thrust in terms of developing strong research cells for developing better practices, suiting requirements of all the coalfields of India. The extraction yield depends strongly on the coal particle size, solvent and extraction conditions. Experimental investigation for removal of mineral matter from Indian coal by using three different solvents such as Tetrahydrofuran, 1,4 Dioxane and Diethyl ether. Comparative study on reduction of ash content of Indian coals having different average particle sizes(0.126mm,0.258mm and 0.403mm) using different solvents reveals that Tetrahydrofuran is the best solvent with respect to these used solvents. The maximum reduction of ash content is found to be 23.16%. Experimental studies also highlighted how ash removal of coal by using solvents is increased with the decrease of particle size due to the easy liberation of ash bearing components from coal particles [16].
The Repair of Furcal Perforations in Different Diameters with Biodentine, MTA, and IRM Repair Materials: A Laboratory Study Using an E. Faecalis Leakage Model

The aim of this study is to evaluate the microleakage of repair materials MTA, IRM, and Biodentine applied on furcal perforations with different diameters. One hundred and forty extracted human teeth were used in this study. The teeth were divided into 2 main groups (60 teeth in each) which were then divided into 3 subgroups (n = 20). The remaining 20 teeth were divided into 2 groups (10 in each) to serve as controls. The furcal areas of the teeth were perforated with #2 cylindrical burs in Group 1 whereas perforations were made using #4 cylindrical burs in Group 2. Each subgroup of both Groups 1 and 2 received ProRoot MTA (ProRoot, USA), Biodentine (Septodont), or IRM (Dentsply, USA) to repair the perforations. An experimental set-up was established to contaminate repaired perforations with E. Faecalis (ATCC29212). The turbidity of bacteria was observed on the 7th, 15th, 30th, and 45th days. The data was analysed by chi-square test (p > 0.05). The number of bacteria in the group perforated by bur #2 and closed by MTA was found to be lower than the other groups on the 7th day (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the bacterial counts of other groups on the 15th, 30th, and 45th days (p > 0.05). ProRoot MTA was found to be more successful in the prevention of bacterial leakage compared to IRM and Biodentine in smaller perforations during the 1st week.
Study protocol for Vitality: a proof-of-concept randomised controlled trial of exercise training or complex mental and social activities to promote cognition in adults with chronic stroke

Introduction Cerebrovascular disease—such as stroke—is the second most common cause of dementia (ie, vascular dementia). Specifically, a stroke increases one’s risk for dementia by a factor of two. Thus, stroke survivors represent a target population in need of intervention strategies to promote cognitive function and prevent dementia. The current standard of care in stroke rehabilitation does not adequately address the significant cognitive consequences of stroke, especially for those who are in the chronic phase (ie, >12 months since an index stroke). Two potential intervention strategies are: (1) exercise training and (2) cognitive and social enrichment activities. Methods and analysis The aim of this proof-of-concept randomised controlled trial is to determine whether a 6-month targeted exercise training programme or a 6-month cognitive and social enrichment programme can efficaciously and efficiently improve cognitive function in older adults with chronic stroke compared with a 6-month stretch and tone programme (ie, control). The primary measurement periods will be baseline, month 6 (postintervention) and month 12 (6-month follow-up). The primary outcome measure will be performance on the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive-Plus (ADAS-Cog-Plus), a global measure of cognitive performance using multidimensional item response theory to summarise scores from the 13-item ADAS-Cog and other standard cognitive assessments. The primary analysis will compare changes in ADAS-Cog-Plus performance from baseline to month 6. Proof-of-concept outcomes relating to intervention feasibility will be analysed descriptively. The economic evaluation will examine the incremental costs and health outcome benefits generated by both interventions versus the control. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been obtained from the University of British Columbia’s Clinical Research Ethics Board (H13-00715, 26 July 2013). Any modifications to the protocol will require a formal amendment to the protocol and approval by the Research Ethics Board. Outcomes of this randomised controlled trial and the statistical code to generate those outcomes will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals as well as conference presentations. Trial registration number NCT01916486.
Effect of dexamethasone on differential white blood cell counts and heterophil / lymphocyte ratio in Japanese quails ( Coturnix coturnix japonica )

Aengwanich, W. and Chinrasri, O. Effect of dexamethasone on differential white blood cell counts and heterophil / lymphocyte ratio in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. , 2003, 25(2) : 183-189 Laying Japanese quails (n = 60), 30 weeks of age reared at the experimental laboratory unit of the Faculty of Technology, Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham province, Thailand. Birds were in cages with wire floors. Randomized Complete Block was the design of the experiment. During the first 4 days of experimental period, quails were fed on a standard commercial diet with four treatments: supplemented with dexamethasone at 4 levels namely 0 (control group), 1.25, 2.50 and 5.00 mg/kg diet. On days 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 of the experimental period, percentage of heterophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, basophil, eosinophil, and heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio values of laying quails were examined. The results revealed that percentage of heterophil of laying quail with added dexamethasone at 1.25 and 2.50 mg/kg in diets were significantly higher than others (P<0.05). Percentage of lymphocyte of Japanese quails receiving dexamethasone at 1.25 and 2.50 mg/kg was significantly lower than birds receiving dexamethasone at 0 and 5.00 mg/kg (P<0.05). Heterophil: lymphocyte ratio of laying birds supplemented with dexamethasone at 1.25 D.V.M. (Physiology), M.Sc. (Animal Science) Division of Animal Production Technology, Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Technology, Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000 Thailand. Corresponding e-mail : worapol.a@msu.ac. th Received, 29 July 2002 Accepted, 17 December 2002 Effect of dexamethasone in Japanese quails Aengwanich, W. and Chinrasri, O. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 25 No. 2 Mar.-Apr. 2003 184 and 2.50 mg/kg in diets was significantly higher than that of laying quail that added dexamethasone at 0 and 5.00 mg/kg in diets (P<0.05). The percentage of monocyte, basophil and eosinophil after receiving dexamethasone each levels were not significantly different (P>0.05). After discontinuing dexamethasone administration on day 4 of the experimental period, percentage of heterophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil, monocyte, and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio, of quails recovered to normal within 10 days.
Carbon nanodots: synthesis, properties and applications

Carbon nanodots (C-dots) have generated enormous excitement because of their superiority in water solubility, chemical inertness, low toxicity, ease of functionalization and resistance to photobleaching. In this review, by introducing the synthesis and photo- and electron-properties of C-dots, we hope to provide further insight into their controversial emission origin (particularly the upconverted photoluminescence) and to stimulate further research into their potential applications, especially in photocatalysis, energy conversion, optoelectronics, and sensing.
Mechanical properties of steels with a microstructure of bainite/martensite and austenite islands

iii LIST OF TABLES . xiv ACKNKOWLEDGMENTS . xv INTRODUCTION . 1 LITERATURE REVIEW . 2 2.1 Advanced High Strength Steels. 2 2.1. 1 Dual Phase and TRIP Steels . 2 2.1. 2 Quench and Partitioned Steel . 4 2.1. 3 TRIP Aided Bainitic Ferrite Steel . 7 2.2 Hole Expansion . 12 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS . 14 3.1 Material Selection . 14 3.2 Material Characterization . 14 3.3 Trial Heat Treatment Study . 19 3.4 Experimental Heat Treatment Matrix . 21 3.5 Mechanical Testing . 22 RESULTS . 25 4.1 Dilatometry Experiments . 25 4.1. 1 CCT Curve . 25 4.1. 2 Isothermal Hold Dilatometry Experiments . 26 4.2 Trial Heat Treatments. 41 4.3 Experimental Matrix for Mechanical Testing . 49 4.3.1 Microstructures . 49 4.3.2 Mechanical Properties. 53 DISCUSSION . 61 5.1 Experimental Matrix . 61 5.1. 1 Retained Austenite Morphology . 61 5.1. 2 Mechanical Properties. 62 5.1. 3 Microstructural Effects on Mechanical Properties . 69 SUMMARY . 76 FUTURE WORK . 78 REFERENCES CITED . 79
Gated F-18 FDG PET for Assessment of Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fraction Using QGS and 4D-MSPECT in Patients with Heart Failure: A Comparison with Cardiac MRI

Purpose Ventricular function is a powerful predictor of survival in patients with heart failure (HF). However, studies characterizing gated F-18 FDG PET for the assessment of the cardiac function are rare. The aim of this study was to prospectively compare gated F-18 FDG PET and cardiac MRI for the assessment of ventricular volume and ejection fraction (EF) in patients with HF. Methods Eighty-nine patients with diagnosed HF who underwent both gated F-18 FDG PET/CT and cardiac MRI within 3 days were included in the analysis. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), and EF were obtained from gated F-18 FDG PET/CT using the Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS) and 4D-MSPECT software. Results LV EDV and LV ESV measured by QGS were significantly lower than those measured by cardiac MRI (both P<0.0001). In contrast, the corresponding values for LV EDV for 4D-MSPECT were comparable, and LV ESV was underestimated with borderline significance compared with cardiac MRI (P = 0.047). LV EF measured by QGS and cardiac MRI showed no significant differences, whereas the corresponding values for 4D-MSPECT were lower than for cardiac MRI (P<0.0001). The correlations of LV EDV, LV ESV, and LV EF between gated F-18 FDG PET/CT and cardiac MRI were excellent for both QGS (r = 0.92, 0.92, and 0.76, respectively) and 4D-MSPECT (r = 0.93, 0.94, and 0.75, respectively). However, Bland-Altman analysis revealed a significant systemic error, where LV EDV (−27.9±37.0 mL) and ESV (−18.6±33.8 mL) were underestimated by QGS. Conclusion Despite the observation that gated F-18 FDG PET/CT were well correlated with cardiac MRI for assessing LV function, variation was observed between the two imaging modalities, and so these imaging techniques should not be used interchangeably.
Comparison of Tripolar and Circular Pads for IPT Charging Systems

Recently, a magnetic pad called the tripolar pad (TPP) has been introduced for inductive power transfer (IPT) systems. This paper evaluates the effective coupling factor and leakage magnetic field of a 20-kW IPT system that uses a combination of TPP and circular pad (CP) topologies over a range of lateral displacements. The results show that the effective coupling factor and the leakage magnetic field of the TPP–TPP system are substantially better when the secondary is displaced away from ideal alignment. Leakage magnetic field is reduced up to 43% compared to the CP–CP system at the worst-case misalignment, which is due to the ability of the TPP–TPP system to generate and capture different types of magnetic field shapes. Simulation methods for both the TPP and CP are validated in the laboratory using a 2-kW system operating at 85 kHz.
Latitudinal variation in plant chemical defences drives latitudinal patterns of leaf herbivory

A long-standing paradigm in ecology holds that herbivore pressure and thus plant defences increase towards lower latitudes. However, recent work has challenged this prediction where studies have found no relationship or opposite trends where herbivory or plant defences increase at higher latitudes. Here we tested for latitudinal variation in herbivory, chemical defences (phenolic compounds), and nutritional traits (phosphorus and nitrogen) in leaves of a long-lived tree species, the English oak Quercus robur. We further investigated the underlying climatic and soil factors associated with such variation. Across 38 populations of Q. robur distributed along an 18° latitudinal gradient, covering almost the entire latitudinal and climatic range of this species, we observed strong but divergent latitudinal gradients in leaf herbivory and leaf chemical defences and nutrients. As expected, there was a negative relationship between latitude and leaf herbivory where oak populations from lower latitudes exhibited higher levels of leaf herbivory. However, counter to predictions there was a positive relationship between leaf chemical defences and latitude where populations at higher latitudes were better defended. Similarly, leaf phosphorus and nitrogen increased with latitude. Path analysis indicated a significant (negative) effect of plant chemical defences (condensed tannins) on leaf herbivory, suggesting that the latitudinal gradient in leaf herbivory was driven by an inverse gradient in defensive investment. Leaf nutrients had no independent influence on herbivory. Further, we found significant indirect effects of precipitation and soil porosity on leaf herbivory, which were mediated by plant chemical defences. These findings suggest that abiotic factors shape latitudinal variation in plant defences and that these defences in turn underlie latitudinal variation in leaf herbivory. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of latitudinal variation in plant–herbivore interactions by determining the identity and modus operandi of abiotic factors concurrently shaping plant defences and herbivory.
Part of Speech Tagging for Amharic using Conditional Random Fields

We applied Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) to the tasks of Amharic word segmentation and POS tagging using a small annotated corpus of 1000 words. Given the size of the data and the large number of unknown words in the test corpus (80%), an accuracy of 84% for Amharic word segmentation and 74% for POS tagging is encouraging, indicating the applicability of CRFs for a morphologically complex language like Amharic.
Thermal environment and maternal effects shape egg size in a freshwater fish

Offspring size determines offspring survival rates; thus, understanding factors influencing offspring size variability could elucidate variation in population dynamics. Offspring size variation is influenced through multigenerational adaptation to local environments and within-lifetime plastic responses to environmental variability and maternal effects among individuals. Moreover, offspring size variation may represent trade-offs in energy allocation within individuals that influence lifetime reproductive success. However, the mechanisms whereby environmental conditions influence offspring size, e.g., via inducing adaptive and plastic variation in population-scale maternal effects, remain poorly understood. We evaluated intra-specific variation in maternal effects, egg size, and intra-individual egg size variation in six populations of walleye (Sander vitreus) and related among- and within-population patterns to thermal conditions. Egg size was conserved within populations and negatively related to long-term thermal conditions among populations, while maternal effect strengths were positively related to thermal conditions, suggesting that populations inhabiting warmer environments adapted to produce smaller eggs but stronger maternal effects. Within a population, egg size was positively related to colder winters, suggesting cold winters may alter egg size through effects on maternal condition or as an adaptive maternal effect to improve offspring survival. Intra-individual egg size variation varied little among populations or with female size, but declined with increasing summer and decreasing winter temperatures. Our result suggests that environmental conditions could impact not only short-term offspring production but also spur adaptive changes in offspring phenotypes. Thus, it is necessary to account for adaptive responses to predict population dynamics under environmental changes.
Modeling prior information of common genetic variants improves gene discovery for neuroticism

Neuroticism reflects emotional instability, and is related to various mental and physical health issues. However, the majority of genetic variants associated with neuroticism remain unclear. Inconsistent genetic variants identified by different genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may be attributable to low statistical power. We proposed a novel framework to improve the power for gene discovery by incorporating prior information of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and combining two relevant existing tools, relative enrichment score (RES) and conditional false discovery rate (FDR). Here, SNP's conditional FDR was estimated given its RES based on SNP prior information including linkage disequilibrium (LD)-weighted genic annotation scores, total LD scores and heterozygosity. A known significant locus in chromosome 8p was excluded before estimating FDR due to long-range LD structure. Only one significant LD-independent SNP was detected by analyses of unconditional FDR and traditional GWAS in the discovery sample (N = 59 225), and notably four additional SNPs by conditional FDR. Three of the five SNPs, all identified by conditional FDR, were replicated (P < 0.05) in an independent sample (N = 170 911). These three SNPs are located in intronic regions of CADM2, LINGO2 and EP300 which have been reported to be associated with autism, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, respectively. Our approach using a combination of RES and conditional FDR improved power of traditional GWAS for gene discovery providing a useful framework for the analysis of GWAS summary statistics by utilizing SNP prior information, and helping to elucidate the links between neuroticism and complex diseases from a genetic perspective.
Optimizing Open-Ended Crowdsourcing: The Next Frontier in Crowdsourced Data Management

Crowdsourcing is the primary means to generate training data at scale, and when combined with sophisticated machine learning algorithms, crowdsourcing is an enabler for a variety of emergent automated applications impacting all spheres of our lives. This paper surveys the emerging field of formally reasoning about and optimizing open-ended crowdsourcing, a popular and crucially important, but severely understudied class of crowdsourcing-the next frontier in crowdsourced data management. The underlying challenges include distilling the right answer when none of the workers agree with each other, teasing apart the various perspectives adopted by workers when answering tasks, and effectively selecting between the many open-ended operators appropriate for a problem. We describe the approaches that we've found to be effective for open-ended crowdsourcing, drawing from our experiences in this space.
Factors Determining Forest Diversity and Biomass on a Tropical Volcano, Mt. Rinjani, Lombok, Indonesia

Tropical volcanoes are an important but understudied ecosystem, and the relationships between plant species diversity and compositional change and elevation may differ from mountains created by uplift, because of their younger and more homogeneous soils. We sampled vegetation over an altitudinal gradient on Mt. Rinjani, Lombok, Indonesia. We modeled alpha- (plot) and beta- (among plot) diversity (Fisher's alpha), compositional change, and biomass against elevation and selected covariates. We also examined community phylogenetic structure across the elevational gradient. We recorded 902 trees and shrubs among 92 species, and 67 species of ground-cover plants. For understorey, subcanopy and canopy plants, an increase in elevation was associated with a decline in alpha-diversity, whereas data for ground-cover plants suggested a hump-shaped pattern. Elevation was consistently the most important factor in determining alpha-diversity for all components. The alpha-diversity of ground-cover vegetation was also negatively correlated with leaf area index, which suggests low light conditions in the understorey may limit diversity at lower elevations. Beta-diversity increased with elevation for ground-cover plants and declined at higher elevations for other components of the vegetation. However, statistical power was low and we could not resolve the relative importance to beta-diversity of different factors. Multivariate GLMs of variation in community composition among plots explained 67.05%, 27.63%, 18.24%, and 19.80% of the variation (deviance) for ground-cover, understorey, subcanopy and canopy plants, respectively, and demonstrated that elevation was a consistently important factor in determining community composition. Above-ground biomass showed no significant pattern with elevation and was also not significantly associated with alpha-diversity. At lower elevations communities had a random phylogenetic structure, but from 1600 m communities were phylogenetically clustered. This suggests a greater role of environmental filtering at higher elevations, and thus provides a possible explanation for the observed decline in diversity with elevation.
Growth and interface properties of Au Schottky contact on ZnO grown by molecular beam epitaxy

In this paper, we have discussed the growth of ZnO by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and interface properties of Au Schottky contacts on grown sample. After the verification of structure and surface properties by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively, Au metal contact was fabricated by e-beam evaporation to study contact properties. The high value of ideality factor (2.15) and barrier height (0.61 eV) at room temperature obtained by current-voltage (I-V) characteristics suggested the presence of interface states between metal and semiconductor. To confirm this observation we carried out frequency dependent capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage (G-V) demonstrated that the capacitance of diode decreased with increasing frequency. The reason of this behavior is related with density of interface states, series resistance and image force lowering. The C−2-V plot drawn to calculate the carrier concentration and barrier height with values 1.4×1016 cm−3 and 0.92 eV respectively. Again, high value of barrier height obtained from C-V as compared to the value obtained from I-V measurements revealed the presence of interface states. The density of these interface states (Dit) was calculated by well known Hill-Coleman method. The calculated value of Dit at 1 MHz frequency was 2×1012 eV−1 cm−2. The plot between interface states and frequency was also drawn which demonstrated that density of interface states had inverse proportion with measuring frequency.