Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genuskongruens på reträtt : variation i nominalfrasen i Kvevlaxdialekten

I sin avhandling studerar Viveca Rabb grammatiskt genus i Kvevlaxdialekten i Osterbotten. Det traditionella tregenussystemet med maskulinum (t.ex. hande biilin 'den dar bilen'), femininum (t.ex. honde sajen 'den dar sagen') och neutrum (hede eple 'det dar applet') befinner sig i forandring. Rabb fokuserar i sin avhandling pa den bestamda slutartikeln och pa fem pronomen, namligen honde/hande 'den dar', miin/menn 'min', eron/eran 'er' in tolonde/in tolinde 'en san dar' samt naon/nain 'nagon'. Forandringarna i genussystemet diskuteras genom en analys av rapporterat sprakbeteende i byarna Kvevlax, Kosko, Vassor och Vasterhankmo i nuvarande Korsholm, och med hjalp av grammatisk teori och spraksociologi. Informanterna hor till tre olika aldersgrupper: fodda ca 1920, 1950 och 1980. Metoden ar framst kvantitativ och inbegriper statistisk testning. Undersokningen visar att aldre, lagre utbildade och stationara informanter anvande feminint genus mera an yngre, hogre utbildade informanter som pendlar till sitt arbete. Informanternas hemby hade betydelse vid bevarandet av feminint (men inte maskulint) genus, medan deras kon inte hade nagon pavisbar betydelse. Analysen visar aven hur substantivbojningen har betydelse vid val av pronomenvariant (maskulin, feminin eller neutral), men att anvandningen av den bestamda slutartikeln som ledtrad till genus anda tycks vara pa tillbakagang, och da framst vid orden med den bestamda slutartikeln -en (t.ex. handen). Detta gynnar maskulint genus (hande) pa bekostnad av feminint genus (honde). Konkreta substantiv bevarar vidare feminint genus battre an abstrakta. Suffixet -ingg verkar kopplas samman med feminint genus, medan suffixen -heit och -els kopplas till maskulint genus. Det semantiska faltet trad har a sin sida betydelse framst i de byar (Vassor och Vasterhankmo) dar ledtradar fran substantivbojningen saknas. Resultaten ger salunda en bild av ett samspel mellan overlappande ledtradar i ett system dar kongruensen pa pronomenen minskar och anvandningen av feminint genus avtar.
Upregulated IL-19 in Breast Cancer Promotes Tumor Progression and Affects Clinical Outcome

Purpose: Interleukin (IL)-19 was expressed in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast tissue but not in healthy breast tissue. We explored the effects of IL-19 on the pathogenesis of breast cancer and its clinical outcome. Experimental Design: Tumor expression of IL-19 was assessed by immunohistochemistry and/or real-time quantitative PCR between two groups of patients with breast IDC (n = 60 and 143, respectively) with available clinical and survival data. We examined the effects of IL-19 on cytokine and chemokine production as well as proliferation and migration in breast cancer cells. Mice were injected with IL-19–overexpressing or vector control 67NR cells and the tumor growth and lung metastatic micronodules were measured. Results: Of the IDC specimens, high IL-19 expression was associated with advanced tumor stage, high tumor metastasis, and worse survival. In vitro, IL-19 induced transcripts of IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9, and CXCR4 in 4T1 breast cancer cells; induced fibronectin expression and assembly; and promoted cancer cell proliferation and migration, which were inhibited by anti-IL-19 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Endogenous fibronectin expression and cancer cell migration were lower in IL-19 knockdown 4T1 cells. In 4T1 cells, hypoxia induced IL-19 and CXCR4 expression, which was inhibited by anti-IL-19 mAb. IL-19 overexpression in noninvasive 67NR cancer cells increased cell proliferation and migration. In vivo, mice injected with IL-19–overexpressing 67NR cell clones showed larger tumors and more metastatic micronodules in the lung. Conclusions: High IL-19 expression in breast cancer tissue is associated with a poor clinical outcome. IL-19 is pivotal in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 18(3); 713–25. ©2011 AACR.
Eliminating spurious lipid sidebands in 1H MRS of breast lesions

Detecting metabolites in breast lesions by in vivo 1H MR spectroscopy can be difficult due to the abundance of mobile lipids in the breast which can produce spurious sidebands that interfere with the metabolite signals. Two‐dimensional J‐resolved spectroscopy has been demonstrated in the brain as a means to eliminate these artifacts from a large water signal; coherent sidebands are resolved at their natural frequencies, leaving the noncoupled metabolite resonances in the zero‐frequency trace of the 2D spectrum. This work demonstrates that using the zero‐frequency trace—or equivalently the average of spectra acquired with different echo times—can be used to separate noncoupled metabolite signals from the lipid‐induced sidebands. This technique is demonstrated with simulations, phantom studies, and in several breast lesions. Compared to the conventional approach using a single echo time, echo time averaging provides increased sensitivity for the study of small and irregularly shaped lesions. Magn Reson Med 48:215–222, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Within-Species Benefits of Back-projecting Airborne Laser Scanner and Multispectral Sensors in Monospecific Pinus sylvestris Forests

Abstract Back-projecting is an alternative to orthorectification for ALS-imagery fusion. It usually assists in improving forest estimations in mixed forests, by adding species information from optical sensors. In this study, we focused on the within-species advantages obtained. Results showed that estimating relative stem density improved significantly (from R2=0.76 to R2=0.81), as the multispectral signal may incorporate canopy closure-related shadowing conditions at plot-level. As a result, volume prediction also improved (from R2=0.65 to R2=0.69), even though Lorey's height and basal area did not. Hence, monospecific conifer forests assessment may also benefit from ALS-imagery fusion.
Nitrogen Transformations in Sewage Sludge—Amended Soils as Affected by Soil Environmental Factors1

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of soil pH, soil moisture tension, sludge application rate, incubation temperature, and nitrification inhibitor on N transformations in soils amended with an N-labeled sewage sludge. Less than 0.1% of added sludge-N was lost from any of the samples due to NH3 volatilization. Nitrification rates were faster in sludge-amended soils as compared to nonamended acidic soils treated with NH4-N. Adding calcareous sewage sludge to acid soils produced a more favorable pH for nitrification. Nitrification was faster in sludge-amended soil having an initial pH of 7.5 than in samples at pH 6.0 or 5.3. Nitrite-N accumulated to levels of 100 μg/g in sludge-treated soils with high pH values (~ 7.5). Nitrification proceeded at a faster rate in sludge-amended soils adjusted to —0.25 and —0.5 bar moisture tension than in soils at —1 bar. Nitrification rates were not greatly affected by sludge application rate, although more time was required for complete nitrification of greater quantities of NH4-N. Nitrapyrin inhibited nitrification for 112 days, after which nitrifying ability recovered. Temperature was the only factor evaluated which markedly affected mineralization of sludge-organic N and immobilization of added inorganic-N. The rates of both mineralization and immobilization increased as temperatures increased. At the end of 168 days of incubation at 21°C, 40% of added sludge-organic N was mineralized in silt loam soils, but up to 26% of added NH4-N -was immobilized. There were only small net changes in inorganic-N concentrations in sludge-amended soils after 168 days of incubation. Additional Index Words: mineralization, ammonia volatilization, nitrapyrin. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 4 then click button8
Soil Moisture Mapping in an Arid Area Using a Land Unit Area (LUA) Sampling Approach and Geostatistical Interpolation Techniques

Soil moisture (SM) plays a key role in many environmental processes and has a high spatial and temporal variability. Collecting sample SM data through field surveys (e.g., for validation of remote sensing-derived products) can be very expensive and time consuming if a study area is large, and producing accurate SM maps from the sample point data is a difficult task as well. In this study, geospatial processing techniques are used to combine several geo-environmental layers relevant to SM (soil, geology, rainfall, land cover, etc.) into a land unit area (LUA) map, which delineates regions with relatively homogeneous geological/geomorphological, land use/land cover, and climate characteristics. This LUA map is used to guide the collection of sample SM data in the field, and the field data is finally spatially interpolated to create a wall-to-wall map of SM in the study area (Garmsar, Iran). The main goal of this research is to create a SM map in an arid area, using a land unit area (LUA) approach to obtain the most appropriate sample locations for collecting SM field data. Several environmental GIS layers, which have an impact on SM, were combined to generate a LUA map, and then field surveying was done in each class of the LUA map. A SM map was produced based on LUA, remote sensing data indexes, and spatial interpolation of the field survey sample data. The several interpolation methods (inverse distance weighting, kriging, and co-kriging) were evaluated for generating SM maps from the sample data. The produced maps were compared to each other and validated using ground truth data. The results show that the LUA approach is a reasonable method to create the homogenous field to introduce a representative sample for field soil surveying. The geostatistical SM map achieved adequate accuracy; however, trend analysis and distribution of the soil sample point locations within the LUA types should be further investigated to achieve even better results. Co-kriging produced the most accurate SM map of the study area.
The redox and iron-sulfide geochemistry of Salt Pond and the thermodynamic constraints on native magnetotactic bacteria

Salt pond is a meromictic system with an outlet to the sea allowing denserseawater to occupy the monimolimnion while the mixolimnion has relatively low salinity and is the site of greater mixing and microbial activity. The density contrast between the two layers allows for a unique geochemical environment characterized by steep redox gradients at the interface. This chemocline is a habitat for magnetotactic bacteria (MB), and the spatial and temporal distribution of MB in the system along with geochemical (Fe+, H2S, pH, O 2 (aq), etc.)profiles have been analyzed from 2002 2005. It has been previously observed that magnetite-producing cocci occupy the top of the chemocline and greigite-producing MB occur at the base of the chemocline and in the sulfidic hypolimnion. This distribution may be attributed to analyte profiles within the pond; depth profiles show a sudden drop of dissolved oxygen (DO) at the chemocline associated with an increase in dissolved Fe (II) concentrations that peak where both O2 and H2S are low. In the sulfidic hypolimnion, Fe (II) concentrations decrease, suggesting buffering ofFe(lI) by sulfide phases. Maximum concentrations of iron (II) and sulfide are -31 IJ.M and 3 mM, respectively. Stability diagrams of magnetite and greigite within EwpH space and measured voltammetric data verify fields of incomplete oxidation resulting in the production of elemental sulfur, thiosulfate and polysulfides. Calculations of the Gibbs free energy in the Salt Pond chemocline for potential microbial redox reaction involving iron and sulfur species indicate abundent potential energy available for metabolic growth. Oxidation of ferrous iron to ferrihydrite in the upper region of the chemocline consistantly has a yeild of over -250 kl/mol O2 (aq), 12.5 times the proposed 20 kl/mol minimum proposed by Schink (1997) necessary to . sustain metabolic growth. This translates into biomass yeilds of 0.056 mg dry mass per liter of upper chemocline water. If these numbers are applied to the dominant bacteria of the chemocline (MB that are 3% dry weight iron) then there could be up to 1.68 p.g of iron per liter of upper chemocline water just in the MB. This iron can be permenantly sequestered by MB into the sediments after death because the organelles containing the iron phases are resistant to degredation. Geochemical and microbial processes relating to the cycling of iron heavily impact this system and perhaps others containing a chemocline that divides the water column into oxic and anoxic zones.
Fish oil and cod liver as safe and healthy food supplements.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to determine the content of mercury, methylmercury and persistent organic pollutants in the capsules filled with fish oil from marine fish and in the canned cod liver and find out, whether analyse products are safe and suitable for human consumption. METHODS Total mercury was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy on an AMA-254 (Altec Ltd., Czech Republic) single-purpose mercury analyzer. Methylmercury in the cod liver in the form of chlorid methylmercury was determined by gas chromatography. Seven indicator congeners of PCB (PCB 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180), HCH, HCB, DDT and its degradation products DDE and DDD, were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS In capsules filled with fish oil (n=19) total Hg levels were in the range of 0.013 to 2.03 ng/g. All the capsule oil samples analyzed for MeHg were below the detection limit. The highest concentration of total Hg was found in cod liver - can A (0.223 ng/g). The maximum percentage of MeHg in total Hg concentration was found in a liver sample - can B. The values of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta- HCH and of HCB were found below the detection limits in all the capsule samples analyzed. In eight capsules, the presence of highly lipophilic PCB congeners was demonstrated. DDT and its important DDE metabolite were found in ten samples. In canned cod liver the highest concentration of all PCB congeners was demonstrated in can D. The lowest congener concentrations, however, were found in smoked cod liver - can C. DDT with its main metabolite DDE was detected in can C. No additional DDT and DDD persistent pollutants were detected. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of fish oil in capsules, and canned cod liver is safe and healthy and should be encouraged.
Discrete-Continuous Depth Estimation from a Single Image

In this paper, we tackle the problem of estimating the depth of a scene from a single image. This is a challenging task, since a single image on its own does not provide any depth cue. To address this, we exploit the availability of a pool of images for which the depth is known. More specifically, we formulate monocular depth estimation as a discrete-continuous optimization problem, where the continuous variables encode the depth of the superpixels in the input image, and the discrete ones represent relationships between neighboring superpixels. The solution to this discrete-continuous optimization problem is then obtained by performing inference in a graphical model using particle belief propagation. The unary potentials in this graphical model are computed by making use of the images with known depth. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in both the indoor and outdoor scenarios. Our experimental evaluation shows that our depth estimates are more accurate than existing methods on standard datasets.
Diet, lipids, and cardiovascular disease

Purpose of review Modulation of diet is the primary lifestyle approach for reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with a major focus of current guidelines being to lower LDL cholesterol by reducing intake of saturated fatty acids. However, dietary effects on lipid-related CVD risk factors extend beyond LDL cholesterol, with growing emphasis on the prevention and management of atherogenic dyslipidemia, which includes elevated triglyceride, small dense LDL, and reduced HDL cholesterol, and which is associated with excess adiposity and insulin resistance. We here review recent studies of dietary macronutrient effects on CVD risk that may act through effects on plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Recent findings Effects of reducing saturated fatty acids on CVD risk have been evaluated both in terms of the replacement macronutrient(s) and the food and dietary context in which the macronutrients are consumed. Although weight loss remains the most important goal for reducing cardiometabolic risk among overweight and obese individuals, a variety of lines of evidence support limitation of added sugars and processed starches for improving features of atherogenic dyslipidemia. Summary Increasing understanding of the complexity of nutrient–disease relationships has shifted the framework for CVD prevention from a focus on macronutrient content of diets to foods and dietary patterns.
A hybrid dysgenesis syndrome in Drosophila virilis.

A new example of "hybrid dysgenesis" has been demonstrated in the F1 progeny of crosses between two different strains of Drosophila virilis. The dysgenic traits were observed only in hybrids obtained when wild-type females (of the Batumi strain 9 from Georgia, USSR) were crossed to males from a marker strain (the long-established laboratory strain, strain 160, carrying recessive markers on all its autosomes). The phenomena observed include high frequencies of male and female sterility, male recombination, chromosomal nondisjunction, transmission ratio distortion and the appearance of numerous visible mutations at different loci in the progeny of dysgenic crosses. The sterility demonstrated in the present study is similar to that of P-M dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster and apparently results from underdevelopment of the gonads in both sexes, this phenomenon being sensitive to developmental temperature. However, in contrast to the P-M and I-R dysgenic systems in D. melanogaster, in D. virilis the highest level of sterility (95-98%) occurs at 23-25 degrees. Several of the mutations isolated from the progeny of dysgenic crosses (e.g., singed) proved to be unstable and reverted to wild type. We hypothesize that a mobile element ("Ulysses") which we have recently isolated from a dysgenically induced white eye mutation may be responsible for the phenomena observed.
An RCL sensor for measuring dielectrically lossy materials in the MHz frequency range. Part I. Comparison of hydrogel model simulation with actual hydrogel impedance measurements

There is a requirement for the development of non-invasive continuous blood glucose monitoring devices to meet the clinical demands of the rapidly increasing number of people currently developing diabetes mellitus. Impedance spectroscopy is a technology that meets the requirements of such devices. An NI CGMD is being developed as a device that couples a sensor to the skin to form an RCL sensor. The reliability of such an RCL sensor model has been investigated by comparing electrodynamical simulations to in-vitro measurements of dielectrically "lossy" materials. The sensor has been modeled and simulated in FEMLAB (finite element modeling laboratory). In-vitro measurements are performed on hydrogels, representing the lossy material, by the aid of a Rohde & Schwarz VNA (vector network analyzer). From the quantitative agreement of the results we conclude, that the proposed qualitative model is appropriate for the characterization of the RCL sensor and suggests that more detailed models can be used to elucidate the behavior of human skin tissue.
Cutting Edge: Serotonin Is a Chemotactic Factor for Eosinophils and Functions Additively with Eotaxin1

Elevated levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are observed in the serum of asthmatics. Herein, we demonstrate that 5-HT functions independently as an eosinophil chemoattractant that acts additively with eotaxin. 5-HT2A receptor antagonists (including MDL-100907 and cyproheptadine (CYP)) were found to inhibit 5-HT-induced, but not eotaxin-induced migration. Intravital microscopy studies revealed that eosinophils roll in response to 5-HT in venules under conditions of physiological shear stress, which could be blocked by pretreating eosinophils with CYP. OVA-induced pulmonary eosinophilia in wild-type mice was significantly inhibited using CYP alone and maximally in combination with a CCR3 receptor antagonist. Interestingly, OVA-induced pulmonary eosinophilia in eotaxin-knockout (Eot−/−) mice was inhibited by treatment with the 5-HT2A but not CCR3 receptor antagonist. These results suggest that 5-HT is a potent eosinophil-active chemoattractant that can function additively with eotaxin and a dual CCR3/5-HT2A receptor antagonist may be more effective in blocking allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture without compromising food security?

To keep global warming possibly below 1.5 °C and mitigate adverse effects of climate change, agriculture, like all other sectors, will have to contribute to efforts in achieving net negative emissions by the end of the century. Cost-efficient distribution of mitigation across regions and economic sectors is typically calculated using a global uniform carbon price in climate stabilization scenarios. However, in reality such a carbon price would substantially affect food availability. Here, we assess the implications of climate change mitigation in the land use sector for agricultural production and food security using an integrated partial equilibrium modelling framework and explore ways of relaxing the competition between mitigation in agriculture and food availability. Using a scenario that limits global warming cost-efficiently across sectors to 1.5 °C, results indicate global food calorie losses ranging from 110–285 kcal per capita per day in 2050 depending on the applied demand elasticities. This could translate into a rise in undernourishment of 80–300 million people in 2050. Less ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in the land use sector reduces the associated food security impact significantly, however the 1.5 °C target would not be achieved without additional reductions outside the land use sector. Efficiency of GHG mitigation will also depend on the level of participation globally. Our results show that if non-Annex-I countries decide not to contribute to mitigation action while other parties pursue their mitigation efforts to reach the global climate target, food security impacts in these non-Annex-I countries will be higher than if they participate in a global agreement, as inefficient mitigation increases agricultural production costs and therefore food prices. Land-rich countries with a high proportion of emissions from land use change, such as Brazil, could reduce emissions with only a marginal effect on food availability. In contrast, agricultural mitigation in high population (density) countries, such as China and India, would lead to substantial food calorie loss without a major contribution to global GHG mitigation. Increasing soil carbon sequestration on agricultural land would allow reducing the implied calorie loss by 65% when sticking to the initially estimated land use mitigation requirements, thereby limiting the impact on undernourishment to 20–75 million people, and storing significant amounts of carbon in soils.