Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Kolmogorov Sampler

Given noisy observations Xi = θi + Zi, i = 1, . , n, with noise Zi iid ∼ N(0, σ), we wish to recover the signal θ with small mean-squared error. We consider the Minimum Kolmogorov Complexity Estimator (MKCE), defined roughly as the n-vector θ̂(X) solving the problem min Y K(Y ) subject to ‖X − Y ‖2l2n ≤ σ 2 · n, where K(Y ) denotes the length of the shortest computer program that can compute the finite-precision n-vector Y . In words, this is the simplest object that fits the data to within the lack-of-fit between θ and X that would be expected on statistical grounds. Suppose that the θi are successive samples from a stationary ergodic process obeying Eθ 1 < ∞. Under a regularity condition on the process, we show that θ̂ behaves, for large n, as a single sample from the posterior L(θ|X). In a sense, then, θ̂ is a universal empirical Bayesian procedure. Parallel results hold in other settings. Suppose we have binary data Xi which arise as Xi = θi ⊕ Zi, where each unknown θi is binary-valued, and ⊕ denotes the exclusive-or of Bernoulli noise and θ. Define MKCE in this setting as the Kolmogorov-simplest binary string matching the observed data except in n places. Suppose that θ follows a stationary ergodic process. Under a regularity condition on the process, we show that the MKCE behaves as a sample from the posterior distribution. Our proof combines ideas from information theory to get what seems an essentially novel conclusion: that when the loss level is equal to the true underlying noise level, optimal lossy compression of random process data must exhibit reconstructions which look like samples from the correct Bayesian posterior. Our proof relies on a key idea from ergodic theory, namely the concept of B-process; this furnishes the ‘regularity condition’ on stationary ergodic processes mentioned earlier. We also rely on d̄ and ρ̄ distances. Structure theorems about the class of B-processes allow us to conclude that ρ̄-close to every B-process are other B-processes where an optimal codebook for Shannon lossy compression can be computed by a short program. Since codebook performance is ρ̄-continuous, the Kolmogorov-simplest representation matching the noisy data to within the noise level must compress at least as well as optimal Shannon compression for such processes.
ASPECTS OF CONSUMERS ’ AND FIRMS ’ ENERGY DECISION-MAKING : A REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE NATIONAL ENERGY MODELING SYSTEM ( NEMS )

NEMS projections of residential and commercial energy demand patterns, as well as predictions about these sectors’ response to various energy policies, are a complex function of model structure, input data, functional form assumptions, and other factors and inputs. The specific assumptions regarding households’ and firms’ decision-making are one important component. This paper reviews research relevant to certain of these assumptions, including studies on demographic influences, the magnitudes and interpretations of hurdle rates for energy technology and efficiency investments, consumers’ and firms’ expectations regarding such variables as future energy prices, and energy price and income elasticities. We recommend possible applications of these findings to further development of the NEMS Residential and Commercial modules.
Knowledge Discovery and Interestingness Measures: A Survey

Knowledge discovery in databases, also known as data mining, is the efficient discovery of previously unknown, valid, novel, potentially useful, and understandable patterns in large databases. It encompasses many different techniques and algorithms which differ in the kinds of data that can be analyzed and the form of knowledge representation used to convey the discovered knowledge. An important problem in the area of data mining is the development of effective measures of interestingness for ranking the discovered knowledge. In this report, we provide a general overview of the more successful and widely known data mining techniques and algorithms, and survey seventeen interestingness measures from the literature that have been successfully employed in data mining applications.
Hopping at the resonance frequency: A trajectory generation technique for bipedal robots with elastic joints

It is known that bipedal robots with passive compliant structures have obvious advantages over stiff robots, as they are able to handle the potential energy management. Therefore, this paper is aimed at presenting a jumping pattern generation method that takes advantage of this property via the utilization of the base resonance frequency, which is of special importance. To begin with, the resonance frequency is determined through a system identification procedure on our actual robot. Consequentially, the vertical component of the CoM is generated via a periodic function in which the resonance frequency is employed. The horizontal component of the CoM is obtained using the ZMP criterion to guarantee the dynamic balance. Having obtained the necessary elements of the CoM trajectory within an analytical manner, joint motions are computed with the help of translational and angular momenta constraints. In order to validate the method, two legged jumping experiments are conducted on our actual compliant robot. In conclusion, we observed repetitive, continuous, and dynamically equilibrated jumping cycles with feasible landing phases.
No Decrease in Muscle Strength after Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Spasticity and muscle weakness is common in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Spasticity can be treated with botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A), but this drug has also been reported to induce muscle weakness. Our purpose was to describe the effect on muscle strength in the lower extremities after BoNT-A injections in children with CP. A secondary aim was to relate the effect of BoNT-A to gait pattern and range of motion. Twenty children with spastic CP were included in the study, 8 girls and 12 boys (mean age 7.7 years). All were able to walk without support, but with increased muscle tone interfering with motor function and gait pattern. Sixteen children had unilateral spastic CP and four bilateral spastic CP. Twenty-four legs received injections with BoNT-A in the plantar flexor muscles. The children were tested before treatment, around 6 weeks after at the peak effect of BoNT-A, and at 6 months after treatment, with measurement of muscle strength, gait analysis, and range of motion. There were no differences in muscle strength in plantar flexors of treated legs at peak effect compared to baseline. Six months after treatment, there was still no change in untreated plantar flexor muscles, but an increasing trend in plantar flexor strength in legs treated with BoNT-A. Parents reported positive effects in all children, graded as: small in three children, moderate in eight, and large in nine children. The gait analysis showed a small improvement in knee extension at initial contact, and there was a small increase in passive range of motion for ankle dorsiflexion. Two children had a period with transient weakness and pain. We found that voluntary force production in plantar flexor muscles did not decrease after BoNT-A, instead there was a trend to increased muscle strength at follow-up. The increase may be explained as an effect of the blocking of involuntary nerve impulses, leading to an opportunity to using and training the muscles with voluntary control. Adequate muscle strength is important for maintaining the ability to walk and knowledge of how a treatment affects muscle strength is useful when selecting interventions.
Access order and effective bandwidth for streams on a Direct Rambus memory

Processor speeds are increasing rapidly and memory speeds are not keeping up. Streaming computations (such as multimedia or scientific applications) are among those whose performance is most limited by the memory bottleneck. Rambus hopes to bridge the processor/memory performance gap with a recently introduced DRAM that can deliver up to 1.6 Gbytes/sec. We analyze the performance of these interesting new memory devices on the inner loops of streaming computations, both for traditional memory controllers that treat all DRAM transactions as random cacheline accesses, and for controllers augmented with streaming hardware. For our benchmarks, we find that accessing unit-stride streams in cacheline bursts in the natural order of the computation exploits from 44-76% of the peak bandwidth of a memory system composed of a single Direct RDRAM device, and that accessing streams via a streaming mechanism with a simple access ordering scheme can improve performance by factors of 1.18 to 2.25.
Introns Illusions as neuro-signs

Almost the whole of visual science is concerned with illusions — if they are defined as images in which the physical description differs from the image perceived. One of the attractions of illusions, apart from their obvious appeal as geometrical abstract art, is that they direct us to an understanding of visual processing at many levels. But before the question of why an illusion is perceived can be addressed, we must have a physical description of the image, which is not always straightforward. After all, what is the physical description of a stick that is partially immersed in water? It is straight if the stick itself is measured, but not if a photograph is taken of it. For this reason (among others) psychologists make a distinction between the distal (or physical) stimulus and the proximal stimulus (its projection onto the retina). An illusion occurs when there is a mismatch between the proximal stimulus and perception. The distinction between distal and proximal stimuli can be appreciated with the image of black and white concentric circles below. The distal stimulus is circular and stable, but its projection onto the retina is distorted and dynamic. Spokes appear to radiate from the centre and to rotate; they are probably a consequence of slight astigmatic changes in the curvature of the lens, because they are reduced when viewed through a pinhole, they have similar temporal dynamics to measured fluctuations in the curvature of the lens, and they do not occur in those who have no crystalline lens (aphakia). Aphakic individuals lacking a lens in one eye see such patterns as stable using that eye, but see it with radiating spokes using the eye that has a lens. In addition, viewing the pattern from a distance will reveal a portrait of Jan Evangelista Purkinje, who first described the radiating spokes phenomenon in 1825. The portrait is carried by low spatial frequency variations in the pattern, which correspond to the coarse grain over the whole pattern; these are normally inhibited by the higher spatial frequencies (the fine grain of the thin lines) when the pattern is close to the eye. When viewed from a distance, the high spatial frequency content (thin lines) is not sharply resolved and the low spatial frequency pattern emerges. Purkinje also demonstrated similar effects with radiating lines (see coloured image above). High-contrast coloured or black and white radiating lines are also visually dynamic …
HUBUNGAN KADAR TIMBAL DALAM RUANG DAN DALAM DARAH DENGAN HIPERTENSI DAN KELUHAN KESEHATAN PADA PEKERJA BENGKEL PENGECATAN MOBIL DI SURABAYA

Timbal (Pb) adalah metal atau logam yang salah satunya terdapat pada cat yang digunakan sebagai bahan pigmen warna. Timbal yang yang berada di udara dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan manusia yang berlangsung seumur hidup apabila terhirup secara terus-menerus dan dapat berakumulasi dalam tubuh manusia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara paparan Pb di udara dan dalam darah dengan hipertensi dan keluhan kesehatan pada pekerja bengkel pengecatan mobil di Surabaya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional deskriptif dengan rancangan cross sectional study dan dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi pearson dan uji korelasi phi untuk mengetahui hubungan. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 16 responden yang diambil dari populasi yang sesuai dengan kriteria yang ditentukan (total population). Wawancara dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai variabel yang diteliti. Variabel bebas penelitian ini adalah kadar timbal di udara dalam ruang, kadar timbal dalam darah, umur pekerja, jam kerja, hari kerja, masa kerja, dan kebiasaan merokok. Variabel terikat dalam penelitian ini adalah tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi) dan keluhan kesehatan. Kadar timbal udara dalam ruang pada bengkel pengecatan mobil tidak ada yang melebihi nilai ambang batas (NAB) baik di area pengecatan, bagian adminsitrasi dan bagian finishing. 5 dari 6 responden terpapar memiliki kadar timbal dalam darah yang melebihi batas yaitu >10 μg/dL dan 4 dari 6 responden terpapar memiliki tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi). Kadar timbal di udara berhubungan kuat dengan kadar timbal darah (r = 0,714). Kadar timbal dalam darah berhubungan kuat dengan hipertensi (r = 0,618) dan kadar timbal darah memiliki hubungan yang kuat dengan gangguan sistem saraf (r = 0,764). Kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik adalah kadar timbal di udara dalam ruang dapat meningkatkan kadar timbal dalam darah dan responden terpapar oleh timbal memiliki risiko mengalami tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi) dan gangguan kesehatan. Oleh karena itu, pekerja sebaiknya menggunakan alat pelindung diri dan memperhatikan personal hygiene masing-masing dan bengkel sebaiknya menambah ventilasi udara dan exhaust fan yang sesuai.
Therapeutic efficacy of alternative primaquine regimens to standard treatment in preventing relapses by Plasmodium vivax

Objective: To compare efficacy and safety of primaquine regimens currently used to prevent relapses by P. vivax. Methods: A systematic review was carried out to identify clinical trials evaluating efficacy and safety to prevent malaria recurrences by P. vivax of primaquine regimen 0.5 mg/kg/ day for 7 or 14 days compared to standard regimen of 0.25 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Efficacy of primaquine according to cumulative incidence of recurrences after 28 days was determined. The overall relative risk with fixed-effects meta-analysis was estimated. Results: For the regimen 0.5 mg/kg/day/7 days were identified 7 studies, which showed an incidence of recurrence between 0% and 20% with follow-up 60-210 days; only 4 studies comparing with the standard regimen 0.25 mg/kg/day/14 days and no difference in recurrences between both regimens (RR= 0.977, 95% CI= 0.670 to 1.423) were found. 3 clinical trials using regimen 0.5 mg/kg/day/14 days with an incidence of recurrences between 1.8% and 18.0% during 330-365 days were identified; only one study comparing with the standard regimen (RR= 0.846, 95% CI= 0.484 to 1.477). High risk of bias and differences in handling of included studies were found. Conclusion: Available evidence is insufficient to determine whether currently PQ regimens used as alternative rather than standard treatment have better efficacy and safety in preventing relapse of P. vivax. Clinical trials are required to guide changes in treatment regimen of malaria vivax.
KnowLife: A knowledge graph for health and life sciences

Knowledge bases (KB's) contribute to advances in semantic search, Web analytics, and smart recommendations. Their coverage of domain-specific knowledge is limited, though. This demo presents the KnowLife portal, a large KB for health and life sciences, automatically constructed from Web sources. Prior work on biomedical ontologies has focused on molecular biology: genes, proteins, and pathways. In contrast, KnowLife is a one-stop portal for a much wider range of relations about diseases, symptoms, causes, risk factors, drugs, side effects, and more. Moreover, while most prior work relies on manually curated sources as input, the KnowLife system taps into scientific literature as well as online communities. KnowLife uses advanced information extraction methods to populate the relations in the KB. This way, it learns patterns for relations, which are in turn used to semantically annotate newly seen documents, thus aiding users in “speed-reading”. We demonstrate the value of the KnowLife KB by various use-cases, supporting both layman and professional users.
Professor Qualities and Student Achievement

This paper analyzes the importance of teacher quality at the college level. Instructors are matched to objective and subjective characteristics of teacher quality to estimate the impact of rank, salary, and perceived effectiveness on student performance and subject interest. Student and course fixed effects, time of day and week controls, and students' lack of knowledge about first-year instructors help minimize selection biases. Subjective teacher evaluations perform well in measuring instructor influences on students, while objective characteristics such as rank and salary do not. Overall, the importance of college instructor differences is small, but important outliers exist.
Investigating impact of Electronic Word of Mouth on Consumer Purchase Intention

The domination of Word of mouth (WOM) has been applauded for many years as key influence on consumer purchases. Associating WOM with the internet usually called electronic-WOM (e-WOM) makes transmission of messages much easier, wider and faster. As e-WOM is not restricted to strong social tie groups thus the message itself plays a critical role in building purchase intention. The present study, first attempts to investigate messages efficacy on identified constructs. The study recognized credibility of message as a sole component that could moderate the discord between level of involvement and expected intention for online purchase.
PD98059 Protects Brain against Cells Death Resulting from ROS/ERK Activation in a Cardiac Arrest Rat Model

The clinical and experimental postcardiac arrest treatment has not reached therapeutic success. The present study investigated the effect of PD98059 (PD) in rats subjected to cardiac arrest (CA)/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Experimental rats were divided randomly into 3 groups: sham, CA, and PD. The rats except for sham group were subjected to CA for 5 min followed by CPR operation. Once spontaneous circulation was restored, saline and PD were injected in CA and PD groups, respectively. The survival rates and neurologic deficit scores (NDS) were observed, and the following indices of brain tissue were evaluated: ROS, MDA, SOD, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2, caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, TUNEL positive cells, and double fluorescent staining of p-ERK/TUNEL. Our results indicated that PD treatment significantly reduced apoptotic neurons and improved the survival rates and NDS. Moreover, PD markedly downregulated the ROS, MDA, p-ERK, and caspase-3, Bax and upregulated SOD and Bcl-2 levels. Double staining p-ERK/TUNEL in choroid plexus and cortex showed that cell death is dependent on ERK activation. The findings in present study demonstrated that PD provides neuroprotection via antioxidant activity and antiapoptosis in rats subjected to CA/CPR.
A Configurable and Extensible Security Service Architecture for Smartphones

In current Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) settings, companies struggle to assess and control the security level of their employee's smartphones. Application distribution points like the Apple Application Store and Google Play provide application reviews and malware checks, but these measures are opaque and not aligned with corporate-specific security guidelines. In this paper, we present a framework which allows companies to run automated security checks, tailored to their specific security requirements and independent of app markets. Our framework orchestrates different plug-in security services for checking mobile devices for malware, misbehaving application, and configurations. The framework operates on a virtual replica which is created from the physical device, thereby allowing deeper inspection than current industry's state-of-the-art solutions. We implemented the framework as a prototype and evaluated its performance and feasibility.
On the heterogeneity of Generation Y job preferences

Purpose - Based on generational theory, this research studies the preferences of French young graduates from Generation Y for job and organizational attributes of a future employer. This paper contrbutes to the debate on the inter - versus intragenerational differences and discusses the common stereotype of an intragroup homogeneity within the Generation Y. Design/methodology/approach - Reviewing generation and job search literature, we update graduates' preferences for job and organizational attributes in their initial job search by using conjoint analysis, a rarely used methodology in HRM. To test the intragroup homogeneity and to overcome methodological difficulties inherent in examining differences within a generational cohort, we operationalized a homogeneous sample (N=592) composed of people of the same age, career stage, cohort and nationality. Findings - We demonstrate that, even if on the whole young graduates from Generation Y prefer job security and a relaxed work atmosphere, their preferences are heterogeneous. Research limitations/implications - This research leads to discuss the relevance of the concept of Generation Y for recruitment. Additional research is needed to improve the external validity of this study which must be reproduced in other contexts and with different populations. Practical implications - The results provide useful information to assist HR managers and recruitment specialists in improving the efficiency of the recruitment process and in considering the relevant segmentation criteria for recruitment. Originality/value - Using an original methodology, conjoint analysis, this paper focuses on the heterogeneity of Generation Y and its consequences in terms of HRM.
Microreact: visualizing and sharing data for genomic epidemiology and phylogeography

Visualization is frequently used to aid our interpretation of complex datasets. Within microbial genomics, visualizing the relationships between multiple genomes as a tree provides a framework onto which associated data (geographical, temporal, phenotypic and epidemiological) are added to generate hypotheses and to explore the dynamics of the system under investigation. Selected static images are then used within publications to highlight the key findings to a wider audience. However, these images are a very inadequate way of exploring and interpreting the richness of the data. There is, therefore, a need for flexible, interactive software that presents the population genomic outputs and associated data in a user-friendly manner for a wide range of end users, from trained bioinformaticians to front-line epidemiologists and health workers. Here, we present Microreact, a web application for the easy visualization of datasets consisting of any combination of trees, geographical, temporal and associated metadata. Data files can be uploaded to Microreact directly via the web browser or by linking to their location (e.g. from Google Drive/Dropbox or via API), and an integrated visualization via trees, maps, timelines and tables provides interactive querying of the data. The visualization can be shared as a permanent web link among collaborators, or embedded within publications to enable readers to explore and download the data. Microreact can act as an end point for any tool or bioinformatic pipeline that ultimately generates a tree, and provides a simple, yet powerful, visualization method that will aid research and discovery and the open sharing of datasets.
Design and Pricing of Equity-Linked Life Insurance Under Stochastic Interest Rates

The authors present a model that incorporates stochastic interest rates to value equity‐linked life insurance contracts. The model generalizes some previous pricing results of Arne and Persson [1994] that are based on deterministic interest rates. The article also proposes and compares a design for a new equity‐linked product with the periodical premium contract of Brennan and Schwartz [1976]. The advantages of the proposed prod‐uct are its simplicity in pricing and its ease of hedging, by using either by long positions in the linked mutual fund or by European call options on the same fund.