Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Men and Women at Work: Sex Segregation and Statistical Discrimination

This article develops and tests hypotheses about the determinants of sex segregation in occupations employing both men and women, analyzing data on a diverse sample of California establishments. In the few instances in which men and women perform similar work roles, the jobs are typically done in distinct organizational settings, and when an enterprise employs both sexes in the same occupation, men and women are usually assigned different job titles. The findings are consistent with the theory of statistical discrimination, wich posits that employers reserve some jobs for men and others for women. However, little evidence is found that employers' practices reflect efficient and rational responses to sex differences in skills and turnover costs. Alternative explanations for gender segregation within and among organizations are suggested and the research necessary to develop a more accurate account of the sexual division of labor in the workplace is outlined.
A Comparative Study of the Successful Management of Religious Diversity: Melbourne and Hong Kong

The study of the management of religious diversity has largely proceeded non-comparatively at national and organizational levels. As a result it is not yet possible to declare what promotes and what hinders the emergence of harmonious inter-religious relations in religiously diverse societies. This article compares the management of religious diversity at an urban level through a comparison of Melbourne, Australia and Hong Kong. The article first describes the demographic history of these two cities and then explores their social institutions of religion and organizations promoting inter-religious harmony in order to find explanations for the postwar emergence of societies characterized by both religious diversity and inter-religious harmony. Finally, it reflects on the policy implications of these findings.
Phantom energy: dark energy with w <--1 causes a cosmic doomsday.

We explore the consequences that follow if the dark energy is phantom energy, in which the sum of the pressure and energy density is negative. The positive phantom-energy density becomes infinite in finite time, overcoming all other forms of matter, such that the gravitational repulsion rapidly brings our brief epoch of cosmic structure to a close. The phantom energy rips apart the Milky Way, solar system, Earth, and ultimately the molecules, atoms, nuclei, and nucleons of which we are composed, before the death of the Universe in a "big rip. "
The Effects of Learning Procedure, Tempo, and Performance Condition on Transfer of Rhythm Skills in Instrumental Music

In this study, I examined the effects of learning procedure and performance tempo on the ability of middle-school-level instrumentalists to perform previously learned rhythmic passages in novel test melodies. Sixty-four advanced- and intermediate-level middle school band students practiced four three-measure rhythmic passages, using one of four learning procedures for each rhythmic passage, until achieving a specified performance criterion, and subsequently performed lest melodies that included the same rhythms. The learning procedures represented verbal and manual techniques that are common in rhythm instruction in instrumental classes and that had been used regularly in daily lessons in which all subjects participated. Performances were evaluated on the basis of tempo accuracy, rhythm accuracy, and pitch accuracy. Results indicate no significant multivariate effect attributable to learning procedure; however, significant differences were found among performance tempi, p < . 02. Subjects' tempo accuracy was adversely affected by differences between the tempo at which specific passages were originally learned and the tempi at which they were subsequently performed.
‘You Feel Sad?’ Emotion Understanding Mediates Effects of Verbal Ability and Mother–Child Mutuality on Prosocial Behaviors: Findings from 2 Years to 4 Years

Early individual differences in prosocial behaviors are pivotal for children's peer relationships. To investigate the interplay among verbal ability, emotion understanding, and mother–child mutuality as predictors of prosocial behaviors, we observed 102 children at the ages of two, three, and four. All time points included verbal ability and emotion understanding tests and both video-based and maternal ratings of prosocial behavior. The first two time points also included video-based ratings of mother–child mutuality. The third time point included teacher ratings of prosocial behavior and an experimental task. Regression analysis demonstrated robust associations between emotion understanding at the age of three and prosocial behavior at the age of four. Path analysis showed that emotion understanding at the age of three mediated associations between verbal ability/mother–child mutuality at the age of two and prosocial behavior at the age of four.
The Effects of Within-Group Communication on Group Decision and Individual Choice in the Assurance and Chicken Team Games

Two team games are introduced: a game of assurance and a game of chicken. The games were operationalized as a competition between two teams, with three players on each team, and were compared either with or without the opportunity for a within-team discussion. The authors found that the vast majority of the teams in both game types chose to compete, and almost all individual players abided by the group's decision. However, the rationale for choosing the competitive team strategy (as coded from group discussions) and the beliefs of individual team members following discussion (as reflected in the postdecision questionnaire) differed systematically as a function of game type.
A Plant Proteinase Inhibitor from Enterolobium contortisiliquum Attenuates Pulmonary Mechanics, Inflammation and Remodeling Induced by Elastase in Mice

Proteinase inhibitors have been associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and may represent a potential therapeutic treatment for emphysema. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of a plant Kunitz proteinase inhibitor, Enterolobium contortisiliquum trypsin inhibitor (EcTI), on several aspects of experimental elastase-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice. C57/Bl6 mice were intratracheally administered elastase (ELA) or saline (SAL) and were treated intraperitoneally with EcTI (ELA-EcTI, SAL-EcTI) on days 1, 14 and 21. On day 28, pulmonary mechanics, exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) and number leucocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated. Subsequently, lung immunohistochemical staining was submitted to morphometry. EcTI treatment reduced responses of the mechanical respiratory system, number of cells in the BALF, and reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive cells and volume proportion of isoprostane, collagen and elastic fibers in the airways and alveolar walls compared with the ELA group. EcTI treatment reduced elastase induced pulmonary inflammation, remodeling, oxidative stress and mechanical alterations, suggesting that this inhibitor may be a potential therapeutic tool for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management.
The Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor β/δ Agonist GW0742 has Direct Protective Effects on Right Heart Hypertrophy

Pulmonary hypertension is a debilitating disease with no cure. We have previously shown that peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) α/α agonists protect the right heart in hypoxia-driven pulmonary hypertension without affecting vascular remodeling. PPARα/α is an important receptor in lipid metabolism, athletic performance, and the sensing of prostacyclin. Treatment of right heart hypertrophy and failure in pulmonary hypertension is an emerging target for future therapy. Here we have investigated the potential of GW0742, a PPARα agonist, to act directly on the right heart in vivo and what transcriptomic signatures are associated with its actions. Right heart hypertrophy and failure was induced in mice using a pulmonary artery banding (PAB) model. GW0742 was administered throughout the study. Cardiovascular parameters were measured using echocardiography and pressure monitoring. Fibrosis and cellular changes were measured using immuno-histochemistry. Transcriptomics were measured using the Illumina MouseRef-8v3 BeadChip array and analyzed using GeneSpring GX (ver. 11.0). PAB resulted in right heart hypertrophy and failure and in increased fibrosis. GW0742 reduced or prevented the effects of PAB on all parameters measured. GW0742 altered a number of genes in the transcriptome, with Angptl4 emerging as the top gene altered (increased) in animals with PAB. In conclusion, the PPARα/α agonist GW0742 has direct protective effects on the right heart in vivo. These observations identify PPARα/α as a viable therapeutic target to treat pulmonary hypertension that may complement current and future vasodilator drugs.
Classroom Belonging among Early Adolescent Students

Early adolescents'sense of classroom belonging and support-of being liked, respected, and valued by fellow students and by the teacher-was investigated among 353 sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade middle school students. Focusing on one academic class, students completed scales of classroom belonging and support, expectancies for success, and intrinsic interest and value; course grades and effort ratings were obtained from English teachers. Each of three belonging/support factors identified by principal components analysis contributed significantly to explaining variance in expectancies and value, with teacher support having the most consistently substantial influence across student subgroups. The strength of association between support and motivation dropped significantly from sixth to eighth grade. Teacher support was more closely related to motivation for girls than for boys. Expectancy was the primary predictor of class effort and grades. These findings underscore the importance of belonging and interpersonal support in fostering academic motivation and achievement.
Bargaining Behind the Scenes

This study focuses on the negotiation process that partners in a couple engage in behind the scenes to negotiate whose career will take precedence in the household and the resulting effort and burnout that individuals experience at work and at home. The author finds that gender moderates the relationship between competitive negotiation tactics and an individual’s career responsibilities. Gender also moderates the relationship between both competitive and cooperative negotiation tactics and the emotional work conducted by one’s spouse or partner. The author also observes a moderating effect of gender between emotional and career effort and burnout—both from one’s job and from one’s relationship. Results suggest that men and women react differently to negotiation tactics used within a couple and tend to be affected by gendered norms regarding the work and family domains.
The Working Well Trial: baseline dietary and smoking behaviors of employees and related worksite characteristics. The Working Well Research Group.

BACKGROUND The Working Well Trial, the largest randomized worksite health promotion trial to date, tests the effects of cancer prevention and control interventions on dietary and smoking behaviors of employees and the worksite environment. The trial is a 5-year cooperative agreement conducted in 57 matched pairs of worksites in 16 states by four study centers, a coordinating center, and the National Cancer Institute. The dual aims of this paper are to: (a) present a baseline description of the dietary and smoking habits of 20,801 employees, who are predominantly blue-collar workers; and (b) describe the social and physical environments of their worksites that may facilitate or hinder health behavior changes. METHODS The self-administered baseline survey of individuals consisted of a core set of questions common across all study centers on diet and smoking. The organizational survey consisted of eight instruments administered via interviews with key informants in each worksite. Continuous variable were analyzed by a mixed linear model and binary data were analyzed by the Generalized Estimating Equation. RESULTS The population represented is largely male (67.5%) and blue collar (53.5%). Mean levels of fat and fiber intakes were close to the national averages (36.6% of calories as fat and 13.1 g of fiber). Smoking prevalence (25.2%) was slightly lower than the national average. The worksites had a high level of health promotion activities (42% had nutrition programs, 53% had smoking control programs), but lacked environmental support for dietary behavior change and perceived support for smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS These findings replicate and extend previous research results to a large sample of diverse, largely blue-collar worksites. In addition the baseline results lay a foundation for the development of new insights into the relationship between individual and organizational level variables that may interact to influence behavioral and cultural norms.
Family- and Individual-Level Predictors of Academic Success for African American Students

Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88), path analytic procedures were performed to test an ecological model of the effects of family- and individual-level characteristics on the academic achievement of African American students. The study results show that several of the family influence variables directly or indirectly affected 12th-grade academic achievement. Furthermore, most of the individual influence variables were directly related to 12th-grade achievement. A surprising finding from this study was the nonsignificant effect of family income on 12th-grade achievement. Overall, the findings support the notion that family- and individual-level characteristics are important predictors of academic success among African American students.
Distributed Angle Estimation for Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we design a new distributed angle estimation method for localization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) under multipath propagation environment. We employ a two-antenna anchor that can emit two linear chirp waves simultaneously, and propose to estimate the angle of departure (AOD) of the emitted waves at each receiving node via frequency measurement of the local received signal strength indication (RSSI) signal. An improved estimation method is further proposed where multiple parallel arrays are adopted to provide the space diversity. The proposed methods rely only on radio transceivers and do not require frequency synchronization or precise time synchronization between the transceivers. More importantly, the angle is estimated at each sensor in a completely distributed manner. The performance analysis is derived and simulations are presented to corroborate the proposed studies.
Student Behavior Patterns Contributing to Teacher Burnout

Abstract This article reports on two studies that examined how typical student behavior patterns contribute to predicting burnout among teachers in general (Study 1) and among male and female teachers possessing different pupil control ideologies (Study 2). The sample for Study 1 involved 348 teachers from both religious and secular schools in Israel and 356 of their students. The sample for Study 2 involved 391 elementary and secondary schoolteachers (122 were classified “humanistic” and 119 “custodial”). The teachers sampled completed a questionnaire composed of an adapted version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Pupil Behavior Patterns Scale (Studies 1 and 2), and an adapted version of the Pupil Control Ideology scale (Study 2). The students in Study 1 filled out an open-ended questionnaire. The typical student behaviors—disrespect, inattentiveness and sociability—accounted for 22% of teacher burnout variance for the whole sample and for 33% of burnout variance in teachers in religious schools. Hu.
Investigating the relationship between organizational justice, psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior: An empirical model

The aim of this study is to determine causal relations between organizational justice, psychological empowerment, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and OCB, by examining the mediating role of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. A sample of 378 universities' educational experts participated in the study. The data were collected by questioner and then analyzed by using path analysis model. The following findings were found: Organizational justice directly influences job satisfaction and psychological empowerment. Also psychological empowerment directly and positively influences job satisfaction and psychological empowerment. Job satisfaction positively influences organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Organizational commitment directly influences organizational citizenship behavior. Also organizational justice and psychological empowerment positively and indirectly influences organizational citizenship behavior. The fit indices showed the model had an appropriate fit (χ2/df= 2.74, RMSEA= 0.068, NFI=0.99, CFI=99, and AGFI= 0.96). In general, one can say if there exists mechanisms for organizational justice and psychological empowerment within an organization, employees' job satisfaction and organizational commitment will rise up and these will in turn improve organizational citizenship behavior. Key words: Organizational justice, psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior.
Effects of conceptual change text based instruction on ecology, attitudes toward biology and environment

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the conceptual change text based instruction on ninth grade students’ understanding of ecological concepts, and attitudes toward biology and environment. Participants were 82 ninth grade students in a public high school in the Northwestern Turkey. A treatment was employed over a five-week period with quasi-experimental design. While two classes were called control group, two classes were called experimental group. Each teacher had one control group and one experimental group. Two teaching methods were used and randomly assigned to one class of each teacher. While the control group received traditional instruction, the experimental group received conceptual change texts based instruction. Ecology Concepts Test, Attitude Scale towards Biology and Attitude Scale towards Environment were administered to the participants as pre- and post-tests. Data of interview and observation were also collected to support the study results. The results showed that the effect of the conceptual change texts based instruction was better than the traditional instruction on understanding of ecological concepts. However, there was no statistically significant effect of the treatment on the participants’ attitudes toward biology and environment. Key words: Ecology, ecological concepts, misconceptions, conceptual change text based instruction, attitude, biology, environment, secondary education.
Corporate Proactivity as a Discursive Fiction: Managing Environmental Health Activism and Regulation

This essay problematizes dominant theorizing about proactive communication in public relations and issue management. Current literature promotes proactive stakeholder engagement to prevent reputational damage rather than harm reduction to prevent crises from occurring. In practice this approach legitimizes a paradoxical corporate strategy framing crisis responses as proactive. Such framing attributes corporate improvements to voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) rather than external sources such as activist and regulatory challenges. An ethnographic study of a “good neighbor” environmental health campaign targeting a chemical plant found that the discursive construction of proactivity was significant because it (a) played a central role in public sensemaking about organizational legitimacy and responsibility and (b) influenced perceptions about the sources of corporate innovation and change.
Impact of subclinical chorioamnionitis on maternal and neonatal outcomes

Background. Chorioamnionitis is considered to be one of the main causes of preterm labor and has been associated with an adverse perinatal outcome in preterm infants. The controversy about the benefits/risks of delaying labor is a critical issue concerning the management of chorioamnionitis. Methods. The database between July 2001 and March 2006 was reviewed for women with singleton pregnancies between 22 and 28 weeks of gestation and with chorioamnionitis diagnosed on admission by amniotic fluid neutrophil elastase level. Women were classified according to the severity of chorioamnionitis (group A, amniotic fluid neutrophil elastase level of 0.15–1 µg/ml; B, 1–10 µg/ml; and C, ≥10 µg/ml). During expectant management, serum C‐reactive protein levels monitored the remission and aggravation of chorioamnionitis. Following deliveries, placentas were examined for histologic chorioamnionitis. Results. One hundred women were enrolled (group A, 38; B, 34; C, 28). The latency period until delivery was significantly longer in group A than in groups B and C. C‐reactive protein levels just before delivery were higher than those on admission in 61% of the overall cases. Histologic chorioamnionitis and funisitis were manifested in 90.4% and 65.5%, respectively. Intrauterine fetal demise (4 cases) and neonatal and postneonatal deaths during admission (10 cases) were observed. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was the most common major morbidity noted in groups B and C. Conclusion. Chorioamnionitis could be controlled but is hard to cure. Higher levels of amniotic fluid neutrophil elastase are associated with a shorter interval from admission to delivery in women with subclinical chorioamnionitis.
Deviant Lifestyles, Proximity to Crime, and the Offender-Victim Link in Personal Violence

This article assesses the theoretical and empirical status of offense activity and proximity to offending for explaining personal victimization. Our theoretical approach to the often-neglected linkage between offending and victimization is derived from recent revisions of lifestyle-routine activity theory (Jensen and Brownfield 1986; Garofalo 1987). Analyses of two national surveys of victimization in England and Wales suggest that offense activity—whether violent or minor deviance (e.g., drinking or drug use)—directly increases the risk of personal victimization. Moreover, ecological proximity to violence has positive effects on personal victimization, regardless of individual-level offense patterns. These results are generally replicated across time, across type of victimization (e.g., stranger vs. acquaintance-crime), and are independent of major demographic and individual-level correlates of victimization. Consequently, the data support the hypothesis that general deviance and violent offense activity may be considered a type of lifestyle that increases victimization risk, and that the structural constraint of residential proximity to crime has an effect on victimization that is unmediated by lifestyle and individual-level demographic factors. Our research therefore demonstrates that three broad factors—violent offending, deviant lifestyles, and ecological proximity to crime and violence—are deserving of further consideration in theoretical and empirical accounts of personal victimization.
Use of hemovigilance data to evaluate the effectiveness of diversion and bacterial detection

BACKGROUND: Several preventive measures, including diversion of the first aliquot of blood and culturing of platelet (PLT) components, have been implemented to decrease the risk of transfusion‐transmitted bacterial infections (TTBIs). We evaluated the effectiveness of these measures in Québec using hemovigilance data from January 2000 to December 2008.