Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Model of Interorganizational Conflict.

September 1979, volume 24 Two types of interorganizational conflict investigated in this study are structural and operating conflict. Structural conflict involves rules that govern a relationship, whereas operating conflict occurs over interpretation and application of such principles. Among the many factors affecting interorganizational relationships are the similarities and differences of the interacting units. Comparative properties represent the fit, congruence, and compatibility of the interface between organizations. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of interorganizational conflict that incorporates key aspects of the organizational interface, explaining conflict on the basis of similarities and differences of the interacting organizations. The study examines 147 dyadic relationships in networks of natural resource organizations in five nonmetropolitan midwest counties. The model includes variables measuring domain and administrative context as well as organizational age differences as exogenous factors causally related to interdependence and the two types of conflict. Results show comparative properties to be significant determinants of interorganizational conflict. Comparative variables were primarily related to interdependence and structural conflict. Most operating conflict originated in conditions of perceived structural conflict. Implications of comparative properties for the study of interorganizational relationships are discussed.
Risk of Deaths, AIDS-Defining and Non-AIDS Defining Events among Ghanaians on Long-Term Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been widely available in Ghana since 2004. The aim of this cohort study was to assess the incidences of death, AIDS-defining events and non-AIDS defining events and associated risk factors amongst patients initiating cART in a large treatment centre. Clinical and laboratory data were extracted from clinic and hospital case notes for patients initiating cART between 2004 and 2010 and clinical events graded according to recognised definitions for AIDS, non-AIDS events (NADE) and death, with additional events not included in such definitions such as malaria also included. The cumulative incidence of events was calculated using Kaplan Meier analysis, and association of risk factors with events by Cox proportional hazards regression. Data were closed for analysis on 31st December, 2011 after a median follow-up of 30 months (range, 0–90 months). Amongst 4,039 patients starting cART at a median CD4 count of 133 cells/mm3, there were 324 (8%) confirmed deaths, with an event rate of 28.83 (95% CI 25.78–32.15) deaths per 1000-person follow-up years; the commonest established causes were pulmonary TB and gastroenteritis. There were 681 AIDS-defining events (60.60 [56.14–65.33] per 1000 person years) with pulmonary TB and chronic diarrhoea being the most frequent causes. Forty-one NADEs were recorded (3.64 [2.61–4.95] per 1000 person years), of which hepatic and cardiovascular events were most common. Other common events recorded outside these definitions included malaria (746 events) and respiratory tract infections (666 events). Overall 24% of patients were lost-to-follow-up. Alongside expected risk factors, stavudine use was associated with AIDS [adjusted HR of 1.08 (0.90–1.30)] and death (adjusted HR of 1.60 [1.21–2.11]). Whilst frequency of AIDS and deaths in this cohort were similar to those described in other sub-Saharan African cohorts, rates of NADEs were lower and far exceeded by events such as malaria and respiratory tract infections.
From Craft to Art

The paper studies popular music as a production process and delineates the varieties of its social organization. It explores the problems endemic to the collaborative nature of the production process and examines in detail the job experiences of one collaborator in particular, the sound mixer, during a period when craft activities were being transformed into artistic activities.
Putting on the Velvet Glove: The Paradox of “Soft” Core Values in “Hard” Organizations

Following New Public Management and Reinventing Government reforms, public sector organizations are expected to pursue values such as efficiency, performance, and accountability, reflecting a “hard” identity as managed organizations. By examining the contents of 394 core values retrieved from U.S. federal agencies, this study examines the importance of “hard” values relative to other values reflecting alternative identities. It finds that the agencies prefer to rely on “soft” values such as integrity, respect, openness, and customer orientation to express their identities. The article discusses the implications of these findings for our understanding of organizational actorhood in a public sector context.
Detect-Focus-Track-Servo (DFTS): A vision-based workflow algorithm for robotic image-guided micromanipulation

Robotic image-guided micromanipulation contributes towards the ease of operation, speed, accuracy, and repeatability in cell manipulation. However, such technology is not fully exploited because of the challenges in the integration of robotic modules with existing microscope systems, and the difficulty in incorporating robot assistance seamlessly into the workflow. In this paper, we propose a vision-based workflow algorithm termed Detect-Focus-Track-Servo (DFTS). It facilitates easy integration of robotic modules. It also supports user interactions while minimizing the need for manual intervention and disruption to workflow through automatic detection, focusing, tracking and servoing. Experimental results suggest satisfactory detection accuracy of 99.0 % at 70 μm tolerance. The robustness test suggests no difference in the accuracy under blurred and cluttered images. The self-focus algorithm is also demonstrated to bring the tip into focus consistently. The track-servo algorithm achieves low sub-pixel uncertainty. By proposing the DFTS workflow algorithm, we hope that the level of autonomy and ease of deployment in robot and vision modules for micromanipulation can be improved so as to open up new possibilities in the development of robotic image-guided cell manipulation.
Neuronal Distortions of Reward Probability without Choice

Reward probability crucially determines the value of outcomes. A basic phenomenon, defying explanation by traditional decision theories, is that people often overweigh small and underweigh large probabilities in choices under uncertainty. However, the neuronal basis of such reward probability distortions and their position in the decision process are largely unknown. We assessed individual probability distortions with behavioral pleasantness ratings and brain imaging in the absence of choice. Dorsolateral frontal cortex regions showed experience dependent overweighting of small, and underweighting of large, probabilities whereas ventral frontal regions showed the opposite pattern. These results demonstrate distorted neuronal coding of reward probabilities in the absence of choice, stress the importance of experience with probabilistic outcomes and contrast with linear probability coding in the striatum. Input of the distorted probability estimations to decision-making mechanisms are likely to contribute to well known inconsistencies in preferences formalized in theories of behavioral economics.
A router for symmetrical FPGAs based on exact routing density evaluation

This paper presents a new performance and routability driven routing algorithm for symmetrical array based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). A key contribution of our work is to overcome one essential limitation of the previous routing algorithms: inaccurate estimations of routing density which were too general for symmetrical FPGAs. To this end, we derive an exact routing density calculation that is based on a precise analysis of the structure (switch block) of symmetrical FPGAs, and utilize it consistently in global and detailed routings. With an introduction of the proposed accurate routing metrics, we design a new routing algorithm called a cost-effective net-decomposition based routing which is fast, and yet produces remarkable routing results in terms of both mutability and path/net delays. We performed an extensive experiment to show the effectiveness of our algorithm based on the proposed cost metrics.
Inequality in Academic Performance and Juvenile Convictions: An Area-Based Analysis

Abstract This paper focuses on the links between inequality in academic performance and juvenile conviction rates for violent crime, stealing from another person, burglary in a dwelling and racially motivated offences. We use area-based aggregate data to model this relationship. Our results show that, above and beyond impacts of absolute access to resources, young people who grow up in school cohorts marked by higher levels of disparity in educational achievement may be more prone to commit violent crime and racially motivated offences than those with less disparity. This association is however not found for property-related offences. Our results further show that higher between-schools inequality and higher within-school inequality are both associated with higher conviction rates for violent crime and racially motivated offences.
Bag of morphological words for content-based geographical retrieval

Placed in the context of geographical content-based image retrieval, in this paper we explore the description potential of morphological texture descriptors when combined with the popular bag-of-visual-words paradigm. In particular, we adapt existing global morphological texture descriptors, so that they are computed within local sub-windows and then form a vocabulary of “visual morphological words” through clustering. The resulting image features, are thus visual word histograms and are evaluated using the UC Merced Land Use-Land Cover dataset. Moreover, the local approach under study is compared against alternative global and local descriptors across a variety of settings. Despite being one of the initial attempts at localized morphological content description, the retrieval scores indicate that vocabulary based morphological content description possesses a significant discriminatory potential.
Phonetic Interpretation of the Word Accent Contrast in Swedish

Abstract This paper reports an experimental phonetic study of the acute and grave word accents in Central Standard Swedish. The hypothesis was that the fall in fundamental frequency (F₀) observed on the primary stressed syllable in grave words is a direct consequence of the word accent, while the corresponding fall in F₀ in acute words reflects sentence level intonation. Three male subjects read speech material designed to illustrate how these falls in F₀ are influenced by intonational context. The main finding was that the grave fall was substantial and consistent, whereas an acute fall appeared only in certain contexts. The results indicated that an F₀ fall is a positive acousticperceptual requirement for the grave accent, while the acute accent constitutes the unmarked member of the contrast, i.e., ‘acute’ equals ‘non-grave’.
Values into Practice: Developing Whole School Behaviour Policies

As the two previous articles have demonstrated, group work can help young people understand their feelings and manage their behaviour more effectively. However such initiatives depend for their success on a school climate which supports the efforts of such young people to improve. In this article, Julie Radford outlines a framework designed to help schools achieve behaviour policies consistent with their agreed values and to undertake policy making in this area as an exercise in collaborative decision making. The approach described here was used in infant, junior and primary schools, and was positively evaluated in terms of increased consistency in approach and more positive responses to children.
Online grid impedance estimation for single-phase grid-connected systems using PQ variations

This paper presents an online grid impedance estimation method for single-phase grid-connected systems, such as photovoltaic systems, small wind turbines, fuel-cells power systems. The method is based on producing a small perturbation on the output of the power converter that is in the form of periodical variations of active and reactive power (PQ variations). The main idea is to make the power converter working in two operation points in order to solve the equation of the equivalent grid impedance. During the perturbation, measurements of voltage and current are performed and signal processing algorithms are used in order to estimate the value of the grid impedance. The online grid impedance estimation method can be used for compliance with the anti-islanding standard requirements (IEEE1574, IEEE929 and VDE0126) and for adaptive control of the grid-connected converters. The proposed method is embedded in the existing power converter control. The selected results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Nonlinear Complementary Filters on the Special Orthogonal Group

This paper considers the problem of obtaining good attitude estimates from measurements obtained from typical low cost inertial measurement units. The outputs of such systems are characterized by high noise levels and time varying additive biases. We formulate the filtering problem as deterministic observer kinematics posed directly on the special orthogonal group SO (3) driven by reconstructed attitude and angular velocity measurements. Lyapunov analysis results for the proposed observers are derived that ensure almost global stability of the observer error. The approach taken leads to an observer that we term the direct complementary filter. By exploiting the geometry of the special orthogonal group a related observer, termed the passive complementary filter, is derived that decouples the gyro measurements from the reconstructed attitude in the observer inputs. Both the direct and passive filters can be extended to estimate gyro bias online. The passive filter is further developed to provide a formulation in terms of the measurement error that avoids any algebraic reconstruction of the attitude. This leads to an observer on SO(3), termed the explicit complementary filter, that requires only accelerometer and gyro outputs; is suitable for implementation on embedded hardware; and provides good attitude estimates as well as estimating the gyro biases online. The performance of the observers are demonstrated with a set of experiments performed on a robotic test-bed and a radio controlled unmanned aerial vehicle.
Massification, competition and organizational diversity in higher education: evidence from Italy

The article explores whether, and to what extent, several trends that have taken place in most higher education systems in the last few decades – such as massification, privatization, increased competition for students and for research funds – stimulate more diversity between institutions. This question is widely debated, both empirically and theoretically. Using Italian data, the dynamics of organizational diversity are analysed with respect to several features of higher education institutions, namely: (1) size, (2) specialization, and (3) mission orientation. This multidimensional approach offers some interesting results, both in their own right as well as in a comparative perspective with studies that have investigated similar issues in other countries.
Fluctuating and directional asymmetry in the long bones of captive cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).

OBJECTIVES Skeletal asymmetries reflect developmental stability and mechanical, functional, and physiological influences on bone growth. In humans, researchers have documented the greatest limb bone bilateral asymmetry in diaphyseal breadths, with less asymmetry in articular and maximum length dimensions. However, it remains unclear as to whether the pattern observed for humans is representative of nonhuman primates, wherein bilateral loading may minimize directional asymmetry. This study adds to the small body of asymmetry data on nonhuman primates by investigating patterns of long bone asymmetry in a skeletal sample of Saguinus oedipus (cotton-top tamarin). MATERIALS AND METHODS Humeri, radii, ulnae, femora, and tibiae of 76 adult captive cotton-top tamarin skeletons (48 males, 28 females) were measured bilaterally. We included maximum length, midshaft diaphyseal breadths, and at least one articular measurement for each bone to assess directional (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in each dimension. RESULTS Most dimensions exhibit significant FA, and very few have significant DA; DA is limited to the lower limb, especially in knee dimensions. Overall, the magnitudes of asymmetry in tamarins have a consistent ranking that follows the same pattern as found in humans. DISCUSSION This first study of DA and FA among multiple dimensions throughout the limbs of a non-hominoid primate suggests that previously-reported patterns of human bilateral asymmetry are not exclusive to humans. The results further indicate potential underlying differences in constraints on variation within limb bones. While processes shaping variation await further study, our results argue that different long bone dimensions may reflect dissimilar evolutionary processes.
The categorisation of drivers in relation to boredom

Abstract This paper develops the concept of driver boredom by utilising a cluster analysis to describe different types of driver. A two-step cluster analysis of a 49-item questionnaire measuring driver boredom attitudes and perceptions was performed on 1563 UK drivers, yielding four groups, labelled as ‘young, inattentive and dangerous’, ‘enthusiastic and attentive’, ‘slow and unwilling’ and ‘safe and experienced’. These clusters are compared to ascertain personality and affect differences and whether or not there are different crash and penalty histories. The significant differences found enable the clusters to be seen in wider terms than simply boredom; they are considered in terms of theories of flow and arousal and also in light of previous attempts to classify driver types. This paper reports analyses that are part of a larger study of driver boredom.
Thalassemias and Hemoglobinopathies in Turkey

Abstract Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies are a serious health problem in Turkey. There is a 70-year history of thalassemia in Turkey. The first patient with β-thalassemia major (β-TM) was reported in 1941. The first clinical and hematological studies were published by Aksoy in 1958. The overall incidence of β-thalassemia (β-thal) was reported by Çavdar and Arcasoy to be 2.1% in 1971. Important steps such as written regulations, education and prevention campaigns, have been taken to prevent thalassemia in Turkey by the Ministry of Health (MOH), the Turkish National Hemoglobinopathy Council (TNHC) and the Thalassemia Federation of Turkey (TFT) since 2000. A national hemoglobinopathy prevention program was started in provinces with a high prevalence by the MOH in 2003. While the percentage of premarital screening test was 30.0% of all couples in 2003, it reached 86.0% in 2013. While the number of newborn with thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies was 272 in 2002, it had dropped to 25 in 2010. There has been a 90.0% reduction of affected births in the last 10 years.
Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Open-Label Phase 4 Study in Patients from the Middle East

This open-label study investigated the safety and efficacy of tocilizumab in Middle Eastern patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patients whose Disease Activity Score based on 28 joints (DAS28) was >3.2 received tocilizumab 8 mg/kg intravenously every 4 weeks for 24 weeks. Patients receiving aTNF ± nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug(s) (DMARD(s)) switched to tocilizumab; patients receiving nonbiologic DMARD monotherapy added tocilizumab. Primary end points were adverse events (AEs), serious AEs (SAEs), and laboratory parameters; secondary end points were DAS28, Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Eighty-eight of 95 patients completed 24 weeks. Overall, 125 AEs were reported in 43 (45%) patients; the most common were increased hepatic enzymes (16%) and cholesterol (11%). Eight patients experienced SAEs. Significant changes from baseline to week 24 occurred for hemoglobin, neutrophils, platelets, total cholesterol, and liver enzymes (P < 0.05). DAS28, CRP, and ESR decreased significantly from baseline at each visit (P < 0.0001). At week 24, the proportions of patients reporting DAS28 clinically meaningful improvement (decrease ≥1.2), low disease activity (DAS28 ≥2.6 to ≤3.2), and remission (DAS28 <2.6) were 92%, 23%, and 64%, respectively. Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab were consistent with values reported in Western patients.
Action Potential Energy Efficiency Varies Among Neuron Types in Vertebrates and Invertebrates

The initiation and propagation of action potentials (APs) places high demands on the energetic resources of neural tissue. Each AP forces ATP-driven ion pumps to work harder to restore the ionic concentration gradients, thus consuming more energy. Here, we ask whether the ionic currents underlying the AP can be predicted theoretically from the principle of minimum energy consumption. A long-held supposition that APs are energetically wasteful, based on theoretical analysis of the squid giant axon AP, has recently been overturned by studies that measured the currents contributing to the AP in several mammalian neurons. In the single compartment models studied here, AP energy consumption varies greatly among vertebrate and invertebrate neurons, with several mammalian neuron models using close to the capacitive minimum of energy needed. Strikingly, energy consumption can increase by more than ten-fold simply by changing the overlap of the Na+ and K+ currents during the AP without changing the APs shape. As a consequence, the height and width of the AP are poor predictors of energy consumption. In the Hodgkin–Huxley model of the squid axon, optimizing the kinetics or number of Na+ and K+ channels can whittle down the number of ATP molecules needed for each AP by a factor of four. In contrast to the squid AP, the temporal profile of the currents underlying APs of some mammalian neurons are nearly perfectly matched to the optimized properties of ionic conductances so as to minimize the ATP cost.
Analysis of Applicability for Synchronization Complexity Metric

The paper analyzes the practical applicability of the novel Synchronization Complexity metric (SCM) introduced by the authors in [14]. This metric characterizes complexity of a program based on the kind and amount of means used for synchronization between its concurrent components. The metric is evaluated with respect to the soundness properties introduced by Weyuker [13] and software measurement scales considered by Zuse [15]. The growth of SCM for real-world applications is also analyzed. The analysis shows that SCM is a useful practical instrument for evaluation of complex software systems. In particular, SCM allows for assessment of the amount of tests needed to achieve a proper coverage in testing of a concurrent program. It also enables comparison between different implementations of a system based on their synchronization complexity.