Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Suzaku broad-band spectroscopy of RX J1347.5–1145: constraints on the extremely hot gas and non-thermal emission

Context. We present the results of our analysis of long Suzaku observations (149 ks and 122 ks for XIS and HXD, respectively) of the most X-ray luminous galaxy cluster, RX J1347.5–1145, at $z=0.451$. Aims. To understand the gas physics of a violent, cluster merger, we study physical properties of the hot (~20 keV) gas clump in the south-east (SE) region discovered previously by Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect observations. Using hard X-ray data, a signature of non-thermal emission is also explored. Methods. We perform single as well as multi-temperature fits to the Suzaku XIS spectra. The Suzaku XIS and HXD, and the Chandra ACIS-I data are then combined to examine the properties of the hot gas component in the SE region. We finally look for non-thermal emission in the Suzaku HXD data. Results. The single-temperature model fails to reproduce the 0.5–10 keV continuum emission and Fe-K lines measured by XIS simultaneously. A two-temperature model with a very hot component improves the fit, although the XIS data can only provide a lower limit to the temperature of the hot component. In the Suzaku HXD data, we detect hard X-ray emission above the background in the 12–40 keV band at the 9 σ level; however, the significance becomes marginal when the systematic error in the background estimation is included. With the joint analysis of the Suzaku and Chandra data, we determine the temperature of the hot gas in the SE region to be $25.3^{+6.1}_{-4.5}$ (statistical; 90% confidence level) $^{+6.9}_{-9.5}$ (systematic; 90% confidence level) keV, which is in an excellent agreement with the previous joint analysis of the SZ effect in radio and the Chandra X-ray data. This is the first time that the X-ray analysis alone provides a good measurement of the hot component temperature in the SE region, which is possible because of Suzaku's unprecedented sensitivity over the wide X-ray band. These results indicate strongly that RX J1347.5–1145 has undergone a recent, violent merger. The spectral analysis shows that the SE component is consistent with being thermal. We measure the 3 σ upper limit to the non-thermal flux, $F 0.007~{\rm \mu G}$.
Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis

1. The Construction of Problems and Panics 2. The Anti-Catholic Tradition 3. The Discovery of Clergy Sex Abuse 4. The Media and the Crisis 5. Pedophilia and Child Abuse 6. Conflict in the Churches 7. Sins of the Fathers: The Feminist Response 8. The Legal Environment 9. Defending the Therapy 10. Meanings and Directions
Student Engagement in Higher Education: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Approaches for Diverse Populations (review)

excluded AAPI, Latinos, and Native Americans from discussions related to improving the educational experiences of men of color (Perez II, 2014; Teranishi, 2010; Torres & Bitsoi, 2011). This book offers a persuasive critique of deficit-oriented paradigms that often guide interventions intended to increase the success of students of color in higher education. Men of Color in Higher Education is a must-read for researchers and educators committed to fostering the success of AAPI, Black, Latino, and Native American men. Although some readers may contend that this book essentializes the experiences of men of color, I disagree. The contributors make a compelling case for understanding and addressing the detrimental effects of patriarchal masculinity on communities of color. The feminist perspectives infused throughout this text, provide readers with the knowledge needed to recognize and deconstruct patriarchy. Additionally, readers have much to gain from integrating anti-deficit perspectives into research, policies, and practices to increase the success of men of color. A concluding chapter that outlines implications for policy and practice would broaden the scope of this publication. Learning to recognize and capitalize on the assets men of color bring with them to higher education advances the agenda of this book. Future editions of this scholarly text could focus exclusively on women of color as well as AAPI, Latino, and Native American men in higher education.
Improving power allocation to MIMO eigenbeams under imperfect channel estimation

Eigenbeamforming exploits the spatial diversity of the MIMO channel by multiplexing data substreams along orthogonal modes. Estimation errors result in self-interference, which must be taken into account in the selection of modes for transmission and the allocation of transmitter power. Using perturbation analysis to evaluate the self-interference, a technique is proposed for determining the power allocation which achieves a specified performance, based only on the information available at the receiver.
Chandra Detection of Diffuse Hot Gas in and around the M31 Bulge

We report the detection of diffuse hot gas in M31, using archival Chandra observations that allow us to map out a 30′ × 30′ field (covering a galactocentric radius up to 4.5 kpc) and to detect sources in the galaxy down to a 0.5-8 keV luminosity limit of ~1035 ergs s-1. We estimate the remaining stellar contribution from fainter X-ray sources (primarily cataclysmic variables and coronally active binaries), assuming that they spatially follow the stellar distribution. Indeed, the near-IR K-band light of the galaxy closely traces the 2-8 keV unresolved X-rays, indicating a collective stellar X-ray emissivity consistent with those determined for the Galactic ridge and M32, whereas the amount of the 0.5-2 keV unresolved emission is significantly greater than the expected stellar contribution, especially within a galactocentric radius of ~2 kpc. Morphologically, this soft X-ray excess appears substantially rounder than the bulge as seen in K band and is elongated approximately along the minor-axis at large radii. The excess thus most likely represents the emission of diffuse hot gas in and around the galactic bulge. Furthermore, the near side of the M31 disk casts an apparent shadow against the soft X-ray excess, indicating that the hot gas extends to at least 2.5 kpc from the galactic plane. We briefly discuss the implications of these results on the energy balance in the M31 bulge and on understanding the large-scale soft X-ray enhancement observed toward the inner region of our own Galaxy.
Saturation properties of ideals in generic extensions. I

We consider saturation properties of ideals in models obtained by forcing with countable chain condition partial orderings. As sample results, we mention the following. If M[G] is obtained from a model M of GCH via any a-finite chain condition notion of forcing (e.g. add Cohen reals or random reals) then in M[G] every countably complete ideal on <o, is <o3-saturated. If "o-finite chain condition" is weakened to "countable chain condition," then the conclusion no longer holds, but in this case one can conclude that every io2-generated countably complete ideal on <o, (e.g. the nonstationary ideal) is «3-saturated. Some applications to ^„(wj) are included and the role played by Martin's Axiom is discussed. It is also shown that if these weak saturation requirements are combined with some cardinality constraints (e.g. 2H< > (2K°)+), then the consistency of some rather large cardinals becomes both necessary and sufficient. 0. Introduction. Suppose 7 is a K-complete (proper) ideal on k and P is a notion of forcing satisfying the K-chain condition. Then it is well known that 7 generates a (proper) K-complete ideal on k in the generic extension obtained by forcing with P. The results we obtain in this paper and its sequel [BT] are motivated by (but not limited to) the following type of question. For a given cardinal X, what properties of / and P guarantee that this ideal generated by / in the generic extension is X-saturated? Considerations of this type of question are not new to the literature. For example, it is shown in [B,] that one cannot always obtain 2Nl almost-disjoint subsets of <o, of size X,. The proof of this result (which we will greatly generalize in what follows) actually shows that if I — Iu (the ideal of countable subsets of <o,), and X = (2*°)+ as computed in the ground model, then the answer to the question in paragraph one is "none". Hence, one obtains the consistency of 7 being w3-saturated while 2K| is arbitrarily large by simply blowing up the continuum in any model of CH via any c.c.c. notion of forcing. Another example of this type of result is the well-known theorem of Prikry [P] asserting that if X < k and 7 is a X-saturated K-complete ideal on k, then 7 generates a X-saturated K-complete ideal on k in any X-c.c. generic extension. Hence, for example, if k is measurable and one blows up the continuum to k via any c.c.c. notion of forcing, then one obtains a model in which there is an w,-saturated Received by the editors October 3, 1979 and, in revised form, May 26, 1980. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 03E35, 03E05, 04A20. 1 Research partially supported by NSF grant MCS 76-08231. 2 Research partially supported by NSF grant MCS 77-04147. ©1982 American Mathematical Society 0O02-9947/81/O00O-1003/$05.50
Judgment and Decision Making in Accounting

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Judgment and Decision-Making Research CHAPTER 2 JDM "Quality" CHAPTER 3 Knowledge and Personal Involvement CHAPTER 4 Abilities, Intrinsic Motivation, and Other Person Variables CHAPTER 5 Cognitive Processes CHAPTER 6 Task Variables CHAPTER 7 Environmental Variables CHAPTER 8 Understanding the Factors that Affect JDM Quality CHAPTER 9 Methods for Improving JDM CHAPTER 10 Conclusion Index
Estimation under unknown correlation: covariance intersection revisited

Addresses the problem of obtaining a consistent estimate (or upper bound) of the covariance matrix when combining two quantities with unknown correlation. The combination is defined linearly with two gains. When the gains are chosen a priori, a family of consistent estimates is presented in the note. The member in this family having minimal trace is said to be "family-optimal. " When the gains are to be optimized in order to achieve minimal trace of the family-optimal estimate of the covariance matrix, it is proved that the global optimal solution is actually given by the covariance intersection algorithm, which conducts the search only along a one-dimensional curve in the n-squared-dimensional space of combination gains.
A Prototype Stimulator System for Noninvasive Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound Delivery

A prototype Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound (LIFU) stimulator system was developed to evaluate non-invasive neuromodulation in a large animal model. We conducted a feasibility study on a Göttingen minipig, demonstrating reversible, targeted transcranial neuromodulation. The hypothalamus of the minipig was repeatedly stimulated with LIFU which evoked temporally correlated increases in both heart rate and blood pressure.
Quality of life and urolithiasis: the patient - reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS)

ABSTRACT Background: With a high rate of recurrence, urolithiasis is a chronic disease that impacts quality of life. The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System is an NIH validated questionnaire to assess patient quality of life. We evaluated the impact of urolithiasis on quality of life using the NIH-sponsored PROMIS-43 questionnaire. Materials and Methods: Patients reporting to the kidney stone clinic were interviewed to collect information on stone history and demographic information and were asked to complete the PROMIS-43 questionnaire. Quality of life scores were analyzed using gender and age matched groups for the general US population. Statistical comparisons were made based on demographic information and patient stone history. Statistical significance was P<0.05. Results: 103 patients completed the survey. 36% of respondents were male, the average age of the group was 52 years old, with 58% primary income earners, and 35% primary caregivers. 7% had never passed a stone or had a procedure while 17% passed 10 or more stones in their lifetime. Overall, pain and physical function were worse in patients with urolithiasis. Primary income earners had better quality of life while primary caregivers and those with other chronic medical conditions were worse. Patients on dietary and medical therapy had better quality of life scores. Conclusions: Urolithiasis patients subjectively have worse pain and physical function than the general population. The impact of pain on quality of life was greatest in those patients who had more stone episodes, underscoring the importance of preventive measures. Stone prevention measures improve quality of life.
Targeted next-generation sequencing of DNA regions proximal to a conserved GXGXXG signaling motif enables systematic discovery of tyrosine kinase fusions in cancer

Tyrosine kinase (TK) fusions are attractive drug targets in cancers. However, rapid identification of these lesions has been hampered by experimental limitations. Our in silico analysis of known cancer-derived TK fusions revealed that most breakpoints occur within a defined region upstream of a conserved GXGXXG kinase motif. We therefore designed a novel DNA-based targeted sequencing approach to screen systematically for fusions within the 90 human TKs; it should detect 92% of known TK fusions. We deliberately paired ‘in-solution’ DNA capture with 454 sequencing to minimize starting material requirements, take advantage of long sequence reads, and facilitate mapping of fusions. To validate this platform, we analyzed genomic DNA from thyroid cancer cells (TPC-1) and leukemia cells (KG-1) with fusions known only at the mRNA level. We readily identified for the first time the genomic fusion sequences of CCDC6-RET in TPC-1 cells and FGFR1OP2-FGFR1 in KG-1 cells. These data demonstrate the feasibility of this approach to identify TK fusions across multiple human cancers in a high-throughput, unbiased manner. This method is distinct from other similar efforts, because it focuses specifically on targets with therapeutic potential, uses only 1.5 µg of DNA, and circumvents the need for complex computational sequence analysis.
Efavirenz Plasma Concentrations in HIV-Infected Patients: Inter- and Intraindividual Variability and Clinical Effects

Efavirenz is a drug subject to extensive metabolism, mainly by the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme CYP2B6, known to exhibit extensive interindividual variability. The aim of the present study was 2-fold: to investigate the relationship between plasma concentration and clinical effects of efavirenz and to investigate the extent of the inter- and intraindividual variability of the plasma concentration measurements. From an open clinic, 68 HIV-positive patients on efavirenz-containing treatment were recruited. From each patient 1 to 5 samples were collected; 43 had more than 1 sample taken. Most samples were taken 10–24 hours after the latest dose. Efavirenz was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The data were analyzed by the variance component model analysis of variance. Efavirenz concentrations were reproducible, and intraindividual variability constituted only 16% of the total variance. Thus, 84% of the variance was attributed to interindividual variability. The incidence of primary treatment failure was related to low plasma concentrations with a geometric mean concentration of 6.1 μmol/L compared with 8.7 μmol/L in those responding to therapy (P < 0.05). If a cutoff of 7 μmol/L is used, 10 of 13 failing to respond were below this level compared with 15 of 45 in those responding. It is concluded that efavirenz plasma concentration measurement gives reproducible results predictive of primary treatment failure. A lower bound for the therapeutic level of 7 μmol/L is proposed, and data from other authors suggests that an upper level of 13 μmol/L may be applied.
Semi-global simulations of the magneto-rotational instability in core collapse supernovae

Context. Possible effects of magnetic fields in core collapse supernovae rely on an efficient amplification of the weak pre-collapse fields. It has been suggested that the magneto-rotational instability (MRI) leads to a rapid growth for these weak seed fields. Although plenty of MRI studies exist for accretion disks, the application of their results to core collapse supernovae is inhibited as the physics of supernova cores is substantially different from that of accretion discs. Aims. We address the problem of growth and saturation of the MRI in core collapse supernovae by studying its evolution by means of semi-global simulations, which combine elements of global and local simulations by taking the presence of global background gradients into account and using a local computational grid. We investigate, in particular, the termination of the growth of the MRI and the properties of the turbulence in the saturated state. Methods. We analyze the dispersion relation of the MRI to identify different regimes of the instability. This analysis is complemented by semi-global ideal MHD simulations, where we consider core matter in a local computational box (size ∼ $1\,$km) rotating at sub-Keplerian velocity and where we allow for the presence of a radial entropy gradient, but neglect neutrino radiation. Results. We identify six regimes of the MRI depending on the ratio of the entropy and angular velocity gradient. Our numerical models confirm the instability criteria and growth rates for all regimes relevant to core-collapse supernovae. The MRI grows exponentially on time scales of milliseconds, the flow and magnetic field geometries being dominated by channel flows. We find MHD turbulence and efficient transport of angular momentum. The MRI growth ceases once the channels are disrupted by resistive instabilities (stemming from to the finite conductivity of the numerical code), and MHD turbulence sets in. From an analysis of the growth rates of the resistive instabilities, we deduce scaling laws for the termination amplitude of the MRI, which agree well with our numerical models. We determine the dependence of the development of large-scale coherent flow structures in the saturated state on the aspect ratio of the simulation boxes. Conclusions. The MRI can grow rapidly under the conditions considered here, i.e., a rapidly rotating core in hydrostatic equilibrium, possibly endowed with a nonvanishing entropy gradient, leading to fields exceeding $10^{15}~\mathrm{G}$. More investigations are required to cover the parameter space more comprehensively and to include more physical effects.
The cost of pride: Why do firms from developing countries bid higher?

Using an extensive panel of cross-border M&A transactions between 1990 and 2007, we find that firms from developing countries, compared with those from developed countries, bid higher on average to acquire assets in developed countries. We are interested in why these higher bids occur. We find that bids of firms from developing countries are higher in cases where the transaction displays “national pride” characteristics, where national pride is identified through a manual examination of media articles. These results, which are robust to numerous specifications (including alternative measures of national pride) and control variables, are both statistically and economically significant, and highlight a source of pride beyond personal hubris that potentially influences corporate decision-makers.
Snoring, daytime sleepiness and stroke: a case–control study of first‐ever stroke

Previous reports have shown an association between snoring and stroke but it is not clear whether this reflects confounding factors nor whether the association is attributable to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). We performed a case–control study of 181 patients admitted to hospital with first‐ever stroke and community control subjects matched individually for age, sex and general practitioner. Subjects were interviewed with a structured questionnaire to identify snoring, daytime sleepiness and stroke risk factors. The association between snoring alone and stroke was not statistically significant: odds ratio (95% CI) 1.44 (0.88, 2.41). Daytime sleepiness was, however, significantly associated with stroke: odds ratio 3.07 (1.65, 6.08). Multiple logistic regression showed that hypertension, current smoking, taking alcohol regularly (negatively) and a higher Epworth sleepiness score were independently associated with stroke. The results suggest that the previously reported association between ‘simple’ snoring and stroke might have been due to poor controlling for confounding variables. Our study suggests an association with greater sleepiness prestroke, the cause of which is unclear, although OSA is a possible candidate.
Single Molecule Characterization of P-selectin/Ligand Binding* 210

P-selectin expressed on activated platelets and vascular endothelium mediates adhesive interactions to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and colon carcinomas critical to the processes of inflammation and blood-borne metastasis, respectively. How the overall adhesiveness (i.e. the avidity) of receptor/ligand interactions is controlled by the affinity of the individual receptors to single ligands is not well understood. Using single molecule force spectroscopy, we probed in situboth the tensile strength and off-rate of single P-selectin molecules binding to single ligands on intact human PMNs and metastatic colon carcinomas and compared them to the overall avidity of these cells for P-selectin substrates. The use of intact cells rather than purified proteins ensures the proper orientation and preserves post-translational modifications of the P-selectin ligands. The P-selectin/PSGL-1 interaction on PMNs was able to withstand forces up to 175 pN and had an unstressed off-rate of 0.20 s−1. The tensile strength of P-selectin binding to a novel O-linked, sialylated protease-sensitive ligand on LS174T colon carcinomas approached 125 pN, whereas the unstressed off-rate was 2.78 s−1. Monte Carlo simulations of receptor/ligand bond rupture under constant loading rate for both P-selectin/PSGL-1 and P-selectin/LS174T ligand binding give distributions and mean rupture forces that are in accord with experimental data. The pronounced differences in the affinity for P-selectin/ligand binding provide a mechanistic basis for the differential abilities of PMNs and carcinomas to roll on P-selectin substrates under blood flow conditions and underline the requirement for single molecule affinity measurements.
A Two-Study Comparison of Clinical and MRI Markers of Transition from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease

A published predictor model in a single-site cohort study (questionable dementia, QD) that contained episodic verbal memory (SRT total recall), informant report of function (FAQ), and MRI measures was tested using logistic regression and ROC analyses with comparable measures in a second multisite cohort study (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, ADNI). There were 126 patients in QD and 282 patients in ADNI with MCI followed for 3 years. Within each sample, the differences in AUCs between the statistical models were very similar. Adding hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volumes to the model containing AVLT/SRT, FAQ, age and MMSE increased the area under the curve (AUC) in ADNI but not QD, with sensitivity increasing by 2% in ADNI and 2% in QD for a fixed specificity of 80%. Conversely, adding episodic verbal memory (SRT/AVLT) and FAQ to the model containing age, Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volumes increased the AUC in ADNI and QD, with sensitivity increasing by 17% in ADNI and 10% in QD for 80% specificity. The predictor models showed similar differences from each other in both studies, supporting independent validation. MRI hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volumes showed limited added predictive utility to memory and function measures.