Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Margins of Pacific Linguistics: P. A. Lanyon-Orgill

Abstract The career of P. A. Lanyon-Orgill (1924–2002) is outlined, providing an illustration of an institutional 'outsider', who, nevertheless, in the mid-twentieth century made his name quite well known among Pacific-area linguists, through a combination of derivative publication with fictive enhancement both of his own scholarly persona and of the data he presented. His changing reputation and his significance to Pacific linguistics are discussed, including the exposure, in the 1980s, of his falsification of alleged eighteenth-century manuscripts, and the realization that fraudulent elements were present in his work from the very beginning. His career is summarized from his never completed university degree, through his earning a living as a schoolmaster while contributing his research on Oceanic and Papuan linguistics to mainstream journals, to editing his own journal and publishing a number of monographs that are still in use. That his name has not vanished from the record is explained, in part, because some of his work (particularly a few dictionaries) has been found by experience to be sound, and has not been superseded, and, in part, because persons outside the Pacific linguistic sphere have taken certain of his impostures in good faith and used them to support non-linguistic conclusions.
Physical activity and behaviour in dementia

Physical activity can have a positive impact on cognition and well-being in older people. This article reviews and evaluates the effects of planned physical activity programmes on mood, sleep and functional ability in people with dementia. A total of 27 studies between 1974 and 2005 were found. Of these, four included participants living at home, two involved participants who were living either at home or in care homes and 21 included participants living solely in care homes. Since psychosocial intervention can reduce family caregiver burden, the break down of home-care and associated rates of institutionalization, the indirect effects of these physical activity programmes on the family caregiver are also explored. The scope for developing physical activity programmes for people with dementia in primary care using families and volunteers is discussed.
The Validity of Narcissism and Driving Anger in Predicting Aggressive Driving in a Sample of Young Drivers

The present study examined narcissism and driving anger as explanations of aggressive driving behavior in young adults. Using a sample of 362 young adult drivers, we found that narcissism and driving anger were significant predictors of aggressive driving. Although driving anger was a stronger predictor of aggressive driving, narcissism was uniquely related to aggressive driving above and beyond driving anger. In addition, aggressive driving was a significant predictor of crashes and moving violations. A simultaneous test of all relationships demonstrated that aggressive driving mediated the relationships between narcissism and driving anger and our outcomes of crashes and moving violations. Consistent with the theory of threatened egotism, our results suggests that younger drivers with high but unstable self-esteem reported reacting more aggressively when provoked while driving, which in turn led to negative driving performance outcomes.
The Multidimensionality of Adolescents' Beliefs About and Attitudes Toward Gay and Lesbian Peers in School

This study investigated tenth- and twelfth-grade adolescents' ( N = 264) beliefs about homosexuality, their attitudes about gay and lesbian peers in school, and their evaluations of the treatment of gay, lesbian, and gender non-conforming peers. The results revealed differences in adolescents' beliefs about homosexuality and their attitudes toward gay and lesbian peers in school. Further, age-related and context differences in adolescents' attitudes were obtained. The results also revealed age-related difference in adolescents' evaluations of the treatment of gay, lesbian, and gender non-conforming peers. Finally, the results provide some evidence that gender non-conformity and sexuality independently and interdependently impact adolescents' evaluations of the treatment of others. The implications of these results for educators and others interested in creating schools that are safe for all students are discussed.
The Three-Dimensional Power Spectrum of Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We measure the large-scale real-space power spectrum P(k) by using a sample of 205,443 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, covering 2417 effective square degrees with mean redshift z ≈ 0.1. We employ a matrix-based method using pseudo-Karhunen-Loève eigenmodes, producing uncorrelated minimum-variance measurements in 22 k-bands of both the clustering power and its anisotropy due to redshift-space distortions, with narrow and well-behaved window functions in the range 0.02 h Mpc-1 < k < 0.3 h Mpc-1. We pay particular attention to modeling, quantifying, and correcting for potential systematic errors, nonlinear redshift distortions, and the artificial red-tilt caused by luminosity-dependent bias. Our results are robust to omitting angular and radial density fluctuations and are consistent between different parts of the sky. Our final result is a measurement of the real-space matter power spectrum P(k) up to an unknown overall multiplicative bias factor. Our calculations suggest that this bias factor is independent of scale to better than a few percent for k < 0.1 h Mpc-1, thereby making our results useful for precision measurements of cosmological parameters in conjunction with data from other experiments such as the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe satellite. The power spectrum is not well-characterized by a single power law but unambiguously shows curvature. As a simple characterization of the data, our measurements are well fitted by a flat scale-invariant adiabatic cosmological model with h Ωm = 0.213 ± 0.023 and σ8 = 0.89 ± 0.02 for L* galaxies, when fixing the baryon fraction Ωb/Ωm = 0.17 and the Hubble parameter h = 0.72; cosmological interpretation is given in a companion paper.
Universals and Specificities in the Structure and Development of Quantitative-relational Thought: A Cross-cultural Study in Greece and India

This study investigates the structure and development of quantitative thought in Greece and India. A total of 297 Indian subjects and 269 Greek subjects, aged from 10 to 16 years, were examined by a battery addressing their ability to execute arithmetic operations, a battery addressing their proportional reasoning, and a battery addressing algebraic reasoning. The items in each battery addressed four developmental levels. Confirmatory factor analysis showed, as predicted, that the same model is able to account for the performance of both cultures. Some differences were observed in the relative strength of the various abilities. However, the developmental inter-patterning of abilities was generally the same in the two cultures. There were no differences in capacity-dependent sequences but there were some differences in strategy-dependent sequences. These findings are discussed in the context of our theory of cognitive development.
Stereotypes in the making: Prejudice and cultural generalizations in Hong Kong students’ discourse

This article analyzes how a group of Hong Kong students talk about people in other countries in an informal group discussion. The focus is on the discursive construction of outgroup stereotypes, and the analyses show that the attitudes discussed in the group are highly variable, even contradictory — across as well as within individual group members. Discursive Psychology is used as the theoretically informed analytic approach for the analysis, and Social Identity Theory (Tajfel) and Self-Categorization Theory (Turner) are proposed as the overall theoretical frameworks which seem to encompass the different themes uncovered in the analyses. The article argues that personal experience, rhetorical ends, and group dynamics are salient factors in terms of explaining the construction and nature of the stereotypes. Furthermore, it is argued that intergroup differentiation is important in accounting for the process of stereotype-construction, and that cognitive dissonance, as well as accusations of prejudiced identities, appear to have little noticeable effect on individual group members or intra-group harmony. Finally, the article argues that this group discussion could be seen as an example of predominant discourses and ideological positions about Western and Asian ‘others’ which exist in contemporary Hong Kong society.
A Short Version of the Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale: Structural and Construct Validity Across Five Countries

Occupational self-efficacy is an important resource for individuals in organizations. To be able to compare the occupational self-efficacy of employees across different countries, equivalent versions of the standard instruments need to be made available in different languages. In this article, the authors report on the structural and construct validity of an instrument that assesses occupational self-efficacy across five countries (Germany, Sweden, Belgium, United Kingdom, Spain), based on an overall sample of N =1,535. The instrument can be recommended for comparative use in German, Swedish, Belgian, Spanish, and British organizational contexts.
C-reactive protein in healthy and in sick populations.

suspected vascular risk factors such as smoking and obesity; a marker of chronic infective processes possibly correlated with coronary heart disease risk such as persistent infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae; or a marker of the extent of subclinical disease (since atherosclerosis is partly an inflammatory lesion). In these cases, C-reactive protein itself would not be of causal relevance to coronary heart disease. Despite the uncertainties about the relevance of C-reactive protein to coronary heart disease in the general population, a number of studies have investigated C-reactive protein in other settings, including long-term studies of populations defined on the basis of pre-existing conditions such as vascular disease, diabetes and chronic renal disease. Compared with studies in the general population, interpretation of studies in these ‘sick’ populations is complicated by an increased likelihood that factors related to pre-existing disease itself may alter both C-reactive protein values and coronary heart disease risk. Such distortions might be particularly likely in patients with pre-existing coronary heart disease. This is because C-reactive protein values can be influenced not only by the severity of disease itself but also by the effects of medications prescribed for coronary heart disease (for example, certain ‘statin’ drugs may lower plasma C-reactive protein values) and of changes in habits and risk factors following a diagnosis of coronary heart disease (for example, smoking cessation and weight reduction). Even if studies in sick populations attempt adjustments for such potentially distorting factors, the results may still be of uncertain validity. Residual biases are possible both because baseline values of some confounders may be inaccurate measurements of their long-term ‘usual’ values, thereby resulting in inadequate statistical adjustments; and because some possible confounders may not be measured at all. The study of Garcia-Moll et al. in this issue illustrates the challenges of investigating C-reactive protein in sick populations. They made C-reactive protein measurements in 911 British patients with chronic stable angina subsequently monitored for a median duration of about 18 months. The authors correctly point out that the 29 myocardial infarctions and deaths from coronary heart disease recorded in their study were too few for reliable analyses of the predictive ability of C-reactive protein. By comparison, three previously published long-term prospective studies of C-reactive protein in cohorts defined on the See page 1598 for the article to which this Editorial refers
Specificity of the Relation Between Life Events and Psychological Symptomatology

Examined the specificity of the relation between two types of stressful life events, separations and conflicts, and psychological symptomatology in children. It was hypothesized that separation events would have a specific effect on depressive symptomatology, whereas conflict events would have a specific effect on symptoms of conduct disorder. The hypotheses were tested on a sample of 359 children, ages 8 through 16, consisting of children who had experienced parental death, parental divorce, or asthma, and a comparison group who had not experienced a major stressful event. Multivariate regression analyses indicated partial support for a specificity model of the effects of stress events. Strongest support for the specificity model of the effects of stressors came from the children who experienced parental death.
Physiosonic - movement sonification as auditory feedback

We detect human body movement interactively via a tracking system. This data is used to synthesize sound and transform sound files (music or text). A subject triggers and controls sound parameters with his or her movement within a pre-set range of motion. The resulting acoustic feedback enhances new modalities of perception and the awareness of the body movements. It is ideal for application in physiotherapy and other training contexts. The sounds we use depend on the context and aesthetic preferences of the subject. On the one hand, metaphorical sounds are used to indicate the leaving of the range of motion or to make unintended movements aware. On the other hand, sound material like music or speech is played as intuitive means and motivating feedback to address humans. The sound material is transformed in order to indicate deviations from the target movement. With this sonification approach, subjects perceive the sounds they have chosen themselves in undistorted playback as long as they perform the training task appropriately. Our main premises are a simple mapping of movement to sound and common sense metaphors, that both enhance the understanding for the subject.
LARGE DEVIATIONS IN RANDOMLY COLOURED RANDOM GRAPHS

Models of random graphs are considered where the presence or absence of an edge depends on the random types (colours) of its vertices, so that whether or not edges are present can be dependent. The principal objective is to study large deviations in the number of edges. These graphs provide a natural example with two different non-degenerate large deviation regimes, one arising from large deviations in the colourings followed by typical edge placement and the other from large deviation in edge placement. A secondary objective is to illustrate the use of a general result on large deviations for mixtures.
An Adaptive Digital Suppression Filter for Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Communications

This paper describes the structure of a digital implementation of the Widrow-Hoff LMS algorithm which uses a burst processing technique to obtain some hardware simplification. This adaptive system is used to suppress narrow-band interference in a direct-sequence spread-spectrum communication system. Several different narrow-band interferers are considered, and probability of error results are presented for all cases. While, in general, the results show significant improvement in performance when the LMS algorithm is used, certain disadvantages are also present and are discussed in this paper.
Follicle‐stimulating hormone and growth hormone act differently on nuclear maturation while both enhance developmental competence of in vitro matured bovine oocytes

This study was designed to investigate the effect of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) on nuclear maturation, fertilization, and early embryonic development of in‐vitro‐matured bovine oocytes and to find out whether this effect is exerted through a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal transduction pathway. In addition the effect of the combination of FSH and growth hormone (GH) on subsequent cleavage and embryo development was studied. Therefore cumulus oocyte complexes were cultured in the presence of FSH (0.05 IU/ml) and the nuclear stage of the oocytes was assessed using 4,6‐diamino‐2‐phenyl‐indole (DAPI) staining either after 16, 20, or 24 hr of in vitro maturation or 18 hr after the onset of fertilization. To assess the effect of FSH and the combination of FSH and GH added during in vitro maturation on the developmental capacity of the oocytes, cumulus oocyte complexes were incubated in the presence of either FSH (0.05 IU/ml) or FSH (0.05 IU/ml) plus GH (100 ng/ml) for 22 hr, followed by in vitro fertilization and in vitro embryo culture. To investigate whether FSH‐induced oocyte maturation is exerted through the cAMP pathway, cumulus oocyte complexes were cultured in M199 supplemented with FSH (0.05 IU/ml) and H‐89 (10 μM), a specific inhibitor of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase A. After 16 hr of culture, the proportion of oocytes in metaphase II (MII) stage was determined. Cultures with GH and without FSH and H‐89 served as controls. The percentage of MII oocytes at 16 hr of incubation was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the presence of FSH than in the control group, while the number of MII oocytes beyond 20 hr did not differ from the control group. That points to a transient inhibition of nuclear maturation by FSH. Opposite to FSH, addition of GH during in vitro maturation significantly enhanced the number of MII oocytes after 16 hr of culture (P < 0.001), which points to the acceleration of nuclear maturation by GH. Addition of FSH during in vitro maturation significantly enhanced the proportion of normal fertilized oocytes, cleaved embryos and blastocysts (P < 0.001). Similarly, addition of GH during in vitro maturation significantly enhanced the number of cleaved embryos and blastocysts (P < 0.001); however, in vitro maturation in the presence of GH and FSH did not result in an extra enhancement of the embryo development. Both the inhibition of nuclear maturation by FSH and its acceleration by GH was completely abolished by H‐89. In conclusion, in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes in the presence of FSH retards nuclear maturation via a cAMP‐mediated pathway, while it enhances fertilizability and developmental ability of the oocytes. Supplementation of GH and FSH during in vitro maturation did not result in an extra increase in the number of blastocysts following in vitro fertilization and in vitro embryo culture. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 51:339–345, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unsafe acts and unsafe outcomes in aircraft maintenance

Road safety studies using the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) have provided support for a three-way distinction between violations, skill-based errors and mistakes, and have indicated that a tendency to commit driving violations is associated with an increased risk of accident involvement. The aims of this study were to examine whether the three-way distinction of unsafe acts is applicable in the context of aircraft maintenance, and whether involvement in maintenance safety occurrences can be predicted on the basis of self-reported unsafe acts. A Maintenance Behaviour Questionnaire (MBQ) was developed to explore patterns of unsafe acts committed by aircraft maintenance mechanics. The MBQ was completed anonymously by over 1300 Australian aviation mechanics, who also provided information on their involvement in workplace accidents and incidents. Four factors were identified: routine violations, skill-based errors, mistakes and exceptional violations. Violations and mistakes were related significantly to the occurrence of incidents that jeopardized the quality of aircraft maintenance, but were not related to workplace injuries. Skill-based errors, while not related to work quality incidents, were related to workplace injuries. The results are consistent with the three-way typology of unsafe acts described by Reason et al. (1990) and with the DBQ research indicating an association between self-reported violations and accidents. The current findings suggest that interventions addressed at maintenance quality incidents should take into account the role of violations and mistakes, and the factors that promote them. In contrast, interventions directed at reducing workplace injury are likely to require a focus on skill-based errors.
Performance Appraisal or Praising Performance? The Culture of Rhetoric in Performance Management in Ghana Civil Service

This article examines the practice of performance appraisal as a critical element of administrative culture in the Ghana Civil Service (CS). It relies on three focus group discussions with senior civil servants to analyze the practice and its implications for performance of civil servants in Ghana. The article argues that: leadership seldom gives the needed attention to this administrative practice; the process lacks objectivity; it is fraught with superstition, spirituality, and fear; appraisers are rarely trained; and civil servants only become more interested in performance appraisals (PAs) during promotion-related interviews. The article therefore concludes that this process has become rhetoric rather than an important practice and that performance only gets praised rather than being appraised. The article recommends an overhaul of the PA system by integrating it into a holistic performance management program; integrating PA training into civil service mandatory training programs; and the revision and computerization of the PA system.
Effects of Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate, A Widely Used Peroxisome Proliferator and Plasticizer, on Cell Growth in the Human Keratinocyte Cell Line NCTC 2544

Phthalate esters are a widely used class of water-insoluble organic chemicals. The adverse effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were chiefly studied in animals, while their potential toxicity to humans has not been properly evaluated. It was hypothesized that the effect of DEHP on human cells depends on the concentration, and this study examined the effects of different concentrations of DEHP on cell growth in cultured human keratinocytes NCTC 2544, together with the possible involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in mediating the effects. After exposure to DEHP, the number of NCTC 2544 cells in the monolayer decreased in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner, whereas the cells that were detached from the monolayer increased, and died via necrosis. The decrease of cell growth was confirmed by the inhibition of pErk1, pErk2, and changes in the c-myc protein content. With regard to PPARs, the PPARbeta protein content increased, whereas PPARalpha decreased. To demonstrate the involvement of PPARbeta in inhibiting cell growth, the use of an antisense oligonucleotide against this receptor revealed the prevention of DEHP-induced cell growth inhibition. In addition, the treatment of keratinocytes with a specific ligand of PPARbeta (L165041) showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth, as with DEHP. In conclusion, the effect of DEHP on human keratinocytes is concentration dependent, and this effect is mediated via PPARs.
Domain adaptation of POS taggers without handcrafted features

Unsupervised domain adaptation is an attractive option when labeled data is lacking for some domain of interest but is available for other domain. Part-of-speech (POS) tagging is often considered a solved task when enough labeled data is available in the domain of interest. However, when considering a domain adaptation scenario, this is far from true. Several approaches have been proposed for domain adaptation of POS taggers, however as far as we know, all of them are based on handcrafted features. In this work, we employ a machine learning method whose input is exclusively composed of the raw text. This method learns word- and character-level representations (embeddings), and has been successfully applied to intra-domain tasks. We show that this method achieves strong performances on the domain adaptation of English and Portuguese POS taggers.