Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intrasexual Competition and Height in Adolescents and Adults

Intrasexual competition can be defined as the struggle between members of one sex to increase their access to members of the other sex as sexual partners. In our species, height is a sexually dimorphic trait probably involved in both intrasexual and intersexual selective processes. In the present research, we examined the relationship between height and individual differences in intrasexual competitiveness (i.e., the tendency to view same-sex interactions in general in competitive terms) in two populations of adolescents and adults of both sexes in Chile. According to our first prediction, among both adolescent and adult men, height was negatively associated with intrasexual competitiveness. In contrast, among women, height was not linearly nor quadratically related with intrasexual competitiveness as previously reported. Finally, adolescent men and women showed increased levels of intrasexual competitiveness compared to adult same-sex counterparts. Our results suggest that height is a relevant trait in mating competition among men. The lack of relationship between height and intrasexual competitiveness in women may suggest that the role of height in women mating competition may be more complex and mediated by other variables.
Regulatory T Cell and Forkhead Box Protein 3 as Modulators of Immune Homeostasis

The transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is an essential molecular marker of regulatory T cell (Treg) development in different microenvironments. Tregs are cells specialized in the suppression of inadequate immune responses and the maintenance of homeostatic tolerance. Studies have addressed and elucidated the role played by FOXP3 and Treg in countless autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as in more specific cases, such as cancer. Within this context, the present article reviews aspects of the immunoregulatory profile of FOXP3 and Treg in the management of immune homeostasis, including issues relating to pathology as well as immune tolerance.
Genome-wide Analysis of Alternative Pre-mrna Splicing and Rna-binding Specificities of the Drosophila Hnrnp A/b Family Members

SUMMARY Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) have been traditionally seen as proteins packaging RNA nonspecifically into ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs), but evidence suggests specific cellular functions on discrete target pre-mRNAs. Here we report genome-wide analysis of alternative splicing patterns regulated by four Drosophila homologs of the mammalian hnRNP A/B family (hrp36, hrp38, hrp40, and hrp48). Analysis of the global RNA-binding distributions of each protein revealed both small and extensively bound regions on target transcripts. A significant subset of RNAs were bound and regulated by more than one hnRNP protein, revealing a combinatorial network of interactions. In vitro RNA-binding site selection experiments (SELEX) identified distinct binding motif specificities for each protein, which were overrepresented in their respective regulated and bound transcripts. These results indicate that individual heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins have specific affinities for overlapping , but distinct, populations of target pre-mRNAs controlling their patterns of RNA processing.
Experiments on the Deformation of Ice

Abstract This paper describes compression tests at −1.5° C. on blocks of ice containing many small crystals in random orientation. Results show that ice does not possess a constant coefficient of viscosity, but obeys a more complicated relation between compressive stress u and strain rate . For the stress range 1.5–10 Kg. cm−2 this relation is approximately of the form , where n is a constant equal to about 4. A method of preparing small cylindrical single crystals of ice of a desired orientation is also described.
Correlation analysis between biomass and spectral vegetation indices of forest ecosystem

The forest has an important role in global climatic balance and in maintaining global carbon cycle. The information of forest ecosystem productivity can be assessed through biomass assessment. The forest biomass assessment helps in understanding the resources and the changes in forest ecosystem. Biomass assessment is important since it helps in knowing the amount of carbon sequestered by a forest since 47.5-50% of forest dry biomass is carbon. This study investigates the relationship between above ground biomass and different vegetation indices and to identify the most likely vegetation index that best correlate with biomass. In the present study stratified random sampling were used in the Sindhudurg district for estimation of biomass. A significant correlation was seen between biomass and vegetation indices. The best correlation was assessed and maximum correlation has been found with RVI followed by RDVI, NDVI, OSAVI, MSR and MSAVI with biomass.
Directed forgetting affects both direct and indirect tests of memory.

In two experiments, subjects were instructed either to remember or to forget each word. Following study, two tests were given, one a direct test of memory requiring conscious recollection of the study list and the other an indirect test that could be performed without awareness of the study list. In Experiment l, subjects recognized more remember than forget words (direct test) and completed more remember than forget fragments (indirect test) on both immediate and 1-week delayed tests. In Experiment 2, subjects showed superior recall (direct test) and greater repetition priming in lexical decision (indirect test) for remember than for forget words. The consistent directed forgetting effect on both types of tests is in accord with the idea that forget items are inhibited at the time of retrieval and that retrieval manipulations, unlike elaboration manipulations at encoding, affect direct and indirect tests in similar ways. In their review chapter, Johnson and Hasher (1987) identified the relations among different memory tasks as a central problem for memory researchers to address. One distinction they particularly emphasized was that between direct and indirect measures of memory. In the words of Johnson and Hasher (1987), "Direct memory tasks (free recall, cued recall, recognition) require conscious expressions of remembering; indirect memory tasks (e.g., perceptual identification, homophone spelling, word completion, skill learning) do not" (p. 64 l). Johnson and Hasher went on to survey the considerable research effort that had been directed at this distinction.
First law of thermodynamics and Friedmann equations of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe

Applying the first law of thermodynamics to the apparent horizon of a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe and assuming the geometric entropy given by a quarter of the apparent horizon area, we derive the Friedmann equations describing the dynamics of the universe with any spatial curvature. Using entropy formulae for the static spherically symmetric black hole horizons in Gauss-Bonnet gravity and in more general Lovelock gravity, where the entropy is not proportional to the horizon area, we are also able to obtain the Friedmann equations in each gravity theory. We also discuss some physical implications of our results.
What do people recall about their documents?: implications for desktop search tools

This study aims at finding out which attributes people actually recall about their own documents (electronic and paper), and what are the characteristics of their recall, in order to provide recommendations on how to improve tools allowing users to retrieve their electronic files more effectively and more easily. An experiment was conducted with fourteen participants at their workplace. They were asked first to recall features about one (or several) of their own work documents, and secondly to retrieve these documents. The difficulties encountered by the participants in retrieving their electronic documents support the need for better retrieval tools. More specifically, results of the recall task indicate which attributes are candidates for facilitating file retrieval and how search tools should use these attributes.
Dose- and route-dependent alterations in metabolism and toxicity of chemical compounds in ethanol-treated rats: difference between highly (chloroform) and poorly (carbon tetrachloride) metabolized hepatotoxic compounds.

The dose and route dependency of the metabolism and the toxicity of chloroform (CHCl3) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was investigated in ethanol-treated rats. Rats that had been kept on either an ethanol (containing ethanol at 2 g/rat/day) or a control (containing no ethanol) liquid diet for 3 weeks were challenged with CHCl3 or CCl4 by inhalation (0, 50, or 500 ppm x 6 hr), or by p.o. or i.p. administration (0, 0.105, or 1.675 mmol/kg). Ethanol consumption, which increased the in vitro metabolism of both compounds six- to sevenfold, affected the metabolism and toxicity of CCl4 differently from those of CHCl3. Ethanol increased the metabolism and toxicity of CHCl3 at 500 ppm only, whereas it increased the metabolism and toxicity of CCl4 at either 50 or 500 ppm. In addition, the effect of ethanol consumption differed between CHCl3 and CCl4 depending on the route of administration (p.o. or i.p.) and the dose (0.105 or 1.675 mmol/kg). For the p.o. route, ethanol increased the metabolism and toxicity of both compounds at either dose. For the i.p. route, however, ethanol increased the metabolism and toxicity of the high dose of CHCl3 only, but of both CCl4 doses. The dose- and route-dependent differences in the effect of enzyme induction on the metabolism and toxicity between CHCl3 and CCl4 can be explained by a supposition that the hepatic blood flow rate-limits the metabolism of a low dose of CHCl3 (perfusion-limited metabolism), whereas the metabolic capacity of the liver limits the metabolism of CCl4 (capacity-limited metabolism) irrespective of dose.
Disrupted Integrity of White Matter in Heroin-addicted Subjects at Different Abstinent Time

Purpose:To investigate and compare the integrity of white matter in heroin–addicted and healthy control subjects at different abstinent time using diffusion tensor imaging. Materials and Methods:We performed voxelwise analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in 35 currently abstinent heroin abusers who were divided into long-term group (n = 17) and short-term group (n = 18) and 17 healthy volunteers. Measurements of FA and ADC of the identified regions (genu and splenium of corpus callosum, bilateral frontal lobe) were obtained from all subjects. Results:The FA at callosal splenium was higher in the long-term group than in the short-term group (P < 0.05). The FA at left prefrontal cortex was higher in the short-term group than in the long-term group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in ADC was found among the 3 groups. The education history had a positive correlation with the FA value on the gena of corpus callosum (r = 0.402, P = 0.017). Months of abstinence had a negative correlation with left frontal FA (r = −0.366, P = 0.03) and a positive correlation with splenium FA (r = 0.348, P = 0.04). Conclusions:Heroin abuse seems to alter white matter microstructure differentially in long-term and short-term heroin addicts. This study will contribute to the current literature by examining the quality of white matter fiber structure in heroin abstinence.
Soil Fertility, Biodiversity and Pest Management

1 Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, USA 2 Laboratorio Gestione Sostenibile degli Agro-Ecosistemi (UTAGRI-ECO), Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy 3 Center for the Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CASAS), Kensington, CA 94707, USA (Website: http://cnr.berkeley.edu/casas)
Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine and the Regulation of Effort in Food-Seeking Behavior: Implications for Studies of Natural Motivation, Psychiatry, and Drug Abuse

For several decades, it has been suggested that dopamine (DA), especially in nucleus accumbens, mediates the primary reinforcing characteristics of natural stimuli such as food, as well as drugs of abuse. Yet, several fundamental aspects of primary food reinforcement, motivation, and appetite are left intact after interference with accumbens DA transmission. Recent studies have shown that accumbens DA is involved in responsiveness to conditioned stimuli and activational aspects of motivation. In concurrent choice tasks, accumbens DA depletions cause animals to reallocate their choice behavior in the direction of instrumental behaviors that involve less effort. Also, an emerging body of evidence has demonstrated that the effects of accumbens DA depletions on instrumental food-seeking behavior can vary greatly depending upon the task. For example, some schedules of reinforcement are insensitive to the effects of DA depletions, whereas others are highly sensitive (e.g., large fixed ratios). Accumbens DA depletions slow the rate of operant responding, blunt the rate-facilitating effects of moderate-sized ratios, and enhance the rate-suppressing effects of very large ratios (i.e., produce ratio strain). Accumbens DA may be important for enabling rats to overcome behavioral constraints, such as work-related response costs, and may be critical for the behavioral organization and conditioning processes that enable animals to engage in vigorous responses, such as barrier climbing, or to emit large numbers of responses in ratio schedules in the absence of primary reinforcement. The involvement of accumbens DA in activational aspects of motivation has implications for energy-related disorders in psychiatry, as well as aspects of drug-seeking behavior.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

AUTHOR Benson, Delwin E. ; Richardson, Rodd E. TITLE Advanced Hunter Education and Shooting Sports Responsibility. Bulletin 555A. INSTITUTION Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. Cooperative Extension Service. REPORT NO ISBN-0-912186-35-6 PUB DATE 92 NOTE 277p. AVAILABLE FROM Bulletin Room, University Cooperative Extension, Colorado State University, 171 Aylesworth, Fort Collins, CO 80523 ($15). PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052)
Irradiation of sperm tails by laser microbeam.

1. Sea-urchin and starfish sperm tails were irradiated at pre-selected points along the flagellum and at pre-selected phases of the beat cycle by means of a pulsed ruby laser microbeam. Multiple-exposure dark-field photomicrographs were taken immediately before and after irradiation. The flagellum usually appeared to be broken at the irradiated point. 2. The portion of a flagellum between the head and the irradiated point continued for at least a few beats if its length was at least 25% of the length of the tail, and stopped immediately if it was shorter. 3. Bends already established beyond the irradiated point continued to propagate to the tip of the flagellum. Their propagation velocity generally decreased, and there were usually changes in other bend parameters. 4. No new bends ever developed beyond the irradiated point. 5. Irradiation within a bent region often completely eliminated that region. This paper has been abstracted from part of a Ph.D. thesis presented to the California Institute of Technology.
Sulcal Depth-Position Profile Is a Genetically Mediated Neuroscientific Trait: Description and Characterization in the Central Sulcus

Genetic and environmental influences on brain morphology were assessed in an extended-pedigree design by extracting depth-position profiles (DPP) of the central sulcus (CS). T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were used to measure CS length and depth in 467 human subjects from 35 extended families. Three primary forms of DPPs were observed. The most prevalent form, present in 70% of subjects, was bimodal, with peaks near hand and mouth regions. Trimodal and unimodal configurations accounted for 15 and 8%, respectively. Genetic control accounted for 56 and 66% of between-subject variance in average CS depth and length, respectively, and was not significantly influenced by environmental factors. Genetic control over CS depth ranged from 1 to 50% across the DPP. Areas of peak heritability occurred at locations corresponding to hand and mouth areas. Left and right analogous CS depth measurements were strongly pleiotropic. Shared genetic influence lessened as the distance between depth measurements was increased. We argue that DPPs are powerful phenotypes that should inform genetic influence of more complex brain regions and contribute to gene discovery efforts.
Artificially Positive Crossmatches Not Leading to the Refusal of Kidney Donations due to the Usage of Adequate Diagnostic Tools

Allografting patients with human leukocyte antigens (HLA) which are recognized by preformed antibodies constitutes the main cause for hyper-acute or acute rejections. In order to select recipients without these donor-specific antibodies, the complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch (CDC-CM) assay was developed as a standard procedure about forty years ago. The negative outcome of pretransplant crossmatching represents the most important requirement for a successful kidney graft survival. The artificially positive outcomes of CDC-based crossmatches due to the underlying disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), however, may lead to the unjustified refusal of adequate kidney grafts. Two prospective female recipients destined for a living as well as for a cadaver kidney donation, respectively, exhibited positive CDC-based crossmatch outcomes although for both patients no historical immunizing events were known. Furthermore, solid phase-based screening or antibody differentiation analyses never led to positive results. Immediate reruns of the CDC-based crossmatch assays using the alternative antibody monitoring system (AMS-)crossmatch ELISA resulted in unequivocally negative outcomes. Consequently both transplantations were performed without any immunological complications for the hitherto follow-up time of 25 and 28 months, respectively. We here show two case reports demonstrating an alternative methodical approach to circumvent CDC-based artefacts and point to the urgent need to substitute the CDC-based crossmatch procedure at least for special groups of patients.
A Kernel-based Approach to Learning Semantic Parsers

Semantic parsing involves deep semantic analysis that maps natural language sentences to their formal executable meaning representations. This is a challenging problem and is critical for developing user-friendly natural language interfaces to computing systems. Most of the research in natural language understanding, however, has mainly focused on shallow semantic analysis like case-role analysis or word sense disambiguation. The existing work in semantic parsing either lack the robustness of statistical methods or are applicable only to simple domains where semantic analysis is equivalent to filling a single semantic frame. In this proposal, we present a new approach to semantic parsing based on string-kernel-based classification. Our system takes natural language sentences paired with their formal meaning representations as training data. For every production in the formal language grammar, a Support-Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is trained using string similarity as the kernel. Each classifier then gives the probability of the production covering any given natural language string of words. These classifiers are further refined using EM-type iterations based on their performance on the training data. Meaning representations for novel natural language sentences are obtained by finding the most probable semantic parse using these classifiers. Our experiments on two real-world data sets tha t have deep meaning representations show that this approach compares favorably to other existing systems in terms of accuracy and coverage. For future work, we propose to extend this approach so that it will also exploit the knowledge of natural language syntax by using the existing syntactic parsers. We also intend to broaden the scope of application domains, for example, domains where the sentences are noisy as typical in speech, or domains where corpora available for training do not have natural language sentences aligned with their unique meaning representations. We aim to test our system on the task of complex relation extraction as well. Finally, we also plan to investigate ways to combine our semantic parser with some recently developed semantic parsers to form committees in order to get the best overall performance.
Perception and Conception: Temporal Lobe Activity during Complex Discriminations of Familiar and Novel Faces and Objects

Recent studies indicate that medial-temporal lobe (MTL) damage, either from focal lesions or neurodegenerative disease (e.g., semantic dementia), impairs perception as well as long-term declarative memory. Notably, however, these two patient groups show different performance for meaningful versus unfamiliar stimuli. In amnesics with nonprogressive MTL lesions, the use of meaningful stimuli, compared with unfamiliar items, boosted discrimination performance. In semantic dementia, a condition characterized by progressive deterioration of conceptual knowledge in the context of anterolateral temporal lobe damage, performance for meaningful stimuli was equivalent to that for unfamiliar items. To further investigate these findings, we scanned healthy volunteers while they performed odd-one-out discriminations involving familiar (i.e., meaningful/famous) and unfamiliar (i.e., novel) objects and faces and a baseline task of size oddity. Outside the scanner, volunteers' recognition memory was assessed. We found above baseline activity in the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus for all object and face discriminations and above baseline activity in the temporal pole for all face discriminations. The comparison of meaningful, relative to novel, faces and objects, revealed increased activity in the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus. In the temporal pole, we also found activity related to meaningfulness for faces but not for objects. Importantly, these meaningfulness effects were evident even for discriminations that were not subsequently well remembered, suggesting that the difference between meaningful and novel stimuli reflects perceptual or conceptual processes rather than solely incidental encoding into long-term memory. The results provide further evidence that the MTL is recruited during complex perceptual discrimination and additionally suggest that these structures are recruited in semantic processing of objects and faces.
Modelling Temperature Distribution in Alpine Glaciers

Modelling temperature distribution in non-temperate mountain glaciers presents problems not normally encountered when modelling ice sheets or ice shelves. These problems are mainly concerned with numerical instabilities caused by the high, nonuniform gradients of various input parameters (geometry, mass balance, surface temperature, and flow velocity). Steady-state solutions must be used to check and complete data sets, before using models of greater complexity to calculate temperature fields in a more realistic way. Test runs with a computer model, which allows for true two-dimensional solutions and realistic velocity fields, are described for two examples from the Swiss Alps. These steady-state calculations illustrate, in a semi-quantitative way, that advection of cold ice by glacier flow strongly influences the temperature distribution in both an existing large valley glacier with a cold accumulation zone (Grenzgletscher), and a large piedmont glacier of the last ice age, around 18 ka BP (Rheingletscher). Non-steady-state models are being prepared and tested for future calculations.