Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BACTERIOLOGY OF ACUTE A N T E R I O R POLIOMYELITIS.*

During the recent outbreak of acute anterior poliomyelitis in Philadelphia (1916) we began a series of bacteriological studies with the blood and cerebrospinal fluid collected from patients during life and with various tissues secured at eight autopsies. Early in the work we obtained cultures of diplococci, streptococci, and other microorganisms, but on account of the consensus of opinion to the effect that these bacteria are of little or no importance in the etiology of the disease, we devoted our efforts toward the cultivation of the organism described by Flexner and Noguchi (1) in 1913. As the result of recent communications by Mathers (2), Rosenow and his associates (3), and Nuzum and Herzog (4), setting forth renewed claims for the etiologic relation of these cocci to acute anterior poliomyelitis, we have given the cultures further and more extensive study, and the purpose of this communication is to present the results of our work with many different cultures of these easily cultivated bacteria isolated from persons ill with acute anterior poliomyelitis.
The Influence of Release Strategy and Migration History on Capture Rate of Oncorhynchus mykiss in a Rotary Screw Trap

Abstract Rotary screw traps are used in rivers throughout the west coast of North America to capture emigrating juvenile salmonids. Calibrating the capture efficiency of each trap is essential for valid estimates of fish passage. We released PIT-tagged Oncorhynchus mykiss upstream of a rotary screw trap in the South Fork John Day River, Oregon, to estimate capture efficiency. We used three strategies for release of fish recently captured in the trap. We recaptured 28% of medium-sized fish (86–145 mm FL) and 14% of large-sized fish (146–230 mm FL) released during daylight 1.6 km upstream from the trap. We recaptured 33% of medium-sized fish and 17% of large-sized fish released during daylight 4.8 km upstream from the trap. We recaptured 42% of medium-sized fish and 23% of large-sized fish released at twilight 1.8 km upstream from the trap. A PIT tag antenna detected summer-tagged parr (which were PIT-tagged upstream 1–5 months before migration) as they approached the trap to evaluate potential bias from re.
Cost of Adolescent Childbearing: A Review of Evidence from Chile, Barbados, Guatemala and Mexico

Does early childbearing restrict women's social and economic opportunities? These questions are explored by examining the effects, first on marital status and family formation, and second on women's employment options, earnings and poverty condition. The four studies presented here (from Chile, Barbados, Guatemala and Mexico) include controls for background variables and the timing of the consequences of observations. The review describes gross differences that emerged in the studies and explores how much the observed differences were due to background factors associated with adolescent childbearing, including poverty, which is a potentially large confounding variable in developing economies. The presence of sizable poverty and the nature of women's economic participation provide the common ground to assess consequences of adolescent childbearing in countries that otherwise iffer considerable in the cultural circumstances surrounding family formation and childbearing.
Hierarchical modulation in DVB-T/H mobile TV transmission over fading channels

This paper deals with the utilization of a hierarchical modulation in the DVB-T/H standard and transmission of the digital terrestrial television over models used as fading channels for the fixed, portable and mobile reception. The laboratory transmission system for the digital TV broadcasting and used R&S test and measurement equipments are shortly presented including the experimental transmission setup. The results of experimental DVB-T/H broadcasting over fading channels without and with introduced Doppler shift are presented. The BER before and after Viterbi decoding and according MER equal to SNR ratio in the fading channels were compared in all transmission experiments.
Experiences integrating delivery of maternal and child health services with childhood immunization programs: systematic review update.

BACKGROUND The World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund promote integration of maternal and child health (MCH) and immunization services as a strategy to strengthen immunization programs. We updated our previous review of integrated programs and reviewed reports of integration of MCH services with immunization programs at the service delivery level. METHODS Published and unpublished reports of interventions integrating MCH and immunization service delivery were reviewed by searching journal databases and Web sites and by contacting organizations. RESULTS Among 27 integrated activities, interventions included hearing screening, human immunodeficiency virus services, vitamin A supplementation, deworming tablet administration, malaria treatment, bednet distribution, family planning, growth monitoring, and health education. When reported, linked intervention coverage increased, though not to the level of the corresponding immunization coverage in all cases. Logistical difficulties, time-intensive interventions ill suited for campaign delivery, concern for harming existing services, inadequate overlap of target age groups, and low immunization coverage were identified as challenges. CONCLUSIONS Results of this review reinforce our 2005 review findings, including importance of intervention compatibility and focus on immunization program strength. Ensuring proper planning and awareness of compatibility of service delivery requirements were found to be important. The review revealed gaps in information about costs, comparison to vertical delivery, and impact on all integrated interventions that future studies should aim to address.
Changes in Price-Earnings Ratios and Excess Returns on the Toronto Stock Exchange

Can changes in Earnings-Price [EP] ratios predict future stock returns? Two recent theories of how investors react to new information in the form of either over or slow reaction suggests that this may indeed be the case. In this paper data from the Toronto Stock Exchange is used to show that investor overreaction to new information means that changes in EP ratios can be used to predict future returns on stocks. Finally, it is shown that this effect is independent of the more traditional PE, size and book to market effects present in financial markets.
Rantai Nilai Komoditas Kentang Granola di Desa Candikuning Kecamatan Baturiti Kabupaten Tabanan

ABSTRACT The Value Chain Of Granola Potatoes In The Candikuning Village, Sub-District Of Baturiti, Tabanan Regency The value chain of commodity of potetoes is all activities done to its distribution to the end consumers. The mean problems faced by the majority of horticultue farmers or long marketing distribution chain, obstacles in the supply of seeds, in ability to meet the consumer’s demands, the weakness of infrastructur, in adequate facilities, the unpredictable weather conditions, the perishable goods, and the price fluctuation. The objective of the study is to find out the value chain of commodity of potatoes in the Village of Candikuning, the Sub-district of Baturiti, Tabanan Regency. The production system that is carried out by the potato’s farmers starting from soil preparation to post harvest. The research findings show that there are four types of different marketing channels. The marketing margins for each type of marketing channels were also different. The first marketing channel margin was IDR 7.750 which was the biggest margin because of its lomger channel of distribution, while the smallest margin was for the fourth channel because of the shortest channel of distribution namely IDR.4. 000. farmers are expected to make a stronger cooperation with the marketing institutions in order to get more information on price of product and to make a better coordination of product distribution to avoid price monopoly in the marketing channels of potatoes. Keyword : value chain, marketing channel, marketing margin and granola potatoes
Dispositions of Middle School Principals toward Teacher Selection Criteria

This study examined the dispositions of Indiana middle school principals toward 29 possible teacher selection criteria drawn from the middle school literature and 13 possible criteria not drawn from this literature. The former were assigned more importance than the latter, and performance-based criteria were assigned more importance than credential-based criteria. Statistical testing revealed no significant associations between principal education and experience characteristics and assigned levels of importance. Findings are compared to previous studies focusing on actual practices, and possible reasons for an apparent disjunction between espoused beliefs and behavior in the area of teacher selection are discussed.
The Influence of Conscientiousness

Influence of Conscientiousness Page numbers The Influence of Conscientiousness on the Dynamics of Institutional Departure Over the years concerns have increased about retention and attrition in higher education. In order to develop and improve retention services it is important to understand the underlying dynamics associated with institutional departure. As opposed to research on college performance, much less research exists regarding the ability of personality characteristics to predict college retention. Such pre-entry characteristics have been surmised to indirectly affect departure by influencing a person's intentions and commitments regarding future educational activities. The purpose of this study was to explore the dynamics of institutional departure at a medium-sized northeastern university among a convenience sample of first-time, first-semester students. Specifically, the study investigated the possible impact of conscientiousness on the dynamics of college student departure. It was suspected that more conscientious students would have a higher commitment to educational goals, become more academically integrated into the university, have a higher grade point average, and be less likely to depart from the university. Fifty-six participants completed the conscientiousness subscale of the NEO-FFI and the goal commitment subscale of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire, along with a demographic questionnaire within the first two weeks of the semester. Approximately nine weeks later, participants completed the goal commitment subscale (for a second time), along with the academic integration subscale of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire. At the beginning of the spring semester grade point average and registration status were accessed via the university's computerized student records system. Influence of Conscientiousness Page numbers Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Some, but not all, of the original hypothesized paths within the model were supported. Overall, the results indicated that conscientiousness does significantly impact departure via academic integration. The results suggest the utility of incorporating personality traits into studies of institutional departure. Widening the investigation will help generate a more complete picture of students at risk for departure, and can thereby help shape future intervention programs geared toward retention. on the Dynamics of Institutional Departure Concerns about retention and attrition in higher education have increased over the and universities drop out before completing their degree. American College Testing (as cited in Whitbourne, 2002) reported that one in four students leave college before sophomore year. Retention has implications for both the university and to the future labor market. planning, student services available and academic programs offered …
THE ROLE OF PLANET ACCRETION IN CREATING THE NEXT GENERATION OF RED GIANT RAPID ROTATORS

Rapid rotation in field red giant stars is a relatively rare but well-studied phenomenon; here we investigate the potential role of planet accretion in spinning up these stars. Using Zahn's theory of tidal friction and stellar evolution models, we compute the decay of a planet's orbit into its evolving host star and the resulting transfer of angular momentum into the stellar convective envelope. This experiment assesses the frequency of planet ingestion and rapid rotation on the red giant branch (RGB) for a sample of 99 known exoplanet host stars. We find that the known exoplanets are indeed capable of creating rapid rotators; however, the expected fraction due to planet ingestion is only ∼ 10% of the total seen in surveys of present-day red giants. Of the planets ingested, we find that those with smaller initial semimajor axes are more likely to create rapid rotators because these planets are accreted when the stellar moment of inertia is smallest. We also find that many planets may be ingested prior to the RGB phase, contrary to the expectation that accretion would generally occur when the stellar radii expand significantly as giants. Finally, our models suggest that the rapid rotation signal from ingested planets is most likely to be seen on the lower RGB, which is also where alternative mechanisms for spin-up, e.g., angular momentum dredged up from the stellar core, do not operate. Thus, rapid rotators on the lower RGB are the best candidates to search for definitive evidence of systems that have experienced planet accretion.
The Evolution of Theories of Collective Action

Explaining collective action is still one of the most challenging problems for the social sciences. The purpose of this paper is to describe how the main ideas on the subject have evolved over the years and additionally, to illustrate how our understanding of the problem has grown. It starts by describing perhaps the most influential model in the literature, namely Olson's model of collective action. Later on, it uses the same model to relate six essentially different approaches to solve the collective action problem; for each, highlighting their contributions to our general understanding as well as their main drawbacks. I conclude by stressing the fact that we still do not have a satisfactory theory of collective action. However, recent work is described which uses cognitively and emotionally bounded agents and promises to deliver significant improvements.
Microarchitecture Parameters Describe Bone Structure and Its Strength Better Than BMD

Introduction and Hypothesis. Some papers have shown that bone mineral density (BMD) may not be accurate in predicting fracture risk. Recently microarchitecture parameters have been reported to give information on bone characteristics. The aim of this study was to find out if the values of volume, fractal dimension, and bone mineral density are correlated with bone strength. Methods. Forty-two human bone samples harvested during total hip replacement surgery were cut to cylindrical samples. The geometrical mesh of layers of bone mass obtained from microCT investigation and the volumes of each layer and fractal dimension were calculated. The finite element method was applied to calculate the compression force F causing ε = 0.8% strain. Results. There were stronger correlations for microarchitecture parameters with strength than those for bone mineral density. The values of determination coefficient R 2 for mean volume and force were 0.88 and 0.90 for mean fractal dimension and force, while for BMD and force the value was 0.53. The samples with bigger mean bone volume of layers and bigger mean fractal dimension of layers (more complex structure) presented higher strength. Conclusion. The volumetric and fractal dimension parameters better describe bone structure and strength than BMD.
Engineering Threshold Concepts

Threshold concept theory is one of the most important recent developments in discipline-based Higher Education research. However, relatively little work has been carried out to date on thresholds to learning of engineering students. This is the first comprehensive study to investigate threshold concepts across first and second year engineering courses. The outcomes will help engineering academics develop curricula. The idea of threshold concepts was developed by Jan Meyer, Ray Land and others, who realised that there were certain concepts that opened up required systems and ways of thinking and yet were troublesome for students. Potential threshold concepts have been identified using interviews, focus groups and workshops with students, tutors, and academics. This paper reports initial thresholds, in Materials as an example, identified in this growing international study, thereby leading the path towards improved negotiation through these tricky areas of learning. We propose that the method could be used more generally.
A Review of Zambia’s Agricultural Input Subsidy Programs: Targeting, Impacts, and the Way Forward

Nearly three decades after the initiation of agricultural market reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), subsidies for fertilizer and seed are once again the cornerstone of many SSA governments’ agricultural development and poverty reduction strategies. Zambia is a prime example. In the last decade, the Government of Republic of Zambia (GRZ) has devoted a considerable share of its agricultural budget to input subsidies. Between 2004 and 2011, spending on the Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP) accounted for an average of 30% of total GRZ agricultural sector spending, and 47% of GRZ agricultural sector Poverty Reduction Programme spending. Through FISP, GRZ provides beneficiary farmers with subsidized fertilizer and hybrid maize seed.
Mobilizing An R&D Organization Through Strategy Cascading

OVERVIEW: Cascading business strategy down into an R&D organization is widely used to drive strategy into the organization and align researchers and developers behind the organization's strategy. However, the key benefit from cascading lies not in top-down control, but in clarity for the technical personnel about what they can contribute, in the motivation that stems from being able to voice their views and concerns, and in the dialogue between senior management and the R&D organization. Dialogue is what mobilizes a technical organization to not only “make the numbers,” but also to contribute creatively according to its abilities. In other words, cascading becomes most useful when it is seen not as a tool to enforce strategy, but rather as an empowerment device for the R&D personnel to understand the sources of value for the business and to explore how to innovatively produce the highest value.
The thermal history of the western Irish onshore

We present here a low-temperature thermochronological study that combines the apatite fission-track and (U + Th)/He dating methods with a pseudo-vertical sampling approach to generate continuous and well-constrained temperature–time histories from the onshore Irish Atlantic margin. The apatite fission-track and (U + Th)/He ages range from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and the mean track lengths are relatively short. Thermal histories derived from inverse modelling show that following post-orogenic exhumation the sample profiles cooled to c. 75 °C. A rapid cooling event to surface temperatures occurred during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and was diachronous from north to south. It was most probably caused by c. 2.5 km of rift-shoulder related exhumation and can be temporally linked to the main stage of Mesozoic rifting in the offshore basins. A slow phase of reheating during the Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic is attributed to the deposition of a thick sedimentary sequence that resulted in c. 1.5 km of burial. Our data imply a final pulse of exhumation in Neogene times, probably related to compression of the margin. However, it is possible that an Early Cenozoic cooling event, compatible with our data but not seen in our inverse models, accounts for part of the Cenozoic exhumation. Supplementary material: Details on the apatite fission-track and (U + Th)/He methods are available at www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18765.
Accuracy and validity of observational estimates of wrist and forearm posture

Numerous observational methods for analysis of working posture of the wrist/forearm have been reported in the literature yet few of these methods have been validated for the accuracy of their posture classification. The present study evaluated the accuracy of estimates of working posture made by 28 experienced ergonomists using methods of scaling upper limb posture typical of those reported in the literature. Observational estimates of wrist/forearm posture of four jobs presented on video-recording were compared with posture levels measured directly with an electrogoniometer system. Ergonomists using a visual analogue scale tended to underestimate peak and average wrist extension with mean errors of − 29.4% and − 10.5% of the joint ROM, respectively (p < 0.05). While estimates of wrist flexion, pronation and supination resulted in less bias, variability in observer error was large for all wrist postures. The probability of an analyst misclassifying the most frequently occurring posture using a three- and a six-category scale was 54 and 70%, respectively. The probability of misclassifying peak posture was 22 and 61% using a three- and a six-category scale respectively. This suggests a trade-off between the degree of precision afforded by the categorical scale and the likelihood of posture misclassification. Estimates of the temporal distribution of posture among the categories appeared to be biased towards more neutral postures than were measured for the jobs. This indicated the possibility of a trend towards underestimation of posture duration severity by the ergonomists.
Regulation and Labour Market Performance

The increasing literature on the interactions between liberalization-integration of product markets and labour market reforms is often highly speculative and draws on a rather weak empirical basis. Cross-country indicators of regulatory frameworks are often lacking, making it difficult to identify the linkages with observed outcomes in the labour and product markets. Moreover, empirical studies have often focussed exclusively on the impact of certain labour market regulations, largely ignoring the role of product market regulations and the interactions between regulatory interventions in the two markets. As a result, while there are convincing theoretical arguments pointing to a potentially positive effect of product market liberalization on labour market performance, empirical investigations of this issue are lacking. This paper aims to provide some preliminary evidence on these issues. In particular, the cross-country patterns and changing profile of product and labour market regulations are identified. Evidence on the relationships between product and labour market regulations is discussed in the context of other policies and institutional factors affecting the labour market; and the clustering and convergence of institutions across countries are characterized. More importantly, the paper reports evidence of a potentially significant impact of product and labour market regulations on employment and its composition. The evidence presented draws heavily on a novel set of cross-country indicators of regulation in the product and labour markets assembled at the OECD. It should be stressed at the outset that these indicators are preliminary estimates and should be taken only as rough approximations of the regulatory stance across OECD countries. (The indicators are used in this paper under the exclusive responsibility of the authors and do not engage the OECD or its Member countries.)