Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What is altruism ? q

The paper defines altruism as charity. The second section of the paper criticizes three rationalistic (what is called ‘‘interactional’’) theories of altruism, viz., the egoistic, egocentric, and altercentric perspectives. The third section criticizes three normative (what is named ‘‘selfactional’’) theories of altruism, viz., the Kantian, the socialization argument, and ‘‘warm glow’’ story. The fourth section elaborates on three implications of altruism qua charity. First, while altruism differs from self-interest, it is still within the domain of rational theory. Second, altruism should not be confused with parental care or, what is the same thing, philanthropy. Third, altruism should be distinguished from honesty. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PsycINFO classification: 2360; 2950; 3020 JEL classification: D0
Predictors of outcome in patients undergoing postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer

The management of metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) frequently consists of systemic chemotherapy followed by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC‐RPLND). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the authors' PC‐RPLND experience and identify predictors of outcome in these patients.
Coronary artery spasm.

seems to be about 40%-comparable with the rate of 30-60% which may be expected after conventional treatment with pseudopregnancy or surgery. Encouraging as the results of danazol treatment may be, there are no reports yet of the long-term follow-up of patients, and the benefits may prove short-lived. Ansbacher8 reported dramatic relief of symptoms in four patients treated with danazol, but their symptoms and signs of endometriosis recurred soon after stopping medication. Three of the four women underwent total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy within eight months of completing danazol treatment. Despite the undoubted symptomatic relief which danazol provides, doubt has been cast recently on the claim that its primary effect is to suppress gonadotrophin production by the pituitary. Lind and Cook9 found normal plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, and oestradiol in three patients taking 600-1000 mg of danazol daily, though surprisingly they were unable to obtain endometrium at dilatation and curettage. Similarly Lieberman et al'0 found no change in plasma oestradiol, progesterone, basal LH and FSH concentrations, or response of LH to luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) after danazol treatment. However, they did find an impaired response of FSH to LHRH. Possibly danazol may act by directly inhibiting the effect of oestrogen on the endometrial cells.9 Whatever its mechanism of action, danazol may well prove valuable in treating endometriosis, so that it is unfortunate that a drug which shows such promise is so expensive in comparison with progestogen preparations: for unless the long-term results prove superior to alternative regimens it will be difficult to justify its routine use. Medical treatment of endometriosis has a place in the management of endometriosis in women wishing to preserve their reproductive capacity and those with miniimal, incompletely removed, or recurrent disease. Furthermore, it may be repeated without the disadvantage of recurrent laparotomies. It does not, however, replace surgery for definitive treatment of the disease, nor does it avoid the necessity for initial diagnostic laparoscopy.
Capitalization and Alcohol Use: A Moderated Mediation Model of Relationship Status, Capitalization, Drinking Motives and Alcohol Consumption

Capitalization, or the social sharing of positive events (Langston, 1994), has been linked to well-being and health. We proposed that capitalization is also related to motivated alcohol consumption. Capitalization, with its focus on enhancing positive events, is theoretically consistent with enhancement (i.e., drinking to prolong positive emotional experiences) and social drinking motives (i.e. drinking to positively engage with others). In Study 1, we conducted an online survey of 635 (75% female) mostly non-traditional-aged undergraduates (M age = 26, SD = 7.7), 63% with romantic partners. Results revealed a significant moderated mediation, whereby capitalization attempts were related to increased alcohol consumption through increased enhancement and social drinking motives. However, the mediation only held for unpartnered individuals. In Study 2, we extended our findings for unpartnered individuals by demonstrating that it was capitalization with a low responsive interaction partner that was associated.
The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Soldiers of the Military Police of Bahia State, Brazil

The mortality rate of men is generally higher than that of women, irrespective of the age group. Currently, a key concern for health care professionals is the prevalence of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease as well as the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among men serving in the Military Police Corps of the state of Bahia, Brazil. This service employs mostly men, and they are known to experience high levels of occupational stress and professional victimization. We conducted a cross-sectional study among military police soldiers (n = 452) who were candidates for a military police training course in Bahia, Brazil. All candidates who attended the selection process were evaluated according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Panel III in order to assess the presence of medical disorders that could contribute to cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. The authors identified a high prevalence of hypertension (55.76%), hypertriglyceridemia (50.85%), waist circumference of >102 cm (31.76%), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (30.46%), and impaired fasting glucose (28.15%) in our subjects. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 38.54%. The authors suggest that measures should be taken to ensure that military policemen receive continued medical care, both in their professional capacity and in their personal circumstances, and that attention be focused on intervention programs.
Cost-effective use of telemedicine and self-monitoring of blood glucose via Diabetes Tele Management System (DTMS) to achieve target glycosylated hemoglobin values without serious symptomatic hypoglycemia in 1,000 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus--a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE This study assessed the effectiveness, safety, and costs of the Diabetes Tele Management System (DTMS(®); Dr. Jothydev Kesavadev, Jothydev's Diabetes and Research Center, Kerala, India)-based health care in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients in South India. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records in our Center. The study sample comprised T2D patients enrolled in DTMS-based management, 30-75 years old, eligible for a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) target <6.5% and actively participating in various components of DTMS such as regular reporting of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) values and dose adjustments via telemedicine. We analyzed HbA1c, lipid profile, and other parameters measured at the first visit and on subsequent physical visits at months 3 and 6 and estimated the incidence of hypoglycemia. RESULTS We analyzed records of 1,000 subjects with 6-month follow-up data (mean age, 53.2 ± 9.8 years; 64% male). Patients had an average of 17 ± 2 telemedicine follow-ups and reported 66,745 SMBG values over 6 months. The mean ± SD HbA1c value was 8.5 ± 1.4% at the initial visit and was reduced to 6.3 ± 0.6% at 6 months (P<0.0001). The rate of SMBG values <70 mg/dL was approximately 0.04/patient/month, with 84% patients reporting no hypoglycemia. The recurring extra cost to patient for DTMS, not considering cost of oral drugs and insulin, was equivalent to 9.66 U.S. dollars/month. CONCLUSIONS DTMS, based on telemedicine follow-up and multidisciplinary care with SMBG-based monitoring, appears to be safe and cost-effective in the intensive treatment of T2D without serious co-morbidities. This system also avoids limitations of a traditional health care such as the need for very frequent physical visits for each and every drug dose adjustment, diet, and exercise advice.
Binding, activation and dissociation of the dimeric SecA ATPase at the dimeric SecYEG translocase

The bacterial preprotein translocase is comprised of a membrane‐embedded oligomeric SecYEG structure and a cytosolic dimeric SecA ATPase. The associations within SecYEG oligomers and SecA dimers, as well as between these two domains are dynamic and reversible. Here, it is shown that a covalently linked SecYEG dimer forms a functional translocase and a high affinity binding site for monomeric and dimeric SecA in solution. The interaction between these two domains stimulates the SecA ATPase, and nucleotides modulate the affinity and ratio of SecA monomers and dimers bound to the linked SecYEG complex. During the translocation reaction, the SecA monomer remains in stable association with a SecYEG protomer and the translocating preprotein. The nucleotides and translocation‐dependent changes of SecA–SecYEG associations and the SecA dimeric state may reflect important facets of the preprotein translocation reaction.
Modeling students' interest in mathematics homework

ABSTRACT The authors examine the factors influencing mathematics homework interest for Chinese students and compare the findings with a recent study involving U.S. students. The findings from multilevel analyses revealed that some predictors for homework interest functioned similarly (e.g., affective attitude toward homework, learning-oriented reasons, monitoring motivation) across the two cultural samples, while some others did not (e.g., parent education, family homework help, and teacher feedback), suggesting that cultural differences influence students' interest in homework. In addition, this study bridges a gap in previous research on homework, by revealing that mathematics homework interest was positively related to mathematics self-concept. These findings were discussed relating to previous research in the field, and in the context of cultural values and societal influences.
Inactivation of TRPM2 Channels by Extracellular Divalent Copper

Cu2+ is an essential metal ion that plays a critical role in the regulation of a number of ion channels and receptors in addition to acting as a cofactor in a variety of enzymes. Here, we showed that human melastatin transient receptor potential 2 (hTRPM2) channel is sensitive to inhibition by extracellular Cu2+. Cu2+ at concentrations as low as 3 µM inhibited the hTRPM2 channel completely and irreversibly upon washing or using Cu2+ chelators, suggesting channel inactivation. The Cu2+-induced inactivation was similar when the channels conducted inward or outward currents, indicating the permeating ions had little effect on Cu2+-induced inactivation. Furthermore, Cu2+ had no effect on singe channel conductance. Alanine substitution by site-directed mutagenesis of His995 in the pore-forming region strongly attenuated Cu2+-induced channel inactivation, and mutation of several other pore residues to alanine altered the kinetics of channel inactivation by Cu2+. In addition, while introduction of the P1018L mutation is known to result in channel inactivation, exposure to Cu2+ accelerated the inactivation of this mutant channel. In contrast with the hTRPM2, the mouse TRPM2 (mTRPM2) channel, which contains glutamine at the position equivalent to His995, was insensitive to Cu2+. Replacement of His995 with glutamine in the hTRPM2 conferred loss of Cu2+-induced channel inactivation. Taken together, these results suggest that Cu2+ inactivates the hTRPM2 channel by interacting with the outer pore region. Our results also indicate that the amino acid residue difference in this region gives rise to species-dependent effect by Cu2+ on the human and mouse TRPM2 channels.
MISCONCEPTION OF QUEST: A REPLY TO HOOD AND MORRIS'

Hood and Morris's critique of our work on the quest dimension seems to rest on two basic points: They claim, first, that we define the quest dimension as involving process but not content, while our operational measure of this dimension is not totally independent of content. They claim, second, that we argue that "quest is best. " A review of what we have said about the quest dimension reveals that each of these claims is false, leaving Hood and Morris's critique without foundation. We suspect that their misunderstanding of our position arose because of their reliance on typological thinking-for them, a person's orientation to religion is either quest or intrinsic, either quest or orthodox. Contrary to this view, the three dimensions in our model of religious orientation are independent, continuous variables. The degree to which a person's religion reflects one dimension says nothing about the degree to which it reflects another dimension. Finally, we consider possible implications of Hood and Morris's suggestion that we should stop collecting empirical evidence on psychological and social correlates of dimensions of religious orientation.
Zno:In thin solid films deposited by chemical spray. Effect of deposition temperature on the electrical, optical, structural and morphological properties

The effect of deposition temperature on the electrical, optical, structural, and morphological properties of indium doped zinc oxide thin films, ZnO:In, deposited by the chemical spray technique have been studied in this work. The starting solution was prepared using zinc pentanedionate and indium chloride as Zn and In precursors, respectively. Ethyl alcohol was utilized as solvent. The films were deposited at a temperature interval between 450 and 525°C. The X-ray diffraction patterns show that the films are polycrystalline, having a preferential orientation along the direction. The scanning electron micrographs, SEM, clearly show the existence of a textured surface. The lowest electrical resistivity obtained was around 3×10-3 ¿cm, and the optical transmittance in the visible region was higher than 75%.
When the Law Shapes Nonprofit Boards

The study investigates how governance mechanisms can affect community representation within nonprofit organizations, focusing on Italian Bank Foundations where the community is on board by law. To investigate what governance arrangements increase substantive and symbolic representation, the study adjusts Guo and Musso’s framework by considering several formal mechanisms for appointing board members and the residence of board members as a new aspect of descriptive representation. A content analysis of the statutes and an email survey show that formal mechanisms contribute to substantive representation, whereas descriptive and participatory arrangements enhance symbolic representation. In addition, this study explores the moderating influence of local stakeholders in appointing board members, offering a wider point of view on the relationships among the five dimensions of representation.
Beyond Verb Meaning: Experimental Evidence for Incremental Processing of Semantic Roles and Event Structure

We present an event-related potentials (ERP) study that addresses the question of how pieces of information pertaining to semantic roles and event structure interact with each other and with the verb’s meaning. Specifically, our study investigates German verb-final clauses with verbs of motion such as fliegen ‘fly’ and schweben ‘float, hover,’ which are indeterminate with respect to agentivity and event structure. Agentivity was tested by manipulating the animacy of the subject noun phrase and event structure by selecting a goal adverbial, which makes the event telic, or a locative adverbial, which leads to an atelic reading. On the clause-initial subject, inanimates evoked an N400 effect vis-à-vis animates. On the adverbial phrase in the atelic (locative) condition, inanimates showed an N400 in comparison to animates. The telic (goal) condition exhibited a similar amplitude like the inanimate-atelic condition. Finally, at the verbal lexeme, the inanimate condition elicited an N400 effect against the animate condition in the telic (goal) contexts. In the atelic (locative) condition, items with animates evoked an N400 effect compared to inanimates. The combined set of findings suggest that clause-initial animacy is not sufficient for agent identification in German, which seems to be completed only at the verbal lexeme in our experiment. Here non-agents (inanimates) changing their location in a goal-directed way and agents (animates) lacking this property are dispreferred and this challenges the assumption that change of (locational) state is generally a defining characteristic of the patient role. Besides this main finding that sheds new light on role prototypicality, our data seem to indicate effects that, in our view, are related to complexity, i.e., minimality. Inanimate subjects or goal arguments increase processing costs since they have role or event structure restrictions that animate subjects or locative modifiers lack.
Recent, extensive, and preferential insertion of members of the miniature inverted-repeat transposable element family Heartbreaker into genic regions of maize.

A 314-bp DNA element called Heartbreaker-hm1 (Hbr-hm1) was previously identified in the 3' untranslated region of a mutant allele of the maize disease resistance gene HM1. This element has structural features of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) and is a member of a large family of approximately 4,000 copies in the maize genome. Unlike previously described MITEs, most members of the Hbr family display over 90% sequence identity. This, coupled with the insertion of an Hbr element into an allele of the HM1 gene, suggested that this family might have spread recently throughout the genome. Consistent with this view is the finding that Hbr insertion sites are remarkably polymorphic. Ten of ten loci containing Hbr elements were found to be polymorphic for the presence or absence of Hbr among a collection of maize inbred lines and teosinte strains. Despite the fact that over 80% of the maize genome contain moderate to highly repetitive DNA, we find that randomly chosen Hbr elements are predominantly in single or low copy regions. Furthermore, when used to query both the public and private databases of plant genes, over 50% of the sequences flanking these Hbr elements resulted in significant "hits. " Taken together, these data indicate that the presence or absence of Hbr elements is a significant contributory factor to the high level of polymorphism associated with maize genic regions.
Epigenetic inactivation of TSLC1 gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Deletion of 11q23 is a common genetic aberration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Multiple candidate tumor suppressor genes (TSG) were mapped to this region but few of them were investigated in NPC. TSLC1 (tumor suppressor in lung cancer) is recently reported to be a putative TSG on 11q23. This gene was found to be inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), liver cancer, and breast cancer. To study the role of TSLC1 gene in NPC tumorigenesis, we screened for mutations and aberrant methylation of TSLC1 gene in 5 NPC cell lines, 3 NPC xenografts, and 38 primary NPC cases. No somatic mutations of TSLC1 were detected in the NPC samples, but a 9‐bp (CCACCACCA) deletion in exon 8 was found in a primary NPC and its corresponding blood sample. Bisulfite sequencing revealed aberrant methylation of TSLC1 promoter in four NPC cell lines. Loss of TSLC1 gene expression was found in two cell lines (HK‐1 and CNE‐2) with dense methylation. Expression of this gene was restored in these cell lines after treatment with demethylating agent 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. Our results showed that silencing of TSLC1 gene expression in NPC was associated with promoter hypermethylation. Promoter hypermethylation of TSLC1 gene was further illustrated in 34.2% (13/38) of primary NPCs. No aberrant promoter methylation was found in any of the four investigated normal nasopharyngeal epithelia. Frequent epigenetic inactivation of TSLC1 gene in NPC suggested that this gene is one of the target tumor suppressor genes of this endemic cancer. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current-slope-controlled adaptive-on-time DC-DC converter with fixed frequency and fast transient response

An integrated fixed frequency adaptive-on-time DC-DC converter with fast transient response is presented. To achieve fixed frequency, the slope information of the inductor current is employed to adjust the on-time and keep the switching frequency constant at 1MHz to within 10% variation across the whole input/output and loading ranges. An integrated boost converter with an input voltage of 1.8V to 2.4V and a regulated output voltage between 3.0V and 3.6V was implemented with a 0. 35µm CMOS process. Simulation results show that the switching frequency variation has ∼40% and ∼30% improvement over the traditional input/output voltage controlled adaptive-on-time technique when the load current changes from 0.1A to 0.8A and the inductor ESR changes from 0Ω to 0. 2Ω, respectively. The load transient response time is about 20µs when the load current changes from 200mA to 800mA.
TLR2-deficiency of cKit+ bone marrow cells is associated with augmented potency to stimulate angiogenic processes.

OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficiency is associated with the preservation of vascular function and TLR2-deficient (TLR2(-/-)) mice exhibit increased neovascularization following induction of hindlimb ischemia. Hematopoietic stem cells play an important role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis and we now investigated whether the effects observed in TLR2(-/-) mice may be attributed to TLR2 deficiency on bone marrow-derived stem cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS cKit-positive (cKit(+)) bone marrow cells (BMC) were isolated from wild type (WT) and TLR2(-/-) mice employing MACS-bead technology. Co-incubation of TLR2(-/-)cKit(+) BMC with mature endothelial cells (ECs) resulted in increased tube formation of ECs on matrigel, augmented sprouting in a 3D-collagen matrix and increased migratory capacity compared to co-incubation with WT cKit(+) BMC. In an in vivo matrigel plug assay, TLR2(-/-)cKit(+) BMC exhibited enhanced formation of capillary-like networks. In a murine model of hindlimb ischemia, administration of TLR2(-/-) cKit(+) BMC to WT mice augmented capillary density and reperfusion of ischemic M. gastrocnemius muscle tissue to the level of TLR2(-/-) mice. Western Blot analysis revealed comparable expression of CXCR4 on TLR2(-/-)cKit(+) BMC but increased activation of the PI3K downstream signaling molecule protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) compared to WT cKit(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS The absence of TLR2 on cKit(+) BMC is associated with augmented potency to support angiogenic processes in vitro and in vivo. Functional inhibition of TLR2 may therefore provide a novel tool to enhance stem cell function for the treatment of vascular diseases.
Professionals in Bureaucracy: Alienation Among Industrial Scientists and Engineers

The relationship between alienation from work and two dimensions of organizational structure-degree of organizational control and number of professional incentives-is examined for scientists and engineers employed by a major American aerospace company. This relationship is examined for professionals differing in length and type of professional training and for professionals working in two very different organizational units within the larger organization. The data suggest that work alienation is associated with type of organizational structure, but that scientists and engineers differ less in their experiencing of alienation than previous research would indicate, and that there may be as much structural variation within a particular organization as there is between different types of organizations.