Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
“Sharing time”: Children's narrative styles and differential access to literacy

ABSTRACT A discourse-oriented classroom activity in an ethnically mixed, first grade classroom is studied from an interpretive perspective, integrating ethnographic observation and fine-grained conversational analysis. “Sharing time” is a recurring activity where children are called upon to describe an object or give a narrative account about some past event to the entire class. The teacher, through her questions and comments, tries to help the children structure and focus their discourse. This kind of activity serves to bridge the gap between the child's home-based oral discourse competence and the acquisition of literate discourse features required in written communication. Through a detailed characterization of the children's sharing styles, evidence is provided suggesting that children from different backgrounds come to school with different narrative strategies and prosodic conventions for giving narrative accounts. When the child's discourse style matches the teacher's own literate style and expectations, collaboration is rhythmically synchronized and allows for informal practice and instruction in the development of a literate discourse style. For these children, sharing time can be seen as a kind of oral preparation for literacy. In contrast, when the child's narrative style is at variance with the teacher's expectations, collaboration is often unsuccessful and, over time, may adversely affect school performance and evaluation. Sharing time, then, can either provide or deny access to key literacy-related experiences, depending, ironically, on the degree to which teacher and child start out “sharing” a set of discourse conventions and interpretive strategies. (Urban communication, ethnic/subcultural differences in discourse style, the transition to literacy, American English.)
Comparison, Selection and Use of Sentence Alignment Algorithms for New Language Pairs

Several algorithms are available for sentence alignment, but there is a lack of systematic evaluation and comparison of these algorithms under different conditions. In most cases, the factors which can significantly affect the performance of a sentence alignment algorithm have not been considered while evaluating. We have used a method for evaluation that can give a better estimate about a sentence alignment algorithm's performance, so that the best one can be selected. We have compared four approaches using this method. These have mostly been tried on European language pairs. We have evaluated manually-checked and validated English-Hindi aligned parallel corpora under different conditions. We also suggest some guidelines on actual alignment.
Quantitative mapping of microtubule-associated protein 2c (MAP2c) phosphorylation and regulatory protein 14-3-3ζ-binding sites reveals key differences between MAP2c and its homolog Tau.

There was an error in Fig. 6. Panels A and B were inadvertently exchanged. The correct legend should read as follows.Microscale thermophoretic analysis of interaction between 5 M E52C/C348S MAP2c and 14-3-3 in 50mMTris buffer.A, phosphorylated MAP2c; B, unphosphorylated MAP2c. The plots show interactions in the 14-3-3 monomer concentration range from 36.6 nM to 1.2 mM. The mean values S.D. for each concentration point were calculated from triplicate measurements. The results are described correctly in the text, and the error does not affect the results or conclusions of the work. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
Predicting the intention to eat healthier food among young adults

The purpose of this study was to investigate which factors predicted the intention to eat healthier food. The empirical data stem from a questionnaire survey carried out among 527 young adults aged 23-26 years living in Oslo, Norway. The study was carried out in September 1991. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used as a guiding theoretical framework. The components of the TPB accounted for 32% of the variance in behavioral intention. Attitude was the strongest predictor, followed by perceived behavioral control. Subjective norm received the lowest weight A detailed analysis of the underlying cognitive structures revealed that the outcomes which discriminated most strongly between those who intended to eat healthier food, those who were undecided and those who had no intention, were that healthier food would improve the shape of the body, increase enjoyment of food and reduce weight In addition, the control beliefs 'weight', 'able to make healthier dishes', 'social eating' and 'busy' discriminated mostly between the three intender groups. These outcomes might preferably be addressed in persuasive communications to change intentions to eat healthier food.
The Effects of Classroom Moral Discussion upon Children's Level of Moral Judgment

Abstract: An experiment is reported on the effects of a moral education programme in schools. Children were pretested on Kohlberg's index of level of moral thinking. The experimental group was then given twelve hours of discussion of moral problems other than those used in Kolhberg's test spread over twelve weeks. Subsequent testing showed that the experimental group had had tended to move towards a higher level of thinking when compared with controls.
The effects of a diagnostic-prescriptive teaching strategy on student achievement and attitude in biology

The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of three variations in the use of diagnostic-prescriptive teaching on the cognitive and affective biology achievement of high school students. These variations included (a) no diagnostic-prescriptive assistance, a control group, (b) teacher-managed diagnosis and prescription, and (c) student-managed diagnosis and prescription. Specific questions addressed in this study included: 1.What are the effects of differing types of diagnostic-prescriptive learning assistance on the biology achievement of students? 2.What are the effects of aptitude on the biology achievement of students? 3.What are the effects of locus of control perception on the biology achievement of students? 4.What are the effects of differing types of diagnostic-prescriptive learning assistance on the attitudes of high school biology students toward subject matter and instruction?
Effects of Intervention Content and Timing on Group Task Performance

This study explores the main and interactive effects on group task performance of two types of intervention (interpersonal vs. task focused) administered at two different times (the beginning vs. the temporal midpoint of work). The results show that timing and content of intervention interact to affect group task performance. The discussion draws on qualitative data to expand on these findings and outlines conditions necessary for optimizing group performance on open-ended tasks.
Protective Effect of R Allele of PON1 Gene on the Coronary Artery Disease in the Presence of Specific Genetic Background

Background: Genetic susceptibility to CAD may be determined by polymorphic variants of genes encoding isoforms involved in the processes important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, including lipids disorders. Participation of single polymorphic variants is relatively small, however its significance may increase in the presence of specific genetic or environmental background. Aim: The aim of the study was an evaluation a possible association between single polymorphic variants of PON1, APOE, ABCA1 and PPARA genes and CAD and looking for specific multigene genotype patterns which differentiate study groups. Materials and methods: We studied 358 subjects:178 patients with angiographically confirmed CAD and 180 blood donors without history of CAD. Polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-RFLP method. Results: We observed statistically significant differences in the frequencies of R allele and R allele carriers of PON1 gene between CAD and controls. The distribution of genotypes and alleles of other analyzed genes did not differentiate the study groups, however the presence of specific genotypes (APOE– ɛ3ɛ3, ɛ3ɛ2, ABCA1 – AG, PPARA – GG) increased the protective effect of R allele. Conclusion: The present study revealed an independent protective association between carrier-state of PON1 R allele and CAD. This protective effect was especially strong in the presence of specific genotype arrangements of other analyzed genes.
Life-Span Theories and Women's Lives

As the aging of the American population became apparent, the field of human development underwent an interesting pendulum swing over the years, from an earlier concentration on childhood to a focus on the elderly. Gerontology emerged as a specialty long before middle age received research attention. Now new attention is being paid to middle age. Prominent in the immediate background of this scrutiny was the Kansas City Study of Adult Life in the 1950s and 1960s, led by psychologists from the University of Chicago. The first of their many publications was the 1964 book, Personality in Middle and Late Life, followed four years later by an anthology that remains even today the best collection of essays on the middle years.2
Inward−outward guanxi contagion and employees’ responses to managerial guanxi practices

Abstract Our study develops a new conceptual framework in which guanxi practices (managerial use of interpersonal ties to benefit their organizations) are analyzed by their focus (resources flowing inward or resources flowing outward) and their base (familiar – based on friendship ties; or family – based on kinship ties). Using this framework, we highlight the linkage between costs and benefits from using guanxi in Chinese business organizations, and show how the linkage depends on the guanxi base. Finally, we show how guanxi focus and guanxi base importantly affect employee responses to the use of guanxi practices in their organizations.
Successful Aging: Definitions and Subjective Assessment According to Older Adults

There is no standard method for measuring successful aging or a consensus on its definition. Surveys about successful aging were administered to 53 older adults in New Jersey. Participants defined successful aging as including activity/exercise (56% of responses), physical health (46%), social relationships (41%), and psychological/ cognitive health (33%). Successful aging, as assessed by one question, was positively related to social support, life satisfaction, and subjective health. By understanding more about the concept of aging successfully, researchers can develop interventions to promote successful aging for older adults.
Perceptions of Commonality and Latino–Black, Latino–White Relations in a Multiethnic United States

This study examines the extent that Latinos’ sense of social, economic, and political power shapes their perceptions of commonality with blacks and whites. In accordance with my theory, which builds on the racial threat and group position theories, I find that Latinos’ sense of power structures their perceptions of blacks and whites. When native-born Latinos feel economically threatened, they are less likely to perceive commonality with blacks. When native-born Latinos gain some political influence, they identify less with whites. Among Latino immigrants who perceive discrimination, residing in a high-threat economic setting is negatively related to perceiving commonality with whites.
Assessing Short-term, Dynamic Changes in Risk: The Predictive Validity of the Brockville Risk Checklist

In the present study, we examined the predictive utility of the Brockville Risk Checklist (BRC), a structured assessment tool for clinical care planning, using a semi-parametric regression technique. We examined BRC scores and the frequency and type of incidents (aggression, noncompliance, etc.) over 13 assessments for 121 psychiatric patients at a medium-secure forensic unit. Most patients were male (95%), on average 40.9 (SD = 13.0) years old, and diagnosed with a psychotic disorder (78%). Generalized estimating equation (GEE; Liang & Zeger, 1986) modeling was used in this study to determine if changes in dynamic risk scores over time predicted outcomes (presence or absence of an incident) during the approximately six-week follow-up period. Results showed that scores on the Harm to Others scale assessed at one case conference significantly predicted changes in aggressive and total incidents recorded in the subsequent case conference. The BRC shows promise as a dynamic measure of inpatient aggression, predicting verbal or physical incidents an average of six weeks later.
Testing Vocational Interests and Personality as Predictors of Person-Vocation and Person-Job Fit

The fit between individuals and their work environments has received decades of theoretical and empirical attention. This study investigated two antecedents to individuals' perceptions of fit: vocational interests and personality. More specifically, the authors hypothesized that vocational interests assessed in terms of the Career Occupational Preference System Interest Inventory—Professional Level taxonomy predict perceived fit with occupations (person-vocation fit) and personality assessed in terms of the Five-Factor Model predicts perceived fit with job characteristics (person-job fit). Results indicated that vocational interests were better predictors of both perceived person-job and perceived person-vocation fit than personality. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for researchers and practitioners.
Individual and structural influences on information technology helping relationships

Abstract Getting help in understanding how to use and interpret a new information system is a crucial organizational and individual resource. Indeed, both informal and formal sources of information technology help are expensive and necessary, but largely unidentified, unmanaged, and underresearched. This study proposes that two types of factors influence the formation of information technology helping relationships: individual and structural. Based on a survey of employees in an organization implementing a new workstation‐based customer database system, the study compares influences on being sought as an informal source of IT help, and on types of help (individual or positional) that one seeks. One individual factor (some forms of computer expertise) and most structural factors (especially measures of employees’ perceived socialization, task interdependence, and communication networks) exerted weak but significant influences on employees’ IT helping relationships.
Ethnicity, level of study, gender, religious affiliation and life satisfaction of adolescents from diverse cultures in Hong Kong

This study investigated the life satisfaction of adolescents from diverse cultures in Hong Kong. The total sample consisted of 1644 secondary school students. Life satisfaction was measured by the validated 6-point questionnaire instrument, multidimensional students' life satisfaction scale (MSLSS). The research found that, among the five domains of life satisfaction, the Friends domain received the highest and the School domain received the lowest score from the participants. Significant statistical differences were found in the variables of level of study, gender, student groups and religious affiliation. Students from non-Chinese cultures and associated with religion are reported to have greater life satisfaction than their non-religious Chinese counterparts. There is a strong relationship between religiosity and self-appraised life satisfaction among the student groups. Gender and the level of study are also strong predictors of subjective well-being. Religious non-Chinese female students in the junior level are generally giving more positive self-appraisal report on their life satisfaction than the other groups. In contrast, non-religious senior Chinese male students reported to have the least overall life satisfaction across the domains of MSLSS.
‘Simple Codes’ and the Source of the Second Language Learner's Initial Heuristic Hypothesis

Linguistic theory must be sufficiently rich and comprehensive to be able to account for the structure of the most complex or elaborate manifestation of language. In consequence any structurally less complex verbal behaviour is typically explained as a use of some ‘reduced’ or ‘simplified’ code or register. Many languages, if not all, are said to possess such reduced registers and it is said to be part of a native speaker's competence to be able to use such ‘reduced registers’ where appropriate. It is part of his total communicative competence to know when it is appropriate to use such registers. These reduced or simplified registers are associated with more or less well defined situations of language use or types of discourse. Telegraphese is obviously restricted by the medium of transmission as well as the restricted range of communicative functions it is used for, e.g. orders, reports and announcements of plans. Technical description in botanical and ornithological reference books have a purely referential function, while the so-called language of instructions has clearly restricted rhetorical functions.
Leadership’s Impact on Employee Engagement: Differences Among Entrepreneurs and Professional CEOs

Purpose: This study aims at identifying similarities and differences between the leadership practices of managing entrepreneurs and professional CEOs and to investigate how these impact on their immediate subordinates’ satisfaction, commitment, motivation, and effectiveness (Engagement). Design: A multiple-respondents survey, aiming at CEOs and their immediate subordinates was conducted. Factor analysis, correlations and moderated regression analysis were used in order to reach conclusions. Findings: Two leadership dimensions are found to be most influential: (a) being a good manager/mentor and (b) articulating vision. Although good manager/mentor characteristics prove crucial for both types of CEOs, the effect of vision articulation on subordinates is moderated by the type of company the CEO is leading. No significant differences are found in the leadership style that the two types of CEOs adopt, except for their calmness and self-possession, which is lower among entrepreneurs. Implications: The findings raise questions regarding the differences in subordinate expectations from owners-CEOs, as opposed to professional CEOs and points at certain characteristics which could be developed in order to enhance leadership effectiveness in both groups of top managers. Originality/Value: The study underlines the importance of sound vision development and articulation in entrepreneur-run firms, as it appears that people working for such firms expect more direction from the Head. It is also sustained that good management and mentoring is essential in any kind of firm, in order to develop an effective, committed and motivated top management team, which will bring corporate success.
The Dynamics of Influence in Corporate Co‐Evolution

This paper aims to offer new theoretical and empirical insights into co‐evolutionary development. Theoretically, it advances a political perspective which focuses on the role of power and how this can be translated into influence as an evolutionary driver through the relational framework between an organization and external parties. Empirically, the paper elaborates this perspective by reference to how China's largest container terminal evolved within a changing environment, and how its evolution in turn impacted on the evolution of its sector. In this case, the key relational framework was that between the organization and government institutions. Application of a political perspective to the case study suggests a theoretical model that can inform future research and practice.
Effect of Single and Multidose Cephradine Prophylaxis on Infectious Morbidity of Vaginal Hysterectomy

The administration of cephradine prophylactically to patients who were undergoing vaginal hysterectomies resulted in a marked and significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative infections when compared to a placebo group. Cephradine was the cephalosporin studied because of its unique pharmacodynamic properties, which result in high uterine tissue levels. The protective effect was similar whether I g was given preoperatively followed by 500 mg IV q. 6 hours for 4 doses, or a single dose of 2 g IV given approximately 1 hour before surgery. Uterine tissue and serum levels of antibiotic were high and correlated with the degree of protection noted.
Sonographic Evaluation of Gallbladder Motility in Children with Chronic Functional Constipation

Background/Aims Studies in adults suggest that constipation may not be a purely colonic pathology and may be a component of a generalized gastrointestinal (GI) motor disorder in which proximal GI motility can be impaired. Pediatric data are scarce, and the natural history of the disorder remains undefined. We aimed to evaluate gallbladder motility in a subset of Asian children with chronic functional constipation. Methods Abdominal ultrasound was performed on 105 children, including 55 patients (aged 3 to 13 years) with chronic functional constipation who met the inclusion criteria and 50 age- and gender-matched controls. The gallbladder contractility index was calculated based on the preprandial and postprandial gallbladder areas. Preprandial and postprandial values for gallbladder volume and wall thickness were evaluated. Results The mean value of the contractility index for the patients (15.77±24.68) was significantly lower than the mean value for the controls (43.66±11.58) (p=0.001). The mean postprandial gallbladder volumes and areas were larger in children with gallbladder hypomotility (p<0.05). The mean duration of constipation (4.8 months) was significantly higher (p=0.004) in the children with gall-bladder hypomotility. Conclusions Gallbladder motility is significantly impaired in children with chronic functional constipation. This study contributes to the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, which will enable advancement in and improved management of children with chronic constipation and associated gallbladder hypomotility.
Sticking Together or Falling Apart?: Solidarity in an Era of Individualization and Globalization

This book examines, both theoretically and empirically, the impact of globalization and individualization on social solidarity. It focuses both on informal solidarity, such as volunteering, charitable giving, and informal care, and on formal solidarity, such as social benefits and development aid. It challenges the common belief that social solidarity is endangered by the increasing competition and capital flows between countries and by growing selfishness of modern citizens. The book scrutinizes the theoretical arguments that both informal solidarity and social solidarity organized through the welfare state are eroding. Empirically, it is the first thorough study of international comparative data on solidarity, globalization and individualization. The book concludes that, overall, solidarity is rising rather than declining. The impact of globalization and individualization is much more ambiguous than is often contended. While particular aspects of globalization and individualization might harm solidarity, other elements foster solidarity instead.