Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Challenge mac251 against Oral SIV Protection of Neonatal Rhesus Macaques Cellular Cytotoxicity-Mediating IgG in Nonneutralizing Antibody-Dependent Evaluation of Passively Transferred,

Previously, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was signiﬁcantly correlated with reduced acute viremia upon intrarectal SIV mac251 challenge of immunized rhesus macaques. To directly assess ADCC protective efﬁcacy, six neonatal macaques were infused s.c. with immune IgG (220 mg/kg) puriﬁed from the immunized animals and positive for ADCC and Ab-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI) activities. Six neonates received control IgG. The neonates were challenged twice orally with 10 5 50% inhibiting tissue culture-infective dose of SIV mac251 2 days post-IgG infusion. At challenge, plasma of neonates that received immune IgG did not neutralize SIV mac251 but had geometric mean ADCC titers of 48,130 and 232,850 against SIV mac251 infected and gp120-coated targets, respectively. Peak ADCVI activity varied from 62 to 81%. ADCC activity declined with the 2-wk IgG half-life but was boosted at wk 4, together with de novo ADCC-mediating Abs in controls, by postchallenge viremia. ADCVI activity was similarly induced. No protection, assessed by viral burdens, CD4 counts, and time to euthanasia was observed . Possible factors contributing to the discrepancy between the previous correlation and lack of protection here include: the high oral challenge dose compared with the 400-fold lower intrarectal dose; the challenge route with regard to viral dissemination and distribution of infused IgG; insufﬁcient NK effector activity and/or poor functionality in newborns; insufﬁcient immune IgG; the that the previous correlation of ADCC with protection was augmented by cellular immune responses also present at challenge. explore additional challenge routes in juvenile macaques using higher amounts of potent IgG Immunology, 2006, 177: 4028–4036.
Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Ion Channel Contributes to Guarding Pain and Mechanical Hypersensitivity in a Rat Model of Postoperative Pain

Background: The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel is expressed on nociceptive primary afferent nerve fibers. On the distal ending, it is involved in transduction of noxious stimuli, and on the proximal ending (within the spinal dorsal horn), it regulates transmission of nociceptive signals. Here we studied whether the cutaneous or spinal TRPA1 ion channel contributes to mechanical hypersensitivity or guarding, an index of spontaneous pain, in an experimental model of postoperative pain in the rat. Methods: A skin plus deep-tissue incision was performed under general anesthesia in the plantar skin of one hind paw, after which the incised skin was closed with sutures. Postoperative pain and hypersensitivity were assessed 24–48 h after the operation. Guarding pain was assessed by scoring the hind-paw position. Mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed with a calibrated series of monofilaments applied to the wound area in the operated paw or the contralateral control paw. Chembridge-5861528, a TRPA1 channel antagonist, was administered intaperitoneally (10–30 mg/kg), intraplantarly (10–30 &mgr;g), or intrathecally (10 &mgr;g) in attempts to suppress guarding and hypersensitivity. Results: Intraperitoneal or ipsi- but not contralateral intraplantar treatment with Chembridge-5861528 reduced mechanical hypersensitivity and guarding in the operated limb. Intrathecal treatment attenuated hypersensitivity but not guarding. Intraplantar Chembridge-5861528 suppressed preferentially mechanical hyperalgesia and intrathecal Chembridge-5861528 tactile allodynia. Conclusions: The TRPA1 channel in the skin contributes to sustained as well noxious mechanical stimulus-evoked postoperative pain, whereas the spinal TRPA1 channel contributes predominantly to innocuous mechanical stimulus-evoked postoperative pain.
Comprehensive Static Characterization of Vertical Electrostatically Actuated Polysilicon Beams

This article unifies two parameter-extraction methods to generate a consistent simulation model calibrated to multi-user microelectromechanical systems processes (MUMPS). The simulation model is calibrated to optical (buckling amplitude) and electrical (pull-in voltage) measurements concurrently, not independently, thus increasing confidence in the extracted parameters. A simulation-based model consisting of geometrical and material property information precludes the need for ad hoc parametric adjustments and simplifying assumptions. The calibration steps consist of identifying relevant simulation model parameters, designing suitable test structures, measuring geometry, then extracting parameters using detailed, yet fast electromechanical simulations, and finally extrapolating the behavior of an actual complex device. This article targets electrostatically actuated beams fabricated in the Poly1 layer, although the model parameters can be used to simulate other devices.
Privacy Dynamics: Learning Privacy Norms for Social Software

Privacy violations in online social networks (OSNs) often arise as a result of users sharing information with unintended audiences. One reason for this is that, although OSN capa- bilities for creating and managing social groups can make it easier to be selective about recipients of a given post, they do not provide enough guidance to the users to make informed sharing decisions. In this paper we present Pri- vacy Dynamics, an adaptive architecture that learns privacy norms for dierent audience groups based on users' sharing behaviours. Our architecture is underpinned by a formal model inspired by social identity theory, a social psychology framework for analysing group processes and intergroup re- lations. Our formal model comprises two main concepts, the group membership as a Social Identity (SI) map and privacy norms as a set of con ict rules. In our approach a privacy norm is specied in terms of the information objects that should be prevented fromowing between two con icting social identity groups. We implement our formal model by using inductive logic programming (ILP), which automati- cally learns privacy norms. We evaluate the performance of our learning approach using synthesised data representing the sharing behaviour of social network users.
On the Use of EEG or MEG Brain Imaging Tools in Neuromarketing Research

Here we present an overview of some published papers of interest for the marketing research employing electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetoencephalogram (MEG) methods. The interest for these methodologies relies in their high-temporal resolution as opposed to the investigation of such problem with the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) methodology, also largely used in the marketing research. In addition, EEG and MEG technologies have greatly improved their spatial resolution in the last decades with the introduction of advanced signal processing methodologies. By presenting data gathered through MEG and high resolution EEG we will show which kind of information it is possible to gather with these methodologies while the persons are watching marketing relevant stimuli. Such information will be related to the memorization and pleasantness related to such stimuli. We noted that temporal and frequency patterns of brain signals are able to provide possible descriptors conveying information about the cognitive and emotional processes in subjects observing commercial advertisements. These information could be unobtainable through common tools used in standard marketing research. We also show an example of how an EEG methodology could be used to analyze cultural differences between fruition of video commercials of carbonated beverages in Western and Eastern countries.
Current state and future perspective of molecular diagnosis of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules.

CONTEXT Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the most sensitive and specific tool for the differential diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. Some limitations of FNAB can be overcome by the molecular analysis of FNAB. This review analyzes the current state and problems of the molecular analysis of FNAB as well as possible goals for increasing the diagnostic rate, especially in the indeterminate/follicular lesion cytological group. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Twenty publications were evaluated for the diagnostic material and assay systems used, the type, and the number of mutations screened. Sensitivity, specificity, and false-negative and false-positive rates were calculated for all publications. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Testing for a panel of somatic mutations is most promising to reduce the number of indeterminate FNAB. A mean sensitivity of 63.7% was achieved for indeterminate lesions. However, there is a broad sensitivity range for the investigation of mutations in the indeterminate lesions. Therefore, additional molecular markers should be defined by mRNA and microRNA expression studies and evaluated in FNAB samples of thyroid carcinomas without known somatic mutations, and especially for the many benign nodules in the indeterminate/follicular lesion fine-needle aspiration cytology category. This approach should improve the differential diagnosis of indeterminate/follicular lesion FNAB samples. CONCLUSION Testing for a panel of somatic mutations has led to an improvement of sensitivity/specificity for indeterminate/follicular proliferation FNAB samples. Further methodological improvements, standardizations, and further molecular markers should soon lead to a broader application of molecular FNAB cytology for the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules and to a substantial reduction of diagnostic surgeries.
Radial Transport of Higher‐Energy Oxygen Ions Into the Deep Inner Magnetosphere Observed by Van Allen Probes

The transport mechanism of the ring current ions differs among ion energies. Lower‐energy (≲150 keV) ions are well known to be transported convectively. Higher‐energy (≳150 keV) protons are reported to be transported diffusively, while there are few reports about transport of higher‐energy oxygen ions. We report the radial transport of higher‐energy oxygen ions into the deep inner magnetosphere during the late main phase of the magnetic storm on 23–25 April 2013 observed by the Van Allen Probes spacecraft. An enhancement of 1–100 mHz magnetic fluctuations is simultaneously observed. Observations of 3 and 30 mHz geomagnetic pulsations indicate the azimuthal mode number is ≤10. The fluctuations can resonate with the drift and bounce motions of the oxygen ions. The results suggest that the combination of the drift and drift‐bounce resonances is responsible for the radial transport of higher‐energy oxygen ions.
Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) overshoot effect due to cycling of artificial electron heating

[1] We study the time-dependent behavior of dust and plasma parameters for artificial electron heating experiments during Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) conditions, by the use of the model for dusty plasmas introduced by Havnes and Morfill [1984] and Havnes et al. [1990, 1992]. We find that if the heater is run in a long series of cycles with equal and comparatively short (e.g., 10–20 s) intervals in the on and off mode, the difference between the dusty plasma parameters in subsequent heater off phases will be small. This will give the impression that the PMSE, which can be severely weakened during the heater on phase, returns more or less exactly to its value in the former heater off phase. However, we also find that if the heater off phase is kept long (e.g., 160 s), during which the dusty plasma in the radar beam will relax to its undisturbed value or be replaced by unaffected dusty plasma due to horizontal transport by wind, we will see a substantial difference in the plasma parameters from just before the heater is switched on and just after it is switched off. Owing to an additional charging of the dust during the heater on phase and which takes a long time to decharge, the negative charge state of the dust is higher when the heater is switched off than before it was on. This will increase electron gradients in the dusty plasma and also the value of dust charge density to electron density, and we propose that this should lead to a stronger PMSE, or an PMSE overshoot, when the heater is switched off, compared with the value just before it was switched on.
Currency Risk Factors in a Recursive Multicountry Economy

Focusing on the ten most traded currencies, we provide empirical evidence regarding a significant heterogeneous exposure to global growth news shocks. We incorporate this empirical fact in a frictionless risk-sharing model with recursive preferences, multiple countries, and multiple consumption goods whose supply features both global and local short- and long-run shocks. Since news shocks are priced, heterogenous exposure to long-lasting global growth shocks results in a relevant reallocation of international resources and currency adjustments. Our unified framework replicates the properties of the HML-FX and HML-NFA carry-trade strategies studied by Lustig et al. (2011) and Della Corte et al. (2013).
Measuring and Modeling Real-Time Responses to Music: The Dynamics of Tonality Induction

We examined a variety of real-time responses evoked by a single piece of music, the organ Duetto BWV 805 by J S Bach. The primary data came from a concurrent probe-tone method in which the probe-tone is sounded continuously with the music. Listeners judged how well the probe tone fit with the music at each point in time. The process was repeated for all probe tones of the chromatic scale. A self-organizing map (SOM) [Kohonen 1997 Self-organizing Maps (Berlin: Springer)] was used to represent the developing and changing sense of key reflected in these judgments. The SOM was trained on the probe-tone profiles for 24 major and minor keys (Krumhansl and Kessler 1982 Psychological Review 89 334–368). Projecting the concurrent probe-tone data onto the map showed changes both in the perceived keys and in their strengths. Two dynamic models of tonality induction were tested. Model 1 is based on pitch class distributions. Model 2 is based on the tone-transition distributions; it tested the idea that the order of tones might provide additional information about tonality. Both models contained dynamic components for characterizing pitch strength and creating pitch memory representations. Both models produced results closely matching those of the concurrent probe-tone data. Finally realtime judgments of tension were measured. Tension correlated with distance away from the predominant key in the direction of keys built on the dominant and supertonic tones, and also correlated with dissonance.
Model‐based analysis of excitatory lateral connections in the visual cortex

Excitatory lateral connections within the primary visual cortex are thought to link neurons with similar receptive field properties. Here we studied whether this rule can predict the distribution of excitatory connections in relation to cortical location and orientation preference in the cat visual cortex. To this end, we obtained orientation maps of areas 17 or 18 using optical imaging and injected anatomical tracers into these regions. The distribution of labeled axonal boutons originating from large populations of excitatory neurons was then analyzed and compared with that of individual pyramidal or spiny stellate cells. We demonstrate that the connection patterns of populations of nearby neurons can be reasonably predicted by Gaussian and von Mises distributions as a function of cortical location and orientation, respectively. The connections were best described by superposition of two components: a spatially extended, orientation‐specific and a local, orientation‐invariant component. We then fitted the same model to the connections of single cells. The composite pattern of nine excitatory neurons (obtained from seven different animals) was consistent with the assumptions of the model. However, model fits to single cell axonal connections were often poorer and their estimated spatial and orientation tuning functions were highly variable. We conclude that the intrinsic excitatory network is biased to similar cortical locations and orientations but it is composed of neurons showing significant deviations from the population connectivity rule. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:861–881, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How Many Resources and How to Identify Them? Commentary on Boles et al. and Vidulich and Tsang

One goal of human factors is to identify theory-based mechanisms of human performance that can account for meaningful performance differences in real-world tasks and settings. Boles, Bursk, Phillips, and Perdelwitz (2007, this issue) set out to do this by demonstrating that mechanisms of multiple resources, as assessed by a method different from the more conventional multiple resource model with which I have been associated (Wickens, 1980, 1984, 2002), can account for differences in dual-task interference between complex tasks that can generalize to real world tasks. (In the preceding characterization of their research, I focus only on Experiment 2, for reasons I will describe later.) Their research provides data that appear to support this generalization. Vidulich and Tsang (2007, this issue) offer a number of criticisms of the research, with two in particular focusing on (a) the fact that sequential processing of two tasks, resulting because of widely separated displays and discrete responses, may limit the contributions of multiple resources to time-sharing in the paradigm chosen; and (b) concerns about the structure of the three tasks in Experiment 2 ‐ one pair mandating more continuous demands and therefore concurrent processing, and the other two pairs probably prohibiting it. They suggest that this feature could readily account for the observed data, thereby eliminating the need to postulate multiple resource mechanisms. Boles and Phillips (2007, this issue) in turn argue in defense that sequential processing is common in most time-sharing applications and that asynchronous processing “was considered to more closely mimic dual tasks as used in the real world” (p. 51). Although both of Vidulich and Tsang’s (2007) concerns have some merit, I also believe that the data are consistent with a multiple resource interpretation, and so I will not reemphasize their concerns. Rather, I wish to highlight the importance of six theoretical and methodological issues of applied attention research, which the current paper brings to the forefront. In doing so, I hope to extend the message of the experimental research reported in ways that the authors may not have highlighted. Issue 1. Total demand versus resource similarity. In both my older (Sarno & Wickens, 1995;
A novel perfused Bloch-McConnell simulator for analyzing the accuracy of dynamic hyperpolarized MRS.

PURPOSE Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hyperpolarized agents allows real-time detection of metabolism in vivo. However, the nonrenewable nature of these signals necessitates data acquisitions that differ significantly from conventional magnetic resonance imaging. Signal evolution is permanently altered by the data acquisition scheme, potentially leading to sequence parameter-dependent bias in quantification. The authors have developed a novel simulation environment to characterize the effects of sequence parameters on magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based chemical exchange measurements using hyperpolarized pyruvate. METHODS Conventional Bloch-McConnell equations were coupled with a pharmacokinetic model for perfusion to allow realistic simulation of in vivo dynamic hyperpolarized signal evolution. In this study, simulations were conducted to explore effects of excitation angle and repetition time on the observed signal and subsequent parametric analysis. Both high and low apparent exchange rates were modeled under assumption of both perfused and closed systems. Bias due to sampling strategy bias was subsequently tested in vivo. RESULTS Simulation of dynamic magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies using hyperpolarized pyruvate demonstrated that for closed systems, accurate measurement of the apparent exchange rate was possible over a wide range of sequence parameters. This was true for both high and low apparent exchange rates, although a low exchange rate was associated with larger errors when excitation angles were high. When effects of perfusion were included to account for pyruvate delivery, a more restricted range of settings led to accurate quantification of exchange rates. Perfusion alleviated some of the errors seen at high excitation angles for low exchange rates. Residuals from parametric analysis did not generally correlate with fit accuracy, implying that the quality of the analysis model was not a major driver of error. Animal studies acquired with sequence parameters that are predicted to impart bias showed a significant under estimation of exchange rates (P < 0.035) compared to parameter combinations that are not expected to bias measurements. CONCLUSIONS The authors' results suggest that great care must be taken when measuring dynamic processes by magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hyperpolarized substrates. When comparing apparent exchange rates, choice of sequence parameters will affect the results. Bias introduced by parameters of more advanced acquisition and reconstruction schemes will likely increase compared to the relatively simple dynamic spectroscopy methods tested herein. The modified Bloch-McConnell equations the authors describe will be crucial tools for characterizing and optimizing the performance of these more advanced techniques.
Moderate deviations for the volume of the Wiener sausage

For a > 0, let Wa(t) be the a-neighbourhood of standard Brownian motion in Rd starting at 0 and observed until time t. It is well-known that ElWa(t)l IKat (t -> oc) for d > 3, with Kea the Newtonian capacity of the ball with radius a. We prove that lm t(d- 2)/d log p(Wa(t)L oc. This is markedly different from the optimal strategy for large deviations {IWa(t)I 5 is nonanalytic at some critical point in (0, Kia), above which it follows a pure power law. This crossover is associated with a collapse transition in the optimal strategy. We also derive the analogous moderate deviation result for d = 2. In this case EIWa(t) 2wrt/logt (t -> oc), and we prove that