Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlates of Compassion Fatigue and Burnout in Chaplains and Other Clergy who Responded to the September 11th Attacks in New York City

Participants at a June 2002 conference about the September 11th attacks were tested for compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout. The sample consisted of 343 clergy, including 97 chaplains. A total of 149 (43.4%) of the participants had responded as disaster-relief workers following the September 11th attacks. The number of hours clergy worked with trauma victims each week was directly related to compassion fatigue among responders and non-responders. Compassion fatigue also was positively related to the number of days that responders worked at Ground Zero, while disaster-relief work with the American Red Cross reduced compassion fatigue and burnout. Clinical Pastoral Education tended to decrease compassion fatigue and burnout and increase compassion satisfaction in both responders and non-responders. Burnout was inversely related to age in both groups.
Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α Signaling in Fractionated Radiation-Induced Lung Injury: Role of Oxidative Stress and Tissue Hypoxia

Abstract To investigate the relationship of HIF1α signaling to oxidative stress, tissue hypoxia, angiogenesis and inflammation, female Fischer 344 rats were irradiated to the right hemithorax with a fractionated dose of 40 Gy (8 Gy × 5 days). The lung tissues were harvested before and at 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22 and 26 weeks after irradiation for serial studies of biological markers, including markers for hypoxia (HIF1α, pimonidazole and CA IX), oxidative stress (8-OHdG), and angiogenesis/capillary proliferation (VEGF/CD 105), as well as macrophage activation (ED-1) and cell signaling/fibrosis (NFκB, TGFβ1), using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. HIF1α staining could be observed as early as 4 weeks postirradiation and was significantly increased with time after irradiation. Importantly, HIF1α levels paralleled oxidative stress (8-OHdG), tissue hypoxia (pimonidazole and CA IX), and macrophage accumulation consistent with inflammatory response. Moreover, changes in HIF1α expression identified by immunohistochemistry assay parallel the changes in TGFβ1, VEGF, NFκB and CD 105 levels in irradiated lungs. These results support the notion that oxidative stress and tissue hypoxia might serve as triggering signals for HIF1α activity in irradiated lungs, relating to radiation-induced inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis.
Evaluation of Bronchoscopy Complications in a Tertiary Health Care Center

Background Bronchoscopy is a technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This study was performed to determine the complications of bronchoscopy in a tertiary health-care center. Materials and Methods This study had as descriptive cross sectional design. Four hundred adult patients between 16 to 85 years, who underwent bronchoscopy with a same method and same device and had no underlying disease, were consecutively enrolled. Results Bronchoscopy complications were seen in 13 patients (3.25%) including bleeding (four cases), pneumothorax (three cases), collapse (four cases), and infection (two cases). There was no association between complications and age, sex, bronchoscopy indications and findings (P > 0.05). Conclusion According to the obtained results, it may be concluded that bronchoscopy can be performed safely whenever indicated. Complications occurred were minor and self limiting.
Gender Wage Differentials in Uganda: Evidence from the Uganda National Household Survey

This paper investigates the causes of gender wage differentials in Uganda. Given the potential differences in wage setting mechanisms between urban and rural labor markets, we break up the sample between rural and urban sub-samples. We use data from the nationally representative Uganda National Household Survey for 2002-03 (UNHS 2002/03). We employ standard decomposition techniques based on Oaxaca (1973) to decompose the gender wage gap into labor market characteristics and treatment components. The Neumark (1988) decomposition technique is used to address the "index number" problem. Further, self-selection into wage employment is controlled for using the Heckman (1979) two-step sample selection correction technique. Our empirical results suggest that a substantial portion of the gender wage differential results from employer-driven differences in treatment. This is more so in rural areas. Controlling for selection, the unexplained portion of the gender wage gap is between 61 percent and 78 percent in rural areas. In urban areas, the unexplained portion of the gender wage gap is between 41 percent and 68 percent. Further, in urban areas, 24 percent of the gender wage gap is due to nepotism toward males while 22 percent is a result of discrimination against females. In rural areas on the other hand, 68 percent of the gender wage gap is attributed to discrimination against females while only 1 percent is due to nepotism toward males.
Police, design, plan and manage: developing a framework for integrating staff roles and institutional policies into a plagiarism prevention strategy

When student plagiarism occurs, academic interest and institutional policy generally assume the fault rests with the student. This paper questions this assumption. We claim that plagiarism is a shared responsibility and a complex phenomenon that requires an ongoing calibration of the relative skills and experiences of students and staff in response to their respective personal and institutional pressures. This paper examines how teaching staff understand their responsibility in addressing plagiarism. Our findings suggest that a staff member’s general understanding of their role in preventing plagiarism is related to their awareness of different contexts and sites across the institution (e.g., assessment task, course design, programme structure and institutional policies) and their ability to integrate them. Accordingly, this paper proposes a framework that integrates the differing roles of staff in plagiarism prevention and offers a stronger basis for the analysis and development of strategic action by schools and departments.
Post-Soviet Authoritarianism: The Influence of Russia in Its "Near Abroad"

How, to what extent, and why have the forms of political authority in the non-Baltic post-Soviet states changed since 1991? What impact has Russia had on such changes? Drawing on Freedom House and Polity IV data, this article considers the extent and direction of changes in the democratic and authoritarian elements of the Russian and other post-Soviet polities in recent years, some of the linkages through which Russia may exercise leverage vis-à-vis the other post-Soviet states, and the extent to which exercising that leverage may have influenced the forms of political authority—specifically, the extent of democratization—in the other non-Baltic, post-Soviet states.
A Variant of the Autophagy-Related 5 Gene Is Associated with Child Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a major cause of childhood disability in developed and developing countries, but the pathogenic mechanisms of CP development remain largely unknown. Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular self-digestion of damaged organelles and dysfunctional macromolecules. Growing evidence suggests that autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5)-dependent autophagy is involved in neural development, neuronal differentiation, and neurological degenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze ATG5 protein expression and gene polymorphisms in Chinese patients with CP and to evaluate the importance of ATG5 in the development of CP. Five polymorphisms from different regions of the ATG5 gene (rs510432, rs3804338, rs573775, rs2299863, and rs6568431) were analyzed in 715 CP patients and 658 controls using MassARRAY. Of these, 58 patients and 56 controls were selected for measurement of plasma ATG5 level using ELISA. The relevance of disease-associated SNPs was evaluated using the SHEsis program. We identified a significant association between rs6568431 and CP (OR = 1.388, 95% CI = 1.173~1.643, Pallele = 0.0005, Pgenotype = 0.0015). Subgroup analysis showed a highly significant association of rs6568431 with spastic CP (n = 468, OR = 1.511, 95% CI = 1.251~1.824, Pallele = 8.50e−005, Pgenotype = 1.57e−004) and spastic quadriplegia (OR = 1.927, 95% CI = 1.533~2.421, Pallele = 7.35e−008, Pgenotype = 3.24e−009). Furthermore, mean plasma ATG5 levels were lower in CP patients than in controls, and individuals carrying the AA genotype of rs6568431 that was positively associated with CP had lower plasma ATG5 levels (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated an association of an ATG5 gene variant and low level of ATG5 protein with CP, and stronger associations with severe clinical manifestations were identified. Our results provide novel evidence for a role of ATG5 in CP and shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying this neurodevelopmental disorder.
The Choice of Call Provision Terms: Evidence of the Existence of Agency Costs of Debt

An examination of the provisions of bond issues reveals that most bonds prohibit firms from calling the issue during the initial years, after which time the bond can be called at the option of the firm. A substantial number of firms, however, also reserve the right to call the issue during this initial period for purposes other than refinancing at a lower coupon rate. The additional flexibility which accompanies the option of early redemption can be used to reduce the agency costs of debt associated with future investment opportunities, informational asymmetry, and the risk incentive problem. Using a sample of newly issued bonds, statistical tests are performed to show that there are, in fact, differences between firms which do and do not reserve the right of early redemption. This paper shows that these differences provide empirical evidence which is consistent with the hypothesis that firms use the option of early redemption to reduce agency costs. ONE OF THE DECISIONS which a firm must make when it floats a bond issue concerns the use of a call provision. If a call provision is included in the bond, then the terms of the call provision must be specified such as the years to the first call, the initial call price, the call price in subsequent years, and the circumstances under which a call provision can be used. Previous work in the area of call provisions focused on fluctuations in interest rates as the reason for their existence. It was shown by Krause [12], however, that in an efficient capital market any call provision decision based on interest rate uncertainty is irrelevant. Recent work in agency theory has shown that the existing contractual relationships between bondholders and stockholders may not be a zero-sum game. Under these circumstances, such financing decisions as capital structure, debt maturity, and call provisions may not be irrelevant. An examination of the call provisions of currently outstanding bond issues reveals an institutional feature which is often overlooked. Many bonds have a standard call provision which restricts the firm from calling the issue for a stated number of years, followed by a period during which firms have the option to call the bond at a stated call price. Another group of bond issues, however, contain a two-tiered type of call provision which allows the corporation to call the bond, for purposes other than refinancing at a lower coupon rate, during the initial years of the life of the bond. After this initial period the firm has the option of calling the bond issue for any purpose. '
Prostaglandin E2 Is a Major Inhibitor of Dendritic Cell Maturation and Function in Ixodes scapularis Saliva1

Tick saliva is thought to contain a number of molecules that prevent host immune and inflammatory responses. In this study, the effects of Ixodes scapularis saliva on cytokine production by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) from C57BL/6 mice stimulated by TLR-2, TLR-4, and TLR-9 ligands were studied. Saliva at remarkably diluted concentrations (<1/2000) promotes a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-12 and TNF-α production induced by all TLR ligands used. Using a combination of fractionation techniques (microcon filtration, molecular sieving, and reversed-phase chromatography), we unambiguously identified PGE2 as the salivary inhibitor of IL-12 and TNF-α production by DCs. Moreover, we have found that I. scapularis saliva (dilution 1/200; ∼10 nM PGE2) marginally inhibited LPS-induced CD40, but not CD80, CD86, or MHC class II expression. In addition, saliva significantly suppressed the ability of DCs to stimulate Ag-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and IL-2 production. Notably, the effect of saliva on DC maturation and function was reproduced by comparable concentrations of standard PGE2. These findings indicate that PGE2 accounts for most inhibition of DC function observed with saliva in vitro. The role of salivary PGE2 in vector-host interaction and host immune modulation and inflammation in vivo is also discussed. This study is the first to identify molecularly a DC inhibitor from blood-sucking arthropods.
The impact of demographic factors on Hong Kong hotel employees’ choice of job‐related motivators

Hospitality companies can increasetheir market share and growth rates by increasing their brand loyal customers. This is a more profitable approach than other marketing activities, such as price cuts or promotional programs. As a mature industry, the hospitality business must pursue market‐share gains, rather than market‐growth gains. Acquiring new customers is expensive becauseof advertising, promotion, and start‐up operating expenses. Besides, it is cheaper to serve current customers. This paper brings together the factors that contribute to brand loyalty in marketing literature and provides strategies to hospitality managers for increasing brand loyal customers.
The behaviour of individual traders and the persistence of arbitrage trading

This article analyses the influence of individual traders on the persistence of arbitrage opportunities, using futures market data from the Korea Composite Stock Price Index 200. The empirical results show that individual traders traded towards increasing arbitrage opportunities unlike other types of traders. This study helps explain the reason why arbitrage opportunities persist even when arbitrage trading is executed in the real world. According to our empirical results, arbitrage opportunities can persist if the behaviour of individual traders regarding arbitrage opportunities overwhelms other traders who are against arbitrage opportunities. This is not fully explained by previous studies that attributed the persistence of arbitrage opportunities to the limit to arbitrage. In this context, this study suggests that two separate arguments need to be combined for explaining arbitrage trading in the real world, namely studies of arbitrage trading and the behavioural approach.
Pashto language dialect recognition using mel frequency cepstral coefficient and support vector machines

In this paper, a system based on support vector machines is proposed for content-based dialect classification and retrieval. This work is part of an ongoing effort to address the needs of new under-resourced languages. The recognition system will work for the interest and welfare of the Pashto speaking people and will help in keeping the language dialects alive by this process. Voice samples are collected for the purpose of making a database which includes dialects from different age groups and genders. The feature sets extracted from the database includes cepstral coefficients and statistical parameters which are defined by optimum class boundaries using support vector machines. Experiments show that a support vector machines based dialect recognition system gives optimum result in accurately distinguishing between different dialects
Prostate Specific Antigen in Non-Serum Samples from Women

Since Wang et al (1) purified PSA, it has been the most important tumor marker in patients with prostate cancer. PSA was originally described as a prostate specific antigen. However, Yu and Diamandis have demonstrated recently that PSA is produced also by tissues other than the prostate (2-4). These data necessitate reevaluation of the tissue specificity of PSA. To do this we studied the presence of PSA in 80 non-serum samples from women. The samples comprised 15 lacteal secretions from 10 non-lactating women without any clinical disease and from 5 lactating women; 20 amniotic fluids; 10 bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from patients with pneumonia; 25 breast cyst fluids; 5 ovarian cyst fluids and 5 ascitic fluids from patients with hepatic cirrhosis. PSA was measured by an ultrasensitive automatized immunoassay in a Cobas Core analyzer (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Basel, Switzerland) with an analytical sensitivity of 0.04Ilg/L. PSA levels were undetectable in all ovarian cyst and ascitic fluids. In contrast, the presence of PSA was detected in most of the breast secretions (100%), amniotic fluids (100%), bronchoalveolar fluids (60%) and breast cysts (84%). Furthermore, PSA levels greater than 1 ug/l, were observed in 18 of these samples, the levels being extremely high and even exceeding 100 ug/L in four breast secretions (Fig. 1). To exclude the possibility of PSA detection being due to a matrix effect, we performed serial dilutions of a sample with a PSA level of 27 ug/L and obtained a recovery range between 96% and 109%. Yu and Diaman-
Risk Tolerance and Demographic Characteristics: Preliminary Irish Evidence

We examine by means of a survey and subsequent statistical analysis the extent of financial risk tolerance in Irish adults. We administer the (J. Grable & Lytton, 1999) 13 item risk tolerance instrument, and find confirmed a number of stylized facts found elsewhere on age, gender and education levels and their impact on risk tolerance. This is to our knowledge the first comprehensive survey of Irish adults on their risk tolerance.
Assessment of androgens in women with adult‐onset acne

Background Acne is generally recognized as a disorder of young adults; however, the referral of patients aged over 25 years with acne is increasing. Disturbed androgen production in the ovaries or adrenal gland and impaired plasma transport of androgens in women with adult‐onset acne or acne associated with hirsutism have been described.
Energy Saving Resulting from the Adoption of More Efficient Appliances

In last November's IAEE meetings, Amory Lovins reported estimates of energy saving that will result from the adoption of more efficient appliances. This note addresses three questions related to the subject. 1. The realism of Lovins' estimate of energy saving. 2. The way these estimates fare when juxtaposed against the price elasticity of demand used by Lovins. 3. The light my recent empirical results shed on the magnitude of energy saving we can realistically expect. In the process, the note touches on the polar opposite policies that Lovins has been advocating.
Tenant Participation and Social Housing in the UK: Applying a Theoretical Model

Tenant participation is becoming an almost ubiquitous feature of the planning and provision of social housing. A range of opportunities has been (and is being) created by and for tenants to participate in the planning, provision and evaluation of housing services. Yet while local authorities and other social landlords may be keen to consult tenants, and tenants themselves often want to make their voices heard, there is a perennial problem in actually getting people involved. This paper provides a comprehensive framework for understanding this important question. It then reports on recent research that applies the framework in two different contexts: tenants' associations and tenant management organisations. The implications for housing policy and practice are discussed.
Surface water quality and land use in Wisconsin, USA – a GIS approach

To explore effective water pollution mitigation, it is essential to study the complex relationship between surface water quality and land-use patterns in different regions under various spatial scales. A geographic information system (GIS) based approach together with statistical analysis was used to examine this complex relationship in the State of Wisconsin, USA. The data on watershed, land use/cover and water quality of 1988–1996 were collected and integrated from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the Wisconsin Initiative for State-wide Cooperation on Landscape Analysis and Data, and the US EPA, respectively. Nonparametric statistical analysis techniques were employed to analyse the relationship between land-use categories and surface water quality variables such as calcium, total phosphorus, lead and fecal coliform at the watershed level. Then a GIS-based spatial analysis was further conducted for variables that were significantly related to land use. The results showed that 14 out of 21 water quality variables were significantly and positively related to the urban and agricultural lands, and were significantly and negatively related to the forest and wetland land-use types. In addition, a strong positive rank correlation between electric conductivity related water quality variables and urban/agricultural land use was also observed. The results and the information extracted from this research would be useful to land-use planners and environmental management agencies for monitoring and reducing the water pollution.
Quantitative evaluation of fucose reducing effects in a humanized antibody on Fcγ receptor binding and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activities

The presence or absence of core fucose in the Fc region N-linked glycans of antibodies affects their binding affinity toward FcγRIIIa as well as their antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. However, the quantitative nature of this structure-function relationship remains unclear. In this study, the in vitro biological activity of an afucosylated anti-CD20 antibody was fully characterized. Further, the effect of fucose reduction on Fc effector functions was quantitatively evaluated using the afucosylated antibody, its “regular” fucosylated counterpart and a series of mixtures containing varying proportions of “regular” and afucosylated materials. Compared with the “regular” fucosylated antibody, the afucosylated antibody demonstrated similar binding interactions with the target antigen (CD20), C1q and FcγRIa, moderate increases in binding to FcγRIIa and IIb, and substantially increased binding to FcγRIIIa. The afucosylated antibodies also showed comparable complement-dependent cytotoxicity activity but markedly increased ADCC activity. Based on EC50 values derived from dose-response curves, our results indicate that the amount of afucosylated glycan in antibody samples correlate with both FcγRIIIa binding activity and ADCC activity in a linear fashion. Furthermore, the extent of ADCC enhancement due to fucose depletion was not affected by the FcγRIIIa genotype of the effector cells.