Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Estimation of the Number of Unseen Studies in a Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis, a method of combining results from different experiments testing the same hypothesis, has gained wide recognition in both the statistical and the scienti®c worlds in the past twenty years. As stated by the United States National Research Council, ``Combining information from disparate sources is a fundamental activity in both scienti®c research and policy decision making'' (1992, p. 5). For example, the United States National Institute of Health has a Consensus Development Program which produces consensus statements on important topics in medicine. The use of meta-analysis is integrated into the Public policies based on science today are often formed with the help of a meta-analysis, a combining of those experiments testing the hypothesis of interest. For example, a nation's drug regulatory body may combine clinical trial results from public health clinics, university research clinics, and pharmaceutical companies to determine if a drug under study is ef®cacious and safe. However, a parameter estimate from a meta-analysis is biased when the experiments to be combined are a non-random sample from the population of all experiments done on the hypothesis of interest. In particular, publication bias occurs when studies with signi®cant results are more likely to be published than studies with non-signi®cant results. We develop a model for the distribution of the total number of studies carried out, both published and unpublished, dependent on the probability of publication. We assume a selection model where all studies signi®cant at level a are published, while non-signi®cant studies are published with probability r. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model with Metropolis simulation and Gibbs sampling techniques, we study how the distribution of the total number of studies changes as r changes. An application on lead exposure and IQ level in children is presented and the results interpreted. Comparisons are made with Rosenthal's fail-safe N estimators and with the recent frequentist estimation method of Gleser and Olkin.
Measuring Organizational Performance: Metrics for Entrepreneurship and Strategic Management Research

Contents: Foreword Preface 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Performance Measurement in Management Literature 3. Perspectives of Organizational Performance and Effectiveness 4. Categories of Performance Measures 5. Performance Measures Used in Research and Practice 6. Measurement Concepts and Implications 7. Developing a Generalizable Model for Measuring Organizational Financial Performance 8. Tests of the Information Content of Individual Measures of Organizational Financial Performance 9. Developing and Testing an Overall Model of Organizational Financial Performance 10. Summary, Conclusions and Implications for Theory and Practice Bibliography Index
Prediction of protein solvent accessibility using support vector machines

A Support Vector Machine learning system has been trained to predict protein solvent accessibility from the primary structure. Different kernel functions and sliding window sizes have been explored to find how they affect the prediction performance. Using a cut‐off threshold of 15% that splits the dataset evenly (an equal number of exposed and buried residues), this method was able to achieve a prediction accuracy of 70.1% for single sequence input and 73.9% for multiple alignment sequence input, respectively. The prediction of three and more states of solvent accessibility was also studied and compared with other methods. The prediction accuracies are better than, or comparable to, those obtained by other methods such as neural networks, Bayesian classification, multiple linear regression, and information theory. In addition, our results further suggest that this system may be combined with other prediction methods to achieve more reliable results, and that the Support Vector Machine method is a very useful tool for biological sequence analysis. Proteins 2002;48:566–570. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The UMD‐LDLR database: additions to the software and 490 new entries to the database

Mutations in the LDL receptor gene (LDLR) cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), one of the most frequent hereditary dominant disorders. The protein defect was identified in 1973, the gene was localized by in situ hybridization in 1985, and since, a growing number of mutations have been reported. The UMD‐LDLR database is customized software that has been developed to list all mutations, and also to provide means to analyze them at the nucleotide and protein levels. The database has been recently modified to fulfill the recommendations of the Nomenclature Working Group for human gene mutations. However, in the current version, both the nomenclature and usual LDLR gene mutation names are reported since the latter are more commonly used. The software has also been modified to accommodate the splicing mutations and alleles that carry two nucleotide variations. The current version of UMD‐LDLR contains 840 entries, of which 490 are new entries. Point mutations account for 90% of all mutations in the LDLR gene; the remaining are mostly major rearrangements, due to the presence of Alu sequences. Three new routines have been implemented in the software, thus giving users access to 13 sorting tools. In addition to the database, a Web site containing information about polymorphisms, major rearrangements, and promoter mutations is available. Both are accessible to the scientific community (www.umd.necker.fr) and should help groups working on LDLR to check their mutations and identify new ones, and greatly facilitate the understanding of functional classes/genotype relationships and of genotype/phenotype correlations. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
W Hya through the eye of Odin. Satellite observations of circumstellar submillimetre H2O line emission

We present Odin observations of the AGB star W Hya in the ground-state transition of ortho-H2O, 110 − 101 ,a t 557 GHz. The line is clearly of circumstellar origin. Radiative transfer modelling of the water lines observed by Odin and ISO results in a mass-loss rate of (2.5 ± 0.5) × 10 −7 Myr −1 , and a circumstellar H2O abundance of (2.0 ± 1.0) × 10 −3 . The inferred mass-loss rate is consistent with that obtained from modelling the circumstellar CO radio line emission, and also with that obtained from the dust emission modelling combined with a dynamical model for the outflow. The very high water abundance, higher than the cosmic oxygen abundance, can be explained by invoking an injection of excess water from evaporating icy bodies in the system. The required extra mass of water is quite small, on the order of ∼0.1 M⊕.
Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. II. Response to sinusoidal stimulation and dynamics of peripheral vestibular system.

A CENTRAL PROBLEM in vestibular physiology has been the elucidation of the dynamics of the peripheral vestibular apparatus. Following the development of the torsion-pendulum model by Steinhausen (24, 25), many efforts have been directed toward the determination of the time constants of the model. That the model, itself, might not adequately describe the transfer characteristics of the peripheral system has seldom been questioned. Further, the procedures employed to estimate the time constants have had their drawbacks. The dynamics of the system have sometimes been deduced from hydrodynamic principles (5, 6, 15, 17, 22, 23). Such an analysis permits the inference of only some of the relevant variables. In the torsionpendulum model, it will be recalled, the angular deflection of the cupula g(t) is related to the angular acceleration a(t) by the equation
The Cluster of Galaxies Surrounding Cygnus A. II. New Velocities and a Dynamic Model

We have spectroscopically identified 77 new members of the Cygnus A cluster, bringing to 118 the total number of galaxies consistent with cluster membership. We use these data, combined with the results from X-rays, to deduce a dynamical model for the system. The data are consistent with a cluster-cluster merger viewed at a projection angle of 30°–45°, 0.2–0.6 Gyr prior to core passage. We estimate the richness of the combined cluster system at an Abell richness class 2 or greater, suggesting the merger of two richness class ∼1 clusters.
Internal Resistance Identification in Vehicle Power Lithium-Ion Battery and Application in Lifetime Evaluation

According to the characteristic analysis of lithium-ion power battery, battery accelerate life test is carried out to obtain the relevant conclusions such as the changing trend of battery ohmic resistance in different conditions. Battery ohmic resistance is consequently set up as the Evaluation Index of lifetime. Battery ohmic resistance equivalent model is established aiming at the real-time identification of lithium-ion battery ohmic resistance. Based on this model, the real-time identification is achieved by the experimental collected data and recursive least squares algorithm. The adoption of battery ohmic resistance identification algorithm can be applied to provide some useful reference for the battery life state estimation.
NEARBY GALAXIES IN THE 2 μm ALL SKY SURVEY. I. K-BAND LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS

Differential Ks-band luminosity functions (LFs) are presented for a complete sample of 1613 nearby bright galaxies segregated by visible morphology. The LF for late-type spirals follows a power law that rises toward low luminosities whereas the LFs for ellipticals, lenticulars, and bulge-dominated spirals are peaked and decline toward both higher and lower luminosities. Each morphological type (E, S0, S0/a–Sab, Sb–Sbc, Sc–Scd) contributes approximately equally to the overall Ks-band luminosity density of galaxies in the local universe. Type averaged bulge/disk ratios are used to subtract the disk component leading to the prediction that the Ks-band LF for bulges is bimodal with ellipticals dominating the high luminosity peak, comprising 60% of the bulge luminosity density in the local universe with the remaining 40% contributed by lenticulars and the bulges of spirals. Overall, bulges contribute 30% of the galaxy luminosity density at Ks in the local universe with spiral disks making up the remainder. If bulge luminosities indicate central black hole (BH) masses, then our results predict that the BH mass function is also bimodal.
Entrepreneurial Intentions among University Students: a Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

By conducting a structural equation modeling analysis, the present study tested a model of entrepreneurial intentions. We examined the effect of motivational factors and entrepreneurial exposure on students' intentions to new venture creation through the mediating role of work attitudes and self-efficacy. Data were collected among 171 undergraduate students from three universities. On the one side, results indicate that intrinsic motivations have a positive indirect influence on entrepreneurial intentions through the mediation of work attitudes. On the other side, Self-efficacy mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial exposure and intentions. Discussion and implications for future research are presented.
‘Indigenous’ Innovation with Heterogeneous Risk and New Firm Survival in a Transitioning Chinese Economy

This paper explores how heterogenous risk drives the firm innovation–survival relationship using a large sample of new entrepreneurial firms in China. Results show that innovation increases the probability of survival, although the impact on firm survival is conditioned by the timing of the innovation, the characteristics associated with the innovation strategy, along with the level of risk embodied in the innovation process. Cautious innovators are found to survive longer and contribute to a higher social welfare via gains in firm efficiency. In contrast, risky innovators are less likely to survive, are less efficient, and are only sometimes compensated for their risk in terms of higher profits. Results therefore show that other factors besides higher payoffs force some firms to engage in riskier innovation strategies.
MA-SW-Chains: Memetic algorithm based on local search chains for large scale continuous global optimization

Memetic algorithms are effective algorithms to obtain reliable and accurate solutions for complex continuous optimization problems. Nowadays, high dimensional optimization problems are an interesting field of research. The high dimensionality introduces new problems for the optimization process, requiring more scalable algorithms that, at the same time, could explore better the higher domain space around each solution. In this work, we proposed a memetic algorithm, MA-SW-Chains, for large scale global optimization. This algorithm assigns to each individual a local search intensity that depends on its features, by chaining different local search applications. MA-SW-Chains is an adaptation to large scale optimization of a previous algorithm, MA-CMA-Chains, to improve its performance on high-dimensional problems. Finally, we present the results obtained by our proposal using the benchmark problems defined in the Special Session of Large Scale Global Optimization on the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation in 2010.
Environmental correlates of Arctic ice-edge noise

Temporal variations of low-frequency, broadband ambient noise measured in early summer under drifting ice floes of the marginal ice zone (MIZ) are cross correlated with local environmental forces and ice field descriptors. Surface gravity wave forcing is the primary correlate of the noise; its interaction with ice floes generates ound, most likely via flexural floe failure, and unloading motion, within a few kilometers of the ice edge. Ice concentration is also well correlated with the noise, most likely parametrically. That is, as ice concentration increases, so does the density of potential sound sources in the ice field. Ice stress, ice moment, and wind stress magnitude, while highly correlated with low-frequency noise in the fully icecovered Arctic, are poor correlates in the MIZ. Lateral melt rate, as a surrogate for thermally induced ice stress, is also poorly correlated with low-frequency MIZ noise. When surface wave forcing is weak, about 1/2 the time in this experiment, episodes of high noise are sometimes observed. These episodes are roughly 3-6 h in duration and 12 h in periodicity. Evidence suggests hat they are related to the formation and advection of bands of highly concentrated ice by internal waves during off-ice winds.
OFDM Blind Signal Detection Based on the Sphere Decoder

The detection ordering for the sphere decoder (SD) and its application in the blind signal detection of the time- varying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are considered. For any matrix H and any permutation matrix P, the equation HP = QR always holds where P represents the detection ordering. In order to find an appropriate P to reduce the SD search complexity, we propose a novel detection ordering mechanism based on the principle of maximizing the minimal row entry (MMRE). Its corresponding QR factorization method is also presented. Different from other ordering mechanisms, the MMRE mechanism prevents the SD search from going deep on the incorrect subtrees by introducing an error-amplifying strategy. The simulations prove the effectiveness of the MMRE.
From here to AGI: A roadmap to the realization of human-level artificial general intelligence

A practical roadmap to human-level artificial general intelligence is outlined, leading from the current situation in which complex AGI-oriented cognitive architectures remain partially implemented and inadequately tested, to a future in which AGI systems are deployed to carry out a variety of practical tasks currently only achievable via humans. The roadmap involves simultaneous development of proto-AGI applications in a number of different areas: videogame agent control, mobile robotics, genomics, natural language dialogue, theorem proving and program learning. The simultaneous pursuit of diverse application areas using a single AGI architecture is proposed as critical to maintaining generality of intelligence throughout the development process. While acknowledging the profound difficulty of time estimation for a project of this complexity, it is projected that the roadmap outlined could potentially be completed in a decade or less.
Dehydration-related proton conductivity in kaolinite

Abstract Well-crystallized kaolinite was found to exhibit marked proton conductivity at pre-dehydration temperatures. Direct current conductivity and thermopotential measurements were performed. By comparing the results obtained with Au electrodes (proton blocking) to those obtained with Pd electrodes (proton injecting), non-protonic contributions could be separated from proton conductivity. The majority charge carriers appeared to be defect proton (negative sign), corresponding chemically to an O2− replacing OH− in the lattice, but excess protons were also noted (positive sign). Below 275°C the activation energy was of the order of 7–8 kcal mole−1; between 275–450°C it was about 18–20 kcal mole−1. This indicated a two-step defect proton-excess proton conductivity mechanism involving, in succession, the two kinds of OH− in the kaolinite structure: (i) OH− located within the six-membered ring formed by the SiO4 tetrahedral sheet, (ii) the close OH− array formed by the octahedral sheet. The conductivity results were supported by IR spectroscopic measurements.
Using 50 K Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms to Elucidate Genomic Architecture of Line 1 Hereford Cattle

Hereford is a major beef breed in the USA, and a sub-population, known as Line 1 (L1), was established in 1934 using two paternal half-sib bulls and 50 unrelated females. L1 has since been maintained as a closed population and selected for growth to 1 year of age. Objectives were to characterize the molecular genetic architecture of L1 (n = 240) by comparing a cross-section of L1 with the general US. Hereford population (AHA, n = 311), estimating effects of imposed selection within L1 based on allele frequencies at 50 K SNP loci, and examining loci-specific effects of heterozygosity on the selection criterion. Animals were genotyped using the Illumina BovineSNP50 Beadchip, and SNP were mapped to UMD3.0 assembly of the bovine genome sequence. Average linkage disequilibrium (LD), measured by square of Pearson correlation, of adjacent SNP was 0.36 and 0.16 in L1 and AHA, respectively. Difference in LD between L1 and AHA decreased as SNP spacing increased. Persistence of phase between L1 and AHA decreased from 0.45 to 0.14 as SNP spacing increased from 50 to 5,000 kb. Extended haplotype homozygosity was greater in L1 than in AHA for 95.6% of the SNP. Knowledge of selection applied to L1 facilitated a novel approach to QTL discovery. Minor allele frequency was (FDR < 0.01) affected by cumulative selection differential at 191 out of 25,901 SNP. With the FDR relaxed to 0.05, 13 regions on BTA2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 23, and 26 are co-located with previously identified QTL for growth. After adjustment of postweaning gain phenotypes for fixed effects and direct additive genetic effects, regression of residuals on genome-wide heterozygosity was −235.3 ± 91.6 kg. However, no SNP-specific loci where heterozygotes were significantly superior to the average of homozygotes were revealed (FDR ≥ 0.17). In conclusion, genome-wide SNP genotypes clarified effects of selection and inbreeding within L1 and differences in genomic architecture between the population segment L1 and the AHA population.
A handover scheme towards downlink traffic load balance in heterogeneous cellular networks

Traffic load balance is among the most crucial issues in heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs), which can lead to much higher throughput, better user fairness and larger coverage for HCNs. In this paper, we consider the user association problem in HCNs and design a handover scheme for traffic load balancing among macro and femto cells. Three types of handover factors are delicately designed with different objectives focusing on throughput or fairness or trying to balance the both. Correspondingly, three typical resource schedulers are adopted to improve the desired performance. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated by simulations and reveals considerable improvement in comparison with the maximum biased-received-power association scheme, especially the data rates of the low-rate users. The impact of different base station and user distributions on the balancing results is also analyzed.
Infection as a comorbidity of COPD

The normal lung has several defence mechanisms to deal with microorganisms. Lower respiratory infections in the absence of lung disease are therefore relatively infrequent as compared with upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. In the setting of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lower respiratory tract infections, both acute and chronic, occur with increased frequency. As these infections contribute considerably to the clinical course of the patient with COPD, they constitute a significant comorbidity in COPD. Recurrent acute infections by bacterial and/or viral pathogens are now clearly linked with the occurrence of exacerbations of COPD. In addition, the occurrence of pneumonia in COPD has received considerable recent attention as it appears to be increased by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. The role of chronic infection in the pathogenesis of COPD is an active area of research with several different types of pathogens potentially implicated. Additionally, COPD patients with HIV infection have a more rapidly progressive decline in lung function than non-HIV-infected patients. Enhanced understanding of the host–pathogen interaction is needed to better prevent and treat respiratory tract infection in COPD.
Electromyogram Whitening for Improved Classification Accuracy in Upper Limb Prosthesis Control

Time and frequency domain features of the surface electromyogram (EMG) signal acquired from multiple channels have frequently been investigated for use in controlling upper-limb prostheses. A common control method is EMG-based motion classification. We propose the use of EMG signal whitening as a preprocessing step in EMG-based motion classification. Whitening decorrelates the EMG signal and has been shown to be advantageous in other EMG applications including EMG amplitude estimation and EMG-force processing. In a study of ten intact subjects and five amputees with up to 11 motion classes and ten electrode channels, we found that the coefficient of variation of time domain features (mean absolute value, average signal length and normalized zero crossing rate) was significantly reduced due to whitening. When using these features along with autoregressive power spectrum coefficients, whitening added approximately five percentage points to classification accuracy when small window lengths were considered.
The Demand for Euromillions Lottery Tickets: An International Comparison

We analyze the demand of the Euromillions lottery tickets, a European lotto-like game launched in 2004 and played simultaneously in nine countries with the same rules and the same draws. Using the effective price methodology, we show that price elasticities are very different across countries. Especially, Spain and Portugal exhibit a low price elasticity and high mean sales, meaning a low sensitivity to jackpot increases. On the contrary, Ireland and the United Kingdom exhibit very high long-run elasticities and a large sensitivity to jackpot variations. The interpretations of these results are linked to lower GDP in the two former countries and, for Spain, to the large development of syndication play, and to the bookmaking activities and the highly competitive betting market in Ireland and the UK. Moreover, we show that Spanish and Portuguese players pay a much higher effective price than UK gamblers, meaning that in a certain sense the former subsidize the latter.