Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Are Tree Structures Necessary for Deep Learning of Representations?

Recursive neural models, which use syntactic parse trees to recursively generate representations bottom-up, are a popular architecture. However there have not been rigorous evaluations showing for exactly which tasks this syntax-based method is appropriate. In this paper, we benchmark recursive neural models against sequential recurrent neural models, enforcing applesto-apples comparison as much as possible. We investigate 4 tasks: (1) sentiment classification at the sentence level and phrase level; (2) matching questions to answerphrases; (3) discourse parsing; (4) semantic relation extraction. Our goal is to understand better when, and why, recursive models can outperform simpler models. We find that recursive models help mainly on tasks (like semantic relation extraction) that require longdistance connection modeling, particularly on very long sequences. We then introduce a method for allowing recurrent models to achieve similar performance: breaking long sentences into clause-like units at punctuation and processing them separately before combining. Our results thus help understand the limitations of both classes of models, and suggest directions for improving recurrent models.
MLC601 in vascular dementia: an efficacy and safety pilot study

Background and aim Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common cause of dementia and currently there is scarcity of therapies for VaD. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of MLC601 in the treatment of VaD. Methods In this multicenter, pilot, randomized, double-blind trial, 82 patients with VaD according to DSM-5 criteria received MLC601 or placebo capsules three times a day for 2 years. The primary efficacy end-point was evaluated by comparing Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) score between the two groups over 2 years of study. Safety was also assessed by recording adverse events and abnormal laboratory results. Results Eighty-one patients completed the study and were included in the analysis. One patient was lost to follow-up in the placebo group. After 2 years, mean (±SD) changes in the MMSE score were −3.71 (±4.50) for MLC601 group and −9.33 (±4.80) for placebo group. ADAS-cog score showed (±SD) changes of 7.34 (±9.55) and 19.00 (±11.28) for MLC601 and placebo group, respectively. Repeated measures analyses showed that both MMSE and ADAS-cog scores were significantly better in the treatment group at 24 months (p<0.001). Ten (24.39%) patients reported predominantly transient gastrointestinal adverse events in MLC601 group. No patient left the study due to adverse events. There were no clinically significant abnormalities on laboratory tests. Conclusion Patients treated with MLC601 over the 2 years showed dramatically better cognitive outcome compared with those treated with placebo. MLC601 was devoid of any serious adverse events and was well-tolerated.
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEC) are a group of E. coli characterized by the ability to adhere to cultured cell monolayers with an aggregative or 'stacked brick' adhesion phenotype. These strains of E. coli are distinct from other pathogenic groups of E. coli. Epidemiological evidence suggests that strains of EAggEC are a significant cause of protracted diarrhoea in children, and may cause diarrhoea in adults. The group is heterogeneous, comprising a diverse range of serotypes that possess a variety of putative virulence factors. These include an enterotoxin similar to the heat-stable enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli, putative haemolysins and toxins, and various types of fimbriae and outer membrane proteins that may be involved in the adhesion process. The role of these factors in the production of disease is unclear. Diagnosis of EAggEC infection is problematic; serotyping alone cannot identify strains of E. coli expressing an EAggEC phenotype. Currently, EAggEC are identified by either cell adhesion tests or DNA-based tests involving gene probes or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting the genes encoding cell adhesion. The nature and significance of strains of E. coli expressing an EAggEC phenotype are poorly understood. This article reviews the current literature and speculates on the direction of future studies to define this emerging group of bacteria.
Locoregional recurrence of triple-negative breast cancer: effect of type of surgery and adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy

Background/purpose The aim was to evaluate the prognostic significance of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) and surgical type on local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in the Egyptian population. Patients and methods We evaluated 111 patients with stage I–III TNBC diagnosed at our institute during the period from 2004 to 2009. Patients were stratified according to PORT into two groups: a PORT group and a non-PORT group. The influence of PORT and surgical type on LRFS and OS were evaluated. A cross-matching was done to the non-TNBC group of patients to compare the recurrence and survival rates between them and the studied group of TNBC patients. Results The mean age of TNBC patients at diagnosis was 63±7 years. The majority of the patients had stage III disease (68.5%) and 73% had clinical or pathological positive lymph nodes. Sixty percent (67/111) of patients had modified radical mastectomy and 44/111 (40%) patients had breast-conserving treatment. PORT was given for 63% of patients, while systemic treatment was given in 89% of patients. At the time of analysis, 13 patients (11%) developed local recurrence: five of 70 (7%) in the PORT group and eight of 41 (19.5%) in the non-PORT group. Five-year LRFS for the whole group of patients was 88%±6%, which was significantly affected by PORT. The surgical type did not affect local recurrence significantly. Five-year OS for the whole group was 54%±8%. PORT and surgical type did not affect OS significantly (P-value 0.09 and 0.11, respectively). Five-year LRFS was 88%±6% and 90%±11% for TNBC and non-TNBC patients, respectively (P-value 0.8); however, OS for TNBC was significantly lower than for non-TNBC (P-value 0.04). Conclusion TNBC is an aggressive entity compared with other non-TNBC, and these patients benefit from PORT significantly to decrease the risk of local recurrence in all stages. However, further large, prospective, randomized trials are warranted.
Factors affecting return to oral intake in inpatient rehabilitation after acquired brain injury

Abstract Primary objective: To extend previous observations by investigating if differences exist in time to initiation or to recovery of total oral intake in patients with acquired brain injury assessed by either Facial-Oral Tract Therapy (F.O.T.T.®) or Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) and to investigate whether other factors influence these outcomes. Research design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: One hundred and nineteen patients with dysphagia in inpatient neurorehabilitation were randomized. The main outcome was time to maximum on the Functional Oral Intake Scale. Results: There was no difference in time to initiation or recovery of total oral intake using F.O. T.T. ® or FEES. Oral intake was initiated for 42% on admission and 92% at discharge; 2.5% of the patients were on total oral intake within 24 hours of admission and 37% at discharge. The likelihood of recovery to total oral intake before discharge was found to depend on age, Functional Independence Measure score, length of stay and number of dysphagia interventions. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in time to initiation and recovery of total oral intake before discharge, whether assessed by F.O. T.T. ® or FEES, indicating that an instrumental assessment is unnecessary for standard evaluation. Age, functional independence and length of stay had a significant influence.
The lethal phenotype of a homozygous nonsense mutation in the lamin A/C gene

The authors report the clinical and histologic phenotypes of a LGMD1B family including a newborn child with a homozygous LMNA nonsense mutation (Y259X). At the heterozygous state the nonsense mutation leads to a classic LGMD1B phenotype; the homozygous LMNA nonsense mutation causes a lethal phenotype.
A Typology of Parental Involvement in Education Centring on Children and Young People: Negotiating familialisation, institutionalisation and individualisation

This article explores the widespread emphasis on parental involvement in education from the perspectives of children and young people. In contrast to the conceptualisation of children as variable social actors, policy initiatives to link home and school more effectively, and research-generated typologies of parental involvement, unthinkingly familialise and institutionalise children by ignoring any part they may play in parental involvement in their education. Drawing on data from our study of children's understandings of home-school relations, we develop and elaborate a typology that centres on the complex ways that children and young people talk about creating, acceding to, and resisting their parents' involvement in their education. The socially patterned differences between the children and young people's understandings and experiences demonstrate how the broad social processes of familialisation, institutionalisation and individualisation are, in fact, concretely lived and negotiated in variable ways. Nevertheless, there are also some commonalities in children and young people's resistance around notions of privacy.
The Distribution of Surface Superconductivity Along the Boundary: On a Conjecture of X. B. Pan

We consider the Ginzburg–Landau model of superconductivity in two dimensions in the large $\kappa$ limit. For applied magnetic fields weaker than the onset field $H_{C_3}$ but greater than $H_{C_2}$ it is well known that the superconductivity order parameter decays exponentially fast away from the boundary. It has been conjectured by X. B. Pan that this surface superconductivity solution converges pointwise to a constant along the boundary. For applied fields that are in some sense between $H_{C_2}$ and $H_{C_3}$, we prove that the solution indeed converges to a constant but in a much weaker sense.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis recognition with conventional microscopy

This paper presents a new method for segmentation of tuberculosis bacillus in conventional sputum smear microscopy. The method comprises three main steps. In the first step, a scalar selection are made for characteristics from the following color spaces: RGB, HSI, YCbCr and Lab. The features used for pixel classification in the segmentation step were the components and subtraction of components of these color spaces. In the second step, a feedforward neural network pixel classifier, using selected characteristics as inputs, is applied to segment pixels that belong to bacilli from the background. In third step geometric characteristics, especially the eccentricity, and a new proposed color characteristic, the color ratio, are used to noise filtering. The best sensitivity achieved in bacilli detection was 91.5%.
An analysis of the helix‐to‐strand transition between peptides with identical sequence

An analysis of peptide segments with identical sequence but that differ significantly in structure was performed over non‐redundant databases of protein structures. We focus on those peptides, which fold into an α‐helix in one protein but a β‐strand in another. While the study shows that many such structurally ambivalent peptides contain amino acids with a strong helical preference collocated with amino acids with a strong strand preference, the results overwhelmingly indicate that the peptide's environment ultimately dictates its structure. Furthermore, the first naturally occurring structurally ambivalent nonapeptide from evolutionary unrelated proteins is described, highlighting the intrinsic plasticity of peptide sequences. We even find seven proteins that show structural ambivalence under different conditions. Finally, a computer algorithm has been implemented to identify regions in a given sequence where secondary structure prediction programs are likely to make serious mispredictions. Proteins 2000;41:248–256. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of addition of liraglutide to high‐dose intensive insulin therapy: a randomized prospective trial

Patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance may require high insulin doses to control hyperglycaemia. The addition of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) to basal insulin therapy has been shown to reduce insulin requirement while reducing insulin‐associated weight gain [1,2]. The effect of GLP‐1 RA therapy added to intensive (basal/bolus) insulin therapy has not been studied in a prospective trial. This trial evaluated the effect of the addition of liraglutide to high‐dose intensive insulin therapy compared with standard insulin up‐titration in obese insulin‐resistant patients with type 2 diabetes requiring high‐dose insulin therapy.
Effect of Work Experience and Position in the Plow Harness on Some Physiological Parameters of Horses Under Field Conditions

Six pairs of horses were studied during 6 consecutive days. One horse in each pair had working experience. The position of the 2 nonhuman animals in the plow harness was alternated each day. Some physical and physiological parameters were measured at different stages during each workday. A split-plot design with repeated measures was used with position in plow harness and work experience as factors. Work speed and force were similar in all pairs (p > .05). There was no effect of position in the plow harness on any of the variables evaluated (p > .05). Inexperienced animals had higher average respiratory rates (p < .01) and sweat scores (p < .05) than did experienced horses. For all variables, minimum values were observed at the beginning of the workday, after the 30-min break, and 30 min after the end of the workday. Increases in the parameters measured (p < .01) were detected after 1 hr of plowing, reaching maximum values at 2.5 hr of continuous work. Cortisol levels increased from 39.0 12.4 ng/ml at 9:00 a.m. (before work) to 84.0 20.8 ng/ml at the end of the workday. We concluded that position of the horse in the plow harness had no effect on the variables measured, whereas work experience significantly affected only respiration rate and sweating.
Understanding Coping with Distress due to Physical Disability

This article presents findings of two studies that investigated coping with physical disability within the multivariate transactional model of stress. In the first study, 30 persons with locomotor disability were interviewed to explore the nature of stressors and coping strategies. In the second study, five scales were administered on a sample of 120 persons with locomotor disability to investigate the role of personal and situational variables in determining the extent of perceived distress and its relationship with coping. The manner in which anāsakti and positive life orientation moderated the relationship between perceived distress and coping was also investigated. The findings revealed that the major stressors which led to distress were ego-related stressors, inability to fulfil traditional gender roles, problems in interpersonal relationships with family and others, physical barriers and deformed body image. Education was found to be the strongest predictor of perceived distress and problem-focused coping was significantly related to lower levels of distress. Moderation analyses showed that with stronger belief in the philosophy of anāsakti and higher positive life orientation, lower levels of distress were strongly related to problem focused coping. The impli-cations of these findings for psycho-social rehabilitation of persons with physical disability are discussed.
Confronting “Victim” Discourses: The Identity Work of Battered Women

In this article I explore how battered women both draw from and reject victim discourses in their processes of self-construction and self-representation. Data gathered from semistructured interviews with forty women who experienced violence from an intimate partner in a heterosexual relationship demonstrate that available “victim” discourses are both enabling and constraining. Four common representations of a victim emerged as most influential to women’s identity work: as someone who suffers a harm she cannot control; as someone who deserves sympathy and/or requires some type of action be taken against the victimizer; as someone who is culpable for her experiences; and as someone who is powerless and weak. “Victim empowerment” and “survivor” discourses also played a role in how women understood and made sense of their experiences. In their attempts to construct identities for themselves, battered women become caught between notions of victimization, agency, and responsibility. “I hate to be called a victim. I feel like then it’s my fault. Then it’s like I’m this weak person that couldn’t do things right and get out [of an abusive relationship], you know? ” This was the response given by Gina—a woman I met through a counseling group at a shelter for battered women—when I asked her whether she saw herself as a “victim. ” Because she has experienced physical, verbal, and emotional abuse from her husband, some people might perceive her as a victim. However, while Gina believed that she had been wronged by her husband, she herself rejected such an identity because she assigned it negative connotations. She did not want to be perceived by others as weak, helpless, or culpable for her husband’s behavior. Current cultural discourses surrounding violence against women commonly depict them as blameworthy or as weak and powerless. As a result, many abused women have a difficult time using available victim discourses to articulate their experiences and construct and present selves that are meaningful to them.
Principal Stratification in Causal Inference

Summary. Many scientific problems require that treatment comparisons be adjusted for posttreatment variables, but the estimands underlying standard methods are not causal effects. To address this deficiency, we propose a general framework for comparing treatments adjusting for posttreatment variables that yields principal effects based on principal stratification. Principal stratification with respect to a posttreatment variable is a cross‐classification of subjects defined by the joint potential values of that posttreatment variable under each of the treatments being compared. Principal effects are causal effects within a principal stratum. The key property of principal strata is that they are not affected by treatment assignment and therefore can be used just as any pretreatment covariate, such as age category. As a result, the central property of our principal effects is that they are always causal effects and do not suffer from the complications of standard posttreatment‐adjusted estimands. We discuss briefly that such principal causal effects are the link between three recent applications with adjustment for posttreatment variables: (i) treatment noncompliance, (ii) missing outcomes (dropout) following treatment noncompliance, and (iii) censoring by death. We then attack the problem of surrogate or biomarker endpoints, where we show, using principal causal effects, that all current definitions of surrogacy, even when perfectly true, do not generally have the desired interpretation as causal effects of treatment on outcome. We go on to formulate estimands based on principal stratification and principal causal effects and show their superiority.
Patterning and Composition Arrays of Supported Lipid Bilayers by Microcontact Printing

Fluid-supported lipid bilayers self-assemble on glass and SiO2 surfaces. We have found that it is also possible to assemble fluid bilayers on plasma-oxidized polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) surfaces. Furthermore, it is possible to transfer or print the supported bilayer from raised PDMS surfaces, such as are typically used for microcontact printing, to fresh glass surfaces creating a supported bilayer membrane replica of the patterned PDMS surface on glass. These patterned islands of bilayer are fully fluid and indefinitely stable under water. The pattern is erased upon addition of more vesicles leaving a continuous bilayer surface. By printing membrane islands of various sizes onto a glass surface that is prepatterned with a material that forms permanent barriers to lateral diffusion and then backfilling the open region with vesicles, it is possible to create arbitrary concentration or composition arrays of membrane-associated components. These arrays may be useful for studies of membrane biophysics, for hi.
Early divergence of central and peripheral neural retina precursors during vertebrate eye development

Background: During development of the vertebrate eye, optic tissue is progressively compartmentalized into functionally distinct tissues. From the central to the peripheral optic cup, the original optic neuroepithelial tissue compartmentalizes, forming retina, ciliary body, and iris. The retina can be further sub‐divided into peripheral and central compartments, where the central domain is specialized for higher visual acuity, having a higher ratio and density of cone photoreceptors in most species. Results: Classically, models depict a segregation of the early optic cup into only two domains, neural and non‐neural. Recent studies, however, uncovered discrete precursors for central and peripheral retina in the optic vesicle, indicating that the neural retina cannot be considered as a single unit with homogeneous specification and development. Instead, central and peripheral retina may be subject to distinct developmental pathways that underlie their specialization. Conclusions: This review focuses on lineage relationships in the retina and revisits the historical context for segregation of central and peripheral retina precursors before overt eye morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 244:266–276, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LD Youth and Mathematics: A Review of Characteristics

This represents the second in a series of three articles by John F. Cawley and his associates on mathematics and learning disabled students. Based on information gleaned from the literature as well as an extensive data pool collected by the authors, the present article includes an interpretative review of the characteristics of learning disabled youth as they relate to mathematics. The authors delineate the many facets of failure with which the learning disabled youngster is faced. A set of discriminators are specified for identification of certain subgroups of learning disabilities. Finally, the data presented are shown to provide insight into assessment procedures for youth with disabilities in mathematics. The final article in this series on mathematics will appear in the Spring issue of the Quarterly. The focus will be on problem solving and the application of mathematical skills and concepts to “real-life” situations.