Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Personal and Contextual Factors in Competitive Youth Sport

Because millions of youth are involved in sport, the sport context is important to consider in advancing the growth experiences of young people (Côté et al., 2007; Fraser-Thomas et al., 2005). Furthermore, research in developmental psychology has highlighted the value of structured programs, including sport, in helping to promote positive youth development (Fredricks & Eccles, 2006). Youth sport involvement has been linked to high levels of enjoyment (Scanlan et al., 1989), however, negative outcomes, such as burnout, have also been reported (Gould et al., 1996). In the present study, the Developmental Assets Profile (Search Institute, 2004) was used to explore personal (internal assets) and contextual (external assets) outcomes associated with youth sport. Results suggest that three particular assets (positive identity, empowerment, and support) are important to focus on in youth sport programs to decrease burnout symptoms and enhance enjoyment. Path analyses were also conducted to test a proposed model and exploratory results confirmed links of particular assets to sport outcomes. The results are discussed in terms of integration with Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory (1999) and recommendations are suggested for sport programmers to consider to develop these assets within youth sport.
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Provokes Expression of Epithelial Marker Genes, Acting As a Morphogen in Dedifferentiated Hepatoma Cells

Abstract. We have recently shown that stable expression of an epitope-tagged cDNA of the hepatocyte- enriched transcription factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)4, in dedifferentiated rat hepatoma H5 cells is sufficient to provoke reexpression of a set of hepatocyte marker genes. Here, we demonstrate that the effects of HNF4 expression extend to the reestablishment of differentiated epithelial cell morphology and simple epithelial polarity. The acquisition of epithelial morphology occurs in two steps. First, expression of HNF4 results in reexpression of cytokeratin proteins and partial reestablishment of E-cadherin production. Only the transfectants are competent to respond to the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, which induces the second step of morphogenesis, including formation of the junctional complex and expression of a polarized cell phenotype. Cell fusion experiments revealed that the transfectant cells, which show only partial restoration of E-cadherin expression, produce an extinguisher that is capable of acting in trans to downregulate the E-cadherin gene of well-differentiated hepatoma cells. Bypass of this repression by stable expression of E-cadherin in H5 cells is sufficient to establish some epithelial cell characteristics, implying that the morphogenic potential of HNF4 in hepatic cells acts via activation of the E-cadherin gene. Thus, HNF4 seems to integrate the genetic programs of liver-specific gene expression and epithelial morphogenesis.
Dynamically Modulated Spike Correlation in Monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex Depending on the Feature Configuration within a Whole Object

The mechanism underlying the processing of spatially separated multiple local features to form a unique whole object is an important issue in visual object recognition. We tested whether, in behaving monkeys, the spike correlation between pairs of inferior temporal (IT) neurons dynamically changes depending on the spatial configuration of the local features within a whole object. We prepared more than 60,000 face-like objects (FOs) and their corresponding non-face-like objects (NFOs) that consisted of random arrangements of the same set of local features as those in FOs. The spike correlation between a pair of neurons was quantified by the peak height of the shift predictor-subtracted cross-correlogram. For both neurons of the pair, the local features in a whole object were determined so that they elicited as high a response as possible to enable a reliable cross-correlation analysis. We found that the FOs thus constructed elicited neuronal activities that were more strongly correlated than the corresponding NFOs. Firing rates of the same neurons did not show such a consistent bias depending on the feature configuration. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that this FO dominance of spike correlation was robust enough to discriminate between different feature configurations at the population level. Spike correlation of the cell pairs exhibited significant FO dominance within 300 ms after stimulus onset. The present results suggest that feature configuration within a unique whole object can be reflected in the rapid modulation of spike correlation among a population of neurons in the IT cortex.
Quantitative analysis of tubulin and microtubule compartments in isolated rat hepatocytes

A combined morphometric and biochemical approach has been used to identify and quantitate microtubules and tubulin in isolated hepatocytes. The total soluble pool of microtubule protein was estimated by specific high affinity binding to radiolabeled colchicine. Scatchard analysis of the data identified two populations of binding sites: high affinity-low capacity sites resembling tubulin and low affinity-high capacity sites believed to represent nonspecific colchicine-binding sites. Data from these studies indicate that tubulin represents 1% of the soluble protein of the cell, that 9.0 X 10(-14) dimers of tubulin are present per microgram soluble hepatocyte protein, and that the average hepatocyte contains 3.1 X 10(7) tubulin dimers. Our calculations suggest that this amount of tubulin would form a microtubule 1.9 cm in length if totally assembled. However, stereological measurements indicate that the actual length of microtubules in the cytosolic compartment of the average hepatocyte is only 0.28 cm. Thus, these experiments suggest that only 15% of the available tubulin in hepatocytes of postabsorptive rats is assembled in the form of microtubules.
Effectiveness of influenza vaccination and its impact on health inequalities.

BACKGROUND Since 1998, annual publicly funded campaigns for mass vaccination against influenza of the population aged 65 years or older have been performed in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The effectiveness of the intervention was not assessed for its contribution to the reduction of influenza-attributable mortality. This study sought to compare the age-specific mortality (65 years or older) before and after the onset of yearly vaccination, and to assess the impact of the intervention on health inequalities in relation to inner-city areas. METHODS Official information on deaths and population allowed assessment of overall pneumonia and influenza mortality. Monitoring of outbreaks and the estimation of mortality attributable to influenza peaks used Serfling and ARIMA models. Rates were compared between 1998 and 2002, when vaccination coverage ranked higher than 60% among individuals aged 65 years or older, and 1993-97 (prior to vaccination). RESULTS Overall mortality due to pneumonia and influenza fell by 26.3% after vaccination. An even higher reduction was observed for mortality specifically attributable to influenza epidemics; the number of peaks of influenza mortality also decreased. Deprived areas of the city had a higher decrease of mortality by pneumonia and influenza during the vaccination period. CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccination contributed to reduce influenza-attributable mortality in this age group, and was associated with the reduction of inequalities in the burden of the disease among social groups. The concurrent promotion of health and social justice is feasible when there is political will and commitment to implement public health interventions with prompt and effective universal access.
Crime, unemployment, and social structures of accumulation: An inquiry into historical contingency

This article examines whether prior inconsistency in findings about the impact of unemployment on crime is the result of historical contingency caused by changes in the social structures of accumulation (SSAs) associated with the development of twentieth-century U.S. capitalism. We explore this question by comparing the relationship between official measures of unemployment and the crimes of burglary, robbery, assault, and homicide during four phases of recent U.S. economic development identified by SSA theorists: economic exploration from 1933 to 1947, economic consolidation from 1948 to 1966, economic decay from 1967 to 1979, and a new period of exploration from 1980 to 1992. We propose that the unemployment-crime (U-C) relationship is shaped not merely by the fact of unemployment, but rather by its social meaning within developmental stages of social structures of accumulation. Time-series analysis of the U-C relationship within each SSA stage from 1933 to 1992 supports our hypothesis that periods of s.
Reconstitution of Vacuolar-type Rotary H+-ATPase/Synthase from Thermus thermophilus*♦

Background: The VoV1 is composed of the hydrophilic V1 and the membrane-embedded Vo. Results: Intact VoV1 and shaftless complexes can be reconstituted from individual subunits in vitro. Conclusion: The A3B3 domain tightly associates with the two EG peripheral stalks of Vo, even in the absence of the central shaft subunits. Significance: The peripheral stalks are the major factor for the association of V1 with Vo. Vacuolar-type rotary H+-ATPase/synthase (VoV1) from Thermus thermophilus, composed of nine subunits, A, B, D, F, C, E, G, I, and L, has been reconstituted from individually isolated V1 (A3B3D1F1) and Vo (C1E2G2I1L12) subcomplexes in vitro. A3B3D and A3B3 also reconstituted with Vo, resulting in a holoenzyme-like complexes. However, A3B3D-Vo and A3B3-Vo did not show ATP synthesis and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive ATPase activity. The reconstitution process was monitored in real time by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between an acceptor dye attached to subunit F or D in V1 or A3B3D and a donor dye attached to subunit C in Vo. The estimated dissociation constants Kd for VoV1 and A3B3D-Vo were ∼0.3 and ∼1 nm at 25 °C, respectively. These results suggest that the A3B3 domain tightly associated with the two EG peripheral stalks of Vo, even in the absence of the central shaft subunits. In addition, F subunit is essential for coupling of ATP hydrolysis and proton translocation and has a key role in the stability of whole complex. However, the contribution of the F subunit to the association of A3B3 with Vo is much lower than that of the EG peripheral stalks.
Analog decoding and beyond

In 1998, Hagenauer and Loeliger et al. independently proposed to decode error correcting codes by analog electronic networks. In contrast to previous work on analog Viterbi decoders, the work both by Hagenauer and by Loeliger et al. was inspired by turbo-style decoding of codes described by graphs. Large gains, in terms of speed or power consumption, over digital implementations were envisaged. Since 1998, much effort has been spent towards turning these ideas into working chips. While only decoders of "toy" codes have so far been successfully manufactured, extensive simulations of such circuits have not revealed any fundamental problems. Some progress has also been made in analyzing the effects of transistor mismatch. While much remains to be learned, the author feels confident that analog decoders will eventually find their way into applications. The present paper, rather than reporting on circuit details, offers some thoughts on "the bigger picture"- the underlying principles, motivations, and possible directions of future research.
Cortical basket cell dysfunction in schizophrenia

Abstract Schizophrenia, a debilitating illness affecting 0.5–1% of the world's population, is characterized by positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. The latter are the best predictor of functional outcome, though largely untreated by current pharmacotherapy; thus a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in schizophrenia is crucial. Higher order cognitive processes, such as working memory, are associated with θ (4–7 Hz) and γ (30–80 Hz) oscillations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and subjects with schizophrenia exhibit working memory impairments and reduced cortical θ and γ band power. Cortical θ and γ oscillations are dependent on perisomatic inhibition of pyramidal neurons from basket cells expressing cholecystokinin (CCKb cells) and parvalbumin (PVb cells), respectively. Thus, alterations in basket cells may underlie the cortical oscillation deficits and working memory impairments in schizophrenia. Recent findings from postmortem studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with multiple molecular alterations that regulate signalling from CCKb and PVb cells. These alterations include lower CCK and cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) in CCKb cells, and lower glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and increased μ opioid receptor (μOR) in PVb cells, as well as lower GABAA receptor α1 subunit in pyramidal neurons postsynaptic to PVb cells. These changes are thought to lead to increased and decreased strength, respectively, of CCKb and PVb cell‐mediated inhibition of postsynaptic pyramidal cells. Therefore, a convergence of evidence suggests a substantial shift in the relative strengths of PFC pyramidal cell inhibition from CCKb and PVb cells that may underlie cortical oscillation deficits and working memory impairments in schizophrenia.
Can eyes smell? cross-modal correspondences between color hue-tone and fragrance family

Color can facilitate the identification of odor quality and influence the perception of odor intensity. To deliver coherent sensory messages of perfumes effectively, this research investigated whether people experience cross-modal interactions between color hue–tone and fragrance family and how consistent these cross-modal interactions are. Two experimental tasks were conducted with eight commercial perfumes in four typical fragrance families (floral, oriental, fresh, and woody): direct fragrance–color matching and degree of similarity judgement between color and fragrance. These tasks revealed that fragrances were nonrandomly, consistently matched with colors. The correspondences between the fragrance families and colors were influenced by the hue (warm–cool color images) and tone (especially, lightness property) dimensions. In addition, gender differences in the color–fragrance correspondences were partially revealed for the four fragrance families. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the degrees of familiarity with the fragrance families and the color–fragrance correspondences. These findings confirm the robust existence of cross-modal correspondences between vision and olfaction in perfumery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2013
The adrenal response of neonates to hypoxia.

the transition of fetal to extrauterine life is among the most challenging and threatening situations for the organism. One of the most common causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality results from hypoxia, e.g., reduced oxygen supply to the vital organs ([2][1], [6][2]). Although the short- and
Quantifying the Dependence of Westerly Wind Bursts on the Large-Scale Tropical Pacific SST

Abstract The correlation between parameters characterizing observed westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in the equatorial Pacific and the large-scale SST is analyzed using singular value decomposition. The WWB parameters include the amplitude, location, scale, and probability of occurrence for a given SST distribution rather than the wind stress itself. This approach therefore allows for a nonlinear relationship between the SST and the wind signal of the WWBs. It is found that about half of the variance of the WWB parameters is explained by only two large-scale SST modes. The first mode represents a developed El Nino event, while the second mode represents the seasonal cycle. More specifically, the central longitude of WWBs, their longitudinal extent, and their probability seem to be determined to a significant degree by the ENSO-driven signal. The amplitude of the WWBs is found to be strongly influenced by the phase of the seasonal cycle. It is concluded that the WWBs, while partially stochastic, seem an inheren.
Quercetin vs chrysin

Effects of flavonoids quercetin and chrysin on lipid peroxidation and histopathological changes in liver of diabetic mice were studied and compared with the antioxidant and reducing ability of quercetin and chrysin and their ability to chelate Fe2+ ions in vitro. Diabetes was induced in Swiss albino mice with a single intravenous injection of alloxan (75 mg kg−1). Two days after alloxan injection, flavonoid preparations (50 mg kg−1 per day) were given intraperitoneally for 7 days in diabetic mice. The lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measuring the malondialdehyde production using the 2-thiobarbituric acid test. Administration of quercetin and chrysin to diabetic mice resulted in a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation level in liver tissue. Treatment of diabetic mice with flavonoids solutions results in decreased number of vacuolated cells and degree of vacuolization of the liver tissue. The protective role of flavonoids against the reactive oxygen species–induced damages in diabetic mice gives a hope that they may exert similar protective action in humans.
FGT-1 Is a Mammalian GLUT2-Like Facilitative Glucose Transporter in Caenorhabditis elegans Whose Malfunction Induces Fat Accumulation in Intestinal Cells

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is an attractive animal model for biological and biomedical research because it permits relatively easy genetic dissection of cellular pathways, including insulin/IGF-like signaling (IIS), that are conserved in mammalian cells. To explore C. elegans as a model system to study the regulation of the facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT), we have characterized the GLUT gene homologues in C. elegans: fgt-1, R09B5.11, C35A11.4, F53H8.3, F48E3.2, F13B12.2, Y61A9LA.1, K08F9.1 and Y37A1A.3. The exogenous expression of these gene products in Xenopus oocytes showed transport activity to unmetabolized glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose only in FGT-1. The FGT-1-mediated transport activity was inhibited by the specific GLUT inhibitor phloretin and exhibited a Michaelis constant (K m) of 2.8 mM. Mannose, galactose, and fructose were able to inhibit FGT-1-mediated 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake (P < 0.01), indicating that FGT-1 is also able to transport these hexose sugars. A GFP fusion protein of FGT-1 was observed only on the basolateral membrane of digestive tract epithelia in C. elegans, but not in other tissues. FGT-1::eGFP expression was observed from early embryonic stages. The knockdown or mutation of fgt-1 resulted in increased fat staining in both wild-type and daf-2 (mammalian insulin receptor homologue) mutant animals. Other common phenotypes of IIS mutant animals, including dauer formation and brood size reduction, were not affected by fgt-1 knockdown in wild-type or daf-2 mutants. Our results indicated that in C. elegans, FGT-1 is mainly a mammalian GLUT2-like intestinal glucose transporter and is involved in lipid metabolism.
Psychological morbidity and caregiver burden in parents of children with Tourette's disorder and psychiatric comorbidity.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the mental health and caregiver burden in parents of children with Tourette's disorder (TD) compared with parents of children with asthma. METHOD A cross-sectional cohort survey was conducted at TD and pediatric asthma hospital outpatient clinics over a 6-month period. Main outcome measures were parent mental health (General Health Questionnaire [GHQ]-28) and caregiver burden (Child and Adolescent Impact Assessment) scores. RESULTS The response rate achieved was 89.7%. Of the parents of children with TD, 76.9% achieved caseness on the GHQ-28 compared with 34.6% of the parents of children with asthma; this effect remained significant after controlling for demographic variables. Parents of children with TD also experienced greater caregiver burden, and this burden was significantly correlated with GHQ caseness. CONCLUSIONS Parents of children with TD are at risk of psychiatric morbidity; an intervention targeting caregiver burden might be helpful in reducing this.
The Importance of Being Aware: Developing professional identities in educators and researchers

In a Dutch self-study project, five teacher educators studied their own practices with three experienced researchers as the facilitators of the group. These facilitators also conducted a self-study of the whole project, particularly focusing on helping and hindering aspects of the facilitation process. In this article, we report two of the teacher educators' self-studies, one in the context of foreign language teaching and the other in the context of deepening student teacher reflection. In addition, we describe the design and outcomes of the self-study carried out by the facilitators. We discuss what we have learnt from each of the three studies, but we also emphasize going beyond the story, drawing conclusions that may be of interest to the broader community of teacher educators. We work to deepen the awareness of the people we work with, but an important outcome of the self-studies is also deepening our own awareness of certain phenomena in our practices, which are elaborated in this article. Another common thread in each of the studies is the impact a self-study can have on the professional identity of the individual researchers.
Fleet Feet: The USSF and the Peculiarities of Soccer Fandom in America

Playing soccer in the United States is a regular activity for millions. However, many if not most of them never turn into soccer fans. Meanwhile, a very healthy soccer subculture exists within immigrant populations in the US. This produces two distinct soccer cultures: a suburban, affluent participation culture, and a spectator culture spread mainly in urban areas. This essay is an examination of the attempts of the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) to alternately take advantage of these separate cultures. The second half focuses on a small but fervent fan group of American soccer, and the ways in which the group sees itself and its mission in promoting not simply a particular club or team, but an entire sport to a largely indifferent population. Using writings from the group's website, a particular picture of a symbolic community emerges, developing as it has with an ‘us against them’ mentality.
Reasoning and Instruction in Medical Curricula

We describe two experiments that examine the knowledge and explanatory processes of students in two medical schools with different modes of instruction. One school had a conventional curriculum with basic science courses taught 1 '/2 years before the clinical training; the other had a problem-based learning curriculum with basic science taught in the context of clinical problems and general problem-solving strategies involving knowledge elaboration and hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Both before and after being exposed to relevant basic science information, students were asked to provide diagnostic explanations of a clinical case. In this study, students in the problem-based learning curriculum reasoned in a manner consistent with the way they were taught, using a backward directed pattern of reasoning and extensive elaborations based on detailed biomedical information. However; these students had a greater tendency to commit errors of scientific fact, to generate less coherent explanations, and to use f.