Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of music listening interventions on cognition and mood post-stroke: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Introduction: Music listening may have beneficial psychological effects but there has been no comprehensive synthesis of the available data describing efficacy of music listening in stroke. Areas covered: We performed a systematic review examining the effects of music listening interventions on cognition and mood post-stroke. We found five published trials (n = 169 participants) and four ongoing trials. All studies demonstrated benefits of music listening on at least one measure of cognition or mood. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis and all included studies had potential risk of bias. Common reporting or methodological issues including lack of blinding, lack of detail on the intervention and safety reporting. Expert commentary: It is too early to recommend music listening as routine treatment post-stroke, available studies have been under-powered and at risk of bias. Accepting these caveats, music listening may have beneficial effects on both mood and cognition and we await the results of ongoing controlled studies.
Reshaping the state in its margins: The state, the market and the subaltern on a Central African frontier

In this article I explore the changing interface of states and markets in the borderland of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) during the current phase of ‘post-conflict’ state reconstruction. The renewed centrality of the state in regional economic development in the aftermath of war raises some mixed reactions at the border, as various efforts to ‘bring the state back in’ invariably meet with entrenched forms of ‘informal’ integration in the realm of cross-border trade. In this article, I explain how these everyday forms of cross-border regulation have gradually come to encapsulate state rules and normativities through their encroachment on state legislation. Whereas the strong connectivities established in cross-border trade have been capable of overcoming the boundaries imposed by the state on a variety of political scales, they increasingly bring in the hegemony of the market through the back door of the border.
Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Induction Motors Considering Stray Load Loss and Harmonic Torques Using Finite Element Method

A novel equivalent circuit of induction motors is investigated by the finite element method in order to take into account effects of stray load loss and harmonic torques. The characteristics of the motor obtained by the proposed and conventional circuits are compared with the measured results in order to confirm the validity and usefulness of the proposed circuit. It is revealed that the result of the proposed circuit is more accurate than the direct solution of the finite element method because the circuit takes into account the effect of the iron loss, which is neglected in the equations of the finite element method.
Temporal Discontiguity Is neither Necessary nor Sufficient for Learning-Induced Effects on Adult Neurogenesis

Some, but not all, types of learning and memory can influence neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Trace eyeblink conditioning has been shown to enhance the survival of new neurons, whereas delay eyeblink conditioning has no such effect. The key difference between the two training procedures is that the conditioning stimuli are separated in time during trace but not delay conditioning. These findings raise the question of whether temporal discontiguity is necessary for enhancing the survival of new neurons. Here we used two approaches to test this hypothesis. First, we examined the influence of a delay conditioning task in which the duration of the conditioned stimulus (CS) was increased nearly twofold, a procedure that critically engages the hippocampus. Although the CS and unconditioned stimulus are contiguous, this very long delay conditioning procedure increased the number of new neurons that survived. Second, we examined the influence of learning the trace conditioned response (CR) after having acquired the CR during delay conditioning, a procedure that renders trace conditioning hippocampal-independent. In this case, trace conditioning did not enhance the survival of new neurons. Together, these results demonstrate that associative learning increases the survival of new neurons in the adult hippocampus, regardless of temporal contiguity.
Multimodal MRI as a diagnostic biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Reliable biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are needed, given the clinical heterogeneity of the disease. Here, we provide proof‐of‐concept for using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic biomarker for ALS. Specifically, we evaluated the added diagnostic utility of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
The Language of Word Meaning: Type Construction and the Logic of Concepts

I would like to pose a set of fundamental questions regarding the constraints we can place on the structure of our concepts, particularly as revealed through language. I will outline a methodology for the construction of ontological types based on the dual concerns of capturing linguistic generalizations and satisfying metaphysical considerations. I discuss what “kinds of things” there are, as reflected in the models of semantics we adopt for our linguistic theories. I argue that the flat and relatively homogeneous typing models coming out of classic Montague Grammar are grossly inadequate to the task of modelling and describing language and its meaning. I outline aspects of a semantic theory (Generative Lexicon) employing a ranking of types. I distinguish first between natural (simple) types and functional types, and then motivate the use of complex types (dot objects) to model objects with multiple and interdependent denotations. This approach will be called the Principle of Type Ordering. I will explore what the top lattice structures are within this model, and how these constructions relate to more classic issues in syntactic mapping from meaning. 1 Language and Category Formation Since the early days of artificial intelligence, researchers have struggled to find a satisfactory definition for category or concept, one which both meets formal demands on soundness and completeness, and practical demands on relevance to real-world tasks of classification. One goal is usually sacrificed
Colloid carcinoma of the pancreas: review of selected pathological and clinical aspects

&NA; Colloid carcinoma (CC) of the pancreas is a histopathological variant of ductal adenocarcinoma, which is characterised by the presence of large pools of extracellular mucin, containing neoplastic cells. The mucin component comprises at least 50% of CC (according to the definition by the World Health Organization) or at least 80% of the tumour (according to the US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology). In the vast majority of cases, CC develop from pre‐existing intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, especially those forming intestinal‐type papillae and characterised by MUC2 expression. Data concerning the long‐term prognosis in patients with CC are discrepant. In this review, the authors present contemporary definitions of CC, issues of its epidemiology, symptomatology, pre‐operative diagnostics, histopathology, treatment and prognosis. Special attention has been paid to pathogenesis of CC.
Spor Eğitimi Modeli'nin Öğrencilerin Beden Eğitimi ve Spora Karşı Tutumuna Etkisi /The Effect of the Sports Education Model on the Attitudes of Students towards Physical Education and Sports

Cankiri Ilinde bulunan bir ilkogretim kurumunun 2. kademe ogrencileri uzerinde yurutulen ve 16 hafta suren bu calismanin amaci, spor egitimi modeli dogrultusunda islenen ders disi futbol egitim (egzersiz) calismalarinin, ogrencilerin beden egitimi ve spora yonelik olan tutumlarina etkisini incelemektir. Arastirmada deneysel modellerden on test – son test kontrol gruplu model kullanilmistir. Bu amacla, Cankiri Ilinde bulunan bir ilkogretim okulunun 2. kademesinde ogrenim goren ogrenciler, yansiz atama yontemi ile spor egitimi modelinin kullanilacagi deney grubu ve geleneksel ogretim yaklasiminin kullanilacagi kontrol grubu olarak belirlenmistir. Deney grubuna spor egitimi modeli ile hazirlanan calisma programi uygulanirken, kontrol grubuna geleneksel ogretim yaklasimi ile hazirlanan calisma programi uygulanmistir. Calisma deney grubunda 24, kontrol grubunda 24 olmak uzere toplam 48 erkek ogrenciyle gerceklestirilmistir. Calismanin basinda ve sonunda deney ve kontrol gruplarindaki ogrencilerin beden egitimi ve spora olan tutumlarini olcmek icin Demirhan ve Altay (2001) tarafindan gelistirilen “Beden Egitimi ve Spor Tutum Olcegi” kullanilmistir. Spor egitimi modeli ile hazirlanan calisma programi uygulanan deney grubu ve geleneksel ogretim yaklasimi ile hazirlanan calisma programi uygulanan kontrol grubu ogrencilerinin on test ve son test tutum puanlari incelendiginde, hem kontrol hem de deney grubunda tutum giris ve cikis davranislarinda istatistiksel olarak anlamli bir fark gorulmemistir (Kontrol grubu: t (1, 23) =1.267, p>0.05), Deney grubu: t (1, 23) =1.552, p>0.05). Kontrol ve deney grubunda bulunan ogrencilerin tutum son test puanlari karsilastirildiginda ise yine iki grup arasinda istatistiksel olarak anlamli bir fark elde edilmemistir (t (1, 46) = -. 264, p>0.05). Hem geleneksel ogretim yaklasimi hem de spor egitimi modeli, ogrencilerin tutumlarinin gelisimi uzerinde olumlu etkiler yaratmamistir
The Symptom of Night Pain in a Back Pain Triage Clinic

Study Design. Prospective longitudinal study of patients attending a back pain triage clinic with night pain. Objective. To assess the importance of the symptom of night pain in patients attending a back pain triage clinic. Summary of Background Data. The 1994 US Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines suggest nighttime pain should be used as a “red flag. ” Night pain is known to occur in many conditions, and although common in patients with known serious pathology, the prevalence of night pain in a back pain triage clinic is not known. Methods. A total of 482 consecutive patients attending a back pain triage clinic were assessed, including history of frequency and duration of night pain. Clinical examination was performed, and demographic data obtained. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed if indicated according to local guidelines. Oswestry, visual analog scales (for pain), and hospital anxiety depression scale, patient-based outcome scores were obtained. Results. There were 213 patients who had night pain, with 90 having pain every night. No serious pathology was identified. Patients with night pain had 4.95 hours continuous sleep (range 2−7) and were woken 2.5 times/night (range 0−6). Patients with pain every night had higher Oswestry, visual analog scale, and hospital anxiety depression scale scores than those who did not. Conclusions. Although it is a significant and disruptive symptom for patients, these results challenge the specificity of the presence of night pain per se as a useful diagnostic indicator for serious spinal pathology in a back pain triage clinic.
Effects of Interim Assessments on Student Achievement: Evidence From a Large-Scale Experiment

ABSTRACT We use data from a large-scale, school-level randomized experiment conducted in 2010–2011 in public schools in Indiana. Our sample includes more than 30,000 students in 70 schools. We examine the impact of two interim assessment programs (i.e., mCLASS in Grades K–2 and Acuity in Grades 3–8) on mathematics and reading achievement. Two-level models were used to capture the nesting in the data. Results indicate that the treatment effect is insignificant in Grades 3–8, and thus students in treatment schools perform as well as students in control schools. In contrast, the treatment effect is negative and significant in Grades K–2 (i.e., kindergarten and second grade), indicating that students in control schools perform higher than students in treatment schools.
The use of the ‘reverse Cornfield inequality’ to assess the sensitivity of a non‐significant association to an omitted variable

Unlike randomized experimental studies, investigators do not have control over the treatment assignment in observational studies. Hence, the treated and control (non‐treated) groups may have widely different distributions of unobserved covariates. Thus, if observational data are analysed as if they had arisen from a controlled study, the analyses are subject to potential bias. Sensitivity analysis is a technique for assessing whether the inference drawn from a study could be altered by a moderate ‘imbalance’, between the distribution of the covariates in different groups. In this paper, we examine the sensitivity analysis of the test of proportions in 2 × 2 tables from a new perspective: ‘could a non‐significant result have occurred because the treated group has a higher prevalence of an unobserved risk factor? ’. The study was motivated by an analysis of the studies concerning with the possible effect of spermicide use on birth defects that were cited in a legal decision. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low temperature conditioning of garlic (Allium sativum L.) “seed” cloves induces alterations in sprouts proteome

Low-temperature conditioning of garlic “seed” cloves substitutes the initial climatic requirements of the crop and accelerates the cycle. We have reported that “seed” bulbs from “Coreano” variety conditioned at 5°C for 5 weeks reduces growth and plant weight as well as the crop yields and increases the synthesis of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. Therefore, this treatment suggests a cold stress. Plant acclimation to stress is associated with deep changes in proteome composition. Since proteins are directly involved in plant stress response, proteomics studies can significantly contribute to unravel the possible relationships between protein abundance and plant stress acclimation. The aim of this work was to study the changes in the protein profiles of garlic “seed” cloves subjected to conditioning at low-temperature using proteomics approach. Two sets of garlic bulbs were used, one set was stored at room temperature (23°C), and the other was conditioned at low temperature (5°C) for 5 weeks. Total soluble proteins were extracted from sprouts of cloves and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Protein spots showing statistically significant changes in abundance were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS and identified by database search analysis using the Mascot search engine. The results revealed that low-temperature conditioning of garlic “seed” cloves causes alterations in the accumulation of proteins involved in different physiological processes such as cellular growth, antioxidative/oxidative state, macromolecules transport, protein folding and transcription regulation process. The metabolic pathways affected include protein biosynthesis and quality control system, photosynthesis, photorespiration, energy production, and carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism. These processes can work cooperatively to establish a new cellular homeostasis that might be related with the physiological and biochemical changes observed in previous studies.
Mechanisms underlying inspiratory burst generation in preBotzinger complex neurons of neonatal mice

Understanding how molecular and cellular events integrate into a physiological behavior is a major question in neuroscience. Breathing can be easily studied using rhythmically active in vitro models that provide experimental access to perform cellularand synapse-level experiments. While it is widely accepted that breathing depends on a specific region of the brainstem dubbed the preBotzinger complex (preBotC), the mechanisms responsible for rhythm generation remain unclear. In Chapter 1, we examine the pacemaker hypothesis, which posits that pacemaker properties and/or the persistent sodium current (INaP) are obligatory for rhythm generation. We found that neither pacemaker properties nor INaP are essential for respiratory rhythm generation in preBotC neurons. Next, we began testing the validity of the group pacemaker hypothesis, which posits that the respiratory rhythm is an emergent network property that depends on recurrent excitation coupled to intrinsic membrane properties in all preBotC neurons. During the inspiration in vitro, all preBotC neurons exhibit 300-500 ms bursts of electrical activity characterized by action potentials superimposed on a 10-30 mV envelope of depolarization, dubbed the inspiratory drive potential. Chapters 2 and 3 examine how synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties integrate to form inspiratory drive potentials. In Chapter 2, we found that the calcium-activated non-specific cationic current (ICAN) is responsible for ~70% of the inspiratory drive potential. ICAN activation depends on Ca2+ influx from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3Rs)-mediated intracellular Ca2+ release coupled to group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) and possibly to a smaller extent NMDA receptors. Chapter 3 examines how AMPARs trigger inspiratory burst potential generation. We found that AMPAR-mediated depolarizations open VGCCs, which activate ICAN directly. Moreover, Ca2+ influx from VGCC was required to trigger IP3R-mediated intracellular Ca2+ release. In Chapter 4, we interpret respiratory frequency modulation within the context of the group pacemaker hypothesis. We show that blocking low-frequency AMPAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) causes rhythm cessation, which suggests that low-frequency EPSPs are important for kindling the initial phase of recurrent excitation. Through a metaanalysis of previously published work, we argue that frequency modulation depends on the temporal summation of EPSPs and is largely independent of changes in interburst spiking. In conclusion, our findings suggest that respiratory rhythm generation and frequency modulation depends on the coupling of synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties, which is most consistent with the group pacemaker hypothesis.
Individual and Hemispheric Differences in Affective and Humor Judgments

A sense of humor involves both cognitive and emotional processes. The purpose of this study was to examine individual differences in emotion, cognition and humor. Participants (N = 50) completed two computerized tasks. One task was a hemifield presentation task designed to examine the participants’ schematic emotional processing system (Schaefer, 2003), where participants were asked to make forced-choice valence responses to humorous stimuli presented briefly in the right or left visual fields. The other task was designed to arouse the participants’ propositional emotional processing system and consisted of participants making humor ratings for the same pictures presented for an unlimited amount of time at central fixation. Participants also completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) (Davis, 1980) in order to determine whether cognitive and emotional indices of empathy were related to responding in either of the tasks. The valence data shows a relationship between forced choice judgments and the IRI Fantasy subscale. Gender differences were found for enjoyment of humor from reaction time and Likert scale data. In addition, females had higher scores in the Personal Distress subscale. From these results, we find an IRI subscale to correlate with an emotional hemispheric asymmetry model and questions arise in the variable speed of emotional processing for gender and ethnicity.
Range of Sizes of Peptide Products Generated during Degradation of Different Proteins by Archaeal Proteasomes*

The 20 S proteasome processively degrades cell proteins to peptides. Information on the sizes and nature of these products is essential for understanding the proteasome’s degradative mechanism, the subsequent steps in protein turnover, and major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation. Using proteasomes from Thermoplasma acidophilum and four unfolded polypeptides as substrates (insulin-like growth factor, lactalbumin, casein, and alkaline phosphatase, whose lengths range from 71 to 471 residues), we demonstrate that the number of cuts made in a polypeptide and the time needed to degrade it increase with length. The average size of peptides generated from these four polypeptides was 8 ± 1 residues, but ranged from 6 to 10 residues, depending on the protein, as determined by two new independent methods. However, the individual peptide products ranged in length from approximately 3 to 30 residues, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry and size-exclusion chromatography. The sizes of individual peptides fit a log-normal distribution. No length was predominant, and more than half were shorter than 10 residues. Peptide abundance decreased with increasing length, and less than 10% exceeded 20 residues. These findings indicate that: 1) the proteasome does not generate peptides according to the “molecular ruler” hypothesis, and 2) other peptidases must function after the proteasome to complete the turnover of cell proteins to amino acids.
Sensory feedback - Dependent neural de-orchestration: The effect of altered sensory feedback on Musician's Dystonia.

PURPOSE Musician's dystonia (MD) is a task-specific movement disorder related to extensive expert music performance training. Similar to other forms of focal dystonia, MD involves sensory deficits and abnormal patterns of sensorimotor integration. The present study investigated the impaired cortical sensorimotor network of pianists who suffer from MD by employing altered auditory and tactile feedback during scale playing with multichannel EEG. METHODS 9 healthy professional pianists and 9 professional pianists suffering from right hand MD participated in an experiment that required repeated scale playing on a MIDI piano under altered sensory feedback while EEG was measured. RESULTS The comparison of EEG data in healthy pianists and pianists suffering from MD revealed a higher degree of inter-regional phase synchronisation between the frontal and parietal regions and between the temporal and central regions in the patient group and in conditions that are relevant to the long-trained auditory-motor coupling (normal auditory feedback and complete deprivation of auditory feedback), but such abnormalities decreased in conditions with delayed auditory feedback and altered tactile feedback. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that the impaired sensorimotor integration of MD patients is specific to the type of overtrained task that the patients were trained for and can be modified with altered sensory feedback.
GUIDANCE: a web server for assessing alignment confidence scores

Evaluating the accuracy of multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is critical for virtually every comparative sequence analysis that uses an MSA as input. Here we present the GUIDANCE web-server, a user-friendly, open access tool for the identification of unreliable alignment regions. The web-server accepts as input a set of unaligned sequences. The server aligns the sequences and provides a simple graphic visualization of the confidence score of each column, residue and sequence of an alignment, using a color-coding scheme. The method is generic and the user is allowed to choose the alignment algorithm (ClustalW, MAFFT and PRANK are supported) as well as any type of molecular sequences (nucleotide, protein or codon sequences). The server implements two different algorithms for evaluating confidence scores: (i) the heads-or-tails (HoT) method, which measures alignment uncertainty due to co-optimal solutions; (ii) the GUIDANCE method, which measures the robustness of the alignment to guide-tree uncertainty. The server projects the confidence scores onto the MSA and points to columns and sequences that are unreliably aligned. These can be automatically removed in preparation for downstream analyses. GUIDANCE is freely available for use at http://guidance.tau. ac.il.