Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On peak versus average interference power constraints for protecting primary users in cognitive radio networks

This paper considers spectrum sharing for wireless communication between a cognitive radio (CR) link and a primary radio (PR) link. It is assumed that the CR protects the PR transmission by applying the so-called ldquointerference-temperaturerdquo constraint, whereby the CR is allowed to transmit regardless of the PR's on/off status provided that the resultant interference power level at the PR receiver is kept below some predefined threshold. For the fading PR and CR channels, the interference-power constraint at the PR receiver is usually one of the following two types: one is to regulate the average interference power (AIP) over all different fading states, while the other is to limit the peak interference power (PIP) at each fading state. From the CR's perspective, given the same average and peak power threshold, the AIP constraint is more favorable than the PIP counterpart because of its more flexibility for dynamically allocating transmit powers over different fading states. On the contrary, from the perspective of protecting the PR, the more restrictive PIP constraint appears at a first glance to be a better option than the AIP. Some surprisingly, this paper shows that in terms of various forms of capacity limits achievable for the PR fading channel, e.g., the ergodic and outage capacities, the AIP constraint is also superior over the PIP. This result is based upon an interesting interference diversity phenomenon, where randomized interference powers over the fading states in the AIP case are more advantageous over deterministic ones in the PIP case for minimizing the resultant PR capacity losses. Therefore, the AIP constraint results in larger fading channel capacities than the PIP for both the CR and PR transmissions.
Molecular Genetic Characterization of the Merozoite Surface Protein 1 Gene of Plasmodium vivax from Reemerging Korean Isolates

ABSTRACT Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP-1) has been considered a major candidate for the development of an antimalaria vaccine, but the molecule exhibits antigenic diversity among isolates. The extent of genetic polymorphism in the region between interspecies conserved blocks 4 and 5 (ICB4 and ICB5) of the PvMSP-1 gene was analyzed for 30 Korean isolates. Two genotypes, SK-A and SK-B, were identified on the basis of amino acid substitution. Almost all the amino acid sequences of the Korean isolates were nearly identical to those of the Solomon Island isolate Solo-83 (97.8 to 99.9% similarity) and Philippine isolates Ph-79, Ph-52-2, and Ph-49 (97.3 to 99.8% similarity). Also, we report two sequences in the isolates that were characterized on the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The RFLP profiles following digestion with the DraI restriction enzyme produced two distinguishable patterns. This study might be the first report of the region between ICB4 and ICB5 of the MSP-1 gene of P. vivax in South Korea.
Bluetooth Navigation System using Wi-Fi Access Points

There have been various navigation and tracking systems being developed with the help of technologies like GPS, GSM, Bluetooth, IR, Wi-Fi and Radar. Outdoor positioning systems have been deployed quite successfully using GPS but positioning systems for indoor environments still do not have widespread deployment due to various reasons. Most of these use only a single technology for positioning but using more than one in cooperation with each other is always advantageous for obtaining greater accuracy. Particularly, the ones which use Bluetooth are better since they would enhance the scalability of such a system because of the fact that this technology is in use by the common people so it would always be easy to track them. Moreover it would also reduce the hardware installation cost to some extent. The system that has been introduced here uses Bluetooth primarily for positioning and tracking in combination with Wi-Fi access points. The reason that makes the commercial application of such a system easier and cheaper is that most of the localized areas today like college campus, offices are being provided with internet connectivity using these access points.
Standard Automated Perimetry versus Matrix Frequency Doubling Technology Perimetry in Subjects with Ocular Hypertension and Healthy Control Subjects

Background To evaluate the relationship and agreement between standard automated perimetry (SAP) and Matrix frequency doubling technology (Matrix-FDT) in subjects with ocular hypertension and healthy control subjects. Methods Forty-four eyes of 44 ocular hypertensive subjects and 29 eyes of 29 healthy age-matched control subjects were included in this prospective study. All participants underwent complete ophthalmic examination, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure measurement, pachymetry, and dilated fundus examination, and showed reliable visual field tests. One randomly selected eye of each participant was examined with SAP (Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm [SITA] Standard 24-2 test) and Matrix-FDT (24-2 threshold test), in random order. Correlations between global indices (MD, PSD), regions (2 hemifields, 4 quadrants, 6 sectors) and 52 single field positions were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results In both groups, mean deviation values of SAP and Matrix-FDT correlated significantly (OHT subjects: r = 0.47, p<0.005; healthy subjects: r = 0.68; p<0.001, respectively). Pattern standard deviation of SAP and Matrix-FDT showed no significant correlation in healthy subjects but correlated significantly in ocular hypertensive subjects (r = 0.45, p<0.005). In healthy subjects, a significant correlation between SAP and Matrix-FDT was shown in the supero-temporal and infero-temporal sectors of the disc (r = 0.40 and r = 0.38, p<0.05, respectively). In OHT subjects, supero-temporal, supero-nasal and nasal sectors correlated significantly (r = 0.49, 0.62 and 0.38, p≤0.01, respectively). The correlation pattern of individual visual field test locations appeared heterogeneous in both groups. Conclusions In both, ocular hypertensive and healthy subjects SAP and Matrix-FDT correlate well. In ocular hypertensive subjects, both techniques showed good correlation in the supero-temporal, supero-nasal, and nasal sectors of the disc. Poor agreement was found in the temporal, infero-temporal and infero-nasal disc sectors. This missing correlation might be related to early retinal nerve fiber layer damage in these regions of the disc, recognized by one of the visual field instruments.
Spectrum-Based Fault Localisation for Multi-Agent Systems

Diagnosing unwanted behaviour in Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) is crucial to ascertain agents' correct operation. However, generation of MAS models is both error-prone and time intense, as it exponentially increases with the number of agents and their interactions. In this paper, we propose a light-weight, automatic debugging-based technique, coined ESFL-MAS, which shortens the diagnostic process, while only relying on minimal information about the system. ESFL-MAS uses a heuristic that quantifies the suspiciousness of an agent to be faulty; therefore, different heuristics may have different impact on the diagnostic quality. Our experimental evaluation shows that 10 out of 42 heuristics yield the best diagnostic accuracy (96.26% on average).
A review of triple-negative breast cancer.

BACKGROUND An estimated 1 million cases of breast cancer are diagnosed annually worldwide. Of these, more than 170,000 are described as triple-negative. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by the lack of protein expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) and the absence of HER2 protein overexpression. TNBC is a subtype of breast cancer that overlaps with the "basal-like" breast cancer. TNBC has significant clinical implications. METHODS The epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical course, prognosis, and pathology of this subtype of breast cancer are reviewed. The authors compare the "triple-negative" and "basal-like" definitions of breast cancer. A discussion of both standard and experimental treatments for TNBC is included. RESULTS The poor prognosis of high-grade TNBC relates to poor disease-free interval in the adjuvant setting, shortened progression-free survival in the metastatic setting, and the lack of targeted therapy. However, not all TNBCs are associated with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Although chemotherapy is the main current treatment of this subtype of breast cancer, new agents such as PARP inhibitors, which show promise in the treatment of TNBC, are currently in clinical trials.
Design and analysis of a dynamic code division multiple access communication system based on tunable optical filter

A dynamic optical code division multiple access (DOCDMA) communication system is proposed for high-bandwidth communication systems. An implementation of the system is proposed based on a fast tunable optical filter (TOF) in each encoder and decoder. This technique actively modulates the central wavelength of a TOF according to a functional code at the transmitter during the bit period before the transmission of the data. The system is modeled and analyzed taking into account multiple access interference (MAI), thermal noise, and phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN). The performance of this system is compared to that of a spectral amplitude coding system that uses either a Hadamard code or a modified quadratic congruence (MQC) code. The results show that the proposed DOCDMA system reduces the PIIN effect on the performance of the system and improves the bit error rate (BER) performance at a large number of users. Furthermore, it is found that when the effective power is large enough, the MAI becomes the main factor that limits system performance, whereas when the effective power is relatively low, both thermal noise and PIIN become the main limiting factors with thermal noise having the main influence.
Time Lotteries

We study preferences over lotteries that pay a specific prize at uncertain future dates: time lotteries. The standard model of time preferences, Expected Discounted Utility (EDU), implies that individuals must be risk seeking in this case. As a motivation, we show in an incentivized experiment that most subjects exhibit the opposite behavior, i.e., they are risk averse over time lotteries (RATL). We then make two theoretical contributions. First, we show that RATL can be captured by a generalization of EDU that is obtained by keeping the postulates of Discounted Utility and Expected Utility. Second, we introduce a new property termed Stochastic Impatience, a risky counterpart of standard Impatience, and show that not only the model above, but also substantial generalizations that allow for non-Expected Utility and non-exponential discounting, cannot jointly accommodate it and RATL, showing a fundamental tension between the two.
A porcine model for sequential assessments of cerebral haemodynamics and metabolism

We present a physiologically stable porcine model designed for sequential assessments of pharmacological effects on mean hemispheric cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRo2) at sustained normocapnia. The dynamic influence of continuously administered fentanyl (0.040 mg ˙ kg‐1 ˙ h‐1 i.v.), nitrous oxide (70%) and pancuronium (0.30 mg ˙ kg‐1 ˙ h‐1 i.v.) on these variables was studied in eight normoventilated pigs. CBF was reliably assessable at 10‐min intervals by clearance of intra‐arterially injected 133Xe, monitored by an extracranial scintillation detector. CMRo2 was calculated from CBF and the simultaneously measured cerebral arteriovenous difference in blood oxygen content. The intracerebral distribution of a contrast medium injected into the external and internal carotid arteries was studied by angiography, and the cerebral venous outflow was investigated by measurements of the distribution of an intra‐arterially administered non‐diffusible tracer, [99mTc]pertechnetate, to the internal and external jugular veins. After a 3‐h equilibration period, CBF and CMRo2 were determined on six occasions over a study period lasting 1 h 40 min. The mean ranges of these variables were 56–60 and 1.9–2.0 ml ˙ 100 g‐1 ˙ min‐1, respectively. We conclude that the model enables repeated assessments of CBF and CMRo2 under stable physiological background conditions and thus valid cerebral pharmacodynamic investigations of drugs given for anaesthesia.
Secondary Failure of Metformin Monotherapy in Clinical Practice

OBJECTIVE We sought to document the secondary failure rate of metformin monotherapy in a clinical practice setting and to explore factors that predict therapeutic failure. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 1,799 type 2 diabetic patients who, between 2004 and 2006, lowered their A1C to <7% after initiating metformin monotherapy as their first-ever anti-hyperglycemic drug. We examined all A1C values recorded through 31 December 2008 (2–5 years of follow-up), defining secondary failure as a subsequent A1C ≥7.5% or the addition or substitution of another anti-hyperglycemic agent. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with the probability of secondary failure. RESULTS Of the 1,799 patients studied, 42% (n = 748) experienced secondary failure; the mean failure rate was 17% per year. However, patients who initiated metformin within 3 months of diabetes diagnosis failed at an age-and A1C-adjusted rate of 12.2% (10.5–14.4%) per year, and patients who initiated while A1C was <7% failed at an adjusted rate of 12.3% per year. An interaction term between duration of diagnosed diabetes and A1C was not significant. Age, duration, and A1C at initiation were the only factors that predicted secondary failure. CONCLUSIONS Although metformin failure may occur more rapidly in clinical practice than in clinical trails, initiating it soon after diabetes diagnosis and while A1C is low might preserve β-cell function, prolong the effectiveness of metformin, reduce lifetime glycemic burden, and prevent diabetes complications. Our findings support the current treatment algorithm for hyperglycemia management that recommends metformin initiation when diabetes is first diagnosed.
Natural User Interfaces

In this report I have discuss the works of 6 papers in the field of natural user interfaces. They all discuss different interaction techniques and how effective they are. Most of the current literatures, within 4-5 years discuss techniques for touch screens or movement based interaction, so I will be focusing on these topics. Fitts's Law is a huge part in all Human Computer Interaction. Fitts's Law states that completion time is proportional to distance and size of the target[7]. This is important when trying to make user interfaces natural, as we can apply applications of Fitts's Law to make the user interfaces easier to use. When creating a natural user interface we need to decide what type of interaction techniques we should use. We need to decide on bimanual versus unimanual input. Bimanual is faster than unimanual, but it is not always possible to have bimanual input. There is a lot of literature on touch screens and wall displays. This report covers many types of these interactions. It covers physical navigation, tactile feedback and many gestures. It seems that tactile feedback is not a natural form of output as it tends to distract the user. Physical navigation is a great way of helping the user navigate a virtual space.
Activation and modulation of human α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the neonicotinoids clothianidin and imidacloprid

Neonicotinoids are synthetic, nicotine‐derived insecticides used for agricultural and household pest control. Though highly effective at activating insect nicotinic receptors, many neonicotinoids are also capable of directly activating and/or modulating the activation of vertebrate nicotinic receptors. In this study, we have investigated the actions of the neonicotinoids clothianidin (CTD) and imidacloprid (IMI) on human neuronal α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The data demonstrate that the compounds are weak agonists of the human receptors with relative peak currents of 1–4% of the response to 1 mM acetylcholine (ACh). Coapplication of IMI strongly inhibited currents elicited by ACh. From Schild plot analysis, we estimate that the affinity of IMI for the human α4β2 receptor is 18 μM. The application of low concentrations of CTD potentiated responses to low concentrations of ACh, suggesting that receptors occupied by one ACh and one CTD molecule have a higher gating efficacy than receptors with one ACh bound. Interestingly, subunit stoichiometry affected inhibition by CTD, with (α4)2(β2)3 receptors significantly more strongly inhibited than the (α4)3(β2)2 receptors. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self-determination and gender–power relations as predictors of condom use self-efficacy among South African women

This article identifies correlates of condom use self-efficacy using concepts from self-determination theory and gender–power measures. A cross-section of Xhosa-speaking women (n = 238) from Eastern Cape, South Africa, was used to conduct bivariate correlations and multivariate linear regression analyses. Gender equality beliefs and HIV knowledge were positively associated with condom use self-efficacy generally and in risky situations. Condom use self-efficacy generally was also positively associated with power balance attitudes, negative beliefs about intimate partner violence, and positive growth perspective, while the association with hopeless personal perspective was negative. Surprisingly, lack of social support was positively associated with condom use self-efficacy in risky situations. The predictors of condom use self-efficacy identified in this study that may serve as change objectives for future sexual health promotion interventions.
Changes in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Rupture and Short-Term Mortality, 1995–2008: A Retrospective Observational Study

Objective:To examine the modern epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture and short-term AAA-related mortality after the introduction of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Background:Previous epidemiologic studies have demonstrated stable rates of AAA repair, repair mortality, and AAA rupture. Recently, EVAR has been introduced as a less invasive treatment method, and its use has expanded to more than 75% of elective AAA repairs. Methods:We identified Medicare beneficiaries undergoing AAA repair and those hospitalized with a ruptured AAA during the period 1995 to 2008 and calculated standardized annual rates of AAA-related deaths due to either elective repair or rupture. Results:A total of 338,278 patients underwent intact AAA repair during the study period. There were 69,653 patients with AAA rupture, of whom 47,524 underwent repair. Intact repair rates increased substantially in those older than 80 years (57.7–92.3 per 100,000, P < 0.001) but decreased in those 65 to 74 years old (81.8–68.9, P < 0.001). A decline in ruptures with and without repair was seen in all age groups. By 2008, 77% of all intact repairs and 31% of all rupture repairs were performed with EVAR (P < 0.001). Operative mortality declined during the study period for both intact (4.9%–2.4%, P < 0.001) and ruptured (44.1%–36.3%, P < 0.001) AAA repair. Short-term AAA-related deaths decreased by more than half (26.1–12.1 per 100,000, P < 0.001), with the greatest decline occurring in those older than 80 years (53.7–27.3, P < 0.001). Conclusions:A recent decline in AAA rupture and short-term AAA-related mortality is demonstrated and likely related in part to the introduction and expansion of EVAR. This is due to decreased deaths from ruptures (with and without repair) and decreased mortality with intact repairs, particularly in patients older than 80 years.
The Redox-Sensitive Transcriptional Activator OxyR Regulates the Peroxide Response Regulon in the Obligate AnaerobeBacteroides fragilis

ABSTRACT The peroxide response-inducible genes ahpCF,dps, and katB in the obligate anaerobeBacteroides fragilis are controlled by the redox-sensitive transcriptional activator OxyR. This is the first functional oxidative stress regulator identified and characterized in anaerobic bacteria.oxyR and dps were found to be divergently transcribed, with an overlap in their respective promoter regulatory regions. B. fragilis OxyR and Dps proteins showed high identity to homologues from a closely related anaerobe,Porphyromonas gingivalis. Northern blot analysis revealed that oxyR was expressed as a monocistronic 1-kb mRNA and that dps mRNA was approximately 500 bases in length.dps mRNA was induced over 500-fold by oxidative stress in the parent strain and was constitutively induced in the peroxide-resistant mutant IB263. The constitutive peroxide response in strain IB263 was shown to have resulted from a missense mutation at codon 202 (GAT to GGT) of the oxyR gene [oxyR(Con)] with a predicted D202G substitution in the OxyR protein. Transcriptional fusion analysis revealed that deletion ofoxyR abolished the induction of ahpC andkatB following treatment with hydrogen peroxide or oxygen exposure. However, dps expression was induced approximately fourfold by oxygen exposure in ΔoxyR strains but not by hydrogen peroxide. This indicates that dps expression is also under the control of an oxygen-dependent OxyR-independent mechanism. Complementation of ΔoxyR mutant strains with wild-type oxyR and oxyR(Con) restored the inducible peroxide response and the constitutive response of theahpCF, katB, and dps genes, respectively. However, overexpression of OxyR abolished the catalase activity but not katB expression, suggesting that higher levels of intracellular OxyR may be involved in other physiological processes. Analysis of oxyR expression in the parents and in ΔoxyR and overexpressing oxyR strains by Northern blotting and oxyR′::xylBfusions revealed that B. fragilis OxyR does not control its own expression.
High voltage testing of short samples of 110 kV high temperature power superconducting transmission cables with the HAIhKE facility

Basic components of a high temperature superconducting power transmission cable were developed in the framework of a R&D program under the leadership of the Siemens Corporation. For the test and selection of the high voltage insulation, a liquid nitrogen impregnated solid dielectric, the HAIhKE (Hochspannungs-Anlage zur Isolationsprufung an hochtemperatursupraleitenden Kabelkurzproben fur die Energietechnik) test facility was designed, constructed and taken into operation. High voltage tests were performed on 1 m short samples similar to the standard IEC 840 for conventional power cables with this facility. Under consideration of the space limitations, AC voltages to 200 kV/sub rms/ and standard lightning impulse voltages to 475 kV peak were applied to these test samples at liquid nitrogen temperature. In addition, examinations on impregnation behaviour, partial discharge, permittivity and dielectric loss were performed. The electrical and cryogenic investigations lead to the electrical Insulation selection for a one phase 50 m prototype cable test at the Siemens (today Pirelli) cable factory.