Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The dependence of velocity and clustering statistics on galaxy properties

We use a combination of N-body simulations of the hierarchical clustering of dark matter and semi-analytic modelling of the physics of galaxy formation to probe the relationship between the galaxy distribution and the mass distribution in a flat, cold dark matter universe with mean density 0 = 0.3 (�CDM). We find that the statistical properties of the galaxy distribution in the model, as quantified by pairwise velocity dispersions and clustering strength, can be quite different from those displayed by the dark matter. The pairwise line-of-sight velocity dispersion of galaxies is sensitive to the number of galaxies present in halos of different mass. In our model, which is consistent with the observed galaxy number distribution, the galaxy velocity dispersion is � 40% lower than that of the dark matter and is in reasonable agreement with the values measured in the Las Campanas redshift survey by Jing et al. over two decades in pair separation. The origin of this offset is statistical rather than dynamical, and depends upon the relative efficiency of galaxyformation in dark matter halos of different mass. Although the model galaxies and the dark matter have markedly different correlation functions in real space, such biases conspire to cause the redshift space correlation functions to be remarkably similar to each other. Thus, although genuinely biased relative to the dark matter on small scales, the distribution of galaxies as seen in redshift space, appears unbiased. The predicted redshift-space galaxy correlation function agrees well with observations. We find no evidence in the model for a dependence of clustering strength on intrinsic galaxy luminosity, unless extremely bright galaxies, two magnitudes brighter than L�, are considered. However, there are significant differences when model galaxies are selected either by morphology or by colour. Early type or red galaxies show a much stronger clustering amplitude than late type or blue galaxies, particularly on small scales, again in good agreement with observations.
Manhattan Channel Routing is NP-complete Under Truly Restricted Settings

Settling an open problem that is over ten years old, we show that Manhattan channel routing---with doglegs allowed---is NP-complete when all nets have two terminals. This result fills the gap left by Szymanski, who showed the NP-completeness for nets with four terminals. Answering a question posed by Schmalenbach and Greenberg, Jaja, and Krishnamurty, we prove that the problem remains NP-complete if in addition the nets are single-sided and the density of the bottom nets is at most one. Moreover, we show that Manhattan channel routing is NP-complete if the bottom boundary is irregular and there are only 2-terminal top nets. All of our results also hold for the restricted Manhattan model where doglegs are not allowed.
Physical Diagnostics from a Narrow Fe Kα Emission Line Detected by Chandra in the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 5548

We report the detection of a narrow Fe Kα emission line in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 with the Chandra High-Energy Transmission Grating. In the galaxy frame we measure a center energy of 6.402 keV, a FWHM of 4515 km s-1, an intensity of 3.6 × 10-5 photons cm-2 s-1, with an equivalent width of 133 eV (errors are 90% confidence for one parameter). The line is only marginally resolved at the 90% confidence level. The line energy is consistent with an origin in cold, neutral matter, but ionization states up to ~Fe XVIII are not ruled out. We cannot constrain the detailed dynamics but, assuming Keplerian motion, the velocity width is consistent with the line being produced in the outer optical/UV broad-line region (BLR) at about a light month from the central X-ray source. We cannot rule out some contribution to the narrow Fe Kα line from a putative, parsec-scale, obscuring torus that is postulated to be a key component of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) unification models. The continuum intensity during the Chandra observation was a factor ~2 less than typical historical levels. If the X-ray continuum was at least a factor of 2 higher in the recent past before the Chandra observation and the narrow Fe Kα intensity had not yet responded to such a change, then the predicted line intensity and equivalent width for an origin in the BLR is within the 90% measurement errors. Anisotropic X-ray continuum illumination of the BLR and/or additional line emission from a torus structure would improve the agreement with observation. Two out of three archival ASCA data sets are consistent with the narrow line being present with the same intensity as in the Chandra observation. However, there is strong evidence that the narrow-line intensity varied and was unusually low during one of the ASCA campaigns. In general, inclusion of the narrow line to model the overall broad Fe Kα line profile in terms of a rotating disk plus black-hole model can have a non-negligible effect on the disk line intensity and variability properties. Variability of the broad disk line in NGC 5548 is difficult to reconcile with the expectations of the simple disk model, even when the narrow-line component is accounted for. It will be critical to ascertain the importance of a similar nondisk Fe Kα line in other Seyfert 1 galaxies. Future monitoring of the narrow Fe Kα component with large collecting area and high spectral resolution will enable reverberation mapping the BLR region, complementary to similar studies using the optical/UV lines, and therefore provide independent constraints on the black-hole mass.
Quasars and galaxy formation

Quasars are widely believed to be powered by accretion onto supermassive black holes and there is now considerable evidence for a link between mergers, the activity of quasars and the formation of spheroids. Cattaneo, Haehnelt & Rees (1999) have demonstrated that a very simple model in which supermassive black holes form and accrete most of their mass in mergers of galaxies of comparable masses can reproduce the observed relation of black hole mass to bulge luminosity. Here we show that this simple model can account for the luminosity function of quasars and for the redshift evolution of the quasar population provided a few additional assumptions are made. We use the extended Press-Schechter formalism to simulate the formation of galaxies in hierarchical models of the formation of structures and we assume that, when two galaxies of comparable masses merge, their central black holes coalesce and a fraction of the gas in the merger remnant is accreted by the supermassive black hole over a time-scale of � 10 7 yr. We find that the decrease in the merging rate with cosmic time and the depletion in the amount of cold gas available due to the formation of stars are not sufficient to explain the strong decline in the space density of bright quasars between z = 2 and z = 0, since larger and larger structures form, which can potentially host brighter and brighter quasars. To explain the redshift evolution of the space density of bright quasars in the interval 0 < z < 2 we need to assume that there is a dependence on redshift either in the fraction of available gas accreted or in the time-scale for accretion.
A Swarm Intelligence Algorithm for Joint Sparse Recovery

This letter addresses the joint sparse recovery problem, which is a hot topic in the compressed sensing (CS) theory and its various applications. Inspired by particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and some sparse recovery algorithms, a novel swarm intelligence algorithm called M-SISR is proposed to solve the problem. In M-SISR, the initial positions of the swarm are designed using the q-thresholding (1 ≤ q ≤ 2) algorithm, and the update strategy is designed using the ideas of PSO and some sparse recovery algorithms. Theoretical analysis shows the good property of the update strategy, and numerical simulations on random Gaussian data illustrate the efficiency of M-SISR.
Induction of gamma/delta T cells in murine salmonellosis by an avirulent but not by a virulent strain of Salmonella choleraesuis

To elucidate the relationship between the virulence of intracellular bacterium and its ability to induce gamma/delta T cells in the host during infection, we examined the differences in appearance of gamma/delta T cells in mice infected with Salmonella choleraesuis virulent strain RF-1 carrying a virulence plasmid of 50 kb, and with avirulent strain 31N-1 cured of the 50-kb plasmid. The number of gamma/delta T cells in the peritoneal cavity was increased to a significant level on day 3 after an intraperitoneal infection with a sublethal dose (5 x 10(4) colony-forming units) of avirulent strain 31N- 1. On the other hand, no increase in the number of gamma/delta T cells was evident in the peritoneal cavity at any stage after infections with various doses of virulent strain RF-1, although the numbers of the bacteria were drastically increased. Similar to that seen in the peritoneal cavity, the number of gamma/delta T cells in the liver was significantly increased after an intraperitoneal infection with avirulent strain 31N-1 but not with virulent strain RF-1. The early appearing gamma/delta T cells during salmonellosis with avirulent stain 31N-1, which preferentially used V gamma 1/V delta 6, showed blastogenesis in response to purified protein derivative (PPD) derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The gamma/delta T cells also responded to the peritoneal adherent cells in mice infected with avirulent strain 31N-1 6 d previously, which expressed a high level of endogenous heat- shock protein (hsp) homologous to the mycobacterial 65-kD hsp. The expression of the hsp, however, was not prominent in the adherent cells in mice infected with virulent strain RF-1. These results suggest that the gamma/delta T cells specific for PPD may play important roles in host defense against murine salmonellosis, and that the virulence of Salmonella may be inversely correlated with its ability to induce endogenous hsp in the infected macrophages, which in turn stimulate the gamma/delta T cells in the host during salmonellosis.
Is acculturation associated with physical activity among female immigrants in Sweden?

BACKGROUND Immigrant women in Sweden have lower levels of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) than Swedish-born women. The reasons are unclear, although acculturation has been suggested to play a role. METHODS We used a cross-sectional study design to investigate the association between LTPA and two indicators of acculturation: (i) language proficiency (ability to understand news reports on the radio and television) and (ii) age at the time of migration, and if there existed a modifying effect on these hypothesized associations. The study sample consisted of 1651 women, aged 18-65, living in Sweden and born in Finland, Chile or Iraq. A postal questionnaire (translated into the women's native language) was used to collect the variables. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess LTPA. Data were collected in 2002-05 and analyzed in 2009-10. A partial-proportional odds model was used for the analysis. RESULTS Increased language proficiency was associated with increased LTPA [odds ratio (OR) = 2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.57-3.41]. Country of birth modified the association. Furthermore, younger age at migration was associated with increased LTPA (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.01-2.03). CONCLUSIONS Increased language proficiency has the potential to be an important health-promoting factor among immigrant women.
Intellectual Property Rights, Private Investment in Research, and Productivity Growth in Indian Agriculture A Review of Evidence and Options

With the growth of private investment in developing-country agriculture, new advances in the biological sciences, and rapid integration of developing countries into the global trading system, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have become an important concern for policymakers, corporate decisionmakers, and many other players in the agricultural sector. But there are still unanswered questions about whether emerging and evolving IPR regimes in developing countries will contribute to increasing agricultural productivity and improving food security. This paper attempts to answer some of these questions by tracing the effects of IPRs on private investment in crop genetic improvement and, in turn, on agricultural productivity. The paper focuses specifically on the case of India, the regional leader in implementing IPRs in agriculture. Findings indicate that maize and pearl millet yields grew significantly during the last two decades due to the combination of (1) public policies that encouraged private investment in India's seed industry during the 1980s, (2) public investment in hybrid breeding programs that generated new materials offering substantial yield gains, and (3) biological IPRs conferred by hybridization that conveniently married the private sector's need for appropriability with the nation's need for productivity growth. Although past lessons are not an indication of future success, this convergence of policy solutions and technology opportunities can be replicated for other crops that are vital to India's food security.
Interferon-Induced Genes of the Expanded IFIT Family Show Conserved Antiviral Activities in Non-Mammalian Species

Interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are involved in the protective response to viral infection, although the precise mechanism of IFITs for reducing viral proliferation is currently unknown. The interaction with the translation initiation factor eIF-3 or viral proteins and the sequestering of viral RNA have been proposed as potential antiviral functions for these proteins. In humans, four members of this family have been characterized. Nevertheless, information about these proteins in fish is almost non-existent. Exploiting the conservation of synteny between human and zebrafish genomes, we have identified ten members of the IFIT family located on four different chromosomes. The induction of these genes was examined both in vitro and in vivo after interferon (IFN) administration and rhabdovirus challenge. Whereas an induction of IFIT genes was observed after interferon treatments (IFNΦ1, IFNΦ2 and IFNΦ3), the viral infection did not affect these IFN-induced genes in vitro, and even reduced the IFN-induced expression of these genes. The response was largely different in vivo, with a broad up-regulation of IFIT genes after viral challenge. In addition, three selected IFITs were cloned in an expression vector and microinjected into zebrafish larvae to examine the protective effect of IFITs upon viral infection. Reduction in the mortality rate was observed confirming a conserved antiviral function in non-mammalian species.
Possible signature of hypernova nucleosynthesis in a beryllium-rich halo dwarf

As part of a large survey of halo and thick disc stars, we found one halo star, HD 106038, exceptionally overabundant in beryllium. In spite of its low metallicity, [Fe/H]=−1.26, the star has log(Be/H) =−10.60, which is similar to the solar meteoritic abundance, log(Be/H) =−10.58. This abundance is more than 10 times higher the abundance of stars with similar metallicity and cannot be explained by models of chemical evolution of the Galaxy that include the standard theory of cosmic ray spallation. No other halo star exhibiting such a beryllium overabundance is known. In addition, overabundances of Li, Si, Ni, Y and Ba are also observed. We suggest that all these chemical peculiarities, excepting the Ba abundance, can be simultaneously explained if the star was formed in the vicinity of a hypernova.
Multiple Regression Analysis Applied to Heart Rate Variability Study: A Methodological Approach

Abstract Introduction: Methods of study of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) very often involve the comparison of several groups of individuals. These comparisons imply the need of controlling diverse factors that have been identified as determinants of Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Some of these factors are mainly, by order of priority, diseases and individual’s age and gender. Objective: To apply Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) aimed to simultaneously control age and gender effects over HRV indexes during the comparison of these measures between three groups of individuals with heterogeneous distribution of subjects by age and gender within groups. Materials and methods: HRV measures derived of five minutes series of RR intervals were analyzed in 270 healthy subjects conforming the control group, 97 Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2 patients (Pa-SCA2) and 48 who were presymptomatic of the disease (PS-SCA2). MRA was carried out to determine the effect of age and gender variables on HRV measures. MANOVA statistical test was applied for the analysis between groups.
Auto Associative Neural Network based Active Shape Models

This paper presents an improved active shape model algorithm, that exploits auto associative neural networks (AANNs) to estimate the local feature models. The proposed technique aims at solving face feature localization tasks, nevertheless it can be used also in the more general case of object detection. Three main contributions are presented. The first one consists in the estimation of elliptic search areas by means of the training data. The second one is the use of AANNs as local feature detectors, since this network model is particularly suited to solve classification tasks with unbalanced classes. Finally, an optimized technique to set up the learning environment, needed to train the AANNs, is described. The performances of the proposed algorithm compare favorably with original ASMs and with two recent improved versions.
TyTAN: Tiny trust anchor for tiny devices

Embedded systems are at the core of many security-sensitive and safety-critical applications, including automotive, industrial control systems, and critical infrastructures. Existing protection mechanisms against (software-based) malware are inflexible, too complex, expensive, or do not meet real-time requirements. We present TyTAN, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first security architecture for embedded systems that provides (1) hardware-assisted strong isolation of dynamically configurable tasks and (2) real-time guarantees. We implemented TyTAN on the Intel® Siskiyou Peak embedded platform and demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness through extensive evaluation.
Spectral Mapping Reconstruction of Extended Sources

Three‐dimensional spectroscopy of extended sources is typically performed with dedicated integral field spectrographs. We describe a method of reconstructing full spectral cubes, with two spatial and one spectral dimension, from rastered spectral mapping observations employing a single slit in a traditional slit spectrograph. When the background and image characteristics are stable, as is often achieved in space, the use of traditional long slits for integral field spectroscopy can substantially reduce instrument complexity over dedicated integral field designs, without loss of mapping efficiency—particularly compelling when a long‐slit mode for single unresolved source follow‐up is separately required. We detail a custom flux‐conserving cube reconstruction algorithm, discuss issues of extended‐source flux calibration, and describe CUBISM, a tool that implements these methods for spectral maps obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope’s Infrared Spectrograph.
Dependency Parsing with Dynamic Bayesian Network

Exact parsing with finite state automata is deemed in-apropriate because of the unbounded non-locality languages overwhelmingly exhibit. We propose a way to structure the parsing task in order to make it amenable to local classification methods. This allows us to build a Dynamic Bayesian Network which uncovers the syntactic dependency structure of English sentences. Experiments with the Wall Street Journal demonstrate that the model successfully learns from labeled data.
Supporting and Thwarting Autonomy in the High School Science Classroom

ABSTRACT This investigation examined relations between adolescent students' daily and cumulative perceptions of teachers' practice and their experience of autonomy. Two-hundred and eighteen high school science students in 43 classes participated in a 6-week diary study. Multilevel modeling results suggested that perceptions of 8 out of 9 practices predicted a change in students' daily autonomy. Results also revealed that autonomy-relevant practices interacted with time, each other, and characteristics of students and classrooms. Implications are discussed.
Foliage Surface Ozone Deposition Foliage Surface Ozone Deposition: a Role for Surface Moisture? Bgd Foliage Surface Ozone Deposition Bgd Foliage Surface Ozone Deposition

This paper addresses the potential role of surface wetness in ozone deposition to plant foliage. We studied Scots pine foliage in field conditions at the SMEARII field measurement station in Finland. We used a combination of data from flux measurement at the shoot (enclosure) and canopy scale (eddy covariance), information from foliage 5 surface wetness sensors, and a broad array of ancillary measurements such as radiation , precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity. Environmental conditions were defined as moist during rain or high relative humidity, and the subsequent 12 h from such events, circumstances that were frequent at this boreal site. From the measured fluxes we estimated the ozone conductance as the expression of the strength of the 10 ozone removal surface sink or total deposition. Further, the stomatal contribution was estimated and the remaining deposition was analysed as non-stomatal sink. The combined time series of measurements showed that both shoot and canopy-scale ozone total deposition were enhanced when moist conditions occurred. On average , the estimated stomatal deposition accounted for half of the measured removal 15 at the shoot scale and one third at the canopy scale. However, during dry conditions the estimated stomatal uptake predicted the behaviour of the measured deposition, but during moist conditions there was disagreement. The estimated non-stomatal sink was analysed against several environmental factors and the clearest correspondence was found with ambient relative humidity. The relationship disappeared under 70% relative 20 humidity, a threshold that coincides with the value at which surface moisture gathers at the foliage surface according to the leaf surface wetness measurements. This suggests the non-stomatal ozone sink on the foliage to be modulated by the surface films. We attempted to extract such potential modulation with the estimated film formation via the theoretical expression or adsorption isotherm. Whereas this procedure could predict 25 the behaviour of the non-stomatal sink, it implied a chemical sink that was not accountable as simple ozone decomposition. We discuss the existence of other mechanisms whose relevance needs to be clarified, in particular: a significant stomatal aperture Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Full Screen / Esc Print Version Interactive Discussion EGU neglected in the estimations, and a potentially large chemical sink offered by reactive biogenic organic volatile compounds.