Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Art and Science of Dynamic Network Visualization

: If graph drawing is to become a methodological tool instead of an illustrative art, many concerns need to be overcome. We discuss the problems of social network visualization, and particularly, problems of dynamic network visualization. We consider issues that arise from the aggregation of continuous-time relational data ("streaming" interactions) into a series of networks. We discuss our experience developing SoNIA (Social Network Image Animator, http://sonia.stanford.edu) as a prototype platform for testing and comparing layouts and techniques, and as a tool for browsing attribute-rich network data and for animating network dynamics over time. We discuss strengths and weakness of existing layout algorithms and suggest ways to adapt them to sequential layout tasks. As such, we propose a framework for visualizing social networks and their dynamics, and we present a tool that enables debate and reflection on the quality of visualizations used in empirical research.
Welfare losses in models of horizontal And vertical differentiation

We study the percentage of welfare losses (PWL) in models of horizontal and vertical differentiation. In the Hotelling model, we show that PWL depends on the underlying parameters in a non-monotonic way. We also show that PWL can be calculated from market data-locations and market size-except when the market is covered and exhibits maximal product differentiation. PWL can be very large-up to 37.4%-arising from firms located in the wrong places. In the Salop model, PWL can be calculated from market size. PWL may be large-up to 25%-but, in general, smaller than in Hotelling because firms are optimally located here. Finally, under vertical differentiation with two firms, PWL is discontinuous, but can be calculated from market prices and market coverage. In this model PWL is modest, always below 8.33%.
Risk of dementia in stroke-free patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation: data from a community-based cohort.

AIMS To estimate the incidence of dementia after the first atrial fibrillation (AF), and its impact on survival in a community-based cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS Olmsted County, Minnesota adult residents diagnosed with first AF during 1986-2000 were identified, and followed until 2004. The primary outcome was new detection of dementia. Interim stroke was censored in the analyses. Of 2837 subjects (71 +/- 15 years old) diagnosed with first AF and without any evidence of cognitive dysfunction or stroke at the time of AF onset, 299 were diagnosed with dementia during a median follow-up of 4.6 years [interquartile (IQR) range 1.5-7.9 years], and 1638 died. The Kaplan-Meier cumulative rate of dementia was 2.7% at 1 year and 10.5% at 5 years. After adjustment for age and sex, dementia was strongly related to advancing age [hazard ratio (HR)/10 years, 2.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.5-3.2], but did not vary with sex (P = 0.52). The occurrence of post-AF dementia was associated with significantly increased mortality risk (HR 2.9; 95% CI 2.5-3.3), even after adjustment for multiple comorbidities, and did not vary with age (P = 0.75) or sex (P = 0.33). CONCLUSION Dementia appeared common following the diagnosis of first AF, and was associated with premature death.
Exploring the experiences of teachers undertaking Educational Design Research (EDR) as a form of teacher professional learning

ABSTRACT The study discussed in this article examines the experiences of teachers participating in a district-wide Educational Design Research (EDR) initiative, with a particular focus on any perceived changes in teacher practices. McKenney and Reeves (2013) claimed that one of the two main goals of EDR is to benefit practice, but to date this claim has been underexplored in the literature. To test this claim, data for this quantitative study was collected from 344 teachers in an urban school district in California. The findings illustrate that EDR did enable the majority of teachers to enhance their teaching practices.
Scapular positioning and movement in unimpaired shoulders, shoulder impingement syndrome, and glenohumeral instability

The purpose of this manuscript is to review the knowledge of scapular positioning at rest and scapular movement in different anatomic planes in asymptomatic subjects and patients with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) and glenohumeral shoulder instability. We reviewed the literature for all biomechanical and kinematic studies using keywords for impingement syndrome, shoulder instability, and scapular movement published in peer reviewed journal. Based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were selected for inclusion in the review. The literature is inconsistent regarding the scapular resting position. At rest, the scapula is positioned approximately horizontal, 35° of internal rotation and 10° anterior tilt. During shoulder elevation, most researchers agree that the scapula tilts posteriorly and rotates both upward and externally. It appears that during shoulder elevation, patients with SIS demonstrate a decreased upward scapular rotation, a decreased posterior tilt, and a decrease in external rotation. In patients with glenohumeral shoulder instability, a decreased scapular upward rotation and increased internal rotation is seen. This literature overview provides clinicians with insight into scapular kinematics in unimpaired shoulders and shoulders with impingement syndrome and instability.
In Vivo Bioassay of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Synthesized in B. mori Pupae

The human growth hormone (hGH) has been expressed in prokaryotic expression system with low bioactivity previously. Then the effective B. mori baculovirus system was employed to express hGH identical to mature hGH successfully in larvae, but the expression level was still limited. In this work, the hGH was expressed in B. mori pupae by baculovirus system. Quantification of recombinant hGH protein (BmrhGH) showed that the expression of BmrhGH reached the level of approximately 890 μg/mL pupae supernatant solution, which was five times more than the level using larvae. Furthermore, Animals were gavaged with BmrhGH at the dose of 4.5 mg/rat.day, and the body weight gain (BWG) of treated group had a significant difference (P < .01) compared with the control group. The other two parameters of liver weight and epiphyseal width were also found to be different between the two groups (P < .05). The results suggested that BmrhGH might be used as a protein drug by oral administration.
Gain of function AMP‐activated protein kinase γ3 mutation (AMPK γ3R200Q) in pig muscle increases glycogen storage regardless of AMPK activation

Chronic activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases glycogen content in skeletal muscle. Previously, we demonstrated that a mutation in the ryanodine receptor (RyR1R615C) blunts AMPK phosphorylation in longissimus muscle of pigs with a gain of function mutation in the AMPKγ3 subunit (AMPKγ3R200Q); this may decrease the glycogen storage capacity of AMPKγ3R200Q + RyR1R615C muscle. Therefore, our aim in this study was to utilize our pig model to understand how AMPKγ3R200Q and AMPK activation contribute to glycogen storage and metabolism in muscle. We selected and bred pigs in order to generate offspring with naturally occurring AMPKγ3R200Q, RyR1R615C, and AMPKγ3R200Q + RyR1R615C mutations, and also retained wild‐type littermates (control). We assessed glycogen content and parameters of glycogen metabolism in longissimus muscle. Regardless of RyR1R615C, AMPKγ3R200Q increased the glycogen content by approximately 70%. Activity of glycogen synthase (GS) without the allosteric activator glucose 6‐phosphate (G6P) was decreased in AMPKγ3R200Q relative to all other genotypes, whereas both AMPKγ3R200Q and AMPKγ3R200Q + RyR1R615C muscle exhibited increased GS activity with G6P. Increased activity of GS with G6P was not associated with increased abundance of GS or hexokinase 2. However, AMPKγ3R200Q enhanced UDP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 (UGP2) expression approximately threefold. Although UGP2 is not generally considered a rate‐limiting enzyme for glycogen synthesis, our model suggests that UGP2 plays an important role in increasing flux to glycogen synthase. Moreover, we have shown that the capacity for glycogen storage is more closely related to the AMPKγ3R200Q mutation than activity.
Genetic characterization of interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12A, IL-12B, IL-15 and IL-18) with relevant biological roles in lagomorphs

ILs, as essential innate immune modulators, are involved in an array of biological processes. In the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12A, IL-12B, IL-15 and IL-18 have been implicated in inflammatory processes and in the immune response against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and myxoma virus infections. In this study we characterized these ILs in six Lagomorpha species (European rabbit, pygmy rabbit, two cottontail rabbit species, European brown hare and American pika). Overall, these ILs are conserved between lagomorphs, including in their exon/intron structure. Most differences were observed between leporids and American pika. Indeed, when comparing both, some relevant differences were observed in American pika, such as the location of the stop codon in IL-1α and IL-2, the existence of a different transcript in IL8 and the number of cysteine residues in IL-1β. Changes at N-glycosylation motifs were also detected in IL-1, IL-10, IL-12B and IL-15. IL-1α is the protein that presents the highest evolutionary distances, which is in contrast to IL-12A where the distances between lagomorphs are the lowest. For all these ILs, sequences of human and European rabbit are more closely related than between human and mouse or European rabbit and mouse.
Use of linear programming for dynamic subcarrier and bit allocation in multiuser OFDM

An adaptive subcarrier allocation and an adaptive modulation for multiuser orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) are considered. The optimal subcarrier and bit allocation problems, which are previously formulated as nonlinear optimizations, are reformulated into and solved by integer programming (IP). A suboptimal approach that performs subcarrier allocation and bit loading separately is proposed. It is shown that the subcarrier allocation in this approach can be optimized by the linear-programming (LP) relaxation of IP, while the bit loading can be performed in a manner similar to a single-user OFDM. In addition, a heuristic method for solving the LP problem is presented. The LP-based suboptimal and heuristic algorithms are considerably simpler to implement than the optimal IP, plus their performances are close to those of the optimal approach
Balancing numbers which are products of consecutive integers

In 1999 A. Behera and G. K. Panda defined balancing numbers as follows. A positive integer n is called a balancing number if 1+2+. +(n−1) = (n+1)+(n+2)+. +(n+k) for some k ∈ N. The sequence of balancing numbers is denoted by Bm for m ∈ N. In this paper we show that the Diophantine equation Bm = x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) has no solution with m ≥ 0 and x ∈ Z. We follow ideas described in [11], that is we combine Baker’s method and the so-called Mordell-Weil sieve to obtain all solutions.
Lung function 12 months following emphysema resection.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of airflow limitation before and 6 and 12 months after targeted emphysematous resection in 10 male patients aged 67 +/- 8 years (mean +/- SD) with very severe COPD undergoing bilateral thoracoscopic stapling techniques. DESIGN Lung function, including static lung elastic recoil, was measured 2 weeks before and 6 and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS Twelve months after surgery, there was a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in total lung capacity (TLC), 9.5 +/- 0.3 L (mean +/- SEM) to 8.5 +/- 0.3 L, functional residual capacity, and residual volume. Airway conductance and FEV1, 0.71 +/- 0.1 L (mean +/- SEM) to 0.95 +/- 0.1 L, improved significantly (p < 0.01). Lung elastic recoil increased markedly at TLC from 11.7 +/- 0.7 cm H2O (mean +/- SEM) to 15.0 +/- 1.0 cm H2O (p < 0.01) as did maximum expiratory airflow in every patient. However, when compared with data obtained in each patient at 6 months, lung volumes are significantly increased, and expiratory airflow and lung elastic recoil pressures are significantly reduced (p < or = 0.05). Analysis of maximum expiratory flow-static elastic recoil pressure curve indicates conductance of the S airway segment (Gs) increased from 0.20 +/- 0.03 L/s/cm H2O (mean +/- SEM) to 0.28 +/- 0.04 L/s/cm H2O (p < 0.02), and critical transmural pressure in the collapsible segment (Ptm') decreased from 3.2 +/- 0.2 cm H2O (mean +/- SEM) to 2.5 +/- 0.2 cm H2O (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The improvement in maximal expiratory airflow can be attributed primarily to increased lung elastic recoil and its secondary effect on enlarging airway diameter causing increased airway conductance, increased Gs, and decreased Ptm'. The improvement in lung function and elastic recoil peaks at 6 months.
Absence of Long-Term Depression in the Visual Cortex of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 Knock-Out Mice

Long-term depression (LTD) is widely considered a mechanism for experience-induced synaptic weakening in the brain. Recent in vivo studies on glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD 65 (−/−)] knock-out mice indicates that GABAergic synaptic inhibition is also required for the normal weakening of deprived inputs in the visual cortex. To better understand how GABAergic inhibition might control plasticity, we assessed the status of synaptic inhibition and LTD in visual cortical slices of GAD 65 knock-out mice. We found the following: (1) the efficacy of GABAergic synapses during repetitive activation is reduced in GAD 65 (−/−) mice; (2) the induction of LTD is impaired in the visual cortex of GAD 65 (−/−) mice; and (3) chronic, but not acute, treatment with the benzodiazepine agonist diazepam restores LTD in GAD 65 (−/−) mice. These results suggest that a certain inhibitory tone is required for the induction of LTD in visual cortex. We propose that the lack of visual cortical LTD in GAD 65 (−/−) may account for the lack of experience-dependent plasticity in these mice.
Defining nicotine dependence for genetic research: evidence from Australian twins

Background. Whether current criteria used to define nicotine dependence are informative for genetic research is an important empirical question. The authors used items of the DSM-IV and of the Heaviness of Smoking Index to characterize the nicotine dependence phenotype and to identify salient symptoms in a genetically informative community sample of Australian young adult female and male twins. Method. Phenotypic and genetic factor analyses were performed on nine dependence symptoms (the seven DSM-IV substance dependence criteria and the two Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) items derived from the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, time to first cigarette in the morning and number of cigarettes smoked per day). Phenotypic and genetic analyses were restricted to ever smokers. Results. Phenotypic nicotine dependence symptom covariation was best captured by two factors with a similar pattern of factor loadings for women and men. In genetic factor analysis item covariation was best captured by two genetic but one shared environmental factor for both women and men; however, item factor loadings differed by gender. All nicotine dependence symptoms were substantially heritable, except for the DSM-IV criterion of ‘giving up or reducing important activities in order to smoke’, which was weakly familial. Conclusions. The salient behavioral indices of nicotine dependence are similar for women and men. DSM-IV criteria of tolerance, withdrawal, and experiencing difficulty quitting and HSI items time to first cigarette in the morning and number of cigarettes smoked per day may represent the most highly heritable symptoms of nicotine dependence for both women and men.
Coordination on Networks: Does Topology Matter?

Effective coordination is key to many situations that affect the well-being of two or more humans. Social coordination can be studied in coordination games between individuals located on networks of contacts. We study the behavior of humans in the laboratory when they play the Stag Hunt game – a game that has a risky but socially efficient equilibrium and an inefficient but safe equilibrium. We contrast behavior on a cliquish network to behavior on a random network. The cliquish network is highly clustered and resembles more closely to actual social networks than the random network. In contrast to simulations, we find that human players dynamics do not converge to the efficient outcome more often in the cliquish network than in the random network. Subjects do not use pure myopic best-reply as an individual update rule. Numerical simulations agree with laboratory results once we implement the actual individual updating rule that human subjects use in our laboratory experiments.
Human Anti-Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Antibodies Inhibit Growth of Human Prostate Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine, originally discovered for its eponymous effect and now known for pleiotropic biologic properties in immunology and oncology. Circulating MIF levels are elevated in several types of human cancer including prostate cancer. MIF is released presumably by both stromal and tumor cells and enhances malignant growth and metastasis by diverse mechanisms, such as stimulating tumor cell proliferation, suppressing apoptotic death, facilitating invasion of the extracellular matrix, and promoting angiogenesis. Recently described fully human anti-MIF antibodies were tested in vitro and in vivo for their ability to influence growth rate and invasion of the human PC3 prostate cancer cell line. In vitro, the selected candidate antibodies BaxG03, BaxB01, and BaxM159 reduced cell growth and viability by inhibiting MIF-induced phosphorylation of the central kinases p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase [extracellular signal–regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2)] and protein kinase B (AKT). Incubation of cells in the presence of the antibodies also promoted activation of caspase-3/7. The antibodies furthermore inhibited MIF-promoted invasion and chemotaxis as transmigration through Matrigel along a MIF gradient was impaired. In vivo, pharmacokinetic parameters (half-life, volume of distribution, and bioavailability) of the antibodies were determined and a proof-of-concept was obtained in a PC3-xenograft mouse model. Treatment with human anti-MIF antibodies blunted xenograft tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. We therefore conclude that the anti-MIF antibodies described neutralize some of the key tumor-promoting activities of MIF and thus limit tumor growth in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(7); 1223–34. ©2013 AACR.
On the design of MPLS-ASON/GMPLS interconnection mechanisms

In this paper we propose a mechanism for connecting two or more MPLS islands belonging to the same MPLS domain through one ASON/GMPLS domain. It is based on the overlay model, where client and server networks do not exchange routing information. The interconnection is firstly done at the control plane level allowing the OSPF-TE flooding mechanism to advertise the existence of a link between two MPLS islands. Then, all MPLS routers in both parts of the MPLS domain know the complete network topology. Moreover, flooding messages advertising topological changes in one MPLS island of the domain are sent to other MPLS islands through these connections. No optical resources are used in the transport plane of the ASON/GMPLS network. New LSPs can be routed end-to-end triggering, if necessary, the establishment of LSPs in the ASON/GMPLS domain.
Parallel evolution of the sexes? Effects of predation and habitat features on the size and shape of wild guppies

Environmental gradients often lead to the parallel evolution of populations and species. To what extent do such gradients also lead to parallel evolution of the sexes? We used guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to examine the parallel and independent (sex‐specific) aspects of population divergence in response to predation and habitat features. Geometric morphometrics was used to analyse size and shape variation for 1335 guppies from 27 to 31 sites sampled in each of 2 years. Body size showed strong parallel population divergence; both sexes were larger at sites with a more open canopy and with higher flow. Body shape showed a mixture of parallel and independent population divergence. The strongest and most consistent effects were (1) high‐predation sites had males with smaller heads and deeper caudal peduncles, (2) open‐canopy sites had females with smaller heads and more distended abdomens and (3) high‐flow sites had males and females with smaller heads and deeper caudal peduncles.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Host Galaxy of GRB 970508

We report on observations of the field of GRB 970508 made in 1998 early August, 454 days after outburst, with the STIS CCD camera on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The images, taken in open filter (50CCD) mode, clearly reveal the presence of a galaxy that was overwhelmed in earlier (1997 June) HST images by emission from the optical transient (OT). The galaxy is regular in shape: after correcting for the HST/STIS PSF, it is well fitted by an exponential disk with a scale length of 0. ″046 ± 0. ″006 and an ellipticity of 0.70 ± 0.07. All observations are marginally consistent with a continuous decline in OT emission as t-1.3 beginning 2 days after outburst; however, we find no direct evidence in the late-time HST image for emission from the OT, and the surface brightness profile of the galaxy is most regular if we assume that the OT emission is negligible, suggesting that the OT may have faded more rapidly at late times than is predicted by the power-law decay. Due to the wide bandwidth of the STIS clear mode, the estimated magnitude of the galaxy is dependent on the galaxy spectrum that is assumed. Using colors obtained from late-time ground-based observations to constrain the spectrum, we find V = 25.4 ± 0.15, a few tenths of a magnitude brighter than earlier ground-based estimates that were obtained by observing the total light of the galaxy and the OT and then subtracting the estimated OT brightness, assuming that it fades as a single power law. This again suggests that the OT may have faded faster at late time than the power law predicts. The position of the OT agrees with that of the isophotal center of the galaxy to 0. ″01, which, at the galaxy redshift z = 0.83, corresponds to an offset from the center of the host of ≲70 pc. This remarkable agreement raises the possibility that the gamma-ray burst may have been associated with either an active galactic nucleus or a nuclear starburst.