Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Judgements of Deontic Relevance in Reasoning: A Reply to Jackson and Griggs

Facilitation on abstract versions of the selection task can be produced by deontic content. Jackson and Griggs (1990) claimed that this finding depends on the presence of an explicit negative on the not-q card. We hypothesized that the removal of the explicit negative from this card made its deontic status ambiguous. Experiment 1 demonstrated that a not-q card presenting implicit negative is not selected, and most subjects select the only card that appears to be relevant from a deontic point of view (i.e. the p card). Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the presence of the explicit negative on the not-q card is not necessary for producing facilitation, provided that the form of this card makes it clear that the not-q individual is a potential violator. Experiment 4 showed that a high success rate can be obtained even with a not-q card presenting an implicit negative. The results are discussed in terms of the specificity of reasoning in the deontic domain.
Callous-Unemotional Traits and Their Implication for Understanding and Treating Aggressive and Violent Youths

This article reviews the current research literature on the development of aggression and callous-unemotional traits. Research suggests there are two functions to aggression, reactive and instrumental, and each has concomitant cognitive and emotional factors associated. Furthermore, callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., an absence of empathy and guilt) have been shown to be associated with the instrumental type of aggression. Research on CU traits suggests that there are distinct developmental mechanisms operating in the development of aggressive and violent behavior for youths with and without these traits. These distinct developmental mechanisms have important implications for the assessment and treatment of aggressive and violent youths.
Romantic relationships of hypercompetitive individuals

Abstract This study examined the concept of hypercompetitiveness and its relationship to various aspects of romantic experiences among university students who were part of a heterosexual couple. Participants who were more hypercompetitive reported lower levels of honest communication with the partner, greater infliction of pain on him or her, stronger feelings of possessiveness, higher levels of mistrust, stronger needs to control their partner, lower ability to take their perspective, and higher levels of conflict with him or her. In terms of their generalized attitudes toward love, hypercompetitiveness was linked positively with Mania, Ludus, and Pragma but unrelated to Storge, Agape, and Eros (Lee, 1973; 1988). Despite all of their relationship problems, relationship satisfaction and commitment were unrelated to participants' hypercompetitiveness. Discussion considered the concept of “comparison levels for alternatives” and the nature of constraints that may act on hypercompetitives to keep them in the.
N-terminal proBNP--marker of cardiac dysfunction, fluid overload, or malnutrition in hemodialysis patients?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES N-terminal probrain type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) has been proven to be a valuable biomarker for predicting cardiac events and mortality in the hemodialysis population. However recent reports have suggested that NTproBNP is a marker of volume overload rather than one of cardiac dysfunction. Therefore this study investigated the effect of fluid volume status on NTproBNP. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Volume status was determined pre- and postdialysis in 72 stable hemodialysis outpatients by multifrequency bioimpedance, and the relationship to NTproBNP values was examined. RESULTS The mean and median NTproBNP values were 931.9 +/- 230 and 242 (90 to 688) pmol/L, respectively. On simple correlation, NTproBNP was associated with markers of volume overload and cardiac dysfunction. However, on logistical regression analysis, the strongest association was with the predialysis ratio of extracellular water/total body water (beta 26.6, F29.6, P = 0.000), followed by postdialysis mean arterial blood pressure (beta 0.14, F17.1, P = 0.000), dialysate calcium concentration (beta -1.19, F14.1, P = 0.002), and change in extracellular fluid volume with dialysis (beta 0.27, F7.4, P = 0.009) CONCLUSIONS In this study, NTproBNP was not associated with cardiac dysfunction as assessed by transthoracic echo or nuclear medicine scintigraphy but was dependent on factors associated with volume overload. However, because bioimpedance results can also be affected by malnutrition with loss of cell mass, NTproBNP may be elevated not only in patients with volume overload, but also those with malnutrition.
Value Systems and Commitment to Goals as a Function of Age, Integration of Personality, and Fear of Death

The present study examined the relationship between age, integration of personality, and fear of death and two aspects of the meaning of life (content of values and degree of commitment). Three groups (young adulthood; middle adulthood; and late adulthood) of men and women from different cultural origins and various levels of education participated in the study. The subjects were requested to rank order eight types of values (understanding, relationship, service, belief, expression, obtaining, growth, and hedonism). They also responded to a questionnaire on the degree of commitment to the goal actualisation. The findings were analysed by means of analysis of variance, multiple regression, and smallest space analysis (S.S.A.). The results show that the late adulthood group differed from the other two groups in the content of meaning by shifting to a more spiritual set of values. Yet, interpersonal relationship was the most important value for all groups. Content of meaning was also related to one's level of education. The degree of commitment to goals was affected by integration of personality, age, and gender. Fear of death and cultural origin had no impact on content or commitment. The S.S. A. revealed two clear dimensions of the eight value categories: altruistic-egotistic and spiritual-materialistic.
Transplantation Tolerance through Hematopoietic Chimerism: Progress and Challenges for Clinical Translation

The perception that transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells can confer tolerance to any tissue or organ from the same donor is widely accepted but it has not yet become a treatment option in clinical routine. The reasons for this are multifaceted but can generally be classified into safety and efficacy concerns that also became evident from the results of the first clinical pilot trials. In comparison to standard immunosuppressive therapies, the infection risk associated with the cytotoxic pre-conditioning necessary to allow allogeneic bone marrow engraftment and the risk of developing graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) constitute the most prohibitive hurdles. However, several approaches have recently been developed at the experimental level to reduce or even overcome the necessity for cytoreductive conditioning, such as costimulation blockade, pro-apoptotic drugs, or Treg therapy. But even in the absence of any hazardous pretreatment, the recipients are exposed to the risk of developing GVHD as long as non-tolerant donor T cells are present. Total lymphoid irradiation and enriching the stem cell graft with facilitating cells emerged as potential strategies to reduce this peril. On the other hand, the long-lasting survival of kidney allografts, seen with transient chimerism in some clinical series, questions the need for durable chimerism for robust tolerance. From a safety point of view, loss of chimerism would indeed be favorable as it eliminates the risk of GVHD, but also complicates the assessment of tolerance. Therefore, other biomarkers are warranted to monitor tolerance and to identify those patients who can safely be weaned off immunosuppression. In addition to these safety concerns, the limited efficacy of the current pilot trials with approximately 40–60% patients becoming tolerant remains an important issue that needs to be resolved. Overall, the road ahead to clinical routine may still be rocky but the first successful long-term patients and progress in pre-clinical research provide encouraging evidence that deliberately inducing tolerance through hematopoietic chimerism might eventually make it from dream to reality.
HR policies and practices in vocational education and training institutions: understanding the implementation gap through the lens of discourses

Vocational education and training (VET) institutions face serious challenges, like educational innovations and upcoming teacher shortages, which require them to invest in their human capital. However, the implementation of human resources (HR) policies and practices often stagnates. Using the Dutch VET sector as an exemplary case, we show that the implementation gap can be understood by employing a discourse perspective. The distinction between a control vs. a commitment approach to HR served as a lens through which we analysed how actors at state and school level perceived the goals, necessity and features of HR policy. The results reveal no contradictions between actors concerning the goal of HR. Contradictions are, however, found related to the way in which HR should be shaped and implemented. Teachers and managers think governments’ view about HR is too much control oriented and that commitment strategies have to be added for HR to be effective.
Predicting Group Outcomes from Brief Exposures

Research on thin slice judgment, or people's ability to make accurate judgments about a target based on very brief exposure, has largely focused on the detection of individual-level traits. The present studies extend this work to group-level characteristics, such as teamwork and cohesiveness, and demonstrate that these inferences can predict behavioral performance outcomes. In Study 1, judgments based on 10-s performance videos of rock bands predicted view-counts of the full performance videos posted on the Internet. In Study 2, judgments of Ultimate Frisbee teams based on 10-s warm-up videos predicted the teams' winning percentages. In Study 3, thin slice judgments based on pictures of boards of directors predicted the companies' success. The authors conclude that judgments of emergent group-level characteristics based on very brief exposures can predict important real-world outcomes.
Is Age an Independent Factor for Prostate Cancer? A Paired Analysis

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasia among men worldwide. Several prognostic factors, including Gleason's score, the measurement of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the evaluation of the percentage of fragments affected by cancer on prostate biopsy, have already been established. Age alone, however, has yet to be studied as a prognostic factor independently from other known factors. The aim of the present study was to compare the characteristics and the evolution of prostate cancer in different age groups using a paired analysis for patients with equivalent known prognostic factors. In addition, we aimed to determine the true impact of age on the prognosis of prostate cancer. Material and Methods: The data from 2,283 patients subjected to radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1998 and 2009 were reviewed. The patients were divided into three age groups: < 55 years old, between 56 and 65 and > 65 years old. Each patient was matched to another patient in the other groups who had the same PSA range (< 4.0, between 4.0 and 10.0 and > 10), Gleason score on the surgical specimen and prognostic range of positive fragments in the prostate biopsy (< 33%, between 34 and 50% and > 50%). After pairing, each group consisted of 215 patients, who were compared using the biochemical recurrence of the disease (PSA > 0.2), the interval for biochemical relapse, extra-capsular invasion and invasion of the seminal vesicles or the lymph nodes. RESULTS. No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding the frequency of relapses, interval of relapse, extra-capsular invasion and invasion of the seminal vesicles or lymph nodes. Discussion: None of the studied factors were affected by the age of the patients. Therefore, patients of different ages had tumors with similar characteristics and behaviors. Conclusion: When assessed separately, without the effects of the main prognostic factors, age does not appear to be an independent prognostic factor for prostate cancer.
Production and purification of human Hsp90β in Escherichia coli

The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is an essential member of the cellular proteostasis system. It plays an important role in the stabilisation and activation of a large number of client proteins and is involved in fatal disease processes e.g. Alzheimer disease, cancer and cystic fibrosis. This makes Hsp90 a crucial protein to study. Mechanistic studies require large amounts of protein but the production and purification of recombinant human Hsp90 in E. coli is challenging and laborious. Here we identified conditions that influence Hsp90 production and optimised a fast and efficient purification protocol. We found that the nutrient value of the culturing medium and the length of induction had significant effect on Hsp90 production in Escherichia coli. Our fast, single-day purification protocol resulted in a stable, well-folded and pure sample that was resistant to degradation in a reproducible manner. We anticipate that our results provide a useful tool to produce higher amount of pure, well-folded and stable recombinant human Hsp90β in Escherichia coli in an efficient way.
Effect of level and downhill running on breathing efficiency

Ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide are physiological measures of breathing efficiency, and are known to be affected by the intensity and mode of exercise. We examined the effect of level running (gradient 0%) and muscle-damaging downhill running (−12%), matched for oxygen uptake, on the ventilatory equivalents for oxygen () and carbon dioxide (). Nine men (27 ± 9 years, 179 ± 7 cm, 75 ± 12 kg, : 52.0 ± 7.7 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed two 40-min running bouts (5 × 8-min with 2-min inter-bout rest), one level and one downhill. Running intensity was matched at 60% of maximal metabolic equivalent. Maximal isometric force of m.quadriceps femoris was measured before and after the running bouts. Data was analyzed with 2-way ANOVA or paired samples t-tests. Running speed (downhill: 13.5 ± 3.2, level: 9.6 ± 2.2 km·h−1) and isometric force deficits (downhill: 17.2 ± 7.6%, level: 2.0 ± 6.9%) were higher for downhill running. Running bouts for level and downhill gradients had , heart rates and respiratory exchange ratio values that were not different indicating matched intensity and metabolic demands. During downhill running, the , (downhill: 29.7 ± 3.3, level: 27.2 ± 1.6) and (downhill: 33.3 ± 2.7, level: 30.4 ± 1.9) were 7.1% and 8.3% higher (p < 0.05) than level running. In conclusion, breathing efficiency appears lower during downhill running (i.e., muscle-damaging exercise) compared to level running at a similar moderate intensity.
The Nondeterministic Waiting Time Algorithm: A Review

We present briefly the Nondeterministic Waiting Time algorithm. Our technique for the simulation of biochemical reaction networks has the ability to mimic the Gillespie Algorithm for some networks and solutions to ordinary differential equations for other networks, depending on the rules of the system, the kinetic rates and numbers of molecules. We provide a full description of the algorithm as well as specifics on its implementation. Some results for two well-known models are reported. We have used the algorithm to explore Fas-mediated apoptosis models in cancerous and HIV-1 infected T cells.
Paternal occupation and retinoblastoma: a case–control study based on data for Great Britain 1962–1999

Objectives: To examine the association between paternal occupational exposures and retinoblastoma using birth registration data for cases from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT) and controls from the general population of Great Britain. Methods: A case–control study of paternal occupational data for 1318 cases of retinoblastoma, born and diagnosed in Great Britain between 1962 and 1999, and 1318 controls matched on sex, date of birth and birth registration sub-district. Paternal occupations at birth were grouped according to inferred exposure using an occupational exposure classification scheme. A conditional (matched) case–control analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for each paternal occupational exposure group. Results: For non-heritable retinoblastoma, a statistically significant increased risk was found with father’s definite occupational exposure to oil mists in metal working (OR = 1.85 (95% CI 1.05 to 3.36)). Together with a (non-significant) risk (OR = 1.64 (0.73 to 3.83)) amongst the heritable cases, this occupational exposure was also associated with a significant increased risk when all retinoblastoma cases were considered together (OR = 1.77 (1.12 to 2.85)). No statistically significant associations were observed for other exposure groups. Conclusions: Our finding for exposure to oil mists in metal working (a subset of metal workers) is not directly comparable to those for metal working previously reported in the literature. Overall, our findings do not support the hypothesis that paternal occupational exposure is an important aetiological factor for retinoblastoma, however, the study has low power and other methodological limitations.
GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES

It is widely believed that gender role attitudes are more traditional in the southern United States than elsewhere in the nation. We examine this notion, using eight gender-related questions from the NORC General Social Survey data. Responses to these questions suggest that Southerners tend to hold more conservative opinions on questions about women in politics and employed women. On questions of whether employed women can be good mothers, however, Southern and non-Southern opinions are very similar. An examination of how Southerners and non-Southerners answered the gender questions over time shows that attitudes in both regions have become more egalitarian.
Human and animal cognition: Continuity and discontinuity

Microscopic study of the human brain has revealed neural structures, enhanced wiring, and forms of connectivity among nerve cells not found in any animal, challenging the view that the human brain is simply an enlarged chimpanzee brain. On the other hand, cognitive studies have found animals to have abilities once thought unique to the human. This suggests a disparity between brain and mind. The suggestion is misleading. Cognitive research has not kept pace with neural research. Neural findings are based on microscopic study of the brain and are primarily cellular. Because cognition cannot be studied microscopically, we need to refine the study of cognition by using a different approach. In examining claims of similarity between animals and humans, one must ask: What are the dissimilarities? This approach prevents confusing similarity with equivalence. We follow this approach in examining eight cognitive cases—teaching, short-term memory, causal reasoning, planning, deception, transitive inference, theory of mind, and language—and find, in all cases, that similarities between animal and human abilities are small, dissimilarities large. There is no disparity between brain and mind.
Alteration of bacterial surface electrostatic potential and pH upon adhesion to a solid surface and impacts to cellular bioenergetics

In our previous study [Hong Y, Brown DG (2009) Appl Environ Microbiol 75(8):2346–2353], the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level of adhered bacteria was observed to be 2–5 times higher than that of planktonic bacteria. Consequently, the proton motive force (Δp) of adhered bacteria was approximately 15% greater than that of planktonic bacteria. It was hypothesized that the cell surface pH changes upon adhesion due to the charge‐regulated nature of the bacterial cell surface and that this change in surface pH can propagate to the cytoplasmic membrane and alter Δp. In the current study, we developed and applied a charge regulation model to bacterial adhesion and demonstrated that the charge nature of the adhering surface can have a significant effect on the cell surface pH and ultimately the affect the ATP levels of adhered bacteria. The results indicated that the negatively charged glass surface can result in a two‐unit drop in cell surface pH, whereas adhesion to a positively charged amine surface can result in a two‐unit rise in pH. The working hypothesis indicates that the negatively charged surface should enhance Δp and increase cellular ATP, while the positively charged surface should decrease Δp and decrease ATP, and these results of the hypothesis are directly supported by prior experimental results with both negatively and positively charged surfaces. Overall, these results suggest that the nature of charge on the solid surface can have an impact on the proton motive force and cellular ATP levels. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 965–972. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clock‐drawing and dementia in the community: A longitudinal study

The clock ‐drawing test was used in a longitudinal study of 183 dementing individuals and their caregivers. Clock‐drawing performance was measured by a simple standardized score which correlated significantly with other measures of cognitive function. Clock performance showed high individual consistency of performance as well as a significant deterioration from the initial level of performance to that obtained at 1‐year follow‐up. Dementing individuals who had experienced a significantly greater decline in clock‐drawing performance at 1‐year follow‐up were more likely to have caregivers who had already decided to institutionalize them. This suggests that the caregiver's decision to institutionalize was based in part on the perception of a rapid decline in their dependant's cognitive function. Thus, rate of change in cognitive function may prove to be as important a variable as the level of deterioration. The clock‐drwing test appears to be a useful adjunct in the assessment and monitoring of the progressive dementias in the community.
Exponential Triples

Using ultraﬁlter techniques we show that in any partition of N into 2 cells there is one cell containing inﬁnitely many exponential triples, i.e. triples of the kind a, b, a b (with a, b > 1). Also, we will show that any multiplicative IP ∗ set is an “exponential IP set”, the analogue of an IP set with respect to exponentiation.
Nearly Optimal Classification for Semimetrics

We initiate the rigorous study of classification in semimetric spaces, which are point sets with a distance function that is non-negative and symmetric, but need not satisfy the triangle inequality. For metric spaces, the doubling dimension essentially characterizes both the runtime and sample complexity of classification algorithms --- yet we show that this is not the case for semimetrics. Instead, we define the {\em density dimension} and discover that it plays a central role in the statistical and algorithmic feasibility of learning in semimetric spaces. We present nearly optimal sample compression algorithms and use these to obtain generalization guarantees, including fast rates. The latter hold for general sample compression schemes and may be of independent interest.