Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection and Localization of Multiple Spoofing Attackers in Wireless Networks

Wireless spoofing attacks are easy to launch and can significantly impact the performance of networks. Although the identity of a node can be verified through cryptographic authentication, conventional security approaches are not always desirable because of their overhead requirements. In this paper, we propose to use spatial information, a physical property associated with each node, hard to falsify, and not reliant on cryptography, as the basis for 1) detecting spoofing attacks; 2) determining the number of attackers when multiple adversaries masquerading as the same node identity; and 3) localizing multiple adversaries. We propose to use the spatial correlation of received signal strength (RSS) inherited from wireless nodes to detect the spoofing attacks. We then formulate the problem of determining the number of attackers as a multiclass detection problem. Cluster-based mechanisms are developed to determine the number of attackers. When the training data are available, we explore using the Support Vector Machines (SVM) method to further improve the accuracy of determining the number of attackers. In addition, we developed an integrated detection and localization system that can localize the positions of multiple attackers. We evaluated our techniques through two testbeds using both an 802.11 (WiFi) network and an 802.15. 4 (ZigBee) network in two real office buildings. Our experimental results show that our proposed methods can achieve over 90 percent Hit Rate and Precision when determining the number of attackers. Our localization results using a representative set of algorithms provide strong evidence of high accuracy of localizing multiple adversaries.
Complexity Dichotomies for Unweighted Scoring Rules

Scoring systems are an extremely important class of election systems. We study the complexity of manipulation, constructive control by deleting voters (CCDV), and bribery for scoring systems. For manipulation, we show that for all scoring rules with a constant number of different coefficients, manipulation is in P. And we conjecture that there is no dichotomy theorem. On the other hand, we obtain dichotomy theorems for CCDV and bribery problem. More precisely, we show that both of these problems are easy for 1-approval, 2-approval, 1-veto, 2-veto, 3-veto, generalized 2-veto, and (2,1,.,1,0), and hard in all other cases. These results are the "dual" of the dichotomy theorem for the constructive control by adding voters (CCAV) problem from (Hemaspaandra, Hemaspaandra, Schnoor, AAAI 2014), but do not at all follow from that result. In particular, proving hardness for CCDV is harder than for CCAV since we do not have control over what the controller can delete, and proving easiness for bribery tends to be harder than for control, since bribery can be viewed as control followed by manipulation.
Simulating and improving microelectronic device reliability by scaling voltage and temperature

The purpose of this work is to explore how device operation parameters such as switching speed and power dissipation scale with voltage and temperature. We simulated a CMOS ring oscillator under different stress conditions to determine the accurate scaling relations of these operating parameters. Reduced voltage, frequency and temperature applied to a device will reduce its internal stresses, leading to an improvement of device reliability. Since all these variations for a single device are proportional, the ratios can be applied to a full circuit and help to simplify the derating model and formulate practical design guidelines for system developers to derate devices for long life applications.
The pharmacological management of depression

Depressive disorders are common, recurrent, and chronic, and require treatment A review of the symptom picture and current drug targets demonstrates the need for accument of depression severity, including suicidaliltial focus of treatment is rapid resolution of: during an acute phase, followed by continuation. Maintenance treatment is indicated if the risk of recurrence is high. The range of available medications is considerable and the benefit/risk ratio is acceptable. Depression is diagnosable across the life span and treatable at every age (although recent disagreement has arisen with regard to young patients). Comorbidity, both psychiatric and medical, need to be assessed, as does the possible presence of two subtypes of depression (psychotic and bipolar) often requiring different interventions. It is expected that the next generation of antidepressants would be associated with more specific disease and outcome biomarkers.
Factors influencing the contribution of ion-induced nucleation in a boreal forest, Finland

Abstract. We present the longest series of measurements so far (2 years and 7 months) made with an Ion-DMPS at the SMEAR II measurement station in Hyytiala, Southern Finland. We show that the classification into overcharged (implying some participation of ion-induced nucleation) and undercharged (implying no or very little participation of ion-induced nucleation) days, based on Ion-DMPS measurements, agrees with the fraction of ion-induced nucleation based on NAIS measurements. Those classes are based on the ratio of ambient charged particle to steady-state charged particle concentration, known as the charging state. We analyzed the influence of different parameters on the contribution of ion-induced nucleation to the total particle formation rate. We found that the fraction of ion-induced nucleation is typically higher on warmer, drier and sunnier days compared to colder days with less solar radiation and a higher relative humidity. Also, we observed that bigger concentrations of new particles were produced on days with a smaller fraction of ion-induced nucleation. Moreover, sulfuric acid saturation ratios were smaller for days with a bigger fraction of ion-induced nucleation. Finally, we propose explanations on how these different parameters could influence neutral and ion-induced nucleation, and show that the different mechanisms seem to take place at the same time during an event. For example, we propose that these observed differences could be due to high temperature and low vapors' saturation ratios (water and sulfuric acid) increasing the height of the energy barrier a particle has to reach before it can grow and thus limiting neutral nucleation.
Influence of screw insertion order on compression generated by bone plates in a fracture model

Summary Present recommendations regarding order of screw insertion for compression plate osteo-synthesis in veterinary training are variable. We hypothesized that placement of a neutrally positioned screw would reduce the magnitude of compression that could be generated by a subsequently placed compression screw. Canine tibial diaphyseal segments were fixed to a plate attached to a bone surrogate and load cell, and the compression generated by screw tightening was measured. Three different screw insertion order patterns were evaluated using both dynamic compression plate (DCP) and limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) implants. In group CN, the first screw was placed in compression mode and the second in neutral mode in group NC, the first screw was placed in neutral mode and the second in compression mode in group LNC, the first screw was placed partially tightened in neutral mode and the second in compression mode followed by complete tightening of the neutral screw. Screw insertion order significantly influenced the amount of compression generated with both groups CN and LNC demonstrating significantly greater compression generation when compared with group NC (p <0.0001). Compression generated by group CN constructs was also significantly greater than group LNC (p = 0.0013). Evaluation of group CN data to assess the influence of plate and drill guide combinations on compressive force generated did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference. To maximize compression using a load screw in a bone plate, following securement of the opposite bone fragment to the plate, it should be placed before a neutral screw is placed.
Quantification of holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet optical tip degradation.

INTRODUCTION Optical laser fibers are utilized to transmit energy to the surface of a stone during holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy. During lithotripsy, fiber tip degradation (burn back) can occur. Fiber burn back may diminish fragmentation efficiency, increase operative time, and increase cost because of fiber replacement. We hypothesize that fiber tip degradation (burn back) varies among different commercially available Ho:YAG laser fibers. METHODS Fibers of varying core diameter sizes for Ho:YAG lithotripsy were evaluated from different manufacturers. Fibers were cleaved, stripped, polished, and inspected for tip uniformity. Fibers were initially tested without contact followed by contact testing using artificial Bego stones. Pre- and postcontact energy outputs were measured by energy detector. Distal tip degradation (burn back) was measured by digital micrometer. Testing was performed on two Ho:YAG lasers (Lumenis VersaPulse 100W and Dornier Medilas H20). All fibers were tested while submerged in water. RESULTS No burn back was observed in any fiber tested in still water (without contact). Before and after lithotripsy, a trend existed with fibers demonstrating high burn back and high preablation energy outputs. The majority of these fibers were <300 microm diameter. Conversely, fibers with low burn back showed low preablation energy outputs and were >300 microm diameter. CONCLUSION Fiber burn back and energy transmission varied among the fibers tested. Burn back only occurred during lithotripsy. Burn back may be reduced by fiber selection or using low pulse energy. Fiber burn back may affect the efficiency of fragmentation and contribute to decreased longevity of the fiber.
Rapid prototyping with sloping surfaces

TruSurf is a new system for building solid objects from layers with sloping surfaces that closely match the designed surface shape. The advantages of using sloping surfaces over stepped edges are improved surface finish, and decreased build time through the use of thicker layers. TruSurf uses B‐spline surfaces to describe the part, and calculate the sloped path of the layer cutting medium. Describes operation of the system in detail and presents results from the production of some test parts. Discusses some ways for improving accuracy, including using principal directions of minimum surface curvature, and using a curved cutting medium to produce layers.
ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score) Assessment of the Perfusion–Diffusion Mismatch

Background and Purpose— Rapid and reliable assessment of the perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI)/diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) mismatch is required to promote its wider application in both acute stroke clinical routine and trials. We tested whether an evaluation based on the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) reliably identifies the PWI/DWI mismatch. Methods— A total of 232 consecutive patients with acute middle cerebral artery stroke who underwent pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (PWI and DWI) were retrospectively evaluated. PWI-ASPECTS and DWI-ASPECTS were determined blind from manually segmented PWI and DWI volumes. Mismatch-ASPECTS was defined as the difference between PWI-ASPECTS and DWI-ASPECTS (a high score indicates a large mismatch). We determined the mismatch-ASPECTS cutoff that best identified the volumetric mismatch, defined as VolumeTmax>6s/VolumeDWI≥1.8, a volume difference≥15 mL, and a VolumeDWI<70 mL. Results— Inter-reader agreement was almost perfect for PWI-ASPECTS (&kgr;=0.95 [95% confidence interval, 0.90–1]), and DWI-ASPECTS (&kgr;=0.96 [95% confidence interval, 0.91–1]). There were strong negative correlations between volumetric and ASPECTS-based assessments of DWI lesions (&rgr;=−0.84, P<0.01) and PWI lesions (&rgr;=-0.90, P<0.01). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that a mismatch-ASPECTS ≥2 best identified a volumetric mismatch, with a sensitivity of 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.98) and a specificity of 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.89). Conclusions— The mismatch-ASPECTS method can detect a true mismatch in patients with acute middle cerebral artery stroke. It could be used for rapid screening of patients with eligible mismatch, in centers not equipped with ultrafast postprocessing software.
Genetic changes of p53, K-ras, and microsatellite instability in gallbladder carcinoma in high-incidence areas of Japan and Hungary.

AIM To disclose geographic differences in genetic changes involved in gallbladder carcinogenesis between two distinct high-incidence areas of Japan and Hungary. METHODS We examined 42 cases of gallbladder carcinoma: 22 Japanese and 20 Hungarian cases. p53 mutations at exons 5 to 8 and K-ras mutations at codon 12 were tested by direct sequencing. Microsatellite instability was determined from fluorescent dye-labeled PCR amplifications of five-microsatellite markers (BAT-25, BAT-26, D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250). RESULTS Mutations of p53 were detected in 11 of 22 Japanese cases and 6 of 18 Hungarian cases (11/22 vs 6/18, P = 0.348). Transition at CpG sites was found in none of 11 Japanese cases and 2 of 6 Hungarian cases; the difference was marginally significant (0/11 vs 2/6, P = 0.110). K-ras mutations were detected in only one of the Hungarian cases. Eight of 19 (42.1%) Japanese cases were MSI-high (presence of novel peaks in more than one of the five loci analyzed), whereas only 1 of 15 (6.7%) Hungarian cases was MSI-high (P = 0.047). CONCLUSION It appears that the p53 mutations and MSI differ in patients with gallbladder carcinoma between two distinct high-incidence areas. Geographic variation might exist in the process of gallbladder carcinogenesis.
Weaker connection between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Indian summer rainfall since the mid-1990s

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) can play an important role in modulating the variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) over a 50–60-yr timescale. A significant positive correlation between the AMO and ISMR is found both in observations and models. However, instrumental records show that the relationship becomes non-significant or even of opposite sign after the mid-1990s, suggesting a weakening of the AMO–ISMR connection. The mechanism for the breakdown of the AMO–ISMR connection is investigated in the present work, and the results suggest that a substantial warming in the Indian–tropical western Pacific Ocean plays a role. The warming weakens the meridional gradient of tropospheric temperature between Eurasia and the Indian Ocean, and reduces the meridional sea level pressure gradient between the Indian Subcontinent and Indian Ocean, weakening the Indian summer monsoon. Thus, warming in the Indian–tropical western Pacific Ocean seems responsible for the weakened connection between the AMO and ISM.
Posaconazole in the management of refractory invasive fungal infections

The rising incidence of invasive fungal infections due to the expanding population of immunocompromised hosts and the increasing prevalence of fungal resistance has led to the need for novel antifungal agents. Posaconazole, a new member of the triazole class has demonstrated in vitro activity against a broad spectrum of fungi and clinical activity against various fungal pathogens, including Aspergillus spp. , Candida spp. , zygomycetes, and Fusarium spp. To date, posaconazole has been approved for prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in stem cell transplant recipients with acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and neutropenic patients receiving intensive induction chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodys-plastic syndrome. In addition, it has been licensed for use in oropharyngeal candidiasis and for salvage therapy in invasive aspergillosis, fusariosis, coccidioidomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and mycetoma. Posaconazole is the only azole with activity against zygomycetes and other difficult-to-treat fungi, representing a potential treatment option for refractory invasive mycosis. This article reviews available preclinical and clinical data of posaconazole, focusing on its role in the teatment of refractory invasive fungal infections.
Assessment of the bacterial diversity of breast milk of healthy women by quantitative real‐time PCR

Aims: Breast milk has been described as a source of bacteria influencing the development of the infant gut microbiota. Up to the present, few studies have been focused on the application of culture‐independent techniques to study bacterial diversity in breast milk. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the breast milk microbiota of healthy women by applying the quantitative real‐time PCR technique (qRTi‐PCR).
Corneal biomechanical properties at different corneal cross-linking (CXL) irradiances.

PURPOSE New corneal cross-linking (CXL) devices are capable of using higher UV-A light irradiances than used in original CXL protocols. The Bunsen-Roscoe law states that a photochemical reaction should stay constant if the delivered total energy is kept constant; however, little clinical data are available to support this hypothesis. METHODS We investigated the biomechanical properties of four groups (n = 50 each) of porcine corneas. Three groups were exposed to riboflavin 0.1 % and UV-A irradiation of equal total energy (3 mW/cm(2) for 30 minutes, 9 mW/cm(2) for 10 minutes, and 18 mW/cm(2) for 5 minutes). Controls were exposed to riboflavin 0.1% without irradiation. Young's modulus of 5-mm wide corneal strips was used as an indicator of corneal stiffness. RESULTS We observed a decreased stiffening effect with increasing UV-A intensity. Young's modulus at 10% strain showed significant differences between 3 mW/cm(2) and 9 mW/cm(2) (P = 0.002), 3 mW/cm(2) and 18 mW/cm(2) (P = 0.0002), 3 mW/cm(2) and the control group (P < 0.0001), and 9 mW/cm(2) and the control group (P = 0.015). There was no difference between 18 mW/cm(2) and the control group (P = 0.064) and between 9 mW/cm(2) and 18 mW/cm(2) (P = 0.503). CONCLUSIONS The biomechanical effect of CXL decreased significantly when using high irradiance/short irradiation time settings. Intrastromal oxygen diffusion capacity and increased oxygen consumption associated with higher irradiances may be a limiting factor leading to reduced treatment efficiency. Our results regarding the efficiency of high-irradiance collagen cross-linking (CXL) raise concerns about the clinical efficiency of the new high-irradiance CXL devices already used in clinical practice without proper validation.
Role of protected areas in conservation of shrub biodiversity in Kashmir Himalaya

The present investigation entitled “Role of protected areas in conservation of shrub biodiversity in Kashmir Himalaya” was carried out during the year 2014-15 & 2015-16, in two protected areas viz., Dachigam National Park (DNP) and Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary (OAWS) along with their adjoining unprotected areas in Srinagar and Anantnag districts of Kashmir valley respectively. Each protected and unprotected area were divided was into north and south aspects. Each aspect was then further sub divided into three different altitudinal ranges viz. A1 (1600-2100m), A2 (2100-2600m) and A3 (2600-3100m) covering different forests of protected as well as unprotected areas. Random sample plots of size 5x5m were laid in each altitudinal range on different aspects of protected and unprotected areas to study the structural and functional parameters of shrubs. One time sampling was done to assess the shrub phytosociology. The results revealed that density (tillers/m), basal area (cm/m) and frequency (%) shrub vegetation in each protected and unprotected areas was maximum at middle altitude and south aspect exhibited the highest values among different altitudinal ranges and aspects, respectively. A total of (17) shrub species were recorded during the entire study period. Among the shrubs, Berberis aristata, Daphne mucronata, Gualtheris tricophyla, Parroptios jacquemontii and Rosa webbiana were recorded with maximum findings (8), followed by Berberis lyceum and Cotoneaster acuminatus (5) sites. Lonicera quinquelocularis was the least recorded shrub specie with only one representation across the 12 forest sites of protected and unprotected areas of Dachigam National Park and Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary.
Cardiac Overexpression of the Norepinephrine Transporter Uptake-1 Results in Marked Improvement of Heart Failure

A hyperadrenergic state is one of the key features of human and experimental heart failure. Decreased densities and activities of the presynaptic neuronal norepinephrine (NE) transporter uptake-1 occur both in patients and animal models. It is currently unclear to what extent the reduction of uptake-1 contributes to the deterioration of heart failure. Therefore, we investigated the effects of myocardial overexpression of uptake-1 in both nonfailing rabbit hearts and in an animal model of heart failure. Heart failure was induced in rabbits by rapid ventricular pacing. Adenoviral gene transfer was used to overexpress uptake-1 in the myocardium. Uptake-1 overexpression led to increased NE uptake capacity into the myocardium. In contrast, systemic plasma NE levels in uptake-1-overexpressing failing rabbits (uptake-1–CHF) did not differ from controls. Downregulation of SERCA-2 and &bgr;-adrenergic receptors in the failing myocardium was significantly reversed after uptake-1 overexpression. Uptake-1 overexpression significantly improved left ventricular (LV) diameters (LV end-diastolic diameter: in GCP-overexpressing failing rabbits (GFP-CHF), 17.4±0.4 mm; in uptake-1–CHF rabbits, 15.6±0.6 mm) and systolic contractility (fractional shortening: GFP-CHF, 20.7±0.6%; uptake-1–CHF, 27.3±0.7%), as assessed by echocardiography at the end of the heart failure protocol. Intraventricular tip catheter measurements revealed enhanced contractile reserve (dP/dt max with isoproterenol 1.0 &mgr;g/kg: GFP-CHF, 6964±230 mm Hg/sec; uptake-1–CHF, 7660±315 mm Hg/sec) and LV relaxation (dP/dt min with isoproterenol 1.0 &mgr;g/kg: GFP-CHF: −3960±260 mm Hg/sec; uptake-1–CHF, −4910±490 mm Hg/sec). End-diastolic filling pressures (GFP-CHF, 8.5±1.2 mm Hg; uptake-1–CHF, 5.6±0.7 mm Hg) tended to be lower in uptake-1 overexpressing animals. In summary, local overexpression of uptake-1 in the myocardium results in marked structural and functional improvement of heart failure, thus underlining the importance of uptake-1 as a key protein in heart failure.
A 0.0025mm2 bandgap voltage reference for 1.1V supply in standard 0.16μm CMOS

Todays ICs usually employ one bandgap voltage reference (BGVR) circuit to generate a well defined voltage that is reused at many places in that IC. The classical BGVR generates a reference voltage that is slightly larger than the material bandgap: a little above 1200mV in silicon. For deep-sub-micron technologies the supply voltage is about the same as the material bandgap which prevents using the classical bandgap structure. As a solution a number of BGVR topologies that create a sub-1V are invented; most of them are based on the structure introduced by Banba [1], some are using resistive voltage division [2] or voltage averaging [3]. For low-power operation high-ohmic resistors (occupying a large area! ) must be used in all these techniques, leading to an immediate trade-off between power consumption and chip-area. This trade-off prevents the local generation of reference voltages where they are required: either the power penalty or the area penalty would be too significant. Alternative topologies that do not require high-ohmic resistors typically are not-BGVR-based circuits relying on threshold voltages and hence require trimming to achieve low spread.