Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability of the Grading of High-School Work in English

I. Problem and method of investigation. -The reliability of the school's estimate of the accomplishment and progress of pupils is of large practical importance. For, after all, the marks or grades attached to a pupil's work are the tangible measure of the result of his attainments, and constitute the chief basis for the determination of essential administrative problems of the school, such as transfer, promotion, retardation, elimination, and admission to higher institutions; to say nothing of the problem of the influence of these marks or grades upon the moral attitude of the pupil toward the school, education, and even life. The recent studies of grades have emphatically directed our attention to the wide variation and the utter absence of standards in the assignment of values. Dearborn pointed out in his investigation' the large inequalities in the standards of grading employed by different teachers. Of two instructors in the same department one gave 43 per cent of his students the grade of "excellent" and to none the grade of "failure," whereas the other gave to none of his students the grade of "excellent" and to 14 per cent the grade of "failure. " The wide difference in this instance is no doubt due in part to a difference in the students and in the nature of the work, but largely to a difference in the standards of marking. In order to determine precisely the personal equation in evaluating the work of pupils, it is necessary to eliminate all other causes of variation. The mere comparison of marks assigned by different teachers to their classes will not reveal this personal factor stripped of the other variable elements, such as difference in amount and kind of work covered by the class, emphasis upon different topics,
Statins and stroke prevention

Over the past decade, statins have been proved to significantly decrease coronary events in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Recent clinical trials have indicated that statins significantly reduce stroke risk in patients with vascular disease. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of statins in combination with other preventive strategies, involving 165,792 individuals, showed that each 1-mmol/l (39 mg/dl) decrease in LDL-cholesterol equates to a reduction in relative risk for stroke of 21.1 (95% CI: 6.3–33.5; p = 0.009). It is not known whether these findings might be due to the cholesterol-reduction effect of statins or to the pleiotropic effects of statins, such as improved endothelial function, decreased platelet aggregability and reduced vascular inflammation. In the secondary prevention of stroke, The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction of Cholesterol Levels study found that treatment with atorvastatin reduced the risk of recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with recent stroke or transient ischemic attack but no history of heart disease.
Longitudinal Changes in Memory Performance and Processing Speed in Old Age abstract Keywords

abstract The speed theory of cognitive aging posits that an age-related slowing of processing speed leads to impairments in higher order cognitive functions, such as memory. However, only few studies have examined the relationship between longitudinal changes in processing speed and longitudinal changes in memory performance. In the present study, data of 474 older adults (T1: 59–65 years) from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on Adult Development (ILSE) were used to investigate whether changes in speed and in memory were associated over a 4-year period. Performance changes in both constructs were analyzed using latent change factor models. Results show that latent changes in processing speed and latent changes in memory performance correlated with 0.61. This association is considerably lower than what would have been expected from cross-sectional data. Our longitudinal results suggest that although speed changes explain a substantial proportion of variance in memory changes, additional explanatory factors must be taken into consideration.
A Critical Examination of the Curriculum of Physical Education Teacher Education Doctoral Programs

Concerns have been raised in the Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) doctoral education literature regarding: (a) the narrowness of research preparation, (b) the emphasis on disciplinary silos, (c) the lack of competitiveness and innovation within and beyond academia, and (d) the role of graduate assistants. These concerns mirror those in the professoriate at large regarding doctoral education. There is, however, little research that has examined these issues in our field. In this paper we report on the content studied in the core curriculum of doctoral programs, admission requirements, number of full and part time students, number of faculty serving these students, funding supporting students, and type and scope of research classes. Data were collected from websites as well as other public domain sources and open-ended interviews with faculty members in each program. We discuss the findings and implications for PETE.
Developmental Changes in the Consideration of Sample Diversity in Inductive Reasoning

Determining whether a sample provides a good basis for broader generalizations is a basic challenge of inductive reasoning. Adults apply a diversity-based strategy to this challenge, expecting diverse samples to be a better basis for generalization than homogeneous samples. For example, adults expect that a property shared by two diverse mammals (e.g., a lion and a mouse) is more likely to be shared by all mammals than a property that is shared by two more similar mammals (e.g., a lion and a tiger). Across four studies, we document a developmental progression in children's understanding that diverse samples provide a strong basis for generalizations, such that young children (grade 1) consistently failed to consider sample diversity within their inductive reasoning, but older children (grade 5) preferred to create diverse samples on which to base inferences about basic-level categories. These results suggest that recognizing the value of a diverse sample for inductive reasoning emerges slowly across the elementary school years. This research was supported by NICHD grant HD-36043 to the second author. The first and third authors were supported by funding from the Michigan Prevention Research Training Grant (NIH grant number T32 MH63057-03).
Toward Extremely Scalable Nonlinear Domain Decomposition Methods for Elliptic Partial Differential Equations

The solution of nonlinear problems, e.g., in material science, requires fast and highly scalable parallel solvers. Finite element tearing and interconnecting dual primal (FETI-DP) domain decomposition methods are parallel solution methods for implicit problems discretized by finite elements. Recently, nonlinear versions of the well-known FETI-DP methods for linear problems have been introduced. In these methods, the nonlinear problem is decomposed before linearization. This approach can be viewed as a strategy to further localize computational work and to extend the parallel scalability of FETI-DP methods toward extreme-scale supercomputers. Here, a recent nonlinear FETI-DP method is combined with an approach that allows an inexact solution of the FETI-DP coarse problem. We combine the nonlinear FETI-DP domain decomposition method with an algebraic multigrid (AMG) method and thus obtain a hybrid nonlinear domain decomposition/multigrid method. We consider scalar nonlinear problems as well as nonlinear hyp.
Cytologic features of lipid‐rich variant of pancreatic endocrine tumor—Report of two cases with literature review

Pancreatic endocrine tumor (PET) is an uncommon neoplasm of the pancreas with distinct cytomorphologic features. Lipid‐rich PET, a rare variant, histologically deviates from that of a conventional PET. There is only one case report of the cytologic features of this rare entity in the literature. We report two cases of lipid‐rich PETs diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided FNA biopsy. Case 1 showed large aggregates, small clusters, and single cells with plasmacytoid appearance, small uniform nuclei, coarse chromatin, and prominent nucleoli. Abundant distinct small cytoplasmic vacuoles were present in almost all tumor cells and the background was clean. Case 2 showed flat cohesive sheets of medium‐sized uniform cells with indistinct plasmacytoid appearance, uniform nuclei, fine and evenly distributed chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli. Distinct small cytoplasmic vacuoles were seen only focally. Immunohistochemical stains in cell blocks of both cases confirmed the diagnosis of PET. Lipid‐rich PET may be misinterpreted on cytology specimens if the pathologist is not aware of this rare entity since it mimics clear cell carcinoma of the kidney, adrenal cortical neoplasm, or adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:308–313. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
[Assessment of the addictive risk of propofol].

In a survey of American and German medical personnel, the injectable hypnotic propofol was identified as one of the most frequently abused anaesthetics. With the help of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane and internet search, data were sought that permit an assessment of propofol's risk of addiction. The clinical evaluation for hypnotics can usually be made with the scale of Griffith and Johnson. Thereafter, the relative risk of addiction (dependence potential/toxicity) of propofol is rather moderate if compared to phenobarbital. Its addictive potential is somewhat lower than that of lorazepam and cannabis (non-hypnotic reference) approximately in the range of that of triazolam or zopiclon. The few published clinical case reports (n = 8) are mainly from Germany and describe distinct psychological (craving, loss of control, focusing of behaviour on the use and procurement of the substance) and low levels of physical features of addiction (withdrawal symptoms, tolerance). On average, in the case reports 4.25 of 6 criteria of dependence (ICD-10) were met. The consumption of propofol is mainly limited to medical or medical-related occupations. Propofol has yet not arrived on the local black markets. An oral consumption appears not to occur or to be unattractive. The incentive of propofol's "high" (euphoria/relaxation) via the intravenous route is probably underestimated. This is supported by a high mortality rate (46.2 %) in the 78 reports on the consumption of propofol up to date. Forensic analyses consider mainly accidental respiratory arrests to be responsible for the deaths. In summary, propofol is considered to be a primary mental addictive substance that is characteristically intravenously consumed by persons within the medical profession. Because of its apparently narrow safety margin between pleasure and death, propofol is an extraordinary hazard which, unfortunately, is only reflected insufficiently in the scale of Griffith and Johnson.
'Where's me dinner?': food preparation arrangements in rural Australian families

In the wake of the second-wave feminist movement and related social changes, including the participation of more women in the paid workforce, an egalitarian discourse has dominated notions of the ideal division of domestic labour in heterosexual households, including those tasks involving food preparation. Some critics have argued, however, that this discourse is not taken up in practice, with women still taking more responsibility than their partners for cooking for the family. This article presents findings from a qualitative study involving interviews with 34 heterosexual couples living in a rural region of Australia about their food preparation arrangements. The findings demonstrate that for most of the couples the female partner did indeed take major responsibility for cooking for the family. Three dominant rationales were expressed by the participants to explain why the division of labour remains unequal in relation to cooking: those of expertise, enjoyment and fairness. Importantly, however, there was evidence of a weakening in gendered assumptions about who should cook and of significant participation by men in food preparation. This was particularly the case among younger, more highly educated participants or those in professional occupations or in couples where the male partner was unemployed.
International Harmonization of Toxicologic Pathology Nomenclature

The International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice is a global project that is publishing criteria for both proliferative and nonproliferative changes in laboratory animals. This paper presents a set of general suggestions for terminology across systems. These suggestions include the use of diagnostic versus descriptive terms, modifiers, combination terms, and grading systems; and the use of thresholds, synonyms, and terminology for some processes that are common to several organ systems. The purpose of this paper is to help the reader understand some of the basic principles underlying the International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice process.
Socialization for Competence: Cultural Models of Infancy

This paper conceptualizes cultural models about the developmental period of infancy. The models are derived from existing literature and our own research. We are especially focusing on observational studies assessing infants’ parenting experiences (breastfeeding, body contact, body stimulation, object stimulation, face to face contact and attention to positive and negative stimuli) in rural, agrarian Cameroonian Nso and urban German middle-class families. We also report results from video-based ethnographic interviews about parental ethnotheories in these two cultural communities. We propose an apprentice model that is typical for rural agrarian cultural contexts, committed to interdependent socialization goals like harmonious family relationships and obligation to the family system. Stimulation and training, especially of physical growth and motor development are considered as adequate parenting. We propose an equality model of infancy, that is typical for urban middle-class cultural contexts and informed by independent development goals, like an autonomous agency and uniqueness. Communicative exchange between (quasi) equal partners especially in the face-to-face context and object play are considered as the adequate developmental arena. Both models embody different conceptions of competence. They nevertheless coexist to varying degrees in different sociocultural and historical environments.
Electrophysiological Investigations of Age Differences in Phrasal Interpretation: The Time Course of Cross-modal Interactions

The current research examines the neural correlates of younger and older adults' processing of prosodic cues as they relate to phrase groupings and the influence of visual context on prosodic perception. Studies investigating linguistic prosodic perception in older adults show that these individuals remain sensitive to prosody, but allude to subtle processing differences. The use of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) is a particularly useful means of investigating prosodic processing because ERPs permit an analysis of prosodic processing in real time. Here, ERPs were recorded from younger (ages 18 to 25 years; n = 20) and older (ages 65 to 80 years; n = 11) subjects when presented with phrases such as 'bag and bed and cup', with pauses inserted so as to create a phrasal grouping with an early boundary ('bag # and bed and cup') or a late boundary ('bag and bed # and cup'). Visual displays of the items were presented simultaneous with the onset of the auditory phrases. These pictures corresponded to the phrases (match), differed in the phrase grouping depicted (prosodic mismatch), differed by the center item (semantic mismatch), or differed in both phrase grouping and the second item (double mismatch). Participants were asked to determine whether the auditory and visual stimuli matched.We found that older and younger participants were able to successfully integrate auditory and visual prosodic and semantic information. Both age groups showed increased difficulty detecting prosodic mismatches, though this was particularly difficult for older adults. Prosodic and semantic mismatches were reflected in N400 and P600 electrophysiological responses, providing important insight into the interpretation of these components. Interestingly, many young adults and all older adults displayed a specific pattern of eye movement which also influenced neural responses. Together, the ERP, eye movement and behavioral findings suggest that older and younger adults display similar sensitivity to prosody in early processing stages but may differ in performance at later stages of integration.
Dengue disease prediction using weka data mining tool

Dengue is a life threatening disease prevalent in several developed as well as developing countries like India.In this paper we discuss various algorithm approaches of data mining that have been utilized for dengue disease prediction. Data mining is a well known technique used by health organizations for classification of diseases such as dengue, diabetes and cancer in bioinformatics research. In the proposed approach we have used WEKA with 10 cross validation to evaluate data and compare results. Weka has an extensive collection of different machine learning and data mining algorithms. In this paper we have firstly classified the dengue data set and then compared the different data mining techniques in weka through Explorer, knowledge flow and Experimenter interfaces. Furthermore in order to validate our approach we have used a dengue dataset with 108 instances but weka used 99 rows and 18 attributes to determine the prediction of disease and their accuracy using classifications of different algorithms to find out the best performance. The main objective of this paper is to classify data and assist the users in extracting useful information from data and easily identify a suitable algorithm for accurate predictive model from it. From the findings of this paper it can be concluded that Na\"ive Bayes and J48 are the best performance algorithms for classified accuracy because they achieved maximum accuracy= 100% with 99 correctly classified instances, maximum ROC = 1, had least mean absolute error and it took minimum time for building this model through Explorer and Knowledge flow results
Just Feelings? The Role of Affect in the Formation of Organizational Fairness Judgments

In contrast to traditional conceptualizations of organizational justice as representing isolated judgments stemming from a “cold” rational calculus, justice judgments are instead part of a “hot” and affectively laden appraisal process, emerging over time through the interplay of work and nonwork experiences as well as through emotions and moods. The authors articulate how emotional reactions shape fairness judgments and how incidental emotional experiences and ambient moods influence the occurrence and appraisal of justice events in the workplace.
Efficiently Learning a Detection Cascade With Sparse Eigenvectors

Real-time object detection has many computer vision applications. Since Viola and Jones proposed the first real-time AdaBoost based face detection system, much effort has been spent on improving the boosting method. In this work, we first show that feature selection methods other than boosting can also be used for training an efficient object detector. In particular, we introduce greedy sparse linear discriminant analysis (GSLDA) for its conceptual simplicity and computational efficiency; and slightly better detection performance is achieved compared with . Moreover, we propose a new technique, termed boosted greedy sparse linear discriminant analysis (BGSLDA), to efficiently train a detection cascade. BGSLDA exploits the sample reweighting property of boosting and the class-separability criterion of GSLDA. Experiments in the domain of highly skewed data distributions (e.g., face detection) demonstrate that classifiers trained with the proposed BGSLDA outperforms AdaBoost and its variants. This finding provides a significant opportunity to argue that AdaBoost and similar approaches are not the only methods that can achieve high detection results for real-time object detection.
Intended actions and unexpected outcomes: automatic and controlled processing in a rapid motor task

Human action involves a combination of controlled and automatic behavior. These processes may interact in tasks requiring rapid response selection or inhibition, where temporal constraints preclude timely intervention by conscious, controlled processes over automatized prepotent responses. Such contexts tend to produce frequent errors, but also rapidly executed correct responses, both of which may sometimes be perceived as surprising, unintended, or “automatic”. In order to identify neural processes underlying these two aspects of cognitive control, we measured neuromagnetic brain activity in 12 right-handed subjects during manual responses to rapidly presented digits, with an infrequent target digit that required switching response hand (bimanual task) or response finger (unimanual task). Automaticity of responding was evidenced by response speeding (shorter response times) prior to both failed and fast correct switches. Consistent with this automaticity interpretation of fast correct switches, we observed bilateral motor preparation, as indexed by suppression of beta band (15–30 Hz) oscillations in motor cortex, prior to processing of the switch cue in the bimanual task. In contrast, right frontal theta activity (4–8 Hz) accompanying correct switch responses began after cue onset, suggesting that it reflected controlled inhibition of the default response. Further, this activity was reduced on fast correct switch trials suggesting a more automatic mode of inhibitory control. We also observed post-movement (event-related negativity) ERN-like responses and theta band increases in medial and anterior frontal regions that were significantly larger on error trials, and may reflect a combination of error and delayed inhibitory signals. We conclude that both automatic and controlled processes are engaged in parallel during rapid motor tasks, and that the relative strength and timing of these processes may underlie both optimal task performance and subjective experiences of automaticity or control.