Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical Debugging: A Hypothesis Testing-Based Approach

Manual debugging is tedious, as well as costly. The high cost has motivated the development of fault localization techniques, which help developers search for fault locations. In this paper, we propose a new statistical method, called SOBER, which automatically localizes software faults without any prior knowledge of the program semantics. Unlike existing statistical approaches that select predicates correlated with program failures, SOBER models the predicate evaluation in both correct and incorrect executions and regards a predicate as fault-relevant if its evaluation pattern in incorrect executions significantly diverges from that in correct ones. Featuring a rationale similar to that of hypothesis testing, SOBER quantifies the fault relevance of each predicate in a principled way. We systematically evaluate SOBER under the same setting as previous studies. The result clearly demonstrates the effectiveness: SOBER could help developers locate 68 out of the 130 faults in the Siemens suite by examining no more than 10 percent of the code, whereas the cause transition approach proposed by Holger et al. [2005] and the statistical approach by Liblit et al. [2005] locate 34 and 52 faults, respectively. Moreover, the effectiveness of SOBER is also evaluated in an "imperfect world", where the test suite is either inadequate or only partially labeled. The experiments indicate that SOBER could achieve competitive quality under these harsh circumstances. Two case studies with grep 2.2 and bc 1.06 are reported, which shed light on the applicability of SOBER on reasonably large programs
Strength Training for Endurance Athletes: Theory to Practice

ABSTRACT THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TWOFOLD: TO ELUCIDATE THE UTILITY OF RESISTANCE TRAINING FOR ENDURANCE ATHLETES, AND PROVIDE THE PRACTITIONER WITH EVIDENCED-BASED PERIODIZATION STRATEGIES FOR CONCURRENT STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE TRAINING IN ATHLETIC POPULATIONS. BOTH LOW-INTENSITY EXERCISE ENDURANCE (LIEE) AND HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE ENDURANCE (HIEE) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE AS A RESULT OF MAXIMAL, HIGH FORCE, LOW VELOCITY (HFLV) AND EXPLOSIVE, LOW-FORCE, HIGH-VELOCITY STRENGTH TRAINING. HFLV STRENGTH TRAINING IS RECOMMENDED INITIALLY TO DEVELOP A NEUROMUSCULAR BASE FOR ENDURANCE ATHLETES WITH LIMITED STRENGTH TRAINING EXPERIENCE. A SEQUENCED APPROACH TO STRENGTH TRAINING INVOLVING PHASES OF STRENGTH-ENDURANCE, BASIC STRENGTH, STRENGTH, AND POWER WILL PROVIDE FURTHER ENHANCEMENTS IN LIEE AND HIEE FOR HIGH-LEVEL ENDURANCE ATHLETES.
Efficacy of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in children in Latin America.

BACKGROUND In light of the increasing rate of dengue infections throughout the world despite vector-control measures, several dengue vaccine candidates are in development. METHODS In a phase 3 efficacy trial of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in five Latin American countries where dengue is endemic, we randomly assigned healthy children between the ages of 9 and 16 years in a 2:1 ratio to receive three injections of recombinant, live, attenuated, tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) or placebo at months 0, 6, and 12 under blinded conditions. The children were then followed for 25 months. The primary outcome was vaccine efficacy against symptomatic, virologically confirmed dengue (VCD), regardless of disease severity or serotype, occurring more than 28 days after the third injection. RESULTS A total of 20,869 healthy children received either vaccine or placebo. At baseline, 79.4% of an immunogenicity subgroup of 1944 children had seropositive status for one or more dengue serotypes. In the per-protocol population, there were 176 VCD cases (with 11,793 person-years at risk) in the vaccine group and 221 VCD cases (with 5809 person-years at risk) in the control group, for a vaccine efficacy of 60.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.0 to 68.0). In the intention-to-treat population (those who received at least one injection), vaccine efficacy was 64.7% (95% CI, 58.7 to 69.8). Serotype-specific vaccine efficacy was 50.3% for serotype 1, 42.3% for serotype 2, 74.0% for serotype 3, and 77.7% for serotype 4. Among the severe VCD cases, 1 of 12 was in the vaccine group, for an intention-to-treat vaccine efficacy of 95.5%. Vaccine efficacy against hospitalization for dengue was 80.3%. The safety profile for the CYD-TDV vaccine was similar to that for placebo, with no marked difference in rates of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS The CYD-TDV dengue vaccine was efficacious against VCD and severe VCD and led to fewer hospitalizations for VCD in five Latin American countries where dengue is endemic. (Funded by Sanofi Pasteur; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01374516.).
Differential Privacy without Sensitivity

The exponential mechanism is a general method to construct a randomized estimator that satisfies $(\varepsilon, 0)$-differential privacy. Recently, Wang et al. showed that the Gibbs posterior, which is a data-dependent probability distribution that contains the Bayesian posterior, is essentially equivalent to the exponential mechanism under certain boundedness conditions on the loss function. While the exponential mechanism provides a way to build an $(\varepsilon, 0)$-differential private algorithm, it requires boundedness of the loss function, which is quite stringent for some learning problems. In this paper, we focus on $(\varepsilon, \delta)$-differential privacy of Gibbs posteriors with convex and Lipschitz loss functions. Our result extends the classical exponential mechanism, allowing the loss functions to have an unbounded sensitivity.
Cerebral hyperperfusion following carotid endarterectomy: diagnostic utility of intraoperative transcranial Doppler ultrasonography compared with single-photon emission computed tomography study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome is a rare but serious complication of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The aim of the present study was to determine whether intraoperative blood flow velocity (BFV) monitoring in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) could be used as a reliable technique to detect cerebral hyperperfusion following CEA by comparing findings with those of brain single photon emission CT (SPECT). METHODS Intraoperative BFV monitoring was attempted in 67 patients undergoing CEA for treatment of ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis (> or =70%). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was also assessed using SPECT, which was performed before and immediately after CEA. RESULTS Intraoperative BFV monitoring was achieved in 60 patients. Of the 60 patients, post-CEA hyperperfusion (CBF increase > or =100%, compared with preoperative values) was observed in six patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the BFV increases immediately after declamping of the ICA for detecting post-CEA hyperperfusion was 100%, 94% and 67%, respectively, with a cut-off point 2.0-fold that of preclamping BFV. The sensitivity and specificity of the BFV increases at the end of the procedure for detecting post-CEA hyperperfusion were 100% for both parameters, with cut-off points of 2.0- to 2.2-fold BFV of preclamping value. Hyperperfusion syndrome developed in two patients with post-CEA hyperperfusion, but intracerebral hemorrhage did not occur. In one of these two patients, BFV monitoring was not possible because of failure to obtain an adequate bone window. CONCLUSION Intraoperative MCA BFV monitoring by using TCD is a less reliable method to detect cerebral hyperperfusion following CEA than postoperative MCA BFV monitoring, provided adequate monitoring can be achieved.
Genome Sequence of the Thermotolerant Foodborne Pathogen Salmonella enterica Serovar Senftenberg ATCC 43845 and Phylogenetic Analysis of Loci Encoding Increased Protein Quality Control Mechanisms

Thermal interventions are commonly used in the food industry as a means of mitigating pathogen contamination in food products. Concern over heat-resistant food contaminants has recently increased, with the identification of a conserved locus shown to confer heat resistance in disparate lineages of Gram-negative bacteria. Complete sequence analysis of a historical isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg, used in numerous studies because of its novel heat resistance, revealed that this important strain possesses two distinct copies of this conserved thermotolerance locus, residing on a multireplicon IncHI2/IncHI2A plasmid. Phylogenetic analysis of these loci in comparison with homologs identified in various bacterial genera provides an opportunity to examine the evolution and distribution of loci conferring resistance to environmental stressors, such as heat and desiccation. ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica bacteria are important foodborne pathogens with major economic impact. Some isolates exhibit increased heat tolerance, a concern for food safety. Analysis of a finished-quality genome sequence of an isolate commonly used in heat resistance studies, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Senftenberg 775W (ATCC 43845), demonstrated an interesting observation that this strain contains not just one, but two horizontally acquired thermotolerance locus homologs. These two loci reside on a large 341.3-kbp plasmid that is similar to the well-studied IncHI2 R478 plasmid but lacks any antibiotic resistance genes found on R478 or other IncHI2 plasmids. As this historical Salmonella isolate has been in use since 1941, comparative analysis of the plasmid and of the thermotolerance loci contained on the plasmid will provide insight into the evolution of heat resistance loci as well as acquisition of resistance determinants in IncHI2 plasmids. IMPORTANCE Thermal interventions are commonly used in the food industry as a means of mitigating pathogen contamination in food products. Concern over heat-resistant food contaminants has recently increased, with the identification of a conserved locus shown to confer heat resistance in disparate lineages of Gram-negative bacteria. Complete sequence analysis of a historical isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg, used in numerous studies because of its novel heat resistance, revealed that this important strain possesses two distinct copies of this conserved thermotolerance locus, residing on a multireplicon IncHI2/IncHI2A plasmid. Phylogenetic analysis of these loci in comparison with homologs identified in various bacterial genera provides an opportunity to examine the evolution and distribution of loci conferring resistance to environmental stressors, such as heat and desiccation.
Fatigue crack propagation in biaxial stress fields

The main aim of this article is to understand whether biaxial stress fields have a significant impact on the rate of growth of fatigue cracks. Many components in engineered products are subjected to complex, multiaxial stress fields during their operation. However, crack growth behavior is normally evaluated in relatively simple laboratory specimens where the crack grows in a uniaxial stress field. It is important to understand whether multiaxiality can increase fatigue crack growth rates and result in an unsafe fatigue life prediction. The effect of stress field multiaxiality on the propagation behavior of fatigue cracks is reviewed. For a particular case where significant effects have been noted, using a cruciform specimen, a full three-dimensional stress analysis of the specimen has been performed, and the experimental results have been reassessed. It has been found that the relationship between the biaxial load ratio applied to the arms of the specimen and the resulting biaxial stress ratio at the center of the specimen gauge area is not simple; when re-analyzed, the results presented in the referenced paper show no significant effect of biaxial stress ratio on fatigue crack propagation behavior. Reasons for this are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research where significant effects may be noted.
Liver fatty acid-binding protein as a sensitive serum marker of acute hepatocellular damage in liver transplant recipients.

Serum tests of acute hepatocellular injury are commonly used to investigate the presence and monitor the progress of liver disease (1)(2). The release of cytoplasmic proteins from damaged hepatocytes into the vascular system follows tissue necrosis caused by, e.g., acetaminophen intoxication, ischemia and reperfusion injury, or rejection after liver transplantation. Although the hepatocytes are in direct contact with the vasculature and no interstitial barrier is between the two, smaller proteins appear earlier in the circulation than do larger ones (1) and would therefore increase earlier in serum above their upper reference value after an acute hepatocellular injury. α-Glutathione S -transferase (α-GST; 26 kDa) is a more sensitive and specific marker of hepatocellular damage (3)(4) than either alanine transaminase (ALT; 96 kDa) or aspartate transaminase. α-GST is present in liver, kidney, and intestine; is released rapidly from damaged hepatocytes; and has a relatively short in vivo plasma half-life (3)(4). The use of α-GST for the detection of hepatocellular injury secondary to acute rejection after liver transplantation improved the biochemical monitoring of patients and decreased mortality and morbidity (3). In search of even smaller and more specific cytoplasmic proteins for the detection of liver injury, we have studied the liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP). FABPs are a family of 15-kDa proteins that are involved in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids (5). To date, nine different FABPs have been identified and named according to the tissues in which they were first identified (5). L-FABP occurs mainly in the liver but, in small quantities, also in kidney and small intestine. In the hepatic lobule, L-FABP is expressed in hepatocytes in a declining portal-to-central gradient (5)(6). Extensive studies …
Global calibrations for the non-homogeneous Mumford-Shah functional

Using a calibration method we prove that, if $\Gamma\subset \Omega$ is a closed regular hypersurface and if the function $g$ is discontinuous along $\Gamma$ and regular outside, then the function $u_{\beta}$ which solves $$ \begin{cases} \Delta u_{\beta}=\beta(u_{\beta}-g)& \text{in $\Omega\setminus\Gamma$} \partial_{\nu} u_{\beta}=0 & \text{on $\partial\Omega\cup\Gamma$} \end{cases} $$ is in turn discontinuous along $\Gamma$ and it is the unique absolute minimizer of the non-homogeneous Mumford-Shah functional $$ \int_{\Omega\setminus S_u}|\nabla u|^2 dx +{\cal H}^{n-1}(S_u)+\beta\int_{\Omega\setminus S_u}(u-g)^2 dx, $$ over $SBV(\Omega)$, for $\beta$ large enough. Applications of the result to the study of the gradient flow by the method of minimizing movements are shown.
Indentation‐Induced Contact Deformation and Damage of Glasslike Carbon

Fracture mechanics are examined for the Vickers-indentation-induced contact deformation and damage of glassy carbons produced by different densification processes. The indentation load versus indentation depth relationship during the loading-unloading cycle reveals that the contact deformation is purely elastic even under such a sharp indentation, which subsequently leads to an indentation-induced ring/cone crack system instead of the median/radial crack system. The processes and mechanisms of such an anomalous surface crack system are related to the very open microstructure of glassy carbons. The ring/cone cracks induced by Vickers indentation are, however, significantly different in nature from the well-known Hertzian cone crack which is induced by pressing a spherical indenter on a brittle surface. Demonstrated is the superiority of glassy carbons to ordinary brittle ceramic materials in resistance to strength degradation by contact with hard particles such as in ballistic situations.
Strain Limits for Concrete Filled Steel Tubes in AASHTO Seismic Provisions

Reinforced concrete filled steel tubes (RCFSTs) are commonly used as bridge pipe piles in high seismic regions. The pipe-piles consist of reinforced concrete encased in a steel tube. The steel tube is used as a permanent casing which eases construction. The concrete is confined by the steel tube, increasing the compressive strength, and the concrete core prevents the steel tube from buckling inward. This research program presents experimental tests performed on twelve large scale RCFSTs. The pipe-piles were subjected to reversed cyclic four-point bending with a constant moment region centered in the pile. The tests focused on two variables: (1) diameter to thickness ratio and (2) internal reinforcement ratio. The large scale specimens consisted of outer diameters of 20-24 inches and diameter-to-thickness ratios between 33 and 192. The thin walled piles were tested with varying internal reinforcement ratios ranging from 0.78% to 2.43%. The effect of ratio of tube diameter to tube thickness (D/t ratio) and internal reinforcement ratio on the initiation of buckling and rupture, ductility, damping, and strain compatibility were determined. Analyses were performed to compare the curvature distribution and plastic hinge length of RCFSTs and conventional reinforced concrete columns. A finite element model was created to capture the monotonic response of the specimens.
Topical application of L-arginine blocks advanced glycation by ascorbic acid in the lens of hSVCT2 transgenic mice

Purpose Previous experiments from our laboratory showed that the oral intake of selected guanidino compounds could block the formation of crystallin-bound advanced ascorbylation products. Here we tested whether these were also active when applied as eye drops. Methods Two month old hSVCT2 transgenic mice (n=10) were treated twice daily with one drop of 0.1% L-arginine, γ-guanidinobutyric acid (GBA), penicillamine (PA) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in one eye and vehicle only in the other eye. After seven months, lens crystallins were isolated, dialyzed, and proteolytically digested to determine the protein-bound fluorescence at 335/385 and 370/440 nm excitation/emission and the advanced glycation/ascorbylation endproducts carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), carboxyethyl-lysine (CEL), glucosepane, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal hydroimidazolones G-H1 and MG-H1. The topical uptake of L-arginine and NAC was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo in rabbit lens. Results In hSVCT2 mice, L-arginine decreased 335/385 and 370/440 nm fluorescence by 40% (p<0.001), CML, CEL, and glucosepane crystallin crosslinks by 35% (p<0.05), 30% (p<0.05), and 37% (p<0.05), respectively, without affecting MG-H1 and G-H1. NAC decreased 335/385 nm fluorescence by 50% (p<0.001) but, like PA and GBA, had no effect on other modifications. L-Arginine uptake into rabbit eyes treated topically reached identical lenticular plateau levels (~400 nmol/g wet weight) at 0.5% and 2.0% but levels remained three times higher at 5 h at 2% versus 0.5% concentration, respectively. In vitro studies showed a 100 fold higher L-arginine level than NAC levels, implicating high affinity uptake of the former. Conclusions L-Arginine when applied both orally and topically is a potent and broad suppressor of advanced ascorbylation in the lens. Its uptake in rabbit lens upon topical application suggests transcorneal uptake into the human lens should be feasible for testing its potential anticataract properties in clinical trials.
Response to Reviewers' Comments

This paper presents ambient, simultaneous WSOC concentration measurements in gas and particle phase, sampled in summer and winter in Nanjing, China. For winter, isotopic ratios for bulk WSOC in both phases are given. It aims to interpret concentration and d13C differences for the two phases. The use of carbon isotope ratios for the study of atmospheric pollution and the chemistry of organic compounds in the atmosphere is a newly emerging tool. Yet, there is hitherto relatively little information on isotopic signatures of sources and less understanding for the processes altering the pollutants from emission to sampling. Therefore, such data, as showed here, are valuable. Nevertheless, they have to be presented and interpreted in a proper way prior publishing.
Observations on the growth of the normal male mouse.

The pattern of body weight gain, the longitudinal growth of the humerus and the changes in the width of its proximal growth plate were determined in normal ICR male mice. The respective growth rates were calculated and compared throughout the animals' first year of life. It was found that the overall growth period can be divided into four phases which differ markedly in their growth rate. Whereas skeletal maturation is reached at the age of 20 weeks, the animals' body weight continues to increase up to the end of the 52nd week. The humeral growth plate retains its existence and function until old age is reached, i.e. 15 months. During the period of highest growth activity extending between weanling and sexual maturation, the growth velocities of the various parameters do no coincide.
An Orthopedic-Hospitalist Comanaged Hip Fracture Service Reduces Inpatient Length of Stay

Introduction: Hip fractures are common in the elderly patients with an incidence of 320 000 fractures/year in the United States, representing a health-care cost of US$9 to 20 billion. Hip fracture incidence is projected to increase dramatically. Hospitals must modify clinical models to accommodate this growing burden. Comanagement strategies are reported in the literature, but few have addressed orthopedic-hospitalist models. An orthopedic-hospitalist comanagement (OHC) service was established at our hospital to manage hip fracture patients. We sought to determine whether the OHC (1) improves the efficiency of hip fracture management as measured by inpatient length of stay (LOS) and time to surgery (TTS) and (2) whether our results are comparable to those reported in hip fracture comanagement literature. Methods: A comparative retrospective–prospective cohort study of patients older than 60 years with an admitting diagnosis of hip fracture was conducted to compare inpatient LOS and TTS for hip fracture patients admitted 10 months before (n = 45) and 10 months after implementation (n = 54) of the OHC at a single academic hospital. Secondary outcome measures included percentage of patients taken to surgery within 24 or 48 hours, 30-day readmission rates, and mortality. Outcomes were compared to comanagement study results published in MEDLINE-indexed journals. Results: Patient cohort demographics and comorbidities were similar. Inpatient LOS was reduced by 1.6 days after implementation of the OHC (P = .01) without an increase in 30-day readmission rates or mortality. Time to surgery was insignificantly reduced from 27.4 to 21.9 hours (P = .27) and surgery within 48 hours increased from 86% to 96% (P = .15). Discussion: The OHC has improved efficiency of hip fracture management as judged by significant reductions in LOS with a trend toward reduced TTS at our institution. Conclusion: Orthopedic-hospitalist comanagement may represent an effective strategy to improve hip fracture management in the setting of a rapidly expanding patient population.