Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Dense Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Linkage Map Reveals Recent Chromosomal Rearrangements in the Salmo Genus and the Impact of Selection on Linked Neutral Diversity

High-density linkage maps are valuable tools for conservation and eco-evolutionary issues. In salmonids, a complex rediploidization process consecutive to an ancient whole genome duplication event makes linkage maps of prime importance for investigating the evolutionary history of chromosome rearrangements. Here, we developed a high-density consensus linkage map for the brown trout (Salmo trutta), a socioeconomically important species heavily impacted by human activities. A total of 3977 ddRAD markers were mapped and ordered in 40 linkage groups using sex- and lineage-averaged recombination distances obtained from two family crosses. Performing map comparison between S. trutta and its sister species, S. salar, revealed extensive chromosomal rearrangements. Strikingly, all of the fusion and fission events that occurred after the S. salar/S. trutta speciation happened in the Atlantic salmon branch, whereas the brown trout remained closer to the ancestral chromosome structure. Using the strongly conserved synteny within chromosome arms, we aligned the brown trout linkage map to the Atlantic salmon genome sequence to estimate the local recombination rate in S. trutta at 3721 loci. A significant positive correlation between recombination rate and within-population nucleotide diversity (π) was found, indicating that selection constrains variation at linked neutral sites in brown trout. This new high-density linkage map provides a useful genomic resource for future aquaculture, conservation, and eco-evolutionary studies in brown trout.
Representation Error of Oceanic Observations for Data Assimilation

Abstract A simple approach to the estimation of representation error (RE) of sea level (η), temperature (T), and salinity (S) observations for ocean data assimilation is described. It is assumed that the main source of RE is due to unresolved processes and scales in the model. Therefore, RE is calculated as a function of model resolution. The methods described here exploit the availability of mapped sea level anomalies (mSLAs) and along-track sea level anomalies (atSLAs). The mSLA fields or atSLA observations are regarded as the true ocean state. Here, they are averaged according to the resolution of the model grid, and the averaged field is taken as a representation of the true state on the given grid. The difference between the original data and the averaged field is then regarded as the RE for η. Subsequently, the RE is projected for η over depth using a standard technique, giving an estimate of the RE for T and S. Examples of RE estimates for an intermediate- and high-resolution global grid are presen.
Dispersion-tolerant transmission using a duobinary polarization-shift keying transmission scheme

We demonstrate a novel dispersion-tolerant transmission scheme based on a three-level duobinary-encoded polarization-shift keying (PoISK) transmission format. Simulations over standard single-mode fiber demonstrate an improvement in the chromatic dispersion-limited transmission distance from /spl sim/65 km, using conventional nonreturn to zero intensity modulation to /spl sim/195 km for duobinary PoISK.
Stellar contents and star formation in the young star cluster Be 59

We present UBV I c CCD photometry of the young open cluster Be 59 with the aim to study the star formation scenario in the cluster. The radial extent of the cluster is found to be ∼10 arcmin (2.9 pc). The interstellar extinction in the cluster region varies between E(B - V) ≃ 1.4 to 1.8 mag. The ratio of total-to-selective extinction in the cluster region is estimated as 3.7 ± 0.3. The distance of the cluster is found to be 1.00 ± 0.05 kpc. Using near-infrared (NIR) colours and slitless spectroscopy, we have identified young stellar objects (YSOs) in the open cluster Be 59 region. The ages of these YSOs range between < 1 and ∼2 Myr, whereas the mean age of the massive stars in the cluster region is found to be ∼2 Myr. There is evidence for second-generation star formation outside the boundary of the cluster, which may be triggered by massive stars in the cluster. The slope of the initial mass function, Γ, in the mass range 2.5 < M/M ⊙ ≤ 28 is found to be -1.01 ± 0.11 which is shallower than the Salpeter value (-1.35), whereas in the mass range 1.5 < M/M ⊙ ≤ 2.5 the slope is almost flat. The slope of the K-band luminosity function is estimated as 0.27 ± 0.02, which is smaller than the average value (∼0.4) reported for young embedded clusters. Approximately 32 per cent of Ha emission stars of Be 59 exhibit NIR excess indicating that inner discs of the T Tauri star (TTS) population have not dissipated. The Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) and IRAS-HIRES images around the cluster region are also used to study the emission from unidentified infrared bands and to estimate the spatial distribution of optical depth of warm and cold interstellar dust.
Fostering the Literacy Development of Latino Students.

The literacy achievement gap between White and Latino students has remained relatively static, as has progress in literacy for Latino students (NCES, 1998a). Valencia (1991) has written about what he calls the persistent, pervasive, and disproportionate academic failure of Chicano students. Valencia's assessment could reasonably be extended to other groups of Latino students, particularly those of Puerto Rican descent and also, possibly, students from Central American backgrounds. Latino students have attracted the attention of educators, legislators, and the public in general because Latinos now constitute the largest group of minority students in U.S. schools, calculated at 13.5 percent of the total (NCES, 1998b). Latinos experienced a 59 percent growth rate during the 1990s (Pace, 2001). Invariably, many students who are English language learners and who also are having difficulties with literacy will have contact with professionals in special education (Allington, 1989; Gersten, Brengelman, & Jimenez, 1994). This is partly because of the high rate of growth of limited English proficient (LEP) students in regions and cities that have not previously served this population. Of concern is that the professional development necessary to effectively address the needs of students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds is not widely available. Because special education teachers often are called upon when students fail to "learn on schedule" or at what is considered an appropriate pace considering their age, they need information and support if they are to serve as student advocates. Cummins (1986) argues persuasively that students from language minority backgrounds are either empowered or disabled to the extent that "professionals involved in assessment become advocates for minority students rather than legitimizing the location of the problem in the student" (p. 21). Advocacy, of course, requires more than simply good intentions. Professionals who are effective in working with second language learning students are familiar with the unique learning needs of this population.
Noise Amplification in Human Tumor Suppression following Gamma Irradiation

The influence of noise on oscillatory motion is a subject of permanent interest, both for fundamental and practical reasons. Cells respond properly to external stimuli by using noisy systems. We have clarified the effect of intrinsic noise on the dynamics in the human cancer cells following gamma irradiation. It is shown that the large amplification and increasing mutual information with delay are due to coherence resonance. Furthermore, frequency domain analysis is used to study the mechanisms.
Tetraploid somatic hybrids of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) obtained from diploid breeding lines

Intraspecific somatic hybrids between 16 different diploid breeding lines of Solanum tuberosum L. were produced by PEG-induced fusion. Manually selected heterokaryons were cultured in a Millicells-CM using a post-fusion protoplast mixture. Plants were regenerated from calli derived from heterokaryons obtained from 10 out of 38 combinations of diploid lines. Of the tested putative somatic hybrids, 14.2% were diploid, 72.8% were tetraploid and 13% pentaploid. The DNA amplification pattern obtained with RAPD or semi-random primers confirmed that 6 fusion combinations were hybrids. In most cases, the morphological traits were intermediate to those of the diploid fusion partners. About 23.0% of the tested somatic hybrids showed variation in their morphology. Of the tested somatic hybrids, 78.0% flowered and 86.0% tuberized. The cytoplasm of 9 diploid lines and 6 somatic hybrid combinations was analysed. Two of the diploid lines had W/S chloroplasts and α or ε mitochondria; the remainder contained T chloroplasts and β mitochondria. All the analysed somatic hybrids carried T chloroplasts and β mitochondria.
Periodontal Disease and Preterm Birth, is There any Relationship?

Aim: Prematurity and low birth weight are major causes of neonatal morbidity, mortality and long-term disability. The purpose of this study was to determine if an association exists between periodontal disease and preterm birth (PT). Material and methods: 59 females from the delivery ward at St. Mary’s Health Center, St. Louis, MO. Group I had 29 women who had Preterm birth (PT). Group II had 30 women whose babies were born full term (T). Full-mouth periodontal examination performed. Data collected about risk factors: race, maternal age, pregnancy complications; infections/inflammation; number of previous pregnancies and chemical abuse. Mothers were considered to have moderate to severe periodontal disease if ≥ 10% of sites measured ≥ 5 mm probing depth. Nominal logistic regression analysis used to calculate the odds of having a preterm birth infant having moderate to severe periodontal disease while adjusting for other risk factors. Results: After adjustment for smoking, preeclampsia, and infections/inflammation other than periodontitis, a statistically significant association was found between preterm birth and moderate to severe periodontitis (odds ratio = 5.8, 95% CI = 1.2-37.5, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Moderate to severe periodontal disease may be an independent risk factor for preterm birth.
Sonographic features of congenital infantile fibrosarcoma that appeared as a sacrococcygeal teratoma during pregnancy

We experienced an extremely rare case of congenital infantile fibrosarcoma originating from the fetal sacrococcygeal region in pregnancy. At first, we suspected fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma; however, the following ultrasonography findings of the tumor complicated this diagnosis: (i) laterality; (ii) no cystic component; (iii) hypervascularity, with the feeding vessels not derived from the middle sacral artery; and (iv) a skin covering. The pathological findings indicated that the tumor was an infantile fibrosarcoma, not a teratoma. Thus, we believe that these sonographic features may aid the prenatal diagnosis of congenital infantile fibrosarcoma, which, in turn, may contribute to a better prognosis and may be useful for parental counseling.
How the Allocation of Children’s Time Affects Cognitive and Noncognitive Development

The allocation of children’s time among different activities may be important for cognitive and noncognitive development. Here, we exploit time use diaries from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children to study the effects of time allocation. By doing so, we characterize the trade-off between different activities to which a child is exposed. On the one hand, our results suggest that time spent in educational activities, particularly with parents, is the most productive input for cognitive skill development. On the other hand, noncognitive skills appear insensitive to alternative time allocations. Instead, they are greatly affected by the mother’s parenting style.
Stable Evaluation of Gaussian Radial Basis Function Interpolants

We provide a new way to compute and evaluate Gaussian radial basis function interpolants in a stable way with a special focus on small values of the shape parameter, i.e., for “flat” kernels. This work is motivated by the fundamental ideas proposed earlier by Bengt Fornberg and his coworkers. However, following Mercer's theorem, an $L_2(\mathbb{R}^d, \rho)$-orthonormal expansion of the Gaussian kernel allows us to come up with an algorithm that is simpler than the one proposed by Fornberg, Larsson, and Flyer and that is applicable in arbitrary space dimensions $d$. In addition to obtaining an accurate approximation of the radial basis function interpolant (using many terms in the series expansion of the kernel), we also propose and investigate a highly accurate least-squares approximation based on early truncation of the kernel expansion.
Forgetting and Conflict Resolving in Disjunctive Logic Programming

We establish a declarative theory of forgetting for disjunctive logic programs. The suitability of this theory is justified by a number of desirable properties. In particular, one of our results shows that our notion of forgetting is completely captured by the classical forgetting. A transformation-based algorithm is also developed for computing the result of forgetting. We also provide an analysis of computational complexity. As an application of our approach, a fairly general framework for resolving conflicts in inconsistent knowledge bases represented by disjunctive logic programs is defined. The basic idea of our framework is to weaken the preferences of each agent by forgetting certain knowledge that causes inconsistency. In particular, we show how to use the notion of forgetting to provide an elegant solution for preference elicitation in disjunctive logic programming.
The psychosocial factors influencing aggressive driving behaviour

Many drivers in highly motorised countries believe that aggressive driving is increasing. While the prevalence of the behaviour is difficult to reliably identify, the consequences of on-road aggression can be severe, with extreme cases resulting in property damage, injury and even death. This research program was undertaken to explore the nature of aggressive driving from within the framework of relevant psychological theory in order to enhance our understanding of the behaviour and to inform the development of relevant interventions. To guide the research a provisional ‘working’ definition of aggressive driving was proposed encapsulating the recurrent characteristics of the behaviour cited in the literature. The definition was: “aggressive driving is any on-road behaviour adopted by a driver that is intended to cause physical or psychological harm to another road user and is associated with feelings of frustration, anger or threat”. Two main theoretical perspectives informed the program of research. The first was Shinar’s (1998) frustration-aggression model, which identifies both the person-related and situational characteristics that contribute to aggressive driving, as well as proposing that aggressive behaviours can serve either an ‘instrumental’ or ‘hostile’ function. The second main perspective was Anderson and Bushman’s (2002) General Aggression Model. In contrast to Shinar’s model, the General Aggression Model reflects a broader perspective on human aggression that facilitates a more comprehensive examination of the emotional and cognitive aspects of aggressive behaviour. Study One (n = 48) examined aggressive driving behaviour from the perspective of young drivers as an at-risk group and involved conducting six focus groups, with eight participants in each. Qualitative analyses identified multiple situational and person-related factors that contribute to on-road aggression. Consistent with human aggression theory, examination of self-reported experiences of aggressive driving identified key psychological elements and processes that are experienced during on-road aggression. Participants cited several emotions experienced during an on-road incident: annoyance, frustration, anger, threat and excitement. Findings also suggest that off-road generated stress may transfer to the on-road environment, at times having severe consequences including crash involvement. Young drivers also appeared quick to experience negative attributions
Oral Administration of a Synthetic Trypsin Inhibitor Increases Pancreatic Duct Function in CCK-A Receptor–Deficient Rats

The effects of oral administration of a synthetic trypsin inhibitor on bicarbonate secretion were examined in cholecystokinin A (CCK-A) receptor–deficient (OLETF) rats and compared with Wistar rats. Rats were fed chow containing 0.1% trypsin inhibitor for 7 days. Rats were prepared with cannulae draining bile and pancreatic juice separately and with duodenal and extrajugular vein cannulae after 3-day trypsin inhibitor ingestion. Then the animals were maintained in Bollman cages, and the experiments were conducted 4 days after surgery. After 1.5 h of basal secretion with bile–pancreatic juice return, bile–pancreatic juice was diverted for 2 h. The responses of bicarbonate secretion to bile–pancreatic juice diversion were significantly enhanced in rats treated with trypsin inhibitor compared with those given a control diet, whereas responses of fluid and protein secretion were not affected in OLETF rats. The response of protein secretion, but not those of fluid or bicarbonate secretion, was enhanced in Wistar rats by treatment with trypsin inhibitor. Carbonic anhydrase II gene expression was increased by 7-day treatment with trypsin inhibitor only in OLETF rats, and not in Wistar rats.
On the Identification of Emotions and Authors' Gender in Facebook Comments on the Basis of their Writing Style

The work of the first author was partially funded by Autoritas Consulting SA and by Ministerio de Econom´ia de Espa˜na under grant ECOPORTUNITY IPT-2012-1220-430000. The work of the second author was carried out in the framework of the WIQ-EI IRSES project (Grant No. 269180) within the FP 7 Marie Curie, the DIANA APPLICATIONS Finding Hidden Knowledge in Texts: Applications (TIN2012-38603-C02-01) project and the VLC/CAMPUS Microcluster on Multimodal Interaction in Intelligent Systems.
Comparison of Nitrogen Fixation Activity in Tall and Short Spartina alterniflora Salt Marsh Soils

A comparison of the N2 fixers in the tall Spartina alterniflora and short S. alterniflora marsh soils was investigated. Zero-order kinetics and first-order kinetics of acetylene reduction were used to describe the activity of the N2 fixers in marsh soil slurries. It was found that the Vmax values were approximately 10 times greater for the N2 fixers in the tall Spartina than in the short Spartina marsh when raffinose was used as the energy source. In addition, the (Ks + Sn) values were approximately 4 to 15 times lower for the N2 fixers in the tall Spartina than in short Spartina marsh. First-order kinetics of nitrogen fixation for several substrates indicate that the N2 fixers in the tall Spartina marsh were two to seven times more active than those in the short Spartina marsh. Ammonium chloride (25 μg/ml) did not inhibit nitrogen fixation in the tall Spartina marsh, but there was a 50% inhibition in nitrogen fixation in the short Spartina marsh. On the other hand, sodium nitrate inhibited nitrogen fixation almost 100% at 25 μg/ml in both soil environments. Amino nitrogen (25 to 100 μg/ml) had little or no effect on nitrogen fixation. The results indicate that the N2 fixers in the tall Spartina marsh were physiologically more responsive to nutrient addition than those in the short Spartina marsh. This difference in the two populations may be related to the difference in daily tidal influence in the respective areas and thus provide another explanation for the enhanced S. alterniflora production in the creek bank soil system.
Low birth weight in China and Finland

Although a developing country, China has a lower occurrence of low birth weight (LBW) than many developed countries. This study of two population-based one-year birth cohorts, from Finland in 1985—86 and China in 1992, shows the occurrence of low birth weight (LBW) (1000—<2500 g) among singletons to be 2.6 percent in the Chinese cohort and 3.0 percent in the Finnish one, and that of preterm births (28—<37 weeks) 2.7 percent and 4.5 percent, respectively. The main component of LBW is term LBW (57.4 percent) in the Chinese case and preterm LBW (64.7 percent) in the Finnish case. The perinatal mortality rate (PMR) was twice as high in the Chinese cohort (13.0 vs. 5.9 per thousand). The occurrence of LBW in the Finnish cohort decreased to 2.3 percent after cross-tabulation of the Finnish mothers to conform in structure to the population of Chinese mothers in terms of maternal age, marital status and maternal smoking. The result suggests that the lower incidence of LBW in the Chinese cohort seems to be a reflection of the Chinese socio-cultural environment, which provides Chinese mothers with favourable characteristics. The Finnish excess LBW would have disappeared if the mothers had possessed those characteristics as well. The excess perinatal deaths in the Chinese series might be explained by the different levels of perinatal health care in the two countries.
The SHG-response of different phases in proton exchanged lithium niobate waveguides

Reflection second-harmonic generation from the polished waveguide end face is used to investigate the second-order nonlinear optical properties of as-exchanged and annealed proton-exchanged (PE) waveguides in different H/sub x/Li/sub 1-x/NbO/sub 3/ phases. A detailed correlation is done between the nonlinear properties, the processing conditions, the refractive index changes, and the optical losses of the waveguides. It is found that for the direct PE samples, where the /spl beta//sub 4/, /spl beta//sub 3/, and /spl beta//sub 1/ phases are generated at the surface, the nonlinearity in the guide is strongly reduced by more than 85% of its bulk value, while for waveguides prepared in the /spl beta//sub 2/ phase, the nonlinear coefficient is about 55% of the bulk one. A consequence is that the step-like /spl beta//sub i/-phase PE LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides with large refractive index increase are advantageous for efficient SHG in Cherenkov configuration. The nonlinearity, strongly reduced after the initial proton exchange, is found to be restored and even increased after annealing. However, this apparent increase of the nonlinearity is accompanied by a strong degradation of the quality of the second-harmonic generation reflected beam in the region of initial waveguides due to beam scattering. The graded proton exchange technique and dilute melt proton exchange have been shown to produce high-quality waveguides with essentially undergraded nonlinear optical properties. It has been also shown that the nonlinear properties of annealed proton exchanged LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides can be effectively recovered by the reverse proton exchange technique. The results obtained are important for the design, fabrication, and optimizing of guided-wave nonlinear optical devices in LiNbO/sub 3/.
Exploring the relationship between intentional and behavioral loyalty in the context of e-tailing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand what drives customers’ behavioral loyalty and explore the relationship between intentional and behavioral loyalty in the context of e-tailing. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the theory of reasoned action and the recency-frequency-monetary value model, this study proposes a research model to explore the relationships among satisfaction, switching cost, intentional loyalty (i.e. word of mouth (WOM) and repurchase intention), and behavioral loyalty (i.e. purchase frequency and monetary value). Data collected from 266 respondents in the context of e-tailing are tested against the research model using a partial least squares (PLS) approach. Findings – The results indicate that both satisfaction and switching cost are positively related to intentional loyalty (i.e. WOM and repurchase intention), and that the relationship of satisfaction with intentional loyalty outweighs that of switching cost. Additionally, while repurchase intention significantly as.