Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Voluntary Control over Prestimulus Activity Related to Encoding

A new development in our understanding of human long-term memory is that effective memory formation relies on neural activity just before an event. It is unknown whether such prestimulus activity is under voluntary control or a reflection of random fluctuations over time. In the present study, we addressed two issues: (1) whether prestimulus activity is influenced by an individual's motivation to encode, and (2) at what point in time encoding-related activity emerges. Electrical brain activity was recorded while healthy male and female adults memorized series of words. Each word was preceded by a cue, which indicated the monetary reward that would be received if the following word was later remembered. Memory was tested after a short delay with a five-way recognition task to separate different sources of recognition. Electrical activity elicited by the reward cue predicted later memory of a word. Crucially, however, this was only observed when the incentive to memorize a word was high. Encoding-related activity preceded high-reward words that were later recollected. This activity started shortly after cue onset and persisted until word onset. Prestimulus activity thus not only signals cue-related processing but also an ensuing preparatory state. In contrast, reward-related activity was limited to the time period immediately after the reward cue. These findings indicate that engaging neural activity that benefits the encoding of an upcoming event is under voluntary control, reflecting a strategic preparatory state in anticipation of processing an event.
Hemorrhagic pituitary adenomas of adolescence.

PURPOSE To review the clinical and MR imaging findings in adolescents with hemorrhagic pituitary adenomas and to compare those findings with pathologic results and outcome. METHODS We reviewed the clinical records, imaging examinations, surgical and pathologic findings, and follow-up studies in 11 girls and six boys (12 to 20 years old; mean age, 16 years) with pituitary adenomas who were treated at our institution between August 1986 and June 1995. RESULTS Of the 17 adenomas, eight were macroadenomas (> 1 cm) in patients 14 to 18 years old (three girls, five boys). Six of the macroadenomas were grossly hemorrhagic, and appeared as high-intensity intrasellar/suprasellar masses on all MR sequences obtained before definitive diagnosis and treatment. Clinical presentation in the patients with the hemorrhagic macroadenomas included headache (five), visual field deficits (three), and neuroendocrine symptoms (three). One patient was asymptomatic. The preliminary clinical and imaging diagnoses were craniopharyngioma or Rathke's cyst in five of the six cases. Pathologic diagnoses were prolactinoma in four patients, plurihormonal (prolactin/follicle-stimulating hormone) tumor in one patient, and nonfunctioning adenoma in one patient. Surgical resection was performed in all six hemorrhagic tumors and radiation therapy was required in three cases. CONCLUSION Pituitary adenomas uncommonly occur in childhood and are usually seen in adolescence. The majority of the macroadenomas are hemorrhagic and often occur in male subjects. The clinical and MR imaging features may mimic craniopharyngioma or Rathke's cyst. These tumors often require surgery and/or radiation therapy.
CITIZENSHIP AND COMMUNICATION IN ONLINE YOUTH CIVIC ENGAGEMENT PROJECTS

This study analyses 36 online civic engagement websites for youth to understand the civic skills and communication opportunities offered to youth in different online environments. The research design draws on recent theoretical work on citizen identity and the design features of online communities to develop a picture of online engagement projects in two dimensions: the model of citizenship encouraged and the style of communication available to users. Results suggest that the citizenship styles inscribed in sites are correlated with the styles of communication the sites offer. In particular, sites that present more conventional civic skills, such as appealing to government for solutions to problems, tend to heavily control how users use the sites; in contrast, those that present citizenship as a broader, expressive engagement with issues and culture are less inclined to define the terms of users’ interactions. This article discusses the implications of the findings for understanding how online civic projects succeed or fail to connect with young people, the possibility of creating sites that both appeal to young people and offer important civic skills, and directions for future study and practice.
Word recognition through Malay animal fables

The study focuses on the word recognition using the Malay Animal Fables (MAF) among primary school learners. The objectives of the study were to identify and discuss the words (noun, adjective and verb) from six animal fables. The MAF were taken from the Malay Folklore program. The samples of the study were 100 subjects from two classes of Malay language classrooms. The subjects were picked at random and were interviewed based on the MAF program. The program was based on the stories in the form of songs and the song lyrics. The answers from the subjects were collected and the data were accumulated and anaysed accordingly. The results revealed that the subjects were able to storytell the stories, identify the words and divided the words into noun, adjective and verb. It is hoped that future study will focus on the use of MAF in writing essay.
Opacity in the upper atmosphere of AU Mic

In this paper we investigate the validity of the optically thin assumption in the transition region of the late-type star AU Mic. We use Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) observations of the Ciii multiplet and Ovi resonance lines, hence yielding information at two dierent levels within the atmosphere. Significant deviations from the optically thin fluxes are found for Ciii in both quiescent and flare spectra, where only 60% of the flux is actually observed. This could explain the apparent deviation of Ciii observed in emission measure distributions. We utilize escape probabilities for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous geometries and calculate optical depths as high as 10 for the Ciii 1175.71 A component of the multiplet. Using a lower limit to the electron density (10 11 cm 3 )w e derive an eective thickness of<100 km for the scattering layer. The emission originates from very small and compact regions, consistent with a filling factor of 10 5 derived for the flare plasma.
The role of feedback in Swedish human service organizations

This paper investigates some organizational conditions for providing quality in service delivery in human service organizations (HSOs): that is organizations that partly take over functions that formerly were carried out by families. The consequences of feedback for role ambiguity, job satisfaction and organizational commitment were investigated. Survey data were obtained from 604 human service workers in three different Swedish organizations: public insurance agency, social rehabilitation center and a psychiatric hospital. Positive feedback was found to reduce role ambiguity, while negative feedback contributed to role ambiguity. Role ambiguity was negatively related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. However, there was no support for a direct relationship between the feedback factors and job satisfaction or organizational commitment. Instead the relationships between feedback and work attitudes were mediated by role ambiguity. Conclusions of the study were: positive feedback that clarifies the work role has favorable outcomes that may contribute to good service quality. Therefore, organizational structures and routines that enhance the prevalence of positive feedback should be supported (e.g. professional supervision, evaluation procedures). Negative feedback has unfavorable outcomes only when it induces uncertainty about the work role. Therefore, when delivering negative feedback, it should be accompanied with role clarifying information.
Glycobiology of Reproductive Processes in Marine Animals: The State of the Art

Glycobiology is the study of complex carbohydrates in biological systems and represents a developing field of science that has made huge advances in the last half century. In fact, it combines all branches of biomedical research, revealing the vast and diverse forms of carbohydrate structures that exist in nature. Advances in structure determination have enabled scientists to study the function of complex carbohydrates in more depth and to determine the role that they play in a wide range of biological processes. Glycobiology research in marine systems has primarily focused on reproduction, in particular for what concern the chemical communication between the gametes. The current status of marine glycobiology is primarily descriptive, devoted to characterizing marine glycoconjugates with potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. In this review, we describe the current status of the glycobiology in the reproductive processes from gametogenesis to fertilization and embryo development of marine animals.
R1-PCA: rotational invariant L1-norm principal component analysis for robust subspace factorization

Principal component analysis (PCA) minimizes the sum of squared errors (L2-norm) and is sensitive to the presence of outliers. We propose a rotational invariant L1-norm PCA (R1-PCA). R1-PCA is similar to PCA in that (1) it has a unique global solution, (2) the solution are principal eigenvectors of a robust covariance matrix (re-weighted to soften the effects of outliers), (3) the solution is rotational invariant. These properties are not shared by the L1-norm PCA. A new subspace iteration algorithm is given to compute R1-PCA efficiently. Experiments on several real-life datasets show R1-PCA can effectively handle outliers. We extend R1-norm to K-means clustering and show that L1-norm K-means leads to poor results while R1-K-means outperforms standard K-means.
Contextual Issues Influencing Implementation and Outcomes Associated With an Integrated Approach to Managing Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult ICUs

Objective:This pilot study was designed to identify which contextual factors facilitate/hinder the implementation of the awakening, breathing, coordination, delirium, and early mobility (ABCDE) bundle for guidance in future studies. Design:The sources of data for this study included document review, planned site visits (including interviews and observations), a brief online contextual factors survey, and self-reported process and outcome data. Patients:All patients in the four participating SF Bay Area ICUs were eligible to be included in this pilot study. Setting:This study took place in the four San Francisco Bay Area ICUs participating in the ICU Clinical Impact Interest Group, funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation from January 2012 through June 2013. Interventions:This was a pilot evaluation study to identify factors that facilitated/hindered the implementation of the ABCDE bundle, interventions designed to decrease the prevalence of ICU-acquired delirium and muscle weakness. The ABCDE bundle consists of spontaneous awakening trials, spontaneous breathing trials, coordination of awakening and breathing trials, choice of sedation, delirium screening and treatment, and early progressive mobility. Measurements:Process data related to bundle element compliance were collected at baseline and monthly during the intervention period. Outcome data (average ICU length of stay and average days on mechanical ventilation) were collected at baseline and quarterly during the intervention period. Hospital-specific results of the online contextual factors survey and information gathered through interviews and observations during site visits also contributed to the analysis. Main Results:Factors related to structural characteristics of the ICU, an organizational-wide patient safety culture, an ICU culture of quality improvement, implementation planning, training/support, and prompts/documentation are believed to have facilitated the rate and success of ABCDE bundle implementation. Excessive turnover (both in project and ICU leadership), staff morale issues, lack of respect among disciplines, knowledge deficits, and excessive use of registry staff are believed to have hindered implementation. Conclusions:Successful implementation of the elements of the ABCDE bundle can result in significant improvements in ICU patient care. The results of this study highlight specific structural and cultural elements of ICUs and hospitals that can positively and negatively influence the implementation of complex care bundles like the ABCDE bundle. Further research is needed to assess the influence of these contextual factors across a broader variety of ICUs and hospitals.
A qualitative study of clinicians’ experiences and attitudes towards telephone triage mental health assessments

Abstract This qualitative study investigated clinicians’ experiences and attitudes towards conducting mental health assessments over the telephone in an IAPT service. Nine participants completed a semi-structured questionnaire and data were evaluated using a Thematic Analysis model. Participants were largely apprehensive about telephone working, but many reported positive experiences. Telephone assessments were felt to be structured, focused and comprehensive, and therapeutic rapport was able to be established. However, concerns persisted around whether risk assessments could be adequately conducted over the telephone. Reports of spontaneous feedback from patients during telephone triage suggested that there was appreciation for this method of assessment and that it increased access to the service. Further research is needed to better understand what, for clinicians, contributes to acceptable assessment of complex and subjective situations, such as risk and feeling states, over the telephone.
Clinical Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background: Clinical outcomes of autograft and allograft anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions are mixed, with some reports of excellent to good outcomes and other reports of early graft failure or significant donor site morbidity. Objective: To determine if there is a difference in functional outcomes, failure rates, and stability between autograft and allograft ACL reconstructions. Data Sources: Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Evidence Based Medicine Reviews Collection), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus were searched for articles on ACL reconstruction. Abstracts from annual meetings of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and Arthroscopy Association of North America were searched for relevant studies. Study Selection: Inclusion criteria for studies were as follows: primary unilateral ACL injuries, mean patient age less than 41 years, and follow-up for at least 24 months postreconstruction. Exclusion criteria for studies included the following: skeletally immature patients, multiligament injuries, and publication dates before 1990. Data Extraction: Joint stability measures included Lachman test, pivot-shift test, KT-1000 arthrometer assessment, and frequency of graft failures. Functional outcome measures included Tegner activity scores, Cincinnati knee scores, Lysholm scores, and IKDC (International Knee Documentation Committee) total scores. Results: More than 5000 studies were identified. After full text review of 576 studies, 56 were included, of which only 1 directly compared autograft and allograft reconstruction. Allograft ACL reconstructions were more lax when assessed by the KT-1000 arthrometer. For all other outcome measures, there was no statistically significant difference between autograft and allograft ACL reconstruction. For all outcome measures, there was strong evidence of statistical heterogeneity between studies. The sample size necessary for a randomized clinical trial to detect a difference between autograft and allograft reconstruction varied, depending on the outcome. Conclusions: With the current literature, only KT-1000 arthrometer assessment demonstrated more laxity with allograft reconstruction. A randomized clinical trial directly comparing allograft to autograft ACL reconstruction is warranted, but a multicenter study would be required to obtain an adequate sample size.
A Sociocultural Investigation of the Effects of Peer Interaction on Play

Abstract This study examined Vygotsky's theoretical notion that play creates the zone of proximal development by investigating the effects of peer interaction within the context of constructive play with blocks. The authors used the Play Observation Scale (Rubin, 1989) to observe 100 four-year-olds in naturalistic settings. Forty-eight children were selected from the original sample for participation in play sessions in a laboratory setting. Sample selection was based on gender, unfamiliarity, and play level displayed during the sample selection process. Data collected were examined in terms of block play, communication, and peer collaboration. Results of an overall MANOVA conducted for boys and girls found a significant interaction between treatment (play level) and gender. Follow-up MANOVAs were significant for girls, but not for boys. Subsequent univariate tests found significant differences in block play for girls in treatment groups. A pairwise MANOVA found that girls who display fewer play skills engage in more complex play when paired with more skilled or mature peers. Results of a second pairwise MANOVA established that girls who have more complex play skills display even more complex play behavior during play with less-skilled playmates. In addition, they assume a leadership role. Results of this study indicate that the play skills of peers affect the play of preschool girls but not that of preschool boys. These findings have implications for practice for both boys and girls.
Theory of mind is contagious - you catch it from your sibs

This study investigated the relation between family size and ''theory of mind. '' Results from an experiment with 3- and 4-year-olds showed that children from larger families were better able than children from smaller families to predict a story character's mistaken (false-belief based) action. Results from a second experiment on children with exactly 1 sibling failed to show any superiority of older over younger siblings in promoting earlier understanding of belief. The data are interpreted as suggesting that sibling interaction provides a rich ''data base'' for building a theory of mind, and this is discussed in relation to other studies showing that particular kinds of interaction between sibling and child, or caregiver and child, have a beneficial effect on the understanding of false belief.
Altered Effective Connectivity Network of the Amygdala in Social Anxiety Disorder: A Resting-State fMRI Study

The amygdala is often found to be abnormally recruited in social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients. The question whether amygdala activation is primarily abnormal and affects other brain systems or whether it responds “normally” to an abnormal pattern of information conveyed by other brain structures remained unanswered. To address this question, we investigated a network of effective connectivity associated with the amygdala using Granger causality analysis on resting-state functional MRI data of 22 SAD patients and 21 healthy controls (HC). Implications of abnormal effective connectivity and clinical severity were investigated using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Decreased influence from inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) to amygdala was found in SAD, while bidirectional influences between amygdala and visual cortices were increased compared to HCs. Clinical relevance of decreased effective connectivity from ITG to amygdala was suggested by a negative correlation of LSAS avoidance scores and the value of Granger causality. Our study is the first to reveal a network of abnormal effective connectivity of core structures in SAD. This is in support of a disregulation in predescribed modules involved in affect control. The amygdala is placed in a central position of dysfunction characterized both by decreased regulatory influence of orbitofrontal cortex and increased crosstalk with visual cortex. The model which is proposed based on our results lends neurobiological support towards cognitive models considering disinhibition and an attentional bias towards negative stimuli as a core feature of the disorder.
Airway Remodeling in Preschool Children with Severe Recurrent Wheeze.

RATIONALE Airway wall structure in preschoolers with severe recurrent wheeze is poorly described. OBJECTIVES To describe airway wall structure and inflammation in preschoolers with severe recurrent wheeze. METHODS Flexible bronchoscopy was performed in two groups of preschoolers with severe recurrent wheeze: group 1, less than or equal to 36 months (n = 20); group 2, 36-59 months (n = 29). We assessed airway inflammation, reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickness, airway smooth muscle (ASM), mucus gland area, vascularity, and epithelial integrity. Comparisons were then made with biopsies from 21 previously described schoolchildren with severe asthma (group 3, 5-11.2 yr). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS RBM thickness was lower in group 1 than in group 2 (3.3 vs. 3.9 μm; P = 0.02), was correlated with age (P < 0.01; ρ = 0.62), and was higher in schoolchildren than in preschoolers (6.8 vs. 3.8 μm; P < 0.01). ASM area was lower in preschoolers than in schoolchildren (9.8% vs. 16.5%; P < 0.01). Vascularity was higher in group 1 than in group 2 (P = 0.02) and group 3 (P < 0.05). Mucus gland area was higher in preschoolers than in schoolchildren (16.4% vs. 4.6%; P < 0.01). Inflammatory cell counts in biopsies were not correlated with airway wall structure. ASM area was higher in preschoolers with atopy than without atopy (13.1% vs. 7.7%; P = 0.01). Airway morphometrics and inflammation were similar in viral and multiple-trigger wheezers. CONCLUSIONS In preschoolers with severe recurrent wheeze, markers of remodeling and inflammation are unrelated, and atopy is associated with ASM. In the absence of control subjects, we cannot determine whether differences observed in RBM thickness and vascularity result from disease or normal age-related development.
The nature of semantic priming: Effects of the degree of semantic similarity between primes and targets in Spanish

Semantic priming has been a widely used paradigm in research about semantic memory. In this study we tested the effects of the degree of semantic similarity between primes and targets (defined in terms of shared features) in semantic priming. We selected pairs of semantically related words to be used as primes and targets by using a similarity rating task and a feature generation task. Through these two tasks we obtained prime-target pairs that were more or less related in meaning (very close and close pairs). We tested these pairs in a lexical decision task (Experiment 1) and in a semantic decision task (Experiment 2). In both experiments, we obtained evidence of automatic semantic priming in both the very close and the close semantic conditions. Furthermore, in both tasks we found that priming was higher for very close than close semantic words. On the basis of these findings, we can conclude that the amount of automatic semantic priming appears to depend on the degree of semantic similarity between primes and targets.