Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Biaya Standar Terhadap Pengendalian Biaya Produksi Studi Kasus Pada PT ITP, Tbk

All companies have activities which are different each other in operation, but they have the same target, that is how the company can operate and grow continuously to meet the company’s goal. Cost has an important role to the activities of the company. Production cost embraces: basic commodities expense, direct labours expense, and factory overhead expense. Thereby, it’s needed an adequate control towards productions cost in order to increase efficiency. An effective way to do control of production cost can be made based on standard cost. Standard cost constitutes cost determined previously to produce certain product unit before processing. In relation to cost control, standard cost concept forms data as analysis matter to find out the difference between actual cost and standard cost. In the implementation, it can be used variant analysis method to know margin degree during processing. Based on that comparison, it will be yielded variant or margin of production cost, either productive margin or negative margin. Then, non-profitable margin will be analyzed by the management to improve or revise the standard cost. Key words: the influence of standard cost; production cost control.
Mexican Americans & the U.S. economy : quest for buenos días

As workers and consumers, Mexican Americans are a viable and valuable part of the broad U.S. economy. Despite that many are hindered by low education (and consequently low wages) and limited opportunities, they have continuously struggled for, and continue to seek, better days and the opportunity to realize their share of the American dream. This book examines the problems that Mexican Americans have experienced in attaining economic parity with non-Hispanic whites. It examines four major topics of particular concern to the economic status of the Mexican American community: - immigration, reviewing the Bracero Program, the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, legislation from the 1990s, and the problems faced by immigrants today - education, stressing the importance of economic incentives to invest in education - wealth and poverty, evaluating opportunities and roadblocks as Mexican Americans aspire to middle-class standards of living - the labor market, covering such topics as employment, income, and discrimination. Arturo Gonzalez has drawn on recent census data to present for the first time in one volume a detailed economic analysis of three generations of Mexican Americans. These statistics reveal a people who are steadily improving economically and provide evidence that stereotypes of Mexican Americans are outdated or erroneous. Mexican Americans and the U.S. Economy shows that economics is an important aspect of the Mexican American experience. The book helps broaden students' understanding of the community's ongoing struggle, putting the quest for buenos dias in clearer perspective.
Money and Interest in a Cash-in-Advance Economy

In this paper we analyze an aggregative general equilibrimi model in which the use of money is motivated by a cash-in-advance constraint, applied to purchases of a subset of consumption goods. The system is subject to both real and monetary shocks, which are economy-wide and observed by all. We develop methods for verifying the existence of, characterizing, and explicitly calculating equilibria. A main result of the analysis is that current money growth affects the current real allocation only insofar as it affects expectations about future money growth, i.e., only through its value as a signal.
Alteration of the fecal microbiota and serum metabolite profiles in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease

Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common cause of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease in dogs. The combination of an underlying host genetic susceptibility, an intestinal dysbiosis, and dietary/environmental factors are suspected as main contributing factors in the pathogenesis of canine IBD. However, actual mechanisms of the host-microbe interactions remain elusive. The aim of this study was to compare the fecal microbiota and serum metabolite profiles between healthy dogs (n = 10) and dogs with IBD before and after 3 weeks of medical therapy (n = 12). Fecal microbiota and metabolite profiles were characterized by 454-pyrosequencing of 16 S rRNA genes and by an untargeted metabolomics approach, respectively. Significantly lower bacterial diversity and distinct microbial communities were observed in dogs with IBD compared to the healthy control dogs. While Gammaproteobacteria were overrepresented, Erysipelotrichia, Clostridia, and Bacteroidia were underrepresented in dogs with IBD. The functional gene content was predicted from the 16 S rRNA gene data using PICRUSt, and revealed overrepresented bacterial secretion system and transcription factors, and underrepresented amino acid metabolism in dogs with IBD. The serum metabolites 3-hydroxybutyrate, hexuronic acid, ribose, and gluconic acid lactone were significantly more abundant in dogs with IBD. Although a clinical improvement was observed after medical therapy in all dogs with IBD, this was not accompanied by significant changes in the fecal microbiota or in serum metabolite profiles. These results suggest the presence of oxidative stress and a functional alteration of the GI microbiota in dogs with IBD, which persisted even in the face of a clinical response to medical therapy.
Differences in T-cell infiltrates and survival between HPV+ and HPV- oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Recent studies have suggested that immune cells as part of tumor's microenvironment could partly explain the better outcome in HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma. We performed a systematic review of the literature focused on differences in immune-infiltrate in HPV+ versus HPV- oropharyngeal cancers. This comprehensive search yielded 4308 original papers, of which 20 satisfied our eligibility criteria. Increase in both circulating and tumor infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes is mainly seen in HPV+ oropharyngeal carcinoma. Interestingly, the survival benefit associated with increase in immune cells is equal both in HPV+ and HPV- oropharyngeal cancer. Based on these results, our review underscores the role of the immune system in the biological and clinical behavior of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) and might open doors to further investigate immune modulatory treatment options in OPSCC patients.
The Impact of Gender, Occupation, and Presence of Children on Telecommuting Motivations and Constraints

Accurate forecasts of the adoption and impacts of telecommuting depend on an understanding of what motivates individuals to adopt telecommuting and what constraints prevent them from doing so, since these motivations and constraints offer insight into who is likely to telecommute under what circumstances. Telecommuting motivations and constraints are likely to differ by various segments of society. In this study, we analyze differences in these variables due to gender, occupation, and presence of children for 583 employees of the City of San Diego. Numerous differences are identified, which can be used to inform policies (public or organizational) intended to support telecommuting. Most broadly, women on average rated the advantages of telecommuting more highly than men â€“ both overall and within each occupation group. Women were more likely than men to have family, personal benefits, and stress reduction as potential motivations for telecommuting, and more likely to possess the constraints of supervisor unwillingness, risk aversion, and concern about lack of visibility to management. Clerical workers were more likely than managers or professionals to see the family, personal, and office stress-reduction benefits of telecommuting as important, whereas managers and professionals were more likely to cite getting more work done as the most important advantage of telecommuting. Constraints present more strongly for clerical workers than for other occupations included misunderstanding, supervisor unwillingness, job unsuitability, risk aversion, and (together with professional workers) perceived reduced social interaction. Constraints operating more strongly for professional workers included fear of household distractions, reduced social and (together with managers) professional interaction, the need for discipline, and lack of visibility to management. Key constraints present for managers included reduced professional interaction and household distractions. Lack of awareness, cost, and lack of technology or other resources did not differ significantly by gender or occupation. Respondents with children rated the stress reduction and family benefits of telecommuting more highly than did those with no children at home. Those with children were more likely than those without children to be concerned about the lack of visibility to management, and (especially managers) were more likely to cite household distractions as a constraint.
Activity Recognition from Video Sequences using Declarative Models

We propose here a new approach for video sequence interpretation based on declarative models of activities. The aim of the video sequence interpretation is to recognize incrementaly certain situations, like states of the scene, events and scenarios, in a video stream, in order to understand what happens in the scene. The input of the activity recognition is an a priori model of the scene and human tracked in it. The activity recognition is composed of two subproblems. First, end-users have to declare all the activities in a configuration phase. Secondly, the declared models must be automatically recognized. To solve the first problem, we propose a homogeneous declarative formalism to describe all the activities (states of the scene, events and scenarios). The activities are described by the conditions between the objects of the scene. To solve the second problem, we translate it into a constraints satisfaction problem. Then, we use a classical CSP algorithm to recognize the activities in video sequences. Finally, we present some results to show the robustness of the approach.
Biosynthesis and interconversion of Drosophila nuclear lamin isoforms during normal growth and in response to heat shock

Two major immunocross-reactive polypeptides of the Drosophila nuclear envelope, distinguishable in interphase cells on the basis of one- dimensional SDS-PAGE mobility, have been localized to the nuclear lamina by immunoelectron microscopy. These have been designated lamins Dm1 and Dm2. Both lamins are apparently derived posttranslationally from a single, primary translation product, lamin Dm0. A pathway has been established whereby lamin Dm0 is processed almost immediately upon synthesis in the cytoplasm to lamin Dm1. Processing occurs posttranslationally, is apparently proteolytic, and has been reconstituted from cell-free extracts in vitro. Processing in vitro is ATP dependent. Once assembled into the nuclear envelope, a portion of lamin Dm1 is converted into lamin Dm2 by differential phosphorylation. Throughout most stages of development and in Schneider 2 tissue culture cells, both lamin isoforms are present in approximately equal abundance. However, during heat shock, lamin Dm2 is converted nearly quantitatively into lamin Dm1. Implications for understanding the regulation of nuclear lamina plasticity through normal growth and in response to heat shock are discussed.
Adoption and implementation of AIDS education in Dutch secondary schools

• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Interactions between Monetary and Fiscal Policy: How Monetary Conditions Affect Fiscal Consolidation

This paper assesses how and in what circumstances, fiscal consolidations are affected by monetary conditions, using data covering 24 OECD countries over the past 25 years, Focusing on fiscal consolidation “episodes”, it is found that these tend to occur when large budget deficits threaten sustainability and usually when other macroeconomic indicators -- inflation, the exchange rate and unemployment -- suggest a “crisis” situation. After controlling for these factors, the paper finds strong econometric evidence that consolidation efforts are more likely to be pursued and to succeed if the monetary policy stance is eased in the initial stages of the episode, thus contributing to offsetting the contractionary impact of fiscal tightening. However, the link is far from mechanical and there are also counter-examples where monetary easing was followed by aborted consolidation efforts. Central bank independence explicitly precludes direct responses of monetary policy to fiscal actions. However, the paper also provides evidence that the indirect reaction of monetary policy and financial markets to fiscal consolidation may be influenced by the quality of fiscal adjustment, as short and long-term interest rates are more likely to fall during episodes characterised by greater reliance on current expenditure cuts. While this means that causality runs both ways, the paper provides evidence that, even after controlling for this proxy of fiscal adjustment quality, changes in monetary stance do affect the chances that a fiscal retrenchment plan will be successfully pursued.
Structural Relationships among Health Benefits, Price Comparison, and Price Fairness

This study was to identify the crucial role of health benefits and price fairness in an environmentally friendly restaurant context and to examine relationships among health benefits, price comparison, and price fairness. Valid responses were collected from 421 visitors to an environmentally friendly restaurant. Results showed that the hypothesized model fits the data well but revealed no moderating effect of belief in health benefits on perceptions of price fairness. Therefore, an alternative model was proposed to reflect the findings from the original model that was statistically superior. Findings contribute to advancing knowledge about perceptions of price fairness in environmentally friendly dining services.
DIVIDEND CHANGES AND FUTURE PROFITABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIA

Most of the previous studies on dividends in Malaysia focus on dividend signalling; there is hardly any published evidence relating dividend changes to firmsâ€™ profitability. Using a total of 2,396 dividend changes of companies listed on Bursa Malaysia over the period 1998-2007, this study investigates the relationship between dividend changes and future profitability of firms. We find that dividend changes are strongly related with contemporaneous earnings changes, weakly related with one year ahead of earnings changes and largely unrelated with earnings changes beyond one year. Further, we find weak evidence that the size of dividend changes is related to future profitability. We also find that dividend increases in the recovery years of the Asian 1997 financial crisis are related with one year ahead of earnings increases. Our results also suggest that dividend stability may be directly related with information content on future earnings.
Forecasting with a Bayesian DSGE Model: An Application to the Euro Area

In monetary policy strategies geared towards maintaining price stability conditional and unconditional forecasts of inflation and output play an important role. In this paper we illustrate how modern sticky-price dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models, estimated using Bayesian techniques, can become an additional useful tool in the forecasting kit of central banks. First, we show that the forecasting performance of such models compares well with a-theoretical vector autoregressions. Moreover, we illustrate how the posterior distribution of the model can be used to calculate the complete distribution of the forecast, as well as various inflation risk measures that have been proposed in the literature. Finally, the structural nature of the model allows computing forecasts conditional on a policy path. It also allows examining the structural sources of the forecast errors and their implications for monetary policy. Using those tools, we analyse macroeconomic developments in the euro area since the start of EMU.
The Internet, Cross-Border Data Flows and International Trade

The Internet and the free flow of data across borders is becoming a key platform for international trade. Digital products can be sold online and the Internet provides opportunities for business to use the Internet to manage global supply chains, communicate with customers and access IT in the cloud. At the same time, governments are restricting the Internet in ways that reduce the ability of businesses and entrepreneurs to use the Internet as a place for international commerce and limit the access of consumers to goods and services. This article discusses the importance of the Internet and cross-border data flows for international trade. It proposes steps that governments should take to apply existing international trade rules and norms and identifies where new trade rules are required to further support the Internet and cross-border data flows and drivers of international commerce and trade.
The importance of social structure and social interaction in stereotype consensus and content: is the whole greater than the sum of its parts?

This paper addresses the hypothesis derived from self-categorisation theory (SCT) that the relationship between groups and stereotyping will be affected by the social structural conditions within which group interaction occurs. A mixed design experiment (n = 56) measured low-status groups stereotypes and preferences for conflict with a high-status outgroup prior to and after within-group discussion across varying social structural conditions. Over time, participants in open conditions consensualised around positive conceptions of the outgroup and endorsed acceptance of their own low status position. However, in closed conditions participants consensualised around positive conceptions of the ingroup, negative conceptions of the outgroup, and tended towards preferences for collective protest. It is argued that the data supports self-categorisation theory s contention that stereotyping and group processes are fundamentally interlinked and that neither can be properly understood in isolation from the dynamics of the surrounding intergroup context.
Designing Economic Agents that Act Like Human Agents: A Behavioral Approach to Bounded Rationality

Most economists accept that there are limits to the reasoning abilities of human beings-that human rationality is bounded. The question is how to model economic choices made under these limits. Where, between perfect rationality and its complete absence, are we to set the "dial of rationality," and how do we build this dial setting in to our theoretical models? One approach to this problem is to lay down axioms or assumptions that suppose limits to economic agents' computational ability or memory, and investigate their consequences. This is useful, but it begs the question of how humans actually behave. A different approach (the one I suggest here) is to develop theoretical economic agents that act and choose in the way actual humans do. We could do this by representing agents as using parametrized decision algorithms, and choose and calibrate these algorithms so that the agents' behavior matches real human behavior observed in the same decision context. Theoretical models using these "calibrated agents" would then, we could claim, furnish predictions based on actual rather than idealized behavior. It is unlikely there exists some yet-to-bedefined decision algorithm, some "model of man," that would represent human behavior in all economic problems-an algorithm whose parameters would constitute universal constants of human behavior. Different contexts of decision making in the economy call for different actions; and an algorithm calibrated to reproduce human learning in a search problem might differ from one that reproduces strategic-choice behavior. We would likely need a repertoire of calibrated algorithms to cover the various contexts that might arise. Nevertheless, for a particular context of decision making, calibrating theoretical behavior to match human behavior would allow us to ask questions that are not answerable at present under the assumption of either perfect rationality or idealized learning. We might want to know whether a given neoclassical model with human agents represented by "calibrated agents" will result in some standard asymptotic patterna rational-expectations equilibrium, say. We might ask whether agents calibrated to learn as humans do converge to some form of optimality, or interactively to a Nash equilibrium. ' And we might want to study the speed of adaptation in a particular economic model with human agents represented by calibrated agents. What would it mean to calibrate an algorithm to "reproduce" human behavior? The object would be algorithmic behavior that reproduces statistically the characteristics of human choice, including the distinctive errors or departures from rationality that hutDiscussants: Ken Binmore, University of Michigan; Drew Fudenberg, MIT; John Geanakoplos, Yale University.
Complexity of the Alternative Splicing Landscape in Plants[C][W][OPEN]

Alternative splicing (AS) of precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs) from multiexon genes allows organisms to increase their coding potential and regulate gene expression through multiple mechanisms. Recent transcriptome-wide analysis of AS using RNA sequencing has revealed that AS is highly pervasive in plants. Pre-mRNAs from over 60% of intron-containing genes undergo AS to produce a vast repertoire of mRNA isoforms. The functions of most splice variants are unknown. However, emerging evidence indicates that splice variants increase the functional diversity of proteins. Furthermore, AS is coupled to transcript stability and translation through nonsense-mediated decay and microRNA-mediated gene regulation. Widespread changes in AS in response to developmental cues and stresses suggest a role for regulated splicing in plant development and stress responses. Here, we review recent progress in uncovering the extent and complexity of the AS landscape in plants, its regulation, and the roles of AS in gene regulation. The prevalence of AS in plants has raised many new questions that require additional studies. New tools based on recent technological advances are allowing genome-wide analysis of RNA elements in transcripts and of chromatin modifications that regulate AS. Application of these tools in plants will provide significant new insights into AS regulation and crosstalk between AS and other layers of gene regulation.