Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
" Incentives to Corporate Governance Activism " by Dennis Leech

and seminars at the Said Business School and Warwick University whose participants are thanked for their comments. Thanks are due to Robert Leech, Lorena Dominguez-Arocha, Emma Jacques and Erin Prather for research assistance. I am grateful for discussions with Tim Bush and Michelle Edkins of Hermes, and Stuart Bell and Paul Marsland of PIRC. The empirical research has been supported by grants from the Nuffield Foundation, the British Academy and the University of Warwick. Thanks are due to Thomson Financial for providing the share ownership data and for help in using it. All errors and opinions are the author's alone. Abstract This paper considers the incentives faced by investors (financial institutions) to become actively involved in the direction of their under-performing portfolio companies as proposed by recent policy reports on corporate governance. It proposes a metric by which to measure the returns to activism in terms of the size of holding, measures of risk and return to the company, the degree of under performance and the level of commission received by fiduciary fund managers. By comparing this with costs of activism it proposes a method by which 'significant shareholdings' may be estimated. A significant shareholding is the level above which a shareholding in a company may be said to have private incentives to activism. This approach is applied to two groups of companies listed on the London Stock Exchange, the top 250 and a ten percent random sample. The results indicate that there are very strong incentives for shareholders to be activist participants in corporate governance among the top 250 companies while there is much more diversity among the smaller companies. Results differ considerably between those where the shareholder is an own-account investor and a fund manager.
Platform Pricing at Sports Card Conventions

We study a new data set of US sports card conventions in order to evaluate the pricing theory of two-sided markets. Conventions are two-sided because organizers must set fees to attract both consumers and dealers. We have detailed information on consumer price, dealer price and, since most conventions are local, the market structure for conventions. We present several findings: first, consumer pricing decreases with competition at any reasonable distance, but pricing to dealers is insensitive to competition and in longer distances even increases with competition. Second, when consumer price is zero (and thus constrained), dealer price decreases more strongly with competition. These results are compatible with existing models of two-sided markets, but are difficult to explain without such models.
VALVULAR AND STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASES Original Studies Comparative Data of Single Versus Double ProGlide Vascular Preclose Technique After Percutaneous Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation From the Optimized CathEter vAlvular iNtervention (OCEAN-TAVI) Japanese Multicenter Registry

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the feasibility of percutaneous arterial access site closure after percutaneous transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TF-TAVI) using single versus double Perclose ProGlide devices. Backgrounds: Although suturing with the preclose technique has been widely adopted during TF-TAVI, the optimal vascular closure strategy is still under debate. Methods: Data from 279 patients who underwent TF-TAVI, obtained from the Optimized CathEter vAlvular iNtervention (OCEAN-TAVI) Japanese multicenter registry. Technical, procedural, and clinical outcomes were compared between the single ProGlide group (n 5 99) and double ProGlide group (n 5 180). They were also analyzed by propensity adjusted matching model (single [n 5 69] vs. double [n 5 69]). All patients were treated through a 16-Fr to 20-Fr eSheath. Technical success of the closure device was defined as hemostasis not requiring alternative invasive treatment. Access site-related vascular complications, bleedings, and other procedural complications were defined according to the Valvular Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) criteria. Results: The rates of technical success and access site-related vascular complications were similar in the 2 groups (94.9% vs. 91.6%, p 5 0.44; 5.0% vs. 7.7%, p 5 0.54, respectively). The prevalence of bleeding complications did not differ between the 2 groups (1.0% vs. 3.3%, p 5 0.43).
Mineral Nano‐Interconnectivity Stiffens and Toughens Nacre‐like Composite Materials

Bulk nacre-like composites with mineral nano-interconnectivity at the same length scale as in the biological material are produced using magnetic alignment and selective sintering techniques. These materials display stiffness and strength levels comparable to that of continuous fiber composites with the advantage of easier processability inherent of discontinuous composites. This opens new possibilities to produce parts with more complex designs.
Licorice infusion: Chemical profile and effects on the activation and the cell cycle progression of human lymphocytes

A licorice infusion (LI) and its major constituents were investigated for their capacity to stimulate the activation and the cell cycle progression of human lymphocytes, measured by the CD69 expression and DNA content, respectively. The chemical profile of LI was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Results: Two major components of LI were identified as liquiritin (1) and glycyrrhizin (2); total flavones and flavonols were shown as its minor constituents. The LI (100-800 μg/ml) stimulated the expression of CD69 on lymphocytes in a concentration-independent manner. Values of the activation index (AI) of total lymphocytes treated with LI (100-800 μg/ml) did not differ significantly among them (P < 0.05), but were 50% lower than the AI value exhibited by cells treated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The LI showed a similar effect on T cells, but on a lower scale. Compounds 1 and 2 (12-100 μg/ml) did not stimulate the CD69 expression on lymphocytes. The LI, 1 and 2 showed no meaningful effect on cell cycle progression of lymphocytes. The experimental data indicates that LI stimulates the activation of lymphocytes as a result of a proliferation-independent process. This finding suggests that LI could be considered as a potential specific immune stimulator.
Fresh Frozen Plasma Use in a Neonatal Unit in South Africa.

BACKGROUND Despite limited evidence, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions are a relatively common neonatal procedure. OBJECTIVES Quantify FFP usage in our unit; determine indications for transfusions and compliance with published guidelines. METHODS Data were retrospectively collected on infants who received FFP from January 2009 to December 2013. RESULTS Admissions totalled 10 912 infants during the study period. In total, 113 case notes were reviewed and 142 FFP transfusions were administered. Infants receiving FFP had a high mortality rate (54.87%) and an increased odds ratio for mortality 17.9 (95% confidence interval 12.0-26.6). In total, 75% FFP transfusions were compliant with guidelines. The difference between pre- and post-transfusion coagulation profile in 36.3% of infants was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS FFP was often used in accordance with published guidelines in our neonatal unit. However, the appropriate use and effectiveness of FFP in improving neonatal outcomes undermines the rationale for FFP usage in current guidelines.
SAMPLE PROPERTIES OF RANDOM FIELDS

A version of the Kolmogorov-Chentsov-argument is given which is formulated for random fields indexed by a class of metric spaces satisfying certain separability conditions. The resulting criteria for the existence of modifications which are sample (Hölder) continuous are worked out for random fields defined on open subsets of the m-dimensional euclidean space.
A commentary on Teichmüller's paper ''Veränderliche Riemannsche Flächen" (Variable Riemann Surfaces)

This is a commentary on Teichmullers' paper ''Veranderliche Riemannsche Flachen" (Variable Riemann Surfaces), published in 1944. This paper is the last one that Teichmuller wrote on the problem of moduli. At most places the paper contains ideas and no technical details. The author presents a completely new approach to Teichmuller space, compared to the approach he took in his first seminal paper ''Extremale quasikonforme Abbildungen und quadratische Differentiale" and its sequel ''Bestimmung der extremalen quasikonformen Abbildungen bei geschlossenen orientierten Riemannschen Flachen" in which he completed some of the the results stated in the former. In the paper ''Extremale quasikonforme . ", Teichmuller led the foundations of what we call today Teichmuller theory (but without the complex structure), defining its metric and introducing in that theory the techniques of quasiconformal mappings and of quadratic differentials as essential tools. In the present paper, the approach is more abstract, through complex analytic geometry. Teichmuller space, equipped with its complex-analytic structure, is characterized here by a certain universal property. Among the other ideas and results contained in the paper, we mention the following: (1) The existence and uniqueness of the universal Teichmuller curve, rediscovered later on by Ahlfors and by Bers. At the same time, this introduced the first fibre bundle over Teichmuller space. (2) The proof of the fact that the automorphisms group of the univeral Teichmuller curve is the extended mapping class group. (3) The idea of a fine moduli space. (4) The idea of using the period map to define a complex structure on Teichmuller space.
Transport Therapeutic Active Targeting of Human Brain Tumors Enable Anti Cancer Nanodrugs Delivery across the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) to Treat Brain Diseases Using Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers under Synchrotron Radiation

The separation of impurities nano-molecules such as anti–cancer nanodrug molecules, from waste waters is important in nano-medicinal and pharmaceutical industries and human life. Mesoporous molecular sieves, like Al– and Ti–MCM–41 (Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41) materials, offer substantial promise as separations media due to their properties such as a highly regular structure, uniform pore sizes and high surface areas. In this short communication, we want to transport therapeutic active targeting of human brain tumors enable anti–cancer nanodrugs delivery across the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) to treat brain diseases using nanoparticles and nanocarriers under synchrotron radiation. For example, Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (C10H15ON, HCl) which is water soluble anti–cancer nanodrug compounds. It widely used as narcotic and highly toxic when it contact with skin and eye, causes various types of allergies– from waste waters with mesoporous materials such as Al– and Ti–MCM–41 (Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41) materials. The revolution of surface characteristic and pore structure of Al– and Ti–MCM–41 (Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41) materials induced by anti–cancer nanodrugs adsorption were characterized based on the analyses of the Nitrogen isotherms, the X–Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns and 1HNMR, 13CNMR, 31PNMR, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Trans-
Improvement of photocatalytic activity of silver nanoparticles by radio frequency oxygen plasma irradiation

Photocatalytic activity (PA) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) induced by radio frequency (RF) oxygen plasma irradiation (OPI) is investigated in this paper. An improvement in PA by 365% and 181% has been achieved when 15 nm AgNPs irradiated by oxygen plasma for 2 s were used to degrade 10−5 M Rhodamine 6 G (R6G) under ultraviolet (UV) and visible lights, respectively. The PA caused by OPI is better than that induced by the localized surface plasma resonance (LSPR) of AgNPs. The mechanism for the improvement was explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis absorption spectra. The OPI-induced formation of AgO/AgNP and Ag2O/AgNP-heterogeneous photocatalysts and electrophilic oxygen are considered to be responsible for the PA improvement. This investigation deepens our understanding of oxygen-assisted photocatalysis of AgNPs and provides a practical approach using solar light for broad spectra photocatalysis with high efficiency.
The Use of Neutron Analysis Techniques for Detecting The Concentration And Distribution of Chloride Ions in Archaeological Iron

Chloride (Cl) ions diffuse into iron objects during burial and drive corrosion after excavation. Located under corrosion layers, Cl is inaccessible to many analytical techniques. Neutron analysis offers non-destructive avenues for determining Cl content and distribution in objects. A pilot study used prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) and prompt gamma activation imaging (PGAI) to analyse the bulk concentration and longitudinal distribution of Cl in archaeological iron objects. This correlated with the object corrosion rate measured by oxygen consumption, and compared well with Cl measurement using a specific ion meter. High-Cl areas were linked with visible damage to the corrosion layers and attack of the iron core. Neutron techniques have significant advantages in the analysis of archaeological metals, including penetration depth and low detection limits.
Regulation of gut inflammation and th17 cell response by interleukin-21.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)-21, a T-cell-derived cytokine, is overproduced in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but its role in the pathogenesis of gut inflammation remains unknown. We here examined whether IL-21 is necessary for the initiation and progress of experimental colitis and whether it regulates specific pathways of inflammation. METHODS Both dextran sulfate sodium colitis and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-relapsing colitis were induced in wild-type and IL-21-deficient mice. CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells from wild-type and IL-21-deficient mice were differentiated in T helper cell (Th)17-polarizing conditions, with or without IL-21 or an antagonistic IL-21R/Fc. We also examined whether blockade of IL-21 by anti-IL-21 antibody reduced IL-17 in cultures of IBD lamina propria CD3(+) T lymphocytes. Cytokines were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS High IL-21 was seen in wild-type mice with dextran sulfate sodium- and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-relapsing colitis. IL-21-deficient mice were largely protected against both colitides and were unable to up-regulate Th17-associated molecules during gut inflammation, thus suggesting a role for IL-21 in controlling Th17 cell responses. Indeed, naïve T cells from IL-21-deficient mice failed to differentiate into Th17 cells. Treatment of developing Th17 cells from wild-type mice with IL-21R/Fc reduced IL-17 production. Moreover, in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta1, exogenous IL-21 substituted for IL-6 in driving IL-17 induction. Neutralization of IL-21 reduced IL-17 secretion by IBD lamina propria lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that IL-21 is a critical regulator of inflammation and Th17 cell responses in the gut.
Price Elasticities, Joint Products, and International Trade

This paper extends the basic results of Houck’s insight for derived demand elasticities for the case of joint products by allowing for the possibility of the joint and raw products being traded. Theoretical relationships between individual demands for a set of jointly-produced commodities that are traded and composite demand for the raw product from which the joint products originate are derived. It is shown that while the derived price elasticity of domestic demand retains the same form as Houck’s original formula, the relevant price elasticities of demand to include in the formula are elasticities of total demand instead of domestic demand elasticities. Using the USA soybean industry as an example, this generalised formula that takes into account trade is implemented to calculate the elasticity of total demand for USA soybeans. The usefulness of this formula for policy-makers to trace out the impacts of changes in market conditions and trade policy in the joint-products, and how it will impact the price elasticity of domestic and total demand for the raw product, is demonstrated.
Adverse Specialization

We analyze a multiple‐activity, principal‐agent model in which the activities are naturally substitutable for the agent and complementary for the principal. A basic result is that the optimal compensation must cause the agent to view the activities as complements. This complementarity is achieved by employing a compensation scheme that is typically nonmonotone and makes success on multiple dimensions the sole source of large rewards. A number of empirical implications follow, along with explanations for some existing empirical findings. We also discuss applications to compensation in specific occupations.
Evidence for T Tauri-like emission in the EXor V1118 Ori from near-IR and X-ray data

Aims. We present a near-IR study of the EXor variable V1118 Ori, performed by following a slightly declining phase after a recent outburst. In particular, the near-IR (0.8-2.3 µm) spectrum, obtained for the first time, shows a wide variety of emission features of the H i (Paschen and Brackett series), He i recombination, and CO overtone. Methods. By comparing the observed spectrum with a wind model, a mass loss rate of 4 × 10 −8 Myr −1 can be derived along with other parameters whose values are typical of an accreting T Tauri star. In addition, we have used X-ray data from the XMM archive, taken in two different epochs during the declining phase monitored in IR. The X-ray emission (in the range 0.5-10 keV) permits us to derive several parameters (as plasma temperatures and LX luminosity) that confirm the T Tauri nature of the source. Results. In the near-IR, the object maintains a low extinction (AV < 2) during all the activity phases, confirming that variable extinction does not contribute to brightness variations. The lack of both a significant amount of circumstellar material and any evidence of IR cooling from collimated jet/outflow driven by the source indicates that at least this member of the EXor class is in a late stage of the pre-main sequence evolution. When going from inactive to active phases, the luminosity increases considerably (from 1.4 L� to more than 25 L� ) and the observed spectral energy distribution assumes different shapes, all typical of a T Tauri star. In the X-ray regime, an evident fading is present, detected in the post-outburst phase, which cannot be reconciled with the presence of any absorbing material. This circumstance, combined with the persistence (in the pre- and post-outburst phases) of a temperature component at about 10 MK, suggests that accretion has some influence in regulating the coronal activity.
Modified Weibull analysis on banana fiber strength prediction

Nowadays, the world is facing a crisis in regards to renewable resources and rising carbon footprint. In the microscopic scale of engineering, this is where natural fibers come into play. Natural fibers comprise of considerable advantages that include being lightweight, inexpensive and renewable in comparison to their synthetic counterparts. The fibers are being used as reinforcement in composite matrices, including hybrid composites. The main issue with natural fibers is the high disparity of its mechanical properties, especially tensile strength. In this study, Weibull statistical analysis is utilised in order to quantify the variation of the probabilistic strength of banana fibers. Single fiber tensile test was performed after the fiber diameters were measured at 1mm intervals along its length. The modified Weibull distribution with conical frustum model can predict the gauge length effect more accurately than the conventional Weibull distribution with cylindrical model.
Disruption of LptA oligomerization and affinity of the LptA–LptC interaction

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐rich outer membrane (OM) is a unique feature of Gram‐negative bacteria, and LPS transport across the inner membrane (IM) and through the periplasm is essential to the biogenesis and maintenance of the OM. LPS is transported across the periplasm to the outer leaflet of the OM by the LPS transport (Lpt) system, which in Escherichia coli is comprised of seven recently identified proteins, including LptA, LptC, LptDE, and LptFGB2. Structures of the periplasmic protein LptA and the soluble portion of the membrane‐associated protein LptC have been solved and show these two proteins to be highly structurally homologous with unique folds. LptA has been shown to form concentration dependent oligomers that stack end‐to‐end. LptA and LptC have been shown to associate in vivo and are expected to form a similar protein–protein interface to that found in the LptA dimer. In these studies, we disrupted LptA oligomerization by introducing two point mutations that removed a lysine and glutamine side chain from the C‐terminal β‐strand of LptA. This loss of oligomerization was characterized using EPR spectroscopy techniques and the affinity of the interaction between the mutant LptA protein and WT LptC was determined using EPR spectroscopy (Kd = 15 µM) and isothermal titration calorimetry (Kd = 14 µM). Kd values were also measured by EPR spectroscopy for the interaction between LptC and WT LptA (4 µM) and for WT LptA oligomerization (29 µM). These data suggest that the affinity between LptA and LptC is stronger than the affinity for LptA oligomerization.
Root Canal Treatment of a Hypertaurodont Mandibular Second Molar: A Case Report

Taurodontism is a morphologic feature of generally multi-rooted teeth with large pulp chambers and shortened roots. A case of endodontic treatment in a 24-year-old male with the chief complaint of swelling and pain in the right mandibular region is described. Periapical lesion was present in the radiographic examination of hypertaurodont second mandibular molar.Four root canals were detected with an endodontic microscope. The canals were prepared and obturated with lateral condensation technique in the second appointment. The patient was asymptomatic in the 18-month follow-up.
IN VITRO WEAR OF THREE BULK FILL COMPOSITES AND ENAMEL

Introduction: This in vitro study aimed at testing the hypotheses that (1) there is no difference in wear in vitro among 3 bulk-fill composites investigated and their respective antagonists, and (2) the tested bulk-fill wear is not different from enamel. Methodology: X-tra fil (Voco; [X]), Tetric-N-Ceram Bulkfill (Ivoclar Vivadent; [T]), QuiXX (Dentsply; [Q]), and enamel [E] specimens (Ø=8 mm, depth=1.5 mm, n=8/material) were subjected to wear in a chewing simulator (CS 4.8, SD Mechatronik) with steatite antagonists (Ø=6mm). 1.2x105 cycles (049 N, 0.7 mm lateral movement, 1 Hz) were performed while simultaneously thermocycling (5/55°C) every 90 s. The volumetric wear of the materials was measured with a 3D laser scanner. Results: The total wear of bulk-fills was: [X]: 0.64±0.07 mm3; [T]: 0.66±0.08 mm3; [Q]: 1.58±0.14 mm3. The total wear of enamel (0.24±0.03 mm3) was significantly lower than that of the bulk-fills (p<0.0001). The total wear of the antagonists was: [X]: 0.32±0.02 mm3; [T]: 0.24±0.04 mm3; [Q]: 0.27±0.02 mm3; [E]: 0.12 ±0.01 mm3. The wear of the antagonists by [X] was significantly higher than by [T] and [Q] (p<0.001). Enamel produced the lowest wear of the antagonists (p<0.0001). The wear was linear between 5x103 and 1.2x105 wear-cycles. A negative correlation between the wear of the composite materials and that of the antagonists was found. Conclusion: In vitro wear of Tetric-N-Ceram Bulkfill was in the expected range and equal to X-tra fil. QuiXX wear was 2.7 times higher. The antagonist wear was significantly lower, less than 50% of the wear of the composites and the enamel. Both hypotheses were rejected.