Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Histopathological and behavioral evaluations of the effects of crocin, safranal and insulin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats

Objectives: Crocin and safranal, the major constituents of saffron, exert neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of crocin and safranal (alone or in combination with insulin) on peripheral neuropathy in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) and confirmed by blood glucose level higher than 250 mg/dl. After confirmation of diabetes, crocin (30 mg/kg, i.p.), safranal (1 mg/kg, i.p.) (alone or in combination with insulin) and insulin (5 IU/kg, s.c.) were administered for eight weeks. Neuropathic pain was evaluated using acetone drop test. Histopathological changes of sciatic nerve were evaluated using light microscope. Blood glucose levels and sciatic nerve malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were also measured. Results: STZ caused cold allodynia, edema and degenerative changes of sciatic nerve, hyperglycemia and an elevation of sciatic nerve MDA levels. Crocin, safranal and insulin improved STZ-induced behavioral, histopathological and biochemical changes. Combined treatments produced more documented improving effects. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed neuroprotective effects of crocin, safranal and insulin in a rat model of diabetic neuropathy. In addition, crocin and safranal enhanced the neuroprotective effect of insulin. The neuroprotective effects of theses chemical compounds could be associated with their anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant properties.
NEW "ONE HAND" DOUBLE-LOOP METHOD OF TYING KNOTS.

Synthetic sutures such as nylon and Orion are coming to the fore because they are stronger than silk and, thus, can be used in smaller diameters. Also, claims have been made that these synthetic materials are less irritating. However, their coefficient of friction is less that that of silk, and if they are tied, even with three or more "squared" single loops, the suture will not hold. Slippage can be prevented by using double-loop ties. But many surgeons are accustomed to tie knots with the so-called one-hand methods to speed up the procedure. Another advantage of "one-hand" tying is that each tie is customarily "squared" in relation to the preceding tie. To tie a knot with a double loop, it has been necessary to use "two-hands" which is much slower. Also, a tight "first" tie can be maintained more easily with a double loop. The accompanying photographs describe a "one-hand"
Cardiac Troponin T and Illness Severity in the Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infant

Introduction. Respiratory distress are very common in Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants and Myocardial injury may play a role in the disease outcome. Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is the most useful marker of injury in adult population, but has not been extensively studied in this population. Aim. To study the role of cTnT in VLBW infants and its association with clinical outcomes. Methods. All VLBW infants admitted to our NICU were included in the study. Echocardiography and blood samples for cTnT determination were collected at 24 and 48 hours of life, and values >0.1 ng/mL were considered CTnT-positive values. Results. A total of 116 neonates had their blood samples collected. The median cTnT concentration within 24 hours was 0.191 (0.1–0.79) ng/mL and within 48 hours was 0.293 (0.1–1.0) ng/mL. A logistic regression analysis showed that PDA, low GA, and use of dopamine were independently associated with positive cTnT and abnormal Dopplerfluxometry and diuretics use had protective effects and was independently associated with troponin values. Conclusion. We observed a high prevalence of positivecTnT values in VLBW infants associated with illness severity. Our findings suggest that cTnT may be a useful and early marker of myocardial injury in VLBW infants.
Factors Related to English Reading Performance in Children with Chinese as a First Language: More Evidence of Cross-Language Transfer of Phonological Processing.

Parallel measures of phonological, syntactic, and orthographic processing skill and reading were administered in English and in Chinese to 65 children whose 1st language (LI) was Cantonese and whose 2nd language (L2) was English. Phonological skill was correlated across L1 and L2. Phonological skill in both L1 and L2 was correlated with L2 reading and contributed a unique variance to L2 reading, even though the children's L1 was not written in an alphabetic orthography, whereas the 2nd language had an alphabetic orthography. This research adds to a growing body of evidence for cross-language transfer of phonological processing in L2 learning of English-as-a-Second-Language students.
Heart involvement in muscular dystrophies due to sarcoglycan gene mutations

Mutations in the sarcoglycan genes cause autosomal‐recessive muscular dystrophies. Because sarcoglycan genes and their protein products are highly expressed both in skeletal and cardiac muscle, patients with these mutations might be expected to be at risk to develop dilated cardiomyopathy. We therefore studied 13 patients with α‐, β‐, γ‐sarcoglycan gene mutations by thorough cardiological assessment. Electrocardiographic or echocardiographic abnormalities were observed in about 30% of cases showing a severe course of muscular dystrophy. No correlation was found between the presence of cardiac abnormalities and the type of mutation or sarcoglycan gene involved. The cardiac involvement was never severe, but it may be detected in early stages of the muscle disease. The absence of overt cardiac dysfunction may be due to lower sarcoglycan protein expression in cardiac than skeletal muscle or to less sarcolemmal instability at the myocardial level, possibly related to the different distribution of forces generated by contraction of the myocardium with respect to proximal limb‐girdle muscles. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 22: 473–479, 1999.
Idoxifene versus tamoxifen: a randomized comparison in postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND More efficacious and safer hormonal agents are needed for breast cancer treatment and prevention. Idoxifene is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that, in preclinical models, has greater antiestrogenic but lower estrogenic activity than tamoxifen. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three hundred and twenty-one postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive or -unknown metastatic breast cancer were randomized to receive either tamoxifen or idoxifene as initial endocrine therapy for advanced disease. Data were analyzed based on intention to treat and all the responses were subject to independent review. RESULTS At the time of a second planned interim analysis, the trial was stopped for economic considerations, not for reasons related to safety or efficacy. Complete data for the 219 patients included in the second interim analysis are fully available and reported here. Median age was 59.1 years for idoxifene patients and 59.9 years for tamoxifen patients. Complete response (CR) plus partial response (PR) rates were as follows: tamoxifen, 9%; idoxifene, 13% (P = 0.39). Clinical benefit rate [CR + PR + stable disease (SD) >or=6 months] was 34.3% for idoxifene and 38.7% for tamoxifen (P = 0.31). Median time to progression and duration of response were 140 days and 151.5 days, respectively, for tamoxifen compared with 166 days and 218 days for idoxifene. None of these endpoints was significantly different for the two drugs, nor was survival. Adverse events (lethal, serious but not lethal and important but not life threatening) were similar in the two arms. CONCLUSIONS Idoxifene was both active and well tolerated in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Idoxifene had similar efficacy and toxicity to tamoxifen in this randomized comparison.
Becoming a client, becoming a practitioner: student narratives of a dance movement therapy group

This paper documents one of several themes arising from a larger research study which invited trainees’ views on their experience in a weekly, 2 year, dance movement therapy (DMT) personal development group. This group formed part of their post-graduate training. The study used a phenomenological, grounded theory and collaborative methodology followed by an interpretive framework. The research sought to discover participants’ views on the experience of this personal development group in relation to their clinical practice with DMT groups during and following their training (the latter is not the subject of this paper). The study identifies a gap in the literature on trainee experience, particularly in relation to group process. Following a brief introduction and overview of methodology employed, the theme entitled ‘becoming a client, becoming a practitioner’ is presented, as it manifested for the students in the DMT group over time. The personal development component of therapists’ training is directly relevant to most counselling/psychotherapy and arts therapies practitioners; consequently, the study has broader implications.
A simple proof that time-invariant convolutional codes attain capacity

It is well known that time-varying convolutional codes can achieve the capacity of a discrete memoryless channel. The time varying assumption is needed in the proof to assure pairwise independency between the codewords. We provide a relatively simple proof that indeed time-invariant convolutional codes can achieve the capacity without any restriction (albeit, the error exponent achieved by our proof may not be the optimal).
Cellulolytic Activity of Clostridium acetobutylicum

Clostridium acetobutylicum NRRL B527 and ATCC 824 exhibited extracellular and cell-bound endoglucanase and cellobiase activities during growth in a chemically defined medium with cellobiose as the sole source of carbohydrate. For both strains, the endoglucanase was found to be mainly extracellular (70 to 90%) during growth in continuous or batch cultures with the pH maintained at 5.2, whereas the cellobiase was mainly cell associated (60 to 90%). During continuous cultivation of strain B527 with cellobiose as the limiting nutrient, maximum production of the endoglucanase and cellobiase occurred at pH values of 5.2 and 4.8, respectively. In the carbon-limited continuous cultures, strain 824 produced similar levels of endoglucanase, cellobiosidase, and cellobiase activities regardless of the carbon source used. However, in ammonium- or phosphate-limited cultures, with an excess of glucose, only 1/10 of the endoglucanase was produced, and neither cellobiosidase nor cellobiase activities were detectable. A crude extracellular enzyme preparation from strain B527 hydrolyzed carboxymethylcellulose and phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose readily and microcrystalline cellulose (A vicel) to a lesser extent. Glucose accounted for more than 90% of the reducing sugar produced by the hydrolysis of acid-swollen cellulose and Avicel. Strain B527 did not grow in medium with acid-swollen cellulose as the sole source of carbohydrate, although it grew readily on the products obtained by hydrolyzing the cellulose in vitro with a preparation of extracellular cellulase derived from the same organism.
Assessing the Effects of Cooperative Learning in an Honors Foreign Language Classroom

Oral proficiency and communication are the principal desired outcomes of today's foreign language (L2) instruction. Recent research in theoretical linguistics has recommended increased use of the target language, the use of cognitive, metacognitive, and prosocial strategies, and cooperative learning to help achieve oral proficiency and communication within the classroom. This paper describes a 21-day research action project involving two Spanish II Honors classes and several cooperative learning techniques. The project included: 1) assessing student attitudes toward participating in group work as identified by before and after questionnaires; 2) implementing a variety of specific cooperative learning activities; 3) determining what successes and problems occurred in the cooperative learning groups and activities; and 4) observations of the classroom activities by colleagues. Four cooperative learning models were incorporated into the project: Student Team Learning, Group Investigation, Think-Pair-Share, and Three-Step Interview. Results suggested that students' actions throughout the term of the study and their responses to the final questionnaire all validate the use of cooperative learning as an effective strategy in the honors foreign language class. Since there was no control group, the findings are of necessity qualitative and subjective. However, this makes them no less valid. The study demonstrates unequivocally that cooperative learning is an effective methodology in the honors foreign language classroom.
Maxcal-C (a polyherbal formulation) prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-osteoporotic activity of Maxcal-C in ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis in rats. Materials and Methods: Sham-operated control rats were designated as Group I; Group II animals served as OVX control; Group III OVX control rats treated with Calcium Sandoz (50 mg/kg, p.o.); Group IV and V OVX control rats treated with Maxcal-C (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.), respectively. All the aforementioned treatments were given for four weeks after the development of osteoporosis. At the end of the treatment, serum biochemical parameters such as serum calcium and alkaline phosphate were measured. After sacrificing the animals, femoral bone parameters with histology, body weight, and bone breaking strength of 5th lumbar vertebra were measured. Results: The treatment with Maxcal-C showed a significant improvement in serum biochemical, femoral bone parameters, and bone breaking strength of 5th lumbar vertebra with histopathological changes. Conclusion: The finding of the present study indicates that Maxcal-C showed a potential anti-osteoporotic activity. These results support the traditional use of Maxcal-C in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Language learning strategy profiles of elementary school students in Taiwan

Recent research on language learning strategies has witnessed prolific and vigorous growth in both second and foreign language contexts. Numerous studies around the globe, including significant efforts by prominent researchers, have heightened the world's awareness of language learning strategy use and of factors affecting learners' strategy choice. Most studies have focused on adolescent and adult learners, but some research has extended to elementary school levels. However, the voice of young learners of English in Asia has not yet been heard. This research therefore provides learning strategy profiles of students learning English in elementary schools in Taiwan, shows strong relationships between strategy use and proficiency, and presents significant gender and motivational differences in strategy use among young Taiwanese learners of English.
Cocaine Use and the Likelihood of Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction and Stroke: Data From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background —Numerous case series have implicated cocaine use as a cause of both myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke on the basis of the temporal relationship between drug use and event onset. Increasing cocaine use in the US population, especially in younger individuals, mandates a more extensive investigation of this relationship. Methods and Results —We determined the association of cocaine use with self-reported physician diagnosis of MI or stroke in a nationally representative sample of 10 085 US adults aged 18 to 45 years who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 46 nonfatal MIs and 33 nonfatal strokes were reported. After adjusting for differences in age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol level, body mass index, and cigarette smoking, persons who reported frequent lifetime cocaine use had a significantly higher likelihood of nonfatal MI than nonusers (odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 58) but not stroke. In this age group, the population-attributable risk percent of frequent cocaine for nonfatal MI was estimated as 25%. Conclusion —Regular cocaine use was associated with an increased likelihood of MI in younger patients. Approximately 1 of every 4 nonfatal MIs in persons aged 18 to 45 years was attributable to frequent cocaine use in this survey. Behavior modification by public awareness and education may reduce the cardiovascular morbidity associated with cocaine use.
Analysis of Detergent-Resistant Membranes in Arabidopsis. Evidence for Plasma Membrane Lipid Rafts1

The trafficking and function of cell surface proteins in eukaryotic cells may require association with detergent-resistant sphingolipid- and sterol-rich membrane domains. The aim of this work was to obtain evidence for lipid domain phenomena in plant membranes. A protocol to prepare Triton X-100 detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) was developed using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) callus membranes. A comparative proteomics approach using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that the DRMs were highly enriched in specific proteins. They included eight glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, several plasma membrane (PM) ATPases, multidrug resistance proteins, and proteins of the stomatin/prohibitin/hypersensitive response family, suggesting that the DRMs originated from PM domains. We also identified a plant homolog of flotillin, a major mammalian DRM protein, suggesting a conserved role for this protein in lipid domain phenomena in eukaryotic cells. Lipid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the DRMs had a 4-fold higher sterol-to-protein content than the average for Arabidopsis membranes. The DRMs were also 5-fold increased in sphingolipid-to-protein ratio. Our results indicate that the preparation of DRMs can yield a very specific set of membrane proteins and suggest that the PM contains phytosterol and sphingolipid-rich lipid domains with a specialized protein composition. Our results also suggest a conserved role of lipid modification in targeting proteins to both the intracellular and extracellular leaflet of these domains. The proteins associated with these domains provide important new experimental avenues into understanding plant cell polarity and cell surface processes.
The Telephone Interview Probe

With increasing interest in studies evaluating treatment outcome in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), there is a need for treatment-sensitive instruments that are feasible, yield valid and reliable scores, and measure outcome in a “time-locked” and “situation- and symptom-specific” manner. These instruments are needed to evaluate the outcome for which the treatment is targeted at specific settings (e.g., school), specific times of day (e.g., the late afternoon or early evening medication dose), and specific symptoms (e.g., hyperactivity). The Telephone Interview Probe (TIP) was developed to meet this need for outcome research with children with ADHD. The present study evaluated the feasibility, reliability, validity, and treatment sensitivity of scores on the TIP scales (Inattention, Hyperactivity-Impulsivity, Oppositional Behavior, and Problem Situation). Psychometric properties of the TIP were evaluated using classical test theory, as well as generalizability theory. The TIP proved to possess all the attributes required for use in large-scale treatment studies.
Methods of Hierarchical Clustering

We survey agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithms and discuss efficient implementations that are available in R and other software environments. We look at hierarchical self-organizing maps, and mixture models. We review grid-based clustering, focusing on hierarchical density-based approaches. Finally we describe a recently developed very efficient (linear time) hierarchical clustering algorithm, which can also be viewed as a hierarchical grid-based algorithm.
The Act of Creation

While the study of psychology has offered little in the way of explaining the creative process, Koestler examines the idea that we are at our most creative when rational thought is suspended--for example, in dreams and trancelike states. All who read The Act of Creation will find it a compelling and illuminating book.
Applying Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator and Akaike Information Criterion Analysis to Find the Best Multiple Linear Regression Models between Climate Indices and Components of Cow’s Milk

This study focuses on multiple linear regression models relating six climate indices (temperature humidity THI, environmental stress ESI, equivalent temperature index ETI, heat load HLI, modified HLI (HLI new), and respiratory rate predictor RRP) with three main components of cow’s milk (yield, fat, and protein) for cows in Iran. The least absolute shrinkage selection operator (LASSO) and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) techniques are applied to select the best model for milk predictands with the smallest number of climate predictors. Uncertainty estimation is employed by applying bootstrapping through resampling. Cross validation is used to avoid over-fitting. Climatic parameters are calculated from the NASA-MERRA global atmospheric reanalysis. Milk data for the months from April to September, 2002 to 2010 are used. The best linear regression models are found in spring between milk yield as the predictand and THI, ESI, ETI, HLI, and RRP as predictors with p-value < 0.001 and R2 (0.50, 0.49) respectively. In summer, milk yield with independent variables of THI, ETI, and ESI show the highest relation (p-value < 0.001) with R2 (0.69). For fat and protein the results are only marginal. This method is suggested for the impact studies of climate variability/change on agriculture and food science fields when short-time series or data with large uncertainty are available.
What Information Can TEE Provide the Surgical Team During CPB ?

Although most intraoperative echocardiographers would consider the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) period to be quiescent, there is information that is obtainable and beneficial to the conduct of the surgical case that can be obtained while on CPB. Some echocardiographers have opted to reduce the gain, disconnect the probe from the TEE device, or to turn off the TEE machine to reduce the risk of thermal injury to the patient from energy absorption of esophageal tissue adjacent to the TEE probe. Yet, with continuous or intermittent TEE imaging while on CPB, additional information can be garnered. This additional information includes cannula position, chamber size, thromboembolism, retained intracardiac air, as well as assistance with novel bypass scenarios used for aortic dissection, beating heart surgery, and minimally invasive procedures. The utility of TEE for separation from CPB has been well demonstrated. Perhaps the most important aspect of TEE utilization while on CPB arises from the ability to detect or monitor complications and allowing for rapid, flexible management guided by real-time information.