Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Fumigant Transport and Volatilization from Tarped Broadcast Applications

We evaluated the ability of the HYDRUS 2D/3D model to simulate chloropicrin (CP) and 1,3‐dichloropropene (13D) fate, transport, and volatilization. Three fields with similar soil conditions were broadcast fumigated under a totally impermeable film (TIF). One field was used to calibrate HYDRUS by adjusting fumigant degradation rates, soil sorption coefficients, and TIF tarp resistance factors. In comparisons of simulated and measured soil gas concentrations, soil temperature, soil water contents, and inverse‐modeled estimates of fumigant volatilization flux, the model accurately simulated the basic individual processes of fumigant partitioning and degradation, heat transport, and soil water dynamics in the calibration field. Subsequent flux simulations of the remaining two fields were performed using only measured, independently estimated or calibrated inputs with no further adjustments. The magnitudes of simulated cumulative fluxes and both pre‐ and post‐tarpcut discrete flux densities were within the estimated range of uncertainty (factor of ∼2) of conventional inverse‐modeled field‐based flux estimates. However, the timing of maximum discrete flux densities was delayed by 1 to 2 d relative to inverse‐modeled estimates. While HYDRUS provided reasonably accurate flux estimates, it was also evident that parameterization, particularly for TIF tarp permeability properties, generally requires field‐based calibration because of a lack of representative field effective permeability data.
Metropolization in Central and Eastern Europe: unequal chances

Capital cities in CEECs are changing rapidly. Their capacity to join the network of European business metropolises is evaluated here on the basis of their relative specialization in high-order services and their connections with the rest of the world. The comparative analysis covers Bucharest, Budapest, Prague, Sofia and Warsaw. / Les villes capitales des PECO changent rapidement. Sur la base de leur specialisation relative dans les services superieurs et de leur connexion au reste du monde, nous evaluons leur capacite a entrer dans le reseau europeen des metropoles d'affaires. L'analyse comparative est appliquee a Bucarest, Budapest, Prague, Sofia et Varsovie.
Histologic Findings One Year After Positive Crossmatch or ABO Blood Group Incompatible Living Donor Kidney Transplantation

Recent protocols have allowed successful positive crossmatch (+XM) and ABO incompatible (ABOI) kidney transplantation, although their long‐term outcome is not clear. To begin to assess this issue we compared protocol biopsies performed 12 months posttransplant in 37 +XM, 24 ABOI and 198 conventional allografts. Although the majority in all three groups had only minimal histologic changes, transplant glomerulopathy (TG) was significantly increased in +XM (22% vs. 13% ABOI vs. 8% conventional, p = 0.015), and correlated with prior humoral rejection (HR) by multivariate analysis (odds ratio 17.5, p ≤ 0.0001). Patients with a prior history of HR also had a significant increase in interstitial fibrosis (No HR 54% vs. HR 86%, p = 0.045). In the absence of HR no difference in histologic changes was seen between groups, although all three groups had a demonstrable mild increase in interstitial fibrosis from biopsies performed at the time of transplant. Thus, although HR is associated with an increase in TG, in its absence allograft histology is similar in +XM, ABOI and conventional allografts 1 year posttransplant.
The relevance of hypothalamic and hyphophyseal progestin receptor regulation in the induction and inhibition of sexual behavior in the female rat.

Modifications in the concentration of progestinbinding sites (PR) in rat hypothalamus and pituitary, measured with [3H]R5020 (promegestone, 17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) have been related to the facilitative and inhibitory actions of progesterone (P) oh female sexual behavior. In the ovariectomized rat, induction of PR followed the same pattern as induction of lordosis. Exposure of the brain to estrogens for less than 12 h is ineffective in bringing about lordosis and did not increase PR. The optimal interval between estrogen and P administration for lordosis is 24–48 h; the maximum increase in PR took place 24–48 h after estrogen priming. This induction was estrogen dose dependent; the dose of estradiol benzoate (EB) required for lordosis (2-5 μg/rat) produced a 2-fold increase in PR after 40 h. In males, the increase in PR after EB priming was lower and in accord with the much higher EB doses required for a lordosis response. When a large dose of P was injected simultaneously with EB.
A sequential method for selecting parameter values in the Barcelona basic model

The popularity of the Barcelona basic model (BBM) has grown steadily since its publication in 1990, due to its ability to capture key aspects of unsaturated soil behaviour. Nevertheless, the BBM is still rarely employed by practitioners, partly because of the absence of simple and objective methods for selecting parameter values from laboratory tests. One difficulty is that, in the BBM, individual aspects of the isotropic virgin behaviour are controlled by multiple parameters, while at the same time a single parameter controls more than one aspect of soil behaviour. This has led to iterative procedures where parameter values are adjusted in turn to match experiments, which requires significant experience and can lead to the selection of widely varying parameter values depending on the user. The proposed method streamlines parameter selection with a view to increasing the appeal of the BBM for practitioners. The method adopts a “sequential” procedure where the five parameters governing isotropic virgin beh.
Comparative analysis of glacial and nival streamflow regimes with implications for lotic habitat quantity and fish species richness

Growing interest in the differential responses of glacial and nival rivers to climatic forcing, and in ecological distinctions between the two streamflow regimes, suggests the need for a better comparative understanding of how the annual hydrologic cycle differs with presence or absence of catchment glacial cover. In this study, timing and magnitude characteristics of the average annual hydrographs of five glacierized and four nival catchments in the southwestern Canadian subarctic are empirically identified and compared. Likely effects upon fish habitat are qualitatively assessed, and net fisheries potential is tentatively investigated using taxa richness data. The chief hydrological conclusions at P < 0.05 using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and empirical orthogonal function analyses are: (1) catchment glacial cover results in freshets that are longer, larger, and peak later than those experienced by the nival regime; (2) the winter baseflows of glacial rivers are also much higher on a unit‐catchment‐area basis; and (3) basin scale and degree of catchment glacial cover are of comparable importance in determining the magnitude of the annual hydrologic cycle. These differences arise from the greater availability, both in volume and over time, of meltwater in glacial catchments, which in part reflects the consistently negative alpine glacial mass balances observed both in the present study area and globally under historical climatic warming. Such regime distinctions result in increased spawning season and winter aquatic habitat availability, which may in turn offset negative habitat characteristics previously identified for glacial river ecosystems. While previous studies have suggested that glacial influences tend to decrease macroinvertebrate diversity and increase salmon populations, preliminary analysis of available fish species presence/absence data from the current study area tentatively appears to suggest similar or, perhaps, slightly higher fish taxa richness relative to nival streams; in all three cases, however, catchment lake cover may play a key hydroecological modifying role. The results strongly confirm and extend existing understanding of glacial–nival regime differences with respect to both streamflow and fisheries ecology, and raise new questions for future research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How the Effects of IT Capability and Knowledge Capability on Organizational Agility are Contingent on Environmental Uncertainty and Information Intensity

Although the relationship of information technology (IT) capability and knowledge capability with organizational agility has been documented, limited information is available on the extent to which these two capabilities affect organizational agility. Attempts to understand the effect of IT and knowledge capability on organizational agility in the presence of contextual factors have also been few. Based on data collected from 123 organizations in China, we examine the moderating effects of two contextual factors (environmental uncertainty and information intensity) on the relationship of IT and knowledge capability with organizational agility. We contribute to current knowledge by showing that environmental uncertainty positively moderates the effects of IT capability and knowledge capability on organizational agility and that information intensity positively moderates the effects of knowledge capability on organizational agility. While we find that both IT and knowledge capabilities have positive effects on organizational agility, knowledge capability is more effective than IT capability.
Application of Deep Belief Networks for Natural Language Understanding

Applications of Deep Belief Nets (DBN) to various problems have been the subject of a number of recent studies ranging from image classification and speech recognition to audio classification. In this study we apply DBNs to a natural language understanding problem. The recent surge of activity in this area was largely spurred by the development of a greedy layer-wise pretraining method that uses an efficient learning algorithm called Contrastive Divergence (CD). CD allows DBNs to learn a multi-layer generative model from unlabeled data and the features discovered by this model are then used to initialize a feed-forward neural network which is fine-tuned with backpropagation. We compare a DBN-initialized neural network to three widely used text classification algorithms: Support Vector Machines (SVM), boosting and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). The plain DBN-based model gives a call-routing classification accuracy that is equal to the best of the other models. However, using additional unlabeled data for DBN pre-training and combining DBN-based learned features with the original features provides significant gains over SVMs, which, in turn, performed better than both MaxEnt and Boosting.
Ett par fall av skred och ravinbildning i Västerbottens fjälltrakter

Abstract Description of landslides and recent ravines in the mountains of Vasterbotten. The big landslide that occurred at Ajaure in 1947 on Midsummer Day during a heavy rainstorm, measures over two km. in length and ploughed a path about 100 metres wide through the forest in the plain below the mountain ridge. The ravines at Kittelfall are cut down into a mighty moraine, up to 40 metres thick, with a remarkably high percentage of fine material. These ravines are created either by annually-recurring processes or by isolated catastrophes. The material thus displaced settles in the valley-plains below, thus constantly increasing the village lands. The examples show that extensive and catastrophic displacements can occur in Swedish mountain regions.
Small Theropod Track Assemblages from Middle Jurassic Eolianites of Eastern Utah: Paleoecological Insights from Dune Ichnofacies in a Transgressive Sequence

New discoveries show that very small theropod tracks (cf. Wildeichnus) are abundant in the upper part of the Moab Member, recently assigned to the Curtis Formation (formerly considered part of the Entrada Formation) in the Mid-? Late Jurassic of eastern Utah. The tracks represent a distinct small-theropod ichnofacies associated with eolian dune deposits that is easily differentiated from the water-lain beds of the overlying Megalosauripus-Therangospodus ichnofacies, which comprises the single-surface Moab megatracksite. Pterosaur track assemblages, representing the Pteriachnus ichnofacies, are found a few meters above the megatracksite surface in the upper tongue of the Summerville Formation. The small theropod ichnofacies is reminiscent of other early Mesozoic dune facies ichnofaunas from the Wingate and Navajo formations (Late Triassic and Early Jurassic) where small theropod tracks occur in association with other small tetrapod footprints. All such examples evidently represent a recurrent dune facies ecosystem dominated by diminutive vertebrates. Because the small theropod ichnofacies is one of three ichnofacies found in a thin stratigraphic sequence (<20 m) that contains no body fossils, it is clear that vertebrate tracks play an important role in providing insight into the paleoecology of units previously considered devoid of any useful fossil evidence. The three successive ichnofacies represent a transgressive transition from sand dunes, through sandy shoreline to shallow marine environments, each with its quite distinct vertebrate fauna.
Interferometric radar observations of Glaciar San Rafael, Chile

Abstract Interferometric radar observations of Glaciar San Rafael, Chile, were collected in October 1994 by NASA’s Spaceborne Imaging Radar C (SIR-C) at both L- (24 cm) and C-band frequency (5.6 cm), with vertical transmit and receive polarization. The C-band data did not yield good geophysical products, because the temporal coherence of the signal was significantly reduced alter 24 h. The L-band data were, however, successfully employed to map the surface topography of the icefield with a 10 m uncertainty in height, and measure ice velocity with a precision of 4 mm d−1 or 1.4 m a−1. The corresponding error in strain rates is 0.05 a −1 at a 30 m horizontal spacing. The one-dimensional interferometric velocities were subsequently converted to horizontal displacements by assuming a flow direction and complemented by feature-tracking results near the calving front. The results provide a comprehensive view of the ice-flow dynamics of Glaciar San Rafael. The glacier has a core of rapid flow, 4.5 km in width and 3.5° in average slope, surrounded by slower-moving ice, not by rock. Ice velocity is 2.6 m d−1 or 0.95 km a−1 near the equilibrium-line altitude (1200 m), increasing rapidly before the glacier enters the narrower terminal valley, to reach 17.5 md−1 or 6.4 k ma−1 at the calving front. Strain rates are dominated by lateral shearing at the glacier margins (0.4–0.7 a−1), except for the terminal-valley section, where longitudinal strain rates average close to 1 a−1. This spectacular longitudinal increase in ice velocity in the last few kilometers may be a fundamental feature of tidewater glaciers.
Learning, Structural Instability and Present Value Calculations

Present value calculations require predictions of cash flows both at near and distant future points in time. Such predictions are generally surrounded by considerable uncertainty and may critically depend on assumptions about parameter values as well as the form and stability of the data generating process underlying the cash flows. This paper presents new theoretical results for the existence of the infinite sum of discounted expected future values under uncertainty about the parameters characterizing the growth rate of the cash flow process. Furthermore, we explore the consequences for present values of relaxing the stability assumption in a way that allows for past and future breaks to the underlying cash flow process. We find that such breaks can lead to considerable changes in present values.
Structural context shapes the aquaporin selectivity filter

Aquaporins are transmembrane channels that facilitate the permeation of water and small, uncharged amphipathic molecules across cellular membranes. One distinct aquaporin subfamily contains pure water channels, whereas a second subfamily contains channels that conduct small alditols such as glycerol, in addition to water. Distinction between these substrates is central to aquaporin function, though the contributions of protein structural motifs required for selectivity are not yet fully characterized. To address this question, we sequentially engineered three signature amino acids of the glycerol-conducting subfamily into the Escherichia coli water channel aquaporin Z (AqpZ). Functional analysis of these mutant channels showed a decrease in water permeability but not the expected increase in glycerol conduction. Using X-ray crystallography, we determined the atomic resolution structures of the mutant channels. The structures revealed a channel surprisingly similar in size to the wild-type AqpZ pore. Comparison with measured rates of transport showed that, as the size of the selectivity filter region of the channel approaches that of water, channel hydrophilicity dominated water conduction energetics. In contrast, the major determinant of selectivity for larger amphipathic molecules such as glycerol was channel cross-section size. Finally, we find that, although the selectivity filter region is indeed central to substrate transport, other structural elements that do not directly interact with the substrates, such as the loop connecting helices M6 and M7, and the C loop between helices C4 and C5, play an essential role in facilitating selectivity.
Evaluation of avian-human reassortant influenza A/Washington/897/80 x A/Pintail/119/79 virus in monkeys and adult volunteers

A reassortant influenza A virus was produced by mating an avian influenza A/Pintail/Alberta/119/79 (H4N6) virus with wild-type human influenza A/Washington/897/80 (H3N2) virus. The avian-human influenza A reassortant virus contained the genes coding for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens of the human influenza wild-type virus and the six other RNA segments (internal genes) of the avian influenza A virus donor. In the lower respiratory tract of squirrel monkeys, this avian-human influenza reassortant virus, like its avian influenza A parent virus, was restricted approximately 100-fold in replication compared with the wild-type human influenza A virus. Despite this restriction of replication, infection of monkeys with the avian-human influenza A reassortant virus induced resistance to wild-type human influenza A virus challenge. In comparison with the wild-type human influenza A virus, the avian-human influenza A reassortant was also fully attenuated when 10(5.5) to 10(7.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses were administered to susceptible adult volunteers. Attenuation was indicated by a more than 300-fold reduction in virus shedding and lack of reactogenicity. The reassortant virus did not spread to susceptible contacts and could not be isolated from the blood or stools of infected adults. The 50% human infectious dose was 10(6.2) 50% tissue culture infective dose, indicating that this reassortant virus is only slightly less infectious for adults than a similarly derived avian-human influenza A/Washington/80 X A/Mallard/78 reassortant virus. These findings suggest that the avian influenza A/Pintail/79 virus may be a satisfactory donor of attenuating genes for production of live, attenuated avian-human influenza A reassortant virus vaccines.
Anatomic Studies of the Circulation in the Region of the Vertebral End-Plate in Adult Greyhound Dogs

In order to study the detailed arrangements of vascular, terminations in the region of the vertebral end-plate in adult dogs, infusions of Japanese ink mixed with a suspension of barium sulfate were used to produce filling of the vascular terminations at the vertebral end-plates. Radiographs were made of the decalcified specimens. Photomicrographs were prepared from transparent sections embedded in celloidin. The distribution of the large veins within the vertebral bodies was found to be more complex than described earlier. Over the entire bone-disc interface there is a continuous capillary bed that is most dense in the area related to the nucleus pulposus. These vessels drain either into the subchondral postcapillary venous network or directly into the veins of the marrow spaces in the vertebral bodies.
Grounding Research and Medical Education About Religion in Actual Physician-Patient Interaction: Church Attendance, Social Support, and Older Adults

This article reviews the relation between social support and elder health, the social-support dimensions of religion, the relation between church attendance and elder health, the place of religion in the biopsychosocial model of medicine, and medical education's position on physician-patient communication about religion. It then examines the emergence of the topic of religion in actual visits. Data are 71 videotaped and transcribed, chronic-routine visits between 12 internal medicine physicians and their older patients. Religion was raised as a topic in 9 visits (13%). In every case, the topic was initiated by patients. The most frequent topic was church attendance (7 of 9 topics), which patients typically used as a contextualizing framework to relate and describe somatic problems. In no cases did physicians make efforts to support or facilitate patients' church attendance, as is advocated by medical education. Implications for medical education and the biopsychosocial model are discussed.
Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management

Constipation in children is a common health problem affecting 0.7% to 29.6% children across the world. Exact etiology for developing symptoms is not clear in children and the majority is considered to have functional constipation. Alteration of rectal and pelvic floor function through the brain-gut axis seems to play a crucial role in the etiology. The diagnosis is often a symptom-based clinical process. Recently developed Rome III diagnostic criteria looks promising, both in clinical and research fields. Laboratory investigations such as barium enema, colonoscopy, anorectal manometry and colonic transit studies are rarely indicated except in those who do not respond to standard management. Treatment of childhood constipation involves several facets including education and demystification, toilet training, rational use of laxatives for disimpaction and maintenance and regular follow-up. Surgical options should be considered only when medical therapy fails in long standing constipation. Since most of the management strategies of childhood constipation are not evidence-based, high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to assess the efficacy of currently available or newly emerging therapeutic options. Contrary to the common belief that children outgrow constipation as they grow up, a sizable percentage continue to have symptoms beyond puberty.