Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE NATURE OF SCIENCE

The debate about the patenting of research is perhaps the most passionate now taking place about science and scientific culture. It is widely maintained that the expansion of patenting since about 1980 betrays a scientific tradition to which norms of universalism and common ownership of knowledge were central. This paper goes back to mid-twentieth century debates about science and intellectual property (IP) to argue that many of the norms we take as so central to science were themselves first articulated to critique patenting practices. In particular, it looks at how an economist (Arnold Plant), a scientist/philosopher (Michael Polanyi), and an information theorist (Norbert Wiener) responded to such practices. It especially focuses on the role of intellectual-property concerns in the making of Polanyi's philosophy of science, which it excavates through a reading of his unpublished papers. This reveals that the modern field of ‘science studies’ is indebted for some of its key concepts to an earlier generation of patent wars – an inheritance that exemplifies some of the strange ways in which the sociopolitical meanings of ideas can change from generation to generation. The point is not that present-day critics of scientific patenting are wrong, but that the very terms of the debate are more deeply-seated in the development of scientific culture than any of us has realized.
When Words Are Not Enough

124  Dr. Schlesinger is Alfred J. and Monette C. Marrow Professor of Psychology, Emeritus, New School for Social Research; Training and Supervising Analyst, Columbia University Centre for Psychoanalytic Training and Research. Dr. Appelbaum is Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Instructor, Columbia University Centre for Psychoanalytic Training and Research. 1 John 20:17 2 Luke 6:19 Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father. 1
Microinjection of strong calcium buffers suppresses the peak of calcium release during depolarization in frog skeletal muscle fibers

The effects of high intracellular concentrations of various calcium buffers on the myoplasmic calcium transient and on the rate of release of calcium (Rrel) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were studied in voltage-clamped frog skeletal muscle fibers. The changes in intracellular calcium concentration (delta[Ca2+]) for 200-ms pulses to 0-20 mV were recorded before and after the injection of the calcium buffer and the underlying Rrel was calculated. If the buffer concentration after the injection was high, the initial rate of rise of the calcium transient was slower after injection than before and was followed by a slow increase of [Ca2+] that resembled a ramp. The increase in myoplasmic [Mg2+] that accompanies the calcium transient in control was suppressed after the injection and a slight decrease was observed instead. After the injection the buffer concentration in the voltage-clamped segment of the fiber decreased as the buffer diffused away toward the open ends. The calculated apparent diffusion coefficient for fura-2 (Dapp = 0.40 +/- 0.03 x 10(-6) cm2/s, mean +/- SEM, n = 6) suggests that approximately 65-70% of the indicator was bound to relatively immobile intracellular constituents. As the concentration of the injected buffer decreased, the above effects were reversed. The changes in delta[Ca2+] were underlined by characteristic modification of Rrel. The early peak component was suppressed or completely eliminated; thus, Rrel rose monotonically to a maintained steady level if corrected for depletion. If Rrel was expressed as percentage of SR calcium content, the steady level after injection did not differ significantly from that before. Control injections of anisidine, to the concentration that eliminated the peak of Rrel when high affinity buffers were used, had only a minor effect on Rrel, the peak was suppressed by 26 +/- 5% (mean +/- SE, n = 6), and the steady level remained unchanged. Thus, the peak component of Rrel is dependent on a rise in myoplasmic [Ca2+], consistent with calcium-induced calcium release, whereas the steady component of Rrel is independent of myoplasmic [Ca2+].
Examining a novel performance validity task for the detection of feigned attentional problems

ABSTRACT Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a diagnosis of particular significance for college students, as when present it can significantly compromise academic achievement. However, because high-stakes decisions may be riding on the outcome of an ADHD evaluation (such as access to educational accommodations or stimulant medication), the diagnosis is vulnerable to exaggeration or feigning of symptoms or impairment. This study evaluates a novel procedure, the Tests of Attentional Distraction (TOAD), which is a computer-based performance validity measure involving a low difficulty continuous performance task that directly and obviously targets attentional function. A group of college student simulators (n = 115) feigning ADHD were compared to 32 individuals diagnosed with ADHD and 221 control participants on the TOAD, as well as on symptom validity indicators from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Moderate to large effects differentiating the feigning group from control participants, both ADHD and non-ADHD, were observed for both the TOAD and PAI indicators. Incremental validity analyses indicated that the two approaches to validity assessment contributed independently to the detection of suspect responding.
Analysis and Description of ABC Submission to NIST SRE 2016

We present a condensed description and analysis of the joint submission for NIST SRE 2016, by Agnitio, BUT and CRIM (ABC). We concentrate on challenges that arose during development and we analyze the results obtained on the evaluation data and on our development sets. We show that testing on mismatched, non-English and short duration data introduced in NIST SRE 2016 is a difficult problem for current state-of-theart systems. Testing on this data brought back the issue of score normalization and it also revealed that the bottleneck features (BN), which are superior when used for telephone English, are lacking in performance against the standard acoustic features like Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs). We offer ABC’s insights, findings and suggestions for building a robust system suitable for mismatched, non-English and relatively noisy data such as those in NIST SRE 2016.
The adaptation of East Asian masters students to western norms of critical thinking and argumentation in the UK

The paper explores the adaptation experiences of East Asian masters students in the UK in dealing with western academic norms of critical thinking and debate. Through in‐depth interviewing, students' perceptions of their learning experiences were explored, and stages in this adaptation process were identified, with various entry and exit routes. It was found that the majority of the students opt for a ‘middle way’ which synergizes their own cultural approach to critical thinking with those aspects of western‐style critical thinking and debate that are culturally acceptable to them.
Snapshots of success: An insider perspective on living successfully with aphasia

Background: While the negative impact of aphasia has been the focus of much research, few studies have investigated more positive examples of people living with aphasia. Exploring the concept of living successfully with aphasia from an insider perspective can enhance current research by providing positively framed data that balance this negative skew. Collectively, the perspectives of people with aphasia on themes of importance for living successfully with aphasia may inform clinical interventions and other community-based services, enabling positive adaptive factors and processes identified in the research to be promoted and ultimately improving the quality of life for people with aphasia. Aims: The aim of this study was to explore, from the perspectives of people with aphasia, the meaning of living successfully with aphasia. Methods & Procedures: Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 participants with aphasia. All participants had aphasia as a result of stroke, lived in the community, and were at least 2 years post-stroke. As an adjunct to the interview process participants were asked to take photographs of what living successfully with aphasia meant to them. These photographs formed the basis of discussion for a second interview. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (Smith, Jarman, & Osborn, 1999). Outcomes & Results: Analysis of participant transcripts revealed that the concept of living successfully with aphasia is complex, and highly individualised. Four core themes related to living successfully with aphasia emerged from the data: doing things; meaningful relationships; striving for a positive way of life; and communication. Conclusions: Research focusing on living successfully with aphasia challenges researchers and clinicians to focus on positive adaptive processes and factors. Further research is indicated to develop the concept of living successfully with aphasia further and explore how best to work in partnership with individuals with aphasia to ensure their priorities for living with aphasia are addressed.
Human Values and Corporate Actions Propensity

This dissertation abstract and reflection essay presents the work of Dr. Joel Marcus. The research examines the behavioural underpinnings of corporate actions that either benefit or harm society, defined as strength and concern actions respectively. Specifically, the author explores how different personal values relate to the propensity to engage in strength or concern actions across the economic, social, and environmental domains. This extended abstract explains the research question, setting, and methods. The reflection essay in the appendix discusses the author’s journey in the research process as a junior scholar.
Healthcare managers' decision making: findings of a small scale exploratory study

Managers who work in publicly funded healthcare organizations are an understudied group. Some of the influences on their decisions may be unique to healthcare. This study considers how to integrate research knowledge effectively into healthcare managers' decision making, and how to manage and integrate information that will include community data. This first phase in a two-phase mixed methods research study used a qualitative, multiple case studies design. Nineteen semi-structured interviews were undertaken using the critical incident technique. Interview transcripts were analysed using the NatCen Framework. One theme represented `information and decisions'. Cases were determined to involve complex multi-level, multi-situational decisions with participants in practical rather than ceremonial work roles. Most considered organizational knowledge in the first two decision phases and external knowledge, including research, in the third phase. All participants engaged in satisficing to some degree.
On the Equivalence of MMSE and IRC Receiver in MU-MIMO Systems

In order to combat the residual interference in multiuser multiple-input and multiple-output systems (MU-MIMO), a number of low-complexity interference aware type of receivers have been considered. In this letter, single layer Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Interference Rejection Combiner (IRC) are applied in MU-MIMO transmission. Based on some very simple but extremely useful matrix manipulations, their equivalence is proven analytically and demonstrated via Monte Carlo simulations.
Transactional Relationships Between Latinos’ Friendship Quality and Academic Achievement During the Transition to Middle School

This study investigates whether friendship quality, academic achievement, and mastery goal orientation predict each other across the transition to middle school. Participants were 146 Latino students (75 girls) followed from the end of elementary school through the first year of middle school. Measures included positive and negative friendship quality, mastery goal orientation, and grade point averages (GPAs) at three time periods. In general, Latino adolescents showed stable academic achievement and did not decline in any of the measures from elementary school to middle school. Cross-lagged path analyses revealed a bidirectional and negative relationship between negative friendship quality and academic achievement across the transition to middle school. Positive friendship quality predicted mastery goal orientation decreases for girls. Both gender and bilingual status were analyzed and showed significant relations in our models. Results supported the social interaction perspective more than the social bonding perspective of friendship quality.
Analysis of the Comparative Workflow and Performance Characteristics of the VITEK 2 and Phoenix Systems

ABSTRACT The VITEK 2 (bioMérieux, Marcy L′Ètoile, France) and the Phoenix systems (BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, Md.) are automated instruments for rapid organism identification and susceptibility testing. We evaluated the workflow, the time to result, and the performance of identification and susceptibility testing of both instruments. A total of 307 fresh clinical isolates were tested: 141 Enterobacteriaceae, 22 nonfermenters, 93 Staphylococcus spp. , and 51 Enterococcus spp. Manipulation time was measured in batches, each with seven isolates, for a total of 39 batches. The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) manipulation time per batch was 20.9 ± 1.8 min for Phoenix and 10.6 ± 1.0 min for VITEK 2 (P < 0.001). Mean (±SD) time to result for all bacterial groups was 727 ± 162 min for Phoenix and 506 ± 120 min for VITEK 2 (P < 0.001). Concerning identification, Phoenix and VITEK 2 yielded the same results for nonfermenters (100%), staphylococci (97%), and enterococci (100%). For 140 Enterobacteriaceae strains evaluated, 135 (96%) were correctly identified by Phoenix and 137 (98%) by VITEK 2 (P = 0.72). The overall category agreement for all isolates was 97.0% for both instruments. The minor error rate, major error rate, and very major error rate for all bacterial isolates tested were 3.0, 0.3, and 0.6 and 2.8, 0.2, and 1.7 for Phoenix and VITEK 2, respectively (P values of 0.76, 0.75, and 0.09). The VITEK 2 system required less manual manipulation time and less time than the Phoenix system to yield results.
FIXED‐RATIO PUNISHMENT1

Responses were maintained by a variable-interval schedule of food reinforcement. At the same time, punishment was delivered following every nth response (fixed-ratio punishment). The introduction of fixed-ratio punishment produced an initial phase during which the emission of responses was positively accelerated between punishments. Eventually, the degree of positive acceleration was reduced and a uniform but reduced rate of responding emerged. Large changes in the over-all level of responding were produced by the intensity of punishment, the value of the punishment ratio, and the level of food deprivation. The uniformity of response rate between punishments was invariant in spite of these changes in over-all rate and contrary to some plausible a priori theoretical considerations. Fixed-ratio punishment also produced phenomena previously observed under continuous punishment: warm-up effect and a compensatory increase. This type of intermittent punishment produced less rapid and less complete suppression than did continuous punishment.
Unloader Braces for Medial Compartment Knee Osteoarthritis

Background: For persons with unicompartment knee osteoarthritis (OA), off-unloader braces are a mechanical intervention designed to reduce pain, improve physical function, and possibly slow disease progression. Pain relief is thought to be mediated by distracting the involved compartment via external varus or valgus forces applied to the knee. In so doing, tibiofemoral alignment is improved, and load is shifted off the degenerative compartment, where exposure to potentially damaging and provocative mechanical stresses are reduced. Objectives: To provide a synopsis of the evidence documented in the scientific literature concerning the efficacy of offloader knee braces for improving symptomatology associated with painful disabling medial compartment knee OA. Search Strategy: Relevant peer-reviewed publications were retrieved from a MEDLINE search using the terms with the reference terms osteoarthritis, knee, and braces (per Medical Subject Headings), plus a manual search of bibliographies from original and review articles and appropriate Internet resources. Results: For persons with combined unicompartment knee OA and mild to moderate instability, the strength of recommendation reported by the Osteoarthritis Research Society International in the ability of off-loader knee braces to reduce pain, improve stability, and diminish the risk of falling was 76% (95% confidence interval, 69%–83%). The more evidence the treatment is effective, the higher the percentage. Conclusions: Given the encouraging evidence that off-loader braces are effective in mediating pain relief in conjunction with knee OA and malalignment, bracing should be fully used before joint realignment or replacement surgery is considered. With the number of patients with varus deformities and knee pain predicted to increase as the population ages, a reduction of patient morbidity for this widespread chronic condition in combination with this treatment modality could have a positive impact on health care costs and the economic productivity and quality of life of the affected individuals.
Regulatory Focus and Audience Morality: Examining Relationships Between Message Orientation and Moral Intuitions

Moral foundations theory (MFT) is a psychological framework describing innate and modular moral intuitions. The current study integrates MFT with a motivational conception of morality to link it with regulatory focus theory. By combining these frameworks, we predict that a prevention-focused (vs. promotion-focused) advertising message will prime emphasis of moral domains for in-group loyalty, respect for authority, and moral purity among college students. The framework also suggests that emphasis of these three domains will be positively associated with favorable appraisals of prevention-focused messages. Results support the notion that prevention-focused (vs. promotion-focused) messages prime the three domains but contradict the expectation that these domains are positively associated with favorable appraisals of prevention-focused messages. Observations show that they are, rather, positively associated with favorable appraisals of the promotion-focused message. Discussion centers on interpreting these contradictory findings as well as the importance of moral psychology to advertising and communication literature.
Rethinking recontextualization in Professional discourse studies: An epilogue

Dans un numero thematique consacre au discours produit au-dela des frontieres professionnelles, c-a-d au discours impliquant des professionnels qui communiquent avec des individus issus d'autres professions ou des personnes non expertes, l'A. propose ici un article de conclusion dans lequel il fait le point sur les principales notions liees a ce type de communication (recontextualisation, intertextualite, polyphonie) et examine les questions analytiques et methodologiques posees par ces notions
Convergence Revisited

The recent literature on convergence has departed fromthe earlier literature by focusing on the shape of the productionfunction and the rate at which an economy converges to its ownsteady state. This article uses advances from the recent literatureto look back at the question that originally motivated the convergenceliterature: what will the distribution of per capita income looklike in the future? Several results are highlighted by the analysis,including the suggestion that there is little reason to expectthe United States to maintain its position as world leader interms of output per worker.
Evolution of CCR5 Use before and during Coreceptor Switching

ABSTRACT The envelope gene (env) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) undergoes rapid divergence from the transmitted sequence and increasing diversification during the prolonged course of chronic infection in humans. In about half of infected individuals or more, env evolution leads to expansion of the use of entry coreceptor from CCR5 alone to CCR5 and CXCR4. The stochastic nature of this coreceptor switch is not well explained by host selective forces that should be relatively constant between infected individuals. Moreover, differences in the incidence of coreceptor switching among different HIV-1 subtypes suggest that properties of the evolving virus population drive the switch. We evaluated the functional properties of sequential env clones from a patient with evidence of coreceptor switching at 5.67 years of infection. We found an abrupt decline in the ability of viruses to use CCR5 for entry at this time, manifested by a 1- to 2-log increase in susceptibility to CCR5 inhibitors and a reduced ability to infect cell lines with low CCR5 expression. There was an abnormally rapid 5.4% divergence in env sequences from 4.10 to 5.76 years of infection, with the V3 and V4/V5 regions showing the greatest divergence and evidence of positive selection. These observations suggest that a decline in the fitness of R5 virus populations may be one driving force that permits the emergence of R5X4 variants.
Examining Concussion Rates and Return to Play in High School Football Players Wearing Newer Helmet Technology: A Three-Year Prospective Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare concussion rates and recovery times for athletes wearing newer helmet technology compared to traditional helmet design. METHODS: This was a three-year, prospective, naturalistic, cohort study. Participants were 2,141 high school athletes from Western Pennsylvania. Approximately half of the sample wore the Revolution helmet manufactured by Riddell, Inc. (n = 1,173) and the remainder of the sample used standard helmets (n = 968). Athletes underwent computerized neurocognitive testing through the use of ImPACT at the beginning of the study. Following a concussion, players were reevaluated at various time intervals until recovery was complete. RESULTS: In the total sample, the concussion rate in athletes wearing the Revolution was 5.3% and in athletes wearing standard helmets was 7.6% [&khgr;2 (1, 2, 141) = 4.96, P < 0.027]. The relative risk estimate was 0.69 (95% confidence interval = 0.499– 0.958). Wearing the Revolution helmet was associated with approximately a 31% decreased relative risk and 2.3% decreased absolute risk for sustaining a concussion in this cohort study. The athletes wearing the Revolution did not differ from athletes wearing standard helmets on the mechanism of injury (e.g., head-to-head strike), on-field concussion markers (e.g., amnesia or loss of consciousness), or on-field presentation of symptoms (e.g., headaches, dizziness, or balance problems). CONCLUSION: Recent sophisticated laboratory research has better elucidated injury biomechanics associated with concussion in professional football players. This data has led to changes in helmet design and new helmet technology, which appears to have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of cerebral concussion in high school football players.