Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Place on the Team: The Triumph and Tragedy of Title IX

Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1: The Segregated History of College Sports 13 CHAPTER 2: A New Paradigm of Civil Rights 32 CHAPTER 3: Heroines as Well as Heroes 45 CHAPTER 4: College Sports and Civil Rights 66 CHAPTER 5: Legal and Logistical Challenges 81 CHAPTER 6: The First Generation 97 CHAPTER 7: A Watershed Moment 105 CHAPTER 8: Clarifications amid Controversy 125 CHAPTER 9: Sports before College 142 CHAPTER 10: The Wrestlers? Response 153 CHAPTER 11: The Tragedy 175 CHAPTER 12: Triumph? 188 Acknowledgments 197 APPENDIX A: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 201 APPENDIX B: Founding Members of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women 205 APENDIX C: Draft Regulations for Interscholastic and Intercollegiate Athletics (1974) 208 APPENDIX D: Final Regulations Concerning Title IX and Scholastic/Collegiate Sports (1975) 210 APPENDIX E: Proposed Policy Interpretation (1978) 212 APPENDIX F: Policy Interpretation: Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics (1979) 220 APPENDIX G: The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 230 APPENDIX H: Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletic Policy Guidance: The Three-Part Test (1996) 232 APPENDIX I: Further Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics POlicy Guidance Regarding Title IX Compliance (2003) 236 Notes 241 Bibliography 259 Landmark Title IX Lawsuits 267 Index 269
Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings after Severe Exogenous Endophthalmitis

Abstract Purpose: To report outcomes and assess structural changes in the retina in patients with severe endophthalmitis. Methods: Retrospective, nonrandomized, interventional case series at a tertiary referral centre. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of both eyes were acquired at least 5 months after pars plana vitrectomy. OCT images were analyzed using retinal layer segmentation. Results: Nine patients (46–80 years of age) were included in this study. Average ETDRS visual acuity before treatment was 23 letters and improved to 74 letters. In our cohort we did not find a generalized reduction of retinal layers using automated layer segmentation. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that prompt treatment of severe endophthalmitis with intravitreal antibiotics followed by pars plana vitrectomy may lead to excellent visual outcomes with minimal damage to the retinal architecture.
Racial Disparities in Outcomes of Adult Heart Transplantation

Background— This study evaluated whether minority orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) recipients tend to be transplanted at worse performing centers. Methods and Results— OHT recipients between 2000 and 2010 were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing database and stratified by race. Center performance was evaluated using observed-to-expected mortality ratios that were calculated using validated indexes for recipient and donor risk in OHT. The primary outcome was 1-year post-OHT mortality. A total of 102 centers performed OHT in 18 085 patients. Blacks had higher unadjusted 1-year mortality, which was confirmed after risk adjustment. Blacks had increased risk-adjusted mortality at poor performing centers (observed-to-expected mortality ratio, >1.2; odds ratio, 1.37 [95% confidence interval, 1.12–1.69]; P=0.002) and a strong trend toward increased mortality at excellent performing centers (observed-to-expected mortality ratio, <0.8; odds ratio, 1.42 [95% confidence interval, 0.99–2.02]; P=0.06). A higher proportion of blacks were treated at centers with higher-than-expected mortality (56.4% versus 47.1% whites versus 48.1% Hispanics; P<0.001), a finding that persisted after adjusting for insurance type and highest education level. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the percentage of blacks and observed-to-expected mortality ratios at the center level (r=0.32; P=0.001). In multivariable analysis incorporating immunologic and socioeconomic variables, there was no clear dominant source for the disparities in outcomes of OHT between races. Conclusions— Blacks have a propensity to be transplanted at worse performing centers; however, center effect alone does not explain the mortality difference between ethnicities. Although referral of minorities to better performing centers would improve absolute survival, it would not likely eliminate the racial disparities that exist in OHT outcomes.
What We Don't Know Can Hurt Us: A Call for Stereotype-Congruent Impression Management Tactics

Lindsey, King, Dunleavy, McCausland, and Jones (2013) present several individual and organizational strategies for reducing discrimination and ensuring minority group members feel included in the workplace. We agree that more attention to this important topic is needed; however, we propose caution for their recommendations about impression management (IM) strategies in the inclusion phase. In the focal article, Lindsey et al. identified three ways in which stigmatized individuals can use IM to reduce interpersonal discrimination: acknowledgement, individuation, and prejudice confrontation. These three direct strategies that may work for some stigmatized group members might actually make things worse for others. For example, for groups who are viewed as angry (e.g., Black men), directly confronting others about their stereotypes may confirm the stereotype and further reduce inclusion. Thus, by focusing on diversity in general, the authors overlook critical differences in how stigmatized groups are perceived and group-specific ways that members could
Accurate clinical detection of exon copy number variants in a targeted NGS panel using DECoN

Background: Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) panels are increasingly being used in clinical genomics to increase capacity, throughput and affordability of gene testing. Identifying whole exon deletions or duplications (termed exon copy number variants, ‘exon CNVs’) in exon-targeted NGS panels has proved challenging, particularly for single exon CNVs. Methods: We developed a tool for the Detection of Exon Copy Number variants (DECoN), which is optimised for analysis of exon-targeted NGS panels in the clinical setting. We evaluated DECoN performance using 96 samples with independently validated exon CNV data. We performed simulations to evaluate DECoN detection performance of single exon CNVs and to evaluate performance using different coverage levels and sample numbers. Finally, we implemented DECoN in a clinical laboratory that tests BRCA1 and BRCA2 with the TruSight Cancer Panel (TSCP). We used DECoN to analyse 1,919 samples, validating exon CNV detections by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Results: In the evaluation set, DECoN achieved 100% sensitivity and 99% specificity for BRCA exon CNVs, including identification of 8 single exon CNVs. DECoN also identified 14/15 exon CNVs in 8 other genes. Simulations of all possible BRCA single exon CNVs gave a mean sensitivity of 98% for deletions and 95% for duplications. DECoN performance remained excellent with different levels of coverage and sample numbers; sensitivity and specificity was >98% with the typical NGS run parameters. In the clinical pipeline, DECoN automatically analyses pools of 48 samples at a time, taking 24 minutes per pool, on average. DECoN detected 24 BRCA exon CNVs, of which 23 were confirmed by MLPA, giving a false discovery rate of 4%. Specificity was 99.7%. Conclusions: DECoN is a fast, accurate, exon CNV detection tool readily implementable in research and clinical NGS pipelines. It has high sensitivity and specificity and acceptable false discovery rate. DECoN is freely available at www.icr. ac.uk/decon.
Structured Coculture of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Disc Cells Enhances Differentiation and Proliferation

Purpose: During in vivo stem cell differentiation, mature cells often induce the differentiation of nearby stem cells. Accordingly, prior studies indicate that a randomly mixed coculture can help transform mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into nucleus pulposus cells (NPC). However, because in vivo signaling typically occurs heterotopically between adjacent cell layers, we hypothesized that a structurally organized coculture between MSC and NPC will result in greater cell differentiation and proliferation over single cell-type controls and cocultures with random organization. Methods: We developed a novel bilaminar cell pellet (BCP) system where a sphere of MSC is enclosed in a shell of NPC by successive centrifugation. Controls were made using single cell-type pellets and coculture pellets with random organization. The pellets were evaluated for DNA content, gene expression, and histology. Results: A bilaminar 3D organization enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation. BCP showed significantly more cell proliferation than pellets with one cell type and those with random organization. Enhanced differentiation of MSC within the BCP pellet relative to single cell-type pellets was demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR, histology, and in situ hybridization. Conclusions: The BCP culture system increases MSC proliferation and differentiation as compared to single cell type or randomly mixed coculture controls.
Psychophysiological perspectives on autism

Autism is a severe developmental neuropsychiatric disorder, with an onset in the first three years of life. It essentially affects aspects of behaviour which are generally regarded as 'human'. Core characteristics of autism are abnormalities in language, communication and soical interaction, narrowed interests and stereotyped behaviour. Although theories of different nature exists on what the underlying deficit for these abnormalities might be, a common aspect of all theories may be a defect in attention. Event-related potentials (ERPs) are, due to their very high temporal resolution, very well suited for the study of attentional processing in the brain. ERP studies of the P3, a large positivity occurring around 300 milliseconds after a stimulus is presented, have pointed out that this component is much smaller in autistic individuals than in controls, especially over posterior parts of the brain. However, none of these studies have made a detailed study of attentional processing before 300 milliseconds. In this thesis, visual and auditory selective attention tasks are described in groups of high functioning autistic children and adolescents. It was found that autistic children show profoundly smaller P3 amplitudes than controls, but that these abnormalities were not preceded by abnormalities in selective attention. However, autistic children already showed abnormalities in visual processing around 100 milliseconds after stimulus presentation, as seen in much smaller P1 amplitudes. In autistic adolescents such amplitude reductions were not observed, but this group did show abnormal selective attention. These abnormalities in selective attention were interpreted as compensatory mechanisms, normalizing P3. Whether abnormal P3 was a reflection of deficiencies in attentional capacity was studied with a probe task. In this task, autistic individuals did not show the same trade-off between task- and probe-stimuli as was seen in controls. When probe stimuli became increasingly irrelevant, controls invested less capacity in processing these stimuli as evident in smaller P3 amplitudes to those stimuli. Autistic patients did not show such a decrease in P3 amplitude. Therefore, autistic patients seem to have a deficiency in the allocation of processing capacity. In order to gain more insight in the underlying neural sources of the scalp recorded ERPs, the data from the visual selective attention task were subjected to high-resolution source localization techniques based on individual head models derived from Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). It was found that autistic children showed a more superior location of the sources for P1, which is discussed in light of functional and structural MRI findings in autism. The use of the technique described in this thesis is new in the field of autism and provides valuable new insights in the disorder
Neuregulin 1-Erbb4 in the rodent prefrontal cortex: Investigations of schizophrenia-related behaviours and signalling pathways

Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic and debilitating psychiatric disorder. Current therapies have no efficacy in treating the cognitive impairments which are largely responsible for the poor quality of life of schizophrenia patients and contribute to the massive economic burden that is associated with the disorder. Although it is known that schizophrenia is highly heritable, the underlying genetic basis is still poorly understood due to the complex polygenetic nature of the disorder. Several candidate genes which are thought to increase risk for the incidence of schizophrenia have been identified. Two such schizophrenia candidate genes are neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and v-erb-a erythroblastic leukaemia viral oncogene homolog 4 (ERBB4). As well as the genetic evidence from genetic association studies, studies of animal models and the endogenous biological functions of NRG1 and ERBB4 in the CNS suggest that these genes may play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, very little is known about the functions of these genes in specific brain regions in adulthood with respect to cognition. To address this, I have utilised recombinant adeno-associated viral particles (rAAVs) as a vehicle to mediate knockdown of the expression of Erbb4 specifically within the medial prefrontal (mPFC) cortex of adult rats. This allows for a spatially and temporally controlled investigation of the role that Erbb4 signalling may play in prefrontal cortex-dependent behaviours in adulthood. Following initial in vitro and in vivo validation of the functionality of the rAAVs, further in vivo studies confirmed that, five weeks after stereotaxic injection of rAAVs encoding a short hairpin sequence corresponding to Erbb4 (shErbb4.rAAV), into the mPFC of rats, there was significant Erbb4 protein knockdown, as analysed by ELISA. Subsequent western blot analysis revealed that Erbb4 knockdown consequently increased the level of Nrg1 expression and decreased the activity of Akt signalling, but had no effect on Erk signalling. Erbb4 knockdown specifically within the mPFC increased performance accuracy in the 5-choice serial reaction time task at 5 weeks post-surgery. Furthermore, viral mediated Erbb4 knockdown specifically within the mPFC heightened the II sensitivity to the locomotor inducing effects of amphetamine. There were, however, no effects of Erbb4 knockdown on pre-pulse inhibition at any time points assessed. These results indicate that Nrg1-Erbb4 signalling in the PFC modulates cognitive performance but not sensorimotor gating, and that dopaminergic transmission may be regulated by Nrg1-Erbb4 signalling. In conclusion, this study highlights the ability of viral mediated gene manipulation to investigate regionally specific roles of schizophrenia candidate genes in adulthood in terms of cognition and downstream signalling pathways. This may translate to a better understanding of how these genes may exert potentially pathophysiological effects in patients and ultimately lead to improved treatments.
Psychology of work behavior

Introduction. Methods and ethics of industrial and organizational psychology. Prediction in industrial settings. Job analysis and the measurement of performance. Judgmental measures of performance. Tests and testing techniques. Interviews and other predictors. Personnel decisions. Personnel training and development. The motivation to work. Job satisfaction: the meaning of work. The supervisor as leader. The organization of behavior. Work and well being. Designing work for people. Index
Molecular Characterization and Tissue Distribution of Estrogen Receptor Genes in Domestic Yak

Estrogen and its receptors are essential hormones for normal reproductive function in males and females during developmental stage. To better understand the effect of estrogen receptor (ER) gene in yak (Bos grunniens), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out to clone ERα and ERβ genes. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the evolutionary relationship between yaks and other species, and real-time PCR was performed to identify the mRNA expression of ERα and ERβ. Sequence analysis showed that the ER open reading frames (ORFs) encoded 596 and 527 amino acid proteins. The yak ERα and ERβ shared 45.3% to 99.5% and 53.9% to 99.1% protein sequence identities with other species homologs, respectively. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that ERα and ERβ were expressed in a variety of tissues, but the expression level of ERα was higher than that of ERβ in all tissues, except testis. The mRNA expression of ERα was highest in the mammary gland, followed by uterus, oviduct, and ovary, and lowest in the liver, kidney, lung, testis, spleen, and heart. The ERβ mRNA level was highest in the ovary; intermediary in the uterus and oviduct; and lowest in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, mammary gland, and testis. The identification and tissue distribution of ER genes in yaks provides a foundation for the further study on their biological functions.
Volumetric Analysis of Brain MRI for Alzheimer’s Disease

of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Weizhao Zhao. No. of pages in text. (124) Alzheimer‟s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is a gradually progressive degenerative neurological disorder that is characterized by increasing cognitive impairment, characteristic degenerative pathology and brain atrophy. Studies have shown that the progression of AD pathology in the brain develops in a predictable pattern and the pathological changes that take place in brain begin at the microscopic level long before the first signs of memory loss. Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which has exceptional soft tissue contrast and detailed resolution, is the best way to noninvasively examine changes which occur early in the course of AD. For this dissertation, our aim is to improve the methods for measuring the atrophy of brain structures in AD, as seen on MRI, and to apply these methods to subjects with cognitive impairment. This study has established a new coordinate template to replace the widely used Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template for the atlas-based segmentation procedure. The new template was derived from the same structural image as the one used by the Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) procedure. The agreement of the newly developed coordinate template and AAL helps to estimate accurate spatial transformation parameters used in warping the AAL to individual subject images. The new template combines the spatial information of the structural image and the frequency information of MNI template. Based on the same principle, a set of customized templates has been developed. The customized template, associated atlas and customized priors match more closely the aging population than the previous template, so as to improve the atlas-based segmentation of regions of interest in AD assessment. Visual Rating System (VRS) of a single coronal slice (MB slice) in MRI has been another valuable method in the assessment of medial temporal lobe atrophy. An automated procedure has been developed in this study to measure the hippocampal area on the same coronal slice so that the labor of human experts in the VRS assessment of hippocampus will be significantly reduced. Finally the methods and materials (template and atlas) developed in this dissertation were applied to cross-sectional studies of subjects with cognitive impairment. We conducted volumetric analysis on subjects and conclude that the data from the new approaches have higher correlations with clinical data, and therefore can be reliably used as part of an AD assessment tool.
Relationship between Body Composition and Pulmonary Function in Early Adult Life: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Nested in Two Birth Cohort Studies

Background Overweight/obesity has been reported to worsen pulmonary function (PF). This study aimed to examine the association between PF and several body composition (BC) measures in two population-based cohorts. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of individuals aged 18 and 30 years from two Pelotas Birth Cohorts in southern Brazil. PF was assessed by spirometry. Body measures that were collected included body mass index, waist circumference, skinfold thickness, percentages of total and segmented (trunk, arms and legs) fat mass (FM) and total fat-free mass (FFM). FM and FFM were measured by air-displacement plethysmography (BODPOD) and by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Associations were verified through linear regressions stratified by sex, and adjusted for weight, height, skin color, and socioeconomic, behavioral, and perinatal variables. Results A total of 7347 individuals were included in the analyses (3438 and 3909 at 30 and 18 years, respectively). Most BC measures showed a significant positive association between PF and FFM, and a negative association with FM. For each additional percentage point of FM, measured by BOD POD, the forced vital capacity regression coefficient adjusted by height, weight and skin color, at 18 years, was −33 mL (95% CI −38, −29) and −26 mL (95% CI −30, −22), and −30 mL (95% CI −35, −25) and −19 mL (95% CI −23, −14) at 30 years, in men and women, respectively. All the BOD POD regression coefficients for FFM were the same as for the FM coefficients, but in a positive trend (p<0.001 for all associations). Conclusions All measures that distinguish FM from FFM (skinfold thickness–FM estimation–BOD POD, total and segmental DXA measures–FM and FFM proportions) showed negative trends in the association of FM with PF for both ages and sexes. On the other hand, FFM showed a positive association with PF.
Pengembangan Modul Tematik Dan Inovatif Berkarakter Pada Tema Pencemaran Lingkungan Untuk Siswa Kelas VII SMP

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan modul tematik dan inovatif berkarakter pada tema pencemaran lingkungan dan mengetahui pengaruh modul terhadap peningkatan karakter siswa SMP. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian dan pengembangan. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, didapatkan kelayakan modul dengan kategori sangat layak, angket siswa dan guru mendapatkan kriteria sangat baik, aktivitas siswa mendapat kategori sangat aktif, dan analisis hasil belajar siswa mencapai KKM sebesar 100%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis karakter siswa diperoleh peningkatan karakter siswa dengan kategori sedang. Skor tertinggi terdapat pada karakter komunikatif dan skor terendah pada karakter percaya diri. This research is aimed to find out the validity of thematic, innovative, characterize module Environment Pollution theme and to find out the effect of the module toward the improvement with students’s character. The design of this research is Research and Development. Based on the result of research, it was obtained that module validity showed very valid category, the student and teacher’s questionnaire showed very good category, the students’s activity showed very active category, and the analysis of students’s learning reached the passing grade in amount of 100%. Based on the data analysis of student’s character, it was obtained that the improvement of students’s character is in medium category. The highest score is communicative character and the lowest score for a confident character.