Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of a leucocyte depleting arterial line filter on perioperative proteolytic enzyme and oxygen free radical release in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery

Background: Proteolytic enzymes and oxygen free radicals released from activated leucocytes contribute significantly to the organ dysfunction associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Leucocyte depletion during extracorporeal circulation should reduce the release of these toxic compounds and thereby improve postbypass myocardial and pulmonary function. Recently, a leucocyte‐specific arterial line filter to achieve leucocyte depletion during clinical perfusion has become commercially available. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the influence of the leucocyte depleting arterial line filter on proteolytic enzyme release, oxygen free radical release and postbypass pulmonary and myocardial function in patients undergoing bypass surgery.
Face-Sensitive Processes One Hundred Milliseconds after Picture Onset

The human face is the most studied object category in visual neuroscience. In a quest for markers of face processing, event-related potential (ERP) studies have debated whether two peaks of activity – P1 and N170 – are category-selective. Whilst most studies have used photographs of unaltered images of faces, others have used cropped faces in an attempt to reduce the influence of features surrounding the “face–object” sensu stricto. However, results from studies comparing cropped faces with unaltered objects from other categories are inconsistent with results from studies comparing whole faces and objects. Here, we recorded ERPs elicited by full front views of faces and cars, either unaltered or cropped. We found that cropping artificially enhanced the N170 whereas it did not significantly modulate P1. In a second experiment, we compared faces and butterflies, either unaltered or cropped, matched for size and luminance across conditions, and within a narrow contrast bracket. Results of Experiment 2 replicated the main findings of Experiment 1. We then used face–car morphs in a third experiment to manipulate the perceived face-likeness of stimuli (100% face, 70% face and 30% car, 30% face and 70% car, or 100% car) and the N170 failed to differentiate between faces and cars. Critically, in all three experiments, P1 amplitude was modulated in a face-sensitive fashion independent of cropping or morphing. Therefore, P1 is a reliable event sensitive to face processing as early as 100 ms after picture onset.
Molecular basis for the differential expression of the global regulator VieA in Vibrio cholerae biotypes directed by H‐NS, LeuO and quorum sensing

VieA is a cyclic diguanylate phosphodiesterase that modulates biofilm development and motility in Vibrio cholerae O1 of the classical biotype. vieA is part of an operon encoding the VieSAB signal transduction pathway that is nearly silent in V. cholerae of the El Tor biotype. A DNA pull‐down assay for proteins interacting with the vieSAB promoter identified the LysR‐type regulator LeuO. We show that in classical biotype V. cholerae, LeuO cooperates with the nucleoid‐associated protein H‐NS to repress vieSAB transcription. LeuO and H‐NS interacted with the vieSAB promoter of both biotypes with similar affinities and protected overlapping DNA sequences. H‐NS was expressed at similar levels in both cholera biotypes. In contrast, El Tor biotype strains expressed negligible LeuO under identical conditions. In El Tor biotype vibrios, transcription of vieSAB is repressed by the quorum sensing regulator HapR, which is absent in classical biotype strains. Restoring HapR expression in classical biotype V. cholerae repressed vieSAB transcription by binding to its promoter. We propose that double locking of the vieSAB promoter by H‐NS and HapR in the El Tor biotype prior to the cessation of exponential growth results in a more pronounced decline in VieA specific activity compared to the classical biotype.
Improved Survival With Radial Artery Versus Vein Conduits in Coronary Bypass Surgery With Left Internal Thoracic Artery to Left Anterior Descending Artery Grafting

Background—Given its proven survival benefit, left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending (LITA-LAD) grafting has become a fundamental part of CABG. This grafting also led to increased use of other arterial conduits, of which the radial artery is most popular. Whether radial grafting improves survival beyond that achieved by LITA-LAD alone is not known. Methods and Results—We compared 6-year outcomes in propensity-matched CABG-LITA-LAD patients (925 each) divided into those with ≥1 radial grafts and those with vein-only grafting. Matched patients had essentially identical demographics, comorbidities, coronary disease, and operative data. Perioperative outcomes, including death (radial, 11 [1.2%]; vein, 10 [1.1%]), were similar for the 2 groups. Cumulative 0- to 6-year survival was better for radial patients (risk ratio, 0.675), particularly after 3 years (P <0.03). Six-year survival in vein (86.8%) and radial (92.1%) patients indicated 67% greater overall vein mortality. Incidence rates of radial and vein repeated catheterization (190 of 925 [20.5%] versus 199 of 925 [21.5%]) and revascularization (8.8% versus 8.5%) were similar. Angiography data in restudied symptomatic patients showed a trend for greater radial patency. Vein failure (66 of 161 [41%]) was significantly worse than radial failure (46 of 157 [29.3%]) in patients receiving both types of grafts (P =0.039). Conclusions—Using radial as a second arterial conduit in CABG-LITA-LAD as opposed to vein grafting improves long-term outcomes as a result of decreased late deaths, especially after the third postoperative year.
Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows as Probes of Environment and Blast Wave Physics. II. The Distribution of p and Structure of the Circumburst Medium

We constrain blast wave parameters and the circumburst media of a subsample of 10 BeppoSAX gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). For this sample we derive the values of the injected electron energy distribution index, p, and the density structure index of the circumburst medium, k, from simultaneous spectral fits to their X-ray, optical, and NIR afterglow data. The spectral fits have been done in count space and include the effects of metallicity, and are compared with the previously reported optical and X-ray temporal behavior. Using the blast wave model and some assumptions which include on-axis viewing and standard jet structure, constant blast wave energy, and no evolution of the microphysical parameters, we find a mean value of p for the sample as a whole of 2.04+ 0.02−0.03. A statistical analysis of the distribution demonstrates that the p-values in this sample are inconsistent with a single universal value for p at the 3 σ level or greater, which has significant implications for particle acceleration models. This approach provides us with a measured distribution of circumburst density structures rather than considering only the cases of k = 0 (homogeneous) and k = 2 (windlike). We find five GRBs for which k can be well constrained, and in four of these cases the circumburst medium is clearly windlike. The fifth source has a value of 0 ⩽ k⩽ 1, consistent with a homogeneous circumburst medium.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Cardiac Inflammation: Immunomodulatory Properties and the Influence of Toll-Like Receptors

Background. After myocardial infarction (MI), the inflammatory response is indispensable for initiating reparatory processes. However, the intensity and duration of the inflammation cause additional damage to the already injured myocardium. Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) upon MI positively affects cardiac function. This happens likely via a paracrine mechanism. As MSC are potent modulators of the immune system, this could influence this postinfarct immune response. Since MSC express toll-like receptors (TLR), danger signal (DAMP) produced after MI could influence their immunomodulatory properties. Scope of Review. Not much is known about the direct immunomodulatory efficiency of MSC when injected in a strong inflammatory environment. This review focuses first on the interactions between MSC and the immune system. Subsequently, an overview is provided of the effects of DAMP-associated TLR activation on MSC and their immunomodulative properties after myocardial infarction. Major Conclusions. MSC can strongly influence most cell types of the immune system. TLR signaling can increase and decrease this immunomodulatory potential, depending on the available ligands. Although reports are inconsistent, TLR3 activation may boost immunomodulation by MSC, while TLR4 activation suppresses it. General Significance. Elucidating the effects of TLR activation on MSC could identify new preconditioning strategies which might improve their immunomodulative properties.
Genetic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease

In the current minireview, we focus on genetic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because various excellent, up-to-date reviews, special issues, and reliable websites are already dedicated to the genetics of Alzheimer's disease in general and of animal models in particular, this review is not meant to be comprehensive. Rather, we aim to steer the Alzheimer's novice through the recent mouse literature on AD. Special attention will be paid to genetic models that have been tested behaviorally.
The seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in a referral population of children in the United States

OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of serum antibodies directed against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in children referred to children's hospitals or medical centers throughout the United States.METHODS:This multisite cross-sectional prospective study involved 992 children from 12 states using a validated anti–H. pylori IgG enzyme immunoassay. The children were recruited into two groups: those without any GI complaints (non–GI referral, n = 619) and those who were referred for endoscopy because of abdominal pain (GI referral, n = 373). RESULTS:GI referral children had a higher rate of seropositivity (22.5%) than non–GI referral children (14.1%) from the same geographic regions. In both groups, older children were more likely to be seropositive for H. pylori, as were nonwhite children and those with lower socioeconomic status. H. pylori seropositivity rates were higher in GI referral children with four or more household members (relative risk [RR] = 1.47; CI 1.01–2.14). Multivariate analysis controlling for age, ethnicity, and household income, showed that presence of GI symptoms were associated with a nearly 2-fold risk for H. pylori seropositivity (odds ratio = 1.77, CI 1.27–2.47). Epigastric pain (RR = 2.21; CI = 1.33–3.66) and having three or more episodes of abdominal pain in the last 3 months (RR = 0.59, CI = 0.35–0.99) were the only specific symptoms significantly associated with H. pylori seropositivity.CONCLUSIONS:The H. pylori seropositivity rate of GI referral children with symptoms of abdominal pain was significantly higher. H. pylori infection in early childhood was found to be associated primarily with the child's household size and socioeconomic status.
Learning About Genetic Engineering in an Outreach Laboratory: Influence of Motivation and Gender on Students’ Cognitive Achievement

During the last 10 years, outreach science laboratories have become increasingly popular due to resource and time limitations in schools. Outreach laboratories offer hands-on projects in a situated and authentic learning setting, thereby promoting the development of students’ scientific literacy. However, students’ cognitive achievement within this context is still a subject of study. The aim of our outreach-lab study was twofold: first, we investigated the influence of students’ motivation to learn science on their cognitive achievement. Second, we examined possible gender differences with respect to achievement, cognitive load, and instructional efficiency. We conducted an educational intervention on plant genetic engineering with Bavarian 10th graders (N = 197) in an outreach laboratory. We applied a pre–post design with a follow-up test monitoring students’ motivation to learn science, their cognitive achievement, and cognitive load. The last two variables were combined in the calculation of instructional efficiency. Our results indicated a substantial knowledge increase both in the short term and in the long term (medium to large effect), while highly motivated students achieved higher scores. Furthermore, we found significant gender differences in cognitive achievement and instructional efficiency, revealing that the females had a higher knowledge increase, resulting in a higher instructional efficiency (small to medium effect). Our findings suggest that active engagement in hands-on laboratory activities is especially beneficial for females. Therefore, we recommend improving the quality and quantity of laboratory experiences in science education to overcome gender differences. We discuss some potential implications for teaching.
Differences in Bullying Victimization Between Students With and Without Disabilities

Abstract. Prevalence rates for bullying victimization among children with disabilities have varied greatly in the research literature. Two reasons for such variability were the focus of this study: (a) rates vary as a function of disability type, and (b) rates vary based on the bullying measure and criteria used to classify students as bullying victims. The sample consisted of 1,027 parents or guardians of children with disabilities and 11,500 parents or guardians of children without disabilities who reported the frequency with which their children experienced bullying in general and 12 specific behaviors associated with verbal, physical, and social–relational bullying. Prevalence rates and odds ratios (ORs) differed considerably based not only on disability type but also on the classification criteria used. For both conceptual and practical reasons, it is recommended that bullying victims be considered those who experience bullying-related behaviors frequently and repetitively as opposed to only sometimes.
Rural Drug Users: Factors Associated With Substance Abuse Treatment Utilization

The purpose of this study is to use a modified version of Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use to identify the correlates of the number of substance abuse treatment episodes received by rural drug users. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews with 711 drug users in rural areas of Ohio, Arkansas, and Kentucky. Descriptive analyses examine rural drug users’ substance use histories and retrospective substance abuse treatment service utilization patterns. A negative binomial regression model indicated that selected predisposing, historical health, and enabling factors were significantly associated with the utilization of substance abuse treatment among rural drug users. Despite high levels of recent and lifetime self-reported substance use among these rural drug users, treatment services were underutilized. Future studies are needed to examine the impact of the health care system and characteristics of the external environment associated with rural substance abuse treatment in order to increase utilization among drug users.
A 3-month comparative investigation of the safety and efficacy of a new toothbrush: results from two independent clinical studies.

PURPOSE To compare the efficacy of a new toothbrush featuring a novel brush head design with those of two established toothbrushes by measuring plaque and gingivitis over a period of 12 weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Oral-B CrossAction toothbrush was compared with the Dr. Best InterDent and Crest DeepSweep toothbrushes in two independent, parallel-group, examiner-blind clinical studies. Each study involved approximately 100 healthy individuals from a general population. At baseline, after 23-25 hrs of no oral hygiene, oral hard and soft tissues were examined and whole mouth, marginal and approximal plaque scores and whole mouth gingivitis scores were recorded. Subjects in the two studies were asked to use their assigned toothbrush twice a day. No instruction in brushing technique or brushing time was given. After a period of 6 weeks and finally after 12 weeks, subjects in the studies were reassessed for oral tissue status, and their plaque and gingival indices were rescored. RESULTS In each of the two studies, the tested toothbrushes significantly reduced levels of plaque and gingivitis. The CrossAction toothbrush was, however, more effective in reducing both plaque and gingivitis over 12 weeks, the differences in favor of the CrossAction being statistically significant. All the toothbrushes tested in this investigation were found to be safe with no evidence of hard or soft tissue trauma.
Bandpass switching in a nonlinear-optical loop mirror.

A novel device configuration is used to demonstrate wavelength-confined, a bandpass, switching in a nonlinear-optical loop mirror (WOLM). Demonstrated is a self-switching in the soliton regime using a partially reflecting Bragg grating as a wavelength-dependent loss element. Two wavelength operation in which a signal is switched through the use of cross phase modulation, are demonstrated. Observed is the operation of the device confined to wavelengths defined by the grating reflection band.
Calcium absorption in women: Relationships to Calcium intake, Estrogen status, and age

A total of 526 absorption studies, using both the double‐isotope and balance‐based methods, were performed in 189 middle‐aged women in good general health. The study extended over 17 years of observation, with most subjects studied from two to four times at 5 year intervals. Each study was done on the woman's own self‐selected calcium intake and was carried out under inpatient, metabolic balance controls.
Perceived Gender Discrimination and Women’s Subjective Career Success: The Moderating Role of Career Anchors

Subjective career success reflects an individual’s internal apprehension and evaluation of his or her career, across any dimensions that are perceived relevant by the individual. It has beneficial consequences on several individual and organizational outcomes, such as job performance, employee commitment, occupational retention as well as organizational retention. Given the pervasive result that women are subjected to gender discrimination in the workplace, we first wanted to check whether the level of perceived discrimination they report having faced is related to their subjective career success. We also wanted to check whether individual priorities, as evidenced in the concept of career anchor, have an influence on the relationship between perceived discrimination and career success. Using a sample of 300 women employees working in a large French company, we therefore investigated the relationship between perceived gender discrimination, subjective career success and career anchors. We found that perceived gender discrimination was negatively related to subjective career success overall. However, the relationship between the two variables was moderated by career anchors. Some anchors (i.e. managerial, technical and lifestyle) enhanced the impact of perceived gender discrimination, while other anchors (i.e. security and autonomy) lessened it. Our results show how individual expectations, reflected in the notion of career anchor, have an influence on how the work environment is interpreted. In addition, they provide a potential explanation for the apparently contradictory findings of the literature on gender and career success. Finally, our results suggest that organizations should pay special attention not only to the work experiences of women who aspire to move up the hierarchy, but also to the women who aspire to achieve a high level of competency at their job, or seek balance between their work life and their home life.
Recurrent Miscarriage ‐ Outcome After Supportive Care in Early Pregnancy

Summary: One hundred and thirty three couples were investigated at a recurrent miscarriage clinic In their next pregnancy 42 women (Group 1) with unexplained recurrent miscarriage were managed with a programme of formal emotional support and close supervision at an early pregnancy clinic Two women were seen in 2 pregnancies (44 supervised pregnancies); 86% (38 of 44) of these pregnancies were successful. Four of the 6 miscarriages had an identifiable causal factor. Nine women (Group 2), also with unexplained recurrent miscarriage, acted as a control group. After initial investigation they were reassured and returned to the care of their family practitioner and did not receive formal supportive care in their subsequent pregnancy; 33% (3 of 9) of these pregnancies were successful (p = 0.005; Fishers Exact Test). Whilst acknowledging that there is a significant spontaneous cure rate in this condition, emotional support seems to be important in the prevention of unexplained recurrent miscarriage, giving results as good as any currently accepted therapy.
Task-related electroencephalographic deviances in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide more insight into the functional significance of electroencephalographic (EEG) deviances in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by evaluating quantitative EEG during performance on a task with a low activation level and a task tapping top-down executive control. METHOD Behavioral performance and EEG activity were compared between 24 adults with ADHD and 20 typically developing adults during a simple slow-paced 2-choice reaction time (2-CRT) task and a moderately paced flanker task. RESULTS During the slow 2-CRT task, adults with ADHD responded slower, more variably, and tended to make more errors of commission. Although being slower, adults with ADHD showed equally large congruency effects during flanker task performance, indicating intact interference inhibition. In the slow 2-CRT task, (midline) theta and beta power were higher in the ADHD group than in the control group, whereas no significant EEG group differences were observed in the flanker task. A moderate positive correlation between theta power and errors of commission was found in the 2-CRT task for adults with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Adults with ADHD performed worse on a task inducing a low activation level but showed intact interference inhibition. The EEG findings are in accord with this, showing an abnormal EEG pattern in ADHD only when a low activation level was induced, not when top-down executive control load was high. Time-on-task effects could not explain the group deviances. The findings indicate that EEG deviances in ADHD are task-dependent and may be related to a suboptimal energetic state, rather than impaired top-down executive control.
Speech recognition for east Slavic languages: the case of Russian

In this paper, we present a survey of state-of-the-art systems for automatic processing of recognition of under-resourced languages of the Eastern Europe, in particular, East Slavic languages (Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian), which share some common prominent features including Cyrillic alphabet, phonetic classes, morphological structure of wordforms and relatively free grammar. A large vocabulary Russian speech recognizer, developed by SPIIRAS, is described in the paper and especial attention is paid to grapheme-to-phoneme conversion for automatic creation of a pronunciation vocabulary and acoustic modeling at the system training stage. Speech recognition results for a very large vocabulary above 200K word-forms are reported.