Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Searching for a Toxic Key to Unlock the Mystery of Anemonefish and Anemone Symbiosis

Twenty-six species of anemonefish of the genera Amphiprion and monospecific Premnas, use only 10 species of anemones as hosts in the wild (Families: Actiniidae, Stichodactylidae and Thalassianthidae). Of these 10 anemone species some are used by multiple species of anemonefish while others have only a single anemonefish symbiont. Past studies have explored the different patterns of usage between anemonefish species and anemone species; however the evolution of this relationship remains unknown and has been little studied over the past decade. Here we reopen the case, comparing the toxicity of crude venoms obtained from anemones that host anemonefish as a way to investigate why some anemone species are used as a host more than others. Specifically, for each anemone species we investigated acute toxicity using Artemia francisca (LC50), haemolytic toxicity using ovine erythrocytes (EC50) and neurotoxicity using shore crabs (Ozius truncatus). We found that haemolytic and neurotoxic activity varied among host anemone species. Generally anemone species that displayed greater haemolytic activity also displayed high neurotoxic activity and tend to be more toxic on average as indicated by acute lethality analysis. An overall venom toxicity ranking for each anemone species was compared with the number of anemonefish species that are known to associate with each anemone species in the wild. Interestingly, anemones with intermediate toxicity had the highest number of anemonefish associates, whereas anemones with either very low or very high toxicity had the fewest anemonefish associates. These data demonstrate that variation in toxicity among host anemone species may be important in the establishment and maintenance of anemonefish anemone symbiosis.
Insulin Sensitizers May Attenuate Lean Mass Loss in Older Men With Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To examine longitudinal changes in total and appendicular lean body mass in older men with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or diabetes and to determine whether these changes differ by diabetes treatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 3,752 ambulatory men aged ≥65 years at baseline participated in a multicenter longitudinal cohort study. Baseline glycemic status was categorized as normoglycemia, IFG, undiagnosed/untreated diabetes, or treated diabetes. Insulin sensitizer medication use (metformin and/or thiazolidinediones) was assessed by prescription medication inventory. The change in total lean and appendicular lean mass was derived from dual X-ray absorptiometry scans taken at baseline and 3.5 ± 0.7 years later. RESULTS This male cohort included 1,853 individuals with normoglycemia, 1,403 with IFG, 234 with untreated diabetes, 151 with diabetes treated with insulin sensitizers, and 111 with diabetes treated without insulin sensitizers. Men with untreated diabetes, diabetes treated without insulin sensitizers, or IFG had greater percentage loss in total or appendicular lean mass (P ≤ 0.05 in comparison to normoglycemic men). There remained a significantly greater percentage loss in appendicular lean mass for these groups even after adjustment for medical comorbidities or lifestyle factors. In contrast, the percentage loss in total or appendicular lean mass in men with diabetes treated with insulin sensitizers was significantly less than that in normoglycemic men in minimally and fully adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS Skeletal muscle loss was accelerated in men with IFG and diabetes, except when the latter was treated with insulin sensitizers. These findings suggest that insulin sensitizers may attenuate muscle loss.
The Impact of Ultrasound on Prenatal Attachment Among Disembodied and Embodied Knowers

Utilizing data from three studies that each focused on a different population (expectant mothers, expectant grandmothers, expectant fathers), this study sought to explore the perceived impact of ultrasound technology on feelings of prenatal attachment, hypothesizing significant differences in perceived impact would exist between expectant mothers, fathers, and grandmothers and between embodied and disembodied knowers. Participants in all three studies completed an online questionnaire which contained a 14-item prenatal attachment scale that required them to indicate how strongly they perceived the ultrasound exam affected their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the unborn baby and the pregnancy. Results of analysis of variance and t-test analyses did not support the hypotheses. Significant differences did exist on individual attachment scale items. The findings of the study have implications for health care practice, as well as for facilitating family involvement and support for pregnant women.
Determining the Depression Perception and Decision-making Levels of Students

Abstract The objective of this present study is to find whether the depression perception of the students of the faculty of sports sciences and the physical education, and sports colleges has an effect on their decision-making. Significant differences were found in terms of the variables of gender, grade level, the department where they study and the place they live. Accordingly, it was concluded that depending on the increased perception of depression of the students about themselves, a very slight increase was seen in the level of their dilatory decision-making.
Resistance and resilience of a grassland ecosystem to climate extremes

Climate change forecasts of more frequent climate extremes suggest that such events will become increasingly important drivers of future ecosystem dynamics and function. Because the rarity and unpredictability of naturally occurring climate extremes limits assessment of their ecological impacts, we experimentally imposed extreme drought and a mid-summer heat wave over two years in a central U.S. grassland. While the ecosystem was resistant to heat waves, it was not resistant to extreme drought, which reduced aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) below the lowest level measured in this grassland in almost 30 years. This extreme reduction in ecosystem function was a consequence of reduced productivity of both C4 grasses and C3 forbs. However, the dominant forb was negatively impacted by the drought more than the dominant grass, and this led to a reordering of species abundances within the plant community. Although this change in community composition persisted post-drought, ANPP recovered completely t.
The Association Among Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 Levels, Total Antioxidant Capacity and Arousal in Male Patients with OSA

Background: The mechanisms of the increased cardiac and vascular events in patients with OSA are not well understood. Arousal which is an important component of OSA was associated with increased sympathetic activation and electrocardiographic changes which prone to arrhythmias. We planned to examine the association among arousal, circulating Lp-PLA2 and total antioxidant capacity in male patients with OSA. Methods: Fifty male patients with newly diagnosed OSA were enrolled the study. A full-night polysomnography was performed and arousal index was obtained. Lp-PLA2 concentrations were measured in serum samples with the PLAC Test. Total antioxidant capacity in patients was determined with Antioxidant Assay Kit. Results: Arousal was positively correlated with LP-PLA2 levels (r=0.43, p=0.002) and was negatively correlated with total antioxidant capacity (r= -0.29, p=0.04). Elevated LP-PLA2 levels and decreased total antioxidant activities were found in the highest arousal quartile compared with the lowest and 2nd quartiles (p=0.02, p=0.05, respectively). LP-PLA2 was an independently predictor of arousal index in regression model (β=0.357, p=0.002) Conclusions: This study demonstrated a moderate linear relationship between arousal and LP-PLA2 levels. Also, total antioxidant capacities were decreased in the higher arousal index. Based on the study result, the patients with higher arousal index may be prone to vascular events.
Walking and Bicycling: An Evaluation of Environmental Audit Instruments

Purpose. This paper reviews existing environmental audit instruments used to capture the walkability and bikability of environments. The review inventories and evaluates individual measures of environmental factors used in these instruments. It synthesizes the current state of knowledge in quantifying the built environment. The paper provides health promotion professionals an understanding of the essential aspects of environments influencing walking and bicycling for both recreational and transportation purposes. It serves as a basis to develop valid and efficient tools to create activity-friendly communities. Data Sources. Keyword searches identified journal articles from the computer-based Academic Citation Databases, including the National Transportation Library, the Web of Science Citation Database, and MEDLINE. Governmental publications and conference proceedings were also searched. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. All instruments to audit physical environments have been included in this review, considering both recreation- and transportation-related walking and bicycling. Excluded are general methods devised to estimate walking and cycling trips, those used in empirical studies on land use and transportation, and research on walking inside buildings. Data Extraction Methods. Data have been extracted from each instrument using a template of key items developed for this review. The data were examined for quality assurance among three experienced researchers. Data Synthesis. A behavioral model of the built environment guides the synthesis according to three components: the origin and destination of the walk or bike trip, the characteristics of the road traveled, and the characteristics of the areas surrounding the trip's origin and destination. These components, combined with the characteristics of the instruments themselves, lead to a classification of the instruments into the four categories of inventory, route quality assessment, area quality assessment, and approaches to estimating latent demand for walking and bicycling. Furthermore, individual variables used in each instrument to measure the environment are grouped into four classes: spatiophysical, spatiobehavioral, spatiopsychosocial, and policy-based. Major Conclusions. Individually, existing instruments rely on selective classes of variables and therefore assess only parts of built environments that affect walking and bicycling. Most of the instruments and individual measures have not been rigorously tested because of a lack of available data on walking and bicycling and because of limited research budgets. Future instrument development will depend on the acquisition of empirical data on walking and bicycling, on inclusion of all three components of the behavioral model, and on consideration of all classes of variables identified.
THEORETICAL PHYSICS EFFECTS OF SPIN ON THE CYCLOTRON FREQUENCY FOR A DIRAC ELECTRON

The Barut-Zanghi (BZ) theory —that constitutes a natural "classical limit" of the Dirac equation and can be regarded as a satisfactory picture of a classical spinning electron— has been analytically studied, in some of our previous papers, in the case of free particles. By contrast, in this letter we consider the case of external fields, and a previously found equation of the motion is generalized for a non-free spin-12 particle. In the important case of a spinning charge in a uniform magnetic field, we find that its angular frequency (around the magnetic field direction) is slightly different from the classical "cyclotron frequency" ω c l ass = eH/m expected for spinless charges. As a matter of fact, the angular frequency does depend on the spin orientation. As a consequence, the electrons with magnetic moment n parallel to the magnetic field do rotate with a frequency greater than that of electrons endowed with a n antiparallel to H. for the kind, active cooperation.
Changes in work function due to NO 2 adsorption on monolayer and bilayer epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001)

The electronic properties of monolayer graphene grown epitaxially on SiC(0001) are known to be highly sensitive to the presence of ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ molecules. The presence of small areas of bilayer graphene, on the other hand, considerably reduces the overall sensitivity of the surface. We investigate how ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ molecules interact with monolayer and bilayer graphene, both free-standing and on a SiC(0001) substrate. We show that it is necessary to explicitly include the effect of the substrate in order to reproduce the experimental results. When monolayer graphene is present on SiC, there is a large charge transfer from the interface between the buffer layer and the SiC substrate to the molecule. As a result, the surface work function increases by 0.9 eV after molecular adsorption. A graphene bilayer is more effective at screening this interfacial charge, and so the charge transfer and change in work function after ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ adsorption is much smaller.
Least Squares

The method of least squares is a form of mathematical regression analysis that finds the approximate solution of overdetermined systems. The least-squares method provides the best fit to data in the sense that the overall solution minimizes the sum of the squares of the residuals made in the results of every single equation. This appendix covers two topics of the linear least-squares method: the geometric interpretation of least squares and the formula of the gradient of squared residuals. These two concepts are frequently used in this book.
Gag-Pol Transframe Domain p6* Is Essential for HIV-1 Protease-Mediated Virus Maturation

HIV-1 protease (PR) is encoded by pol, which is initially translated as a Pr160gag-pol polyprotein by a ribosomal frameshift event. Within Gag-Pol, truncated p6gag is replaced by a transframe domain (referred to as p6* or p6pol) located directly upstream of PR. p6* has been proposed as playing a role in modulating PR activation. Overlapping reading frames between p6* and p6gag present a challenge to researchers using genetic approaches to studying p6* biological functions. To determine the role of p6* in PR activation without affecting the gag reading frame, we constructed a series of Gag/Gag-Pol expression vectors by duplicating PR with or without p6* between PR pairs, and observed that PR duplication eliminated virus production due to significant Gag cleavage enhancement. This effect was mitigated when p6* was placed between the two PRs. Further, Gag cleavage enhancement was markedly reduced when either one of the two PRs was mutationally inactivated. Additional reduction in Gag cleavage efficiency was noted following the removal of p6* from between the two PRs. The insertion of a NC domain (wild-type or mutant) directly upstream of PR or p6*PR did not significantly improve Gag processing efficiency. With the exception of those containing p6* directly upstream of an active PR, all constructs were either noninfectious or weakly infectious. Our results suggest that (a) p6* is essential for triggering PR activation, (b) p6* has a role in preventing premature virus processing, and (c) the NC domain within Gag-Pol is not a major determinant of PR activation.
Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity – evidence since the middle of the 20th century

Changes to forest production drivers (light, water, temperature, and site nutrient) over the last 55 years have been documented in peer‐reviewed literature. The main objective of this paper is to review documented evidence of the impacts of climate change trends on forest productivity since the middle of the 20th century. We first present a concise overview of the climate controls of forest production, provide evidence of how the main controls have changed in the last 55 years, followed by a core section outlining our findings of observed and documented impacts on forest productivity and a brief discussion of the complications of interpreting trends in net primary production (NPP). At finer spatial scales, a trend is difficult to decipher, but globally, based on both satellite and ground‐based data, climatic changes seemed to have a generally positive impact on forest productivity when water was not limiting. Of the 49 papers reporting forest production levels we reviewed, 37 showed a positive growth trend, five a negative trend, three reported both a positive and a negative trend for different time periods, one reported a positive and no trend for different geographic areas, and two reported no trend. Forests occupy ≈52% of the Earth's land surface and tend to occupy more temperature and radiation‐limited environments. Less than 7% of forests are in strongly water‐limited systems. The combined and interacting effects of temperature, radiation, and precipitation changes with the positive effect of CO2, the negative effects of O3 and other pollutants, and the presently positive effects of N will not be elucidated with experimental manipulation of one or a few factors at a time. Assessments of the greening of the biosphere depend on both accurate measurements of rates (net ecosystem exchange, NPP), how much is stored at the ecosystem level (net ecosystem production) and quantification of disturbances rates on final net biome production.
The history of the baryon budget. Cosmic logistics in a hierarchical universe

Using a series of high-resolution N-body hydrodynamical numerical simulations, we investigate several scenarios for the evolution of the baryon budget in galactic halos. We derive individual halo star formation history (SFH), as well as the global star formation rate in the universe. We develop a simple analytical model that allows us to compute surprisingly accurate predictions, when compared to our simulations, but also to other simulations presented in Springel & Hernquist (2003b). The model depends on two main parameters: the star formation time scale t∗ and the wind efficiencyηw. We also compute, for halos of a given mass, the baryon fraction in each of the following phases: cold discs gas, hot halo gas and stars. Here again, our analytical model predictions are in good agreement with simulation results, if one correctly takes into account finite resolution effect. We compare predictions of our analytical model to several observational constraints, and conclude that a very narrow range of the model parameters is allowed. The important role played by galactic winds is outlined, as well as a possible ‘superwind’ scenario in groups and clusters. The ‘anti-hierarchical’ behavior of observed SFH is well reproduced by our best model with t∗ = 3 Gyr and ηw = 1.5. We obtain in this case a present-day cosmic baryon budget of ∗ ≃ 0.004, cold ≃ 0.0004, hot ≃ 0.01 and back ≃ 0.02 (diffuse background).
c‐Fos expression in preoptic nuclei as a marker of sleep rebound in the rat

Thermoregulation is known to interfere with sleep, possibly due to a functional interaction at the level of the preoptic area (POA). Exposure to low ambient temperature (Ta) induces sleep deprivation, which is followed by sleep rebound after a return to laboratory Ta. As two POA subregions, the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) and the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), have been proposed to have a role in sleep‐related processes, the expression of c‐Fos and the phosphorylated form of the cAMP/Ca2+‐responsive element‐binding protein (P‐CREB) was investigated in these nuclei during prolonged exposure to a Ta of −10 °C and in the early phase of the recovery period. Moreover, the dynamics of the sleep rebound during recovery were studied in a separate group of animals. The results show that c‐Fos expression increased in both the VLPO and the MnPO during cold exposure, but not in a specific subregion within the VLPO cluster counting grid (VLPO T‐cluster). During the recovery, concomitantly with a large rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) rebound and an increase in delta power during non‐rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), c‐Fos expression was high in both the VLPO and the MnPO and, specifically, in the VLPO T‐cluster. In both nuclei, P‐CREB expression showed spontaneous variations in basal conditions. During cold exposure, an increase in expression was observed in the MnPO, but not in the VLPO, and a decrease was observed in both nuclei during recovery. Dissociation in the changes observed between c‐Fos expression and P‐CREB levels, which were apparently subject to state‐related non‐regulatory modulation, suggests that the sleep‐related changes observed in c‐Fos expression do not depend on a P‐CREB‐mediated pathway.
How can the general practitioner support adolescent children of ill or substance-abusing parents? A qualitative study among adolescents

Abstract Objectives: To explore significant experiences of adolescents as next of kin that the general practitioner (GP) should identify and recognize. Design: Qualitative study with focus-group interviews. Subjects and setting: Three focus-group interviews were conducted with a total of 15 Norwegian adolescents each with an ill or substance-abusing parent. The participants were recruited from existing support groups. Results: The adolescents’ days were dominated by unpredictability in their family situation and their own exhausting efforts to keep up an ordinary youth life. Mostly, they consulted GPs for somatic complaints. In encounters with the GP, they wanted to be met both as a unique person and as a member of a family with burdens. Their expectations from the GP were partly negatively formed by their experiences. Some had experienced that both their own and their parent’s health problems were not addressed properly. Others reported that the GP did not act when he or she should have been concerned about their adverse life situation. The GP may contribute to better long-term psychosocial outcomes by ensuring that the adolescents receive information about the parent’s illness and have someone to talk to about their feelings and experiences. In addition, the GP may help by supporting their participation in relieving activities. Conclusion: Burdened adolescents seek a GP most often for somatic complaints. The GP has a potential to support them by taking the initiative to talk about their life situation, and by recognizing their special efforts. Key points Little is known about how a general practitioner can support adolescents with ill or substance-abusing parents. Adolescents experience unpredictability in life and strive to find balance between their own needs and the restrictions caused by parental illness. In encounters with adolescents having ill parents, the GP should take the initiative to talk about their family situation. The GP may help them by recognizing their experiences and struggles, give information, offer talks and support coping strategies.