Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The performance of caching strategies in content centric networking

Content-centric networking (CCN) is considered to be the future Internet which moves from host-to-host model to transfer data model based on content name. Network data caching is a characteristic of CCN whose effectiveness depends on the content caching policies in the nodes. Leave copy everywhere (LCE) is the default policy in CCN which caches all content at all nodes leading to poor caching performance. Several policies have been proposed to improve the caching performance in CCN. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of caching policies in terms of caching hit ratio, time delay, and distance from consumer to caching hit content in the first node. In addition, we compare the caching policies combined with the content replacement policies when caching space at nodes is not enough room to cache new content. Our simulation model is implemented in the Abilene and Tree network models.
Development macroeconomics. 2nd. ed.

Development Macroeconomics was hailed on its publication in 1996 for providing a clear, rigorous, and long-needed synthesis of recent work in the field. This revised edition brings that achievement up to date. Addressing an audience of policy-oriented economists and theorists, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates, Pierre-Richard Agenor and Peter Montiel review and assess the burgeoning research done in the past two decades, paying special attention in this new edition to issues that have recently gained in importance among developing countries, such as the interaction between macroeconomic policies and long-term growth, the political economy of macroeconomic reform, the management of capital inflows, and currency crises.
SPECTRA AND HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE LIGHT CURVES OF SIX TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE AT 0.511 < z < 1.12 AND THE UNION2 COMPILATION

We report on work to increase the number of well-measured Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) at high redshifts. Light curves, including high signal-to-noise Hubble Space Telescope data, and spectra of six SNe Ia that were discovered during 2001, are presented. Additionally, for the two SNe with z > 1, we present ground-based J-band photometry from Gemini and the Very Large Telescope. These are among the most distant SNe Ia for which ground-based near-IR observations have been obtained. We add these six SNe Ia together with other data sets that have recently become available in the literature to the Union compilation. We have made a number of refinements to the Union analysis chain, the most important ones being the refitting of all light curves with the SALT2 fitter and an improved handling of systematic errors. We call this new compilation, consisting of 557 SNe, the Union2 compilation. The flat concordance ΛCDM model remains an excellent fit to the Union2 data with the best-fit constant equation-of-state parameter w = −0.997+0.050−0.054(stat)+0.077−0.082(stat + sys together) for a flat universe, or w = −1.038+0.056−0.059(stat)+0.093−0.097(stat + sys together) with curvature. We also present improved constraints on w(z). While no significant change in w with redshift is detected, there is still considerable room for evolution in w. The strength of the constraints depends strongly on redshift. In particular, at z ≳ 1, the existence and nature of dark energy are only weakly constrained by the data.
The ‘Dark Side’ of Psychological Ownership during Times of Change

ABSTRACT Scholars have suggested that psychological ownership can have a ‘dark side’ in organizational contexts but have yet to fully explore its negative outcomes. In this paper, we argue that when an employee feels psychological ownership toward a project, and an organizational representative imposes subtractive and revolutionary changes on that project, it is likely for the employee to experience negative emotions, reduced affective commitment to change, and intentions to resist change. We further suggest that several factors will moderate the relationship between psychological ownership and negative reactions to change, namely change recipient narcissism and need for control, the importance of the project in the recipient’s self-definition, and transformational leadership displayed by the change initiator. We thus argue that psychological ownership can have a ‘double-edged sword’ effect in organizations, as feelings of ownership can bring many positive outcomes in stable environments but might also lead to several negative effects in times of change. We close with a discussion of the theoretical implications this work has for scholarship on organizational change and psychological ownership, alongside its practical implications for managers in organizations.
Sales profession and professionals in the age of digitization and artificial intelligence technologies: concepts, priorities, and questions

Recognizing the rapid advances in sales digitization and artificial intelligence technologies, we develop concepts, priorities, and questions to help guide future research and practice in the field of personal selling and sales management. Our analysis reveals that the influence of sales digitalization technologies, which include digitization and artificial intelligence, is likely to be more significant and more far reaching than previous sales technologies. To organize our analysis of this influence, we discuss the opportunities and threats that sales digitalization technologies pose for (a) the sales profession in terms of its contribution to creating value for customers, organizations, and society and (b) sales professionals, in terms of both employees in organizations and individuals as self, seeking growth, fulfillment, and status in the functions they serve and roles they live. We summarize our discussion by detailing specific research priorities and questions that warrant further study and development by researchers and practitioners alike.
Reliability models for hardware description languages in safety related systems

For the development of Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) for safety-related applications Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) are used. The process of such development is presented in the international standard IEC 61508, which introduces guidelines and calculations to achieve a specific Safety Integrity Level (SIL). However, it is not concerning the estimation and calculation of the reliability of used HDL codes. In this paper, a model for the quantitative evaluation of the reliability of HDL Designs is introduced. For this, conventional software reliability models (SRMs) are applied. Due to the parallel processing nature of HDL more concurrent faults can lead to a failure, therefore current SRMs need to be extended. For the execution of test cases, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are useful as a prototyping platform. Through the test cases, failures are detected in the FPGA, which are configured with the hardware function of the target HDL code.
International accreditation of sandwich hybridisation assay format DNA probes for micro‐algae

Abstract The sandwich hybridisation assay (SHA) is a DNA probe‐based method for rapid identification and enumeration of toxic micro‐algae which uses species specific oligonucleotide probes targeted at ribosomal RNA. It is suited to fragile micro‐algal cells which commonly collapse during the fixation stage of sample collection, compromising identification by traditional microscopy. The assay has been available for research for several years, but was validated and accepted for international accreditation for commercial laboratory use in New Zealand in May 2004 (International Accreditation New Zealand: ISO 17025). During the validation of the raphidophyte assay, some discrepancies were noted between SHA cell concentration estimates and traditional light microscope cell counts. Higher SHA estimates were recorded when blooms had collapsed but rRNA was still present in sea water. Conversely, higher traditional cell counts occurred when sample delivery was delayed more than 48 h, presumably owing to degradation of rRNA in the live cultures used for the SHA. SHA cell concentration estimates of the toxic diatom bloom‐former Pseudo‐nitzschia australis were also compared with whole cell format DNA probe counts and traditional microscope counts; SHA counts were comparable for the three methods tested.
Spam Construction Trends

This paper replicates and extends Observed Trends in Spam Construction Techniques: A Case Study of Spam Evolution. A corpus of 169,274 spam email was collected over a period of five years. Each spam email was tested for construction techniques using SpamAssassin’s spamicity tests. The results of these tests were collected in a database. Formal definitions of Pu and Webb’s co-existence, extinction and complex trends were developed and applied to the results within the database. A comparison of the Spam Evolution Study and this paper’s results took place to determine the relevance of the trends. A geolocation analysis was conducted on the corpus, as an extension, to determine the major geographic sources of the corpus.
Geometric interpretation of the three-dimensional coherence matrix for nonparaxial polarization

The three-dimensional coherence matrix is interpreted by emphasizing its invariance with respect to spatial rotations. Under these transformations, it naturally decomposes into a real symmetric positive definite matrix, interpreted as the moment of inertia of the ensemble (and the corresponding ellipsoid), and a real axial vector, corresponding to the mean angular momentum of the ensemble. This vector and tensor are related by several inequalities, and the interpretation is compared to those in which unitary invariants of the coherence matrix are studied.
Gender equality and happiness among South African women

i DECLARATION . iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iv TABLE OF CONTENTS . vi LIST OF APPENDICES . x LIST OF TABLES . xi LIST OF FIGURES . xiii Chapter One: Introduction . 1 1.1 Research context . 3 1.1.1 Sketch of South Africa’s legislative context foregrounding gender . 3 1.1.2 Towards the right for women to be happy . 5 1.2 Why gender equality and happiness research matters . 6 1.3 Research focus . 10 1.4 Theoretical framework . 11 1.5 Methodology . 13 1.6 Dissertation structure . 15 Chapter Two: Conceptual frameworks of gender (in)equality and gender (in)justice . 17 2.
Effectiveness of adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines (Inflexal V® and Fluad®) in preventing hospitalization for influenza and pneumonia in the elderly

Annual vaccination is the main mean of preventing influenza in the elderly. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines available in Italy in preventing hospitalization for influenza and pneumonia, a matched case-control study was performed in elderly subjects during the 2010–2011 season in Genoa (Italy). Cases and controls were matched in a 1:1 ratio according to gender, age, socio-economic status and type of influenza vaccine. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as IVE = [(1-OR)x100] and crude odds ratios were estimated through conditional logistic regression models. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated through multivariable logistic models. In the study area, influenza activity was moderate in the 2010–2011 season, with optimal matching between circulating viruses and vaccine strains. We recruited 187 case-control pairs; 46.5% of cases and 79.1% of controls had been vaccinated. The adjuvanted influenza vaccines (Fluad® considered together with Inflexal V®) were associated with a significant reduction in the risk of hospitalization, their effectiveness being 94.8% (CI 77.1–98.8). Adjusted vaccine effectiveness was 95.2% (CI 62.8–99.4) and 87.8 (CI 0.0–98.9) for Inflexal V® and Fluad®, respectively. Both adjuvanted vaccines proved effective, although the results displayed statistical significance only for Inflexal V® (p = 0.004), while for Fluad® statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.09). Our study is the first to provide information on the effectiveness of Inflexal V® in terms of reducing hospitalizations for influenza or pneumonia in the elderly, and demonstrates that this vaccine yields a high degree of protection and that its use would generate considerable saving for the National Health Service.
Complexity and service provision in the Royal Children's Hospital's Family Choice Program

3 Declaration of Authorship. 5 Acknowledgements . 6 List of Figures . 10 List of Tables . 12 Chapter One – Introduction . 13 Chapter Two – Children with Complex Medical Care Needs: Background and Literature . 18 2.1 Models of care for children with complex medical care needs . 18 2.2 Understanding medical complexity . 24 2.3 Understanding psychosocial complexity . 28 2.4 Impact of service provision . 32 Chapter Three Methodology and Research Design . 35 3.1 Ethical considerations . 35 3.2 Method . 38 Chapter Four – Exploring Medical and Psychosocial Complexity . 45 4.1 Medical complexity . 45 4.2 Psychosocial complexity . 52 Chapter Five – Exploring Service Provision . 61 5.1 Respite. 61 5.2 Case management involvement . 69 5.3 The impact of medical and psychosocial complexity on service provision . 83 Chapter Six – Discussion . 88 6.1 Understanding medical complexity . 88 6.2 Documented psychosocial complexity . 91 6.3 Service provision – respite . 94 6.4 Service provision – case management . 96 6.5 Method issues. 99 6.6 Implications. 101 6.7 Conclusion . 103 References . 105 Appendix One . 111 Appendix Two . 112 Appendix Three . 113 Appendix Four . 114 Appendix Five . 115
Risk Factors of Emergence Agitation in Adults Undergoing General Anesthesia for Nasal Surgery

Objectives To identify the incidence and the risk factors of emergence agitation in adults undergoing general anesthesia for nasal surgery. Methods We retrospectively examined 792 patients aged ≥18 years who underwent general anesthesia for elective nasal surgery between July 2012 and August 2013. Patients in the postanesthesia care unit with a Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale≥+1 at any time were considered to have emergence agitation. Results The overall incidence of emergence agitation is 22.2%. From multivariate regression analysis, the following six variables were found to be significantly associated with emergence agitation (P<0.05): younger age, recent smoking, sevoflurane anesthesia, postoperative pain on the numerical rating scale (NRS)≥5, presence of a tracheal tube, and presence of a urinary catheter. Presence of a tracheal tube was the greatest risk factor, increasing the risk of developing emergence agitation by approximately fivefold (odds ratio, 5.448; 95% confidence interval, 2.973 to 9.982). Younger age was also a strong risk factor (odds ratio, 0.975 for each 1-year increase; 95% confidence interval, 0.964 to 0.987). Current smoking, sevoflurane anesthesia, postoperative pain of NRS≥5, and the presence of a urinary catheter nearly doubled the risk of emergence agitation. Conclusion Emergence agitation following general anesthesia is a common complication in adult nasal surgery patients. To reduce the occurrence and consequences of agitation episodes, elimination of the associated risk factors is necessary, especially in at-risk patients.
Automatic Synthesis of Switching Controllers for Linear Hybrid Automata

In this paper we study the problem of automatically generating switching controllers for the class of Linear Hybrid Automata, with respect to safety objectives. We identify and solve inaccuracies contained in previous characterizations of the problem, providing a sound and complete symbolic fixpoint procedure, based on polyhedral abstractions of the state space. We also prove the termination of each iteration of the procedure. Some promising experimental results are presented, based on an implementation of the fixpoint procedure on top of the tool PHAVer.
Quasibrittle size effect: Problems and progress

Qualitatively proposed by Mariotte and mathematically formulated by Weibull, the statistical theory of size effect reigned supreme until the 1980s. However, beginning in 1976, a different, nonstatistical theory of size effect gradually emerged and was shown to be important for brittle heterogeneous materials, concisely termed "quasibrittle", which include concrete, fiber composites, sea ice, rocks, stiff cohesive soils, snow slabs, foams, wood, paper, bone and many materials on micrometer scale. In these materials, the maximum load is attained only after the stable formation of either (1) a large fracture process zone (FPZ), with distributed cracking, or (2) a large crack. The lecture first reviews the sources of these type I and II size effects, consisting of the energy release associated with stress redistribution prior to maximum load, and combined in Type I size effect with the statistical weakest link model for a finite chain. Numerical simulation, requiring nonlocal and stochastic approaches, is discussed. The asymptotic matching approach (anchored through dimensional analysis) to the development of analytical laws for Type I and Type II quasibrittle size effects, is then outlined. It is explained that while in Type 2 material randomness affects only the variance and the tail of the cumulative distribution of RVE strength is unimportant, in Type I it also strongly (though not totally) affects the mean, and the far-left tail plays a major role. This role can be theoretically predicted by nano-fracture mechanics of cracks in the atomic lattice based on crack length dependence of the activation energy barriers for the metastable states of the free energy potential of the atomic lattice. Extensions to reentrant corners, time dependence, and cyclic loading are pointed out. Various structural applications, experimental evidence, and reinterpretation of some structural disasters are discussed. Finally, some important open problems are highlighted.
TOOLS AND METHODS FOR FUSION OF IMAGES OF DIFFERENT SPATIAL RESOLUTION

The usefulness of remote sensing data, in particular of images from Earth observation satellites, largely depends on their spec tral, spatial and temporal resolution. Each system has its specific characteristics providing different types of parameters on the ob served objects. Focussing on operational and most commonly used commercial remote sensing satellite sensors, this paper describes how image fusion techniques can help increase the usefulness of the data acquired. There are plenty of possibilities of combining i mages from different satellite sensors. This paper concentrates on the existing techniques that preserve spectral characteristics, wh ile increasing the spatial resolution. A very common example is the fusion of SPOT XS with PAN data to produce multispectral (3band) imagery with 10 m ground resolution. These techniques are also referred to as image sharpening techniques. A distinction has to be made between the pure visual enhancement (superimposition) and real interpolation of data to achieve higher resolution (e .g. wavelets). In total, the paper describes a number of fusion techniques, such as RGB colour composites, Intensity Hue Saturation (IHS) transformation, arithmetic combinations (e.g. Brovey transform), Principal Component Analysis, wavelets (e.g. ARSIS method) and Regression Variable Substitution (RVS), in terms of concepts, algorithms, processing, achievements and applications . It is mentioned in which way the results of various techniques are influenced by using different pre-processing steps as well as modifications of the involved parameters. All techniques are discussed and illustrated using examples of applications in the va rious fields that are part of ITC’s educational programme and consulting projects.
Toward a multilevel theory of career development: advancing human resource development theory building

The established limitations of career development (CD) theory and human resource development (HRD) theory building are addressed by expanding the framing of these issues to multilevel contexts. Multilevel theory building is an approach most effectively aligned with HRD literature and CD and HRD practice realities. An innovative approach multilevel theory building aimed at bridging the theoretical gap between individuals and organization is introduced along with an example of a multilevel theory integrating CD and HRD perspectives.
Optimal Efficiency-Wage Contracts with Subjective Evaluation

We study a T -period contracting problem where performance evaluations are subjective and private. We find that the principal should punish the agent if he performs poorly in the future even when the evaluations were good in the past, and, at the same time, the agent should be given opportunities to make up for poor performance in the past by performing better in the future. Thus, optimal incentives are asymmetric. Conditional on the same number of good evaluations, an agent whose performance improves over time should be better rewarded than one whose performance deteriorates. Punishment is costly, and the surplus loss increases in the correlation between the evaluations of the two contracting parties. As the correlation diminishes, the loss converges to that of Fuchs (2007).
Learning a Hierarchical Compositional Shape Vocabulary for Multi-class Object Representation

Hierarchies allow feature sharing between objects at multiple levels of representation, can code exponential variability in a very compact way and enable fast inference. This makes them potentially suitable for learning and recognizing a higher number of object classes. However, the success of the hierarchical approaches so far has been hindered by the use of hand-crafted features or predetermined grouping rules. This paper presents a novel framework for learning a hierarchical compositional shape vocabulary for representing multiple object classes. The approach takes simple contour fragments and learns their frequent spatial configurations. These are recursively combined into increasingly more complex and class-specific shape compositions, each exerting a high degree of shape variability. At the top-level of the vocabulary, the compositions are sufficiently large and complex to represent the whole shapes of the objects. We learn the vocabulary layer after layer, by gradually increasing the size of the window of analysis and reducing the spatial resolution at which the shape configurations are learned. The lower layers are learned jointly on images of all classes, whereas the higher layers of the vocabulary are learned incrementally, by presenting the algorithm with one object class after another. The experimental results show that the learned multi-class object representation scales favorably with the number of object classes and achieves a state-of-the-art detection performance at both, faster inference as well as shorter training times.
IRAK-M Removal Counteracts Dendritic Cell Vaccine Deficits in Migration and Longevity

To function optimally as vaccines, dendritic cells (DCs) must actively migrate to lymphoid organs and maintain a viable, mature state for sufficient time to effectively present their Ag to cognate T cells. Unfortunately, mature DCs rapidly lose viability and function after injection, and only a minority leaves the vaccine site and migrates to lymph nodes. We show that all of these functions can be enhanced in DCs by removal of IL-1R–associated kinase M (IRAK-M). We found that IRAK-M is induced in DCs by TLR ligation and that its absence from these cells leads to increased activation of the p38-MAPK and NF-κB pathways, which, in turn, improves DC migration to lymph nodes, increases their longevity, and augments their secretion of Th1-skewing cytokines and chemokines. These biological effects have immunological consequences. IRAK-M−/− DCs increase the proliferation and activation of Ag-specific T cells, and a single vaccination with Ag-pulsed, LPS-matured IRAK-M−/− DCs eliminates established tumors and prolongs the survival of EG7 or B16.f10 tumor-bearing mice, without discernible induction of autoimmune disease. Thus, manipulation of IRAK-M levels can increase the potency of DC vaccines by enhancing their Ag-presenting function, migration, and longevity.