Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive False Discovery Rate Control under Independence and Dependence

In the context of multiple hypothesis testing, the proportion π0 of true null hypotheses in the pool of hypotheses to test often plays a crucial role, although it is generally unknown a priori. A testing procedure using an implicit or explicit estimate of this quantity in order to improve its efficency is called adaptive. In this paper, we focus on the issue of false discovery rate (FDR) control and we present new adaptive multiple testing procedures with control of the FDR. In a first part, assuming independence of the p-values, we present two new procedures and give a unified review of other existing adaptive procedures that have provably controlled FDR. We report extensive simulation results comparing these procedures and testing their robustness when the independence assumption is violated. The new proposed procedures appear competitive with existing ones. The overall best, though, is reported to be Storey's estimator, albeit for a specific parameter setting that does not appear to have been considered before. In a second part, we propose adaptive versions of step-up procedures that have provably controlled FDR under positive dependence and unspecified dependence of the p-values, respectively. In the latter case, while simulations only show an improvement over non-adaptive procedures in limited situations, these are to our knowledge among the first theoretically founded adaptive multiple testing procedures that control the FDR when the p-values are not independent.
Role of hypoxia on increased blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.

BACKGROUND--Cyclical changes in systemic blood pressure occur during apnoeic episodes in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Although several factors including arterial hypoxaemia, intrathoracic pressure changes, and disruption of sleep architecture have been reported to be responsible for these changes in blood pressure, the relative importance of each factor remains unclear. This study assessed the role of hypoxaemia on the increase in blood pressure during apnoeic episodes. METHODS--The blood pressure in apnoeic episodes during sleep and the blood pressure response to isocapnic intermittent hypoxia whilst awake were measured in 10 men with OSA. While asleep the blood pressure was measured non-invasively using a Finapres blood pressure monitor with polysomnography. The response of the blood pressure to hypoxia whilst awake was also measured while the subjects intermittently breathed a hypoxic (5% or 7% oxygen) gas mixture. Each hypoxic gas exposure was continued until a nadir arterial oxygen saturation (nSaO2) of less than 75% was reached, or for a period of 100 seconds. The exposure was repeated five times in succession with five interposed breaths of room air in each run. RESULTS--The mean (SD) increase in blood pressure (delta MBP) during apnoeic episodes was 42.1 (17.3) mm Hg during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and 31.9 (12.5) mm Hg during non-REM sleep. The delta MBP during apnoeic episodes showed a correlation with the decrease of nSaO2 (delta SaO2) (r2 = 0.30). The change in blood pressure in response to intermittent hypoxia whilst awake was cyclical and qualitatively similar to that during apnoeic episodes. Averaged delta MBP at an SaO2 of 7% and 5% oxygen was 12.6 (5.7) and 13.4 (3.6) mm Hg, respectively, whereas the averaged delta MBP at the same delta SaO2 during apnoeic episodes was 38.4 (15.5) and 45.2 (20.5) mm Hg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS--The blood pressure response to desaturation whilst awake was about one third of that during apnoeic episodes. These results suggest that factors other than hypoxia may play an important part in raising the blood pressure during obstructive sleep apnoea.
Characteristics of granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients in Japan

Abstract Objectives. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a disease with significant ethnic differences. Reports on characteristics of Japanese granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) patients are limited, and this study was undertaken to determine the characteristics of Japanese GPA patients. Methods. This was a retrospective chart study of 24 Japanese GPA patients. GPA was defined according to the European Medicines Agency algorithm. Results. The percentage of MPO-ANCA-positive patients was 33.3%, higher than the percentages reported in studies from Western countries. MPO-ANCA-positive GPA patients differed from PR3-ANCA-positive GPA patients in organs involved at diagnosis with MPO-ANCA-positive patients having nose and sinus involvement less frequently compared to PR3-ANCA-positive patients. Interstitial lung infiltrates were more common among MPO-ANCA-positive GPA patients compared to PR3-ANCA-positive GPA patients. Conclusion. Among Japanese GPA patients, the proportion of MPO-ANCA-positive patients is higher compared to reports from Western countries, and those patients are often different from the classical picture of GPA.
Ginseng Rb Fraction Protects Glia, Neurons and Cognitive Function in a Rat Model of Neurodegeneration

The loss and injury of neurons play an important role in the onset of various neurodegenerative diseases, while both microgliosis and astrocyte loss or dysfunction are significant causes of neuronal degeneration. Previous studies have suggested that an extract enriched panaxadiol saponins from ginseng has more neuroprotective potential than the total saponins of ginseng. The present study investigated whether a fraction of highly purified panaxadiol saponins (termed as Rb fraction) was protective for both glia and neurons, especially GABAergic interneurons, against kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity in rats. Rats received Rb fraction at 30 mg/kg (ip), 40 mg/kg (ip or saline followed 40 min later by an intracerebroventricular injection of KA. Acute hippocampal injury was determined at 48 h after KA, and impairment of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory as well as delayed neuronal injury was determined 16 to 21 days later. KA injection produced significant acute hippocampal injuries, including GAD67-positive GABAergic interneuron loss in CA1, paralbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic interneuron loss, pyramidal neuron degeneration and astrocyte damage accompanied with reactive microglia in both CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. There was also a delayed loss of GAD67-positive interneurons in CA1, CA3, hilus and dentate gyrus. Microgliosis also became more severe 21 days later. Accordingly, KA injection resulted in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory impairment. Interestingly, the pretreatment with Rb fraction at 30 or 40 mg/kg significantly protected the pyramidal neurons and GABAergic interneurons against KA-induced acute excitotoxicity and delayed injury. Rb fraction also prevented memory impairments and protected astrocytes from KA-induced acute excitotoxicity. Additionally, microglial activation, especially the delayed microgliosis, was inhibited by Rb fraction. Overall, this study demonstrated that Rb fraction protected both astrocytes and neurons, especially GABAergic interneurons, and maintained microglial homeostasis against KA-induced excitotoxicity. Therefore, Rb fraction has the potential to prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases.
Computationally advantageous and stable hierarchical fuzzy systems for active suspension

A new type of hierarchical fuzzy system (HFS), namely, hierarchical classifying-type fuzzy system (HCTFS), is developed and proposed in the paper. While the HCTFS enjoys the full benefits of a traditional HFS, one of which is to suppress the effects of the unwanted phenomenon, "the curse of dimensionality," it also offers one great advantage that all rule strengths are preserved when passing through subsystem layers. To demonstrate the potential of the HCTFS, computational complexity analysis will be conducted on the complete rule-base models of a conventional fuzzy system and the HCTFS. Furthermore, a methodology of stability analysis is proposed incorporating the use of the the HCTFS, providing the reader with another option of hierarchical fuzzy controller design upon stability concerns. To verify and conclude our proposal, a mathematical example and simulations are provided. In our simulated example, the the HCTFS controller incorporating the proposed stability analysis technique are applied to the active suspension system. The results obtained from the active suspension system are then discussed and compared with the results of the ideal and passive suspension systems.
Circuit Designs of High-Performance and Low-Power RRAM-Based Multiplexers Based on 4T(ransistor)1R(RAM) Programming Structure

Routing multiplexers based on pass-transistors or transmission gates are an essential components in many digital integrated circuits. However, whatever structure is employed, CMOS multiplexers have two major limitations: 1) their delay is linearly related to the input size; 2) their performance degrades seriously when operated in near-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> regime. <italic>Resistive Random Access Memory</italic> (RRAM) technology brings opportunities of overcoming these limitations by exploiting the properties of RRAMs and associated programming structures. In this paper, we propose new one-level, two-level and tree-like multiplexers circuit designs using 4T(ransistors)1R(RAM) elements and we compare them to naive one-level multiplexers. We consider the main physical design aspects associated with 4T1R-based multiplexers, such as the layout implications using a 7 nm FinFET technology, and the co-integration of low-voltage nominal power supply and high-voltage programming supply. Electrical simulations show that using a 7 nm FinFET transistor technology, the proposed 4T1R-based multiplexers reduce delay by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and energy by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.8\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> over naive 4T1R and 2T1R counterparts. At nominal working voltage, considering an input size ranging from 2 to 50, the proposed 4T1R-based multiplexers reduces Area-Delay and Power-Delay products by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.6\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.8\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> respectively, as compared to best CMOS multiplexers. In the near-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> regime, the proposed 4T1R-based multiplexer demonstrates <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> larger delay efficiency over the best CMOS multiplexer. The proposed 4T1R-based multiplexers operating at near-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{t}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> regime can still achieve up to 22% delay improvement when compared to best CMOS multiplexers working at nominal voltage.
Investigation of the Long-Term Creep Modulus for Buried Polyethylene Pipes Subjected to Constant Deflection

The tests reported in this paper are simulating the stress relaxation in constantly deflected pipe rings of various high density and medium density polyethylene grades. The pipe rings are deflected to various amount so that constant strain values from 0. 8 % to 3. 7 % are achieved. The force which is needed for keeping the rings deflected is continuously measured during a period of 10,000 hours. Exptrapolation gives the long-term creep modulus up to 50 years with the strain as parameter values. The relation between creep modulus, stress and time under constant strain is discussed and compared with the creep modulus under constant stress conditions. Finally the ring stiffness for polyethylene pipes subjected to constant deflection is given as a function of time.
Mechanisms of Specificity for Hox Factor Activity

Metazoans encode clusters of paralogous Hox genes that are critical for proper development of the body plan. However, there are a number of unresolved issues regarding how paralogous Hox factors achieve specificity to control distinct cell fates. First, how do Hox paralogs, which have very similar DNA binding preferences in vitro, drive different transcriptional programs in vivo? Second, the number of potential Hox binding sites within the genome is vast compared to the number of sites bound. Hence, what determines where in the genome Hox factors bind? Third, what determines whether a Hox factor will activate or repress a specific target gene? Here, we review the current evidence that is beginning to shed light onto these questions. In particular, we highlight how cooperative interactions with other transcription factors (especially PBC and HMP proteins) and the sequences of cis-regulatory modules provide a basis for the mechanisms of Hox specificity. We conclude by integrating a number of the concepts described throughout the review in a case study of a highly interrogated Drosophila cis-regulatory module named “The Distal-less Conserved Regulatory Element” (DCRE).
Orientation of short steel fibres in concrete: measuring and modelling

Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto. fi Author Marika Eik Name of the doctoral dissertation Orientation of short steel fibres in concrete: measuring and modelling Publisher School of Engineering Unit Department of Civil and Structural Engineering Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 28/2014 Field of research Structural Engineering Manuscript submitted 8 November 2013 Date of the defence 4 April 2014 Permission to publish granted (date) 14 February 2014 Language English Monograph Article dissertation (summary + original articles) Abstract This research focuses on a cementitious composite formed by mixing of concrete matrix with short steel fibres, SFRC. This composite is quite extensively employed in the construction industry, for example in floors resting on soil and even in some load-bearing structures, such as floor-slabs. The complexity of SFRC is the presence of the anisotropic behaviour occurring due to different alignments of short fibres. The examinations performed comprise two research branches: measuring of fibre orientations from the hardened concrete matrix and modelling of composite properties considering the orientation distribution of fibres. Two methods of measuring fibre orientations are developed: slicing method and X-ray micro-tomography. Parts extracted from the full-size floor-slabs are used as samples. The slicing with photometry approach is improved by DC-conductivity testing joined with image analysis. X-ray micro-tomography is performed on sufficiently large samples and the orientation of fibres is specified by the analysis of 3D voxel images of scanned fibres. The received measuring results proved that both DC-conductivity testing combined with photometry and X-ray micro-tomography have high accuracy and they can be applied in defining fibre orientations from real concrete samples reliably. The material model developed for one meso-volume element of SFRC is based on an orthotropic hyperelastic material model where the second-order terms of the strain energy function are employed resulting in orthotropic St. Venant-Kirchhoff model. The orthotropic meso-symmetry of the composite is modelled by the structural tensors based on the eigenvectors of the second-order alignment tensor, which represent the dominating alignment of fibres. The material model developed for SFRC consists of an isotropic part presenting the concrete and the orthotropic part including the influence of short steel fibres. The orientation distribution function of fibres is utilized to evaluate the orthotropic effect in the defined material symmetry directions. The advantage of the material model developed is that it uses the full orientation information of fibres and employs tensor quantities, which are independent of any reference frame. Finally, the implementation of the model is demonstrated by examples based on fibre orientations measured from test samples.
Oral rush desensitization to egg: efficacy and safety

Background Current management of egg allergy relies on egg elimination from the diet. It does not protect patients from reactions after accidental ingestion of the food and it has a negative influence on quality of life. To solve these problems, some desensitization protocols have been described that are safe and effective, but only one study of a rush regimen for egg with a small patient sample has been published.
Implications of the evolution of organic acid moieties for basalt weathering over geological time

Concentrations of organic acids in prebiotic soils were presumably low, given limitations in abiotic synthesis and the limited lifetimes of organic molecules before the ultraviolet shield developed on early Earth. Prokaryotes, the first land- colonizing organisms, commonly secrete aliphatic carboxylic acids, and, less exten- sively, secrete aromatic compounds as siderophores and antibiotics. In contrast, secretion of aromatic acids is considerable for fungi, lichens, and vascular plants. Aromatic acids are also produced by degradation of high-molecular-weight compounds from lignin and tannin, both abundant in vascular plants. The proportion of aromatic carboxylic acids in soil solutions therefore probably increased with the evolution of higher order organisms. As biomass of organisms increased over geological time, concentrations of organic acids in soil solutions and, in turn, the extent of ligand- promoted dissolution of minerals probably increased. To elucidate the contribution of ligands during weathering on early Earth, Columbia River basalt was dissolved under oxic and anoxic conditions in the presence (0.001 or 0.01 M) and absence of several organic ligands in batch experiments at pH 6. Release of all elements including Si was enhanced considerably in the presence of organic ligands. Citrate (tridentate) and gallate (tetradentate) increased element release to the greatest extent among the aliphatic and aromatic ligands, respectively. The extent of element mobilization observed for the aliphatic ligands decreased in the order: citrate > oxalate malonate, and for the aromatic ligands: gallate > salicy- late phthalate. The effects of the ligands generally followed trends in cation-ligand stability constants, but aromatic ligands were less effective in element mobilization than aliphatic ligands. One exception was gallate, an aromatic ligand, which signifi- cantly enhanced Cu release. Ligand-promoted mobilization of Cu may therefore have increased over geological time with the increase in the proportion of aromatic ligands. In the presence of organic ligands, Fe was mobilized from basalt considerably more than Al even under oxic conditions. Complexation of Fe with organic ligands may have mobilized Fe in Precambrian paleosols where little Al mobility is observed. Extent of P and Y release was minor in ligand-free experiments and considerable with ligands regardless of PO2 . Release of Cu was considerable under oxic conditions, especially with ligands, and minor under anoxic conditions. Mobility patterns of P and Y could thus possibly serve as "organomarkers" (indicative of prevalence of organic ligands in soil solutions) and mobility patterns of Cu could possibly serve as "oxymarkers" (indicative of the presence of molecular oxygen), respectively, in ancient soils.
Intrusions of a drowsy mind: neural markers of phenomenological unpredictability

The transition from a relaxed to a drowsy state of mind is often accompanied by hypnagogic experiences: most commonly, perceptual imagery, but also linguistic intrusions, i.e., the sudden emergence of unpredictable anomalies in the stream of inner speech. This study has sought to describe the contents of such intrusions, to verify their association with the progression of sleep onset, and to investigate the electroencephalographic processes associated with linguistic intrusions as opposed to more common hypnagogic perceptual imagery. A single participant attended 10 experimental sessions in the EEG laboratory, where he was allowed to drift into a drowsy state of mind, while maintaining metacognition of his own experiences. Once a linguistic intrusion or a noticeable perceptual image occurred, the participant pressed a button and reported it verbally. An increase in the EEG-defined depth of drowsiness as assessed by the Hori system of sleep onset was observed in the last 20 s before a button press. Likewise, EEG Dimension of Activation values decreased before the button press, indicating that the occurrence of cognitively incongruous experiences coincides with the rapid change of EEG predictability patterns. EEG hemispheric asymmetry analysis showed that linguistic intrusions had a higher alpha and gamma power in the left hemisphere electrodes, whereas perceptual imagery reports were associated with a higher beta power over the right hemisphere. These findings indicate that the modality as well as the incongruence of drowsiness-related hypnagogic experiences is strongly associated with distinct EEG signatures in this participant. Sleep onset may provide a unique possibility to study the neural mechanisms accompanying the fragmentation of the stream of consciousness in healthy individuals.
Volume‐induced chloride transport in HT29 cells studied by X‐ray microanalysis

Ion transport mediated by osmotically induced chloride channels in HT29 cells was investigated by X‐ray microanalysis of cell cultures. The cells were cultured on cellulose nitrate filters, and exposed to isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic solutions. Then the NaCl‐rich medium was removed by rinsing the cells with a washing fluid, the cells were frozen, freeze‐dried, and analyzed.
Results on optimal biorthogonal filter banks

Optimization of filter banks for specific input statistics has been of interest in the theory and practice of subband coding. For the case of orthonormal filter banks with infinite order and uniform decimation, the problem has been completely solved in recent years. For the case of biorthogonal filter banks, significant progress has been made recently, although a number of issues still remain to be addressed. In this paper we briefly review the orthonormal case, and then present several new results for the biorthogonal case. All discussions pertain to the infinite order (ideal filter) case. The current status of research as well as some of the unsolved problems are described.
The Neuroanatomical Basis for Posterior Superior Parietal Lobule Control Lateralization of Visuospatial Attention

The right hemispheric dominance in visuospatial attention in human brain has been well established. Converging evidence has documented that ventral posterior parietal cortex (PPC) plays an important role in visuospatial attention. The role of dorsal PPC subregions, especially the superior parietal lobule (SPL) in visuospatial attention is still controversial. In the current study, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to test the role of posterior SPL in visuospatial attention and to investigate the potential neuroanatomical basis for right hemisphere dominance in visuospatial function. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) results unraveled that the right SPL predominantly mediated visuospatial attention compared to left SPL. Anatomical connections analyses between the posterior SPL and the intrahemispheric frontal subregions and the contralateral PPC revealed that right posterior SPL has stronger anatomical connections with the ipsilateral middle frontal gyrus (MFG), with the ipsilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and with contralateral PPC than that of the left posterior SPL. Furthermore, these asymmetric anatomical connections were closely related to behavioral performances. Our findings indicate that SPL plays a crucial role in regulating visuospatial attention, and dominance of visuospatial attention results from unbalanced interactions between the bilateral fronto-parietal networks and the interhemispheric parietal network.