Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Space of Transferable Adversarial Examples

Adversarial examples are maliciously perturbed inputs designed to mislead machine learning (ML) models at test-time. They often transfer: the same adversarial example fools more than one model. In this work, we propose novel methods for estimating the previously unknown dimensionality of the space of adversarial inputs. We find that adversarial examples span a contiguous subspace of large (~25) dimensionality. Adversarial subspaces with higher dimensionality are more likely to intersect. We find that for two different models, a significant fraction of their subspaces is shared, thus enabling transferability. In the first quantitative analysis of the similarity of different models' decision boundaries, we show that these boundaries are actually close in arbitrary directions, whether adversarial or benign. We conclude by formally studying the limits of transferability. We derive (1) sufficient conditions on the data distribution that imply transferability for simple model classes and (2) examples of scenarios in which transfer does not occur. These findings indicate that it may be possible to design defenses against transfer-based attacks, even for models that are vulnerable to direct attacks.
A Recurring Problem With the Analysis of Energy Expenditure in Genetic Models Expressing Lean and Obese Phenotypes

Defining the molecular mechanisms linking obesity with insulin resistance is important for developing new therapies against the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes in industrialized nations. Maintaining a balance between calorie intake and energy expenditure is critical for preventing insulin resistance, the precursor for type 2 diabetes (1). Mouse genetics has made enormous contributions to theoretical models explaining how organisms balance energy intake and energy expenditure. A seminal event was the positional cloning of the obese gene (now called the Leptin gene) by Friedman and colleagues in the early 1990s (2). Leptin deficiency causes severe obesity in mice and humans (3), and leptin was proposed to regulate energy homeostasis by suppressing appetite and increasing energy expenditure (4). However, it has clearly been forgotten that the interpretation of energy expenditure data from mice homozygous for the Lepob mutation was challenged shortly after the initial publication (5). Increasingly sophisticated technologies for manipulating the mouse genome are now used routinely to analyze new genes linked to energy homeostasis, resulting in many new mouse models with obese or lean phenotypes. Altered energy expenditure is frequently cited as the primary mechanism underlying the obese or lean phenotype. However, in many cases the same issues with interpretation of energy expenditure data are evident. Here, we discuss what has developed into a recurring problem in the literature with the analysis of energy balance. Specifically, we shall discuss the practice of using body weight as a denominator in analyzing energy balance to overestimate the role of energy expenditure. The growing number of individuals with chronic metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes provides a powerful incentive for investigating mechanisms linking obesity with insulin resistance. That a balance between food intake and energy expenditure (thermogenesis) is maintained through homeostatic mechanisms is a central tenet of obesity research. A major …
Predictive value of pretreatment lymphocyte count in stage II colorectal cancer and in high-risk patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy

Pretreatment lymphocyte count (LC) has been associated with prognosis and chemotherapy response in several cancers. The predictive value of LC for stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) and for high-risk patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) has not been determined. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data from 1332 consecutive stage II CRC patients who underwent curative tumor resection was conducted. A pretreatment LC value <1.3 Giga/L(28.1%, 373/1332) was defined as low LC. A total of 738 patients (55.4%) were considered high-risk, 459 (62.2%) of whom received AC. Patients with low LCs had significantly worse 5-year OS (74.6% vs. 90.2%, p < 0.001) and DFS (61.3% vs. 84.6%, p < 0.001). High-risk patients with low LCs had the poorest DFS (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that low LC value or combined with high-risk status were both independent prognostic factors(p <0.001). High-risk, AC-treated patients with high LCs had significantly longer DFS than untreated patients (HR, 0.594; 95% CI, 0.364–0.970; p = 0.035). There was no difference or trend for DFS or OS in patients with low LCs, regardless of the use of AC (DFS, p = 0.692; OS, p = 0.522). Low LC was also independently associated with poorer DFS in high-risk, AC-treated patients (HR, 1.885; 95% CI, 1.112–3.196; p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment LC is an independent prognostic factor for survival in stage II CRC. Furthermore, pretreatment LC reliably predicts chemotherapeutic efficacy in high-risk patients with stage II CRC.
Developmental Expression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor α-Receptor in Neurons and Glial Cells of the Mouse CNS

The synthesis of platelet-derived growth factor-α receptor (PDGF-αR) is commonly attributed to oligodendrocyte progenitors during late embryonic and postnatal development. However, we recently demonstrated that mature neurons could also synthesize PDGF-αR, emphasizing a larger role for this receptor than previously described. In the present study, to analyze the pattern of PDGF-αR expression during postnatal development of the mouse CNS, we used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry on brain and spinal cord tissue sections. We found that, in addition to immature cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, neurons of various CNS regions express PDGF-αR transcripts and protein as early as postnatal day 1 (P1). Whereas neuronal expression was maintained at all ages, the oligodendroglial expression strongly decreased after P21. In the adult, PDGF-αR was detected in very few oligodendrocyte progenitors scattered in the cerebral cortex or in white matter tracts, thus suggesting the presence of PDGF-αR on O-2Aadultprogenitors. In the mature CNS, PDGF-αR transcripts and protein were mainly localized in neurons of numerous structures, such as the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem nuclei and in motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord. The differential expression of PDGF-αR in oligodendroglia and neurons argues in favor of several roles of PDGF during development.
Goal-Setting , Social Comparison , and Self-Control ∗

This paper addresses the role of self-set, non-binding goals as a source of internal motivation to attenuate the self-control problem of a hyperbolic discounter. Agents have linear reference-dependent preferences and endogenously set a goal that serves as the reference point. They face an infinite horizon, optimal stopping problem in continuous time, where there exists an option value of waiting due to uncertainty. I show that, regardless of whether the agent is sophisticated or naive about his presentbiasedness, goal-setting attenuates the hyperbolic agent’s tendency to undervalue this option and stop too early, but too much reference dependence leads an agent to wait longer than the first best. In particular, reference dependence is strictly worse for a time consistent agent. Notably, none of the effects of goalsetting require any form of loss aversion. The model extends to social comparisons, in which each agent measures his outcome against his expectation of his peer’s outcome. In a heterogeneous group where agents have differing degrees of self-control, comparison to increasingly patient peers induces increasingly patient behavior. Nonetheless, every agent prefers to compare himself to a peer with the lowest degree of self-control possible, regardless of the severity of his own self-control problem. I would like to thank my adviser, Roland Bénabou, for guidance and encouragement. I also thank Wei Xiong, Stephen Morris, José Scheinkman, Matthew Rabin, Nageeb Ali, Botond Kőszegi, Eldar Shafir, Ing-Haw Cheng, Dustin Tingley, Sambuddha Ghosh, Alisdair McKay, Konstantin Milbradt, Stephanie Wang, and seminar participants at the Princeton University Microeconomic Student Workshop and the Princeton University Finance Student Research Workshop for helpful comments and suggestions. All remaining errors are my own. Department of Economics, Princeton University. Email: ahsiaw@princeton.edu, http://www.princeton.edu/∼ahsiaw
EDisCS - the ESO distant cluster survey. Sample definition and optical photometry

We present the ESO Distant Cluster Survey (EDisCS), a survey of 20 fields containing distant galaxy clusters with redshifts ranging from 0.4 to almost 1.0. Candidate clusters were chosen from among the brightest objects identified in the Las Campanas Distant Cluster Survey, half with estimated redshift $z_{\rm est}\sim0.5$ and half with $z_{\rm est}\sim0.8$. They were confirmed by identifying red sequences in moderately deep two colour data from VLT/FORS2. For confirmed candidates we have assembled deep three-band optical photometry using VLT/FORS2, deep near-infrared photometry in one or two bands using NTT/SOFI, deep optical spectroscopy using VLT/FORS2, wide field imaging in two or three bands using the ESO Wide Field Imager, and HST/ACS mosaic images for 10 of the most distant clusters. This first paper presents our sample and the VLT photometry we have obtained. We present images, colour–magnitude diagrams and richness estimates for our clusters, as well as giving redshifts and positions for the brightest cluster members. Subsequent papers will present our infrared photometry, spectroscopy, HST and wide-field imaging, as well as a wealth of further analysis and science results. Our reduced data become publicly available as these papers are accepted.
On Language Acquisition through Womb Grammars

We propose to automate the ﬁeld of language acquisition evaluation through Constraint Solving; in particular through the use of Womb Grammars. Womb Grammar Parsing is a novel constraint based paradigm that was devised mainly to induce grammatical structure from the description of its syntactic constraints in a related language. In this paper we argue that it is also ideal for automating the evaluation of language acquisition, and present as proof of concept a CHRG system for detecting which of fourteen levels of morphological proﬁciency a child is at, from a representative sample of the child’s expressions. Our results also uncover ways in which the linguistic constraints that characterize a grammar need to be tailored to language acquisition applications. We also put forward a proposal for discovering in what order such levels are typically acquired in other languages than English. Our ﬁndings have great potential practical value, in that they can help educators tailor the games, stories, songs, etc. that can aid a child (or a second language learner) to progress in timely fashion into the next level of proﬁciency, and can as well help shed light on the processes by which languages less studied than English are acquired.
A Novel Image Reconstruction Strategy for ECT: Combining Two Algorithms With a Graph Cut Method

Image reconstruction plays a key role in the application of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). Although many different algorithms have been developed in the past, it is often difficult to obtain satisfactory images in all imaging regions by the use of a single algorithm due to the soft-field nature of ECT. This motivated us to develop a novel ECT image reconstruction strategy, in which a high-quality image can be obtained by combining the images reconstructed by two different algorithms via a graph cut method. By doing so, it is possible to retain the advantage of each algorithm for specified imaging regions and improve the quality of the whole image. This strategy was verified both numerically and experimentally for two widely used ECT reconstruction algorithms, i.e., linear backprojection and Tikhonov regularization. The results for stationary objects as well as gas–solid fluidized beds demonstrated that this graph-cut-based combination strategy presents a promising approach for ECT image reconstruction.
Dense Multi-view 3D-reconstruction Without Dense Correspondences

We introduce a variational method for multi-view shape-from-shading under natural illumination. The key idea is to couple PDE-based solutions for single-image based shape-from-shading problems across multiple images and multiple color channels by means of a variational formulation. Rather than alternatingly solving the individual SFS problems and optimizing the consistency across images and channels which is known to lead to suboptimal results, we propose an efficient solution of the coupled problem by means of an ADMM algorithm. In numerous experiments on both simulated and real imagery, we demonstrate that the proposed fusion of multiple-view reconstruction and shape-from-shading provides highly accurate dense reconstructions without the need to compute dense correspondences. With the proposed variational integration across multiple views shape-from-shading techniques become applicable to challenging real-world reconstruction problems, giving rise to highly detailed geometry even in areas of smooth brightness variation and lacking texture.
Le travail au féminin. Analyse démographique de la discontinuité professionnelle des femmes au Canada

Citer cet article Sarr, F. (1992). Le travail au féminin. Analyse démographique de la discontinuité professionnelle des femmes au Canada, par Marianne Kempeneers, Montréal, Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1992, 216 pages. Service social, 41(3), 129–131. https:// doi.org/10.7202/706590ar Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. [https://apropos.erudit. org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/]
A New Weak-Lensing Analysis of MS 1224.7+2007

Galaxy cluster mass distributions are useful probes of Ω0 and the nature of the dark matter. Large clusters will distort the observed shapes of background galaxies through gravitational lensing, allowing the measurement of the cluster mass distributions. For most cases, the agreement between weak-lensing and radial velocity mass measurements of clusters is reasonably good. There is, however, one significant exception, the z = 0.32 cluster MS 1224.7+2007, which has a lensing mass substantially greater than the virial mass and, also, a very high mass-to-light ratio. Since this controversial object might be an unusually dark mass, a follow-up study is definitely warranted. In this paper we study the mass and light distributions of MS 1224.7+2007 out to a projected radius of 800 h-1 kpc by measuring the gravitationally induced distortions of background galaxies. We detect a shear signal in the background galaxies in the radial range 27. ″5 ≤ r ≤ 275″ at the 5.5 σ level. The resultant mass map exhibits a peak centered on the dominant cluster galaxy and strong evidence for substructure, which is seen even more strongly in the galaxy distribution. Assuming that all the detected shear is due to mass at z = 0.32, we find a cluster mass-to-light ratio of M/LR = 640 ± 150 (M/LR)⊙. The mass profile is quite flat compared with other clusters, disagreeing with a pseudo–singular isothermal sphere at the 95% confidence level. Our mass and M/L estimates are consistent with the previous weak-lensing result. The discrepancy between the lensing and virial mass remains, although it might be partially explained by subclustering and infall perpendicular to the line of sight. This cluster remains a candidate dark object deficient in baryons and, as such, severely tests cosmological models.
Bayesian Aggregation for Hierarchical Genre Classification

Hierarchical taxonomies of classes arise in the analysis of many types of musical information, including genre, as a means of organizing overlapping categories at varying levels of generality. However, incorporating hierarchical structure into conventional machine learning systems presents a challenge: the use of independent binary classifiers for each class in the hierarchy can produce hierarchically inconsistent predictions. That is, an example may be assigned to a class, and not assigned to the parent of that class. This paper applies a Bayesian framework to combine, or aggregate, a hierarchy of multiple binary classifiers in a principled manner, and consequently improves performance over the hierarchy as a whole. Furthermore, such an approach allows for an arbitrarily complex hierarchy, and does not suffer from classes that are too broad or too refined. Experiments on the MIREX 2005 symbolic genre classification dataset show that our Bayesian Aggregation algorithm provides significant improvement over independent classifiers, and demonstrates superior performance compared to previous work. Our method also improves similarity search by ranking songs by similarity of hierarchical predictions to those of a query song.
Principals’ Awareness and Application of Safety Emergency Management Plan in Anambra State Secondary Schools

Research overwhelmingly, suggests that effective teaching and learning can occur only in a safe and secure school environment. The global concerns on Safety have necessitated this study on principals’ awareness and application of safety emergency management plan in Secondary Schools in Anambra State of Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. Two research questions guided the study and two hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study which is same as the sample consisted of 256 principals in the 256 public secondary schools in the state. The researchers developed two set of questionnaire titled Principals’ Questionnaire on Awareness and Application of Safety Management in Anambra State Secondary Schools. The research questions were analyzed using bar graphs and percentage scores, while the Hypotheses were tested using z-test. The results of the analysis revealed that principals are aware of safety emergency management plan and they apply it in their schools. Further, the finding showed a no significant difference between principals’ gender in their awareness and application of safety emergency plan in Secondary Schools in Anambra State. Based on that some recommendations pertinent to the study were made and conclusion was drawn. Keywords : Principals Awareness and Application, Safety Emergency Management Plan
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SELF-EFFICACY IN TEACHING PRINCIPLES AND METHODS COURSE AND THEIR COMPETENCE IN SELECTING TEACHING TECHNIQUES OF PRESERVICE TEACHERS

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the Self-Efficacy in Teaching Principles and Methods Course and Their Competence in Selecting Teaching Techniques of Preservice Teachers. In this regard, in line with the aim of the study, correlational research model was used in this study, to examine the relationship between the Self-Efficacy in Teaching Principles and Methods Course and Their Competence in Selecting Teaching Techniques of Preservice Teachers. The study group of the research consisted of 412 fourth year preservice teachers preservice teachers studying various majors in the spring semester of 2017-2018 academic year at Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Education. In the research in order to collect the quantitative data two data collection tools, namely; “Perception Scale Regarding Competence of Preservice Teachers in Selecting Teaching Techniques” developed by Durdukoca et. al, (2017) and “Teaching Principles and Methods Course Self-Efficacy Scale” developed by Kuzu and Demir (2015). For the analysis, of the data collected, frequency and percentage values and arithmetic mean and standard deviation scores of the scales were calculated and correlation analysis techniques were used. It has been concluded that the preservice teachers’ Perception of Self-Efficacy in Teaching Principles and Methods Course is at “high” level in total. It has also been concluded that perceptions of Basic Concepts Knowledge, Program Development Process Knowledge, Learning-Teaching Approaches Knowledge, Clarification Knowledge, Application Knowledge and Planning Knowledge -among the sub-dimensions of Teaching Principles and Methods Course Self-Efficacy Scale- are at “high” level. It has been concluded that the preservice teachers’ Perception of Competence in Selecting Teaching Techniques is at "high” level in total. It has been concluded that among the sub-dimensions of Perception Scale Regarding Competence in Selecting Teaching Techniques, the preservice teachers’ perception of positive foresight relevant to selection of technique is at “very high” level, and their perception of negative foresight relevant to selection of technique is at “high” level. There is a positive and moderate level correlation between the preservice teachers' perceptions of Perception of Self-Efficacy in Teaching Principles and Methods Course, and Perception of Competence in Selecting Teaching Techniques. Article visualizations:
Deletion of Glutamate Delta-1 Receptor in Mouse Leads to Aberrant Emotional and Social Behaviors

The delta family of ionotropic glutamate receptors consists of glutamate δ1 (GluD1) and glutamate δ2 (GluD2) receptors. While the role of GluD2 in the regulation of cerebellar physiology is well understood, the function of GluD1 in the central nervous system remains elusive. We demonstrate for the first time that deletion of GluD1 leads to abnormal emotional and social behaviors. We found that GluD1 knockout mice (GluD1 KO) were hyperactive, manifested lower anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior in a forced swim test and robust aggression in the resident-intruder test. Chronic lithium rescued the depression-like behavior in GluD1 KO. GluD1 KO mice also manifested deficits in social interaction. In the sociability test, GluD1 KO mice spent more time interacting with an inanimate object compared to a conspecific mouse. D-Cycloserine (DCS) administration was able to rescue social interaction deficits observed in GluD1 KO mice. At a molecular level synaptoneurosome preparations revealed lower GluA1 and GluA2 subunit expression in the prefrontal cortex and higher GluA1, GluK2 and PSD95 expression in the amygdala of GluD1 KO. Moreover, DCS normalized the lower GluA1 expression in prefrontal cortex of GluD1 KO. We propose that deletion of GluD1 leads to aberrant circuitry in prefrontal cortex and amygdala owing to its potential role in presynaptic differentiation and synapse formation. Furthermore, these findings are in agreement with the human genetic studies suggesting a strong association of GRID1 gene with several neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorders and major depressive disorder.