Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pre-Clerkship Observerships to Increase Early Exposure to Geriatric Medicine

Background and Purpose To foster interest in geriatric care, the Queen’s Geriatrics Interest Group (QGIG) collaborated with the Division of Geriatric Medicine to arrange a Geriatrics Pre-Clerkship Observership Program. Methods Forty-two pre-clerkship medical students participated in the program between October 2013 and May 2014. Participants were paired with a resident and/or attending physician for a four-hour weekend observership on an inpatient geriatric rehabilitation unit. The program was assessed using: (1) internally developed Likert scales assessing student’s experiences and interest in geriatric medicine before and after the observership; (2) University of California Los Angeles–Geriatric Attitudes Scale (UCLA-GAS); and (3) narrative feedback. Results All participants found the process of setting up the observership easy. Some 72.7% described the observership experience as leading to positive changes in their attitude toward geriatric medicine and 54.5% felt that it stimulated their interest in the specialty. No statistically significant change in UCLA–GAS scores was detected (mean score pre- versus post-observership: 3.5 ± 0.5 versus 3.7 ± 0.4; p=.35). All participants agreed that the program should continue, and 90% stated that they would participate again. Conclusions The observership program was positively received by students. Structured pre-clerkship observerships may be a feasible method for increasing exposure to geriatric medicine.
Pattern-based reverse-engineering of design components

Many reverse-engineering tools have been developed to derive abstract representations from source code. Yet, most of these tools completely ignore recovery of the all-important rationale behind the design decisions that have lead to its physical shape. Design patterns capture the rationale behind proven design solutions and discuss the trade-offs among their alternatives. We argue that it is these patterns of thought that are at the root of many of the key elements of large-scale software systems, and that, in order to comprehend these systems, we need to recover and understand the patterns on which they were built. In this paper, we present our environment for the reverse engineering of design components based on the structural descriptions of design patterns. We give an overview of the environment, explain three case studies, and discuss how pattern-based reverse-engineering helped gain insight into the design rationale of some of the pieces of three large-scale C++ software systems.
Acute and chronic kidney injury in nephrolithiasis

Purpose of reviewNephrolithiasis is a common systemic disease associated with both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this review is to discuss recent publications regarding nephrolithiasis-associated kidney damage, with an emphasis on AKI. Recent findingsNephrolithiasis is not a common cause of adult AKI (1–2% of cases), although it may be a more important factor in young children (up to 30%). The primary mechanism of nephrolithiasis-associated AKI is obstructive nephropathy, and factors on presentation with obstructive uropathy predict the likelihood of long-term renal recovery. Crystalline nephropathy is another potential pathway in certain circumstances that is often associated with a worse outcome. Recent studies have elucidated additional pathways whereby calcium oxalate crystals can cause acute injury, implicating innate immunity and intracellular inflammasome pathways. Several large cohort studies have demonstrated an independent association of nephrolithiasis with CKD and end-stage renal disease, although the effect size is modest. Urologic comorbidities, urinary infection, and shared underlying risk factors (e.g., diabetes, hypertension) all impact nephrolithiasis-associated CKD risk. SummaryObstructive nephropathy and crystalline nephropathy both contribute to nephrolithiasis-associated AKI, although the latter appears to have a worse prognosis. Nephrolithiasis is an independent, albeit small, risk factor for CKD. Further study is needed to clarify the incidence and mechanisms of nephrolithiasis-associated AKI, and the relationship between nephrolithiasis-associated AKI and CKD.
Action Research Project

The researchers of this Action Research Project sought to investigate the best methods for teaching nutrition education that simultaneously uncovered and thwarted student misconceptions. The Action Research Project sought to answer the question: What do fourth graders at Meridian Elementary School know about nutrition, and what effect does our instruction have on their knowledge of the role of nutrients within the human body? Of the twenty seven students within the classroom, twenty four of them were Caucasian, one of them was Hispanic, and two of them were Asian. Using an eight question pre-assessment, the researchers were able to gain insight into the daily diet as well as the previous knowledge of the fourth grade students. After the completion of two hands-on nutrition based lessons in which nutrition based models were generated and incorporated that emphasized the food groups, portion control, and nutrients, the students’ knowledge was then assessed through the usage of a seven question postassessment regarding the information taught in class. From the analysis of the post assessment, which revealed that the students’ complete knowledge of the five food groups grew as a class by nearly fifty seven percent, the researchers concluded that using models in an inquiry fashion to address student misconceptions is a worthwhile endeavor that should be integrated in teaching nutrition to students of the elementary education level.
Incidence and case fatality rates of stroke subtypes in a multiethnic population: the South London Stroke Register

Objective: To identify sociodemographic differences in the incidence of the subtypes of first ever stroke in a multiethnic population. Methods: A prospective community stroke register (1995–8) was developed using multiple notification sources and pathological and clinical classifications of stroke. Standardisation of rates was to European and World populations and adjusted for age, sex and socioeconomic status in multivariate analyses. A multiethnic population of 234 533 in south London, of whom 21% are black was studied. Results: A total of 1254 cases were registered. The average age of stroke was 71.7 years with black patients being 11.3 years younger than white patients (p<0.0001). The incidence rate/1000 population was 1.33 (crude) (95% CI 1.26 to 1.41), 1.28 (European adjusted) (95% CI 1.2 to 1.35) with a 2.18 (95% CI 1.86 to 2.56) (p<0.0001) age and sex adjusted incidence rate ratio in the black population. Radiological diagnosis was confirmatory in 1107 (88.3%) with 862 (68.7%) infarction, 168 (13.4%) primary intracerebral haemorrhage, and 77 (6.2%) subarachnoid haemorrhage. Of the cerebral infarction cases 189 (21.9%) were total anterior circulatory, 250 (29%) partial anterior, 141 (16.4%) posterior (POCI) and 282 (32.7%) lacunar infarcts. The black group had a significantly higher incidence of all subtypes of stroke except for POCI and unclassified strokes. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for men compared with women was 1.34 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.19 to 1.50; p<0.001). The IRR for manual versus non-manual occupations in those aged 35–64 years was 1.64 (95%CI 1.22 to 2.23; p<0.0001). There was a borderline significant increase in adjusted survival at 6 months in the black group 95% (CI 0.61 to 1.03, p=0.078) with a hazard ratio of 0.79 after adjustment and stratification. Conclusions: Although the black population is at increased risk of stroke and most subtypes of stroke, this is not translated into significant differences in survival. Hence black/white differences in mortality are mainly driven by incidence of stroke. There are striking demographic inequalities in the risk of stroke in this multiethnic inner city population that need to be tackled through interagency working. Although the reasons for the increased risk in the black population are unclear, demographic factors such as socioeconomic status do seem to play a significant independent part.
The effect of generalized competition and strategy on the business value of information and communication technologies

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the effect of two external factors – the “generalized” competition an organization faces, and the strategy it follows in response to its external environment – on the business value generated by its ICT investment.Design/methodology/approach – For achieving these research objectives econometric models of output are constructed, using firm‐level data from Greek companies, which have been collected through a survey through a structured questionnaire. These econometric models are based on the microeconomic production theory (Cobb Douglas production function). For operationalizing the “generalized competition” an organization faces are used the five dimensions of the generalized competition of M. Porter's “five forces framework”. Findings – Concerning the above generalized competition dimensions it is concluded that higher level of bargaining power of suppliers results in higher ICT business value generation. Also, concerning strategy it is concluded that in organizatio.
Is Participation in After-School Physical Activity Associated with Increased Total Physical Activity? A Study of High School Pupils in the Czech Republic

This study assessed the physical activity (PA) levels and its variability across days, months and seasons of two groups of high school pupils: those who did and those who did not participate in regular organized after-school physical activity (ASPA). Thirteen pupils wore pedometers continuously for one school-year, logged their step counts into record sheets and were then interviewed for information as regards their participation in any ASPA. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that regardless of the day, month and season, ASPA pupils achieved significantly more mean step counts/day than the non-ASPA pupils. There were no significant fluctuations across months and seasons in PA levels of ASPA pupils when compared to non-ASPA pupils. We conclude that regular organised ASPA might increase the pupils’ total PA levels; and could help to maintain a relatively constant PA level for adolescents across the whole school-year regardless of the influences of a range of weather and meteorological indicators that are related to months/seasons.
End points for colon cancer adjuvant trials: observations and recommendations based on individual patient data from 20,898 patients enrolled onto 18 randomized trials from the ACCENT Group.

PURPOSE The traditional end point for colon adjuvant clinical trials is overall survival (OS). We previously validated disease-free survival (DFS) after 3-year follow-up as an excellent predictor of 5-year OS results. Here we explore shorter term DFS and OS end points, as well as stage dependency. METHODS Individual patient data from 18 phase III trials including 43 arms and 20,898 patients were pooled. Association measures included correlation of event rates within arms, correlation of hazard ratios (HRs) between arms, trial level significance comparisons (via log-rank testing), and a formal surrogacy model. RESULTS DFS at earlier times was less accurate in predicting OS than 3-year DFS, but 2-year DFS remained a strong predictor. DFS with 1-year minimum follow-up demonstrated perfect negative predicted value; all trials negative at 1 year for DFS were negative for 5-year OS. OS with 3-year minimum follow-up was also an excellent predictor for 5-year OS; OS at earlier time points provided inaccurate prediction. The association between 3-year DFS and 5-year OS was greater for stage III patients; correlation of HR within trials was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.85 to 0.95) for stage III patients and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.44 to 0.80) for stage II patients. CONCLUSION DFS outcomes after 2- or 3-year median follow-up are excellent predictors of 5-year OS. DFS outcomes are appropriate for trials in which the majority of patients are stage III. DFS after 2- or 3-year median follow-up should be considered as the primary end point in future colon adjuvant trials.
Imaging of lipid species by MALDI mass spectrometry This work was supported in part by the Lipid MAPS Large Scale Collaborative Grant from the National Institutes of Health (GM-069338). Published, JLR Papers in Press, December 2, 2008.

Recent developments in MALDI have enabled direct detection of lipids as intact molecular species present within cellular membranes. Abundant lipid-related ions are produced from the direct analysis of thin tissue slices when sequential spectra are acquired across a tissue surface that has been coated with a MALDI matrix. The lipid-derived ions can often be distinguished from other biomolecules because of the significant mass defect that these ions present due to the large number of covalently bound hydrogen atoms in hydrophobic molecules such as lipids. Collisional activation of the molecular ions can be used to determine the lipid family and often structurally define the molecular species. Specific examples in the detection of phospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycerolipids are presented with images of mouse brain and kidney tissue slices. Regional distribution of many different lipid molecular species and Na+ and K+ attachment ions often define anatomical regions within the tissues.
IS PINUS SYLVESTRIS RESISTANCE TO PINE TWIST RUST ASSOCIATED WITH FITNESS COSTS OR BENEFITS?

Seven‐year‐old Pinus sylvestris were studied in two field trials with respect to height growth and injury caused by the fungal pathogen Melampsora pinitorqua. Each trial comprised single‐tree progenies from two to 11 parent trees from each of 45 pine populations in northern Sweden (open pollinated) and Finland (control pollinated with a pollen mixture from 22 north Swedish trees). Heritability estimates were in the range of 6‐18%. Most of genetic variation in height growth and rust resistance in Swedish populations and in height growth in Finnish populations occurred within populations (86‐100%). In populations of Finnish origin variation in rust resistance consisted of more equal among‐ and within‐population components (68% and 32%, respectively). Family genetic correlations between pathogen resistance and tree height the previous year (disease‐free environment) were positive among Finnish populations and Swedish coast populations, suggesting that pathogen resistance confers fitness benefits even in the absence of disease, whereas Swedish inland populations showed a negative correlation indicative of fitness costs. Patterns of genetic correlations at the population level tended to be just the reverse compared with those found at the family level. No genotype × trial interactions were detected for any of the examined characters. Prerequisites for establishment of a genecological balance between host and parasite are discussed.
Parallel Lagrange-Newton-Krylov-Schur Methods for PDE-Constrained Optimization. Part I: The Krylov-Schur Solver

Large-scale optimization of systems governed by partial differential equations (PDEs) is a frontier problem in scientific computation. Reduced quasi-Newton sequential quadratic programming (SQP) methods are state-of-the-art approaches for such problems. These methods take full advantage of existing PDE solver technology and parallelize well. However, their algorithmic scalability is questionable; for certain problem classes they can be very slow to converge. In this two-part article we propose a new method for steady-state PDE-constrained optimization, based on the idea of using a full space Newton solver combined with an approximate reduced space quasi-Newton SQP preconditioner. The basic components of the method are Newton solution of the first-order optimality conditions that characterize stationarity of the Lagrangian function; Krylov solution of the Karush--Kuhn--Tucker (KKT) linear systems arising at each Newton iteration using a symmetric quasi-minimum residual method; preconditioning of the KKT system using an approximate state/decision variable decomposition that replaces the forward PDE Jacobians by their own preconditioners, and the decision space Schur complement (the reduced Hessian) by a BFGS approximation initialized by a two-step stationary method. Accordingly, we term the new method {\it Lagrange--Newton--Krylov--Schur} (LNKS). It is fully parallelizable, exploits the structure of available parallel algorithms for the PDE forward problem, and is locally quadratically convergent. In part I of this two-part article, we investigate the effectiveness of the KKT linear system solver. We test our method on two optimal control problems in which the state constraints are described by the steady-state Stokes equations. The objective is to minimize dissipation or the deviation from a given velocity field; the control variables are the boundary velocities. Numerical experiments on up to 256 Cray T3E processors and on an SGI Origin 2000 include scalability and performance assessment of the LNKS algorithm and comparisons with reduced SQP for up to $1,000,000$ state and 50,000 decision variables. In part II of the article, we address globalization and inexactness issues, and apply LNKS to the optimal control of the steady incompressible Navier--Stokes equations.
Towards an Understanding of How the Capabilities Deployed by a Web-based Sales Configurator Can Increase the Benefits of Possessing a Mass-Customized Product

Manufacturers that adopt mass customization are paying a growing attention to understanding not only how product customization can be delivered efficiently, but also how this strategy can create value for their customers. As reported in literature, the customer-perceived value of a mass-customized product also depends on the uniqueness and self-expressiveness benefits that a customer may experience above and beyond the traditionally considered utility of possessing a product that fits with the customer’s functional and aesthetical needs. Increasing customer-perceived value by delivering uniqueness and selfexpressiveness benefits can therefore be one key in augmenting the customer’s willingness to pay for a mass-customized product. This paper conceptually develops and empirically tests the hypotheses that five sales-configurator capabilities previously defined in literature increase uniqueness and self-expressiveness benefits of a mass-customized product, in addition to the traditionally considered utilitarian benefit. The hypothesized relationships have been tested by analyzing self-customization experiences made by engineering students using a set of real Web-based sales configurators of different consumer goods. The analysis results show that easy comparison, flexible navigation and focused navigation capabilities have a positive impact on each of the considered benefits, while user-friendly product space description and benefit-cost communication capabilities have a positive impact on utilitarian benefit only. The findings of this study complement previous research results on what characteristics sales configurators should have to increase consumer-perceived benefits of mass customization.
Influence of Lime and Phosphate on Nodulation of Soil-Grown Trifolium subterraneum L. by Indigenous Rhizobium trifolii

Previous research had identified four serogroups of Rhizobium trifolii indigenous to the acidic Abiqua soil (fine, mixed, mesic Cumulic Ultic Haploxeroll). Nodulation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) by two of the serogroups, 6 and 36, was differentially influenced by an application of CaCO3 which raised the pH of the soil from 5.0 to 6.5. These studies were designed to characterize this phenomenon more comprehensively. Liming the soil with either CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, MgO, or K2CO3 significantly (P = 0.05) increased the percent nodule occupancy by serogroup 36, whereas the percent nodule occupancy by serogroup 6 was decreased, but the decrease was significant (P = 0.05) only after application of either CaCO3 or Ca(OH)2. Application of KH2PO4 (25 mg of P kg of soil−1), which did not change soil pH, also significantly (P = 0.05) increased the percent nodule occupancy by serogroup 36. Application of KH2PO4 in combination with Ca(OH)2 produced the same increase in nodule occupancy by serogroup 36 as did individual application of the two materials. Soil populations of serogroup 36 consistently, and in the majority of cases significantly (P = 0.05), outnumbered those of serogroup 6 before planting and after harvest regardless of soil treatment or the outcome of nodulation. Soil chemical and plant analyses provided no evidence that liming was simulating phosphate addition by increasing the availability and subsequent uptake of soil Pi by the subclover plants. Liming did, however, result in a significant transformation (30 to 50 mg of P kg of soil−1) of Pi from the residual soil Pi fraction into an NaOH-extractable organic P fraction during the preplant equilibration period.
Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid aerosol

The interactions of aerosols consisting of humic acids with gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were investigated under different light conditions in aerosol flow tube experi- ments at ambient pressure and temperature. The results show that NO2 is converted on the humic acid aerosol into nitrous acid (HONO), which is released from the aerosol and can be detected in the gas phase at the reactor exit. The formation of HONO on the humic acid aerosol is strongly activated by light: In the dark, the HONO-formation was below the de- tection limit, but it was increasing with the intensity of the irradiation with visible light. Under simulated atmospheric conditions with respect to the actinic flux, relative humidity and NO2-concentration, reactive uptake coefficients rxn for the NO2! HONO conversion on the aerosol between rxn 60% RH). The measured uptake coefficients for the NO2! HONO conversion are too low to explain the HONO- formation rates observed near the ground in rural and urban environments by the conversion of NO2! HONO on organic aerosol surfaces, even if one would assume that all aerosols consist of humic acid only. It is concluded that the processes leading to HONO formation on the Earth surface will have a much larger impact on the HONO-formation in the low- ermost layer of the troposphere than humic materials poten- tially occurring in airborne particles.