Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An extended study of the nonindependence of stimulus properties in human classification learning

Categorization researchers have tried to verify their models through laboratory experiments with simplified stimulus sets, a requirement that can rarely be met in real-world situations in which properties are often connected. Still, the targeted simplification of the material might be illusory. We replicate and extend Love and Markman's (2003) study of the nonindependence of canonical stimulus properties such as size, colour, and shape in human classification learning, in which the authors concluded that shape takes precedence over other dimensions. To support their hypothesis, Love and Markman showed that certain classifications are more difficult for participants when shape is combined to one of its putative subordinate features, size or colour, than when shape is irrelevant to the task. A data set of 290 → 50 adult participants completing one or more classification tasks was collected. The results confirm that certain combinations of shape, size, and colour can hinder or facilitate classification learning, but not necessarily in the form expected by the nonindependence postulated by Love and Markman, especially in Experiment 2 where a totally reverse pattern of difficulty is observed (shape does not take precedence over other dimensions). Also, we show that simple similarity effects in clustering retain considerable intuitive appeal and can offer an alternative account to the nonindependence of stimulus properties, especially because slight variations in the dimensions chosen make the observations of Love and Markman unstable.
On the backscatter instability of solar wind Alfvén waves

A coherent Alfv6n wave propagating along the equilibrium magnetic field is unstable against decay into an Alfv6n wave traveling in the opposite direction and a sound wave (Sagdeer and Galeev, 1969). The stability of incoherent Alfv6n waves against this mode decay is considered, assuming that the sound waves are damped. The criterion for stabilizing waves with power spectral density In ok -N is N > 1. The results indicate that solar wind Alfv6n waves are stable in the wavelength range considered in Mariner 5 ob- servations, although a mild instability is predicted for longer wavelengths. According to the interpretation of Mariner 5 data by Belcher and Davis (1971) the high-velocity solar wind streams and their trailing edges are often characterized at 1 A U by large-amplitude hydromagnetic fluctuations that are almost purely Alfv6nic and almost completely outward propagating with respect to the wind. The term Alfv6nic is used here to de- scribe fluctuations in which the magnitude of the magnetic field is strictly constant, such as circularly polarized waves propagating along the unperturbed field direction. Among the processes that have been proposed for damping of hydromagnetic waves in the solar wind are linear collision- less damping (Barnes, 1966), nonlinear Landau damping (Hollweg, 1971; Lee and Volk, 1973), and steepening followed by dissipation in shocks (Cohen and Kulsrud, 1974). These mechanisms are inoperative for the Alfv6n mode; hence under their influence a random mixture of hydromagnetic waves damps into Alfv6nic fluctuations, such as those observed at 1 A U. On the other hand, the decay instability of Galeev and Oraevskii (1963) results from a mode coupling that is basically insensitive to polarization, and hence in particular can lead to decay of purely Alfv6nic fluctuations. We consider here the stability of solar wind Alfv6n waves against this decay mode. Galeev and Oraevskii noted that an Alfv6n wave is unstable against decay into another Alfv6n wave and a magneto- acoustic wave. For the simple case of propagation along the magnetic field (Sagdeer and Galeev, 1969) the magneto- acoustic wave is a sound wave and the scattered Alfv6n wave travels in the opposite direction from the parent wave. Sagdeev and Galeev consider a monochromatic circularly polarized parent wave; they introduce the decay products as small per- turbations and calculate the growth rate 'c, assuming no linear damping and small/5 -- (Cs/VA) 2, where Cs is the sound speed and vA is the Alfv6n speed. Their result may be written in the form
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING TQM IN THE PRIMARY HEALTHCARE CENTERS AND EXAMINING ITS IMPACT ON PATIENT SATISFACTION.

Ahmad Aburayya 1 , Dhoha Alawadhi 2 and Manal Taryam 3 . 1. Doctor of Business Administration, Senior Quality Officer, Quality and Excellence Department, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE. 2. Consultant, Head of Quality and Excellence Office, Quality and Excellence Department, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE. 3. Consultant, Chief Executive Officer, Primary Health Care Sector, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History Received: 18 January 2019 Final Accepted: 20 February 2019 Published: March 2019
Design of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Derived Nitrogen-Doped Nanoporous Carbons Containing Metal Species for Carbon Dioxide Fixation Reactions.

Various N-doped nanoporous carbons containing metal species were prepared by direct thermal conversion of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs; ZIF-7, -8, -9, and -67) at different temperatures (600, 800, and 1000 °C). These materials were utilized as bifunctional acid-base catalysts to promote the reaction of CO2 with epoxides to form cyclic carbonates under 0.6 MPa of CO2 at 80 °C. The catalyst generated by thermal conversion of ZIF-9 at 600 °C (C600-ZIF-9) was found to exhibit a higher catalytic activity than the other ZIFs, other conventional catalysts, and other metal-organic framework catalysts. The results of various characterization techniques including elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy show that C600-ZIF-9 contains partly oxidized Co nanoparticles and N species. Temperature-programmed desorption measurements by using CO2 and NH3 as probe molecules revealed that C600-ZIF-9 has both Lewis acid and Lewis base catalytic sites. Finally, the substrate scope was extended to seven other kinds of epoxides.
Efficiency of Enterohepatic Circulation, its Determination and Influence on Drug Bioavailability

Summary A new approach has been developed to determine the factors that influence the balance of drug elimination from the body. This approach is based on 1. a six-compartment-model with compartments connected by different flow rates assuming kinetic processes of first order, 2. on solutions of geometric series and 3. on numerical solutions of a system of non-linear equations. In the model, different ways of drug elimination have been considered: renal, liver and fecal elimination of the drug and its metabolism in the liver. The organs have been characterized by their drug availabilities. Further, the metabolic activity of the liver, the efficiency of drug absorption and re-absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract have been included. This paper identifies three events, characterized by their efficiencies – 1. hepatic excretion, 2. elimination of drug from liver into the gall bladder in its non-metabolized form and 3. the reabsorption of the drug from GI tract – as necessary conditions of enterohepatic circulation of (EHC). The product of these efficiencies has been introduced as the efficiency of enterohepatic circulation. Further, the drug bioavailability as a function of the effciency of EHC is presented. The study shows that – based on the total amounts of non-metabolized drug in urine after p.o. and i.v. administration to animals with and without cannulated bile duct and in the bile of cannulated animals – the efficiency of EHC, bioavailability of the drug, renal and hepatic availability of the drug, metabolic activity of the liver and efficiency of drug absorption and re-absorption from the gut can be determined. Additionally, it has been shown that, depending on the efficiency of enterohepatic circulation, small variabilities in drug pharmacokinetic properties can cause high variance of drug bioavailability. The publication points towards the efficiency of EHC as on a factor that plays a key role in establishing in vitro-in vivo correlation.
The Skewed t Distribution for Portfolio Credit Risk ∗

Portfolio credit derivatives, such as basket credit default swaps (basket CDS), require for their pricing an estimation of the dependence structure of defaults, which is known to exhibit tail dependence as reflected in observed default contagion. A popular model with this property is the (Student’s) t copula; unfortunately there is no fast method to calibrate the degree of freedom parameter. In this paper, within the framework of Schönbucher’s copula-based trigger-variable model for basket CDS pricing, we propose instead to calibrate the full multivariate t distribution. We describe a version of the EM algorithm that provides very fast calibration speeds compared to the current copula-based alternatives. The algorithm generalizes easily to the more flexible skewed t distributions. To our knowledge, we are the first to use the skewed t distribution in this context. ∗
Cleaning and sterilisation of infant feeding equipment: a systematic review

Abstract Aim To assess the clinical and cost-effectiveness of different methods of cleaning and sterilisation of infant feeding equipment used in the home. Design Systematic review of studies from developed countries on the effectiveness of methods of cleaning and sterilisation of infant feeding equipment used in the home. A brief telephone survey of UK-based manufacturers of infant feeding equipment and formula to ascertain the evidence base used for their recommendations, and a comparison of current relevant guidelines in developed countries, informed the work. Results National guidelines from six countries demonstrated variation and lack of evidence to support current guidance. Manufacturers did not report evidence of effectiveness to support their recommendations. Nine studies were identified; eight conducted between 1962 and 1985 and one in 1997. All had methodological weaknesses. Hand-washing was identified as fundamentally important. Health professionals were reported as not providing appropriate education on the importance and methods of cleaning and sterilisation. Mothers of subsequent babies and women from lower socio-economic groups were less likely to follow recommended procedures. Conclusion There is a lack of good-quality evidence on effective ways of cleaning and sterilising infant feeding equipment in the home. The evidence base does not answer the question about which of the methods in common use is most effective or most likely to be used by parents. Hand-washing before handling feeding equipment remains important. Further research on the range of methods used in the home environment, including assessment of the views of parents and carers, is required.
Catalyst Acceleration for Gradient-Based Non-Convex Optimization

We introduce a generic scheme to solve nonconvex optimization problems using gradient-based algorithms originally designed for minimizing convex functions. When the objective is convex, the proposed approach enjoys the same properties as the Catalyst approach of Lin et al, 2015. When the objective is nonconvex, it achieves the best known convergence rate to stationary points for first-order methods. Specifically, the proposed algorithm does not require knowledge about the convexity of the objective; yet, it obtains an overall worst-case efficiency of O(e−2) and, if the function is convex, the complexity reduces to the near-optimal rate O(e −2/3). We conclude the paper by showing promising experimental results obtained by applying the proposed approach to SVRG and SAGA for sparse matrix factorization and for learning neural networks.
In Situ Study Of The Parameters Quantifying The Corrosion In Ballast Tanks And An Evaluation Of Improving Alternatives

An in situ study of more than 100 ballast tanks of merchant marine vessels looks to the corrosion process in these tanks from another perspective. The developed corrosion model shows major similarities with earlier studies based on laboratory experiments. The field work exposes the influence of ship construction parameters such as land of construction, coating type and the presence of sacrificial anodes on the corrosion process in the ballast tanks. Possible alternatives for vessels constructed with ordinary grade A steel and coated according to IMO PSPC standards are presented, even though further research is required to come to final conclusions.
Analgesic effects of palonosetron in the intravenous propofol injection

Background Propofol is a good induction agent, but it has the disadvantage of causing pain on intravenous injection. The incidence of propofol-induced pain is approximately 70%. Palonosetron is a novel second-generation 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist. We presumed that palonosetron would be effective in reducing the occurrence of propofol-induced pain based on similar mechanisms to other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Methods Eighty patients were randomized to either Group N (0.9% sodium chloride [normal saline] 2 ml, n = 40) or Group P (palonosetron 0.075 mg, 2 ml, n = 40). Patients were intravenously given a 2 ml pretreatment solution, containing either palonosetron 0.075 mg or normal saline. Following pretreatment with 2 ml of palonosetron 0.075 mg or normal saline, we manually occluded venous drainage midarm with the help of an assistant. One minute later, we released the occlusion of venous drainage. This was followed by a 5-second propofol injection at 25% of the total calculated doses. Patients were then interviewed about whether or not they experienced propofol-induced pain. Results Overall, the incidence of propofol-induced pain was 60% in the normal saline group and 27.5% in the palonosetron group. No patients in the palonosetron group experienced severe pain. The incidence of propofol-induced pain was significantly lower in the palonosetron group compared to the normal saline group (P < 0.01). Conclusions Following pretreatment with palonosetron, 72.5% of patients experienced a decrease in the occurrence of propofol-induced pain.
Hodge loci and absolute Hodge classes

This paper addresses several questions related to the Hodge conjecture. First of all we consider the question, asked by Maillot and Soulé, whether the Hodge conjecture can be reduced to the case of varieties defined over number fields. We show that this is the case for the Hodge classes whose corresponding Hodge locus is defined over a number field. We also give simple criteria for this last condition to be satisfied. Finally we discuss the relation between this condition and the notion of absolute Hodge class.
Systems Approaches to Tackling Configuration Errors

In recent years, configuration errors (i.e., misconfigurations) have become one of the dominant causes of system failures, resulting in many severe service outages and downtime. Unfortunately, it is notoriously difficult for system users (e.g., administrators and operators) to prevent, detect, and troubleshoot configuration errors due to the complexity of the configurations as well as the systems under configuration. As a result, the cost of resolving configuration errors is often tremendous from the aspects of both compensating the service disruptions and diagnosing, recovering from the failures. The prevalence, severity, and cost have made configuration errors one of the most thorny system problems that desire to be addressed. This survey article provides a holistic and structured overview of the systems approaches that tackle configuration errors. To understand the problem fundamentally, we first discuss the characteristics of configuration errors and the challenges of tackling such errors. Then, we discuss the state-of-the-art systems approaches that address different types of configuration errors in different scenarios. Our primary goal is to equip the stakeholder with a better understanding of configuration errors and the potential solutions for resolving configuration errors in the spectrum of system development and management. To inspire follow-up research, we further discuss the open problems with regard to system configuration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey on the topic of tackling configuration errors.
Phenotypical and functional study of ghrelin and its receptor in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease

Background: Ghrelin, a novel endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), has been demonstrated to possess multiple functions including antiinflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of ghrelin and GHSR and the function of ghrelin in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: The expression of ghrelin and GHSR mRNA was quantified in mucosal biopsy specimens from 9 controls, 15 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), and 15 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) using quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The locations of ghrelin and GHSR were investigated immunohistochemically in surgically resected specimens. We also evaluated the percentage of GHSR‐positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in healthy controls and patients with CD by flow cytometry. In addition, we investigated the immunoregulatory function of ghrelin in peripheral blood T cells. Results: Ghrelin mRNA levels in colonic mucosa of IBD were higher than control level. The GHSR‐1a mRNA level in active CD was also significantly higher than the control level. Ghrelin and GHSR‐1a were expressed on CD3‐ and CD68‐positive cells. The percentage of GHSR‐1a‐positive peripheral blood T cells in patients with CD was significantly higher than the control level. Stimulation of human T cells with ghrelin increased levels of IL‐4 and IL‐13 proteins and decreased levels of IFN‐gamma protein. Reactivity to ghrelin was low in CD compared with the control level. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that ghrelin may play an important role in the immune system in CD. The dysregulation of reactivity of T cells induced by ghrelin suggests that ghrelin might participate in the pathogenesis of CD.
OptoDyCE: Automated System for High-Throughput All-Optical Dynamic Cardiac Electrophysiology

The improvement of preclinical cardiotoxicity testing, the discovery of new ion-channel-targeted drugs, and the phenotyping and use of stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes and other biologics all necessitate high-throughput (HT), cellular-level electrophysiological interrogation tools. Optical techniques for actuation and sensing provide instant parallelism, enabling contactless dynamic HT testing of cells and small-tissue constructs, not affordable by other means. Here, we consider, computationally and experimentally, the limits of all-optical electrophysiology when applied to drug testing, then implement and validate OptoDyCE, a fully automated system for all-optical cardiac electrophysiology. We validate optical actuation by virally introducing optogenetic drivers in (rat and human) cardiomyocytes or through the modular use of dedicated light-sensitive somatic “spark” cells. We show that this automated all-optical approach provides high-throughput means of cellular interrogation, i.e. allows for dynamic testing of >600 multicellular samples or compounds per hour, and yields high-content information about the action of a drug over time, space and doses.
A polygonal scheme and the lower bound on density for the isentropic gas dynamics

Positive density lower bound is one of the major obstacles toward large data theory for one dimensional isentropic compressible Euler equations, also known as p-system in Lagrangian coordinates. The explicit example first studied by Riemann shows that the lower bound of density can decay to zero as time goes to infinity of the order \begin{document}$ O\left( {\frac{1}{{1 + t}}} \right)$\end{document} , even when initial density is uniformly positive. In this paper, we establish a proof of the lower bound on density in its optimal order \begin{document}$ O\left( {\frac{1}{{1 + t}}} \right)$\end{document} using a method of polygonal scheme.
Symbiotic endolithic microbes alter host morphology and reduce host vulnerability to high environmental temperatures

Thermal stresses, such as those associated with global warming, have the potential to change the strength and even the direction of interspecific interactions. On rocky shores, bio‐eroding microbial endoliths infect the mussel Mytilus californianus. Infestation by microbial endoliths can weaken the shell and lead to mechanical failure and death, increased vulnerability to predation, mechanical damage, etc. However, endolith infestation is associated with the loss of the dark‐colored periostracum, exposing the underlying light gray prismatic layer of the shell and potentially reducing stressful heat gain during low tide. We explore the consequences of the mussel–endolith relationship on mussel tolerance to high environmental temperature through a series of experimental manipulations and comparative observations. Experimental sterilization of the shell surface reduces the rate of periostracum loss, suggesting that the change in shell surface color is indeed caused by microbes residing on/in the shell. Eroded shells absorbed less solar energy than shells with their periostracum intact, and mussel mimics with infested shells remained cooler on sunny days. Manipulation of shell color in the field resulted in higher mortality in black‐painted mussels relative to gray‐painted or naturally eroded mussels. Furthermore, following exceedingly hot weather, mortality was significantly lower for heavily infested, light‐colored mussels than for lightly infested, dark‐colored mussels. Thus, although shell‐boring microbes have the potential to act as parasites under the majority of conditions experienced by mussels, they may be critical mutualists during periods of intense thermal stress. This context‐dependent symbiosis may allow mussels to occupy higher shore levels than would otherwise be possible, and thus indirectly benefit the hundreds of species which use mussel beds as habitat.