Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retrieval and the Semantic Web

A primary motivation for the development of the Semantic Web has been the need for effective information retrieval systems which may be realised through vocabulary control and the use of structured metadata. The technological framework of the Web (URI, HTTP, XML) and of the Semantic Web (RDF, OWL, SPARQL) provides a platform upon which distributed data and metadata applications may be constructed, but does not in itself provide any direct support for information retrieval applications per se. Widely applicable Semantic Web languages that extend this basic layer and provide generic support for retrieval applications, in addition to good practice guidelines and design patterns for developing such applications, are required. The ultimate purpose of this report is to develop a formal theory of retrieval using controlled vocabularies that have a simple and intuitive structure, to provide the necessary theoretical foundations for the development of Semantic Web languages and design patterns for distributed retrieval applications. The main body of this report is devoted to the articulation of such a theory. The theory is expressed formally through the use of mathematical notation, with the intention that this level of formality will provide the bridge between informal requirements specifications and the implementation of effective retrieval applications in computer systems. Specifically, a theory is developed to describe the ways in which a structured vocabulary may be used to construct an index over a collection of objects and then used to express queries which may be evaluated against an index to obtain a set of results. This theory is extended to consider ways in which both the precision and recall of retrieval strategies may be improved, through the use of expansion and ranking techniques and through “coordination”. The problem of translating between controlled vocabularies is also
Pattern Recognition and Pathway Analysis with Genetic Algorithms in Mass Spectrometry Based Metabolomics

Abstract: A robust and complete workflow for metabolic profiling and data mining was described in detail. Three independent and complementary analytical techniques for metabolic profiling were applied: hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC–LC–ESI–MS), reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP–LC–ESI–MS), and gas chromatography (GC–TOF–MS) all coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Unsupervised methods, such as principle component analysis (PCA) and clustering, and supervised methods, such as classification and PCA-DA (discriminatory analysis) were used for data mining. Genetic Algorithms (GA), a multivariate approach, was probed for selection of the smallest subsets of potentially discriminative predictors. From thousands of peaks found in total, small subsets selected by GA were considered as highly potential predictors allowing discrimination among groups. It was found that small groups of potential top predictors selected with PCA-DA and GA are different and unique. Annotated GC–TOF–MS data generated identified feature metabolites. Metabolites putatively detected with LC–ESI–MS profiling require further elemental composition assignment with accurate mass measurement by Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and structure elucidation by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). GA was also used to generate correlated networks for pathway analysis. Several case studies, comprising groups of plant samples bearing different genotypes and groups of samples of human origin, namely patients and healthy volunteers’ urine samples, demonstrated that such a workflow combining comprehensive metabolic profiling and advanced data mining techniques provides a powerful approach for pattern recognition and biomarker discovery.
Corporate Social Responsibility in the EU, 1993–2013: Institutional Ambiguity, Economic Crises, Business Legitimacy and Bureaucratic Politics

What drives European Union (EU) policy change in a sensitive and contentious area? To answer this question, this article tells the story of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the EU from its beginnings until the present. The EU’s role in EU CSR has changed from social-liberal standardsetter to neo-liberal cheerleader and back. This article attempts to explain these shifts. It argues that Europe’s institutional diversity hampers standard-setting while economic crises and declining levels of business legitimacy facilitate it. Contention has been fuelled by CSR’s inherent ambiguity: is CSR a means to regulate the economy, or a domain of voluntary activity that must remain free of state regulation? Fearful of regulation, business groups – German employers in particular – have forcefully advocated the latter view. In addition to converting EU CSR from social-liberal to neo-liberal, business has neutralized two of the Commission’s standard-setting advocates. The financial crisis, the power of arguments and discourse, and the impact of global policy developments in the field of CSR have re-empowered standard-setters. The article concludes with a critical analysis of the EU’s renewed CSR strategy and non-financial reporting agenda.
Peak- and Average-Power Reduction in Check-Based BIST by using Bit-Swapping LFSR and Check-Chain Ordering

In this paper the proposed design, called bit-swapping LFSR (BS-LFSR), is composed of an LFSR and a 2 × 1 multiplexer. When used to generate test patterns for check-based built-in self-tests, it reduces the number of transitions that occur at the check-chain input during check shift operation by 50% when compared to those patterns produced by standard LFSR. Hence, it reduces the overall switching activity in the circuit under test during test applications. The BS-LFSR is combined with a check chain-ordering algorithm that orders the cells in a way that reduces the average and peak power (check and capture) in the test cycle or while checking out a response to a sign pattern analyzer. These techniques have a substantial effect on average- and peak-power reductions with negligible effect on fault coverage or test application time. Experimental results bench mark circuits show up to 65% and 55% reductions in average and peak power, respectively. Keywords: Built-in self-test (BIST), linear feedback shift register (LFSR), low-power test, pseudorandom pattern generator, scan-chain ordering,
The DAXX co-repressor is directly recruited to active regulatory elements genome-wide to regulate autophagy programs in a model of human prostate cancer

While carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common cause of cancer death in the US, current methods and markers used to predict prostate cancer (PCa) outcome are inadequate. This study was aimed at understanding the genome-wide binding and regulatory role of the DAXX transcriptional repressor, recently implicated in PCa. ChIP-Seq analysis of genome-wide distribution of DAXX in PC3 cells revealed over 59,000 DAXX binding sites, found at regulatory enhancers and promoters. ChIP-Seq analysis of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), which is a key epigenetic partner for DAXX repression, revealed that DNMT1 binding was restricted to a small number of DAXX sites. DNMT1 and DAXX bound close to transcriptional activator motifs. DNMT1 sites were found to be dependent on DAXX for recruitment by analyzing DNMT1 ChIP-Seq following DAXX knockdown (K/D), corroborating previous findings that DAXX recruits DNMT1 to repress its target genes. Massively parallel RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to compare the transcriptomes of WT and DAXX K/D PC3 cells. Genes induced by DAXX K/D included those involved in autophagy, and DAXX ChIP-Seq peaks were found close to the transcription start sites (TSS) of autophagy genes, implying they are more likely to be regulated by DAXX. In conclusion, DAXX binds active regulatory elements and co-localizes with DNMT1 in the prostate cancer genome. Given DAXX's putative regulatory role in autophagy, future studies may consider DAXX as a candidate marker and therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
Clinical Neurolinguistics of Bilingualism 739 A Quick Tour of Linguistic Competence

The notion of bilingualism refers to all those people who use or simply know two or more languages, including dialects (Grosjean, 1994 ). Just to provide some fi gures, let us consider that something like 7,000 languages are spoken in barely 160 countries. Furthermore, in many of these countries the number of spoken languages is constantly growing due to massive immigration. This means that over 50% of the world population knows at least two languages with different degrees and can be consequently considered not only bilingual but even multilingual (Tucker, 1998 ). The issue of language representation and use in multilingual speakers can be approached at different levels of description. Indeed, it constitutes a matter of interest not only for sociolinguistic models of language use and stratifi cation, but also for psycholinguistic theories of language development and functioning, as well as for neurolinguistic models of language representation in the brain, its loss and potential recovery. As such, the issue of bi /multilingual competence constitutes an important line of research for both clinical and theoretical neurolinguistics (Fabbro, 2001a ). Accordingly, after introducing the issue of the defi nition of multilingual competence, this chapter will explore the loss and recovery patterns in both adult and child bi /multilingual speakers with different etiologies (aphasias, specifi c language impairment, neuropsychiatric and progressive neurodegenerative disorders). In the fi nal section of this chapter, the focus will be shifted to the critical problem of multilingual assessment in the neuropsychological evaluation of linguistic defi cits in multilingual patients.
Corporate social reporting in Malaysia : the current state of the art and future prospects

Corporate social reporting has, since the early seventies, attracted the interest of various user groups. As a result, a long history of research into corporate social disclosure practice is observable in developed countries particularly the United States and Western Europe. However, very little attention has been focused on developing countries. This research investigates the extent of corporate social disclosure in Malaysia, the type of disclosure made and the relationship between disclosure practice and company characteristics. The study also seeks to understand why corporations in Malaysia are disclosing social information. A content analysis is presented, centring on 100 1993 annual reports of major Malaysian companies, to find the extent of disclosure and personal interviews are conducted to find out the reasons for disclosure. Content analysis demonstrates that Malaysian companies are actively disclosing social information with size of company being a major determinant factor. Human resource information is the main social theme disclosed. Personal interviews reveal that most companies are disclosing social information due to top management awareness together with a desire to comply with the government's social policy and enhance corporate image. The study highlights the communication gap that exists between Providers and users of social information and the dilemma faced by companies in seeking a balance between transparency and Islamic teachings. The research provides further insights towards an understanding of the reasons for social disclosure in developing countries where the culture, values and religious beliefs are different from those of western countries.
Boolean Particle Swarm Optimization and Its Application to the Design of a Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Planar Antenna

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a powerful evolutionary computation technique for solving continuous-valued optimization problems in various fields of engineering. However, its binary version could not attract much attention such that research on the discrete form of the PSO is currently not massive. In this paper, the Boolean PSO is introduced based on the idea of using the Boolean algebra in the implementation of PSO concepts in the binary space. The proposed algorithm is applied to a hard multiobjective electromagnetic problem, namely to an antenna design problem. The appropriate behavior of the optimization process in comparison with genetic algorithm is demonstrated. The paper also presents the measurement results on a planar antenna whose layout was generated by the proposed Boolean PSO.
Expertise Differences in the Comprehension of Visualizations: a Meta-Analysis of Eye-Tracking

This meta-analysis integrates 296 effect sizes reported in eye-tracking research on expertise differences in the comprehension of visualizations. Three theories were evaluated: Ericsson and Kintsch's (Psychol Rev 102:211-245, 1995) theory of long-term working memory, Haider and Frensch's (J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 25:172-190, 1999) information-reduction hypothesis, and the holistic model of image perception of Kundel et al. (Radiology 242:396-402, 2007). Eye movement and performance data were cumulated from 819 experts, 187 intennediates, and 893 novices. In support of the evaluated theories, experts, when compared with non-experts, had shorter fixation durations, more fixations on task-relevant areas, and fewer fixations on task-redundant areas; experts also had longer saccades and shorter times to first fixate relevant information, owing to superiority in parafoveal processing and selective attention allocation. Eye movements, reaction time, and performance accuracy were moderated by characteristics of visualization (dynamics, realism, dimensionality, modality, and text annotation), task (complexity, time-on-task, and task control), and domain (sports, medicine, transportation, other). These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for theories of visual expertise in professional domains and their significance for the design of learning environments.
Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Is Differentially Associated with Variation in FTO in Whites and African-Americans in the ARIC Study

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene are associated with body mass index (BMI) in populations of European descent. The FTO rs9939609 variant, first detected in a genome-wide association study of diabetes, conferred an increased disease risk that was abolished after adjustment for BMI, suggesting that the association may be due to variation in adiposity. The relationship between diabetes, four previously identified FTO polymorphisms that span a 19.6-kb genomic region, and obesity was therefore evaluated in the biracial population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study with the goal of further refining the association by comparing results between the two ethnic groups. The prevalence of diabetes and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) was established at baseline, and diabetes was determined by either self-report, a fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL, or non-fasting glucose ≥200 mg/dL. There were 1,004 diabetes cases and 10,038 non-cases in whites, and 670 cases and 2,780 non-cases in African-Americans. Differences in mean BMI were assessed by a general linear model, and multivariable logistic regression was used to predict the risk of diabetes and obesity. For white participants, the FTO rs9939609 A allele was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 1.19, p<0.001) and obesity (OR = 1.22, p<0.001) under an additive genetic model that was similar for all of the SNPs analyzed. In African-Americans, only the rs1421085 C allele was a determinant of obesity risk (OR = 1.17, p = 0.05), but was found to be protective against diabetes (OR = 0.79, p = 0.03). Adjustment for BMI did not eliminate any of the observed associations with diabetes. Significant statistical interaction between race and the FTO variants suggests that the effect on diabetes susceptibility may be context dependent.
Working Paper Benchmark bonds interactions under regime shifts

In the present paper we examine interactions among five benchmark ten year government bonds, namely those of the US, Germany, France, Italy and the Netherlands. Our aim is to illustrate empirically a network of interactions existing among the major bond markets of Europe and the US market taking into account shifts in the underlying stochastic processes. For this purpose, and in contrast to the rest of the relevant empirical literature, after specifying the long-run equilibrium relations we estimate the linkages between the bond markets as subject to hidden Markov chains, by applying the Markov Switching Vector Error Correction framework (MS-VECM). This formulation is found to efficiently reflect the shifts brought about by significant economic events, such as the European monetary unification. As a result we illustrate different short-run relations referring to the periods before and after monetary union. Overall, our empirical results indicate that stronger interactions between the markets of the system exist in the period after the EMU. Also, by means of a variance decomposition analysis we assess leader-follower relations which indicate that the benchmark status of bonds has changed since the introduction of the common monetary policy framework in Europe.
A High-Order Spectral Difference Method for Fluid-Structure Interaction on Dynamic Deforming Meshes

In previous work by the authors, Spectral Difference Method has been formulated in a framework with time-dependent moving deformable meshes. The framework has also been shown to preserve the design accuracy of the underlying high order temporal (explicit Runge-Kutta) and spatial discretization (Spectral Difference) methods. In this study, Spectral Difference method is further extended to deal with fluid-structure interaction problems in a dynamic grid-deforming framework. In particular, we address the technique for blending the mesh in the presence of moving and deforming physical boundaries, the issue of fluid-structure coupling, and the formulation of the structural model. Flows over plunging and pitching airfoils are solved on deforming meshes, and the results are validated with experimental studies as well as previous numerical results with rigidly moving meshes. The solver is then applied to solve a fluid structure interaction problem, which involves an elastic beam interacting with a cylinder vortical wake. Finally, we consider the case of a flow over a finite mass cylinder that is free to oscillate in the cross-flow direction, and examine the dynamics of the flow induced cylinder movement and oscillation.
Evaluation of 2000 Subcounty Population Estimates

Since 1996 the Population Estimates Branch (PEB) of the Census Bureau has used a housing unit method to produce population estimates for subcounty areas. The distributive housing unit method uses data on building permits, mobile home shipments and housing unit loss to distribute county population to incorporated places and minor civil divisions within counties. The availability of Census 2000 data gives PEB the opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of these estimates. In addition to comparing Census 2000 results with April 1, 2000 population estimates using Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Algebraic Percent Error, this paper presents regression analyses to explain the causes of estimate errors. The results of this analysis will be used to inform Census Bureau analysts on ways in which the current subcounty estimates method can be improved.
Financing from Family and Friends

Financing from family and friends is the predominant type of informal finance. This paper proposes a theory that reconciles two seemingly paradoxical traits of this form of finance, namely, it is often provided at negative prices but nevertheless eschewed by borrowers. A central prediction is that such finance, while breeding trust, deters risk taking. Demand is thus constrained: entrepreneurs may forgo risky investment rather than finance it through family and friends. Formal finance is valuable precisely because it is regulated only by contract. The highlighted trade-offs between formal and informal finance are potentially relevant for the provision of microventure capital.
Factor Analysis in a New-Keynesian Model

New-Keynesian models are characterized by the presence of expectations as explanatory variables. To use these models for policy evaluation, the econometrician must estimate the parameters of expectation terms. Standard estimation methods have several drawbacks, including possible lack of identification of the parameters, misspecification of the model due to omitted variables or parameter instability, and the common use of inefficient estimation methods. Several authors have raised concerns over the validity of commonly used instruments to achieve identification. In this paper we analyze the practical relevance of these problems and we propose remedies to weak identification based on recent developments in factor analysis for information extraction from large data sets. Using these techniques, we evaluate the robustness of recent findings on the importance of forward looking components in the equations of the New-Keynesian model. JEL Classification: E5, E52, E58
Virulence of 32 Salmonella Strains in Mice

Virulence and persistence in the BALB/c mouse gut was tested for 32 strains of Salmonella enterica for which genome sequencing is complete or underway, including 17 serovars within subspecies I (enterica), and two representatives of each of the other five subspecies. Only serovar Paratyphi C strain BAA1715 and serovar Typhimurium strain 14028 were fully virulent in mice. Three divergent atypical Enteritidis strains were not virulent in BALB/c, but two efficiently persisted. Most of the other strains in all six subspecies persisted in the mouse intestinal tract for several weeks in multiple repeat experiments although the frequency and level of persistence varied considerably. Strains with heavily degraded genomes persisted very poorly, if at all. None of the strains tested provided immunity to Typhimurium infection. These data greatly expand on the known significant strain-to-strain variation in mouse virulence and highlight the need for comparative genomic and phenotypic studies.
The Life and Death of New Political Parties in the Low Countries

Numerous new parties have emerged since voters became less loyal to established political parties. A number of these survived and have been analysed intensely, especially green and radical right parties; many other new parties disappeared and have been neglected by party research. This article analyses the fate of all 30 political parties that entered parliament in the Netherlands or Belgium between 1950 and 2003. Qualitative comparative analysis is used to identify characteristics of both surviving and disappeared new parties. Conditions related to party origin (roots in civil society, organisational newness, initial programmatic profile) are scrutinised, as are conditions pertaining to the party’s developmental process (party organisational strength and the occurrence of defections or party splits). Surviving parties are characterised by strong, rooted organisations that have not suffered defections. Most disappeared parties lacked a strong organisation and roots and have experienced shocks that they could not absorb. Organisational newness makes new parties vulnerable.