Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mixing in a liquid metal electrode

Fluid mixing has first-order importance for many engineering problems in mass transport, including design and optimization of liquid-phase energy storage devices. Liquid metal batteries are currently being commercialized as a promising and economically viable technology for large-scale energy storage on worldwide electrical grids. But because these batteries are entirely liquid, fluid flow and instabilities may affect battery robustness and performance. Here we present estimates of flow magnitude and ultrasound measurements of the flow in a realistic liquid metal electrode. We find that flow does substantially affect mass transport by altering the electrode mixing time. Above a critical electrical current density, the convective flow organizes and gains speed, which promotes transport and would yield improved battery efficiency.
A High-Dimensional Nonparametric Multivariate Test for Mean Vector

This work is concerned with testing the population mean vector of nonnormal high-dimensional multivariate data. Several tests for high-dimensional mean vector, based on modifying the classical Hotelling T2 test, have been proposed in the literature. Despite their usefulness, they tend to have unsatisfactory power performance for heavy-tailed multivariate data, which frequently arise in genomics and quantitative finance. This article proposes a novel high-dimensional nonparametric test for the population mean vector for a general class of multivariate distributions. With the aid of new tools in modern probability theory, we proved that the limiting null distribution of the proposed test is normal under mild conditions when p is substantially larger than n. We further study the local power of the proposed test and compare its relative efficiency with a modified Hotelling T2 test for high-dimensional data. An interesting finding is that the newly proposed test can have even more substantial power gain with large p than the traditional nonparametric multivariate test does with finite fixed p. We study the finite sample performance of the proposed test via Monte Carlo simulations. We further illustrate its application by an empirical analysis of a genomics dataset. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
What Comes to Mind

We present a model of judgment under uncertainty, in which an agent combines data received from the external world with information retrieved from memory to evaluate a hypothesis. We focus on what comes to mind immediately, as the agent makes quick, intuitive evaluations. Because the automatic retrieval of data from memory is both limited and selected, the agent's evaluations may be severely biased. This framework can account for some of the evidence on heuristics and biases presented by Kahneman and Tversky, including conjunction and disjunction fallacies.
AN ULTRA-DEEP NEAR-INFRARED SPECTRUM OF A COMPACT QUIESCENT GALAXY AT z = 2.2

Several recent studies have shown that about half of the massive galaxies at z ∼ 2 are in a quiescent phase. Moreover, these galaxies are commonly found to be ultra-compact with half-light radii of ∼1 kpc. We have obtained a ∼29 hr spectrum of a typical quiescent, ultra-dense galaxy at z = 2.1865 with the Gemini Near-Infrared Spectrograph. The spectrum exhibits a strong optical break and several absorption features, which have not previously been detected in z > 2 quiescent galaxies. Comparison of the spectral energy distribution with stellar population synthesis models implies a low star formation rate (SFR) of 1–3 M☉ yr−1, an age of 1.3–2.2 Gyr, and a stellar mass of ∼2 × 1011 M☉. We detect several faint emission lines, with emission-line ratios of [N ii]/Hα, [S ii]/Hα, and [O ii]/[O iii] typical of low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions. Thus, neither the stellar continuum nor the nebular emission implies active star formation. The current SFR is <1% of the past average SFR. If this galaxy is representative of compact quiescent galaxies beyond z = 2, it implies that quenching of star formation is extremely efficient and also indicates that low luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs) could be common in these objects. Nuclear emission is a potential concern for the size measurement. However, we show that the AGN contributes ≲8% to the rest-frame optical emission. A possible post-starburst population may affect size measurements more strongly; although a 0.5 Gyr old stellar population can make up ≲10% of the total stellar mass, it could account for up to ∼40% of the optical light. Nevertheless, this spectrum shows that this compact galaxy is dominated by an evolved stellar population.
Neural correlates of fear appeal in advertising: An fMRI analysis

ABSTRACT Fear appeal communications aim to persuade people to change their risky behavior by describing adverse consequences that will happen to them if they do not follow what the message recommends. Although fear imagery has been the subject of extensive research, no previous neuroscientific studies have investigated brain correlates of fear imagery in print advertising. Using real sets of advertisements within a block design functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) random effect model, this study investigated neural mechanisms associated with fear appeal in advertising. Results showed that, compared to other types of advertisements, fear imagery elicited increased activation in several brain areas associated with (i) contingency awareness such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), (ii) emotional appraisal such as the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and (iii) episodic retrieval of polymodal imagery such as the hippocampus and the precuneus. This result suggests that, contrary to other types of advertisements, fear appeal advertisements are dealt with in different brain pathways. This finding lends strong support to the surprise/shock hypothesis, which argues that fear imagery elicits increased brain processing and more robust recall.
Joint Network-Channel Design with Destination-Relay Feedback in Multiple-Access Relay Channel

The multiple-access relay channel (MARC) based on network coding, typically with two sources, one relay, and one destination, has been proposed in recent papers as an approach to achieve diversity gain in wireless networks and reduce the number of transmissions by the relay node. However, conventional network-coding-based MARC scheme wastes the channel resource because the relay forwards the signal every time regardless of the channel conditions. Our new scheme is that, through using the feedback information from the destination to the relay, the relay can use network coding, maximum ratio combining, or keep silent depending on the two source-destination channel link states. Then we derive the closed-form expressions for the outage probability and throughput of the system. Simulation results show that the new scheme improves the bit error rate(BER) and outage probability performance in contrast with direct transmission, and improves the throughput compared with conventional network coding scheme.
Cytomegalovirus infection and risk of Alzheimer disease in older black and white individuals.

BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is prevalent in older adults and has been implicated in many chronic diseases of aging. This study investigated the relation between CMV and the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS Data come from 3 cohort studies that included 849 participants (mean age [±SD], 78.6 ± 7.2 years; mean education duration [±SD], 15.4 ± 3.3 years; 25% black). RESULTS A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for detecting type-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses to CMV and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) measured in archived serum samples. Of 849 participants, 73.4% had serologic evidence of exposure to CMV (89.0% black and 68.2% white; P < .001). During an average of 5.0 years of follow-up, 93 persons developed AD. CMV seropositivity was associated with an increased risk of AD (relative risk, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.42-3.27) and a faster rate of decline in global cognition (estimate [±standard error], -0.02 ± 0.01; P = .03) in models that controlled for age, sex, education duration, race, vascular risk factors, vascular diseases, and apolipoprotein ε4 level. Results were similar in black and white individuals for both incident AD and change in cognitive function and were independent of HSV-1 status. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CMV infection is associated with an increased risk of AD and a faster rate of cognitive decline in older diverse populations.
Prone Position Is Associated with Mild Cerebral Oxygen Desaturation in Elderly Surgical Patients

Purpose A variety of hemodynamic and respiratory alterations accompany patients in the prone position; however the effect of the prone position on intraoperative cerebral saturation has not been studied. We sought to examine whether the incidence of cerebral oxygen desaturation in elderly patients (≥68 years of age) undergoing spine surgery in the prone position was more common than patients undergoing major surgery in the supine position. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 205 patients; 63 patients underwent surgery in the prone position and 142 in the supine position. Patients were evaluated for cerebral desaturation with bilateral cerebral oximetry. The primary predictor was position, secondary were: length of the surgery, incidence and duration of cerebral desaturation episodes at several thresholds, average time of Bispectral index below threshold of 45 in minutes, average electroencephalogram suppression ratio >0, amount of blood transfused, and the incidence of hypotension and hypertension. Results Elderly spine surgery patients in the prone position were more than twice as likely to experience mild cerebral desaturation as patients in the supine position. Patients in the prone position had longer surgeries; however cerebral desaturation in the prone position was significantly more common even when adjusted for surgery time and the occurrence of intraoperative hypotension. Conclusion Cerebral desaturation is related to the prone position in elderly surgery patients. Future studies are necessary to determine whether this translates to a higher incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and delirium.
The effect of schooling on problem drinking : evidence from Australian twins

We relate differences in problem drinking symptoms within pairs of identical twins to their respective differences in years of schooling. Isolating in this way the influences of family background and genes, we find that an increase in schooling attainment results in a significantly lower incidence of problem drinking for men. Thus, an extra year of schooling reduces the number of health problems caused by drinking by 0.14, and the probability of developing symptoms of Alcohol Dependence (AD) by 0.06. This negative link is robust to a variety of modifications to the identifying assumptions underlying our statistical analysis. Socio-economic implications of our findings are discussed.
An Eulerian approach to fluid–structure interaction and goal‐oriented mesh adaptation

We propose an Eulerian framework for modelling fluid–structure interaction (FSI) of incompressible fluids and elastic structures. The model is based on an Eulerian approach for describing structural dynamics. This is achieved by tracking the movement of the initial positions of all ‘material’ points. In this approach the displacement appears as a primary variable in an Eulerian framework.
Dance Like Someone is Watching

Although dancing often takes place in social contexts such as a club or party, previous study of such music-induced movement has focused mainly on individuals. The current study explores music-induced movement in a naturalistic dyadic context, focusing on the influence of personality, using five-factor model (FFM) traits, and trait empathy on participants’ responses to their partners. Fifty-four participants were recorded using motion capture while dancing to music excerpts alone and in dyads with three different partners, using a round-robin approach. Analysis using the Social Relations Model (SRM) suggested that the unique combination of each pair caused more variation in participants’ amount of movement than did individual factors. Comparison with self-reported personality and empathy measures provided some preliminary insights into the role of individual differences in such interaction. Self-reported empathy was linked to greater differences in amount of movement in responses to different partners. When looking at males only, this effect persisted for the whole body, head, and hands. For females, there was a significant relationship between participants’ Agreeableness (an FFM trait) and their partners’ head movements, suggesting that head movement may function socially to indicate affiliation in a dance context. Although consisting of modest effect sizes resulting from multiple comparisons, these results align with current theory and suggest possible ways that social context may affect music-induced movement and provide some direction for future study of the topic.
Beyond Moore's Law: the interconnect era

Reversing early limitations on Moore's low, interconnectors have replaced transistors as the main determinants of chip performance. This "tyranny of interconnectors" will only escalate in the future, and thus the nanoelectronics that follow silicon must be interconnect-centric. This new technology will likely use "transistors" that approach, if not surpass, the 0.1 ps latency of 10 nm generation silicon transistors. Consequently, if we optimistically assume that the interconnects of this post-Moore's Law nanotechnology will be superconductive, their latency will exceed that of the transistors for interconnect lengths greater than 30 μm, while long, on-chip interconnect lengths will be 1,000 times greater at 30 mm. Consequently, mainstream electronics will have an interconnect era beyond Moore's law.
Comparing the Usefulness of the 1997 and 2009 WHO Dengue Case Classification: A Systematic Literature Review

The 1997 and 2009 WHO dengue case classifications were compared in a systematic review with 12 eligible studies (4 prospective). Ten expert opinion articles were used for discussion. For the 2009 WHO classification studies show: when determining severe dengue sensitivity ranges between 59–98% (88%/98%: prospective studies), specificity between 41–99% (99%: prospective study) - comparing the 1997 WHO classification: sensitivity 24.8–89.9% (24.8%/74%: prospective studies), specificity: 25%/100% (100%: prospective study). The application of the 2009 WHO classification is easy, however for (non-severe) dengue there may be a risk of monitoring increased case numbers. Warning signs validation studies are needed. For epidemiological/pathogenesis research use of the 2009 WHO classification, opinion papers show that ease of application, increased sensitivity (severe dengue) and international comparability are advantageous; 3 severe dengue criteria (severe plasma leakage, severe bleeding, severe organ manifestation) are useful research endpoints. The 2009 WHO classification has clear advantages for clinical use, use in epidemiology is promising and research use may at least not be a disadvantage.
A reference model architecture for intelligent systems design

Introduction Apreviously published outline for a theory of intelligence defines intelligence as “the ability to act appropriately in an uncertain environment, where appropriate action is that which increases the probability of success, and success is the achievement of behavioral goals[1]. ” The intelligent system acts so as to maximize probability of success and minimize probability of failure. Both goals and success criteria are generated in the environment external to the intelligent system. At a minimum, intelligence requires the abilities to sense the environment, make decisions, and control action. Higher levels of intelligence require the abilities to recognize objects and events, store and use knowledge about the world, and to reason about and plan for the future. Advanced forms of intelligence have the abilities to perceive and analyze, to plot and scheme, to choose wisely and plan successfully in a complex, competitive, hostile world. The amount of intelligence is determined by the computational power of the computing engine, the sophistication and eleg ce of algorithms, the amount and quality of information and values, and the efficiency and reli bility of the system architecture. The amount of intelligence can grow through programming, learning, and evolution. Intelligence is the product of natural selection, wherein more successful behavior is passed on to succeeding generations of intelligent systems, and less successful behavior dies out. Natural selection is driven by competition between individuals within a group, and groups within the world. The above theory of intelligence is expressed in terms of a reference model architecture for real-time intelligent control systems based on the RCS (Real-time Control System) [2]. RCS partitions the control problem into four basic elements: behavior generation (or task
High-performance MC-CDMA via carrier interferometry codes

This paper introduces the principles of interferometry to multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA). Specifically, we propose the use of MC-CDMA with novel carrier interferometry (CI) complex spreading codes. The CI/MC-CDMA method, applied to mobile wireless communication systems, offers enhanced performance and flexibility relative to MC-CDMA with conventional spreading codes. Specifically, assuming a frequency selective Rayleigh-fading channel, CI/MC-CDMAs performance matches that of orthogonal MC-CDMA using Hadamard-Walsh codes up to the MC-CDMA N user limit; and, CI/MC-CDMA provides the added flexibility of going beyond N users, adding up to N-1 additional users with pseudo orthogonal positioning. When compared to MC-CDMA schemes capable of supporting greater than N users, CI/MC-CDMAs performance exceeds that of MC-CDMA. Additionally, this new system is analyzed in the presence of phase jitters and frequency offsets and is shown to be robust to both cases.
The effect of scanner sound in visual, motor, and auditory functional MRI

The potentially important effect of gradient switching sound on brain function during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was studied by comparing experiments with low and high scanner sound levels. To provide a low sound level experiment, a sparse scanning method was used, characterized by long, 9 sec, periods of scanner silence interspersed with 1 sec echoplanar imaging (EPI) bursts. For the condition with high sound levels, extra EPI gradient modules were inserted in the 9 sec inter‐image intervals. Visual, motor, or auditory stimuli were presented in the interval between imaging. It was found that with the addition of gradient sounds, auditory activation was significantly decreased while motor and visual activation were not significantly altered. Other general factors relating to fMRI were also examined, such as experimental duration and fatigue. For example, motion of the subjects during the experiments was found to be related to the time spent in the scanner, rather than to the ambient sound level. Magn Reson Med 41:1230–1235, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of Perceived Stress and Salivary Levels of Secretory Immunoglobulin A and Cortisol in Japanese Women With Premenstrual Syndrome

Background: Several studies have demonstrated the associations between Premenstrual Syndrome and perceived stress, and no studies quantifying stress based on biochemical parameters have been conducted. Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the changes in biochemical parameters of stress and measured perceived stress during the menstrual cycle of women with premenstrual syndrome. Patients and Methods: A longitudinal observational study was conducted in 2010 in the Kansai region of Japan. Thirteen women with premenstrual syndrome and 11 controls, all with regular menstrual cycles, participated in this study. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) and cortisol levels were measured as biochemical parameters, and scores on the Stress Check List KM (SCL-KM) (Cronbach’s α in this study ranged from 0.76 to 0.84) were used to indicate perceived stress through two complete menstrual cycles. Before stress measurements were taken, premenstrual, menstrual and postmenstrual phases were confirmed based on records of basal body temperature across two menstrual cycles. Data analysis was performed using the Student’s t-test, analysis of variance with repeated measures, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, as appropriate. Results: Both the postmenstrual S-IgA concentration and secretion rate were significantly lower in the group with premenstrual syndrome than in controls (P < 0.05). Premenstrual S-IgA concentrations were significantly higher than postmenstrual levels in the group with premenstrual syndrome (P < 0.05). No significant differences in cortisol levels were seen in either group during any phase. Premenstrual and postmenstrual phase SCL-KM scores were significantly higher in the group with premenstrual syndrome than in controls (P < 0.05). No significant changes in the SCL-KM scores were observed among menstrual cycle phases in either group. Postmenstrual S-IgA levels were negatively correlated with the SCL-KM score (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The stress due to psychosomatic changes in the menstrual cycle is associated with premenstrual syndrome. Measures of S-IgA, rather than cortisol or subjective responses to stress, may be most closely associated with PMS.
BBS proteins interact genetically with the IFT pathway to influence SHH-related phenotypes

There are numerous genes for which loss-of-function mutations do not produce apparent phenotypes even though statistically significant quantitative changes to biological pathways are observed. To evaluate the biological meaning of small effects is challenging. Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder characterized by obesity, retinopathy, polydactyly, renal malformations, learning disabilities and hypogenitalism, as well as secondary phenotypes including diabetes and hypertension. BBS knockout mice recapitulate most human phenotypes including obesity, retinal degeneration and male infertility. However, BBS knockout mice do not develop polydacyly. Here we showed that the loss of BBS genes in mice result in accumulation of Smoothened and Patched 1 in cilia and have a decreased Shh response. Knockout of Bbs7 combined with a hypomorphic Ift88 allele (orpk as a model for Shh dysfuction) results in embryonic lethality with e12.5 embryos having exencephaly, pericardial edema, cleft palate and abnormal limb development, phenotypes not observed in Bbs7−/− mice. Our results indicate that BBS genes modulate Shh pathway activity and interact genetically with the intraflagellar transport (IFT) pathway to play a role in mammalian development. This study illustrates an effective approach to appreciate the biological significance of a small effect.