Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk‐Assessment Battlefield

Risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and conflict have become pervasive. Research has begun to provide a new perspective on this problem by demonstrating the complexity of the concept “risk” and the inadequacies of the traditionalview of risk assessment as a purely scientific enterprise. This paper argues that danger is real, but risk is socially constructed. Risk assessment is inherently subjective and represents a blending of science and judgmentwith important psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. In addition, our social and democratic institutions, remarkable as they are in many respects, breed distrust in the risk arena. Whoever controls the definition of risk controls the rational solution to the problem at hand. Ifrisk is defined one way, then one option will rise to the top as the most cost‐effective or the safest or the best. If it is defined another way, perhaps incorporating qualitative characteristics and other contextual factors, one will likely get a different ordering of action solutions. Definingrisk is thus an exercise in power. Scientific literacy and public education are important, but they are not central to risk controversies. The public is not irrational. Their judgments about risk are influenced by emotion and affect in a way that is both simple and sophisticated. The same holds true for scientists. Public views are also influenced by worldviews, ideologies, and values; so are scientists' views, particularly when they are working at the limits of their expertise. The limitations of risk science, the importance and difficulty of maintaining trust, and the complex, sociopolitical nature of risk point to the need for a new approach‐one that focuses upon introducing more public participation into both risk assessment and risk decision making in order to make the decision process more democratic, improve the relevance and quality of technical analysis, and increasethe legitimacy and public acceptance of the resulting decisions.
Multiple-tooth receptive fields of single human periodontal mechanoreceptive afferents.

1. Single-unit impulse activity from 25 mechanoreceptive afferents was recorded in the human inferior alveolar nerve using tungsten microelectrodes. All of these afferents were considered to originate in periodontal receptors because they showed responses to mechanical stimulation of one or more teeth but not to stimulation of the gingiva. 2. For each afferent isolated, forces with "ramp-and-hold"-shaped profiles of similar magnitudes (261 +/- 21 mN, mean +/- SD) were applied to the incisors, the canine, and the first premolar on the recording side, and the contralateral central incisor in four horizontal directions: lingual, labial, mesial, and distal. For a few of the afferents, forces were also applied in the axial directions (up and down). Both static and dynamic response components were analyzed. 3. For about one half of the tested afferents, the receptive fields were restricted to a single tooth. The remainder (52%) responded to stimulation of a group of teeth (on average 3.1 teeth), which typically showed contact between their crowns. 4. Afferents responding to loading of multiple teeth showed their strongest responses to forces applied to a particular tooth, with a gradual decline in the responsiveness to the adjacent teeth. 5. The stimulation directions eliciting the strongest afferent responses for the most sensitive tooth were approximately evenly distributed over the four stimulation directions, except for some bias toward the lingual direction. In contrast, loading of the adjacent teeth most often showed the strongest responses in the mesial or distal directions, in most cases toward the most sensitive tooth. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparison of Stereotactic and Ultrasound-guided Biopsy of Solid Supratentorial Tumor: A Preliminary Report

Introduction: The computed tomography (CT) guided stereotactic biopsy (STB) is considered as method of choice for biopsy of intracranial mass lesions. However, it's disadvantages are frame fixation, time requirement for transportation between CT scan suit to the operation theater with added much higher equipment cost in the relatively resource scarred developing country. Ultrasound-guided biopsy (USGB) is relatively simpler, economical, less time consuming, and real-time procedure. Clinical Materials and Methods: Thirty-seven consecutively admitted patients with supratentorial brain tumors, who underwent biopsy of the lesion using CT compatible stereotactic and ultrasound-guided (USGB) procedure formed cohort of the study. Based on location and size of the lesions, the cases were divided into two groups, superficial and deep. Twenty-two patients underwent ultrasound-guided biopsy and 15 with STB. Results: The diagnostic yield of STB was 93% and 91% for ultrasound-guided biopsy. The mean operation time of STB group was 149.00 min and 94 min for USGB, which was statistically significant. Two cases in each group developed hematoma; however, one case in USGB group needed surgical evacuation. The real-time monitoring detected two hematoma intraoperatively, which were further also confirmed on postoperative CT scan head. Conclusions: The ultrasound-guided biopsy procedure (USGB) was simple, relatively shorter time-consuming procedure and equally efficacious and utilizing economical equipment and can act as a safer alternative to CT STB process for biopsy of the intracranial mass lesion. Furthermore, USGB also provided intra-operative real-time monitoring, which provided clue for close monitoring in the postoperative period after completion of biopsy to look for development of fresh hematoma development not only at the biopsy site but also along the biopsy track and adjoining area. Perhaps, a longer period of ultrasonic monitoring following the procedure would be of greater help to detect hematoma formation, which is one of the most common complications of the biopsy procedure.
3 mW V-band divide-by-2 and W-band divide-by-4 wide locking range frequency dividers in 90-nm CMOS

The proposed divide-by-2 (D2) and divide-by-4 (D4) frequency dividers (FDs) achieve the widest locking range reported to date by using a dual-mixing technique in 90-nm CMOS. At an input power of 0 dBm, the D2 FD demonstrates a locking range of 51–74 GHz, and the D4 FD one of 82.5–90 GHz, without any tuning mechanism. The power consumption is only 3 mW for both the D2 FD and the D4 FD, from a 0.5 V supply.
Stress among married female sandwich undergraduates in Southwest Nigeria

The study investigated stress and their consequences among married female sandwich undergraduates in Southwest Nigeria. Stressors of interest were occupational stress, family responsibility stress, academic activities stress, financial stress, cultural roles stress, religious roles stress and programme generated stress. The consequences of these among the women on the sandwich programme were examined and ranked. Also, the contribution of each of the stressors to stress in the women was examined. The study was a descriptive research of the survey type. The population was all married female sandwich undergraduates from Southwest Nigeria in four hundred (400) and five hundred (500) levels of 2012/2013 academic session on the sandwich academic programmes of Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. A sample of 181 women was selected through stratified random sampling techniques. The research instrument was a questionnaire which was validated by the researchers. One (1) research question was raised and one (1) hypothesis was postulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Results of the analyses revealed that the women experienced different magnitudes of the consequences of stress. Also, all the stressors taken together significantly predicted stress among the women. Counselling implications of the findings were highlighted. Based on the findings, it was recommended that married female undergraduates should be aided financially through scholarships and awards because demands of the roles of being married women conflicted with demands of education in their lives. In addition, cultural expectations for the married woman in the society should be subjects of interest to counsellors in marriage counselling.
Exploring a vibratory systems analysis of human movement production.

the most desirable attributes of the human motor system are that of the limbs accurately in space using a variety of movement trajectories and that localization be accomplished relatively independent of changes in the initial conditions of the limbs c Al though it is well-documented that these features are characteristic of the behavioral of both animal s and humans, less clear is the nature of the control mechanism(s) e Neither of the currentl y popular closed-feedback (Adams, 1977) or programming accounts (Schmid t, seem completely ad For , al though a closed-loop model accommodate the fact that achievement of final position is possible in of (a) in limb position prior to movement (Stelmach, Kelso, & Wallace, 1975) or (b) the introduction of abrupt changes in load during movement execution (Houk, 1978; Polit & Bizzi, 1978), it is at a loss when the same finding s can be demonstrated under deafferentation conditions (Bi zzi &0 Similarly, central motor programs that do not ongoing feedback moni toring may handle deafferentation findings, but go awry when confronted with unforeseen changes in the movement contexte Indeed, even a hybrid model that incorporates internal, central feedback loops (Evarts, 1971; Kelso & Stelmach, 1976) has great difficulty with the finding that normal accuracy may result when monkeys are deafferented and consequently subjected to unpredictable movement perturbations (Polit & Bizzi, 1978)0 An al ternative approach to of localization-stemming from Bern-stein's orig inal work (1947) 1, proposes that where muscles at a joint are constrained to act as a unit, the linkage is describable as a class of vibratory system with the physical and behavioral characteristics of a mass-There are several properties of a mass-spring that are advantageous in explaining the style of control observed in localization experiments. Perhaps its major characteristic for our purposes is that it is intrinsically self-equil ibrating; once set in motion the spr ing will al ways come to rest at the same resting length (equilibrium point)" Neither an increase in initial deflection of the spring from its resting length nor temporary perturbations will prevent the achievement of the equil ibrium point, a property known as AcknOWledgment: We thank James Pruitt for his assistance and two anonymous rev iewers for their helpful remarks.
Short-Term Dynamical Interactions among Extrasolar Planets

We show that short-term perturbations among massive planets in multiple planet systems can result in radial velocity variations of the central star that differ substantially from velocity variations derived assuming the planets are executing independent Keplerian motions. We discuss two fitting methods that can lead to an improved dynamical description of multiple planet systems. In the first method, the osculating orbital elements are determined via a Levenberg-Marquardt minimization scheme driving an N-body integrator. The second method is an improved analytic model in which orbital elements are allowed to vary according to a simple model for resonant interactions between the planets. Both of these methods can determine the true masses for the planets by eliminating the sin i degeneracy inherent in fits that assume independent Keplerian motions. We apply our fitting methods to the GJ 876 radial velocity data and argue that the mass factors for the two planets are likely in the 1.25-2.0 range.
Coordination for a Group of Autonomous Mobile Agents with Multiple Leaders

In this paper, we consider the coordination control of a group of autonomous mobile agents with multiple leaders. Different interconnection topologies are investigated. At first, a necessary and sufficient condition is proved in the case of fixed interconnection topology. Then a sufficient condition is proposed when the interconnection topology is switched. With a simple first-order dynamics model by using the neighborhood rule, both results show that the group behavior of the agents will converge to the polytope formed by the leaders.
Sharing Individual Participant Data from Clinical Trials: An Opinion Survey Regarding the Establishment of a Central Repository

Background Calls have been made for increased access to individual participant data (IPD) from clinical trials, to ensure that complete evidence is available. However, despite the obvious benefits, progress towards this is frustratingly slow. In the meantime, many systematic reviews have already collected IPD from clinical trials. We propose that a central repository for these IPD should be established to ensure that these datasets are safeguarded and made available for use by others, building on the strengths and advantages of the collaborative groups that have been brought together in developing the datasets. Objective Evaluate the level of support, and identify major issues, for establishing a central repository of IPD. Design On-line survey with email reminders. Participants 71 reviewers affiliated with the Cochrane Collaboration's IPD Meta-analysis Methods Group were invited to participate. Results 30 (42%) invitees responded: 28 (93%) had been involved in an IPD review and 24 (80%) had been involved in a randomised trial. 25 (83%) agreed that a central repository was a good idea and 25 (83%) agreed that they would provide their IPD for central storage. Several benefits of a central repository were noted: safeguarding and standardisation of data, increased efficiency of IPD meta-analyses, knowledge advancement, and facilitating future clinical, and methodological research. The main concerns were gaining permission from trial data owners, uncertainty about the purpose of the repository, potential resource implications, and increased workload for IPD reviewers. Restricted access requiring approval, data security, anonymisation of data, and oversight committees were highlighted as issues under governance of the repository. Conclusion There is support in this community of IPD reviewers, many of whom are also involved in clinical trials, for storing IPD in a central repository. Results from this survey are informing further work on developing a repository of IPD which is currently underway by our group.
Significant Changes in the Curve of Elimination Since 1900

In 1907, Dr. Edward L. Thorndike made a study on ''Elimination of Pupils from School. 'n His findings were based on enrollment data from twenty-three cities which were chosen because the data were avail able in Teachers College Library, Columbia University. From these data Thorndike determined answers to the following questions: "Of one hundred pupils entering school, how many drop out at each grade? Of one hundred pupils in any grade, how many are lost before the next grade V9 It is interesting to note the answers to these questions for more recent years and to compare them with the answers found by Thorndike for the years immediately following the opening of the cen tury. The intervening period has been one of radical changes in organi zation, administration, curricular offerings, and methods of teaching in our schools. The junior high school has been developed as an institution to bridge the gap between the eighth grade and the first year of high school with the hope of retaining pupils in school for a longer time. The purpose of this study has been to discover the nature of the changes in elimination since 1900 and to determine what evidence there is that the junior high school is responsible for them. The grade enrollments in sixteen of the twenty-three cities studied by Thorndike were secured for the school terms 1908-9, 1913-14, 1918-19, 1923-24, and 1928-29 on forms sent to all the cities. From these enroll ment data and those presented by Thorndike, the ratio of the number of pupils in a given grade to the average number of pupils in the first three grades was calculated for each city for each year studied ; that is, the average number of pupils in the first three grades was considered as the number of pupils entering school and was used as the basis in computing the percentage of pupils remaining in each grade. The data were studied by the same methods that Thorndike used in 1907 so as to provide a reliable basis for comparison. The type of school organization in use in each city, that is, the 8-4, 6-2-4, 6-3-3, or 6-6 plan of dividing the school system into units, with a statement of the years during which
Recent HIV-1 Infection: Identification of Individuals with High Viral Load Setpoint in a Voluntary Counselling and Testing Centre in Rural Mozambique

Background Identification of recent HIV-infections is important for describing the HIV epidemic and compiling HIV-RNA-setpoint data for future HIV intervention trials. We conducted a study to characterize recent infections, and HIV-RNA-setpoint within the adult population presenting at a voluntary counselling and testing centre (VCT) in southern Mozambique. Methods All adults attending the Manhiça District-Hospital VCT between April and October 2009 were recruited if they had at least one positive rapid HIV-serology test. Patients were screened for recent HIV-1 infection by BED-CEIA HIV-incidence test. Clinical examination, assessment of HIV-RNA and CD4 cell counts were performed at enrollment, 4 and 10 months. Results Of the 492 participants included in this study, the prevalence of recent infections as defined by BED-CEIA test, CD4 counts >200 cells/µl and HIV-RNA >400 copies/mL, was 11.58% (57/492; 95% CI 8.89–14.74). Due to heterogeneity in HIV-RNA levels in recently infected patients, individuals were categorized as having “high” HIV-RNA load if their HIV-RNA level was above the median (4.98 log10 copies/mL) at diagnosis. The “high” HIV-RNA group sustained a significantly higher HIV-viral load at all visits with a median HIV-RNA setpoint of 5.22 log10 copies/mL (IQR 5.18–5.47) as compared to the median of 4.15 log10 copies/ml (IQR 3.37–4.43) for the other patients (p = 0.0001). Conclusion The low proportion of recent HIV-infections among HIV-seropositive VCT clients suggests that most of this population attends the VCT at later stages of HIV/AIDS. Characterization of HIV-RNA-setpoint may serve to identify recently infected individuals maintaining HIV viral load>5 log10 copies/mL as candidates for antiretroviral treatment as prevention interventions.
Functional Heterogeneity of Gephyrins

Postsynaptic clustering of the glycine receptor requires the cytoplasmic protein gephyrin, which interacts with the receptor beta subunit. Several variants of gephyrin are generated by alternative splicing and differ by the presence of short amino acid sequences (cassettes) in the N-terminal half of the molecule. In this work, seven isoforms of gephyrin were cloned from adult rat spinal cord, some of then containing new cassettes. The relationships between gephyrin structure and recognition of glycine receptor beta subunit were analyzed. This was carried out by GST-pulldown assays using the beta subunit cytoplasmic loop and cotransfection experiments of GFP-tagged gephyrins with an alpha1 subunit bearing the gephyrin-binding site of the beta subunit. Data demonstrated that not all gephyrin molecules can bind to the beta subunit. Identified cassettes modulate this interaction. It is thus concluded that the function of gephyrin in synapse formation can rely on a structure acquired through cassette combinations.
Short Text Coherence Hypothesis

Abstract In this paper, we experimentally study the degree to which the length of a short text affects its comprehensiveness and readability, within quantitative linguistics. The quantitative linguistics focus mainly in analysis of large text collections and one of the major scientific theories in use is the Menzerath-Altmann law. In this paper we attempt to define the quantitative analysis framework for short texts consisting approximately of one or two sentences, due to the fact that they are considered very important in many scientific fields. To achieve the aim of this paper, a coherence statistical testing process of three variables was created for short texts. The implementation of that was possible through experimental and statistical evaluation. Upon completion of the above-mentioned evaluation, the statistical results showed that short text coherence, comprehensiveness and readability are fully achieved in short texts consisting of 14 words, when three predetermined variables are associated and vice versa. To prove the above hypothesis the theory of Vector Space Model and Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance were used. The assessment of statistical results concluded that the above hypothesis can be fully met for a number of cases with a probability p > 99%. Moreover, in the experiment were used short texts in English language but it was proven that language can be considered irrelevant. To corroborate this, a smaller scale experiment with short texts in the German language was conducted and hypothesis was confirmed that the proposed model of this paper can be applied in all short texts regardless of their linguistic origin.
Explanation of Aggressive Behavior of Male Students to Familiar and Stranger Person through Interaction of Cognition and Personality

گرزب لماع جنپ نايم ي هطبار رد یتخانش دانسا هدننك ليدعت شقن يسررب فده اب شهوژپ نيا :فده شهوژپ يرامآ هعماج :شور . دمآ رد ارجا هلحرم هب رسپ نازومآ شناد هنارگشاخرپ شنكاو اب تيصخش یا هقبط یفداصت ي هويش هب رفن 196 اهنآ نيب زا هك دنداد ليكشت نات��سريبد کي ر��سپ نازومآ شناد ار 2 همانشسرپ ،تيصخش گرزب لماع جنپ يلاؤس 50 همانشسرپ لماش شهوژپ ياهرازبا . دندش باختنا بيرض زا هدافتسا اب اه هداد . دندوب یتخانش دانسا کيرحت یارب ويرانس هس و هنارگشاخرپ شنكاو يلاؤس زا لصاح جياتن :اه هتفاي . دنتفرگ رارق ليلحت دروم يبتارم هلسلس نويسرگر ليلحت و نوسريپ يگتسبمه هب هنارگشاخرپ شنكاو اب ار یريذپ هبرجت و یيارگ نورب هطبار یتخانش دانسا هك داد ناشن اه هداد ليلحت ،هنامصخ یتخانش دانسا تيعقوم رد هك داد ناشن طخ بيش هداس ليلحت . دنيامن يم ليدعت هبيرغ درف هنارگشاخرپ شنكاو اب یريذپ هبرجت اما ،رادانعم و یفنم هطبار یاراد هنارگشاخرپ شنكاو اب یيارگ نورب یتيعقوم یتخانش دانسا نينچمه . تسا رادانعم و تبثم هطبار یاراد هنامصخ تيعقوم رد هبيرغ درف هب ناشن طخ بيش هداس ليلحت . ديامن یم ليدعت انشآ درف هب هنارگشاخرپ شنكاو اب ار یيارگ نورب هطبار هطبار یاراد انشآ درف هب هنارگشاخرپ شنكاو اب یيارگ نورب ،هنامصخ یتخانش دانسا تيعقوم رد هك داد یتيصخش یاه یگژيو هك دهد یم ناشن شهوژپ نيا زا لصاح جياتن :يريگ هجيتن . تسا رادانعم و یفنم رسپ نازومآ شناد هنارگشاخرپ شنكاو اب هطبار رد هنامصخ دان��سا اب یريذپ هبرجت و یيارگ نورب ريظن . دننك یم لماعت ،هنارگ��شاخرپ شنكاو ،تموصخ ،یتخان��ش دان��سا ،تيصخ��ش گرزب لماع جنپ :يديلك ياه هژاو رسپ نازومآ شناد *رورپ لگ نسحم ،ناگساروخ یملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ،رايشناد ناهفصا نايداوج ارهز یملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ،دشرا سانشراك ناگساروخ هدنزارب نيما یملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ،دشرا سانشراك ناگساروخ