Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From the Sage on the Stage to the Guide on the Side: The Challenge for Educators Today

This Paper presents a broad outline of what learning is, styles of learning and how people learn using different methods. The impact of school on learning is explored with the conclusion that it can do considerable harm to our learning. The difference between information and knowledge is explained. A new model of learning is presented (The Jones Model of Learning) and discussed, which applies to all age groups. Learning myths are explored and discredited. Principles of adult learning are presented, in addition to the differences between learning by adults and by younger people. Barriers to learning are discussed. The relationship between learning and creativity, and between learning and spirituality, are discussed and emphasized. Finally, the Implications for these Ideas on today’s Teachers and Schools are explored together with the characteristics of Learning Environments.
The Impact of Type of Examples on Originality: Explaining Fixation and Stimulation Effects.

Converging evidences have indicated that the ability to generate creative ideas could be limited by recently activated knowledge such as examples of solutions. However, neuroimaging studies have recently demonstrated that exposure to examples did not systematically lead to fixation and could on the contrary have a stimulation effect on creativity. Our hypothesis is that there are two types of examples that C-K theory helps to characterize: (1) restrictive examples that do not change the definition or the attributes of the object, and (2) expansive examples that modify its identity by adding unexpected attributes. In two studies, we explored the impact of restrictive and expansive examples on a creative task. We then hypothesized that the introduction of an example during the task would provoke participants to propose solutions of a higher originality when the provided example was expansive. In contrast, when the provided example was restrictive, we hypothesized that the originality of the solutions would be reduced. Results confirmed that solutions proposed by the group exposed to restrictive example are less original than those given by groups exposed to expansive examples.
Glycan-dependent and -independent Interactions Contribute to Cellular Substrate Recruitment by Calreticulin*

Background: We investigated the different modes of calreticulin-substrate binding. Results: Calreticulin binds glycosylated and nonglycosylated proteins with similar affinities but distinct kinetics and P-domain conformations. Conclusion: Successful substrate recruitment by calreticulin requires glycan and P-domain-dependent interactions. Significance: Elucidation of the distinct modes of calreticulin binding to substrate glycan and polypeptide components and their combined contributions to substrate recruitment in cells. Calreticulin is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone with specificity for monoglucosylated glycoproteins. Calreticulin also inhibits precipitation of nonglycosylated proteins and thus contains generic protein-binding sites, but their location and contributions to substrate folding are unknown. We show that calreticulin binds glycosylated and nonglycosylated proteins with similar affinities but distinct interaction kinetics. Although both interactions involve the glycan-binding site or its vicinity, the arm-like proline-rich (P-) domain of calreticulin contributes to binding non/deglycosylated proteins. Correspondingly, ensemble FRET spectroscopy measurements indicate that glycosylated and nonglycosylated proteins induce “open” and “closed” P-domain conformations, respectively. The co-chaperone ERp57 influences substrate-binding kinetics and induces a closed P-domain conformation. Together with analysis of the interactions of calreticulin with cellular proteins, these findings indicate that the recruitment of monoglucosylated proteins to calreticulin is kinetically driven, whereas the P-domain and co-chaperone contribute to stable substrate binding. Substrate sequestration in the cleft between the glycan-binding site and P-domain is a likely mechanism for calreticulin-assisted protein folding.
Comparative Small RNA Analysis of Pollen Development in Autotetraploid and Diploid Rice

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in plant reproduction. However, knowledge on microRNAome analysis in autotetraploid rice is rather limited. Here, high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze miRNAomes during pollen development in diploid and polyploid rice. A total of 172 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEM) were detected in autotetraploid rice compared to its diploid counterpart, and 57 miRNAs were specifically expressed in autotetraploid rice. Of the 172 DEM, 115 and 61 miRNAs exhibited up- and down-regulation, respectively. Gene Ontology analysis on the targets of up-regulated DEM showed that they were enriched in transport and membrane in pre-meiotic interphase, reproduction in meiosis, and nucleotide binding in single microspore stage. osa-miR5788 and osa-miR1432-5p_R+1 were up-regulated in meiosis and their targets revealed interaction with the meiosis-related genes, suggesting that they may involve in the genes regulation associated with the chromosome behavior. Abundant 24 nt siRNAs associated with transposable elements were found in autotetraploid rice during pollen development; however, they significantly declined in diploid rice, suggesting that 24 nt siRNAs may play a role in pollen development. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the effect of polyploidy on small RNA expression patterns during pollen development that cause pollen sterility in autotetraploid rice.
Diversity and selective pressures of anticoagulants in three medicinal leeches (Hirudinida: Hirudinidae, Macrobdellidae)

Although medicinal leeches have long been used as treatment for various ailments because of their potent anticoagulation factors, neither the full diversity of salivary components that inhibit coagulation, nor the evolutionary selection acting on them has been thoroughly investigated. Here, we constructed expressed sequence tag libraries from salivary glands of two species of medicinal hirudinoid leeches, Hirudo verbana and Aliolimnatis fenestrata, and identified anticoagulant-orthologs through BLASTx searches. The data set then was augmented by the addition of a previously constructed EST library from the macrobdelloid leech Macrobdella decora. The identified orthologs then were compared and contrasted with well-characterized anticoagulants from a variety of leeches with different feeding habits, including non-sanguivorous species. Moreover, four different statistical methods for predicting signatures of positive and negative evolutionary pressures were used for 10 rounds each to assess the level and type of selection acting on the molecules as a whole and on specific sites. In total, sequences showing putative BLASTx-orthology with five and three anticoagulant-families were recovered in the A. fenestrata and H. verbana EST libraries respectively. Selection pressure analyses predicted high levels of purifying selection across the anticoagulant diversity, although a few isolated sites showed signatures of positive selection. This study represents a first attempt at mapping the anticoagulant repertoires in a comparative fashion across several leech families.
RNA-Binding Domain Proteins in Kinetoplastids: a Comparative Analysis

ABSTRACT RNA-binding proteins are important in many aspects of RNA processing, function, and destruction. One class of such proteins contains the RNA recognition motif (RRM), which consists of about 90 amino acid residues, including the canonical RNP1 octapeptide: (K/R)G(F/Y)(G/A)FVX(F/Y). We used a variety of homology searches to classify all of the RRM proteins of the three kinetoplastids Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania major. All three organisms have similar sets of RRM-containing protein orthologues, suggesting common posttranscriptional processing and regulatory pathways. Of the 75 RRM proteins identified in T. brucei, only 13 had clear homologues in other eukaryotes, although 8 more could be given putative functional assignments. A comparison with the 18 RRM proteins of the obligate intracellular parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi revealed just 3 RRM proteins which appear to be conserved at the primary sequence level throughout eukaryotic evolution: poly(A) binding protein, the rRNA-processing protein MRD1, and the nuclear cap binding protein.
A model of prehospital trauma training for lay persons devised in Africa

Objectives: Few low income countries have emergency medical services to provide prehospital medical care and transport to road traffic crash casualties. In Ghana most roadway casualties receive care and transport to the hospital from taxi, bus, or truck drivers. This study reports the methods used to devise a model for prehospital trauma training for commercial drivers in Ghana. Methods: Over 300 commercial drivers attended a first aid and rescue course designed specifically for roadway trauma and geared to a low education level. The training programme has been evaluated twice at one and two year intervals by interviewing both trained and untrained drivers with regard to their experiences with injured persons. In conjunction with a review of prehospital care literature, lessons learnt from the evaluations were used in the revision of the training model. Results: Control of external haemorrhage was quickly learnt and used appropriately by the drivers. Areas identified needing emphasis in future trainings included consistent use of universal precautions and protection of airways in unconscious persons using the recovery position. Conclusion: In low income countries, prehospital trauma care for roadway casualties can be improved by training laypersons already involved in prehospital transport and care. Training should be locally devised, evidence based, educationally appropriate, and focus on practical demonstrations.
AGGRESSION ANXIETY, PERCEPTION OF AGGRESSIVE CUES, AND EXPECTED RETALIATION

Research about aggression has shown that aggressive behavior varies with the sex and aggressiveness of the subject as well as with the sex and aggressiveness of potential retaliators (Buss, 1961; Peterson, 1971). In this experiment, the authors investigated the hypothesis that differences in aggressive behavior may partly be a function of differences («) in the perception of aggressive cues or (b) in the degree to which retaliation is expected. The subjects, 15 male and 16 female third graders in a parochial grammar school of Chicago, were assessed on aggression anxiety through a group-administ ered peer-rate procedure, and assigned to high or low groups by a median split. Each child was tested individually for perception and expected retaliation by presenting 30 pictures of male and female angry, neutral, and friendly faces with the instructions to rate them (a) on an angerfriendliness dimension and (b) on the intensity of retaliation expected following a hypothetical aggressive act on the part of the child. The rating scales ranged from —4 to +4, each number corresponding to a semantic explanation of the degree of anger or expected retaliation. The examiner for both tasks was a petite female graduate student. She appeared to gain friendly acceptance from the subjects and all subjects appeared to enjoy the task. The results showed that although the faces were perceived on the whole as neutral, highaggression-anxiety children more often perceived anger in the faces, whereas low-anxious children more often saw friendliness (F = 7.18, df = 1/28, p < .025). Sex of subject was not a differentiatin g factor. There is some evidence, then, that differences in the perception of aggressive cues may exist between highand low-aggression-anxiety children, high-anxi
Schizophrenia and the family-the customers' view

Improvements are vital in the early recognition of the onset of the disease by GP's and the way they respond to the sufferer and the family. Psychiatrists should respect the family members as a valuable resource to be supported and not as a location of blame and guilt. Both families and the sufferer need education, information about the diagnosis and its short- and long-term implications. There should be choice in the level of involvement of the family with regular options for review. The family potential of lifelong concern and care for the sufferer should not be wasted by insensitive handling and unhelpful attitudes which can contribute to family breakup and increased stress. Clearly identified case managers with responsible leadership of multidisciplinary teams are vital to ensure co-ordinated provision provided over the timescale of the illness. A range of services, including provision for the most ill, should be provided in every district on a seven-day-a-week and 52-week-a-year basis. Hospitals shou.
Backpacker Heaven

This article explores the changing cultural dynamics of “amenity-rich” touristic landscapes in Sydney, Australia, focusing on the specific group of young budget travelers known as backpackers. The article also considers the consequences of diverse mobilities, including contemporary forms of travel, for the identities and social relations of places and communities. It also addresses recent suggestions that the focus of analysis should be turned away from fixed sites (field, society, community), to instead account for the flows and connections that transcend borders and boundaries. The article also considers the differential status given to various mobilities. At a time of escalating fears around “illegal” migration (refugees and asylum seekers), the expansion of tourism trategies, particularly for independent travelers, illuminates the highly uneven nature of transnational mobilities.
Lazier Than Lazy Greedy

Is it possible to maximize a monotone submodular function faster than the widely used lazy greedy algorithm (also known as accelerated greedy), both in theory and practice? In this paper, we develop the first linear-time algorithm for maximizing a general monotone submodular function subject to a cardinality constraint. We show that our randomized algorithm, STOCHASTIC-GREEDY, can achieve a (1 − 1/e − ε) approximation guarantee, in expectation, to the optimum solution in time linear in the size of the data and independent of the cardinality constraint. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm on submodular functions arising in data summarization, including training large-scale kernel methods, exemplar-based clustering, and sensor placement. We observe that STOCHASTIC-GREEDY practically achieves the same utility value as lazy greedy but runs much faster. More surprisingly, we observe that in many practical scenarios STOCHASTIC-GREEDY does not evaluate the whole fraction of data points even once and still achieves indistinguishable results compared to lazy greedy.
Analysis of Determinants in Filovirus Glycoproteins Required for Tetherin Antagonism

The host cell protein tetherin can restrict the release of enveloped viruses from infected cells. The HIV-1 protein Vpu counteracts tetherin by removing it from the site of viral budding, the plasma membrane, and this process depends on specific interactions between the transmembrane domains of Vpu and tetherin. In contrast, the glycoproteins (GPs) of two filoviruses, Ebola and Marburg virus, antagonize tetherin without reducing surface expression, and the domains in GP required for tetherin counteraction are unknown. Here, we show that filovirus GPs depend on the presence of their authentic transmembrane domains for virus-cell fusion and tetherin antagonism. However, conserved residues within the transmembrane domain were dispensable for membrane fusion and tetherin counteraction. Moreover, the insertion of the transmembrane domain into a heterologous viral GP, Lassa virus GPC, was not sufficient to confer tetherin antagonism to the recipient. Finally, mutation of conserved residues within the fusion peptide of Ebola virus GP inhibited virus-cell fusion but did not ablate tetherin counteraction, indicating that the fusion peptide and the ability of GP to drive host cell entry are not required for tetherin counteraction. These results suggest that the transmembrane domains of filoviral GPs contribute to tetherin antagonism but are not the sole determinants.
Kant's Political Religion: The Transparency of Perpetual Peace and the Highest Good

Abstract Scholars have long debated the relationship between Kant's doctrine of right and his doctrine of virtue (including his moral religion or ethico-theology), which are the two branches of his moral philosophy. This article will examine the intimate connection in his practical philosophy between perpetual peace and the highest good, between political and ethico-religious communities, and between the types of transparency peculiar to each. It will show how domestic and international right provides a framework for the development of ethical communities, including a kingdom of ends and even the noumenal ethical community of an afterlife, and how the transparency and trust achieved in these communities are anticipated in rightful political society by publicity and the mutual confidence among citizens that it engenders. Finally, it will explore the implications of this synthesis of Kant's political and religious philosophies for contemporary Kantian political theories, especially those of Jürgen Habermas and John Rawls.
On the Firing Rate Dependency of the Phase Response Curve of Rat Purkinje Neurons In Vitro

Synchronous spiking during cerebellar tasks has been observed across Purkinje cells: however, little is known about the intrinsic cellular mechanisms responsible for its initiation, cessation and stability. The Phase Response Curve (PRC), a simple input-output characterization of single cells, can provide insights into individual and collective properties of neurons and networks, by quantifying the impact of an infinitesimal depolarizing current pulse on the time of occurrence of subsequent action potentials, while a neuron is firing tonically. Recently, the PRC theory applied to cerebellar Purkinje cells revealed that these behave as phase-independent integrators at low firing rates, and switch to a phase-dependent mode at high rates. Given the implications for computation and information processing in the cerebellum and the possible role of synchrony in the communication with its post-synaptic targets, we further explored the firing rate dependency of the PRC in Purkinje cells. We isolated key factors for the experimental estimation of the PRC and developed a closed-loop approach to reliably compute the PRC across diverse firing rates in the same cell. Our results show unambiguously that the PRC of individual Purkinje cells is firing rate dependent and that it smoothly transitions from phase independent integrator to a phase dependent mode. Using computational models we show that neither channel noise nor a realistic cell morphology are responsible for the rate dependent shift in the phase response curve.
Determination of levels of Striga germination Stimulants for maize gene bank accessions and elite inbred lines

Parasitism by Striga hermonthica (Del) Benth is a severe constraint in maize production in sub-Saharan Africa. Varying levels of tolerance to Striga attack have been identified and exploited in breeding programs of several crops. However, the level and stability of the tolerance is generally unacceptable in field-practice. Only limited exploration has been undertaken among the farmers’ landraces to find the presence of viable sources of resistance to Striga. The objective of this study was to examine and document the presence of the Striga germination stimulants from a collection of some 420 maize landraces, populations and elite inbred lines. The genotypes were variously sourced from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). The ability to effect germination as a measure of the amount of germination stimulant produced was used to assess the materials, using the standard procedures. Data were recorded on Striga germination by counting Striga seeds with protruding radicle. Highly significant (P=0.001) differences were observed among the germplasm screened. Several landraces were found to stimulate low levels of Striga germination compared to the commercial checks. Landraces CRIC 51, CUBA T-31, BRAZ 1758, BRAZ 1279 and VERA 217 exhibited the lowest Striga germination, an indication of high level of resistance to Striga. The inbred lines were found to have a higher Striga germination percent compared to the landraces, a likelihood of a higher concentration of strigol, the stimulant causing chemical. CIMMYT lines CML 202 IR, CML 445 IR and CML 204 IR induced the least amount of Striga seeds to germinate. Higher levels of germination of Striga seeds were found in the IITA lines which are known to be 210 H. Karaya et al. / International Journal of Plant Production (2012) 6(2): 209-224 resistant, depicting a probable avoidance root architecture mode of resistance as opposed to low production of strigol. It was concluded that the landraces with low Striga germination percent can be used by breeders in the extraction of new Striga resistant inbred lines. The resistant inbred lines can be recommended for direct use in the formation of maize synthetics and hybrids resistant to S. hermonthica.
Error Awareness and Advanced EFL Learner's Performance

This research was conducted to observe the role of error-awareness in the advanced EFL learner's performance. * The performance of 22 subjects on six separate tasks in the course of a four-month period was studied. After each task was evaluated, the subjects were made aware of the areas of the English language in which they had pro blems and were encouraged to improve their writing. The analysis of the data showed no statistically significant change from the first to the sixth task in the subjects' performance. The conclusions support the systematicity of the interlanguage of advanced FL learners and the existence of a plateau stage before a native-like level of perfor mance is developed, particularly for those who learn the language in a non-native speaking environment.
Style-shifting in a Cardiff work-setting

ABSTRACT Despite ample evidence which proves the existence of stylistic stratification in the speech of monoliguals, little is know about the nature of stylistic variation in everyday settings. Data from a Cardiff travel agency suggest that a speaker's stylistic repertoire can be statistically characterised using a method that combines Labov's frequency-counts of linguistic variants and Hymes' and others' taxonomies of situational components. A second study using subjects' responses to stylistic variation in the original data overcomes certain limitations inherent in the correlational method. It shows how style-shifting can be a dynamic resource for a speaker, not necessarily the automatic correlate of contextual features. (Stylistic variation; sociolinguistic variables in Cardiff English; linguistic repertoire; reactions to style.)