Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Syntactically Lexicalized Phrase-Based SMT

Until quite recently, extending phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) with syntactic knowledge caused system performance to deteriorate. The most recent successful enrichments of PBSMT with hierarchical structure either employ nonlinguistically motivated syntax for capturing hierarchical reordering phenomena, or extend the phrase translation table with redundantly ambiguous syntactic structures over phrase pairs. In this paper, we present an extended, harmonized account of our previous work which showed that incorporating linguistically motivated lexical syntactic descriptions, called supertags, can yield significantly better PBSMT systems at insignificant extra computational cost. We describe a novel PBSMT model that integrates supertags into the target language model and the target side of the translation model. Two kinds of supertags are employed: those from lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar and combinatory categorial grammar. Despite the differences between the two sets of supertags, they give similar improvements. In addition to integrating the Markov supertagging approach in PBSMT, we explore the utility of a new surface grammaticality measure based on combinatory operators. We perform various experiments on the Arabic-to-English NIST 2005 test set addressing the issues of sparseness, scalability, and the utility of system subcomponents. We show that even when the parallel training data grows very large, the supertagged system retains a relatively stable absolute performance advantage over the unadorned PBSMT system. Arguably, this hints at a performance gap that cannot be bridged by acquiring more phrase pairs. Our best result shows a relative improvement of 6.1% over a state-of-the-art PBSMT model, which compares favorably with the leading systems on the NIST 2005 task. We also demonstrate that the advantages of a supertag-based system carry over to German-English, where improvements of up to 8.9% relative to the baseline system are observed.
Achieving both High Energy Efficiency and High Performance in On-Chip Communication using Hierarchical Rings with Deflection Routing

Hierarchical ring networks, which hierarchically connect multiple levels of rings, have been proposed in the past to improve the scalability of ring interconnects, but past hierarchical ring designs sacrifice some of the key benefits of rings by introducing more complex in-ring buffering and buffered flow control. Our goal in this paper is to design a new hierarchical ring interconnect that can maintain most of the simplicity of traditional ring designs (no in-ring buffering or buffered flow control) while achieving high scalability as more complex buffered hierarchical ring designs. Our design, called HiRD (Hierarchical Rings with Deflection), includes features that allow us to mostly maintain the simplicity of traditional simple ring topologies while providing higher energy efficiency and scalability. First, HiRD does not have any buffering or buffered flow control within individual rings, and requires only a small amount of buffering between the ring hierarchy levels. When inter-ring buffers are full, our design simply deflects flits so that they circle the ring and try again, which eliminates the need for in-ring buffering. Second, we introduce two simple mechanisms that provides an end-to-end delivery guarantee within the entire network without impacting the critical path or latency of the vast majority of network traffic. HiRD attains equal or better performance at better energy efficiency than multiple versions of both a previous hierarchical ring design and a traditional single ring design. We also analyze our design's characteristics and injection and delivery guarantees. We conclude that HiRD can be a compelling design point that allows higher energy efficiency and scalability while retaining the simplicity and appeal of conventional ring-based designs.
Nitric oxide‐donating properties of mesoionic 3‐aryl substituted oxatriazole‐5‐imine derivatives

1 The nitric oxide (NO)‐releasing properties of two new mesoionic 3‐aryl substituted oxatriazole‐5‐imine derivatives (GEA 3162 and GEA 3175) were characterized and compared with the known NO‐donors 3‐morpholino‐sydnonimine (SIN‐1) and S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). 2 GEA 3162, GEA 3175, SIN‐1 and SNAP inhibited adenosine 5′‐diphosphate‐induced platelet aggregation (IC50 values 0.18, 0.39, 3.73 and 2.12 μm, respectively). All four compounds induced a dose‐dependent and more than 4 fold increase in cyclic GMP in platelets. The increase in cyclic GMP concentration was potentiated more than 1.5 fold by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, zaprinast (10 μm) and inhibited 38–97% by oxyhaemoglobin (10–45 μm). 3 All of the four compounds studied converted oxyhaemoglobin to methaemoglobin and formed a paramagnetic NO‐haemoglobin complex. All but GEA 3175 formed nitrite and nitrate in phosphate buffer. During a 40 min incubation, GEA 3162, SIN‐1 and SNAP (100 μm) produced 50–70 μm NO2−+NO3− as determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The release of NO and NO2 by GEA 3175 was increased 140 fold in the presence of human plasma (0.14 and 19.7 ppb in the absence and presence of 1% human plasma, respectively) as analyzed by ozone chemiluminescence. 4 The results suggest that the mesoionic 3‐aryl substituted oxatriazole‐5‐imine derivatives GEA 3162 and GEA 3175 as well as SIN‐1 and SNAP release nitric oxide.
Regulation of adenyl cyclase in hepatomas of different growth rates.

Summary Adenyl cyclase activity was measured without addition and in the presence of sodium fluoride or glucagon in six lines of hepatomas representing different growth rates. The values were compared with those in control, normal rat livers from animals of the same strain, sex, age, and weight as the tumor-bearing rats. The enzyme activity in 24-hr regenerating liver was compared with that in the liver of sham-operated rats. Hepatic adenyl cyclase activity was in the same range in normal rats of Buffalo, ACI/N, and Holtzman strain and in sham-operated and partially hepatectomized rats. The activities of all hepatomas were in the range of those in normal or regenerating liver. Addition of sodium fluoride to the enzyme assay system caused an 8- to 10-fold increase in adenyl cyclase activity in all examined normal, regenerating, and neoplastic livers. Glucagon caused an increase to 236 to 343% in normal and regenerating livers. Glucagon stimulation resulted in a similar significant increase in the slowly growing hepatomas (9618-B, 7787) and in one line of the medium-growth-rate tumors (5123-t.c.). However, there was no significant glucagon response in the more rapidly growing hepatoma, 7288-C, nor in the very rapidly growing hepatomas (3924-A, 9618-A 2 ). Thus, the responsiveness to glucagon stimulation declined with the increase in hepatoma growth rate. In view of evidence for the presence of two types of cyclase systems in the liver, the present results are compatible with the suggestion that the glucagon-responsive adenyl cyclase, which occurs chiefly in the liver, is the one that has lost its responsiveness to stimulation by this hormone in the rapidly growing hepatomas.
Activation of Intrinsic and Synaptic Currents in Leech Heart Interneurons by Realistic Waveforms

Leech heart interneurons were voltage-clamped with realistic waveforms to investigate the currents underlying the oscillation in the cells. By estimating the leak current parameters in regions in which there was little contamination by voltage-gated currents, it was possible to measure the Ca2+ current, the persistent Na+ current, IP, and the hyperpolarization-activated inward current,Ih. The experiments verified a prediction of a computer model of HN cells that the shape of the typical waveform was such that the low-threshold Ca2+ currents were partially inactivated during a slow up-ramp to a plateau potential. A step within the same range of the membrane potential as the realistic waveform produced >4 times as much Ca2+ current. In two-cell voltage-clamp experiments, the step produced 20 times more graded inhibition than the normal presynaptic waveform. When the presynaptic heart interneuron oscillated with spikes, the graded inhibition was larger. The difference may arise from integration of a slowly decaying component of the spike-mediated inhibition. The persistent Na+ current had a very low threshold. During the most hyperpolarized phase of the waveform,IP deactivated to 50% of its maximum conductance. A substantial part of IP, therefore, was effectively contributing to the leak current in the HN cells. The h-current increased for waveforms that had longer periods, whereas increasing the h-current in the model reduced the period. The h-current thus provides negative feedback to perturbations that alter the period of the oscillation.
Efficacy of Single-Dose and Triple-Dose Albendazole and Mebendazole against Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Taenia spp.: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background The control of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections currently relies on the large-scale administration of single-dose oral albendazole or mebendazole. However, these treatment regimens have limited efficacy against hookworm and Trichuris trichiura in terms of cure rates (CR), whereas fecal egg reduction rates (ERR) are generally high for all common STH species. We compared the efficacy of single-dose versus triple-dose treatment against hookworm and other STHs in a community-based randomized controlled trial in the People's Republic of China. Methodology/Principal findings The hookworm CR and fecal ERR were assessed in 314 individuals aged ≥5 years who submitted two stool samples before and 3–4 weeks after administration of single-dose oral albendazole (400 mg) or mebendazole (500 mg) or triple-dose albendazole (3×400 mg over 3 consecutive days) or mebendazole (3×500 mg over 3 consecutive days). Efficacy against T. trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Taenia spp. was also assessed. Albendazole cured significantly more hookworm infections than mebendazole in both treatment regimens (single dose: respective CRs 69% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 55–81%) and 29% (95% CI: 20–45%); triple dose: respective CRs 92% (95% CI: 81–98%) and 54% (95% CI: 46–71%)). ERRs followed the same pattern (single dose: 97% versus 84%; triple dose: 99.7% versus 96%). Triple-dose regimens outperformed single doses against T. trichiura; three doses of mebendazole – the most efficacious treatment tested – cured 71% (95% CI: 57–82%). Both single and triple doses of either drug were highly efficacious against A. lumbricoides (CR: 93–97%; ERR: all >99.9%). Triple dose regimens cured all Taenia spp. infections, whereas single dose applications cured only half of them. Conclusions/Significance Single-dose oral albendazole is more efficacious against hookworm than mebendazole. To achieve high CRs against both hookworm and T. trichiura, triple-dose regimens are warranted. Trial Registration www.controlled-trials.com ISRCTN47375023
Methanosarcina Spherical Virus, a Novel Archaeal Lytic Virus Targeting Methanosarcina Strains

ABSTRACT A novel archaeal lytic virus targeting species of the genus Methanosarcina was isolated using Methanosarcina mazei strain Gö1 as the host. Due to its spherical morphology, the virus was designated Methanosarcina spherical virus (MetSV). Molecular analysis demonstrated that MetSV contains double-stranded linear DNA with a genome size of 10,567 bp containing 22 open reading frames (ORFs), all oriented in the same direction. Functions were predicted for some of these ORFs, i.e., such as DNA polymerase, ATPase, and DNA-binding protein as well as envelope (structural) protein. MetSV-derived spacers in CRISPR loci were detected in several published Methanosarcina draft genomes using bioinformatic tools, revealing a potential protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) motif (TTA/T). Transcription and expression of several predicted viral ORFs were validated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), PAGE analysis, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based proteomics. Analysis of core lipids by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry showed that MetSV and Methanosarcina mazei both contain archaeol and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether without a cyclopentane moiety (GDGT-0). The MetSV host range is limited to Methanosarcina strains growing as single cells (M. mazei, Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanosarcina soligelidi). In contrast, strains growing as sarcina-like aggregates were apparently protected from infection. Heterogeneity related to morphology phases in M. mazei cultures allowed acquisition of resistance to MetSV after challenge by growing cultures as sarcina-like aggregates. CRISPR/Cas-mediated resistance was excluded since neither of the two CRISPR arrays showed MetSV-derived spacer acquisition. Based on these findings, we propose that changing the morphology from single cells to sarcina-like aggregates upon rearrangement of the envelope structure prevents infection and subsequent lysis by MetSV. IMPORTANCE Methanoarchaea are among the most abundant organisms on the planet since they are present in high numbers in major anaerobic environments. They convert various carbon sources, e.g., acetate, methylamines, or methanol, to methane and carbon dioxide; thus, they have a significant impact on the emission of major greenhouse gases. Today, very little is known about viruses specifically infecting methanoarchaea that most probably impact the abundance of methanoarchaea in microbial consortia. Here, we characterize the first identified Methanosarcina-infecting virus (MetSV) and show a mechanism for acquiring resistance against MetSV. Based on our results, we propose that growth as sarcina-like aggregates prevents infection and subsequent lysis. These findings allow new insights into the virus-host relationship in methanogenic community structures, their dynamics, and their phase heterogeneity. Moreover, the availability of a specific virus provides new possibilities to deepen our knowledge of the defense mechanisms of potential hosts and offers tools for genetic manipulation.
Contributions From Personality- and Psychodynamically Oriented Assessment to the Development of the DSM–5 Personality Disorders

Advances in personality assessment over the past 20 years have notably influenced the proposed assessment and classification of personality disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. [DSM–5]). However, a considerable body of personality assessment and psychodynamically oriented assessment research has significant relevance to the way in which personality disorders are evaluated that appears to have gone unrecognized in the current proposals for DSM–5. In this article, I discuss the ways in which some of these 2 bodies of literature can and should inform the DSM–5 so that the diagnostic nomenclature can be more scientifically and comprehensively informed and consequently improve the clinical utility of a diagnostic system in need of considerable revision.
Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Ustekinumab, a Human Monoclonal Antibody Targeting IL‐12/23p40, in Patients With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis

The population pharmacokinetics of ustekinumab are characterized in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in 2 Phase 3 studies (PHOENIX 1 and PHOENIX 2). Serum concentration data from 1937 patients are analyzed to determine pharmacokinetic characteristics of ustekinumab and to assess factors that may contribute to their variability. The population typical mean (percentage relative standard error) values for apparent clearance, apparent volume of distribution, and absorption rate constant from the final covariate model are 0.465 L·day−1 (2.0%), 15.7 L (2.0%), and 0.354 day−1 (16.2%), respectively. The interindividual variabilities for apparent clearance and apparent volume of distribution are 41.0% and 33.2%, respectively. Of the factors evaluated in this analysis, body weight, diabetes, and positive immune response (antibodies to ustekinumab) are important covariates affecting the apparent clearance and/or apparent volume of distribution of ustekinumab. To fully understand the clinical relevance of these results, the covariate findings need to be evaluated concurrently with the efficacy and safety data.
Stain unmixing in brightfield multiplexed immunohistochemistry

Automated image analysis of multiplexed brightfield immunohistochemistry assays is a challenging objective. One central task of the analysis is the robust identification of the different stains in the image, called stain unmixing. Stain unmixing strongly depends on the method of image acquisition. Currently available multispectral cameras enable color unmixing of single fields of view (FoV), selected by matter experts (e.g. pathologists). Beyond the individual FoV approach, there is an increasing need to process larger regions or whole histopathological sections (whole slide imaging; WSI). Rapid color deconvolution in WSI is a challenge that is only partially solved. We propose a method based on a multilayer perceptron to compute dye-specific stain layers for chromogenic red and brown labeling in WSI.
Activity Preservation of Plasmonic Biosensors with a Metal-Organic Framework

vii 1 Background . 1 1.1 Antibody-Antigen Recognition . 1 1.2 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance . 3 1.3 Metal-Organic Framework . 5 1.4 Silk Fibroin Film . 6 1.5 Methodology Overview . 7 2 Methods . 9 2.1 Materials . 9 2.2 Fabrication of Antibody-Based Plasmonic Sensors . 10 2.2.1 Synthesis of Gold Nanorods . 10 2.2.2 Antibody Conjugation . 11 2.2.3 Adsorption of AuNR-IgG on Glass Substrates . 11 2.3 Formation of Protective Films . 12 2.3.1 ZIF-8 Protective Film . 12 2.3.2 Silk Protective Film . 12 2.4 Characterization . 13 2.4. 1 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy . 13 2.4. 2 X-Ray Diffraction. 13 2.4. 3 Transmission Electron Microscopy . 14 2.4. 4 Atomic Force Microscopy . 14 2.5 Activity Evaluation of Plasmonic Biosensors . 15 2.6 Treatments on Plasmonic Biosensors . 15 2.6. 1 Temperature Cycles . 15 2.4. 2 Organic Solvent . 16 2.4. 3 Proteolytic Agent . 16 3 Results and Analysis . 17 3.1 Antibody-Based Plasmonic Sensors . 17 3.2 Activity Preservation at Elevated Temperatures . 22 3.3 Progressive Growth of ZIF-8 Film . 24 3.4 Activity Preservation at Extremely High Temperature . 30 3.5 Activity Preservation in Other Harsh Environments . 32
Fast Blind Recognition of Channel Codes

We present a fast algorithm that, for a given input sequence and a linear channel code, computes the syndrome posterior probability (SPP) of the code, i.e., the probability that all parity check relations of the code are satisfied. According to this algorithm, the SPP can be computed blindly, i.e., given the soft information on a received sequence we can compute the SPP for the code without first decoding the bits. We show that the proposed scheme is efficient by investigating its computational complexity. We then consider two scenarios where our proposed SPP algorithm can be used. The first scenario is when we are interested in finding out whether a certain code was used to encode a data stream. We formulate a statistical hypothesis test and we investigate its performance. We also compare the performance of our scheme with that of an existing scheme. The second scenario deals with how we can use the algorithm for reducing the computational complexity of a blind decoding process. We propose a heuristic sequential statistical hypotheses test to use the fact that in real applications, the data arrives sequentially, and we investigate its performance using system simulations.
Not doing but thinking: the role of challenge in the gaming experience

Previous research into the experience of videogames has shown the importance of the role of challenge in producing a good experience. However, defining exactly which challenges are important and which aspects of gaming experience are affected is largely under-explored. In this paper, we investigate if altering the level of challenge in a videogame influences people's experience of immersion. Our first study demonstrates that simply increasing the physical demands of the game by requiring gamers to interact more with the game does not result in increased immersion. In a further two studies, we use time pressure to make games more physically and cognitively challenging. We find that the addition of time pressure increases immersion as predicted. We argue that the level of challenge experienced is an interaction between the level of expertise of the gamer and the cognitive challenge encompassed within the game.
Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis for Clonal Identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates by Using Capillary Electrophoresis

ABSTRACT Epidemics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chile have occurred since 1998. Direct genome restriction enzyme analysis (DGREA) using conventional gel electrophoresis permitted discrimination of different V. parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from these outbreaks and showed that this species consists of a highly diverse population. A multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) approach was developed and applied to 22 clinical and 91 environmental V. parahaemolyticus isolates from Chile to understand their clonal structures. To this end, an advanced molecular technique was developed by applying multiplex PCR, fluorescent primers, and capillary electrophoresis, resulting in a high-resolution and high-throughput (HRHT) genotyping method. The genomic basis of this HRHT method was eight VNTR loci described previously by Kimura et al. (J. Microbiol. Methods 72:313-320, 2008) and two new loci which were identified by a detailed molecular study of 24 potential VNTR loci on both chromosomes. The isolates of V. parahaemolyticus belonging to the same DGREA pattern were distinguishable by the size variations in the indicative 10 VNTRs. This assay showed that these 10 VNTR loci were useful for distinguishing isolates of V. parahaemolyticus that had different DGREA patterns and also isolates that belong to the same group. Isolates that differed in their DGREA patterns showed polymorphism in their VNTR profiles. A total of 81 isolates was associated with 59 MLVA groups, providing fine-scale differentiation, even among very closely related isolates. The developed approach enables rapid and high-resolution analysis of V. parahaemolyticus with pandemic potential and provides a new surveillance tool for food-borne pathogens.
KEPLER-14b: A MASSIVE HOT JUPITER TRANSITING AN F STAR IN A CLOSE VISUAL BINARY

We present the discovery of a hot Jupiter transiting an F star in a close visual (0.″3 sky projected angular separation) binary system. The dilution of the host star's light by the nearly equal magnitude stellar companion (∼0.5 mag fainter) significantly affects the derived planetary parameters, and if left uncorrected, leads to an underestimate of the radius and mass of the planet by 10% and 60%, respectively. Other published exoplanets, which have not been observed with high-resolution imaging, could similarly have unresolved stellar companions and thus have incorrectly derived planetary parameters. Kepler-14b (KOI-98) has a period of P = 6.790 days and, correcting for the dilution, has a mass of Mp = 8.40+0.35 − 0.34 MJ and a radius of Rp = 1.136+0.073 − 0.054 RJ, yielding a mean density of ρp = 7.1 ± 1.1 g cm−3.