Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perceived parental reactions to coming out, attachment, and romantic relationship views

Coming out as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) to one's parents can be a challenging experience and may lead to acceptance or rejection. Attachment theory can help predict parents' reactions to coming out and consequences for romantic attachment. In a cross-sectional study of 309 LGB individuals, we found that those who perceived their mother as accepting in childhood were more likely to have come out to her. Moreover, parents perceived as accepting and independence-encouraging in childhood were reported to react more positively to their child's sexual orientation. Mothers' positive reactions were associated with lower romantic attachment anxiety for men. The links between parent–child relationship quality and optimism and trust in romantic relationships were mediated by romantic attachment patterns. Findings support the contention that LGB pair bonds are attachment relationships, and underline the importance of prior parent–child relationships for predicting LGB individuals' experience of coming out and romantic relationships.
Effect Size Estimates of Lifestyle and Dietary Changes on All-Cause Mortality in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Systematic Review

Background—Guidelines for lifestyle and dietary modification in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are mainly supported by evidence from general population studies. CAD patients, however, differ from the general population in age (older) and treatment with preventive drugs. This review seeks to provide evidence for a prognostic benefit of lifestyle and dietary recommendations from studies in CAD patients. Methods and Results—A literature search was performed on the effect of lifestyle and dietary changes on mortality in CAD patients. Prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials of patients with established CAD were included if they reported all-causes mortality and had at least 6 months of follow-up. The effect estimates of smoking cessation (relative risk [RR], 0.64; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.71), increased physical activity (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.98), and moderate alcohol use (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.83) were studied most extensively. For the 6 dietary goals, data were too limited to provide reliable effect size estimates. Combinations of dietary changes were associated with reduced mortality (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.74). Conclusions—Available studies show convincingly the health benefits of lifestyle changes in CAD patients. Effect estimates of combined dietary changes look promising. Future studies should confirm these findings and assess the contribution of the individual dietary factors.
Loneliness among elderly in nursing homes

Elderly is very vulnerable to loneliness and it is a barrier to achieve successful ageing. Prevalence of loneliness among the elderly is increasing as well as other associated factors that make it worse. in addition, loneliness has a negative impact on our quality of life, and mental and physical health. Moreover, the assessment and identification of loneliness among the elderly are slightly ignored by the health care providers. There is no specific tool to measure the level of loneliness among elderly in Malaysia health care settings. Moreover, by measuring the loneliness level for elderly will help them and health care providers to demonstrate the positive impact of their work on the way people feel about their relationships and connections. The aim of this study was to explore the level of loneliness among elderly in nursing homes using UCLA loneliness scale.A quantitative cross-sectional design conducted in nine nursing homes chosen by a stratified random sampling method in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.Eighty elderly was involved and self-modified questionnaire for sociodemographic data and UCLA loneliness scale that was used to measure the level of loneliness with internal consistency (coefficient α ranging from 0.89 to 0.94) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.73). The descriptive analysis, such as frequency and percentage and Chi-Square test was analyzed using the (SPSS) version 20. 75% of elderly felt very high loneliness while 25% felt moderately loneliness. These participants were mostly came from age-group 71-80s, female, Chinese, not schooling, already loss spouse and don’t have any jobs currently. About 58.8% suffered illnesses and 62.5% faced physical limitation. However, the overall result indicates that there was no association between socio-demographic factors and level of loneliness, but all elderly experienced loneliness either moderately or very high.Early detection and lonely screening are the first stage of primary prevention for elderly. It is very advisable to apply a simple tool, UCLA Loneliness Scale to measure the level of loneliness. For the health care providers, they can provide the best facilities and health services for elderly in helping to reach good quality of life as well as successful aging along their life journey.
Concomitant changes in sleep duration and body weight and body composition during weight loss and 3-mo weight maintenance.

BACKGROUND An inverse relation between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) has been shown. OBJECTIVE We assessed the relation between changes in sleep duration and changes in body weight and body composition during weight loss. DESIGN A total of 98 healthy subjects (25 men), aged 20-50 y and with BMI (in kg/m(2)) from 28 to 35, followed a 2-mo very-low-energy diet that was followed by a 10-mo period of weight maintenance. Body weight, body composition (measured by using deuterium dilution and air-displacement plethysmography), eating behavior (measured by using a 3-factor eating questionnaire), physical activity (measured by using the validated Baecke's questionnaire), and sleep (estimated by using a questionnaire with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale) were assessed before and immediately after weight loss and 3- and 10-mo follow-ups. RESULTS The average weight loss was 10% after 2 mo of dieting and 9% and 6% after 3- and 10-mo follow-ups, respectively. Daytime sleepiness and time to fall asleep decreased during weight loss. Short (≤7 h) and average (>7 to <9 h) sleepers increased their sleep duration, whereas sleep duration in long sleepers (≥9 h) did not change significantly during weight loss. This change in sleep duration was concomitantly negatively correlated with the change in BMI during weight loss and after the 3-mo follow-up and with the change in fat mass after the 3-mo follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Sleep duration benefits from weight loss or vice versa. Successful weight loss, loss of body fat, and 3-mo weight maintenance in short and average sleepers are underscored by an increase in sleep duration or vice versa. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01015508.
Factors Influencing Citizen Adoption of E-Government in Developing Countries: The Case of Jordan

The main purposes of this study are to investigate citizen adoption of e-government services in Jordan and to explore factors affecting the level of adoption of e-government services. Importantly, this study aims to develop a conceptual framework that is based on previous literature of Technology Acceptance Model TAM in order to examine the relationships between certain factors government trustworthiness, service quality and citizen satisfaction and citizen adoption of e-government services. A self-administered questionnaire was used to capture data from 356 Jordanian citizens across the country randomly. The findings indicate that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, citizen satisfaction and trustworthiness are significant predictors of the Jordanian intention to use an e-government service. The results also showed that the service quality dimensions: responsiveness, reliability, and empathy have significant impacts on the citizen satisfaction. The study has made significant contributions to the body of knowledge at academic and practical levels as an important exploratory study that was conducted in the context of Jordan, a developing country with genuine need for more research works on e-government issues. In addition, this study provides some valuable insights into the performance and adoption of e-government in Jordan that could help government agencies to improve the effectiveness of their services.
MultiRace: efficient on‐the‐fly data race detection in multithreaded C++ programs

Data race detection is highly essential for debugging multithreaded programs and assuring their correctness. Nevertheless, there is no single universal technique capable of handling the task efficiently, since the data race detection problem is computationally hard in the general case. Thus, all currently available tools, when applied to some general case program, usually result in excessive false alarms or in a large number of undetected races. Another major drawback of many currently available tools is that they are restricted, for performance reasons, to detection units of fixed size. Thus, they all suffer from the same problem—choosing a small unit might result in missing some of the data races, while choosing a large one might lead to false detection. We present a novel testing tool, called MultiRace, which combines improved versions of Djit and Lockset—two very powerful on‐the‐fly algorithms for dynamic detection of apparent data races. Both extended algorithms detect races in multithreaded programs that may execute on weak consistency systems, and may use two‐way as well as global synchronization primitives. By employing novel technologies, MultiRace adjusts its detection to the native granularity of objects and variables in the program under examination. In order to monitor all accesses to each of the shared locations, MultiRace instruments the C++ source code of the program. It lets the user fine‐tune the detection process, but otherwise is completely automatic and transparent. This paper describes the algorithms employed in MultiRace, gives highlights of its implementation issues, and suggests some optimizations. It shows that the overheads imposed by MultiRace are often much smaller (orders of magnitude) than those obtained by other existing tools. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of three MR sequences for the detection of cervical cord lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Improving the sensitivity of MR imaging for the detection of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions in the cord might be useful in the diagnostic workup and could lead to a better understanding of the evolution of the disease. The purpose of this study was to compare fast spin-echo (FSE) with magnetization transfer-prepared gradient-echo (MT-GE) and fast short-inversion-time inversion recovery (fast-STIR) MR sequences to determine which is best for imaging cervical cord lesions in MS patients. METHODS FSE, MT-GE, and fast-STIR MR images were obtained in 56 MS patients and 10 healthy control subjects with a 1.5-T MR system and a phased-array coil. Cord lesions seen on images obtained with each sequence were counted by two observers in two stages (stage 1: random review of the complete sets of images from each technique; stage 2: side-by-side review with a retrospective count of lesions). RESULTS At the end of stage 1, a mean of 1.16 cord lesions per patient were seen on FSE images, 1.57 on MT-GE images (35% more than on FSE), and 1.92 on fast-STIR images (66% more than on FSE). Two or more cervical cord lesions were found on 16 FSE images (29%), 23 on MT-GE images (46%), and 30 on fast-STIR images (54%). Differences were reduced after stage 2: MT-GE detected 22% more lesions and fast-STIR 36% more lesions than FSE. Considering the three sequences together, 113 cervical cord lesions were seen in 50 patients (89%). CONCLUSION Both MT-GE and fast-STIR sequences depict more cervical cord MS lesions than the FSE sequence, with fast-STIR having the best sensitivity. Fast-STIR MR images may be useful for the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected MS and for improving our understanding of the evolution of MS.
A synthetic view on structure and evolution of the Milky Way

Since the Hipparcos mission and recent large scale surveys in the optical and the near-infrared, new constraints have been obtained on the structure and evolution history of the Milky Way. The population synthesis approach is a useful tool to interpret such data sets and to test scenarios of evolution of the Galaxy. We present here new constraints on evolution parameters obtained from the Besancon model of population synthesis and analysis of optical and near-infrared star counts. The Galactic potential is computed self-consistently, in agreement with Hipparcos results and the observed rotation curve. Constraints are posed on the outer bulge structure, the warped and flared disc, the thick disc and the spheroid populations. The model is tuned to produce reliable predictions in the visible and the near-infrared in wide photometric bands from U to K. Finally, we describe applications such as photometric and astrometric simulations and a new classification tool based on a Bayesian probability estimator, which could be used in the framework of Virtual Observatories. As examples, samples of simulated star counts at different wavelengths and directions are also given.
A non-differentiable approach to revenue equivalence

We give a sufficient condition on the type space for revenue equivalence when the set of social alternatives consists of probability distributions over a finite set. Types are identified with real-valued functions that assign valuations to elements of this finite set, and the type space is equipped with the Euclidean topology. Our sufficient condition is stronger than connectedness but weaker than smooth arcwise connectedness. Our result generalizes all existing revenue equivalence theorems when the set of social alternatives consists of probability distributions over a finite set. When the set of social alternatives is finite, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition. This condition is similar to, but slightly weaker than, connectedness.
THE ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES WITH MULTIPLE LEVEL AND VOLATILITY SHIFTS

A new and practical time series model is proposed with multiple level and volatility shifts to remove the intrinsic limitations of the hidden Markov models, it allows the set of level change points to be different from the set of volatility change points. Least square methods are then applied to the model to estimate level and volatility change points, those levels and volatilities. Asymptotic properties of the estimators, including their consistency, convergence rates and asymptotic distributions, are established under very general conditions. Some simulations are carried out to show that the inference methods for this model and the asymptotic theory work very well. AMS 2000 subject classifications. Primary 62M10, Secondary 91B84.
‘Doing’ gender in a rural Scottish secondary school: an ethnographic study of classroom interactions

ABSTRACT This article draws on data from an ethnographic case study that examined how pupils’ gendered identities are constructed in one rural secondary school in Scotland. We utilise the work of Michel Foucault and Judith Butler to provide theoretical insight into how and why pupils take up particular gendered positions in school, focusing on the influence of teacher–pupil interactions. The findings suggest that some teachers reinforce traditional constructs of masculinities and femininities, and fail to disrupt boys’ views of girls as objects of desire. Teachers are also seen to reinforce gender stereotypes in their understandings of the rural landscape as an exclusive site for constructing masculine identities. We claim that this potentially limits pupils’ educational experiences. We conclude by suggesting that there is a need for teachers to develop deeper, more sophisticated understandings of gender, an area currently neglected in Scottish educational policy and teacher education programmes.
Brain Dynamics Underlying the Nonlinear Threshold for Access to Consciousness

When a flashed stimulus is followed by a backward mask, subjects fail to perceive it unless the target-mask interval exceeds a threshold duration of about 50 ms. Models of conscious access postulate that this threshold is associated with the time needed to establish sustained activity in recurrent cortical loops, but the brain areas involved and their timing remain debated. We used high-density recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs) and cortical source reconstruction to assess the time course of human brain activity evoked by masked stimuli and to determine neural events during which brain activity correlates with conscious reports. Target-mask stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was varied in small steps, allowing us to ask which ERP events show the characteristic nonlinear dependence with SOA seen in subjective and objective reports. The results separate distinct stages in mask-target interactions, indicating that a considerable amount of subliminal processing can occur early on in the occipito-temporal pathway (<250 ms) and pointing to a late (>270 ms) and highly distributed fronto-parieto-temporal activation as a correlate of conscious reportability.
Block of Muscle Nicotinic Receptors by Choline Suggests that the Activation and Desensitization Gates Act as Distinct Molecular Entities

Ion channel block in muscle acetylcholine nicotinic receptors (AChRs) is an extensively reported phenomenon. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the interruption of ion flow or the interaction of the blocker with the channel's gates remain incompletely characterized. In this paper, we studied fast channel block by choline, a quaternary-ammonium cation that is also an endogenous weak agonist of this receptor, and a valuable tool in structure–function studies. Analysis of the single-channel current amplitude as a function of both choline concentration and voltage revealed that extracellular choline binds to the open-channel pore with millimolar apparent affinity (KB ≅ 12 mM in the presence of ∼155 mM monovalent and 3.5 mM divalent, inorganic cations), and that it permeates the channel faster than acetylcholine. This, together with its relatively small size (∼5.5 Å along its longest axis), suggests that the pore-blocking choline binding site is the selectivity filter itself, and that current blockages simply reflect the longer-lived sojourns of choline at this site. Kinetic analysis of single-channel traces indicated that increasing occupancy of the pore-blocking site by choline (as judged from the reduction of the single-channel current amplitude) is accompanied by the lengthening of (apparent) open interval durations. Consideration of a number of possible mechanisms firmly suggests that this prolongation results from the local effect of choline interfering with the operation of the activation gate (closure of blocked receptors is slower than that of unblocked receptors by a factor of ∼13), whereas closure of the desensitization gate remains unaffected. Thus, we suggest that these two gates act as distinct molecular entities. Also, the detailed understanding gained here on how choline distorts the observed open-time durations can be used to compensate for this artifact during activation assays. This correction is necessary if we are to understand how choline binds to and gates the AChR.
Distributed under Creative Commons Cc-by 4.0 Under-five Mortality among Mothers Employed in Agriculture: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample

Background. India accounts for 24% to all under-five mortality in the world. Residence in rural area, poverty and low levels of mother's education are known confounders of under-five mortality. Since two-thirds of India's population lives in rural areas, mothers employed in agriculture present a particularly vulnerable population in the Indian context and it is imperative that concerns of this sizeable population are addressed in order to achieve MDG4 targets of reducing U5MR to fewer than 41 per 1,000 by 2015. This study was conducted to examine factors associated with under-five mortality among mothers employed in agriculture. Methods. Data was retrieved from National Family Household Survey-3 in India (2008). The study population is comprised of a national representative sample of single children aged 0 to 59 months and born to mothers aged 15 to 49 years employed in agriculture from all 29 states of India. Univariate and Multivariate Cox PH regression analysis was used to analyse the Hazard Rates of mortality. The predictive power of child mortality among mothers employed in agriculture was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results. An increase in mothers' ages corresponds with a decrease in child mortality. Breastfeeding reduces child mortality by 70% (HR 0.30, 0.25–0.35, p = 0.001). Standard of Living reduces child mortality by 32% with high standard of living (HR 0.68, 0.52–0.89, 0.001) in comparison to low standard of living. Prenatal care (HR 0.40, 0.34–0.48, p = 0.001) and breastfeeding health nutrition education (HR 0.45, 0.31–0.66, p = 0.001) are associated significant factors for child mortality. Birth Order five is a risk factor for mortality (HR 1.49, 1.05–2.10, p = 0.04) in comparison to Birth Order one among women engaged in agriculture while the household size (6–10 members and ≥ 11 members) is significant in reducing child mortality in comparison to ≤5 members in the house. Under-five mortality among mothers employed in agriculture in India discriminated well between death and survival (Area Under ROC was 0.75, 95% CI [0.73–0.77]) indicating that the model is good for appropriate prediction of child mortality. Conclusion. In a nationally representative sample of households in India, mother's age, breastfeeding, standard of living, prenatal care and breastfeeding health nutrition education are associated with reduction in child mortality.
Temporal variations in atmospheric CO 2 on Rishiri Island in 2006–2013: responses of the interannual variation in amplitude to climate and the terrestrial sink in East Asia

Abstract. Surface observation of the atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio implies the combined influences of both natural fluctuations and anthropogenic activities on the carbon cycle. Atmospheric CO2 has been measured on Rishiri Island in the outflow region of Eurasia since May 2006. We report the first 7 year temporal atmospheric CO2 variations from diurnal to interannual scales. In the diurnal scale, an obvious cycle appeared as a minimum in the afternoon and maximum at midnight in the summer months. Seasonally, the maximum CO2 concentration appeared around the beginning of April, while the minimum appeared around the middle of August. A mean growing season length of ~126 days was estimated. In the period from 2007 to 2012, the peak-to-peak amplitude increased until 2009 and decreased thereafter, with a mean value of 19.7 ppm. In the long term, atmospheric CO2 is increasing by a mean growth rate of 2.1 ppm year−1. Investigations on the driving climatic factors on the interannual variation in amplitude indicated that temperature in East Asia (40–60° N, 90–150° E) affected the CO2 amplitude by affecting the seasonal maximum, with a time lag of 1–2 years. On the contrary, precipitation did not likely affect CO2 amplitudes. The amplitude also responded to a natural carbon source/sink variation in East Asia. We suggest that temperature in the first year would affect carbon sinks in the second year in the fetch regions, which further affect CO2 amplitude mainly through ecosystem respiration. Circulation changes also likely contributed to the decreasing amplitude since 2009, as indicated by the simultaneous decrease in the 222Rn concentration in spring and summer.