Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Server Workload Analysis for Power Minimization using Consolidation

Server consolidation has emerged as a promising technique to reduce the energy costs of a data center. In this work, we present the first detailed analysis of an enterprise server workload from the perspective of finding characteristics for consolidation. We observe significant potential for power savings if consolidation is performed using off-peak values for application demand. However, these savings come up with associated risks due to consolidation, particularly when the correlation between applications is not considered. We also investigate the stability in utilization trends for low-risk consolidation. Using the insights from the workload analysis, two new consolidation methods are designed that achieve significant power savings, while containing the performance risk of consolidation. We present an implementation of the methodologies in a consolidation planning tool and provide a comprehensive evaluation study of the proposed methodologies.
The functional connectivity of intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the human basal ganglia

Projections of the centromedian‐parafasicularis neurons of the intralaminar thalamus are major inputs of the striatum. Their functional role in the activity of human basal ganglia (BG) is not well known. The aim of this work was to study the functional connectivity of intralaminar thalamic nuclei with other BG by using the correlations of the BOLD signal recorded during “resting” and a motor task. Intralaminar nuclei showed a marked functional connectivity with all the tested BG, which was observed during “resting” and did not change with the motor task. As regards the intralaminar nuclei, BG connectivity was much lower for the medial dorsal nucleus (a thalamic nucleus bordering the intralaminar nuclei) and for the default mode network (although intralaminar nuclei showed a negative correlation with the default mode network). After the “regression” of intralaminar nuclei activity (partial correlation), the functional connectivity of the caudate and putamen nuclei with other BG decreased (but not with the primary sensorimotor cortex). Present data provide evidence that intralaminar nuclei are not only critical for striatal activity but also for the global performance of human BG, an action involving subcortical BG loops more than cortico‐subcortical loops. The high correlation found between BG suggest that, similarly to that reported in other brain centers, the very‐slow frequency fluctuations are relevant for the functional activity of these centers. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1335–1347, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Survival and Growth with a Liability: Optimal Portfolio Strategies in Continuous Time

We study the optimal behavior of an investor who is forced to withdraw funds continuously at a fixed rate per unit time (e.g., to pay for a liability, to consume, or to pay dividends). The investor is allowed to invest in any or all of a given number of risky stocks, whose prices follow geometric Brownian motion, as well as in a riskless asset which has a constant rate of return. The fact that the withdrawal is continuously enforced, regardless of the wealth level, ensures that there is a region where there is a positive probability of ruin. In the complementary region ruin can be avoided with certainty. Call the former region the danger-zone and the latter region the safe-region. We first consider the problem of maximizing the probability that the safe-region is reached before bankruptcy, which we call the survival problem. While we show, among other results, that an optimal policy does not exist for this problem, we are able to construct explicit e-optimal policies, for any e > 0. In the safe-region, where ultimate survival is assured, we turn our attention to growth. Among other results, we find the optimal growth policy for the investor, i.e., the policy which reaches another (higher valued) goal as quickly as possible. Other variants of both the survival problem as well as the growth problem are also discussed. Our results for the latter are intimately related to the theory of Constant Proportions Portfolio Insurance.
Axonal/glial upregulation of EphB/ephrin-B signaling in mouse experimental ocular hypertension.

PURPOSE To use a laser-induced ocular hypertension (LIOH) mouse model to examine the optic nerve head (ONH) expression of EphB/ephrin-B, previously shown to be upregulated in glaucomatous DBA/2J mice. To relate ephrin-B reverse signaling with states of axonal response to disease. METHODS LIOH was induced unilaterally in CD-1 mice by laser photocoagulation of limbal and episcleral veins. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured with a tonometer. EphB/ephrin-B mRNA expression was assessed by in situ hybridization on eyecup cryosections and real-time PCR. Cell specific markers were used to identify the cellular origin of EphB/ephrin-B expression. Activation of ephrin-B signaling was investigated with a phosphospecific antibody on cryosections and retinal whole-mounts. RESULTS Upregulation of EphB/ephrin-B expression occurred early within a day of IOP elevation. A transient increase of phosphorylation-dependent ephrin-B (pEB) reverse signaling was observed in ONH axons, microglia, and some astrocytes. Morphologically unaffected retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons differed from axons with reactive aberrant trajectories by exhibiting increased pEB activation, whereas pEB levels in morphologically affected axons were comparable to those of controls. CONCLUSIONS An Eph-ephrin signaling network is activated at the ONH after LIOH in CD-1 mice, either before or coincident with the initial morphologic signs of RGC axon damage reported previously. Of note, ephrin-B reverse signaling was transiently upregulated in RGC axons at the ONH early in their response to IOP elevation but was downregulated in axons that had been damaged by glaucomatous injury and exhibited aberrant trajectories. Ephrin-B reverse signaling may mark RGC axons for damage or confer a protective advantage against injury.
Epigenetic Signals during Odontoblast Differentiation

Odontoblast terminal differentiation occurs according to a tooth-specific pattern and implies both temporo-spatially regulated epigenetic signaling and the expression of specific competence. Differentiation of odontoblasts (withdrawal from the cell cycle, cytological polarization, and secretion of predentin/dentin) is controlled by the inner dental epithelium, and the basement membrane (BM) plays a major role both as a substrate and as a reservoir of paracrine molecules. Cytological differentiation implies changes in the organization of the cytoskeleton and is controlled by cytoskeleton-plasma membrane-extracellular matrix interactions. Fibronectin is re-distributed during odontoblast polarization and interacts with cell-surface molecules. A nonintegrin 165-kDa fibronectin-binding protein, transiently expressed by odontoblasts, is involved in microfilament reorganization. Growth factors (TGFβ1,2,3/BMP2,4, and 6), expressed in tooth germs, signal differentiation. Systemically derived molecules (IGF1) may also intervene. IGF1 stimulates cytological but not functional differentiation of odontoblasts: The two events can thus be separated. Immobilized TGFβ1 (combined with heparin) induced odontoblast differentiation. Only immobilized TGFβ1 and 3 or a combination of FGF1 and TGFβ1 stimulated the differentiation of functional odontoblasts over extended areas and allowed for maintenance of gradients of differentiation. Presentation of active molecules in vitro appeared to be of major importance; the BM should fulfill this role in vivo by immobilizing and spatially presenting TGF(3s. Attempts are being made to investigate the mechanisms which spatially control the initiation of odontoblast differentiation and those which regulate its propagation. Analysis of molar development suggested that odontoblast differentiation and crown morphogenesis are interdependent, although the possibility of co-regulation requires further investigation.
Cross-synaptic synchrony and transmission of signal and noise across the mouse retina

Cross-synaptic synchrony—correlations in transmitter release across output synapses of a single neuron—is a key determinant of how signal and noise traverse neural circuits. The anatomical connectivity between rod bipolar and A17 amacrine cells in the mammalian retina, specifically that neighboring A17s often receive input from many of the same rod bipolar cells, provides a rare technical opportunity to measure cross-synaptic synchrony under physiological conditions. This approach reveals that synchronization of rod bipolar cell synapses is near perfect in the dark and decreases with increasing light level. Strong synaptic synchronization in the dark minimizes intrinsic synaptic noise and allows rod bipolar cells to faithfully transmit upstream signal and noise to downstream neurons. Desynchronization in steady light lowers the sensitivity of the rod bipolar output to upstream voltage fluctuations. This work reveals how cross-synaptic synchrony shapes retinal responses to physiological light inputs and, more generally, signaling in complex neural networks. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.03892. 001
Pathway-Specific Aggregate Biomarker Risk Score Is Associated With Burden of Coronary Artery Disease and Predicts Near-Term Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death

Background— Inflammation, coagulation, and cell stress contribute to atherosclerosis and its adverse events. A biomarker risk score (BRS) based on the circulating levels of biomarkers C-reactive protein, fibrin degradation products, and heat shock protein-70 representing these 3 pathways was a strong predictor of future outcomes. We investigated whether soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), a marker of immune activation, is predictive of outcomes independent of the aforementioned markers and whether its addition to a 3-BRS improves risk reclassification. Methods and Results— C-reactive protein, fibrin degradation product, heat shock protein-70, and suPAR were measured in 3278 patients undergoing coronary angiography. The BRS was calculated by counting the number of biomarkers above a cutoff determined using the Youden’s index. Survival analyses were performed using models adjusted for traditional risk factors. A high suPAR level ≥3.5 ng/mL was associated with all-cause death and myocardial infarction (hazard ratio, 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.43–2.35) after adjustment for risk factors, C-reactive protein, fibrin degradation product, and heat shock protein-70. Addition of suPAR to the 3-BRS significantly improved the C statistic, integrated discrimination improvement, and net reclassification index for the primary outcome. A BRS of 1, 2, 3, or 4 was associated with a 1.81-, 2.59-, 6.17-, and 8.80-fold increase, respectively, in the risk of death and myocardial infarction. The 4-BRS was also associated with severity of coronary artery disease and composite end points. Conclusions— SuPAR is independently predictive of adverse outcomes, and its addition to a 3-BRS comprising C-reactive protein, fibrin degradation product, and heat shock protein-70 improved risk reclassification. The clinical utility of using a 4-BRS for risk prediction and management of patients with coronary artery disease warrants further study.
Reduced Cardiac Myosin Adenosinetriphosphatase Activity in Dogs with Spontaneously Occurring Heart Failure

Cardiac myosin was isolated from the hearts of seven dogs with naturally occurring heart failure. Six of the seven dogs had heart failure secondary to acquired mitral valvular insufficiency; the seventh was believed to have a primary myocardiopathy. The characteristics of this myosin were compared to cardiac myosin from a group of normal dogs studied concurrently. Cardiac myosin was extracted from heart muscle with a phosphate salt solution and purified by repeated fractionation with ammonium sulfate in the presence of 2M lithium chloride. Myosin from dogs with heart failure had a significantly reduced adenosinetriphosphatase activity compared to myosin from the control group. Sulfhydryl group content, shown to influence myosin enzyme activity, was unchanged in myosin from dogs with heart failure. Molecular weight of myosin was similar in both groups. Sedimentation velocity of myosin from dogs with heart failure was suggestive of a configurational change in the molecule, but this was not confirmed by measurement of the intrinsic viscosity and helical content of the protein. These studies suggested that the reduced contractile performance of the myocardium in congestive heart failure complicating a disease process is, in part at least, the result of depressed myosin adenosinetriphosphatase activity.
The qEEG Signature of Selective NMDA NR2B Negative Allosteric Modulators; A Potential Translational Biomarker for Drug Development

The antidepressant activity of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel blocker, ketamine, has led to the investigation of negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) selective for the NR2B receptor subtype. The clinical development of NR2B NAMs would benefit from a translational pharmacodynamic biomarker that demonstrates brain penetration and functional inhibition of NR2B receptors in preclinical species and humans. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) is a translational measure that can be used to demonstrate pharmacodynamic effects across species. NMDA receptor channel blockers, such as ketamine and phencyclidine, increase the EEG gamma power band, which has been used as a pharmacodynamic biomarker in the development of NMDA receptor antagonists. However, detailed qEEG studies with ketamine or NR2B NAMs are lacking in nonhuman primates. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects on the qEEG power spectra of the NR2B NAMs traxoprodil (CP-101,606) and BMT-108908 in nonhuman primates, and to compare them to the NMDA receptor channel blockers, ketamine and lanicemine. Cynomolgus monkeys were surgically implanted with EEG radio-telemetry transmitters, and qEEG was measured after vehicle or drug administration. The relative power for a number of frequency bands was determined. Ketamine and lanicemine increased relative gamma power, whereas the NR2B NAMs traxoprodil and BMT-108908 had no effect. Robust decreases in beta power were elicited by ketamine, traxoprodil and BMT-108908; and these agents also produced decreases in alpha power and increases in delta power at the doses tested. These results suggest that measurement of power spectra in the beta and delta bands may represent a translational pharmacodynamic biomarker to demonstrate functional effects of NR2B NAMs. The results of these studies may help guide the selection of qEEG measures that can be incorporated into early clinical evaluation of NR2B NAMs in healthy humans.
FINE STRUCTURES OF INTERPHASE NUCLEI

Radioautographic studies at the electron microscope level have suggested that DNA synthesis is active in regions of dispersed chromatin but not in regions of condensed chromatin (1-5) . However, it is not yet clear how the replicated DNA in such regions becomes organized into mitotic chromosomes. In Crepis capillaris, the S phase nuclei were classified into three periods : early S, mid S, and late S periods, on the basis of morphological distinctions and differences in incorporation patterns of thymidine 3H . ' A comparative
Sparse and Robust Signal Reconstruction

Many problems in signal processing and statistical inference are based on finding a sparse solution to an undetermined linearsystem. The reference approach to this problem of finding sparse signal representations, onovercomplete dictionaries, leads to convex unconstrained optimization problems, with a quadratic term $\ell_{2}$, for the adjustment to the observed signal, and a coefficient vector $\ell_{1}$-norm. This work focus the development and experimental analysis of an algorithm for the solution of $\ell_{q}$-$\ell_{p}$ optimization problems, where $p \in \, ]0, \, 1] \, \wedge \, q \in \, [1, \, 2]$, of which $\ell_{2}$-$\ell_{1}$ is an instance. The developed algorithm belongs to the majorization-minimization class, where the solution of the problem is given by the minimization of a progression of majorizers of the original function. Each iteration corresponds to the solution of an $\ell_{2}$-$\ell_{1}$ problem, solved by the projected gradient algorithm. When tested on synthetic data and image reconstruction problems, the results shows a good performance of the implemented algorithm, both in compressed sensing and signal restoration scenarios.
Effects of Aging, Sex, and Physical Training on Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

BackgroundThe relative contributions of decreases in maximal heart rate, stroke volume, and oxygen extraction and of changes in body weight and composition to the age-related decline in maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o2max) are unclear and may be influenced by sex and level of physical activity. Methods and ResultsTo investigate mechanisms by which aging, sex, and physical activity influence V˙o2max, we quantified V˙o2, cardiac output, and heart rate during submaximal and maximal treadmill exercise and assessed weight and fat-free mass in healthy younger and older sedentary and endurance exercise-trained men and women. For results expressed in milliliters per kilogram per minute, a three-to-four-decade greater age was associated with a 40–41% lower V˙o2max in sedentary subjects and a 25–32% lower V˙o2max in trained individuals (p < 0.001). A smaller stroke volume accounted for nearly 50%o of these age-related differences, and the remainder was explained by a lower maximal heart rate and reduced oxygen extraction (all p < 0.001). Age-related effects on maximal heart rate and oxygen extraction were attenuated in trained subjects (p < 0.05). After normalization ofV˙o2max and maximal cardiac output to fat-free mass, age- and training-related differences were reduced by 24–47% but remained significant (p < 0.05). For trained but not sedentary subjects, maximal cardiac output and stroke volume normalized to fat-free mass were greater in men than in women (p < 0.05). ConclusionsA lower stroke volume, heart rate, and arteriovenous oxygen difference at maximal exercise all contribute to the age-related decline in V˙o2max. Effects of age and training on V˙o2max, maximal cardiac output, and stroke volume cannot be fully explained by differences in body composition. In sedentary subjects, however, the sex difference in maximal cardiac output and stroke volume can be accounted for by the greater percentage of body fat in women than in men.
The effects of cognitive reserve and lifestyle on cognition and dementia in Parkinson's disease—a longitudinal cohort study

Cognitive reserve theory seeks to explain the observed mismatch between the degree of brain pathology and clinical manifestations. Early‐life education, midlife social and occupational activities and later‐life cognitive and social interactions are associated with a more favourable cognitive trajectory in older people. Previous studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) have suggested a possible role for the effects of cognitive reserve, but further research into different proxies for cognitive reserve and longitudinal studies is required. This study examined the effects of cognitive lifestyle on cross‐sectional and longitudinal measures of cognition and dementia severity in people with PD.
Finite Edge-Transitive Oriented Graphs of Valency Four: a Global Approach

We develop a new framework for analysing finite connected, oriented graphs of valency 4, which admit a vertex-transitive and edge-transitive group of automorphisms preserving the edge orientation. We identify a sub-family of "basic" graphs such that each graph of this type is a normal cover of at least one basic graph. The basic graphs either admit an edge-transitive group of automorphisms that is quasiprimitive or biquasiprimitive on vertices, or admit an (oriented or unoriented) cycle as a normal quotient. We anticipate that each of these additional properties will facilitate effective further analysis, and we demonstrate that this is so for the quasiprimitive basic graphs. Here we obtain strong restirictions on the group involved, and construct several infinite families of such graphs which, to our knowledge, are different from any recorded in the literature so far. Several open problems are posed in the paper.
Steps toward the Power Spectrum of Matter. II. The Biasing Correction with σ8 Normalization

We suggest a new method to determine the bias parameter of galaxies relative to matter. The method is based on the assumption that gravity is the dominating force which determines the formation of the structure in the universe. Because of gravitational instability, matter flows out of underdense regions toward overdense regions. To form a galaxy, the density of matter within a certain radius must exceed a critical value (Press-Schechter limit); thus galaxy formation is a threshold process. In low-density environments (voids) galaxies do not form and matter remains in primordial form. We estimate the value of the threshold density which divides the matter into two populations, a low-density population in voids and a clustered population in high-density regions. We investigate the influence of the presence of these two populations on the power spectrum of matter and galaxies. We find that the power spectrum of clustered particles (galaxies) is similar to the power spectrum of matter. We show that the fraction of total matter in the clustered population determines the difference between amplitudes of fluctuations of matter and galaxies, i.e., the bias factor. To determine the fraction of matter in voids and clustered population we perform numerical simulations. The fraction of matter in galaxies at the present epoch is found using a calibration through the σ8 parameter. We find σ8 = 0.89 ± 0.09 for galaxies, σ8 = 0.68 ± 0.09 for matter, and bgal = 1.3 ± 0.13, the biasing factor of the clustered matter (galaxies) relative to all matter.
Sugar and Cardiovascular Disease A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Nutrition of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association

The purpose of this report is to review the effects of dietary sugar on health, with an emphasis on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors. Although there are no dietary trials linking sugar consumption and CVD, there are several reasons why sugar consumption should be limited. There are many, sometimes confusing, terms used in the literature. Simple carbohydrate (sugar) refers to mono- and disaccharides; complex carbohydrate refers to polysaccharides such as starch. Common disaccharides are sucrose (glucose+fructose), found in sugar cane, sugar beets, honey, and corn syrup; lactose (glucose+galactose), found in milk products; and maltose (glucose+glucose), from malt. The most common naturally occurring monosaccharide is fructose (found in fruits and vegetables). The term dextrose is used to refer to glucose. Intrinsic or naturally occurring sugar refers to the sugar that is an integral constituent of whole fruit, vegetable, and milk products; extrinsic or added sugar refers to sucrose or other refined sugars in soft drinks and incorporated into food, fruit drinks, and other beverages. Added sugar was not a significant component of the human diet until the advent of modern food-processing methods. Since then, the intake of sugar has risen steadily. The average US sugar utilization per capita on the basis of food disappearance data was 55 kg (120 lb) per year in 1970, and it reached 68 kg (150 lb) per year in 1995 (almost 0.5 lb per day). 1 Sugar (simple carbohydrate) intake averages 25% of total energy intake. Data from the 1989 to 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals indicate that soft drinks and sugars added at the table (eg, sugar/syrups and jams) are 2 of the top 4 carbohydrate sources for US adults.2 Yudkin and colleagues in the 1960s3 and 1970s4 found that a higher intake of sugar was associated …