Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is Banner Blindness Genuine? Eye Tracking Internet Text Advertising

Summary: Over the last decade or so, the Internet has become a privileged media for advertisement. Despite this increase in popularity, several studies suggested that Internet users ‘avoid’ looking at ads (what is often referred to as the banner blindness phenomena). This conclusion, however, rests mostly on indirect evidence that participants do not remember the ad content. Therefore, it is unclear whether participants actually fixated the ads and how their gaze behaviour is related to memory for the ad. In the present study, we investigated whether Internet users avoid looking at ads inserted on a non-search website using an analysis of eye movements, and if the ad content is kept in memory. Our results show that most participants fixate the ads at least once during their website visit. Moreover, even though the congruency between the ad and the editorial content had no effect on fixation duration on the ad, congruent ads were better memorised than incongruent ads. This study provides a novel and systematic method for assessing the processing and retention of advertisements during a website visit. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. During the last 15 years, the Internet has overtaken traditional media such as radio or cable TV and has become an unavoidable media for advertisers. Internet advertising investment has almost tripled to exceed $23 billion in the US in 2008 (IAB, Pricewaterhouse-Coopers Annual Report, 2009). Despite this increase in popularity, some studies have raised doubts with regards to Internet advertising effectiveness. For instance, Benway (1998) showed that when surfing on non-search web sites, Internet users seem to avoid looking at banners, a phenomenon that has been referred to as banner blindness. This conclusion, however, rests mainly on indirect evidence such as the extent of memory for the ads assessed through direct memory tests (Pagendarm & Schaumburg, 2001) or self-reporting measures (Cho & Cheon, 2004). Indeed, most studies did not examine whether participants avoided looking at banners through an analysis of eye movements, which renders the conclusion that Internet users avoid looking at ads rather speculative. Moreover, the relationship between fixation on the banner and memory for its content has not been investigated. Even though contextual advertising—which consists of inserting advertisements only on websites in which the content is congruent with the ad’s message—is one of the most important online advertising strategies used by marketing agencies, only a few studies have investigated the effect of ad congruency on banner blindness and memory (e.g. see Moore, Stammerjohan, & Coulter, 2005). The objective of the present study is to examine whether participants look at the banners inserted on Internet pages and how their gaze behaviour is related to memory for the ad content by using an analysis of eye movements during a website visit. A second objective is to investigate how fixation duration and memory performance are modulated by the ad congruency with the editorial content.
The effects of low attainment on young people's outcomes at age 22–23 in Scotland

A common concern among policy makers in Europe is the low level of qualifications of some school leavers and the possible consequences of this for their life chances and for countries' economic prosperity. This article considers the impact of young people's low levels of educational attainment on their later life chances, especially on labour market participation. It identifies the long‐term negative effects of low attainment and explores the extent to which family background also continues to influence young people's outcomes. It examines the outcomes of low attainment among young men and women and considers whether low attainment has a different impact on the prospects of young men and women. The article also investigates whether staying on at school improves longer‐term chances and opportunities for low attainers. These questions have strong policy relevance, and are explored using data from a nationally representative survey of Scottish school leavers.
Linking service employees' emotional competence to customer satisfaction: a multilevel approach

This study investigates the role of the positive organizational behavior (POB) concept of emotional competence for the effective management of participants' affect in service encounters and customers' assessments about the encounter. We developed and tested a two-level model in which service employees' emotional competence is related to both service employees' and customers' state positive affect. Customers' positive affect, in turn, is related to customers' specific and general evaluations of the service rendered. A total of 394 service encounters involving 53 financial consultants of a bank were assessed. Data were analyzed by a combination of path analysis and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), and the results support large parts of the model. More specifically, employees' emotional competence was related to customer evaluations through their own positive affective state during the encounter as well as through a direct link to the customer evaluations of the encounter. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phonological treatment of naming deficits in aphasia: Model-based generalization analysis

Abstract A phonologically based treatment was implemented to train oral picture naming in four aphasic subjects with severe word-retrieval deficits. An initial assessment based on current cognitive neuropsychological models of naming indicated different levels of phonological and/or semantic deficits underlying naming failure across the subjects. Using a single-subject multiple baseline design across behaviours and subjects, the effects of treatment were evaluated by daily probing of both trained and untrained items across lexical tasks: oral naming, oral reading, and written naming. Results indicated successful acquisition of trained naming targets for the four subjects, and varied patterns of response generalization to naming of untrained phonologically and semantically related pictures, and to oral reading and written naming for the same words. Baseline levels of oral reading performance were noted to predict success in oral naming treatment. Differences in generalization patterns across tasks are disc.
SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: COMBINING INSTITUTIONAL AND RESOURCE- BASED VIEWS

This article suggests that the context and process of resource selection have an important influence on firm heterogeneity and sustainable competitive advantage. It is argued that a firm’s sustainable advantage depends on its ability to manage the institutional context of its resource decisions. A firm’s institutional context includes its internal culture as well as broader influences from the state, society, and interfirm relations that define socially acceptable economic behavior. A process model of firm heterogeneity is proposed that combines the insights of a resource-based view with the institutional perspective from organization theory. Normative rationality, institutional isolating mechanisms, and institutional sources of firm homogeneity are proposed as determinants of rent potential that complement and extend resource-based explanations of firm variation and sustainable competitive advantage. The article suggests that both resource capital and institutional capital are indispensable to sustainable competitive advantage. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein Vergleich verschiedener Kurzversionen des Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) zur Erhebung von Selbstkritik und Abhängigkeit

Der Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) ist ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Personlichkeitsmerkmale Selbstkritik und Abhangigkeit, die als Vulnerabilitatsfaktoren fur Depression gelten. Aufgrund seiner Lange und seiner komplexen Auswertungsprozedur wurden im englischsprachigen Raum verschiedene Kurzversionen des DEQ entwickelt. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die psychometrische Uberprufung der verschiedenen DEQ-Versionen in deutscher Sprache sowie die Validierung einer geeigneten Kurzversion. An insgesamt 708 Personen (404 Patienten und 304 nicht-klinische Personen) wurden die psychometrischen Eigenschaften der verschiedenen Versionen verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass der Theoretische Depressive Experiences Questionnaire–12 Item Version (TDEQ-12) insbesondere aufgrund seiner faktoriellen Validitat die besten psychometrischen Eigenschaften aufwies. Zusatzliche Hinweise fur die Validitat und Reliabilitat des TDEQ-12 konnten in vier weiteren Stichproben (436 nicht-klinische Personen, 23 nicht-depressive P.
Moral Development Level and Religious Behavior

A basic assumption of Kohlberg's (4) cognitive-developmental approach to moral development is that formal learning has little impact on personal morality. Rest1 reported that moral development level is unrelated to either frequency of church attendance or religious denomination, and earlier findings (2) that behaviorally measured honesty is unrelated to Sunday School attendance. Thus, ethics training through institutionalized religion may not generalize to the greater sociery. Religion is now widely accepted as multidimensional, but comparisons of moral development level with indices of religion other than frequency of church attendance nr denomination do not appear in the literature. The current study aimed to extend the measures of religion into other areas of behavior and into belief. Rest's1 adaptation of the Kohlberg moral dilemma questionnaire was administered to 80 psychology undergraduates who volunteered for extra academic credit. Ten males and ten females, mean ages 20.1 and 20.3 yr. , respectively, were enrolled in each undergraduate academic year. At the same time, the subjects also received a questionnaire of personal religious behavior, the scale of intrinsic-extrinsic religious orientation ( 1 ) , and a measure of belief in the Bible as the literal word of God (3). The Hogge and Friedman scale has a reported split-half reliability of . 92 and discriminates well among members of distinctive religions like Unitarians and Southern Baptists. Mean scores were 105.8 for moral development (SD = 20.8), 45.7 for scriptural literalism (SD = 12.0). and 54.0 for intrinsic-extrinsic religious orientation (SD = 3.2). Pearson r between subject's level of moral development and intrinsic-extrinsic religious orientation (r = -.01, df = 79) was nonsignificant. The correlation between subject's morality and literal scriptural belief (r = .44, df = 79, p < .01) was significant and accounted for 19% of the total variance. Also significant was the cotrelation between scriptural literalism and religious orientation (r = .64, df = 79, p < .01). These results support the half-century old Hartshorne and May (2) findings and suggest that studies relating moral development to religious belief may need to assess some aspects of religion other than frequencies of church attendance and prayer.
Euthanasia Attitudes of Older Persons

A secondary analysis explores the influence of age on attitudes toward euthanasia. Previously published research suggests that as individuals get older their attitudes will be less favorable. This study differs in two major ways. More recent data are used and a cohort design was employed that used nine cohorts whose members ranged in age from 45 to 85. Data from 10 separate years across a 15-year period, from 1977 through 1991, were analyzed. The conclusion reached is contrary to earlier studies: Older persons do not become less supportive of euthanasia as they age. In general, little change is noted as cohort members grow older. Chronological age did not emerge as a strong predictor among an extensive list of independent variables tested using multivariate models. Attendance at church services was the most predictive variable.
Dialects and the teaching of a standard language: Some West German work

ABSTRACT In applied sociolinguistics in West Germany the notion has been influential that the indigenous working class is separated from the middle class by a linguistic barrier and thus is at a linguistic disadvantage, as well as suffering other forms of disadvantage. The paper places this view in its context within German work on language and society, examines it critically, and outlines why, in the author's view, it is of questionable validity. (Sociolinguistics, dialectology, education, German)
The Sociology of Work and Occupations

I review recent studies of work and occupations. Most of this work proceeds at the individual level, studying individual characteristics of workers, qualities of the work experience, and, to a lesser extent, stages of the work experience. Structural analysis is less common and often treats structural phenomena as aggregates rather than emergents, except in the area of labor relations. A substantial literature—probably a third of the total—examines particular occupations. In general the literature is divided into two “sides”—one focused on gender, inequality, and career/life cycle issues, the other on unions, and industrial and labor relations. Between these are smaller foci on theoretical issues and on general structures of work. I conclude that with the possible exceptions of Marxism and the study of professions, subfields of work and occupations lack the synthetic theory that would enable synthesis of empirical results. I also consider the twofold role of politicization in the area: the positive role of.
Factors Influencing the Likelihood of Students Seeking Professional Psychological Help

A review of previous researches indicated that the likelihood of seeking professional psychological help among students is related to fears of psychological treatment, attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help, gender and prior contact with counselor. A total of 320 students in Malaysia, aged between 15 to 17 were used in the present study to investigate factors influencing the likelihood of students seeking professional psychological help for socialisation, social psychological, personal psychological, family, career and study, school work adjustment andhealth problems related to substance abuse. One way repeated measures ANOVA and multiple regressions were used in the analysis. The result showed a significant difference in the likelihood of seeking professional psychological help for different types of problems. Fears of psychological treatment is the most significant factor that can influence the likelihood of seeking professional psychological help for social psychological problems, personal psychological problems, career and study problems, and school work adjustment problems.
Are actual weather and perceived weather the same? Understanding perceptions of local weather and their effects on risk perceptions of global warming

I use one nationally representative sample from CBS News/New York Times Poll on Environment (2007), supplemented with monthly temperature and precipitation data from the United States Historical Climatology Network and extreme weather events data from National Climatic Data Center, to examine how different weather measures and individuals’ socio-demographic background, political predisposition, and beliefs about global warming affect the perception of local weather. Beliefs about global warming are found to play a dominant role in determining the perception of local weather. Specifically, people who view that global warming is causing an immediate impact, is serious, and needs to be a priority are much more likely to perceive a strange pattern of weather in the recent past. This finding conforms to motivated reasoning which refers to the tendency to interpret evidence to confirm the preexisting beliefs and predisposition. Among all the weather measures, the total number of extreme weather events in the past three years appears to be the only significant indicator of perceived weather. Specifically, individuals who have experienced more extreme weather events in their home counties are more likely than those elsewhere to perceive the weather is stranger than usual. I further examine how actual weather and perceived weather together affect perceptions of global warming. The results illustrate that the perception of local weather has stronger explanatory power than actual weather. People who perceive the strange weather patterns are much more likely than others to see the immediate impacts and priority of global warming. Future studies are needed to investigate the dynamic relationship between perceptions of global warming and perceptions of weather and climate. In addition, more studies are needed to further examine how the public forms their opinions toward various specific types of the local weather and climate.
The Pragmatics of Practitioner Research: Linking New Knowledge with Power in an Urban Elementary School

Various forms of practitioner research have received increased attention for their potential to improve schools, but few empirical studies have focused on the social circumstances of projects and schools that make this potential easier or harder to realize. As one step in this direction, I report here on a multiyear field study of Taking Stock, a practitioner research project that combined elements of teacher research and collaborative action research at an urban elementary school. Evidence generated through this field study supports 3 related propositions: First, practitioner research can provide a relatively straightforward way for school members to develop new knowledge. Second, opportunities for school members to use new knowledge to improve school practice are shaped profoundly by the distribution of power and influence within schools themselves. And third, projects of disciplined inquiry can create discontinuities in how knowledge is organized and distributed among practitioners, even for inquiries undertaken by practitioners themselves. To acknowledge these propositions, conceptions of the research-practice relationship within individual schools need to attend more closely to mediating relationships between research and knoweldge, knowledge and power, and power and practice.
Knowledge management solutions for the leaving expert issue

Purpose – The leaving expert (LX) is often regarded only as an issue for the retention of his or her knowledge for the business or organization. The purpose of this paper is to show that a more comprehensive knowledge perspective reveals various issues and leads to different knowledge management (KM) remedies.Design/methodology/approach – The paper approaches the topic from an instruments or process aspect as well as from a case study view. One of the remedies is described in depth based on considerable application experience: the Leaving Expert Debriefing, a planning and knowledge transfer process. The general approach of prophylaxis and/or bridgeover by excellent KM is also taken into consideration with an overview on useful KM detail processes or instruments.Findings – The Leaving Expert Debriefing process based on a comprehensive perspective of knowledge has proven to be a useful planning and knowledge transfer instrument, especially when applied early enough. On the other hand, continuously furthered.
Inhibitory Effects of Sodium Butyrate on Proliferation and Invasiveness of Human Glioma Cells

OBJECTIVESodium butyrate (SB), a differentiation-inducing agent, has been demonstrated to inhibit cellular proliferation in a number of human cell lines. Its precise mechanisms remain to be clarified, however. We investigated molecular mechanisms of SB-induced growth suppression as well as the effects of SB on the invasiveness of human glioma cells. METHODSHuman glioma U87MG and U251MG cells were treated with 1 or 2 mmol/L SB for 48 hours, and the inhibition of cell growth was assessed by spectrophotometric analysis. Cell cycle analysis was carried out by the 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation method, and expression of cell cycle-regulatory proteins was determined by immunoblotting. In addition, invasiveness was assessed using a Transwell chamber (Iwaki, Tokyo, Japan) with extracellular matrix substrate fibronectin or laminin (Iwaki). RESULTSSB treatment resulted in significantly suppressed proliferation of both U87MG and U251MG cells in a dose-dependent manner. It inhibited the G1-S transition, which was associated with increased expression of p21 and cyclin D1 and reduced pRb phosphorylation. Treatment with antisense oligonucleotide for Rb abrogated SB-induced G1 arrest. p21 up-regulation was independent of the p53 status of the glioma cells. SB treatment also inhibited invasiveness on fibronectin and laminin. CONCLUSIONOur results indicate that SB may suppress the growth of human glioma cells through modulation of cell cycle progression and also may affect their invasiveness on extracellular matrix substrates, which suggests that SB may be a useful therapeutic agent in treating multiple aspects of malignant gliomas.
Twelve‐month prevalence, severity, and treatment of common mental disorders in communities in Japan: preliminary finding from the World Mental Health Japan Survey 2002–2003

Abstract To estimate the prevalence, severity, and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn; DSM‐IV) mental disorders in community populations in Japan, face‐to‐face household surveys were conducted in four community populations in Japan. A total of 1663 community adults responded (overall response rate, 56%). The DSM‐IV disorders, severity, and treatment were assessed with the World Mental Health version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH‐CIDI), a fully structured lay‐administered psychiatric diagnostic interview. The prevalence of any WMH‐CIDI/DSM‐IV disorder in the prior year was 8.8%, of which 17% of cases were severe and 47% were moderate. Among specific disorders, major depression (2.9%), specific phobia (2.7%), and alcohol abuse/dependence (2.0%) were the most prevalent. Although disorder severity was correlated with probability of treatment, only 19% of the serious or moderate cases received medical treatment in the 12 months before the interview. Older and not currently married individuals had a greater risk of having more severe DSM‐IV disorders if they had experienced any within the previous 12 months. Those who had completed high school or some college were more likely to seek medical treatment than those who had completed college. The study confirmed that the prevalence of DSM‐IV mental disorders was equal to that observed in Asian countries but lower than that in Western countries. The percentage of those receiving medical treatment was low even for those who suffered severe or moderate disorders. Possible strategies are discussed.