Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF PREPARATION IN OVERLAPPING-TASK PERFORMANCE

We examined how performance of two overlapping discrete tasks is organized and controlled. Experiment 1 showed that when stimuli were presented in an unexpected order, expectations rather than actual presentation order determined the order in which the two stimuli were processed. In Experiment 2, when task order was unpredictable, performance was facilitated when task order was repeated on consecutive trials. In Experiment 3, performance of the second but not the first task benefited greatly when task order was held constant as compared to regularly alternated between trials; such effects were especially pronounced at short intertrial intervals. These results suggest that sequential performance of overlapping tasks is scheduled in advance and is regulated by initially allocating the central processing channel to one task and subsequently switching this channel to the other task.
A Comparison of Leg‐to‐Leg Bioelectrical Impedance and Skinfolds in Assessing Body Fat in Collegiate Wrestlers

A comparison of the leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance (BIA) system and skinfold analysis in estimating % body fat in a large number of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) collegiate wrestlers was conducted. A series of 5 cross-sectional assessments, including the NCAA Division I and III Championships, were completed throughout the 1998–1999 wrestling season with samples ranging from (N = 90–274). Body density was determined from the 3 skinfold measures using the Lohman prediction equation. BIA measurements were determined using the Tanita body fat analyzer, model 305. Significant correlations between methods ranging from (r = 0.67–0.83, p < 0.001) and low standard error of estimates (SEE) for % body fat ranging from 2.1–3.5% were found throughout the 5 assessment periods. This preliminary study demonstrated that the leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance system accurately estimated % body fat when compared to skinfolds in a diverse collegiate wrestling population.
Sparse Subspace Clustering: Algorithm, Theory, and Applications

We propose and study an algorithm, called Sparse Subspace Clustering, to cluster high-dimensional data points that lie in a union of low-dimensional subspaces. The key idea is that, among infinitely many possible representations of a data point in terms of other points, a sparse representation corresponds to selecting a few points that come from the same subspace. This motivates solving a sparse optimization program whose solution is used in a spectral clustering framework to infer the clustering of the data. As solving the sparse optimization program is NP-hard, we consider its convex relaxation and show that, under appropriate conditions on the arrangement of the subspaces and the distribution of the data, the proposed minimization program succeeds in recovering the desired sparse representations. The proposed algorithm does not require initialization, can be solved efficiently, and can handle data points near the intersections of subspaces. In addition, our algorithm can deal with data nuisances, such as noise, sparse outlying entries, and missing entries, directly by modifying the optimization program to incorporate the model of the data. We verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm through experiments on synthetic data as well as two real-world problems of motion segmentation and face clustering.
COMPREHENSION-BASED PRACTICE

We report the results of a 2-year longitudinal comparison of grade 3 and grade 4 English-as-a-second-language learners in an experimental, comprehension-based program and those in a regular (i.e., more typical) language learning program. The goal was to examine the extent to which sustained, long-term comprehension practice in both listening and reading—in the virtual absence of any speaking—can help develop learners’ second language (L2) pronunciation. We analyzed learners’ sentences from an elicited imitation task using several accuracy and fluency measures as well as listener ratings of accentedness, comprehensibility, and fluency. We found no differences between the two programs at the end of year 1. However, at the end of year 2, there were some differences—namely, in the listener ratings of fluency and comprehensibility—that favored learners in the regular program. These findings highlight the beneficial effects of comprehension practice for the development of L2 pronunciation but also point to some potential limits of this practice.
Impact of consumer socialization on soft drink consumption and mediating role of consumer generational behavior

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how consumers’ socialization influences soft drink consumption behavior in Pakistan. Since consumer socialization has long been considered but it is important to understand whether the extent of consumer socialization in terms of soft drink consumption influences consumer behavior by taking into consideration consumer cohorts. Design/methodology/approach – The quantitative research is based on consumer survey method by using Likert scale questionnaire. Convenience sampling technique with a sample size of 637 is used. Data are analyzed by using cronbach α, ANOVA, correlation and multiple regressions. Findings – Overall, the findings maintain the impact of consumer socialization on soft drink consumption. Such influence of consumer socialization through social media, cultural groups and social groups encourages soft drink socialization behavior. Additionally there is also an evidence of mediating role of consumer generational behavior in soft drink consumpti.
Trust, reputation and corporate accountability to stakeholders

This paper explores the relationship between accountability, trust and corporate reputation building. Increasing numbers of corporations are mobilising themselves to put more and more information out into the public domain as a way of communicating with stakeholders. Corporate social accounting and stakeholder engagement is happening on an unprecedented scale. Rather than welcoming such initiatives, academics have been quick to pick faults with contemporary social auditing and reporting, claiming that in its current form it is not about demonstrating accountability at all, but rather about building corporate reputation. Academics argue that ‘accountability should hurt’, that if accountability is an enjoyable process, then the organisation isn’t doing it right. For organisations that are currently engaging with stakeholders and ostensibly becoming more transparent about their corporate social performance, this kind of critique is likely to be bewildering. This paper argues that central to the notion of accountability and to contemporary social accounting practice is the concept of trust. Accountability is based upon a distrust of corporate management, whereas corporate reputation building is about strategically seeking to establish trust in stakeholder relationships in order to negate formal accountability requirements. Using a split trust continuum, the paper seeks to explain and synthesise what seem to be two very different paradigms of organisational transparency.
Steps to Ensure a Successful Implementation of Occupational Health and Safety Interventions at an Organizational Level

There is increasing meta-analytic evidence that addresses the positive impact of evidence-based occupational health and safety interventions on employee health and well-being. However, such evidence is less clear when interventions are approached at an organizational level and are aimed at changing organizational policies and processes. Given that occupational health and safety interventions are usually tailored to specific organizational contexts, generalizing and transferring such interventions to other organizations is a complex endeavor. In response, several authors have argued that an evaluation of the implementation process is crucial for assessing the intervention’s effectiveness and for understanding how and why the intervention has been (un)successful. Thus, this paper focuses on the implementation process and attempts to move this field forward by identifying the main factors that contribute toward ensuring a greater success of occupational health and safety interventions conducted at the organizational level. In doing so, we propose some steps that can guide a successful implementation. These implementation steps are illustrated using examples of evidence-based best practices reported in the literature that have described and systematically evaluated the implementation process behind their interventions during the last decade.
The red‐ox status of a penicillin‐binding protein is an on/off switch for spore peptidoglycan synthesis in Bacillus subtilis

Thiol‐disulphide oxidoreductases catalyse the formation or breakage of disulphide bonds to control the red‐ox status of a variety of proteins. Their activity is compartmentalized, as exemplified by the distinct roles these enzymes play in the cytoplasm and periplasm of Gram‐negative bacteria. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, an article from Lars Hederstedt and collaborators at Lund University sheds light on another member of this superfamily of proteins, the thioredoxin‐like protein StoA from Bacillus subtilis. Interestingly, StoA function is required in yet another subcellular compartment: the intermembrane space that separates forespores from mother cells in endospore‐forming bacteria. Specifically, this study demonstrates that the high‐molecular‐weight penicillin‐binding protein SpoVD, which contains two exposed cysteine residues and whose extracellular domain is located in the intermembrane space, is a substrate of StoA. As formation of a disulphide bond most likely inactivates SpoVD activity, the converse breakage of that bond in a process catalysed by StoA appears to be the trigger that initiates peptidoglycan synthesis in sporulating cells.
A geometric taxonomy of personality scales

Previous taxonomies of personality traits have been lexical in nature and have been concerned primarily with the meaning of adjectives in personality description. The taxonomy presented in this article employed personality scales as the units to be classified and was guided by theoretical, rather than lexical, considerations. A priori distinctions among different domains of trait‐descriptive terms identified a distinctive domain of interpersonal traits within which a preliminary conceptually‐based taxonomy was developed. The Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS) were constructed to provide geometrically precise semantic markers of that domain in the form of a circumplex model organized around the orthogonal coordinates of dominance and nurturance. In the course of a decade of research, some 172 personality scales were classified with reference to the IAS by computational procedures described in detail. Advantages and limitations of the current geometric taxonomy of personality scales are discussed, and future research directions are indicated.
Language Anxiety: Differentiating Writing and Speaking Components

This study investigated the links between second language classroom anxiety and second language writing anxiety as well as their associations with second language speaking and writing achievement. The results indicate that second language classroom anxiety, operationalized by Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale, and second language writing anxiety, measured by a modified second language version of Daly and Miller's Writing Apprehension Test, are two related but independent constructs. The findings suggest that second language classroom anxiety is a more general type of anxietyabout learning a second language with a strong speaking anxiety element, whereas second language writing anxiety is a language-skill-specific anxiety. Nevertheless, low self-confidence seems to be an important component of both anxiety constructs.
Finding nonrecursive envelopes for Datalog predicate

In this paper, we study the ability of data-independent conjunctive expressions (envelopes) to approximate fixpoint of Datalog predicates. We show that no effective procedure exists for finding envelopes that best approximate the fix-point (tight envelopes). Moreover, the problem of determining existence of tight envelopes is undecidable. The relationship between tight envelopes and the boundedness property is explored. Although the property of having tight envelopes seems weaker than boundedness, we note that a predicate can have a tight (lower) envelope iff it is bounded. On the other hand, there exist Datalog predicates that are not bounded but have tight (upper) envelopes. We relax our requirement for tight envelopes and settle for connected envelopes. An algorithm to determine connected envelopes for Datalog predicates is presented. We mention several applications of envelopes.
Attention-based dense crowds analysis

The use of algorithms which model part of the human attention can bring interesting results in the video analysis of difficult scenarios like dense crowds. A rarity-based attention model is able to provide in real-time areas in video frames where motion behavior is surprising compared to the rest of the motion in the same frame. This algorithm is also resistant to camera shake or translation and points out abnormal activities which can be used in surveillance but also to analyze and even foster social interaction.
Impact of Nasal Obstruction on Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nasal obstruction and sleep-disordered breathing. The effect of postoperative nasal packing on sleep parameters was compared between patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and those with moderate/severe OSA. Study Design. A prospective, nonrandomized controlled study. Setting. Tertiary care center. Subjects and Methods. Participants were recruited among adult patients with a history of snoring scheduled to undergo nasal surgery from November 2009 to February 2010. All subjects underwent polysomnogram (PSG) testing within 30 days prior to surgery. Patients underwent nasal surgery and received postoperative nasal packing, and a PSG was repeated on the first postoperative night with nasal packing in place. Outcome measures included a change in respiratory disturbance index (RDI), minimum oxygen saturation, oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and duration of snoring. Results. Forty-nine patients were included in the study. Patients were stratified into 2 groups: those with RDI ≥15 (n = 23) and those with RDI <15 (n = 26). Nasal packing was found to significantly increase RDI (5.2 ± 4.0 vs 10.4 ± 10.0; P = .0001), duration of snoring (86.5% ± 13.1% vs 79.3% ± 15.3%; P = .008), and ODI (7.6 ± 7.1 vs 9.9 ± 7.4; P = .001) in patients with mild OSA but not in patients with moderate/severe OSA. Mean minimum arterial oxygen saturation was unchanged in both groups. Conclusion. Postoperative nasal packing aggravated measures of OSA in patients with mild OSA but not in patients with moderate/severe OSA.
Robust Airline Schedule Planning: Minimizing Propagated Delay in an Integrated Routing and Crewing Framework

For reasons of tractability, the airline scheduling problem has traditionally been sequentially decomposed into various stages (e.g., schedule generation, fleet assignment, aircraft routing, and crew pairing), with the decisions from one stage imposed upon the decision making process in subsequent stages. Although this approach greatly simplifies the solution process, it unfortunately fails to capture the many dependencies between the various stages, most notably between those of aircraft routing and crew pairing, and how these dependencies affect the propagation of delays through the flight network. Because delays are commonly transferred between late running aircraft and crew, it is important that aircraft routing and crew pairing decisions are made together. The propagated delay may then be accurately estimated to minimize the overall propagated delay for the network and produce a robust solution for both aircraft and crew. In this paper we introduce a new approach to accurately calculate and minimize the cost of propagated delay in a framework that integrates aircraft routing and crew pairing.
Preference bias of head orientation in choosing between two non-durables

The goal of this study is to investigate how customers' gaze, head and body orientations reflect their choices. Although the relationship between human choice and gaze behavior has been well-studied, other behaviors such as head and body are unknown. We conducted a two-alternatives-forced-choice task to examine (1) whether preference bias, i.e., a positional bias in gaze, head and body toward the item that was later chosen, exists in choice, (2) when preference bias is observed and when prediction of the resulting choice becomes possible (3) whether human choice is affected when the body orientations are manipulated. We used real non-durable products (cheap snacks and clothing) on a shopping shelf. The results showed that there was a significant preference bias in head orientation at the beginning 1 s when the subjects stood straight toward the shelf, and that the head orientation was more biased toward the selected item than the gaze and the center of pressure at the ending 1 s. Manipulating body orientation did not affect the result of choice. The preference bias detected by observing the head orientation would be useful in marketing science for predicting customers' choice.
Protective Factors for Violence Risk in Forensic Psychiatric Patients: A Retrospective Validation Study of the SAPROF

The Structured Assessment of PROtective Factors for violence risk (SAPROF) has recently been developed as a strengths-based addition to the assessment of risk for future violent behavior (de Vogel, de Ruiter, Bouman, & de Vries Robbe, 2009). Following the Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ) model, the positive and predominantly dynamic factors in the SAPROF were designed to counterbalance the assessment of risk as measured by risk assessment instruments, such as the HCR-20. The present retrospective study provides a first validation of the SAPROF in a Dutch sample of 126 forensic psychiatric patients. Analyses showed good interrater reliability, good predictive validity for non-recidivism of violence after clinical treatment for both the SAPROF total score and the SAPROF Final Protection Judgment and good predictive validity for violent recidivism for a combined HCR-20 - SAPROF total score. The predictive validity of the combined HCR-20 - SAPROF measure significantly outperformed the predictive validit.
The Method is the Message: The Current State of Political Communication Research

Political communication has emerged as a focal point to scholars in political science, communications, and allied social sciences. While the field’s prominence is attributable, in part, to well-documented changes in the American political process (see Kernell, 1993; Polsby, 1983), its newfound stature also stems from the gradual accumulation of evidence demonstrating that media management actually does yield significant rewards (for a review of the media effects literature, see Iyengar & Simon, 2000). In charting the progression of political communication as a distinct field of research, one cannot help noticing the close overlap between developments in the field and the scholarly career of Steven Chaffee. Over the past thirty-plus years, Chaffee’s work can be found in virtually every nook and cranny of the political communication literature. One of the persistent themes in his work is methodological, even though Chaffee himself is more of a methods gadfly than a practicing methodologist. He was among the first to recognize the limitations. He responded by developing more precise indicators of media exposure (Carter, Ruggels, & Chaffee, 1968; Chaffee & Choe, 1980; Chaffee & Schleuder, 1986) and by incorporating longitudinal designs into his effects studies (Chaffee & Choe, 1980; Chaffee, Ward, & Tipton, 1970). These innovations served to push the field in new methodological directions. The ensuing methodological ferment has contributed significantly to the current renaissance in political communication research.
Chapter 1: Multicultural Education: Historical Development, Dimensions, and Practice

The heated discourse on multicultural education, especially in the popular press and among nonspecialists (Gray, 1991; Leo, 1990; Schlesinger, 1991), often obscures the theory, research, and developing consensus among multicultural education specialists about the nature, aims, and scope of the field. Gay (1992), as well as Banks (1989a), has noted the high level of consensus about aims and scope in the literature written by multicultural education theorists. Gay, however, points out that there is a tremendous gap between theory and practice in the field. In her view, theory development has outpaced development in practice, and a wide gap exists between the two. Gibson (1976) reviewed the multicultural education literature and identified five approaches. She noted how the approaches differ and how they overlap and interrelate. In their review of the literature published 11 years later, Sleeter and Grant (1987) also identified five approaches to multicultural education, four of which differ from Gibson's categories. Sleeter and Grant noted the lack of consensus in the field and concluded that a focus on the education of people of color is the only common element among the many different definitions of multicultural education. Although there are many different approaches, statements of aims, and definitions of multicultural education, an examination of the recent literature written by specialists in the field indicates that there is a high level of consensus about its aims and goals (Banks, 1989a; Bennett, 1990; Nieto, 1992; Parekh, 1986; Sleeter & Grant, 1988; Suzuki, 1984). A major goal of multicultural education, as stated by specialists in the field, is to reform the school and other educational institutions so that students from diverse racial, ethnic, and social-class groups will experience educational equality. Another important goal of multicultural education—revealed in this literature—is to give both male and female students an equal chance to experience educational success and mobility
The Effects of Group, Task,Context, and Technology Variables on the Usefulness of Group Support Systems

Using meta-analytic procedures, this article quantitatively integrated the results of 31 experimental studies on the effects of Group Support System (GSS) use. A total of eight dependent variables representing performance, satisfaction, consensus, and equality of participation were investigated. The use of GSSs was found to have positive main effects on decision quality, number of alternatives generated, and equality of participation, but negative main effects in terms of time to reach decision, consensus, and satisfaction. Further analysis showed the effects to be moderated by task, group, context, and technology variables. For example, larger groups achieved betterperformance and greater satisfaction from the use of GSS than smaller groups. Groups with a formal hierarchy using GSS did worse in terms of both performance and satisfaction compared to groups without formal hierarchy. Also, the level of GSS support emerged as influential on almost all dependent variables. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for organizational use of GSS, design issues of GSS, andfuture research directions.