Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence That Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 Induction by Proteasome Inhibitors Plays an Antiapoptotic Role

Inhibitors of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex responsible for intracellular proteolysis, activate programmed cell death in part through the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). Proteasome inhibitors also induce mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), however, which can inactivate JNK, and we therefore considered the hypothesis that MKP-1 induction may be antiapoptotic. Over-expression of MKP-1 in A1N4-myc human mammary epithelial and BT-474 breast carcinoma cells decreased proteasome inhibitor-mediated apoptosis. On the other hand, BT-474 cells stably expressing an MKP-1 small interfering RNA (siMKP-1) and MKP-1 knockout mouse embryo fibroblasts underwent enhanced apoptosis compared with their respective controls. MKP-1-mediated inhibition of apoptosis was associated with decreased phospho-JNK levels, whereas MKP-1 suppression or inactivation enhanced phospho-JNK. Anthracyclines repress MKP-1 transcription, suggesting that they could enhance proteasome inhibitor-mediated apoptosis. Such combinations induced increased cell death in association with enhanced phospho-JNK and decreased MKP-1 levels. Inhibition of JNK signaling decreased the proapoptotic activity of the anthracycline/proteasome inhibitor regimen. Xenograft studies showed the combination was more effective at inducing tumor growth delay, associated with suppression of MKP-1 and enhancement of apoptosis and phospho-JNK. Infection of anthracycline/proteasome inhibitor-treated A1N4-myc cells with Adenoviral-MKP-1 suppressed apoptosis and phospho-JNK. Finally, the anthracycline/proteasome inhibitor regimen activated apoptosis and phospho-JNK to a greater extent in BT-474/siMKP-1 cells than controls. These findings for the first time demonstrate that proteasome inhibitor-mediated induction of MKP-1 is antiapoptotic through inhibition of JNK. Furthermore, they suggest that a proteasome inhibitor/anthracycline regimen holds potential for enhanced antitumor activity in part through repression of MKP-1, supporting clinical evaluation of such combinations.
Framing Interactions to Foster Generative Learning: A Situative Explanation of Transfer in a Community of Learners Classroom

This article develops a situative approach to explaining the transfer of learning, illustrating it using a challenging-to-explain case from a Fostering Communities of Learners classroom. The case involved a group of 5th graders who learned and then transferred a more sophisticated way of explaining species survival and endangerment despite participating in a unit in which many activities designed to foster transfer were short circuited. The explanation included 2 kinds of analyses: (a) how students participated in the learning of relevant content, and (b) how learning contexts were framed interactionally. The content analysis took a situative perspective on commonly investigated transfer mechanisms such as quality of initial learning, engagement with multiple examples, comparison between examples, and formation of generalizations. There was strong evidence for a few of these mechanisms and weak or inconclusive evidence for others. The context analysis explored 2 aspects of the relatively new hypothesis that transfer is more likely to occur when learning contexts are framed as part of a larger ongoing intellectual conversation in which students are actively involved. First, the analysis showed that the teacher worked to frame learning contexts as being temporally connected with other contexts in which the students could use what they were learning. Second, it showed that the teacher worked to frame the students as contributing members of a larger community of people interested in what they were learning about. These and other forms of framing may have encouraged the students to expect that they would be generatively using what they were learning, thus leading them to make better use of the content-based supports for transfer that were available. Thus, this study suggests that coordinating analyses of content with the framing of contexts may be a particularly fruitful approach for developing more comprehensive explanations of how and why the transfer of learning occurs.
Composition and Architecture of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rad18 (Smc5-6) Complex

ABSTRACT The rad18 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an essential gene that is involved in several different DNA repair processes. Rad18 (Smc6) is a member of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family and, together with its SMC partner Spr18 (Smc5), forms the core of a high-molecular-weight complex. We show here that both S. pombe and human Smc5 and -6 interact through their hinge domains and that four independent temperature-sensitive mutants of Rad18 (Smc6) are all mutated at the same glycine residue in the hinge region. This mutation abolishes the interactions between the hinge regions of Rad18 (Smc6) and Spr18 (Smc5), as does mutation of a conserved glycine in the hinge region of Spr18 (Smc5). We purified the Smc5-6 complex from S. pombe and identified four non-SMC components, Nse1, Nse2, Nse3, and Rad62. Nse3 is a novel protein which is related to the mammalian MAGE protein family, many members of which are specifically expressed in cancer tissue. In initial steps to understand the architecture of the complex, we identified two subcomplexes containing Rad18-Spr18-Nse2 and Nse1-Nse3-Rad62. The subcomplexes are probably bridged by a weaker interaction between Nse2 and Nse3.
Development of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility in young soccer players

ABSTRACT The objective of this 1-year, longitudinal study was to examine the development of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility characteristics of young Finnish soccer players. We also examined associations between latent growth models of perceived competence and other recorded variables. Participants were 288 competitive male soccer players ranging from 12 to 14 years (12.7 ± 0.6) from 16 soccer clubs. Players completed the self-assessments of perceived competence, tactical skills, and motivation, and participated in technical, and speed and agility tests. Results of this study showed that players’ levels of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility characteristics remained relatively high and stable across the period of 1 year. Positive relationships were found between these levels and changes in perceived competence and motivation, and levels of perceived competence and speed and agility characteristics. Together these results illustrate the multi-dimensional nature of talent development processes in soccer. Moreover, it seems crucial in coaching to support the development of perceived competence and motivation in young soccer players and that it might be even more important in later maturing players.
High Throughput Sequencing of Small RNAs in the Two Cucurbita Germplasm with Different Sodium Accumulation Patterns Identifies Novel MicroRNAs Involved in Salt Stress Response

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, recognize their mRNA targets based on perfect sequence complementarity. MiRNAs lead to broader changes in gene expression after plants are exposed to stress. High-throughput sequencing is an effective method to identify and profile small RNA populations in non-model plants under salt stresses, significantly improving our knowledge regarding miRNA functions in salt tolerance. Cucurbits are sensitive to soil salinity, and the Cucurbita genus is used as the rootstock of other cucurbits to enhance salt tolerance. Several cucurbit crops have been used for miRNA sequencing but salt stress-related miRNAs in cucurbit species have not been reported. In this study, we subjected two Cucurbita germplasm, namely, N12 (Cucurbita. maxima Duch.) and N15 (Cucurbita. moschata Duch.), with different sodium accumulation patterns, to Illumina sequencing to determine small RNA populations in root tissues after 4 h of salt treatment and control. A total of 21,548,326 and 19,394,108 reads were generated from the control and salt-treated N12 root tissues, respectively. By contrast, 19,108,240 and 20,546,052 reads were obtained from the control and salt-treated N15 root tissues, respectively. Fifty-eight conserved miRNA families and 33 novel miRNAs were identified in the two Cucurbita germplasm. Seven miRNAs (six conserved miRNAs and one novel miRNAs) were up-regulated in salt-treated N12 and N15 samples. Most target genes of differentially expressed novel miRNAs were transcription factors and salt stress-responsive proteins, including dehydration-induced protein, cation/H+ antiporter 18, and CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase. The differential expression of miRNAs between the two Cucurbita germplasm under salt stress conditions and their target genes demonstrated that novel miRNAs play an important role in the response of the two Cucurbita germplasm to salt stress. The present study initially explored small RNAs in the response of pumpkin to salt stress, and provided valuable information on novel miRNAs and their target genes in Cucurbita.
INSTITUTIONAL ENTREPRENEURS AND CULTURAL FRAMES - The case of the European Union's Single Market Program

Explaining the emergence of the European Union's Single Market Program requires making sense of how that institutional project came on to the political agenda. This article uses insights from historical and organizational institutional theories to supplement intergovernmentalist and neofunctionalist accounts of the Single Market Program. The European Union was facing a political crisis in the early 1980s caused by an inability of states to find a set of institutional arrangements that were in their collective interest. This crisis enabled the European Commission to act as an institutional entrepreneur in several ways. They produced the Single Market Program as a project, helped build a political coalition to support its basic tenets, and ultimately reorganized the preferences of state actors. The power of the cultural frame approach is that it helps explain how institutional reform and monetary union - projects that were rejected by the states in 1983 - came to be accepted over the decade of the 1980s.
Rev response elements (RRE) in lentiviruses: An RNAMotif algorithm‐based strategy for RRE prediction

Lentiviruses (a sub‐family of the retroviridae family) include primate and non‐primate viruses associated with chronic diseases of the immune system and the central nervous system. All lentiviruses encode a regulatory protein Rev that is essential for post‐transcriptional transport of the unspliced and incompletely spliced viral mRNAs from nuclei to cytoplasm. The Rev protein acts via binding to an RNA structural element known as the Rev responsive element (RRE). The RRE location and structure and the mechanism of the Rev‐RRE interaction in primate and non‐primate lentiviruses have been analyzed and compared. Based on structural data available for RRE of HIV‐1, a two step computational strategy for prediction of putative RRE regions in lentivirus genomes has been developed. First, the RNAMotif algorithm was used to search genomic sequence for highly structured regions (HSR). Then the program RNAstructure, version 3.6 was used to calculate the structure and thermodynamic stability of the region of ∼ 350 nucleotides encompassing the HSR. Our strategy correctly predicted the locations of all previously reported lentivirus RREs. We were able also to predict the locations and structures of potential RREs in four additional lentiviruses. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 6, 617–636, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/med.10027
Components of candidate images: Statistical analysis of the issue‐persona dichotomy in the presidential campaign of 1996

For several decades candidate image studies have typically conceptualized and operationalized candidate images as source credibility traits or persona impressions. Candidate issue positions have been minimized in such research and excluded from the candidate image construct. Thus, candidate images have been treated as clusters of persona impressions only, implying that issue perceptions are unimportant in the formation of candidate images. Accordingly, a dichotomy emerged which split candidate image as candidate persona impressions from candidate issue positions, treating the latter as separate and independent determinants of vote. Later research indicated that candidate image content was largely unknown by voters, and some researchers argued that candidate images most likely include both issue and persona impressions. The dichotomy persisted, however, because of the assumption that voters process candidate persona impressions more than candidate issue positions perceptions and that these two types of perceptions are orthogonal. Employing panel data from a random sample of community members and applying correlational and structural equation modeling procedures, the researchers found that the data do not support the issue‐persona dichotomy assumptions. Instead, they lend credence to a more cognitive view of candidate images. Such a view conceptualizes candidate images as integrated structures of issue perceptions, persona perceptions, and whatever other kinds of perceptions are important to particular voters in particular elections.
On the Diversity–Multiplexing Tradeoff in Multiple-Relay Network

This paper studies the setup of a multiple-relay network in which K half-duplex multiple-antenna relays assist in the transmission between either one or several multiple-antenna transmitter(s) and a multiple-antenna receiver. Each two nodes are assumed to be either connected through a quasi-static Rayleigh-fading channel, or disconnected. We propose a new scheme, which we call random sequential (RS), based on the amplify-and-forward relaying. We prove that for general multiple-antenna multiple-relay networks, the proposed scheme achieves the maximum diversity gain. Furthermore, we derive diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) of the proposed RS scheme for general single-antenna multiple-relay networks. It is shown that for single-antenna two-hop multiple-access multiple-relay (K > 1) networks (without direct link between the transmitter(s) and the receiver), the proposed RS scheme achieves the optimum DMT. However, for the case of multiple-access single-relay setup, we show that the RS scheme reduces to the naive amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying and is not optimum in terms of DMT, while the dynamic decode-and-forward (DF) scheme is shown to be optimum for this scenario.
Alcohol and Drug Mitigation in Capital Murder Trials: Implications for Sentencing Decisions

Analyses of the impact on sentencing when alcohol and drug‐related mitigation is used in the sentencing phases of capital murder trials is virtually absent from the existing literature. The present study addresses this by exploring the effect of having mitigation with alcohol and drug themes accepted in a large sample (n = 804) of capital murder trials in North Carolina. Logistic regression analyses that include a number of relevant control variables reveal no substantive impacts of having alcohol mitigation accepted by capital murder juries, but drug mitigators that were either accepted or rejected by juries were associated with an increased risk of receiving a death sentence. Possible reasons for the results and their implications are discussed and suggestions are made for further study of the effects of alcohol/drug mitigation in capital trials.
Cooperative Strategies in Anonymous Economies: An Experiment

We study cooperation in economies of indefinite duration. Participants faced a sequence of prisonerʼs dilemmas with anonymous opponents. We identify and characterize the strategies employed at the individual level. We report that (i) grim trigger does not describe well individual play and there is wide heterogeneity in strategies; (ii) systematic defection does not crowd-out systematic cooperation; (iii) coordination on cooperative strategies does not improve with experience. We discuss alternative methodologies and implications for theory.
The influence of instructional technology use on students’ affect: Do course designs and biological sex make a difference?

This study examined the impact that instructional technology use, course design, and instructor and student sex differences have on students’ initial perceptions of affect toward the course and the instructor. Participants included 864 students who were randomly assigned to read one of 16 scenarios that manipulated the amount of instructional technology use across two types of courses with either male or female instructors. A factorial analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for technology use on students’ initial affect, as well as a significant two‐way interaction effect of technology use by student sex. Planned cell comparisons revealed that technology use has primarily a curvilinear effect, whereby students in the minimal and moderate technology use conditions reported higher levels of initial affect than students in the no technology and complete technology conditions. For the two‐way interaction effect, planned cell comparisons revealed that female students reported higher levels of affect as the amount of technology use increased from minimal to moderate amounts of use, whereas male students reported lower levels of affect across the same two conditions. Overall, the results highlight the importance of using instructional technology within a framework of pedagogical methods designed to achieve specific instructional objectives.
Payment by Results Systems: A Review of Research 1945–1985

Le taux d'utilisation des systemes de “Payment by results” (PBR) varie considerablement selon les pays, aussi bien en Europe de l'ouest que de Test. Les donnees disponibles laissent entendre que les pays de Test appliquent le PBR a la plupart de leurs travailleurs. Parmi les pays de l'ouest, l'lrlande et le Royaume Uni se placent a un niveau eleve, tandis que les Pays-Bas sont en queue de liste. II est surprenant que des bilans des recherches sur l'efficacite comparee du PBR et des systemes de salaire fixe ne soient pas disponibles. Dans notre travail, les donnees sont dans la mesure du possible presentees par systemes distincts a partir desquels on discute les recherches portant sur l'efficacite relative du PBR. Le “merit rating” est decevant. Le “Scanlon Plan” donne des resultats encourageants. Toutefois, la plupart des donnees interdis-ent d'inferer avec certitude sur les relations causales. On insiste sur quelques-uns des domaines que la recherche se doit d'explorer et sur les conditions favorisant I'elaboration et le choix de strategies pertinentes de remuneration.
Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine.

BACKGROUND Fenfluramine and phentermine have been individually approved as anorectic agents by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). When used in combination the drugs may be just as effective as either drug alone, with the added advantages of the need for lower doses of each agent and perhaps fewer side effects. Although the combination has not been approved by the FDA, in 1996 the total number of prescriptions in the United States for fenfluramine and phentermine exceeded 18 million. METHODS We identified valvular heart disease in 24 women treated with fenfluramine-phentermine who had no history of cardiac disease. The women presented with cardiovascular symptoms or a heart murmur. As increasing numbers of these patients with similar clinical features were identified, there appeared to be an association between these features and fenfluramine-phentermine therapy. RESULTS Twenty-four women (mean [+/-SD] age, 44+/-8 years) were evaluated 12.3+/-7.1 months after the initiation of fenfluramine-phentermine therapy. Echocardiography demonstrated unusual valvular morphology and regurgitation in all patients. Both right-sided and left-sided heart valves were involved. Eight women also had newly documented pulmonary hypertension. To date, cardiac surgical intervention has been required in five patients. The heart valves had a glistening white appearance. Histopathological findings included plaque-like encasement of the leaflets and chordal structures with intact valve architecture. The histopathological features were identical to those seen in carcinoid or ergotamine-induced valve disease. CONCLUSIONS These cases arouse concern that fenfluramine-phentermine therapy may be associated with valvular heart disease. Candidates for fenfluramine-phentermine therapy should be informed about serious potential adverse effects, including pulmonary hypertension and valvular heart disease.
Testing Marx: A Note

This article discusses a number of issues related to the empirical methodology for testing Marx's main arguments. It argues that a recent article in Capital & Class is plagued by methodological and empirical errors and that empirical examination of the validity of Marxian theory has to be based on a more unified and consistent methodological framework similar to that developed by Shaikh and Tonak (1994).
Prevention without politics?

The State of Victoria pioneered the late-modern `rediscovery' of community-based crime prevention in Australia when it implemented a Good Neighbourhood Programme in 1988. Loosely based on France's so-called Bonnemaison scheme, Good Neighbourhood was the first of a succession of strategies. The article summarizes the history of crime prevention in Victoria from 1988 to the present, and documents the strengths and weaknesses of each programme implemented. It argues that crime prevention and community safety has been a chameleon movement, capable of accommodating itself to a wide range of political and administrative regimes. Academic criminologists should give greater recognition to the expressive and political dimensions of community safety and crime prevention. Assessments that focus purely on whether initiatives have worked in a technical sense, or that strive simply to locate crime prevention and community safety within broader theories about power and governance, fail to understand key aspects of the Victorian experience.
Preschoolers' Understanding of the Informational Function of Television Advertising

Two studies were conducted to examine preschoolers' understanding of the relationship between television advertising and the buying process. Advertising's role in the relationship is described as serving an “informational” function for the viewer, which is distinct from the seller's “persuasive” one. Two nonverbal measures were developed to measure children's understanding of the former. Study 1 (n = 120) involved a game in which children tapped their responses on a game board. Study 2 (n = 45) required preschoolers to enact purchase behavior. A minority of older preschoolers were successful in completing the tasks. It is argued that nonverbal tasks are appropriate for use with young children who are linguistically limited and that such techniques should be used to assess children's abilities in a commercial context.