Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
European Citizenship after Martínez Sala and Baumbast. Has European law become more human but less social

Martinez Sala and Bambaust have become the leading cases on free movement of persons in Community law. It has become standard to see both rulings as heralding a ‘civic’ turn of European integration, by expanding the personal scope of the freedom of personal movement from workers to citizens, and thus redefining the value basis of the law of the European Union. This would prove again the emancipatory potential of Community law, closely related to its redrawing the economic and political boundaries of Europe, and getting rid of discriminatory obstacles in the way of citizens’ freedom. This paper contests this interpretation. It shows why Martinez Sala and Baumbast are not epochal judgments, but logical extensions of the pre-Maastricht case of the Court. Furthermore, it reveals why and how Martinez Sala and Baumbast have radicalised the processes of Europeanisation of what used to be exclusive national competences, and the judicialisation of decision-making processes where representative institutions used to have the exclusive word. This has rather negative consequences, both in terms of the democratic legitimacy of the Union and the distributive consequences of Community law. European law may have become more humane only at the expense of its being less social, to the extent it imports a non-solidaristic logic into provinces of the legal system before sheltered from economic pressure, and may end up forcing a social retrenchment. The market citizen has not been overcome, but has only been dressed in political clothes. Reproduction
A Combination of Statistical and Rule-Based Approach for Mongolian Lexical Analysis

Mongolian lexical analysis is the first step in Mongolian information processing such as Chinese-Mongolian machine translation. In this paper, we introduce a statistic and rule based approach to solving the Mongolian word segmentation & POS tagging all at once. In this method, we use tree frame as basic statistical model. And then we combine the model with some rules to improve the lexical analysis system accuracy. The experiment results show that the word-level accuracy of joint segmentation and POS tagging is 95.2%, stem / postfix-level accuracy is 94.6%.
Spillovers of Domestic Shocks: Will They Counteract the "Great Moderation"?

Even prior to the extreme volatility just observed, output growth volatility-following protracted decline-was flattening or mildly rising in some countries. More widespread was an increasing tendency from the mid-1990s for shocks in one country to transmit rapidly to other countries, creating the potential for heightened global volatility. The higher sensitivity to foreign shocks, in turn, appears related to stepped-up vertical specialization associated with the integration of emerging markets in international trade. Increased international spillovers call for stronger ex post coordination mechanisms when shocks are large but the best ex ante prevention strategy probably is sensible national policies.
PGC1α Plays a Critical Role in TWEAK–Induced Cardiac Dysfunction

Background Inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. We have recently found the cytokine TWEAK (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis), a member of the TNF superfamily, to be increased in patients with cardiomyopathy and result in the development of heart failure when overexpressed in mice. The molecular mechanisms underlying TWEAK-induced cardiac pathology, however, remain unknown. Methodology and Critical Finding Using mouse models of elevated circulating TWEAK levels, established through intravenous injection of adenovirus expressing TWEAK or recombinant TWEAK protein, we find that TWEAK induces a progressive dilated cardiomyopathy with impaired contractile function in mice. Moreover, TWEAK treatment is associated with decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and genes required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which precede the onset of cardiac dysfunction. TWEAK-induced downregulation of PGC1α requires expression of its cell surface receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14). We further find that TWEAK downregulates PGC1α gene expression via the TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and NFκB signaling pathways. Maintaining PGC1α levels through adenoviral-mediated gene expression is sufficient to protect against TWEAK-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction. Conclusion Collectively, our data suggest that TWEAK induces cardiac dysfunction via downregulation of PGC1α, through FN14-TRAF2-NFκB-dependent signaling. Selective targeting of the FN14-TRAF2-NFκB-dependent signaling pathway or augmenting PGC1α levels may serve as novel therapeutic strategies for cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
HIV/AIDS risk among international migrants working in the South African informal economy : case studies of Nigerian men.

In recent years, South Africa has attracted migrants from other African countries, many of whom find work in the informal sector of the economy. At the same time, African migrants elsewhere in Europe and the US have been shown to have higher rates of HIV infection than the general population. In South Africa, however, little is known about the vulnerability of international migrants to HIV infection. This study explored HIV/AIDS risks among informal economy migrants in the broader context of migration. The objective is to explore HIV/AIDS risk among migrants and to understand how migration experiences shape vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. This is a case study of ten Nigerian migrant traders in the Church Walk flea market in Durban. Ethnographic methods such as participant observation, individual and key informant interviews, as well as informal group discussion were used to collect in-depth data on migrants' motivations for migrating, challenges faced upon arriving in South Africa and sexual risk behaviours. It was found that migrants become vulnerable to HIV/AIDS both during the process of migration and once settled in the informal economy. Migrants found it difficult to secure jobs once in South Africa. Consequently, they had to deal with disillusionment, hunger, homelessness and hopelessness. During this period of hardship, migrants indulged in risky sexual practices such as having unprotected sex with casual partners as a means of dealing with their precarious situation. Migrants also had unprotected sex with many regular and casual partners once in the flea market where, as a last resort, they had found self-employment but had no access to HIV/AIDS intervention programmes. Reasons cited for risky sexual behaviour included separation from regular partners, loneliness, sexual pressures and the lack of social sanctions, which regulated sexual behaviour in their home country. The findings show that international migrants in the infonnal economy are a potential high-risk group for HIV infection and could transmit HIV to local partners as well as regular partners in their home country. This study highlights the need for interventions to reach this population.
Communist successor parties and coalition formation in Eastern Europe

One of the most distinctive features of new democracies is the presence of political parties associated with the old, repressive regime. This article investigates whether or not the Eastern European variant of these parties, which we call communist successor parties (CSPs), has affected coalition politics. It finds that CSPs do have significant effects on the dynamics of coalition formation. CSPs are less likely than other parties to be included in governing coalitions; coalitions that include CSPs are more likely to be oversized (that is, to include superfluous parties); and CSPs that make it into government are penalized, insofar as they receive less than their fair share of governing portfolios. We attribute these results to the salience of the regime divide—the affective dislike of many citizens for the legacies of communism. Our results extend research on coalition behavior to Eastern European contexts and show how affective dislike combined with vote-seeking motivations can affect governing behavior. How do coalitions form and function in new democracies? Most existing theories suggest that coalition formation in these countries should be driven by the same factors as in established democracies: the size and ideology of parties and the institutional framework in which they operate (see Martin and Stevenson 2001 for a summary of theories). In this article, we look at one significant fact about new democracies that may produce a different sort of coalition politics. Most new democracies are distinguished by the presence of successors to the former ruling parties. These successors may simply be accepted as normal players in the democratic game, but there are good reasons to believe they will be treated differently by other parties. After all, the successor parties are associated with regimes that, at best, restricted fundamental human rights and, at worst, murdered or imprisoned significant portions of their countries’ populations. It is thus reasonable
Quercetin Impacts Expression of Metabolism- and Obesity-Associated Genes in SGBS Adipocytes

Obesity is characterized by the rapid expansion of visceral adipose tissue, resulting in a hypoxic environment in adipose tissue which leads to a profound change of gene expression in adipocytes. As a consequence, there is a dysregulation of metabolism and adipokine secretion in adipose tissue leading to the development of systemic inflammation and finally resulting in the onset of metabolic diseases. The flavonoid quercetin as well as other secondary plant metabolites also referred to as phytochemicals have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects known to be protective in view of obesity-related-diseases. Nevertheless, its underlying molecular mechanism is still obscure and thus the focus of this study was to explore the influence of quercetin on human SGBS (Simpson Golabi Behmel Syndrome) adipocytes’ gene expression. We revealed for the first time that quercetin significantly changed expression of adipokine (Angptl4, adipsin, irisin and PAI-1) and glycolysis-involved (ENO2, PFKP and PFKFB4) genes, and that this effect not only antagonized but in part even overcompensated the effect mediated by hypoxia in adipocytes. Thus, these results are explained by the recently proposed hypothesis that the protective effect of quercetin is not solely due to its free radical-scavenging activity but also to a direct effect on mitochondrial processes, and they demonstrate that quercetin might have the potential to counteract the development of obesity-associated complications.
Are Those Paid More Really More Productive? The Case of Experience

This study uses computerized personnel microdata on the white male managerial and professional employees at a major U.S. corporation to address the following question: Can the additional earnings which are associated with more labor market experience at a point in time really be explained by higher productivity at the same point in time? Our answer to this question, based on both cross-sectional and longitudinal information, is that performance plays a substantially smaller role in explaining cross-sectional experience-earnings differentials and earnings growth than is claimed by those who have adopted the human capital explanation of the experience-earnings profile. This response depends critically on our assumption that the performance ratings which supervisors give to their white male managerial and professional subordinates adequately reflect the subordinates' relative productivity in the year of assessment; we present a great deal of evidence which strongly supports this assumption.
Odor and Noise Intolerance in Persons with Self-Reported Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity

Lack of confirmation of symptoms attributed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and triggered by EMF exposure has highlighted the role of individual factors. Prior observations indicate intolerance to other types of environmental exposures among persons with electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS). This study assessed differences in odor and noise intolerance between persons with EHS and healthy controls by use of subscales and global measures of the Chemical Sensitivity Scale (CSS) and the Noise Sensitivity Scale (NSS). The EHS group scored significantly higher than the controls on all CSS and NSS scales. Correlation coefficients between CSS and NSS scores ranged from 0.60 to 0.65 across measures. The findings suggest an association between EHS and odor and noise intolerance, encouraging further investigation of individual factors for understanding EMF-related symptoms.
Lossless Compression of Microarray Images

Microarray experiments are characterized by a massive amount of data in the form of images. Since the interest in microarray technology is growing nowadays, a large number of microarray images is currently being produced. In this paper, we present a lossless method for efficiently compress microarray images based on arithmetic coding using a 3D context model. Our method produces an embedded bit-stream that allows progressive decoding. We present the compression results using a large set of images and compare these results with three image coding standards, namely, lossless JPEG2000, JBIG and JPEG-LS. We also compare our results with the two most recent specialized methods, using a common set of images. The proposed method gives better results for all images of the test set.
Similar VLDL-TG Storage in Visceral and Subcutaneous Fat in Obese and Lean Women

OBJECTIVE Excess visceral fat accumulation is associated with the metabolic disturbances of obesity. Differential lipid redistribution through lipoproteins may affect body fat distribution. This is the first study to investigate VLDL-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) storage in visceral fat. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Nine upper-body obese (UBO; waist circumference >88 cm) and six lean (waist circumference <80 cm) women scheduled for elective tubal ligation surgery were studied. VLDL-TG storage in visceral, upper-body subcutaneous (UBSQ), and lower-body subcutaneous (LBSQ) fat were measured with [9,10-3H]-triolein–labeled VLDL. RESULTS VLDL-TG storage in visceral fat accounted for only ∼0.8% of VLDL-TG turnover in UBO and lean women, respectively. A significantly larger proportion of VLDL-TG turnover was stored in UBSQ (∼5%) and LBSQ (∼4%) fat. The VLDL-TG fractional storage was similar in UBO and lean women for all regional depots. VLDL-TG fractional storage and VLDL-TG concentration were correlated in UBO women in UBSQ fat (r = 0.68, P = 0.04), whereas an inverse association was observed for lean women in visceral (r = −0.89, P = 0.02) and LBSQ (r = −0.87, P = 0.02) fat. CONCLUSIONS VLDL-TG storage efficiency is similar in all regional fat depots, and trafficking of VLDL-TG into different adipose tissue depots is similar in UBO and lean women. Postabsorptive VLDL-TG storage is unlikely to be of major importance in the development of preferential upper-body fat distribution in obese women.
COMPARATIVE NUMERICAL ANALYSES OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE UNDER SEISMIC ACTION

Numerical procedures for predicting reinforced concrete (RC) frames behavior, subjected to severe solicitation in particular earthquake, is nowadays a very important challenge in earthquake engineering field. The development of finite element (FE) codes generated multiple models of discretization associated to various rules of concrete and steel materials behavior. Indeed, both the coupling of these highly heterogeneous materials requires a fairly extensive behavior study including a maximum of parameters for better structure response simulation under seismic actions. Although, theoretically the most satisfying RC frames seismic analysis model involves the application of inelastic time-history dynamic analysis of three dimensional model of RC frames. Nowadays, this model seems to be too expensive or impractical due to the structures size and complexity. However, the simplified models applied to nonlinear static method can offer a good damage and safety evaluation of buildings' dynamic behavior. Other aims for RC structures seismic analysis are to be noticed, either for safety margins determination of the existing structures or the new buildings design. This work aims to expose the most used existing approaches in seismic numerical analysis and carry out a comparative study with the goal of evaluating the capacity of each method. Four models of seismic analyses are considered: dynamic, static, linear and nonlinear. Predictions are confronted with experimental results obtained from shake table tests. Furthermore, aiming to have a complete seismic analysis, three FE discretization models were studied for different scales. Hence, detailed knowledge of each approach was gotten from this procedure, deducing as a result the advantages and disadvantages of each model (reliability, computational time and domain of applicability), and providing a full database for reliability development and numerical methods robustness in earthquake, complying with the seismic design European standard recommendations. Comparing numerical and experimental results, a satisfying concordance is obtained when considering the initial structure damage. These results will be a good asset to assess the impact of uncertain parameters on seismic hazard and nonlinear response, through robust and simplified approach development of RC structures vulnerability estimating in civil engineering.
Other-regarding behavior under collective action

In many collective action settings, such as decisions on public education or climate change mitigation, actions of a group have welfare consequences for themselves as well as their followers. We conduct laboratory experiments with two-stage predecessor-follower prisoners' dilemma and coordination games with dynamic externalities to study whether concerns for the followers' welfare affect the predecessors' behavior. We find that predecessors often give up own payoffs to avoid imposing negative externalities on the followers, but not to generate positive externalities for the followers. A concern for the followers aligned with own group payoff maximization motive helps to resolve socialdilemma and coordination problems; yet, a conffict in motives greatly exacerbates both free-riding and coordination on the payoff-inferior equilibrium. We also find strong evidence of social learning: the followers tend to blindly mimic their own predecessor, but act opposite to their match's predecessor, no matter whether these actions are welfare-improving or not.
Agonist-Induced Internalization of Serotonin-1A Receptors in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (Autoreceptors) But Not Hippocampus (Heteroreceptors)

Serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptors in the CNS are a major target for psychotropic drugs. In nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) and hippocampus (CA3), the selective 5-HT1A agonist (+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) reduces the firing activity of serotoninergic (5-HT) and pyramidal neurons, respectively. When located on 5-HT (autoreceptors), but not on non-5-HT (heteroreceptors) neurons, 5-HT1A receptors are known to be subject to desensitization. Using quantitative electron microscopy after pre-embedding immunogold labeling with specific antibodies, we examined the subcellular distribution of these receptors after acute administration of 8-OH-DPAT (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.). Silver-intensified immunogold particles associated with the plasma membrane or the cytoplasm were counted in somata and dendrites within the NRD, 15 min, 1 hr and 24 hr after 8-OH-DPAT injection, and in hippocampal dendrites 1 hr after the same treatment. Significant decrease in the density of membrane labeling and concomitant increase of cytoplasmic labeling were demonstrated in the NRD, 15 min and 1 hr after 8-OH-DPAT administration, with a return to baseline level at 24 hr. Internalization was blocked by previous administration of the 5-HT1A antagonistN-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexane-carboxamide (WAY 100635), which, by itself, was without apparent effect. In hippocampus (CA3), there were no apparent changes in the distribution of the receptor after 8-OH-DPAT administration. These findings are in line with earlier results showing a desensitization of 5-HT1A autoreceptors but not heteroreceptors after treatment with 5-HT1A receptor agonist. They suggest that this desensitization is the result of autoreceptor internalization.
Routing, Spectrum, and core and/or mode assignment on space-division multiplexing optical networks [invited]

Elastic optical networks (EONs) are considered to be one of the promising future networks for spectrum flexibility. In conventional wavelength-division multiplexing networks, routing and wavelength assignment is one of the key issues, whereas the routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) problem considerably affects the network performance in EONs. In addition, the data-center traffic and mobile back-haul traffic keeps increasing. To deal with such increasing capacity of applications, spacedivision multiplexing (SDM) technologies such as multicore fiber (MCF) and multi-mode fiber (MMF) have been intensively researched. From the network perspective, this paper focuses on the routing, spectrum, and core and/or mode assignment (RSCMA) problem for future SDMEONs. Introducing MCF or MMF further complicates the RSA problem because the fiber core or mode dimension is newly expanded. In addition, physical impairment caused by MCF or MMF must be considered. In this paper, the target RSCMA problem is first divided into routing and SCMA problems, and a pre-computation method based on the K-shortest path is introduced as the routing solution. Next, we propose SCMA methods with efficiency and flexibility awareness, exploiting prioritized area concept and crosstalk awareness depending on whether MCF or MMF supports intercore/intermode crosstalk. Finally, the paper evaluates and compares the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms with that of representative algorithms.
Comparison of Enterococcus Species Diversity in Marine Water and Wastewater Using Enterolert and EPA Method 1600

EPA Method 1600 and Enterolert are used interchangeably to measure Enterococcus for fecal contamination of public beaches, but the methods occasionally produce different results. Here we assess whether these differences are attributable to the selectivity for certain species within the Enterococcus group. Both methods were used to obtain 1279 isolates from 17 environmental samples, including influent and effluent of four wastewater treatment plants, ambient marine water from seven different beaches, and freshwater urban runoff from two stream systems. The isolates were identified to species level. Detection of non-Enterococcus species was slightly higher using Enterolert (8.4%) than for EPA Method 1600 (5.1%). E. faecalis and E. faecium, commonly associated with human fecal waste, were predominant in wastewater; however, Enterolert had greater selectivity for E. faecalis, which was also shown using a laboratory-created sample. The same species selectivity was not observed for most beach water and urban runoff samples. These samples had relatively higher proportions of plant associated species, E. casseliflavus (18.5%) and E. mundtii (5.7%), compared to wastewater, suggesting environmental inputs to beaches and runoff. The potential for species selectivity among water testing methods should be considered when assessing the sanitary quality of beaches so that public health warnings are based on indicators representative of fecal sources.