Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mother‐reported sleep, accelerometer‐estimated sleep and weight status in Mexican American children: sleep duration is associated with increased adiposity and risk for overweight/obese status

We know of no studies comparing parent‐reported sleep with accelerometer‐estimated sleep in their relation to paediatric adiposity. We examined: (i) the reliability of mother‐reported sleep compared with accelerometer‐estimated sleep; and (ii) the relationship between both sleep measures and child adiposity. The current cross‐sectional study included 303 Mexican American mother–child pairs recruited from Kaiser Permanente Northern California. We measured sleep duration using maternal report and accelerometry and child anthropometrics. Concordance between sleep measures was evaluated using the Bland–Altman method. We conducted zero‐ordered correlations between mother‐reported sleep, accelerometer‐estimated sleep and child BMI z‐scores (BMIz). Using linear regression, we examined three models to assess child BMIz with mother‐reported sleep (model 1), accelerometer‐estimated sleep (model 2) and both sleep measures (model 3). Children had an average age of 8.86 years (SD = 0.82). Mothers reported that their child slept 9.81 ± 0.74 h [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.72, 9.89], compared to 9.58 ± 0.71 h (95% CI: 9.50, 9.66) based on accelerometry. Mother‐reported sleep and accelerometer‐estimated sleep were correlated (r = 0.33, P < 0.001). BMIz outcomes were associated negatively with mother‐reported sleep duration (model 1: β = −0.13; P = 0.02) and accelerometer‐estimated sleep duration (model 2: β = −0.17; P < 0.01). Accounting for both sleep measures, only accelerometer‐measured sleep was related to BMIz (model 3: β = −0.14, P = 0.02). Each sleep measure was related significantly to adiposity, independent of covariates. Accelerometry appeared to be a more reliable measure of children's sleep than maternal report, yet maternal report may be sufficient to examine the sleep–adiposity relationship when resources are limited.
Graft-versus-Leukemia Effect Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Leukemia

The success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) lies with the ability of the engrafting immune system to remove residual leukemia cells via a graft-versus-leukemia effect (GvL), caused either spontaneously post-HSCT or via donor lymphocyte infusion. GvL effects can also be initiated by allogenic mismatched natural killer cells, antigen-specific T cells, and activated dendritic cells of leukemic origin. The history and further application of this GvL effect and the main mechanisms will be discussed and reviewed in this chapter.
Life on steroids: bodybuilders describe their perceptions of the anabolic-androgenic steroid use period.

A significant amount of attention has been given to the psychological effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use in sport (Bahrke, Yesalis, & Wright, 1996). However, apart from a few selected case studies, a relative dearth of information has been provided concerning the subjective experience of people using AAS. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of 10 men who were using or had previously used AAS. The participants in this study were weight trainers with primarily a bodybuilding emphasis. All had used AAS at some point in their training experience. The study involved in-depth interviews focusing on the AAS use experience. Nine of the 10 men described their AAS use experience in a very favorable manner. The men perceived increases in muscle mass, strength, peer recognition, social status, sexual performance, and vocational performance. These findings are discussed relative to current AAS educational programs and interventions.
On the Values of Kloosterman Sums

Given a prime p and a positive integer n, we show that the shifted Kloosterman sums Sigma<sub>xisinF</sub> <sub>p</sub> <sub>n</sub>Psi(x + alphax<sup>pn-2</sup>)=Sigma<sub>xisinF*</sub> <sub>p</sub> <sub>n</sub>Psi(x+alphax<sup>-1</sup>)+1, alphaisinF*<sub>p</sub>n where Psi is a nontrivial additive character of a finite field F<sub>p</sub>n of p<sup>n</sup> elements, do not vanish if alpha belongs to a small subfield F<sub>p</sub>m sube F<sub>p</sub>n. This complements recent results of P. Charpin and G. Gong which in turn were motivated by some applications to bent functions.
Thyroid hormones response in simulated laboratory sprint duathlon

Alvero-Cruz JR, Ronconi M, Carrillo de Albornoz M, Garcia-Romero JC, Rosado-Velazquez D, de Diego Acosta AM. Thyroid hormones response in simulated laboratory sprint duathlon. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 323-327, 2011. Increased activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis, plays a role in adaptations to exercise. The aim of this study was to assess changes in thyroid hormones (TH) in a simulated laboratory competition of sprint duathlon. Eight duathletes trained males [mean (SD), age 24.8 (6.8) years, height 174.4 (6.8) cm, body mass 67.12 (8.1) kg] participate in this study. The duathletes performed two graded maximal exercise in random order, one on cycle-ergometer and other on a treadmill, to determine their VO2peak. Simulated laboratory competition was carried out during 20 min Run1, 40 min Bike and 12 min Run2 sectors. A blood sample was drawn to determine serum concentrations of TSH, T4, T3 and were analyzed by chemiluminiscence. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze differences among sectors and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between TH and exercise intensity. Athletes perform a high intensity exercise reaching high mean values of aerobic power (89.6 ± 6.1, 85.1 ± 8.7 and 87.1 ± 6.9 of %VO2 in Run1, Bike and Run2 respectively). TSH shown differences between -30 min and Run2 (p 0.05). Significant inverse correlations between T3 (r= -0.86) and T4 (r= -0.86) and percent VO2 (p<0.01) were found. The hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis show significant changes in TSH. Thus our results suggest, at least partly, an association between both T3 and T4 with intensity of competition as percent of VO2 in athletes with normal thyroid function during intense and submaximal exercise simulating a duathlon competition. The decrease of TH in relation to exercise intensity is due to the use of peripheral tissues. In conclusion our findings suggest that thyroid function might play a role related to exercises performed to
Promoting positive attitudes toward people with Down Syndrome: The benefit of school inclusion programs

The effects of school inclusion programs on male and female nondisabled students’ stereotypes and attitudes toward people with Down syndrome were studied. Nondisabled students (11–15 years of age) from schools with and without inclusion programs reported positive and negative attitudes toward people with Down syndrome. As hypothesized, girls and students attending schools with inclusion programs showed more favorable attitudes toward people with Down syndrome than did boys and students attending schools without inclusion programs, respectively. Interaction effects of school system and sex of participant suggest that boys’ attitudes, in particular, benefit from inclusive schooling. The study provides evidence for the effectiveness of inclusion programs in ameliorating prejudice and intergroup anxiety; and in promoting positive attitudes, affect, and trust. Can an educational environment that includes both disabled and nondisabled students change nondisabled students’ attitudes toward disabled people? In this article, we attempt to answer this question by comparing the effects of inclusive and noninclusive school programs in Chile on attitudes toward one particular target group: people with Down syndrome.
Proposal of a Modified Cancer of the Liver Italian Program Staging System Based on the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Loco-Regional Therapy

BACKGROUND:The Cancer of Liver Italian Program (CLIP) system was suggested as the primary staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) is a better prognostic predictor for cirrhotic patients compared to Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) system, which is a parameter used in the CLIP model.AIM:To investigate the performance of the modified MELD-based CLIP systems.METHODS:The CTP class in the CLIP model was replaced with MELD score (<10, 10–14, >14; modified CLIP-1), or additional 1 or 2 points were given to patients with MELD score 10–14 or >14, respectively (modified CLIP-2). The modified CLIP systems were compared with the original system in 343 HCC patients undergoing loco-regional therapy.RESULTS:The original CLIP score in all patients was 1.2 ± 1.1 (range 0–5), compared with 1.4 ± 1.2 (range 0–5) for modified CLIP-1 and 1.7 ± 1.4 (range 0–6) for modified CLIP-2 models (p < 0.001). Using mortality as the endpoint, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve for modified CLIP-2 system was 0.858 compared with 0.812 for modified CLIP-1 (p= 0.013) and 0.782 for original CLIP system (p < 0.001) at 12 months; the area was 0.879, 0.830, and 0.762, respectively (p all < 0.001) at 24 months. Survival analysis showed that the modified CLIP systems had a better long-term discriminatory ability for different score groups.CONCLUSIONS:The CLIP model is useful to predict the outcome in HCC patients undergoing loco-regional therapy. The MELD-based modified CLIP systems may have a better predictive ability than the original model for cancer staging.
Perceptions of HRM and their effect on dimensions of innovative work behaviour: Evidence from a manufacturing firm

Research has shown that employees’ innovative work behaviour is important for the competitive advantage of organizations. However, the question of how this innovative work behaviour can be stimulated remains unanswered. The purpose of this paper is to test empirically the effect of perceptions of four high-commitment HR practices on three dimensions of innovative work behaviour by production workers. Disentangling three dimensions of innovative work behaviour makes it conceptually possible to determine how perceived HRM can stimulate three different behavioural types linked to idea generation, idea championing, and idea application. The results of a survey among 328 workers in a Dutch manufacturing company show that four perceived HR practices (supportive supervision, training and development, information sharing, and compensation) have an effect on all three dimensions of innovative work behaviour. Overall, positively perceived supportive supervision was found to be the most beneficial practice for innovative work behaviour.
Emotional and adrenocortical regulation in early adolescence

The aim of the present study was to examine differences in emotion expression and emotion regulation in emotion-eliciting situations in early adolescence from a bio-psycho-social perspective, specifically investigating the influence of early mother-infant attachment and attachment disorganization on behavioural and adrenocortical responses. The sample consisted of 96 children of the Regensburg Longitudinal Study IV. At age 12 months, attachment security and disorganization were assessed in the Strange Situation. At age 12 years, the adolescents were observed together with their mother during a computer game (eliciting anger) and the “Talk Show Task” (eliciting fear). Analyses included self-ratings and mother-ratings of the adolescents’ emotions (anger and fear), observations of the adolescents’ emotional expression and emotional regulation (social regulation, effective regulation) as well as concurrent maternal emotional support. In addition, adrenocortical activity was assessed from saliva samples before and after observation. The findings revealed different patterns of social-emotional responses depending on early attachment security. Adolescents with secure infant attachment reported more anger, when anger was induced, were rated as less anxious by their mothers, and their emotion self-ratings were more similar to their mothers’ ratings compared to adolescents with an early insecure attachment. An increased adrenocortical response was only found in the group of adolescents with attachment disorganization in infancy, especially with increased fear.
Growing Metaphors

By reviewing the theory of metaphor, it can be shown how metaphors need not solely be linguistic but can include actions and objects. This allows for metaphors to be found and recognized in the archaeological record. Furthermore, some metaphors can be so pervasive and all-encompassing that they can determine the way people think and understand their world. During the later prehistoric period in Britain and north-western Europe, this article suggests that the agricultural cycle formed such a metaphor. Elements of agricultural production can be found in many diverse contexts and an examination of these indicates the way in which people understood and conceptualized their lives. Their aim was to situate social reproduction in the timeless and unchanging cycle of agricultural production. If people could show that they were as permanent as the land upon which they lived then possibly they could claim that land with equal permanence and, there-after, keep it as their own.
An Empirical Study on the Impact of an IDE Tool Support in the Pair and Solo Programming

The adoption of Agile software development approaches has been widespread. One well-known Agile approach is extreme programming, which encompasses twelve practices of which pair programming is one of them. Although various aspects of pair programming have been studied, we have not found, under a traditional setting of pair programming, studies that examine the impact of using a tool support, such as an integrated development environment (IDE) or a simple text editor. In an attempt to obtain a better understanding of the impact of using an IDE in this field, we present the results of a controlled experiment that expose the influence on quality, measured as the number of defects injected per hour, and cost, measured as the time necessary to complete a programming assignment, of pair and solo programming with and without the use of an IDE. For quality, our findings suggest that the use of an IDE results in significantly higher defect injection rates (for both pairs and solos) when the programming assignment is not very complicated. Nevertheless, defect injection rates seem to decrease when pairs work on more complicated programming assignments irrespective of the tool support that they use. For cost, the programming assignment significantly affects the time needed to complete the assignment. In relation to the programming type, pairs and solos performed in a similar way with regards to quality and cost.
Durations of Stimuli Displayed on Video Display Terminals: (n - 1)/f + Persistence

Video display terminals (VDTs) have become the most popular apparatus for displaying stimuli in psychophysical experiments. Driven by modern desktop computers, they afford convenience and flexibility. There are dangers and limitations inherent in the technology, however. The problems include limited resolution, brightness, and contrast, as well as fixed wavelength contributions to color balance. In addition, VDT users may be susceptible to such symptoms as accommodative error (Jaschinski-Kruza, 1991; Schleifer, Sauter, Smith, & Knutson, 1990) and horizontal heterophoria (Dain, McCarthy, & Chan-ling, 1988). Kennedy and Murray (1991), using a lexical decision task, found that flicker resulted in saccadic irregularities. At low refresh rates, subjects misjudge the extent of target displacements that take place during saccades, in the direction of a breakdown in space constancy (Macknik, Fisher, & Bridgeman, 1991). A serious and largely unrecognized danger is misinterpretation and limited control over stimulus duration at the millisecond time scale. All VDTs are illuminated by a spot moving rapidly across the screen in a raster pattern, covering the surface 60 to 120 times per second. Visual persistence makes screen illumination appear continuous, because the raster rates exceed the critical flicker fusion rate. Scanning begins with a single horizontal row of pixels illuminated successively across the screen. Just after the end of the scan, a horizontal synchronization pulse triggers another scan, slightly lower on the screen. At the end of the final scan, a vertical synch pulse restarts the raster at the beginning. Early VDTs were strobed at 60 Hz, but as large screens with bright backgrounds were introduced, flicker in peripheral vision became noticeable. For this reason, faster strobe rates were introduced—66 Hz in Sony Trinitron tubes, then in several tubes at refresh rates of 75 Hz, 100 Hz, and 120 Hz. All of these rates are in use today. The motivation for faster rates was solely to avoid visible flicker; the industrial standard for VDTs states only that flicker should not be visible for 90% of users.
Anger in the workplace: An emotion script approach to anger episodes between workers and their superiors, co-workers and subordinates

The overall aim of this study was to investigate laypeople's accounts of the causes, features, and consequences of workplace anger episodes and to examine similarities and differences amongst superiors', co-workers' and subordinates' anger experiences. One hundred and seventy-five respondents participated in structured interviews about a work-related anger episode with a superior, co-worker, or subordinate. Various features of the anger episodes differed according to the status of the respondent, with superiors angered by morally reprehensible behaviors and job incompetence, co-workers angered by morally reprehensible behaviors and public humiliation, and subordinates angered by unjust treatment. Subordinates were less likely than superiors to confront the anger target and more likely to consider the incident unresolved. Humiliating offences elicited more intense hate than non-humiliating offences; hate was also negatively associated with situational power and with a perceived successful resolution of the anger-eliciting event. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed in relation to the role of power in the experience and expression of anger in the workplace. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revised National Estimates of Emergency Department Visits for Sepsis in the United States*

Objectives: The emergency department is an important venue for initial sepsis recognition and care. We sought to determine contemporary estimates of the epidemiology of U.S. emergency department visits for sepsis. Design: Analysis of data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Setting: U.S. emergency department visits, 2009–2011. Patients: Adult (age, ≥ 18 yr) emergency department sepsis patients. We defined serious infection as an emergency department diagnosis of a serious infection or a triage temperature greater than 38°C or less than 36°C. We defined three emergency department sepsis classifications: 1) original emergency department sepsis—serious infection plus emergency department diagnosis of organ dysfunction, endotracheal intubation, or systolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg or explicit sepsis emergency department diagnoses; 2) quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment emergency department sepsis—serious infection plus presence of at least two “quick” Sequential Organ Failure Assessment criteria (Glasgow Coma Scale ⩽ 14, respiratory rate ≥ 22 breaths/min, or systolic blood pressure ⩽ 100 mm Hg); and 3) revised emergency department sepsis—original or quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment emergency department sepsis. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: We used survey design and weighting variables to produce national estimates of annual adult emergency department visits using updated sepsis classifications. Over 2009–2011, there were 103,257,516 annual adult emergency department visits. The estimated number of emergency department sepsis visits were as follows: 1) original emergency department sepsis 665,319 (0.64%; 95% CI, 0.57–0.73); 2) quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment emergency department sepsis 318,832 (0.31%; 95% CI, 0.26–0.37); and 3) revised emergency department sepsis 847,868 (0.82%; 95% CI, 0.74–0.91). Conclusions: Sepsis continues to present a major burden to U.S. emergency departments, affecting up to nearly 850,000 emergency department visits annually. Updated sepsis classifications may impact national estimates of emergency department sepsis epidemiology.
Entorhinal cortex of the mouse: Cytoarchitectonical organization

The present study describes the cytoarchitectonical and chemoarchitectonical organization of the entorhinal cortex of the mouse (C57BL/6J strain). The entorhinal cortex is medially bordered by the parasubiculum, and laterally by the perirhinal cortex; rostrally and medially it is bordered by the piriform cortex, whereas caudally and dorsally it is bordered by the postrhinal cortex. The entorhinal cortex is divided into two main areas, i.e., the lateral entorhinal area (LEA) and the medial entorhinal area (MEA). Both entorhinal areas are further divided into subfields, i.e., LEA is divided into DLE (dorsolateral entorhinal field), DIE (dorsal intermediate entorhinal field), and VIE (ventral intermediate entorhinal field), whereas MEA is divided into CE (caudal entorhinal field) and ME (medial entorhinal field). Cytoarchitectonically, the main difference between LEA and MEA is displayed by layer II neurons: while these are in a dense layer in LEA, they are more dispersed in MEA. Further, in LEA there is a relatively cell‐free zone between layers II and III; this zone is not present in MEA. Histochemically, in acetylcholinesterase (AChE)‐stained material, MEA is characterized by darker‐stained bands in the superficial layer (i.e., layer I) and in the lamina dissecans, in contrast to LEA, which is more evenly stained for AChE. Further, both the border with the perirhinal cortex and the border with the parasubiculum are characterized by dark‐stained bands of AChE. The border between the entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex is also easily distinguished in parvalbumin‐stained material; while the entorhinal cortex is darkly stained, the perirhinal cortex is lightly stained. In contrast, in sections stained for calretinin, the entorhinal cortex is more lightly stained than the parasubiculum, which has a darkly stained superficial layer, and a densely stained group of neurons in layer III. Hippocampus 2001;11:397–407. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Endocarditis: A View From the Community Hospital

Review of our experience with infectious endocarditis at a single community hospital showed coagulase-negative staphylococci to be our leading cause of endocarditis. The pathogenesis of coagulase-negative staphylococcal endocarditis (CNSE) involved either hematogenous seeding of native or prosthetic valves, or direct implantation at surgery. Cases involving native valves demonstrated an acute onset and rapidly deteriorating course, while prosthetic valve endocarditis was more indolent; both types were associated with multiple complications. Although the number of our cases is small, mortality from native valve CNSE was higher than that of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Patients treated medically fared better than those receiving both medical and surgical treatment, though the medically treated group may not have been as ill as those having valve replacement. Vancomycin caused serious adverse effects in two of the five patients receiving it.
Intercellular communication between lymphocytes in vitro. Fluorescein‐permeable junctions, their enhancement by lysolecithin and their reduction by a synthetic immunosuppressive lysolecithin analogue

We demonstrate that (anti‐immunoglobulin‐stimulated) lymphocytes can form transient fluorescein‐permeable contacts with unstimulated cells, allowing rapid intercellular flow of fluorescein. We quantified the process by fluorescence microscopy and flow‐cytofluorometry and reason that the phenomenon might reflect cooperation between lymphocytes; alternative explanations are not excluded.