Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An attributional analysis of achievement motivation.

Six experiments arc reported which relate achievement motivation to causal ascription. The first three experiments revealed that the evaluation of achievement-related outcomes is positively related to the amount of expended effort, but inversely related to level of ability. Evaluative differences between social classes (Experiment II), and disparities between selfand other-judgments (Experiment III) also were examined. In Experiments IV and V individual differences in locus of causality were related to level of achievement needs. The results of these investigations indicate that individuals high in resultant achievement motivation are more likely to take personal responsibility for success than individuals low in achievement motivation. Clear differences in perceived responsibility for failure were not exhibited between the two motive groups. Finally, in Experiment VI risk-preference behavior and Atkinson's theory of achievement motivation were construed in attribution theory language. It was contended that cognitions about causality mediate between level of achievement needs and performance.
When the Cystic Fibrosis Label Does Not Fit: A Modified Uncertainty Theory

In this grounded, dimensional analysis we describe the experiences of five couples whose infants had equivocal diagnostic test results following positive genetic newborn screens for cystic fibrosis. We analyzed interview data collected at two points during each infant’s first year. Uncertainty emerged as the central thematic dimension. Results showed that parents passed through a series of stages similar to the process described in Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory (UIT), thus extending the application of the theory to circumstances in which the very presence of an illness is uncertain. Findings informed a modified version of the UIT comprised of five domains: stimuli frame, degree of uncertainty, opportunity— danger continuum, affective responses, and coping. This model incorporates Morse’s conception of suffering. Three contextual domains influenced parents’ experiences at various junctures along the uncertainty trajectory: individual characteristics, structure providers, and time. We discuss implications of the model for future research and clinical practice relative to genetic testing.
Performance of Occupations in Daily Life Among Individuals with Severe Mental Disorders

Abstract The aims of this study were to describe self-perceived capability to perform daily occupations, functional cognitive ability and differences between self-perceived capability to perform daily occupations and cognitive levels among individuals with severe mental disorders. Fifty-one persons participated in the study. The participants completed a structured interview concerning their own perceived experiences of daily occupations, they were also observed during performance of a standardized task and assigned a cognitive level score. The results showed that most participants perceived small problems in Activities of Daily Living. On the other hand, Play and Leisure Activities seemed problematic to them. The participants' cognitive levels seem to correlate with their performance of Work and Productive Activities. The results also showed that a structural tool focusing on capability to perform daily occupations enabled mentally disabled persons to have a perspective of their own. Together with observed assessment it gave complementary information about these people's occupational performance. These shared identified occupational problems could serve as a foundation for planning individually adapted interventions.
Role of ginger against the reproductive toxicity of aluminium chloride in albino male rats.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate reproductive disorders concomitant with aluminium chloride (AlCl(3) ) toxicity in Albino male rats. Attention was also directed to study the protective influence of ginger against this toxicity. Forty-five mature Albino Wistar male rats were equally divided into three groups; the first group was served as control group while those of the second group (AlCl(3) ) were daily treated with 34 mg/kg bw. AlCl(3) orally. The third group (AlCl(3) + ginger) was treated daily with AlCl(3) as in group 2 in combination with ginger (40 mg/kg bw), which started 2 weeks prior to AlCl(3) . Five animals from each group were sacrificed on days 30, 45 and 60 of treatment. AlCl(3) administration significantly decreased serum testosterone levels, increased testicular homogenate malondialdehyde and deteriorated semen picture with increased testicular DNA fragmentation. Histopathological examination revealed degenerative changes of the seminiferous tubules with focal areas of necrosed spermatogenic cells, marked degeneration and desquamation of the lining epithelial cells of epididymis as well as multiple calcified material in prostate gland following 60 days of aluminium treatment. Ginger treatment started to improve significantly all studied parameters after 60 days as compared with AlCl(3) -treated group. In the current study, it was concluded that AlCl(3) had a destructive effect on all the studied reproductive parameters. Treatment with ginger has an ameliorating effect against AlCl(3) toxicity after 60 days post-treatment.
The Timing of Regular Sequences: Production, Perception, and Covariation

The temporal structure of behavior provides information that allows the tracking of temporal regularity in the sensory and sensorimotor domains. In turn, temporal regularity allows the generation of predictions about upcoming events and to adjust behavior accordingly. These mechanisms are essential to ensure behavior beyond the level of mere reaction. However, efficient temporal processing is required to establish adequate internal representations of temporal structure. The current study used two simple paradigms, namely, finger-tapping at a regular self-chosen rate (spontaneous motor tempo) and ERPs of the EEG (EEG/ERP) recorded during attentive listening to temporally regular and irregular “oddball” sequences to explore the capacity to encode and use temporal regularity in production and perception. The results show that specific aspects of the ability to time a regular sequence of events in production covary with the ability to time a regular sequence in perception, probably pointing toward the engagement of domain-general mechanisms.
High-level area estimation

Early power estimation requires one to estimate the area (gate count) of a design from a high-level description. We propose a method to do this that makes use of the concept of Boolean networks (BN) and introduces an invariant area complexity measure which captures the gate-count requirement of a design. The method can be adapted to be used at different points on the area/delay tradeoff curve, with different synthesizer/mapper tools, and different target gate libraries. The area model is experimentally verified and tested using a number of ISCAS and MCNC benchmark circuits and two different target cell libraries, on two different synthesis systems.
Kidney Injury Molecule‐1 is an Early Noninvasive Indicator for Donor Brain Death‐Induced Injury Prior to Kidney Transplantation

With more marginal deceased donors affecting graft viability, there is a need for specific parameters to assess kidney graft quality at the time of organ procurement in the deceased donor. Recently, kidney injury molecule‐1 (Kim‐1) was described as an early biomarker of renal proximal tubular damage. We assessed Kim‐1 in a small animal brain death model as an early and noninvasive marker for donor‐derived injury related to brain death and its sequelae, with subsequent confirmation in human donors.
Economic Dominance, the “American Dream,” and Homicide: A Cross‐National Test of Institutional Anomie Theory

This article presents a cross-national test of Messner and Rosenfeld's (1994) institutional anomie theory. Drawing on multiple data sources, including the United Nations, World Bank, World Values Survey, and Heritage Foundation, we examine relationships between economic dominance, indicators of culture, and homicide among a sample of 50 nations. Additionally, we assess the thesis of “American exceptionalism,” a unique cultural complex implicated by Messner and Rosenfeld as a cause of high rates of serious crime in the United States. Results from OLS regression models provide mixed support for the theory. While none of the theoretical predictors exhibits a statistically significant direct effect on homicide, findings suggest that homicide occurs most often in countries where free-market principles and practices drive the economy and where core cultural commitments are oriented toward achievement, individualism, fetishism of money, and universalism. However, contrary to expectations, the impact of a market-driven economy is not more pronounced in countries with weakened non-economic institutions, and results provide only limited evidence in support of the American exceptionalism thesis. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Normotension, hypertension and body fluid regulation: brain and kidney

The fraction of hypertensive patients with essential hypertension (EH) is decreasing as the knowledge of mechanisms of secondary hypertension increases, but in most new cases of hypertension the pathophysiology remains unknown. Separate neurocentric and renocentric concepts of aetiology have prevailed without much interaction. In this regard, several questions regarding the relationships between body fluid and blood pressure regulation are pertinent. Are all forms of EH associated with sympathetic overdrive or a shift in the pressure–natriuresis curve? Is body fluid homoeostasis normally driven by the influence of arterial blood pressure directly on the kidney? Does plasma renin activity, driven by renal nerve activity and renal arterial pressure, provide a key to stratification of EH? Our review indicates that (i) a narrow definition of EH is useful; (ii) in EH, indices of cardiovascular sympathetic activity are elevated in about 50% of cases; (iii) in EH as in normal conditions, mediators other than arterial blood pressure are the major determinants of renal sodium excretion; (iv) chronic hypertension is always associated with a shift in the pressure–natriuresis curve, but this may be an epiphenomenon; (v) plasma renin levels are useful in the analysis of EH only after metabolic standardization and then determination of the renin function line (plasma renin as a function of sodium intake); and (vi) angiotensin II‐mediated hypertension is not a model of EH. Recent studies of baroreceptors and renal nerves as well as sodium intake and renin secretion help bridge the gap between the neurocentric and renocentric concepts.
Improving the Effectiveness of Testing Pervasive Software via Context Diversity

Context-aware pervasive software is responsive to various contexts and their changes. A faulty implementation of the context-aware features may lead to unpredictable behavior with adverse effects. In software testing, one of the most important research issues is to determine the sufficiency of a test suite to verify the software under test. Existing adequacy criteria for testing traditional software, however, have not explored the dimension of serial test inputs and have not considered context changes when constructing test suites. In this article, we define the concept of context diversity to capture the extent of context changes in serial inputs and propose three strategies to study how context diversity may improve the effectiveness of the data-flow testing criteria. Our case study shows that the strategy that uses test cases with higher context diversity can significantly improve the effectiveness of existing data-flow testing criteria for context-aware pervasive software. In addition, test suites with higher context diversity are found to execute significantly longer paths, which may provide a clue that reveals why context diversity can contribute to the improvement of effectiveness of test suites.
Academic Persistence and Achievement of Remedial Students in a Community College's College Success Program

Although entering freshmen generally perceive themselves as being capable of attaining their desired academic goals, educators have long recognized the gap between freshman optimism and the commitment needed to be successful academically (Chickering & Reisser, 1993). This gap often translates into students failing to meet the academic challenges of adjusting to college life, especially those encountered during their freshman year. The adjustment is particularly difficult for underprepared freshmen-those who require remedial classes. How effective are programs that are designed to bridge the gap for underprepared students? The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of one community college's College Success Program that was designed to assist underprepared freshmen in getting a solid start on their postsecondary careers.
Efficacy of bendamustine in relapsed/refractory myeloma patients: results from the French compassionate use program

Abstract One hundred and ten patients with multiple myeloma were treated with bendamustine as part of a French compassionate use program. To receive bendamustine, patients had to present with relapsed or refractory disease after prior therapies that had to include alkylators, steroids, IMiDs and bortezomib. The median number of bendamustine cycles administered was 4 (1–13). The overall response rate (≥ partial response) was 30%, including 2% complete responses. The median progression-free and overall survival for the entire cohort were 9.3 and 12.4 months, respectively. In this series of patients with advanced disease, both the response rate and the duration of response are encouraging and indicate that bendamustine presents a feasible option, which should be considered for the treatment of relapsed/refractory patients.
Living with cognitive-communicative difficulties following traumatic brain injury: Using a model of interpersonal communication to characterize the subjective experience

Abstract This study was undertaken to better understand the subjective experience of long-term cognitive-communicative impairments following severe cerebral insult. An additional aim was to explore the utility of a model of interpersonal communication in elucidating how such difficulties affect communicative interactions. Participants in the study were five dyads in which one member had sustained a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data collection and analysis utilized both qualitative and quantitative methodology. It was found that individuals with long-term TBI continue to experience significant communication difficulties, which in combination with problems of memory, fatigue and irritability commonly generate unsatisfactory interpersonal communication experiences. The model of interpersonal communication provided a useful framework for considering why these interactions are ineffective or unsatisfactory. It is felt that the methodology outlined in this paper may offer a useful means of investigating.
Capacity of Wireless Multi-hop Networks Using Physical Carrier Sense and Transmit Power Control

In this paper, we investigate the capacity of CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) based wireless multi-hop networks with random topologies described by the hop length distribution. First we develop an analytical model for the effective link capacity as a function of transmit power adaptation policy, physical carrier sense threshold, hop length distribution and medium access probability of p-persistent CSMA. Secondly, we devise an optimal transmit power control scheme that maximizes the network capacity by adjusting the transmit power and the corresponding physical carrier sense threshold. Thereafter, it is extended for the joint optimization of these parameters with the medium access probability of CSMA. Finally we compare the optimal power control scheme with the minimum transmit power policy in [1]. Results show that the proposed power control scheme optimally trades off the spatial reuse (number of interfering links) to the link SIR (Signal-to-Interference Ratio) and achieves an amount of ∼%15 increase in network capacity when both schemes employ joint optimization.
A Monitoring Method Based on FBG for Concrete Corrosion Cracking

Corrosion cracking of reinforced concrete caused by chloride salt is one of the main determinants of structure durability. Monitoring the entire process of concrete corrosion cracking is critical for assessing the remaining life of the structure and determining if maintenance is needed. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technology is extensively developed in photoelectric monitoring technology and has been used on many projects. FBG can detect the quasi-distribution of strain and temperature under corrosive environments, and thus it is suitable for monitoring reinforced concrete cracking. According to the mechanical principle that corrosion expansion is responsible for the reinforced concrete cracking, a package design of reinforced concrete cracking sensors based on FBG was proposed and investigated in this study. The corresponding relationship between the grating wavelength and strain was calibrated by an equal strength beam test. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by an electrically accelerated corrosion experiment. The fiber grating sensing technology was able to track the corrosion expansion and corrosion cracking in real time and provided data to inform decision-making for the maintenance and management of the engineering structure.
Assessment of Behavioral and Emotional Strengths in Black Children: Development of the Behavioral Assessment for Children of African Heritage

Absence of culturally relevant measures of Black children's strengths inhibits psychometrically sound strength-based assessment, research, and appropriate use of strengths as scaffolds or targets for clinical intervention. Moreover, the sparse research literature on Black children is primarily deficit focused. Beginning to address these problems, considerable input was sought from the Black community in constructing behavioral and emotional strength forms for Black children. Exploratory factor analyses conducted separately on 559 parent reports, 489 teacher reports, and 417 adolescent self-reports revealed two unidimensional cross-informant factors labeled Resilience and Self-Regulation and Prosocial Behavior. Item response theory analyses revealed invariance across gender, socioeconomic status, and age, but variance across informant type and referral status, and that most items provide sufficient psychometric information to warrant retention for clinical assessment and research.
Associations between symptoms, functioning and self-reported motivations for alcohol use and alcohol problems in patients with serious mental illness

The aims of the study are to examine the differences in symptoms, functioning and self-reported motives for drinking alcohol among seriously mentally ill patients with and without alcohol problems. The subjects (n = 69) were included from a patient register. They completed the Short Michigan Alcoholism Test (SMAST 13) and the drinking motives measure (DMM). Their psychiatrists completed the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for severe mental illness (HoNOS-SMI) and the clinical alcohol use scale (CAUS). We found differences between the group without alcohol problems and the alcohol-problem group in the HoNos-SMI items: Depressed mood (t = −2.5, df = 67, p < 0.05) and the HoNos-SMI subscore behaviour (t = −3.2, df = 67, p < 0.05). We also found differences in many DMM items and subscores. The magnitudes of the differences in the two study groups were large for the following items: ‘because it is what most of your friends do when you get together’ (eta squared = 0.24), ‘to forget your worries’ (eta square.
Motion cueing algorithms for small driving simulator

This paper deals with motion control problem for a 2 DOF small driving simulator. The main idea is to test and compare performances of different washout algorithms applied to such platform category. The experimentations allow us to have the best compromise between quality of the perception (sensation), implementation complexity and platform architecture. Implementation of different washout algorithms (optimal, adaptive and classical one) are discussed. Only the longitudinal restitution is studied. The results show that there is not significant differences between these approaches using with platform type. The lack of pitch DOF in our simulator does not allow a restitution of the sustained acceleration and no coordination between longitudinal and pitch channels may be done
VIOLENT ACTS AND INJURIOUS OUTCOMES IN MARRIED COUPLES:

This analysis of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) confirmed earlier findings: Much of the violence between married partners occurred in couples in which both partners were reported as perpetrators, and women as well as men committed violent acts in married couples. However, the NSFH data indicated that the probabilities of injury for male and female respondents differed significantly, with wives more likely to be injured than husbands. The NSFH differentiated between violent acts and injurious outcomes and provided an empirical rebuttal of the “battered husband syndrome. ” At the same time, the NSFH reproduced many of the problems of quantitative surveys as they are currently used to measure the incidence and consequences of intimate violence. The article discusses the major problems with both the content and the context of currently employed survey methodology, as exemplified by the NSFH.
Romantic ideals fear of negative implications and the practice of safe sex.

The present study examined how young heterosexuals’ beliefs about the power of condom use to destroy their romantic ideals and to lead to negative implications affected both their intentions and their actual behavior of using and discussing the use of condoms with sexual partners. The extra predictive power gained from considering these beliefs, in addition to subjects’ beliefs concerning whether condoms reduced their risk of contracting HIV, was examined within the context of Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action. One‐hundred‐and‐two sexually active heterosexual students participated in the study. At the first wave of data collection, beliefs concerning the potential of condoms to reduce risk, to destroy romance, and to lead to negative implications were assessed, as were norms and intentions. Measures of actual behavior were obtained three months later for both regular and casual/new partners. The results of the study indicated that norms and beliefs concerning the risk‐reduction effects of condom use were the primary predictors of intentions to use condoms. Subjects’ beliefs concerning whether condoms destroyed their romantic ideals or led to negative implications did not influence their intentions with casual/new partners, although emotional concerns played a minor role in determining intentions with regular partners. In contrast, these emotional concerns had a major impact in determining actual behavior for all partner types. Although intentions partially predicted behavior, beliefs about reducing risk, destroying romance and fear of negative implications had strong and direct influences on behavior, especially in the case of casual/new partners. Additional analyses revealed gender differences in the determinants of behavior. Females, in contrast to males, were less able to act in accord with their attitudes about using condoms to reduce their risk of contracting HIV, and were also less able to act in conformity with their subjective norms with less well‐known partners. Although both males and females were similarly affected by more emotional concerns with new and/or casual partners, gender differences occurred in how these emotional factors affected behavior with regular partners. Implications of the finding that behavior is determined to a large extent by more emotional concerns that are not factored in ahead of time when formulating intent are discussed.