Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shock heating by Fanaroff–Riley type I radio sources in galaxy clusters

Feedback by active galactic nuclei (AGN) is frequently invoked to explain the cut-off of the galaxy luminosity function at the bright end and the absence of cooling flows in galaxy clusters. Meanwhile, there are recent observations of shock fronts around radio-loud AGN. Using realistic 3D simulations of jets in a galaxy cluster, we address the question what of fraction of AGN energy is dissipated in shocks. We find that weak shocks that encompass the AGN have Mach numbers of 1.1–1.2 and dissipate at least 2 per cent of the mechanical luminosity of the AGN. In a realistic cluster medium, even a continuous jet can lead to multiple shock structures, which may lead to an overestimate of the AGN duty cycles inferred from the spatial distribution of waves.
1 Education and Health in Late-life among High School Graduates : Cognitive versus Psychological Aspects of Human Capital *

The La Follette School takes no stand on policy issues; opinions expressed in this paper reflect the views of individual researchers and authors. Just as postsecondary schooling serves as a dividing line between the advantaged and disadvantaged on measures ranging from income to marital status, it also serves as a dividing line between the healthy and unhealthy. Why are the better educated healthier? The human capital theory posits that education makes you healthier via cognitive (general and specific skill improvements) and non-cognitive psychological resources (traits like conscientiousness and a sense of mastery). I employ the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS, 1957-2003/5) to test the relative strength of measures of cognitive human capital (academic performance) versus noncognitive psychological human capital (personality and psychological orientations) in explaining the relationship between educational attainment and health outcomes among high school graduates. I find little evidence of an important role for noncognitive psychological human capital, but find a relatively significant role for cognitive human capital, as measured by high school academic performance, which both weakens the association between education and health and is correlated with health independent of educational attainment. It is not just obtaining a degree or additional years of schooling; academic performance is strongly linked to health in late-life. 3 The link between education and health across the life course has been demonstrated across numerous research designs and health and mortality outcomes (for reviews see Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2008; Mirowsky and Ross 2003). Just as postsecondary schooling serves as a dividing line between the advantaged and disadvantaged on measures ranging from income to marital status, it also serves as a dividing line between the healthy and unhealthy. Evidence from the National Health Interview Study demonstrates that for morbidity and mortality, the relationship with education is linear after 12 years of schooling. In some cases, like general health status, the gradient was largest for those with 12 or more years of schooling (Cutler and Lleras-Muney 2008). Why are the better educated healthier? Human capital theory posits that non-cognitive psychological factors (traits like conscientiousness and a sense of mastery) and cognitive factors (verbal, reading, and writing abilities as well as those in mathematics, science, music, and art), which are fostered—or at least rewarded-via schooling, lead to better health outcomes via everything from healthy behaviors and health management to higher occupational attainment and however, there have been few tests of human capital theory, especially the extent to …
Receding horizon control for aircraft arrival sequencing and scheduling

Airports, especially busy hub airports, proved to be the bottleneck resources in the air traffic control system. How to carry out arrival scheduling and sequencing effectively and efficiently is one of main concerns to improve the safety, capacity, and efficiency of the airports. This paper introduces the concept of receding horizon control (RHC) to the problem of arrival scheduling and sequencing in a dynamic environment. The potential benefits RHC could bring in terms of airborne delay and computational burden are investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulations. It is pointed out that while achieving similar performance as existing schemes, the new arrival scheduling and sequencing scheme significantly reduces the computational burden and provides potential for developing new optimization algorithms for further reducing airborne delay.
An automated comparative analysis of 17 complete microbial genomes

MOTIVATION As sequenced genomes become larger and sequencing becomes faster, there is a need to develop accurate automated genome comparison techniques and databases to facilitate derivation of genome functionality; identification of enzymes, putative operons and metabolic pathways; and to derive phylogenetic classification of microbes. RESULTS This paper extends an automated pair-wise genome comparison technique (Bansal et al., Math. Model. Sci. Comput., 9, 1-23, 1998, Bansal and Bork, in First International Workshop of Declarative Languages, Springer, pp. 275-289, 1999) used to identify orthologs and gene groups to derive orthologous genes in a group of genomes and to identify genes with conserved functionality. Seventeen microbial genomes archived at ftp://ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/genbank/genomes have been compared using the automated technique. Data related to orthologs, gene groups, gene duplication, gene fusion, orthologs with conserved functionality, and genes specifically orthologous to Escherichia coli and pathogens has been presented and analyzed. AVAILABILITY A prototype database is available at ftp://www.mcs.kent.edu/arvind/intellibio / orthos.html. The software is free for academic research under an academic license. The detailed database for every microbial genome in NCBI is commercially available through intellibio software and consultancy corporation (Web site: http://www.mcs.kent.edu/årvind/intellibio . html). CONTACT arvind@mcs.kent.edu.
CONSERVED QUANTITIES FOR POLYHOMOGENEOUS SPACETIMES

The existence of conserved quantities with a structure similar to the Newman-Penrose quantities in a polyhomogeneous spacetime is considered. The most general form for the initial data formally consistent with the polyhomogeneous setting is found. The subsequent study is done for those polyhomogeneous spacetimes where the leading term of the shear contains no logarithmic terms. It is found that for these spacetimes the original NP quantities cease to be constants, but it is still possible to construct a set of ten other quantities that are constant. From these quantities it is possible to obtain, as a particular case, the conserved quantity found by Chrusciel et al.
Gas and Galaxy Formation

Abstract The theory of galaxy formation is reviewed briefly. From the evidence of clusters today, the primordial gas fraction was 20% or more. Thus, while the Universe is dominated by dark matter, gas plays an appreciable role in galaxy formation. Collapses of dwarf protogalaxies produce predominantly cold gas. It is argued that, in such cold collapses, the collapsed gas is largely self-gravitating. As a result, gas processes play a critical role in determining the visible structure of galaxies.
Antipsychotic Medication Use Among Children and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the risk of incident diabetes was increased with the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in a large diverse cohort of children. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted by using the administrative databases of 3 health plans participating in the Health Maintenance Organization Research Network. Children 5 to 18 years of age who initiated SGA therapy between January 2001 and December 2008 and 2 comparison groups, namely, nonusers of psychotropic drugs and users of antidepressant medications, were identified. Diagnoses from inpatient and outpatient records, pharmacy dispensings, and outpatient laboratory results were used to identify incident cases of diabetes. RESULTS: The crude incidence rate of diabetes for the SGA-exposed cohort was 3.23 cases per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67–5.65), compared with 0.76 cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 0.49–1.12) among nonusers of psychotropic medications and 1.86 cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 1.12–2.90) among antidepressant users. The risk of incident diabetes was significantly increased among SGA users (unadjusted incidence rate ratio: 4.24 [95% CI: 1.95–8.72]) in comparison with nonusers of psychotropic medications but was not significantly increased in comparison with antidepressant medication users (unadjusted incidence rate ratio: 1.74 [95% CI: 0.77–3.78]). CONCLUSIONS: Although we found a potentially fourfold increased rate of diabetes among children exposed to SGAs, the findings were inconsistent and depended on the comparison group and the outcome definition.
High-Frequency Returns: A Subordination Approach

In this paper, market microstructure models are considered to assess the influence of the key components that derive asset prices. Synchronization techniques and sampling methods are reviewed. Alternatives to normally distributed asset returns, specifically subordinated Brownian motion is considered. The influential components of the price processes are then combined under tick time to recover normality of asset returns via subordination, a process I denote as “natural time”. Normally distributed returns are obtained with the natural time approach which is also found to dominate GARCH results.
Twinning of Polymer Crystals Suppressed by Entropy

We propose an entropic argument as partial explanation of the observed scarcity of twinned structures in crystalline samples of synthetic organic polymeric materials. Polymeric molecules possess a much larger number of conformational degrees of freedom than low molecular weight substances. The preferred conformations of polymer chains in the bulk of a single crystal are often incompatible with the conformations imposed by the symmetry of a growth twin, both at the composition surfaces and in the twin axis. We calculate the differences in conformational entropy between chains in single crystals and chains in twinned crystals, and find that the reduction in chain conformational entropy in the twin is sufficient to make the single crystal the stable thermodynamic phase. The formation of cyclic twins in molecular dynamics simulations of chains of hard spheres must thus be attributed to kinetic factors. In more realistic polymers this entropic contribution to the free energy can be canceled or dominated by nonbonded and torsional energetics.
The Real Interest Rate Differential: International Evidence Based on Non-Linear Unit Root Tests

This paper aims at testing international parity conditions by using nonlinear unit root tests advocated by Kapetanios et al. (2003, KSS). Results from the KSS tests based on 17 countries (G7 and 10 Asian countries) overwhelmingly show that the adjustment of real interest rates towards the RIP follows a nonlinear process except for the Malaysian relationships with both the US and Japan. Overall, the empirical results are in favor of RIP using the US and Japan as the center countries but only if nonlinearities are accounted for in the data generating process. Our findings confirm that interest rate differentials, like the real exchange rates reported in recent literature, display a nonlinear mean reversion process.
Weight Stigma Reduction and Genetic Determinism

One major approach to weight stigma reduction consists of decreasing beliefs about the personal controllability of—and responsibility for—obesity by educating about its biogenetic causes. Evidence on the efficacy of this approach is mixed, and it remains unclear whether this would create a deterministic view, potentially leading to detrimental side-effects. Two independent studies from Germany using randomized designs with delayed-intervention control groups served to (1) develop and pilot a brief, interactive stigma reduction intervention to educate N = 128 university students on gene × environment interactions in the etiology of obesity; and to (2) evaluate this intervention in the general population (N = 128) and determine mechanisms of change. The results showed (1) decreased weight stigma and controllability beliefs two weeks post-intervention in a student sample; and (2) decreased internal attributions and increased genetic attributions, knowledge, and deterministic beliefs four weeks post-intervention in a population sample. Lower weight stigma was longitudinally predicted by a decrease in controllability beliefs and an increase in the belief in genetic determinism, especially in women. The results underline the usefulness of a brief, interactive intervention promoting an interactionist view of obesity to reduce weight stigma, at least in the short term, lending support to the mechanisms of change derived from attribution theory. The increase in genetic determinism that occurred despite the intervention’s gene × environment focus had no detrimental side-effect on weight stigma, but instead contributed to its reduction. Further research is warranted on the effects of how biogenetic causal information influences weight management behavior of individuals with obesity.
The Role of Type III Interferons in Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Therapy

The human interferon (IFN) response is a key innate immune mechanism to fight virus infection. IFNs are host-encoded secreted proteins, which induce IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) with antiviral properties. Among the three classes of IFNs, type III IFNs, also called IFN lambdas (IFNLs), are an essential component of the innate immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV). In particular, human polymorphisms in IFNL gene loci correlate with hepatitis C disease progression and with treatment response. To date, the underlying mechanisms remain mostly elusive; however it seems clear that viral infection of the liver induces IFNL responses. As IFNL receptors show a more restricted tissue expression than receptors for other classes of IFNs, IFNL treatment has reduced side effects compared to the classical type I IFN treatment. In HCV therapy, however, IFNL will likely not play an important role as highly effective direct acting antivirals (DAA) exist. Here, we will review our current knowledge on IFNL gene expression, protein properties, signaling, ISG induction, and its implications on HCV infection and treatment. Finally, we will discuss the lessons learnt from the HCV and IFNL field for virus infections beyond hepatitis C.
Response of a marine‐terminating Greenland outlet glacier to abrupt cooling 8200 and 9300 years ago

Long‐term records of Greenland outlet‐glacier change extending beyond the satellite era can inform future predictions of Greenland Ice Sheet behavior. Of particular relevance is elucidating the Greenland Ice Sheet's response to decadal‐ and centennial‐scale climate change. Here, we reconstruct the early Holocene history of Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland's largest outlet glacier, using 10Be surface exposure ages and 14C‐dated lake sediments. Our chronology of ice‐margin change demonstrates that Jakobshavn Isbræ advanced to deposit moraines in response to abrupt cooling recorded in central Greenland ice cores ca. 8,200 and 9,300 years ago. While the rapid, dynamically aided retreat of many Greenland outlet glaciers in response to warming is well documented, these results indicate that marine‐terminating outlet glaciers are also able to respond quickly to cooling. We suggest that short lag times of high ice flux margins enable a greater magnitude response of marine‐terminating outlets to abrupt climate change compared to their land‐terminating counterparts.
Design, Control and Performance of RiceWrist: A Force Feedback Wrist Exoskeleton for Rehabilitation and Training

This paper presents the design, control and performance of a high fidelity four degree-of-freedom wrist exoskeleton robot, RiceWrist, for training and rehabilitation. The RiceWrist is intended to provide kinesthetic feedback during the training of motor skills or rehabilitation of reaching movements. Motivation for such applications is based on findings that show robot-assisted physical therapy aids in the rehabilitation process following neurological injuries. The exoskeleton device accommodates forearm supination and pronation, wrist flexion and extension and radial and ulnar deviation in a compact parallel mechanism design with low friction, zero backlash and high stiffness. As compared to other exoskeleton devices, the RiceWrist allows easy measurement of human joint angles and independent kinesthetic feedback to individual human joints. In this paper, joint-space as well as task-space position controllers and an impedance-based force controller for the device are presented. The kinematic performance of the device is characterized in terms of its workspace, singularities, manipulability, backlash and backdrivability. The dynamic performance of RiceWrist is characterized in terms of motor torque output, joint friction, step responses, behavior under closed loop set-point and trajectory tracking control and display of virtual walls. The device is singularity-free, encompasses most of the natural workspace of the human joints and exhibits low friction, zero-backlash and high manipulability, which are kinematic properties that characterize a high-quality impedance display device. In addition, the device displays fast, accurate response under position control that matches human actuation bandwidth and the capability to display sufficiently hard contact with little coupling between controlled degrees-of-freedom.
Both the Neuronal and Inducible Isoforms Contribute to Upregulation of Retinal Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Although neurotrophins are best known for their trophic functions, growing evidence suggests that neurotrophins can also be neurotoxic, for instance by enhancing excitotoxic insults. We have shown recently that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) limits its neuroprotective action on axotomized rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by upregulating nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (Klöcker et al., 1998). The aim of the present study was to investigate this interaction of BDNF and NOS in the lesioned adult rat retina in more detail. We used NOS immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) reaction to characterize morphologically retinal NOS expression and activity. Using reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis, we were able to identify the NOS isoforms being regulated. Six days after optic nerve lesion, we observed an increase in neuronal NOS (NOS-I) mRNA and protein expression in the inner retina. This did not lead to a marked increase in overall retinal NOS activity. Only RGC axons displayed strong de novo NADPH-d reactivity. In contrast, intraocular injection of BDNF resulted in a marked upregulation of NOS activity in NOS-I-immunoreactive structures, leaving the level of NOS-I expression unchanged. In addition, an induction of inducible NOS (NOS-II) was found after BDNF treatment. We identified microglial cells increasing in number and being activated by BDNF, which could serve as the cellular source of NOS-II. In summary, our data suggest that BDNF upregulates retinal NOS activity by both a post-translational regulation of NOS-I activity and an induction of NOS-II. These findings might be useful for developing pharmacological strategies to improve BDNF-mediated neuroprotection.
Covariances Versus Characteristics in General Equilibrium

We question a deep-ingrained doctrine in asset pricing: If an empirical characteristic-return relation is consistent with investor "rationality," the relation must be "explained" by a risk factor model. The investment approach changes the big picture of asset pricing. Factors formed on characteristics are not necessarily risk factors: Characteristics-based factor models are linear approximations of firm-level investment returns. The evidence that characteristics dominate covariances in horse races does not necessarily mean mispricing: Measurement errors in covariances are more likely to blame. Most important, the investment approach completes the consumption approach in general equilibrium, especially for cross-sectional asset pricing.
THE SIMPLEST EQUATION METHOD FOR SOLVING SOME IMPORTANT NONLINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The simplest equation method presents a wide applicability to handling nonlinear wave equations. In this paper, we establish travelling wave solutions for some nonlinear evolution equations. The simplest equation method is used to construct the travelling wave solutions of new Hamiltonian amplitude equation, (3 + 1)-dimensional generalized KP equation, Burgers-KP equation, coupled Higgs field equation, generalized Zakharov System. New Hamiltonian amplitude equation is an equation which governs certain instabilities of modulated wave trains, with the additional term − uxt overcoming the ill-posedness of the unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equation. It is a Hamiltonian analogue of the Kuramoto-Sivashinski equation which arises in dissipative systems and is apparently not integrable. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 35Q53, 35Q80, 35Q55, 35G25.
Using Political Party Affiliation Data to Measure Civil Servants' Risk of Corruption

This paper presents a case study of machine learning applied to measure the risk of corruption of civil servants using political party affiliation data. Initially, a statistical hypothesis test verified the dependency between corruption and political party affiliation. Then, we constructed datasets with standardization and three different discrimination techniques. Using Weka environment, this work shows the application and statistical evaluation of four classification algorithms to build models for predicting risk of corruption: Bayesian Networks, Support Vector Machines, Random Forest, and Artificial Neural Networks with back propagation. To evaluate the models we used data mining metrics such as precision, recall, kappa statistic and percent correct. Lastly, the case study compares the learned model with the best performance to the experts' model. The comparison not only confirms previous experts' affirmations, but also provides new assertions on the affiliation-corruptibility relation.
Parsec-Scale Properties of Markarian 501

We present the results of a high angular resolution study of the BL Lac object Markarian 501 in the radio band. We consider data taken at 14 different epochs, ranging between 1.6 and 22 GHz in frequency, and including new Space VLBI observations obtained on 2001 March 5 and 6 at 1.6 and 5 GHz. We study the kinematics of the parsec-scale jet and estimate its bulk velocity and orientation with respect to the line of sight. Limb-brightened structure in the jet is clearly visible in our data, and we discuss its possible origin in terms of velocity gradients in the jet. Quasi-simultaneous, multiwavelength observations allow us to map the spectral index distribution and to compare it to the jet morphology. Finally, we estimate the physical parameters of the parsec-scale jet.