Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bullying, Romantic Rejection, and Conflicts with Teachers: The Crucial Role of Social Dynamics in the Development of School Shootings – A Systematic Review

plethora of studies have appeared which argue that, prior to their attack, the perpetrators of school shootings had experienced intense conflicts and problematic relations (e.g. bullying) with peers and teachers, and were on the periphery of the schools' social life. This in turn resulted in the perpetrators' view of themselves as marginalized victims. However, methodological problems and inconsistencies mark many studies, and findings vary. In an attempt to clarify the role of perpetrators' negative social experiences with peers and teachers prior to their attack, we have undertaken a systematic search of the literature, including 35 international primary studies on school shootings. In selecting the studies we limited ourselves to ones which deal with at least two (Range: 2-39) cases in which a violent targeted attack was carried out by a current or former student who chose their school or university as the site of the attack. A total of 126 cases (128 perpetrators) from 13 countries (USA, Canada, Germany, Finland, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Bosnia, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Sweden, and Thailand) were examined. The mean age of the perpetrators was 19 (Range: 6-62 years, SD = 8.72), and in 121 cases the perpetrators were males. Detailed information relating on the social dynamics that contributed to the attack was found in 67 case reports. Our analysis revealed that in 88.1% of cases the future perpetrator experienced social conflict within the school environment. A minority of perpetrators (29.9%) were physically bullied, while 53.7% experienced peer rejection, verbal and otherwise. Romantic rejection was only found in 29.9% of cases. Conflicts with teachers (43.3%) proved a decisive factor. In order to better understand the role of social dynamics in the developments leading up to school shootings, it is necessary to analyze the perpetrators' position within their social network and the ways in which they experienced interaction with their peers and others at the school. In addition we must obtain precise information on their views of themselves as victim over a period of time.
Dreams and dreaming among the elderly: An overview.

This paper reviews past and current research into the dreams and dreaming of people over 65 years of age. Recent studies have shown, for example, that frequency of dream recall declines with age in both men and women, but that the main decrease occurs in early middle age and is thus unlikely to be connected with aging effects.The results of studies having to do with dream tone, active/passive stance and typical dream themes are less conclusive.This paper also surveys the attitudes toward dreams one encounters among the elderly, the temporal references in their dreams and the use of dreams in the psychotherapy of aged and aging persons and concludes by considering the dreams of those at the end of their life.
Atypical Presentation: Metastatic Uveal Melanoma in a Young Patient without Visual Complaints

Background Uveal melanoma is a rare and aggressive subtype of melanoma, with singular characteristics that separate it from the most famous cutaneous melanoma. This uncommon condition becomes even rarer if we look at young population. Common chemotherapy regimens does not work with this aggressive disease in its metastatic scenario, and the new armament like targeted and immunotherapies are still looking for more robust evidence. Case presentation We report a rare case of uveal melanoma in a patient younger than 20 years, with abdominal pain as his initial complaint. He did not present the typical visual symptoms of the primary site because of an auto accident suffered 4 months before the presentation, letting him blind of the eye affected by the tumor development. Conclusion There is always a possibility of the diagnosis of uveal melanoma in cases with associated isolated hepatic metastases, even in a young population, where this hypothesis is often rejected by the epidemiological frequency of other tumors. This rare case is a useful example.
Numerical Solution of Cylindrically Converging Shock Waves

 Abstract—The cylindrically converging shock wave was numerically simulated by solving the Euler equations in cylindrical coordinates with TVD scheme and MUSCL (1) approach, using Roe's approximate Riemann solver (2) and super-bee nonlinear limiter (3). The present study used the in house code developed for this purpose. The behavior of the solution in the vicinity of axis is investigated and the results of the numerical solution are compared with the computed data given by Payne (4), Lapidus (5), Abarbanel and Goldberg (6) Sod (7) and Leutioff et al. (8).
Taking Personality Seriously

This study documents the use of personality assessment in public administration and examines the relationship between personality and job outcomes among public managers. The limitations and problems with the most popular personality assessment framework, the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator, are discussed. The authors then present the five-factor model of personality as an empirically verified, theoretically sound framework that is widely accepted within the field of psychology. Using a survey of public administrators in three states, it is demonstrated that public managers are aware of personality assessment, use it in their jobs, and are generally convinced of its efficacy. The authors also present the results of personality profiles of public managers demonstrating the usefulness of all five domains of the five-factor model of personality for understanding key outcome measures such as job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors.
Assessing the Transitions to Middle and High School

This study assessed patterns of change in perceived school and youth functioning, and the extent to which perceived change in the school environment predicted changed youth functioning, across four consecutive grade transitions, two of which involved the transition to a new school. Youth reported decreased quality of the school environment and decreased academic/personal/interpersonal functioning at every grade transition. This pattern was most pronounced at the transition from sixth to seventh grade, a transition that did not correspond to the transition to middle school but did correspond to the move from small family pods during the first year of middle school to the more typical middle school environment in the eighth grade. Analyses revealed that perceived change in several elements of the school environment (most strongly, perceived change in teacher support) did significantly explain changes in levels of student academic, personal, and interpersonal functioning.
Intergenerational Patterns of Values and Autonomy Expectations in Cultures of Relatedness and Separateness

This study assessed the assumption that socialization practices relevant to value priorities and autonomy expectations differ between collectivist and individualist cultures. The authors investigated value priorities and autonomy expectations in 58 pairs of Caucasian and 66 pairs of Asian teenagers and their mothers. This pairing enabled them to address similarities on values and autonomy expectations within families, which has not been done previously. Although Asian and Caucasian teenagers showed similarities on many value priorities, Asian participants’ autonomy expectations were delayed compared to those of their Caucasian counterparts. Mother-teenager autonomy expectations were correlated in Asian but not in Caucasian families. Unlike Asian mothers, Caucasian mothers endorsing high value priority for Openness to Change supported earlier autonomy expectations for their teenagers. Parental expectations unpackaged the effect of culture on teenagers’ autonomy expectations. These findings support models that predict persistent family interdependence despite adoption of many individualist values in modernizing collectivist cultures.
Latent Semantic Similarity and Language Style Matching in Initial Dyadic Interactions

In the present study, we examined two indices of semantic similarity (i.e., latent semantic similarity [LSS], language style matching [LSM]) to determine their respective roles in initial, unstructured dyadic interactions. Transcripts of the dyad members’ conversations were used to compute the LSS and LSM indices, which were then correlated with various dyad-level behaviors and perceptions. The results suggest that LSS develops out of a highly involving interaction between mutually attentive and acknowledging partners in which a lot of verbal information is exchanged. On the other hand, LSM appears to be a behavior that is not associated with interactional involvement per se but may occur when dyad members are in the grip of a strong emotion and tend to repeat each other’s words and phrases in a relatively thoughtless and automatic manner.
Salt Stress Encourages Proline Accumulation by Regulating Proline Biosynthesis and Degradation in Jerusalem Artichoke Plantlets

Proline accumulation is an important mechanism for osmotic regulation under salt stress. In this study, we evaluated proline accumulation profiles in roots, stems and leaves of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) plantlets under NaCl stress. We also examined HtP5CS, HtOAT and HtPDH enzyme activities and gene expression patterns of putative HtP5CS1, HtP5CS2, HtOAT, HtPDH1, and HtPDH2 genes. The objective of our study was to characterize the proline regulation mechanisms of Jerusalem artichoke, a moderately salt tolerant species, under NaCl stress. Jerusalem artichoke plantlets were observed to accumulate proline in roots, stems and leaves during salt stress. HtP5CS enzyme activities were increased under NaCl stress, while HtOAT and HtPDH activities generally repressed. Transcript levels of HtP5CS2 increased while transcript levels of HtOAT, HtPDH1 and HtPDH2 generally decreased in response to NaCl stress. Our results supports that for Jerusalem artichoke, proline synthesis under salt stress is mainly through the Glu pathway, and HtP5CS2 is predominant in this process while HtOAT plays a less important role. Both HtPDH genes may function in proline degradation.
Selective Inhibitory Effects of Smad6 on Bone Morphogenetic Protein Type I Receptors*

The inhibitory Smads, Smad6 and Smad7, play pivotal roles in negative regulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signaling as feedback molecules as well as mediators of cross-talk with other signaling pathways. Whereas Smad7 acts as a ubiquitous inhibitor of Smad signaling, Smad6 has been shown to effectively inhibit bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling but only weakly TGF-β/activin signaling. In the present study, we have found that Smad6 inhibits signaling from the activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-3/6 subgroup in preference to that from the ALK-1/2 subgroup of BMP type I receptors. The difference is attributable to the interaction of Smad6 with these BMP type I receptors. The amino acid residues responsible for Smad6 sensitivity of ALK-3 were identified as Arg-238, Phe-264, Thr-265, and Ala-269, which map to the N-terminal lobe of the ALK-3 kinase domain. Although Smad6 regulates BMP signaling through multiple mechanisms, our findings suggest that interaction with type I receptors is a critical step in the function of Smad6.
Root exudate cocktails: the link between plant diversity and soil microorganisms?

Abstract Higher plant diversity is often associated with higher soil microbial biomass and diversity, which is assumed to be partly due to elevated root exudate diversity. However, there is little experimental evidence that diversity of root exudates shapes soil microbial communities. We tested whether higher root exudate diversity enhances soil microbial biomass and diversity in a plant diversity gradient, thereby negating significant plant diversity effects on soil microbial properties. We set up plant monocultures and two‐ and three‐species mixtures in microcosms using functionally dissimilar plants and soil of a grassland biodiversity experiment in Germany. Artificial exudate cocktails were added by combining the most common sugars, organic acids, and amino acids found in root exudates. We applied four different exudate cocktails: two exudate diversity levels (low‐ and high‐diversity) and two nutrient‐enriched levels (carbon‐ and nitrogen‐enriched), and a control with water only. Soil microorganisms were more carbon‐ than nitrogen‐limited. Cultivation‐independent fingerprinting analysis revealed significantly different soil microbial communities among exudate diversity treatments. Most notably and according to our hypothesis, adding diverse exudate cocktails negated the significant plant diversity effect on soil microbial properties. Our findings provide the first experimental evidence that root exudate diversity is a crucial link between plant diversity and soil microorganisms.
On Selective Consumerism: Egyptian Women and Ethnographic Representations

In the light of postmodern debates in anthropology, ethnography offers anthropologists new ways of representing their objects of study. The politics involved in the production and consumption by feminist scholars and activists of women's representations in the Arab world, and Egypt specifically, provides the starting point of this article. Using an ethnographic text examining manifestations of ‘Islamic Feminism’ in Egypt, I explore problems in addressing the subject of veiling – a continuous favourite among researchers. Grappling with stereotypes, assumptions and pre-interpretations based on what we read before going to the field and the questions we formulate in our minds, I look towards strategies of engagement with research subjects where anthropologists can express their commitments to them. Research ethics and reflexivity offer no formulaic guarantees of better representations, but pave the way towards understanding one's motivations and urges ethnographers to examine the impact of their work, both on the immediate community, and with regard to larger power politics. Given the fluid nature of identities and the relative fixedness of representations, solutions do not appear in abundance. Working outside of unnecessary dichotomies and searching for incongruities presents interesting possibilities for future ethnographic research.
School Context and Peer Influences on Educational Plans of Adolescents

The prolongation of adolescence in the United States suggests that the educational plans of adolescents may be more affected by peers than was formerly the case. Years ago, Karl Marx claimed that workers would become more class-conscious when they moved from rural areas and villages to the working-class districts of large cities. He foresaw a greater degree of mutual influence when workers were thus removed from the influence of persons of a different class. In a similar vein, Kerr and Siegel (1954) found evidence that the more militant labor unions are composed of members of occupations whose place of work and residence removed them from frequent contact with the middle-class world. An analogous situation has resulted in part from the long-term trend in high school attendance. In the United States in 1870, about two percent of persons seventeen years of age graduated from high school; today the figure is more than seventy percent. Today's adolescents are more likely to be influenced by each other than would be the case if they were to begin working soon after completing elementary school. While high school and college students are subject to adult influence, they are subject to that influence in the company of a large number of other adolescents. Indeed, the emergence of an "adolescent subculture" has been noted by a number of social observers, although there is some dispute as to the extent to which this is simply age-graded or adult-expected behavior or is behavior that conflicts with the expectations of adults. In sum, it seems highly probable that to a greater extent than formerly, adolescents in the United States are influenced by other adolescents. Whether this influence extends to a given kind of behavior does not automatically follow. However, some recent studies of the relationship between the social class composition of high schools and the educational plans of students suggest a peer influence explanation
Cooperative Learning: Group Processing and Students Needs for Self-Worth and Belonging

The purpose of this study was to examine students’ perceptions of the extent to which reflection, a principle of cooperative learning, satisfied their needs for self-worth and belonging. Eight mature preuniversity students completed a scaled questionnaire and took part in a focus group interview following a 12-week preliminary study into the efficacy of reflection. Students perceived reflection as contributing to the satisfaction of their needs for self-worth and belonging. They also perceived reflection as contributing to their needs for acceptance. This was unexpected and is perhaps critical, as acceptance might be a condition of effective learning. Hence this article calls for further research into reflection in relation to acceptance and the role these play in contributing to effective learning and teaching.
Gender differences at work : women and men in nontraditional occupations

Nurses and marines epitomize accepted definitions of femininity and masculinity. Using ethnographic research and provocative in-depth interviews, Christine Williams argues that our popular stereotypes of individuals in nontraditional occupations - male nurses and female marines for example - are entirely unfounded. This new perspective helps to account for the stubborn resilience of occupational stratification in the face of affirmative action and other anti-discrimination policies.
Consequences of Abusive Supervision

Drawing on justice theory, the author examined the consequences of abusive supervisor behavior. As expected, subordinates who perceived their supervisors were more abusive were more likely to quit their jobs. For subordinates who remained with their jobs, abusive supervision was associated with lower job and life satisfaction, lower normative and affective commitment, and higher continuance commitment, conflict between work and family, and psychological distress. Organizational justice mediated most of these effects, and job mobility moderated some of the deleterious effects of abusive supervision.
Effects of prolactin and bromocryptine on the regulation of testicular luteinizing hormone receptors in mice.

The binding of luteinizing hormone (LH) to testicular homogenates increased gradually in mice from 15 to 60 days of age, while the level at 90 days was almost the same as that at 60 days. The plasma concentration of prolactin (PRL) increased significantly from 15 to 40 days and thereafter remained constant. In order to ascertain the influence of PRL on testicular receptors for LH, bromocryptine was injected subcutaneously for 10 days into immature (20-day-old) and adult (90-day-old) mice. In 20-day-old mice, treatment with bromocryptine significantly reduced the plasma levels of PRL but had no significant effects on the binding of LH to receptors in 30-day-old mice. However, in 90-day-old mice, treatment with bromocryptine led to a significant reduction in numbers of receptors for LH 10 days later. There was no difference in dissociation constants (Kd) between groups of oil-injected (Kd = 6.5 x 10(-10) M) and bromocryptine-injected (Kd = 4.6 x 10(-10) M) mice. The reduction in binding of LH per testis of 100-day-old mice after treatment with bromocryptine was eliminated by the simultaneous administration of ovine (o) PRL. The plasma level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in 100-day-old mice, which tended to be decreased as a result of treatment with bromocryptine, was markedly increased by treatment with oPRL. There were no distinct changes in binding of FSH in any of the groups. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Between Fantasy and ‘Reality’: Tamil Film Star Fan Club Networks and the Political Economy of Film Fandom

Abstract Film permeates all spheres of Tamil Nadu social life extending into the domains of state governance and political discourse. Every chief minister since the 1960s and many prominent politicians, for instance, have previously been film actors, directors or screen writers. Many Tamil politicians, therefore, use film as a propaganda tool, as well as utilising their own fan club membership as potential election vote banks. Focusing on the fan club network of one prominent Tamil politician, the veteran actor Vijayakanth, the article investigates this link between politics and film culture. It argues that social theorists analysing this social phenomenon focus too much attention on the propaganda function of film texts rather than examining actual embodied social relationships within the interrelated arenas of film culture and politics. Consequently, this focus overlooks fans’ political agency. Countering this perspective, the article argues that, in fact, Tamil film star fan clubs provide important social spaces for fans' participation in the democratic political process, even though these spaces are hierarchically structured and function to contain youthful exuberance.
Performance and Muscle Architecture Comparisons Between Starters and Nonstarters in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Women's Soccer

Abstract Jajtner, AR, Hoffman, JR, Scanlon, TC, Wells, AJ, Townsend, JR, Beyer, KS, Mangine, GT, McCormack, WP, Bohner, JD, Fragala, MS, and Stout, JR. Performance and muscle architecture comparisons between starters and nonstarters in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's soccer. J Strength Cond Res 27(9): 2355–2365, 2013—This study compared performance and muscle architecture (MA) changes in starters (S) and nonstarters (NS) during a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's soccer season. Twenty-eight women (19.9 ± 1.1 years; 1.71 ± 0.08 m; 64.7 ± 6.4 kg) were monitored for vertical jump power (VJP), repeated line drills (LDs), 3-dimensional multiple object tracking (3D-MOT), and reaction time (RT) at preseason, midseason, and postseason. Muscle architecture changes using ultrasonography were assessed at preseason and postseason. Comparisons between S (n = 11; 70.0 ± 14.6 min per game) and NS (n = 17; 8.4 ± 8.0 min per game) were performed to make magnitude-based inferences. No differences were seen in VJP during the season in either group. Starters were more likely (81.1%) to decrease LD time than NS, with no differences in fatigue rate. Starters and NS improved 3D-MOT (1.14 ± 0.41 to 1.55 ± 0.43) and RT (0.37 ± 0.05 to 0.34 ± 0.33 seconds), with no differences between groups. Rectus femoris (RF) echo intensity improved (65.57 ± 1.50 to 61.26 ± 1.59) in both groups, with no interactions observed. Cross-sectional area (20.84 ± 3.58 to 21.46 ± 3.66 cm2) increased and pennation angle (PANG) (12.58 ± 2.56 to 11.78 ± 2.03°) decreased for both groups in the vastus lateralis (VL). Muscle architecture comparisons between groups revealed S likely decreased VL muscle thickness (MT) and PANG (81.6 and 79.4%, respectively) and possibly decreased RF MT and PANG (65.7 and 59.4%, respectively) when compared with NS. Results indicate that VJP and LD fatigue rate are not changed during a competitive season, but S become faster than NS. Three-dimensional multiple object tracking and RT improve regardless of playing time. Changes in MA indicate that practices alone provide sufficient stimulus for improving muscle quality during the competitive season.