Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using a behavioral theory of program comprehension in software engineering

A theory is presented of how a programmer goes about understanding a program. The theory is based on a representation of knowledge about programs as a succession of knowledge domains which bridge between the problem domain and the executing program. A hypothesis and verify process is used by programmers to reconstruct these domains when they seek to understand a program. The theory is useful in several ways in software engineering: It makes accurate predictions about the effectiveness of documentation; it can be used to systematically evaluate and critique other claims about documentation, and it may even be a useful guideline to a programmer in actually constructing documentation.
The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor Olig2 Is Critical for Reactive Astrocyte Proliferation after Cortical Injury

The mechanisms underlying the formation of the glial scar after injury are poorly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that after cortical injury Olig2 is upregulated in reactive astrocytes coincident with proliferation of these cells. Short-term lineage tracing studies with glial subtype-restricted transgenic reporter lines indicate that Olig2-expressing cells in the astroglial but not the oligodendroglial lineage are the essential source of reactive astrocytes. In addition, cortical Olig2 ablation results in a decrease in proliferation of reactive astrocytes in response to injury. Cell-type-specific mutagenesis indicates that Olig2 ablation in GFAP+ astrocytes and their precursors rather than in neuronal or oligodendroglial cells is responsible for the reduction of reactive astrocyte proliferation. Thus, our studies suggest that Olig2 is critical for postinjury gliosis.
Choosing orientation: influence of cargo geometry and ActA polarization on actin comet tails

ETOC: We reconstitute actin-based motility using ellipsoidal particles mimicking the rod shape of Listeria monocytogenes and systematically analyze bead motile behaviors. By combining features of elastic propulsion and tethered-ratchet actin-polymerization models, we can explain our observations with a comprehensive new biophysical model.
A reduced reference video quality metric for AVC/H.264

A reduced reference video quality metric for AVC/H.264 is proposed. This reduced reference metric evaluates a set of features such as blur or blocking and combines these measurements into one quality information using multivariate data analysis. The metric needs a very low overhead in terms of additional bit rate and is verified with data from accurate subjective testing. It does not only outperform standard PSNR but also shows to be superior compared to two full reference video quality metrics. In addition a method for designing video quality metrics is presented. This method is based on multivariate data analysis, a tool that is widely used in chemo metrics and food science to predict latent variables such as taste by evaluating a set of variables that can easily be measured.
Backstepping design for controlling Lorenz chaos

Backstepping design is proposed to control a Lorenz chaotic system. A major advantage of this method is that it has the flexibility to build the control law by avoiding cancellations of useful nonlinearities. Consequently, the goals of stabilization of chaotic motion and tracking of a reference signal are achieved with a reduced control effort. A comparison with the differential geometric method highlights the advantages of the proposed approach.
Time and Palm stationarity of repairable systemsG

In this paper we study asymptotic behaviour of marked point processes describing failure processes of repairable systems in which repair decisions depend on the past. Under natural conditions on system parameters such processes admit unique time stationary distributions and are ergodic. Convergence of moments and mean number of failures as well as central limit theorems will be established. The methods used in this paper combine classical Palm{martingale calculus for marked point processes with stability results for Harris recurrent Markov processes.
Concatenated training in distributed transmit beamforming systems

Generating and feeding back beamforming vector are very challenging tasks in distributed transmit beamforming (DTB) systems. Phases of DTB nodes may vary rapidly due to residual carrier frequency offset and hence frequent updating of beamforming vector is required. Existing iterative training schemes that only require one bit training and one or two bits feedback in each iteration have low convergence speed and are not robust in noisy channels due to the lack of structure in the training sequences. In this paper, we consider a DTB system where the number of training bits N sent from each node is no more than the number of source nodes M, and propose a concatenated training scheme based on optimal design of training sequences in this case. For spatially uncorrelated channels, we show that the concatenated training scheme can optimally combine the N latest training signals and achieve beamforming gain approximately proportional to N/M. An algorithm which can adaptively determine the length of the combination in time-varying channels is also proposed. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed scheme can work efficiently even at very low signal-to-noise ratio, with the total feedback bits much less than those required in the iterative schemes.
An Energy Efficient Clustering Scheme for Self-Organizing Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are widely used for gathering data in an autonomous fashion. Since sensors are power constrained devices, it is quite important for them to minimize the energy consumption. In this paper we propose an energy efficient clustering scheme for self-organizing distributed wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme self-selects the cluster head by a novel probability function with three parameters such as the energy possession rate, individual round and number which the node itself had been selected as the cluster head. As a result, the proposed scheme can significantly reduce energy consumption and increase the lifetime of the sensor network compared with the existing schemes. Also, through the evenly distributed of cluster heads, energy consumption of the sensor nodes can be balanced. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can balance the energy consumption very well among all sensor nodes and achieves an obvious improvement on the network lifetime compared with existing schemes.
Hierarchical Relationship of Negative Emotion Perception from Violent Video Games

Video games featuring violent contents have become more and more prevalent among children and teenagers. It is therefore imperative to ponder on questions such as ‘Are violent video games dangerous digital games? ’ and ‘What negative emotions do they trigger in gamers? ’ As such, this study aims to explore the negative emotions that violent video games trigger in gamers and determine the cause for each negative emotion. For the purpose of this research, Resident Evil, a violent video game, has been chosen as the focus. Taking the gamer’s perspective, the study aims to explore and construct a thorough network structure (game triggered event—gamer’s personal belief—feeling of negative emotions) of gamer’s emotions, the structure of gamers’ emotional cluster and the correlation and level of inter-influence between relevant factors. Results of the study reveal that the overall hierarchical value map (HVM) not only presents a comprehensive gamer emotional network structure but also offers a clear illustration of how key game activating events (enemies, stage mission, BOSS level monsters, horror atmosphere, third-person view) lead to the formation of gamers’ personal beliefs of character death, high difficulty, trigger negative emotion, being frightened, enemy ambush and tough enemies, which ultimately lead to negative emotions such as fear, worry, anger, disgust and frustration on gamers’ part. In addition, among the five gamer emotional clusters, the clusters of fear and anger had the heaviest influence on the gamers. The correlation between factors and influence showed different levels of significance.
Power spectrum for the small-scale Universe

The first objects to arise in a cold dark matter (CDM) universe present a daunting challenge for models of structure formation. In the ultra small-scale limit, CDM structures form nearly simultaneously across a wide range of scales. Hierarchical clustering no longer provides a guiding principle for theoretical analyses and the computation time required to carry out credible simulations becomes prohibitively high. To gain insight into this problem, we perform high-resolution (N = 720 3 -1584 3 ) simulations of an Einstein-de Sitter cosmology where the initial power spectrum is P(k) ∝ k n , with - 2.5 ≤ n ≤ - 1. Self-similar scaling is established for n = -1 and -2 more convincingly than in previous, lower resolution simulations and for the first time, self-similar scaling is established for an n = -2.25 simulation. However, finite box-size effects induce departures from self-similar scaling in our n = -2.5 simulation. We compare our results with the predictions for the power spectrum from (one-loop) perturbation theory and demonstrate that the renormalization group approach suggested by McDonald improves perturbation theory's ability to predict the power spectrum in the quasi-linear regime. In the non-linear regime, our power spectra differ significantly from the widely used fitting formulae of Peacock & Dodds and Smith et al. and a new fitting formula is presented. Implications of our results for the stable clustering hypothesis versus halo model debate are discussed. Our power spectra are inconsistent with predictions of the stable clustering hypothesis in the high-k limit and lend credence to the halo model. Nevertheless, the fitting formula advocated in this paper is purely empirical and not derived from a specific formulation of the halo model.
Breaking Bad? The Effect of Faultline Strength and Distance on Relationship Conflict, and Performance in teams. A Conditional Process Model

Abstract Demographic faultlines (i.e., potential subgroup splits based on demographic attributes) have been argued to have effects over and above those of diversity. Yet, faultlines, much like diversity, do not seem to have positive or negative effects on performance per se, but to be affected by contextual variables as well as intermediate outcomes, such as relationship conflict. Relationship conflicts, a major threat to teamwork, are particularly likely to arise between subgroups. Thus, with the objective to shed some light on why and how exactly faultlines impact group outcome, we investigate the effect of faultline strength and distance on performance through relationship conflict as well as the effect of faultline strength on performance via relationship conflict, contingent on the level of faultline distance. To test our hypotheses we used data gathered in a laboratory setting with 267 graduate students. Results provide strong support for the extension of the faultline model.
Evaluation of Clinical Variables Associated with Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Middle-Aged Hypertensive Women

It has been previously documented that carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is a predictor of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to identify clinical parameters associated with an increased cIMT treated hypertensive women. Female patients (n = 116) with essential hypertension, aged 40–65 years, were included in this study. Vascular ultrasound was performed and the patients were divided into two groups according to the values of cIMT (< or ≥0.9 mm). Patients with greater cIMT presented significantly higher systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure. Serum HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower and CRP was significantly higher in the same group. There was a significant correlation between cIMT and age (r = 0.25, P = 0.007), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.19, P = 0.009), pulse pressure (r = 0.30, P = 0.001), and LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.19, P = 0.043). cIMT was correlated to CRP (r = 0.31, P = 0.007) and negatively correlated to HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.33, P = 0.001). In logistic regression, only HDL-cholesterol, CRP, and pulse pressure were shown to be independent variables associated to increased cIMT. In conclusion, pulse pressure, HDL-cholesterol, and CRP are variables correlated with cIMT in treated hypertensive women.
A Fixed Mindset Leads to Negative Affect: The Relations Between Implicit Theories of Intelligence and Subjective Well-Being

The way individuals think about their intelligence (i.e., implicit theories of intelligence) powerfully shapes learning processes. However, not much is known about how implicit theories of intelligence are associated with subjective well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between implicit theories of intelligence and subjective well-being as indexed by life satisfaction, positive affect, and (low levels of) negative affect. Study 1, a cross-sectional study, showed that entity theory of intelligence was negatively associated with life satisfaction and positively associated with negative affect. Study 2, a cross-lagged longitudinal study, showed that implicit theories and certain dimensions of subjective well-being were reciprocally related. Time 1 entity theory positively predicted subsequent negative affect, while Time 1 positive affect was negatively associated with T2 entity theory. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Deconstruction, Literature, and Wittgenstein’s Privileging of Showing

Wittgenstein’s distinction between saying and showing involves a privileging of the latter. This privileging, which is both ethical and aesthetic, emerges in Wittgenstein’s attitudes to literature. Involving the metaphysics of presence and an oppositional hierarchy, it seems to be a possible target of Derrida’s deconstruction. Indeed, in Wittgenstein, Derrida sees an effacement of theory, an effacement that Derrida criticises and that can be construed as part and parcel of Wittgenstein’s privileging of showing. For theory belongs to saying rather than to showing. Focusing on commentators of Wittgenstein who affirm the privileging of showing, this essay explores a tension between Wittgenstein and Derrida that pertains to this privileging.
Quantum Structure in Cognition : The Guppy Effect due to Emergence of a New Concept

Similar to the ‘guppy effect’ identified in Osherson & Smith (1981), Hampton (1988a,b) measures substantial deviations from classical fuzzy set and probability models for membership weights for conjunction and disjunction, and calls them respectively ‘overextension’ and ‘underextension’. Introducing two quantities, ‘the minimum or maximum rule deviation’, denoted ∆, and ‘the Kolmogorovian factor’, denoted k, we identify two types of non classical data, depending on the values of ∆ and k. We prove that membership weights of a specific item are (i) classical; (ii) non classical of the ∆-type, which is the non classicality of the ‘guppy effect’ or of Hampton’s over– or underextension; (iii) non classical of the k-type, which is a new type of non classicality not identified before. We introduce a quantum mechanical formalism, where items are represented by vectors and concepts by subspaces of a vector space, and prove that classical items and non classical items of the k-type can be modeled within this quantum mechanical formalism, i.e. the vectors and subspaces plus the proper quantum calculation rules reproduce the experimental data of Hampton (1988a,b). We show that to represent also the ∆-type non classical items extra aspects of the quantum mechanical formalism need to be introduced, namely those aspects that make it possible to represent the formation of a new concept. An interpretation of this complete quantum mechanical representation leads us to propose a specific cognitive thought mechanism, containing a ‘classical logical part’, for which specific membership weights are predicted, that would result if only this part would take place, and a ‘quantum conceptual part’, for which also membership weights are predicted that would result if only this part would take place. These ‘quantum conceptual’ membership weight contain bigger over and under extension than Hampton’s measured values, making it plausible that the measured values are the consequence of a ‘classical logical’ with ‘quantum conceptual’ superposed cognitive thought process.
10 Gbps mobile visible light communication system employing angle diversity, imaging receivers, and relay nodes

Over the past decade, visible light communication (VLC) systems have typically operated between 50 Mbps and 3.4 Gbps. In this paper, we propose and evaluate mobile VLC systems that operate at 10 Gbps. The enhancements in channel bandwidth and data rate are achieved by the introduction of laser diodes (LDs), angle diversity receivers (ADR), imaging receivers, relay nodes, and delay adaptation techniques. We propose three mobile VLC systems: an ADR relay assisted LD-VLC, an imaging relay assisted LD-VLC (IMGR-LD), and select-the-best imaging relay assisted LD-VLC. The ADR and imaging receiver are proposed for the VLC system to mitigate the intersymbol interference, maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and reduce the impact of multipath dispersion due to mobility. The combination of IMGR-LD with a delay adaptation technique adds a degree of freedom to the link design, which results in a VLC system that has the ability to provide high data rates under mobility. The proposed IMGR-LD system achieves significant improvements in the SNR over other systems in the worst case scenario in the considered real indoor environment.
Galaxy Evolution from Halo Occupation Distribution Modeling of DEEP2 and SDSS Galaxy Clustering

We model the luminosity-dependent projected two-point correlation function of DEEP2 (z ~ 1) and SDSS (z ~ 0) galaxies within the HOD framework. At both epochs, there is a tight correlation between central galaxy luminosity and halo mass, with the slope and scatter decreasing for larger halo masses, and the fraction of satellite galaxies decreases at higher luminosity. We find little evolution in the relation between mass scales of host halos for central galaxies and satellite galaxies above the same luminosity threshold. Combining these HOD results with theoretical predictions of the typical growth of halos, we establish an evolutionary connection between the galaxy populations at the two redshifts by linking z ~ 0 central galaxies to z ~ 1 central galaxies that reside in their progenitor halos. We find that the stellar mass growth of galaxies depends on halo mass. On average, the majority of the stellar mass in central galaxies residing in z ~ 0 low-mass halos (~5 × 1011 h-1 M☉) and only a small fraction of the stellar mass in central galaxies of high-mass halos (~1013 h-1 M☉) result from star formation between z ~ 1 and z ~ 0. In addition, the mass scale of halos where the star formation efficiency reaches a maximum is found to shift toward lower mass with time. Future work that combines HOD modeling of the clustering of galaxies at different redshifts with the assembly history and dynamical evolution of dark matter halos can lead to an understanding of the stellar mass growth due to both mergers and star formation as a function of host halo mass and provide powerful tests of galaxy formation theories.
Are Overconfident Managers Born or Made ? Evidence of Self-Attribution Bias from Frequent Acquirers

We explore the source of managerial hubris in mergers and acquisitions by examining the history of deals made by individual acquirers. We find that compared to their first deals, acquirers of second and higherorder deals experience significantly more negative announcement effects. We also find that while acquisition likelihood increases in the performance associated with previous acquisitions, previous positive performance does not curb the negative wealth effects associated with future deals. We interpret these results as consistent with self-attribution bias leading to overconfidence. We also find evidence that the market anticipates future deals based on an acquirer's acquisition history and impounds such anticipation into stock prices. JEL Classifications: G31; G32; G34 We thank Toby Daglish, Jon Garfinkel, Erik Lie, Hamid Mehran, Harold Mulherin, Tom Rietz, Jay SaAadu, Ashish Tiwari, and seminar participants at Northern Illinois University for comments and suggestions. All remaining errors are our own. Henry B. Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1000; (319) 335-2626; email: matt-billett@uiowa.edu. Henry B. Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1000; (319) 335-0934; email: Yiming-Qian@uiowa.edu. Are Overconfident Managers Born or Made? Evidence of Self-Attribution Bias from Frequent Acquirers
Moderators of interventions designed to enhance physical and psychological functioning among younger women with early-stage breast cancer.

PURPOSE To identify factors that condition or moderate the impact of a previously described set of interventions on psychological and physical adjustment after diagnosis and treatment for early-stage breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Younger women (age < 51 years, N = 252) with early-stage breast cancer within 2 months of having completed active nonhormonal adjuvant therapy were randomly assigned to a three-arm clinical trial, consisting of a control arm, an education arm, and a nutrition arm. Primary end points, assessed before random assignment and 4 and 13 months later, included mental functioning, physical functioning, and depressive symptoms. Four types of moderator variables were identified, including two sets reflecting psychosocial resources, specifically personality factors and factors related to the person's social environment, a set reflecting demographic variables, and a set reflecting treatment and disease variables (including comorbidities). RESULTS Psychosocial factors were more likely to moderate treatment effects than were demographic and disease-related factors, but the moderating effects of these psychosocial factors were limited to patients receiving the nutrition intervention. Patients with lower psychosocial resources benefited from the nutrition intervention, whereas patients with a greater amount of psychosocial resources did not. CONCLUSION Future trials of this type should stratify by or select for the moderating variables identified here (ie, dispositional pessimism, unmitigated communion, and negative social interaction) to establish more firmly their role in responses to psychosocial interventions. Effort should also be made to collect data to inform the delivery of interventions to those who might benefit the most.
Light logics and higher-order processes

We show that the techniques for resource control that have been developed by the so-called light logics can be fruitfully applied also to process algebras. In particular, we present a restriction of higher-order π-calculus inspired by soft linear logic. We prove that any soft process terminates in polynomial time. We argue that the class of soft processes may be naturally enlarged so that interesting processes are expressible, still maintaining the polynomial bound on executions.