Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formal analysis of security protocols : protocol composition logic

We develop Protocol Composition Logic (PCL)---a Floyd-Hoare style logic for axiomatic proofs of protocol properties that is sound with respect to the standard symbolic model of protocol execution and attack. PCL can express temporal ordering of actions and knowledge, naturally capturing security properties such as authentication and secrecy. The induction rule for proving invariants and the composition theorems allow us to prove properties of compound protocols by combining independent proofs of their components. In order to bridge the gap between the symbolic and computational models of security, we develop Computational PCL (CLCP)---a cryptographically sound formal logic for proving protocol security properties without explicitly reasoning about probability, asymptotic complexity, or the actions of a malicious attacker. The approach rests on a new probabilistic, polynomial-time semantics for a subset of PCL. Using CPCL we formulate a specification of secure key exchange that is closed under general composition with steps that use the key and present sound formal proof rules based on this game-based condition.
Partially Coherent, Radially Polarized Beam with Annular Apodization

Based on the vectorial Debye theory, the tight focusing properties of partially coherent, radially polarized vortex beams are investigated in detail. In this paper, we propose to use an amplitude modulated filter in combination with a high NA lens to generate long focal depth in the focal region. Numerical results show that the generation of long focal depth of FWHM (22.08λ) is achieved, which finds useful application in microscopy techniques such as particle acceleration, laser processing, optical micromanipulation, and beam shaping.
Detection of EGFR and KRAS gene mutations using suspension liquid-based cytology specimens in metastatic lung adenocarcinoma

Background The detection of EGFR and KRAS mutations of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma using liquid-based cytology suspension routine specimens from fine-needle aspiration remains controversial. Results The DNA of all specimens was extracted and real time PCR was performed successfully. The rate of EGFR and KARS mutations was 37.7% (58/154) and 5.8% (9/154), respectively. EGFR mutation rate was significantly higher in females than that in males (47.8% vs. 29.4%, P = 0.019). There were no significant differences among different age groups or different tumor sites. These results of EGFR and KRAS mutations using LBC specimens were consistant with the tissue samples. In 30 patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, complete response, partial response, stable disease and progress disease was observed in 2, 10, 13 and 5 patients, respectively. Conclusions Liquid-based cytology specimen is reliable and can be an alternative source for the detection of EGFR and KRAS mutations. Methods 154 fine-needle aspiration cytologic samples were obtained from patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. The specimens included 21 cases of mediastinal lymph node 123 cases of neck nodules and 10 cases of subcutaneous nodules. After the diagnosis and count of tumor cells performed by cytopathologists, liquid-based cytology specimens with sufficient tumor cells were used for EGFR and KRAS testing using real-time PCR.
Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase Cascades as Regulators of Stress Responses

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play an important role in transducting environmental stimuli to the transcriptional machinery in the nucleus by virtue of their ability to phosphorylate and regulate the activity of various transcription factors. Originally found to be activated in response to occupancy of cell surface receptors for polypeptide hormones, cytokines, and growth factors, MAPK cascades were recently found to be activated by a variety of stresses including ischemia reperfusion, neuronal injury, osmotic shock, and exposure to UV irradiation. Therefore, MAPK cascades are likely to be important regulatory elements in a variety of stress responses.
Perceptual Issues in Stereoscopic Signal Processing

Perceiving three-dimensional video imagery appropriately in a display requires matching parameters throughout the imaging pathway, such as inter-aperture distance at the stereoscopic camera side with parallax shifting at the display side. In addition, many tradeoffs and compromises are often made at different points in the imaging pathway, leading to common perceptual distortions. Some of these may be simple two-dimensional image distortions such as display surface noise, while others are three-dimensional distortions, such as global geometric scene distortions and localized depth errors around edges. There is an increasing use of various forms of signal processing to modify the images, either for compensation of distortions due to system limitations, display constraints, formatting and compression for efficient transmission, or making depth range adjustments dependent on the display viewing conditions. Perceptual issues are critical to the design of the entire imaging pathway and this paper will highlight some of those due to stereoscopic signal processing.
The New Growth Theories and Their Empirics after Twenty Years

Abstract In this work the author updates the reviews on endogenous growth theories in order to explore whether recent empirical studies have become more supportive of their main predictions. Among the core topics studied in the growth econometric framework, namely convergence, identification of growth determinants and factors responsible for growth differences in the data, the primary focus of this paper is on the last two. The author will review, from macro growth regressions, studies that test primarily the performance of endogenous models in terms of significance and robustness of the coefficients of growth determinants. By highlighting methodological issues and critical discussion, she argues that: (i) causal inference drawn from the empirical growth literature remains highly questionable, (ii) there are estimates for a wide range of potential factors but their magnitude and robustness are still under debate. Her conclusion, however, is that, if properly interpreted, the predictions of endogenous growth models are gathering increasing empirical support.
Regret associated with the decision for breast reconstruction: The association of negative body image, distress and surgery characteristics with decision regret

This study investigated the influence of psychosocial and surgical factors on decision regret among 123 women diagnosed with breast cancer who had undergone immediate (58%) or delayed (42%) breast reconstruction following mastectomy. The majority of participants (52.8%, n = 65) experienced no decision regret, 27.6% experienced mild regret and 19.5% moderate to strong regret. Bivariate analyses indicated that decision regret was associated with negative body image and psychological distress – intrusion and avoidance. There were no differences in decision regret either with respect to methods or timing patterns of reconstructive surgery. Multinominal logistic regression analysis showed that, when controlling for mood state and time since last reconstructive procedure, increases in negative body image were associated with increased likelihood of experiencing decision regret. These findings highlight the need for optimal input from surgeons and therapists in order to promote realistic expectations regarding the outcome of breast reconstruction and to reduce the likelihood of women experiencing decision regret.
Upper Bound of The Number of Channels for Conflict-Free Communication in Multi-Channel Wireless Networks

In this paper, we address the following problem: given a set of wireless nodes on the plane, what is the number of channels needed to ensure a schedulable conflict-free communication? While the exact number of channels needed is very difficult to compute, we focus on an upper bound for this number, in terms of the node density D. In particular, we derive several upper bounds in terms of D based on different settings of network interference ratio r, and analyze the trend of the upper bound as r changes. We also examine the tightness of our upper bound, by studying some specific scenarios of transmission. Our result can be viewed as another theoretical investigation towards the relationship between the network performance and the number of available channels. In practical application, the result suggests an easy estimation on the number of channels needed in the configuration of a wireless network. On the other hand, when the number of channels in a wireless system is given, the result can be used to provide a suggestion on the node density in the node deployment.
Activity Sequence-Based Indoor Pedestrian Localization Using Smartphones

This paper presents an activity sequence-based indoor pedestrian localization approach using smartphones. The activity sequence consists of several continuous activities during the walking process, such as turning at a corner, taking the elevator, taking the escalator, and walking stairs. These activities take place when a user walks at some special points in the building, like corners, elevators, escalators, and stairs. The special points form an indoor road network. In our approach, we first detect the user's activities using the built-in sensors in a smartphone. The detected activities constitute the activity sequence. Meanwhile, the user's trajectory is reckoned by Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR). Based on the detected activity sequence and reckoned trajectory, we realize pedestrian localization by matching them to the indoor road network using a Hidden Markov Model. After encountering several special points, the location of the user would converge on the true one. We evaluate our proposed approach using smartphones in two buildings: an office building and a shopping mall. The results show that the proposed approach can realize autonomous pedestrian localization even without knowing the initial point in the environments. The mean offline localization error is about 1.3 m. The results also demonstrate that the proposed approach is robust to activity detection error and PDR estimation error.
TeSR: A robust Temporal Self-Referencing approach for Hardware Trojan detection

Malicious modification of integrated circuits, referred to as Hardware Trojans, in untrusted fabrication facility has emerged as a major security threat. Logic testing approaches are not very effective for detecting large sequential Trojans which require multiple state transitions often triggered by rare circuit events in order to activate and cause malfunction. On the other hand, side-channel analysis has emerged as an effective approach for detection of such large sequential Trojans. However, existing side-channel approaches suffer from large reduction in detection sensitivity with increasing process variations or decreasing Trojan size. In this paper, we propose TeSR, a Temporal Self-Referencing approach that compares the current signature of a chip at two different time windows to completely eliminate the effect of process noise, thus providing high detection sensitivity for Trojans of varying size. Furthermore, unlike existing approaches, it does not require golden chip instances as a reference. Simulation results for three complex designs and three representative sequential Trojan circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach under large inter- and intra-die process variations.
Use of Attorneys and Appeal Filing in the Washington State Workers’ Compensation Program: Does Patient Satisfaction Matter?

Learning ObjectivesSpecify the frequency with which injured workers in Washington State’s compensation system retained an attorney or filed a appeal, and the personal and job-related correlates of these actions.Analyze the relationship between workers’ legal actions and their satisfaction in two domains: how well the claim was managed administratively, and how well the worker and claim manager communicated with one another.Characterize the relationship between retaining an attorney and long-term disability. Little is known about how often injured workers retain attorneys or file appeals in the workers’ compensation system. We conducted a population-based study to examine the frequency of attorney retention and appeal filing in the Washington State workers’ compensation program and the factors related to this event. Data for the study were provided by a survey conducted on 804 injured workers who were interviewed an average of 159 days after claim receipt. Attorney retention and appeal filing were examined up to 28 months later. Seven percent of the workers either retained an attorney or filed an appeal. Workers who were less satisfied with claims administration procedures were more likely to retain an attorney or file an appeal (P < 0.05). The average length of time from claim receipt to attorney retention (368 days) suggests that retaining an attorney is a correlate rather than a predictor of long-term disability.
Pluripotent stem cell energy metabolism: an update

Recent studies link changes in energy metabolism with the fate of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Safe use of PSC derivatives in regenerative medicine requires an enhanced understanding and control of factors that optimize in vitro reprogramming and differentiation protocols. Relative shifts in metabolism from naïve through “primed” pluripotent states to lineage‐directed differentiation place variable demands on mitochondrial biogenesis and function for cell types with distinct energetic and biosynthetic requirements. In this context, mitochondrial respiration, network dynamics, TCA cycle function, and turnover all have the potential to influence reprogramming and differentiation outcomes. Shifts in cellular metabolism affect enzymes that control epigenetic configuration, which impacts chromatin reorganization and gene expression changes during reprogramming and differentiation. Induced PSCs (iPSCs) may have utility for modeling metabolic diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA, for which few disease models exist. Here, we explore key features of PSC energy metabolism research in mice and man and the impact this work is starting to have on our understanding of early development, disease modeling, and potential therapeutic applications.
Mortality and gross pathology of secondary disease in germfree mouse radiation chimeras.

On the hypothesis that elimination of the microbial flora of the host might avert or delay the fatal effects of graft-versus-host (GVH) reactions and mitigate the pathology of secondary disease, a study was made of allogeneic and xenogeneic radiation chimeras utilizing rigidly inbred germfree and conventional animals. Germfree C3H/He mice irradiated with 1000 R and given 107 DBA/2 bone marrow cells had a 98% survival 120 days postirradiation. By contrast, conventional C3H/He mice irradiated with 825 R and given 107 DBA/2 bone marrow cells had a 64% survival at 30 days and a 0% survival at 120 days postirradiation. Gross evidence of secondary disease was rare in the germfree allogeneic chimeras while, by comparison, the conventional allogeneic chimeras presented the symptoms of secondary disease usually observed in other laboratories. Germfree status did not prevent secondary disease or death in the xenogeneic (Fischer 344 rat to C3H/He mouse) chimeras, but did prolong mean survival time. The results suppo.
THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FOUR DENTAL CASTING SUPRASTRUCTURE ALLOYS COUPLED WITH TITANIUM IMPLANTS

Objectives: As the choice of suprastructure alloy to be combined with titanium for the oral cavity is still a much debated issue, the aim of this study was to investigate the electrochemical interaction of the suprastructure/implant couples under the determined experiment conditions. Material and Methods: The potentiodynamic polarization curves and open-circuit potentials (OCP) of four UCLA type suprastructures coupled with straight Swiss Plus implant fixtures were taken in Afnor type artificial saliva solution at 37°C. The concentration of ions leached into artificial saliva solutions was estimated with ICP-MS. SEM images of the margins of suprastructure/implant couples were obtained before and after the electrochemical tests. Results: The OCP value of titanium became passive at the most negative potential. The lowest difference between the initial and constant OCP value was exhibited by the Au based suprastructure. Suprastructures made greater contributions to the potentiodynamic polarization curves of the implant/suprastructure couples. According to the ICP-MS results, Pd based and Au based couples dissolved less than Co-Ni based and Co-Cr based couples. Conclusions: Within the conditions this study, it may be concluded that the titanium implant forms a stable passive oxide layer in artificial saliva exposed to open air and does not affect the corrosion properties of the suprastructures. Pd based and Au based couples have been found to be more corrosion-resistant than base alloy couples.
Overview of the IWSLT06 evaluation campaign

This paper gives an overview of the evaluation campaign results of the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT) 2006 1 . In this workshop, we focused on the translation of spontaneous speech. The translation directions were Arabic, Chinese, Italian, or Japanese into English. In total, 21 translation systems from 19 research groups participated in this year’s evaluation campaign. Both automatic and subjective evaluations were carried out in order to investigate the impact of spontaneity aspects on automatic speech recognition (ASR) and machine translation (MT) system performance as well as the robustness of stateof-the-art MT systems towards speech recognition errors.
A puppet interface for the development of an intuitive computer animation system

In this paper, we introduce a puppet interface for the development of an intuitive animation system. Our puppet interface does not require any special devices and any type of puppet can be used. The puppet interface is developed by attaching ten visible markers onto a puppet. The user can manipulate the pose of the puppet interface to produce the desired motion in front of a camera. The puppet's joint angle information is captured by the camera and used to retrieve a suitable motion from a motion database. The retrieved motion data is transferred to a 3D character model to generate an animation. To avoid the occlusion problem, we propose an algorithm that estimates the joint angle by determining the position and rotation of markers adjacent to the occluded marker. Experiments confirmed that our proposed algorithm can generate correct results, although some occluded markers remained.
Microbial Diversity of the Brine-Seawater Interface of the Kebrit Deep, Red Sea, Studied via 16S rRNA Gene Sequences and Cultivation Methods

ABSTRACT The brine-seawater interface of the Kebrit Deep, northern Red Sea, was investigated for the presence of microorganisms using phylogenetic analysis combined with cultivation methods. Under strictly anaerobic culture conditions, novel halophiles were isolated. The new rod-shaped isolates belong to the halophilic genus Halanaerobiumand are the first representatives of the genus obtained from deep-sea, anaerobic brine pools. Within the genus Halanaerobium, they represent new species which grow chemoorganotrophically at NaCl concentrations ranging from 5 to 34%. The cellular fatty acid compositions are consistent with those of otherHalanaerobium representatives, showing unusually large amounts of Δ7 and Δ11 16:1 fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis of the brine-seawater interface sample revealed the presence of various bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences dominated by cultivated members of the bacterial domain, with the majority affiliated with the genusHalanaerobium. The new Halanaerobium 16S rRNA clone sequences showed the highest similarity (99.9%) to the sequence of isolate KT-8-13 from the Kebrit Deep brine. In this initial survey, our polyphasic approach demonstrates that novel halophiles thrive in the anaerobic, deep-sea brine pool of the Kebrit Deep, Red Sea. They may contribute significantly to the anaerobic degradation of organic matter enriched at the brine-seawater interface.
Making and Maintaining Lifestyle Changes after Participating in Group Based Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Educations: A Qualitative Study

Background Disease management is crucial in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes self-management education aims to provide the knowledge necessary to make and maintain lifestyle changes. However, few studies have investigated the processes after such courses. The aim of this study was to investigate how participants make and maintain lifestyle changes after participating in group-based type 2 diabetes self-management education. Methods Data was collected through qualitative semi-structured interviews with 23 patients who attended educational group programs in Central Norway. The participants were asked how they had used the advice given and what they had changed after the course. Results Knowledge was essential for making lifestyle changes following education. Three factors affected whether lifestyle changes were implemented: obtaining new knowledge, taking responsibility, and receiving confirmation of an already healthy lifestyle. Four factors motivated individuals to maintain changes: support from others, experiencing an effect, fear of complications, and the formation of new habits. Conclusion Knowledge was used to make and maintain changes in diet, medication and physical activity. Knowledge also acted as confirmation of an already adequate lifestyle. Knowledge led to no changes if diabetes appeared “not that scary” or if changes appeared too time consuming. Those involved in diabetes education need to be aware of the challenges in convincing asymptomatic patients about the benefits of adherence to self-management behaviour.
Do two heads search better than one? Effects of student collaboration on web search behaviour and search outcomes

This study compared Pairs of students with Single students in web search tasks. The underlying hypothesis was that peer-to-peer collaboration encourages students to articulate their thoughts, which in turn has a facilitative effect on the regulation of the search process as well as search outcomes. Both hypotheses were supported by the results. Pairs located the target information more often and in less time than Singles did. Pairs also employed a richer repertoire of search strategies and were more proficient in monitoring and evaluating their search behaviour. Implications of these findings for practice and further research are discussed.