Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Microbial Carbon and Sulfur Cycling in Deeply Buried Ridge Flank Basalt

Under the Sea Floor Microorganisms living in basaltic sea floor buried beneath sediments derive energy from inorganic components from the host rocks that interact with infiltrating seawater, which brings dissolved oxygen and other trace nutrients with it. Lever et al. (p. 1305) directly sampled the subseafloor community off the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean and found evidence for ongoing microbial sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. Multiyear incubation experiments with samples of host rock confirmed the microbial activities measured in situ. Active methane- and sulfur-cycling microbial communities exist in deep basaltic ocean crust. Sediment-covered basalt on the flanks of mid-ocean ridges constitutes most of Earth's oceanic crust, but the composition and metabolic function of its microbial ecosystem are largely unknown. By drilling into 3.5-million-year-old subseafloor basalt, we demonstrated the presence of methane- and sulfur-cycling microbes on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Depth horizons with functional genes indicative of methane-cycling and sulfate-reducing microorganisms are enriched in solid-phase sulfur and total organic carbon, host δ13C- and δ34S-isotopic values with a biological imprint, and show clear signs of microbial activity when incubated in the laboratory. Downcore changes in carbon and sulfur cycling show discrete geochemical intervals with chemoautotrophic δ13C signatures locally attenuated by heterotrophic metabolism.
Understanding internet adoption as telecommunications behavior

The present study profiles Internet adopters in terms of social locators, media use habits, and their orientation toward adopting new technologies. Findings, in terms of demographics and technology uses, offer some support for the early adopter profiles derived from diffusion theory. Although results fail to confirm our expectation that attitudinal variables of those served by online technology are more explanatory than demographics, we were able to identify technology and media use orientations that differentiate those with and without Internet access.
Ripples in a pond: the disclosure to, and management of, problem Internet gambling with/in the family

For every individual with a gambling problem it is estimated that somewhere between a further 5–17 other individuals are adversely affected by it. Yet, despite the fact that this claim is commonly circulated, Krishnan and Orford point out that research into effects of problem gambling on gamblers' families has been limited and has not explored family coping in detail. This paper addresses this lacunae by drawing on qualitative research with problem Internet gamblers and their significant others (partners, parents, children and siblings) to examine the processes through which problem gambling is first disclosed within, and then managed by ‘families’. The paper concludes by arguing that because problem Internet gambling is commonly contained as a secret within families to whom it is disclosed, and is ‘self-corrected’ by many of them, the issue and extent of problem Internet gambling does not become visible in the wider public domain.
Src‐like adaptor protein regulates osteoclast generation and survival

Src‐like adaptor protein (SLAP) is a hematopoietic adaptor containing Src homology (SH)3 and SH2 motifs and a unique carboxy terminus. Unlike c‐Src, SLAP lacks a tyrosine kinase domain. We investigated the role of SLAP in osteoclast development and resorptive function. Employing SLAP‐deficient mice, we find lack of the adaptor enhances in vitro proliferation of osteoclast precursors in the form of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), without altering their survival. Furthermore, osteoclastogenic markers appear more rapidly in SLAP−/− BMMs exposed to RANK ligand (RANKL). The accelerated proliferation of M‐CSF‐treated, SLAP‐deficient precursors is associated with enhanced ERK activation. SLAP's role as a mediator of M‐CSF signaling, in osteoclastic cells, is buttressed by complexing of the adaptor protein and c‐Fms in lipid rafts. Unlike c‐Src, SLAP does not impact resorptive function of mature osteoclasts but induces their early apoptosis. Thus, SLAP negatively regulates differentiation of osteoclasts and proliferation of their precursors. Conversely, SLAP decreases osteoclast death by inhibiting activation of caspase 3. These counterbalancing events yield indistinguishable bones of WT and SLAP−/− mice which contain equal numbers of osteoclasts in basal and stimulated conditions. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 201–209, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the Molecular Basis of Ion Permeation in the Epithelial Na+ Channel

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) is highly selective for Na+ and Li+ over K+ and is blocked by the diuretic amiloride. ENaC is a heterotetramer made of two α, one β, and one γ homologous subunits, each subunit comprising two transmembrane segments. Amino acid residues involved in binding of the pore blocker amiloride are located in the pre-M2 segment of β and γ subunits, which precedes the second putative transmembrane α helix (M2). A residue in the α subunit (αS589) at the NH2 terminus of M2 is critical for the molecular sieving properties of ENaC. ENaC is more permeable to Li+ than Na+ ions. The concentration of half-maximal unitary conductance is 38 mM for Na+ and 118 mM for Li+, a kinetic property that can account for the differences in Li+ and Na+ permeability. We show here that mutation of amino acid residues at homologous positions in the pre-M2 segment of α, β, and γ subunits (αG587, βG529, γS541) decreases the Li+/Na+ selectivity by changing the apparent channel affinity for Li+ and Na+. Fitting single-channel data of the Li+ permeation to a discrete-state model including three barriers and two binding sites revealed that these mutations increased the energy needed for the translocation of Li+ from an outer ion binding site through the selectivity filter. Mutation of βG529 to Ser, Cys, or Asp made ENaC partially permeable to K+ and larger ions, similar to the previously reported αS589 mutations. We conclude that the residues αG587 to αS589 and homologous residues in the β and γ subunits form the selectivity filter, which tightly accommodates Na+ and Li+ ions and excludes larger ions like K+.
Live television is still alive: on television as an unfulfilled promise

Although live broadcasting has declined in the long term, and is deemed of little importance by most television theorists, this article maintains that an analysis of `liveness' remains central to an understanding of television in general. `Liveness' is not defined as a technical phenomenon, but rather as the viewers' belief in live broadcasting. This belief depends on the televisual text, on the social context, on the social characteristics of viewers and on the temporal sequencing of television viewing. Based on the combination of sounds (especially the voice) with images, a typology of television sequences is proposed according to the degree of liveness reached: (1) fully live (maximum liveness, as in major media events); (2) continuity (appearance of liveness without certainty, as in game shows); (3) edited (non-fiction and non-live, but influenced by the context of live television, as with some news reports and documentaries); (4) fiction (minimum liveness especially in films, but influence of liveness in some genres). The analysis is applied especially to national and general audience channels. However, a short survey of cable programming shows how liveness has not disappeared, and is related to the possibility of switching, at any given moment, to live channels.
Gradations of Stress as Determinants of the Clinical Picture Immediately After Traumatic Events

The traumatic process contains three possible stages: a stage of warning, a stage of impact (immediate reaction), and a post-traumatic stage. While identification of factors that can influence the long term clinical picture (the post-traumatic stage) has been attempted elsewhere, examination has not previously been done to explore the relationship between the severity of stressors and the immediate stress reaction. This paper proposes that gradations of stress (intensity, duration) play a key role at the stage of impact (immediate reaction), which subsequently affects both the short and long-term clinical picture. It also proposes that behavior under threat (reaction to stress) is usually an adaptive behavior, a communication, a part of a dialogue between the survivor and the surrounding environment. In this study, immediate stress reaction was measured in terms of CSR, or combat stress reactions. CSR is defined as a means by which soldiers communicate to the system that they cannot take it any more. CSR symptoms can present clinically in a variety of ways, as psychiatric reactions, accidents, somatic illnesses, behavioral acting out or conduct disorders. Reanalysis of a longitudinal study of 4000 soldiers in World War II was conducted, and the question "what kind of objective stress precedes each type of CSR casualties" was asked. RESULTS indicated that gradations of stress at the stage of impact significantly influenced the clinical picture. Intensive combat typically produced psychiatric casualties and accidents. Moderate Stress tended to result in medical casualties; and prolonged, intermittent combat preceded AWOL and disciplinary manpower drain. A study in Israel, which I conducted after the 1982 war, showed similar results. Language: en
A Modified Delta-Shaped Gastroduodenostomy in Totally Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: A Safe and Feasible Technique

Background The present study introduced a modified delta-shaped gastroduodenostomy (DSG) technique and assessed the safety, feasibility and clinical results of this procedure in patients undergoing totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG) for gastric cancer (GC). Materials and Methods A total of 102 patients with distal GC undergoing TLDG with modified DSG between January 2013 and December 2013 were enrolled. A retrospective study was performed using a prospectively maintained comprehensive database to evaluate the results of the procedure. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to estimate the predictive factors for postoperative morbidity. Results The mean operation time was 150.6±30.2 min, the mean anastomosis time was 12.2±4.2 min, the mean blood loss was 48.2±33.2 ml, and the mean times to first flatus, fluid diet, soft diet and postoperative hospital stay were 3.8±1.3 days, 5.0±1.0 days, 7.4±2.1 days and 12.0±6.5 days, respectively. Two patients with minor anastomotic leakage after surgery were managed conservatively; no patient experienced any complications around the anastomosis, such as anastomotic stricture or anastomotic hemorrhage. Univariate analysis showed that age, gastric cancer with hemorrhage and cardiovascular disease combined were significant factors that affected postoperative morbidity (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis found that gastric cancer with hemorrhage was the independent risk factor for the postoperative morbidity (P = 0.042). At a median follow-up of 7 months, no patients had died or experienced recurrent or metastatic disease. Conclusions The modified DSG was technically safe and feasible, with acceptable surgical outcomes, in patients undergoing TLDG for GC, and this procedure may be promising in these patients.
Intimacy and Intergenerational Aid and Contact among Mothers and Daughters.

We address the assumption that aid, contact, and intimacy are components of some underlying dyadic construct by examining two mother-daughter relationships-student women and their mothers (132 pairs) and middle-aged women and their mothers (107 pairs). Both partners are respondents in each case. We distinguish between proximal aid and distal aid, include all modes of contact, and measure intimacy as a multidimensional construct. Aid and contact collectively do not account for more than 11% of the variance in reports of intimacy. With small but consistent associations across relationship reports, proximal aid to mother predicts both mother's and daughter's reports of intimacy in both generational pairs. In the younger but not the older pairs, the connection between intimacy and contact by visiting and telephoning is conditional on geographic distance. Amount of contact is related negatively to mothers' reported intimacy in the younger relationship and, when proximal aid to mother is controlled, to both mothers' and daughters' reported intimacy in the older relationship. This effect contradicts the assumption of a positive relationship between contact and intimacy. In both mother-daughter relationships, distal aid to mother, aid in general from mother to daughter, letter writing, and child care are not related to intimacy. It is not reasonable, therefore, to infer intimacy from aid and contact. The study suggests the potential of distinguishing between discretionary and obligatory intergenerational interaction.
Localization as subpolitics: The Transition Movement and cultural citizenship

This article seeks to critically debate the subpolitical potential of the Transition Movement. As a relatively new social movement the Transition Movement seeks to promote a genuinely engaged form of citizenship from below. This is a radical social movement that is at odds with the current neoliberal consensus. Here I look at the key aims and intellectuals associated with the movement and seek to review the idea of localization in the context of the critical literature on globalization. However by engaging in ideas of cultural citizenship and, most crucially, critical pedagogy I seek to draw attention to both the positive and negative features of the movement. In particular I review the effectiveness of the Transition Movement through notions of cultural democracy and consider the extent to which it is able to promote critical border crossing.
Dynamic parallel access to replicated content in the internet

Popular content is frequently replicated in multiple servers or caches in the Internet to offload origin servers and improve end-user experience. However, choosing the best server is a nontrivial task and a bad choice may provide poor end user experience. In contrast to retrieving a file from a single server, we propose a parallel-access scheme where end users access multiple servers at the same time, fetching different portions of that file from different servers and reassembling them locally. The amount of data retrieved from a particular server depends on the resources available at that server or along the path from the user to the server. Faster servers will deliver bigger portions of a file while slower servers will deliver smaller portions. If the available resources at a server or along the path change during the download of a file, a dynamic parallel access will automatically shift the load from congested locations to less loaded parts (server and links) of the Internet. The end result is that users experience significant speedups and very consistent response times. Moreover, there is no need for complicated server selection algorithms and load is dynamically shared among all servers. The dynamic parallel-access scheme presented in this paper does not require any modifications to servers or content and can be easily included in browsers, peer-to-peer applications or content distribution networks to speed up delivery of popular content.
The Motivational Function of Preschoolers' Private Speech

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between children's metacognitive private speech and their mastery motivation when working on 3 age-appropriate but challenging tasks. Metacognitive private speech was defined as children's nonsocial utterances that reflected heightened awareness and regulation of their own thinking. Mastery motivation referred to the young children's disposition to work for a challenging goal. A total of 31 preschoolers, aged 3 to 5 years, participated in this study. The proportion of metacognitive private speech for each task to children's overall private talk across the 3 tasks was analyzed. Results for the 3 tasks indicated that children's metacognitive private speech was correlated with their mastery behavior. Specifically, young children who engaged in higher proportion of metacognitive private speech were more likely to strive to complete the challenging tasks or work without the direct assistance of an adult. Implications of these findings for research and education are considered.
GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency; intrafamilial variation in clinical phenotype, including levodopa responsiveness

A family with a dominant form of partial GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency is described. Clinical severity varied from mild involvement with complete responsiveness to levodopa to severe dystonia precluding any voluntary activity including talking, progressive contractures, and only partial responsiveness to levodopa. Although there are several possible reasons for intrafamilial variability, any patient with dystonia, the cause of which is not clearly identified, should receive a trial of levodopa.
The Relationship Between Academic Oral Proficiency and Reading Performance: A Comparative Study Between English Learners and English-Only Students

This study investigates the relationship between oral proficiency and reading proficiency in English-learning children (L2 students) and native English-speaking children (NE students). A set of oral activities measuring students’ academic oral skills in science classes was developed and administered to 61 fourth graders. Both the meaning-related aspects and the formal aspects of the students’ academic oral proficiency were compared between strong and struggling readers and between NE and L2 students. The study thus used a 2 × 2 factorial design (Strong/Struggling Readers × NE/L2 Students). After controlling for the students’ nonverbal analytic and reasoning skills, this study found that strong and struggling readers showed different levels of performance with respect to the meaning-related aspects of oral academic language but not with respect to the formal aspects of language. Conversely, differences between NE and L2 students were found in components related to the formal aspects but not in those related to the meaning aspects of oral language.
The Religion of Java

Written with a rare combination of analysis and speculation, this comprehensive study of Javanese religion is one of the few books on the religion of a non-Western people which emphasizes variation and conflict in belief as well as similarity and harmony. The reader becomes aware of the intricacy and depth of Javanese spiritual life and the problems of political and social integration reflected in the religion. "The Religion of Java" will interest specialists in Southeast Asia, anthropologists and sociologists concerned with the social analysis of religious belief and ideology, students of comparative religion, and civil servants dealing with governmental policy toward Indonesia and Southeast Asia.
Vestibulo-Cerebellar Disease Impairs the Central Representation of Self-Orientation

Transformation of head-fixed otolith signals into a space-fixed frame of reference is essential for perception of self-orientation and ocular motor control. In monkeys the nodulus and ventral uvula of the vestibulo-cerebellum facilitate this transformation by computing an internal estimate of direction of gravity. These experimental findings motivated the hypothesis that degeneration of the vestibulo-cerebellum in humans alter perceptual and ocular motor functions that rely on accurate estimates of gravity, such as subjective visual vertical (SVV), static ocular counterroll (OCR), and gravity-dependent modulation of vertical ocular drifts. We assessed the SVV, OCR, and spontaneous vertical ocular drifts in 12 patients with chronic vestibulo-cerebellar disease and in 10 controls. Substantially increased variability in estimated SVV was noted in the patients. Furthermore, gravity-dependent modulation of spontaneous vertical ocular drifts along the pitch plane was significantly (p < 0.05) larger in the patients. However, the gain and variability of static OCR and errors in SVV were not significantly different. In conclusion, in chronic vestibulo-cerebellar disease SVV and OCR remain intact except for an abnormal variability in the perception of verticality and impaired stabilization of gaze mediated by the otoliths. These findings suggest that OCR and perceived vertical are relatively independent from the cerebellum unless there is a cerebellar imbalance like an acute unilateral cerebellar stroke. The increased trial-to-trial SVV variability may be a general feature of cerebellar disease since a function of the cerebellum may be to compensate for such. SVV variability might be useful to monitor disease progression and treatment response in patients.
The 2000 E-Campaign for U.S. Senate

Abstract The 2000 election saw another increase in the number of Web sites produced by candidates for the U.S. Senate, to over 90% for the major party candidates and nearly 60% for third-party candidates. A content analysis of these campaign Web sites finds an increase in design elements that advance campaign purposes, such as online and credit card contributions. At the same time, few features or services were directed to the mass electorate. The absence of voter registration information and privacy policies from the large majority of Web sites is particularly striking. Sites often lacked basic navigation tools, making it difficult to find desired information. They also took little advantage of the interactivity that makes Web sites such a powerful communication and marketing tool. Third-party candidate Web sites lagged behind those of Democrats and Republicans in most respects, with the notable exceptions of mentioning their party names and the candidates at the tops of their tickets. The study concludes that campaign Web sites have not leveled the playing field for third parties, nor become a vehicle for increasing voter education and activation of the mass electorate. Neither are these Web sites employing a relationship
Classifying phonological categories in imagined and articulated speech

This paper presents a new dataset combining 3 modalities (EEG, facial, and audio) during imagined and vocalized phonemic and single-word prompts. We pre-process the EEG data, compute features for all 3 modalities, and perform binary classification of phonological categories using a combination of these modalities. For example, a deep-belief network obtains accuracies over 90% on identifying consonants, which is significantly more accurate than two baseline support vector machines. We also classify between the different states (resting, stimuli, active thinking) of the recording, achieving accuracies of 95%. These data may be used to learn multimodal relationships, and to develop silent-speech and brain-computer interfaces.