Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Artificial immune recognition system (AIRS): a review and analysis

The natural immune system is a robust and powerful information process system that demonstrates features such as distributed control, parallel processing and adaptation or learning via experience. Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) are machine-learning algorithms that embody some of the principles and attempt to take advantages of the benefits of natural immune systems for use in tackling complex problem domains. The Artificial Immune Recognition System (AIRS), is one such supervised learning AIS that has shown significant success on broad range of classification problems. The focus of this work is the AIRS algorithm, specifically the techniques history, previous research and algorithm function. Competence with the AIRS algorithm is demonstrated in terms of theory and application. The AIRS algorithm is analysed from the perspective of reasonable design goals for an immune inspired AIS and a number of limitations and areas for improvement are identified. A number of original and borrowed augmentations, simplifications and changes to the AIRS algorithm are then proposed to addresses the identified areas. A professional-level implementation of the AIRS algorithm is produced and is provided as a plug-in for the WEKA machine-learning workbench. ii Acknowledgements
Factors Affecting Research Productivity of Faculty in Higher Education Institutions

In higher education, past and recent studies have shown that research productivity plays a major role in attaining success in academia as it relates to promotion and tenure, salary, and the fringe benefits of the profession. Studies have shown that research productivity varies widely from institution to institution depending on the emphasis that is placed on three key aspects of higher education, namely, teaching, research, and service. The literature had identified following factors that on influence research productivity: (1) tenure status, (2) the allocation of working time to research activities, (3) length of the tenure probationary period, (4) teaching loads, and (5) financial research support. Main aim of the study is to identify factors that serve as obstacles or a motivators to increase research productivity of faculty of higher education institutions. Objectives of the study To identify factors that effect on research productivity of higher education faculty To explore level of research productivity of faculty of higher education institutions by identifying research published in previous years To identify perceived organizational culture that motivate faculty to increase research productivity To explore influence of demographic factors that effect on research productivity of higher education faculty Methodology The study is exploratory in nature and a survey research design was used to attain target of the study. The target population of the study was teachers of public and private University of Lahore, Pakistan. The sample was selected through two stage sampling process. At first stage universities from public and private sectors were selected through ratio sampling. At second stage the departments were selected through lottery method, while the respondents from these departments were chosen on convenience basis. In total 500 teachers took part in the study. The data was collected through a self-developed instrument. It was composed of two sections, first section was concerned about demographic information while the second part was composed 23 statements on six point scale. The reliability was calculated by finding value of Cronbach alpha that was 0.83. Results Data was analyzed by using descriptive as well as inferential statistics. Results indicate that the teaching load and administrative tasks influence on research productivity. Secondly, experience and qualification also have a greater influence on research productivity among university teachers. The recommendations for policy makers, university administration are drawn on the basis of results.
Engaging in Creative Work: The Influences of Personal Value, Autonomy at Work, and National Socialization for Self-Directedness in 50 Nations

This study aims to examine why and how individuals’ self-reported engagement in creative work is separately and jointly influenced by dispositional, situational, and national-cultural factors worldwide. Using data abstracted from the World Value Survey, we proposed a multi-level model testing how the relationship between individuals’ creative value orientation and their self-reported creative work engagement is contingent on perceived job autonomy and how such interaction is further moderated by the dimension of national socialization for Self-Directedness in developing its human capital. Data provided by a total of 35,120 employees from 50 nations were included in our hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses. As hypothesized, the relationship between an employee’s creative value orientation and creative job engagement is moderated by job autonomy, such that the relationship is stronger when the job held is more autonomous rather than less. However, the relationship of this Person × Situation interaction to creative work engagement was not as extensive as expected—It is stronger in nations emphasizing Self-Directedness in socializing its children. Our findings thus offer conceptual guidelines and practical insights to national and firm leaders aspiring to effect actions for creativity using both personal and situational factors in a given national-cultural context.
Time-Evolution of Peak Energy and Luminosity Relation within Pulses for GRB 061007: Probing Fireball Dynamics

We perform a time-resolved spectral analysis of bright, long Gamma-ray burst GRB 061007 using Suzaku/WAM and Swift/BAT. Thanks to the large effective area of the WAM, we can investigate the time evolution of the spectral peak energy, E peak and the luminosity L t iso with 1-sec time resolution, and we find that the time-resolved pulses also satisfy the Epeak −Liso relation, which was found for the time-averaged spectra of other bursts, suggesting the same physical conditions in each pulse. Furthermore, the initial rising phase of each pulse could be an outlier of this relation with higher E peak value by about factor 2. This difference could suggest that the fireball radius expands by a factor of 2− 4 and/or bulk Lorentz factor of the fireball is decelerated by a factor of ∼ 4 during the initial phase, providing a new probe of the fireball dynamics in real time.
NON-RESPONSE IN DYNAMIC PANEL DATA MODELS

This paper stresses the links that exist between concepts that are used in the theory of model reduction and concepts that arise in the missing data literature. This connection motivates the extension of the missing at random (MAR) and the missing completely at random (MCAR) concepts from a static setting, as introduced by Rubin (1976), to the case of dynamic panel data models. Using this extension of the MAR and MCAR definitions, we emphasize the limits of some tests and procedures, proposed by Little (1988), Diggle (1989), Park and Davis (1993), Taris (1996) and others, to verify the ignorability of the missing data mechanism.
Co-opting Customer Competence.

: The business world is shifting from formal, defined roles. Major business discontinuities such as deregulation, globalization, technological convergence, and the rapid evolution of the Internet have blurred the roles that companies play in their dealings with other businesses. The distinguishing feature of the new marketplace is that consumers become a new source of competence for the corporation. This competence can be seen in industries such as software, which have moved from testing products in usability laboratories, to testing them in customer environments. To effectively harness the competence of the consumer, managers must: engage their customers in an active, explicit, and ongoing dialogue; mobilize communities of customers; manage customer diversity; and cocreate personalized experiences with customers. The real challenge for senior managers will be to provide a stable center while embracing change. The only way to do this is to develop a strong set of organizational values. Readying the organization for customer competence in the new economy will require a major overhaul of the traditional governance systems and organizational structures of the company. The biggest challenge for companies will be to develop the infrastructures needed to support a multichannel distribution network.
GCIRS 16SW: A Massive Eclipsing Binary in the Galactic Center

We report on the spectroscopic monitoring of GCIRS 16SW, an Ofpe/WN9 star and LBV candidate in the central parsec of the Galaxy. SINFONI observations show strong daily spectroscopic changes in the K band. Radial velocities are derived from the He I 2.112 μm line complex and vary regularly with a period of 19.45 days, indicating that the star is most likely an eclipsing binary. Under various assumptions, we are able to derive a mass of ~50 M☉ for each component.
Gender differences in experiences of TAFE IT students: a work in progress

In Australia, one of the sources of loss of females in the IT education pipeline occurs at the TAFE (college) level. Female students comprise the majority of early TAFE IT courses and female completion rates for these courses are similar to males. Despite this early success, most females choose to not continue to Diploma level, and through articulation pathways into university IT courses. A survey was conducted to determine possible differences in experiences between male and female TAFE IT students. It was found that more females than males lived alone or with dependents. Female students had higher employment status, higher previous education, and comparable computer literacy and interest in IT to the male cohort. Despite these advantages, the female students had lower confidence in their ability to study, and their abilities in IT, and many female students did not intend to study or work in IT. Possible reasons are discussed.
Entrepreneurial orientation, Waynesian self-efficacy for searching and marshaling, and intention across gender and region of origin

Both entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy have been shown to drive entrepreneurial intention. Using survey data from 1658 graduate students in an international business pitch competition, this paper focuses on the impact of two sub-dimensions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy memorably characterized by the roles of actor John Wayne: searching for new opportunities and marshaling resources. These two traits in sequence mediated the relationship between orientation and intention. Moreover, even though all four cognitive constructs in this study differs across the entrepreneurs’ gender and region of origin, the pattern of mediation remains unaffected by these moderators. These results narrow the search for predictors of intention, and give educators a more precise locus for intervention.
The Importance of Non-labor Income: An Analysis of Socioeconomic Performance in Western Counties by Type of Non-labor Income

Non-labor income (NLI) is one of the largest and fastest growing sources of income, constituting more than one-third of personal income in the U.S. West. Given the unprecedent-ed growth in NLI and its diverse make-up, which includes investment income, Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and welfare, it is worth asking what effect the different types of NLI have on local economies and social well-being. We classify NLI into payments associated with investments, aging, and economic hardship, and then we use an empirical approach to evalu-ate the relationships between these NLI types and socioeconomic performance in western counties. We find that the NLI types accruing in the West are concentrated in rural counties and are associated with predictable, and in many cases undesirable, socioeconomic character-istics. Policies and demographic trends that affect the disbursement of NLI (e.g., aging baby boomers and reforms to retirement, income maintenance, and medical benefits) will have widespread effects, particularly in the rural West.
Focusing on and Backgrounding Events Simultaneously: The Past–Present–Future Relationship of the Great East Japan Earthquake

This article examines how events from the past, present, and future form into event structures over time. This question is addressed by investigating the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 until the fifth anniversary in 2016. This allowed to analyze different events over time. The findings reveal that events can be used in two different ways. One process was meant to focus on events, whereas the other one backgrounded events. These different ways to use events revealed four different mechanisms of how event structures can be formed. Moreover, each mechanism has its own idiosyncratic temporal orientation toward either a nostalgic past, imagined future, “better” future or critical past. Second, the article contributes that the paradoxical ways of focusing on an event and backgrounding the very same event need to be embraced simultaneously to enable a greater sense of wholeness. Last, the article reveals multiple temporalities within and across temporal trajectories.
How similar is YDS to UDS

OSYM’s decision to publish only 10% of tests made it difficult to prepare for the YDS, the Foreign Language Proficiency Test, as there is only one previous test published in full that can be used as study material. The present study considers the possibility of using previous UDS tests made available on the OSYM’s website before the decision for that purpose. The single YDS test published in full was compared in terms of lexical content to nine UDS tests in social sciences administered between 2006-2013. The comparison considered lexical similarity, lexical difficulty and readability of the tests, for which several online analysis software were used. Lexical similarity was analysed using Text_Lex Compare and lexical difficulty with VocabProfile on the Compleat Lexical Tutor Website. Readability was measured using Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level indices. These analyses suggested that the YDS test was sufficiently similar to the UDS tests with respect to vocabulary to grant their use as study material towards YDS. The YDS turned out to have a slightly lighter vocabulary load but to be slightly more difficult to read although both tests were university level texts in terms of difficulty and required knowledge of the most frequent 5,000 words of English as a minimum. Both tests were comparable in terms of lexical content to similar proficiency tests in other countries.
Ingroup cooperation among Japanese baseball fans of a team in a vignette experiment

を検討することを目的としている。 内集団協力を説明 した主要な理論に社会的アイデンティティ理論 (Social Identity Theory: 以下,SITとする ; Tajfel & Turner, 1979) と閉ざされた一般互酬仮説 (Bounded Generalized Reciprocity Hypothesis: 以下,BGRとする ; Yamagishi & Kiyonari, 2000) がある。 両理論それぞれの妥当性は長 年議論されてきた (Tajfel & Turner, 1979; Yamagishi & Kiyonari, 2000) が,近年,これらは必ずしも相互背反 ではなく,それぞれの理論が記述する心理過程が独立 して内集団協力を促進するという主張がなされている (中川他, 2015; Stroebe, Lodewijkx, & Spears, 2005; 横田・ 結城, 2009)。 本研究の目的は,実在する集団の一種である野球 チームのファンを対象として SITと BGRそれぞれの 心理過程が独立して働くとの立場から内集団協力を検 討することにある。 中川他 (2015) による場面想定法 実験では,両理論の心理過程の働きにより内集団協力 が生じた。 本研究は中川他 (2015) を踏襲し,協力の コストを加えても結果が再現されるか追試を行う。
Material‐specific lateralization of prefrontal activation during episodic encoding and retrieval

ALTHOUGH numerous neuroimaging studies have examined the functional neuroanatomy supporting episodic memory for verbal material, there have been few investigations of non-verbal episodic encoding and retrieval. We used fMRI to directly compare prefrontal activation elicited by verbal and non-verbal material during encoding and during retrieval. Regardless of the mnemonic operation (encoding/retrieval), inferior prefrontal activation lateralized based on material type. Verbal encoding and retrieval resulted in greater left inferior prefrontal activation, whereas non-verbal encoding and retrieval resulted in greater right inferior prefrontal activation. The similarity between inferior prefrontal activity during encoding and during retrieval indicates that these mnemonic operations depend on shared processes mediated by inferior prefrontal regions.
Developmental psychopathology: Concepts and challenges

The defining features of developmental psychopathology concepts include attention to the understanding of causal processes, appreciation of the role of developmental mechanisms, and consideration of continuities and discontinuities between normality and psychopathology. Accomplishments with respect to these issues are reviewed in relation to attachment disorders, antisocial behavior, autism, depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual development. Major research challenges remain in relation to measurement issues, comorbidity, gender differences, cognitive processing, nature–nurture interplay, heterotypic continuity, continuities between normal variations and disorders, developmental programming, and therapeutic mechanisms in effective treatments.
Radial forearm free flap surgery: a modified skin-closure technique improving donor-site aesthetic appearance

SUMMARY Radial forearm free flap surgery is a versatile technique that is widely adopted for microvascular reconstruction of the oral, oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal lining. Nowadays, the technique for harvesting is standardized, while reconstruction of the forearm donor site defect is somewhat controversial. The authors describe a modified closure technique developed to reduce skin tension that provides subsequent improvement of the cosmetic appearance of the forearm donor site. A series of 43 patients undergoing radial forearm free flap (RFFF) reconstruction is presented, carried out by our ENT department between September 2007 and December 2010. The authors used a modification of the standard triangular full-thickness skin graft (FTSG) technique to close the forearm donor site on 23 patients with a new shape similar to a dagger. Using the Stony Brook Evaluation Scale, the authors analyzed the outcomes of 23 cases employing the dagger-shaped FTSG and compared these with a standard (triangular shaped) reconstructive graft used in 20 earlier patients. The new dagger-shaped graft decreases skin tension and reduces the need of multiple slits in the graft with improved aesthetic outcome; it is an effective method for repair of the forearm donor site with low tension and without the need to harvest the skin graft from the thigh. The technique is simple, reliable and requires no more time than a standard procedure.
Identification of a nervous tissue-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, neurocan, in developing rat retina.

PURPOSE To identify the expression of neurocan, a nervous tissue-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, in retina and to elucidate its changes during development. METHODS Expressional changes of neurocan mRNAs in developing rat retinas were investigated by a semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The localization and characterization of neurocan core proteins were also investigated with the use of Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Gene expression of neurocan was identified in retinas by RT-PCR. Semiquantitative analysis using Southern blot analysis revealed that mRNA expression for neurocan increased at increasing postnatal stages and that it reached its peak around postnatal day 7 (P7). Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that in differentiating rat retinal (neuroblast) cells weak neurocan immunoreactivities were observed throughout the retina on embryonal days 14 (E14) and E16. During the early postnatal period, the immunoreactivities became most conspicuous in the inner and outer plexiform layers on P7 through P14. In adult retinas, only faint immunostaining was detected. Immunoblot analysis showed two positive bands of 220- and 150-kDa core glycoproteins after treatment with chondroitinase ABC. Further immunoblot analysis revealed that the expression of these two immunolabeled variants was regulated differently during retinal development. CONCLUSIONS The temporal and spatial regulation of expression of neurocan and its proteolytic variant during retinal development suggest that it may play a role in differentiation and neural network formation.
Dissociable Neural Patterns of Facial Identity across Changes in Viewpoint

We examined the neural response patterns for facial identity independent of viewpoint and for viewpoint independent of identity. Neural activation patterns for identity and viewpoint were collected in an fMRI experiment. Faces appeared in identity-constant blocks, with variable viewpoint, and in viewpoint-constant blocks, with variable identity. Pattern-based classifiers were used to discriminate neural response patterns for all possible pairs of identities and viewpoints. To increase the likelihood of detecting distinct neural activation patterns for identity, we tested maximally dissimilar “face”–“antiface” pairs and normal face pairs. Neural response patterns for four of six identity pairs, including the “face”–“antiface” pairs, were discriminated at levels above chance. A behavioral experiment showed accord between perceptual and neural discrimination, indicating that the classifier tapped a high-level visual identity code. Neural activity patterns across a broad span of ventral temporal (VT) cortex, including fusiform gyrus and lateral occipital areas (LOC), were required for identity discrimination. For viewpoint, five of six viewpoint pairs were discriminated neurally. Viewpoint discrimination was most accurate with a broad span of VT cortex, but the neural and perceptual discrimination patterns differed. Less accurate discrimination of viewpoint, more consistent with human perception, was found in right posterior superior temporal sulcus, suggesting redundant viewpoint codes optimized for different functions. This study provides the first evidence that it is possible to dissociate neural activation patterns for identity and viewpoint independently.
Generalized Chinese Restaurant construction of exchangeable Gibbs partitions and related results

By resorting to sequential constructions of exchangeable random partitions (Pitman, 2006), and exploiting some known facts about generalized Stirling numbers, we derive a generalized Chinese restaurant process construction of exchangeable Gibbs partitions of type $\alpha$ (Gnedin and Pitman, 2006). Our construction represents the natural theoretical probabilistic framework in which to embed some recent results about a Bayesian nonparametric treatment of estimation problems arising in genetic experiment under Gibbs, species sampling, models priors.
Conditional Computation in Neural Networks for faster models

Deep learning has become the state-of-art tool in many applications, but the evaluation and training of deep models can be time-consuming and computationally expensive. The conditional computation approach has been proposed to tackle this problem (Bengio et al., 2013; Davis & Arel, 2013). It operates by selectively activating only parts of the network at a time. In this paper, we use reinforcement learning as a tool to optimize conditional computation policies. More specifically, we cast the problem of learning activation-dependent policies for dropping out blocks of units as a reinforcement learning problem. We propose a learning scheme motivated by computation speed, capturing the idea of wanting to have parsimonious activations while maintaining prediction accuracy. We apply a policy gradient algorithm for learning policies that optimize this loss function and propose a regularization mechanism that encourages diversification of the dropout policy. We present encouraging empirical results showing that this approach improves the speed of computation without impacting the quality of the approximation.