Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements and wall Modeled LES Simulation of Trailing Edge Noise Caused by a Turbulent Boundary Layer

A successful comparison between CFD-CAA and measurements of trailing edge noise is shown for a highly loaded and cambered NACA 5510 airfoil at a chord based Reynolds number of aprox. 1 million placed in a quiet low Mach number flow. The simulation is based on a new variant of the DES - the Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES). The flow is fully attached to the airfoil and therefore only the small turbulent boundary structures that interact with the trailing edge generate significant broadband noise in the far field. The IDDES approach is designed to extend the LES region of the original DES approach (hybrid RANS/LES) from Spalart et. al. (1997) to the turbulent boundary layer, as proposed first by Travin et. al. in 2006. The non-zonal blending occures therefore inside the boundary layer - the RANS model acts as a wall model for the LES. The actual work shows the capabilities of this novel approach for the simulation of broadband noise for attached flows. The simulation is compared to measurements from the EC Lyon including PIV and LDA data around the airfoil and unsteady on-wall pressure measurements near the trailing edge. Far field computations are carried out by applying the Ffowcs–Williams and Hawkings analogy to the unsteady wall pressure field and compared to acoustic measurements as well as to a far field prediction based on a trailing edge noise model that is applied to the experimental aerodynamic pressure field.
An Optimization Technique for Uniform Damage Distribution in Inelastic Shear Buildings Considering Soil-Structure Interaction Effects

In the present paper, through intensive nonlinear dynamic analyses of shear-resistant buildings with consideration of soil-structure interaction (SSI) subjected to a group of artificial earthquakes, and using the uniform distribution of damage over the height of structures as the criterion an optimization technique for seismic design of inelastic shear-buildings incorporating SSI effects is developed. The effects of several parameters including fixed-base fundamental period, number of stories, soil flexibility, and building aspect ratio on optimum lateral load pattern are investigated. Results indicate that the influence of SSI through changing the dynamic characteristics of structures can significantly affect damage distribution along the height of structures in inelastic range of response. Moreover, it is shown that the seismic performance of the structures designed in accordance with the proposed optimization technique is superior to those designed by code-compliant or fixedbase optimum load patterns.
Population Structure of the Bacillus cereus Group as Determined by Sequence Analysis of Six Housekeeping Genes and the plcR Gene

ABSTRACT The population structure of the Bacillus cereus group (52 strains of B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis) was investigated by sequencing seven gene fragments (rpoB, gyrB, pycA, mdh, mbl, mutS, and plcR). Most of the strains were classifiable into two large subgroups in six housekeeping gene trees but not in the plcR tree. In addition, several consistent clusters were identified, which were unrelated to species distinction. Moreover, interrelationships among these clusters were incongruent in each gene tree. The incongruence length difference test and split decomposition analyses also showed incongruences between genes, suggesting horizontal gene transfer. The plcR gene was observed to have characteristics that differed from those of the other genes in terms of phylogenetic topology and pattern of sequence diversity. Thus, we suggest that the evolutionary history of the PlcR regulon differs from those of the other chromosomal genes and that recombination of the plcR gene may be frequent. The homogeneity of B. anthracis, which is depicted as an independent lineage in phylogenetic trees, is suggested to be of recent origin or to be due to the narrow taxonomic definition of species.
Single evoked somatosensory MEG responses extracted by time delayed decorrelation

Measurable magnetoencephalographic responses of the cortex due to an electrical stimulus at the wrist start 20 ms after the stimulus. This early magnetic response is known as the N20m, which can be seen by averaging over hundreds of stimulation epochs. Applying Independent Component Analysis (ICA) based on time-delayed decorrelation to such data allows the extraction of the single responses starting 20 ms after the stimulus without the need for averaging. One of the independent components has a field pattern that is very similar to the N20m. Using this independent component, it is found that the response at 20 ms is stable over a measurement session lasting 4000 s and containing 12000 stimulations, whereas later responses show highly significant changes over time. To suppress slower activity and noise in the data, a high pass of 55 Hz is applied to the data. One of the subsequently calculated independent components shows that the response at 20 ms is much clearer than before filtering. Analyzing the amplitude distribution of this response yields that 97% of the stimulations have a measurable response above base line level, whereas for conventional methods such as projection and notch filtering, only 91% of the responses are detectable. The high degree of measurable responses indicates the signal separation power of independent component analysis, and it supports the hypothesis that the early stages of sensory cortical processing can be described as a linear processing chain with small variability, at least from a macroscopic point of view.
Theory of mind depends on domain-general executive functions of working memory and cognitive inhibition in children with traumatic brain injury

Relations among theory of mind (ToM), the executive functions of working memory and cognitive inhibition, and frontal lesions were studied using path analysis in 43 school-aged children with traumatic brain injury. The relation between cognitive inhibition and ToM involved a single mediated path, such that cognitive inhibition predicted ToM through working memory. Frontal injury had a direct impact on working memory, which then separately determined ToM performance, the direct single paths between frontal injury and ToM being nonsignificant. The expression of ToM in school-age children with traumatic brain injury is not domain specific, but instead depends on the domain-general functions of working memory and cognitive inhibition.
Chemically Mediated Cross-Excitation in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia

Primary afferent neurons in mammalian dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) are anatomically isolated from one another and are not synaptically interconnected. As such, they are classically thought to function as independent sensory communication elements. However, it has recently been shown that most DRG neurons are transiently depolarized when axons of neighboring neurons of the same ganglion are stimulated repetitively. Here we further characterize this functional coupling. In electrophysiological recordings made from excised rat DRGs, we found that DRG “cross-depolarization” is excitatory in that it is accompanied by an increase in the probability of spiking in response to otherwise subthreshold test pulses delivered intracellularly. Cross-depolarization contributes to this mutual cross-excitation. However, at least as important a contribution comes from a net increase in the neurons’ input resistance (Rin) triggered by the stimulation of neighboring neurons. This change inRin occurs even when cross-depolarization is absent or is balanced out. The amplitude of cross-depolarization was found to be voltage-dependent, with a reversal potential at approximately −23 mV. Reversibility and the change inRin both indicate that activity of neighboring neurons causes a membrane conductance change that is chemically mediated. Thus, far from being isolated, most DRG neurons participate in ongoing mutual interactions in which neuronal excitability is continuously modulated by afferent spike activity. This intraganglionic dialog appears to be mediated, at least in part, by an activity-dependent diffusable substance(s) released from neuronal somata and/or adjacent axons, and detected by neighboring cell somata and/or axons.
Defining the Binding Region in Factor H to Develop a Therapeutic Factor H-Fc Fusion Protein against Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae

Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) cause a range of illnesses including otitis media, sinusitis, and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infections that contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance and are themselves often intractable to standard antibiotic treatment regimens. We investigated a strategy to exploit binding of the complement inhibitor Factor H (FH) to NTHi as a functional target for an immunotherapeutic containing the NTHi binding domain of FH fused to the Fc domain of IgG1. Chimeric proteins containing the regions that most FH-binding bacteria use to engage human FH, domains 6 and 7 (FH6,7/Fc) and/or 18 through 20 (FH18–20/Fc), were evaluated for binding to NTHi. FH6,7/Fc bound strongly to each of seven NTHi clinical isolates tested and efficiently promoted complement-mediated killing by normal human serum. FH18–20/Fc bound weakly to three of the strains but did not promote complement dependent killing. Outer-membrane protein P5 has been implicated in FH binding by NTHi, and FH6,7/Fc binding was greatly diminished in five of seven P5 deficient isogenic mutant strains tested, implicating an alternative FH binding protein in some strains. Binding of FH18–20/Fc was decreased in the P5 mutant of one strain. A murine model was used to evaluate potential therapeutic application of FH6,7/Fc. FH6,7/Fc efficiently promoted binding of C3 to NTHi exposed to mouse serum, and intranasal delivery of FH6,7/Fc resulted in significantly enhanced clearance of NTHi from the lung. Moreover, a P5 deficient mutant was attenuated for survival in the lung model, suggesting that escape mutants lacking P5 would be less likely to replace strains susceptible to FH6,7/Fc. These results provide evidence for the potential utility of FH6,7/Fc as a therapeutic against NTHi lung infection. FH binding is a common property of many respiratory tract pathogens and FH/Fc chimeras may represent promising alternative or adjunctive therapeutics against such infections, which are often polymicrobial.
Focused Crawling Using Context Graphs

Maintaining currency of search engine indices by exhaustive crawling is rapidly becoming impossible due to the increasing size and dynamic content of the web. Focused crawlers aim to search only the subset of the web related to a specific category, and offer a potential solution to the currency problem. The major problem in focused crawling is performing appropriate credit assignment to different documents along a crawl path, such that short-term gains are not pursued at the expense of less-obvious crawl paths that ultimately yield larger sets of valuable pages. To address this problem we present a focused crawling algorithm that builds a model for the context within which topically relevant pages occur on the web. This context model can capture typical link hierarchies within which valuable pages occur, as well as model content on documents that frequently cooccur with relevant pages. Our algorithm further leverages the existing capability of large search engines to provide partial reverse crawling capabilities. Our algorithm shows significant performance improvements in crawling efficiency over standard focused crawling.
First Report of KPC-2 Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Japan

ABSTRACT We investigated a novel Japanese isolate of sequence type 11 (ST11), the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2)-producing K. pneumoniae strain Kp3018, which was previously obtained from a patient treated at a Brazilian hospital. This strain was resistant to various antibiotic classes, including carbapenems, and harbored the gene blaKPC-2, which was present on the transferable plasmid of ca. 190 kb, in addition to the blaCTX-M-15 gene. Furthermore, the ca. 2.3-kb sequences (ISKpn8-blaKPC-2–ISKpn6-like), encompassing blaKPC-2, were found to be similar to those of K. pneumoniae strains from China.
Sequence to Better Sequence: Continuous Revision of Combinatorial Structures

We present a model that, after learning on observations of (sequence, outcome) pairs, can be efﬁciently used to revise a new sequence in order to improve its associated outcome. Our framework requires neither example improvements, nor additional evaluation of outcomes for proposed revisions. To avoid combinatorial-search over sequence elements, we specify a generative model with continuous latent factors, which is learned via joint approximate inference using a recurrent variational autoencoder (VAE) and an outcome-predicting neural network module. Under this model, gradient methods can be used to efﬁciently optimize the continuous latent factors with respect to inferred outcomes. By appropriately constraining this optimization and using the VAE decoder to generate a revised sequence, we ensure the revision is fundamentally similar to the original sequence, is associated with better outcomes, and looks natural. These desiderata are proven to hold with high probability under our approach, which is empirically demonstrated for revising natural language sentences.
[Transmission and prevention].

This work provides an overview of current knowledge of AIDS transmission and attitudes toward prevention in France. Most HIV infections are transmitted sexually. AIDS became established in the homosexual community in California because of mutual infection by members of the community with large numbers of sexual partners. The possibility of heterosexual transmission was not immediately recognized by all observers. Different publications estimate the risk of seroconversion after 1 episode of heterosexual coitus at between 1:100 and 1:1000/ Heterosexual transmission is bidirectional, but male-female transmission appears easier. Factors favoring transmission identified in AFrican studies include multiple partners, sexually transmitted diseases, anal penetration, relations during menstruation, and age. No epidemiologic study has concluded that kissing with mutual salivary contact can lead to infection, but oral-genital sex may pose a risk. As of October 1991, 966 cases of posttransfusion AIDS had been diagnosed in France, and an estimated 6000-9000 HIV seropositive persons were infected through transfusion. 239 AIDS cases were reported in hemophiliacs and others with coagulation disorders. 1200 of 3500 French hemophiliacs receiving transfusions before 1985 are seropositive. The risk of developing AIDS from a transfusions in France is currently estimated at 1/250,000. HIV transmission among drug addicts results from sharing contaminated needles and syringes. The risk of infection for health workers treating those who are HIV positive appears small; only about 30 documented cases have been reported worldwide, including 3 of 10,000 cases in France. The risk that an infected mother will have a seropositive baby is estimated at 25% in France. The number of seropositive women in the world is estimated at over 3 million, with 80% in sub-Saharan Africa. As of October 1991, 16,0000-36,000 seropositive women and 1500 seropositive children were estimated to live in France. Pregnancy is seropositive women raises serious social and moral questions regarding the rights of children to life, health, and a family, all of which are threatened by maternal seropositivity. By 1991, the French population was well informed about heterosexual transmission of HIV infection, but fewer than 10% used condoms regularly. Screening of the blood supply and of potential donors has cut the risk of posttransfusion to disappear. Perinatal transmission should be the 2nd mode of HIV transmission to disappear. Convincing 1000 pregnant seropositive women not to carry their pregnancies to term would prevent 200-250 cases of AIDS.l Health workers should follow strict rules of hygiene with all patients, whether the serological status is known or not. The classic rules of asepsis should be rigorously followed. It may be that only when most of the population is personally acquainted with an HIV positive individual will prevention truly be taken seriously.
Frequency Gradient Within Coronary Sinus Predicts the Long‐Term Outcome of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation

Background The coronary sinus (CS), as a junction of the atria, contributes to atrial fibrillation (AF) by developing unstable reentry, and isolating the atria by ablation at the CS could terminate AF. The present study evaluated whether AF activities at the CS in a subset of patients contributed to AF maintenance and predicted clinical outcome of ablation. Methods and Results We studied 122 consecutive patients who had a first‐time radiofrequency ablation for persistent AF. Bipolar electrograms were obtained from multiple regions of the left atrium by a Lasso mapping catheter before ablation. Pulmonary vein isolation terminated AF in 12 patients (9.8%). Sequential stepwise ablation was conducted in pulmonary vein isolation nontermination patients and succeeded in 22 patients (18%). In the stepwise termination group, AF frequency in the proximal CS (CSp) was significantly higher (10.2±2.1 Hz versus 8.3±1.8 Hz, P<0.001), and the ratio of distal CS (CSd) to proximal CS (CSd/CSp ratio, 56.6%±10.11% versus 70.7%±9.8%, P<0.001) was significantly lower than that in the nontermination group. The stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that the CSd/CSp ratio was an independent predictor with an odds ratio of 1.131 (95%CI 1.053‐1.214; P=0.001). With a cutoff of 67%, the patients with lower CSd/CSp ratios had significantly better index and long‐term outcomes than those with higher ratios during a follow‐up of 46±18 months. Conclusions Rapid repetitive activities in the musculature of the proximal CS may contribute to maintenance of AF after pulmonary vein isolation alone in persistent AF. A cutoff at 67%, of the CSd/CSp frequency ratio might be an indicator to stratify the subset of patients who might benefit from CS ablation.
Effects of Switching Frequency Modulation on Input Power Quality of Boost Power Factor Correction Converter

Switching frequency modulation (SFM) as spread-spectrum technique has been used for electromagnetic interference reduction in switching power converters. In this paper, a switching-frequency-modulated boost power factor correction (PFC) converter operating in continuous conduction mode is analysed in detail in terms of its input power quality. Initially, the effect of SFM on the input current total harmonic distortion, power factor and low-frequency harmonics of the PFC converter are studied by using computer simulations. Some advices on choosing parameters of SFM are given. Then the theoretical results are verified experimentally. It is shown that, from a power quality point of view, SFM can be harmful (it can significantly worsen the power quality of the PFC converter) or almost harmless. The results depend on how properly the modulation parameters are selected.
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy in Arab Children

The congenital muscular dystrophies are autosomal recessive disorders with different clinical phenotypes, the spectrum of which varies between different ethnic communities. We report our findings in 21 Arab children with congenital muscular dystrophy. All 21 cases were of the pure type, with normal mental status, except 1 case with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic insult. Fourteen were laminin α2 (merosin) deficient, and six were laminin α2 positive; laminin α2 status was not determined in one patient. None of the laminin α2—deficient patients achieved independent ambulation, whereas three of the laminin α2—positive patients were able to walk. The elevated levels of serum creatine kinase did not differentiate the two groups and tended to decrease after the age of 5 years. Radiologic evaluation demonstrated an abnormal central white-matter signal in 11 of 13 laminin α2—deficient and in 1 of 5 laminin α2—positive patients; none had evidence of brain dysplasia. Nerve conduction velocities were normal in 5 of 5 laminin α2—positive patients, whereas in the laminin α2—deficient patients, it was slow in 9 of 11 for the motor nerves and normal in 8 of 9 for the sensory nerve. Two of the laminin α2—positive patients had pseudohypertrophy of the calves, and two of the laminin α2—deficient ones had seizures. The patient in whom the laminin α2 status was not determined had a severe course, an abnormal central white-matter signal, and epilepsy and resembled more the laminin α2—deficient group. ( J Child Neurol2006;21:400—405; DOI 10.2310/7010.2006.00104).
The Social Cost of Cheap Pseudonyms

We consider the problems of societal norms for cooperation and reputation when it is possible to obtain cheap pseudonyms, something that is becoming quite common in a wide variety of interactions on the Internet. This introduces opportunities to misbehave without paying reputational consequences. A large degree of cooperation can still emerge, through a convention in which newcomers "pay their dues" by accepting poor treatment from players who have established positive reputations. One might hope for an open society where newcomers are treated well, but there is an inherent social cost in making the spread of reputations optional. We prove that no equilibrium can sustain significantly more cooperation than the dues-paying equilibrium in a repeated random matching game with a large number of players in which players have finite lives and the ability to change their identities, and there is a small but nonvanishing probability of mistakes. Although one could remove the inefficiency of mistreating newcomers by disallowing anonymity, this is not practical or desirable in a wide variety of transactions. We discuss the use of entry fees, which permits newcomers to be trusted but excludes some players with low payoffs, thus introducing a different inefficiency. We also discuss the use of free but unreplaceable pseudonyms, and describe a mechanism that implements them using standard encryption techniques, which could be practically implemented in electronic transactions. Copyright (c) 2001 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.