Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards Robust Experimental Design for User Studies in Security and Privacy

Background: Human beings are an integral part of computer security, whether we actively participate or simply build the systems. Despite this importance, understanding users and their interaction with security is a blind spot for most security practitioners and designers. / Aim: Define principles for conducting experiments into usable security and privacy, to improve study robustness and usefulness. / Data: The authors’ experiences conducting several research projects complemented with a literature survey. Method: We extract principles based on relevance to the advancement of the state of the art. We then justify our choices by providing published experiments as cases of where the principles are and are not followed in practice to demonstrate the impact. Each principle is a discipline specific instantiation of desirable experiment-design elements as previously established in the domain of philosophy of science. / Results: Five high-priority principles – (i) give participants a primary task; (ii) incorporate realistic risk; (iii) avoid priming the participants; (iv) perform doubleblind experiments whenever possible and (v) think carefully about how meaning is assigned to the terms threat model, security, privacy, and usability. / Conclusion: The principles do not replace researcher acumen or experience, however they can provide a valuable service for facilitating evaluation, guiding younger researchers and students, and marking a baseline common language for discussing further improvements.
Effects of submaximal activation on the determinants of power of chemically skinned rat soleus fibres

Reducing the activating calcium concentration with skinned fibres is known to decrease isometric force and maximal shortening velocity, both of which will reduce the peak power. However, power is also a function of the curvature of the force–velocity relationship, and there is limited information on how changes in activating calcium affect this important property of muscle fibres. Force–velocity relationships of permeabilized single type I fibres from rat soleus muscle were determined using isotonic contractions at 15°C with both maximal (pCa 4.5) and submaximal activation (pCa 5.6). The rate of tension redevelopment (ktr), which provides a measure of sum of the apparent rate constants for cross‐bridge attachment and detachment (fapp+gapp) following a rapid release and restretch, was also measured. Compared with pCa 4.5, specific tension (Po) at pCa 5.6 declined by 22 ± 8% (mean ±s.d.) and the maximal velocity of shortening (Vmax) fell by 44 ± 7%, but curvature of the force‐velocity relationship (a/Po) rose by 47 ± 31%, indicating a less concave relationship. The value of ktr declined by 23 ± 7%. The change in a/Po reduced the impact of changes in Po and Vmax on peak power by approximately 25%. Fitting the data to Huxley's model of cross‐bridge action suggests that lower activating calcium decreased both the rate constant for cross‐bridge attachment (f) and that for detachment of negatively strained cross‐bridges (g2). The fact that Vmax (and thus g2) changed to a greater extent than ktr (fapp+gapp) is the reason that reduced activation results in a reduction in curvature of the force–velocity relationship.
Cigarette tar yields in relation to mortality from lung cancer in the cancer prevention study II prospective cohort, 1982-8

Abstract Objective To assess the risk of lung cancer in smokers of medium tar filter cigarettes compared with smokers of low tar and very low tar filter cigarettes. Design Analysis of the association between the tar rating of the brand of cigarette smoked in 1982 and mortality from lung cancer over the next six years. Multivariate proportional hazards analyses used to assess hazard ratios, with adjustment for age at enrolment, race, educational level, marital status, blue collar employment, occupational exposure to asbestos, intake of vegetables, citrus fruits, and vitamins, and, in analyses of current and former smokers, for age when they started to smoke and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Setting Cancer prevention study II (CPS-II). Participants 364 239 men and 576 535 women, aged 30 years, who had either never smoked, were former smokers, or were currently smoking a specific brand of cigarette when they were enrolled in the cancer prevention study. Main outcome measure Death from primary cancer of the lung among participants who had never smoked, former smokers, smokers of very low tar cigarette filter, low tar (8-14 mg) filter, high tar (22 mg) non-filter brands and medium tar conventional filter brands (15-21 mg). Results Irrespective of the tar level of their current brand, all current smokers had a far greater risk of lung cancer than people who had stopped smoking or had never smoked. Compared with smokers of medium tar (15-21 mg) filter cigarettes, risk was higher among men and women who smoked high tar (≥22 mg) non-filter brands (hazard ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.20 to 1.73, and 1.64, 1.26 to 2.15, respectively). There was no difference in risk among men who smoked brands rated as very low tar (1.17, 0.95 to 1.45) or low tar (1.02, 0.90 to 1.16) compared with those who smoked medium tar brands. The same was seen for women (0.98, 0.80 to 1.21, and 0.95, 0.82 to 1.11, respectively). Conclusion The increase in lung cancer risk is similar in people who smoke medium tar cigarettes (15-21 mg), low tar cigarettes (8-14 mg), or very low tar cigarettes (≤ 7 mg). Men and women who smoke non-filtered cigarettes with tar ratings 22 mg have an even higher risk of lung cancer.
AxML: a fast program for sequential and parallel phylogenetic tree calculations based on the maximum likelihood method

Heuristics for the NP-complete problem of calculating the optimal phylogenetic tree for a set of aligned rRNA sequences based on the maximum likelihood method are computationally expensive. In most existing algorithms, the tree evaluation and branch length optimization functions, calculating the likelihood value for each tree topology examined in the search space, account for the greatest part of the overall computation time. This paper introduces AxML, a program derived from fastDNAml, incorporating a fast topology evaluation junction. The algorithmic optimizations introduced, represent a general approach for accelerating this function and are applicable to both sequential and parallel phylogeny programs, irrespective of their search space strategy. Therefore, their integration into three existing phylogeny programs rendered encouraging results. Experimental results on conventional processor architectures show a global run time improvement of 35% up to 47% for the various test sets and program versions we used.
Criminal Law as it Pertains to ‘Mentally Incompetent Defendants’: A McNaughton Rule in the Light of Cognitive Neuroscience

The McNaughton rules for determining whether a person can be successfully defended on the grounds of mental incompetence were determined by a committee of the House of Lords in 1843. They arose as a consequence of the trial of Daniel McNaughton for the killing of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel's secretary. In retrospect it is clear that McNaughton suffered from schizophrenia. The successful defence of McNaughton on the grounds of mental incompetence by his advocate Sir Alexander Cockburn involved a profound shift in the criteria for such a defence, and was largely based on the then recently published ‘scientific’ thesis of the great US psychiatrist Isaac Ray, entitled ‘A treatise on the medical jurisprudence of insanity’. Subsequent discussion of this defence in the House of Lords led to the McNaughton rules, still the basis of the defence of mental incompetence in the courts of much of the English-speaking world. This essay argues that the rules need to be reconsidered in the light of the discoveries of cognitive neuroscience made during the 160 years since Ray's treatise. It is shown, for instance, how the conflation of ‘the power of self-control’ with ‘irresistible impulse’ by Cockburn is not supported by cognitive neuroscience because these are separate capacities requiring normal activity in distinct brain structures for their expression. In this way cognitive neuroscience assists in distinguishing between different capacities. It is further shown that failure of appropriate restraint in the expression of a capacity can be related to failure of synapses in particular parts of the brain. This raises the question as to what level of synaptic loss will the legislature and the courts rule as sufficient for a subject to be no longer held responsible for their lack of restraint.
Looking for mediators: cognition, perceived control and coping in the treatment of anxiety-disordered children

Background: Perceived control is thought to play an important role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in children. The objective of the present study was to further investigate the Perceived Control Implicit Association Procedure (IAP, Hogendoorn et al., 2008) as an indirect measure of perceived control in children. Methods: The IAP was completed by 136 anxiety disordered children (aged 8-18 years old, M = 12.51) and 31 non-selected children (8-15 years old, M = 11.65 ) . A second control group of 38 non-selected children (aged 8-18 years old, M = 12.08 ) was used to validate the pictorial stimuli in the computer task . Results: First, children were able to correctly classify the pictures into Control and No control categories. Second, as predicted, anxious children reported less perceived control than the control group on both the direct measure (the ACQ-C) and the indirect measure (IAP). For the No Control score however, this was only the case for children younger than twelve years old. Third, test-retest correlation in the anxious group was fair to good ( ICC s .57-.58). Conclusions: These results suggest that the perceived control IAP is still quite experimental, but could be an interesting departure point for future research on perceived control in children.
Experienced Support from Adult Children in the Retirement Process

The retirement transition is often characterized by major changes in the lives of individuals. Support from their children may assist retirees in coping with these changes. Little is known, however, about intergenerational support upon retirement. To what extent do parents feel they are supported by their children in their retirement process? And how can differences in the degree of perceived support be explained? Two central theoretical frameworks from the literature on intergenerational relationships – one based on the principle of altruism and the other based on the principle of exchange – are combined with insights from the retirement literature to formulate hypotheses. These were tested by analyzing panel data collected among 709 fully retired individuals in the Netherlands. Information about perceived support from children upon retirement was collected during Wave 3 in 2011. The findings show that only a minority of the studied retirees experience support from their children in the retirement process. Retirees who do not have a partner, who have a poor financial situation, who regularly look after their grandchildren, or who often help their children with practical chores, are relatively likely to experience support from their children upon retirement. The number of working hours in preretirement years, involuntary retirement, and subjective health are not associated with the support experienced. This suggests that children are relatively likely to offer support to their parents upon retirement if support is exchanged, and only act on potential indicators of need for support surrounding retirement to a limited extent.
Fast Support Vector Machines for Continuous Data

Support vector machines (SVMs) can be trained to be very accurate classifiers and have been used in many applications. However, the training time and, to a lesser extent, prediction time of SVMs on very large data sets can be very long. This paper presents a fast compression method to scale up SVMs to large data sets. A simple bit-reduction method is applied to reduce the cardinality of the data by weighting representative examples. We then develop SVMs trained on the weighted data. Experiments indicate that bit-reduction SVM produces a significant reduction in the time required for both training and prediction with minimum loss in accuracy. It is also shown to typically be more accurate than random sampling when the data are not overcompressed.
A comparative study on self-esteem among tribal and non-tribal students in Udupi Taluk, Karnataka, India

Self esteem is defined as the positive or negative attitude about self, the degree of liking or satisfaction within self, and owns feeling of perceived worth as compared with others. Healthy self-esteem is important to be successful and happy throughout one’s life. The aim of this study was to compare the self esteem among tribal and non-tribal student in Udupi Taluk. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in November 2012 in government school of Brahmavar, Udupi Taluk. Study participants were students of class eight, nine and ten. One school was randomly selected from the list of government schools in Brahmavar. The size of the sample was 76 which includes 38 from tribal category and 38 from general category and the sampling design was purposive sampling. Rosenberg’s scale was used to assess the self esteem of students. Questionnaires were self administered. Permission was taken from the principle of school. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 15. Results are reported as frequency and proportion. Independent t test was used to compare the self esteem of tribal and non tribal student. Study found that more than two third of the tribal student had low self esteem. There was statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in self esteem between tribal and non tribal students.
An Overview of Neuropathic Pain: Syndromes, Symptoms, Signs, and Several Mechanisms

ObjectiveAn overview is presented of neuropathic pain syndromes, their characteristic symptoms and signs, and recent approaches to identifying their pathophysiologic mechanisms. DesignThe results of recent clinical studies of neuropathic pain are reviewed. Chronic neuropathic pain syndromes are emphasized because these long-lasting and often disabling conditions present a much greater challenge for the clinician than acute pain. Peripheral neuropathic syndromes have received greater attention in the research literature than central pain, and studies of syndromes such as postherpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy provide the basis for current knowledge of neuropathic pain. ConclusionsPrecise estimates of the prevalence of neuropathic pain are not available, but chronic neuropathic pain may be much more common than has generally been appreciated and its prevalence can be expected to increase in the future. There is considerable agreement that both peripheral and central processes contribute to many chronic neuropathic pain syndromes, and that these different mechanisms may explain the qualitatively different symptoms and signs that patients experience. The limitations of existing treatments for neuropathic pain and the inability to provide relief for many patients has stimulated ongoing studies that examine different approaches to preventing neuropathic pain.
Children's understanding of psychogenic bodily reactions.

One hundred twenty-eight children in preschool through fifth grade (range = 4,3-11,4) and 76 adults serving as a comparison group participated in two studies that examined how children reason about psychogenic bodily reactions, that is, ailments or nonconscious physiological responses with origins in the mind (e.g., stress-induced headache). Psychogenic bodily reactions provide an opportunity to study how children integrate knowledge between the domains of bodily response and psychology. In Study 1, participants were asked whether various familiar psychogenic bodily reactions were possible (e.g., can someone get a tummyache from worrying? ). In Study 2, participants were presented with a novel domain (hypothetical "aliens" from outer space) and were asked whether various unfamiliar bodily conditions (e.g., toes swelling) could arise from various physical or psychological causes. As predicted, adults typically reported that psychogenic bodily reactions were possible, and that unfamiliar bodily conditions could result from either psychological or physical causes. In contrast, young children typically denied that psychogenic bodily reactions could occur and predicted that unfamiliar bodily conditions resulted from physical causes only. The results support a developmental path: younger children view psychogenic bodily responses as wholly physical, but with age, view them as both physical and psychological phenomena.
Emotional Responses to Rejection of Gestures of Intergroup Reconciliation

Four experiments examine the emotional and attitudinal consequences of victim group rejection of a gesture of reconciliation from a transgressor group. Participants were reminded about an ingroup transgression and were told that their ingroup provided an apology (Studies 1 and 4) or an offer of repair (Studies 2 and 3). The authors varied whether the victim group rejected or accepted these gestures. As predicted, rejection resulted in greater anger and lower levels of satisfaction directed toward the victim group. Victim group response had little systematic effect on anxiety or shame, however. Appraisals of the response as illegitimate mediated the effects of victim group response (Studies 3 and 4). Furthermore, Study 4 showed that the emotional backlash toward victim groups who reject an offer of reconciliation leads to heightened racism and reduced intentions to financially compensate victim groups. Implications for how groups reconcile in the face of historical transgressions are discussed.
Agreement of self-other perceptions matters: Analyzing the effectiveness of principal leadership through multi-source assessment

The purpose of this study was to examine the possible effects of the simultaneous inclusion of self and other ratings of principal instructional leadership on teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs. Special attention was given to the case where principal and teacher ratings were incongruent and exhibited a self-other rating disagreement regarding the principals’ effectiveness in instructional leadership. The data used in the analyses were taken from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD's) Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) conducted in 2008 and involved information from 672 principals and 11,323 teachers in four OECD countries located in the broader Asia-Pacific region. The study tested a set of hypotheses based on a multi-source assessment framework for the analysis of leadership performance. Results indicated that principal–teacher incongruence regarding principal instructional leadership was significantly and negatively associated with teacher self-efficacy across all four countries. The findings suggest that multi-source assessment can provide unique performance-relevant information about leadership that would not be captured by traditional single-source ratings alone.
Group Ethical Voice

Interest in the important role that ethical leaders play in organizations has expanded in recent years because of several high-profile corporate ethical breakdowns and the increased responsibility placed upon corporate leaders as a result. In the present study, we introduce a new outcome of ethical leadership: group ethical voice. We further theorized and tested two mediating mechanisms linking ethical leadership with group ethical voice. Using two field studies and one experimental study, we found support for our assertion that ethical leadership was positively associated with group ethical voice. We also found support for most of our hypothesized mediating mechanisms (ethical culture and group ethical voice efficacy) linking ethical leadership with group ethical voice—except for the indirect effect of upper-level ethical leadership on group ethical voice via group ethical voice efficacy. We further found that group ethical voice positively influenced ethical performance (significant for the sales groups, marginally significant for the customer service groups). Contributions to both ethical leadership and voice literature are discussed along with the limitations of the current study and directions for future research.
Which Colors Best Catch Your Eyes: a Subjective Study of Color Saliency

To determine Regions of Interest (ROI) in a scene, percep-tual saliency of regions has to be measured. When scenes are viewed with the same context and motivation, these ROIs are often highly correlated among different people. As a result, it is possible to develop a computational model of visual attention that can analyze a scene and accurately esti-mate the location of viewers ROIs. Color saliency is inves-tigated in this paper. In particular, a subjective experiment has been carried out to estimate which hues attract more human attention. The performance of the visual attention model including color saliency are assessed in the context of a segmentation evaluation application.
Influence of the Salt Bath Agitation and Austempering Temperature on the Microstructure of Austempered Ductile Iron

In this paper the influence of austempering temperature and salt bath agitation on the final microstructure and mechanical properties of the ferritic ductile iron were studied. 17 samples had been subjected to different heat treatment parameters. Different microstructures were recorded upon the completion of the tests. From the obtained micro images, it is obvious that both the austempering temperature and salt bath agitation affect the final microstructure of the austempered ductile iron. Lower austempering temperatures and salt bath agitation produce more ausferrite in the microstructure, hence the harder and tougher phases are present. This was confirmed with hardness and toughness test of the 17 heat-treated samples. Lower austempering temperatures give more ausferrite phase and therefore higher hardness, but hardness decreases with increasing austempering temperatures. Toughness rises with rising austempering temperatures, but drops significantly with temperatures above 395°C because of the final microstructure.