Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dementia praecox and paraphrenia

The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856 - 1926) is justly called "the father of modern psychiatry". He was the first to identify dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and manic-depression, and he pioneered the use of drugs to treat mental illness. He was also joint discoverer of Alzheimer's disease - which he named after his collaborator, Dr Alois Alzheimer. Kraepelin presented these and other discoveries in successive editions of his "Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch" (definitive 8th edition also now available from Thoemmes Press). Much of this gigantic textbook can only be read in the original German; but parts of it were translated into English, and they had a very profound influence on the development of world psychiatry for the rest of the 20th century. Although Bleuler's name for the disease "schizophrenia" came to replace Kraepelin's term, Kraepelin's general description of the syndrome and division of it into subforms such as hebephrenia and catatonia has persisted. He succeeded in tying together into a single recognizable diagnostic category a disparate array of symptoms that, before Kraepelin, had not been seen as cohering. Despite myriad later refinements, Kraepelin's description of the syndrome is still the classic presentation; it very much lives on in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual" used by present-day psychiatrists. "Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia" (1919) was the book in which Kraepelin first presented his work on schizophrenia to the English-speaking world. It was probably the most influential psychiatric text of the entire 20th century, and has now become rare. Thoemmes Press is pleased to make this facsimile of the first edition available as a single volume.
American Political Science before the Mirror: What Our Journals Reveal about the Profession

T HE NATURE AND DIRECTION of American political science has been much discussed in recent years, and there can be little doubt that a great deal of the dialogue is carried on in the shadow of Thomas S. Kuhn and his many critics and allies. ' Although Kuhn applied his analysis of scientific activity to the physical sciences, terms such as "paradigm," "preparadigm," "normal science," and "revolution" have rapidly swept through the social sciences and are conspicuously evident in the literature of political science during the past decade. Possibly the best known and most discussed point of Kuhn's 1962 work is that of paradigms which he relates to normal science which "include
The organization of 'organized crime policing' and its international context

This article reflects upon a decade of developments in the organization of organized crime policing, particularly within the international context. The review illustrates that the policing (in its widest sense) of organized crime is based on certain prerequisites. Other actors besides law enforcement agencies have key roles to play. The creation of an appropriate instrumental framework is equally as important as having competent and appropriate agencies in place. The multiplicity of interests beg questions about what is feasible in the co-ordination of organized crime policing, given that organized crime is a global phenomenon beyond the scope of any one agency or jurisdiction to deal with alone.
Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Phospholipid Fractions during Pastırma Processing, a Dry-cured Meat Product

which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Pastırma is a dry-cured meat product, produced from whole beef or water buffalo muscles. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of production stages (raw meat, after curing , after 2 n d drying and pastırma) on the total lipid, neutral lipid, phospholipid and fatty acid composition of phospholipid fraction of pastırma produced from beef M. Longissimus dorsi muscles. The pH and colour (L*, a* and b*) analyses were also performed in raw meat and pastırma. It was found that pastırma production stages had significant effects (p<0.01) on the total amounts of lipid, neutral lipid and phospholipid, and the highest amounts of lipid, neutral lipid and phospholipid were detected in pastırma. In pastırma, neutral lipid ratio was determined as 79.33±2.06% and phospholipid ratio as 20.67±2.06%. Phospholipids was proportionately lower in pastırma than raw meat. Pastırma production stages affected pentadeca-fatty acid (ΣUSFA) (p<0.05) and total saturated fatty acid (ΣSFA) (p<0.05) ratios of phospho-lipid fraction and also the moisture content (p<0.01). Pastırma process also affected pH and colour (L*, a* and b*) values (p<0.01), and these values were higher in pastırma than raw meat.
Identifying phonological awareness difficulties in preschool children with speech sound disorders

Abstract Phonological awareness is one type of phonological processing ability and is considered to be particularly important for early literacy development. Specific phonological awareness skills include syllable-level awareness, onset-rime awareness, and phonemic awareness. Children with speech sound disorders are at a high risk of difficulties with phonological awareness and literacy. There is a body of literature reporting both composite scores and task-specific phonological awareness scores from the assessment of children with typically developing speech and school-age children with speech sound disorders. In this study, we completed a systematic overview of the available literature regarding the assessment of phonological awareness in preschool-age children with speech sound disorders. A systematic search of literature databases yielded 777 articles which were screened. The full text of 30 articles was read and 12 articles met all specified criteria. Ten of the 12 articles reported composite scores for the phonological awareness of participants. The studies rarely reported the profile of specific phonological awareness skills. Of the final 12 articles, eight were case–control studies (Level III) and four were case-series or cross-sectional studies without a control reference (Level IV). There is a need for more research reporting task-specific phonological awareness abilities in preschool-age children with speech sound disorders in order to understand the relationship between specific skills and literacy development in this population.
The Second Half of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Forms a Functional Chloride Channel*

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) consists of two transmembrane domains (TMDs), TMD1 and TMD2, two cytoplasmic nucleotide binding domains (NBDs), NBD1 and NBD2, and a regulatory domain. To elucidate the complex function of the CFTR, deletion constructs encompassing the second half of the CFTR distal to the first transmembrane domain were expressed in Xenopusoocytes and IB3 cells (a cystic fibrosis cell line). Constructs containing the regulatory domain, the second transmembrane domain, and the second nucleotide binding domain formed constitutively active channels, which were further stimulated upon the addition of cAMP. On the other hand, a construct encompassing the second transmembrane domain and the second nucleotide binding domain was stimulated to a small but noticeable extent upon the addition of cAMP. The selectivity of the second-half construct was the same for iodide and chloride, in contrast to the selectivity of wild-type CFTR, which is Cl− > I−. However, both constructs displayed single-channel conductances that were significantly smaller than those displayed by the first half of the CFTR. We conclude that regions of the second transmembrane domain may contribute to the overall channel of the pore, although the first half of the CFTR may confer its selectivity.
Meditators' and Non-meditators' Sustained Attention During a Signal Detection Task: Do They Differ?

This study investigated whether meditators and non-meditators differed on the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). We hypothesized that the meditators would perform better than the non-meditators (fewer commission errors and faster Reaction Time (RT)) and report fewer interfering thoughts. The meditators (n = 15) and non-meditators (n = 19) filled out the Dundee Stress State Questionare (DSSQ) concerning their intrinsic and success-oriented motivation towards doing the SART after which they did the actual test. Afterwards, they filled out the thinking contents subscale from the DSSQ concerning task-related and task irrelevant interferences during the SART. The results showed that meditators and non-meditators did not significantly differ on the commission errors on the SART, but did differ in RT (lower RT in meditators). The task-related part of the thinking contents form showed significant differences between the groups. Non-meditators reported more intrusive task-related thoughts than meditators. The two groups differed significantly on each of the motivation subscales with meditators being more motivated towards the test stimulus itself (intrinsic motivation), and non-meditators being more motivated towards excelling in performance (success motivation). We conclude that the SART may not discriminate between meditators and non-meditators in terms of commission errors, and that the role of sustained attention in meditation may be exaggerated. It is also plausible that sustained attention may be greater during meditation but not independently of it.
On the relationship between affordance and Simon effects: Are the effects really independent?

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the affordance effect (i.e., the advantage for responses corresponding spatially with the location of an object's graspable part) and the Simon effect (i.e., the advantage for responses corresponding spatially with stimulus location) and to assess whether they both occur at the response selection stage. In two experiments participants were required to respond according to the vertical orientation (upward or inverted) of photographs of graspable objects, located to the left or right of fixation, with their handles oriented to the right or left. In Experiment 1 the response was a buttonpress; in Experiment 2 was a reaching movement. Our results showed that both Simon and affordance effects emerged in response times but not in movement times. In Experiment 1, the two effects did not interact, whereas a clear interaction emerged in Experiment 2. These results seem to suggest that the interaction between Simon and affordance effects may depend on the type of required action.
Effects of acute renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of telithromycin in rats: negligible effects of increase in CYP3A1 on the metabolism of telithromycin

It was reported that the expression of CYP3A1 increased in rats with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate (rat model of U‐ARF) compared with controls. It was shown that telithromycin was mainly metabolized via CYP3A1/2 in rats in this study. Hence, the pharmacokinetic parameters of telithromycin were compared after both intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg to control rats and a rat model of U‐ARF. After intravenous administration of telithromycin to rats with U‐ARF, the AUC and renal clearance (Clr) were significantly greater (35.0% increase) and slower (99.1% decrease), respectively, than the controls. Unexpectedly, the nonrenal clearance (Clnr) of telithromycin was comparable between the two groups of rats, suggesting that CYP3A isozyme responsible for the metabolism of telithromycin seemed not to be expressed considerably in the rat model of U‐ARF. After oral administration of telithromycin to rats with U‐ARF, the AUC was also significantly greater (127% increase) than the controls and the value, 127%, was considerably greater than 35.0% after intravenous administration of telithromycin. This may be due mainly to the decrease in the intestinal first‐pass effect of telithromycin compared with controls in addition to significantly slower Clr than controls. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Black families’ perceptions of barriers to the practice of a healthy lifestyle: a qualitative study in the UK

While studies have focused on tangible indicators of the practice of healthy lifestyles, there remains a dearth of research exploring the inter-relationships between the practice of healthy lifestyles and the prevailing living circumstances of Black and other visible minority ethnic communities in Western societies. This article presents an account of African Caribbean men and women's beliefs and perceptions about the barriers of practising a healthy lifestyle, focusing specifically on the effects of social exclusion, racism and ethnic identity. A total of 18 participants from the north of England participated in the study, with in-depth interviews conducted in their homes. The participants believed that principles of healthy lifestyles were largely not relevant to their lived experiences because they failed to take into account their experiences of racism, social exclusion, ethnic identity, values and beliefs. Indeed, participants argued that, with their emphasis on illness prevention and perceived Eurocentric approaches, the principles of healthy lifestyle were part of the social exclusion paradigm experienced by their community. The study concludes by suggesting that it is essential to place notions of socio-economic disadvantage, discrimination, marginalisation and racism at the centre rather than the periphery when considering strategies to make healthier choices an easier option for Black and other visible minority ethnic communities.
The temporal structure of judo bouts in visually impaired men and women

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the temporal structure of judo bouts in visually impaired men and women (n = 117 judokas in the senior category; 92 men and 25 women). We developed a data recording system based on the temporal parameters of judo and applied it to a broad sample of international bouts (n = 219; 184 between men and 35 between women). The descriptive analysis of frequency of occurrence revealed that most of the bouts ended before the time-up bell sounded (81% men/74% women). Other defining features are shown in the following mean values (for men/women): the total bout time was 266/242 s; the total time paused was 158/172 s; the total time spent in standing combat was 82/54 s (P = 0.008), while that of floor combat was 60/84 s (P = 0.021); each bout had 6.9/5.7 paused sequences with a duration of 19.6/21.1 s, and 12.4/11.7 active sequences with a duration of 22/19.7 s. The sequential analysis by means of T-patterns (THEME) confirmed that the temporal structure of judo is not the same for men and women, thereby highlighting the need for a range of training methods matched to the needs of visually impaired competitors.
Aboriginal People and Confidence in the Police

Aucune étude représentant toute la nation n’a été faite au sujet de la différence entre la confiance envers la police qu’ont les Autochtones et les non-Autochtones au Canada. En se basant sur l’Enquête sociale générale canadienne de 2009, cet article examine l’influence du statut d’autochtone sur la confiance envers la police. Conformes à la prédiction théorique, les résultats d’analyses de régression multiple démontrent que les Autochtones et les minorités visibles ont un taux de confiance considérablement plus bas que les autres Canadiens après que les effets des dimensions expressives et instrumentales ont été contrôlés. Les effets persistants des statuts d’autochtone et de minorités visibles soulèvent des questions au sujet des relations raciales au Canada. D’autres prédicteurs importants ont des dimensions expressives, comme la confiance, et instrumentales, comme le contexte communautaire, l’expérience en matière de crime, les perceptions du crime dans son quartier et les contacts avec les policiers. Les résultats indiquent que des mesures de réformes continues sont nécessaires pour que les policiers gagnent la confiance des Autochtones et des minorités visibles au Canada.
Additive Bounds of Minimum Output Entropies for Unital Channels and an Exact Qubit Formula

We find an upper bound for the minimum output entropy of a unital quantum channel, and obtain an exact formula for general qubit channels. Our techniques incorporate the Rényi entropies, particularly, with Rényi parameter $\alpha =2$ . Moreover, since our upper bound is additive under tensor product, we get as a corollary an upper bound for the classical capacity of unital quantum channels. Interestingly, our upper bound for the classical capacity depends only on the operator norm of matrix representations of channels on the space of traceless Hermitian operators, and is tight in the sense that it gives the precise quantity of classical capacity of the Werner–Holevo channel. As an example, we study quantum channels with operator sum representation that is made of the discrete Weyl operators (generalized Pauli operators), and explain how our formula works in this case. Finally, we find new examples for which the minimum output Rényi 2-entropy is additive.
A comparison between verbal working memory and vocabulary in bilingual and monolingual South African school beginners: implications for bilingual language assessment

This study compared bilingual and monolingual school beginners on measures of simple and complex verbal working memory and receptive and expressive vocabulary. The aim was to determine whether the tests of working memory are fairer measures of language ability than the vocabulary tests for bilingual children when tested in their second language. Participants were 120 school beginners, comprising English first- (monolingual) and second-language (bilingual) speakers, matched for age, grade and socio-economic background. All were being educated in English. Results showed that (1) the monolinguals outperformed the bilinguals on both expressive and receptive vocabulary; (2) there were no significant differences between the language groups on any of the working memory tests, when receptive and expressive vocabulary both were and were not statistically controlled; and (3) from the working memory measures, Digit Span tasks were significantly associated with vocabulary for both language groups, while Non-word Recall and Counting Recall were only related to vocabulary for the monolinguals. The findings have theoretical and practical implications for the functioning of verbal working memory in bilinguals and the types of verbal working memory measures suitable for assessing the language abilities of bilingual children.
Did the Faith-Based Initiative Change Congregations?

We use national surveys of congregations conducted in 1998 and 2006-2007 to assess whether or not the faith-based initiative increased congregations’ social service involvement, government funding, or collaborations with government or nonprofit organizations. More congregations indicated interest in social services and government funding in 2006-2007 than in 1998, but congregational involvement in social services, government funding, or collaborations has not increased since 1998. An in-depth local study of partnerships between congregations and nonprofit social service agencies leads to the same conclusion. The faith-based initiative did not change congregations’ behavior or expand their role in our social welfare system because it overlooked congregations’ longstanding role in community systems, and it was built on false assumptions about congregations’ latent capacity to expand that role and the extent to which they constitute a meaningful alternative to existing organizational networks of social support.
Toward the Rational Design of a Malaria Vaccine Construct Using the MSP3 Family as an Example: Contribution of Antigenicity Studies in Humans

ABSTRACT Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (MSP3) is a main target of protective immunity against malaria that is currently undergoing vaccine development. It was shown recently to belong, together with MSP6, to a new multigene family whose C-terminal regions have a similar organization, contain both homologous and divergent regions, and are highly conserved across isolates. In an attempt to rationally design novel vaccine constructs, we extended the analysis of antigenicity and function of region-specific antibodies, previously performed with MSP3 and MSP6, to the remaining four proteins of the MSP3 family using four recombinant proteins and 24 synthetic peptides. Antibodies to each MSP3 family antigen were found to be highly prevalent among malaria-exposed individuals from the village of Dielmo (Senegal). Each of the 24 peptides was antigenic, defining at least one epitope mimicking that of the native proteins, with a distinct IgG isotype pattern for each, although with an overall predominance of the IgG3 subclass. Human antibodies affinity purified upon each of the 24 peptides exerted an antiparasite antibody-dependent cellular inhibition effect, which in most cases was as strong as that of IgG from protected African adults. The two regions with high homology were found to generate a broad network of cross-reactive antibodies with various avidities. A first multigenic construct was designed using these findings and those from related immunogenicity studies in mice and demonstrated valuable immunological properties. These results indicate that numerous regions from the MSP3 family play a role in protection and provide a rationale for the tailoring of new MSP3-derived malaria vaccines.
Crowdsourcing mental health and emotional well-being

More than 30 million adults in the United States suffer from depression. Many more meet the diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. Psychotherapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective for conditions such as anxiety and depression, but the demand for these treatments exceeds the resources available. To reach the widest possible audience, mental health interventions need to be inexpensive, anonymous, always available, and, ideally, delivered in a way that delights and engages the user. Towards this end, I present Panoply, an online intervention that administers emotionregulatory support anytime, anywhere. In lieu of direct clinician oversight, Panoply coordinates support from crowd workers and unpaid volunteers, all of whom are trained on demand, as needed. Panoply incorporates recent advances in crowdsourcing and human computation to ensure that feedback is timely and vetted for quality. The therapeutic approach behind this system is inspired by research from the fields of emotion regulation, cognitive neuroscience, and clinical psychology, and hinges primarily on the concept of cognitive reappraisal. Crowds are recruited to help users think more flexibly and objectively about stressful events. A three-week randomized controlled trial with 166 participants compared Panoply to an active control task (online expressive writing). Panoply conferred greater or equal benefits for nearly every therapeutic outcome measure. Statistically significant differences between the treatment and control groups were strongest when baseline depression and reappraisal scores were factored into the analyses. Panoply also significantly outperformed the control task on all measures of engagement (with large effect sizes observed for both behavioral and self-report measures). This dissertation offers a novel approach to computer-based psychotherapy, one that is optimized for accessibility, engagement and therapeutic efficacy. Thesis Supervisor: Rosalind W. Picard Title: Professor of Media Arts and Sciences