Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teams without roles: empowering teams for greater creativity

Criticizes Belbin′s team‐role theory on the basis that roles are only appropriate in highly static organizations. Also argues that most teams have no set roles and that every member often takes the roles of others. Rather than assign roles, it is more empowering to teach allteam members how to manage teamwork effectively.
Voter Reactions to a Preferential Ballot: Some Survey Evidence

THE QLJESTION of electoral reform continues to hover at the edge of the agenda of British politics. It remains, of course, a central policy objective of the Social and Liberal Democrats, but it has also recently come to be considered seriously as an option by some leading members of the Labour party, as they contemplate their party’s electoral prospeas. There is also evidence of increasing interest in reform among Labour’s rank and file. Almost as many motions on electoral reform as on unemployment or health were submitted for debate at the 1989 party conference (Cwrdian, 31 July 1989). Not surprisingly, then, then continues to be discussion a b u t the likely consequences of introducing a preferential voting system into British elections. Attempts to use general election results to estimate the likely effects of preferential voting upon election outcomes are seriously hampered, however, by our lack of knowledge about how voters would react to a ballot which allowed them to place parties in order of preference. Generally, the assumption that has been made is that the party chosen under X-voting would continue to be the first preference, that both Labour and Consewati? supporters would place the Alliance (now the SLD) second, and that centre voters would divide their second prefer ences between the two major parties. Relatively little attention has been given to how other parties would fare! In this note, we provide some evidence about how one group of people react to a prefer ential ballot. The data are derived from the second of,a series of surveys of young people throughout England and Wales, carried out in May 1987. The respondents were school sixthformers studying for A-levels, they were young people who had just joined, or were about to join, the electorate. ’ In addition to eliciting their voting intentions by means of the standard opinion poll question, we asked our respondents to complete a dummy ballot paper, indicating how they would vote if there were a preferential voting system. Seven parties were listed on the ballot paper Conservative, Labour, Alliance, Gmn, Communist, National Front and Plaid Cymru. Analysis of the returns sheds some light on the likely responses of British electors to a preferential ballot.
Impact on patients of expanded, general practice based, student teaching: observational and qualitative study

Abstract Objectives To compare patients' enablement and satisfaction after teaching and non-teaching consultations. To explore patients' views about the possible impact that increased community based teaching of student doctors in their practice may have on the delivery of service and their attitudes towards direct involvement with students. Design Observational study using validated survey instruments (patient enablement index—PEI, and consultation satisfaction questionnaire—CSQ) administered after teaching consultations and non-teaching consultations. Ten focus groups (two from each practice), comprising five with patients participating in prearranged teaching sessions and five with patients not participating in these. Setting Five general practices in west Suffolk and southern Norfolk, England, that teach student doctors on the Cambridge graduate medical course. Participants 240 patients attending teaching consultations (response rate 82%, 196 patients) and 409 patients attending non-teaching consultations (response rate 72%, 294 patients) received survey instruments. Ten focus groups with a total of 34 patients participating in prearranged teaching sessions and 20 patients not participating in these. Main outcome measures Scores on the patient enablement index and consultation satisfaction questionnaire, analysed at the level of all patients, allowing for age, sex, general practitioner, and practice, and at the level of the individual general practitioner teacher. Qualitative analysis of focus group data. Results Patients' enablement or satisfaction was not reduced after teaching consultations compared with non-teaching consultations (mean difference in scores on the patient enablement index and consultation satisfaction questionnaire with adjustment for confounders 2.24% and 1.70%, respectively). This held true for analysis by all patients and by general practitioner teacher. Qualitative data showed that patients generally supported the teaching of student doctors in their practice. However, this support was conditional on receiving sufficient information about reasons for doctors' absence, the characteristics of students, and the nature of teaching planned. Many patients viewed their general practice as different from hospital and expected greater control over students' presence during their consultations. Conclusions Patients' enablement and satisfaction are not impaired by students' participation in consultations. Patients generally support the teaching of student doctors in their general practice but expect to be provided with sufficient information and to have a choice about participation, so they can give informed consent. Recognising this when organising general practice based teaching is important.
Career management issues of female business expatriates

Few studies have delved into career management issues of women on foreign assignments, especially compared to male expatriates. Therefore, a large‐scale mail survey was directed towards Western female and male business expatriates in the same host location. Controlling for the effects of differences in the demographic background of the gender groups, we found that female business expatriates could less often meet their career goals within their corporation than their male counterparts. There was also a tentative indication that women may regard their expatriation as a less useful career move than men. Implications of these findings for globalizing firms, female executives and future research are discussed.
Fabrication of Corrosion Resistance Micro-Nanostructured Superhydrophobic Anodized Aluminum in a One-Step Electrodeposition Process

The formation of low surface energy hybrid organic-inorganic micro-nanostructured zinc stearate electrodeposit transformed the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) surface to superhydrophobic, having a water contact angle of 160°. The corrosion current densities of the anodized and aluminum alloy surfaces are found to be 200 and 400 nA/cm2, respectively. In comparison, superhydrophobic anodic aluminum oxide (SHAAO) shows a much lower value of 88 nA/cm2. Similarly, the charge transfer resistance, Rct, measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the SHAAO substrate was found to be 200-times larger than the as-received aluminum alloy substrate. These results proved that the superhydrophobic surfaces created on the anodized surface significantly improved the corrosion resistance property of the aluminum alloy.
PAC1 Gene Knockout Reveals an Essential Role of Chaperone-Mediated 20S Proteasome Biogenesis and Latent 20S Proteasomes in Cellular Homeostasis

ABSTRACT The 26S proteasome, a central enzyme for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, is a highly complex structure comprising 33 distinct subunits. Recent studies have revealed multiple dedicated chaperones involved in proteasome assembly both in yeast and in mammals. However, none of these chaperones is essential for yeast viability. PAC1 is a mammalian proteasome assembly chaperone that plays a role in the initial assembly of the 20S proteasome, the catalytic core of the 26S proteasome, but does not cause a complete loss of the 20S proteasome when knocked down. Thus, both chaperone-dependent and -independent assembly pathways exist in cells, but the contribution of the chaperone-dependent pathway remains unclear. To elucidate its biological significance in mammals, we generated PAC1 conditional knockout mice. PAC1-null mice exhibited early embryonic lethality, demonstrating that PAC1 is essential for mammalian development, especially for explosive cell proliferation. In quiescent adult hepatocytes, PAC1 is responsible for producing the majority of the 20S proteasome. PAC1-deficient hepatocytes contained normal amounts of the 26S proteasome, but they completely lost the free latent 20S proteasome. They also accumulated ubiquitinated proteins and exhibited premature senescence. Our results demonstrate the importance of the PAC1-dependent assembly pathway and of the latent 20S proteasomes for maintaining cellular integrity.
The supervisor as a facilitator of informal learning in work teams

This paper explores the importance of enhancing the facilitation skills of line managers at a supervisory level, and suggests that they can then promote a positive learning environment for informal learning within their work teams. Supervisors are important to their firms, because they are at the interface between the organisation and its work teams. The paper proposes that supervisors who are effective facilitators will utilise their own learning and interpersonal skills to encourage informal learning opportunities through knowledge‐sharing in their work teams, thus improving the team’s performance. The ideas outlined in the paper are intended to make a contribution to a discussion which advances a conceptual argument, and will form the basis of future empirical research.
Treatment process and outcomes for managed care patients receiving new antidepressant prescriptions from psychiatrists and primary care physicians.

BACKGROUND While many studies describe deficiencies in primary care antidepressant treatment, little research has applied similar standards to psychiatric practice. This study compares baseline characteristics, process of care, and outcomes for managed care patients who received new antidepressant prescriptions from psychiatrists and primary care physicians. METHODS At a prepaid health plan in Washington State, patients receiving initial antidepressant prescriptions from psychiatrists (n = 165) and primary care physicians (n = 204) completed a baseline assessment, including the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV depression module, a 20-item depression assessment from the Symptom Checklist-90, and the Medical Outcomes Survey 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey functional status questionnaire. All measures were repeated after 2 and 6 months. Computerized data were used to assess antidepressant refills and follow-up visits over 6 months. RESULTS At baseline, psychiatrists' patients reported slightly higher levels of functional impairment and greater prior use of specialty mental health care. During follow-up, psychiatrists' patients made more frequent follow-up visits, and the proportion making 3 or more visits in 90 days was 57% vs 26% for primary care physicians' patients. The proportion receiving antidepressant medication at an adequate dose for 90 days or more was similar (49% vs 48%). The 2 groups showed similar rates of improvement in all measures of symptom severity and functioning. CONCLUSIONS In this sample, clinical differences between patients treated by psychiatrists and primary care physicians were modest. Shortcomings in depression treatment frequently noted in primary care (inadequate follow-up care and high rates of inadequate antidepressant treatment) were also common in specialty practice. Possible selection bias limits any conclusions about relative effectiveness or cost-effectiveness.
Nonlinear Learning Underpinning Pedagogy: Evidence, Challenges, and Implications

This article provides a brief overview of the framework of nonlinear pedagogy and evidence emanating from motor learning literature that underpins a nonlinear pedagogical approach. In addition, challenges for nonlinear pedagogy and a discussion on how nonlinear pedagogy support the work of physical education (PE) teachers will be shared. Evidence from the increasing volume of work on nonlinear learning from motor learning literature is used to suggest how acquisition of movement skills is supported by nonlinearity. The emergence of goal-directed behaviors is a consequence of the performer, environmental, and task constraints. With a nonlinear pedagogy approach, the focus is on the individual learner where opportunities for meaningful actions can be learnt. Design principles based on representativeness, focus of attention, functional variability, manipulation of constraints, and ensuring relevant information-movement couplings can be delivered via pedagogical channels of instructions, practices, and feedback to the learners. Importantly, this focus on the individual sets the foundation for a developing nonlinear pedagogy framework to enhance teaching in PE although the challenges are non-trivial.
DAO1 catalyzes temporal and tissue-specific oxidative inactivation of auxin in Arabidopsis thaliana

Significance Although auxin oxidation has long been known to be the primary mechanism of auxin catabolism and Arabidopsis seedlings have 10–100 more 2-oxindole 3-acetic acid compared with other auxin catabolic products, the enzymes that constitutively catalyze this process remained unknown. This work fills the gap by identifying and characterizing the Arabidopsis proteins DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1 (DAO1) and DAO2, which catalyze auxin oxidation under normal growth conditions and shows that this activity has a physiological function in planta. The protein localization and phenotypes of the loss/gain of function mutants support that DAO1 is the primary constitutive mechanism of auxin catabolism in Arabidopsis and that the temporal- and tissue-specific oxidative inactivation of auxin by DAO adjusts indole-3-acetic acid levels throughout the life of the plant to optimize growth and development. Tight homeostatic regulation of the phytohormone auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] is essential to plant growth. Auxin biosynthetic pathways and the processes that inactivate auxin by conjugation to amino acids and sugars have been thoroughly characterized. However, the enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of IAA to its primary catabolite 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA) remains uncharacterized. Here, we show that DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1 (DAO1) catalyzes formation of oxIAA in vitro and in vivo and that this mechanism regulates auxin homeostasis and plant growth. Null dao1-1 mutants contain 95% less oxIAA compared with wild type, and complementation of dao1 restores wild-type oxIAA levels, indicating that DAO1 is the primary IAA oxidase in seedlings. Furthermore, dao1 loss of function plants have altered morphology, including larger cotyledons, increased lateral root density, delayed sepal opening, elongated pistils, and reduced fertility in the primary inflorescence stem. These phenotypes are tightly correlated with DAO1 spatiotemporal expression patterns as shown by DAO1pro:β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity and DAO1pro:YFP-DAO1 signals, and transformation with DAO1pro:YFP-DAO1 complemented the mutant phenotypes. The dominant dao1-2D mutant has increased oxIAA levels and decreased stature with shorter leaves and inflorescence stems, thus supporting DAO1 IAA oxidase function in vivo. A second isoform, DAO2, is very weakly expressed in seedling root apices. Together, these data confirm that IAA oxidation by DAO1 is the principal auxin catabolic process in Arabidopsis and that localized IAA oxidation plays a role in plant morphogenesis.
A duality model of TCP and queue management algorithms

We propose a duality model of end-to-end congestion control and apply it to understand the equilibrium properties of TCP and active queue management schemes. The basic idea is to regard source rates as primal variables and congestion measures as dual variables, and congestion control as a distributed primal-dual algorithm over the Internet to maximize aggregate utility subject to capacity constraints. The primal iteration is carried out by TCP algorithms such as Reno or Vegas, and the dual iteration is carried out by queue management algorithms such as DropTail, RED or REM. We present these algorithms and their generalizations, derive their utility functions, and study their interaction.
Direct Power Control of a Pulse Width Modulation Rectifier Using Space Vector Modulation Under Unbalanced Grid Voltages

Compared with conventional table-based direct power control (DPC), DPC using space vector modulation (DPC-SVM) exhibits several specific features, such as a constant switching frequency and small ripples in both active power and reactive power. However, conventional DPC-SVM exhibits highly distorted grid currents when the grid voltages are unbalanced. In this study, we propose a novel and simple DPC-SVM that is effective under both ideal and unbalanced grid voltage conditions by using an extension of original instantaneous power theory. After deducing the power slopes of both active power and reactive power, the suitable converter voltage reference to nullify the errors of active power and reactive power is analytically derived, which is subsequently synthesized by SVM. The proposed DPC-SVM does not require the extraction of complex positive/negative sequence from the grid voltage/current or power compensation. Compared to prior DPC-SVM using original imaginary power, the proposed method exhibits much better performance by obtaining highly sinusoidal line currents and eliminating twice grid-frequency ripples in both active power and the reactive power under unbalanced conditions. Simulations and experimental results supported the theoretical study and confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Chinese reflexivization: a movement to INFL approach

This paper analyzes the binding of the Chinese reflexive pronoun ziji in the 'movement-to-INFL' framework developed in Chomsky (1986a) and Lebeaux (1983). I claim that this approach allows a particularly elegant account of subject orientation in which the reflexive anaphor is moved to INFL position at logical form (LF). Long-distance binding is, in turn, analyzed as INFL-to-INFL movement at LF. In addition, I argue that the blocking effect on Chinese reflexivization and certain relaxations of ccommand noted by Tang (1989) can be accommodated very naturally in this approach, thereby providing further support for it.
Frame Structure Design and Analysis for Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems

The millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies have attracted considerable attention for fifth generation (5G) cellular communication as they offer orders of magnitude greater bandwidth than current systems. However, the medium access control (MAC) layer may need to be significantly redesigned to support the highly directional transmissions, and the demand for ultra-low latencies and high peak rates expected in mmWave communication. To address these challenges, we present a novel mmWave MAC layer frame structure with a number of enhancements, including flexible, highly granular transmission times, dynamic control signal locations, extended messaging, and the ability to efficiently multiplex directional control signals. Analytic formulas are derived for the utilization and control overhead as a function of control periodicity, number of users, traffic statistics, signal-to-noise ratio, and antenna gains. Importantly, the analysis can incorporate various front-end MIMO capability assumptions—a critical feature of mmWave. Under realistic system and traffic assumptions, the analysis reveals that the proposed flexible frame structure design offers significant benefits over designs with fixed frame structures similar to current 4G long-term evolution. It is also shown that the fully digital beamforming architectures offer significantly lower overhead compared with analog and hybrid beamforming under equivalent power budgets.
Phenotypic Selection Favors Missing Trait Combinations in Coexisting Annual Plants

Trade-offs among traits are important for maintaining biodiversity, but the role of natural selection in their construction is not often known. It is possible that trade-offs reflect fundamental constraints, negative correlational selection, or directional selection operating on costly, redundant traits. In a Sonoran Desert community of winter annual plants, we have identified a trade-off between relative growth rate and water-use efficiency among species, such that species with high relative growth rate have low water-use efficiency and vice versa. We measured selection on water-use efficiency, relative growth rate, and underlying traits within populations of four species at two study sites with different average climates. Phenotypic trait correlations within species did not match the among-species trade-off. In fact, for two species with high water-use efficiency, individuals with high relative growth rate also had high water-use efficiency. All populations experienced positive directional selection for water-use efficiency and relative growth rate. Selection tended to be stronger on water-use efficiency at the warmer and drier site, and selection on relative growth rate tended to be stronger at the cooler and wetter site. Our results indicate that directional natural selection favors a phenotype not observed among species in the community, suggesting that the among-species trade-off could be due to pervasive genetic constraints, perhaps acting in concert with processes of community assembly.
Researching clients' experiences: A review of qualitative studies

This article aims to explore the role that clients play in research and how their experiences can contribute to psychotherapy process research. Following a broad outline of the findings of earlier process research, arguments why clients have not been at the forefront of researchers' methodologies are offered against those who recognize the value and importance of asking clients directly about their experiences. Examples of a range of studies are discussed where clients' views and experiences of different therapies, or where the individual components within a therapy, are the primary sources of data. Although this is the key focus, studies that consider the views of clients relating to more general areas of mental health are also referred to briefly. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave Frequency Characteristics of Magnetically Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Arrays

This paper reports the results of a comprehensive study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of the wide frequency range (8-12, 26-37, and 78-118 GHz) with arrays of vertically aligned and disordered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which have been obtained by the floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition method. The obtained nanotubes represent a composite of multiwall CNTs with encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles of iron phases, i.e., magnetically functionalized nanotubes (MFCNTs). MFCNTs were formed on silicon substrates, and disordered arrays in the form of powder were obtained by separating the MFCNT arrays mechanically from the walls of the quartz reactor. The frequency dependences of the reflection and transmission coefficients of EMR of MFCNTs of two types were investigated. The high electromagnetic shielding efficiency (40 dB) of MFCNTs associated with the reflection of electromagnetic waves was detected. Possible mechanisms of attenuation of electromagnetic signals by aligned and disordered MFCNTs were discussed.