Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An emergence solution to the reasoning dual processes interaction problem

In a desire to account for experimental evidence that is said to indicate that human reasoning is subject to errors and biases, some scholars have championed dual process theories of reasoning. These scholars have attempted to resolve the dual processes interaction problem by proposing either additional processes or one system dominating the other. Utilising modularity theory, this article asserts that human reasoning consists of a multitude of modules that interact via dynamical emergent processes based on information input and output requirements. The proposed solution combines research from modularity and emergence theories.
The mediating role of coping: A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between coping self-efficacy and coping effectiveness among athletes

This study examines the relationship among global coping self-efficacy, coping, and coping effectiveness within athletes. We hypothesized that there would be a positive association between coping self-efficacy and coping effectiveness, which would be mediated by coping. It was also predicted that coping strategies within the task-oriented coping dimension would be positively associated with coping effectiveness, whereas strategies from the disengagement- and distraction-oriented coping dimensions would be negatively associated with coping effectiveness. Participants were 353 athletes between the ages of 18 and 29 years, who completed a measure of coping self-efficacy the night before they competed, in addition to a measure of the athletes' use of coping strategies and their perceived coping effectiveness, which was completed immediately after the competitive event. Results revealed that higher global coping self-efficacy scores were significantly (r = .33, p < .01) associated with coping effectiveness. Furthermore, task-oriented and disengagement-oriented coping partially mediated this relationship, but distraction-oriented coping was not a significant partial mediator of the relationship between global coping self-efficacy and coping effectiveness.
Roc curves and confidence judgments in recognition memory

Most models of recognition memory rely on a strength/familiarity-based signal detection account that assumes that the processes giving rise to a confidence judgment are the same as those giving rise to an old-new decision. Confidence is assumed to be scaled directly from the perceived familiarity of a probe. This assumption was tested in 2 experiments that examine the shape of confidence-based z receiver operating characteristic (zROC) curves under different levels of response bias induced by changing stimulus probabilities (Experiment 1) and payoffs (Experiment 2). Changes in the shape of the zROC curves with bias indicate that confidence is not scaled directly from perceived familiarity or likelihood. A model of information accumulation in recognition memory is proposed that can account for the observed effects.
Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant for Treatment of Patients with Persistent Diabetic Macular Edema

Purpose: To report the 6-month anatomical and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) response after primary intravitreal dexamethasone implantation (Ozurdex®) in patients with refractory diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: Retrospective review of the medical records of 58 patients with decreased visual acuity, due to refractory DME, who underwent a single injection of Ozurdex between November 2010 and January 2012, at the Instituto de Microcirurgia Ocular, Barcelona, Spain. Results: At baseline, the mean foveal thickness (FT) was 543.24 ± 156.51 μm. Mean (±SD) values of FT did decrease to 346.82 ± 123.74 μm at month 1 and 341.12 ± 129.64 μm at month 3. Data on the 6-month follow-up showed a mild increase to 420.16 ± 152.15 μm. All of the FT reduction outcomes were statistically significant, with respect to baseline data (p = 0.0001). The baseline BCVA data was 0.66 ± 0.36 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). The mean BCVA improved to 0.52 ± 0.32 logMAR (p = 0.0001) and 0.44 ± 0.27 logMAR (p = 0.0001) after 1 and 3 months, respectively. At the last visit (6-month follow-up), the mean BCVA increased to 0.51 ± 0.31 logMAR (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: In this study, intravitreal treatment with a dexamethasone implant safely reduced DME and improved visual acuity in a difficult-to-treat patient population with long-standing refractory DME.
Response to Commentaries: Actions as Perceptual-Conceptual "Gestalts"

The author clarifies the objective and essence of the psychological, or perceptual-cognitive, approach to voluntary movement. According to that approach, voluntary movements are organized and performed as meaningful, perceptible events with bodily and environmental aspects. Body-oriented control is thus not neglected in the perceptual-cognitive approach but is actually an important issue. He further clarifies how material and psychological factors relate to each other in motor control and why they are not considered a coalition of constraints. The central importance of the sparse coding principle for the perceptual-cognitive approach is underlined. Finally, the author argues that the psychological information format is particularly suitable for motion control and stresses the power of the perceptual-cognitive approach to possibly provide a unifying framework for understanding human voluntary movements.
Applications of manganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to image brain plasticity in song birds

The song control system of song birds is an excellent model for studying brain plasticity and has thus far been extensively analyzed by histological and electrophysiological methods. However, these approaches do not provide a global view of the brain and/or do not allow repeated measures, which are necessary to establish correlations between alterations in neural substrate and behavior. Application of in vivo manganese‐enhanced MRI enabled us for the first time to visualize the song control system repeatedly in the same bird, making it possible to quantify dynamically the volume changes in this circuit as a function of seasonal and hormonal influences. In this review, we introduce and explore the song control system of song birds as a natural model for brain plasticity to validate a new cutting edge technique, which we called ‘repeated dynamic manganese enhanced MRI’ or D‐MEMRI. This technique is based on the use of implanted permanent cannulae—for accurate repeated manganese injections in a defined target area—and the subsequent MRI acquisition of the dynamics of the accumulation of manganese in projection brain targets. A compilation of the D‐MEMRI data obtained thus far in this system demonstrates the usefulness of this new method for studying brain plasticity. In particular it is shown to be a perfect tool for long‐term studies of morphological and functional responses of specific brain circuits to changes in endocrine conditions. The method was also successfully applied to obtain quantitative measures of changes in activity as a function of auditory stimuli in different neuronal populations of a same nucleus that project to different targets. D‐MEMRI, combined with other MRI techniques, clearly harbors potential for unraveling seasonal, hormonal, pharmacological or even genetically driven changes in a neuronal circuit, by simultaneously measuring changes in morphology, activity and connectivity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Gendered Nature of Serious Birdwatching

This article provides insight into how gender is related to indicators of recreation specialization and serious leisure among birdwatchers. Males were more likely than females to take birdwatching trips, report that they could identify more birds by sight and sound, and said that they possessed more birding-related equipment. Males and females, however, did not differ in their level of commitment and indicators used for measuring serious leisure. Both men and women were equally likely to report that birdwatching provided them durable benefits over time. Males were more likely to report that birdwatching allowed them to display their skills, whereas females ascribed greater importance to birdwatching as a form of personal enrichment, enjoyment, satisfaction, and recreation. Results led to the conclusion that male and female birdwatchers are equally serious about birdwatching, but display different styles of birdwatching. These different styles of involvement suggest that participation in birdwatching is gendered.
The struggle for the school: The interaction of missionary, colonial government and nationalist enterprise in the development of formal education in Kenya

Although Kenya is taken as a specific case study, this book has a much broader scope which encompasses the development of the formal education system in African countries in general. Three related themes are explored; the lack of relevance of the alien school system inherited at independence; the importance of the struggle which took place over the control of the schools in the history of the independence movement; and the educational dilemma which faces the new nations now that independence has been achieved-schools are the focal point of competitive tensions yet they also promise ordered and rapid development. A most important contribution to a field in which little has yet been published.
Motor Force Field Learning Influences Visual Processing of Target Motion

There are reciprocal connections between visual and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. Although recent studies have provided intriguing new insights, in comparison with volume of research on the visual control of movement, relatively little is known about how movement influences vision. The motor system is perfectly suited to learn about environmental forces. Does environmental force information, learned by the motor system, influence visual processing? Here, we show that learning to compensate for a force applied to the hand influenced how participants predicted target motion for interception. Ss trained in one of three constant force fields by making reaching movements while holding a robotic manipulandum. The robot applied forces in a null [null force field (NFF)], leftward [leftward force field (LFF)], or [rightward force field (RFF)] direction. Training was followed immediately with an interception task. The target accelerated from left to right and Ss's task was to stab it. When viewing time was optimal for prediction, the RFF group initiated their responses earlier and hit more targets, and the LFF group initiated their responses later and hit fewer targets, than the NFF group. In follow-up experiments, we show that motor learning is necessary, and we rule out the possibility that explicit force direction information drives how Ss altered their predictions of visual motion. Environmental force information, acquired by motor learning, influenced how the motion of nearby visual targets was predicted.
We Are All Multiculturalists Now

1. The Multicultural Explosion 2. The New York Story 3. What Is at Stake in Multiculturalism? 4. The Rediscovery of Nubia and Kush 5. Dealing with Diversity, Past and Present 6. Where Assimilation Failed 7. Can We Be Brought Together? 8. "We are All Multiculturalists Now" Notes Acknowledgments Index
Evaluative reactions to Panjabi/English code‐switching

In this paper we report the results of a pilot study which was designed to elicit experimentally evaluative reactions to Panjabi/English code‐switching. The experimental procedure was adapted from the ‘matched guise’ technique developed by Lambert et al. (1960). The difference here is that the speech samples which we asked subjects to rate represented not different languages or varieties/accents of the same language, but varieties which draw on two languages, Panjabi and English, to differing degrees. Our results are in line with those of similar experiments done on evaluative reactions to speech. That is, the same speaker is evaluated in different ways depending on how he speaks. The different types of code‐switched discourse were found to be related to external dimensions such as perceived fluency in English and Panjabi, intelligibility and expressivity.
The influence of SiC/SiO2 interface morphology on the electrical characteristics of SiC MOS structures

The effect of roughness at the SiC/SiO2 interface on electrical properties of 4H-SiC MOS devices has been investigated. Variations in surface roughness were generated by annealing 4H-SiC samples at high temperatures (1550°C-1650°C) with or without a graphitic cap layer. Subsequently, gate oxides were grown on these surfaces for n-type MOS capacitors and n-channel MOSFETs were fabricated. Although the interfaces demonstrated significantly different surface morphology, interface state density (Dit) measured on the capacitors were almost identical. This was reflected in the MOSFET characteristics where, to first order, no obvious difference in field-effect mobility was observed. This result verifies that long range roughness (in the micron scale) does not affect mobility of channel electrons where the mean free path is of the order of a ~ 1 nm due to the low inversion layer mobility.
Predictors of “New Economy” Career Orientation in an Australian Sample of Late Adolescents

The authors surveyed 207 late adolescents on measures of new economy career orientation (protean and boundaryless career orientation), career adaptability (planning, self-exploration, environmental exploration, decision making, and self-regulation), disposition (proactive disposition), and environmental support (social support) and hypothesized (a) that new economy career orientation would be associated with career adaptability, disposition, and environmental support and (b) that career adaptability would mediate the relationship between disposition and career orientation and between environmental support and career orientation. The main predictor of new economy career orientation was self-regulation, which also mediated between proactive disposition and career orientation. Planning predicted one aspect of boundaryless career (mobility preference), while social support predicted a second (boundaryless mind-set). Overall, the results suggest that adolescents with higher self-regulatory skills, social support, a tendency to not overplan, and a disposition to be proactive, will be more positive toward changing work environments.
Foraging in a complex naturalistic environment: capacity of spatial working memory in flower bats

SUMMARY Memory systems have evolved under selection pressures, such as the need to remember the locations of resources or past events within spatiotemporally dynamic natural environments. The full repertoire of complex behaviours exhibited by animals in dynamic surroundings are, however, difficult to elicit within simply structured laboratory environments. We have developed a computer-controlled naturalistic environment with 64 feeders for simulating dynamic patterns of water or food resource availability (depletion and replenishment) within the laboratory. The combination of feeder and cage remote control permits the automated transfer of animals between cage and test arena and, therefore, high experimental throughput and minimal disturbance to the animals (bats and mice). In the present study, we investigated spatial working memory in nectar-feeding bats (Glossophaga soricina, Phyllostomidae) collecting food from a 64-feeder array. Feeders gave only single rewards within trials so that efficient foraging required bats to avoid depleted locations. Initially, bats tended to revisit feeders (win-stay), but within three trials changed towards a win-shift strategy. The significant avoidance of revisits could not be explained by algorithmic search guiding movement through the array nor by scent cues left by the bats themselves and, thus, the data suggest that bats remembered spatial locations depleted of food. An examination of the recency effect on spatial working memory after bats shifted to a win-shift strategy indicated that bats held more than 40 behaviour actions (feeder visits) in working memory without indication of decay. This result surpasses previous findings for other taxa.
Inferring M-Best Diverse Labelings in a Single One

We consider the task of finding M-best diverse solutions in a graphical model. In a previous work by Batra et al. an algorithmic approach for finding such solutions was proposed, and its usefulness was shown in numerous applications. Contrary to previous work we propose a novel formulation of the problem in form of a single energy minimization problem in a specially constructed graphical model. We show that the method of Batra et al. can be considered as a greedy approximate algorithm for our model, whereas we introduce an efficient specialized optimization technique for it, based on alpha-expansion. We evaluate our method on two application scenarios, interactive and semantic image segmentation, with binary and multiple labels. In both cases we achieve considerably better error rates than state-of-the art diversity methods. Furthermore, we empirically discover that in the binary label case we were able to reach global optimality for all test instances.
Symbolic Execution for Dynamic, Evolutionary Test Data Generation

Keywords: search-based test data generation, symbolic program transformation, genetic algorithms, control flow graphs. Abstract: This paper combines the advantages of symbolic execution with search based testing to produce automatically test data for JAVA programs. A framework is proposed comprising two systems which collaborate to generate test data. The first system is a program analyser capable of performing dynamic and static program analysis. The program analyser creates the control flow graph of the source code under testing and uses a symbolic transformation to simplify the graph and generate paths as independent control flow graphs. The second system is a test data generator that aims to create a set of test cases for covering each path. The implementation details of the framework, as well as the relevant experiments carried out on a number of JAVA programs are presented. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of the framework and show that it can outperform the performance of related approaches.
Distributed Differential Schemes for Cooperative Wireless Networks

In cooperative wireless networks, virtual antenna arrays formed by distributed network nodes can provide cooperative diversity. Obviating channel estimation, differential schemes have long been appreciated in conventional multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communications. However, distributed differential schemes for general cooperative network setups have not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we develop and analyze two distributed differential schemes using both decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying protocols. For each scheme and relaying protocol combination, we derive the optimum maximum likelihood (ML) decision rule and its low-complexity suboptimum alternative. Simulations confirm that both schemes provide full diversity gain with either DF or AF relaying protocols. In addition, we carry out performance and rate comparisons between the two distributed differential schemes and preliminary investigations on the optimal relay positioning for the DF and AF relaying protocols
Underachiever or Misunderstood? A Reply to Roger Gomm

A number of colleagues have said that I should be flattered that my published work is interrogated so carefully by academic peers. "Don't get angry or upset", is the common refrain; "accept it as a compliment". Well, I'm not entirely convinced by this argument, especially when I am accused of presenting data in ways which rely on "innuendo", "sleight of hand" and "illegitimate tactics" (Gomm, 1993). Of course, those of us who have 'hitched our wagon' to the antiracist 'star' are used to being demonised and discredited. However, these critiques have derived generally from those who, to a greater or lesser extent, now celebrate the 'conservative restoration' of educational principles. Those, in other words, who have welcomed the onset of a period in which, to use Kenneth Baker's infamous phrase, "the pursuit of egalitarianism is over". What is more, David Oldman (1987), amongst others, has shown that it is not difficult to counter the logical inconsistencies in the arguments which stem from this political and ideological source. More recently, however, attacks on anti-racist education have appeared from other sources (see Troyna, 1993 for a fuller discussion). There are those on the Left who assert that the Macdonald inquiry (1989) into the murder of Ahmed Iqbal Ullah at Bumage High School in 1986 exposed the "moralistic excesses" and "dictatorial character" of antiracism (Gilroy, 1990). In demanding a 'critical revision' of antiracist education these writers have cast a sceptical eye over the theoretical and empirical research which has helped to inform this educational orthodoxy (Cohen, 1992; Rattansi, 1992). Another group of writers share the conviction that there are no fundamental or irreconcilable differences between multicultural and antiracist paradigms. For some time now, writers in this tradition have constituted a critical, if loosely-knit, group in extant debates on 'race' and education (Leicester, 1989; Lynch, 1989; Short, 1991). Different again are writers such as Peter Foster, Martyn Hammersley and Roger Gomm. They have taken on the mantle of 'methodological purists'. Their purpose is to explicate the allegedly dubious empirical grounds on which claims of racial inequality in education have been mounted. Readers of this journal will be familiar with the exchanges between Foster and both Cecile Wright and Paul Connolly (Foster, 1990a, 167
Prevalence of self-medication in the adult population of Brazil: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of self-medication in Brazil’s adult population. METHODS Systematic review of cross-sectional population-based studies. The following databases were used: Medline, Embase, Scopus, ISI, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, CRD, Lilacs, SciELO, the Banco de teses brasileiras (Brazilian theses database) (Capes) and files from the Portal Domínio Público (Brazilian Public Domain). In addition, the reference lists from relevant studies were examined to identify potentially eligible articles. There were no applied restrictions in terms of the publication date, language or publication status. Data related to publication, population, methods and prevalence of self-medication were extracted by three independent researchers. Methodological quality was assessed following eight criteria related to sampling, measurement and presentation of results. The prevalences were measured from participants who used at least one medication during the recall period of the studies. RESULTS The literature screening identified 2,778 records, from which 12 were included for analysis. Most studies were conducted in the Southeastern region of Brazil, after 2000 and with a 15-day recall period. Only five studies achieved high methodological quality, of which one study had a 7-day recall period, in which the prevalence of self-medication was 22.9% (95%CI 14.6;33.9). The prevalence of self-medication in three studies of high methodological quality with a 15-day recall period was 35.0% (95%CI 29.0;40.0, I2 = 83.9%) in the adult Brazilian population. CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in the methodologies of the included studies, the results of this systematic review indicate that a significant proportion of the adult Brazilian population self-medicates. It is suggested that future research projects that assess self-medication in Brazil standardize their methods.