Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Logical Study of Partial Entailment

We introduce a novel logical notion-partial entailment-to propositional logic. In contrast with classical entailment, that a formula P partially entails another formula Q with respect to a background formula set Γ intuitively means that under the circumstance of Γ, if P is true then some "part" of Q will also be true. We distinguish three different kinds of partial entailments and formalize them by using an extended notion of prime implicant. We study their semantic properties, which show that, surprisingly, partial entailments fail for many simple inference rules. Then, we study the related computational properties, which indicate that partial entailments are relatively difficult to be computed. Finally, we consider a potential application of partial entailments in reasoning about rational agents.
Allograft Bone in Spinal Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Objective: The purpose of this long-term study was to determine the efficacy of allograft bone for spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Prior studies comparing allograft and autograft have been short term. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study was carried out on 111 patients with 132 total curves fused for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Minimum follow-up was 5 years (average 72 months). A variety of segmental instrumentation was used, with most being dual-rod, multiple-hook constructs. Results: Average preoperative curve was 59° with immediate correction to 29° (51%) and final follow-up of 32.24° (45.4%). Average loss of correction was 3.5° (5.9%). There were three pseudarthroses, one infection, and no rod breakage. Conclusion: Pseudarthrosis rate of 2.7% and loss of correction of 5.9% are comparable with or better than those in previous reports using autogenous bone graft and either segmental or nonsegmental instrumentation.
Adaptation to unforeseen change in geographically dispersed mission teams : the roles of team training and team familiarity

6 Resumo.7 Introduction.12 Team Adaptability.13 Familiarity and Adaptability.14 Team Training and Adaptability.17 Familiarity, Team Training and Adaptability.21 Method.21 Participants.21 Procedure.22 Experimental Material.22 Manipulations.24 Measures.25 Adaptability.25 Control Variables.26 Results.27 Discussion.28 Study Limitations.33 Practical Implications.37 Future Research.38 Conclusion.39 References.41 Team Adaptation to Unforeseen Change
A Straightforward Treatment of Activity in Aqueous CaCO3 Solutions and the Consequences for Nucleation Theory

The aqueous calcium carbonate system is rigorously investigated with respect to ionic activity. Ideal treatment is found to be a good approximation at relevant concentrations. The data further show that bound CaCO3 species cannot be regarded as "inactive" during nucleation but rather appear to play a key role in the phase-separation process, and that amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) can be precipitated from much lower levels of supersaturation than previously believed.
Parents, watching: introducing surveillance into modern American parenting

Approved: _________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor _________________________________________ Title and Department _________________________________________ Date PARENTS, WATCHING: INTRODUCING SURVEILLANCE INTO MODERN AMERICAN PARENTING by James Perry Howell A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Communication Studies in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa
Prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients: the Frequent Hemodialysis Network trials.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive impairment is common among persons with ESRD, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study evaluated the prevalence of cognitive impairment and association with modifiable ESRD- and dialysis-associated factors in a large group of hemodialysis patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on baseline data collected from 383 subjects participating in the Frequent Hemodialysis Network trials. Global cognitive impairment was defined as a score <80 on the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam, and impaired executive function was defined as a score >or=300 seconds on the Trailmaking B test. Five main categories of explanatory variables were examined: urea clearance, nutritional markers, hemodynamic measures, anemia, and central nervous system (CNS)-active medications. RESULTS Subjects had a mean age of 51.6 +/- 13.3 years and a median ESRD vintage of 2.6 years. Sixty-one subjects (16%) had global cognitive impairment, and 110 subjects (29%) had impaired executive function. In addition to several nonmodifiable factors, the use of H1-receptor antagonists and opioids were associated with impaired executive function. No strong association was found between several other potentially modifiable factors associated with ESRD and dialysis therapy, such as urea clearance, proxies of dietary protein intake and other nutritional markers, hemodynamic measures, and anemia with global cognition and executive function after adjustment for case-mix factors. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive impairment, especially impaired executive function, is common among hemodialysis patients, but with the exception of CNS-active medications, is not strongly associated with several ESRD- and dialysis-associated factors.
Modeling the Human Blink: a Computational Model for Use within Human-Robot Interaction

This paper describes findings from a Human-to-Human Interaction experiment that examines human communicative non-verbal facial behaviour. The aim was to develop a more comfortable and effective model of social human-robot communication. Analysis of the data revealed a strong co-occurrence between human blink production and non-verbal communicative behaviours of own speech instigation and completion, interlocutor speech instigation, looking at/away from the interlocutor, facial expression instigation and completion, and mental communicative state changes. Seventy-one percent of the total 2007 analysed blinks co-occurred with these behaviours within a time window of +/- 375 ms, well beyond their chance co-occurrence probability of 23%. Thus between 48% and 71% of blinks are directly related to human communicative behaviour and are not simply "physiological" (e.g., for cleaning/humidifying the eye). Female participants are found to blink twice as often as male participants, in the same communicative scenario, and have a longer average blink duration. These results provide the basis for the implementation of a blink generation system as part of a social cognitive robot for human-robot interaction.
Health Workers' and Managers' Perceptions of the Integrated Community Case Management Program for Childhood Illness in Malawi: The Importance of Expanding Access to Child Health Services

Community case management (CCM) is a promising task-shifting strategy for expanding treatment of childhood illness that is increasingly adopted by low-income countries. Its success depends in part on how the strategy is perceived by those responsible for its implementation. This study uses qualitative methods to explore health workers' and managers' perceptions about CCM provided by health surveillance assistants (HSAs) during the program's first year in Malawi. Managers and HSAs agreed that CCM contributed beneficially by expanding access to the underserved and reducing caseloads at health facilities. Managers differed among themselves in their endorsements of CCM, most offered constrained endorsement, and a few had stronger justifications for CCM. In addition, HSAs uniformly wanted continued expansion of their clinical role, while managers preferred to view CCM as a limited mandate. The HSAs also reported motivating factors and frustrations related to system constraints and community pressures related to CCM. The impact of CCM on motivation and workload of HSAs is noted and deserves further attention.
Increasing Opportunities for Social Control by Children with Autism and Severe Handicaps: Effects on Student Behavior and Perceived Classroom Climate

The present study assessed the effects of an intervention package designed to (a) increase the quality and quantity of opportunities for students with autism and severe handicaps to exercise control over aspects of instructional interactions and to (b) improve aspects of classroom social climate as represented by teacher-student interactions. Results across two classrooms indicated that the intervention was successful in increasing student opportunities for controlling aspects of student-teacher interaction. Increases in both spontaneous and indirectly prompted social/communicative interactions were observed. Independent rating of videotaped interactions by preservice regular and special educators indicated that substantial improvements in classroom social climate were associated with the intervention package. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the design of therapeutic social environments for children with severe social/communicative handicaps.
Influence of Age, Gender, and Allergy Status on Nasal Reactivity to Inhaled Chlorine

Upper-respiratory-tract symptoms (nasal irritation, congestion and rhinorrhea) are prevalent complaints in so-called "problem buildings. " In epidemiologic studies, symptom reporting is associated with selected subject characteristics, including younger age, female gender, and the presence of allergic rhinitis. The physiologic correlates of these differential reporting patterns, however, are largely unknown. Using dilute chlorine gas as a model upper-respiratory-tract irritant, we studied 52 otherwise healthy volunteers in a sample stratified on age (18-69 yr), gender, and allergy status. In a single-blinded crossover study, subjects had their nasal airway resistance measured preexposure, immediately postexposure, and 15 min postexposure to both filtered air and chlorine (1.0 ppm in air) for 15 min. Allergic rhinitic subjects showed a significantly greater net (chlorine minus air) congestive response at 15 min postexposure than did nonrhinitic controls (p < .01). Advancing age also predicted a greater response immediately post-exposure (p < .01). No gender effect was observed. Significant interindividual variability was evident in the nasal congestive response to irritant (chlorine) provocation. The rhinitis effect was consistent with prior observations, whereas the effect of advancing age was opposite to that hypothesized.
THE ASSOCIATION OF LESION‐INDUCED REDUCTIONS IN BRAIN MONOAMINES WITH ALTERATIONS IN STRIATAL CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1

Abstract— –Changes in glycogen, glucose, lactate and monoamine levels in various brain structures were studied after unilateral diencephalic lesions in the rat. These lesions were placed to transect the fibres of the medial forebrain bundle within the lateral hypothalamus as well as to encroach upon the medial aspect of the internal capsule. Such lesions are known to produce unilateral reduction of telencephalic monoamines rostral to the lesion. In paraformaldehyde‐perfused brain, the level of glycogen increased by 30 per cent (+0 82 μmol/g) in the caudate nucleus ipsilateral to the lesion in comparison to that in the caudate of the non‐lesioned side. Other telencephalic areas, as well as cerebellum and brainstem, showed no significant change in glycogen levels. In brains from unanaesthetized rats, frozen 15–30 s after decapitation (to simulate anoxia, with consequent glycogen mobilization), a caudate‐containing sample from the lesion side had 31 per cent (+0 51 μmol/g) more glycogen than a comparable sample from the control side. Glucose levels were also elevated by 72 per cent (+0 05 μmol/g, whereas lactate levels were not significantly changed. Similar samples obtained from animals 3anaesthetized with phenobarbital for 2 h prior to killing showed a 76 per cent increase in glycogen in both lesion and control caudate nuclei when compared to those obtained from the unanaesthetized group. Glycogen levels were increased by 15 per cent (+0 41 μmol/g) and glucose by 72 per cent (+0 31 μmol/g) on the lesion side in comparison to the values obtained from the control side in the anaesthetized group. Lactate levels were not significantly affected. The dopamine levels in these caudate samples from the lesion side were reduced by 97 and 88 per cent in the unanaesthetized and anaesthetized animals, respectively. In samples of caudate allowed to glycolyse under anoxic conditions for 10 min, the amount of lactate found on the lesion side was increased 29 per cent over that found in identical samples from the non‐lesioned side. Dopamine was reduced by 78 per cent in these samples. The remaining telencephalic areas exhibited no significant side to side difference in lactate levels despite a 71 per cent decrease in their levels of norepinephrine. These findings demonstrate that glycogen metabolism in the neostriatum is affected by diencephalic lesions which result in a loss of striatal monoamines, observations suggesting that brain biogenic amines may play a role in the regulation of neuronal metabolism in the neostriatum.
Time Series Forecasting with Neural Networks: A Case Study

SUMMARY Using the famous airline data as the main example, a variety of neural network (NN) models are tted and the resulting forecasts are compared with those obtained from the (Box-Jenkins) seasonal ARIMA model called the airline model. The results suggest that there is plenty of scope for going badly wrong with NN models and that it is unwise to apply them blindly in`black-box' mode. Rather the wise analyst needs to use traditional modelling skills to select a good NN model, for example in making a careful choice of input variables. The BIC criterion is recommended for comparing diierent NN models. Great care is also needed when tting a NN model and using it to produce forecasts. Methods of examining the response surface implied by a NN model are examined as well as alternative procedures using Generalized Additive Models and Projection Pursuit Regression.
Renal Function at Two Years in Liver Transplant Patients Receiving Everolimus: Results of a Randomized, Multicenter Study

In a 24‐month prospective, randomized, multicenter, open‐label study, de novo liver transplant patients were randomized at 30 days to everolimus (EVR) + Reduced tacrolimus (TAC; n = 245), TAC Control (n = 243) or TAC Elimination (n = 231). Randomization to TAC Elimination was stopped prematurely due to a significantly higher rate of treated biopsy‐proven acute rejection (tBPAR). The incidence of the primary efficacy endpoint, composite efficacy failure rate of tBPAR, graft loss or death postrandomization was similar with EVR + Reduced TAC (10.3%) or TAC Control (12.5%) at month 24 (difference −2.2%, 97.5% confidence interval [CI] −8.8%, 4.4%). BPAR was less frequent in the EVR + Reduced TAC group (6.1% vs. 13.3% in TAC Control, p = 0.010). Adjusted change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from randomization to month 24 was superior with EVR + Reduced TAC versus TAC Control: difference 6.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (97.5% CI 1.9, 11.4 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.002). Among patients who remained on treatment, mean (SD) eGFR at month 24 was 77.6 (26.5) mL/min/1.73 m2 in the EVR + Reduced TAC group and 66.1 (19.3) mL/min/1.73 m2 in the TAC Control group (p < 0.001). Study medication was discontinued due to adverse events in 28.6% of EVR + Reduced TAC and 18.2% of TAC Control patients. Early introduction of everolimus with reduced‐exposure tacrolimus at 1 month after liver transplantation provided a significant and clinically relevant benefit for renal function at 2 years posttransplant.
The Consequences of Teenage Childbearing: Consistent Estimates When Abortion Makes Miscarriage Non�?Random

Miscarriage, even if biologically random, is not socially random. Willingness to abort reduces miscarriage risk. Because abortions are favorably selected among pregnant teens, those miscarrying are less favorably selected than those giving birth or aborting but more favorably selected than those giving birth. Therefore, using miscarriage as an instrument is biased towards a benign view of teen motherhood while OLS on just those giving birth or miscarrying has the opposite bias. We derive a consistent estimator that reduces to a weighted average of OLS and IV when outcomes are independent of abortion timing. Estimated effects are generally adverse but modest.
Mechanical properties and water absorption behaviour of PLA and PLA/wood composites prepared by 3D printing and injection moulding

Purpose This papers aims to study the influence of water absorption on the mechanical properties of poly lactic acid (PLA) and PLA/Wood composites. Virgin PLA and PLA/Wood double-bone-shaped specimens were prepared by two methods: injection moulding and 3D printing. The results were compared to each other and showed the influence of the production method on the properties of the produced parts. Design/methodology/approach Morphology studies were done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) from fracture surfaces of tensile and notched impact specimens of all samples. Tensile properties were analysed by the production and testing of dog-bone-shaped samples. Heat deflection temperature (HDT) was tested, as also was the crystallinity of the tested samples by differential scanning calorimetry. Findings The values for notched impact strength were higher upon water uptake in the case of injection-moulded specimens, which was not the case with 3D-printed specimens. Tensile properties of the specimens produced by both methods were reduced after water absorption tests. Values of the HDT were also lower after water absorption tests studied for both processing methods. Originality/value Morphology studies were done by SEM from fracture surfaces of tensile as well as notched impact specimens of injection-moulded and 3D-printed samples. The effect of water storage on various samples was tested. The two different production technologies were compared to each other owing to their influence of water storage. This study also dealt with NFC compounds and produced NFC composites and the influence of water storage on these samples.
Computer science in the orthodontic treatment of adult patients

Orthodontic treatment of adult patients is done in interdisciplinary teams that have to manage a vast quantity of data. Computer science gives a big help in almost every aspect of the orthodontic practice, research and education. Some of the most important applications of computers in this orthodontic field like digital photographs, virtual study models, cone beam computed tomography, communication, virtual reality, software for prediction and treatment planning, video imaging, manufacture of orthodontic appliance, web-based digital orthodontic records and proper backup protocols will be presented.
In a network state of mind

Altered oscillatory brain activity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may reflect underlying neuropathological changes, and its characterization might lead to new diagnostic possibilities. The present study using quantitative magnetoencephalography (MEG) was set up to examine power spectrum changes in AD patients, and their diagnostic strength. Whole-head 151-channel MEG was recorded during an eyes-closed resting state. MEG channels were grouped in ten cortical regions, and both global and regional relative power was analyzed for the commonly used frequency bands.18 AD patients (mean age 72.1 years ± 5.6 (SD); 7 females; mean MMSE 19.2, range: 13-25) and 18 healthy controls (mean age 69.1 ± 6.8 (SD), 11 females; mean MMSE 29, range: 27-30) were recruited, controls being mainly spouses of patients. Relative power analysis showed significant differences in most frequency bands, particularly in the temporo-parietal regions, with some relation to MMSE scores. Greatest diagnostic accuracy was found in the beta band, especially in the right occipital area (sensitivity 94%, specificity 78%). Quantitative relative power analysis of MEG recordings is able to show widespread abnormalities in oscillatory brain dynamics in AD patients. By analyzing distinct cortical regions, this study provides a more detailed topographical view of abnormal brain activity in AD. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Resting-state oscillatory brain dynamics in Alzheimer’s disease 21
Trends and Issues in Research regarding Academic Instruction of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

This article expresses our concern regarding the paucity of research investigating academic instruction of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD). We discuss issues of measurement as related to academic performance and conclude that the rate of academic responses provides the most desirable measure for research as well as in clinical application. Implications for specific research needed to address academic performance are discussed. Recommendations are provided based on research investigations of classroom interactions between teachers and their students with E/BD as well as other learning difficulties.
Adversarial Delays in Online Strongly-Convex Optimization

We consider the problem of strongly-convex online optimization in presence of adversarial delays; in a T-iteration online game, the feedback of the player's query at time t is arbitrarily delayed by an adversary for d_t rounds and delivered before the game ends, at iteration t+d_t-1. Specifically for \algo{online-gradient-descent} algorithm we show it has a simple regret bound of \Oh{\sum_{t=1}^T \log (1+ \frac{d_t}{t})}. This gives a clear and simple bound without resorting any distributional and limiting assumptions on the delays. We further show how this result encompasses and generalizes several of the existing known results in the literature. Specifically it matches the celebrated logarithmic regret \Oh{\log T} when there are no delays (i.e. d_t = 1) and regret bound of \Oh{\tau \log T} for constant delays d_t = \tau.
Quality of care and outcomes of older patients with heart failure hospitalized in the United States and Canada.

BACKGROUND Health care expenditure per person is significantly higher in the United States compared with Canada, but whether there are differences in quality of care of many conditions is unknown. We compared the process of care and outcomes of patients with heart failure, the most common cause of hospitalization for individuals 65 years and older in both countries. METHODS We compared processes of care and 30-day and 1-year risk-standardized mortality rates among 28,521 US Medicare beneficiaries and 8180 similarly aged patients in Ontario, Canada, hospitalized with heart failure from 1998 to 2001. RESULTS More US patients underwent left ventricular ejection fraction assessment during hospitalization compared with Canadian patients (61.2% vs 41.7%, P<.001). At discharge, patients in the United States were prescribed beta-blockers more frequently (28.7% vs 25.4%, P<.001) but angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors less frequently (54.3% vs 63.4%, P<.001). Among ideal candidates, prescription of beta-blockers (32.5% vs 29.7%, P = .08) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (78.3% vs 77.6%, P = .68) was not significantly different between the 2 countries. The US patients had lower risk characteristics on admission and lower crude mortality rates at 30 days and 1 year. Thirty-day risk-standardized mortality was significantly lower for the US patients (8.9% vs 10.7%, P<.001), but 1-year risk-standardized mortality was no longer significantly different (32.2% vs 32.3%, P = .98). CONCLUSION Patients with heart failure who are hospitalized in the United States had lower short-term mortality at 30 days, but 1-year mortality rates were not significantly different between the United States and Canada.