Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Three-Forks Cave, Adair County, Oklahoma Ozark Highland

We report on an assemblage of vertebrate fossils from a limestone cave in the southwestern portion of the Ozark Highlands. The fauna includes several extinct, large-bodied mammalian taxa including Megalonyx jeffersonii (Jefferson’s ground sloth), Canis dirus (dire wolf), Arctodus simus (short-faced bear; two individuals), and Equidae (extinct horses), which indicate a late Pleistocene age. In addition, there is a variety of extant vertebrates including a fish, Aplodinotus cf. grunniens (freshwater drum), unidentified Anura (frogs and toads) and Caudata (salamanders), Terrapene sp. (box turtles), cf. Ophisaurus (legless lizards), Colubroidea and Crotalidae (non-venomous snakes and pit vipers), Bubo virginianus (great horned owl), and at least 12 other mammals: Sorex sp. (long-tailed shrews), Perimyotis subflavus (tricolored bat), Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat), Myotis grisescens (gray myotis), possibly other species of Myotis, Vulpini (foxes), several rodents, Geomys sp. (pocket gophers), Chaetodipus or Perognathus (pocket mice), Peromyscini (native mice), Neotoma cf. floridana (eastern wood rat), Microtus cf. ochrogaster (prairie vole), and, Sylvilagus sp. (cottontail rabbits). An earlier report provided a tentative age of one of the Arctodus simus of about 34,000 years ago (late Pleistocene, Rancholabrean). Among the 23 taxa in the Three-Forks Cave assemblage, two species are added to the Oklahoma Ozark Highland paleofauna: freshwater drum and great horned owl. One extralimital taxon, the pocket mouse Chaetodipus or Perognathus, is present in the assemblage. Numerous remains of juvenile bats of Myotis grisescens and Eptesicus fuscus provide evidence that these species used Three-Forks Cave as a maternity site. Large crater-like pits in the floor of Three-Forks Cave and other caves in the vicinity may represent ancient and modern beds of the short-faced bear and black bear, respectively.
Environmental risk factors for autism

Autism is a devastating childhood condition that has emerged as an increasing social concern just as it has increased in prevalence in recent decades. Autism and the broader category of autism spectrum disorders are among the increasingly seen examples in which there is a fetal basis for later disease or disorder. Environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors all play a role in determining the risk of autism and some of these effects appear to be transgenerational. Identification of the most critical windows of developmental vulnerability is paramount to understanding when and under what circumstances a child is at elevated risk for autism. No single environmental factor explains the increased prevalence of autism. While a handful of environmental risk factors have been suggested based on data from human studies and animal research, it is clear that many more, and perhaps the most significant risk factors, remain to be identified. The most promising risk factors identified to date fall within the categories of drugs, environmental chemicals, infectious agents, dietary factors, and other physical/psychological stressors. However, the rate at which environmental risk factors for autism have been identified via research and safety testing has not kept pace with the emerging health threat posed by this condition. For the way forward, it seems clear that additional focused research is needed. But more importantly, successful risk reduction strategies for autism will require more extensive and relevant developmental safety testing of drugs and chemicals.
Exponential separations in the energy complexity of leader election

Energy is often the most constrained resource for battery-powered wireless devices and the lion's share of energy is often spent on transceiver usage (sending/receiving packets), not on computation. In this paper we study the energy complexity of Leader Election and Approximate Counting in several models of wireless radio networks. It turns out that energy complexity is very sensitive to whether the devices can generate random bits and their ability to detect collisions. We consider four collision-detection models: Strong-CD (in which transmitters and listeners detect collisions), Sender-CD and Receiver-CD (in which only transmitters or only listeners detect collisions), and No-CD (in which no one detects collisions.) The take-away message of our results is quite surprising. For randomized Leader Election algorithms, there is an exponential gap between the energy complexity of Sender-CD and Receiver-CD: No-CD = Sender-CD ⪢ Receiver-CD = Strong-CD and for deterministic Leader Election algorithms, there is another exponential gap in energy complexity, but in the reverse direction: No-CD = Receiver-CD ⪢ Sender-CD = Strong-CD In particular, the randomized energy complexity of Leader Election is Θ(log* n) in Sender-CD but Θ(log(log* n)) in Receiver-CD, where n is the (unknown) number of devices. Its deterministic complexity is ⏶(logN) in Receiver-CD but Θ(loglogN) in Sender-CD, where N is the (known) size of the devices' ID space. There is a tradeoff between time and energy. We give a new upper bound on the time-energy tradeoff curve for randomized Leader Election and Approximate Counting. A critical component of this algorithm is a new deterministic Leader Election algorithm for dense instances, when n=Θ(N), with inverse-Ackermann-type (O(α(N))) energy complexity.
Study of magnesium precipitation based on biocementation

Abstract Magnesium carbonate has a cementing character like calcium carbonate, and the addition of magnesium ion enables the microbe cementitious material to have the denser microstructure with the lower porosity. The effects of various factors, such as the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+, on the urease activity were studied. Comparison of the productive rates for calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate were carried out, as well as productive rates for magnesium carbonate with adding different amount of urea to medium. Calcium acetate and magnesium acetate were, respectively, used for sands solidification. Results showed that the increase in urea concentration and magnesium ion enhanced urease activity, while calcium ion significantly impaired urease activity. Sodium chloride and acetate ion had little influence on it. Productive rates for magnesium carbonate were dramatically smaller than its calcium counterpart. However, adding urea to medium allowed for more magnesium precipitation, and the higher the urea concentration, the more the magnesium precipitation. The sand columns with adding urea to medium can have a high strength despite using magnesium acetate. Therefore, the method could solve the problem of insufficient magnesium precipitation. The results will act as a guide for the application of biocementation technology with magnesium carbonate.
Intention to quit smoking: Is the partner’s smoking status associated with the smoker’s intention to quit?

Background: Smoking behavior among couples is often similar.Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the partner’s smoking status and the intention to stop smoking of the index person. Method: Cross-sectional data of 1,044 patients in a random sample of 34 general medical practices in northeastern Germany were analyzed.Results: Among smokers with a non-smoking partner (SNP), more intended to quit smoking in the next six months (37.0% vs. 31.4%), compared to smokers with a smoking partner (SSP). Also, more SNP intended to quit in the next four weeks (4.7% vs. 2.7%) compared to SSP. SNP were more active in the use of self-change strategies than SSP.Conclusion: The data confirm that the partner’s smoking status is related to the intention to quit smoking. Interventions should address the different needs of both smokers with a smoking partner and those with a non-smoking partner.
Foods, macronutrients and fibre in the diet of blue sheep (Psuedois nayaur) in the Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal

Abstract Food resources are often critical regulating factors affecting individual fitness and population densities. In the Himalayan Mountains, Bharal “blue sheep” (Pseudois nayaur) are the main food resource for the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia), as well as being preyed upon by other predators. Blue sheep, however, may face a number of challenges including food resource competition with other wild and domestic ungulates, and hunting pressure. Here, we characterized the diet of blue sheep in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) of Nepal and conducted proximate nutritional analysis on a limited number of plants identified as foods. Furthermore, we investigated the macronutrient and fiber balance of these plants using nutritional geometry which is a state‐space approach to modeling multidimensional and interactive nutritional aspects of foraging. A total of 19 plant species/genera were identified in blue sheep pellets using microhistological analysis. On average, across seasons and regions of the study area, the two most frequently occurring plants in pellets were graminoids: Kobressia sp. and Carex spp. The macronutrient balance of Kobresia sp. was relatively high in carbohydrate and low in protein, while other plants in the diet were generally higher in protein and lipid content. Analysis of fiber balance showed that the two most consumed plants of blue sheep (i.e., Kobresia spp. and Carex spp.) contained the highest concentration of hemicellulose, which is likely digestible by blue sheep. The hemicellulose and lignin balance of plants ranged relatively widely, yet their cellulose contents showed less variation. Foraging by blue sheep may therefore be a balance between consuming highly digestible high‐carbohydrate plants and plants less‐digestible but higher in protein and/or lipid.
Heat Shock Protein 70 Serum Levels Differ Significantly in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis, Liver Cirrhosis, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Members of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family play an important role in assisting protein folding, preventing protein aggregation and transport of proteins across membranes under physiological conditions. Following environmental (i.e., irradiation, chemotherapy), physiological (i.e., cell growth, differentiation), and pathophysiological (i.e., inflammation, tumorigenesis) stress, the synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is highly up-regulated, whereas protein synthesis in general is reduced. In contrast to normal cells, many tumor entities including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) overexpress HSP70, the major-stress-inducible member of the HSP70 family, present it on their cell surface and secrete it into the extracellular milieu. Herein, the prognostic relevance of serum HSP70 levels in patients with chronic hepatitis (CH; n = 50), liver cirrhosis (LC; n = 46), and HCC (n = 47) was analyzed. Similar to other tumor entities, HSP70 is also present on the surface of primary HCC cells. The staining intensity of intracellular HSP70 in HCC tissue is stronger compared to control and cirrhotic liver sections. HSP70 serum levels in all HCC patients were significantly higher compared to a control group without liver disease (n = 40). No significant age- and gender-related differences in HSP70 serum levels were observed in male and female healthy human volunteers (n = 86). Patients with CH (n = 50) revealed significantly higher HSP70 serum levels compared to the control group, however, these values were significantly lower than those of HCC patients (n = 47). Furthermore, a subgroup of patients with LC who subsequently developed HCC (LC-HCC, n = 13) revealed higher HSP70 serum levels than patients with LC (n = 46, p = 0.05). These data indicate that serum HSP70 levels are consecutively increased in patients with CH, LC and liver carcinomas and thus might have a prognostic value.
Axin2 controls bone remodeling through the β-catenin–BMP signaling pathway in adult mice

To investigate the role of Wnt–β-catenin signaling in bone remodeling, we analyzed the bone phenotype of female Axin2-lacZ knockout (KO) mice. We found that trabecular bone mass was significantly increased in 6- and 12-month-old Axin2 KO mice and that bone formation rates were also significantly increased in 6-month-old Axin2 KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. In vitro studies were performed using bone marrow stromal (BMS) cells isolated from 6-month-old WT and Axin2 KO mice. Osteoblast proliferation and differentiation were significantly increased and osteoclast formation was significantly reduced in Axin2 KO mice. Nuclear β-catenin protein levels were significantly increased in BMS cells derived from Axin2 KO mice. In vitro deletion of the β-catenin gene under Axin2 KO background significantly reversed the increased alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of osteoblast marker genes observed in Axin2 KO BMS cells. We also found that mRNA expression of Bmp2 and Bmp4 and phosphorylated Smad1/5 protein levels were significantly increased in BMS cells derived from Axin2 KO mice. The chemical compound BIO, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, was utilized for in vitro signaling studies in which upregulated Bmp2 and Bmp4 expression was measured in primary calvarial osteoblasts. Primary calvarial osteoblasts were isolated from Bmp2fx/fx;Bmp4fx/fx mice and infected with adenovirus-expressing Cre recombinase. BIO induced Osx, Col1, Alp and Oc mRNA expression in WT cells and these effects were significantly inhibited in Bmp2/4-deleted osteoblasts, suggesting that BIO-induced Osx and marker gene expression were Bmp2/4-dependent. We further demonstrated that BIO-induced osteoblast marker gene expression was significantly inhibited by Osx siRNA. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Axin2 is a key negative regulator in bone remodeling in adult mice and regulates osteoblast differentiation through the β-catenin–BMP2/4–Osx signaling pathway in osteoblasts.
Luminance-Chrominance Model for Image Colorization

This paper provides a new method to colorize gray-scale images. While the computation of the luminance channel is directly performed by a linear transformation, the colorization process is an ill-posed problem that requires some priors. In the literature two classes of approach exist. The first class includes manual methods that need the user to manually add colors on the image to colorize. The second class includes exemplar-based approaches where a color image, with a similar semantic content, is provided as input to the method. These two types of priors have their own advantages and drawbacks. In this paper, a new variational framework for exemplar-based colorization is proposed. A nonlocal approach is used to find relevant color in the source image in order to suggest colors on the gray-scale image. The spatial coherency of the result as well as the final color selection is provided by a nonconvex variational framework based on a total variation. An efficient primal-dual algorithm is provided, and a proof of its convergence is proposed. In this work, we also extend the proposed exemplar-based approach to combine both exemplar-based and manual methods. It provides a single framework that unifies advantages of both approaches. Finally, experiments and comparisons with state-of-the-art methods illustrate the efficiency of our proposal. 1. Introduction. The colorization of a gray-scale image consists of adding color information to it. It is useful in the entertainment industry to make old productions more attractive. The reverse operation is based on perceptual assumptions and is today an active research area [28], [13], [37]. Colorization can also be used to add information in order to help further analysis of the image by a user (e.g., sensor fusion [43]). It can also be used for art restoration ; see, e.g., [17] or [41]. It is an old subject that began with the ability of screens and devices to display colors. A seminal approach consists in mapping each level of gray into a color-space [18]. Nevertheless, all colors cannot be recovered without an additional prior. In the existing approaches, priors can be added in two ways: with a direct addition of color on
The role of underutilized crops in alleviating hidden hunger

The quantity, quality and variety of food ingested by humans largely determines the intake of the essential mineral micronutrients required for normal human physiological functioning, growth and development. Inadequate dietary intake, low bioavailability, and failure of the human body to utilize ingested essential minerals lead to mineral micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs), an invisible form of undernutrition also known as hidden hunger. With the aim of aiding future human nutrition policy planning, the extent of dietary MNDs of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iodine (I), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were estimated by integrating food supply and composition, estimated average requirement and demographic data. National level dietary Ca, Mg and Zn deficiency risks between 1992 and 2011 were estimated for the populations of 145 countries. Globally, in 2011, 3.5 and 1.1 billion people were at risk of Ca and Zn deficiency, respectively, due to inadequate dietary supply; 14 million people were at risk of Mg deficiency during the same period. Ninety percent of those at risk of Ca and Zn deficiency in 2011 lived in Africa and Asia. Considering the limited policy-making relevance of the low resolution national estimates of mineral MNDs, sub-national level assessments of the prevalence of dietary mineral MNDs were made for Malawi in 2011 using a 7-day household dietary recall survey data (n = 12117). It was estimated that >50% of households in Malawi were at risk of energy, Ca, Se, or Zn deficiencies due to inadequate dietary supplies, but supplies of Fe, Cu and Mg were adequate for >80% of households. Interventions to address dietary mineral deficiencies, such as dietary diversification using underutilized multipurpose and hardy tree/shrub species (e.g. Moringa spp.), were considered. Greater than 78% of Moringa growing households in southern Ethiopia and Kenya use M. oleifera (MO) and M. stenopetala (MS) trees as a source of food. Increasing the dietary consumption of MO and MS leaves, as a fresh vegetable or in powdered form, can reduce the prevalence of mineral micronutrient deficiencies, most notably Se deficiency. Daily consumption of 100 g Kenyan MO or MS fresh leaves could provide 100% and 144%, respectively, of the Se recommended daily allowance for a healthy adult man. Research and development to promote the use of these species in the fight against hidden hunger, are necessary. Continuing to reduce mineral MND risks through dietary diversification, and food and agricultural interventions, including fortification, crop breeding and use of micronutrient fertilisers, will remain a significant challenge during the global Sustainable Development era.
Efficient generation of a magnetic field-free line.

PURPOSE Signal encoding in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is achieved by moving a field-free point (FFP) through the region of interest. One way to increase the sensitivity of the method is to scan the region of interest with a field-free line (FFL) instead of the FFP. Recently, the first feasible FFL coil setup was introduced. The purpose of this article is to improve the efficiency of the FFL coil geometry even further. METHODS In order to reduce the electrical power loss of the setup, an additional Maxwell coil pair is introduced that is tailored to generate the static part of the FFL field. RESULTS Using the proposed coil assembly, the electrical power loss for the generation of a rotating FFL is considerably reduced compared to previously known coil setups. Furthermore, the quality of the generated FFL is significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS The proposed coil assembly is almost as efficient as an equivalent FFP scanner. Furthermore, the assembly cannot only be used for FFL imaging but for FFP imaging as well. Hence, the findings of this article denote an important step toward the first practical implementation of the FFL coil geometry.
Diallel Analysis for Grain Yield and Component Traits in Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] under Semi-arid Condition of Gujarat

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br. ) is an annual tillering diploid (2n=14) and the most important member of the genus Pennisetum belonging to the tribe Paniceae (sub familyPanicoidae) and family Poaceae. It is commonly known as pearl, cat tail, spiked or bulrush millet and is believed to be originated in Africa, where the greatest diversity exists. It is the sixth most important cereal crop in the world, following wheat, rice, maize, barley and sorghum. India and Africa together account for 93.2% of the total pearl millet production of the world. India is the largest producer of pearl millet both in terms of area (7.12 million ha) and production (8.06 million t) with an average productivity of 1132 kg/ha and (Annon, 2017).
Psychophysical Indexes of Temporal Processing Abnormalities in Children With Developmental Dyslexia

Children with dyslexia and children progressing normally in reading performed several perceptual tasks to determine (a) the psychophysical measures that best differentiate children with dyslexia from children with average reading abilities; (b) the extent of temporal processing deficits in a single, well-defined group of children with dyslexia; and (c) the co-occurrence of visual and auditory temporal processing deficits in children with dyslexia. 4 of our 12 psychophysical tasks indicated differences in temporal processing ability between children with dyslexia and children with good reading skills. These included 2 auditory tasks (dichotic pitch perception and FM tone discrimination) and 2 visual tasks (global motion perception and contrast sensitivity). The battery of 12 tasks successfully classified 80% of the children into their respective reading-level groups. Within the group of children with dyslexia who had temporal processing deficits, most were affected in either audition or vision; few children were affected in both modalities. The observed deficits suggest that impaired temporal processing in dyslexia is most evident on tasks that require the ability to synthesize local, temporally modulated inputs into a global percept and the ability to extract the resultant global percept from a noisy environment.
False Positive Diagnostic Tests and Coronary Angiographic Findings in 105 Presumably Healthy Males

SUMMARY Among 2014 presumably healthy males aged 40-59 years coronary heart disease (CHD) was suggested in 115 in the presence of one or more of the following criteria: 1) a WHOquestionnaire on angina pectoris positive on interview, 2) typical angina during a near maximal bicycle exercise test, 3) a positive exercise ECG during and/or post exercise, 4) a Minnesota Code 1.1 on a resting ECG. Diagnostic coronary angiography was offered to all 115 CHD-suspect cases. Six refused angiography and four others were excluded. Of the remaining 105, thirty-six had less than 50% obstruction of any major coronary artery (34.3%). Eighteen (17.1%) had single, 25 (23.8%) had double and 26 (24.8%) had triple vessel disease. In 62 of the 69 with pathologic angiograms at least one obstruction ≥75% was found. Eighty percent of the cases with proven CHD were ≥50 years. All CHD-suggestive criteria had approximately the same diagnostic performance regardless of age, i.e., approximately one false positive/two true positives. Except for one retroperitoneal hematoma no complications to angiography occurred.