Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ranking Multi-Class Data : Optimality and Pairwise Aggregation

It is the primary purpose of this paper to set the goals of ranking in a multiple-class context rigorously, following in the footsteps of recent results in the bipartite framework. Under specific likelihood ratio monotonicity conditions, optimal solutions for this global learning problem are described in the ordinal situation, i.e. when there exists a natural order on the set of labels. Criteria reflecting ranking performance under these conditions such as the ROC surface and its natural summary, the volume under the ROC surface (VUS), are next considered as targets for empirical optimization. Whereas plug-in techniques or the Empirical Risk Maximization principle can be then easily extended to the ordinal multi-class setting, reducing the K-partite ranking task to the solving of a collection of bipartite ranking problems, following in the footsteps of the pairwise comparison approach in classification, is in contrast more challenging. Here we consider a concept of ranking rule consensus based on the Kendall τ distance and show that, when it exists and is based on consistent ranking rules for the bipartite ranking subproblems defined by all consecutive pairs of labels, the latter forms a consistent ranking rule in the VUS sense under adequate conditions. This result paves the way for extending the use of recently developed learning algorithms, tailored for bipartite ranking, to multi-class data in a valid theoretical framework. Preliminary experimental results are presented for illustration purpose.
Repair of Microdamage in Osteonal Cortical Bone Adjacent to Bone Screw

Up to date, little is known about the repair mode of microdamage in osteonal cortical bone resulting from bone screw implantation. In this study, self-tapping titanium cortical bone screws were inserted into the tibial diaphyses of 24 adult male rabbits. The animals were sacrificed at 1 day, 2 weeks, 1 month and 2 months after surgery. Histomorphometric measurement and confocal microscopy were performed on basic fuchsin stained bone sections to examine the morphological characteristics of microdamage, bone resorption activity and spatial relationship between microdamage and bone resorption. Diffuse and linear cracks were coexisted in peri-screw bone. Intracortical bone resorption was significantly increased 2 weeks after screw installation and reach to the maximum at 1 month. There was no significant difference in bone resorption between 1-month and 2-months groups. Microdamage was significantly decreased within 1 month after surgery. Bone resorption was predisposed to occur in the region of <100 µm from the bone-screw interface, where had extensive diffuse damage mixed with linear cracks. Different patterns of resorption cavities appeared in peri-screw bone. These data suggest that 1) the complex microdamage composed of diffuse damage and linear cracks is a strong stimulator for initiating targeted bone remodeling; 2) bone resorption activities taking place on the surfaces of differently oriented Haversian and Volkmann canals work in a team for the repair of extensive microdamage; 3) targeted bone remodeling is a short-term reaction to microdamage and thereby it may not be able to remove all microdamage resulting from bone screw insertion.
How does workplace harassment influence the employees’ response in a deluxe hotel?

ABSTRACT Recently, workplace harassment in the form of superiors abusing their power over subordinates has emerged as a social problem. In the deluxe hotel work environment, dealing with this issue starts by asking whether harassment by a superior has taken place – and if so, how it has influenced subordinates’ responses. The purpose of this study was to measure the perception of workplace harassment among employees and to explain the relationships between workplace harassment and employee engagement, satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intent in deluxe hotels in South Korea. The results showed that verbal aggression had a significant negative effect on employee engagement, while isolation, disrespectful behavior, and physical aggression exacerbated employee burnout. In addition, employee engagement significantly enhanced job satisfaction, while burnout increased employees’ turnover intent. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.
Shedding Light on ISO 14001 Certification Audits

This article analyses the extent to which the ISO 14001 certification audit can be considered as an independent and rigorous process ensuring organizational conformance with the standard and improved environmental performance. Although the ISO 14001 certification process and external recognition are based on external audits, the rigor, focus and reliability of these audits tend to be taken for granted and have been largely overlooked in the literature. Moreover, the experience of auditors and ISO 14001 professionals has rarely been taken into account in the literature. As a result, the reasons why organizations which have superficially implemented the ISO 14001 standard have succeeded in becoming certified remain unclear. This article describes a qualitative study conducted in Canada with thirty-six professionals involved in ISO 14001 certification audits, and sheds light on the rather elastic interpretation and application of this standard, with a focus on procedural rather than substantive aspects of the Environmental Management System. The findings call into question the prevailing opinion on the rather objective, rigorous and unambiguous nature of ISO 14001 certification audits.
Tobacco smoking and oral clefts: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE To examine the association between maternal smoking and non-syndromic orofacial clefts in infants. METHODS A meta-analysis of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy was carried out using data from 24 case-control and cohort studies. FINDINGS Consistent, moderate and statistically significant associations were found between maternal smoking and cleft lip, with or without cleft palate (relative risk 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.25-1.44) and between maternal smoking and cleft palate (relative risk 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.10-1.35). There was evidence of a modest dose-response effect for cleft lip with or without cleft palate. CONCLUSION The evidence of an association between maternal tobacco smoking and orofacial clefts is strong enough to justify its use in anti-smoking campaigns.
Varieties of Non-Anthropocentricism: Duty, Beauty, Knowledge and Reality

The complexity of understanding and navigating human–nature relations calls for diverse angles of philosophical approach, and the articles in this issue exemplify that diversity, engaging questions of ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics and epistemology. They are connected, however, by a thread that runs through environmental philosophy: a desire to broaden or reframe understandings of humans’ places in, perceptions of, and obligations to the natural world. Relatedly, each of the contributions can be seen as an effort to push beyond narrow forms of anthropocentrism: Jake Monaghan defends biocentric individualism against a key objection; Yasha Rowher considers the potential implications of taking seriously obligations to prevent extinction and biodiversity loss; Fernando Arribas Herguedas seeks to extend Allen Carlson’s environmental aesthetics to agricultural landscapes; and Roope Oskari Kaaronen draws on process philosophy and the epistemology of Michael Polanyi to reconceptualise humans’ place in nature. What is striking about these contributions are the distinct ways in which they develop non-anthropocentric environmental philosophies1: whereas early discussions of non-anthropocentrism focused heavily on questions of intrinsic value, those questions do not dominate the discussion here, and there is significant attention to implications and applications in contemporary contexts. Monaghan’s article cleaves most closely to traditional debates, seeking to support the view that any living thing can have interests, and thereby, intrinsic value. Monaghan defends biocentric individualism by arguing that all living things have interests; this is because all living things are susceptible to death, which is an intrinsic bad. On this view, having interests does not require sentience, nor does it depend on desires. Monaghan also sidesteps controversial ethical debates over the concept of harm. He argues simply (p. 123): 1. Death is a prima facie harm; 2. Harm is a setback of interests; 3. Non-minded creatures can die; 4. So, non-minded creatures can be harmed; 5. So, non-minded creatures have interests.
Influential Feature PCA for high dimensional clustering

We consider a clustering problem where we observe feature vectors $X_i \in R^p$, $i = 1, 2, \ldots, n$, from $K$ possible classes. The class labels are unknown and the main interest is to estimate them. We are primarily interested in the modern regime of $p \gg n$, where classical clustering methods face challenges. We propose Influential Features PCA (IF-PCA) as a new clustering procedure. In IF-PCA, we select a small fraction of features with the largest Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) scores, where the threshold is chosen by adapting the recent notion of Higher Criticism, obtain the first $(K-1)$ left singular vectors of the post-selection normalized data matrix, and then estimate the labels by applying the classical k-means to these singular vectors. It can be seen that IF-PCA is a tuning free clustering method. We apply IF-PCA to $10$ gene microarray data sets. The method has competitive performance in clustering. Especially, in three of the data sets, the error rates of IF-PCA are only $29\%$ or less of the error rates by other methods. We have also rediscovered a phenomenon on empirical null by \cite{Efron} on microarray data. With delicate analysis, especially post-selection eigen-analysis, we derive tight probability bounds on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics and show that IF-PCA yields clustering consistency in a broad context. The clustering problem is connected to the problems of sparse PCA and low-rank matrix recovery, but it is different in important ways. We reveal an interesting phase transition phenomenon associated with these problems and identify the range of interest for each.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA INTERAKTIF DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SEJARAH SISWA SMA NEGERI I GUNUNG TALANG

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) Perbedaan kemampuan siswa yang diajar menggunakana media interaktif dengan siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran dengan tanpa media interaktif terhadap hasil belajar sejarah; (2) perbedaan hasil belajar siswa dengan motivasi tinggi yang diajar dengan menggunakan media interaktif dan media noninteraktif; (3) perbedaan hasil belajar siswa dengan motivasi rendah yang diajar dengan menggunakan media interaktif dan noninteraktif; (4) Interaksi antara media pembelajaran dengan motivasi belajar sejarahsiswa pada materi pokok Perkembangan Negara-Negara Kerajaan-Kerajaan Islam di Indonesia siswa SMA Negeri I Gunung Talang Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode quasi eksperimen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa IPS kelas XI SMA Negeri I Gunung Talang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan model random kelompok, dan didapatkan kelas XI IPS III sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas XI IPS 1 sebagai kelas kontrol. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode tes untuk variabel hasil belajar sejarah dan angket motivasi untuk mengetahui tingkat motivasi belajar siswa. Teknik analisis data menggunakan anova dua arah. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran menggunakan media interaktif efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran Sejarah.
Subgraphs of Weakly Quasi-Random Oriented Graphs

It is an intriguing question to see what kind of information on the structure of an oriented graph $D$ one can obtain if $D$ does not contain a fixed oriented graph $H$ as a subgraph. The related question in the unoriented case has been an active area of research and is relatively well understood in the theory of quasi-random graphs and extremal combinatorics. In this paper, we consider the simplest cases of such a general question for oriented graphs and provide some results on the global behavior of the orientation of $D$. For the case where $H$ is an oriented four-cycle we prove the following: in every $H$-free oriented graph $D$, there is a pair $A,B\subseteq V(D)$ such that $e(A,B)\geq e(D)^{2}/32|D|^{2}$ and $e(B,A)\leq e(A,B)/2$. We give a random construction which shows that this bound on $e(A,B)$ is best possible (up to the constant). In addition, we prove a similar result for the case where $H$ is an oriented six-cycle and a more precise result in the case where $D$ is dense and $H$ is arbitrary. We also consider the related extremal question in which no condition is put on the oriented graph $D$, and we provide an answer that is best possible up to a multiplicative constant. Finally, we raise a number of related questions and conjectures.
Mundane negotiations around official Danish dietary advice: connection, expert knowledge, and everyday agency

ABSTRACT In this article, I argue that citizens’ relations with, and uses of, dietary health campaigns may be more heterogeneous than just pragmatic adaptation or tactics of resistance. The article takes a practice theoretical approach in order to focus on the links between the existing food practices and the socially expectable and normatively acceptable ways of performing healthier shopping, cooking, and eating. The empirical study, on which the article is based, is a qualitative study of Danish citizens, and the analysis shows three different, but related, kinds of mundane negotiations of the official Danish dietary advice, according to connection, expert knowledge, and everyday agency.
EQUIVARIANT FRAMINGS, LENS SPACES AND CONTACT STRUCTURES

We construct a simple topological invariant of certain 3-manifolds, including quotients of S 3 by finite groups, based on the fact that the tangent bundle of an orientable 3-manifold is trivialisable. This invariant is strong enough to yield the classification of lens spaces of odd, prime order. We also use properties of this invariant to show that there is an oriented 3-manifold with no universally tight contact structure. We generalise and sharpen this invariant to an invariant of a finite covering of a 3-manifold.
Population Genetics of Wild-Type CAG Repeats in the Machado-Joseph Disease Gene in Portugal

Objective: To gain insights on the molecular mechanisms of mutation that led to the emergence of expanded alleles in the MJD gene, by studying the behavior of wild-type alleles and testing the association of its distribution with the representation of the disease. Methods: The number of CAG motifs in the MJD gene was determined in a representative sample of 1000 unrelated individuals. Associations between the repeat size and the epidemiological representation of MJD were tested. Results: The allelic profile of the total sample was in the normal range (13–41 repeats), with mode (CAG)23. No intermediate alleles were present. Allelic size distribution showed a negative skew. The correlation between the epidemiological representation of MJD in each district and the frequency of small, medium and large normal alleles was not significant. Further correlations performed grouping the districts also failed to produce significant results. Conclusions: The absence of association between the size of the repeats and the representation of MJD demonstrates that prevalence is not an indirect reflection of the frequency of large normal alleles. Globally the results obtained are in accordance with a model that postulates the occurrence of a few mutations on the basis of most of the MJD cases worldwide.
Effects of Electroacupuncture at Auricular Concha Region on the Depressive Status of Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Rat Models

To explore new noninvasive treatment options for depression, this study investigated the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at the auricular concha region (ACR) of depression rat models. Depression in rats was induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) combined with isolation for 21 days. Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: normal, UCMS alone, UCMS with EA-ACR treatment, and UCMS with EA-ear-tip treatment. Rats under inhaled anesthesia were treated once daily for 14 days. The results showed that blood pressure and heart rate were significantly reduced in the EA-ACR group than in the UCMS alone group or the EA-ear-tip group. The open-field test scores significantly decreased in the UCMS alone and EA-ear-tip groups but not in the EA-ACR group. Both EA treatments downregulated levels of plasma cortisol and ACTH in UCMS rats back to normal levels. The present study suggested that EA-ACR can elicit similar cardioinhibitory effects as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and EA-ACR significantly antagonized UCMS-induced depressive status in UCMS rats. The antidepressant effect of EA-ACR is possibly mediated via the normalization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity.
Basin‐scale stream‐flow forecasting using the information of large‐scale atmospheric circulation phenomena

It is well recognized that the time series of hydrologic variables, such as rainfall and streamflow are significantly influenced by various large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns. The influence of El Niño‐southern oscillation (ENSO) on hydrologic variables, through hydroclimatic teleconnection, is recognized throughout the world. Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) has been proved to be significantly influenced by ENSO. Recently, it was established that the relationship between ISMR and ENSO is modulated by the influence of atmospheric circulation patterns over the Indian Ocean region. The influences of Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode and equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation (EQUINOO) on ISMR have been established in recent research. Thus, for the Indian subcontinent, hydrologic time series are significantly influenced by ENSO along with EQUINOO. Though the influence of these large‐scale atmospheric circulations on large‐scale rainfall patterns was investigated, their influence on basin‐scale stream‐flow is yet to be investigated. In this paper, information of ENSO from the tropical Pacific Ocean and EQUINOO from the tropical Indian Ocean is used in terms of their corresponding indices for stream‐flow forecasting of the Mahanadi River in the state of Orissa, India. To model the complex non‐linear relationship between basin‐scale stream‐flow and such large‐scale atmospheric circulation information, artificial neural network (ANN) methodology has been opted for the present study. Efficient optimization of ANN architecture is obtained by using an evolutionary optimizer based on a genetic algorithm. This study proves that use of such large‐scale atmospheric circulation information potentially improves the performance of monthly basin‐scale stream‐flow prediction which, in turn, helps in better management of water resources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminosity dependence of the spatial and velocity distributions of galaxies: semi-analytic models versus the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

By comparing semi-analytic galaxy catalogues with data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we show that current galaxy formation models reproduce qualitatively the dependence of galaxy clustering and pairwise peculiar velocities on luminosity, but some subtle discrepancies with the data still remain. The comparisons are carried out by constructing a large set of mock galaxy redshift surveys that have the same selection function as the SDSS Data Release Four (DR4). The mock surveys are based on two sets of semi-analytic catalogues presented by Croton et al. and Kang et al. From the mock catalogues, we measure the redshift-space projected two-point correlation function w(p)(r(p)), the power spectrum P(k) and the pairwise velocity dispersion (PVD) in Fourier space sigma(12)(k) and in configuration space sigma(12)(r(p)), for galaxies in different luminosity intervals. We then compare these theoretical predictions with the measurements derived from the SDSS DR4. On large scales and for galaxies brighter than L*, both sets of mock catalogues agree well with the data. For fainter galaxies, however, both models predict stronger clustering and higher pairwise velocities than observed. We demonstrate that this problem can be resolved if the fraction of faint satellite galaxies in massive haloes is reduced by similar to 30 per cent compared to the model predictions. A direct look into the model galaxy catalogues reveals that a significant fraction (15 per cent) of faint galaxies (-18 10(13) M-. , and this population is predominantly red in colour. These faint red galaxies are responsible for the high PVD values of low-luminosity galaxies on small scales.
What makes Darwinian hydrology "Darwinian"? Asking a different kind of question about landscapes

There have been repeated calls for a Darwinian ap- proach to hydrologic science, or for a synthesis of Darwinian and Newtonian approaches, to deepen understanding of the hydrologic system in the larger landscape context, and so de- velop a better basis for predictions now and in an uncertain future. But what exactly makes a Darwinian approach to hy- drology "Darwinian"? While there have now been a number of discussions of Darwinian approaches, many referencing Harte (2002), the term is potentially a source of confusion because its connections to Darwin remain allusive rather than explicit. Here we suggest that the Darwinian approach to hydrology follows the example of Charles Darwin by focusing atten- tion on the patterns of variation in populations and seeking hypotheses that explain these patterns in terms of the mech- anisms and conditions that determine their historical devel- opment. These hypotheses do not simply catalog patterns or predict them statistically - they connect the present struc- ture with processes operating in the past. Nor are they expla- nations presented without independent evidence or critical analysis - Darwin's hypotheses about the mechanisms un- derlying present-day variation could be independently tested and validated. With a Darwinian framework in mind, it is easy to see that a great deal of hydrologic research has al- ready been done that contributes to a Darwinian hydrology - whether deliberately or not. We discuss some practical and philosophical issues with this approach to hydrologic science: how are explanatory hypotheses generated? What constitutes a good hypothesis? How are hypotheses tested? "Historical" sciences - including paleohydrology - have long grappled with these questions, as must a Darwinian hydrologic science. We can draw on Darwin's own example for some answers, though there are ongoing debates about the philosophical nature of his meth- ods and reasoning. Darwin used a range of methods of histor- ical reasoning to develop explanatory hypotheses: extrapolat- ing mechanisms, space for time substitution, and looking for signatures of history. Some of these are already in use, while others are not and could be used to develop new insights. He sought explanatory hypotheses that intelligibly unified dis- parate facts, were testable against evidence, and had fertile implications for further research. He provided evidence to support his hypotheses by deducing corollary conditions ("if explanation A is true, then B will also be true") and compar- ing these to observations. While a synthesis of the Darwinian and Newtonian ap- proaches remains a goal, the Darwinian approach to hydro- logic science has significant value of its own. The Darwinian hydrology that has been conducted already has not been co- ordinated or linked into a general body of theory and knowl- edge, but the time is coming when this will be possible.