Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Input-Output Features of Anatomically Identified CA3 Neurons during Hippocampal Sharp Wave/Ripple Oscillation In Vitro

Hippocampal sharp waves and the associated ripple oscillations (SWRs) are implicated in memory processes. These network events emerge intrinsically in the CA3 network. To understand cellular interactions that generate SWRs, we detected first spiking activity followed by recording of synaptic currents in distinct types of anatomically identified CA3 neurons during SWRs that occurred spontaneously in mouse hippocampal slices. We observed that the vast majority of interneurons fired during SWRs, whereas only a small portion of pyramidal cells was found to spike. There were substantial differences in the firing behavior among interneuron groups; parvalbumin-expressing basket cells were one of the most active GABAergic cells during SWRs, whereas ivy cells were silent. Analysis of the synaptic currents during SWRs uncovered that the dominant synaptic input to the pyramidal cell was inhibitory, whereas spiking interneurons received larger synaptic excitation than inhibition. The discharge of all interneurons was primarily determined by the magnitude and the timing of synaptic excitation. Strikingly, we observed that the temporal structure of synaptic excitation and inhibition during SWRs significantly differed between parvalbumin-containing basket cells, axoaxonic cells, and type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1)-expressing basket cells, which might explain their distinct recruitment to these synchronous events. Our data support the hypothesis that the active current sources restricted to the stratum pyramidale during SWRs originate from the synaptic output of parvalbumin-expressing basket cells. Thus, in addition to gamma oscillation, these GABAergic cells play a central role in SWR generation.
The Relationship between Serum Cholesterol and Serum Thyrotropin, Thyroxine and Tri-Iodothyronine Concentrations in Suspected Hypothyroidism

The relationship between serum cholesterol, thyrotropin, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine was investigated in 1018 female patients over 40 years of age with suspected hypothyroidism. The correlation between serum thyrotropin and cholesterol (r = 0.398) and between thyroxine and cholesterol (r = — 0·217) were both highly significant (P < 0·001), but the correlation between tri-iodothyronine and cholesterol (r = −0·011) was not significant. Only in patients with a serum thyrotropin in excess of 40 mU/L was there a clinically appreciable increase in the serum cholesterol. In 139 patients treated for hypothyroidism by thyroxine replacement there was a highly significant correlation (P < 0·001) between the decrease in serum thyrotropin and cholesterol (r = 0·593). The correlation between increase in serum thyroxine and decrease in cholesterol (r = — 0·401) was also highly significant (P < 0·001), but there was an even stronger correlation between the increase in serum tri-iodothyronine and the decrease in serum cholesterol (r = — 0·529).
Testing for Altruism and Social Pressure in Charitable Giving

Every year, 90% of Americans give money to charities. Is such generosity necessarily welfare enhancing for the giver? We present a theoretical framework that distinguishes two types of motivation: individuals like to give, for example, due to altruism or warm glow, and individuals would rather not give but dislike saying no, for example, due to social pressure. We design a door-to-door fund-raiser in which some households are informed about the exact time of solicitation with a flyer on their doorknobs. Thus, they can seek or avoid the fund-raiser. We find that the flyer reduces the share of households opening the door by 9% to 25% and, if the flyer allows checking a Do Not Disturb box, reduces giving by 28% to 42%. The latter decrease is concentrated among donations smaller than $10. These findings suggest that social pressure is an important determinant of door-to-door giving. Combining data from this and a complementary field experiment, we structurally estimate the model. The estimated social pressure cost of saying no to a solicitor is $3.80 for an in-state charity and $1.40 for an out-of-state charity. Our welfare calculations suggest that our door-to-door fund-raising campaigns on average lower the utility of the potential donors.
DISCLOSURE AMBIENTAL: ANÁLISE DO GRAU DE EVIDENCIAÇÃO NAS DEMONSTRAÇÕES CONTÁBEIS DAS EMPRESAS DE TRANSPORTE

Resumo O presente estudo objetiva investigar o grau de evidenciacao das informacoes de natureza ambiental, apartir das DFPs divulgadas na Comissao de Valores Mobiliarios (CVM) das empresas deste segmento doexercicio findo em 2009. Neste contexto, busca contribuir com os estudos sobre informacoes ambientaisdivulgadas por empresas brasileiras em suas demonstracoes contabeis. Para tanto, selecionou-se asempresas do setor de transporte listado na BOVESPA com suas Demonstracoes Financeiras Padronizadas(DFP) divulgadas na CVM no exercicio findo em 31/12/2009. Conforme a Politica Nacional do MeioAmbiente, a atividade de transportes e considerada potencialmente poluidora e utilizadora de recursosambientais. A partir da tecnica de analise de conteudo, parte-se para a investigacao. Os resultados mostramque a maioria das informacoes (81%) constam no relatorio de administracao, estrutura que nao e auditada,e sao favoraveis a imagem da empresa (95%). Os tipos de informacoes quantitativas, quando divulgadas,sao referentes a passivos ambientais que quando omitidos, podem distorcer relevantemente asdemonstracoes contabeis. Salienta-se a necessidade de discussao quanto a regulacao e fiscalizacao,reconhecimento e a padronizacao da divulgacao de informacoes desta natureza, principalmente porempresas em que a degradacao ambiental e inerente de sua atividade. Palavras-chave : Disclosure Ambiental; Demonstracoes Contabeis; Setor de Transporte. Environmental Disclosure: Analysis of the Degree of Disclosure in the Financial Statements of Transport Companies ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the disclosure of environmental information, as of Financial Statements disclosed in Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM) of the companies in this segment for the year ended 2009. Also, aims to contribute to studies on environmental information disclosed by Brazilian companies in their financial statements. To this end, it was selected the companies in the economic sector of transport listed on BOVESPA with its Standard Financial Statements (DFP) disclosed in the CVM in the year ended in December 31, 2009. According to the National Policy on the Environment, the transport activity is considered a potentially polluting and using of environmental resources. From the content analysis technique, it starts to investigate. The results show that most of the information (81%) contained in the management report, that structure is not audited, and are favorable image of the company (95%). The types of quantitative information, when disclosed, are related to environmental liabilities when omitted, can materially distort the financial statements. We emphasize the need for discussion regarding the regulation and supervision, recognition and standardization of disclosure of this nature, especially for companies that environmental degradation is inherent to their activity. Keywords : Environmental Disclosure; Financial Statements; Transportation Sector.
Misallocation and Financial Market Frictions: Some Direct Evidence from the Dispersion in Borrowing Costs

Financial frictions distort the allocation of resources among productive units--all else equal, firms whose financing choices are affected by such frictions face higher borrowing costs than firms with ready access to capital markets. As a result, input choices may differ systematically across firms in ways that are unrelated to their productive efficiency. We propose an accounting framework that allows us to assess empirically the magnitude of the loss in aggregate resources due to such misallocation. To a second-order approximation, the framework requires only information on the dispersion in borrowing costs across firms, which we measure--for a subset of U.S. manufacturing firms--directly from the interest rate spreads on their outstanding publicly-traded debt. Given the observed dispersion in borrowing costs, our approximation method implies a relatively modest loss in efficiency due to resource misallocation--on the order of 1 to 2 percent of measured total factor productivity (TFP). In our framework, the correlation between firm size and borrowing costs has no bearing on TFP losses under the assumption that financial distortions and firm-level efficiency are jointly log-normally distributed. To take into account the effect of covariation between firm size and borrowing costs, we consider a more general framework, which dispenses with the assumption of log-normality and which implies somewhat higher estimates of the resource losses--about 3.5 percent of measured TFP. Counterfactual experiments indicate that dispersion in borrowing costs must be an order of magnitude higher than that observed in the U.S. financial data, in order for misallocation--arising from financial distortions--to account for a significant fraction of measured TFP differentials across countries.
Radiative accelerations on Ne in the atmospheres of late B stars

Radiative accelerations on Ne are calculated for the atmospheres of main-sequence stars with 11 000 Teff 15 000 K. This range corresponds to that of the mercury-manganese (HgMn) stars. The calculations take into account neon fine structure as well as shadowing of neon lines using the entire Kurucz line list, bound‐bound, bound‐free and free‐free opacity of H, He and C as well as some non-LTE effects. Non-LTE effects are found to modify the radiative acceleration by a factor of the order of 10 2 in the outer atmosphere and are crucial for dm < 10 −3 gc m −2 . The dependence of the radiative accelerations on the Ne abundance, effective temperature and gravity is studied. Radiative accelerations are found to be well below the gravitational acceleration over the entire range of Teff and it is predicted that in stable atmospheres devoid of disturbing motions, Ne should sink and be observed as under-abundant. This agrees with recent observations of low Ne abundances in HgMn stars.
A Fatigue Life Analysis of Small Fragment Screws

Objectives To conduct a comparative fatigue analysis of several commonly used small fragment screws. Design Biomechanical laboratory study. Setting Research laboratory. Main Outcome Measurements A fatigue life analysis of seven different types of small fragment screws was conducted using a Wohler fatigue-testing machine. Four different types of 3.5-millimeter cortical screws were subjected to fatigue analysis. These included solid stainless steel screws from Synthes Ltd. (core diameter 2.4 millimeters), Zimmer Inc. (core diameter 2.4 millimeter), and Smith and Nephew Richards Inc. (core diameter 2.4 millimeters) and cannulated stainless steel screws from Synthes Ltd. (core diameter 2.5 millimeters). In addition, three types of 4.0-millimeter cancellous screws were tested. These included stainless steel screws from Synthes Ltd. (core diameter 1.9 millimeters), titanium screws from Synthes Ltd. (core diameter 2.0 millimeters), and titanium alloy screws from DePuy-Ace (core diameter 2.8 millimeters). Fatigue lives, as reflected by mean cycles to failure, were compared. Results The four types of cortical screws had longer fatigue lives than the Synthes cancellous screws did (p < 0.001) but shorter fatigue lives than the DePuy-Ace cancellous screws did (p < 0.0001). Among the cortical screws, the cannulated and solid Synthes screws and the solid Zimmer screws did not differ statistically. The Smith and Nephew Richards cortical screws failed at statistically fewer cycles than the Synthes solid and cannulated cortical screws did (p < 0.003) but did not statistically differ from the Zimmer screws. The DePuy-Ace titanium alloy cancellous screw had the longest fatigue life of the tested implants by a large margin (p < 0.0001). The Synthes pure titanium and stainless steel cancellous screws did not significantly differ. Conclusions This analysis supports core diameter as the principal factor determining fatigue life as the results paralleled implant geometry. This design modification to improve bending and fatigue strength may come at a price to pullout strength, however, because of a decreased major-to-minor diameter and increased pitch. Cortical screws differed in fatigue performance despite identical dimensions, presumably highlighting the importance of implant processing and machining. Cannulated cortical screws performed well relative to solid screws, thereby supporting their clinical use. Pure titanium and stainless steel cancellous screws performed similarly in fatigue despite differing material properties, presumably because of geometric design differences. This report highlights some of the differences in the in vitro fatigue performance among several commonly used small fragment screws.
Cavity Preparation with the Nd:YLF Picosecond Laser

Several laser systems for the removal of hard dental substances are currently under investigation. However, in most cases, such systems have been demonstrated to be inefficient or have led to undesirable thermal side-effects. This paper reports, for the first time, the removal of enamel and dentin by a picosecond laser system, a solid-state Nd:YLF laser. Very precise cavities can be obtained in the enamel and dentin of extracted human molars when laser pulses are distributed onto well-defined areas of the teeth. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the quality of the cavities is superior to that achieved by other laser systems. The cavity walls are very steep, and their surfaces are characterized by a sealed structure. In contrast to laser systems with longer-duration pulses, picosecond laser pulses ablate with less thermal damage to the surrounding substance. The results of dye penetration tests and polarized microscopy show that even mechanical shock-wave effects are negligible. When the Nd:YLF laser is applied to carious enamel, the ablation rate is found to be about ten times higher than for sound molars, thus making the Nd:YLF laser a caries-selective laser system.
Treatment of Saphenous Vein Bypass Grafts With Ultrasound Thrombolysis: A Randomized Study (ATLAS)

Background—Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) in saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) with thrombus have a high frequency of distal embolization. Acolysis (therapeutic ultrasound) can break up thrombus in vitro in animal models and humans. Whether this is beneficial during percutaneous SVG interventions is unknown. Methods and Results—We performed a trial of coronary ultrasound thrombolysis in which patients with an acute coronary syndrome undergoing PCI in SVGs were randomly assigned to receive acolysis or abciximab. The primary end point was a successful procedure, defined as final luminal diameter stenosis 30% or less with Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction grade 3 flow and freedom from major adverse cardiac events (composite of death, Q-wave, and non–Q-wave myocardial infarction [MI], emergency bypass procedure, disabling stroke, and target lesion revascularization). Of 181 enrolled, 92 received acolysis and 89 abciximab. Angiographic procedural success was achieved in 63% of acolysis patients and 82% of abciximab patients (P =0.008). Incidence of major adverse cardiac events at 30 days was 25% with acolysis and 12% with abciximab (P =0.036), attributable mainly to a greater frequency of non–Q-wave MI with acolysis (19.6% versus 7.9%, P =0.03). The incidence of Q-wave MI was also higher with acolysis (5.4% versus 2.2%, P =nonsignificant). The primary end point was achieved in 53.8% of acolysis patients and 73.1% of abciximab patients (P =0.014). Conclusions—Use of therapeutic ultrasound in vein graft lesions in patients with acute coronary syndrome had poor angiographic outcome and increased the incidence of acute ischemic complications.
Self-forgiveness for interpersonal and intrapersonal transgressions

At the present time, little is known about the factors involved in self-forgiveness. In order to advance theoretical and empirical knowledge in this area, several correlates of self-forgiveness for interpersonal and intrapersonal transgressions were examined. Across two studies, participants wrote about a previous interpersonal or intrapersonal transgression (Study 1; N = 198) or imagined themselves in a particular interpersonal or intrapersonal transgression situation (Study 2; N = 240) and then responded to items related to the transgression. Analyses revealed that emotions focused on the event (i.e., shame, guilt, and rumination) were critical factors in the self-forgiveness process. In addition, other categories of variables (perceived forgiveness/conciliatory behaviors, offense-related, personality/individual difference, and relationship) were linked to self-forgiveness. The implications for future self-forgiveness research are discussed.
Seven Keys to Effective Feedback

Who would dispute the idea that feedback is a good thing? Both common sense and research make it clear: Formative assessment, consisting of lots of feedback and opportunities to use that feedback, enhances performance and achievement. Yet even John Hattie (2008), whose decades of research revealed that feedback was among the most powerful influences on achievement, acknowledges that he has "struggled to understand the concept" (p. 173). And many writings on the subject don't even attempt to define the term. To improve formative assessment practices among both teachers and assessment designers, we need to look more closely at just what feedback is—and isn't.
Evaluation of a Positive Yeast-in-Blood Service

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel “yeast-in-blood” surveillance service on the timeliness of antifungal chemotherapy for candidemia. Methods:Two hundred seven blood cultures positive for Candida species between July 1, 1994, and February 15, 2009, as identified by the microbiology positive culture log, were included in this retrospective chart review. Patients with a positive culture before July 1, 2008, were evaluated by the yeast-in-blood surveillance service and included as intervention cases (IC). After this time, those occurring after discontinuation of the service were included as nonintervention cases (NIC). The primary outcome measure was the time to antifungal therapy from the time of blood culture draw. Secondary outcome measures included antifungal selection and time to antifungal prescription order from culture positivity. Results:Median time to therapy was 58.9 ± 28.4 hours and 41.3 ± 30.5 hours for NIC and IC, respectively (P = 0.001). Median time to prescription order was 3.0 ± 6.9 hours for NIC versus 1.9 ± 3.9 hours for IC. Candida albicans was the predominant organism identified (45.3% of NIC and 54.6% of IC). Treatment agents included an azole in 57.4% of NIC and 47.4% of IC, an echinocandin in 33.3% and 27.3% and a polyene in 5.7% and 27.8%, respectively. Conclusions:Time to therapy and time to prescription were shorter in those evaluated by the surveillance service. These data suggest that a yeast surveillance service improves antifungal medication therapy initiation.
A Trapped-Factors Model of Innovation †

We explain a counterintuitive empirical finding: Firms facing more import competition do more innovation. In our model, factors are trapped inside a firm. An increase in import competition encourages a firm to innovate by reducing the opportunity cost of inputs. Without trapped factors, trade liberalization leads to a small permanent increase in the worldwide rate of growth. With trapped factors, firms that face more import competition do relatively more innovation. The extra innovation induced by trapped factors induces a small permanent increase in aggregate output, consumption, and welfare, generalizing the appropriate estimate of the gains from trade.
To be, or not to be two sites: that is the question about LeuT substrate binding

Transport proteins of the neurotransmitter sodium symporter (NSS) family regulate the extracellular concentration of several neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. The only member of this family for which atomic-resolution structural data are available is the prokaryotic homologue LeuT. This protein has been used as a model system to study the molecular mechanism of transport of the NSS family. In this Journal Club, we discuss two strikingly different LeuT transport mechanisms: one involving a single high-affinity substrate binding site and one recently proposed alternative involving two high-affinity substrate binding sites that are allosterically coupled.
Utilization of Public and Private Dental Services in Sibu, Sarawak: a Sociodemographic Appraisal and Types of Treatment Received

This study investigated the sociodemographic profiles of patients attending public and private dental clinics and the types of treatment received. Patients (n=454) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire at two public and four private clinics in Sibu District, Sarawak. Generally, Chinese (74.7 %), females (60.0%) and urban dwellers (83.7 %) were more likely to visit the dentist. Both clinics had more females and more Chinese but private clinics had a lower percentage of female attendees (53.1 % versus 67.0 %) but a higher percentage of Chinese (85.0 % versus 64.5 %). Private attendees were younger (mean age of 31.0 years compared to 41.0 years) and from higher income households (median value of MR 2,000 versus MR 900) than public attendees. Treatments were mostly curative and a third of the visits were associated with painful conditions. Age ( p=0.006), gender (p=0.003), ethnicity (p<0.001) and household income (p<0.001) were associated with the type of clinic visited. Choice of clinic was not related to having painful conditions (p=0.970). To ensure a more affordable and equitable distribution of oral healthcare, health planners need to identify disparities in the utilization of services and differences between public and private attendees. Asia Pac J Public Health 2001 ; 13(2): 79-84
Prognostic Indices of Poor Nutritional Status and Their Impact on Prolonged Hospital Stay in a Greek University Hospital

Background. To ascertain the potential contributors to nutritional risk manifestation and to disclose the factors exerting a negative impact on hospital length of stay (LOS), by means of poor nutritional status, in a nonselected hospitalized population. Materials and Methods. NutritionDay project questionnaires were applied to 295 adult patients. Study parameters included anthropometric data, demographics, medical history, dietary-related factors, and self-perception of health status. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) were calculated for each participant. MUST score was applied for malnutrition assessment, while hospital LOS constituted the outcome of interest. Results. Of the total cohort, 42.3% were at nutritional risk and 21.4% malnourished. Age, gender, BMI, MUST score, autonomy, health quality, appetite, quantity of food intake, weight loss, arm or calf perimeter (P < 0.001, for all), and dietary type (P < 0.01) affected nutritional status. Poor nutrition status (P = 0.000), deteriorated appetite (P = 0.000) or food intake (P = 0.025), limited autonomy (P = 0.013), artificial nutrition (P = 0.012), weight loss (P = 0.010), and arm circumference <21 cm (P = 0.007) were the most powerful predictors of hospital LOS >7 days. Conclusion. Nutritional status and nutrition-related parameters such as weight loss, quantity of food intake, appetite, arm circumference, dietary type, and extent of dependence confer considerable prognostic value regarding hospital LOS in acute care setting.