Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Real-time simulation of large bodies of water with small scale details

We present a hybrid water simulation method that combines grid based and particles based approaches. Our specialized shallow water solver can handle arbitrary underlying terrain slopes, arbitrary water depth and supports wet-dry regions tracking. To treat open water scenes we introduce a method for handling non-reflecting boundary conditions. Regions of liquid that cannot be represented by the height field including breaking waves, water falls and splashing due to rigid and soft bodies interaction are automatically turned into spray, splash and foam particles. The particles are treated as simple non-interacting point masses and they exchange mass and momentum with the height field fluid. We also present a method for procedurally adding small scale waves that are advected with the water flow. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in various test scene including a large flowing river along a valley with beaches, big rocks, steep cliffs and waterfalls. Both the grid and the particles simulations are implemented in CUDA. We achieve real-time performance on modern GPUs in all the examples.
Criteria for an Ethnographic Approach to Research in Schools.

A number of issues related to conducting ethnographic research in schools are explored under four criterion headings: (1) appropriateness of the problem, (2) appropriateness of the ethnographer, (3) appropriateness of the research "climate," and (4) appropriateness of expectations for the completed study. The purpose of the paper is to air some of the issues that arise between those who do ethnography in educational settings and those who commission it, by examining recent experience and customary expectations. With the express purpose of fostering further dialogue, the author states his own position on many of the issues, but the critical function served by the paper is to work toward explicating problems rather than necessarily resolving them.
The Substance of Things Hoped for: a Study of the Future Orientation, Minority Status Perceptions, Academic Engagement, and Academic Performance of Black High School Students

This study investigated the relationship between the Future Temporal Orientation (FTO) and academic performance of African American high school students. We hypothesized that the relationship between FTO and academic performance would be mediated by students’ perceptions of the usefulness of an education and their valuing of academic work and that the relationships between FTO and the hypothesized mediators would be moderated by students’ perceptions of school and societal inequity. The students (N = 334) completed questionnaires assessing their temporal orientation and educational attitudes, and GPAs were gathered from their transcripts. Results and post hoc analyses supported the existence of a three-step process: FTO was associated with perceptions of education usefulness, which was then associated with valuing academic work (a relationship moderated by perceived unfair treatment at school), which was then associated with GPAs. The significance of FTO development as a normative process and possible protective factor against depressed academic achievement are discussed.
The role of training in improving peer assessment skills amongst year six pupils in primary school writing: an action research enquiry

Peer assessment is where students assess the quality of a peer's work. Studies have demonstrated its positive impact on learning yet most of these are in higher education. This study used training to improve the quality of written feedback in a year six primary school classroom. Action Research was selected as a research strategy given the need to find a solution to a classroom problem. Convenience sampling was used as the research focused on the class of children where the issue lay. Methods used to evaluate the quality of training included documents, observations, informal interviews and mind maps. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data produced. The findings indicate that training may help to improve the quality of children's written feedback in primary school, as it has done in other contexts. Further research is needed to verify these results given the small sample size and absence of controls.
Improving Adherence to Regular Pap Smear Screening among Asian Women: A Population-Based Study in Singapore

This study addresses the issue of adherence to regular screening for cervical cancer in Asian women and factors that would promote this. A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out among 726 women (30-59 years) in Singapore. Although the overall screening prevalence was 62.4%, only 42% reported having regular smears. Women in the irregular group were more likely to have a Pap smear as part of postnatal or family planning visits, whereas the primary reason for attendance among the regular group was likely to be screening or a health checkup. Chief barriers to regular screening were low perceived susceptibility (46.5%) and low accessibility (37.1%). One third of women who have ever had a smear do not return for regular screening. Appropriate windows of opportunity in contact between women and the health care services should be used to convey the importance of adherence to screening.
Self-Construing In Former Child Soldiers

This article presents a repertory grid study of young people who had experienced civil war in Sierra Leone, some as child soldiers and others as noncombatants. Unexpected findings included that the former combatants viewed themselves more favorably than did noncombatants. The findings are discussed in terms of individual and social construing processes, drawing on narratives and interview and focus group responses obtained from the participants in the larger investigation of which this study was part. Particular consideration is given to the role of forgiveness.
DSM‐5 and the ‘Psychosis Risk Syndrome’: Whose best interests would it serve?

There are considerable risks associated with including Psychosis Risk Syndrome in DSM‐5, and no obvious benefits for those troubled by at‐risk mental states. There appear to be no obvious advantages for researchers, who already have available perfectly serviceable criteria for selecting participants in research projects. Those with most to gain from the inclusion of this new diagnosis in DSM‐5 would appear to be pharmaceutical companies, whereas those with the least to gain and most to lose would seem to be service users themselves. Hence the Psychosis Risk Syndrome should not be included.
The immunophenotype of T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma in children and adolescents: a Children's Oncology Group report

T‐lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL) and T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL) are neoplasms derived from immature lymphoid cells of T‐cell lineage. These neoplasms are biologically similar, but significant differences may exist between the two given their clinical differences. Although ample data regarding the immunophenotypic characterization T‐ALL are available, there is a paucity of such data in children and adolescents with T‐LBL. We used flow cytometry and/or immunohistochemistry to characterize the immunophenotypic profile of 180 children and adolescents with newly diagnosed T‐LBL enrolled in the Children's Oncology Group 5971 study. Multiple T‐cell, B‐cell, myeloid, and other markers were evaluated. We identified diagnostically useful immunophenotypic features of T‐LBL as well as distinct immunophenotypic subgroups, although none of these was statistically related to event‐free or overall survival in this retrospective analysis. Further studies of biologically and immunophenotypically distinct subgroups of T‐LBL, such as the early T‐cell precursor phenotype, are warranted.
ClickDiary: Online Tracking of Health Behaviors and Mood

Background Traditional studies of health behaviors are typically conducted using one-shot, cross-sectional surveys. Thus, participants’ recall bias may undermine the reliability and validity of the data. To capture mood changes and health behaviors in everyday life, we designed an online survey platform, ClickDiary, which helped collect more complete information for comprehensive data analyses. Objective We aim to understand whether daily mood changes are related to one’s personal characteristics, demographic factors, and daily health behaviors. Methods The ClickDiary program uses a Web-based platform to collect data on participants’ health behaviors and their social-contact networks. The name ClickDiary comes from the platform’s interface, which is designed to allow the users to respond to most of the survey questions simply by clicking on the options provided. Participants were recruited from the general population and came from various backgrounds. To keep the participants motivated and interested, the ClickDiary program included a random drawing for rewards. We used descriptive statistics and the multilevel proportional-odds mixed model for our analysis. Results We selected 130 participants who had completed at least 30 days of ClickDiary entries from May 1 to October 31, 2014 as our sample for the study. According to the results of the multilevel proportional-odds mixed model, a person tended to be in a better mood on a given day if he or she ate more fruits and vegetables, took in more sugary drinks, ate more fried foods, showed no cold symptoms, slept better, exercised longer, and traveled farther away from home. In addition, participants were generally in a better mood during the weekend than on weekdays. Conclusions Sleeping well, eating more fruits and vegetables, and exercising longer each day all appear to put one in a better mood. With the online ClickDiary survey, which reduces the recall biases that are common in traditional one-shot surveys, we were able to collect and analyze the daily variations of each subject’s health behaviors and mood status.
Loss of Inhibitory Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Phosphorylation Is an Early Event in Mammalian Target of Rapamycin–Dependent Endometrial Hyperplasia and Carcinoma

Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling contributes to the development of endometrial hyperplasia, the precursor to endometrioid-type endometrial carcinoma, in humans and in rodent models. This pathway is under both positive and negative regulation, including S6 kinase (S6K) phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at S636/639, which occurs downstream of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation to inhibit this adapter protein. We observed activation of mTOR with a high frequency in human endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, but an absence of IRS-1 phosphorylation, despite high levels of activated S6K. To explore when during disease progression mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and loss of negative feedback to IRS-1 occurred, we used the Eker rat (Tsc2Ek/+) model, where endometrial hyperplasia develops as a result of loss of Tsc2, a “gatekeeper” for mTOR. We observed mTOR activation early in progression in hyperplasias and in some histologically normal epithelial cells, suggesting that event(s) in addition to loss of Tsc2 were required for progression to hyperplasia. In contrast, whereas IRS-1 S636/639 phosphorylation was observed in normal epithelium, it was absent from all hyperplasias, indicating loss of IRS-1 inhibition by S6K occurred during progression to hyperplasia. Treatment with a mTOR inhibitor (WAY-129327) significantly decreased hyperplasia incidence and proliferative indices. Because progression from normal epithelium to carcinoma proceeds through endometrial hyperplasia, these data suggest a progression sequence where activation of mTOR is followed by loss of negative feedback to IRS-1 during the initial stages of development of this disease. Cancer Prev Res; 3(3); 290–300
Trusting teachers’ judgement: research evidence of the reliability and validity of teachers’ assessment used for summative purposes

This paper summarizes the findings of a systematic review of research on the reliability and validity of teachers’ assessment used for summative purposes. In addition to the main question, the review also addressed the question ‘What conditions affect the reliability and validity of teachers’ summative assessment? ’ The initial search for studies meeting the explicit inclusion criteria of relevance found 431potentially relevant studies. This number was gradually reduced, through the systematic review procedures, to 30 studies, which specifically addressed the review questions. These studies were subject to in‐depth data extraction conducted independently by two researchers, followed by reconciliation of any differences of interpretation. This procedure was also used to judge the weight of evidence provided for the review by each study so that greater emphasis could be given to findings from the most relevant and methodologically sound research. The findings of the review by no means constitute a ringing endorsement of teachers’ assessment; there was evidence of low reliability and bias in teachers’ judgements made in certain circumstances. However, this has to be considered against the low validity and lower than generally assumed reliability of external tests. The findings also point to ways of overcoming the deficiencies of teachers’ assessment and lead to implications for assessment policy, practice and research, which are proposed in the final section of the paper.
Sex differences in processing aggression words using the Emotional Stroop task

There is a robust relationship between the salience of stimulus materials presented in the Emotional Stroop task and inhibition of response in clinical populations. Researchers have now found information-processing biases in both forensic and non-forensic samples presented with threatening or aggressive stimuli [Cohen et al., 1998; Eckhardt and Cohen, 1997; Smith and Waterman, 2003; Van Honk et al., 2001]. We sought to explore sex differences in processing words relating to acts of direct and indirect aggression using a group of undergraduates (50 males and 50 females). Participants also completed self-report questionnaires (AQ and EXPAGG) to allow some consideration of the relationship between objective and subjective measures. We predicted that males would demonstrate delayed responses when presented with words relating to acts of direct aggression. We also predicted that high levels of physical aggression would be the best predictor of bias for direct aggression words, high levels of verbal aggression would be the best predictor of bias for indirect aggression words, physical aggression would predict bias in males, and verbal aggression would predict bias in females. Males demonstrated a perceptual bias for words relating to acts of direct aggression, taking significantly longer to correctly colour name direct aggression words. Females were slower to correctly colour name indirect aggression words, but not significantly so. Verbal aggression, as expected, predicted bias performance for indirect aggression words but anger rather than physical aggression was the best predictor of bias for direct aggression words. Gender was a predictor for bias with both sets of words. Contrary to our predictions, it was observed that a high level of physical aggression was the best predictor of bias in both males and females. These data provide further evidence to confirm the saliency of aggression words to aggressive individuals in non-forensic populations.
Spirituality and organizational misbehavior

Alongside the emerging interest in workplace spirituality, there is an ever-growing interest in the antecedents, manifestations, and consequences of organizational misbehavior (OMB). In this study, we hypothesized that spirituality can mitigate the intention to misbehave at work and thus moderate the relationship between multilevel workplace antecedents and a measure of OMB. Special attention is given to job design, organization justice perceptions, and fulfillment of the psychological contract with the organization. Our findings show that while organizational spirituality (OS) is negatively correlated with OMB, individual spirituality (IS) serves as a moderator variable – but in a direction opposite to our predictions: highly spiritual people engage in more OMB in negative circumstances. We discuss some implications for managing human resources in work organizations.
Functional Consequences of Wnt-induced Dishevelled 2 Phosphorylation in Canonical and Noncanonical Wnt Signaling*

Background: Wnt signaling causes phosphorylation of Dishevelled, but its functional significance is unclear. Results: Sites of Wnt-induced phosphorylation were mapped in Dvl2 and mutated to permit functional testing. Conclusion: Three CK1 phosphorylation sites in the C-terminal of Dvl2 account for the Wnt-induced mobility shift and modulate signaling. Significance: Wnt-induced phosphorylation of Dvl differentially regulates canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling. Dishevelled (Dvl) proteins are intracellular effectors of Wnt signaling that have essential roles in both canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways. It has long been known that Wnts stimulate Dvl phosphorylation, but relatively little is known about its functional significance. We have previously reported that both Wnt3a and Wnt5a induce Dvl2 phosphorylation that is associated with an electrophoretic mobility shift and loss of recognition by monoclonal antibody 10B5. In the present study, we mapped the 10B5 epitope to a 16-amino acid segment of human Dvl2 (residues 594–609) that contains four Ser/Thr residues. Alanine substitution of these residues (P4m) eliminated the mobility shift induced by either Wnt3a or Wnt5a. The Dvl2 P4m mutant showed a modest increase in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity relative to wild type. Consistent with this finding, Dvl2 4Pm preferentially localized to cytoplasmic puncta. In contrast to wild-type Dvl2, however, the P4m mutant was unable to rescue Wnt3a-dependent neurite outgrowth in TC-32 cells following suppression of endogenous Dvl2/3. Earlier work has implicated casein kinase 1δ/ϵ as responsible for the Dvl mobility shift, and a CK1δ in vitro kinase assay confirmed that Ser594, Thr595, and Ser597 of Dvl2 are CK1 targets. Alanine substitution of these three residues was sufficient to abrogate the Wnt-dependent mobility shift. Thus, we have identified a cluster of Ser/Thr residues in the C-terminal domain of Dvl2 that are Wnt-induced phosphorylation (WIP) sites. Our results indicate that phosphorylation at the WIP sites reduces Dvl accumulation in puncta and attenuates β-catenin signaling, whereas it enables noncanonical signaling that is required for neurite outgrowth.
Perceptions of Ethnic Group Modal Intelligence

This study examined Israeli college students' perceptions of the modal intelligence of five major Israeli ethnic groups, i.e., European Jews, Eastern Jews, Christian Arabs, Moslem Arabs, and Druze, and explored students' attributions with respect to the determinants of ethnic group differences in ability. In addition, this study explored their perceptions of the social distance of each of these five target groups and the relationship between a group's modal intelligence and perceived social distance. The quota sample consisted of 120 undergraduate students enrolled in a major northern Israeli campus and included representatives of each of the five target groups assessed. The perceived modal intelligence profiles for the five Israeli ethnic groups varied as a function of the student's ethnic group membership. Whereas, there was considerable disagreement with respect to the least intelligent and intermediate subgroups, there appears to be general consensus among Israeli students that Jews of Western extraction are the most intelligent of the major Israeli ethnic subgroups. Furthermore, Arab students, relative to their Jewish counterparts, were more prone to espouse an environmental stance in the explanation of group differences in ability. The relationship between a group's perceived modal intelligence and perceived social distance was tenuous. The data suggest that perceptions of intelligence are moulded by the role which each group plays in relation to the other and that students' perceptions of group modal intelligence function much like cultural group stereotypes. The data were discussed and explicated in terms of ethnic stereotypes and intergroup relationships.
Assessment of the Validity of Easy and Difficult Temperament through Observed Mother-Child Behaviours

Forty mothers and their 7-year-old children were video-taped while interacting during the completion of five structured tasks. Half of the children had been rated as having a difficult temperament by their mothers on the Thomas and Chess Temperament Questionnaire during the previous 3 years. The other half had a stable, easy temperament according to these ratings. Observation of mother-child interactions demonstrated that the behaviour of mothers of easy and difficult children did not differ significantly, but difficult-temperament children showed significantly more negative and disputing behaviour than did easy children. Controlling and critical behaviours on the part of the mothers were particularly associated with child negativity, most notably when they occurred in the easy group. Mothers of the children in the easy group were likely to respond to child negativity with the encouragement of autonomy but this was extremely rare in the difficult group. Mothers of difficult children gave more positive encouragement to their children both before and after negative behaviour. Overall, the results indicated a different pattern of contingent responses for easy child-mother pairs, and also offered some support for the validity of mother ratings of difficult temperament.
Self Attribution Bias of the CEO: Evidence from CEO Interviews on CNBC

Self attribution bias (SAB, hereafter) is a mechanism that engenders overconfidence by attributing good performance to one’s ability and bad performance to bad luck or the environment (Gervais and Odean, 2001). Using the transcripts of CEO interviews on CNBC, we measure the SAB of the CEO. Consistent with the prediction by Gervais et al. (2011) and Goel and Thakor (2008), we find concave non-linear relation between SAB and the market response to acquisition announcements. We also find that the CEOs with SAB are more likely to be fired and more sensitively to performance, especially under stronger governance regime of Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX). Our results are robust after controlling for the selection bias to be in the CNBC interview. We consider and rule out alternative explanations, such as journalists’ impact on governance and CEO’s narcissism.
Sole parenthood and the risk of child pedestrian injury

Children of sole parents have the worst mortality record of all social groups. Road vehicle related injuries account for a large part of their excess mortality. In this case‐control study the association between sole parent status and the risk of child pedestrian injury was examined. Cases (n= 258) were children killed or hospitalized as a result of a pedestrian injury in the Auckland region over a period of 2 years and 2 months. Controls were a random sample of the child population. The children of sole parents were at a significantly increased risk of injury (odds ratio = 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09, 2.27). However, there was a striking difference in the effect of sole parent status according to ethnic group. Among European families, sole parenthood was associated with a greatly increased risk of injury (OR = 3.13; 95%CI 1.84, 5.31), whereas in Pacific Island families sole parenthood was associated with a significant protective effect (OR = 0.40; 95%CI 0.18, 0.89). The protective effect of sole parent stalus in Pacific Island families may reflect the beneficial effects of the social support provided by extended family networks. Children of sole parents in the context of the nuclear family may be particularly vulnerable.