Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Proposal for Lexical Disambiguation

A method of sense resolution is proposed that is based on WordNet, an on-line lexical database that incorporates semantic relations (synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, causal and troponymic entailment) as labeled pointers between word senses. With WordNet, it is easy to retrieve sets of semantically related words, a facility that will be used for sense resolution during text processing, as follows. When a word with multiple senses is encountered, one of two procedures will be followed. Either, (1) words related in meaning to the alternative senses of the polysemous word will be retrieved; new strings will be derived by substituting these related words into the context of the polysemous word; a large textual corpus will then be searched for these derived strings; and that sense will be chosen that corresponds to the derived string that is found most often in the corpus. Or, (2) the context of the polysemous word will be used as a key to search a large corpus; all words found to occur in that context will be noted; WordNet will then be used to estimate the semantic distance from those words to the alternative senses of the polysemous word; and that sense will be chosen that is closest in meaning to other words occurring in the same context. If successful, this procedure could have practical applications to problems of information retrieval, mechanical translation, intelligent tutoring systems, and elsewhere.
Severity of Functional and Mechanical Ankle Instability in an Active Population

Background: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between the severity of functional and mechanical ankle instability in physically active individuals. Materials and Methods: Eighty college aged physically active individuals from a large university were recruited for this study. All subjects had unilateral functional ankle instability (FAI). FAI was defined as a history of at least two ankle sprains and a score less than or equal to 27 on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT). The contralateral limb had no history of ankle injury or instability. Anterior displacement (mm) and talar tilt (degrees) were measured using the LigMaster™ joint arthrometer to identify mechanical ankle instability(MAI). Individuals were tested bilaterally and the maximum value attained during talar tilt and anterior displacement was used for statistical analysis. Results: First we evaluated side-to-side differences in MAI in all subjects. We found no significant difference between the FAI and the non-FAI ankle for anterior displacement (t 1.79 = 1.66, p = 0.10) or talar tilt (t 1.79 = −0.07, p = 0.95). Secondly, we evaluated the relationship between the FAI and MAI measures and found no significant correlations between the severity of FAI and magnitude of anterior displacement(r = 0.18, p = 0.12) or talar tilt (r = 0.09, p = 0.42). Conclusion: This study demonstrated there was no side-to-side difference in MAI in individuals with unilateral functional ankle instability. Similarly, we also conclude there was no significant relationship between the severity of FAI and MAI. We feel that these findings suggest the symptoms of FAI may not be related to ankle joint laxity, but instead due to other factors associated with FAI. Level of Evidence: III, Comparative Series
Comparison of Disseminated and Nondisseminated Strains of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto in Mice Naturally Infected by Tick Bite

ABSTRACT Clinical isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto have been categorized into disseminated and nondisseminated groups based on distinct ribosomal spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes (RSTs). In order to determine whether transmission by tick bite would alter the dissemination dynamics and disease produced by distinct genotypes, disseminated isolates (RST1), nondisseminated isolates (RST3), and a standard laboratory strain (B-31) were established in a murine cycle utilizing infections transmitted by ticks. B-31 spirochetes circulated in the blood of inbred C3H/HeJ mice longer than in the blood of outbred mice. The majority of C3H mice exposed to RST1-infected ticks contained cultivable spirochetes in their blood for up to 17 days; in contrast, mice exposed to RST3 isolates demonstrated a precipitous decline in infection after day 7 postexposure. A quantitative PCR (q-PCR) assay demonstrated that the densities of spirochetes in blood were similar for the RST1 and RST3 isolates, except during the 2nd week postexposure, when the RST1 isolates displayed a markedly higher density in blood. Spirochete load in the heart and bladder of infected mice was measured by q-PCR at 8 weeks postexposure; the numbers of spirochetes in these tissues were similar for mice infected with either disseminated or nondisseminated strains. Similarly, histopathology samples of heart, bladder, and joint tissue obtained at 8 weeks postexposure did not reveal greater pathology in mice infected with the disseminated isolates. We conclude that although the spirochetemia induced by tick-transmitted disseminated isolates was more intense and of longer duration than that induced by nondisseminated isolates, the resultant pathologies produced by these strains were ultimately similar.
Intimate Partner Violence: A Clinical Review of Screening and Intervention

One in four American women will be physically assaulted or raped by an intimate partner during her lifetime. Such exposure has wide-ranging health effects. Abused women have an increased risk of cardiac, gastrointestinal, gynecologic, musculoskeletal, neurologic and psychological complaints. They also have a greater utilization of medical services and are more likely to access outpatient primary care and specialty care, emergency departments and mental health and substance abuse services than women without a history of partner violence. Most major US medical organizations recommend routine screening of all women for partner abuse. Offering abused women empathy and validation along with referral to local resources is encouraged. Physicians should also document the abuse in the victim's medical record.
Women would like their Partners to be more Synchronized with them in their Sleep-Wake Rhythm

Abstract Men sleep shorter and go to bed and get up later than women, thus they are later chronotypes. This difference between the sexes is most pronounced between puberty and menopause indicating the possibility that morningness is subject to sexual dimorphism related to reproductive aspects. The objective of the study was to compare the sleep-wake behavior of women with their actual partners and with their preferred partners. As a hypothesis, we expect some assortment in mating concerning chronotype (with the actual partner), but we also expect a higher synchronization with a preferred ideal partner. 167 women were analyzed in this study (mean age: 23.0 ± 2.57 (SD) years). Mated women were earlier chronotypes than their partners (t = –2.051, p = .042, d = .34) but the difference was small (11:02 min ± 1:04 min). The results of the present study showed women preferring a partner synchronized to their own sleep-wake-rhythm more than their actual partners were. The above result was true either for single facets of the sleep-wake rhythm (e.g. bed time, sleep onset) or for midpoint of sleep on free days – an indicator of actual chronotype: women’s and their partners’ correlation of midpoint of sleep was lower (r = .513) than women’s and their ideal partners’ correlation (r = .855). Amongst various sleep-wake measures, women particularly preferred a partner going to bed at the same time. Assortative mating according to sleep-wake rhythm exists, but women for long-term pair-bonds would like their partners far more synchronized.
Towards a standard upper ontology

The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is an upper levelontology that has been proposed as a starter document for TheStandard Upper Ontology Working Group, an IEEE-sanctioned workinggroup of collaborators from the fields of engineering, philosophy,and information science. The SUMO provides definitions forgeneral-purpose terms and acts as a foundation for more specificdomain ontologies. In this paper we outline the strategy used tocreate the current version of the SUMO, discuss some of thechallenges that we faced in constructing the ontology, and describein detail its most general concepts and the relations between them.
IL‐24 protects against Salmonella typhimurium infection by stimulating early neutrophil Th1 cytokine production, which in turn activates CD8+ T cells

Salmonella are important intracellular pathogens in humans and other animal hosts. IL‐24 is a novel tumour suppressor and can mediate induction of Th1‐type cytokines from PBMC. However, the immunological consequences of this cytokine during intracellular pathogen infection in vivo remain unclear. In the present study, we used a virulent S. typhimurium C5 infected mouse model of typhoid fever to demonstrate that administration of exogenous IL‐24 had a protective effect against the bacteria. The IL‐24 glycosylation site mutant, in contrast, showed a decreased protective effect. Furthermore, the protective effect of IL‐24 was abrogated in IFN‐γ KO mice. More importantly, we demonstrated that IL‐24 predominately stimulated neutrophils to produce IFN‐γ and IL‐12, subsequently activating CD8+ T cells both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, IL‐24 could induce neutrophils to produce NO. These data indicate that the neutrophils activated by IL‐24 may play important roles in host defence against Salmonella infection in vivo. Our findings support the development of a novel cytokine immunotherapy against Salmonella.
Crosscaps in Gepner Models and Type IIA Orientifolds

As a first step to a detailed study of orientifolds of Gepner models associated with Calabi-Yau manifolds, we construct crosscap states associated with anti-holomorphic involutions (with fixed points) of Calabi-Yau manifolds. We argue that these orientifolds are dual to M-theory compactifications on (singular) seven-manifolds with G2 holonomy. Using the spacetime picture as well as the M-theory dual, we discuss aspects of the orientifold that should be obtained in the Gepner model. This is illustrated for the case of the quintic.
The socio–demographic, environmental and reservoir factors associated with leptospirosis in an urban area of north–eastern Brazil

Abstract In an ecological study based on the 18 microregions that form the city of Recife, the capital of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, associations between socio–demographic, environmental and reservoir factors and the incidence of leptospirosis in the city were investigated. Incidence over a 5-year period (2001–2005) and 14 variables were analysed, using central trend and dispersion measurements, Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression. Variables relating to education, income, housing type, sewage system, rubbish collection and hydrographic factors were found to be significantly correlated with leptospirosis incidence (P<0.05 for each). Just two variables — the proportion of heads of households with incomes less than or equal to the legal minimum (U.S.$83.55/month), and the proportion of households from which rubbish was dumped in skips, lakes, rivers or the sea or on vacant land — explained 60% (P=0.017) of the differences in disease risk observed between the various areas of the city.
Stress distribution and contact area measurements of a gecko toe using a high-resolution tactile sensor

The adhesive systems of geckos have been widely studied and have been a great source of bioinspiration. Load-sharing (i.e. preventing stress concentrations through equal distribution of loads) is necessary to maximize the performance of an adhesive system, but it is not known to what extent load-sharing occurs in gecko toes. In this paper, we present in vivo measurements of the stress distribution and contact area on the toes of a tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) using a custom tactile sensor with 100 μm spatial resolution. We found that the stress distributions were nonuniform, with large variations in stress between and within lamellae, suggesting that load-sharing in the tokay gecko is uneven. These results may be relevant to the understanding of gecko morphology and the design of improved synthetic adhesive systems.
Versatility of RNA-Binding Proteins in Cancer

Posttranscriptional gene regulation is a rapid and efficient process to adjust the proteome of a cell to a changing environment. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are the master regulators of mRNA processing and translation and are often aberrantly expressed in cancer. In addition to well-studied transcription factors, RBPs are emerging as fundamental players in tumor development. RBPs and their mRNA targets form a complex network that plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis. This paper describes mechanisms by which RBPs influence the expression of well-known oncogenes, focusing on precise examples that illustrate the versatility of RBPs in posttranscriptional control of cancer development. RBPs appeared very early in evolution, and new RNA-binding domains and combinations of them were generated in more complex organisms. The identification of RBPs, their mRNA targets, and their mechanism of action have provided novel potential targets for cancer therapy.
EBNA3C-Mediated Regulation of Aurora Kinase B Contributes to Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced B-Cell Proliferation through Modulation of the Activities of the Retinoblastoma Protein and Apoptotic Caspases

ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that is implicated in several human malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and AIDS-associated lymphomas. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C), one of the essential EBV latent antigens, can induce mammalian cell cycle progression through its interaction with cell cycle regulators. Aurora kinase B (AK-B) is important for cell division, and deregulation of AK-B is associated with aneuploidy, incomplete mitotic exit, and cell death. Our present study shows that EBNA3C contributes to upregulation of AK-B transcript levels by enhancing the activity of its promoter. Further, EBNA3C also increased the stability of the AK-B protein, and the presence of EBNA3C leads to reduced ubiquitination of AK-B. Importantly, EBNA3C in association with wild-type AK-B but not with its kinase-dead mutant led to enhanced cell proliferation, and AK-B knockdown can induce nuclear blebbing and cell death. This phenomenon was rescued in the presence of EBNA3C. Knockdown of AK-B resulted in activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9, along with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) cleavage, which is known to be an important contributor to apoptotic signaling. Importantly, EBNA3C failed to stabilize the kinase-dead mutant of AK-B compared to wild-type AK-B, which suggests a role for the kinase domain in AK-B stabilization and downstream phosphorylation of the cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein (Rb). This study demonstrates the functional relevance of AK-B kinase activity in EBNA3C-regulated B-cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Uncertainty analysis of earthquake source parameters determined from InSAR: A simulation study

[1] We assessed the accuracy of earthquake source parameters inverted from simulated Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data. Using focal mechanisms of Australian earthquakes (1959 to the present), we simulated synthetic two-pass InSAR observations with realistic spatial noise derived from the characteristics of actual ERS-2 and ENVISAT InSAR data observed over Australia. The precision of two-pass satellite SAR interferometry with ERS-2 and ENVISAT SAR data in the Australian region can approach ±2 mm (1σ) and is routinely at the ±4 mm level. The use of spatially correlated observational weights has minimal impact on the accuracy of earthquake source parameters inverted from InSAR data. In most cases single geometry (i.e., ascending or descending) InSAR observations can be used to accurately determine earthquake source parameters, although typically a combined geometry reduces the source parameter uncertainties by a factor of 1.5. In general, earthquakes of magnitude <4.8 are unlikely to be observable by InSAR although very shallow events would be detectable. InSAR is insensitive to magnitude 6.2 earthquakes deeper than 10 km, and magnitude 5.5 deeper than 6 km. For earthquake magnitudes ≥5.8 (average depth 6.5 km) we could estimate the epicenter of the rupture with an average accuracy of 0.25 km, depth to within 0.5 km and the fault orientation to better than 2°. Our findings, based on simulated Australian earthquakes, are representative of typical intraplate earthquakes and would be valid in many other regions. To date no actual earthquakes have been observed by InSAR in Australia.
Revisiting Thyroid Hormones in Schizophrenia

Thyroid hormones are crucial during development and in the adult brain. Of interest, fluctuations in the levels of thyroid hormones at various times during development and throughout life can impact on psychiatric disease manifestation and response to treatment. Here we review research on thyroid function assessment in schizophrenia, relating interrelations between the pituitary-thyroid axis and major neurosignaling systems involved in schizophrenia's pathophysiology. These include the serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic networks, as well as myelination and inflammatory processes. The available evidence supports that thyroid hormones deregulation is a common feature in schizophrenia and that the implications of thyroid hormones homeostasis in the fine-tuning of crucial brain networks warrants further research.
Deep Clustered Convolutional Kernels

Deep neural networks have recently achieved state of the art performance thanks to new training algorithms for rapid parameter estimation and new regularization methods to reduce overfitting. However, in practice the network architecture has to be manually set by domain experts, generally by a costly trial and error procedure, which often accounts for a large portion of the final system performance. We view this as a limitation and propose a novel training algorithm that automatically optimizes network architecture, by progressively increasing model complexity and then eliminating model redundancy by selectively removing parameters at training time. For convolutional neural networks, our method relies on iterative split/merge clustering of convolutional kernels interleaved by stochastic gradient descent. We present a training algorithm and experimental results on three different vision tasks, showing improved performance compared to similarly sized hand-crafted architectures.
A heuristic cellular automata approach for modelling urban land-use change based on simulated annealing

This article presents a novel cellular automata (CA) approach to simulate the spatio-temporal process of urban land-use change based on the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. The SA algorithm enables dynamic optimisation of the CA's transition rules that would otherwise be difficult to configure using conventional mathematical methods. In this heuristic approach, an objective function is constructed based on a theoretical accumulative disagreement between the simulated land-use pattern and the actual land-use pattern derived from remotely sensed imagery. The function value that measures the mismatch between the actual and the simulated land-use patterns would be minimised randomly through the SA process. Hence, a set of attribution parameters that can be used in the CA model is achieved. An SA optimisation tool was developed using Matlab and incorporated into the cellular simulation in GIS to form an integrated SACA model. An application of the SACA model to simulate the spatio-temporal process of land-use change in Jinshan District of Shanghai Municipality, PR China, from 1992 to 2008 shows that this modelling approach is efficient and robust and can be used to reconstruct historical urban land-use patterns to assist with urban planning policy-making and actions. Comparison of the SACA model with a typical CA model based on a logistic regression method without the SA optimisation (also known as LogCA) shows that the SACA model generates better simulation results than the LogCA model, and the improvement of the SACA over the LogCA model is largely attributed to higher locational accuracy, a feature desirable in most spatially explicit simulations of geographical processes.
Optical biosensing in microfluidics using nanoporous microbeads and amorphous silicon thin-film photodiodes: quantitative analysis of molecular recognition and signal transduction

Microfluidic devices with integrated optical-to-electrical signal transduction using miniaturized photodetectors can address the need for compact and portable biosensing platforms for medical, veterinary, environmental and food safety applications. However, for different applications the features of the microfluidic point-of-need device will differ in order to be fit-for-purpose, namely the minimum detectable limits, the target sensitivity, and the detection time. Therefore, in order to perform an adequate optimization of the assay parameters for a given detection challenge, the rapid estimation of (1) equilibrium constants, (2) binding kinetics, (3) rate at which photons are generated/absorbed per captured molecule, and (4) molecular capture efficiencies is highly advantageous. This work presents a general method for the quantitative analysis of molecular capture performed on microbeads trapped inside microchannels based on a simple mass balance. Focusing on the interaction of protein A with human IgG as a model system, three different signal transduction methods, based on fluorescence, chemiluminescence and colorimetry, were compared. Acquiring the optical signal with thin-film photodiodes, the minimum detectable IgG per volume of bead solution (resin) was determined as for fluorescence, 4.4 ± 1.4 for chemiluminescence, and 34 ± 3 for colorimetry. A difference in binding efficiency for IgG-Alexa 430 and IgG-HRP was also observed by estimating the respective dissociation constants (KD) as 180 ± 40 nM and 1.6 ± 0.6 µM. Furthermore, the molecular binding (kon, koff) and enzyme kinetic parameters (kcat) were also estimated and discussed, along with considerations regarding capture yields and total assay time. Overall, this methodology proved to be simple and general to study the performance of biosensing platforms, showing potential for improving assay engineering.
The Role of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Asymptomatic Intra- and Extracranial Large Artery Diseases

Background: It remains unclear whether high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) is predictive of atherosclerosis in the intracranial artery. The aim of this study is to assess the role of hs-CRP in asymptomatic intracranial artery occlusive diseases. Methods: Of the 3,366 apparently healthy subjects who received a brain checkup, 138 with ≧25% intracranial artery stenosis on magnetic resonance angiography, 267 with ≧25% extracranial carotid artery stenosis on B-mode ultrasonography and 435 without intracranial artery or extracranial carotid artery stenosis (age-matched controls) were selected for this study. Results: The mean CRP concentration in the subjects with intracranial artery stenosis was not significantly different from that in the control subjects, and the differences of mean CRP concentrations among the subgroups with 25–49, 50–74 and 75% or greater stenosis in the intracranial artery were not significant. The odds ratios of hs-CRP for extracranial carotid artery stenosis tended to increase with increasing CRP concentrations, but those of hs-CRP for intracranial artery stenosis showed no significant difference. Conclusion: The degree of atherogenic inflammation in asymptomatic intracranial artery stenosis may be less than that in extracranial carotid artery stenosis.