Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grounding and information communication in intercultural and intracultural dyadic discourse

Past research on the theory of grounding indicates that grounding facilitates human communication in intracultural conversations. This study extends previous research by examining whether grounding functions in the same way in both intracultural and intercultural conditions. Participants were 40 Canadians and 40 Chinese who formed 40 dyads in 4 experimental conditions: Canadian/Canadian, Chinese/Chinese, Chinese speaker/Canadian listener, and Canadian speaker/Chinese listener. All conversations were videotaped and microanalyzed. It was found that the more dyads engaged in grounding activities, the better they communicated the information from the speaker to the listener in all experimental conditions combined. It was also found that grounding and listener recall scores were highly correlated when the Canadians served as listeners, but not when the Chinese served as listeners. This finding seems to indicate a cultural difference between Chinese and Canadians regarding the meaning of their grounding activit.
Cc Chemokine Receptor (Ccr)2 Is Required for Langerhans Cell Migration and Localization of T Helper Cell Type 1 (Th1)-Inducing Dendritic Cells

There is growing evidence that chemokines and their receptors regulate the movement and interaction of antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells. We tested the hypothesis that the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)2 and CCR5 and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, a ligand for CCR5, influence DC migration and localization. We found that deficiency of CCR2 but not CCR5 or MIP-1α led to distinct defects in DC biology. Langerhans cell (skin DC) density in CCR2-null mice was normal, and their ability to migrate into the dermis was intact; however, their migration to the draining lymph nodes was markedly impaired. CCR2-null mice had lower numbers of DCs in the spleen, and this was primarily due to a reduction in the CD8α1 T helper cell type 1 (Th1)-inducing subset of DCs. Additionally, there was a block in the Leishmania major infection–induced relocalization of splenic DCs from the marginal zone to the T cell areas. We propose that these DC defects, in conjunction with increased expression of B lymphocyte chemoattractant, a B cell–specific chemokine, may collectively contribute to the striking B cell outgrowth and Th2 cytokine–biased nonhealing phenotype that we observed in CCR2-deficient mice infected with L. major. This disease phenotype in mice with an L. major–resistant genetic background but lacking CCR2 is strikingly reminiscent of that observed typically in mice with an L. major–susceptible genetic background. Thus, CCR2 is an important determinant of not only DC migration and localization but also the development of protective cell-mediated immune responses to L. major.
Assessment of the Current Grazing Intensity and Slope Status of Pastures in the Alai Valley, Kyrgyzstan

This paper assesses grazing intensity and slope status in the Alai Valley, southern Kyrgyzstan using the grazing model of Howard and Higgins (1987) and vegetation-covered area. The grazing intensities of the measured slopes (N=173) have been classified into three types: (1) slopes without terraces (N=84), (2) slopes that can accept more livestock (N=19), and (3) overgrazed slopes (N=70). Considering the percentage of vegetation cover (threshold=40%), the slopes can be divided into those in good status (N=70) and those in poor status (N=103). Three influential factors for grazing intensity and slope status are discussed, i.e., grazing seasonality, distance to the main river, and stocking rate. The results show that 40.5% of slopes are overgrazed and 59.6% are evaluated as slopes in poor status. During the fieldwork, 33 households in total were interviewed. The interview results show that the western part of the study area is used as spring and autumn pastures, and that the eastern part is used as summer pastures. Summer grazing has resulted in overgrazing. The distances from the measured slopes to the main river were calculated by GIS. The grazing intensity is greater in the vicinity of the main river, and the slope status improves with the increasing distance to water. The slopes that can accept more livestock are always located at least 500 m away from the main river. The results show that grazing seasonality, distance to the main river, and stocking rate act as influential factors for the distribution of grazing intensity and slope status.
Senescence Marker Protein 30 (SMP30) Expression in Eukaryotic Cells: Existence of Multiple Species and Membrane Localization

Senescence marker protein (SMP30), also known as regucalcin, is a 34 kDa cytosolic marker protein of aging which plays an important role in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, ascorbic acid biosynthesis, oxidative stress, and detoxification of chemical warfare nerve agents. In our goal to investigate the activity of SMP30 for the detoxification of nerve agents, we have produced a recombinant adenovirus expressing human SMP30 as a fusion protein with a hemaglutinin tag (Ad-SMP30-HA). Ad-SMP30-HA transduced the expression of SMP30-HA and two additional forms of SMP30 with molecular sizes ∼28 kDa and 24 kDa in HEK-293A and C3A liver cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Intravenous administration of Ad-SMP30-HA in mice results in the expression of all the three forms of SMP30 in the liver and diaphragm. LC-MS/MS results confirmed that the lower molecular weight 28 kDa and 24 kDa proteins are related to the 34 kDa SMP30. The 28 kDa and 24 kDa SMP30 forms were also detected in normal rat liver and mice injected with Ad-SMP30-HA suggesting that SMP30 does exist in multiple forms under physiological conditions. Time course experiments in both cell lines suggest that the 28 kDa and 24 kDa SMP30 forms are likely generated from the 34 kDa SMP30. Interestingly, the 28 kDa and 24 kDa SMP30 forms appeared initially in the cytosol and shifted to the particulate fraction. Studies using small molecule inhibitors of proteolytic pathways revealed the potential involvement of β and γ-secretases but not calpains, lysosomal proteases, proteasome and caspases. This is the first report describing the existence of multiple forms of SMP30, their preferential distribution to membranes and their generation through proteolysis possibly mediated by secretase enzymes.
On streams that are finitely red

Mixing induction and coinduction, we study alternative definitions of streams being finitely red. We organize our definitions into a hierarchy including also some well-known alternatives in intuitionistic analysis. The hierarchy collapses classically, but is intuitionistically of strictly decreasing strength. We characterize the differences in strength in a precise way by weak instances of the Law of Excluded Middle.
Social identity, group processes and performance in synchronous computer-mediated communication

This study examined group processes in a synchronous context and their effects on performance, assuming that these processes would be strongly dependent on the salience of social identity. It was predicted that the mere categorization of students into an online group and comparison with other groups, 2 basic conditions related to social identity, would enhance group identiﬁcation, interaction patterns, and group performance in a relatively complex academic task. As predicted, the categorization manipulation enhanced group identiﬁcation and increased task- and morale-building communication. It was not related to performance. These ﬁndings invite a more thorough examination of the impact of social identity on the building of a sense of online community at the early stage of a learning process.
Similarity Searching in Peer-to-Peer Databases

We consider the problem of handling similarity queries in peer-to-peer databases. We propose an indexing and searching mechanism which, given a query object, returns the set of objects in the database that are semantically related to the query. We propose an indexing scheme which clusters data such that semantically related objects are partitioned into a small set of clusters, allowing for a simple and efficient similarity search strategy. Our indexing scheme also decouples object and node locations. Our adaptive replication and randomized lookup schemes exploit this feature and ensure that the number of copies of an object is proportional to its popularity and all replicas are equally likely to serve a given query, thus achieving perfect load balancing. The techniques developed in this work are oblivious to the underlying DHT topology and can be implemented on a variety of structured overlays such as CAN, CHORD, Pastry, and Tapestry. We also present DHT-independent analytical guarantees for the performance of our algorithms in terms of search accuracy, cost, and load-balance; the experimental results from our simulations confirm the insights derived from these analytical models
Interactions with mycorrhizal fungi in two closely related hybridizing orchid species

Abstract The nuclear ribosomal DNAwas used to identify the orchid mycorrhizal fungi found in roots of Orchis xbivonae and its parental species Orchis anthropophora and Orchis italica. Polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced and identified using the expanded database.We determined that closely related Tulasnellaceae are mycorrhizal in the three orchid taxa, suggesting that the mycorrhizal partner does not impair hybrid survival. This study demonstrates that O. xbivonae displays few differences in comparison with its two parental species in identity of its associated mycorrhizal fungi, it is a short- -term by-product of the hybridizing behavior of common pollinators, and thus it will not easily origin descendents with potential new genetic combinations and/or ecological preferences.
Widowhood and Social Participation in Later Life

This article is a review and theoretical analysis of widowhood and social participation in later life. Two conceptual models, one focusing on decrements and the other on compensations in social participation, are considered in reviewing the literature. After a brief critique of the methodological characteristics of the research, several different types of social participation are examined. The vast majority of research indicates that, although some decrements in social participation may occur, very few, if any, take place immediately after the death of spouse. In fact, the loss of spouse is more likely to immediately intensify social relationships than attenuate them. Of special interest is the recurrent finding that certain types of social participation are likely to increase a few years after the death of spouse. The results are interpreted as favoring a compensation model of role loss and social participation.
TFBSshape: a motif database for DNA shape features of transcription factor binding sites

Transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) are most commonly characterized by the nucleotide preferences at each position of the DNA target. Whereas these sequence motifs are quite accurate descriptions of DNA binding specificities of transcription factors (TFs), proteins recognize DNA as a three-dimensional object. DNA structural features refine the description of TF binding specificities and provide mechanistic insights into protein–DNA recognition. Existing motif databases contain extensive nucleotide sequences identified in binding experiments based on their selection by a TF. To utilize DNA shape information when analysing the DNA binding specificities of TFs, we developed a new tool, the TFBSshape database (available at http://rohslab.cmb.usc.edu/TFBSshape/), for calculating DNA structural features from nucleotide sequences provided by motif databases. The TFBSshape database can be used to generate heat maps and quantitative data for DNA structural features (i.e., minor groove width, roll, propeller twist and helix twist) for 739 TF datasets from 23 different species derived from the motif databases JASPAR and UniPROBE. As demonstrated for the basic helix-loop-helix and homeodomain TF families, our TFBSshape database can be used to compare, qualitatively and quantitatively, the DNA binding specificities of closely related TFs and, thus, uncover differential DNA binding specificities that are not apparent from nucleotide sequence alone.
Kernberg and Linehan: Two Approaches to the Borderline Patient

Marsha Linehan has recently begun to publish the theory and technique of her cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline patients. It provides the first focused, systematic alternative to psychodynamic psychotherapy of these patients. The task of this article is to examine, side by side, these two approaches, and to consider in what ways they differ, what they have in common, and whether they can be integrated into one treatment approach targeting both behavioral change and intrapsychic structural change.
Molecular Mimicry between Neurons and an Intracerebral Pathogen Induces a CD8 T Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease1

To identify basic mechanisms of how infections may induce a neuron-specific autoimmune response, we generated mice expressing OVA as neuronal autoantigen under control of the neuron-specific enolase promoter (NSE-OVA mice). Intracerebral, but not systemic, infection with attenuated Listeria monocytogenes-secreting OVA induced an atactic-paretic neurological syndrome in NSE-OVA mice after bacterial clearance from the brain, whereas wild-type mice remained healthy. Immunization with attenuated Listeria monocytogenes-secreting OVA before intracerebral infection strongly increased the number of intracerebral OVA-specific CD8 T cells aggravating neurological disease. T cell depletion and adoptive transfer experiments identified CD8 T cells as decisive mediators of the autoimmune disease. Importantly, NSE-OVA mice having received OVA-specific TCR transgenic CD8 T cells developed an accelerated, more severe, and extended neurological disease. Adoptively transferred pathogenic CD8 T cells specifically homed to OVA-expressing MHC class I+ neurons and, corresponding to the clinical symptoms, ∼30% of neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord became apoptotic. Thus, molecular mimicry between a pathogen and neurons can induce a CD8 T cell-mediated neurological disease, with its severity being influenced by the frequency of specific CD8 T cells, and its induction, but not its symptomatic phase, requiring the intracerebral presence of the pathogen.
SOUND REPLACEMENTS AND PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

The phonological system of a language is like a filter which retains only those features of a sound which are relevant to the identification of a phoneme of that language. Non-native sounds also go into the filter, say in learning a second language or in other language contact situations. Those features of the non-native sounds which can be identified with native sound features are also retained in the filter. In this way a foreign sound may be identified with and replaced by a native sound. A series of such replacements yields a foreign accent in the second language. The problem for the linguist is to give structure to this filter so that the facts of sound replacements can be explained. At the same time, the facts of sound replacements can provide evidence of the way in which the phonological systems which yield them are structured. To give structure to this metaphor of the phonological system of a language has been the goal of many studies of bilingualism and language contact from Trubetzkoy (1939) to Weinreich (1953, 1957); and more recently in Carter (1967), Ritchie (1968), and Michaels (1973). Specifically, the problem is to account for the particular identifications that occur of non-native with native sounds in a language contact situation. Why, for example as in (1), does the Russian speaker identify his /t, d/ with English /θ, δ/ while a Japanese speaker identifies his /s, z/ with English /θ, δ/, when both the Russian and the Japanese speakers have A, d, s, z/?
Ownership , Technology , and the Provision of Residential Electricity ∗

Economists have long been interested in the implications of private versus public ownership for the provision of services and consumer prices. Empirically, the challenge is to disentangle the effect of ownership from other determinants of prices. In this paper, we use detailed data on retail electricity in the United States to identify the effect of private versus public ownership on prices. Our data include information on thousands of markets, which allow us to control for observed differences in demand and cost conditions. At typical consumption levels, we find that differences between public and private rates were negligible. This suggests the gains from changing ownership type were small in 1935. However, as new technology reduced minimum efficient scale and incentivized private entry into smaller markets, we show that markets switched from public to private ownership. We interpret these findings as evidence for the benefits of maintaining organizational or contractual flexibility and increasing the prospect of passing gains from technological progress on to consumers. ∗For helpful comments we thank Ann Carlos, Karen Clay, Briggs Depew, Price Fishback, Gary Fournier, Theresa Gutberlet, Ian Keay, Erik Kimbrough, Frank Lewis, Josh Lewis, John Neufeld, and Werner Troesken. The paper also benefited from feedback at Colgate University, the Canadian Network for Economic History, Colorado-Boulder, and HEC Montreal. All remaining errors are our own. †Florida State University, Department of Economics, (ckitchens@fsu.edu) ‡Queen’s University, Department of Economics, (tjaworski@gmail.com)
Five-Year Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease (Stage 3-5) and Associated Risk Factors in a Spanish Cohort: The MADIABETES Study

Objective To evaluate the incidence rate of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) stage 3-5 (persistent decreased kidney function under 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) among patients with type 2 diabetes over five years, to identify the risk factors associated with CKD, and develop a risk table to predict five-year CKD stage 3-5 risk stratification for clinical use. Design The MADIABETES Study is a prospective cohort study of 3,443 outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, sampled from 56 primary health care centers (131 general practitioners) in Madrid (Spain). Results The cumulative incidence of CKD stage 3-5 at five-years was 10.23% (95% CI = 9.12–11.44) and the incidence density was 2.07 (95% CI = 1.83–2.33) cases per 1,000 patient-months or 2.48 (95% CI = 2.19–2.79) cases per 100 patient-years. The highest hazard ratio (HR) for developing CKD stage 3-5 was albuminuria ≥300 mg/g (HR = 4.57; 95% CI= 2.46-8.48). Furthermore, other variables with a high HR were age over 74 years (HR = 3.20; 95% CI = 2.13–4.81), a history of Hypertension (HR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.42–2.89), Myocardial Infarction (HR= 1.72; 95% IC= 1.25–2.37), Dyslipidemia (HR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.30–2.17), duration of diabetes mellitus ≥ 10 years (HR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.14-1.88) and Systolic Blood Pressure >149 mmHg (HR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.02–2.24). Conclusions After a five-year follow-up, the cumulative incidence of CKD is concordant with rates described in Spain and other countries. Albuminuria ≥ 300 mg/g and age over 74 years were the risk factors more strongly associated with developing CKD (Stage 3-5). Blood Pressure, lipid and albuminuria control could reduce CKD incidence of CKD in patients with T2DM.
WaveCube: A scalable, fault-tolerant, high-performance optical data center architecture

Optical data center networks (DCNs) are becoming increasingly attractive due to their technological strengths compared to traditional electrical networks. However, prior optical DCNs are either hard to scale, vulnerable to single point of failure, or provide limited network bisection bandwidth for many practical DCN workloads. To this end, we present WaveCube, a scalable, fault-tolerant, high-performance optical DCN architecture. To scale, WaveCube removes MEMS1, a potential bottleneck, from its design. Wave-Cube is fault-tolerant since it does not have single point of failure and there are multiple node-disjoint parallel paths between any pair of Top-of-Rack (ToR) switches. WaveCube delivers high performance by exploiting multi-pathing and dynamic link bandwidth along the path. Our extensive evaluation results show that WaveCube outperforms previous optical DCNs by up to 400% and delivers network bisection bandwidth that is 70%-85% of an ideal non-blocking network under both realistic and synthetic traffic patterns. WaveCube's performance degrades gracefully under failures - it drops 20% even with 20% links cut. WaveCube also holds promise in practice - its wiring complexity is orders of magnitude lower than Fattree, BCube and c-Through at large scale, and its power consumption is 35% of them.
Evolution and Complexity: The Double-Edged Sword

We attempt to provide a comprehensive answer to the question of whether, and when, an arrow of complexity emerges in Darwinian evolution. We note that this expression can be interpreted in different ways, including a passive, incidental growth, or a pervasive bias towards complexification. We argue at length that an arrow of complexity does indeed occur in evolution, which can be most reasonably interpreted as the result of a passive trend rather than a driven one. What, then, is the role of evolution in the creation of this trend, and under which conditions will it emerge? In the later sections of this article we point out that when certain proper conditions (which we attempt to formulate in a concise form) are met, Darwinian evolution predictably creates a sustained trend of increase in maximum complexity (that is, an arrow of complexity) that would not be possible without it; but if they are not, evolution will not only fail to produce an arrow of complexity, but may actually prevent any increase in complexity altogether. We conclude that, with regard to the growth of complexity, evolution is very much a double-edged sword.
Purification and Properties of Staphylococcal Delta Hemolysin

Large amounts (200 mg per liter of culture supernatant fluid) of highly purified staphylococcal soluble delta hemolysin were obtained by adsorption to and selective elution from hydroxyapatite followed by exhaustive dialysis against water, concentration by polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol 20,000 dialysis, and a final water dialysis. No carbohydrate, phosphorus, or inactive 280-nm absorbing material was detected in the preparation; however, analysis by density gradient centrifugation, gel filtration, analytical ultracentrifugation, carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and electron microscopy revealed that the lysin was molecularly heterogeneous. The preparation contained an acidic fibrous lysin (S20,w of 11.9) and a basic lysin component composed of a population of granular aggregates of various sizes, with a maximum S20,w of approximately 4.9. No other staphylococcal products were detected in the preparation. The lysin was active against erythrocytes from many animal species and acted synergistically with staphylococcal beta hemolysin against sheep erythrocytes. It was soluble in chloroform-methanol (2:1), was inactivated by various phospholipids, normal sera, and proteolytic enzymes, but was partially resistant to heat inactivation. Activity was not affected by Ca2+, Mg2+, citrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or cysteine. The lysin preparation also disrupted bacterial protoplasts and spheroplasts, erythrocyte membranes, lysosomes, and lipid spherules, was growth-inhibitory for certain bacteria, and clarified egg yolk-agar. Large amounts produced dermonecrosis in rabbits and guinea pigs. The minimum lethal intravenous dose for mice and guinea pigs was approximately 110 and 30 mg/kg, respectively.