Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recognition of Occluded Objects 2

3 Pattern recognition involves building a mental model to interpret incoming inputs. 4 This incoming information is often incomplete and the mental model must 5 extrapolate to complete the patterns, a process that is constrained by the statistical 6 regularities in nature. Examples of pattern completion involve identification of 7 objects presented under unfavorable luminance or interpretation of speech cor8 rupted by acoustic noise. Pattern completion is also at the heart of other high-level 9 cognitive phenomena including our ability to discern actions from still images or to 10 predict behavioral patterns from observations. 11 Pattern completion constitutes a ubiquitous challenge during natural vision. 12 Stimuli are often partially occluded, or degraded by changes in illumination and 13 contrast. While much progress has been made towards understanding the mecha14 nisms underlying recognition of complete objects, the neural computations under15 lying more challenging recognition problems such as object occlusion remain 16 poorly understood. Here we generically refer to object occlusion to include any 17 transformation where only partial information about an object is accessible (such as 18 the multiple examples illustrated in Fig. 1), and refer to object completion as the 19 ability to infer object identity from partial information (without necessarily 20 implying that subjects perceptually fill in the missing information). 21 Understanding how the neural representations of visual signals are modified 22 when objects are occluded is critical to developing biologically constrained com23 putational models of occluded object recognition and may also shed light on how to 24 solve manifestations of pattern completion in other domains. The development of 25 feed-forward models for visual recognition of whole objects has been driven by 26 behavioral and physiological experiments establishing the hierarchy of feature 27 tuning and robustness to image transformations. Similarly, by systematically 28 examining when and where neural representations that are robust to occlusion
Can anaesthetists be taught to interpret the effects of general anaesthesia on the electroencephalogram? Comparison of performance with the BIS and spectral entropy.

BACKGROUND Unlike the other physiological waveforms monitored in anaesthesia, the EEG lacks a regularly repeating pattern, implying that it would be very difficult for an anaesthetist to obtain any useful information from the raw EEG. There are, however, clear changes in the EEG caused by GABA-ergic anaesthetic agents. The anaesthetized EEG still looks like a random waveform, but clearly a different random waveform from that seen when conscious. METHODS The aim of this study was to assess how 40 anaesthetists would perform at interpreting intra-operative EEGs compared with two processed EEG (pEEG) monitors, BIS and entropy, after a short educational presentation. Short segments of EEGs were used from the pre-induction phase, the intra-operative phase with adequate surgical anaesthesia, and the transition phase between these two states. RESULTS While anaesthetists' performance varied widely, most could reliably differentiate an anaesthetized from a conscious EEG. Further, both humans (41% wrong) and machines (30% wrong) made mistakes. Unlike the anaesthetists, the pEEG monitors did not make a major error (i.e. producing a number in the conscious range (>85) when analysing an anaesthetized EEG or the converse error). CONCLUSION A brief PowerPoint presentation enables anaesthetists to recognize the effects on the EEG of GABA-ergic anaesthetic agents. In the clinical context, it remains likely that the combination of a pEEG monitor that clearly presents the EEG and a clinician who has a good, basic understanding of, and a willingness to look at, the raw EEG will result in more accurate interpretation of the intra-operative EEG.
Adaptive Bayesian procedures using random series prior

We consider a prior for nonparametric Bayesian estimation which uses finite random series with a random number of terms. The prior is constructed through distributions on the number of basis functions and the associated coefficients. We derive a general result on adaptive posterior convergence rates for all smoothness levels of the function in the true model by constructing an appropriate “sieve” and applying the general theory of posterior convergence rates. We apply this general result on several statistical problems such as signal processing, density estimation, various nonparametric regressions, classification, spectral density estimation, functional regression etc. The prior can be viewed as an alternative to the commonly used Gaussian process prior, but properties of the posterior distribution can be analyzed by relatively simpler techniques and in many cases allows a simpler approach to computation without using Markov chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) methods. A simulation study is conducted to show that the accuracy of the Bayesian estimators based on the random series prior and the Gaussian process prior are comparable. We apply the method on two interesting data sets on functional regression.
’ s repository of research publications and other research outputs Influences of communication on categorisation and similarity Conference Item

This paper reports three experiments that investigate the influence of pragmatic, communicative factors on categorization. Little attention has been given to the role played by pragmatic factors such as the intended audience and purpose of communication. Experiment 1 establishes baseline measures of categorization and similarity for a range of exemplars of biological categories. Experiment 2 reveals that the judged categorization and similarity of these exemplars is affected by the audience to whom such judgments would be communicated. Experiment 3 reveals that these judgments are also affected by the communicative purpose of the categorization. In combination, these data suggest that pragmatic factors have systematic effects on similarity and categorization, and suggestions are made as to how these might be explained.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Participation in the Age of the Internet: Is Online Political Engagement Really Different to Offline?

While the study of e-participation has gained increasing attention within political science, our understanding of its underlying structure and relationship to offline participation is limited. This article addresses these gaps by focusing on three interrelated questions: (1) Is e-participation a multidimensional phenomenon (differentiation hypothesis)? (2) If submodes exist, do they mirror existing modes of participation (replication hypothesis)? (3) If offline forms are replicated online, do they mix together (integration hypothesis) or operate in separate spheres (independence hypothesis)? We test our hypotheses through confirmatory factor analysis of original survey data from the U.K. General Election of 2010. The results show that distinct submodes of e-participation, comparable to those occurring offline, can be identified. Support for integration and independence varies according to the type of participation undertaken. Finally our results suggest that the online environment may be fostering a new s.
Adaptive coping among family members of persons with serious mental illness.

OBJECTIVE This study sought to describe factors associated with adaptive coping by family members with a psychiatrically disabled relative. METHODS A total of 225 family members of persons with serious mental illness were interviewed. Hierarchical regression analysis using five variables that may have contributed to adaptive coping was conducted. The five factors were demographic characteristics of the family member, severity of the relative's illness, the family member's subjective burden and grief, social support, and personal coping resources (self-efficacy and mastery). RESULTS More extensive adaptive coping was associated with increased social support as measured by the density of the social network, the extent of affirming social support, and participation in a support group for families. Better coping was also associated with a greater sense of self-efficacy in dealing with the relative's mental illness. Adaptive coping was not associated with the severity of the relative's illness. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that mental health professionals should encourage family members to use the support provided by community-based support groups and to form such groups if none are available.
Sex education in Spain: teachers' views of obstacles

This paper offers an overview of the current state, difficulties, limitations and future possibilities for sex education in Spain. On the basis of a study involving 3760 teachers from all provinces in Spain, a detailed analysis of the obstacles at legislative, school and teacher levels was developed. Significant weaknesses were found at each of these levels. The main obstacles were the fact that sex education is a cross-curricular subject and contains content that should be incorporated throughout the curriculum rather than in one specific course; lack of monitoring of the practice of sex education; lack of interest in the topic in many schools; and finally lack of appropriate teacher training. A variety of different actions at legislative, school and teacher levels are proposed to overcome those difficulties.
The Best Kept Secret in Counseling: Single‐Case (N = 1) Experimental Designs

Counselor education has been repeatedly faulted for failing to adequately train counselors in research methodology, generally, and practice-relevant methods, specifically. Continued emphasis and education in the use of group experimental design methodology, which is by definition insensitive to the exigencies of everyday practice, will have little effect on counseling practice. It is ironic that single-case (N = 1) design developed for use in practice settings continues to be the “best kept secret” in counseling. Single-case (N = 1) designs offer a scientifically credible means to objectively evaluate practice and conduct clinically relevant research in practice settings. A 7-component model for establishing the use of single-case design research methods in counseling programs is presented.
Implications of climate change for visitation to ontario's provincial parks

Abstract Parkprofessionals have recognized that global climate change could have significant implications for park conservation policy and management, but assessment of the implications for nature‐based tourism remains very limited. In the Province of Ontario, provincial parks are a major resource for nature‐based tourism, with more than 10 million person visits in 2003. This paper presents an empirical assessment of the potential impact of a changed climate on visitation in Ontario's provincial parks. Multiple regression analysis was used to develop a relationship between monthly park visits and climate for six high‐visitation parks selected to represent each of Ontario Park's administrative regions. The models were then used to examine the potential direct impact of changes in climate on the total annual number of visitors and the seasonal pattern of visitation to Ontario's parks using climate change scenarios for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. Visitation was projected to increase between 11% and 27% system‐wide in the 2020s and between 15% and 56% in the 2050s. When climate change was combined with the potential effects of demographic change, annual visits for the mid‐2020s were projected to be even higher than that projected under climate change alone (23% to 41%). Management implications of the projected visitation increases are also discussed.
Cultural Transmission in Urban American Indian Families

This study identified values associated with cultural transmission in the face of societal oppression. Practices used by urban American Indian women to transmit cultural knowledge, as well as values and attitudes toward learning—which are themselves vital lessons about what it means to be Indian—were ascertained. Ten urban Indian families, specifically mothers and their preadolescent children, from Oregon's Central Coast and Willamette Valley, participated in ethnographic interviews. Question creation and formation was established through the use of participatory action research. Families were found to share the value of cultural survival. Practices found to be commonly used to transmit cultural knowledge were listening; talking; telling; watching or observation; showing; exposure, involvement, and participation; and research or asking questions. Showing and research or asking questions were more recent developments in response to the effects of oppression, and they show that Indian families can adapt to continue cultural transmission and survival.
Consciousness, mental imagery and action

This article is founded on the bold claim that mental imagery is a basic building block of all consciousness. Conscious mental imagery is reported in association with waking, dreaming and intermediate states of consciousness. Meta-cognitive theory claims that the individual may be treated as an imperfect measuring device of his or her own consciousness. This is supported by the evidence on the psychological correlates of imagery vividness reported using the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) (Marks, 1973). Meta-analysis of 150 studies has demonstrated high levels of reliability, content validity and criterion validity (McKelvie, 1995 a, b). This analysis demonstrates that under controlled conditions, verbal reports provide reliable and valid measures of conscious experience. The activity cycle theory of conscious imagery claims that a primary function of consciousness is the mental rehearsal of adaptive, goal-directed action through the experimental manipulation of perceptual-motor imagery. As predicted by this theory, the meta-analysis shows that the vividness of conscious mental imagery is strongly associated with precisely those performances most likely to benefit from the use of perceptual-motor imagery and mental practice. The theory helps to explain the existence and function of conscious experience.
Identification of horizontal cells generating different spectral responses in the retina of a teleost fish (Eugerres plumieri)

Six different types of spectral responses were recorded from horizontal cells under mesopic conditions in perfused retina, isolated from the dark‐adapted mojarra (Eugerres plumieri). They were tentatively termed photopic Lr‐, Lg1‐, Lg2‐, Lb‐, and C‐type, and scotopic L‐type. The Lr‐, Lg‐, and Lb‐type responses showed a maximum peak at 605, 550, and 516 nm respectively, while the C‐type was composed of hyperpolarizing potentials in response to shorter wavelengths and depolarizing potentials in response to longer wavelengths (so‐called R/G‐type). The scotopic L‐type has a peak at 516 nm in the spectral response and a slow decay phase in the waveform response. Following a brief period of diffuse illumination, it was found that the Lgl‐type response is altered to the Lr‐type, while both Lg2‐ and Lb‐type responses change to the C‐type. Intracellular marking with Lucifer or Procion yellow identified the cellular origins of different response types: external (He) and medial horizontal (Hm) cells for the Lr‐type, internal horizontal (Hi) cells for the C‐type, and rod‐horizontal (Hr) cells for the scotopic L‐type. Only He cells were found to possess an axon, while dye coupling was seen between axonless Hm, Hi, or Hr cells but not between He cells. The morphology of these fluorescent dye‐marked cells was the same as that of the respective cells observed in Golgi‐stained materials.
The Role of Worker Support and Religious Support in African American Special Needs Adoption: The Bennett Chapel Experience

Between 1998 and 2003 members and friends of Bennett Chapel Missionary Baptist Church in rural East Texas adopted 70 African American special needs children. Data from surveys of 113 Texas and Louisiana adoptive families, including 14 Bennett Chapel families, found that the amount of anticipated worker support influenced the decision to adopt, particularly for Bennett Chapel families, and actual worker support was significantly related to positive adoption impact on the family. Comparisons of Bennett Chapel with other families highlight the uniqueness of this initiative. Findings underscore the importance of worker support for facilitating adoptions in faith and rural communities and increasing adoptions of African American children.
Watch Your Tongue: Issues in Translation and Cross-Cultural Research

Considering the large amount of research being undertaken in Eastern Europe and elsewhere involving the use of more than one language, there has been a remarkable silence in sociological debate about the status of this research. In this article I argue that such issues should be of concern to social scientists generally as well as to linguists. Using my own research with British-Polish communities, I raise some concerns surrounding the translation of concepts. I suggest one way of beginning to address these problematics: an opening of discussion on an analytical level with those who are often seen as mere technicians, translators and interpreters.
Cognitive Complexity and the Perception of Subtle Racism

The present research demonstrated that cognitive complexity is related to the perception of contemporary, subtle racism. Results indicated that the perception of subtle racism was related to attributional complexity. Further, greater attributional complexity was also related to greater racial complexity, defined as the ability of individuals to overcome the normative assumption that racism is no longer a major social problem in the United States and the extent that individuals think about racism. The relationship between attributional complexity and racial complexity held even when accounting for need for cognition, perspective taking, empathy, and political ideology. Finally, we found that racial complexity mediated the effect of attributional complexity on the perception of subtle racism. Taken together, the results of these three studies contribute a general cognitive mechanism related to the perception of subtle racism; an extension of cognitive and attributional complexity; and a new construct, racial complexity, related to the perception of contemporary, subtle racism.
AIDA: A SYSTEM FOR THE KNOWLEDGE BASED INTERPRET ATION OF REMOTE SENSING DA TA *

Because of the increasing amount of remotely sensed imagery there is a growing need for efficient data analysis techniques. Here to automate the image interpretation a knowledge based approach is suggested. The presented scene interpretation system AIDA uses semantic nets for the explicit repre sentation of the prior knowledge about objects expected in the scene. It exploits the knowledge base to generate a scene description assigning symbolic meanings to the image primitives. The information of a GIS database is used as partial interpretation to produce reliable hypotheses for the expected objects. This initial scene description is verified consecutively in the remote sensing imagery. Multiple sensors can be investigated simulta neously. The explicit knowledge representation eases the adaptation to dif ferent tasks. The system was tested successfully in applications like verification of GIS data, recogni tion of complex structures, the automatic search of tie points for the registration of remotely sensed images, and the object specific 3D modelling of landscapes and buildings. The recognition of land use changes for map updating and environmental and agricultural monitoring represents a major topic of remote sensing. Due to the large amount of acquired data algorithms for the automatic extraction of objects from sensor data are investigated. This contribution suggests a knowledge based approach for image interpretation using semantic nets. The presented scene interpretation system AIDA generates a symbolic scene description which can be used for recognition tasks (Koch 1997) as well as for 3D reconstruction of the detected objects (Grau 1997, Tonjes 1996) or automatic registration of multi sensor data (Growe 1997). A lot of scene interpretation systems have been developed in the past. They dif fer in a number of aspects like the control strategies, the knowledge representation or the application domain. Concerning the representation of the scene knowledge a lot of systems for aerial image interpretation like SPAM (McKeown 1985) use rules. Production rules and semantic nets are found in MESSIE (Clement 1993), while ERNEST (Niemann 19990) uses semantic nets only. SIGMA (Matsuyama 1990) is organized in three expert modules using frames and rules. In AIDA the knowledge about the scene objects is formulated in a semantic net, while the control knowledge is represented by rules.
Effect Of α‐Lipoic Acid On Lipid Peroxidation And Anti‐Oxidant Enzyme Activities In Diabetic Rats

1. Oxidative damage has been suggested to be a contributory factor in the development and complications of diabetes. Recently, α‐lipoic acid (ALA) has gained considerable interest as an anti‐oxidant. Various studies have indicated the anti‐ oxidant effects of ALA and its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid. Therefore, it appears that these compounds have important therapeutic potential in conditions where oxidative stress is involved. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ALA supplementation on lipid peroxidation and anti‐oxidant enzyme activities in various tissues in diabetic rats.
Differential growth of the freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis in relation to certain drugs

The survival and growth rate of the Indian freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis, (Lamarck) was ascertained in cultivation by using certain drugs in CIFA, fish farm, BBSR (India) during June 1998 to February 1999.Two sets of experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of drugs like Betamethasone, Calcium, Azathioprine, Stanazolol, and Folic acid. Chloramphenicol was added with each treatment as prophylaxis to prevent the bacterial growth. In the first set, the inactiveness and mortality of the mussels in different drugs were studied through two different dosages and in subsequent tests the fixation of dosage was employed. The study in the second set was regarding the survival, increment of shell length, its thickness, and wet weight in response to different drugs therapy. The drugs were administered parenterally in “fixed dosage” at a regular interval of 21–23 days. The survival rate was good with Betamethasone and Azathioprine that is 75%, whereas it was 16.66% in Folic acid treatment. But the mussels originating from the control site had the significant survival rate though the growth rate was average. Calcium treatment had shown a marked increment of shell thickness and luster. The culture was lasted for 160 days. The wet weight gain of mussels in all the treatments were significant, p < 0.0001 whereas increment of shell thickness was significant only in treatment B (Calcium) and treatment D (Azathioprine), p < 0.0001 but with regard to the increment of length of mussel, treatment E (Stanazolol) was not significant, p > 0.05. The regression analysis was adopted to find out the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.90, being the best) from the relationship between length and weight of mussels and to establish the LWR equation with condition factor k = W/Lb. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2008.