Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Graphene‐On‐Silicon Schottky Junction Solar Cells

www.MaterialsViews. com C O M Graphene-On-Silicon Schottky Junction Solar Cells M U N I By Xinming Li , Hongwei Zhu , * Kunlin Wang , * Anyuan Cao , Jinquan Wei , Chunyan Li , Yi Jia , Zhen Li , Xiao Li , and Dehai Wu C A IO N Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon hexagons, has stimulated a lot of research interest owing to its unique structure and fascinating properties. [ 1 ] Graphene has been produced in the form of ultrathin sheets consisting of one or a few atomic layers by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [ 2–4 ] or solution processing [ 5 , 6 ] and can be transferred to various substrates. The two-dimensionality and structural fl atness make graphene sheets ideal candidates for thin-fi lm devices and combination with other semiconductor materials such as silicon. These fi lms typically show sheet resistances on the order of several hundred ohm per square at about 80% optical transparency. [ 7 ] With modifi cation on the electronic properties and improvement of processing techniques, graphene fi lms show potential for use in conductive, fl exible electrodes, as an alternative for indium tin oxide (ITO). Graphene applications are just starting, and current investigations are on a number of areas such as fi llers for composites, nanoelectronics, and transparent electrodes. [ 8 ] For applications related to solar cells, graphene microsheets were dispersed into conjugated polymers to improve exciton dissociation and charge transport. [ 9–11 ] Also, solution-processed thin fi lms were used as conductive and transparent electrodes for organic [ 12 ] and dyesensitized [ 13 ] solar cells, although the cell effi ciency is still lower than those with ITO and fl uorine tin oxide (FTO) electrodes. Compared with carbon nanotube fi lms that have been extensively studied, graphene fi lms may have several advantages. A continuous single-layer graphene fi lm could retain high conductivity at very low (atomic) thickness, and avoid contact resistance that occurs in a carbon nanotube fi lm between interconnected nanotube bundles. In addition, graphene fi lms have minimum porosity and, in small areas, can provide an extremely fl at surface for molecule assembly and device integration. There are many opportunities in utilizing distinct properties of graphene and exploring novel applications. Bulk heterojunction structures based on carbon materials have attracted a great deal of interest for both scientifi c fundamentals and potential applications in various new optoelectronic devices,
Cooperation, Reciprocity and Punishment in Fifteen Small-scale Societies

Recent investigations have uncovered large, consistent deviations from the predictions of the textbook representation of Homo Economicus: in addition to their own material payoffs, many experimental subjects appear to care about fairness and reciprocity and reward those who act in a cooperative manner while punishing those who do not even when these actions are costly to the individual. These deviations from what we will term the canonical Economic Man model have important consequences for a wide range of economic phenomena, including the optimal design of institutions and contracts, the allocation of property rights, the conditions for successful collective action, the analysis of incomplete contracts, and the persistence of noncompetitive wage premia. However, existing research is limited because virtually all subjects have been university students: we would like to know how universal these behaviors are and whether they vary with local cultural or economic environments. To address these questions we and our collaborators (11 anthropologists and 1 economist) conducted ultimatum, public good, and dictator game experiments with subjects from fifteen hunter gatherer, nomadic herding and other small-scale societies exhibiting a wide variety of economic and cultural conditions. We can summarize our results as follows. First, the Economic Man model is not supported in any society studied. Second, there is considerably more behavioral variability across groups than had been found in previous cross-cultural research and the canonical model fails in a wider variety of ways than in previous experiments. Third, group-level differences in the structure of everyday social interactions explain a substantial portion of the behavioral variation across societies: the higher the degree of market integration and the higher the payoffs to cooperation in the production of their livelihood, the greater the level of cooperation in experimental games. Fourth, individual-level economic and demographic variables do not explain behavior either within or across groups. Fifth, behavior in the experiments is generally consistent with economic patterns of everyday life in these societies.
NEDD9 Is a Positive Regulator of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Promotes Invasion in Aggressive Breast Cancer

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in many biological processes. The latest studies revealed that aggressive breast cancer, especially the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype was frequently associated with apparent EMT, but the mechanisms are still unclear. NEDD9/HEF1/Cas-L is a member of the Cas protein family and was identified as a metastasis marker in multiple cancer types. In this study, we wished to discern the role of NEDD9 in breast cancer progression and to investigate the molecular mechanism by which NEDD9 regulates EMT and promotes invasion in triple-negative breast cancer. We showed that expression of NEDD9 was frequently upregulated in TNBC cell lines, and in aggressive breast tumors, especially in TNBC subtype. Knockdown of endogenous NEDD9 reduced the migration, invasion and proliferation of TNBC cells. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of NEDD9 in mammary epithelial cells led to a string of events including the trigger of EMT, activation of ERK signaling, increase of several EMT-inducing transcription factors and promotion of their interactions with the E-cadherin promoter. Data presented in this report contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms by which NEDD9 promotes EMT, and provide useful clues to the evaluation of the potential of NEDD9 as a responsive molecular target for TNBC chemotherapy.
On mismatched list decoding

The setup of a general channel is considered in the mismatched case, i.e., when the decoder uses a general decoding metric. An expression for the average error probability in list decoding with block length n, metric q<sub>n</sub>, list size e<sup>nΘn</sup> and rate R, denoted ε<sup>(n)</sup><sub>qn</sub>(R, Θ<sub>n</sub>), is established. Further, a general multi-letter formula for the mismatched capacity with list decoding is derived. It is shown that similarly to the matched capacity of the discrete memoryless channel, if the list size grows exponentially at a fixed rate Θ, then the increase in capacity is Θ bits per channel use. Additionally, a random coding lower bound on ε<sup>(n)</sup><sub>qn</sub>(R, Θ<sub>n</sub>) is presented. We conclude by presenting an inequality that can be regarded as an extension of Fano's inequality in the mismatched case with list decoding. As a special case, we derive a lower bound on the average probability of error at rates above the erasures only capacity of the discrete memoryless channel.
The different cleavage DNA sequence specificity explains the camptothecin resistance of the human topoisomerase I Glu418Lys mutant

Yeast cells expressing the Glu418Lys human topoisomerase I mutant display a camptothecin resistance that slowly decreases as a function of time. Molecular characterization of the single steps of the catalytic cycle of the purified mutant indicates that it has a relaxation activity identical to the wild-type protein but a different DNA sequence specificity for the cleavage sites when compared to the wild-type enzyme, as assayed on several substrates. In particular the mutant has a low specificity for CPT sensitive cleavable sites. In fact, the mutant has, at variance of the wild-type enzyme, a reduced preference for cleavage sites having a thymine base in position −1 of the scissile strand. This preference, together with the strict requirement for a thymine base in position −1 for an efficient camptothecin binding, explains the temporary camptothecin resistance of the yeast cell expressing the mutant and points out the importance of the DNA sequence in the binding of the camptothecin drug.
A computational approach for the inventory routing problem

Vendor managed inventory replenishment is a business practice in which vendors monitor their customers’ inventories, and decide when and how much inventory should be replenished. The inventory routing problem addresses the coordination of inventory management and transportation. It needs to be solved to design a strategy that realizes the potential savings in inventory and transportation costs brought about by vendor managed inventory replenishment. The inventory routing problem is hard, especially if a large number of customers are involved. We formulate the inventory routing problem as a Markov decision process, and propose approximation methods to find good solutions with reasonable computational effort. Computational results are presented for the direct delivery inventory routing problem.
Value of adding single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes to a breast cancer risk model.

BACKGROUND Adding genotypes from seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which had previously been associated with breast cancer, to the National Cancer Institute's Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT) increases the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve from 0.607 to 0.632. METHODS Criteria that are based on four clinical or public health applications were used to compare BCRAT with BCRATplus7, which includes the seven genotypes. Criteria included number of expected life-threatening events for the decision to take tamoxifen, expected decision losses (in units of the loss from giving a mammogram to a woman without detectable breast cancer) for the decision to have a mammogram, rates of risk reclassification, and number of lives saved by risk-based allocation of screening mammography. For all calculations, the following assumptions were made: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, linkage equilibrium across SNPs, additive effects of alleles at each locus, no interactions on the logistic scale among SNPs or with factors in BCRAT, and independence of SNPs from factors in BCRAT. RESULTS Improvements in expected numbers of life-threatening events were only 0.07% and 0.81% for deciding whether to take tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer for women aged 50-59 and 40-49 years, respectively. For deciding whether to recommend screening mammograms to women aged 50-54 years, the reduction in expected losses was 0.86% if the ideal breast cancer prevalence threshold for recommending mammography was that of women aged 50-54 years. Cross-classification of risks indicated that some women classified by BCRAT would have different classifications with BCRATplus7, which might be useful if BCRATplus7 was well calibrated. Improvements from BCRATplus7 were small for risk-based allocation of mammograms under costs constraints. CONCLUSIONS The gains from BCRATplus7 are small in the applications examined. Models with SNPs, such as BCRATplus7, have not been validated for calibration in independent cohort data. Additional studies are needed to validate a model with SNPs and justify its use.
Long-run stock performance of German initial public offerings and seasoned equity issues

Existing estimates of the long-run abnormal performance after initial public offerings in Germany differ between +1.54 % and -19.85 % for holding periods of 36 months. We discuss the methodological problems of these studies and the peculiarities of the German market. Using a large sample, alternative benchmarks (the equally and the value-weighted market portfolio, size portfolios and matching stocks), and a simulation study we conclude that size portfolios and matching stocks are better benchmarks than market portfolios, mainly because IPO stocks typically have a small or medium market capitalization and a size effect in stock returns exists. The new listing bias, discussed intensively by Barber/Lyon (1997) seems to be of minor importance in the German market. Using buy-and-hold abnormal returns, we estimate that German stocks involved in an IPO or in a SEO, on the average, underperform a portfolio consisting of stocks with a similar market capitalization by 6 % in three years. This is considerably less than the underperformance after IPOs and SEOs in the US market reported by Loughran/Ritter (1995) and the underperformance after IPOs in Germany reported by Ljungqvist (1997). For stocks involved in a SEO the underperformance is statistically significant, for IPO stocks it is not. This is the first estimate of the abnormal performance after SEOs for the German market. We also show that the apparent underperformance of the 1988-1990 IPO cohort discovered by Ljungqvist (1997) disappears when the abnormal performance estimate is based on size portfolios, instead of market portfolios. Since we have a relatively small number of observations per event, the use of matching firms as benchmarks in the calculation of long-run abnormal returns is associated with a much higher variance of the average long-run abnormal performance estimate than the use of size portfolios in both, the actual event studies and the simulations.
Welfare States and Immigrant Rights: The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion

Acknowledgments List of Tables and Figures 1. Welfare States and Immigrant Rights PART I: IMMIGRANTS' SOCIAL RIGHTS IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE 2. Introduction to Part I 3. Liberal Welfare States and Immigrants' Social Rights 4. Conservative Corporatist Welfare States and Immigrants' Social Rights 5. Social Democratic Welfare States and Immigrants' Social Rights 6. Immigrants' Social Rights across Welfare States PART II: THE POLITICS OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION 7. Introduction to Part II 8. Liberal Welfare States and the Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion 9. Conservative Corporatist Welfare States and the Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion 10. Social Democratic Welfare States and the Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion 11. The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion Compared 12. Conclusion: Immigrant Rights - a Challenge for Welfare States References Index
Measurement of cortisol.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and its end product, cortisol, are thought to be important mediators of the relationship between stressful life experiences and health outcomes. The HPA response is a component of the organism's adaptive system for maintaining function under changing environmental circumstances. Over the long term, however, chronic overactivation following repeated stressors can give rise to wear and tear or allostatic load (McEwen, 2003). Both mal-adaptive responses to stress and disturbances in the functioning of the HPA axis have been implicated in a wide variety of syndromes and illnesses, including cardio-vascular illness, insulin resistance syndrome and diabetes, cognitive decline during aging, fatigue and pain syndromes, and psychiatric disorders such as depression and posttrau-matic stress disorder (PTSD), among others (Charmandari, Tsigos, & Chrousos, 2005). As the name indicates, the main components of the HPA axis are the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal cortex (see Figure 3.1). The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, also known as CRF) into the portal blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. CRH, which works synergisti-cally with arginine vasopressin (AVP) released from the hypothalamus, then triggers the pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the bloodstream. After reaching the adrenal cortex, ACTH stimulates the release of glucocorticoids (GCs)—in humans, cortisol. This entire process takes place within a matter of minutes. The HPA axis is regulated by a complex negative feedback system, with circulating gluco-corticoids inhibiting activity at the level of the hippocampus, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. In general, hippocampal structures exert inhibitory influences on the axis at the level of the hypothalamus, whereas the amygdala plays an activating role (Herman & Cullinan, 1997). Mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors in the brain are thought to play different but complementary roles in regulating normal circa-dian activity, preparing the organism to respond to external stimuli, and facilitating recovery of disturbed homeostasis after acutely stressful situations (de Kloet, 1991). Activity of the HPA axis shows a pronounced circadian rhythm, controlled by the primary endogenous pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. ACTH and cortisol are secreted in short pulsatile episodes, concentrated in the morning hours in humans, but occurring throughout the day, even in the absence of stressors. In a 24-hour cycle, approximately 15 to 18 ACTH pulses can be identified. In people who have a normal routine of nocturnal sleep and daytime activity, cortisol levels are lowest between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m. After a quiescent …
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF THE SOCIAL BENEFITS OF LEARNING, 2: HEALTH (DEPRESSION AND OBESITY)

This report used information from two United Kingdom national cohorts to estimate the magnitude of the effects of learning on depression and obesity. Members of the two cohorts were surveyed in 1999-00, when those in the 1970 cohort were age 33 years and those in the 1958 cohort were age 42 years. Overall, education was an important risk factor for health outcomes. Some of the risk was not caused by education but related to childhood abilities, health, and family background. Taking those three factors into account, results suggested that education significantly impacted the probability of depression for women. The impact was weaker in men. The effects of learning on the probability of obesity were not strong. There was considerable evidence that the public economic costs of depression were much higher than commonly believed. The report concludes that there are substantial health returns to learning and that the sizable differences in health observed for those with different educational levels are partially due to the effects of education and not solely due to differences that precede or explain education. Moreover, these differences in health outcomes are important from a perspective of public finance as well as in terms of equity and wider social wellbeing. (Contains 32 references.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
Research Paper: Use of Computer-based Records, Completeness of Documentation, and Appropriateness of Documented Clinical Decisions

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether using a computer-based patient record (CPR) affects the completeness of documentation and appropriateness of documented clinical decisions. DESIGN A blinded expert panel of four experienced internists evaluated 50 progress notes of patients who had chronic diseases and whose physicians used either a CPR or a traditional paper record. MEASUREMENTS Completeness of problem and medication lists in progress notes, allergies noted in the entire record, consideration of relevant patient factors in the progress note's diagnostic and treatment plans, and appropriateness of documented clinical decisions. RESULTS The expert reviewers rated the problem lists and medication lists in the CPR progress notes as more complete (1.79/2.00 vs 0.93/2.00, P < 0.001, and 1.75/2.00 vs. 0.91/2.00, P < 0.001, respectively) than those in the paper record. The allergy lists in both records were similar. Providers using a CPR documented consideration of more relevant patient factors when making their decisions (1.53/2.00 vs. 1.07/2.00, P < 0.001), and documented more appropriate clinical decisions (3.63/5.00 vs. 2.50/5.00, P < 0.001), compared with providers who used traditional paper records. CONCLUSIONS Physicians in our study who used a CPR produced more complete documentation and documented more appropriate clinical decisions, as judged by an expert review panel. Because the physicians who used the CPR in our study volunteered to do so, further study is warranted to test whether the same conclusions would apply to all CPR users and whether the improvement in documentation leads to better clinical outcomes.
An Overview of the Developmental Systems Model for Early Intervention

The recent history of early intervention services for children who are vulnerable and their families in the United States has certainly been one of progressive expansion and refinement. The model projects operating in select communities or university settings and the beginnings of more widespread programs in the 1960s and 1970s have been transformed into a vibrant and visible national program providing early intervention services and supports to which all eligible young children with established disabilities have access (see Guralnick, 2000a, in press-b). Preventive intervention programs for children at risk for developmental disabilities have exhibited considerable growth as well, although these programs lack the many legislative mandates and the coherence of programs for children with established disabilities. Numerous factors working together created the conditions for these transformations as well as for the continuing support for further advances in contemporary systems of early intervention programs. Historical accounts of these factors, including philosophical shifts, knowledge gained from the developmental science of normative development and the developmental science of risk and disability, the results of intervention science, information derived from clinical practice, increased support for early childhood development programs for all children, and major legislative events can be found elsewhere Taken together, what has emerged from all of these efforts is a strong commitment to make early intervention, in all of its forms, work. Moreover, as programs in each state and local community have become more visible and prominent, the expectations for early intervention programs have increased considerably. Ensuring the availability of well-coordinated, highly effective early intervention programs in every community, each representing contemporary principles and practices, is held to be a reasonable goal by policy makers, parents, and professionals. It is further thought that the absence of uniformly high-quality early intervention programs can jeopardize the health and optimal development of our nation's vulnerable children and pose increasing challenges to the ability of families to function effectively.
Filtering and storage working memory networks in younger and older age

Working memory (WM) is a multi‐component model that among others involves the two processes of filtering and storage. The first reflects the necessity to inhibit irrelevant information from entering memory, whereas the latter refers to the active maintenance of object representations in memory. In this study, we aimed at a) redefining the neuronal networks sustaining filtering and storage within visual working memory by avoiding shortcomings of prior studies, and b) assessing age‐related changes in these networks.