Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in “Top-Down” Connectivity Underlie Repetition Suppression in the Ventral Visual Pathway

Repetition of the same stimulus leads to a reduction in neural activity known as repetition suppression (RS). In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), RS is found for multiple object categories. One proposal is that RS reflects locally based “within-region” changes, such as neural fatigue. Thus, if a given region shows RS across changes in stimulus size or view, then it is inferred to hold size- or view-invariant representations. An alternative hypothesis characterizes RS as a consequence of “top-down” between-region modulation. Differentiating between these accounts is central to the correct interpretation of fMRI RS data. It is also unknown whether the same mechanisms underlie RS to identical stimuli and RS across changes in stimulus size or view. Using fMRI, we investigated RS within a body-sensitive network in human visual cortex comprising the extrastriate body area (EBA) and the fusiform body area (FBA). Both regions showed RS to identical images of the same body that was unaffected by changes in body size or view. Dynamic causal modeling demonstrated that changes in backward, top-down (FBA-to-EBA) effective connectivity play a critical role in RS. Furthermore, only repetition of the identical image showed additional changes in forward connectivity (EBA-to-FBA). These results suggest that RS is driven by changes in top-down modulation, whereas the contribution of “feedforward” changes in connectivity is dependent on the precise nature of the repetition. Our results challenge previous interpretations regarding the underlying nature of neural representations made using fMRI RS paradigms.
Choice Probability Generating Functions

This paper considers discrete choice, with choice probabilities coming from maximization of preferences from a random utility field perturbed by additive location shifters (ARUM). Any ARUM can be characterized by a choice-probability generating function (CPGF) whose gradient gives the choice probabilities, and every CPGF is consistent with an ARUM. We relate CPGF to multivariate extreme value distributions, and review and extend methods for constructing CPGF for applications.
The impact of unaware carriership on the clinical presentation of haemophilia

Summary. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an unaware carriership on the delay in diagnosis of haemophilia and the resulting effect of this delay on morbidity. Information on 73 haemophilia patients (<18 years) and their mothers was gathered from data of patients’ medical records and completed by interviews with the parent(s). Although a positive family history was present in 52 gravidae, 16 of them (31%) were not aware of their carrier status at moment of delivery. Fifteen of these 16 unaware carriers, were carriers of a non‐severe form of haemophilia. In mothers who were unaware of carriership for haemophilia instrumental delivery occurred more frequently than in mothers who knew they were carriers. This is disquieting since instrumental delivery poses a significant risk (relative risk: 17.8, 95% CI: 4.0–78.4) for intra‐ or extracranial bleedings in newborn haemophiliacs in comparison to spontaneous deliveries or caesarean sections. In 83% of the patients with a positive family history, diagnosis was established before the first bleeding episode. Patients diagnosed by bleedings presented more often with iatrogenic bleedings (38%) then patients who were diagnosed because of a positive family history (9%) (P < 0.05). In comparison to previous studies, more patients had a positive family history and in more haemophiliacs with a positive family history diagnosis was established before the first bleeding episode. Although this reflects the yield of improved diagnostic methods, further reduction of iatrogenic bleeding is possible by intensifying counselling of mild haemophilia carriers.
Structural analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 3. II. Sequence features of the 4,251,695 bp regions covered by 90 P1, TAC and BAC clones.

To deduce the entire sequence of the top arm of the Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 3, the sequence determination was performed on a total of 90 P1, TAC and BAC clones chosen according to our sequencing strategy. Sequence features of the resulting 4,251,695 bp regions were analyzed with various computer programs for similarity search and gene modeling. As a result, a total of 941 potential protein-coding genes were identified. The average density of the genes identified was 1 gene per 4210 bp. Introns were observed in 73% of the genes, and the average number per gene and the average length of the introns were 3.6 and 159 bp, respectively. These sequence features are essentially identical to those of chromosomes 3 and 5 in our previous reports. The regions also contained 14 tRNA genes when searched by similarity to reported tRNA genes and the tRNA scan-SE program. The sequence data and information on the potential genes are available through the World Wide Web database KAOS (Kazusa Arabidopsis data Opening Site) at http://www.kazusa. or.jp/kaos/.
Investigation on tool wear process of milling wave-transmitting Si3N4 ceramics

ABSTRACT Due to the low fracture toughness of wave-transmitting Si3N4 ceramics, the special material removal mechanism causes the tool wear to be different. The paper presents the tool wear forms and mechanism under different milling depth. The effect of tool wear on cutting force and machined surface morphology is discussed. Tests have been performed under typical conditions of cutting depth of 0.3 mm (in plastic-domain processing) and 0.4 mm (in brittle-domain processing). The results show that the abrasive wear caused by the chips is the main mechanism of the cutting edge wear and the flank wear, the increase of the side edge rear angle with tool wear is the main cause of the chipping phenomenon. The cutting depth is a significant influence parameter to the wear characteristics, and two types have been distinguished. As the material removal volume ascending, the cutting edge wear and the flank face wear has a stable period, and the root-mean-square deviation of processing surface increases to 1.6 μm, while that increase with the material removal volume continuously, and the processing surface decreases to 1.4 μm. It has been proved that the cutting force tends to increase first and then decrease as the material removal volume is about 4320 mm3.
On the Wiener index and the eccentric distance sum of hypergraphs

The Wiener index of an n-vertex tree T can be calculated by means of the expression W (T ) = ∑ e [n1(e)n2(e)], where n1(e) and n2(e) = n−n1(e) are the number of vertices on the two sides of the edge e, and the summation goes over all edges of T . Here we generalize this result to the case of hypertrees and we propose formulas for the Wiener index and the eccentric distance sum of distance-regular hypergraphs in terms of its intersection array. Moreover, using the alternating polynomials and the Laplacian polynomials, we obtain upper bounds on the eccentric distance sum and Wiener index of hypergraphs.
Water Stress Alleviation of Roselle Plant by Silicon Treatment Through Some Physiological and Biochemical Responses

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author EFA did the experiments of germination and cultivation Roselle seeds, treatments application, collecting the experimental results such the plant growth characters, yield components, nutrient elements determination, physiological activities as well as sharing in the statistical analysis of the experimental data. Author FASH shared in all activities during the implémentation of the experiment, i.e. sharing in germination and cultivation Roselle seeds, treatments application, collecting the experimental results such the plant growth characters, yield components, nutrient elements determination, physiological activities as well as the statistical analysis of the experimental data. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. ABSTRACT A research trial was planned to find out the effect of water deficit and/or silicon (Si) foliar application on the growth, yield, sepal quality and some physiological characters of roselle plants. Under water stress treatment, the growth parameters (plant height, branch number, dry weight and leaf area) sepal yield and relative water content (RWC) were significantly reduced; however Si treatment ameliorated the negative effects of water stress and improved the growth even with non-stressed plants. The contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were significantly decreased in water stressed plants and ARRB, relative to plants grown under higher water levels. Si application increased the contents of N, P, K and Mg, while Ca content was decreased due to Si treatment in stressed or non-stressed plants. Water stress significantly decreased the total soluble solids and pH value however; Si application substantially alleviated this reduction. In contrast, the anthocyanin content was significantly increased due to water stress treatment. Otherwise, Si application increased anthocyanin content in stressed or non-stressed plants. Water stress significantly decreased the chlorophyll content and membrane stability index (MSI) compared with non-stressed plants. However, Si application had positive effects in this respect and alleviated the adverse effects of water stress. The total soluble sugars and proline content were significantly increased under water stress conditions and/or Si application. Water stress treatment promoted the activities of CAT, SOD and POD enzymes in roselle leaves however; Si application increased the activities of those enzymes except POD that decreased.
Tetraxial textiles: assessment of mesoscale mechanical modelling by experimental measurements

Tetraxial technical textiles were recently manufactured by a new loom developed to weave yarns in four directions. The textile has warp, weft, and two diagonal yarns oriented at symmetrical angles (typically ±45°) with respect to the warp direction. The peculiar yarns distribution could enhance the mechanical response of the textile in multiple directions aiming to almost isotropic in-plane behaviour. For the prediction of the mechanical performance of such tetraxial textiles, a reliable and accurate predictive model is of relevant importance. The present investigation aims to adopt the finite element numerical approach at the mesoscopic scale to predict the mechanical response for any in-plane loading of tetraxial textiles. An accurate modelling of the constitutive behaviour of the fibrous yarns was adopted considering a hyperelastic model. The modelling of the tetraxial unit cell allowed to have the mechanical behaviour for uniaxial and biaxial tensile and for shear loading conditions. The assessment of the accuracy of the numerical model was performed considering a huge experimental campaign dedicated to several hybrid tetraxial textiles. The comparison highlights the accuracy of the numerical model to predict the nonlinear behavior of the fabric for any loading condition and to provide the proper mechanical model for further optimization of tetraxial textiles supposed for different industrial applications.
Associations between the codon 72 polymorphism of the TP53 gene and the risk of recurrent implantation failure

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is the most common cause of unsuccessful pregnancy after assisted reproductive techniques. The tumor protein P53 (TP53) codon 72 polymorphism (G‐C transversion) has been explored in susceptibility to RIF, but inconclusive results have been reported. The aim of this article is to estimate the associations between the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and the risk of RIF.
Medication-overuse headache and opioid-induced hyperalgesia: A review of mechanisms, a neuroimmune hypothesis and a novel approach to treatment

Introduction Patients with chronic headache who consume large amounts of analgesics are often encountered in clinical practice. Excessive intake of analgesics is now considered to be a cause, rather than simply a consequence, of frequent headaches, and as such the diagnosis “medication-overuse headache” (MOH) has been formulated. Despite the prevalence and clinical impact of MOH, the pathophysiology behind this disorder remains unclear and specific mechanism-based treatment options are lacking. Discussion Although most acute headache treatments have been alleged to cause MOH, here we conclude from the literature that opioids are a particularly problematic drug class consistently associated with worsening headache. MOH may not be a single entity, as each class of drug implicated may cause MOH via a different mechanism. Recent evidence indicates that chronic opioid administration may exacerbate pain in the long term by activating toll-like receptor-4 on glial cells, resulting in a pro-inflammatory state that manifests clinically as increased pain. Thus, from the available evidence it seems opioid-overuse headache is a phenomenon similar to opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which derives from a cumulative interaction between central sensitisation, due to repeated activation of nociceptive pathways by recurrent headaches, and pain facilitation due to glial activation. Conclusion Treatment strategies directed at inhibiting glial activation may be of benefit alongside medication withdrawal in the management of MOH.
Maternal induction of ventral fate by zebrafish radar

In vertebrate embryos, maternal determinants are thought to preestablish the dorsoventral axis by locally activating zygotic ventral- and dorsal-specifying genes, e.g., genes encoding bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and BMP inhibitors, respectively. Whereas the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway fulfills this role dorsally, the existence of a reciprocal maternal ventralizing signal remains hypothetical. Maternal noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling may promote ventral fates by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin dorsalizing signals; however, whether any maternal determinant is directly required for the activation of zygotic ventral-specifying genes is unknown. Here, we show that such a function is achieved, in part, in the zebrafish embryo by the maternally encoded transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling molecule, Radar. Loss-of-function experiments, together with epistasis analyses, identify maternal Radar as an upstream activator of bmps expression. Maternal induction of bmps by Radar is essential for zebrafish development as its removal results in larval-lethal dorsalized phenotypes. Double-morphant analyses further suggest that Radar functions through the TGF-β receptor Alk8 to initiate the expression of bmp genes. Our results support the existence of a previously uncharacterized maternal ventralizing pathway. They might further indicate that maternal TGF-β/Rdr and Wnt/Ca2+ pathways complementarily specify ventral cell fates, with the former triggering bmps expression and the latter indirectly repressing genes encoding BMP antagonists.
Biosynthesis of the D2 cell adhesion molecule: pulse-chase studies in cultured fetal rat neuronal cells

D2 is a membrane glycoprotein that is believed to function as a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) in neural cells. We have examined its biosynthesis in cultured fetal rat brain neurones. We found D2-CAM to be synthesized initially as two polypeptides: Mr 186,000 (A) and Mr 136,000 (B). With increasing chase times the Mr of both molecules increased to 187,000-201,000 (A) and 137,000-158,000 (B). These were similar to the sizes of D2-CAM labeled with [14C]glucosamine, [3H]fucose and [14C]mannosamine, indicating that the higher Mr species are glycoproteins. In the presence of tunicamycin, which specifically blocks the synthesis of high mannose cores, Mr were reduced to 175,000 (A) and 124,000 (B). Newly synthesized A and B are susceptible to degradation by endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase H, which specifically degrades high mannose cores, but they are resistant to such degradation after 150 min of posttranslational processing. Hence, we deduce that A and B are initially synthesized with four to five high mannose cores which are later converted into N-linked complex oligosaccharides attached to asparagine residues. However, no shift of [35S]methionine radioactivity between A and B was detected with different pulse or chase times, showing that these molecules are not interconverted. Thus, our data indicate that the neuronal D2-CAM glycoproteins are derived from two mRNAs.
Global modeling of SOA formation from dicarbonyls, epoxides, organic nitrates and peroxides

Recent experimental findings indicate that sec- ondary organic aerosol (SOA) represents an important and, under many circumstances, the major fraction of the organic aerosol burden. Here, we use a global 3-D model (IMPACT) to test the results of different mechanisms for the production of SOA. The basic mechanism includes SOA formation from organic nitrates and peroxides produced from an explicit chemical formulation, using partition coefficients based on thermodynamic principles together with assumptions for the rate of formation of low-volatility oligomers. We also in- clude the formation of low-volatility SOA from the reac- tion of glyoxal and methylglyoxal on aqueous aerosols and cloud droplets as well as from the reaction of epoxides on aqueous aerosols. A model simulation including these SOA formation mechanisms gives an annual global SOA produc- tion of 120.5 Tg. The global production of SOA is decreased substantially to 90.8 Tg yr 1 if the HOx regeneration mech- anism proposed by Peeters et al. (2009) is used. Model pre- dictions with and without this HOx (OH and HO2) regenera- tion scheme are compared with multiple surface observation datasets, namely: the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) for the United States, the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), and aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) data measured in both the Northern Hemisphere and tropical forest regions. All model simulations show reasonable agreement with the or- ganic carbon mass observed in the IMPROVE network and the AMS dataset, however observations in Europe are signifi- cantly underestimated, which may be caused by an underesti- mation of primary organic aerosol emissions (POA) in winter and of emissions and/or SOA production in the summer. The modeled organic aerosol concentrations tend to be higher by roughly a factor of three when compared with measurements at three tropical forest sites. This overestimate suggests that more measurements and model studies are needed to exam- ine the formation of organic aerosols in the tropics. The mod- eled organic carbon (OC) in the free troposphere is in agree- ment with measurements in the ITCT-2K4 aircraft campaign over North America and in pollution layers off Asia during the INTEX-B campaign, although the model underestimates OC in the free troposphere in comparison with the ACE-Asia campaign off the coast of Japan.
Effects of Changes in Sodium Balance on Prostaglandin Synthesis and Prostaglandin E2 9-Ketoreductase Activity in the Rat Kidney

The in vitro synthesis of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha by renal cortex, medulla and papilla was measured in normal rats and in rats receiving either a low or a high sodium intake for 14 days. The production of both prostaglandins was unchanged in the cortex. In the medulla, both low and high sodium intakes led to a similar decrease in prostaglandin E2 synthesis in vitro, but prostaglandin F2 alpha synthesis was unchanged. In the papilla, a low sodium intake increased prostaglandin E2 synthesis. The activity of prostaglandin E2 9-ketoreductase, a cytosolic enzyme catalysing the conversion of prostaglandin E2 to prostaglandin F2 alpha, was unchanged in cortical preparations. In medullary slices, prostaglandin E2 9-ketoreductase activity was decreased by both sodium depletion and loading. In the papilla, prostaglandin E2 9-ketoreductase activity was slightly decreased by sodium loading and increased with sodium depletion. These results obtained in the rat are at variance with findings in the rabbit. The role played by prostaglandin E2 9-ketoreductase in the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis during changes of sodium balance remains controversial.
Properties of EN AW-2024 Wrought Aluminum Alloy after Casting with Crystallization under Pressure

Abstract Establishing of wrought aluminum alloys casting to manufacture is now a global trend, for example due to lower production costs compare to forging or due to the ability to produce parts with thinner sections and more complex shapes. The aim of using these alloys in the foundry industry is in particular the creation of castings with higher mechanical properties than achieve castings made of standard casting aluminum alloys. Most often are cast wrought aluminum alloys of the 2xxx, 6xxx and 7xxx series. In the experiment, an alloy EN AW-2024 has been cast by modified technology of casting with crystallization under pressure. They were measured basic mechanical properties of the castings in the as-cast state and after heat treatment.
Toward Client-Centric Approaches for Latency Minimization in Mobile Applications

Network latency in mobile apps is the first and foremost concern since the majority of apps frequently fetch data from the Internet and mobile devices rely on wireless networks. To minimize network latency, we propose a novel prefetching technique which has the potential of reducing latency to "zero". Our approach aims to prefetch latency-hogging HTTP requests in mobile applications, which enables immediate responses of the on-demand user requests. We identify the request candidates for prefetching by static analysis, rewrite the app to interact with a proxy instead of the original server, and prefetch HTTP requests based on runtime QoS constraints. A prototype is implemented for an Android app and the optimized app showed a significant latency reduction.
A Multipole Synchronous Machine With Nonoverlapping Concentrated Armature and Field Windings on the Stator

This paper presents a new type of multipole synchronous machine (SM) in which 2pa-pole armature and 2pf-pole field windings are centrally wound around individual stator teeth. The proposed machine operates as a (2pa + 2pf)-pole SM by providing a magnetic coupling between the armature and field windings through a 2pr-pole reluctance rotor. A 4-kVA (32 + 48)-pole prototype machine was designed and built to validate the principle of this structure. Performance characteristics of the prototype machine were simulated using 2-D finite-element analysis (FEA) and were supported by experiments. In addition, the effects of the rotor pole shape on the performance characteristics were studied through 2-D FEA simulations. The results presented provide guidelines for the optimum design of the proposed machine.