Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scientific Article Summarization Using Citation-Context and Article’s Discourse Structure

We propose a summarization approach for scientific articles which takes advantage of citation-context and the document discourse model. While citations have been previously used in generating scientific summaries, they lack the related context from the referenced article and therefore do not accurately reflect the article’s content. Our method overcomes the problem of inconsistency between the citation summary and the article’s content by providing context for each citation. We also leverage the inherent scientific article’s discourse for producing better summaries. We show that our proposed method effectively improves over existing summarization approaches (greater than 30% improvement over the best performing baseline) in terms of ROUGE scores on TAC2014 scientific summarization dataset. While the dataset we use for evaluation is in the biomedical domain, most of our approaches are general and therefore adaptable to other domains.
Metalloprotease ADAM10 Is Required for Notch1 Site 2 Cleavage*

Notch signaling is controlled by ligand binding, which unfolds a negative control region to induce proteolytic cleavage of the receptor. First, a membrane-proximal cleavage is executed by a metalloprotease, removing the extracellular domain. This allows γ-secretase to execute a second cleavage within the Notch transmembrane domain, which releases the intracellular domain to enter the nucleus. Here we show that the ADAM10 metalloprotease Kuzbanian, but not ADAM17/tumor necrosis factor α-converting enzyme, plays an essential role in executing ligand-induced extracellular cleavage at site 2 (S2) in cells and localizes this step to the plasma membrane. Importantly, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of metalloproteases still allowed extracellular cleavage of Notch, indicating the presence of unknown proteases with the ability to cleave at S2. Gain of function mutations identified in human cancers and in model organisms that map to the negative control region alleviate the requirement for ligand binding for extracellular cleavage to occur. Because cancer-causing Notch1 mutations also depend on (rate-limiting) S2 proteolysis, the identity of these alternative proteases has important implications for understanding Notch activation in normal and cancer cells.
POLQ (Pol θ), a DNA polymerase and DNA‐dependent ATPase in human cells

The genomes of eukaryotic cells predict the existence of multiple DNA polymerases, which are proposed to serve specialized roles in DNA replication and repair. We report here the isolation of the full-length human DNA POLQ gene, and an initial characterization of its gene product, DNA polymerase theta. POLQ is of particular interest as it is orthologous to Drosophila Mus308, a gene implicated in cellular resistance to interstrand DNA cross-linking agents. The POLQ cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 2592 amino acids with an ATPase-helicase domain in the N-terminal part of the protein, a central spacer domain, and a DNA polymerase domain in the C-terminal portion. This arrangement is conserved with Mus308. Expression of an mRNA of approximately 8.5 kb was detected in human cell lines. In a survey of human and mouse tissues, expression was highest in testis. Immunoblotting with POLQ antibodies detected a protein of >250 kDa in extracts from HeLa cells. Prominent fragments of approximately 100 kDa suggest that POLQ is readily proteolyzed. Full-length human POLQ was expressed from a baculovirus system. Purified POLQ showed DNA polymerase activity on nicked double-stranded DNA and on a singly primed DNA template. The enzyme activity was resistant to aphidicolin, consistent with its membership of the A family of DNA polymerases, and inhibited by dideoxynucleotides. POLQ further exhibited a single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity.
Learning Styles and Teaching Perspectives of Canadian Pharmacy Practice Residents and Faculty Preceptors

Objective. To characterize and compare learning styles of pharmacy practice residents and their faculty preceptors, and identify teaching perspectives of faculty preceptors. Methods. Twenty-nine pharmacy residents and 306 pharmacy faculty members in British Columbia were invited to complete the Pharmacists’ Inventory of Learning Styles (PILS). Faculty preceptors also were asked to complete the Teaching Perspectives Inventory (TPI). Results. One hundred percent of residents and 61% of faculty members completed the PILS, and 31% of faculty members completed the TPI. The most common dominant learning style among residents and faculty preceptors was assimilator, and 93% were assimilators, convergers, or both. The distribution of dominant learning styles between residents and faculty members was not different (p=0.77). The most common dominant teaching perspective among faculty members was apprenticeship. Conclusion. Residents and preceptors mostly exhibited learning styles associated with abstract over concrete thinking or watching over doing. Residency programs should steer residents more toward active learning and doing, and maximize interactions with patients and other caregivers.
The (Q,S,s) Pricing Rule

We introduce menu costs in the search-theoretic model of imperfect competition of Burdett and Judd. When menu costs are not too large, the equilibrium is such that sellers follow a (Q,S,s) pricing rule. According to the rule, a seller lets inflation erode the real value of its nominal price until it reaches some point $s$. Then, the seller pays the menu cost and resets the real value of its nominal price to a point randomly drawn from a distribution with support $[S,Q]$, where $s<S<Q$. A (Q,S,s) equilibrium differs with respect to a standard (S,s) equilibrium: (1) in a (Q,S,s) equilibrium, sellers sometimes keep their nominal price constant to avoid paying the menu cost, other times because they are indifferent to changes in the real value of their price. An exploratory calibration reveals that menu costs account less than half of the observed duration of nominal prices. (2) in a (Q,S,s) equilibrium, higher inflation leads to higher real prices, as sellers pass onto buyers the cost of more frequent price adjustments, and to lower welfare.
Vigilance under induced hyperthermia.

Abstract Twelve highly practised subjects were tested in an ambient environment of 103°F (DB), 93°F (WB) on a 1-hour task of visual vigilance, after having performed, in the same environment, physical work which produced an ultimate rise in body-temperature of approximately 0·. 4°F for every ten minutes of continuous activity. The vigilance test was not carried out until the subjects had rested for at least thirty minutes after completion of the work; under these circumstances body-temperature remained elevated at a near constant level during the test. Contrary to results reported by earlier workers, no increase in the overall rate at which signals were detected was observed as a result of the raised body-tomperature; however it was found that such an incroase was observable if only those occasions when the subject indicated a high degree of confidence in the accuracy of his report following a signal presentation were scored as detections. Thus there was, in effect, an increase in confidence with raised bo.
Thermoelectric experiments on nanowire-based quantum dots

This thesis experimentally investigates the possibilities of using quantum effects in semiconductor nanostructures for engineering their thermoelectric properties. More specifically, heterostructured InAs/InP nanowires are used to create short InAs quantum dots (QDs) with electronic state structure resembling that found in atoms. Recently developed top-heater architecture is used to apply a temperature differential across the QDs. The nanowire-based QD devices are used for studies of thermoelectric effects at the nanoscale and for experimental demonstration of particle-exchange heat engines.This thesis first gives an overview of the most important physical effects governing the behavior of quantum dots (QDs). The Master equation approach to model the electronic transport in QDs is introduced in the sequential electron tunneling approximation. It is used to illustrative the transport behavior of QDs. The Landauer-Buttiker approach is also introduced as a reference and the differences with the sequential electron tunneling approximation are discussed. A summary of the most important literature on the thermoelectric properties of single QDs is given and discussed to provide the context for the experimental studies in this thesis. Finally, a description of the experimental methods used in this thesis is given.There are three studies included in this thesis. The first investigates the nonlinear thermoelectric response of a QD with an applied thermal bias. A strongly nonlinear behavior is observed which can be fully explained by the interplay between different QD electronic states contributing to thermocurrent in opposing directions. The second study experimentally demonstrates efficient particle-exchange heat engines based on QDs for the first time. The analysis of the heat engines' power and efficiency indicate heat-to-electric conversion efficiencies up to 70% of Carnot efficiency. The third study investigates the thermoelectric response of QDs in the presence of Kondo correlations. It verifies a previous theoretical prediction that the sign of the thermoelectric signature in QDs inverts due to the Kondo correlations.The experiments presented in this thesis have been successful in filling a gap between theory and experiments on several fronts. Future experiments could, for example, study Kondo-correlated QDs in the nonlinear thermoelectric response regime in the presence of magnetic field, where theory predictions are harder to obtain, or could employ thermoelectric characterization techniques to study entropy of various different QD states. (Less)
Tautomeric Forms of Metarhodopsin

Light isomerizes the chromophore of rhodopsin, 11-cis retinal (formerly retinene), to the all-trans configuration. This introduces a succession of unstable intermediates—pre-lumirhodopsin, lumirhodopsin, metarhodopsin —in which all-trans retinal is still attached to the chromophoric site on opsin. Finally, retinal is hydrolyzed from opsin. The present experiments show that metarhodopsin exists in two tautomeric forms, metarhodopsins I and II, with λmax 478 and 380 mµ. Metarhodopsin I appears first, then enters into equilibrium with metarhodopsin II. In this equilibrium, the proportion of metarhodopsin II is favored by higher temperature or pH, neutral salts, and glycerol. The change from metarhodopsin I to II involves the binding of a proton by a group with pK 6.4 (imidazole? ), and a large increase of entropy. Metarhodopsin II has been confused earlier with the final mixture of all-trans retinal and opsin (λmax 387 mµ), which it resembles in spectrum. These two products are, however, readily distinguished experimentally.
Substring selectivity estimation

With the explosion of the Internet, LDAP directories and XML, there is an ever greater need to evaluate queries involving (sub)string matching. Effective query optimization in this context requires good selectivity estimates. In this paper, we use pruned count-suffix trees as the basic framework for substring selectivity estimation. We present a novel technique to obtain a good estimate for a given substring matching query, called MO (for Maximal Overlap), that estimates the selectivity of a query based on all maximal substrings of the query in the pruned count-suffix tree. We show that MO is provably better than the (independence-based) substring selectivity estimation technique proposed by Krishnan et al. [6], called KVI, under the natural assumption that strings exhibit the so-called “short memory” property. We complement our analysis with an experiment, using a real AT&T data set, that demonstrates that MO is substantially superior to KVI in the quality of the estimate. Finally, we develop and analyze two selectivity estimation algorithms, MOC and MOLC, based on MO and a constraint-based characterization of all possible completions of a given pruned count-suffix tree. We show that KVI, MO, MOC and MOLC illustrate an interesting tradeoff between estimation accuracy and computational efficiency. *This work was done when the author was at AT&T Labs-Research, Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA. +This work was done when the author was on sabbatical at AT&T Labs-Research, Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA. Permission to make digital or hard copies ol’all or part ol‘this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that topics are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the lirst page. To copy otherwise, to republish, lo post on servers or to redistribute to lists. requires prior specific permission andior a fee. PODS ‘W Philadelphia PA Copyright ACM 1999 1-58 113-062-7/99/05. $5.00
Investigating the snow crystal : a computational study of the molecular mechanisms of hexagonal ice growth

Hexagonal Ice (Ih) plays a number of essential roles in controlling and maintaining the natural environment on Earth. It is the predominant crystalline form of ice and permanently covers at least 10% of all land. Within the atmosphere ice forms cirrus clouds which are involved in the greenhouse e↵ect. The altitude and thickness of the clouds controls the balance of solar heating and infrared cooling from Earth to space, and is governed by the sizes and shapes of the constituent ice crystals. The shape of vapour grown ice crystals depends strongly on temperature and vapour pressure. At low vapour pressures, simple hexagonal prisms form with an aspect ratio that depends on the relative rate of growth of its two crystallographic surfaces the basal and prism surface. The competing action of the two rates results in thin hexagonal plates at very low temperatures and elongated prisms at higher temperatures. Curiously, as temperature is increased further, thin plates form once again. The reasons why growth occurs preferentially along the basal and prism surfaces at di↵erent temperatures remain unknown. Progress in climate science is hindered by an incomplete grasp of the underlying mechanisms involved in ice growth in cirrus clouds. A comprehensive understanding of ice crystal growth is essential if we are to overcome the colossal climate change challenges we face. In this project we investigate the basal and secondary prism surfaces of hexagonal ice at a range of temperatures between 240 K and 270 K using molecular dynamics and metadynamics. Metadynamics is an enhanced sampling technique that enables e cient sampling of rare events and yields an estimate of the free energy as a function of selected collective variables. Our simulations show the formation of a disordered quasi-liquid layer (QLL) on the surfaces of ice. The QLL mediates crystal growth and has a thickness which varies with temperature. We investigate how the ice/QLL and QLL/vapour interfaces influence the water adsorption potential, surface di↵usion properties and growth shape. Our findings reveal that the outer surface structure at the QLL/vapour interface depends weakly on the underlying crystal lattice. The desorption energy costs are equivalent for the basal and prism surfaces, however, the crystal lattice impacts the dynamics within the QLL. Our results show that there are distinct di↵usion energy barriers at the basal and prismatic QLL/ice interfaces. The implication of our work is that the QLL/ice interface is key to the overall kinetics of ice growth in vapour whereas the QLL/vapour interface plays a secondary role.
Bertand Competition and the Existence of Pure Strategy Nash Equilibrium in Markets with Adverse Selection

I analyse a market with adverse selection in which companies compete ` a la Bertrand by offering menus of contracts. Contrary to Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976), I allow for any ﬁnite number of types and states and more general utility functions. I deﬁne the generalised Rothschild-Stiglitz Proﬁle of Actions (RSPA), and I show that, in every possible market, if the RSPA is efﬁcient, it is also a pure strategy Nash equilibrium proﬁle of actions. On the contrary, I show that in markets in which the RSPA is not efﬁcient, preferences admit an expected utility representation with strictly increasing and strictly concave VNM utilities and a weak sorting condition holds, no pure strategy Nash equilibrium exists
Molecular Basis of Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis

Background S. aureus is one of the main pathogens involved in ruminant mastitis worldwide. The severity of staphylococcal infection is highly variable, ranging from subclinical to gangrenous mastitis. This work represents an in-depth characterization of S. aureus mastitis isolates to identify bacterial factors involved in severity of mastitis infection. Methodology/Principal Findings We employed genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to comprehensively compare two clonally related S. aureus strains that reproducibly induce severe (strain O11) and milder (strain O46) mastitis in ewes. Variation in the content of mobile genetic elements, iron acquisition and metabolism, transcriptional regulation and exoprotein production was observed. In particular, O11 produced relatively high levels of exoproteins, including toxins and proteases known to be important in virulence. A characteristic we observed in other S. aureus strains isolated from clinical mastitis cases. Conclusions/Significance Our data are consistent with a dose-dependant role of some staphylococcal factors in the hypervirulence of strains isolated from severe mastitis. Mobile genetic elements, transcriptional regulators, exoproteins and iron acquisition pathways constitute good targets for further research to define the underlying mechanisms of mastitis severity.
Thermal and residual mechanical profile of recycled aggregate concrete prepared with carbonated concrete aggregates after exposure to elevated temperatures

Thermal and residual mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) prepared with recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) after exposure to high temperatures has so far received less attention than that of conventional concrete prepared with natural aggregates (NAs). This study experimentally investigated thermal and residual mechanical performance of RAC prepared with different replacement percentages of non‐carbonated and carbonated RCAs after exposure to high temperatures. The residual mechanical properties, including compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and peak strain at the maximum strength, were measured for evaluating the fire resistance of RAC. The experimental results showed that although the fire‐resistant ability of natural granite aggregates was high, thermal deterioration of the conventional concrete after exposure to 600°C, presented by thermal induced mesocracks, was more serious than that of RAC due to thermal incompatibility between NAs and mortar. Using the carbonated RCAs can reduce the width of thermal mesocrack in RAC. The residual mechanical properties of RAC after exposure to 600°C can be obviously improved by incorporating 20% to 40% of the carbonated RCAs. For the RAC made with the 100% carbonated RCAs, the ratio of residual to initial compressive strength after exposure to above 500°C was even higher than that of the conventional concrete.
Impact of dopant compensation on the electrical properties of silicon for solar cells applications

This thesis aims at understanding the mechanisms limiting the efficiency of compensated silicon solar cells (containing boron and phosphorus in the bulk). Such dopant compensation is common in solar grade materials, especially in silicon from the metallurgical route, and can potentially lead to a degradation of the materials electronic properties. We experimentally show that a thermal oxidation can create an n-type layer at the surface of compensated p-type silicon. This n-type layer is further shown to interfere with device performance and material characterization. We investigate the impact of compensation on the minority carrier lifetime, in particular for recombination through defects. Metastable defects such as chromiumboron pairs and the boron-oxygen defect are shown to degrade the lifetime of compensated n-type silicon. The boron-oxygen defect in compensated n-type silicon is then experimentally investigated. It is shown that if not mitigated, the boron-oxygen defect leads to a strong reduction in implied VOC. The defect is also shown to be fundamentally different in compensated n-type silicon compared to p-type silicon. Its concentration does not depend on the net doping and its recombination activity is dominated by a shallow defect rather than a deep defect. Through a theoretical investigation, we show that the carrier mobility is also affected by compensation. Both theory and experiments confirm that the mobility is reduced by the combined presence of acceptors and donors. Compensation not only increases the amount of ionized impurities and decreases the amount of free carriers, it also affects the scattering cross section of ionized impurities and free carriers. Theoretical calculations show a relatively weak influence of the compensating impurities on the mobility. However experimental results suggest a stronger influence of compensating impurities. This results in mobilities slightly lower than predicted by advanced model such as Klaassen’s model.
A Nutrition Education Program in Rural Bangladesh Was Associated with Improved Feeding Practices but Not with Child Growth.

Background: Childhood undernutrition is a major public health problem in Bangladesh. Evaluating child nutrition programs is a priority.Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate a community-based nutrition education program (implemented from 2011 to 2013) aimed at improving infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices and growth in rural Bangladesh.Methods: A cohort-based evaluation was conducted that included 2400 women (1200 from Karimganj, the intervention subdistrict, and 1200 from Katiadi, the control subdistrict) enrolled at 28-31 wk gestation in 3 waves between January and October 2011. Follow-up occurred at 3, 9, 16, and 24 mo of offspring age. The main outcomes were exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), measured at 3 mo, timing of complementary feeding (CF) initiation and minimum acceptable diet (MAD), measured at 9 mo, and child growth [assessed via length-for-age z score (LAZ) and weight-for-length z score], measured at all follow-ups. The main exposures were subdistrict of residence and wave of enrollment. For IYCF practices as outcome, logistic regressions were used. Generalized estimating equations were used for child growth as outcome.Results: EBF rates at 3 mo remained unchanged between waves 1 and 3 in Karimganj (55.6% compared with 57.3%), but the proportion of infants receiving timely CF initiation and MAD at 9 mo increased significantly (CF: 27.1-54.7%; MAD: 8.4-35.3%). Mean LAZ at 24 mo remained unchanged between waves 1 and 3 in Karimganj (-2.18 compared with -1.98). Conclusions: The program was successful in improving the quality of infant diet at 9 mo and timely CF initiation, but not EBF at 3 mo or LAZ. These findings support the case for implementing simple messages in all programs aimed at improving infant diet, especially in settings in which supplementing overall household diet may not be feasible.
Drug misuse causes major problems for women in India

Women in India face greater problems from drug misuse than men do, although these sex differences do not show up clearly in official statistics, says a new study. The study, released last week by the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and India's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, says that misuse of drugs has a serious impact on women as mothers, wives, and sisters of misusers, but this aspect has not been adequately addressed. “Such an impact becomes even more serious in a developing country like India where women are already disadvantaged,” says the report. The consequences include domestic …