Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Transformative Power of Youth Grants: Sparks and Ripples of Change Affecting Marginalised Youth and their Communities

This study, based on research into a youth empowerment initiative in Canada, examines the transformational power of youth grants for marginalised youth and their communities. The positive changes on individual youth included increased confidence and skills, as well as strengthened social interactions between youth, and involved adults and organisations. To leverage grant impact, we identify the critical role of creating accountability at multiple levels, promoting sharing among grantees, and fostering allies and system thinkers. The evaluation points to the potential of grants for changing community's perception that youth are incapable of fostering community youth development. In the field of human development, attention is increasingly given to the role cash transfers and grants can play in reducing poverty and boosting the resilience of communities facing adversity (Hanlon and others, 2010). Interestingly, little of the discussion about this simple yet powerful tool has spilled over into either the child rights or community youth development sectors. Many programmes for vulnerable youth living in disadvantaged communities still apply a ‘charity’ approach that downplays the active role young people can assume in strengthening their own well-being and the resilience of their communities. This article examines cash transfers through youth grants as a mechanism for marginalised young people to act upon ideas and issues of importance to them. The study draws on an analysis of YouthScape (YS): a youth empowerment initiative in which almost 200 youth grants were allocated in four Canadian cities over a three-year period. With increasing interest in youth-granting in North America, this evaluation on the impacts and enabling conditions of the grants advances understanding of cash transfers as an entry point for reconnecting socially excluded young people with key adults, and as a tool for building important life skills and reinforcing aspects of community resilience.
Robust Adaptive Beamforming Against Array Calibration Errors

Adaptive beamforming methods degrade in the presence of model mismatch. In this paper, we develop a modifled interference covariance matrix reconstruction based beamformer that is robust against large array calibration errors. The calibration errors can come from the element position errors, and/or amplitude and phase errors, etc. The proposed method is based on the fact that the sample covariance matrix can approximate the interference covariance matrix properly when the desired signal is small, and a reconstructed covariance matrix based on the Capon spectral will be better than the sample covariance matrix when the desired signal is large. A weighted summation of two covariance matrices in references is used to reconstruct the interference covariance matrix. Moreover, a computationally e-cient convex optimization-based algorithm is used to estimate the mismatch of the steering vector associated with the desired signal. Several simulation cases are applied to show the superiority of the proposed method over other robust adaptive beamformers.
Establishment, maintenance and modifications of the lower jaw dentition of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) throughout its life cycle

In this paper we elucidate the pattern of initiation of the first teeth and the pattern of tooth replacement on the dentary of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), throughout nearly all stages of its life cycle, using serially sectioned heads and jaws, cleared and stained animals, and X‐rays. The dentary teeth are set in one row. Tooth germs appear around hatching, first in odd positions, followed by even positions. From position 8 further backwards, teeth are added in adjacent positions. The first replacement teeth appear in animals of about 30 mm fork length. On the dentary of early life stages (alevins and fry), every position in the tooth row holds a functional (i.e. attached and erupted) tooth and a replacement tooth. The alternating pattern set up anteriorly in the dentary by the first‐generation teeth changes in juveniles (parr) whereby teeth are in a similar functional (for the erupted teeth) or developmental stage (for the replacement teeth) every three positions. This pattern is also observed in marine animals during their marine life phase and in both sexes of adult animals prior to spawning (grilse and salmon), but every position now holds either a functional tooth or a mineralised replacement tooth. This is likely due to the fact that replacement tooth germs have to grow to a larger size before mineralisation starts. In the following spring, the dentary tooth pattern of animals that have survived spawning (kelts) is highly variable. The abundance of functional teeth in post‐spawning animals nevertheless indicates that teeth are not lost over winter.
Should the Presence of Polymorphisms of CYP2C19 Enzymes Influence the Choice of the Proton Pump Inhibitor for Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection?

There are variations in the CYP2C19 genotypes, that are important for the metabolism of PPIs. Patients who are heterozygotes for the mutation, but especially homozygotes, have a much slower metabolism, which will result in more profound acid suppression. Studies have been published, that suggest that the success rate of anti-Helicobacter therapy is in part related to the CYP2C19 genotype of the patient. However, it is important to keep in mind that most studies that have evaluated this have been carried out in Asia, in particular in Japan, where the prevalence of poor metabolizers (PM) is much higher than, for example, in Caucasians. The systematic review published in this issue suggests that particularly for omeprazole in combination with amoxicillin or amoxicillin and clarithromycin the success rate is much lower when compared to other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). However, there was marked heterogeneity when the results were pooled in formal meta-analysis. Study quality was suboptimal and other factors such as resistance to antibiotics may explain the observed differences in success rates. More clinical trial data are needed before we can accept the conclusions of this meta-analysis.
A new integrable system on the sphere

This pre-print has been submitted, and accepted, to the journal, Mathematical Research Letters. The definitive version: DULLIN, H.R. and MATVEEV, V.S. , 2004. A new integrable system on the sphere. Mathematical Research Letters, 11(5-6),pp. 715-722.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein K and the UL20 Protein Are Interdependent for Intracellular Trafficking and trans-Golgi Network Localization

ABSTRACT Final envelopment of the cytoplasmic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) nucleocapsid is thought to occur by budding into trans-Golgi network (TGN)-derived membranes. The highly membrane-associated proteins UL20p and glycoprotein K (gK) are required for cytoplasmic envelopment at the TGN and virion transport from the TGN to extracellular spaces. Furthermore, the UL20 protein is required for intracellular transport and cell surface expression of gK. Independently expressed gK or UL20p via transient expression in Vero cells failed to be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Similarly, infection of Vero cells with either gK-null or UL20-null viruses resulted in ER entrapment of UL20p or gK, respectively. In HSV-1 wild-type virus infections and to a lesser extent in transient gK and UL20p coexpression experiments, both gK and UL20p localized to the Golgi apparatus. In wild-type, but not UL20-null, viral infections, gK was readily detected on cell surfaces. In contrast, transiently coexpressed gK and UL20p predominantly localized to the TGN and were not readily detected on cell surfaces. However, TGN-localized gK and UL20p originated from endocytosed gK and UL20p expressed at cell surfaces. Retention of UL20p to the ER through the addition of an ER retention motif forced total ER retention of gK, indicating that transport of gK is absolutely dependent on UL20p transport. In all experiments, gK and UL20p colocalized at intracellular sites, including the ER, Golgi, and TGN. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that gK and UL20p directly interact and that this interaction facilitates their TGN localization, an important prerequisite for cytoplasmic virion envelopment and egress.
Leflunomide Inhibits Pyrimidine de Novo Synthesis in Mitogen-stimulated T-lymphocytes from Healthy Humans*

The mode of action of Leflunomide, an immunomodulatory drug used in rheumatoid arthritis, is debated. This study, using 14C-labeled de novo purine and pyrimidine synthesis precursors, proves conclusively that the prime target in proliferating human T-lymphocytes is pyrimidine biosynthesis at the level of dihydroorotic-acid dehydrogenase. Leflunomide (25 and 50 μm), like Brequinar (0.5 and 1 μm), a demonstrated dihydroorotic-acid dehydrogenase inhibitor, was cytostatic, not cytotoxic, with proliferation being halted in the G1 phase. Both drugs restricted the normal 4–8-fold mitogen-induced expansion of pyrimidine pools over 72 h to concentrations found in nonstimulated T-cells and [14C]bicarbonate incorporation into UTP, ATP, and GTP. Uridine (50 μm) restored expansion of all pools, but [14C]bicarbonate incorporation into ATP and GTP only, not UTP. [14C]Hypoxanthine salvage was also restricted, indicating that purine salvage pathways are compromised likewise by both inhibitors. [14C]Glycine studies confirmed that restriction of de novo purine synthesis occurred secondary to inhibition of proliferation since this was reversed by uridine rescue, except at 100 μm Leflunomide. 100 μm Leflunomide markedly depleted ATP and GTP pools also, which would have serious consequences for ATP-dependent enzymes essential to the immune response, thereby explaining non-pyrimidine-related effects reported for Leflunomide at 100 μm and above.
Social support, personality, and performance

Abstract Evidence is growing that perceived social support, more often than actually received support, is an important contributor to health and personal adjustment. Perceived support may also play a role in performance. People high in social support report experiencing less cognitive interference than do those with lower levels of perceived support. This article describes two concepts that are linked with perceived support and that relate to skill development and performance: (1) the sense of support and (2) the sense of acceptance. A description of the ways in which these concepts influence exploratory behavior, reasonable risk-taking, the sense of personal control and performance level is provided. Examples of applications of this analysis to sports are given and the need for research on the supportive aspects of coaches' behavior and team cohesion is identified. “It is not so much friends' help that helps us as the confident knowledge that they will help us. ” Epicurus 13th Century B.C.
Connecting DMT of division algebra space-time codes and point counting in Lie groups

Earlier it was proven by Vehkalahti and Lu how the unit group and diversity-multiplexing gain trade-off (DMT) of division algebra-based space-time codes are linked to each other through inverse determinant sums. This work explores this relation further, showing that indeed the density of unit group completely determines the growth of the inverse determinant sum. In particular, in the case of Q(i)-central division algebras, the lower bound obtained from the DMT and the upper bound derived from the growth rate of units coincide.
Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years.

CONTEXT Psychotic symptoms are commonly experienced in nonclinical populations of adolescents and adults and have been shown to be predictive of later schizophreniform disorders. Associations between adverse experiences in childhood and psychotic symptoms in adulthood have been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE To examine whether peer victimization is associated with psychotic symptoms in a population-based sample of 12-year-olds. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Assessment clinic for 12-year-old members of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort in Bristol, England, where parents had participated since pregnancy and their children completed a range of physical and psychological annual assessments since age 7 years. PARTICIPANTS A total of 6437 respondents with complete interviews (mean age, 12.9 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The Psychosis-like Symptoms Interview developed for the study using stem questions, glossary definitions, and rating rules, adapted from the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. The interview, carried out by trained psychology graduates, investigated respondents' experience of psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders) over the previous 6 months. RESULTS The risk of psychotic symptoms was increased about 2-fold (odds ratio = 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.54-2.44) among victims of bullying at ages 8 and/or 10 years, independent of other prior psychopathology, family adversity, or child's IQ. Similar results were found using mother and teacher reports of victimization. Associations were stronger (up to odds ratio = 4.60; 95% confidence interval, 3.24-6.50) when victimization was chronic or severe (ie, experience of relational as well as overt victimization reported). CONCLUSIONS Peer victimization in childhood, especially if it is chronic or severe, is associated with psychotic symptoms in early adolescence. These results lend further support to the relevance of psychosocial factors in the etiology of psychotic symptoms in nonclinical populations, which may increase the risk of adult-onset psychotic disorders.
Dynamics of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery during cytokinesis and its role in abscission

The final stage of cytokinesis is abscission, the cutting of the narrow membrane bridge connecting two daughter cells. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is required for cytokinesis, and ESCRT-III has membrane scission activity in vitro, but the role of ESCRTs in abscission has been undefined. Here, we use structured illumination microscopy and time-lapse imaging to dissect the behavior of ESCRTs during abscission. Our data reveal that the ESCRT-I subunit tumor-susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) and the ESCRT-III subunit charged multivesicular body protein 4b (CHMP4B) are sequentially recruited to the center of the intercellular bridge, forming a series of cortical rings. Late in cytokinesis, however, CHMP4B is acutely recruited to the narrow constriction site where abscission occurs. The ESCRT disassembly factor vacuolar protein sorting 4 (VPS4) follows CHMP4B to this site, and cell separation occurs immediately. That arrival of ESCRT-III and VPS4 correlates both spatially and temporally with the abscission event suggests a direct role for these proteins in cytokinetic membrane abscission.
Cancer Incidence in Patients Diagnosed with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Colombia

Background: AIDS is associated with a number of malignancies, which in turn carry a high burden of mortality and morbidity in affected patients. This article was developed as an initiative of the High-Cost Diseases Office (CAC in Spanish) to provide the Colombian health system with evidence on the incidence of Cancer in patients diagnosed with AIDS in the country. Methods: The CAC compiled the National Cancer and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) administrative registries, which identify unique patients diagnosed with both Cancer and AIDS from 1983 to 2015. For the 736 cases found, we considered only those diagnosed with Cancer five years before a diagnosis of AIDS and all cases after the diagnosis. A final sample of 238 individuals, with age ranging from 17 to 84 years, diagnosed with AIDS between 1998 and 2015, was analyzed using Stata Software to compute Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) of cancers. Results: Results show that patients with AIDS display an elevated risk of developing the following specific types of cancer: Kaposi’s sarcoma’s (male SIR 301.12; female SIR 252.67) Invasive cervical cancer (female SIR 5.09); Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma (male SIR 20.65; female SIR 9.10). The following non-AIDS-defining cancers were also more common in patients with the disease: in men, anal cancer (SIR 51.52), eye and related malignancies (SIR 27.24), and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (SIR 20.96); in women: anal (SIR 24.82); vaginal and vulvar (SIR 10.36); and in situ cervical cancer (SIR 5.83). Conclusion: There is an increased incidence of specific types of cancers in a population of patients diagnosed with AIDS in Colombia, in accordance with data from other regions of the world. The National Cancer and AIDS registries provide local information, which can be used for health care policy planning.
Causes of (and Solutions for?) Financial Crises in Local Governments: Insights From Local Arab Authorities in Israel

This article examines the relative impact of internal and external factors on the financial decline of local Arab municipalities in Israel. We employ a unique case study to demonstrate that the negative relationship between local management policies and local financial crises is stronger than any other relationship; in addition, this relationship is expected to hold for other local authorities in Israel and for local authorities in Western countries. The new theoretical approach developed in this study indicates that, with respect to local authorities, the “local management approach” more often explains a financial crisis than other approaches.
Something is Rotten in the State of Aggression Research: Novel Methodological and Theoretical Approaches to Research on Digital Games and Human Aggression

This dissertation offers a comprehensive critique of the current state of research on violent game playing and aggressive outcomes. It discusses twenty-five years of research on violence in digital games and aggression, including empirical evidence, theoretical perspectives, and the heated debates in both the public and academia. The main focus here is on methodological issues limiting the conclusiveness of the research, particularly experiments conducted in psychological laboratories. By suggesting methodological advancements in the study of game violence effects, the thesis wants to offer new perspectives on digital games and aggression to move forward the field and the ideological debates that surround it. The thesis comprises a total of 5 peer-reviewed journal articles (of which 3 are published, one is accepted and in press, and one is under review) that include data from one original study and a secondary analyses of 3 further studies. The first part of the thesis consists of a detailed review of the current scientific literature on violent game effects with a focus on the theories that have been developed to explain the relationship between the use of digital games and aggression. Important theoretical shortcomings and fallacies of social-cognitive perspectives on how aggression is acquired through violent media contents are identified and discussed. The second part is a methodological critique of laboratory experiments in research on the effect of violent games. First, common problems and pitfalls in the manipulation of violence as an independent variable and improper control of relevant confounding factors are discussed. The modification of game content (“modding”) is suggested as a novel method to meet the requirements of rigorous internal validity and sufficient external validity in psychological laboratory experiments. The advantages of this method are illustrated by the results of an experiment in which it was used. This is followed by an examination of one of the most popular laboratory measures of aggressive behavior (the Competitive Reaction Time Task), providing evidence from three studies that the unstandardized use in the scholarly literature poses a threat to its interpretability and generalizability. The dissertation concludes with an analysis of the scientific discourse on the game violence-aggression link, and the ways in which it is shaped by ideological convictions that affect both the theoretical assumptions and the methodological procedures. This duality of ideologies present in theory and methods constitutes a threat to violent game effects research, as it causes the field to stagnate. It is argued that this stagnancy can only be resolved through methodological rigor that will, ultimately, advance inadequate theories of media effects.
From Cardano's Great Art to Lagrange's Reflections: Filling a Gap in the History of Algebra

intriguing comparative picture of scientific-historical myths. A dominating trope is that of the single, relatively simple moment of insight: the notion that we can synecdochially pin discovery onto a particular time, place, and person. It helps, too, if the audience can feel a sense of empathy with the character in the story. Once the myth appears, an uncritical acceptance of expert authority serves to promulgate it. I know from the experience of reading examination essays that many students are much more likely to retain in memory a colourful anecdote than a nuanced picture of multiple interacting causalities. How to engage the personal appeal of the former without sacrificing the analytical depth of the latter is a question all working historians need to confront. This book provides many good starts towards confronting that question.
Living the dream or awakening from the nightmare: race and athletic identity

Education is often viewed as the door that leads out of poverty for many students of color. But for many African American boys and young men, the dream of becoming a professional athlete is a door that appears to be wide open. Considering the over‐representation of African American athletes in revenue‐producing sports in colleges, universities and at the professional ranks, it is no surprise that many African American male youth develop aspirations for, and identify with the athletic role. These aspirations may become even more focused and intense if they ascend to the level of division I college athletes. The identification with the athlete role is likely to intensify as they get closer to the goal of professional sport. Most individuals occupy multiple identities or roles in life such as sibling, student, spouse, employee, athlete, etc. Identity salience and strength depends on the importance of that role. Athletic identity has been defined as the degree to which an individual identifies with the athletic role. Few studies have examined the impact and influences of race on athletic role identification. This study explores the relationship between race and athletic identity. Division I‐A African American and Caucasian American football student–athletes’ responses to the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale were analyzed (Brewer, Raalte, and Linder 1993). Results indicated that African American football student–athletes have a stronger athletic identity compared to their Caucasian American counterparts. Differences in specific items on the scale indicated that African American student–athletes were more internally focused on their sport, felt that others perceive them only as athletes, and see sport as the focal point in their lives. Differences in these items and implications of these results suggest that there is a potential impact on academic achievement and the student–athlete’s aspirations.