Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Activity‐dependent energy budget for neocortical signaling: Effect of short‐term synaptic plasticity on the energy expended by spiking and synaptic activity

The available estimate of the energy expended for signaling in rat neocortex is refined to examine the separate contribution of spiking and synaptic activity as a function of average neuronal firing rate. By taking into account a phenomenological model of short‐term synaptic plasticity, we show that the transition from low to high cortical activity is accompanied by a substantial increase in relative energy consumed by action potentials vs. synaptic potentials. This consideration might be important for a deeper understanding of how information is represented in the cortex and which metabolic pathways are upregulated to sustain cortical activity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual roles of glucose in the freeze-tolerant earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra: cryoprotection and fuel for metabolism

SUMMARY Ectothermic animals inhabiting the subarctic and temperate regions have evolved strategies to deal with periods of continuous frost during winter. The earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra is freeze tolerant and accumulates large concentrations of glucose upon freezing. The present study investigates the roles of glucose accumulation for long-term freeze tolerance in worms kept frozen at –2°C for 47 days. During this period, worms were sampled periodically for determination of survival and for measurements of glucose, glycogen, lactate, alanine and succinate. In addition we performed calorimetric measurements to assess metabolic rate of frozen and unfrozen worms. Long-term freezing was associated with a gradual depletion of glucose and worms that succumbed during this period were always characterised by low glucose and glycogen levels. The anaerobic waste products lactate and alanine increased slightly whereas succinate levels remained constant. However, it is argued that other waste products (particularly propionate) could be the primary end product of a continued anaerobic metabolism. Calorimetric measures of the metabolic rate of frozen worms were in accord with values calculated from the reduction in glucose assuming that most (∼90%) glucose was metabolised anaerobically. Both estimates of metabolic rate demonstrated a 10-fold metabolic depression associated with freezing. Thus, in addition to the suspected role of glucose as cryoprotectant, the present study demonstrates that glucose accumulation is vital to ensure substrate for long-term anaerobic metabolism in frozen worms. On the basis of the estimated metabolite levels, we calculate that the combined effect of metabolic depression and large glucose stores enables a projected 3 months survival of freezing at –2°C of the `average' D. octaedra. Such conditions are very likely to occur in the northern distribution ranges of this stress-tolerant earthworm.
Tracing Bodies: Gender, Genre, and Forensic Detective Fiction

played a central role in the narratives of crime fiction, in recent years we have witnessed an explosion in the popularity of the medical mystery or forensic detective novel, forms of the genre that more explicitly focus upon the ability of the forensic detective or pathologist to read and interpret the material traces of the body. The novels of writers such as Patricia Cornwell, Jeffrey Deaver, and Kathy Reichs are among those of a new generation characterized by this foregrounding not only of the anatomical or medicalized body, but also the technologies of forensic detection. Within these works, the detective becomes a scientific and technological expert, who uses the tools of detection first to construct the identity whose body bears the mark of the crime. This technologically-mediated process of discovery then shifts in focus, centering upon the need to "individuate" the absent criminal body by tracing fragments of evidence, often organic bodily remnants such as blood, hair fibers, or even DNA, back to their essential and accountable origins. These plots thus highlight what is the central problem of the crime novel, the problem of vision, and thus rigorously pursue a fundamental need to render the criminal visible and material under the disciplinary gaze of the forensic detective. ' Perhaps the most successful and widely-acknowledged perfecter of this genre is Patricia Cornwell, a writer who has gained notoriety as one of the most significant heavy-hitters of the publishing world. With the series depicting Dr. Kay Scarpetta, forensic pathologistcum-detective, Cornwell's novels are among those narratives that point to an escalating and spiraling cultural fascination and growing anxiety over the truth-status of the anatomical, traceable, and irreducibly material body. Indeed, the new sub-genre, forensic detective fiction, has become virtually synonymous with the name
SALMONELLA IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO, CANADA

Numerous serotypes of Salmonella have been detected in a variety of wild animals, including raccoons (Procyon lotor). Raccoons are common, mid-size omnivores that live in close association with people in urban and rural areas in Ontario. Although raccoons are known to shed Salmonella, little is known about their potential long-term role in maintaining Salmonella infections. We sampled feces from raccoons in three areas of Ontario: one primarily urban site around Niagara, one primarily rural site north of Guelph, and the grounds of the Toronto Zoo, in 2007 to identify which serotypes of Salmonella were commonly shed by raccoons in southern Ontario. In addition, we conducted a longitudinal study at the Toronto Zoo site to determine if raccoons remain persistently infected with Salmonella. Salmonella was found in 45% of samples. The prevalence of Salmonella in raccoon feces ranged from 27% at the rural site to 65% at the urban site. We detected 16 serotypes of Salmonella in 83 positive samples. The most common serotype detected in raccoons from the rural and zoo sites was Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, whereas Salmonella Newport was detected most commonly in the urban site. Only one raccoon of 11 that were captured in four or more consecutive trapping sessions shed the same Salmonella serotype for two consecutive months, suggesting that raccoons regularly acquire new Salmonella serotypes from the environment.
Effect of IGF‐I on pig oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryonic development in vitro, and on granulosa and cumulus cell biosynthetic activity

Porcine granulosa cells have been shown previously to both secrete and respond to insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), suggesting an autocrine function of this peptide in the follicle. The present work was undertaken to determine possible effects of IGF‐I on in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization, and early embryonic development in culture. Granulosa and cumulus cell proliferation and differentiation based on 3H‐thymidine uptake and progesterone production, respectively, were also assessed. The results showed that the cleavage rate of oocytes was markedly stimulated in a dose‐dependent manner by the addition of IGF‐I to the oocyte maturation medium (P < 0.05). Embryo development beyond the 8‐cell stage was improved by IGF‐I, reaching a maximum of 22% at 200 ng/ml IGF‐I. Treatment with IGF‐I after fertilization increased the percentage of total oocyte cleavage (P < 0.05) to approximately 52%, 43%, and 57% at, respectively, 25, 50, and 100 ng/ml IGF‐I. 3H‐thymidine incorporation by granulosa cells was significantly increased in cultures treated with FSH (3‐fold) or IGF‐I (6‐fold) compared to the control. For the cumulus cells, FSH caused a similar increase (3‐fold) in 3H‐thymidine incorporation while IGF‐I stimulated a 15‐fold increase. Progesterone production by the granulosa cells was increased to the same extent by treatment with FSH or IGF‐I (4.7 and 5.1‐fold, respectively). However, for the cumulus cells, while FSH caused a marked 16‐fold increase in progesterone production, IGF‐I caused only a marginal increase of 2.5‐fold. These results indicate a beneficial effect of IGF‐I on in vitro porcine oocyte maturation and pre‐implantation embryo development, suggesting a physiological role for IGF‐I in vivo. The in vivo effect of IGF‐I may be indirect via autocrine stimulation of cumulus and/or granulosa cells resulting in enhanced oocyte maturation and fertilization. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metastatic lesions: A diagnostic dilemma-retrospective study, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Background: Renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 3% of adult malignancies and about 90% of neoplasms of the kidney. It is most common in men aged 50 to 60 years old. RCC has different manifestations, including metastasis in uncommon sites and paraneoplastic syndromes. Aims: To evaluate the clinicopathological pattern of RCC. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Srinagar. It was a retrospective study done over a period of 5 years, November 2009 to November 2014. Results: The study was done to evaluate the clinicopathological pattern of 6 cases of RCC diagnosed at a tertiary care hospital. All patients were males, presenting with submandibular swellings without any other symptom. Radiological and histopathological examination proved the lesion as metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the mandible. Conclusion: Being a rare presentation in the head and neck region, metastatic renal cell carcinoma needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of submandibular swellings even in patients younger than 40 years.
THE MULTISCALE DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHOD FOR SOLVING A CLASS OF SECOND ORDER ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS WITH ROUGH COEFFICIENTS

We develop a multiscale discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for solving a class of second order elliptic problems with rough coefficients. The main ingredient of this method is to use a non-polynomial multiscale approximation space in the DG method to capture the multiscale solutions using coarse meshes without resolving the fine scale structure of the solution. Theoretical proofs and numerical examples are presented in both one and two dimensions. For one-dimensional problems, optimal error estimates and numerical examples are shown for arbitrary order approximations. For two-dimensional problems, numerical results are presented by the high order multiscale DG method, but the error estimate is proven only for the second order method.
Splanchnic Circulation During Halothane Anesthesia and Hypercapnia in Normal Man

In 9 normal adult men the administration of halothane caused significant alterations in splanchnic hemodynamics which could not be attributed to hypoxia, hypereapnia, hypothermia or surgical stimulation. Halothane caused a reduction of splanchnic perfusion pressure with a parallel fall in splanchnic bood flow. There was no significant change in splanchnic vascular resistance. Intermittent positive pressure respiration was required in only 3 subjects and did not appear to contribute importantly to the results. Administration of carbon dioxide produced striking increases in the splanchnic blood flow associated with a significant fall in the splanchnic vascular resistance. The perfusion pressure was unchanged. The data suggest that halothane interferes with the expected splanchnic vasoconstriction normally seen when hypotension or hypercapnia would be expected to produce sympathetic activation. The degree of vasodilation produced by carbon dioxide and the resulting increase in average blood flow suggest that hepatic ischemia is not an important cause of hepatic dysfunction following halothane anesthesia complicated by hypereapnia.
An improved measurement of the flux distribution of the Lyα forest in QSO absorption spectra: the effect of continuum fitting, metal contamination and noise properties

We have performed an extensive Voigt profile analysis of the neutral hydrogen (H i) and metal absorption present in a sample of 18 high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio quasi-stellar object (QSO) spectra observed with the Very Large Telescope Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph. We use this analysis to separate the metal contribution from the H absorption and present an improved measurement of the flux probability distribution function (PDF) due to H i absorption alone at (z) = 2.07,2.52 and 2.94. The flux PDF is sensitive to the continuum fit in the normalized flux range 0.8 < F < 1.0 and to metal absorption at 0.2 < F < 0.8. Our new measurements of the flux PDF due to H i absorption alone are systematically lower at 0.2 < F < 0.8 by up to 30 per cent compared to the widely used measurement of McDonald et al., based on a significantly smaller sample of Keck High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer data. This discrepancy is probably due to a combination of our improved removal of the metal absorption and cosmic variance, since variations in the flux PDF between different lines-of-sight are large. The H effective optical depth τ eff Ht at 1.7 < z < 4 is best fit with a single power law, τ eff HI = (0.0023 ± 0.0007)(1 + z) 365±0.21 , in good agreement with previous measurements from comparable data. As also found previously, the effect of noise on the flux distribution is not significant in high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio data.
Does gastric tonometry monitor splanchnic perfusion?

OBJECTIVE To define whether the gastric mucosal-arterial PCO2 gradient (PCO2 gap) reliably reflects hepatosplanchnic oxygenation in septic patients. DESIGN Prospective observational clinical study. SETTING An adult, 31-bed medical/surgical department of intensive care of a university hospital. PATIENTS A total of 36 hemodynamically stable, invasively monitored, mechanically ventilated, sedated, paralyzed patients with severe sepsis. INTERVENTIONS In each patient, hepatosplanchnic blood flow was determined by the continuous indocyanine green infusion technique and gastric mucosal PCO2 by the saline tonometry technique. Suprahepatic venous blood oxygen saturation and PCO2 also were measured. The mesenteric veno-arterial PCO2 gradient was determined as the difference between the suprahepatic venous blood PCO2 and the arterial blood PCO2. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There were significant correlations between the hepatosplanchnic blood flow and the suprahepatic venous blood oxygen saturation (r2 = .56; p<.01), between the hepatosplanchnic blood flow and the mesenteric veno-arterial PCO2 gradient (r2 = .55; p<.01), and also between the suprahepatic venous blood oxygen saturation and the mesenteric veno-arterial PCO2 gradient (r2 = .64; p<.01). There was no statistically significant correlation between the PCO2 gap and the hepatosplanchnic blood flow, the suprahepatic venous blood oxygen saturation or the mesenteric veno-arterial PCO2 gradient. CONCLUSIONS In stable septic patients, the PCO2 gap is not correlated with global indexes of gut oxygenation. The interpretation of PCO2 gap is more complex than previously thought.
Human Papillomavirus Infection in Child

Human papilloma viruses (HPV) have been identified as the cause of cutaneous and genital warts. Furthermore, HPV DNA can also be detected in certain malignant epithelial tumors such as cervical carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell cancer. HPV infections in children, particularly when occurring as condylomata acuminata, present a difficult and often puzzling problem. The modes of viral transmission in child remain controversial, including perinatal transmission, auto- and hetero-inoculation, sexual abuse, and, possibly, indirect transmission via fomites. The treatment of warts and condylomata acuminate in child poses a therapeutic challenge for physicians. No single therapy has been proven effective at achieving complete remission in every patient. As a result, many different approaches to therapy exist. The proper approach to the management of warts depends on the age of the patient, location, size, extent, and type of wart, and duration of lesions. Each treatment decision should be made on a case-by-case basis according to the experience of the physician, patient preference, and the application of evidence-based medicine. In order to modify HPV epidemiology, HPV prophylactic vaccine has been recently proposed for children. The purpose of this review is to update the reader with the latest information on the HPV and its therapeutics in children.
Modeling the Materiality Judgements of Audit Partners

Several researchers (e.g., Boatsman and Robertson [1974], Dyer [1975], Frishkoff [1970], Pattillo [1975], Pattillo and Siebel [1974], and Woolsey [1973]) have attempted to explain how auditors make materiality judgments. However, these research efforts have not provided satisfactory explanations of the materiality judgment. In this paper, we (1) suggest a different view of the materiality concept, (2) suggest a methodology for examining how materiality decisions are reached, and (3) demonstrate the application of this approach to a specific materiality decision. Much of the research on materiality judgments is focused on discovering the amount of consistency which exists among professionals in making materiality judgments. The findings of this research have demonstrated that, in fact, no consensus exists in the profession. Bernstein [1967] summarizes much of the literature with the observation: "[the decision function] seems to be . a highly personal device, since the output [decisions] can vary significantly on what are the same or similar sets of facts. " Four possible sources of differences may exist among auditors' decision models which would explain the lack of consensus in materiality judgments. These are: (1) the variables deemed relevant to the decision; (2) the ma-
Color psychology and its effect on Human Behavior

This paper represents the color psychology and its effects on the human oehaviors. Generally rainbows have the seven colors short, VIBGYOR. But even though each color have dlfferent psychology they are indirectly affecting on the human behiviours . Color psychology are culturally constructed linkages that vary with time, place and culture. In fact, one color may perform very different symbolic or psychological functions in the same place. which are briefly explained in this topic. Color symbolism is an arts and anthropology refers to the use of color as a symbol throughout culture. Color psychology refers to investigating the effect of colors on human behavior and feeling, distinct from Phototheraphy the use of ultraviolet light to treat conditions like psoriasis or infantile jaundice. Color symbolism is a contentious area of study which is dependent upon a large body of anecdotal evidence, but not supported by data from well-designed scientific studies. Color symbolism and color psychology are culturally constructed linkages that vary with time, place and culture. In fact, one color may perform very dlfferent symbolic or psychological functions in the same place. For example red is often usedin North America to indicate stop, as with a stop sign, or danger, as with a warning light. At the same time, red symbolizes love, as with Valentine's Day. A person not familiar with the cultural coding of red in North America could, theoretically, confuse the symbolism of red and mistake a red Valentine's Day heart for a warning. Cross-cultural diversity is found in the symbolism of white, which historically has signified purity, virginity or death. In Westem traditions it is the color worn at weddings.
The Untapped Potential of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models in Chemoprevention Research: Opportunities and Challenges

The past decade has witnessed the unveiling of a powerful new generation of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of human cancer, which are proving to be highly effective for elucidating cancer mechanisms and interrogating novel experimental therapeutics. This new generation of GEM models are well suited for chemoprevention research, particularly for investigating progressive stages of carcinogenesis, identifying biomarkers for early detection and intervention, and preclinical assessment of novel agents or combinations of agents. Here we discuss opportunities and challenges for the application of GEM models in prevention research, as well as strategies to maximize their relevance for human cancer.
Sleep Fragmentation and Biomarkers in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Objectives: (1) To compare sleep (nighttime sleep duration and sleep efficiency) and sleep fragmentation (movement and fragmentation index), as measured by actigraphy, and symptoms (pain and fatigue) in 8- to 14-year-old children with polyarticular and extended oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and (2) to examine the associations between sleep fragmentation (movement and fragmentation index) and the calcium-binding protein biomarkers S100A12 and myeloid-related protein (MRP8/14). Method: Participants included 40 children with extended oligoarticular (n = 15) or polyarticular (n = 25) JIA and their parents. Serum protein samples were obtained during routine rheumatology clinic visits. Children completed the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale and daily pain and sleep diaries and wore actigraphy monitors for 9 consecutive days. Parents completed the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Results: Of the 40 children, 68% scored above the CSHQ clinical cutoff score for sleep disturbances. Mean nighttime sleep duration was 7.5 hr, and mean sleep efficiency was 85.3%. Group differences were not found for nighttime sleep duration, sleep efficiency, movement and fragmentation index, or S100A12 and MRP8/14 protein concentrations. In a stepwise regression, medications, joint count, and movement and fragmentation index explained 21% of the variance in MRP8/14 concentration. Conclusion: Decreased nighttime sleep duration, poor sleep efficiency, and fragmented sleep were observed in our sample, regardless of JIA category. Sleep fragmentation was a significant predictor of MRP8/14 protein concentration. Additional research is needed to understand the interrelations among sleep fragmentation, effects of medication, and S100A12 and MRP8/14 protein biomarkers in JIA.
Perception of facial expressions of emotion in Parkinson's disease

Perceiving facial expressions of emotion to infer the emotional states of others is central to the regulation of individual and social behavior. Results from individual studies on whether those with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are impaired in perceiving facial expressions of emotion are mixed. Despite these mixed results, a recent meta-analysis (Gray & Tickle-Degnen, 2010) showed an overall averaged medium-sized impairment for all of the so-called “basic emotions”. Most of the individual studies that were included in this meta-analysis required participants to identify facial expressions of emotion by name and sampled only expressions of emotion that were of full-blown intensity. The ability to discriminate emotional expressions of graded intensity from neutral expressions and the ability to discriminate graded intensities of the same emotional expressions is unexplored in PD. The determinants of impaired perception of facial expressions of emotion in PD are unknown. The results from the Gray and Tickle-Degnen meta-analysis (2010) indicated that perception of emotional expressions in PD was unrelated to depressive symptoms, medication status, disease progression, and perception of visual form. The studies reviewed by Gray and Tickle-Degnen (2010) measured perception of visual form with the Benton Face Recognition Test (BFRT; Benton, Sivan, Hamsher, Varney, & Spreen, 1994) or a similar test, all of which are traditionally regarded as measures of face recognition. Although the BFRT might tap the ability to perceive visual form, it has been shown to be sensitive only to large impairments in facial identity recognition (Duchaine & Weidenfeld, 2003). The studies in the meta-analysis measured disease severity with the Hoehn and Yahr