Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Scientific Topics and Literature in Abdominal Radiology in Germany – Part 1: Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract The working group for abdominal and gastrointestinal diagnosis is a group of the German Radiological Society (DRG) focusing clinically and scientifically on the diagnosis and treatment of the gastrointestinal tract with all parenchymatous abdominal organs. In addition to the clinical and scientific further development of abdominal radiology, the education of radiologists within this core discipline of radiology is one of the major aims. In this article we give an up-to-date literature review of scientific radiological topics especially covered by German radiologists. This manuscript focuses on the most recent literature on the diagnosis of the stomach, small bowel, colon and rectum. The review with a focus on the most recent studies published by German radiologists concludes with a synopsis of mesenterial bleeding and ischemia followed by a critical appraisal of the current literature on conventional abdominal radiography. Key Points: • Based on recent literature and guidelines there is a change of paradigms regarding the diagnosis of esophagus and gastric cancer towards CT, which is considered equally to endosonography. • For small bowel imaging in Crohn’s disease ultrasound as well as MRI with a new focus on DWI are the most important imaging modalities scientifically. • For colonic diagnosis virtual colonoscopy has replaced the conventional radiological methods. For staging of rectal carcinoma as well as for therapeutic stratification a high resolution MRI of the pelvis is of paramount interest. • Multislice CT is considered the most important modality to assess mesenteric ischemia or bleeding. Citation Format: • Schreyer AG, Wessling J, Kinner S et al. A Review of Scientific Topics and Literature in Abdominal Radiology in Germany – Part 1: Gastrointestinal Tract. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2016; 188: 134 – 145
A Study on the Attentional Bias to Emotional Information in Pathological Internet User

To explore whether pathological Internet users have emotional interference,this study employed emotional picture-word Stroop pattern to look into characteristics of attentional bias to different Internet users.The results are as follows:(1) pathological Internet users have more reactional delay than non-Internet addicts on emotional words,and they have obvious emotional interference on their attentional bias;(2) pathological Internet users have much more negative coding than non-internet addicts,and they have more negative recognition than non-internet addicts;(3) pathological Internet users have more reactional delay when the picture and word are inconsistent.
Educating for sustainability: environmental pledges as part of tertiary pedagogical practice in science teacher education

ABSTRACT Educating for sustainability has been a key principle underpinning the primary/middle undergraduate teacher education programme at an Australian University for the past decade. Educating for sustainability seeks to provide knowledge and understanding of the physical, biological, and human world, and involves students making decisions about a range of ethical, social, environmental and economic issues, and acting upon them. This study (a part of the ongoing evaluation of our courses) focuses on pre-service teachers (PSTs) who have selected a minor in science and mathematics. Participatory and inclusive learning processes, transdisciplinary collaborations, experiential learning, and the use of local environment and community as learning resources as outlined by Sterling (2001) have formed the basis of much of our practice to develop PSTs’ confidence and competence to teach science. This paper explores one pedagogical practice, environmental pledges which the preservice teachers undertook for 15 weeks. The focus is on the impact that undertaking an environmental pledge has had on the personal and professional lives of two groups, first, four cohorts of final-year science and mathematics pathway PSTs, and second, a small group of early-career teachers who had completed the course in previous years. Data have been collected from final-year science and mathematics students and early-career teachers using ethnographic methods to provide insight into their experiences of using the pledge.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Magnetite/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites for Hyperthermia

Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HA), which is a calcium phosphate ceramic, has been widely used as a biomaterial in various applications (e.g., artificial bone and dental root, cosmetic foundation, etc.) because of its high biocompatibility and chemical stability. More‐ over, many attempts are being made to give new functions to HA by incorporating effective components into a HA matrix. In particular, magnetite (Fe3O4)-incorporated HA (Fe3O4/HA) nanocomposites have attracted much attention as a promising material for hyperthermia therapy of malignant bone tumor [1–4]. Recently, Fe3O4/HA composites have also been used as adsorbents [5–7] and catalysts [8,9].
Charring temperatures are driven by the fuel types burned in a peatland wildfire

Peatlands represent a globally important carbon store; however, the human exploitation of this ecosystem is increasing both the frequency and severity of fires on drained peatlands. Yet, the interactions between the hydrological conditions (ecotopes), the fuel types being burned, the burn severity, and the charring temperatures (pyrolysis intensity) remain poorly understood. Here we present a post-burn assessment of a fire on a lowland raised bog in Co. Offaly, Ireland (All Saints Bog). Three burn severities were identified in the field (light, moderate, and deeply burned), and surface charcoals were taken from 17 sites across all burn severities. Charcoals were classified into two fuel type categories (either ground or aboveground fuel) and the reflectance of each charcoal particle was measured under oil using reflectance microscopy. Charcoal reflectance shows a positive relationship with charring temperature and as such can be used as a temperature proxy to reconstruct minimum charring temperatures after a fire event. Resulting median reflectance values for ground fuels are 1.09 ± 0.32%Romedian, corresponding to estimated minimum charring temperatures of 447°C ± 49°C. In contrast, the median charring temperatures of aboveground fuels were found to be considerably higher, 646°C ± 73°C (3.58 ± 0.77%Romedian). A mixed-effects modeling approach was used to demonstrate that the interaction effects of burn severity, as well as ecotope classes, on the charcoal reflectance is small compared to the main effect of fuel type. Our findings reveal that the different fuel types on raised bogs are capable of charring at different temperatures within the same fire, and that the pyrolysis intensity of the fire on All Saints Bog was primarily driven by the fuel types burning, with only a weak association to the burn severity or ecotope classes.
The Effects of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy on Liver Tumors and Normal Hepatocytes in Mice

To explore the feasibility of employing boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) to treat liver tumors, the effects of BNCT were investigated by using liver tumor models and normal hepatocytes in mice. Liver tumor models in C3H mice were developed by intrasplenic injection of SCCVII tumor cells. After borocaptate sodium (BSH) and boronophenylalanine (BPA) administration, 10B concentrations were measured in tumors and liver and the liver was irradiated with thermal neutrons. The effects of BNCT on the tumor and normal hepatocytes were studied by using colony formation assay and micronucleus assay, respectively. To compare the effects of BSH‐BNCT and BPA‐BNCT, the compound biological effectiveness (CBE) factor was determined. The CBE factors for BSH on the tumor were 4.22 and 2.29 using D10 and D0 as endpoints, respectively. Those for BPA were 9.94 and 5.64. In the case of hepatocytes, the CBE factors for BSH and BPA were 0.94 and 4.25, respectively. Tumor‐to‐liver ratios of boron concentration following BSH and BPA administration were 0.3 and 2.8, respectively. Considering the accumulation ratios of 10B, the therapeutic gain factors for BSH and BPA were 0.7‐1.3 and 3.8‐6.6, respectively. Therefore, it may be feasible to treat liver tumors with BPA‐BNCT.
p53 Mutations Occur in Clinical, but Not Latent, Human Prostate Carcinoma

To elucidate the role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in prostate tumorigenesis, we probed for mutations in latent and clinical prostate cancers using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in combination with direct gene sequencing and immunohistochemical methodologies. Fifteen cases of subclinical and 32 cases of clinical carcinoma, the latter graded in stages A through D, were available for study. While p53 point mutations were detected in only 5 of 32 (16%) clinical cancers, no mutations were detected in latent disease. Of the carcinomas in stages B, C and D, 15% (2/13), 29% (2/7) and 9% (1/11) were positive for p53 mutations, respectively. Although no specific mutational patterns were observed, the aberrations found were predominantly single base missense substitutions. The data suggest not only an association of p53 mutation and progression of clinical prostate cancer, but also imply that some other mechanism(s) are at work in latent carcinoma.
Pembrolizumab in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a review of current evidence

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) are considered one of the most important breakthroughs in cancer treatment of the past decade; notably, different studies of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors have reported impressive clinical activity and durable responses in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These findings have led to the changing of the current therapeutic algorithm of advanced NSCLC, adding a new standard first-line treatment option for patients with PD-L1-positive tumors. Pembrolizumab, a highly selective anti-PD-1 humanized monoclonal antibody, was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in October 2016 for previously untreated metastatic NSCLC patients whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression, tumor proportion score (TPS) ⩾ 50%, as well as for metastatic NSCLC patients whose tumors express PD-L1 with TPS ⩾ 1% progressing on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. However, many issues remain outstanding, mainly regarding the identification of an optimal biomarker which can help selecting patients more likely to respond to ICPIs. In this review, we discuss the clinical results obtained so far with the anti-PD-1 pembrolizumab in advanced NSCLC, commenting on the role of PD-L1 as a predictive factor and providing an update of the future perspectives.
Warmer, deeper, and greener mixed layers in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre over the last 50 years

Shifts in global climate resonate in plankton dynamics, biogeochemical cycles, and marine food webs. We studied these linkages in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (NASG), which hosts extensive phytoplankton blooms. We show that phytoplankton abundance increased since the 1960s in parallel to a deepening of the mixed layer and a strengthening of winds and heat losses from the ocean, as driven by the low frequency of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In parallel to these bottom‐up processes, the top‐down control of phytoplankton by copepods decreased over the same time period in the western NASG, following sea surface temperature changes typical of the Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO). While previous studies have hypothesized that climate‐driven warming would facilitate seasonal stratification of surface waters and long‐term phytoplankton increase in subpolar regions, here we show that deeper mixed layers in the NASG can be warmer and host a higher phytoplankton biomass. These results emphasize that different modes of climate variability regulate bottom‐up (NAO control) and top‐down (AMO control) forcing on phytoplankton at decadal timescales. As a consequence, different relationships between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and their physical environment appear subject to the disparate temporal scale of the observations (seasonal, interannual, or decadal). The prediction of phytoplankton response to climate change should be built upon what is learnt from observations at the longest timescales.
Smoking Topography among Korean Smokers: Intensive Smoking Behavior with Larger Puff Volume and Shorter Interpuff Interval

The difference of smoker’s topography has been found to be a function many factors, including sex, personality, nicotine yield, cigarette type (i.e., flavored versus non-flavored) and ethnicity. We evaluated the puffing behaviors of Korean smokers and its association with smoking-related biomarker levels. A sample of 300 participants was randomly recruited from metropolitan areas in South Korea. Topography measures during a 24-hour period were obtained using a CReSS pocket device. Korean male smokers smoked two puffs less per cigarette compared to female smokers (15.0 (13.0–19.0) vs. 17.5 (15.0–21.0) as the median (Interquartile range)), but had a significantly larger puff volume (62.7 (52.7–75.5) mL vs. 53.5 (42.0–64.2) mL); p = 0.012). The interpuff interval was similar between men and women (8.9 (6.5–11.2) s vs. 8.3 (6.2–11.0) s; p = 0.122) but much shorter than other study results. A dose-response association (p = 0.0011) was observed between daily total puff volumes and urinary cotinine concentrations, after controlling for sex, age, household income level and nicotine addiction level. An understanding of the difference of topography measures, particularly the larger puff volume and shorter interpuff interval of Korean smokers, may help to overcome a potential underestimation of internal doses of hazardous byproducts of smoking.
Personality and Social Psychology Review Dual-process Models in Social and Cognitive Psychology: Conceptual Integration and Links to Personality and Social Psychology Review Additional Services and Information for Dual-process Models in Social and Cognitive Psychology: Conceptual Integration and Lin

Models postulating 2 distinct processing modes have been proposed in several topic areas within social and cognitive psychology. We advance a new conceptual model ofthe 2 processing modes. The structural basis ofthe new model is the idea, supported by psychological and neuropsychological evidence, that humans possess 2 memory systems. One system slowly learns general regularities, whereas the other can quicklyform representations ofunique or novel events. Associative retrieval orpattern completion in the slow-learning system elicited by a salient cue constitutes the effortless processing mode. The secondprocessing mode is more conscious and effortful; it involves the intentional retrieval ofexplicit, symbolically represented rulesfrom either memory system and their use to guide processing. After presenting our model, we review existing dual-process models in several areas, emphasizing their similar assumptions of a quick, effortless processing mode that rests on well-learned prior associations and a second, more effortful processing mode that involves rule-based inferences and is employed only when people have both cognitive capacity and motivation. New insights and implications of the model for several topic areas are outlined. When people perform tasks as diverse as solving logical problems, evaluating persuasive arguments, and forming impressions of other persons, they can make use ofdifferent processing strategies. People can (and in everyday life often do) use a sort of "quick-and-dirty" approach, arriving at usually reasonable answers efficiently and effortlessly. For example, they may agree with an argument because a quick glance reveals that it is presented by an expert source and contains statistical data. People also, when adequately motivated and given enough time and freedom from distraction, can try hard to think deeply about these tasks, sometimes arriving at qualitatively different answers. The expert's arguments , on close examination, may prove specious, the statistics biased. In recent years, researchers working in numerous areas of social and cognitive psychology have developed models that follow these general lines: dual-process models, as we label them here (Chaiken & Trope, 1999). Such models contain three major components. They provide accounts of how people process in quick-and-dirty fashion, how they process when willing and able to engage in extensive thought, and what conditions encourage such effortful processing. In this article, we provide a new integrative model that promises to account for much of the existing evidence in diverse content domains. Our new conceptual model also links the two processing modes to theory and research on memory systems. After presenting the new model, we …
Integrating m-technology into Web-based ESL vocabulary learning for working adult learners

The paper reports on a small pilot study that explores the role of mobile technology (m-technology) in English as second language (ESL) vocabulary learning for working adult learners. In this study, through the use of short message service (SMS), m-technology was integrated into Web-based vocabulary learning for working adult learners. This pilot study examined learner experiences of m-technology used in the workplace in Hong Kong. Ten learners were involved in the study. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted through assessments using an online test system and an open-ended questionnaire sent by email to collect data. The research findings show significant improvements in the learner performance and in their attitudes towards using m-technology in their learning.
Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei

Bismuth (Bi) is increasingly used in several industrial applications including the production of alloys, drugs, cosmetics and munitions formulations. However, little information is available on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of Bi. The present study describes 14 days acute toxicity of Bi, added as Bi citrate to a natural sandy soil, to the adult earthworm Eisenia andrei. Total measured Bi concentrations were 298.0, 399.5, 431.0, and 469.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil. Data indicates that Bi was toxic to Eisenia andrei, as determined by LC50 and LOEC, i.e., 416.0 and 399.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil, respectively. At 14 days in the presence of Eisenia andrei the bioaccessible fraction of Bi in soil, as determined in KNO3 aqueous soil extracts, increased by a factor ranging from 1.6 to 30.0 compared to those measured at the beginning of experiment. Moreover, this study shows that an increase in pH caused by the presence of earthworm in soil was accompanied by increase in Bi bioaccessibility and consequently toxicity. For example, when Bi bioaccessibility increased from 0.262 to 7.516 mg Bi/kg dry soil, the mortality rate increased from 0 to 79%. Assuming that there were at least two routes by which Eisania andrei enhanced Bi bioaccessibility; one route was guided by the mobility, the biochemical (mucus) and the biological (bacteria) interactions of Eisenia andrei with soil constituents, and the other route was marked by the death of earthworms and the release of the accumulated Bi from the carcass.
Smoking and Risk of Premature Death among Middle‐aged Japanese: Ten‐year Follow‐up of the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases (JPHC Study) Cohort I

To update the evidence on the association between smoking and mortality, we analyzed data from a population‐based prospective study in Japan. In total, 19 950 men and 21 534 women aged 40–59 who reported their smoking history and had no serious disease at baseline survey were followed. During 1990–1999, 1014 men and 500 women died. Smokers were associated with an unhealthy life‐style. Relative risks (RRs) for selected cause of death due to smoking were slightly attenuated by adjusting for possible confounding factors. Age‐ and area‐adjusted RRs of male current smokers compared with never smokers were 1.66 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.40, 1.95) for all causes, 1.69 (1.31, 2.18) for all cancers, 1.67 (1.20, 2.34) for all circulatory system disease, and 1.63 (1.24, 2.15) for other causes, while those of females were 2.03 (1.52, 2.73), 2.06 (1.35, 3.15), 2.99 (1.75, 5.11), 1.31 (0.69, 2.51), respectively. After adjusting for multivariate variables, the corresponding RRs of male smokers were 1.55 (1.29, 1.86), 1.61 (1.20, 2.15), 1.41 (0.97, 2.03), and 1.61 (1.17, 2.19), against 1.89 (1.36, 2.62), 1.83 (1.14, 2.95), 2.72 (1.45, 5.07), and 1.39 (0.71, 2.73) for females. Twenty‐two percent of death from all causes, 25% of all cancer, and 17% of all circulatory system disease deaths, could be attributed to cigarette smoking in males, and 5%, 4%, and 11% in females, respectively. Cumulative dose as indicated by pack‐years was clearly associated with cancer death. These findings provided information as to the quantitative risk for premature death due to smoking among middle‐aged Japanese men and women, and showed that the elevated risk was not explained by the unhealthy lifestyle of smokers.
Severity of dysarthric speech in children with infantile cerebral palsy in correlation with the brain CT and MRI.

PURPOSE Dysarthria is a sequel of reduced motor functions and refers to the sound aspect of the language. In children suffering from cerebral palsy, CT (computer tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) examinations provide data on the relationship between the range of structural changes detected by neuroimaging investigations and the severity of motor dysfunction. The aim of study was to assess the severity of dysarthria in children with cerebral palsy in correlation with the pattern of morphological changes revealed on CT and MRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 48 children with the pyramidal form of infantile cerebral palsy aged 3-15 years, treated in the Department of Pediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation in Białystok. All the patients underwent CT examination, 29 of them also had MRI. Severity of speech dysfunction was established based on "Dysarthria profile" by Robertson. The degree of damage severity in the respective brain structures was determined according to the scale Kraegeloh-Mann. Statistical analysis was performed using % calculations, the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, the chi-square test of independence or t-Student test to compare the means of two samples. RESULTS Significant differences were shown in dysarthria severity depending on lesions seen on CT and their intensity revealed by MRI, which were found to correlate positively with the severity of articulation disorders. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that CT and MRI are useful for predicting prognosis of severity of speech disturbances in children and for early programming of the therapeutic process.