Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is spelling acquired or learned?: a re-analysis of Rice (1897) and Cornman (1902)

In this paper, we present a re-analysis, or "secondary analysis" of research results originally published over 80 years ago. A second look at this data is justified because the issues that it addresses are still far from settled: Is spelling learned implicitly or explicitly? In other terms: Is spelling "caught" or "taught"? (Peters, 1985), or is spelling "acquired" or "learned"? (Krashen, 1982). The two research reports we will re-analyzed provide a good opportunity for shelding some additional light on this question. The authors addressed a central issue, and, in our view, attempted to deal with this issue appropriately. As we shall see, subsequent studies have not improved on their methods. Also, in both cases, the authors presented a considerable amount of their data, data that to our knowledge has never been submitted to statistical analysis. In our re-analysis, we applied common statistical tests to both Rice's and Cornman's data. Our analysis, for the most part, confirms both Rice's and Cornman's claims that formal instruction in spelling has limited effects. There are, however, some surprises, some instances in which statistical analysis reveals somewhat different results from those claimed by Rice and Cornman. In the final section of this report, we attempt to account for the results of our re-analysis in terms of two central hypotheses, claiming that both implicit and explicit learning of spelling take place, but that the former is much more powerful. We also attempt to relate our hypotheses to more current studies of spelling.
Cognitive Development 1

1 Part of the material in this chapter was presented in Gelman (1998 a, b) and Gelman & Lucariello, Vol.3 of this series. Funding for the preparation of the chapter came from The preparation of this chapter was NSF grants DFS-9209741 and SRB-97209741.
Phylogenetic Analysis and Functional Characterization of the Influenza A H5N1 PB2 Gene

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are endemic in poultry and cause continued inter-species transmission to human in Asia, such as China and Vietnam, leading to pandemic concerns and socio-economic challenges. Phylogenetic analysis of H5N1 viruses isolated from China and Vietnam during 2001-2012 showed that several geographically distinct sublineages have become established in these two countries. Subsequently, we reassigned HPAI H5N1 viruses into three distinct groups to reveal the intrasubtype reassortment. Apart from six reassortants detected here, we found that several viral strains showed signals for homologous recombination within PB2 and PB1 genes, suggestive of the fluidity of the H5N1 virus gene pool. Furthermore, sequenced-based analyses revealed that the viral polymerase displayed a higher level of genetic polymorphism but associated with lower substitution rate when compared with those of other gene segments. In addition, the selection pressure analysis indicated that purifying selection was predominant in eight genomic segments especially in the polymerase complex. However, the site-by-site analysis helped to detect 14 positively selected sites in the PB1, PA, HA, NA, MP and NS proteins. Despite the fact that PB2 protein of H5N1 viruses was highly conserved at the amino acid level, eleven adaptive mutations were still observed in the protein. Further comparative structural analysis of the K627E mutation indicated that there were no structural differences between the variants, which possessed either PB2-627E or PB2-627K. Transcriptomic analysis suggested the non-mitochondrial PB2 protein of H5N1 virus that forms a stable complex with the mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS, also known as IPS-1, VISA or Cardif) can induce interferon-beta (IFN-β) expression, but the substitution (PB2-K627E) is not the sole determinant of the RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) signalling components induction in Calu-3 cells.
Do smear‐layer removal agents affect the push‐out bond strength of calcium silicate‐based endodontic sealers?

AIM To evaluate the effect of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2.25% peracetic acid (PA) or 10% citric acid (CA) on the push-out bond strength of calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers [MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) and Total Fill BC Sealer (FKG, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland)] to root dentine after different periods of immersion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstaz, Germany) was used as a reference material for comparison. METHODOLOGY Thirty human maxillary incisors were selected and three 1-mm discs were obtained from the middle third of each root. On the axial surface of each disc, three 0.8-mm-diameter holes were drilled through the dentine. After standardized irrigation, each dentine disc from the same root was treated for smear-layer removal with one of the three tested chelating solutions: EDTA, PA or CA. After that, the holes were dried with paper points and filled with one of the three test root canal sealers. The filled dental slices were further immersed in PBS solution (pH 7.2) for 7 days (T1) or 30 days (T2) at 37 °C, before the push-out assay. Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used respectively to estimate the impact of the independent variables (solutions, sealers and period of PBS immersion) on the push-out bond strength. The level for significance was set at α = 5% and data were further subjected to a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Solutions and periods of immersion did not significantly influence the displacement resistance (P = 0.285, and P = 0.104, respectively) of sealers to root dentine. On the other hand, the type of sealer significantly affected the push-out bond strength (P = 0.000). AH Plus was associated with greater resistance to dislodgment compared with Total Fill BC Sealer and MTA Fillapex (P = 0.000). MTA Fillapex resulted in the lowest push-out bond strength (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION The use of different chelating agents did not influence the push-out bond strength of endodontic sealers. Calcium silicate-based sealers had lower push-out bond strength values compared with a conventional epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus).
Comparative localization of auditory comprehension by using functional magnetic resonance imaging and cortical stimulation.

OBJECT The authors previously described a functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging task for the localization of auditory comprehension in which focal activation of posterior temporal and inferior frontal regions of the left hemisphere was reliably demonstrated. Because this study was conducted in neurologically normal volunteers, it was not possible to determine whether the activated regions were critical to the performance of language tasks; that is, whether the fMR imaging activations provided a valid measure of language processing. A direct comparison of fMR imaging language activation with cortical stimulation must be completed before it can be used with confidence in presurgical planning, and this comparison is performed in the present study. METHODS The authors report on a series of 33 consecutive patients who underwent dominant hemisphere resection and in whom fMR imaging mapping of auditory comprehension was performed at the Yale neurosurgical program. In 23 of the 33 patients fMR imaging activation was consistent with the typical results obtained in normal participants in the earlier study. In 16 of these 23 patients language mapping was performed using either intra- or extraoperative cortical stimulation. Cortical stimulation failed to localize language areas in two of the 16 patients. Electrical stimulation that was performed in proximity to the fMR image activations interfered with auditory comprehension, object naming, or speech production in 12 of the remaining 14 patients. Five of the 10 cases in which evocation of reliable fMR imaging activation failed were attributable to technical problems and/or patient head movement. CONCLUSIONS Cortical stimulation results and fMR imaging findings were consistent in all but two patients. However, the spatial extent of the activation produced by fMR imaging and the spatial extent of stimulation-induced language disruption that was caused by direct cortical stimulation did not always correspond. Problems in defining the extent of activation by both methods are discussed.
Tissue engineered bone: measurement of nutrient transport in three-dimensional matrices.

The classic paradigm for in vitro tissue engineering of bone involves the isolation and culture of donor osteoblasts or osteoprogenitor cells within three-dimensional (3D) scaffold biomaterials under conditions that support tissue growth and mineralized osteoid formation. Our studies focus on the development and utilization of new dynamic culture technologies to provide adequate nutrient flux within 3D scaffolds to support ongoing tissue formation. In this study, we have developed a basic one-dimensional (1D) model to characterize the efficiency of passive nutrient diffusion and transport flux to bone cells within 3D scaffolds under static and dynamic culture conditions. Internal fluid perfusion within modeled scaffolds increased rapidly with increasing pore volume and pore diameter to a maximum of approximately 1% of external fluid flow. In contrast, internal perfusion decreased significantly with increasing pore channel tortuosity. Calculations of associated nutrient flux indicate that static 3D culture and some inappropriately designed dynamic culture environments lead to regions of insufficient nutrient concentration to maintain cell viability, and can result in steep nutrient concentration gradients within the modeled constructs. These quantitative studies provide a basis for development of new dynamic culture methodologies to overcome the limitations of passive nutrient diffusion in 3D cell-scaffold composite systems proposed for in vitro tissue engineering of bone.
Success strategies of high achieving women: A qualitative phenomenological investigation

According to the latest figures from the U.S. Labor Department, 50% of all managerial posts are held by women, yet few women hold a top position in their organization. Of the 1,000 largest revenue producing, publicly traded companies in the United States, only 20 are led by a woman. Women hold only 15.7% of all senior executive positions in Fortune 500 companies, yet traditional women’s leadership styles of open communication and inclusion have been recognized as appropriate and even best practices. Women climbing the corporate ladder face myriad challenges. In addition to the obstacles they face, the very choices women make in pursuit of satisfaction in life are fraught with difficulty and stress. However, a successful business career can also bring with it a feeling of accomplishment and other rewards. How does this affect the life of high achieving women? The purpose of this study was to define the success strategies of high achieving women in the field of business. This entailed determining what obstacles to success these high achieving women overcame and how success affected their life satisfaction. The framework chosen for this study was a qualitative design using a phenomenological approach, which examined the meaning of human experiences from the vantage point of those who actually experienced that phenomenon. The participants chosen held the position level of Vice President or above in Fortune 1,000 companies. The method of sampling was purposive with a maximum variation strategy. The process of data collection was through semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was used to determine common themes and validity and reliability were ensured with the contributions of the Panel of Experts and two interraters. The results of this study identified 18 major and 9
Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni Concentrations in Vegetables in Relation to Their Extractable Fractions in Soils in Suburban Areas of Nanjing, China

To investigate the bioavailability and bio-enrichment of metals from soils to vegetables, the concen - trations of ni, Pb, zn, and Cu in vegetables and their grown soils sampled from eight suburban areas of nanjing, china, were determined, and the fractions of these metals in soils was characterized by using the bcr sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that the residual fraction was the dominant pro - portion for Pb (46%-64% in total), cu (49%-73% in total) and ni (40%-61% in total) in soils, whereas zn was found mainly in the oxidizable fraction (31%-69% in total). The translocation coefficients of metals in leaf/root systems revealed that cu, zn and ni were mainly accumulated in roots, whereas Pb mainly in the leaves of these vegetables. The enrichment coefficients of metals in leaf/root systems indicated that zn had the strongest capacity of accumulation from soils to vegetables among all four elements. no significant correlations were found among metal concentrations in the vegetables, the metal fractions in corresponding soils, and the enrichment coefficients from soils to plants.
Cognitive Effort Drives Workspace Configuration of Human Brain Functional Networks

Effortful cognitive performance is theoretically expected to depend on the formation of a global neuronal workspace. We tested specific predictions of workspace theory, using graph theoretical measures of network topology and physical distance of synchronization, in magnetoencephalographic data recorded from healthy adult volunteers (N = 13) during performance of a working memory task at several levels of difficulty. We found that greater cognitive effort caused emergence of a more globally efficient, less clustered, and less modular network configuration, with more long-distance synchronization between brain regions. This pattern of task-related workspace configuration was more salient in the β-band (16–32 Hz) and γ-band (32–63 Hz) networks, compared with both lower (α-band; 8–16 Hz) and higher (high γ-band; 63–125 Hz) frequency intervals. Workspace configuration of β-band networks was also greater in faster performing participants (with correct response latency less than the sample median) compared with slower performing participants. Processes of workspace formation and relaxation in relation to time-varying demands for cognitive effort could be visualized occurring in the course of task trials lasting <2 s. These experimental results provide support for workspace theory in terms of complex network metrics and directly demonstrate how cognitive effort breaks modularity to make human brain functional networks transiently adopt a more efficient but less economical configuration.
Subjective Evaluation of a Semi-Automatic Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Display Calibration Technique

With the growing availability of optical see-through (OST) head-mounted displays (HMDs) there is a present need for robust, uncomplicated, and automatic calibration methods suited for non-expert users. This work presents the results of a user study which both objectively and subjectively examines registration accuracy produced by three OST HMD calibration methods: (1) SPAAM, (2) Degraded SPAAM, and (3) Recycled INDICA, a recently developed semi-automatic calibration method. Accuracy metrics used for evaluation include subject provided quality values and error between perceived and absolute registration coordinates. Our results show all three calibration methods produce very accurate registration in the horizontal direction but caused subjects to perceive the distance of virtual objects to be closer than intended. Surprisingly, the semi-automatic calibration method produced more accurate registration vertically and in perceived object distance overall. User assessed quality values were also the highest for Recycled INDICA, particularly when objects were shown at distance. The results of this study confirm that Recycled INDICA is capable of producing equal or superior on-screen registration compared to common OST HMD calibration methods. We also identify a potential hazard in using reprojection error as a quantitative analysis technique to predict registration accuracy. We conclude with discussing the further need for examining INDICA calibration in binocular HMD systems, and the present possibility for creation of a closed-loop continuous calibration method for OST Augmented Reality.
Solubility of disulfide-bonded proteins in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli and its "oxidizing" mutant.

AIM To study the influence of redox environment of Escherichia coli (E. coli) cytoplasm on disulfide bond formation of recombinant proteins. METHODS Bovine fibroblast growth factor (BbFGF) was selected as a model of simple proteins with a single disulfide bond and free cysteines. Anti-HBsAg single-chain Fv (HBscFv), an artificial multidomain protein, was selected as the model molecule of complex protein with 2 disulfide bonds. A BbFGF-producing plasmid, pJN-BbFGF, and a HBscFv producing-plasmid, pQE-HBscFv, were constructed and transformed into E. coli strains BL21(DE3) and M15(pREP4) respectively. At the same time, both plasmids were transformed into a reductase-deficient host strain, E. coli Origami(DE3). The 4 recombinant E. coli strains were cultured and the target proteins were purified. Solubility and bioactivity of recombinant BbFGF and HBscFv produced in different host strains were analyzed and compared respectively. RESULTS All recombinant E. coli strains could efficiently produce target proteins. The level of BbFGF in BL21(DE3) was 15-23% of the total protein, and was 5-10% in Origami (DE3). In addition, 65% of the BbFGF produced in BL21(DE3) formed into inclusion body in the cytoplasm, and all the target proteins became soluble in Origami(DE3). The bioactivity of BbFGF purified from Origami(DE3) was higher than its counterpart from BL21(DE3). The ED(50) of BbFGF from Origami(DE3) and BL21(DE3) was 1.6 microg/L and 2.2 microg/L, respectively. Both HBscFv formed into inclusion body in the cytoplasm of M15(pQE-HBscFv) or Origami(pQE-HBscFv). But the supernatant of Origami(pQE-HBscFv) lysate displayed weak bioactivity and its counterpart from M15(pQE-HBscFv) did not display any bioactivity. The soluble HBscFv in Origami(pQE-HBscFv) was purified to be 1-2 mg/L and its affinity constant was determined to be 2.62 x 10(7) mol/L. The yield of native HBscFv refolded from inclusion body in M15(pQE-HBscFv) was 30-35 mg/L and the affinity constant was 1.98 x 10(7) mol/L. There was no significant difference between the bioactivity of HBscFvs refolded from the inclusion bodies produced in different host strains. CONCLUSION Modification of the redox environment of E. coli cytoplasm can significantly improve the folding of recombinant disulfide-bonded proteins produced in it.
Paleoecology meets genetics: deciphering past vegetational dynamics

Abstract Genetic analysis adds a novel dimension to paleoecology that is becoming increasingly important for elucidating vegetational dynamics in relation to climate change. Because past vegetational changes have often left distinct genetic imprints on current plant populations, genetic analysis can add detail to fossil-based reconstructions. Recent surveys of DNA polymorphisms yield new insights into past vegetational changes and address long-standing paleoecological questions. These studies reveal that small tree populations survived in mid- to high-latitude refugia throughout the Quaternary glacial episodes. They further reveal migration pathways and demographic processes during postglacial range expansion. These results challenge previous notions regarding tree species responses to climate change and help to identify genetic conservation targets. Here, we review these recent advances and outline research prospects at the interface between paleoecology and genetics.
Steps toward determination of the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei. III. Further observations of NGC 5548 at optical wavelengths

The results of the second year of an intensive ground-based spectroscopic and photometric study of variability in the bright Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 are reported in order to study the relationship between continuum and emission-line variability. Relative to the first year of the monitoring program, the nucleus of NGC 5548 was considerably fainter and the continuum variations slower during the second year, but the continuum H-beta cross-correlation results for the two years are nearly identical. The variations in the broad H-beta emission-line lag behind those in the continuum by somewhat less than 20 days, as concluded from the first year's data
Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation Open Access the Effects of Moderate Fatigue on Dynamic Balance Control and Attentional Demands

Background: During daily activities, the active control of balance often is a task per se (for example, when standing in a moving bus). Other constraints like fatigue can add to the complexity of this balance task. In the present experiment, we examined how moderate fatigue induced by fast walking on a treadmill challenged dynamic balance control. We also examined if the attentional demands for performing the balance task varied with fatigue.
Time-Based Work-Personal Life Conflict and Burnout: Predictors of Enacted Workplace Incivility

TIME-BASED WORK-PERSONAL LIFE CONFLICT AND BURNOUT: PREDICTORS OF ENACTED WORKPLACE INCIVILITY Alexandra Chris Advisor: University of Guelph, 2014 Dr. M. Gloria González-Morales The existing incivility literature has focused primarily on the antecedents of incivility using between person analyses. This study builds on the previous literature by examining the antecedents of incivility using a within-persons diary study. Using a sample of 101 participants, the current study examined the daily relationships between time-based work-personal life conflict and enacted incivility towards coworkers and patients, as well as the moderating role of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Participants completed surveys twice daily over five consecutive working days. The data was analyzed with a hierarchical linear modeling approach using the nlme and multilevel packages in R software, version 3.0. 0. There were 16 hypotheses and only two were supported. The significant results indicated that time-based personal-to-work life conflict predicted enacted incivility towards coworkers and that emotional exhaustion predicted enacted incivility towards patients. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Deep Learning - How the Mind Overrides Experience

Part I. Introduction: 1. The need to override experience 2. The nature of the enterprise Part II. Creativity: 3. The production of novelty 4. Creative insight: the redistribution theory 5. Creative insight writ large Part III. Adaptation: 6. The growth of competence 7. Error correction: the specialization theory 8. Error correction in context Part IV. Conversion: 9. The formation of belief 10. Belief revision: the resubsumption theory Part V. Conclusion: 11. Elements of a unified theory 12. The recursion curse.