Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
National identity and the attitude towards foreigners in multi-national states: The case of Belgium

Abstract As an example of a multinational state in which various nationalities compete for public support, Belgium is a case in point. The citizens can identify with the official Belgian identity or with sub-national identities in Flanders and in Wallonia. How are these identities of the citizens related to their attitudes toward foreigners? Are citizens who have a strong identification with the national state (Belgium) or with the regions (Flanders or Wallonia) more likely to adopt hostile attitudes toward foreigners? A structural modelling approach was applied to the data of the 1991 election survey to map out the relationship between national identity and the attitude towards foreigners in Belgium. This shows that both attitudes are inversely related in Flanders and Wallonia. In Flanders, citizens with a strong Flemish identification tend to have a negative attitude towards foreigners, while those with a strong Belgian identification are more positive. In Wallonia, the stronger the Walloon identity, the more positive the attitude towards foreigners; the stronger the Belgian identity, the more negative the attitude towards foreigners. This finding indicates that the relationship between both variables is not intrinsic but is at least to some extent determined by the social representation of the national identity in the social and political context.
Psychometric Validation of the Youth Social Capital Scale in Greece

Objectives: This article describes the psychometric validation of the Youth Social Capital scale (YSCS) in 16- to 17-year-old students living in rural and urban areas in Crete, Greece. Methods: Sampling was performed among 27 secondary education units of Heraklion Prefecture. The self-reported questionnaire was answered by 692 participants (response rate 96.3%). The validation of the scale included both internal consistency and construct, convergent and discriminant validity tests. Results: Exploratory factor analysis yielded five social capital factors. The overall Cronbach’s α was coefficient . 771. Factor analysis revealed common patterns for many questions between the Greek and the original scales. Conclusions: This article supports the validity of the YSCS for assessing the social context of young individuals in Greece.
To Compare the Microleakage Among Experimental Adhesives Containing Nanoclay Fillers after the Storages of 24 Hours and 6 Months

Objectives: To compare the microleakage among experimental adhesives containing nanoclay fillers after the storages of 24 hours and 6 months. Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on extracted human molars with the occlusal margins located in enamel and the cervical margins in cementum. Phosphoric acid was applied to the enamel and dentin margins.Subsequently, the cavities were treated using four groups of experimental adhesive systems and restored with a resin composite. Adper Single Bond® was used as control group. After 24- hour and 6- month storages, the samples were subjected to thermocycling shocks and then immersed in silver nitrate as well as developer solution and finally evaluated for leakage. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Based on Kruskal –Wallis test, significant differences were found between groups regarding microleakage. The Mann- Whitney test showed that Leakage was significantly lower in Adper Single Bond® compared to the other groups in dentinal margins after 24 hours and 6 months and in enamel margins after 6 months. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test showed that the enamel leakage in experimental adhesives was significantly lower than dentinal leakage after 24 hours as well as enamel leakage in Adper Single Bond and adhesive with 0.5% PMAA-g-nanoclay was significantly lower than dentinal margins after storage period of 6 months. Conclusion: All the experimental adhesives were effective in reducing enamel leakage after 24 hours, but were not effective in reducing dentinal leakage after 24 hours as well as in enamel and dentinal leakage after a 6-month storage. No improvement was observed in the microleakage in dentin in both short (24 hrs) and long times (6 months). The high microleakage in the adhesives is probably attributed to the high concentration of HEMA in the recipe of the bonding agent.
MOTIVATING STUDENTS IN THE HELPING PROFESSIONS TO WORK WITH THE AGED

Despite the steady growth of the elderly population in Israel students in the helping professions have been found, on average, to give low priority to working with the elderly. This article attempts to find answers to a number of questions relating to this problem. What are the factors that account for the desirability to work professionally with the elderly? Why are so many uninterested in working with the aged? What is different about those who decide to work with the elderly? How can more students in the helping professions be motivated to work with the elderly? The article gives numerous practical suggestions to implement in Israel, which are relevant to other countries as well.
Language, Bilingualism, and Executive Functioning in Early Development

Okanda, et al. (2010) reported new evidence concerning associations between language ability, bilingualism, and executive functioning early in development. The paper adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that bilingualism is associated with advantages in executive functioning generally, and the Dimensional Change Card Sort task in particular. However, as with all findings that hinge on between-group comparisons, there is a need to exercise caution before drawing firm conclusions about the effects of bilingualism on the development of executive control. Several lines of recent evidence are outlined that challenge key assumptions underlying the standard account of the bilingual advantage. Okanda, et al.'s findings are discussed in light of this evidence.
A Parent-Teacher Behavior Rating Scale for Underachieving Children

Ackerman, P., Peters, J., Dykman, R. : Children with specific learning disabilities: WISC profiles. Journal of learning Disabilities, 1971, 4, 150-166. Altus, G. : A WISC profile for retarded readers. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1956, 20, 155-156. Belmont, L. , Birch, H. : The intellectual profile of retarded readers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1966, 22, 787-816. Burks, H. , Bruce, P.: The characteristics of poor and good readers as disclosed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1955, 46, 488-495.
Individual performance in socio-cognitive tasks predicts social behaviour in carrion crows

The social intelligence hypothesis links the evolution of exceptional cognitive skills to the requirements of complex social systems. Empirical evidence of a connection between cognitive skills and social behaviour on an individual level is lacking. I investigated how cognitive performance in carrion crows correlates with social behaviour. Social behaviour was observed and crows were tested in four tasks previously published elsewhere: qualitative exchange, quantity preference, inequity aversion, heterospecific recognition. I describe correlations between an individuals’ involvement in affiliative and aggressive encounters and performance during these different cognitive tasks. For example, individuals performing better in the qualitative exchange task received more approaches and affiliative interactions. There was a correlation between birds choosing higher quantities during testing and their propensity to initiate aggressive and affiliative interactions with others. Overall these results show a link between social behaviour and individual performance in cognitive tasks.
Types, Magnitude, Predictors and Controlling Mechanisms of Aggression in Secondary Schools of Jimma zone

The objectives of the study was to investigate types, magnitude ,predictors of aggression and the methods that teachers used to control aggression in secondary schools of Jimma zone. A cross –sectional design was used for the study. A total of 663 secondary school students and 53 secondary school teachers participated in the study. Multi-stage sampling that involves simple random and stratified sampling techniques was used to select student participants. Accidental sampling techniques were employed to select teacher participants. Questionnaire that contained items on socio-demographic variables, scales on aggression, scales on parenting styles and scales on personality variables was used by the researchers to collect information from the students. A necessary data from the teachers were collected through close ended and open ended questionnaires. Interview and observation were also applied to collect data. One sample t- test , and step wise multiple regression analysis were conducted to analyze the data. The findings disclosed that physical ,verbal and indirect types of aggression were evident and students reported greater indirect aggression followed by verbal and physical aggression. The one sample t test ,however, indicated that the magnitude of each type of aggression was below average. Regarding the predictors of aggression, scores on the measure of perceived parental affection/warm and agreeableness negatively predicted physical aggression whereas scores on neuroticism positively predicted physical aggression. Scores on the measure of perceived parental affection/warm ,sex, and agreeableness negatively predicted indirect aggression whereas scores on the measure of extravert and neuroticism positively predicted indirect aggression. It was also found out that scores on the measure of perceived parental affection/warm negatively predicted verbal aggression whereas scores on neuroticism positively predicted verbal aggression. Regarding the methods teachers used to control aggression , advising and handing over the aggressor to discipline committee were the most common methods reported. Some interviewed students, however, disclosed that threatening, insulting and time out were the methods teachers frequented most. The researchers also witnessed some forms of physical punishment in one school though physical punishment was not reported by the teachers and the interviewed students. Recommendations were also forwarded in the light of the findings. Ethiopian Journal of Education and Science Vol. 2 (2) 2007: pp. 51-61
Salivary Viscosity in Relation to Oral Health Status among a Group of 20-22 Years Old Dental Students

Background: Elevated salivary viscosity increases the risk for dental caries and periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to disclose the relationship between salivary viscosity and dental caries as well as gingival disease severity among a group of 20-22 years old dental students. Materials and methods: Forty five dental students of both gender aged 20-22 years at College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad took part in this study. Stimulated salivary samples were collected then taken to the laboratory for measuring salivary viscosity at the Poisoning Consultation/Surgical Specialty Hospital. Dental caries was recorded by lesion severity according to Decayed, Missing and Filled (D1-4 MFS) Index (Mühlemman, 1976). Plaque index PlI (Silness and Löe, 1964) was used for measuring dental plaque thickness while gingival index GI (Löe and Silness, 1963) was used for diagnosis of the gingival disease. SPSS version 18 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Salivary viscosity showed weak non significant correlation with caries experience (P>0.05). However, according to dental caries severity students with severe dental caries recorded higher salivary viscosity than those with moderate caries severity with significant difference in case of DS fraction (m.d.= -0.01, P< 0.05). However, according to DMFS statistical difference was close to the confidence limit (P=0.07). No significant correlation could be found between salivary viscosity and gingival inflammation (P> 0.05). Also regarding severity of gingivitis no significant difference in salivary viscosity was recorded between those with mild and those with moderate gingivitis (P> 0.05). Conclusions: It is recommended that measuring salivary viscosity to be a part of routine dental diagnosis when treating patient with higher dental caries risk. However, further studies are needed to disclose the effect of increased salivary viscosity on gingival health with larger sample size.
Response to Pegylated Interferon Plus Ribavirin in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 6a Infection from Guangdong and Guangxi Province of China

Aim. Our aim is to survey the treatment effect of PEG-IFN plus ribavirin in patients infected with HCV genotype 6a in Guangdong and Guangxi province of China and investigate best course of antiviral treatment for patients with HCV-6a infection. Methods. 515 eligible patients received subcutaneous 180 μg PEG-IFNα-2a or 1.5 μg/kg PEG-IFNα-2b once weekly plus oral ribavirin. Primary outcome was SVR by intention-to-treat analysis. Secondary outcome was RVR, cEVR, ETR, and relapse rate. Results. SVR in patients with HCV-6a infection treated for 48 weeks was comparable to that in patients with HCV-2/3 infection (80.9% versus 82.5%, p = 0.812) and higher than that in patients with HCV-1b infection (80.9% versus 67.2%, p = 0.014). ETR (98.9% versus 90.6%, p = 0.016), virological response at month 3 of end-of- treatment (88.8% versus 76.6%, p = 0.044), SVR (80.9% versus 65.6%, p = 0.032), and virological response at month 12 of end-of-treatment (76.4% versus 60.9%, p = 0.04) in patients with HCV-6a infection treated for 48 weeks were higher than those in patients with HCV-6a infection treated for 24 weeks. Conclusion. SVR in patients with HCV-6a treated for 48 weeks was comparable to that in patients with HCV-2/3 infection and higher than that in patients with HCV-1b infection; patients with HCV-6a infection treated for 48 weeks had a superior treatment response than patients treated for 24 weeks.
Effect of oral health education and fluoridated dentifrices on the oral health status of visually impaired children

Visually impaired children are challenged everyday in their everyday skills. Oral hygiene practices among visually impaired children require a special approach with time and patience. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral health education and fluoridated dentifrices on the oral health status of visually impaired children. Materials and Methods: Fifty visually impaired children between 8 and 12 years of age formed the study group. Oral health education and motivation was done with the help of Braille. Modified Bass method of brushing was taught to the children and the required dental treatment was done. Subjects were randomly divided into two equal groups fluoridated and non-fluoridated. Oral hygiene index -simplified, DMFT, deft index, and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus count were assessed at baseline, immediately after the treatment and at 3, 6, and 12 month intervals. The oral health awareness was assessed using a questionnaire at the beginning and end of the study. Results: At baseline, the mean OHI-S, DMFT and deft scores were 2.72, 0.47, and 0.51 respectively. At the end of 12 months there was a significant decrease in OHI-S scores in the fluoridated group. No significant difference was seen in DMFT and deft between the fluoridated and non-fluoridated groups at the different time interval. After the oral health education and comprehensive treatment there was a reduction in Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts in both groups; however, at the end of 3, 6, 12 months there was a significant decrease in fluoridated group as compared to the non-fluoridated. The oral health awareness increased significantly at the end of the study. Conclusion: The oral health education and motivation formulated for the visually impaired children was effective in improving their oral health status. Fluoridated dentifrices decreased the Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts and improved the oral hygiene status.
Cardiac Channel Molecular Autopsy for Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy is the sudden, unexplained, unexpected death of an individual with epilepsy in which postmortem examination does not reveal an anatomic or toxicologic cause of death. Patients with congenital long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia have been frequently initially diagnosed with epilepsy. A cardiac channel molecular autopsy of the common long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia-susceptibility genes was performed on an archived necropsy specimen from an 8-year-old victim of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. A novel, sporadic missense mutation in exon 104 of the RYR2-encoded ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel (c. 14806G>A, p.Gly4936Arg) was discovered. This mutation was absent in >600 reference alleles including both parents, involved a highly conserved amino acid, and localized to a key structure-function domain. To our knowledge, this is the first postmortem molecular diagnosis of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in a patient with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
Isolation of fungi from bats of the Amazon basin

A total of 2,886 bats captured in the Amazon Basin of Brazil were processed for the isolation of fungi. From the livers, spleens, and lungs of 155 bats (5.4%), 186 fungal isolates of the genera Candida (123 isolates), Trichosporon (26 isolates), Torulopsis (25 isolates), Kluyveromyces (11 isolates), and Geotrichum (1 isolate) were recovered. Seven known pathogenic species were present: Candida parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, C. albicans, C. stellatoidea, C. pseudotropicalis, Trichosporon beigelii, and Torulopsis glabrata. Twenty-three culture-positive bats showed identical fungal colonization in multiple organs or mixed colonization in a single organ. The fungal isolation rates for individual bat species varied from 1 fungus per 87 bats to 3 fungi per 13 bats, and the mycoflora diversity for members of an individual fungus-bearing bat species varied from 16 fungi per 40 bats to 7 fungi per 6 bats. Of the 38 fungal species isolated, 36 had not been previously described as in vivo bat isolates. Of the 27 culture-positive bat species, 21 had not been previously described as mammalian hosts for medically or nonmedically important fungi.
The MODIS Aerosol Algorithm, Products, and Validation

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard both NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites is making near-global daily observations of the earth in a wide spectral range (0.41–15 m). These measurements are used to derive spectral aerosol optical thickness and aerosol size parameters over both land and ocean. The aerosol products available over land include aerosol optical thickness at three visible wavelengths, a measure of the fraction of aerosol optical thickness attributed to the fine mode, and several derived parameters including reflected spectral solar flux at the top of the atmosphere. Over the ocean, the aerosol optical thickness is provided in seven wavelengths from 0.47 to 2.13 m. In addition, quantitative aerosol size information includes effective radius of the aerosol and quantitative fraction of optical thickness attributed to the fine mode. Spectral irradiance contributed by the aerosol, mass concentration, and number of cloud condensation nuclei round out the list of available aerosol products over the ocean. The spectral optical thickness and effective radius of the aerosol over the ocean are validated by comparison with two years of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data gleaned from 132 AERONET stations. Eight thousand MODIS aerosol retrievals collocated with AERONET measurements confirm that one standard deviation of MODIS optical thickness retrievals fall within the predicted uncertainty of 0.03 0.05 over ocean and 0.05 0.15 over land. Two hundred and seventy-one MODIS aerosol retrievals collocated with AERONET inversions at island and coastal sites suggest that one standard deviation of MODIS effective radius retrievals falls within reff 0.11 m. The accuracy of the MODIS retrievals suggests that the product can be used to help narrow the uncertainties associated with aerosol radiative forcing of global climate.
The Determinants of Production and Export of Natural Rubber in India

This study examined the factors that influence agricultural production and exports with specific reference to the natural rubber in India. Secondary data was used for this study. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique was used in analyzing the relevant data. The OLS findings revealed that natural rubber production is significantly (p<0.05) by export of natural rubber (β=0.05), stock (β=0.21) and domestic price (β=0.21). For export of natural rubber, the OLS shows that stock of natural rubber (β=0.29), world market price (β=15.96), domestic price (β=-18.47) and world population (β=88.37) significantly (p<0.05) influence in export of natural rubber. It is recommended that there should be value addition in respect of natural rubber being exported. Key word: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Production, Export and Import.
Anchoring Ubuntu Morality

This article explores ways in which ubuntu morality might be anchored in the community, the family, and in personhood. It draws on the main tenets of tribal critical race theory (TribalCrit), whose aim is to unmask, expose, and confront continued colonisation within educational contexts and societal structures. The article recognises that Africa is still largely a communal society, and that it is this communalism which defines the peoples' perception of self-interest, their freedom and their location in the social whole. The family is critical as the primary institution of formative moral development, the school of justice, and the medium for the concrete expression of communal values. The central argument of the article is that ubuntu - inclined communities and families are pivotal to the development of personhood given that persons are products of community. In most of Africa personhood is constituted by the interplay between the culturally objectified conception of persons, and the subjectively apprehended aspects of social life through which individuals express their subjectivity in opposition to or in conformity to the conventionally defined roles, rules, and regulations of the habitus. In the last instance the article seeks to insert ubuntu as an indigenous African epistemology in contemporary socio-political and cultural discourses.