Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiplier Method for Predicting Limb-Length Discrepancy*

Background: In patients with a congenital or developmental limb-length discrepancy, the short limb grows at a rate proportional to that of the normal, long limb. This is the basis of predicting limb-length discrepancy with existing methods, which are complicated and require multiple data points. The purpose of our study was to derive a simple arithmetic formula that can easily and accurately predict limb-length discrepancy at skeletal maturity. Methods: Using available databases, we divided the femoral and tibial lengths at skeletal maturity by the femoral and tibial lengths at each age for each percentile group. The resultant number was called the multiplier. Using the multiplier, we derived formulae to predict the limb-length discrepancy and the amount of growth remaining. We verified the accuracy of these formulae by evaluating two groups of patients with congenital shortening who were managed with epiphysiodesis or limb-lengthening. We also calculated and compared the multipliers for other databases according to radiographic, clinical, and anthropological lower-limb measurements. Results: The multipliers for the femur and tibia were equivalent in all percentile groups, varying only by age and gender. Because congenital limb-length discrepancy increases at a rate proportional to growth, the discrepancy at maturity can be calculated as the current discrepancy times the multiplier for the current age and the gender. This calculation can be performed with use of a single measurement of limb-length discrepancy. For progressive developmental (noncongenital) discrepancies, the discrepancy at skeletal maturity can be calculated as the current discrepancy plus the growth inhibition times the amount of growth remaining. The timing of the epiphysiodesis can also be calculated with the multiplier. The predictions made with use of the multiplier method correlated well with those made with use of the Moseley method as well as with the actual limb-length discrepancy in both the limb-lengthening and epiphysiodesis groups. The multipliers derived from the radiographic, clinical, and anthropological measurements of femora and tibiae were all similar to each other despite differences in race, ethnicity, and generation. Conclusions: The multiplier method allows for a quick calculation of the predicted limb-length discrepancy at skeletal maturity, without the need to plot graphs, and is based on as few as one or two measurements. This method is independent of percentile groups and is the same for the prediction of femoral, tibial, and total-limb lengths. The multiplier values are also independent of generation, height, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, and race. We verified the accuracy of this method clinically by evaluating patients who had been managed with limb-lengthening or epiphysiodesis. The method was also comparable with or more accurate than the Moseley method of limb-length prediction.
Leveraging Local Consecutive Information for Session-Based Recommendation

Session-based recommendation is the task of predicting the user's next actions based on the session history without any information about the long-term user profile. Inspired by the fact that a session can be modeled as a sequence, various methods have been proposed using transformer-based neural networks to encode sessions. Recent studies show that user behaviors can be influenced by groups of consecutive items in a session. Although the conventional transformer architecture can capture such relations, it requires much better data. To address this problem, we propose a new attention mechanism that can encode information of consecutive items and uses several transformer models to capture such information at multiple levels. We then use a weighted aggregation layer to fuse the results at different levels. We empirically evaluate the proposed method on two benchmark datasets. The results show that our model outperforms other transformer-based methods on common evaluation metrics.
THE NORM OF RECIPROCITY: A PRELIMINARY STATEMENT *

The manner in which the concept of reciprocity is implicated in functional theory is explored, enabling a reanalysis of the concepts of "survival" and "exploitation. " The need to distinguish between the concepts of complementarity and reciprocity is stressed. Distinctions are also drawn between (1) reciprocity as a pattern of mutually contingent exchange of gratifications, (2) the existential or folk belief in reciprocity, and (3) the generalized moral norm of reciprocity. Reciprocity as a moral norm is analyzed; it is hypothesized that it is one of the universal "principal components" of moral codes. As Westermarck states, "To requite a benefit, or to be grateful to him who bestows it, is probably everywhere, at least under certain circumstances, regarded as a duty. This is a subject which in the present connection calls for special consideration. " Ways in which the norm of reciprocity is implicated in the maintenance of stable social systems are examined.
Personality Patterns of Psychiatrists

These stimulating volumes present the report of a research project on the selection of residents done at the Menninger School of Psychiatry, together with a thorough discussion of the issues involved in the research and in the general problem of selecting psychiatric residents. The project represents a major undertaking covering a ten-year period, involving the authors as well as several collaborators and assistants. To simplify presentation, the report is divided into two volumes. The first, containing a general account of the study with important supporting material and designed so that it can be read by itself, will prove sufficient for the general reader. The second volume, arranged as a series of appendices to the first, offers further details, with extensive statistical tabulations and discussion of various less central issues. The opening section sketches the background of the study. It points up the difficulties and the crucial importance of selection,
Speaker Identification Using Various Machine Learning Algorithms

Speaker recognition, a specialized field within the domain of audio-based biometric authentication has gain a significant attention due to its non-intrusive nature and applicability across various domains such as security, access control and identity verification. Owing to its enhanced detecting nature between a natural and difficult-to-fake trait, speaker recognition is considered a reliable method for establishing identity in these diverse contexts. This work reviews all the essential fields of speaker recognition taken into consideration favouring in the present era that boosts up Deep learning environment. Moreover, this paper highlights their advancements, challenges and potential applications of different machine learning (ML) models including Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM). Our study aims to compare these models in terms of their F1 score and accuracy in Vox-Celeb dataset which are crucial for overall effectiveness of biometric authentication systems. Further, we will be comparing the foresaid with the existing techniques and their respective areas.
The Effect of Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants on Metabolic Health among KOREAN Children during a 1-Year Follow-Up

Previous evidence suggests the potential for adverse effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on metabolic health even at low-dose exposure levels common among the general population, but there is less evidence of these associations among children. Therefore, as part of a prospective cohort study, 214 children were measured for POPs exposure. After the 1-year follow-up, we assessed the effect of circulating POPs exposure among 158 children aged 7–9 years (at baseline) on the change of metabolic components of metabolic syndrome using multiple regression analysis. In addition, we calculated the continuous metabolic syndrome (cMetS) score and assessed the variation among individuals by POPs exposure. The concentrations of marker polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were significantly associated with increased change in diastolic blood pressure (BP) and triglyceride levels during a 1-year follow-up, after controlling for sex, age, household income, and change in body mass index. Total PCBs also showed a marginal association with increasing cMetS score from the baseline. Of the metabolic components, change in diastolic BP over time showed a notable association with specific PCBs, but no association with organochlorine pesticides. Here, we found that low-dose exposures to PCBs among children in the general population could negatively influence metabolic health, particularly diastolic BP. Increased disease sensitivity during childhood can continue to adulthood, thus, these results support the need for continuous assessment of the health impact of POPs.
Why is Long-Horizon Equity Less Risky? A Duration-Based Explanation of the Value Premium

We propose a dynamic risk-based model that captures the value premium. Firms are modeled as long-lived assets distinguished by the timing of cash flows. The stochastic discount factor is specified so that shocks to aggregate dividends are priced, but shocks to the discount rate are not. The model implies that growth firms covary more with the discount rate than do value firms, which covary more with cash flows. When calibrated to explain aggregate stock market behavior, the model accounts for the observed value premium, the high Sharpe ratios on value firms, and the poor performance of the CAPM. THIS PAPER PROPOSES A DYNAMIC RISK-BASED MODEL that captures both the high expected returns on value stocks relative to growth stocks, and the failure of the capital asset pricing model to explain these expected returns. The value premium, first noted by Graham and Dodd (1934), is the finding that assets with a high ratio of price to fundamentals (growth stocks) have low expected returns relative to assets with a low ratio of price to fundamentals (value stocks). This finding by itself is not necessarily surprising, as it is possible that the premium on value stocks represents compensation for bearing systematic risk. However, Fama and French (1992) and others show that the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) of Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965) cannot account for the value premium: While the CAPM predicts that expected returns should rise with the beta on the market portfolio, value stocks have higher expected returns yet do not have higher betas than growth stocks. To model the difference between value and growth stocks, we introduce a cross-section of long-lived firms distinguished by the timing of their cash flows. Firms with cash flows weighted more to the future endogenously have high price ratios, while firms with cash flows weighted more to the present have low price ratios. Analogous to long-term bonds, growth firms are high-duration ∗ Lettau is at the Stern School of Business at New York University. Wachter is at the Wharton
Low power sub-threshold asynchronous QDI Static Logic Transistor-level Implementation (SLTI) 32-bit ALU

We propose an asynchronous-logic (async) Quasi-Delay-Insensitive (QDI) Static Logic Transistor-level Implementation (SLTI) approach for low power sub-threshold operation. The approach is implemented to design 32-bit pipelined Arithmetic and Logic Units (ALUs), the primary computation core for microprocessors, and benchmarked against the reported Pre-Charged Half-Buffer (PCHB). There are two key attributes in this proposed design. First, the proposed SLTI ALU design can perform dynamic voltage scaling seamless by only changing the supply voltage from nominal (1V) to sub-threshold (~0.2V) regions for high speed/low power operation. Second, the ALU achieves ultra-low power dissipation (3.5μW) at the lowest VDD point (~0.15V). For fair of comparison, both implemented ALUs have identical functionality and functional blocks, are implemented using the same 65nm CMOS process. Based on the simulations, the minimum energy point occurs at VDD = 0.2V for SLTI-based ALU and at VDD = 0.3V for PCHB-based ALU. The SLTI-based ALU have ~93% and ~89% lower energy on the arithmetic and logic operations respectively from VDD = 1V to VDD = 0.2V. At VDD = 0.2V, with 9MHz input switching rate, the async ALU based on our proposed SLTI approach dissipates ~51% and ~44% lower power than the reported PCHB counterpart on the arithmetic and logic operations respectively.
Factors affecting the adoption of online library resources by business students

The overall goal of this study is to explain how information literacy instruction (ILI) influences the adoption of online library resources (OLR) by business students. A theoretical model was developed that integrates research on ILI outcomes and technology adoption. To test this model, a web-based survey, which included both closed and open-ended questions, was administered to 337 business students. Findings indicate that the ILI received by students is beneficial in the initial or early stages of OLR use; however, students quickly reach a saturation point where more instruction contributes little, if anything, to the final outcome, such as reduced OLR anxiety and increased OLR self-efficacy. Rather, it is the independent, continuous use of OLR after receiving initial, formal ILI that creates continued positive effects. Importantly, OLR self-efficacy and anxiety were found to be important antecedents to OLR adoption. OLR anxiety also partially mediates the relationship between self-efficacy and perceived ease of use. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internalization of ige receptors on rat basophilic leukemic cells by phorbol ester. comparison with endocytosis induced by receptor aggregation

Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) can induce a rapid and significant decrease in the expression of IgE receptors on RBL‐2H3 cells. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that the down‐regulation is due to internalization of receptors. The endocytotic response to PMA shares several characteristics with endocytosis induced by immunochemical aggregation of surface‐bound monomeric IgE: the rates of internalization both have a t1/2 of about 5 min, a maximum of 35% of the surface‐bound IgE can be endocytosed by the action of PMA (50% by receptor aggregation), endocytosis is sustained for at least up to 60 min, neither stimulus requires extracellular Ca2+ and endocytosis induced by either stimulus is an active process, i.e., is dependent on temperature and cellular energy. Biochemical studies revealed some differences between the endocytotic responses to the two stimuli. After prolonged treatment of cells with dexamethasone, only endocytosis induced by PMA is inhibited. Cells depleted of protein kinase C by prolonged exposure to PMA can sustain a significant endocytotic response to aggregation of IgE receptors, but become completely desensitized to PMA. These data suggest that different biochemical pathways mediate the signals from the two stimuli and that protein kinase C is directly involved in endocytosis induced by PMA but does not have a major role in endocytosis induced by receptor aggregation.
I Am a Human Being, and I Belong to the World

This article explores the relationship between spirituality and learning to cultivate a social identity that is global in its outlook. It considers the lived experiences of 10 women from the Baha'i Faith talking about their search for an inclusive worldview and about how they (re)constructed a broader identity through the teachings of their religion and developed the capacity to be border crossers across cultures and places. Although issues and concerns of identity constitute a major area of deliberation in the field of adult education for social change, less discernible in the discourse is the link between spirituality and the (re)construction of social identity. The narratives of these Baha'i women offer some grounded approaches to address the topic of spirituality that is framed not in the language of religious epiphanies or practices but as social transformative learning.
The Role of Two Reading Strategies in Text Comprehension: An Eye Fixation Study in Primary School Children.

This study examined whether 10-12-year-old children use two reading strategies to aid their text comprehension: (1) distinguishing between important and unimportant words; and (2) resolving anaphoric references. Of interest was the question to what extent use of these reading strategies was predictive of reading comprehension skill over and above decoding skill and vocabulary. Reading strategy use was examined by the recording of eye fixations on specific target words. In contrast to less successful comprehenders, more successful comprehenders invested more processing time in important than in unimportant words. On the other hand, they needed less time to determine the antecedent of an anaphor. The results suggest that more successful comprehenders build a more effective mental model of the text than less successful comprehenders in at least two ways. First, they allocate more attention to the incorporation of goal-relevant than goal-irrelevant information into the model. Second, they ascertain that the text model is coherent and richly connected. © United Kingdom Literacy Association 2007.
Multiplicative Normalizing Flows for Variational Bayesian Neural Networks

We reinterpret multiplicative noise in neural networks as auxiliary random variables that augment the approximate posterior in a variational setting for Bayesian neural networks. We show that through this interpretation it is both efficient and straightforward to improve the approximation by employing normalizing flows (Rezende & Mohamed, 2015) while still allowing for local reparametrizations (Kingma et al., 2015) and a tractable lower bound (Ranganath et al., 2015; Maal0e et al., 2016). In experiments we show that with this new approximation we can significantly improve upon classical mean field for Bayesian neural networks on both predictive accuracy as well as predictive uncertainty.
Apoptosis Induced by the Kinase Inhibitor BAY 43-9006 in Human Leukemia Cells Involves Down-regulation of Mcl-1 through Inhibition of Translation*

BAY 43-9006 is a kinase inhibitor that induces apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells. Here we report that treatment with BAY 43-9006 results in marked cytochrome c and AIF release into the cytosol, caspase-9, -8, -7, and -3 activation, and apoptosis in human leukemia cells (U937, Jurkat, and K562). Pronounced apoptosis was also observed in blasts from patients with acute myeloid leukemia. These events were accompanied by ERK1/2 inactivation and caspase-independent down-regulation of Mcl-1. Inducible expression of a constitutively active MEK1 construct did not prevent Mcl-1 down-regulation, suggesting that this event is not related to MEK/ERK pathway inactivation. Furthermore, BAY 43-9006 did not induce major changes in Mcl-1 mRNA levels monitored by real-time PCR or Mcl-1 promoter activity demonstrated by luciferase reporter assays, but it did enhance Mcl-1 down-regulation in actinomycin D-treated cells. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide or proteasome function with MG132 and pulse-chase studies with [35S]methionine demonstrated that BAY 43-9006 did not diminish Mcl-1 protein stability, nor did it enhance Mcl-1 ubiquitination, but instead markedly attenuated Mcl-1 translation in association with the rapid and potent dephosphorylation of the eIF4E translation initiation factor. Finally, ectopic expression of Mcl-1 in leukemic cells markedly inhibited BAY 43-9006-mediated cytochrome c cytosolic release, caspase-9, -7, and -3 activation, as well as cell death, indicating that Mcl-1 operates upstream of cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Together, these findings demonstrate that BAY 43-9006 mediates cell death in human leukemia cells, at least in part, through down-regulation of Mcl-1 via inhibition of translation.
Professionals Assessing Clients’ Needs and Eligibility for Electric Scooters in the Netherlands: Both Gatekeepers and Clients’ Advocates

Summary Independence and maintaining social contact are important factors of elderly per sons' quality of life. An electric scooter may support people with mobility problems to achieve these goals. In the Netherlands, needs assessors have been appointed to eval uate clients' eligibility for electric scooters. They have to cope with a twofold job assignment: allocating services to only those clients who are eligible according to pre determined criteria, but also acting in their client's best interest, for the system of needs assessment should be client oriented. This paper examines how needs assessors apply eligibility criteria and act in the client's interest at the same time. A qualitative study was performed, observing twelve house calls of clients requesting an electric scooter. Interviews were held with needs assessors and a document analysis was made. We found that needs assessors used their discretionary room to create their own policy regarding who deserves an electric scooter and who does not. They did this by concealing or emphasizing certain information. Especially when needs asses sors sympathized with their clients, they did their best to sustain the case. The paper concludes with the suggestion that needs assessors would benefit from discussing their personal values, not only to agree on their norms as a professional group but also to avoid illegitimate arguments influence the decision. Furthermore, needs
Hardness of approximating the minimum distance of a linear code

We show that the minimum distance of a linear code (or equivalently, the weight of the lightest codeword) is not approximable to within any constant factor in random polynomial time (RP), unless NP equals RP. Under the stronger assumption that NP is not contained in RQP (random quasi-polynomial time), we show that the minimum distance is not approximable to within the factor 2/sup log(1-/spl epsiv/)n/, for any /spl epsiv/>0, where n denotes the block length of the code. Our results hold for codes over every finite field, including the special case of binary codes. In the process we show that the nearest codeword problem is hard to solve even under the promise that the number of errors is (a constant factor) smaller than the distance of the code. This is a particularly meaningful version of the nearest codeword problem. Our results strengthen (though using stronger assumptions) a previous result of A. Vardy (1997) who showed that the minimum distance is NP-hard to compute exactly. Our results are obtained by adapting proofs of analogous results for integer lattices due to M. Ajtai (1998) and D. Micciancio (1998). A critical component in the adaptation is our use of linear codes that perform better than random (linear) codes.
Upper and Lower Risks and Minimax Procedures

Abstract : The essential goal of R. A. Fisher's fiducial argument was to make posterior inferences about unknown parameters without resorting to a prior distribution. Over the past decade, there have been two major attempts at developing a statistical theory that would accomplish this convincingly. One of these efforts has been described in a series of publications by Fraser, the other in papers by Dempster. From the early work [4], [11], [12], [13], which was tied to a fiducial viewpoint, both authors developed statistical theories that were distinct from the fiducial argument, yet achieved the goal of non-Bayesian posterior inference [5], [6], [7], [8], [14], [15], [16].