Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Static typing for a faulty lambda calculus

A transient hardware fault occurs when an energetic particle strikes a transistor, causing it to change state. These faults do not cause permanent damage, but may result in incorrect program execution by altering signal transfers or stored values. While the likelihood that such transient faults will cause any significant damage may seem remote, over the last several years transient faults have caused costly failures in high-end machines at America Online, eBay, and the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, among others [6, 44, 15]. Because susceptibility to transient faults is proportional to the size and density of transistors, the problem of transient faults will become increasingly important in the coming decades.This paper defines the first formal, type-theoretic framework for studying reliable computation in the presence of transient faults. More specifically, it defines λzap, a lambda calculus that exhibits intermittent data faults. In order to detect and recover from these faults, λzap programs replicate intermediate computations and use majority voting, thereby modeling software-based fault tolerance techniques studied extensively, but informally [10, 20, 30, 31, 32, 33, 41]. To ensure that programs maintain the proper invariants and use λzap primitives correctly, the paper defines a type system for the language. This type system guarantees that well-typed programs can tolerate any single data fault. To demonstrate that λzap can serve as an idealized typed intermediate language, we define a type-preserving translation from a standard simply-typed lambda calculus into λzap.
Beginning Teachers' Use of Resources to Enact and Learn from Ambitious Instruction

ABSTRACT I investigated how five first-year teachers—all peers from the same science methods class framed around ambitious instruction—used resources to plan and learn in schools that promoted pedagogy anchored around information delivery. The participants engaged in different cycles of resource-driven learning based on the instructional framework they readily enacted. Three participants who enacted ambitious instruction created generative cycles, and two participants who engaged in delivery pedagogy limited their learning in narrowing cycles. Regardless of the learning cycles, students' science ideas became the core resource for each participant. However, the participants who readily enacted ambitious instruction used students' ideas in conjunction with other prioritized resources including “face-to-face” tools, planning tools, and high-leverage practices. The participants who engaged in delivery pedagogy used students' ideas along with resources valued in their school contexts, such as knowledge-embedded tools (textbooks and curricula) and department norms for teaching.
16th Meeting of the Network of European CNS Transplantation and Restoration (NECTAR), Amsterdam, December 8-10, 2005

Organizers: Gerard J. Boer, and Ms. Tini Eikelboom (secretariat) Program committee: Patrick Aebischer (Lausanne, Switzerland), Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Levi (Creteil, France), Roger Barker (Cambridge, UK), Anders Björklund (Lund, Sweden), Gerard J. Boer (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Steve Dunnett (Cardiff, UK), Deniz Kirik (Lund, Sweden), Guido Nikkhah (Freiburg, Germany), Stephane Palfi (Lille, France), and Hans Widmer (Bern, Switzerland)
The Correlation between Temperament, Technology Preference, and Proficiency in Middle School Students

This study examined the relationship between middle school students’ personality type and their academic performance in the technology courses in which they participated. It also explored the differences in technology use by personality. Most participants identified games as a favorite pastime. However, there were some noted temperamental differences. Students with the analytical personality reported the most varied use of computers, and rated their technology skills significantly higher on the self-perception scales and performed at a higher proficiency level than their peers. The study also investigated the effectiveness of the two computer courses offered at the schools in the study. Students who completed the Computer Literacy course during the school year performed significantly higher than those who took the Explorations Technology course, both courses, or no technology course at all. However, those with the analytical temperament performed better in the Explorations Technology course. Results suggest personality can predict technology use in students. Findings are consistent with similar research in the computing industry.
ABT-510 induces tumor cell apoptosis and inhibits ovarian tumor growth in an orthotopic, syngeneic model of epithelial ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fifth most common cancer in women and is characterized by a low 5-year survival rate. One strategy that can potentially improve the overall survival rate in ovarian cancer is the use of antitumor agents such as ABT-510. ABT-510 is a small mimetic peptide of the naturally occurring antiangiogenic compound thrombospondin-1 and has been shown to significantly reduce tumor growth and burden in preclinical mouse models and in naturally occurring tumors in dogs. This is the first evaluation of ABT-510 in a preclinical model of human EOC. Tumorigenic mouse surface epithelial cells were injected into the bursa of C57BL/6 mice that were treated with either 100 mg/kg ABT-510 or an equivalent amount of PBS. ABT-510 caused a significant reduction in tumor size, ascites fluid volume, and secondary lesion dissemination when compared with PBS controls. Analysis of the vasculature of ABT-510-treated mice revealed vascular remodeling with smaller diameter vessels and lower overall area, increased number of mature vessels, and decreased tissue hypoxia. Tumors of ABT-510-treated mice had a significantly higher proportion of apoptotic tumor cells compared with the PBS-treated controls. Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates revealed a reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression as well as expression of members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase survival pathways. In vitro, ABT-510 induced tumor cell apoptosis in mouse and human ovarian cancer cells. This study shows ABT-510 as a promising candidate for inhibiting tumor growth and ascites formation in human EOC. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(1):64–74]
Metamorphic MMICs for Operation Beyond 200 GHz

In this paper, we present the development of advanced millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuits for use in active and passive high-resolution imaging systems operating beyond 200 GHz. A 210 GHz subharmonically pumped dual-gate field-effect transistor (FET) mixer has been successfully realized using our 100 nm InAlAs/InGaAs based depletion-type metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (mHEMT) technology in combination with grounded coplanar circuit topology (GCPW). Furthermore, a G-band low-noise amplifier MMIC demonstrating a linear gain of more than 16 dB between 180 and 220 GHz and a state-of-the-art noise figure of 4.8 dB was fabricated using a gate length of 50 nm. Finally, a submillimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuit (S-MMIC) could be realized based on an advanced 35 nm mHEMT technology, offering a small-signal gain of more than 15 dB between 270 and 310 GHz.
Religious beliefs and therapeutic orientations of clinical and counseling psychologists

A 65-item questionnaire was used to examine the relations among religious beliefs and psychotherapeutic orientations in a national sample of 237 clinical and counseling psychologists. Sixty-six percent of these psychologists believed in the transcendent ; 72% asserted that their religious beliefs influenced their practice of psychotherapy, and 66% claimed that their practice of therapy influenced their religious beliefs. Psychologists who affirmed Christian beliefs tended to endorse the cognitive-behavioral orientation, and those who affirmed Eastern and mystical beliefs tended to endorse humanistic and existential orientations These findings suggest (a) that most psychologists synthesize personal Weltanschauungen composed of elements derived from both their study of psychology and their exposure to religion and (b) that these syntheses are not random, that specific religious beliefs are differentially associated with specific psychotherapeutic orientations.
Breast and colorectal cancer screening and associated correlates among Chinese older women.

OBJECTIVE To explore the participation rates for breast and colorectal cancer screening and identify associated correlates among elderly women. METHODS Logistic regressions were conducted using data collected in 2006 from 1,533 elderly women aged 60 years or above who had completed a screening instrument, the Minimum Data Set-Home Care, while applying for long-term care services at the first time in Hong Kong. RESULTS The participation rates for breast and colorectal cancer screening among frail older Chinese women were 3.7% and 10.8% respectively. Cognitive status was inversely associated with the likelihood of participation in screening (breast: OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.47-0.94; colon: OR = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.66-0.99), as was educational level with the likelihood of participation in breast cancer screening (no formal education: OR = 0.20, 95%CI = 0.06-0.61, some primary education: OR = 0.31, 95%CI = 0.10-1.00). CONCLUSION The delivery of cancer preventive health services to frail older women is less than ideal. Cognitive status and educational level were important factors in cancer screening behaviour. Tailor-made strategic promotion programmes targeting older women with low cognitive status and educational levels are needed to enhance awareness and acceptance within this vulnerable group.
Essential Measures

Race and ancestry are both popularly viewed in the United States as different but intertwined reflections on a person’s essentialized identity that answer the question of “who is what? ” Despite this loose but well-understood connection between the two concepts and the availability of ancestry data on the U.S. census, researchers have rarely used the two sources of data in combination. In this article, drawing on theories of boundary formation, I compare these two forms of identification to explore the salience and social closure of racial boundaries. Specifically, I analyze race-reporting inconsistency and predict college completion at multiple levels of racial ancestry aggregation using Census data. The results suggest that, while much of the variation in these measures corresponds to popular “big race” conceptions of difference, considerable variation remains among individual ancestries.
An Hybrid Digital-Analog Sliding Mode Controller for Photovoltaic Applications

Sliding mode is a control technique that is widely employed in switching converter applications. Such a nonlinear control technique, which is commonly implemented by means of analog circuitry only, forces the switches commutations by comparing a reference signal with a combination of signals acquired on the converter itself. In this way, the control action and the switching modulation are integrated in a single functional block. In this paper the implementation of the sliding mode controller in a low cost digital device is discussed. The proposed approach profits from features offered by some digital devices, e.g., the dsPic33FJ16GS502 family from Microchip Technology Inc., in order to make the implementation simple. In the paper, the aspects related to the accuracy of the comparison between the signals required by the sliding mode controller are discussed. Moreover, the elaboration time needed to calculate the signals that drive the converter's switching devices is the subject of an in-depth analysis. The techniques proposed in the paper have been validated by means of simulations and through experimental results performed on a switching dc/dc converter for photovoltaic applications.
Post-traumatic stress and dissociative autobiographical memories : overview and exploratory study in a sample of prostitutes

The empirical foundation of traumatic memory is obscure, perplexing, and in many instances, candidly paradoxical. In some cases, trauma has been found to produce accurate and persistent memory, while in others, memorial distortions such as dissociative amnesia. Unfortunately, the vast majority of the literature is laboratory based, raising the issue of external validity and necessitating the need for more field research. This field study set out to explore this complicated and often empirically contradictory area. The objective was to review the relevant literature and to ultimately, while incorporating the present results, validate a model of eyewitness recall for criminal and other traumatic events. It was proposed that situational features of the event interact with both trait and state characteristics of the victim to ultimately produce recall. Thirty-six prostitutes were interviewed using the 'Step-Wise' semi-structured interview for adult assault victims. Employing a repeated measures design, participants were instructed to provide three autobiographical narratives (i.e., a sexual assault, a non-sexual traumatic event, and a positive event) which were audio-taped and then qualitatively coded for quantity of recall. After each narrative, participants were assessed for retrospective state dissociation and for current post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptomology. In addition, participants completed a trait dissociation scale and were queried as to the extent of their substance abuse and sexual assault histories. Results are discussed in terms of implications for interviewing, expert testimony and credibility assessment concerning memory for traumatic
p63 and E-cadherin Expression in Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The expression of p63 and E-cadherin was studied in 22 oral squamous cell carcinomas in the dog according to immunohistochemical techniques. The association between these markers and clinicopathologic parameters was assessed. All tumor cells studied showed enhanced p63 expression. Regarding E-cadherin expression, 17 of 22 cases (77.3%) showed decreased immunoreactivity, and in 13 of 22 cases (59.1%), its expression was cytoplasmic. Neither p63 nor E-cadherin expression patterns were associated with tumor size, bone invasion, or lymph node metastasis. p63 score was related to proliferating cell nuclear antigen proliferative index (P = .020). A statistically significant correlation between the expression patterns of these 2 markers was noted (P = .026). Furthermore, they were related with tumor grade. An atypical p63 labeling and a cytoplasmic E-cadherin staining were statistically related with a higher tumor grade (P = .022 and P = .017, respectively). These findings suggest that changes in p63 and E-cadherin expression are frequent events in oral squamous cell carcinoma in dogs.
Experiencing painful osteoarthritis: what have we learned from listening?

Purpose of reviewDespite the central role of pain in osteoarthritis, until recently, relatively little attention was paid to the osteoarthritis pain experience, including the features of osteoarthritis pain that are most important to people living with this disease. The focus of this review is on recent advances in our understanding of the experience of osteoarthritis pain from the patient's perspective. Recent findingsTo gain an understanding of the experience of pain in osteoarthritis, researchers have largely relied on qualitative methodologies. This research indicates that the osteoarthritis pain experience is multidimensional, reflecting the influence of biological (e.g. pain mechanisms), psychological (e.g. mood and coping), and social factors (e.g. social support). Qualitative and quantitative research to date supports the need for measures that distinguish aspects of the pain itself (intensity, frequency, quality, location, etc.) from the consequences of the pain on activity limitations and participation restriction, mood, sleep, and health-related quality of life. This research has underscored the limitations of existing generic and osteoarthritis-specific pain measures, and is driving the development of new tools to better evaluate osteoarthritis-related pain, and thus assessment of its impact and response to various interventions. SummaryImproved measurement of painful osteoarthritis, including attention to the words people with osteoarthritis use to describe their pain, will undoubtedly lead to an improved understanding of pain mechanisms in osteoarthritis and, in turn, mechanism-based and evidence-based treatment decision making.
VipD of Legionella pneumophila Targets Activated Rab5 and Rab22 to Interfere with Endosomal Trafficking in Macrophages

Upon phagocytosis, Legionella pneumophila translocates numerous effector proteins into host cells to perturb cellular metabolism and immunity, ultimately establishing intracellular survival and growth. VipD of L. pneumophila belongs to a family of bacterial effectors that contain the N-terminal lipase domain and the C-terminal domain with an unknown function. We report the crystal structure of VipD and show that its C-terminal domain robustly interferes with endosomal trafficking through tight and selective interactions with Rab5 and Rab22. This domain, which is not significantly similar to any known protein structure, potently interacts with the GTP-bound active form of the two Rabs by recognizing a hydrophobic triad conserved in Rabs. These interactions prevent Rab5 and Rab22 from binding to downstream effectors Rabaptin-5, Rabenosyn-5 and EEA1, consequently blocking endosomal trafficking and subsequent lysosomal degradation of endocytic materials in macrophage cells. Together, this work reveals endosomal trafficking as a target of L. pneumophila and delineates the underlying molecular mechanism.
Methadone block of K+ current in squid giant fiber lobe neurons

Voltage-dependent ionic currents were recorded from squid giant fiber lobe neurons using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. When applied to the bathing solution, methadone was found to block IK, I Na and I Ca. Both I Na and I Ca were reduced without apparent change in kinetics and exhibited IC(50)'s of 50-100 and 250-500 mu M, respectively, at +10 mV. In contrast, IK was reduced in a time-dependent manner that is well fit by a simple model of open channel block (K(D)= 32+/- or 2 mu M, +60 mV, 10 degrees Celsius). The mechanism of I(K) block was examined in detail and involves a direct action of methadone, a tertiary amine, on K channels rather than an opioid receptor-mediated pathway. The kinetics of I(K) block resemble those reported for internally applied long chain quaternary ammonium (QA) compounds; and recovery from I(K) block is QA-like in its slow time course and strong dependence on holding potential. A quaternary derivative of methadone (N-methyl- methadone) only reproduced the effects of methadone on I(K) when included in the pipette solution; this compound was without effect when applied externally. I(K) block thus appears to involve diffusion of methadone into the cytoplasm and occlusion of the open K channel at the internal QA blocking site by the protonated form of the drug. This proposed mode of action is supported by the pH and voltage dependence of block as well as by the observation that high external K+ speeds the rate of drug dissociation. In addition, the effect of methadone on I(K) evoked during prolonged (300 ms) depolarizations suggests that methadone block may interfere with endogenous K+ channel inactivation. The effects of temperature, methadone stereoisomers, and the methadone- like drugs propoxyphene and nor-propoxyphene on IK block were examined. Methadone was also found to block I(K) in GH3 cells and in chick myoblasts.
Is the call to abandon p-values the red herring of the replicability crisis?

In a recent article, Cumming (2014) called for two major changes to how psychologists conduct research. The first suggested change—encouraging transparency and replication—is clearly worthwhile, but we question the wisdom of the second suggested change: abandoning p-values in favor of reporting confidence intervals (CIs) only in all psychological research reports. This article has three goals. First, we correct the false impression created by Cumming that the debate about the usefulness of NHST has been won by its critics. Second, we take issue with the implied connection between the use of NHST and the current crisis of replicability in psychology. Third, while we agree with other critics of Cumming (2014) that hypothesis testing is an important part of science (Morey et al., 2014), we express skepticism that alternative hypothesis testing frameworks, such as Bayes factors, are a solution to the replicability crisis. Poor methodological practices can compromise the validity of Bayesian and classic statistical analyses alike. When it comes to choosing between competing statistical approaches, we highlight the value of applying the same standards of evidence that psychologists demand in choosing between competing substantive hypotheses.
Announcing Wares, Winning Patrons, Voicing Ideals: Thinking about the History and Theory of Film Advertising

In recent years, Hollywood's advertising practices have been thought of as part of the apparatus of the cinematic institution that calls forth the consumer to occupy a social and economic relation set out within the film industry's ideology. Moreover, advertising and its related practices of publicity and exploitation' have been considered capable of influencing people not only to buy the movie show but also the lifestyles and ideologies represented in the films. Thus, in what some historians have termed a "culture of consumption," film advertising seems a potentially significant instance of capitalism's penetration of our cultural unconscious.
The need for needs assessment in continuing medical education

Maintenance of professional competence is a critical component of professionalism. However, traditional methods, which rely on individual self assessment, are inadequate. Conversely, legislated recertification programmes are difficult to individualise and can be perceived as draconian. What is required are better methods of standardised individual needs assessment. We suggest some possible strategies. Like all professions medicine is granted professional autonomy by society under the assumption that its practitioners will be deemed competent on entry into practice and will maintain competence for as long as they practise. Traditionally it is the responsibility of the individual practitioner to do whatever is necessary to remain competent. In the past maintaining one's competence was not problematic because relevant knowledge accreted slowly. Today, however, without a programme of active learning no doctor can hope to remain competent for more than a few years after graduation. One response to this challenge has been for education programmes, particularly problem based ones such as our own, to focus on the development of self assessment skills and self directed learning skills in order to equip graduates to maintain competence. The evidence, however, while not abundant, shows that this was a quixotic quest. The evidence that graduates from problem based learning are better at “keeping up” is weak.1 2 Moreover, many studies have shown that self assessment is far more difficult than we thought.3 Finally, self assessment does not emerge on graduation as a consequence of the demands of changing practice. Sibley et al observed that practitioners tend to pursue education around topics they are already good at while avoiding areas in which they are deficient and where there may be room for improvement.4 The evidence shows therefore that self monitoring programmes such as the maintenance of competence (MOCOMP) programme,5 which leave practitioners to their own devices, …