Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Personality, Intelligence, and Attractiveness Judgments: The Accuracy of First Impressions

First impressions are prominent in our everyday interactions. The way that we perceive others, even if based only on physical appearance, can influence future interactions. The strength of first impressions has been demonstrated through interrater consensus of a target based on seconds of exposure (e.g., Albright, Kenny, & Malloy, 1988). However, we do not have sufficient evidence that trait inferences based on facial appearance are accurate. In the current study, we assessed the accuracy of these initial impressions about the personality and intelligence of others and the role appearance played in these impressions. Specifically, we examined overall attractiveness and three features of appearance that are often considered more attractive because they are thought to signal direct and indirect benefits (e.g., better genes, absence of disease): facial symmetry, averageness, and sexual dimorphism (femininity/masculinity). Targets self-reported their traits, but because self-reports are a less than ideal criterion for assessing the validity of personality judgments, friends of the targets were also asked to complete inventories rating the target. In addition, to control for prior acquaintance of the stranger and target, our study utilized a two-campus approach. We examined the convergence between the self-reported and stranger-reported ratings, and the convergence between the friend-reported and stranger-reported ratings. Results showed that targets’ self-reported measures correlated with those of knowledgeable others on all traits, but strangers’ ratings failed to converge with those of targets or friends for most traits. There were, however, associations between strangers’ ratings of the targets’ facial features and overall attractiveness and also strong associations between ratings of the targets’ attractiveness and ratings of targets’ traits. Targets whose faces were rated as more attractive were assumed to possess more desirable personality traits and higher intellect. We provide strong evidence that strangers use appearance to judge an individual’s psychological traits, although it remains unclear specifically which facial aspects are included in their assessment.
Assaying estrogenicity by quantitating the expression levels of endogenous estrogen-regulated genes.

Scientific evidence suggests that humans and wildlife species may experience adverse health consequences from exposure to environmental chemicals that interact with the endocrine system. Reliable short-term assays are needed to identify hormone-disrupting chemicals. In this study we demonstrate that the estrogenic activity of a chemical can be evaluated by assaying induction or repression of endogenous estrogen-regulated "marker genes" in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. We included four marker genes in the assay--pS2, transforming growth factor beta3 (TGFbeta3), monoamine oxidase A, and [alpha]1-antichymotrypsin--and we evaluated estrogenic activity for 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), diethylstilbestrol, [alpha]-zearalanol, nonylphenol, genistein, methoxychlor, endosulphan, o,p-DDE, bisphenol A, dibutylphthalate, 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, and ICI 182.780. All four marker genes responded strongly to the three high-potency estrogens (E(2), diethylstilbestrol, and [alpha]-zearalanol), whereas the potency of the other chemicals was 10(3)- to 10(6)-fold lower than that of E(2). There were some marker gene-dependent differences in the relative potencies of the tested chemicals. TGFbeta3 was equally sensitive to the three high-potency estrogens, whereas the sensitivity to [alpha]-zearalanol was approximately 10-fold lower than the sensitivity to E(2) and diethylstilbestrol when assayed with the other three marker genes. The potency of nonylphenol was equal to that of genistein when assayed with pS2 and TGFbeta3, but 10- to 100-fold higher/lower with monoamine oxidase A and [alpha]1-antichymotrypsin, respectively. The results are in agreement with results obtained by other methods and suggest that an assay based on endogenous gene expression may offer an attractive alternative to other E-SCREEN methods. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9
The development of distinct speaking styles in preschool children.

PURPOSE To examine when and how socially conditioned distinct speaking styles emerge in typically developing preschool children's speech. METHOD Thirty preschool children, ages 3, 4, and 5 years old, produced target monosyllabic words with monophthongal vowels in different social-functional contexts designed to elicit clear and casual speaking styles. Thirty adult listeners were used to assess whether and at what age style differences were perceptible. Children's speech was acoustically analyzed to evaluate how style-dependent differences were produced. RESULTS The ratings indicated that listeners could not discern style differences in 3-year-olds' speech but could hear distinct styles in 4-year-olds' and especially in 5-year-olds' speech. The acoustic measurements were consistent with these results: Style-dependent differences in 4- and 5-year-olds' words included shorter vowel durations and lower fundamental frequency in clear compared with casual speech words. Five-year-olds' clear speech words also had more final stop releases and initial sibilants with higher spectral energy than did their casual speech words. Formant frequency measures showed no style-dependent differences in vowel production at any age nor any differences in initial stop voice onset times. CONCLUSION Overall, the findings suggest that distinct styles develop slowly and that early style-dependent differences in children's speech are unlike those observed in adult clear and casual speech. Children may not develop adultlike styles until they have acquired expert articulatory control and the ability to highlight the internal structure of an articulatory plan for a listener.
DETERMINING THE COVERING FACTOR OF COMPTON-THICK ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH NuSTAR

The covering factor of Compton-thick (CT) obscuring material associated with the torus in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is at present best understood through the fraction of sources exhibiting CT absorption along the line of sight (NH > 1.5 × 1024 cm−2) in the X-ray band, which reveals the average covering factor. Determining this CT fraction is difficult, however, due to the extreme obscuration. With its spectral coverage at hard X-rays (>10 keV), Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is sensitive to the AGNs covering factor since Compton scattering of X-rays off optically thick material dominates at these energies. We present a spectral analysis of 10 AGNs observed with NuSTAR where the obscuring medium is optically thick to Compton scattering, so-called CT AGNs. We use the torus models of Brightman & Nandra that predict the X-ray spectrum from reprocessing in a torus and include the torus opening angle as a free parameter and aim to determine the covering factor of the CT gas in these sources individually. Across the sample we find mild to heavy CT columns, with NH measured from 1024 to 1026 cm−2, and a wide range of covering factors, where individual measurements range from 0.2 to 0.9. We find that the covering factor, fc, is a strongly decreasing function of the intrinsic 2–10 keV luminosity, LX, where fc = (−0.41 ± 0.13)log10(LX/erg s−1)+18.31 ± 5.33, across more than two orders of magnitude in LX (1041.5–1044 erg s−1). The covering factors measured here agree well with the obscured fraction as a function of LX as determined by studies of local AGNs with LX > 1042.5 erg s−1.
Determinants of Thiopental Induction Dose Requirements

Dose requirements for thiopental anesthetic induction have significant age- and gender-related variability. We studied the association of the patient characteristics age, gender, weight, lean body mass, and cardiac output with thiopental requirements. Doses of thiopental, infused at 150 mg/min, required to reach both a clinical end-point and an electroencephalographic (EEG) end-point were determined in 30 males and 30 females, aged 18--83 yr. Univariate least squares linear regression analysis revealed outliers in the relationships of age, weight, lean body mass, and cardiac output to thiopental dose at clinical and EEG endpoints. Differential weighting of data points minimized the effect of outliers in the construction of a robust multiple linear regression model of the relationship between several selected independent variables and the dependent variables thiopental dose at clinical and EEG endpoints. The multiple linear regression model for thiopental dose at the clinical end-point selecting the regressor variables age, weight, and gender (R2 = 0.76) was similar to that for age, lean body mass, and gender (R2 = 0.75). Thiopental dose at the EEG end-point was better described by models selecting the variables age, weight, and cardiac output (R2 = 0.88) or age, lean body mass, and cardiac output (R2 = 0.87). Although cardiac output varied with age, age always remained a selected variable. Because weight and lean body mass differed with gender, their selection as variables in the model eliminated gender as a selected variable or minimized its importance.
Role of IL-10 in Resolution of Inflammation and Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury

A rapid proinflammatory response after peripheral nerve injury is required for clearance of tissue debris (Wallerian degeneration) and effective regeneration. Unlike the CNS, this response is rapidly terminated in peripheral nerves starting between 2 and 3 weeks after crush injury. We examined the expression and role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the resolution of inflammation and regeneration after sciatic nerve crush injury in mice. IL-10 mRNA increased over the first 7 d after injury, whereas at the protein level, immunofluorescence labeling showed IL-10+ cells increased almost 3-fold in the first 3 weeks, with macrophages being the major cell type expressing IL-10. The role of IL-10 in nerve injury was assessed using IL-10-null mice. Increased numbers of macrophages were found in the distal segment of IL-10-null mice at early (3 d) and late (14 and 21 d) time points, suggesting that IL-10 may play a role in controlling the early influx and the later efflux of macrophages out of the nerve. A chemokine/cytokine PCR array of the nerve 24 h after crush showed a 2- to 4-fold increase in the expression of 10 proinflammatory mediators in IL-10−/− mice. In addition, myelin phagocytosis in vitro by LPS stimulated bone-marrow-derived macrophages from IL-10-null mice failed to downregulate expression of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines, suggesting that IL-10 is required for the myelin-phagocytosis-induced shift of macrophages from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory/pro-repair phenotype. The failure to switch off inflammation in IL-10-null mice was accompanied by impaired axon regeneration and poor recovery of motor and sensory function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT An appropriately regulated inflammatory response after peripheral nerve injury is essential for axon regeneration and recovery. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in terminating inflammation after sciatic nerve crush injury and promoting regeneration. IL-10 is rapidly expressed by macrophages after crush injury. Its role was assessed using IL-10-null mice, which showed that IL-10 plays a role in controlling the early influx and the later efflux of macrophages out of the injured nerve, reduces the expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, and is required for myelin-phagocytosis-induced shift of macrophages from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory. Furthermore, lack of IL-10 leads to impaired axon regeneration and poor recovery of motor and sensory function.
Characteristics of medical teachers using student-centered teaching methods

Purpose This study investigated characteristics of medical teachers who have adopted student-centered teaching methods into their teaching. Methods A 24-item questionnaire consisted of respondent backgrounds, his or her use of student-centered teaching methods, and awareness of the school’s educational objectives and curricular principles was administered of faculty members at a private medical school in Korea. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were conducted to compare faculty use of student-centered approaches across different backgrounds and awareness of curricular principles. Results Overall response rate was 70% (N=140/200), approximately 25% (n=34) of whom were using student-centered teaching methods. Distributions in the faculty use of student-centered teaching methods were significantly higher among basic sciences faculty (versus clinical sciences faculty), with teaching experiences of over 10 years (versus less than 10 years), and who were aware of the school’s educational objectives and curricular principles. Conclusion Our study indicates differences in medical faculty’s practice of student-centered teaching across disciplines, teaching experiences, and their understanding of the school’s educational objectives curricular principles. These findings have implications for faculty development and institutional support to better promote faculty use of student-centered teaching approaches.
Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health Conditions Among US Children, 2001-2011

We examined mental health–related visits to emergency departments (EDs) among children from 2001 to 2011. We used the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey—Emergency Department, 2001-2011 to identify visits of children 6 to 20 years old with a reason-for-visit code or ICD-9-CM diagnosis code reflecting mental health issues. National percentages of total visits, visit counts, and population rates were calculated, overall and by race, age, and sex. Emergency department visits for mental health issues increased from 4.4% of all visits in 2001 to 7.2% in 2011. Counts increased 55 000 visits per year and rates increased from 13.6 visits/1000 population in 2001 to 25.3 visits/1000 in 2011 (P < .01 for all trends). Black children (all ages) had higher visit rates than white children and 13- to 20-year-olds had higher visit rates than children 6 to 12 years old (P < .01 for all comparisons). Differences between groups did not decline over time.
BTI characteristics and mechanisms of metal gated HfO/sub 2/ films with enhanced interface/bulk process treatments

Significant deviations in BTI characteristics for metal gate HfO/sub 2/ films compared to silicon oxide based films prove that conventional reliability models based on SiO/sub 2/ films can no longer be directly applied to HfO/sub 2/ based MOSFETS. This study shows the use of conventional accelerated reliability testing in the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling regime to extrapolate time to failure at operating voltages (direct tunneling regime) overestimates device lifetimes. Additionally, unlike conventional gate oxides, the slope of /spl Delta/V/sub t/ versus time (or the rate of charge trapping) in HfO/sub 2/ MOSFETS is dependent on stress voltage. The HfO/sub 2/ based metal gated nMOSFETS show poor PBTI characteristics and do not meet the 10 year lifetime criterion for threshold voltage stability. On the other hand, HfO/sub 2/ based pMOSFETS show superior NBTI behavior and meet the 10 year lifetime criterion. These results are contrary to the observations with conventional gate dielectrics. This paper explores the anomalous charge trapping behavior and provides a comprehensive study of the PBTI characteristics and recovery mechanisms in metal gated HfO/sub 2/ films.
Membrane Assembly during the Infection Cycle of the Giant Mimivirus

Although extensively studied, the structure, cellular origin and assembly mechanism of internal membranes during viral infection remain unclear. By combining diverse imaging techniques, including the novel Scanning-Transmission Electron Microscopy tomography, we elucidate the structural stages of membrane biogenesis during the assembly of the giant DNA virus Mimivirus. We show that this elaborate multistage process occurs at a well-defined zone localized at the periphery of large viral factories that are generated in the host cytoplasm. Membrane biogenesis is initiated by fusion of multiple vesicles, ∼70 nm in diameter, that apparently derive from the host ER network and enable continuous supply of lipid components to the membrane-assembly zone. The resulting multivesicular bodies subsequently rupture to form large open single-layered membrane sheets from which viral membranes are generated. Membrane generation is accompanied by the assembly of icosahedral viral capsids in a process involving the hypothetical major capsid protein L425 that acts as a scaffolding protein. The assembly model proposed here reveals how multiple Mimivirus progeny can be continuously and efficiently generated and underscores the similarity between the infection cycles of Mimivirus and Vaccinia virus. Moreover, the membrane biogenesis process indicated by our findings provides new insights into the pathways that might mediate assembly of internal viral membranes in general.
A Multi-faceted Approach to Anonymity Online: Examining the Relations between Anonymity and Antisocial Behaviour

This article reviews the literature on the relations between anonymity in antisocial behaviour: does online anonymity qualitatively alter online behaviour, encouraging antisocial behaviour online? Or does online anonymity have no effect on the exhibition of antisocial behaviour? I argue that this line of thought presents an unsatisfactory dichotomy as it does not sufficiently account for individual contexts. Anonymity alone is not adequate to induce antisocial behaviour: it requires the motivation to act in that manner. I argue that the development of this motivation to exhibit antisocial behaviour involves a multifaceted perspective that consolidates the self (e.g. socio-economic backgrounds and the degree of value placed on anonymity) with the other (e.g. group norms). This is, in turn, influenced by the chosen media channel (e.g. games, forums, virtual worlds, chat-rooms), the presence of any wider motivations (political and sociological), and the degree of anonymity afforded by the media channel; these factors affect the way anonymity is perceived and utilised.
Prognostic Value of Tumor-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells in Colorectal Cancer: Role of Maturation Status and Intratumoral Localization

The clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells has been reported in a variety of human solid tumors as shown by the correlations found between the presence of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells and clinical prognosis. In this study, we evaluated whether there is an association between the presence and maturation status of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and clinical course in 104 primary tumor samples of patients with colorectal cancer. Dendritic cells were identified with four different markers (S-100, HLA class II, CD208, and CD1a) in double immunohistochemistry, with laminin as second marker to support the exact localization. Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells showed a distinct infiltration pattern based on their maturation status. CD1a-positive dendritic cells resided in the advancing tumor margins in relatively high numbers, whereas mature CD208-positive dendritic cells were sparsely present in the tumor epithelium but mainly distributed in the tumor stroma and advancing tumor margin. Furthermore, high infiltration of CD1a-positive dendritic cells in the tumor epithelium was significantly correlated to the infiltration of CD4 lymphocytes (P = 0.006). Patients with relatively high numbers of mature CD208-positive infiltrating dendritic cells in the tumor epithelium had a shorter overall survival (P = 0.004). In addition, patients with relatively high numbers of CD1a-positive dendritic cells in the advancing margin of the tumor had a shorter disease-free survival (P = 0.03). We found that tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells had preferential infiltration sites within a tumor, affected local tumor cell-immune cell interactions, and correlated to the clinical prognosis of colorectal cancer patients.
Monopolar cell axons in the first optic neuropil of the housefly, Musca domestica L., undergo daily fluctuations in diameter that have a circadian basis

Two types of monopolar cell interneurons, each with a single representative in every unit cartridge of the first optic neuropil, or lamina, of the housefly's optic lobe, have axons that undergo cyclical changes in diameter. The axons are largest during the beginning of day in a normal LD light cycle and smallest during the middle of the night, changes that were however significant only for one of the cells (L2). The axon cross-sectional area and its cyclical change for both L1 and L2 were both larger in the proximal lamina. The changes are not a simple consequence of relative osmotic change. Dehydration paradoxically increases axon size, and also fails to alter the day/night rhythm of axon size changes. Under conditions of constant darkness, both axons decrease in size, and one of the cells (L2) retains its cyclical size changes, being larger in the subjective day than in the subjective night. Under conditions of constant light, both axons increase in size, and L2 again shows a cyclical size change, just as under conditions of constant darkness. These changes seen under constant conditions are, by definition, circadian in origin. The effects of exposure to light or darkness can partially reset these circadian changes. One extra hour of light during the day increases the size of L1 and L2, whereas 1 hr of extra dark during the night does not decrease their size. It takes 13 hr of light to reverse the rhythm in size. The mechanism for all these changes is unclear but may involve ionic fluxes, possibly that are secondary to osmotic shifts and probably that involve at least two independent processes.
Approaching Multivariate Analysis: An Introduction for Psychology

Preface. Multivariate techniques in context. Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Multiple regression. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Partial correlation, mediation and moderation. Path Analysis. Factor analysis. Discriminant analysis and logistic regression. Cluster analysis. Multidimensional scaling. Loglinear models. Further reading. List of books. Glossary. Abbreviations.