Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing accuracy of cortical thickness in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

There is great value to use of structural neuroimaging in the assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, to date, predictive value of structural imaging tend to range between 80% and 90% in accuracy and it is unclear why this is the case given that structural imaging should parallel the pathologic processes of AD. There is a possibility that clinical misdiagnosis relative to the gold standard pathologic diagnosis and/or additional brain pathologies are confounding factors contributing to reduced structural imaging classification accuracy. We examined potential factors contributing to misclassification of individuals with clinically diagnosed AD purely from cortical thickness measures. Correctly classified and incorrectly classified groups were compared across a range of demographic, biological, and neuropsychological data including cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, amyloid imaging, white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, cognitive, and genetic factors. Individual subject analyses suggested that at least a portion of the control individuals misclassified as AD from structural imaging additionally harbor substantial AD biomarker pathology and risk, yet are relatively resistant to cognitive symptoms, likely due to “cognitive reserve,” and therefore clinically unimpaired. In contrast, certain clinical control individuals misclassified as AD from cortical thickness had increased WMH volume relative to other controls in the sample, suggesting that vascular conditions may contribute to classification accuracy from cortical thickness measures. These results provide examples of factors that contribute to the accuracy of structural imaging in predicting a clinical diagnosis of AD, and provide important information about considerations for future work aimed at optimizing structural based diagnostic classifiers for AD.
Listening under difficult conditions: An activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis

The brain networks supporting speech identification and comprehension under difficult listening conditions are not well specified. The networks hypothesized to underlie effortful listening include regions responsible for executive control. We conducted meta‐analyses of auditory neuroimaging studies to determine whether a common activation pattern of the frontal lobe supports effortful listening under different speech manipulations. Fifty‐three functional neuroimaging studies investigating speech perception were divided into three independent Activation Likelihood Estimate analyses based on the type of speech manipulation paradigm used: Speech‐in‐noise (SIN, 16 studies, involving 224 participants); spectrally degraded speech using filtering techniques (15 studies involving 270 participants); and linguistic complexity (i.e., levels of syntactic, lexical and semantic intricacy/density, 22 studies, involving 348 participants). Meta‐analysis of the SIN studies revealed higher effort was associated with activation in left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left inferior parietal lobule, and right insula. Studies using spectrally degraded speech demonstrated increased activation of the insula bilaterally and the left superior temporal gyrus (STG). Studies manipulating linguistic complexity showed activation in the left IFG, right middle frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus and bilateral STG. Planned contrasts revealed left IFG activation in linguistic complexity studies, which differed from activation patterns observed in SIN or spectral degradation studies. Although there were no significant overlap in prefrontal activation across these three speech manipulation paradigms, SIN and spectral degradation showed overlapping regions in left and right insula. These findings provide evidence that there is regional specialization within the left IFG and differential executive networks underlie effortful listening.
Comparison of ICare tonometry to Goldmann tonometry for the measurement of intraocular pressure changes following intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor injection

In developed countries, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of visual impairment, particularly in its neovascular form.1 Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) is the standard of care for wet AMD. Inspite of the small intravitreal bolus of 0.05ml, many studies have reported a rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) immediately post injection.1-3.
Tumour budding activity and cell nest size determine patient outcome in oral squamous cell carcinoma: proposal for an adjusted grading system

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignancy with a variable clinical course. One of the established survival predictors in carcinomas in general is tumour grade; in OSCC, however, grading according to the World Health Organization (WHO) has no independent prognostic impact. Recently, a novel grading scheme associated with high impact on patient outcome has been proposed for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
Gestational and Lactational Exposure to an Environmentally‐Relevant Mixture of Brominated Flame Retardants: Effects on Neurodevelopment and Metabolism

Background Developmental exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), has been associated with impaired neurodevelopment and some symptoms of metabolic syndrome. However, there are inconsistencies in studies reporting neurodevelopmental effects with studies of pure substances more likely to report effects than studies of technical products. In addition, the influence of early BFR exposures on later development of metabolic disease‐like symptoms has not been investigated. This study examined the effects of perinatal exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of BFRs based on relative levels observed in house dust, on several markers of neurodevelopment and metabolism in offspring. Methods Sprague–Dawley female rats were fed a diet estimated to deliver daily doses of 0, 0.06, 20, or 60 mg/kg of a mixture of PBDEs and HBCDD from before mating to weaning. Offspring were weaned to control diet and subjected to neurobehavioral and metabolic assessments. Results Exposure to BFRs decreased vertical movement in at postnatal day (PND) 32 and increased time to emerge to a lighted area on PND 105 in offspring of both sexes. Although early life exposure to the BFR mixture did not impact measures of glucose or insulin action, male offspring had significantly decreased fat pad weights at PND 46. Total cholesterol was increased in male and female offspring exposed to the highest dose at PND 21. Conclusions These results suggest that gestational and lactational exposure to an environmentally relevant BFR mixture may induce changes in neurodevelopment and lipid metabolism in offspring. Birth Defects Research 109:497–512, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Birth Defects Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physical Properties and Data of Optical Materials

A Al (Aluminum) AlSb (Aluminium Antimonide) ADP (Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate) Sb (Antimony) Arsenic Selenium Glass As(33%)+S(30%)+Br(37%) (Arsenic-Sulfur-Bromine Glass) As2Se3 (Arsenic Tri-Selenide) As2S3 (Arsenic Tri-Sulfide Glass) B Ba (Barium) BaF2 (Barium Fluoride) BaTiO3 (Barium Titanate) Be (Beryllium) BeO (Beryllium Oxide) Bi (Bismuth) B (Boron) C Cd (Cadmium) CdSe (Cadmium Selenide) CdS (Cadmium Sulfide) CdTe (Cadmium Telluride) CaCO3 (Calcite) CaF2 (Calcium Fluoride) CaWO4 (Calcium Tungstate) CsBr (Cesium Bromide) CsI (Cesium Iodide) Cr (Chromium) Cu (Copper) CuCl (Cuprous Chloride) D Diamond G Ga (Gallium) GaSb (Gallium Antimonide) GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) GaP (Gallium Phosphide) Ge (Germanium) Ge+Se+Te (Germanium-Selenium-Tellurium Glass) Glass Au (Gold) I In (Indium) InSb (Indium Antimonide) InAs (Indium Arsenide InP (Indium Phosphide) Ir (Iridium) Fe (Iron) L LaF3 (Lanthanum Fluoride) PbF2 (Lead Fluoride) PbSe (Lead Selenide) PbS (Lead Sulfide) PbTe (Lead Telluride) LiF (Lithium Fluoride) Lucite M Mg (Magnesium) MgF2 (Magnesium Fluoride) Mg2Ge (Magnesium Germanide) MgO (Magnesium Oxide) Mg2Si (Magnesium Silicide) Mg2Sn (Magnesium Stannide) Hg (Mercury) Mo (Molybdenum) P Paraffin Pt (Platinum) Polyethylene K (Potassium) KBr (Potassium Bromide) KCl (Potassium Chloride) KDP (Potassium Dihydrogen Phospate) KI (Potassium Iodide) KTaO3 (Potassium Tantalate) Q SiO2 (Crystal Quartz) SiO2 (Fused Quartz) R Rh (Rhodium) Al2O3+Cr2O3 (Ruby) S Al2O3 (Sapphire) Se (Selenium) Si (Silicon) SiC (Silicon Carbide) Ag (Silver) AgCl (Silver Chloride) Na (Sodium) NaCl (Sodium Chloride) NaF (Sodium Fluoride) NaI (Sodium Iodide) NaNO3 (Sodium Nitrate) MgO o 3.5Al2O3 (Spinel) SrF2 (Strontium Fluoride) SrMoO4 (Strontium Molybdate) SrTiO3 (Strontium Titanate) T Teflon Te (Tellurium) Terrestrial Atmosphere (Air) Tl (Thallium) TlBr (Thallium Bromaide) KRS-6 (Thallium Bromide-Chloride) KRS-5 (Thallium Bromide-Iodide) TlCl (Thallium Chloride) Sn (Tin) Ti (Titanium) TiO2 (Titanium Dioxide) W (Tungsten (Wolfram)) Z Zn (Zinc) ZnSe (Zinc Selenide) ZnS (Zinc Sulfide) ZnTe (Zinc Telluride) * Each entry includes the sections: Crystal System Production Thermal, Electrical, and Mechanical Properties Application for Spectroscopy Remarks and References
Quality of Reporting on the Vegetative State in Italian Newspapers. The Case of Eluana Englaro

Background Media coverage of the vegetative state (VS) includes refutations of the VS diagnosis and describes behaviors inconsistent with VS. We used a quality score to assess the reporting in articles describing the medical characteristics of VS in Italian newspapers. Methodology/Principal Findings Our search covered a 7-month period from July 1, 2008, to February 28, 2009, using the online searchable databases of four major Italian newspapers: Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica, La Stampa, and Avvenire. Medical reporting was judged as complete if three core VS characteristics were described: patient unawareness of self and the environment, preserved wakefulness (eyes open), and spontaneous respiration (artificial ventilator not needed). We retrieved 2,099 articles, and 967 were dedicated to VS. Of these, 853 (88.2%) were non-medical and mainly focused on describing the political, legal, and ethical aspects of VS. Of the 114 (11.8%) medical articles, 53 (5.5%) discussed other medical problems such as death by dehydration, artificial nutrition, neuroimaging, brain death, or uterine hemorrhage, and 61 (6.3%) described VS. Of these 61, only 18 (1.9%) reported all three CORE characteristics and were judged complete. We found no differences among the four investigated newspapers (Fisher's exact = 0.798), and incomplete articles were equally distributed between journalistic pieces and expert opinions (χ2 = 1.8854, P = 0.170). Incorrect descriptions of VS were significantly more common among incomplete articles (13 of 43 vs. 1 of 18; Fisher's exact P = 0.047). Conclusions/Significance Core VS characteristics are rarely reported in Italian newspaper articles, which can alter adequate comprehension of new developments and (mis)inform political, legal, and ethical decisions.
Mistletoe infestation mediates alteration of the phytohormone profile and anti-oxidative metabolism in bark and wood of its host Pinus sylvestris

European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) has largely infested Central European forests and causes high mortality probability particularly in dry years. However, little information is available about the consequences of mistletoe infestation for metabolic processes in bark and wood of its host, despite their important roles in infestation defense. We analyzed the tissue hydration, carbohydrate composition, phytohormone profile, reactive oxygen species and anti-oxidant levels in bark and wood of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.), as dependent on mistletoe infestation. As a consequence of mistletoe infestation, host bark and wood showed impaired hydration and reduced total carbon content. In the bark, soluble sugar and lignin contents increased, apparently at the expense of holo-cellulose. Hydrogen peroxide accumulation was accompanied by increased glutathione and decreased reduced ascorbic acid levels. Mistletoe infestation mediated alteration of the phytohormone profile in bark and wood of its host. Cytokinins, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid levels increased in both tissues, whereas salicylic acid and indole-3-acetic acid, which were only detected in the bark, declined. The present results show that mistletoe infestation affects both the host's anti-oxidative defense system and the phytohormone profile after establishment of the xylem tapping haustorium. The significance of these processes for the development of the woody mistletoe stem and the haustorium is discussed.
Effect of Feeding Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) High Black Rice Bran on Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Measurements, Growth Performance and Pork Quality of Pigs

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of feeding cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) high black rice bran on nutrient digestibility, blood measurements, growth performance and pork quality of pigs. In Exp. I, a total of fifteen pigs (19.91±1.80 kg, average initial body weight) were used in assay of nutrient digestibility and blood measurements. All pigs were allotted to 5 treatments with 3 replicates according to a completely randomized design (CRD) in an individual metabolic crate. Treatments included 1) CON: basal diet, 2) BRB-2: basal+brown rice bran 2%, 3) BRB-4: basal+brown rice bran 4%, 4) CRB-2: basal+C3G high black rice bran 2% and 5) CRB-4: basal+C3G high black rice bran 4%. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA) and crude fiber (CF) was not affected by dietary treatments. Serum triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were not affected by addition of C3G high black rice bran. However, at the end of experiment, pigs fed rice bran showed decreased tendency in total cholesterol concentration. Especially pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed significantly lower total cholesterol concentration compared to pigs fed brown rice bran (p<0.03). There was numerically lower total cholesterol concentration with increasing levels of black rice bran in the diet. In terms of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), there were no significant differences among treatments, even though pigs fed CRB-4 showed the lowest GOT concentration compared to other pigs. In Exp. II, sixteen finishing pigs (average initial body weight 89.96±0.35 kg) were divided into 4 treatments to investigate the effect of feeding C3G high black rice bran on growth performance and pork quality. There were no significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatments. Pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed numerical decrease in ADG and increase in FCR while not effecting feed intake. There was no significant difference in live weight, carcass weight, carcass rate, backfat thickness and carcass grade. However, pigs fed C3G high black rice bran tended to show lower backfat thickness than pigs fed basal diet. Pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed a tendency of decreased TBA value than pigs fed basal diet, although there was no overall significant difference among treatments. In conclusion, nutrient digestibility, blood measurements, growth performance and pork quality were not significantly affected by feeding C3G high black rice bran to pigs. However, C3G high black rice bran might have an effect on lowering serum total cholesterol and decrease the TBA value in pork compared to control group and these effects might be due to high concentration of antioxidative compounds in C3G high black rice bran. (Key Words : Black Rice Bran, Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), Pork Quality)
Association of low penetrance vitamin D receptor Tru9I (rs757343) gene polymorphism with risk of premenopausal breast cancer

Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether a novel polymorphism (Tru9I) in the low penetrance vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is associated with risk of premenopausal breast cancer (BC). Methods This case-control study included 228 patients with BC and 503 healthy women living in Pakistan who were analyzed for the VDR Tru9I (rs757343) single nucleotide polymorphism. BC cases were histopathologically confirmed, and all healthy controls were age-matched with patients (age range, 20–45 years). DNA was extracted, and the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assays were performed. Results The VDR Tru9I polymorphism was not significantly associated with premenopausal BC. However, the risk of BC was associated with the ‘uu’ genotype (odds ratio [OR], 1.141; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.206–6.317). Further, mutant Tru9I was significantly associated with Grade IV carcinoma (OR, 5.36; 95% CI, 1.181–24.338). Conclusion The VDR Tru9I ‘uu’ genotype may increase the risk of premenopausal BC.
Diverse Region-Based CNN for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Convolutional neural network (CNN) is of great interest in machine learning and has demonstrated excellent performance in hyperspectral image classification. In this paper, we propose a classification framework, called diverse region-based CNN, which can encode semantic context-aware representation to obtain promising features. With merging a diverse set of discriminative appearance factors, the resulting CNN-based representation exhibits spatial-spectral context sensitivity that is essential for accurate pixel classification. The proposed method exploiting diverse region-based inputs to learn contextual interactional features is expected to have more discriminative power. The joint representation containing rich spectral and spatial information is then fed to a fully connected network and the label of each pixel vector is predicted by a softmax layer. Experimental results with widely used hyperspectral image data sets demonstrate that the proposed method can surpass any other conventional deep learning-based classifiers and other state-of-the-art classifiers.
Incident Tuberculosis during Antiretroviral Therapy Contributes to Suboptimal Immune Reconstitution in a Large Urban HIV Clinic in Sub-Saharan Africa

Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively decreases tuberculosis (TB) incidence long-term, but is associated with high TB incidence rates in the first 6 months. We sought to determine the incidence and the long-term effects of TB during ART on HIV treatment outcome, and the risk factors for incident TB during ART in a large urban HIV clinic in Uganda. Methodology/Principal Findings Routinely collected longitudinal clinical data from all patients initiated on first-line ART was retrospectively analysed. 5,982 patients were included with a median baseline CD4+ T cell count (CD4 count) of 117 cells/mm3 (interquartile range [IQR]; 42, 182). In the first 2 years, there were 336 (5.6%) incident TB events in 10,710 person-years (py) of follow-up (3.14 cases/100pyar [95% CI 2.82–3.49]); incidence rates at 0–3, 3–6, 6–12 and 12–24 months were 11.25 (9.58–13.21), 6.27 (4.99–7.87), 2.47 (1.87–3.36) and 1.02 (0.80–1.31), respectively. Incident TB during ART was independently associated with baseline CD4 count of <50 cells/mm3 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.84 [1.25–2.70], P = 0.002) and male gender (HR 1.68 [1.34–2.11], P<0.001). After two years on ART, the patients who had developed TB in the first 12 months had a significantly lower median CD4 count increase (184 cells/mm3 [IQR; 107, 258, n = 118] vs 209 cells/mm3 [124, 309, n = 2166], P = 0.01), a larger proportion of suboptimal immune reconstitution according to two definitions (increase in CD4 count <200 cells/mm3: 57.4% vs 46.9%, P = 0.03, and absolute CD4 count <200 cells/mm3: 30.4 vs 19.9%, P = 0.006), and a higher percentage of immunological failure according to the WHO criteria (13.6% vs 6.5%, P = 0.003). Incident TB during ART was independently associated with poor CD4 count recovery and fulfilling WHO immunogical failure definitions. Conclusions/Significance Incident TB during ART occurs most often within 3 months and in patients with CD4 counts less than 50 cells/mm3. Incident TB during ART is associated with long-term impairment in immune recovery.
Social norm enforcement in ethnically diverse communities

Significance How does ethnic diversity influence the maintenance of social norms in complex, Western societies? We provide evidence from a natural field experiment examining reactions to norm violations in multiethnic German neighborhoods. We uncover asymmetric patterns of norm enforcement in interethnic encounters: “Native” Germans are more active in sanctioning norm violations, while ethnic minorities are more likely to be targeted for sanctions. We link these dynamics to prevailing status inequalities between minorities and natives in German society. We further show that, as a consequence of such asymmetries, social control tends to rise with ethnic diversity. Recent waves of immigration to Western nations have fueled a debate over the consequences of ethnic diversity for social cohesion. One prominent argument in this debate holds that diversity is detrimental to trust and cooperation because individuals in heterogeneous communities face difficulties in enforcing social norms across ethnic lines. We examine this proposition in a field experiment involving real-life interactions among residents of multiethnic German neighborhoods. We find significant ethnic asymmetries in the pattern of norm enforcement: Members of the majority “native” German population are more active in sanctioning norm violations, while ethnic minorities are more likely to find themselves the target of sanctions. We interpret these results in light of prevailing status inequalities between ethnic minorities and the native majority. We further calculate that, as a result of ethnic discrimination, social control is likely to rise in communities with moderate minority population shares.
Isotope signals and anatomical features in tree rings suggest a role for hydraulic strategies in diffuse drought-induced die-back of Pinus nigra

The 2003 and 2012 summer seasons were among the warmest and driest of the last 200 years over southeastern Europe, and in particular in the Karst region (northeastern Italy). Starting from winter-spring 2013, several black pines (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) suffered crown die-back. Declining trees occurred nearby individuals with no signs of die-back, raising hypotheses about the occurrence of individual-specific hydraulic strategies underlying different responses to extreme drought. We investigated possible processes driving black pine decline by dendrochronological and wood anatomical measurements, coupled with analysis of tree-ring carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopic composition in healthy trees (H) and trees suffering die-back (D). Die-back trees showed higher growth rates than H trees at the beginning of the last century, but suffered important growth reduction following the dry summers in 2003 and 2012. After the 2012 drought, D trees produced tracheids with larger diameter and greater vulnerability to implosion than H ones. Healthy trees had significantly higher wood δ13C than D trees, reflecting higher water-use efficiency for the surviving trees, i.e., less water transpired per unit carbon gain, which could be related to lower stomatal conductance and a more conservative use of water. Relatively high δ18O for D trees indicates that they were strongly dependent on shallow water sources, or that they sustained higher transpiration rates than H trees. Our results suggest that H trees adopted a more conservative water-use strategy under drought stress compared with D trees. We speculate that this diversity might have a genotypic basis, but other possible explanations, like different rooting depth, cannot be ruled out.