Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Muscle chemoreflex elevates muscle blood flow and O2 uptake at exercise onset in nonischemic human forearm.

We tested the hypothesis that increases in forearm blood flow (FBF) during the adaptive phase at the onset of moderate exercise would allow a more rapid increase in muscle O2 uptake (VO2 mus). Fifteen subjects completed forearm exercise in control (Con) and leg occlusion (Occ) conditions. In Occ, exercise of ischemic calf muscles was performed before the onset of forearm exercise to activate the muscle chemoreflex evoking a 25-mmHg increase in mean arterial pressure that was sustained during forearm exercise. Eight subjects who increased FBF during Occ compared with Con in the adaptation phase by >30 ml/min were considered "responders. " For the responders, a higher VO2 mus accompanied the higher FBF only during the adaptive phase of the Occ tests, whereas there was no difference in the baseline or steady-state FBF or VO2 mus between Occ and Con. Supplying more blood flow at the onset of exercise allowed a more rapid increase in VO2 mus supporting our hypothesis that, at least for this type of exercise, O2 supply might be limiting.
Diversity of hepatotoxic microcystins and bioactive anabaenopeptins in cyanobacterial blooms from Greek freshwaters

Microcystins (MCs) and anabaenopeptins from 26 cyanobacterial bloom samples dominated mainly by the genus Microcystis and collected from seven Greek freshwaters were identified and quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector. All the samples analyzed contained microcystins; in 27% of the samples anabaenopeptins were detected but not anabaenopeptilide (A). In each sample 1–7 microcystins and up to two anabaenopeptins (anabaenopeptins A and B) were identified. MC‐RR and MC‐LR were the predominant microcystins, followed by MC‐YR. MC‐LA and demethylated variants of MC‐LR and MC‐RR also were present but were not abundant. Total content of microcystin and anabaenopeptin varied from 40 to 2565 μg g−1 freeze‐dried material (mean 674.5 μg g−1) and from undetectable to 48 μg g−1 freeze‐dried material (mean 6.2 μg g−1), respectively. Qualitative and quantitative variation in the microcystins in the samples indicates there may be geographical trends in the distribution of microcystins. This study reports for the first time (1) the widespread occurrence of several different microcystins in Greek freshwaters and (2) quantitative data on the anabaenopeptins produced in natural cyanobacterial populations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 249–256, 2005.
Inflation Targeting and 'Leaning Against the Wind'

Should inflation targeting involve some leaning against the wind? Sweden provides a case study, since the Riksbank has been leaning against the wind since 2010, stating concerns about risks associated with the household debt-to-income ratio. The cost of this policy in terms of low inflation and high unemployment is high. According to the Riksbank’s own analysis, the policy rate effect on household indebtedness is very small, and any effect on risks associated with household debt is miniscule. Indeed, much lower inflation than expected has increased households’ debt burden and, if anything, increased such risks.
Harmaline Tremor: Underlying Mechanisms in a Potential Animal Model of Essential Tremor

Background Harmaline and harmine are tremorigenic β-carbolines that, on administration to experimental animals, induce an acute postural and kinetic tremor of axial and truncal musculature. This drug-induced action tremor has been proposed as a model of essential tremor. Here we review what is known about harmaline tremor. Methods Using the terms harmaline and harmine on PubMed, we searched for papers describing the effects of these β-carbolines on mammalian tissue, animals, or humans. Results Investigations over four decades have shown that harmaline induces rhythmic burst-firing activity in the medial and dorsal accessory inferior olivary nuclei that is transmitted via climbing fibers to Purkinje cells and to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then to brainstem and spinal cord motoneurons. The critical structures required for tremor expression are the inferior olive, climbing fibers, and the deep cerebellar nuclei; Purkinje cells are not required. Enhanced synaptic norepinephrine or blockade of ionic glutamate receptors suppresses tremor, whereas enhanced synaptic serotonin exacerbates tremor. Benzodiazepines and muscimol suppress tremor. Alcohol suppresses harmaline tremor but exacerbates harmaline-associated neural damage. Recent investigations on the mechanism of harmaline tremor have focused on the T-type calcium channel. Discussion Like essential tremor, harmaline tremor involves the cerebellum, and classic medications for essential tremor have been found to suppress harmaline tremor, leading to utilization of the harmaline model for preclinical testing of antitremor drugs. Limitations are that the model is acute, unlike essential tremor, and only approximately half of the drugs reported to suppress harmaline tremor are subsequently found to suppress tremor in clinical trials.
Controlling Output Length in Neural Encoder-Decoders

Neural encoder-decoder models have shown great success in many sequence generation tasks. However, previous work has not investigated situations in which we would like to control the length of encoder-decoder outputs. This capability is crucial for applications such as text summarization, in which we have to generate concise summaries with a desired length. In this paper, we propose methods for controlling the output sequence length for neural encoder-decoder models: two decoding-based methods and two learning-based methods. Results show that our learning-based methods have the capability to control length without degrading summary quality in a summarization task.
TeV BL Lac objects at the dawn of the Fermi era

We reconsider the emission properties of BL Lac objects emitting in the high-energy y-ray band, by exploiting the information in the MeV-GeV band obtained by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope in its first three months of operation. To this aim we construct the spectral energy distribution of all the BL Lacs revealed by LAT and of the known TeV BL Lacs not detected by LAT, also including data from the Swift satellite, and model them with a simple one-zone leptonic model. The analysis shows that the BL Lacs detected by LAT (whether or not already detected in the TeV band) share similar physical parameters. While some of the TeV BL Lacs not revealed by LAT have spectral energy distributions and physical parameters very similar to the LAT BL Lacs, one group of objects displays peculiar properties (larger electron energies and smaller magnetic fields), suggesting different physical conditions in the emission region. Finally, we discuss possible criteria to select in an effective manner good new candidates for the Cherenkov telescopes among the LAT sources, presenting a list of predicted fluxes in the very high-energy band calculated including the effects of absorption by extragalactic background light.
Children describe their experiences of the city centre: a qualitative study of the fears and concerns which may limit their full participation

Abstract A large‐scale qualitative study of the views of British 10–12 years olds is reported. The focus is on children's perceptions of their local urban centres, and in particular on the concerns and fears that they have about using the centres. It is argued that, in the context of the debate about such centres retaining business in the face of the challenge from out‐of‐town malls, designers should be more aware of the comparisons that such children draw between the two, not only for the current and future purchasing power of children, but also in the spirit of wider participation in the planning of our urban areas. Children of this age can give vivid accounts of their perceived threats, from some adults on the street, from older adolescents, and from groups from out of town. Children from the smaller towns more typically stress traffic as their major concern. Poor standards of maintenance may signal that no‐one cares. Agents of order, such as police, security guards and the presence of older people on .
Targeted Echocardiographic Screening for Latent Rheumatic Heart Disease in Northern Uganda: Evaluating Familial Risk Following Identification of an Index Case

Background Echocardiographic screening for detection of latent RHD has shown potential as a strategy to decrease the burden of disease. However, further research is needed to determine optimal implementation strategies. RHD results from a complex interplay between environment and host susceptibility. Family members share both and relatives of children with latent RHD may represent a high-risk group. The objective of this study was to use echocardiographic family screening to determine the relative risk of RHD among first-degree relatives of children with latent RHD compared to the risk in first-degree relatives of healthy peers. Methodology/Principal Findings Previous school-based screening data were used to identify RHD positive children and RHD negative peers. All first-degree relatives ≥ 5 years were invited for echocardiography screening (2012 World Heart Federation Criteria). Sixty RHD positive cases (30 borderline/30 definite RHD) and 67 RHD negative cases were recruited. A total of 455/667 (68%) family members were screened. Definite RHD was more common in childhood siblings of RHD positive compared to RHD negative (p = 0.05). Children with any RHD were 4.5 times as likely to have a sibling with definite RHD, a risk that increased to 5.6 times when considering only cases with definite RHD. Mothers of RHD positive and RHD negative cases had an unexpectedly high rate of latent RHD (9.3%). Conclusions/Significance Siblings of RHD positive cases with RHD are more likely to have definite RHD and the relative risk is highest if the index case has definite RHD. Future screening programs should consider implementation of sibling screening following detection of an RHD positive child. Larger screening studies of adults are needed, as data on prevalence of latent RHD outside of childhood are sparse. Future studies should prioritize implementation research to answer questions of how RHD screening can best be integrated into existing healthcare structures, ensuring practical and sustainable screening programs.
‘I Like the Americans… But I Certainly Don't Aim for an American Accent’: Language Attitudes, Vitality and Foreign Language Learning in Denmark

The power and status of America in the world today are undeniable. This paper presents some empirical data about the attitudes and perceptions Danish learners of EFL have about British and American English. Ninety-six EFL learners participated in a verbal-guise experiment that involved rating different accents of English: American, Australian, Received Pronunciation (RP), Scottish and Cockney. Dependent measures on dimensions of status, solidarity and attractiveness of the language were obtained together with measures assessing the perceived attractiveness of American and British culture. Additionally, behavioural measures about specific features of American and British English in learners' productions were also obtained. The results show that even though the vitality of American culture is acknowledged, the participants still demonstrate a preference for RP on important dimensions, and have no desire to adopt an American accent. The results are discussed with reference to vitality theory and the stereotypes Danish learners have about people from Britain and America.
Plausibility and recovery from garden paths in second language sentence processing

ABSTRACT In this study, the influence of plausibility information on the real-time processing of locally ambiguous (“garden path”) sentences in a nonnative language is investigated. Using self-paced reading, we examined how advanced Greek-speaking learners of English and native speaker controls read sentences containing temporary subject–object ambiguities, with the ambiguous noun phrase being either semantically plausible or implausible as the direct object of the immediately preceding verb. Besides providing evidence for incremental interpretation in second language processing, our results indicate that the learners were more strongly influenced by plausibility information than the native speaker controls in their on-line processing of the experimental items. For the second language learners an initially plausible direct object interpretation lead to increased reanalysis difficulty in “weak” garden-path sentences where the required reanalysis did not interrupt the current thematic processing domain. No such evidence of on-line recovery was observed, in contrast, for “strong” garden-path sentences that required more substantial revisions of the representation built thus far, suggesting that comprehension breakdown was more likely here.
Mid-Air Browsing and Selection in Image Collections

Image collections are a common interaction pattern for 2D interfaces, however mid-air user interaction with collections has received little attention. We present a controlled experiment (within-groups, n=24) comparing three sets of hand gestures for mid-air browsing and selection in image collections, that were identified out of an elicitation study, using MS Kinect. Each set includes cursor-less gestures for browsing (sideways hand extension, wheel and swipe) and for selection/deselection (hand-up/hand-down). Task success was universal with high accuracy and few errors for all gestures. Sideways extension outperforms swipe and perceived effort for this gesture is significantly lower. Both gestures outperform wheel. We suggest that from a usability perspective, sideways hand extension should be preferred for browsing image galleries, if no other contextual factors apply. Also, the results of the elicitation study, in which most users proposed the swipe gesture for browsing, were not confirmed by the controlled usability experiment. This suggests a combined use of elicitation studies with rigorous usability testing, especially when gestures for particular user interface design patterns are sought.
The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouth rinses as adjuncts to toothbrushing on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE To review the literature concerning cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) containing mouth rinses as effective adjuncts to toothbrushing in the prevention of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medline and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to January 2008 to identify appropriate studies. The primary outcome measurements were plaque accumulation and gingivitis. RESULTS Independent screening of titles and abstracts of 3250 papers resulted in eight publications that met the criteria of eligibility. Mean values and standard deviations were obtained by data extraction. Descriptive comparisons are presented for brushing only or brushing and rinsing. Meta-analyses were performed when possible. CONCLUSIONS The existing evidence supports that CPC containing mouth rinses, when used as adjuncts to either supervised or unsupervised oral hygiene, provide a small but significant additional benefit in reducing plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation.
Continuation or Switching? Career Patterns of Polish Graduate Migrants in England

This paper contributes to debates on graduate migration, by discussing graduate migrants' career trajectory development, using structure-agency perspectives to explore career path management in a host country. Drawing on qualitative research with Polish graduate migrants in the UK, it demonstrates diverse attitudes towards career trajectories of those who obtained their degree from home country universities, and enrolled into some form of further education in the host country. This paper outlines three Polish graduate types in the UK, based on the time, type and motivations for further training in the UK. These are: Continuers, Switchers and Late Awakeners. It argues that graduates have become accustomed to life's uncertainties, and recognise the need to take diverse and flexible routes to advance their careers, including further education and various types of employment.
Quantitative 3D Analysis of Plant Roots Growing in Soil Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging1[OPEN]

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables nondestructive 3D imaging and quantification of roots or root system architecture in soil and is suited for automated and routine measurements of root development. Precise measurements of root system architecture traits are an important requirement for plant phenotyping. Most of the current methods for analyzing root growth require either artificial growing conditions (e.g. hydroponics), are severely restricted in the fraction of roots detectable (e.g. rhizotrons), or are destructive (e.g. soil coring). On the other hand, modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are noninvasive and allow high-quality three-dimensional imaging of roots in soil. Here, we present a plant root imaging and analysis pipeline using MRI together with an advanced image visualization and analysis software toolbox named NMRooting. Pots up to 117 mm in diameter and 800 mm in height can be measured with the 4.7 T MRI instrument used here. For 1.5 l pots (81 mm diameter, 300 mm high), a fully automated system was developed enabling measurement of up to 18 pots per day. The most important root traits that can be nondestructively monitored over time are root mass, length, diameter, tip number, and growth angles (in two-dimensional polar coordinates) and spatial distribution. Various validation measurements for these traits were performed, showing that roots down to a diameter range between 200 μm and 300 μm can be quantitatively measured. Root fresh weight correlates linearly with root mass determined by MRI. We demonstrate the capabilities of MRI and the dedicated imaging pipeline in experimental series performed on soil-grown maize (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants.
The CORVET complex promotes tethering and fusion of Rab5/Vps21-positive membranes

Membrane fusion along the endocytic pathway occurs in a sequence of tethering, docking, and fusion. At endosomes and vacuoles, the CORVET (class C core vacuole/endosome tethering) and HOPS (homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting) tethering complexes require their organelle-specific Rabs for localization and function. Until now, despite the absence of experimental evidence, it has been assumed that CORVET is a membrane-tethering factor. To test this theory and understand the mechanistic analogies with the HOPS complex, we set up an in vitro system, and establish CORVET as a bona-fide tether for Vps21-positive endosome/vacuole membranes. Purified CORVET binds to SNAREs and Rab5/Vps21-GTP. We then demonstrate that purified CORVET can specifically tether Vps21-positive membranes. Tethering via CORVET is dose-dependent, stimulated by the GEF Vps9, and inhibited by Msb3, the Vps21-GAP. Moreover, CORVET supports fusion of isolated membranes containing Vps21. In agreement with its role as a tether, overexpressed CORVET drives Vps21, but not the HOPS-specific Ypt7 into contact sites between vacuoles, which likely represent vacuole-associated endosomes. We therefore conclude that CORVET is a tethering complex that promotes fusion of Rab5-positive membranes and thus facilitates receptor down-regulation and recycling at the late endosome.
Metalinguistic ability and early reading achievement

ABSTRACT This study explored the conceptual status of metalinguistic ability by determining whether or not metalinguistic ability can account for variation in early reading achievement independently of more general language abilities. First-grade children were given a test battery assessing phonemic awareness, syntactic awareness, receptive vocabulary, syntactic proficiency, word decoding ability, and reading comprehension ability. Strong zero-order correlations were observed among all experimental measures. However, multiple regression analyses revealed that metalinguistic ability did not contribute to the prediction of early reading achievement when general language ability effects were statistically controlled.
Inflammatory status and insulin resistance

Purpose of reviewThe inflammatory response is essential in the response to pathogens. TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 are key mediators of the response. They initiate metabolic changes to provide nutrients for the immune system, from host tissues. These changes include hyperlipidemia and increased gluconeogenesis. Insulin resistance and disordering of lipid metabolism occur in obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis. This review examines recent research that links inflammation to insulin insensitivity. Recent findingsPopulation studies show a strong association between indices of inflammation, and abnormal lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, obesity and atherosclerosis. TNF-α is produced, by cells of the immune system and by adipocytes. It may provide the link between inflammation and insulin sensitivity. TNF-α results in insulin insensitivity, indirectly by stimulating stress hormone production and directly by sustained induction of SOCS-3 which decreases insulin-induced insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) tyrosine phosphorylation and its association with the p85, regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; and by negative regulation of PPAR gamma. Adipose tissue produces both TNF-α and leptin. Production of the latter relates positively to adipose tissue mass and through its actions on immune function exerts a pro-inflammatory influence. SummaryRecent studies on diseases which involve insulin insensitivity (e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis) also show increased cytokine production and markers of inflammation. Evidence at present favours chronic inflammation as a trigger for chronic insulin insensitivity, rather than the reverse situation.
Parenting and self-regulation in preschoolers: A meta-analysis

A meta-analysis of 41 studies was conducted to examine the strength of the relation between parenting (positive control, negative control and responsiveness) and self-regulation in preschoolers. Results revealed significant associations between both types of parental control and self-regulation, with effect sizes being small in magnitude. There was no significant association between self-regulation and responsiveness. The strength of the association between parenting and self-regulation varied with different conceptualizations of self-regulation; positive and negative control were associated with child compliance, but not with inhibition and emotion regulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.