Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Escaping mediocrity: how two-layer networks learn hard generalized linear models with SGD

This study explores the sample complexity for two-layer neural networks to learn a generalized linear target function under Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), focusing on the challenging regime where many flat directions are present at initialization. It is well-established that in this scenario $n=O(d \log d)$ samples are typically needed. However, we provide precise results concerning the pre-factors in high-dimensional contexts and for varying widths. Notably, our findings suggest that overparameterization can only enhance convergence by a constant factor within this problem class. These insights are grounded in the reduction of SGD dynamics to a stochastic process in lower dimensions, where escaping mediocrity equates to calculating an exit time. Yet, we demonstrate that a deterministic approximation of this process adequately represents the escape time, implying that the role of stochasticity may be minimal in this scenario.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Spectroscopic evidence for an oxazolone structure in anionic b-type peptide fragments

Infrared spectra of anionic b-type fragments generated by collision induced dissociation (CID) from deprotonated peptides are reported. Spectra of the b2 fragments of deprotonated AlaAlaAla and AlaTyrAla have been recorded over the 800–1800 cm spectral range by multiple-photon dissociation (MPD) spectroscopy using an FTICR mass spectrometer in combination with the free electron laser FELIX. Structural characterization of the b-type fragments is accomplished by comparison with density functional theory calculated spectra at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level for different isomeric structures. Although diketopiperazine structures represent the energetically lowest isomers, the IR spectra suggest an oxazolone structure for the b2 fragments of both peptides. Deprotonation is shown to occur on the oxazolone α-carbon, which leads to a conjugated structure in which the negative charge is practically delocalized over the entire oxazolone ring, providing enhanced gas-phase stability.
Female Sex, Time in Therapeutic Range, and Clinical Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Taking Warfarin

Background and Purpose— Female patients have higher risk for stroke than male patients in nonanticoagulated atrial fibrillation patients, but limited data are available on sex differences in stroke and bleeding outcomes among patients with anticoagulated atrial fibrillation on warfarin, especially in relation to quality of anticoagulation control, as reflected by the time in therapeutic range (TTR). Methods— We investigated adverse outcomes in females (n=791) and males (n=1501) among 2292 patients with atrial fibrillation taking warfarin arm in the AMADEUS (Evaluating the Use of SR34006 Compared to Warfarin or Acenocoumarol in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) trial. Results— The combined end point of cardiovascular death and stroke/systemic embolism (SSE) was similar in females versus males. There was no sex differences in either cardiovascular death or SSE. Compared with males, females had a lower risk of major bleeding (hazard ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.18–0.87; P=0.02). No differences were seen in mortality and stroke outcomes between females and males either in the prespecified age subgroups or in relation to TTR categories. TTR was negatively correlated with any clinically relevant bleeding in both females (r=−0.86; P=0.03) and males (r=−0.94; P=0.005). On Cox regression, TTR (but not female sex) emerged as an independent predictor for combined cardiovascular death/SSE and clinically relevant bleeding events. Conclusion— Anticoagulated female patients with atrial fibrillation had a similar rate of cardiovascular death and SSE, but a lower risk of major bleeding, compared with males. TTR (but not female sex) was an independent predictor for combined cardiovascular death and SSE and clinically relevant bleeding events.
Authentic Enzyme Intermediates Captured “on-the-fly” by Mix-and-Inject Serial Crystallography

Ever since the first structure of an enzyme was solved, the discovery of the mechanism and dynamics of reactions catalyzed by biomolecules has been the key goal for the understanding of the molecular processes that drive life on earth at the atomic scale. Despite a large number of successful methods for trapping reaction intermediates, the direct observation of an ongoing reaction at runtime has been possible only in rare and exceptional cases. Here, we demonstrate a general method for capturing enzyme catalysis ‘in action’ by ‘mix-and-inject serial crystallography’. Specifically, we follow the catalytic reaction of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-lactamase with the 3rd generation antibiotic ceftriaxone by time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography. The results reveal, in near atomic detail, antibiotic cleavage and inactivation on the millisecond to second time scales including the crossover from transition state kinetics to steady-state kinetics.
Deciding ML typability is complete for deterministic exponential time

A well known but incorrect piece of functional programming folklore is that ML expressions can be efficiently typed in polynomial time. In probing the truth of that folklore, various researchers, including Wand, Buneman, Kanellakis, and Mitchell, constructed simple counterexamples consisting of typable ML programs having length n, with principal types having &OHgr;(2cn) distinct type variables and length &OHgr;(22cn). When the types associated with these ML constructions were represented as directed acyclic graphs, their sizes grew as &OHgr;(2cn). The folklore was even more strongly contradicted by the recent result of Kanellakis and Mitchell that simply deciding whether or not an ML expression is typable is PSPACE-hard. We improve the latter result, showing that deciding ML typability is DEXPTIME-hard. As Kanellakis and Mitchell have shown containment in DEXPTIME, the problem is DEXPTIME-complete. The proof of DEXPTIME-hardness is carried out via a generic reduction: it consists of a very straightforward simulation of any deterministic one-tape Turing machine M with input &khgr; running in &Ogr;(c|&khgr;|) time by a polynomial-sized ML formula &PHgr;M,&khgr;, such that M accepts &khgr; iff &PHgr;M,&khgr; is typable. The simulation of the transition function δ of the Turing Machine is realized uniquely through terms in the lambda calculus without the use of the polymorphic let construct. We use let for two purposes only: to generate an exponential amount of blank tape for the Turing Machine simulation to begin, and to compose an exponential number of applications of the ML formula simulating state transition. It is purely the expressive power of ML polymorphism to succinctly express function composition which results in a proof of DEXPTIME-hardness. We conjecture that lower bounds on deciding typability for extensions to the typed lambda calculus can be regarded precisely in terms of this expressive capacity for succinct function composition. To further understand this lower bound, we relate it to the problem of proving equality of type variables in a system of type equations generated from an ML expression with let-polymorphism. We show that given an oracle for solving this problem, deciding typability would be in PSPACE, as would be the actual computation of the principal type of the expression, were it indeed typable.
Genome-Wide Dissection of the Heat Shock Transcription Factor Family Genes in Arachis

Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) are important transcription factors (TFs) in protecting plants from damages caused by various stresses. The released whole genome sequences of wild peanuts make it possible for genome-wide analysis of Hsfs in peanut. In this study, a total of 16 and 17 Hsf genes were identified from Arachis duranensis and A. ipaensis, respectively. We identified 16 orthologous Hsf gene pairs in both peanut species; however HsfXs was only identified from A. ipaensis. Orthologous pairs between two wild peanut species were highly syntenic. Based on phylogenetic relationship, peanut Hsfs were divided into groups A, B, and C. Selection pressure analysis showed that group B Hsf genes mainly underwent positive selection and group A Hsfs were affected by purifying selection. Small scale segmental and tandem duplication may play important roles in the evolution of these genes. Cis-elements, such as ABRE, DRE, and HSE, were found in the promoters of most Arachis Hsf genes. Five AdHsfs and two AiHsfs contained fungal elicitor responsive elements suggesting their involvement in response to fungi infection. These genes were differentially expressed in cultivated peanut under abiotic stress and Aspergillus flavus infection. AhHsf2 and AhHsf14 were significantly up-regulated after inoculation with A. flavus suggesting their possible role in fungal resistance.
Contribution of pheromones processed by the main olfactory system to mate recognition in female mammals

Until recently it was widely believed that the ability of female mammals (with the likely exception of women) to identify and seek out a male breeding partner relied on the detection of non-volatile male pheromones by the female's vomeronasal organ (VNO) and their subsequent processing by a neural circuit that includes the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), vomeronasal amygdala, and hypothalamus. Emperical data are reviewed in this paper that demonstrate the detection of volatile pheromones by the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) of female mice which, in turn, leads to the activation of a population of glomeruli and abutting mitral cells in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Anatomical results along with functional neuroanatomical data demonstrate that some of these MOB mitral cells project to the vomeronasal amygdala. These particular MOB mitral cells were selectively activated (i.e., expressed Fos protein) by exposure to male as opposed to female urinary volatiles. A similar selectivity to opposite sex urinary volatiles was also seen in mitral cells of the AOB of female mice. Behavioral data from female mouse, ferret, and human are reviewed that implicate the main olfactory system, in some cases interacting with the accessory olfactory system, in mate recognition.
ERP and Innovation in Schupeterian Market Dynamics

Organizations are under competitive pressure to innovate and at the same time efficiently execute their strategy, and have been implementing enterprise resource planning (ERP) solutions to aid in the achievement of their goals. Sambamurthy, Bharadwaj, and Grover (2003) describe the capability of simultaneous innovation and efficient execution as agility, and they propose a model of information technology’s role in agility and entrepreneurial action within established organizations. They refer to the market forces that drive the need for agility as Schumpeterian market dynamics. We apply a synthesis of two seminal Schumpeterian theories to ERP research. We then relate these lessons to the Sambamurthy et al. framework. We conclude with a view of ERP as an amplifying technology that has the potential to amplify either adaptive or creative response, depending largely on firm-specific factors.
Cognitive Therapy Trainees’ Self-Reflections on their Professional Learning

Background: The widening scope of cognitive therapy models and strategies poses a challenge for designing cognitive therapy training. What are the core skills to be learned? What do learners view as important to learn and what are the skills and knowledge they focus on? Aims: The present study describes the perceptions of CT trainees of both what is important and what is difficult to learn. We also analyse what the trainees focus on when evaluating their professional learning. In addition, we report on changes in self-assessed skills during the training. Method: Quantitative and qualitative data were collected after 2 years of training (n = 39) in three programmes and after the entire 4-year training in four programmes (n = 53). Results: Significant progress was reported in all domains of therapist skills, most clearly in cognitive and constructivist strategies. The trainees practised most those skills they considered important to be learned and, consequently, they also attained a higher level of mastery in these skills. The trainees’ learning orientation and foci of self-reflections remained relatively unchanged. They focused on technical and conceptual skills and knowledge, whereas interpersonal skills were peripheral in their self-reflection. Conclusions: Pedagogical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
Single-Dose Local Simvastatin Injection Improves Implant Fixation via Increased Angiogenesis and Bone Formation in an Ovariectomized Rat Model

Background Statins have been reported to promote bone formation. However, taken orally, their bioavailability is low to the bones. Implant therapies require a local repair response, topical application of osteoinductive agents, or biomaterials that promote implant fixation. Material/Methods The present study evaluated the effect of a single local injection of simvastatin on screw fixation in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. Results Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-computed tomography, histology, and biomechanical tests revealed that 5 and 10 mg simvastatin significantly improved bone mineral density by 18.2% and 22.4%, respectively (P<0.05); increased bone volume fraction by 51.0% and 57.9%, trabecular thickness by 16.4% and 18.9%, trabeculae number by 112.0% and 107.1%, and percentage of osseointegration by 115.7% and 126.3%; and decreased trabeculae separation by 34.1% and 36.6%, respectively (all P<0.01). Bone mineral apposition rate was significantly increased (P<0.01). Furthermore, implant fixation was significantly increased (P<0.05), and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) expression was markedly increased. Local injection of a single dose of simvastatin also promoted angiogenesis. Vessel number, volume, thickness, surface area, and vascular volume per tissue volume were significantly increased (all P<0.01). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2, von Willebrand factor, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 expression were enhanced. Conclusions A single local injection of simvastatin significantly increased bone formation, promoted osseointegration, and enhanced implant fixation in ovariectomized rats. The underlying mechanism appears to involve enhanced BMP2 expression and angiogenesis in the target bone.
On Fairness and Calibration

The machine learning community has become increasingly concerned with the potential for bias and discrimination in predictive models. This has motivated a growing line of work on what it means for a classification procedure to be "fair. " In this paper, we investigate the tension between minimizing error disparity across different population groups while maintaining calibrated probability estimates. We show that calibration is compatible only with a single error constraint (i.e. equal false-negatives rates across groups), and show that any algorithm that satisfies this relaxation is no better than randomizing a percentage of predictions for an existing classifier. These unsettling findings, which extend and generalize existing results, are empirically confirmed on several datasets.
Fast Failure Handling in Ethernet Networks

Ethernet is becoming increasingly popular in metro and carrier-grade networks because of its cost-effectiveness, simplicity and scalability. Nevertheless, Ethernet was originally designed as a LAN technology, therefore, it lacks some features, such as fast fault-protection and sophisticated management, which are very important in the new carrier-grade application areas. We propose a simple failure protection mechanism for Ethernet networks that can recover from node and link failures under 50 milliseconds, which is also provided by SDH/Sonet rings. The mechanism relies on a lightweight distributed protocol that runs on IP routers at the edges of the network and works with commodity off-the-shelf Ethernet switches. This paper describes the protocol design and implementation as well as the network testbed implementation for assessing the performance and the robustness of the mechanism. The results collected in the testbed are shown and discussed in the paper.
Effects of cluster nursing interventions on the prevention of pressure ulcers in intensive care units patients: A meta‐analysis

Abstract A meta‐analysis was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the impact of cluster nursing interventions on the prevention of pressure ulcers (PUs) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Computer searches were performed in databases including Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) implementing cluster nursing interventions for PUs prevention in ICU patients, with the search period covering the database inception to November 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data and conducted quality assessments. Stata 17.0 software was employed for data analysis. Overall, 17 RCTs involving 1463 ICU patients were included. The analysis showed that compared with conventional nursing, cluster nursing interventions significantly reduced the incidence of PUs (odds ratio: 0.24, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.17–0.34, p < 0.001) and also significantly improved the levels of anxiety (standardized mean difference [SMD]: −1.39, 95% CI: −1.57 to 1.22, p < 0.001) and depression (SMD: −1.64, 95% CI: −2.02 to 1.26, p < 0.001) in ICU patients. This study indicates that the application of cluster nursing interventions in ICU patients can effectively reduce the incidence of PUs, as well as improve patients' anxiety and depression levels, thereby enhancing their quality of life, which is worth clinical promotion and application.
A Real-Time Method for Measuring cAMP Production Modulated by Gαi/o-Coupled Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors

Group II and group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) that inhibit adenylyl cyclase via activation of Gαi/o. The purpose of this study was to design a universal method that overcomes previous challenges in consistently measuring group II and group III mGlu-receptor (mGluR) activation in stably transfected systems. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with the GloSensor cAMP biosensor, we optimized conditions for simple and highly reproducible (<5% S.E.M.) measurements of cAMP in real time. The GloSensor cAMP biosensor is a recombinant firefly luciferase conjugated to a cAMP-binding domain, where cAMP binding promotes a conformational shift within the GloSensor protein, inducing luciferase activity; cAMP levels are positively correlated with light output resulting from the luciferase-mediated breakdown of d-luciferin. Each group II and group III mGluR was then stably transfected into the CHO-GloSensor cell line, and experimental conditions were optimized for each receptor. During assay optimization, we observed ion sensitivity of several receptors and inverse agonist activity of the antagonist, LY341495 [2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycyclopropyl]-3-(9H-xanthen-9-yl)-d-alanine]. Although these phenomena have been previously reported, they remain poorly understood, emphasizing the GloSensor assay as an important tool with which to study group II and group III mGlu receptors. Our results highlight many advantages of using the GloSensor method for measuring activation of group II and group III mGlu receptors, and they further suggest that corresponding methods designed to measure activation of any Gαi/o- or Gαs-coupled GPCR will be similarly advantageous.
Cosmological constraints from the cluster contribution to the power spectrum of the soft X-ray background. New evidence for a low σ8?

We use the X-ray power spectrum of the soft X-ray background ROSAT all-sky survey in the R6 band (0.9-1.3 keV) to set an upper limit on the galaxy cluster power spectrum. The cluster power spectrum is modelled with a minimum number of robust assumptions regarding the structure of the clusters. The power spectrum of ROSAT sets an upper limit on the Ω m -σ 8 plane that excludes all the models with σ 8 above σ 8 = 0.5 ′ 0 . 0 8 0.05 Ω - ( 0 . 3 8 ′ 0 . 0 1 0.05) m in a flat A-cold dark matter universe. We discuss the possible sources of systematic errors in our conclusions. mainly dominated by the assumed L x -T relation and some cluster signal subtracted during the point source removal. The uncertainties due to removed clusters can move our upper limit as much as 0.2 units upwards. The systematic bias introduced by uncertainties in the scaling relations is more difficult to quantify since these relations are not accurately known yet but we show how, alternatively, the L x -T relation could be constrained using the X-ray power spectrum, if the cosmological model is known and provided a good estimate of the power spectrum of the diffuse X-ray background can be obtained from the data. Roughly accounting for all the systematics, our conclusions suggest that models with a low value of σ 8 are favoured by the soft X-ray diffuse background. The approach presented in this work would be extremely powerful with high-quality data from Chandra and XMM with a better point source subtraction and going to smaller scales than those proved in this work.
Dependency-based paraphrasing for recognizing textual entailment

A body restraint system (30) allows the user's body (10) to be in the zero gravity neutral posture. The system (30) includes a waist restraint (32) in the form of a curved, padded unit (34) containing a retractable belt (36) coiled on a spring loaded capstan (38) with a buckle (40) extending from front (42) of the unit (34). A second belt (44) is fastened around the user's waist (16). A clasp (46) is configured to engage the buckle (40). The waist restraint (32) is positioned near foot restraints (52). The foot restraints (52) have foot platforms (59) with pads (60) of a suitable two part attaching material, such as the fasteners available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company under the trademark Scotchmate Duallock. A mating pad (62) of the material is provided on soles (64) of cotton net shoes (66).
SDN based ECN adaptation scheme for improving data center long flow throughput

Today's data centers host wide variety of applications which generate diverse mix of internal data center traffic. In a data center environment 90% of the traffic flows, though they constitute only 10% of the data carried around, are short flows with sizes up to a maximum of 1MB. The rest 10% constitute long flows with sizes in the range of 1MB to 1GB. Throughput matters for the long flows whereas short flows are latency sensitive. Research studies point out that data center internal traffic often exhibit predefined patterns with respect to the traffic flow mix. We show that we could leverage insights into the internal data center traffic composition to achieve better throughput for long flows. We propose a smart ECN adaptation scheme based on Software Defined Networking paradigm, which offers the ability to dynamically adapt the network configuration parameters based on network observations. Prototype based test results demonstrate up to 22% improvement in long flow throughput in comparison to plain vanilla ECN scheme.