Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studying long-term system use

here have been many studies of computer users but few that extend over very long periods. The reasons for this include costs, the quality of the data that can be obtained and satisfactorily analyzed , and the requirement to obtain results in the short term. We were interested in building long-term user models for teaching systems and wished to track the total development of a guru as well as other types of users. Such goals require tracking large numbers of people over a very long period, because guru-level experience takes years to acquire, and it cannot be predicted in advance who will turn out to develop this level of skill. Therefore, to find even one guru may require the tracking of around 20 to 100 users for a year or two. Finding 10 gurus might require 1,000 users. It is possible to observe such numbers over years only by using a method that is very careful about costs. The objective of this article is to present a methodology for monitoring many users in their natural settings over the long term and to give an example of its application to the domain of students learning an editor for three years. We show how data obtained from this methodology permits the construction of individual user models. Monitoring Methodology We developed a monitoring system to study the use of the sam text editor [13]. It is essentially a modeless editor, with most basic commands invoked using the mouse. It also has powerful keyboard commands, issued through the command window, including the usual Unix regular expressions and an elegant interface to the Unix shell. We had a number of design goals for our system, which strongly influenced our methods. First, we were restricted to low system-building costs followed by very low operational costs. Second, the system needed to be highly reliable; it would not be possible to make changes once the monitoring was under way, nor could the immediate availability of people to fix problems during operation be guaranteed. Third, the impact on the computing resources had to be negligible-a degradation in performance during the day was not an option. Fourth, we wanted to give the users some control over their own data, they should be able to read it and delete it if they really wanted. Finally, and most demandingly, we wanted to measure the time of first use of each command, but …
Changes in Turkish Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Personal Science Teaching Efficacy Beliefs and Science Anxieties during a Science Method Course

This study examines the changes in Turkish pre-service elementary teachers’ personal science teaching efficacy (PSTE) beliefs and science anxieties (SANX) during a science methods course. Although a noticeable, but statistically insignificant, decrease in SANX scores was found, participants’ PSTE scores did not increase during the semester. Interestingly instead, a slight decline was observed in PSTE scores. No significant gender effect on PSTE and SANX scores was detected. Unlike the relevant data from other countries, Turkish female pre-service elementary teachers were found to have lower SANX and higher PSTE scores than their male peers. Based on the data, while the methods course helped participants slightly reduce their anxieties toward science, around one-third of them expressed that they did not have adequate pedagogical knowledge to teach science effectively in elementary schools. Possible improvements in Turkish elementary teacher education programs are discussed in light of the related literature.
In Quest for Scientific Psychiatry: Toward Bridging the Explanatory Gap

Abstract:The contemporary epistemic status of mental health disciplines does not allow the cross-validation of mental disorders among various genetic markers, biochemical pathway or mechanisms, and clinical assessments in neuroscience explanations. We attempt to provide a meta-empirical analysis of the contemporary status of the cross-disciplinary issues existing between neurobiology and psychopathology. Our case studies take as an established medical mode an example cross-validation between biological sciences and clinical cardiology in the case of myocardial infarction. This is then contrasted with (…) the incoherence between neuroscience and psychiatry in the case of bipolar disorders. We examine some methodological problems arising from the neuroimaging studies, specifically the experimental paradigm introduced by the team of Wayne Drevets. Several theoretical objections are raised: temporal discordance, state independence, and queries about the reliability and specificity, and failure of convergent validity of the interdisciplinary attempt. Both modern neuroscience and clinical psychology taken as separate fields have failed to reveal the explanatory mechanisms underlying mental disorders. The data acquired inside the monodisciplinary matrices of neurobiology and psychopathology are deeply insufficient concerning their validity, reliability, and utility. Further, there have not been developed any effective transdisciplinary connections between them. It raises the requirement for development of explanatory significant multidisciplinary ‘meta-language’ in psychiatry. We attempt to provide a novel conceptual model for an integrative dialogue between psychiatry and neuroscience that actually includes criteria for cross-validation of the commonly used psychiatric categories and the different assessment methods. The major goal of our proactive program is the foundation of complementary ‘bridging’ connections of neuroscience and psychopathology, which may stabilize the cognitive meta-structure of mental health knowledge. This entails bringing into synergy the disparate discourses of clinical psychology and neuroscience. One possible model accomplishment of this goal would be the synergistic (or at least compatible) integration of the knowledge under transdisciplinary convergent cross-validation of the commonly used methods and notions.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION, ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT AND GENDER

This paper aims to examine whether significant differences exist between the two genders in term of employees’ job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Gender plays an important role in creating individual attitudes pertaining to the workplace and in interpreting the meaning of these attitudes. Survey data was gathered from 112 employees in Labuan. A t-test mean comparison results showed that both male and female employees in Labuan have the same level of perception of job satisfaction and different level of organisational commitment. Implications and recommendations were also discussed.
Evaluation of the effect of a sex education program on knowledge sexual behavior and contraception in adolescents

A sex education program based on research in Mexico was evaluated through a study of 1632 students of public secondary schools in Mexico City. The 940 male and 692 females students were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. 1076 students took the course and 556 controls did not. A baseline survey was conducted in February 1989 before the course began an evaluation immediately followed the course and a follow-up survey was done in August 1989 six months after the course ended. The sex education course called "Planning Your Life" used participatory techniques to examine aspects such as reproductive anatomy and physiology methods of preventing pregnancy including abstinence sources of contraceptive information and supplies sexually transmitted diseases and their prevention and aspects related to self- control assertiveness planning and values. The evaluation was designed to assess the effects of the course on sexual and contraceptive knowledge and behavior of adolescents in Mexico City. 1510 students were surveyed in the follow-up study of whom 994 had taken the course and 150 had not. Because of the frequency of sexual behavior of males and females was different four groups were analyzed: 299 male controls 641 males who took the course 257 female controls and 435 females who took the course. The average age of the students was 16.7 years. Approximately 89% in all groups lived with both parents. At the baseline study around 28% of the males and 5% of the females reported having had sexual relations. Over half of the sexually active males but only about a third of the sexually active females had used contraception. No significant effect of the course was observed on the sexual activity of adolescents who had or had not had sexual relations. The course had no significant effect on the contraceptive usage of students who had already had sexual relations but the use of contraception was significantly greater among males who initiated sexual relations after taking the course than among controls who did so. Adolescents who took the course had a greater knowledge of sexuality and contraception and a great perception of access to contraception in the follow-up.
The robustness of parametric statistical methods

In psychological research sometimes non-parametric procedures are in use in cases, where the corresponding parametric procedure is preferable. This is mainly due to the fact that we pay too much attention to the possible violation of the normality assumption which is needed to derive the exact distribution of the statistic used in the parametric approach. An example is the t-test and its non-parametric counterpart, the Wilcoxon (MannWhitney) test. The Wilcoxon test compares the two distributions and may lead to significance even if the means are equal due to the fact that higher moments in the two populations differ. On the other hand the t-test is so robust against non-normality that there is nearly no need to use the Wilcoxon test. In this paper results of a systematic research of the robustness of statistical procedures against non-normality are presented. These results have been obtained in a research group in Dummerstorf (near Rostock) some years ago and have not been published systematically until now. Most of the results are based on extensive simulation experiments with 10 000 runs each. But there are also some exact mathematically derived results for very extreme deviations from normality (twoand three-point distributions). Generally the results are such that in most practical cases the parametric approach for inferences about means is so robust that it can be recommended in nearly all applications.
Journey in Time: The World's Longest Continuing Art Tradition, the 50000 Year Story of the Australian Rock Art of Arnhem Land [Book Review]

Review(s) of: Journey in Time: The World's longest continuing art tradition, the 50000 year story of the Australian Rock art of Arnhem land, by George Chaloupka. Reed, Sydney 1994. Pp 256, many coloured illustrations. $85.00. Includes references.
Strain development in 3-unit implant-supported CAD/CAM restorations.

PURPOSE Passive fit is difficult to achieve in implant-supported restorations with existing superstructure fabrication techniques. The aim of the study presented was to investigate whether computer-generated fixed partial dentures (FPDs) based on optical impressions lead to less strain development than conventionally fabricated FPDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A measurement model with 2 implants was set up and strain gauges were attached to the model material mesially and distally adjacent to the implants. Two groups of conventional cementable restorations based on repositioning and pick-up impressions, respectively, and 1 group of CAD/CAM-generated FPDs based on optical impressions were fabricated (n = 10). Strain development during FPD fixation was recorded. In order to compare the different FPD groups with one another, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed at a level of significance of alpha = . 05. RESULTS The mean strain development at the different strain gauge locations ranged from 80.38 microm/m to 437.11 microm/m. The 2 groups of conventionally fabricated FPDs showed no significant difference in terms of strain development (P = .07). The CAD/CAM-fabricated FPDs revealed a significantly lower strain development than those made from pick-up technique impressions (P = .01). No significant difference could be detected between the FPDs manufactured from repositioning technique impressions and the CAD/CAM-generated restorations (P = .19). CONCLUSION Within the limitations of the study presented, it can be concluded that restorations fabricated on the basis of optical impressions demonstrate a level of fit which is at least as passive as that of conventional FPDs.
Endocrine FGFs: Evolution, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacotherapy

The human fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family comprises 22 structurally related polypeptides that play crucial roles in neuronal functions, development, and metabolism. FGFs are classified as intracrine, paracrine, and endocrine FGFs based on their action mechanisms. Paracrine and endocrine FGFs are secreted signaling molecules by acting via cell-surface FGF receptors (FGFRs). Paracrine FGFs require heparan sulfate as a cofactor for FGFRs. In contrast, endocrine FGFs, comprising FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, require α-Klotho or β-Klotho as a cofactor for FGFRs. Endocrine FGFs, which are specific to vertebrates, lost heparan sulfate-binding affinity and acquired a systemic signaling system with α-Klotho or β-Klotho during early vertebrate evolution. The phenotypes of endocrine FGF knockout mice indicate that they play roles in metabolism including bile acid, energy, and phosphate/active vitamin D metabolism. Accumulated evidence for the involvement of endocrine FGFs in human genetic and metabolic diseases also indicates their pathophysiological roles in metabolic diseases, potential risk factors for metabolic diseases, and useful biomarkers for metabolic diseases. The therapeutic utility of endocrine FGFs is currently being developed. These findings provide new insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles of endocrine FGFs and potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases.
Exploring family violence: links between child maltreatment and domestic violence.

of children are not new phenomena, both have been evident in families for centuries (Solomon 1973; Smith 1975; Dobash & Dobash 1979; Radbill 1980). Gordon (1988, as cited in Edleson 1999a) has suggested that levels of family violence have remained relatively constant over time, and that it is not so much the incidence of violence that has changed, rather that its level of visibility has shifted with the ‘ebb-and-flow pattern of concern about family violence’ (1988:2, as cited in Edleson 1999a:839) and the ever-expanding definitions of what constitutes ‘family violence’, ‘domestic violence’ and ‘child maltreatment’.
Behavioral indexes of the efficacy of sensory integration therapy.

OBJECTIVE The study examined behavioral treatment effects of classical sensory integration therapy. METHOD This study used a prospective longitudinal, single-subject ABAB design. The participant was a boy, age 3 years and 5 months, with average nonverbal intellectual skills, delayed communication skills, and sensory modulation disorder. Difficulties with modulating sensory input and delayed communication skills affected his occupational performance in preschool. Behavioral data were collected in the preschool by teachers who were blind to the type and timing of sensory integration therapy. RESULTS Improvement in behavior regulation was observed, including increased engagement and decreased aggression, less need for intense teacher direction, and decreased mouthing of objects. CONCLUSION Classical sensory integration therapy may be associated with improved self-regulatory behaviors.
Comparing Correlations Based on Individual-Level and Aggregated Data

Researchers are often interested in comparing correlations between variables at different levels of analysis (e.g., individual and organizational) to determine if the same relationship holds across the levels. A special situation emerges when correlations at higher levels are based on aggregated data. This article contains an analysis of the nature of the relationship between correlations based on individual-level data and correlations based on aggregated data from individuals. In particular, the conditions under which differences between individual correlations and correlations based on aggregates represent statistical artifacts or meaningful differences are explored. In recent years, levels-of-analysis issues and understanding relationships between levels (e.g., individual, group, and organizational) have become important themes in organizational research (e.g., Dansereau, Alluto, & Yammarino, 1984; Dansereau & Markham, 1987; Glick, 1985; Click & Roberts, 1984; James, 1982; Mossholder & Bedeian, 1983; Roberts, Hulin, & Rousseau, 1978). As a result, some researchers have begun to hypothesize that stronger relationships between variables may be found at higher levels of analysis. For example, Schneider (1985) suggested that research is needed to assess relationships at the group or organizational level in many areas that have traditionally been studied at the individual level, such as motivation and leadership, leadership and organizational performance, and absenteeism and attitudes. Comparisons of relationships between variables at different levels of analysis (e.g., individual and organizational) necessitates collection of data at each of the different levels. Oftentimes, researchers do not have a global index of the organiza
ASSESSING FOSTER PARENT FACTORS THAT PREDICT PLACEMENT DISRUPTION OF YOUTH IN FOSTER CARE

Placement disruption is associated with a range of problematic outcomes for youth in foster care (e.g., externalizing and internalizing difficulties), and stable placements in a safe and supportive environment may buffer negative outcomes associated with placement instability. To best understand factors that are related to placement disruption, the current study aimed to assess if placement disruption was related to foster parent social support, stress, and training experiences above and beyond child and parent demographic variables using a longitudinal, prospective approach. The sample consisted of 32 traditional foster parents (91% female, 9% male) with a mean age of 45.69 years who reported on 64 foster children (54% female, 44% male) with a mean age of 8.20 years. Due to the fact that several foster parents reported on multiple children, only one randomly selected target child report was included in the final analysis resulting in foster parents report on a total of 32 children (53% female, 44% male) with a mean age of 8.41 years. Results suggested that the only variable related to disruption in the current sample was foster parent age. Specifically, older foster parents experienced more placement disruption when compared to younger foster parents. When matching participants based on foster parent age, no relation was observed between disruption status and foster parent social support, stress, and training experiences. Findings from the current study do suggest that for some traditional foster parents, it may not be low training hours, high stress, and low support that accounts for why some placements disrupt. Implications of the current findings as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Larval Supply and Patterns of Recruitment for Two Caribbean Reef Fishes, Stegastes partitus and Acanthurus bahianus

To examine the relative roles of physical and biological processes involved in the recruitment of reef fishes, temporal and spatial patterns of supply and recruitment were measured for two fishes, Stegastes partitus (Poey) (Pomacentridae) and Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau (Acanthuridae), recruiting to Barbados, West Indies. Nightly light-trap collections of late-stage larvae were compared with patterns of juvenile recruitment. Otolith records provided estimates of larval duration and post- settlement age. Temporal patterns of larval supply were similar for both species: abundances peaked during the third-quarter moon. However, spatial patterns of larval supply varied between species: during large recruitment events, S. partitus larvae were more abundant in the south, A. bahianus in the north, suggesting that larval supply was not simply the result of passive transport. Patterns of supply were subsequently maintained (S. partitus) or modified (A. bahianus) by juveniles. In general, densities of juvenile S. partitus were evenly distributed along the coast; however, during major events, spatial patterns of recruitment reflected patterns of larval supply. In contrast, densities of juvenile A. bahianus were directly opposite patterns of larval supply, suggesting that for some species, postsettlement processes such as habitat selection may be more influential in creating spatial patterns of recruitment.
Post-traumatic renal injury; summary of experimental observations.

Early and adequate transfusion, prevention of infection and improved supportive measures are responsible for the survival of an untold number of casualties whose injuries would formerly have been rapidly fatal. But the very survival of persons seriously injured raises new problems in traumatotherapy, among which anuria assumes increasing significance. This report summarizes clinically relevant observations made during an experimental study of post-traumatic renal injury. The effects of trauma on renal function vary widely, according to the nature, severity and duration of the injury. Hemorrhage which does not cause prolonged hypotension usually results in temporary anuria, which is corrected by transfusion and which has no more significant sequel than the transitory appearance in the urine of casts, protein and red blood cells. Prolonged shock from hemorrhage or skeletal trauma may be followed by oliguria or anuria which does not respond to transfusion and culminates in uremia, although no specific renal lesion
The effect of a low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy is underestimated

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to the letter from Drs Bekaert and Rayman regarding our recently published article (1) on the association between plasma selenium concentrations and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Bekaert and Rayman point out that the mean plasma selenium concentration of EPIC participants is lower than that reported in North American populations, and we acknowledge that the range of selenium concentrations may have to extend beyond that required to saturate plasma glutathione peroxidase and selenoprotein P to observe an association with prostate cancer risk. Nonetheless, our results are consistent with some other studies conducted in men with relatively high selenium concentrations (2–4), suggesting that our null finding may not be solely due to low baseline concentrations. Evidence from trials is also inconsistent; although the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer trial showed a significantly reduced risk of prostate cancer among participants receiving supplementation who had a low prostate specificantigen concentration and a low baseline selenium concentration (5), the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) was prematurely discontinued because there was evidence that selenium supplementation did not prevent prostate cancer and some concern that it may increase the risk of diabetes (6). Only if results of detailed subgroup analyses from the SELECT can confirm the apparent protective effect of selenium supplementation among men with low baseline selenium concentrations do we think that further research on selenium supplementation and prostate cancer risk is warranted.