Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vertex partition of sparse graphs

Le Theoreme des Quatre Couleurs, conjecture en 1852 et prouve en 1976, est a l'origine de l'etude des partitions des sommets de graphes peu denses. Il affirme que toute carte plane peut etre coloriee avec au plus quatre couleurs differentes, de telle maniere que deux regions qui partagent une frontiere aient des couleurs differentes. Enonce en terme de theorie des graphes, cela veut dire que tout graphe planaire, c'est a dire tout graphe qui peut etre represente dans le plan sans que deux aretes ne se croisent, peut voir son ensemble de sommets partitionne en quatre ensembles tels que chacun de ces ensembles ne contient pas les deux extremites d'une meme arete. Une telle partition est appelee une coloration propre en quatre couleurs. Dans cette these, on s'interesse a l'etude de la structure des graphes peu denses, selon differentes notions de densite. D'une part, on etudie les graphes planaires sans petits cycles, et d'autre part les graphes dont tous les sous-graphes ont un degre moyen peu eleve. Pour ces classes de graphes, on recherche tout d'abord le plus petit nombre de sommets a retirer pour obtenir une foret, c'est a dire un graphe sans cycles. Cela peut etre vu comme une partition des sommets du graphe en un ensemble induisant une foret et un ensemble de sommets contenant au plus une fraction donnee des sommets du graphe. La motivation premiere de cette etude est une conjecture d'Albertson et Berman (1976) comme quoi tout graphe planaire admettrait une telle partition ou la foret contient au moins la moitie des sommets du graphe. Dans un second temps, on s'interesse aux partitions des sommets de ces graphes en deux ensembles, tels que les sous-graphes induits par ces deux ensembles ont des proprietes particulieres. Par exemple, ces sous-graphes peuvent etre des graphes sans aretes, des forets, des graphes de degre borne, ou des graphes dont les composantes connexes ont un nombre borne de sommets. Ces partitions des sommets sont des extensions de la notion de coloration propre de graphe.On montre, pour differentes classes de graphes peu denses, que tous les graphes de ces classes admettent de telles partitions. On s'interesse egalement aux aspect algorithmiques de la construction de telles partitions.
A framework to capture dynamic data structures in pointer-based codes

To successfully exploit all the possibilities of current computer/multicomputer architectures, optimization compiling techniques are a must. However, for codes based on pointers and dynamic data structures, these optimization techniques have to be necessarily carried out after identifying the characteristics and properties of the data structure used in the code. We describe the framework and the analyzer we have implemented to capture complex data structures generated, traversed, and modified in codes based on pointers. Our method assigns a reduced set of reference shape graph (RSRSG) to each statement to approximate the shape of the data structure after the execution of such a statement. With the properties and operations that define the behavior of our RSRSG, the method can accurately detect complex recursive data structures such as a doubly linked list of pointers to trees where the leaves point to additional lists. Several experiments are carried out with real codes to validate the capabilities of our analyzer.
Market Structure, Informational Efficiency and Liquidity: An Experimental Comparison of Auction and Dealer Markets

This paper reports the results of 18 market experiments that were conducted in order to compare the call market, the continuous auction and the dealer market. The design incorporates asymmetric information but guarantees that the ex-ante quality of the private signals of all traders is identical. Therefore, the aggregation of diverse information can be analyzed in the absence of insider trading. Single transaction prices in the call and continuous auction market are found to be much more efficient than prices in the dealer market. The latter is, however, very efficient when average prices are analyzed. Averaging the prices of a trading period largely eliminates the bid-ask spread. The conclusion is therefore that prices in a dealer market convey high quality information, but at the expense of high transaction costs. The call market, although exhibiting small pricing errors, shows a systematic tendency towards underadjustment to new information. An analysis of market liquidity using various measures proposed in the literature shows that execution costs are lowest in the call market and highest in the dealer market. The analysis also reveals that both the trading volume and Roll's (1984) serial covariance estimator are inappropriate measures of execution costs in the present context. The quality of the private signals traders receive influences portfolio structure but does not influence end-of-period wealth. This result is consistent with efficient price discovery in the experimental markets.
Looking without Seeing: Understanding Unsophisticated Consumers' Success and Failure to Detect Internet Deception

Do unsophisticated consumers fall prey to Internet consumer frauds? Why? To answer these questions this paper integrates two streams of empirical research: the process-oriented theory of deception, and the broader deception, trust, and risk (DTR) model of Internet consumer behavior. A laboratory experiment tests several alternative hypotheses about the determinants of failure at detecting Internet deceptions. The findings suggest that Internet consumers process the clues that a site may be deceptive, but are unable to effectively evaluate and combine these clues, i.e., to draw correct conclusions from them. This is good news in the ongoing struggle against Internet fraud because it suggests that consumers lack the knowledge, not the capacity, to detect deceptions and that consumer education programs might be effective in helping consumers to protect themselves.
Screening of Peruvian Medicinal Plants for Tyrosinase Inhibitory Properties: Identification of Tyrosinase Inhibitors in Hypericum laricifolium Juss.

Tyrosinase inhibitors are of far-ranging importance in cosmetics, medicinal products, and food industries. Peru is a diverse country with a wide variety of plants that may contain excellent anti-tyrosinase inhibitors. In the present study, the tyrosinase inhibitory properties of 50 medicinal plant extracts from Peru were investigated using tyrosinase assay. Among plant extracts, those that showed an inhibition rate >50% were Hypericum laricifolium Juss. , Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. , and Muehlenbeckia vulcanica Meisn. , with H. laricifolium Juss. showing the greatest anti-tyrosinase activity. Although H. laricifolium Juss. has been widely used as a medicinal plant by Peruvians, little is known regarding its bioactive components and effects on tyrosinase activity. For this reason, we attempted to discover tyrosinase inhibitors in H. laricifolium Juss. for the first time. The bioactive components were separated by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and eluted with 100% methanol. Eight compounds were discovered and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD): protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanilic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide, quercetin, and kaempferol. In addition, the concentration of these compounds required for 50% inhibition (IC50) of tyrosinase activity were evaluated. Quercetin exhibited the strongest tyrosinase inhibition (IC50 14.29 ± 0.3 μM). Therefore, the Peruvian plant H. laricifolium Juss. could be a novel source for anti-tyrosinase activity.
Sputum bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized adult patients in Nigeria: a 5-year multicentre retrospective study

Abstract Background: A clear knowledge of the pathogens responsible for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in a given region and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns is necessary for optimal treatment. We determined the common bacterial pathogens causing CAP in Nigeria and further reviewed their antibiotic senstivity patterns with a view to providing recommendations to improve antibiotic management of CAP. Methods: Case notes of all adult patients who were 18 years or more admitted to four major tertiary hospitals in South East Nigeria with a diagnosis of CAP between 2008 and 2012 were retrospectively studied. To be eligible, patients were required to have sputum culture and sensitivity results available. Socio-demographic, clinical, pre-admission and in-hospital treatment data were also obtained. Results: Of 400 patients with a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of CAP, 232 fulfilled the study criteria; 122 (52.6%) were women and the mean age was 50.6 ± 18.8 years. Aetiological agents were identified from sputum in 189 (81.5%) patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 90, 47.6%) was the most frequent isolate followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 62, 32.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 24, 12.7%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 13, 6.9%). The pathogens were most sensitive to levofloxacin (77%), ceftazidime (75.5%) and ofloxacin (55.8%). The susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics most frequently presecribed for empirical therapy was low (co-amoxiclav, 47.6%; ciprofloxacin, 45.9% and ceftriaxone, 47.6%) and this was associated with higher mortality and/or longer duration of hospital stay in survivors. Conclusion: Strep. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae were the most common causes of CAP. The pathogens were most sensitive to levofloxacin and ceftazidime. We suggest that these antibiotics should increasingly be considered as superior options for empirical treatment of CAP in Nigeria.
Skipping of the very-high-frequency structural particle de (的) in Chinese reading

How do readers decide whether to skip or fixate a word? Angele and Rayner [2013. Processing the in the parafovea: Are articles skipped automatically? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 649–662] showed that English readers base skipping decisions on the parafoveal information available, but not the sentential context. Due to the increased visual density of the language, Chinese readers may be able to process a parafoveal word and integrate it with the sentence context to a greater extent than English readers. Consequently, influences on skipping decisions in Chinese may differ from those in English. In a boundary paradigm experiment, participants read sentences containing a single-character target verb (e.g., 取 meaning get) whose preview was manipulated in three conditions: identity preview; a preview consisting of the syntactically anomalous high-frequency structural particle de (的), or a pseudocharacter preview. The results showed that Chinese readers were more likely to skip the target when the preview was de than in either of the other conditions, suggesting that de-skipping is triggered by the parafoveal preview of a highly frequent particle word rather than on the likelihood of the upcoming word given the sentential context.
Estimating the Fitness Cost of Escape from HLA Presentation in HIV-1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is, like most pathogens, under selective pressure to escape the immune system of its host. In particular, HIV-1 can avoid recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by altering the binding affinity of viral peptides to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, the role of which is to present those peptides to the immune system. It is generally assumed that HLA escape mutations carry a replicative fitness cost, but these costs have not been quantified. In this study, we assess the replicative cost of mutations which are likely to escape presentation by HLA molecules in the region of HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase. Specifically, we combine computational approaches for prediction of in vitro replicative fitness and peptide binding affinity to HLA molecules. We find that mutations which impair binding to HLA-A molecules tend to have lower in vitro replicative fitness than mutations which do not impair binding to HLA-A molecules, suggesting that HLA-A escape mutations carry higher fitness costs than non-escape mutations. We argue that the association between fitness and HLA-A binding impairment is probably due to an intrinsic cost of escape from HLA-A molecules, and these costs are particularly strong for HLA-A alleles associated with efficient virus control. Counter-intuitively, we do not observe a significant effect in the case of HLA-B, but, as discussed, this does not argue against the relevance of HLA-B in virus control. Overall, this article points to the intriguing possibility that HLA-A molecules preferentially target more conserved regions of HIV-1, emphasizing the importance of HLA-A genes in the evolution of HIV-1 and RNA viruses in general.
Study on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Allium ursinum L. pressurised-liquid extract

Allium ursinum L. is widely used as a spice as well as a traditional medicine. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities (AMAs) of A. ursinum extract, obtained by pressurised-liquid extraction. Several reliable procedures such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis-3ethyl benxothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays were carried out. Vegetable oil stability was evaluated by using Rancimat test. Moreover, AMA was performed on different microorganisms. On the basis of the results obtained, it is confirmed that the A. ursinum extract could be used as a natural ingredient in food and/or pharmaceutical industries.
Sound Event Envelope Estimation in Polyphonic Mixtures

Sound event detection is the task of identifying automatically the presence and temporal boundaries of sound events within an input audio stream. In the last years, deep learning methods have established themselves as the state-of-the-art approach for the task, using binary indicators during training to denote whether an event is active or inactive. However, such binary activity indicators do not fully describe the events, and estimating the envelope of the sounds could provide more precise modeling of their activity. This paper proposes to estimate the amplitude envelopes of target sound event classes in polyphonic mixtures. For training, we use the amplitude envelopes of the target sounds, calculated from mixture signals and, for comparison, from their isolated counterparts. The model is then used to perform envelope estimation and sound event detection. Results show that the envelope estimation allows good modeling of the sounds activity, with detection results comparable to current state-of-the art.
Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract There is ample evidence of an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent large studies have quantified this risk showing that IBD patients run a 1.5 to 3.6 higher risk of developing VTE than healthy controls. The development of VTE in IBD seems to be multifactorial, resulting from multiple interactions between acquired and inherited risk factors. The most important independent acquired risk factors include disease activity, hospitalization, colonic localization, and recent surgery. The main genetic defects that have been established as risk factors for VTE in the general population are rather uncommon in IBD, but when present, they increase the risk of VTE. IBD has been demonstrated to represent an independent risk factor for the recurrence of VTE. An increased risk of VTE-related mortality when compared with non-IBD patients has been reported. The guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of IBD patients with VTE are similar to that of thrombotic non-IBD patients. There is a consensus on the use of thromboprophylaxis mainly in hospitalized IBD patients with acute flares, but the prevention strategies need further evaluation in future studies.
Extra‐hepatic cholestasis determines a reversible increase of glycoproteic tumour markers in benign and malignant diseases

Abstract. This study was performed in order to assess the relative role of cholestasis in increasing some serum glycoproteic markers of malignancy (CA 19–9, TPA, CEA). 30 Patients with benign and 16 with malignant extra‐hepatic cholestasis were studied on admission (stage A) and after the operative or spontaneous resolution of the cholestatic picture (stage B). CA 19–9 and TPA were found to be lower in stage B than in stage A benign diseases. A similar behaviour was found in malignant diseases, although findings were significant only for CA 19.9. In neither of the patient groups was CEA found to present a significant trend. Extra‐hepatic cholestasis appears able to increase per se serum glycoproteic markers in benign diseases, with variations proportional to the severity of the clinical picture. The same considerations can apply to malignancies, even if in these situations the production of tumour markers by the neoplastic growth should also be considered. We should therefore be cautious in assessing the diagnostic usefulness of new tumour markers when cholestasis is present.
Interactions between trabecular meshwork cells and lens epithelial cells: a possible mechanism in infantile aphakic glaucoma.

PURPOSE Infantile aphakic glaucoma may develop as a postoperative complication of early childhood cataract surgery. It has been associated with risk factors including surgery in early life and retained lens material; however, its cause and mechanism are poorly understood. This study focused on the potential role of retained lens material (specifically, exposed lens epithelial cells [LECs]) in undesired changes of the trabecular meshwork (TM) structure and function. METHODS Interactions between LECs and TM cells were studied by analyzing structural changes and differential gene and protein expression in TM cells cocultured with LECs. RESULTS Subjecting normal TM cells to the presence of LECs resulted in changes in their structural features (such as increase in volume and size, and decrease in cell-cell interactions), as well as in their protein expression (mainly cytoskeletal) and gene expression (such as genes related to organ and cell morphogenesis, inflammatory response, response to stimulus, ion homeostasis, and several signaling pathways). CONCLUSIONS Many of the changes observed in TM cells after exposure to LECs resemble alternations seen in primary open-angle glaucoma. This strengthens the suspected role of LECs in the development of aphakic glaucoma.
The coordinate actions of calcineurin and Hog1 mediate the response to cellular stress through multiple nodes of the cell cycle network

Upon exposure to environmental stressors, cells transiently arrest the cell cycle while they adapt and restore homeostasis. A challenge for all cells is to distinguish between diverse stress signals and coordinate the appropriate adaptive response with cell cycle arrest. Here we investigate the role of the stress-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in this process and show that CN utilizes multiple pathways to control the cell cycle. Upon activation, CN inhibits transcription factors (TFs) that regulate the G1/S transition through activation of the stress-activated MAPK Hog1. In contrast, CN inactivates G2/M TFs through a combination of Hog1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. These findings demonstrate that CN and Hog1 act in a coordinated manner at multiple nodes of the cell cycle-regulatory network to rewire gene expression and arrest cells in response to stress. Our results suggest that crosstalk between CN and stress-activated MAPKs helps cells tailor their adaptive responses to specific stressors.
Conventionalisation of novel metaphors: A shift in hemispheric asymmetry

According to recent psycholinguistic theory conventional metaphors may be understood via categorisation whereas novel metaphors are understood via comparison processes. Furthermore, behavioural evidence suggests that the process of conventionalising novel metaphors is accompanied by a shift from comparison to categorisation. However, changes in correlative neuropsychological processing as a result of the conventionalisation of novel metaphors have not been tested. Previous studies have provided evidence for special right hemisphere involvement in the comprehension of two-word novel, but not conventional, metaphoric expressions. On the basis of the latter evidence we used the divided visual field technique to test the possibility that the conventionalisation of novel metaphors will be accompanied by a shift from right to left hemisphere processing. The results suggest that repeated exposure to novel metaphoric stimuli changes the pattern of hemispheric asymmetry.
Xenopus aristaless‐related homeobox (xARX) gene product functions as both a transcriptional activator and repressor in forebrain development

Mutations in the aristaless‐related homeobox (ARX) gene have been found in patients with a variety of X‐linked mental retardation syndromes with forebrain abnormalities, including lissencephaly. Arx is expressed in the developing mouse, Xenopus, and zebrafish forebrain. We have used whole‐mount in situ hybridization, overexpression, and loss‐of‐function studies to investigate the involvement of xArx in Xenopus brain development. We verified that xArx is expressed in the prospective diencephalon, as the forebrain is patterned and specified during neural plate stages. Expression spreads into the ventral and medial telencephalon as development proceeds through neural tube and tadpole stages. Overexpression of xArx resulted in morphological abnormalities in forebrain development, including loss of rostral midline structures, syn‐ or anophthalmia, dorsal displacement of the nasal organ, and ventral neural tube hyperplasia. Additionally, there is a delay in expression of many molecular markers of brain and retinal development. However, expression of some markers, dlx5 and wnt8b, was enhanced in xArx‐injected embryos. Loss‐of‐function experiments indicated that xArx was necessary for normal forebrain development. Expansion of wnt8b expression depended on xArx function as a transcriptional repressor, whereas ectopic expression of dlx5, accompanied by development of ectopic otic structures, depended on function of Arx as a transcriptional activator. These results suggest that Arx acts as a bifunctional transcriptional regulator in brain development. Developmental Dynamics 232:313–324, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tautology in the resource-based view and the implications of externally determined resource value: f

Improvement in a small pump having the usual impeller, shaft, motor and housing characterized by a plurality of elongate housing sections that conformingly fit together laterally in an assembled condition to form the housing. The improved pump has a clamp ring serving as a portion of a means for joining and holding the housing sections together in the assembled condition; and a shroud for covering the motor for protection against droplets of spray. Also disclosed are specific structural features; such as, leg portions on the shroud for immobilizing the motor against movement longitudinally of the housing, flared end walls of the housing sections for effecting better clamping action, use of an adhesive means for joining edges of the housing sections together, and a separable base and impeller to facilitate assembly.