Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gone but not Forgotten: Knowledge Flows, Labor Mobility, and Enduring Social Relationships

We examine the role of social relationships in facilitating knowledge flows by estimating the flow premium captured by a mobile inventor's previous location. Once an inventor has moved, they are gone - but are they forgotten? We find that knowledge flows to an inventor's prior location are approximately 50% greater than if they had never lived there, suggesting that social relationships, not just physical proximity, are important for determining flow patterns. Furthermore, we find that a large portion of this social effect is mediated by institutional links; however, this is not the result of corporate knowledge management systems but rather of personal relationships formed through co-location within an institutional context that endure over time, space, and organizational boundaries. Moreover, we find the effect is nearly twice as large for knowledge flows across as compared to within fields, suggesting that co-location may substitute for communities of practice in determining flow patterns.
The impact of health care settings on survival time of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.

With the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients has migrated extensively to municipal hospitals (MHs) and office-based physicians (OBPs). Thus, we wanted to check whether the health care setting has an impact on outcome. Based on 1491 patients of the German CML Study IV, we compared the outcomes of patients from teaching hospitals (THs) with those from MHs and OBPs. Adjusting for age, European Treatment and Outcome Study (EUTOS) score, Karnofsky performance status, year of diagnosis, and experience with CML, a significant survival advantage for TH patients (hazard ratio: 0.632 respectively 0.609) was found. In particular, when treated in THs, patients with blast crisis showed a superior outcome (2-year survival rate: 47.7% vs 22.3% vs 25.0%). Because the impact of the health care setting on the outcome of CML patients has not been reported before, these findings need confirmation by other study groups. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials. gov as #NCT00055874.
Reexamining Asymmetric Effects of Monetary and Government Spending Policies on Economic Growth Using Quantile Regression

Macroeconomic data for G7 countries during 1959–2005 were analyzed to examine the asymmetric effects of monetary and government spending policies on economic growth. A key feature of this study is analysis of the changing distribution of real GDP across countries and over time by quantile regression (QR) model and comparison of the results with OLS and LAD estimates. The empirical results of this model differ from those obtained by OLS and LAD estimates since the QR method processes more information from the sample distribution. The nonlinearities derived from conditional QR revealed considerable differences, including differences in sign and in the magnitude of the two government policies on real output across various business cycle stages.
Blood utilization in revision versus first‐time cardiac surgery: an update in the era of patient blood management

Relative to first‐time (primary) cardiac surgery, revision cardiac surgery is associated with increased transfusion requirements, but studies comparing these cohorts were performed before patient blood management (PBM) and blood conservation measures were commonplace. The current study was performed as an update to determine if this finding is still evident in the PBM era.
Peripheral neural representation of spatial dimensions of a textured surface moving across the monkey's finger pad.

1. The responses of single cutaneous mechanoreceptive fibres evoked by a geometrically patterned surface sweeping across the skin were examined. The surfaces used were each a fine diamond‐shaped array of "dots’ in relief against a flat background. The fibres examined were rapidly adapting, slowly adapting and Pacinian fibres innervating the monkey's finger pad skin. 2. Each fibre's response to the two‐dimensioned surface was assessed using a procedure in which the surface was swept across the fibre's receptive field many times, the position of the surface relative to the underlying receptive field being precisely known at any instant in time. Between each successive sweep the stimulus surface was shifted lateral to the direction of movement by a small increment. The response pattern generated by this scanning procedure specified the extent to which a single response of the fibre was dependent on the spatial and temporal dimensions of the stimulus. 3. The invariant spatial features of the moving surface were represented only in the responses of populations of fibres; responses of the constituent fibres always confounded the information relayed about the surface pattern and its rate of movement across the skin. 4. Factors determining the representation of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the moving surface in the responding mechanoreceptive fibre population were examined. These included the response characteristics of the constituent fibres, the innervation density, and the total number of fibres engaged by the moving surface.
Franchising: Firms, Markets, and Intangible Assets

percent of all retail sales in the United States and originate 12 percent of the gross national product, yet the franchise relationship has largely escaped economic analysis. This paper employs recent developments in the modeling of firms and market structures to explain the occurrence of franchising and its distribution among sectors of the economy and to analyze the contractual consequences of profit maximization by the franchisor. The first section characterizes the economic relation involved in franchising and explains why it occurs in certain sectors of the economy. The second analyzes franchisors' use of their market power as an exercise in constrained maximization. The third section considers the franchisor's choice between owned and franchised outlets.
Fetal MEG redistribution by projection operators

The fetal magnetoencephalogram (fMEG) is measured in the presence of large interference from the maternal and fetal magnetocardiograms. This interference can be efficiently attenuated by orthogonal projection of the corresponding spatial vectors. However, the projection operators redistribute the fMEG signal among sensors. Although redistribution can be readily accounted for in the forward solution, visual interpretation of the fMEG signal topography is made difficult. We have devised a general, model-independent method for correction of the redistribution effect that utilizes the assumption that we know in which channels the fMEG should be negligible (such channels are distant from the known fetal head position). In a simplified case where the fMEG can be explained by equivalent current dipoles, the correction can also be obtained from fitting the dipoles to the fMEG signal. The corrected fMEG signal topography then corresponds to the dipole forward solution, but without orthogonal projection. We illustrate the redistribution correction on an example of experimentally measured flash evoked fMEG.
Traumatic Brain Injury Causes Endothelial Dysfunction in the Systemic Microcirculation through Arginase-1-Dependent Uncoupling of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase.

Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of many chronic diseases, including diabetes and long-term hypertension. We show that acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to endothelial dysfunction in rat mesenteric arteries. Endothelial-dependent dilation was greatly diminished 24 h after TBI because of impaired nitric oxide (NO) production. The activity of arginase, which competes with endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) for the common substrate l-arginine, were also significantly increased in arteries, suggesting that arginase-mediated depletion of l-arginine underlies diminished NO production. Consistent with this, substrate restoration by exogenous application of l-arginine or inhibition of arginase recovered endothelial function. Moreover, evidence for increased reactive oxygen species production, a consequence of l-arginine starvation-dependent eNOS uncoupling, was detected in endothelium and plasma. Collectively, our findings demonstrate endothelial dysfunction in a remote vascular bed after TBI, manifesting as impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation, with increased arginase activity, decreased generation of NO, and increased O2- production. We conclude that blood vessels have a "molecular memory" of neurotrauma, 24 h after injury, because of functional changes in vascular endothelial cells; these effects are pertinent to understanding the systemic inflammatory response that occurs after TBI even in the absence of polytrauma.
RISING FROM THE ASHES: MID-INFRARED RE-BRIGHTENING OF THE IMPOSTOR SN 2010da IN NGC 300

We present multi-epoch mid-infrared (IR) photometry and the optical discovery observations of the “impostor” supernova (SN) 2010da in NGC 300 using new and archival Spitzer Space Telescope images and ground-based observatories. The mid-infrared counterpart of SN 2010da was detected as Spitzer Infrared Intensive Transient Survey (SPIRITS) 14bme in the SPIRITS, an ongoing systematic search for IR transients. Before erupting on 2010 May 24, the SN 2010da progenitor exhibited a constant mid-IR flux at 3.6 and only a slight ∼10% decrease at 4.5 μm between 2003 November and 2007 December. A sharp increase in the 3.6 μm flux followed by a rapid decrease measured ∼150 days before and ∼80 days after the initial outburst, respectively, reveal a mid-IR counterpart to the coincident optical and high luminosity X-ray outbursts. At late times, after the outburst (∼2000 days), the 3.6 and 4.5 μm emission increased to over a factor of two times the progenitor flux and is currently observed (as of 2016 Feb) to be fading, but still above the progenitor flux. We attribute the re-brightening mid-IR emission to continued dust production and increasing luminosity of the surviving system associated with SN 2010da. We analyze the evolution of the dust temperature (Td ∼ 700–1000 K), mass (Md ∼ 0.5–3.8 × 10−7 M⊙), luminosity (LIR ∼ 1.3–3.5 × 104 L⊙), and the equilibrium temperature radius (Req ∼ 6.4–12.2 au) in order to resolve the nature of SN 2010da. We address the leading interpretation of SN 2010da as an eruption from a luminous blue variable high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) system. We propose that SN 2010da is instead a supergiant (sg)B[e]-HMXB based on similar luminosities and dust masses exhibited by two other known sgB[e]-HMXB systems. Additionally, the SN 2010da progenitor occupies a similar region on a mid-IR color–magnitude diagram (CMD) with known sgB[e] stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The lower limit estimated for the orbital eccentricity of the sgB[e]-HMXB (e > 0.82) from X-ray luminosity measurements is high compared to known sgHMXBs and supports the claim that SN 2010da may be associated with a newly formed HMXB system.
MIMICRY OF MALE BY FEMALE FLOWERS AND INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION FOR POLLINATORS IN JACARATIA DOLICHAULA (D. SMITH) WOODSON (CARICACEAE)

Sexual dimorphism in animals has recently received much attention from evolutionary biologists who have sought to review differences in the reproductive strategies of males and females in the light of modern concepts in ecology and evolution (Campbell, 1972; Ghiselin, 1974; Williams, 1975; Emlen and Oring, 1977; Maynard Smith, 1978). Although dioecism is widespread among flowering plants, especially in tropical lowland forest trees (Ashton, 1969; Bawa, 1974, 1980; Tomlinson, 1974; Bawa and Opler, 1975; Croat, 1979), no serious attempt has been made to examine the differences in the reproductive behavior of the two sexes. Even differences in floral rewards of male and female flowers and the ways pollinators perceive and respond to such differences to bring about the transfer of pollen have not been generally investigated (Bawa, 1977). A possible exception is the dioecious Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) for which Baker (1976) has demonstrated significant differences in floral rewards and concomitant differences in the behavior of pollinators on the two types of flowers. Here, I report profound differences between males and females with respect to floral morphology, floral rewards, average number of flowers per plant and flowering periodicity in Jacaratia dolichaula (D. Smith) Woodson, also of the Caricaceae, in which female flowers seem to mimic male flowers. I explain these differences and the mimicry in relation to pollination ecology and sexual selection, particularly intrasexual competition for pollinators. My explanation provides an ecological basis for similar features of floral biology observed in other plants. Revised November 2, 1979
Rendering climate change governable: From biopower to advanced liberal government?

Abstract This article generates a theoretical framework for analysing the politics of climate change on the basis of Michel Foucault's concept of governmentality. Foucault does not limit the exercise of power to sovereignty, but introduces discipline, biopower, liberal and advanced liberal government as alternative configurations of state and power. The article argues that the ways in which climate change is rendered a governable entity are best understood before the background of a shift from biopower to advanced liberal government. It will be argued that climate change was first rendered governable by biopower, which justified global management of spaceship Earth in the name of the survival of life on Earth. Since the mid-1990s, climate change has been captured by advanced liberal government, which articulates climate change as an economic issue that requires market-based solutions to facilitate cost-effective technological solutions. A governmentality analysis asks which visibilities, fields of knowledge, practices and identities this ‘global climate regime’ is actually producing, rather than assuming that what it does or is supposed to do is known. In that way, the ways in which programme failure has already been built into the very formation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol can be identified.
Adipokines, C-Reactive Protein and Lipid Profile Levels in Hypertensive Type 2 Diabetic Portuguese Patients

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension are known to be associated. We aimed to study how hypertension may influence the levels of adipogenesis, inflammation and lipid metabolism in patients with T2DM. We studied 57 normotensive and 23 hypertensive patients with T2DM. The circulating levels of some adipokines - adiponectin, leptin and chemerin-, C-reactive protein (CRP) and the lipid profile were evaluated. The hypertensive group (HG) of patients with T2DM presented significantly higher weight and BMI values (28.6±2.8 vs 26.4±4.2 kg/m^2) than the normotensive group of patients (NG) with T2DM. The HG, compared to the NG, presented significantly higher levels of chemerin (185 [163-218] vs 166 [125-188] ng/mL), CRP (2.40 [1.87-5.12] vs 1.78 [0.64-3.71] mg/L) and triglycerides (139 [99-192] vs 99 [76-138] mg/dL), a trend towards lower levels of adiponectin, as well as higher values of total cholesterol and increased levels of leptin more evident in males. When statistical adjustment for the confounding factor BMI was performed, the significances observed were lost. In summary, hypertensive patients with T2DM presented raised BMI with altered adipokine secretion, namely raised chemerin levels, abnormal lipid profile and enhanced CRP concentrations, which probably underlie the association of hypertension with obesity.
Rights Issues in the Chinese Stock Market: Evidence of Earnings Management

Using 665 rights offerings of Chinese firms, we demonstrate positive but diminishing price effects of successive announcements at the board meeting, the shareholders' meeting, the prospectus release date, and the ex-rights date, but negative abnormal returns before the ex-rights date. Public investors value the participation from shareholders of state and legal-person shares in the rights offerings, which seem to be linked to the future firm performance. The results overall supports the hypothesis that Chinese company earnings are considerably manipulated in the rights issue process.
Preeclampsia Activates Circulating Immune Cells with Engagement of the NF‐κB Pathway

Compelling evidence implicates peripheral immune activation in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils appear to be the cells most strongly affected, with changes in expression of surface markers and release of granule enzymes. Here, we investigated activation in additional leukocyte populations among women with preeclampsia.
The Household Responsibility System Reform in China: A Peasant's Institutional Choice

Since 1978, the Chinese government has implemented a series of major reforms, including diversification of the rural economy, production specialization, crop selection in accordance with regional comparative advantage, expansion of free markets, and a marked rise in state procurement prices. These reforms have brought about dramatic changes in China's rural areas. However, the most important change was the emergence and eventual prevalence of the household responsibility system (HRS), which restores the individual household and replaces the production team system as the unit of production and accounting in rural areas. After the chaos of the Cultural Revolution, China's moderate leaders started to reconsider China's rural policies. Although the government admitted that solving the labor management problems within production teams was the key to improving productivity and recommended measures to relate rewards to performance more closely, the HRS was considered the reverse of the socialist principle of collective farming and was prohibited (Editorial Board of China Agriculture Yearbook 1980, p. 58). The official position at that time maintained that the production team was to remain the basic unit of production and accounting. Nevertheless, toward the end of 1978, first secretly and later with the blessing of local authorities, a small number of production teams in Anhui Province, which was frequently victimized by flood and drought, began to experiment with contracting land, other resources, and output quotas to individual households.
Participation in Higher Education: Equity and Access?

The conventional wisdom in Australia is that policy aimed at reducing imbalances in the representation of different socioeconomic classes in the tertiary sector should be aimed at encouraging completion of high school. The analyses in this paper suggest, however, that most of the differences in the socioeconomic mix of tertiary students are due to different propensities of high school graduates to pursue tertiary studies. The relatively low rate of university participation among rural students, however, needs to be addressed by encouraging the completion of high school. Copyright 2005 The Economic Society Of Australia.
Nitrous oxide’s impact on net greenhouse gas savings from biofuels: life-cycle analysis comparison

We discuss the likely impact of agricultural fertiliser N use on the global nitrous oxide (N2O) budget, as described by Crutzen et al. (2008). We then project the impact of full N2O accounting in biofuel net Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions using the life-cycle analyses from Farrell et al. (2006) (ERG Biofuels Analysis Meta-Model (EBAMM)), Liska et al. (2008) (Biofuel Energy Systems Simulator (BESS)) for corn-based ethanol production and Smith et al. (2006) (Bioethanol GHG Calculator (BGGC)) for wheat-based ethanol. USA biofuel production, even if nominally fulfilling the requirements, may trigger a net increase in global warming.
A Longer Look at Dividend Yields

This article re-examines the evidence on the ability of dividend yields to predict long-horizon stock returns. We use two new series beginning in 1871, a monthly series for the United States, and an annual series for the United Kingdom. Conditional on survival over the entire 122 years, dividend yields display only marginal ability to predict stock market returns in either country. We also argue that tests over long periods may be affected by survivorship. Simulations show that regression statistics based on a sample drawn solely from surviving markets can be seriously biased towards finding predictability.
Explanation of the Charge Trapping Properties of Silicon Nitride Storage Layers for NVMs—Part II: Atomistic and Electrical Modeling

Based on the material analysis of the SiN layers presented in part I of this paper, we develop accurate atomistic and electrical models for the silicon nitride (SiN)-based nonvolatile memory devices, taking into account the candidate SiN defects responsible for the memory effect. Our analysis points out the role of the hydrogen atoms and Si dangling bonds in the trapping properties of SiN films with different stoichiometries. The atomistic models provide a comprehensive picture describing the energy level and the occupation number of the different defects in the SiN. The electrical model coupled with the atomistic results, for the first time, demonstrates the ability to describe the program/erase curves of charge-trap memory cells with SiN storage layers with diversified composition. Good agreement between simulations and experimental results coming from the material analysis and the electrical characterization of thin (type-B device) and thick (type-A device) tunnel oxide memory cells is shown.
A threshold model for the Hong Kong warrant prices

This article examines the factors that are not considered in the Black–Scholes model in determining the price of warrants. Using the outstanding percentage as a threshold variable, we test for the existence of threshold effect in warrant prices. It is shown that for warrants with a low outstanding percentage, an increase in the outstanding percentage will lower the call price. On the other hand, for warrants with high outstanding percentage, the call price is less affected by the outstanding percentage.
Geography of crop yield skewness

Analysis of crop yield distributions provides insights into better understanding how natural resources shape agricultural productivity. This study seeks to provide a rigorous theoretical and empirical understanding of the effects of exogenous geographic and climatic factors on the first three moments of crop yields with focus on the third moment. We hypothesize that exogenous factors having beneficial effects on crop production should make crop yield distributions less positively or more negatively skewed. We employ a large crop insurance data set for corn, soybean, and wheat to find general support for our natural-resources-determines-skewness hypothesis. The proposed statistical method optimally uses correlations between the first three moments. It significantly improves estimation performance over existing methods, including the linear moment model which has been commonly applied in the literature.