Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Principal Leadership for Professional Development to Build School Capacity

Based on a multiyear, qualitative study of urban elementary schools, this article examines the extent to which and the ways in which principal leadership for professional development at four schools addressed three aspects of school organizational capacity: teachers' knowledge, skills, and dispositions; professional community; and program coherence. Findings from the study indicate that effective principals can sustain high levels of capacity by establishing trust, creating structures that promote teacher learning, and either connecting their faculties to external expertise or helping teachers generate reforms internally. Study results also suggest that during transitions in school leadership, incoming principals must be cognizant of shared norms and values among their faculties before initiating new practices in curriculum, instruction, or school organization. Finally, study findings indicate that in future studies of principal effects, it may be useful for researchers to employ professional community and program coherence as mediating variables between principal leadership and student achievement.
Lightning protection of wind turbines — A comparison of real lightning strike data and finite element lightning attachment analysis

Wind turbine lightning protection systems have been developed to the point where lightning damage is relatively rare. However, with windfarms moving offshore, manufacturers are striving to continuously improve lightning protection systems while ensuring that they comply with relevant IEC standards. The case of offshore wind farms is particularly important due to the difficulties faced in accessing a wind turbine should this be required owing to lightning damage. The paper details work done to model upward propagating lightning strike attachment on a wind turbine. A 3D electrostatic model of a full scale wind turbine has been modelled using available Finite Element Analysis software. This full scale model is subjected to high electric fields comparable to those created by a charged cloud. Results from these simulations are then compared with those found from analysis of real lightning strike data taken from wind turbines and windfarms across the world.
Teachers' Perceptions of Intergroup Conflict in Urban Schools

The purpose of this article is to examine how teachers of color and European American teachers perceive intergroup conflict in urban schools. This research studies the various types of intergroup conflict that occur between teachers of color and European American teachers in urban schools and how it affects their working relationship. The properties of intergroup conflict identified in this study were areas that caused tensions between majority and minority groups. These conflicts occurred when these groups had opposing interests, and it became problematic in how they responded to students of color.
Polar write once memory codes

A coding scheme for write once memory (WOM) using polar codes is presented. It is shown that the scheme achieves the capacity region of noiseless WOMs when an arbitrary number of multiple writes is permitted. The encoding and decoding complexities scale as O(N log N) where N is the blocklength. For N sufficiently large, the error probability decreases sub-exponentially in N. Some simulation results with finite length codes are presented.
Organizations in Changing Environments: The Case of East German Symphony Orchestras

Portions of the research reported here were supported by the Max Planck Institute for Bildungsforschung and by the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. We thank Larissa Kowal-Wolk, Erin Lehman, and Rebecca Roters for their collaboration on the project; Jay Tucker for help in translating and coding research materials; and Ben Dattner, Adam Galinsky, and Tuck Pescosolido for assistance in library research and data analysis. Helpful comments on this paper were provided by Judith Blau, Hannah Bruckner, Thomas Ertman, Paul DiMaggio, Connie Gersick, Stephan Liebfried, Andy Molinsky, Francie Ostrower, Charles Perrow, Klaus JOrgen Peter, and Aage Sorensen. Assistance in enumerating the population of orchestras and in gaining access to those selected for the research was provided by the American Federation of Musicians (AFM), the American Symphony Orchestra League (ASOL), the Arts Council of Great Britain (ACGB), the European Conference of Symphony Orchestras (ECSO), the International Conference of Symphony and Opera Musicians (ICSOM), and the Regional Orchestra Players Association (ROPA). We give special thanks to Kenneth Baird (ACGB), Brad Buckley (ICSOM), Rosemary Estes (ROPA), Catherine French (ASOL), Ken Haas (Boston Symphony Orchestra), and Lew Waldeck (AFM). Two periods of radical political-economic change in the former East Germany illuminate dynamics of organization-environment relationships that generally are hidden from view. Historical, qualitative, and survey data from a longitudinal comparative study of 78 orchestras in four nations show that the contexts of East German orchestras changed significantly when the socialist regime took power after World War 11, and then again in 1990 when that regime fell. Socialist rule only modestly affected orchestras' institutional features, however; they continued to reflect centuries-old German musical traditions. The collapse of socialism in 1990, by contrast, provoked differentiation among orchestras-some adapted successfully to the new political-economic context, but others floundered. Successful adaptation was found to be a joint function of an orchestra's prior strength as an organization and the kinds of leadership initiatives taken by orchestra leaders and players. Overall, the findings suggest that the size and character of environmental effects depend on the degree to which contextual changes alter (a) the strength of the link between organizational actions and resources obtained (resource contingency) and (b) organizations' latitude to manage their own affairs (operational autonomy).
Anterior encephalocele

Eighteen cases of anterior encephalocele treated at the University of Malaya Hospital between 1970 and 1980 are discussed, and the literature concerning this defect is reviewed. A detailed analysis of the microscopic abnormalities present in the surgical specimens is included, along with the relevant radiographic and demographic data. Anterior encephalocele is more common in Southeast Asia than elsewhere. The possible ethnographic and geographic implications are presented, as well as a discussion of the relevant embryology, in attempting to define possible etiologies for this malformation. The author's surgical approach to the repair of this defect and reasons for preferring a transcranial, intradural approach are described. Potential complications are enumerated.
TOR Regulates the Subcellular Localization of Ime1, a Transcriptional Activator of Meiotic Development in Budding Yeast

ABSTRACT The transcriptional activator Ime1 is a key regulator of meiosis and sporulation in budding yeast. Ime1 is controlled at different levels by nutrients and cell-type signals. Previously, we have proposed that G1 cyclins would transmit nutritional signals to the Ime1 pathway by preventing the accumulation of Ime1 within the nucleus. We show here that nutritional signals regulate the subcellular localization of Ime1 through the TOR pathway. The inactivation of TOR with rapamycin promotes the nuclear accumulation and stabilization of Ime1, with consequent induction of early meiotic genes. On the contrary, the activation of TOR by glutamine induces the relocalization of Ime1 to the cytoplasm. Thus, TOR may sense optimal nitrogen- and carbon-limiting conditions to modulate Ime1 function. Besides TOR, ammonia induces an independent mechanism that prevents the accumulation of Ime1 in the nucleus. Both TOR and ammonia regulate Ime1 localization in the absence of Cdk1 activity and therefore use mechanisms different from those exerted by G1 cyclins. Integration of independent mechanisms into a single early controlling step, such as the nuclear accumulation of Ime1, may help explain why yeast cells execute the meiotic program only when the appropriate internal and external conditions are met together.
Memory complaint in attenders at a self‐referral memory clinic: The role of cognitive factors, affective symptoms and personality

Memory complaint has been shown to be poorly correlated with objective memory performance in non‐demented elderly people. A previous study indicated the possible importance of depression and personality in the presentation of memory complaint in people with mild memory impairment. The present study overcomes some previous methodological limitations and describes memory complaint, cognitive, affective and personality variables in subjects with mild cognitive impairment self‐referring to a memory clinic, with non‐presenting age‐ and sex‐matched community controls. Self‐referrers had a higher original IQ, but no evidence of greater decline in memory despite having more memory complaint. Personality factors were demonstrated to be important alongside affective symptoms in the presentation of memory complaint in these subjects.
RFXB and its splice variant RFXBSV mediate the antagonism between IFNγ and TGFβ on COL1A2 transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells

Cytokines secreted by infiltrating immune cells during atherogenesis modulate vascular remodeling. One exemplary event is the antagonism between transformed growth factor (TGF-β) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) on the transcriptional control of type I collagen gene (COL1A2). Previously we have reported that IFN-γ up-regulates regulatory factor for X-box B (RFXB) to repress collagen transcription while down-regulates the expression of RFXBSV, a splice variant of RFXB that blocks collagen repression in fibroblasts. Here we demonstrate that TGF-β abrogated COL1A2 repression by IFN-γ through altering the relative expression of RFXB and RFXBSV. Unlike RFXB, RFXBSV did not bind to the collagen promoter and competed with RFXB for the co-repressor histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), limiting HDAC2 recruitment to the collagen transcription start site as evidenced by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Over-expression of RFXB by lentiviral infection in HASMCs enhanced HDAC2 enlistment, promoted histone deacetylation surrounding the collagen site by IFN-γ, and blocked the TGF-β antagonism, a pattern reversed by RFXBSV infection. On the contrary, silencing of RFXB, but not both RFXB and RFXBSV, expression promoted the TGF-β antagonism. Thus, we have identified a novel mechanism whereby TGF-β antagonizes the IFN-γ repression of collagen transcription in HASMCs and as such provided new insights into antiatherogenic strategies.
Children With Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: Family Functioning, Coping Strategies, and Behavioral Functioning

This study examined the psychosocial functioning of children with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD), an underresearched chronic illness sample. Children with PIDD were compared to children with kidney disease and to a healthy comparison group. Participants were youth ages 8 to 21 years. Children and caregivers each completed measures on family functioning, behavioral adjustment, and coping strategies. Significant group differences were obtained for child report of family functioning. Regression results indicated that caregiver report of family roles and affective responsiveness, as well as child report of family communication, were significantly involved in predicting child behavioral functioning. Family functioning does appear to be related to child behavioral functioning in children with PIDD.
Effect of high NaCl diet on spontaneous hypertension in a genetic rat model with reduced nephron number

Objective An inherited reduction in nephron number has been implicated in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension and end stage renal disease. The Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rat represents a genetic model with a 30–50% reduction of nephrons compared with normal rats. MWF rats develop spontaneous hypertension and increased urinary albumin excretion (UAE). We addressed the question whether the inherited defect in this model leads to salt-sensitive hypertension. Methods At the age of 6 weeks, we started male and female MWF/Fub rats and salt-resistant Lewis (Lew) reference rats on either a normal NaCl (0.2%) or a high NaCl (8%) diet (n = 8, each group). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and UAE were measured at 14 weeks. Results Under a normal diet, MWF/Fub rats demonstrated significantly elevated SBP compared to Lew rats both in male (165 ± 2 versus 133 ± 3 mmHg, P <0.0001) and female (156 ± 3 versus 134 ± 3 mmHg, P <0.0001) rats. After high NaCl treatment, SBP was significantly higher in both male and female MWF/Fub rats (+55 mmHg and +36 mmHg, P <0.0001, respectively) compared with MWF/Fub under a normal diet. UAE was also significantly higher in male and female MWF/Fub rats after high NaCl excess (P <0.0005, respectively). In contrast, both SBP and UAE remained unchanged in response to high NaCl in Lew rats. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that both the hypertension and UAE are sensitive to high NaCl loading in female and male MWF/Fub rats. Thus, an inborn nephron deficit may lead to salt-sensitive hypertension and renal dysfunction.
The Impact of Mentoring on the Success of Community College Students

This study examines the influence of a conceptually valid mentoring experience on community college students' persistence decisions. Participants were selected from a random sample of core courses offered in the fall of 2006 at a community college in the south-central area of the United States (n = 320). Results of the structural equation modeling analysis indicate that mentoring significantly predicted the degree to which students became socially and academically integrated. Mentoring was also found to indirectly influence students' intent to persist, as mediated by their commitment to earning a college degree.
Increasing equity, affirming the power of narrative and expanding dialogue: the evolution of entertainment education over two decades

Abstract This article provides a critical summary and review of the presentations and discussions that took place during the Fifth International Conference on Entertainment Education (EE) in New Delhi, India, in November 2011, in an attempt to understand what it tells us about the state of the field and where it is going. This gathering of EE scholars, practitioners, activists, donors, government policymakers, media producers, artists, writers and performers from 31 countries represented a broad spectrum of contemporary work and perspectives on EE, reflecting its topical, geographic, conceptual, technological and methodological diversity. Key themes that shape EE discourse today are identified, including a focus on increasing equity, affirming the power of narrative and storytelling for social change, and expanding opportunities for transformative dialogue. The review also identified several key challenges facing the field of EE going forward, including how to work effectively with donor agencies and the private sector, how to balance the imperatives of research and practice, and how to maintain a creative dynamic between art/entertainment and science/education. The researchers argue that the fundamental principles embodied in EE practice may facilitate how the field responds to these challenges, as EE looks to a future of expanding scale, increasing demand, decentralisation of access and diversification of technology.
Power, Bodies and Identity: How different forms of physical education construct varying masculinities and femininities in secondary schools

Physical education (PE) lessons are an important arena for the construction and consolidation of dominant and subordinate masculinities and femininities within schools. The gym, sports hall, playing field and associated areas such as changing rooms and showers function as sites both for the gendered display of hegemonic forms of heterosexual masculinity and for the subordination of alternatives. Femininities of different sorts are also played out through the acceptance and refusal of different forms of school PE and out-of-school exercise activities. This paper considers how different forms of physical education and sports in schools contribute to the construction and perpetuation of different forms of heterosexual masculinities and femininities. In it I attempt to map Frank's (1991, 1995) ideal types of bodily usage against activities in the male and female traditions of school PE. I look at the gender marking of Frank's ideal types and the corresponding PE, sports and fitness activities and at how the different bodily usages encouraged by different forms of secondary school PE permit and encourage the development of particular masculinities and femininities while discouraging others.
Decaying 2 D turbulence in a circular container

Two–dimensional turbulence in a bounded domain plays an important role in oceanographic applications, like in boundary currents and the related formation of vortices. Many experiments in rotating tanks, e.g. in [1] resulting in quasi-twodimensional geostrophic flows have shown the formation of long–lived coherent vortices. On the other hand only few numerical studies of 2D turbulence in bounded circular domains have been performed so far. Some numerical simulations of decaying 2D turbulence in a circular domain with no–slip boundary conditions have been presented in [5–7]. They used a spectral method with Bessel functions of the first kind, i.e. circular analogues of the Chandrasekhar–Reid functions. Due to the numerical complexity of the full spectral scheme the simulations are limited to low resolution, i.e. Re < 10, based on the rms initial velocity and the circle radius. The aim of present paper is to present is to present direct numerical simulation of two-dimensional decaying turbulence in a circular geometry at higher resolution, i.e. 1024 corresponding to an initial Re–number of 10. The numerical scheme is based on a Fourier pseudospectral method with semi-implicit time discretization and adaptive time-stepping. For details on the numerical scheme we refer to [8]. We solve the Navier-Stokes equations in vorticity–velocity formulation in a square domain and impose the no-slip boundary conditions on the wall of the circular container using a volume penalisation method [2]. The governing equation reads,
The significance of implicit knowledge for learning and teaching chemistry

This article discusses the nature of implicit knowledge, something which is considered to be highly influential in learning. The notion of implicit knowledge is important in conceptualising studies exploring student thinking and learning in chemistry, and in considering how the results of such studies should be interpreted to inform teaching. Research on cognition suggests that a good deal of the knowledge that people call upon in interpreting their world and making decisions is not accessible to conscious introspection. This has consequences in chemistry education research as individuals are not able to directly report implicit knowledge – so it can only be elicited indirectly. A corollary is that the results of many research studies reporting student conceptions in chemistry need to be understood as reflecting – at least in part – cognition drawing upon implicit knowledge. The distinction between explicit and implicit knowledge is an important one in understanding chemistry learning given that implicit knowledge operates automatically in cognition without deliberation. This suggests that strategies designed to counter students' alternative conceptions may need to be quite different when such ideas derive from the operation of implicit knowledge rather than students' explicit knowledge. The importance of implicit knowledge elements sometimes labelled as p-prims has been widely recognised in physics education research, and it is argued here that research into student thinking and learning in chemistry needs to take more account of the distinction between explicit and implicit knowledge elements if it is to better inform teaching. Research is needed to understand the repertoire and action of implicit knowledge elements active in chemistry learning. This will then facilitate the design of studies to test out teaching approaches that can recruit the most suitable implicit knowledge elements to support learning of canonical chemical ideas.
THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IN SPATIALLY STRUCTURED POPULATIONS

Abstract Recent models of speciation have incorporated population structure and migration into the classic model of speciation in which reproductive isolation arises as a by-product of divergence. In this paper, we expanded these models to explore the joint effects of migration and population subdivision on speciation in a spatially explicit context. The results of our simulation support previous results concerning the influence of population subdivision on the accumulation of reproductive isolation. The simulation also shows that speciation in subdivided populations occurs most rapidly when subpopulations are not strictly allopatric. These results counter the widespread notion that speciation is most likely to occur in allopatric populations and suggest that there are useful insights to be gained by incorporating increasingly realistic types of population structure into models of speciation.
Hair Follicle Plasticity with Complemented Immune-modulation Following Follicular Unit Extraction

Background: During hair transplantation as an effective therapy for androgenetic alopecia, hair follicles were typically trans-located from the nonaffected occipital to the balding frontal or vertex region of the scalp. Although this is an autologous intervention, the donor and recipient hair follicle tissue differ in composition and local environment. Settings and Design: In two case studies, we investigated the changes in hair follicle morphology and the immune status of scalp and body hair follicles from different origins transplanted to the eyebrows and the frontal scalp using follicular unit extraction. Results: Quantitative histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry revealed a transformation in hair follicle length and dermal papilla size of the scalp, chest and beard hair follicles, which had been re-extracted after a 6-month period posttransplantation. Furthermore, a significant infiltration of B and T lymphocytes as well as macrophages could be observed most prominently in the infundibulum of transplanted hair follicles. Conclusion: The presented results demonstrate that hair follicle units from different body sites are capable to replace miniaturized or degraded hair follicles in different recipient areas like scalp or eyebrows as they keep their intrinsic capability or acquire the potential to readjust plastically within the beneficiary skin region. The essential secretory crosstalk underlying the observed tissue remodeling is possibly mediated by the infiltrating immune cells.