Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolving the Psychological Mechanisms for Cooperation

▪ Abstract Cooperation is common across nonhuman animal taxa, from the hunting of large game in lions to the harvesting of building materials in ants. Theorists have proposed a number of models to explain the evolution of cooperative behavior. These ultimate explanations, however, rarely consider the proximate constraints on the implementation of cooperative behavior. Here we review several types of cooperation and propose a suite of cognitive abilities required for each type to evolve. We propose that several types of cooperation, though theoretically possible and functionally adaptive, have not evolved in some animal species because of cognitive constraints. We argue, therefore, that future modeling efforts and experimental investigations into the adaptive function of cooperation in animals must be grounded in a realistic assessment of the psychological ingredients required for cooperation. Such an approach can account for the puzzling distribution of cooperative behaviors across taxa, especially the se.
Hypothesis testing via a comparator

This paper investigates the best achievable performance by a hypothesis test satisfying a structural constraint: two functions are computed at two different terminals and the detector consists of a simple comparator verifying whether the functions agree. Such tests arise as part of study of fundamental limits of channel coding, but are also useful in other contexts. A simple expression for the Stein exponent is found and applied to showing a strong converse in the problem of multi-terminal hypothesis testing with rate constraints. Connections to the Gács-Körner common information and to spectral properties of conditional expectation operator are identified. Further tightening of results hinges on finding λ-blocks of minimal weight. Application of Delsarte's linear programming method to this problem is described.
Java bytecode compression for low-end embedded systems

A program executing on a low-end embedded system, such as a smart-card, faces scarce memory resources and fixed execution time constraints. We demonstrate that factorization of common instruction sequences in Java bytecode allows the memory footprint to be reduced, on average, to 85% of its original size, with a minimal execution time penalty. While preserving Java compatibility, our solution requires only a few modifications which are straightforward to implement in any JVM used in a low-end embedded system.
Full-Scale Verification of Dynamic Properties from Short Duration Records

This study examines the dynamic properties extracted from a suite of reinforced concrete buildings in South Korea, with emphasis on the performance of system identification approaches applied to short duration ambient records. The resulting extracted properties are then analyzed to identify trends relating damping and frequency to parameters characterizing the structural system and building geometry to highlight underlying behaviors and establish predictive tools suitable for use in the design stage. Comparisons between finite element models and in-situ values are provided in select cases to demonstrate challenges associated with modeling reinforced concrete structures.
Effect of Changing Table Tennis Ball Material from Celluloid to Plastic on the Post-Collision Ball Trajectory

Abstract The official material used in table tennis balls was changed from celluloid to plastic, a material free of celluloid, in 2014. The purpose of this study was to understand the differences and similarities in the two types of ball materials by comparing their behavior upon collision with a table. The behavior of the balls before and after collision with a table, at various initial speeds ranging from 15 to 115 km/h, was captured using high-speed cameras. Velocities and spin rates before collision and velocities after collision were computed to calculate the coefficients of restitution and friction. Based on the computed variables, the post-collision trajectories of both balls were calculated by integrating the equation of motion of the ball for simulated service, smash and drive conditions with respect to time. The coefficients of restitution were higher for the plastic balls than the celluloid ones when the initial vertical velocities were higher. The coefficients of friction were higher for plastic balls when the initial horizontal contact point velocities were slower. Because of the differences in the material characteristics, the plastic ball trajectories of services with backspin and drives with great topspin were expected to be different from those of celluloid balls. Since the extent of differences between the two ball types varied depending on the initial conditions, testing at various initial conditions was suggested for comparing and understanding the characteristics of the balls.
Flood Disturbance in a Forested Mountain Landscape Interactions of land use and floods

R ecent flooding in the Pacific Northwest vividly illustrates the complexity of watershed and ecosystem responses to floods, especially in steep forest landscapes. Flooding involves a sequence of interactions that begins with climatic drivers. These drivers, generally rain and snowmelt, interact with landscape conditions, such as vegetation pattern and topography, to determine the capability of a watershed to deliver water, sediment, and organic material to downstream areas (Figure 1). Land-use practices can affect watershed responses to flooding through the influences of managed vegetation patterns and roads on delivery of water, sediment, and wood to streams. Watershed responses to floods include geophysical processes, such as landslides and channel erosion, and related disturbances of aquatic and riparian organisms and their habitats. We explore these geophysical-ecological interactions using a recent flood in
Effects of the muscular ideal on appearance-related attentional biases in men.

Limited research has investigated appearance-related attentional biases in men. This study examined the effects of priming on attentional biases in men and whether the biases were associated with body image. The dot-probe task (DPT), a commonly used reaction time-based measure, was adapted to include images between each trial of the task to test the effects of these images on attentional biases for appearancerelated word stimuli. Men (N = 60) completed body image questionnaires online and attended a laboratory session, completing either (a) an appearance-cued DPT, containing images representing the muscular ideal; (b) a neutral-cued DPT, containing images of forests; or (c) a DPT with time delay in place of an image. Attentional biases for positive- and negative-appearance words did not differ for men who completed the three DPT versions. However, for men who completed the appearance-cued DPT, attentional biases for positive-appearance words correlated with a range of state experiences, including greater levels of muscularity and appearance dissatisfaction and poorer confidence and mood. The results suggest that men may experience poorer body image outcomes by automatically attending to the positive attributes of media depictions of the muscular ideal.
Role of virion-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins CD55 and CD59 in complement resistance of cell line-derived and primary isolates of HIV-1

This study investigates whether cell-derived glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked complement control proteins CD55 and CD59 can be incorporated into HIV-1 virions and contribute to complement resistance. Virus was prepared by transfection of cell lines with pNL4-3, and primary isolates of HIV-1 were derived from patients' PBMCs. Virus was tested for sensitivity to complement-mediated virolysis in the presence of anti-gp160 antibody. Viral preparations from JY33 cells, which lack CD55 and CD59, were highly sensitive to complement. HIV-1 preparations from H9 and U937 cells, which express low levels of CD55 and CD59, had intermediate to high sensitivity while other cell line-derived viruses and primary isolates of HIV-1 were resistant to complement-mediated virolysis. Although the primary isolates were not lysed, they activated complement as measured by binding to a complement receptor positive cell line. While the primary isolates were resistant to lysis in the presence of HIV-specific antibody, antibody to CD59 induced lysis. Likewise, antibody to CD55 and CD59 induced lysis of cell line-derived virus. Western blot analysis of purified virus showed bands corresponding to CD55 and CD59. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C treatment of either cell line-derived or primary isolates of HIV-1 increased sensitivity to complement while incubation of sensitive virus with purified CD55 and CD59 increased resistance to complement. These results show that CD55 and CD59 are incorporated into HIV-1 particles and function to protect virions from complement-mediated destruction, and they are the first report of host cell proteins functioning in protection of HIV-1 from immune effector mechanisms.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma: The Past, the Present, and the Future

Since the first description of the Merkel cell carcinoma by Cyril Toker in 1972, the number of studies has significantly increased over the last 4 decades. In this review, we will illustrate the historical background of the Merkel cell carcinoma beginning with the 19th century, the first description of the Merkel cell to the finding of the CK20 as a highly specific diagnostic marker and finally to the recently detected Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Moreover, we will highlight the beginning of adjuvant therapeutic regimens with radiotherapy and chemotherapy and discuss the diagnostic work-up including imaging and histology of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. Another very rapidly growing and interesting field of research is the development of patients' specific and tailored targeted therapy, in particular in patients with distant metastatic disease.
On adjoint equations for error analysis and optimal grid adaptation in CFD

This paper explains how the solutions of appropriate adjoint equations can be used to estimate the errors in important integral quantities, such as lift and drag, obtained from CFD computations. These error estimates can be used to obtain improved estimates of the integral quantities, or as the basis for optimal grid adaptation. The theory is presented for both finite volume and finite element approximations. For a node-based finite volume discretisation of the Euler equations on unstructured grids, the adjoint analysis makes it possible to prove second order accuracy. A superconvergence property is proved for a finite element discretisation of the Laplace equation, and references are provided for the extension of the analysis to the convection/diffusion and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. This paper was presented at the symposium Computing the Future II: Advances and Prospects in Computational Aerodynamics to honour the contributions of Prof. Earll Murman to CFD and the aerospace community.
Degradation Model of Bioabsorbable Cardiovascular Stents

This study established a numerical model to investigate the degradation mechanism and behavior of bioabsorbable cardiovascular stents. In order to generate the constitutive degradation material model, the degradation characteristics were characterized with user-defined field variables. The radial strength bench test and analysis were used to verify the material model. In order to validate the numerical degradation model, in vitro bench test and in vivo implantation studies were conducted under physiological and normal conditions. The results showed that six months of degradation had not influenced the thermodynamic properties and mechanical integrity of the stent while the molecular weight of the stents implanted in the in vivo and in vitro models had decreased to 61.8% and 68.5% respectively after six month's implantation. It was also found that the degradation rate, critical locations and changes in diameter of the stents in the numerical model were in good consistency in both in vivo and in vitro studies. It implies that the numerical degradation model could provide useful physical insights and prediction of the stent degradation behavior and evaluate, to some extent, the in-vivo performance of the stent. This model could eventually be used for design and optimization of bioabsorbable stent.
A New Full Pose Measurement Method for Robot Calibration

Identification of robot kinematic errors during the calibration process often requires accurate full pose measurements (position and orientation) of robot end-effectors in Cartesian space. This paper proposes a new method of full pose measurement of robot end-effectors for calibration. This method is based on an analysis of the features of a set of target points (placed on a rotating end-effector) on a circular trajectory. The accurate measurement is validated by computational simulation results from the Puma robot. Moreover, experimental calibration and validation results for the Hyundai HA-06 robot prove the effectiveness, correctness, and reliability of the proposed method. This method can be applied to robots that have entirely revolute joints or to robots for which only the last joint is revolute.
Dialect loss and dialect vitality in Flanders

Abstract Dialect loss is a relatively new but by now quite general phenomenon in Flanders (i.e., Dutch-speaking Belgium). Although the processes of dialect change and dialect loss have proceeded with great regional differences in speed and intensity in the past decades, there is a general tendency toward replacing primary dialect features of a relatively local scope by secondary dialect features that have a wider distribution and/or bear stronger resemblance to the standard Dutch equivalents. Some urban dialects, especially the dialect of the city of Antwerp, play a prominent role in this process. The implication is that the old local dialects have not made way for a generalized use of (Belgian) Standard Dutch. Present-day Flanders is evolving toward a new diglossia: Standard Dutch was and still is reserved for formal domains, but for the younger generations in many regions the dominant variety for informal colloquial speech is no longer the local dialect but a “regiolectal” variety. Every region has its own regiolect but the so-called tussentaal (literally ‘language in between’) of the Brabant–Antwerp dialect region is clearly dominating the linguistic scene in present-day Flanders.
A Qualitative and Quantitative Review of Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP) with Children and Adolescents

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP) with children and adolescents. Methods used in EFP, including traditional mounted, vaulting, husbandry, and unmounted ac- tivities are described. The theory and background of EFP is summarized with references to various psychotherapeutic per- spectives, such as Freudian, Jungian, cognitive, behaviorist, and psychodynamic models. The status of the research is dis- cussed, and available empirical studies and reports on this topic are summarized. Possible applications to patients with eating disorders, anxiety, trauma history, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and delin- quency are described. Recommendations are made regarding the direction of future research on EFP.
Hot Regions of Noninterfering Crossovers Coexist with a Nonuniformly Interfering Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana

In most organisms that have been studied, crossovers formed during meiosis exhibit interference: nearby crossovers are rare. Here we provide an in-depth study of crossover interference in Arabidopsis thaliana, examining crossovers genome-wide in >1500 backcrosses for both male and female meiosis. This unique data set allows us to take a two-pathway modeling approach based on superposing a fraction p of noninterfering crossovers and a fraction (1 − p) of interfering crossovers generated using the gamma model characterized by its interference strength nu. Within this framework, we fit the two-pathway model to the data and compare crossover interference strength between chromosomes and then along chromosomes. We find that the interfering pathway has markedly higher interference strength nu in female than in male meiosis and also that male meiosis has a higher proportion p of noninterfering crossovers. Furthermore, we test for possible intrachromosomal variations of nu and p. Our conclusion is that there are clear differences between left and right arms as well as between central and peripheral regions. Finally, statistical tests unveil a genome-wide picture of small-scale heterogeneities, pointing to the existence of hot regions in the genome where crossovers form preferentially without interference.
Association Between Polymorphisms in the Dopamine Transporter Gene and Depression

Previous research has generated examples of how genetic and environmental factors can interact to create risk for psychopathology. Using a gene-by-environment (G X E) interaction design, we tested whether three polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1, also referred to as SLC6A3, located at 5p15.33) interacted with maternal parenting style to predict first-onset episodes of depression. Participants were male adolescents (N = 176) recruited from a juvenile detention center in northern Russia. As hypothesized, one of the polymorphisms (rs40184) moderated the effect of perceived maternal rejection on the onset of major depressive disorder, as well as on suicidal ideation. Further, this G X E interaction was specific to depression; it did not predict clinically significant anxiety. These results highlight the need for further research investigating the moderating effects of dopaminergic genes on depression.
Vowel category formation in Korean-English bilingual children.

PURPOSE A previous investigation (Lee & Iverson, 2012) found that English and Korean stop categories were fully distinguished by Korean-English bilingual children at 10 years of age but not at 5 years of age. The present study examined vowels produced by Korean-English bilingual children of these same ages to determine whether and when bilinguals establish distinct vowel categories across their 2 languages. METHOD Both English and Korean vowels produced by 40 Korean-English bilingual children (5 and 10 years of age) were examined in terms of 1st formant frequency (F1) and 2nd formant frequency (F2), vowel duration, and F1 and F2 formant trajectories. RESULTS Formant frequencies of vowels produced by the bilingual children were similar to those of monolingual English and Korean children. The bilinguals distinguished vowel categories across languages using both the assimilation and dissimilation mechanisms as identified by Flege, Schirru, and MacKay (2003). CONCLUSIONS Vowel categories developed earlier than stops in bilingual children because vowels were typically acquired earlier than consonants. The results of this study suggest that detailed phonetic categories do not form across the board and that bilingual children may invoke multidimensional representations of phonetic categories.
Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo.

Intentionally excluded from formal politics in authoritarian states by reigning elites, do the common people have concrete ways of achieving community objectives? Contrary to conventional wisdom, this book demonstrates that they do. Focusing on the political life of the "sha'b" (or popular classes) in Cairo, Diane Singerman shows how men "and" women develop creative and effective strategies to accomplish shared goals, despite the dominant forces ranged against them. Starting at the household level in one densely populated neighborhood of Cairo, Singerman examines communal patterns of allocation, distribution, and decision-making. Combining the institutional focus of political science with the sensitivities of anthropology, she uncovers a system of informal networks, supported by an informal economy, that constitutes another layer of collective institutions within Egypt and allows excluded groups to pursue their interests. "Avenues of Participation" traces this informal system from its grounding in the family to its influence on the larger polity. Discussing the role of these networks in meeting fundamental needs in the community--such as earning a living, reproducing the family, saving and investing money, and coping with the bureaucracy--Singerman demonstrates the surprising power these "excluded" people wield. While the government has reduced politics to the realm of distribution to protect itself from challenges, she argues that the popular classes in Cairo, as consumers of goods and services, have turned exploiting the government into a fine art.
A Hierarchical Brain Inspired Computing System

In this paper we describe an abstract hierarchical model of the neocortex and its implementation in a connectionist network. This network has convergent feed-forward projections going from lower to higher levels in the processing hierarchy implementing competitive learning. There are also associative divergent backward projections going from higher to lower levels and associative recurrent projections at each level. Here we show that this type of multi-level attractor network extends the capabilities of a single layer network by enabling autoassociative storage of patterns not possible to store in the latter.
Application of evolutionary algorithms to learning evolved Bayesian Network models of rig operations in the Gulf of Mexico

The operation of drilling rigs is highly expensive. It is therefore important to be able to identify and analyse variables affecting rig operations. We investigate the use of Genetic Algorithms and Ant Colony Optimisation to induce a Bayesian Network model for the real world problem of Rig Operations Management and confirm the validity of our previous model. We explore the relative performances of different search and scoring heuristics and consider trade-offs between best network score and computation time from an industry standpoint. Finally, we analyse edge-discovery statistics over repeated runs to explain observed differences between the algorithms.
Single Cell FRET Analysis for the Identification of Optimal FRET-Pairs in Bacillus subtilis Using a Prototype MEM-FLIM System

Protein-protein interactions can be studied in vitro, e.g. with bacterial or yeast two-hybrid systems or surface plasmon resonance. In contrast to in vitro techniques, in vivo studies of protein-protein interactions allow examination of spatial and temporal behavior of such interactions in their native environment. One approach to study protein-protein interactions in vivo is via Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). Here, FRET efficiency of selected FRET-pairs was studied at the single cell level using sensitized emission and Frequency Domain-Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FD-FLIM). For FRET-FLIM, a prototype Modulated Electron-Multiplied FLIM system was used, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the first account of Frequency Domain FLIM to analyze FRET in single bacterial cells. To perform FRET-FLIM, we first determined and benchmarked the best fluorescent protein-pair for FRET in Bacillus subtilis using a novel BglBrick-compatible integration vector. We show that GFP-tagRFP is an excellent donor-acceptor pair for B. subtilis in vivo FRET studies. As a proof of concept, selected donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins were fused using a linker that contained a tobacco etch virus (TEV)-protease recognition sequence. Induction of TEV-protease results in loss of FRET efficiency and increase in fluorescence lifetime. The loss of FRET efficiency after TEV induction can be followed in time in single cells via time-lapse microscopy. This work will facilitate future studies of in vivo dynamics of protein complexes in single B. subtilis cells.