Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global burden of obstructed labour in the year 2000

Labour is considered obstructed when the presenting part of the fetus cannot progress into the birth canal, despite strong uterine contractions. It is more common in humans than in primates, because the birth canal of a woman is not as straight and wide as in primates. The most frequent cause of obstructed labour is cephalo-pelvic disproportion a mismatch between the fetal head and the mother's pelvic brim. The fetus may be large in relation to the maternal pelvic brim, such as the fetus of a diabetic woman, or the pelvis may be contracted, which is more common when malnutrition is prevalent. Some other causes of obstructed labour may be malpresentation or malposition of the fetus (shoulder, brow or occipito-posterior positions). In rare cases, locked twins or pelvic tumours can cause obstruction.
Nonparametric vs parametric binary choice models: An empirical investigation

The estimation of conditional probability distribution functions (PDFs) in a kernel nonparametric framework has recently received attention. As emphasized by Hall, Racine and Li (2004), these conditional PDFs are extremely useful for a range of tasks including modelling and predicting consumer choice. The aim of this paper is threefold. First, we implement nonparametric kernel estimation of PDF with a binary choice variable and both continuous and discrete explanatory variables. Second, we address the issue of the performances of this nonparametric estimator when compared to a classic on-the-shelf parametric estimator, namely a probit. We propose to evaluate these estimators in terms of their predictive performances, in the line of the recent "revealed performance" test proposed by Racine and Parmeter (2009). Third, we provide a detailed discussion of the results focusing on environmental insights provided by the two estimators, revealing some patterns that can only be detected using the nonparametric estimator. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Monitoring of carbon dioxide fluxes in a subalpine grassland ecosystem of the Italian Alps using a multispectral sensor

The study investigates the potential of a commercially available proximal sensing system – based on a 16-band multispectral sensor – for monitoring mean midday gross ecosystem production (GEP m ) in a subalpine grassland of the Italian Alps equipped with an eddy covariance flux tower. Reflectance observations were collected for 5 consecutive years, characterized by different climatic conditions, together with turbulent carbon dioxide fluxes and their meteorological drivers. Different models based on linear regression (vegetation indices approach) and on multiple regression (reflectance approach) were tested to estimateGEP m from optical data. The overall performance of this relatively low-cost system was positive. Chlorophyll-related indices including the red-edge part of the spectrum in their formulation (red-edge normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI red-edge ; chlorophyll index, CI red-edge ) were the best predictors of GEP m , explaining most of its variability during the observation period. The use of the reflectance approach did not lead to considerably improved results in estimating GEP m : the adjusted R 2 (adj R 2 ) of the model based on linear regression – including all the 5 years – was 0.74, while the adj R 2 for the multiple regression model was 0.79. Incorporating mean midday photosynthetically active radiation (PAR m ) into the model resulted in a general decrease in the accuracy of estimates, highlighting the complexity of the GEP m response to incident radiation. In fact, significantly higher photosynthesis rates were observed under diffuse as regards direct radiation conditions. The models which were observed to perform best were then used to test the potential of optical data for GEP m gap filling. Artificial gaps of three different lengths (1, 3 and 5 observation days) were introduced in the GEP m time series. The values of adj R 2 for the three gap-filling scenarios showed that the accuracy of the gap filling slightly decreased with gap length. However, on average, the GEP m gaps were filled with an accuracy of 73% with the model fed with NDVI red-edge , and of 76% with the model using reflectance at 681, 720 and 781 nm and PAR m data.
Harapan, Tawakal, dan Stres Akademik

Abstract : This study aimed to find out the effect of hope and tawakal toward academic stress among undergraduate students. This study used quantitative method with 102 under­graduate students from Islamic college as subjects of this research. Data were collected through three reliable and valid scales; Hope Scale, Tawakal Scale, and Academic Stress Scale. The result of data using multiple regression analysis showed a negative effect of hope and tawakal together toward academic stress among undergraduate students. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh harapan dan tawakal terhadap stres akademik pada mahasiswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan subjek sebanyak 102 mahasiswa S1 di salah satu perguruan tinggi Islam di D.I. Yogyakarta yang ditentukan dengan teknik accicedental sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui pemberian tiga skala kepada masing-masing subjek, yaitu Skala Harapan, Skala Tawakal, dan Skala Stres Akademik yang reliabel dan valid. Hasil analisis data menggunakan regresi berganda menunjukkan adanya pengaruh negatif dari harapan dan tawakal secara bersama-sama terhadap stres akademik pada mahasiswa.
Covert downward entailment in child English and Japanese

English and Japanese differ in the interpretation of disjunction in simple negative sentences. However, the contrast vanishes in a ‘covert’ negative entailment created by the focus operator (only/dake). Experiments with English/Japanese children reveal their sensitivity to the interpretive interaction of disjunction with the focus operator, despite their divergent linguistic input. Our results suggest that disjunction is Boolean inclusiveor in both languages, because disjunction in both languages licenses conjunctive entailments under ‘covert’ negation. The findings also empirically support a nativist approach to the acquisition of semantics, with the semantics of natural language disjunction innately specified, rather than learned from experience.
The Study of Gravitational Water Wave with Vortex Effect (2/2) the Study of Gravitational Water Wave with Vortex Effect (2/2)

In this study, a grid-free numerical model for the simulation of gravita-tional water wave with vortex effect is proposed. The computational algorithm is established by combining a potential flow field with a vortex flow field. The potential at the free surface and the free-surface displacement are solved by the time integrations. The vorticity field is the solution of the vor-ticity equation, which is solved using the vortex method and the vortex sheet method. The potential and velocity fields are solved by the boundary integral method. Two cases are applied to validate the proposed model, and the vortic-ity shedding due to the rectangular obstacle in the linear wave is simulated. These results show the ability of the proposed model for the simulations of free-surface flows with vortex effect.
Limit theorems for empirical processes of cluster functionals

Let (X-n, i) 1 <= i <= n,m is an element of N be a triangular array of row-wise stationary R-d-valued random variables. We use a "blocks method" to define clusters of extreme values: the rows of (X-n, i) are divided into m(n) blocks (Y-n, j), and if a block contains at least one extreme value, the block is considered to contain a cluster. The cluster starts at the first extreme value in the block and ends at the last one. The main results are uniform central limit theorems for empirical processes Z(n)(f) := 1/root nv(n) Sigma(mn)(j=1) (f(Y-n,Y- j) - Ef(Y-n,Y- j)), for v(n) = P{X-n,X- i not equal 0} and f belonging to classes of cluster functionals, that is, functions of the blocks Y-n,Y- j which only depend on the cluster values and which are equal to 0 if Y-n,Y- j does not contain a cluster. Conditions for finite-dimensional convergence include beta-mixing, suitable Lindeberg conditions and convergence of covariances. To obtain full uniform convergence, we use either "bracketing entropy" or bounds on covering numbers with respect to a random semi-metric. The latter makes it possible to bring the powerful Vapnik-Cervonenkis theory to bear. Applications include multivariate tail empirical processes and empirical processes of cluster values and of order statistics in clusters. Although our main field of applications is the analysis of extreme values, the theory can be applied more generally to rare events occurring, for example, in nonparametric curve estimation.
Staphylococcus aureus Proteins Sbi and Efb Recruit Human Plasmin to Degrade Complement C3 and C3b

Upon host infection, the human pathogenic microbe Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) immediately faces innate immune reactions such as the activated complement system. Here, a novel innate immune evasion strategy of S. aureus is described. The staphylococcal proteins surface immunoglobulin-binding protein (Sbi) and extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) bind C3/C3b simultaneously with plasminogen. Bound plasminogen is converted by bacterial activator staphylokinase or by host-specific urokinase-type plasminogen activator to plasmin, which in turn leads to degradation of complement C3 and C3b. Efb and to a lesser extend Sbi enhance plasmin cleavage of C3/C3b, an effect which is explained by a conformational change in C3/C3b induced by Sbi and Efb. Furthermore, bound plasmin also degrades C3a, which exerts anaphylatoxic and antimicrobial activities. Thus, S. aureus Sbi and Efb comprise platforms to recruit plasmin(ogen) together with C3 and its activation product C3b for efficient degradation of these complement components in the local microbial environment and to protect S. aureus from host innate immune reactions.
Adaptive diversification of recommendation results via latent factor portfolio

This paper studies result diversification in collaborative filtering. We argue that the diversification level in a recommendation list should be adapted to the target users' individual situations and needs. Different users may have different ranges of interests -- the preference of a highly focused user might include only few topics, whereas that of the user with broad interests may encompass a wide range of topics. Thus, the recommended items should be diversified according to the interest range of the target user. Such an adaptation is also required due to the fact that the uncertainty of the estimated user preference model may vary significantly between users. To reduce the risk of the recommendation, we should take the difference of the uncertainty into account as well. In this paper, we study the adaptive diversification problem theoretically. We start with commonly used latent factor models and reformulate them using the mean-variance analysis from the portfolio theory in text retrieval. The resulting Latent Factor Portfolio (LFP) model captures the user's interest range and the uncertainty of the user preference by employing the variance of the learned user latent factors. It is shown that the correlations between items (and thus the item diversity) can be obtained by using the correlations between latent factors (topical diversity), which in return significantly reduce the computation load. Our mathematical derivation also reveals that diversification is necessary, not only for risk-averse system behavior (non-adpative), but also for the target users' individual situations (adaptive), which are represented by the distribution and the variance of the latent user factors. Our experiments confirm the theoretical insights and show that LFP succeeds in improving latent factor models by adaptively introducing recommendation diversity to fit the individual user's needs.
Carbon Abundances of Faint Stars in M13: Evidence of Two Abundance-altering Mechanisms

We present an analysis of CH band strengths in Keck Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer spectra of a sample of 81 stars in M13 within 2 mag of the main-sequence turnoff. The subgiants clearly exhibit a substantial (a factor of ~6) spread in [C/Fe]. Moreover, the bulk of the subgiants possess C abundances larger than those found among their more luminous counterparts. The turnoff stars themselves are too warm for appreciable CH formation, but the relatively small range in the observed CH band strength for stars just below the turnoff nevertheless translates into this same spread in [C/Fe]. Still fainter, the sample size is small, but the same range in [C/Fe] appears to be present. On the basis of these observations we suggest that a process external to the present stars has resulted in a substantial star-to-star dispersion in [C/Fe] (and possibly other light elements) among all stars in M13. In addition, the surface C abundances among the more luminous stars have been further modified by the operation of an internal deep-mixing mechanism during red giant branch ascent. The amplitude of the scatter we find in [C/Fe] at all luminosities may prove difficult to explain via accretion from intermediate-mass asymptotic giant branch stars as the external "polluting" mechanism.
The antecedents and consequences of brand equity in service markets

Brand equity is important due to the competitive advantages conferred by strong and successful brands. For service firms, brand equity can contribute largely to visualizing intangible service products. Since there is a lack of research, this study attempts to propose an integrated model of brand equity in service markets. For brand equity in service markets, the antecedents are considered to be brand attitude and brand image, and the consequences are considered to be brand preference and purchase intentions. This study concentrates on service brands and selects eighteen firms from three service categories. Through empirically testing, the relationships between brand attitude, brand image, brand equity as well as brand preference and purchase intentions are confirmed; in addition, the impact of brand attitude on brand equity is found to be larger than the impact of brand image.
Fault detection and localization in empty water bottles through machine vision

The paper presents a vision-based approach for fault detection of empty water bottles. Our goal is to find all defects in the empty water bottles. The main constraint is the real time operation as the bottles move continuously on the conveyer belt. Using camera images, we first find the position of the bottle in the image by a generalized Hough transform. Then we check the bottles for any defects or the presence of alien objects using rectangular and circular area intensity inspection. Bottles with any defects are rejected and so separated from the main stream. In the statistics obtained, our inspection system successfully rejected all the faulty or defective bottles. The good bottle rejection rate was lower than 1% of the total number of bottles inspected. This system can be used for inspecting any type of empty bottles for defects or the presence of alien objects.
Session-based fault-tolerant design patterns

Despite offering reliability against dropped and reordered packets, the widely adopted Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides nearly no recovery options for longterm network outages. When the network fails, developers must rollback the application to some coherent state on their own, using error-prone solutions. Overcoming this limitation is, therefore, a deeply investigated and challenging problem. Existing solutions range from transport-layer to application-layer protocols, including additions to TCP, usually transparent to the application. None of these solutions is perfect, because they all impact TCP's simplicity, performance or ubiquity, if not all. To avoid these shortcomings, we contain TCP connection crashes inside a single session layer exposed as a sockets interface. Based on this interface, we create a blocking and a non-blocking fault-tolerant design pattern. We explore the blocking design in an open source File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server and perform a thorough evaluation of performance, complexity and overhead of both designs. Our results show that using one of the patterns to tolerate TCP connection crashes, in new or existing applications, involves a very limited effort and negligible penalties.
Evaluative language in medical discourse: a contrastive study between English and Spanish university lectures

Academic spoken discourse has been a dominant issue for discourse studies researchers for the last 25 years or so. Different spoken academic genres have been analysed ( Swales, 1990 , 2004 ; Berkenkotter and Huckin, 1995 ; Bhatia, 2001 , 2002 ; Mauranen, 2001 ; Juzwik, 2004 ; Crawford-Camiciottoli, 2004 , 2007 ; among others) thanks to the compilation and the easy access to electronic spoken corpora. This study focuses on the genre of lecture as “the central ritual of the culture of learning” ( Benson, 1994 ) in higher education. Here, I analyse the use of evaluative language in medical discourse lectures. A contrastive study between Spanish and English medical lectures is carried out. To my knowledge, little attention has been paid to the analysis of evaluative language in medical discourse. The present study employs a quantitative and a qualitative approach to analyse four Spanish and English medical discourse lectures with an average of 35,000 words. The English lectures have been taken from the Michigan Corpus of Academic and Spoken English (MICASE) and the Spanish lectures have been recorded and transcribed in the Degree in Medicine course at a Spanish university for the purpose of this study. Corpus analysis tools have been used to analyse attitudinal language expressing explicit evaluation. The findings show similarities and also differences in the use of evaluative markers in academic medical discourse.
Can I Trust My One-Class Classification?

Contrary to binary and multi-class classifiers, the purpose of a one-class classifier for remote sensing applications is to map only one specific land use/land cover class of interest. Training these classifiers exclusively requires reference data for the class of interest, while training data for other classes is not required. Thus, the acquisition of reference data can be significantly reduced. However, one-class classification is fraught with uncertainty and full automatization is difficult, due to the limited reference information that is available for classifier training. Thus, a user-oriented one-class classification strategy is proposed, which is based among others on the visualization and interpretation of the one-class classifier outcomes during the data processing. Careful interpretation of the diagnostic plots fosters the understanding of the classification outcome, e.g., the class separability and suitability of a particular threshold. In the absence of complete and representative validation data, which is the fact in the context of a real one-class classification application, such information is valuable for evaluation and improving the classification. The potential of the proposed strategy is demonstrated by classifying different crop types with hyperspectral data from Hyperion.
Development of Animal Model for Studying Deep Second-Degree Thermal Burns

Thermal lesions were produced in 12 male Wistar rats, positioning a massive aluminum bar 10 mm in diameter (51 g), preheated to 99°C ± 2°C/10 min. on the back of each animal for 15 sec. After 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, animals were euthanized. The edema intensity was mild, with no bubble and formation of a thick and dry crust from the 3rd day. The percentage of tissue shrinkage at 28 days was 66.67 ± 1.66%. There was no sign of infection, bleeding, or secretion. Within 28 days reepithelialization was incomplete, with fibroblastic proliferation and moderate fibrosis and presence of modeled dense collagen fibers. It is concluded that the model established is applicable in obtaining deep second-degree thermal burns in order to evaluate the healing action of therapeutic agents of topical use.
Sylvian Fissure and Parietal Anatomy in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social functioning and language and communication, with restricted interests or stereotyped behaviors. Anatomical differences have been found in the parietal cortex in children with ASD, but parietal subregions and associations between Sylvian fissure (SF) and parietal anatomy have not been explored. In this study, SF length and anterior and posterior parietal volumes were measured on MRI in 30 right-handed boys with ASD and 30 right-handed typically developing boys (7–14 years), matched on age and non-verbal IQ. There was leftward SF and anterior parietal asymmetry, and rightward posterior parietal asymmetry, across groups. There were associations between SF and parietal asymmetries, with slight group differences. Typical SF asymmetry was associated with typical anterior and posterior parietal asymmetry, in both groups. In the atypical SF asymmetry group, controls had atypical parietal asymmetry, whereas in ASD there were more equal numbers of individuals with typical as atypical anterior parietal asymmetry. We did not find significant anatomical-behavioral associations. Our findings of more individuals in the ASD group having a dissociation between cortical asymmetries warrants further investigation of these subgroups and emphasizes the importance of investigating anatomical relationships in addition to group differences in individual regions.
Good Vibrations: Cross-frequency Coupling in the Human Nucleus Accumbens during Reward Processing

The nucleus accumbens is critical for reward-guided learning and decision-making. It is thought to “gate” the flow of a diverse range of information (e.g., rewarding, aversive, and novel events) from limbic afferents to basal ganglia outputs. Gating and information encoding may be achieved via cross-frequency coupling, in which bursts of high-frequency activity occur preferentially during specific phases of slower oscillations. We examined whether the human nucleus accumbens engages such a mechanism by recording electrophysiological activity directly from the accumbens of human patients undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery. Oscillatory activity in the gamma (40–80 Hz) frequency range was synchronized with the phase of simultaneous alpha (8–12 Hz) waves. Further, losing and winning small amounts of money elicited relatively increased gamma oscillation power prior to and following alpha troughs, respectively. Gamma–alpha synchronization may reflect an electrophysiological gating mechanism in the human nucleus accumbens, and the phase differences in gamma–alpha coupling may reflect a reward information coding scheme similar to phase coding.