Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improved HIV Awareness and Perceived Empowerment to Negotiate Safe Sex among Married Women in Ethiopia between 2005 and 2011

Introduction The HIV prevalence rate in Ethiopia for married (or cohabiting) women is 3 times that found amongst women who have never been married. While marriage used to be seen as a protective factor against HIV, evidence suggests that this is no longer necessarily the case. This study analyses the trend and socio-demographic determinants of HIV awareness and safe sex negotiation among married women in Ethiopia between 2005 and 2011. Methods Data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2005 and in 2011 were analysed. Socio-demographic variables as well as ‘survey year’ were selected to assess their interaction with selected HIV awareness and safe sex negotiation indicators. Multivariable regression analyses were performed. Odds ratios and confidence intervals were computed. Results A significant increase in knowledge of HIV and ability to negotiate safer sex occurred between 2005 and 2011 reflecting a positive trend in gender empowerment amongst married Ethiopian women. Some of these advancements were striking, for instance respondents were 3.6 times more likely to have “Heard of AIDS” in 2011 than in 2005. HIV awareness and safer sex negotiation were significantly associated with higher education, higher socioeconomic status, those who had heard of HIV, those of the Orthodox Christian faith, and (to some extent) those living in rural areas. Conclusion HIV awareness has increased significantly in Ethiopia over the last decade but married women are still disproportionately susceptible to HIV. Community programmes, already effective in Ethiopia, also need to target this vulnerable sub-group of women.
Online Segmentation and Clustering From Continuous Observation of Whole Body Motions

This paper describes a novel approach for incremental learning of human motion pattern primitives through online observation of human motion. The observed time series data stream is first stochastically segmented into potential motion primitive segments, based on the assumption that data belonging to the same motion primitive will have the same underlying distribution. The motion segments are then abstracted into a stochastic model representation and automatically clustered and organized. As new motion patterns are observed, they are incrementally grouped together into a tree structure, based on their relative distance in the model space. The tree leaves, which represent the most specialized learned motion primitives, are then passed back to the segmentation algorithm so that as the number of known motion primitives increases, the accuracy of the segmentation can also be improved. The combined algorithm is tested on a sequence of continuous human motion data that are obtained through motion capture, and demonstrates the performance of the proposed approach.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen Messenger RNA Expression in Blood Predicts Recurrence in Esophageal Cancer

Purpose: The clinical significance of isolated tumor cells (ITC) in blood has not been clearly established, particularly during follow-up in cancer patients. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of the relationship between ITC in blood during follow-up and clinicopathologic findings in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Experimental Design: Blood samples obtained from 106 patients were examined by real-time RT-PCR assay targeting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA. Follow-up examination every 3 months after surgery included testing for CEA mRNA and tumor markers, as well as imaging. Results: Thirty-nine (36.8%) patients were positive for CEA mRNA expression. CEA mRNA positivity significantly correlated with tumor depth, lymph node metastasis, stage, and venous invasion. Recurrent disease was found in 34 of 106 (32.1%) cases. CEA mRNA was found in 28 (76.5%) patients experiencing relapse. Of these 28 patients, the number positive of CEA mRNA before detection by imaging, at the same time of detection by imaging, and after detection by imaging was 18 (52.9%), 8 (23.5%), and 2 (5.9%), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for CEA mRNA were higher than those for serum CEA or squamous cell carcinoma. Patients positive for CEA mRNA experienced significantly shorter disease-free interval than those with negative CEA mRNA (P < 0.001). According to multivariate analysis, CEA mRNA positivity was an independent factor for disease-free interval. Conclusions: Examination of CEA mRNA in peripheral blood during follow-up is useful for early detection of occult recurrence. We believe that CEA mRNA in blood will be a new marker for recurrence in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Managing the Expression of Emotion

Ekman and Friesen's (1975) typology of emotion display rules has demonstrated theoretical utility in accounts of cultural variation in emotion experience and expression. Although its relevance to routine interpersonal interactions is assumed, no systematic application has been offered. This investigation explores retrospective accounts of emotion expression management using Ekman and Friesen's (1975) typology. Respondents described instances of specified emotion expression management techniques, rated their perception of the emotion's valence, and identified their relationship with the target. Results supported the prediction that participants report attempting to express positive emotions, even when they are not felt, while masking or minimizing negative emotions.
Competing and hybridized discourses in Chinese news reporting: case studies of three key newspapers in Southern China

Comparative discourse studies have tended to emphasize uncovering the dichotomous systems or the differential ideological patterning between the East and the West. The present study attempts a turn in moving beyond the dichotomous perspective to examine the complexities and the internal variations within the Chinese culture and discourse. It explores the diverse discourse systems operating in the media practice of contemporary China and emphasizes that a discourse system is dynamic and constantly undergoing changes, competing with other discourse system(s) and incorporating elements from the other discourse system(s). The notion of stance by Du Bois is utilized to study the different possible stances the three key newspapers in Southern China (i.e. Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, Guangzhou Daily, and Southern Metropolis Daily) have adopted in reporting the case of the Sanlu milk scandal, manifesting the competing forces and the changing Chinese media in a globalizing context, with differential extent of hybridization between at least two discourses: the politically driven and the professionally driven discourses.
The Effect of Program Context on Commercial Performance.

Abstract In order to assess the effects of program context upon television commercial “performance,” two proposed attributes of both television programs and commercials—content and style—were operationalized to establish four viewing packages. Each typology represented a different content-style relationship between the commercial and the program carrier. It was hypothesized that consistent contextual relationships would result in individuals reacting more favorably toward, though providing lesser recall of, the commercial/ product advertised. Post-viewing questionnaire responses obtained from 279 experimental subjects indicated that the content-style relationship between a program and commercial yielded no major commercial impact effects, although the stylistic dimension may have certain communication effectiveness consequences.
Developmental change in the relation between executive functions and symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring behaviour problems

In a sample of 92 children aged 6–13 years this study investigates the normal developmental change in the relation between executive functioning (EF) and the core behavioural symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention) as well as symptoms often co-occurring with childhood hyperactivity (conduct- and internalizing problems). EF was assessed by using multiple tests grouped through prior factor analysis, resulting in cognitive measures relating to disinhibition, speed/arousal, verbal working memory, non-verbal working memory, and fluency. The results showed that although disinhibition was positively related to hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention mainly for the youngest age group, there were no significant age effects for these relations. Instead, age effects were found for the relations between speed/arousal and inattention as well as for the relations between verbal working memory/fluency and inattention. In the oldest age group poor performance on these cognitive measures was associated with high ratings of inattention. For the total sample a relation was obtained between disinhibition and hyperactivity/impulsivity as well as between both working memory measures and internalizing problems. In conclusion, the results from this study suggest that poor inhibition is most clearly associated with ADHD symptoms for younger children, whereas poor functioning with regard to later developing and more complex executive functions such as working memory and fluency is associated with ADHD symptoms for older children. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender, HipHop and Pop-Islam: the urban identities of Muslim youth in Germany

While many opponents construe the growing presence of Muslim headscarves in Germany as evidence of creeping Islamicization, religious activism can also be interpreted as an attempt on the part of migrant offspring to forge positive ‘hyphenated identities’, rooted in urban culture, material consumption, and specific mosque communities. Islam has become ‘young, chic and cool’ among ethnic minorities, often denied citizenship and opportunity in their country of birth owing to jus sanguinis and/or other complex naturalization requirements. Religiosity, in turn, is slowly giving rise to new types of civic engagement, leading more ethnic youth to pursue German citizenship. Drawing on representative surveys, inter alia, this essay argues that while not problem free, an emerging Pop-Islam movement has provided Muslimas especially with an important platform for breaking with traditional gender roles, building social capital and acquiring the participatory skills necessary to bring ‘civil society’ into their own communities. It moreover infers that national policies banning headscarves in public service professions are increasingly at odds with European Union directives addressing gender equality and religious discrimination.
Epidemiologia do beber pesado e beber pesado episódico no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

CONTEXTO: O beber pesado episodico (BPE) tem sido fortemente associado a danos e a uma carga social consideraveis. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo tem como finalidade avaliar o panorama brasileiro a partir de aspectos sociodemograficos, fatores individuais e sociais relacionados ao beber pesado. METODOS: A busca de artigos cientificos foi realizada com base em um programa de computador nos principais bancos de dados cientificos. RESULTADOS: Os homens beberam pesado mais frequentemente que as mulheres. O beber pesado episodico foi mais prevalente em adolescentes e adultos jovens, e a prevalencia tende a diminuir com o aumento da idade. As condicoes socioeconomicas parecem ter um efeito sobre o beber pesado. O inicio precoce do beber pesado esteve associado com historia de dependencia do alcool na vida adulta. O beber pesado episodico esteve associado ao uso concomitante de outras substâncias psicoativas. Os fatores de risco para BPE incluiram atividades sociais e disponibilidade de dinheiro. A pressao dos pares mostrou influenciar mais do que o suporte parental especialmente no final de adolescencia. O BP tambem variou de acordo com a cultura, com mais episodios de BP no Sul em comparacao com o Norte do Pais. CONCLUSOES: Uma variedade de aspectos sociodemograficos e individuais associados ao beber pesado foi identificada. Porem, o conhecimento nessa area ainda e muito limitado. Mais pesquisas no Brasil sao urgentemente necessarias visto que os resultados provenientes de outras culturas nao podem ser generalizados.
Alternative Methods of Solving State-Dependent Pricing Models

We use simulation-based techniques to compare and contrast two methods for solving state-dependent pricing models: discretization, which solves and simulates the model on a grid; and collocation, which relies on Chebyshev polynomials. While both methods produce qualitatively similar results, statistically significant quantitative differences do arise. We present evidence favoring discretization over collocation in this context, given a lack of robustness in the latter.
Evolution of male sexual characters in the Oriental Drosophila melanogaster species group

SUMMARY Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms of morphological evolution is one of the greatest challenges in evolutionary biology. Sexually dimorphic traits, which often evolve at a high rate due to their involvement in mate choice and sexual selection, present unique opportunities for investigating changes in development over short evolutionary distances. Phylogenetic analysis is essential to provide a historical framework for comparative studies of development by establishing the order and polarity of morphological changes. In this report, we apply a new molecular phylogeny to reconstruct the evolution of male sexual characters in a group of species closely related to the model species Drosophila melanogaster. These highly variable traits include wing melanin patterns, the sex comb, and the structure of external genitalia and analia. We show that sexually dimorphic characters can diverge very rapidly among closely related species. More surprisingly, we also find a pervasive pattern of independent origin and secondary loss of male sexual traits in different evolutionary lineages.
Religion-Based Emotional Social Support Mediates the Relationship between Intrinsic Religiosity and Mental Health

Although previous research suggests that increased religiosity is associated with better mental health and many authors have conjectured that religion-based social support may help explain this connection, scant research has directly examined whether religion-based support mediates religiosity and mental health. The present study examined whether various dimensions of religion-based support (social interaction, instrumental, and emotional) mediated the relationship between religiosity and mental health in college students in the Midwest United States. As expected, of the support dimensions, perceived emotional support was the strongest predictor of decreased hopelessness, depression, and suicide behaviors; and the relationships among intrinsic religiosity and the mental health variables were fully mediated by emotional support. These findings provide strong support to the notion that the relationship between religiosity and mental health can be reduced to mediators such as social support. Research and theoretical implications are discussed.
An Exploratory Study on the Effects of Learning Organization Characteristics on Internet Usage

The Internet is becoming a very important new technology in all organizations, including universities. Many in academia are adopting this innovative technology to aid in their teaching, research, and consulting. In this study, using the learning organization theoretical framework, the effects of learning organization characteristics, other organizational factors, and individual variables on the use of the Internet by a random sample of 245 business school faculty members in the United States were examined and analyzed. Some support for learning organization characteristics, as well as support for individual and other organizational factors, was found.
Determinants of total and specific IgE in infants with atopic dermatitis

ETAC (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child), a multi‐centre predominantly European study to investigate the potential for cetirizine to prevent the development of asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis has completed enrolment: 817 children have been randomised to 18 months' treatment with either active or placebo and a subsequent 18 months of post‐treatment follow‐up. Results of the therapeutic effects will not be available for some time, but the study has provided an opportunity to investigate influences on sensitization to allergens in a large cohort of 1‐2 years olds with already established atopic dermatitis, resident in different countries and in different environments.
Waterpipe tobacco smoking: an emerging health crisis in the United States.

OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence and potential health risks of waterpipe tobacco smoking. METHODS A literature review was performed to compile information relating to waterpipe tobacco smoking. RESULTS Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing in prevalence worldwide; in the United States, 10-20% of some young adult populations are current waterpipe users. Depending on the toxicant measured, a single waterpipe session produces the equivalent of at least 1 and as many as 50 cigarettes. Misconceptions about waterpipe smoke content may lead users to underestimate health risks. CONCLUSION Inclusion of waterpipe tobacco smoking in tobacco control activities may help reduce its spread.
Nestin expression in the developing Rat cochlea sensory epithelia

An intermediate filament (IF), nestin, is used as an immature cell marker because nestin occurs in neural progenitors during early development. Recent cell culture studies have indicated that proliferating otic progenitor cells express nestin in vitro. However, localization of nestin in the developing inner ear has not yet been clarified. In this study, the ontogenetical expression of nestin epitopes in the rat cochlea was examined immunohistochemically. Sensory epithelial cells in the rat Corti organ (e.g. hair cells and support cells) transiently demonstrated immunoreactivity for nestin during the late embryonic period. After birth, nestin expression in the sensory epithelia disappeared gradually. The findings of this study indicate that the expression of nestin epitopes in the developing cochlea is linked with the plasticities of sensory epithelial cells, such as proliferation or differentiation.
The Relationship Between Perceptions of Fairness and Voluntary Turnover Among Retail Employees1

Research on the relationship between perceived fairness and employee turnover has tended to focus on turnover intentions rather than behavior, and the few studies that have assessed actual turnover have reported inconsistent results. In the present study, we examined the interactive effects of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice on turnover among 159 retail employees. Results showed that the effect of distributive justice on turnover was stronger when interactional justice was perceived as low rather than high. Our findings also suggest that disproportionate turnover group base rates favoring stayers over leavers can affect results of justice turnover research.
The role of individual and contextual factors in the development of maths skills

In this study, we examined the development of maths skills in 269 Estonian primary school children (119 boys and 150 girls; 20 classes). Testing was carried out over a three‐year period (Grade 1–Grade 3). Before the last testing session, children’s verbal skills and motivational orientations were also tested. In addition, teachers evaluated children’s learning behaviour and provided information about their own teaching methods. The data were analysed using multilevel growth curve modelling. We found that children with higher levels of pre‐maths skills developed at a faster rate. At the individual level, pre‐maths skills and verbal ability were positively associated with maths achievement in Grade 3, and avoidance orientations (self‐reported) and task‐avoidant behaviour (teacher‐reported) were negatively associated with maths achievement in Grade 3. At the classroom level, formalist teaching methods and teacher experience had a positive effect on students’ maths performance.
Review of Joseph Dodds' “Psychoanalysis and Ecology at the Edge of Chaos”

O nce in a while, a book enters the field of psychoanalysis that is so revolutionary that it turns everything upside down, causing us to question the very framework under which we operate. The Myth of Mental Illness by Thomas Szasz (1961) was one such book. Rather than to assume that craziness resides within individuals, Szasz flipped the focus to examine the role of psychiatry within society at large. Symptoms of mental illness, including psychosis, became “problems in living,” while the social dictates and extreme practices of psychiatry became problems, rather than solutions. Szasz asserted that lobotomies, forced drug treatment, and involuntary hospitalization were little more than social indoctrination and abuses of power perpetrated by psychiatric authorities. By dismissing psychiatry as pseudo-science, or scientism, a view echoed by Foucault (1988) and Goffman (1961), Szasz helped to widen the scope of psychoanalysis. By identifying the importance of culture and social framework, he
Stereotype Threat: How Does It Measure Up?

We agree with Kalokerinos, von Hippel, and Zacher (2014) that stereotype threat is a useful construct for research and practice in workplace settings and that more research needs to be conducted on stereotype threat in organizations. Inducing stereotype threat in organizational settings is not typically practical, however, because it is reasonable to expect that it could lead to negative performance and attitudinal outcomes. Thus, ethical and legal concerns limit researchers from manipulating stereotype threat in organizations (Cullen, Hardison, & Sackett, 2004; Steele, Spencer, & Aronson, 2002). Rather than manipulating stereotype threat, we believe that most workplace research is likely to measure stereotype threat and correlate it with relevant predictors and consequences. As such, our purpose is twofold: First, we discuss the current state of stereotype threat measurement. Second, we suggest that additional construct explication, measures, and validation are needed so that researchers have adequate tools to use when conducting the important studies suggested by Kalokerinos et al. In laboratory research, studies often infer the presence of stereotype threat