Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cruciferous vegetables, the GSTP1 Ile105Val genetic polymorphism, and breast cancer risk.

BACKGROUND Cruciferous vegetables are the primary source of isothiocyanates and other glucosinolate derivatives that are known to induce phase II detoxifying enzymes, including glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). OBJECTIVE We investigated the independent and combined effects of cruciferous vegetable intake and the GSTP1 Ile(105)Val genetic polymorphism on breast cancer risk. DESIGN Analyses included 3035 cases and 3037 population controls who were participating in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study and for whom diet and genetic data were complete (87% of cases and 85% of controls). RESULTS With the use of multivariate logistic regression, the GSTP1 Val/Val genotype was significantly associated with greater breast cancer risk (OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.99). The association was significantly greater in premenopausal women (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.43) than in postmenopausal women (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.92). Total cruciferous vegetable intake was not significantly associated with breast cancer risk, although subjects reporting greater turnip (P for trend < 0.001) and Chinese cabbage (P for trend = 0.049) intakes had a significantly lower postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Women with the GSTP1 Val/Val genotype and low cruciferous vegetable intake had a breast cancer risk 1.74-fold (95% CI: 1.13, 2.67) that of women with the Ile/Ile or Ile/Val genotype. This effect of low cruciferous vegetable intake and the Val/Val genotype was seen predominantly among premenopausal women (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.20, 3.59). CONCLUSIONS Cruciferous vegetable intake consistent with high isothiocyanate exposure may reduce breast cancer risk. Cruciferous vegetable intake also may ameliorate the effects of the GSTP1 genotype.
What elicits third-party anger? The effects of moral violation and others’ outcome on anger and compassion

ABSTRACT People often get angry when they perceive an injustice that affects others but not themselves. In two studies, we investigated the elicitation of third-party anger by varying moral violation and others’ outcome presented in newspaper articles. We found that anger was highly contingent on the moral violation. Others’ outcome, although relevant for compassion, were not significantly relevant for anger (Study 1 and Study 2a) or less relevant for anger than for compassion (Study 2b). This indicates that people can be morally outraged: anger can be elicited by a perceived violation of moral values alone, independent of the harm done. A severe negative consequence for others is not necessary to elicit anger.
The relationship between illness representations, risk perception and fear of cancer recurrence in breast cancer survivors

Fear of cancer recurrence, although distinct from distress continues to be under‐evaluated, captured, or treated when standard distress scales are used to assess concerns of cancer survivors. We tested a model assessing the association of demographic and clinical factors, illness representations, and perceived risk with fear of cancer recurrence in breast cancer survivors.
Magnetic resonance advection imaging of cerebrovascular pulse dynamics

We analyze the pulsatile signal component of dynamic echo planar imaging data from the brain by modeling the dependence between local temporal and spatial signal variability. The resulting magnetic resonance advection imaging maps depict the location of major arteries. Color direction maps allow for visualization of the direction of blood vessels. The potential significance of magnetic resonance advection imaging maps is demonstrated on a functional magnetic resonance imaging data set of 19 healthy subjects. A comparison with the here introduced pulse coherence maps, in which the echo planar imaging signal is correlated with a cardiac pulse signal, shows that the magnetic resonance advection imaging approach results in a better spatial definition without the need for a pulse reference. In addition, it is shown that magnetic resonance advection imaging velocities can be estimates of pulse wave velocities if certain requirements are met, which are specified. Although for this application magnetic resonance advection imaging velocities are not quantitative estimates of pulse wave velocities, they clearly depict local pulsatile dynamics. Magnetic resonance advection imaging can be applied to existing dynamic echo planar imaging data sets with sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. It is discussed whether magnetic resonance advection imaging might have the potential to evolve into a biomarker for the health of the cerebrovascular system.
Further investigations of iodine deficiency in the etiology of endemic goiter.

I n a p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y , D e l a n g e e t al. (1) r e p o r t e d t h e ex i s t ence of a ve ry seve re i od ine def î c iency in t h e p o p u l a t i o n of I d j w i I s l a n d , w h i c h is l o c a t e d in K i v u L a k e ( R e p u b h c of t he C o n g o ) , a n d f o r m s a n a t u r a l l y i so la ted a r ea . T h e m a i n o b s e r v a t i o n of th is first s tudy w a s t h a t t h e i s l and cons t i t u t e s t h e sea t of a n e x t r e m e l y s eve re g o i t r o u s e n d é m i e a r e a w i t h a go i t e r p r e v a l e n c e of 5 4 % in o n e g e o g r a p h i ­ cal r ég ion , a n d a p r e v a l e n c e 10 t imes l o w e r in a n o t h e r a r ea . T h è s e s t r ik ing v a r i a t i o n s of p r e v a l e n c e a p p e a r e d t o b e pa r t i cu l a r l y sui t ­ ab l e f o r a s t u d y of t h e f a c t o r s r e spons ib l e f o r e n d é m i e go i t e r s a m o n g a p o p u l a t i o n l iving in p r imi t i ve c o n d i t i o n s . T h e a i m of t h e p r é s e n t w o r k h a s b e e n to p e r f o r m a s y s t e m a t i c ep idemio log i ca l su rvey of t he I d j w i e n d é m i e goi te r , a n d to l o o k f o r eco log ica l c o r r é l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e va r i a t i ons in t h e p r e v a l e n c e of go i te r , d i f f é ren t e n v i r o n ­ m e n t a l f a c t o r s , a n d a sér ies of p a r a m e t e r s of t hy ro id f u n c t i o n . M o r e specif ical ly , t h e w o r k h a s c o m p r i s e d a n é v a l u a t i o n of t h e re la t ive rô le p l a y e d b y t h e i od ine def îc iency in t he d e v e l o p m e n t of e n d é m i e go i te r o n I d j w i . I o d i n e def ic iency is a t p r é s e n t c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e c ruc i a l e t io logica l f a c t o r of th is d i sease ( 2 ­ 6 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e c o n c l u s i o n of th is s tudy is t h a t t he we l l ­de f ined g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r ibu ­ t ion of e n d é m i e goi te r o n I d j w i d o e s n o t co r ­ r e s p o n d t o a n y pa ra l l e l v a r i a t i o n in t h e i od ine s u p p l y .
Diet patterns and breast cancer risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study.

BACKGROUND There is a lower incidence of breast cancer among Hispanic women than among non-Hispanic white women. Little is known about the role of diet in this difference. OBJECTIVE We examined the associations of dietary patterns (Western, Prudent, Native Mexican, Mediterranean, and Dieter) with risk for breast cancer in Hispanic women (757 cases, 867 controls) and non-Hispanic white women (1524 cases, 1598 controls) from the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study. DESIGN Dietary intake, physical activity, and other exposures were assessed by using interviews. Dietary patterns were defined via factor analysis. Risk was assessed by using logistic regression with adjustment for age, center, education, smoking, total activity, calories, dietary fiber, dietary calcium, height, parity, recent hormone exposure, family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, and body mass index x recent hormone exposure. RESULTS The Western (odds ratio for highest versus lowest quartile: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.04, 168; P for trend < 0.01) and Prudent (1.42; 1.14, 1.77; P for trend < 0.01) dietary patterns were associated with greater risk, and the Native Mexican (0.68; 0.55, 0.85; P for trend < 0.01) and Mediterranean (0.76; 0.63, 0.92; P for trend < 0.01) dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of breast cancer. Body mass index modified the associations of the Western diet and breast cancer among postmenopausal women and those of the Native Mexican diet among premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS Associations of dietary patterns with breast cancer risk varied by menopausal and body mass index status, but there was little difference in associations between non-Hispanic white and Hispanic women.
Effects of dietary fructose on plasma lipids in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND About 9% of average dietary energy intake in the United States comes from fructose. Such a high consumption raises concern about the metabolic effects of this sugar. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary fructose on plasma lipids. DESIGN The study was conducted in the General Clinical Research Center at Fairview-University of Minnesota Medical Center. The participants were 24 healthy adult volunteers (12 men and 12 women; 6 of each sex were aged <40 y and 6 of each sex were aged >/=40 y). All subjects received 2 isoenergetic study diets assigned by using a randomized, balanced crossover design. One diet provided 17% of energy as fructose. The other diet was sweetened with glucose and was nearly devoid of fructose. Each diet was fed for 6 wk. Both diets were composed of common foods and contained nearly identical amounts of carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, cholesterol, and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. All meals were prepared in the metabolic kitchen of the General Clinical Research Center. RESULTS The responses to the study diets differed by sex. In men, the fructose diet produced significantly higher fasting, postprandial, and daylong plasma triacylglycerol concentrations than did the glucose diet. The daylong plasma triacylglycerol concentration after 6 wk of the fructose diet was 32% greater in men than the corresponding concentration during the glucose diet (P: < 0.001). The fructose diet had no significant effect on fasting or postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in women. The fructose diet also had no persistent effect on fasting plasma cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, or LDL cholesterol in either men or women. CONCLUSIONS Dietary fructose was associated with increased fasting and postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in men. Diets high in added fructose may be undesirable, particularly for men. Glucose may be a suitable replacement sugar.
Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on the phantom limb pain of patients with amputations within a 24-month follow-up

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on the phantom limb pain (PLP) of patients with amputations within a 24-month follow-up. This study was a randomized-controlled trial. A total of 60 patients with amputations were selected by a purposive sampling and patients were divided randomly into two experimental and control groups. Samples were assigned through randomized allocation. EMDR therapy was administered individually to the experimental group participants in 12 one-hour sessions over a 1-month period In each session, the patient completed the Subjective Units of Distress Scale and a pain-rating scale before and after the intervention. Follow-up measures were obtained 24 months later for the experimental group. The participants in the control group were measured on the two scales at an initial session and again after 1- and 24-month follow-up. The mean PLP decreased in the experimental group between the first and last sessions and remained so at a 24-month follow-up. No decrease occurred for the control group over the 1- and 24-month period. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.001) according to a repeated-measures analysis of variance. EMDR therapy proved to be a successful treatment for PLP. Because of its efficacy and the fact that the positive effects were maintained at the 24-month follow-up, this therapy is recommended for the treatment of PLP.
Very-low-energy diets alter the counterregulatory response to falling plasma glucose concentrations.

A consequence of short-term very-low-energy diets (VLEDs) in lean subjects is reactive hypoglycemia. We therefore tested the responses of overweight women on prolonged (14 d) VLEDs. Subjects lost 4.8 +/- 0.2 kg (mean +/- SEM, n = 13, P < 0.001). Group A (n = 6) was challenged with an oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) and group B (n = 7) with an oral-sucrose-tolerance test (OSTT) on days 1 and 14. In group A, mean nadir plasma glucose after the OGTT was lower on day 14, 3.75 +/- 0.16 vs 4.7 +/- 0.19 mmol/L (P < 0.01), because of an accelerated rate of glucose decline (RGD, 26.7 +/- 3.3 vs 17.2 +/- 3.9 mumol.l-1.min-1, P < 0.05) late in the OGTT. Plasma insulin was also lower (P < 0.03) and the VLED suppressed two growth hormone (GH) peaks on day 14 (P < 0.05 for each). In group B on day 14, a greater RGD was also observed late in the OSTT, 16.9 +/- 4.1 vs 6.5 +/- 2.0 mumol.L. min-1 (P < 0.03). GH peaks were also significantly suppressed. We conclude that a VLED results in altered glucose regulation late after carbohydrate loading, characterized by an accelerated decline in plasma glucose and GH suppression. Patients on a VLED may be at risk for abnormally low plasma glucose concentrations when ingesting high carbohydrate loads.
Surgical Correction of Scoliosis in Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: 30-Year Experience

Background: The natural history of scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is progressive and debilitating if neglected. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes related to spinal deformity surgery in patients with DMD over a 30-year period. Methods: This was a single center retrospective study of all operatively treated scoliosis in DMD patients over 30 years. Minimum follow-up was 2 years. Owing to changes in instrumentation over time, patients were divided into 2 groups: Luque or pedicle screws (PS) constructs. Radiographic, perioperative variables, pulmonary function test (preoperatively and postoperatively), and complication data were evaluated. Results: There were 60 subjects (Luque: 47, PS: 13). The Luque group was on average 13 years old, 53 kg, and had 7 years of follow-up. Coronal Cobb was 31±12 degrees preoperatively, 16±11 degrees at first postoperatively, and 21±15 degrees at final follow-up (P⩽0.001). Pelvic obliquity was 7±6 degrees preoperatively, 5±5 degrees at first postoperatively (P=0.43), and 5±4 degrees at final follow-up (P=0.77). The majority of this group was fused to L5 (45%) or the sacrum (49%). The PS group was on average 14 years old, 65 kg, and had 4 years of follow-up. Coronal Cobb was 43±19 degrees preoperatively, 12±9 degrees at first postoperatively (P⩽0.001), and 12±8 degrees at final follow-up. Pelvic obliquity was 6±5 degrees preoperatively, 3±3 degrees at first postoperatively (P=0.06), and 2±2 degrees at final follow-up (P=0.053). The majority were fused to the pelvis (92%). Both groups’ pulmonary function declined with time. Both groups had high complication rates (Luque 68%; PS group 54%). The Luque group had more implant-related complications (26%); the PS group had a higher rate of early postoperative infections (23%). Conclusions: Over a 30-year period of operative treatment of scoliosis in DMD, both PS constructs and Luque instrumentation improved coronal Cobb. The PS group had improved and maintained pelvic obliquity. Both groups had high complication rates. Level of Evidence: Level IV—therapeutic.
Coordination of a Supply Chain with Advertising Investment and Allowing the Second Ordering

This paper develops a game theoretic model of a one-manufacturer and one-retailer supply chain allowing the second ordering to investigate how to coordinate the order quantity and advertising investment via a markdown money-cooperative advertising contract. We focus on the effects of allowing the second ordering on equilibrium outcome and coordination mechanism. We find: the relationship between the unit wholesale prices and the chargeback rate depends on whether allowing the second ordering; the coordination mechanism is robust to demand uncertainty; the unit wholesale price in period 2 increases with the unit production cost in period 2, the unit delayed delivery cost and unit salvage value if and only if the chargeback rate is sufficiently small while that in period 1 is independent of them. In addition, we study the Pareto condition of coordination mechanism under which both manufacturer and retailer are better off using the coordination mechanism and find that the unit production costs in different periods may have contrary effects on the bounds of Pareto range.
Can black tea influence plasma total homocysteine concentrations?

BACKGROUND Polyphenols can act as acceptors of methyl groups during the metabolism of methionine to homocysteine. This may result in elevations in plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations after ingestion of polyphenol-rich beverages such as tea. OBJECTIVES Our major objective was to determine whether regular, moderate-to-high intakes of black tea alter tHcy concentrations. We also assessed the relation between the degree of O-methylation of tea-derived polyphenols and the change in tHcy with regular ingestion of tea. DESIGN Twenty-two subjects completed a randomized, controlled crossover study. Subjects consumed 1250 mL black tea/d (5 cups each containing 2 g tea leaves in 250 mL boiled water) and 1250 mL hot water/d for 4 wk each. Fasting tHcy concentrations and 24-h urinary excretion of 4-O-methylgallic acid (4OMGA, the major O-methylated metabolite of gallic acid) were measured at the end of each period. 4OMGA was used as a marker of overall O-methylation of tea-derived polyphenols. RESULTS Black tea did not significantly alter mean (+/- SEM) tHcy concentrations (9.9 +/- 0.5 and 10.0 +/- 0.5 micro mol/L for the hot water and black tea periods, respectively). However, the increased excretion of 4OMGA as a consequence of black tea consumption was positively associated with the change in tHcy from the hot water period to the black tea period (r = 0.55, P = 0.008). Subjects in the bottom quartile of increase in 4OMGA excretion had a significant decrease in tHcy (-0.28 +/- 0.10 micro mol/L; P = 0.046), and those in the top quartile had a significant increase in tHcy (0.78 +/- 0.16 micro mol/L; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Overall, regular ingestion of black tea did not alter mean tHcy concentrations. However, individual differences in O-methylation of polyphenolic compounds may influence the ultimate effects of black tea on tHcy.
Low plasma vitamin B-6 concentrations and modulation of coronary artery disease risk.

BACKGROUND Low concentrations of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), the active metabolite of vitamin B-6, are associated with high C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. Both low PLP and elevated inflammatory markers, such as high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) and fibrinogen, are related to higher risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). OBJECTIVES The objectives were to evaluate the relation between PLP and acute-phase reactants in affecting CAD risk and to estimate the risk of CAD related to low plasma PLP, either alone or in combination with high concentrations of acute-phase reactants and other classic risk factors for CAD. DESIGN A case-control study was conducted with 742 participants: 475 with severe multivessel CAD and 267 free from coronary atherosclerosis (CAD-free). We measured plasma PLP, fibrinogen, hs-CRP, and serum lipid concentrations and all major biochemical CAD risk factors, including total homocysteine. RESULTS A significant, inverse, graded relation was observed between PLP and both hs-CRP and fibrinogen (P < 0.001). The prevalence of PLP concentrations in the lower half of the population (<50th percentile: 36.3 nmol/L) was significantly higher among CAD patients than among CAD-free subjects (P < 0.001). The odds ratio for CAD risk related to low PLP concentrations after adjustments for the major classic CAD risk factors, including hs-CRP and fibrinogen, was 1.89 (95% CI: 1.18, 3.03; P = 0.008). The CAD risk as a result of low PLP was additive when considered in combination with elevated hs-CRP concentrations or with an increased ratio of LDL to HDL. CONCLUSION Low plasma PLP concentrations are inversely related to major markers of inflammation and independently associated with increased CAD risk.
Flip chip reliability: comparative characterization of lead free (Sn/Ag/Cu) and 63Sn/Pb eutectic solder

The reliability of a ternary Sn/Ag/Cu alloy for flip chip solder joints will be reported in this paper. Dominant failure mechanisms for given thermal stress regimes are well defined for 63Sn/Pb eutectic solder. Characterizing Sn/Ag/Cu solder reliability in comparison to 63Sn/Pb solder provides a true baseline for these thermal stress regimes and still allows for a broad search of mechanisms due to the change in alloy properties inherent in this new metallurgic system. Reliability characterization must examine both solder bump and under bump metallization (UBM) robustness, because the interaction between the two contributes to the overall efficacy of the structure. Reported in this work are thermal cycle, high temperature storage, and die shear test results demonstrating the solder bump reliability. Electromigration, multiple reflow, and bare die high temperature test results verifying the UBM robustness are also presented. In addition, the assembly-related details are reported in an effort to provide a foundation for improved yield.
Rule-Based Reasoning Is Fast and Belief-Based Reasoning Can Be Slow: Challenging Current Explanations of Belief-Bias and Base-Rate Neglect

It is commonly assumed that belief-based reasoning is fast and automatic, whereas rule-based reasoning is slower and more effortful. Dual-Process theories of reasoning rely on this speed-asymmetry explanation to account for a number of reasoning phenomena, such as base-rate neglect and belief-bias. The goal of the current study was to test this hypothesis about the relative speed of belief-based and rule-based processes. Participants solved base-rate problems (Experiment 1) and conditional inferences (Experiment 2) under a challenging deadline; they then gave a second response in free time. We found that fast responses were informed by rules of probability and logical validity, and that slow responses incorporated belief-based information. Implications for Dual-Process theories and future research options for dissociating Type I and Type II processes are discussed.