Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attack-Resilient State Estimation for Noisy Dynamical Systems

Several recent incidents have clearly illustrated the susceptibility of cyberphysical systems (CPS) to attacks, raising attention to security challenges in these systems. The tight interaction between information technology and the physical world has introduced new vulnerabilities that cannot be addressed with the use of standard cryptographic security techniques. Accordingly, the problem of state estimation in the presence of sensor and actuator attacks has attracted significant attention in the past. Unlike the existing work, in this paper, we consider the problem of attack-resilient state estimation in the presence of bounded-size noise. We focus on the most general model for sensor attacks where <italic>any</italic> signal can be injected via compromised sensors. Specifically, we present an <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l_0$</tex-math></inline-formula>-based state estimator that can be formulated as a mixed-integer linear program and its convex relaxation based on the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l_1$</tex-math></inline-formula> norm. For both attack-resilient state estimators, we derive rigorous analytic bounds on the state-estimation errors caused by the presence of noise. Our analysis shows that the worst-case error is linear with the size of the noise and, thus, the attacker cannot exploit the noise to introduce unbounded state-estimation errors. Finally, we show how the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l_0$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l_1$</tex-math></inline-formula>-based attack-resilient state estimators can be used for sound attack detection and identification; we provide conditions on the size of attack vectors that ensure correct identification of compromised sensors.
Object-Based Greenhouse Horticultural Crop Identification from Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery: A Case Study in Almeria, Spain

Greenhouse detection and mapping via remote sensing is a complex task, which has already been addressed in numerous studies. In this research, the innovative goal relies on the identification of greenhouse horticultural crops that were growing under plastic coverings on 30 September 2013. To this end, object-based image analysis (OBIA) and a decision tree classifier (DT) were applied to a set consisting of eight Landsat 8 OLI images collected from May to November 2013. Moreover, a single WorldView-2 satellite image acquired on 30 September 2013, was also used as a data source. In this approach, basic spectral information, textural features and several vegetation indices (VIs) derived from Landsat 8 and WorldView-2 multi-temporal satellite data were computed on previously segmented image objects in order to identify four of the most popular autumn crops cultivated under greenhouse in Almeria, Spain (i.e., tomato, pepper, cucumber and aubergine). The best classification accuracy (81.3% overall accuracy) was achieved by using the full set of Landsat 8 time series. These results were considered good in the case of tomato and pepper crops, being significantly worse for cucumber and aubergine. These results were hardly improved by adding the information of the WorldView-2 image. The most important information for correct classification of different crops under greenhouses was related to the greenhouse management practices and not the spectral properties of the crops themselves.
Effects of induced moods on economic choices

Emotions can shape decision processes by altering valuation signals, risk perception, and strategic orientation. Although multiple theories posit a role for affective processes in mediating the influence of frames on decision making, empirical studies have yet to demonstrate that manipulated affect modulates framing phenomena. The present study asked whether induced affective states alter gambling propensity and the influence of frames on decision making. In a between-subjects design, we induced mood (happy, sad, or neutral) in subjects (N=91) via films that were interleaved with the framing task. Happy mood induction increased gambling and apparently accentuated framing effects compared to sad mood induction, although the effect on framing could have resulted from the fact that the increased tendency to gamble made the framing measure more sensitive. Happy mood induction increased gambling, but not framing magnitude, compared to neutral mood induction. Subjects experiencing a sad mood induction did not exhibit behavioral differences from those experiencing a neutral mood. For those subjects who experienced the happy mood induction, both gambling propensity and framing magnitude were positively correlated with the magnitude of the change in their mood valence. We discuss the broader implications of mood effects on real-world economic decisions.
First records of Gastrotricha from South Africa, with description of a new species of Halichaetonotus (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae)

Abstract During a survey of the biota of the St. Lucia Estuary in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa, a number of Gastrotricha were found among samples of meiofauna. Fresh, marine sediment yielded several specimens belonging to a total of seven species. Of these, two are already known from other regions (i.e., Dactylopodola australiensis and Heteroxenotrichula squamosa), one is described as new to science (Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae sp. n.), while the remaining four (Pseudostomella sp., Halichaetonotus sp.1, Halichaetonotus sp. 2, Xenotrichula sp.) require further collections and analysis, in order to establish the extent of their affiliation to species already described. General appearance, shape of hydrofoil scale and the occurrence of three long spines on the dorsal side make the new species most closely related to Halichaetonotus australis and Halichaetonotus marivagus. The key differences from these taxa and between Halichaetonotus sanctaeluciae sp. n. and Halichaetonotus aculifer are discussed.
A test of the central–marginal hypothesis using population genetics and ecological niche modelling in an endemic salamander (Ambystoma barbouri)

The central–marginal hypothesis (CMH) predicts that population size, genetic diversity and genetic connectivity are highest at the core and decrease near the edges of species' geographic distributions. We provide a test of the CMH using three replicated core‐to‐edge transects that encompass nearly the entire geographic range of the endemic streamside salamander (Ambystoma barbouri). We confirmed that the mapped core of the distribution was the most suitable habitat using ecological niche modelling (ENM) and via genetic estimates of effective population sizes. As predicted by the CMH, we found statistical support for decreased genetic diversity, effective population size and genetic connectivity from core to edge in western and northern transects, yet not along a southern transect. Based on our niche model, habitat suitability is lower towards the southern range edge, presumably leading to conflicting core‐to‐edge genetic patterns. These results suggest that multiple processes may influence a species' distribution based on the heterogeneity of habitat across a species' range and that replicated sampling may be needed to accurately test the CMH. Our work also emphasizes the importance of identifying the geographic range core with methods other than using the Euclidean centre on a map, which may help to explain discrepancies among other empirical tests of the CMH. Assessing core‐to‐edge population genetic patterns across an entire species' range accompanied with ENM can inform our general understanding of the mechanisms leading to species' geographic range limits.
Prevalent genome streamlining and latitudinal divergence of planktonic bacteria in the surface ocean

Planktonic bacteria dominate surface ocean biomass and influence global biogeochemical processes, but remain poorly characterized owing to difficulties in cultivation. Using large-scale single cell genomics, we obtained insight into the genome content and biogeography of many bacterial lineages inhabiting the surface ocean. We found that, compared with existing cultures, natural bacterioplankton have smaller genomes, fewer gene duplications, and are depleted in guanine and cytosine, noncoding nucleotides, and genes encoding transcription, signal transduction, and noncytoplasmic proteins. These findings provide strong evidence that genome streamlining and oligotrophy are prevalent features among diverse, free-living bacterioplankton, whereas existing laboratory cultures consist primarily of copiotrophs. The apparent ubiquity of metabolic specialization and mixotrophy, as predicted from single cell genomes, also may contribute to the difficulty in bacterioplankton cultivation. Using metagenome fragment recruitment against single cell genomes, we show that the global distribution of surface ocean bacterioplankton correlates with temperature and latitude and is not limited by dispersal at the time scales required for nucleotide substitution to exceed the current operational definition of bacterial species. Single cell genomes with highly similar small subunit rRNA gene sequences exhibited significant genomic and biogeographic variability, highlighting challenges in the interpretation of individual gene surveys and metagenome assemblies in environmental microbiology. Our study demonstrates the utility of single cell genomics for gaining an improved understanding of the composition and dynamics of natural microbial assemblages.
Investigations on the External Forcings acting on the Convective Boundary Layer during the BLLAST Campaign by the CLASS Model

Using both observed and modelled datasets from the 2011 Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) campaign, the influence of large-scale forcings and surface heterogeneity is investigated for ten out of twelve Intensive Observational Periods (IOPs) in order to assist and facilitate future research on this unique data set. This includes a categorisation of the individual IOPs according to the importance of horizontal advection and subsidence, as well as the sensitivity of the Boundary Layer (BL) development during those days to the time of initialisation. This is accomplished through the use of the Chemistry Land-surface Atmosphere Soil Slab (CLASS) model which is based on Mixed Layer theory. The study shows that neglecting large-scale forcings leads to considerable deviations between observed and modelled key parameters, such as BL height or average values of temperature and humidity, in nearly all of the investigated IOPs. In this context, only the simulations for IOP08 provided comparable results. In addition, for six out of the twelve IOPs, meso-scale simulations with MesoNH are available, with a horizontal resolution of 400 m. It is found that upon incorporation of those large-scale forcings from MesoNH, the Mixed Layer Model (MLM) simulations for IOPs 05 & 06 capture the observed trends closely. Furthermore, a novel concept of an averaging “box” domain is introduced for the treatment of surface heterogeneity in MLM theory. Using this concept, it is discovered that the BLLAST campaign area
Chemoreceptor reflexes in preterm infants: II. The effect of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to inhaled carbon dioxide.

We studied nine "healthy" preterm infants (birthweight, 1,000 to 2,000 gm) 58 times during postnatal life to define the effects of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. The infants were given air and 2% and 4% carbon dioxide in air to breathe for five minutes each. We determined respiratory minute and tidal volumes, frequency,heart rate, and alveolar PCO2 and PO2. We measured ventilation with a nosepiece and a screen flowmeter, using a constant flow-through to eliminate valves and reduce diad space. Analysis were made during the fifth minute while the baby breathed the various gas mistures. The slope of the carbon dioxide response increased 42% from 32 to 37 weeks gestation (P smaller than .05) and 62% from 2 to 27 days of age (P smaller than. 025). However, the intercept at . 3 liter/min/kg was the same at different gestational ages, but significantly greater at 2 compared with 27 days of age (P smaller than.05). We sugest that the unresposiveness primarily dependent on the mechanical abnormalities of the lung.
[Immunological studies of the runting syndrome in rats inoculated with Friend virus].

While rats given neonatal injections of high doses of Friend virus grew up as apparently normal rats (Friend virus-tolerant rats), most rats given low neonatal doses of Friend virus died from the development of the runting syndrome (runted rats). At the transplantation of Friend virus-induced tumor (WFT-3), all tolerant rats died from the growth of the WFT-3 cells, while some of the rats that had escaped the runting syndrome rejected the WFT-3 transplants. The cytotoxic antibody to Friend virus-specific cells surface antigen was not detectable in the Friend virus-tolerant rats but was detected in all the runted rats. The titer of the antibody detected reached its highest level from 7 to 10 days before the death of the runted rats. The runting syndrome was induced by the transfer of syngeneic immune or normal lymphoid cells and also by the transfer of runted lymphoid cells into the Friend virus-tolerant rats. The appearance of Friend virus-specific transplantation antigen in rats infected with Friend virus was proved by the method of local graft- versus -host reaction. These experiments demonstrate that the pathogenesis of the runting syndrome induced in rats by Friend virus consists of continuous reactions between the cells that have acquired Friend virus-specific transplantation antigen and the immunologically competent cells of the host.
Brain Regions Involved in the Perception of Gaze: A PET Study

Mutual gaze may be described as a psychological process during which two persons have the feeling of a brief link between their two minds. In the monkey, specific cell assemblies in the superior temporal cortex of the brain are responsive to gaze. This suggests that the brain may have evolved mechanisms for interpreting direct eye contact. These mechanisms could depend on the activation of specific brain regions. Positron emission tomography was used to measure activity in brain regions in healthy volunteers while they were looking at faces featuring, respectively, eye contact, averted gaze, or no gaze. As expected a region known to be involved in face processing was found to be activated in the ventral occipito-temporal region, especially in the right hemisphere. Averted gaze and mutual gaze triggered blood flow responses in similar areas which were different from those involved in face processing. These areas included the occipital part of the fusiform gyrus, the right parietal lobule, the right inferior temporal gyrus, and the middle temporal gyrus in both hemispheres. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that perception of eyes regardless of the direction of the gaze is subserved by a distributed network. However, no conclusive evidence was found for specific area(s) devoted to mutual gaze processing.
Endothelium‐Derived Hyperpolarization and Coronary Vasodilation: Diverse and Integrated Roles of Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Gap Junctions

Myocardial perfusion and coronary vascular resistance are regulated by signaling metabolites released from the local myocardium that act either directly on the VSMC or indirectly via stimulation of the endothelium. A prominent mechanism of vasodilation is EDH of the arteriolar smooth muscle, with EETs and H2O2 playing important roles in EDH in the coronary microcirculation. In some cases, EETs and H2O2 are released as transferable hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) that act directly on the VSMCs. By contrast, EETs and H2O2 can also promote endothelial KCa activity secondary to the amplification of extracellular Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores, respectively. The resulting endothelial hyperpolarization may subsequently conduct to the media via myoendothelial gap junctions or potentially lead to the release of a chemically distinct factor(s). Furthermore, in human isolated coronary arterioles dilator signaling involving EETs and H2O2 may be integrated, being either complimentary or inhibitory depending on the stimulus. With an emphasis on the human coronary microcirculation, this review addresses the diverse and integrated mechanisms by which EETs and H2O2 regulate vessel tone and also examines the hypothesis that myoendothelial microdomain signaling facilitates EDH activity in the human heart.
Word Triggers and the EM Algorithm

In this paper, we study the use of so-called word trigger pairs to improve an existing language model, which is typically a trigram model in combination with a cache component. A word trigger pair is defined as a long-distance word pair. We present two methods to select the most significant single word trigger pairs. The selected trigger pairs are used in a combined model where the interpolation parameters and trigger interaction parameters are trained by the EM algorithm.
Intranasal Delivery of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells: A Noninvasive Passage to Target Intracerebral Glioma

Stem cell‐based therapies for neurological disorders, including brain tumors, advance continuously toward clinical trials. Optimized cell delivery to the central nervous system remains a challenge since direct intracerebral injection is an invasive method with low transplantation efficiency. We investigated the feasibility of intranasal administration of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) as an alternative, noninvasive, and direct passage for the delivery of stem cells to target malignant gliomas. Tumor‐targeting and migratory pathways of murine and human NSPCs were investigated by intravital magnetic resonance imaging and in histological time course analyses in the intracerebral U87, NCE‐G55T2, and syngenic Gl261 glioblastoma models. Intranasally administered NSPCs displayed a rapid, targeted tumor tropism with significant numbers of NSPCs accumulating specifically at the intracerebral glioma site within 6 hours after intranasal delivery. Histological time series analysis revealed that NSPCs migrated within the first 24 hours mainly via olfactory pathways but also by systemic distribution via the microvasculature of the nasal mucosa. Intranasal application of NSPCs leads to a rapid, targeted migration of cells toward intracerebral gliomas. The directional distribution of cells accumulating intra‐ and peritumorally makes the intranasal delivery of NSPCs a promising noninvasive and convenient alternative delivery method for the treatment of malignant gliomas with the possibility of multiple dosing regimens.
Do Native Parasitic Plants Cause More Damage to Exotic Invasive Hosts Than Native Non-Invasive Hosts? An Implication for Biocontrol

Field studies have shown that native, parasitic plants grow vigorously on invasive plants and can cause more damage to invasive plants than native plants. However, no empirical test has been conducted and the mechanism is still unknown. We conducted a completely randomized greenhouse experiment using 3 congeneric pairs of exotic, invasive and native, non-invasive herbaceous plant species to quantify the damage caused by parasitic plants to hosts and its correlation with the hosts' growth rate and resource use efficiency. The biomass of the parasitic plants on exotic, invasive hosts was significantly higher than on congeneric native, non-invasive hosts. Parasites caused more damage to exotic, invasive hosts than to congeneric, native, non-invasive hosts. The damage caused by parasites to hosts was significantly positively correlated with the biomass of parasitic plants. The damage of parasites to hosts was significantly positively correlated with the relative growth rate and the resource use efficiency of its host plants. It may be the mechanism by which parasitic plants grow more vigorously on invasive hosts and cause more damage to exotic, invasive hosts than to native, non-invasive hosts. These results suggest a potential biological control effect of native, parasitic plants on invasive species by reducing the dominance of invasive species in the invaded community.
Activation and co‐ordination of InsP3‐mediated elementary Ca2+ events during global Ca2+ signals in Xenopus oocytes

1 The activation of elementary calcium release events (‘puffs’) and their co‐ordination to generate calcium waves was studied in Xenopus oocytes by confocal linescan imaging together with photorelease of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (InsP3) from a caged precursor. 2 Weak photolysis flashes evoked no responses or isolated calcium puffs, whereas flashes of increasing strength evoked more frequent puffs, often occurring in flurries as abortive waves, and then a near‐simultaneous calcium liberation originating at multiple sites. The numbers of sites activated increased initially as about the fourth power of photoreleased [InsP3]. 3 Following repeated, identical photolysis flashes, puffs arose after stochastically varying latencies of a few hundred milliseconds to several seconds. The cumulative number of events initially increased as about the third power of time. No rise in free [Ca2+] was detected preceding the puffs, suggesting that this co‐operativity arises through binding of multiple InsP3 molecules, rather than through calcium feedback. 4 The mean latency to onset of calcium liberation shortened as about the square of the flash strength, and the dispersion in latencies between events reduced correspondingly. 5 Weak stimuli often evoked coupled puffs involving adjacent sites, and stronger flashes evoked saltatory calcium waves, propagating with non‐constant velocity. During waves, [Ca2+] rose slowly between puff sites, but more abruptly at active sites following an initial diffusive rise in calcium. 6 Initial rates of rise of local [Ca2+] at release sites were similar during puffs and release induced by much (> 10‐fold) greater [InsP3]. In contrast, macroscopic calcium measurements averaged over the scan line showed a graded dependence of rate of calcium liberation upon [InsP3], due to recruitment of additional sites and decreasing dispersion in activation latencies. 7 We conclude that the initiation of calcium liberation depends co‐operatively upon [InsP3] whereas the subsequent regenerative increase in calcium flux depends upon local calcium feedback and is largely independent of [InsP3]. Wave propagation is consistent with the diffusive spread of calcium evoking regenerative liberation at heterogeneous discrete sites, the sensitivity of which is primed by InsP3.
Performance Characteristics of an Independent Dose Verification Program for Helical Tomotherapy

Helical tomotherapy with its advanced method of intensity-modulated radiation therapy delivery has been used clinically for over 20 years. The standard delivery quality assurance procedure to measure the accuracy of delivered radiation dose from each treatment plan to a phantom is time-consuming. RadCalc®, a radiotherapy dose verification software, has released specifically for beta testing a module for tomotherapy plan dose calculations. RadCalc®'s accuracy for tomotherapy dose calculations was evaluated through examination of point doses in ten lung and ten prostate clinical plans. Doses calculated by the TomoHDA™ tomotherapy treatment planning system were used as the baseline. For lung cases, RadCalc® overestimated point doses in the lung by an average of 13%. Doses within the spinal cord and esophagus were overestimated by 10%. Prostate plans showed better agreement, with overestimations of 6% in the prostate, bladder, and rectum. The systematic overestimation likely resulted from limitations of the pencil beam dose calculation algorithm implemented by RadCalc®. Limitations were more severe in areas of greater inhomogeneity and less prominent in regions of homogeneity with densities closer to 1 g/cm3. Recommendations for RadCalc® dose calculation algorithms and anatomical representation were provided based on the results of the study.