Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cost Shifting in California Hospitals: What Is the Effect on Private Payers?

Executive summary The extent to which health care providers cost shift-increase the price or markup charged to one group of patients in response to a decrease in another group's price or markup-has been the subject of extensive and long-standing policy debates. In practice, cost shifting means that purchasers of private health insurance effectively pay a "tax" in order to finance the care of patients who are uninsured or covered by public insurance programs such as Medicare or Medicaid. Despite the importance of this issue, the existing literature on cost shifting has significant limitations. Only two studies investigate the extent of cost shifting from the uninsured, and these have fundamental weaknesses. No study has yet analyzed the most recent data from California hospitals, to investigate whether cost shifting in the State has intensified or moderated in the 2000s. This paper reviews the existing empirical literature on cost shifting and provides new estimates of the extent of hospital cost shifting in California. It uses hospital-level data from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) from 2000 to 2005 to estimate how the markups hospitals earn on Medicare, Medicaid, and indigent patients affect their markup on patients with a private payer, holding other characteristics of hospitals and their market environment constant. The paper reports two key findings: • Cost shifting from Medicare and MediCal is substantial. If, in 2005, the revenues for every California hospital's Medicare and MediCal patients would have been sufficient to cover these patients' costs, then private-payer patients' revenue-to-cost ratio would have declined by 10.8 percentage points, from 1.309 to 1.201. • Cost shifting from the uninsured is minimal. If, in 2005, the revenues for every California hospital's indigent patients would have been sufficient to cover these patients' costs, then private-payer patients' revenue-to-cost ratio would have declined by 1.4 percentage points, from 1.309 to 1.295. These findings have several implications for current policy debates. State health policy reforms that seek to cover the currently uninsured are unlikely to lead to significant reductions in private insurance premiums, at least due to decreases in cost shifting. In contrast, increases in public-program reimbursement rates could have an economically important impact on premiums.
Effect of Post Material and Length on Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Premolars: An In-Vitro Study

Background: Endodontically treated teeth with posts are more prone to fracture. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the in-vitro fracture resistance of devitalized teeth and mode of failure restored with posts of different materials and different lengths. Materials and Methods: Sixty freshly extracted human mandibular premolars were endodontically treated and then restored with 1 of 2 prefabricated posts: Stainless-steel (SS) and glass-fiber (fiber posts [FP]) with intraradicular lengths of 4, 5 or 10 mm (n = 10). Following core restoration, a static compressive load was applied perpendicular to the long-axis of the teeth. Initial failure of each specimen was recorded in Newton. The mode of failure was also determined radiographically. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni adjustment. Results: Analysis indicated significant differences (P < 0.001) among the groups. Among the SS posts, SS/7 (246 N) exhibited the highest failure load and SS/4 (122 N) the lowest. FP/10 (140.5 N) exhibited the highest failure load among the FP and FP/4 (68.5 N) the lowest. SS posts showed post pull out, followed by core fracture while FP showed core debonding, followed by core fracture as the primary mode of failure. Conclusion: Fracture resistance of the teeth proportionately increased with increase in the length of FP while it decreased with that of metal post. SS posts showed greater fracture resistance than FP when 90° load was applied.
HUBUNGAN KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU DAN KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL DENGAN STRES KERJA PADA PETUGAS PENJAGAAN (SIPIR) DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN (LAPAS) KLAS IIA WANITA SEMARANG

Each profession has a different pressure in the work , which in turn creates a level of job stress itself. One profession that can lead to job stress is guarding officer ( warden ) Women's prison in prisons . Warden on duty to maintain and foster the offenders the amount that should have been 186 but overall there are 269 inmates were prisoners and detainees is a woman with the characteristics (age and time served ) and different properties , thus allowing the emergence of job stress on the warden . The purpose of this research is to know the relation of characteristics of individual and interpersonal communication with work stres on the warden at correctional institutions (Lapas) Klas IIA Women Semarang.This researchwas anexplanatory research usedcross sectional approach. The sample inthis study were 30 warders.Chi Square was used to analyse the data.The results was used fisher’s exact test, there was a significant relationship between agewithwork stress(p-value = 0,003), there was a significant relationship between gender with work stress (p-value = 0,025), there was a significant relationship between wroking period with work stress (p-value = 0,002). However, there was no significant relationship between interpersonal communication withwork stress(p-value=1,000). It is recommended that the lapas should have a fitness program ( sports such as morning exercise) minumal regular basis once a week is required for the guards.
Extension in Sub-Saharan Africa: Overview and Assessment of Past and Current Models, and Future Prospects

This paper describes the role of agricultural extension in sub-Saharan Africa, and gives a typology for types of extension, which includes the basic forms of public top-down, participatory, and private. An overview of the evidence base for successes or failures of various models is given, which shows that evidence has been mixed on some of the major extension models in SSA, and that it is difficult to show impact for extension. There is also a lack of evidence on some of the newer models, extension reforms, and pluralistic models that involve many different extension providers. In general, though, problems in extension systems were due to a combination of a lack of relevant technology, failure by research and extension to understand and involve clientele in problem definition and solving, lack of incentives for extension agents, and weak linkages between extension, research, and farmers. The current status of extension in various sub-Saharan African countries is assessed, and new models are discussed. A framework for designing and analyzing extension systems is briefly described. Finally, future prospects for extension in sub-Saharan Africa are discussed.
CONTRIBUTIONS CYP 1 A 1 , Cigarette Smoking , and Colon and Rectal Cancer

Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) is involved in the activation and metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco products. The authors evaluated the association of two polymorphisms in the CYP1A1 gene—the noncoding MspI polymorphism in the 3′-untranslated region and the Ile462Val polymorphism in exon 7—with colon and rectal cancer. The authors used data from two incident case-control studies of colon cancer (1,026 cases and 1,185 controls) and rectal cancer (820 cases and 1,036 controls) conducted in California and Utah (1991–2002). CYP1A1 genotype was not associated with colon or rectal cancer. Having GSTM1 present, a CYP1A1 variant allele, and the rapid-acetylator NAT2 imputed phenotype was associated with increased risk of colon cancer (odds ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 2.3). Among men, the greatest colon cancer risk was observed for having any CYP1A1 variant allele and currently smoking (odds ratio = 2.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.3, 4.8; Wald χ2 test: p < 0.01). Assessment of GSTM1 and CYP1A1 and rectal cancer in men showed a twofold elevation in risk for more than 20 pack-years of smoking, except among those with GSTM1 present who had a variant CYP1A1 allele. These data support the association between smoking and colon and rectal cancer. Smoking may have a greater impact on colorectal cancer risk based on CYP1A1 genotype; this might further be modified by GSTM1 for rectal cancer risk.
Irrelevant Stimulus Processing When Switching Between Tasks

Frequent switching between two tasks afforded by the same stimuli is associated with between-task congruency effects, that is, relatively impaired performance when a stimulus affords different responses as compared to the same responses in both tasks. These congruency effects indicate some form of application of the stimulus-response (S-R) rules of the currently irrelevant task. Between-task congruency effects are usually enhanced on task switch trials compared with task repetition trials. Here we investigate whether this interaction reflects stronger proactive interference from the irrelevant task on switch trials or whether performance on switch trials is characterized by generally enhanced susceptibility to task-irrelevant information processing. To this end, we contrasted between-task congruency effects with interference exerted from flanker stimuli taken from the current task (Experiment 1) and from spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC; Experiment 2). In both experiments, between-task congruency effects were larger on switch trials than on repetition trials, whereas interference from the other source remained constant, thus demonstrating that switch trials are not characterized by generally increased distractibility.
Evolving Exact Decompilation

—We introduce a novel technique for C decompilation that provides the correctness guarantees and readability properties essential for accurate and efﬁcient binary analysis. Given a binary executable, an evolutionary search seeks a combination of source code excerpts from a “big code” database that can be recompiled to an executable that is byte-equivalent to the original binary. Byte-equivalence ensures that a successful decompilation fully reproduces the behavior, both intended and unintended, of the original binary. Moreover, the decompiled source is typically more readable than source obtained with existing decompilers, since it is generated from human-written source code excerpts. We present experimental results demonstrating the promise of this novel, general, and powerful approach to decompilation.
Chapter 2 Epstein-Barr Virus : Clinical Diagnostics

The vast majority of the human adult population is infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and the majority of the EBV-infected individuals tolerates the infection well, without any further symptoms after primary infection. In cases of individuals which undergo primary infection in the form of an infectious mononucleosis, or which have undergone primary infection in their past, it is sometimes important to appraise symptomatic disease or differentiate infectious mononucleosis from other conditions. In these cases, serological methods, i.e., immunofluorescence, ELISA, or Western blot, are the methods of choice to come to an unequivocal diagnostic conclusion, while the detection and quantification of viral DNA through PCR
Discrimination by Gender and Social Distance

We examine experimentally how a person's generosity depends on the sex of that person, on the sex of the person who is the target of the generous act, and on the degree of anonymity between the interacting parties. In our data fewer men than women give non-zero amounts; men receive less than women; and less is given when subjects receive money publicly on stage than when payments are private. The results shed light on gender-related selfishness and discrimination, and suggest that it may be problematic to organize experimental findings in terms of social distance.
Estratégias competitivas genéricas nas empresas comerciais varejistas de shopping centers: um estudo a partir do modelo de Porter

Os shoppingcenters sao grandes instituicoes repletas de empresas quecompetem entre si formas de como melhor satisfazer as necessidade dosclientes. Sendo assim, cada empresa utiliza-se de estrategias com o intuito deatingir a maior parcela de compradores possiveis sem comprometer suaexistencia e sua vantagem competitiva. Este estudo esta baseado na teoria dasestrategias competitivas genericas de Porter (1980; 1985) o qual estabeleceem seu modelo que todas as empresas existentes no mercado possuam pelomenos uma das tres abordagens estrategicas (diferenciacao, lideranca emcusto e enfoque). Desta forma, este trabalho identifica de que maneira estadistribuida as estrategia competitiva nas empresas de shoppingcenters deNatal/RN. Primeiramente buscou-se levantar a relacao das estrategias destasempresas com a teoria proposta por Porter (1985) e sua alocacao de acordocom os agrupamentos resultantes da combinacao das estrategias. Nestemomento, foram aplicados questionarios com 89 gerentes de lojas de shoppingcenters que resultou apos analises estatisticas em cinco agrupamentos comabordagens validas. Em seguida foram selecionadas as empresas quepossuiam maior afinidade com cada agrupamento e que melhor representavamos resultados dispostos em cinco clustersacerca da teoria proposta e nestaamostragem foi aplicada entrevista com os gerentes. Os resultados obtidos com as entrevistas validaram a analise dos dados encontrados nosquestionarios anteriormente aplicados estando em conformidade com aproposta teoria. Identificou-se tambem duas modalidades de empresas queutilizavam simultaneamente mais de uma estrategia competitiva (meio-termo),sendo uma dentro e outra fora do modelo proposto pelo autor. Embora omodelo das estrategias competitivas genericas tenha sido instituido comaspectos voltados as organizacoes industriais, os resultados obtidos nestetrabalho validaram a aplicacao desta teoria em empresas comercias deshopping centers que vem se adequando para obter resultados financeirosmais satisfatorios e melhor posicionamento em relacao a concorrencia
A Potential Compensatory Role of Panx3 in the VNO of a Panx1 Knock Out Mouse Model

Pannexins (Panx) are integral membrane proteins, with Panx1 being the best-characterized member of the protein family. Panx1 is implicated in sensory processing, and knockout (KO) animal models have become the primary tool to investigate the role(s) of Panx1 in sensory systems. Extending previous work from our group on primary olfaction, the expression patterns of Panxs in the vomeronasal organ (VNO), an auxiliary olfactory sense organ with a role in reproduction and social behavior, were compared. Using qRT-PCR and Immunohistochemistry (IHC), we confirmed the loss of Panx1, found similar Panx2 expression levels in both models, and a significant upregulation of Panx3 in mice with a global ablation of Panx1. Specifically, Panx3 showed upregulated expression in nerve fibers of the non-sensory epithelial layer in juvenile and adult KO mice and in the sensory layer of adults, which overlaps with Panx1 expression areas in WT populations. Since both social behavior and evoked ATP release in the VNO was not compromised in KO animals, we hypothesized that Panx3 could compensate for the loss of Panx1. This led us to compare Panx1 and Panx3 channels in vitro, demonstrating similar dye uptake and ATP release properties. Outcomes of this study strongly suggest that Panx3 may functionally compensate for the loss of Panx1 in the VNO of the olfactory system, ensuring sustained chemosensory processing. This finding extends previous reports on the upregulation of Panx3 in arterial walls and the skin of Panx1 KO mice, suggesting that roles of Panx1 warrant uncharacterized safeguarding mechanisms involving Panx3.
Subthreshold Amyloid Predicts Tau Deposition in Aging

Current approaches to the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rely upon classifying individuals as “positive” or “negative” for biomarkers related to the core pathology of β-amyloid (Aβ). However, the accumulation of Aβ begins slowly, years before biomarkers become abnormal. We used longitudinal [11C] Pittsburgh Compound B PET scanning and neuropsychological assessment to investigate the earliest changes in AD pathology and how it affects memory in cognitively normal older humans (N = 71; mean age 75 years; 35% male). We used [18F] AV-1451 PET scanning at the end of the observation period to measure subsequent tau deposition in a subset of our sample (N = 37). We found evidence for an inverted-U relationship between baseline Aβ levels and Aβ slope in asymptomatic older adults, suggesting a slowing of Aβ accumulation even in cognitively normal adults. In participants who were nominally amyloid negative, both the rate of amyloid accumulation and the baseline levels of Aβ predicted early tau deposition in cortical Braak regions associated with AD. Amyloid measures were only sensitive to memory decline as baseline levels of Aβ increased, suggesting that pathological accumulation occurs before impacting memory. These findings support the necessity of early intervention with amyloid-lowering therapies even in those who are amyloid negative. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The progressive nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) necessitates the earliest possible detection of pathological or cognitive change if disease progression is to be slowed. We examined cognitively normal older adults in whom AD pathology is starting to develop, with the goal of early detection of AD pathology or cognitive changes. We found amyloid measures to be sensitive early on in predicting subsequent early tau deposition. Further, it appears that rates of amyloid accumulation already begin to slow in preclinical AD, suggesting that it is a relatively late stage of AD progression. Thus, it is crucial to examine older adults early, before amyloid levels have saturated, to intervene to slow disease progression.
56-Gb/s VSB-PAM-4 over 80-km Using 1550-nm EA-DFB Laser and Reduced-Complexity Nonlinear Equalization

Enabled by vestigial sideband modulation (VSB) and low-complexity nonlinear equalization, 28-GBaud PAM-4 is demonstrated using electro-absorption modulated laser and pin-photodiode at 80-km of standard single-mode fiber. The proposed scheme targets low-cost solutions for data-center interconnects and extended-reach 400GbE links.
A Multicultural View of Conflict Management Styles: Review and Critical Synthesis

This chapter reviews the literature on conflict management and critically analyzes it from a cultural point of view. Cross-cultural conflict style theorists have accepted Blake and Mouton’s (1964) two-dimensional framework without due caution, and they invariably cite that framework as the basis for their own work. Given the general assumption of the desirability of direct confrontation of conflicts, it is not surprising that researchers have conceptualized avoidance styles as reflective of low concern for self as well as for the other. This assumption is taken so much for granted in individualist cultures that it has rarely been stated explicitly. The individualist assumption that overt conflict resolution is better than avoidance has led to a focus on only certain aspects of conflict resolution and has resulted in ignorance about, or misinterpretation of, alternative conflict management styles. The authors propose a framework for explaining why people of different cultural identities tend to approach and manage conflict situations differently. The model suggests that interdependents’ tendency to avoid conflict can be explained by their desire to preserve relational harmony and their motivation to save others’ face. Furthermore, the authors suggest that bicultural individuals are likely to be more flexible and effective than culture-typed individuals (individualist or collectivist) in dealing with conflict situations. The review concludes with suggestions for avenues for future research and some practical implications.
Video game interventions to improve cognition in older adults

VIDEO GAME INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE COGNITION IN OLDER ADULTS David E. Marra, B.S. Marquette University, 2016 Cognitive abilities decline as part of the normal aging process. Various nonpharmacological interventions are being studied in an effort to ameliorate this cognitive decline. Some of these interventions include computerized cognitive training, such as neuropsychological software (i.e., brain training games) and video games. This study sought to determine if a visual art intervention, a relatively unstudied but potentially beneficial intervention, would elicit cognitive gains. Twenty-five individuals (Mage = 86, Meducation = 16.2) were quasi-randomly assigned to an experimental digital art intervention, Art AcademyTM, or an active control condition, TetrisTM. Participants played their assigned game at least twenty minutes per day for six weeks. Comprehensive neuropsychological assessments were administered before and after the intervention. Outcome measures were in the form of residualized change scores were calculated by regressing the pre-test scores onto the post-test scores to reduce effects of baseline and other non-treatment factors. Compared to the Tetris group, the digital art group improved on aspects of a listlearning test, visual memory test, a scanning and sequencing task, a psychomotor task, a mental rotation task, and a composite score of all cognitive change (Total Change Score). The TetrisTM group improved on a math fluency task, and both groups improved on the delayed recall of a story memory task. However, the Art AcademyTM group also engaged in the intervention for significantly more minutes of overall play time than the Tetris group, potentially confounding the results. Two groups were created via a median split based on the duration of gameplay: High Gameplay and Low Gameplay. The High Gameplay group showed greater improvement on visual memory, verbal memory, a measure of executive functioning, as well as the Total Change Score. The study suggests that playing a digital art video game could be a viable intervention to improve cognitive functioning in older adults. However, future research is also needed because the confounding of total gameplay time with group, a metric that other studies rarely report, precludes strong conclusions about the specific training effects.
Two Centuries of Glass Research: Historical Trends, Current Status, and Grand Challenges for the Future

The field of glass science and technology has a remarkable history spanning about two centuries of research. In this article, we analyze the number of research papers and patents related to glassy and amorphous materials in the published literature. The publication rate has increased roughly exponentially since 1945. Within the most recent decade, China has become the clear dominant player in the global glass research community, while the publication rate has declined in many of the historically most prolific countries. Oxide glasses, metallic glasses, amorphous carbon, and amorphous silicon have drawn the most research attention overall and are still given the greatest focus today. Publication data are also analyzed in terms of the properties under study, author keywords, affiliation, and primary characterization techniques. We find that the level of published (fundamental) glass research from industrial laboratories has dropped significantly, despite the opportunities for new breakthroughs to solve some of the most challenging problems facing the world today. But, surprisingly, the number of patents issued worldwide has surpassed the number of published scientific articles, indicating a very high level of activity in technological research.