Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
He Who Eats Alone Will Die Alone? An Exploratory Study of the Meanings of the Food of Celebration

ABSTRACT Every meal and every drink present in the human diet carries with it symbolic meanings. In this exploratory study, 29 women were interviewed about the practices and meanings of special family meals. What is changing? What remains? What is new is food's association with health, illnesses, and other risks. What is old is the history, the several social and cultural meanings of food consumer behavior. For the interviewees, meals still seem to be essential to unite the family and establish social bonds. In spite of technological developments and the convenience of foods, the study suggests that the family meal and the celebration of food will persist because they are events that bring people together. RESUMEN. En la actual dieta humana, cada comida y cada bebida llevan embutidos significados simbólicos. En este estudio exploratorio, se entrevistó a 29 mujeres sobre las prácticas y comida familiares especiales. ¿Qué está cambiando? ¿Qué es lo que resta? Lo que hay de nuevo es la asociación de los alimentos con la comida, la salud, enfermedad y otros riesgos. Lo antiguo, es su historia, los distintos significados socioculturales del comportamiento del consumidor respecto a la comida. Para el entrevistado, las comidas parecen ser una forma de vital importancia para unir a la familia y establecer bonos sociales. A pesar de los logros alcanzados con el desarrollo tecnológicoy la conveniencia de las comidas, el estudio sugiere que la comida familiar y la celebración de los alimentos continúa, porque hay muchos eventos que reúnen a las personas. RESUMO. Cada comida e cada bebida do cardápio humano contěm significados simbólicos. Neste estudo exploratório, 29 mulheres foram entrevistadas a respeito da prática e dos significados das comidas especiais da família. O que tem mudado? O que permanece? O que há de novo é a associação do alimento com a saúde, as doenças e outros riscos. A história dos diversos significados sócio-culturais do comportamento do consumidor de alimentos é antiga. De acordo com as entrevistadas, a refeição parece ser fundamental para unir a família e estabelecer relações sociais. Apesar do desenvolvimento tecnológico e da necessidade do alimento, o estudo sugere que a refeição familiar e a celebração do ali-mento persistirão, porque são ocasiões que reúnem as pessoas.
Gender Differences in Living Skills and Global Assessment of Functioning Among Outpatients with Schizophrenia

Objective: The aims of this paper are to study skills in personal and domestic activities, and their associations with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale scores among outpatients with schizophrenia, and to study the impact of depressive mood on functional capacity in schizophrenia. Method: Three hundred and two outpatients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia completed the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a questionnaire relating to their sociodemographic characteristics, and living and working conditions. Staff members completed the GAF scale and a questionnaire relating to the patient's medical history and current treatment. This questionnaire also included the staff's assessments on patient's skills in six personal or domestic activities (personal hygiene, homemaking, management of financial affairs, shopping, decision-making, getting about). Results: Fifty-six percent of men and 33% of women (p < 0.001) with schizophrenia did not have independent skills in at least one personal or domestic activity but there was no difference in the mean GAF score between men and women. In men, the GAF score was independently and positively associated with all living skills studied and in women with homemaking, management of financial affairs, and decision-making, respectively. The BDI scores were not independently associated with functioning in personal and domestic activities except with getting about in women. Conclusions: The GAF scale is a simple and time-saving measure for assessing overall living skills among outpatients with schizophrenia. However, assessments on the GAF scale may be biased towards poor functioning in women. Moreover, psychosocial functioning and depression should be evaluated separately.
Autochthonous mouse models for prostate cancer: past, present and future.

Prostate cancer continues to be the second leading cancer related death among men. In order to more fully develop effective prevention and intervention strategies for this prevalent disease, the underlying molecular mechanisms of initiation, progression and metastatic spread must be understood. To this end mouse models have an essential role in prostate cancer research in that they can closely mimic the pathological and biochemical features of the disease. In this review we discuss the history of autochthonous murine models of prostate cancer, the essentials of the idealized mouse model for prostate cancer and speculate on approaches towards this goal.
Should Poverty Measures Be Anchored to the National Accounts

If one replaces average consumption from India's National Sample Surveys with private consumption per capita from the National Accounts, while retaining the survey-based distributions, then one finds a faster rate of poverty reduction in the 1990s. However, the case made for this method of measuring poverty is questionable on many counts. There do appear to be problems in the poverty data for India in the 1990s, but this step is unlikely to solve them.
Preannouncing Competitive Decisions in Oligopoly Markets

We examine a duopolistic setting in which firms can preannounce their future competitive decisions before they actually implement them. We show that there is a unique equilibrium in which both firms preannounce and overstate their future actions when uncertainty of demand is low. We find that firms choose higher real actions than the ones they would choose in the absence of preannouncements. Moreover, the real actions of both firms are single-peaked functions of their credibility. In a Cournot market, firms face a prisoner's dilemma in which preannouncing lowers firms' profits. If firms could commit not to preannounce, they would remain silent. In a Bertrand market, firms overstate their future actions to foster collusion.
College Readiness and the Potentially Overlapping Outcomes of Community College Entrants. Policy Research IERC 2012-3.

With open enrollment and comprehensive missions, community colleges provide opportunities for postsecondary education to a wide variety of students who enroll for myriad reasons (American Association of Community Colleges, 2012; Bailey, Calcagno, Jenkins, Kienzl, & Leinbach, 2005; Bryant, 2001). The inclusive nature of American community colleges is intended to facilitate equality of higher educational opportunity (Anderson, Alfonso, & Sun, 2006; Dougherty, 1994). Yet, given the diverse goals and interests of community college students, explaining their postsecondary educational outcomes remains a complicated task. The challenge in explaining postsecondary outcomes is especially acute in the current policy environment that focuses on degree completion with traditional reporting mechanisms that do not account for transfer as a student outcome.
Sources of value creation in acquisitions: An empirical investigation

This study provides a conceptual framework and an empirical methodology to assess the relative importance of different sources of value creation in acquisitions. The empirical results indicate that value creation in related acquisitions is associated with economic efficiencies hypothesized to arise both from economies of scale and scope and from operating efficiencies, and with market power. In unrelated acquisition, where such efficiencies are not expected to be present, value creation occurs nevertheless and is associated with the coinsurance effect. Finally, it is shown that financial diversification effects do not play a role in value creation in either type of acquisition.
CYP2D6 Phenotyping Using Urine, Plasma, and Saliva Metabolic Ratios to Assess the Impact of CYP2D6∗10 on Interindividual Variation in a Chinese Population

Purpose: Asian populations have around 40–60% frequency of reduced function allele CYP2D6∗10 compared to 1–2% in Caucasian populations. The wide range of CYP2D6 enzyme activities in subjects with the CYP2D6∗10 variant is a big concern for clinical practice. The quantitative analysis measuring the impact of CYP2D6 enzyme activity as a result of one CYP2D6∗10 allele or two CYP2D6∗10 alleles has not been reported in large Asian populations. Methods: A total of 421 healthy Chinese subjects were genotyped for CYP2D6 by polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing. A total of 235 subjects with CYP2D6∗1/∗1 (n = 22), CYP2D6∗1/∗10 (n = 93), CYP2D6∗10/∗10 (n = 85), and CYP2D6∗5/∗10 (n = 35) were phenotyped for CYP2D6 using dextromethorphan as the probe drug. Metabolic ratios (MR) were calculated as the ratio of parent drug to metabolite in 0–3 h urine, 3 h plasma, and 3 h saliva for each sample type. Results: The urinary, plasma, or salivary MRs increased successively in subjects with CYP2D6∗1/∗1, ∗1/∗10, ∗10/∗10, and ∗5/∗10 (all P < 0.001). In the normal metabolizer group, homozygous CYP2D6∗10/∗10 decreased the CYP2D6 enzyme activity further than heterozygous CYP2D6∗1/∗10. Urinary, plasma, and salivary MRs were highly correlated. Conclusion: The normal metabolizer group calls for a more detailed classification. The activity score system could more accurately predict enzyme activity than by grouping a number of genotypes into a single phenotype group. Single-point plasma samples and saliva samples could be used as alternative phenotyping methods for clinical convenience.
Governance Structures and Decision Making in Russian Higher Education Institutions

The key research and education policy decisions made by institutions of higher education are determined by the governance model in place. Classifying such models and analyzing their basic characteristics, along with studying how a particular model determines behavior in the educational market, are becoming key elements in analyzing an institution’s strategy. This is necessary to understand how a higher education institution should be organized to achieve certain goals. From our point of view, each model is characterized by a specifi c structure of the transaction costs encountered by various stakeholders within the institution. Trying to minimize these costs, the institution selects the model that is best suited for its market segment, external market conditions, and the resources at its disposal. To a signifi cant extent, governance structures determine how decisions are made, who makes them and for what
The Mosella of Ausonius

‘A prodigious memory, a facile talent for versification, a cheerful and kindly optimism, and an avoidance of all that was serious or profound or disquieting’ – so Professor Robert Browning not unjustly sums up the poetic character of Decimus Magnus Ausonius. He was a professor of Latin, and it shows in his work. That is not surprising, since it was on his professional and professorial skill as teacher and rhetorician that his whole career was founded. It was by displaying proficiency in Latin Prose and Verse Composition that he rose to provincial governorships and to the consulate, and to the post of tutor to the future Emperor Gratian. It is to this last circumstance that we owe his best poem, the Mosella, a celebration of the beauties of the river Moselle. In A.d. 367 the Imperial court had been established at Trier in Gaul; and Ausonius was required to accompany the Emperor Valentinian, with his pupil, on his German campaigns. These, continuing a policy inaugurated by Valentinian's predecessors, were directed towards the consolidation of a Roman presence on the German bank of the Rhine, with the ultimate object of incorporating the Germans in the Empire and setting up a bulwark against further barbarian encroachments. It is against this political and military background that the Mosella must be read. It was clearly intended as propaganda. ‘The purpose of the poem was to inspire the Gauls with confidence in the renewed peace and security. ’ They stood in need of such reassurance, for the recent past in Gaul had been far from secure.
The Demand for the UK Small Company Audit an Agency Perspective

JEAN LIN-SEOUW IS AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR in the Nanyang Business School at the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. There has been considerable debate in recent years concerning the value of the small company audit. This paper aims to explore the impact of the introduction of deregulation of the small company audit in the United Kingdom in 1994. It seeks to identify why small companies may still demand voluntary audits in the absence of a statutory requirement. Theoretical and economic factors and rationales affecting small company management choice to engage auditing are examined. Following a survey sent to small companies qualifying for audit exemption, several hypotheses underlying the demand for audits in an unregulated environment are empirically tested in a logistic regression model. Some support is found for the agency, or stewardship, hypotheses in small company choice to engage auditing.
The Microbial Community Structure of Drinking Water Biofilms Can Be Affected by Phosphorus Availability

ABSTRACT Microbial communities in biofilms grown for 4 and 11 weeks under the flow of drinking water supplemented with 0, 1, 2, and 5 μg of phosphorus liter−1 and in drinking and warm waters were compared by using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and lipopolysaccharide 3-hydroxy fatty acids (LPS 3-OH-FAs). Phosphate increased the proportion of PLFAs 16:1ω7c and 18:1ω7c and affected LPS 3-OH-FAs after 11 weeks of growth, indicating an increase in gram-negative bacteria and changes in their community structure. Differences in community structures between biofilms and drinking and warm waters can be assumed from PLFAs and LPS 3-OH-FAs, concomitantly with adaptive changes in fatty acid chain length, cyclization, and unsaturation.
Regional Capital Mobility in China: An Endogenous Parameter Approach

In this paper we empirically evaluate inter-regional capital mobility in China from 1978 to 2012. We measure the degree of capital mobility as the ability of regions, each as a representative consumer, to engage in intertemporal consumption smoothing through running external imbalances. We estimate a correlated random coefficient model which takes into account the potential correlation of capital mobility with output. Our results show that barriers to capital mobility across regions are still high in China. However, there is a slight increase in capital mobility over time. After 2000, the improvement of the degree of capital mobility becomes stagnant. This may reflect the prevalence of capital market distortion in China.
Attitudes towards entrepreneurship education: a comparative analysis

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the impact of enterprise education on entrepreneurial attitude within European higher education institutions (HEIs) in France, Germany and Poland. The research seeks to consider whether differences between cultural and industrial heritage can influence entrepreneurial attitude and mediate the effectiveness of enterprise education.Design/methodology/approach – Research argues that Europe requires more entrepreneurs willing to innovate and create new ventures to facilitate economic growth. This research builds on prior studies, which have examined the impact of enterprise education and training on business start‐up. In particular the study utilises the concept of entrepreneurial attitude to measure how enterprise education influences students' perceptions of, and motivations towards, entrepreneurship as a viable career option. The study contrasts and compares the impact of a short enterprise course on entrepreneurial attitude among undergraduate students in French, Germa.
Morphogenesis of the Metanephric Kidney

The metanephric (permanent) kidney of the mouse is an exceptionally well-studied example of organ development. Its morphogenesis begins on the meeting of two tissues, the epithelial ureteric bud and the metanephrogenic mesenchyme; a series of signalling events between these tissues and their successors organizes the organ as it grows and matures. Many of the signals have been identified at the molecular level. They include GDNF, neurturin, persephin, HGF, BMP-2, BMP-7, FGF-10, activin, and TGFβ (all of which control development of the ureteric bud); TGFα, TIMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP7 (all of which control development of the mesenchyme); LIF, FGF-2, TGFβ, Wnt-4, sFrp, Notch, and Jagged (all of which control nephron development); and VEGF (which controls vascularization). Many of these signals are arranged in feedback loops, so that cells entering one developmental pathway signal back to ensure that other cells are more likely to enter alternative pathways, and thus keep the relative proportions and positions of different renal tissues in balance.
The Intertemporal Stability of the Concentration-Margins Relationship

Using a longitudinal data base, we find that there has been a substantial narrowing of the spread between the price-cost margins of concentrated and unconcentrated industries. Including measures of macroeconomic fluctuations into standard price-cost margin regressions, we find significant differences in cyclical behavior across market structure. We also explore a possible explanation, unionization, for differences in cyclical behavior. Finally, we investigate the degree to which our results are affected by the potential simultaneity of concentration, advertising, and the price-cost margin.
Reconfigurable half-width microstrip leaky-wave antenna for fixed-frequency beam scanning

A new technique to implement fixed-frequency beam scanning using a half-width microstrip leaky-wave antenna (HW-MLWA) is presented. The main beam direction is electronically controlled by changing the reactance between the one edge of a microstrip and the ground. This is achieved through a set of patches periodically placed along the free radiating edge of the microstrip line, with the second edge of the microstrip line is grounded. The patches can be connected to or isolated from the ground using PIN diodes thus facilitating a sub-nanosecond means of controlling the reactance. The full-wave numerical simulations show the ability to control the main beam direction from 21° to 37° at 6.5 GHz within the first quadrant.
The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World

Foreword, by Joseph E. StiglitzIntroduction: The Battle Over Transparency, by Ann FloriniPart 1: National Stories1. India: Grassroots Initiatives, by Shekhar Singh2. Toward a More Open China? , by Jamie P. Horsley3. Open Government in China: Practice and Problems, by Hanhua Zhou4. Central and Eastern Europe: Starting from Scratch, by Ivan Szekely5. The Challenging Case of Nigeria, by Ayo ObePart 2: Themes6. Making the Law Work: The Challenges of Implementation, by Laura Neuman and Richard Calland7. Prizing Open the Profit-Making World, by Richard Calland8. The Struggle for Openness in the International Financial Institutions, by Thomas Blanton9. Transparency and Environmental Governance, by Vivek Ramkumar and Elena Petkova10. Transparency in the Security Sector, by Alasdair RobertsConclusion: Whither Transparency? , by Ann FloriniContributorsIndex
Option Portfolio Strategies: Measurement and Evaluation

It is well known that options can increase the flexibility of returns available from investment strategies. Papers by Ross (1976), Breeden and Litzenberger (1978), and Arditti and John (1980) point toward spanning opportunities which increase the efficiency of the financial markets in meeting the investment objectives of investors. While these and other studies have demonstrated the potential of option portfolio strategies in molding the return distribution to better fit risk preferences, a number of other studies have used simulation techniques to give an empirical view of just what effect particular option stock and option bond strategies will have in altering risk return patterns. A major study in this area is that of Merton, Scholes, and Gladstein (1978, 1982). Their study, presented in two papers, one on call option portfolio strategies (hereinafter MSGl) and the other on put option portfolio strategies (hereinafter MSG2), presents a broad and insightful discussion of many of the implications of combining options with stock portfolios. The MSG study employs a 12.5-year period for simulations in the first paper on portfolios using call options and a 14-year simulation period in the second paper on portfolios using put options. As they are careful to point out, their results depend on market trends which may not match ex ante expecta-
Training and management development in Chinese multinational enterprises

Purpose – This paper aims to explore international training and development policies and practices in Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs). The issues examined in this study include pre‐departure and post‐arrival training for expatriates and their spouses and families, training for host‐country nationals (HCNs), reasons for Chinese MNEs not providing adequate training and the approaches of Chinese MNEs to international management development.Design/methodology/approach – This paper used a semi‐structured, interview‐based survey for collecting data from ten Chinese MNEs. The case companies consist of a range of industries and economic ownership types. A total of 30 in‐depth interviews involving general managers, HR managers at headquarters and executive managers in subsidiaries were carried out.Findings – The paper reveals that Chinese MNEs provide only limited training to expatriates and other nationals, and lack a systematic international management development system. They adopt usually an ethnocent.
FGFR1 down-regulation in differentiating human brain and spinal cord neurospheres

FGF2 is a key regulator of survival and proliferation of mammalian CNS stem cells. Cells within undifferentiated rodent neurospheres express FGF receptors (FGFRs), but their expression patterns and potential roles in human neurosphere proliferation and differentiation have not been examined. Our aim was to provide an initial overview of the relative profiles of FGFRs before and after differentiation of human neurospheres derived either from embryonic brain or spinal cord. In ‘undifferentiated’ neurospheres, transcripts from FGFR1 and FGFR2 were consistently detected. FGFR3 could be detected in undifferentiated brain neurospheres and in spinal cord early neurospheres. Following differentiation the most dramatic and consistent change was a decrease in FGFR1 mRNA, suggesting a role for this receptor in maintenance of the undifferentiated state.
Changes in Residents' Attitudes toward Tourism over Time: A Cohort Analytical Approach

Tourism development in a community must acknowledge residents' attitudes toward and support for tourism as residents are often the business owners, service providers, or workers, and vote on tax millage funding infrastructure investments. Few studies have examined longitudinal changes in hosts' attitudes to tourism. Using a 7-year period and employing a cohort analytical method, residents' attitudes and time-related effects (i.e., age, period, and birth cohort) were studied in an Alaskan island dependent on fishing-related industries with an emerging tourism industry from small cruise ships and outdoor recreation. Constrained multiple regression analyses identified age effect as the dominant variable explaining changes in residents'attitudes toward economic impacts. Successive young adult cohorts were more likely to have favorable attitudes toward tourism's economic impacts. Residents'perceptions of the leading industry (tourism or seafood) in the community, socioeconomic factors, and the effects of age and period explained variations in their attitudes toward tourism over time.