Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Serotonin1A Agonist, 8‐Hydroxy‐2‐(Di‐n‐Propylamino)tetralin on Neurochemical Responses to Stress

Abstract: The effects of intracerebroventricular administration of the 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)1A agonist, 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT; 0.1 pmol) on adrenocortical and neurochemical responses to stress were examined in conscious male rats. The following stress paradigms were used: acoustic stimulation (105 dB for 2 min); footshock (0.2 mA, five shocks over 5 min); conditioned fear (animals placed in a footshock chamber for 5 min, 24 h after footshock); restraint (5 min); intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of recombinant human interleukin‐1α (rHu‐IL‐1α, 20 µg/kg); and injection of cocaine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg, i.p.). As previously shown, 8‐OH‐DPAT was able to attenuate the adrenocortical response to acoustic stress, conditioned fear, rHu‐IL‐1α, and cocaine administration. Cocaine decreased 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA)/5‐HT and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine (DOPAC/DA) ratios and norepinephrine (NE) concentration in the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and brainstem in all experiments, and 8‐OH‐DPAT reversed the changes in DOPAC/DA ratio without affecting 5‐HIAA/5‐HT ratios or NE content. 8‐OH‐DPAT alone had no effect on these parameters, although it decreased NE content in the prefrontal cortex in several experiments, and in the brainstem in one experiment. Significant decreases in NE content were observed in some brain regions following some of the stressors, but these changes were not generally affected by 8‐OH‐DPAT. Increases in the 5‐HIAA/5‐HT and DOPAC/DA ratios were also observed in some brain sites following some stressors, but these changes were not affected by 8‐OH‐DPAT except in the case of the increased 5‐HIAA/5‐HT ratio in the prefrontal cortex following the conditioned fear response. These results indicate that although 8‐OH‐DPAT is able to decrease plasma corticosterone responses following acoustic stress, conditioned fear, rHu‐IL‐1α, and cocaine administration, these effects do not appear to be related to an action of the 5‐HT1A agonist on biogenic amine metabolism. This observation indicates that the predominant effect of 8‐OH‐DPAT on adrenocortical responses is mediated at postsynaptic sites not involved in the regulation of cerebral biogenic amine metabolism.
Interactions of Middle-Aged Japanese with Their Parents

Japanese household structure has changed dramatically over the last two decades, especially with regard to multi-generational co-residence. In this paper, we use logit analysis to investigate the extent to which married Japanese men and women aged 30 to 59 live with their parents and, in particular, how socio-economic and demographic characteristics are associated with co-residence. For men, being the eldest child, being in a lower-status occupation, living in a small town or rural area, being in an arranged marriage, and having a parent without a spouse are all positively associated with co-residence. For women, only demographic variables matter – being the eldest child, having a husband who is not the eldest child, and having a parent without a spouse, lead to a higher probability of co-residence with own parents. For those middle-aged Japanese who are not co-residing with their parents, we analyse the frequency of seeing and telephoning their parents and find that the distance between the residences of.
Ectopic expression of phospho‐Smad2 in Alzheimer's disease: Uncoupling of the transforming growth factor‐β pathway?

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), a multifunctional cytokine, has been widely suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Supporting this, levels of TGF‐β are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid, sera, and brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Since TGF‐β is neuroprotective, whereas Alzheimer's disease is typified by neurodegeneration, we speculated that defects in TGF‐β signaling might abrogate its neuroprotective properties. Consistently with an increase in TGF‐β in Alzheimer's disease, we found significant increases in phospho‐Smad2, a major downstream signaling molecule of TGF‐β, in hippocampal neurons of Alzheimer's disease compared with age‐matched control patients. However, in contrast to an expected nuclear localization, phosphorylated Smad2 in Alzheimer's disease was predominantly, and ectopically, found in the neuronal cytoplasm, specifically colocalized with neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration. Given that a nuclear localization is required to regulate the transcription of TGF‐β target genes to afford neuroprotection, the ectopic localization of phosphorylated Smad2 suggests a defect in the Smad‐mediated signaling pathway of TGF‐β in Alzheimer's disease and consequent loss of neuroprotective function. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of Bacillus thuringiensis HknA, a histidine protein kinase homology, bypasses early Spo mutations that result in CryIIIA overproduction

The Bacillus thuringiensis CryIIIA insecticidal crystal protein (ICP) is a vegetatively expressed protein that is toxic to coleopteran insect larvae. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the asporogenous B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni strain EG1351, which harbors the native cryIIIA-encoding 88-MDa plasmid, showed a 2.5-fold overproduction of the CryIIIA protein compared with that of an isogenic wild-type strain. Further studies showed that neither CryIIIA protein synthesis nor CryIIIA protein processing was affected in strain EG1351 during vegetative growth. In an attempt to characterize the EG1351 mutation by complementation of function, the hknA gene was identified and cloned from a B. thuringiensis cosmid library. Primer extension analysis of hknA mRNA in wild-type B. thuringiensis demonstrated that the hknA gene is transcribed during vegetative growth from a sigma A-like promoter. Multiple copies of either the hknA gene or the Bacillus subtilis kinA (spoIIJ) gene were shown to bypass the sporulation defect in strain EG1351 as well as a spo0F mutation in B. thuringiensis EG1634. Additional studies showed that the hknA gene was not defective in strain EG1351. The results of this study suggest that hknA encodes a novel histidine protein kinase involved in B. thuringiensis sporulation. We also propose that the CryIIIA-overproducing phenotype of strain EG1351 is most likely due to a defect in the phosphorylation of Spo0A and confirm that CryIIIA production is not dependent on sporulation.
Managerial Ownership and Accounting Conservatism in Japan: A Test of Management Entrenchment Effect

We examine the effect of managerial ownership on the demand for accounting conservatism in Japan. We find that within the low and high levels of managerial ownership, managerial ownership is significantly negatively related to the asymmetric timeliness of earnings, which is consistent with the implication of the incentive alignment effect. We also find a significant positive relationship between managerial ownership and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings for the intermediate levels of managerial ownership, as suggested by the management entrenchment effect. These evidences suggest the possibility that accounting conservatism contributes to addressing the agency problem between managers and shareholders. Copyright (c) 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Mathematical and statistical analyses of the spread of dengue

This paper is aimed at clarifying the contributions of mathematical and statistical approaches to dengue epidemiology without delving into mathematical details and sharing the basic theory and its applications regardless of the reader’s mathematical background. The practical importance of the basic reproduction number, R 0 , for dengue is highlighted in relation to the critical proportion of vaccination required to eradicate the disease in the future, and three different methods to estimate R 0 , (i) final size equation; (ii) intrinsic growth rate; and (iii) age distribution, are concisely explained with published estimates and examples. Although the estimates of R 0 most likely depend on the ecological characteristics of the vector population, it would be appropriate to assume that serotype-nonspecific R 0 for dengue is approximately 10, at least in planning vaccination strategies in endemic areas. Statistical approaches to determining the periodicity of epidemics, cocirculation of different serotypes (relevant to pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever), and the significance of spatial heterogeneity are subsequently discussed. Whereas the dengue epidemic is partly characterized by a super-annual cycle with 3–4-year intervals, it is known only that this pattern is determined by the intrinsic dynamics of dengue and not by environmental factors. Although antibody-dependent enhancement was determined as a factor permitting the coexistence of the four serotypes of dengue, a more detailed understanding requires further data. To base the transmission dynamics of dengue on firm evidence and apply the results to dengue control, it is essential that field and laboratory professionals and theoretical specialists interact more.
And they call this progress? Consequences for young people of living and working in resource-extraction communities

Communities dependent on natural resource extraction (e.g. oil/gas, mining) are routinely exposed to rhetoric that associates notions of progress (including health and social welfare) with a booming economy. These places frequently experience demographic and social disruptions associated with reliance on resource-extraction sectors (e.g. the influx of young male workers and money, increasing rates of drug/alcohol consumption, infrastructural shortfalls). However, research regarding the problematic health and social impacts associated with resource-extraction booms are markedly absent from contemporary research pertaining to high-income countries. This paper investigates how an economic boom is perceived to affect young people's health and social well-being in Fort St. John, a booming oil/gas community in British Columbia, Canada. We conducted ethnographic fieldwork (8 weeks), including in-depth interviews with 25 young people (ages 15–25) and 14 health and social service providers. Participants identified education, addictions, and housing as key areas where the negative consequences of living and working in an oil/gas community have affected them the most. The findings illustrate the fallacy of the colloquialism that ‘the only drawback to a boom is a bust’. While the issues presented have substantial public health implications, they are generated by – and can be addressed via – sectors outside public health. Partnerships between resource-extraction companies, public health, and community organizations offer innovative and feasible opportunities to address these problems.
Tophaceous Gout in the Bipartite Patella with Intra-Osseous and Intra-Articular Lesions: A Case Report

We report a case of a 34-year-old man who had an acute gouty attack with tophi around the accessory bone of the bipartite patella with intra-osseous lesions. As the symptoms did not respond to conservative treatments, the patient was treated surgically. Arthroscopy revealed urate crystals surrounded by inflammatory synovitis on the surface of the bipartite patella. Arthrotomy exposed the abundant crystals around the accessory bone and in the intra-osseous lesion. These findings made us speculate that some pre-existing inflammatory conditions around the accessory bone induced deposition of urate crystals, and the destruction of the barrier between the deposits and the joint led to an acute arthritis. Curettage of the tophi resulted in immediate improvement of knee function. There had been no recurrence of symptoms at the 2-year follow-up.
Accountability and Effectiveness Evaluation in Nonprofit Organizations

Introduction1. Accountability: the Foundation of Performance Measurement, Evaluation and Reporting2. Generating Information to Serve Accountability Relationships: Evaluation Methods and Processes3. Recent Research on Accountability Relationships and Evaluation: What Really Goes On? 4. The Use of Information in the Accountability Relationship: Further Evidence of Human Problems in the Evaluation Process5. Taking the Next Step: Developing General Standards of Performance Reporting for Non-Profit Organizations6. Grappling with the Dilemmas of Evaluation: A Review of Existing Evaluation Tools for Non-Profit Organizations7. From Concepts to Practice: Improving Cost Information for Decision Making in Non-Profit Organizations8. Case Studies in Performance Management 1: Capital Mental Health Association9. Case Studies in Performance Management 2: The Art Gallery of Greater Victoria10. Making Sense of Multiple Measures of Performance: an Assessment of the CCAF/FCVI Approach to Annual Performance Reporting11. Performance Measurement in Non-Profit Organizations: a Note on Integration and Focus within Comprehensiveness12. The Value Sieve: Accountable Choices Among Incommensurable Programs Christopher CorbettSummary and Conclusions
The Impact of Living Wages on Employers: A Control Group Analysis of the Los Angeles Ordinance

This paper analyzes the impact of the Los Angeles Living Wage Ordinance on employers using two original data sets and a quasi-experimental research design. Relative to a control group of establishments, the starting pay of low-wage workers has risen by $1.74 per hour, paid days off have risen by two days, and employer-paid health benefits have not significantly changed among establishments covered by the living wage ordinance. Living wage establishments have witnessed a sizeable reduction in low-wage worker turnover, a drop in absenteeism, reduced overtime hours, and reduced job training relative to the control group of establishments. The ordinance appears to have had no significant impact on the use of part-time workers, the intensity of supervision, or the tendency of living wage firms to fill vacancies from within.
Acculturation and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Vietnamese Immigrant Women in Transnational Marriages in Taiwan

Purpose: To examine associations between demographic variables, acculturation, and health-related quality of life among Vietnamese immigrant women in transnational marriages in Taiwan. Design: A cross-sectional survey of 203 participants in southern Taiwan. Instruments included a demographic inventory, the Suinn–Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale, and the Short Form Health Survey–Version 2. Findings: Most participants had low acculturation levels. Length of residency, number of children, marital status, level of education, religion of spouse, and employment status of spouse significantly correlated with level of acculturation, as did mental health, bodily pain, vitality, and social functioning. Discussion and Conclusion: Programs are needed to encourage social assimilation for Vietnamese immigrant women in Taiwan. Culturally sensitive medical evaluations will ensure early treatment of mental and physical health problems caused by the stress of acculturation. Implications for Practice: An increased understanding of variables affecting Southeast Asian immigrant women’s acculturation process will improve health status.
Breastfeeding and the prevention of breast cancer: a retrospective review of clinical histories.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate at what age parous and nonparous women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Factors taken into account for parous women were whether they had breastfed their children, and if so, the length of the lactation period. Other factors considered for both groups were obesity, family histories of cancer, smoking habits and alcohol consumption. BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in younger women in Western countries. Its growing incidence as well as the increasingly early age of diagnosis led us to carefully analyse its possible causes and the preventive measures to be taken. This is a particularly important goal in epidemiological research. DESIGN A retrospective study of the clinical histories of patients diagnosed with breast cancer at the San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain). METHODS In this study, we analysed 504 medical records of female patients, 19-91 years of age, who had been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer from 2004-2009 at the San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain). Relevant data (age of diagnosis, period of lactation, family history of cancer, obesity, alcohol consumption and smoking habits) were collected from the clinical histories of each patient and analysed. A conditional inference tree was used to relate the age of diagnosis to smoking habits and the length of the lactation period. RESULTS The conditional inference tree identified significant differences between the age of the patients at breast cancer diagnosis, smoking habits (p < 0·001) and lactation period if the subjects had breastfed their children for more than six months (p = 0·006), regardless of whether they had a family history of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our study concluded that breastfeeding for over six months not only provides children with numerous health benefits, but also protects mothers from breast cancer when the mothers are nonsmokers. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses play a crucial role in encouraging new mothers to breastfeed their children, and this helps to prevent breast cancer.
Differences in earnings management between firms using US GAAP and IAS/IFRS

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the relatively rules-based US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the more principles-based International Accounting Standards/International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) provide different opportunities for earnings management (EM). Such an examination is critical as the world moves toward principles-based standards. Design/methodology/approach - – Financial information for the fiscal years 1999-2004 from the annual reports of firms listed under the Prime Standard on the Germany Frankfurt Stock Exchange is analyzed. Data from the German Frankfurt Stock Exchange are used to resolve the difficulty in comparing accounting standards across different markets and countries with different institutional factors and corporate governance issues. The unique feature of dual listing in the German Frankfurt Stock Exchange allows firms listing shares under the Prime Standard to report in accordance with either the US GAAP or the IAS/IFRS before the IFRS adoption by the European Union in 2005. Strong legal enforcement in Germany ensures that reporting under each standard is in close compliance to the standard under comparison. Extending extant IFRS vs US GAAP EM research with discretionary accruals, this research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding by also examining EM through deferred tax expense and EM through research and development investment. Findings - – The findings reveal that EM through research and development investment is significantly higher for the IAS/IFRS firms. Similar to prior findings, EM through accruals is not found to be significantly different between US GAAP and IAS/IFRS firms. Originality/value - – The findings of this study advance the understanding of differences between US GAAP and IFRS with data from Germany where legal enforcement of standards is strong. In particular, this study reveals that principles-based standards with imprecise rules like IAS/IFRS may encourage structured management due to the expectation of error costs and compliance uncertainty. The results inform regulators considering IAS/IFRS adoption. In addition, this research highlights the importance of considering real EM in US GAAP vs IAS/IFRS studies.
Does navigated transcranial stimulation increase the accuracy of tractography? A prospective clinical trial based on intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring during deep brain stimulation.

BACKGROUND Tractography based on diffusion tensor imaging has become a popular tool for delineating white matter tracts for neurosurgical procedures. OBJECTIVE To explore whether navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) might increase the accuracy of fiber tracking. METHODS Tractography was performed according to both anatomic delineation of the motor cortex (n = 14) and nTMS results (n = 9). After implantation of the definitive electrode, stimulation via the electrode was performed, defining a stimulation threshold for eliciting motor evoked potentials recorded during deep brain stimulation surgery. Others have shown that of arm and leg muscles. This threshold was correlated with the shortest distance between the active electrode contact and both fiber tracks. Results were evaluated by correlation to motor evoked potential monitoring during deep brain stimulation, a surgical procedure causing hardly any brain shift. RESULTS Distances to fiber tracks clearly correlated with motor evoked potential thresholds. Tracks based on nTMS had a higher predictive value than tracks based on anatomic motor cortex definition (P < .001 and P = .005, respectively). However, target site, hemisphere, and active electrode contact did not influence this correlation. CONCLUSION The implementation of tractography based on nTMS increases the accuracy of fiber tracking. Moreover, this combination of methods has the potential to become a supplemental tool for guiding electrode implantation.
Psychological Aspects of Toe to Hand Transfer in Children

Thirty-seven children with congenital (n = 32) or post-traumatic (n = 5) hand anomalies underwent unilateral or bilateral toe transfers. All had undergone preoperative counselling. After rehabilitation and more than 1 year after surgery, the children and their parents were reviewed by a clinical psychologist to assess the psychosocial outcome of the surgery. A high level of satisfaction was reported with regard to the surgery, in terms of function, cosmesis, donor site, psychosocial wellbeing and the reactions of others. This was true regardless of the gender of the child. However, there was a tendency for the children to be more positive in their responses than their parents.
The value of updated information on future price behaviour

This paper studies the value of information on future price behaviour. We consider a one-period inventory modelling framework with random period length and two order opportunities. The selling price is determined dynamically and the demand is price-sensitive. The second ordering-pricing decision reflects the updated information on future price behaviour on supply chain flexibility. We consider three models with different levels of flexibility: the static model, the quantity flexible model and the combined quantity and timing (fully) flexible model. We compare between the values of three different features in the supply chain: updated information on price behaviour, dynamic pricing and supply flexibility. And we demonstrate the effect of holding cost and demand uncertainty on these three values. We also consider a specific condition with fixed selling prices. We give explicit analysis on the optimal order decisions, and analytically show the impact of information and quantity flexibility on the optimal order decisions.