Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validity of Adolescent Self-Report of Substance Use

The validity of self-report of substance use was examined in 367 adolescents referred for a substance use assessment between 1996 and 2000. Referrals came from a wide variety of sources, including pediatricians, the courts, and social services, as well as their parents. Average age of the sample was 15, 52% were male, and 82% were Caucasian. Adolescents were first asked about the details of their substance use by a clinician using a structured interview with established reliability and validity (Adolescent Drug and Alcohol Diagnosis). They were subsequently asked to provide a urine sample, a requirement they were unaware of when being interviewed about their substance use. If the urine sample was deemed valid by the laboratory technician, it was analyzed by means of fluorescence polarization immunoassay and paper chromatography. If positive screens were obtained for any substance, the sample was subjected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for confirmation and quantification. Biochemical test results were compared to self-report. Overall, 28% (96/338) of the self-reports were not corroborated by urinalysis. In adolescents who reported nonuse of a substance, 26% (56/219) had a positive urinalysis. More surprisingly, 34% (40/119) of adolescents reporting substance use in the urinalysis detection window had a negative urinalysis. The present study found self-report of substance use in adolescents to only have fair validity. It is recommended that biochemical corroboration be routinely used for this population.
Does language matter in multimedia learning? Personalization principle revisited.

This study examines one of the design principles of multimedia learning in a context dissimilar to the one in which it was originally tested. Personalization principle states that the amount of learning increases when the style of language is informal and conversational. In an attempt to uncover the relationship between learning and language styles with varying degrees of personalization and formality, 89 college students were tested with computerized instructional content composed in 1 of the 3 styles: personalized informal, personalized formal, and neutral-formal. The materials consisted of a short text on stellar death with illustrative pictures and animation. The visuals and text were identical for all groups except for additional expressions for personalization and minimal structural changes to evoke a conversational style in 2 of the testing conditions. After reading in 1 of the 3 conditions, the participants were asked retention and transfer questions. The participants also rated the computer program for interest, difficulty of the material, and their motivation for its style. The findings were generally consistent with the predictions of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning except for the effect size for retention. Implications for multimedia design guidelines in varied educational and linguistic contexts are discussed.
Optimal Rate of Reading Prose.

CONVENTIONAL THEORY dealing with the cognitive processes involved in reading prose has tended to deny or disregard the existence of an optimal rate. Rauding theory is based upon the existence of an optimal rate during both reading and listening. This research investigated whether individuals have a certain optimal rate where reading and listening efficiency is a maximum. Eighty 100word passages at four different levels of material difficulty were administered under reading and listening conditions to 102 college students. Reading rate was manipulated using motion picture film. Listening rate was manipulated using time-compressed speech. Accuracy of comprehension was estimated using (a) jugments and (b) two different types of objective tests. All three of these measures of comprehension yielded comparable results. For material that varied in difficulty from Grade 5 through Grade 14, there was a constant optimal rate of reading where efficiency was a maximumaround 300 words per minute. The optimal rate was almost exactly the same in listening as it was in reading in every comparison. It was concluded that: (a) there is an optimal rate of reading prose and listening to prose, and (b) these data provide support for the interrelationships among accuracy, rate, and efficiency of comprehension advanced in rauding theory.
Keratin 1 maintains skin integrity and participates in an inflammatory network in skin via interleukin-18

Wera Roth, Vinod Kumar, Hans-Dietmar Beer,Miriam Richter, Claudia Wohlenberg, Ursula Reuter, Sören Thiering, Andrea Staratschek-Jox, Andrea Hofmann, Fatima Kreusch, Joachim L Schultze, Thomas Vogl, Johannes Roth, Julia Reichelt, Ingrid Hausser, & Thomas M Magin* Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) and Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland. Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Cell Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany. Institute of Cellular Medicine and North East England Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. Universitäts-Hautklinik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Running title: Krt1 controls an inflammatory network in skin
Severe bill deformity of an American Kestrel wintering in California

During a recent survey for West Nile virus in wild birds around the Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge, Imperial County, California (Dusek et al. 2010), we captured a female American Kestrel (Falco sparuerius) with a severe bill deformity (Figure 1). The kestrel was captured on 9 March 2006, at 08:45, approximately 0.25 km south of the intersection of Wiest and Lindsey roads (33 0 08' 42' N, 115 26' 59' W) and 6 km east-northeast of Calipatria. It was caught on a bal-chatri trap baited with a domestic mouse (Berger and Mueller 1959), as were all the 208 kestrels captured during this study. The bird was initially perched on a high transmission line
Language, duration estimation, and causation

Burt (2002) raises several interesting points in his commentary on our paper. However, the most important difference between his and our studies, the design, was not addressed. We argue that our experimental approach makes more realistic assumptions for causal interpretation. The other points that he raises--the relationship between practical and statistical significance, the verbs used by our participants, and definitions of memory--are all discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Predictors of Inpatient Utilization among Veterans with Dementia

Dementia is prevalent and costly, yet the predictors of inpatient hospitalization are not well understood. Logistic and negative binomial regressions were used to identify predictors of inpatient hospital utilization and the frequency of inpatient hospital utilization, respectively, among veterans. Variables significant at the P < 0.15 level were subsequently analyzed in a multivariate regression. This study of veterans with a diagnosis of dementia (n = 296) and their caregivers found marital status to predict hospitalization in the multivariate logistic model (B = 0.493, P = 0.029) and personal-care dependency to predict hospitalization and readmission in the multivariate logistic model and the multivariate negative binomial model (B = 1.048, P = 0.007, B = 0.040, and P = 0.035, resp.). Persons with dementia with personal-care dependency and spousal caregivers have more inpatient admissions; appropriate care environments should receive special care to reduce hospitalization. This study was part of a larger clinical trial; this trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00291161.
Comparison of Two Different Treatment Protocols in Helicobacter pylori Eradication

Background: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) in Turkey is high and eradication rates are low. As a result, alternative treatment strategies are required. Objectives: To evaluate the status of H pylori eradication in Turkey by comparing the results of this study to other studies reported in the literature. Methods: Two hundred and eighty-two patients diagnosed with H pylori were included in this study. Patients were randomized into two groups. The first group consisted of 138 patients receiving 30 mg lansoprazole bid, amoxicillin 1 g bid, and clarithromycin 500 mg bid for 14 days. The second group consisted of 144 patients who received lansoprazole 30 mg bid and amoxicillin 1 g bid for seven days, followed by metronidazole 500 mg bid, tetracycline 500 mg qid, and lansoprazole 30 mg bid for an additional seven days. Results: H pylori eradication rates in the first group were 53.6% according to intention-to-treat analysis, and 52.5% according to per protocol analysis. In the second group, eradication rates were 72.2% per intention-to-treat analysis and 77.6% as per protocol analysis. H pylori eradication rates in the second group were significantly higher than the first group (P = 0.001, P < 0.05), whereas the incidence of adverse events in the second group was significantly lower (P = 0.048, P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study found a significant difference in eradication rates between the traditional triple therapy and modified sequential therapy groups. As a result, modified sequential therapy shows promise as an alternative treatment.
Testing the SMT and Belbin inventories in top management teams

This article focuses on, examines and contrasts two managerial inventories: the Spectral management theory (SMT) and the Belbin team roles inventory. The SMT inventory is one of the only approaches that involves not only a management typology, but also learning roles as well as team assessment. The theory leads to eight such types of managerial style, measured through an analytical instrument designed to enable people to identify their personal orientations. Belbin’s inventory is focused on team roles, prescribing nine options. Both were used to analyse members of top management teams in leading UK management buy‐outs. The analysis undertaken serves to enhance self awareness in the individual as well as team and organisational effectiveness. At the team level, it highlights the antecedents of successful teams, how and why they work together in harmony or dissonance, and what other teams may learn from the exercise.
Interrelationships among students' study activities, self-concept of academic ability, and achievement as a function of characteristics of high-school biology courses

This investigation focused on the interrelationships among students' study activities, students' self-concept of academic ability ratings, students' academic achievement, and instructional practices in 12 high school biology courses. Using a framework derived from a previous investigation, course features were classified into those that appear to (a) place demands on, (b) support, or (c) compensate for student engagement in particular study activities. Students' study activities, self-concept of academic ability ratings, and achievement were measured with experimenter-developed instruments. Results are reported for (a) characteristics of instruments and course features, (b) relationships between central factors of the investigation, and (c) multi-level relationships between course features and student variables. Results at the student level indicated that self-concept of academic ability and, to a lesser extent, students' study activities were positively associated with student achievement. Students' self-concept of academic ability ratings were also linked to students' engagement in generative, proactive study activities. At the course level the supportive practices of providing challenging homework assignments and extensive feedback on student coursework were associated with student engagement in effortful, generative, proactive study activities. The provision of extensive feedback was also associated with high student achievement. Multi-level relationships were analysed using hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) analyses. These analyses revealed, for example, that in courses in which little or no feedback is given on homework assignments, the relationship between achievement and student engagement in diligent effort management activities was enhanced. Other HLM analyses were conducted to examine the mediating role of course features on the relationship between students' self-concept of academic ability and their study activities and achievement. For example, the presence of challenging course demands was associated with an enhancement of the relationship between self-concept of academic ability and achievement whereas the presence of instructor provisions (supports and compensations) designed to reduce course demands was associated with a reduction in this relationship.
Gender Differences in the Endotoxin-Induced Inflammatory and Vascular Responses: Potential Role of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Activation

Activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Here, we report that the gender-specific inflammatory response is preferentially down-regulated by PARP in male animals. Female mice produce less tumor necrosis factor-α and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α in response to systemic inflammation induced by endotoxin than male mice and are resistant to endotoxin-induced mortality. Pharmacological inhibition of PARP is effective in reducing inflammatory mediator production and mortality in male, but not in female, mice. Ovariectomy partially reverses the protection seen in female mice. Endotoxin-induced PARP activation in circulating leukocytes is reduced in male, but not female, animals by pharmacological PARP inhibition, as shown by flow cytometry. Pretreatment of male mice with 17-β-estradiol prevents endotoxin-induced hepatic injury and reduces poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in vivo. In male, but not female, animals, endotoxin induces an impairment of the endothelium-dependent relaxant responses, which is prevented by PARP inhibition. In vitro oxidant-induced PARP activation is reduced in cultured cells placed in female rat serum compared with male serum. Estrogen does not directly inhibit the enzymatic activity of PARP in vitro. However, PARP and estrogen receptor α form a complex, which binds to DNA in vitro, and the DNA binding of this complex is enhanced by estrogen. Thus, estrogen may anchor PARP to estrogen receptor α and to the DNA and prevent its recognition of DNA strand breaks and hence its activation. In conclusion, the gender difference in the inflammatory response shows preferential modulation by PARP in male animals.
Islam, politics, anthropology

In this paper, we consider anthropology's long and, at times, problematic engagement with the study of Islam and Muslim societies. Specifically, we reflect critically on ongoing anthropological debates about the relationship between Islam and politics and suggest new terms of analysis. Although we pay attention to the state and formal politics, involving various social actors and organizations, we are also interested in everyday politics and micropolitics, arenas where anthropology proves especially adept. It is at the intersection of these multiple levels and where the field of politics is constituted in practice that we situate the analytical focus of the anthropology of Islam and politics in this Special Issue of the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.
Towards Instance Optimal Bounds for Best Arm Identification

In the classical best arm identification (Best-$1$-Arm) problem, we are given $n$ stochastic bandit arms, each associated with a reward distribution with an unknown mean. We would like to identify the arm with the largest mean with probability at least $1-\delta$, using as few samples as possible. Understanding the sample complexity of Best-$1$-Arm has attracted significant attention since the last decade. However, the exact sample complexity of the problem is still unknown. Recently, Chen and Li made the gap-entropy conjecture concerning the instance sample complexity of Best-$1$-Arm. Given an instance $I$, let $\mu_{[i]}$ be the $i$th largest mean and $\Delta_{[i]}=\mu_{[1]}-\mu_{[i]}$ be the corresponding gap. $H(I)=\sum_{i=2}^n\Delta_{[i]}^{-2}$ is the complexity of the instance. The gap-entropy conjecture states that $\Omega\left(H(I)\cdot\left(\ln\delta^{-1}+\mathsf{Ent}(I)\right)\right)$ is an instance lower bound, where $\mathsf{Ent}(I)$ is an entropy-like term determined by the gaps, and there is a $\delta$-correct algorithm for Best-$1$-Arm with sample complexity $O\left(H(I)\cdot\left(\ln\delta^{-1}+\mathsf{Ent}(I)\right)+\Delta_{[2]}^{-2}\ln\ln\Delta_{[2]}^{-1}\right)$. If the conjecture is true, we would have a complete understanding of the instance-wise sample complexity of Best-$1$-Arm. We make significant progress towards the resolution of the gap-entropy conjecture. For the upper bound, we provide a highly nontrivial algorithm which requires \[O\left(H(I)\cdot\left(\ln\delta^{-1} +\mathsf{Ent}(I)\right)+\Delta_{[2]}^{-2}\ln\ln\Delta_{[2]}^{-1}\mathrm{polylog}(n,\delta^{-1})\right)\] samples in expectation. For the lower bound, we show that for any Gaussian Best-$1$-Arm instance with gaps of the form $2^{-k}$, any $\delta$-correct monotone algorithm requires $\Omega\left(H(I)\cdot\left(\ln\delta^{-1} + \mathsf{Ent}(I)\right)\right)$ samples in expectation.
Theoretical Basis of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychotherapy of Autism

In the modern scientific and professional environment psychoanalytic psychotherapy is placed in the background regarding its possibilities in the treatment of autism. This position, expressed by the question of possibilities of its use in the therapy of autism, is identified by the author as a result of the existing dichotomy (‘splitting’) in ‘organic’ and ‘psychic’ concepts of its etiology. To overcome the above constraint the author, on the base of his twenty years of psychotherapeutic experiences with eight autistic children, suggests the possibility of developing such concept of autistic psychogenesis and based on it a therapeutic approach. In support of his therapeutic observations, in this article were used contributions of contemporary researches by intersubjectivists, whose results speak in favour of the thesis.
Breaking the silence : the stories of men who are survivors of childhood sexual abuse

In this article, the focus falls on the personal stories surrounding men who were sexually abused in childhood. Questions are raised regarding the reasons behind the reluctance of male survivors to disclose their childhood sexual abuse. Research, programmes and information to assist men who were sexually abused are limited due to the predominant focus on female sexual abuse victims. The aim is to shed light on the experiences of such men and attempt to lift the veil of secrecy and stigma attached to male childhood sexual abuse in South Africa. The results of the qualitative study on which this article reports, suggest the prominence of society's naivety and ignorance of issues pertaining to sexually abused men. Both differences and similarities, in relation to the experiences of the participants, are evident. The differing experiences within the stories of the participants are suicidal ideation, low self-esteem, flashbacks, fear of men in general, and mind-body separation. Similar experiences that are evident are their initial desire for secrecy, fear of what society may think of them, their desperate attempts to cope with and escape from the memories of their past, long-lasting effects such as a lack of trust and an absence of intimacy, and determination to move forward and prevail.
The remembered past as a source of data for research on the life cycle.

The remembered past can be seen as the reflection of an historical self; and psychologists interested in change over the life cycle have frequently assumed that reminiscence data would provide a source of pertinent constructs for tapping unique aspects of adulthood. The studies reported here were directed to the questions whether or not reminiscence data hold up under systematic analysis, and to what extent such data provide psychological insight into human development. Data were collected from aged respondents in the course of an investigation of adaptation to stress. The paper describes the various indices developed to tap 4 general areas (the importance of reminiscence to aged persons; the restructuring of memories; the selection processes used by the individual in reporting his life-history; the role of particular recollections in the individual’s current psychological economy). While the findings vary from one area to the next, the authors conclude that reminiscence is an important source of data for developing a psychology of the life cycle and that further empirical advances need to be paced by more precise theoretical statements than are presently available.
Teacher Verbal Aggressiveness and Credibility Mediate the Relationship between Teacher Technology Policies and Perceived Student Learning

In this study, we extend previous work on teacher technology policies by refining the teacher technology policies instrument to account for the technology purpose (social, academic) and type (cell phone, laptop/tablet), and examine a model of teacher technology policies and perceived learning. We found that students are more sensitive to policies that regulate laptops/tablets than cell phones, and though students want teachers to regulate the use of wireless devices for social reasons, they desire choice when it comes to use of devices for academic reasons. Further, as predicted in our model, teacher verbal aggressiveness and credibility mediate the relationship between teacher technology policies and student perceived cognitive and affective learning. We suggest that students desire both clarity and choice when it comes to use of technology in the classroom.
Systematicity in Connectionist Language Learning

L'A. etudie six contre-exemples apportes a la theorie de J. Fodor et Z. Pylyshyn, selon laquelle les methodes de representation connexionniste ne parviennent a elaborer la syntaxe et la semantique combinatoires exigees par la compositionnalite caracteristique a la pensee et au langage humains. L'A. conclut donc a une quasi-systematicite des systemes connexionnistes differente de la systematicite humaine demontree par la science cognitive en fonction de conditions cognitives plausibles
Influences of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes

Abstract In this study, I investigated the influence of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes. Two hundred eighteen college students (124 female, 94 male) completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help scales. Results revealed that both gender and sex role orientation significantly influence help-seeking attitudes. Women were more tolerant of the stigma associated with seeking professional help, more willing to recognize a personal need for help, and more open to sharing problems with others. Students classified as feminine were more confident in professionals' ability to help with personal problems and, along with androgynous students, were more willing to recognize a personal need for help.