Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional Radiative Transfer in Protostellar Envelopes. I. Effects of Geometry on Class I Sources

We present two-dimensional radiation transfer models of class I protostars and show the effect of including more realistic geometries on the resulting spectral energy distributions and images. We begin with a rotationally flattened infalling envelope as our comparison model and add a flared disk and bipolar cavity. The disk affects the spectral energy distribution most strongly at edge-on inclinations, causing a broad dip at about 10 μm (independent of the silicate feature) due to high extinction and low scattering albedo in this wavelength region. The bipolar cavities allow more direct stellar+disk radiation to emerge into polar directions and more scattering radiation to emerge into all directions. The wavelength-integrated flux, often interpreted as luminosity, varies with viewing angle, with pole-on viewing angles seeing 2-4 times as much flux as edge-on, depending on geometry. Thus, observational estimates of luminosity should take into account the inclination of a source. The envelopes with cavities are significantly bluer in near-IR and mid-IR color-color plots than those without cavities. Using one-dimensional models to interpret Class I sources with bipolar cavities would lead to an underestimate of envelope mass and an overestimate of the implied evolutionary state. We compute images at near-, mid-, and far-IR wavelengths. We find that the mid-IR colors and images are sensitive to scattering albedo and that the flared disk shadows the midplane on large size scales at all wavelengths plotted. Finally, our models produce polarization spectra that can be used to diagnose dust properties, such as albedo variations due to grain growth. Our results of polarization across the 3.1 μm ice feature agree well with observations for ice mantles covering 5% of the radius of the grains.
Time-dependent density-functional theory.

Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) can be viewed as an exact reformulation of timedependent quantum mechanics, where the fundamental variable is no longer the many-body wave-function but the density. This time-dependent density is determined by solving an auxiliary set of non-interacting Schrödinger equations, the Kohn-Sham equations. The non-trivial part of the many-body interaction is contained in the so-called exchange-correlation potential, for which reasonably good approximations exist. Within TDDFT two regimes can be distinguished: i) If the external time-dependent potential is “small” the complete numerical solution of the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equations can be avoided by the use of linear response theory. This is the case, e.g., for the calculation of photo-absorption spectra. ii) For a “strong” external potential, a full solution of the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equations is in order. This situation is encountered, for instance, when matter interacts with intense laser fields. In this review we will give an overview of TDDFT from its theoretical foundations to several applications both in the linear and in the non-linear regime.
The Impact of Political Instability on the Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for the Case of Selected Arab Countries

This study investigates the impact of political instability on the economic growth in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Tunisia for the period of 1996-2016. The study examines the existence of the long-run relationship between different five political indicators and the growth of the economy. The study utilized panel data analysis, using annual data covering the period of 1996-2016, for the four selected Arab countries. The empirical results of the study, using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), highlight the impact of different political instability indicators on economic growth. Moreover, these results indicate that there is a strong long-run relationship between the several political indicators upon the economic growth. More specifically, the results show that the control of the corruption and the rule of law indicators have the highest impact on the economic growth, while the regulatory quality has the lowest.
Genetic diversity studies in some advanced lines of Gossypium hirsutum L . for yield and quality related attributes using cluster and principle component analysis

To study the genetic variability in 20 different genotypes of cotton, a preliminary yield trial was designed at Cotton Research Station, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The results of cluster analysis revealed that cluster 3 comprised of genotypes that have average yield of 3,802 kg/ha and good fiber quality traits while cluster 2 genotypes showed good potential along with staple length of 30 mm. The study of principal components revealed that out of 9 PCs 3 components exhibited eigen value greater than 1. These three PCs contributed 69.2% of the total variability amongst the genotypes assessed for yield, agronomic and fiber traits. The remaining components contributed only 30.8% towards the total variability. The traits like yield, sympodia per plant and bolls per plant showed considerable positive factor loadings on PC I while on PC II, maximum positive loading was shown by plant height, Ginning Out Turn (GOT) and fiber strength and maximum negative loadings were exhibited by fiber length. The diversification of genotypes as shown by the results of cluster and principle component analyses would be helpful to obtain superior parents that can be utilized in future breeding strategy and superior genotypes may also be tested in provincial and national yield trials due to a combination of superior yield and quality traits.
The capacity-cost function of discrete additive noise channels with and without feedback

We consider modulo-q additive noise channels, where the noise process is a stationary irreducible and aperiodic Markov chain of order k. We begin by investigating the capacity-cost function (C(/spl beta/)) of such additive-noise channels without feedback. We establish a tight upper bound to (C(/spl beta/)) which holds for general (not necessarily Markovian) stationary q-ary noise processes. This bound constitutes the counterpart of the Wyner-Ziv lower bound to the rate-distortion function of stationary sources with memory. We also provide two simple lower bounds to C(/spl beta/) which along with the upper bound can be easily calculated using the Blahut algorithm for the computation of channel capacity. Numerical results indicate that these bounds form a tight envelope on C(/spl beta/). We next examine the effect of output feedback on the capacity-cost function of these channels and establish a lower bound to the capacity-cost function with feedback (C/sub FB/(/spl beta/)). We show (both analytically and numerically) that for a particular feedback encoding strategy and a class of Markov noise sources, the lower bound to C/sub FB/(/spl beta/) is strictly greater than C(/spl beta/). This demonstrates that feedback can increase the capacity-cost function of discrete channels with memory.
Gender in the crisis and remaking of Europe: re-gendering subsidiarity

This article analyses the gender dimension of the European Commission’s proposals to revise the governance of the European Union in response to the crisis by increasing the powers of the European Union level. The proposed change in the location of the subsidiarity boundary has significant gender implications: subsidiarity is gendered. The alternative strategies for economic growth and security have implications for democracy and gender equality. The concepts of ’gender regime’ (and its social-democratic and neoliberal varieties) and ’project’ are developed and applied. The possibility of the embedding of the gender-equality project in the new institutions proposed by the Commission is discussed.
Covariance based person re-identification using spectral matching

This paper presents an approach for reidentification based on appearance. The person re-identification is recently introduced and yet an unsolved problem in computer vision. Re-identification refers to identify an individual who has already been observed by different cameras. The appearance of an individual in different cameras looks unlike due to illumination variations and arbitrary pose alternations. The identity of an individual is represented by a distinct signature model that should invariant to illumination, pose variation and occlusions. This paper focuses on the formation of distinct signature models based on mean covariance patch. A patch homogeneity is proposed which handles the clutter in the image of a specific individual. The signature model of each individual needs to find its corresponding signature model over the network. The idea of spectral matching is used for the computation of matching between the models signature. The matching signature models are ranked according to matching scores. The performance of our approaches is evaluated on ETHZ and VIPeR data sets and the results are shown in cumulative matching characteristics.
Linguistic Mediation of Visual Search: Effects of Speech Timing and Display

Recent studies have shown that instead of a dichotomy between parallel and serial search strategies, in many instances we see a combination of both search strategies utilized. Consequently, computational models and theoretical accounts of visual search processing have evolved from traditional parallel/serial descriptions to labels of “efficient” and “inefficient. ” In the first experiment, we replicate previous findings with a between-subjects design, where incremental spoken language comprehension influences the efficiency of visual search processing. Next, we utilize a localist attractor network to simulate the results from the first experiment, and then employ the network to make quantitative predictions about the influence of subtle timing differences of real-time language processing on visual search. These predictions are then tested and confirmed in our second experiment. The results provide further evidence toward understanding linguistically mediated influences on real-time visual search processing and support an interactive processing account of visual search and language comprehension.
The effects of ripening and cooking method on mineral and proximate composition of plantain ( Musa sp . AAB cv . ‘ Agbagba ’ ) fruit pulp

In West and Central Africa, plantain fruits are eaten after cooking or after some other forms of processing. The cooking or processing method employed influences the biochemical and nutritional composition thereafter. In this study, the fruits of Falsehorn plantain (Musa sp. AAB, cv. ‘Agbagba’) at the green harvest stage, light green (more-green-than-yellow), yellowish green (more-yellow-thangreen) and fully-ripe (yellow) stages of ripeness were analysed for nutritional composition after boiling, steaming or roasting, alongside the unprocessed (raw) fruits as the control. The fruits were analysed in triplicate samples for fat, protein, carbohydrate (CHO), dry matter content (DMC), β-carotene (vitamin A precursor), ash, Fe, K and Zn contents in a 4 x 4 factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed significant variations in the mineral and proximate composition of the fruits following natural ripening, and the cooking (processing) method employed. Ash, CHO and K contents of the fruits seemingly increased with ripeness, whereas fat, DMC, Fe and β-carotene decreased particularly at full ripe state. Majority of the proximate and mineral constituents (fat, protein, CHO, DMC, vitamin A, Fe and K) were relatively higher at the light green and the greenish yellow (semi-ripe) stages. Similarly, ash, fat, protein, DMC, Fe and K were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the roasted fruits, but steamed fruits had the highest concentration of β-carotene. Except for CHO content, boiling significantly (P < 0.05) decreased most of the proximate and mineral contents of the fruits. It was observed that fruits roasted at the semi-ripe stages had the highest concentration of nutrients, and the CHO content in roasted fruits was correspondingly low. It is conclusive from this study that roasting followed by steam-cooking better conserved nutrients of plantain fruits, thus adjudged the best cooking methods. To optimize nutrients derivable from eating plantain fruits, roasting semi-ripe (light green or slight yellow stage) fruits was the best option.
Effect of Temperature on Permeation Through Air Supply Hoses

Abstract Permeation of chemicals through the walls of air-supply hoses used with respirators is an underrecognized problem in industry. Transport of chemicals through the wall of a hose occurs in the same manner as through gloves and chemical suits, driven by the chemical concentration gradient, but for air-supply hoses the chemical evaporating inside the air-supply hose is inhaled. A simple method based on the mathematical equivalence of filling a homogeneous hose with a chemical, to immersing it in a chemical, has been developed. The method requires a short section of hose to be filled, plugged, and weighed at intervals to determine the breakthrough detection time and the cumulative permeation per meter. The method has been tested experimentally and calculations show that permeation of an air-line respirator hose could be a significant source of respiratory exposure, particularly for users of demand-type, supplied-air respirators.
DC-Link Voltage Stabilization for Reduced DC-Link Capacitor Inverter

In conventional motor drive systems using pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverters, large electrolytic capacitors are used for stabilization of the dc-link voltage. Since the electrolytic capacitors are bulky and reduce reliability of the system due to short lifetime, there have been many efforts to eliminate or reduce the electrolytic capacitors in the motor drive system. However, the PWM inverter with reduced dc-link capacitor has a problem that the dc-link voltage is less stable compared to the conventional inverter because the capability of storing energy is also reduced. In this paper, a dc-link voltage stabilization algorithm using an active damping is proposed so that the dc-link voltage can be stabilized with reduced dc-link capacitor. To achieve load-/source-independent stabilization, a source state estimator which estimates both source voltage and current is also proposed. The fluctuation of the dc-link voltage due to a step load change can be also suppressed under the tolerance range using the estimated source current. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is evaluated by experimental results.
Attachment, Friendship, and Psychosocial Functioning in Early Adolescence

Fifth-graders’ (N = 162; 93 girls) relationships with parents and friends were examined with respect to their main and interactive effects on psychosocial functioning. Participants reported on parental support, the quality of their best friendships, self-worth, and perceptions of social competence. Peers reported on aggression, shyness and withdrawal, and rejection and victimization. Mothers reported on psychological adjustment. Perceived parental support and friendship quality predicted higher global self-worth and social competence and less internalizing problems. Perceived parental support predicted fewer externalizing problems, and paternal (not maternal) support predicted lower rejection and victimization. Friendship quality predicted lower rejection and victimization for only girls. Having a supportive mother protected boys from the effects of lowquality friendships on their perceived social competence. High friendship quality buffered the effects of low maternal support on girls’c internalizing difficulties.
The Empirics of Balance Sheet Mechanics. Capital and Leverage in Small-scale Banking

The prevailing view in the banking industry is that increased bank capital requirements drag down bank lending. This is because capital is assumed to impose higher funding costs on banks than debts. The leading scholarly view in finance maintains the contrary. We are able to present microeconometric evidence in support of the theoretical proposition that the bank capital-bank lending linkage remains positive under a minimum capital requirement regime. Most importantly, the empirical analysis indicates that this finding may hold well in both short and long run.
Hot-Electron Degradation of AlGaN/GaN High-Electron Mobility Transistors During RF Operation: Correlation With GaN Buffer Design

Comprehensive RF stress-test campaign has been performed over AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor employing different GaN buffer designs, including unintentional doping, carbon doping and iron doping. No signature of gate-edge degradation has been found, and good correlation emerges between the buffer composition, subthreshold leakage current, and permanent degradation of the RF performance. The degradation mechanism, more pronounced in devices with parasitic buffer conductivity, involves the generation of additional deep trap states, the worsening of the dynamic current collapse, and the subsequent degradation of RF output power.
Stock market contagion in Central and Eastern Europe: unexpected volatility and extreme co-exceedance

Abstract We examine whether there is contagion from the US stock market to six Central and Eastern European stock markets. We use a novel measure of contagion that examines whether volatility shocks in the US stock market coupled with negative returns are followed by higher co-exceedance between US and emerging stock markets. Using our approach and controlling for a set of market-related variables, we show that during the period from 1998 to 2014, financial contagion occurred, that is, unexpected negative events in the US market are followed by higher co-exceedance between US and Central and Eastern European stock markets. Even though contagion is stronger during the financial crisis, it also occurs in tranquil times.
Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Factors Impacting Referral to and Participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation for African American Patients: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

PURPOSE: The purposes of this systematic review were to (1) review the literature related to the demographic and biopsychosocial-spiritual factors impacting cardiac rehabilitation (CR) referral and participation of African American patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD); (2) identify barriers and facilitators to CR referral and participation for this population; (3) identify gaps in the literature; and (4) make recommendations for future research studies and interventions. METHODS: The Cooper 7-step protocol for research synthesis was followed to formulate a research question and search MEDLINE via PubMed, PsycINFO via EBSCO, and CINAHL via EBSCO. A second reviewer repeated the searches performed by the first author in the initial review. RESULTS: A total of 1640 articles identified using the search strategy yielded 7 articles that fit the search criteria. Most studies measured demographic or social factors. Two studies measured biological factors, 1 study measured psychological factors, and no study measured spiritual factors. CONCLUSIONS: According to the studies reviewed, African American patients with CVD were less likely to receive a CR referral, more likely to enroll in CR with more cardiovascular risk factors, and less likely to participate in and complete CR due to factors related to low socioeconomic status (eg, lack of insurance, work conflicts, lower level of education) than non-Hispanic white patients. Further research is needed on the interaction between demographic/biopsychosocial-spiritual factors and referral to and participation of African Americans in CR in order to ensure that interventions fit the needs of this particular population.
Extractable micronutrients status in relation to other soil properties in Billiri Local Government Area

A study of the micronutrient status of soils of Billiri was carried out at 55 different locations. The objective of the study was to evaluate the status of micronutrients and their relationship with soil properties. Soil sample were collected at 0 to 30 cm depth and analyzed for Diethylenetriamine penta acetic acid DPTA extractable micronutrients (iron, Fe, manganese, Mn, zinc, Zn, and copper, Cu). The DPTA extractable Fe, Cu, Zn ranged from 10.31 to 20.17, 4.04 to 8.43, 2.63 to 7.02 and 10.8 to 26.74 mgkg -1 soil respectively. All soil samples had adequate amount of micronutrients. DPTA extractable Fe gave negative non significant correlation with soil properties; Mn gave negative significant correlation with pH, clay, CEC and organic carbon while Cu and Zn were positively significantly correlated with pH, clay, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic carbon. Since all values were above the critical limits, there is no threat of Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn deficiency in the soils. Deficiency is however likely to develop with continuous cropping and poor fertilizer management.
uasirational models of sentencing andeep

Cognitive continuum theory points to the middle-ground between the intuitive and analytic modes of cognition, called quasirationality. In the context of sentencing, we discuss how legal models prescribe the use of different modes of cognition. These models aim to help judges perform the cognitive balancing act required between factors indicating a more or less severe penalty for an offender. We compare sentencing in three common law jurisdictions (i.e., Australia, the US, and England and Wales). Each places a different
Anaerobic inhibition of trace organic compound removal during rapid infiltration of wastewater

When soil columns were operated aerobically on a flooding-drying schedule in a previous study, good removals were observed for several organic compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 micrograms per liter in primary wastewater. In this study, fractional breakthroughs of most compounds increased substantially once operating parameters were modified and the soil became anaerobic. These results imply that microbial removal of trace organic compounds can be inhibited if anaerobic conditions develop during rapid infiltration of wastewater.
Analysis of the relationship between immunogenicity and immunity for viral subunit vaccines

The prevention of viral infection by vaccination relies on stimulating an appropriate immune response in order to reduce the probability with which a virus can establish an infection. Post‐vaccination antibody responses have therefore been associated with reducing the probability with which an individual can be infected (i.e., the vaccine's “impact”). Quantifying this relationship is essential in evaluating new vaccines, especially since comparisons between vaccines, and vaccine licensure, may be dependent on antibody responses alone. In this paper two principal questions are identified which need to be addressed in the evaluation of subunit vaccines: i) how do specific antibody levels relate to complete protection from infection or disease and ii) how do antigenic subunits interact in developing protection when combined together in a single vaccine. The aim is to identify explicitly certain assumptions that are frequently made implicitly in the discussion of vaccine action. First, antibody levels are related to levels of protection through a novel statistical analysis of incidence data from a published hepatitis B vaccine trial. The antibody response observed after influenza A virus infection is discussed in relation to the selection of neutralisation escape variants. Finally, by way of example, a theoretical situation is examined and three simple models of subunit vaccine action are constructed in order to describe how antibody levels may be related to population level phenomena such as the elimination of an infection by mass vaccination. J. Med. Virol. 64:560–568, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.