Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increase in child behavior problems among urban Brazilian 4-year olds: 1993 and 2004 Pelotas birth cohorts

Background There are an increasing number of reports on time trends in child and adolescent psychological problems but none from low- and middle-income countries, and very few covering the preschool period. The aim was to investigate changes in preschool behavioral/emotional problems in two birth cohorts from a middle-income country born 11 years apart. Methods We analyzed data from the 1993 and 2004 Pelotas birth cohort studies from Brazil. A subsample of 4-year olds from the 1993 cohort (634) and all 4-year olds from the 2004 cohort (3750) were assessed for behavioral/emotional problems through maternal report using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Response rates in these two population-based cohorts were above 90%. Results We found a significant increase in CBCL total problems, internalizing and externalizing mean scores over the 11-year period. For 1993 and 2004 Pelotas cohorts, respectively, CBCL mean values (SE) total problems scores were 27.9 (0.8) and 34.7 (0.3); for internalizing scores, 5.7 (0.2) and 6.3 (0.1) and for externalizing scores, 12.4 (0.4) and 15.5 (0.1). After adjusting for confounding variables, the largest increase from 1993 to 2004 was identified in the aggressive behavior syndrome score (Cohen's d = .50), followed by the externalizing problem score (Cohen's d = .40) and CBCL total problem score (Cohen's d = .36), respectively. The rise in child psychological problems was more marked in children from families with fewer assets and with less educated mothers. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence for a substantial increase in preschool behavioral problems among children in Brazil over an 11-year period.
Neurotic style and organizational pathology

Many parallels can be drawn between organizational and individual pathologies. We believe that the fantasies of top executives and the neurotic styles to which they give rise are important determinants of the nature of organizational dysfunctions. This is particularly true in centralized organizations where the top executives have a major impact upon organizational climate, structure, strategy and even the selection of the environment; and, where organizational recruitment and promotion processes ensure uniformity, or at least conformity, among the top ranks of executives. Using an empirically derived taxonomy, we have isolated five common pathological organizational types and related each of these to the fantasies and neurotic styles of their top executives. Each type is shown to reflect a large number of elements of structure and strategy that are consistent with and probably caused by the neurotic style of the cadre of top executives. The types are called paranoid, compulsive, histrionic, depressive and schizoid. Implications for management research and organizational change are discussed.
Candidate phylum TM6 genome recovered from a hospital sink biofilm provides genomic insights into this uncultivated phylum

Significance This research highlights the discovery and genome reconstruction of a member of the globally distributed yet uncultivated candidate phylum TM6 (designated TM6SC1). In addition to the 16S rRNA gene, no other genomic information is available for this cosmopolitan phylum. This report also introduces a mini-metagenomic approach based on the use of high-throughput single-cell genomics techniques and assembly tools that address a widely recognized issue: how to effectively capture and sequence the currently uncultivated bacterial species that make up the “dark matter of life. ” Amplification and sequencing random pools of 100 events enabled an estimated 90% recovery of the TM6SC1 genome. The “dark matter of life” describes microbes and even entire divisions of bacterial phyla that have evaded cultivation and have yet to be sequenced. We present a genome from the globally distributed but elusive candidate phylum TM6 and uncover its metabolic potential. TM6 was detected in a biofilm from a sink drain within a hospital restroom by analyzing cells using a highly automated single-cell genomics platform. We developed an approach for increasing throughput and effectively improving the likelihood of sampling rare events based on forming small random pools of single-flow–sorted cells, amplifying their DNA by multiple displacement amplification and sequencing all cells in the pool, creating a “mini-metagenome. ” A recently developed single-cell assembler, SPAdes, in combination with contig binning methods, allowed the reconstruction of genomes from these mini-metagenomes. A total of 1.07 Mb was recovered in seven contigs for this member of TM6 (JCVI TM6SC1), estimated to represent 90% of its genome. High nucleotide identity between a total of three TM6 genome drafts generated from pools that were independently captured, amplified, and assembled provided strong confirmation of a correct genomic sequence. TM6 is likely a Gram-negative organism and possibly a symbiont of an unknown host (nonfree living) in part based on its small genome, low-GC content, and lack of biosynthesis pathways for most amino acids and vitamins. Phylogenomic analysis of conserved single-copy genes confirms that TM6SC1 is a deeply branching phylum.
Complications of the translabyrinthine approach for the removal of acoustic neuromas.

OBJECTIVE To report the complications that occurred during a large series of surgical procedures for the removal of acoustic neuromas using the translabyrinthine approach. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING Neuro-otology practice with academic affiliation. Procedures were performed at either a university medical center or a community hospital in conjunction with a neurosurgery team. PATIENTS A total of 258 patients (142 men, 116 women; mean age, 51 years) underwent the translabyrinthine approach during a 14-year period. All patients had a histologically proven diagnosis of acoustic neuroma. RESULTS There were no deaths. There were 3 cases (1.1%) of neurovascular compromise. There were 20 cases (7.8%) of cerebrospinal fluid leak, 16 (80%) of which presented as rhinorrhea and 4 (20%) as incisional leaks. The leaks at the incision responded to conservative management, while rhinorrhea usually required more aggressive means of closure. Four patients (1.6%) were diagnosed as having bacterial meningitis. Complete gross tumor removal was not achieved in 4 patients (1.6%). Facial nerve function, as measured by the House-Brackmann system, was recorded in all patients at 1 year: 76% had a score of I or II; 18%, a score of III or IV; and 6%, a score of V or VI. Other complications included 3 cases of pneumonia, 1 case of severe gastric hemorrhage, and 1 case of wound infection. CONCLUSIONS The results of this series generally agree with those of other large series and demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the translabyrinthine approach in excising acoustic neuromas.
Fat, fiber, fruits, vegetables, and risk of colorectal adenomas

A case‐control study was conducted at the National Naval Medical Center (Maryland, USA) from 1994 to 1996 to investigate the possible association between dietary factors and colorectal adenomas. Cases (n = 239) were subjects diagnosed with adenomas (146 new and 93 recurrent) by sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Those with no evidence of adenomas found by sigmoidoscopy were recruited as controls (n = 228). Dietary variables, assessed by a 100‐item food frequency questionnaire, were analyzed by the logistic regression model, which was adjusted for age, gender and total energy intake. Variables of fat intake were further adjusted for red meat intake. An increased risk of 7% [odds ratio (OR): 1.07; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.94–1.22] per 5% energy/day from total fat was observed. Every additional 5% unit of oleic acid intake/day significantly increased the adenoma risk by 115% (OR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.05–4.39). Red meat fat increased the risk by 20% (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.71–2.04), and white meat fat decreased the risk by 67% (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.19–0.95) for every additional 5% unit of respective intake/day. Risk decreased by 41% (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41–0.86) for every additional 5% unit of fiber intake/day. Vegetable [OR per 100 g of vegetable intake/day: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.67–1.04] and fruit (OR per 100 g of fruit intake/day: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.82–1.03) intake showed an inverse association, and the results are suggestive of an association with the risk for adenomas. In conclusion, a strong positive association between oleic acid intake and colorectal adenoma risk was observed. This is likely to be an indicator of “unhealthy” food (meat, dairy, margarine, mayonnaise, sweet baked food) consumption in this population. Increased intake of dietary fiber was associated with a moderately decreased risk of adenomas. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Perception of Three-Dimensional Solids

Arising from the discussion of differences between three- and two-dimensional perceptual objects in relation to current theories, an attempt is made to extend the traditional type of shape-constancy investigation into the realm of three-dimensional solids. For this purpose a specially constructed “solid” is made to undergo progressive physical changes of shape while being compared, under controlled conditions, with various stationary two-dimensional projections. The results indicate that three-dimensional solids possess perceptual properties not shared by simple surfaces or representational projections. It is suggested that changes in the magnitude and sign of the constant errors obtained under certain conditions can be explained only on the assumption that subjects react to the stimulus in terms of some conceptual schema, or reference frame, involving mental processes other than those of perception.
Identification of ethanol responsive domains of adenylyl cyclase.

BACKGROUND The activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) is enhanced by pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ethanol. The enhancing effect of ethanol on AC activity is AC isoform-specific. Therefore, we hypothesized that within a cyclic AMP-generating system, AC is the target of ethanol's action and that ethanol-sensitive AC molecules contain structural elements modulated by ethanol. The structural elements are designated as "ethanol responsive domains. " METHODS By using a series of chimeric mutants, we searched regions of the AC molecule that are important for the ethanol effect. These chimeric mutants were derived from 3 isoforms of AC: AC7 (type 7), the most ethanol responsive isoform; AC3 (type 3), an isoform that is far less responsive to ethanol; and AC2 (type 2), an isoform that is homologous to AC7 but less responsive to ethanol. RESULTS We identified 2 discrete regions of the AC molecule that are important for the enhancement of AC activity by ethanol. The first is the N-terminal 28-amino-acid (aa) region of the C(1a) domain. The second is the C-terminal region ( approximately 140 aa) of the AC molecule. Sequence differences in the N-terminal tail, 2 putative transmembrane domains, and the C(1b) domain are not important for ethanol's effect. CONCLUSIONS The current study with mammalian ACs provides a new class of alcohol-responsive protein and possibly a new mechanism of alcohol action on cellular function. The identification of ethanol responsive domains will facilitate the elucidation of the mechanisms by which ethanol enhances the activity of AC.
A stochastic evolutionary model for capturing human dynamics

The recent interest in human dynamics has led researchers to investigate the stochastic processes that explain human behaviour in various contexts. Here we propose a generative model to capture the dynamics of survival analysis, traditionally employed in clinical trials and reliability analysis in engineering. We derive a general solution for the model in the form of a product, and then a continuous approximation to the solution via the renewal equation describing age-structured population dynamics. This enables us to model a wide rage of survival distributions, according to the choice of the mortality distribution. We provide empirical evidence for the validity of the model from a longitudinal data set of popular search engine queries over 114 months, showing that the survival function of these queries is closely matched by the solution for our model with power-law mortality.
Plasma Biomarkers Reflecting Profibrotic Processes in Heart Failure With a Preserved Ejection Fraction: Data From the Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ARB on Management of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Study.

BACKGROUND Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is a clinical syndrome that has been associated with changes in the extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to determine whether profibrotic biomarkers accurately reflect the presence and severity of disease and underlying pathophysiology and modify response to therapy in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. METHODS AND RESULTS Four biomarkers, soluble form of ST2 (an interleukin-1 receptor family member), galectin-3, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and collagen III N-terminal propeptide were measured in the Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ARB on Management of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (PARAMOUNT) trial at baseline, 12 and 36 weeks after randomization to valsartan or LCZ696. We examined the relationship between baseline biomarkers, demographic and echocardiographic characteristics, change in primary (change in N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide) and secondary (change in left atrial volume) end points. The median (interquartile range) value for soluble form of ST2 (33 [24.6-48.1] ng/mL) and galectin 3 (17.8 [14.1-22.8] ng/mL) were higher, and for matrix metalloproteinase-2 (188 [155.5-230.6] ng/mL) lower, than in previously published referent controls; collagen III N-terminal propeptide (5.6 [4.3-6.9] ng/mL) was similar to referent control values. All 4 biomarkers correlated with severity of disease as indicated by N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, E/E', and left atrial volume. Baseline biomarkers did not modify the response to LCZ696 for lowering N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; however, left atrial volume reduction varied by baseline level of soluble form of ST2 and galectin 3; patients with values less than the observed median (<33 ng/mL soluble form of ST2 and <17.8 ng/mL galectin 3) had reduction in left atrial volume, those above median did not. Although LCZ696 reduced N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, levels of the other 4 biomarkers were not affected over time. CONCLUSIONS In patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, biomarkers that reflect collagen homeostasis correlated with the presence and severity of disease and underlying pathophysiology, and may modify the structural response to treatment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT00887588.
Sex, Beauty, and Youth: An Analysis of Advertising Appeals Targeting U.S. Women of Different Age Groups

Although women's involvement in both the workforce and purchasing decisions has dramatically increased, evidence suggests that advertising targeting them has not changed much over time. As women of different age groups belong to different generational cohorts, they have experienced life from within different culturally salient backgrounds and with different values and expecations. Thus, the examination of advertising appeals across different targeted age groups can yield important insights. Our study of print advertisements in women's magazines found significant differences in the appeals used to target women of four different age groups. Limitations of the research, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.
Neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells and factors affecting adhesion in patients with Behçet's disease.

OBJECTIVES: To study the in vitro adhesion of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) to endothelial cells in patients with Behçet's disease (BD), and the humoral and cellular factors which may contribute to adhesion. METHODS: A total of 118 patients with BD and 60 healthy controls were studied. In vitro adhesion of chromium-51 labelled normal neutrophils to human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers were studied in the presence of normal serum or serum obtained from patients with BD. Adhesion of neutrophils from patients with BD to HUVEC stimulated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adhesion molecule (CD11a, CD11b, CD18 and L-selectin) expression on the patient's neutrophils and lymphocytes were determined, and the serum concentration of IL-8 was measured. RESULTS: Sera from patients with BD were found to enhance the adherence of normal PMNLs to HUVEC monolayers in vitro. Patients' sera induced an increase in surface expression of CD11a and CD18 on normal neutrophils and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on HUVECs. The number of CD11a positive neutrophils was greater in the blood of patients with BD than in that of healthy controls (89.4% v 71%; p < 0.001). Pretreatment of HUVECs with IL-1 alpha, TNF alpha or LPS resulted in an increased adhesion of patients' PMNLs greater than that observed for normal PMNLs. Monoclonal antibodies to CD11a, CD11b, CD18, and ICAM-1 caused varying degrees of inhibition of neutrophil adhesion. The concentration of IL-8 was also found to be significantly increased in sera of patients with BD (490 (SD 470) pg/ml) compared with normal controls (97.5 (56.3) pg/ml). CONCLUSION: Abnormalities of neutrophils, endothelial cells, or both, have been suggested to be responsible for many of the clinical manifestations of BD. Our findings may explain the underlying mechanism of neutrophil accumulation in Behçet's lesions.
Understanding the leadership qualities of a head of department coping with curriculum changes in a Hong Kong secondary school

Little relevant research examining the leadership patterns of heads of department (HoD) coping with curriculum changes is found within the Chinese context. This article presents an exploratory case study which delineates the leadership qualities exhibited by a HoD as he overcomes the difficulties typically confronted in the process of school-based curriculum development (SBCD) in a Hong Kong secondary school. The findings showed that the challenges faced by the HoD included: (1) teachers' low receptivity of SBCD; (2) teachers' limited time and expertise in SBCD; and (3) a need for more effective collaboration in the department. The essential leadership patterns detected were: (1) personal charisma; (2) shared vision building; (3) empowerment of teachers; (4) changing beliefs and enhancing the capacity of teachers; and (5) fostering collegiality among teachers. This study suggests that unless the HoD is committed to making an innovation a priority, the potential of teachers to contribute to any curriculum change may not be realised.
A randomised trial comparing efficacy, onset and duration of action of pethidine and tramadol in abolition of shivering in the intra operative period.

INTRODUCTION Regional anaesthesia (spinal anaesthesia) is widely used as a safe anaesthetic technique for both elective and emergency operations. Shivering is known to be a frequent complication, reported in 40 to 70% of patients undergoing surgery under regional anaesthesia. Various methods are available for the control of shivering during anaesthesia. Here we have compared Tramadol, a synthetic opioid with Pethidine, the gold standard drug for the treatment of shivering, in the quest for more safe and efficacious drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty patients of ASA 1 and 2 status posted for elective surgical procedures under neuraxial block were selected. Group P (n=20) received Pethidine 0.5mg/kg IV and group T (n=20) received tramadol 1.0 mg/kg IV. RESULTS Both the drugs were found to be effective in reducing shivering. Nineteen patients in the Group T had control of shivering at end of 5 minutes but there were no patients who had control of shivering Group P (p < 0.0001) which is statistically significant. CONCLUSION Tramadol reduced the occurrence of postanesthetic shivering more significantly than pethidine.
Path analysis of cognitive behavioural models in substance misuse. What is the relationship between concepts involved?

Abstract Introduction: The aims were (i) to assess if data support the propositions about the assumed causal relationships deduced from Cognitive Behaviour Therapy models; (ii) to explore the potential inclusion of negative expectancies in those; and (iii) to assess if data supports one model better than others. Method: Patients dependent on alcohol, opioids and stimulants were recruited. Mediational Path analysis was performed. Change of dependence at 3 months was the outcome. Results: Ninety-six alcohol, ninety-four opioid and seventy-seven stimulant participants were recruited. Multi group analysis indicated that the three substance groups could be collapsed and analysed together. The multiple regression model, based on Marlatt’s relapse prevention model, was the best to fit the data. Urges had a strong negative effect and negative expectancies a weaker positive effect on outcome. An exploratory model incorporating causal relationships between the variables was tested, with urges and negative expectancies as the final mediators. This model though was not better than the multiple regression one. Conclusion: Comparison across models suggested that the regression model based on the original Relapse prevention was the best, with urges and negative expectancies having the highest effect in opposite directions.
Fading of Auramine-Stained Mycobacterial Smears and Implications for External Quality Assurance

ABSTRACT Light-emitting diode fluorescence microscopy is being scaled up for tuberculosis control, but fading of auramine-stained slides could compromise external quality assurance. We stored auramine-stained slides and reexamined them over time. Slides stored in all environments faded quickly, with significant changes in the proportion of positive slides in as little as 1 week.
Schooling gender: Ethical dilemmas in employing critical youth studies

Abstract Like adults, young people want their voices to be heard. While most adults have spaces wherein they can express themselves (be that through affiliation with different group membership, voting in elections, or freely choosing their peer cohorts), most youth do not have such spaces. Youth are often limited by outside restraints – legal, social, familial – that constrict their ability to freely express themselves, or to have spaces to engage in conversations about issues such as gender and sexuality. Because youth often lack a voice in research, conducting research with, rather than on youth is an integral aspect of critical youth studies. Being able to design and carry out research that is youth-centered is not only necessary, but also critical in creating research projects that promote voice and agency for these young people. This article examines many of the hurdles faced when seeking to conduct youth-centered research. I unpack my experiences within the research project and advocate that youth serve as knowledge agents about their own lives.