Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Low Level Laser on Hydroxyproline Content in experimentally Induced Injury in Achilles ' Tendon in Dog

Objective of study is investigating the effect of Low Level Laser on hydroxyproline content in Achilles tendon in dogs. 12 adult dogs were selected and Under general anesthesia and aseptic condition the dorsal surface of right Achilles tendon was exposed and after complete separation of connective tissue, it was splitted (striking 10 times) in full thickness in longitudinal fashion of 3cm in length in the mid-tendon area using BP blade no 15 in each one. These animals were divided into two groups of control (untreated) and experiment (treated with low level laser) having 6 animals each. The hydroxyproline concentration was measured by modified spectrophotometer method by collecting samples from mid splitted area of injured and normal tendons of each animal from treated and untreated tendons on 30 in three dogs in each group and 90 days in remaining animals after surgery. The collected data was analyzed using student t test at P<0.05% significant level. There was significant differences between hyroxyproline contents of treated tendon with that of control ones. The normal values of hydroxyproline content in control group was 91mg/g of dry matter ( DM ), whereas it was 36.33mg/g of DM after one month and 58.5mg/g of DM after end of 3 months. These data were 89 mg/g of DM for normal tendon and 50.83mg/g of DM and 82.43mg/g of DM respectively for one and three months in experimental group (P<0.05%). This study suggests using hydroxyproline content as a direct marker of the effect of Low Level Laser on collagen content in injured tendon. The results of this study indicated that additional exposure of tendon to Low Level Laser as a local stimulator on severely injured or extensive lesion of Achilles tendon in dog will be highly useful in enhancing hydroxyproline content in the treated tendon.
Understanding the Implications of Online Learning for Educational Productivity

authors are grateful for their constructive comments. iv v Executive Summary Educational systems are under increasing pressure to reduce costs while maintaining or improving outcomes for students. To improve educational productivity, 1 In the United States, online learning alternatives are proliferating rapidly. Recent estimates suggest that 1.5 million elementary and secondary students participated in some form of online learning in 2010 (Wicks 2010). The term online learning can be used to refer to a wide range of programs that use the Internet to provide instructional materials and facilitate interactions between teachers and students and in some cases among students as well. Online learning can be fully online, with all instruction taking place through the Internet, or online elements can be combined with face-to-face interactions in what is known as blended learning (Horn and Staker 2010). many school districts and states are turning to online learning. The purpose of this report is to support educational administrators and policymakers in becoming informed consumers of information about online learning and its potential impact on educational productivity. The report provides foundational knowledge needed to examine and understand the potential contributions of online learning to educational productivity, including a conceptual framework for understanding the necessary components of rigorous productivity analyses, drawing in particular on cost-effectiveness analysis as an accessible method in education. Five requirements for rigorous cost-effectiveness studies are described: 1) Important design components of an intervention are specified; 2) Both costs and outcomes are measured; 1 As defined in this report, productivity is a ratio between costs and outcomes that can be improved in one of three ways: by reducing costs while maintaining outcomes, improving outcomes while maintaining costs or transforming processes in a way that both reduces costs and improves outcomes. Any improvements in productivity are likely to require initial investments, but successful efforts reduce costs over the long term, even after these initial investments are taken into account. vi 3) At least two conditions are compared; 4) Costs and outcomes are related using a single ratio for each model under study; 5) Other factors not related to the conditions being studied are controlled or held constant. The report also includes a review of ways that online learning might offer productivity benefits compared with traditional place-based schooling. Unfortunately, a review of the available research that examined the impact of online learning on educational productivity for secondary school students was found to be lacking. …
Measuring the distance between multiple sequence alignments

MOTIVATION Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a core method in bioinformatics. The accuracy of such alignments may influence the success of downstream analyses such as phylogenetic inference, protein structure prediction, and functional prediction. The importance of MSA has lead to the proliferation of MSA methods, with different objective functions and heuristics to search for the optimal MSA. Different methods of inferring MSAs produce different results in all but the most trivial cases. By measuring the differences between inferred alignments, we may be able to develop an understanding of how these differences (i) relate to the objective functions and heuristics used in MSA methods, and (ii) affect downstream analyses. RESULTS We introduce four metrics to compare MSAs, which include the position in a sequence where a gap occurs or the location on a phylogenetic tree where an insertion or deletion (indel) event occurs. We use both real and synthetic data to explore the information given by these metrics and demonstrate how the different metrics in combination can yield more information about MSA methods and the differences between them. AVAILABILITY MetAl is a free software implementation of these metrics in Haskell. Source and binaries for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X are available from http://kumiho.smith. man.ac. uk/whelan/software/metal/.
The liberation of hospitality management education

Hospitality management higher education’s historic origins have resulted in a strong vocational ethos permeating the curriculum. Knowledge about hospitality has been drawn from the industry and the world of work rather than from the many disciplines or other fields of enquiry, which can help to explain it. By the late 1990s there was a strengthening international movement, driven by higher education hospitality academics towards the liberation of hospitality management higher education from its vocational base and to explore the inclusion in the curriculum of a broader and more reflective orientation. This paper investigates the historical evolution of hospitality management education, concepts associated with liberal education, and provides an illustrative case study that evaluates how a more liberal base was introduced into the curriculum at two universities located in Australia and Scotland respectively.
PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION AND STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY ASYMPTOTICS

We study the Merton portfolio optimization problem in the presence of stochastic volatility using asymptotic approximations when the volatility process is characterized by its timescales of fluctuation. This approach is tractable because it treats the incomplete markets problem as a perturbation around the complete market constant volatility problem for the value function, which is well understood. When volatility is fast mean‐reverting, this is a singular perturbation problem for a nonlinear Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman partial differential equation, while when volatility is slowly varying, it is a regular perturbation. These analyses can be combined for multifactor multiscale stochastic volatility models. The asymptotics shares remarkable similarities with the linear option pricing problem, which follows from some new properties of the Merton risk tolerance function. We give examples in the family of mixture of power utilities and also use our asymptotic analysis to suggest a “practical” strategy that does not require tracking the fast‐moving volatility. In this paper, we present formal derivations of asymptotic approximations, and we provide a convergence proof in the case of power utility and single‐factor stochastic volatility. We assess our approximation in a particular case where there is an explicit solution.
Succession in Women-Owned Family Businesses: A Case Study

Succession is one of the most studied aspects of family businesses. However, although it is estimated that women own more than 33% of such organizations, to our knowledge, few studies focus on succession in them. Our objective is to explore and understand the process of succession in family-owned businesses run by women. This paper presents the results of a case study of four women who own and run family businesses in the manufacturing sector and who have shared the management of their organizations with their successors for at least three years.
Using Electrically-evoked Compound Action Potentials to Estimate Perceptive Levels in Experienced Adult Cochlear Implant Users.

HYPOTHESIS The cochlear implant (CI) fitting level prediction accuracy of electrically-evoked compound action potential (ECAP) should be enhanced by the addition of demographic data in models. INTRODUCTION No accurate automated fitting of CI based on ECAP has yet been proposed. METHODS We recorded ECAP in 45 adults who had been using MED-EL CIs for more than 11 months and collected the most comfortable loudness level (MCL) used for CI fitting (prog-MCL), perception thresholds (meas-THR), and MCL (meas-MCL) measured with the stimulation used for ECAP recording. Linear mixed models taking into account cochlear site factors were computed to explain prog-MCL, meas-MCL, and meas-THR. RESULTS Cochlear region and ECAP threshold were predictors of the three levels. In addition, significant predictors were the ECAP amplitude for the prog-MCL and the duration of deafness for the prog-MCL and the meas-THR. Estimations were more accurate for the meas-THR, then the meas-MCL, and finally the prog-MCL. CONCLUSION These results show that 1) ECAP thresholds are more closely related to perception threshold than to comfort level, 2) predictions are more accurate when the inter-subject and cochlear regions variations are considered, and 3) differences between the stimulations used for ECAP recording and for CI fitting make it difficult to accurately predict the prog-MCL from the ECAP recording. Predicted prog-MCL could be used as bases for fitting but should be used with care to avoid any uncomfortable or painful stimulation.
Evidence That Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) is a Part of a Firm's Overall Disclosure Package*

The objective of this study is to investigate the role, if any, that management discussion and analysis (MD&A) plays in a firm's disclosure package. First, we present evidence regarding the usefulness of MD&A. Our evidence is uniformly supportive of the view that MD&A is a source of new and useful information and indicates that MD&A is used for financial analysis purposes by at least one significant user group, sell-side analysts, who are members of the Toronto Society of Financial Analysts. We then provide evidence on disclosure quality. The results reveal that, overall, MD&A disclosure quality varies with disclosure stimuli similar to those found to influence disclosure choice in other disclosure channels. However, a more refined analysis of the MD&A subcomponents reveals that different factors influence disclosure quality for those subcomponents. Taken together, our results are consistent with the notion that MD&A is a part of a firm's overall disclosure package.
A SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION APPROACH TO

with planted acreage response for soybeans, cotton, rice, and corn assumed to be jointly determined. The Effective policy and program decisions need con- simultaneity occurs among acreages allocated to comtinuing research as input in formulating and evalua- peting crops, given a fixed total acreage in any one ting these decisions. Detailed analyses of inter- and year but not perfectly invariant among years. This intraregional interdependence among crops, and of contrasts with the usual market applications, where production alternatives involving soybeans, are prices and quantities are assumed to be jointly deterespecially needed because it is no longer certain that mined. an expanding demand will provide a safety valve for soybean and related commodity programs [4, 9] . Equation I. Acreage of Soybeans This article reports an initial attempt to identify Theory postulates that relative profitability inand estimate the underlying relationships between the fluences enterprise selection. In order to obtain more production of soybeans and other crops and especial- detailed information, variables which represent the ly as influenced by consequences of alternative underlying components, i.e., own and competing crop courses of policy action. A simultaneous equation expected prices, yields, and production costs, should system is specified and estimated for the Delta pro- be included. The acreage planted to soybeans in the duction region 1 in an attempt to measure the extent previous year is a variable, since we seek to explain of interdependence amoung crops and the associated the current year's acreage as an adjustment from the commodity policies. This approach contrasts with previous year's acreage. It is argued that producers do most previous studies which have employed single not drastically alter their cropping pattern in one year equation techniques on time series or have used the (for reasons such as equipment peculiar to one enterfirm planning-aggregation approach to supply prise in their machinery complement) but do it estimation. gradually over a period of years. The current year support price of soybeans is included, because it is
Supporting Radical Front End Innovation: Perceived Key Factors of Pharmaceutical Innovation

This article explores how radical front end innovation is supported in pharmaceutical companies. The empirical field is an explorative case study of front end innovation in the pharmaceutical industry, with an in‐depth case study of the Danish pharmaceutical company, H. Lundbeck A/S, and explorative studies of seven European and American pharmaceutical companies. We aim to show how pharmaceutical innovation is unique in terms of front end innovation (FEI) and what this implies for effective management and organization of radical pharmaceutical FEI. The value added and the contribution of this article to the existing FEI literature is therefore in the specificity of the empirical setting in which the issue is investigated.
A behavioural multi-criteria decision making framework for corporate climate change response

The understanding that humans are bounded in their rationality has been proven to manifest in complex decision making as a result of a limit in the amount of information available, the cognitive limitations of the mind and the amount of time available in which to make a decision. Because of this, humans have been known to appeal to heuristics and the rules of thumb (termed 'satisficing‘) when making decisions, resulting in biased probability judgments and not maximizing expected utility. Corporate application of bounded rationality is still very limited. This study builds on and advances the study and application of bounded rationality in corporate environments, using climate change response as a real-life situation, and in a circular fashion help explain some of the debates and paradoxes that agitate researchers from the climate change community. Using a mixed methods comparative case study of two organisations‘ responses to climate change, the study theorises that competitive market forces and the ability of organisations to learn from other organisations limits the levels of 'satisficing‘ in strategic decision making. Instead, the limited amount of information and the fear of the unknown cause organizations to approach the subject cautiously. A tactical interpretive climate change response framework emerges.
Emotional Perception in Unilateral Stroke Patients: Recovery, Test Stability, and Interchannel Relationships

Despite an ever-increasing literature on language and cognitive recovery after brain injury, there are relatively few investigations about the recovery of emotional processing. The main purpose of this study was to provide a preliminary evaluation of recovery of emotional perception across 3 communication channels in unilateral stroke patients. In addition, instrument stability and interrelationships among the channels were examined. Tasks assessing facial, prosodic, and lexical emotional identification from the New York Emotion Battery (Borod, Welkowitz, & Obler, 1992) were administered to right-brain-damaged (RBD), left-braindamaged (LBD), and normal control (NC) participants. Emotional, as well as nonemotional control, tasks were examined at 2 times, with a median interval of 25 months. Findings revealed some evidence of recovery on emotional perception tasks. Participant group differences were found at baseline on lexical and prosodic emotion tasks. Test-retest correlations were high for NCs and LBDs but low for RBDs. Significant relationships were more frequent for the facial versus prosodic channel than for the lexical versus the 2 nonverbal channels, suggesting that facial and prosodic perception may subserve a general emotional processor.
Governance from below: contesting corporate environmentalism in Durban, South Africa

Multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in developing countries face increasing social and environmental risk. Previous work on how MNCs seek to mitigate these risks has often failed to recognize the complexity and interaction between international, home and host country governance mechanisms. Here, however, changes in corporate environmental behaviour at the site level are evaluated in terms of the dynamics of local and cross-scale institutionalization processes. The subject of the paper is the contestation of industrial pollution at Shell's Sapref oil refinery in Durban, South Africa. Using a novel research design, institutional and organizational theory is combined with social network analysis to explore how and why Sapref's environmental performance has changed over time. The analysis highlights mechanisms of institutional change and how MNC environmental performance can be contested and constructed from the bottom up, thus calling into question the effectiveness of the global environmental governance processes.
A Rejoinder: The Measurement and Stability of State Citizen Ideology

our initial article challenged three of Brace et al.'s (2004) claims: (1) state citizen ideology is stable over time; (2) the Berry et al. (1998) measure of state citizen ideology is invalid; and (3) assessing the effect of state citizen ideology on state policy requires analysts to first parse out national or across-the-board changes in ideology. By stating that “the authors of the preceding article reinforce most of our substantive points,” Brace et al. (2007, 000) leave the impression that we agree with these claims. We do not. In fact, we see no evidence in this exchange to support any of these claims or to rebut our criticisms of them. To substantiate their first claim Brace et al. (2004) report that residuals from fixed-effects regression models of two measures of state ideological self-identification display few significant time trends. In this issue, we show that the results of the residual analysis are almost certainly artifacts of low statistical power and high measurement error and, hence, cannot support their claim. Brace et al. defend their second claim by showing that Berry et al.'s measure of citizen ideology both produces far more statistically significant time trends than do the two measures of ideological self-identification and is weakly correlated with these two measures. In response, we once again point to the artifactual nature of their regression residual results and note that Brace et al. (2001) report incorrect correlations. These empirical criticisms are independent of the distinction we draw between policy mood and self-identification; were we to abandon this distinction completely, which we recommend against on theoretical grounds, these criticisms of Brace et al. (2004) would still apply. We reject Brace et al.'s third claim that changes in state citizen ideology associated with national trends cannot meaningfully influence state public policyon logical grounds, noting that across-the-board changes in state ideology may very well produce changes in state public policy.
Rural-Urban Differences in Environmental Concern in Canada.

Distinctions between rural and urban populations are well documented in environmental sociology literature. Rural and urban places may exert different influences on participation in environmentally supportive behavior (ESB) as well as on other forms of environmental concern (EC). The influence of these distinct geographies may be due to present circumstances or because of childhood socialization in these places. Using data from a national survey in Canada (n51 664), we use cognitive (basic values, environmental worldview, and environmental attitude) and behavioral indicators (public and private sphere) of EC to explore differences among rural and urban populations and we include analyses accounting for place of socialization. We extend the conventional private sphere category of ESB by including stewardship behaviors. Results showed few differences between rural and urban residents on indicators of EC. Rural residents, however, scored higher on altruistic values, placed a higher priority on the environment, and reported higher participation in recycling and stewardship behaviors. Analysis that included place of socialization showed differences on environmental worldview, basic values, and some ESB. In terms of ESB, we conclude that residence and place of socialization may be less of a factor than opportunity and highlight the importance of providing services and facilities. We recommend future research on residence and ESB include a variety of behaviors that reflect opportunities for both rural and urban residents.