Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Menarcheal Status of Adolescent Girls

Adolescence (from Latin adolescere, meaning "to grow up") is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). The period of adolescence is most closely associated with the teenage years though its physical, psychological and cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. For example, although puberty has been historically associated with the onset of adolescent development. Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans. From both social and medical perspectives, it is often considered the central event of female puberty, as it signals the possibility of fertility. Girls experience menarche at different ages. The timing of menarche is influenced by female biology, as well as genetic and environmental factors, especially nutritional factors. The average age of menarche has declined over the last century, but the magnitude of the decline and the factors responsible remain subjects of contention. The worldwide average age of menarche is very difficult to estimate accurately, and it varies significantly by geographical region, race, ethnicity and other characteristics. Various estimates have placed it at 13. Some estimates suggest that the median age of menarche worldwide is 14 and that there is a later age of onset in Asian populations compared to the West. Secular trend in age at Menarche shows general improvement of nutrition status and living condition and better health services. Government of West Bengal of health services. Provide counselling services (e.g. Anwesha Clinic) which provide Adolescent Friendly Health Services Menarche is the most important biological event occurring girls during puberty. Girls experience menarche at different ages. The timing of menarche is influenced by female biology, as well as genetic and environmental factors, especially nutritional factors. The worldwide average age of menarche is very difficult to estimate accurately, and it varies significantly by geographical region, race, ethnicity and other characteristics. Age at menarche is a significant indicator of growth and sexual maturation in girls. During adolescence, anthropometry provides a tool for monitoring and evaluating the hormone-mediated changes in growth and reproductive maturation. Menarche is defined as the first menstrual period. It is considered to be the most obvious sign of puberty in girls. It has been regarded in many cultures as a transitional step to womanhood.
(R,S)-4-phosphonophenylglycine, a potent and selective group III metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, is anticonvulsive and neuroprotective in vivo.

Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are thought to modulate neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids, via mechanisms of presynaptic inhibition, such as regulation of neurotransmitter release. Here, we describe (R,S)-4-phosphonophenylglycine (PPG) as a novel, potent, and selective agonist for group III mGluRs. In recombinant cell lines expressing the human receptors hmGluR4a, hmGluR6, hmGluR7b, or hmGluR8a, EC50 values for (R,S)-PPG of 5.2 +/- 0.7 microM, 4.7 +/- 0.9 microM, 185 +/- 42 microM, and 0.2 +/- 0.1 microM, respectively, were measured. The compound showed EC50 and IC50 values of >/=200 microM at group I and II hmGluRs and was inactive at cloned human N-methyl-D-aspartate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate, and kainate receptors (>300 microM). On the other hand, it showed micromolar affinity for a Ca2+/Cl--dependent L-glutamate binding site in rat brain, similar to other phosphono-substituted amino acids like L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate. In cultured cortical neurons, (R, S)-PPG provided protection against a toxic pulse of N-methyl-D-aspartate (EC50 = 12 microM), which was reversed by the group III mGluR antagonist (R,S)-alpha-methylserine-O-phosphate but not by the group II antagonist (2S)-alpha-ethylglutamate. Moreover, (R,S)-PPG protected against N-methyl-D-aspartate- and quinolinic acid-induced striatal lesions in rats and was anticonvulsive in the maximal electroshock model in mice. In contrast to the group III mGluR agonists L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate and L-serine-O-phosphate, (R,S)-PPG showed no proconvulsive effects (2200 nmol i.c.v.). These data provide novel in vivo evidence for group III mGluRs as attractive targets for neuroprotective and anticonvulsive therapy. Also, (R,S)-PPG represents an attractive tool to analyze the roles of group III mGluRs in nervous system physiology and pathology.
Modern Breast Cancer Detection: A Technological Review

Breast cancer is a serious threat worldwide and is the number two killer of women in the United States. The key to successful management is screening and early detection. What follows is a description of the state of the art in screening and detection for breast cancer as well as a discussion of new and emerging technologies. This paper aims to serve as a starting point for those who are not acquainted with this growing field.
Understanding Stack Overflow Code Fragments

Code fragments posted in answers on Q&A forums can form an important source of developer knowledge. However, effective reuse of code fragments found online often requires information other than the code fragment alone. We report on the results of a survey-based study to investigate to what extent developers perceive Stack Overflow code fragments to be self-explanatory. As part of the study, we also investigated the types of information missing from fragments that were not self-explanatory. We find that less than half of the Stack Overflow code fragments in our sample are considered to be self-explanatory by the 321 participants who answered our survey, and that the main issues that negatively affect code fragment understandability include incomplete fragments, code quality, missing rationale, code organization, clutter, naming issues, and missing domain information. This study is a step towards understanding developers' information needs as they relate to code fragments, and how these needs can be addressed.
Modulating TRAP-mediated transcription termination by AT during transcription of the leader region of the Bacillus subtilis trp operon

An 11-subunit protein called trp RNA binding Attenuation Protein (TRAP) controls attenuation of the tryptophan biosynthetic (trpEDCFBA) operon in Bacillus subtilis. Tryptophan-activated TRAP binds to 11 (G/U)AG repeats in the 5′ leader region of trp mRNAs, and downregulates expression of the operon by promoting transcription termination prior to the structural genes. Anti-TRAP (AT) is an antagonist that binds to tryptophan-activated TRAP and prevents TRAP from binding to RNA, thereby upregulating expression of the trp genes. AT forms trimers, and multiple trimers bind to a TRAP 11mer. It is not known how many trimers must bind to TRAP in order to interfere with RNA binding. Studies of isolated TRAP and AT showed that AT can prevent TRAP from binding to the trp leader RNA but cannot dissociate a pre-formed TRAP-RNA complex. Here, we show that AT can prevent TRAP-mediated termination of transcription by inducing dissociation of TRAP from the nascent RNA when it has bound to fewer than all 11 (G/U)AG repeats. The 5′-most region of the TRAP binding site in the nascent transcript is most susceptible to dissociation from TRAP. We also show that one AT trimer bound to TRAP 11mer reduces the affinity of TRAP for RNA and eliminates TRAP-mediated transcription termination in vitro.
Hypoxic condition promotes differentiation and mineralization of dental pulp cells in vivo.

AIM To investigate the behaviour of dental pulp cells under hypoxic conditions in vivo using an experimental animal model. METHODOLOGY A mini-screw was inserted into the inferior dental nerve canal of rats to arrest the blood supply, which resulted in a reduced oxygen level in the dental pulps of molar teeth used for the experimental group. The decrease in blood supply was evaluated by injected India ink in transparent specimens. The hypoxia marker hypoxyprobe-1 was investigated by immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA expressions of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) G2 (ABCG2) which is a marker for the capacity to excrete metabolites and for stem-like cells as well as dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and osteocalcin (OCN) which are markers for mineralization were evaluated by RT-PCR. Protein was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining using ABCG2, dentine sialoprotein (DSP) and OCN. RESULTS The evaluation of India ink indicated a decreased blood supply in the transparent specimens, and hypoxyprobe-1 immunohistochemical staining showed positive expression. ABCG2, DSPP and OCN mRNA expressions increased at 7 and 14 days. Immunohistochemically, ABCG2, DSP and OCN-positive cells were localized in the odontoblastic layer. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic conditions promoted mineralization and differentiation of dental pulp cells of the odontoblastic layer.
Evolutionary and comparative analyses of the soybean genome

The soybean genome assembly has been available since the end of 2008. Significant features of the genome include large, gene-poor, repeat-dense pericentromeric regions, spanning roughly 57% of the genome sequence; a relatively large genome size of ~1.15 billion bases; remnants of a genome duplication that occurred ~13 million years ago (Mya); and fainter remnants of older polyploidies that occurred ~58 Mya and >130 Mya. The genome sequence has been used to identify the genetic basis for numerous traits, including disease resistance, nutritional characteristics, and developmental features. The genome sequence has provided a scaffold for placement of many genomic feature elements, both from within soybean and from related species. These may be accessed at several websites, including http://www.phytozome. net, http://soybase.org, http://comparative-legumes.org, and http://www.legumebase. brc.miyazaki-u.ac. jp. The taxonomic position of soybean in the Phaseoleae tribe of the legumes means that there are approximately two dozen other beans and relatives that have undergone independent domestication, and which may have traits that will be useful for transfer to soybean. Methods of translating information between species in the Phaseoleae range from design of markers for marker assisted selection, to transformation with Agrobacterium or with other experimental transformation methods.
High-strength concrete deep beams with web openings strengthened by carbon fiber reinforced plastics

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) on the shear strengths of deep beams with web openings. A total of 18 high-strength concrete deep beams with web openings were tested. Twelve were externally wrapped with four layers of CFRP, six of them strengthened in the horizontal direction and the others in the vertical direction. The parameters of the configuration of CFRP, the sizes of the openings and the locations of the openings were covered in this study. The test results indicates the shear strengths of deep beams with openings sized 60x40 mm were about 16% higher than that with openings sized 68X68 mm. For deep beams with openings sized 60x68 mm. For deep beams with openings sized 60x68 mm. For deep beams with openings sized 60x68 mm. For deep beams with openings sized 60x40 mm, the lower the locations of openings the higher the shear strengths were. The test results also indicate the shear strengths of deep beams with web openings strengthened by CFRP wrapped in the vertical direction can be enhanced by about 10%. However, the shear strengths of deep beams with web openings strengthened by CFRP wrapped in the horizontal direction can only be enhanced by about 6%. The shear strengths of deep beam, with different size and location of web openings and strengthened by different configuration of CFRP can be reasonably predicted by the empirical formulas of Kong and Sharp.
The development of the bovine placentome and associated structures during gestation : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

i Acknowledgements . iv Table of contents . vi List of Figures . x List of Tables. x Introduction . 1 Chapter One Literature review . 5 Chapter Two Formation of the bovine placenta . 5 2.1. 2.1. 1. Gross morphology of the bovine placenta . 6 2.1. 2. Placentome structure . 6 Morphometry of the bovine placenta . 14 2.2. 2.2.1. Estimation of placentome growth in vivo . 14 Histology of the bovine placenta . 23 2.3. 2.3.1. Placentome development . 23 2.3.2. Trophoblast cells of the feto-maternal interface . 24 2.3.3. Quantifying binucleate cell number and surface area of the placenta during gestation . 25 2.3. 4. Glycoprotein production during pregnancy . 30 2.3. 5. Lectin . 31 2.3. 6. Lectins and the Ruminant placentome . 32 Overall conclusion . 36 2.4. Factors Influencing Placental Morphometry in the First Trimester of Chapter Three Pregnancy in Angus Cows . 39 Introduction: . 39 3.1. Materials and Methods . 41 3.2. 3.2.1. Animals and treatments . 41 3.2.2. Tissue Collection . 41 3.2.3. Statistical Analysis . 41 Results . 42 3.3.
Understanding the robustness of SSDS under power fault

Modern storage technology (SSDs, No-SQL databases, commoditized RAID hardware, etc.) bring new reliability challenges to the already complicated storage stack. Among other things, the behavior of these new components during power faults--which happen relatively frequently in data centers--is an important yet mostly ignored issue in this dependability-critical area. Understanding how new storage components behave under power fault is the first step towards designing new robust storage systems. In this paper, we propose a new methodology to expose reliability issues in block devices under power faults. Our framework includes specially-designed hardware to inject power faults directly to devices, workloads to stress storage components, and techniques to detect various types of failures. Applying our testing framework, we test fifteen commodity SSDs from five different vendors using more than three thousand fault injection cycles in total. Our experimental results reveal that thirteen out of the fifteen tested SSD devices exhibit surprising failure behaviors under power faults, including bit corruption, shorn writes, unserializable writes, metadata corruption, and total device failure.
Shared genetic influences on ADHD symptoms and very low-frequency EEG activity: a twin study.

BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex aetiology. The identification of candidate intermediate phenotypes that are both heritable and genetically linked to ADHD may facilitate the detection of susceptibility genes and elucidate aetiological pathways. Very low-frequency (VLF; <0.5 Hz) electroencephalographic (EEG) activity represents a promising indicator of risk for ADHD, but it currently remains unclear as to whether it is heritable or genetically linked to the disorder. METHODS Direct-current (DC)-EEG was recorded during a cognitive activation condition in 30 monozygotic and dizygotic adolescent twin pairs concordant or discordant for high ADHD symptom scores, and 37 monozygotic and dizygotic matched-control twin pairs with low ADHD symptom scores. Structural equation modelling was used to quantify the genetic and environmental contributions to the phenotypic covariance between ADHD and VLF activity. RESULTS Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was significantly associated with reduced VLF power during cognitive activation, which suggests reduced synchronization of widespread neuronal activity. Very low-frequency power demonstrated modest heritability (0.31), and the genetic correlation (-0.80) indicated a substantial degree of overlap in genetic influences on ADHD and VLF activity. CONCLUSIONS Altered VLF activity is a potential candidate intermediate phenotype of ADHD, which warrants further investigation of underlying neurobiological and genetic mechanisms.
Skills, rules, and knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models

The introduction of information technology based on digital computers for the design of man-machine interface systems has led to a requirement for consistent models of human performance in routine task environments and during unfamiliar task conditions. A discussion is presented of the requirement for different types of models for representing performance at the skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based levels, together with a review of the different levels in terms of signals, signs, and symbols. Particular attention is paid to the different possible ways of representing system properties which underlie knowledge-based performance and which can be characterised at several levels of abstraction-from the representation of physical form, through functional representation, to representation in terms of intention or purpose. Furthermore, the role of qualitative and quantitative models in the design and evaluation of interface systems is mentioned, and the need to consider such distinctions carefully is discussed.
New Class of Orthopoxvirus Antiviral Drugs That Block Viral Maturation

ABSTRACT By using a homology-based bioinformatics approach, a structural model of the vaccinia virus (VV) I7L proteinase was developed. A unique chemical library of ∼51,000 compounds was computationally queried to identify potential active site inhibitors. The resulting biased subset of compounds was assayed for both toxicity and the ability to inhibit the growth of VV in tissue culture cells. A family of chemotypically related compounds was found which exhibits selective activity against orthopoxviruses, inhibiting VV with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 3 to 12 μM. These compounds exhibited no significant cytotoxicity in the four cell lines tested and did not inhibit the growth of other organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, adenovirus, or encephalomyocarditis virus. Phenotypic analyses of virus-infected cells were conducted in the presence of active compounds to verify that the correct biochemical step (I7L-mediated core protein processing) was being inhibited. Electron microscopy of compound-treated VV-infected cells indicated a block in morphogenesis. Compound-resistant viruses were generated and resistance was mapped to the I7L open reading frame. Transient expression with the mutant I7L gene rescued the ability of wild-type virus to replicate in the presence of compound, indicating that this is the only gene necessary for resistance. This novel class of inhibitors has potential for development as an efficient antiviral drug against pathogenic orthopoxviruses, including smallpox.
Distributed Manipulation Using Discrete Actuator Arrays

Distributed manipulation systems induce motions on objects through the application of many external forces. An actuator array performs distributed manipulation using a planar array of many small stationary elements (which are called cells) that cooperate to manipulate larger objects. Typically, highly dense actuator arrays are modeled as spatially continuous, programmable forcefields, althoughinmany implementations a relatively small number of actuators supports an object and continuous assumptions break down. This paper serves two purposes: to present a methodology for modeling and analyzing the dynamics of manipulation on a highly discrete actuator array and to present a methodology for designing manipulation strategies on discrete actuator arrays. This is done in the context of a particular macro-scale actuator array comprising a fixed planar array of motorized wheels. Modeling of the dynamics takes into account several models of the interaction between the actuators and the object, the distribution of the weight of the object among the supports, and the discrete nature of the system. Under certain modeling assumptions, the manipulation dynamics of an object are extremely simple for a given set of supporting cells. An inversion of these piecewise-continuous dynamics generates a fully continuous open-loop manipulation strategy, effectively smoothing out the discontinuities. The authors show that although the resulting manipulation field may stably position and orient any object in the continuous field case, discreteness causes many objects to experience unstable rotational equilibria. Thus, poor orientation precision is a limitation of open-loop manipulation using discrete actuator arrays and motivates the use of feedback. The authors also derive closed-loop manipulation strategies through an inversion of the discrete dynamics that reduce the many-input, three-output distributed control problem to a standard three-input, three-output control problem that operates under distributed control. In effect, the array of actuators is reduced to a single virtual actuator capable of applying a desired net force and moment on an object. It is proven that even in the presence of dynamic coupling and nonlinearities introduced due to discreteness, these closed-loop strategies are asymptotically stable. Multimedia extensions include a complete simulator and videos of the experimental prototype.
Father involvement in early child-rearing and behavioural outcomes in their pre-adolescent children: evidence from the ALSPAC UK birth cohort

Objective To explore the nature of paternal involvement in early child-rearing adopting a social developmental perspective, and estimate its effect on behavioural outcomes of children aged 9 and 11 years. Setting The data come from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort recruited in the former county of Avon in the southwest of England. Participants Out of the 14 701 children in this cohort who were alive at 1 year, 10 440 children were living with both parents at 8 months and were therefore eligible. Outcome data were available for 6898 children at 9 years and 6328 children at 11 years. Main exposure Paternal involvement was measured using factor scores obtained through factor analysis of fathers’ responses on their participation in, understanding of, and feelings about their child's early upbringing. Outcome Behavioural problems were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) total difficulties score. Results 3 factors were identified in the factor analysis: Factor 1 described fathers’ emotional response to the child; factor 2 measured the frequency of fathers’ involvement in domestic and childcare activities; factor 3 characterised fathers’ feelings of security in their role as parent and partner. Children of fathers with high scores on factors 1 and 3 had 14% (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.94, p=0.001) and 13% (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.96, p=0.006), respectively, lower adjusted odds of behavioural problems at 9 years. Factors 1 and 3 were associated with comparable reduction in adjusted odds of behavioural problems at 11 years (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98, p=0.017 and OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.99, p=0.034, respectively). Factor 2 was not associated with the outcome. Conclusions Psychological and emotional aspects of paternal involvement in children's early upbringing, particularly how new fathers see themselves as parents and adjust to the role, rather than the quantity of direct involvement in childcare, is associated with positive behavioural outcomes in children.
Using wearable sensor badges to improve scholastic performance

An experiment using wearable sensor badges showed that there was a strong correlation between students' physical behaviors and their scholastic performance. For example, students whose bodily movements were in harmony with those of their classmates during class and students with more face-to-face interaction during break times had better scholastic performance. These results indicate that it may be possible to improve scholastic performance by changing student behaviors, as measured using wearable sensor badges.