Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Arrow of Time : What Inflation Does For Us

Inflation allows the problem of the Arrow of time to be understood as a question about the structure of spacetime: why was the intrinsic curvature of the earliest spatial sections so much better behaved than it might have been? This is really just the complement of a more familiar problem: what mechanism prevents the extrinsic curvature of the earliest spatial sections from diverging, as classical General Relativity suggests? We argue that the stringy version of “creation from nothing”, sketched by Ooguri, Vafa, and Verlinde, solves both of these problems at once. The argument, while very simple, hinges on some of the deepest theorems in global differential geometry. These results imply that when a spatially toral spacetime is created from nothing, the earliest spatial sections are forced to be [quasi-classically] exactly locally isotropic. This local isotropy, in turn, forces the inflaton into its minimal-entropy state. The theory explains why the Arrow does not reverse in black holes or in a cosmic contraction, if any. 1. The Arrow of Time: What Inflation Does For Us One of the deepest mysteries in physics is the origin of the Arrow of time. The first step towards understanding this mystery was identifying where the explanation is to be looked for: in cosmology. For example, the immediate origin of the low-entropy conditions in our local environment is the Sun; and the Sun’s ability to play this role can readily be traced back to the extremely low total entropy of the Big Bang era. [Excellent surveys of this question have been given by Albrecht [1], Price [2], and Carroll and Chen [3]; see also [4] for relevant general background. ] The problem is now in the cosmological domain: why was the entropy so low at that time — what set up the conditions that allowed the nucleosynthesis which provided the raw materials for the Sun, together with the subsequent local contraction which formed it? It is important to understand that we have no right to expect a single answer to this question. The low entropy of the very earliest universe might well have been stored in a vast variety of ways, as Price [2] emphasises. In fact, however, the theory of Inflation [5] provides a beautifully simple answer. The matter and radiation of the early Big Bang era derived its low entropy from a single source: the inflaton. For it was the inflaton that generated the equilibrium that obtained just before re-heating, and it was of course the inflaton that drove re-heating itself. This is the first service that Inflation performs in our search for the origin of the Arrow of time: it reduces what could have been an enormously complex collection of problems [explaining a whole variety of ways in which the initial low entropy state might have been arranged] to a single one: why was the inflaton itself in a special state [6] in the beginning? The special initial state of the inflaton had a precise form: the inflaton was in a “potential-dominated” state. The stress-energy-momentum tensor for the inflaton has the form
Isolation and characterization of norfloxacin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12

We isolated spontaneous mutants from Escherichia coli K-12 with low-level resistance to norfloxacin. These mutants were classified into the following three types on the basis of their properties: (i) NorA appeared to result for mutation in the gyrA locus for the A subunit of DNA gyrase; (ii) NorB showed low-level resistance to quinolones and other antimicrobial agents (e.g., cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline), and the norB gene was considered to map at about 34 min on the E. coli K-12 chromosome; (iii) NorC was less susceptible to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin but was hypersusceptible to hydrophobic quinolones such as nalidixic acid and rosoxacin, hydrophobic antibiotics, dyes, and detergents. Susceptibility to bacteriophages and the hydrophobicity of the NorC cell surface also differed from that of the parent strain. The norC gene was located near the lac locus at 8 min on the E. coli K-12 chromosome. Both NorB and NorC mutants had a lower rate of norfloxacin uptake, and it was found that the NorB mutant was altered in OmpF porin and that the NorC mutant was altered in both OmpF porin and apparently in the lipopolysaccharide structure of the outer membrane.
PROSES KOGNITIF DALAM UNGKAPAN METAFORIS

PROSES KOGNITIF DALAM UNGKAPAN METAFORIS Deli Nirmala deliundip@gmail.com Abstract Speech is produced through cognitive or psychological process, physiological process, and physical process (de Saussure, 1959). The cognitive process is the focus of this study especially in producing metaphorical expressions. This paper is trying to elaborate how the cognitive process happens when someone is producing metaphorical expressions. The data used for explaining the cognitive process are the metaphorical expressions found in bahasa Indonesia. The data were collected randomly from the sources like conversation, news, or bahasa Indonesia used in Indonesian newspapers. The method used is observation and intuition. To analyze, I used identity method, distributional method, and reflective-introspective methods. The result shows that the cognitive process in producing metaphorical process is done by using associative strategies by showing the correspondences between the source concept and the target concept. The correspondences found are those in embodied experiences, characters, functions, characteristics, and strenghts. Proses menghasilkan tuturan meliputi proses kognitif, fisiologis, dan fisik (de Saussure, 1959). Proses kogntif menjadi fokus dalam tulisan ini khususnya dalam proses menghasilkan ungkapan metaforis. Dalam tulisan ini, saya akan mencoba mengungkap bagaimana proses kognitif terjadi ketika seseorang menghasilkan ungkapan metaforis. Data yang dijadikan dasar dalam menjelaskan proses kognitif adalah ungkapan metaforis dalam bahasa Indonesia. Data dipilih secara random dari sumber berupa percakapan, berita, bahasa di surat kabar. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode observasi dan intuisi. Untuk menganalisis, saya menggunakan metode padan, distribusional, dan reflektif-introspektif. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa proses kognitif dalam menghasilkan ungkapan metaforis dilakukan dengan strategi asosiatif dengan menunjukkan korespondensi antara konsep sumber dan konsep target. Korespondensi yang ditemukan adalah korespondensi yang ditunjukkan dalam pengalaman yang dialami tubuh, sifat, fungsi, ciri, dan kekuatan. Key Words: cognitive process, associative strategies, conceptual correspondences, metaphorical expressions
How is encyclopaedia authority established

I embarked on this research because I wanted to explore the basis of textual authority. Such an understanding is particularly important in a world where there is such an overload of information that it is a challenge for the public to identify which publications to choose when looking for specific information. I decided to look at the case of encyclopaedias because of the widespread belief that encyclopaedias are the ultimate authorities. I also made the choice based on the observation that, besides the research on Wikipedia, the scientific community seems to overlook encyclopaedias, despite of the role these latter play as key sources of information for the general public. Two theories are combined to serve as a framework for the thesis. On the one hand, there is the theory of cognitive authority as defined by Jozef Maria Bochenski, Richard De George, and Patrick Wilson. On the other hand, there is the theory of quality as defined from the various frameworks recommended by librarians and information scientists on how to assess the quality of reference works. These two theoretical frameworks are used to deconstruct the concept of authority and to highlight aspects of authority which may be particularly worthy of investigation. In this thesis, studies were conducted on the following: (1) a literature review on the origin and evolution of encyclopaedia authority throughout the history of encyclopaedia, (2) a review of previous research pertaining to the quality and the authority of Wikipedia, (3) an analysis of the publishing and dissemination of science and technology encyclopaedias published in the 21st century throughout worldwide libraries, (4) a survey of perspective of encyclopaedia authors on the role of encyclopaedias in society and on the communication of scientific uncertainties and controversies, and (5) an analysis of book reviews towards a general assessment of encyclopaedia quality. The thesis illustrates how a concept such as authority which is typically taken for granted can actually be more complex and more problematic than it appears, thereby challenging widespread beliefs in society. In particular, the thesis pinpoints potential contradictions regarding the importance of the author and the publishers in ensuring encyclopaedia authority. On a theoretical level, the thesis revisits the concept of cognitive authority and initiates a discussion on the complex interaction between authority and quality. On a more pragmatic level, the thesis contributes towards the creation of guidelines for encyclopaedia development. As an exploratory study, the thesis also identifies a range of areas which should be of priority for future research.
Description of a Novel Adhesin of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis

The binding and ingestion of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by host cells are fibronectin (FN) dependent. In several species of mycobacteria, a specific family of proteins allows the attachment and internalization of these bacteria by epithelial cells through interaction with FN. Thus, the identification of adhesion molecules is essential to understand the pathogenesis of MAP. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize FN binding cell wall proteins of MAP. We searched for conserved adhesins within a large panel of surface immunogenic proteins of MAP and investigated a possible interaction with FN. For this purpose, a cell wall protein fraction was obtained and resolved by 2D electrophoresis. The immunoreactive spots were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and a homology search was performed. We selected elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) as candidate for further studies. We demonstrated the FN-binding capability of EF-Tu using a ligand blot assay and also confirmed the interaction with FN in a dose-dependent manner by ELISA. The dissociation constant of EF-Tu was determined by surface plasmon resonance and displayed values within the μM range. These data support the hypothesis that this protein could be involved in the interaction of MAP with epithelial cells through FN binding.
Supraclavicular Skin Temperature as a Measure of 18F-FDG Uptake by BAT in Human Subjects

Background Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has emerged as a novel player in energy homeostasis in humans and is considered a potential new target for combating obesity and related diseases. The current ‘gold standard’ for quantification of BAT volume and activity is cold-induced 18F-FDG uptake in BAT. However, use of this technique is limited by cost and radiation exposure. Given the fact that BAT is a thermogenic tissue, mainly located in the supraclavicular region, the aim of the current study was to investigate whether cold-induced supraclavicular skin temperature and core body temperature may be alternative markers of BAT activation in humans. Subjects/Methods BAT volume and activity were measured in 24 healthy lean adolescent males (mean age 24.1±0.8 years), using cold-induced 18F-FDG uptake with PET-CT. Core body temperature was measured continuously in the small intestine with use of an ingestible telemetric capsule and skin temperature was measured by eighteen wireless iButtons attached to the skin following ISO-defined locations. Results Proximal and distal (hand/feet) skin temperatures markedly decreased upon cold exposure, while supraclavicular skin temperature significantly increased (35.2±0.1 vs. 35.5±0.1°C, p = 0.001). Furthermore, cold-induced supraclavicular skin temperature positively correlated with both total (R2 = 0.28, P = 0.010) and clavicular BAT volume (R2 = 0.20, P = 0.030) and clavicular SUVmax (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.010), while core body temperature did not. Conclusions Supraclavicular skin temperature as measured by iButtons may have predictive value for BAT detection in adult humans. This is highly desirable considering the increasing interest in pharmacological interventions to stimulate BAT in human subjects. Trial Registration NTR 2473
Nuclear DNA content estimates in green algal lineages: chlorophyta and streptophyta.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Consensus higher-level molecular phylogenies present a compelling case that an ancient divergence separates eukaryotic green algae into two major monophyletic lineages, Chlorophyta and Streptophyta, and a residuum of green algae, which have been referred to prasinophytes or micromonadophytes. Nuclear DNA content estimates have been published for less than 1% of the described green algal members of Chlorophyta, which includes multicellular green marine algae and freshwater flagellates (e.g. Chlamydomonas and Volvox). The present investigation summarizes the state of our knowledge and adds substantially to our database of C-values, especially for the streptophyte charophycean lineage which is the sister group of the land plants. A recent list of 2C nuclear DNA contents for isolates and species of green algae is expanded by 72 to 157. METHODS The DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and red blood cell (chicken erythrocytes) standard were used to estimate 2C values with static microspectrophotometry. KEY RESULTS In Chlorophyta, including Chlorophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Ulvophyceae, 2C DNA estimates range from 0.01 to 5.8 pg. Nuclear DNA content variation trends are noted and discussed for specific problematic taxon pairs, including Ulotrichales-Ulvales, and Cladophorales-Siphonocladales. For Streptophyta, 2C nuclear DNA contents range from 0.2 to 6.4 pg, excluding the highly polyploid Charales and Desmidiales, which have genome sizes of up to 14.8 and 46.8 pg, respectively. Nuclear DNA content data for Streptophyta superimposed on a contemporary molecular phylogeny indicate that early diverging lineages, including some members of Chlorokybales, Coleochaetales and Klebsormidiales, have genomes as small as 0.1-0.5 pg. It is proposed that the streptophyte ancestral nuclear genome common to both the charophyte and the embryophyte lineages can be characterized as 1C = 0.2 pg and 1n = 6. CONCLUSIONS These data will help pre-screen candidate species for the on-going construction of bacterial artificial chromosome nuclear genome libraries for land plant ancestors. Data for the prasinophyte Mesostigma are of particular interest as this alga reportedly most closely resembles the 'ancestral green flagellate'. Both mechanistic and ecological processes are discussed that could have produced the observed C-value increase of >100-fold in the charophyte green algae whereas the ancestral genome was conserved in the embryophytes.
Macular grid photocoagulation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical outcomes of macular laser photocoagulation after the intravitreal injection of 4 mg of triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) for diffuse diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS Eighty-six eyes of 74 patients with diffuse DME were randomized into 2 groups. The laser group eyes (n = 48) were subjected to a macular grid laser photocoagulation 3 weeks after IVTA. The control group eyes (n = 38) underwent only IVTA. Both groups were compared with regard to the changes in visual acuity and central macular thickness at 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after IVTA. RESULTS The mean central macular thickness before, 3 weeks after, and 3 and 6 months after IVTA were 538, 250, 295, and 301 mum in the laser group vs 510, 227, 302, and 437 mum in the control group, respectively. The logMAR visual acuities were not significantly different between the 2 groups at baseline and at 3 weeks after IVTA but were significantly better in the laser group at 3 (P = .02) and 6 months (P<.001) after IVTA. CONCLUSIONS Macular laser coagulation effectively maintains improved visual acuity after IVTA for diffuse DME and is believed to reduce recurrent DME after IVTA.
Comparison of Four Techniques for the Detection of Clostridium Perfringens Type D Epsilon Toxin in Intestinal Contents and other Body Fluids of Sheep and Goats

Polyclonal capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PC-ELISA), monoclonal capture ELISA (MC-ELISA), mouse neutralization test (MNT), and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), were compared for their ability to detect epsilon toxin in intestinal contents and body fluids of sheep and goats. When used to evaluate intestinal contents of sheep artificially spiked with epsilon prototoxin, PC-ELISA detected 0.075 mouse lethal dose (MLD)50/ml, whereas the MNT, MC-ELISA, and CIEP detected 6, 25, and 50 MLD50/ml, respectively. Amounts of epsilon toxin detected by PC-ELISA, MC-ELISA, MNT, and CIEP in sheep pericardial fluid artificially spiked with epsilon prototoxin were 0.075, 0.75, 6, and 200 MLD50/ml, respectively. For assaying epsilon toxin in aqueous humor, PC-ELISA and MC-ELISA detected 0.075 MLD50/ml, whereas CIEP detected 200 MLD50/ml (MNT was not evaluated). When 51 samples of intestinal contents of sheep and goats (32 positive and 19 negative to MNT) were analyzed by the other 3 techniques, the relative sensitivity of PC-ELISA, MC-ELISA, and CIEP was 93.75, 84.37, and 37.50%, respectively. The specificity of PC-ELISA, MC-ELISA, and CIEP was 31.57, 57.89, and 84.21%, respectively. The absolute sensitivity of PC-ELISA, MC-ELISA, CIEP, and MNT was 90.90, 69.69, 15.15, and 54.54%. The absolute specificity of the 4 techniques was 100%. These results show that there is a marked inconsistency among techniques routinely used to detect Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. Until more consistent results are achieved, the diagnosis of enterotoxemia should not only be based solely on epsilon toxin detection, but also on clinical and pathological data.
PERIPHERAL BLOOD FILM - A REVIEW

The peripheral blood film (PBF) is a laboratory work-up that involves cytology of peripheral blood cells smeared on a slide. As basic as it is, PBF is invaluable in the characterization of various clinical diseases. This article highlights the basic science and art behind the PBF. It expounds its laboratory applications, clinical indications and interpretations in the light of various clinical diseases. Despite advances in haematology automation and application of molecular techniques, the PBF has remained a very important diagnostic test to the haematologist. A good quality smear, thorough examination and proper interpretation in line with patient's clinical state should be ensured by the haemato-pathologist. Clinicians should be abreast with its clinical utility and proper application of the reports in the management of patients.
2 A family of inhomogeneous random digraphs

We study the typical behavior of a generalized version of Google’s PageRank algorithm on a large family of inhomogeneous random digraphs. This family includes as special cases directed versions of classical models such as the Erdős-Rényi model, the Chung-Lu model, the Poissonian random graph and the generalized random graph, and is suitable for modeling scale-free directed complex networks where the number of neighbors a vertex has is related to its attributes. In particular, we show that the rank of a randomly chosen node in a graph from this family converges weakly to the attracting endogenous solution to the stochastic fixed-point equation R D = N ∑ i=1 CiRi +Q, where (N ,Q, {Ci}i≥1) is a real-valued vector with N ∈ {0, 1, 2, . }, the {Ri} are i.i. d. copies of R, independent of (N ,Q, {Ci}i≥1), with {Ci} i.i. d. and independent of (N ,Q); D = denotes equality in distribution. This result can then be used to provide further evidence of the powerlaw behavior of PageRank on scale-free graphs.
A 70dB Gain Low-Power Band-Pass Amplifier for Bio-Signals Sensing Applications

This paper presents an integrated 70dB gain, low-power, and low-noise active RC amplifier and filter for low bio-signals sensing applications. The - 3dB sense channel bandwidth from 73Hz to 2184Hz was verified for neuron spike recording applications. The integrated amplifier had a total pass-band input referred noise 2.76muVrms, consumed 180muW of power, and occupied 0.33 mm2 chip area in the AMIS 0.5mum CMOS process
The effects of strategy instruction on the vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension of grade five students

Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of specified teaching strategies on vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension. Two methods were used to teach Grade 5 students to infer word meanings from context. The first was based on regular methods that occur within primary classrooms. The second involved a detailed strategy that gave students a step-by-step guide to deriving word meanings from context. Both groups were pretested and posttested with a developed vocabulary acquisition test and the Progressive Achievement Test of reading comprehension. A four-factor ANOVA with repeated measures was used to test the hypotheses. The first study showed no significant interaction, but indicated significant main effects for ability and time on the vocabulary measure. The study was then replicated with a more controlled treatment mode and experimental design. The second study showed a significant interaction for the Groups x Time interaction. Examination of this result revealed that the strategy method was significantly better than the regular method in improving reading comprehension over the period of the treatment. Reading comprehension scores significantly improved, despite the fact that the vocabulary acquisition scores did not significantly change over the same period. These results indicate that strategy instruction may be a viable technique for improving students' reading comprehension. However, further research is required
PERAN MEDIASI KEPUASAN KERJA PADA HUBUNGAN MOTIVASI KERJA DENGAN INTENTION TO QUIT

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of work motivation on job satisfaction, motivation influence on intention to quit and influence job satisfaction with the intention to quit. Respondents in this study were all medical staff who served in Karangasem district health centers. In this study, all of population members are samples. Instruments research using questionnaires and analysis is PLS (Partial Least Square). The variables used are the work motivation, job satisfaction and intention to quit. The results of this study indicate that work motivation variable has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction. Work motivation variable has a negative and significant effect on intention to quit. Job satisfaction variable has a negative and significant effect on intention to quit. To reduce the intention to quit is to increase motivation and job satisfaction. Intention to quit the decline is expected to improve the quality of care that can be given by medical staff. Its application can be done with a fair treatment from a health center head against medical staff, equal opportunities in terms of career promotion and fair distribution of services