Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
"Who decides?": security and privacy in the wild

Even though web security protocols are designed to make computer communication secure, it is widely known that there is potential for security breakdowns at the human-machine interface. This paper examines findings from a qualitative study investigating the identification of security decisions used on the web. The study was designed to uncover how security is perceived in an individual user's context. Study participants were tertiary qualified individuals, with a focus on HCI designers, security professionals and the general population. The study identifies that security frameworks for the web are inadequate from an interaction perspective, with even tertiary qualified users having a poor or partial understanding of security, of which they themselves are acutely aware. The result is that individuals feel they must protect themselves on the web. The findings contribute a significant mapping of the ways in which individuals reason and act to protect themselves on the web. We use these findings to highlight the need to design for trust at three levels, and the need to ensure that HCI design does not impact on the users' main identified protection mechanism: separation.
Perpetual what? Injury, Sovereignty and a Cosmopolitan View of Immigration

Can Kantian cosmopolitanism contribute to normative approaches to immigration? Kant developed the universal right to hospitality in the context of late eighteenth-century colonialism. He claimed that non-European countries had a sovereign right over their territory and the conditions of foreigners' visits. This sovereign prerogative limited visitors' right to hospitality. The interconnected and complementary system of right he devised is influential today, but this article argues that maintaining the complementarity of the three realms involves reconsidering its application to contemporary immigration. It situates Kant's Perpetual Peace within the context of debates about conquest and colonialism and argues that Kant's strict conception of sovereignty is justified by his concern in maintaining a realm of sovereignty that is complementary with cosmopolitanism and his prioritization of mutual agreements in each of the realms, particularly in a context of international power asymmetry. In Kant's time, European powers appropriated cosmopolitan discourses to defend their right to visit other countries and it was necessary to strengthen non-Europeans' sovereign claims. The strength and hostility of the visitors made limited hospitality and strong sovereignty act in tandem to keep away conquerors, expanding cosmopolitanism. Today, individuals from poor countries migrate to wealthier ones where they are subject to a sovereign authority that excludes them. Sovereignty and cosmopolitanism no longer work complementarily, but rather strengthen powerful state actors vis-à-vis non-citizens subject to unilateral rule. Maintaining the pre-eminence of the right to freedom, the article suggests that only through the creation of ‘cosmopolitan spaces' of politics can we reproduce today the complementarity that Kant envisioned.
Organization of the Claustrum-to-Entorhinal Cortical Connection in Mice

The claustrum, a subcortical structure situated between the insular cortex and striatum, is reciprocally connected with almost all neocortical regions. Based on this connectivity, the claustrum has been postulated to integrate multisensory information and, in turn, coordinate widespread cortical activity. Although studies have identified how sensory information is mapped onto the claustrum, the function of individual topographically arranged claustro–cortical pathways has been little explored. Here, we investigated the organization and function of identified claustro–cortical pathways in mice using multiple anatomical and optogenetic techniques. Retrograde and anterograde tracing demonstrated that the density of anterior claustrum-to-cortical projection differs substantially depending on the target cortical areas. One of the major targets was the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and the MEC-projecting claustral neurons were largely segregated from the neurons projecting to primary cortices M1, S1, or V1. Exposure to a novel environment induced c-Fos expression in a substantial number of MEC-projecting claustral neurons and some M1/S1/V1-projecting claustral neurons. Optogenetic silencing of the MEC-projecting claustral neurons during contextual fear conditioning impaired later memory retrieval without affecting basal locomotor activity or anxiety-related behavior. These results suggest that the dense, anterior claustro–MEC pathway that is largely separated from other claustro–cortical pathways is activated by novel context and modulates the MEC function in contextual memory. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The claustrum is a poorly understood subcortical structure reciprocally connected with widespread neocortical regions. We investigated the organization and function of identified claustro–cortical projections in mice using pathway-specific approaches. Anatomical tracing showed that the density of anterior claustrum-to-cortical projection is dependent on the target cortical areas and that the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is one of the major projection targets. Novel context exposure activated multiple claustro–cortical pathways and a large fraction of the activated neurons projected to the MEC. Optogenetic silencing of the claustro–MEC pathway during contextual fear learning suppressed subsequent memory retrieval. These results suggest that the dense claustro–MEC pathway is activated by novel context and modulates MEC function in contextual memory.
Maternal Parenting Behaviors, Children's Emotional Intelligence, and Daily Hassles According to Children's Sex and Types of Aggression

This study explored differences in maternal parenting behaviors, children's emotional intelligence, and daily hassles by children's sex and types of aggression. Subjects were 200 children in 4th, 5th, and 6th grade and their mothers from four elementary schools. Instruments were the Maternal Parenting Behaviors Scale (Kim, 2006), the Emotional Intelligence Scale (Lee, 1997), the Daily Hassles Scale(Min & Yoo, 1998), and the Peer-nomination Measure (Crick, 1995; Crick & Grotpeter, 1995). Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and multivariate analysis of variance. Findings revealed that the relational aggressive group had higher emotional intelligence and more daily hassles; girls had higher level of daily hassles than boys. Maternal parenting behaviors did not differ by child's sex and type of aggression.
LINDEN: linking named entities with knowledge base via semantic knowledge

Integrating the extracted facts with an existing knowledge base has raised an urgent need to address the problem of entity linking. Specifically, entity linking is the task to link the entity mention in text with the corresponding real world entity in the existing knowledge base. However, this task is challenging due to name ambiguity, textual inconsistency, and lack of world knowledge in the knowledge base. Several methods have been proposed to tackle this problem, but they are largely based on the co-occurrence statistics of terms between the text around the entity mention and the document associated with the entity. In this paper, we propose LINDEN, a novel framework to link named entities in text with a knowledge base unifying Wikipedia and WordNet, by leveraging the rich semantic knowledge embedded in the Wikipedia and the taxonomy of the knowledge base. We extensively evaluate the performance of our proposed LINDEN over two public data sets and empirical results show that LINDEN significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy.
Tumorigenesis and Neoplastic Progression Heterogeneity of Tie2 Expression in Tumor Microcirculation Influence of Cancer Type, Implantation Site, and Response to Therapy

To evaluate the expression of the Tie2/Tek tyrosine kinase receptor in tumor blood vessels, we examined Tie2lacZ /RAG1 mice. There was considerable heterogeneity (Tie2-negative, Tie2-positive, or Tie2-composite blood vessels) in subcutaneous xenografts of human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116; 97.5% Tie2positive vessels) versus human melanoma (WM115; 75.9% Tie2-positive vessels). Similar patterns of Tie2 expression occurred in abdominal metastases derived from the same cell lines. Immunostaining for endothelial markers and Tie2 revealed that endogenous protein levels corresponded with transgene activity. Endothelial cells were confirmed to be of mouse origin through triple immunofluorescence staining with mouse antiserum to human nuclei, isolectin GS-IB4, and anti-Tie2. Similar Tie2 heterogeneity was observed in clinical specimens from a variety of human cancers, including malignant melanoma and colorectal carcinoma. We also examined the effect of TekDelta Fc anti-angiogenic therapy on tumor growth and Tie2 expression patterns in HCT116 and WM115 subcutaneous xenografts. Tek-Delta induced extensive tumor regression in HCT116 tumors and concomitant reductions in Tie2-expressing blood vessels. However, no significant responses were seen in TekDelta-treated WM115 tumors. Thus, vascular heterogeneity of Tie2 expression is cancer-type specific, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment and/or direct cancer cell interactions influence Tie2 endothelial expression. (Am J Pathol 2005, 167:1753–1762)
Design of Distributed Randomized Orthogonal Space-Time Coding schemes for Collaborative H-ARQ

In this paper we consider a collaborative hybrid ARQ protocol where retransmissions are handled by a number of cooperating nodes employing a distributed orthogonal space time coding scheme. Outage performances are analyzed by assuming a distributed randomized orthogonal space- time coding scheme (DR-OSTC) to be employed by the relaying terminals during the retransmission session. The antenna selection version of the DR-OSTC requires that each cooperating node chooses randomly and independently to serve as one of the space-time virtual antennas. By avoiding any predefined terminal-to-codeword mapping, the random selection of the space-time codewords substantially reduces the needed control overhead with respect to other distributed space-time coding strategies and it simplifies the node coordination task. According to this scheme, we develop a novel analytic model to evaluate the outage probability and tackle the problem of designing the minimum number of cooperating nodes M so as to meet a specific outage probability requirement at the destination node. Finally, according to these results, we develop simple but effective design rules tailored for the collaborative hybrid ARQ protocol in practical environments.
Alive and Aware: Improving Communication in Relationships

4. What structured variables and factors tend to stimulate the growth of a manager within an organization? Varney argues that the successful, growing manager is the person who is able to do a self-analysis of his own organization and to discover the implications therein for individual as well as organization change and development. The author provides specific diagnostic and assessment inventories that can be used for this purpose. His ideas are clear and fresh. Good reading for OD and MD practitioners and for staff and line managers as well.
Pharmacological Characterization of Olodaterol, a Novel Inhaled β2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Exerting a 24-Hour-Long Duration of Action in Preclinical Models

The preclinical pharmacological profile of 6-hydroxy-8-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-[[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]amino]ethyl]-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one monohydrochloride (olodaterol, previously known as BI 1744 CL), a novel, enantiomeric pure, inhaled human β2-adrenoceptor (hβ2-AR) agonist, was compared with marketed drugs, such as salmeterol and formoterol. In vitro, olodaterol showed a potent, nearly full agonistic response at the hβ2-AR (EC50 = 0.1 nM; intrinsic activity = 88% compared with isoprenaline) and a significant selectivity profile (241- and 2299-fold towards the hβ1- and hβ3-ARs, respectively). Likewise, olodaterol was able to potently reverse contraction induced by different stimuli in isolated human bronchi. In vivo, antagonistic effects of single doses of olodaterol and formoterol were measured against acetylcholine challenges in anesthetized guinea pigs and dogs for up to 24 h by using the Respimat Soft Mist inhaler. Heart rate and metabolic parameters (serum potassium, lactate, and glucose) were monitored to evaluate systemic pharmacodynamic effects in the dog model. In both models, olodaterol provided bronchoprotection over 24 h. Formoterol applied at an equally effective dose did not retain efficacy over 24 h. In both models olodaterol showed a rapid onset of action comparable with formoterol. Taken together, the preclinical behavior of olodaterol suggests that this novel β2-AR agonist has the profile for once-daily dosing in humans concomitant with a fast onset of action and a favorable systemic pharmacodynamic profile.
Hierarchical Item Response Models for Cognitive Diagnosis

Author(s): Hansen, Mark | Advisor(s): Cai, Li | Abstract: Cognitive diagnosis models (see, e.g., Rupp, Templin, a Henson, 2010) have received increasing attention within educational and psychological measurement. The popularity of these models may be largely due to their perceived ability to provide useful information concerning both examinees (classifying them according to their attribute profiles) and test items (describing the particular attributes that are relevant to or required in order to achieve a certain response). However, the validity of such information may be undermined when diagnostic models are misspecified.This research focuses on one aspect of model misspecification: violations of the local item independence assumption. Potential causes of dependence are examined, with a particular focus on those causes unrelated to the attributes a diagnostic test is intended to measure. Ignoring such dependencies, as is the standard practice in fitting traditional diagnostic models, may lead to biased estimates of model parameters and misclassification of examinees.An alternative to traditional diagnostic models is presented, in which random effects are included in order to account for these nuisance dependencies. This approach is already well-established in item factor analysis, serving as the basis for the testlet response model (Wainer, Bradlow, a Wang, 2007), random intercept item factor model (Maydeu-Olivares a Coffman, 2006), item bifactor model (Cai, Yang, a Hansen, 2011), and two-tier item factor model (Cai, 2010), among others.The resulting hierarchical diagnostic item response model maintains the desirable properties of traditional diagnostic models (e.g., the classification of examinees with respect to fine-grained cognitive attributes), while allowing for greater complexity in the underlying response process. Importantly, the model may be estimated efficiently — even for models with a large number of nuisance variables — using an analytical dimension reduction technique described by Gibbons and Hedeker (1992).
Healing after horizontal root fractures: 3 cases with 2-year follow-up

Among dental traumas, horizontal root fractures are relatively uncommon injuries. Proper initial management and periodical evaluation is essential for the successful treatment of a root-fractured tooth. If pulpal necrosis develops, endodontic treatment is indicated, exclusively for the coronal fragment. Fragment diastases exert a great influence on healing at the fracture line and on pulpal necrosis. An adequately treated root-fractured tooth has a good prognosis. This case report describes the treatment and 2-yr follow up of 3 maxillary central incisors, first with horizontal root fracture, second with horizontal root fracture and avulsion, and third with horizontal root fracture and lateral luxation. All three cases were treated with mineral trioxide aggregate (ProRoot, Dentsply). During 2 yr of follow-up evaluation, the root-fractured teeth of the present patients were well retained in the arch, showing periodontal healing, even after endodontic treatment.
Vesicles and actin are targeted to the cleavage furrow via furrow microtubules and the central spindle

During cytokinesis, cleavage furrow invagination requires an actomyosin-based contractile ring and addition of new membrane. Little is known about how this actin and membrane traffic to the cleavage furrow. We address this through live analysis of fluorescently tagged vesicles in postcellularized Drosophila melanogaster embryos. We find that during cytokinesis, F-actin and membrane are targeted as a unit to invaginating furrows through formation of F-actin–associated vesicles. F-actin puncta strongly colocalize with endosomal, but not Golgi-derived, vesicles. These vesicles are recruited to the cleavage furrow along the central spindle and a distinct population of microtubules (MTs) in contact with the leading furrow edge (furrow MTs). We find that Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor mutants, pebble (pbl), severely disrupt this F-actin–associated vesicle transport. These transport defects are a consequence of the pbl mutants' inability to properly form furrow MTs and the central spindle. Transport of F-actin–associated vesicles on furrow MTs and the central spindle is thus an important mechanism by which actin and membrane are delivered to the cleavage furrow.
Effect of Pictorial Depth Cues, Binocular Disparity Cues and Motion Parallax Depth Cues on Lightness Perception in Three-Dimensional Virtual Scenes

Background Surface lightness perception is affected by scene interpretation. There is some experimental evidence that perceived lightness under bi-ocular viewing conditions is different from perceived lightness in actual scenes but there are also reports that viewing conditions have little or no effect on perceived color. We investigated how mixes of depth cues affect perception of lightness in three-dimensional rendered scenes containing strong gradients of illumination in depth. Methodology/Principal Findings Observers viewed a virtual room (4 m width×5 m height×17.5 m depth) with checkerboard walls and floor. In four conditions, the room was presented with or without binocular disparity (BD) depth cues and with or without motion parallax (MP) depth cues. In all conditions, observers were asked to adjust the luminance of a comparison surface to match the lightness of test surfaces placed at seven different depths (8.5–17.5 m) in the scene. We estimated lightness versus depth profiles in all four depth cue conditions. Even when observers had only pictorial depth cues (no MP, no BD), they partially but significantly discounted the illumination gradient in judging lightness. Adding either MP or BD led to significantly greater discounting and both cues together produced the greatest discounting. The effects of MP and BD were approximately additive. BD had greater influence at near distances than far. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest the surface lightness perception is modulated by three-dimensional perception/interpretation using pictorial, binocular-disparity, and motion-parallax cues additively. We propose a two-stage (2D and 3D) processing model for lightness perception.
Export Subsidies in a Heterogeneous Firms Framework

We evaluate the impact of firm-specific export subsidies on exports in Colombia. Using a two-stage Heckman selection procedure, we obtain firm-specific predicted subsidy amounts that can be explained by the characteristics that determine the firms’ eligibility for the government support and its amount. Drawing on the accounts of the discretionary allocation of subsidies in developing countries, we regard the discrepancy between the predicted and the observed subsidy amounts as a proxy for the firm’s ties to government officials. Controlling for observable and unobservable firm characteristics and persistence in exports, we find that although, in general, subsidies exhibit positive impact on export volumes, this impact is diminishing in subsidy size and in the degree of firm’s connectedness to government officials.
Efficient datacenter resource utilization through cloud resource overcommitment

We propose an efficient resource allocation framework for overcommitted clouds that makes great energy savings by 1) minimizing PM overloads via resource usage prediction, and 2) reducing the number of active PMs via efficient VM placement and migration. Using real Google traces collected from a cluster containing more than 12K PMs, we show that our proposed techniques outperform existing ones by minimizing migration overhead, increasing resource utilization, and reducing energy consumption.
A self-efficacy approach to holistic student development

Increasing numbers of students are arriving at tertiary institutions lacking in the skills needed to cope with the social and academic demands of higher education. Tertiary institutions are, therefore, faced with the task of equipping students with the skills needed to ensure that they can perform at an acceptable level. One such attempt to address this problem in a foundation course offered by the University of Port Elizabeth (UPE) is outlined. It is argued that student acquisition of the necessary social and academic skills will be more successful if they first believe they are capable of performing well and attaining the goals they set for themselves. The academic and life skills module (UPA111), offered in the foundation programme (UPE Advancement Programme), is designed to increase the self-efficacy of students so that they can approach their tasks with confidence, a positive attitude, and the belief that they can succeed. It is explained how self-efficacy is developed in students in the foundation programme in order to better prepare them for tertiary studies. Preliminary evaluation of the programme indicated that it does increase the self-efficacy of students. South African Journal of Education Vol.24(4) 2004: 289-294
Thresholds for impaired species recovery

Studies on small and declining populations dominate research in conservation biology. This emphasis reflects two overarching frameworks: the small-population paradigm focuses on correlates of increased extinction probability; the declining-population paradigm directs attention to the causes and consequences of depletion. Neither, however, particularly informs research on the determinants, rate or uncertainty of population increase. By contrast, Allee effects (positive associations between population size and realized per capita population growth rate, rrealized, a metric of average individual fitness) offer a theoretical and empirical basis for identifying numerical and temporal thresholds at which recovery is unlikely or uncertain. Following a critique of studies on Allee effects, I quantify population-size minima and subsequent trajectories of marine fishes that have and have not recovered following threat mitigation. The data suggest that threat amelioration, albeit necessary, can be insufficient to effect recovery for populations depleted to less than 10% of maximum abundance (Nmax), especially when they remain depleted for lengthy periods of time. Comparing terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates, life-history analyses suggest that population-size thresholds for impaired recovery are likely to be comparatively low for marine fishes but high for marine mammals. Articulation of a ‘recovering population paradigm’ would seem warranted. It might stimulate concerted efforts to identify generic impaired recovery thresholds across species. It might also serve to reduce the confusion of terminology, and the conflation of causes and consequences with patterns currently evident in the literature on Allee effects, thus strengthening communication among researchers and enhancing the practical utility of recovery-oriented research to conservation practitioners and resource managers.