Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fasciola hepatica tegumental antigens induce anergic‐like T cells via dendritic cells in a mannose receptor‐dependent manner

FoxP3+ Treg cells and anergic T cells are the two regulatory phenotypes of T‐cell responses associated with helminth infection. Here, we examine the T‐cell responses in mice during Fasciola hepatica infection, and to its tegumental coat antigens (FhTeg) that are shed from the fluke every 2–3 h. FhTeg comprises a rich source of glycoproteins, mainly oligomannose N‐glycans that bind to mannose receptor. This study demonstrated a novel mechanism for the T‐cell unresponsiveness observed during F. hepatica infection and after injection with FhTeg. Markers of T‐cell anergy, such as GRAIL, EGR2, ICOS, and ITCH, are enhanced amongst CD4+ T‐cell populations during infection and following FhTeg injection. This is characterized by a lack of cytokine responses and reduced proliferative activity, which can be reversed with the addition of IL‐2. FhTeg‐activated dendritic cells (DCs) suppress T cells in vitro as measured by enhanced GRAIL and CTLA4 by RNA and suppressed cytokine expression in anti‐CD3 stimulated CD4+ T cells. FhTeg‐treated DCs have enhanced MR expression, which is critical for DC‐CD4+ T‐cell communication. Taken together, this study presents markers of anergy in a mouse model of F. hepatica infection, and improves our understanding of host–pathogen interactions and how helminths modulate host immunity.
Smile analysis: A comparison between photographic and videographic methods

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the differences between the spontaneous smile captured by conventional photography and the video clip method. Methods: A digital video camera was used to capture smiles in 100 subjects using the static and videographic methods. Results: Measurements of the anterior and posterior height of the smile, interlabial gap, lower incisal display and eye wink on photographs obtained by the two methods showed considerable differences. Except for the anterior and posterior height of the smile in girls, these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.005). The majority of subjects showed parallel smile arcs back to the maxillary second premolar though differences existed between the two methods. Conclusions: In orthodontic treatment planning, certain treatment modalities (in particular intrusion and expansion) are based on an analysis of the full spontaneous smile. Since the videographic method is better able to capture this smile, it may be a preferred method of obtaining pretreatment facial photographs.
Money and Capital Markets in Postbellum America

Postbellum economic change in the United States required an efficient system by which capital could be transferred to areas where it was relatively scarce. In assessing the structure that evolved to meet this need, John James provides a new and convincing explanation of the forces underlying the integration of separate and local money markets to form a national market. To understand the role of financial markets during the period, the author examines the institutions and operations of the banking system in detail. In contrast to the now-prevailing view among scholars, Professor James finds that the banking system was quite adaptable in responding to institutional constraints, and he focuses in particular on the role of the correspondent banking system. The second part of his book assesses the performance of the market and the forces promoting change during the period. Drawing on a new and more carefully derived set of interest rates, the author tests competing hypotheses to explain integration and advances a more satisfactory alternative theory. He offers the first modern analysis of American financial institutions of the period between the Civil War and the establishment of the Federal Reserve System. In so doing, he adds to our knowledge of the historic role of finance and capital in economic development.Originally published in 1978.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Cognitive Performance during a 24-Hour Cold Exposure Survival Simulation

Survivor of a ship ground in polar regions may have to wait more than five days before being rescued. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore cognitive performance during prolonged cold exposure. Core temperature (T c) and cognitive test battery (CTB) performance data were collected from eight participants during 24 hours of cold exposure (7.5°C ambient air temperature). Participants (recruited from those who have regular occupational exposure to cold) were instructed that they could freely engage in minimal exercise that was perceived to maintaining a tolerable level of thermal comfort. Despite the active engagement, test conditions were sufficient to significantly decrease T c after exposure and to eliminate the typical 0.5–1.0°C circadian rise and drop in core temperature throughout a 24 h cycle. Results showed minimal changes in CTB performance regardless of exposure time. Based on the results, it is recommended that survivors who are waiting for rescue should be encouraged to engage in mild physical activity, which could have the benefit of maintaining metabolic heat production, improve motivation, and act as a distractor from cold discomfort. This recommendation should be taken into consideration during future research and when considering guidelines for mandatory survival equipment regarding cognitive performance.
Female Prisoners and the Inmate Code

Models of the prisonization process are presented and the literature concerned with subscription to the inmate code, particularly among female prisoners, is reviewed. Using data collected from female prisoners in two Canadian institutions, multiple regression and path analytic techniques are employed to test the deprivation and importation models. Neither model receives unqualified support, but the importation model fares slightly better. The imported characteristics of age and prior imprisonment have the largest effects on code adherence, and these effects are largely unmediated by other factors; but a combination of variables from both models offers the best prediction. The results are compared with those of previous research and discrepant findings are discussed.
Students' Perceptions of Reading through Peer Questioning in Cooperative.

This study investigated perceptions of a class of 20 first-year Japanese college students on peer questioning in cooperative reading activities. After the instructor gave an hour of interactive explanations of the reading, in which students were encouraged to interact actively with the instructor in interpreting the reading material, students were then guided through three steps: 1) individually writing questions on points in the text they found difficult to understand, 2) peer questioning in pairs/groups using those questions, and 3) writing answers to their own questions. After four sessions of such treatment, a questionnaire was administered to see if they perceived an improvement in their reading comprehension. The results suggest that students perceived peer questioning positively. They claimed that it helped them understand the content better and that it improved their speaking skills as well. Students stated that cooperative learning also helped them to discover elements in the text they would not have seen unless otherwise asked, and it raised students’ metacognitive awareness.
Using USRP in reverberation chamber for studying throughput

3 Summary The purpose of the project is to validate that universal software radio peripherals (USRP) can be used in conjunction with a reverberation chamber (RC) in order to measure the quality of communication system accurately over the rich isotropic multipath channel (RIMP), e.g. throughput and total isotropic sensitivity. The reason behind using USRP and not any standardized communication device is that we can reduce the cost, and at the same time do more advanced tests by getting access to the whole system. With added complexity the systems have more and more unknowns giving them more of a black box property than a proper test bench where a researcher can implement his own algorithm and test them in a measurement environment to check if they follow theoretical models. This is in contrast to proprietary built-in algorithms implemented on the device under test (DUT). The USRP provides an inexpensive and quite reliable radio platform that is needed in order to test the performance of the communication system under test [1] In the first part of the project the single bit stream throughput cases; single input, single output (SISO) and multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) with transmit and receive diversity and related algorithms, i.e. selection combining (SC) and maximum ratio combining (MRC), are examined. Both conductive measurements and over-the-air (OTA) measurements are performed. All measured OTA throughput shows good agreement with the theoretical throughput for the RIMP in the first part of the project. The RIMP environment is accurately emulated by a reverberation chamber and is a useful reference channel for measuring wireless devices [3], and the threshold receiver model presented in [2]. In the second part of the project a further study of throughput is conducted for the MIMO throughput case for both single and double bit stream cases. Furthermore the capabilities of a USRP as a measuring instrument are examined using SISO measurement setup to perform active measurements such as total radiated power (TRP), total isotropic sensitivity (TIS), and throughput. The passive tests of antenna efficiency, correlation, and diversity gain were also performed using USRP. In a direct continuation of that, the capabilities of the USRP for measuring channel parameters such as Doppler spread and root mean square (RMS) Delay spread are also investigated. The measurement results show that nearly all measurements agree with the expected theoretical values within 1dB offset for nearly all tests giving a strong indication that …
Calculation of Absolute Metabolic Flux and the Elucidation of the Pathways of Glutamate Labeling in Perfused Rat Heart by 13C NMR Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Least Squares Analysis (*)

Absolute metabolic fluxes in isolated perfused hearts have been determined by a nonlinear least squares analysis of glutamate labeling kinetics from [1-13C]glucose, [4-13C]β-hydroxybutyrate, or [2-13C]acetate using 13C NMR spectroscopy. With glucose as substrate, the malate-aspartate shuttle flux was too slow to account for the reducing equivalents generated by glycolysis and to predict the observed oxygen consumption rate. For acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, the malate-aspartate shuttle had to be reversed for the network to agree with the observed oxygen consumption and glutamate labeling. Thus, an additional redox shuttle was required to reoxidize the NADH produced by cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase. Using this model there was good agreement between the experimentally determined oxygen consumption and glutamate labeling and the calculated values of these parameters from the model for all substrates. The contribution of exogenous substrate to the overall tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux, 89.6 ± 6.5% (mean ± S.D.) as measured in the tissue extracts compared well with 91.4 ± 4.2% calculated by the model. The ratio of TCA cycle flux to oxygen consumption for acetate, was 2.2 ± 0.1, indicating that NADH production is principally accounted for by TCA cycle flux. For glucose or β-hydroxybutyrate, this ratio was 2.9 ± 0.2, consistent with the existence of other NADH producing reactions (e.g. glycolysis, β-hydroxybutyrate oxidation).
Development of Entrepreneurial Skills Web in Indigenous Context

Entrepreneurship has gained interest in previous few decades and it is considered as an important factor in economic growth of the country (Wong, Ho & Autio, 2005). Prevalent economic, social and political conditions have increased necessity of flourishing entrepreneurial culture (Amin and Tomaney, 1991; Thomas, 2000). The government has been taking many initiatives for this purpose, including most recent youth loan scheme (Abbasi, 2014). However, success ratio of such schemes remained low (Mian, 2014). One major reason of failure of these initiatives was lack of skills as identified by informal conversations. This lead to identify set of skills that can be useful in launching business successfully at very initial stages. Establishing a set of skills will not only help in establishing a criterion for considering young entrants for youth schemes who possess a certain level of these skills. Establishment of set of skills will also help to provide evaluation criteria for students graduating from business schools thus helping to find level of skills in them and to work in areas that need improvement. This will ultimately help curriculum developers to integrate these skills in curriculum. The policy makers will be able to use this set of skills as criteria for pre-policy measure while working on flourishing entrepreneurial niche.The entrepreneurial skills are affected by many factors, including environment, geography, social and cultural values (Blume & Covin, 2011) education and training. Other example include a study carried out by Ahmad (2007) on cross cultural study on entrepreneurial competencies among Australian and Malaysian businessmen, reports that entrepreneurial competencies are context-specific and change with the changing business environment and cultural orientation. Similar results have been reported by Phillips (2008), Chaston (2009) Ahmad, Ramayah, Wilson, and Kummerow (2010). More studies has been carried out to identify effect of culture on entrepreneurial skills examples include work presented by Busenitz, Gomez, & Spencer, 2000; Lee & Peterson, (2000), Mueller & Thomas, (2001) and Noorderhaven, et al (2004). This lead to rationale of the study emphasizing to identify set of entrepreneurial skills that is more appropriate in local settings.
On the Vote-Purchasing Behavior of Incumbent Governments

In this paper we investigate whether there are any tactical motives behind the distribution of grants from central to lower-level governments. We use a temporary grant program that is uniquely suitable for testing theories of vote-purchasing behavior of incumbent governments. The temporary grant program differs from traditional intergovernmental grants in several aspects, most importantly in the sovereign decision-making power given to the incumbent central government. We find support for the hypothesis that the incumbent government used the grant program under study to win votes. In particular, we find strong support for the Lindbeck–Weibull/Dixit–Londregan model, in which parties distribute transfers to regions where there are many swing voters. This result is statistically as well as economically significant. We do not, however, find any support for the model that predicts that the incumbent government transfers money to its own supporters.
Cellular and subcellular morphological localization of normal prion protein in rodent cerebellum

Normal cellular prion protein, a necessary protagonist in fatal neurodegenerative prion diseases, was mapped in rodent cerebellum to establish its cellular and ultrastuctural localization. Existing morphological data about native prion protein distribution in brain tissues remain, indeed, contradictory and do not fit with biochemical and cell biological results. Using ultrastructural preembedding immunocytochemistry and a monoclonal anti‐mouse prion protein antibody, this report shows that cellular prion protein is present in all cortico‐cerebellar and deep nuclei neuronal cell types, as well as in all glial cell types. The heaviest expression appears on parallel fibres and astrocytic processes. The protein is exclusively located on the outer cell membrane and in Golgi and endosomal intracytoplasmic organelles, with no cytoplasmic or synaptic vesicle labelling. Most important, and in contrast with previous ultrastructural data, cellular prion protein is shown to be distributed on all portions of neurons, without any preferential synaptic targeting. The present morphological report shows, for the first time in vivo, that the cellular prion protein is present on the entire cell surface membrane of all neuronal and glial cell types of the rat cerebellum. This ubiquitous presence supports the notion that prion protein has a generalized cellular function in brain tissue rather than a specialized role restricted to synaptic transmission.
Asguard : A Hybrid-Wheel Security and SAR-Robot Using Bio-Inspired Locomotion for Rough Terrain

For outdoor locomotion of mobile robots, one has to cope with di erent requirements for such systems. These robots have to be highly agile and fast on at ground and, at the same time, should be able to deal with very rough terrain, e.g. rubble, gravel, and even stairs. This is particularly true for robots which are used for surveillance and search and rescue missions (SAR) in outdoor environment as well as for robots for remote inspection, such as CBRNE detection in crises situations. Tracked robots are currently regarded as the best trade-o between high velocity and mobility in rough terrain. Those systems have the drawback of high energy consumption due to friction and are generally not able to climb stairs or very steep slopes. In this paper we present a hybrid legged-wheel approach which is used for our outdoor security robot Asguard. The robot has four rotating wheels in the shape of a ve-pointed star. Each point of the star serves as a leg during locomotion and is controlled using bio-inspired central pattern generators (CPGs). We will show in this work that with our approach, the robot can handle high velocities, is able to climb stairs, and can cope with piles of rubble without changing the hardware con guration.
Pazopanib, a potent orally administered small-molecule multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor for renal cell carcinoma

Background: The recent approvals of sunitinib, sorafenib and temsirolimus have revolutionized the management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Pazopanib (GW-786034) is a second-generation multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor against VEGFR-1, 2 and 3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α, PDGFR-β and c-kit. Objective: Data supporting the development of pazopanib for RCC are reviewed. Methods: Preclinical and clinical data available for pazopanib are presented. Results: Preclinical evaluation has revealed excellent anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity in several mouse models. A Phase II clinical trial of pazopanib in untreated or cytokine/bevacizumab pretreated RCC has demonstrated promising activity accompanied by a favorable toxicity profile. A placebo-controlled Phase III trial is ongoing in untreated or cytokine-treated patients with RCC. Ongoing trials are further evaluating pazopanib in a variety of other malignancies.
Thirty years of a Ban on the Sale of Noniodized Salt: Impact on Iodine Nutrition in Children in Himachal Pradesh, India

Background A survey conducted by the central iodine-deficiency disorders team in Himachal Pradesh, a state in the goiter-endemic belt of India, revealed that 10 of its 12 districts have an endemic prevalence of goiter. The survey was conducted to provide health program managers data to determine whether it would be necessary to initiate intervention measures. Objective To assess the status of urinary iodine excretion and household salt iodization levels after three decades of a complete ban on the sale of noniodized salt in this goiter-endemic state in India as measured by assessment of urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine content of salt at the household level. Methods The guidelines recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD for a rapid assessment of salt iodization were adopted. In each of the 12 studied districts, all senior secondary schools were enlisted and one school was selected by using a random sampling procedure. Two hundred fifty children 11 to 18 years of age were included in the study. Urine samples were collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the wet digestion method. Salt samples were also collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the spot testing kit. Results All districts had a median urinary iodine excretion level > 200 μg/L and 82% of the families were consuming salt with an iodine content of 15 ppm or higher. Conclusions The results of the present study highlight the successful implementation of the salt iodization program in the state of Himachal Pradesh. This positive impact may be due to the comprehensive strategy adopted by the state government to improve the quality of salt, development of an effective monitoring information system and effective information, education, and communication activities.
Intrafamilial variation of phenotype in Stargardt macular dystrophy-Fundus flavimaculatus.

PURPOSE To evaluate the intrafamilial phenotypic variation in Stargardt macular dystrophy-Fundus flavimaculatus (SMD-FFM). METHODS Thirty-one siblings from 15 families with SMD-FFM were examined. Age of onset, visual acuity, and clinical features on fundus examination and fundus autofluorescence images, including presence or absence of central and peripheral atrophy and distribution of flecks, were recorded. In addition, electrophysiological studies were undertaken. RESULTS Large differences between siblings in age of onset (median, 12 years; range, 5-23 years) were observed in six of the 15 families studied, whereas in 9 families differences in age of onset between siblings were small (median, 1 year; range, 0-3 years). Visual acuity varied two or more lines among siblings in nine families. In 10 families (67%) siblings were found to have different clinical appearance on fundus examination and fundus autofluorescence images, whereas in 5 families (33%), affected siblings had similar clinical features. Electrodiagnostic tests were performed on affected members of 12 families and disclosed similar qualitative findings among siblings. In nine families there was loss of central function only; in two, global loss of cone function; and in one, global loss of cone and rod function. CONCLUSIONS In this series, although differences in age of onset, visual acuity, and fundus appearance were observed between siblings, electrophysiological studies demonstrated intrafamilial homogeneity in retinal function. The findings are difficult to reconcile with expression studies showing ABCR transcripts in rod photoreceptors but not in cones.