Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bridging the gap between processing preferences and typological distributions: Initial evidence from the online comprehension of control constructions in Hindi

Previous empirical results have revealed an interesting correspondence between online language comprehension strategies and typological distributions, namely a preference for accusative {S,A} alignment over ergative {S,O} alignment. In the processing domain, this preference is reflected in the preferred analysis of an initial ambiguous argument. In the typological domain, it can be seen in the higher tendency for language change to proceed from an {S,O} to an {S,A} alignment rather than vice versa. A correlation between these two observations would clearly be of interest for theoretical models of alignment patterns. However, before the assumption of such a correspondence is warranted, two problems need to be solved: (a) the time sensitivity of online processing data vs. the time insensitivity of typological distributions; and (b) the domain of application of the {S,A} preference in processing (identification of roles) and typology (roles being treated in the same way by some syntactic phenomenon). The present study, in which we examined the {S,A} preference in the processing of control constructions in Hindi, provides initial evidence that both of these problems can be overcome. On the basis of these empirical findings, we formulate a hypothesis about the correspondence between processing and typology and outline how it can be tested in future research. * The research reported here was supported by grants BO 2471/3-1 and BI 799/3-1 from the German Research Foundation as part of the research group ‘Grammar and processing of verbal arguments’ (FOR 742). The present study on Hindi was conducted in collaboration with the Clinic for Audiology and Phoniatry (Prof. Manfred Gross) of the Charite Berlin. We are grateful to Katja Bruening for invaluable assistance in data acquisition. We would also like to thank Matthias Schlesewsky and Luming Wang for helpful discussions related to this line of research.
Risk Factors for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Detection Among HIV-Negative and HIV-Positive Women From Tanzania

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The prevalence is dependent on several known factors notably sexual behavior and age, and factors still under scrutiny. Objective This study aimed to examine risk factors for high-risk (HR) HPV infection among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women from the general population of Tanzania and to assess whether specific risk factors could contribute to the high prevalence of HR HPV infection in older age found in some populations including Tanzanian women. Methods A cross-sectional study of 3699 women from Tanzania was conducted. We obtained information on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors through personal interview. Cervical swabs were collected for detection of HR HPV (Hybrid Capture 2; Qiagen, Hildesheim, Germany) and genotyping (LiPaExtra; Innogenetics, Gent, Belgium). Finally, we obtained a blood sample for HIV testing. Results HIV positivity was the strongest risk factor for HR HPV (odds ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.3–5.3). Young age, shorter duration of present relationship, and increasing number of sex partners were also associated with higher risk for HR HPV. Among women 20 to 29 years old, especially number of partners (P = 0.005) and HIV positivity (P < 0.0001) determined the risk. In underweight women 50 years or older (P = 0.004) and HIV positivity (P = 0.0009) increased the risk, whereas increasing number of partners was not related to the risk of HR HPV (P = 0.46). Conclusions Human papillomavirus risk factors among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women were similar, but the strength of association was greater among HIV-positive women, notably for lifetime number of sex partners, time in present relationship, genital warts, and body mass index. We were not able to identify a clear explanation for the high HPV prevalence among older women. However, in the age-stratified analysis, potential indicators of decreased immunity increased the risk for HPV infection among older women, whereas in younger women, risk was particularly associated with sexual activity.
Pediatric cochlear implantation: the parents' perspective.

OBJECTIVE To analyze parental views on cochlear implantation, before and in the years following implantation, to determine whether the results from the intervention met their expectations. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal study to assess parental perspectives of an unselected group of children with cochlear implantation. SETTING Tertiary referral pediatric cochlear implant center in the United Kingdom. SUBJECTS Forty-three parents of children with cochlear implantation. INTERVENTION A specifically designed questionnaire was administered to assess preimplant expectations and observed changes and concerns at 1, 2, and 3 years following implantation. Three key domains were evaluated: (1) communication with others, (2) listening to speech without lipreading, and (3) the development of speech and language. RESULTS Preoperative expectations were met or surpassed at each of the follow-up intervals. In the area of communication, 35 (81%) parents expected a definite improvement preoperatively, and 3 years following implantation, 42 (98%) actually saw such an improvement. The respective numbers in the area of listening to speech were 15 (35%) and 38 (88%), and for speech development, 37 (86%) and 37 (86%). Speech development was the major area of concern at all intervals. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the ability of cochlear implantation to meet or surpass parental expectations in 3 important outcome domains: communication, listening to speech, and the development of speech and language.
MATERNAL GAMBLING, PARENTING IN THE HOME ENVIRONMENT, AND CHILD OUTCOMES IN NATIVE AMERICAN FAMILIES

This mixed method study examined the relations between and among women's casino gambling,parenting in the home environment, parenting self-efficacy beliefs, social supports, and childbehavior problems in a sample of 150 Native American mothers with a child between 6 and 15 years of age. Respondents were recruited from a tribal casino on a Great Lakes Indian Reservation. Hypotheses were: 1) higher scores on measures of gambling frequency among Native American mothers will be associated with more behavior problems in their children; 2) greater access to emotional and instrumental support, higher parenting self-efficacy, and more adequate parenting in the home environment among Native American mothers will be associated with fewer behavior problems in their children; and 3) greater access to social support, higher parenting self-efficacy, and more adequate parenting in the home environment among Native American mothers will moderate the relationship between maternal gambling and child behavior problems. As expected, correlational analyses indicated that pathological gambling was associated positively and significantly with child behavior problems, while greater access to instrumental support, higher parenting self-efficacy, and more adequate parenting in the home environment were each associated significantly with fewer child behavior problems. Multiple regression analyses revealed that greater maternal financial strain and less adequate parenting in the home environment together explained 9 percent of the variance in child behavior problems and that access to social support from family moderated the relationship between maternal gambling frequency and child behavior problems. Social support from family explained an additional 5 percent of the variance in child behavior problems. Boys were more negatively affected by their mothers' frequent gambling than girls in this study. Qualitative themes were: Mothers' concerns regarding spending money and time at the casino, and guilt and remorse over how these affect their children and families; mothers' reports of the positive economic benefits of the jobs and educational opportunities now available to them; mothers' concerns that while there are increased opportunities to socialize and reduce their stress while gambling, that there is no culturally appropriate gambling treatment program on the reservation.
Towards Formal Approaches to System Resilience

Technology scaling and techniques such as dynamic voltage/frequency scaling are predicted to increase the number of transient faults in future processors. Error detectors implemented in hardware are often energy inefficient, as they are "always on. " While software-level error detection can augment hardware-level detectors, creating detectors in software that are highly effective remains a challenge. In this paper, we first present anew LLVM-level fault injector called KULFI that helps simulate faults occurring within CPU state elements in a versatile manner. Second, using KULFI, we study the behavior of a family of well-known and simple algorithms under error injection. (We choose a family of sorting algorithms for this study.) We then propose a promising way to interpret our empirical results using a formal model that builds on the idea of predicate state transition diagrams. After introducing the basic abstraction underlying our predicate transition diagrams, we draw connections to the level of resilience empirically observed during fault injection studies. Building on the observed connections, we develop a simple, and yet effective, predicate-abstraction-based fault detector. While in its initial stages, ours is believed to be the first study that offers a formal way to interpret and compare fault injection results obtained from algorithms from within one family. Given the absolutely unpredictable nature of what a fault can do to a computation in general, our approach may help designers choose amongst a class of algorithms one that behaves most resilient of all.
Game-based Training in Young Elite Handball Players

This study compared the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIT) versus specific game-based handball training (HBT) on handball performance parameters. Thirty-two highly-trained adolescents (15.5+/-0.9 y) were assigned to either HIT (n=17) or HBT (n=15) groups, that performed either HIT or HBT twice per week for 10 weeks. The HIT consisted of 12-24 x 15 s runs at 95% of the speed reached at the end of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (V(IFT)) interspersed with 15 s passive recovery, while the HBT consisted of small-sided handball games performed over a similar time period. Before and after training, performance was assessed with a counter movement jump (CMJ), 10 m sprint time (10 m), best (RSAbest) and mean (RSAmean) times on a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test, the V(IFT) and the intermittent endurance index (iEI). After training, RSAbest (-3.5+/-2.7%), RSAmean (-3.9+/-2.2%) and V(IFT) (+6.3+/-5.2%) were improved (P<0.05), but there was no difference between groups. In conclusion, both HIT and HBT were found to be effective training modes for adolescent handball players. However, HBT should be considered as the preferred training method due to its higher game-based specificity.
Organizational culture and instructional innovations in higher education

This study examines teachers’ and students’ perceptions of the organizational culture of their universities and their views about and reactions to instructional innovations with regard to student-centred learning, collaborative learning and use of innovative educational technologies. Six Chinese universities were involved and in total 1051 students and teachers participated in a survey study. The results show that features of organizational culture affect students’ and teachers’ perceived need for innovation, their views about innovative approaches to instruction, responsiveness to instructional innovations and the perceived implementation level of educational innovations. In addition, differences among teachers and students and among the institutions were examined and discussed.
Cytotoxic Effect and TLC Bioautography-Guided Approach to Detect Health Properties of Amazonian Hedyosmum sprucei Essential Oil

Bioautography has been used as rapid and easy strategy to detect and identify bioactive fractions/molecules in the never before investigated Hedyosmum sprucei Solms (Chloranthaceae) essential oil (EO). The antioxidant activity, performed through DPPH bioautographic assay and spectrophotometric evaluations (IC50 = 230 ± 10 µg/mL), seemed to be mainly due to α-cadinol and α-muurolol. (HP)TLC bioautography, focused on antimicrobial capacities, pointed out α-cadinol, α-muurolol, τ-muurolol, caryophyllene oxide, and methyleugenol as the most effective compounds against Staphylococcus aureus, considered as testing strain. Moreover, the microdilution method, assessed among a wide panel of microorganisms, revealed Listeria grayi and Staphylococcus aureus as the most sensitive among human tested strains and Clavibacter michiganensis among phytopathogens. GC-MS chemical profile showed that bioactive molecules represented only a small quantity of the whole EO: germacrene D (23.16%), β-caryophyllene (15.53%), δ-cadinene (5.50%), α-copaene (5.08%), and α-phellandrene (3.48%) were the main compounds, highlighting an uncommon composition among the genus Hedyosmum. Finally, H. sprucei EO was checked for cytotoxic potential against A549 (lung cancer) and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines showing promising cytotoxic effects against both cell lines after 48 h (IC50 A549 = 44.05 ± 2.35 µg/mL; IC50 MCF-7 = 32.76 ± 4.92 µg/mL) and 72 h (IC50 A549 = 43.55 ± 2.80 µg/mL; IC50 MCF-7 = 33.64 ± 0.43 µg/mL).
Increased levels of inflammatory mediators in children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria with respiratory distress.

BACKGROUND Respiratory distress (RD), a symptom of underlying metabolic acidosis, has been identified as a major risk factor for mortality in children with severe malaria in Africa, yet the molecular mediators involved in the pathogenesis of RD have not been identified. METHODS We studied circulating levels of mediators of inflammation--including the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha and interleukin (IL)-10; the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha , MIP-1 beta , and IL-8; and the immune activation marker neopterin--in children with RD, severe malarial anemia (SMA), cerebral malaria (CM), and uncomplicated malaria (UM). RESULTS Children with RD had significantly higher plasma levels of TNF- alpha , IL-10, and neopterin and a significantly higher TNF- alpha : IL-10 ratio than those without RD. In addition, the results demonstrated that, relative to UM, CM was associated with increased levels of TNF- alpha and decreased levels of MIP-1 alpha , whereas SMA was associated with decreased levels of IL-10. Circulating levels of neopterin were inversely correlated with hemoglobin, whereas levels of MIP-1 beta were positively correlated with parasitemia. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that distinct clinical presentations of severe malaria are associated with specific patterns of inflammatory mediators. In particular, we show, to our knowledge for the first time, that patients with malaria and RD have a strong and unbalanced proinflammatory response that may be involved in the pathogenesis of the underlying metabolic acidosis.
Nonlinguistic Cognitive Effects of Language Treatment for Children With Primary Language Impairment

Children with Primary (or Specific) Language Impairment (PLI) demonstrate subtle deficits in nonlinguistic cognitive processing skills such as processing speed, working memory, and sustained selective attention (SSA). Previous research has suggested that intensive language treatment may influence nonlinguistic cognitive skills, particularly attention. The present study explored this hypothesis to inform future treatment studies and to provide a unique perspective on cognitive-linguistic interaction in children with PLI. A single-subject multiple-baseline design was used to track changes in key nonlinguistic cognitive processing skills before and during language treatment for three school-aged children with PLI. Results were mixed across tasks and participants, with stronger evidence for change on the working memory and processing speed tasks than on SSA. Performance variability was substantial. Results suggest that cognitive-linguistic interactions during language treatment for children with PLI may occur; however, additional research is needed, particularly studies that are sensitive to within-child performance variability.
Prevention of Inflammation-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: A Novel Vasculo-Protective Action of Aspirin

Background—Inflammation and infection may initiate and promote atherosclerosis or its complications by adverse effects on the vascular endothelium. The mechanisms by which aspirin reduces cardiovascular risk might involve anti-inflammatory actions or direct effects on the endothelium in addition to its antiplatelet action. We investigated the role of aspirin in modulating endothelial dysfunction induced by an experimental inflammatory stimulus. Methods and Results—An inflammatory response was generated in healthy volunteers by Salmonella typhi vaccination. Venous occlusion plethysmography was used to assess resistance vessel responses (16 hours before and 8 hours after vaccination) to the endothelium-dependent dilator bradykinin (BK) and the endothelium-independent dilator glyceryl-trinitrate (GTN). Twelve subjects were randomized to receive either aspirin 1.2 g orally or placebo 2 hours before vaccination. After vaccination alone there was suppression of the response to BK in the placebo group (P =0.01), with no change in response to GTN. In the aspirin group there was no change in the response to either BK or GTN after vaccination. Aspirin treatment prevented vaccine-induced elevation of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist but enhanced the generation of tumor necrosis factor-&agr; compared with placebo. In an additional 5 individuals, local intrabrachial aspirin (10 mg/min for 15 minutes) failed to restore responses to BK after vaccination. Conclusions—Experimental inflammation produces endothelial dysfunction, which can be prevented by pretreatment with aspirin. Locally administered aspirin does not reverse vaccine-induced endothelial dysfunction once established. The protective effects of aspirin on inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction may be through modulation of the cytokine cascade.
Reliability of Self and Peer Assessment of Group Work in Higher Education

Self and Peer Assessment (SPA) is commonly used by higher educational institutions to differentiate marks in group work based assessments. The paper demonstrates that the structure of SPA resembles that of a strategic form game, and the truthful reporting of self and peer contributions is not a dominant strategy in SPA. However, the paper through analyzing data of a case study, shows that, students may not report valuations as per the dominant strategies of the game. The result indicates the possibility of other factors such as reciprocity, altruism, guilt aversion and trust influencing SPA of the students. As these factors are not controlled by the designer (the assessor) of SPA, the statistics of SPA can not be treated as reliable indicators of the contribution of students being assessed.
3D Hand Gesture Recognition Based on Sensor Fusion of Commodity Hardware

With the advent of various video game consoles and tablet devices gesture recognition got quite popular to control computer systems. E.g. touch screens allow for an intuitive control of small 2d user interfaces with finger gestures. For interactive manipulation of 3d objects in a large 3d projection environment a similar intuitive 3d interaction method is required. In this paper, we present a dynamic 3d hand and arm gesture recognition system using commodity hardware. The input data is captured with low cost depth sensors (e.g. Microsoft Kinect) and HD color sensors (e.g. Logitech C910). Our method combines dynamic hand and arm gesture recognition based on the depth sensor with static hand gesture recognition based on the HD color sensor.
STOCK PRICES AND PERSISTENT MACROECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY

We propose a novel rational-expectations general-equilibrium explanation for the large countercyclical fluctuations in the conditional moments of stock prices. In our setting, investors must infer whether latent shifts in macroeconomic growth are temporary (business-cycle) or permanent (long-run). Such formidable signal extraction dramatically affects both the optimal forecasts of the average paths of future dividends (and thus expected returns), and the concomitant prediction uncertainties (and thus stock volatility). Intuitively, stocks are particularly exposed to shifts in investors’ perceptions of a persistently disappointing future and times of sluggish realized growth tend to increase the degree of such beliefs. JEL: G12, G14, G01, E13, E17, E21, E27, E32, E37, E44, E47, C68
Radial Plate Fixation: A Novel Technique for Distal Radius Fractures

Background: Distal radius fractures represent a common fracture pattern frequently treated with volar locked plating for fixation. However, other methods may provide equivalent outcomes and minimize risks associated with the volar approach and hardware placement. One such method is the radial plate. Methods: After confirmation of institutional board review, we retrospectively reviewed data from 7 patients with our primary functional outcomes measured by Mayo wrist and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) scores. The most recent radiographic and motion parameters were recorded. Results: Mean age at time of injury was 49 years (range, 19-68 years) with clinical follow-up of 81.6 months (range, 43.5-95.5 months). Five patients had good to excellent outcomes with a mean QuickDASH score of 0.92 for those patients. The mean QuickDASH score for all patients was 18.5. Mean radial height, inclination, and volar tilt were within 5% of the contralateral side. Standard deviation values for radiographic measures and clinical range of motion indicate significant variability in our data set. Conclusions: Although the results are mixed, our small cohort indicates radial plate fixation could provide a viable alternative to volar plate fixation of distal radius fractures. Further prospective investigation is warranted to better describe long-term outcomes using this technique.
Modulation of transient outward current by extracellular protons and Cd2+ in rat and human ventricular myocytes

1 The effects of extracellular acidosis and Cd2+ on the transient outward current (Ito) have been investigated in rat and human ventricular myocytes, using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. 2 In rat myocytes, exposure to acidic extracellular solution (pH 6.0) shifted both steady‐state activation and inactivation curves to more positive potentials, by 20.5 ± 2.7 mV (mean ± s.e.m.; n= 4) and 19.8 ± 1.2 mV, respectively. Cd2+ also shifted the activation and inactivation curves in a positive direction in a concentration‐dependent manner. 3 In human myocytes, the steady‐state activation and inactivation curves were located at more positive potentials. The effect of Cd2+ was similar, but acidosis had less effect than in rat myocytes (e.g. pH 6.0 shifted activation by only 7.2 ± 2.2 mV and inactivation by 13.7 ± 0.5 mV; n= 4). 4 In both species, the effect of acidosis decreased with increasing concentrations of Cd2+ and vice versa, suggesting competition between H+ and Cd2+ for a common binding site. 5 The data indicate that acidosis and divalent cations influence Ito via a similar mechanism and act competitively in both rat and human myocytes, but that human cells are less sensitive to the effects of acidosis.