Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cross-resistance analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants individually selected for resistance to five different protease inhibitors

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor-resistant variants, isolated on passage of HIV-1HXB2 in MT-4 cells with five different protease inhibitors, have been examined for cross-resistance to five inhibitors. The protease inhibitors studied were Ro 31-8959, A-77003, XM323, L-735,524, and VX-478. Resistant variants with two to four mutations within their protease sequence and 9- to 40-fold-decreased susceptibility were selected for all five inhibitors within six to eight passes in cell culture. Passage of a zidovudine-resistant mutant in Ro 31-8959 generated a dual reverse transcriptase- and protease-resistant virus. Variants were cloned directly into a modified pHXB2-D infectious clone for cross-resistance analysis. Although the resistant variants selected possessed different combinations of protease mutations for each inhibitor, many showed cross-resistance to the other inhibitors, and one showed cross-resistance to all five inhibitors. Interestingly, some mutants showed increased susceptibility to some inhibitors. Further HIV passage studies in the combined presence of two protease inhibitors demonstrated that in vitro it was possible to delay significantly selection of mutations producing resistance to one or both inhibitors. These studies indicate that there may be some rationale for combining different protease inhibitors as well as protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors in HIV combination therapy.
Task-Reconfigurable System for MEMS Assembly

This paper presents a Task-reconfigurable system developed for efficient and reliable MEMS assembly. The system consists of a set of autonomous modules that can adapt their shape and function to various assembly tasks, including a distributed 6 DOF coarse positioning module, a distributed 5 DOF fine positioning module, grippers designed for different manipulation tasks with same mechanical interface, a multi-view imaging system, and control software. In order to achieve high precision and dexterity in microassembly, a hybrid vision-force control method is proposed. For easier reconfiguration, a semi-automated calibration method is applied to quick calibrating of the new reconfigurations. Analysis and 3 cases of microassembly are presented to demonstrate that this system has high reconfigurability and adaptability.
Mobile Perspectives: On Teaching Mobile Literacy.

In the book Smart Mobs, Howard Rheingold argues: "The mobile internet . will not be just a way to do old things while moving. It will be a way to do things that couldn't be done before. " In part because of this, he then suggests: "A new kind of digital divide ten years from now will separate those who know how to use new media to band together from those who don't. "1 Rheingold wrote that in 2002. In other words, that ten­year horizon has nearly expired. While recognizing that digital access is not evenly distributed in the United States, which is to say nothing of the global distribution, we can safely say that this transformation is already here; we are already at the moment in which the ability to use social media, and particularly social media as amplified through the power of the mobile web, has become a key literacy. (Literacy here is perhaps the wrong term, for the skills needed to navigate and take ownership of these spaces far exceed the comparatively simple skill of comprehending written text.)
A study of total productive maintenance implementation

This paper focuses on a study of total productive maintenance (TPM) in three companies. The companies implemented TPM because of the business difficulties they faced. In all three companies senior management had supported TPM and set up suitable organisational structures to facilitate its implementation. The companies had followed Nakajima’s seven steps of autonomous maintenance, although different TPM pillars had been adopted, with the common ones being improvements, education and training, safety, and quality maintenance. The main differences in TPM implementation related to the use of ABC machine classification system and the role of facilitators.
Some Metabolic Aspects of Tolerance to Bacterial Endotoxin

Berry, L. Joe (Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.), and Dorothy S. Smythe. Some metabolic aspects of tolerance to bacterial endotoxin. J. Bacteriol. 90:970–977. 1965. —The tolerance to bacterial endotoxins which is produced in mice given a series of daily injections of heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium failed to occur when actinomycin D was administered with the heat-killed cells. Neither ethionine nor 2-thiouracil, when given with endotoxin, altered the development of tolerance. An injection of endotoxin, actinomycin D, or ethionine lowered the activity of the liver enzyme tryptophan pyrrolase more significantly at either 4 or 17 hr postinjection in normal mice than in tolerant mice. Similarly, an injection of either saccharated iron oxide or Thorotrast lowered liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity more extensively in normal than in tolerant animals. Activation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) of tolerant mice, as determined by an accelerated rate of carbon clearance from the blood, was observed, but this was prevented by the appropriate dose of actinomycin D. Similar results were obtained when saccharated iron oxide, rather than endotoxin, was used to activate the RES, but these animals were not resistant to endotoxin and their tryptophan pyrrolase was normally diminished after an injection of endotoxin. Thus, RES activation may occur without tolerance developing. A more nearly normal level of enzyme activity appears to be characteristic of the tolerant state.
Alternatives to prison : options for an insecure society

Preface 1. How Did We Get Here? The Editors 2. Trends in Crime, Victimisation and Punishment, Chris Lewis 3. Empirical Research Relevant to Sentencing Frameworks, Anthony Bottoms 4. Public Opinion and Community Penalties, Shadd Maruna and Anna King 5. Punishment as Communication, Sue Rex 6. Diversionary and Nonsupervisory Approaches to Dealing with Offenders, George Mair 7. Reparative and Restorative Approaches, Gill McIvor 8. Rehabilitative and Reintegrative Approaches, Peter Raynor 9. Electronic Monitoring and the Community Supervision of Offenders, Mike Nellis 10. Dealing with Substance-misusing Offenders in the Community, Judith Rumgay 11. Intensive Projects for Prolific/Persistent Offenders, Anne Worrall and Rob C. Mawby 12. What Guides Sentencing Decisions? Martin Wasik 13. Sentence Management, Gwen Robinson and James Dignan 14. Dimensions of Difference, Hazel Kemshall, Rob Canton and Roy Bailey 15. Attitudes to Punishment in Two High-crime Communities, Anthony Bottoms and Andrew Wilson 16. Pulling some threads together, The Editors
Ethnic Differences in Dieting, Binge Eating, and Purging Behaviors Among American Females: A Review

The research literature related to ethnic differences in dieting, binge eating, and purging behaviors among American females was reviewed. Relevant publications were located by means of computer searches utilizing MedLine and PsycInfo databases. The majority of the dieting studies that have been published thus far indicate that this behavior is more prevalent among White females while most studies of binge eating and purging behaviors indicate that these behaviors are as common among minority females as among White females. Factors that may influence the results of studies focusing on ethnic differences in eating-related behaviors are discussed. Recommendations for improving future research in this area are proposed.
Role of tunica vaginalis interposition layer in hypospadias surgery

Hypospadias surgery has evolved with more than 150 procedures for surgical correction of single anomaly . urethro-cutaneous fistula continues to be single most common complication of regardless of location of meatus, procedure performed and experience of surgeon. Every effort goes in prevention of this complication including overlapping suture line. Two stage repair, burying repaired urethra in scrotum, dartose flap. Parietal layer of tunica vaginalis from testis as a water proofing layer over reconstructed neo urethra decreasing fistula rate. Unlike dissection of dartose layer which can damage blood supply of overlying skin with impaired wound healing, tunica vaginalis brings vascular supply from outside source hence helping in healing of suture line of neo-urethra. Study of effectiveness of tunica vaginalis flap covering different hypospadias procedures in 126 cases over 6 years is presented with inference of significant decrease of urethra-cutaneous fistula rate.
Testing Relationships from the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Using Flow as a Motivational Consequence

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test a motivational model based on Vallerand's (1997) Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. This model incorporates situational and contextual motivational variables, and was tested using a time-lagged design. Master's level swimmers (N = 104) completed a questionnaire on two separate occasions. At Time 1, situational social factors (perceptions of success and perceptions of the motivational climate), situational motivational mediators (perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness), situational motivation, and flow were assessed immediately following a swim practice. Contextual measures of these same variables were assessed at Time 2, 1 week later, with the exception of flow. Results of a path analysis supported numerous links in the hypothesized model. Findings are discussed in light of research and theory on motivation and flow.
Evidence for semantic learning in profound amnesia: An investigation with patient H.M.

Until recently, it seemed unlikely that any semantic knowledge could be acquired following extensive bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes (MTL). Although recent studies have demonstrated some semantic learning in amnesic patients, questions remain regarding the limits of this capacity and the extent to which it relies on those patients' residual MTL function. The present study examined whether detailed, semantic memory could be acquired by a patient with no functioning hippocampus. We used cued recall and forced‐choice recognition tasks to investigate whether the patient H.M. had acquired knowledge of people who became famous after the onset of his amnesia. Results revealed that, with first names provided as cues, he was able to recall the corresponding famous last name for 12 of 35 postoperatively famous personalities. This number nearly doubled when semantic cues were added, suggesting that his knowledge of the names was not limited to perceptual information, but was incorporated in a semantic network capable of supporting explicit recall. In forced‐choice recognition, H.M. discriminated 87% of postmorbid famous names from foils. Critically, he was able to provide uniquely identifying semantic facts for one‐third of these recognized names, describing John Glenn, for example, as “the first rocketeer” and Lee Harvey Oswald as a man who “assassinated the president. ” Although H.M. 's semantic learning was clearly impaired, the results provide robust, unambiguous evidence that some new semantic learning can be supported by structures beyond the hippocampus proper. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of domain general cognitive mechanisms in bilingual language production

Title of thesis: THE ROLE OF DOMAIN GENERAL COGNITIVE MECHANISMS IN BILINGUAL LANGUAGE PRODUCTION Alison Ruppel Shell, M.S., 2015 Thesis directed by: Dr. L. Robert Slevc Department of Psychology Bilingual language production is widely believed to be a competitive process. Bilinguals may manage this competition by relying on inhibiting one language while speaking in the other. However, it remains unclear if this process relies on domain general inhibitory mechanisms, and, if so, when and where during language production control is applied. The current study investigates these issues by experimentally manipulating demand on domain-general inhibitory control during a language switching paradigm. If inhibitory control is required to switch between languages, inhibitory demand during the switch trials is predicted to make switching more difficult. Across three experiments, switching costs were not exacerbated when inhibitory control was taxed, language switching was less costly during inhibitiondemanding trials. These findings question the role of inhibitory control in language switching and suggest revising the current models of language control in bilingual
Interleukin 12B rs3212227 T > G polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma in a Chinese population.

Gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (GCA) is one of common malignant tumors in the world. Multiple genes that play critical roles in inflammatory pathways probably are associated with GCA risk. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to evaluate the genetic effects of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): interleukin 9 (IL9) rs31563 C > T, IL9 rs31564 G > T, IL10 rs1800872 T > G, IL12A rs2243115 T > G, IL12B rs3212227 T > G, and IL13 rs1800925 C > T on the development of GCA. Two hundred and forty-three GCA cases and 476 controls were recruited. Their genotypes were determined using a custom-by-design 48-Plex SNPscan kit. IL12B rs3212227 T > G polymorphism was associated with the increased risk of GCA. However, there was no significant association between the other five SNPs and GCA risk. Stratified analyses indicated that the risk of GCA associated with the IL12B rs3212227 T > G polymorphism was evident among female patients and patients who never smoked or consumed alcoholic drinks. These findings indicated that functional polymorphism IL12B rs3212227 T > G might correlate with GCA risk. However, our results were obtained with a limited sample size; the power of our analysis was low. Larger studies are required to confirm the current findings.
Twentieth-century British social trends

List of Tables List of Figures Preface Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors Introduction: Twentieth-century Britain A.H. Halsey DEMOGRAPHY Population and Family D.Coleman Health R.Fitzpatrick & T.Chandola Immigration and Ethnicity C.Peach, A.Rogers, J.Chance & P.Daley SOCIAL REPRODUCTION Schools G.Smith Further and Higher Education A.H. Halsey Social Mobility A.Heath & C.Payne ECONOMY The Labour Force D.Gallie The Economic Environment A.Dilnot & C.Emmerson The Distribution of Income and Wealth A.B. Atkinson POLITICS Electors and Elected D.Butler Towns, Urban Change and Local Government B.Wood & J.Carter POLICY Transport and Communications A.Root Housing A.Holmans Social Services J.Parker & J.Webb Social Security J.Webb SOCIAL ORDER AND SOCIAL CONTROL Volunteers and Voluntarism B.Harrison & J.Webb Leisure J.Gershuny & K.Fisher Religion P.Brierley Crime, Sentencing and Punishment R.Hood & A.Roddam APPENDICES Appendix 1: Price Indices Appendix 2: Official Surveys Index
Differential Regulation of the Period Genes in Striatal Regions following Cocaine Exposure

Several studies have suggested that disruptions in circadian rhythms contribute to the pathophysiology of multiple psychiatric diseases, including drug addiction. In fact, a number of the genes involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms are also involved in modulating the reward value for drugs of abuse, like cocaine. Thus, we wanted to determine the effects of chronic cocaine on the expression of several circadian genes in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) and Caudate Putamen (CP), regions of the brain known to be involved in the behavioral responses to drugs of abuse. Moreover, we wanted to explore the mechanism by which these genes are regulated following cocaine exposure. Here we find that after repeated cocaine exposure, expression of the Period (Per) genes and Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 2 (Npas2) are elevated, in a somewhat regionally selective fashion. Moreover, NPAS2 (but not CLOCK (Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput)) protein binding at Per gene promoters was enhanced following cocaine treatment. Mice lacking a functional Npas2 gene failed to exhibit any induction of Per gene expression after cocaine, suggesting that NPAS2 is necessary for this cocaine-induced regulation. Examination of Per gene and Npas2 expression over twenty-four hours identified changes in diurnal rhythmicity of these genes following chronic cocaine, which were regionally specific. Taken together, these studies point to selective disruptions in Per gene rhythmicity in striatial regions following chronic cocaine treatment, which are mediated primarily by NPAS2.
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived products: Advances towards robust, scalable and cost-effective manufacturing strategies

The ability to develop cost‐effective, scalable and robust bioprocesses for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) will be key to their commercial success as cell therapies and tools for use in drug screening and disease modelling studies. This review outlines key process economic drivers for hPSCs and progress made on improving the economic and operational feasibility of hPSC bioprocesses. Factors influencing key cost metrics, namely capital investment and cost of goods, for hPSCs are discussed. Step efficiencies particularly for differentiation, media requirements and technology choice are amongst the key process economic drivers identified for hPSCs. Progress made to address these cost drivers in hPSC bioprocessing strategies is discussed. These include improving expansion and differentiation yields in planar and bioreactor technologies, the development of xeno‐free media and microcarrier coatings, identification of optimal bioprocess operating conditions to control cell fate and the development of directed differentiation protocols that reduce reliance on expensive morphogens such as growth factors and small molecules. These approaches offer methods to further optimise hPSC bioprocessing in terms of its commercial feasibility.
Particle mass generation from physical vacuum

We present an approach for particle mass generation in which the physical vacuum is assumed as a medium at zero temperature and where the dynamics of the vacuum is described by the Standard Model without the Higgs sector. In this approach fermions acquire masses from interactions with vacuum and gauge bosons from charge fluctuations of vacuum. The obtained results are consistent with the physical mass spectrum, in such a manner that left-handed neutrinos are massive. Masses of electroweak gauge bosons are properly predicted in terms of experimental fermion masses and running coupling constants of strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions. An existing empirical relation between the top quark mass and the electroweak gauge boson masses is explained by means of this approach.
Research forum: Is grammar anxiety hindering English speaking in Japanese students?

Researchers and teachers have observed time and again that speaking in the L2 causes anxiety in many Japanese students (Cutrone, 2009; Kitano, 2001); the students seem to be afraid of making mistakes in front of their peers and teachers. Is the reason for this fear anxiety about the speaker’s grammar? This study, based on questionnaire data obtained from 54 Japanese EFL students at a university in Japan, explored the relationship between language learners’ confidence in their grammatical ability and their actual speaking performance. The relationships were examined between students’ perceptions of their grammatical competence (self-evaluation), actual speaking level (scores from the Kanda English Proficiency Test [KEPT]), and overall strength in English (scores from the Test of English for International Communication [TOEIC]). Qualitative data collected from the questionnaire was also analysed. The study did not find a significant relationship between confidence in grammar and speaking. Self-perception of grammatical ability appears to have little to do with how a person performs orally.
Large-Scale Domain Adaptation via Teacher-Student Learning

High accuracy speech recognition requires a large amount of transcribed data for supervised training. In the absence of such data, domain adaptation of a well-trained acoustic model can be performed, but even here, high accuracy usually requires significant labeled data from the target domain. In this work, we propose an approach to domain adaptation that does not require transcriptions but instead uses a corpus of unlabeled parallel data, consisting of pairs of samples from the source domain of the well-trained model and the desired target domain. To perform adaptation, we employ teacher/student (T/S) learning, in which the posterior probabilities generated by the source-domain model can be used in lieu of labels to train the target-domain model. We evaluate the proposed approach in two scenarios, adapting a clean acoustic model to noisy speech and adapting an adults speech acoustic model to children speech. Significant improvements in accuracy are obtained, with reductions in word error rate of up to 44% over the original source model without the need for transcribed data in the target domain. Moreover, we show that increasing the amount of unlabeled data results in additional model robustness, which is particularly beneficial when using simulated training data in the target-domain.
Signal processing to improve speech intelligibility in perceptive deafness.

A deaf person with recruitment perceives sound as though listening through a volume expander followed by an attenuator, the expansion ratio and attenuation being typically frequency dependent. (Other perceptive aberrations may also be present, of course.) The subject is often prevented from using enough hearing‐aid gain to bring weak consonants into the useful dynamic range of his hearing, because this amount of gain would make lower‐frequency, high‐amplitude vowels intolerably loud. Such subjects commonly find amplified speech to have poor intelligibility. In a preliminary experiment it is established that recruitment in normal subjects, induced by masking or simulated by expansion of the signal, reduces the intelligibility of amplified speech severely, and that this intelligibility can be largely restored by signal processing. The implication is that recruitment in deaf subjects is a sufficient cause for loss of intelligibility, whether or not there are other causes. In the present experiments, speech i.
Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of the Complex of Naringenin with Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin

In this study a complex of naringenin with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was prepared to improve the hydrophilicity of naringenin. The physicochemical properties of the complex were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV), infrared spectrometry (IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The result showed that naringenin had been molecularly dispersed in the HP-β-CD matrix, not forming a new compound and HPLC analysis showed that the solubility of naringenin in water was enhanced from 4.38 μg/mL to 1,272.31 μg/mL.
Polygala paniculata: a source of methyl salicylate produced through plant tissue culture

O estabelecimento de cultura in vitro de Polygala paniculata L. permitiu a propagação rápida de matéria-prima vegetal sob condições assépticas e padronizadas. As plantas in vitro foram submetidas à extração e destilação simultâneas (EDS) e a composição química do óleo essencial foi analisada por CG/DIC e CG/EM. Foram avaliados os efeitos de BAP (6-benzilaminopurina) sobre o desenvolvimento i vitro e produção de voláteis em P. paniculata. A principal característica do óleo essencial consistiu na presença marcante de salicilato de metila. Plantas cultivadas em meio controle MS (Murashige & Skoog) produziram mais do que 80% de salicilato, enquanto o uso de BAP , reduziu a produção de salicilato de metila a 71% e 21% para as concentrações de 2 e 4 mg L , respectivamente. A cultura de tecidos de P. paniculata pode ser indicada como fonte de salicilato de metila.