Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gamma Rays from Intergalactic Shocks

Structure formation in the intergalactic medium (IGM) produces large-scale, collisionless shock waves, in which electrons can be accelerated to highly relativistic energies. Such electrons can Compton-scatter cosmic microwave background photons up to γ-ray energies. We study the radiation emitted in this process using a hydrodynamic cosmological simulation of a ΛCDM universe. The resulting radiation, extending beyond TeV energies, has roughly constant energy flux per decade in photon energy, in agreement with the predictions of Loeb & Waxman. Assuming that a fraction ξe = 0.05 of the shock thermal energy is transferred to the population of accelerated relativistic electrons, as inferred from collisionless nonrelativistic shocks in the interstellar medium, we find that the energy flux of this radiation, ϵ2(dJ/dϵ) ≃ 50-160 eV cm-2 s-1 sr-1, constitutes ~10% of the extragalactic γ-ray background flux. The associated γ-ray point sources are too faint to account for the ~60 unidentified EGRET γ-ray sources, but GLAST should detect and resolve several γ-ray sources associated with large-scale IGM structures for ξe ≃ 0.03 and many more sources for larger ξe. The intergalactic origin of the shock-induced radiation can be verified through a cross-correlation with, e.g., the galaxy distribution that traces the same structure. Its shock origin may be tested by cross-correlating its properties with radio synchrotron radiation, emitted as the same accelerated electrons gyrate in postshock magnetic fields. We predict that GLAST and Cerenkov telescopes such as MAGIC, VERITAS, and HESS should resolve γ-rays from nearby (redshifts z ≲ 0.01) rich galaxy clusters, perhaps in the form of a ~5-10 Mpc diameter ringlike emission tracing the cluster accretion shock, with luminous peaks where the ring intersects galaxy filaments detectable even at z ≃ 0.025.
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Globalization and Monetary Policy Institute the Few Leading the Many: Foreign Affiliates and Business Cycle Comovement

This paper uses micro-data on balance sheets, trade, and the nationality of ownership of firms in France to investigate the effect of foreign multinationals on business cycle comovement. We first show that foreign affiliates, which represent a tiny fraction of all firms, are responsible for a high share of employment, value added, and trade both at the national and at the regional levels. We also show that the distribution of foreign affiliates across regions differs with the nationality of the parent. We then show that foreign affiliates increase the comovement of activities between their region of location and their country of ownership. Moreover, we find greater comovement among French regions that have a more similar composition in terms of the nationality of foreign affiliates. These findings suggest that a non-negligible part of business cycle comovement is driven by a few multinational companies, and that the international transmission of shocks is partly due to linkages between affiliates and their foreign parents. grant agreement no XXXX. Julien Martin acknowledges financial support from the FSR Marie Curie fellowship, and the ARC convention on "Geographical mobility of actors". Farid Toubal would like to thank the CEPR project "Globalization Investment and Services Trade" funded by the European Commission under FP7-PEOPLE-ITN-2008-21. The views in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas or the Federal Reserve System.
Using linguistic information to detect overlapping speech

Overlapping speech is still a major cause of error in many speech processing applications, currently without any satisfactory solution. This paper considers the problem of detecting segments of overlapping speech within meeting recordings. Using an HMM-based framework recordings are segmented into intervals containing non-speech, speech and overlapping speech. New to this contribution is the use of linguistic information, where spoken content is used to improve overlap detection. Using language models for speech and overlap, an overlap score is created for every spoken word and used as an additional feature within the HMM framework. Experiments conducted on the AMI corpus demonstrate the potential of the proposed linguistic features.
ROTATION OF THE WARM MOLECULAR GAS SURROUNDING ULTRACOMPACT H ii REGIONS

We present molecular line and 1.4 mm continuum observations toward five massive star-forming regions at arcsecond resolution using the Submillimeter Array. We find that the warm molecular gas surrounding each H ii region (as traced by SO2 and OCS) appears to be undergoing bulk rotation. From the molecular line emission and thermal component of the continuum emission, we independently derived gas masses for each region which are consistent with each other. From the free–free component of the continuum emission, we estimate the minimum stellar mass required to power the H ii region and find that this mass, when added to the derived gas mass, is a significant fraction of the dynamical mass for that region.
Modeling Distributed Applications for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Attributed Task Graphs

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have received significant attention from the research community recently owing to the growth in popularity of portable computing and wireless networking. While researchers have primarily focused on developing lower layer mechanisms such as channel access and routing for making MANETs operational, higher layer issues such as application modeling have largely remained ignored. In this chapter, we present a novel distributed application framework based on attributed task graphs that enables a large class of resource discovery based applications on mobile, failure-prone environments such as MANETs. A distributed application is represented as a task comprised of smaller sub-tasks that need to be performed on dierent classes of computing devices with specialized
Mechanical Stochastic Resonance Therapy Restores Joins and Muscle Injuries on Standard-bred Races Horses

Previous studies showed that the Infratonic Stochastic Resonance (SR) therapy increases race performance on standard-bred horses and decreases the risk of inflammation and muscle injury. In the present study we continued investigating the benefits of this therapy on standard-bred racehorses. We expand the research to the analysis of the hyaluronic acid levels and the quality of the synovial fluid within the hocks using the same therapy modality as in the previous study. We also investigated the effects of the therapy on the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in serum when the therapy was applied from a distance and compare with previous results where the therapy was applied directly to the skin of the horse two times per week. For the therapy from a distance one group of 10 horses was treated from 4 to 11 feet four hours per day, while the second group of 10 horses was used as the untreated control. After 6 weeks of treatment the levels of CPK in serum decrease significantly while the decrease in ASP levels was not significant. Comparing with previous results we found that the changes in CPK and AST levels are more pronounce when the therapy is applied directly to the skin of the horse. On the other hand, we found that the therapy raised the amount of hyaluronic acid within the treated hock within a 15% average, while the untreated hock presented an average decrease of 18%. The therapy also improves the quality of the synovial fluid increasing its volume, viscosity, and clarity. These results indicate that the Infratonic SR therapy normalizes cellular activity in stressed tissue increasing the production of hyaluronic acid and improving the quality of the synovial fluid. We also demonstrated that the Infratonic SR therapy is effective when applied a few feet distance from the horses, finding a statistical significant decrease of CPK in serum. _________________________________________________________________________
Measuring Poverty Using Income and Deprivation Indicators: Alternative Approaches

This article compares the alternative routes followed by Hallerod (1995) and Callan, Nolan and Whelan (1993) to identify those ex periencing exclusion from the life of society due to lack of resources by the application of a combination of income and deprivation cri teria. Hallerod's methodology involves a con sensual income poverty line and a deprivation index containing all 36 items available to him, weighted to reflect the extent to which each is regarded as a necessity. Our approach em ploys relative income poverty lines and a sub- set of indicators relating to 'basic' deprivation. Applying both to a household sample dataset for Ireland, we find very similar numbers, about 16 per cent of the sample, meet the two alternative income/deprivation criteria, with about 70 per cent of these meeting both. Many of those meeting Hallerod's criteria but not ours are elderly single-person households, while families with children with an unem ployed or ill/disabled head predominate among those meeting our criteria but not his. While the former group have particular diffi culties with poor quality housing and housing- related durables, the latter are more likely to be experiencing generalized deprivation in a situation where housing is subject to very specific life-cycle and State policy factors. The results from both approaches lend support to the case that using both income and depri vation information, rather than income alone, helps in directing attention towards the most important processes producing poverty.
Star formation and metallicity history of the SDSS galaxy survey: unlocking the fossil record

Using MOPED we determine non-parametrically the star-formation and metallicity history of over 37,000 high-quality galaxy spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) early data release. We use the entire spectral range, rather than conce ntrating on specific features, and we estimate the complete star formation history without prior assumptions about its form (by constructing so-called ‘population boxes’). The main resu lts of this initial study are that the star formation rate in SDSS galaxies has been in decline for � 6 Gyr; a metallicity distribution for star-forming gas which is peaked � 3 Gyr ago at about solar metallicity, inconsistent with closed-box models, but consistent with infall models. We also determine the infall rate of gas in SDSS and show that it has been significant for the last 3 G yr. We investigate errors using a Monte-Carlo Markov Chain algorithm. Further, we demonstrate that recovering star formation and metallicity histories for such a large sample becomes intractable without data compression methods, particularly the exploration of the likelihood surface. By exploring the whole likelihood surface we show that age-metallicity degeneracies are not as severe as by using only a few spectral features. We find that 65% of galaxie s contain a significant old population (with an age of at least 8 Gyr), including recent starburst galaxies, and that over 97% have some stars older than 2 Gyr. It is the first time that a c omplete star formation and metallicity history, without restrictive assumptions abo ut its form have been derived for such a large dataset of integrated stellar populations, and the fi rst time that the past star formation history has been determined from the fossil record of the present-day spectra of galaxies.
Robust knot detection and spline approximation using wavelet transform extrema and multi-target tracking

Mallat and Hwang (1992) and Mallat and Zhong (1992) describe a novel algorithm both for signal compression and noise removal based on the extraction of the extrema of continuous wavelet transforms (CWTs) at a dyadic sequence of scales, the chaining of the extrema across scale that come from the same feature in the original signal, and the separation of noise from signal through the estimation of the Lipschitz exponents of the singularities corresponding to each such chain of extrema. The results in Mallat and Hwang, and Mallat Zhong and in other efforts based on this technique show the apparent promise of the approach and lead to the conjecture that it is robust, but a number of interesting and important questions and potential applications remain. Mallat and Hwang, and Mallat and Zhong use a simple extrema matching algorithm based on the comparison of the values and the positions of extrema at a pair of consecutive scales. This algorithm cannot work equally well for all input signals, because the trajectories of CWT extrema depend on the type of the corresponding singularity, as well as on the wavelet. The present authors restrict the approximation class of signals to splines. In this case, a more sophisticated and reliable extrema matching algorithm is possible. They arrive at such an algorithm by treating the extrema matching problem as a multi-target tracking problem. The final result is a spline approximation algorithm whose robustness is shown using Cauchy-contaminated Gaussian noise. <<ETX>>
Inferring regulatory elements from a whole genome. An analysis of Helicobacter pylori sigma(80) family of promoter signals.

Helicobacter pylori is adapted to life in a unique niche, the gastric epithelium of primates. Its promoters may therefore be different from those of other bacteria. Here, we determine motifs possibly involved in the recognition of such promoter sequences by the RNA polymerase using a new motif identification method. An important feature of this method is that the motifs are sought with the least possible assumptions about what they may look like. The method starts by considering the whole genome of H. pylori and attempts to infer directly from it a description for a family of promoters. Thus, this approach differs from searching for such promoters with a previously established description. The two algorithms are based on the idea of inferring motifs by flexibly comparing words in the sequences with an external object, instead of between themselves. The first algorithm infers single motifs, the second a combination of two motifs separated from one another by strictly defined, sterically constrained distances. Besides independently finding motifs known to be present in other bacteria, such as the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the TATA-box, this approach suggests the existence in H. pylori of a new, combined motif, TTAAGC, followed optimally 21 bp downstream by TATAAT. Between these two motifs, there is in some cases another, TTTTAA or, less frequently, a repetition of TTAAGC separated optimally from the TATA-box by 12 bp. The combined motif TTAAGCx(21+/-2)TATAAT is present with no errors immediately upstream from the only two copies of the ribosomal 23 S-5 S RNA genes in H. pylori, and with one error upstream from the only two copies of the ribosomal 16 S RNA genes. The operons of both ribosomal RNA molecules are strongly expressed, representing an encouraging sign of the pertinence of the motifs found by the algorithms. In 25 cases out of a possible 30, the combined motif is found with no more than three substitutions immediately upstream from ribosomal proteins, or operons containing a ribosomal protein. This is roughly the same frequency of occurrence as for TTGACAx(15-19)TATAAT (with the same maximum number of substitutions allowed) described as being the sigma(70 )promoter sequence consensus in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The frequency of occurrence of the new motif obtained, TTAAGCx(19-23)TATAAT, remains high when all protein genes in H. pylori are considered, as is the case for the TTGACAx(15-19)TATAAT motif in B. subtilis but not in E. coli.
Elastic stable intramedullary nailing for severely displaced distal tibial fractures in children

AbstractElastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) has became a well-accepted method of osteosynthesis of diaphyseal fractures in the skeletally immature patient for many advantages, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the preliminary results of this minimally invasive treatment for severely displaced distal tibial diaphyseal metaphyseal junction (DTDMJ) fractures.This study was carried out over a 6-year period. Twenty-one severely displaced DTDMJ fractures treated using ESIN were evaluated clinically and radiographically. Complications were assessed: the patients were evaluated with regard to nonunion, malunion, infection, growth arrest, leg length discrepancy, implant irritation, and joint function.Mean age at the time of surgery was 7.8 years (range between 5.3 and 14.8 years), mean body weight 34.1 kg, all fractures were transverse or mild oblique type, including 3 open fractures, 5 multifragmented fractures, and 4 fractures associated with polytrauma; 6 cases were treated with antegrade ESIN of tibia while 15 cases need combined retrograde fibula and antegrade tibia fixation treatments. Follow-ups were ranging from 11 to 36 months, 19 fractures showed both clinical and radiographic evidence of healing within 5 months; all cases had full range motion of knee and ankle with symmetrical foot progress angle. Nail removal was at a mean 7.1 months, at final follow-up, no growth arrest or disturbances occurred. Five patients had complications; leg length discrepancy had decreased yet affected 2 patients, 2 cases showed delayed union, and 1 case developed restricted dorsal extension at the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux.ESIN is the treatment of choice for pediatric severely displaced DTDMJ fractures that cannot be reduced by closed reduction or ones that cannot be casted. The advantages include faster fracture healing, excellent functional and cosmetic results, safe and reliable surgical technique, and lower severe complication rate.
Distinct Biochemical Pools of Golgi Phosphoprotein 3 in the Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines MCF7 and MDA-MB-231

Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) has been implicated in the development of carcinomas in many human tissues, and is currently considered a bona fide oncoprotein. Importantly, several tumor types show overexpression of GOLPH3, which is associated with tumor progress and poor prognosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that connect GOLPH3 function with tumorigenicity are poorly understood. Experimental evidence shows that depletion of GOLPH3 abolishes transformation and proliferation of tumor cells in GOLPH3-overexpressing cell lines. Conversely, GOLPH3 overexpression drives transformation of primary cell lines and enhances mouse xenograft tumor growth in vivo. This evidence suggests that overexpression of GOLPH3 could result in distinct features of GOLPH3 in tumor cells compared to that of non-tumorigenic cells. GOLPH3 is a peripheral membrane protein mostly localized at the trans-Golgi network, and its association with Golgi membranes depends on binding to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate. GOLPH3 is also contained in a large cytosolic pool that rapidly exchanges with Golgi-associated pools. GOLPH3 has also been observed associated with vesicles and tubules arising from the Golgi, as well as other cellular compartments, and hence it has been implicated in several membrane trafficking events. Whether these and other features are typical to all different types of cells is unknown. Moreover, it remains undetermined how GOLPH3 acts as an oncoprotein at the Golgi. Therefore, to better understand the roles of GOLPH3 in cancer cells, we sought to compare some of its biochemical and cellular properties in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 with that of the non-tumorigenic breast human cell line MCF 10A. We found unexpected differences that support the notion that in different cancer cells, overexpression of GOLPH3 functions in diverse fashions, which may influence specific tumorigenic phenotypes.
Geoengineering: A Climate Change Manhattan Project

This article argues that the lack of success in climate change policy stems from the exclusive focus of policymakers on various forms of preventive regulation. Because climate change regulation requires an extraordinary amount of will and coordination, and because uncertainty, cost, equity, and other factors threaten the effective implementation of a regulatory regime, a regulation-only approach is dangerously myopic. Because of these structural problems, the time has now come to expand our policy horizons to include geoengineering, the direct manipulation of the Earth's climatic feedback system, as a serious alternative to ineffective and contentious regulation. Once derided as science fiction, geoengineering has lately begun to merit serious debate in academic, scientific, and econometric literature, and some geoengineering technologies appear to be feasible. This article presents the first scholarly legal/policy analysis of geoengineering. From a policy perspective, geoengineering, though perhaps counterintuitive, should be very attractive to both greenhouse “True Believers” and the most ardent of skeptics. To the skeptic, geoengineering offers a relatively painless, relatively cheap alternative to costly and unpopular regulation To the greenhouse True Believer, geoengineering offers both hope and despair: hope for a solution to climate change, despair at retreating from prevention as that solution. To any thoughtful environmentalist, geoengineering is woefully counterintuitive it treats symptoms, not causes, and allows the rapacious consumerism of the West to progress unchecked. Indeed, that is what makes it popular with skeptics. The technology is uncertain, and there may be serious secondary effects. But because a geoengineering policy avoids the pitfalls of a traditional, regulation-based climate change strategy, the True Believer should still be convinced. Climate Change “Marshall Plans,” designed to curtail greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, tend to fail before they begin. Only geoengineering can offset already existing anthropogenic interference with the Earth's systems. In the post-Kyoto world, we need more than promises of emissions cuts and tradeable permits. We need a Climate Change Manhattan Project.
Parameterization of the Planetary Boundary layer for Use in General Circulation Models1

Abstract The surface stress and fluxes of heat and moisture are parameterized for use in numerical models of the general circulation of the atmosphere. The parameterization is designed to be consistent with recent advances in knowledge of both the planetary boundary layer and the surface layer. A key quantity throughout is the height, h, of the planetary boundary layer, which appears in the governing stability parameter, a bulk Richardson number. With upward heat flux, a time-dependent prediction equation is proposed for h that incorporates penetrative convection and vertical motion. Under stable conditions, h is assumed to depart from the neutral value and to become nearly proportional to the Monin-Obukhov length. The roughness length, Zo, is incorporated in the combination h/zo, and the parameterization is consistent with h/zo affecting only the wind component in the direction of the surface velocity. The direction of the surface wind and stress is derived in a manner consistent with the known value of .