Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Judgments About Others’ Trustworthiness: An fMRI Study

We investigated how information about others’ trustworthiness affects brain region activation in a functional MRI (fMRI) study. Participants were given statements about a person’s behaviors and were asked to judge whether or not the person was trustworthy while undergoing fMRI imaging. Participants read 32 statements, half of which were relevant to making judgments about trustworthiness, and half of which were irrelevant to making judgments about trustworthiness. We found that making trustworthiness judgments when reading relevant statements was associated with differential activation in five regions: the angular gyrus (AG), anterior cingulate (AC), left frontal lobe (LF), right frontal lobe (RF), and putamen/caudate nucleus (PU/CA). Previous studies using highly abstract economic game situations have also shown activation in these regions. These regions are also related to the learning process and to theory-of-mind processing. In addition, we found that people with high or low scores on a general trust scale showed less activation than did people with middle-range scores. These results suggest that we use trial-and-error learning to decide whether to trust others, and that this learning history (represented here as general trust level) influences automatic processing of new trust judgments.
Spirituality and religion in family firms

Introduction The field of family business research has grown tremendously in recent years (e.g. Debicki et al. 2009, Sharma et al. 2012). Many conferences are devoted exclusively to this area, and an increasing amount of research is presented at the international level (Wright and Kellermanns 2011). The field of spirituality and religion in management, which has also seen significant growth (e.g. Karakas 2010), is even represented by its own division at the Academy of Management, whereas family business research resides within the entrepreneurship division. While family business research is closely associated with entrepreneurship and strategic management (Chrisman et al. 2005), researchers continuously stress the benefits of integrating insights from other areas (e.g. Steward 2008). Only one study, so far, has investigated the intersection between the family business and religion and spirituality (Neal and Vallejo 2008). This is surprising, as the family firms are the dominant organizational form in the world (e.g. La Porta et al. 1999, Astrachan and Shanker 2003), and spirituality and religion affect our daily lives. Indeed, anecdotal evidence of the intersection of spirituality and religion and the family business appears frequently in the popular press (e.g. see the discussion about Chick-fil-A).
Teaching in inclusive classrooms: efficacy and beliefs of Canadian preservice teachers

This study provides a Canada-wide snapshot of the self-efficacy and beliefs of 1490 preservice teachers in relation to inclusive teaching using the Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practice and the Beliefs about Learning and Teaching Questionnaire. At the time of data collection, these preservice teachers were in the final stages of their teacher education programmes. Based on the results of surveys in 11 Faculties of Education, men have higher self-efficacy than women for managing behaviour in the classroom, elementary preservice teachers have higher self-efficacy in collaboration than those teaching in secondary schools, those enrolled in the 1-year post-degree programme show lower self-efficacy than those enrolled in programmes of other durations, and those who have experience with people with special education needs show higher self-efficacy than those who do not. Differences illustrated that women were more inclusive than men, 1-year post-degree preservice teachers were less inclusive than others, and those who have experience with people with special education needs are more inclusive than those who do not. Recommendations for teacher education and limitations surrounding the practical significance of the findings are discussed.
A Novel Metric for Assessing User Influence based on User Behaviour

People's influence has been the subject of study of several social and humanities disciplines. Lately, the study of user's influence in micro-blogging platforms arises as an important issue. Although social influence or prestige can be defined as the potential or ability of an individual to engage others in a certain act, or to induce others to behave in a particular manner, there is no global consensus on what means to be an influential user. This work aims at shedding some light on how to assess user influence by proposing a novel metric of user influence based on analysing user behaviour regarding both content-based and topological factors. The metric does not only consider each user individually, but also aims at assessing the interactions with his/her neighbourhood. The statistical analysis performed confirmed that only analysing the topological factors is not sufficient for accurately assessing the influence of users. Instead the published content and its influence over the neighbourhood of users has to be also analysed. A comparison with a human assessment of user influence showed that the factors considered by the proposed metric are truly relevant for assessing people's influence.
Trait anxiety, anxious mood, and threat detection.

Abstract Subjects were required to detect either an angry or a happy target face in a stimulus array of 12 photographs. It was found with neutral distractor faces that those high in trait anxiety detected angry faces faster than did low trait-anxious subjects, but the two groups did not differ in their speed of detection of happy targets. In addition, high trait-anxious subjects detected happy target faces slower than low trait-anxious subjects when the distractor faces were angry. Comparable findings were obtained whether or not there was anxious mood induction. It was concluded that high trait-anxious individuals have facilitated detection and processing of environmental threat relative to low trait-anxious subjects, which enhance performance when the target is threatening, but which impair performance when the distractors are threatening.
The Contraction Mapping Approach to the Perron-Frobenius Theory: Why Hilbert's Metric?

The Perron-Frobenius Theorem says that if A is a nonnegative square matrix some power of which is positive, then there exists an x0 such that Anx/‖Anx‖ converges to xn for all x > 0. There are many classical proofs of this theorem, all depending on a connection between positively of a matrix and properties of its eigenvalues. A more modern proof, due to Garrett Birkhoff, is based on the observation that every linear transformation with a positive matrix may be viewed as a contraction mapping on the nonnegative orthant. This observation turns the Perron-Frobenius theorem into a special ease of the Banach contraction mapping theorem. Furthermore, it applies equally to linear transformations which are positive in a much more general sense. The metric which Birkhoff used to show that positive linear transformations correspond to contraction mappings is known as Hilbert's projective metric. The definition of this metric is rather complicated. It is therefore natural to try to define another, less complicated m.
Multilocus Sequence Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from High-Somatic-Cell-Count Cows and the Environment of an Organic Dairy Farm in the United Kingdom

ABSTRACT An outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections on an organic dairy farm was monitored for 10 months. Environmental and milk samples were collected from a total of 26 cows and a group of 21 purchased heifers about to be introduced into the milking herd. There was variation in the rate of isolation of S. aureus (9.5 to 43.8%) from individual mammary quarters, although no S. aureus isolates were detected in the milk samples collected from the heifers. One hundred ninety-one S. aureus isolates were detected from cow milk samples (n = 182), milking machine clusters (n = 4), farm personnel (n = 4), and the environment (n = 1). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) had a typeability of 100% when it was applied to the 191 isolates. Among the 191 isolates there was limited strain diversity, with seven sequence types (STs) dominated by two strains with closely related STs that differed at a single locus. Within individual mammary quarters there were naturally occurring dual infections, although this was identified in only 0.4% of milk samples. Different strains were associated with variable persistence within quarters. MLST is clearly a very suitable tool for the differentiation and analysis of S. aureus populations detected on dairy cattle farms.
The challenge of self‐directed and self‐regulated learning in vocational education: a theoretical analysis and synthesis of requirements

Workplace simulations (WPS), authentic learning environments at school, are increasingly used in vocational education. This article provides a theoretical analysis and synthesis of requirements considering learner skills, characteristics of the learning environment and the role of the teacher that influence good functioning in WPS and foster students' learning. WPS appeal to students' self‐directed learning (SDL) and self‐regulated learning (SRL) skills, as students are required to work and learn independently in these settings. To achieve individual learning, the environments should be adaptive to the learners' needs. Furthermore, the teachers should support learners to become competent in the domain but also guide them to become self‐directed learners. To do so the interaction between the student, the teacher and the environment is of importance. The proposed model depicts the different elements and their relations.
Nutritional requirements for synthesis of heat-stable enterotoxin by Yersinia enterocolitica

A defined medium that supported the growth of and synthesis of heat-stable enterotoxin (YST) by clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica at levels equivalent to those observed in a complex Trypticase soy broth-0.6% yeast extract medium was developed. The defined medium contained four amino acids (L-methionine, L-glutamic acid, glycine, and L-histidine), inorganic salts, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer, and potassium gluconate as the carbon source. Methionine was required for growth by most strains of Y. enterocolitica used in this study; thus, it was not possible to determine whether it was also required for the synthesis of YST. The other 17 amino acids commonly found in proteins did not stimulate the synthesis of YST when added to the defined medium. The yield of YST observed with other carbon sources fermented by Y. enterocolitica ranged from 4- to 26-fold lower than that obtained with potassium gluconate. The divalent cations Ca2+ and Mn2+ had no effect on the synthesis of YST; however, concentrations of Fe2+ above 10 microM inhibited the synthesis of the enterotoxin. The addition of a mixture of pyrimidines containing thymine, cytosine, and uracil, each at a concentration of 2.0 mM, stimulated the synthesis of YST by 10 to 15%, whereas a mixture of adenine and guanine, each at a similar concentration, inhibited the synthesis of YST. Vitamins had no effect on the amounts of YST produced by Y. enterocolitica strains grown in the defined medium. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Era of Massive Population III Stars: Cosmological Implications and Self-Termination

The birth and death of the first generation of stars have important implications for the thermal state and chemical properties of the intergalactic medium (IGM) in the early universe. Sometime after recombination, the neutral chemically pristine gas was reionized by ultraviolet photons emitted from the first stars but was also enriched with heavy elements when these stars ended their lives as energetic supernovae. Using the results from previous high-resolution cosmological simulations of early structure formation that include radiative transfer, we show that a significant volume fraction of the IGM can be metal polluted, as well as ionized, by massive Population III stars formed in small-mass (~106-107 M☉) halos early on. If most of the early generation stars die as pair-instability supernovae with energies up to ~1053 ergs, the volume-averaged mean metallicity will quickly reach Z ~ 10-4 Z☉ by a redshift of ~15-20, possibly causing a transition to the formation of a stellar population that is dominated by low-mass stars. In this scenario, the early chemical enrichment history should closely trace the reionization history of the IGM, and the end of the Population III era is marked by the completion of reionization and preenrichment by z ~ 15. We conclude that, while the preenrichment may partially account for the "metallicity floor" in high-redshift Lyα clouds, it does not significantly affect the elemental abundance in the intracluster medium.
Marked Prolongation of Cardiac Allograft Survival by Dendritic Cells Genetically Engineered with NF-κB Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Decoys and Adenoviral Vectors Encoding CTLA4-Ig1

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) can be genetically engineered using adenoviral (Ad) vectors to express immunosuppressive molecules that promote T cell unresponsiveness. The success of these DCs for therapy of allograft rejection has been limited in part by the potential of the adenovirus to promote DC maturation and the inherent ability of the DC to undergo maturation following in vivo administration. DC maturation occurs via NF-κB-dependent mechanisms, which can be blocked by double-stranded “decoy” oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing binding sites for NF-κB. Herein, we describe the combined use of NF-κB ODNs and rAd vectors encoding CTLA4-Ig (Ad CTLA4-Ig) to generate stably immature murine myeloid DCs that secrete the potent costimulation blocking agent. These Ad CTLA4-Ig-transduced ODN DCs exhibit markedly impaired allostimulatory ability and promote apoptosis of activated T cells. Furthermore, administration of Ad CTLA4-Ig ODN-treated donor DCs (C57BL10; B10(H-2b)) before transplant significantly prolongs MHC-mismatched (C3HHeJ; C3H(H-2k)) vascularized heart allograft survival, with long-term (>100 days) donor-specific graft survival in 40% of recipients. The mechanism(s) responsible for DC tolerogenicity, which may involve activation-induced apoptosis of alloreactive T cells, do not lead to skewing of intragraft Th cytokine responses. Use of NF-κB antisense decoys in conjunction with rAd encoding a potent costimulation blocking agent offers promise for therapy of allograft rejection or autoimmune disease with minimization of systemic immunosuppression.
Using positive youth development to predict contribution and risk behaviors in early adolescence: Findings from the first two waves of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development

Theories of positive youth development (PYD) regard such development as bases of both community contributions and lessened likelihood of risk/problem behaviors. Using data from the 4-H Study of PYD, we tested these expectations by examining if PYD in Grade 5 predicted both youth contributions and risk behaviors and depression in Grade 6. Results of random effects regression and SEM models indicated that, as expected, PYD in Grade 5 predicted higher youth contributions and lower risk behaviors and depression at Grade 6. There were significant sex differences for contribution (girls had higher scores) and for risk behaviors (boys had higher scores), but not for depression. In turn, the structural model fit was equivalent for boys and girls. Results are discussed in regard to promoting PYD to enhance successful development, or thriving, and to reduce problem behaviors.
Adolescents' attachment and coping with stress

This study examined how high school students cope with stress as a function of their attachment style. Data were gathered from 75 adolescent–parent pairs in Texas and included measures of attachment, coping style, life stress, and whom the respondent would turn to in times of stress. Adolescents' attachment security was positively related to family communication and negatively related to negative avoidance behaviors such as drinking or using drugs. Attachment insecurity was positively related to negative avoidance. Parent and child attachment ratings were related for secure and preoccupied but not fearful or dismissing styles. Research limitations and implications for school psychologists are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 391–402, 2004.
Impact on participation and autonomy questionnaire: internal scale validity of the Swedish version for use in people with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate aspects of internal scale validity and reliability of the Swedish version of the Impact on Participation and Autonomy questionnaire (IPA-S) for use in people with spinal cord injury. SUBJECTS A total of 161 persons with spinal cord injury. METHOD IPA-S psychometric properties were evaluated using Rasch rating scale analysis. RESULTS The results show that the IPA-S has 27 items for perceived participation and 6 items for perceived problems with participation, indicating 2 underlying unidimensional constructs for use in people with spinal cord injury, after removal of misfitting items. The established hierarchical order of the item calibration values in both scales appeared logical and the distances between the items, with a few exceptions in the problem scale, were appropriate. Both scales demonstrated good separation reliability. The range of item calibration values in both scales did not fully cover the range of measures of persons' perceived participation and problems thereof. CONCLUSION The psychometric properties of IPA-S are promising and indicate that IPA-S has potential to be developed further.
Non-Parameter Correlation Analysis in Polarimetric Signature and its Application to Change Detection in Polarimetric SAR

Gonradsen et al. developed a change detection method with multilook fully polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The method is based on complex Wishart distribution supposition limits the applicable scope of test statistic, especially when only polarimetric diversity (the texture and speckle statistics depend on polarization) and not radiometric diversity. On the other hand, the polarization signature has the capability of representation of the polarimetric diversity. A new test statistic for equality of two polarization signature is proposed in this paper. Without statistical distribution hypothesis, it can give the associated asymptotic probability measure as the Conradsen's method just by non-parameter correlation analysis. Some experiments have been done in this paper with ALOS-PALSAR data by two different algorithms. It has been shown that the new method is effective.
Timing of concussion diagnosis is related to head impact exposure prior to injury.

PURPOSE Concussions are commonly undiagnosed in an athletic environment because the postinjury signs and symptoms may be mild, masked by the subject, or unrecognized. This study compares measures of head impact frequency, location, and kinematic response before cases of immediate and delayed concussion diagnosis. METHODS Football players from eight collegiate and six high school teams wore instrumented helmets during play (n = 1208), of which 95 were diagnosed with concussion (105 total cases). Acceleration data recorded by the instrumented helmets were reduced to five kinematic metrics: peak linear and rotational acceleration, Gadd severity index, head injury criterion, and change in head velocity (Δv). In addition, each impact was assigned to one of four general location regions (front, back, side, and top), and the number of impacts sustained before injury was calculated over two periods (1 and 7 days). RESULTS All head kinematic measures associated with injury, except peak rotational acceleration (P = 0.284), were significantly higher for cases of immediate diagnosis than delayed diagnosis (P < 0.05). Players with delayed diagnosis sustained a significantly higher number of head impacts on the day of injury (32.9 ± 24.9, P < 0.001) and within 7 d of injury (69.7 ± 43.3, P = 0.006) than players with immediate diagnosis (16.5 ± 15.1 and 50.2 ± 43.6). Impacts associated with concussion occurred most frequently to the front of the head (46%) followed by the top (25%), side (16%), and back (13%) with the number of impacts by location independent of temporal diagnosis (χ(3) = 4.72, P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS Concussions diagnosed immediately after an impact event are associated with the highest kinematic measures, whereas those characterized by delayed diagnosis are preceded by a higher number of impacts.
Criminal, Crime Victim, or John Smith? Constructions of Victimhood and Perpetratorship Among Swedish Probationers

This article focuses on criminals who are also victims of crime, that is, the victim–offender overlap. The study includes men who have become victims of violent crimes, but who are also perpetrators of such crimes. Sixteen Swedish probationers have been interviewed in depth and asked to describe their victimization and their offences. The interviewees clearly distance themselves from ideas of victimhood and describe the victimhood of others as something shameful. Their own victimization, and their own violence against others, is described in a pared-down and unemotional manner. Victimhood emerges in the study as something so negative that it can be described as shaming in the same way as if the individual is labeled as a criminal. Victimhood and the role of the victim do not constitute alternatives for the interviewees. The role of the criminal, by contrast, is prominent. The interviewees describe how they can switch between two roles: the role of the criminal and that of a “John Smith,” or in Swedish, a “Svensson,” who is a normal, law-abiding individual with an orderly life. Receiving a positive label as a “Svensson” from their environment may contribute to the interviewees acting in line with such a law-abiding role.
Cholesterol Effectively Blocks Entry of Flavivirus

ABSTRACT Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue virus serotype 2 (DEN-2) are enveloped flaviviruses that enter cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and low pH-triggered membrane fusion and then replicate in intracellular membrane structures. Lipid rafts, cholesterol-enriched lipid-ordered membrane domains, are platforms for a variety of cellular functions. In this study, we found that disruption of lipid raft formation by cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin or cholesterol chelation with filipin III reduces JEV and DEN-2 infection, mainly at the intracellular replication steps and, to a lesser extent, at viral entry. Using a membrane flotation assay, we found that several flaviviral nonstructural proteins are associated with detergent-resistant membrane structures, indicating that the replication complex of JEV and DEN-2 localizes to the membranes that possess the lipid raft property. Interestingly, we also found that addition of cholesterol readily blocks flaviviral infection, a result that contrasts with previous reports of other viruses, such as Sindbis virus, whose infectivity is enhanced by cholesterol. Cholesterol mainly affected the early step of the flavivirus life cycle, because the presence of cholesterol during viral adsorption greatly blocked JEV and DEN-2 infectivity. Flavirial entry, probably at fusion and RNA uncoating steps, was hindered by cholesterol. Our results thus suggest a stringent requirement for membrane components, especially with respect to the amount of cholesterol, in various steps of the flavivirus life cycle.