Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A design framework for realizing multifunctional wings for flapping wing air vehicles using solar cells

Long flight durations are highly desirable to expand mission capabilities for unmanned air systems and autonomous applications in particular. Flapping wing aerial vehicles are unmanned air system platforms offering several performance advantages over fixed wing and rotorcraft platforms, but are unable to reach comparable flight times when powered by batteries. One solution to this problem has been to integrate energy harvesting technologies in components, such as wings. To this end, a framework for designing flapping wing aerial vehicle using multifunctional wings using solar cells is described. This framework consists of: (1) modeling solar energy harvesting while flying, (2) determining the number of solar cells that meet flight power requirements, and (3) determining appropriate locations to accommodate the desired number of solar cells. A system model for flapping flight was also developed to predict payload capacity for carrying batteries to provide energy only for power spikes and to enable time-to-land safely in an area where batteries can recharge when the sun sets. The design framework was applied to a case study using flexible high-efficiency (>24%) solar cells on a flapping wing aerial vehicle platform, known as Robo Raven IIIv5, with the caveat that a powertrain with 81% efficiency is used in place of the current servos. A key finding was the fraction of solar flux incident on the wings during flapping was 0.63 at the lowest solar altitude. Using a 1.25 safety factor, the lowest value for the purposes of design will be 0.51. Wind tunnel measurements and aerodynamic modeling of the platform determined integrating solar cells in the wings resulted in a loss of thrust and greater drag, but the resulting payload capacity was unaffected because of a higher lift coefficient. A time-to-land of 2500 s was predicted, and the flight capability of the platform was validated in a netted test facility.
Public health implications of campylobacter outbreaks in England and Wales, 1995–9: epidemiological and microbiological investigations

Although campylobacter has been the most commonly recognized bacterial cause of gastro-intestinal infection in England and Wales since 1981, there are few reported campylobacter outbreaks. Of the 2374 general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease reported to CDSC between 1995 and 1999, for which an aetiological agent was identified, campylobacter accounted for only 50 (2%). Foodborne transmission was identified in 35 outbreaks and the majority took place in commercial catering establishments; waterborne transmission was responsible for a further four outbreaks. Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were referred for typing from 25 outbreaks. In 13 outbreaks all isolates were the same subtype, as defined by serotype and phage type, while in the remainder more than one campylobacter subtype was involved.
Monaural Blind Source Separation in the Context of Vocal Detection

In this paper, we evaluate the usefulness of several monau-ral blind source separation (BSS) algorithms in the context of vocal detection (VD). BSS is the problem of recovering several sources, given only a mixture. VD is the problem of automatically identifying the parts in a mixed audio signal, where at least one person is singing. We compare the re-sults of three different strategies for utilising the estimated singing voice signals from four state-of-the-art source separation algorithms. In order to assess the performance of those strategies on an internal data set, we use two different feature sets, each fed to two different classiﬁers. After selecting the most promising approach, the results on two publicly available data sets are presented. In an additional experiment, we use the improved VD for a simple post-processing technique: For the ﬁnal estimation of the source signals, we decide to use either silence, or the mixed, or the separated signals, according to the VD. The results of traditionally used BSS evaluation methods suggest that this is useful for both the estimated background signals, as well as for the estimated vocals.
Leaving the Asylum: a Psychodynamic Observation Study of a Move From a Long Stay Psychiatric Ward To the Community

Regular observations were made of a group of residents and staff on a long stay psychiatric ward and in the early months following their move to the community. During the period before the move, staff and residents colluded to prevent residents' active involvement in the preparations. Immediately following the move, staff seemed unsure of their roles and value, and residents expressed continued uncertainty about their identity as psychiatric patients versus members of the community. The results were interpreted in terms of the threat that transition from hospital to community represents to the defensive social structures developed by each group to cope with the anxieties inherent in their position. For the residents, this threat is to their already ambiguous identities as neither "mad" nor "normal". For the staff, it means greater intimacy with the residents and raises expectations of improvement that may not be fulfilled.
Correlation between anthropometry and lipid profile in healthy subjects of Eastern India

Background: Cardiovascular diseases constitute one class of common contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prevalence of overweight and obesity has dramatically increased in developing countries and is related to cardiovascular risk factors. Anthropometric parameters have the advantages in daily clinical practice of being a simple to measure tool with good reproducibility, especially in a developing country like India. Aim of this study is to correlate some anthropometric variables with lipid parameters in healthy subjects and to assess the anthropometric variable which best reflects the altered lipid profile. Materials and Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted after the Institutional Ethical Committee Clearance. Included participants (1187) were subjected to anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference using standard procedures on the same morning of the day, as the blood sample was collected after overnight fast and estimated for fasting blood sugar and lipid profile. Results: There is a weak correlation between body mass index (BMI) and lipid parameters. Among all the anthropometric variables studied, WC is best correlated to lipid parameters. The mean values of lipid parameters were not significantly different in BMI <25 and BMI ≥25 groups. Conclusions: WC remains one of the simple and reliable variables which best reflects the lipid profile. In a developing country like India, where measurement of cardiovascular risk factors such as body fat saturation and lipid profile remains difficult in the rural population, WC may be used as an effective tool, without being used as a substitute.
F-A-S-T: a refocused, intensified, administrative tuberculosis transmission control strategy.

TRANSMISSION is driving the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic, especially where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is prevalent.1,2 More than half of multidrug-resistant TB cases worldwide occur in persons who have not been treated previously, i.e., as a result of transmission.3 Transmission occurs in the community, of course, but TB is believed to spread most efficiently in congregate settings such as hospitals, clinics, prisons and refugee camps. The wellpublicized transmission of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) in rural South Africa, and the six-fold higher risk of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) reported among hospitalized, adherent, drug-susceptible patients in Tomsk, Siberia, are two compelling examples of hospital transmission of drug-resistant TB in very different parts of the world.4,5
An artificial immune network for multimodal function optimization on dynamic environments

Multimodal optimization algorithms inspired by the immune system are generally characterized by a dynamic control of the population size and by diversity maintenance along the search. One of the most popular proposals is denoted opt-aiNet (artificial immune network for optimization) and is extended here to deal with time-varying fitness functions. Additional procedures are designed to improve the overall performance and the robustness of the immune-inspired approach, giving rise to a version for dynamic optimization, denoted dopt-aiNet. Firstly, challenging benchmark problems in static multimodal optimization are considered to validate the new proposal. No parameter adjustment is necessary to adapt the algorithm according to the peculiarities of each problem. In the sequence, dynamic environments are considered, and usual evaluation indices are adopted to assess the performance of dopt-aiNet and compare with alternative solution procedures available in the literature.
Rapid quantitative analysis of six flavonoids in licorice by ultra-performance convergence chromatography

The Glycyrrhiza genus consists of about 30 species and is widely distributed all over the world. On China and Europe, the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Glycyrrhiza inflata are used as licorice without discrimination, whereas only the first two species are used in the United States and Japan (Commission Chinese, 2015; Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2011).
[Management of Lagrange and Rigault stage IV extension type supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Lagrange and Rigault stage IV extension type supracondylar fracture of the humerus (Gartland and Wilkins type III) involves major displacement, making treatment difficult. Several therapeutic methods have been described but indications vary considerably between teams. We conducted a retrospective analysis in order to evaluate the results of different methods, identify the most adapted technique, and detail the conditions necessary for good results with the collar and cuff immobilization method described by Blount. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-four children (30 boys and 14 girls), mean age seven years six months, were treated between January 1990 and December 2001. The collar and cuff immobilization technique was used for sixteen children (including four who underwent open revision for early secondary displacement), percutaneous pinning for two, and open crossed pinning for thirty (including four who developed secondary displacement after collar and cuff immobilization). One out of two collar and cuff treatments was instituted within six hours of injury. The four secondary displacements after collar and cuff immobilization treatment occurred after fracture reduction more than six hours after injury. The proportion of open reductions increased with longer delay to reduction after injury. Mean immobilization was three and a half weeks. The Flynn criteria were used to assess outcome at mean seven years eight months follow-up. RESULTS Outcome was satisfactory in all children treated with definitive collar and cuff immobilization and by percutaneous pinning; the rate was 97% after open procedures (persistent sequelae of radial palsy in one child). DISCUSSION Early treatment before six hours increased the chances of success with the collar and cuff method which remains the technique of choice for Lagrange and Rigault stage IV extension type supracondylar fractures. In the event of failure or complications, other classical methods should be discussed, including percutaneous pinning or direct access for open osteosynthesis.
Increased Incidence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children and Adults With Celiac Disease

Goals and Background Case series have suggested an association between eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and celiac disease (CD) in children. We analyzed a cohort of patients with CD to confirm this association in children, and determine whether it extends into adulthood. Methods A database of patients with CD was reviewed to determine the number of patients with comorbid diagnoses of EoE. Histopathology reports of esophageal biopsies were reviewed to identify all cases of increased esophageal eosinophilia. Cases of EoE were diagnosed if biopsies revealed ≥15 eosinophils per high power field and associated symptoms were present. Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted standardized incidence ratios (SIR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in comparison to published US population-derived incidence data. Results EoE was diagnosed in 4 children and 10 adults. EoE is more common compared with the general population; SIR for children was 35.6 (95% CI, 9.3-79.0) and for adults 13.1 (95% CI, 6.2-22.5). Overall, the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted SIR was 16.0 (95% CI, 8.7-25.5). Conclusions The incidence of EoE in our cohort of patients with CD was increased compared with the general population. Coexistent EoE should be considered in patients with CD who have persistent esophageal symptoms.
Predictors of Immunological Failure of Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV Infected Patients in Ethiopia: A Matched Case-Control Study

Background In resource constrained settings, immunological assessment through CD4 count is used to assess response to first line Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). In this study, we aim to investigate factors associated with immunological treatment failure. Methods A matched case-control study design was used. Cases were subjects who already experienced immunological treatment failure and controls were those without immunological failure after an exactly or approximately equivalent duration of first line treatment with cases. Data were analyzed using SPSS v16.0. Conditional logistic regression was carried out. Results A total of 134 cases and 134 controls were included in the study. At baseline, the mean age ±1 SD of cases was 37.5±9.7 years whereas it was 36.9±9.2 years among controls. The median baseline CD4 counts of cases and controls were 121.0 cells/µl (IQR: 47–183 cells/µl) and 122.0 cells/µl (IQR: 80.0–189.8 cells/µl), respectively. The median rate of CD4 cells increase was comparable for the two groups in the first six months of commencing HAART (P = 0.442). However, the median rate of CD4 increase was significantly different for the two groups in the next 6 months period (M6 to M12). The rate of increment was 8.8 (IQR: 0.5, 14.6) and 1.8 (IQR: 8.8, 11.3) cells/µl/month for controls and cases, respectively (Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.003). In conditional logistic regressions grouped baseline CD4 count (P = 0.028), old age group and higher educational status (P<0.001) were significant predictors of immunological treatment failure. Conclusion Subjects with immunological treatment failure have an optimal rate of immunological recovery in the first 6 months of treatment with first line HAART, but relative to the non-failing group the rate declines at a later period, notably between 6 and 12 months. Low baseline CD4 count, old age and higher educational status were associated with immunological treatment failure.
The SynDEx software environment for real-time distributed systems design and implementation

Synchronous languages propose a new way to specify the reactions of a real time system to its environment: they are described within the language and no more at the operating system level. Furthermore the reactions of the Run Time Support (RTS) to events have also to be speciied. RTS give access to processor resources. Predictability and eeciency are now requested. SynDEx has been designed to generate RTS for programs written in the synchronous language SIGNAL, target computers being distributed processors. The target performances are taken into account to automatically partition the program over the processor set and to schedule executions in order to maximize the global performance. We present SynDEx and the speciication formalism.
Adaptation and Selective Information Transmission in the Cricket Auditory Neuron AN2

Sensory systems adapt their neural code to changes in the sensory environment, often on multiple time scales. Here, we report a new form of adaptation in a first-order auditory interneuron (AN2) of crickets. We characterize the response of the AN2 neuron to amplitude-modulated sound stimuli and find that adaptation shifts the stimulus–response curves toward higher stimulus intensities, with a time constant of 1.5 s for adaptation and recovery. The spike responses were thus reduced for low-intensity sounds. We then address the question whether adaptation leads to an improvement of the signal's representation and compare the experimental results with the predictions of two competing hypotheses: infomax, which predicts that information conveyed about the entire signal range should be maximized, and selective coding, which predicts that “foreground” signals should be enhanced while “background” signals should be selectively suppressed. We test how adaptation changes the input–response curve when presenting signals with two or three peaks in their amplitude distributions, for which selective coding and infomax predict conflicting changes. By means of Bayesian data analysis, we quantify the shifts of the measured response curves and also find a slight reduction of their slopes. These decreases in slopes are smaller, and the absolute response thresholds are higher than those predicted by infomax. Most remarkably, and in contrast to the infomax principle, adaptation actually reduces the amount of encoded information when considering the whole range of input signals. The response curve changes are also not consistent with the selective coding hypothesis, because the amount of information conveyed about the loudest part of the signal does not increase as predicted but remains nearly constant. Less information is transmitted about signals with lower intensity.
The microstructure of cross-autocorrelations

This paper examines the mechanism through which the incorporation of information into prices leads to cross-autocorrelations in stock returns. The lead-lag relation between large and small stocks increases with lagged spreads of large stocks. Further, order flows in large stocks significantly predict the returns of small stocks when large stock spreads are high. This effect is consistent with the notion that trading on common information takes place first in the large stocks and is then transmitted to smaller stocks with a lag, suggesting that price discovery takes place in the large stocks.
"Donor" muscle structure and function after end-to-side neurorrhaphy.

End-to-end nerve coaptation is the preferred surgical technique for peripheral nerve reconstruction after injury or tumor extirpation. However, if the proximal nerve stump is not available for primary repair, then end-to-side neurorrhaphy may be a reasonable alternative. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this technique for muscle reinnervation. However, very little information is available regarding the potential adverse sequelae of end-to-side neurorrhaphy on the innervation and function of muscles innervated by the "donor" nerve. End-to-side neurorrhaphy is hypothesized to (1) acutely produce partial donor muscle denervation and (2) chronically produce no structural or functional deficits in muscles innervated by the donor nerve. Adult Lewis rats were allocated to one of two studies to determine the acute (2 weeks) and chronic (6 months) effects of end-to-side neurorrhaphy on donor muscle structure and function. In the acute study, animals underwent either sham exposure of the peroneal nerve (n = 13) or end-to-side neurorrhaphy between the end of the tibial nerve and the side of the peroneal nerve (n = 7). After a 2-week recovery period, isometric force (F(0) was measured, and specific force (sF(0) was calculated for the extensor digitorum longus muscle ("donor" muscle) for each animal. Immunohistochemical staining for neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) was performed to identify populations of denervated muscle fibers. In the chronic study, animals underwent either end-to-side neurorrhaphy between the end of the peroneal nerve and the side of the tibial nerve (n = 6) or sham exposure of the tibial nerve with performance of a peroneal nerve end-to-end nerve coaptation approximately 6), to match the period of anterior compartment muscle denervation in the end-to-side neurorrhaphy group. After a 6-month recovery period, contractile properties of the medial gastrocnemius muscle ("donor" muscle) were measured. Acutely, a fivefold increase in the percentage of denervated muscle fibers (1 +/0 0.7 percent to 5.4 +/-2.7 percent) was identified in the donor muscles of the animals with end-to-side neurorrhaphy (p < 0.001). However, no skeletal muscle force deficits were identified in these donor muscles. Chronically, the contractile properties of the medial gastrocnemius muscles were identical in the sham and end-to-side neurorrhaphy groups. These data support our two hypotheses that end-to-side neurorrhaphy causes acute donor muscle denervation, suggesting that there is physical disruption of axons at the time of nerve coaptation. However, end-to-side neurorrhaphy does not affect the long-term structure or function of muscles innervated by the donor nerve.
Protective effect of Dunaliella sp., lipid extract rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, on hepatic and renal toxicity induced by nickel in rats

Abstract Aims: The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of lipid extract of Dunaliella sp. (LE) rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), against oxidative stress induced by nickel in experimental rats. Methods: Our investigation evaluated the antioxidant activity of LE using both DPPH and NBT assays. Twenty female albino Wistar rats, randomly allocated into four experimental groups, namely (C): control, (Nit): nickel-treated rats with 5 mg/kg/d of NiCl2 during 30 days, (LEa): lipid extract-administered rats with 5 mg/kg BW/d during 30 days and (Nit + LEa): rats treated with Ni and LE-administered during 30 days. Results: The in vitro antioxidant activity demonstrated that LE presents an important antioxidant potential. In vivo, the (Nit + LEa) cotreatment decreased the level of malondialdehyde and restored the antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in livers and kidneys in comparison with those treated with Ni only. LE administration to rats treated with Ni also ameliorated biochemical and histological parameters as compared to only Ni-treated group. LE of Dunaliella sp. , rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids showed a significant hepato- and reno-protective effect against metal-induced toxicity. Conclusion: LE of Dunaliella sp. , rich in PUFA has been proven to be effective in protection against Ni-induced toxicity.