Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selecting for Memory? The Influence of Selective Attention on the Mnemonic Binding of Contextual Information

Not all of what is experienced is remembered later. Behavioral evidence suggests that the manner in which an event is processed influences which aspects of the event will later be remembered. The present experiment investigated the neural correlates of “selective encoding,” or the mechanisms that support the encoding of some elements of an event in preference to others. Event-related MRI data were acquired while volunteers selectively attended to one of two different contextual features of study items (color or location). A surprise memory test for the items and both contextual features was subsequently administered to determine the influence of selective attention on the neural correlates of contextual encoding. Activity in several cortical regions indexed later memory success selectively for color or location information, and this encoding-related activity was enhanced by selective attention to the relevant feature. Critically, a region in the hippocampus responded selectively to attended source information (whether color or location), demonstrating encoding-related activity for attended but not for nonattended source features. Together, the findings suggest that selective attention modulates the magnitude of activity in cortical regions engaged by different aspects of an event, and hippocampal encoding mechanisms seem to be sensitive to this modulation. Thus, the information that is encoded into a memory representation is biased by selective attention, and this bias is mediated by cortical–hippocampal interactions.
Avoiding the issue: Disengagement coping style and the personality–CWB link

ABSTRACT The current study positions coping as a motivational framework to understand why Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Agreeableness are related to the performance of organization- and person-directed counterproductive work behavior (CWB) when employees experience constraints at work. In particular, we hypothesized a moderated meditational model wherein individuals low in Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability engage in CWB because these traits contribute to a preferred style of coping with stressors (disengagement coping style) that is particularly likely to be triggered when one’s coping preferences are consistent with the coping demands of the situation. Our hypotheses were supported and point to the joint importance of personality-based coping predispositions and situational demands in determining the use of CWB as a coping strategy.
Mode of action of agomelatine: Synergy between melatonergic and 5-HT2C receptors

Abstract Objectives. The association between depression and circadian rhythm disturbances is well established and successful treatment of depressed patients is accompanied by restoration of circadian rhythms. The new antidepressant agomelatine is an agonist of melatonergic MT1/MT2 receptors as well as an antagonist of serotonergic 5-HT2C receptors. Animal studies showed that agomelatine resynchronizes disturbed circadian rhythms and reduces depression-like behaviour. Methods. This review analyzes results from different experimental studies. Results. Recent data on the effects of agomelatine on cellular processes involved in antidepressant mechanisms have shown that the drug is able to increase the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, as well as the expression of activity-regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc) in the prefrontal cortex. In line with this, prolonged treatment with agomelatine increases neurogenesis within the hippocampus, particularly via enhancement of neuronal cell survival. Agomelatine attenuates stress-induced glutamate release in the prefrontal/frontal cortex. Treatment with 5-HT2C antagonists or melatonin alone failed to reproduce these effects. Conclusions. The unique mode of action of agomelatine may improve the management of major depression by counteracting the pathogenesis of depression at cellular level, thereby relieving the symptoms of depression. These effects are suggested to be due to a synergistic action on MT1/MT2 and 5-HT2C receptors.
Renal glucose release during hypoglycemia is partly controlled by sympathetic nerves – a study in pigs with unilateral surgically denervated kidneys

Catecholamines are known to increase renal glucose release during hypoglycemia. The specific extent of the contribution of different sources of catecholamines, endocrine delivery via circulation or release from autonomous sympathetic renal nerves, though, is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that sympathetic renal innervation plays a major role in the regulation of renal gluconeogenesis. For this purpose, instrumented adolescent pigs had one kidney surgically denervated while the other kidney served as a control. A hypoglycemic clamp with arterial blood glucose below 2 mmol/L was maintained for 75 min. Arteriovenous blood glucose difference, inulin clearance, p‐aminohippurate clearance, and sodium excretion were measured in intervals of 15 min separately for both kidneys. Blood glucose was lowered to 0.84 ± 0.33 mmol/L for 75 min. The side‐dependent renal net glucose release (SGN) decreased significantly after the unilateral ablation of renal nerves. In the linear mixed model, renal denervation had a significant inhibitory effect on renal net glucose release (P = 0.036). The SGN of the ablated kidney decreased by 0.02 mmol/min and was equivalent to 43.3 ± 23.2% of the control (nonablated) kidney in the pigs. This allows the conclusion that renal glucose release is partly controlled by sympathetic nerves. This may be relevant in humans as well, and could explain the increased risk of severe hypoglycemia of patients with diabetes mellitus and autonomous neuropathy. The effects of denervation on renal glucose metabolism should be critically taken into account when considering renal denervation as a therapy in diabetic patients.
Spermine Oxidation Induced by Helicobacter pylori Results in Apoptosis and DNA Damage

Oxidative stress is linked to carcinogenesis due to its ability to damage DNA. The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori exerts much of its pathogenicity by inducing apoptosis and DNA damage in host gastric epithelial cells. Polyamines are abundant in epithelial cells, and when oxidized by the inducible spermine oxidase SMO(PAOh1) H2O2 is generated. Here, we report that H. pylori up-regulates mRNA expression, promoter activity, and enzyme activity of SMO(PAOh1) in human gastric epithelial cells, resulting in DNA damage and apoptosis. H. pylori-induced H2O2 generation and apoptosis in these cells was equally attenuated by an inhibitor of SMO(PAOh1), by catalase, and by transient transfection with small interfering RNA targeting SMO(PAOh1). Conversely, SMO(PAOh1) overexpression induced apoptosis to the same levels as caused by H. pylori. Importantly, in H. pylori-infected tissues, there was increased expression of SMO(PAOh1) in both human and mouse gastritis. Laser capture microdissection of human gastric epithelial cells demonstrated expression of SMO(PAOh1) that was significantly attenuated by H. pylori eradication. These results identify a pathway for oxidative stress-induced epithelial cell apoptosis and DNA damage due to SMO(PAOh1) activation by H. pylori that may contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection and development of gastric cancer.
Reduced amygdala responsivity during conditioning to trauma-related stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Exaggerated conditioned fear responses and impaired extinction along with amygdala overactivation have been observed in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These fear responses might be triggered by cues related to the trauma through higher-order conditioning, where reminders of the trauma may serve as unconditioned stimuli (US) and could maintain the fear response. We compared arousal, valence, and US expectancy ratings and BOLD brain responses using fMRI in 14 traumatized persons with PTSD and 14 without PTSD (NPTSD) and 13 matched healthy controls (HC) in a differential aversive conditioning paradigm. The US were trauma-specific pictures for the PTSD and NPTSD group and equally aversive and arousing for the HC; the conditioned stimuli (CS) were graphic displays. During conditioning, the PTSD patients compared to the NPTSD and HC indicated higher arousal to the conditioned stimulus that was paired with the trauma picture (CS+) compared to the unpaired (CS-), increased dissociation during acquisition and extinction, and failure to extinguish the CS/US-association compared to NPTSD. During early and late acquisition, the PTSD patients showed a significantly lower amygdala activation to CS+ versus CS- and a negative interaction between activation in the amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), while NPTSD and HC displayed a negative interaction between amygdala and medial PFC. These findings suggest maladaptive anticipatory coping with trauma-related stimuli in patients with PTSD, indicated by enhanced conditioning, with related abnormal amygdala reactivity and connectivity, and delayed extinction.
Predictive State Representations with State Space Partitioning

Predictive state representations (PSRs) are powerful methods of modeling dynamical systems by representing state through observational data. Most of the current PSR techniques focus on learning a complete PSR model from the entire state space. Consequently, the techniques are often not scalable due to the dimensional curse, which limits applications of PSR. In this paper, we propose a new PSR learning technique. Instead of directly learning a complete PSR at one time, we learn a set of local models each of which is constructed on a sub-state space and then combine the learnt models. We employ the landmark technique to partition the entire state space. We further show the theoretical guarantees on the learning performance of the proposed technique and present empirical results on multiple domains.
Farklı Sosyoekonomik Düzeydeki İlköğretim Birinci Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Okula Hazır Bulunuşluklarının İncelenmesi

Bu ararmada, farkl sosyoekonomik duzeydeki ilko retim birinci sf cocuklarn okula haz rbulunu luklar cinsiyet, okul oncesi e itim al p almama ve anne-baba o renim duzeyine gore incelenmi tir. Aracal ma grubunu, ilko retim okullarolu turmu tur. Cal man n verileri Metropolitan Okula Haz r Bulunu luk Testi ve Demografik Bilgi Formu kullan laraktoplanmCal man n sonuclar , sosyo-ekonomik duzey, okul oncesi e itim alma ve anne o renim duzeyinin cocuklar n okula haz rbulunu luklar uzerinde anlaml bir fark yarattuzerinde anlaml bir fark yaratmad
No benefits with computer assistance in triple pelvic osteotomy

We evaluated computer-assisted surgery (CAS) used for 21 triple pelvic osteotomies on 20 patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia and compared the intraoperative and immediate postoperative data with those of 32 patients who underwent 40 pelvic osteotomies without CAS. The use of the CAS system was abandoned during 9/21 operations mostly because of technical and CT data failure. The preoperative blood loss and duration of surgery were greater, while neurovascular damage occurred less often in the CAS group. We found that the CAS system for pelvic osteotomy was not better than conventional methods.
Exploring the role of external rewards in creative cognition

ii Preface . iii Table of Contents . iv List of Tables . vi List of Figures. vii Acknowledgements . viii Dedication.x 1. Introduction . 1 2. The Effects of External Rewards on Creativity.3 2.1 The detrimental effect of external rewards on creativity.3 2.2 External rewards, motivation, and creativity.4 2.3 The role of reward contingency.6 3. Research Gap.9 4. Theoretical Development . 11 4.1 Broad versus narrow mental exploration.11 4.2 Rewards and mental exploration . 12 4.3 Reward contingency, mental exploration and creativity . 13 5. Hypotheses . 15 5.1 Creative performance . 15 5.2 Exploration for ideas . 15 5.3 Location of exploration . 15 6. Experiment . 16 6.1 Stimuli . 16 6.2 Design.17 6.3 Pre-test . 18 6.4 Procedure . 19 7. Analysis and Results.21 7.1 Analysis 1: Mood and involvement.21 7.2 Analysis 2: Number of ideas generated.22 7.3 Analysis 3a: Creativity of ideas generated . 23 7.4 Analysis 3b: Creativity of the most creative ideas . 29
The Cyclosporin A-binding Immunophilin CyP-40 and the FK506-binding Immunophilin hsp56 Bind to a Common Site on hsp90 and Exist in Independent Cytosolic Heterocomplexes with the Untransformed Glucocorticoid Receptor (*)

We have recently shown that hsp56, the FK506-binding immunophilin component of both the heat shock protein (hsp90•hsp70•hsp56) heterocomplex and the untransformed glucocorticoid receptor heterocomplex, is bound directly to hsp90 (Czar, M.J., Owens-Grillo, J. K., Dittmar, K. D., Hutchison, K. A., Zacharek, A. M., Leach, K. L., Deibel, M. R., and Pratt, W. B.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 11155-11161). In this work, we show that both untransformed glucocorticoid receptor and hsp90 heterocomplexes contain CyP-40, a 40-kDa immunophilin of the cyclosporin A-binding class. CyP-40 is present in both native glucocorticoid receptor heterocomplexes and receptor heterocomplexes reconstituted with rabbit reticulocyte lysate, and the presence of CyP-40 in the receptor heterocomplex is stabilized by molybdate. Immunoadsorption of hsp90 from cell lysate yields coimmunoadsorption of both hsp56 and CyP-40, showing that both immunophilins are in native heterocomplex with hsp90. However, immunoadsorption of hsp56 does not yield coimmunoadsorption of CyP-40; thus, the two immunophilins do not exist in the same heterocomplex with hsp90. Both purified CyP-40 and hsp56 bind directly to purified hsp90, and excess CyP-40 blocks the binding of hsp56, consistent with the presence of a common immunophilin binding site on hsp90. Our data also suggest that there are at least two types of untransformed glucocorticoid receptor-hsp90 heterocomplexes, one that contains hsp56 and another that contains CyP-40. The role played by the immunophilins in steroid receptor action is unknown, but it is clear that the peptidylprolyl isomerase activity of immunophilins is not required for glucocorticoid receptor-hsp90 heterocomplex assembly and proper folding of the hormone binding domain by the hsp90-associated protein folding system of reticulocyte lysate.
Ancient hybridization and mitochondrial capture between two species of chipmunks

Models that posit speciation in the face of gene flow are replacing classical views that hybridization is rare between animal species. We use a multilocus approach to examine the history of hybridization and gene flow between two species of chipmunks (Tamias ruficaudus and T. amoenus). Previous studies have shown that these species occupy different ecological niches and have distinct genital bone morphologies, yet appear to be incompletely isolated reproductively in multiple areas of sympatry. We compared data from four sequenced nuclear loci and from seven microsatellite loci to published cytochrome b sequences. Interspecific gene flow was primarily restricted to introgression of the T. ruficaudus mitochondrial genome into a sympatric subspecies of T. amoenus, T. a. canicaudus, with the four sequenced nuclear loci showing little to no interspecific allele sharing. Microsatellite data were consistent with high levels of differentiation between the species and also showed no current gene flow between broadly sympatric populations of T. a. canicaudus and T. ruficaudus. Coalescent analyses date the mtDNA introgression event from the mid‐Pleistocene to late Pliocene. Overall, these data indicate that introgression has had a minimal impact on the nuclear genomes of T. amoenus and T. ruficaudus despite multiple independent hybridization events. Our findings challenge long‐standing assumptions on patterns of reproductive isolation in chipmunks and suggest that there may be other examples of hybridization among the 23 species of Tamias that occur in western North America.
Modeling and impacts of smart charging PEVs in residential distribution systems

This paper presents a new modeling framework for inclusion of the charging operations of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) within a three-phase unbalanced, residential, distribution system. Coordinated charging of the PEVs is proposed to minimize the total energy drawn from the substation, total losses in the system and the total cost of charging the PEVs. Detailed studies examine the impact of PEVs on the overall system load profile, bus load profiles, feeder currents, voltages, taps and capacitor switching. The proposed model can be used to maximize PEV charging over a 24 hour time-frame or the utilization of feeder capacity to charge the PEVs. A practical distribution test feeder is presented to demonstrate the features of the proposed model.
Characterization of Restrictions to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Monocytes

ABSTRACT Tissue macrophages are an important cellular reservoir for replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus. In vitro, the ability of macrophages to support viral replication is differentiation dependent in that precursor monocytes are refractory to infection. There is, however, no consensus as to the exact point at which infection is restricted in monocytes. We have revisited this issue and have compared the efficiencies of early HIV-1 replication events in monocytes and in differentiated macrophages. Although virus entry in monocytes was comparable to that in differentiated macrophages, synthesis of full-length viral cDNAs was very inefficient. Relative to differentiated macrophages, monocytes contained low levels of dTTP due to low thymidine phosphorylase activity. Exogenous addition of d-thymidine increased dTTP levels to that in differentiated macrophages but did not correct the reverse transcription defect. These results point to a restriction in monocytes that is independent of reverse transcription precursors and suggest that differentiation-dependent cellular cofactors of reverse transcription are rate limiting in monocytes.
A Theory of Unconscious

We present a theory about human thought named the unconscious-thought theory (UTT). The theory is applicable to decision making, impression formation, attitude formation and change, problem solving, and creativity. It distinguishes between two modes of thought: unconscious and conscious. Unconscious thought and consciousthoughthavedifferentcharacteristics,andthese different characteristics make each mode preferable un- der different circumstances. For instance, contrary to popular belief, decisions about simple issues can be better tackled by conscious thought, whereas decisions about complex matters can be better approached with uncon- scious thought. The relations between the theory and de- cisionstrategies,andbetweenthetheoryandintuition,are discussed. We end by discussing caveats and future direc- tions.
Stumbling Toward a Social Psychology of Organizations: An Autobiographical Look at the Direction of Organizational Research

I recount some of my early experiences in the field and how they shaped my views about conducting research. As I describe it, my entry into organizational behavior was not at all seamless, requiring a series of adjustments along the way. Like many of my colleagues who had moved into the field of organizational behavior, I had to find a source of valued added—a new perspective or set of alternative ideas to contribute to the field. This process of adjustment, I fear, is no longer so prevalent in the field today. Although many social psychologists have migrated to business schools, they are still by and large doing social psychological rather than organizational research. They often extend social psychological theories to the business context, but they rarely seek to reframe and reformulate core organizational issues and problems. For this to change, I argue that future research needs to become more contextual and phenomenon-driven. My hope is that, with the recent upsurge in talent entering the field, we c.
Psychosocial interventions for adults with visible differences: a systematic review

Background. Some individuals with visible differences have been found to experience psychosocial adjustment problems that can lead to social anxiety and isolation. Various models of psychosocial intervention have been used to reduce social anxiety and appearance related distress in this population. The objective of this review was to update a previous systematic review assessing the efficacy of psychosocial intervention programs for adults with visible differences. The original review (Bessell & Moss, 2007) identified 12 papers for inclusion. Methods. A search protocol identified studies from 13 electronic journal databases. Methods: Studies were selected in accordance with pre-set inclusion criteria and relevant data were extracted. Results. This update identified an additional four papers that met the inclusion criteria. Two papers provided very limited evidence for the efficacy of a combined cognitive-behavioural and social skills training approach. None of the papers provided sufficient evidence for the optimal duration, intensity or setting of psychosocial interventions for this population. Discussion. The review concluded that a greater number of Randomised Controlled Trials and experimental studies were required to increase the methodological validity of intervention studies.
Exploiting transmitter I/Q imbalance for estimating the number of active users

The number of active users in a network is crucial for understanding the security level of wireless operating environments, since any node in a network could perform malicious attacks and be a potential threat. In this paper, we propose a novel estimation technique for the number of active users by exploiting a typical device fingerprint - I/Q imbalance, which has been identified as a device-specific hardware impairment and can be utilized to distinguish different wireless devices. In the design, I/Q imbalance of a transmitter is first estimated from its transmitting signals. The estimate is then compared with the observed I/Q imbalances of previously identified users through a hypothesis testing, where the distances between the new estimate and previous observations are adopted as the test metric. If all the distances are larger than a properly selected threshold, a new active user is claimed. Finally, the number of active users is determined by counting all the distinct I/Q imbalances. Simulation results are provided to validate the proposed estimation scheme.
Joint Optimization of Source Coding and Power Allocation in Sensor Networks

In a sensor network, each sensor makes a local observation of some underlying physical phenomenon, and sends a quantized version of the observation to a central office via communication links. Since the sensors' observations are often partial and correlated, the network performance becomes a complicated and non-separable function of all individual data rates at each sensor. In this paper, we consider a joint optimization of source coding and power allocation in a sensor network. We model the sensor network from an information theoretical perspective, and propose a novel formulation for distributive source coding to characterize the tradeoff among source coding rates. The new formulation is capable of dealing with the case where the physical source is described by a vector of random variables. We further optimize the power allocation strategy among sensors. We show that the joint source coding and sensor power allocation problem can be solved optimally and efficiently via convex programming