Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Problems and Interventions in Diabetes: A review of the literature

This article reviews and organizes the recent literature on psychosocial problems and interventions in diabetes to see if it is possible to identify effective modes of treatment for numerous different psychosocial problems. An attempt was made to review extensively the references on psychosocial problems and to review exhaustively the references on psychosocial interventions. The review was organized under four major headings: psychological sequelae of medical crises, psychopathology in diabetes, stress and hassles in living with diabetes, and family dysfunctions. Results of the literature review were similar for all areas: although some studies suggested that these problems are especially severe for people with diabetes, the best-designed studies suggested that this was not so. Regardless of the prevalence of these problems in the diabetic population at large, individuals who suffer from these problems are at special risk for reduced physical and emotional well-being, so they need psychosocial interventions that effectively resolve their difficulties. Unfortunately, the literature on psychosocial interventions in diabetes is meager, and it lacks the systematic, quantitative evaluations necessary to identify effective modes of treatment for different psychosocial problems. It is possible to state tentatively that certain interventions have been used for specific problems with some indication that they can be effective. Issues for future research are identified. Addressing these issues might provide a foundation for making decisions about areas ripe for clinical trials, and ultimately determining which intervention is best suited for treating any given psychosocial problem.
Inspecting the Hierarchy of Life Roles

Role salience is a reflection of the importance and value that people attribute to the roles central to their lives and identities. One pivotal aspect of role salience is individual responsibilities to organizational roles. Role salience has meaningful implications for employees and organizations. Understanding and acknowledging the importance of holistic treatment of role salience has the potential to affect organizational policies, HRD practices, and, ultimately, employee learning and performance. In this study, findings from a systematic review of the role salience literature are reported. Following a search of four Human Resource Development (HRD) journals, the PsycINFO database, and the Academic Search Complete database, 67 articles and papers were identified for inclusion in the literature review. The authors argue that role salience research has implications for HRD professionals; however, role salience has largely been ignored in the HRD literature. The authors speculate on why role salience has not been common in HRD literature and ways in which role salience perspectives and related applications can benefit HRD, organizations, and individuals.
Human Primary Osteocyte Differentiation in a 3D Culture System

Studies on primary osteocytes, which compose >90–95% of bone cells, embedded throughout the mineralized matrix, are a major challenge because of their difficult accessibility and the very rare models available in vitro. We engineered a 3D culture method of primary human osteoblast differentiation into osteocytes. These 3D‐differentiated osteocytes were compared with 2D‐cultured cells and with human microdissected cortical osteocytes obtained from bone cryosections. Human primary osteoblasts were seeded either within the interspace of calibrated biphasic calcium phosphate particles or on plastic culture dishes and cultured for 4 wk in the absence of differentiation factors. Osteocyte differentiation was assessed by histological and immunohistological analysis after paraffin embedding of culture after various times, as well as by quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of a panel of osteoblast and osteocyte markers after nucleic acid extraction. Histological analysis showed, after only 1 wk, the presence of an osteoid matrix including many lacunae in which the cells were individually embedded, exhibiting characteristics of osteocyte‐like cells. Real‐time PCR expression of a set of bone‐related genes confirmed their osteocyte phenotype. Comparison with plastic‐cultured cells and mature osteocytes microdissected from human cortical bone allowed to assess their maturation stage as osteoid‐osteocytes. This model of primary osteocyte differentiation is a new tool to gain insights into the biology of osteocytes. It should be a suitable method to study the osteoblast‐osteocyte differentiation pathway, the osteocyte interaction with the other bone cells, and orchestration of bone remodeling transmitted by mechanical loading and shear stress. It should be used in important cancer research areas such as the cross‐talk of osteocytes with tumor cells in bone metastasis, because it has been recently shown that gene expression in osteocytes is strongly affected by cancer cells of different origin. It could also be a very efficient tool for drug testing and bone tissue engineering applications.
Development and Initial Validation of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms–34

A short version of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms–62 (CCAPS-62) was created via three studies. The final short version (CCAPS-34), which contains 34 items and 7 subscales, demonstrated good discrimination power, support for the proposed factor structure, strong initial convergent validity, and adequate test–retest stability over 1-week and 2-week intervals.
Conceptual Universale in Interpersonal Language

A comparison of models of cognitive organization in the personality descriptors of three languages indicates that common conceptual themes underlie the meanings and uses of personality descriptors cross-culturally. Two crosscutting dimensions, interpreted as solidarity/conflict and dominance/submission, consistently organize the interrelation of trait-descriptors in a number of distinct languages. This finding leads to the speculation that these dimensions represent a universal conceptual schema produced by the interaction of innate psycholinguistic structures and fundamental conditions of human social life, for example, the potential for concord or discord in the goals and actions of multiple actors (solidarity/conflict), and for the asymmetrical influence of one actor upon another (dominance/submission). The appearance of similar structures in other types of vocabulary used to describe and explain interpersonal behavior (such as terms for emotions and social roles) suggests that these conceptual dimensions reflect basic themes in folk interpretations of social behavior. [cognitive anthropology, language, universal, personality, interpersonal themes]
Pathways of care the first year after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury—Discharge destinations and outpatient follow-up

Abstract Primary objective: To determine the pathways of care within the first year after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to explore whether provided care is related to residual impairments. Research design: Retrospective study of 343 patients with moderate and severe TBI admitted to a Level-1 trauma centre. Methods and procedures: Discharge destinations from hospital to home and frequency of outpatient visits were determined. Outcome was defined 1 year after injury by the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and Return to Work. Results: Most (94%) patients had returned home 1-year after injury despite cognitive (76%), behavioural (67%) and physical (55%) impairments. One in four patients was severely disabled and 32% had resumed work on a previous level. Two-thirds of all patients went home as secondary discharge destination and 50% needed inpatient rehabilitation. Almost half of patients needed outpatient care, mostly for behavioural and cognitive impairments. One in 10 patients consulted a psychiatrist, with 55% unfavourable outcome. Of those patients initially discharged to home without follow-up, eventually 10% needed outpatient rehabilitation. Conclusions: One-year after injury most patients had returned home with residual impairments and frequent medical consultations. This finding warrants further investigation to define appropriate aftercare by various medical specialists aimed at long-term community integration.
Accessing Second Language Learners’ Understanding of Temporal Morphology

The purpose of this study was to investigate how retrospective verbal reports can contribute to our understanding of the factors influencing the interlanguage development of tense and grammatical aspect. The goal was to gain insights into (1) the mental representations second language learners hold of tense and grammatical aspect, and (2) the factors influencing how knowledge of temporal morphology develops and is accessed during real-time production. The background data which inform the present investigation come from a series of studies involving over 200 adult learners of English from different L1 backgrounds. The elicitation instruments include controlled written production and timed judgement tasks. This study reports on the findings from the retrospective interview protocols which encouraged learners to reflect on their performance on the controlled tasks. Participants articulated their own hypotheses about how temporal morphology works in English and offered their perceptions of factors influencing how they process and interpret tense-aspect forms. Two key factors emerged from the verbal reports: learners’ awareness of semantic categories and their sensitivity to frequency effects in instructional input. Both appeared to constrain learners’ access to new knowledge that would allow their interlanguage to develop to more advanced levels.
Region‐specific induction of ΔFosB by repeated administration of typical versus atypical antipsychotic drugs

Whereas acute administration of many types of stimuli induces c‐Fos and related proteins in brain, recent work has shown that chronic perturbations cause the region‐specific accumulation of novel Fos‐like proteins of 35–37 kD. These proteins, termed chronic FRAs (Fos‐related antigens), have recently been shown to be isoforms of ΔFosB, which accumulate in brain due to their enhanced stability. In the present study, we sought to extend earlier findings that documented the effects of acute administration of antipsychotic drugs (APDs) on induction of Fos‐like proteins by investigating the ability of typical and aytpical APDs, after chronic administration, to induce these ΔFosB isoforms in several brain regions implicated in the clinical actions of these agents. By Western blotting we found that chronic administration of the typical APD, haloperidol, dramatically induces ΔFosB in caudate–putamen (CP), a brain region associated with the extrapyramidal side effects of this drug. A smaller induction was seen in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), brain regions associated with the antipsychotic effects of the drug. In contrast, chronic administration of the prototype atypical APD clozapine failed to significantly increase levels of ΔFosB in any of the three brain regions, and even tended to reduce ΔFosB levels in the NAc. Two putative atypical APDs, risperidone and olanzapine, produced small but still significant increases in the levels of ΔFosB in CP, but not NAc or PFC. Studies with selective receptor antagonists suggested that induction of ΔFosB in CP and NAc is most dependent on antagonism of D2–D3 dopamine receptors, with antagonism of D1‐like receptors most involved in the PFC. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the greater induction of ΔFosB in CP by typical versus atypical APDs, with no significant induction seen in PFC with either class of APD. Together, these findings demonstrate that repeated administration of APDs results in the induction of long‐lasting Fos‐like transcription factors that could mediate some of the persistent and region‐specific changes in brain function associated with chronic drug exposure. Synapse 33:118–128, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Friendship in Commercial Society: Eighteenth-Century Social Theory and Modern Sociology

Sociological theory prevailingly holds that the normative exclusion of instrumental and contractual orientations from personal relationships is historically prior, and theoretically antipodal, to market society. In contrast, Adam Smith. David Hume, and others of the 18-century Scottish Enlightenment propose that commercial society sharply distinguishes self-interested from sympathetic relations and is therefore necessary for the spread of personal relations based on sympathy and sentiment. If this is correct, commercial society promotes rather than discourages personal relations that are normatively free of instrumental and calculative orientations. Taking friendship as prototyical os such relations, this essay considers the contributions of the Scottish Enlightenment to the study of personal relations in historical and modern times.
The relationship of GMA to counterproductive work behavior revisited

Recent research reported that general mental ability (GMA) predicted counterproductive work behavior (CWB), whereas some previous studies failed to find such a relationship. We tested occupational homogeneity of the sample and criterion measurement as two potential explanations for these inconsistencies. Study 1 replicated major design features of one previous study, which found no GMA–CWB relation in a heterogeneous sample, with occupationally homogeneous groups. Results confirmed previous null findings, indicating no effect of sample homogeneity. In Study 2, using a controlled laboratory setting, GMA was again unrelated to self‐reported CWB, but partially predicted observed CWB negatively. Combined findings suggest that GMA is consistently unrelated to CWB self‐reports but may predict objectively measured CWB independently of the likelihood of being caught. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Test Procedure Bias: A Meta-Analysis of Examiner Familiarity Effects

This article presents a meta-analysis of the effects of examiner familiarity on children’s test performance. The data for the meta-analysis came from 22 controlled studies involving 1,489 subjects. In the typical study, the effect of examiner familiarity raised test performance by . 28 standard deviations. Differential performance favoring the familiar examiner condition was greater when subjects were of low socioeconomic status (SES), were tested on comparatively difficult tests, and knew the examiner for a relatively long duration. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Social anxiety and attention away from emotional faces

A substantial literature indicates that anxiety is often associated with selective attention to threat cues. Socially anxious individuals are excessively concerned about negative evaluation by others. One might therefore predict that high social anxiety would be associated with selective attention to negative facial expressions. On the other hand, some recent models have suggested that social anxiety may be associated with reduced processing of external social cues. A modified dot-probe task was used to investigate face attention. High and low socially anxious individuals were presented with pairs of pictures, consisting of a face (positive, neutral, or negative) and a household object, under conditions of social-evaluative threat or no threat. The results indicated that, compared to low socially anxious individuals, high socially anxious individuals show an attentional bias away from emotional (positive and negative) faces but this effect is only observed under conditions of social-evaluative threat. The.
Multiview video coding using projective rectification-based view extrapolation and synthesis bias correction

Current view synthesis prediction (VSP) techniques for multiview video coding (MVC) rely on disparity-based view interpolation or depth-based 3D warping. The former cannot be applied to every camera view, whereas the latter may require coding of the depth information of a scene. To avoid these constraints, we propose an improved VSP-based MVC scheme based on the following three techniques: 1) view extrapolation, which allows VSP to be applicable to almost all camera views, 2) projective rectification, which improves the synthesis quality when neighboring camera planes are not parallel, and 3) synthesis bias correction, which uses the past synthesis biases to improve the synthesis quality of the current frame. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme offers PSNR gains of up to 1.6 dB compared to the current MVC standard.
fMRI Research on the Bilingual Brain

In this article, I review the use of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique to investigate the bilingual brain. Specifically, this review will discuss the types of research questions that can be (and have been) answered using this specific methodology, as well as questions this technique cannot answer. The review will then focus on providing a recent overview of fMRI studies of the bilingual mental lexicon, bilingual sentence processing, and the bilingual advantage in cognitive control. The pros and cons of this technique will be discussed in detail. This review will end with a discussion of the state of the art in the field of bilingual brain research and will provide avenues for future research directions to continue investigating the bilingual brain.
Feminist Attitudes Toward Pornography Control

Feminist attitudes toward legislative control of pornography were investigated. A sample of 119 recipients of the National Organization of Women Newsletter in a Southern California community responded to a questionnaire assessing variables expected to be related to pornography control: demographic variables, and attitudes toward pornography, censorship, free speech, and the harm of pornography. Values were related to attitude toward pornography control, especially the prioritizing of responsibility versus freedom. Attitudes toward pornography were also significant predictors; however, beliefs about importance of protecting free speech and the harm of pornography were the strongest predictors, with the protection of free speech making the largest contribution. In understanding “mainstream” feminists' attitudes toward pornography control, the most important variables appear to be those that assess the consequences of pornography.
Professors as Academic Leaders

Most research and scholarship in the field of educational leadership and management seems focused on leaders and managers and their perspectives, while the perspective of an entire constituency – ‘the led’ – is generally overlooked and neglected. This article contributes towards redressing this imbalance. Located within the context of the higher education sector, it presents findings from one phase of a funded study whose purpose was to examine what non-professorial academics, researchers and teachers employed in British universities think of the academic leadership provided by their professorial colleagues. From data generated by over 1200 questionnaire responses, a wide range of views emerged on what professors should be doing in order to fulfil their leadership roles, and how effectively they are doing it. A key finding was that, whilst most respondents agreed that professors should be providing academic leadership to junior colleagues – typically, as mentors or advisors – more than half of the sample reported that they were not receiving the help and advice that they wanted or needed.
Diversity and Emotion: The New Frontiers in Organizational Behavior Research

This article provides a review of recent developments in two topical areas of research in contemporary organizational behavior: diversity and emotions. In the section called “Diversity,” we trace the history of diversity research, explore the definitions and paradigms used in treatments of diversity, and signal new areas of interest. We conclude that organizational behavior in the 21st century is evolving to embrace a more eclectic and holistic view of humans at work. In the section called “Emotions,” we turn our attention to recent developments in the study of emotions in organizations. We identify four major topics: mood theory, emotional labor, affective events theory (AET), and emotional intelligence, and argue that developments in the four domains have significant implications for organizational research, and the progression of the study of organizational behavior. As with the study of diversity, the topic of emotions in the workplace is shaping up as one of the principal areas of development in management thought and practice for the next decade. Finally, we discuss in our conclusion how these two areas are being conceptually integrated, and the implications for management scholarship and research in the contemporary world.
Adaptive parallelism under Equus

The authors describe adaptively parallel computations under Equus (T. Kindberg, 1990; A. V. Sahiner, 1991). These computations execute on a processor pool, and expand and contract as the number of processor nodes allocated to them varies over their run-time. They are based upon a hierarchical master-worker structure. The number of worker processes changes with the number of allocated nodes, and so does the number of processes that act as servers to them (such as the masters). The authors use an image-processing example to describe how workers and servers are added and withdrawn at run-time. The affected processes are synchronised, communication linkages are changed, and in some cases, state is transferred between them. Reconfigurations are transparent to worker (and other client) processes, but not all can be made transparent to servers. <<ETX>>
Quality of life in elderly patients with dizziness: analysis of the short-form health survey in 197 patients

Conclusion Elderly patients with chronic dizziness had a poor HRQoL, which could be successfully assessed using the SF-36, a generic health-status instrument. The frequency of dizziness and comorbid psychological distress were predictive of impairment in QoL. Objectives To evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its relationship to characteristics of dizziness in elderly persons with chronic dizziness. Material and methods A standardized dizziness questionnaire was used to evaluate characteristics of dizziness as well as medical, functional and demographic data in 197 consecutive patients with chronic dizziness aged≥60 years. HRQoL was evaluated using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results Compared with normative data, results from patients with dizziness indicated a pervasive multidimensional decline in SF-36 scores. This decline was most notable in terms of role limitations in the physical and emotional dimensions. The frequency of attacks of dizziness correlated with perceived disability. Patients with chronic dizziness also had great psychological distress, as measured by the HADS score, which had a detrimental influence on their QoL.
Reliability and Validity of the Novaco Anger Scale and Provocation Inventory (NAS-PI) and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Student Samples

This project tested the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory—2 (STAXI-2) and the Novaco Anger Scale—Provocation Inventory (NAS-PI) in a sample of U.S. Hispanic ( n = 257) and U.S. non-Hispanic White (n = 246) undergraduate students. Internal consistency, subscale correlations, convergent validity with the Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI), and predictive validity were all analyzed. Across ethnic groups, all major subscales demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability. Correlations between the subscales were strong for both groups within each measure and with the subscales of the other measure. In predicting PI scores, there was no evidence of intercept invariance across the ethnic groups and no evidence of slope invariance when either measure was used as a predictor. Results suggest that both measures are valid for use in Hispanic samples.