Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of Teleological Explanations in Peruvian Quechua-Speaking and U.S. English-Speaking Preschoolers and Adults.

UNLABELLED Teleological reasoning involves the assumption that entities exist for a purpose (giraffes have long necks for reaching leaves). This study examines how teleological reasoning relates to cultural context, by studying teleological reasoning in 61 Quechua-speaking Peruvian preschoolers (Mage = 5.3 years) and adults in an indigenous community, compared to 72 English-speaking U.S. preschoolers (Mage = 4.9 years) and university students. Data were responses to open-ended "why" questions ("Why is that mountain tall? "). Teleological explanations about nonliving natural kinds were more frequent for children than adults, and for Quechua than U.S. PARTICIPANTS However, changes with age were importantly distinct from differences corresponding to cultural variation. Developmental and cultural differences in teleological explanations may reflect causal analysis of the features under consideration.
Serum creatine kinase levels and renal function measures in exertional muscle damage.

PURPOSE Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels are commonly used to judge the severity of muscle damage and to determine when to hospitalize patients who present with symptoms of exertional rhabdomyolysis in order to prevent renal failure. However, no CK standard exists because of the limited information available regarding exercise-induced CK elevation and renal function. This study determined the magnitude of CK elevation and the effect on renal function produced by exercise in a large subject group. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 203 volunteers who performed 50 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexor muscles. The samples, taken before and 4, 7, and 10 d after exercise, were analyzed for markers of muscle damage (CK, myoglobin (Mb), lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase and for measures of renal function (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, osmolality, and uric acid). RESULTS All indicators of muscle damage increased significantly after exercise (P < 0.01). CK levels were 6420, 2100, and 311% above baseline on days 4, 7, and 10 after the exercise, respectively (P < 0.01), and Mb was 1137, 170, and 28% above baseline on days 4, 7, and 10 after exercise, respectively (P < 0.01). Of the 203 participants, 111 had CK values at 4 d postexercise > 2,000 U x L(-1) and 51 had values > 10,000 U x L(-1), levels used to diagnose myopathy (e.g., statin myositis) and rhabdomyolysis, respectively. There were no significant increases in any measure of renal function. Despite marked CK and Mb elevations in some subjects, none experienced visible myoglobinuria or required treatment for impaired renal function. CONCLUSIONS Exertional muscle damage produced by eccentric exercise in healthy individuals can cause profound CK and Mb elevations without renal impairment.
The Content of Our Character

The invention comes within the branch of lithium type electric cells. A positive copper oxide or silver chromate electrode and an electrolyte which is a mixture of a solute such as lithium perchlorate and solvent, a non-saturated ester such as vinylene carbonate mixed with a saturated cylic ether such as dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, propylene oxide also known as methyl oxurane are used. This electrolyte has excellent activity and conductivity for relatively weak concentrations of lithium perchlorate and a very good reaction properties in cold temperatures.
Disruption of an Internal Membrane-Spanning Region in Shiga Toxin 1 Reduces Cytotoxicity

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin type 1 (Stx1) belongs to the Shiga family of bipartite AB toxins that inactivate eukaryotic 60S ribosomes. The A subunit of Stxs are N-glycosidases that share structural and functional features in their catalytic center and in an internal hydrophobic region that shows strong transmembrane propensity. Both features are conserved in ricin and other ribosomal inactivating proteins. During eukaryotic cell intoxication, holotoxin likely moves retrograde from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum. The hydrophobic region, spanning residues I224 through N241 in the Stx1 A subunit (Stx1A), was hypothesized to participate in toxin translocation across internal target cell membranes. The TMpred computer program was used to design a series of site-specific mutations in this hydrophobic region that disrupt transmembrane propensity to various degrees. Mutations were synthesized by PCR overlap extension and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Mutants StxAF226Y, A231D, G234E, and A231D-G234E and wild-type Stx1A were expressed in Escherichia coli SY327 and purified by dye-ligand affinity chromatography. All of the mutant toxins were similar to wild-type Stx1A in enzymatic activity, as determined by inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis, and in susceptibility to trypsin digestion. Purified mutant or wild-type Stx1A combined with Stx1B subunits in vitro to form a holotoxin, as determined by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblotting. StxA mutant A231D-G234E, predicted to abolish transmembrane propensity, was 225-fold less cytotoxic to cultured Vero cells than were the wild-type toxin and the other mutant toxins which retained some transmembrane potential. Furthermore, compared to wild-type Stx1A, A231D-G234E Stx1A was less able to interact with synthetic lipid vesicles, as determined by analysis of tryptophan fluorescence for each toxin in the presence of increasing concentrations of lipid membrane vesicles. These results provide evidence that this conserved internal hydrophobic motif contributes to Stx1 translocation in eukaryotic cells.
Global analysis of yeast RNA processing identifies new targets of RNase III and uncovers a link between tRNA 5′ end processing and tRNA splicing

We used a microarray containing probes that tile all known yeast noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) to investigate RNA biogenesis on a global scale. The microarray verified a general loss of Box C/D snoRNAs in the TetO7-BCD1 mutant, which had previously been shown for only a handful of snoRNAs. We also monitored the accumulation of improperly processed flank sequences of pre-RNAs in strains depleted for known RNA nucleases, including RNase III, Dbr1p, Xrn1p, Rat1p and components of the exosome and RNase P complexes. Among the hundreds of aberrant RNA processing events detected, two novel substrates of Rnt1p (the RUF1 and RUF3 snoRNAs) were identified. We also identified a relationship between tRNA 5′ end processing and tRNA splicing, processes that were previously thought to be independent. This analysis demonstrates the applicability of microarray technology to the study of global analysis of ncRNA synthesis and provides an extensive directory of processing events mediated by yeast ncRNA processing enzymes.
Sigma-Convergence revisited

Referring to the diachronic decrease of the overall dispersion of a (regional) dataset, s-convergence is a dominant concept in the empirical regional convergence / divergence litera-ture. The paper revisits the s-convergence concept, expressing the, “classical”, coefficient of variation and weighted coefficient of variation formulas against the backdrop of the median. To this end, the paper specifies and proposes a pair of, “alternative”, formulas for apprehend-ing the s-convergence concept. Such an endeavor stems from the, purely, statistical rationale that the mean is a central tendency measure highly sensitive to the eventual presence of outliers. The theory-driven propositions of the paper are supported from an illustrative em-pirical analysis of regional inequalities in France, at the NUTS III spatial level, for the period 2001-2015. The findings of the analysis provide valuable insight to both theory and policy-making, indicating that different expressions of the s-convergence concept may lead to dif-ferent inferences with respect to regional inequalities.
Imputation Without Doing Imputation: A New Method for the Detection of Non-Genotyped Causal Variants

Genome‐wide association studies allow detection of non‐genotyped disease‐causing variants through testing of nearby genotyped SNPs. This approach may fail when there are no genotyped SNPs in strong LD with the causal variant. Several genotyped SNPs in weak LD with the causal variant may, however, considered together, provide equivalent information. This observation motivates popular but computationally intensive approaches based on imputation or haplotyping. Here we present a new method and accompanying software designed for this scenario. Our approach proceeds by selecting, for each genotyped “anchor” SNP, a nearby genotyped “partner” SNP, chosen via a specific algorithm we have developed. These two SNPs are used as predictors in linear or logistic regression analysis to generate a final significance test. In simulations, our method captures much of the signal captured by imputation, while taking a fraction of the time and disc space, and generating a smaller number of false‐positives. We apply our method to a case/control study of severe malaria genotyped using the Affymetrix 500K array. Previous analysis showed that fine‐scale sequencing of a Gambian reference panel in the region of the known causal locus, followed by imputation, increased the signal of association to genome‐wide significance levels. Our method also increases the signal of association from P≈2×10−6 to P≈6×10−11 . Our method thus, in some cases, eliminates the need for more complex methods such as sequencing and imputation, and provides a useful additional test that may be used to identify genetic regions of interest.
Some remarks on morphisms between Fano threefolds Ekaterina Amerik

Some twenty-five years ago, Iskovskih classified the smooth complex Fano threefolds with Picard number one. Apart from P and the quadric, his list includes 5 families of Fano varieties of index two and 11 families of varieties of index one (for index one threefolds, the cube of the anticanonical divisor takes all even values from 2 to 22, except 20). Recently, the author ([A]) and C. Schuhmann ([S]) made some efforts to classify the morphisms between such Fano threefolds, the starting point being a question of Peternell: let f : X → Y be a non-trivial morphism between Fano varieties with Picard number one, is it then true that the index of X does not exceed the index of Y ? In particular, Schuhmann ([S]) proved that there are no morphisms from indextwo to index-one threefolds, and that any morphism between index-two threefolds is an isomorphism (under certain mild additional hypotheses, some of which were handled later in [A], [IS]). As for morphisms from index-one to index-two Fano threefolds, such morphisms do exist: an index-two threefold has a double covering (branched along an anticanonical divisor) which is of index one. It is therefore natural to ask if every morphism from index-one Fano threefold X with Picard number one to index-two Fano threefold Y with Picard number one is a double covering. In [A], I proved a theorem (Theorem 3.1) indicating that the answer should be yes, however not settling the question completely. The essential problem was that the methods of [A] would never work for Y = V5, the linear section of the Grassmannian G(1, 4) in the Plücker embedding (all smooth three-dimensional linear sections of G(1, 4) are isomorphic). Though there are several ways to obtain bounds for the degree of a morphism between Fano threefolds with second Betti number one ([HM], [A]), these bounds are still too rough for our purpose. This paper is an attempt to handle this problem. The main result is the following
A Shared-cube Approach to ESOP-based Synthesis of Reversible Logic

Reversible logic is being suggested as a possibility for overcoming potential power loss and heat dissipation problems that the computing industry may soon be at a loss to overcome. However, for reversible logic to be a solution we must have tech- niques for synthesizing function descriptions to reversible circuits. This paper presents an improved ESOP-based reversible logic synthesis approach which leverages situa- tions where cubes are shared by multiple outputs and ensures that the implementation of each cube requires just one Toffoli gate. It has the potential to minimize both gate count and quantum cost, and in fact our experimental results show that this technique can reduce the quantum cost up to 75% compared to results from the existing work.
A micropuncture study of proximal tubular transport of lithium during osmotic diuresis.

Lithium and sodium are normally reabsorbed in parallel with water by the renal proximal tubule whereby their tubular fluid-to-plasma concentration ratios (TF/P) remain close to unity throughout the proximal convoluted segment. During osmotic diuresis, the late proximal (TF/P)Na is known to decrease. The present experiments were undertaken to study whether the late proximal TF/P for Li decreases like that of Na during osmotic diuresis. Data were obtained in a control period (C) and in two successive periods during mannitol diuresis (P1, P2). Glomerular filtration rate decreased gradually during osmotic diuresis [1,147 +/- 32 (C) to 950 +/- 22 (P2) microliters.min-1.g kidney wt (KW)-1, P less than 0.01), whereas Li clearance (CLi) increased [377 +/- 21 (C) to 469 +/- 28 (P1, P less than 0.01) and 408 +/- 25 (P2, NS) microliters.min-1.gKW-1, respectively]. (TF/P)Na decreased from 0.98 +/- 0.02 (C) to 0.89 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.01) and 0.90 +/- 0.04 (P less than 0.05) (P1 and P2, respectively). (TF/P)Li was close to, but significantly higher than, unity during control (1.09 +/- 0.02), but, in contrast to (TF/P)Na, it did not decrease significantly during osmotic diuresis. Delivery of water from the proximal straight segment, as estimated from CLi/CIn, increased in proportion to the delivery from the convoluted segment, as estimated from 1/(TF/P)In. It is concluded that the proximal net Li reabsorption follows more closely the net water reabsorption than the net Na reabsorption during osmotic diuresis.
The Home as a Political Fortress: Family Agreement in an Era of Polarization

The manifestations of party polarization in America are well known: legislative gridlock, harsh elite rhetoric, and at the level of the electorate, increasing hostility across the partisan divide. We investigate the ramifications of polarization for processes of family socialization. Using the classic 1965 Youth-Parent Political Socialization Panel data as a baseline, we employ original national surveys of spouses and offspring conducted in 2015 supplemented by the 2014 and 2016 TargetSmart national voter files to demonstrate that political correspondence between married couples and parent-offspring agreement have both increased substantially in the polarized era. We further demonstrate that the principal reason for increased spousal correspondence is mate selection based on politics. Spousal agreement, in turn, creates an “echo chamber” that facilitates intergenerational continuity. Overall, our results suggest a vicious cycle by which socialization exacerbates party polarization.
Detection and Epidemiologic Subtyping of Legionella pneumophila Using DNA-based Molecular Methods

Legionella pneumophila causes 2 – 6 % of hospitalised pneumonia cases. Several communityand hospital-acquired outbreaks have been reported over the years. Legionnaires ́ disease (LD) or legionellosis is also a frequent cause of pneumonia amongst travellers. Conventional methods for diagnosing legionella infection include culture, detection of antibodies (serology) and urinary antigen. These methods, however, either lack full sensitivity or specificity. Legionellae are found in water distribution systems, especially hot water, and are able to multiply intracellularly in free living protozoa. Thus, the bacteria are transmitted to humans either by aerosols or by micro-aspiration. It is therefore important to link the patient isolate to possible environmental sources. In this thesis a nested format for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was constructed for detecting L. pneumophila in clinical specimens. The method, which was highly sensitive and specific, was found to be more rapid than earlier PCR methods. In a multicentre study, conducted in collaboration with the European Working Group on Legionella Infections (EWGLI), 14 different DNA-based methods were evaluated for typing 114 related and unrelated isolates of L. pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1. The group favoured amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis (AFLP) because of superior reproducibility and epidemiological concordance. In a second phase of the study the use of AFLP was assessed using a standard protocol. In a third phase, 31 AFLP genotypes were designated from a European culture collection of 130 isolates and a proficiency panel was distributed among the participating laboratories. An international database of defined L. pneumophila genotypes was established for the first time. AFLP and to some extent macrorestriction followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used for the investigation of the molecular epidemiology in four Swedish nosocomial clusters. The genotypes of the causative L. pneumophila strains were different, but the three sg 1 genotypes were found to be widely distributed geographically in Sweden. In these studies, monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3/1-positive and negative phenotypes were found inside the same genotypic clusters. For the first time this was proven to be due to a genetic event, which was not reflected in the fingerprinting patterns. The (MAb) 3/1negative strains thus lacked the lipopolysaccharide associated gene (lag-1). Also, for the first time a legionella outbreak was shown to be caused by strains belonging to two different serogroups, sg 4 and 10, that possessed a common fingerprinting pattern. MAb subtyping and genotyping methods should be used together and in conjunction with clinical and epidemiological data in investigations of Legionnaires ́ disease.
Continuous replication of Friend virus complex (spleen focus-forming virus-lymphatic leukemia-inducing virus) in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Retention of leukemogenicity and loss of immunosuppressive properties

Exposure of NIH Swiss mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) to infectious Friend virus (FV) complex [containing defective spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) and endogenous NB-tropic leukemia-inducing helper virus (LLV-F)] resulted in the productive infection of these cells by both SFFV and LLV-F. Stocks of SFFV derived after extensive growth in this Swiss MEF cell culture system are fully leukemogenic in adult mice for the induction of erythroleukemia and spleen foci. In addition, in vitro- derived LLV-F, when isolated free of SFFV, is fully leukemogenic for the induction of lymphatic leukemia when inoculated into susceptible newborn BALB/c mice. The host range of in vitro-derived FV complex (i.e., FV-TC) for focus formation in vivo is NB-tropic. Unlike in vivo- derived FV complex, FV-TC does not suppress the responsiveness of murine thymocytes to concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro. Rather, FV-TC acts as a mitogen to nonspecifically stimulate the proliferation of BALB/c thymocytes. The mitogenicity of in vitro-derived FV complex is directly associated with the presence of type-C virus particles, is a heat-labile and UV-sensitive property of the virus, and may be primarily due to LLV since equivalent amounts of LLV with or without SFFV present are equally mitogenic. One in vivo passage of FV-TC resulted in the total loss of this mitogenic property with the reappearance of full immunosuppressive properties. This result demonstrates a clear association between in vivo growth of FV and its ability to suppress mouse thymocytes, and suggests that FV complex (SFFV-LLV) is not inherently immunosuppressive for these cells. While the mechanism of this interconversion between immunostimulatory and fully suppressive virus is unknown, both virus markers appear to be dependent upon the presence of infectious FV.
Mechanical loading stimulates the release of transforming growth factor‐β activity by cultured mouse calvariae and periosteal cells

We have shown earlier that mechanical stimulation by intermittent hydrostatic compression (IHC) inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in cultured fetal mouse calvariae (Klein‐Nulend et al., 1986, Arthritis Rheum., 29:1002–1009). The production of soluble bone factors by such calvariae is also modified (Klein‐Nulend et al., 1993, Cell Tissue Res., 271:513–517). Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is an important local regulator of bone metabolism and is produced by osteoblasts. In this study, the release of TGF‐β activity as a result of mechanical stress was examined in organ cultures of neonatal mouse calvariae, in primary cultures of calvariae‐derived osteoprogenitor (OPR) cells, and in more differentiated osteoblastic (OB) cells. Whole calvariae and calvariaederived cells were cultured in the presence or absence of IHC for 1–7 days and medium concentrations of active as well as total TGF‐β were measured using a bioassay. IHC (maximum 13 kPa, maximal pressure rate 32.5 kPa/sec) was generated by intermittently (0.3 Hz) compressing the gas phase above the cultures. We found that mechanical loading by IHC stimulated the release of TGF‐β activity from cultured calvariae by twofold after 1 day. IHC also stimulated the release of TGF‐β activity from calvariae‐derived cells after 1 and 3 days. The absolute amounts of TGF‐β activity released were lower in OPR cells than in OB cells, but the stimulatory effect of IHC was greater in OPR cells. Total TGF‐β (active and bound) released into the medium was not affected by IHC. IHC did not change the dry weight of the organ cultures, nor the DNA or protein content of the cell cultures. These data show that mechanical perturbation of bone cells, particularly OPR cells, enhances the activation of released TGF‐β. We conclude that modulation of TGF‐β metabolism may be part of the response of bone tissue to mechanical stress. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation of Real-time Multiprocessor Scheduling with Overheads

Numerous scheduling algorithms were and still are designed in order to handle multiprocessor architectures, raising new issues due to the complexity of such architectures. Moreover, evaluating them is difficult without a real and complex implementation. Thus, this paper presents a tool that intends to facilitate the study of schedulers by providing an easy way of prototyping. Compared to the other scheduling simulators, this tool takes into account the impact of the caches through statistical models and includes direct overheads such as context switches and scheduling decisions.