Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Production and composition of sow milk

Colostrum and milk yield and composition are important for piglet survival and growth Mammogenesis occurs during prepuberty, puberty, gestation and lactation. Colostrogenesis starts before parturition and transcends into lactogenesis 24-36 hours after parturition. If the teats are not suckled, involution will occur. The piglets start to suckle from 20-30 minutes after birth, nurses almost once every hour both day and night and the milk let down is ten to 20 seconds per nursing time. Colostrum yield is roughly around four kg during the first 24 hours after parturition. Milk yield is roughly around nine kg/day. Yield is difficult to measure. The sow reaches peak lactation at around day 12. The semi-natural length of sow lactation is 17 weeks but the length of lactation in production systems ranges from two to five weeks. Colostrum has a higher DM, CP and whey protein content than milk. This is due to the high amount of immunoglobulins in colostrum. Mature milk has a higher content of lactose, fat and caseins than colostrum. Factors that affect yield and composition are genetics, feeding strategies, sow health, parity number, weight of the sow, litter size, total litter weight and mean piglet birth weight.
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Guidelines Today: A Systematic Review Exploring Updated ACC/AHA STEMI Guidelines and Their Applications

With new study findings becoming available, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have made additions and revisions to their guidelines for treating patients with ST elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI). It is important for clinicians to be familiar with these changes so that they may be applied and assist in the treatment of patients. Electronic searches on databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Medline were conducted using specific keywords pertaining to the ACC/AHA guidelines and the specific topics discussed in these guidelines to find randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. Additional studies were then found via hand search for referenced sources. All sources were then stratified on quality and relevance. The ACC/AHA have made several additions and revisions to the 2004 STEMI guidelines. These include recommendations focusing on reperfusion and antithrombotic therapy, ancillary anticoagulation, fibrinolytic therapy, and primary percutaneous intervention (PCI). Goal times for interventions such as fibrinolytic therapy and PCI are also set forth in new guidelines, which stress prompt response to STEMI for better outcomes. Changes deal with all aspects of care such as care provided by emergency medical systems (EMS) en route to the hospital, in-hospital fibrinolysis and PCI, post-hospitalization measures, and secondary prevention. It is of great importance that clinicians who deal with STEMI become familiar with the latest guidelines so that the quality of care they provide is of the highest caliber and that patients experience the highest quality of life after STEMI treatment.
Towards evidence based referral criteria for growth monitoring

Aims: To evaluate the performance of growth monitoring in detecting diseases. Turner’s syndrome (TS) is taken as the target disease. Methods: Case-control simulation study. Three archetypal screening rules are applied to longitudinal growth data comparing a group with TS versus a reference group from birth to the age of 10 years. Main outcome measures were sensitivity, specificity, and median referral age. Results: Clear differences in performance of the rules were found. The best rule takes parental height into account. Combining rules could improve diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: Growth monitoring is useful to screen for TS. A combined rule that takes absolute height SDS, parental height, and deflection in height velocity into account is the best way to do this. Similar research is needed for other diseases, populations, and ages, and the results should be synthesised into evidence based referral criteria.
The Residue Determinant

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to present the construction of a canonical determinant functional on elliptic pseudodifferential operators (ψdos) associated to the Guillemin–Wodzicki residue trace. The resulting residue determinant functional is multiplicative, a local invariant, and not defined by a regularization procedure. The residue determinant is consequently a quite different object from the zeta function determinant, which is nonlocal and nonmultiplicative. Indeed, the residue determinant does not arise as the derivative of a trace on the complex power operators and does not depend on a choice of spectral cut. The identification of a certain residue determinant with the index of an elliptic ψdo shows the residue determinant to be topologically significant.
Predicting Human Activities Using Stochastic Grammar

This paper presents a novel method to predict future human activities from partially observed RGB-D videos. Human activity prediction is generally difficult due to its non-Markovian property and the rich context between human and environments. We use a stochastic grammar model to capture the compositional structure of events, integrating human actions, objects, and their affordances. We represent the event by a spatial-temporal And-Or graph (ST-AOG). The ST-AOG is composed of a temporal stochastic grammar defined on sub-activities, and spatial graphs representing sub-activities that consist of human actions, objects, and their affordances. Future sub-activities are predicted using the temporal grammar and Earley parsing algorithm. The corresponding action, object, and affordance labels are then inferred accordingly. Extensive experiments are conducted to show the effectiveness of our model on both semantic event parsing and future activity prediction.
Structure of Influenza Virus N7: the Last Piece of the Neuraminidase “Jigsaw” Puzzle

ABSTRACT There are nine subtypes of influenza A virus neuraminidase (NA), N1 to N9. In addition, influenza B virus also contains NA, and there are two influenza virus NA-like molecules, N10 and N11, which were recently identified from bats. Crystal structures for all of these proteins have been solved, with the exception of N7, and there is no published report of N6, although a structure has been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. Here, we present the N7 and N6 structures at 2.1 Å and 1.8 Å, respectively. Structural comparison of all NA subtypes shows that both N7 and N6 highly resemble typical group 2 NA structures with some special characteristics, including an additional cavity adjacent to their active sites formed by novel 340-loop conformations. Comparative analysis also revealed new structural insights into the N-glycosylation, calcium binding, and second sialic acid binding site of influenza virus NA. This comprehensive study is critical for understanding the complexity of the most successful influenza drug target and for the structure-based design of novel influenza inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses impose a great burden on society, by the human-adapted seasonal types as well as by variants that occasionally jump from the avian reservoir to infect humans. The surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA) is essential for the propagation of the virus and currently the most successfully drug-targeted molecule. Therefore, the structural and functional analysis of NA is critical for the prevention and control of influenza infections. There are nine subtypes of influenza A virus NA (N1 to N9). In addition, influenza B virus also contains NA, and there are two influenza NA-like molecules, N10 and N11, which were recently identified in bats. Crystal structures for all of these proteins have been solved and reported with the exception of N7 and N6. The structural analysis of influenza virus N7 and N6 presented in this study therefore completes the puzzle and adds to a comprehensive understanding of influenza virus NA.
The effects of heat stress on morphological properties and intracellular signaling of denervated and intact soleus muscles in rats

The effects of heat stress on the morphological properties and intracellular signaling of innervated and denervated soleus muscles were investigated. Heat stress was applied to rats by immersing their hindlimbs in a warm water bath (42°C, 30 min/day, every other day following unilateral denervation) under anesthesia. During 14 days of experimental period, heat stress for a total of seven times promoted growth‐related hypertrophy in sham‐operated muscles and attenuated atrophy in denervated muscles. In denervated muscles, the transcription of ubiquitin ligase, atrogin‐1/muscle atrophy F‐box (Atrogin‐1), and muscle RING‐finger protein‐1 (MuRF‐1), genes was upregulated and ubiquitination of proteins was also increased. Intermittent heat stress inhibited the upregulation of Atrogin‐1, but not MuRF‐1 transcription. And the denervation‐caused reduction in phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), 70‐kDa heat‐shock protein (HSP70), and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α), which are negative regulators of Atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1 transcription, was mitigated. In sham‐operated muscles, repeated application of heat stress did not affect Atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1 transcription, but increased the level of phosphorylated Akt and HSP70, but not PGC‐1α. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Akt and ribosomal protein S6, which is known to stimulate protein synthesis, was increased immediately after a single heat stress particularly in the sham‐operated muscles. The effect of a heat stress was suppressed in denervated muscles. These results indicated that the beneficial effects of heat stress on the morphological properties of muscles were brought regardless of innervation. However, the responses of intracellular signaling to heat stress were distinct between the innervated and denervated muscles.
Free Energy, Value, and Attractors

It has been suggested recently that action and perception can be understood as minimising the free energy of sensory samples. This ensures that agents sample the environment to maximise the evidence for their model of the world, such that exchanges with the environment are predictable and adaptive. However, the free energy account does not invoke reward or cost-functions from reinforcement-learning and optimal control theory. We therefore ask whether reward is necessary to explain adaptive behaviour. The free energy formulation uses ideas from statistical physics to explain action in terms of minimising sensory surprise. Conversely, reinforcement-learning has its roots in behaviourism and engineering and assumes that agents optimise a policy to maximise future reward. This paper tries to connect the two formulations and concludes that optimal policies correspond to empirical priors on the trajectories of hidden environmental states, which compel agents to seek out the (valuable) states they expect to encounter.
Advances in immunotherapy for treatment of lung cancer

Different approaches for treating lung cancer have been developed over time, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapies against activating mutations. Lately, better understanding of the role of the immunological system in tumor control has opened multiple doors to implement different strategies to enhance immune response against cancer cells. It is known that tumor cells elude immune response by several mechanisms. The development of monoclonal antibodies against the checkpoint inhibitor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), on T cells, has led to high activity in cancer patients with long lasting responses. Nivolumab, an anti PD-1 inhibitor, has been recently approved for the treatment of squamous cell lung cancer patients, given the survival advantage demonstrated in a phase III trial. Pembrolizumab, another anti PD-1 antibody, has received FDA breakthrough therapy designation for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), supported by data from a phase I trial. Clinical trials with anti PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in NSCLC have demonstrated very good tolerability and activity, with response rates around 20% and a median duration of response of 18 months.
Temporal Expression of Chemokines Dictates the Hepatic Inflammatory Infiltrate in a Murine Model of Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis continues to be an important cause of parasitic morbidity and mortality world-wide. Determining the molecular mechanisms regulating the development of granulomas and fibrosis will be essential for understanding how schistosome antigens interact with the host environment. We report here the first whole genome microarray analysis of the murine liver during the progression of Schistosoma japonicum egg-induced granuloma formation and hepatic fibrosis. Our results reveal a distinct temporal relationship between the expression of chemokine subsets and the recruitment of cells to the infected liver. Genes up-regulated earlier in the response included T- and B-cell chemoattractants, reflecting the early recruitment of these cells illustrated by flow cytometry. The later phases of the response corresponded with peak recruitment of eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages and myofibroblasts/hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the expression of chemokines with activity for these cells including CCL11 (eotaxin 1), members of the Monocyte-chemoattractant protein family (CCL7, CCL8, CCL12) and the Hepatic Stellate Cell/Fibrocyte chemoattractant CXCL1. Peak expression of macrophage chemoattractants (CCL6, CXCL14) and markers of alternatively activated macrophages (e.g. Retnla) during this later phase provides further evidence of a role for these cells in schistosome-induced pathology. Additionally, we demonstrate that CCL7 immunolocalises to the fibrotic zone of granulomas. Furthermore, striking up-regulation of neutrophil markers and the localisation of neutrophils and the neutrophil chemokine S100A8 to fibrotic areas suggest the involvement of neutrophils in S. japonicum-induced hepatic fibrosis. These results further our understanding of the immunopathogenic and, especially, chemokine signalling pathways that regulate the development of S. japonicum-induced granulomas and fibrosis and may provide correlative insight into the pathogenesis of other chronic inflammatory diseases of the liver where fibrosis is a common feature.
Small-signal analysis of power system swing modes as affected by wind turbine-generators

The power electronic grid interface of converter-based energy systems such as wind turbine-generators (WTGs) is modifying the dynamics governing power systems. For a fundamental understanding of the impact of power electronic interface on the electromechanical modes, that is, the synchronizing and damping torque on synchronous machines, this paper provides a small-signal analysis about the impact of WTGs on the local mode of a single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) system. The main contribution is the incorporation of the WTG voltage control into the modal decomposition diagram of Heffron-Phillips and deMello-Concordia. Sensitivity coefficients are developed for the WTG voltage control loop and their impact on the real and imaginary parts of the local mode is illustrated with an example.
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for treatment of oral cancer: a review

Oral cancer (oral cavity and oropharynx) is a common and aggressive cancer that invades local tissue, can cause metastasis, and has a high mortality rate. Conventional treatment strategies, such as surgery and chemoradiotherapy, have improved over the past few decades; however, they remain far from optimal. Currently, cancer research is focused on improving cancer diagnosis and treatment methods (oral cavity and oropharynx) nanotechnology, which involves the design, characterization, production, and application of nanoscale drug delivery systems. In medicine, nanotechnologies, such as polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, gold nanoparticles, hydrogels, cyclodextrin complexes, and liquid crystals, are promising tools for diagnostic probes and therapeutic devices. The objective of this study is to present a systematic review of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for oral cancers.
Dissociative Symptomatology in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Disorders of Extreme Stress

ABSTRACT The present study was designed to assess differences in dissociative symptoms in adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) vs. PTSD plus Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS). This study was done for two reasons: (1) to better understand the clinical profile of DESNOS clients in order to inform more effective treatment, and (2) to further empirical research on the validity of the DESNOS construct. To assess severity of dissociative symptoms, the authors administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) to 155 participants with PTSD. Using the Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress (SIDES), participants were divided into two groups: those who also met criteria for DESNOS and those who did not. DES means are provided for the two groups. Participants with PTSD plus DESNOS scored higher than participants with only PTSD on the measure of dissociative symptomatology, particularly on the DES scales that tap absorption/fantasy and depersonalization/derealization. The two groups did not differ on the amnesia subscale of the DES. Findings support the construct validity of the DESNOS concept and further delineate the clinical profiles of community-based PTSD with and without DESNOS, thus contributing to the knowledge base on the assessment of complex adaptations to trauma.
A Deeper Look at Gender Difference in Multitasking: Gender-Specific Mechanism of Cognitive Control

The notion that women are better at multitasking has already become part of our folk knowledge that has been widely accepted. However, scientific community surprisingly falls silent on this issue. The present research attempted to evaluate this idea critically using strictly controlled lab experiment. We found that men’s performance in a commonly adopted cognitive test deteriorated when they were required to coordinate this primary test with a simple secondary test. In sharp contrast, women’s performance on the very same test improved upon the inclusion of the secondary test. This surprising gender-specific pattern is suggestive of the involvement of cognitive control in the playing out of the putative gender discrepancy in multitasking. Though the present study does not speak directly to whether women do possess superior multitasking ability over men, the empirical data presented here is in alignment with the evolutionary speculation about this gender gap derived from the Hunter-Gatherer Hypothesis and point to a new venue for further research on this issue.
Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars for Syllabification and Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion

We investigated the applicability of probabilistic context-free grammars to syllabi cation and grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. The results show that the standard probability model of context-free grammars performs very well in predicting syllable boundaries. However, our results indicate that the standard probability model does not solve grapheme-to-phoneme conversion su ciently although, we varied all free parameters of the probabilistic reestimation procedure.
Indirect CO2 emissions of electric vehicles: Insights from real-world vehicle use

Greenhouse gas emissions, in particular CO2 emissions, are a major environmental problem caused mainly by the transportation and the energy sectors. Electric vehicles have been proposed as a solution for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in road transport. At the same time their potential emission reduction depends on the emissions from the generation of electricity used to charge the vehicles. This study analyzes indirect emissions of electric vehicles to examine optimization potential using real-world data. The results of the study suggest that charging during the daytime is associated with the usage of more electricity from renewable energy sources than charging in typical non-work hours. However, due to the highly violate character of renewable energy sources the differences are rather small. Also, CO2 emissions per kilometer driven depend on driving patterns influencing the energy demand of the vehicles. Accordingly, optimization potential using renewable energy-oriented time course of charging is found to be rather small with an average greenhouse gas emission reduction of 4%. Thus to achieve the potential of electric vehicles to solve environmental issues requires the optimization of driving and charging patterns as well as measures for reducing the carbon intensity in the electricity grid.
Poly(adp-ribose) Polymerase-1 Regulates the Stability of the Wild-type P53 Protein

We investigated the interaction between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and the product of the tumor suppressor gene p53 using two different approaches. In the first approach, we used primary and immortalized cells derived from wt and PARP-1-/-mice. We examined whether PARP-1 deficiency would affect the expression of the wild-type (wt) p53 protein. The inactivation of the PARP-1 gene markedly affected the constitutive expression of the wt p53 protein. Interestingly, only the regularly spliced form of wt p53 was reduced to a barely detectable level in consequence to an approximately 8-fold shortening of its half-life, whereas the level of alternatively spliced p53 remained unchanged. Moreover, reconstitution of cells lacking the PARP-1 gene with the human counterpart restored the normal stability of the regularly spliced p53 protein. In the second approach, we performed experiments with c-Ha-ras transformed primary rat cells overexpressing the p53 135val. mutant alone or in combination with PARP-1. The advantage of this temperature sensitive p53 135val mutant is its oncogenic character at 37°C, connected with cytoplasmic localization of p53, and its tumor suppressor activity at 32°C, accompanied by p53 translocation into the nucleus. No noticeable differences in proliferation and G 1 accumulation were observed between cells expressing p53 135val with or without PARP-1. On the other hand, a comparison of the recovery of G 1 arrested cells after a shift up to 37°C for both cell lines showed dramatic differences in the kinetics. While cells expressing p53 135val rapidly reached the characteristic S-phase level after a shift up to basal temperature, cells additionally expressing PARP-1 rested in G 1 despite the temperature elevation. This coincided with exclusively cytoplasmic p53 protein in cells expressing p53 135val and predominantly nuclear localization of p53 in p53 135val +PARP-1 cells, as evidenced by immunostaining. Determination of the p53 level during the maintenance of cells at 32°C revealed a marked decrease in the level of p53 in cells expressing p53 135val alone, whereas in cells coexpressing PARP-1, the level of p53 remained largely unaffected. This indicates that the stability of wild-type p53 greatly differed between both cell lines. Furthermore, the inhibition of PARP-1 activity in G 1 arrested cells by 3-aminobenzamide abolished its stabilizing effect on the wild-type p53 protein. Taken together, our results indicate that PARP-1 regulates the stability of the wt p53 protein and that its enzymatic activity is necessary for this stabilizing action.