Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in men.

BACKGROUND Despite its association with disability, death, and increased medical costs, osteoporosis in men has been relatively neglected as a subject of study. There have been no large, controlled trials of treatment in men. METHODS In a two-year double-blind trial, we studied the effect of 10 mg of alendronate or placebo, given daily, on bone mineral density in 241 men (age, 31 to 87 years; mean, 63) with osteoporosis. Approximately one third had low serum free testosterone concentrations at base line; the rest had normal concentrations. Men with other secondary causes of osteoporosis were excluded. All the men received calcium and vitamin D supplements. The main outcome measures were the percent changes in lumbar-spine, hip, and total-body bone mineral density. RESULTS The men who received alendronate had a mean (+/-SE) increase in bone mineral density of 7.1+/-0.3 percent at the lumbar spine, 2.5+/-0.4 percent at the femoral neck, and 2.0+/-0.2 percent for the total body (P<0.001 for all comparisons with base line). In contrast, men who received placebo had an increase in lumbar-spine bone mineral density of 1.8+/-0.5 percent (P<0.001 for the comparison with base line) and no significant changes in femoral-neck or total-body bone mineral density. The increase in bone mineral density in the alendronate group was greater than that in the placebo group at all measurement sites (P<0.001). The incidence of vertebral fractures was lower in the alendronate group than in the placebo group (0.8 percent vs. 7.1 percent, P=0.02). Men in the placebo group had a 2.4-mm decrease in height, as compared with a decrease of 0.6 mm in the alendronate group (P=0.02). Alendronate was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS In men with osteoporosis, alendronate significantly increases spine, hip, and total-body bone mineral density and helps prevent vertebral fractures and decreases in height.
Vegetarian Dietary Patterns Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Metabolic Syndrome

OBJECTIVE The study objective was to compare dietary patterns in their relationship with metabolic risk factors (MRFs) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 773 subjects (mean age 60 years) from the Adventist Health Study 2 was performed. Dietary pattern was derived from a food frequency questionnaire and classified as vegetarian (35%), semi-vegetarian (16%), and nonvegetarian (49%). ANCOVA was used to determine associations between dietary pattern and MRFs (HDL, triglycerides, glucose, blood pressure, and waist circumference) while controlling for relevant cofactors. Logistic regression was used in calculating odds ratios (ORs) for MetS. RESULTS A vegetarian dietary pattern was associated with significantly lower means for all MRFs except HDL (P for trend < 0.001 for those factors) and a lower risk of having MetS (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.30–0.64, P < 0.001) when compared with a nonvegetarian dietary pattern. CONCLUSIONS A vegetarian dietary pattern is associated with a more favorable profile of MRFs and a lower risk of MetS. The relationship persists after adjusting for lifestyle and demographic factors.
“No Bourgeoisie, No Democracy”? The Political Attitudes of the Kenyan Middle Class

Barrington Moore's famous line ‘no bourgeoisie, no democracy’ is one of the most quoted claims in political science. But has the rise of the African middle class promoted democratic consolidation? This paper uses the case of Kenya to investigate the attitudes and behaviours of the middle class. Analysis of Afrobarometer survey data reveals that the middle class is more likely to hold pro‐democratic attitudes. This suggests that Moore's argument deserves to be taken seriously, at least in some African countries, and that contemporary demographic changes will improve the prospects for democratic consolidation. However, qualitative evidence from the Kenyan 2013 general election raises important questions about the resilience of these attitudes. The middle class may be more inclined to democratic attitudes than their less well‐off counterparts, but class continues to intersect with ethnicity, and its political salience is likely to wax and wane as a result. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Distribution of AC and DC Winding Capacitances in High-Frequency Power Transformers With Rectifier Loads

In this paper, a method to adjust the ac winding capacitance of high-voltage high-frequency transformers by means of winding-rectifier integration is described. First, a theoretical background to the method is given. From the theory, an equivalent circuit describing the characteristics of the combination of the transformer and the rectifier is derived. The derived circuit introduces the concept of a dc capacitance. Finally, the equivalent circuit and the method itself are verified by means of experiments on a transformer-rectifier system from an industrial application with the ratings 70 kV, 30 kW, and 25 kHz. The results from the experiments show that it is possible to vary the ac component of the winding capacitance from a few percent up to 95% of the total winding capacitance. This means that it is virtually free to choose between ac and dc capacitances during the design stage. This is very important in applications such as resonant converters with transformers having secondary windings connected to rectifiers with capacitive output filters.
Construction and Immunogenicity Studies of Recombinant Fowl Poxvirus Containing the S1 Gene of Massachusetts 41 Strain of Infectious Bronchitis Virus

SUMMARY. The spike 1 (S1) surface glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the major inducer of the generation of virus neutralizing antibodies, and the administration of purified S1 has been shown to elicit a protective immune response against virulent virus challenge. On the basis of these observations, recombinant fowl poxvirus (rFPV) containing a cDNA copy of the S1 gene of IBV Mass 41 (rFPV-S1) was constructed and its immunogenicity and vaccine potential were evaluated. Initially, rFPV-S1 was shown to express the S1 in vitro by indirect immunofluorescence staining and western blot analyses. Later, in vivo expression was demonstrated by the detection of IBV-specific serum immunoglobulin G and neutralization antibodies in the sera of chickens immunized with rFPV-S1. That the recombinant virus elicited anti-IBV protective immunity was indicated by the manifested, relatively mild clinical signs of disease, decreased titers of recovered challenge virus, and less severe histologic changes of the tracheas in virulent IBV Mass 41–challenged chickens previously receiving rFPV-S1 as compared with parental fowl poxvirus (FPV)-vaccinated control birds. In contrast, chickens immunized with either recombinant or parental FPV were resistant to a subsequent virulent FPV challenge. As to a preferred method of immunization, wing web administration appeared to be superior to the subcutaneous route because a greater percentage of birds vaccinated by the former protocol exhibited an anti-IBV humoral immune response. Thus, rFPV-S1 has potential as a poultry vaccine against both fowl pox and infectious bronchitis.
Companies Should Maximize Shareholder Welfare Not Market Value

What is the appropriate objective function for a firm? We analyze this question for the case where shareholders are prosocial and externalities are not perfectly separable from production decisions. We argue that maximization of shareholder welfare is not the same as maximization of market value. We propose that company and asset managers should pursue policies consistent with the preferences of their investors. Voting by shareholders on corporate policy is one way to achieve this.
Recovery of substrates and macro-benthos after fishing trials with a new Portuguese clam dredge

The effect of dredging on bottom structure was assessed, to estimate the damage inflicted on the benthic macrofauna left on the dredge path and to evaluate aggregations of scavengers within the track. Sediment suspended during dredging rapidly resettled both on sand and sandy-mud bottoms. Dredge tracks were deeper on sandy-mud sediments and persisted longer than in sandy sediments. The disappearance of tracks in both sediment types depended both on current strength and wave action. Damage and mortality induced by dredging on the macrobenthic animals left on the dredge path was relatively low. Post-fishing SCUBA diver observations showed that damaged animals left on the dredge path rapidly attracted scavengers, mainly Ophiura albida. Immediately after the tow ophiuroids reached densities eight times greater in the track region than in the background. However, they dispersed again rapidly because only few damaged fauna were available on the dredge tracks. Undamaged or slightly damaged shellfish started to rebury immediately after escaping from the dredge.
Case-control study on Puumala virus infection: smoking is a risk factor

SUMMARY Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) is apparently transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized secretions of carrier rodents (bank voles). The means of transmission and the associated risk factors are poorly defined. An epidemiological study during the peak of an epidemic season in Finland was conducted based on 282 acute clinical PUUV infections and 204 controls without PUUV infection or immunity. The main risk factors adjusted by age, sex and living environment were cigarette smoking [odds ratio (OR) 3·6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·1–5·9, P<0·0001] and buildings with holes allowing rodents to enter (OR 3·3, 95% CI 2·0–5·6); these results were similar in two subsets. Further, use of rodent traps (OR3·5, 95% CI 2·2–5·7) and handling firewood (OR 2·7, 95% CI 1·6–4·4) were associated with a risk. The risk attributed to smoking also remained high using simulated population controls with average smoking habits. The results suggest that hantavirus transmission occurs by inhalation mainly indoors and is dependent on the condition of the respiratory tract.
Bracing after ACL Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

Bracing after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction for rehabilitation and functional return to activities has been a common practice. Clinicians have believed braces improve the outcome of ACL reconstruction by improving extension, decreasing pain and graft strain, and providing protection from excessive force. However, we hypothesized the use of these braces could not be rationalized by evidence of improved outcome including measurements of pain, range of motion, graft stability, or protection from injury. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been performed to address these issues. This study represents a systematic review of the Level I evidence (12 RCTs) to determine if appropriate evidence exists to support brace use. We found no evidence that pain, range of motion, graft stability, or protection from subsequent injury were affected by brace use, thus supporting our hypothesis.Level of Evidence: Level I, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Reducing Use of Physical Restraint: A Pilot Study Investigating a Relationship-Based Crisis Prevention Curriculum

The use of physical restraint in residential treatment programs continues to be a topic of debate. Yet, there is a scarcity of empirical research on effective methods for reducing both the need and the use of physical restraint. Without such evidence, there is no clear direction on how to improve staff practices when working with students experiencing emotional and behavioral challenges. Consequently, it has been difficult for programs to develop clear, consistent, and definitive efforts to reduce restraint practices and eliminate unnecessary restraint. In an effort to improve program practices, we designed and piloted a relationship-based crisis prevention curriculum. In this article we discuss the pilot study and briefly outline curriculum features. Pilot study results reveal a statistically significant reduction in restraint, a shift in attitudes about prevention and need for restraint, and a positive trend in staff preparation. Additionally, the social validity of the curriculum and future directions for practice and research are discussed.
Modification of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber Characteristics Using Superheated Steam Treatment

In this study, oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) was treated with superheated steam (SHS) in order to modify its characteristics for biocomposite applications. Treatment was conducted at temperatures 190–230 °C for 1, 2 and 3 h. SHS-treated OPMF was evaluated for its chemical composition, thermal stability, morphology and crystallinity. OPMF treated at 230 °C exhibited lower hemicellulose content (9%) compared to the untreated OPMF (33%). Improved thermal stability of OPMF was found after the SHS treatment. Moreover, SEM and ICP analyses of SHS-treated OPMF showed that silica bodies were removed from OPMF after the SHS treatment. XRD results exhibited that OPMF crystallinity increased after SHS treatment, indicating tougher fiber properties. Hemicellulose removal makes the fiber surface more hydrophobic, whereby silica removal increases the surface roughness of the fiber. Overall, the results obtained herewith suggested that SHS is an effective treatment method for surface modification and subsequently improving the characteristics of the natural fiber. Most importantly, the use of novel, eco-friendly SHS may contribute to the green and sustainable treatment for surface modification of natural fiber.
At the Heart of Policing: Emotional labor among police officers

During my work as a police officer, I encountered many emotional demanding situations in which my colleagues and I often seemed to act unfelt emotions or suppressed emotions that would better not be displayed at that particular moment. For instance, during my first weeks of duty I wondered how police officers could stay seemingly untouched while being confronted with drunk and offensive people. One colleague once told me: “I don’t take it personally, it’s part of the job and so it doesn’t frustrate me anymore”. At other times, it turned out to be proper to display empathy although this emotion was not always genuinely felt (anymore). In contrast, when interrogating a criminal I learned that sometimes acting friendly may help to acquire important information. Otherwise, unfelt emotions such as anger had to be displayed in order to correct an offender and to prevent an interaction from escalating. These anecdotes illustrate the benefits of acting emotions during the work of police officers. Moreover, emotions form an inherent part of people’s (work) lives on a daily basis. Not surprisingly, the management and display of emotions in the workplace receives considerable attention as they may influence both individual well-being and organizational outcomes. The term emotional labor was first introduced by Hochschild (1983) and refers to how employees regulate their emotions as part of the work role and the consequences of doing so. The types of emotions that a company considers appropriate to show to clients are often part of its policy and are part of the company’s socalled display rules (Ekman, 1973; Grandey, 2000). To adhere to these display rules, employees may engage in emotional labor by suppressing felt emotions or displaying emotions that are different from their genuinely experienced emotions (Hochschild, 1983). This emotion regulation technique, termed surface acting, may lead to emotional dissonance, which refers to a state of discrepancy between felt and displayed emotions. Accumulating evidence from the past three decades reveals that both surface acting and emotional dissonance are detrimental to employee well-being (cf. Ashfort & Humphrey, 1993; Mesmer-Magnus, DeChurch, & Wax, 2012; Zapf, 2002).
Structure and Ligand Based Drug Design Strategies in the Development of Novel 5-LOX Inhibitors

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are non-heme iron containing dioxygenases involved in the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (AA). Depending on the position of insertion of oxygen, LOXs are classified into 5-, 8-, 9-, 12- and 15-LOX. Among these, 5-LOX is the most predominant isoform associated with the formation of 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE), the precursor of non-peptido (LTB4) and peptido (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) leukotrienes. LTs are involved in inflammatory and allergic diseases like asthma, ulcerative colitis, rhinitis and also in cancer. Consequently 5-LOX has become target for the development of therapeutic molecules for treatment of various inflammatory disorders. Zileuton is one such inhibitor of 5-LOX approved for the treatment of asthma. In the recent times, computer aided drug design (CADD) strategies have been applied successfully in drug development processes. A comprehensive review on structure based drug design strategies in the development of novel 5-LOX inhibitors is presented in this article. Since the crystal structure of 5-LOX has been recently solved, efforts to develop 5-LOX inhibitors have mostly relied on ligand based rational approaches. The present review provides a comprehensive survey on these strategies in the development of 5-LOX inhibitors.
ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS IN FINANCING PROJECT COMPANIES IN ASIA

Within institutional economics perspective of project finance, this paper empirically examines the potential influence of factors on debt capacity in project companies when financed through bankdominated financial systems with weak legal, regulatory and political institutions. The econometric results confirm that in order to capture the potential debt capacity of project companies financed through project finance arrangements in weak institutional environments, credit enhancements in the form of participation by multi-lateral/bilateral institutions, supplemented with specifically created institutional and informational infrastructure are frequently employed. These findings highlight the effectiveness of institutional and contractual arrangements in long-term investment schemes in infrastructure development. JEL Classification: G19, G21, G39, K49, L29.
Dimensional and discrete dental trait asymmetry relationships.

Inuit (Eskimos) from the Foxe Basin region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, were studied to ascertain the amount of dimensional and morphological asymmetry in their dentitions. The results indicate that dimensional asymmetry does not appear to be greater on either the maxillary or mandibular teeth. Both types of asymmetry show partial conformity to the model of tooth fields with an increasing amount of asymmetry as one goes distally in each tooth group. The morphological asymmetry exception, the mandibular incisors, follows Dahlberg's "Field Concept. " Rank-order correlations between the amount of dimensional asymmetry and morphological asymmetry reveal no detectable patterns. There appear to be no associations between the presence or absence of morphological asymmetry and the size of the tooth. This lack of association might be explained by differences in developmental timing of tooth dimensions and morphological traits; however, such a hypothesis requires experimental testing. In this population and those for which published results are available, it is practically impossible to overcome the "noise" level and test recent hypotheses regarding random dental asymmetry.
Perforating Lymph Vessels in the Canine Torso: Direct Lymph Pathway from Skin to the Deep Lymphatics

Background: Classic anatomical lymphatic mapping in humans is represented by four territories in the torso divided by the midline and horizontal line at the L2 level. Each territory drains into the ipsilateral axillary or inguinal lymph nodes. Recently, preoperative lymphoscintigraphy for staging breast cancer and malignant melanoma has become common in the clinical arena. It reveals an undescribed direct pathway from the skin of the loin to intraabdominal lymph nodes. The authors investigated the presence of such a lymphatic route using a dog model. Methods: The authors used seven greyhound dogs for this study. The caliber of their lymph vessels was similar to those of humans, and because of a lack of fat tissue under the integument, the vessels were identified easily. The authors applied their original radiographic technique using hydrogen peroxide and lead oxide for delineating the superficial lymphatic system. Results: Lymphatic territories of the torso were classified with relation to their regional lymph nodes. The authors found perforating lymph vessels in the lumbar and gluteal regions. They originated from the skin, penetrated the abdominal wall, and then drained into paraaortic lymph nodes instead of the axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. They were always accompanied by blood vessels, especially perforating veins. Conclusions: The authors found perforating lymph vessels in a canine torso. They seem to be equivalent to the unexpected lymph pathways found in humans using lymphoscintigraphy.
Drivers of Adoption and Continued Use of E-Procurement Systems: Empirical Evidence from China

ABSTRACT This article develops and empirically tests a research framework that models the role of technological, organizational, and environmental factors in organizational intention toward using e-procurement systems. The partial least square analysis of survey data from 211 firms in China demonstrates that technological factors including perceived efficiency benefits and perceived ease, organizational factors including business to business commerce expertise, information sharing culture, and top management support, and an environmental factor, business partner pressure, shape in different ways organizational intention to adopt and to continue with e-procurement. The findings of the study not only offer valuable insights for stimulating the diffusion of e-procurement systems but also provide important guidance to systems vendors in strategizing their marketing campaigns and focusing limited resources on relevant strategic components.
When I'm 64: Psychological contract breach, work motivation and the moderating roles of future time perspective and regulatory focus

Abstract There is an increasing need for managers to understand what motivates younger versus older workers to continue work within their company. We believe that this two-wave study among 90 Dutch employees is the first to examine: (1) the cross-lagged relationships between breach of psychological contract (which includes transactional and relational obligations) and intrinsic work motivation, and (2) the moderating role of the age-related variables future time perspective and regulatory focus. Regulatory focus concerns the orientation (either promotion-focused or prevention-focused) by which an individual pursues their goals. Based on psychological contract theory, we expected and found that relational contract breach predicts lower work motivation. Furthermore, based on lifespan developmental and regulatory focus theory, we assumed that this relationship would be stronger when workers experienced an open future time perspective and a promotion focus rather than a prevention focus. The results showed that future time perspective indeed had a strengthening, and prevention focus a reducing moderating effect in the relationship between psychological contract breach and work motivation. However, no significant effects for promotion focus were found. These findings indicate that age-related processes such as future time perspective and regulatory focus are important variables to include in future psychological contract research.