Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Fair Coexistence of Loss- and Delay-Based TCP

This paper presents and develops a novel delay-based additive increase, multiplicative decrease (AIMD) congestion control algorithm. The main features of the proposed solution include: 1) low standing queues and delay in homogeneous environments (with delay-based flows only); 2) fair coexistence of delay- and loss-based flows in heterogeneous environments; 3) delay-based flows behave as loss-based flows when loss-based flows are present in the network; otherwise they revert to delay-based operation. It is also shown that these properties can be achieved without any appreciable increase in network loss rate over that which would be present in a comparable network of standard TCP flows (loss-based AIMD). To demonstrate the potential of the presented algorithm, both analytical and simulation results are provided in a range of different network scenarios. These include stability and convergence results in general multiple-bottleneck networks and a number of simulation scenarios to demonstrate the utility of the proposed scheme. In particular, we show that networks employing our algorithm have the features of networks in which RED AQM's are deployed. Furthermore, in a wide range of situations (including high-speed scenarios), we show that low delay is achieved irrespective of the queueing algorithm employed in the network, with only sender-side modification to the basic AIMD algorithm.
Molecular subtypes of breast cancer in relation to paclitaxel response and outcomes in women with metastatic disease : Results from CALGB 9342

Introduction The response to paclitaxel varies widely in metastatic breast cancer. We analyzed data from CALGB 9342, which tested three doses of paclitaxel in women with advanced disease, to determine whether response and outcomes differed according to HER2, hormone receptor, and p53 status. Methods Among 474 women randomly assigned to paclitaxel at a dose of 175, 210, or 250 mg/m2, adequate primary tumor tissue was available from 175. Immunohistochemistry with two antibodies and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed to evaluate HER2 status; p53 status was determined by immunohistochemistry and sequencing. Hormone receptor status was obtained from pathology reports. Results Objective response rate was not associated with HER2 or p53 status. There was a trend toward a shorter median time to treatment failure among women with HER2-positive tumors (2.3 versus 4.2 months; P = 0.067). HER2 status was not related to overall survival (OS). Hormone receptor expression was not associated with differences in response but was associated with longer OS (P = 0.003). In contrast, women with p53 over-expression had significantly shorter OS than those without p53 over-expression (11.5 versus 14.4 months; P = 0.002). In addition, triple negative tumors were more frequent in African-American than in Caucasian patients, and were associated with a significant reduction in OS (8.7 versus 12.9 months; P = 0.008). Conclusion None of the biomarkers was predictive of treatment response in women with metastatic breast cancer; however, survival differed according to hormone receptor and p53 status. Triple negative tumors were more frequent in African-American patients and were associated with a shorter survival. Introduction The taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) are among the most active drugs for treatment of breast cancer and are an important component of treatment in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic settings. These drugs act, at least in part, by stabilizing microtubules and inducing G2/M arrest, with subsequent apoptosis in malignant cells. Paclitaxel, the first taxane that was developed, has substantial antitumor activity. As a result, CALGB – Cancer and Leukemia Group B; CI = confidence interval; ER = estrogen receptor; FISH = fluorescent in situ hybridization; HER = human epidermal growth factor receptor; IHC = immunohistochemistry; NSABP = National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project; OS = overall survival; PR = progesterone receptor; TTF = time to treatment failure. Breast Cancer Research Vol 8 No 6 Harris et al.
Performance of diagnostic mammography for women with signs or symptoms of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND The performance of diagnostic mammography for women with signs or symptoms of breast cancer has not been well studied. We evaluated whether age, breast density, self-reported breast lump, and previous mammography influence the performance of diagnostic mammography. METHODS From January 1996 through March 1998, prospective diagnostic mammography data from women aged 25-89 years with no previous breast cancer were linked to cancer outcomes data in six mammography registries participating in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. We used the final mammographic assessment at the end of the imaging work-up to determine abnormal mammographic examination rate, positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We used age, breast density, prior mammogram, and self-reported breast lump jointly as predictors of performance. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Of 41 427 diagnostic mammograms, 6279 (15.2%) were judged abnormal. The overall PPV was 21.8%, sensitivity was 85.8%, and specificity was 87.7%. Multivariate analysis showed that sensitivity and specificity generally declined as breast density increased (P =.007 and P<.001, respectively), that previous mammography decreased sensitivity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36 to 0.74; P<.001) but increased specificity (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.31 to 1.57; P<.001), and that a self-reported breast lump increased sensitivity (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.38; P =.013) but decreased specificity (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.59; P<.001). ROC analysis showed that higher breast density and previous mammography were negatively related to accuracy (P<.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic mammography in women with signs or symptoms of breast cancer shows higher sensitivity and lower specificity than screening mammography does. Higher breast density and previous mammographic examination appear to impair performance.
An emergent model of orientation selectivity in cat visual cortical simple cells

It is well known that visual cortical neurons respond vigorously to a limited range of stimulus orientations, while their primary afferent inputs, neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), respond well to all orientations. Mechanisms based on intracortical inhibition and/or converging thalamocortical afferents have previously been suggested to underlie the generation of cortical orientation selectivity; however, these models conflict with experimental data. Here, a 1:4 scale model of a 1700 microns by 200 microms region of layer IV of cat primary visual cortex (area 17) is presented to demonstrate that local intracortical excitation may provide the dominant source of orientation-selective input. In agreement with experiment, model cortical cells exhibit sharp orientation selectivity despite receiving strong iso-orientation inhibition, weak cross- orientation inhibition, no shunting inhibition, and weakly tuned thalamocortical excitation. Sharp tuning is provided by recurrent cortical excitation. As this tuning signal arises from the same pool of neurons that it excites, orientation selectivity in the model is shown to be an emergent property of the cortical feedback circuitry. In the model, as in experiment, sharpness of orientation tuning is independent of stimulus contrast and persists with silencing of ON-type subfields. The model also provides a unified account of intracellular and extracellular inhibitory blockade experiments that had previously appeared to conflict over the role of inhibition. It is suggested that intracortical inhibition acts nonspecifically and indirectly to maintain the selectivity of individual neurons by balancing strong intracortical excitation at the columnar level.
Association of Serum Erythropoietin With Cardiovascular Events, Kidney Function Decline, and Mortality: The Health Aging and Body Composition Study

Background—Studies suggest that in patients with heart failure (HF), high serum erythropoietin is associated with risk of recurrent HF and mortality. Trials of erythropoietin-stimulating agents in persons with kidney disease have also suggested an increased incidence of adverse clinical events. No large studies of which we are aware have evaluated the association of endogenous erythropoietin levels with clinical outcomes in the community-living older adults. Methods and Results—Erythropoietin concentration was measured in 2488 participants aged 70–79 years in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Associations of erythropoietin with incident HF, coronary heart disease, stroke, mortality, and ≥30% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate were examined using Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression over 10.7 years of follow-up. Mean (SD) age was 75 (3) years and median (quartile 1, quartile 3) erythropoietin was 12.3 (9.0, 17.2) mIU/mL. There were 503 incident HF events, and each doubling of serum erythropoietin was associated with a 25% increased risk of incident HF 1.25 (95% confidence interval 1.13, 1.48) after adjusting for demographics, prevalent cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease risk factors, kidney function, and serum hemoglobin. There was no interaction of serum erythropoietin with chronic kidney disease or anemia (P>0.50). There were 330 incident coronary heart disease events, 161 strokes, 1112 deaths, and 698 outcomes of ≥30% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate. Serum erythropoietin was not significantly associated with these outcomes. Conclusions—Higher levels of endogenous erythropoietin are associated with incident HF in older adults. Studies need to elucidate the mechanisms through which endogenous erythropoietin levels associate with specific outcomes.
after transthoracic

The ACR Committee on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert panels have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked. Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination.
Inactivating mutations and hypermethylation of the NKX2‐1/TTF‐1 gene in non‐terminal respiratory unit‐type lung adenocarcinomas

The major driver mutations of lung cancer, EGFR mutations and EML4‐ALK fusion, are mainly detected in terminal respiratory unit (TRU)‐type lung adenocarcinomas, which typically show lepidic and/or papillary patterns, but are rarely associated with a solid or invasive mucinous morphology. In order to elucidate the key genetic events in non‐TRU‐type lung cancer, we carried out whole‐exome sequencing on 43 non‐TRU‐type lung adenocarcinomas based on morphology (17 acinar, nine solid, and two enteric adenocarcinomas, and 15 adenocarcinomas with a mucinous morphology). Our analysis identified mutations in TP53 (16/43, 37.2%), KRAS (13/43, 30.2%), and NKX2‐1/TTF‐1 (7/43; 16.3%) as the top three significantly mutated genes, while the EGFR mutation was rare (1/43, 2.3%) in this cohort. Eight NKX2‐1/TTF‐1 mutations (five frameshift, two nonsense, and one missense) were identified, with one case harboring two distinct NKX2‐1/TTF‐1 mutations (one missense and one frameshift). Functional assays with the NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2‐1)/thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF‐1) mutants revealed that none of them retain the activity as a transcriptional factor. Histologically, invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas accounted for most of the NKX2‐1/TTF‐1 mutations (five cases), as well as one enteric and one acinar adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry showed that the cohort was largely divided into TTF‐1‐postive/hepatocyte nuclear factor 4‐α (HNF4‐α)‐negative and TTF‐1‐negative/HNF4‐α‐positive groups. NKX2‐1/TTF‐1 mutations were exclusively found in the latter, in which the gastrointestinal markers, mucin 5AC and cytokeratin 20, were frequently expressed. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that the NKX2‐1/TTF‐1 gene body was highly methylated in NKX2‐1/TTF‐1‐negative cases, including those without the NKX2‐1/TTF‐1 mutations. The genetic or epigenetic inactivation of NKX2‐1/TTF‐1 may play an essential role in the development and aberrant differentiation of non‐TRU‐type lung adenocarcinomas.
Boundary-layer transition on broad cones rotating in an imposed axial flow

We present stability analyses for the boundary-layer flow over broad cones (half-angle > 40 ◦ ) rotating in imposed axial flows. Preliminary convective instability analyses are presented that are based on the Orr–Sommerfeld equation for a variety of axial-flow speeds. The results are discussed in terms of the limited existing experimental data and previous stability analyses on related bodies. The results of an absolute instability analysis are also presented which are intended to further those by Garrett & Peake 21 through the use of a more rigorous steady-flow formulation. Axial flow is seen to delay the onset of both convective and absolute instabilities.
Patient Satisfaction with Breasts and Psychosocial, Sexual, and Physical Well-Being after Breast Augmentation in Male-to-Female Transsexuals

Background: Satisfaction with breasts, sexual well-being, psychosocial well-being, and physical well-being are essential outcome factors following breast augmentation surgery in male-to-female transsexual patients. The aim of this study was to measure change in patient satisfaction with breasts and sexual, physical, and psychosocial well-being after breast augmentation in male-to-female transsexual patients. Methods: All consecutive male-to-female transsexual patients who underwent breast augmentation between 2008 and 2012 were asked to complete the BREAST-Q Augmentation module questionnaire before surgery, at 4 months, and later after surgery. A prospective cohort study was designed and postoperative scores were compared with baseline scores. Satisfaction with breasts and sexual, physical, and psychosocial outcomes assessment was based on the BREAST-Q. Results: Thirty-five male-to-female transsexual patients completed the questionnaires. BREAST-Q subscale median scores (satisfaction with breasts, +59 points; sexual well-being, +34 points; and psychosocial well-being, +48 points) improved significantly (p < 0.05) at 4 months postoperatively and later. No significant change was observed in physical well-being. Conclusions: In this prospective, noncomparative, cohort study, the current results suggest that the gains in breast satisfaction, psychosocial well-being, and sexual well-being after male-to-female transsexual patients undergo breast augmentation are statistically significant and clinically meaningful to the patient at 4 months after surgery and in the long term. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.
Deep Similarity-Based Batch Mode Active Learning with Exploration-Exploitation

Active learning aims to reduce manual labeling efforts by proactively selecting the most informative unlabeled instances to query. In real-world scenarios, it's often more practical to query a batch of instances rather than a single one at each iteration. To achieve this we need to keep not only the informativeness of the instances but also their diversity. Many heuristic methods have been proposed to tackle batch mode active learning problems, however, they suffer from two limitations which if addressed would significantly improve the query strategy. Firstly, the similarity amongst instances is simply calculated using the feature vectors rather than being jointly learned with the classification model. This weakens the accuracy of the diversity measurement. Secondly, these methods usually exploit the decision boundary by querying the data points close to it. However, this can be inefficient when the labeled set is too small to reveal the true boundary. In this paper, we address both limitations by proposing a deep neural network based algorithm. In the training phase, a pairwise deep network is not only trained to perform classification, but also to project data points into another space, where the similarity can be more precisely measured. In the query selection phase, the learner selects a set of instances that are maximally uncertain and minimally redundant (exploitation), as well as are most diverse from the labeled instances (exploration). We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method on a variety of classification tasks: MNIST classification, opinion polarity detection, and heart failure prediction. Our method outperforms the baselines with both higher classification accuracy and faster convergence rate.
The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation

We explore the Tully-Fisher relation over five decades in stellar mass in galaxies with circular velocities ranging over 30 ≲ Vc ≲ 300 km s-1. We find a clear break in the optical Tully-Fisher relation: field galaxies with Vc ≲ 90 km s-1 fall below the relation defined by brighter galaxies. These faint galaxies, however, are very rich in gas; adding in the gas mass and plotting the baryonic disk mass Md = M* + Mgas in place of luminosity restores the single linear relation. The Tully-Fisher relation thus appears fundamentally to be a relation between rotation velocity and total baryonic mass of the form Md ∝ V.
Optimizing WRF-Hydro Calibration in the Himalayan Basin: Precipitation Influence and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis

Lack of in-situ observations and reliable climate information in large part of the Himalayas poses a significant challenges for assessing water resources vulnerability accurately. Further, the reliance on only a few coarse resolution gridded datasets with considerable uncertainty 20 complicates this problem. However, integrated hydrometeorological modeling systems, like WRF-Hydro, have the potential to provide information in such ungauged or poorly observed regions, yet they require careful calibration. Here, we calibrate and assess the fidelity of WRF-Hydro in simulating the hydrological regime of the Beas basin. Selected WRF-Hydro model parameters are calibrated using the PEST framework, using eight simulations with two 25 meteorological forcings from two WRF realisations. Model calibration improves the accuracy of the basin discharge simulation, however the choice of precipitation forcing is also critically important. We propose an ensemble weighting scheme to optimize an intra-annual tradeoff between streamflow under-and overestimation in different WRF-Hydro configurations. This study demonstrate the efficacy of using coupled (offline) WRF and WRF-Hydro for providing 30 climate change impact-relevant information in data-sparse basins.
Analysis tools for finite volume schemes

Abstract. This paper is devoted to a review of the analysis tools which have been developed for the the mathematical study of cell centred finite volume schemes in the past years. We first recall the general principle of the method and give some simple examples. We then explain how the analysis is performed for elliptic equations and relate it to the analysis of the continuous problem; the lack of regularity of the approximate solutions is overcome by an estimate on the translates, which allows the use of the Kolmogorov theorem in order to get compactness. The parabolic case is treated with the same technique. Next we introduce a co-located scheme for the incompressible Navier–Stokes, which requires the definition of some discrete derivatives. Here again, we explain how the continuous estimates can guide us for the discrete estimates. We then give the basic ideas of the convergence analysis for non linear hyperbolic conservation laws, and conclude with an overview of the recent domains of application.
Incidence of indurative lymphocytic mastitis in a flock of sheep infected with maedi-visna virus

Sheep in a flock in which 88 per cent of the ewes had antibodies to maedi-visna virus were clinically examined for udder induration during lactation and after drying off. On both occasions about half of the ewes had indurated udders. Histological examination revealed lymphocytic mastitis associated with maedi-visna virus infection, in the udders of six of 25 hoggs (24 per cent), 21 of 39 shearlings (53.8 per cent) and 42 of 67 ewes (62.7 per cent). Distinct lung lesions were found in 8 per cent of the hoggs, 12.5 per cent of the shearlings and 10 per cent of the ewes. The results of a clinical examination of dry udders were correlated with the histological findings.
Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 2006 | Article 32

The colony is the functional unit of natural selection for most social insects including the Florida harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius. To address reproduction in the species variables were evaluated relevant to the colony-level (sociometry), and social growth (sociogenesis). Colonies become reproductively mature when the worker population reaches ~700 individuals. The production of males and gynes (reproductive females) occurs only in spring, and is highly synchronized from its onset, which in turn allows synchronization of mating in early summer. Worker production follows sexual production, and continues until colonies go dormant in winter. Once mature, colony investment into reproduction is a constant proportion of colony size (isometric), regardless of the sex ratio produced. As individual male body size increases, they become leaner, whereas the amount of fat stored by gynes is highly variable. Larger colonies produce larger males, but gyne size is a constant across the range of colony sizes. As colony size increases, investment into males increases faster than investment into gynes. Therefore, there is a trend of increasing male bias in the sex ratio with increasing colony size (although a single outlier complicates this conclusion). We interpret our results in the light of sexual and natural selection as documented in related species. We also report the first documentation of male production by workers in the genus Pogonomyrmex.
A QoS Model for Task-Based Service Composition

This paper presents a system, where a model of the user’s tasks is used for automatic service composition in smart spaces. In the system service modeling is decoupled from resource modeling. We present a model for quality of service (QoS) based service composition, integrating it with our resource management scheme. A component acting on behalf of the user composes the service with the aim of maximizing the QoS for the currently active user task. This functionality is decomposed to the description and determination of static and dynamic QoS. The concept of static QoS refers to the degree of match between the requirements of the user’s active task and the qualities and capabilities of a service composition. Dynamic QoS extends static QoS by taking into account the current state and availability of the resources.