Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clicking to Learn During the 2008 Presidential Election: Why Capturing Channel Switching Matters

This article examines the effect that channel switching among news programs has on knowledge of the issue stands of the 2008 presidential candidates. Past studies focused on news-to-non-news-switching found news grazing to be negatively related to levels of political knowledge. Drawing on data from the 2008 National Annenberg Election Study (NAES) the study concludes that: 1) during the 2008 general election many viewers switched from one news program to another; 2) switchers were disproportionately those who reported closely following the election; 3) the level of channel switching was dynamic during the 2008 campaign and peaked during the parties' convention; 4) switching from one news program to another was positively related to knowledge of the candidates' issue stances, in the presence of controls, and 5) the impact of channel switching on knowledge is moderated by how closely one follows the election. The implication of the results and possible directions for future research are discussed.
Arterial Pulse Wave Dynamics After Percutaneous Aortic Valve Replacement: Fall in Coronary Diastolic Suction With Increasing Heart Rate as a Basis for Angina Symptoms in Aortic Stenosis

Background— Aortic stenosis causes angina despite unobstructed arteries. Measurement of conventional coronary hemodynamic parameters in patients undergoing valvular surgery has failed to explain these symptoms. With the advent of percutaneous aortic valve replacement (PAVR) and developments in coronary pulse wave analysis, it is now possible to instantaneously abolish the valvular stenosis and to measure the resulting changes in waves that direct coronary flow. Methods and Results— Intracoronary pressure and flow velocity were measured immediately before and after PAVR in 11 patients with unobstructed coronary arteries. Using coronary pulse wave analysis, we calculated the intracoronary diastolic suction wave (the principal accelerator of coronary blood flow). To test physiological reserve to increased myocardial demand, we measured at resting heart rate and during pacing at 90 and 120 bpm. Before PAVR, the basal myocardial suction wave intensity was 1.9±0.3×10−5 W · m−2 · s−2, and this increased in magnitude with increasing severity of aortic stenosis (r=0.59, P=0.05). This wave decreased markedly with increasing heart rate (&bgr; coefficient=−0.16×10−4 W · m−2 · s−2; P<0.001). After PAVR, despite a fall in basal suction wave (1.9±0.3 versus 1.1±0.1×10−5 W · m−2 · s−2; P=0.02), there was an immediate improvement in coronary physiological reserve with increasing heart rate (&bgr; coefficient=0.9×10−3 W · m−2 · s−2; P=0.014). Conclusions— In aortic stenosis, the coronary physiological reserve is impaired. Instead of increasing when heart rate rises, the coronary diastolic suction wave decreases. Immediately after PAVR, physiological reserve returns to a normal positive pattern. This may explain how aortic stenosis can induce anginal symptoms and their prompt relief after PAVR. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT01118442.
Learning and Teaching Programming: A Review and Discussion

In this paper we review the literature relating to the psychological/educational study of programming. We identify general trends comparing novice and expert programmers, programming knowledge and strategies, program generation and comprehension, and object-oriented versus procedural programming. (We do not cover research relating specifically to other programming styles.) The main focus of the review is on novice programming and topics relating to novice teaching and learning. Various problems experienced by novices are identified, including issues relating to basic program design, to algorithmic complexity in certain language features, to the “fragility” of novice knowledge, and so on. We summarise this material and suggest some practical implications for teachers. We suggest that a key issue that emerges is the distinction between effective and ineffective novices. What characterises effective novices? Is it possible to identify the specific deficits of ineffective novices and help them to become effective learners of programming?
The antibacterial and antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Guatemalan medicinal plants

Abstract Context: Essential oils are prevalent in many medicinal plants used for oral hygiene and treatment of diseases. Objective: Medicinal plant species were extracted to determine the essential oil content. Those producing sufficient oil were screened for activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans. Materials and methods: Plant samples were collected, frozen, and essential oils were extracted by steam distillation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using a tube dilution assay for those species yielding sufficient oil. Results: Fifty-nine of the 141 plant species produced sufficient oil for collection and 12 species not previously reported to produce essential oils were identified. Essential oil extracts from 32 species exhibited activity against one or more microbes. Oils from eight species were highly inhibitory to S. mutans, four species were highly inhibitory to C. albicans, and 19 species yielded MIC values less than the reference drugs. Discussion: Results suggest that 11 species were highly inhibitory to the microbes tested and merit further investigation. Oils from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae), Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle (Rutaceae), Lippia graveolens Kunth (Verbenaceae), and Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) yielded highly significant or moderate activity against all microbes and have potential as antimicrobial agents. Conclusion: Teas prepared by decoction or infusion are known methods for extracting essential oils. Oils from 11 species were highly active against the microbes tested and merit investigation as to their potential for addressing health-related issues and in oral hygiene.
Framing ‘Choices’: a longitudinal study of occupational aspirations among 13 to 16-year olds

Abstract The ‘framing’ of occupational aspirations and expectations are examined through a longitudinal study of 13‐ to 16‐year‐olds. The relative impact of gender, social class and area on the development of occupational aspirations and expectations is assessed, together with an examination of levels of stability between the ages of 13 and 16. While males and females tend to aspire to very gender‐specific occupations, ideas about the suitability of occupations are formed at a relatively early age and overall levels of change are quite small. Bivariate analysis highlights the impact of gender, area, social class and academic attainment on occupational aspirations. Multiple regression is used to assess the relative impact of factors associated with variation in status levels of occupational aspirations: after controlling for expected academic attainments, other factors were found not to have a significant impact on occupational aspirations. These findings suggest that the impact of area and social class op.
HIV/AIDS, Pentecostal Churches, and the "Joseph Generation" in Uganda

In Kampala, Pentecostal churches have been filling the public space since 1986. The paper focuses on the transformation that Pentecostal churches have been experiencing in Uganda, with an increasing involvement in society. I discuss interactions between this process and changes in national strategies regarding HIV and AIDS prevention, and show how the concept of "salvation" assumes renewed meanings in this context. I analyze young people's involvement in religious campaigns against AIDS, and the fact that this is linked to the Pentecostal discourse of the "break with the past," which in Uganda has found a new dimension in the rhetoric of a "Joseph Generation," charged with building a Christian country and opposed to the fathers' generation.
ESTABLISHING THE VALIDITY OF TOEIC BRIDGE™ TEST SCORES FOR STUDENTS IN COLOMBIA, CHILE, AND ECUADOR

The validity of TOEIC Bridge™ scores as a measure of English language skill was examined from the standpoint of a unified concept of test validity. In this study, more than 6,000 test takers in 3 Latin American countries (Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador) took 1 form of the TOEIC Bridge test, and their scores were compared to additional information about the students (teacher judgments, self-assessments, and performance on other academic achievement measures). The evidence collected was generally quite consistent with the interpretation of TOEIC Bridge scores as indicators of the English language competencies for the students examined.
Absence of insulitis and overt diabetes in athymic nude mice with NOD genetic background.

NOD mice spontaneously develop diabetic syndrome similar to that of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in man. Insulitis, i.e., lymphocytic infiltration into the pancreatic islets is the etiologic pathological lesion in the development of diabetes mellitus in NOD mice. In the present study, we examined the role of the T cell in the development of insulitis and overt diabetes in NOD mice using NOD athymic and euthymic congenic mice. None of the NOD athymic mice developed insulitis at 9 weeks of age or overt diabetes up to 30 weeks of age. In contrast, NOD euthymic littermates showed almost the same incidences of insulitis and overt diabetes as those of NOD mice. These observations suggest that T cells are essential for the development of insulitis and overt diabetes in NOD mice.
Physical Attractiveness Contrast Effect: Implications for Self-Esteem and Evaluations of the Social Self

Three studies examined the impact of a physical attractiveness contrast effect on self-evaluations. Self-ratings of attractiveness by men and women exposed to highly attractive same-sex stimulus persons (negative contrast) were lower than those of peons not so exposed; attractiveness self-ratings were enhanced by exposure to unattractive stimulus persons (positive contrast). Global self-esteem was not influenced by a negative contrast effect; however, an adverse affect was observed on a more specific assessment of social self-esteem based on interpersonal competence. Corresponding increases in public self-consciousness occurred. 77e positive contrast effect was associated with marginally increased social self-esteem but not with heightened public self-consciousness. The potential role of public self-consciousness in mediating the attractiveness contrast effect is considered
A summary review of literature relating to workplace bullying

This paper is intended to provide literature signposts for the new researcher into adult bullying. A concise, but not exhaustive, overview of literature relating to workplace bullying is undertaken. It draws on the base provided by work into school bullying and progresses to the arena of adult bullying. In both fields Scandinavian countries have contributed a significant proportion of the research. Research reported in the English language into adult bullying at work is rather limited, but will have emphasis in this paper. Broadly there are two direct approaches; that of investigating the incidence of bullying, and also that of attempting to understand the bullying process. Both approaches are sometimes integrated within a study. There is a wide range of work that can be related to bullying at work, and some of these areas are highlighted.
Homer 1a enhances spike‐induced calcium influx via L‐type calcium channels in neocortex pyramidal cells

The scaffold protein family Homer/Vesl serves to couple surface receptors or channels with endoplasmic calcium release channels. Homer 1a/Vesl‐1S is regarded as regulating such coupling in an activity‐dependent manner. The present calcium photometry and electrophysiological measurement revealed that Homer 1a up‐regulates voltage‐dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), depending on inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3Rs). In rat neocortex pyramidal cells, intracellular injection by diffusion from the patch pipette (referred to as ‘infusion’) of Homer 1a protein enhanced spike‐induced calcium increase, depending on both the protein concentration and spike frequency. Induction of this enhancement was disrupted by blockers of key molecules of the mGluR–IP3 signalling pathway, including metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), phospholipase C and IP3Rs. However, infusion of IP3 failed to mimic the effect of Homer 1a, suggesting requirement for a second Homer 1a‐mediated signalling as well as the mGluR–IP3 signalling. In contrast to the induction, maintenance of this enhancement was independent of the mGluR–IP3 signalling, taking the form of augmented calcium influx via L‐type VDCCs. Presumably due to the VDCC up‐regulation, threshold currents for calcium spikes were reduced. Given that Homer 1a induction is thought to down‐regulate neural excitability and hence somatic spike firing, this facilitation of calcium spikes concomitant with such attenuated firing may well have a critical impact on bi‐directional synaptic plasticity.
Trusting relationships and emotional epistemologies:1 a foundational leadership issue

The connections among relational trust, learning and development are implicit in transformational leadership theory. They have also been established empirically in recent studies. Leadership preparation programs often endorse the need for leaders to build effective collaborative relationships that rely on trust. Trust is an emotional phenomenon. However, when consideration of emotions—the cooked and the raw—remains prohibited in professional discourse this can limit the development of trust and directly influence the likelihood of leader success in building collaborative school cultures. For these reasons, there is a need to address the emotions of leadership as part of a comprehensive approach to preparing leaders for the challenges in today's schools. In this study, it was of interest to learn whether an emotional epistemologies theoretical framework could be helpful in engaging aspirant leaders in re‐examining emotion's role in their practice. In the context of a Masters in Educational Leadership program, aspiring and practising leaders were invited to read and respond to a written report on an emotional epistemologies theoretical framework. They were also supported in their learning by a variety of classroom activities. Reported here is an analysis of written responses to the paper, which illustrate the students' engagement with its ideas and their struggles with the tensions among competing perceptions of emotion's place in leadership.
The Probability of Single-family Dwelling Occupancy

Changing socioeconomic conditions are increasing the flexible workforce, such as home workers that are believed to internalize the need for home-work space in their housing consumption. Analysis of census data in thirteen Canadian metropolitan areas shows that households where one or both maintainers work from home have a greater propensity to reside in larger single-family detached houses than comparable households with maintainers who commute to work. The home-work variable increases the probability of single-family dwelling occupancy more than age, immigration, and household size, demographic variables generally highly associated with single-family dwelling occupancy. Although issues of causality cannot be empirically resolved here, if home work requires more space, it is one of the factors that would influence the tendency to continue to reside in the larger single-family dwellings. These dwellings have greater environmental impacts than more compact housing types that planners promote as part of their sustainability goals.
Knowledge, knerves and know-how: The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure

Failure of expert motor skill is common in cases where performers are highly motivated to succeed. One cause of this can be an inward focus of attention in which an attempt is made to perform the skill by consciously processing explicit knowledge of how it works. The resulting disruption of the automaticity of the skill leads to its failure. It follows from this that disruption of automatic processing will be avoided if performers have little or no explicit knowledge of their skill. Subjects in the reported experiment were required to acquire a golf-putting skill, either explicitly (with knowledge of rules) or implicitly (without knowledge of rules) and were then tested under conditions of stress, induced by a combination of evaluation apprehension and financial inducement. Evidence was found to support the hypothesis that the skill of performers with a small pool of explicit knowledge is less likely to fail under pressure than that of performers with a large pool of explicit knowledge.
Beginning teacher attrition: a question of identity making and identity shifting

While there is discrepancy about the actual percentage of early career teachers that leave teaching in their first five years, one consistent discovery in a number of countries is that attrition is high for early career teachers. I became curious about early career teacher attrition as I watched colleagues leave the profession that they thought was a lifelong calling. In order to inquire into this phenomenon, I moved through a three-stage research process. First, I engaged in writing a series of stories about my experiences as a beginning teacher. Using autobiographical narrative inquiry, I then inquired into the stories in order to retell them looking for resonances across the stories. Secondly, I conducted a review of the literature, analyzing the studies to identify how the problem of early career teacher attrition was conceptualized. I identified two dominant problem frames: a problem frame situated within the individual and a problem frame situated in the context. Lastly, I offered a different conceptualization of the phenomenon of early career teacher attrition that draws on my autobiographical narrative inquiry and the literature review. I frame the problem of teacher attrition, not as a personal or a contextual problem frame, but as a problem of teacher identity making and identity shifting.
Pragmatic socialization: Parental input to preschoolers

Little is known about parents’ pragmatic input and the ways it contributes to preschoolers’ acquisition of pragmatic competence. In order to address this issue, five families with preschoolers were asked to audiotape everyday family interactions over the course of one year. Parents provided a great deal of input about 15 different behaviors that included both pragmatic phrases and more abstract discourse skills. Input fell into 13 different categories. It typically addressed children's errors and omissions and was indirect. The results replicate and extend previous research and offer insights into preschoolers’ acquisition of pragmatic competence. It is suggested that parental input provides rich information about pragmatic behaviors and conventions, that indirectness forces children to generate appropriate responses, and that children play an active role in the acquisition process.
Changes in aphasic discourse after contrasting treatments for anomia

Background: Discourse analysis is a key element in determining treatment effects. However, it is extremely labour intensive, requiring in‐depth knowledge of linguistics and aphasiology; thus, it is often neglected in the analysis of treatment outcomes. A clinically practical method of discourse analysis would be beneficial for evaluation and determination of treatment efficacy. Aims: The current study investigates changes in discourse content following contrasting treatments for anomia using grammatical analysis. In addition, we pilot the use of a new information measure. Methods & Procedures: We compare discourse changes after a gestural + verbaltreatment and a semantic‐phonologic treatment for nouns and verbs on two groups of individuals with aphasia. Analyses compared discourse samples from 14 participants taken at baseline, post‐phase 1, and post‐phase 2. In addition to traditional measures such as number of nouns, verbs, and sentence types, a new measure of information is introduced, the Utterance with New Information (UNI). The UNI is designed to assess content in non‐propositional, impaired speech in open‐ended discourse. Outcomes & Results: Noun production increased in participants of both treatments, whereas grammatical sentences increased only in participants of the semantic‐phonologic treatment. Production of UNIs increased in participants of both treatments as well as over time. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a few easily counted measures of discourse production can provide clinically useful information for the clinician. Moreover, these findings suggest discourse analysis is a viable method of determining treatment outcomes especially given that improving discourse is the ultimate goal of all aphasia treatments.
Psychological Predictors of Job Performance and Career Success in Professional Sport

Psychological Predictors of Job Performance and Career Success in Professional Sport The measurement of psychological factors specific to sport has provided sport psychologists with valuable information for performance enhancement interventions. It is necessary, however, to consider that the predictive validity of the measures when related to job performance or career success in professional sport is limited (Humara, 2000). This literature review describes theoretical and empirical evidence related to (a) utility and validity of psychological measures that predict job performance, including general mental ability (GMA), personality, and emotional intelligence (EI); (b) descriptions of the psychological factors affecting successful and unsuccessful performances at major sporting events such as the Olympic Games; (c) examination of the psychological measures related to performance of successful athletes; and (d) an overview of EI as a construct relevant to job performance and career success of athletes. The aim of the literature review is to present evidence for a systematic method of assessment as recommended by Schmidt and Hunter (1998) that includes GMA and appropriate supplementary measures for sport. A method that encourages the existence and/or development of psychological competencies can enhance the professional experience for the athletes and potentially the return on investment for the professional sporting organization.
Female business faculty attrition: paths through the labyrinth

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore female business faculty perceptions about attrition from a business school to uncover factors that might assist in female faculty retention in business schools. Design/methodology/approach – Using a qualitative study approach and guided by past literature, the paper systematically analyses open-ended responses to interview questions and notes emergent themes. Findings – The major themes that emerged as factors leading to attrition: first, an exclusionary and managerialist culture which marginalized and demoralized women; second, curtailed career opportunities, including a lack of gender equity in promotion and tenure; third, poor leadership; and fourth, break up of a critical mass of women. The factors then that might assist in female faculty retention are a critical mass of women, gender equity, inclusive, collaborative cultures, psychological safety, and ethical leadership. The career patterns of the women indicated that a labyrinth is an apt metaphor fo.