Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Priming of Old and New Knowledge in Amnesic Patients and Normal Subjects a

Neuropsychological studies of memory pathology have demonstrated that amnesic patients who are characterized by diverse forms of neurological dysfunction are severely impaired on tasks that tap recall and recognition of recently studied information. '-' One feature of virtually all memory tasks on which amnesic patients are impaired is that they demand explicit recollection of the context and content of recent learning episodes. During the past decade, however, two kinds of evidence have established that amnesic patients can demonstrate relatively normal memory performance on implicit tests, which do not demand explicit recollection of a learning episode. One is that amnesic patients can acquire motor, perceptual, and cognitive skills in a normal or near-normal manner, even though they recall little or nothing of the learning episodes in which they acquired the skills. " A second kind of evidence that amnesic patients perform normally on implicit tests is provided by the phenomenon of repetition priming: A single exposure to an item on a list facilitates amnesics' processing of that item on a variety of retention tests that do not require explicit recollection of the study episode. Warrington and Weiskrantz? ' for example, demonstrated that amnesics and controls showed a similar tendency to complete three-letter fragments of familiar words with items from a recently studied list. However, the amnesics' performance on a Yes/No recognition task was seriously impaired. Similar data have been reported by others. '"*'' Amnesics also exhibit intact repetition-priming effects, in the face of poor recall and recognition, on implicit tests such as lexical decision' and homophone spelling. '2 The dissociation between priming and recollection in amnesia is paralleled by demonstrations in normal subjects that experimental variables that have large effects on recall and recognition have little or no effect on the magnitude of repetition priming in word c ~ m p l e t i o n , ' ~ ~ ' ~ word identifi~ation,"~'~ and lexical decision. ". '' Moreover, the magnitude of priming effects on these tasks can be statistically independent of recognition memory p e r f ~ r m a n c e . ' ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ' ' The observed dissociations have led a number of investigators to propose that repetition-priming effects are mediated by a "memory system," "memory process," or "form of memory" that is relatively spared in amnesia and that can function independently of the damaged memory process or system that underlies conscious and explicit recolle~tion. ~~~~'~~''~'~~'~~~~ A fundamental question regarding the process or system that underlies repetition priming is whether it can support the acquisition of new knowledge or it is restricted to the activation of old, existing knowledge. One of the hallmarks of organic amnesia is the virtual absence of any capacity to retain new information. The possibility that the
Final results of a multicenter, open-label phase II trial of dovitinib (TKI258) in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma with either mutated or nonmutated FGFR3.

255 Background: Increased signaling through mutational activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) contributes to tumor development and vascularization of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Dovitinib (TKI258), an oral investigational inhibitor of angiogenic factors including FGFR3, has demonstrated inhibition of tumor growth and proliferation in preclinical UC models with FGFR3-activating mutations or protein overexpression. METHODS Advanced UC patients (pts) with 1-3 prior regimens received dovitinib 500 mg/day on a 5-days-on/2-days-off schedule. Pts were stratified into 2 groups based on presence (mut) or absence (non-mut) of FGFR3 gene mutation in archival tissue (initially analyzed by SNaPshot; later by Sanger sequencing for screening and confirmation). The primary objective was overall response rate (ORR) in each group using a Simon's 2-stage design (20 pts planned for stage 1 and 20 for stage 2 if ≥ 2 responses seen in stage 1). RESULTS A total of 44 pts (median age, 67 years) were treated in stage 1: 12 FGFR3 mut, 31 FGFR3 non-mut, and 1 unknown mutation status. Over-recruitment of non-mut pts was due to rapid enrollment of non-mut pts with invasive bladder tumors and some tumors initially classified as mut by SNaPshot but reclassified as non-mut after sequencing. Most pts (77%) had metastases in ≥ 2 organs. ORR (local review) was 0% in the FGFR3 mut group and 3% in the FGFR3 non-mut group (1 partial response). Median progression-free survival was 3 months in the FGFR3 mut group and 1.8 months in the FGFR3 non-mut group. There were insufficient non-mut responders to proceed to stage 2. Since most pts in the mut group did not receive > 6 months of treatment and meeting the response threshold to proceed to stage 2 was highly unlikely, the study was terminated. Common adverse events were diarrhea (73%), nausea (61%), and asthenia (50%) and were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Although there were difficulties in evaluating mutation status, dovitinib had limited single-agent activity in pts with advanced bladder cancer regardless of FGFR3 mutation status. Further studies are needed to understand the role of FGFR3 inhibition in advanced UC treatment. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION NCT00790426.
This item is the archived peer-reviewed author-version of: Interrater and intrarater reliability of the Semmes Weinstein aesthesiometer to assess touch pressure threshold in burn scars

: Burn scars are frequently accompanied with sensory deficits often remaining present months or even years after injury. Clinimetric properties of assessment tools remain understudied within burn literature. Tactile sense of touch can be examined with the Touch Pressure Threshold (TPT) method using the Semmes Weinstein monofilament test (SWMT). There is in recent research no consensus on the exact measurement procedure when using the SWMT.
Order and Strength Matter for Evaluation of Alibi and Eyewitness Evidence

Summary We explored the effects of presentation order and evidence strength on participants acting as investigators in a criminal context. Participants evaluated evidence and suspect guilt in a study in which alibi witness and eyewitness evidence of varying strength, presented in different orders, were compared. In contrast to research on the confirmation bias, which suggests that evidence presented early distorts subsequent evaluations of evidence, the present findings suggest that under certain circumstances, evidence received most recently can have a greater impact on decision-making. Recency effects were observed most frequently when recent evidence was particularly strong and often when it contradicted previously encountered strong evidence. The impact of recency extended beyond the impact of evidence and to evaluations of the credibility of individual pieces of evidence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observational Signatures of the First Quasars

We study the observational signatures of a potential population of low-luminosity quasars at high redshifts in a ΛCDM cosmology. We derive the evolution of the quasar luminosity function at fainter luminosities and higher redshifts than currently detected based on three assumptions: (1) the formation of dark matter halos follows the Press-Schechter theory, (2) the ratio of central black hole mass to halo mass is the same for all halos, and (3) the light curve of quasars, in Eddington units, is universal. We show that a universal light curve provides an excellent fit to the observed quasar luminosity function at redshifts 2.6 < z < 4.5. By extrapolating the evolution of this luminosity function to higher redshifts (4.5 < z < 20), we find that the associated early population of low-luminosity quasars reionizes the universe at a redshift z ~ 12. The reprocessing of the UV light of these quasars by dust from early Type II supernovae distorts the microwave background spectrum by a Compton y-parameter y ~ 10-5, comparable to the lower limit set by COBE. The Next Generation Space Telescope could detect tens of quasars per arcmin-2 from redshifts z > 10 with its proposed 1 nJy sensitivity at 1-3.5 μm. Absorption spectra of several such quasars would reveal the reionization history of the universe.
Focal ratio degradation and transmission in VIRUS-P optical fibers

We have conducted extensive tests of both transmission and focal ratio degradation (FRD) on two integral field units currently in use on the VIRUS-P integral field spectrograph. VIRUS-P is a prototype for the VIRUS instrument proposed for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope at McDonald Observatory. All tests have been conducted at an input f-ratio of F/3.65 and with an 18% central obscuration in order to simulate optical conditions on the HET. Transmission measurements were conducted with narrow-band interference filters (FWHM: 10 nm) at 10 discrete wavelengths (337 to 600 nm), while FRD tests were made at 365 nm, 400 nm and 600 nm. The influence of wavelength, end immersion, fiber type and length on both FRD and transmission is explored. Most notably, we find no wavelength dependence on FRD down to 365 nm. All fibers tested are within the VIRUS instrument specifications for both FRD and transmission. We present the details of our differential FRD testing method and explain a simple and robust technique of aligning the test bench and optical fiber axes to within ±0.1 degrees.
Differential expression in Escherichia coli of the Vibrio sp. strain ABE-1 icdI and icdII genes encoding structurally different isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes

The expression of two structurally different isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes of Vibrio sp. strain ABE-1 in Escherichia coli was examined. At a low temperature (15 degrees C), a thermolabile and monomeric type isozyme (IDH-II), which is quite different in amino acid sequence from the E. coli isocitrate dehydrogenase, was expressed and conferred glutamate prototrophic ability on an E. coli mutant defective in isocitrate dehydrogenase. The ability of IDH-II to confer restoration of the E. coli mutant to glutamate prototrophy was similar to that of IDH-I, which is a dimeric enzyme homologous to the E. coli isocitrate dehydrogenase. At a high temperature (37 degrees C), no functional IDH-II was expressed. Transcription of icdI and icdII genes, which encode IDH-I and IDH-II, respectively, was regulated differently by different environmental conditions. The level of icdII mRNA was increased by lowering the growth temperature for E. coli transformants, while the level of icdI mRNA was increased when E. coli transformants were cultured in acetate minimal medium. Similar patterns of transcriptional regulation of the two icd gene were observed also in Vibrio sp. strain ABE-1. However, activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase, which can phosphorylate IDH-I and consequently inactivate the enzymatic activity, was detected in cell lysates of E. coli but not of Vibrio sp. strain ABE-1.
Submerged in the mainstream? A case study of an immigrant learner in a New Zealand primary classroom

Immigrant children from diverse language backgrounds face not only linguistic challenges when enrolled in mainstream English-medium classrooms, but also difficulties adjusting to an unfamiliar learning community. The culture of primary school classrooms in New Zealand typically reflects conventions across three dimensions: interactional, instructional task performance and cognitive-academic development. All three dimensions are underpinned by the culturally specific discourse conventions involved in language socialisation. New learners may be helped by classmates or their teacher to understand and successfully use these conventions, but left on their own they may sink rather than swim. This is a case study of one Taiwanese 11-year old boy, ‘John’, who entered a New Zealand primary classroom midway through the school year. John's basic conversational ability was sound, but he did not possess the interactive classroom skills needed to operate in the new culture of learning. Selected from a wider study of the classroom, transcript data from audio-recorded excerpts of John's interactions over several months with his teacher and classmates are interpreted from perspectives derived from sociocultural and language socialisation theories. The article concludes with a brief consideration of the extent to which John constructed, or was constrained from constructing meaningful learning experiences, and suggestions for further research and reflection.
Botulinum toxin type B for gait freezing in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND Freezing of Gait (FOG) can be a serious problem in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is usually refractory to medical treatment. Botulinum toxin (BTX) type A has been reported to relieve FOG in small open label studies. MATERIAL/METHODS We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study using BTX-B injections on the soleus-gastrocnemius muscle complex of the predominantly affected leg in freezing. Patients were evaluated at baseline and monthly thereafter until endpoint was reached. UPDRS parts II and III, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGIS) and Modified Webster Step-Seconds test were the used to measure efficacy. RESULTS 14 out of 17 patients screened with idiopathic PD and FOG refractory to medical treatment met inclusion criteria for the study. 9 patients were randomized to 5,000 U of BTX-B treatment and 5 patients to placebo. Our cohort had a mean age of 74 years, and average PD duration of 10 years. Based on the CGIS, 1 patient was much improved, 2 patients had minimal improvement, 9 were unchanged from baseline and 2 were minimally worse. There was no significant difference between the treatment and placebo arms in the number of patients improved versus unchanged. There were no significant differences between the treatment and placebo arms in the UPDRS II and III, VAS, or Modified Webster Step-Seconds scores between the treatment and placebo arms, at baseline and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS 5,000 U of BTX-B injected in one leg did not significantly improve FOG. However, since the power of the study was low, a small beneficial effect may have been missed.
Accuracy of perception of severity of asthma: patients treated in general practice.

OBJECTIVE--To determine the frequency of poor perception of severity of asthma in general practice. DESIGN--Asthmatic patients recorded their perceived severity of asthma, with a visual analogue score, and a coded measurement of their peak expiratory flow up to four times daily for 14 consecutive days. SETTINGS--11 general practices in and around Bristol. SUBJECTS--255 asthmatic patients (139 men and 116 women) aged 17-76 who were recruited by random selection from the general practices' disease registers or when they requested prescriptions for inhaled bronchodilators. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Correlation between visual analogue scores and peak expiratory flow (as a percentage of predicted peak flow). RESULTS--152 (60%) of the patients showed no significant correlation between visual analogue asthma scores and simultaneous peak flow measurements (p > 0.05) and were termed poor discriminators. The distribution of good and poor discriminators within each general practice was similar (chi 2 = 6.11, df = 10). The two groups were not characterised by differences in the maximum, minimum, or standard deviation of peak expiratory flow or visual analogue score; in age; or in the proportion of men and women in each group. CONCLUSIONS--In general practice a high proportion of asthmatic patients do not reliably detect changes in their lung function. This reinforces the need for careful objective assessment of lung function in the management of asthma.
Juvenile temporal arteritis: a case report.

Sir, Juvenile temporal arteritis is a condition first reported by Lie et al. in 1975 in a study of four patients ranging in age from 7 to 22 years. All four patients presented with a painless unilateral nodule in the temporal region. Histological examination revealed a panarteritis with prominent intimal proliferation but no giant cells. Since the original article there have been only sporadic reports, some of these in non-English literature. Recently, interest has been rekindled in this lesion by Watanabe et al. who have speculated that juvenile temporal arteritis is in fact a manifestation of Kimura’s disease. The patient was a 38-year-old Japanese male living on the Gold Coast in Australia. He presented with a painless nodule in the right temporal region. This was not associated with visual disturbance, peripheral eosinophilia or elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Resection of the lesion revealed a segment of expanded temporal artery exhibiting a panarteritis with prominent intimal proliferation. Eosinophils were numerous in the inflammatory infiltrate, particularly in the expanded intima. A conspicuous feature was the presence of lymphoid tissue in the periadventitial region, exhibiting follicular hyperplasia and prominence of post capillary venules in the interfollicular regions. The latter were associated with prominent numbers of eosinophils (Fig. 1, 2). No giant cells were identified. The patient had no systemic manifestations of disease, was not on any medications and had no specific medical history. He has remained well following excision of the lesion. In 1975, Lie et al. reported four cases of panarteritis involving the temporal artery that were distinct from classical temporal arteritis in that they involved younger patients and were not associated with giant cells. In a subsequent publication by Tomlinson et al., diagnostic criteria were produced. The first major feature is the occurrence of the lesion in children and young adults without associated visual disturbance, systemic features or elevated ESR. The second criterion is the histological finding of a panarteritis with intimal proliferation and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate including conspicuous eosinophils but no giant cells. Recently, Watanabe et al. speculated an association with Kimura’s disease based on their case report of an elderly patient who initially manifested with classical Kimura’s disease in the postauricular region, but subsequently developed typical features of juvenile temporal arteritis. They then reviewed all previously reported cases of juvenile temporal arteritis and a series of three cases reported under the name of thromboangiitis obliterans with eosinophilia of the temporal arteries. These authors concluded that these cases had features that could be considered Kimura’s disease. They also examined arteries present in lesions of Kimura’s Fig. 1 Expanded temporal artery showing eosinophilic panarteritis. Periadventitial lymphoid aggregates with follicular hyperplasia are prominent (H&E, original magnification, 620).
MEG study of early cortical plasticity following multiple digit frequency discrimination training in humans

Animal studies have provided direct evidence for constant modification of cortical maps of an adult modulated by training [1, 2]. This representational remodeling was further studied by Wang et al. [3] showing that temporal coincident multiple digit stimuli resulted in integrated multiple receptive fields (fusion). Recent advances in human brain imaging techniques have made it possible to study cortical plasticity during learning using human subjects. Three recent MEG studies have reported plasticity changes after somatosensory stimulation. The first MEG study [4] used the protocol of Wang et al. and showed that extensive training produced a reversible decrease in the strength of equivalent current dipoles after perceptual learning, although fusion was predicted. The second MEG study [5] showed that passive tactile finger co-activation for 40 min reduced the Euclidean distance between median and ulnar nerve somatosensory evoked filed. The third MEG study [6] reported that sequences of tactile stimulation affect the organization of the primary somatosensory cortex after a brief training series. In this work, we used MEG to study early plasticity following multiple digit frequency discrimination training. Human subjects were trained to discriminate small changes in the frequency from a 21 Hz comparison steady-state stimulus applied for 1 s simultaneously to the fingertips of digits 2+3+4 of the right hand. After long training, synapses of fingertips (digits 2+3+4) receiving training would be strengthened by the simultaneous firing of their inputs through a process of Hebbian learning: stimulating digit 3 after the training would elicit a response from neurons of digits 2 and 4. Synaptic modifications are however unlikely immediately after short training, yet within a few trials subjective and behavioral measures show that a change has already taken place. This study produces evidence for changes over widely distributed brain areas as a concomitant of this early cortical plasticity. 2 Methods
NOMAD-Ref: visualization, deformation and refinement of macromolecular structures based on all-atom normal mode analysis

Normal mode analysis (NMA) is an efficient way to study collective motions in biomolecules that bypasses the computational costs and many limitations associated with full dynamics simulations. The NOMAD-Ref web server presented here provides tools for online calculation of the normal modes of large molecules (up to 100 000 atoms) maintaining a full all-atom representation of their structures, as well as access to a number of programs that utilize these collective motions for deformation and refinement of biomolecular structures. Applications include the generation of sets of decoys with correct stereochemistry but arbitrary large amplitude movements, the quantification of the overlap between alternative conformations of a molecule, refinement of structures against experimental data, such as X-ray diffraction structure factors or Cryo-EM maps and optimization of docked complexes by modeling receptor/ligand flexibility through normal mode motions. The server can be accessed at the URL .
Do student evaluations influence the teaching skills of clerkship clinical faculty?

Web-based student evaluations of clinical faculty were collected over an 8-year period. There were 19,881 medical student evaluations over the 8-year period for all clinical clerkships, representing a total of 952 faculty. Students used a 5-point Likert scale to rate the teaching effectiveness of faculty. Criterion-based methods and standard deviation option methods were used to group faculty as “optimal” and “sub-optimal” teachers. In more than one year, 794 faculty were evaluated allowing analysis of trends in student evaluations of their teaching skills. In contrast to clinical faculty who received optimal ratings for their teaching skills, those faculty who received sub-optimal student ratings tended not to improve their teaching skills.