Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dyadic exploration of the relationship of leisure satisfaction, leisure time, and gender to relationship satisfaction

Despite a substantial amount of leisure research, little is known about the leisure activity patterns and satisfaction of couples and their influence, if any, on relationship satisfaction. Further, satisfaction and leisure activity research has been limited to married dyads and has not included a range of romantic partners. Leisure research has focused primarily on individual data, and this impedes fully understanding the joint construction of leisure in a couple and its outcomes. The present research extends efforts by examining the perceptions of dyads in diverse relationships and their effect on their leisure and relationship satisfaction. The model in this study is that gender, joint leisure time, and individual leisure satisfaction affect the relationship satisfaction of both an individual and his or her partner: the partner effect model. Questionnaires self-administered to both members of romantic dyads obtained information on the variables of interest. Results indicated moderate participant leisure.
Birth weight and environmental heat load: a between-population analysis.

Low birth weight, a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality, is caused by different factors in Western and developing-country populations. In addition to differing in terms of ethnicity, maternal size, maternal nutritional status, and disease load, developing-country and Western populations are also characterized by different environmental heat loads. Thermodynamic theory predicts that heat stress is mitigated by reduced size of both mother and offspring, and therefore generates the hypothesis that reduced birth weight may be an adaptation to environmental heat load. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that environmental heat load is associated with between-population variability in birth weight. Data on birth weight and thermal environment were obtained from the literature for 140 populations. Further data on several physical, social, and biological confounders were also collated. After adjusting for confounding factors, of which only maternal height and per capita gross domestic product were statistically significant, heat stress showed a significant inverse relationship with birth weight in 108 populations, accounting for an additional 9.6% of the between-population variance. Though based on data collected from more than one source, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that heat stress is inversely associated with birth weight, as previously reported for within-population studies. Further studies are needed to establish to what extent heat stress is a determinant of low birth weight in developing countries.
Cyber Aggression Among College Students: Demographic Differences, Predictors of Distress, and the Role of the University

Using the Cyberbullying Experiences Survey, we collected data from 1,114 undergraduate students at a large public Southwestern university. In addition to inquiring about students’ experiences with bullying, we inquired about the level of distress and the digital medium used. Results showed differences in types of experiences and level of distress by demographic groups (members of Greek organizations, LGBT students), and obtained students’ perspectives on the role of the university in curbing this behavior. The strongest predictor of the level of distress was the use of Facebook to perpetrate the bullying. Implications of findings are discussed.
Predicting Relationship Satisfaction from Couples' Use of Leisure Time.

Abstract This study examines the relationship of various leisure activity patterns to individuals' overall satisfaction with time spent with their spouse and to global marital accord. Two hundred fifty-one married individuals in a nonclinic sample completed modified versions of two leisure activity measures previously described in the research literature. Results confirmed the importance of leisure activity patterns for marital satisfaction; time spent either in individual activities or with others excluding the spouse was significantly correlated with marital distress. However, factor-analytically derived dimensions of spousal time together accounted for nearly twice the variance in marital distress for wives as they did for husbands. Additional analyses indicated the importance of leisure patterns for marital satisfaction across the family life cycle, in contrast to previous findings. Clinical implications are discussed.
Children's understanding of epistemic modals

ABSTRACT Prior empirical work in semantic development has produced an impressive finding showing that children can reliably detect a modal's relative force (e.g. that must is stronger sounding than may) by five-and-a-half years of age. We investigate the extent to which a representation of relative force can account for an understanding of epistemic modals when their logical meaning is considered (i.e. when modals are interpretable as expressions of necessary and possible conclusions). Experiment 1 presents a replication of Hirst & Weil's hidden-object task, which originally included the supremely forceful indicative is. Thirty-two five-year-olds were required to find a peanut hidden under one of two containers based on a pair of statements that contrasted is with has to, has to with might, or is with might. Half the children were entitled to search for the peanut upon hearing the two statements and half were required to indicate only where they would look. Results largely confirmed the influence of relative force in this paradigm. Both groups of children usually searched under the container associated with the stronger-sounding term. Experiment 2 employed a modified version of the hidden-object task in which contrasts presented one true and one false modal statement and 32 five-year-olds, 20 seven-year-olds, 16 nine-year-olds and 20 adults were asked to determine which of two statements was correct. Half the contrasts presented a relatively weaker-sounding modal term in the true statement and the other half presented equally forceful modal terms in the two statements. No age group systematically endorsed a false stronger-sounding modal statement over a true weaker-sounding one. The five-year-olds' rate of correct responding overall was above levels predicted by chance. Mature logical modal understanding was found among seven-year-olds who routinely endorsed a contrast's true modal statement. These findings suggest that deductive inference is an early semantic component of modal terms.
POLARIZATION AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF FROG NERVE AXOPLASM

1. The submicroscopic organization of nerve axons from R. pipiens and R. catesbiana has been studied by means of polarizing and electron microscopes. 2. In measurements on a series of 85 fresh myelinated axons from which the sheaths had been removed average values were obtained for the total birefringence, +2.5 x 10–4, the form birefringence, +1.4 x 10–4, and the refractive index of the oriented component, 1.523. The average partial volume occupied by axially oriented filaments was computed to be 0.69 per cent. 3. Electron micrographs of fixed myelinated axons demonstrate an average of 93 axially oriented neuroprotofibrils per square micron of cross-section. The neuroprotofibrils are approximately 90 A in diameter, of indefinite length, and occupy a computed partial volume of 0.59 per cent. 4. Mitochondria, neuroprotofibrils, endoplasmic reticulum, and dense particles are seen in electron micrographs of both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve axons. 5. It is concluded that the neuroprotofibrils are present in the living nerve, that they play an important but undetermined role in nerve function, and that these structures are not an artifact of osmium tetroxide fixation.
The syntax–discourse interface in near-native L2 acquisition: Off-line and on-line performance*

This study investigates ultimate attainment at the syntax–discourse interface in adult second-language (L2) acquisition. In total, 91 L1 (first-language) English, L1 Dutch and L1 Russian advanced-to-near-native speakers of German and 63 native controls are tested on an acceptability judgement task and an on-line self-paced reading task. These centre on discourse-related word order optionality in German. Results indicate that convergence at the syntax–discourse interface is in principle possible in adult L2 acquisition, both in off-line knowledge and on-line processing, even for L1 English speakers, whose L1 does not correspond to L2 German in discourse-to-syntax mappings. At the same time, non-convergence of the L1 Dutch groups and differences in the L2 groups' performance between tasks suggest that asymmetries in L1–L2 discourse configurations and computational difficulties in mapping discourse onto syntax constrain L2 performance.
Test Review: Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition: Canadian

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Fourth Edition: Canadian (WPPSI-IVCDN; Wechsler, 2012), published by NCS Pearson, is a newly updated, individually administered measure of cognitive intelligence for children aged 2:6 through 7:7. Suitable for educational, clinical, and research settings, the purposes of the WPPSI-IVCDN are to provide normative information on children’s intellectual functioning, including cognitive strengths and weaknesses, support special education eligibility and/or placement decisions, and aid in intervention development. Classified as a Level C measure, it can be administered and interpreted by certified psychologists or professionals from related fields with formal training in standardized psychological or educational testing. Administration time for the core subtests is 30 to 45 minutes for ages 2:6 to 3:11 and 45 to 60 minutes for ages 4:0 to 7:7. The WPPSI-IVCDN kit is expansive and includes an Administration/Scoring Manual, Technical/Interpretive Manual, Canadian Manual, 3 Stimulus Books, 25 Record Forms for each age group, 25 of each of 3 Response Booklets, 10 Score Reports, Block Design blocks, Zoo Locations Layout card and Animal Card Set, Object Assembly puzzles, 5 different scoring keys, and 3 ink daubers. Software scoring is available on Q-global, Pearson’s web-based scoring and reporting platform on a fee per-report basis. The Technical/Interpretive Manual begins with an overview and detailed history of the WPPSI-IV and its predecessors. The manual also provides descriptions and rationale for each subtest and composite score content, and information on administration, scoring and interpretation, research procedures, standardization, norm development, and psychometric properties. The Canadian Manual outlines much of the same information and summarizes the Canadian norming process.
Negative Evidence and Grammatical Morpheme Acquisition.

Children's use of negative evidence in language acquisition was investigated. Recent research has demonstrated that parents differentially correct children's ungrammatical sentences compared with grammatical sentences through recasts (i.e., negative evidence). This study investigated children's imitations of new gramamtical morphemes contained in corrective recasts. These imitations were compared with imitations of grammatical morphemes contained in positive evidence provided by discourse type such as topic continuations. One hr of conversation in twelve 23-month-old children and their mothers was examined
Interactive comment on “ Millennial Minimum Temperature Variations in the Qilian Mountains , China : evidence from Tree rings ” by Y .

1) We update the latest instrumental data and CRU data (1951-2011 to 1951-2012). 2) We changed the MTM spectrum analysis to Wavelet analysis according to the reviewers’ comments, and cancelled the partial correlation analysis, adding the results of split-sample calibration verification analysis, as well as the detailed description section on Selecting and building regression models. 3) We used the mean temperature to reconstruct the past temperature history instead of minimum temperature, and meanwhile employed the split-sample calibration verification methods to evaluate the regression model instead of leave-one-out methods. (P.10-12) 4) We performed additional analyzes on the relationship between ENSO and reconstructed temperature C571
Depression and Problem-Solving Performance on a Fault-Diagnosis Task

Dysphoric and control undergraduates selected on the basis of Beck Depression Inventory scores were compared on a problem-solving task involving fault-diagnosis. The stimuli were wiring diagrams showing boxes or units connected to indicators, and the aim was to diagnose which one of the units was faulty. Dysphoric subjects did not differ from controls on problems requiring them to use the information available at the outset of the problem to identify all the potentially faulty units. They were impaired relative to controls in testing connections that they believed to be potentially faulty until the faulty unit was diagnosed; they made more repetition errors, carried out more redundant tests, and were slower than controls, although the groups did not differ in the number of correct solutions achieved. The findings are discussed in terms of theoretical models that posit impaired strategic processing in depression. Language: en
Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities Since World War II

The rise of American research universities to international preeminence constitutes one of the most important episodes in the history of higher education. Research and Relevant Knowledge follows Geiger's earlier volume on American research universities from 1900 to 1940. This second work is the first study to trace this momentous development in the post-World War II period. It describes how the federal government first relied on university scientists during the war, and how the resulting relationship set the pattern for the postwar mushrooming of academic research. The first half of the book analyzes the development of the postwar system of academic research, exploring the contributions of foundations, defense agencies, and universities. The second half depicts the rise of the "golden age" of academic research in the years after Sputnik (1957) and its eventual dissolution at the end of the 1960s graduate education. When the federal patron soon reduced its largesse, university students took the lead in challenging the putative hegemony of academic research. The loss of consensus quickly brought the malaise of the 1970s - stagnation, frustration, and equivocation about the research role. The final chapter appraises the renaissance of the 1980s, based largely on a rapprochement with the private sector, and ends by evaluating the embattled status of research universities at the beginning of the 1990s. Research and Relevant Knowledge provides the first authoritative analytical account of American research universities during their most fateful half-century. It will be of critical importance to all those concerned with the future of higher education in the United States.
Evaluation of the Notification Oriented Paradigm Applied to Sentient Computing

The Notification-Oriented Paradigm (NOP)defines a new approach for conception, structuring, and execution of software leading to performance improvements, organization of causal knowledge, and decoupling of programming entities when compared to standard solutions based upon current paradigms, such as the Imperative Paradigm (IP) and the Declarative Paradigm (DP). These paradigms present drawbacks such as waste of processing capacity and coupling among entities, due to their orientation to a monolithic inference mechanism that is based on causal evaluation implemented by means of searches over passive computational entities. The NOP, however, proposes a different approach of structuring software and realization of its inferences, which are based upon small, smart, and decoupled collaborative entities that interact by means of precise notifications. In this way, NOP achieves responsiveness, distributiveness, consistency, and robustness. These features are among the demands of Sentient Computing that combines ubiquitous and 'traditional' computing providing monitoring actuation on a given environment. This paper analyzes the NOP applicability to Sentient Computing by confronting the demands of the latter with the characteristics of the former. As conclusion, the NOP is considered applicable to this sort of computational system.
Black holes: Some notes on time, symbolization, and perversion in the psychodynamics of addiction

Abstract In day-to-day clinical practice, we regularly meet individuals who struggle to endure very painful emotional states and to face these in the here-and-now. The evasion of the pain felt in the present can lead addicts to attempt, through the use of alcohol and other drugs, to collapse their sense of temporal perception. In this paper, I suggest a cosmological analogy to these dynamics of addiction as this may aid in furthering our understanding. It is suggested that, in the same way that a black hole represents a region of space from which matter and energy cannot escape due to the intensity of the gravitational field, addicts appear to collapse intrapsychically into sealed-over states of being. Like the black hole, which only becomes apparent due to the effects it exerts on objects around it, the psychodynamic internal world of the addict emerges forcibly in the therapeutic relationship. In this sense, addictive transference, issuing from the timeless dynamic unconscious described by Freud, can be viewed as mirroring the seductive attraction of substances and their power to return the user to an infantile period, a period before a chronometric perception of time had been achieved, when attempts were made to pull everything towards and into a primitive and inchoate self structure. In this paper, the author explores such dynamics of addiction with reference to clinical cases of individuals attending for weekly psychodynamic psychotherapy in a community-based addiction treatment centre.
Kinetics of IL-10 production after segmental antigen challenge of atopic asthmatic subjects.

BACKGROUND IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine made by lymphocytes, monocytes-macrophages, and eosinophils, and it may have an important role in regulating the asthmatic inflammatory response. IL-10 levels have been reported to be reduced in asthmatic airways, potentially contributing to more intense inflammation. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether IL-10 levels were deficient in patients with mild asthma compared with controls and to determine whether IL-10 levels were associated with the resolution of eosinophilic inflammation. METHODS We quantified IL-10 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (ELISA), BAL cells (quantitative immunocytochemistry), purified alveolar macrophages-monocytes studied ex vivo (ELISA), before (day 1) and after (24 hours [day 2], 1 week [day 9], and 2 weeks [day 16]) segmental antigen challenge (SAC), and investigated the effect of glucocorticoid treatment on ex vivo macrophage-monocyte IL-10 production. RESULTS IL-10 levels were significantly higher in the BAL fluid of mild asthmatic subjects who demonstrated a dual reaction (both early and late) after whole lung ragweed inhalation challenge compared with nonallergic, nonasthmatic control subjects before and 24 hours and 1 week after SAC. Macro-phages-monocytes obtained before and after SAC from asthmatic patients also secreted increased amounts of IL-10 ex vivo than those from controls. Dexamethasone did not significantly change spontaneous IL-10 secretion from macrophages-monocytes in vitro. Quantitative immunocytochemical analysis of BAL cells demonstrated increased IL-10 in macrophages 24 hours after SAC and a similar trend in eosinophils. CONCLUSION IL-10 is not deficient in mild asthma. Furthermore, BAL IL-10 levels are significantly higher in asthmatic subjects with a dual response than in control subjects before and after SAC. The increase in IL-10 was coincident with the initial increase in BAL eosinophils, although BAL eosinophilia persisted after IL-10 levels had returned to baseline, suggesting that the increased IL-10 levels could not promptly terminate this localized eosinophilic response.
Screening, Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Fungi Producing Cystathionine γ-Lyase

The potency for production of cystathionine γ-lyase (CGL) by the fungal isolates was screened. Among the tested twenty-two isolates, Aspergillus carneus was the potent CGL producer (6.29 U/mg), followed by A. ochraceous (6.03 U/mg), A. versicolor (2.51 U/mg), A. candidus (2.12 U/mg), A. niveus and Penicillium notatum (2.0 U/mg). The potent six isolates producing CGL was characterized morphologically, A. carneus KF723837 was further molecularly characterized based on the sequence of 18S-28S rDNA. Upon sulfur starvation, the yield of A. carneus extracellular CGL was increased by about 1.7- and 4.1-fold comparing to non-sulfur starved and L-methionine free medium, respectively. Also, the uptake of L-methionine was duplicated upon sulfur starvation, assuming the activation of specific transporters for L-methionine and efflux of CGL. Also, the intracellular thiols and GDH activity of A. carneus was strongly increased by S starvation, revealing the activation of in vivo metabolic antioxidant systems. Upon irradiation of A. carneus by 2.0 kGy of γ-rays, the activity of CGL was increased by two-fold, regarding to control, with an obvious decreases on its yield upon further doses. Practically, CGL activity from the solid A. carneus cultures, using rice bran as substrate, was increased by 1.2-fold, comparing to submerged cultures, under optimum conditions.
Gang talk and gang talkers: A critique

Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of interest in the phenomenon of the gang both in the UK and across Europe. Such concern has been driven forward by growing reports of gang activity reported in the media, circulated by populist politicians as well as by academic researchers convinced the European gang has been ignored for too long. This anxiety has coalesced in a perception that the gang is a serious and growing problem, that the rise in lethal violence, as seen recently in inner cities such as London, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool, is connected to the proliferation of the gang, and that the solution to the problem of urban gang violence lies in its suppression. This article takes a critical standpoint against these statements and challenges attempts to interpret urban violence in the UK as a problem of gangs or a burgeoning gang culture. It argues that the problem of street-based violence is not always reducible to the gang and suggests that the solution to preventing urban violence will not be found by sanctioning crackdowns or gang suppression programmes. It concludes by offering an alternate perception of the gang and urban violence and signposts areas that research on urban violence might need to address.
‘I want to get a piece of paper that says I can do stuff’: youth narratives of educational opportunities and constraints in low socio-economic neighbourhoods

The persistent failure of contemporary policies to improve school retention rates and close the achievement gap between students from low and high socio-economic (SES) backgrounds should be a matter of grave concern. In this article, we set out to show what it means to be educated in a context of disadvantage from the perspectives of young people attending a senior secondary public school in regional Australia. Acknowledging that youth are experts in their own lives, we draw extensively on student narratives of the funds of knowledge and opportunity structures that support and/or constrain education and employment opportunities in low-income neighbourhoods. Although young peoples' stories of hope and agency go some way to undermining the deficit thinking about these students and their families, we argue that the realisation of their aspirations requires institutional support and policies that address the systemic causes of educational disadvantage.