Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Independent Are the Messages Temporal Cortical Neurons? by Adjacent Inferior

There are at least three possibilities for encoding information in a small area of cortex. First, neurons could have identical characteristics, thus conveying redundant information; second, neurons could give different responses to the same stimuli, thus conveying independent information; or third, neurons could cooperate with each other to encode more information jointly than they do separately, that is, synergistically. We recorded from 28 pairs of neurons in inferior temporal cortex of behaving rhesus monkeys. Each pair was recorded from a single microelectrode. Both the magnitude and the temporal modulation of the responses were quantified. We separated the responses into signal (average response to each stimulus) and noise (deviation of each response from the average). Linear regression showed that an average of only 18.7% of the magnitude of the signal carried by one neuron could be predicted from the magnitude of the other, and only 22.0% could be predicted by including the temporal modulation. For the noise, the figures were 5.5% and 8.3%, respectively, even less than for the signal. Information theoretic analysis shows that the pairs of neurons we studied carried an average of 20% redundant information. However, even this relatively small amount of redundancy places a severe upper limit on the information that can be transmitted by a neuronal pool. A pool of neurons for which each pair is mutually redundant to extent y can only carry a maximum of 1 ly, here five times, as much information as one neuron alone. Information theoretic analysis gave no evidence for the presence of information as a function of both neurons considered together, that is, synergistic codes. Cross-correlation showed that at least 61% of the neuronal pairs shared connections in some manner. Given these shared connections, if adjacent neurons had had identical characteristics, then the noise on the outputs of these neurons would have been highly correlated, and it would not be possible to separate the signal and noise. The severe impact of correlated noise and information redundancy leads us to propose that the processing carried out by these neurons evolved both to provide a rich description of many stim
Ultra-high precision MEMS accelerometer

So far MEMS inertial accelerometers has struggled to reach tactical grade quality only and their bias stability and thermal drift are still obstacles to be overcome for inertial navigation systems. This paper reports on an ultrahigh precision MEMS closed-loop accelerometer recently developed by Colibrys, and the focus is on long term bias stability and thermal drift. The improvement in bias stability comes from MEMS process flow and closed-loop electronics.
Particle swarm optimization with discrete crossover

Many adaptations to the original particle swarm optimization algorithms have been developed to improve performance with respect to the quality of the solutions found, convergence speed, and robustness. One class of such adaptations incorporates evolutionary operators within the particle swarm optimization algorithm cycle. To date, selection, mutation, and crossover operators have been incorporated within particle swarm optimizers with varying degrees of success. This article focuses on particle swarm optimizers that utilize discrete crossover operators, with the main objective to show if any performance gains can be achieved by incorporating discrete crossover. Six discrete crossover operators are proposed for incorporation into a global best particle swarm optimizer. The performance of these discrete crossover operators are compared with that of the global best particle swarm optimizer and amongst one another to identify the best performing discrete crossover operators. The best operators are then compared with particle swarm optimizers that make use of blending crossover operators. Empirical evidence obtained from an extensive benchmark suite shows that two of the proposed discrete crossover operators perform significantly better than the global best particle swarm optimizer and all of the other crossover operators.
Structure of corneal layers, collagen fibrils, and proteoglycans of tree shrew cornea

Purpose The stroma is the major part of the cornea, in which collagen fibrils and proteoglycans are distributed uniformly. We describe the ultrastructure of corneal layers, collagen fibrils (CF), and proteoglycans (PGs) in the tree shrew cornea. Methods Tree shrew corneas (5, 6, and 10 week old animals) and normal human corneas (24, 25, and 54 years old) were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde containing cuprolinic blue in a sodium acetate buffer. The tissue was processed for electron microscopy. The ‘iTEM Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH’ program was used to measure the corneal layers, collagen fibril diameters and proteoglycan areas. Results The tree shrew cornea consists of 5 layers: the epithelium, Bowman’s layer, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and endothelium. The epithelium was composed of squamous cells, wing cells and basal cells. The Bowman’s layer was 5.5±1.0 µm thick and very similar to a normal human Bowman’s layer. The stroma was 258±7.00 µm thick and consisted of collagen fibril lamellae. The lamellae were interlaced with one another in the anterior stroma, but ran parallel to one another in the middle and posterior stroma. Collagen fibrils were decorated with proteoglycan filaments with an area size of 390 ±438 nm2. The collagen fibril had a minimum diameter of 39±4.25 nm. The interfibrillar spacing was 52.91±6.07 nm. Within the collagen fibrils, very small electron-dense particles were present. Conclusions The structure of the tree shrew cornea is very similar to that of the normal human cornea. As is the case with the human cornea, the tree shrew cornea had a Bowman's layer, lamellar interlacing in the anterior stroma and electron-dense particles within the collagen fibrils. The similarities of the tree shrew cornea with the human cornea suggest that it could be a good structural model to use when studying changes in collagen fibrils and proteoglycans in non-genetic corneal diseases, such as ectasia caused after LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis).
An analysis of database workload performance on simultaneous multithreaded processors

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) is an architectural technique in which the processor issues multiple instructions from multiple threads each cycle. While SMT has been shown to be effective on scientific workloads, its performance on database systems is still an open question. In particular, database systems have poor cache performance, and the addition of multithreading has the potential to exacerbate cache conflicts. This paper examines database performance on SMT processors using traces of the Oracle database management system. Our research makes three contributions. First, it characterizes the memory-system behavior of database systems running on-line transaction processing and decision support system workloads. Our data show that while DBMS workloads have large memory footprints, there is substantial data reuse in a small, cacheable "critical" working set. Second, we show that the additional data cache conflicts caused by simultaneous-multithreaded instruction scheduling can be nearly eliminated by the proper choice of software-directed policies for virtual-to-physical page mapping and per-process address offsetting. Our results demonstrate that with the best policy choices, D-cache miss rates on an 8-context SMT are roughly equivalent to those on a single-threaded superscalar. Multithreading also leads to better interthread instruction cache sharing, reducing I-cache miss rates by up to 35%. Third, we show that SMT's latency tolerance is highly effective for database applications. For example, using a memory-intensive OLTP workload, an 8-context SMT processor achieves a 3-fold increase in instruction throughput over a single-threaded superscalar with similar resources.
Decelerating uplift at Lazufre volcanic center, Central Andes, from A.D. 2010 to 2016, and implications for geodetic models

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS measurements beyond 2010 are presented for the first time for the Lazufre volcanic center in the Central Andes. Vertical uplift at Lazufre was known to affect an area >50 km in diameter at rates exceeding 3 cm/yr between 1997 and 2010. Analy­ sis of new InSAR data through August 2016 indicates that the spatial pattern of uplift is relatively unchanged but the amplitude of uplift has significantly de­ creased to <1.5 cm/yr since at least December 2011. We present a time­ series inversion for InSAR data between 1996 and 2016 that is well fit by a double exponential model, with an inflection point occurring in 2006. For two con­ tinuous GPS stations installed within the deformation footprint in November 2010, we have determined vertical velocities through 2014 or 2015 (depending on the station) that agree with contemporaneous InSAR­derived velocities. Velocities from campaign GPS benchmarks established in November 2011 and reoccupied in March 2014 are also presented. We use a previously proposed model of an inflating sill at 10 km depth to explain geodetically observed dis­ placements. Opening rates are halved (6.8 ± 1.25 × 106 m3/yr) compared to in­ ferred values using data prior to 2010. Subsurface heterogeneity is accounted for by assigning elastic parameters based on local seismic tomography in a finite­element model. Surface displacements (or inferred volume change esti­ mates) for heterogeneous models compared to homogeneous models are ampli fied by up to 7% within a 10 km radius of the center of uplift.
Ju n 20 08 Black Rings in ( Anti )-deSitter space

We construct solutions for thin black rings in Anti-deSitter and deSitter spacetimes using approximate methods. Black rings in AdS exist with arbitrarily large radius and satisfy a bound |J | ≤ LM , which they saturate as their radius becomes infinitely large. For angular momentum near the maximum, they have larger area than Myers-PerryAdS black holes. Thin black rings also exist in deSitter space, with rotation velocities varying between zero and a maximum, and with a radius that is always strictly below the Hubble radius. Our general analysis allows us to include black Saturns as well, which we discuss briefly. We present a simple physical argument why supersymmetric AdS black rings must not be expected: they do not possess the necessary pressure to balance the AdS potential. We discuss the possible existence or absence of ‘large AdS black rings’ and their implications for a dual hydrodynamic description. An analysis of the physical properties of MP-AdS black holes is also included. caldarelli@ub.edu emparan@ub.edu majo@ffn.ub. es
Understanding the Dynamics of Future Changes in Extreme Precipitation Intensity

Climate model projections of extreme precipitation intensity depend heavily on the region: some regions will experience exceptionally strong increases in extreme precipitation intensity, while other regions will experience decreases in extreme precipitation intensity. These regional variations are closely related to regional changes in large‐scale ascent during extreme precipitation events—that is, “extreme ascent”—but the drivers of extreme ascent changes remain poorly understood. Using output from a large ensemble of the Canadian Earth System Model version 2, we show that subtropical changes in extreme ascent likely result from changes in the horizontal scale of ascending anomalies, which are in turn associated with changes in vertical stability. Near the equator, changes in the seasonal mean circulation may be an important factor influencing extreme ascent, but this finding is model dependent.
Bayesian Blind Separation and Deconvolution of Dynamic Image Sequences Using Sparsity Priors

A common problem of imaging 3-D objects into image plane is superposition of the projected structures. In dynamic imaging, projection overlaps of organs and tissues complicate extraction of signals specific to individual structures with different dynamics. The problem manifests itself also in dynamic tomography as tissue mixtures are present in voxels. Separation of signals specific to dynamic structures belongs to the category of blind source separation. It is an underdetermined problem with many possible solutions. Existing separation methods select the solution that best matches their additional assumptions on the source model. We propose a novel blind source separation method based on probabilistic model of dynamic image sequences assuming each source dynamics as convolution of an input function and a source specific kernel (modeling organ impulse response or retention function). These assumptions are formalized as a Bayesian model with hierarchical prior and solved by the Variational Bayes method. The proposed prior distribution assigns higher probability to sparse source images and sparse convolution kernels. We show that the results of separation are relevant to selected tasks of dynamic renal scintigraphy. Accuracy of tissue separation with simulated and clinical data provided by the proposed method outperformed accuracy of previously developed methods measured by the mean square and mean absolute errors of estimation of simulated sources and the sources separated by an expert physician. MATLAB implementation of the algorithm is available for download.
Random Spanning Trees and the Prediction of Weighted Graphs

We show that the mistake bound for predicting the nodes of an arbitrary weighted graph is characterized (up to logarithmic factors) by the cutsize of a random spanning tree of the graph. The cutsize is induced by the unknown adversarial labeling of the graph nodes. In deriving our characterization, we obtain a simple randomized algorithm achieving the optimal mistake bound on any weighted graph. Our algorithm draws a random spanning tree of the original graph and then predicts the nodes of this tree in constant amortized time and linear space. Experiments on real-world datasets show that our method compares well to both global (Perceptron) and local (label-propagation) methods, while being much faster.
Characterization of YDJ1: a yeast homologue of the bacterial dnaJ protein

The YDJ1 (yeast dnaJ) gene was isolated from a yeast expression library using antisera made against a yeast nuclear sub-fraction termed the matrix lamina pore complex. The predicted open reading frame displays a 32% identity with the sequence of the Escherichia coli heat shock protein dnaJ. Localization of YDJ1 protein (YDJ1p) by indirect immunofluorescence reveals it to be concentrated in a perinuclear ring as well as in the cytoplasm. YDJ1p cofractionates with nuclei and also microsomes, suggesting that its perinuclear localization reflects association with the ER. YDJ1p is required for normal growth and disruption of its gene results in very slow growing cells that have pleiotropic morphological defects. Haploid cells carrying the disrupted YDJ1 gene are inviable for growth in liquid media. We further show that a related yeast protein, SIS1, is a multicopy suppressor of YDJ1.
C21. Analytical analysis of a Cluster Controlled Mobility scheme for data security and reliability in UWSNs

This paper investigates the security and data reliability in Unattended Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). We deduce an analytical model for Self-Healing scheme based on Cluster Controlled Mobility (SH-CCM) for UWSNs. The SH-CCM is based on mobility inside a cluster of sick sensor beside the hybrid cooperation from both reactive and proactive peers to enhance self-healing probability. The analytical analysis of SH-CCM will ensure that both mobility and hybrid cooperation from both reactive and proactive peers within the cluster of sick sensor will enhance the Cooperation, Self-Healing, data security and reliability. Therefore, the proposed SH-CCM scheme will help the sick sensor to self-heal and restore its backward secrecy faster and better than the schemes without controlled mobility. A set of Analytical results are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed SH-CCM scheme in the presence of an Adversary (ADV). The obtained results ensure that the proposed scheme has a better performance; it archives a probability of BSe to be compromised of 0.04 while CHSHRD [1] is 0.065.
Future evolution of bound superclusters in an accelerating Universe

The evolution of marginally bound supercluster-like objects in an acceleratingcold dark matter (� CDM) Universe is followed, by means of cosmological simulations, from the present time to an expansion factor a = 100. The objects are identified on the basis of the binding density criterion introduced by D¨ unner et al. Superclusters are identified with the ones whose mass M> 10 15 h −1 M� , the most massive one with M ∼ 8 × 10 15 h −1 M� , comparable to the Shapley supercluster. The spatial distribution of the superclusters remains essentially the same after the present epoch, reflecting the halting growth of the cosmic web asgets to dominate the expansion of the Universe. The same trend can be seen in the stagnation of the development of the mass function of virialized haloes and bound objects. The situation is considerably different when looking at the internal evolution, quantified in terms of their shape, compactness and density profile, and substructure in terms of their multiplicity function. We find a continuing evolution from a wide range of triaxial shapes at a = 1 to almost perfect spherical shapes at a = 100. We also find a systematic trend towards a higher concentration. Meanwhile, we see their substructure gradually disappearing, as the surrounding subclumps fall in and merge to form one coherent, virialized system.
T cell receptor-mediated selection of functional rat CD8 T cells from defined immature thymocyte precursors in short-term suspension culture

Recent results have indicated that positive and negative repertoire selection act on the major population of CD4,8 double-positive (DP) thymocytes that express 5-10-fold less T cell receptor (TCR) than mature T cells (i.e., they are TCRlow). Since DP cells obtained ex vivo are heterogeneous with regard to their stage within thymic selection, a homogeneous population of virgin DP cells suitable for selection studies was generated in vitro from their immediate precursors, the CD8 single-positive (SP) immature blast cells. To mimic TCR-mediated selection signals, these virgin DP cells were then cultured for another 2 d in the presence of immobilized anti-TCR monoclonal antibodies with or without interleukin 2 (IL-2). Daily monitoring of recovery and phenotype showed that without TCR stimulation, the cells remained DP and became small, TCRlow cells that were lost with a half-life of 1 d, regardless of the presence of IL-2. TCR stimulation resulted in rapid downregulation of CD4 and CD8, maintenance of a larger cell size, and induction of the CD53 antigen that marks mature and CD4,8 double- negative rat thymocytes. In the absence of IL-2, viability decreased as rapidly as without TCR stimulation. Addition of IL-2 rescued TCR- stimulated virgin DP cells and prevented CD8 downregulation, so that 50- 80% of input DP cells were recovered after 2 d as CD4-8+53+ cells. After release from modulation, these in vitro generated CD8 SP cells quantitatively upregulated the TCR to the TCRhigh phenotype and were readily induced to proliferate and exhibit cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in a polyclonal readout. Evidence is presented implicating an IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) not containing the p55 chain (i.e., most likely the p70 intermediate affinity IL-2R) in the TCR plus IL-2-driven in vitro differentiation of virgin DP cells towards the mature CD8 SP phenotype.
Heuristic Planning with Time and Resources

We present an algorithm for planning with time and resources, based on heuristic search. The algorithm minimizes makespan using an admissible heuristic derived automatically from the problem instance. Estimators for resource consumption are derived in the same way. The goals are twofold: to show the flexibility of the heuristic search approach to planning and to develop a planner that combines expressivity and performance. Two main issues are the definition of regression in a temporal setting and the definition of the heuristic estimating completion time. A number of experiments are presented for assessing the performance of the resulting planner.
Inflows and spillovers: Tracing the impact of bond market liberalization

As bond markets grow, this affects not only the financing decisions of firms, but also the lending behavior of banks, and the resulting equilibrium allocation of credit and capital. This paper makes three contributions to understand the impact of bond market liberalization. First, using evidence from reforms in Japan that gave borrowers selective access to bond markets during the 1980s, it shows that firms that obtained access to the bond market used bond issuance to pay back bank debt. More importantly, this led banks to increase lending to small and medium enterprises and real estate firms. Second, it proposes a model of financial frictions that is consistent with the empirical findings, and uses the model to derive general conditions under which bond liberalization has this effect on banks. The model predicts that bond liberalization can significantly worsen the quality of the pool of bank borrowers, and so lower bank profitability. These results suggest that Japan’s bond market liberalization contributed to both the real estate bubble in the 1980s and bank problems in the 1990s. Third, the model implies that bond markets amplify the effects of shocks to the risk-free rate and firm borrowing, in addition to attenuating the effects of financial shocks. ∗I would like to thank Emi Nakamura, Ricardo Reis, Jon Steinsson, and David Weinstein for their advice and support over the course of this project. In addition, I am grateful to Patrick Bolton, Olivier Darmouni, Andres Drenik, Takatoshi Ito, Juan Navarro-Staicos, Julian Richers, Pablo Slutzky, Jesse Schreger, Valentin Somma, Martin Uribe, and seminar participants at Columbia University for helpful discussions. I also thank the Macro Financial Modeling Group funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for financial support. †Department of Economics, Columbia University, 1022 International Affairs Building, 420 W 118th Street, New York, NY 10027. Email: cynthia.balloch@columbia.edu.
Inhibition of NF-kB 1 (NF-kBp50) by RNA interference in chicken macrophage HD11 cell line challenged with Salmonellaenteritidis

The NF-kB pathway plays an important role in regulating the immunity response in animals. In this study, small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were used to specifically inhibit NF-kB 1 expression and to elucidate the role of NF-kB in the signal transduction pathway of the Salmonella challenge in the chicken HD11 cell line. The cells were transfected with either NF-kB 1 siRNA, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase siRNA (positive control) or the negative control siRNA for 24 h, followed by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) challenge or non-challenge for 1 h and 4 h. Eight candidate genes related to the signal pathway of SE challenge were selected to examine the effect of NF-kB 1 inhibition on their expressions by mRNA quantification. The results showed that, with a 36% inhibition of NF-kB 1 expression, gene expression of both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and interleukin (IL)-6 was consistently and significantly increased at both 1 h and 4 h following SE challenge, whereas the gene expression of MyD88 and IL-1β was increased at 1 h and 4 h, respectively. These findings suggest a likely inhibitory regulation by NF-kB 1, and could lay the foundation for studying the gene network of the innate immune response of SE infection in chickens.