Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence for direct effect of magnetic fields on neurite outgrowth

Electric fields can cause changes in cell responses both in vitro and in vivo. Alternating magnetic fields have been proposed to act through the electric fields induced in the conducting medium surrounding the cells. We have used a simple exposure system to test the relative contribution of magnetic fields compared to induced electric fields in a standard PC‐12 cell culture assay, in which cells respond to nerve growth factor by producing neurites. This response to stimulation by nerve growth factor is inhibited by sinusoidal, 50‐Hz magnetic fields at field strengths below 10 μT (100 mG). A standard procedure to distinguish magnetic‐ vs. electric‐field effects demonstrates that the induced electric field is not involved. Additional work is necessary to identify the critical reaction site (or sites), and to establish the molecular mechanisms responsible for these results. —Blackman, C. F. , Benane, S. G. , House, D. E. Evidence for direct effect of magnetic fields on neurite outgrowth. FASEB J. 7: 801‐806; 1993.
Early Local Activity in Temporal Areas Reflects Graded Content of Visual Perception

In visual cognitive neuroscience the debate on consciousness is focused on two major topics: the search for the neural correlates of the different properties of visual awareness and the controversy on the graded versus dichotomous nature of visual conscious experience. The aim of this study is to search for the possible neural correlates of different grades of visual awareness investigating the Event Related Potentials to reduced contrast visual stimuli whose perceptual clarity was rated on the four-point Perceptual Awareness Scale. Results revealed a left centro-parietal negative deflection (Visual Awareness Negativity; VAN) peaking at 280–320 ms from stimulus onset, related to the perceptual content of the stimulus, followed by a bilateral positive deflection (Late Positivity; LP) peaking at 510–550 ms over almost all electrodes, reflecting post-perceptual processes performed on such content. Interestingly, the amplitude of both deflections gradually increased as a function of visual awareness. Moreover, the intracranial generators of the phenomenal content (VAN) were found to be located in the left temporal lobe. The present data thus seem to suggest (1) that visual conscious experience is characterized by a gradual increase of perceived clarity at both behavioral and neural level and (2) that the actual content of perceptual experiences emerges from early local activation in temporal areas, without the need of later widespread frontal engagement.
Ancient and Recent Demographic Events Influence Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in an Immigrant Basque Population

The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student Michael Christopher Davis, and they also evaluated his presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination, and that the thesis was satisfactory for a master's degree and ready for any final modifications that they explicitly required. v DEDICATION To the memory of Dr. Adriel Johnson (1957-2010), my undergraduate advisor and professor of Biology at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. His life of service, teaching, and research was (and remains) an example for us all. I am grateful to the individuals of the Basque community, for their participation in, and enthusiasm for, this research. Thanks to the many volunteers who helped with swab collection and lab work, especially Dawn Engle and Katherine Kindy. I am especially thankful to Jason Besecker—for all his work in the early stages of the project. I thank my fellow graduate students, for their advice, assistance, and moral support. I am grateful to Laura Bond, for helping me to properly apply and interpret the statistical tests in my analyses. For answering a question regarding comparisons of genetic diversity, I thank To the administrative assistants Diane Smith and Beth Gee, and the excellent staff of the BSU Biology Department, thanks for all your service. I am indebted to Thomas Krawzak, for providing material support, thoughtful conversations, and encouragement; and to Howard Jones, for his friendship and heartening exhortations. Thanks to the members of the Grace and Boise Churches of Christ, for providing a loving community that embraces both faith and scholarship. I thank my family for fostering in me a love of truth and an appreciation of nature. Thanks vii to the friendly " Gernika Evolution Group " ; the discussions and fellowship at Bar Gernika were extremely helpful, both intellectually and emotionally. To all others who helped me along the way—thank you! viii ABSTRACT The Basques are an ancient people, considered by many anthropologists to represent the oldest extant European population. Because of this, they have been the subject of numerous sociological and biological investigations. The Basque Diaspora, a relatively recent demographic expansion of the Basque population, has until now been overlooked in molecular genetic studies. Samples were taken from 53 individuals with Basque ancestry in Boise, Idaho, and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation of the first and second hypervariable regions were …
A Retrospective Drug Utilization Study of Antiplatelet Drugs in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease

Objective: Acute coronary syndrome is a clinical condition encompassing ST segments elevation myocardial infraction, Non ST segment is elevation myocardial infraction and un stable angina is characterized by ruptured coronary plaque, stress and myocardial injury. Angina pectoris is a pressure like pain in the chest that is induced by exertion or stress and relived with in the minute after cessation of effort or using sublingual nitroglycerin. The present research was undertaken to study the drug utilization pattern of antiplatelet drugs for the ischemic heart disease in a tertiary care hospital. Method: The present study is retrospective drug utilization study and study period is 6months. The data is collected from the discharge case sheet of general medicine department from medical department Rajiv Gandhi institute of medical sciences, Kadapa. The tentative sample size fixed was 250 patients. Out of 250 cases 19 cases was excluded because of unrelated data. Results: A total of 250 prescriptions were collected for the study according to the inclusion criteria 233 prescriptions were diagnosed with ischemic heart disease 17 prescriptions were excluded due to unrelated information. out of 233 prescriptions 128 are male (54.9%) and 105 patients are were female (45%). According to the gender distribution, the prevalence of ischemic heart disease in males are 90 (70.31%) and females are 39 (37.1%). In the same way the prevalence of ischemic heart disease along with cerebrovascular disease in males are 39 (29.6%) and females are 66 (62.6%). Conclusion: We found that 94.8% of drug utilization of antiplatelet drugs was achieved in the Rajiv Gandhi institute of medical sciences, Kadapa from 2011-2012. Keywords—Angina pectoris, aspirin, clopidogrel, myocardial infarction.
The NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (D-AP5) impairs spatial learning and LTP in vivo at intracerebral concentrations comparable to those that block LTP in vitro

This series of experiments investigated whether the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (D-AP5) could induce impairments of spatial learning across a dose range comparable to its impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in vivo. Estimations of the extracellular concentration of D-AP5 in hippocampus using microdialysis were also made to compare whether these impairments occur at concentrations similar to those required to impair LTP in the in vitro hippocampal slice. Rats were chronically infused with D-AP5 into the lateral ventricle at a range of concentrations (0–50 mM) via osmotic minipumps. They were first trained to find and escape onto a hidden platform in an open-field water maze task. After the behavioral learning, they were anesthetized with urethane and an attempt was made to evoke and monitor hippocampal LTP. Extracellular samples of D-AP5 in hippocampus were then taken using microdialysis, and finally, the animals were killed and tissue samples dissected. The microdialysis and tissue samples were analyzed for D-AP5 content using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The results established, first, that D-AP5 impairs spatial learning in a linear dose-dependent manner, highly correlated with its corresponding impairment of hippocampal LTP in vivo. No concentration of D-AP5 was observed to block LTP without affecting learning. Second, the microdialysis estimates indicated that, subject to certain assumptions, D-AP5 causes these impairments at extracellular concentrations comparable to those that impair LTP in vitro. Third, comparison of the whole tissue and microdialysis samples revealed a concentration ratio of approximately 30:1, indicating that 97% of the intracerebral D-AP5 is inaccessible to the dialysis probes. Infusion of 20 mM EGTA was found to cause a sevenfold increase in D-AP5 in the dialysis perfusates, suggesting that at least part of the inaccessible D-AP5 is trapped by a calcium-dependent mechanism. Two further behavioral control studies indicated that the D-AP5-induced impairment of spatial learning is unlikely to be secondary to a drug- induced motor disturbance, and that the performance of the D-AP5 group whose concentration was just sufficient to block hippocampal LTP completely was statistically indistinguishable from that of a group of rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions induced by ibotenic acid. Taken together, these findings offer support for the hypothesis that activation of NMDA receptors is necessary for certain kinds of learning.
Does children's screen time predict requests for advertised products? Cross-sectional and prospective analyses.

OBJECTIVE To examine children's screen media exposure and requests for advertised toys and food/drinks. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Twelve elementary schools in northern California. PARTICIPANTS Eight hundred twenty-seven third grade children participated at baseline; 386 students in 6 schools were followed up for 20 months. INTERVENTION None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Child self-reported requests for advertised toys and foods/drinks. RESULTS At baseline, children's screen media time was significantly associated with concurrent requests for advertised toys (Spearman r = 0.15 [TV viewing] and r = 0.20 [total screen time]; both P<.001) and foods/drinks (Spearman r = 0.16 [TV viewing] and r = 0.18 [total screen time]; both P<.001). In prospective analysis, children's screen media time at baseline was significantly associated with their mean number of toy requests 7 to 20 months later (Spearman r = 0.21 [TV viewing] and r = 0.24 [total screen time]; both P<.001) and foods/drinks requests (Spearman r = 0.14 [TV viewing] and r = 0.16 [total screen time]; both P<.01). After adjusting for baseline requests and sociodemographic variables, the relationship between screen media exposure and future requests for advertised foods/drinks remained significant for total TV viewing and total screen media exposure. The relationship with future requests for toys remained significant for total screen media exposure. CONCLUSIONS Screen media exposure is a prospective risk factor for children's requests for advertised products. Future experimental studies on children's health- and consumer-related outcomes are warranted.
CANCER STEM CELLS Concise Review: Role of BMI1, a Stem Cell Factor, in Cancer Recurrence and Chemoresistance: Preclinical and Clinical Evidences

There is increasing evidence that a variety of cancers arise from transformation of normal stem cells to cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are thought to sustain cancer progression, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence after therapy. Reports suggest that CSCs are highly resistant to conventional therapy. Emerging evidences show that the chemoresistance of CSCs are in part due to the activation of B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI1), a stem cell factor, and a polycomb group family member. BMI1 is reported to regulate the proliferation activity of normal, stem, and progenitor cells. BMI1 plays a role in cell cycle, cell immortalization, and senescence. Numerous studies demonstrate that BMI1, which is upregulated in a variety of cancers, has a positive correlation with clinical grade/stage and poor prognosis. Although evidences are in support of the role of BMI1 as a factor in chemoresistance displayed by CSCs, its mechanism of action is not fully understood. In this review, we provide summary of evidences (with mechanism of action established) suggesting the significance of BMI1 in chemoresistance and recurrence of CSCs. STEM CELLS 2012; 30:372–378 Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Exploiting temporal locality in drowsy cache policies

Technology projections indicate that static power will become a major concern in future generations of high-performance microprocessors. Caches represent a significant percentage of the overall microprocessor die area. Therefore, recent research has concentrated on the reduction of leakage current dissipated by caches. The variety of techniques to control current leakage can be classified as non-state preserving or state preserving. Non-state preserving techniques power off selected cache lines while state preserving place selected lines into a low-power state. Drowsy caches are a recently proposed state-preserving technique. In order to introduce low performance overhead, drowsy caches must be very selective on which cache lines are moved to a drowsy statePast research on cache organization has focused on how best to exploit the temporal locality present in the data stream. In this paper we propose a novel drowsy cache policy called Reuse Most Recently used On (RMRO), which makes use of reuse information to trade off performance versus energy consumption. Our proposal improves the hit ratio for drowsy lines by about 67%, while reducing the power consumption by about 11.7% (assuming 70nm technology) with respect to previously proposed drowsy cache policies.
CMOS Instrumentation Amplifier with Offset Cancellation Circuitry for Biomedical Application

This paper presents the design and development of a CMOS Instrumentation Amplifier for biomedical application. This design manages to achieve 101dB gain, PSRR > 102dB and 91dB CMRR. The final circuit consumes total of 0. 318µWatts power at 1.8V supply voltage and possesses die size of 9.6nm2 area. It also has a full CMOS implementation of offset cancellation circuitry, among the first of its kind. Comparison with more complex work shows improved or comparable results.
Increasing Ryanodine Receptor Open Probability Alone Does Not Produce Arrhythmogenic Calcium Waves: Threshold Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Content Is Required

Diastolic waves of Ca2+ release have been shown to activate delayed afterdepolarizations as well as some cardiac arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to investigate whether increasing ryanodine receptor open probability alone or in the presence of β-adrenergic stimulation produces diastolic Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). When voltage-clamped rat ventricular myocytes were exposed to caffeine (0.5 to 1.0 mmol), diastolic Ca2+ release was seen to accompany the first few stimuli but was never observed in the steady state. We attribute the initial phase of diastolic Ca2+ release to a decrease in the threshold SR Ca2+ content required to activate Ca2+ waves and its subsequent disappearance to a decrease of SR content below this threshold. Application of isoproterenol (1 &mgr;mol/L) increased the amplitude of the systolic Ca2+ transient and also the SR Ca2+ content but did not usually produce diastolic Ca2+ release. Subsequent addition of caffeine, however, resulted in diastolic Ca2+ release. We estimated the time course of recovery of SR Ca2+ content following recovery from emptying with a high (10 mmol/L) concentration of caffeine. Diastolic Ca2+ release recommenced only when SR content had increased back to its final level. We conclude that increasing ryanodine receptor open probability alone does not produce arrhythmogenic diastolic Ca2+ release because of the accompanying decrease of SR Ca2+ content. β-Adrenergic stimulation increases SR content and thereby allows the increased ryanodine receptor open probability to produce diastolic Ca2+ release. The implications of these results for arrhythmias associated with abnormal ryanodine receptors are discussed.
Mapping of Equine Lentivirus Receptor 1 Residues Critical for Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Envelope Binding

ABSTRACT The equine lentivirus receptor 1 (ELR1), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) protein family, has been identified as a functional receptor for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Toward defining the functional interactions between the EIAV SU protein (gp90) and its ELR1 receptor, we mapped the gp90 binding domain of ELR1 by a combination of binding and functional assays using the EIAV SU gp90 protein and various chimeric receptor proteins derived from exchanges between the functional ELR1 and the nonbinding homolog, mouse herpesvirus entry mediator (murine HveA). Complementary exchanges of the respective cysteine-rich domains (CRD) between the ELR1 and murine HveA proteins revealed CRD1 as the predominant determinant of functional gp90 binding to ELR1 and also to a chimeric murine HveA protein expressed on the surface of transfected Cf2Th cells. Mutations of individual amino acids in the CRD1 segment of ELR1 and murine HveA indicated the Leu70 in CRD1 as essential for functional binding of EIAV gp90 and for virus infection of transduced Cf2Th cells. The specificity of the EIAV SU binding domain identified for the ELR1 receptor is fundamentally identical to that reported previously for functional binding of feline immunodeficiency virus SU to its coreceptor CD134, another TNFR protein. These results indicate unexpected common features of the specific mechanisms by which diverse lentiviruses can employ TNFR proteins as functional receptors.
Thermal Conductivity of Suspension of Aggregating Nanometric Rods

Enhancing thermal conductivity of simple fluids is of major interest in numerous applicative systems. One possibility of enhancing thermal properties consists of dispersing small conductive particles inside. However, in general, aggregation effects occur and then one must address systems composed of dispersed clusters composed of particles as well as the ones related to percolated networks. This papers analyzes the conductivity enhancement of different microstructures scaling from clusters dispersed into a simple matrix to the ones related to percolated networks exhibiting a fractal morphology.
Investment Banking Relationships and Merger Fees

This paper is among the first to investigate the effect of a prior investment banking relationship on merger advisory fees paid by acquiring firms. We find that acquiring firms pay a higher fee to advisors when they have had a continuing relationship and a lower fee when they switch to an advisor with whom they have had no prior relationship. We develop a measure of relationship strength between an acquiring firm and its merger advisor based on previous debt, equity and merger transactions completed by the acquiring firm. We also examine the relationship between a merger advisor s reputation and its ability to retain clients. We find that firms are more likely to switch if their M and A advisor is not a top tier investment bank. To test if higher fees are compensation for better performance, we examine differences between the average announcement returns of acquiring firms that switch advisors and those that do not. We find no significant difference between these two return samples. Overall, our findings indicate that acquiring firms perceive benefits of retaining merger advisors with whom they have had a prior relationship (even at the cost of higher fees) and/or they face some other (higher) costs of switching to new bank advisors.
Theories of developmental psychology

What Is a Theory? What Is a Developmental Theory? Of What Value Is a Developmental Theory? Organizing Information / Guiding Research How Are Facts and Theories Related? The Model / Deductive Theory / Functional Theory Inductive Theory / An Overview What Are the Main Issues of Developmental Psychology? What Is the Basic Nature of Humans? Is Development Qualitative or Quantitative? How Do Nature and Nurture Contribute to Development? / What Is It That Develops? Summary A Word About This Book Suggested Readings 1 PIAGETS COGNITIVE-STAGE THEORY :Biographical Sketch General Orientation to the Theory Genetic Epistemology / Biological Approach / Structuralism / Stage Approach / Methodology Description of the Stages Sensorimotor Period / Preoperational Period / Concrete Operational Period Formal Operational Period / An Overview Memory Mechanisms of Development Cognitive Organization / Cognitive Adaptation / Cognitive Equilibration / Comment Position on Developmental Issues Human Nature / Qualitative Versus Quantitative Development / Nature Versus Nurture What Develops Theoretical Nature of the Theory Evaluation of the Theory Strengths / Weaknesses Piaget's Own Modifications of His Theory The Neo-Piagetians Summary Suggested Readings. 2 FREUD AND ERIKSON'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES: FREUD: Biographical Sketch General Orientation to the Theory Dynamic Approach / Structural Approach / Topographic Approach / Stage Approach / Normal-Abnormal Continuum / Methodology Description of the Stages Oral Stage / Anal Stage Phallic Stage Period of Latency / Genital Stage / Case Studv of "Little Hans" Mechanisms of Development Position on Developmental Issues Human Nature / Qualitative Versus Quantitative / Development / Nature Versus inurture What Develops Theoretical Nature of the Theory Evaluation of the Theory Strengths Weaknesses Comment ERIKSON: Biographical Sketch General Orientation to the Theory Psychosocial Stages / Emphasis on Identity / Expansion of Psychoanalytic Methodology Description of the Stages Stage 1: Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust Stage 2: Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt Stage 3: Initiative Versus Guilt Stage 4: Industry Versus Inferiority Stage 5: Identity and Repudiation Versus Identity Dffusion Stage 6: Intimacy and Solidarity Versus Isolation Stage 7: Generativiry Versus Smgnation and Self-Absorption Stage 8: Integrity Versus Despair Comment: Contemporary Eriksonian Research on Stages Mechanisms of Development Position on Developmental Issues Theoretical Nature of the Theory Evaluation of the Theory Strengths Weaknesses Summary Suggested Readings. 3 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: History of the Theory Behaviorism / Early Research on Children's Learning Social Learning / Learning Theory Today General Orientation to the Theory Emphasis on Learning (TLT and SLT), Especially Observational Learning (SLT) / Causal Model Includes Environment (TLT) or
The predictive utility of generalized expected utility theories

Recent experimental choice studies compare expected utility with competing theories of decision-making under risk. Formal tests used to judge the theories usually count the number of consistent responses, ignoring systematic variation in inconsistent responses. A maximum-likelihood estimation method is developed that extracts more information from the data and enables one to judge the predictive utility--fit and parsimony--of utility theories. Analyses of twenty-three data sets suggest a menu of theories that sacrifice the least parsimony for the biggest improvement in fit. The menu is mixed fanning, prospect theory, expected utility, and expected value. Copyright 1994 by The Econometric Society.