Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grid Refinement in Cartesian Coordinates for Groundwater Flow Models Using the Divergence Theorem and Taylor's Series

Grid refinement is introduced in a numerical groundwater model to increase the accuracy of the solution over local areas without compromising the run time of the model. Numerical methods developed for grid refinement suffered certain drawbacks, for example, deficiencies in the implemented interpolation technique; the non‐reciprocity in head calculations or flow calculations; lack of accuracy resulting from high truncation errors, and numerical problems resulting from the construction of elongated meshes. A refinement scheme based on the divergence theorem and Taylor's expansions is presented in this article. This scheme is based on the work of De Marsily (1986) but includes more terms of the Taylor's series to improve the numerical solution. In this scheme, flow reciprocity is maintained and high order of refinement was achievable. The new numerical method is applied to simulate groundwater flows in homogeneous and heterogeneous confined aquifers. It produced results with acceptable degrees of accuracy. This method shows the potential for its application to solving groundwater heads over nested meshes with irregular shapes.
The British Hitman: 1974–2013

This exploratory article presents a typology of British ‘hitmen’ as identified within newspaper reports about contract killing. Demographic and criminological data related to these hitmen and their victims are analysed and, on the basis of this analysis, a typology of British hitmen is developed. Our typology suggests that British hitmen are: ‘Novices’; ‘Dilettantes’; ‘Journeymen’; or ‘Masters’. It is hoped that this typology will be of use to law enforcement.
The Inevitable Lightening of Citizenship

Abstract This paper scrutinizes the paradox of the increasing objective yet diminishing subjective value of citizenship in Western states. The decreasing subjective value points to an inevitable lightening of citizenship, which persists despite states’ recent efforts to upgrade and re-nationalize citizenship by ceremony, civic integration tests, and more exclusive rights. I discuss some features of citizenship light, most notably instrumentalism and a dissociation of citizenship from nationhood. The recently court-empowered European Union citizenship serves as an illustration. Résumé Montée de la valeur objective de la citoyenneté dans les pays occidentaux et diminution de sa valeur subjective font paradoxe. Les États ont beau faire des efforts pour donner de la solennité à l’octroi de la citoyenneté (cérémonie de naturalisation et test d’intégration), la conclusion s’impose : la citoyenneté s’allège inévitablement. L’article analyse certains aspects de ce processus, en particulier l’instrumentalisme et la dissociation entre nationalité et citoyenneté. Le débat juridique sur la citoyenneté européenne sert d’illustration. Zusammenfassung Das Paradox eines objektiv steigenden aber gleichzeitig subjektiv sinkenden Werts der Staatsbürgerschaft in westlichen Staaten verdient eine genauere Untersuchung. Ihr subjektiv abnehmender Wert weist auf ein unausweichliches “Leichterwerden” der Staatsbürgerschaft hin, trotz gegenläufiger staatlicher Initiativen, den Staatsbürgerstatus aufzuwerten und zu re-nationalisieren (zum Beispiel durch symbolische Verleihungen, Einbürgerungstests und exklusivere Rechte). Ich skizziere einige Elemente der “leichten” Staatsbürgerschaft, insbesondere Instrumentalismus und eine Trennung von Staatsangehörigkeit und Nationalität. Die durch Entscheidungen des Europäischen Gerichtshofs mächtig vorangetriebene Unionsbürgerschaft dient als Illustration.
The Effectiveness of Child-Centered Play Therapy on Developmental and Diagnostic Factors in Children Who Are Homeless

Children who are homeless have numerous emotional, social, behavioral, and developmental challenges. This pilot research study examined the effectiveness of child-centered play therapy on developmental and diagnostic factors in 36 elementary schoolchildren who are homeless. Results indicate statistically significant improvement in 1 of 2 developmental strands and 1 of 3 diagnostic profiles as measured by the Boxall Profile. Specifically, children who are homeless improved in internalization of controls and self-limiting features and showed positive trends in unsupported development. Effect sizes ranged from small to medium. The findings are congruent with previous research that indicates that child-centered play therapy may have a positive impact on children who are homeless and on children’s development within the classroom.
Performing cohabitation: Secular individualism and communication skills among Israeli committed cohabiters

Secular-individualist views and poor communication skills are commonly used to explain cohabitation instability. The present study sheds light on the process through which similarity of such views becomes salient to long-term (‘‘committed’’) cohabiters’ relationships. Based on a couple-level analysis of interview data collected from 20 Israeli committed cohabiters, we argue that value-based similarity (in the present case, a secular-individualist commonality), together with constant work on communication based on a sense of partner exceptionality, are central to couples’ ability to experience their disagreements as marginal and to take pride in their intimate communication. We found a cohabiting identity to consolidate in the course of this process, contributing to the couples’ conception of their cohabitation as better than marriage.
Multiple learning communities: students, teachers, instructional designers, and researchers

Fostering a Community of Learners (FCL) exemplifies a class of pedagogical approaches aimed at having students become reasoners and sense‐makers in various content domains. While the pedagogical practices among these approaches vary to some degree, they tend to overlap in philosophy and general pedagogical style. Hence issues confronted by those attempting to implement FCL will be confronted by those hoping to implement similar activities. The three‐level commentary in this paper begins with specific reactions to the preceding papers, which focused on attempts to implement FCL in different content areas. It continues with a discussion of what counts in FCL: for example, is it a set of participant structures such as jigsawing, or a set of underlying principles? It concludes with a discussion of systemic issues that will be faced by any pedagogical approach focusing on having students engage in reasoning and sense‐making in the classroom.
Timing of Feedback and Verbal Learning

A meta-analysis of findings on feedback timing and human verbal learning showed that a variety of results have been obtained in 53 separate studies of the topic. Applied studies using actual classroom quizzes and real learning materials have usually found immediate feedback to be more effective than delayed. Experimental studies of acquisition of test content have usually produced the opposite result. Laboratory studies of list learning have produced a variety of results, but the variation in results seems to be related systematically to features of the studies.
Mixed methods research in the real world

The article discusses the increasing use of mixed methods designs in applied research, particularly work commissioned by government. The roots of this trend are discussed in the UK and US context, drawing out particularly the implications for qualitative methods, the role of benchmarks and quality standards, and the implications for critical research. Examples from socio‐legal research and research on social aspects of health and illness illustrate the argument.
Can Parenting Styles Affect the Children’s Development of Narcissism? A Systematic Review

The aim of this paper is to define whether different types of parenting styles (and which ones) affect the child's development in the direction of narcissism, through a systematic review of the studies on the subject in the literature, considering only research published from the Nineties to today. The ten studies considered in this review are representative of the main approaches used to investigate the association between parenting and the emergence of narcissistic features in children. These studies have used different research methods, operationalizing the concept of parenting in diversified ways and showing sensitivity to the multidimensionality of the construct of narcissism. The results of these studies allow us to say that types of positive parenting are more associated in general with the development of healthy narcissistic tendencies, compatible with the normal physical, mental and adaptive child's development.
RNA Interference Identifies a Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Involved in Medicago truncatula Root Developmentw⃞

Changes in cellular or subcellular Ca2+ concentrations play essential roles in plant development and in the responses of plants to their environment. However, the mechanisms through which Ca2+ acts, the downstream signaling components, as well as the relationships among the various Ca2+-dependent processes remain largely unknown. Using an RNA interference–based screen for gene function in Medicago truncatula, we identified a gene that is involved in root development. Silencing Ca2+-dependent protein kinase1 (CDPK1), which is predicted to encode a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, resulted in significantly reduced root hair and root cell lengths. Inactivation of CDPK1 is also associated with significant diminution of both rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiotic colonization. Additionally, microarray analysis revealed that silencing CDPK1 alters cell wall and defense-related gene expression. We propose that M. truncatula CDPK1 is a key component of one or more signaling pathways that directly or indirectly modulates cell expansion or cell wall synthesis, possibly altering defense gene expression and symbiotic interactions.
Psychological Correlates of Flow in Sport

The purpose of this study was to examine possible psychological correlates of flow in a sample of older athletes. Both state and trait, or dispositional flow states, were examined. Masters athletes completed questionnaire assessments on two occasions while competing at an international masters sport competition. The participants (398) completed a questionnaire assessing intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, goal orientation, trait anxiety, perceived ability, and typical flow experiences (trait) when participating in sport. Of these participants, 213 completed a questionnaire after and in relation to one event they competed in at the Games. This second questionnaire assessed state flow, as well as perceptions of success, skills, and challenges in a selected sport event. Correlational and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine psychological correlates of state and trait flow. Patterns of relationships were found between flow and perceived ability, anxiety, and an intrinsic motivation variable. Understand.
The costs and benefits of ‘computer addiction’

Abstract The research was inspired by comments from the press and concerned academics who suggested that computer use could convert 'normal' people into antisocial, machine-code junkies. Contrary to such opinions, the computer-dependent individuals who took part in the study were intelligent, interesting, hospitable, but misunderstood people, who from experience had learned to mistrust humans. Instead from an early age, they had turned to the safe and predictable world of the inanimate, and by exploring their environments had become true scientists and philosophers. Their responses were far from neurotic, instead they were logical coping strategies which allowed them to make sense of the world within which they lived. They were pursuing an interest which not only provided intellectual challenge and excitement in infinite variety, but for most also enabled them to turn a fascinating hobby into a successful means of earning a living; an ideal to which most would aspire.
The Helpseeking Experiences of Men Who Sustain Intimate Partner Violence : An Overlooked Population and Implications for Practice

For over 30 years, research has shown that men can and do sustain intimate partner violence (IPV) from their female partners. This is the first large-scale, nationally-based, quantitative study to systematically detail the helpseeking experiences of men who have sustained IPV from their female partners. The sample is composed of 302 men who were recruited from resources specializing in men’s issues. Results indicate that men who seek help for IPV victimization have the most positive experiences in seeking help from family/friends, and mental health and medical providers. They have the least positive experiences with members of the DV service system. Cumulative positive helpseeking experiences were associated with lower levels of abusing alcohol; cumulative negative experiences were associated with higher rates of exceeding a clinical cut-off for post-traumatic stress disorder. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the social service sector and for future research.
The Lexical Profile of Second Language Writing: Does It Change Over Time?

The paper examines changes in the productive lexicon of advanced second language learners' writing over a period of one academic year. Sets of compositions of the same learners were analyzed in terms of lexical profile and lexical variation at three points of time. The analysis was performed by LFP (lexical frequency profile) measure, which classifies the vocabulary of an essay into frequency levels using a public domain computer programme developed for this purpose. Results indicate that there was some progress in lexical richness, but not in lexical variation. There was no correlation between the progress on the two variables. The results are discussed in terms of productive vocabulary development in a second language. Some teaching implications are suggested which relate to explicit vocabulary teaching as opposed to incidental vocabulary learning.
Properties of a Glutamatergic Synapse Controlling Information Output from Retinal Bipolar Cells

One general categorization of retinal ganglion cells is to segregate them into tonically or phasically responding neurons, each conveying discrete aspects of the visual scene. Although best identified in the output signals of the retina, this distinction is initiated at the first synapse: between photoreceptors and the dendrites of bipolar cells. In this study we found that the output synapses of bipolar cells also contribute to separate these pathways. Both transient and sustained ganglion cells can produce maintained spike activity, but bipolar cell glutamate release exhibits a divergence that corresponds to the response characteristics of the ganglion cells. Comparing light intensity coding in the sustained and transient ON pathways revealed that they shared the intensity spectrum. The transient pathway had greater sensitivity but smaller dynamic range, and switched from intensity coding to event detection at light levels where sustained pathway sensitivity began to rise. The distinctive properties of the sustained pathway depended upon inhibition and shifted toward those of the transient pathway in the absence of inhibition. The transient system was comparatively unaffected by the loss of inhibition and this was due to the concomitant activation of perisynaptic NMDA receptors. Overall, the properties of bipolar cell dendritic and axon terminals both contribute to the formation of key aspects of the sustained/transient dichotomy normally associated with ganglion cells.
Confronting the challanges and barriers to community participation in rural development initiatives in Buhera district, Ward 12 Zimbabwe

Community participation in rural development is widely recognized as a basic operational principle of rural development, although debates about this concept are fervent. Beneficiaries of community projects have been seen as consumers of services, and their role in rural development has been accorded less importance. Community participation has been limited to consultation, thereby stifling the creative capabilities and potential of community members at all levels of the society. A descriptive case study design was used to collect primary data in addition to secondary data. Questionnaires were administered to participants selected through proportionate sampling to ensure representation and stratification at all levels. Two hundred respondents were interviewed. The data collected was analyzed numerically and descriptively and is presented in the sum of text and tables. The study revealed that there is relatively low degree of community influence or control over organizations in which community members participate, especially given that the services are usually controlled by people who are not poor or recipients of services. Community members are usually going through an empty ritual of participation; hence they have no real power needed to affect the outcome of rural development process. The study noted that participatory rural development has no predetermined outcomes; it can lead to transformation and change in the social patterns and sometimes it perpetuates and trigger the antithesis of ‘community liberation,’ devolution and distribution of power among various stakeholders. Thus, the form of participation in rural development initiatives in Buhera has transformed and modified the relations of power that objectify and subjugate people, leaving them without a voice. The study recommended that community participation should be centered on the role of the community as primary actors who should be allowed and enabled to influence and share the responsibility (and possibly costs) of rural development process.
The Good and Bad of It All: Professional Black Male Basketball Players as Role Models for Young Black Male Basketball Players

It is a generally accepted belief, affirmed in the media, that professional Black male basketball players from the National Basketball Association serve as role models for young Black males. Very little empirical evidence, however, is available about how the young men think about these relationships. Using the concept of role model from social learning theory as a lens, I analyze interview data drawn from a convenience sample of 19 young Black men who participated in high school basketball to investigate the idea of �professional Black male basketball players as role models. � I find that young men do not necessarily accept the �good/bad� role-model dichotomy presented in the media, but rather, they are discerning in their acceptance and rejection of certain role-model attitudes and behaviors. Il y a une croyance generalement admise et affirmee dans les medias que les joueurs noirs de l�association nationale de basket-ball (NBA) servent de modeles pour les jeunes hommes noirs. Cependant, il existe tres peu de donnees empiriques sur ce que les jeunes hommes pensent de ces relations. En utilisant le concept de « modele de role » de la theorie de l�apprentissage social, j�analyse les donnees provenant d�entrevues avec 19 jeunes hommes noirs qui participent au basket-ball a l�ecole secondaire pour enqueter sur l�idee des « joueurs noirs de la NBA en tant que modeles de role ». J�ai trouve que les jeunes hommes n�acceptent pas necessairement la dichotomie « bon/mauvais » en ce qui a trait aux modeles de role tels que presentes dans les medias mais plutot qu�ils sont doues de discernement dans leur acceptation ou leur rejet de certains comportement ou attitudes de modeles de role.
Rhythm generation in the segmented hindbrain of chick embryos.

1. The embryonic hindbrain of chick is segmented until stage 24, when it starts to generate rhythmic activities in cranial nerves. In order to recognize a possible influence of segmentation on the organization of neuronal systems generating motor rhythms, the activity of trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal and hypoglossal nerves was studied during embryonic stages 24‐36, by simultaneous recording of different cranial nerves in an isolated, superfused chick hindbrain preparation. 2. Highly correlated recurrent episodes of cyclical burst discharges occurred in all nerves studied (correlation coefficients, 0.8 +/‐ 0.1) throughout stages 24‐36. 3. Such coactivation is unlikely to be due to monosynaptic connections between widely divergent premotor neurons and motoneurons, or between motoneurons themselves, because no short‐term correlation was apparent in the millisecond range between activities of different motor nerves. 4. Complete transverse or midsagittal sectioning of the hindbrain disrupted coactivation of nerves located at distinct rostrocaudal levels or occupying an ipsi‐ or contralateral position, respectively, while sparing the ability of individual nerves to generate rhythmic activity. Each hindbrain segment thus contains bilaterally the motor nuclei together with their own rhythm generator. Coactivation of motor patterns appears to result from intersegmental and cross‐median connections between these rhythm generators. 5. The results are in keeping with the hypothesis of a segmental organization of the primordial hindbrain rhythm generator and give further support to the early determination of both the anatomical and the functional fate of neurons in this region of the vertebrate central nervous system.
In Vivo Analysis of Ascl1 Defined Progenitors Reveals Distinct Developmental Dynamics during Adult Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis

In the adult mammalian brain, new neurons and glia are continuously generated but molecular factors regulating their differentiation and lineage relationships are largely unknown. We show that Ascl1, a bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) transcription factor, transiently labels neuronal and oligodendrocyte precursors in the adult brain. Using in vivo lineage tracing with inducible Cre recombinase, we followed the maturation of these precursors in four distinct regions. In the hippocampus, Ascl1 mostly marks type-2a progenitor cells with some late stage type-1 stem cells. Thirty days after Ascl1 expression, although a majority of the cells matured to granule neurons, a few cells remained as immature progenitors. By 6 months, however, essentially all Ascl1 lineage cells were granule neurons. In contrast, in the olfactory bulb neuronal lineage, Ascl1 is restricted to transit amplifying cells, and by 30 d all cells matured into GABAergic interneurons. Ascl1 also broadly marks oligodendrocyte precursors in subcortical gray and white matter regions. In the corpus callosum, Ascl1 defines a ventral layer of early oligodendrocyte precursors that do not yet express other early markers of this lineage like PDGFRα and Olig2. By 30 d, most had transitioned to mature oligodendrocytes. In contrast, Ascl1 expressing oligodendrocyte precursors in gray matter already coexpressed the early oligodendrocyte markers, but by 30 d they mostly remained as precursors. Our results reveal that Ascl1 is a common molecular marker of early progenitors of both neurons and oligodendrocytes in the adult brain, and these Ascl1 defined progenitors mature with distinct dynamics in different brain regions.