Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Baby Markets: Money and the New Politics of Creating Families

Part I. What Makes a Market? : Efficiency, Accountability, and Reliability in Getting the Babies We Want: 1. Baby markets Michele Goodwin 2. The upside of baby markets Martha Ertman 3. Price and pretense in the baby market Kimberly Krawiec 4. Bringing feminist fundamentalism to the US baby markets Mary Anne Case 5. Producing kinship through the marketplaces of transnational adoption Sara Dorow Part II. Space and Place: Reproducing and Reframing Social Norms of Race, Class, Gender and Otherness: 6. Adoption laws and practices: serving whose interests? Ruth Arlene-Howe 7. International adoption: the human rights issues Elizabeth Bartholet 8. Heterosexuality as a prenatal social problem: why parents and courts have a taste for heterosexuality Jose Gabilondo 9. Transracial adoption of black children: an economic analysis Mary Eschelbach Hansen and Daniel Pollack Part III. Spectrums and Discourses: Rights, Regulations, and Choice: 10. Reproducing dreams Naomi Cahn 11. Why do parents have rights? The problem of kinship in liberal thought Maggie Gallagher 12. Free markets, free choice? A market approach to reproductive rights Debora Spar 13. Commerce and regulation in the assisted reproduction industry John Robertson 14. Ethics within markets or a market for ethics: can disclosure of sperm donor identity be effectively mandated? June Carbone Part IV. The Ethics of Baby and Embryo Markets: 15. Egg donation for research and reproduction: the compensation conundrum Nanette Elster 16. Eggs, nests, and stem cells Lisa Ikemota 17. Where stem cell research meets abortion politics: limits on buying and selling human oocytes Michelle Oberman Part V. Tenuous Grounds and Baby Taboos: 18. Risky exchanges Viviana Zelizer 19. Giving in to baby markets Sonia Suter.
An Effective Hierarchical PRAM-SLC-MLC Hybrid Solid State Disk

Currently, SLC-MLC hybrid SSD (solid state disk) products become mature. Phase-change random access memory (PRAM) is one of the new non-volatile memory materials used to enhance the limitation of original SLC-MLC hybrid SSD. Through reorganizing the basic functional modes among SLC, MLC, and PRAM, we proposed a new hybrid SSD architecture named PRAM-SLC-MLC Hybrid SSD (PH-SSD), in which a hierarchical updating method is designed. The PH-SSD employs PRAM as a primary updating area, uses SLC as a secondary updating area, uses MLC for main data storage, and performs data migration via a small capacity DRAM. Based on this proper arrangement, the PH-SSD can improve write performance and lifetime of SSD significantly. Through simulation, the PH-SSD achieves over 240% speedup and prolongs the lifetime by up to 2-3 times compared with the previous architecture.
Examination of Perceived Norms and Masculinity Threat as Predictors of College Men's Behavioral Intentions as Bystanders in a Party Gang Rape Situation

Sexual assault of women is a well-documented phenomenon in U.S. samples, particularly on college campuses. Innovative approaches to prevention encourage men and women to intervene as bystanders in sexual assault situations; however, bystander behavior is notoriously inhibited by various situational factors. This study used a mixed-method approach to better understand the role of situational factors in college men’s bystander behavioral intentions in a party gang rape situation. The first aim was to develop an experimental paradigm using vignette methodology to manipulate the amount of masculinity threat present in a party gang rape situation, which could then be used to explore the effect of masculinity threat on men’s bystander behavioral intentions. Although I was unable to heighten masculinity threat, findings indicate that a previous relationship with the offenders results in men expecting a typical male college bystander to experience less negative affect in the situation. The second aim was to use the vignettes to examine whether men’s perception of the rape-supportive and traditional masculine gender role norms among the offenders involved, as well as indicators of masculinity threat, would predict men’s bystander behavioral intentions. Boding well for bystander intervention programs, the majority (98%) of men reported intention to intervene to stop the assault to some degree, although this intention was lower for men who perceived the party gang rape situation to result in more negative affect for a typical college male bystander. Data depicts the party gang rape situation as one in which masculine norms and masculinity threat are salient; however, these aspects did not play a role in intentions to intervene. Eighteen percent of men reported some intention to join in the assault, which was predicted by perceived masculine norms and men’s demographic characteristics. Findings point to the importance of culturally competent programming and the utility of incorporating a social norms approach in bystander intervention programs. Programs may benefit from addressing concerns about retaliation, particularly as a function of men’s relationships to the offenders. A limitation is the exclusion of individual difference variables to explore whether men’s own attitudes interact with situational factors to predict bystander behavioral intentions. INDEX WORDS: Sexual assault, Party gang rape, Masculinity, Social norms, Bystander intervention, Prevention EXAMINATION OF PERCEIVED NORMS AND MASCULINITY THREAT AS PREDICTORS OF COLLEGE MEN’S BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS AS BYSTANDERS IN A PARTY GANG RAPE SITUATION
Pairwise Variable Selection for High‐Dimensional Model‐Based Clustering

Summary Variable selection for clustering is an important and challenging problem in high‐dimensional data analysis. Existing variable selection methods for model‐based clustering select informative variables in a “one‐in‐all‐out” manner; that is, a variable is selected if at least one pair of clusters is separable by this variable and removed if it cannot separate any of the clusters. In many applications, however, it is of interest to further establish exactly which clusters are separable by each informative variable. To address this question, we propose a pairwise variable selection method for high‐dimensional model‐based clustering. The method is based on a new pairwise penalty. Results on simulated and real data show that the new method performs better than alternative approaches that use ℓ1 and ℓ∞ penalties and offers better interpretation.
Ring versus tree embedding for real-time group multicast

In general topology networks, routing from one node to another over a tree embedded in the network is intuitively a good strategy, since it typically results in a route length of O(log n) links, being n the number of nodes in the network. Routing from one node to another over a ring embedded in the network would result in route length of O(n) links. However, in group (many-to-many) multicast, the overall number of links traversed by each packet, i.e., the networks elements on which resources must be possibly reserved, is typically O(N) for both tree and ring embedding, where N is the size of the group. This paper focuses on the tree versus ring embedding for real-time group multicast in which all packets should reach all other nodes in the group with a bounded end-to-end delay. In this work, real-time properties are guaranteed by the deployment of time driven priority in network nodes. In order to have a better understanding of the non-trivial problem of ring versus tree embedding, we consider the following group multicast scenarios: (i) static-fixed subset of active nodes, (ii) dynamic-fixed number of active nodes (i.e., the identity of active nodes is changing over time, but its size remains constant), and (iii) adaptive the number and identity of active nodes change over time. Tree and ring embedding are compared using the following metrics: (i) end-to-end delay bound, (ii) overall bandwidth allocated to the multicast group, and (iii) signaling overhead for sharing of the resources allocated to the group. The results are interesting and counter-intuitive, since, as shown, embedding a tree is not always the best strategy. In particular, dynamic and adaptive multicast on a tree requires a protocol for updating state information and coordinates the operation of the group. Such a protocol is not required on the ring where the circular topology, and implicit token passing mechanisms are sufficient. Moreover, the bandwidth allocation on the ring for the three multicast scenarios is O(N); while on a general tree it is O(N) for the static multicast scenario and O(N/sup 2/) for the dynamic and adaptive multicast scenarios.
An exploration study of the relationship between effectiveness of filial therapy training groups and group cohesion.

This study examined the relationship of group cohesion among heterogeneous and homogeneous groups on individual treatment outcome of child-parent relationship therapy (CPRT). CPRT is a filial therapy model that targets the parent-child relationship as a means for preventing or improving child and/or family problems. This study included 30 parents or caregivers from 9 groups which met for 10 sessions. Participants qualified for this study if their groups ended with at least 3 group members and 2 leaders, all pretest and posttest data on their child between the ages of 2-11 was completed, and if they attended at least 6 of the 10 sessions. Correlation coefficients, t-tests, and effect sizes were calculated. Results demonstrated no statistically significant differences between pretests and posttests on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for all 30 participants; however, differences in measured effect (η2) between children identified with borderline and clinical behavior problems and children with normal behavior problems suggest that CPRT is more effective among children who demonstrate significant behavior problems. Perceived and observed group cohesion measurements demonstrated no significant difference at the individual outcome level. This finding suggests that group cohesion may not be related to individual outcome. Although there was no significant relationship between group cohesion and individual outcome for this study, results of the group measurements regarding engagement and group cohesiveness, coupled with previous studies on CPRT effectiveness, suggest that CPRT should be utilized in homogeneous groups.
School and classroom diversity effects on cognitive and non-cognitive student outcomes

Studies on school and classroom heterogeneity in terms of students’ socioeconomic and ethnic-cultural backgrounds generally show small but positive effects. This means that students in mixed schools and classrooms perform somewhat better on achievement tests and have more positive intergroup attitudes. Although methodologically research on diversity effects has undergone major progress, mainly due to the application of multi-level regression analysis, relations between school and classroom diversity and student outcomes are often difficult to interpret. One reason for this is the negligence of relevant teacher and contextual characteristics that may be of importance for the establishment of positive diversity effects. This article provides some theoretical and empirical insights in school and classroom diversity research and discusses teachers’ role with respect to school and classroom composition effects on student outcomes.
Development and evaluation of a questionnaire for feeding problems and gastrointestinal symptoms in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and the impact of these problems on family life

Managing feeding problems and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a challenging process for professionals and parents especially if they become persistent and longstanding. These problems may have psychosocial and financial impacts on family life. To date, there is no structured questionnaire available to assist community professionals to identify these problems in a systematic manner. The primary aim of this research was to develop an interviewer-based questionnaire for community professionals (the ‘Brief structured questionnaire for the Early identification of Feeding problems and GI symptoms in primary school children with ASD (BEFGASD)). The secondary aim was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BEFGASD. The development process of the BEFG-ASD included a comprehensive literature review, items and scales construction, specialist review, a modified Delphi technique and a pre-testing with professionals and parents. 42 items within 15 sub-domains of feeding problems, GI symptoms and the impact were selected. The panel experts in the Delphi technique (n=20) rated the items as either ‘important’ or ‘very important’ (Mean score: 1.0-2.0). The final draft of the BEFG-ASD was field-tested with 48 professionals and 74 parents of primary schoolchildren with ASD (aged 4-11) in North East England. Responses from the field-testing were used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BEFGASD. Face validity and content validity was established. Internal consistency of the 42 items was good (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.85) but varied across domains. Test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability of domains and items was satisfactory. Criterion validity and construct validity of the BEFG-ASD also varied across domains and sub domains. The BEFG-ASD is the first questionnaire developed for use by community professionals. Further research and clinical practice will increase our understanding of its properties and utility in different population and settings.
Property testing in hypergraphs and the removal lemma

Property testers are efficient, randomized algorithms which recognize if an input graph (or other combinatorial structure) satisfies a given property or if it is "far" from exhibiting it.Generalizing several earlier results, Alon and Shapira showed thathereditary graph properties are testable (with one-sided error). In this paper we prove the analogous result for hypergraphs.This result is an immediate consequence of a (hyper)graph theoretic statement, which is an extension of the so-called removal lemma. The proof of this generalization relies on the regularity method for hypergraphs.
Cell–Matrix Interactions in the Pathobiology of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Critical Roles for Matricellular, Matricrine, and Matrix Mechanics Cues

The hallmarks of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) are the significant changes that occur in the organization, composition, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), ultimately resulting in stiffened stenotic leaflets that obstruct flow and compromise cardiac function. Increasing evidence suggests that ECM maladaptations are not simply a result of valve cell dysfunction; they also contribute to CAVD progression by altering cellular and molecular signaling. In this review, we summarize the ECM changes that occur in CAVD. We also discuss examples of how the ECM influences cellular processes by signaling through adhesion receptors (matricellular signaling), by regulating the presentation and availability of growth factors and cytokines to cells (matricrine signaling), and by transducing externally applied forces and resisting cell-generated tractional forces (mechanical signaling) to regulate a wide range of pathological processes, including differentiation, fibrosis, calcification, and angiogenesis. Finally, we suggest areas for future research that should lead to new insights into bidirectional cell–ECM interactions in the aortic valve, their contributions to homeostasis and pathobiology, and possible targets to slow or prevent the progression of CAVD.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling in Tumor Growth and Metastasis

Cigarette smoking is highly correlated with the onset of a variety of human cancers, and continued smoking is known to abrogate the beneficial effects of cancer therapy. While tobacco smoke contains hundreds of molecules that are known carcinogens, nicotine, the main addictive component of tobacco smoke, is not carcinogenic. At the same time, nicotine has been shown to promote cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, leading to enhanced tumor growth and metastasis. These effects of nicotine are mediated through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are expressed on a variety of neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Specific signal transduction cascades that emanate from different nAChR subunits or subunit combinations facilitate the proliferative and prosurvival functions of nicotine. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors appear to stimulate many downstream signaling cascades induced by growth factors and mitogens. It has been suggested that antagonists of nAChR signaling might have antitumor effects and might open new avenues for combating tobacco-related cancer. This paper examines the historical data connecting nicotine tumor progression and the recent efforts to target the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to combat cancer.
The Equalization Phenomenon: Status Effects in Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Decision-Making Groups

New computer-based communications technologies make possible new or expanded forms of group work. Although earlier researchers suggest that scant social information in these technologies might cause status equalization in groups, no experimental test of this phenomenon has been made. In a laboratory experiment, we compared face-to-face communication with electronic mail in decision-making groups whose members differed in social status. We examined status in two ways: by varying the external status of group members, and by varying the decision task to manipulate expertise. When the groups made decisions in face-to-face meetings, the high-status member dominated discussions with the three low-status members. Also, the high-status member more often was a "first advocate" in the face-to-face discussions, and first advocates were more influential than later advocates. These status inequalities in face-to-face decision making were pronounced just when the high-status member's expertise was relevant to the decision task. When the same groups made comparable decisions using electronic mail, status and expertise inequalities in participation were reduced. A striking and unexpected result was that "first" advocacy was shared by high-and low-status members in discussions using electronic mail. This behavior resulted in increased equality of influence across status and expertise. We discuss the implications of these results for research and for design of new communication technologies.
Eteplirsen in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a fatal neuromuscular disorder affecting around one in 3,500–5,000 male births that is characterized by progressive muscular deterioration. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive fashion and is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the DMD gene coding for dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein that stabilizes the plasma membrane of muscle fibers. In September 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval for eteplirsen (or Exondys 51), a drug that acts to promote dystrophin production by restoring the translational reading frame of DMD through specific skipping of exon 51 in defective gene variants. Eteplirsen is applicable for approximately 14% of patients with DMD mutations. This article extensively reviews and discusses the available information on eteplirsen to date, focusing on pharmacological, efficacy, safety, and tolerability data from preclinical and clinical trials. Issues faced by eteplirsen, particularly those relating to its efficacy, will be identified. Finally, the place of eteplirsen and exon skipping as a general therapeutic strategy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy treatment will be discussed.
Sex Ratio Variation in Mammals

Parents will increase their fitness by varying the sex ratio of their progeny in response to differences in the costs and benefits of producing sons and daughters. Sex differences in energy requirements or viability during early growth, differences in the relative fitness of male and female offspring, and competition or cooperation between siblings or between siblings and parents might all be expected to affect the sex ratio. Although few trends have yet been shown to be consistent, growing numbers of studies have demonstrated significant variation in birth sex ratios in non-human mammals. These are commonly cited as evidence of adaptive manipulation of the sex ratio. However, several different mechanisms may affect the birth sex ratio, and not all of them are likely to be adaptive. Valid evidence that sex ratio trends are adaptive must be based either on the overall distribution of those trends or on cases in which the sex ratio can be shown to vary with the relative fitness of producing sons and daughters. The distribution of observed sex ratio trends does not conform closely to the predictions of any single adaptive theory. Some recent studies, however, indicate that, within species, the sex ratio varies with the costs or benefits of producing male or female offspring.
The tight junction protein, MUPP1, is up-regulated by hypertonicity and is important in the osmotic stress response in kidney cells

Antibody array proteomics was used to detect differentially expressed proteins in inner medullary collecting duct 3 (IMCD3) cells grown under isotonic and chronic hypertonic conditions. Of 512 potential proteins, >90% were unchanged in expression. Noteworthy was the up-regulation of several tight junction-related proteins, including MUPP1 (multi-PDZ protein-1), ZO1 (zonula occludens 1), and Af6. The most robustly up-regulated protein under hypertonic conditions was MUPP1 (7.2×, P < 0.001). Changes in expression for MUPP1 were verified by quantitative PCR for message and Western blot for protein. In mouse kidney tissues, MUPP1 expression was substantial in the papilla and was absent in the cortex. Furthermore, MUPP1 expression increased 253% (P < 0.01) in the papilla upon 36 h of thirsting. Localization of MUPP1 protein expression was confirmed by immunocytochemical analysis demonstrating only minor staining under isotonic conditions and the substantial presence in chronically adapted cells at the basolateral membrane. Message and protein half-life in IMCD3 cells were 26.2 and 17.8 h, respectively. Osmotic initiators of MUPP1 expression included NaCl, sucrose, mannitol, sodium acetate, and choline chloride but not urea. Stable IMCD3 clones silenced for MUPP1 expression used the pSM2-MUPP1 vector. In cell viability experiments, clones silenced for MUPP1 demonstrated only a minor loss in cell survival under acute sublethal osmotic stress compared with empty vector control cells. In contrast, a 24% loss (P < 0.02) in transepithelial resistance for monolayers of MUPP1-silenced cells was determined as compared with controls. These results suggest that MUPP1 specifically, and potentially tight junction complexes in general, are important in the renal osmoadaptive response.