Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ATX-LPA receptor axis in inflammation and cancer

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1- or 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) mediates a plethora of physiological and pathological activities via interactions with a series of high affinity G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Both LPA receptor family members and autotaxin (ATX/LysoPLD), the primary LPA-producing enzyme, are aberrantly expressed in many human breast cancers and several other cancer lineages. Using transgenic mice expressing either an LPA receptor or ATX, we recently demonstrated that the ATX-LPA receptor axis plays a causal role in breast tumorigenesis and cancerrelated inflammation, further validating the ATX-LPA receptor axis as a rich therapeutic target in cancer.
Accommodation: its relation to refractive errors, amblyopia and biometric parameters.

AIM To study accommodation in relation to different refractive errors, amblyopia and to measure the anatomical changes in the accommodating eye MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the amplitude of accommodation (AA) in 150 patients in the age group 11 ± 30 years which included emmetropes, myopes, hypermetropes and hypermetropic amblyopes using the Royal Air Force (RAF) rule. The anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AxL) and lens thickness (LT) changes during accommodation were measured using an A-scan. Myopes and hypermetropes were further divided based on the amount of refractive error : less than 2D, 2 -4D and greater than 4D. RESULTS Corrected low myopes had the highest accommodation amplitude (p less than 0.05) followed by emmetropes. Corrected hypermetropes were found to have the lowest amplitude of accommodation (p less than 0.05). The amblyopic eye had a significantly low AA compared to the non-amblyopic eye (p less than 0.05). ACD decreased (p less than 0.05) and LT increased (p less than 0.05) during accommodation. The AxL increase was maximum in myopes (p less than 0.05) followed by hypermetropes but the change was not significant in hypermetropes (p greater than 0.05). CONCLUSION The amblyopic eye has low amplitudes of accommodation proving the benefit of near adds in amblyopic patients. Prolonged near work might induce myopia in susceptible eyes by increasing the axial length.
Human Pregnane X Receptor Antagonists and Agonists Define Molecular Requirements for Different Binding Sites

The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is an important transcriptional regulator of the expression of xenobiotic metabolism and transporter genes. The receptor is promiscuous, binding many structural classes of molecules that act as agonists at the ligand-binding domain, triggering up-regulation of genes, increasing the metabolism and excretion of therapeutic agents, and causing drug-drug interactions. It has been suggested that human PXR antagonists represent a means to counteract such interactions. Several azoles have been hypothesized to bind the activation function-2 (AF-2) surface on the exterior of PXR when agonists are concurrently bound in the ligand-binding domain. In the present study, we have derived novel computational models for PXR agonists using different series of imidazoles, steroids, and a set of diverse molecules with experimental PXR agonist binding data. We have additionally defined a novel pharmacophore for the steroidal agonist site. All agonist pharmacophores showed that hydrophobic features are predominant. In contrast, a qualitative comparison with the corresponding PXR antagonist pharmacophore models using azoles and biphenyls showed that they are smaller and hydrophobic with increased emphasis on hydrogen bonding features. Azole antagonists were docked into a proposed hydrophobic binding pocket on the outer surface at the AF-2 site and fitted comfortably, making interactions with key amino acids involved in charge clamping. Combining computational and experimental data for different classes of molecules provided strong evidence for agonists and antagonists binding distinct regions on PXR. These observations bear significant implications for future discovery of molecules that are more selective and potent antagonists.
FPGA-Based Dynamically Reconfigurable SQL Query Processing

In this article, we propose an FPGA-based SQL query processing approach exploiting the capabilities of partial dynamic reconfiguration of modern FPGAs. After the analysis of an incoming query, a query-specific hardware processing unit is generated on the fly and loaded on the FPGA for immediate query execution. For each query, a specialized hardware accelerator pipeline is composed and configured on the FPGA from a set of presynthesized hardware modules. These partially reconfigurable hardware modules are gathered in a library covering all major SQL operations like restrictions and aggregations, as well as more complex operations such as joins and sorts. Moreover, this holistic query processing approach in hardware supports different data processing strategies including row- as column-wise data processing in order to optimize data communication and processing. This article gives an overview of the proposed query processing methodology and the corresponding library of modules. Additionally, a performance analysis is introduced that is able to estimate the processing time of a query for different processing strategies and different communication and processing architecture configurations. With the help of this performance analysis, architectural bottlenecks may be exposed and future optimized architectures, besides the two prototypes presented here, may be determined.
Expected degree for RNA secondary structure networks

Consider the network of all secondary structures of a given RNA sequence, where nodes are connected when the corresponding structures have base pair distance one. The expected degree of the network is the average number of neighbors, where average may be computed with respect to the either the uniform or Boltzmann probability. Here, we describe the first algorithm, RNAexpNumNbors, that can compute the expected number of neighbors, or expected network degree, of an input sequence. For RNA sequences from the Rfam database, the expected degree is significantly less than the constrained minimum free energy structure, defined to have minimum free energy (MFE) over all structures consistent with the Rfam consensus structure. The expected degree of structural RNAs, such as purine riboswitches, paradoxically appears to be smaller than that of random RNA, yet the difference between the degree of the MFE structure and the expected degree is larger than that of random RNA. Expected degree does not seem to correlate with standard structural diversity measures of RNA, such as positional entropy and ensemble defect. The program RNAexpNumNbors is written in C, runs in cubic time and quadratic space, and is publicly available at http://bioinformatics.bc. edu/clotelab/RNAexpNumNbors. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Please Scroll down for Article Multivariate Behavioral Research Dynamic Factor Analysis Models with Time-varying Parameters

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Relationships among Impulsiveness, Locus of Control, Sex, and Music Practice

This study is an investigation of relationships among impulsiveness, locus of control, sex, observed practice behaviors, practice effectiveness, and self-reported practice habits in a sample of 40 college brass players. Practice effectiveness was defined by the amount of change in pretest and posttest performance achievement scores over one 23-minute practice session. Each subject's practice session was analyzed for frequency of practice behaviors. Measures included the Eysenck Impulsiveness Questionnaire for Adults (1985), the Nowicki-Duke Locus of Control Scale for Adults (1974), and a researcher-designed practice questionnaire. Results indicated (a) a significant interaction effect (p < . 01) between performance achievement and impulsiveness, with subjects in the low-impulsive group outperforming those in the high-impulsive group; (b) a significant relationship (p < .01) between subjects' locus of control and impulsiveness scores; (c) no significant differences (p > .05) in impulsiveness, locus of control, or performance achievement by sex; (d) significant relationships (p < .05) between performance achievement and the observed practice behaviors "repeat section, " "whole-part-whole, " "marks part, " and "varying pitch"; and (e) no significant relations (p > .05) between amount of time spent playing during the practice session in the study and performance achievement.
Fine-tuned: Phonology and Semantics Affect First- to Second-language Zooming In

We investigate how L1 phonology and semantics affect processing of interlingual homographs by manipulating language context before, and auditory input during, a visual experiment in the L2. Three experiments contained GermanEnglish homograph primes (gift = German poison) in English sentences and was performed by German (L1) learners of English (L2). Both reaction times and event-related brain potentials were measured on targets reflecting the German meaning of the interlingual homograph. In Experiment 1, participants viewed a pre-experiment English film, then half of the participants (n = 16) heard noise and the other half (n = 16) heard German pseudowords during the experiment; in Experiment 2, participants (n = 16) viewed a pre-experiment German film then heard noise; and in Experiment 3, participants (n = 16) viewed the pre-experiment English film then heard real German words. Those who had viewed the English film then heard noise during Experiment 1 showed no L1 influence. Those who saw the English film but heard German pseudowords during Experiment 1, or viewed the German film before and heard noise during Experiment 2, showed L1 influence as indicated by N400 priming of L1-related targets in the first half of the experiment. This suggests that a pre-experiment film in the L1 or the presence of L1 phonology during the experiment slowed down adjustment to the L2 task. In Experiment 3 with real L1 words in the background, N400 priming of L1 meanings was observed throughout the entire experiment for lower-proficiency participants. We discuss our findings in terms of context types that affect L1-to-L2 adjustment.
Modifying Students' Classroom Behaviors Using an Electronic Daily Behavior Report Card

This study examined the effects of e-mailed daily behavior report cards (DBRC) on students' disruptive classroom behaviors. Additionally, teacher acceptability of e-mailed DBRC as an intervention was assessed. Participants included 46 elementary students (37 males and 9 females), that were assigned to one of three conditions; delayed treatment control, e-mailed DBRC, and e-mailed DBRC with performance feedback. Student behaviors were measured by direct observations and teacher ratings. Results suggest that e-mailed DBRC can decrease students' disruptive behaviors, that e-mailed DBRC with performance feedback did not produce superior outcomes, and that e-mailed DBRC was perceived as acceptable.
Identity-Based Consumer Behavior

Although the influence of identity on consumer behavior has been documented in many streams of literature, the absence of a consistent definition of identity and of generally accepted principles regarding the drivers of identity-based behavior complicates comparisons across these literatures. To resolve that problem, we propose a simple but inclusive definition of identity. Identity can be defined as any category label with which a consumer self-associates that is amenable to a clear picture of what a person in that category looks like, thinks, feels and does. Building from this definition, we propose the following five basic principles that can help researchers model the process of identity formation and expression: (1) Identity Salience: identity processing increases when the identity is an active component of the self; (2) Identity Association: the non-conscious association of stimuli with a positive and salient identity improves a person's response to the stimuli; (3) Identity Relevance: the deliberative evaluation of identity-linked stimuli depends on how diagnostic the identity is in the relevant domain; (4) Identity Verification: individuals monitor their own behaviors to manage and reinforce their identities; and (5) Identity Conflict: identity-linked behaviors help consumers manage the relative prominence of multiple identities. To illustrate the potential usefulness of these principles for guiding identity research, we discuss new avenues for identity research and explain how these principles could help guide investigations into these areas.
What is the nature of knowledge development in lesson study?

‘Lesson study’ is a professional learning approach in which teachers work together to: formulate goals for student learning and long‐term development; collaboratively plan a ‘research lesson’ designed to bring to life these goals; conduct the lesson in a classroom, with one team member teaching and others gathering evidence on student learning and development; and discuss the evidence gathered during the lesson, using it to improve the lesson, the unit, and instruction more generally. A lesson study case from a Japanese elementary school is presented. Three types of knowledge developed by the teachers in the case are discussed: knowledge of the subject matter and its teaching‐learning; development of the interpersonal relationships among teachers; and development of teachers' personal qualities and dispositions. The case suggests that development of a professional knowledge base for teaching may be an even more complicated endeavor than generally recognized, since it entails development of the knowers as well as the knowledge, and development of communities of practice, as well as individual teachers.
Initial treatment of HIV infection: randomized trials with clinical end points are still needed.

Potential conflicts of interest: M.D.H. currently has consultancy agreements for work as a member of data and safety monitoring committees with Boehringer Ingelheim and Tibotec, companies that have anti-HIV products. In this issue of the Journal, results from a major collaboration of 12 cohort stud-ies—the Antiretroviral Treatment Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC)—are presented, comparing rates of progression to the combined end point of a new AIDS-defining illness or death (AIDS/death) according to initial highly active antiretro-viral therapy (HAART) regimen [1]. The results focus on the comparison between efavirenz (EFV)–based regimens and regimens that include either nevirapine (NVP), a protease inhibitor (PI), a ri-tonavir (RTV)–boosted PI, or abacavir (ABC). There was a significant increase, or a trend toward an increase, in risk of AIDS/death and of death from any cause for all regimens compared with EFV-based regimens, with the exception of a trend favoring ABC-based regimens for progression to AIDS/death (but not to death). The results are reassuring, because they support recommendations given in international treatment guidelines that EFV-based HAART be considered a preferred regimen for the initial treatment of HIV infection [2–4]. The randomized trial is recognized as the best study design for comparing the effects of treatments. During the last decade , however, randomized trials of initial HAART regimens have compared effects either on rates of virological failure or on a composite end point of virological failure or the discontinuation of the random-ized treatment (" treatment failure "), sometimes over periods of up to 3 years but often of only 48 weeks. The limited size and duration of these trials provides minimal power to detect clinically relevant effects on disease progression and mortality. Two large randomized trials have shown similar or lower rates of virological or treatment failure for EFV-and PI-based regimens [5, 6], which is consistent with the ART-CC's finding for disease progression. However, another large random-ized trial has demonstrated the inferiority of an ABC-based regimen versus an EFV-based regimen with respect to the rate of virological failure [7, 8], whereas the ART-CC found a similar or perhaps better effect of this regimen on progression to AIDS/ death (albeit on the basis of a small number of events), despite also finding an inferior rate of virological failure during the first 6 months of treatment. In addition, contrary to the main conclusion of the 2NN trial—that treatment failure rates for NVP-and EFV-based regimens are similar [9]—the ART-CC showed significantly lower rates …
What’s information got to do with it? Third-party voting in plurality systems

Although strategic voting theory predicts that the number of parties will not exceed two in single-member district plurality systems, the observed number of parties often does. Previous research suggests that the reason why people vote for third parties is that they possess inaccurate information about the parties’ relative chances of winning. However, research has yet to determine whether third-party voting persists under conditions of accurate information. In this article, we examine whether possessing accurate information prevents individuals from voting for third-placed parties in the 2005 and 2010 British elections. We find that possessing accurate information does not prevent most individuals from voting for third-placed parties and that many voters possess reasonably accurate information regarding the viability of the parties in their constituencies. These findings suggest that arguments emphasizing levels of voter information as a major explanation for why multiparty systems often emerge in plurality systems are exaggerated.
The New Structuralism in Organizational Theory

Over the past decade, a new structuralism has begun to emerge in organizational theory. This exciting new research program draws inspiration from the social structural tradition in sociology, but extends that tradition by more broadly conceptualizing social structure as comprised of broader cultural rules and meaning systems as well as material resources—revealing the subtleties of both overt and covert power. Building on the insights of Bourdieu and related work in social theory and cultural sociology, new structuralist empirical research focuses on concrete manifestations of culture in everyday practice and has pioneered the measurement of cultural aspects of social structure using a variety of relational methods. In this essay, we revisit mid-century social structural approaches to organizations, review the development of organization theory as a management subfield that increasingly focused on instrumental exchange, highlight key aspects of the new structuralism in organizational theory, and discuss promising new research directions.
Examining testlet effects on the PIRLS 2006 assessment

We fit 10 PIRLS testlets with standard item response and testlet response theory model. The variances of testlet effects are examined and compared. Item parameters and ability parameters estimated from the two different models are compared. The results indicate that variances of testlet effects range from . 168 to . 489. Item parameters as well as ability parameter estimated from two approaches correlated highly. When local dependence is ignored errors of estimation in the difficulty parameter and cutoff parameter are negligible. However, estimates of both discriminate parameter and guessing parameter are biased. The standard error of ability parameter is underestimated when the local independence is incorrectly assumed.
Mechanical loading thresholds for lamellar and woven bone formation

Bone formation was measured in rat tibiae after 12 days of applied loading. Bending forces were applied using a four‐point loading apparatus. Sham loads were applied at the same magnitudes as bending forces but the loading pads were arranged so that bending was minimized. Bending and sham loading were applied to the right tibiae of rats and the left tibiae served as contralateral controls. Loading was applied as a sine wave with a frequency of 2 Hz for 18 s (36 cycles) per day. The peak magnitude of applied load was 27, 33, 40, 52, and 64 N. Woven bone was observed on the periosteal surface in all animals subjected to loads of 40 N or greater. Periosteal woven bone formation occurred in both bending and sham loading groups. Woven bone formation on the periosteal surface was either absent or responded at a maximal rate if the stimulus threshold was surpassed. The amount of new woven bone and the woven bone‐forming surface were independent of the magnitude of applied strain. Bone formation on the endocortical surface was exclusively lamellar. Lamellar bone formation was stimulated by applied bending of the tibia but not by sham loading. Bending strains above a loading threshold of 40 N or about 1050 μstrain increased both bone‐forming surface and the mineral apposition rate and subsequently increased the bone formation rate as much as sixfold. No evidence of increased bone formation was seen for applied strains below 1050 μstrain. Examination of bulk stained sections from animals exposed to the highest applied loads showed no evidence of microcracks. Thus, microcracks have not been implicated as a causal factor for the observed increases in bone formation rate.
Planning and Control of Sequential Rapid Aiming in Adults With Parkinson's Disease

Eight people with Parkinson's disease (PD), 8 age-matched older adults, and 8 young adults executed 3-dimensional rapid aiming movements to 1, 3, 5, and 7 targets. Reaction time, flight time, and time after peak velocity to the 1st target indicated that both neurologically healthy groups implemented a plan on the basis of anticipation of upcoming targets, whereas the PD group did not. One suggested reason for the PD group's deficiency in anticipatory control is the greater variability in their initial force impulse. Although the PD group scaled peak velocity and time to peak velocity similarly to the other groups, their coefficients of variation were greater, making consistent prediction of the movement outcome difficult and thus making it less advantageous to plan too far in advance. A 2nd finding was that the PD group exhibited increased slowing in time after peak velocity in the final segments of the longest sequence, whereas the other 2 groups did not. The increased slowing could be the result of a different movement strategy, increased difficulty modulating the agonist and antagonist muscle groups later in the sequence, or both. The authors conclude that people with PD use more segmented planning and control strategies than do neurologically healthy older and young adults when executing movement sequences and that the locus of increased bradykinesia in longer sequences is in the deceleration phase of movement.
Visual search

Originally Published in Attention , H. Pashler (Ed.), London, UK: University College London Press, 1998. Acknowledgements: I thank Sara Bennett, Greg Gancarz, Todd Horowitz, and Patricia O'Neill for comments on earlier drafts of this paper. I am also grateful to Anne Treisman for various discussions and to Hal Pashler and an anonymous reviewed for excellent editorial comments.Some parts of this review are based heavily on my previous review of this literature in Wolfe (1994a). This work was supported by NIH-NEI grant RO1-EY05087 and by AFOSR grant F49620-93-1-0407.