Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Convergent Validity on the Dimensions of Affect

Despite widely differing methodologies, previous studies on affect (emotion as represented in language) have often obtained what appear to be the same basic dimensions. Whether these similarly named dimensions from different methodologies are actually equivalent was tested here by intercorrelating dimensions obtained from multidimensional scaling, successive-intervals scaling, semantic differential scaling, and factor analysis of verbal self-report data. Results strongly supported the convergent validity of pleasure-displeasure and degree of arousal, but were equivocal on additional dimensions. Separate multidimensional scalings of pleasant, intermediate, and unpleasant affect terms (a) confirmed the presence of an arousal dimension at each level of pleasure and (b) obtained three additional dimensions: control/potency/dominance, depth of experience, and locus of causation. These three dimensions were interpreted as describing not the emotion per se but rather beliefs about the antecedents or consequences of the emotion. In a final study, internal versus external locus of causation was shown to be reliably decoded from emotion-denoting words.
Is it clinically possible to distinguish nonhemorrhagic infarct from hemorrhagic stroke?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diagnosis of the nonhemorrhagic ischemic type of stroke by analysis of patients' clinical features is considered unreliable because no clinical feature is specific. The diagnosis is so difficult to establish that we cannot hope to use the same method to make a reliable diagnosis in all stroke cases. In this study, we propose a simple scoring system with a positive predictive value of close to 100% to distinguish nonhemorrhagic infarct from hemorrhagic stroke. This scoring is available for all physicians in bedside diagnosis even if this score can be applied to a subgroup of patients. METHODS Twenty-six clinical variables that might potentially distinguish cerebral hemorrhage from infarction were recorded in patients consecutively admitted to our stroke unit for stroke lasting more than 24 hours with at least unilateral motor weakness affecting face and/or arm and/or leg (internal validity study). Patients previously receiving anticoagulant therapy were excluded. We used CT scan as the gold standard. We used multivariate logistic regression to establish a clinical score from which we derived the classification rule. This rule was validated with data from the next 200 consecutive patients hospitalized in the stroke unit (external validity study). RESULTS Three hundred sixty-eight patients were enrolled in the internal study. The obtained score was (2 x alcohol consumption) + (1.5 x plantar response) + (3 x headache) + (3 x history of hypertension)--(5 x history of transient neurological deficit)--(2 x peripheral arterial disease)--(1.5 x history of hyperlipidemia)--(2.5 x atrial fibrillation on admission). All patients with a score less than 1 (n = 123) had a nonhemorrhagic infarct (ie, 40% of the 305 patients with a nonhemorrhagic infarct). No threshold was found to diagnose cerebral hemorrhage with a sufficiently high positive predictive value. Among the 200 patients enrolled in the external validity study, 72 patients with a score below 1 had a nonhemorrhagic infarct (ie, 43% of patients with a nonhemorrhagic infarct). CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis of nonhemorrhagic infarct can be made in 36% (95% confidence interval [CI], 29 to 43) of patients with a high level of accuracy (100% in the external validity study, which gives a 95% CI of 93 to 100). Thus, 43% (95% CI, 36 to 50) of patients with a nonhemorrhagic infarct could receive a bedside diagnosis. The score is simple and can be calculated from information available to all physicians.
Continuous renal replacement therapy in children with severe sepsis and multiorgan dysfunction - A pilot study on timing of initiation

Objective: Scanty literature is available regarding continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) utility in severe sepsis with multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) from developing countries. Author unit's experience in pediatric CRRT is described and outcome of early initiation of CRRT with sepsis and MODS is assessed. Materials and Methods: Children aged <16 years with sepsis and MODS who required CRRT from September 2010 to February 2015 were analyzed on demographic factors, timing of initiation of CRRT, mode of CRRT, effect of CRRT onhemodynamics, oxygenation parameters, and outcome. Results: Twenty-seven children required CRRT (male - 16). The median age was 11 years (range 1.1–16). Twenty-one had severe sepsis with MODS. Eighteen patients were given CRRT within 48 h of admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Statistically significant improvement in the P/F ratio, decrement in plateau pressure and vasoactive-inotropic score were noted in survivor group compared to nonsurvivor group (P = 0.022, 0.00, and 0.03, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in duration of ICU stay, fluid overload, CRRT duration, PRISM score at 12 and 24 h, percentage of decrease in inotrope score, plateau pressure, and percentage of increase in P/F ratio in relation to timing of CRRT initiation. However, the survival rate was 61.1% (11/18) who received CRRT within 48 h of ICU admission compared to 33.3% (3/9) who received after 48 h (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Our study emphasizes the CRRT role in improving the oxygenation status and hemodynamics. Survival benefit may be expected in those children who receive CRRT early in the course of sepsis. However, multicenter RCTs are required to prove mortality benefit.
The Effects of Relevance Instructions and Verbal Ability on Text Processing

The authors examined whether relevance instructions compensate for differences in verbal ability on measures of reading time, text recall, and sentence recognition. College students (n = 81) with higher and lower verbal ability were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 relevance-instruction conditions before reading a text. They asked participants in each condition to focus on different categories of information within the same text. Relevant information took longer to read and was recalled and recognized better than nonrelevant information. Readers with higher verbal ability read faster and recalled and recognized more information correctly than did those readers with lower verbal ability. Results support the noncompensatory hypothesis, which states that relevance instructions and verbal ability make independent contributions to resource allocation and learning. Readers with lower verbal ability may need additional support even when given prereading relevance instructions.
Towards Integrative Causal Analysis of Heterogeneous Data Sets and Studies

We present methods able to predict the presence and strength of conditional and unconditional dependencies (correlations) between two variables Y and Z never jointly measured on the same samples, based on multiple data sets measuring a set of common variables. The algorithms are specializations of prior work on learning causal structures from overlapping variable sets. This problem has also been addressed in the field of statistical matching. The proposed methods are applied to a wide range of domains and are shown to accurately predict the presence of thousands of dependencies. Compared against prototypical statistical matching algorithms and within the scope of our experiments, the proposed algorithms make predictions that are better correlated with the sample estimates of the unknown parameters on test data ; this is particularly the case when the number of commonly measured variables is low. The enabling idea behind the methods is to induce one or all causal models that are simultaneously consistent with (fit) all available data sets and prior knowledge and reason with them. This allows constraints stemming from causal assumptions (e.g., Causal Markov Condition, Faithfulness) to propagate. Several methods have been developed based on this idea, for which we propose the unifying name Integrative Causal Analysis (INCA). A contrived example is presented demonstrating the theoretical potential to develop more general methods for co-analyzing heterogeneous data sets. The computational experiments with the novel methods provide evidence that causally-inspired assumptions such as Faithfulness often hold to a good degree of approximation in many real systems and could be exploited for statistical inference. Code, scripts, and data are available at www.mensxmachina. org.
A Novel Alpha-Proteobacterium Resides in the Mitochondria of Ovarian Cells of the Tick Ixodes ricinus

ABSTRACT An intracellular bacterium from Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in Italy was characterized by electron microscopy (EM), PCR sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, molecular phylogenetic analysis, and in situ hybridization (ISH). This bacterium was shown by EM to be present in the cytoplasm, as well as in the mitochondria of ovarian cells. When universal 16S rRNA bacterial primers were used, PCR amplification of ovarian DNA followed by cloning and sequencing resulted in the same sequence being found in each sample. Phylogenetic analysis of this sequence showed that the bacterium from which it was derived, tentatively designated IricES1, is part of a novel clade in the alpha subdivision of the Proteobacteria. ISH and PCR assays of various tissues performed with oligonucleotides specific for the IricES1 16S rRNA showed that IricES1 is restricted to ovarian cells. Based on the results obtained, we inferred that the bacteria seen by EM in ovarian cells are a single type of bacteria, corresponding to IricES1. PCR screening of 166 ticks from various parts of Italy and one site in England showed that IricES1 was present in 96% of adult females and 44% of nymphs (unsexed). No adult males were found to be infected. Despite the apparent parasitism of host mitochondria by IricES1, the available information suggests that the bacterium has an obligate relationship with its host, although this must be confirmed.
Mentoring and Networking for Women Educators

The importance of mentoring and networking for women in management and administration has been identified in recent articles in Women in Management Review. Contributes to the growing body of literature in this area by examining some of the different sources of mentoring and kinds of networks available to women educators who are aspiring to higher educational administration posts in Australian Government schools. Argues that it is much easier for male teachers and male educational administrators to access power through mentoring and networking than it is for female teachers and female educational administrators because mentoring and networking have both been traditionally male dominated practices.
Education as Dialogue

The purpose of this paper is to show that genuine dialogue is a refined human achievement and probably the most valid criterion on the basis of which we can evaluate educational or social policy and practice. The paper explores the prerequisites of dialogue in the language games, the common certainties, the rules of logic and the variety of common virtues; defends dialogue as a normative concept and interprets the principles of dialogue as extensions of its prerequisite virtues. Finally, it examines the social conditions that are conducive to dialogue and those that frustrate it.
Somatic symptoms and depression: a double hurt.

From the Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine and Regenstrief Institute, Inc., and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Dr. Kroenke has received grant/research support from Eli Lilly, Wyeth, and Pfizer; has received honoraria from Wyeth; and has served on the speakers/advisory board of Eli Lilly. Corresponding author and reprints: Kurt Kroenke, M.D., Regenstrief Institute, Inc., RG-6, 1050 Wishard Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202 (e-mail: kkroenke@regenstrief.org). Somatic Symptoms and Depression: A Double Hurt
The Impact of Junior Kindergarten on Math Skills in Elementary School

Using data from the first cycle of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, this study examines the impact of junior kindergarten on children's later skills in math, above and beyond regional differences and individual/ household factors. It was hypothesized that earlier schooling would better prepare children for first formal learning of arithmetic, resulting in a more developed knowledge-base for optimal performance at the middle and end of elementary school. We also hypothesized that junior kindergarten attendance would reduce the performance gap between children from economically disadvantaged and those from advantaged families. Our results suggest that earlier schooling did not provide the cognitive boost that would lead to better performance in arithmetic, especially for girls. These results are above and beyond a number of controls (sex, age, region, SES, family functioning, family configuration, education, and family size). Junior kindergarten attendance did not help bridge the performance gap based on economic advantage/disadvantage. Primary school children from poor families who attended junior kindergarten did not perform on a par with their middle-class peers. This study makes an important case for enrichment in the central conceptual structures related to intuitive and informal mathematical knowledge through games and activities potentially featured in the junior kindergarten curriculum.
African, Asian, Latina/o, and European Americans’ Responses to Popular Measures of Sexist Beliefs

The validity and internal reliability for scores on four popular measures of sexist beliefs (the Modern Sexism scale, the Attitudes Toward Women scale, and the Benevolent and Hostile Sexism subscales of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory; collected from 1994 to 1999 with college students) were tested across four U.S. ethnic groups: 174 African American, 357 Asian American, 147 Latina/o American, and 5,629 European American participants. With some caveats, results from internal reliability, correlations among the measures, and mean endorsement indicated that these measures are suitable across the four ethnic groups examined. Caveats are that the Modern Sexism scale may not be a subtle measure of sexist beliefs in African American populations, and the Benevolent Sexism scale may not be adequate for Latina/o and African American participants. Ethnic group differences emerged in mean responses to these two measures. Taken together, these findings aid researchers in the more efficient and accurate usage of these popular measures of sexist beliefs, particularly with African American, Asian American, and Latina/o American respondents.
Optimizing intrapulmonary perfluorocarbon distribution: Fluoroscopic comparison of mode of ventilation and body position

ObjectivePartial liquid ventilation with the perfluorochemical, perflubron, has been shown to improve lung mechanics and enhance gas exchange in the treatment of severe acute lung injury. However, the most effective strategy to provide optimal intrapulmonary distribution of perflubron has not been fully accessed. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of body position (supine vs. rotational) and mode of ventilation (conventional mechanical ventilation [CMV] vs. high-frequency oscillatory ventilation [HFOV]) on perflubron distribution and oxygenation improvement. DesignProspective, randomized, animal trial. SettingResearch laboratory at a university medical center. SubjectsTwenty healthy piglets (4.5–6.6 kg). InterventionsSubjects underwent repetitive saline lavage to achieve a uniform degree of lung injury and then were randomized to either CMV or were converted to HFOV. Within each ventilator group, animals were randomized to supine positioning (S) or rotational positioning with alternation between supine and prone position (R) during incremental dosing of three 5-mL/kg doses of perflubron. Measurements and Main Results Arterial blood gas tensions, hemodynamic variables, and the oxygenation index were recorded after each dose of 5 mL/kg. Lateral cinefluoroscopic images after each dose were digitized for computer analysis of density. A density index was calculated for a 2-cm2 window in three dorsal and three ventral lung regions. Uniformity of distribution was calculated by comparing the mean density among the six regions. Oxygenation improvements were compared between groups. There were no significant differences in hemodynamic variables or gas exchange after lung injury in the four groups. Rotational positioning produced significantly more uniform perflubron distribution during both CMV and HFOV. This effect was independent of the mode of ventilation. The mean ventral density index was affected by rotating position and HFOV mode of ventilation after 10 mL/kg of perflubron, and rotating position was affected only after 15 mL/kg of perflubron. There was a significant reduction in the oxygenation index from baseline to end lavage in both CMV groups, as well as all of the animals that were rotated. ConclusionPerflubron is more uniformly dispersed when dosed in a rotational fashion with alternation between supine and prone position during incremental dosing. This effect is independent of mode of ventilation. There was no relationship between oxygenation improvements and nondependent perflubron distribution. CMV and rotating dosing both led to a significant decrease in the oxygenation index after a 15 mL/kg dose of perflubron. This information has important impact on the future development of dosing strategies and clinical trial design.
Drama, Inner Creation, and Role-Taking (Empathy): II. Leadership, Historiography, and Winston Churchill

This paper, the second in a series, suggests (a) that there is a Rorschachian inner creation side to both leadership and historiography, (b) that the former is illustrated by the Hofferian mass movement leader, and the latter by the “geisteswissenschaftliche,” “literary intellectual” approach to history, and (c) that such a leader will be such a historian. Winston Churchill is one of Hoffer's mass movement leaders. That he is also such a historian is supported by the testimonies of Isaiah Berlin, Denis Brogan, and J. H. Plumb. Their testimonies combined with those of Alan Brooke and B. H. Liddell Hart warrant concluding that as historian and as World War II military leader, Churchill may be fairly described as long on Rorschachian inner creation and short on Rorschachian rationality.
Force Development of Dynamic and Static Contractions in Children and Adults

There are still unclarified points remaining in regard to the characteristics of force development in children who are immature in their basic activities in daily living. Moreover, there are morphological, histological, and biochemical differences between immature and mature muscles. In the present study, dynamic elbow flexion and static contractions which were performed by elbow flexors with maximum effort were examined by force-velocity and force-time relationships and electromyograms (EMG) in six-year-old children and in adults. In dynamic contractions with various loads, the force-velocity relationship for children was (P + 5.65) (v + 1.48) = 19.51, and (P + 14.65) (v + 2.26) = 96.21 for adults. The maximum power in children and adults was 22.8 watts and 160.8 watts, respectively. The contraction delay in children was greater than that in adults for every relative load. In static contractions, the maximum rate of force development for children was significantly lower than that for adults at each pre-tension. With an increase in pre-tension, the adult rate showed a tendency to decrease, whereas the rate for children showed no change. The electromechanical delay observed in children was significantly greater than that in adults. For dynamic and static contractions, the contractile speed in children was lower than that in adults.
A short-term load forecasting approach based on support vector machine with adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm

Aiming at the precocious convergence problem of particle swarm optimization algorithm, adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm was presented. In this algorithm, the notion of species was introduced into population diversity measure. The species technique is based on the concept of dividing the population into several species according to their similarity. The inertia weight was nonlinearly adjusted by using population diversity information at each iteration step. Velocity mutation operator and position crossover operator were both introduced and the global performance was clearly improved. The APSO algorithm was adapted to search the optimal parameters of support vector machine (SVM) to increase the accuracy of SVM. A novel short-term load forecasting model based on SVM with APSO algorithm (APSO-SVM) is presented. The proposed model was tested on a certain electricity load forecasting problem. The empirical results illustrated that the new APSO-SVM model outperformed SVM, BPNN and regression model and can successfully identify the optimal values of parameters of SVM with the lowest prediction error values in load forecasting. Therefore, this model is efficient and practical during a short-term load forecasting of electric power system.
The Effectiveness of Strategic Reading Instruction for College Developmental Readers

Two studies examined the short- and long-term effects of teaching strategic reading to first-year college students in a stand-alone course. In study one, developmental readers (N = 36) learned PLAN, a strategic reading heuristic. Significant pretest-posttest growth was found using cognitive, metacognitive, and affective measures, though no gain was found on a measure of self-efficacy. Strategy transfer was found during the next semester according to self-report. In a second study of developmental readers over four years, a larger treatment group (N = 51) outperformed a control group (N = 78) on a standardized test and average grade in a reading-intensive history course. These developmental readers seemed to learn strategic reading skills that transferred to a future core curriculum course.
Effect of Pre-cooking Conditions on the Quality Characteristics of Ready-To-Eat Samgyetang

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of pre-cooking conditions on the quality characteristics of ready-to-eat (RTE) Samgyetang. Raw chickens were steamed under the different conditions of 50℃/30 min (T1), 65℃/30 min (T2), 85℃/30 min (T3), and 90℃/10 min (T4) prior to retorting at 120℃ for 65 min. The results showed that pre-cooking conditions in all treated samples could reduce fat contents in breast and leg meats by 8.5-11.7% and 10.0-11.0% compared to the control, even though there were no significant differences among treatments (p>0.05). The L* and b* values of breast and leg meats treated with the higher temperature and longer time conditions were significantly higher than the control (p<0.05), while a* values tended to decrease despite of not to a significant extent (p>0.05). Moreover, apparent viscosity and water soluble protein showed insignificant differences (p>0.05) among the samples as a result of the retorting process, which might have more negative influences on the quality. T2 samples obtained significantly the highest average Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) score and transmittance value, representing the most clear broth among the samples, compared to the control. On the other hand, T3 showed the highest cooking loss among the treatments and the lowest QDA scores among the samples. In conclusion, pre-cooking treatment prior to retorting in manufacturing Samgyetang is a plausible way to reduce its fat content. A pre-cooking condition at either 65℃ for 30 min, or 90℃ for 10 min are recommended for producing Samgyetang with optimum quality.