Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Context-Dependent Fine-Grained Entity Type Tagging

Entity type tagging is the task of assigning category labels to each mention of an entity in a document. While standard systems focus on a small set of types, recent work (Ling and Weld, 2012) suggests that using a large fine-grained label set can lead to dramatic improvements in downstream tasks. In the absence of labeled training data, existing fine-grained tagging systems obtain examples automatically, using resolved entities and their types extracted from a knowledge base. However, since the appropriate type often depends on context (e.g. Washington could be tagged either as city or government), this procedure can result in spurious labels, leading to poorer generalization. We propose the task of context-dependent fine type tagging, where the set of acceptable labels for a mention is restricted to only those deducible from the local context (e.g. sentence or document). We introduce new resources for this task: 11,304 mentions annotated with their context-dependent fine types, and we provide baseline experimental results on this data.
My Own Island Home

The notion of ‘home’ has become a powerful motif in the contemporary popular and academic project to (re)locate identity in a globalized world of movement. Home is, however, also materialized in ‘homeland’ and, as the discourse of ‘diaspora’ has been ever more widely appropriated by a diverse range of dispersed populations, so the phenomenon of diasporic ‘ homecoming’ has burgeoned – journeys, that is, in which members of diasporic communities ‘return’ to lost homelands as heritage-tourists and pilgrims. This article provides an account of ‘The Orkney Homecoming’, a packaged event in which over 150 Canadians of Orcadian descent travelled to their ancestral islands off the north coast of Scotland. Drawing extensively on the comments of participants and organizers of the event, the author argues that, through its materiality, the Orkney heritage-landscape provides a fertile soil into which the Canadian homecomers can root their identities.
Borrowing words and ideas: Insights from Japanese L1 writers

This study investigates Japanese university students’ perceptions related to the notion of plagiarism in their L1 academic context in Japan. The analysis is based on questionnaire and interview responses from Japanese undergraduate (N = 605) and graduate students (N = 110). The responses are compared across disciplines (science versus liberal arts majors) and across academic levels (undergraduate versus graduate students), along with a cross-cultural comparison with similar responses from a smaller number of native English speaking undergraduates in the U. S. (N = 76). The findings of the study indicate that Japanese students do not have much knowledge of citation of sources, particularly as compared to U. S. students, and they perceive the borrowing of words or ideas without citing the source to be not entirely negative. Although both academic level and major field apparently affect students’ knowledge of citation conventions and attitudes toward borrowing words or ideas, the results suggest that academic discipline may be more influential than academic level. In particular, liberal arts (humanities and social science) majors showed more awareness than science (computer science, engineering and physical science) majors of a need for crediting sources. The insights provided by the participants suggest a number of ways in which teachers might facilitate students’ acquisition of academic literacy and citation conventions in their L2.
4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-dipyridinium dichloride

In the title compound, C18H26N2 2+·2Cl−, the complete dication is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry; both N atoms are protonated and engaged in strong and highly directional N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. Additional weak C—H⋯Cl contacts promote the formation of a tape along ca. [110]. The crystal structure can be described by the parallel packing of these tapes. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin with twin law [−1 0 0, 0 −1 0, −0.887 0.179 1] and the final BASF parameter refining to 0.026 (2) .
Co-designing a diversity of social media products with and for older people

Social media products and services have the potential to address issues of social isolation in later life, when social contact often declines. However, issues of accessibility, functionality and control appear to deter the use of existing systems by some parts of the older population. In this paper, we describe a literature review and co-design exploration to understand and address these issues. Using a methodology we call Focusgroup+, we presented new product concepts to both digitally engaged and digitally unengaged groups of older people for critique and re-design. The concepts were based on familiar devices and included a Photo Phone concept for multimedia communication, a TV Talk concept for social TV, and a Twitter Well concept for broadcast text messaging. Findings from the re-design exercise show that groups responded differently to the same concepts based on their existing skills and equipment, and took them in different design directions to accommodate common preferences for meaningful communication with relatively small groups of key contacts. This led to a diversity of both appliances and apps that better reflected the diversity of participants themselves.
Learning Semantic Word Embeddings based on Ordinal Knowledge Constraints

In this paper, we propose a general framework to incorporate semantic knowledge into the popular data-driven learning process of word embeddings to improve the quality of them. Under this framework, we represent semantic knowledge as many ordinal ranking inequalities and formulate the learning of semantic word embeddings (SWE) as a constrained optimization problem, where the data-derived objective function is optimized subject to all ordinal knowledge inequality constraints extracted from available knowledge resources such as Thesaurus and WordNet. We have demonstrated that this constrained optimization problem can be efficiently solved by the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm, even for a large number of inequality constraints. Experimental results on four standard NLP tasks, including word similarity measure, sentence completion, name entity recognition, and the TOEFL synonym selection, have all demonstrated that the quality of learned word vectors can be significantly improved after semantic knowledge is incorporated as inequality constraints during the learning process of word embeddings.
Impact and indication of early systemic corticosteroids for very severe community-acquired pneumonia

Background The efficacy of systemic corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has not yet been confirmed. We prospectively investigated the clinical features of patients treated with early adjunctive systemic corticosteroids and its clinical impact in very severe CAP. Methods One hundred and one consecutive CAP patients having a pneumonia severity index of >130 points were enrolled from August 2010 through February 2013. Early adjunctive systemic corticosteroids were defined as administration of systemic corticosteroids equivalent to prednisone of ≥20 mg/day added to initial antibiotics. The multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the independent factors associated with mortality. Results Thirty-two patients (31.7%) died within 28 days of admission. Early adjunctive systemic corticosteroids were administered in 30 patients (29.7%), who more frequently had alteration of mental status, serious respiratory failure, or underlying lung diseases and received fluoroquinolones as initial antibiotics. In most patients treated with early adjunctive systemic corticosteroids, the dosage was less than 60 mg/day of an equivalent to prednisone by bolus intravenous infusion for a period shorter than 8 days. The occurrence of adverse events did not differ between the groups. Factors independently associated with mortality were blood urea nitrogen (hazard ratio [HR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.04), serum albumin (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.22–0.86), a requirement for intensive care (HR 4.93, 95% CI 1.75–13.87), and the therapy with early adjunctive systemic corticosteroids (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11–0.81). Conclusion Early adjunctive systemic corticosteroids may have an effect to reduce the mortality in very severe CAP, although a larger-scale study is necessary.
Implicit Family Process Rules and Adolescent Psychological Symptoms

Implicit family process rules refer to unspoken rules about family expectations regarding communication, closeness, and organization that may have a powerful influence on adolescent psychological well-being. This study focused on the relationship between implicit family process rules and adolescent psychological symptoms, such as hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, and somatization. A sample of 243 adolescents completed measures of psychological symptoms and implicit family rules. Family process facilitative (healthy) rules were significantly related to decreased adolescent psychological symptoms. These findings suggest that perceived implicit family process rules are important in research and in treatment.
Morphometrics of corneal growth in chicks raised in constant light

In this study we wish to augment our understanding of the effect of environment on corneal growth and morphology. To understand how corneal development of chicks raised in constant light differs from that of ‘normal’ eyes exposed to cyclic periods of light and dark, white Leghorn chicks were raised under either constant light (approximately 700 lux at cage top) or in 12 h light/12 h dark conditions for up to 12 weeks after hatching. To determine whether corneal expansion is uniform, some birds from each group received corneal tattoos for periodic photographic assessment. By 16 days of age, constant light corneas weighed less than light/dark regimen corneas [7.39 ± 0.35 mg (SE) vs. 8.47 mg ± 0.26 mg SE wet weight, P ≤ 0.05], and corresponding differences were seen in corneal dry weights. Spatial expansion of the corneal surface was uniform in both groups, but the rate of expansion was slower in constant light chicks [0.0327 ± 0.009 (SE) vs. 0.144 ± 0.018 (SE) mm2 day−1 for normal chicks, P ≤ 0.001]. At 1 day of age, there were 422 ± 12.5 (SE) stromal cells 0.01 mm−2 in the central cornea and 393 ± 21.5 (SE) stromal cells 0.01 mm−2 peripherally. Although this difference is not statistically significant, the cell densities in the central cornea were always larger than those of the peripheral cornea in all eight measurements over a 10.5‐week period, and this difference is significant (P ≤ 0.008, binomial test). Light/dark regimen birds show no such consistent difference in cell densities between central and peripheral corneas. Thus, the density distribution of corneal stromal cells of chicks grown in constant light differs from that of normal chicks. Taken together, all these observations suggest that diurnal cycles of light and darkness are necessary for normal corneal growth.
Hemosiderin laden macrophages and hemosiderin within follicular cells distinguish benign follicular lesions from follicular neoplasms

Background: Published criteria to distinguish benign colloid nodules from follicular neoplasms emphasize only three interdependent features: size of follicles, amount of colloid, and cellularity. There is a need for the validation of other independent criteria. Methods: This study quantified the significance of cystic change, defined as presence of macrophages, and the presence of hemosiderin in either the macrophages or follicular cells. The cohort consisted of 165 patients with fine needle aspiration (FNA) and histologic follow-up of either goiter (101), follicular adenoma (47), or follicular carcinoma (17). Papillary thyroid carcinomas and Hürthle cell neoplasms were excluded from the cohort, because these categories are known to show cystic change and hemosiderin. FNAs were reviewed blindly with the most cellular slide scored for the presence of macrophages and/or hemosiderin. Results: Hemosiderin within macrophages were seen in 67% (68 of 101) of the goiters and only 6% (four of 64) of follicular neoplasms (P<.0001). All four follicular neoplasms with hemosiderin in macrophages were adenomas. Three of these four had equivocal features of a benign colloid nodule histologically. None of the 17 follicular carcinomas had hemosiderin in macrophages (P<.12). Macrophages without hemosiderin also strongly distinguished goiters from neoplasms (83% vs 17%) but appears less useful as a criterion since macrophages were present within 3 of 17 follicular carcinomas. Hemosiderin within follicular epithelial cells was present in 18% (18 of 101) of goiters, whereas none of the 64 follicular neoplasms had intraepithelial hemosiderin (P<.0003). Conclusions: If papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hürthle cell neoplasm are ruled out, our findings indicate that the presence of hemosiderin virtually excludes a clinically significant follicular neoplasm.
Early Intervention for Aggressive Behavior in Childhood: A Pilot Study of a Multi-Component Intervention with Elementary School Children and Their Families

ABSTRACT This paper describes a pilot study of a multi-component intervention designed to diminish aggressive and disruptive behaviors of children in elementary school. Multi-component interventions reflect social work's emphasis on an ecological perspective, targeting risk and protective factors at several levels, individuals, groups, families, organizations, communities and/or broader societal systems. This multi-component intervention utilized two curricula: Making Choices, a social skills program for children, and Strong Families, a parenting program based upon coercive family processes. The combined intervention was evaluated using a quasi-experimental research design across three sites (N = 31). Quantitative analysis of the data demonstrated that, as hypothesized, children in the combined intervention, Strong Families and Making Choices, displayed more school-related prosocial behaviors across a number of dimensions than children who did not participate in either intervention. The data from the first year of implementation provide support for multi-component interventions that focus on developmental risk factors in children to reduce aggressive behavior.
Why Induced Defenses May Be Favored Over Constitutive Strategies in Plants

Although induced resistance has been documented in over 100 species of plants, why plants employ facultative defense strategies is not well understood. Although it has been widely accepted that induction may be a means of reducing resource allocations to defense when not needed, this explanation is not exclusive of a wide array of hypotheses for the advantages of induced defenses. In an attempt to shift attention away from the “allocation cost” model, here we focus on several alternative hypotheses for the benefits of induction. Given that most plants interact with multiple specialist and generalist herbivores, various pathogens, microbes, and mutualists, a host of constraints on maintaining constantly high levels of resistance arise. The temporal and spatial variability in food quality for phytophages created by induction may be especially important. Variability may hinder herbivore performance in ecological time as well as the evolutionary ability of herbivores to adapt to host plants. Research on the various benefits of induced defenses seems to be the obvious next step in understanding why so many plants employ induction.
Choosing Segregation or Integration?

Across Europe, urban education systems are struggling with the process of integration of immigrants in schools. The process of inclusion and exclusion in European cities shows many similarities with earlier experiences in U.S. cities. This article explores the most important aspects of this new urban phenomenon and its impact on urban school systems. It clearly shows that ethnic segregation in elementary and secondary schools is widespread in Dutch cities. This ethnic segregation is caused by a combination of residential segregation and parental choice. The article also deals with recent Dutch studies on the effects of segregation. Finally, it treats the question of how schools and authorities, in a long-standing tradition of parental choice, are dealing with this segregation. Given the debate of choice in the United States, the Dutch case offers an ideal opportunity for empirically testing some assumptions in the discussion concerning the relationship between choice and segregation.
Genome Sequence of the Food Spoilage Yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii CLIB 213T

ABSTRACT The ascomycetous yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii is one of the most problematic spoilage yeasts in food and beverage industries, due to its exceptional resistance to various stresses. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these stress resistance phenotypes might help develop strategies to improve food quality. Thus, we determined and annotated the genome sequence of the strain Z. bailii CLIB 213T (= CBS 680).
Beauty Contests and Fat Tails in Financial Markets

Using a simultaneous-move herding model of rational traders who infer other traders' private information on the value of an asset by observing their aggre- gate actions, this study seeks to explain the emergence of fat-tailed distributions of transaction volumes and asset returns in financial markets. Without mak- ing any parametric assumptions on private information, we analytically show that traders' aggregate actions follow a power law distribution. We also provide simulation results to show that our model successfully reproduces the empirical distributions of asset returns. We argue that our model is similar to Keynes's beauty contest in the sense that traders, who are assumed to be homogeneous, have an incentive to mimic the average trader, leading to a situation similar to the indeterminacy of equilibrium. In this situation, a trader's buying action causes a stochastic chain-reaction, resulting in power laws for financial fluctuations.
God's Schools: Choice and Compromise in American Society

"A major contribution to the growing literature on fundamentalism and American life. " --Wade Clark Roof, University of California, Santa Barbara Many of us assume that Christian day schools foster a strict and conservative environment that is very different from the rest of the United States. Christian educators themselves foster this view when they say that following biblical strictures requires that they not always conform to this world. Melinda Wagner goes beyond this stereotype to portray the way these schools foster American popular culture and "professional education culture" as well as "Christian culture. " In her participant observation study of a variety of Christian schools (sponsored by fundamentalist, evangelical, new charismatic, Holiness, and pentacostal Christians), Wagner describes and interprets how such compromises are made. In American culture, children are taught to meet challenges, to compete, and are rewarded for individual achievement. Conservative Christians label this individualism as "secular humanism," and find it antithetical to their view of the self. Instead, these Christians seek a culture of love, compassion, orderliness, noncompetitiveness, and separation from the material trappings of this world. But in reality, Wagner finds that the schools mix Christian values with the values of American culture. She discovers that even in Christian schools students compete fiercely and are recognized for individual achievements. Christian schools incorporate norms and strategies from mainstream American education. Alternative Christian schools are not as alternative as they could be; they are walking the Christian walk the American way. The Christian schools serve as a case study of the process of culture building. Conservative Christians are trying to revitalize their culture. Yet all along the way, they quite consciously compromise. Melinda Bollar Wagner is a professor of anthropology at Radford University.
Four Novel Zn (II) Coordination Polymers Based on 4′-Ferrocenyl-3,2′:6′,3′′-Terpyridine: Engineering a Switch from 1D Helical Polymer Chain to 2D Network by Coordination Anion Modulation

Four novel ZnII coordination polymers, [(ZnCl2)2(L)2]n (1), [(ZnBr2)2(L)2]n (2), and [(ZnI2)2(L)2]n (3) and {[Zn(SCN)2]1.5(L)3}n (4), have been synthesized based on 4′-ferrocenyl-3,2′:6′,3′′-terpyridine with ZnII ions and different coordination anions under similar ambient conditions. Their structures have been confirmed using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, showing that complexes 1–3 are one-dimensional (1D) double-stranded metal ion helical polymer chains and complex 4 is of a two-dimensional (2D) network. The structural transformations of them from a 1D polymer chain to a 2D network under the influence of the coordination anions has been systematic investigated. Furthermore, the optical band gaps have been measured by optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, revealing that the ligand and the complexes should have semiconductor properties.
Guaranteed $H_{\infty}$ Performance State Estimation of Delayed Static Neural Networks

This brief studies the guaranteed H∞ performance state estimation problem of delayed static neural networks. The single- and double-integral terms in the time derivative of the Lyapunov functional are handled by the reciprocally convex combination and a new integral inequality, respectively. A delay-dependent design criterion is established such that the error system is globally exponentially stable with a decay rate and a prescribed H∞ performance is guaranteed. The gain matrix and the optimal performance index are obtained via solving a convex optimization problem subject to linear matrix inequalities. A numerical example is exploited to demonstrate that much better performance can be achieved by this approach.
A simulation approach based on negotiation and cooperation between agents: a case study

Presents AGENDA (A GENeral testbed for Distributed AI Applications), a simulation tool developed for the simulation and design of applications involving interacting entities. This testbed consists of two different levels, the architecture level and the system development level. The architecture level describes a methodology for designing software agents by providing several important functionalities an agent should have. On the other hand, the system development level provides the basic knowledge representation formalism, general inference mechanisms, and a simulation tool-box supporting visualization and monitoring of agents. Following this, the applicability of AGENDA to the transportation domain is presented in detail. The main challenge of AGENDA in the context of this domain has been to provide different cooperation-scalable methods based on negotiation, leading to different scheduling mechanisms, and to experimentally evaluate these mechanisms. This evaluation shows that: (1) AGENDA is suitable for realistic application in the transportation domain; (2) the mechanisms used for vertical negotiation (between trucks considered as agents) and for horizontal negotiation (between companies considered as agents) are applicable for the real-world transportation domain applications. Finally, a complete study of the scalability of the simulation tool and the algorithms used for the negotiation is presented. This study, along with the evaluation of the different mechanisms, can help designers of transportation companies, particularly in the case of large companies.