Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MIRROR: PRIMING IN COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Over the past several years, two largely separate traditions have collided, leading to controversy over claims about priming. We describe and contrast the main accounts of priming effects in cognitive and social psychology, focusing especially on the role of awareness. In so doing, we consider one of the core points of contention: claims about the effects of subliminal priming. Whereas cognitive psychologists often are interested in exploring how priming operates with and without awareness, social psychologists more commonly assume subliminality in order to bolster claims about the automaticity of priming. We discuss the criteria necessary to claim that a stimulus was processed entirely without awareness, noting the challenges in meeting those criteria. Finally, we identify three sources of conflict between the fields: awareness, replicability, and the nature of the underlying processes. We close by proposing resolutions for each of them.
Enhanced root-to-shoot translocation of cadmium in the hyperaccumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii

Sedum alfredii (Crasulaceae) is the only known Cd-hyperaccumulating species that are not in the Brassica family; the mechanism of Cd hyperaccumulation in this plant is, however, little understood. Here, a combination of radioactive techniques, metabolic inhibitors, and fluorescence imaging was used to contrast Cd uptake and translocation between a hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) and a non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE) of S. alfredii. The Km of 109Cd influx into roots was similar in both ecotypes, while the Vmax was 2-fold higher in the HE. Significant inhibition of Cd uptake by low temperature or metabolic inhibitors was observed in the HE, whereas the effect was less pronounced in the NHE. 109Cd influx into roots was also significantly decreased by high Ca in both ecotypes. The rate of root-to-shoot translocation of 109Cd in the HE was >10 times higher when compared with the NHE, and shoots of the HE accumulated dramatically higher 109Cd concentrations those of the NHE. The addition of the metabolic inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) resulted in a significant reduction in Cd contents in the shoots of the HE, and in the roots of the NHE. Cd was distributed preferentially to the root cylinder of the HE but not the NHE, and there was a 3–5 times higher Cd concentration in xylem sap of the HE in contrast to the NHE. These results illustrate that a greatly enhanced rate of root-to-shoot translocation, possibly as a result of enhanced xylem loading, rather than differences in the rate of root uptake, was the pivotal process expressed in the Cd hyperaccumulator HE S. alfredii.
Measuring the tendency to conceal versus disclose psychological distress.

Abstract Individual differences in one's tendency to conceal versus disclose psychological distress were hypothesized to reflect a unidimensional construct related to changes in psychological adjustment. These hypotheses were tested using a newly validated self-report instrument called the Distress Disclosure Index. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the existence of one bipolar dimension reflecting the frequent concealment (i.e., rare disclosure) of distress on one end of the continuum and frequent disclosure (i.e., rare concealment) on the other. Moreover, this construct predicted changes in self-esteem, life satisfaction, and perceived social support over a 2-month period. Implications for the measurement and theories of concealment and disclosure are discussed.
Computationally sound verification of source code

Increasing attention has recently been given to the formal verification of the source code of cryptographic protocols. The standard approach is to use symbolic abstractions of cryptography that make the analysis amenable to automation. This leaves the possibility of attacks that exploit the mathematical properties of the cryptographic algorithms themselves. In this paper, we show how to conduct the protocol analysis on the source code level (F# in our case) in a computationally sound way, i.e., taking into account cryptographic security definitions. We build upon the prominent F7 verification framework (Bengtson et al., CSF 2008) which comprises a security type-checker for F# protocol implementations using symbolic idealizations and the concurrent lambda calculus RCF to model a core fragment of F#. To leverage this prior work, we give conditions under which symbolic security of RCF programs using cryptographic idealizations implies computational security of the same programs using cryptographic algorithms. Combined with F7, this yields a computationally sound, automated verification of F# code containing public-key encryptions and signatures. For the actual computational soundness proof, we use the CoSP framework (Backes, Hofheinz, and Unruh, CCS 2009). We thus inherit the modularity of CoSP, which allows for easily extending our proof to other cryptographic primitives.
THE ASSAY OF 1α, 25‐DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3: PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC MODULATION OF CIRCULATING HORMONE LEVELS

A sensitive radioreceptor assay for 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25‐(OH)2D3) is utilized to quantitate the circulating concentration of this sterol in experimental animals and humans. When weanling rats are grown for 2 weeks on low calcium or low phosphate diets, limited availability of either ion elicits a five‐fold increase in the plasma level of 1α,25‐(OH)2D3. The enhancement of 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 in calcium deficiency is dependent upon the presence of the parathyroid and/or thyroid glands, which is consistent with parathyroid hormone (PTH) mediation of this effect. In contrast, the response to phosphate deficiency is independent of these glands and may result from a direct action of low phosphate on the renal synthesis of 1α,25‐(OH)2D3. Studies in humans indicate that the normal level of 1α,25‐(OH)2D is 2.1‐4.5 ng/100 ml plasma. Patients with chronic renal failure have markedly lower circulating 1α,25‐(OH)2D and this kidney hormone is undectectable in anephirc subjects, but returns to normal within 1 day after successful renal transplantation. Hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparatghyroidism are associated with reduced plasma 1α,25‐(OH)2D while patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have significantly elevated sterol hormone levels. Thus, from measurements in rats and humans, it appears that circulating 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 is regulated by PTH and/or phosphate and that abnormal plasma 1α,25‐(OH)2D3 is a part of the pathophysiology of renal osteodystrophy and parathyroid disorders.
Carbon emissions performance of commercial logging in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Adoption of reduced‐impact logging (RIL) methods could reduce CO2 emissions by 30–50% across at least 20% of remaining tropical forests. We developed two cost effective and robust indices for comparing the climate benefits (reduced CO2 emissions) due to RIL. The indices correct for variability in the volume of commercial timber among concessions. We determined that a correction for variability in terrain slope was not needed. We found that concessions certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC, N = 3), when compared with noncertified concessions (N = 6), did not have lower overall CO2 emissions from logging activity (felling, skidding, and hauling). On the other hand, FSC certified concessions did have lower emissions from one type of logging impact (skidding), and we found evidence of a range of improved practices using other field metrics. One explanation of these results may be that FSC criteria and indicators, and associated RIL practices, were not designed to achieve overall emissions reductions. Also, commonly used field metrics are not reliable proxies for overall logging emissions performance. Furthermore, the simple distinction between certified and noncertified concessions does not fully represent the complex history of investments in improved logging practices. To clarify the relationship between RIL and emissions reductions, we propose the more explicit term ‘RIL‐C’ to refer to the subset of RIL practices that can be defined by quantified thresholds and that result in measurable emissions reductions. If tropical forest certification is to be linked with CO2 emissions reductions, certification standards need to explicitly require RIL‐C practices.
Corporate governance and tax compliance

This study has provided empirical evidence where the corporate tax compliance does have a significant relationship with corporate governance mechanisms. The study covered the period of pre MCCG (Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance) revision (2005 to 2006) and post MCCG revision (2007 to 2008). The statistical results reveal that MCCG does influence a constructive impact on the level of corporate tax compliance in Malaysia. Although the efforts of establishing MCCG and strengthening the code by the MCCG revision in year 2007 was not embrace directly to increase the level of corporate tax compliance. But, this study has successfully provided empirical evidence where the corporate tax compliance does have a significant relationship with corporate governance mechanisms. The findings of this study will give another angle of deliberation to the corporate governance interests' as well as the corporate taxation.
Falling through the Cracks: Social Service Concerns of Women Infected with HIV

To describe the range of social service concerns of women infected with HIV, we recruited 46 women to participate in one of eight focus groups. Transcripts from the focus groups were coded and their content was analyzed. The eight identified issues included the following: negative consequences of applying for a service, eligibility and red tape, fear of using services, concerns when services were used, the limits of some services, problems keeping services and red tape, consequences of not having some services, and other concerns and desires. Social service professionals can improve the willingness of women infected with HIV to seek social services by addressing the sociopsychological and bureaucratic problems the women face.
Establishing Reliable Cognitive Change in Children With Epilepsy

The goal of this study was to investigate reliable cognitive change in epilepsy by developing computational procedures to determine reliable change index scores (RCIs) for the Dutch Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children. First, RCIs were calculated based on stability coefficients from a reference sample. Then, these RCIs were applied to a sample of 73 children with refractory epilepsy who were tested twice with the WISC-RNNL/WISC-IIINL after a mean interval of 2.3 years. Results indicated that children with refractory epilepsy are at risk for cognitive decline over time: 26.0% of the children showed reliable losses on Verbal IQ and 16.4% on the full scale IQ (expected rate = 5%). Declines on performance IQ were within expected limits.
Red Color Light at Different Intensities Affects the Performance, Behavioral Activities and Welfare of Broilers

Red light (RL) marked higher weight gain (WG) and preference of broilers compared to other light colors. This study aimed to investigate how different intensities of RL affect the performance, behavior and welfare of broilers. RL treatments were T1 = high intensity (320 lux), T2 = medium intensity (20 lux); T3 = dim intensity (5 lux), T4 = control/white light at (20 lux) provided on 20L:4D schedule and T5 = negative control; 12 hours dark: 12 hours day light. Cobb strain broilers were used in a Complete Randomize Design with 6 replicates. WG, water/feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, behavior and welfare were assessed. At 35 d, significantly (p<0.05) highest body weight (2,147.06 g±99) was recorded by T3. Lowest body weight (1,640.55 g±56) and FCR (1.34) were recorded by T5. Skin weight was the only carcass parameter showed a significant (p<0.05) influence giving the highest (56.2 g) and the lowest (12.6 g) values for T5 and T1 respectively. Reduced welfare status indicated by significantly (p<0.05) higher foot pad lesions, hock burns and breast blisters was found under T3, due to reduced expression of behavior. Highest walking (2.08%±1%) was performed under T1 in the evening during 29 to 35 days. Highest dust bathing (3.01%±2%) was performed in the morning during 22 to 28 days and highest bird interaction (BI) (4.87%±4%) was observed in the evening by T5 during 14 to 21 days. Light intensity×day session×age interaction was significantly (p<0.05) affected walking, dust bathing and BI. Light intensity significantly (p<0.05) affected certain behaviors such as lying, eating, drinking, standing, walking, preening while lying, wing/leg stretching, sleeping, dozing, BI, vocalization, idling. In conclusion, birds essentially required provision of light in the night for better performance. Exposed to 5 lux contributed to higher WG, potentially indicating compromised welfare status. Further researches are suggested to investigate RL intensity based lighting regimen that favors for both production and welfare of Broilers.
Guanxi Civility: Processes, Potentials, and Contingencies

Building on research that analyzes how social relations and networks (guanxi) shape the Chinese market, this article asks a less-studied question: How is the market changing guanxi? The authors trace the transformation of guanxi from communal, kin-based ties to a cultural metaphor with which diverse individuals build flexible social relationships in late-socialist China. As a “generalized particularism,” this cultural metaphor provides something analogous to the culture of civility in Western societies. The authors discuss the political potential of guanxi in terms of its dual tendency toward the “publicization” and “privatization” of power. The development of guanxi civility suggests the diverse cultural origins of civility and serves as a reminder of the particularistic roots in the universalistic assumption of Western civility.
You are what you like! Information leakage through users' Interests

Suppose that a Facebook user, whose age is hidden or missing, likes Britney Spears. Can you guess his/her age? Knowing that most Britney fans are teenagers, it is fairly easy for humans to answer this question. Interests (or "likes") of users is one of the highly-available on-line information. In this paper, we show how these seemingly harmless interests (e.g., music interests) can leak privacy sensitive information about users. In particular, we infer their undisclosed (private) attributes using the public attributes of other users sharing similar interests. In order to compare user-defined interest names, we extract their semantics using an ontologized version of Wikipedia and measure their similarity by applying a statistical learning method. Besides self-declared interests in music, our technique does not rely on any further information about users such as friend relationships or group belongings. Our experiments, based on more than 104K public profiles collected from Facebook and more than 2000 private profiles provided by volunteers, show that our inference technique efficiently predicts attributes that are very often hidden by users. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that user interests are used for profiling, and more generally, semantics-driven inference of private data is addressed.
CHANGING PATTERNS OF RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSION IN VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS. † 1500

OBJECTIVE Anemia develops in increasing numbers of critically ill very low birth weight (VLBW) infants who survive the neonatal period, and they receive multiple red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Despite their need for prolonged medical treatment, we hypothesized that VLBW infants presently receive fewer RBC transfusions as a result of the growing awareness of transfusion risks and improvement of neonatal care. METHODS RBC transfusion practices and clinical outcomes in infants with birth weights of 1.5 kg or less were analyzed retrospectively in three selected years: 1982, before awareness of the human immunodeficiency virus; 1989, before surfactant availability; and 1993, before erythropoietin approval. RESULTS Progressive declines in RBC transfusions, donor exposures, and transfusion volumes occurred concurrently with decreases in morbidity and mortality rates. Transfusions per infant (mean +/- SD) declined from 7.0 +/- 7.4 in 1982 to 5.0 +/- 5.8 in 1989 to 2.3 +/- 2.7 in 1993 (p < 0.001). This decline was associated with a decrease in pretransfusion hematocrit (33.6% +/- 2.8% in 1982, 34.2% +/- 3.7% in 1989, and 29.8% +/- 5.1% in 1993; p < 0.001). The distribution of RBC transfusions given by week of life among study years did not change; 70% of RBC transfusions were given within the first 4 weeks, when infants are sickest. Although the percentage of VLBW infants weighing more than 1 kg at birth and never receiving any RBC transfusions increased with time (17% in 1982, 33% in 1989, and 64% in 1993), more than 95% of infants weighing 1 kg or less in all years received transfusions. CONCLUSIONS Overall administration of neonatal transfusions has decreased markedly, most likely because of multiple factors. Because most RBC transfusions are given to infants weighing 1 kg or less in the first weeks of life, therapeutic strategies should focus on this group of VLBW infants during this critical period. The temporal changes observed in transfusion patterns emphasize the importance of including concurrent controls in future studies evaluating transfusion interventions.
Isotype Can Affect the Fine Specificity of an Antibody for a Polysaccharide Antigen1

Ab specificity is determined by V region sequence. The murine Mab 18B7 (IgG1) binds to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan and produces annular immunofluorescence (IF) on yeast cells. The heavy and light V regions of 18B7 were expressed with the human C regions μ, γ1, γ2, γ3, γ4, and α1, and the specificity and binding properties of these mouse-human chimeric (ch) Abs was determined. The chIgG1, chIgG2, chIgG4, and the chIgA produced annular IF, whereas the IgM and IgG3 produced punctate IF, despite identical V region sequences. Competition experiments with murine Abs that competed with mAb 18B7 and binding assays to peptide mimetics of glucuronoxylomannan provided additional evidence for altered specificity in some of the ch Abs. Expression of 18B7 heavy V region with murine μ C region produced IgM with a punctate IF, indicating that a change in fine specificity also accompanied the change from murine IgG1 to IgM. Our results show that Ab fine specificity can be a function of isotype. This phenomenon may be most apparent for Abs that bind to Ag with repeating epitopes, such as polysaccharides, where the quarternary structure of the Ag-Ab complex may be influenced by such constraints as Fab-Fab angles, Fc-Fc interactions, Ab size, and solvent accessibility to exposed surfaces. Alterations in Ab fine specificity following isotype change could have important implications for current concepts on the generation of secondary Ab responses to certain Ags and for the isotype preference observed in Abs to polysaccharides.
The Idea of Power and the Power of Ideas: A Review Essay

In Envisioning Power, the late Eric Wolf, one of anthropology's most renowned practitioners, argues that the time has come to fuse power to ideas, not least of all in order to revitalize the concept of culture. His argument is explored in three notable case studies: the Kwakiutl, the Aztecs, and National Socialism in Germany. Our main criticism is that the concept of structural power favored by Wolf is redundant and expendable, partly because the case studies, while elegantly presented, are inappropriate for the author's theoretical interests, [power, culture, conflict]
Speech recognition in noise and intonation recognition in primary-school-aged children, and preliminary results in children with cochlear implants

Title of Document: SPEECH RECOGNITION IN NOISE AND INTONATION RECOGNITION IN PRIMARY-SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN, AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS IN CHILDREN WITH COCHLEAR IMPLANTS Lauren Ruth Wawroski, Doctor of Audiology, 2008 Directed By: Assistant Professor, Monita Chatterjee, Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences Fundamental frequency (F0), or voice pitch, is an important acoustic cue for speech intonation and is perceived most accurately through the fine spectral resolution of the normal human auditory system. However, relatively little is known about how young children process F0-based speech intonation cues. The fine spectral resolution required for F0 information has also been shown to be beneficial for listening in noise, a skill that normally-hearing children are required to use on a daily basis. While it is known that hearing-impaired adults with cochlear implants are at a disadvantage for intonation recognition and listening in noise following loss of fine spectral structure cues, relatively little is known about how young children with unilateral cochlear implants perform in these situations. The goal of the current study was to quantify how a group of twenty normally-hearing children (6-8 years of age) perform in a listening-in-noise task and in a speech intonation recognition task. These skills were also measured in a small group of 5 children of similar age with unilateral cochlear implants (all implanted prior to the age of five). The cochlear implant participants in this study presumably had reduced spectral information, and it was hypothesized that this would be manifested as performance differences between groups. In the listening-in-noise task, sentence recognition was measured in the presence of a single-talker masker at different signal-to-noise ratios. Results indicated that the participants with cochlear implants achieved significantly lower scores than the normally-hearing participants. In the intonation recognition task, listeners heard re-synthesized versions of a single bisyllabic word (“popcorn”) with systematically varying F0 contours, and indicated whether the speaker was “asking” or “telling” (i.e., question-like or statement-like). Both groups of children were able to use the F0 cue to perform the task, and no significant differences between the groups were observed. Although limited in scope, the results suggest that children who receive their cochlear implant before the age of five have significantly more difficulty understanding speech in noise than their normally-hearing peers. However, the two populations appear to be equally able to use F0 cues to determine speech intonation patterns. SPEECH RECOGNITION IN NOISE AND INTONATION RECOGNITION IN PRIMARY-SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN, AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS IN CHILDREN WITH COCHLEAR IMPLANTS
Polymorphism of the human platelet antigen‐5 system is a risk factor for occlusive vascular complications in patients with sickle cell anemia

Background Polymorphisms of platelet membrane glycoproteins such as human platelet antigen (HPA)‐1b, HPA‐2b, the ‐5T/C Kozak sequence and C807T have been described as risk factors for vascular disease. Vaso‐occlusion episodes are a common feature of sickle cell anaemia (SCA), leading to complications such as stroke, acute chest syndrome, avascular head femur necrosis and priapism. Complex interactions are involved in vaso‐occlusion, and activated platelets may play an important role. These data raised the question of whether platelet polymorphisms could be implicated in occlusive vascular complications (OVC) of SCA.