Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Passive scalar anisotropy in a heated turbulent wake: new observations and implications for large-eddy simulations

The effects of passive scalar anisotropy on subgrid-scale (SGS) physics and modelling for large-eddy simulations are studied experimentally. Measurements are performed across a moderate Reynolds number wake flow generated by a heated cylinder, using an array of four X-wire and four cold-wire probes. By varying the separation distance among probes in the array, we obtain filtered and subgrid quantities at three different filter sizes. We compute several terms that comprise the subgrid dissipation tensor of kinetic energy and scalar variance and test for isotropic behaviour, as a function of filter scale. We find that whereas the kinetic energy dissipation tensor tends towards isotropy at small scales, the SGS scalar-variance dissipation remains anisotropic independent of filter scale. The eddy-diffusion model predicts isotropic behaviour, whereas the nonlinear (or tensor eddy diffusivity) model reproduces the correct trends, but overestimates the level of scalar dissipation anisotropy. These results provide some support for so-called mixed models but raise new questions about the causes of the observed anisotropy.
Why Do South Korean Firms Produce so Much More Output Per Worker than Ghanaian Ones?

The labour productivity differentials between manufacturing firms in Ghana and South Korea exceed those implied by macro analysis. Median value-added per employee is nearly 40 times higher in South Korea than Ghana. The most important single factor in explaining this difference is the Mincerian return to skills which differ by a factor of three between Ghana and South Korea. There is no significant difference in total factor productivity across the countries once we allow for human capital. Our results are consistent with those who have argued that rises in the return to education within developed countries can be explained by skill-biased technical progress in those economies. They are also consistent with work in developing countries which finds a convex return to education based on individual labour market data. Allowing for differences in the shape of the relationship between productivity and human capital across countries is crucial for understanding the role of human capital in increasing productivity.
Failure of Relaxin in the Treatment of Scleroderma

Relaxin (Hisaw, 1926) is an ovarian polypeptide hormone (Frieden and Hisaw, 1953), which appears in the serum during pregnancy in most mammals, including women (Perkoff, Salhanick, Zarrow, Nelson, and Tyler, 1954). Its action, which is blocked by testosterone or adrenal corticosteroids (Brennan and Zarrow, 1957) and increased by oestrogens (Hall, 1947), is to produce changes in the ground substance of pelvic connective tissues leading to relaxation of the pubic symphysis and other pelvic structures. Casten, Boucek, Noble, and Scotti (1956) showed that relaxin given together with oestrogens produced histological and biochemical changes in connective tissue elsewhere than in the pelvis, for example in the rat at the site of an "Ivalon" sponge implant. In this in vivo cultured connective tissue, relaxin caused an increase in the number of mast cells, an increased water content, a reduction of cholesterol synthesis, and the production of fewer, finer, and more widely separated collagen fibres. Because of this, Casten and Boucek (1958) studied relaxin in 23 patients with scleroderma and reported it of value for the vasospasm of associated Raynaud's phenomenon, for the healing of the trophic ulceration, and for decreasing skin tightness. A patient reported by Ismay (1958) with extensive scleroderma with oesophageal involvement improved on relaxin, not only in skin tightness but also as regards dysphagia, and there have been other favourable reports (e.g. Chalmers and Hearnshaw, 1961). Improvement was usually thought to be temporary, but in some, worthwhile remissions were seen even after treatment had stopped. In the present study a brand of relaxin known as Releasin was used. This product is manufactured in the Warner-Chilcott laboratories from the ovaries of pregnant sows (Albert, Money, and Zarrow, 1947). Releasin is a water-soluble preparation, 1 ml. of which contains 20 mg. (or 3,000 guinea-pig units) of relaxin standard (one G.P.U. is the amount of relaxin which will induce an unmistakable relaxation of the symphysis pubis in two-thirds of a group of twelve castrated virgin female guinea-pigs weighing between 350 and 380 g.). Each 20-mg. ampoule costs 50s. , 20 days' treatment £160. Three females suffering from the acrosclerotic type of scleroderma were studied, together with one patient who had a variant of rheumatoid arthritis involving joints and tendon sheaths, with tightening of finger skin, Raynaud's phenomenon, and digital arterial narrowing confirmed by brachial arteriography, and whose hands presented a similar appearance to that of scleroderma.
Applying TOCHeuristics to Job Scheduling in aHybrid Flexible Flow Shop

espanolEste articulo presenta una aplicacion de la heuristica para la mezcla de productos de la Teoria de Restricciones, a la planificacion de tareas en un Flow Shop hibrido flexible. La heuristica general se adapta para el caso de maquinas paralelas no relacionadas y el algoritmo se implementa como una herramienta de programacion detallada de trabajos, basada en el principio de la Teoria deRestricciones de subordinar toda la programacion al recurso cuello de botella. La adaptacion de la metodologia a un contexto hibrido flexible, donde hay paralelismo en la etapa cuello de botella y su aplicacion en una planta textil contribuye a asignar lacapacidad con base en el margen de contribucion. El resultado es una programacion de trabajos viable enfocada en la utilidad unitaria. Aunque los resultados no alcanzan el optimo global paraeste tipo de problemas, si representan una alternativa de programacion de trabajos rapida y eficaz en los contextos estudiados EnglishThis paper introduces an application of the Theory of Constraints product mix heuristic to job scheduling in a Hybrid Flexible Flow Shop. The general heuristic is adapted for unrelated parallel machines and the algorithm is implemented as a job detailed scheduling tool based on the principle of the Theory of Constraints to schedule the production based in the bottleneck resource. The adaptation of the methodology to a flexible hybrid context, where there is parallelism in the bottleneck stage, and its application in a textile plant, helps toassign capacity based on the contribution margin. The result is a viable job scheduling focused on the profitability unit. Although the results do not reach the global optimum of this type of problems, they represent a fast and effective job scheduling alternative in the contexts under study
Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy Activities Produced by Human Lung Tumor Cells Associated β Copurification of Osteolytic and Transforming Growth Factor Updated

The SK-Luci-6 cell line, established from a large-cell anaplastic lung tumor of a patient with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM), was investigated to identify osteolytic factors produced that might mediate HHM. Most HHM-associated tumors are thought to produce parathy roid hormone-related proteins or transforming growth factor (TGF) a. SK-Luci-6 cells formed s.c. tumors and induced hypercalcemia in athymic nude mice. Serum-free conditioned medium from SK-Luci-6 cultures induced bone rÃ©sorptionin neonatal mouse calvariae in vitro, and also contained TGF-0 activity and mitogenic activity. SK-Luci-6 cell conditioned medium did not displace (129I]epidermalgrowth factor binding to cell receptors or stimulate cyclic AMP formation in rat osteosarcoma cells, suggesting that the conditioned medium did not contain TGF-a or parathyroid hormone-related proteins. The osteolytic, TGF-0, and mito genic activities copurified in several Chromatographie separations: gel filtration in acid and then in guanidine I ICI; ion exchange; and reverse phase. The results suggest that in the HHM-associated SK-Luci-6 tumor, the causative osteolytic factor produced by the tumor cells is not a parathyroid hormone-related protein or TGF-a but, rather, may be a TGF-0.
Ontology based semantic similarity comparison of documents

In this paper, we consider ontologies as knowledge structures that specify terms, their properties and relations among them to enable knowledge extraction from texts. We represent ontologies using a graph-based model that reflect semantic relationship between concepts and apply them to text analysis and comparison. Instead of raw document comparison we compare document footprint enhanced with concepts from the ontology (using different enhancement algorithms). The result of this process may be that documents not similar prior to the enhancement become similar (semantically on some abstraction level) after the enhancement. This is because the enhancement process may introduce in the document footprint abstract concepts from the ontology. Using the ontology we can enhance the foot-prints by adding concepts that are not present in the original document. We may use synonyms for a horizontal expansion and broader terms/superclasses/types in a vertical expansion or both for that matter.
Finding Multiple Coherent Biclusters in Microarray Data Using Variable String Length Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm

Microarray technology enables the simultaneous monitoring of the expression pattern of a huge number of genes across different experimental conditions. Biclustering in microarray data is an important technique that discovers a group of genes that are coregulated in a subset of conditions. Biclustering algorithms require to identify coherent and nontrivial biclusters, i.e., the biclusters should have low mean squared residue and high row variance. A multiobjective genetic biclustering technique is proposed here that optimizes these objectives simultaneously. A novel encoding scheme that uses variable chromosome length is developed. Moreover, a new quantitative measure to evaluate the goodness of the biclusters is proposed. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated on both simulated and real-life gene expression datasets, and compared with some other well-known biclustering techniques.
Organic Production Enhances Milk Nutritional Quality by Shifting Fatty Acid Composition: A United States–Wide, 18-Month Study

Over the last century, intakes of omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids in Western diets have dramatically increased, while omega-3 (ω-3) intakes have fallen. Resulting ω-6/ω-3 intake ratios have risen to nutritionally undesirable levels, generally 10 to 15, compared to a possible optimal ratio near 2.3. We report results of the first large-scale, nationwide study of fatty acids in U.S. organic and conventional milk. Averaged over 12 months, organic milk contained 25% less ω-6 fatty acids and 62% more ω-3 fatty acids than conventional milk, yielding a 2.5-fold higher ω-6/ω-3 ratio in conventional compared to organic milk (5.77 vs. 2.28). All individual ω-3 fatty acid concentrations were higher in organic milk—α-linolenic acid (by 60%), eicosapentaenoic acid (32%), and docosapentaenoic acid (19%)—as was the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (18%). We report mostly moderate regional and seasonal variability in milk fatty acid profiles. Hypothetical diets of adult women were modeled to assess milk fatty-acid-driven differences in overall dietary ω-6/ω-3 ratios. Diets varied according to three choices: high instead of moderate dairy consumption; organic vs. conventional dairy products; and reduced vs. typical consumption of ω-6 fatty acids. The three choices together would decrease the ω-6/ω-3 ratio among adult women by ∼80% of the total decrease needed to reach a target ratio of 2.3, with relative impact “switch to low ω-6 foods” > “switch to organic dairy products” ≈ “increase consumption of conventional dairy products. ” Based on recommended servings of dairy products and seafoods, dairy products supply far more α-linolenic acid than seafoods, about one-third as much eicosapentaenoic acid, and slightly more docosapentaenoic acid, but negligible docosahexaenoic acid. We conclude that consumers have viable options to reduce average ω-6/ω-3 intake ratios, thereby reducing or eliminating probable risk factors for a wide range of developmental and chronic health problems.
Strategies for Creating Nascent Venture Legitimacy

Objectives This paper aims to develop an empirically based understanding of legitimacy building in nascent venture creation processes. We illuminate legitimacy building strategies available to new ventures, and their consequences, clarifying distinct characteristics of legitimacy building in the stage of nascent venture creation. Prior Work Established organizations continuously need to defend and manage their legitimacy in order to be judged as desirable and necessary (Suchman 1995). In lacking legitimacy as an established organization, new ventures are heavily subjected to liabilities of newness (Stinchombe, 1965). New ventures often engage in legitimacy-building strategies to overcome this liability, utilizing two main approaches. Numerous articles have addressed the importance of human capital and social capital to the new venture (e.g. Davidsson and Honig, 2003), while much less is known regarding how legitimacy is built as the organization emerges. Approach A multiple case, real-time, longitudinal, in-depth study. 12 participants provided 189 journal entries (2009-2010). Self-reported learning journals were submitted weekly by entrepreneurs. The data provided an opportunity to look at legitimacy building processes in nascent entrepreneurial phases of venturing. Results The results of this study indicates a dominance of pragmatically related strategies over moral and cognitive ones, as well as surprising malleability with respect to moral strategies. (Suchman, 1995; Basu and Palazzo, 2008). Implications This study suggests that relative newness of organizational technology leads to increasing focus on conformity strategies to gain legitimacy. Relatively more mundane technologies enabled (the case napkin ads) successful engagement of more manipulative strategies. This support findings of Ashforth and Gibbs (1990). We also found that our young cases were strongly engaged in moral selection strategies in terms of goal formulation. The focus of the moral selection strategy of the nascent ventures in this study is not based on the organization “as is” (Suchman, 1995) but rather on what organization the management team would like to create, and/or what they believe is feasible for it to become. Value This paper suggests that managers could more consciously devise strategies on how to deal with institutions. In terms of policy implications, this paper suggests avenues for policy makers to influence new organizations. The data indicates the primacy of pragmatic strategies over moral and cognitive. Policy could follow this indication, creating pragmatic incentives for new ventures.
Euclidean Quantum Gravity in Light of Spectral Geometry

A proper understanding of boundary-value problems is essential in the attempt of developing a quantum theory of gravity and of the birth of the universe. The present paper reviews these topics in light of recent developments in spectral geometry, i.e. heat-kernel asymptotics for the Laplacian in the presence of Dirichlet, or Robin, or mixed boundary conditions; completely gauge-invariant boundary conditions in Euclidean quantum gravity; local vs. non-local boundary-value problems in one-loop Euclidean quantum theory via path integrals.
Semantic Bag-of-Words Models for Visual Concept Detection and Annotation

This paper presents a novel method for building textual feature defined on semantic distance and describes multi-model approach for Visual Concept Detection and Annotation(VCDA). Nowadays, the tags associated with images have been popularly used in the VCDA task, because they contain valuable information about image content that can hardly be described by low-level visual features. Traditionally the term frequencies model is used to capture this useful text information. However, the shortcoming in the term frequencies model lies that the valuable semantic information can not be captured. To solve this problem, we propose the semantic bag-of-words(BoW) model which use WordNet-based distance to construct the codebook and assign the tags. The advantages of this approach are two-fold: (1) It can capture tags semantic information that is hardly described by the term frequencies model. (2) It solves the high dimensionality issue of the codebook vocabulary construction, reducing the size of the tags representation. Furthermore, we employ a strong Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) classifier to fuse the visual model and the text model. The experimental results on the Image CLEF 2011 show that our approach effectively improves the recognition accuracy.
Diffusion and reaction in heterogeneous media: Pore size distribution, relaxation times, and mean survival time

Diffusion and reaction in heterogeneous media plays an important role in a variety of processes arising in the physical and biological sciences. The determination of the relaxation times Tn (n=1,2,.) and the mean survival time τ is considered for diffusion and reaction among partially absorbing traps with dimensionless surface rate constant κ. The limits κ=∞ and κ=0 correspond to the diffusion‐controlled case (i.e., perfect absorbers) and reaction‐controlled case (i.e., perfect reflectors), respectively. Rigorous lower bounds on the principal (or largest) relaxation time T1 and mean survival time τ for arbitrary κ are derived in terms of the pore size distribution P(δ). Here P(δ)dδ is the probability that a randomly chosen point in the pore region lies at a distance δ and δ+dδ from the nearest point on the pore–trap interface. The aforementioned moments and hence the bounds on T1 and τ are evaluated for distributions of interpenetrable spherical traps. The length scales 〈δ〉 and 〈δ2〉1/2, under certai.
Lexical and Semantic Influences on Syntactic Processing

The present study addressed the issue of the independence of syntactic processing from lexical and semantic processing. Syntactic (inflectional) priming was manipulated by preceding verb, adjective, and pseudoword targets with noun phrases that either agreed or disagreed in gender and/or number with the target. In Experiment 1, similar syntactic priming effects were found whether the target was a word or a pseudoword. For both, subjects' decisions that targets were the same/different to a probe were faster for targets that were syntactically congruent with their sentential context than for incongruent targets. In Experiment 2, there was a congruency effect for gender: Naming a target that did not agree in gender with the preceding noun phrase was delaYE! d relative to naming a congruent target, but only if the noun phrase's subject was animate. For inanimate targets, syntactic congruency had no statistically significant effect. We suggest that inflectional analysis may not require the full activation of a lexical entry initially; however, subsequent syntactic analysis does interact with a word's semantic information.
Measuring Economic Downside Risk and Severity: Growth at Risk

Output collapses, and crises are a fact of life. Severe economic downturns occur periodically, and have grave consequences on the poor. The authors propose a new measurement for economic downside risk, and severity: Growth at risk. Similar to the concept of Value at Risk in finance, Growth at Risk summarizes the expected maximum economic downturn over a target horizon at a given confidence level. After providing a taxonomy of growth risks, the authors construct a panel data, set on Growth at Risk for 84 countries, over the period 1980-98. On average, different regional groups experience very distinct Growth at Risk patterns over time. 1) Non-OECD countries experience a higher downturn risk, while OECD countries' downturn risks for both big, and small recessions are the lowest among all groups. 2) East Asia countries, which had been growing faster, had a high Growth at Risk for big downturns, at around six percent, and it rose dramatically at the end of the 1990s. 3) Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa also maintained high Growth at Risk for both big, and small recessions through 1980-98. But for Latin America, Growth at Risk for big recessions declined in the 1990s. The authors then investigate the relationship between downside risks, and long-term average growth in a cross-country analysis. They find that higher perceived levels of downside growth risk, seem to be negatively associated with long-term growth. When a country's perceived level of downside growth risk is relatively high, both domestic, and foreign investors might be deterred from making long-term investments in the country, and instead invest elsewhere. The results suggest that prudent, and consistent pursuit of socioeconomic, and political stability, contributes to long-term growth, and that risk management in a broader sense, should be a vital part of the pro-growth, and poverty reduction strategy.
Six Color Separation Using Additional Colorants and Quantitative Granularity Metric

This paper proposes a method of six-color separation using additional colorants and a quantitative granularity metric to reduce the color difference and graininess. In conventional six-color separation, the use of light magenta and light cyan is generally an effective way of reducing the visibility of dots in bilevel printing de- vices, i.e., light magenta and light cyan are used in a bright region instead of magenta and cyan. However, the hue values for light magenta and light cyan differ from those for magenta and cyan in CIELAB space, making the colorimetric reproduction less accurate. Therefore, to minimize this inaccuracy, the proposed method uses yellow and light magenta colorants as additional colorants. In a bright region, magenta is replaced with light magenta and yellow, while cyan is replaced with light cyan and light magenta. These combinations reduce the hue difference, as they create colors with a similar hue to magenta and cyan. In addition, a smooth image can simultaneously be obtained owing to the lower dot visibility of the additional colorants. In a middle region, magenta is replaced with light magenta and magenta, while cyan is replaced with light cyan and cyan. Since the use of these two colorants with different con- centrations makes a coarse dot pattern, this phenomenon is re- flected based on a quantitative granularity metric. Finally, in a dark region, only the magenta and cyan colorants are used as usual. Experiments show that the proposed method can simultaneously produce a colorimetric and smooth tone reproduction. © 2006 So- ciety for Imaging Science and Technology. DOI: 10.2352/J.ImagingSci. Technol.200650:125