Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nomenclature and classification of the spinel supergroup

: A new, IMA-approved classiﬁcation scheme for the spinel-supergroup minerals is here reported. To belong to the spinel supergroup, a mineral must meet two criteria: (i) the ratio of cation to anion sites must be equal to 3:4, typically represented by the general formula AB 2 X 4 where A and B represent cations (including vacancy) and X represents anions; (ii) its structure must comprise a heteropolyhedral framework of four-fold coordination polyhedra ( T X 4 ) isolated from each other and sharing corners with the neighboring six-fold coordination polyhedra ( M X 6 ), which, in turn, share six of their twelve X-X edges with nearest-neighbor M X 6 . Regardless of space group, the X anions form a cubic close-packing and each X anion is bonded to three M -cations and one T -cation. The ﬁfty-six minerals of the spinel supergroup are divided into three groups on the basis of dominant X anion: O 2– (oxyspinel), S 2– (thiospinel), and Se 2– (selenospinel). Each group is composed of subgroups identiﬁed according to the dominant valence and then the dominant constituent (or heterovalent pair of constituents) represented by the letter B in the formula AB 2 X 4 . The oxyspinel group (33 species) can be divided into the spinel subgroup 2-3 ð A 2 þ B 3 þ 2 O 4 Þ and the ulvo¨spinel subgroup 4-2 ð A 4 þ B 2 þ 2 O 4 Þ , the thiospinel group (20 species) into the carrollite subgroup 1-3.5 ð A 1 þ B 3 þ S 4 Þ and the linnaeite subgroup 2-3 ð A 2 þ B 3 þ 2 S 4 Þ , ﬁnally, the selenospinel group (3 species) into the bornhardtite subgroup 2-3 (A 2+ B 3+2 Se 4 ) and the potential ‘‘tyrrellite subgroup’’ (A 1 þ B 3 : 5 þ 2 S 4 , currently composed by only one species). Once the subgroup is established based on the valence of B, then the mineral species is identiﬁed by the combination of the dominant A- and B-cations. Moreover, the present nomenclature redeﬁnes the ideal formulae of titanomaghemite, cuprorhodsite, malanite, maghemite, ﬁlipstadite, tegengrenite, rhodostannite, toyohaite and xingzhongite as well as discredits ‘‘iwakiite’’, ‘‘hydrohetaerolite’’ and ‘‘ferrorhodsite’’.
The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium without antithrombotic prophylaxis

Whether or not pregnant women with a previous episode of venous thromboembolism (VTE) should receive antithrombotic prophylaxis is a matter of debate. In order to estimate the rate of recurrent deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) during pregnancy and puerperium we retrospectively investigated a cohort of 1104 women with previous VTE; after a single DVT or isolated PE, 88 of them became pregnant at least once without receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis. Overall, 155 pregnancies and 120 puerperium periods without prophylaxis were recorded. There were nine recurrences during pregnancy and 10 during puerperium, with a rate of 5·8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 3·0–10·6] and 8·3% (95%CI 4·5–14·6) respectively. In pregnancy, the rate of recurrence was 7·5% (95%CI 4·0–13·7) if the first VTE was unprovoked, related to pregnancy or to oral contraceptive use, whereas no recurrence occurred if the first VTE was related to other transient risk factors. In puerperium, the rate of recurrence was 15·5% (95%CI 7·7–28·7) in women with a pregnancy‐related first VTE, with a risk 3·9‐times higher than in the remaining women. Inherited thrombophilia was not associated with a statistically significant increase in risk of recurrence in pregnancy or in puerperium, yet the rate of recurrence in puerperium was 14·2% (95%CI 5·7–31·4) in overall carriers of factor V Leiden and 30% (95%CI 10·7–60·3) in carriers with a pregnancy‐related first VTE, with a risk 6·8 times higher than in women without thrombophilia and with a non pregnancy‐related first VTE.
Amylase‐producing lung cancer. Ultrastructural and biochemical studies

A case of lung cancer with elevated amylase activity in serum, urine, and tumor tissue was studied electron microscopically and biochemically. Ultrastructurally, there were numerous electron‐dense granules in the cytoplasm of most tumor cells. These granules were located in the apical region of tumor cells and had a single limiting membrane, associated with a clear zone just beneath it. Furthermore, circular, lamellar and annulate structures, which closely resembled those observed within zymogen granules of the salivary glands in postnatal mice and rats, were sometimes recognized within these granules. These observations suggested that these granules were identical to a postnatal or immature form of zymogen granules in salivary glands. Biochemical analysis confirmed that the amylases obtained from the tumor tissue were composed of the sialic acid‐containing glycoprotein, which was not found in normal amylases. A possible histogenesis of the amylase‐producing lung cancer was briefly discussed. Cancer 40:766–772, 1977.
Cytokine and anticytokine therapy in dermatology

Cytokines play a pivotal role in the initiation, propagation and regulation of immunologic responses. They are of utmost importance in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including skin diseases. Using cytokines or cytokine antagonists as immunomodulators exhibiting either immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory effects is a rapidly emerging field and is already adding or is about to add significantly to the therapeutic arsenal for malignant and inflammatory dermatoses. Whereas some cytokine therapies, such as IFN-α or IL-2, are well-established in melanoma therapy, there are others in early stages of clinical development. The fascinating aspect is the ongoing transition of the work in basic immunobiology of skin diseases into clinical application. Vice versa, observations in clinical trials are also instrumental in further promoting our knowledge of the pathophysiology of skin diseases. In this review, the current status of cytokine and anticytokine therapy for skin diseases is discussed.
A New Prediction Capability for Post-sunset Equatorial Plasma Bubbles

The occurrence of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) has become an important research topic in the field of space science in recent years, due to the adverse influence of EPBs on many important technological applications. One such application is the use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS). The seasonal/longitudinal variability in EPB occurrence is relatively well understood, following decades of EPB observations spanning around the globe. A key unresolved issue is the daily variability in the occurrence of EPBs. To address this issue, an analysis of the daily GPS scintillation occurrence variability in several locations was conducted, and was complimented by coupled ionosphere-thermosphere modeling. It was found that the coupled ionosphere-thermosphere model, which was run independently of ionospheric observations, exhibited a daily variability that closely matched the observations. Further investigation found that the model's high-latitude ion convection pattern, which was driven by the Kp index, was the primary source of this variability. The ionosphere-thermosphere modeling revealed that the neutral winds at the equator are influenced by rather small changes in geomagnetic activity, and therefore the high-latitude convection within the model, from several hours prior. It is understood that neutral wind perturbations caused by enhanced ion convection, and the associated Joule heating, propagate towards the equator and subsequently suppresses the upward plasma drift shortly after local sunset, which prevents EPB growth. An EPB prediction trial using solar wind data to forecast Kp hours in advance shows that one can reliably forecast EPB occurrence during peak EPB season with up to 95% accuracy. EPB occurrence prediction during off-peak seasons, on the other hand, remains a significant scientific challenge.
Primary productivity in receiving reservoirs: links to influent streams

Abstract Primary productivity and chlorophyll a concentrations were measured in 8 reservoirs in New York City drinking-water-supply watersheds. The light-and-dark bottle O2-change procedure was used to measure gross primary productivity (GPP) once each summer from 2000 to 2002. GPP normalized for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the Neversink and Schoharie averaged only 0.025 and 0.035 g O2/mol quanta, respectively. Values for New Croton and Cannonsville averaged 0.118 and 0.125 g O2/mol quanta, respectively. Values in the other reservoirs (west basin Ashokan, Pepacton, Rondout, and Kensico) were intermediate. Chlorophyll a concentrations in reservoir photic zones ranged from mean values of <10 to 100 mg/m2, with highest values in New Croton and Cannonsville and lowest concentrations in Neversink, Pepacton, and Schoharie. Cannonsville was eutrophic, and New Croton was at the mesotrophic–eutrophic boundary. Neversink, Schoharie, and Pepacton were at the oligotrophic–mesotrophic boundary, and the remaining reservoirs (Kensico, Rondout, and west basin Ashokan) were mesotrophic. Reservoir conditions were related to watershed-scale land use. Gradients within reservoirs in chlorophyll a, depth of photic zone, and primary productivity indicated an influence of the major tributary on reservoir conditions in several of the reservoirs.
Antenatal risk factors for malignant brain tumours in new south wales children

A population‐based case‐control study of incident primary malignant brain tumours diagnosed during 1985 to 1989 in children aged 0 to 14 years was carried out in the coastal conurbation of New South Wales comprising Sydney, Wollon‐gong and Newcastle in the period 1988 to 1990. Personal interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire with mothers of 82 cases and 164 control children individually matched to the cases by sex and age. Among the hypotheses being examined were those related to exposure to parental tobacco smoke, N‐nitroso compounds and possible protection from sources of vitamin C. No link was found with tobacco smoking by the mother before or during pregnancy. While exposure during pregnancy of the mother to tobacco smoke of the father appeared to double the risk of childhood brain tumours and a similar risk was found for father (but not mother) smoking before the index pregnancy, there was no “dose‐response” and the increased risk was confined to data supplied by the mother (rather than the father himself). The risk of childhood brain tumours rose with reported increasing consumption, during pregnancy, of cured meats, which have high levels of N‐nitroso compounds (or their precursors), and fell with rising consumption of vegetables. No association was found between the risk of childhood brain tumours and family history of epilepsy, cancer, or tumours of the nervous system, parental irradiation, previous miscarriage or procedures carried out during pregnancy, maternal consumption of antihistamines, barbiturates or diuretics, or maternal contact with cats or farm‐life during pregnancy. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functions of the Drosophila JAK-STAT pathway

JAK-STAT signaling has been proposed to act in numerous stem cells in a variety of organisms. Here we provide an overview of its roles in three well characterized stem cell populations in Drosophila, in the intestine, lymph gland and testis. In flies, there is a single JAK and a single STAT, which has made the genetic dissection of pathway function considerably easier and facilitated the analysis of communication between stem cells, their niches and offspring. Studies in flies have revealed roles for this pathway as diverse as regulating bona fide intrinsic self-renewal, integrating response to environmental cues that control quiescence and promoting mitogenic responses to stress.
Pulmonary surfactant protein a is expressed in mouse retina by Müller cells and impacts neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy.

PURPOSE Surfactant protein A (SP-A) up-regulates cytokine expression in lung disease of prematurity. Here we present data that for the first time characterizes SP-A expression and localization in the mouse retina and its impact on neovascularization (NV) in the mouse. METHODS Retinal SP-A was localized in wild-type (WT) mice with the cell markers glutamine synthetase (Müller cells), neurofilament-M (ganglion cells), glial acid fibrillary acid protein (astrocytes), and cluster of differentiation 31 (endothelial cells). Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR-2 and TLR-4) ligands were used to up-regulate SP-A expression in WT and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) protein (necessary for NFκB signaling) null mouse retinas and Müller cells, which were quantified using ELISA. Retinal SP-A was then measured in the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model. The effect of SP-A on retinal NV was then studied in SP-A null (SP-A(-/-)) mice. RESULTS SP-A is present at birth in the WT mouse retina and colocalizes with glutamine synthetase. TLR-2 and TLR-4 ligands increase SP-A both in the retina and in Müller cells. SP-A is increased at postnatal day 17 (P17) in WT mouse pups with OIR compared to that in controls (P = 0.02), and SP-A(-/-) mice have reduced NV compared to WT mice (P = 0.001) in the OIR model. CONCLUSIONS Retinal and Müller cell SP-A is up-regulated via the NFκB pathway and up-regulated during the hypoxia phase of OIR. Absence of SP-A attenuates NV in the OIR model. Thus SP-A may be a marker of retinal inflammation during NV.
Propria to Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Dendritic Cells in Intestinal Lamina CCR7 Is Critically Important for Migration

Although dendritic cells (DCs) located in the small intestinal lamina propria (LP-DCs) migrate to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) constitutively, it is unclear which chemokines regulate their trafﬁcking to MLNs. In this study we report that LP-DCs in unperturbed mice require CCR7 to migrate to MLNs. In vitro, LP-DCs expressing CCR7 migrated toward CCL21, although the LP-DCs appeared morphologically and phenotypically immature. In MLNs, DCs bearing the unique LP-DC phenotype (CD11c high CD8 (cid:1) int CD11b low (cid:1) Llow (cid:2) 7high and CD11c high CD8 (cid:1) (cid:3) CD11b high (cid:1) Llow (cid:2) 7high ) were abundant in wild-type mice, but were markedly fewer in CCL19-, CCL21-Ser-deﬁcient plt/plt mice and were almost absent in CCR7-deﬁcient mice, indicating the critical importance of CCR7 in LP-DC trafﬁcking to MLNs. Interestingly, CCR7 (cid:4) DCs in MLNs with the unique LP-DC phenotype had numerous vacuoles containing cellular debris in the cytoplasm, although MLN-DCs themselves were poorly phagocytic, suggesting that the debris was derived from the LP, where the LP-DCs ingested apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Consistent with this, LP-DCs ingested IECs vigorously in vitro. By presenting IEC-associated Ag, the LP-DCs also induce T cells to produce IL-4 and IL-10. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that LP-DCs with unique immunomodulatory activities migrate to MLNs in a CCR7-dependent manner to engage in the presentation of IEC-associated Ags acquired in the LP. The Journal of Immunology, 2006, 176: 803–810.
Power variation & stochastic volatility: a review and some new results

In this paper we review some recent work on limit results on realised power variation, that is sums of powers of absolute increments of various semimartingales. A special case of this analysis is realised variance and its probability limit, quadratic variation. Such quantities often appear in financial econometrics in the analysis of volatility. The paper also provides some new results and discusses open issues.
A semi-Markov model for speech segmentation with an utterance-break prior

Speech segmentation is the problem of finding the end points of a speech utterance for passing to an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. The quality of this segmentation can have a large impact on the accuracy of the ASR system; in this paper we demonstrate that it can have an even larger impact on downstream natural language processing tasks ‐ in this case, machine translation. We develop a novel semi-Markov model which allows the segmentation of audio streams into speech utterances which are optimised for the desired distribution of sentence lengths for the target domain. We compare this with existing state-of-the-art methods and show that it is able to achieve not only improved ASR performance, but also to yield significant benefits to a speech translation task. Index Terms: speech activity detection, speech segmentation, machine translation, speech recognition
Visualizing High-Dimensional Data: Advances in the Past Decade

Massive simulations and arrays of sensing devices, in combination with increasing computing resources, have generated large, complex, high-dimensional datasets used to study phenomena across numerous fields of study. Visualization plays an important role in exploring such datasets. We provide a comprehensive survey of advances in high-dimensional data visualization that focuses on the past decade. We aim at providing guidance for data practitioners to navigate through a modular view of the recent advances, inspiring the creation of new visualizations along the enriched visualization pipeline, and identifying future opportunities for visualization research.
Future flood risk estimates along the river Rhine

Abstract. In Europe, water management is moving from flood defence to a risk management approach, which takes both the probability and the potential consequences of flooding into account. It is expected that climate change and socio-economic development will lead to an increase in flood risk in the Rhine basin. To optimize spatial planning and flood management measures, studies are needed that quantify future flood risks and estimate their uncertainties. In this paper, we estimated the current and future fluvial flood risk in 2030 for the entire Rhine basin in a scenario study. The change in value at risk is based on two land-use projections derived from a land-use model representing two different socio-economic scenarios. Potential damage was calculated by a damage model, and changes in flood probabilities were derived from two climate scenarios and hydrological modeling. We aggregated the results into seven sections along the Rhine. It was found that the annual expected damage in the Rhine basin may increase by between 54% and 230%, of which the major part (~ three-quarters) can be accounted for by climate change. The highest current potential damage can be found in the Netherlands (110 billion €), compared with the second (80 billion €) and third (62 billion €) highest values in two areas in Germany. Results further show that the area with the highest fluvial flood risk is located in the Lower Rhine in Nordrhein-Westfalen in Germany, and not in the Netherlands, as is often perceived. This is mainly due to the higher flood protection standards in the Netherlands as compared to Germany.
Seeing with the mind’s eye: top-down, bottom-up, and conscious awareness

With the advent of functional brain imaging techniques and recent developments in the analysis of cortical connectivity, the focus of mental imagery studies has shifted from a semi-modular approach to an integrated cortical network perspective. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of visual imagery of faces and objects show that activation of content-specific representations stored in the ventral visual stream is top-down-modulated by parietal and frontal regions. Recent findings in patients with conscious awareness disorders reveal that mental imagery can be used to map patterns of residual cognitive function in their brain and to provide diagnostic and prognostic indicators.
Eating from raw wild plants in Himalaya: Traditional knowledge documentary on Sheena tribe in Kashmir

Present investigation describes the ethnobotanical information of 42 raw edible plants used by the Sheena tribe residing in Kashmir. Most of these species are consumed as wild fruits (22 spp.), some are eaten as greens salads or used in the preparation of local chutney (15 spp.), and tubers are eaten raw or occasionally boiled (5 spp.). These raw foods are considered as rich source of minerals and vitamins and are sold by locals to supplement their income. Besides food value, more than half of the investigated species (60 %) have multiple uses in the form of medicine, drugs or as NTFPs. Ethnobotanical information on four species Oxalis acetosella , Crataegus rhipidophylla, Rubus caesius , and Rubus saxatilis are recorded for the first time from India. In addition, existing ethnobotanical information on these documented plants have been reviewed along with their availability and population status on global level have been provided.
Sign changes of coefficients of half integral weight modular forms

For a half integral weight modular form $f$ we study the signs of the Fourier coefficients $a(n)$. If $f$ is a Hecke eigenform of level $ N$ with real Nebentypus character, and $t$ is a fixed square-free positive integer with $a(t)\neq 0$, we show that for all but finitely many primes $p$ the sequence $(a(tp^{2m}))_{m}$ has infinitely many signs changes. Moreover, we prove similar (partly conditional) results for arbitrary cusp forms $f$ which are not necessarily Hecke eigenforms.
Distribution of trace elements in the leaves of mangroves

1 Dixit M N, Bhale G L & Thomas A Indian J Pure Appl Phys 14 (1976) 485. Ramadas et al.4, who investigated MoH and MnH from mangrove ecosystem of South India, have stated that the trace elements, including iron, have stimulatory effect on primary production of the ecosystem. Possibly, the 5 trace elements found in the leaves of mangroves at Ganapatipule have a role in productivity of mangroves. It is interesting to note that the members of family Rhizophoraceae have very close levels of trace elements except Mn2+. In fact their distribution in the ecosystem is quite different. R. mucrOl'lQta is found at seaward fringe, Ceriops tagal in the mixed mangrove stand and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza at landward fringe. Avicennia officinalis is found very close to R. mucronata in the ecosysteni at Ganapatipule, but it differs much in levels of trace elements from the latter.
Representation Switch Smoothing for Adaptive HTTP Streaming

When an adaptive media streaming system has to switch from one representation of the content to another, the switch causes viewer distraction. We introduce the concept of representation switch smoothing for alleviating the distraction and improving the overall quality of experience. As adaptive HTTP streaming systems typically deploy video buffers on the client side, the adaptation decision is known far enough ahead of playout time to perform a seamless transition between quality representations. We discuss implementation considerations for an adaptive HTTP streaming system with scalable video coding, present a subjective evaluation of the proposed approach, and identify factors that influence how smooth transitions are perceived.
The Complexity of Reasoning about Spatial Congruence

In the recent literature of Artificial Intelligence, an intensive research effort has been spent, for various algebras of qualitative relations used in the representation of temporal and spatial knowledge, on the problem of classifying the computational complexity of reasoning problems for subsets of algebras. The main purpose of these researches is to describe a restricted set of maximal tractable subalgebras, ideally in an exhaustive fashion with respect to the hosting algebras. In this paper we introduce a novel algebra for reasoning about Spatial Congruence, show that the satisfiability problem in the spatial algebra MC-4 is NP-complete, and present a complete classification of tractability in the algebra, based on the individuation of three maximal tractable subclasses, one containing the basic relations. The three algebras are formed by 14, 10 and 9 relations out of 16 which form the full algebra.