Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extrasynaptic and synaptic NMDA receptors form stable and uniform pools in rat hippocampal slices

N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation can trigger both long‐ and short‐term plasticity, promote cell survival, and initiate cell death. A number of studies suggest that the consequences of NMDAR activation can vary widely depending on whether synaptic or extrasynaptic receptors are activated. Here we have examined the spatial distribution of NMDARs of CA1 pyramidal neurons in acutely dissected hippocampal slices. Using a physiological definition of extrasynaptic receptors as those not accessible to single release events, we find that extrasynaptic NMDARs comprise a substantial proportion of the dendritic NMDAR pool (36%). This pool of extrasynaptic NMDARs is stable and does not shuttle into the synaptic receptor pool, as we observe no recovery of synaptic current after MK‐801 synaptic blockade and washout. The subunit composition of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptor pools is similar at 3 weeks of age, with NR2B subunits present in both compartments. NR2B receptors are not enriched in the extrasynaptic compartment. Our data suggest that any role played by extrasynaptic NMDARs in synaptic transmission is dictated by their subcellular location rather than their subunit composition or mobility.
Harmonic performance analysis of an OPWM-controlled STATCOM in network applications

The method of selective harmonic elimination is often used as an efficient means for obtaining harmonic-reduced waveforms from voltage sourced converters (VSC). However, the switching angles required for its implementation are usually pre-calculated on the basis of a fixed dc bus voltage. In practice, there are harmonics present in the dc source because of the finite dc bus capacitance and other realistic operating conditions, which can potentially introduce additional noncharacteristic harmonics. This paper examines the harmonic performance of a VSC-based static synchronous compensator as a function of design and operating parameters. These include the value of dc capacitor, the strength of the connected ac network and ac system unbalance. The results are generated using theoretical analysis for special cases and numerical simulation using electromagnetic transients simulation for the more general case.
Porous medium equation to Hele-Shaw flow with general initial density

In this paper we study the "stiff pressure limit" of the porous medium equation, where the initial density is a bounded, integrable function with a sufficient decay at infinity. Our particular model, introduced by Perthame-Quiros-Vazquez, describes the growth of a tumor zone with a restriction on the maximal cell density. In a general context, this extends previous results of Caffarelli-Vazquez and Kim who restrict the initial data to be the characteristic function of a compact set. In the limit a Hele-Shaw type problem is obtained, where the interface motion law reflects the acceleration effect of the presence of a positive cell density on the expansion of the maximal density (tumor) zone.
High-Throughput Sequencing of Transposable Elements Insertions 1 Provides Evidence for Adaptive Evolution of the Invasive Asian Tiger 2 Mosquito Towards Temperate Environments 3

22 Invasive species represent unique opportunities to evaluate the role of local 23 adaptation during colonization of new environments. Among these, the Asian 24 tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a threatening vector of several human viral 25 diseases, including dengue, chikungunya and the emerging Zika fevers. Its broad 26 presence in both temperate and tropical environments has sometimes been 27 considered as the reflect of a great "ecological plasticity". However, no study has 28 been conducted to assess the role of adaptive evolution in the ecological success 29 of Ae. albopictus at the molecular level. In the present study we performed a 30 genomic scan to search for potential signatures of selection leading to local 31 adaptation in a hundred of field collected mosquitoes from native populations of 32 Vietnam and temperate invasive populations of Europe. High throughput 33 genotyping of transposable element insertions generated more than 120 000 34 polymorphic loci, which in their great majority revealed a virtual absence of 35 structure between bio-geographic areas. Nevertheless, 92 outlier loci show a high 36 level of differentiation between temperate and tropical populations. The majority 37 of these loci segregates at high insertion frequencies among European 38 populations, indicating that this pattern could have been caused by recent events 39 of adaptive evolution in temperate areas. Six outliers were located near putative 40 diapause effector genes, suggesting fine-tuning of this critical pathway during 41 peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF THE CORRELATED EVOLUTION OF CONTINUOUS CHARACTERS: A SIMULATION STUDY

We use computer simulation to compare the statistical properties of several methods that have been proposed for estimating the evolutionary correlation between two continuous traits, and define alternative evolutionary correlations that may be of interest. We focus on Felsenstein's (1985) method and some variations of it and on several “minimum evolution” methods (of which the procedure of Huey and Bennett [1987] is a special case), as compared with a nonphylogenetic correlation. The last, a simple correlation of trait values across the tips of a phylogeny, virtually always yields inflated Type I error rates, relatively low power, and relatively poor estimates of evolutionary correlations. We therefore cannot recommend its use. In contrast, Felsenstein's (1985) method yields acceptable significance tests, high power, and good estimates of what we term the input correlation and the standardized realized evolutionary correlation, given complete phylogenetic information and knowledge of the rate and mode of character change (e.g., gradual and proportional to time [“Brownian motion”] or punctuational, with change only at speciation events). Inaccurate branch length information may affect any method adversely, but only rarely does it cause Felsenstein's (1985) method to perform worse than do the others tested. Other proposed methods generally yield inflated Type I error rates and have lower power. However, certain minimum evolution methods (although not the specific procedure used by Huey and Bennett [1987]) often provide more accurate estimates of what we term the unstandardized realized evolutionary correlation, and their use is recommended when estimation of this correlation is desired. We also demonstrate how correct Type I error rates can be obtained for any method by reference to an empirical null distribution derived from computer simulations, and provide practical suggestions on choosing an analytical method, based both on the evolutionary correlation of interest and on the availability of branch lengths and knowledge of the model of evolutionary change appropriate for the characters being analyzed. Computer programs that implement the various methods and that will simulate (correlated) character evolution along a known phylogeny are available from the authors on request. These programs can be used to test the effectiveness of any new methods that might be proposed, and to check the generality of our conclusions with regard to other phylogenies.
The morphology of coconut fiber surface under chemical treatment

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chemical treatment on the coconut fiber surface morphology. This study is divided into three stages, preparation of materials, treatment and testing of coconut fiber. The first treatment is coconut fiber soaked in a solution of NaOH for 3 hours with concentration, respectively 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The second treatment is coconut fiber soaked in KMnO4 solution with a concentration of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% for 3 hours. The third treatment is coconut fiber is soaked in H2O2solution with a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% for 3 hours. At each treatment the fiber is dried in an oven at a temperature of 90oC for 5 hours. Coconut fibers that had been the first, second, and third treated, sorted out for chemical composition, single fiber tensile and SEM testing. Tensile strength of single coconut fiber was tested following ASTM 3379-02 by using a tensile testing LR10K Plus 10 kN Universal Materials Testing Machine. The fiber surface morphology was examined using electron microscopy Vega3 Tescan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at 5kV voltage, and X-ray diffraction, 30 kV, 15 mA, at scan speed 2.000 deg. /min . The result shows that the highest tensile strength of the fiber obtained in the first treatment namely N4. In general the mechanical strength of the fiber decrease slightly however, the fiber surface morphology becomes rough. NaOH treatments cause crystallization on the surface of the fiber. Crystallinity index was decreased with increasing concentration of NaOH. The second treatment caused the trench grooves on the surface of the fiber that can improve bonding between fiber and matrix.
Non-linear electronic transport in Pt nanowires deposited by focused ion beam

Electrical transport and structural properties of platinum nanowires, deposited using the focused ion beam method, have been investigated. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy reveals metal-rich grains (atomic composition 31% Pt and 50% Ga) in a largely non-metallic matrix of C, O and Si. Resistivity measurements (15–300 K) reveal a negative temperature coefficient with the room-temperature resistivity 80–300 times higher than that of bulk Pt. Temperature-dependent current–voltage characteristics exhibit non-linear behaviour in the entire range investigated. The conductance spectra indicate increasing non-linearity with decreasing temperature, reaching 4% at 15 K. The observed electrical behaviour is explained in terms of a model for inter-grain tunnelling in disordered media, a mechanism that is consistent with the strongly disordered nature of the nanowires observed in the structure and composition analysis.
Pressure‐Overload Hypertrophy of the Developing Heart Reveals Activation of Divergent Gene and Protein Pathways in the Left and Right Ventricular Myocardium

Right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) myocardium differ in their pathophysiological response to pressure‐overload hypertrophy (POH). Herein we use microarray and proteomic analyses to identify pathways modulated in LV‐ and RV‐ POH. Newborn New Zealand White rabbits underwent banding of the descending thoracic aorta (LV‐AOB; n=6) or banding of the pulmonary artery (RV‐PAB; n=6). Controls (SC; n=6 each) were sham‐manipulated. Following 4 (LV‐AOB) and 6 weeks (RV‐PAB) recovery, the hearts were removed and matched RNA and protein samples were isolated for microarray and proteomic analysis as compared to SC. Our results demonstrate there was increased transcript expression levels for mitochondria energy pathways, actin, hypoxia, calcium and protein kinase‐A signalling and increased protein expression levels for cellular macromolecular complex assembly and oxidative phosphorylation in LV‐AOB. In RV‐PAB there was increased transcript expression levels for cardiac oxidative phosphorylation and increased protein expression levels for cardiac muscle tissue development and calcium handling. Our results demonstrate that the mitochondrion plays an important but varied role to support divergent compensatory pathways in LV‐ and RV‐POH. These data provide new insight into the biological basis of LV‐ and RV‐POH during compensation and identify novel therapeutic pathways for intervention prior to failure.
Inference of finite automata using homing sequences

We present new algorithms for inferring an unknown finite-state automaton from its input/output behavior <italic>in the absence of a means of resetting the machine to a start state</italic>. A key technique used is inference of a <italic>homing sequence</italic> for the unknown automaton. Our inference procedures experiment with the unknown machine, and from time to time require a teacher to supply counterexamples to incorrect conjectures about the structure of the unknown automaton. In this setting, we describe a learning algorithm which, with probability 1-δ, outputs a correct description of the unknown machine in time polynomial in the automaton's size, the length of the longest counterexample, and log (1/<italic>δ</italic>). We present an analogous algorithm which makes use of a diversity-based representation of the finite-state system. <italic>Our algorithms are the first which are provably effective for these problems, in the absence of a “reset. ”</italic> We also present probabilistic algorithms for permutation automata which do not require a teacher to supply counterexamples. For inferring a permutation automaton of diversity <italic>D</italic>, we improve the best previous time bound by roughly a factor of <italic>D</italic><supscrpt>3</supscrpt>/log<italic>D</italic>.
Immune system stimulation by the native gut microbiota of honey bees

Gut microbial communities can greatly affect host health by modulating the host's immune system. For many important insects, however, the relationship between the gut microbiota and immune function remains poorly understood. Here, we test whether the gut microbial symbionts of the honey bee can induce expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a crucial component of insect innate immunity. We find that bees up-regulate gene expression of the AMPs apidaecin and hymenoptaecin in gut tissue when the microbiota is present. Using targeted proteomics, we detected apidaecin in both the gut lumen and the haemolymph; higher apidaecin concentrations were found in bees harbouring the normal gut microbiota than in bees lacking gut microbiota. In in vitro assays, cultured strains of the microbiota showed variable susceptibility to honey bee AMPs, although many seem to possess elevated resistance compared to Escherichia coli. In some trials, colonization by normal gut symbionts resulted in improved survivorship following injection with E. coli. Our results show that the native, non-pathogenic gut flora induces immune responses in the bee host. Such responses might be a host mechanism to regulate the microbiota, and could potentially benefit host health by priming the immune system against future pathogenic infections.
X-ray and Thermal Analyses of the Order-Disorder Transition in Magnesium-Indium Alloys

It has been reported in some literature that the magnesium-indium alloy is only the case in which the long-period superlattice of the CuAu II type has so far been found, except the copper-gold system itself. The present study was carried out in order to examine whether such an orthorhombic superlattice exists stably in the definite temperature and composition ranges. The alloys with the compositions from 36.8 to 56.3 at % In were investigated at room temperature and at tempera-
The effect of dilution on the rate of hydrogen peroxide production in honey and its implications for wound healing.

OBJECTIVE Honey is an effective antiseptic wound dressing, mainly the result of the antibacterial activity of hydrogen peroxide that is produced in honey by the enzyme glucose oxidase. Because the rate of production of hydrogen peroxide is known to vary disproportionately when honey is diluted, and dilution of honey dressings will vary according to the amount of wound exudate, it is important to know more about the production of hydrogen peroxide at different concentrations of honey. DESIGN The rates of hydrogen peroxide production by honey with respect to honey dilution were measured in eight different samples of honey from six different floral sources. SETTINGS Honey Research Unit, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand. MAIN RESULTS The maximum levels of accumulated hydrogen peroxide occurred in honey solutions diluted to concentrations between 30% and 50% (v/v) with at least 50% of the maximum levels occurring at 15-67% (v/v). This is equivalent to a 10 cm x 10 cm dressing containing 20 mL of honey becoming diluted with 10 to 113 mL of wound exudate. Maximum levels of hydrogen peroxide reached in the diluted honeys were in the range of 1-2 mmol/L. CONCLUSION Significant antibacterial activity can be maintained easily when using honey as a wound dressing, even on a heavily exuding wound. Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide generated are very low in comparison to those typically applied to a wound, thus, cytotoxic damage by hydrogen peroxide is very low.
Species-Specific Influence of Lithium on the Activity of SLC13A5 (NaCT): Lithium-Induced Activation Is Specific for the Transporter in Primates

NaCT (SLC13A5) is a Na+-coupled transporter for Krebs cycle intermediates and is expressed predominantly in the liver. Human NaCT is relatively specific for citrate compared with other Krebs cycle intermediates. The transport activity of human NaCT is stimulated by Li+, whereas that of rat NaCT is inhibited by Li+. We studied the influence of Li+ on NaCTs cloned from eight different species. Li+ stimulated the activity of only NaCTs from primates (human, chimpanzee, and monkey); by contrast, NaCTs from nonprimate species (mouse, rat, dog, and zebrafish) were inhibited by Li+. Caenorhabditis elegans NaCT was not affected by Li+. With human NaCT, the Li+-induced increase in transport activity was associated with the conversion of the transporter from a low-affinity/high-capacity type to a high-affinity/low-capacity type. H+ was able to substitute for Li+ in eliciting the stimulatory effect. The amino acid Phe500 in human NaCT was critical for Li+/H+-induced stimulation. Mutation of this amino acid to tryptophan (F500W) markedly increased the basal transport activity of human NaCT in the absence of Li+, but the ability of Li+ to stimulate the transporter was almost completely lost with this mutant. Substitution of Phe500 with tryptophan in human NaCT converted the transporter from a low-affinity/high-capacity type to a high-affinity/low-capacity type, an effect similar to that of Li+ on the wild-type NaCT. These studies show that Li+-induced activation of NaCT is specific for the transporter in primates and that the region surrounding Phe500 in primate NaCTs is important for the Li+ effect.
Anatomical mechanism of spontaneous recovery in regions caudal to thoracic spinal cord injury lesions in rats

Background The nerve fibre circuits around a lesion play a major role in the spontaneous recovery process after spinal cord hemisection in rats. The aim of the present study was to answer the following question: in the re-control process, do all spinal cord nerves below the lesion site participate, or do the spinal cord nerves of only one vertebral segment have a role in repair? Methods First we made a T7 spinal cord hemisection in 50 rats. Eight weeks later, they were divided into three groups based on distinct second operations at T7: ipsilateral hemisection operation, contralateral hemisection, or transection. We then tested recovery of hindlimbs for another eight weeks. The first step was to confirm the lesion had role or not in the spontaneous recovery process. Secondly, we performed T7 spinal cord hemisections in 125 rats. Eight weeks later, we performed a second single hemisection on the ipsilateral side at T8–T12 and then tested hindlimb recovery for another six weeks. Results In the first part, the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scores and the electrophysiology tests of both hindlimbs weren’t significantly different after the second hemisection of the ipsilateral side. In the second part, the closer the second hemisection was to T12, the more substantial the resulting impairment in BBB score tests and prolonged latency periods. Conclusions The nerve regeneration from the lesion area after hemisection has no effect on spontaneous recovery of the spinal cord. Repair is carried out by all vertebrae caudal and ipsilateral to the lesion, with T12 being most important.
Diversity order analysis of the decode-and-forward cooperative networks with relay selection

In this paper, we focus on the diversity order of the decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative networks with relay selection. Many detection schemes have been proposed for the DF; but it has been shown that the cooperative maximum ratio combining (C-MRC) can achieve almost the same performance as the optimum maximum likelihood detector and has a much lower complexity. Therefore, we first combine the C-MRC with the relay selection and show that it achieves the full diversity order by deriving an upper bound of its average bit error rate (BER). In order to reduce the signaling overhead, we then combine the link-adaptive regeneration (LAR) with the relay selection. By deriving an upper bound of the average BER, we show that, when there are two relays, the diversity order of the LAR with relay selection is upper-bounded by three and lower-bounded by 3 - epsiv, where xi is an arbitrarily small positive number.
H2-Producing Bacterial Community during Rice Straw Decomposition in Paddy Field Soil: Estimation by an Analysis of [FeFe]-Hydrogenase Gene Transcripts

The transcription patterns of [FeFe]-hydrogenase genes (hydA), which encode the enzymes responsible for H2 production, were investigated during rice straw decomposition in paddy soil using molecular biological techniques. Paddy soil amended with and without rice straw was incubated under anoxic conditions. RNA was extracted from the soil, and three clone libraries of hydA were constructed using RNAs obtained from samples in the initial phase of rice straw decomposition (day 1 with rice straw), methanogenic phase of rice straw decomposition (day 14 with rice straw), and under a non-amended condition (day 14 without rice straw). hydA genes related to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Thermotogae were mainly transcribed in paddy soil samples; however, their proportions markedly differed among the libraries. Deltaproteobacteria-related hydA genes were predominantly transcribed on day 1 with rice straw, while various types of hydA genes related to several phyla were transcribed on day 14 with rice straw. Although the diversity of transcribed hydA was significantly higher in the library on day 14 with rice straw than the other two libraries, the composition of hydA transcripts in the library was similar to that in the library on day 14 without rice straw. These results indicate that the composition of active H2 producers and/or H2 metabolic patterns dynamically change during rice straw decomposition in paddy soil.
Safe-Site Effects on Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities in a High-Altitude Alpine Environment

The rhizosphere effect on bacterial communities associated with three floristic communities (RW, FI, and M sites) which differed for the developmental stages was studied in a high-altitude alpine ecosystem. RW site was an early developmental stage, FI was an intermediate stage, M was a later more matured stage. The N and C contents in the soils confirmed a different developmental stage with a kind of gradient from the unvegetated bare soil (BS) site through RW, FI up to M site. The floristic communities were composed of 21 pioneer plants belonging to 14 species. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis showed different bacterial genetic structures per each floristic consortium which differed also from the BS site. When plants of the same species occurred within the same site, almost all their bacterial communities clustered together exhibiting a plant species effect. Unifrac significance value (P < 0.05) on 16S rRNA gene diversity revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) between BS site and the vegetated sites with a weak similarity to the RW site. The intermediate plant colonization stage FI did not differ significantly from the RW and the M vegetated sites. These results pointed out the effect of different floristic communities rhizospheres on their soil bacterial communities.