Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coupling 40S ribosome recruitment to modification of a cap-binding initiation factor by eIF3 subunit e

Recruitment of ribosomes to the mRNA 5′ terminus involves the activity of a large number of functionally discrete eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs). However, how multiple eIFs coordinate during translation initiation remains poorly understood. Walsh and Mohr now identify an eIF3 subunit that regulates eIF4F modification and show that eIF3e is required for inducible eIF4E phosphorylation. This study establishes a mechanism by which 40S ribosome loading imparts a phosphorylation mark on the cap-binding eIF4F complex that regulates selective mRNA translation.
Cytodiagnosis of pure primary squamous‐cell carcinoma of the breast by fine‐needle aspiration cytology

In this communication five cases of pure primary squamous‐cell carcinoma of the breast are presented in which the diagnosis was made by fine‐needle aspiration cytology. All patients were women. The aspiration cytodiagnosis was further confirmed by subsequent examination of cell blocks from the aspirated material and biopsy of the breast mass. The cytohistologic features in all cases were characterized by numerous malignant squamous cells with keratinizing cytoplasm, hyperchromatic dense nuclei, coarse chromatin, thickened nuclear membranes, keratin debris, and background necrosis. The identification of malignant squamous cells as predominant cells in aspirate samples from the breast is quite important and should be followed by a search for other sources of a primary tumor before a diagnosis of pure primary squamous‐cell carcinoma of the breast is accepted. The value of immunocytochemical study despite immunopositivity for cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and immunonegativity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and B72.3 was considered to be somewhat uncertain. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1997;17:197–199. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring the Three-Point Correlation Function of the Cosmic Microwave Background

We present a new method to estimate three-point correlations in cosmic microwave background maps. Our fast Fourier transform-based implementation estimates three-point functions using all possible configurations (triangles) at a controlled resolution. The speed of the technique depends on both the resolution and the total number of pixels N. The resulting N log N scaling is substantially faster than naive methods with prohibitive N3 scaling. As an initial application, we measure three-point correlation functions in the first-year data release of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). We estimate 336 cross-correlations of any triplet of maps from the eight differential assemblies, scanning altogether 2.6 million triangular configurations. Using Gaussian signal plus realistic noise simulations, we perform a null hypothesis testing with regards to the Gaussianity of the cosmic microwave background. Our main result is that at the three-point level, WMAP is fully consistent with Gaussianity. To quantify the level of possible deviations, we introduce false discovery rate analysis, a novel statistical technique to analyze three-point measurements. This confirms that the data are consistent with Gaussianity at better than the 1 σ level when jointly considering all configurations. We constrain a specific non-Gaussian model using a quadratic expansion of the temperature field in terms of the fNLT parameter, ΔT/T = (ΔT/T)L + fNLT[(ΔT/T) - ⟨(ΔT/T)⟩], for which we construct an estimator from the three-point function. We find that using the skewness alone is more constraining than a heuristic suboptimal combination of all our results; our best estimate is fNLT = -110 ± 150, assuming a ΛCDM concordance model.
Thermal relations of metabolic rate reduction in a hibernating marsupial.

We tested whether the reduction of metabolic rate (MR) in hibernating Cercartetus nanus (Marsupialia, 36 g) is better explained by the reduction of body temperature (Tb), the differential (ΔT) between Tb and air temperature (Ta), or thermal conductance (C). Above the critical Ta during torpor (Ttc) of 4.8 ± 0.7°C, where the Tb was not regulated, the steady-state MR was an exponential function of Tb( r 2 = 0.92), and the overall Q10 was 3.3. However, larger Q10 values were observed at high Tb values during torpor, particularly within the thermoneutral zone (Q10 = 9.5), whereas low Q10 values were observed below Tb 20°C (Q10 = 1.9). The ΔT did not change over Ta 5-20°C, although MR fell, and therefore the two variables were not correlated. Below the Ttc, Tb was regulated at 6.1 ± 1.0°C and MR increased proportionally to ΔT. Our study suggests that MR in torpid C. nanus is largely determined by temperature effects and metabolic inhibition. In contrast, ΔT explains MR only below the Ttc and C appears to affect MR only indirectly via changes of Tb, suggesting that ΔT and C play only a secondary role in MR reduction during hibernation.
Effects of pilocarpine or arecoline administration on acetylcholine levels and serotonin turnover in rat brain.

Despite the similarities between the peripheral muscarinic actions of pilocarpine and arecoline, the central excitatory effect of pilocarpine HCL (100 mg/kg i.p.) lasted several hours in rats and was accompanied by clonic movementS, whereas the excitation induced by arecoline (50 mg/kg i.p.) lasted only 10 minutes and was associated with tremors. The drugs also differed in their biochemical effects on neurotransmitters in the brain. Pilocarpine stimulated the turnover rate of serotonin and approximately doubled the concentrations of acetylcholine, of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid. The changes in acetylcholine and 5-HIAA occurred within 0.5 hour and persisted for at least four hours. Arecoline administration also increased acetylcholine and 5-HIAA levels, but the arecoline-induced rise in acetyleholine occurred within five minutes and returned to normal within 20 minutes, well before the 5-HIAA levels began to rise. Prior administration of atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg i.p.), which blocked the overt behavioral and cholinomimetic actions of both drugs, diminished the arecoline-incluced rises in acetylcholine and 5-HIAA levels. However, atropine failed to prevent the pilocarpine-induced rises in acetylcholine and 5-HIAA levels.
Apical Sealing Ability of Four Different Root Canal Sealers : An In Vitr o Study

Background: Aim of endodontic treatment is complete obturation of the root canal system up to the cemento-dentinal junction. Obturation of the root canal is usually done with gutta-percha along with a root canal sealer. Sealers are used as binding agents, and they lubricant and aid in sealing of gutta-percha. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the apical sealing ability of four different root canal sealers using dye penetration method. Materials and Methods: Total of 70 single rooted extracted maxillary incisors teeth were collected and kept in saline and preserved. The coronal portion of teeth was prepared at cementoenamel junction using step back technique. The canals were then obturated by lateral condensation method with any one of the sealers Tubliseal, Sealapex, AH plus, or Endorez. Dye leakage method with methylene blue was used to evaluate sealing ability. Results: Microleakage was noticed in all the groups, Endorez showed the least apical microleakage followed by AH plus, seal apex, and Tubliseal. Conclusion: The present study was undertaken to evaluate in vitro, the apical sealing ability of four different root canal sealers, and Endorez showed the least apical microleakage.
Guided wave propagation in an elastic hollow cylinder coated with a viscoelastic material

The propagation of ultrasonic guided waves in an elastic hollow cylinder with a viscoelastic coating is studied. The principle motivation is to provide tools for performing a guided wave, nondestructive inspection of piping and tubing with viscoelastic coatings. The theoretical boundary value problem is solved that describes the guided wave propagation in these structures for the purpose of finding the guided wave modes that propagate with little or no attenuation. The model uses the global matrix technique to generate the dispersion equation for the longitudinal modes of a system of an arbitrary number of perfectly bonded hollow cylinders with traction-free outer surfaces. A numerical solution of the dispersion equation produces the phase velocity and attenuation dispersion curves that describe the nature of the guided wave propagation. The attenuation dispersion curves show some guided wave modes that propagate with little or no attenuation in the coated structures of interest. The wave structure is examined for two of the modes to verify that the boundary conditions are satisfied and to explain their attenuation behavior. Experimental results are produced using an array of transducers positioned circumferentially around the pipe to evaluate the accuracy of the numerical solution.
Assessing sensory versus optogenetic network activation by combining (o)fMRI with optical Ca2+ recordings

Encoding of sensory inputs in the cortex is characterized by sparse neuronal network activation. Optogenetic stimulation has previously been combined with fMRI (ofMRI) to probe functional networks. However, for a quantitative optogenetic probing of sensory-driven sparse network activation, the level of similarity between sensory and optogenetic network activation needs to be explored. Here, we complement ofMRI with optic fiber-based population Ca2+ recordings for a region-specific readout of neuronal spiking activity in rat brain. Comparing Ca2+ responses to the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal upon sensory stimulation with increasing frequencies showed adaptation of Ca2+ transients contrasted by an increase of blood oxygenation level-dependent responses, indicating that the optical recordings convey complementary information on neuronal network activity to the corresponding hemodynamic response. To study the similarity of optogenetic and sensory activation, we quantified the density of cells expressing channelrhodopsin-2 and modeled light propagation in the tissue. We estimated the effectively illuminated volume and numbers of optogenetically stimulated neurons, being indicative of sparse activation. At the functional level, upon either sensory or optogenetic stimulation we detected single-peak short-latency primary Ca2+ responses with similar amplitudes and found that blood oxygenation level-dependent responses showed similar time courses. These data suggest that ofMRI can serve as a representative model for functional brain mapping.
Development of pregnant female, hybrid voxel-mathematical models and their application to the dosimetry of applied magnetic and electric fields at 50 Hz

This paper describes the development of 2 mm resolution hybrid voxel-mathematical models of the pregnant female. Mathematical models of the developing foetus at 8-, 13-, 26- and 38-weeks of gestation were converted into voxels and combined with the adult female model, NAOMI. This set of models was used to calculate induced current densities and electric fields in the foetus from applied 50 Hz magnetic and electric fields. The influence of foetal tissue conductivities was investigated and implications for electromagnetic field guidelines discussed.
Practice Induces Function-Specific Changes in Brain Activity

Background Practice can have a profound effect on performance and brain activity, especially if a task can be automated. Tasks that allow for automatization typically involve repeated encoding of information that is paired with a constant response. Much remains unknown about the effects of practice on encoding and response selection in an automated task. Methodology To investigate function-specific effects of automatization we employed a variant of a Sternberg task with optimized separation of activity associated with encoding and response selection by means of m-sequences. This optimized randomized event-related design allows for model free measurement of BOLD signals over the course of practice. Brain activity was measured at six consecutive runs of practice and compared to brain activity in a novel task. Principal Findings Prompt reductions were found in the entire cortical network involved in encoding after a single run of practice. Changes in the network associated with response selection were less robust and were present only after the third run of practice. Conclusions/Significance This study shows that automatization causes heterogeneous decreases in brain activity across functional regions that do not strictly track performance improvement. This suggests that cognitive performance is supported by a dynamic allocation of multiple resources in a distributed network. Our findings may bear importance in understanding the role of automatization in complex cognitive performance, as increased encoding efficiency in early stages of practice possibly increases the capacity to otherwise interfering information.
Effective kinetic variations with stress duration for multilayered metallizations

Electromigration (EM) in Ti:W/Al-1%Si two-layered and Ti/W/Al-1%Si three-layered metallizations was investigated. The activation energy and the EM performance were studied as functions of the change in resistance which results from EM damage. The effective activation energy was found to decrease monotonically with increasing test structure resistance under stress. The temperature coefficient of resistance supports a void formation model in the Al-Si layer as the resistance rise mechanism for the Ti:W/Al-Si multilayered film. An empirical form of the Black equation which incorporates resistance rise is proposed. <<ETX>>
Boundary domination and the distribution of the largest nearest-neighbor link in higher dimensions

For a sample of points drawn uniformly from either the d-dimensional torus or the d-cube, d ≧ 2, we give limiting distributions for the largest of the nearest-neighbor links. For d ≧ 3 the behavior in the torus is proved to be different from the behavior in the cube. The results given also settle a conjecture of Henze (1982) and throw light on the choice of the cube or torus in some probabilistic models of computational complexity of geometrical algorithms.
Evaluation of a New System, VITEK 2, for Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Enterococci

ABSTRACT We evaluated the new automated VITEK 2 system (bioMérieux) for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci. The results obtained with the VITEK 2 system were compared to those obtained by reference methods: standard identification by the scheme of Facklam and Sahm [R. R. Facklam and D. F. Sahm, p. 308–314, in P. R. Murray et al., ed., Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th ed., 1995] and with the API 20 STREP system and, for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, broth microdilution and agar dilution methods by the procedures of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The presence ofvanA and vanB genes was determined by PCR. A total of 150 clinical isolates were studied, corresponding to 60Enterococcus faecalis, 55 Enterococcus faecium, 26 Enterococcus gallinarum, 5 Enterococcus avium, 2 Enterococcus durans, and 2Enterococcus raffinosus isolates. Among those isolates, 131 (87%) were correctly identified to the species level with the VITEK 2 system. Approximately half of the misidentifications were for E. faecium with low-level resistance to vancomycin, identified asE. gallinarum or E. casseliflavus; however, a motility test solved the discrepancies and increased the agreement to 94%. Among the strains studied, 66% were vancomycin resistant (57 VanA, 16 VanB, and 26 VanC strains), 23% were ampicillin resistant (MICs, ≥16 μg/ml), 31% were high-level gentamicin resistant, and 45% were high-level streptomycin resistant. Percentages of agreement for susceptibility and resistance to ampicillin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin and for high-level gentamicin resistance and high-level streptomycin resistance were 93, 95, 97, 97, and 96%, respectively. The accuracy of identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci with the VITEK 2 system, together with the significant reduction in handling time, will have a positive impact on the work flow of the clinical microbiology laboratory.
A Comparative Study of Gender and Age Classification in Speech Signals

Accurate gender classification is useful in speech and speaker recognition as well as speech emotion classification, because a better performance has been reported when separate acoustic models are employed for males and females. Gender classification is also apparent in face recognition, video summarization, human-robot interaction, etc. Although gender classification is rather mature in applications dealing with images, it is still in its infancy in speech processing. Age classification, on the other hand, is also concerned as a useful tool in different applications, like issuing different permission levels for different aging groups. This paper concentrates on a comparative study of gender and age classification algorithms applied to speech signal. Experimental results are reported for the Danish Emotional Speech database (DES) and English Language Speech Database for Speaker Recognition (ELSDSR). The Bayes classifier using sequential floating forward selection (SFFS) for feature selection, probabilistic Neural Networks (PNNs), support vector machines (SVMs), the K nearest neighbor (K-NN) and Gaussian mixture model (GMM), as different classifiers, are empirically compared in order to determine the best classifier for gender and age classification when speech signal is processed. It is proven that gender classification can be performed with an accuracy of 95\% approximately using speech signal either from both genders or male and female separately. The accuracy for age classification is about 88%.
Black and white child self-esteem in social science: an overview.

outgrowth of the concern of social scientists with how peoples' beliefs, aspirations, and behaviors are molded and affected by participation in a complex society. They are, in a sense, studies of how one's membership group, reference group, and significant others influence one's performance and self-evaluation. The roots of these studies are in the very foundation of socio-psychological thought. The idea that people in society hold some common frame of reference through beliefs and values obtained through interaction is not new. Emile Durkheim, in 1893, addressed this point in stating that, "the total beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the same society form a determinate system which has its own life; one may call it the collective or common conscience. "' Charles Cooley (1912) contended that individuals cannot experience selffeeling without purposeful interaction.2 He posited, in what he called the reflected or looking-glass self, that people are variously affected by their impressions of others' impressions of them. George Mead (1934) alluded to the same general idea in saying, "'the organized community of social group which gives to the individual his unity of self may be called 'the generalized other. ' The attitude of the generalized other is the attitude of the whole community. "3 These authors thus suggested the general form through which societies from the simplest to the most complex enter as a determining factor into the individual's self-concept, and exercise control over conduct.
Activation of hatching in diapaused and quiescent Globodera pallida

SUMMARY The potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis are major pests of potatoes. The G. pallida (and G. rostochiensis) life cycle includes both diapause and quiescent stages. Nematodes in dormancy (diapause or quiescent) are adapted for long-term survival and are more resistant to nematicides. This study analysed the mechanisms underlying diapause and quiescence. The effects of several compounds (8Br-cGMP, oxotremorine and atropine) on the activation of hatching were studied. The measurements of some morphometric parameters in diapaused and quiescent eggs after exposure to PRD revealed differences in dorsal gland length, subventral gland length and dorsal gland nucleolus. In addition, the expression of 2 effectors (IVg9 and cellulase) was not induced in diapaused eggs in water or PRD, while expression was slightly induced in quiescent eggs. Finally, we performed a comparative study to identify orthologues of C. elegans diapause related genes in plant-parasitic nematodes (G. pallida, Meloidogyne incognita, M. hapla and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). This analysis suggested that it was not possible to identify G. pallida orthologues of the majority of C. elegans genes involved in the control of dauer formation. All these data suggest that G. pallida may use different mechanisms to C. elegans in regulating the survival stage.
High Expression of CD244 and SAP Regulated CD8+ T Cell Responses of Patients with HTLV-I Associated Neurologic Disease

HTLV-I-specific CD8+ T cells have been characterized with high frequencies in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid and production of proinflammatory cytokines, which contribute to central nervous system inflammation in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However, little is known about the differences in CD8+ T cell activation status between asymptomatic carrier (ACs) and patients with HAM/TSP. The expression of CD244, a signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptor, was significantly higher on CD8+ T cells in HTLV-I-infected patients, both ACs and patients with HAM/TSP, than those on healthy normal donors (NDs). Blockade of CD244 inhibited degranulation and IFN-γ production in CD8+ T cells of patients with HAM/TSP, suggesting that CD244 is associated with effector functions of CD8+ T cells in patients with HAM/TSP. Moreover, SLAM-associated protein (SAP) was overexpressed in patients with HAM/TSP compared to ACs and NDs. SAP expression in Tax-specific CTLs was correlated in the HTLV-I proviral DNA loads and the frequency of the cells in HTLV-I-infected patients. SAP knockdown by siRNA also inhibited IFN-γ production in CD8+ T cells of patients with HAM/TSP. Thus, the CD244/SAP pathway was involved in the active regulation of CD8+ T cells of patients with HAM/TSP, and may play roles in promoting inflammatory neurological disease.
Touch Me , Hear Me , Feel Me : Feedback Preferences for Mobile Text Entry

Many mobile devices use touchscreens for text entry. They also provide vibration and audio feedback to simulate interaction with a physical keyboard. To facilitate design decisions of new mobile text entry methods, we conducted a survey and a user study to measure user’s feedback preference and the effect of feedback modes on typing performance. We found that nearly half of respondents prefer no aural or haptic feedback. In our study, feedback mode had no statistically significant effect on entry speed or accuracy. However, comments made by users suggest that feedback preference is due to situational factors, rather than performance considerations.
NOMA-Based Random Access With Multichannel ALOHA

In nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), the power difference of multiple signals is exploited for multiple access and successive interference cancellation is employed at a receiver to mitigate co-channel interference. Thus, NOMA is usually employed for coordinated transmissions and mostly applied to downlink transmissions where a base station performs coordination for downlink transmissions with full channel state information. In this paper, however, we show that NOMA can also be employed for non-coordinated transmissions such as random access for uplink transmissions. We apply a NOMA scheme to multichannel ALOHA and show that the throughput can be improved. In particular, the resulting scheme is suitable for random access when the number of subchannels is limited since NOMA can effectively increase the number of subchannels without any bandwidth expansion.