Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring Crisis Management in UK Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Enterprises

Despite a long‐established crisis management literature that focuses on large enterprises, crisis management planning in the context of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) is less extensively researched. Using data collected from 215 SMEs in the United Kingdom, this paper explores the perceptions and experiences of SMEs' managing directors in relation to crisis management planning. Furthermore, the paper examines differences in perceptions between planning and non‐planning SMEs. Analysis reveals six factors that correspond to resilience through planning, financial impact, operational crisis management, the perfect storm, the aftermath of survival and atrophy. Results indicate how the experience of crisis and the type of crisis of type encountered affect managers' assessment of whether planning can be used to address crisis prevention and lower impact.
CARACTERÍSTICAS EMPREENDEDORAS DO FUTURO ENFERMEIRO

Este estudo teve por objetivo conhecer as caracteristicas empreendedoras do graduando em enfermagem. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida de setembro a outubro de 2011 em uma universidade publica do Nordeste brasileiro com 15 formandos; os preceitos eticos foram observados. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e tratados por analise tematica, resultando em quatro categorias que delimitam as caracteristicas empreendedoras: busca por oportunidades nao exploradas, orientacao para o futuro, necessidade de auto realizacao earticulacao estrategica. As caracteristicas empreendedoras exprimem o desejo de futuros enfermeiros em contribuir com o desenvolvimento social a partir de suas praticas, investindo em atitudes proativas e detectando oportunidades diferenciadas de cuidar, a partir de modos de agir que os permitam inovar ao vislumbrarem o exercicio da profissao.
INSTRUMENTAL REASONING IN NONHUMAN ANIMALS 1

People engage in instrumental reasoning all the time, in fl uid and complex ways. Thus: you’re at the offi ce and want to use your new headphones, currently encased in non-frustration-free packaging. You could ask your colleague for scissors, but that would entail a lengthy conversation about Westworld . Your keys might be sharp enough, if you could get a grip on the upper corner. Would an unfurled paper clip pierce the plastic? Or: you’re tired of looking for parking, and want a house with a garage. How much would a three-bedroom house in the closest town with good schools cost? To afford a down payment within two years, you’d need to save at least $1,000 a month. Should you cancel cable and forgo all restaurants? Sell your car and commute by train? Reconcile with your rich but racist uncle? In these cases and endless others, people act to achieve a goal, G , by identifying a state of affairs M , which is neither inherently desirable nor currently actual, as to-be-done because it will centrally contribute to actualizing G . The ability to reason instrumentally is enormously practical, of course. But it is also theoretically interesting: it stands as a landmark on a trajectory from simple stimulus-response association to purely theoretical deliberation. A creature who can reason instrumentally doesn’t just respond directly to its immediate environment, as a mouse fl eeing the scent of a cat does. Nor does it act directly to satisfy a need, like a hungry bird fl ying off to a cache of nuts. Instrumental reason severs the direct connection between representation and action by interposing a representation of a possible state. By giving an agent a wider range of means to achieve its goals, instrumental reason also begins to connect an agent’s thoughts in richer, more fl exible ways. As an agent’s goals become increasingly independent of particular means, and as its representations of the world become increasingly independent of particular responses, those cognitive states become more recognizable as desires and beliefs, as opposed to the mixed “pushmi-pullyu” representations – food-toeat, predator-to-avoid – characteristic of simpler creatures ( Millikan 1996 ; Papineau 2001 ). Who can reason instrumentally? On the one hand, it seems that nonhuman animals (hereafter simply animals) sometimes solve problems in ways similar to the box-opening and house-buying deliberations above. Thus, Comins et al. (2011) observe that, from a troop of approximately 1,000 rhesus monkeys, one individual, ‘84J,’ can open the abundant local coconuts: by carrying them to a concrete dock (the island’s hardest, fl attest surface) and performing a distinctive toss, 84J is able 9 INSTRUMENTAL REASONING IN NONHUMAN ANIMALS 1
The Libyan Accounting Profession I World

The aim of this paper is to trace the historical development of the accounting profession in Libya, in order to identify challenges facing the profession as the country moves from a closed to emerging economy. The study is based on a literature review and archival research. Accounting information has a vital role to play in the achievement of economic goals in developing and emerging economies, but a well qualified accounting profession is required. In the context of institutional instability and unique cultural factors, the accounting profession in Libya faces educational and legal challenges if it is to achieve its potential in assisting the country to reach its economic goals. This study focuses on one country, which does limit its generalisability. However, it also suggests fruitful research areas in considering the impact and challenge of historic factors on the accounting profession in emerging economies. Centrally planned economies require a body of well trained professional accountants if they are to emerge onto the global economic arena. Studies on the accounting profession have focused primarily on those in developed economies, where the need for meaningful accounting information for decision making is taken for granted and there is a well trained, professional workforce. This study of the profession in an emerging economy highlights the efforts that will be needed to ensure the contribution of the profession to the economic wellbeing of other emerging economies. Keywords—Accounting profession, developing countries, culture, planned economy, emerging economy.
The living dead and the living God : Christ and the ancestors in a changing Africa

This publication is the result of a lifetime of work by the author in a predominantly African church. His keen interest in the relation between African spirituality and the Christian faith becomes evident in this work. The author attempts to address the interaction between traditionalism and modernity from an African perspective, as well as the interaction between traditionalism and post modernity.
Women's Experiences of Breastfeeding in a Bottle-Feeding Culture

Focus group interviews were used to explore the breastfeeding attitudes and experiences of a group of low-income Scottish women who were breastfeeding in an environment where bottle-feeding was the cultural norm. The majority of women interviewed had no prior exposure to breastfeeding and received little or no support or advice for breastfeeding from family or friends. All women were participants in a breastfeeding peer-support project, and for most the peer volunteers represented their only source of support and guidance, outside of that provided by health professionals. Women often went to great lengths to avoid having to breastfeed in public, and the majority preferred to breastfeed away from the public gaze. Despite reported increases in breastfeeding rates, bottle-feeding remains the cultural norm in the more deprived areas of Glasgow. Those women who do breastfeed in these areas demonstrate a high level of commitment to breastfeeding that sets them apart from their social peers. J Hum Lact.19(3):270-277.
Bacteriological analysis of some commercially packed and fresh fruit juices available in Jessore city: a comparative look.

Fruit juices are considered as the most consumed non-alcoholic beverages throughout the world to all age groups. In general, microbial growth in fruit juices is prohibited by using preservatives and also through other environmental factors during production. Still, there are several reports of illnesses due to the food borne diseases associated with the consumption of fruit juices at several places around the globe. So, from the point of view of public health, it is quite important to assess the microbiological quality of both fresh and commercially packed fruit juices available for the consumers. Present investigation attempted to resolve the microbiological attributes of the fruit juices collected from different areas around Jessore city. Ten fresh fruit juices and ten commercially packed fruit juices were collected. Standard plate count techniques were followed to assess total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC) and total staphylococcal count (TSC) on different culture media. Samples were found to harbor viable bacteria within the range between 103-108 cfu/ml. 19 samples exhibited the presence of staphylococcai. Total coliforms were detected in 17 samples within the range of 10 3 -10 6 cfu/ml which
O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase, O6-Benzylguanine, and Resistance to Clinical Alkylators in Pediatric Primary Brain Tumor Cell Lines

Purpose: Primary brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer death in children. Our purpose is (a) to assess the contribution of the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) to the resistance of pediatric brain tumor cell lines to clinical alkylating agents and (b) to evaluate variables for maximal potentiation of cell killing by the MGMT inhibitor O6-benzylguanine, currently in clinical trials. Few such data for pediatric glioma lines, particularly those from low-grade tumors, are currently available. Experimental design: We used clonogenic assays of proliferative survival to quantitate cytoxicity of the chloroethylating agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and the methylating agent temozolomide in 11 glioma and five medulloblastoma lines. Twelve lines are newly established and characterized here, nine of them from low-grade gliomas including pilocytic astrocytomas. Results: (a) MGMT is a major determinant of BCNU resistance and the predominant determinant of temozolomide resistance in both our glioma and medulloblastoma lines. On average, O6-benzylguanine reduced LD10 for BCNU and temozolomide, 2.6- and 26-fold, respectively, in 15 MGMT-expressing lines. (b) O6-Benzylguanine reduced DT (the threshold dose for killing) for BCNU and temozolomide, 3.3- and 138-fold, respectively. DT was decreased from levels higher than, to levels below, clinically achievable plasma doses for both alkylators. (c) Maximal potentiation by O6-benzylguanine required complete and prolonged suppression of MGMT. Conclusions: Our results support the use of O6-benzylguanine to achieve full benefit of alkylating agents, particularly temozolomide, in the chemotherapy of pediatric brain tumors.
Evaluation of informed consent in health research: a questionnaire survey.

OBJECTIVE Informed consent is ethically and legally required for all biomedical and health research involving human participants. This study analyses the realization of informed consent in health research from the point of view of healthy, voluntary adult participants. Empirical studies from this point of view are still rare. DESIGN A population-based questionnaire survey. PARTICIPANTS The study population consisted of 1410 men and women aged 57-78 years who are participants in a randomized controlled intervention trial on the effects of physical exercise and diet at Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine (eastern Finland). METHODS The data were collected in 2005-2007 using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was given to all able and willing participants (n = 1324) who were still involved in the exercise and diet study at the 3-month intervention visit. The response rate was 91%. RESULTS The defined key elements of informed consent were information, understanding, competence, voluntariness and decision-making. A majority of the participants estimated that these key elements were successfully realized in the exercise and diet intervention study. CONCLUSIONS Despite the general satisfaction with the informed consent process in the exercise and diet intervention study, a minority of the participants were dissatisfied with the information they had received or did not understand this information completely. These findings highlight the essential question: Did all of the participants truly give their genuine informed consent? This carefully executed study reveals objectively the difficulties in distribution of information to healthy adult volunteers.
Exclusive rewards in mutualisms: ant proteases and plant protease inhibitors create a lock–key system to protect Acacia food bodies from exploitation

Myrmecophytic Acacia species produce food bodies (FBs) to nourish ants of the Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus group, with which they live in an obligate mutualism. We investigated how the FBs are protected from exploiting nonmutualists. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis of the FB proteomes and consecutive protein sequencing indicated the presence of several Kunitz‐type protease inhibitors (PIs). PIs extracted from Acacia FBs were biologically active, as they effectively reduced the trypsin‐like and elastase‐like proteolytic activity in the guts of seed‐feeding beetles (Prostephanus truncatus and Zabrotes subfasciatus), which were used as nonadapted herbivores representing potential exploiters. By contrast, the legitimate mutualistic consumers maintained high proteolytic activity dominated by chymotrypsin 1, which was insensitive to the FB PIs. Larvae of an exploiter ant (Pseudomyrmex gracilis) taken from Acacia hosts exhibited lower overall proteolytic activity than the mutualists. The proteases of this exploiter exhibited mainly elastase‐like and to a lower degree chymotrypsin 1‐like activity. We conclude that the mutualist ants possess specifically those proteases that are least sensitive to the PIs in their specific food source, whereas the congeneric exploiter ant appears partly, but not completely, adapted to consume Acacia FBs. By contrast, any consumption of the FBs by nonadapted exploiters would effectively inhibit their digestive capacities. We suggest that the term ‘exclusive rewards’ can be used to describe situations similar to the one that has evolved in myrmecophytic Acacia species, which reward mutualists with FBs but safeguard the reward from exploitation by generalists by making the FBs difficult for the nonadapted consumer to use.
Inter-organisational collaboration in family-centred practice: A framework for analysis and action

Inter-organisational collaboration in the human services is challenging because of the multiple and complex nature of the inherent potential sources of conflict. In this paper, a conceptual framework is advanced for assessing the sources of conflict at five levels of analysis: (i) inter-organisational; (ii) intra-organisational; (iii) inter-professional; (iv) inter-personal; and (v) intra-personal. While yet to be systematically tested, this conceptual framework may assist practitioners, managers and policy makers in the human services to enhance collaboration across organisational and sectoral boundaries.
Effect of ovariectomy on bone response to in vivo external loading

This study was undertaken to find whether the bone response to increased external loading (EL) of the tibia in rats is affected by estrogen depletion. Female Sprague‐Dawley rats 6 months were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 each: sham ovariectomy without loading (Shm‐XL), ovariectomy without loading (OVX‐XL), sham ovariectomy with external loading (Shm‐EL), and ovariectomy with external loading (OVX‐EL). In vivo external loading by a four‐point bending device was initiated 4 weeks after surgery. The right lower leg of each EL rat was loaded at 31.4 ± 0.2 N for 36 cycles at 2 Hz every other day for 21 days (11 loading days). Mean in vivo induced strain was 1305 microstrain (μϵ) for Shm‐EL rats and 1280μϵ for OVX‐EL rats. With external loading of the tibia, periosteal bone formation rose equally in Shm and OVX rats. Woven bone was present around the tibia or fibula in 60% of the loaded rats and none of the control rats. No loading response occurred either at the endocortical surface or in the cancellous bone of the proximal tibial metaphysis. After OVX, cancellous bone area in the proximal metaphysis declined and formation surface rose compared to Shm rats. Although periosteal and endocortical bone formation rose after OVX, no cortical bone loss occurred. We conclude that ovariectomy and attendant loss of endogenous estrogen do not change the cortical bone response to an external load of about 1300μϵ in rats. However, these results may not predict the cortical bone response to loading in animals with Haversian remodeling that display estrogen‐related loss of cortical bone.
Pentraxin-3 as a Marker of Advanced Atherosclerosis Results from the Bruneck, ARMY and ARFY Studies

OBJECTIVE Pentraxins like C-reactive protein are key components of the innate immune system. Recently, pentraxin-3 (PTX3) has been proposed to be a specific marker of vascular inflammation, yet its association with atherosclerosis is still unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS PTX3 serum levels were measured in three independent studies of 132 young men (ARMY Study), 205 young women (ARFY Study) and 562 individuals 55 to 94 years old (Bruneck Study). In contrast to C-reactive protein, PTX3 showed little relationships with classic vascular risk factors and pro-inflammatory conditions. In the population based Bruneck Study, PTX3 level was independently associated with prevalent cardiovascular diseases (multivariable odds ratio [95%CI] 3.09 [1.65-5.79]; P<0.001). Moreover, PTX3 level correlated with the severity of carotid and femoral atherosclerosis and was highest in individuals with multiple vascular territories affected. In contrast, there was no association with elevated intima-media thickness, a precursor lesion of atherosclerosis, in any of the three populations investigated. CONCLUSIONS Level of PTX3 is independently associated with atherosclerosis and manifest cardiovascular disease but not early vessel pathology. Unlike C-reactive protein, PTX3 is not a component of the classic acute phase response (systemic inflammation) but appears to be more specific for vascular inflammation.
We Are the Champions

As the number of institutions adopting the United Nations’ Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME) initiative grows, there is an overhanging risk that many of them will merely add “responsibility” as a topic to the existing curriculum. The authors contend that a serious reading of PRME should instead entail thinking in terms of a gradual transformation of management education. Such a serious reading poses a number of organizational learning (and unlearning) challenges. By relying on their own experiences at two PRME signatory business schools in France and Finland, they describe how faculty champions may face these challenges in implementing PRME, and specifically how they may overcome strategic, structural, and cultural barriers. The authors particularly emphasize political challenges at every level and the role of champions inducing reflexivity in overcoming some of the barriers. They argue that although faculty champions are not the most powerful actors within the business school, they are still well positioned to inspire and instill the needed transformation of management education. They conclude that faculty champions need to creatively “make do” within the constraints imposed by their organizational context.
Psychological ownership: a review and research agenda

The concept of psychological ownership (PO) reflects a state in which individuals feel as though the target of ownership (e.g., job or organization) is theirs. In recent years, there has been an expansion of research linking PO with a range of desirable employee attitudes and behaviors. However, the theoretical foundations of the construct, its measurement, the factors that influence its development, and when and how it influences outcomes are areas of continued debate in the literature. In this article, we provide a narrative review of extant PO literature with the aim of developing a research agenda that encourages scholars to target opportunities for future research. In particular, we highlight the need for continued refinement of the conceptualization and measurement of PO, and development of its nomological network. In addition, we call for greater investigation of PO towards different objects or foci; examination of possible multilevel applications of PO research; identification of potential boundary conditions of PO; and exploration of the influence of culture and individual differences on the development and influence of PO. We also introduce alternative theoretical approaches for understanding and investigating PO. In doing so, we provide a roadmap for scholars to progress the development of the field.
Marriage and Depressive Symptoms

This study examined gender differences in the configuration of components of intimacy in marriage and in the relationship of marriage to depression in a community sample of 260 men and women. We hypothesized that women's report of marital intimacy would include a distinct self-disclosure component, whereas this would be part of companionship in men's report of intimacy. Also, using self-in-relation theory, we hypothesized that self-esteem level would mediate the relationship between marital quality and depression for women but would moderate this relationship for men. Both predictions were upheld, suggesting a need to reformulate current models of the role of marital quality in depression to better capture the influence of gender.
AffectiveSpace: Blending Common Sense and Affective Knowledge to Perform Emotive Reasoning

The detection of emotions in text is a key issue for the de- velopment of intelligent systems. As demonstrated by the Turing test, a machine cannot be considered really intelligent unless it is also capable of perceiving and expressing emotions. In this work we focus on building a knowledge base which merges Common Sense and affective knowledge and use dimensionality reduction to perform emotive reasoning on it.