Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for the occurrence of sporadic Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis infections in children in France: a national case-control study

To determine risk factors associated with the occurrence of sporadic cases of Salmonella enteritidis infections among children in France, we conducted a matched case-control study. Cases were identified between 1 March and 30 September 1995. One hundred and five pairs of cases and controls matched for age and place of residence were interviewed. In the 1–5 years age group, illness was associated with the consumption of raw eggs or undercooked egg- containing foods (OR 2·4, 95% CI 1·2–4·8). Storing eggs more than 2 weeks after purchase was associated with Salmonella enteritidis infection (OR 3·8, 95% CI 1·4–10·2), particularly during the summer period (OR 6·0, 95% CI 1·3–26·8). Cases were more likely to report a case of diarrhoea in the household 10·3 days before the onset of symptoms, particularly in the age group [les ]1 year (P=0·01). This study confirms the link between eggs and the occurrence of sporadic cases of Salmonella enteritidis among children, highlights the potential role of prolonged egg storage and underlines the role of person-to-person transmission in infants.
Rethinking Tuning: In Vivo Whole-Cell Recordings of the Inferior Colliculus in Awake Bats

Tuning curves were recorded with patch electrodes from the inferior colliculus (IC) of awake bats to evaluate the tuning of the inputs to IC neurons, reflected in their synaptic tuning, compared with the tuning of their outputs, expressed in their discharge tuning. A number of unexpected features were revealed with whole-cell recordings. Among these was that most neurons responded to tones with inhibition and/or subthreshold excitation over a surprisingly broad frequency range. The synaptic tuning in many cells was at least 1.5–2.0 octaves wide and, on average, was more than twice as wide as the frequency range that evoked discharges even after inhibition was blocked. In most cells, tones evoked complex synaptic response configurations that varied with frequency, suggesting that these cells were not innervated by congruent excitatory and inhibitory projections. Synaptic tuning was not only wide but was also diverse, in which some cells were dominated by excitation (n = 20), others were dominated by excitation with sideband inhibition (n = 21), but most were dominated by inhibition with little evidence of excitation (n = 31). Another unexpected finding was that some cells responded with inhibition to the onset and offset of tones over a wide frequency range, in which the patterns of synaptic responses changed markedly with frequency. These cells never fired to tones at 50 dB sound pressure level but fired to frequency-modulated sweeps at that intensity and were directionally selective. Thus, the features revealed by whole-cell recordings show that the processing in many IC cells results from inputs spectrally broader and more complex than previously believed.
Glycemic control in Brazilian youth with type 1 diabetes.

O estudo intitulado “Perfil clinico e laboratorial de pacientes pediatricos e adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1”, de autoria de Jose et al.1, publicado neste numero, contribui para o conjunto crescente de publicacoes do mundo todo que documentam controles glicemicos subotimos entre jovens com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DMT1)2-4. Os estudos Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) e Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC)5 demonstraram claramente que um melhor controle glicemico pode adiar o inicio ou desacelerar a progressao das complicacoes de longo prazo do DMT16,7. Em vista desses resultados, investigadores tem avaliado por que e tao dificil atingir e manter um melhor controle da glicemia em jovens com DMT1.
High incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in infants born to mothers with placenta previa.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in infants born to mothers with placenta previa and to assess the risk factors for RDS. METHODS Ninety-nine pregnant women with placenta previa who delivered by cesarean section at 30-35 weeks of gestation were compared retrospectively with 102 pregnant women matched for week of gestation and birth year, who underwent elective cesarean section. Maternal characteristics, neonatal outcome, and incidence of RDS were analyzed. Umbilical cord blood samples were collected at delivery and were used to determine cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels. Student's t-test, the chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical comparisons. P < 0.05 was considered significant. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous variables. RESULTS Preeclampsia, histological chorioamnionitis, and premature rupture of membranes were significantly lower in the placenta previa group (placenta previa: 2.0% vs. control: 14.7%, P < 0.01; 14.1% vs. 30.1%, P < 0.01; 7.1% vs. 17.6%, P < 0.05, respectively). The incidence of RDS was significantly higher in the placenta previa group than in the control group (29.3% vs. 6.9%, P < 0.0001). The cortisol level in umbilical cord blood in the placenta previa group was lower than in the control group (median 7.3, range 4.4-14.9 microg/dl vs. median 10.6, range 4.9-30.3 microg/dl, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in epinephrine or norepinephrine levels between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of RDS in infants delivered at 30-35 weeks' gestation by cesarean section was significantly higher in mothers with placenta previa than in women without placenta previa. This may reflect decreased fetal stress since the cord blood cortisol levels were found to be lower in women with placenta previa.
The Role of Religiosity in Mediating Biopsychosocial Outcomes between African Americans and Caucasians with HIV

Religiosity has been shown to be a resource for many adults with HIV, but may be expressed differently by race. In the 2003 AIDS Alabama state‐wide survey, 395 adults with HIV were assessed on a variety of medical and psychosocial measures. Factors were extracted for age, health status, disease duration, education, social support, mood, and religiosity and were specified in separate structural equation models for African Americans and Caucasians, where religiosity mediated the effects of age, education, and chronicity on the biopsychosocial outcomes of health, social support, and mood. African Americans (n = 263) who were older had higher levels of religiosity which was positively associated with social support. For Caucasians (n = 132), religiosity did not mediate biopsychosocial factors. Implications of these findings are posited.
Adult Questions and Children's Responses: Coordination of perspectives in studies of children's theories of other minds

The main aim of this study is to shed light on the issue of how children learn to identify what is meant by what is said in communicative practices. The study replicates and extends the well-known work on what is referred to as children's 'theories of other minds'. The focus in the present study is on the interplay between the adult and the child, the nature of the task and the child's position in the communicative encounter. Rather than assuming that children have or do not have 'theories of other minds', we explore the communicative conditions under which children can be made sensitive to the nature of other people's (mistaken) beliefs. The empirical work was carried out amongst children aged three to five, since this is the critical age at which it is claimed that children become sensitive to the fact that other people's perspectives of a situation may differ from their own. The results show that whether or not children 'are able' to adopt other people's perspectives is very much a situated affair and reflects the manner in which they are brought into a position where they can share the framing of the adult. The questions posed are interpreted differently by the children in ways that go beyond the intended difference that concerns perspectivity. The test situation is polysemous in many respects and the variation in responses cannot be reduced to such a simple distinction as the one implied in the theory of mind research paradigm, which represents a monological conception of communication.
A Randomized Comparison Between Midazolam and Thiopental for Elective Cesarean Section Anesthesia: III. Placental Transfer and Elimination in Neonates

Forty neonates delivered by cesarean section were studied, half being delivered of mothers in whom anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.3 mg/kg intravenously) and half of mothers given thiopental (4 mg/kg). At delivery, blood samples from mother and the umbilical vein were drawn for determination of plasma concentrations of thiopental, midazolam, and α-hydroxymidazolam. Over the next 60 hours, three blood samples were drawn using a randomized procedure of two blood samples at 30 different times. Placental transfer, expressed as the umbilical/maternal concentration ratio, was 0.96, 0.66, and 0.28, respectively, for thiopental, midazolam, and α-hydroxymidazolam. The transfer of thiopental was significantly more rapid than the transfer of midazolam and α-hydroxymidazolam. The population average of elimination half-life in neonates was 6.3 hours for midazolam and 14.7 hours for thiopental. Both values are substantially larger than those found in previous studies in adults.
Systemic Delivery of a Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitor Reduces CNS Substrates and Increases Lifespan in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Gaucher Disease

Neuropathic Gaucher disease (nGD), also known as type 2 or type 3 Gaucher disease, is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GC). This deficiency impairs the degradation of glucosylceramide (GluCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GluSph), leading to their accumulation in the brains of patients and mouse models of the disease. These accumulated substrates have been thought to cause the severe neuropathology and early death observed in patients with nGD and mouse models. Substrate accumulation is evident at birth in both nGD mouse models and humans affected with the most severe type of the disease. Current treatment of non-nGD relies on the intravenous delivery of recombinant human glucocerebrosidase to replace the missing enzyme or the administration of glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors to attenuate GluCer production. However, the currently approved drugs that use these mechanisms do not cross the blood brain barrier, and thus are not expected to provide a benefit for the neurological complications in nGD patients. Here we report the successful reduction of substrate accumulation and CNS pathology together with a significant increase in lifespan after systemic administration of a novel glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor to a mouse model of nGD. To our knowledge this is the first compound shown to cross the blood brain barrier and reduce substrates in this animal model while significantly enhancing its lifespan. These results reinforce the concept that systemically administered glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors could hold enhanced therapeutic promise for patients afflicted with neuropathic lysosomal storage diseases.
Cyber War Will Not Take Place

Abstract For almost two decades, experts and defense establishments the world over have been predicting that cyber war is coming. But is it? This article argues in three steps that cyber war has never happened in the past, that cyber war does not take place in the present, and that it is unlikely that cyber war will occur in the future. It first outlines what would constitute cyber war: a potentially lethal, instrumental, and political act of force conducted through malicious code. The second part shows what cyber war is not, case-by-case. Not one single cyber offense on record constitutes an act of war on its own. The final part offers a more nuanced terminology to come to terms with cyber attacks. All politically motivated cyber attacks are merely sophisticated versions of three activities that are as old as warfare itself: sabotage, espionage, and subversion.
Lignin content in natural Populus variants affects sugar release

The primary obstacle to producing renewable fuels from lignocellulosic biomass is a plant's recalcitrance to releasing sugars bound in the cell wall. From a sample set of wood cores representing 1,100 individual undomesticated Populus trichocarpa trees, 47 extreme phenotypes were selected across measured lignin content and ratio of syringyl and guaiacyl units (S/G ratio). This subset was tested for total sugar release through enzymatic hydrolysis alone as well as through combined hot-water pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis using a high-throughput screening method. The total amount of glucan and xylan released varied widely among samples, with total sugar yields of up to 92% of the theoretical maximum. A strong negative correlation between sugar release and lignin content was only found for pretreated samples with an S/G ratio < 2.0. For higher S/G ratios, sugar release was generally higher, and the negative influence of lignin was less pronounced. When examined separately, only glucose release was correlated with lignin content and S/G ratio in this manner, whereas xylose release depended on the S/G ratio alone. For enzymatic hydrolysis without pretreatment, sugar release increased significantly with decreasing lignin content below 20%, irrespective of the S/G ratio. Furthermore, certain samples featuring average lignin content and S/G ratios exhibited exceptional sugar release. These facts suggest that factors beyond lignin and S/G ratio influence recalcitrance to sugar release and point to a critical need for deeper understanding of cell-wall structure before plants can be rationally engineered for reduced recalcitrance and efficient biofuels production.
The alcohol‐related workload of patrol officers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to detail the prevalence and nature of patrol officers' alcohol‐related workload.Design/methodology/approach – A systematic social observation (SSO) methodology was used to collect data pertaining to the alcohol‐related activities and encounters of patrol officers. A fully randomized sampling procedure was used to select the days, times, and geographic areas of observation sessions. Observational data were obtained for 65 separate observations sessions ‐ totaling approximately 650 hours, 480 police‐citizen encounters, with 766 citizens, and 2,009 non‐encounter activities.Findings – Approximately 26 percent of encounters and 10 percent of non‐encounter activities involved citizen alcohol use. Roughly 15 percent of patrol officer time is dedicated to alcohol‐related encounters and their associated activities. Alcohol‐related encounters were of a substantively different type than those in which there was no alcohol involvement. In sum, alcohol‐related encounters were mo.
Participant Orientations in German Conversation‐for‐Learning

This article explores some roles for conversation analysis (CA) as an approach to second and foreign language learning by examining the initial segment of a Gesprdchsrunde, a dyadic conversation-for-learning conducted between a beginning learner of German as a foreign language and a native speaker of German. The analysis focuses on the situated identities, comprising social membership categories as well as interaction-internal participant statuses that the co-participants made relevant to each other as their interaction unfolded. Although the complementary membership categories of target language novice and expert were demonstrably omnirelevant in the setting, they were predominantly invoked by the novice, and only on particular occasions. In these metalingual exchanges, code switching worked as one device by which the novice requested a target language action format from the language expert. Although the metalingual exchanges stood out for their salient acquisitional potential, microanalytic scrutiny is also required for other kinds of interactional conduct in order to assess their capacity for second language learning.
Personality and intelligence predicts arts and science school results in 16 year olds.

This study examined personality trait and intelligence scores as predictors of school- level academic performance (AP) (British GCSE; America Grade 10) in various arts (i.e. languages) and science subjects. The participant sample consisted of 80 school pupils from a British Sixth Form College. Conscientiousness and Openness-to-Experience of the Big Five personality factors (Costa & McCrae, 1992) were found to account for 13% of unique variance in AP. Intelligence (Wonderlic, 1992) accounted for the initial 10% of unique variance in AP. For science subjects (maths, science) intelligence accounted for more of the variance than personality traits, while for English language (literature, language) subjects the opposite was true. The results further support the use of personality measures being used in academic selection procedures and confirms that personality can predict AP at school level. Limitations of the study are discussed.
Exploring the relationship between reading strategy use and multiple intelligences among successful L2 readers

Over the years, the multiple intelligences theory (MIT) proposed by Howard Gardner has renewed interest in learners’ use of effective learning strategies and produced interesting results. This MIT-oriented study investigated the role of successful L2 readers’ multiple intelligences in their effective use of reading strategies. To this end, a TOEFL reading comprehension test was administered to a cohort of 135 English as a foreign language students at several universities in the southwest and centre of Iran, and 80 students were identified as successful L2 readers based on the ETS rating scale and their TOEFL scores. Then, they answered an MI questionnaire originally developed by Armstrong and a reading strategies inventory adapted by Singhal. The data were quantitatively analysed using correlations and multiple regressions. The results revealed that linguistic, logical–mathematical and intrapersonal intelligences were the good L2 readers’ most dominant intelligences, while bodily intelligence was the least common type. In addition, they mostly employed metacognitive and cognitive strategies but rarely drew upon affective and compensation strategies while reading. Further, there was a significant positive relationship between linguistic, logical–mathematical, spatial, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences and the use of metacognitive and cognitive reading strategies. Similar relationships were also found between linguistic intelligence and the participants’ use of memory strategy, on one hand, and between interpersonal intelligence and compensation and social strategy use, on the other. Importantly, linguistic and intrapersonal intelligences as well as metacognitive and cognitive strategy use were shown to be the best predictors of reading comprehension. Finally, the theoretical or pedagogical implications of the findings are discussed.
Regulations

Informed Consent [4](guidance) 21 CFR Part 50 [5] Protection of Human Subjects 21 CFR Part 56 [6] Institutional Review Boards 21 CFR Part 312 [7] Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs) 21 CFR Part 812 [8] Investigational Device Exemptions (IDEs) Information Sheet Guidances [9] for IRBs, Investigators and Sponsors Significant Risk and Nonsignificant Risk Medical Device Studies [10] IRB Frequently Asked Questions [11] Clinical Trials and Human Subject Protections [12] Guidance, resources, good clinical practices (GCPs) Human Tissue Intended for Transplantation [13] Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products [14] FDA Tissue and Tissue Product Q&A [15]
Potential of Cometabolic Transformation of Polysaccharides and Lignin in Lignocellulose by Soil Actinobacteria

While it is known that several Actinobacteria produce enzymes that decompose polysaccharides or phenolic compounds in dead plant biomass, the occurrence of these traits in the environment remains largely unclear. The aim of this work was to screen isolated actinobacterial strains to explore their ability to produce extracellular enzymes that participate in the degradation of polysaccharides and their ability to cometabolically transform phenolic compounds of various complexities. Actinobacterial strains were isolated from meadow and forest soils and screened for their ability to grow on lignocellulose. The potential to transform 14C-labelled phenolic substrates (dehydrogenation polymer (DHP), lignin and catechol) and to produce a range of extracellular, hydrolytic enzymes was investigated in three strains of Streptomyces spp. that possessed high lignocellulose degrading activity. Isolated strains showed high variation in their ability to produce cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes and were able to mineralise up to 1.1% and to solubilise up to 4% of poplar lignin and to mineralise up to 11.4% and to solubilise up to 64% of catechol, while only minimal mineralisation of DHP was observed. The results confirm the potential importance of Actinobacteria in lignocellulose degradation, although it is likely that the decomposition of biopolymers is limited to strains that represent only a minor portion of the entire community, while the range of simple, carbon-containing compounds that serve as sources for actinobacterial growth is relatively wide.
Resident-performed laser peripheral iridotomy in primary angle closure, primary angle closure suspects, and primary angle closure glaucoma

Purpose To investigate the power use and complication frequency of resident-performed laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). Methods A retrospective analysis of 196 eyes from 103 patients who underwent neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser iridotomy performed by resident physicians from January 1, 2010 through April 30, 2015 at a university-based county hospital was done. All patients were treated for primary angle closure, primary angle closure suspects, and primary angle closure glaucoma. Data were collected on pre- and post-laser intraocular pressure (IOP), ethnicity, laser parameters and complications. Mean power use and frequency of complications were evaluated. Complications included elevated post-laser IOP at 30–45 minutes (≥8 mmHg), hyphema, aborted procedures, and lasering non-iris structures. The number of repeated LPI procedures, was also recorded. Results Mean total power used for all residents was 78.2±68.7 mJ per eye. Power use by first-year trainees was significantly higher than second- and third-year trainees (103.5±75.5 mJ versus 73.7±73.8 mJ and 67.2±56.4 mJ, respectively, p=0.011). Complications included hyphema or microhyphema in 17.9% (35/196), IOP spikes in 5.1% (10/196), aborted procedures in 1.1% (3/196) and lasering non-iris structures in 0.5% (1/196). LPI was repeated in 22.4% of cases (44/196) with higher incidence of repeat LPI among non-Caucasian compared to the Caucasian subjects (p=0.02). Complication rates did not differ with increased training (p=0.16). Conclusion Total power used for LPI decreased with increased resident training, while the complication rate did not differ significantly among resident classes. Complication rates were comparable to rates reported in the literature for attending-performed LPIs.
The roles of the formal and informal sectors in the provision of effective science education

For many years, formal school science education has been criticised by students, teachers, parents and employers throughout the world. This article presents an argument that a greater collaboration between the formal and the informal sector could address some of these criticisms. The causes for concern about formal science education are summarised and the major approaches being taken to address them are outlined. The contributions that the informal sector currently makes to science education are identified. It is suggested that the provision of an effective science education entails an enhanced complementarity between the two sectors. Finally, there is a brief discussion of the collaboration and communication still needed if this is to be effective.