Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reconciling Hayek's and Keynes Views of Recessions

Recessions often happen after periods of rapid accumulation of houses, consumer durables and business capital. This observation has led some economists, most notably Friedrich Hayek, to conclude that recessions often reflect periods of needed liquidation resulting from past over-investment. According to the main proponents of this view, government spending or any other form of aggregate demand policy should not be used to mitigate such a liquidation process, as doing so would simply result in a needed adjustment being postponed. In contrast, ever since the work of Keynes, many economists have viewed recessions as periods of deficient demand that should be countered by activist fiscal policy. In this paper we reexamine the liquidation perspective of recessions in a setup where prices are flexible but where not all trades are coordinated by centralized markets. The model illustrates why liquidations likely cause recessions characterized by deficient aggregate demand and accordingly suggests that Keynes’ and Hayek’s views of recessions may be closely linked. In our framework, interventions aimed at stimulating aggregate demand face a trade-off whereby current stimulus postpones the adjustment process and therefore prolongs the recessions, but where some stimulative policies may nevertheless remain desirable.
Structural Features and Domain Organization of Huntingtin Fibrils*

Background: The structure of fibrils formed in Huntington disease remains unknown. Results: Local structure and domain organization of huntingtin exon 1 fibrils were determined by EPR spectroscopy. Conclusion: In contrast to the C terminus, the N terminus, and polyglutamine core regions become closely packed, without forming a parallel, in-register structure. Significance:The results provide structural constraints and insight into how adjacent domains affect polyglutamine structure. Misfolding and aggregation of huntingtin is one of the hallmarks of Huntington disease, but the overall structure of these aggregates and the mechanisms by which huntingtin misfolds remain poorly understood. Here we used site-directed spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to study the structural features of huntingtin exon 1 (HDx1) containing 46 glutamine residues in its polyglutamine (polyQ) region. Despite some residual structuring in the N terminus, we find that soluble HDx1 is highly dynamic. Upon aggregation, the polyQ domain becomes strongly immobilized indicating significant tertiary or quaternary packing interactions. Analysis of spin-spin interactions does not show the close contact between same residues that is characteristic of the parallel, in-register structure commonly found in amyloids. Nevertheless, the same residues are still within 20 Å of each other, suggesting that polyQ domains from different molecules come into proximity in the fibrils. The N terminus has previously been found to take up a helical structure in fibrils. We find that this domain not only becomes structured, but that it also engages in tertiary or quaternary packing interactions. The existence of spin-spin interactions in this region suggests that such contacts could be made between N-terminal domains from different molecules. In contrast, the C-terminal domain is dynamic, contains polyproline II structure, and lacks pronounced packing interactions. This region must be facing away from the core of the fibrils. Collectively, these data provide new constraints for building structural models of HDx1 fibrils.
On non-quadratic local static output feedback controller for continuous-time Takagi-Sugeno models

This paper focuses on the problem of static output feedback controller synthesis for continuous-time Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy system. The new perspective introduced in this paper lies on the observation that most of the previous results found in the literature intended to establish global conditions while employing non-quadratic Lyapunov functions, which can not be reached for many nonlinear systems. The well known problem of handing time-derivatives of membership function (MFs) is overcome by reducing global goals to the estimation of region of attraction. It is shown that the derived local conditions actually leads to reasonable advantages over the existing quadratic approach as well as some previous non-quadratic attempts. Moreover, conditions for the solvability of the static output feedback controller design given here are written in the form of linear matrix inequalities which can be efficiently solved by convex optimization techniques. Simulation example is given to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed approaches.
Recovering the Primordial Density Fluctuations: A Comparison of Methods

We present a comparative study of different methods for reversing the gravitational evolution of a cosmological density field to recover the primordial fluctuations. We test six different approximate schemes in all: linear theory, the Gaussianization technique of Weinberg, two different quasi-linear dynamical schemes, a hybrid dynamical-Gaussianization method, and the path interchange Zeldovich approximation (PIZA) of Croft & Gaztañaga. The final evolved density field from an N-body simulation constitutes our test case. We use a variety of statistical measures to compare the initial density field recovered from it to the true initial density field, using each of the six different schemes. These include point-by-point comparisons of the density fields in real space, and the individual modes in Fourier space, as well as global statistical properties such as the genus, the probability distribution function (PDF) of the density, and the distribution of peak heights and their shapes. We find linear theory to be substantially less accurate than the other schemes, all of which reverse at least some of the nonlinear effects of gravitational evolution even on scales as small as 3 h−1 Mpc. The Gaussianization scheme, while being robust and easy to apply, is the least accurate after linear theory. The two quasi-linear dynamical schemes, which are based on Eulerian formulations of the Zeldovich approximation, give similar results to each other and are more accurate than Gaussianization, although they break down quite drastically when used outside their range of validity, the quasi-linear regime. The complementary beneficial aspects of the dynamical and the Gaussianization schemes are combined in the hybrid method, which uses a dynamical scheme to account for the bulk displacements of mass elements and corrects for any systematic errors using Gaussianization. We find this reconstruction scheme to be more accurate and robust than either the Gaussianization or dynamical method alone. The final scheme, the PIZA, performs substantially better than the others in all point-by-point comparisons. The PIZA does produce an oversmoothed initial density field, with a smaller number of peaks than expected, but it recovers the PDF of the initial density with impressive accuracy on scales as small as 3 h−1 Mpc.
Hesitant fuzzy entropy and cross‐entropy and their use in multiattribute decision‐making

We introduce the concepts of entropy and cross‐entropy for hesitant fuzzy information, and discuss their desirable properties. Several measure formulas are further developed, and the relationships among the proposed entropy, cross‐entropy, and similarity measures are analyzed, from which we can find that three measures are interchangeable under certain conditions. Then we develop two multiattribute decision‐making methods in which the attribute values are given in the form of hesitant fuzzy sets reflecting humans' hesitant thinking comprehensively. In one method, the weight vector is determined by the hesitant fuzzy entropy measure, and the optimal alternative is obtained by comparing the hesitant fuzzy cross‐entropies between the alternatives and the ideal solutions; in another method, the weight vector is derived from the maximizing deviation method and the optimal alternative is obtained by using the TOPSIS method. An actual example is provided to compare our methods with the existing ones. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurements and computations of flow in pipe bends

Measurements are given of the total pressure and yaw relative to the pipe axis of flow in various pipe bends attached to the end of a long straight pipe, for a pipe Reynolds number of 2·36 × 105. The behaviour of the induced secondary flows is presented in detail. In a 180° bend it is found that, from the start of the bend, the secondary flows increase to a maximum and then decrease to a steady value. This effect is explained by relating the local total pressure gradient to the production of streamwise vorticity. The same flow mechanism is used to predict qualitatively the flow pattern in an S-bend in which it is found that the secondary flows cause a complete interchange of the slow moving wall fluid and the faster central core. Results of a computer program for calculating the secondary flow from a knowledge of the upstream velocity profile are included. Although real fluid effects, other than those causing the upstream velocity profile, are omitted from the computations, the measured flow pattern is reasonably well predicted in a long bend up to a bend angle of about 75°.
Sarcopenia is not due to lack of regenerative drive in senescent skeletal muscle

Sarcopenia, loss of skeletal muscle mass, is a hallmark of aging commonly attributed to a decreased capacity to maintain muscle tissue in senescence, yet the mechanism behind the muscle wasting remains unresolved. To address these issues we have explored a rodent model of sarcopenia and age‐related sensorimotor impairment, allowing us to discriminate between successfully and unsuccessfully aged cohort members. Immunohistochemistry and staining of cell nuclei revealed that senescent muscle has an increased density of cell nuclei, occurrence of aberrant fibers and fibers expressing embryonic myosin. Using real‐time PCR we extend the findings of increased myogenic regulatory factor mRNA to show that very high levels are found in unsuccessfully aged cohort members. This pattern is also reflected in the number of embryonic myosin‐positive fibers, which increase with the degree of sarcopenia. In addition, we confirm that there is no local down‐regulation of IGF‐I and IGF‐IR mRNA in aged muscle tissue; on the contrary, the most sarcopenic individuals showed significantly higher local expression of IGF‐I mRNA. Combined, our results show that the initial drive to regenerate myofibers is most marked in cases with the most advanced loss of muscle mass, a pattern that may have its origin in differences in the rate of tissue deterioration and/or that regenerating myofibers in these cases fail to mature into functional fibers. Importantly, the genetic background is a determinant of the pace of progression of sarcopenia.
Inequalities in size and intensity-dependent growth in a mermithid nematode parasitic in beach hoppers

Abstract Inequality in body sizes is a common feature in populations of helminth parasites, with potential consequences for egg production and population genetics. Inequalities in body lengths and the effects of intraspecific competition on worm length were studied in a species of mermithid nematode parasitic in the crustacean Talorchestia quoyana (Amphipoda: Talitridae). The majority of the 753 worms recovered were relatively small, and an analysis using a Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient suggested that there were no marked inequalities in body lengths among the worms. Total worm length in the 356 infected amphipods (i.e. the sum of the lengths of all the worms in a host) increased steadily as a function of the number of worms per amphipod, whereas the length of the longest worm per amphipod peaked in amphipods harbouring intermediate numbers of worms. This last result was not significantly accounted for by the observed increase in host size with increasing intensity of infection, but resulted from a correlation between worm length and host size. As the number of worms per amphipod increased, the relative sizes of the second-, third-, and fourth-longest worms per host increased markedly. This means that relative inequalities in sizes become less pronounced, i.e. subordinate worms get closer in size to the longest worm, as the number of worms per host increases. The main consequence of this phenomenon is that worm sizes in the mermithid population are more homogeneous than they would be if intraspecific competition had stronger effects on worm growth.
Quantitative Analyses about Market- and Prevalence-Based Needs for Adapted Physical Education Teachers in the Public Schools in the United States

The purpose of this study was to analyze quantitative needs for more adapted physical education (APE) teachers based on both market- and prevalence-based models. The market-based need for more APE teachers was examined based on APE teacher positions funded, while the prevalence-based need for additional APE teachers was analyzed based on students requiring APE services. All relative data available in The 27th Annual Report to Congress (USDE, 2007) and a national APE job survey (Kelly & Gansneder, 1998) were used. Results indicate that 640 more qualified APE teachers are needed to fill out all the APE positions currently funded (a shortage of 9.15%) and 20,087 more qualified APE teachers are required to meet needs by all the students requiring APE services (a shortage of 75.96%), resulting in a substantial difference of 19,447 additional APE teachers with full certifications needed between the prevalence- and market-based models (a shortage difference of 66.81%). Implications of these results are discussed in this article.
Effective Feedback Content for Tutoring Complex Skills

Feedback during learning is critical for evaluating new skills. Computer-based tutoring systems have the potential to detect errors and to guide students by providing informative feedback, but few studies have evaluated the real impact of different types of feedback. This article presents results of such a study using the Geometry Tutor for building geometry proofs. It was found that feedback about the goal structure of geometry problems led to better performance than feedback about the reasons for error or than simply being told that an error had occurred. This goal feedback allows students to correct the incorrect action more often than other types of feedback. Also, the goal feedback group continued to deal advantageously with problems when the feedback was subsequently removed. A simulation model, based on Anderson's (1983) ACT* theory and an analogical learning system, presents a preliminary model of the effects of these different feedback types. The model indicates that the advantage of goal-directed feedback is a reflection of its immediate application to the problem, whereas feedback about reasons for the error does not provide any direction to the correct error. According to the model, the feedback allows the student to construct a correct representation of the goal tree involved in various types of proofs more readily than feedback that is not immediately relevant to the current problem.
A buffer planning algorithm with congestion optimization

This paper studies the problem of buffer planning for interconnect-centric floorplanning. We dense a congestiondriven buffer insertion algorithm, in which single-pair shortest-path model is used to compute optimal buffer locations and simultaneously to preserve the monotonicity of routing paths. Congestion estimation is achieved by an approach of probabilistic analysis. In order to get more buffers inserted, on the basis of a rough estimation of buiTer locations, some channels determined by the boundaries of circuit block are inserted, while the topology of the placement ' keeps unchanged. Furthermore, we change the distribution of the dead space among blocks to optimize the time closure and routing congestion. The performance of the chip can he improved greatly on penalty of a small area usage. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated by the experimental results.
Multi-object tracking by expanding long-tracklets

Multi-object tracking has made great progress recently by using global data association approaches which optimize all tracks simultaneously. But occlusions, false alarms and miss detections still cause many problems, e.g. track fragments, identities switches and track incompleteness. In this paper, we propose a three-stage hierarchical tracking framework based on global association, which can alleviate the above problems effectively. Firstly, short but reliable tracks (tracklets), are built using a globally-optimal association method under network formulation. Secondly, online boosting and a novel bidirectional trackelts similarity metric are introduced for tracklets association, which can naturally handle complete occlusion and miss detection. Finally, a tracking-by-long-tracklets approach using single object trackers is proposed to expand the linked tracklets (long-tracklets) generated in the second stage. Experiments on static and moving camera datasets verify our method.
Reactivation of Snail Genes in Renal Fibrosis and Carcinomas: A Process of Reversed Embryogenesis?

While the activity of Snail genes is required during embryonic development for the formation of different tissues and organs, they must be repressed in the adult in order to maintain epithelial integrity and homeostasis. Indeed, pathological activation of Snail in epithelial tumors induces malignancy and the recurrence of tumors. Here we show that in dedifferentiated areas of human renal carcinomas, Snail undergoes a process of reactivation. In addition to tumor progression, renal fibrosis is also linked to the activity of Snail genes and indeed, reactivation of Snail in the adult kidney is sufficient to induce fibrosis. Thus, Snail genes illustrate a paradigm whereby reactivation of crucial embryonic genes in adult tissues provokes the onset of devastating diseases.
International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Low Power and Reduced Area Carry Select Adder

Power dissipation is one of the most important design objectives in integrated circuits, after speed. As adders are the most widely used components in such circuits, design of efficient adder is of much concern for researchers.From the structure of the CSLA, it is clear that there is scope for reducing the area and power consumption in the CSLA. This work uses a fewer transistors to significantly reduce the area and power of the CSLA. Based on this modification 16-bit, square-root CSLA (SQRT CSLA) architecture have been developed and compared with the regular SQRT CSLA architecture. The proposed design has reduced area and power as compared with the regular SQRT CSLA with only a slight increase in the delay. This work evaluates the performance of the proposed designs in terms of delay, area, power, and their products by hand with logical effort and through custom design and layout in 0.18-um Tanner Tool vs13.0 CMOS process technology. The results analysis shows that the proposed CSLA structure is better than the regular SQRT CSLA. I. Introduction DESIGN of area-and power-efficient high-speed data path logic systems are one of the most substantial areas of research in VLSI system design. In digital adders, the speed of addition is limited by the time required to propagate a carry through the adder. The sum for each bit position in an elementary adder is generated sequentially only after the previous bit position has been summed and a carry propagated into the next position. The CSLA is used in many computational systems to alleviate the problem of carry propagation delay by independently generating multiple carries and then select a carry to generate the sum in reference1. However, the CSLA is not area efficient because it uses multiple pairs of Ripple Carry Adders (RCA) to generate partial sum and carry by considering carry input Cin=0 and Cin =1, then the final sum and carry are selected by the multiplexers (mux). The basic idea of this work is to use Binary to Excess-1 converter (BEC) instead of RCA with Cin = 1 in the regular CSLA to achieve lower area and power consumption in ref 2–4. The main advantage of this BEC logic comes from the lesser number of logic gates than the n-bit Full Adder (FA) structure. The details of the BEC logic are discussed in Section III. Carry-ripple adder (CRA) is the simplest approach. However, the carry-look ahead adder (CLA) …
Absolute binding-free energies between standard RNA/DNA nucleobases and amino-acid sidechain analogs in different environments

Despite the great importance of nucleic acid–protein interactions in the cell, our understanding of their physico-chemical basis remains incomplete. In order to address this challenge, we have for the first time determined potentials of mean force and the associated absolute binding free energies between all standard RNA/DNA nucleobases and amino-acid sidechain analogs in high- and low-dielectric environments using molecular dynamics simulations and umbrella sampling. A comparison against a limited set of available experimental values for analogous systems attests to the quality of the computational approach and the force field used. Overall, our analysis provides a microscopic picture behind nucleobase/sidechain interaction preferences and creates a unified framework for understanding and sculpting nucleic acid–protein interactions in different contexts. Here, we use this framework to demonstrate a strong relationship between nucleobase density profiles of mRNAs and nucleobase affinity profiles of their cognate proteins and critically analyze a recent hypothesis that the two may be capable of direct, complementary interactions.
Punishment in Negotiated Transitions: The Case of the Colombian Peace Agreement with the farc-ep

The peace agreement recently concluded between the Government of Colombia and the farc-ep not only marked a milestone in the history of Colombia and peace making; it also introduced an unprecedented penal measure: negotiated criminal punishment. This example demonstrates that criminal punishment can be moulded to accommodate the needs of a society undergoing a political transition triggered by a peace negotiation. In the 1990s Garland already pointed out that penal measures are shaped by their social and historical context, and also affect their social environment. Based mainly on a sociological perspective on punishment, this article analyses the relationship between the punishment negotiated in the recent peace talks with the farc-ep and the Colombian government’s trying to come to terms with atrocities committed during the armed conflict. Based on the Colombian experience, this article also outlines contextual factors, which shape how punishment is negotiated in the context of peace agreements
Extraction of Region of Interest in Compressed Domain

Image transforms are extensively used in image processing and image analysis. Transform is basically a mathematical tool, which allows us to move from one domain to another domain. Transforms play a significant role in various image processing applications namely image compression, image analysis, and image filtering and image enhancement. Nowadays, almost all digital images are stored in compressed format in order to save the computational cost and memory. To save the memory cost, all the image processing techniques like feature extraction, image indexing and watermarking techniques are applied in the compressed domain itself rather than in spatial domain. In this paper, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) compression mechanism is used as excellent energy compaction. The image processing tasks can be reduced by considering the approach described in this paper, which consists of finding relationship between coefficients of a block to all other sub blocks in DCT domain without decompressing it. This paper proposes an algorithm in DCT domain which composed of a block from all its sub-blocks and sub-blocks from its block and produces similar result for both operations thus lowering the complexities of the algorithm.