Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some Correlates of Teachers’ Expectancy Bias

Israeli elementary school teachers graded a handwritten worksheet allegedly written by an “excellent “or a “weak “student. A significant expectancy bias effect was caused by this ability label, similar to documented expectancy bias effects caused by a stereotypic ethnic label. The bias effect was unrelated to the teachers’ ethnic origin and to their preferred method of teaching, and somewhat related (p< .10) to their length of tenure, teachers of longer tenure showing a smaller bias effect. Beliefs about the success of school integration in Israel were related to the expectancy bias: Teachers believing integration to be moderately successful showed no bias effect, while highly optimistic and extreme (“highly successful” and “not at all successful”) respondents showed a significant bias effect. This finding supports previous reports on the relationship between susceptibility to biasing information and extremity of the belief and attitude system.
Perceived Mental Illness Stigma Among Youth in Psychiatric Outpatient Treatment

This research explores the experiences of mental illness stigma in 24 youth (58.3% male, 13-24 years, 75% Latino) in psychiatric outpatient treatment. Using Link and Phelan’s (2001) model of stigmatization, we conducted thematic analysis of the interview texts, examining experiences of stigma at individual and structural levels, in addition to the youths’ social-psychological processes. Youth in psychiatric treatment acknowledged that their larger cultural context holds pejorative viewpoints toward those with mental illness and reported experiences of stigma within their families and social networks. Our results also offer insight into the social-psychological processes of stigma, highlighting how labeling may influence their self-concept and the strategies in which youth engage to manage a stigmatized identity. We discuss differences in stigma experiences by gender, age, and diagnosis. Findings provide new information on the stigma experiences of youth in psychiatric treatment and suggest that a multilevel approach to reduce stigma is warranted.
From Streamlined Combinatorial Search to Efficient Constructive Procedures

In recent years, significant progress in the area of search, constraint satisfaction, and automated reasoning has been driven in part by the study of challenge problems from combinatorics and finite algebra. This work has led to the discovery of interesting discrete structures with intricate mathematical properties. While some of those results have resolved open questions and conjectures, a shortcoming is that they generally do not provide further mathematical insights, from which one could derive more general observations. We propose an approach that integrates specialized combinatorial search, using so-called streamlining, with a human computation component. We use this approach to discover efficient constructive procedures for generating certain classes of combinatorial objects of any size. More specifically, using our framework, we discovered two complementary efficient constructions for generating so-called Spatially Balanced Latin squares (SBLS) of any order N, such that 2N+1 is prime. Previously constructions for SBLSs were not known. Our approach also enabled us to derive a new lower bound for so-called weak Schur numbers, improving on a series of earlier results for Schur numbers.
The Privatization of the Personal? II: Attitudes to the Family and Child-Rearing Values in Modern-Day Russia

The recent and dramatic political and social events in the former Soviet Union have focused interest on the interpersonal lives of the Russian peoples. The two studies reported in this article use the cultural theory of Mary Douglas to examine belief in the family and child-rearing values amongst 792 manual workers, entrepreneurs and students. Analysis at an individual level revealed that individualism and a belief in rules were both negatively related to family commitment. Analysis at an occupational level produced marked, independent occupational effects for child-rearing values, with students and entrepreneurs promoting independence and education as important, whilst manual workers promoted a broader concern for `humanity'. Women were also more family oriented than their male counterparts. The implications of these findings for the future development of the family in Russia are discussed.
Do Older Workers Lower IT-Enabled Productivity?

Summary The paper provides empirical evidence for the question whether firms’ IT-enabled labour productivity is affected by the age structure of the workforce. We apply a production function approach with heterogenous labour to firm-level data from German manufacturing and services industries. We find that workers older than 49 are not significantly less productive than prime age workers, whereas workers younger than 30 are significantly less productive than prime age workers. Older workers using a computer are significantly more productive than older non-computer users. The positive and significant relationship between labour productivity and IT intensity is not affected by the proportion of older workers.
Preparation and Optimization of Resveratrol Nanosuspensions by Antisolvent Precipitation Using Box-Behnken Design

Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic component, has inspired considerable interest for its extensive physiological activities. However, the poor solubility of resveratrol circumscribes its therapeutic applications. The purpose of this study was to optimize and prepare resveratrol nanosuspensions using the antisolvent precipitation method. The effects of crucial formulation and process variables (drug concentration, stabilizer, and surfactant contents) on particle size were investigated by utilizing a three-factor three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) to perform this experiment. Different mathematical polynomial models were used to identify the impact of selected parameters and to evaluate their interrelationship for predictive formulation purposes. The optimal formulation consisted of drug 29.2 (mg/ml), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K17 0.38%, and F188 3.63%, respectively. The morphology of nanosuspensions was found to be near-spherical shaped by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis confirmed that the nanoparticles were in the amorphous state. Furthermore, in comparison to raw material, resveratrol nanosuspensions showed significantly enhanced saturation solubility and accelerated dissolution rate resulting from the decrease in particle size and the amorphous status of nanoparticles. Meanwhile, resveratrol nanosuspensions exhibited the similar antioxidant potency to that of raw resveratrol. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed that the Cmax and AUC0→∞ values of nanosuspension were approximately 3.35- and 1.27-fold greater than those of reference preparation, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that this study provides a beneficial approach to address the poor solubility issue of the resveratrol and affords a rational strategy to widen the application range of this interesting substance.
Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts

ABSTRACT Title VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act clearly forbids an employer to discriminate against persons of color for reasons of personal or customer preference. Similarly, a qualified job applicant may not be rejected on the basis of linguistic traits linked to national origin. In contrast to racial discrimination, however, an employer has considerable latitude in matters of language, provided in part by a judicial system which recognizes in theory the link between language and social identity, but in practice is often confounded by blind adherence to a standard language ideology. The nature and repercussions of this type of linguistic discrimination are here explored. (Language and law, accent, discrimination, standard language ideology, critical language studies)
Parents: Discipline, punishment and child abuse. A four decade study of child rearing attitudes and practices

Compares the findings of repeated studies of child-rearing practices in NZ, in the 1960s, the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s. Highlights the use of physical punishment as compared with other forms of behaviour modification. Advocates legal reform preventing parents from hitting their children, citing the success of law change in Sweden.
Innovation and regulation in telecommunications industry: A comparative institutional economic analysis

Cet article developpe un modele input-output du secteur des telecommunications. Ce modele apprehende ce secteur comme un systeme industriel qui relie les producteurs de contenu (qui generent l’information et la communication a transmettre) avec les recepteurs (qui recoivent ces contenus). Ce systeme est alors constitue par trois ‘clusters’ fonctionnels (intermediaires) qui exploitent quatre types de ressources – tangibles et intangibles – liees aux processus d’innovation, recherche et developpement (R&D). Cette approche systemique permet une analyse economique institutionnelle comparee des regimes alternatifs de regulation. Nous considerons ici les cas polaires de l’integration et de la separation fonctionnelles (engendres par les politiques de separation fonctionnelle, la liberalisation des anciens monopoles publics, l’acces reglemente par les nouveaux entrants, la reglementation des alliances et coentreprises industrielles et commerciales, etc.). Nous analysons les effets de ces regimes sur les niveaux et les incitations a innover par les differents intermediaires, ainsi que sur la performance et la qualite conjointes qu’ils delivrent aux usagers (qu’il s’agisse des producteurs comme des recepteurs des contenus d’information et communication). Nos resultats permettent de formuler des recommandations en termes de regulations industrielle et comptable du secteur des telecommunications. En raison de sa generalite, cette approche systemique pourra s’appliquer a d’autres industries de reseau concernees par des processus d’innovation, recherche et developpement (R&D).
Kaynaştırma ortamındaki işiten öğrencilerin işitme engelli akranlarına yönelik tutumlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi

Bu arastirmada meslek liselerinin 9„ 10. ve II. siniflarinda kaynastirilmis duzenlemede egilim goren isitmeengelli ogrencilere yonelik isiten sinif arkadaslarinin Tutumlarinin cesitli degiskenler acisindan incelenmesiamaclanmistir. Arastirmada Cambra (2002) tarafindan uyarlama calismasi yapilmis olan Ozel Oereks'inimliOgrencilerin Kaynastirilmalarina Yonelik Tutumlari Belirleme Olcegi kullanmistir. Olcek Turkce'yearastirmacilar tarafindan uyarlanmistir. Arastirmanin sonucunda, isiten ogrencilerin isitme engelliarkadaslarina yonelik tutumlarinin bulunduklari sinif duzeyine, birlikle ogrenim gorme surelerine, isitme engellioglenci ile iletisimde kullandiklari yontemlere ve isitme engeline Iliskin bilgi alma durumlarina gore anlamliolarak farklilastigi gozlenmistir, isiten Ogrencinin cinsiyeti ve isiien ogrencinin ailesinde ya da yakin cevresindeisitme engelli birey bulunma durumu ise isitme engelli Ogrenciye yonelik tutumlarda anlamli bir farklilikolusturmamistir.
Judges' Reactions to Sentencing Reform in Ohio

Sentencing reforms are often presumed to be negatively received by the judiciary, although there is little research directly examining why this is the case. In this article, results from a survey of Ohio judges who recently experienced a major sentencing reform (Ohio's Senate Bill 2) are examined. A number of important findings emerge, including that a slight majority of judges favors the reform overall, despite opposition to specific features of the legislation. There is also evidence that judges who are personally unfavorable toward Senate Bill 2 assume that the majority of judges share their disfavor, whereas judges who favor the bill are more realistic in their perceptions of others' assessments. Chi-square analysis and principal components analysis show that general disfavor of Senate Bill 2 is associated with concerns about loss of judicial authority but that many judges who favor the bill believe it can promote greater equity in sentencing.
Persistence of regenerative myogenesis in spite of down-regulation of activity-dependent genes in long-term denervated rat muscle

Abstract Contrary to general expectation, in humans, we have recently shown that after complete conus cauda lesion, the lower motoneuron denervated myofibers may survive several years. In adult rats, the sciatectomized muscle progresses in 4–6 months from severe atrophy to a dystrophic stage and undergoes a dramatic weight loss; during this process, myofiber death/regeneration processes maintain a decreasing population of very small, but vital myofibers. At the same time, in vitro electrophysiologic recordings show that denervated fibers can maintain membrane excitability longer than they can retain contractile properties. A certain level of myofiber regeneration seems to have a role in the process, with the early re-expression of embryonic subunits of integrins and acetylcholine receptor subunits. In the present work, using the reliable real-time quantitative PCR, we confirm the long-lasting occurrence of myoblast proliferation-dependent events and their focal nature. In fact, we show here that in sciatectomized muscle, the expression of 12 selected genes was differentially regulated after 3 and 9 month denervation. At both time points, indexes of muscle activity/inactivity and tissue remodeling (proteolysis, energy usage and angiogenic factors) were down-regulated, while indexes of regenerative myogenesis (Myogenin, MyoD, MRF4 and MHCemb) were up-regulated. Immunohistochemistry with anti-MHCemb and anti-NCAM monoclonal antibodies show that such regeneration events were focally distributed. We conclude that myofiber regeneration is a non-compensatory mechanism, which prolongs the chance of reinnervation during long-lasting denervation. It may also contribute to muscle recovery in paraplegic patients, even when rehabilitation strategies based on functional electric stimulation start late after spinal cord injury (SCI).
Rendering and subjective evaluation of real vs. synthetic vibrotactile cues on a digital piano keyboard

The perceived properties of a digital piano keyboard were studied in two experiments involving different types of vibrotactile cues in connection with sonic feedback. The ﬁrst experiment implemented a free playing task in which subjects had to rate the perceived quality of the instrument according to ﬁve attributes: Dynamic control, Richness, Engagement, Naturalness, and General preference. The second experiment measured performance in timing and dynamic control in a scale playing task. While the vibrating condition was preferred over the standard non-vibrating setup in terms of perceived quality, no signiﬁcant differences were observed in timing and dynamics accuracy. Overall, these results must be considered preliminary to an extension of the experiment involving repeated measurements with more subjects.
Emissions from biomass burning in the

R. Yokelson, J. D. Crounse, P. F. DeCarlo, T. Karl, S. Urbanski, E. Atlas, T. Campos, Y. Shinozuka, V. Kapustin, A. D. Clarke, A. Weinheimer, D. J. Knapp, D. D. Montzka, J. Holloway, P. Weibring, F. Flocke, W. Zheng, D. Toohey, P. O. Wennberg, C. Wiedinmyer, L. Mauldin, A. Fried, D. Richter, J. Walega, J. L. Jimenez, K. Adachi, P. R. Buseck, S. R. Hall, and R. Shetter University of Montana, Department of Chemistry, Missoula, MT 59812, USA Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES), and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Boulder, USA Now at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen Switzerland National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA USDA Forest Service, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT, USA University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, USA School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
Multiple-Choice and Short-Answer Exam Performance in a College Classroom

The authors experimentally investigated the effects of multiple-choice and short-answer format exam items on exam performance in a college classroom. They randomly assigned 50 students to take a 10-item short-answer pretest or posttest on two 50-item multiple-choice exams in an introduction to personality course. Students performed significantly better on items presented in a multiple-choice format. The high internal validity achieved with matched test items, manipulation of item type order, and manipulation of student expectancy across exams was complemented by high external validity and pedagogical ecology afforded by the college classroom, extending previous laboratory findings. Performance on multiple-choice exams may provide inaccurate information to instructors concerning student learning and overestimate students' learning of course information.
The reflexive turn in French and German-speaking geography in comparison

Abstract. The papers presented by Bernard Debarbieux and Ute Wardenga at the symposium on "Les fabriques des `Geographies' – making Geographies in Europe'' and published in this thematic issue both take a historiographical perspective, which at a first glance seems evident. In order to understand how geography is thought about and practiced, the best is to look back on how these thoughts and practices have been respectively established and have evolved in the different national contexts. But at second glance, this historiographical perspective seems revealing regarding the status and the position of geography as an academic discipline. One can hardly imagine a symposium on the "making philosophy'' or "making physics'' in Europe privileging such a historiographical stance in order to illustrate and understand the differences and commonalities of a discipline in different countries today. Other disciplines might have favoured a dialogue on how a theory or a prominent author is received in order to excavate the differences or commonalities in a particular discipline of different countries. Such dialogues have been organized for example in Sociology with the exchange of approaches on Bourdieu published by Catherine Colliot-Thelene, Etienne Francois and Gunter Gebauer (2005). Another example and a reference of such dialogues is the famous debate on hermeneutics between Hans-Georg Gadamer and Jacques Derrida in the early 1980s. The emphasis on the history (Debarbieux) and the way to write the history of geography (Wardenga) points out the difficulty of our discipline to position itself in academia, and reveals the crisis to which Wardenga refers to in her paper. As Ute Wardenga pointed out by quoting Jorn Rusen, "genetical narratives'' are part of identity formation processes by "mediating permanence and change to a process of self-definition'' (Rusen, 1987, cited by Wardenga, this issue). Both presented papers expose in different but complementary ways this identity formation of geography as a distinct discipline on the national scale in France (B. Debarbieux) and on a more international scale (U. Wardenga). The first analyses the conceptualization of space, the nation and the national territory by French geographers, while the second reflects upon the internationalization of the historiography of our discipline, meaning the way history is written and not the history itself. The underlying question here is the specificity of geography in Germany or in France and what their relationships are with other geographies, i.e. in how far they are influenced by or reject ideas and methodologies especially (but not exclusively) from Anglophone geographers.
A Comparison of In Situ Aircraft Measurements of Carbon Dioxide and Methane to GOSAT Data Measured Over Railroad Valley Playa, Nevada, USA

In this paper, we report the vertical profiles of CO2 and CH4 measured with a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) on a research aircraft from near-ground level to 8 km above mean sea level. The airborne platform employed in this paper is an Alpha Jet aircraft operated from NASA's Ames Research Center. Flights were undertaken to Railroad Valley, NV, USA, to coincide with overpasses of the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). Ground-based CO2 and CH4 were simultaneously measured using CRDS, at the time and location of the airborne and satellite measurements. Results of three GOSAT coordinated aircraft profiles and ground-based measurements in June 2011 are presented and discussed in this paper. The accuracy of the CO2 and CH4 measurements has been determined based upon laboratory calibrations (World Meteorological Organisation traceable standard) and pressure/temperature flight simulations in a test chamber. The overall uncertainty for the airborne measurements ranged from 0.31 to 0.39 ppm for CO2 and from 3.5 to 5.6 ppb for CH4. Our column-averaged CO2 and CH4 measurements, which include about 61% of the total atmospheric mass, are extrapolated, using different techniques, to include the remainder of the tropospheric and stratospheric CO2 and CH4. The CO2 data are then analyzed using the Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space 2.9 and 3.3 algorithms. For methane data, the RemoTeC v2.1 algorithm was used in its full physics setup. Column-averaged CO2 and XCO2, measured by GOSAT and analyzed from our data, ranged from 388.1 to 396.4 ppm, and XCH4 ranged from 1.743 to 1.822 ppm. The agreement of the satellite and aircraft CO2 mixing ratios, as well as ground measurements, falls within the uncertainties of the methods employed to acquire these numbers.
EXPLODING THE CULTURE OF CENSORSHIP, REPRESSION AND SILENCE: A CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF RESPONSE TO SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN PERSONS WITH DEMENTIA LIVING IN LONG TERM CARE

This dissertation was undertaken to scrutinize the positions of professional and family care givers in response to the sexual behaviours of persons living with dementia in three long term care facilities. In keeping with the tenets of critical ethnography and critical social theory, the intent was to identify response patterns that might need to be altered to reflect a person-centred dementia care philosophy (Kitwood, 1997, 1998). Semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and document review provided the material through which the rules, moral codes and actions in response to sexual behaviours were explicated. Ethnographic data transformation was undertaken through a process of description, analysis and interpretation. The most striking findings of this research were: a) the response patterns were conservative, protectionist and linear, ultimately leading to sexual expression being forbidden or admonished; b) There was a lack of organizational support so that study participants were operating within a vacuum. Consequently, participants relied upon their own value and belief systems when responding to sexual behaviour, leading to practice inconsistencies; and c) There was an overwhelming culture of silence in regard to the sexual behaviour of persons with dementia. The reluctance and discomfort, with which both staff and families approached sexual expression of residents with dementia, resulted in collusion that ensured sexual expression remained closeted and repressed. Study findings suggest that the culture of censorship and silence surrounding sexuality in persons with dementia remains similar to the centuries-old viewpoint
Stylistic Variation in the Repertoire of the Bilingual/Multilingual Speaker

Singapore English, which is said to be lying at the border of English as a second language and English as a native language, is marked by a &dquo;definite lack of stylistic variation&dquo; so much so that no distinction is maintained between their sociolectal range and functional range. Elaborating this phenomenon, Platt and Weber (1982: 83) observe: &dquo;This provides some speakers with a wide range (between formal and informal speech) but does not give them the subtlety of variation (e.g. between