Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional cartography of hematopoietic clusters in the vasculature of whole mouse embryos

Hematopoietic cell clusters in the aorta of vertebrate embryos play a pivotal role in the formation of the adult blood system. Despite their importance, hematopoietic clusters have not been systematically quantitated or mapped because of technical limitations posed by the opaqueness of whole mouse embryos. Here, we combine an approach to make whole mouse embryos transparent, with multicolor marking, to allow observation of hematopoietic clusters using high-resolution 3-dimensional confocal microscopy. Our method provides the first complete map and temporal quantitation of all hematopoietic clusters in the mouse embryonic vasculature. We show that clusters peak in number at embryonic day 10.5, localize to specific vascular subregions and are heterogeneous, indicating a basal endothelial to non-basal (outer cluster) hematopoietic cell transition. Clusters enriched with the c-Kit+CD31+SSEA1– cell population contain functional hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells. Thus, three-dimensional cartography of transparent mouse embryos provides novel insight into the vascular subregions instrumental in hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell development, and represents an important technological advancement for comprehensive in situ hematopoietic cluster analysis.
Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE While several studies have shown that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an efficacious treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, few studies have addressed the outcome of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, even though this treatment is widely used. The aim of this study was to compare short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and CBT with regard to treatment outcome in generalized anxiety disorder. METHOD Patients with generalized anxiety disorder according to DSM-IV were randomly assigned to receive either CBT (N=29) or short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (N=28). Treatments were carried out according to treatment manuals and included up to 30 weekly sessions. The primary outcome measure was the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, which was applied by trained raters blind to the treatment conditions. Assessments were carried out at the completion of treatment and 6 months afterward. RESULTS Both CBT and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy yielded significant, large, and stable improvements with regard to symptoms of anxiety and depression. No significant differences in outcome were found between treatments in regard to the primary outcome measure. These results were corroborated by two self-report measures of anxiety. In measures of trait anxiety, worry, and depression, however, CBT was found to be superior. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that CBT and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy are beneficial for patients with generalized anxiety disorder. In future research, large-scale multicenter studies should examine more subtle differences between treatments, including differences in the patients who benefit most from each form of therapy.
The Development of Combinatorial Reasoning: The Role of Cognitive Capacity

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of information-processing demands on the performance of 56 second through fifth-graders on combinatorial ordering problems. Children were tested on Piagetian colored token problems after they had practiced producing orderings in one of four experimental conditions. The four conditions resulted from a factorial arrangement of two techniques. The first was hypothesized to reduce information-processing demands by requiring children to use counting principles to order elements from a well-learned and meaningful series (for example, of digits). The second technique was intended to encourage children to recognize for themselves the need for an efficient system by requiring them to predict problem solutions. Results suggested that successful performance on a combinatorial problem may depend upon the task's information-processing demands not exceeding the child's cognitive capacity.
Crime, Fear, and Legitimating Ideologies

Beckett and Sasson argue that the wars on crime and drugs of the 1980s and 1990s were part of an elite-engineered hegemonic strategy aimed at replacing the welfare state with the security state. As the welfare state came under attack, a new hegemonic strategy emerged that attacked welfare policies and promoted “tough on crime” policies. Yet, Beckett and Sasson note that for the new hegemonic strategy to be successful, it must be rooted in the experiences and cultural beliefs of the general population. We investigate the possibility of an elite-engineered effort to build support for tough on crime policies by conducting a time series analysis using General Social Survey data and statements by presidents in State of the Union addresses from 1972 to 2010. Specifically, we predict aggregate levels of fear of crime and support for welfare spending with presidential mentions of “crime” and “welfare” in State of the Union addresses. Our results indicate that fear increases when presidents discuss crime and welfare in the State of the Union. In addition, fear of crime is inversely related to supporting welfare spending. These relationships hold even after controlling for crime rates. Our findings offer support for Beckett and Sasson’s argument.
Line-driven disc wind models with an improved line force

We describe an efficient method of calculating the radiation pressure due to spectral lines, including all the terms in the velocity gradient tensor. We apply this method to calculate the two-dimensional, time-dependent structure of winds from luminous disks. Qualitative features of our new models are very similar to those we calculated including only the dominant terms in the tensor (Proga, Stone & Drew 1998, hereafter PSD). In particular, we find that models which displayed unsteady behaviour in PSD are also unsteady with the new method, and gross properties of the winds, such as massloss rate and characteristic velocity are not changed by the more accurate approach. The largest change caused by the new method is in the disk-wind opening angle: winds driven only by the disk radiation are more polar with the new method while winds driven by the disk and central object radiation are typically more equatorial. In the closing discussion, we provide further insight into the way the geometry of the radiation field and consequent flow determines the time properties of the flow.
Identiﬁcation and Characterization of Two Novel Clostridial Bacteriocins, Circularin A and Closticin 574

Two novel antibacterial peptides of clostridial species were puriﬁed, N-terminally sequenced, and charac- terized. Moreover, their structural genes were identiﬁed. Closticin 574 is an 82-amino-acid bacteriocin produced by Clostridium tyrobutyricum ADRIAT 932. The supernatant of the producing strain showed a high level of activity against the indicator strain C. tyrobutyricum . The protein is synthesized as a preproprotein that is possibly secreted via the general secretion pathway, after which it is hydrolyzed at an Asp-Pro site. Circularin A is produced by Clostridium beijerinckii ATCC 25752 as a prepeptide of 72 amino acids. Cleavage of the prepeptide between the third leucine and fourth valine residues followed by a head-to-tail ligation between the N and C termini creates a circular antimicrobial peptide of 69 amino acids. The unusually small circularin A leader peptide of three amino acids is cleaved off in this process. The supernatant of C. beijerinckii ATCC 25752 showed a broad antibacterial activity range. Sequence anal- ysis degradation an sequena-tor or Biosystems, Warrington, United Kingdom) Applied Biosystems. Biotechnology sequence A under accession
Emotional Openness in Overweight and Normal-Weight Adolescents

Obesity is common among adolescents and is associated with a number of medical complications. As maladaptive emotional processing is assumed to influence obesity, this research investigated emotional openness (EO), a general model of emotional processing, in normal-weight versus overweight adolescents, with consideration of gender differences. The goal was to determine whether a particular EO profile is characteristic of overweight adolescents. This research also explored the psychometric characteristics of the Dimensions of Openness to Emotions Questionnaire (DOE-20), a comprehensive multifactorial instrument that assesses emotional processing. The DOE-20 and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) short form were completed by 160 adolescents (mean age: 14.36 ± 0.61 years), 39 of which were overweight. A multivariate analysis of variance showed no difference with respect to overweight status, but boys had a better ability to recognize and regulate emotions than girls. The original five-factor s.
The mediating role of Intrinsic Motivation between Islamic Work Ethics and Employee Job Satisfaction

This study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of Intrinsic Motivation between Islamic Work Ethics and Employee Job Satisfaction. The study found three direct relationships and one mediating relationship. All the direct relationships were significantly related with each other and the mediating variable showed partial relationship. A more participative study can add more effective results, as well as concrete focus on one sector either public or private, can give a closer picture. 100 questionnaires were distributed among the full time employees of public and private organizations of Pakistan. 80 valid questionnaires were received. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect the data. Implications, limitations and suggestions for further research and practitioners are discussed in this study.
A Portrait of Contemplative Teaching

The aim of this article is to investigate how a contemplative orientation to teaching may facilitate wholeness for teachers and students through a portrait of Diana, a kindergarten teacher working in a contemplative elementary school. The portrait, one of three portraits from a larger study, illustrates three central features of contemplative teaching: compassion, integrity, and mindful awareness. These three central features develop internally within individual teachers and are animated and influenced externally through their role as teachers. The context of their teaching, relationships with students, parents, and colleagues, and pedagogical choices, in turn influence the three central features. The emphasis on wholeness, unity, and integration of a contemplative orientation to teaching moves us toward a view of teachers and students as beings with not only minds and heads but also hearts and bodies. Contemplative teaching offers educational communities a path toward transformational, holistic, and integrative learning and teaching.
Acquiring and inhibiting prepotent responses in schizophrenia: event-related brain potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is associated with deficits in using context to establish prepotent responses in complex paradigms and failures to inhibit prepotent responses once established. OBJECTIVE To assess prepotent response establishment and inhibition in patients with schizophrenia using event-related brain potential (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a simple NoGo task. To combine fMRI and ERP data to focus on fMRI activations associated with the brief (approximately 200 ms) moment of context updating reflected in the NoGo P300 ERP component. DESIGN AND SETTING We collected ERP and fMRI data while subjects performed a NoGo task requiring a speedy button press to X stimuli (P=.88) but not to K stimuli (P=.12). The ERPs were collected at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif; fMRIs were collected at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. PARTICIPANTS We recruited patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia (n=11) from the community and the VA hospital and sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects (n=11) from the community. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Behavioral accuracy, P300 amplitudes and latencies, and fMRI activations suggested that patients with schizophrenia did not establish as strong a prepotent tendency to respond to the Go stimulus as healthy subjects. In healthy subjects, NoGo P300 was related to activations in the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, and right inferior parietal lobule and caudate nucleus, perhaps reflecting conflict experienced when withholding a response, control needed to inhibit a response, and stopping a response in action, respectively. In patients with schizophrenia, NoGo P300 was modestly related to activations in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is consistent with experiencing conflict. CONCLUSIONS The difference in ERP and fMRI responses to Go and NoGo stimuli suggested that inhibiting a response was easier for patients with schizophrenia than for healthy subjects. Correlations of P300 and fMRI data suggested that patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects used different neural structures to inhibit responses, with healthy subjects using a more complex system.
Affect systems, changes in body mass index, disordered eating and stress: an 18-month longitudinal study in women

ABSTRACT Background: Evidence suggests that stress plays a role in changes in body weight and disordered eating. The present study examined the effect of mood, affect systems (attachment and social rank) and affect regulatory processes (self-criticism, self-reassurance) on the stress process and how this impacts on changes in weight and disordered eating. Methods: A large sample of women participated in a community-based prospective, longitudinal online study in which measures of body mass index (BMI), disordered eating, perceived stress, attachment, social rank, mood and self-criticism/reassurance were measured at 6-monthly intervals over an 18-month period. Results: Latent Growth Curve Modelling showed that BMI increased over 18 months while stress and disordered eating decreased and that these changes were predicted by high baseline levels of these constructs. Independently of this, however, increases in stress predicted a reduction in BMI which was, itself, predicted by baseline levels of self-hatred and unfavourable social comparison. Conclusions: This study adds support to the evidence that stress is important in weight change. In addition, this is the first study to show in a longitudinal design, that social rank and self-criticism (as opposed to self-reassurance) at times of difficulty predict increases in stress and, thus, suggests a role for these constructs in weight regulation.
Object decoding with attention in inferior temporal cortex

Recognizing objects in cluttered scenes requires attentional mechanisms to filter out distracting information. Previous studies have found several physiological correlates of attention in visual cortex, including larger responses for attended objects. However, it has been unclear whether these attention-related changes have a large impact on information about objects at the neural population level. To address this question, we trained monkeys to covertly deploy their visual attention from a central fixation point to one of three objects displayed in the periphery, and we decoded information about the identity and position of the objects from populations of ∼200 neurons from the inferior temporal cortex using a pattern classifier. The results show that before attention was deployed, information about the identity and position of each object was greatly reduced relative to when these objects were shown in isolation. However, when a monkey attended to an object, the pattern of neural activity, represented as a vector with dimensionality equal to the size of the neural population, was restored toward the vector representing the isolated object. Despite this nearly exclusive representation of the attended object, an increase in the salience of nonattended objects caused “bottom-up” mechanisms to override these “top-down” attentional enhancements. The method described here can be used to assess which attention-related physiological changes are directly related to object recognition, and should be helpful in assessing the role of additional physiological changes in the future.
Individual differences, density dependence and offspring birth traits in a population of red deer

Variation between individuals is an essential component of natural selection and evolutionary change, but it is only recently that the consequences of persistent differences between individuals on population dynamics have been considered. In particular, few authors have addressed whether interactions exist between individual quality and environmental variation. In part, this is due to the difficulties of collecting sufficient data, but also the challenge of defining individual quality. Using a long-established study population of red deer, Cervus elaphus, inhabiting the North Block of the Isle of Rum, and three quality measures, this paper investigates how differences in maternal quality affect variation in birth body mass and date, as population density varies, and how this differs depending on the sex of the offspring and the maternal quality measure used. Significant interactions between maternal quality, measured as a hind's total contribution to population growth, and population density are reported for birth mass, but only for male calves. Analyses using dominance or age at primiparity to define maternal quality showed no significant interactions with population density, highlighting the difficulties of defining a consistent measure of individual quality.
FACILITATION EFFECTS OF A PREPARATORY SKATEBOARD TRAINING ON THE LEARNING OF SNOWBOARDING

Surfing’s progeny, snowboarding and skateboarding, present similar positional, visual, and kinesthetic reafferential aspects. Such aspects lead us to the assumption of a positive knowledge transfer from skateboarding to snowboarding. In this investigation we analyzed the probability of and theories for the transfer effect under field conditions. Students of the experimental group received five skateboarding lessons. They then joined a student control group for a six-day school snowboarding trip. Both groups were videotaped on the second and sixth days of the trip. Experts rated snowboarding performance of subjects pertaining to either of groups on a scale of one (very bad) to ten (excellent) points. Inter-rater reliability was very good. While there were no significant differences between the groups on the second day, the students of the experimental group significantly outperformed students of the control group in snowboarding on the sixth day (M control =4.80, SD control =2.10; M treat =6.56, SD treat =2.10; T=-1.78, df=16, p one-tailed =.045, d=-.83). Given a common underlying structure of skateboarding and snowboarding, skateboarding lessons that develop that structure have a facilitation effect on learning how to snowboard successfully.
Queering Street: Homosociality, Masculinity, and Disability in Friday Night Lights

Gender and ability are integral to the cultural significance of sport, but contemporary media depictions of high school athletes rarely direct attention to the interaction of these issues. In contrast, the critically acclaimed television series Friday Night Lights (FNL) presents a complex and problematic portrayal of masculinity, disability, and sport. Our analysis explores how its disability imagery and themes obscure displays that inform a subtext of homoerotics. Bringing queer and disability theory together, we craft a lens for reading the show's coordination of compulsory able-bodiedness and compulsory heterosexuality. Using Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's analysis of homosociality to discuss specific erotic triangles in FNL's first season, we examine how its displays of homosocial desire and disability interact. Erotic triangles appear throughout the series and generate much of the show's dramatic appeal. A central plotline of the first season revolves around high school quarterback Jason Street, who becomes quadriplegic after a football injury in the pilot episode. Street's disability changes his relationships with the other main characters and dramatically transforms his place in the show's erotic triangles. Reading Street's disability story as a queer narrative, we emphasize the series’ display of contests between homosociality and homoerotics, emasculation and rehabilitation, and athletics and disability.
Differences between More Divergent and More Rotational Types of Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves. Part II: Composite Analysis based on Space-Time Filtering

AbstractThis paper describes an analysis of multiyear satellite datasets to characterize the modulations of convective versus stratiform rain, rain system size, and column water vapor by convectively coupled equatorial waves. Composites are built around space–time filtered equatorial-belt data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall product, while TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) and passive microwave data are the composited variables. The results are consistent with the more reanalysis-dependent findings in Part I, indicating that higher-frequency (or more divergent) waves, such as Kelvin and inertia–gravity families, modulate mesoscale convective systems and stratiform rain relatively more, whereas slower (or more rotational) types such as Rossby, mixed Rossby–gravity, and tropical depression (TD) or “easterly” waves primarily modulate convective rain and smaller-sized precipitation systems.Column water vapor composites indicate that the more rotational wave types modulate the moi.
Local opportunity structures, social capital and social inequalities in health: what can central and local governments do?

Issues addressed: Health promotion policy, and strategies to improve social capital and reduce inequalities in health, should take into account both places and people. Methods: A study of physical features, availability of healthy environments, support services, sociocultural features, area reputation and social capital in two socially contrasting localities in Glasgow. Results: Local opportunity structures that might promote good health, and beneficial social capital, are less likely to be present in poorer areas, and levels of positive assessments of the neighbourhood, civic engagement, social trust and social cohesion are also lower in these areas. Conclusions: Policies should not focus exclusively on either places or people, but should be directed towards both; policies should be directed towards both the physical and social environment; and central and local governments should be encouraged to undertake health impact assessments and health inequalities impact assessments, on policies with an impact on the health of the local population. So what? The data suggest that the role of central and local government should be to strengthen infrastructural resources that promote health and social capital in more disadvantaged communities, to assess the possible consequences on population health and inequalities in health of a range of policies and programs and to use their planning powers to improve physical and social opportunity structures. (author abstract)