Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Training wide residual networks for deployment using a single bit for each weight

For fast and energy-efficient deployment of trained deep neural networks on resource-constrained embedded hardware, each learned weight parameter should ideally be represented and stored using a single bit. Error-rates usually increase when this requirement is imposed. Here, we report large improvements in error rates on multiple datasets, for deep convolutional neural networks deployed with 1-bit-per-weight. Using wide residual networks as our main baseline, our approach simplifies existing methods that binarize weights by applying the sign function in training; we apply scaling factors for each layer with constant unlearned values equal to the layer-specific standard deviations used for initialization. For CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ImageNet, and models with 1-bit-per-weight requiring less than 10 MB of parameter memory, we achieve error rates of 3.9%, 18.5% and 26.0% / 8.5% (Top-1 / Top-5) respectively. We also considered MNIST, SVHN and ImageNet32, achieving 1-bit-per-weight test results of 0.27%, 1.9%, and 41.3% / 19.1% respectively. For CIFAR, our error rates halve previously reported values, and are within about 1% of our error-rates for the same network with full-precision weights. For networks that overfit, we also show significant improvements in error rate by not learning batch normalization scale and offset parameters. This applies to both full precision and 1-bit-per-weight networks. Using a warm-restart learning-rate schedule, we found that training for 1-bit-per-weight is just as fast as full-precision networks, with better accuracy than standard schedules, and achieved about 98%-99% of peak performance in just 62 training epochs for CIFAR-10/100. For full training code and trained models in MATLAB, Keras and PyTorch see this https URL .
Efficient FPGA Implementation of the SHA-3 Hash Function

In this paper, three different approaches are considered for FPGA based implementations of the SHA-3 hash functions. While the performance of proposed unfolded and pipelined structures just match the state of the art, the dependencies of the structures which are folded slice-wise allow to further improve the efficiency of the existing state of the art. By solving the intra-round dependencies caused by the θ step-mapping with the pre-computation of values and by improving the memory mapping, it is possible to reduce the required area resources and obtain shorter datapath. This allows to achieve an efficiency improvement of at least 50% in regard to the state of art. This work also provides an overview of the achievable performance and cost for different folding/unrolling options.
Once a Frog-Lover, Always a Frog-Lover?: Infants’ Goal Generalization Is Influenced by the Nature of Accompanying Speech

The ability to interpret choices as enduring preferences that generalize beyond the immediate situation gives adults a powerful means of predicting and explaining others’ behavior. How do infants come to recognize that current choices can be driven by generalizable preferences? Although infants can encode others’ actions in terms of goals (Woodward, 1998), there is evidence that 10-month-olds still fail to generalize goal information presented in one environment to an event sequence occurring in a new environment (Sommerville & Crane, 2009). Are there some circumstances in which infants interpret others’ goals as generalizable across environments? We investigate whether the vocalizations a person produces while selecting an object in one room influences infants’ generalization of the goal to a new room. Ten-month-olds did not spontaneously generalize the actor’s goal, but did generalize the actor’s goal when the actor initially accompanied her object selection with a statement of preference. Infants’ generalization was not driven by the attention-grabbing features of the statement or the mere use of language, as they did not generalize when the actor used matched nonspeech vocalizations or sung speech. Infants interpreted the goal as person-specific, as they did not generalize the choice to a new actor. We suggest that the referential specificity of accompanying speech vocalizations influences infants’ tendency to interpret a choice as personal rather than situational.
Automated Interpretation of Blood Culture Gram Stains by Use of a Deep Convolutional Neural Network

ABSTRACT Microscopic interpretation of stained smears is one of the most operator-dependent and time-intensive activities in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Here, we investigated application of an automated image acquisition and convolutional neural network (CNN)-based approach for automated Gram stain classification. Using an automated microscopy platform, uncoverslipped slides were scanned with a 40× dry objective, generating images of sufficient resolution for interpretation. We collected 25,488 images from positive blood culture Gram stains prepared during routine clinical workup. These images were used to generate 100,213 crops containing Gram-positive cocci in clusters, Gram-positive cocci in chains/pairs, Gram-negative rods, or background (no cells). These categories were targeted for proof-of-concept development as they are associated with the majority of bloodstream infections. Our CNN model achieved a classification accuracy of 94.9% on a test set of image crops. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated a robust ability to differentiate between categories with an area under the curve of >0.98 for each. After training and validation, we applied the classification algorithm to new images collected from 189 whole slides without human intervention. Sensitivity and specificity were 98.4% and 75.0% for Gram-positive cocci in chains and pairs, 93.2% and 97.2% for Gram-positive cocci in clusters, and 96.3% and 98.1% for Gram-negative rods. Taken together, our data support a proof of concept for a fully automated classification methodology for blood-culture Gram stains. Importantly, the algorithm was highly adept at identifying image crops with organisms and could be used to present prescreened, classified crops to technologists to accelerate smear review. This concept could potentially be extended to all Gram stain interpretive activities in the clinical laboratory.
Trisomy 12 is associated with an abbreviated redistribution lymphocytosis during treatment with the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Baker, NA, Sept, D, Joseph, S, Holst, MJ & McCammon, JA (2001) Electrostatics of nanosystems: application to microtubules and the ribosome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 10037–10041. Kumar, R, Chan, AKC, Dawson, JE, Forman-Kay, JD, Kahr, WHA & Williams, S (2014) Clinical presentation and molecular basis of congenital antithrombin deficiency in children: a cohort study. British Journal of Haematology, 166, 130–139. Luxembourg, B, Delev, D, Geisen, C, Spannagl, M, Krause, M, Miesbach, W, Heller, C, Bergmann, F, Schmeink, U, Grossmann, R, Lindhoff-Last, E, Seifried, E, Oldenburg, J & Pavlova, A (2011) Molecular basis of antithrombin deficiency. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 105, 635–646. Luxembourg, B, Pavlova, A, Geisen, C, Spannagl, M, Bergmann, F, Krause, M, Alesci, S, Seifried, E & Lindhoff-Last, E (2013) Impact of the type of SERPINC1 mutation and subtype of antithrombin deficiency on the thrombotic phenotype in hereditary antithrombin deficiency. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 111, 249–257. Martinelli, I, Mannucci, PM, De Stefano, V, Taioli, E, Rossi, V, Crosti, F, Paciaroni, K, Leone, G & Faioni, EM (1998) Different risks of thrombosis in four coagulation defects associated with inherited thrombophilia: a study of 150 families. Blood, 92, 2353–2358. Patnaik, MM &Moll, S (2008) Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review. Haemophilia, 14, 1229–1239. Tait, RC, Walker, ID, Perry, DJ, Islam, SI, Daly, ME, McCall, F, Conkie, JA & Carrell, RW (1994) Prevalence of antithrombin deficiency in the healthy population. British Journal of Haematology, 87, 106–112. Vossen, CY, Conard, J, Fontcuberta, J, Makris, M, FJ, VDM, Pabinger, I, Palareti, G, Preston, FE, Scharrer, I, Souto, JC, Svensson, P, Walker, ID & Rosendaal, FR (2005) Risk of a first venous thrombotic event in carriers of a familial thrombophilic defect. The European Prospective Cohort on Thrombophilia (EPCOT). Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 3, 459–464.
Oral treatment with β‐lactoglobulin peptides prevents clinical symptoms in a mouse model for cow's milk allergy

Prior exposure to partial whey hydrolysates has been shown to reduce the allergic response to whey in mice. This effect was more pronounced in combination with a diet containing non‐digestible oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS). It is unknown which fractions/epitopes are responsible for this effect. Therefore, the prophylactic ability of synthetic peptides of β‐lactoglobulin with/without a scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS‐containing diet to reduce the allergic response in a mouse model for cow's milk allergy was investigated.
Impact of SLCO1B1 Genotype on Pediatric Simvastatin Acid Pharmacokinetics

This study investigated the impact of allelic variation in SLCO1B1, a gene encoding for the liver‐specific solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 protein (SLCO1B1), on simvastatin and simvastatin acid (SVA) systemic exposure in children and adolescents. Participants (8–20 years old) with at least 1 variant SLCO1B1 c.521T>C allele (521TC, n = 15; 521CC, n = 2) and 2 wild‐type alleles (521TT, n = 15) completed a single oral dose pharmacokinetic study. At equivalent doses, SVA exposure was 6.3‐ and 2.5‐fold greater in 521CC and TC genotypes relative to 521TT (Cmax, 2.1 ± 0.2 vs 1.0 ± 0.5 vs 0.4 ± 0.3 ng/mL; P < .0001; and AUC, 12.1 ± 0.3 vs 4.5 ± 2.5 vs 1.9 ± 1.8 ng·h/mL; P < .0001). The impact of the SLCO1B1 c.521 genotype was more pronounced in children, although considerable interindividual variability in SVA exposure was observed within genotype groups. In addition, SVA systemic exposure was negligible in 25% of pediatric participants. Further investigation of the ontogeny and genetic variation of SVA formation and SLCO1B1‐mediated hepatic uptake is necessary to better understand the variability in SVA exposure in children and its clinical consequences.
Recent advances in optical diagnosis of oral cancers: Review and future perspectives

Optical diagnosis techniques offer several advantages over traditional approaches, including objectivity, speed, and cost, and these label‐free, noninvasive methods have the potential to change the future workflow of cancer management. The oral cavity is particularly accessible and, thus, such methods may serve as alternate/adjunct tools to traditional methods. Recently, in vivo human clinical studies have been initiated with a view to clinical translation of such technologies. A comprehensive review of optical methods in oral cancer diagnosis is presented. After an introduction to the epidemiology and etiological factors associated with oral cancers currently used, diagnostic methods and their limitations are presented. A thorough review of fluorescence, infrared absorption, and Raman spectroscopic methods in oral cancer diagnosis is presented. The applicability of minimally invasive methods based on serum/saliva is also discussed. The review concludes with a discussion on future demands and scope of developments from a clinical point of view. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2403–E2411, 2016
Ontological Evaluation of Conceptual Models

The objective of this paper is to present a philosophically sound approach to conceptual model evaluation. Accordingly, the ontological evaluation of conceptual models is enriched with a linguistic interpretivist perspective. The need for such an approach to evaluation is justified by the substantial economic importance of conceptual models. The quality of a conceptual model has a significant impact on other IT artefacts and, thus, on the costs of IT projects. However, little research has so far focused on their evaluation. In the course of this paper, we develop a framework which describes the current state of research and recognizes neglected research fields. With the aid of this framework we identify a notable shortcoming in conceptual model evaluation research, especially with respect to philosophically sound evaluation procedures. Based on these findings we address the following research questions: What are the shortcomings in current evaluation research, what are the merits of ‘ontological evaluation’ in this context, and how can the linguistic interpretivist approach help to form a comprehensive and philosophically sound conceptual model evaluation approach?
Three narrative-based coding systems: Innovative moments, ambivalence and ambivalence resolution

Abstract Narrative and dialogical perspectives suggest that personal meaning systems' flexibility is an important resource for change in psychotherapy. Drawn from these theoretical backgrounds, a research program focused on the identification of Innovative Moments (IMs)—exceptions to the inflexible meaning systems present in psychopathological suffering—has been carried out. For this purpose, three process-oriented coding systems were developed: The IMs Coding System, the Ambivalence Coding System, and the Ambivalence Resolution Coding System. They allow, respectively, for the study of change, ambivalence, and ambivalence resolution in therapy. This paper presents these coding systems, the main findings that resulted from their application to different samples and therapeutic models, the main current and future lines of research, as well as the clinical applications of this research program.
How I manage patients with inherited haemophilia A and B and factor inhibitors

Development of inhibitors to coagulation factor VIII or IX is still the most challenging complication in haemophilia care. ‘Bypassing agents’ may be used to treat a bleed but the eradication of the inhibitor by immune tolerance induction (ITI) is the main objective in the treatment of a patient with haemophilia who has developed neutralizing antibodies. Several options exist for ITI and the patient may be at ‘good’ or ‘bad risk’ for successful outcome with different regimens. This paper offers a review of current regimens to be considered in the treatment of a bleed in a patient with an inhibitor but the main focus is the aspects of different choices in the management of the child or the adult with severe or mild forms of haemophilia A or B, who has developed an inhibitor. There are also some final outlooks on new and emerging treatment possibilities.
A model-data comparison of δ13C in the glacial Atlantic Ocean

[1] We compare a compilation of 220 sediment core δ13C data from the glacial Atlantic Ocean with three-dimensional ocean circulation simulations including a marine carbon cycle model. The carbon cycle model employs circulation fields which were derived from previous climate simulations. All sediment data have been thoroughly quality controlled, focusing on epibenthic foraminiferal species (such as Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi or Planulina ariminensis) to improve the comparability of model and sediment core carbon isotopes. The model captures the general δ13C pattern indicated by present-day water column data and Late Holocene sediment cores but underestimates intermediate and deep water values in the South Atlantic. The best agreement with glacial reconstructions is obtained for a model scenario with an altered freshwater balance in the Southern Ocean that mimics enhanced northward sea ice export and melting away from the zone of sea ice production. This results in a shoaled and weakened North Atlantic Deep Water flow and intensified Antarctic Bottom Water export, hence confirming previous reconstructions from paleoproxy records. Moreover, the modeled abyssal ocean is very cold and very saline, which is in line with other proxy data evidence.
An Anti-Quantum Transaction Authentication Approach in Blockchain

Blockchain is a new distributed and decentralized technology, and gradually attracts worldwide attention, but it is vulnerable to quantum attacks that would solve elliptic curve digital logarithm problem, which is mainly used for transaction authentication in blockchain. The key needed for authentication comes from the wallet. To ensure that the size of the wallet is fixed and easy to manage, deterministic wallets are required to be used. But if existing anti-quantum signature schemes, such as lattice-based signature are used directly in blockchain to solve the problem, it would have made the wallet bloat. In this paper, we present a novel anti-quantum transaction authentication scheme in the blockchain. In order to construct lightweight nondeterministic wallets, the key point is that public and private keys are generated from a set of master public and private key(Seed Key). We leverage on Bonsai Trees technology and propose a new authentication method which can extend a lattice space to multiple lattice spaces accompanied by the corresponding key. Every signature of a transaction uses a lattice space so as to ensure the randomness and the security of the master private key. And we give the complete security proof and analysis. This paper provides the theoretical support for the application of blockchain in the post quantum age.
Global Optimality in Low-Rank Matrix Optimization

This paper considers the minimization of a general objective function <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $f(\boldsymbol{X})$</tex-math></inline-formula> over the set of rectangular <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $n\times m$</tex-math></inline-formula> matrices that have rank at most <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$r$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. To reduce the computational burden, we factorize the variable <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol{X}$</tex-math></inline-formula> into a product of two smaller matrices and optimize over these two matrices instead of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\boldsymbol{X}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>. Despite the resulting nonconvexity, recent studies in matrix completion and sensing have shown that the factored problem has no spurious local minima and obeys the so-called strict saddle property (the function has a directional negative curvature at all critical points but local minima). We analyze the global geometry for a general and yet well-conditioned objective function <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f(\boldsymbol{X})$</tex-math> </inline-formula> whose restricted strong convexity and restricted strong smoothness constants are comparable. In particular, we show that the reformulated objective function has no spurious local minima and obeys the strict saddle property. These geometric properties imply that a number of iterative optimization algorithms (such as gradient descent) can provably solve the factored problem with global convergence.
Properties of Sarychev sulphate aerosols over the Arctic

[1] Aerosols from the Sarychev Peak volcano entered the Arctic region less than a week after the strongest SO2eruption on June 15 and 16, 2009 and had, by the first week in July, spread out over the entire Arctic region. These predominantly stratospheric aerosols were determined to be sub-micron in size and inferred to be composed of sulphates produced from the condensation of SO2gases emitted during the eruption. Average (500 nm) Sarychev-induced stratospheric optical depths (SOD) over the Polar Environmental Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) at Eureka (Nunavut, Canada) were found to be between 0.03 and 0.05 during the months of July and August, 2009. This estimate, derived from sunphotometry and integrated lidar backscatter profiles was consistent with averages derived from lidar estimates over Ny-Alesund (Spitsbergen). The Sarychev SOD e-folding time at Eureka, deduced from lidar profiles, was found to be approximately 4 months relative to a regression start date of July 27. These profiles initially revealed the presence of multiple Sarychev plumes between the tropopause and about 17 km altitude. After about two months, the complex vertical plume structures had collapsed into fewer, more homogeneous plumes located near the tropopause. It was found that the noisy character of daytime backscatter returns induced an artifactual minimum in the temporal, pan-Arctic, CALIOP SOD response to Sarychev sulphates. A depolarization ratio discrimination criterion was used to separate the CALIOP stratospheric layer class into a low depolarization subclass which was more representative of Sarychev sulphates. Post-SAT (post Sarychev Arrival Time) retrievals of the fine mode effective radius (reff,f) and the logarithmic standard deviation for two Eureka sites and Thule (Greenland) were all close to 0.25 μm and 1.6 respectively. The stratospheric analogue to the columnar reff,f average was estimated to be reff,f(+) = 0.29 μm for Eureka data. Stratospheric, Raman lidar retrievals at Ny-Alesund, yielded a post-SAT average of reff,f(+) = 0.27 μm. These results are ∼50% larger than the background stratospheric-aerosol value. They are also about a factor of two larger than modeling values used in recent publications or about a factor of five larger in terms of (per particle) backscatter cross section.
Nonfatal Assaults Among Persons Aged 10–24 Years — United States, 2001–2015

In 2015, persons aged 10-24 years who were treated for nonfatal assault injuries in emergency departments (EDs) in the United States accounted for 32% of the approximately 1.5 million patients of all ages that EDs treated for nonfatal assault injuries (1). CDC analyzed data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) to examine 2001-2015 trends in nonfatal assault injuries among youths treated in EDs, by sex and age group, and to assess current rates by sex, age group, mechanism of injury, and disposition (1). Rates for 2001-2015 were significantly higher among males than among females and among young adults aged 20-24 years than among youths aged 10-14 and 15-19 years. During 2011-2015, rates declined for all groups. The 2015 rate among persons aged 10-24 years was 753.2 per 100,000 population, the lowest in the 15-year study period. Despite encouraging trends, the assault rate among young persons remains high. Rates in 2015 were higher among males, persons aged 20-24 years, and those who incurred intentional strike or hit injuries. Nearly one in 10 patients were admitted to the hospital, transferred to another hospital, or held for observation. Youth violence prevention strategies, including primary prevention approaches that build individual skills, strengthen family relationships, or connect young persons treated in EDs to immediate and ongoing support, can be implemented to decrease injuries and fatalities (2).