Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A note on the ability of STRUCTURE to correctly infer the number of populations for Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Seas bowhead whales

Multiple stocks within the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort region have been inferred from analyses of microsatellite data from bowhead whales killed on migration using the method STRUCTURE (Kitikado et al. 2007). We show that this conclusion is unwarranted and that STRUCTURE analyses are consistent with a single stock. We discuss model choice for STRUCTURE analyses and conclude that, based on bowhead biology, the appropriate model is one that assumes both recent ancestry and some current gene flow (admixture with correlated allele frequencies). Bowhead biology and history is not consistent with the model used by Kitikado et al. (2007) that assumes strong evolutionary separation and no current gene flow (no admixture and independent allele frequencies). We perform two new analyses to facilitate the appropriate selection of the number of populations (K) suggested by STRUCTURE analyses. The inference method currently recommended by STRUCTURE’s authors strongly suggests one stock within the BCB region. This is consistent with results using individual-based simulations of a single stock modeled to recreate BCB bowhead population dynamics and history (described in Archer et al. 2007): simulated datasets generated from a single stock and analyzed using STRUCTURE in the manner employed by Kitikado et al. falsely favored K=2 about 30% of the time. We conclude that in the analysis of the full dataset, including BCB, Okhotsk and Atlantic samples, that STRUCTURE likely makes two errors: 1) it incorrectly fails to identify BCB and Atlantic whales as separate stocks, and 2) it incorrectly identifies two biologically meaningless groups within the pooled BCB-Atlantic samples if selection of K is done in a manner not supported by the current literature.
Development accounting using PIAAC data

We carry out a classical development accounting exercise using data from the “Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies” (PIAAC). PIAAC data, available for 30 upper-middle and high-income countries and nationally representative for the working-age population, allow us to construct a multidimensional measure for the stock of human capital in each country, taking into account years of schooling, job experience, cognitive skills, on-the-job-training, and health. Individual level PIAAC data for the US are then used to estimate the weight of each dimension in the human capital composite by running Mincerian wage regressions. We find that differences in physical capital together with our broad measure of human capital account for 42% of the variance in output per worker, compared to only 27% when proxying human capital by average years of schooling only. Differences in cognitive skills play the largest role while experience and health are of lesser importance.
Is Ecuador Real Gross Domestic Product per Capita and Other Macroeconomic Variables Cointegrated? An Autoregressive Distribution Lag Bound Test Approach

Ecuador is an oil exporter country but it is also an importer of oil derivatives products. In this research the relationship between its real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the oil price, gas price, inflation and total expenditure is studied, taking annual data of all from 1980 to 2015 by using the methodology of autoregressive distribution lag bound test. It is concluded it exists a long run relationship between variables and the speed of adjustment to any disequilibrium in the short run is corrected at an approximately rate of 85%. The model showed itself stable. In addition it was demonstrated that there is a causal relationship from all regressors selected except total expenditure to real GDP per capita according to the Toda-Yamamoto technique.
Information Asymmetries in the Hiring Process and the Risk of New Leader Dismissal: Insights from English Premier League Soccer Organizations

Why are some new leaders dismissed quicker than others? Adopting agency theory logic we examine how different succession contexts shape boards’ information asymmetries about a potential candidate’s competencies in the hiring process, which influences the propensity of making poor hiring decisions and hence the risk of new leader dismissal. Employing duration analysis on a sample of 164 newly appointed leaders in the English premier league (1996 –2014), we find that the risk of new leader dismissal is: (i) greater when the predecessor leader’s exit was initiated by them rather than by the board; (ii) greater when following a longer tenured predecessor; and (iii) lower for outside successions as compared to inside successions.
MuseGAN: Multi-track Sequential Generative Adversarial Networks for Symbolic Music Generation and Accompaniment

Generating music has a few notable differences from generating images and videos. First, music is an art of time, necessitating a temporal model. Second, music is usually composed of multiple instruments/tracks with their own temporal dynamics, but collectively they unfold over time interdependently. Lastly, musical notes are often grouped into chords, arpeggios or melodies in polyphonic music, and thereby introducing a chronological ordering of notes is not naturally suitable. In this paper, we propose three models for symbolic multi-track music generation under the framework of generative adversarial networks (GANs). The three models, which differ in the underlying assumptions and accordingly the network architectures, are referred to as the jamming model, the composer model and the hybrid model. We trained the proposed models on a dataset of over one hundred thousand bars of rock music and applied them to generate piano-rolls of five tracks: bass, drums, guitar, piano and strings. A few intra-track and inter-track objective metrics are also proposed to evaluate the generative results, in addition to a subjective user study. We show that our models can generate coherent music of four bars right from scratch (i.e. without human inputs). We also extend our models to human-AI cooperative music generation: given a specific track composed by human, we can generate four additional tracks to accompany it. All code, the dataset and the rendered audio samples are available at https://salu133445.github. io/musegan/.
Financial professionals ’ overconfidence : Is it experience , job , or attitude ? 1

This paper examines financial professionals’ overconfidence in their forecasting performance. We are the first to compare individual financial professionals’ self-ratings with their true forecasting performance. Data spans several years at monthly frequency. The forecasters in our sample do not provide feasible self-ratings compared to their true performance but show overconfidence on average. In analyzing this, we find an easing relation to experience. Job characteristics are also related to less overconfidence, such as being a fund manager and using fundamental analysis. The same effect is found for the attitude to herd, whereas recent forecasting success comes along with more overconfidence. JEL-Classification: G 1, D 84, F 31
&Dgr;FosB: a molecular switch underlying long-term neural plasticity

Numerous chronic perturbations have been shown to induce highly stable isoforms of the transcription factor δFosB in the brain in a region-specific manner. This review examines the functional consequences of the induction of δFosB in particular neuronal populations as well as its possible role in behavioral abnormalities such as drug addiction and movement disorders.
Eryılmaz Bahçeşehir University , Turkey SELF-IDENTIFICATION OF THREE BILINGUAL LANGUAGE TEACHERS : A MULTI-CASE STUDY Summary

Identity, as a complex and relative notion, is extremely hard to define, especially when it comes to bilingual people who are to cope with two or more identities. The relationship between language and identity is already intricate, and those who are born into bilingual families not only deal with these lingual complexities, but also social diversities. Starting from this point, this qualitative multi-case study addresses the issue of identity through the in-depth analysis of three bilinguals who are also second language teachers at a private foundation university. The data were collected mainly through face-toface semi-structured interviews, and similar and different themes were revealed by withincase and cross case analysis. The participants reflected on how they labeled themselves in terms of their identities as bilinguals. Finally, the research revealed that family bonds and emotions, as well as social norms and language, played various roles in the selfidentification of bilinguals. The fact that the acculturation and integration strategies of the participants were different and that self-identification was remarkably subjective and flexible were the other underlying outcomes of the research.
Compounded effects of climate change and habitat alteration shift patterns of butterfly diversity

Climate change and habitat destruction have been linked to global declines in vertebrate biodiversity, including mammals, amphibians, birds, and fishes. However, invertebrates make up the vast majority of global species richness, and the combined effects of climate change and land use on invertebrates remain poorly understood. Here we present 35 years of data on 159 species of butterflies from 10 sites along an elevational gradient spanning 0–2,775 m in a biodiversity hotspot, the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Northern California. Species richness has declined at half of the sites, with the most severe reductions at the lowest elevations, where habitat destruction is greatest. At higher elevations, we observed clear upward shifts in the elevational ranges of species, consistent with the influence of global warming. Taken together, these long-term data reveal the interacting negative effects of human-induced changes on both the climate and habitat available to butterfly species in California. Furthermore, the decline of ruderal, disturbance-associated species indicates that the traditional focus of conservation efforts on more specialized and less dispersive species should be broadened to include entire faunas when estimating and predicting the effects of pervasive stressors.
Magnitude, Causes, and Solutions of the Performance Gap of Buildings: A Review

The performance gap of buildings is commonly defined as the difference between the performance value predicted in the design stage and that measured in the post-occupancy stage. Knowledge about the performance gap of buildings is valuable in many aspects and thus is a research subject drawing much attention. Important questions that should be asked include: (1) Definition: what is the performance gap of buildings? (2) Magnitude: how large is the performance gap of buildings? (3) Techniques: how to determine the performance gap of buildings? (4) Causes: what are the reasons leading to the performance gap of buildings? (5) Solutions: how to bridge the performance gap of buildings. By collecting and analyzing more than 20 published works with reported data on the performance gap of buildings and other research articles, these important questions are addressed. Through this review state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the performance gap of buildings is presented. Major conclusions are drawn and future research directions are pointed out.
Short Term Effects of a Group Support Program and an Individual Support Program for Caregivers of Stroke Patients

Objective: Caregivers of stroke patients who live at home experience many problems. There is evidence from the literature that caregivers’ situations can be improved by teaching them active coping strategies and by offering them information about the disease. This study investigated the short-term effects of two different interventions both with the same contents, and both aimed at enhancing caregivers’ confidence in knowledge, active coping strategies, mental well-being, vitality, social support, assertiveness, and at reducing strain. In addition, we investigated which type of support, i.e. a group program or home visits, had the most positive effects. Subjects: The intervention was aimed at caregivers of stroke patients. The majority of the caregivers who participated the intervention were female spouses. Their mean age was 64 years, and their socioeconomic status middle class. Stroke had occurred about 3.5 years ago on average. Methods: Caregivers of stroke patients from four regions of the Netherlands were assigned in blocks to a control group or one of the intervention programs. To the group program 130 caregivers were assigned, to the home visits 78 caregivers, and to the control group 49 caregivers. Caregivers were interviewed before entering the program and after completion of the program. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the effects of the interventions. Results: In the short term both interventions (group program and home visits together) contributed significantly to an increase in confidence in knowledge about patient care, and the use of the active coping strategies confronting and seeking social support. The group program achieved a small increase in seeking social support. When only taking into account those caregivers that followed a substantial part of the program (per protocol group) also a medium effect was found from both interventions on perceived self-efficacy. When comparing the group program and the home visits, no significant differences in effects were found. Conclusion: The results of the program are considered encouraging. We recommend implementation of more intervention programs that focus on coping and providing information.
Thiamine, Cobalamin, Locally Injected Alone or Combination for Herpetic Itching: A Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives:The present study was designed to explore the efficacy of locally injected thiamine or cobalamin in relieving itch or pain and improving the daily living activities among patients with herpetic itching. Methods:Eighty eligible patients with herpetic itching with a worst itching score of ≥4 were randomized to receive locally injected thiamine (B1 group), cobalamin (B12 group), lidocaine (LD group), or combination of thiamine and cobalamin (COB group) for 4 weeks. The treatment efficacy was assessed based on the patients’ pruritus and pain severity, global impression of change, and activities of daily living and quality of life. Results:After 7 days, thiamine yielded a significant itch relief, cobalamin yielded a significant pain relief, and their combination significantly relieved both pain and itch; which all continued till the endpoint (all Ps<0.001). However, lidocaine did not provide significant itch or pain relief than the other groups. Sixteen patients in the thiamine group achieved ≥30% itch reduction; 18 patients in the cobalamin group obtained ≥30% pain reduction; and 18 patients achieved ≥30% itch reduction and 19 patients obtained ≥30% pain reduction in the combination group. The activities of daily living and quality of life data at the endpoint were consistent with a significant benefit in the thiamine (P<0.05), cobalamin, and combination groups (both Ps<0.001). Discussion:Locally injected thiamine had a significant antipruritic effect, cobalamin had an analgesic effect, and their combination had the dual effect with no obvious synergies. This intervention was efficacious, tolerable, and safe for herpetic itching.
Global Trade Reforms and Income Distribution in Developing Countries

This paper examines the effects of trade and domestic agricultural policy reforms on the distribution of incomes in six developing countries: Brazil, China, India, Malawi, Mexico and South Africa. The aggregate results from a global trade model are fed into separate national models. The insights available from alternative model types are evaluated. The distributional impacts of reform are found to be complex and to vary between countries. Given that it is typically impossible to reform (or equally not reform) without hurting some households with lower incomes, the conclusion is that it makes sense to help these households with targeted policies.
Predicting Short-Term Public Transport Demand via Inhomogeneous Poisson Processes

Forecasting short term passenger demand for public transport is a core problem in urban mobility. Typically, this is addressed using Poisson regression or homogeneous Poisson processes. However, such approaches have several limitations, including susceptibility to noise at fine time granularities, and the inability to capture complex non-stationary trends. In this paper, we show how such short term demand can be accurately modelled with an inhomogeneous Poisson process, using a neural network as the underlying intensity. This choice of intensity subsumes existing models as special cases, and is powerful enough to capture certain stylised facts of real-world demand. Experiments on real-world bus arrival data from a large metropolitan area in Australia validate our approach.
Effect of Pregnancy on Cytochrome P450 3a and P-Glycoprotein Expression and Activity in the Mouse: Mechanisms, Tissue Specificity, and Time Course

The plasma concentrations of orally administered anti-human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors are significantly reduced during human and mouse pregnancy. We have shown that in the mouse, at gestational day 19, this reduction is due to increased hepatic cytochrome P450 3a (Cyp3a) protein expression and activity. In the current study, we investigated the mechanisms by which Cyp3a activity is increased by pregnancy and the time course of change in expression of Cyp3a and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in various tissues. We found that hepatic transcripts of Cyp3a16, Cyp3a41, and Cyp3a44 were significantly increased during pregnancy, whereas those of Cyp3a11 and Cyp3a25 were significantly decreased. This resulted in a net increase in Cyp3a protein expression and activity in the liver during pregnancy. The increase in Cyp3a41 and Cyp3a44 transcripts was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 and estrogen receptor-α transcripts. The pregnancy-related factors that transcriptionally activated mouse Cyp3a isoforms also activated the human CYP3A4 promoter in pregnant CYP3A4-promoter-luciferase transgenic (CYP3A4-tg) mice. In contrast, intestinal Cyp3a protein expression was not significantly affected by pregnancy. No change in P-gp protein expression was observed in the liver or kidney during pregnancy, although a significant decrease was observed in the placenta. Because hepatic CYP3A activity also seems to be induced during human pregnancy, the mouse (including CYP3A4-tg mouse) seems to be an excellent animal model to determine the molecular mechanisms for such an induction.
Comparative Advantage of the Novel Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Technique over the Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction

The role of gene amplification technology in the area of diagnostic medicine and other aspects of molecular biology has been very laudable. Molecular diagnostic has demystified the gray areas in disease diagnosis, making the process of disease management much easier and efficient. Several advancements in molecular diagnostics have been largely due to the introduction of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hence, there is no doubt about the rank of the PCR, as one of the greatest molecular biological tools that existed in the last few decades. However, in this article we highlight the comparative advantages of a novel gene amplification technique called loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) over the conventional PCR. This innovative gene amplification technique has provided a solutions to the odds and limitations of the PCR through the unique features of the technique. The most interesting aspect of the LAMP, which is in contrast to the PCR is the affordability of the tool, hence, gives hope to the poor and resource-limited settings of the society. Other unique features of this novel technique are highlighted in this article.
X‐chromosome inactivation patterns in females with Prader–Willi syndrome

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of paternally expressed genes from the 15q11‐q13 region generally due to a paternally‐derived deletion of the 15q11‐q13 region or maternal disomy 15 (UPD). Maternal disomy 15 is usually caused by maternal meiosis I non‐disjunction associated with advanced maternal age and after fertilization with a normal sperm leading to trisomy 15, a lethal condition unless trisomy rescue occurs with loss of the paternal chromosome 15. To further characterize the pathogenesis of maternal disomy 15 process in PWS, the status of X‐chromosome inactivation was calculated to determine whether non‐random skewing of X‐inactivation is present indicating a small pool of early embryonic cells. We studied X‐chromosome inactivation in 25 females with PWS‐UPD, 35 with PWS‐deletion, and 50 controls (with similar means, medians, and age ranges) using the polymorphic androgen receptor (AR) gene assay. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.5, P = 0.01) was seen between X‐chromosome inactivation and age for only the UPD group. Furthermore, a significantly increased level (P = 0.02) of extreme X‐inactivation skewness (>90%) was detected in our PWS‐UPD group (24%) compared to controls (4%). This observation could indicate that trisomy 15 occurred at conceptus with trisomy rescue in early pregnancy leading to extreme skewness in several PWS‐UPD subjects. Extreme X‐inactivation skewness may also lead to additional risks for X‐linked recessive disorders in PWS females with UPD and extreme X‐chromosome skewness. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Milk of Banaskantha District, India

India continues to be the largest producer of milk in world by producing 155.5 million tonnes in 2015-16 showing an annual growth of 6.27%. The per capita availability of milk in our country is 337g whereas at world level it is 299 g per day in the year 2015-16 (Annual report, 2016-17, DAHD&F, GoI). This represents a sustainable growth in availability of milk and milk products for the ever increasing population. Dairying is in many ways the number one income for millions of rural households engaged in agriculture.
Active and sedentary behaviors influence feelings of energy and fatigue in women.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether physical activity and sedentary behaviors interact to influence feelings of energy and fatigue in women. METHODS Feelings of energy and fatigue and physical activity and sedentary behaviors were assessed in 73 women (mean ± SD age = 37 ± 10) who were dichotomized based on physical activity status (meets physical activity recommendations [n = 40] vs insufficiently active [n = 33]) and the amount of uninterrupted sedentary time they accumulated (high [n = 38] vs low [n = 35]). Three 2 × 2 ANOVA were conducted to determine the relationships between physical activity and sedentary behaviors and between energy (vigor and vitality) and fatigue. RESULTS Results demonstrated a significant main effect for meeting physical activity recommendations for both vigor (P = 0.004) and vitality (P < 0.001). For fatigue, there was a significant interaction between physical activity and sedentary behaviors (P = 0.005). Analyses of simple main effects demonstrated that in women who were not meeting physical activity recommendations, those who were less sedentary had significantly lower levels of fatigue than their more sedentary peers (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that meeting physical activity recommendations has benefits for energy and fatigue even when combined with an otherwise sedentary lifestyle. Moreover, in women who are insufficiently active, being less sedentary is associated with lower levels of fatigue that are comparable with women who are meeting recommendations.