Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fractionating the Word Repetition Effect with Event-Related Potentials

Word repetition has been a staple paradigm for both psycholinguistic and memory research; several possible loci for changes in behavioral performance have been proposed. These proposals are discussed in light of the event-related brain potential (ERP) data reported here. ERPs were recorded as subjects read nonfiction articles drawn from a popular magazine. The effects of word repetition were examined in this relatively natural context wherein words were repeated as a consequence of normal discourse structure. Three distinct components of the ERP were found to be sensitive to repetition: a positive component peaking at 200 msec poststimulus, a negative one at 400 msec (N400), and a later positivity. The components were differentially sensitive to the temporal lag between repetitions, the number of repetitions, and the normative frequency of the eliciting word. The N400 responded similarly to repetition in text as it has in experimental lists of words, but the late positivity showed a different pattern of results than in list studies.
Cell/Material Interfaces: Influence of Surface Chemistry and Surface Topography on Cell Adhesion

The need to control the adhesion of cells to material surfaces plays an important role in determining the design of biomaterial substrates for biotechnology and tissue-engineering applications. As a the first step in a cascade of cellular events, adhesion affects many aspects of cell function, including spreading, migration, proliferation and differentiation. After a short description of cell adhesion and essential molecules involved in, the present knowledge on the influence of surface topography on cell behavior will be described by considering not only the amplitude of the surface topography but also its organization at all scales (micro- and nano-scale). The biological mechanisms underlying the cell response to topography will be evoked. Secondly, the influence of surface chemistry as well as surface energy on cell adhesion will be described. Thirdly, as the cells never interact with a bare material but with materials on which the proteins from biological fluids have adsorbed, some studies on the role of proteins in cell adhesion will be used to illustrate this point. Finally, the influence of substrate mechanics on cell differentiation will be described.
Clinical and experimental research in anesthesiology in Europe at the change of the millennium.

To the Editor:—We have read with interest the letter of Hofbauer et al. about research in anesthesiology in Europe. This group has made important clinical and experimental contributions. However, their letter has several flaws. First, it is remarkable that Hofbauer et al. give no references, whereas several articles are published on this topic. Second, their claim to have searched 1965 to September 1999 is spurious. Address fields in MEDLINE are only available for publications added to the database after January 1988, equivalent to articles published after mid 1987 in most journals. Third, they rely on identifying anesthesia departments and countries in MEDLINE address fields rather than analyzing all articles in certain journals as done by most other groups. This may be advantageous because (in Germany) only approximately 70% of the work of anesthesiologists is published in journals devoted to anesthesia or related fields, such as pain and critical care. Also, only 90% of the articles in major anesthesia journals and one third in pain and critical care are by anesthesiologists (our own unpublished observations). In practice, this is difficult because (1) addresses are often incomplete; (2) addresses are often not in English, even for English-language articles; (3) many abbreviations and most e-mails are useless for searching; (4) information may be implicit (e.g., region instead of country); (5) MEDLINE sometimes gives more than one department in the address; (6) for many journals in the Russian and Chinese languages (e.g., Anesteziologiia i Reanimatologiia), MEDLINE does not give address fields; and (7) misspellings occur. For publications by German anesthesia departments in the English language, one can use (ANESTH* OR ANAESTH* OR ANASTH*) AND (GERMAN OR GERMANY OR DEUTSCHE* OR DEUTSCHLAND OR FRG OR BRD OR DDR OR GDR) with about 95% sensitivity and 99% positive predictive value. This results in at least 1,379 Englishlanguage publications by German university anesthesiologists from 1988 to 1997. There were at least 120 English-language publications by German nonuniversity anesthesiologists in 1988–1997 (own data). Extrapolation for mid 1987 through September 1999 yields approximately 1,800 publications by German anesthesia departments in the English language alone. There are (extrapolated) some 3,000 in these years in the German language. The data by Hofbauer et al. of 1,605 publications from Germany in mid 1987 through September 1999 is thus only one third of the total 4,800 because of (1) a hidden language restriction because few German-language publications by Germans explicitly state the nation in the address and (2) omission of the search item ANASTH*, the MEDLINE transcription of the German umlaut in Anästhesie.
Analysis of the Behavior of an Optical Current Transformer Using an Equivalent Circuit

In pursuit of applying new technologies in power systems, new generations of instrument transformers based on optical principles have been built that help to decrease the problems associated with the presence of a ferromagnetic core in the Conventional Current Transformers (CCT). To study the behavior of these optical devices some authors have proposed different circuit models that represent an equivalent circuit for the apparatus. Taking as starting point some of those previous works, in this paper an equivalent circuit model to represent an Optical Current Transformer (OCT) is proposed. This circuit is composed of a low pass and a band pass filters, when it is simulated and analyzed yield similar performance than those obtained by other author's approaches. Furthermore, comparing the results with studies made about CCT in the presence of transients phenomenons the performance of the OCT was better than the CCT.
Initial Oxidation Stages of Nickel

The first stages of nickel oxidation were followed mainly by in-situ oxidations on an heating stick in an XPS apparatus. First the samples, after sputtering of the contaminated surface, were heated upto 200 or 600°C in ultra vacuum ( ∼ 10 -6 Pa), then oxygen was introduced at 1 Pa (10- 5 atm) fo times varying from 30 s to 15 min. All samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by optical interferometry allowing to establish 2D-profiles and 3D-images. Some of them were observed by AFM. Thin foils after short exposures at 650°C under low partial pressures were observed by transmission electron microscopy (MET) The results indicate that the oxide is mainly made up of NiO, with a sub-layer and islands growing on the outer surface. The amount of islands is related to the crystallographic orientation of the Ni grains. Extrusion of metallic nickel occurs along the grain boundaries of the substrate.
Evidence for a recent increase in forest growth

Forests and their soils contain the majority of the earth’s terrestrial carbon stocks. Changes in patterns of tree growth can have a huge impact on atmospheric cycles, biogeochemical cycles, climate change, and biodiversity. Recent studies have shown increases in biomass across many forest types. This increase has been attributed to climate change. However, without knowing the disturbance history of a forest, growth could also be caused by normal recovery from unknown disturbances. Using a unique dataset of tree biomass collected over the past 22 years from 55 temperate forest plots with known land-use histories and stand ages ranging from 5 to 250 years, we found that recent biomass accumulation greatly exceeded the expected growth caused by natural recovery. We have also collected over 100 years of local weather measurements and 17 years of on-site atmospheric CO2 measurements that show consistent increases in line with globally observed climate-change patterns. Combined, these observations show that changes in temperature and CO2 that have been observed worldwide can fundamentally alter the rate of critical natural processes, which is predicted by biogeochemical models. Identifying this rate change is important to research on the current state of carbon stocks and the fluxes that influence how carbon moves between storage and the atmosphere. These results signal a pressing need to better understand the changes in growth rates in forest systems, which influence current and future states of the atmosphere and biosphere.
Chromosomal Aberrations in Cord Blood Are Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Molecular and traditional epidemiology studies have indicated a possible relationship between in utero environmental exposures and increased risk for childhood cancers, especially acute leukemias. Chromosomal aberrations have been associated with environmental exposures and cancer risk in adults. In order to more clearly define the association between prenatal exposures to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and chromosomal aberrations, chromosomal aberration frequencies were measured in a subset of 60 newborns from the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) Prospective Cohort Study. The subset was composed of African American and Dominican, nonsmoking mother-newborn pairs residing in low-income neighborhoods of New York City, who were exposed to varying levels of airborne PAHs. Prenatal exposure was assessed by questionnaire, personal air monitoring during the third trimester, and PAH-DNA adducts in umbilical cord blood. Chromosomal aberrations were measured in cord blood lymphocytes by fluorescence in situ hybridization. PAH-DNA adducts were not associated with chromosomal aberrations. However, airborne PAHs were significantly associated with stable aberration frequencies in cord blood (P < 0.01). Moreover, stable aberration frequencies were significantly higher among African American newborns compared with Dominican, despite no significant differences in PAH exposure. These results show for the first time an association between prenatal exposure to airborne carcinogenic PAHs and chromosomal aberrations in cord blood, suggesting that such prenatal exposures have the potential to cause cytogenetic damage that has been related to increased cancer risk in other populations. If confirmed, this finding may open new avenues for prevention.
Exploring Complexity in a Human–Environment System: An Agent-Based Spatial Model for Multidisciplinary and Multiscale Integration

Abstract Traditional approaches to studying human–environment interactions often ignore individual-level information, do not account for complexities, or fail to integrate cross-scale or cross-discipline data and methods, thus, in many situations, resulting in a great loss in predictive or explanatory power. This article reports on the development, implementation, validation, and results of an agent-based spatial model that addresses such issues. Using data from Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas (China), the model simulates the impact of the growing rural population on the forests and panda habitat. The households in Wolong follow a traditional rural lifestyle, in which fuelwood consumption has been shown to cause panda habitat degradation. By tracking the life history of individual persons and the dynamics of households, this model equips household agents with “knowledge” about themselves, other agents, and the environment and allows individual agents to interact with each other and the environment through their activities in accordance with a set of artificial-intelligence rules. The households and environment coevolve over time and space, resulting in macroscopic human and habitat dynamics. The results from the model may have value for understanding the roles of socioeconomic and demographic factors, for identifying particular areas of special concern, and for conservation policy making. In addition to the specific results of the study, the general approach described here may provide researchers with a useful general framework to capture complex human–environment interactions, to incorporate individual-level information, and to help integrate multidisciplinary research efforts, theories, data, and methods across varying spatial and temporal scales.
Convulsions following ketamine and atropine

decreased intracellular calcium availability which is necessary for the secretion of kallikrein [2]. The exact mechanisms whereby adrenaline causes the release of kallikrein is unknown, but it is known that it acts via adrenoceptors [3]. If adrenaline acts via cyclic AMP as a second messenger it would suggest that adrenaline is safer when given with somatostatin than when given alone. In the case described, when there was difficulty weaning the patient from cardiopulmonary bypass, it may have been the somatostatin itself which gave rise t o the need for adrenaline, for it has recently been shown that in an animal model [4], somatostatin is a negative inotrope. The use of adrenaline, and particularly an adrenaline infusion, should be considered part of a rational approach to weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass in those patients with the carcinoid syndrome who are also receiving somatostatin. Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ M.H. CROSS
Multivariate Resource Performance Forecasting in the Network Weather Service

This paper describes a new technique in the Network Weather Service for producing multi-variate forecasts. The new technique uses the NWS’s univariate forecasters and emprically gathered Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDFs) to make predictions from correlated measurement streams. Experimental results are shown in which throughput is predicted for long TCP/IP transfers from short NWS network probes.
MAP estimation in Binary MRFs via Bipartite Multi-cuts

We propose a new LP relaxation for obtaining the MAP assignment of a binary MRF with pairwise potentials. Our relaxation is derived from reducing the MAP assignment problem to an instance of a recently proposed Bipartite Multi-cut problem where the LP relaxation is guaranteed to provide an O(log k) approximation where k is the number of vertices adjacent to non-submodular edges in the MRF. We then propose a combinatorial algorithm to efficiently solve the LP and also provide a lower bound by concurrently solving its dual to within an e approximation. The algorithm is up to an order of magnitude faster and provides better MAP scores and bounds than the state of the art message passing algorithm of [1] that tightens the local marginal polytope with third-order marginal constraints.
Children’s Oxygen Administration Strategies Trial (COAST): A randomised controlled trial of high flow versus oxygen versus control in African children with severe pneumonia

Background: In Africa, the clinical syndrome of pneumonia remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children in the post-neonatal period. This represents a significant burden on in-patient services. The targeted use of oxygen and simple, non-invasive methods of respiratory support may be a highly cost-effective means of improving outcome, but the optimal oxygen saturation threshold that results in benefit and the best strategy for delivery are yet to be tested in adequately powered randomised controlled trials. There is, however, an accumulating literature about the harms of oxygen therapy across a range of acute and emergency situations that have stimulated a number of trials investigating permissive hypoxia. Methods: In 4200 African children, aged 2 months to 12 years, presenting to 5 hospitals in East Africa with respiratory distress and hypoxia (oxygen saturation < 92%), the COAST trial will simultaneously evaluate two related interventions (targeted use of oxygen with respect to the optimal oxygen saturation threshold for treatment and mode of delivery) to reduce shorter-term mortality at 48-hours (primary endpoint), and longer-term morbidity and mortality to 28 days in a fractional factorial design, that compares: Liberal oxygenation (recommended care) compared with a strategy that permits hypoxia to SpO 2 > or = 80% (permissive hypoxia); and High flow using AIrVO 2 TM compared with low flow delivery (routine care). Discussion: The overarching objective is to address the key research gaps in the therapeutic use of oxygen in resource-limited setting in order to provide a better evidence base for future management guidelines. The trial has been designed to address the poor outcomes of children in sub-Saharan Africa, which are associated with high rates of in-hospital mortality, 9-10% (for those with oxygen saturations of 80-92%) and 26-30% case fatality for those with oxygen saturations <80%. Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN15622505 Trial status: Recruiting
> Replace This Line with Your Paper Identification Number (double-click Here to Edit) < a Flicker Noise/im3 Cancellation Technique for Active Mixer Using Negative Impedance

— This paper presents an approach to simultaneously cancel flicker noise and IM3 in Gilbert-type mixers, utilizing negative impedances. For proof of concept, two prototype double-balanced mixers in 0. 16µm CMOS are fabricated. The first demonstration mixer chip was optimized for full IM3 cancellation and partial flicker noise cancellation; this chip achieves 9dB flicker noise suppression, improvements of 10dB for IIP3, 5dB for conversion gain, and 1dB for input P 1dB while the thermal noise increased by 0.1dB. The negative impedance increases the power consumption for the mixer by 16%, and increases the die area by 8% (46x28µm 2). A second demonstration mixer chip aims at full flicker noise cancellation and partial IM3 cancellation, while operating on a low supply voltage (0.67×V DD); in this chip, the negative impedance increases the power consumption by 7.3%, and increases the die area by 7% (50x20µm 2). For one chip sample, measurements show >10dB flicker noise suppression within ±200% variation of the negative impedance bias current; for ten randomly selected chip samples >11dB flicker noise suppression is measured.
A Janus-like role of CREB protein

A Janus-like role of CREB protein Citation for published version: Nonaka, M 2009, 'A Janus-like role of CREB protein: enhancement of synaptic property in mature neurons and suppression of synaptogenesis and reduced network synchrony in early development' General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact openaccess@ed.ac. uk providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Compressive Strength Properties and Freezing and Thawing Resistance of CSG Materials

The cemented sand and gravel (CSG) method is a construction technique that adds cement and water to rock-like materials, such as rivered gravel or excavation muck which that can be obtained easily at areas adjacent to dam sites. This study was performed to evaluate the unconfined compressive strength properties and freezing and thawing resistance of CSG materials with unit cement content. The three types of CSG-80, CSG-100 and CSG-120 with cement content were designed to evaluate the optimum water content, dry density, strength, stress-strain, micro structure and durability factor. As the results, the optimum water content ratio with cement content showed almost similar tendency, and the unconfined compressive strength and dry density increased as cement content increases. The strength ratio of 7 days for 28 days were in the range of 55~61 % and the strain ratio in stress-strain curve were in the range of 0.8~1.6 % nearby maximum strength in 28 days. It is expected that this study will contribute to increasing application of CSG method as well as to increasing the utilizing of CSG materials as a environmentally friendly CSG method.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 levels affect community structure of rice root-associated bacteria

A number of studies have shown that elevated atmospheric CO2 ([CO2]) affects rice yields and grain quality. However, the responses of root-associated bacteria to [CO2] elevation have not been characterized in a large-scale field study. We conducted a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment (ambient + 200 μmol.mol−1) using three rice cultivars (Akita 63, Takanari, and Koshihikari) and two experimental lines of Koshihikari [chromosome segment substitution and near-isogenic lines (NILs)] to determine the effects of [CO2] elevation on the community structure of rice root-associated bacteria. Microbial DNA was extracted from rice roots at the panicle formation stage and analyzed by pyrosequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to characterize the members of the bacterial community. Principal coordinate analysis of a weighted UniFrac distance matrix revealed that the community structure was clearly affected by elevated [CO2]. The predominant community members at class level were Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-proteobacteria in the control (ambient) and FACE plots. The relative abundance of Methylocystaceae, the major methane-oxidizing bacteria in rice roots, tended to decrease with increasing [CO2] levels. Quantitative PCR revealed a decreased copy number of the methane monooxygenase (pmoA) gene and increased methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) in elevated [CO2]. These results suggest elevated [CO2] suppresses methane oxidation and promotes methanogenesis in rice roots; this process affects the carbon cycle in rice paddy fields.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment uptake and changes in the prevalence of HCV genotypes in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients

Summary. The efficacy of current hepatitis C therapy in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients is largely dependent on HCV genotype. The annual prevalence of HCV genotypes/subtypes and their influence on HCV clearance with antiviral treatment were examined in a dynamic cohort of HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients followed up in Madrid since 2000. Patients entered the cohort at first visit and left the cohort when HCV clearance was achieved with HCV therapy or when follow‐up was interrupted for any reason, including death. A total of 672 HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients constituted the cohort. The mean follow‐up time was 5.5 years, corresponding to 4108 patient‐years. Mean age at entry was 37 years, and 73% were men and 86% were intravenous drug users. Overall distribution of HCV genotypes was as follows: 57.1% HCV‐1 (1a: 29.2%, 1b: 20.4%, unknown: 7.6%), 1.3% HCV‐2, 25.4% HCV‐3 and 15.9% HCV‐4. A total of 274 (40.8%) patients were treated with peginterferon–ribavirin, of whom 116 (42.3%) achieved HCV clearance following 1–3 courses of therapy. The proportion of HCV‐1/4 rose from 71.7% in 2000 to 76.8% in 2008, whereas the proportion of HCV‐2/3 fell from 28.1% in 2000 to 23.2% in 2008. The yearly prevalence increased for HCV‐1 (R2: 0.92, b: 0.59, P < 0.001) and HCV‐4 (R2: 0.77, b: 0.33, P < 0.005) and conversely diminished for HCV‐3 (R2: 0.94, b: −0.82, P < 0.001). In summary, the prevalence of HCV‐1 and HCV‐4 has increased over the last decade in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients, whereas conversely it has declined for HCV‐3, in association with the wider use of HCV therapy (41%) in this population.