Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological Differences in the Processing of Affect Misattribution

The affect misattribution procedure (AMP) was proposed as a technique to measure an implicit attitude to a prime image [1]. In the AMP, neutral symbols (e.g., a Chinese pictograph, called the target) are presented, following an emotional stimulus (known as the prime). Participants often misattribute the positive or negative affect of the priming images to the targets in spite of receiving an instruction to ignore the primes. The AMP effect has been investigated using behavioral measures; however, it is difficult to identify when the AMP effect occurs in emotional processing—whether the effect may occur in the earlier attention allocation stage or in the later evaluation stage. In this study, we examined the neural correlates of affect misattribution, using event-related potential (ERP) dividing the participants into two groups based on their tendency toward affect misattribution. The ERP results showed that the amplitude of P2 was larger for the prime at the parietal location in participants showing a low tendency to misattribution than for those showing a high tendency, while the effect of judging neutral targets amiss according to the primes was reflected in the late processing of targets (LPP). In addition, the topographic pattern analysis revealed that EPN-like component to targets was correlated with the difference of AMP tendency as well as P2 to primes and LPP to targets. Taken together, the mechanism of the affective misattribution was closely related to the attention allocation processing. Our findings provide neural evidence that evaluations of neutral targets are misattributed to emotional primes.
E ¢ ciency in Coalition Games with Externalities

A natural extension of superadditivity is not su¢ cient to imply that the grand coalition is e¢ cient when externalities are present. We provide a condition analogous to convexitythat is su¢ cient for the grand coalition to be e¢ cient and show that this also implies that the (appropriately de ned) core is nonempty. Moreover, we propose a mechanism which implements the most e¢ cient partition for all coalition formation games and characterize the payo¤ division of the mechanism. JEL Classi cation Numbers: C71, C72, D62
Valuing the Future

One of the most controversial areas of economics is the practice of discounting: attaching a lower weight to future costs and benefits than present costs and benefits. Discounting appears to offend notions of sustainable development and the interests of future generations. Recent advances in the theory of discounting hold out strong hope that the â€˜tyranny of discountingâ€™ can be avoided through the use of time varying discount rates (TVDRs). This paper reviews the recent rationales for TVDRs and applies the results to issues such as nuclear power and global warming control.
Learning to build an IT innovation platform

Introduction Information Technology (IT) pervades every aspect of a firm's value chain as a vast electronic network of interconnected applications and data. Managers perceive the immense potential of this complex infrastructure to enhance products and processes and create altogether new ones. However, some have gone a step further and determined how to harness untapped IT business value again and again to create innovative and valuable applications by reconfiguring existing systems in new ways. Creative adaptation of existing functionality (such as broadband over power lines) to enable entirely new applications (such as real-time power grid monitoring) rules the day for these forward-thinking business leaders. What separates successful IT innovators from others? Is luck a primary driver, or are there deliberate actions that management can take to raise the odds of success? Given substantial implications for business performance, we set out to explore this question by interviewing senior IS and business executives with demonstrated track records of extracting untapped IT business value from existing IT infrastructural assets. Our objective was to uncover underlying mechanisms linking organizational actions with innovation outcomes. What we learned is that while serendipity can sometimes play a role, developing a specialized set of competencies, which we call an IT innovation platform, plays a much larger and decisive role. IT capabilities drive innovation by enabling organizations to redesign business processes, craft a competitive strategy, and identify and cater to customer preferences. As we discuss below, understanding what these competencies are, how they are developed, and how they work together holistically can yield significant new sources of growth and bolster performance. While our research is exploratory in nature and requires rigorous testing, we believe that this new perspective on IT business value expands managerial understanding of how to extract ever-greater value from existing IT assets.
Reconstruction is not renovation – the role of remodeling in asthma

The chronicity of asthma results not only in persistent lung inflammation but also in changes in structure and composition of this vital organ. These changes are most commonly referred to as remodeling, and include epithelial dysplasia, angiogenesis, changes in the extracellular matrix and increased smooth muscle mass. In this review we summarize recent findings on the contribution of remodeling to the pathological phenotype of asthma. We discuss how and why current treatment (such as corticosteroids) options fail to adequately treat remodeling.
Neighbourhood Effects on Educational Achievement: Evidence from the Census and National Child Development Study

Individual copy price: £5 The Centre for the Economics of Education is an independent research centre funded by the Department for Education and Skills. The views expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the DfES. All errors and omissions remain the authors. Executive Summary Area-targeted regeneration policy implicitly assumes that neighbourhoods make a difference to the prospects and achievements of individuals, especially children. Surprisingly, the evidence for this in the British context is sparse. To address this, we estimate the impact of a child's neighbourhood on his or her final educational attainments using data on British children who were teenagers during the 1970s. The paper is the first to look at the implications of neighbourhood influences for social mobility between generations in Britain. The focus is, however, quite specific: we ask whether the characteristics of a residential neighbourhood community for teenagers influences the final level of qualification they obtain. The emphasis is also on measurement of the size of these effects, and on separating out the causal effect of neighbourhoods, rather than seeking firm explanations. The overall finding of this paper is that neighbourhoods do influence outcomes, regardless of family resources, but we find nothing to contradict the general consensus that neighbourhoods determine only a small proportion of the variation in individual outcomes, and that family background matters more. The benefits from aggregate improvements in neighbourhood quality do imply higher social benefits from tackling childhood disadvantage at the neighbourhood, rather than the family or individual level, but the evidence from this paper is that these additional benefits are quite small. The key findings are: • Children brought up in the same neighbourhood end u p with similar educational attainments. This association is, however, quite weak. At most, the correlation between an individual's years in education and the average education of others who lived in the same ward in the 1970s is around 0.16. And this similarity in educational attainments is, in part, due to the children in the same neighbourhood having similar parents. Allowing for similarities in parental education alone halves this inter-neighbour correlation. An interpretation of these correlation coefficients is that a child could expect to increase his or her time in education by between 3.2 to 11.8 weeks if brought up amongst children destined to stay in education for 1.4 years longer than average. • Another way of …
DIADEM: Thousands of Websites to a Single Database

The web is overflowing with implicitly structured data, spread over hundreds of thousands of sites, hidden deep behind search forms, or siloed in marketplaces, only accessible as HTML. Automatic extraction of structured data at the scale of thousands of websites has long proven elusive, despite its central role in the "web of data". Through an extensive evaluation spanning over 10000 web sites from multiple application domains, we show that automatic, yet accurate full-site extraction is no longer a distant dream. diadem is the first automatic full-site extraction system that is able to extract structured data from different domains at very high accuracy. It combines automated exploration of websites, identification of relevant data, and induction of exhaustive wrappers. Automating these components is the first challenge. diadem overcomes this challenge by combining phenomenological and ontological knowledge. Integrating these components is the second challenge. diadem overcomes this challenge through a self-adaptive network of relational transducers that produces effective wrappers for a wide variety of websites. Our extensive and publicly available evaluation shows that, for more than 90% of sites from three domains, diadem obtains an effective wrapper that extracts all relevant data with 97% average precision. diadem also tolerates noisy entity recognisers, and its components individually outperform comparable approaches.
Poverty, Income Inequality and Health

The purpose of this report is to consider the legitimacy of the assumption that communities or societies with more unequal income distributions have poorer health outcomes. We present a critical review of the existing international literature on the relationship between income, income inequality and health, in terms of conceptual approaches, research methods and the policy implications drawn from it. Where possible, we also offer some guidance for judging between policy priorities based on the relative importance of income inequality versus other potential causal factors in determining population levels of health. An overview of the potential relationship between income, income inequality and health is set out, followed by a discussion of the methodological and technical issues required to explore these links. A literature review of what we consider to be the key contributions in the income inequality - health debate is presented, as is a re-analysis of data derived from Chapter 3 of Social Inequalities in Health: New Zealand 1999, which focuses on income, income inequality and health. We conclude that the relative effect of income inequality per se as a determinant of population health has been greatly exaggerated. The frequently observed association between income inequality and health at the regional level is likely to be a by-product of the non-linear relationship between individual income and health, although we cannot dismiss the possibility that income inequality may also act as a marker for other area characteristics that influence health. We stress that a life course approach is paramount for any study into the relationship between poverty and health, while the use of multi-level data analysis is fundamental in attempting to establish the relationship between income distribution and area level health status.
Ethical Considerations for Internationalization: Perspectives from Global Citizenship Education.

A variety of globalizing influences have dramatically shifted the environment of Canadian institutions of higher education in the past few decades. Increased global student mobility has quite literally brought the world to our campuses. The presence of over 200,000 international students (Roslyn Kunin & Associates, 2012) is only one factor contributing to increased cultural diversity on Canadian campuses. Greater cultural diversity derives from steady growth in the presence of Indigenous students (AUCC, 2010; Malatest & Associates, 2004) and new Canadian students (Statistics Canada, 2009). Judging by the numbers, it would appear that higher education is poised to become a site of intercultural and global exchange. However, numerous scholars (Abdi, 2011; Banks, 2009; Camicia & Franklin, 2010; Kincheloe & Steinberg, 2008; Kuokkanen, 2008; Otten, 2010) warn that looking at quantitative factors alone may mask the continuation of potentially hegemonic or assimilative traditions inherent in the academy. As Apple states, higher education frequently continues to embrace “an entire set of historical assumptions about ‘tradition,’ about the existence of a social consensus over what should count as legitimate knowledge, and about cultural superiority” (Apple, 2000, p. 68).
Effect of Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Obesity in the Next Generation

OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may cause obesity in the offspring. The objective was to assess the effect of treatment for mild GDM on the BMI of 4- to 5-year-old children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 199 mothers who participated in a randomized controlled trial of the treatment of mild GDM during pregnancy and their children. Trained nurses measured the height and weight of the children at preschool visits in a state-wide surveillance program in the state of South Australia. The main outcome measure was age- and sex-specific BMI Z score based on standards of the International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS At birth, prevalence of macrosomia (birth weight ≥4,000 g) was 5.3% among the 94 children whose mothers were in the intervention group, and 21.9% among the 105 children in the routine care control group. At 4- to 5-years-old, mean (SD) BMI Z score was 0.49 (1.20) in intervention children and 0.41 (1.40) among controls. The difference between treatment groups was 0.08 (95% CI −0.29 to 0.44), an estimate minimally changed by adjustment for maternal race, parity, age, and socio-economic index (0.08 [−0.29 to 0.45]). Evaluating BMI ≥85th percentile rather than continuous BMI Z score gave similarly null results. CONCLUSIONS Although treatment of GDM substantially reduced macrosomia at birth, it did not result in a change in BMI at age 4- to 5-years-old.
A new fuzzy-based method to weigh the related concepts in semantic focused web crawlers

Semantic focused crawler computes the priority of pages crawling by web page semantic similarity with topic which is defined by ontology. Ontology is a new approach referred to as the main pivot of change from the present web to a new web called semantic web. The main problem about focused crawlers is to find a computation function of appropriate relevance based on which the crawler can estimate the similarity between topic and web document appropriately. In this paper a new method to weigh the concepts related to topic is suggested to be used as a main component in the architecture of semantic crawler to compute relevance of web page with the topic. The concepts related to the topic are retrieved by ontology graph and their weights are computed by a proposed fuzzy inference system. The results show that the proposed approach presents better precision rate compared with breadth-first and best-first search.
European regional growth: do sectors matter?

The recent theoretical and empirical works on economic growth based on Solow's model have generally neglected the role played by the sectoral mix and structural change on aggregate growth. However, as many development economists have remarked, sectors are characterized by enormous differences in terms of technological change, inter-sectoral linkages and the degree of scale economies. In this paper we show that indeed sectors matter in determining aggregate growth across European regions. More specifically, we show that large part of convergence is induced by a structural change process of shifting employment from low to high productive sectors that is relatively faster in the initially less productive southern European regions.
Project Management 2027; The Future of Project Management [22nd World Congress of the International Project Management Association (IPMA), Roma, Italy, November 2008]

This chapter describes a study into the expected development of the competences of the project manager in the year 2027. The study was performed amongst the members of IPMA-The Netherlands during the summer of 2007. In the study the 46 competences of the International Competence Baseline 3 (ICB 3) were tested against the expectations of the respondents for the development of project management. Based on four scenarios for the future of Europe, the members indicated which of the competences are expected to become more important, equally important or less important than today. The aim of the study was to provide insight in the expected future development of the project management competences. This goal is relevant for both practitioners and educators.The conclusions are that the study shows indications that project management is developing from an ‘occupation’ into a true ”profession”. Part of this development is a broader orientation of the project manager in which especially the competences related to the relationship of the project with its environment grow strongly in importance.
Total and Cause-Specific Mortality by Elevated Transferrin Saturation and Hemochromatosis Genotype in Individuals With Diabetes: Two General Population Studies

OBJECTIVE Mortality is increased in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, in individuals from the general population with increased transferrin saturation (TS), and also in patients with type 1 diabetes and increased TS from a highly specialized diabetes clinic. Thus, we have recommended targeted screening for TS in specialized diabetes clinics. Whether mortality is also increased in individuals from the general population with diabetes and increased TS is unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In two Danish population studies (N = 84,865), we examined mortality according to baseline levels of TS and hemochromatosis genotype (HFE) G → A substitution at nucleotide 845 in codon 282 (C282Y/C282Y) in individuals with diabetes (type 1, N = 118; type 2, N = 3,228; total, N = 3,346). RESULTS The cumulative survival rate was reduced in individuals with diabetes with TS ≥50% vs. <50% (log-rank; P < 0.0001), with median survival ages of 66 and 79 years, respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) for TS ≥50% vs. <50% was 2.0 (95% CI 1.3–2.8; P = 0.0004) for total mortality overall (and similar for men and women separately); 2.6 (1.3–5.4; P = 0.008) for neoplasms; and 3.4 (2.0–6.0; P = 0.00002) for endocrinological causes. A stepwise increased risk of total mortality was observed for stepwise increasing TS (log-rank test, P = 0.0001), with an HR for TS ≥70% vs. TS <20% of 4.8 (2.0–12; P = 0.0006). The HR for total mortality in individuals with diabetes for C282Y/C282Y versus wild type/wild type was 3.3 (1.04–10; P = 0.04), and for C282Y/C282Y and TS ≥50% versus wild type/wild type and TS <50% was 6.0 (1.5–24; P = 0.01). Six percent of these premature deaths can possibly be avoided by early screening for TS or HFE genotype. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with diabetes, ascertained in the general population, with increased TS or HFE genotype have a twofold to sixfold increased risk of premature death.
Does Gender Impact Intensity of Care Provided to Older Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients?

Introduction. Women receive less aggressive critical care than men based on prior studies. No documented studies evaluate whether men and women are treated equally in the medical intensive care unit (MICU). The Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 (TISS-28) has been used to examine gender differences in mixed ICU studies. However, it has not been used to evaluate equivalence of care in older MICU patients. We hypothesize that given nonsignificant, baseline health differences between genders at MICU admission, the level of care provided would be equivalent. Methods. Prospective cohort of 309 patients ≥60 years old in the MICU of an urban university teaching hospital. Explanatory variables were demographic data and baseline measures. Primary outcomes were TISS-28 scores and MICU interventions. We compare TISS-28 scores by gender using a statistical test of equivalence. Results. Women were older and had more chronic respiratory failure at MICU admission. Using equivalence limits of ±15% on gender-based scores of TISS-28, MICU interventions were equivalent. Supplementary analysis showed no statistically significant association between gender and mortality. Conclusions. In contrast with other reports from the cardiac critical care literature, as measured by the TISS-28, gender-based care delivered to older MICU patients in this cohort was equivalent.
Do Gamblers Correctly Price Momentum in NBA Betting Markets?

There is little research on whether new information is correctly synthesized in prediction markets. Previous studies have found evidence consistent with, but have not proved, gambler misperceptions on the existence of momentum effects in the NBA. I use novel momentum measures that, unlike prior studies, incorporate the strengths of the opponent and the wins (or losses). With these measures, I test whether gamblers correctly synthesize information on momentum in the NBA. Contrary to previous studies, I find strong evidence for the existence of a momentum effect. Furthermore, gamblers incorporate momentum into their beliefs on the game outcomes. Gamblers, however, significantly overstate the importance of momentum. But, there is little evidence that the extent of this gambler misperception is large enough to generate market inefficiencies, or profit opportunity. Still, the gambler mispricing of the information has implications for how well new information is synthesized in other types of prediction markets.
Early statistical detection of anthrax outbreaks by tracking over-the-counter medication sales

The recent series of anthrax attacks has reinforced the importance of biosurveillance systems for the timely detection of epidemics. This paper describes a statistical framework for monitoring grocery data to detect a large-scale but localized bioterrorism attack. Our system illustrates the potential of data sources that may be more timely than traditional medical and public health data. The system includes several layers, each customized to grocery data and tuned to finding footprints of an epidemic. We also propose an evaluation methodology that is suitable in the absence of data on large-scale bioterrorist attacks and disease outbreaks.
Phenotypic plasticity and the perception–action–cognition–environment paradigm in neurodevelopmental genetic disorders

Careful study of the phenotype can have implications at several levels, namely clinical diagnosis, pathophysiological reasoning, management planning, and outcome measurement. Behavioural phenotypes involve cognition, communication, social skills, and motor control. They can be documented in a host of neurodevelopmental conditions and approached with the recently refined perception–action–cognition–environment (PACE) paradigm, which focuses on the neurodevelopmental processes that underlie learning and adaption to the environment through perception, action, and cognitive processing. Although this paradigm was originally developed in the context of cerebral palsy, it can be applied along developmental trajectories in several neurogenetic conditions, including Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Williams syndrome, to name but a few. It must be recognized, however, that relevant, valid tools for assessment and management strategies still need to be developed.