Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developing and Enacting Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Teaching History: An Exploration of Two Novice Teachers' Growth Over Three Years

Using artifacts of teachers' practices, classroom observations, and teacher interviews, we explore the development and enactment of 2 novices' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for teaching history. We identify and track 4 components of PCK that are relevant to teaching history: representing history, transforming history, attending to students' ideas about history, and framing history. We find that these 2 novices demonstrated different aspects of PCK in different settings at different points in the first 3 years of their careers. Their PCK continued to grow after preservice education, although the pace and substance of this development varied. In particular, attending to students' ideas about history and framing history were more challenging aspects of PCK for these novices. Specific features of the teacher education program, the school context, and the individual teacher's capacity facilitate growth in PCK, including opportunities to practice, alignment within the teacher education program and across learning sites, reflection on practice, and subject matter knowledge.
National Human Resource Development in Transitioning Societies in the Developing World: Introductory Overview

The problem and the solution. At present, there is no publication that brings together the experience of rapidly changing countries and their attempts at national human resource development. This issue explores different approaches to national human resource development in transitioning nations and highlights the forces working for and against their success. A review of related research, an informed theoretical framework, and a model for examining human resource development in transitioning societies in the developing world is presented and discussed in this article. Its purpose is to provide a basis for discussion and comparisons between the selected case examples in the developing world that make up this issue.
The Relation of Children’s Television Viewing to School Achievement and I.Q.

AbstractThe relationships between television viewing behavior and school achievement were examined in a sample of fifth through eighth grade children. Results suggest that in this sample: a) children whose parents set rules for watching television did belter in school and had higher l.Q,’s than other children; b) amounts of viewing of all types of shows were highly correlated, with the exception of sports viewing; e) more television watching was associated with lower grades in reading and lower l.Q. ’s; and d) higher math grades were associated with a preference for sports, family, game, and cartoon shows.
Galaxy Clusters in Hubble Volume Simulations: Cosmological Constraints from Sky Survey Populations

We use gigaparticle N-body simulations to study galaxy cluster populations in Hubble volumes of ΛCDM (Ωm = 0.3, ΩΛ = 0.7) and τCDM (Ωm = 1) world models. Mapping past light cones of locations in the computational space, we create mock sky surveys of dark matter structure to z ≃ 1.4 over 10,000 deg2 and to z ≃ 0.5 over two full spheres. Calibrating the Jenkins mass function at z = 0 with samples of ~1.5 million clusters, we show that the fit describes the sky survey counts to ≲20% accuracy over all redshifts for systems more massive than poor galaxy groups (5 × 1013 h-1 M☉). Fitting the observed local temperature function determines the ratio β of specific thermal energies in dark matter and intracluster gas. We derive a scaling with power spectrum normalization β ∝ σ and find that the ΛCDM model requires σ8 = 1.04 to match β = 1.17 derived from gasdynamic cluster simulations. We estimate a 10% overall systematic uncertainty in σ8, 4% arising from cosmic variance in the local sample and the bulk from uncertainty in the absolute mass scale of clusters. Considering distant clusters, the ΛCDM model matches Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey and ROSAT Deep Cluster Survey X-ray-selected observations under economical assumptions for intracluster gas evolution. Using transformations of mass-limited cluster samples that mimic σ8 variation, we explore Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) search expectations for a 10 deg2 survey complete above 1014 h-1 M☉. Cluster counts are shown to be extremely sensitive to σ8 uncertainty, while redshift statistics, such as the sample median, are much more stable. Redshift information is crucial to extract the full cosmological diagnostic power of SZ cluster surveys. For ΛCDM, the characteristic temperature at a fixed sky surface density is a weak function of redshift, implying an abundance of hot clusters at z > 1. Assuming constant β, one 8 keV cluster at z > 2 and 10 5 keV clusters at z > 3 are expected in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey area. Too many such clusters can falsify the model; detection of clusters more massive than Coma at z > 1 violates ΛCDM at 95% confidence if their surface density exceeds 0.003 deg-2, or 120 on the whole sky.
Evaluation of the SNAP Foal IgG test for the semiquantitative measurement of immunoglobulin G in foals

The SNAP Foal IgG test (IDEXX) as evaluated for its accuracy and usefulness by measuring blood samples collected from 42 foals between 24 and 48 hours after birth. The results were compared with the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) test as the reference method. The SNAP test was quick and easy to perform, and the results were similar to those obtained by SRID in 64 per cent of the samples. The best results were found with low (<400 mg/dl) and high (>800 mg/dl) concentrations of immunoglobulin G, with an accuracy of 80 per cent and 89 per cent, respectively. The intermediate concentrations were usually lower when measured by the SNAP test than by the SRID test, possibly owing to the variable volume of blood added to the test with the sample loop.
Overexpression of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 GTPases Is Associated with Progression in Testicular Cancer

The Rho family of GTPases are involved in actin cytoskeleton organization and associated with carcinogenesis and progression of human cancers. We investigated the roles of Rho family GTPases, prototypes RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, and the major downstream targets of RhoA, ROCK-I, and ROCK-II in testicular cancer. We quantified protein expression in paired tumor and nontumor samples from surgical specimens from 57 consecutive patients with testicular germ cell tumors using Western blotting. Protein expression of RhoA, ROCK-I, ROCK-II, Rac1, and Cdc42 was significantly higher in tumor tissue than in nontumor tissue (P < 0.0001). Expression of protein for RhoA, ROCK-I, ROCK-II, Rac1, and Cdc42 was greater in tumors of higher stages than lower stages (P < 0.0001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, respectively). Within stage II nonseminoma (31 patients), protein levels of RhoA, ROCK-I, ROCK-II, Rac1, and Cdc42 in the primary tumor were lower in the group of 24 patients with no evidence of disease after therapy compared with 7 patients with disease that was refractory/recurrent (P < 0.05). Rho family GTPases may be involved in the progression of testicular germ cell tumors.
Rate-distortion development for optimal truncation in JPEG2000 imagery

This paper presents a development of the post compression rate-distortion optimization (PCRD-opt) algorithm in JPEG2000 used for optimal truncation (OT) rate control. The proposed treatment of PCRD-opt differs from the treatment given in the JPEG2000 standard and what is given in a number of publications, indicating an error in the published literature. The proposed algorithm is implemented in a complete JPEG2000 compression engine as well as the algorithm published in the JPEG2000 standard. The proposed algorithm gives a substantial performance gain, out performing the implementation given in the standard by 0.25-1 dB in PSNR on average, demonstrating that the method for PCRD-opt given in the standard is incorrect. The proposed algorithm is also compared to the JPEG2000 reference implementation, JasPer, and the popular Kakadu JPEG2000 compressor. The proposed algorithm provides equivalent performance results to both JasPer and Kakadu, indicating that the proposed PCRD-opt treatment provides correct OT of JPEG2000 compressed imagery.
Companion animals in Indiana elementary schools

Abstract This descriptive study examines data on the presence of pets in elementary classrooms in a sample of rural, suburban, and urban elementary school classrooms in Indiana, and suggests a rich area for researchers interested in human–animal interactions in school settings. A convenience sample of rural, suburban, and urban teachers was compiled from the state department of education's database, and surveys were sent to 2,149 teachers in 115 schools. More than 25% of the responding teachers' classrooms contained a variety of animals, mostly small vertebrates. Teachers used animals to provide enjoyment and hands-on educational experiences for students. This article extends similar classroom research by Zasloff, Hart and DeArmond (1999). The educational value of classroom animals is not often appreciated or studied, and the results of this study suggest this is a productive area for interdisciplinary research.
A short‐term longitudinal investigation of cross‐cultural differences in study approaches using Biggs' SPQ questionnaire

Cross-cultural research on university students' approaches to study has examined the possible cultural specificity of Biggs' Study Process Questionnaire, but the problem of the confounding effect of individual characteristics and contextual variables has received little empirical attention. The present study addressed this issue, by investigating cross-cultural differences in students' approaches to study when the academic course and context are the same for culturally distinct groups. Two matched groups of local Australian and South-east Asian students were compared at the beginning and the end of their first semester at university. The similarities in the patterns of change of the two groups support the view that study approaches are influenced by students' perceptions of course requirements rather than determined by stable personal characteristics of individuals or cultural differences. Although South-east Asian students scored higher on the surface measures than their western counterparts, finer analyses breaking down the surface construct into meaningful sub-components revealed no difference between the two groups in the ‘narrowness’ aspect of their study. South-east Asian students were adaptive to the demands of the new educational context and became more similar to local students by the end of their first semester of academic study in a western institution.
Short-Term Clinical Result of Cortical Bone Trajectory Technique for the Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis with More than 1-Year Follow-Up

Study Design Retrospective follow-up study on the result of surgical treatment for patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) using cortical bone trajectory (CBT) technique. Purpose To evaluate the capability of CBT to manage patients with DLS. Overview of Literature CBT is a recently advocated, novel, less-invasive technique of lumbar pedicle screw, which provides enhanced screw purchase by maximizing the thread contact with higher density bone surface. Despite the frequent use of CBT technique in the lumbar spine surgery, little is known of the capability of this technique to manage patients with DLS. Methods Thirty two consecutive patients (5 males, 27 females) surgically treated with single-level DLS in our institute using CBT were included. All patients were followed up at least 12 months (mean 24 months). Their clinical and radiological features were measured. Results Good leg pain relief was achieved in all patients. The mean postoperative percentage slip demonstrated significant reduction with significant neurological recovery when compared with preoperative percentage slip, and it was maintained until the latest follow-up. Loss of correction of more than 3 mm during the follow-up period was observed in 3 cases. Surgical site infection was observed in one case; however, pull-out of PSs or neurological deterioration was not found. No patient needed additional surgery during the follow-up period. Conclusions These preliminary results confirmed that CBT is useful for the treatment for patients with DLS. This technique allows good reduction of spondylolisthesis and neurological improvement.
Some Take the Glass Escalator, Some Hit the Glass Ceiling?

Results from analyses of a large Swedish longitudinal data set suggest that men who work in typically female occupations have substantially better internal promotion chances than have equally qualified women in such occupations. This finding is compatible with the idea that a socalled glass escalator takes underrepresented men on an upwardly mobile internal career path at a speed that their female colleagues can hardly enjoy. Furthermore, the results indicate that men and women have equal internal career chances in male-dominated occupations. Hence, the common assumption that obstacles to women’s internal career growth are especially severe in male-dominated fields of work obtains no support.
Logistical and Methodological Challenges in Conducting a Mental Health Survey of Mount Pinatubo Disaster Victims

On 12 June 1991, Mt Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted in what was the largest volcanic disaster of this century. Three hundred and fifty-one tribal and nontribal disaster victims were interviewed 6 years after they were displaced following the eruption. The acute and chronic effects of the eruption and the populations affected by Mt Pinatubo are described. The culturally and ecologically diverse population imposed logistical and methodological challenges that were expressed in ways not ordinarily encountered when conducting a community survey. Translating and administering survey instruments involved modifications of traditional methods to minimize item, method, construct and selection bias. Investigators conducting cross-cultural field studies in developing countries must strive to maintain high standards of scientific rigor, yet remain flexible, efficient and culturally sensitive.
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety

teachers of foreign languages. Many people claim to have a mental block against learning a foreign language, although these same people may be good learners in other situations, strongly motivated, and have a sincere liking for speakers of the target language. What, then, prevents them from achieving their desired goal? In many cases, they may have an anxiety reaction which impedes their ability to perform successfully in a foreign language class. Anxiety is the subjective feeling of tension, apprehension, nervousness, and worry associated with an arousal of the autonomic nervous system.2 Just as anxiety prevents some people from performing successfully in science or mathematics, many people find foreign language learning, especially in classroom situations, particularly stressful.
Influence of electronically paced ventricular rate on urine flow and excretion of minerals in patients with total heart block.

Patients with total heart block may present with congestive heart failure and considerable oedema which may be corrected by use ofan electronic pacemaker (Muller and Bellet, 1961; DeSanctis, 1963; Schliler, Tryding, and Westling, 1964; Friedberg et al., 1965). These observations suggest some relation between paced rate and the renal excretion of minerals and water. In a preliminary study (Dekker et al., 1963) in a single patient with total heart block, renal excretion of sodium, water, and chloride was greater during an electronically induced heart rate of 100 a minute than at a rate of 50 a minute. Recent studies seem to indicate, however, that in patients with total heart block the sodium excretion is decreased in response to an acute increase in heart rate (Humphries et al., 1967). In this report the urine flow and renal excretion of minerals and water at different paced heart rates are therefore re-examined in some detail.
Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia Originating From the Periaortic Region in the Absence of Overt Structural Heart Disease

Background—In the absence of overt structural heart disease, most left ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardias (VTs) have a focal origin and are benign. We hypothesized that multiple morphologies (MMs) of inducible left ventricular outflow tract VT may indicate a scar-related VT that can mimic idiopathic VT. Methods and Results—Of 54 consecutive patients referred for ablation of sustained outflow tract VT without overt structural heart disease, 24 had left ventricular outflow tract VT, 10 had MM VT, and 14 had a single VT (SM). The MM group were older (70.3±4.3 versus 53.9±15.9 years; P=0.004), had more hypertension (100% versus 29%; P=0.0006), and had longer PR intervals and QRS durations compared with the SM group. In contrast to the SM group, the MM group VTs had features consistent with reentry, including induction by programmed stimulation without isoproterenol, entrainment in some, and abnormal electrograms in the periaortic area. Periaortic region voltages suggested scar in the MM group, but not in the SM group. MRI in 2 MM patients was consistent with scar, but not in 10 SM patients. Longer radiofrequency applications were required in the MM group than in the SM group. At a median follow-up of 9.7 (3.0–32.0) months, recurrences tended to be more frequent in the MM group than in the SM group (70% versus 22%; P=0.07). Conclusions—VTs from small regions of periaortic scar can mimic idiopathic VT but are suggested by multiple VT morphologies and are more difficult to ablate. Whether these patients are at greater risk, as feared for other scar-related VTs, warrants further study.
TRP Receptors in Arthritis, Gaining Knowledge for Translation from Experimental Models

Arthritis is a condition characterised by mainly pain, reduced joint movement and signs of inflammation, such as swelling. The disorder has many different types, of which osteoarthritis (a degenerative joint disease) and rheumatoid arthritis (a chronic autoimmune disease) are the two most common forms. There are >6 million sufferers in the UK and both conditions have a huge potential to impair capabilities and contribute to social and economic burdens. Whilst there are a wide range of arthritic therapies available, many patients under treatment complain of poor pain relief. Thus there is a need for novel therapeutic approaches, and the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of receptor channels has been investigated. One particular area of recent research has been the ligand-gated transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel. Findings from numerous pre-clinical models and scientific studies have shown that TRPV1 desensitisa- tion, or the use of TRPV1 antagonists alleviates pain and some inflammatory aspects. New findings have started to unveil the potential of other TRP channels in mediating arthritic pain and inflammation. With the understanding that the cur- rently available treatments for arthritis are limited, researchers have looked into the exciting prospect that TRP receptor antagonists may be developed into effective, specific drugs, which would potentially protect against the complications of arthritis. These antagonists are still under development, although only data from studies from pre-clinical models are cur- rently available. This review acts to summarize knowledge of the potential influence of TRP receptors in arthritis to date.
After the Baby: A Qualitative Study of Working-Time Arrangements Following Maternity Leave

ABSTRACT To date, the issue of part-time work for women returning after the baby has received little attention in the working-time research and debates. In order to address this particular aspect of the work and family conundrum, this article draws on research in two large Australian organisations and explores the various factors within each organisation that limit the ‘practical availability’ of part-time work arrangements on return from maternity leave. The analysis highlights the importance of the broader organisational and gender context as well as the influence of each organisation's working-time norms on the construction and definition of part-time hours. Both organisations are male-dominated and any specific interest female employees may have in work-family benefits sits outside the dominant workplace norms of full-time work and a long working-hours culture.
Outcomes after vacuum-assisted deliveries. Births attended by community family practitioners.

OBJECTIVE To assess success rates, modes of delivery following failure, complications of mothers and newborns, and effect of extractor station and parity on vacuum-assisted deliveries attended by family physicians. DESIGN Retrospective audit. SETTING Community hospital. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-five family physicians providing maternity care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Complications, parity, and extractor station of 153 vacuum-assisted deliveries from April 1, 2000, to March 31, 2003. RESULTS Family physicians attempted 153 vacuum deliveries (82 at low station, 71 at outlet station) and had a 94.1% success rate. Of nine failed vacuum deliveries (eight at low station and one at outlet station), four were subsequently delivered by forceps and five by cesarean section. Except for one case of subdural hematoma, complications were few. Nulliparity was associated with six of the nine failed vacuum deliveries. CONCLUSION Family physicians were usually successful with vacuum-assisted deliveries. Complications were infrequent and rapidly resolved, but one failure, which was followed by a failed forceps delivery and eventual cesarean section, resulted in a serious complication. Low station and nulliparity were associated with failure of vacuum-assisted deliveries.
Broken Ties: The Impact of Organizational Restructuring on the Stability of Information-Processing Networks

Information-processing networks (IPNs) denote dynamic network-based information-processing structures that operate as coordination mechanisms that transcend formal hierarchies. Despite growing interest in information technology-enabled IPNs, the literature has been silent in exploring the various ontological structures of IPNs and the structural efficiency embedded in each IPN, especially in the event of radical organizational changes. To fill this gap, this study identifies, from the perspective of graph theory, four ontological IPN archetypes that can serve as blueprints for information processing within and across organizations—random, small world, moderate scale free (MSF), and Barabasi. We then assess how each structure reacts to corporate restructuring (e.g., downsizing) and investigate, based on computer simulation, the extent to which each structure preserves a worker's efficiency and the stability of the network structure in the event of downsizing. Two moderating variables are included in the model—that is, scale of downsizing and the reconnection strategy in the presence of downsizing. In this study, downsizing is viewed not only as the simple elimination of individual workers but also as the elimination of the communication and information-processing conduits necessary for effective communication and coordination. We find that when firms implement a relatively small-scale workforce reduction, centralized coordination structures such as MSF and Barabasi are generally more resilient and facilitate better coordination. However, when the downsizing strategy involves massive and severe layoffs, decentralized coordination structures such as random and small world are more durable, and tend to provide a stronger safety net, irrespective of the strategies employed to create new ties. Although this study focused exclusively on the context of downsizing, the results of the study have important implications for other types of organizational restructuring (e.g., organizational expansion and merger and acquisition) that reconfigure IPNs.