Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Open access and scholarly publishing in Latin America: ten flavours and a few reflections | Acesso livre e publicação acadêmica na América Latina: dez sabores e algumas reflexões

Abstract Throughout this article we argue that many scholars and scientific systems in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) share the ethical and epistemological motivations about the importance of increasing the "public presence" of academic research and lay out that many scholars and that many scholars and scientific systems in LAC are well positioned to take advantage of the increasing information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and of the growing open access (OA) movement so that the research produced within the region is circulated and shared broadly. The existence of Latin American examples to Willinsky's (2006) ten flavours of OA to journal articles are seen as an indication that OA has taken hold in the region. Keywords Open Access (OA); Latin America and the Caribbean; Information and Communication Technologies (ICT); knowledge dissemination; Scholarly Communication Resumo Argumenta-se neste artigo que muitos academicos e sistemas cientificos na America Latina e no Caribe compartilham motivacoes eticas e epistemologicas a respeito da importância de se aumentar a "presenca publica" da pesquisa academica e que muitos deles estao bem posicionados para se valer da crescente infra-estrutura de tecnologias de informacao e comunicacao (TIC)e dos movimentos de Acesso Livre (AL) para que a ciencia produzida na regiao circule e se compartilhe amplamente. A existencia de exemplos latino-americanos para a classificacao dos dez modelos de Willinsky para artigos de periodicos e vista como indicacao de que o AL ja se instalou na regiao. Palavras-chave Acesso Livre (AL); America Latina e Caribe; Tecnologias de Informacao e Comunicacao (TIC); difusao do conhecimento; comunicacao academica
The Prognosis and Risk Stratification Based on Pelvic Lymph Node Characteristics in Patients With Locally Advanced Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treated With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy

Background The purpose of this study is to determine the prognostic significance of pelvic lymph node (PLN) characteristics and perform risk stratification in patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 609 patients with Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d’Obstetrique (FIGO) stage II to IVa who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy, compared overall survival (OS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and pelvic recurrence-free survival between patients with or without PLN involvement. We further analyzed prognostic factors for OS and DMFS including FIGO stage, tumor volume, and lymph node (LN) characteristics in 300 patients with PLN involvement. Results The 3-year OS rate was 81.7% versus 92.8% (P = 0.002) and the 3-year DMFS rate was 79.3% versus 92.7% (P = 0.006) in patients with or without PLN involvement, respectively. With univariable analysis, FIGO stage, LN-volume, LN-number, LN-diameter, and matted/necrotic LN affected both OS and DMFS. Based on multivariable analysis, we created a risk stratification model. For OS, the independent risk factors were FIGO stage III or IVa, LN-volume of 3 cm3 or more, LN-diameter of 1.5 cm or more, and matted/necrotic LN. The low-risk group (no risk factors), mid-risk group (1 or 2 risk factors), and high-risk group (3 or 4 risk factors) had a 3-year OS of 96.6%, 84.9%, and 64.7%, respectively (P = 0.005). For DMFS, LN-diameter of 1.5 cm or more, LN-number of 3 or more, and matted/necrotic LN were the independent risk factors. The subgroups for DMFS were the low-risk group (no risk factors), the mid-risk group (1 risk factor), and the high-risk group (2 or 3 risk factors), and the 3-year DMFS was 92.4%, 76.2%, and 64.6%, respectively (P = 0.001). Conclusions The prognosis was significantly poorer for patients with high-risk lymph node characteristics. Using this risk stratification, we should select the most appropriate and individualized treatment modality to improve outcomes in those patients with a poorer prognosis.
Examining Attitudes Toward College Students with Minority Sexual Orientations

ABSTRACT This qualitative study combined descriptive written instruments and focus group data to investigate heterosexual college students' current attitudes toward gay and lesbian peers, a distinctly at-risk population. Overall, participants were generally supportive, but participants felt public pressure to hide or shield the support they felt for gay male and lesbian civil rights and tone down privately held religious views antagonistic to gay males and lesbians. In addition, participants appeared more knowledgeable than they actually were about gay male and lesbian issues. Suggestions and limitations are discussed.
Anti b iotic res istant Streptococcus pneumoniae

Background. Penicillin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are now found worldwide, and strains with resistance to cephalosporin are being reported. The appropriate antibiotic for pneumococcal pneumonia due to resistant strains remains controversial. Methods. To examine the effect of resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin on mortality, we conducted a 10-year, prospective study in Barcelona of 504 adults with culture-proved pneumococcal pneumonia. Results. Among the 504 patients, 145 (29 percent) had penicillin-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] of penicillin G, 0 12 to 4.0 ug per milliliter), and 31 patients (6 percent) had cephalosporin-resistant strains (MIC of ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, 1.0 to 40 pum per milliliter). Mortality was 38 percent in patients with penicillin-resistant strains, as compared with 24 percent in patients with penicillin-sensitive strains (P= 0.001). However, after the exclusion of patients with polymicrobial pneumonia and adjustment for other predictors of mortality, the odds ratio for mortality in patients with penicillin-resistant strains was 1.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 1 9: P= 0*84). Among patients treated with penicillin G or ampicillin, the mortality was 25 percent in the 24 with penicillin-resistant strains and 19 percent in the 126 with penicillin-sensitive strains (P= 0.51). Among patients treated with ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, the mortality was
HPSG Supertagging: A Sequence Labeling View

Supertagging is a widely used speed-up technique for deep parsing. In another aspect, supertagging has been exploited in other NLP tasks than parsing for utilizing the rich syntactic information given by the supertags. However, the performance of supertagger is still a bottleneck for such applications. In this paper, we investigated the relationship between supertagging and parsing, not just to speed up the deep parser; We started from a sequence labeling view of HPSG supertagging, examining how well a supertagger can do when separated from parsing. Comparison of two types of supertagging model, point-wise model and sequential model, showed that the former model works competitively well despite its simplicity, which indicates the true dependency among supertag assignments is far more complex than the crude first-order approximation made in the sequential model. We then analyzed the limitation of separated supertagging by using a CFG-filter. The results showed that big gains could be acquired by resorting to a light-weight parser.
Living on the Poverty Line. Lone Mothers in Belgium, Germany, Great Britan, Italy and Sweden

The paper focuses on the circumstances that explain lone mothers' dynamics of poverty in five different European settings (Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Sweden) using household panel data. My aim is to tackle the problem of poverty comparatively, dynamically, and with a gender perspective. This paper attempts to answer questions such as: "How do lone mothers experience poverty? Are poverty spells for lone mothers longer? Do poverty spells differ within different groups of lone mothers (never married, separated, divorced, widowed)? Is the probability of suffering recurrent or chronic poverty higher for lone mothers than for other groups? Do lone mothers' poverty spells differ among different welfare systems? ". What comes out of this analysis is that lone mothers - especially if heads of household - are at greater risk of poverty in comparison with married/cohabiting mothers in all settings taken into consideration. It also seems that lone mothers' low poverty rates are to be found either in countries where the sheltering capacity of family and kin is strong or where family policies allow the combination of care tasks and participation in the labour force. Lone mothers' poverty is a very complex phenomenon since female poverty risks are strongly connected to the close interaction of the gendered processes in the labour market, domestic circumstances and welfare systems that can substantially vary from one country to the next. Finally, poverty among lone mothers is not a static condition.
Palivizumab Prophylaxis: Does It Have Any Influence on the Growth and Development of the Infants?

Abstract Aim To evaluate the rehospitalization rates of premature infants who received palivizumab prophylaxis and its influence on the growth and development of these infants. Methods Infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks were randomized to receive prophylaxis with palivizumab (study group) or nothing (control group). Nasal swab samples were obtained monthly in all cases and also in case of infection and hospitalization. At the corrected age of 18 months Guide for Monitoring Child Development (GMCD) was administered to all patients and anthropometric indices were evaluated. Results The study was completed with 39 infants in the study group and 40 infants in the control group. Incidence of hospitalization due to respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) was found to be significantly lower in the study group both at the year of prophylaxis and in the following year (p = 0.001, odds ratio 1.32 [1.11–1.57]). There were no significant differences in terms of anthropometric indices or GMCD tests between the groups at the corrected age of 18 months. Conclusion Palivizumab reduced the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations due to RSV both in the year of prophylaxis and in the following year. However, this decrease did not have any impact on the development of infants.
Dare the School Build a New Social Order

George S. Counts was a major figure in American education for almost fifty years. Republication of this early (1932) work draws special attention to Counts' s role as a social and political activist. Three particular themes make the book noteworthy because of their importance in Counts' s plan for change as well as for their continuing contem-porary importance: (1) Counts' s crit-icism of child-centered progressives; (2) the role Counts assigns to teachers in achieving educational and social re-form; and (3) Counts' s idea for the re-form of the American economy.
The Domestic Assault of Women: Psychological and Criminal Justice Perspectives

Preface Acknowledgments 1. History and Incidence of Wife Assault 2. Explanations for Wife Assault: Psychiatry, Sociobiology, and Sociology 3. The Social Psychology of the Wife Assaulter: The Theory 4. The Social Psychology of the Wife Assaulter: The Research Studies 5. The Abusive Personality 6. Effects on the Victim 7. Traumatic Bonding 8. The Criminal Justice Response to Wife Assault 9. The Treatment of Wife Assault 10. The Future Notes References Index
Service-Learning in Entomology: Teaching, Research, and Outreach Domestically and Abroad

Insects are ideal models for demonstrating an array of biological and ecological concepts and the application of biology to solve real-world problems. Integrating service-learning, a pedagogy bridging theory and practice, into the entomology curriculum at the University of Georgia provides students an opportunity to participate in developing and implementing entomological programs for communities, both domestically and abroad. This research project seeks to develop, implement, assess, and evaluate two service-learning courses in entomology: Entomology Outreach and Service-Learning (ENTO 3900) and a study abroad course, Insect Natural History in Costa Rica: International Service-Learning (ENTO 3140-3140L). A qualitative research study was designed to assess and evaluate the courses using guidance from student reflections. Results suggest that entomological service-learning courses can be integrated with community outreach programs, both domestically and abroad, to enhance students’ science content knowledge and their teaching, communication, and civic skills.
CD40-CD40 Ligand Interactions Promote Trafficking of CD8+ T Cells into the Brain and Protection against West Nile Virus Encephalitis

ABSTRACT Recent studies have established a protective role for T cells during primary West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Binding of CD40 by CD40 ligand (CD40L) on activated CD4+ T cells provides an important costimulatory signal for immunoglobulin class switching, antibody affinity maturation, and priming of CD8+ T-cell responses. We examined here the function of CD40-dependent interactions in limiting primary WNV infection. Compared to congenic wild-type mice, CD40−/− mice uniformly succumbed to WNV infection. Although CD40−/− mice produced low levels of WNV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG, viral clearance from the spleen and serum was not altered, and CD8+ T-cell priming in peripheral lymphoid tissues was normal. Unexpectedly, CD8+ T-cell trafficking to the central nervous system (CNS) was markedly impaired in CD40−/− mice, and this correlated with elevated WNV titers in the CNS and death. In the brains of CD40−/− mice, T cells were retained in the perivascular space and did not migrate into the parenchyma, the predominant site of WNV infection. In contrast, in wild-type mice, T cells trafficked to the site of infection in neurons. Beside its role in maturation of antibody responses, our experiments suggest a novel function of CD40-CD40L interactions: to facilitate T-cell migration across the blood-brain barrier to control WNV infection.
Slack brain in meningioma surgery through lateral supraorbital approach

Background: Surgery of skull base meningiomas by the lateral supraorbital (LSO) approach requires relaxed brain. Therefore, we assessed combined effects of the elements of neuroanesthesia on neurosurgical conditions during craniotomy. Methods: The anesthesiological and surgical charts of 66 olfactory groove, 73 anterior clinoidal, and 52 tuberculum sellae meningioma patients operated on by the senior author (J.H.) at the Department of Neurosurgery of Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, between September 1997 and August 2010, were retrospectively analyzed. Results: One-hundred fifty-four (82%) patients had good surgical conditions, and this was achieved by (1) elevating the head 20 cm above the cardiac level in all patients with only slightly lateral turn or neck flexion, (2) administering mannitol preoperatively in medium or large meningiomas (n = 60), (3) maintaining anesthesia with propofol infusion (n = 46) or volatile anesthetics (n = 107) also in patients with large tumors (n = 37), and (4) controlling intraoperative hemodynamics. Brain relaxation was satisfactory in 18 (10%) and poor in 15 (8%) patients. The median intraoperative blood loss was 200 (range, 0-2000) ml. Only 9% of patients received red blood cell transfusion. The median time to extubation was 18 (range, 8-105) min after surgery. Extubation time correlated with the patients’ preoperative clinical status and the size of tumor but not with the modality of anesthesia. Conclusions: Slack brain during the LSO approach is achieved by correct patient positioning, preoperative mannitol, either by propofol or in small tumors inhaled anesthetics, and optimizing cerebral perfusion pressure. Under these circumstances, intraoperative brain swelling is prevented, bleeding is minimal, and no blood transfusions are needed.
Parent and Child Similarities in Divorcing and Non-Divorcing Families

Abstract It is frequently assumed that the model of their parents' marriage exerts a significant influence on the next generation, but little has been done to examine the part played by personality characteristics of parents and children. This longitudinal study examines the relative contribution of parental divorce, parents' marital (dyadic) satisfaction, conflict resolution style and selected personality qualities on children's personality qualities and self-image as adolescents and adults, and their dyadic satisfaction and conflict resolution style as adults. The samples were 67 adolescents from divorcing and intact families and their parents. Parents and children were interviewed when the children were aged 13-16, and the divorcing families were at the point of divorce. The children were followed up over 10 years until aged 23-26. At Year 1 the parents completed the anxiety, depression, sensitivity and submissiveness scales of the Neuroticism Scale Questionnaire (NSQ), the Spanier Dyadic Satisfaction Scale, and a conflict resolution scale, and made an appraisal of their children's socio-emotional maturity. Adolescents also completed the NSQ and a measure of self-image (Offer Self-Image Questionnaire: OSIQ). Ten years later the children again completed the NSQ and the OSIQ, and those who were currently in a dyadic relationship completed the Spanier and the conflict resolution scales. There were no differences on any measures between the children from divorced and intact homes. Husbands and wives were in reasonable agreement about their dyadic satisfaction and conflict resolution style, but no relationship was found between these and the corresponding self-reports of their adult children. Over the ten years of the study, mother and father depression predicted child depression, mothers' sensitivity predicted childrens' (and especially daughters') sensitivity, and fathers' lack of sensitivity predicted sons' submissiveness. The parents' appraisal of their adolescents' socio-emotional maturity at Year 1 predicted their children's self-image at Years 1 and 10, and their conflict resolution at Year 10; while self-image at Year 10 predicted contemporary Spanier scores. The findings are discussed in the light of current debates on the contribution of personality qualities to divorce and its sequelae for children.
Phytochemical characterization, antimicrobial activity and reducing potential of seed oil, latex, machine oil and presscake of Jatropha curcas

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, phytochemical studies and thin layer chromatography analysis of machine oil, hexane extract of seed oil and methanol extract of presscake & latex of Jatropha curcas Linn (family Euphorbiaceae). Materials and Methods: J. curcas extracts were subjected to preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening to detect the major phytochemicals followed by its reducing power and content of phenol and flavonoids in different fractions. Thin layer chromatography was also performed using different solvent systems for the analysis of a number of constituents in the plant extracts. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration were calculated by micro dilution method. Results: The methanolic fraction of latex and cake exhibited marked antifungal and antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenols and flavonoids. Reducing power showed dose dependent increase in concentration compared to standard Quercetin. Furthermore, this study recommended the isolation and separation of bioactive compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity which would be done by using different chromatographic methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), GC-MS etc. Conclusion: The results of the above study suggest that all parts of the plants possess potent antibacterial activity. Hence, it is important to isolate the active principles for further testing of antimicrobial and other biological efficacy.
Solitons in supersymmety breaking meta-stable vacua

In recently found supersymmetry-breaking meta-stable vacua of the supersymmetric QCD, we examine possible exsitence of solitons. Homotopy groups of the moduli space of the meta-stable vacua show that there is no nontrivial soliton for SU(Nc) gauge group. When U(1)B symmetry present in the theory is gauged, we find non-BPS solitonic (vortex) strings whose existence and properties are predicted from brane configurations. We obtain explicit classical solutions which reproduce the predicitions. For SO(Nc) gauge group, we find there are solitonic strings for N≡Nf−Nc+4 = 2, and Z2 strings for the other N. The strings are meta-stable as they live in the meta-stable vacua.
Hypermutagenic PCR involving all four transitions and a sizeable proportion of transversions.

Very complex mutant libraries of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene encoded by the Escherichia coli plasmid R67 were created using hypermutagenic PCR with biased deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) concentrations. Exploiting the particular stability of the G:T mismatch, the DHFR gene could be enriched in A+T by employing biased deoxypyrimidine triphosphate concentrations, i.e. [dTTP] > [dCTP]. A sizeable fraction of hypermutants were functional. A combination of [dTTP] > [dCTP] and [dGTP] > [dATP] biases generated mutations at unexpectedly low frequencies. This could be overcome by the addition of Mn2+ cations. Overall mutation frequencies of 10% per amplification (range 4-18% per clone) could be attained. All four transitions and a smaller number of transversions were produced throughout the gene. PCR mutagenesis could be so extensive as to inactivate all amplified versions of the gene.
Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To determine incidence rates and potential risk factors for vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs) diagnosed within 3 days of administration in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS 1,226,159 dogs vaccinated at 360 veterinary hospitals. PROCEDURE Electronic records from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2003, were searched for possible VAAEs (nonspecific vaccine reaction, allergic reaction, urticaria, or anaphylaxis) diagnosed within 3 days of vaccine administration. Information included age, weight, sex, neuter status, and breed. Specific clinical signs and treatments were reviewed in a random sample of 400 affected dogs. The association between potential risk factors and a VAAE was estimated by use of multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS 4,678 adverse events (38.2/10,000 dogs vaccinated) were associated with administration of 3,439,576 doses of vaccine to 1,226,159 dogs. The VAAE rate decreased significantly as body weight increased. Risk was 27% to 38% greater for neutered versus sexually intact dogs and 35% to 64% greater for dogs approximately 1 to 3 years old versus 2 to 9 months old. The risk of a VAAE significantly increased as the number of vaccine doses administered per office visit increased; each additional vaccine significantly increased risk of an adverse event by 27% in dogs < or = 10 kg (22 lb) and 12% in dogs > 10 kg. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Young adult small-breed neutered dogs that received multiple vaccines per office visit were at greatest risk of a VAAE within 72 hours after vaccination. These factors should be considered in risk assessment and risk communication with clients regarding vaccination.