Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determining a polyhedral shape using interreflections

We discuss the uniqueness of 2-D shape recovery of a polyhedron from a single shading image. First, we analytically show that multiple convex (and concave) shape solutions usually exist for a simple polyhedron if interreflections are not considered. Then we propose a new approach to uniquely determine the concave shape solution using interreflections as a constraint. A numerical example, in which two convex shapes and two concave shapes exist for a trihedral corner, has been shown by Horn. However, it is difficult to prove the uniqueness using constraint equations. We analytically show that multiple convex (and concave) shape solutions usually exist for a pyramid using a reflectance map, if interreflection distribution is not considered. However, if interreflection distribution is used as a constraint that limits the shape solution (for a concave polyhedron), the polyhedral shape can be uniquely determined. Interreflections are used as a constraint to determine the shape solution in our approach.
Deformation of the Lamina Cribrosa and Optic Nerve Due to Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure

Purpose Cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFp) changes are involved or implicated in various ocular conditions including glaucoma, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and visual impairment and intracranial pressure syndrome. However, little is known about the effects of CSFp on lamina cribrosa and retrolaminar neural tissue (RLNT) biomechanics, potentially important in these conditions. Our goal was to use an experimental approach to visualize and quantify the deformation of these tissues as CSFp increased. Methods The posterior eye and RLNT of porcine eyes (n = 3) were imaged using synchrotron radiation phase-contrast micro-computed tomography (PC μCT) at an intraocular pressure of 15 mm Hg and CSFps of 4, 10, 20, and 30 mm Hg. Scans of each tissue region were acquired at each CSFp step and analyzed using digital volume correlation to determine 3-dimensional tissue deformations. Results Elevating CSFp increased the strain in the lamina cribrosa and RLNT of all three specimens, with the largest strains occurring in the RLNT. Relative to the baseline CSFp of 4 mm Hg, at 30 mm Hg, the lamina cribrosa experienced a mean first and third principal strain of 4.4% and −3.5%, respectively. The corresponding values for the RLNT were 9.5% and −9.1%. Conclusions CSFp has a significant impact on the strain distributions within the lamina cribrosa and, more prominently, within the RLNT. Elevations in CSFp were positively correlated with increasing deformations in each region and may play a role in ocular pathologies linked to changes in CSFp.
Optimization and Evaluation of Variability in the Programming Window of a Flash Cell With Molecular Metal–Oxide Storage

We report a modeling study of a conceptual nonvolatile memory cell based on inorganic molecular metal-oxide clusters as a storage media embedded in the gate dielectric of a MOSFET. For the purpose of this paper, we developed a multiscale simulation framework that enables the evaluation of variability in the programming window of a flash cell with sub-20-nm gate length. Furthermore, we studied the threshold voltage variability due to random dopant fluctuations and fluctuations in the distribution of the molecular clusters in the cell. The simulation framework and the general conclusions of our work are transferrable to flash cells based on alternative molecules used for a storage media.
Characterizing Docker Overhead in Mobile Edge Computing Scenarios

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is an emerging network paradigm that provides cloud and IT services at the point of access of the network. Such proximity to the end user translates into ultra-low latency and high bandwidth, while, at the same time, it alleviates traffic congestion in the network core. Due to the need to run servers on edge nodes (e.g., an LTE-A macro eNodeB), a key element of MEC architectures is to ensure server portability and low overhead. A possible tool that can be used for this purpose is Docker, a framework that allows easy, fast deployment of Linux containers. This paper addresses the suitability of Docker in MEC scenarios by quantifying the CPU consumed by Docker when running two different containerized services: multiplayer gaming and video streaming. Our tests, run with varying numbers of clients and servers, yield different results for the two case studies: for the gaming service, the overhead logged by Docker increases only with the number of servers; conversely, for the video streaming case, the overhead is not affected by the number of either clients or servers.
Memory-Efficient Backpropagation Through Time

We propose a novel approach to reduce memory consumption of the backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm when training recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Our approach uses dynamic programming to balance a trade-off between caching of intermediate results and recomputation. The algorithm is capable of tightly fitting within almost any user-set memory budget while finding an optimal execution policy minimizing the computational cost. Computational devices have limited memory capacity and maximizing a computational performance given a fixed memory budget is a practical use-case. We provide asymptotic computational upper bounds for various regimes. The algorithm is particularly effective for long sequences. For sequences of length 1000, our algorithm saves 95\% of memory usage while using only one third more time per iteration than the standard BPTT.
Looking from the outside in: the use of video in attachment-based interventions

This paper provides an account of multiple potential benefits of using video in clinical interventions designed to promote change in parent–child attachment relationships. The power of video to provide a unique perspective on parents’ ways of thinking and feeling about their own behavior and that of their child will be discussed in terms of current attachment-based interventions using video either as the main component of the treatment or in addition to a more comprehensive treatment protocol. Interventions also range from those that use micro-analytic as compared to more global units of analyses, and there are potential bridges to be made with neuro-scientific research findings. In addition, this paper provides a clinical illustration of the utility of showing parents vignettes of video-filmed observations of parent–child interactions from the Group Attachment Based Intervention (GABI) for vulnerable families. Emphasis is placed on the motivational force arising from seeing (and hearing) oneself in interaction with one’s child on video, thus serving as a powerful catalyst for reflective functioning and updating one’s frame of reference for how to think, feel and behave with one’s child.
Phenomenology, etiology, and the religious counterpart of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

This thesis reviewed the current state of research, including methodology, on the phenomenology and etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), in addition to investigating predictors of its religious counterpart - scrupulosity. This thesis is organized into two theoretical chapters, two psychometric chapters, one empirical chapter, and one summary chapter. The first theoretical chapter introduced OCD as a diagnostic entity, and analyzed symptom structure and conceptualization of the disorder’s heterogeneous symptoms. Chapter three, and first psychometric chapter, critically reviewed commonly used assessment methods of OCD in adults. The second theoretical chapter discussed the cognitive account of OCD’s etiology, including three cognitive-behavioral models, and proposed a synthesis with the neurobiological etiological account of OCD. In the fifth chapter of this thesis, and second psychometric chapter, measures of obsessive beliefs and appraisals were reviewed. The sixth chapter of this thesis, the empirical chapter, examined the relationships between religion, obsessive-compulsive beliefs, and scrupulosity. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure strength of religious faith, maladaptive beliefs, and the tendency to blur thoughts and actions. Significant evidence of predictors and mediating effects in relation to scrupulosity and obsessive beliefs was found and discussed. This is the first study, to my knowledge, that demonstrated significant empirical support for applying cognitive-behavioral theory of obsessions to scrupulosity. The chapter concluded with a consideration of limitations, recommendations for future research, and implications for treatment. Finally, the last chapter provided a general summary of the thesis, including implications for OCD’s conceptualization, measurement, and clinical practice.
Assessment of the alkaline phosphatase level in gingival crevicular fluid, as a biomarker to evaluate the effect of scaling and root planing on chronic periodontitis: An in vivo study

Context: Clinical evaluation of gingivitis and/or periodontitis does not predict the progression or remission of the disease. Due to this diagnostic constraint, clinicians assume that the pathology has an increased risk of progression and plan treatments, despite the knowledge that all inflamed sites are not necessarily progressing. Extensive research has been carried out on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) components that might serve as potential diagnostic markers for periodontitis. Among them alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in GCF has shown promise as a diagnostic marker. Aim: This study compares the levels of GCF alkaline phosphatase in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after scaling and root planing. Materials and Methods: This study is an in vivo longitudinal study conducted on twenty patients with localized periodontitis. The GCF was collected from the affected site prior to scaling and root planing and ALP level estimated. The probing depth and plaque index at the site were also measured for correlation. Patients were recalled after 7, 30, and 60 days for reassessment. Results: The GCF ALP values showed a sustained, statistically significant decrease after treatment. There was a positive correlation with probing depth but not with plaque index measured at each interval. Conclusion: The assessment of level of periodontal disease and effect of mechanical plaque control on the progression and regression of the disease can be evaluated precisely by the corresponding GCF ALP levels. Thus, alkaline phosphatase level is not only a biomarker for the pathology but also an indicator of prognosis of periodontitis.
Acculturation and Hope as Predictors of Career Decision Self-Efficacy Among Korean International Undergraduate Students

This study examined the role of acculturation to the host culture, acculturation to the home culture, and dispositional hope in career decision self-efficacy (CDSE) in a sample of 213 Korean international undergraduate students enrolled in U.S. universities. The findings revealed that hope and acculturation to the host culture uniquely and positively predicted CDSE. Acculturation to the home culture was positively related to CDSE but did not account for unique variance in CDSE beyond that accounted for by hope. Hope was the strongest predictor of CDSE. As expected, acculturation to the host culture and acculturation to the home culture were not significantly related, suggesting that one does not necessarily require sacrifice of the other. No interaction effects were found between hope and acculturation variables on CDSE. Limitations of this study and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
A Novel Reordering Model for Statistical Machine Translation

Word reordering is one of the fundamental problems of machine translation, and an important factor of its quality and efficiency. In this paper, we introduce a novel reordering model based on an innovative structure, named, phrasal dependency tree including syntactical and statistical information in context of a log-linear model. The phrasal dependency tree is a new modern syntactic structure based on dependency relations between contiguous non- syntactic phrases. In comparison with well-known and popular reordering models such as the distortion, lexicalized and hierarchical models, the experimental study demonstrates the superiority of our model regarding to the different evaluation measures. We evaluated the proposed model on a PersianEnglish SMT system. On average our model retrieved a significant impact on precision with comparable recall value respect to the lexicalized and distortion models, and is found to be effective for medium and long-distance reordering.
Attribute Importance: Contrasting Measurements

Three methods of obtaining attribute importance—conjoint measurement, self (questionnaire) report, and information display board—are compared and found to yield contrasting results. The results of multiattribute models, and determinant attribute and tradeoff analyses would depend on the method of measurement used. The information display board is hypothesized to yield a measure of greater face validity than the other two methods.
Short‐term training adaptations in maximal motor unit firing rates and afterhyperpolarization duration

In this study we investigated age‐ and training‐related adaptations in maximal motor unit firing rates and the duration of the motoneuron afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in the dorsiflexor muscles of the foot. Subjects included 30 young (21.9 ± 3.1 years) and 30 older (72.9 ± 4.6 years) individuals, who were randomly assigned to a control or training group. Maximal voluntary force (MVC), maximal motor unit firing rate, and motoneuron AHP duration were measured on two occasions. The training group participated in six dorsiflexor exercise training sessions between test and retest. At baseline, young subjects had higher MVC force and maximal motor unit firing rate, and shorter AHP duration, compared with older subjects. Young and older subjects in the trained group demonstrated a respective 17.4% and 19.8% increase in MVC force, a 6.8% and 24.3% increase in maximal MUFR, and a 7.4% and 14.2% decrease in AHP duration. These results indicate that age‐related changes in neuromuscular function are not a necessary consequence of aging. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Convenient Detection of the Citrus Greening (Huanglongbing) Bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ by Direct PCR from the Midrib Extract

A phloem-limited bacterium, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las) is a major pathogen of citrus greening (huanglongbing), one of the most destructive citrus diseases worldwide. The rapid identification and culling of infected trees and budwoods in quarantine are the most important control measures. DNA amplification including conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has commonly been used for rapid detection and identification. However, long and laborious procedures for DNA extraction have greatly reduced the applicability of this method. In this study, we found that the Las bacterial cells in the midribs of infected leaves were extracted rapidly and easily by pulverization and centrifugation with mini homogenization tubes. We also found that the Las bacterial cells in the midrib extract were suitable for highly sensitive direct PCR. The performance of direct PCR using this extraction method was not inferior to that of conventional PCR. Thus, the direct PCR method described herein is characterized by its simplicity, sensitivity, and robustness, and is applicable to quarantine testing.
New technology, old practices

This study takes a journalistic professional approach to examine integration patterns of interactive features in news media websites. It draws from two aspects of journalistic work – the relationship with audiences and medium-related practices. Consequently, two frameworks are proposed for categorizing interactive features: the first is based on the relationships news media allow their audiences to have with news content – consuming content, influencing content, or passing it beyond the news site; the second is based on the characteristics of features – textual or visual. Findings from 100 news organizations show that, overall, news media preferred applying features that allow users to interact with content, but without the ability to influence it. In addition, the use of features was tightly related to the technology associated with a news organization; newspapers’ websites were more likely to use text-based features and vice versa.
Shiga Toxins, and the Genes Encoding Them, in Fecal Samples from Native Idaho Ungulates

ABSTRACT Cattle are a known reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. The prevalence and stability of Shiga toxin and/or Shiga toxin genes among native wild ungulates in Idaho were investigated. The frequency of both Shiga genes and toxin was similar to that reported for Idaho cattle (∼19%).
Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: the ARMADA trial.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adalimumab (D2E7), a fully human monoclonal tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody, in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) despite treatment with MTX. METHODS In a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 271 patients with active RA were randomly assigned to receive injections of adalimumab (20 mg, 40 mg, or 80 mg subcutaneously) or placebo every other week while continuing to take their long-term stable dosage of MTX. The primary efficacy end point was the American College of Rheumatology criteria for 20% improvement (ACR20) at 24 weeks. RESULTS An ACR20 response at week 24 was achieved by a significantly greater proportion of patients in the 20-mg, 40-mg, and 80-mg adalimumab plus MTX groups (47.8%, 67.2%, and 65.8%, respectively) than in the placebo plus MTX group (14.5%) (P < 0.001). ACR50 response rates with the 20-mg, 40-mg, and 80-mg adalimumab dosages (31.9%, 55.2%, and 42.5%, respectively) were significantly greater than that with placebo (8.1%) (P = 0.003, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). The 40-mg and 80-mg doses of adalimumab were associated with an ACR70 response (26.9% and 19.2%, respectively) that was statistically significantly greater than that with placebo (4.8%) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.020). Responses were rapid, with the greatest proportion of adalimumab-treated patients achieving an ACR20 response at the first scheduled visit (week 1). Adalimumab was safe and well tolerated; comparable numbers of adalimumab-treated patients and placebo-treated patients reported adverse events. CONCLUSION The addition of adalimumab at a dosage of 20 mg, 40 mg, or 80 mg administered subcutaneously every other week to long-term MTX therapy in patients with active RA provided significant, rapid, and sustained improvement in disease activity over 24 weeks compared with MTX plus placebo.
EFFECTS OF LOSARTAN ON RENAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN TYPE 2 DIABETES AND NEPHROPATHY EFFECTS OF LOSARTAN ON RENAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND NEPHROPATHY

A BSTRACT Background Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Interruption of the renin–angiotensin system slows the progression of renal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes, but similar data are not available for patients with type 2, the most common form of diabetes. We assessed the role of the angiotensin-II–receptor antagonist losartan in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Methods A total of 1513 patients were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind study comparing losartan (50 to 100 mg once daily) with placebo, both taken in addition to conventional antihypertensive treatment (calcium-channel antagonists, diuretics, alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, and centrally acting agents), for a mean of 3.4 years. The primary outcome was the composite of a doubling of the base-line serum creatinine concentration, end-stage renal disease, or death. Secondary end points included a composite of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular causes, proteinuria, and the rate of progression of renal disease. Results A total of 327 patients in the losartan group reached the primary end point, as compared with 359 in the placebo group (risk reduction, 16 percent; P=0.02). Losartan reduced the incidence of a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration (risk reduction, 25 percent; P=0.006) and end-stage renal disease (risk reduction, 28 percent; P=0.002) but had no effect on the rate of death. The benefit exceeded that attributable to changes in blood pressure. The composite of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular causes was similar in the two groups, although the rate of first hospitalization for heart failure was significantly lower with losartan (risk reduction, 32 percent; P=0.005). The level of proteinuria declined by 35 percent with losartan (P<0.001 for the comparison with placebo). Conclusions Losartan conferred significant renal benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy, and it was generally well tolerated. (N Engl J Med 2001;345:861-9.)
Humanistic Geography and Literature: Essays on the Experience of Place

1. Introduction: Imaginative Literature and the Geographer Douglas C. D. Pocock 2. Of Truth of Clouds: John Ruskin and the Moral order in Landscape Denis Cosgrove and John E. Thornes 3. Literature and 'Reality': The Transformation of the Jutland Heath Kenneth Robert Olwig 4. Consiousness and the Novel: Fact or Fiction in the Wors of D. H. Lawrence Ian G. Cook 5. Newcomers, Existential Outsiders and Insiders: Their Portrayal in Two Books by Doris Lessing David Seamon 6. Roots and Rootlessness: An Exploration of the Concept in the Life and Novels of George Eliot Catherine A. Middleton 7. On Yearning for Home: An Epistemological View of Ontological Transformations Gunnar Olsson 8. Literature and the Fashioning of Tourist Taste Peter T. Newby 9. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath as a Primer for an Exploration of Image and Place Howard F. Andrews 12. George Crabbe's Suffolk Scenes Hugh C. Prince 13. Shropshire: Reality and Symbol in the Work of May Webb John H. Paterson and Evangeline Paterson