Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma.

BACKGROUND The study estimates the relative importance of specific types of traumas experienced in the community in terms of their prevalence and risk of leading to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS A representative sample of 2181 persons in the Detroit area aged 18 to 45 years were interviewed by telephone to assess the lifetime history of traumatic events and PTSD, according to DSM-IV. Posttraumatic stress disorder was assessed with respect to a randomly selected trauma from the list of traumas reported by each respondent, using a modified version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version IV, and the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS The conditional risk of PTSD following exposure to trauma was 9.2%. The highest risk of PTSD was associated with assaultive violence (20.9%). The trauma most often reported as the precipitating event among persons with PTSD (31% of all PTSD cases) was sudden unexpected death of a loved one, an event experienced by 60% of the sample, and with a moderate risk of PTSD (14.3%). Women were at higher risk of PTSD than men, controlling for type of trauma. CONCLUSIONS The risk of PTSD associated with a representative sample of traumas is less than previously estimated. Previous studies have overestimated the conditional risk of PTSD by focusing on the worst events the respondents had ever experienced. Although recent research has focused on combat, rape, and other assaultive violence as causes of PTSD, sudden unexpected death of a loved one is a far more important cause of PTSD in the community, accounting for nearly one third of PTSD cases.
Join and Meet Operations for Type-2 Fuzzy Sets With Nonconvex Secondary Memberships

In this paper, we will present two theorems for the join and meet operations for general type-2 fuzzy sets with arbitrary secondary memberships, which can be nonconvex and/or nonnormal type-1 fuzzy sets. These results will be used to derive the join and meet operations of the more general descriptions of interval type-2 fuzzy sets presented in a paper by Bustince Sola et al. (“Interval type-2 fuzzy sets are generalization of interval-valued fuzzy sets: Towards a wider view on their relationship,” IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. , vol. 23, pp. 1876-1882, 2015), where the secondary grades can be nonconvex. Hence, this study will help to explore the potential of type-2 fuzzy logic systems which use the general forms of interval type-2 fuzzy sets which are not equivalent to interval-valued fuzzy sets. Several examples for both general type-2 and the more general forms of interval type-2 fuzzy sets are presented.
The angiogenesis inhibitor, endostatin, does not affect murine cutaneous wound healing.

BACKGROUND Endostatin is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, which is currently being used in Phase I trials as an antitumor agent. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endostatin has an effect on wound healing in a murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The function of endostatin was confirmed using a human microvascular endothelial cell (HMVEC) proliferation assay in which cells are treated for 4 days with growth media plus or minus endostatin. Full-thickness incisions were made on the dorsum of athymic nude mice and closed primarily with skin staples. PVA sponges were implanted in some wounds to determine vascular ingrowth. Subsequently, mice were treated with recombinant human endostatin at 20 mg/kg/day or 50 mg/kg/dose BID versus control for a total of 14 days. On Days 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16, three mice per group had serum samples drawn and were sacrificed. Perpendicular breaking strength (N) was determined using an Instron 5540 tensometer. Wound strength was determined by dividing breaking strength by wound area (N/cm(2)). Vascular density in sponges was determined using CD31 immunohistochemistry. Serum endostatin concentrations were determined using a commercially available ELISA kit. RESULTS Endostatin caused a significant reduction of endothelial cell proliferation after 4 days compared to media alone (72%, P = 0.031). At all time points tested, there was no statistical difference in the wound-breaking strength between endostatin and control-treated mice at either the low or high dose. Serum endostatin levels were consistently 10-fold higher in endostatin-treated mice than in controls. No differences in vascular density were seen in endostatin versus control-treated mice as determined by CD31 immunohistochemistry of PVA sponges. CONCLUSION Therapy with human endostatin does not induce a significant decrease in breaking strength of cutaneous wounds in mice.
The MUSART Testbed for Query-by-Humming Evaluation

Evaluating music information retrieval systems is acknowledged to be a difficult problem. We have created a database and a software testbed for the systematic evaluation of various query-by-humming (QBH) search systems. As might be expected, different queries and different databases lead to wide variations in observed search precision. “Natural” queries from two sources led to lower performance than that typically reported in the QBH literature. These results point out the importance of careful measurement and objective comparisons to study retrieval algorithms. This study compares search algorithms based on note-interval matching with dynamic programming, fixed-frame melodic contour matching with dynamic time warping, and a hidden Markov model. An examination of scaling trends is encouraging: precision falls off very slowly as the database size increases. This trend is simple to compute and could be useful to predict performance on larger databases.
Overall survival analysis of a phase II randomized controlled trial of a Poxviral-based PSA-targeted immunotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

PURPOSE Therapeutic prostate-specific antigen (PSA) -targeted poxviral vaccines for prostate cancer have been well tolerated. PROSTVAC-VF treatment was evaluated for safety and for prolongation of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in a randomized, controlled, and blinded phase II study. PATIENTS AND METHODS In total, 125 patients were randomly assigned in a multicenter trial of vaccination series. Eligible patients had minimally symptomatic castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer (mCRPC). PROSTVAC-VF comprises two recombinant viral vectors, each encoding transgenes for PSA, and three immune costimulatory molecules (B7.1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3). Vaccinia-based vector was used for priming followed by six planned fowlpox-based vector boosts. Patients were allocated (2:1) to PROSTVAC-VF plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or to control empty vectors plus saline injections. RESULTS Eighty-two patients received PROSTVAC-VF and 40 received control vectors. Patient characteristics were similar in both groups. The primary end point was PFS, which was similar in the two groups (P = .6). However, at 3 years post study, PROSTVAC-VF patients had a better OS with 25 (30%) of 82 alive versus 7 (17%) of 40 controls, longer median survival by 8.5 months (25.1 v 16.6 months for controls), an estimated hazard ratio of 0.56 (95% CI, 0.37 to 0.85), and stratified log-rank P = . 0061. CONCLUSION PROSTVAC-VF immunotherapy was well tolerated and associated with a 44% reduction in the death rate and an 8.5-month improvement in median OS in men with mCRPC. These provocative data provide preliminary evidence of clinically meaningful benefit but need to be confirmed in a larger phase III study.
Biologic Propensities and Phytochemical Profile of Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmelin (Rubiaceae): An Underutilized Native Medicinal Food Plant from Africa

Vangueria madagascariensis (VM), consumed for its sweet-sour fruits, is used as a biomedicine for the management of diabetes and bacterial infections in Africa. The study aims to assess the potential of VM on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucose movement, and antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant properties were determined by measuring the FRAP, iron chelating activity, and abilities to scavenge DPPH, HOCl, ∙OH, and NO radicals. Leaf decoction, leaf methanol, and unripe fruit methanol extracts were observed to significantly inhibit α-amylase. Active extracts against α-glucosidase were unripe fruit methanol, unripe fruit decoction, leaf decoction, and ripe fruit methanol, which were significantly lower than acarbose. Kinetic studies revealed a mixed noncompetitive type of inhibition. Leaf methanolic extract was active against S. aureus and E. coli. Total phenolic content showed a strong significant positive correlation (r = 0.88) with FRAP. Methanolic leaf extract showed a more efficient NO scavenging potential and was significantly lower than ascorbic acid. Concerning ∙OH-mediated DNA degradation, only the methanol extracts of leaf, unripe fruit, and ripe fruit had IC50 values which were significantly lower than α-tocopherol. Given the dearth of information on the biologic propensities of VM, this study has established valuable primary information which has opened new perspectives for further pharmacological research.
Promoting physical activity using a wearable activity tracker in college students: A cluster randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT This study examined the effects of utilizing a wearable activity tracker in a credit-based physical activity instructional program (PAIP) for promoting physical activity (PA) in college students. Fourteen PAIP courses in a large public university were randomly assigned into intervention (k = 7; n = 101) and control (k = 7; n = 86) groups. All courses focused on a core curriculum that covers basic exercise and behavioral science contents through lectures and activity sessions. A Misfit Flash activity tracker was provided to students in the intervention group. Objective PA assessments occurred at baseline, mid-, and end-of-semester during a 15-week academic semester. The control group showed a significant reduction in moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) minutes from baseline to the end-of-semester (P <.05), whereas the intervention group showed no changes in MVPA minutes over time. However, the intervention group also showed increased sedentary time and decreased time spent in light-intensity PA during the intervention period. Taken together, the present study found null effects of utilizing the wearable activity tracker in promoting PA in college students suggesting that intervention of primary using the wearable activity tracker as a behavior change strategy may not be effective to increase in PA in this setting.
Assessing Attention: Comparison of Response-Inhibition and Traditional Continuous Performance Tests

The purpose of this study was to compare a recently developed response-inhibition task (Conners, 1995) to slow- and fast-event-rate versions of the traditional A-X Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Among 146 normal adults, results revealed significant differences between tasks in omission and commission error rates, reaction time, reaction time variability, and responses to critical signals. Effects of environmental noise and participant anxiety also differed for the three tasks. Traditional CPTs produced time-related performance decrements, but the response-inhibition task produced improvement across initial blocks of trials. The response-inhibition task may measure executive control rather than sustained attention, and therefore may represent functions of different brain systems.
Age dependency of red blood cell deformability and density: studies in transient erythroblastopenia of childhood

Summary Several investigators have demonstrated that red blood cell (RBC) deformability decreases progressively with increasing cell density and proposed that reduction in deformability plays a role in the senescence process of normal RBCs. Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) results from temporary cessation of erythropoiesis. Since no new RBCs are produced for some time, the circulating RBCs are relatively old. RBS density (phthalate‐oil method) and RBC deformability (RBC elongation in a counter‐rotating rheoscope) were studied in seven children with TEC and in 10 control children. The mean values of MCHC, RBC density and RBC deformation were not significantly different between TEC and control children. Compared to controls, the frequency distribution of RBC density in TEC was slightly shifted to higher values. The percentage of RBCs with extremely low densities (< 1.090 g/ml) was 0.9 ± 1.2% in the patients and 5.6 ± 2.3% in the controls (P < 0.001). The percentage of RBCs with high density (> 1.106 g/ml) was 6.4 ± 2.1% in the patients and 4.9 ± 1.8% in the controls (P > 0.10). The reduction of RBCs with low density in TEC suggests that RBCs with low density are relatievly young. Since the percentage of RBCs with high density increased only slightly in TEC, we conclude that only a fraction of dense RBCs is old. In TEC, the frequency distribution of RBC elongation was slightly shifted to lower values. 5% of the RBCs studied in the control children had RBC elongation values above 0.39 (TEC 1.2%) and 5% had elongation values below 0.16 (TEC 6.7%). Thus, only a small fraction of highly deformable RBCs was diminished in TEC. These data suggest that a decrease in deformability is not a significant part of the normal ageing process of human RBCs.
Use of Insulin to Increase Epiblast Cell Number: Towards a New Approach for Improving ESC Isolation from Human Embryos

Human embryos donated for embryonic stem cell (ESC) derivation have often been cryopreserved for 5–10 years. As a consequence, many of these embryos have been cultured in media now known to affect embryo viability and the number of ESC progenitor epiblast cells. Historically, these conditions supported only low levels of blastocyst development necessitating their transfer or cryopreservation at the 4–8-cell stage. As such, these embryos are donated at the cleavage stage and require further culture to the blastocyst stage before hESC derivation can be attempted. These are generally of poor quality, and, consequently, the efficiency of hESC derivation is low. Recent work using a mouse model has shown that the culture of embryos from the cleavage stage with insulin to day 6 increases the blastocyst epiblast cell number, which in turn increases the number of pluripotent cells in outgrowths following plating, and results in an increased capacity to give rise to ESCs. These findings suggest that culture with insulin may provide a strategy to improve the efficiency with which hESCs are derived from embryos donated at the cleavage stage.
Action contraction using coupled simulation

The question we consider in this paper is: “When may a combination of (fine-grain) execution be contracted into an abstract (atomic) action execution”? Our answer is basically: “When no observer can see the dierence. ” This is worked out in detail by defining a notion of so-called coupled splitting/contracting simulation between systems which dier in the atomicity of their
The incremental Virtual Fields Method and prestretching method applied to rubbers under uniaxial medium‐strain‐rate loading

Conventional dynamic experiments on rubbers have several limitations including low signal‐to‐noise ratio and a long time period during which the specimen is not in static equilibrium, which causes difficulties separating constitutive material behaviour from specimen response. In order to overcome these limitations, we build on previous research in which the Virtual Fields Method (VFM) is applied to dynamic tensile experiments. A previous study has demonstrated that the VFM can be used to identify the material parameters of a hyperelastic model for a given rubber based on optical measurements of wave propagation in the rubber, eliminating the need for force measurements by instead using acceleration fields as a “virtual load cell. ” In order for us to successfully characterise the strain hardening in the material, large deformations are required, and these were achieved by applying static preloads to the specimen before the dynamic loading. In order for us to then apply the VFM, measurements of the static force, or strain, or both, are required. This paper explores different methods for applying the VFM, in particular, comparing the use of a static force measurement, as in the previous research, to methods that only require strain fields in order to apply the incremental equation of motion. Finite element method simulations were conducted to compare the identification sensitivity to experimental error sources between the 2 VFM implementations; the experimental data used in the previous studies were then applied to the incremental VFM. A further experimental comparison is provided between constitutive parameters obtained in tensile experiments using the VFM and compressive measurements from a modified split Hopkinson bar technique equipped with a piezoelectric force transducer. Finally, there is a discussion of the effects of preloading and relaxation in the material.
The Sentinel Problem for a Multi-hop Sensor Network

In the context of a multi-hop sensor network alarm application, we define the Sentinel Problem: How can a network of simple devices with limited communication ability signal the occurrence of an event that is capable of disabling the sensors? We present both deterministic and probabilistic methods for solving this problem, and evaluate the methods based on algorithmic correctness, false positive rates, latency, and implementation potential.
Displacement of Sensory Maps and Disorganization of Motor Cortex After Targeted Stroke in Mice

Background and Purpose— Recovery from stroke is hypothesized to involve the reorganization of surviving cortical areas. To study the functional organization of sensorimotor cortex at multiple time points before and after stroke, we performed longitudinal light-based motor mapping of transgenic mice expressing light-sensitive channelrhodopsin-2 in layer 5 cortical neurons. Methods— Pulses of light stimulation were targeted to an array of cortical points, whereas evoked forelimb motor activity was recorded using noninvasive motion sensors. Intrinsic optical signal imaging produced maps of the forelimb somatosensory cortex. The resulting motor and sensory maps were repeatedly generated for weeks before and after small (0.2 mm3) photothrombotic infarcts were targeted to forelimb motor or sensory cortex. Results— Infarcts targeted to forelimb sensory or motor areas caused decreased motor output in the infarct area and spatial displacement of sensory and motor maps. Strokes in sensory cortex caused the sensory map to move into motor cortex, which adopted a more diffuse structure. Stroke in motor cortex caused a compensatory increase in peri-infarct motor output, but did not affect the position or excitability of sensory maps. Conclusions— After stroke in motor cortex, decreased motor output from the infarcted area was offset by peri-infarct excitability. Sensory stroke caused a new sensory map to form in motor cortex, which maintained its center position, despite becoming more diffuse. These data suggest that surviving regions of cortex are able to assume functions from stroke-damaged areas, although this may come at the cost of alterations in map structure.
Antibiotics and Allergic Disorders in Childhood

Aim: This paper explores the possible association between antibiotics prescribed in infancy and allergic disorders, mainly eczema and asthma, in childhood. Background: No-one fully understands why childhood asthma and eczema have become so common. Some authorities suggest that there may be an association between eczema and asthma and antibiotics prescribed in childhood; however, others disagree. Method/Evaluation: The available literature was reviewed to examine the links between prescribed antibiotics and childhood eczema and asthma. Findings/Key Issue: Some, but not all, research indicates that antibiotic administration in pregnancy, childbirth or infancy may be linked to childhood asthma and eczema, but much uncertainty remains. None of the papers identified stated the doses of antibiotics prescribed. In addition, we were unable to locate studies reporting the interactions between antibiotics and the developing immune system. Conclusion: Health care professionals should be selective when prescribing antibiotics. Further prospective work is needed to guide the prescribing of antibiotics in childbirth and infancy.
The Ef(cid:142) cient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics

A generation ago, the ef cient market hypothesis was widely accepted by academic  nancial economists; for example, see Eugene Fama’s (1970) in uential survey article, “Ef cient Capital Markets. ” It was generally believed that securities markets were extremely ef cient in re ecting information about individual stocks and about the stock market as a whole. The accepted view was that when information arises, the news spreads very quickly and is incorporated into the prices of securities without delay. Thus, neither technical analysis, which is the study of past stock prices in an attempt to predict future prices, nor even fundamental analysis, which is the analysis of  nancial information such as company earnings and asset values to help investors select “undervalued” stocks, would enable an investor to achieve returns greater than those that could be obtained by holding a randomly selected portfolio of individual stocks, at least not with comparable risk. The ef cient market hypothesis is associated with the idea of a “random walk,” which is a term loosely used in the  nance literature to characterize a price series where all subsequent price changes represent random departures from previous prices. The logic of the random walk idea is that if the  ow of information is unimpeded and information is immediately re ected in stock prices, then tomorrow’s price change will re ect only tomorrow’s news and will be independent of the price changes today. But news is by de nition unpredictable, and, thus, resulting price changes must be unpredictable and random. As a result, prices fully re ect all known information, and even uninformed investors buying a diversied portfolio at the tableau of prices given by the market will obtain a rate of return as generous as that achieved by the experts.
Changes in cervical cancer screening behavior for women attending Pap Test Week clinics

Objective This retrospective study of all women who accessed the 2006 Manitoba Pap Test Week clinics was designed to determine factors associated with inadequate cervical cancer screening and changes in cervical cancer screening behavior. Methods Data were acquired using the CervixCheck Manitoba registry and an ancillary database of demographic information collected from clinic attendees. Results The study included 1124 women. Of these, 53% (n = 598) were under-screened (no Pap test in the previous 2 years) prior to accessing the clinics. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.03), no doctor (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.05–1.54), and living in Canada < 1 year (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 2.73–11.12) were associated with being under-screened prior to accessing the Pap Test Week clinics. Thirty-seven percent (n = 223) of under-screened women demonstrated improved screening status subsequent to the 2006 Pap Test Week (had a subsequent Papanicolaou [Pap] test performed within 2 years) and these women were more likely to live in an urban setting (P = 0.003), be younger (P < 0.001), originate outside Canada (P = 0.006), have lived in Canada for less than 1 year (P = 0.006), and have had an abnormal Pap test result in 2006 (P < 0.001). Previously under-screened women were less likely to become adequately-screened subsequent to 2006 if they had a Pap test performed at a Pap Test Week clinic compared to having a Pap test performed elsewhere (37% versus 60%, P < 0.001). Conclusion This study identified a subset of under-screened women accessing Pap Test Week clinics whose screening status might be most modifiable.