Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heroin maintenance for chronic heroin-dependent individuals.

BACKGROUND Several types of medications have been used for stabilizing heroin users: Methadone, Buprenorphine and levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol (LAAM.) The present review focuses on the prescription of heroin to heroin-dependent individuals. OBJECTIVES To compare heroin maintenance to methadone or other substitution treatments for opioid dependence regarding: efficacy and acceptability, retaining patients in treatment, reducing the use of illicit substances, and improving health and social functioning. SEARCH METHODS A review of the Cochrane Central Register of Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to november 2009), EMBASE (1980 to 2005) and CINAHL until 2005 (on OVID) was conducted. Personal communications with researchers in the field of heroin prescription identified ongoing trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of heroin maintenance treatment (alone or combined with methadone) compared with any other pharmacological treatment for heroin-dependent individuals. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS Eight studies involving 2007 patients met the inclusion criteria. Five studies compared supervised injected heroin plus flexible dosages of methadone treatment to oral methadone only and showed that heroin helps patients to remain in treatment (valid data from 4 studies, N=1388 Risk Ratio 1.44 (95%CI 1.19-1.75) heterogeneity P=0.03), and to reduce use of illicit drugs. Maintenance with supervised injected heroin has a not statistically significant protective effect on mortality (4 studies, N=1477 Risk Ratio 0.65 (95% CI 0.25-1.69) heterogeneity P=0.89), but it exposes at a greater risk of adverse events related to study medication (3 studies N=373 Risk Ratio 13.50 (95% CI 2.55-71.53) heterogeneity P=0.52). Results on criminal activity and incarceration were not possible to be pooled but where the outcome were measured results of single studies do provide evidence that heroin provision can reduce criminal activity and incarceration/imprisonment. Social functioning improved in all the intervention groups with heroin groups having slightly better results. If all the studies comparing heroin provision in any conditions vs any other treatment are pooled the direction of effect remain in favour of heroin. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The available evidence suggests an added value of heroin prescribed alongside flexible doses of methadone for long-term, treatment refractory, opioid users, to reach a decrease in the use of illicit substances, involvement in criminal activity and incarceration, a possible reduction in mortaliity; and an increase in retention in treatment. Due to the higher rate of serious adverse events, heroin prescription should remain a treatment for people who are currently or have in the past failed maintenance treatment, and it should be provided in clinical settings where proper follow-up is ensured.
Mechanism of Ventricular Vulnerability to Single Premature Stimuli in Open‐Chest Dogs

To determine the mechanism of ventricular vulnerability to electrical stimulation, we simultaneously recorded from 120 transmural electrodes hi a 35 ± 20 ± 5-mm portion of right ventricular infundibulum in seven dogs. Baseline pacing (S1) was performed from outside the mapped region followed by single premature stimulation (S2) of increasing strength at the center of the mapped region. In five of six episodes of ventricular fibrillation and 26 of 30 episodes of repetitive responses, complete reentrant pathways were observed. Earliest activation following S2 was not at the site of S2 stimulation but was at a point between the S1 and S2 sites of stimulation. Activation spread away from the early site toward the opposite side of the mapped region around the sides of an arc of block near the S2 site to form a "figure-of-eight. " The activation fronts coalesced to activate the region around the S2 site last and, if the difference in tunes between activation at the early site and near the S2 site was large, reentered the tissue toward the S1 site. Ventricular refractory periods were determined in four dogs following S1pacing; the regions with the greatest nonuniformity in the dispersion of refractoriness were not the regions of unidirectional block after S2 stimulation. Thus, 1) ventricular fibrillation and repetitive responses induced electrically with S1 and S2 stimuli at different ventricular sites arise by figure-of-eight reentry, 2) this reentry is caused by the ability of S2 stimulation both to prolong refractoriness near the S2 site and to initiate a propagated response in the region between the S1 and S2 sites, and 3) a nonuniform dispersion of refractoriness is not crucial for the electrical induction of reentry leading to ventricular fibrillation or repetitive responses when S1 and S2 stimuli are given at different locations on the right ventricular outflow tract.
Job insecurity A literature review

This report describes the nature of job insecurity and addresses conceptual as well as methodological issues affecting the understanding of its antecedents and consequences. The literature review suggests that a great deal of theoretical and empirical work is needed to capture the nature of job insecurity, develop psychometrically sound measures of the different aspects, and arrive at valid conclusions regarding the effects of insecurity. Job insecurity is defined as a subjectively experienced stressor which may be divided into different dimensions. Experiences of job insecurity originate in both situational and a number of individual factors. Job insecurity perceptions have been consistently related to reactions such as negative work-related attitudes and behaviors, and job-induced stress symptoms. However, despite a few longitudinal studies on the consequences of job insecurity, most research results derive from cross-sectional studies, and a lot of work remains to expand knowledge on how job insecurity contributes to changes in various outcomes. There are also a number of plausible factors that may moderate the relationships between job insecurity and its potential outcomes. These issues need to be addressed in theoretical as well as empirical work is in order to improve the understanding of both what job insecurity is and what it may imply for the individual and the organization.
Cluster observations of bounday layer structure and a flux transfer event near the cusp

Abstract. On the 25th January 2002 between 10:00 and 12:00 UT, the four Cluster spacecraft passed through the northern high-latitude cusp, the dayside magnetosphere and into the magnetosheath in a linear formation. In the magnetosphere the PEACE electron spectrometers on the four spacecraft all observed a series of transient bursts of magnetosheath-like plasma, but without bipolar magnetic signatures in the magnetopause normal component as might be expected if the plasma had been injected by transient reconnection (flux transfer events – FTEs). Reordering the data using the magnetopause transition parameter reveals that these plasma observations, the related variations in the magnetic field and the balance of magnetic and thermal gas pressures are consistent with transient entries into a stable high-latitude boundary layer structure. However, once some of the spacecraft entered the magnetosheath, FTE signatures were observed outside the magnetopause at the same time as some of the boundary layer entries occurred at the other spacecraft inside. Thus, (a) the lack of a bipolar B N signature is inconsistent with the traditional picture of a magnetospheric FTE, and (b) the cause of the observed entry of the spacecraft into the boundary layer (pressure pulse or passing magnetosheath FTE) can only be determined by spacecraft observations in the magnetosheath. Keywords. Magnetospheric physics (Magnetopause, cusp and bondary layers; Solar wind- magnetosphere interactions; Magnetosheath)
Multimodal affect recognition in spontaneous HCI environment

Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is known to be a multimodal process. In this paper we will show results of experiments for affect recognition, with non-acted, affective multimodal data from the new Last Minute Corpus (LMC). This corpus is more related to real HCI applications than other known data sets where affective behavior is elicited untypically for HCI.We utilize features from three modalities: facial expressions, prosody and gesture. The results show, that even simple fusion architectures can reach respectable results compared to other approaches. Further we could show, that probably not all features and modalities contribute substantially to the classification process, where prosody and eye blink frequency seem most contributing in the analyzed dataset.
[Antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacter sakazakii isolated from powdered formula for infant and young children].

OBJECTIVE To study the antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacter sakazakii isolated from powdered formula for infant and young children in Chinese market. METHODS Sixteen strains of E. sakazakii were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion technique recommended by the National Committee of Clinical laboratory Standard. RESULTS All of the isolates were resistant to Benzylpenicillin, Oxaxillin and Vancomycin, moreover cephazolin and Cefpodoxime except one isolate. At the same time, all the isolates were susceptible to at least 13 antibiotics. CONCLUSION It is important to pay more attention to the use of drugs in prevention and clinic treatment to reduce the multiple-antibiotic-resistant strains and failure of experiential treatment.
Association of clinical signs and symptoms with pneumococcal acute otitis media by serotype--implications for vaccine effect.

BACKGROUND Clinical symptoms and signs in acute otitis media (AOM) may differ depending on the various pneumococcal serotypes causing the disease. Alteration in clinical presentation of AOM could be expected after wide-scale pneumococcal vaccinations if there were considerable differences between vaccine serotypes and nonvaccine serotypes. METHODS In this study, data from 831 children in the control arm of the Finnish Otitis Media Vaccine Trial were used. The children were followed up prospectively in 8 study clinics from 2 to 24 months of age. If AOM was diagnosed, myringotomy was done, and middle ear fluid was aspirated for bacterial culture. Clinical symptoms and signs of AOM were routinely recorded on structured case report forms. RESULTS Consistent with previous studies, 60% of pneumococcal episodes were caused by vaccine serotypes. There were no major differences between the clinical presentations of AOM due to different serotypes or serotype categories. However, earache was more often associated with AOM caused by vaccine and cross-reactive serotypes, compared with AOM caused by non-vaccine-related serotypes (42% vs. 29%; odds ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.70). CONCLUSIONS Introduction of the currently available pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is unlikely to result in a remarkable alteration in the clinical presentation of pneumococcal AOM in infants.
Culture-Dependent and -Independent Investigations of Microbial Diversity on Urinary Catheters

ABSTRACT Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is caused by bacteria, which ascend the catheter along its external or internal surface to the bladder and subsequently develop into biofilms on the catheter and uroepithelium. Antibiotic-treated bacteria and bacteria residing in biofilm can be difficult to culture. In this study we used culture-based and 16S rRNA gene-based culture-independent methods (fingerprinting, cloning, and pyrosequencing) to determine the microbial diversity of biofilms on 24 urinary catheters. Most of the patients were catheterized for <30 days and had undergone recent antibiotic treatment. In addition, the corresponding urine samples for 16 patients were cultured. We found that gene analyses of the catheters were consistent with cultures of the corresponding urine samples for the presence of bacteria but sometimes discordant for the identity of the species. Cultures of catheter tips detected bacteria more frequently than urine cultures and gene analyses; coagulase-negative staphylococci were, in particular, cultured much more often from catheter tips, indicating potential contamination of the catheter tips during sampling. The external and internal surfaces of 19 catheters were separately analyzed by molecular methods, and discordant results were found in six catheters, suggesting that bacterial colonization intra- and extraluminally may be different. Molecular analyses showed that most of the species identified in this study were known uropathogens, and infected catheters were generally colonized by one to two species, probably due to antibiotic usage and short-term catheterization. In conclusion, our data showed that culture-independent molecular methods did not detect bacteria from urinary catheters more frequently than culture-based methods.
Assessing demand for improved sustainable sanitation in low-income informal settlements of urban areas: a critical review

Sanitation improvement is crucial in saving lives that are lost due to water contamination. Progress towards achieving full sanitation coverage is still slow in low-income informal settlements in most developing countries. Furthermore, resources are being wasted on installing facilities that are later misused or never used because they do not meet the local demand. Understanding demand for improved sanitation in the local context is critical if facilities are to be continually used. Various approaches that attempt to change peoples’ behaviours or create demand have been reviewed to identify what they are designed to address. A multi-disciplinary research team using mixed methods is re-emphasised as a comprehensive approach for assessing demand for improved sanitation in low-income informal settlements, where the sanitation situation is more challenging than in other areas. Further research involving a multi-disciplinary research team and use of mixed methods to assess sanitation demand in informal settlements is needed.
The Potential of Phosphorene Nanoribbons as Channel Material for Ultrascaled Transistors

Transport properties of realistic phosphorene nanoribbons (PNRs) with edge defects are studied by using statistical atomistic quantum transport simulations. Regarding the impact of nanoribbon width downscaling and increasing of edge defect percentage, we show that PNRs exhibit qualitatively similar behavior of the ON- and OFF-state conductance, and of the ON–OFF conductance ratio as graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). However, we demonstrate that PNRs are superior to GNRs in terms of the absolute values of the conductance parameters, and that PNRs are much more immune to edge defects than their graphene counterparts. This paper identifies PNRs as a more promising channel material than GNRs for the extremely scaled postsilicon transistor technology.
Fuzzy integral to speed up support vector machines training for pattern classification

The major drawback of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) consists of the training time, which is at least quadratic to the number of data. Among the multitude of approaches developed to alleviate this limitation, several research works showed that mixtures of experts can drastically reduce the runtime of SVMs. The mixture employs a set of SVMs each of which is trained on a sub-set of the original dataset while the final decision is evaluated throughout a gater. The present work proposes a new support vector mixture in which Sugeno's fuzzy integral is used as a gater to remove the time complexity induced by conventional gaters such as artificial neural networks. Experiments conducted on standard datasets of optical character and face recognition reveal that the proposed approach gives a significant reduction of the runtime while keeping at least the same accuracy as the SVM trained over the whole dataset.
Patient's Capable of Managing — Basic Process of Psychiatric Nursing in a Hospital Environment

The aim is to describe the basic process of psychiatric nursing in a hospital environment and to produce a practical theory of psychiatric nursing by the grounded theory method. The data were collected by means of observation and interviews and analysed simultaneously, so that the preliminary results and experience gained in the field shaped the data collection process. The data were subjected to continuous comparison analysis and classified into categories by open coding. The basic process was identified by means of axial coding and theoretical memos. The selective coding consisted of related categories grouped around a core category. The basic process of psychiatric nursing involves the patient's needs for care, the helping methods available and the objectives of care. The patient needs help because of his/her inability to manage in daily life, and the role of nursing is to help the patient to manage. The basis of psychiatric nursing lies in caring for the needs of the patient by employing various helping methods. Patient management consisted of three categories, each subsuming three subcategories. Examination of the content of these led to the identification of different types of psychiatric nursing, labelled as confirming, educating and catalytic. The results suggest that collaborative methods in psychiatric nursing enable and support the patient's participation in his/her care and show that both nurses and patients consider collaboration a good helping method, although requiring a change in attitudes and activities for both the nurse and the patient. In spite of changes in psychiatric nursing, there has been no essential development, as most of the care provided is still normative and traditional and the patient is a passive recipient.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology in Iran.

INTRODUCTION HPV infection has a prime etiologic role in development and progression of cervical cancer, one of the most frequent forms of cancer among women in developing countries. This study was designed to determine the most prevalent HPV genotypes in women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from134 patients, including 127 who attended gynecology clinics and 7 with solid cervical tumors were used. All 127 patients underwent routine Pap tests for cytological evaluation and at the same visit a sample of cervical epithelial cells was obtained by scraping the cervix osteum. In each case HPV infection was primarily evaluated by PCR using GP 5/6 primers and then subtyping was performed in proved infected samples with specific primers for HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 11 and 6. After cytological evaluation, 50 patients with abnormal Pap tests were categorized as the abnormal group and the remaining 77 patients as the normal group. RESULTS In the normal group, HPV infection was established in 10 cases (13% infection rate), while 30 HPV positive cases were discovered in the abnormal group (60% infected). The most prevalent genotypes among the infected samples were HPV 16 (76%), HPV18 (12.7%) and HPV11/6 (8.5%). Moreover, all 7 tumor samples were positive for HPV general primers of which, 5 samples were infected with HPV 16, two were co-infected with HPV16,18 and HPV16,31 genotypes and one was infected with HPV 18. CONCLUSIONS Infection with HPV 16 was found to be significantly higher in abnormal group in comparison with normal group (42% vs. 11.6%, P value <0.005), likewise HPV18 genotypes were proved to be more prevalent in abnormal group (8% vs. 0%, P value <0.05). No significant relation between other HPV genotypes and pathologic cervical changes was obtained. According to our study high rates of infection with HPV genotypes in sexually active Iranian women makes molecular investigation for HPV16 and 18 very essential in clinical approaches to patients with proven dysplasia in their screening tests and also for those patients with borderline (i.e. ASCUS) or incongruous pathology reports. Larger studies are required to determine the most appropriate vaccine with highest protection in Iranian women.
Quality of Life Assessment in Women with Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study Including Hormonal Therapy

Purpose Evaluating the effect of hormonal treatment on quality of life (QoL) in breast cancer patients by using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Treatment (FACT) questionnaire is the main purpose of this trial. Methods Breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant between January 2007 and December 2009 were evaluated. The first survey was done after patients completed their whole adjuvant treatment except for the hormonal therapy and this was as 'basal assessment. ' The second survey was done 6 to 12 months after the basal surveys during their routine policlinic controls. The last survey was done within the last 18 to 24 months of the follow-up period. Results The effect of marital status, number of pregnancies, residence in the village or city, hemoglobin levels, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for any other reason except for breast cancer on the QoL could not be seen. Endocrine subscale scores were detected to be higher in patients aged >60 years than in younger ones. The other dimension scores were low in the elderly patient group. There was a statistically significant relationship between being >30 years old and improvement in the social well-being score (p=0.028). The functional well-being scores were found to be significantly higher in the patient group that had no comorbid disease (p=0.018). Endocrine subscale scores were statistically worse in patients who had psychiatric disease (p=0.057) but the general QoL data were similar with others. It was shown that all QoL scores for all dimensions had statistically significant changes (p<0.001) in terms of hormonal regimes. Conclusion The diagnosis of breast cancer was found to be an independent factor that affects social well-being and social life in a negative way. We must give attention to complaints including complaints about sexual life and hormonal status in order to ensure compliance of patients with the required hormonal regimens. By the help of future research, we can improve the prognosis of this disease through increased treatment adherence and belief of patients.
Improvement of HepG2/C3a cell functions in a microfluidic biochip

Current developments in tissue engineering and microtechnology fields allow the use of microfluidic biochip as microtools for in vitro investigations. In the present study, we describe the behavior of HepG2/C3a cells cultivated in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic biochip coupled to a perfusion system. Cell culture in the microfluidic biochip for 96 h including 72 h of perfusion provoked a 24 h delay in cell growth compared to plate cultures. Inside the microfluidic biochip, few apoptosis, and necrosis were detected along the culture and 3D cell organization was observed. Regarding the hepatic metabolism, glucose and glutamine consumptions as well as albumin synthesis were maintained. A transcriptomic analysis performed at 96 h of culture using Affymetrix GeneChip demonstrated that 1,025 genes with a fold change above 1.8 were statistically differentially expressed in the microfluidic biochip cultures compared to plate cultures. Among those genes, phase I enzymes involved in the xenobiotic's metabolism such as the cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A1/2, 2B6, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7 were up‐regulated. The CYP1A1/2 up‐regulation was associated with the appearance of CYP1A1/2's activity evidenced by using EROD biotransformation assay. Several phase II enzymes such as sulfotransferases (SULT1A1 and SULT1A2), UDP‐glucuronyltransferase (UGT1A1, UGT2B7) and phase III transporters (such as MDR1, MRP2) were also up‐regulated. In conclusion, microfluidic biochip could and provide an important insight to exploring the xenobiotic's metabolism. Altogether, these results suggest that this kind of biochip could be considered as a new pertinent tool for predicting cell toxicity and clearance of xenobiotics in vitro. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1704–1715. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.