Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of weak brain connections support general cognitive functioning

Brain network topology provides valuable information on healthy and pathological brain functioning. Novel approaches for brain network analysis have shown an association between topological properties and cognitive functioning. Under the assumption that “stronger is better”, the exploration of brain properties has generally focused on the connectivity patterns of the most strongly correlated regions, whereas the role of weaker brain connections has remained obscure for years. Here, we assessed whether the different strength of connections between brain regions may explain individual differences in intelligence. We analyzed‐functional connectivity at rest in ninety‐eight healthy individuals of different age, and correlated several connectivity measures with full scale, verbal, and performance Intelligent Quotients (IQs). Our results showed that the variance in IQ levels was mostly explained by the distributed communication efficiency of brain networks built using moderately weak, long‐distance connections, with only a smaller contribution of stronger connections. The variability in individual IQs was associated with the global efficiency of a pool of regions in the prefrontal lobes, hippocampus, temporal pole, and postcentral gyrus. These findings challenge the traditional view of a prominent role of strong functional brain connections in brain topology, and highlight the importance of both strong and weak connections in determining the functional architecture responsible for human intelligence variability. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4566–4582, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hormone-regulated K+ channels in follicle-enclosed oocytes are activated by vasorelaxing K+ channel openers and blocked by antidiabetic sulfonylureas.

Follicular oocytes from Xenopus laevis contain K+ channels activated by members of the recently recognized class of vasorelaxants that include cromakalim and pinacidil and blocked by antidiabetic sulfonylureas, such as glibenclamide. These channels are situated on the adherent follicular cells and are not present in denuded oocytes. Cromakalim-activated K+ channels are also activated by increases in intracellular cAMP, and cAMP-activated K+ channels are blocked by glibenclamide. Although cromakalim and cAMP effects are synergistic, cromakalim activation of K+ channels is drastically reduced or abolished by treatments that stimulate protein kinase C (e.g., muscarinic effectors, phorbol esters). Gonadotropins, known to play an essential role in ovarian physiology, also activate cromakalim and sulfonylurea-sensitive K+ channels. Follicular oocytes constitute an excellent system for studying regulation of cromakalim-sensitive K+ channels that are important in relation to a variety of disease processes, such as cardiovascular dysfunction and asthma, as well as brain function.
Self‐category constructions in political rhetoric; an analysis of Thatcher's and Kinnock's speeches concerning the British miners' strike (1984–5)

This paper examines the way in which different speakers may construe both the context and the categories involved in a single event. This is achieved through an analysis of Margaret Thatcher's and Neil Kinnock's leadership speeches to their respective party conferences during the British miners' strike of 1984–5. The analysis shows that both speakers construe the nature of the event such that their party is representative of an ingroup which encompasses almost the entire population and such that their policies are consonant with the definition of the ingroup identity. Thus their category constructions mirror the ways in which the respective leaders seek to mobilize the electorate during the strike. This analysis is used for two purposes: firstly, to argue for an integration of self-categorization theory with rhetorical/discursive psychologies and hence for further research into the ways in which self-categories may be contested in argument rather than determined by cognitive computations; secondly, to argue for further research into how political rhetoric may affect mass action through the ways in which collectivities are defined.
Internal migration, sport and the Scottish diaspora in England

Sport has been argued to play an important role for members of diasporic groups of various origins and in various locations. However, little attention has been paid to the role sport plays for ‘internal migrants’ who migrate to contrasting locations within a nation-state, despite the potential for significant contrasts in the prevailing sporting cultures found in different regions of the same nation-state. This article therefore aims to make a contribution towards understanding this relationship by reflecting upon the role sport plays for members of the Scottish diaspora living in England, drawing upon interviews and personal reflections from a number of Scottish ‘internal migrants’ located within the United Kingdom. In particular, discussion attempts to draw attention to the central role sport plays for these individuals in order to maintain a cultural attachment with their Scottish birthplace, given the relative lack of other cultural practices or associations which could be used to achieve this goal. Comparisons are also drawn with studies of the Scottish diaspora in more distant geographic contexts, as well as similar diasporic groups in the English context such as the Irish diaspora. These comparisons allow for a consideration of the impact of geographic proximity and cultural proximity on the relative importance of sport and other cultural practices for Scots living in England, identifying a number of important issues for those studying the role played by sport in the maintenance of a cultural attachment with ‘home’ for various diasporic groups.
Mass Media, Ideation, and Behavior

To estimate the impact of a mass media campaign to promote contraceptive use, a national longitudinal sample survey was conducted in September 1995 and March 1996. Recall of at least one television spot was 82.3%. Modern contraceptive use increased 2.1 percentage points. The conditional change regression analysis revealed that prior contraceptive intention and behavior, current ideation, and prior ideation were the best predictors of contraceptive behavior. The best predictor of ideation was prior level of ideation and recall of campaign messages. Thus, the campaign had a significant indirect effect on intention and behavior through its effect on ideation. Ideation was operationalized by combining cognitive, emotional, and social factors from a predictive model of strategic communication and behavior change. No endogeneity (reciprocity) with contraceptive intention and use was found in the statistical models for either campaign recall or ideation, an indication that the ordinary regression was an appropriate method to estimate the path coefficients.
Learning … the Beat Goes on

W ho can imagine a world without music? Music pervades our lives-in movies, on the radio, at church services and social gatherings. It touches and enriches each one of us. Yet the power of music to enhance learning is often underutilized. Using music as a tool for learning is nothing new. Since the beginning of time, music has helped people remember stories. Early man sat around campfires sharing tales of great battles while accompanied by drumbeats. During the Middle Ages, bards who sang about national heroes were a primary source of news as they roamed the countryside. Today, music still facilitates our search for gaining knowledge of ourselves and the world around us.
Complexity Theories and Organizational Change

Complexity theory or, more appropriately, theories, serves as an umbrella term for a number of theories, ideas and research programmes that are derived from scientific disciplines such as meteorology, biology, physics, chemistry and mathematics. Complexity theories are increasingly being seen by academics and practitioners as a way of understanding and changing organizations. The aim of this paper is to review the nature of complexity theories and their importance and implications for organizations and organizational change. It begins by showing how perspectives on organizational change have altered over the last 20 years. This is followed by an examination of complexity theories and their implications for organizational change. The paper concludes by arguing that, even in the natural sciences, the complexity approach is not fully developed or unchallenged, and that, as yet, organization theorists do not appear to have moved beyond the stage of using it as metaphor rather than as a mathematical way of analysing and managing organizations.
Effortful Control and Parents' Emotion Socialization Patterns Predict Children's Positive Social Behavior: A Person-Centered Approach

Research Findings: We examined relations of effortful control with parent emotion socialization practices and child social behavior using a person-centered approach in children ages 18 months to 5 years. A total of 76 parents (66 mothers, 10 fathers) completed questionnaires at screening and 6-month follow-up. There were no age differences in change in effortful control. K-means cluster analysis identified 2 clusters for parent emotion socialization: low-involvement parents (lower levels on emotion coaching/dismissing and positive/negative expressivity) and high-involvement parents (higher levels on all such practices). Parent socialization profile was indirectly associated with children's positive social behaviors through children's change in effortful control. These associations did not extend to aggressive behavior. Children with parents who actively engage in a variety of emotion socialization practices may increase more in regulatory capacities and engage in more positive social behavior. Practice or Policy: The present study suggests the importance of using a variety of socialization strategies with young children to foster adaptive regulatory and social behaviors.
Relations between Values, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intentions: The Moderating Role of Attitude Function

A manipulation of attitude function was used to test hypotheses that attitude function moderates (a) the strength of relations between values and attitudes, (b) the pattern of relations between values and attitudes, and (c) the role of values in the prediction of behavioral intentions. Attitude function was manipulated by making salient either utilitarian or value-expressive reasons for attitudes toward donating to cancer research. We then measured subjects′ attitudes toward donating to cancer research, their perceived control over donating, their subjective norms regarding donating, and their intentions to donate in the future. Results indicated that subjects in the value-expressive attitude condition exhibited significant value-attitude relations, whereas subjects in the utilitarian attitude condition did not. In addition, subjects in the value-expressive attitude condition exhibited a pattern of value-attitude relations that was consistent with Schwartz′s (1992, in press) model of value associations, whereas subjects in the utilitarian attitude condition did not exhibit such a pattern. Finally, for subjects in the value-expressive attitude condition, values predicted intentions to donate even when attitudes, norms, and perceptions of control were entered into the equation, whereas subjects in the utilitarian attitude condition did not manifest any relation between values and intentions. The results reveal that the construct of attitude function can be an important guide for predicting when values will be important predictors of attitudes and behavioral intentions.
A Matter of Style: Applying Kolb's Learning Style Model to College Mathematics Teaching Practices

For many scholars and educators, the accommodation of learning styles is a determining factor in maximizing students' academic performance. Because college mathematics courses rely on student learning in large and small groups, independent assignments and examinations, college mathematics instructors are obliged to examine the relationships between learning styles and these instructional contexts. This article uses Kolb's (1984) Experiential Learning Model (ELM) as the basis for applying learning style theory to the following settings: classroom instruction, laboratory group work, individual problem solving, and examinations.
Prevalence of self-rated visual impairment among adults with diabetes.

OBJECTIVES This study estimated the prevalence of self-rated visual impairment among US adults with diabetes and identified correlates of such impairment. METHODS Self-reported data from the 1995 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey of adults 18 years and older with diabetes were analyzed. Correlates of visual impairment were examined by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of self-rated visual impairment was 24.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 22.3%, 27.3%). Among insulin users, multivariable-adjusted odds ratios were 4.9 (95% CI = 2.6, 9.2) for those who had not completed high school and 1.8 (95% CI = 1.0, 2.8) for those who had completed high school compared with those with higher levels of education. Comparable estimates of odds ratios for nonusers of insulin were 2.2 (95% CI = 1.4, 3.4) and 1.3 (95% CI = 0.9, 2.0), respectively. Among nonusers, the adjusted odds for minority adults were 2.4 (95% CI = 1.0, 3.7) times the odds for non-Hispanic Whites. CONCLUSIONS By these data, 1.6 million US adults with diabetes reported having some degree of visual impairment. Future research on the specific causes of visual impairment may help in estimating the avoidable public health burden.
EULAR evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations on the management of medium to high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases

To develop recommendations for the management of medium to high-dose (ie, >7.5 mg but ≤100 mg prednisone equivalent daily) systemic glucocorticoid (GC) therapy in rheumatic diseases. A multidisciplinary EULAR task force was formed, including rheumatic patients. After discussing the results of a general initial search on risks of GC therapy, each participant contributed 10 propositions on key clinical topics concerning the safe use of medium to high-dose GCs. The final recommendations were selected via a Delphi consensus approach. A systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library was used to identify evidence concerning each of the propositions. The strength of recommendation was given according to research evidence, clinical expertise and patient preference. The 10 propositions regarded patient education and informing general practitioners, preventive measures for osteoporosis, optimal GC starting dosages, risk-benefit ratio of GC treatment, GC sparing therapy, screening for comorbidity, and monitoring for adverse effects. In general, evidence supporting the recommendations proved to be surprisingly weak. One of the recommendations was rejected, because of conflicting literature data. Nine final recommendations for the management of medium to high-dose systemic GC therapy in rheumatic diseases were selected and evaluated with their strengths of recommendations. Robust evidence was often lacking; a research agenda was created.
Using Action Research to Enhance Resilience in a Children's Home: An Exploration of Need, Experience and Role

This paper describes an action research project aimed at enhancing resilience in young people in a residential children's home. Two core areas were explored, namely: the needs of the young people as captured through a resilience framework; and the experiential and role-related issues arising from the attempts to enhance the young people's resilience. The findings showed that the young people faced a number of intrapersonal and interpersonal challenges. Yet, despite a number of organisational and role limitations, the residential social workers were able to respond resourcefully to these challenges by engaging in practices that simultaneously met agency imperatives, therapeutic goals and instrumental needs.
Limitations of a simplified dangling bond recombination model for a-Si:H

The validity of a widely used simple closed-form expression for the recombination associated with dangling bonds in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) is linked to the relative position of the distribution of the dangling bond states with respect to the quasi-Fermi levels for trapped electrons and holes. However, these quasi-Fermi levels for traps have not been derived before. In this work, we derive the four relevant quasi-Fermi levels for traps associated with dangling bonds in a-Si:H and clarify the limitations of the simple model.
Self-Handicapping in Physical Achievement Settings: The Contributions of Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy

These studies examined the relationship between self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-handicapping in personally meaningful achievement settings that were high in mundane realism. Study 1 found that athletes' (N = 87) temptation to self-handicap and their self-reported likelihood of self-handicapping were negatively correlated with both general and physical self-esteem. Motives for self-handicapping (self-enhancement vs. self-protection) did not moderate either of these relationships. Study 2 examined claimed self-handicapping prior to students' (N = 142) performance of a graded physical fitness test. In a regression model, self-presentational efficacy explained significant variance in self-handicapping (δ R = .05) over and above the variance explained by general and physical self-esteem (R 2 = .14). These findings have implications for the theoretical conceptualization and prediction of self-handicapping in physical achievement settings.
Becoming audible: Social identity and second language use

Abstract The acquisition of English as a second language is routinely identified by teachers and others as the major hurdle to mainstream integration of students of non‐English speaking backgrounds. Although it has long been recognised that language and issues of identity are closely bound together, educational researchers have produced little systematic evidence of how migrant students actually construct social identity as they are learning English. In what sense is learning a new language related to the construction of a ‘new’ identity? To what extent does the construction of identity depend on ‘being heard'? This paper focuses on the relationship between the acquisition of English as a second language by migrant students and the expression of social identity, particularly in the context of school. The paper begins by outlining a simple theoretical model which conceptualises links between issues of language use and identity. Next, data from interviews with three students from non‐English speaking backgr.
Word reading in Spanish: A comparison between skilled and less skilled beginning readers

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate word reading abilities in first and third grade Spanish-speaking children who were learning to read in Spanish; the performance of skilled and less skilled readers was compared across measures that assessed phonological recoding ability, knowledge of grapheme-phoneme correspondences, and phonemic awareness. The findings suggest that Spanish-speaking children relied on phonological recoding strategies in the process of becoming readers. First grade, less skilled readers seemed to depend on partial letter-sound knowledge. Furthermore, spelling-sound correspondences appeared to be the main source of information used by first grade, skilled readers and third grade, less skilled readers. The latter seemed to lag behind skilled readers in the use of word-specific information. The phonemic awareness tasks displayed moderate to low correlations with reading ability in the less skilled groups. It is argued that the simple phonological structure of Spanish and its shallow orthography lead to the phonological processing of letter strings during reading acquisition.
Prostaglandin E2 Stimulates the Production of Amyloid-β Peptides through Internalization of the EP4 Receptor*

Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, generated by the proteolysis of β-amyloid precursor protein by β- and γ-secretases, play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Inflammation is also important. We recently reported that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a strong inducer of inflammation, stimulates the production of Aβ through EP2 and EP4 receptors, and here we have examined the molecular mechanism. Activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors is coupled to an increase in cellular cAMP levels and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). We found that inhibitors of adenylate cyclase and PKA suppress EP2, but not EP4, receptor-mediated stimulation of the Aβ production. In contrast, inhibitors of endocytosis suppressed EP4, but not EP2, receptor-mediated stimulation. Activation of γ-secretase was observed with the activation of EP4 receptors but not EP2 receptors. PGE2-dependent internalization of the EP4 receptor was observed, and cells expressing a mutant EP4 receptor lacking the internalization activity did not exhibit PGE2-stimulated production of Aβ. A physical interaction between the EP4 receptor and PS-1, a catalytic subunit of γ-secretases, was revealed by immunoprecipitation assays. PGE2-induced internalization of PS-1 and co-localization of EP4, PS-1, and Rab7 (a marker of late endosomes and lysosomes) was observed. Co-localization of PS-1 and Rab7 was also observed in the brain of wild-type mice but not of EP4 receptor null mice. These results suggest that PGE2-stimulated production of Aβ involves EP4 receptor-mediated endocytosis of PS-1 followed by activation of the γ-secretase, as well as EP2 receptor-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase and PKA, both of which are important in the inflammation-mediated progression of Alzheimer disease.
Specific integrin α and β chain phosphorylations regulate LFA-1 activation through affinity-dependent and -independent mechanisms

Integrins are adhesion receptors that are crucial to the functions of multicellular organisms. Integrin-mediated adhesion is a complex process that involves both affinity regulation and cytoskeletal coupling, but the molecular mechanisms behind this process have remained incompletely understood. In this study, we report that the phosphorylation of each cytoplasmic domain of the leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 integrin mediates different modes of integrin activation. α Chain phosphorylation on Ser1140 is needed for conformational changes in the integrin after chemokine- or integrin ligand–induced activation or after activation induced by active Rap1 (Rap1V12). In contrast, the β chain Thr758 phosphorylation mediates selective binding to 14-3-3 proteins in response to inside-out activation through the T cell receptor, resulting in cytoskeletal rearrangements. Thus, site-specific phosphorylation of the integrin cytoplasmic domains is important for the dynamic regulation of these complex receptors in cells.
Carmichael's Manual of Child Psychology

e-mail: clearfmw office hours: Tuesday 2-3, Thursday 2-3 or by appointment The central question in developmental psychology is the origins of new In P. H. Mussen, (Ed.) Carmichael's manual of child Volume 1 of the Handbook of child. “Where did we ever get the crazy idea that in order to make children do better, In Carmichael's Manual of Child Psychology, 3rd ed., volume 2, edited by Paul. AsianParentingAcademy.com 2 / P a g e Physical Punishment in Children The recent incident www In Carmichael's Manual of Child Psychology, 3rd ed., vol.