Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of Learning Models and Optimization Theory to Problems of Instruction

Stated in its simplest form, the question addressed here is how to allocate instructional resources to achieve a desired objective. Broadly interpreted, this question could include the total educational resources of society and all possible learning situations. In practical terms, however, the setting is restricted to the structural educational system, because this is the only context in which decisions on the allocation of instructional resources may be implemented. When the question of allocating resources is examined in this setting, attention is usually focused on a well-defined subcomponent of the problem. Once the characteristics of one of these subcomponents are understood, their implications may be extended to a larger context. However, in general, the characteristics of many subcomponents must be synthesized before solutions can be derived for the problem of resource allocation. In the school setting, the principal resources to be allocated are the human resources of teachers and students. When the teaching function is augmented by nonhuman resources, such as computer-aided instruction, then the total instructional resources must be considered. The time spent by the students also must be included because there is frequently a trade-off between instructional resources to be allocated and speed of learning.
Differential Moderating Effects of Student- and Parent-Rated Support in the Relationship Between Learning Goal Orientation and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy

Guided by the social cognitive career and cognitive evaluation theories, the authors theorize and test differential predictions regarding the moderating role of student- and parent-rated support when considering the influence of students’ learning goal orientation on career decision-making self-efficacy. Data were collected from 141 undergraduate students and their parents over a 6-month period. Time 1 learning goal orientation was positively related to career decision-making self-efficacy at Time 2. Results also revealed a differential pattern of moderating effects for student ratings of parental support and parent ratings of support. High student ratings of parental support strengthened the association between learning goal orientation and career decision-making self-efficacy. In contrast, low levels of parent-rated support strengthened the relationship between learning goal orientation and career decision-making self-efficacy. The discussion highlights the importance of considering how perceptions of parental support differ between parents and their children.
One-shot Slepian-Wolf

Slepian and Wolf gave the rate-region for the distributed encoding of correlated and memoryless sources when the number of copies of source output is unlimited. We give one-shot rate region for the Slepian-Wolf protocol when a single copy of the source output is available. Our results are asymptotically optimal, i.e., they yield the same rate region as the Slepian-Wolf in the limit of unlimited copies. We also give an upper bound for the one-shot encoding of a single source that is different from the one given by Renner and Wolf.
Aggression and peer victimization as predictors of self‐reported behavioral and emotional adjustment

The relative contributions of aggression and victimization to the prediction of self-reported emotional and behavioral difficulties over and above self-reported prior problems were investigated in a 1-year longitudinal study. Fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-graders (N = 171) completed peer nominations of aggression and victimization as well as self-report measures of social, behavioral, and emotional problems at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Peer aggression added to the prediction of externalizing problems, specifically, self-report of aggression and delinquency. In contrast, victimization by peers contributed to self-reported unpopularity but not depression. Victimization among girls was also predictive of subsequent self-reported delinquency. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings, as well as future directions for research, are discussed.
Neuroprotective Role of Dopamine Against Hippocampal Cell Death

Glutamate excitotoxicity plays a key role in the induction of neuronal cell death occurring in many neuropathologies, including epilepsy. Systemic administration of the glutamatergic agonist kainic acid (KA) is a well characterized model to study epilepsy-induced brain damage. KA-evoked seizures in mice result in hippocampal cell death, with the exception of some strains that are resistant to KA excitotoxicity. Little is known about the factors that prevent epilepsy-related neurodegeneration. Here we show that dopamine has such a function through the activation of the D2 receptor (D2R). D2R gene inactivation confers susceptibility to KA excitotoxicity in two mouse strains known to be resistant to KA-induced neurodegeneration. D2R−/− mice develop seizures when administered KA doses that are not epileptogenic for wild-type (WT) littermates. The spatiotemporal pattern of c-fos and c-jun mRNA induction well correlates with the occurrence of seizures in D2R−/− mice. Moreover, KA-induced seizures result in extensive hippocampal cell death in D2R−/− but not WT mice. In KA-treated D2R−/− mice, hippocampal neurons die by apoptosis, as indicated by the presence of fragmented DNA and the induction of the proapoptotic protein BAX. These results reveal a central role of D2Rs in the inhibitory control of glutamate neurotransmission and excitotoxicity.
Global Structures and Political Processes in the Study of Domestic Political Conflict

The comparative study of domestic political conflict has experienced a paradigm shift with the replacement of theories emphasizing deprivation and system imbalance with theories of the political and structural sources of protest and rebellion. This review summarizes criticisms of the earlier theories, arguing that these have been subsumed by newer theories that focus on the relationships between political processes, the state, the capitalist world economy, the inter-state system and the origins and dynamics of social protest and political rebellion. We outline two useful approaches: a political process theory that emphasizes the impact of internal political institutions and processes, such as political exclusion, indigenous organization, and political opportunity structures; and theories of global structures that focus on the external or international processes of incorporation into the capitalist world economy, the social effects of foreign capital penetration, and political dependence on core states. Fi.
The Importance of Determining Human Placental Lactogen in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy

The Importance of Determining Human Placental Lactogen in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy Human placental lactogen (HPL) is a hormone produced by the placenta with a role in the regulation of fetoplacental growth. In this paper, the results of HPL determination in the third trimester of pregnancy are presented with the aim of testing the sensitivity of this biochemical marker for detecting placental dysfunction, fetal vitality and risk of bad outcome. The tests were performed on 370 women with high-risk pregnancy, between the 20th and 36th week of pregnancy. HPL was determined by an ELISA method using Bioserv Diagnostics tests and the results were read by a STAT-FAX 303+ reader. When compared to normal pregnancy, a significant decrease in the level of HPL biomarker was identified in preeclampsia (p<0.01), whereas in diabetes the serum level of HPL was significantly higher (p<0.01). A significant positive correlation between the level of HPL during pregnancy and the weight of a newborn child, its head circumference and Apgar score was obtained. The results of the research indicate that the maternal concentration of the HPL biomarker is directly connected to the vitality of placental tissue, so that HPL in the third trimester of pregnancy can be used as an indicator of placental insufficiency and fetal vitality. Značaj Određivanja Humanog Placentalnog Laktogena U trećem Trimestru Trudnoće Humani placentalni laktogen (HPL) jeste hormon koji izlučuje placenta i regulator je fetoplacentalnog rasta. U radu su prikazani rezultati određivanja HPL-a u trećem trimestru trudnoće, sa ciljem da se ispita senzitivnost tog biohemijskog markera za otkrivanje poremećaja funkcije placente, vitaliteta fetusa i rizika za loš ishod. Ispitivanje je obavljeno na uzorku od 370 rizičnih trudnoća između 20 i 36 nedelje trudnoće. HPL je određen ELISA metodom, testovima >Bioserv Diagnostics<, a rezultati su očitani na rideru >STAT-FAX 303+<. Utvrđen je značajno snižen nivo biomarkera HPL kod preeklampsije u poređenju sa normalnom trudnoćom (p<0,01), dok je kod dijabetesa serumski nivo HPL značajno viši od normalnog (p<0,01). Ustanovljena je značajna pozitivna korelacija između nivoa HPL u trudnoći i težine novorođenčeta, obima glave i Apgar skora. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na to da je maternalna koncentracija biomarkera HPL direktno povezana sa vitalitetom placentalnog tkiva, te se HPL u trećem trimestru trudnoće može koristiti kao pokazatelj placentalne insuficijencije i vitaliteta fetusa.
Nature of Technology: Implications for design, development, and enactment of technological tools in school science classrooms

This position paper provides a theory-based explanation informed by philosophy of technology (PoT) of the recurrent documented patterns often associated with attempts to enact technology-supported, inquiry-based approaches in precollege science classrooms. Understandings derived from the history of technological development in other domains (e.g. medicine, transportation, and warfare) reveal numerous parallels that help to explain these recurrent patterns. Historical analyses of major technologies reveal a conglomerate of factors that interact to produce benefits, as well as intended and unintended consequences. On a macro-scale, PoT facilitates understandings of how technologies interact and are impacted by individuals, society, institutions, economy, politics, and culture. At the micro-level, and most relevant to science education, PoT engages the inherent nature of technology along a number of key dimensions: role of culture and values, notions of technological progression, technology as part of systems, technological diffusion, technology as a fix, and the notions of expertise. Overall, the present analysis has implications for the design, development, implementation, and adoption of technological tools for use in precollege science education, and highlights the role of technology as both artifact and process.
Violence Across the Lifespan: Interconnections Among Forms of Abuse as Described by Marginalized Canadian Elders and their Care-givers

Christine A. Walsh is an Assistant Professor of Social Work at the University of Calgary. Her research interests include the examination of violence across the lifespan, child maltreatment, intimate partner violence and elder abuse, and participatory action research and communitybased research with populations affected by issues of poverty or violence. Jenny Ploeg is an Associate Professor at the School of Nursing of McMaster University. Her research interests include qualitative and quantitative research related to high-risk elderly persons and their care-givers. Dr Ploeg holds a CIHR/St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton investigator award. Lynne Lohfeld is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics at McMaster University, as well as a faculty member in the Program for Educational Research and Development (PERD), and an associate member of the Department of Family Medicine and the School of Geography and Life Sciences, also at McMaster University. Her research interests include aging and health, qualitative research, community-based participatory action research, ethics and programme evaluation. Jaclyn Horne is a Masters of Social Work student at the University of Calgary. Her research interest is in gerontology, with focuses on driving cessation, dementia, care-giver burden, longterm care seniors’ housing and elder abuse. Dr Harriet MacMillan—a member of the Offord Centre for Child Studies—is a psychiatrist and pediatrician conducting research on the epidemiology of violence against children and women. She is a Professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and Pediatrics at McMaster University and holds the David R. (Dan) Offord Chair in Child Studies. Daniel Lai is Professor of Social Work and Alberta Heritage Health Scholar at the University of Calgary. His research interest is in gerontology and social work with older adults, with special focus on health, well-being and culture in the aging population. He was the Social Policy and Practice Section Editor of the Canadian Journal on Aging. Currently, Daniel is also on the Institute Advisory Board of the Institute of Aging of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Correlates and Consequences of Adult Sexual Assault Disclosure

The present study investigated disclosure of sexual assault to members of one's social network in a convenience sample of sexual assault victims (N = 155) completing a mail survey. Three sets of correlates (demographics, assault characteristics, postassault experiences) of the timing of sexual assault disclosure and subsequent social reactions received from social network members were examined. Delayed disclosure was associated with childhood sexual assault history, completed rape, and avoidance coping, whereas early disclosure was associated with offender preassault alcohol use and postassault medical attention. Negative social reactions were more common among women who used avoidance coping and victims who told physicians or police about their assaults. Positive social reactions were associated with higher income, less physical injury due to the assault, less self-blame, less postassault distress, and saying that a friend/relative or a rape crisis center was helpful regarding the assault. Implications of these results for research and treatment of sexual assault survivors are discussed.
Profiling Year Level and Gender Differences in Adolescent Communication Styles

Abstract The communication style of adolescents was assessed using the factors of the Focus of Communication Questionnaire (FOCQ), gender and year level. The FOCQ has six factors that individuals focus on during conflict including success, task, other-person, concession, withdrawing, and confusing. Data from the 460 adolescent participants showed that there were interaction effects involving success and other-person focused communication. Younger students were lower on concession, task, and confusion focused communication. Females were more withdrawing, concession and less confusion focused than males. The magnitude of the effect sizes resulting from the gender and year level analyses was small. Profile analysis of the six communication factors resulted in two clusters similar to those from previous research. The third cluster comprised a group of students low in all six communication factors. The discussion addresses the relevance of the findings and profile analysis in school settings.
Utilization of a Cloud-Based Diabetes Management Program for Insulin Initiation and Titration Enables Collaborative Decision Making Between Healthcare Providers and Patients

Abstract Background: Overseeing proper insulin initiation and titration remains a challenging task in diabetes care. Recent advances in mobile technology have enabled new models of collaborative care between patients and healthcare providers (HCPs). We hypothesized that the adoption of such technology could help individuals starting basal insulin achieve better glycemic control compared with standard clinical practice. Materials and Methods: This was a 12 ± 2-week randomized controlled study with 40 individuals with type 2 diabetes who were starting basal insulin due to poor glycemic control. The control group (n = 20) received standard face-to-face care and phone follow-up as needed in a tertiary center, whereas the intervention group (n = 20) received care through the cloud-based diabetes management program where regular communications about glycemic control and insulin doses were conducted via patient self-tracking tools, shared decision-making interfaces, secure text messages, and virtual visits (audio, video, and shared screen control) instead of office visits. Results: By intention-to-treat analysis, the intervention group achieved a greater hemoglobin A1c decline compared with the control group (3.2 ± 1.5% vs. 2.0% ± 2.0%; P = 0.048). The Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire showed a significant improvement in the intervention group compared with the control group (an increase of 10.1 ± 11.7 vs. 2.1 ± 6.5 points; P = 0.01). HCPs spent less time with patients in the intervention group compared with those in the control group (65.9 min per subject vs. 81.6 min per subject). However, the intervention group required additional training time to use the mobile device. Conclusions: Mobile health technology could be an effective tool in sharing data, enhancing communication, and improving glycemic control while enabling collaborative decision making in diabetes care.
Language learning strategies of Macao nursing students: an embedded mixed methods study

Although many scholars have used SILL (Strategy Inventory for Language Learning) and other methods to assess students’ language learning strategies (LLS), not many of them have used multiple methods or collected data over a lengthy period of time. Furthermore, only a few have considered the cultural sensitivity issue of SILL, and still fewer of them have assessed LLS of nursing students for the four main English skills. In this study, an embedded mixed methods approach was used to find out the LLS use of 208 undergraduate nursing students, and the cultural sensitivity issue of SILL was analyzed. Significant differences were found among students’ background, their LLS use, and gender. With better understanding of students’ LLS use, implications for EFL teaching and curriculum development are discussed.
Comparison of learning algorithms for handwritten digit recognition

COMPARISON OF LEARNINGALGORITHMS FOR HANDWRITTEN DIGITRECOGNITIONY. LeCun, L. Jackel, L. Bottou, A. Brunot, C. Cortes,J. Denker, H. Drucker, I. Guyon, U. M uller,E. Sackinger, P. Simard, and V. VapnikBell Lab oratories, Holmdel, NJ 07733, USAEmail: yann@research.att. comAbstractThis pap er compares the p erformance of several classi er algorithmson a standard database of handwritten digits. We consider not only rawaccuracy, but also rejection, training time, recognition time, and memoryrequirements.1
Conflict at Work: Defining and Resolving Organisational Conflicts

Abstract Researchers examining conflict, peace, negotiation, and mediation have, for the most part, concentrated on the developmental and crosscultural aspects of conflict management (e.g., Sanson, 1993), or the role of mediation within the legal system. This review focuses on conflict and its management in organisations. Kabanoff's (1991) typology provided a framework for linking macro- and micro-level issues in organisational dispute management and for identifying two avenues for research: (a) the need to establish relationships between organisational types and preferred conflict management styles at both the organisational and interpersonal level and (b) the need to consider how these relationships impact on disputant outcomes. It is argued that organisational structure affects disputant expectancies about outcomes, creating either a distributive or an integrative perspective. Disputant perspectives determine their preferred strategies and outcomes, and they affect perceptions of procedural justice; in.
An asynchronous mini-batch algorithm for regularized stochastic optimization

Mini-batch optimization has proven to be a powerful paradigm for large-scale learning. However, the state of the art mini-batch algorithms assume synchronous operation or cyclic update orders. When worker nodes are heterogeneous (due to different computational capabilities, or different communication delays), synchronous and cyclic operations are inefficient since they will leave workers idle waiting for the slower nodes to complete their work. We propose an asynchronous mini-batch algorithm for regularized stochastic optimization problems that eliminates idle waiting and allows workers to run at their maximal update rates. We show that the time necessary to compute an ϵ-optimal solution is asymptotically O(1/ϵ2), and the algorithm enjoys near-linear speedup if the number of workers is O(1/√ϵ). Theoretical results are confirmed in real implementations on a distributed computing infrastructure.
Sub-National Movements and the Framing of Regional Trade Agreements: Evidence from the EU and NAFTA

How have secessionist and autonomous movements reacted to regional trade agreements (RTAs)? Existing research focuses on the European Union (EU) and, taking a top-down perspective, argues that the EU has done little to help those movements affirm themselves. Adopting a more bottom-up and comparative approach, we propose that RTAs have functioned as political opportunity structures at the international level and that movements have skillfully framed them to define for themselves and their audiences, their grievances, identity, and vision for the future. Movements have followed two basic approaches. Some have embraced RTAs to denounce the debilitating grips of national governments on their people, project an image of themselves as cosmopolitan and modern players, and depict a future in which their communities thrive as successful players in the international community. Others have rejected RTAs to make clear what is wrong and corrupt about the world, present themselves as protectors of local identities and traditions, and promote a vision of the future in which their communities flourish while shielded from excessive interference from the outside. Movements from the left and right ends of the political spectrum have adopted each approach according to their own specific profiles. Evidence comes from the Lega Nord in Italy, the Zapatistas in Mexico, Convergència i Unió in Spain, and the Quebecois nationalists in Canada. This article concludes with reflections on the relationship between movements and international political opportunity structures, and lines for future research.
Ergodic Theorems

1 Strong laws of large numbers . 1 2 Heuristics and proof for the Ergodic theorem . 3 3 Stationary processes (Theorem <2>) . 5 4 The strong law of large numbers (Theorem <1>) . 6 5 Problems . 7 6 The subadditive ergodic theorem . 9 7 An application . 12