Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation by the Photoelastic Stress Analysis of the Effect of Implant Inclination and Precision Connections Load Transfer in the Mandibular Implant-Retained Overdenture Designs

Objective: The purpose of this photoelastic study was to evaluate the effect of implant inclination and attachments on load transfer, and to compare different attachment designs. Material and Methods: Two photoelastic models of edentulous mandible were fabricated having 2 cylindrical implants (Calcitek, 4x13 mm) embedded in the parasymphyseal area. In the first model the implants were placed parallel to each other and the midline, in the second model the implants were 17 degrees divergent from the midline. Four attachment systems were evaluated: single anchor attachment (ERA), bar-clip, bar with distally placed ball attachments, and bar with distally placed extracoronal rigid attachments (Easy slot). A vertical force of 30 lb was applied unilaterally to the central fossa of the right first molar. The resulting stresses of the models were observed and recorded photographically in the field of a circular polariscope. Results: The highest stresses were observed with bar with distally placed extracoronal rigid attachment (Easy slot) design, followed by bar-ball, bar and the single anchor attachment (ERA) respectively for the model with vertical orientated implants. For the model with inclined implants, although the bar with distally placed extracoronal rigid attachments (Easy slot) and bar-ball designs showed similar stress patterns, the highest stresses were observed with the bar with distally placed extracoronal rigid attachment (Easy slot) design. The lowest stress was observed with the single anchor attachment (ERA) design for both models. Conclusion: More equitable stress patterns were observed on the vertical orientated implants than inclined orientated implants. The single anchor attachment (ERA) transferred the lowest stresses and bar with distally placed extracoronal rigid attachment (Easy slot) system transferred the highest stresses to the implants on both models.
Polypropylene (PP)–Acacia mangiumcomposites: the effect of acetylation on mechanical and water absorption properties

Acacia mangiumwood flour (AMWF)–polypropylene (PP) composites were produced at different filler loading (20, 30, 40, and 50 w/w) and mesh no. (35, 60, 80, and 100 mesh). The AMWF–PP composites (using unmodified or modified wood flour) were compounded using a Haake Rheodrive 500 twin screw compounder. The mechanical and water absorption (WA) properties of modified (only at mesh no. 100) and unmodified AMWF–PP composites were investigated. Increase in the mesh number (35–100) of the unmodified AMWF showed increased flexural and impact properties. Flexural modulus exhibited higher properties as the filler loading increased (20–50). However, flexural and impact strength showed the opposite phenomenon. Water absorption and thickness swelling increased as the mesh number and filler loading increased. This has been attributed to the presence of hydrophilic hydroxyl groups of the filler. Modified AMWF–PP composites exhibited higher mechanical properties and good water resistance when compared to unmodified AMWF–PP composites at all values of filler loading. The evidence of the failure mechanism (from impact strength) of the filler–matrix interface was analyzed using scanning electron microscope.
On Being Responsible 1

Joint responsibility is a mental and behavioural state which captures and formalizes many of the intuitive underpinnings of collaborative problem solving. It defines the preconditions which must hold before such activity can commence, how individuals should behave (in their own problem solving and towards others) once such problem solving has begun and minimum conditions which group participants must satisfy. In an environment composed of multiple agents there are many different forms of social activity which can occur (eg cooperation, competition and hostility). The aim of this paper is to provide a framework in which one particular class of social activity can be formalised and ultimately analysed: namely that in which a group of autonomous agents (at least two) decides they wish to work together as a team to solve a common problem. A comprehensive theory describing this class of social interaction would need to cover at least the following aspects: when to initiate team activity, how to go about assembling the team, how to plan and distribute work within the team, how to behave once team activity has been initiated and how to complete team activity. The framework described herein defines the prerequisites for such action and also prescribes how agents should behave (both in their own problem solving and with respect to other group members) once the problem solving has been established. Typically in a community of autonomous agents, one of the primary motives for joint action is when no individual is capable of achieving a desired objective alone; only by combining and coordinating with others can the target be reached. Joint action is usually a reciprocal process in which participating agents augment their objectives and problem solving to comply with those of others-hence it is a fairly sophisticated form of cooperation. It requires greater knowledge, awareness and reflection by an agent both with respect to its own problem solving objectives and about their compatibility with the objectives of others, than simpler forms of social interaction (such as task and result sharing [19]). Joint action, by definition, requires an objective the group wishes to achieve-it is the glue which binds the team together. As a consequence of the autonomous nature of the agents, team members will only participate if they can derive some benefit from the interaction (i.e. benevo
Voltage Dependence of a Neuromodulator-Activated Ionic Current123

Abstract The neuromodulatory inward current (IMI) generated by crab Cancer borealis stomatogastric ganglion neurons is an inward current whose voltage dependence has been shown to be crucial in the activation of oscillatory activity of the pyloric network of this system. It has been previously shown that IMI loses its voltage dependence in conditions of low extracellular calcium, but that this effect appears to be regulated by intracellular calmodulin. Voltage dependence is only rarely regulated by intracellular signaling mechanisms. Here we address the hypothesis that the voltage dependence of IMI is mediated by intracellular signaling pathways activated by extracellular calcium. We demonstrate that calmodulin inhibitors and a ryanodine antagonist can reduce IMI voltage dependence in normal Ca2+, but that, in conditions of low Ca2+, calmodulin activators do not restore IMI voltage dependence. Further, we show evidence that CaMKII alters IMI voltage dependence. These results suggest that calmodulin is necessary but not sufficient for IMI voltage dependence. We therefore hypothesize that the Ca2+/calmodulin requirement for IMI voltage dependence is due to an active sensing of extracellular calcium by a GPCR family calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and that the reduction in IMI voltage dependence by a calmodulin inhibitor is due to CaSR endocytosis. Supporting this, preincubation with an endocytosis inhibitor prevented W7 (N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride)-induced loss of IMI voltage dependence, and a CaSR antagonist reduced IMI voltage dependence. Additionally, myosin light chain kinase, which is known to act downstream of the CaSR, seems to play a role in regulating IMI voltage dependence. Finally, a Gβγ-subunit inhibitor also affects IMI voltage dependence, in support of the hypothesis that this process is regulated by a G-protein-coupled CaSR.
Dyspepsia: management guidelines for the millennium

The annual prevalence of dyspepsia in Western countries is approximately 25%, and the condition accounts for 2–5% of all primary care consultations, yet optimal management remains a subject of considerable debate. Some of the outstanding issues and considerations in the management of dyspepsia are discussed, providing an overview of current thinking and recommendations on patient management by primary care physicians and specialists.
Cohort study : Risk stratification of Barrett ’ s oesophagus using a non-endoscopic sampling method coupled with a biomarker panel

Cohort study: Risk stratification of Barrett’s oesophagus using a non-endoscopic sampling method coupled with a biomarker panel Caryn S Ross-Innes*, PhD, Hamza Chettouh*, PhD, Achilleas Achilleos*, PhD, Nuria Galeano-Dalmau, MSc, Irene Debiram-Beecham, MSc, Shona MacRae, PhD, Petros Fessas, BA, Elaine Walker, BSc, Sibu Varghese, PhD Theodore Evan, MBBChir, Pierre S Lao-Sirieix, PhD, Maria O’Donovan, MD FRCPath, Shalini Malhotra, MBBS FRCPath, Prof Marco Novelli, PhD FRCPath, Babett Disep, MBChB FRCPath, Phillip V Kaye, MBChB FRCPath, Prof Laurence B Lovat, MBBS PhD FRCP, Rehan Haidry, MD FRCP, Prof Michael Griffin, FRCS, Prof Krish Ragunath, DNB MPhil FRCP, Prof Pradeep Bhandari, MD FRCP, Adam Haycock, MD MRCP, Danielle Morris, MD MRCP, Prof Stephen Attwood, MBBCh FRCS, Anjan Dhar, MD FRCP, Prof Colin Rees, MBBS FRCP, Prof Matt D Rutter, MD FRCP, Richard Ostler, MSc, Benoit Aigret, MSc, Peter D Sasieni, PhD and Prof Rebecca C Fitzgerald, MD FMedSci, on behalf
Reliable decentralized supervisory control of discrete event systems with communication delays

The reliable decentralized supervisory control of discrete event systems (DESs) with communication delays is investigated in this paper. For a system equipped with n local supervisors, we formalize the notion of k-reliable (1 ≤ k ≤ n) decentralized supervisor under communication delays, in which some local supervisors are allowed to fail and the system can achieve exactly the specification under any k local supervisors. In particular, necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a k-reliable decentralized supervisor under communication delays are presented by means of the modified controllability and reliable delay-coobservability. These results can be reduced to those in [10] if the communication delays are negligible. Moreover, the results of [8] can be regarded as a special case of the proposed k-reliable decentralized control with k = n.
Brain Stem Infarction and Diaschisis: A SPECT Cerebral Perfusion Study

Background and Purpose We studied six patients suffering from pure, unilateral brain stem infarction to explore the association of remote cerebral and cerebellar blood flow changes with damage at different sites of this region of the bra. Methods We used single-photon emission computed tomography and [123I]iodoamphetamine to measure regional differences in tracer uptake. Qualitative image analysis and calculated asymmetry indexes were correlated to the location of the infarcted area on magnetic resonance imaging and to the patients' clinical findings. Results Significant perfusion asymmetries were noted in the two patients with infarction in the upper pons but not in those with lesions below this level. They comprised a contralateral cerebellar and ipsilateral supratentorial hypoactivity that was most marked in the frontoparietal cortex. There was no clear relation between the patterns of cerebral or cerebellar tracer uptake and specific neurological findings. Conclusions Remote perfusion changes after pure brain stem infarction may be seen both infratentorially and supratentorially and depend on the lesion site rather than on the neurological deficit. In this context, our study confirmed damage to the corticopontocerebellar pathways as the key event in the genesis of a crossed cerebellar diaschisis. The exact mechanisms causing ipsilateral cerebral hemispheric diaschisis await further clarification.
Role of the Phagocyte in Host-Parasite Interactions XI. Relationship Between Stimulated Oxidative Metabolism and Hydrogen Peroxide Formation, and Intracellular Killing

The increased respiratory and hexose monophosphate activities noted in phagocytizing cells results in the formation of hydrogen peroxide. This is brought about by the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate by its oxidase. Evidence is presented which indicates that this H2O2 is involved in the intracellular killing of bacteria. When molecular oxygen was excluded from phagocytizing leukocytes by anaerobiosis, thus inhibiting H2O2 formation, reduced intracellular killing was observed. In some cases the impairment of leukocytic bactericidal activity by anaerobiosis could be partially reversed by the addition of H2O2. Exogenous catalase also could reduce intracellular killing. In addition, when leukocytic isolates were dialyzed so as to reduce endogenous H2O2, the bactericidal activity of the leukocytes was significantly decreased under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These results occurred with both guinea pig and human leukocytes and with several test microorganisms.
Effects of estrogen on cognitive strategy and striatal dopamine transmission in female rats : the role of reproductive experience

Estrogen (E) influences the cognitive strategy used by female rats when solving a maze. Nulliparous rats with high levels of E tend to use an allocentric (place) strategy whereas rats with low E levels are biased towards an egocentric (response) strategy. Furthermore, striatal-dependent response learning is sensitive to dopamine (DA) transmission in that brain area, and E changes DA release in the striatum. Recent findings suggest that reproductive experience may alter how E affects DA transmission. Here the effects of E on cognitive strategy was explored in nulliparous and primiparous rats solving at-maze task, and striatal DA release was measured after administration of an indirect DA agonist (amphetamine; 0.5 & 1 mg/kg) and an autoreceptor-activating dose of the DA agonist (apomorphine; 50 & 80 og/kg). As expected, ovariectomized (OVX) nulliparous rats receiving low 17Ý estradiol (E2) predominantly used a response strategy, whereas high E2 OVX rats did not; this pattern changed in low E2 primiparous rats. High E2 rats receiving the lower AMPH dose exhibited greater DA release than low E2 rats. Interestingly, there were also hemispheric differences in striatal DA response, which suggests possible lateralization in DA function. These findings suggest that parity changes how E affects the cognitive strategy used by females. They also show that E2 affects DA transmission in the dorsal striatum in a lateralized manner.
Activation of RNA polymerase III transcription of human Alu repetitive elements by adenovirus type 5: requirement for the E1b 58-kilodalton protein and the products of E4 open reading frames 3 and 6

We found that transcription of endogenous human Alu elements by RNA polymerase III was strongly stimulated following infection of HeLa cells with adenovirus type 5, leading to the accumulation of high levels of Alu transcripts initiated from Alu polymerase III promoters. In contrast to previously reported cases of adenovirus-induced activation of polymerase III transcription, induction required the E1b 58-kDa protein and the products of E4 open reading frames 3 and 6 in addition to the 289-residue E1a protein. In addition, E1a function was not required at high multiplicities of infection, suggesting that E1a plays an indirect role in Alu activation. These results suggest previously unsuspected regulatory properties of the adenovirus E1b and E4 gene products and provide a novel approach to the study of the biology of the most abundant class of dispersed repetitive DNA in the human genome.
A novel assay for the detection of anti-human platelet antigen antibodies (HPA-1a) based on peptide aptamer technology

Background Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is mostly due to the presence of maternal antibodies against the fetal platelet antigen HPA-1a on the platelet integrin GPIIb-IIIa. Accurate detection of anti-HPA-1a antibodies in the mother is, therefore, critical. Current diagnostic assays rely on the availability of pools of human platelets that vary according to donors and blood centers. There is still no satisfactory standardization of these assays. Design and Methods Peptide aptamer was used to detect and identify HPA-1a-specific antibodies in human serum that do not require human platelets. A peptide aptamer library was screened using an anti-HPA-1a human monoclonal antibody as a bait to isolate an aptamer that mimics the human platelet antigen HPA-1a. Results This is the first report in platelet immunology of the use of a peptide aptamer for diagnostic purposes. This assay gives better results than the MAIPA currently in use, detecting around 90% of the expected alloantibodies. Conclusions This assay could help define a standard for the quantitation of anti-HPA antibodies. This report also demonstrates that peptide aptamers can potentially detect a variety of biomarkers in body fluids; this is of particular interest for diagnostic purposes.
Cardiovascular diseases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: comment on the article by Koivuniemi et al

1. Snowden JA, Pearce RM, Lee J, Kirkland K, Gilleece M, Veys P, et al. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in severe autoimmune diseases: analysis of UK outcomes from the British Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation (BSBMT) data registry 1997–2009. Br J Haematol 2012;157:742–6. 2. Atkins HL, Muraro PA, van Laar JM, Pavletic SZ. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune disease – is it now ready for prime time? Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012;18:S177–83. 3. Farge D, Labopin M, Tyndall A, Fassas A, Mancardi GL, Van Laar J, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases: an observational study on 12 years’ experience from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Working Party on Autoimmune Diseases. Haematologica 2010;95:284–92. 4. Burt RK, Testori A, Craig R, Cohen B, Suffit R, Barr W. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases: what have we learned? J Autoimmun 2008;30:116–20. 5. Oryoji K, Himeji D, Nagafuji K, Horiuchi T, Tsukamoto H, Gondo H, et al. Successful treatment of rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonia with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in a patient with dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol 2005;24:637–40. 6. Holzer U, van Royen-Kerkhof A, van der Torre P, KuemmerleDeschner J, Well C, Handgretinger R, et al. Successful autologous stem cell transplantation in two patientswith juvenile dermatomyositis. Scand J Rheumatol 2010;39:88–92. 7. Bingham S, Griffiths B, McGonagle D, Snowden JA, Morgan G, Emery P. Autologous stem cell transplantation for rapidly progressive Jo-1-positive polymyositis with long-term follow-up. Br J Haematol 2001;113:840–1. 8. Baron F, Ribbens C, Kaye O, Fillet G, Malaise M, Beguin Y. Effective treatment of Jo-1-associated polymyositis with T-celldepleted autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2000;110:339–42. 9. Henes JC, Heinzelmann F, Wacker A, Seelig HP, Klein R, Bornemann A, et al. Antisignal recognition particle-positive polymyositis successfully treated with myeloablative autologous stem cell transplantation. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:447–8. 10. Snowden JA, Saccardi R, Allez M, Ardizzone S, Arnold R, Cervera R, et al. Haematopoietic SCT in severe autoimmune diseases: updated guidelines of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012;47:770–90.
Neural network-based clustering using pairwise constraints

This paper presents a neural network-based end-to-end clustering framework. We design a novel strategy to utilize the contrastive criteria for pushing data-forming clusters directly from raw data, in addition to learning a feature embedding suitable for such clustering. The network is trained with weak labels, specifically partial pairwise relationships between data instances. The cluster assignments and their probabilities are then obtained at the output layer by feed-forwarding the data. The framework has the interesting characteristic that no cluster centers need to be explicitly specified, thus the resulting cluster distribution is purely data-driven and no distance metrics need to be predefined. The experiments show that the proposed approach beats the conventional two-stage method (feature embedding with k-means) by a significant margin. It also compares favorably to the performance of the standard cross entropy loss for classification. Robustness analysis also shows that the method is largely insensitive to the number of clusters. Specifically, we show that the number of dominant clusters is close to the true number of clusters even when a large k is used for clustering.
Gravitational potential energy of the Tibetan Plateau and the forces driving the Indian plate

We present a study of the vertically integrated deviatoric stress field for the Indian plate and the Tibetan Plateau associated with gravitational potential energy (GPE) differences. Although the driving forces for the Indian plate have been attributed solely to the mid-oceanic ridges that surround the entire southern boundary of the plate, previous estimates of vertically integrated stress magnitudes of ~6–7 x 1012 N/m in Tibet far exceed those of ~3 x 1012 N/m associated with GPE at mid-oceanic ridges, calling for an additional force to satisfy the stress magnitudes in Tibet. We use the Crust 2.0 data set to infer gravitational potential energy differences in the lithosphere. We then apply the thin sheet approach in order to obtain a global solution of vertically integrated deviatoric stresses associated only with GPE differences. Our results show large N-S extensional deviatoric stresses in Tibet that the ridge-push force fails to cancel. Our results calibrate the magnitude of the basal tractions, associated with density buoyancy driven mantle flow, that are applied at the base of the lithosphere in order to drive India into Tibet and cancel the N-S extensional stresses within Tibet. Moreover, our deviatoric stress field solution indicates that both the ridge-push influence (~1 x 1012 N/m) and the vertically integrated deviatoric stresses associated with GPE differences around the Tibetan Plateau (~3 x 1012 N/m) have previously been overestimated by a factor of two or more. These overestimates have resulted from either simplified two-dimensional approximations of the thin sheet equations, or from an assumption about the mean stress that is unlikely to be correct.
Asset Allocation in Bankruptcy

This paper investigates the consequences of liquidation and reorganization on the allocation and subsequent utilization of assets in bankruptcy. We identify 129,000 bankrupt establishments and construct a novel dataset that tracks the occupancy, employment and wages paid at real estate assets over time. Using the random assignment of judges to bankruptcy cases as a natural experiment that forces some firms into liquidation, we find that even after accounting for reallocation, the long-run utilization of assets of liquidated firms is lower relative to assets of reorganized firms. These effects are concentrated in thin markets with few potential users, in areas with low access to finance, and in areas with low economic growth. The results highlight that different bankruptcy approaches affect asset allocation and utilization particularly when search frictions and financial frictions are present.