Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polygyny and Inheritance of Wealth

Polygamy is contrary to the Law of Nature and Justice, and to the Propagation of the Human Race; for where Males and Females are in equal number, if one Man takes Twenty Wives, Nineteen Men must live in Celibacy, which is repugnant to the Design of Nature; nor is it probable that Twenty Women will be so well impregnated by one Man as by Twenty. DR. JOHN ARBUTHNOTT, 1710 THE HYPOTHESIS to be tested here, that humans tend to transmit wealth to male descendants where polygyny is possible (Dr. Arbuthnott's assertions notwithstanding), follows from considering the difference in within-sex variance in reproductive success between males and females (Darwin 1859, 1871) and the fact that in polygynous societies multiple wives are acquired by men who can afford them. That is, since "a male's. reproductive success can be greatly enhanced by mating with many females, whereas a female can only be impregnated approximately once per year, regardless of the number of her mates," and since "wealth is a decisive parameter for securing
New evidence towards the release of airborne carbon nanotubes when burning nanocomposite polymers

The combustion of a CNT-filled nanocomposite polymer have been studied thanks to the use of differential thermal analysis coupled to measurement devices (sampling and particle concentration monitoring) to evaluate the potential release of nano-objects in the fumes. We demonstrate that, in some circumstance, airborne carbon nanotubes (isolated fibres or agglomerates) are released in the combustion fumes when a piece of nanocomposite polymer is burned. This result completes the state-of-the art literature, bringing brand new evidence of CNT release from final product thanks to the use of an adapted experimental setup. Then, our conclusions address a new kind of safety issues in regard to the end of life (fire, combustion) of this kind of nanocomposites.
Special education, inclusion and democracy

Initially, it is pointed out that adherents of a psycho‐medical perspective often suggest exclusive solutions to special educational dilemmas and that such theorizing has been heavily attacked in past decades. However, it is argued that opposition of the psycho‐medical understanding of special education runs the risk of blurring differences between researchers and practitioners who are more positive about inclusion. One aim of this paper is to disentangle different perspectives on special education and different notions of inclusion among those positive to the idea of inclusion. A second aim is to argue for the necessity of situating the discussion about inclusion and special education within a discussion about democracy and the role of social science within it. Such a discussion seems even more important, given the range of positions discerned in the first part of the paper. In the concluding section of the paper, a proposal is presented for how special education, democracy and inclusion could be related to one another and for the role of research within these relationships. An important argument advanced is that the issue of who is to decide is analytically prior to what is to be decided with regard to inclusive practices.
Towards evaluating knowledge management through the 7 C Model

This paper discusses the evaluation of knowledge management systems through the 7C model for organizational knowledge creation. The model is based on the distinction of individual and organizational knowledge and explicit and tacit knowledge. The 7C model suggests that the seven Cs, i.e. Connection, Concurrency, Comprehension, Communication, Conceptualization, Collaboration, and Collective intelligence, play a central role in the knowledge creation process. The paper also argues that previous research has focused on the technology and organizational contexts, and many of the Web’s inherent key features have not been utilized to the extent they should. Better support for the largely neglected human-sensitive subprocesses of organizational knowledge creation, Comprehension and Communication, may be achieved through deeper utilization of the Web’s hypertext functionality. Moreover, organizations may improve both their core business activities and improvement capabilities as well as search for competitive advantage from business alliances.
[Determination of blood circulation time for optimizing contrast medium administration in CT angiography].

INTENTION CT angiography of intracranial vascular lesions requires a constant and high intra-arterial concentration of the contrast medium over the period of data acquisition. The volume of the injected contrast medium can be minimized by exact timing of the bolus injection. Non-predictable interindividual variance of veno-arterial circulation time, e.g., in patients with impaired cerebral hemodynamics after subarachnoidal hemorrhage, requires determination of the appropriate prescan delay. METHODS We used the CT scanner (Philips SR 7000) with a low-dose scan parameter to determine the veno-arterial circulation time with a bolus injection of 20 ml contrast medium IV and compared these values with the results of an algorithm (t = n x 60 x f-1) based on the duration of n = 12 heart actions. On CT seven scans (1-s scan time) without table feed were applied at the level of the circle of Willis 4 s after the beginning of contrast medium bolus injection (5 ml/s). An interscan delay of 4 s was used. A region of interest was placed exactly on the most evident part of one of the cerebral base arteries contralateral to pathology. RESULTS In 35 patients we measured circulation times between 10 and 25 s, all of which were confirmed by CT angiography, which followed. There was no correlation with systolic or diastolic blood pressure, heart rate or body length, body weight or body surface. Differences of up to 18 s were seen between the measured and calculated circulation times. CONCLUSION Transit time to peak concentration in cerebral vessels following antecubital bolus injection of contrast medium cannot be calculated on the basis of hemodynamic parameters or body measurement, even in patients without cardiopulmonary or occlusive vessel disease. The quick method presented for measurement of the veno-arterial circulation time with a test bolus of contrast medium using the CT scanner and scan parameters with low-radiation exposure provided an exact time setting and saved on the amount of contrast medium needed in CT angiography.
The Conscious Id

Two aspects of the body are represented in the brain, and they are represented differently. The most important difference is that the brain regions for the two aspects of the body are associated with different aspects of consciousness. Very broadly speaking, the brainstem mechanisms derived from the autonomic body are associated with affective consciousness, and the cortical mechanisms derived from the sensorimotor body are associated with cognitive consciousness. Moreover, the upper brainstem is intrinsically conscious whereas the cortex is not; it derives its consciousness from the brainstem. These facts have substantial implications for psychoanalytic metapsychology because the upper brainstem (and associated limbic structures) performs the functions that Freud attributed to the id, while the cortex (and associated forebrain structures) performs the functions he attributed to the ego. This means that the id is the fount of consciousness and the ego is unconscious in itself. The basis for these conclusions, and some of their implications, are discussed here in a preliminary fashion.
Downregulation and prognostic performance of microRNA 224 expression in prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION The extensive use of prostate-specific antigen as a general prostate cancer biomarker has introduced the hazards of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Recent studies have revealed the immense biomarker capacity of microRNAs (miRNAs) in prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression pattern of miR-224, a cancer-related miRNA, in prostate tumors and investigate its clinical utility. METHODS Total RNA was isolated from 139 prostate tissue samples. After the polyadenylation of total RNA by poly(A) polymerase, cDNA was synthesized with a suitable poly(T) adapter. miR-224 expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and analyzed with the comparative quantification cycle method, C(q)(2(-ΔΔCq)). We performed comprehensive biostatistical analyses to explore the clinical value of miR-224 in prostate cancer. RESULTS miR-224 expression was significantly downregulated in malignant samples compared with benign samples (P < 0.001). Higher miR-224 expression levels were found in prostate tumors that were less aggressive (P = 0.017) and in an earlier disease stage (P = 0.018). Patients with prostate cancer who were positive for miR-224 had significantly enhanced progression-free survival intervals compared with miR-224-negative patients (P = 0.021). Univariate bootstrap Cox regression confirmed that miR-224 was associated with favorable prognosis (hazard ratio 0.314, P = 0.013); nonetheless, multivariate analysis, adjusted for conventional markers, did not identify miR-224 as an independent prognostic indicator. CONCLUSIONS miR-224 is aberrantly expressed in prostate cancer. Its assessment by cost-effective quantitative molecular methodologies could provide a useful biomarker for prostate cancer.
The NESPOLE! multimodal interface for cross-lingual communication $experience and lessons learned

We describe the design, evolution, and development of the user interface components of the NESPOLE! speech-to-speech translation system. The NESPOLE! system was designed for users with medium-to-low levels of computer literacy and Web expertise. The user interface was designed to effectively combine Web browsing, real-time sharing of graphical information and multi-modal annotations using a shared whiteboard, and real-time multilingual speech communication, all within an e-commerce scenario. Data collected in sessions with naive users in several stages in the process of system development formed the basis for improving the effectiveness and usability of the system. We describe this development process, the resulting interface components and the lessons learned.
THE FALL OF AGN AND THE RISE OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES: A CLOSELOOK AT THE CHANDRADEEP FIELD X-RAY NUMBER COUNTS

We investigate the X-ray number counts in the 1–2 Ms ChandraDeep Fields (CDFs) to determine the contributions of faint X-ray source populations to the extragalac tic X-ray background (XRB). X-ray sources were separated into Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), star-forming galaxies, and Galactic stars based primarily on X-ray-to-optical flux ratios, optical spectral classificat ions, X-ray spectra, and intrinsic X-ray luminosities. Number-count slopes and normalizations below 2 × 10−15 erg cm−2 s−1 were calculated in each band for all source types assuming a single power-law model. We find th at AGN continue to dominate the number counts in the 0.5–2.0 keV and 2–8 keV bands. At flux limits of ≈ 2.5× 10−17 erg cm−2 s−1 (0.5–2.0 keV) and≈ 1.4×10−16 erg cm−2 s−1 (2–8 keV), the overall AGN source densities are 7166 +304 −292 sources deg −2 and 4558+216 −207sources deg −2, respectively; these are factors of ∼ 10–20 higher than found in the deepest optical spectroscopic surveys. While still a minority, the number count s of star-forming galaxies climb steeply such that they eventually achieve source densities of 1727 +187 −169 sources deg −2 (0.5–2.0 keV) and 711 +270 −202 sources deg −2 (28 keV) at the CDF flux limits. The number of star-forming galax ies will likely overtake the number of AGN at ∼ 1×10−17 erg cm−2 s−1 (0.5–2.0 keV) and dominate the overall number counts therea ft r. Adopting XRB flux densities of (7.52±0.35)×10−12erg cm−2 s−1 deg−2 (0.5–2.0 keV) and (2 . 4±0.11)×10−11erg cm−2 s−1 deg−2 (2–8 keV), the CDFs resolve a total of 89.5 +5.9 −5.7% and 86.9 +6.6 −6.3% of the extragalactic 0.5–2.0 keV and 2–8 keV XRBs, respectively. AGN as a whole contribute ≈83% and≈95% to the these resolved XRB fractions, respectively, while star-forming galaxies comprise only ≈3% and≈2%, respectively, and Galactic stars comprise the remainder. Extrapolation of the number-count slopes can ea sily account for the entire 0.5–2.0 keV and 2–8 keV XRBs to within statistical errors. We additionally examine th X-ray number counts as functions of intrinsic Xray luminosity and absorption, finding that sources with L0.5−8 keV > 1043.5 erg s−1 andNH < 1022 cm−2 are the dominant contributors to the 0.5–2.0 keV XRB flux density, wh ile sources withL0.5−8 keV = 1042.5–1044.5 erg s−1 and a broad range of absorption column densities primarily c ontribute to the 2–8 keV XRB flux density. This trend suggests that even less intrinsically luminous, more highly obscured AGN may dominate the number counts at higher energies where the XRB intensity peaks. Fin ally, we revisit the reported differences between the CDF-North and CDF-South number counts, finding that the t wo fields are consistent with each other except for 2–8 keV detected sources below F2−8 keV ≈ 1×10−15 erg cm−2 s−1, where deviations gradually increase to ≈ 3. 9σ. Subject headings: cosmology: observations — galaxies: active — galaxies: sta rburst — X-rays: galaxies
Why Is There No Christian Democracy in Poland — and Why Should We Care?

Despite the fact that almost all Poles are Roman Catholics and that religion has played an important part in contemporary Polish politics, no self-declared Christian Democratic party has been successful in post-1989 Poland. None of the currently successful Polish centre—right parties profile themselves as Christian Democratic, nor can they be labelled as such objectively. While, superficially, Poland looks like fertile ground for Christian Democracy, the factors that were crucial to the formation and success of Christian Democratic parties in post-war Western Europe were largely absent during the emergence of democratic, multiparty politics in post-1989 Poland. Of course, parties are never simply produced and sustained by `cleavages', they are more than institutional responses to some kind of social demand. The formation and success, or otherwise, of Christian Democratic parties owes much to the interplay between social realities and sponsors, on the one hand, and the institutional and ideological crafting of entrepreneurial politicians, on the other.
Positioning infrastructure and technologies for low‐carbon urbanization

The expected urbanization of the planet in the coming century coupled with aging infrastructure in developed regions, increasing complexity of man‐made systems, and pressing climate change impacts have created opportunities for reassessing the role of infrastructure and technologies in cities and how they contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Modern urbanization is predicated on complex, increasingly coupled infrastructure systems, and energy use continues to be largely met from fossil fuels. Until energy infrastructures evolve away from carbon‐based fuels, GHG emissions are critically tied to the urbanization process. Further complicating the challenge of decoupling urban growth from GHG emissions are lock‐in effects and interdependencies. This paper synthesizes state‐of‐the‐art thinking for transportation, fuels, buildings, water, electricity, and waste systems and finds that GHG emissions assessments tend to view these systems as static and isolated from social and institutional systems. Despite significant understanding of methods and technologies for reducing infrastructure‐related GHG emissions, physical, institutional, and cultural constraints continue to work against us, pointing to knowledge gaps that must be addressed. This paper identifies three challenge themes to improve our understanding of the role of infrastructure and technologies in urbanization processes and position these increasingly complex systems for low‐carbon growth. The challenges emphasize how we can reimagine the role of infrastructure in the future and how people, institutions, and ecological systems interface with infrastructure.
The lexicon of emotion in the neo-Latin languages

This article represents the conclusion of a wide-ranging European project concerning the lexical structure of emotion in the neo-Latin languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese and Romanian. Intended to bring to light common features in these languages, as well as any peculiarities, the research project selected representative samples of emotional terms from the dictionaries of the six languages studied and analysed the similarity between these words using Scaling procedures. The graphic outputs of the Scaling procedures appear to organize the neo-Latin emotion lexicons in respect of three major dimensions that are similar to those already found in other languages: `hedonic value', `potency' and `physiological activation'. Interesting peculiarities emerged in relation to the salience of the dimensions, mainly for Romanian and Portuguese. Ce travail représente la conclusion d'un ample projet européen concernant la structure du lexique émotionnel des langues néo-latines: italien, français, espagnol, catalan, portugais et roumain. Le but du projet de recherche était de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques communes à ces langues, ainsi que leurs particularités, et des échantillons représentatifs de termes émotionnels ont été sélectionnés dans des dictionnaires des six langues étudiées. La similarité parmi ces mots a été analysée à travers des procédures de Scaling. Les solutions graphiques des procédures de Scaling semblent organiser le lexique émotionnel néo-latin autour de trois dimensions majeures qui sont semblables à celles déjà trouvées pour d'autres langues: `valence hédonique', `puissance' et `activation physiologique'. Quelques particularités intéressantes ont été observées en ce qui concerne la prépondérance des dimensions, en particulier pour le roumain et le portugais.
A Question of Merit: Principals' and Parents' Evaluations of Teachers

New financial incentive plans to restructure the rewards and professional development in teaching require fair and comprehensive evaluations to determine teacher quality. Some suggest that multiple judges are needed to help correct problems of shallow, partial evaluations. In this article, principals’ and parents’ ratings of the same teachers are compared and school, teacher, and family factors that may influence evaluations are examined. Results suggest that parents and principals emphasize different aspects of teaching in judging teachers' merits. Principals' ratings are influenced by situational factors and the extra work that establishes some teachers' leadership. Parents' ratings are influenced by the connections teachers make with families and the quality of classroom life their children experience. The ratings are not explained by teachers’ education or years of experience, which are currently common criteria for annual salary increases. Although principals’ judgments may be more central, parents can make important contributions in the evaluation of teachers.
Formulation and evaluation of ATP-containing liposomes including lactosylated ASGPr ligand

An original ligand (Lac-10-Chol) designed to interact with asialoglycoprotein receptors to potentially target hepatocyte was synthesised by grafting a lactose head to a cholesteryl structure, which was then included in liposomes. Preliminary formulation tests led to the selection of conventional formulations based on soybean phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/DOTAP (± DOPE) (± Lac-10-Chol) that present reproducible absolute entrapment value (1.45 ± 0.10%), with a size of 109 ± 7 nm and a slight positive charge (3.77 ± 1.59 mV). Cell viability (via the MTT test), expressed as the percentage of nontreated cells in HepG2 cells, was very close to the control. Internalization tests evidenced an intracellular penetration of fluorescent liposomes, but no specific ligand effect was demonstrated (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, regarding the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay, a slight increase was obtained with liposome loaded with ATP incorporating Lac-10-chol after 24 hours (P < 0.05).
Validity and Reliability issues in Objective Monitoring of Physical Activity

Major technical advances have occurred within the last 10 years in the field of physical activity monitoring. The biggest one is real-time data acquisition, and the development of computer microchips that allow vast amounts of information to be stored and later recalled. It is evident that no single motion sensor will provide an accurate estimate of energy expenditure across all activities. Future directions for research include the use of combined instruments such as an accelerometer plus questionnaire, multiple motion sensors, or dual HR-motion sensor technology.
Role of p 53 in cisplatin-induced tubular cell apoptosis : dependence on p 53 transcriptional activity

Jiang, Man, Xiaolan Yi, Stephen Hsu, Cong-Yi Wang, and Zheng Dong. Role of p53 in cisplatin-induced tubular cell apoptosis: dependence on p53 transcriptional activity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 287: F1140–F1147, 2004. First published August 17, 2004; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00262. 2004. —Tubular damage by cisplatin leads to acute renal failure, which limits its use in cancer therapy. In tubular cells, a primary target for cisplatin is presumably the genomic DNA. However, the pathway relaying the signals of DNA damage to tubular cell death is unclear. In response to DNA damage, the tumor suppressor gene p53 is induced and is implicated in subsequent DNA repair and cell death by apoptosis. The current study was designed to examine the role of p53 in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in cultured rat kidney proximal tubular cells. Cisplatin at 20 M induced apoptosis in 70% of cells, which was partially suppressed by carbobenzoxy-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (VAD), a general caspase inhibitor. Of interest, cisplatininduced apoptosis was also suppressed by pifithrin, a pharmacological inhibitor of p53. Cisplatin-induced caspase activation was completely inhibited by VAD, but only partially by pifithrin. Early during cisplatin treatment, p53 was phosphorylated and upregulated. The p53 activation was blocked by pifithrin, but not by VAD. Bcl-2 expression abolished cisplatin-induced apoptosis without blocking p53 phosphorylation or induction. The results suggest that p53 activation might be an early signal for apoptosis during cisplatin treatment. To further determine the role of p53, tubular cells were stably transfected with a dominant-negative mutant of p53 with diminished transcriptional activity. Expression of the mutant attenuated cisplatin-induced apoptosis and caspase activation. In conclusion, the results support an important role for p53 in cisplatininduced apoptosis in renal tubular cells. p53 May regulate apoptosis through the transcription of apoptotic genes.
Early risk factors and pathways in the development of early disruptive behavior problems

Abstract This study examined risk factors from infancy associated with the development of preschool disruptive behavior problems across child, parent, and sociodemographic domains. Risk factors that consistently were associated with the prediction of disruptive behavior at age 5 years included disorganized attachment classification at 12 months, and maternal personality risk and child-rearing disagreements during the second year. In addition, infants with disorganized attachment status at 12 months whose mothers perceived them as difficult in the second year showed significantly higher aggressive problems at age 5 years than those with only one of the two risk factors present. When pathways leading to clinically elevated aggression at age 5 were explored, infant disorganized attachment status, maternal personality risk, and child-rearing disagreements demonstrated equivalent predictive validity as child aggression assessed at age 3 years.