Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Individual Difference Measure of Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions

The present research examines the assertion that individuals differ in the extent to which they seek to control the expression of prejudice. The authors developed the Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions Scale to assess this individual difference. Psychometric properties of the scale are reported, including its stable two-factor structure across samples. In addition, evidence regarding predictive validity is presented. The expression of racial prejudice on self-report measures was moderated by the extent to which respondents reported being motivated to inhibit prejudiced reactions. Specifically, the authors observed interactions between unobtrusive estimates of racial attitudes based on automatic attitude activation and scores on the Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions Scale when predicting self-reported evaluations. Motivated individuals expressed less prejudiced responses even if their unobtrusive estimates revealed automatically activated negativity in response to Blacks. In contrast, the less motivated provided self-reports consistent with their automatically activated attitudes.
Psycho-social Determinants of Achievement of Functional Independence in Individuals with First-ever Stroke -

Aim: To investigate psycho-social determinants of achievement of functional independence in first-ever stroke patients. Methods: This study involved 65 first-ever stroke patients enrolled within 24 hours of stroke from a Nigeria tertiary health institution. Stroke-type was classified using brains’ CT scan results while stroke severity was assessed using the national Institute of Health Stroke scale. Weighted-values of Barthel and Frenchay Activities Indexes were combined to indicate the functional performances. Depressive features were assessed with the Centre for Epidemiological Scale-Depression. Spousal support was measured using numerical rating scale. Measurements were taken fortnightly for 1-year. Data were analyzed using multivariate step-wise regression analysis. Results: Fifty-five participants completed the study while ten died. Forty of them were married out of which 76.4% reported enjoying spousal support. Twenty-six (47.3%) had ischaemic stroke and 52.7% had haemorrhagic stroke. Age (AOR= 3.2), type of marriage (AOR= 2.2), spousal support (AOR= 7.5), incontinence (AOR= -1.4) and depressive features (AOR= -4.1) significantly determined achievement of functional independence at 1-year post-stroke. Conclusion: The combination of being married into monogamous family and having good spousal support together with the absence of incontinence and depressive features within 14 days was a positive determinant achievement of functional independence in first-ever stroke patient.
Integrating local search and network flow to solve the inventory routing problem

The inventory routing problem is one of important and practical problems in logistics. It involves the integration of inventory management and vehicle routing, both of which are known to be NP-hard. In this paper, we combine local search and network flows to solve the inventory management problem, by utilizing the minimum cost flow sub-solutions as a guiding measure for local search. We then integrate with a standard VRPTW solver to present experimental results for the overall inventory routing problem, based on instances extended from the Solomon benchmark problems.
The moderating role of the attitude-subjective norms conflict on the link between moral norms and intention.

Within a traditional planned-behavior framework, the conditions remain ambiguous under which moral norms add to the overall intention to act. In this paper, we aim to provide insights into the circumstances that foster the impact of moral norms. Based on a minimal effort strategy, we predict that moral information is considered more strongly and, thus, is relatively more significant for people's motivation if a person's attitude is at odds with his or her subjective norms. To test our beliefs-conflict hypothesis, we conducted two surveys, one concerning organ donation (N = 639) and another concerning conservation behavior (N = 328). Structural equation analyses confirm that moral considerations have a stronger effect on a person's behavioral intention in cases of attitude-subjective norms conflicts compared to cases of harmonic attitudes and subjective norms.
Effects of Analogy Instructional Strategy, Cognitive Style and Gender on Senior Secondary School Students Achievement in Some Physics Concepts in Mubi Metropolis, Nigeria

The study investigated the effects of analogy instructional strategy, cognitive style and gender on senior secondary school students achievement in some physics concepts in Mubi Metropolis, Nigeria. Instructional strategy at two levels was crossed with two levels of cognitive style and two levels of gender which served as moderator variables. A 2x2x2 matrix, pre-test, post-test, control group, quasi-experimental design was employed for matching the factors. Data were collected using two validated and reliable instruments namely: the Cognitive Style Test (CST) and Physics Achievement Test (PAT). A total of 82 senior secondary school two (SS 2) students from four schools took part in the study. Data were analysed using mean, t-test, factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post Hoc Mean Comparison Test. The results showed significant main effect of treatment on achievement and significant interaction effect on achievement when cognitive style was crossed with gender. The more effective treatment was the analogy instructional strategy. Analytical female students and non-analytical male students were homogeneous, while the analytical male and non-analytical females were not in the same homogeneous group.
Political Motivations ∗

Are politicians motivated by policy outcomes or by the perks of o ﬃ ce? The answer to this question is central to understanding the behavior of o ﬃ ce holders and the policies they produce. Despite the question’s importance, however, the existing literature is not well suited to provide an answer. To shed light on the issue of political motivations I exploit a basic fact: to hold o ﬃ ce, one must ﬁ rst win election. By characterizing the types of candidates that succeed in elections, I am able to predict the types that hold o ﬃ ce and the policies that are produced. Toward this end, I develop a simple model of two candidate electoral competition in which candidates may be either o ﬃ ce or policy motivated . In a second departure from standard formulations, the model incorporates both campaign and post-election behavior of candidates. In this environment I ﬁ nd that o ﬃ ce motivated candidates are favored in electoral competition, but that their advantage is limited by the electoral mechanism itself, and policy motivated candidates win a signi ﬁ cant fraction of elections. More importantly, I show that the competitive interaction among candidates of di ﬀ erent motivations a ﬀ ects the incentives of all candidates — both o ﬃ ce and policy motivated — and that this competition a ﬀ ects policy outcomes.
Integrated Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Is Frequently Found in Cervical Cancer Precursors as Demonstrated by a Novel Quantitative Real-Time PCR Technique

ABSTRACT In contrast to cervical cancer, integration of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA into the host genome has been considered a rare event in cancer precursor lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN]). With our new real-time PCR method, we demonstrated that integrated HPV type 16 (HPV16) is already present in CIN lesions. The physical state of HPV16 and the viral load were simultaneously detected. A unique region of the E2 open reading frame (ORF) that is most often deleted during HPV16 integration is targeted by one set of PCR primers and a probe, and another set targets the E6 ORF. In episomal form, both targets should be equivalent, while in integrated form, the copy numbers of E2 would be less than those of E6. The method was tested with DNAs from 31 cervical lesions (non-CIN to CINIII) from 24 women prospectively followed up for 10 years. This report presents viral load and integration results from the largest series of CIN lesions described to date. Only one sample contained exclusively episomal HPV16 DNA, and this lesion regressed spontaneously. Samples from another patient, with only integrated HPV16, rapidly progressed from CINI to CINIII in 2 years. In all other patients, episomal and integrated forms of HPV16 DNA were found to coexist. Rapid progression of the CIN lesions was closely associated with a heavy load of integrated HPV16. Thus, the method described here is a very sensitive tool with which to assess the physical state of HPV, which is useful in predicting disease progression.
Spatial Simon effects and compatibility effects induced by observed gaze direction

Preconditions for the processing of observed gaze direction were studied by spatial Simon and compatibility effects. In five experiments, responses in the direction of a gaze were faster than responses in the opposite direction. Gaze direction influenced response speed although its processing was not required (Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5). The result supports the notion of an inclination to process observed gaze direction in humans. However, the processes underlying the Simon effect of observed gaze direction were relatively time-consuming: Simon effects induced by gaze direction increased with response speed. Focusing of attention seemed to be part of the necessary processes: Simon effects were eliminated if attention was focused away from the eyes (Experiment 2). Further, if the processing of observed gaze direction was required, Simon effects by faces' observer-relative screen positions were absent (Experiment 3). Control conditions revealed that Simon effects by gaze direction can be produced with faces tilted by 90°, but that corresponding Simon effects do not result from numerical stimuli with an analogue spatial structure (Experiment 4), and that Simon effects result from gaze directions of scrambled faces (Experiment 5).
Young Schema Questionnaire: Review of psychometric and measurement issues

According to Beck's cognitive theory of depression, the concept of the schema is an important cognitive construct to aid the understanding of depression. Since then, the schema has been accepted as an important construct in other disorders. However, the measurement of schemas remains inconclusive. In 1990, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) was developed. A number of studies have reported on the psychometric properties of the long and short forms of the YSQ scale. Thus, an aim of the current paper was to review the empirical evidence of psychometric validity, reliability and predictive validity of the YSQ scale for depression. A literature review was undertaken with PsycINFO and Medline from 1990 to 2006, searching for articles reporting the psychometric properties of the YSQ. The YSQ was developed from a clinical perspective for the assessment of early maladaptive schema. At present, although the YSQ-Long Form (YSQ-LF) has been subjected to psychometric evaluation, no consistent factor structures have emerged. The YSQ-Short Form (YSQ-SF) has endured comparatively fewer investigations, although similar findings have been yielded. In addition, it appears that specific schemas possess predictive validity for depression, for example, Shame, Defectiveness, Insufficient Self-Control, Failure to Achieve, and Social Isolation. At present, the YSQ-LF and YSQ-SF are primarily research tools, and further work needs to be conducted on their psychometric properties. Thus, they should be utilised with caution and their relevance to the specific emotional disorder must be considered.
In vivo gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase decreases portal pressure in anaesthetised carbon tetrachloride cirrhotic rats

Background: Portal hypertension in cirrhosis results from enhanced intrahepatic resistance to an augmented inflow. The former is partly due to an imbalance between intrahepatic vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. Enhanced endothelin-1 and decreased activity of hepatic constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS 3) was reported in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) cirrhotic rat liver. Aims: To study whether an increase in hepatic NOS 3 could be obtained in the CCl4 cirrhotic rat liver by in vivo cDNA transfer and to investigate a possible effect on portal pressure. Methods: Hepatic NOS 3 immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to measure the amount of NOS 3 protein. Recombinant adenovirus, carrying cDNA encoding human NOS 3, was injected into the portal vein of CCl4 cirrhotic rats. Cirrhotic controls received carrier buffer, naked adenovirus, or adenovirus carrying the lac Z gene. Results: NOS 3 immunoreactivity and amount of protein (western blotting) were significantly decreased in CCl4 cirrhotic livers. Following cDNA transfer, NOS 3 expression and the amount of protein were partially restored. Portal pressure was 11.4 (1.6) mm Hg in untreated cirrhotic (n=9) and 11.8 (0.6) in lac Z transfected (n=4) cirrhotic rats but was reduced to 7.8 (1.0) mm Hg (n=9) five days after NOS 3 cDNA transfer. No changes were observed in systemic haemodynamics, in liver tests or urinary nitrates, or in NOS 3 expression in lung or kidney, indicating a highly selective transfer. Conclusions: NOS 3 cDNA transfer to cirrhotic rat liver is feasible and the increase in hepatic NOS 3 leads to a marked decrease in portal hypertension without systemic effects. These data indicate a major haemodynamic role of intrahepatic NOS 3 in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension in CCl4 cirrhosis.
Group Collaboration in Assessment: Multiple Objectives, Processes, and Outcomes

Large-scale assessment programs are increasingly requiring students to work in collaborative small groups instead of, or in addition to, requiring them to work individually. This article considers theoretical and practical issues that need to be taken into account in the design, use, and interpretation of the results of such assessments. Theoretical issues include the compatibility of group work with different purposes of assessment and the way emerging group processes may work toward or against different purposes of assessment. Practical issues include designing and administering assessments to produce scores that are consistent with the goals of the assessment, composing groups so that the results are fair, and preparing students for collaborative group assessments.
The role of heat shock protein 90 in modulating ischemia–reperfusion injury in the kidney

Introduction: Kidney transplantation is the gold standard treatment for end-stage renal disease. Ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) is an unavoidable consequence of the transplantation procedure and is responsible for delayed graft function and poorer long-term outcomes. Areas covered: Pharmacological induction of heat shock protein (Hsp) expression is an emerging pre-conditioning strategy aimed at reducing IRI following renal transplantation. Hsp90 inhibition up-regulates protective Hsps (especially Hsp70) and potentially down-regulates NF-κB by disruption of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex. However, the clinical application of Hsp90 inhibitors is currently limited by their toxicity profile and the exact mechanism of protection conferred is unknown. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a further regulator of NF-κB and recent studies suggest TLR4 plays a dominant role in mediating kidney damage following IRI. The full interaction of Hsps with TLRs is yet to be delineated and whether TLR4 signalling can be targeted by Hsp90 inhibition in IRI remains uncertain. Expert opinion: Pharmacological pre-conditioning by Hsp90 inhibition involves direct treatment to the kidney donor and/or organ, which aims to reduce injury prior to the onset of ischemia. The major challenges going forward are to establish the exact mechanism of protection offered by these drugs and the investgiation of less toxic analogues that could be safely translated into human studies.
A Case Study of An Inclusive Early Childhood Setting

Research findings: This ethnographic case study examines one inclusive early childhood setting during the four week Extended School Year (ESY) session. It focuses on the participation of children with special needs, including their interactions with peers, caregivers, and the environment. Non-participant observations were conducted within the inclusive setting in which the children's behaviors and interactions were looked at and analyzed. An interview with the Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) teacher was also conducted and analyzed. Results indicated that children with special needs regularly modeled and imitated behaviors, words, and skills of their typically developing peers, as well as those of their more advanced peers with special needs, and the teachers; individualized interventions were regularly conducted by the ECSE teacher within the general activities of the inclusive setting; and collaboration took place between the ECSE and regular early childhood teachers through joint planning of th.
Workload as a Determinant of Staff Injury in Intermediate Care

Abstract Care aides (CAs) and licensed practical nurses (LPNs) in intermediate care (IC) facilities experience high risks of injury. Workload measures were examined in eight IC facilities to ascertain their relationships with musculoskeletal injury rates, pain, burnout, and selfreported health. Workload was measured using 1) focus groups and telephone interviews to obtain CA/LPN perceptions; 2) systematic observation (numbers of tasks performed in shift); and 3) CA-to-resident staffing ratios. Controlling for resident dependency and facility funding, all workload measures were correlated with staff injury rates and burnout. Facilities with low injury rates had better CA/LPN-to-resident staffing ratios and fewer tasks. The differences in staffing reflected differences in how organizations prioritized and allocated resources. Thus, workload is an important determinant of injuries and increased staffing evels correlate with decreased injuries.
The Development of Modals of Obligation and Necessity in White South African English through Contact with Afrikaans

This article draws attention to the uniqueness of modality in White South African English (WSAfE), when compared with other native English varieties. This uniqueness is found in the historical development of the modal category of obligation/necessity since the nineteenth century, as well as in the factors that influence its change. A historical corpus of written WSAfE is used to trace the development of these modals from the 1820s to the 1990s, whereas the International Corpus of English–South Africa (ICE-SA) helps explore contemporary written and spoken WSAfE. The main finding is that the frequency patterns of must and should display a trend toward semantic shifts and increasing polysemy. Must is the highest-frequency modal within its semantic group, and it extends its semantic domain to express median obligation, becoming partly synonymous with should. The prominent contact situation of WSAfE with Afrikaans is suggested to play an important role in the way in which must has developed and is currently used.
Unfair Treatment in the Workplace and Worker Well-Being

Recent attention has been given to the supportive relationships that may develop among coworkers, and researchers have produced evidence that coworker support can be beneficial for worker well-being. However, studies that have examined the role of social support at work in protecting workers from the detrimental effects of a poor work environment have reported mixed results. The effects of coworker support appear to depend on the type of stressor experienced. This research focuses on stress from exposure to mistreatment by others. This type of stress may be particularly harmful for interactive service workers as they must negotiate interactions with others of various statuses in the workplace. Drawing on data from a large survey of workers, the ability of perceived coworker support to help protect workers from the negative effects of mistreatment by supervisors, customers, and coworkers is examined. The results offer some support for the stress-buffering hypothesis. Although being treated unfairly by others in the workplace is associated with low levels of job satisfaction and high levels of psychological distress, workers who report supportive coworker relationships appear to be protected from some of the negative effects of mistreatment.
Continuous cardiac output monitoring with pulse contour analysis: A comparison with lithium indicator dilution cardiac output measurement

Objective:Pulse contour analysis can be used to provide beat-to-beat cardiac output (CO) measurement. The current study sought to evaluate this technique by comparing its results with lithium dilution CO (LiCO) measurements. Design:Prospective, observational study. Setting:Surgical intensive care unit. Patients:Twenty-two patients after cardiac or major noncardiac surgery. Measurements:After initial calibration of the pulse contour CO (PCO) method, CO was measured by PCO and by LiCO methods at 4, 8, 16, and 24 hrs. Recalibration of PCO was performed every 8 hrs. The systemic vascular resistance and dynamic response characteristics of the arterial catheter–transducer system were measured at each time point to determine whether these influenced the agreement between PCO and LiCO methods. Main Results:There was an excellent correlation between methods (r = .94). Bias was small (−0.005 L/min), and clinically acceptable limits of agreement were demonstrated between techniques. Although many catheter-transducer systems had poor dynamic response characteristics, this did not influence the level of agreement between the two techniques. An increase in systemic vascular resistance between two time points did tend to cause overestimation of LiCO by the PCO. Conclusions:PCO measurement compared well with the lithium dilution method and can be considered an accurate technique for measuring beat-to-beat CO with limited risk to the patient.
Performance Optimization of a Reconfigurable Waveguide Digital Optical Switch on InGaAsP–InP: Design, Material, and Carrier Dynamics

The design and performance of an InGaAsP-InP 1 times 2 reconfigurable waveguide digital optical switch (RW-DOS) actuated by carrier-induced refractive index modulation is described. Using a device model based on the two-dimensional beam propagation method, we present an analysis of the role of material bandgap, carrier lifetime, and waveguide design on the switch performance. The model results are compared with experimental measurements of carrier-induced index change and switching performance for RW-DOS devices and test structures fabricated in InGaAsP alloys with waveguide core compositions of Q = 1.2, Q = 1.3, and Q = 1.4 mum. We discuss compromises between power consumption, switching speed, and propagation loss. The optimized InGaAsP-InP devices exhibited better than 25-dB switching contrast ratio and require less than 20-mA drive current.