Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clone Detection by Comparing Abstract Memory States

In this paper, we propose a new semantic clone detection technique by comparing programs’ abstract memory states, which are computed by a semantic-based static analyzer. Our experimental study using three large-scale open source projects shows that our technique can detect semantic clones that existing syntactic- or semantic-based clone detectors miss. Our technique can help developers identify inconsistent clone changes, nd refactoring candidates, and understand software evolution related to semantic clones.
Abstract—video Streaming over Lossy Ip Networks Is Very

important issues, due to the heterogeneous structure of networks. Infrastructure of the Internet exhibits variable bandwidths, delays, congestions and time-varying packet losses. Because of variable attributes of the Internet, video streaming applications should not only have a good end-to-end transport performance but also have a robust rate control, furthermore multipath rate allocation mechanism. So for providing the video streaming service quality, some other components such as Bandwidth Estimation and Adaptive Rate Controller should be taken into consideration. This paper gives an overview of video streaming concept and bandwidth estimation tools and then introduces special architectures for bandwidth adaptive video streaming. A bandwidth estimation algorithm – pathChirp, Optimized Rate Controllers and Multipath Rate Allocation Algorithm are considered as all-in-one solution for video streaming problem. This solution is directed and optimized by a decision center which is designed for obtaining the maximum quality at the receiving side.
Towards efficient privacy-preserving collaborative recommender systems

Recommender systems use various types of information to help customers find products of personalized interest. To increase the usefulness of recommender systems in certain circumstances, it could be desirable to merge recommender system databases between companies, thus expanding the data pool. This can lead to privacy disclosure hazards that this paper addresses by constructing an efficient privacy-preserving collaborative recommender system based on the scalar product protocol.
Feeding ecology of eastern North Pacific killer whales Orcinus orca from fatty acid, stable isotope, and organochlorine analyses of blubber biopsies

Blubber biopsy samples from eastern North Pacific killer whales Orcinus orca were ana- lyzed for fatty acids, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and organochlorine contaminants. Fatty acid profiles were sufficiently distinct among the 3 reported ecotypes ('resident,' 'transient' or 'offshore') to enable individual animals to be correctly classified by ecotype and also by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype. Profiles of PCBs also enabled unambiguous classification of all 3 killer whale ecotypes, but stable isotope values lacked sufficient resolution. Fatty acid, stable isotope and PCB profiles of the resident and transient ecotypes were consistent with those expected for these whales based on their reported dietary preferences (fish for resident whales, marine mammals for transients). In addition, these ecotype profiles exhibited broad similarity across geographical regions, suggesting that the dietary specialization reported for resident and transient whales in the well-studied eastern North Pacific populations also extends to the less-studied killer whales in the western Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands. Killer whales of the same ecotype were also grouped by region of sample col- lection. The mean stable isotope ratios of various regional groups differed considerably, suggesting that the prey preferences of these North Pacific killer whales may be both region and ecotype spe- cific. Furthermore, 3 specific ecotypes of killer whales were found to have measured stable isotope values that were consistent with dietary preferences reported in the literature. Finally, although the offshore population had blubber fatty acid profiles implicating fish as its primary prey, contaminant and stable isotope results were equally congruent with predation on marine mammals.
Voluntary Disclosure of Forward-Looking Earnings Information in Australia

This study examines the voluntary disclosure of future earnings information in annual reports for Australian listed companies. We find that most Australian companies in our sample do not provide quantitative earnings, forecasts in their annual reports, although more than half of the sample do disclose forward-looking information relating to earnings, without specifically disclosing point estimates for the future. These companies mostly supply qualitative information with a positive bias, while the remainder of the sample discloses no forward-looking information relating to earnings. Our findings also suggest that larger companies with less volatile earnings tend to provide more future earnings information than smaller companies with relatively volatile earnings.
Evaluation of functional independence after discharge from the intensive care unit

Objective 1) To evaluate the functional independence measures immediately after discharge from an intensive care unit and to compare these values with the FIMs 30 days after that period. 2) To evaluate the possible associated risk factors. Methods The present investigation was a prospective cohort study that included individuals who were discharged from the intensive care unit and underwent physiotherapy in the unit. Functional independence was evaluated using the functional independence measure immediately upon discharge from the intensive care unit and 30 days thereafter via a phone call. The patients were admitted to the Hospital Santa Clara intensive care unit during the period from May 2011 to August 2011. Results During the predetermined period of data collection, 44 patients met the criteria for inclusion in the study. The mean age of the patients was 55.4±10.5 years. Twenty-seven of the subjects were female, and 15 patients were admitted due to pulmonary disease. The patients exhibited an functional independence measure of 84.1±24.2. When this measure was compared to the measure at 30 days after discharge, there was improvement across the functional independence variables except for that concerned with sphincter control. There were no significant differences when comparing the gender, age, clinical diagnosis, length of stay in the intensive care unit, duration of mechanical ventilation, and the presence of sepsis during this period. Conclusion Functional independence, as evaluated by the functional independence measure scale, was improved at 30 days after discharge from the intensive care unit, but it was not possible to define the potentially related factors.
Age-dependent differences in the attentional demands of obstacle negotiation.

BACKGROUND Although the attention directed to gait does increase as an impending obstacle nears, it remains unclear whether the allocation of attentional resources differs between the precrossing phase of obstacle negotiation and the crossing phase of this task. This study compared the attentional demands associated with steady-state walking and the precrossing and crossing phases of an obstacle-negotiation task between young and older adults. METHODS Fifteen younger and 15 older adults participated in this study. Participants were required to perform a verbal reaction time task during three events: (1) steady-state unobstructed gait, (2) precrossing (the final full stride prior to obstacle crossing), and (3) obstacle crossing. RESULTS The attention directed during precrossing exceeds that of steady-state walking for both younger and older adults. Younger adults direct more attention to gait during precrossing than they do during crossing. However, precrossing is equally attentionally demanding as crossing for older adults, and both of these events require more attention than does steady-state gait in this age group. CONCLUSIONS The task of obstacle negotiation, from precrossing through obstacle crossing, is attentionally demanding for elderly persons, and fall risk, due to a compromised availability of attentional resources, does occur prior to obstacle crossing in this age group.
Non-coalescence of oppositely charged droplets in pH-sensitive emulsions

Like charges stabilize emulsions, whereas opposite charges break emulsions. This is the fundamental principle for many industrial and practical processes. Using micrometer-sized pH-sensitive polymeric hydrogel particles as emulsion stabilizers, we prepare emulsions that consist of oppositely charged droplets, which do not coalesce. We observe noncoalescence of oppositely charged droplets in bulk emulsification as well as in microfluidic devices, where oppositely charged droplets are forced to collide within channel junctions. The results demonstrate that electrostatic interactions between droplets do not determine their stability and reveal the unique pH-dependent properties of emulsions stabilized by soft microgel particles. The noncoalescence can be switched to coalescence by neutralizing the microgels, and the emulsion can be broken on demand. This unusual feature of the microgel-stabilized emulsions offers fascinating opportunities for future applications of these systems.
The Hypopharynx of Male and Female Mosquitoes

In blood-feeder female mosquitoes, the hypopharynx stylet is one part of the fascicle, the structure that pierces into the host skin during blood feeding. As other parts, the hypopharynx is a free stylet. However, since male mosquitoes do not feed blood, their mouthparts are less developed. The hypopharynx fuses with the inner wall of the labium, while maxillae and mandibles are much shorter than the labium. Only the labrum and the labium are well developed and func- tion as food canal and its sheath, respectively. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done to compare the hypopharynx of males of several mosquito genera and, in addition, females of autogenous mosqui- toes. The hypopharynxs of males of both autogenous and anautogenous mosquitoes fuse with the labium inner wall as long as the labium length, but are distinctly different structures from the labium. Dissociation occurs on the hypopharynx of fe- male autogenous mosquitoes: Toxorhynchites spp. have a free hypopharynx as in anautogeny mosquitoes, whereas it fuses with the labium wall in Malaya genurostris Leicester, as in male mosquitoes.
Growth Arrest on Inhibition of Nonsense-Mediated Decay Is Mediated by Noncoding RNA GAS5

Nonsense-mediated decay is a key RNA surveillance mechanism responsible for the rapid degradation of mRNAs containing premature termination codons and hence prevents the synthesis of truncated proteins. More recently, it has been shown that nonsense-mediated decay also has broader significance in controlling the expression of a significant proportion of the transcriptome. The importance of this mechanism to the mammalian cell is demonstrated by the observation that its inhibition causes growth arrest. The noncoding RNA growth arrest specific transcript 5 (GAS5) has recently been shown to play a key role in growth arrest induced by several mechanisms, including serum withdrawal and treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Here we show that inhibition of nonsense-mediated decay in several human lymphocyte cell lines causes growth arrest, and siRNA-mediated downregulation of GAS5 in these cells significantly alleviates the inhibitory effects observed. These observations hold true for inhibition of nonsense-mediated decay both through RNA interference and through pharmacological inhibition by aminoglycoside antibiotics gentamycin and G418. These studies have important implications for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by gentamycin and for the proposed use of NMD inhibition in treating genetic disease. This report further demonstrates the critical role played by GAS5 in the growth arrest of mammalian cells.
Cheap Talk with Multiple Audiences: An Experimental Analysis

We examine strategic information transmission in a controlled laboratory experiment of a cheap talk game with one sender and multiple receivers. We study the change in equilibrium behavior from the addition of another audience as well as from varying the degree of conflict between the sender's and receivers' preferences. We find that, as in cheap talk games with just one receiver, information transmission is higher in games with a separating equilibrium, than in games with only a babbling equilibrium. More interestingly, we find clear evidence that the addition of another audience alters the communication between the sender and the receiver in a way consistent with the theoretical predictions. Deviations from the theoretical predictions that we observe tend to disappear with experience, and learning is faster precisely in the games where deviations are more pronounced.
Beyond Make‐Buy: Internalization and Integration of Design and Production

Much recent attention in industrial practice has been centered on the question of which activities a manufacturing firm should complete for itself and for which it should rely on outside suppliers. This issue, generally labeled the “make‐buy” decision, has received substantial theoretical and empirical attention. In this paper, we broaden the scope of the make‐buy decision to include product design decisions, as well as production decisions. First, we examine independently the decisions of whether to internalize design and production, and then we consider how design and production organizational decisions are interdependent. The specific research questions we address are: (1) How can design and production sourcing decisions be described in richer terms than “make” and “buy”? (2) Do existing theories of vertical integration apply to product design activities as well as production decisions? (3) What is the relationship between the organization of design and the organization of production? (4) What organizational forms for design and production are seen in practice? After developing theoretical arguments and a conceptual framework, we explore these ideas empirically through an analysis of design and production sourcing decisions for bicycle frames in the U. S. mountain bicycle industry.
Emotional attentional capture in children with conduct problems: the role of callous-unemotional traits

Objective: Appropriate reactivity to emotional facial expressions, even if these are seen whilst we are engaged in another activity, is critical for successful social interaction. Children with conduct problems (CP) and high levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits are characterized by blunted reactivity to other people's emotions, while children with CP and low levels of CU traits can over-react to perceived emotional threat. No study to date has compared children with CP and high vs. low levels of CU traits to typically developing (TD) children or each other, using a task that assesses attentional capture by irrelevant emotional faces. Method: All participants performed an attentional capture task in which they were asked to judge the orientation of a single male face that was displayed simultaneously with two female faces. Three types of trials were presented, trials with all neutral faces, trials with an emotional distractor face and trials with an emotional target face. Fifteen boys with CP and high levels of CU traits, 17 boys with CP and low levels of CU traits and 17 age and ability matched TD boys were included in the final study sample. Results: Compared to TD children and children with low levels of CU traits, children with CP and high levels of CU traits showed reduced attentional capture by irrelevant emotional faces. Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate a different pattern in emotional attentional capture in children with CP depending on their level of CU traits.
Socioeconomic risk factors for lung function decline in a general population

The aim of our study was to examine sex-specific associations between different aspects of socioeconomic status (SES) (educational level, occupational status, income) and lung function in a general adult population. In the Hordaland County Cohort Study, 1,644 subjects aged 26–82 yrs at baseline answered questionnaires and performed post-bronchodilator spirometry both in 1996–1997 and in 2003–2006. We performed adjusted linear regression analysis on the effect of SES on decline in forced experimental volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC. Mean annual decline in FEV1 from baseline to follow-up was 57 mL (se 1.3) and 48 mL (se 1.0) for males and females, respectively. Males had a larger decline in FVC than females, while females had a larger decline in FEV1/FVC. Lower education and low occupational status were associated with larger male lung function decline. SES did not affect female lung function decline. However, marital status was a significant predictor; unmarried females had less decline than both married and widowed females in both FEV1 (adjusted mean annual difference 8 mL and 16 mL) and FVC (adjusted mean annual difference 8 mL and 18 mL). Low SES was associated with increased lung function decline in males. For females, marital status was more important.
Object tracking with 3D LIDAR via multi-task sparse learning

Moving object tracking is a fundamental task for autonomous vehicles operating in urban areas. In this paper, a novel sparse learning based object tracking algorithm utilizing 3D LIDAR data is proposed. The 3D point clouds acquired from HDL-64E 3D LIDAR are first resampled on a virtual image plane, where the hypothesis of the targets is generated under the particle filtering framework. Four complementary features, i.e., normal orientation, depth, LBP and HOG, are extracted on each particle to describe the appearance of the candidates. Then a multi-task multi-cue sparse learning algorithm is employed to select the best candidate and realize the tracking of the object. To improve the robustness of the algorithm, the sparse learning framework is further enhanced by a specifically designed background filtering and occlusion detection mechanism. The experiments carried out on KITTI benchmark show promising object tracking performance, especially when handling complex tracking situations such as occlusion and posture change.
Correlates of End-User Performance and Satisfaction with the Implementation of a Statistical Software Package

This paper presents research in progress. It investigates the validity of Henry and Stone’s (1995) model that identified computer self-efficacy and outcome expectation as mediating variables such as management support, ease of use, and computer experience in the prediction of job performance. The model was extended with the inclusion of additional antecedents to self-efficacy and outcome expectancy as posited in Bandura’s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory. The applicability of the model was examined in the context of the implementation of a statistical software package with 40 undergraduate students as participants. Preliminary findings indicate some support for the model in this context.
Functional Cardiomyocytes Derived From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells hold great promise for cardiovascular research and therapeutic applications, but the ability of human iPS cells to differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to characterize the cardiac differentiation potential of human iPS cells generated using OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28 transgenes compared to human embryonic stem (ES) cells. The iPS and ES cells were differentiated using the embryoid body (EB) method. The time course of developing contracting EBs was comparable for the iPS and ES cell lines, although the absolute percentages of contracting EBs differed. RT-PCR analyses of iPS and ES cell–derived cardiomyocytes demonstrated similar cardiac gene expression patterns. The pluripotency genes OCT4 and NANOG were downregulated with cardiac differentiation, but the downregulation was blunted in the iPS cell lines because of residual transgene expression. Proliferation of iPS and ES cell–derived cardiomyocytes based on 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeling was similar, and immunocytochemistry of isolated cardiomyocytes revealed indistinguishable sarcomeric organizations. Electrophysiology studies indicated that iPS cells have a capacity like ES cells for differentiation into nodal-, atrial-, and ventricular-like phenotypes based on action potential characteristics. Both iPS and ES cell–derived cardiomyocytes exhibited responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation manifest by an increase in spontaneous rate and a decrease in action potential duration. We conclude that human iPS cells can differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes, and thus iPS cells are a viable option as an autologous cell source for cardiac repair and a powerful tool for cardiovascular research.
The Performance of Private Equity Funds

Using a unique and comprehensive dataset, we show that the sample of mature private equity funds used in previous research and as an industry benchmark is biased towards better performing funds. We also show that accounting values reported by these mature funds for nonexited investments are substantial and we provide evidence that they mostly represent living dead investments. After correcting for sample bias and overstated accounting values, average fund performance changes from slight overperformance to substantial underperformance of -3.83% per year with respect to the S&P 500. Assuming a typical fee structure, we find that gross-of-fees these funds outperform by 2.96% per year. We conclude that the stunning growth in the amount allocated to this asset class cannot be attributed to genuinely high past performance. We discuss several potentially misleading aspects of standard performance reporting and discuss some of the added benefits of investing in private equity funds as a first step towards an explanation for our results.
The effect of diagnostic label on care staff's perceptions of cause of challenging behaviour in individuals with learning disabilities

Background: This study investigated whether care staff’s causal attributions and emotional reactions to the challenging behaviour displayed by service users was influenced by the service user’s diagnostic label. Materials and Method: One hundred and twenty care staff were randomly allocated to one of three conditions. Participants viewed a video of a senior staff member describing a service user, varying only in diagnostic label (autism, learning disability or Down syndrome). Participants then rated their endorsement of possible causes and emotional reactions to challenging behaviour. Results: Participants in the Autism and Down syndrome groups made more use of biomedical causes and less use of learned behaviour as an explanation for challenging behaviour than those in the Learning Disabilities group. Those in the former groups reported more positive and fewer negative emotions than those in the Learning Disabilities group. Conclusions: The way staff viewed people with learning disabilities was affected by their diagnostic label. Implications for further research and training has been discussed.
Papers from the Americasbarometer Small Grants and Data Award Recipients 2011 Gender Quotas and Women's Political Participation in Latin America

Note: The analysis in this paper is based on data from the AmericasBarometer of the Latin American Public Opinion Project at Vanderbilt University; the data can be found at http://www.vanderbilt. edu/lapop/survey‐data.php. Funding for the 2010 round of the AmericasBarometer mainly came from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Other important sources of support were the Inter‐American Development Bank (IADB), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and Vanderbilt University. The opinions and analysis in this paper are the sole responsibility of the author, and do not represent the conclusions of the Latin American Public Opinion Project or the U.S. Agency for International Development.