Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Network of Body Representation Differs between Transsexuals and Cissexuals

Body image is the internal representation of an individual’s own physical appearance. Individuals with gender identity disorder (GID), commonly referred to as transsexuals (TXs), are unable to form a satisfactory body image due to the dissonance between their biological sex and gender identity. We reasoned that changes in the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) network would neurologically reflect such experiential incongruence in TXs. Using graph theory-based network analysis, we investigated the regional changes of the degree centrality of the rsFC network. The degree centrality is an index of the functional importance of a node in a neural network. We hypothesized that three key regions of the body representation network, i.e., the primary somatosensory cortex, the superior parietal lobule and the insula, would show a higher degree centrality in TXs. Twenty-three pre-treatment TXs (11 male-to-female and 12 female-to-male TXs) as one psychosocial group and 23 age-matched healthy cissexual control subjects (CISs, 11 males and 12 females) were recruited. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed, and binarized rsFC networks were constructed. The TXs demonstrated a significantly higher degree centrality in the bilateral superior parietal lobule and the primary somatosensory cortex. In addition, the connectivity between the right insula and the bilateral primary somatosensory cortices was negatively correlated with the selfness rating of their desired genders. These data indicate that the key components of body representation manifest in TXs as critical function hubs in the rsFC network. The negative association may imply a coping mechanism that dissociates bodily emotion from body image. The changes in the functional connectome may serve as representational markers for the dysphoric bodily self of TXs.
On the (in)security of IPsec in MAC-then-encrypt configurations

IPsec allows a huge amount of flexibility in the ways in which its component cryptographic mechanisms can be combined to build a secure communications service. This may be good for supporting different security requirements but is potentially bad for security. We demonstrate the reality of this by describing efficient, plaintext-recovering attacks against all configurations of IPsec in which integrity protection is applied {\em prior} to encryption -- so-called MAC-then-encrypt configurations. We report on the implementation of our attacks against a specific IPsec implementation, and reflect on the implications of our attacks for real-world IPsec deployments as well as for theoretical cryptography.
In the Eyes of the Beholder

This article develops and tests a conceptual model of followers' perceptions of transformational leadership as an antecedent to their positive psychological capital—a higher-order construct that represents an individual's motivational propensity and perseverance toward goals. Positive psychological capital, in turn, has in-role performance and organizational citizenship behavior as consequences. Structural equation modeling results support the relationship between followers' perceptions of transformational leadership and positive psychological capital, as well as the relationship between positive psychological capital and each performance outcome. Implications of these results are discussed regarding the literatures of transformational leadership and positive organizational behavior.
The characteristics of EEG power spectra changes after ACL rupture

Background Reestablishing knee stability is the core of the treatment of ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) injury. Some patients still have a feeling of instability of the knee after ACL injury treatment. This unstable feeling may be caused by central nervous system changes after ACL rupture. Methods To identify the central changes after ACL rupture, EEG spectra were recorded to compare ACL patients and healthy controls when they were walking, jogging, and landing. Results There was a significant increase in delta, theta, alpha and beta band power during walking, jogging and landing in ACL patients. We also found an asymmetry phenomenon of EEG only in the ACL patients, mainly in the frontal area and central-parietal area. The asymmetry of beta band power extended to the frontal and the central area during jogging and landing task. Conclusions There were significant differences in EEG power spectra between the ACL patients and healthy people. ACL patients showed high EEG band power activities and an asymmetry phenomenon. EEG power changes were affected by movements, the asymmetry extended when performing more complicated movements.
Diversity, Doctoral Education and Policy

This paper argues the importance of diversity for research and doctoral education and the key role of policy in encouraging it. It considers the impact of higher education policy on diversity in doctoral education through the three prevailing themes of cost, concentration and relevance, illustrating in each instance both positive and negative influences. It is a time of dynamic change where the role and purposes of doctoral study and the role and production of knowledge in society are changing. Policy plays an important part in leading and shaping this development.
Deficient Merlia normani Kirkpatrick, 1908, from the Curaçao reefs, with a discussion on the phylogenetic interpretation of sclerosponges

A specimen of the sclerosponge Merlia lacking a basal skeleton of calcareous chambers (corresponding to the description of Merlia deficiens Vacelet, 1980) is reported from the underside of the coral Agaricia at a depth of 10 m on the reef of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Its spiculation is identical to Merlia normani Kirkpatrick, 1908 specimens with the basal skeleton, from which it is concluded that M. deficiens and M. normani are probably conspecific. The phylogenetic significance of a sclerosponge with an unstable calcareous skeleton is discussed and in accordance with Vacelet (in press) it is postulated that sclerosponges are polyphyletic. It is suggested that sclerosponge skeletons are an ancestral character for a large part of the Demospongiae. The relationships of Demospongiae and Calcarea are discussed in the same light.
On the new context of marriage in Western Europe.

The recent decline in fertility in western Europe has been accompanied by a decline in the number of marriages an increase in the number of divorces and changes in the fertility of unwed mothers. This has followed a period during which marriage was nearly universal and age at marriage had declined precipitously. In the last 10 years or so marriage rates have fallen off and divorce rates soared and an increase in cohabitation without official marriage has been noted along with a concomitant increase in numbers of children born out of wedlock. Marriage has become an increasingly personal affair based on mutual feelings -- a point attested to by both the rise in divorce rates (when these bonds break down) and the current questioning of formal marriage. Increased professional activity of women outside the home also points in this direction. However this does not imply that cohabitation will become the norm -- at least in those countries where social institutions continue to encourage marriage as the necessary framework for child rearing.
The Sydney Metropolitan Strategy as a Zoning Technology: Analyzing the Spatial and Temporal Dimensions of Obsolescence

This paper provides two discrete contributions to urban and spatial theory. The first demonstrates that within discourse analysis conceptions of time and space have analytical utility for investigations into the framings of social and urban policy. The second moves analyses of urban obsolescence beyond Marxism to demonstrate that Foucauldian theory can provide revealing insights about the stewardship of discourses of urban obsolescence through texts and visual images created by different social actors. On the basis of these two contributions I demonstrate how the Sydney metropolitan planning authority has deployed specific spatial and temporal ‘zoning technologies’ to demarcate and evaluate sections of the city. The discourses of obsolescence that have emerged in Sydney are clearly informed by market-centric ideology and discursively constructed, not in the presence of an anemic state and a rational market, but as a technology of power that is deployed by the state and serves the interests of powerful market actors. I conclude that this discursive process is leading to the demise of Sydney's public housing estates.
On the distribution of round-trip delays in TCP/IP networks

TCP traffic round-trip delay measurements have been carried out in the Ericsson Corporate Network. Based on these data a comprehensive analysis has been performed to identify basic state changes in the network and to find the parametric distribution of the round-trip delay. The main finding of our research is that the round-trip delay can be well approximated by a truncated normal distribution. A method for parameter setting with the statistical tests for validation is also presented. Finally, we discuss the possible explanations of this result.
Elliptic curve cryptosystem and its applications

The goal of this research is to develop a basis for utilizing efficient encryption schemes in wireless communications and in devices with low computing power and resources. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) fits well for an efficient and secure encryption scheme. It is more efficient than the ubiquitous RSA based schemes because ECC utilizes smaller key sizes for equivalent security. A comparative study of ECC with RSA is made in terms of key size, computational power, size of data files and encrypted files. Also, another aim is to design an API to implement ECC encryption/decryption algorithm.
Heuristic Based Approach of Cell Formation Considering Operation Sequence

This paper presents, a two-stage heuristic based procedure for generating part family and machine cell formation in Cellular Manufacturing System. It decreases exceptional elements and voids which in turns decreases intercell flow of parts and increases utilization of machines in the cells. In the first phase; the problem is solved as a bottom-up aggregation procedure for machine grouping. Aggregation is based on the minimization of intercell flow. Later the parts are assigned to the cells according to the proposed heuristic. Upper bound on the cell size is imposed in the first stage which is relaxed gradually in second phase. It ensures the natural cell formation. The solution obtained at the end of first stage is refined in the second phase. Numerical examples were tested for grouping efficiency, grouping efficacy, global efficiency and have been compared with results reported by other researchers. The computational results are encouraging
Asset, Activity, and Income Diversification Among African Agriculturalists: Some Practical Issues

This paper starts from the premise that diversification of assets, activities, and incomes is important to African rural households, in that diversification into nonfarm income constitutes on average about 45 percent of incomes, and the push and pull factors driving that diversification are bound to persist. From that premise, we noted that the empirical study of diversification has been beset by practical problems and issues relating to (1) definitions and concepts, (2) data collection, and to (3) measurement of the nature and extent of diversification. The paper addressed each of those problems. Two points are of special interest to the overall conceptualization of diversification research. The first is that empirical studies have exhibited a wide variety - bordering on confusion - of systems of classification of assets, activities, and incomes as pertains to diversification behavior. We argued that the classification should conform to that used in standard practice of national accounts and macro input-output table construction, classifying activities into economic sectors that have standard definitions, and the classification of which does not depend on the location or functional type (wage- or self-employment) of the activity. We further argued that given a sectoral classification, it is useful to make a functional and locational categorization of the activity, and keep each of these three dimensions of the activity - sectoral, functional, and locational - separate and distinct so as to avoid confusion. The second is that it is useful to have an image of a production function in mind when analyzing the components of diversification behavior: (1) assets are the factors of production, representing the capacity of the household to diversify; (2) activities are the ex ante production flows of asset services; (3) incomes are the ex post flows of incomes, and it is crucial to note that the goods and services produced by activities need to be valued by prices, formed by markets at meso and macro levels, in order to be the measured outcomes called incomes. "Livelihoods" is a term used frequently in recent diversification research, and while its meaning differs somewhat over studies, it generally means household and community behavior, with respect to holdings and use of assets and the productive activities to which the assets are applied. The link between livelihoods and incomes needs to be made by valuing the output of livelihood activities at market (and/or virtual) prices. That valuation permits an analytical link between household/community behavior (thus a micro view of diversification) and the aggregate functioning of markets (thus a link with the meso and macro levels and the policies pertaining thereto).
Are female social network types associated with symptoms sexually transmitted infections

OF THE THESIS Are Female Social Network Types Associated with Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Infections? by Julieta L. Rodriguez Master of Public Health with a Concentration in Epidemiology San Diego State University, 2013 Sex workers have been a marginalized population for many years, making them a difficult group to target for interventions. However, their difficulty to target proves something to be tackled as this group can help spread sexually transmitted infections to the general public and in border towns like Tijuana, Mexico, to foreign countries. The study population consisted of 394 18 years or older Mexican female sex workers that resided in Tijuana, Mexico. FSWs with a friends and family social network of 2-4 individuals were more likely to report vaginal discharge [AOR=2.190, 95% CI (1.112, 4.314)] than FSWs with a social network size of 0-1 individuals, while controlling for all other variables in the model. FSWs with two or more individuals in their sexual health advice social network were more likely to report vaginal discharge than FSWs with 0-1 individuals in their sexual health advice social network [AOR= 2.626, 95% CI (1.384, 4.984)], HIV knowledge. Other variables like number of casual partners, HIV knowledge, and number STI symptoms known, where also significant after adjusting for all other variables. Future studies should focus on the association between HIV knowledge and social support in relation to vaginal discharge, to see which caused the other. Understanding these relationships will allow for new interventions to be created in order to decrease the prevalence of STIs and transmission rates.
Calibration of outdoor cameras from cast shadows

We introduce several efficient methods for automatically determining the absolute (Earth-relative) orientation and intrinsic lens parameters of a stationary, fixed-field-of-view outdoor surveillance camera. Our approach uses shadows observed over time to produce absolute world-to-camera correspondences. We demonstrate how projective features may be derived from shadows cast by stationary or moving objects in the scene, and how the resulting geometric relationships reduce the problem to classical camera calibration.
Benchmark Structural Control Problem for a Seismically Excited Highway Bridge

The seismically excited benchmark problem is based on the newly constructed 91/5 highway over-crossing in Southern California. The goal of this effort is to develop a standardized model of a highway bridge using which competing control strategies, including devices, algorithms and sensors, can be evaluated comparatively. To achieve this goal, a 3-D finite-element model is developed in MATLAB to represent the complex behavior of the full-scale highway crossing. The nonlinear behavior of center columns and isolation bearings are considered in formulating the bilinear force-deformation relationship. The effect of soil-structure interaction is considered by modeling the interaction by equivalent spring and dashpot. The ground motions are considered to be applied simultaneously in two directions. A MATLAB based nonlinear structural analysis tool has been developed and made available for nonlinear dynamic analysis. Passive, semi-active and active control devices are assumed to be installed between the deck and the end-abutments of the bridge. Evaluation criteria and control constraints are specified for the design of controllers.
Predictors of Poor CD4 and Weight Recovery in HIV-Infected Children Initiating ART in South Africa

Objective To identify baseline demographic and clinical risk factors associated with poor CD4 and weight response after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 674 children initiating antiretroviral therapy at McCord and St. Mary's hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, from August 2003 to December 2008. We extracted data from paper charts and electronic medical records to assess risk factors associated with CD4 and weight response using logistic regression. Results From the initial cohort of 901 children <10 years old initiating ART between August 2003 and December 2008, we analyzed 674 children with complete baseline data. Viral suppression rates (<400 copies/ml) were 84% after six months of therapy and 88% after 12 months of therapy. Seventy-three percent of children achieved CD4 recovery after six months and 89% after 12 months. Weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) improvements were seen in 58% of children after six months of ART and 64% after 12 months. After six months of ART, lower baseline hemoglobin (p = 0.037), presence of chronic diarrhea (p = 0.007), and virologic failure (p = 0.046) were all associated with poor CD4 recovery by multivariate logistic regression. After 12 months of ART, poor CD4 recovery was associated with higher baseline CD4% (p = 0.005), chronic diarrhea (p = 0.02), and virologic failure (p<0.001). Age less than 3 years at ART initiation (p = 0.0003), higher baseline CD4% (p<0.001), and higher baseline WAZ (p<0.001) were all associated with poor WAZ improvements after 6 months by multivariate logistic regression. Conclusion The presence of chronic diarrhea at baseline, independent of nutritional status and viral response, predicts poor CD4 recovery. Age at initiation of ART is an important factor in early WAZ response to ART, while viral suppression strongly predicts CD4 recovery but not WAZ improvement.
Endovascular Treatment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: Occurrence of Thromboembolic Events

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and causes of thromboembolic events associated with endovascular embolization of asymptomatic aneurysms. Correlations between radiological findings (aneurysm size, localization, embolization time, number of coils used, as well as patient age) were evaluated with the occurrence of thromboembolic events and clinical findings. METHODS:Sixty-eight patients treated for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (mean age, 49 yr) were evaluated. Hyperintense lesions on diffusion weighted imaging were analyzed in 50 patients. Aneurysm size was 3 to 15 mm. RESULTS:Complete occlusion of the aneurysms was achieved in 55 of 68 (82%). One patient had a transient paresis. There was one infarction and one aneurysm rupture during the procedure with no consecutive neurological symptoms. We found new hyperintense lesions in 21 of 50 (42%) diffusion weighted imaging studies. In 43% of these, there was only one lesion smaller than 2 mm. In 33%, there was more than one lesion less than 2 mm; in 19%, we found a lesion of 2 to 10 mm in size. In one case, a lesion greater than 10 mm occurred. There was no correlation between aneurysm location and the occurrence of lesions or among the number of coils used, the size of the aneurysm, patient age, or embolization time. Mortality rate was 0%, morbidity 4.0%. If the 18 aneurysms where no diffusion weighted imaging was obtained are included, morbidity is 2.9%. CONCLUSION:The high rate of thromboembolic events suggests that heparin is not sufficient to prevent ischemic lesions. An antiplatelet therapy, started before or during intervention, might diminish thrombus formation.
DISTRIBUTION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN NORMAL AND IN NEOPLASTIC TISSUES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY

The histochemical method for demonstration of alkaline phosphatase introduced by Gomori 1 and by Takamatsu 2 has made possible the precise location of this enzyme in tissues and in individual cells in which it had not previously been found. Thus, phosphatase has been shown to occur in the epithelium of the small intestine, the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney, ossifying cartilage, embryonic perichondrium, capillary endothelium and certain tumors, notably osteogenic sarcomas in the chicken and mouse and a fibroadenoma of the breast in man 3 . The information obtained has provided support for the hypothesis of Lundsgaard 4 that a phosphorylase-phosphatase system is important in the absorption of dextrose by the epithelium of the small intestine and in the reabsorption of dextrose in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. 5 The question of the function of phosphatase in the other tissue cells has become of considerable significance. No extensive
Social Skills and Subsequent Depressive Symptomatology in Children

We conducted two studies that examined the relationships between measures of social skill and depressive symptomatology in normal children. Into Study 1, we administered the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (MESSY) to 46 children. We administered the Adult MESSY and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Social Competence scales to parents. One month later, we readministered the CDI, the Child MESSY, and the Adult MESSY. Child and parent ratings of social skill were correlated with concurrent and subsequent levels of depressive symptomatology; however, activity level assessed by the CBCL was unrelated to depressive symptoms. A stepwise regression analysis indicated that measures of social skill, independent of concurrently assessed depressive symptoms, were significantly related to level of depressive symptomatology 1 month later. Study 2 replicated these findings in a population of 24 children. These results provide modest evidence for the gene.