Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The history of nosology and the rise of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 arose from a tradition filled with haphazard science and politically driven choices. The nosology of modern psychiatry began with the German classifiers of the late 19th century, especially Emil Kraepelin. Psychoanalysis then blotted out the classificatory vision for the next half-century, and most of this European psychopathological science failed to cross the Atlantic. The DSM series was a homegrown American product, beginning with Medical 203 in 1945, then guided by psychoanalytic insights through DSM-I in 1952 and DSM-II in 1968. In 1980, DSM-III represented a massive “turning of the page” in nosology, and it had the effect of steering psychoanalysis toward the exit in psychiatry and the beginning of a reconciliation of psychiatry with the rest of medicine. With the advent of DSM-5, however, questions are starting to be asked about whether this massive venture is on the right track.
Flip Zooming : Focus + Context Visualization of Linearly Ordered Discrete Visual Structures

The focus+context visualization technique flip zooming was developed to present data sets that can be represented as collections of linearly ordered visual elements, such as the pages of a document or a collection of images. The technique works by laying out the elements 2dimensionally in a left-to-right, top-to-bottom fashion that reflects the linear ordering of the elements. The user move an element to the focus by clicking on it, or by moving the focus forwards or backwards to an adjacent element in the sequence. The chosen element then zooms up to a readable size, while the other elements shrink accordingly. Since the linear ordering is preserved, users have access to both a detailed view of one element and an overview of the remaining elements presented in the correct sequence. Flip zooming has been implemented in a number of prototypes, including a text-only web browser, an image browser, and a browser for hierarchically ordered image collections. During the course of the implementations, user experience motivated a move from a spacepreserving layout strategy (i.e. filling the display with as much information as possible) to a place-preserving one (i.e. trying to maintain the positions of visual elements as far as possible). Currently, the most promising application area for flip zooming is for use in devices with small displays, e.g. hand-held computers.
A genotype-phenotype correlation for GJB2 (connexin 26) deafness

Introduction: Mutations in GJB2 are the most common cause of non-syndromic autosomal recessive hearing impairment, ranging from mild to profound. Mutation analysis of this gene is widely available as a genetic diagnostic test. Objective: To assess a possible genotype-phenotype correlation for GJB2. Design: Retrospective analysis of audiometric data from people with hearing impairment, segregating two GJB2 mutations. Subjects: Two hundred and seventy seven unrelated patients with hearing impairment who were seen at the ENT departments of local and university hospitals from Italy, Belgium, Spain, and the United States, and who harboured bi-allelic GJB2 mutations. Results: We found that 35delG homozygotes have significantly more hearing impairment, compared with 35delG/non-35delG compound heterozygotes. People with two non-35delG mutations have even less hearing impairment. We observed a similar gradient of hearing impairment when we categorised mutations as inactivating (that is, stop mutations or frame shifts) or non-inactivating (that is, missense mutations). We demonstrated that certain mutation combinations (including the combination of 35delG with the missense mutations L90P, V37I, or the splice-site mutation IVS1+1G>A, and the V37I/V37I genotype) are associated with significantly less hearing impairment compared with 35delG homozygous genotypes. Conclusions: This study is the first large systematic analysis indicating that the GJB2 genotype has a major impact on the degree of hearing impairment, and identifying mild genotypes. Furthermore, this study shows that it will be possible to refine this correlation and extend it to additional genotypes. These data will be useful in evaluating habilitation options for people with GJB2 related deafness.
Granule Cells and Cerebellar Boundaries: Analysis ofUnc5h3 Mutant Chimeras

Mutations in the Unc5h3 gene, a receptor for the netrin 1 ligand, result in abnormal migrations of both Purkinje and granule cells to regions outside the cerebellum and of granule cells to regions within the cerebellum. Because both Purkinje and granule cells express this molecule, we sought to determine whether one or both of these cell types are the primary target of the mutation. Chimeric mice were made between wild-type ROSA26 transgenic mouse embryos (whose cells express β-galactosidase) andUnc5h3 mutant embryos. The resulting chimeric brains exhibited a range of phenotypes. Chimeras that had a limited expression of the extracerebellar phenotype (movement of cerebellar cells into the colliculus and midbrain tegmentum) and the intracerebellar phenotype (migration of granule cells into white matter) had a normal-appearing cerebellum, whereas chimeras that had more ectopic cells had attenuated anterior cerebellar lobules. Furthermore, the colonization of colliculus and midbrain tegmentum by cerebellar cells was not equivalent in all chimeras, suggesting different origins for extracerebellar ectopias in these regions. The granule cells of the extracerebellar ectopias were almost entirely derived from Unc5h3/Unc5h3 mutant embryos, whereas the ectopic Purkinje cells were a mixture of both mutant and wild-type cells. Intracerebellar ectopias in the chimera were composed exclusively of mutant granule cells. These findings demonstrate that both inside and outside the cerebellum, the granule cell is the key cell type to demarcate the boundaries of the cerebellum.
Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. Infections in Primates in Fragmented and Undisturbed Forest in Western Uganda

In June 2005, we collected 115 fecal samples from wild primates in western Uganda and examined them for Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. with the use of immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) detection. We sampled primates from an undisturbed forest in Kibale National Park and from 3 highly disturbed forest fragments outside the park. Of disturbed forest samples, red colobus (Pilocolobus tephrosceles) and red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius) harbored species of Cryptosporidium or Giardia, but black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) did not. All primate samples from undisturbed forest were negative for both parasites. Seven of 35 (20%) red colobus and 1 of 20 red-tailed guenons (5%) from forest fragments were infected with either Cryptosporidium sp. or Giardia sp. The presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in primates living in forest fragments, but not in primates in undisturbed forest, suggests that habitat disturbance may play a role in transmission or persistence of these pathogens.
A complex network approach for identifying vulnerabilities of the medium and low voltage grid

The vision behind the smart grid promises, among other things, to bring more attention to the lower layers of the distribution network where users are gradually transforming into prosumers. Independent of this transformation, users will expect the same (or higher) level of reliability of the infrastructure. In this paper, we consider physical samples from the Dutch medium and low voltage network and we perform a topological analysis to assess their robustness. We also analyse the robustness of synthetic topologies from the literature on complex network analysis. We note how certain topologies are more robust than others and how a small increase in network average connectivity can highly improve the resilience of the distribution grid against random and targeted attacks.
Biological impact of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic particle imaging of head and neck cancer cells

Background As a tomographic imaging technology, magnetic particle imaging (MPI) allows high spatial resolution and sensitivity, and the possibility to create real-time images by determining the spatial distribution of magnetic particles. To ensure a prospective biosafe application of UL-D (University of Luebeck-Dextran coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles), we evaluated the biocompatibility of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), their impact on biological properties, and their cellular uptake using head and neck squamous cancer cells (HNSCCs). Methods SPIONs that met specific MPI requirements were synthesized as tracers. Labeling and uptake efficiency were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and magnetic particle spectrometry. Flow cytometry, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, and real-time cell analyzer assays were used to investigate apoptosis, proliferation, and the cytokine response of SPION-labeled cells. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using a fluorescent dye. Experimental results were compared to the contrast agent Resovist®, a standard agent used in MPI. Results UL-D nanoparticles and Resovist particles were taken up in vitro by HNSCCs via unspecific phagocytosis followed by cytosolic accumulation. To evaluate toxicity, flow cytometry analysis was performed; results showed that dose- and time-dependent administration of Resovist induced apoptosis whereas cell viability of UL-D-labeled cells was not altered. We observed decreased cell proliferation in response to increased SPION concentrations. An intracellular production of ROS could not be detected, suggesting that the particles did not cause oxidative stress. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β were measured to distinguish inflammatory responses. Only the primary tumor cell line labeled with >0.5 mM Resovist showed a significant increase in IL-1β secretion. Conclusion Our data suggest that UL-D SPIONs are a promising tracer material for use in innovative tumor cell analysis in MPI.
A model for the jet-disk connection in BH accreting systems

The powerful and highly collimated jets observed in active galactic nuclei and µ-quasars are likely to be connected to the accretion phenomenon via disks. Based on theoretical arguments and quasi-stationary radiative MHD calculations, a model for an accretion-powered jet is presented. It is argued that accretion disks around black holes consist of 1) a cold, Keplerian-rotating and weakly magnetized medium in the outer part, 2) a highly advective and turbulent-free plasma inside rtr = 10−20 Schwarzschild radii, where magnetic fields are predominantly of large scale topology and in excess of thermal equipartition, and 3) an ion-dominated torus in the vicinity of the hole, where magnetic fields undergo a topological change into a monopole like-configuration. The action of magnetic fields interior to rtr is to initiate torsional Alfven waves that extract angular momentum from the disk-plasma and deposit it into the transition layer between the disk and the overlying corona, where the plasma is dissipative and tenuous. A significant fraction of the shear-generated toroidal magnetic field reconnects in the transition layer, thereby heating the plasma up to the virial-temperature and forming a super-Keplerian rotating, and hence centrifugally accelerated outflow. The strong magnetic field in the transition layer forces the electrons to cool rapidly which, in combination with the fast outward- oriented motion, yields a two-temperature ion-dominated outflow. The toroidal magnetic field in the transition layer is in thermal equipartition with the ions, whereas the poloidal component is in equipartition with the electrons. Such a strong toroidal mag- netic field is essential for increasing the jet-disk luminosity in the radio regime. These gravitationally unbound outflows serve as seeds, possibly, for all the powerful electron-proton jets observed in accreting systems containing black holes.
Discovery of nitrogen in Saturn's inner magnetosphere

We detected N+ in Saturn's magnetosphere in the range L ∼ 3.5 to ∼9.5 Saturn Radii (Rs) using data collected by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer during Saturn Orbit Insertion and the following orbit (Rev A). The presence of N+ in Saturn's magnetosphere has been a source of much debate since Voyager's detection of unresolved mass/charge 14–16 amu ions in this region. Two principal nitrogen sources have been suggested: Titan's atmosphere and nitrogen compounds trapped in Saturn's icy satellite surfaces (Sittler et al., 2004; E. C. Sittler et al., Energetic nitrogen ions within the inner magnetosphere of Saturn, submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004). The latter may contain primordial nitrogen, likely as NH3 in ice (Stevenson, 1982; Squyers et al., 1983) or N+ that has been implanted in the surface (Delitsky and Lane, 2002). In addition to our nitrogen detection results, we also present an initial examination of possible sources of these ions.
Luxury consumption of phosphorus by five Cladophora epiphytes in Lake Huron.

The stainable polyphosphate bodies in five species of algae epiphytic on Cladophora glomerata were enumerated. The algal populations, two species of diatoms, two species of blue-green algae, and a red alga, were collected at various distances from a point source of phosphorus enrichment in Lake Huron. Populations assayed had accumulated polyphosphate bodies and exhibited different levels of maximum polyphosphate body abundance. Numbers of polyphosphate bodies per unit cell volume were least in the diatoms, greatest in the blue-greens, and intermediate in the red alga. No significant differences were found between subpopulations of the same species growing in different portions of the epiphyte community matrix at one location. The subpopulation growing at the location farthest from the point source of phosphorus had substantially fewer polyphosphate bodies than subpopulations of the same species closer to the point source. The ecology and growth relationships of Cladophora communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes has been studied extensively, largely because of the potential for offensive overgrowth in localities receiving phosphorus enrichment. Although abundance of Cladophora generally is related to phosphorus loading, certain aspects of seasonal growth apparently are mediated by other factors. Presently it is not clear if the commonly observed mid-summer decline in Cladophora growth is due to genetically pre-determined maturation effects, or to competition for critical resources by epiphytic communities which develop upon the maturing Cladophora stands. Due to the complex and highly structured form of the community developed upon Cladophora, the latter aspect of Cladophora ecology is difficult to address experimentally. In the following, we report the results of an investigation of one possibly important competitive process, sequestering of phosphorus beyond immediate growth requirements by populations epiphytic on Cladophora. Several specific questions were considered: (1) is there appreciable luxury consumption of phosphorus by epiphyte communities; (2) is the amount of phosphorus sequestered dependent upon ambient phosphorus levels; (3) is this ability to sequester phosphorus restricted to, or more prevalent in, certain major autecological groups of epiphytic organisms; 1 We thank L. Sicko-Goad for her review of this manuscript, guidance, and suggestions. Drs. Martin Auer and Raymond Canale deserve recognition for aid in obtaining partial funding of this project by United States Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. R806/600-01-0. Additional funding for this study was by United States Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. R807/450-01-0. Contribution No. 375, Great Lakes Research Division. 2 Present address: Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
Effect of Modified Pulsatilla Powder on Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O101-Induced Diarrhea in Mice

MPP can be effective in the treatment of E. coli O101-induced diarrhea in mice. MPP can improve the weight loss caused by diarrhea, increase spleen and thymus indices, and reduce the diarrhea index. MPP can reduce the number of WBC, regulate the level of cytokines, and regulate the intestinal microbial flora. These data suggest that MPP is a promising candidate for treatment of E. coli-induced diarrhea in humans and animals.
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells by the Steel Factor/KIT Signaling Pathway

Understanding the intrinsic pathways that regulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation and self-renewal responses to external signals offers a rational approach to developing improved strategies for HSC expansion for therapeutic applications. Such studies are also likely to reveal new targets for the treatment of human myeloid malignancies because perturbations of the biological processes that control normal HSC self-renewal divisions are believed to drive the propagation of many of these diseases. Here, we review recent findings that point to the importance of using stringent functional criteria to define HSCs as cells with longterm repopulating activity and evidence that activation of the KIT receptor and many downstream effectors serve as major regulators of changing HSC proliferative and self-renewal behavior during development.
Evolution of urban monitoring with radar interferometry in Madrid City: performance of ERS-1/ERS-2, ENVISAT, COSMO-SkyMed, and Sentinel-1 products

ABSTRACT During the last decades, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image exploitation has matured with the launch of different satellite missions and the development of different techniques, which allow exploiting the capabilities of the radar images. Among these techniques, persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) has proven to be a powerful tool to derive terrain deformations over urban areas. It is based on the use of a large number of images over wide areas in order to obtain terrain displacements time series. The imagery from the different SAR missions has led to an archive with data that covers up to 30 years in the past. Moreover, different methods and algorithms have been proposed in order to perform this complex task. In this line, this work aims at identifying if data from different missions and processed by different techniques can be combined in order to study the evolution of urban monitoring. Three different PSI techniques are used in order to process data from four SAR missions: European Remote Sensing (ERS)-1/2, Environmental Satellite, COSMO-SkyMed, and the recent Sentinel-1 A/B. The rapidly evolving urban area of Madrid, where numerous undergrounding works have been carried out in the last decade, has been chosen as the testing environment. The density of persistent scatterers, the deformation accuracy validated with GPS displacements and deformation trends are used as the key performance items for the assessment.
Performance evaluation of web servers using central load balancing policy over virtual machines on cloud

Cloud Computing adds more power to the existing Internet technologies. Virtualization harnesses the power of the existing infrastructure and resources. With virtualization we can simultaneously run multiple instances of different commodity operating systems. Since we have limited processors and jobs work in concurrent fashion, overload situations can occur. Things become even more challenging in distributed environment. We propose Central Load Balancing Policy for Virtual Machines (CLBVM) to balance the load evenly in a distributed virtual machine/cloud computing environment. This work tries to compare the performance of web servers based on our CLBVM policy and independent virtual machine(VM) running on a single physical server using Xen Virtualizaion. The paper discusses the efficacy and feasibility of using this kind of policy for overall performance improvement.
Avoidance of Novelty Contributes to the Uncanny Valley

A hypothesis suggests that objects with a high degree of visual similarity to real humans trigger negative impressions (i.e., the uncanny valley). Previous studies have suggested that difficulty in object categorization elicits negative emotional reactions to enable the avoidance of potential threats. The present study further investigated this categorization-difficulty hypothesis. In an experiment, observers categorized morphed images of photographs and human doll faces as “photograph” or “doll” and evaluated the perceived eeriness of the images. Additionally, we asked the observers to answer questionnaires on behavioral inhibition systems (BIS). The results indicated that individual differences in the BIS score were associated with enhanced eeriness in the objects with a specific human likeness. These findings suggest that the tendency to avoid a potentially threatening novel experience contributes to promoting the perceived eeriness of objects with some degree of visual similarity to real humans.
Therapeutic Potential and Challenges of Targeting Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ROR1 with Monoclonal Antibodies in B-Cell Malignancies

Background Based on its selective cell surface expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 has recently emerged as a promising target for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). To further assess the suitability of ROR1 for targeted therapy of CLL and MCL, a panel of mAbs was generated and its therapeutic utility was investigated. Methodology and Principal Findings A chimeric rabbit/human Fab library was generated from immunized rabbits and selected by phage display. Chimeric rabbit/human Fab and IgG1 were investigated for their capability to bind to human and mouse ROR1, to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and internalization, and to agonize or antagonize apoptosis using primary CLL cells from untreated patients as well as MCL cell lines. A panel of mAbs demonstrated high affinity and specificity for a diverse set of epitopes that involve all three extracellular domains of ROR1, are accessible on the cell surface, and mediate internalization. The mAb with the highest affinity and slowest rate of internalization was found to be the only mAb that mediated significant, albeit weak, ADCC. None of the mAbs mediated CDC. Alone, they did not enhance or inhibit apoptosis. Conclusions and Significance Owing to its relatively low cell surface density, ROR1 may be a preferred target for armed rather than naked mAbs. Provided is a panel of fully sequenced and thoroughly characterized anti-ROR1 mAbs suitable for conversion to antibody-drug conjugates, immunotoxins, chimeric antigen receptors, and other armed mAb entities for preclinical and clinical studies.
MicroRNA Regulation of SIRT1

SIRT1 is an NAD-dependent deacetylase that regulates stress response pathways. By deacetylating transcription factors and co-factors, SIRT1 modulates metabolism, inflammation, hypoxic responses, circadian rhythms, cell survival, and longevity. Since SIRT1 plays a key role in regulating pathways involved in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases cancer, the regulation of SIRT1 has received intense scrutiny. The post-transcriptional regulation of SIRT1 is mediated by two classes of molecules, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and non-coding small RNAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate target gene expression in a post-transcriptional manner. More than 16 miRNAs modulate SIRT1 expression, including miR-34a. miR-34a induces colon cancer apoptosis through SIRT1, and miR-34a also promotes senescence in endothelial cells via SIRT1. This review describes the impact of miRNAs on SIRT1. The background of SIRT1 and miRNAs will be summarized, followed by the mechanism by which several key miRNAs alter SIRT1 levels, and how the RBP HuR regulates SIRT1. MicroRNA regulation of SIRT1 might affect a wide variety of pathways in humans, from metabolic diseases such as diabetes to cardiovascular diseases and cancer.