Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Magnetic Association of Coronal Bright Points

Several coronal bright points identified in a quiet region of the Sun from Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope Fe XII images are found to have a time evolution from birth to decay that is extremely well correlated with the rise and fall of magnetic flux as determined from photospheric magnetograms made with the SOHO/Michelson Doppler Imager instrument. Radiative losses of the bright points are found to be much less than conductive losses, but the sum of the two is comparable with the available energy of the associated magnetic field. Several small "network flares" occur during the lifetimes of these bright points, emphasizing the strong connection of such events with the magnetic field.
PREVALENCE OF FEMORAL FRACTURES IN DOGS AND CATS

The orthopedic hind limb affections in dogs constituted 31.99 % of the admitted cases to the Surgery clinic, Faculty of Vet. Med. Cairo univ., while the corresponding percentage in cats was 11.70 % during the period from October 2010 to April 2013. Pelvic limb fractures accounted for 50.60 % of the orthopedic dog patients, whereas, pelvic limb fracture in cats represented 69.39%. Femoral fracture in dogs constituted 56.80% of pelvic limb fractures, whereas, femoral fracture in cats comprised 59.80 %. The highest proportion in femoral fracture in dogs was in midshaft fracture (46.10 %), while in cats was the supracondylar fracture (57.41 %).
Enhancing tonic arousal improves voluntary but not involuntary attention in humans

Arousal and attention are pivotal brain functions for optimizing performance. Kahneman’s attention model (1973) theorizes a key interplay between attention and arousal, yet this relationship remains poorly understood. We investigated this interaction in 16 healthy young adults performing an auditory attention task that simultaneously assessed phasic arousal, voluntary attention and involuntary attention. Tonic arousal was modulated by low or high arousing music, as measured using skin conductance, pupil size, and heart rate. Pupil dilation responses to distracting sounds highlight an intricate interplay between tonic and phasic arousal. Importantly, increasing tonic arousal does not influence involuntary attention, whereas it does improve voluntary attention, as shown by shorter and less variable reaction times and larger electroencephalographic brain responses to task-relevant targets. This study provides experimental evidence in humans that tonic arousal can influence the attentional balance by improving voluntary attention in a transient and sustained manner, rather than by impacting involuntary attention.
Genome-wide analysis of mRNA decay in Arabidopsis shoot and root reveals the importance of co-translational mRNA decay in the general mRNA turnover

Until recently, the general 5’-3’ mRNA decay was placed in the cytosol after the mRNA was released from ribosomes. However, the discovery of an additional 5’ to 3’ pathway, the Co-Translational mRNA Decay (CTRD), changed this paradigm. Up to date, defining the real contribution of CTRD in the general mRNA turnover has been hardly possible as the enzyme involved in this pathway is also involved in cytosolic decay. Here we overcame this obstacle and created an Arabidopsis line specifically impaired for CTRD called XRN4ΔCTRD line. Through a genome-wide analysis of mRNA decay rate in shoot and root, we tested the importance of CTRD in mRNA turnover. First, we observed that mRNAs tend to be more stable in root than in shoot. Next, using XRN4ΔCTRD line, we demonstrated that CTRD is a major determinant in mRNA turnover. In shoot, the absence of CTRD leads to the stabilization of thousands of transcripts while in root its absence is highly compensated resulting in faster decay rates. We demonstrated that this faster decay rate is partially due to XRN4 cytosolic decay. Finally, we correlated this organ-specific effect with XRN4ΔCTRD line phenotypes revealing a crucial role of CTRD in mRNA homeostasis and proper organ development.
Associations of Interferon-γ Genotype and Protein Level with Antibody Response Kinetics in Chickens

SUMMARY. Although previous studies have demonstrated an association between interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) promoter genotype and antibody response kinetics in chickens, the protein levels that may mediate such a gene–trait association have not been determined. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine the correlation of circulating IFN-γ levels with both the IFN-γ promoter polymorphisms and antibody response in order to evaluate the potential role of IFN-γ protein in mediating genetic control of antibody response in chickens. Antibody response after Salmonella enteritidis (SE) vaccination at day 10, antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) and killed Brucella abortus after immunizations at 19 wk and 22 wk, and serum IFN-γ protein level were measured in an F2 population derived from inbred lines. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the IFN-γ promoter region was associated with IFN-γ protein expression as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after both primary and secondary immunizations. Higher IFN-γ protein level was correlated with higher antibody level to SE and with increased maximum level and decreased time to reach the maximum secondary antibody response to SRBCs. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which promoter polymorphism of IFN-γ affects antibody production in chickens may involve the circulating level of IFN-γ protein.
On adaptive trajectory tracking of a robot manipulator using inversion of its neural emulator

This paper is concerned with the design of a neuro-adaptive trajectory tracking controller. The paper presents a new control scheme based on inversion of a feedforward neural model of a robot arm. The proposed control scheme requires two modules. The first module consists of an appropriate feedforward neural model of forward dynamics of the robot arm that continuously accounts for the changes in the robot dynamics. The second module implements an efficient network inversion algorithm that computes the control action by inverting the neural model. In this paper, a new extended Kalman filter (EKF) based network inversion scheme is proposed. The scheme is evaluated through comparison with two other schemes of network inversion: gradient search in input space and Lyapunov function approach. Using these three inversion schemes the proposed controller was implemented for trajectory tracking control of a two-link manipulator. Simulation results in all cases confirm the efficacy of control input prediction using network inversion. Comparison of the inversion algorithms in terms of tracking accuracy showed the superior performance of the EKF based inversion scheme over others.
Surface-based probabilistic tractography uncovers segregated white matter pathways underlying spatial and non-spatial control

The frontal eye field (FEF) and the inferior frontal junction (IFJ) are regions that mediate orchestrating functions, with mounting neuroimaging evidence suggesting that they are specialized in the control of spatial versus non-spatial processing, respectively. We hypothesized that their unique patterns of structural connectivity (i.e., their connectivity fingerprints) underlie these specialized roles. To accurately infer the localization of FEF and IFJ in standard space, we carried out an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of fMRI paradigms targeting these regions. Using a surface-based probabilistic tractography approach, we tracked streamlines ipsilaterally from the inferred FEF and IFJ activation peaks to the dorsal and ventral visual streams on the native white matter surface parcellated using the atlas by Glasser et al. (2016). By contrasting FEF and IFJ connectivity likelihoods, we found predominant structural connectivity from FEF to regions of the dorsal visual stream (particularly in the left hemisphere) compared to the IFJ, and conversely, predominant structural connectivity from the IFJ to regions of the ventral visual stream compared to the FEF. Additionally, we analyzed the cortical terminations of the superior longitudinal fasciculus to the FEF and IFJ, implicating its first and third branches as segregated pathways mediating their communication to the posterior parietal cortex. The structural connectivity fingerprints of the FEF and IFJ support the view that the two visual stream architecture extends to the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex and provide converging anatomical evidence of their specialization in spatial versus non-spatial control.
DNA vaccines: Vector design, delivery, and antigen presentation

Inoculations with antigen‐expressing plasmid DNAs (DNA vaccines) in the production of protective immune responses. Since the initial development of DNA vaccines more than 5 years ago, major strides have been made in the design of efficient vaccine vectors and in the process of vaccine delivery. However, many questions remain regarding the mechanism of cellular transfection and in the development of immune responses. This review addresses functional aspects of DNA vaccines, including vector design and delivery, as well as cellular transfection and antigen presentation. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 30/31:304–311, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
4H-1-Benzopyrans as Analytical Reagents - A Review

4H-1-benzopyrans and their derivatives have been used widely as analytical reagents for the spectrophotometric determination of several transition metal ions. The present article reviews the importance of 4H-1-benzopyrans as analytical or complexing or chelating agent and fundamental conditions of several methods used for analytical determination of metal ions spectrophotometrically.
Competition and Market Power in Option Demand Markets

We call markets in which intermediaries sell networks of suppliers to consumers who are uncertain about their needs "option demand markets. " In these markets, suppliers may grant the intermediaries discounts in order to be admitted to their networks. We derive a measure of each supplier's market power within the network; the measure is based on the additional ex ante expected utility consumers obtain from the supplier's inclusion. We empirically validate the WTP measure by considering managed care purchases of hospital services in the San Diego market. Finally, we present three applications, including an analysis of hospital mergers in San Diego.
Noninvasive detection of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions by computed tomography enhanced with PEGylated gold nanoparticles

Macrophages are becoming increasingly significant in the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Molecular imaging of macrophages may improve the detection and characterization of AS. In this study, dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI) coatings were designed, tested, and applied as contrast agents for the enhanced computed tomography (CT) imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions. Cell counting kit-8 assay, fluorescence microscopy, silver staining, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the FI-functionalized Au DENPs are noncytotoxic at high concentrations (3.0 μM) and can be efficiently taken up by murine macrophages in vitro. These nanoparticles were administered to apolipoprotein E knockout mice as AS models, which demonstrated that the macrophage burden in atherosclerotic areas can be tracked noninvasively and dynamically three-dimensionally in live animals using micro-CT. Our findings suggest that the designed PEGylated gold nanoparticles are promising biocompatible nanoprobes for the CT imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions and will provide new insights into the pathophysiology of AS and other concerned inflammatory diseases.
Control of Glutamate Clearance and Synaptic Efficacy by Glial Coverage of Neurons

Analysis of excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus revealed that glutamate clearance and, as a consequence, glutamate concentration and diffusion in the extracellular space, is associated with the degree of astrocytic coverage of its neurons. Reduction in glutamate clearance, whether induced pharmacologically or associated with a relative decrease of glial coverage in the vicinity of synapses, affected transmitter release through modulation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors. Astrocytic wrapping of neurons, therefore, contributes to the regulation of synaptic efficacy in the central nervous system.
Pathological C-terminal phosphomimetic substitutions alter the mechanism of liquid-liquid phase separation of TDP-43 low complexity domain

C-terminally phosphorylated TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) marks the proteinaceous inclusions that characterize a number of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. TDP-43 phosphorylation at S403/S404, and especially at S409/S410, is in fact accepted as a biomarker of proteinopathy. These residues are located within the low complexity domain (LCD), which also drives the protein’s liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The impact of phosphorylation at these LCD sites on phase separation of the protein is a topic of great interest, as these post-translational modifications and LLPS are both implicated in proteinopathies. Here, we employed a combination of experimental and simulation-based approaches to explore this question on a phosphomimetic model of the TDP-43 LCD. Our turbidity and fluorescence microscopy data show that Ser-to-Asp substitutions at residues S403, S404, S409 and S410 alter the LLPS behavior of TDP-43 LCD. In particular, in contrast to the unmodified protein, the phosphomimetic variants display a biphasic dependence on salt concentration. Through coarse-grained modeling, we find that this biphasic salt dependence is derived from an altered mechanism of phase separation, in which LLPS-driving short-range intermolecular hydrophobic interactions are modulated by long-range attractive electrostatic interactions. Overall, this in vitro and in silico study provides a physiochemical foundation for understanding the impact of pathologically-relevant C-terminal phosphorylation on the LLPS of the TDP-43 in a more complex cellular environment. Statement of Significance Proteinaceous inclusions composed of phosphorylated, C-terminal TDP-43 fragments have long been recognized as hallmarks of several neurodegenerative diseases, in particular amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. A rapidly growing number of studies indicate that these proteinopathies may be closely related to liquid-liquid phased separation (LLPS) of TDP-43, but the impact of phosphorylation on TDP-43 LLPS remains largely unexplored. In this study we used a combination of experimental methods and coarse-grained simulations to ascertain, in mechanistic terms, how phosphorylation at pathologically-critical C-terminal sites impacts liquid-liquid phase separation of the low complexity domain of TDP-43. Our results broaden our understanding of the mechanisms driving pathogenic process in these neurodegenerative diseases.
Sediment-associated processes drive spatial variation in ecosystem respiration in the Yakima River basin

Areas where groundwater and surface water mix (i.e., hyporheic zones, HZ) contribute substantially to stream ecosystem respiration (ERtot). We rely on reactive transport models to understand HZ respiration at large scales; however, model outputs have not been evaluated with field estimates of ERtot. Here we evaluate the degree to which spatial variation in model-predicted HZ respiration can explain spatial variation in field-estimated ERtot across 32 sites in the Yakima River basin (YRB). We find that predicted HZ respiration did not explain spatial variation in ERtot. We hypothesize that ERtot is influenced by processes that integrate contributions from sediments, such as benthic algae, submerged macrophytes, and shallow HZ. Our results indicate that sediment-associated processes hydrologically connected to the active channel are primary drivers of spatial variation in ERtot in the YRB. We encourage conceptual and physical models of stream ERtot to integrate shallow hyporheic exchange with sediment-associated primary production.
THE HIP IN CEREBRAL PALSY

CEREBRAL PALSY AND PROXIMAL FEMORAL ANATOMY Hip problems in patients with cerebral palsy are second only to equinus deformity of the foot in the list of joint disorders. In those with cerebral palsy, the anatomy of the proximal femur is different from that of the normal child. An understanding of the normal anatomical development of the proximal femur is essential before consideration of the abnormalities seen in children with . cerebral palsy. Since there are a number of similar terms in common use, it is imperative that the definitions are clearly set out. t
Functional characterization of Lipid storage droplets 1 (LSD1) in growth and lipolysis of Hermetia illucens

As intracellular organelles in adipose tissue, lipids droplets manage the balance between triglyceride accumulation and energy consumption in animals. Perilipin family members, associated with surface of lipid droplets, participate the regulation of lipid metabolism. Lipid storage droplet-1 (LSD1)/Perilipin-1 acts as a gatekeeper for adipose lipid storage in animals. Despite extensive studies in fruit fly, the function of LSD1 in insect larval stage remain indistinct. In this study, we characterized the function of LSD1 in black soldier fly Hermetia illucens, a nova resource insect to recycle organic wastes. We found that LSD1 was broadly present in dipteran species and evolved with divergence between mosquitos and flies. We further constructed in vivo mutagenesis mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 and found that mutations in LSD1 increased the larval weight and did not bring any defects in development. Raw fat content was also not significantly influenced in late larval stage and new-emerged adults. Our results not only extend our knowledge of LSD1 in insects, but also help for better understanding of the lipid homeostasis in BSF.
Appraisal Patterns of Emotions in Human-Product Interaction

Emotional design, i.e., designing with an intention to evoke or to prevent a particular emotion, can be facilitated by understanding the processes underlying emotions. A promising approach to understanding these processes in the current psychological literature is appraisal theory. Appraisal theory can support this understanding because it explains how different emotions are elicited by different underlying appraisals. This paper reports a study that aimed to identify and specify appraisals that elicit emotions of product users for four emotion groups: happiness/joy, satisfaction/contentment, anger/irritation, and disappointment/dissatisfaction. The study started with a sensitizing task to make participants familiar with reporting their emotional experiences. With a combination of experience sampling and in-depth interviews, the emotions experienced when interacting with products and the causes of these emotions were captured. The results indicated that the appraisal patterns as proposed in general appraisal theory can also be traced in human-product interaction for all four emotion groups. On the basis of the results, an initia specification of those appraisals and design directions are proposed
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression.

OBJECTIVE Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive and easily tolerated method of altering cortical physiology. The authors evaluate evidence from the last decade supporting a possible role for TMS in the treatment of depression and explore clinical and technical considerations that might bear on treatment success. METHOD The authors review English-language controlled studies of nonconvulsive TMS therapy for depression that appeared in the MEDLINE database through early 2002, as well as one study that was in press in 2002 and was published in 2003. In addition, the authors discuss studies that have examined technical, methodological, and clinical treatment parameters of TMS. RESULTS Most data support an antidepressant effect of high-frequency repetitive TMS administered to the left prefrontal cortex. The absence of psychosis, younger age, and certain brain physiologic markers might predict treatment success. Technical parameters possibly affecting treatment success include intensity and duration of treatment, but these suggestions require systematic testing. CONCLUSIONS TMS shows promise as a novel antidepressant treatment. Systematic and large-scale studies are needed to identify patient populations most likely to benefit and treatment parameters most likely to produce success. In addition to its potential clinical role, TMS promises to provide insights into the pathophysiology of depression through research designs in which the ability of TMS to alter brain activity is coupled with functional neuroimaging.
Semantic Similarity Metrics for Evaluating Source Code Summarization

Source code summarization involves creating brief descriptions of source code in natural language. These descriptions are a key component of software documentation such as JavaDocs. Automatic code summarization is a prized target of software engineering research, due to the high value summaries have to programmers and the simultaneously high cost of writing and maintaining documentation by hand. Current work is almost all based on machine models trained via big data input. Large datasets of examples of code and summaries of that code are used to train an e.g. encoder-decoder neural model. Then the output predictions of the model are evaluated against a set of reference summaries. The input is code not seen by the model, and the prediction is compared to a reference. The means by which a prediction is compared to a reference is essentially word overlap, calculated via a metric such as BLEU or ROUGE. The problem with using word overlap is that not all words in a sentence have the same importance, and many words have synonyms. The result is that calculated similarity may not match the perceived similarity by human readers. In this paper, we conduct an experiment to measure the degree to which various word overlap metrics correlate to human-rated similarity of predicted and reference summaries. We evaluate alternatives based on current work in semantic similarity metrics and propose recommendations for evaluation of source code summarization.
Epitope mapping of spontaneous autoantibodies to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in non-small cell lung cancer

The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is recognized by the immune system as a tumor antigen, and preclinical evidence suggests that ALK-rearranged NSCLCs can also be successfully targeted immunologically using vaccine-based approaches. In contrast to ALK-rearranged lymphomas, the frequency and clinical significance of spontaneous ALK immune responses in patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLCs are largely unknown. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure anti-ALK antibody levels and mapped specific peptide epitope sequences within the ALK cytoplasmic domain in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The ELISA method showed good correlation with ALK antibody titers measured with a standard immunocytochemical approach. Strong anti-ALK antibody responses were detected in 9 of 53 (17.0%) ALK-positive NSCLC patients and in 0 of 38 (0%) ALK-negative NSCLC patients (P<0.01), and the mean antibody levels were significantly higher in ALK-positive than in ALK-negative NSCLC patients (P=0.02). Across individual patients, autoantibodies recognized different epitopes in the ALK cytoplasmic domain, most of which clustered outside the tyrosine kinase domain. Whether the presence of high ALK autoantibody levels confers a more favorable prognosis in this patient population warrants further investigation.