Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A review of the efficacy of the self-management model on health outcomes in community-residing older adults with arthritis.

BACKGROUND Chronic disease and disability have a significant impact on individuals, families, and society, resulting in limitations in personal care, premature loss of wages, higher mortality rates, and overall poor quality of life. Arthritis is a painful disease that limits physical activity, social functioning, and mental health and is hallmarked by an increasing prevalence in community-dwelling older adults. Self-management strategies reduce pain and disability while improving self-efficacy and quality of life. AIMS The purpose of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of the self-management program in adults with arthritis on the outcome of functional disability. METHODS Literature review. Search strategy included MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library from 1985 to 2008 for studies using self-management interventions. RESULTS Across studies of chronic disease, effect sizes were moderate for most variables. Subgroup ana- lyses for arthritis only demonstrated a greater magnitude of effect in variables related to functional health. CONCLUSIONS While this review suggests small efficacy in the self-management program, with improvement in certain cognitive-behavioral markers for self-management, the functional gains that can be achieved in a growing older adult population translate into a larger effect overall.
Hypothesis for induction and propagation of chemical sensitivity based on biopsy studies.

The reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS), the reactive upper airways dysfunction syndrome (RUDS), the sick building syndrome (SBS), and the multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome (MCS) are overlapping disorders in which there is an intolerance to environmental chemicals. The onset of these illnesses is often associated with an initial acute chemical exposure. To understand the pathophysiology of these conditions, a study of the nasal pathology of individuals experiencing these syndromes was undertaken. Preliminary data indicate that the nasal pathology of these disorders is characterized by defects in tight junctions between cells, desquamation of the respiratory epithelium, glandular hyperplasia, lymphocytic infiltrates, and peripheral nerve fiber proliferation. These findings suggest a model for a relationship between the chronic inflammation seen in these conditions and an individual's sensitivity to chemicals. A positive feedback loop is set up: the inflammatory response to low levels of chemical irritants is enhanced due to the observed changes in the epithelium, and the epithelial changes are propagated by the inflammatory response to the chemicals. This model, combined with the concept of neurogenic switching, has the potential to explain many aspects of RADS, RUDS, SBS, and MCS in a unified way. ImagesFigure 2.
Policy-based intrusion detection in Web applications by monitoring Java information flows

This article focuses on intrusion detection in systems using Web applications and COTS. We present a solution that combines policy-based intrusion detection and information flow control. We describe JBlare, an inline Java monitor that tracks inter-method flows in Java applications. This monitor collaborates with Blare, a monitor that tracks information flow in the whole system at the OS-level. The combination of these two detectors constitutes a policy-based Intrusion Detection System that can address a wide range of attacks.
An Experience With an Online Learning Environment to Support a Change in Practice in an Emergency Department

Providing continuing education to support a change in practice for a busy Emergency Department poses a challenge. Factors such as shift work, high patient acuity, and unpredictable patient flow create barriers to traditional methods of delivery of a comprehensive educational experience. This article describes an experience with introducing a change in practice using an innovative Web-based delivery plan. Specific strategies were employed to address presentation of content, application of knowledge, establishment of a shared understanding, and enhancement of communication opportunities. The Web-based learning environment proved to be a successful means of providing nurses with a collaborative learning experience around a new practice issue. This experience also highlighted the need for a new skill set for learners and educators using online learning technologies.
Does Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Use in Adult Spinal Deformity Increase Complications and Are Complications Associated With Location of rhBMP-2 Use? A Prospective, Multicenter Study of 279 Consecutive Patients

Study Design. Multicenter, prospective analysis of consecutive patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD). Objective. Evaluate complications associated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) use in ASD. Summary of Background Data. Off-label rhBMP-2 use is common; however, underreporting of rhBMP-2 associated complications has been recently scrutinized. Methods. Patients with ASD consecutively enrolled into a prospective, multicenter database were evaluated for type and timing of acute perioperative complications. Inclusion criteria: age 18 years and older, ASD, spinal arthrodesis of more than 4 levels, and 3 or more months of follow-up. Patients were divided into those receiving rhBMP-2 (BMP) or no rhBMP-2 (NOBMP). BMP divided into location of use: posterior (PBMP), interbody (IBMP), and interbody + posterior spine (I + PBMP). Correlations between acute perioperative complications and rhBMP-2 use including total dose, dose/level, and location of use were evaluated. Results. A total of 279 patients (mean age: 57 yr; mean spinal levels fused: 12.0; and mean follow-up: 28.8 mo) met inclusion criteria. BMP (n = 172; average posterior dose = 2.5 mg/level, average interbody dose = 5 mg/level) had similar age, smoking history, previous spine surgery, total spinal levels fused, estimated blood loss, and duration of hospital stay as NOBMP (n = 107; P > 0.05). BMP had greater Charlson Comorbidity Index (1.9 vs. 1.2), greater scoliosis (43° vs. 38°), longer operative time (488.2 vs. 414.6 min), more osteotomies per patient (4.0 vs. 1.6), and greater percentage of anteroposterior fusion (APSF; 20.9% vs. 8.4%) than NOBMP, respectively (P < 0.05). BMP had more total complications per patient (1.4 vs. 0.6) and more minor complications per patient (0.9 vs. 0.2) than NOBMP, respectively (P < 0.05). NOBMP had more complications requiring surgery per patient than BMP (0.3 vs. 0.2; P < 0.05). Major, neurological, wound, and infectious complications were similar for NOBMP, BMP, PBMP, IBMP, and I + PBMP (P > 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated small to nonexistent correlations between rhBMP-2 use and complications. Conclusion. RhBMP-2 use and location of rhBMP-2 use in ASD surgery, at reported doses, do not increase acute major, neurological, or wound complications. Research is needed for higher rhBMP-2 dosing and long-term follow-up. Level of Evidence: 2
Consequences of bias-motivated victimisation among Swedish university students with an immigrant or minority background

The present article examines the impact of racist and xenophobic victimisation among students with a minority and/or immigrant background in a Swedish context. We examine if racist and/or xenophobic victimisation result in 1) behavioral strategies applied to reduce victimisation risk, 2) a heightened level of fear and 3) if the motive in itself has an independent effect on the level of fear among victims. The study design combines survey data with interviews. The findings suggest that experiences of racist and/or xenophobic victimisation lead to higher levels of fear and that the motive in itself influences this relationship independently. We also found that certain behavioural strategies are developed in order to avoid victimisation.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast: a report of 19 cases and a review of the literature.

PURPOSE Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast represents 0.04%-0.50% of malignant lesions of the mammary gland. In this article, we report a single institution's experience with this rare disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 1982 and 1997, 19 patients with breast lymphoma were diagnosed, treated, and followed at this institution. RESULTS There were 18 female patients and 1 male patient. All but one were cases of aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Ann Arbor stages were IE (n=5), IIE (n=9), IIIE (n=2), and IV (n=3). International Prognosis Index scores were 0 (n=2), 1 (n=8), 2 (n=7), and 3 (n=2). According to the Wiseman and Liao classification established in 1972, 11 cases were primary lymphomas of the breast, and 8 cases were secondary involvement of the breast. Median survival time was 21.5 months (range, 5.1-114.7 months). The 5-year overall survival was 29%. Median event-free survival time was 8.3 months. The clinical, radiologic, and histologic patterns of presentation match previously published data, even if the response rates and the survival times seem disappointing, probably because of the initial treatment by tumorectomy or mastectomy for some patients. CONCLUSIONS Systemic chemotherapy should be the mainstay of treatment. Based on our experience and a review of the literature, the use of Wiseman and Liao's classification is questionable. In fact, it fails to detect whether some lymphomas of the breast present a specific natural history and therefore require specific management. New clinical and histologic criteria are to be identified.
Explaining Deviance by Adolescent Females

The gender gap in deviance is well known. Why women's offending levels are much lower than men's is less evident. Three theoretical perspectives are influential. The first perspective applies mainstream criminological theories, typically based on male offenders, to female samples. The second perspective focuses on gender differences to explain differences in deviant behaviors of adolescent females and males. The third perspective emphasizes male-dominated constructions of knowledge. Each offers theoretical insights and generates numerous empirical studies. For better understanding of deviant behavior of adolescent females, constructs from all three theoretical perspectives should be integrated into comprehensive models.
‘Thinking of the land in that way’: indigenous sovereignty and the spatial politics of attentiveness at Skwelkwek’welt

Abstract Grassroots Secwepemc attempted to stop the expansion of Sun Peaks resort on a site for Indigenous knowledge. I attend to the practice of Indigenous knowledge related to the confrontation and assert that Indigenous sovereignty and identity were outcomes. To make this argument, I investigate the space made for emotion, affect and intuition in the performance of Indigenous knowledge. From a relational materialist position, these more-than-representational forces play an important role in epistemology, ontology, ethics, and subjectivity. Identity therefore materialized in three ways related to feeling(s). As a result of their attunement to these forces, the Secwepemc understood that (non)humans underpin their material being and placed the collective on the political horizon. Furthermore, the practice of Indigenous knowledge encouraged an identity characterized by “attentiveness” to feeling(s) and to the activity of feeling itself. From the perspective of the struggles of subjugated knowledge, I also contextualize the attentiveness at the core of Indigenous knowledge practices as part of a more-than-representational and decolonizing spatial politics.
How Noisy Adaptation of Neurons Shapes Interspike Interval Histograms and Correlations

Channel noise is the dominant intrinsic noise source of neurons causing variability in the timing of action potentials and interspike intervals (ISI). Slow adaptation currents are observed in many cells and strongly shape response properties of neurons. These currents are mediated by finite populations of ionic channels and may thus carry a substantial noise component. Here we study the effect of such adaptation noise on the ISI statistics of an integrate-and-fire model neuron by means of analytical techniques and extensive numerical simulations. We contrast this stochastic adaptation with the commonly studied case of a fast fluctuating current noise and a deterministic adaptation current (corresponding to an infinite population of adaptation channels). We derive analytical approximations for the ISI density and ISI serial correlation coefficient for both cases. For fast fluctuations and deterministic adaptation, the ISI density is well approximated by an inverse Gaussian (IG) and the ISI correlations are negative. In marked contrast, for stochastic adaptation, the density is more peaked and has a heavier tail than an IG density and the serial correlations are positive. A numerical study of the mixed case where both fast fluctuations and adaptation channel noise are present reveals a smooth transition between the analytically tractable limiting cases. Our conclusions are furthermore supported by numerical simulations of a biophysically more realistic Hodgkin-Huxley type model. Our results could be used to infer the dominant source of noise in neurons from their ISI statistics.
Effects of an electric field in atomic manipulations.

Some recent scanning-tunneling-microscopy (STM) experiments on atomic-scale manipulation of material surfaces are explained in terms of high-temperature field evaporation, directional walks in an applied field gradient, and the formation of liquid-metal cone, etc. The evaporation fields for metals and the charge states of ions formed by an electric field in the STM configuration are shown to depend on the tip-to-sample distance. The possibility of field evaporating as negative ions is also considered. We find this possibility exists especially for alkali metals and adsorbed atoms of large electron affinity and noble gases. Favorable physical conditions for atomic manipulations are also discussed. In addition, a method for creating a thermally stable top surface layer with an atomic pattern of embedded foreign atoms of one's design, using electric-field manipulations and atomic replacement, is described.
Active Route-Guiding Protocols for Resisting Obstacles in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, a geographic region without the functionality of sensing and communication can generally be treated as an obstacle, which significantly impacts the performance of existing location-based routing. An obstacle can dynamically be formed due to unbalanced deployment, sensor failure, or power exhaustion, animus interference, or physical obstacles such as mountains or buildings. This paper proposes novel algorithms that enable the existing location-based routing protocols that resist obstacles. Applying the proposed active route-guiding protocol for single obstacles (S-RGP), border nodes that surround the obstacles will actively establish a forbidden region for concave obstacles and make the obstacle information transparent. Then, packets will be guided to overcome the obstacle and move along the shorter path from the encountered border node to the sink node. In addition, the proposed active route-guiding protocol for multiple obstacles (M-RGP) takes multiple obstacles into consideration and integrates their information to help the packets overcome multiple obstacles. Simulation results show that the proposed S-RGP and M-RGP create low overhead and significantly reduce the average route length, and, therefore, improve the energy consumption and end-to-end delay for a wireless sensor network with obstacles.
An Efficient Natural Language Processing System Specially Designed for the Chinese Language

In this paper an efficient natural language processing system specially designed for the Chinese language is presented. The center of the present system is a bottom-up chart parser with head-driven operation; i.e., phrases are built up by starting with their heads and adjoining constituents to the left or right of the heads instead of strictly from left to right. In this way many more unnecessary searching actions can be effectively eliminated. The present system also includes several efficient approaches such as a direction-selective chart to simplify the control of the head-driven operation; a heuristic scheduling policy and a bidirectional look-ahead approach to eliminate many unnecessary searching actions, and an improved raise-bind mechanism combined with check rules to treat the difficult problems of movement transformations and empty categories and to simplify the design of grammar rules. The present design is based on careful consideration of some special syntactic phenomena of the Chinese language, such as head-final and head-initial structures and empty categories. A prototype of the present system has been successfully implemented and extensive experiments have been performed. In the test results significant improvement in the efficiency in processing many very complicated Chinese sentences has been observed. The detailed discussion on the various approaches, the overall system design, and the experimental results will all be presented in this paper.
Establishment of Coral–Algal Symbiosis Requires Attraction and Selection

Coral reef ecosystems are based on coral–zooxanthellae symbiosis. During the initiation of symbiosis, majority of corals acquire their own zooxanthellae (specifically from the dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium) from surrounding environments. The mechanisms underlying the initial establishment of symbiosis have attracted much interest, and numerous field and laboratory experiments have been conducted to elucidate this establishment. However, it is still unclear whether the host corals selectively or randomly acquire their symbionts from surrounding environments. To address this issue, we initially compared genetic compositions of Symbiodinium within naturally settled about 2-week-old Acropora coral juveniles (recruits) and those in the adjacent seawater as the potential symbiont source. We then performed infection tests using several types of Symbiodinium culture strains and apo-symbiotic (does not have Symbiodinium cells yet) Acropora coral larvae. Our field observations indicated apparent preference toward specific Symbiodinium genotypes (A1 and D1-4) within the recruits, despite a rich abundance of other Symbiodinium in the environmental population pool. Laboratory experiments were in accordance with this field observation: Symbiodinium strains of type A1 and D1-4 showed higher infection rates for Acropora larvae than other genotype strains, even when supplied at lower cell densities. Subsequent attraction tests revealed that three Symbiodinium strains were attracted toward Acropora larvae, and within them, only A1 and D1-4 strains were acquired by the larvae. Another three strains did not intrinsically approach to the larvae. These findings suggest the initial establishment of corals–Symbiodinium symbiosis is not random, and the infection mechanism appeared to comprise two steps: initial attraction step and subsequent selective uptake by the coral.
The Uptake of Lipoprotein‐Borne Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) by Osteoblasts and Osteoblast‐Like Cells: Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans and Apolipoprotein E

Vitamin K is essential for the γ‐carboxylation of Gla‐containing bone proteins such as osteocalcin and a suboptimal vitamin K status has been linked to osteoporosis but nothing is known of how the lipoprotein‐borne vitamin accesses the bone matrix. We have studied the mechanism of transport of lipoproteins labeled with [3H]‐phylloquinone (vitamin K1 [K1]) into osteoblasts using both tumor‐derived cell lines and normal osteoblast‐rich cell populations. We also investigated the effect of heparin in this model since long‐term heparin treatment causes osteopenia and the anticoagulant is known to impair normal lipoprotein metabolism. Heparinase treatment, which removes heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), reduced uptake of [3H]‐K1 from triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins (TRL) and low‐density lipoproteins (LDL). The effect of heparin in this model was complex depending on cell type, concentration, and time but, overall, the results were consistent with an inhibition of vitamin K uptake by osteoblasts. Anti‐apolipoprotein E (apoE) antiserum reduced uptake of TRL‐[3H]‐K1 by 55 ± 4% and LDL‐[3H]‐K1 uptake by 35 ± 2%. Exogenous apoE4 increased uptake of TRL‐[3H]‐K1 by 90 ± 1% compared with 53 ± 11% for apoE3 and 52 ± 5% for apoE2. Our findings show that HSPG on the cell surface and apoE in the lipoprotein particles contribute to lipoprotein‐K1 uptake by osteoblasts as is known for lipoprotein uptake by hepatocytes. This mechanism is significant in view of the epidemiological association of both undercarboxylation of osteocalcin and the presence of an apoϵ4 allele with increased fracture risk and reduced bone mineral density (BMD). The inhibition by heparin of lipoprotein‐mediated carriage of vitamin K and possibly other lipids to bone may provide a basis for the future understanding of heparin‐induced osteoporosis.
Clostridial Binary Toxins: Iota and C2 Family Portraits

There are many pathogenic Clostridium species with diverse virulence factors that include protein toxins. Some of these bacteria, such as C. botulinum, C. difficile, C. perfringens, and C. spiroforme, cause enteric problems in animals as well as humans. These often fatal diseases can partly be attributed to binary protein toxins that follow a classic AB paradigm. Within a targeted cell, all clostridial binary toxins destroy filamentous actin via mono-ADP-ribosylation of globular actin by the A component. However, much less is known about B component binding to cell-surface receptors. These toxins share sequence homology amongst themselves and with those produced by another Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium also commonly associated with soil and disease: Bacillus anthracis. This review focuses upon the iota and C2 families of clostridial binary toxins and includes: (1) basics of the bacterial source; (2) toxin biochemistry; (3) sophisticated cellular uptake machinery; and (4) host–cell responses following toxin-mediated disruption of the cytoskeleton. In summary, these protein toxins aid diverse enteric species within the genus Clostridium.
An Investigation of Racing Performance and Whip Use by Jockeys in Thoroughbred Races

Concerns have been expressed concerning animal-welfare issues associated with whip use during Thoroughbred races. However, there have been no studies of relationships between performance and use of whips in Thoroughbred racing. Our aim was to describe whip use and the horses' performance during races, and to investigate associations between whip use and racing performance. Under the Australian Racing Board (ARB) rules, only horses that are in contention can be whipped, so we expected that whippings would be associated with superior performance, and those superior performances would be explained by an effect of whipping on horse velocities in the final 400 m of the race. We were also interested to determine whether performance in the latter sections of a race was associated with performance in the earlier sections of a race. Measurements of whip strikes and sectional times during each of the final three 200 metre (m) sections of five races were analysed. Jockeys in more advanced placings at the final 400 and 200 m positions in the races whipped their horses more frequently. Horses, on average, achieved highest speeds in the 600 to 400 m section when there was no whip use, and the increased whip use was most frequent in the final two 200 m sections when horses were fatigued. This increased whip use was not associated with significant variation in velocity as a predictor of superior placing at the finish.