Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conflict and Consensus on American Public Opinion on Illegal Immigration

The literature on public attitudes toward immigration devotes more attention to mass preferences over the admission and treatment of legal immigrants than to explaining attitudes toward illegal immigration. We theorize both similarity and difference in the nature and underpinnings of public opinion across domains. Two recent surveys, each employing a novel variant of conjoint analysis, help us test these expectations. We underline “categorical” response – that is, the rejection or acceptance of all profiles regardless of traits – on the pathway issue, both extensive in absolute terms (roughly 40% of respondents) and relative to assessments on legal admissions. This tendency also explains the entirety of the favorability gap between legal and illegal profiles assessed. On the other hand, those who do not express categorical responses emphasize the importance of both ethnocultural and human capital-related considerations, and the relative weight of these considerations is stable both regardless of the legality condition and across numerous political predispositions.
Drugs and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology

Drugs: Some Basic Pharmacology Research Design and the Behavioral Analysis of Drug Effects Drug State Conditioning, Behavioral Tolerance, and Dissociation Neurophysiology, Neurotransmitters, and the Nervous System Dependence, Addition, and Self-Administration Alcohol The Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines Tobacco Caffeine and the Methylxanthines Psychomotor Stimulants The Opiates Antipsychotic Drugs Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers Cannabis Hallucinogens Glossary References Index
The effect of word familiarity and treatment approach on word retrieval skills in aphasia

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the effect of subjective familiarity on an aphasic individual’s word retrieval skills and ability to improve in short, intensive treatment. Four males with chronic aphasia were participants. Familiarity was determined by having participants rate the Roussion and Pourtois' (2004) colorized pictures with a rating scale adapted from work by Gilhooly and Hay (1977). Participants were assigned to one of two treatment approaches (SFA or Phonological Components Analysis) and then underwent the other treatment approach focusing on retrieval of familiar and unfamiliar words based on their ratings. Results revealed that all four participants showed greatest improvement on familiar treated stimuli, regardless of treatment approach or initial severity of aphasic impairment. However, minimal generalization to probe stimuli was observed for any participant, regardless of familiarity. Results support the premise that familiarity is an important variable that influences improvement in word retrieval therapy in chronic aphasia.
Normal Values for Random Urinary Calcium to Creatinine Ratio in Iranian Children

Objective: Due to worldwide variations, reference values of urinary calcium to creatinine ratio in pediatric population are not yet well established. To determine normal values for urinary calcium to creatinine ratio and its relation to urinary sodium or potassium, a descriptive (correlation type) study was conducted in 7 to 12 years old healthy children in Urmia, Iran. Methods: Primary school children were divided into two sectors and 7 clusters (4 cluster school boys and 3 school girls). The subjects were randomly selected. Random, non–fasting morning urine samples were obtained from 364 healthy children aged 7 to 12 years during fall 2005 and immediately sent to laboratory to determine urine calcium (Uca), creatinine(Cr), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). For data analysis, mean and 95th percentile of UCa/Cr and UNa/K were used. Pearson test was used to determine any relationship between UCa/Cr and UNa/K values. For comparison of UCa/Cr and UNa/K values between males and females, MannWithny test was used. Findings: A total number of 364 children were enrolled in the study. There were 208 (57.1%) males and 156 (42.9%) females. The mean and 95th Percentile for UCa/Cr was 0.11 ( 0.10 and 0.24 respectively. The mean and 95th percentile for UNa/K were 2.30 ( 1.42 and 5.21 respectively. There was no significant difference in UCa/Cr and UNa/K between two sexes (P>0.05). We found a weak relationship between UCa/Cr and UNa/K (P<0.01). Conclusion: UCa/Cr value may differ according to geographic location. For screening purposes, reference values should be determined in each geographic location.
Relative Efficacies of Gastric Proton Pump Inhibitors: Their Clinical and Pharmacological Basis

The present review will verify by intra-study rank orders, and their comparison between studies, that the different gastric proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) display similar dose-response relationships with similar potencies and efficacies on a milligram basis, i.e., at the same milligram doses. This is in line with their basic pharmacology which suggests that, primarily, the serum AUCs of the free pro-drugs and their chemical activation half lives at pH 1 relative to their serum elimination half lives determine the efficacies of PPIs. According to the literature, these drug characteristics are similar for all PPIs. Although PPIs have been introduced into the therapy of acute peptic ulcer disease at different daily, oral doses of 20 mg (omeprazole and rabeprazole), 30 mg (lansoprazole) and 40 mg (pantoprazole), the data suggest that the optimal dose of lansoprazole, omeprazole and pantoprazole, with respect to the acute treatment of peptic ulcers and moderate to severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is about 30–40 mg daily. The data base of rabeprazole appears to be too small at present to make any definite statement. Lower daily doses of the PPIs of about 15–20 mg are sufficient in less severe cases of GERD and in maintenance therapy. It appears that different dose recommendations were based on different strategies to balance optimal drug dosage and safety, rather than on real differences in milligram-related efficacies.
Expected Routing Overhead for Location Service in MANETs under Flat Geographic Routing

We study routing overhead due to location information collection and retrieval in mobile ad-hoc networks employing geographic routing with no hierarchy. We first provide a new framework for quantifying overhead due to control messages generated to exchange location information. Second, we compute the minimum number of bits required on average to describe the locations of a node, borrowing tools from information theory. This result is then used to demonstrate that the expected overhead is Ω (n1.5 log (n)), where n is the number of nodes, under both proactive and reactive geographic routing, with the assumptions that 1) nodes' mobility is independent, and 2) nodes adjust their transmission range to maintain network connectivity. Finally, we prove that the minimum expected overhead under the same assumptions is Θ (n log (n)).
Congenital anomalies and in utero antiretroviral exposure in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected infants.

IMPORTANCE Most studies examining the association of prenatal antiretroviral (ARV) exposures with congenital anomalies (CAs) in children born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women have been reassuring, but some evidence suggests an increased risk with specific ARV agents. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of in utero ARV exposures with CAs in HIV-exposed uninfected children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective cohort study design. The Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study's Surveillance Monitoring of ART Toxicities (SMARTT) Study was performed at 22 US medical centers among 2580 HIV-exposed uninfected children enrolled in the SMARTT Study between March 23, 2007, and June 18, 2012. EXPOSURES First-trimester exposure to any ARV and to specific ARV medications. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was a CA based on physician review of infant physical examinations according to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry modification of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program. Rates of CAs were estimated overall and by birth year. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of CAs with first-trimester ARV exposures, adjusting for demographic and maternal characteristics. RESULTS Congenital anomalies occurred in 175 of 2580 children, yielding a prevalence of 6.78% (95% CI, 5.85%-7.82%); 242 major CAs were confirmed, including 72 musculoskeletal and 55 cardiovascular CAs. The prevalence of CAs increased significantly among successive birth cohorts (3.8% for children born before 2002 and up to 8.3% for those born 2008-2010). In adjusted models, no association of first-trimester exposures with CAs was found for any ARV, for combination ARV regimens, or for any drug class. No individual ARV in the reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug classes was associated with an increased risk of CAs. Among protease inhibitors, higher odds of CAs were observed for atazanavir sulfate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.95; 95% CI, 1.24-3.05) and for ritonavir used as a booster (aOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.11-2.20). With first-trimester atazanavir exposure, risks were highest for skin (aOR, 5.23) and musculoskeletal (aOR, 2.55) CAs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Few individual ARVs and no drug classes were associated with an increased risk of CAs in HIV-exposed infants after adjustment for calendar year and maternal characteristics. While the overall risk remained low, a relative increase was observed in successive years and with atazanavir exposure. Given the low absolute CA risk, the benefits of recommended ARV therapy use during pregnancy still outweigh such risks, although further studies are warranted.
Eosinophil-associated inflammation and elaboration of eosinophil-derived proteins in 2 children with raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) encephalitis.

OBJECTIVE Eosinophil-associated proteins, especially eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, may be important contributors to the neurologic pathology and symptoms caused by Baylisascaris procyonis infection. METHODS Two cases of severe B procyonis encephalitis with evidence of marked eosinophil degranulation in the central nervous system are presented. Serial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected from each patient during the course of their illness. Antibodies against B procyonis were measured in the patients' serum and CSF. Levels of the eosinophilopoietin interleukin-5 (IL-5) and 2 important eosinophil proteins, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and major basic protein, were assayed in the CSF. RESULTS Both patients had rapidly progressive central nervous system disease with evidence of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Both tested positive for antibodies to B procyonis in serum and CSF and had progressively worsening deep white matter changes on magnetic resonance images of the brain. CSF levels of IL-5, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, and major basic protein were markedly elevated over controls. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the measurement of IL-5, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, and major basic protein in human CSF. In addition to traumatic damage and necrosis caused by migrating larvae, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin from associated eosinophilic inflammation may be an important contributory factor in the pathogenesis of B procyonis encephalitis. parasite, eosinophil-derived-neurotoxin, major basic protein, eosinophilia, hypereosinophilia, interleukin-5, encephalitis, child.
The Effect of Dissolved Organic Carbon on Bacterial Adhesion to Conditioning Films Adsorbed on Glass from Natural Seawater Collected during Different Seasons

Adhesion of three marine bacterial strains, i.e. Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, Psychrobacter sp. and Halomonas pacifica with different cell surface hydrophobicities was measured on glass in a stagnation point flow chamber. Prior to bacterial adhesion, the glass surface was conditioned for 1 h with natural seawater collected at different seasons in order to determine the effect of seawater composition on the conditioning film and bacterial adhesion to it. The presence of a conditioning film was demonstrated by an increase in water contact angle from 15° on bare glass to 50° on the conditioned glass, concurrent with an increase in the amount of adsorbed organic carbon and nitrogen, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Multiple linear regression analysis on initial deposition rates, with as explanatory variables the temperature, salinity, pH and concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the seawater at the time of collection, showed that the concentration of DOC was most strongly associated with the initial deposition rates of the three strains. Initial deposition rates of the two most hydrophilic strains to a conditioning film, increased with the concentration of DOC in the seawater, whereas the initial deposition rate of the most hydrophobic strain decreased with an increasing concentration of DOC.
Work-based learning for adolescents with learning disabilities: Creating a context for success

This paper describes cases of two adolescents with learning disabilities working in automotive repair businesses as part of a workbased education program. Neither adolescent was judged to have been successful by the workplace supervisors. The frameworks chosen for analyzing these cases draw upon recent work in selfdetermination, workplace learning, and negotiating accommodations for workers with disabilities. Data for the qualitative cases consist of interviews and detailed observations. Analysis, using a contextualist perspective, provides descriptions of the contexts for the two co-operative education placements and yields This Article is brought to you by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Exceptionality Education International by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact jspecht@uwo.ca. Recommended Citation Versnel, J., Hutchinson, N. L. , Munby, H. , & Chin, P. (2008) Work-based Learning for Adolescentswith Learning Disabilities:Creating a Context for Success. Exceptionality Education International, 18, 113-134. Retrieved from http://ir.lib. uwo.ca/eei/vol18/iss1/6 four themes that appear central to success in work-based education experiences for adolescents with learning disabilities: negotiating accommodations, routines, expectations, and preparation.
Real-time task scheduling for a variable voltage processor

The paper presents a real time task scheduling technique with a variable voltage processor which can vary its supply voltage dynamically. Using such a processor, running tasks with a low supply voltage leads to drastic power reduction. However, reducing the supply voltage may violate real time constraints. We propose a scheduling technique which simultaneously assigns both CPU time and a supply voltage to each task so as to minimize total energy consumption while satisfying all real time constraints. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Planck 2015 results. VII. High Frequency Instrument data processing: Time-ordered information and beams

The Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) has observed the full sky at six frequencies (100, 143, 217, 353, 545, and 857GHz) in intensity and at four frequencies in linear polarization (100, 143, 217, and 353GHz). In order to obtain sky maps, the time-ordered information (TOI) containing the detector and pointing samples must be processed and the angular response must be assessed. The full mission TOI is included in the Planck 2015 release. This paper describes the HFI TOI and beam processing for the 2015 release. HFI calibration and map making are described in a companion paper. The main pipeline has been modiﬁed since the last release (2013 nominal mission in intensity only), by including a correction for the nonlinearity of the warm readout and by improving the model of the bolometer time response. The beam processing is an essential tool that derives the angular response used in all the Planck science papers and we report an improvement in the e ﬀ ective beam window function uncertainty of more than a factor of 10 relative to the 2013 release. Noise correlations introduced by pipeline ﬁltering function are assessed using dedicated simulations. Angular cross-power spectra using data sets that are decorrelated in time are immune to the main systematic e ﬀ ects.
Cognitive modelling of complex problem solving behaviour

In the universe of problems humans face every day there is subset characterized by a salient dynamic component. The FireChief task (Omodei & Wearing 1995) is a fire-fighting computer simulation that can be characterized as the acquisition of interactive skills involving fast-paced actions cued by external information. This research describes the process followed to create a cognitive model of this complex dynamic task where full experimental control is not available. The cognitive model provides a detailed description of how cognition and perception interplay to produce the interactive skill of fighting the fire. Several artefacts were produced by this effort including a dynamic task fully compatible with ACT-R, a tool for analysing the data, and a cognitive model whose features enable the replication of several aspects of the empirical data. A key finding is that good performance is linked to an effective combination of strategic control with attention to changing task demands, reflecting time and care taken in informing and effecting action. The contributions of this work towards our understanding of complex problem solving are the methodological approach to the creation of the model, the design patterns embedded in the model (which are a reflection of the cognitive demands imposed by the nature of the task) and mainly an explanation of how skill, described in terms of strategy use, is acquired in complex scenarios. This study also provides a deeper understanding of the interactions observed in the Canas et al. (2005) dataset, including a computational realisation of how cognitive inflexibility occurs.
Gender and Predisposing Attributes as Predictors of Smoking Onset: Implications for Theory and Practice

Abstract The typically modest and short-lived outcomes for social influences smoking prevention programs might improve if programs were tailored to needs of high-risk youth. Longitudinal data from the Waterloo Smoking Prevention Project, Study 3 (WSPP3), were used to study degree of risk for the transition from nonsmoking to smoking during three transition periods: grade six to seven, seven to eight, and eight to nine, as a function of gender, predisposing attributes, and participation in a social influences program. Four dispositional factors were studied: rebelliousness, rejection of adult authority, personal dissatisfaction, and peer approval. Annual survey data from 3,566 youth were used in a proportional hazards model survival analysis to determine relative risk. All four dispositions significantly predicted transition for females, but only rebelliousness and rejection of authority did so for males. The degree of increased dispositional risk was consistently greater for females. Social influences pro.
Antagonistic Interplay between Necdin and Bmi1 Controls Proliferation of Neural Precursor Cells in the Embryonic Mouse Neocortex

Neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the neocortex exhibit a high proliferation capacity during early embryonic development and give rise to cortical projection neurons after maturation. Necdin, a mammal-specific MAGE (melanoma antigen) family protein that possesses anti-mitotic and pro-survival activities, is expressed abundantly in postmitotic neurons and moderately in tissue-specific stem cells or progenitors. Necdin interacts with E2F transcription factors and suppresses E2F1-dependent transcriptional activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1 gene. Here we show that necdin serves as a suppressor of NPC proliferation in the embryonic neocortex. Necdin is moderately expressed in the ventricular zone of mouse embryonic neocortex, in which proliferative cell populations are significantly increased in necdin-null mice. In the neocortex of necdin-null embryos, expression of Cdk1 and Sox2, a stem cell marker, is significantly increased, whereas expression of p16, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is markedly diminished. Cdk1 and p16 expression levels are also significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in primary NPCs prepared from necdin-null embryos. Intriguingly, necdin interacts directly with Bmi1, a Polycomb group protein that suppresses p16 expression and promotes NPC proliferation. In HEK293A cells transfected with luciferase reporter constructs, necdin relieves Bmi1-dependent repression of p16 promoter activity, whereas Bmi1 counteracts necdin-mediated repression of E2F1-dependent Cdk1 promoter activity. In lentivirus-infected primary NPCs, necdin overexpression increases p16 expression, suppresses Cdk1 expression, and inhibits NPC proliferation, whereas Bmi1 overexpression suppresses p16 expression, increases Cdk1 expression, and promotes NPC proliferation. Our data suggest that embryonic NPC proliferation in the neocortex is regulated by the antagonistic interplay between necdin and Bmi1.
Frontolimbic response to negative feedback in clinical depression.

Functional neuroimaging suggests that limbic regions of the medial frontal cortex may be abnormally active in individuals with depression. These regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex, are engaged in both action regulation, such as monitoring errors and conflict, and affect regulation, such as responding to pain. The authors examined whether clinically depressed subjects would show abnormal sensitivity of frontolimbic networks as they evaluated negative feedback. Depressed subjects and matched control subjects performed a video game in the laboratory as a 256-channel EEG was recorded. Speed of performance on each trial was graded with a feedback signal of A, C, or F. By 350 ms after the feedback signal, depressed subjects showed a larger medial frontal negativity for all feedback compared with control subjects with a particularly striking response to the F grade. This response was strongest for moderately depressed subjects and was attenuated for subjects who were more severely depressed. Localization analyses suggested that negative feedback engaged sources in the anterior cingulate and insular cortices. These results suggest that moderate depression may sensitize limbic networks to respond strongly to aversive events.
Critical conditions for pre‐service teachers' learning through inquiry: The Learning Study approach in Hong Kong

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on a “Learning Study” program developed in Hong Kong that attempted to foster the learning of pre‐service teachers through a new, collaborative, inquiry‐based approach.Design/methodology/approach – A case study is used to illustrate how and what was learnt in this way by the student teachers attending the program.Findings – The paper explains how the Learning Study approach, with its particular structure and conceptual framework, can meet some of the critical conditions of a successful inquiry‐based approach to an initial teacher education program, as identified in the literature.Originality/value – The paper also explores the challenges of the approach and its potential for development into a sound pedagogy for initial teacher education.