Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Participation Architecture in Growing Sponsored Open Source Communities

Most research on open source software communities has focused on those that are community founded. More recently, firms have founded their own open source communities. How do sponsored open source communities differ from their autonomous counterparts? With comparative examination of 12 open source projects initiated by corporate sponsors, we identify three design parameters that together help form a participation architecture—the opportunity structure extended to potential external contributors. In exploring sponsors' community design decisions, we found that sponsored open source projects were more likely to offer transparency than they were accessibility and that this had implications for their communities' growth. We contribute theoretical constructs that offer a common basis of comparison for the future study of open source projects and illustrate how the tension between control and growth affects open source community design and creation.
Unconventional-Natural-Gas Business: TSR Benchmark and Recommendations for Prudent Management of Shareholder Value

Original SPE manuscript received for review 30 January 2011. Revised manuscript received for review 3 June 2011. Paper (SPE 154056) peer approved 23 September 2011. Summary Stock-listed independents have played a leading role in the development of unconventional natural-gas resources in the United States and Canada. Shareholders have provided up to 57% of the total capital tied up in a representative panel comprising the 20 leading US and Canadian operators. The accumulated equity-financed capital also provided the collateral for the complementary 43% debt financing. Prudent management of shareholder value in unconventional-gas businesses is therefore essential for ensuring security of gas supply, not only in North America, but also in other countries with emergent unconventional gas plays. This study analyzes and benchmarks the working capital cycles in unconventional-gas companies. The working capital and cashflow cycles are compared with those of diversified oil and gas majors. The ability to accumulate retained earnings is generally much lower for unconventional-gas producers than for integrated majors. Unconventional-gas producers tend to grow their share capital by new issues and not from economic value added by profit from business operations. Although little or no asset value is built from economic profit, shareholder returns may still grow for unconventional-gas companies as long as investor expectations remain positive about future earnings. In contrast, shareholder returns in conventional-gas companies come from genuine economic value added in profitable business operations. The root cause of the weakness or absence of operational profits in unconventional-gas operations is a combination of low gas prices and well flow rates that are too modest to pay for the total cost of the unconventional-gas production. The operating margins for unconventional-gas companies are either close to zero or negative, but not for the integrated oil and gas majors, which have impressive cash margins even at globally suppressed gas prices. The benchmarks provided here help one to understand which parameters impact the financial performance of unconventional-natural-gas companies most significantly. Recommendations are formulated to avoid the destruction of shareholder value, and to instead maximize total shareholder returns (TSRs).
On the Possible Orderings in the Measurement Selection Problem

An aspect of the measurement selection problem¿the existence of anomalous orderings on the probability of error obtained by selected subsets of measurements¿is discussed. It is shown that for any ordering on the probability of error as a function of the subset of measurements (subject to an obvious set monotonicity condition), there exists a multivariate normal two-hypothesis problem N(¿,K) versus N(¿¿,K) that exhibits this ordering. Thus no known nonexhaustive sequential k-measurement selection procedure is optimal, even for jointly normal measurements.
Investigation into the seroprevalence of falcon herpesvirus antibodies in raptors in the UK using virus neutralization tests and different herpesvirus isolates

Increasing numbers of reports of clinical falcon herpesvirus infection (Falconid herpesvirus-1; FHV-1) have been seen in the UK since 1996. The aim of this epidemiological study was to investigate the seroprevalence of FHV-1 and owl herpesvirus (Strigid herpesvirus-1; StHV-1) infection in the UK, using virus neutralization tests, and to evaluate the prevalence of herpesvirus infection in captive and wild raptor populations. The results, using the English FHV-1 CVL 32/93 isolate, revealed a seroprevalence of 3.97% (10/252). The seroprevalence for StHV-1 was 12.3% (8/65). Analysis of the data by captivity status, age and species revealed that the family Falconidae showed the highest seroprevalence with 6.7% (5/75), while only one of 104 captive Accipitridae was positive for FHV-1 (0.96%). The incidence of FHV-1 neutralizing antibodies in owls was 5.5% (4/73), representing only wild individuals. Eighty-nine serum samples were additionally tested using two other FHV-1 isolates, the German isolate Merlin 1869/92 and the Dutch isolate Peregrine Z100. The seroprevalences of FHV-1 were 28.1% (25/89) and 32.6% (29/89), respectively. All these samples, however, were negative using the CVL 32/92 isolate.
Why Does Agricultural Growth Dominate Poverty Reduction in Low- and Middle-income Countries?

This paper provides an explanation of the relation between agricultural growth and poverty reduction for open economies with full employment. The analysis also shows that the poverty-reducing impact of agricultural growth in an open economy is far greater if there is unemployed labour or if the supply of labour is highly elastic— conditions often thought to prevail even in open economies. The model draws attention to the critical role of the rural non-tradable sector in poverty reduction. While ample data are available to show that sector to have a large share of employment, even relative to agriculture itself, data for other variables for the sector such as the share of GDP, labour intensity, price, and income elasticities of demand are not available. Thus, an important contribution of the paper is to establish the need for such data if the processes of poverty reduction are to be understood.
Standard reference for the six-minute-walk test in healthy children aged 7 to 16 years.

RATIONALE We have previously reported that the six-minute-walk test (6MWT) is a reliable and valid functional test for assessing exercise tolerance and endurance. There is a lack of pediatric standard reference for the 6MWT. OBJECTIVES To construct height-specific standards for the 6MWT for children aged 7 to 16 years. METHODS The anthropometric data, spirometric lung function, and six-minute-walk distance (6MWD) of Chinese children aged 7 to 16 years were prospectively measured using standardized protocols. The findings were used to construct height-specific standards for the 6MWT. The least mean square (LMS) method using maximum penalized likelihood was used to facilitate model fitting. Factors significantly associated with 6MWD were also determined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS From January 2005 to April 2006, a total of 1,445 subjects were studied. The measured variables showed a normal distribution. Height-specific reference standards for 6MWT were constructed for both male and female children. Forward stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed height and difference in heart rate before and after the walk test to be important clinical variables associated with 6MWD. CONCLUSIONS These 6MWD standards will provide useful references for the care of pediatric patients.
Free Cash Flow, Debt Monitoring, and Audit Pricing: Further Evidence on the Role of Director Equity Ownership

This paper tests the hypothesis that the positive association between Free Cash Flow (FCF) and audit fees is stronger (weaker) for firms with low (high) levels of director equity ownership. Based on the debt monitoring hypothesis, we also test the hypothesis that the FCF/director equity ownership interaction is less (more) likely to exist for firms with high (low) levels of debt. OLS regression analyses of 157 and 140 low growth Australian firms audited by Big 6 auditors for the years 1992 and 1993 provide support for the hypotheses.
Mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA: an abundant polyadenylated sequence in Drosophila.

We have cloned and sequenced an abundant polyadenylated RNA from Drosophila melanogaster. Sequence similarity to the mosquito (1) and D. yakuba (2) mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA genes identified the clone as the D. melanogaster homolog. The abundance of this sequence was inferred both from the fact that it could be visualized as a distinct band in ethidium bromide-stained gels of poly-A+ RNA, and from the fact that it represents about ten per cent of all the clones in the cDNA libraries. The DNA sequence of one of these clones reveals why this mitochondrial sequence is elevated in poly-A+ RNA preparations: there is an extensive poly-A tail added to the 3' end of the transcript (see Figure). Our results indicate mat Drosophila mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs are polyadenylated, as has already been demonstrated for their mammalian counterparts (3). It is of interest that the Drosophila poly-A tail (the clone described here contains a 43 to 47 base poly-A tail remnant) is much longer than that which has been observed in the mammalian transcripts, and is comparable to that observed for cytoplasmic mRNA transcripts. This is consistent with previous observations that the Drosophila large mit rRNA is present exclusively in the poly-A+ fraction of RNA (4). This extensive polyadenylation of rRNA sequences in Drosophila raises several fundamental questions about the function and mechanisms of polyadenylation, for both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial transcripts. Our results also have the practical implication of demonstrating significant levels of "contamination" by mitochondrial ribosomal RNA sequences in cDNA libraries prepared from poly-A + RNA when oligo dT is used to prime first strand synthesis. i
micF RNA in ompB mutants of Escherichia coli: different pathways regulate micF RNA levels in response to osmolarity and temperature change

The repressor RNA, micF RNA, is regulated by temperature, osmolarity, and other stress conditions during growth of Escherichia coli. Northern (RNA) blot analyses showed that levels of micF RNA differ widely in various ompB mutant strains when cells are grown at 24 degrees C in LB broth. For example, relative to the parental strain MC4100, the ompR101 mutant strain (which contains no functional OmpR) had about a 10-fold reduction in micF RNA, whereas the envZ11 strain showed about a 5-fold increase. At 37 degrees C, however, micF RNA levels in the ompR101 and envZ11 strains and other ompB mutants differed by less than two-fold compared with the level in strain MC4100, thus indicating that a factor(s) independent of the ompB locus regulates micF RNA expression with temperature increase and that there is an additional control mechanism(s) which maintains the levels of micF RNA in these mutants close to that of the wild type during growth at high temperatures. In a plasmid strain containing the micF gene but without the upstream OmpR-binding site, steady-state levels of micF RNA increased with temperature increase but did not change with osmolarity increase. This showed that osmolal regulation but not temperature regulation of micF depends on these upstream sequences and suggested that while osmolal regulation of the micF gene depends on OmpR, thermal regulation does not.
Developing Biotechnology Clusters in Non‐high Technology Regions—The Case of Austria

This paper explores the role of distant knowledge links and policy actions for the development of biotechnology clusters. It seeks to challenge the prevailing view that the birth and early development of high technology industries are always spontaneous phenomena which are mainly based on local knowledge. Departing from the theoretical concept of regional innovation systems (RIS), a distinction between “RIS with strong potentials for high technology industries” and “RIS with weak potentials for high technology industries” will be drawn. It will be argued that in the latter case the development of biotechnology clusters is more dependent on distant knowledge sources and proactive policy efforts to create a favourable environment for high technology activities. Furthermore, it will be shown that a far‐reaching transformation of the regional innovation system is crucial for catching‐up processes of regions which are latecomers in high technology sectors such as biotechnology.
Trade Costs and Trade Composition

Do trade costs have consequences other than on the volume of international trade? In this paper we investigate whether countries’ trade costs act like other national endowments by affecting the composition of countries’ exports. Using an econometric approach that controls for endogeneity by accounting for potentially relevant omitted variables we find strong evidence for a sample of 37 industrialized and transition countries that national trade costs systematically affect the composition of trade and can be viewed therefore as a source of comparative advantage. Industries located in countries with low trade costs capture significantly higher shares of world exports where this effect is stronger in trade cost intensive industries.
Do CEOs possess any extraordinary ability? Can those abilities justify large CEO pay?

Do CEOs possess any extraordinary ability critical to organizational success? Do CEOs receive large pay because of their unique abilities? We examine those questions using one such ability – the ability to forecast future firm risks – because over the last 40 years, firms’ survival and success has become highly dependent on firms’ preparedness to face uncertain future business environments. We measure CEOs’ risk-forecasting ability by the information contained in their personal equity trades. We find that CEOs’ earlier-than-normal stock-option exercises often represent modifications of their personal portfolios in anticipation of future risks unknown to the market today. These results suggest that on average, CEOs can forecast at least some future firm risks better than the market can, and they use that information to modify their personal portfolios. Additional tests show that firms design incentive-compatible compensation contracts by tying high-powered components of CEO compensation to their risk-forecasting abilities, arguably, to competitively sort and attract CEOs with better risk-forecasting abilities and/or to motivate them to expend greater efforts on forecasting risks. We conclude that increases in CEO pay over the last 40 years can be explained, at least partly, by the increasing importance of risk-forecasting skills, especially because firms have become smaller and are more susceptible to failure due to sudden changes in the business environment, but are also more likely to benefit from opportunities created by those changes.
Anti‐epileptic drug phenytoin enhances androgen metabolism and androgen receptor expression in murine hippocampus

Epilepsy is very often related to strong impairment of neuronal networks, particularly in the hippocampus. Previous studies of brain tissue have demonstrated that long‐term administration of the anti‐epileptic drug (AED) phenytoin leads to enhanced metabolism of testosterone mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. Thus, we speculate that AEDs affect androgen signalling in the hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated how the AED phenytoin influences the levels of testosterone, 17β‐oestradiol, and androgen receptor (AR) in the hippocampus of male C57Bl/6J mice. Phenytoin administration led to a 61.24% decreased hippocampal testosterone level as compared with controls, while serum levels were slightly enhanced. 17β‐Oestradiol serum level was elevated 2.6‐fold. Concomitantly, the testosterone metabolizing CYP isoforms CYP3A11 and CYP19 (aromatase) have been found to be induced 2.4‐ and 4.2‐fold, respectively. CYP3A‐mediated depletion of testosterone‐forming 2β‐, and 6β‐hydroxytestosterone was significantly enhanced. Additionally, AR expression was increased 2‐fold (mRNA) and 1.8‐fold (protein), predominantly in the CA1 region. AR was shown to concentrate in nuclei of CA1 pyramidal neurons. We conclude that phenytoin affects testosterone metabolism via induction of CYP isoforms. The increased metabolism of testosterone leading to augmented androgen metabolite formation most likely led to enhanced expression of CYP19 and AR in hippocampus. Phenytoin obviously modulates the androgen signalling in the hippocampus.
A meta-analysis of the impact of stocking rate on the productivity of pasture-based milk production systems

The objective of this study is to quantify the milk production response per cow and per hectare (ha) for an incremental stocking rate (SR) change, based on a meta-analysis of published research papers. Suitable experiments for inclusion in the database required a comparison of at least two SRs under the same experimental conditions in addition to details on experimental length and milk production results per cow and per ha. Each additional increased SR treatment was also described in terms of the relative milk production change per cow and per ha compared to the lower base SR (b_SR). A database containing 109 experiments of various lengths with 131 comparisons of SR was sub-divided into Type I experiments (common experimental lengths) and Type II experiments (variable experimental lengths). Actual and proportional changes in milk production according to SR change were analysed using linear mixed model procedures with study included as a random effect in the model. Low residual standard errors indicated a good precision of the predictive equations with the exception of proportional change in milk production per cow. For all milk yield variables analysed, the results illustrate that while production per cow is reduced, a strong positive relationship exists between SR and milk production per ha. An SR increase of one cow/ha resulted in a decrease in daily milk yield per cow of 7.4% and 8.7% for Type I and Type II data, respectively, whereas milk yield per ha increased by 20.1% and 19.6%, respectively. Within the Type II data set, a one cow/ha increase in SR also resulted in a 15.1% reduction in lactation length (equivalent to 42 days). The low predictability of proportional change in milk production per cow according to the classical SR definition of cows per ha over a defined period suggests that SR may be more appropriately defined in terms of the change in available feed offered per animal within each treatment.
Islamic house financing: Comparison between Bai' Bithamin Ajil (BBA) and Musharakah Mutanaqisah (MM)

Bai’ Bithaman Ajil (BBA) house financing concept was introduced in Malaysia by Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) upon its establishment in 1984. The product is an alternative to the conventional housing loan offered by most conventional banks as it is said to be Shari’ah compliant and free from the elements of riba’, gharar and maisir. Since its introduction, many views, studies and comments have been made on the concept of the product which is claimed to be unacceptable by other Muslim countries. As an alternative product to the conventional housing loan, the BBA house financing need to be enhanced and stand at par to remain competitive. Over the years, controversial cases on BBA house financing have emerged and are increasing in numbers. This posed problems to the consumers, financiers and also the regulators. To overcome this, Musharakah Mutanaqisah (MM) house financing concept was introduced by the Islamic financial institutions (IFI). This paper aims to identify both Islamic concept of house financing and provides insight of the pros and cons. Key words: Islamic house financing, shari’ah compliance, Bai’ Bithaman Ajil (BBA), Musharakah Mutanaqisah (MM).
The Effects of Cardiac Denervation on Renal Function

Summary Assessment of certain parameters of renal function were carried out before and 1 wk after total denervation of the heart by a method which leaves nerves to other organs intact. No changes in mean blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, GFR, or RPF were noted after cardiac denervation. UNaV after a low sodium diet was similar during a control period before and after denervation, but in response to expansion of the plasma volume a 3-fold greater natriuresis was seen in the denervated group. Alterations in the filtered load of sodium, the secretion of aldosterone, or most of the recently described physical and compositional factors known to influence sodium excretion cannot adequately explain this natriuresis. Expansion of an already augmented plasma volume after denervation or the possibility of a natriuretic or antinatriuretic factor with afferents interrupted in the process of cardiac denervation must be considered as etiologic factors.
Radiotherapy of Seminoma of the Testis. Report on 129 Patients

From 1958 to 1974, 129 patients with pure seminoma of the testis were admitted to the Institute of Radiology, University of Florence. Sixty-two were in Stage I, 36 in Stage II A, 23 in Stage II B, 3 in Stage III, and 5 in Stage IV. Para-aortic and ipsilateral iliac nodes were treated in all cases with doses ranging from 3000 to 4200 rads. In the treatment of the supradiaphragmatic area, uniform criteria were not adopted. Out of 124 cases in Stage I, II A and B, and III, 17 suffered a relapse; all relapsed cases died except for one. Site and cause of the failures were analyzed. Prophylactic irradiation of the mediastinum and supraclavicular area appears to lower the probability of recurrence in Stage II. Doses over 3500 rads may be necessary to destroy large metastases. The presence of nonseminomatous areas in a seminoma showing inadequate regression after radiotherapy must be suspected; an exploratory laparotomy should be indicated in such a case.
Development and psychometric properties of ECPICID-AVC to measure informal caregivers' skills when caring for older stroke survivors at home.

INTRODUCTION Informal caregivers provide a significant part of the total care needed by dependent older people poststroke. Although informal care is often the preferred option of those who provide and those who receive informal care, informal caregivers often report lack of preparation to take care of older dependent people. This article outlines the development and psychometric testing of informal caregivers' skills when providing care to older people after a stroke - ECPICID-AVC. DESIGN Prospective psychometric instrument validation study. METHODS Eleven experts participated in a focus group in order to delineate, develop and validate the instrument. Data were gathered among adult informal caregivers (n = 186) living in the community in Northern Portugal from August 2013 to January 2014. RESULTS The 32-item scale describes several aspects of informal caregiver's skills. The scale has eight factors: skill to feed/hydrate by nasogastric feeding, skill to assist the person in personal hygiene, skill to assist the person for transferring, skill to assist the person for positioning, skill to provide technical aids, skill to assist the person to use the toilet, skill to feed/hydrate and skill to provide technical aids for dressing/undressing. Analysis demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83) and good temporal stability 0.988 (0.984-0.991). CONCLUSION The psychometric properties of the measurement tool showed acceptable results allowing its implementation in clinical practice by the nursing community staff for evaluating practical skills in informal caregivers when providing care to older stroke survivors living at home.