Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous experimental acclimatization to heat and cold in man

Acclimatization to heat and cold was first studied experimentally by Bazett and his colleagues, who observed opposite changes of the cardiac output and the peripheral blood flow in response to moderate heat and cold when people spent successively several days in each environment (Scott, Bazett & Mackie, 1940). Later experiments in men who spent alternately 3 days in a hot and a cold environment (Glaser, 1949b) showed that the skin and mouth temperatures at first rose in the hot room and fell in the cold, but gradually returned towards normal as exposures to either condition were continued. Both environments also appeared to become progressively more comfortable. In other words, living in alternate extremes of temperature allowed acclimatization to both. This seemed more plausible when evidence obtained from habituation to cooling and warming of a hand suggested that acclimatization to heat and cold could depend on changes of the manner in which the central nervous system responded to stimuli (Glaser & Whittow, 1957; Glaser, Hall & WVhittow, 1959). If this was true, acclimatization could be, at least in part, an acquired ability to modify responses to stimuli which had been recently experienced. In order to test this further, experiments were carried out in which men were exposed alternately to heat and to cold for 3 hr on each day. A preliminary account of this work has already been published (Glaser & Shephard, 1961).
Competition between hydrogen and halogen bonding in the structures of 5,10-dihydroxy-5,10-dihydroboranthrenes.

X-ray crystallographic and computational studies are reported for a series of boranthrenes, substituted with halogen atoms. The role of competitive hydrogen (O-H.O, O-H.F, C-H.O) and halogen (Cl.Cl, O.Br, F.F) bonding interactions on the molecular arrangement in the crystal structures is discussed. The structural analysis and calculations reveal that the O-H.O hydrogen bond in the unsubstituted derivative 5,10-dihydroxy-5,10-dihydroboranthrene, C12H10B2O2, is of moderate strength (ca -20 kJ mol(-1)), but weaker than that in the related thiophene derivative 4,8-dihydro-4,8-dihydroxy-p-diborino[2,3-b:5,6-b]dithiophene, C8H6B2O2S2 (ca -40 kJ mol(-1)). This is due to shielding of the OH group by the H atoms in the β-position of the boranthrene unit. Structural diversity derived from the flexibility of the O-H.O hydrogen bond facilitates the occurrence of other competitive interactions. For instance, in the 1,6-difluoro derivative, C12H8B2F2O2, the crystal packing results from O-H.F and F.F interactions. In turn, the 1,6-dibromo derivative, C12H8B2Br2O2, is dominated by Br.O halogen-bond interactions. In the most interesting case, the 1,6-dichloro derivative, C12H8B2Cl2O2, molecular disorder leads to the formation of two different supramolecular arrangements co-existing in the crystal lattice, one based on the Cl.Cl and C-H.O bonds, and the other stabilized by O-H.O hydrogen bonds. Calculations performed with density-functional theory (DFT; CRYSTAL09) and PIXEL methodologies show that both lattices are characterized by similar energy values (ca -100 kJ mol(-1)). A mixed arrangement with random or short-range-ordered molecular orientations can also be expected.
The Value of Education and Educación: Nurturing Mexican American Children’s Educational Aspirations to the Doctorate

ABSTRACT Guided by the framework of community cultural wealth, this study uncovered how 7 low-income, 1st-generation Mexican American PhDs interpreted their parents’ and families’ educational aspirations, messages imbued with aspects of normative parental/familial involvement as well as cultural forms of support. This study demonstrates the power of narratives that children carry with them as they navigate various educational systems. I discuss strategies for helping Mexican American students make meaning of these messages and negotiate potential conflicts with their goals of degree attainment, and I add a new dimension to research on the formation of educational aspirations and the role of educación.
The Impact of IT on Competitive Advantage: A Microeconomic Approachto Making the Resource-Based View Explicit

How can an organization establish an efficient IS resource? Over the years, the resource-based view (RBV) has provided important insights into the value creation by IT. Unfortunately, large parts of the literature suffer from broad and ambiguous constructs that are problematic to validate and difficult to concretely apply. Furthermore, the transmission from IT resources on one side to competitive advantage on the other is not yet sufficiently understood. Goal of this paper is to clarify some of the often used constructs and build a framework for the transmission from the endowment with resources to the achievement of competitive advantage. In this paper, we aim to contribute to this research strand in two ways. First, a model incorporating many isolated findings from the RBV is developed. Reflecting the need for a process view as proposed by large parts of the alignment and strategic management literature, this is integrated into a single process framework of analysis. Second, by augmenting a microeconomic production function incorporating organizational routines the transmission from IT resource to better business process performance is explicated, allowing simultaneous parameter sensitivity analysis and contributing to making the RBV applicable and open for empirical research.
Effect of Phenobarbital on Hepatic Transport and Excretion of 131I-Rose Bengal in Children with Cholestasis

Extract: The effects of phenobarbital (PB) on plasma clearance, hepatic uptake and storage, and excretion in stool and urine of 131I-rose bengal (RB) were studied in seven subjects, six with a variety of hepatobiliary disorders characterized by cholestasis, and one with normal hepatic functions. In three children with patent extrahepatic biliary passages but different degrees and types of cholestasis, plasma t1/2 for RB was shortened from 61.3 to 44.5 hr, from 44.5 to 24.8 hr, and from 155.5 to 96.9 hr before and during PB administration (10 mg/kg/day), respectively. The corresponding quantitative 72-hr fecal excretion of RB increased from 3.2% to 9.2%, from 9.9% to 71.0%, and from 0.3% to 10.0% of the injected dose; the normal subject excreted 78.6% before and 94.9% during PB treatment. Plasma t1/2 and fecal excretion of RB were unchanged in three infants with absence of extrahepatic bile ducts who were treated with PB. Hepatic uptake and storage capacity for RB and renal excretion of RB were not affected by PB.The serum bilirubin concentration (total and direct-reacting) was lowered in patients with cholestatic jaundice not caused by biliary atresia. Interruption of drug therapy was followed by increase in the serum bilirubin to pretreatment concentrations in these patients. Phenobarbital treatment increased reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome G reductase activity 30–150% in four subjects, whereas activity remained unchanged in three others. The effect of PB on microsomal reductase activity was unrelated to its ability to stimulate hepatic excretion.Phenobarbital in therapeutic dosages enhances biliary excretion of RB and conjugated bilirubin by stimulating hepatic excretory function in patients with intact extrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatic uptake, storage capacity, and NADPH-cytochrome C reductase induction do not seem to be directly involved in the acceleration of hepatic transport.Speculation: Knowledge of the kinetics of 131I-RB distribution in human plasma, tissue, and excreta can serve as a basis for further studies of normal and hepatic excretory functions in man. Phenobarbital-stimulated biliary excretion of anions such as RB and conjugated bilirubin reflects patency of extrahepatic bile ducts. For this reason, PB in conjuction with 131I-RB may prove to be useful agents in the diagnosis and management of various cholestatic conditions.
The N400 Component in Parents of Children with Specific Language Impairment

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) often have a family history of language disorder. In this study, ERPs in response to a visual semantic priming task were recorded in parents of children with SLI. Despite equal performance, the ERPs displayed differences in language processing: larger N400 amplitudes indicated that the parents, especially the fathers, were less primed by the preceding context. Difference waveforms showed that the fathers of SLI children, contrary to controls, had less differentiated responses to congruent versus incongruent sentences. We propose that the N400 observations may be residual markers of past language deficiencies in the fathers. No differences in the N400 effect were found in the mothers of SLI children.
When being consistent matters: the effect of valence consistency on review helpfulness

When evaluating the helpfulness of online reviews, review valence is a particularly relevant factor. This paper explores the role of review consistency on review helpfulness and the underlying rationale of this effect. Using both real life and experimental data, we show that the consistency of a review’s valence with other available reviews determines perceived helpfulness. This consistency effect is explained by the attribution theory. Because consistent reviews are more likely to be attributed to external factors that are more informative of the actual product quality, they are perceived as more helpful.
Who Gets the Job Referral? Evidence from a Social Networks Experiment

We use recruitment into a laboratory experiment in Kolkata, India to analyze how social networks select individuals for jobs. The experiment allows subjects to refer actual network members for casual jobs as experimental subjects under exogenously varied incentive contracts. We provide evidence that some workers, those who are high ability, have useful information about the abilities of members of their social network. However, the experiment also shows that social networks provide incentives to refer less qualified workers, and firms must counterbalance these incentives in order to effectively use existing employees to help overcome their screening problem.
Financial Literacy, Financial Education and Downstream Financial Behaviors (full paper and web appendix)

Policy makers have embraced financial education as a necessary antidote to the increasing complexity of consumers' financial decisions over the last generation. We conduct a meta-analysis of the relationship of financial literacy and of financial education to financial behaviors in 168 papers covering 201 prior studies. We find that interventions to improve financial literacy explain only 0.1% of the variance in financial behaviors studied, with weaker effects in low-income samples. Like other education, financial education decays over time; even large interventions with many hours of instruction have negligible effects on behavior 20 months or more from the time of intervention. Correlational studies that measure financial literacy find stronger associations with financial behaviors. We conduct three empirical studies, and we find that the partial effects of financial literacy diminish dramatically when one controls for psychological traits that have been omitted in prior research or when one uses an instrument for financial literacy to control for omitted variables. Financial education as studied to date has serious limitations that have been masked by the apparently larger effects in correlational studies. We envisage a reduced role for financial education that is not elaborated or acted upon soon afterward. We suggest a real but narrower role for “just-in-time” financial education tied to specific behaviors it intends to help. We conclude with a discussion of the characteristics of behaviors that might affect the policy maker's mix of financial education, choice architecture, and regulation as tools to help consumer financial behavior. This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
Retina Is Protected by Neuroserpin from Ischemic/Reperfusion-Induced Injury Independent of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of neuroserpin (NSP) on acute retinal ischemic/reperfusion-induced (IR) injury. An IR injury model was established by elevating intraocular pressure (IOP) for 60 minutes in wild type and tPA-deficient (tPA-/-) mice. Prior to IR injury, 1 μL of 20 μmol/L NSP or an equal volume of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was intravitreally administered. Retinal function was evaluated by electroretinograph (ERG) and the number of apoptotic neurons was determined via TUNEL labeling. Caspase-3, -8, -9,poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)and their cleaved forms were subsequently analyzed. It was found that IR injury significantly damaged retinal function, inducing apoptosis in the retina, while NSP attenuated the loss of retinal function and significantly reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in both wild type and tPA-/- mice. The levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP (the substrate of caspase-3) and caspase-9 (the modulator of the caspase-3), which had increased following IR injury, were significantly inhibited by NSP in both wild type and tPA-/- mice. NSP increased ischemic tolerance in the retina at least partially by inhibiting the intrinsic cell death signaling pathway of caspase-3. It was therefore concluded that the protective effect of neuroserpin maybe independent from its canonical interaction with a tissue-type plasminogen activator.
Rowlandius dumitrescoae species group: new diagnosis, key and description of new cave-dwelling species from Brazil (Schizomida, Hubbardiidae)

Abstract The Rowlandius dumitrescoae species group is reviewed and rediagnosed, and its composition is revised. The group now includes Rowlandius cousinensis, Rowlandius decui, Rowlandius dumitrescoae, Rowlandius insignis, Rowlandius linsduarte, Rowlandius monensis, Rowlandius peckorum, Rowlandius potiguar, Rowlandius sul, Rowlandius ubajara, and Rowlandius pedrosoi sp. n. A new species is described from a cave in northeast Brazil (Santa Quitéria, Ceará). Identification keys and distributional maps are provided for the species of the group. Sixteen species of Schizomida, including five of Rowlandius, are currently recognized from Brazil.
Canine cutaneous melanocytic tumours: significance of β-catenin and survivin immunohistochemical expression.

BACKGROUND Recent investigations have highlighted the controversial role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation in human cutaneous melanoma. Survivin has been proposed as a valid prognostic marker for invasive and metastatic melanomas and lymph node melanoma metastasis in human cutaneous melanoma and is a promising therapeutic target. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of survivin and β-catenin in canine cutaneous melanocytic tumours, in order to understand their prognostic significance. METHODS Twenty-one melanocytic tumours (10 melanocytomas and 11 melanomas) were investigated by immunohistochemistry using specific anti-survivin and anti-β-catenin antibodies. A semi-quantitative method was used to analyse the results; β-catenin immunolabelling in neoplastic cells was evaluated as cytoplasmic, membranous or nuclear. The number of survivin-positive cells was counted within ~1000 neoplastic cells. Results were related to histopathological features, evaluated in haematoxylin- and eosin-stained slides, and to the clinical data obtained through a telephone survey with referring veterinarians. RESULTS Despite a low level of expression in the majority of cases, β-catenin was found to be correlated strongly with malignant behaviour (P < 0.01). An overexpression of nuclear survivin was statistically related to histological features of malignancy, presence of metastasis and death related to melanoma spread (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The low nuclear β-catenin expression, mainly found in metastatic cases, would indicate that β-catenin activation may have only limited importance in the development or progression of canine cutaneous melanoma. The correlation of nuclear survivin expression with malignancy would indicate that survivin is possibly a useful prognostic marker and therapeutic target in canine melanoma patients.
Sleep and pain.

Noxious stimuli and painful disorders interfere with sleep, but disturbances in sleep also contribute to the experience of pain.Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania and possibly cluster headaches are related to REM sleep. Whereas headache is associated with snoring and sleep apnea, morning headaches are not specific for any primary sleep disorder. Nevertheless, the management of the sleep disorder ameliorates both morning headache and migraine.Noxious stimuli administered into muscles during slow-wave sleep (SWS) result in decreases in delta and sigma but an increase in alpha and beta EEG frequencies during sleep. Noise stimuli that disrupt SWS result in unrefreshing sleep, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, tenderness, and fatigue in normal healthy subjects. Such symptoms accompany alpha EEG sleep patterns that often occur in patients with fibromyalgia. The alpha EEG patterns include phasic and tonic alpha EEG sleep as well as periodic K alpha EEG sleep or frequent periodic cyclical alternating pattern. Moreover, alpha EEG sleep, as well as sleep-related breathing disorder and periodic limb movement disorder, occur in some patients with fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Depression and not alpha EEG sleep are features of somatoform pain disorder. Disturbances in sleep, pain behaviour and psychological distress influence return to work in workers who have suffered a soft tissue injury, e.g. low back pain. Patients with irritable bowel disorder have disturbed sleep and have increased REM sleep. In conclusion, there is a reciprocal relationship between sleep quality and pain. The recognition of disturbed or unrefreshing sleep influences the management of painful medical disorders.
The Agenda-Setting Function of the International Mass Media: The Case of Newsweek in Nigeria

The agenda-setting function of the media in an international context is investigated here by examining the relationship between exposure to Newsweek by educated urban Nigerians and the importance they place on various world problems (controlled by demographic factors, cosmopolitanism and national media use variables). A combination of two research methods was employed: a secondary analysis of a sample of 1,213 "better educated" adults in three urban areas of Nigeria in November, 1981 commissioned by the United States Information Agency (USIA), and a content analysis of the international edition of Newsweek for October and November, 1981, seven weeks before and during the survey. The investigation yielded inconclusive results in its comparison of the Newsweek agenda to the magnitude of the relationships between reading Newsweek and selecting each of the same problems as important. Specifically, when comparing the Newsweek's coverage of 12 international problems to Newsweek readers' agenda (as compared to non-readers, controlling for background factors), measured from the estimated effects of Newsweek readership and reliance on the selection of each of these problems, a modest positive but non significant rank-order correlation (r = 0.475) was found.
Facilitation of transference: The case of monosyllabic salience in Hong Kong Cantonese

Abstract Drawing on Clyne’s (2003) explanatory framework of facilitation, this study presents evidence of monosyllabic salience in Hong Kong Cantonese. Grounded in the perceptual salience of bilingual speakers of two or more languages (Clyne 1997: 95), facilitation extends Clyne’s earlier work on triggering (1967, 1980), which seeks to explain why linguistic (phonological, lexical, syntactic, semantic, etc.) features of one’s earlier-acquired language(s) may be transferred to languages learned or used later. In a corpus of texts appearing in informal discourse of Hong Kong Chinese newspaper columns in the mid-1990s (Li et al. 2014), a large number of monosyllabic English words, occurring as unintegrated insertions (Muysken 2000), were found. Building on Luke and Lau’s (2008) empirically supported insight that Cantonese verbs and adjectives are more characteristically monosyllabic compared with nouns, we present additional evidence in support of the Monosyllabic Salience Hypothesis (MSH): (i) shorter average word length in Cantonese vis-à-vis Mandarin, as evidenced in miscellaneous wordlists, including the Leipzig-Jakarta list (Tadmor et al. 2010: 239–241) and the World Loanword Database (WOLD) online (Haspelmath and Tadmor 2009); (ii) the truncation of the first syllable of polysyllabic words embedded in the A-not-A structure; (iii) bilingual punning; and (iv) monosyllabic Romanized Cantonese words (e.g., chok, chur, hea).
Ventral occipital lesions impair object recognition but not object-directed grasping: an fMRI study.

D.F. , a patient with severe visual form agnosia, has been the subject of extensive research during the past decade. The fact that she could process visual input accurately for the purposes of guiding action despite being unable to perform visual discriminations on the same visual input inspired a novel interpretation of the functions of the two main cortical visual pathways or 'streams'. Within this theoretical context, the authors proposed that D.F. had suffered severe bilateral damage to her occipitotemporal visual system (the 'ventral stream'), while retaining the use of her occipitoparietal visual system (the 'dorsal stream'). The present paper reports a direct test of this idea, which was initially derived from purely behavioural data, before the advent of modern functional neuroimaging. We used functional MRI to examine activation in her ventral and dorsal streams during object recognition and object-directed grasping tasks. We found that D.F. showed no difference in activation when presented with line drawings of common objects compared with scrambled line drawings in the lateral occipital cortex (LO) of the ventral stream, an area that responded differentially to these stimuli in healthy individuals. Moreover, high-resolution anatomical MRI showed that her lesion corresponded bilaterally with the location of LO in healthy participants. The lack of activation with line drawings in D.F. mirrors her poor performance in identifying the objects depicted in the drawings. With coloured and greyscale pictures, stimuli that she can identify more often, D.F. did show some ventral-stream activation. These activations were, however, more widely distributed than those seen in control participants and did not include LO. In contrast to the absent or abnormal activation observed during these perceptual tasks, D.F. showed robust activation in the expected dorsal stream regions during object grasping, despite considerable atrophy in some regions of the parietal lobes. In particular, an area in the anterior intraparietal sulcus was activated more for grasping an object than for just reaching to that object, for both D.F. and controls. In conclusion, we have been able to confirm directly that D.F. 's visual form agnosia is associated with extensive damage to the ventral stream, and that her spared visuomotor skills are associated with visual processing in the dorsal stream.