Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emotional expression and physiology in European Americans and Hmong Americans.

Ethnographic and clinical observations suggest that Asians are less expressive than European Americans. To examine whether this difference emerged in online emotional responding, 50 Hmong Americans (HAs) and 48 European Americans (EAs) were asked to relive past episodes of intense happiness, pride, love, anger, disgust, and sadness. Facial behavior and physiological reactivity were measured. For most emotions, more cultural similarities than differences were found. There were some exceptions: During happiness, fewer HAs than EAs showed non-Duchenne smiles (i.e., "social" smiles), despite similarities in reported emotional experience and physiological reactivity. Within-group differences between "less Hmong" and "more Hmong" HAs were also found. Implications of these findings for our understanding of culture-emotion relations are discussed.
Ethnic Segregation and Educational Performance at Secondary School in Bradford and Leicester

Evidence suggests considerable variation among British ethnic groups in their performance at different stages of their educational careers. Many members of those groups are concentrated in particular parts of certain cities, and as a consequence many attend ethnically segregated schools. Using pupil-level and school-level data from the Pupil Level Annual School Census in England, we explore the relationship between performance and various student and school characteristics in Bradford (which has a large Pakistani population) and Leicester (with a large Indian population). We find evidence of a correlation between school ethnic composition and performance in Bradford but not in Leicester.
Asymmetrical Activation of Human Visual Cortex Demonstrated by Functional MRI with Monocular Stimulation

We have demonstrated asymmetric activation patterns in the visual cortices of normal humans who have undergone functional MRI with monocular photic stimulation. The contralateral hemisphere is activated more strongly and to a greater spatial extent than the ipsilateral hemisphere when either eye is stimulated. This asymmetry can be explained by nasotemporal asymmetries which have been described in anatomical studies of the visual system in primates and humans. In part, the representation of the monocular crescent of the temporal hemifield of either eye, which exists only in the crossed projection, may explain this. In addition, within the binocular field, there is a biased crossed projection of nasal retinal ganglion cells which drive the contralateral ocular dominance columns in V1. Finally, the blind spot representation in the ipsilateral visual cortex may also contribute to the observed asymmetries. Our study may in effect provide a functional correlate of the anatomical asymmetries that have been observed in humans and animals.
Random maximal H-free graphs

Given a graph H, a random maximal H-free graph is constructed by the following random greedy process. First assign to each edge of the complete graph on n vertices a birthtime which is uniformly distributed in [0, 1]. At time p=0 start with the empty graph and increase p gradually. Each time a new edge is born, it is included in the graph if this does not create a copy of H. The question is then how many edges such a graph will have when p=1. Here we give asymptotically almost sure bounds on the number of edges if H is a strictly 2-balanced graph, which includes the case when H is a complete graph or a cycle. Furthermore, we prove the existence of graphs with girth greater than and chromatic number n*y1/(-1)+o(1), which improves on previous bounds for >3. ©2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 18: 61–82, 2001
Mechanosensing and Regulation of Cardiac Function

The role of mechanical force as an important regulator of structure and function of mammalian cells, tissues, and organs has recently been recognized. However, mechanical overload is a pathogenesis or comorbidity existing in a variety of heart diseases, such as hypertension, aortic regurgitation and myocardial infarction. Physical stimuli sensed by cells are transmitted through intracellular signal transduction pathways resulting in altered physiological responses or pathological conditions. Emerging evidence from experimental studies indicate that β1-integrin and the angiotensin II type I (AT1) receptor play critical roles as mechanosensors in the regulation of heart contraction, growth and leading to heart failure. Integrin link the extracellular matrix and the intracellular cytoskeleton to initiate the mechanical signalling, whereas, the AT1 receptor could be activated by mechanical stress through an angiotensin-II-independent mechanism. Recent studies show that both Integrin and AT1 receptor and their downstream signalling factors including MAPKs, AKT, FAK, ILK and GTPase regulate heart function in cardiac myocytes. In this review we describe the role of mechanical sensors residing within the plasma membrane, mechanical sensor induced downstream signalling factors and its potential roles in cardiac contraction and growth.
Biogeosciences Influences of observation errors in eddy flux data on inverse model parameter estimation

Eddy covariance data are increasingly used to estimate parameters of ecosystem models. For proper maximum likelihood parameter estimates the error structure in the observed data has to be fully characterized. In this study we propose a method to characterize the random error of the eddy covariance flux data, and analyse error distribution, standard deviation, crossand autocorrelation of CO 2 and H2O flux errors at four different European eddy covariance flux sites. Moreover, we examine how the treatment of those errors and additional systematic errors influence statistical estimates of parameters and their associated uncertainties with three models of increasing complexity – a hyperbolic light response curve, a light response curve coupled to water fluxes and the SVAT scheme BETHY. In agreement with previous studies we find that the error standard deviation scales with the flux magnitude. The previously found strongly leptokurtic error distribution is revealed to be largely due to a superposition of almost Gaussian distributions with standard deviations varying by flux magnitude. The crosscorrelations of CO2 and H2O fluxes were in all cases negligible (R2 below 0.2), while the autocorrelation is usually below 0.6 at a lag of 0.5 h and decays rapidly at larger time lags. This implies that in these cases the weighted least squares criterion yields maximum likelihood estimates. To study the influence of the observation errors on model parameter estimates we used synthetic datasets, based on observations of two different sites. We first fitted the respective models to observations and then added the random error estimates described above and the systematic error, respectively, to the model output. This strategy enables us to compare the estimated parameters with true parameters. We illustrate that the correct implementation of the random error standard deviation scaling with flux magnitude significantly reduces the Correspondence to: G. Lasslop (gitta.lasslop@bgc-jena.mpg.de) parameter uncertainty and often yields parameter retrievals that are closer to the true value, than by using ordinary least squares. The systematic error leads to systematically biased parameter estimates, but its impact varies by parameter. The parameter uncertainty slightly increases, but the true parameter is not within the uncertainty range of the estimate. This means that the uncertainty is underestimated with current approaches that neglect selective systematic errors in flux data. Hence, we conclude that potential systematic errors in flux data need to be addressed more thoroughly in data assimilation approaches since otherwise uncertainties will be vastly underestimated.
SHARED LEADERSHIP AND ITS ROLE IN TEAM LEARNING

Teams have been identified as the vehicle for learning in organizations. However, little is known about the factors that enable teams to learn. From an applied perspective, leadership constitutes a very relevant ingredient. This study is a first step in building up this theory by focusing on the role of shared leadership in team learning. We present data from an exploratory observatory study on the collective leadership and learning process in two business consulting student teams. This qualitative data is used to investigate shared leadership emergence and its role in team learning and is conceptualized as interplays of reflection and action. We find that the more team members engaged in the leadership process, the more the team learned. In particular, we find that shared leadership activities related to task, relations and change complemented one another and enhanced reflection and action in different ways.
Subsyllabic Structures in Japanese Child Phonology : A Preliminary Study

In many languages, we observe that children go through a developmental stage in which their utterances are limited to a certain prosodic maximum. In English, for example, there can be a developmental stage in which children's utterances are limited to a trochaic foot (e.g. spaghetti → [gɛ:.di]: Pater 1997). Ota (1999) points out that Japanese children go through a stage in which they show disyllabic maximum. This paper reports on a closer examination of Ota’s (1999) data, and shows that within disyllabic forms, some syllable structures are more preferred over others; concretely, there may be preference toward Heavy-Light (HL) and Light-Light (LL) forms over Heavy-Heavy (HH) and Light-Heavy (LH) forms. The results show that subsyllabic structures play a non-trivial role in determining the outputs of child phonology in Japanese.
Design and Development of a Package Using LCP for RF/Microwave MEMS Switches

We present the development of an ultrahigh moisture-resistant enclosure for RF microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switches using liquid-crystal polymer (LCP). A cavity formed in LCP has been laminated, at low temperature, onto a silicon MEMS switch to create a package. The LCP-cap package has an insertion loss of less than 0.2 dB at X-band. E595 outgas tests demonstrate that the LCP material is suitable for constructing reliable packages without interfering with the operation of the MEMS switch. The package also passes Method 1014, MIL-STD-883 gross leak, and fine leak hermeticity tests
Analytic Solutions of the Teukolsky Equation and Their Properties

The analytical solutions reported in our previous paper are given as series of hypergeometric or Coulomb wave functions. Using them, we can get the Teukolsky functions analytically in a desired accuracy. For the computation, the deep understanding of their properties is necessary. We sum· marize the main result: The relative normalization between the solutions with a spin weight sand - s is given analytically using the Teukolsky·Starobinsky (T·S) identities. By examining the asymptotic behavior of our solution and combined with the T·S identities and the Wronskian, we found nontrivial identities between the sums of coefficients of the series. These identities will serve to make various expression in simpler forms and also become a powerful tool to test the accuracy of the computation. As an application, we investigated the absorption rate and the evaporation rate of black hole and obtain interesting analytic results. In our previous paper,I) we reported the analytic solutions of the Teukolsky equation 2 ) which consist of two types of series; one is given in the form of series of hypergeometric functions (hereafter we call it the hypergeometric type solution) and the other is given in the form of series of Coulomb wave functions (hereafter we call it the Coulomb type solution which was first given by Leaver3». The hypergeometric type solutions are shown to be convergent in the region except infinity with all finite E=2 Mw, M being the mass of black hole and wan angular frequency. The Coulomb type solutions are convergent in the region above the outer horizon for all finite E. We showed that the matching of these two types of solutions is perfect in the interme­ diate region where both solutions are convergent. In this way, we found the solutions which are convergent in the entire region of r for all finite E. In addition, we showed that our solutions are suitable to obtain the Teukolsky functions in the E expansion or the numerical computation. We also presented analytical solutions of the Regge­ Wheeler equation. 4 ) We showed! ) that the solution can be written in various forms so that we have to choose some special ones. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate further the properties of solutions to calculate the Teukolsky functions, because the solutions are given as series. For this purpose, we examined the asymptotic behaviors of the solutions and compared with the general result derived before. We made a system­ atic study on the incoming solution on the outer horizon. As for the incoming solution on the horizon, we take the same hypergeometric
Investigation of isometric strength and control of the upper extremities in multiple sclerosis

Isometric force assessment can provide insights into strength and motor control in patients with neurological disabilities. This study investigated the connection between isometric strength and control in nine multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and four healthy subjects using a compact isometric setup. The participants carried out isometric assessment tasks in both upper extremities in six directions. Strength was measured through maximum voluntary force/torque (MVF/T), while control ability was measured by applying a constant force/torque of 25% of MVF/T. Isometric control was quantified using coefficient of variation, force directing ability, sample-entropy and spectral bandwidth. The MS patients were also assessed using two impairment measures (Motricity Index and hand-grip strength), and two activity measures (Action Research Arm Test and Nine Hole Peg Test). The results indicate that isometric strength and control (measured by spectral bandwidth) were correlated in most directions. Among the four control measures, spectral bandwidth – a measure introduced in this study – was found to be strongly related to the force/torque regularity as measured by sample-entropy. Isometric strength and spectral bandwidth for all directions were well correlated with the impairment measures, but their correlation with the activity scales was moderate and direction-dependent. Overall the results show potential for using the isometric setup and protocol for assessment in MS population.
Risk factors for myocardial infarction case fatality and stroke case fatality in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 66.

OBJECTIVE Patients with diabetes have a higher case fatality rate in myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke than those without diabetes: that is, MI and stroke are more often fatal if diabetes is present. We investigated whether the risk of MI or stroke being fatal in type 2 diabetes can be estimated using information available around the time diabetes is diagnosed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Analyses were based on 674 cases of MI (351 fatal) that occurred in 597 of 5,102 U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) patients for whom covariate data were available during a median follow-up of 7 years. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine differences in risk factors, measured within 2 years of diagnosis of diabetes, between fatal and nonfatal MI. Similar analyses were performed for 234 strokes (48 fatal) that occurred in 199 patients. RESULTS Patients with fatal MI had higher HbA(1c) than those with nonfatal MI (odds ratio 1.17 per 1% HbA(1c), P = 0.014). Patients with fatal stroke had higher HbA(1c) than those with nonfatal stroke (odds ratio 1.37 per 1% HbA(1c), P = 0.007). Other risk factors for MI case fatality included increased age, blood pressure, and urine albumin level. CONCLUSIONS The risk of MI or stroke being fatal in type 2 diabetes is associated with risk factors, including HbA(1c), measured many years before onset of MI or stroke. Equations have been added to the UKPDS Risk Engine to estimate likely case fatality rates in MI and stroke.
Design and analysis of DLS steel/composite thick-adherend adhesive joints

The paper describes experimental and numerical techniques to study the structural design and behaviourof thick-adherend DLS joints that are based on steel /steel and steel/composites and epoxy adhesives, withfocus on long overlap joints. A standard fabrication method was followed to produce 60 specimens of various dimensions and materials.
Comparing the Transfer Effects of Simultaneous and Sequential Combined Modality Training in Older Adults

Intervention research has shown that both cognitive training (Hertzog et al.,2009; Lustig et al., 2009) and aerobic exercise training (Colcombe et al., 2003; Bherer, Erickson, & Liu-Ambrose, 2013) are each capable of independently inducing significant improvement on cognitive performances in older adults. Additionally, intervention studies utilizing combined multimodality (cognitive and aerobic) training, while few in number, have shown promise in producing significantly more training gains in older adults than either single modality of training (Eggenberger et al., 2015; Lustig et al., 2009; Oswald et al., 2006; Rahe et al., 2015; Theill et al., 2013). To date, there is no study specifically comparing and contrasting the efficacy of Simultaneous and Sequential multimodal training protocols. To this end, forty-two older adult participants (M = 68.05, SD = 4.65) were recruited to participate in 12 sessions of multimodal training, and were randomly assigned to either the Simultaneous or Sequential training group. Both groups showed significant improvement on measures of processing speed and verbal memory following training. Additionally, the Sequential group showed a significant training group advantage on a measure of working memory. The moderating factors, motivation to engage in cognitive effort (NFC) and baseline aerobic fitness, were included in the analyses to explore their potential influence on the magnitude of training gains. NFC was found to be a significant moderator as those with lower NFC improved more on measures of processing speed and verbal memory. Those with higher aerobic fitness improved marginally more on an interference monitoring task. The findings from the current study have implications for the aging intervention literature as they provide partial evidence for enhanced efficacy for Sequential multimodal training. Additionally, possible training gain-related moderators were identified, which might have implications for participant selection in future intervention studies.
Hydrophilic Fungi and Ergosterol Associated with Respiratory Illness in a Water-Damaged Building

Background Damp building–related respiratory illnesses are an important public health issue. Objective We compared three respiratory case groups defined by questionnaire responses [200 respiratory cases, 123 of the respiratory cases who met the epidemiologic asthma definition, and 49 of the epidemiologic asthma cases who had current physician-diagnosed asthma with post-occupancy onset] to a comparison group of 152 asymptomatic employees in an office building with a history of water damage. Methods We analyzed dust samples collected from floors and chairs of 323 cases and comparisons for culturable fungi, ergosterol, endotoxin, and cat and dog allergens. We examined associations of total fungi, hydrophilic fungi (requiring water activity ≥ 0.9), and ergosterol with the health outcomes using logistic regression models. Results In models adjusted for demographics, respiratory illnesses showed significant linear exposure–response relationships to total culturable fungi [interquartile range odds ratios (IQR-OR) = 1.37–1.72], hydrophilic fungi (IQR-OR = 1.45–2.19), and ergosterol (IQR-OR = 1.54–1.60) in floor and chair dusts. Of three outcomes analyzed, current asthma with postoccupancy physician diagnosis was most strongly associated with exposure to hydrophilic fungi in models adjusted for ergosterol, endotoxin, and demographics (IQR-OR = 2.09 for floor and 1.79 for chair dusts). Ergosterol levels in floor dust were significantly associated with epidemiologic asthma independent of culturable fungi (IQR-OR = 1.54–1.55). Conclusions Our findings extend the 2004 conclusions of the Institute of Medicine [Human health effects associated with damp indoor environments. In: Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. Washington DC:National Academies Press, 183–269] by showing that mold levels in dust were associated with new-onset asthma in this damp indoor environment. Hydrophilic fungi and ergosterol as measures of fungal biomass may have promise as markers of risk of building-related respiratory diseases in damp indoor environments.
Tied factor Analysis using Bagging for heterogeneous face recognition

Heterogeneous face recognition is a challenging research problem which involves matching of the faces captured from different sensors. Very few methods have been designed to solve this problem using intensity features and considered small sample size issue. In this paper, we consider the worst case scenario when there exists a single instance of an individual image in a gallery with normal modality i.e. visual while the probe is captured with alternate modality, e.g. Near Infrared. To solve this problem, we propose a technique inspired from tied factor Analysis (TFA) and Bagging. In the proposed method, the original TFA method is extended to handle small training samples problem in heterogeneous environment. But one can report the higher recognition rates by testing on small subset of images. Therefore, bagging is introduced to remove the effects of biased results from original TFA method. Experiments conducted on a challenging benchmark HFB and Biosecure face databases validate its effectiveness and superiority over other state-of-the-art methods using intensity features holistically.
On the unconditional stability of N-port networks

This work reviews the topic of two-port unconditional stability (US) and fixes some misconceptions still common among high-frequency designers, notwithstanding the broad, relevant literature. Ohtomo's test for network stability is then presented in a synthetic form and linked to US conditions. Finally, this approach is extended to N-port networks to obtain two sets of US conditions, which are intuitive generalizations of results well known in the two-port case. These conditions represent a necessary complement to the few works which have discussed three-port US up to now, since they only focus on the geometrical part of the problem, omitting to explicitly take care of Rollett's proviso and its implications on US.
Exploring the dark energy redshift desert with the Sandage-Loeb test

We study the prospects for constraining dark energy at very high redshift with the Sandage-Loeb test--a measurement of the evolution of cosmic redshift obtained by taking quasar spectra at sufficiently separated epochs. This test is unique in its coverage of the 'redshift desert,' corresponding roughly to redshifts between 2 and 5, where other dark energy probes are unable to provide useful information about the cosmic expansion history. Extremely large telescopes planned for construction in the near future, with ultrahigh resolution spectrographs (such as the proposed CODEX), will indeed be able to measure cosmic redshift variations of quasar Lyman-{alpha} absorption lines over a period as short as ten years. We find that these measurements can constrain nonstandard and dynamical dark energy models with high significance and in a redshift range not accessible with future dark energy surveys. As the cosmic signal increases linearly with time, measurements made over several decades by a generation of patient cosmologists may provide definitive constraints on the expansion history in the era that follows the dark ages but precedes the time when standard candles and rulers come into existence.