Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GROUPS AND MORALITY

Across social and personality psychology, there is renewed interest in morality. Consistent with these fields’ general emphasis on subjective psychological processes, recent work tends to view any thought, feeling, or behavior that includes a notion of right and wrong as moral (for a review, see Haidt & Kesebir, 2010). This makes moral psychology an unusually diverse topic. Therefore, this chapter reviews a wide swath of relevant work, on topics ranging from personality, self-perception, and self-esteem; to social cooperation, trust, and interdependence; to stereotypes, prejudice, and group identity. Although social and personality psychologists examine individuals’ use of specific notions of right and wrong—based on such concepts as justice, trustworthiness, warmth, cooperation, and harm— they tend to avoid the question of whether individuals’ subjective notions of right and wrong are actually moral in an objective sense (Blasi, 1990). In this respect, psychology diverges sharply from a philosophical or ethical approach, which typically compares individuals’ subjective notions of morality to a conception of morality that is defined objectively by principle or shared practice (Blasi, 1990; for discussions in philosophy, see MacIntyre, 1984; Rawls, 1971). Given that morality is not defined objectively in social and personality psychology, we must attend closely to which notions of right and wrong researchers consider to be in the moral domain. As explained in the following section, some notions of morality, such as trustworthiness and justice, are more compatible with an objective sense of the concept, given their basis in principles or shared practices. Perhaps because social psychology defines moral thought, feeling, and behavior as that which individuals subjectively consider right or wrong, the focus has been on individuals in general (for reviews, see Haidt & Kesebir, 2010; Monin & Jordan, 2009; Pagliaro, 2012). Thus, the morality of particular individuals has been relatively neglected by social psychologists. The first section discusses the roots of the individual approach to morality in social psychology. It also reviews distinct approaches to moral personality and honor, which focus on individuals’ particular moral self-views. Although moral personality may appear to have little to do with groups, individual ideas about morality rely on some reference to what a moral person is like (for a general discussion, see Harre, 1993). And, whatever their particularities, individuals are moral or immoral in their families, in their neighborhoods, in their workplaces, and in their countries. Thus, even individual morality operates within groups. For these reasons, and others that will be discussed, understanding groups and morality is essential to understanding morality in general. Thus, the second section reviews four of the central ways in which groups are important to morality. The third section reviews the ways in which perceived morality is important to examinations of stereotypes and prejudice toward out-groups. The fourth section
Comparison of the Clinical Characteristics of Bisphosphonate-associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw with Inflammation-associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Patients with Osteoporosis and Benign Diseases

Objectives: Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) involving the use of bisphosphonates is referred to as bisphosphonate-associated ONJ (BONJ). Inflammation also can cause ONJ and it may be called inflammation-associated ONJ (IONJ). The aim of this study was to compare clinical characteristics between BONJ and IONJ. Materials and Methods: Medical records at the Ajou University Hospital were reviewed using key words “osteonecrosis”, “sequestrum”, and “dead bone” of the mandible and maxilla. Eighteen patients diagnosed with ONJ were identified from January 2003 to December 2009. Using criteria from the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 12 cases were diagnosed as BONJ and six as IONJ. Clinical characteristics and treatment modalities, outcomes of two groups of patients were investigated. Results: Patients of the BONJ group were older than those of IONJ group (median: 76.5 years vs. 60 years). In the BONJ group, mandible was more commonly involved sites and percentage of diabetic patients was higher. Three of 12 (25%) BONJ patients received oral glucocorticoids, while none of the IONJ patients. Ten (83.3%) of the BONJ cases and 2 (33.3%) of the IONJ cases were triggered by dental extractions. Though duration of ONJ treatment was longer in the BONJ group than the IONJ group (6.4±5.2 months vs. 2.9±1.9 months), both groups eventually showed good prognosis. Conclusions: ONJ may occur in the absence of bisphosphonate. BONJ occurred in older patients, and needed longer treatment duration compared to IONJ. Prognosis of ONJ was relatively good.
Religion and human development in adulthood: Well-being, prosocial behavior, and religious and spiritual development.

In recent years there has been an upsurge in research and publication in the psychology of religion, including work with implications for adult development. This article reviews the relevant literature, considering themes such as religion and spirituality and well-being in the adult years; religion, prosocial, and antisocial behavior; and models of religious and spiritual development incorporating life stages in the adult years. Practical implications for education, psychotherapy, and other domains in applied developmental psychology are considered.
Signal detection in high dimension: The multispiked case

This paper deals with the local asymptotic structure, in the sense ofLe Cam’s asymptotic theory of statistical experiments, of the signal detectionproblem in high dimension. More precisely, we consider the problemof testing the null hypothesis of sphericity of a high-dimensional covariancematrix against an alternative of (unspecified) multiple symmetry-breakingdirections (multispiked alternatives). Simple analytical expressions for theasymptotic power envelope and the asymptotic powers of previously proposedtests are derived. These asymptotic powers are shown to lie verysubstantially below the envelope, at least for relatively small values of thenumber of symmetry-breaking directions under the alternative. In contrast,the asymptotic power of the likelihood ratio test based on the eigenvalues ofthe sample covariance matrix is shown to be close to that envelope. Theseresults extend to the case of multispiked alternatives the findings of an earlierstudy (Onatski, Moreira and Hallin, 2011) of the single-spiked case. The methods we are using here, however, are entirely new, as the Laplace approximationsconsidered in the single-spiked context do not extend to themultispiked case.
fMRI Evidence of Acupoints Specificity in Two Adjacent Acupoints

Objectives. Acupoint specificity is the foundation of acupuncture treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the acupoint specificity exists in two adjacent acupoints. Design and Setting. Two adjacent real acupoints, LR3 (Taichong) and ST44 (Neiting), and a nearby nonacupoint were selected. Thirty-three health volunteers were divided into three groups in random order, and each group only received acupuncture at one of the three points. While they received acupuncture, fMRI scan was performed. Results. The common cerebral activated areas responding to LR3 and ST44 included the contralateral primary somatosensory area (SI) and ipsilateral cerebellum. Acupuncture at LR3 specifically activated contralateral middle occipital gyrus, ipsilateral medial frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobe, middle temporal gyrus, rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), lentiform nucleus, insula, and contralateral thalamus. Stimulation at ST44 selectively activated ipsilateral secondary somatosensory area (SII), contralateral middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, lingual gyrus, lentiform nucleus, and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Conclusions. Acupuncture at adjacent acupoints elicits distinct cerebral activation patterns, and those specific patterns might be involved in the mechanism of the specific therapeutic effects of different acupoints.
Imprisonment and Social Classification in Five Common‐Law Democracies, 1955–19851

Rates of imprisonment have risen in many Western democracies over the past few decades, most dramatically in the United States. The development of a systematic and general explanation of imprisonment trends has been impeded because of the theoretical and methodological limitations of prior quantitative studies. Most use data from a single country or jurisdiction and focus narrowly on the Rusche‐Kirchheimer “labor surplus” hypothesis, with little attention to alternative explanations. This study takes a cross‐national perspective, using longitudinal data from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States to offer an institutional account of imprisonment rates. The labor surplus effect is treated as a special case of a more general process by which individuals are allocated among alternative life‐course paths. This allocation process is likely to be influenced by macrolevel institutional arrangements and contests for political power. Hypotheses are tested using pooled time‐series cross‐section regression techniques. Results support this broadened perspective: prison growth is driven not only by crime rates and unemployment rates, but also by welfare spending and the power of right parties.
Potential of Underutilized Traditional Vegetables and Legume Crops to Contribute to Food and Nutritional Security, Income and More Sustainable Production Systems

Agriculture is under pressure to produce greater quantities of food, feed and biofuel on limited land resources. Current over-reliance on a handful of major staple crops has inherent agronomic, ecological, nutritional and economic risks and is probably unsustainable in the long run. Wider use of today’s underutilized minor crops provides more options to build temporal and spatial heterogeneity into uniform cropping systems and will enhance resilience to both biotic and abiotic stress. Many traditional vegetables and underutilized legume crops are an essential source of vitamins, micronutrients and protein and, thus, a valuable component to attain nutritional security. Vegetables in general are of considerable commercial value and therefore an important source of household income. Significant research, breeding and development efforts are needed for a range of promising crops to convert existing local landraces into competitive varieties with wide adaptation and promising commercial potential. Access to genetic diversity of these selected crops is a pre-condition for success. Three underutilized minor crops—amaranth, drumstick tree, and mungbean—are highlighted and briefly described. All three crops are well-represented in AVRDC’s genebank with substantial inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity, and already have demonstrated their potential for wider adoption and commercial exploitation.
Felid Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection in Cats: A Natural Host Model for Alphaherpesvirus Pathogenesis

Feline herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes feline viral rhinotracheitis, an important viral disease of cats on a worldwide basis. Acute FeHV-1 infection is associated with both upper respiratory and ocular signs. Following the acute phase of the disease lifelong latency is established, primarily in sensory neuronal cells. As is the case with human herpes simplex viruses, latency reactivation can result in recrudescence, which can manifest itself in the form of serious ocular lesions. FeHV-1 infection in cats is a natural host model that is useful for the identification of viral virulence genes that play a role in replication at the mucosal portals of entry or are mediators of the establishment, maintenance, or reactivation of latency. It is also a model system for defining innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms and for immunization strategies that can lead to better protection against this and other alphaherpesvirus infections.
“Talk about terror in our back gardens”: an analysis of online comments about British foreign fighters in Syria

ABSTRACT The phenomenon of foreign fighters has become a central issue to the ongoing conflict in Syria. This article explores how members of the public answer the question ‘Why do British citizens join the conflict in Syria’ on social media sites and in response to online news articles. Building upon research on everyday narratives of security and terrorism, we analyse 807 comments, and in doing so, we argue that online comments are important in producing the discursive environment for making sense of British foreign fighters and what should be done in response to them. We find that there is a tendency to view British foreign fighters as being purely motivated by religion, and there is also a belief that British foreign fighters should be responded to through exceptional measures. We discuss the implications of such perceptions, and we highlight how problematic misconceptions about Islam and Muslims are not just disseminated through elite and media discourse, but through everyday narratives published by members of the public online.
Investigating the effective brain networks related to working memory using a modified directed transfer function

We utilized a combination of orthogonal least squares (OLS) algorithm and short-time direct directed transfer function (SdDTF) for evaluating the effective brain networks. Directional changes in connectivity among brain regions were assessed during two states, resting and working memory (WM). Our results demonstrated an increase in the strength of connectivity between frontal and parietal regions and a decrease in the strength of connectivity between the regions of the default mode network, during task engagement. Connectivity was prominent in the low frequency bands, theta and alpha. Furthermore, during the WM task, theta oscillations increased in the frontal lobe while a reduction was observed in the alpha band.
The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body in rat: spectral and temporal properties vary with anatomical location of the units

The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is a distinct nucleus in the superior olivary complex that transforms excitatory input from the cochlear nucleus into a widespread inhibitory output to distinct auditory brainstem nuclei. Few studies have dealt with the response properties of MNTB neurons to sound stimulation using in vivo preparations. In order to have a better understanding of the functional significance of the MNTB in auditory processing we report the basic temporal and spectral response properties of its principal cells using single‐unit extracellular recordings to acoustic stimulation with pure tones and amplitude‐modulated stimuli in the rat. Ninety‐seven per cent of units showed V‐shaped frequency response areas. Rate level functions were mainly saturating (51%) or monotonic (45%) at high intensities. Post‐stimulus time histograms typically were characterised as primary‐like with notch (59%) or primary‐like (33%). Units showed good phase‐locking to sinusoidally amplitude‐modulated signals with vector strength VS values up to 0.87. Modulation transfer functions had low‐pass shapes at near‐threshold levels, with cut‐off frequencies ranging from 370 to 1270 Hz. Exploration of the relationship between the temporal and spectral properties and the location of the units in the MNTB yielded characteristic frequency (CF)‐dependent response properties (latency, Q10 and cut‐off frequency) following a medio‐lateral gradient, and CF‐independent response features (maximum firing rate) following a dorso‐ventral gradient.
Revisiting pitfalls of DTN datasets statistical analysis

Contact traces collected in real situations represent a popular material to assess the performance of a Delay Tolerant Network. These traces usually require some preprocessing to be fully usable. Especially, several assumptions can be made prior to performing the statistical analysis of contact and inter-contact times. We first classify these assumptions, and analyze their impact on the statistical characterization of three well-known datasets. We also identify some pitfalls in dataset analysis that might strongly influence the conclusion made by the experimenter. Based on our own experience, we subsequently propose a preliminary checklist to help researchers avoid undesired ambiguities or misunderstandings in further studies.
c-Cbl mediates the degradation of tumorigenic nuclear β-catenin contributing to the heterogeneity in Wnt activity in colorectal tumors

Despite the loss of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) in a majority of colorectal cancers (CRC), not all CRCs bear hallmarks of Wnt activation, such as nuclear β-catenin. This underscores the presence of other Wnt regulators that are important to define, given the pathogenic and prognostic roles of nuclear β-catenin in human CRC. Herein, we investigated the effect of Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) on nuclear β-catenin, which is an oncoprotein upregulated in CRC due to loss-of-function APC or gain-of-function CTNNB1 mutations. Despite mechanistic rationale and recent discoveries of c-Cbl's mutations in solid tumors, little is known about its functional importance in CRC. Our study in a cohort of human CRC patients demonstrated an inverse correlation between nuclear β-catenin and c-Cbl. Further investigation showed that the loss of c-Cbl activity significantly enhanced nuclear β-catenin and CRC tumor growth in cell culture and a mouse xenograft model. c-Cbl interacted with and downregulated β-catenin in a manner that was independent of CTNNB1 or APC mutation status. This study demonstrates a previously unrecognized function of c-Cbl as a negative regulator of CRC.
Chronic Nicotine Activates Stress/Reward-Related Brain Regions and Facilitates the Transition to Compulsive Alcohol Drinking

Alcohol and nicotine are the two most co-abused drugs in the world. Previous studies have shown that nicotine can increase alcohol drinking in nondependent rats, yet it is unknown whether nicotine facilitates the transition to alcohol dependence. We tested the hypothesis that chronic nicotine will speed up the escalation of alcohol drinking in rats and that this effect will be accompanied by activation of sparsely distributed neurons (neuronal ensembles) throughout the brain that are specifically recruited by the combination of nicotine and alcohol. Rats were trained to respond for alcohol and made dependent using chronic, intermittent exposure to alcohol vapor, while receiving daily nicotine (0.8 mg/kg) injections. Identification of neuronal ensembles was performed after the last operant session, using immunohistochemistry. Nicotine produced an early escalation of alcohol drinking associated with compulsive alcohol drinking in dependent, but not in nondependent rats (air exposed), as measured by increased progressive-ratio responding and increased responding despite adverse consequences. The combination of nicotine and alcohol produced the recruitment of discrete and phenotype-specific neuronal ensembles (∼4–13% of total neuronal population) in the nucleus accumbens core, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and posterior ventral tegmental area. Blockade of nicotinic receptors using mecamylamine (1 mg/kg) prevented both the behavioral and neuronal effects of nicotine in dependent rats. These results demonstrate that nicotine and activation of nicotinic receptors are critical factors in the development of alcohol dependence through the dysregulation of a set of interconnected neuronal ensembles throughout the brain.
Characterizing Driver Behavior on Signalized Intersection Approaches at the Onset of a Yellow-Phase Trigger

This paper involves a field test on 60 test participants to characterize driver behavior (perception-reaction time (PRT) and stopping/running decisions) at the onset of a yellow phase. Driver behavior is analyzed for five trigger distances that are measured from the vehicle position at the start of the yellow indication to the stop bar. This paper demonstrates that the 1.0-s 85th-percentile PRT that is recommended in traffic-signal-design procedures is valid and consistent with the field observations. Furthermore, this paper clearly shows that brake PRTs are impacted by the vehicle's time to intersection (TTI) at the onset of a yellow-indication introduction. This paper also demonstrates that either a lognormal or a beta distribution is sufficient to model the stochastic nature of the brake PRT. In terms of stopping decisions, this paper demonstrates that the probability of stopping varies from 100% at a TTI of 5.5 s to 9% at a TTI of 1.6 s. This paper also indicates a decrease in the probability of stopping for male drivers when compared with female drivers. Furthermore, this study suggests that drivers 65 years of age and older are significantly less likely to clear the intersection at short yellow-indication trigger distances when compared with other age groups. The dilemma zone for the less than 40 year old group is found to range from 3.9 to 1.85 s, whereas the dilemma zone for the greater than 70 year old group is found to range from 3.2 to 1.5 s.
NMDA/AMPA Ratio Impacts State Transitions and Entrainment to Oscillations in a Computational Model of the Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Projection Neuron

We describe a computational model of the principal cell in the nucleus accumbens (NAcb), the medium spiny projection (MSP) neuron. The model neuron, constructed in NEURON, includes all of the known ionic currents in these cells and receives synaptic input from simulated spike trains via NMDA, AMPA, and GABAA receptors. After tuning the model by adjusting maximal current conductances in each compartment, the model cell closely matched whole-cell recordings from an adult rat NAcb slice preparation. Synaptic inputs in the range of 1000-1300 Hz are required to maintain an “up” state in the model. Cell firing in the model required concurrent depolarization of several dendritic branches, which responded independently to afferent input. Depolarization from action potentials traveled to the tips of the dendritic branches and increased Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. As NMDA/AMPA current ratios were increased, the membrane showed an increase in hysteresis of “up” and “down” state dwell times, but intrinsic bistability was not observed. The number of oscillatory inputs required to entrain the model cell was determined to be ∼20% of the “up” state inputs. Altering the NMDA/AMPA ratio had a profound effect on processing of afferent input, including the ability to entrain to oscillations in afferent input in the theta range (4-12 Hz). These results suggest that afferent information integration by the NAcb MSP cell may be compromised by pathology in which the NMDA current is altered or modulated, as has been proposed in both schizophrenia and addiction.