Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dereifying family leisure: An examination of women's and men's everyday experiences and perceptions of family time

Abstract The dominant ideologically based view of family leisure as fun for all may obscure the work associated with family activities and the unequal distribution of such work. In this time‐budget and interview study, the time that 46 families spent in family activities was analyzed by examining how much of this time was work and how much was leisure from the parents’ viewpoint. The data show that family activities were often experienced as work or involved a work component. Moreover, the mothers were significantly more likely than the fathers to experience family time (with spouse present) and time with children (with spouse absent) as work and less likely to report these situations to be leisure, x2(3, N = 728) 65.07, p < . 01, and x2(3, N = 510) 34.93, p < . 01, respectively. Thus, although family activities have some positive benefits and are valued by parents, they do involve work and this work is unequally divided between women and men. The contradictory aspects of family leisure, especially for wome.
Symbiodinium Clade C Dominates Zooxanthellate Corals (Scleractinia) in the Temperate Region of Japan

Endosymbiotic algae of the genus Symbiodinium have been divided into nine clades (A–I) following genetic classification; some clades are known to have physiological properties that enable the coral hosts to adapt to different environmental conditions. To understand the relationships of coral-alga symbioses, we focused on Symbiodinium diversity in zooxanthellate corals living under the severe environmental conditions of the temperate region (30°–35°N) of Japan. We investigated Symbiodinium clades in 346 colonies belonging to 58 coral species from six locations. We then selected three coral species—Acropora hyacinthus, Acropora japonica, and Cyphastrea chalcidicum—to investigate whether Symbiodinium clades changed during winter or summer over the course of year (May 2009–Apr 2010) in Tanabe Bay, Japan. Three Symbiodinium clades (C, D, and F) were detected in corals in the temperate region. Notably, 56 coral species contained Symbiodinium clade C. Oulastrea crispata predominantly contained clade D, but traces of clade C were also detected in all samples. The temperate-specific species Alveopora japonica contained clades C and F simultaneously. Seasonal change of symbiont clades did not occur in the three coral species during the investigation period where SSTs range on 12.5–29.2°C. However, we found Acropora (2 spp.) and Cyphastrea (1 sp.) contained different subcladal types of clade C. These results reveal that most coral species harbored Symbiodinium clade C stably throughout the year, suggesting that Symbiodinium clade C shows low-temperature tolerance, and that two hypothetical possibilities; genetic differences of subcladal types generating physiological differences or wide physiological flexibility in the clade C.
Making other dreams: The impact of migration on the psychosocial wellbeing of Albanian-origin children and young people upon their families’ return to Albania

Return migration has not been associated with negative psychosocial outcomes, while the experience of children involved in this process has been largely overlooked. This article looks at the migration experience of Albanian-origin children and young people upon their families’ return to Albania. Contrasting with a primordial understanding of ‘homeland’, ‘belongingness’ and ‘return migration’, which is focussed on the nation-state, the findings show that a lack of (diasporic) belongingness affects children’s wellbeing upon their families’ return to the country of origin. While children show remarkable mechanisms of coping and resilience, contextual factors moderate the links between migration and psychosocial wellbeing.
Numerical analysis of variability in ultrasound propagation properties induced by trabecular microstructure in cancellous bone

The manner by which the trabecular microstructure affects the propagation of ultrasound waves through cancellous bone is numerically investigated by finite difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation. Sixteen 3-D numerical models of 6.45times6.45times6. 45 mm with a voxel size of 64.5 mum are reconstructed using a 3-D microcomputed tomographic (muCT) image taken from a bovine cancellous bone specimen of approximately 20times20times9 mm. All cancellous bone models have an oriented trabecular structure, and their trabecular elements are gradually eroded to increase the porosity using an image processing technique. Three erosion procedures are presented to realize various changes in the trabecular microstructure with increasing porosity. FDTD simulations of the ultrasound pulse waves propagating through the cancellous bone models at each eroded step are performed in 2 cases of the propagations parallel and perpendicular to the major trabecular orientation. The propagation properties of the wave amplitudes and propagation speeds are derived as a function of the porosity, and their variability due to the trabecular microstructure is revealed. To elucidate an effect of the microstructure, the mean intercept length (MIL), which is a microstructural parameter, is introduced, and the correlations of the propagation properties with the MILs of the trabecular elements and pore spaces are investigated.
Over the Edge of Information in the Information Age: Informational Behaviour of the Totos: A Small Marginal Tribal Community in Sub-Himalayan North Bengal, India. One Individual Perspective

L'A. etudie le comportement informationnel des Totos, une petite communaute primitive du Bengale sub-Himalayen, en Inde, fournissant ainsi une perpective anthropologique unique sur les fondements du comportement de recherche d'information. Les Totos, bien que depourvus de tout systeme d'information formel, ont des besoins en information. Il est necessaire d'identifier les conditions et les caracteristiques specifiques d'une communaute, qui influencent profondement ses besoins en information.
Disentangling Patterns of State Debt Financing

We examine the determinants of change in state government indebtedness from 1961 through 1989 using a pooled time series cross-sectional analysis. The analysis reveals that debt is primarily a function of economic conditions reflecting both the need to borrow and the capacity of states to repay debt. However, political factors such as culture, partisan competition, and electoral cycles also affect state debt. We also find very weak evidence that tax and expenditure limitations, ironically, may increase state indebtedness, while constitutional debt limitations have no effect upon slowing the growth of state debt.
Changes in the Levels of Interleukins 6, 8, and 10, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, and Granulocyte-colony Stimulating Factor in Korean Burn Patients: Relation to Burn Size and Postburn Time

Background Major burn injury induces an inflammatory response that is accompanied by the release of various cytokines. We investigated the gradual changes in the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines following burn injury and determined the relationship between these levels and burn size in adult Korean patients with burn injury. Methods Blood samples from 9 healthy controls and 60 Korean burn patients were collected on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after burn injury, and concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) were measured. Burn patients were divided into 3 groups according to burn size (15-30%, 31-50%, >50% total body surface area), and the concentrations of the cytokines were compared between these groups and the control group over 3 weeks. Results Compared to their levels in controls, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and G-CSF levels in burn patients were significantly higher during the observation period. Median concentrations of IL-8, IL-10, and G-CSF at each time point increased with burn size, although peak levels and time to peak levels of these cytokines differed from patient to patient. Conclusions These findings indicate that IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and G-CSF are important mediators in inflammatory changes after burn injury; however, various factors, including burn size, may influence the concentrations of these cytokines.
Does school board turnover matter? Revisiting critical variables in the Dissatisfaction Theory of American democracy

The frequent turnover of school board members in the US represents a concern for many educational practitioners who worry about the discontinuity of leadership, leading to negative impacts on students and staff. School board member turnover is also a key variable in studies of democratic theories of public school governance. Using descriptive and comparative quantitative methods, through a survey of 176 school superintendents in Washington State, USA, data were collected on why school board members retire and resign. The purpose of the study was to rank the reasons given for school board turnover, delineate between political and apolitical turnover, and compare turnover results by district size and rate of superintendent turnover. Results indicated that in 807 school board turnovers from 1993–2000, 73% were apolitical turnover, with politically‐motivated turnover and defeat increasing with district enrollment. Generally, superintendent turnover increased as politically‐motivated school board turnover increased and districts grew in enrollment. However, superintendent turnover was highest in schools of 0–500 enrollment, despite the lowest rate of politically‐motivated school board turnover, and lowest in schools of 5000–9999 enrollment with nearly the highest rate of politically‐motivated school board turnover and defeat. The study concluded that unique contextual factors have a major impact on results in school governance studies and are difficult to measure with traditional quantitative methods and analysis.
The N-Terminal Domains of both NR1 and NR2 Subunits Determine Allosteric Zn2+ Inhibition and Glycine Affinity of N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors

The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) is a tetrameric protein composed of homologous NR1 and NR2 subunits, which require the binding of glycine and glutamate, respectively, for efficient channel gating. The extracellular N-terminal domains (NTDs) of iGluR subunits show sequence homology to the bacterial periplasmic leucine/isoleucine/valine binding protein (LIVBP) and have been implicated in iGluR assembly, trafficking, and function. Here, we investigated how deletion of the NR1- and NR2-NTDs affects the expression and function of NMDA receptors. Both proteolytic cleavage of the NR1-NTD from assembled NR1/NR2 receptors and coexpression of the NTD-deleted NR1 subunit with wild-type or NTD-deleted NR2 subunits resulted in agonist-gated channels that closely resembled wild-type receptors. This indicates that the NTDs of both NMDA receptor subunits are not essential for receptor assembly and function. However, deletion of either the NR1 or the NR2 NTD eliminated high-affinity, allosteric inhibition of agonist-induced currents by Zn2+ and ifenprodil, consistent with the idea that interdomain interactions between these domains are important for allosteric receptor modulation. Furthermore, by replacing the NR2A-NTD with the NR2B NTD, and vice versa, the different glycine affinities of NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B receptors were found to be determined by their respective NR2-NTDs. Together, these data show that the NTDs of both the NR1 and NR2 subunits determine allosteric inhibition and glycine potency but are not required for NMDA receptor assembly.
Continuous variable based Bayesian network structure learning from financial factors

In this paper, for the discovery the interrelationship of financial factors, we present a two-step accelerated method in learning the structure of Bayesian networks without making parametric assumptions for continuous domains. Our approach divides the high dimensional space into an uniform grid, over which the density can be estimated in an efficient way by using compact support kernels. Local scores are then estimated by the iterative Monte Carlo approximation method with rigorous relative error control. Empirical studies on 15 US financial factors show the efficiency and effectiveness of our method.
A Matter of Expectation: The Transition from School to University English

This paper explores issues arising from a detailed study of the experiences of students, teachers and lecturers in managing the transition from school to university in the study of English. It outlines some key philosophical perspectives derived from Pierre Bourdieu and considers the extent to which it is possible to apply notions of ‘habitus’ and ‘reproduction’ to the study of English at A level and at university. Through the consideration of these philosophical issues, this paper offers an insight into students' experiences of transition and some of the difficulties they face as they become accustomed to the new learning environment of the higher education institution.
Student retention: Why is there a gap between the majority of research findings and school practice?

Does retention help or harm children? Contrary to research findings, many educators retain children as an early intervention and claim positive results. So why is there an apparent gap between research findings and practice? Perhaps the gap exists because people may be misled through educational research, some of which is biased and excessively zealous. After reviewing the scope of the problem of retention, we theorize that retaining the child to repeat an unsuccessful experience is totally inappropriate; but retaining the child with a focus and resources to correct well documented, individual problems may be extremely appropriate. Some emerging interventions, may prove to be much better than retention. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structural and Functional Analysis of Calcium Ion Mediated Binding of 5-Lipoxygenase to Nanodiscs

An important step in the production of inflammatory mediators of the leukotriene family is the Ca2+ mediated recruitment of 5 Lipoxygenase (5LO) to nuclear membranes. To study this reaction in vitro, the natural membrane mimicking environment of nanodiscs was used. Nanodiscs with 10.5 nm inner diameter were made with the lipid POPC and membrane scaffolding protein MSP1E3D1. Monomeric and dimeric 5LO were investigated. Monomeric 5LO mixed with Ca2+ and nanodiscs are shown to form stable complexes that 1) produce the expected leukotriene products from arachidonic acid and 2) can be, for the first time, visualised by native gel electrophoresis and negative stain transmission electron microscopy and 3) show a highest ratio of two 5LO per nanodisc. We interpret this as one 5LO on each side of the disc. The dimer of 5LO is visualised by negative stain transmission electron microscopy and is shown to not bind to nanodiscs. This study shows the advantages of nanodiscs to obtain basic structural information as well as functional information of a complex between a monotopic membrane protein and the membrane.
Origins of Urban Public-School Delegitimation

Kathryn Neckerman’s Schools Betrayed: Roots of Failure in Inner-City Education effectively uses a combination of archival sources and census microdata to undercut popular explanations of student failure in urban schools. Focusing on Chicago schools between 1900 and 1960, her goal is to explain the development of hostile relationships between teacher and students in innercity schools. She takes Kenneth Clark’s word at face value, that in 1965 teachers and students treated each other as enemies: “The dominant and disturbing fact about the ghetto school is that the teachers and students regard each other as adversaries. Under these conditions the teachers are reluctant to teach and the students retaliate and resist learning” (Clark 1965, 137). Neckerman then tackles the three most common explanations of that hostility with a range of evidence. Neckerman’s argument begins with three common explanations of the modern achievement/attainment gap and innercity school ineffectiveness: the deindustrialization of major cities, labor-market discrimination, and the development of a culture within working-class African American communities that denigrated academic achievement, known as the oppositional-culture thesis. The first half of the book is devoted to testing these explanations with evidence from Chicago’s public school documents, newspapers, contemporary accounts, and census microdata from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample collection at the Minnesota Population Center (available to all researchers at www.ipums.org). In each case, Neckerman marshals persuasive evidence that the common thumbnail histories of urban education do not account for the post–World War II rise of hostility
Changing pattern of hepatitis viral infection in Saudi Arabia in the last two decades.

BACKGROUND Information on the epidemiology of viral hepatitis B, C and A in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has accumulated over the last two decades. We review the changing epidemiology of these infections and suggest possible strategies for eradication. METHODS We screened Saudi medical journals and Medline for reports dealing with hepatitis B, C and A, and analyzed official of blood donor screening data from the Ministry of Health (MOH) Central Blood Bank and the King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) Blood Bank. RESULTS Several studies from the 1980s found a high endemicity for HBV, with 5% to 10% of the population infected and prevalence varying from one region to another. In children (age 1 to 12 years), the prevalence was almost 7% in 1989, just before the addition of the HBV vaccine to the Extended Program of Immunization (EPI). By 1997, the prevalence of HBV infection in children had declined to 0.3%. Blood donor results have also shown a steady decrease in HBV infection. At KKUH, prevalence declined from 3.7% in 1987 to 1.7% in 2000. Hepatitis C infection has also shown a marked decline among Saudi blood donors at KKUH, HAV infection among children has declined from 50% in 1989 to 25% in 1997, but the infection rate is still high, reaching 50% in a few regions. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis B, C, and A infection has declined in KSA in the last two decades by more than 50%. The reasons for this marked decline are multifactorial. An important reason is the adoption in the last two decades of the MOH strategy for prevention of viral hepatitis infection, which needs to continue. Improvements in the economic status of the population and the decline in illiteracy have also contributed to the decline in viral hepatitis infection.
Single unit attachments improve peri-implant soft tissue conditions in mandibular overdentures supported by four implants.

AIM To evaluate the clinical performance as well as patients' and clinicians' satisfaction on two different prosthodontic retention systems for implant-overdentures in the mandible. METHODS In this retrospective study, patients provided with four intraforaminal implants with at least 12 months of follow-up since overdenture delivery were evaluated. A total of 39 patients were treated either with Locator(®) attachment or with cad-cam milled bar. Clinical parameters such as Peri-implant Probing Depth (PPD), Plaque Index (PI), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP) were evaluated. Patients' and clinicians' perceptions regarding the outcome were assessed on visual analog scales (VAS). RESULTS The mean follow-up was 13 months in the Locator(®) group and 18 months in the Bar group and no implants were lost. The Locator group showed better results for PPD, PI, and BOP values. Patients' satisfaction was high in both groups, whereas the clinicians found better hygienic conditions and soft tissue health in the Locator group. CONCLUSIONS Although the patients' satisfaction was similar in both groups the Locator(®) system demonstrated better soft tissues scores because hygienic maintenance was more complicated around bars. This may increase the frequency of chronic inflammations around the implants.
MMP-14 overexpression correlates with the neurodegenerative process in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy

ABSTRACT Levels of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) can be differentially regulated in response to injury or neurological diseases. For instance, it is known that selective and short-term inhibition of MMP-14, a membrane-type 1 MMP, accelerates axon regeneration. Because axon growth and regeneration is impaired in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by misfolding and deposition of mutant transthyretin (TTR) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), we presently investigated the expression levels and the potential role for MMP-14 in this condition. By using cell culture studies, a mouse model of disease and human clinical samples, we observed that MMP-14: (i) is overexpressed in FAP nerves, correlating with TTR deposition; (ii) is upregulated in sciatic nerves from a preclinical transgenic mouse model, increasing with TTR deposition; (iii) levels in the PNS and plasma are rescued upon treatment of mice with anakinra or TTR siRNA, drugs acting over the IL-1 signaling pathway or TTR liver synthesis, respectively; (iv) increases in Schwann cells upon incubation with amyloid-like aggregates; and, finally, (v) is increased in plasma of FAP patients, correlating with disease progression. These results highlight the relevance of MMP-14 in the pathophysiology of FAP, suggesting not only a potential role for this molecule as a novel biomarker for therapy follow up, but also as a new potential therapeutic target. Summary: MMP-14 overexpression correlates with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy disease and progression, as determined using mouse models and human samples. TTR gene silencing in the preclinical model decreases MMP-14 plasma levels.
Modeling the Self-assembly of the Cellulosome Enzyme Complex*

Most bacteria use free enzymes to degrade plant cell walls in nature. However, some bacteria have adopted a different strategy wherein enzymes can either be free or tethered on a protein scaffold forming a complex called a cellulosome. The study of the structure and mechanism of these large macromolecular complexes is an active and ongoing research topic, with the goal of finding ways to improve biomass conversion using cellulosomes. Several mechanisms involved in cellulosome formation remain unknown, including how cellulosomal enzymes assemble on the scaffoldin and what governs the population of cellulosomes created during self-assembly. Here, we present a coarse-grained model to study the self-assembly of cellulosomes. The model captures most of the physical characteristics of three cellulosomal enzymes (Cel5B, CelS, and CbhA) and the scaffoldin (CipA) from Clostridium thermocellum. The protein structures are represented by beads connected by restraints to mimic the flexibility and shapes of these proteins. From a large simulation set, the assembly of cellulosomal enzyme complexes is shown to be dominated by their shape and modularity. The multimodular enzyme, CbhA, binds statistically more frequently to the scaffoldin than CelS or Cel5B. The enhanced binding is attributed to the flexible nature and multimodularity of this enzyme, providing a longer residence time around the scaffoldin. The characterization of the factors influencing the cellulosome assembly process may enable new strategies to create designers cellulosomes.