Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parser Evaluation over Local and Non-Local Deep Dependencies in a Large Corpus

In order to obtain a fine-grained evaluation of parser accuracy over naturally occurring text, we study 100 examples each of ten reasonably frequent linguistic phenomena, randomly selected from a parsed version of the English Wikipedia. We construct a corresponding set of gold-standard target dependencies for these 1000 sentences, operationalize mappings to these targets from seven state-of-the-art parsers, and evaluate the parsers against this data to measure their level of success in identifying these dependencies.
Learning-Regulated Context Relevant Topographical Map

Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM) is used to map high-dimensional data into a low-dimensional representation (typically a 2-D or 3-D space) while preserving their topological characteristics. A major reason for its application is to be able to visualize data while preserving their relation in the high-dimensional input data space as much as possible. Here, we are seeking to go further by incorporating semantic meaning in the low-dimensional representation. In a conventional SOM, the semantic context of the data, such as class labels, does not have any influence on the formation of the map. As an abstraction of neural function, the SOM models bottom-up self-organization but not feedback modulation which is also ubiquitous in the brain. In this paper, we demonstrate a hierarchical neural network, which learns a topographical map that also reflects the semantic context of the data. Our method combines unsupervised, bottom-up topographical map formation with top-down supervised learning. We discuss the mathematical properties of the proposed hierarchical neural network and demonstrate its abilities with empirical experiments.
'My voice shall ring in your ears': the acousmatic voice and the timbral sublime in the Gothic Romance

Many studies of the Gothic Romance have argued for the importance of sight and obscurity to its aesthetic forms; however, its soundscapes have been considered more scarcely, with only Dale Townshend reading, in any extended sense, the sonic dimensions of the originate Gothic of the late eighteenth century. As this article argues by drawing from Mladen Dolar’s psychoanalytic formulations of the object voice, the obscured or sourceless voice as a means of auditory persecution is an important mechanism in both horror Gothic and in the Radcliffean school of terror. An example of the horror or ‘male’ Gothic of the early nineteenth century, Charles Maturin’s Melmoth the Wanderer (1820) stages a series of persecutory voices that invoke the negative, timbral sublime – an overwhelming textual/auditory excess and a representation of what, theoretically, Dolar has described as ‘the voice beyond logos, the voice beyond law’. It is precisely through such an invocation of a negative sublime that the interrogative voices of Melmoth attempt to dominate those to whom they call. Yet, in Ann Radcliffe’s literature of terror, the disembodied voice is shown, consistently, to lack the authority of law: it is often mistrusted and its source misplaced. Thus the acoustic dimensions of the Gothic Romance, I argue in this chapter, are shaped in part by the distinctive ways in which the terror and horror literatures of the period negotiate and stage the inherent alterity of the troubled and troubling voices that echo throughout their pages.
Zinc Requirement During Meiosis I–Meiosis II Transition in Mouse Oocytes Is Independent of the MOS-MAPK Pathway1

Zinc is essential for many biological processes, including proper functioning of gametes. We recently reported that zinc levels rise by over 50% during oocyte maturation and that attenuation of zinc availability during this period could be achieved using the membrane-permeable heavy metal chelator N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN). This zinc insufficiency resulted in formation of large polar bodies, failure to establish metaphase II arrest, and impaired establishment of cortical polarity. As these phenotypes resemble those of MOS null oocytes, we examined the impact of zinc insufficiency on the MOS-MAPK pathway. Reduced levels of both MOS protein and phosphorylation of MAP2K1/2 are observed in zinc-insufficient oocytes; however, these differences appear only after completion of the first meiotic division. In addition, activation of the downstream effector of the MOS pathway, MAPK3/1, is not affected by zinc insufficiency, and reduced MOS levels are observed only with the presence of TPEN after the first polar body extrusion. These data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that reduced MOS mediates the observed phenotype. Finally, MOS overexpression does not rescue the phenotype of zinc-insufficient oocytes, confirming that the observed disruption of asymmetric division and spindle abnormalities cannot be attributed to impaired MOS signaling. Zinc-insufficient oocytes do not increase maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity following the first meiotic division, and increasing MPF activity through expression of nondegradable cyclin B1 partially rescues the ability of zinc-insufficient oocytes to enter metaphase II. Although we have shown that zinc has a novel role in the meiotic cell cycle, it is not mediated through the MOS-MAPK pathway.
Organisation of Purchasing and Buyer-Supplier Relationships in Large Construction Companies

Large construction companies purchase 70-80 per cent of their turnover from material and service suppliers, rendering their purchasing processes and practices crucial for achieving profitability and a competitive edge. However, the organisational structure of these companies, where purchasing is conducted in both the central purchasing department and in the projects, makes purchasing a challenging issue. Despite the potential benefits and challenges, research on purchasing in construction companies remains scarce. The aim of this thesis is two-fold: (1) to explore purchasing processes and practices in large Swedish construction companies regarding organisation of purchasing and buyer-supplier relationships, and (2) to suggest ways of improving purchasing. This thesis is based on two studies. The first is a two-year case study in a large construction company where participant observations and interviews provided an understanding of purchasing mainly from the perspective of a central purchasing department. The second study is an interview study carried out in three large construction companies and among their subcontractors. The latter study provided important insights into the projects’ perspective on purchasing. This thesis shows conflicting interests between the purchasing department and the projects concerning relationships with suppliers with framework agreements. While purchasing departments have a long-term focus, projects focus on flexibility and smoothness in project delivery. These conflicting interests result in a dual interface towards suppliers. To bridge this tension, increased internal integration is proposed by forming cross-functional teams. The thesis also shows current practices for achieving cooperation in the relationships between contractor site managers and subcontractor foremen. This identified cooperation nuances the current one-sided perception of the construction industry as adversarial and short-term. Moreover, this thesis proposes a new definition of purchasing in construction, highlighting the importance of integrating strategic and operational perspectives when exploring purchasing processes and practices.
An Introduction to Feminism

As well as providing a clear and critical introduction to the theory, this refreshing overview focuses on the practice of feminism with coverage of actions and activism, bringing the subject to life for newcomers as well as offering fresh perspectives for advanced students. Explanations of the main strands to feminism, such as liberalism, sit alongside an exploration of a range of approaches, such as radical, anarchist and Marxist feminism, and provide much-needed context against which more familiar historical themes may be understood. The author's broad and inclusive view conveys the diversity and disagreement within feminism with accessible clarity. The analysis of key terms equips readers with a critical understanding of the vocabulary of feminist debates that will be invaluable to undergraduate students. Focuses on feminist practice as well as feminist theory, encouraging increased attention to the practical aspects of feminism as a movement. Covers a broad scope of feminist traditions including previously neglected strands, providing a truly wide-ranging understanding of feminism as a whole. Attends to previously under-discussed aspects of the history of feminism, situating feminist theory and practice in the context against which it can be properly understood. Includes in-depth analyses of key terms equipping readers with a critical understanding of the vocabulary encountered in feminist literature and debates.
Striatal Hypodensities, Not White Matter Hypodensities on CT, Are Associated with Late-Onset Depression in Alzheimer's Disease

This study examined whether there were neuroanatomical differences evident on CT scans of individuals with dementia who differed on depression history. Neuroanatomical variables consisted of visual ratings of frontal lobe deep white matter, subcortical white matter, and subcortical gray matter hypodensities in the CT scans of 182 individuals from the Study of Dementia in Swedish Twins who were diagnosed with dementia and had information on depression history. Compared to individuals with Alzheimer's disease and no depression, individuals with Alzheimer's disease and late-onset depression (first depressive episode at age 60 or over) had a greater number of striatal hypodensities (gray matter hypodensities in the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus). There were no significant differences in frontal lobe deep white matter or subcortical white matter. These findings suggest that late-onset depression may be a process that is distinct from the neurodegenerative changes caused by Alzheimer's disease.
Presynaptic Clathrin Levels Are a Limiting Factor for Synaptic Transmission

To maintain communication, neurons must recycle their synaptic vesicles with high efficiency. This process places a huge burden on the clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery, but the consequences of this are poorly understood. We found that the amount of clathrin in a presynaptic terminal is not fixed. During stimulation, clathrin moves out of synapses as a function of stimulus strength and neurotransmitter release probability, which, together with membrane coat formation, transiently reduces the available pool of free clathrin triskelia. Correlative functional and morphological experiments in cholinergic autapses established by superior cervical ganglion neurons in culture show that presynaptic terminal function is compromised if clathrin levels fall by 20% after clathrin heavy chain knock down using RNAi. Synaptic transmission is depressed due to a reduction of cytoplasmic and readily releasable pools of vesicles. However, synaptic depression reverts after dialysis of exogenous clathrin, thus compensating RNAi-induced depletion. Lowering clathrin levels also reduces quantal size, which occurs concomitantly with a decrease in the size of synaptic vesicles. Large dense-core vesicles are unaffected by clathrin knock down. Together, our results show that clathrin levels are a dynamic property of presynaptic terminals that can influence short-term plasticity in a stimulus-dependent manner.
F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/computed Tomography in Management of Cervical Dystonia Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Original Article

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18 F-FDG PET/CT) in the management of cervical dystonia (CD) with botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection. Method Thirty two subjects with CD were included. A BoNT-A injection was provided either by clinically targeting method (group 1) or by 18 F-FDG PET/CT-assisted, clinically targeting method (group 2). In group 2, selection of target muscles and dosage of BoNT-A were determined according to the increased 18 F-FDG uptake, in addition to physical examination and functional anatomy. The outcomes of BoNT-A injection was compared between the two groups, in terms of the number of subjects who had reinjection before and after 6 months, the number of reinjections, the interval of reinjections, the duration to the minimal Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS), the number of adverse events, the reduction rate of TWSTRS at 1-3 months and 3-6 months after injection, and the probability of reinjection-free living. Results The number of subjects who had reinjection within 6 months was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1 (10 in group 1 vs. 3 in group 2). The reduction rate of TWSTRS after 3-6 months (37.8±15.7% of group 1 vs. 63.3±28.0% of group 2) and the probability of reinjection-free living were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1. Conclusion These findings suggest that 18 F-FDG PET/CT study could be useful in management of CD in terms of the identification of dystonic muscles if there is an increase in the 18 F-FDG uptake in the cervical muscle of the images. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Interleukin-13 Promotes Susceptibility to Chlamydial Infection of the Respiratory and Genital Tracts

Chlamydiae are intracellular bacteria that commonly cause infections of the respiratory and genital tracts, which are major clinical problems. Infections are also linked to the aetiology of diseases such as asthma, emphysema and heart disease. The clinical management of infection is problematic and antibiotic resistance is emerging. Increased understanding of immune processes that are involved in both clearance and immunopathology of chlamydial infection is critical for the development of improved treatment strategies. Here, we show that IL-13 was produced in the lungs of mice rapidly after Chlamydia muridarum (Cmu) infection and promoted susceptibility to infection. Wild-type (WT) mice had increased disease severity, bacterial load and associated inflammation compared to IL-13 deficient (−/−) mice as early as 3 days post infection (p.i.). Intratracheal instillation of IL-13 enhanced bacterial load in IL-13−/− mice. There were no differences in early IFN-g and IL-10 expression between WT and IL-13−/− mice and depletion of CD4+ T cells did not affect infection in IL-13−/− mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate a lack of CD4+ T cell involvement and a novel role for IL-13 in innate responses to infection. We also showed that IL-13 deficiency increased macrophage uptake of Cmu in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the depletion of IL-13 during infection of lung epithelial cells in vitro decreased the percentage of infected cells and reduced bacterial growth. Our results suggest that enhanced IL-13 responses in the airways, such as that found in asthmatics, may promote susceptibility to chlamydial lung infection. Importantly the role of IL-13 in regulating infection was not limited to the lung as we showed that IL-13 also promoted susceptibility to Cmu genital tract infection. Collectively our findings demonstrate that innate IL-13 release promotes infection that results in enhanced inflammation and have broad implications for the treatment of chlamydial infections and IL-13-associated diseases.
Geographies of race and ethnicity III

In this third progress report I consider the politics of settler colonialism in relation to nonnative people of color. Settler colonialism has become an increasingly important concept over the past decade, and while geographers typically think about it from a white/native perspective, I explore how ethnic studies, specifically, Chicana/o studies, has responded to it. For different reasons both disciplines have hesitated to fully interrogate the significance of the concept. In the case of geography, the whiteness of the discipline has caused it to overlook vibrant debates within ethnic studies. Chicana/o studies has not directly engaged with settler colonialism because, I argue, it has the potential to disrupt core elements of Chicana/o political subjectivity. Specifically, it unsettles Chicanas/os’ conception of themselves as colonized people by highlighting their role as colonizers. Acknowledging such a role is difficult not only because it challenges key dimensions of Chicana/o identity, as seen in Aztlán, Chicanas/os’ mythical homeland, but also because of the precarious nature of Chicana/o indigeneity. Examining Chicana/o studies’ muted response to settler colonialism illustrates the impoverished nature of geography’s study of race.
PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS AMONG L POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS OF BENCE-JONES PROTEINS AND HUMAN γ-GLOBULINS

The L polypeptide chains of certain Bence-Jones proteins of group I have been found in three forms: monomers of molecular weight of about 20,000, dimers which monomerize in dissociating solvents, and dimers which are stable in such solvents. The L polypeptide chains of some Bence-Jones proteins of group II were found to occur naturally only as stable dimers. The L chains of normal human γ-globulin have been obtained in a reduced unalkylated form, and a fraction of these chains was found to form stable dimers under oxidizing conditions. It is suggested that a single disulfide bond is involved in stabilization of the dimer. In experiments on the reconstitution of 7S γ-globulin, it was found that stable dimers of L polypeptide chains did not associate appreciably with Hγ chains to form a soluble product. L chains in the monomeric form, both of a reduced alkylated Bence-Jones protein and of reduced unalkylated γ-globulin, combined with Hγ chains to form a 7S product. After hydrolysis with papain, the 7S material containing the Bence-Jones L chains yielded fragments comparable to the fragments of papain-treated myeloma proteins. As indicated by spectrofluorometric measurements, dissociable dimers and stable dimers of the L chains of a Bence-Jones protein both underwent identical thermally induced transitions in the temperature range 48–58°C. When L polypeptide chains were present in reduced alkylated γ-globulin or reduced alkylated S fragments, no transition occurred until 65°C, the coagulation temperature of γ-globulin and S fragments. Above this temperature, L chains were released into solution. These experiments suggested that free L chains and L chains bound to Hγ chains have different conformational stabilities.
Differential Magnetic Resonance Neurofeedback Modulations across Extrinsic (Visual) and Intrinsic (Default-Mode) Nodes of the Human Cortex

Previous advances in magnetic resonance imaging allow the analysis of blood oxygen level-dependent signals in real time, thus opening the possibility of feeding an index of these signals back to scanned human participants. However, it is still not known to what extent different cortical networks may differ in their sensitivity to such internally generated neurofeedback (NF). Here, we compare NF efficacy across six cortical regions including: early and high-order visual areas and the posterior parietal lobe, a prominent node of the default mode network (DMN). Our results reveal a consistent difference in NF activation across these areas. Sham controls ruled out a role of attention/arousal in these effects. These differences are suggestive of a relationship to the relative reliance on intrinsic information, moving from early visual cortex (lowest) to the DMN (highest). Interestingly, the visual parahippocampal place area showed NF activation closer to the DMN node. The results are compatible with the notion of the DMN as an intrinsically oriented system.
Investigating Laboratory and Everyday Typing Performance of Blind Users

Over the last decade there have been numerous studies on touchscreen typing by blind people. However, there are no reports about blind users’ everyday typing performance and how it relates to laboratory settings. We conducted a longitudinal study involving five participants to investigate how blind users truly type on their smartphones. For 12 weeks, we collected field data, coupled with eight weekly laboratory sessions. This article provides a thorough analysis of everyday typing data and its relationship with controlled laboratory assessments. We improve state-of-the-art techniques to obtain intent from field data, and provide insights on real-world performance. Our findings show that users improve over time, even though it is at a slow rate. Substitutions are the most common type of error and have a significant impact on entry rates in both field and laboratory settings. Results show that participants are 1.3--2 times faster when typing during everyday tasks. On the other hand, they are less accurate. We finished by deriving some implications that should inform the design of a future virtual keyboard for nonvisual input. Moreover, findings should be of interest to keyboard designers and researchers looking to conduct field studies to understand everyday input performance.
Regulation of Budding Yeast Mating-Type Switching Donor Preference by the FHA Domain of Fkh1

During Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating-type switching, an HO endonuclease-induced double-strand break (DSB) at MAT is repaired by recombining with one of two donors, HMLα or HMR a, located at opposite ends of chromosome III. MAT a cells preferentially recombine with HMLα; this decision depends on the Recombination Enhancer (RE), located about 17 kb to the right of HML. In MATα cells, HML is rarely used and RE is bound by the MATα2-Mcm1 corepressor, which prevents the binding of other proteins to RE. In contrast, in MAT a cells, RE is bound by multiple copies of Fkh1 and a single copy of Swi4/Swi6. We report here that, when RE is replaced with four LexA operators in MAT a cells, 95% of cells use HMR for repair, but expression of a LexA-Fkh1 fusion protein strongly increases HML usage. A LexA-Fkh1 truncation, containing only Fkh1's phosphothreonine-binding FHA domain, restores HML usage to 90%. A LexA-FHA-R80A mutant lacking phosphothreonine binding fails to increase HML usage. The LexA-FHA fusion protein associates with chromatin in a 10-kb interval surrounding the HO cleavage site at MAT, but only after DSB induction. This association occurs even in a donorless strain lacking HML. We propose that the FHA domain of Fkh1 regulates donor preference by physically interacting with phosphorylated threonine residues created on proteins bound near the DSB, thus positioning HML close to the DSB at MAT. Donor preference is independent of Mec1/ATR and Tel1/ATM checkpoint protein kinases but partially depends on casein kinase II. RE stimulates the strand invasion step of interchromosomal recombination even for non-MAT sequences. We also find that when RE binds to the region near the DSB at MAT a then Mec1 and Tel1 checkpoint kinases are not only able to phosphorylate histone H2A (γ-H2AX) around the DSB but can also promote γ-H2AX spreading around the RE region.