Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evoked Release of Endogenous Norepinephrine in the Canine Saphenous Vein: Inhibition by Acetylcholine

Most of the information concerning adrenergic neurotransmission in the blood vessel wall has been obtained from isolated blood vessels previously incubated with radiolabeled norepinephrine. In the present study, we determined the tissue content of norepinephrine and dopamine in the dog's saphenous vein using a radioenzymatic assay; tissue content of dopamine was 30 times less than tissue content of norepinephrine, and no epinephrine could be detected. During superfusion of isolated canine saphenous vein preparations, superfusate samples were collected for subsequent radioenzymatic analysis of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. The basal efflux of endogenous norepinephrine declined slightly with time. Nerve stimulation caused frequency-dependent increases in tension, paralleled by increases in efflux of endogenous norepinephrine. The changes in tension were correlated significantly with the changes in norepinephrine overflow. Acetylcholine at 5 × 10−7M had no effect on basal tension or basal norepinephrine overflow. During nerve stimulation at 2 Hz and at 5 Hz, it significantly depressed the contractile response and the evoked overflow of endogenous norepinephrine. Neither dopamine nor epinephrine was detected during these superfusion studies. The present experiments introduce the means for measuring endogenous norepinephrine overflow in the canine saphenous vein, validate earlier work on this blood vessel, and, in particular, provide direct evidence for the inhibitory effect of acetylcholine on adrenergic neurotransmission in the blood vessel wall. Circ Res 45: 608-614, 1979
‘That's why I do it’: flow and EFL teachers’ practices

Csikszentmihalyi’s (1997) concept of ? ow describes a mental state resulting from peak experiences in which the level of challenge is high, but manageable given a person’s skills. Because ? ow occurs at peak moments, these moments can motivate teachers, possibly shaping their classroom practices and giving them insight into their teaching beliefs. This exploratory interview study examines ten EFLteachers’ ? ow experiences at work, and considers their implications for teacher education. The teachers all reported experiencing ? ow, and key categories relating to its occurrence were derived from their descriptions. Based on this study, we suggest that the concept of ? ow provides a tool for understanding more about teachers’ practices, beliefs, and values in their teaching. We conclude by considering ways in which ? ow may be incorporated into teacher development programmes, and investigated in future research. Background Imagine an ideal lesson. The planned activity goes better than imagined, and 20 minutes slip by without the teacher even thinking about the time. Or, a chance comment by a student turns into a discussion that engages and energizes everyone in the room. After the class, the teacher recalls the situation to a colleague, commenting on its success. The teacher later wonders, ‘What happened today? How can it happen again? ’
Occlusion Patterns for Object Class Detection

Despite the success of recent object class recognition systems, the long-standing problem of partial occlusion remains a major challenge, and a principled solution is yet to be found. In this paper we leave the beaten path of methods that treat occlusion as just another source of noise - instead, we include the occluder itself into the modelling, by mining distinctive, reoccurring occlusion patterns from annotated training data. These patterns are then used as training data for dedicated detectors of varying sophistication. In particular, we evaluate and compare models that range from standard object class detectors to hierarchical, part-based representations of occluder/occludee pairs. In an extensive evaluation we derive insights that can aid further developments in tackling the occlusion challenge.
Random assignment and shortest path problems

We explore a similarity between the $n$ by $n$ random assignment problem and the random shortest path problem on the complete graph on $n+1$ vertices. This similarity is a consequence of the proof of the Parisi formula for the assignment problem given by C. Nair, B. Prabhakar and M. Sharma in 2003. We give direct proofs of the analogs for the shortest path problem of some results established by D. Aldous in connection with his $\zeta (2)$ limit theorem for the assignment problem.
Investigating the link between disease activity and infliximab serum levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which infliximab (IFX) serum levels impact disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS In this cross sectional study, serum samples were taken prior to drug infusion from 60 RA patients who had been undergoing IFX therapy > 12 months as a first line of biological treatment. Patient IFX levels were tested and then associated with clinical disease activity. Three DAS28 cut-off points, <2.6, <3.2 and <5.1 were used to determine whether detectable IFX levels were any predictor of clinical disease activity. Logistic regression analysis was run to check other possible factors associated with RA clinical outcomes such as MTX concomitant use, CRP and ESR. RESULTS Sixteen (27%) out of the 60 patients tested negative; 28 (46%) presented subtherapeutic and 16 (27%) therapeutic IFX levels. Median IFX levels were higher in patients either in remission or showing low disease activity than in those with moderate and high disease activity (p=0.014). Significant association was found between IFX levels and clinical disease activity (p=0.001). Detectable levels of IFX shows better sensitivity and specificity to identify patients with DAS28<3.2 than to identify patients with DAS28<2.6 or DAS28<5.1. Conversely, the best DAS28 cut-off to identify detectable/undetectable IFX was 3.19, with AUC under ROC curve 0.804 (Sd.E 0.070), 76% specificity and 83% sensitivity (p<0.001). MTX use, CRP and ESR did not interfere with this association. Seven out of the 8 patients with anti-IFX antibodies presented DAS28>3.2 (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS DAS28 and IFX serum levels were shown to have an inverse correlation. Undetectable IFX serum levels were associated to RA patients presenting DAS28>3.2 meaning that DAS28 <3.2 may be useful to clinicians to evaluate patient response to drug therapy.
Inequalities in school systems: effect of school structure or of society structure?

In this study the authors start from the observed fact that equality of opportunities of educational achievement is higher in integrated school systems than in differentiated school systems. In other words, in integrated school systems, a pupil’s school achievement depends less than elsewhere on the social and cultural resources of his or her family. However, before concluding that school structure has a significant influence on inequalities at school, it is important to distinguish between the influence of the socio‐economic context underlying each school system, and the specific influence of the structure or organisation of the school system itself. The fact is that not only do the most egalitarian countries with regard to schooling have in common an integrated structure, but also these schools are set within the context of countries which are more egalitarian in other ways, particularly with regard to income distribution. To distinguish between the influence of this social environment and that of school structure, the authors offer three analyses based on a comparative analysis of international databases measuring educational achievement. The results of these three analyses lend credence to the hypothesis that the structure of the school system has a specific effect on the extent of inequalities.
Support networks of adolescent mothers : Effects on parenting experience and behavior

La relation entre le soutien social et l'experience en matiere de parentage, de comportement de parentage et de symptomes psychologiques chez des meres adolescentes noires, americaines et provenant de milieux defavorises a ete etudiee. Les reseaux de soutien plus etendus etaient associes a un meilleur ajustement maternel sauf lorsque les individus offrant leur soutien etaient aussi des sources de conflit. Les propres meres des jeunes femmes etaient les pourvoyeuses de soutien les plus importantes, et le nombre de sortes differentes de soutien que la grand-mere offrait etait lie positivement a la qualite du comportement de parentage de l'adolescente, mais negativement a son experience du parentage. Le fait d'avoir plus d'amis appartenant au reseau etait lie a un meilleur comportement de parentage, mais le fait d'avoir plus de freres et soeurs dans le reseau etait lie a un comportement de parentage apauvri ainsi qu'a plus de symptomes psychologiques. Alors que la plupart des jeunes femmes s'appuyaient sur des partenaires mâles afin qu'ils les soutiennent, aucune variable liee au fait que les pourvoyeurs de soutien soient des partenaires mâles n'etait liee a l'ajustement maternel.
Characteristics of Patients with High Lie Scores in a Personality Test

Background: It is reported that persons with high Lie score (L score) of a personality test are aggressively self-confident and are also related to depression or schizophrenia In this study, we examined the characteristics of patients with high L scores on the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and examined the significance of the L score. Materials and Methods: We collected the data of 10789 subjects and examined the relationship between L score or the number of characteristic biased persons and the parameters of age, sex, education level, occupation, and degree of pain. Furthermore, we examined the changes in extraversion–introversion (E score), neuroticism (N score), and L scores at approximately 1 year after surgery in 1711 patients who underwent surgery at our university hospital or affiliated hospitals. Results: L score was significantly higher among persons with a high degree of pain, and ratio of the characteristic biased persons in L score was significantly high among persons in their 40s to 60s, healthcare professionals and those with a high degree of pain. Moreover, L score scarcely changed between before and after surgery when compared with E score and N score. Conclusion: L score is not greatly influenced by an individual's state of mind or situation at different times, and may indicate the personality traits proper to the person. It is shown that L score may indicate the personality trait characteristics of persons who want to make themselves look good in the eyes of other.
Predictors and Effects of Self-Objectification in Lesbians

The majority of research on self-objectification has focused on heterosexual women's experiences. This study sought to examine experiences of self-objectification in lesbian women. A path model was developed to examine the relationships between participants’ feminist self-identification, levels of internalized heterosexism, objectified body consciousness, and the clinically relevant variables of negative eating attitudes and depression. As has been found with heterosexual women, body surveillance led to shame, which led to negative clinical outcomes. A direct path was also found between levels of surveillance and negative eating attitudes, consistent with previous research on self-objectification among lesbians. Feminist self-identification was not significantly related to the other variables, in contrast to previous research with heterosexual women. Internalized heterosexism was related to negative clinical outcomes, both indirectly through objectification variables and directly to depressive symptomatology. These results provide evidence that self-objectification and internalized heterosexism have negative impacts on the mental health of lesbian women.
Coach Communication of Non-Selection in Youth Competitive Sport

Previous research in youth sport has overlooked the experience of non-selection from the collective perspectives of all those involved. The purpose of this descriptive research was to gain understanding about the communication of non-selection within competitive youth sport, while also seeking to investigate the methods used by coaches to inform youth of their non-selection. This qualitative research involved interviews employed within an interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA). Participants (n=15) were comprised of coaches, athletes, and parents. Findings indicate that coaches, athletes, and parents all consider the task of communicating non-selection to be troublesome. An inventory of communication methods used by coaches to inform athletes of their tryout results was created by noting the experiences of all participants. Lastly, coach profiles revealed that coaches make communication choices based on factors such as their past experience, willingness to provide feedback, as well as the age of their athletes. Findings highlight the importance of experiential learning, as coaches learn primarily about the process of communicating non-selection through their experiences as coaches and as parents.
Lean Production, Worker Empowerment, and Job Satisfaction: A Qualitative Analysis and Critique

Many argue that increased employee involvement in manufacturing is central to lean production. Increasing the responsibilities and abilities of front-line workers has been labeled empowerment. Such empowerment is said to increase job satisfaction. Yet, there is surprisingly little qualitative research directly addressing the relationship between participatory work arrangements and job satisfaction, and the quantitative evidence is much less clear than often presented. Qualitative data presented here show that workers can be satisfied under relatively traditional Fordist arrangements and that increasing employee involvement does not necessarily increase satisfaction. My research highlights the role of individual work orientations in mediating the effects of objective characteristics of job design — such as participatory work arrangements — on job satisfaction. Further, individual preferences for work arrangements are shown not to be consistent and invariable, but context-dependent and subject to reevaluation.
Perspective---The Black Box of Organizational Demography

Since its definition in the early 1980s, organizational demography has become an influential research area. Scholars map the relationship between demographic variables and organizational outcomes, examining such questions as whether increasing work group diversity leads to greater turnover and whether decreasing tenure similarity within a top management team leads to more numerous strategic reorientations. Asking such questions requires only a demographic predictor and an outcome, but answering them often requires additional theoretical constructs. For example, the relationship between work group diversity and turnover might be explained by communication and conflict. As work group diversity increases, communication within the group may become more difficult, resulting in greater conflict and thus increasing turnover.Despite the important, sometimes critical, role of such additional theoretical concepts, researchers often leave them loosely specified and unmeasured, creating a “black box” filled with vague, untested theories. This article presents a critical analysis of this approach. The results show that simple demographic explanations may generate multiple, mutually exclusive, often implicit theories involving numerous additional concepts. An evaluation of these more complex theories against previous research shows that they receive only weak support. Hence, the black box approach to organizational demography presents serious theoretical problems. Examples are provided to illuminate these problems. Four directions are suggested for research in organizational demography: deepening current variance explanations, creating dynamic models, exploring factors that produce demographic distributions, and moving beyond the variance model.
O R I G I N a L I N V E S T I G a T I O N Open Access

Protective role of oleic acid against cardiovascular insulin resistance and in the early and late cellular atherosclerotic process Abstract Background: Several translational studies have identified the differential role between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids at cardiovascular level. However, the molecular mechanisms that support the protective role of oleate in cardiovascular cells are poorly known. For these reasons, we studied the protective role of oleate in the insulin resistance and in the atherosclerotic process at cellular level such as in cardiomyocytes (CMs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Methods: The effect of oleate in the cardiovascular insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction, inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs were analyzed by Western blot, qRT-PCR, BrdU incorporation and cell cycle analysis.
How do GPs use clinical information in their judgements of heart failure? A clinical judgement analysis study.

OBJECTIVE To study general practitioners' (GP) clinical diagnoses of heart failure. DESIGN A Clinical Judgement Analysis study. SETTING Primary health care. SUBJECTS Twenty-seven GPs from nine health centres in Stockholm County. INTERVENTION Forty-five case vignettes, based on actual patients from two health centres in Stockholm, were presented to each GP. For each case vignette, the GPs judged the probability of heart failure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The GPs' assessments of the probability of heart failure in the case vignettes. The GPs' utilization of clinical information in their judgement strategies, as measured by the regression coefficients in a multiple regression equation, with the probability assessments as dependent and the clinical criteria as independent variables. RESULTS The variation between the GPs' assessments of the probability of heart failure was considerable. The judgemental strategies differed between the doctors, the most important variables for most of them being lung and heart X-rays and a history of myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS With new treatment recommendations, it has become increasingly important to identify patients with heart failure. This study demonstrates large differences in GPs' diagnoses of heart failure. An important source of this variation is the differences in how they make use of clinical information.
Isolating Cognitive Modules with the Dual-Task Paradigm: Are Speech Perception and Production Separate Processes?

A dual-task paradigm is used to investigate whether the auditory input logogen is distinct from the articulatory output logogen. In the first two experiments it is shown that the task of detecting an unspecified name in an auditory input stream can be combined with reading aloud visually presented words with relatively little single- to dual-task decrement. The stimuli for both tasks are independent streams of random words presented at rapid rates. A series of control experiments suggest that the first task places a considerable information processing load on the auditory input logogen, the second a considerable load on the phonological output logogen, and that subjects do not switch between the two tasks. The fact that the two tasks can be combined with ease is therefore interpreted as supporting the view that the systems underlying reading aloud and listening are separate. The ease of performance when the input streams are in different modalities, compared to the difficulties when they are in the same, has implications for general models of attention.
Glucose effectiveness and insulin sensitivity from the minimal models: consequences of undermodeling assessed by Monte Carlo simulation

The unlabeled (cold) minimal model (MM) and the labeled (hot) minimal model (HMM) are a powerful tool to investigate in vivo metabolism from a standard intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) or hot IVGTT (HIVGTT). They allow to estimate metabolic indexes of the glucose-insulin system, namely glucose effectiveness (GE) and insulin sensitivity (IS) (of uptake and production those of MM, and of uptake only these of HMM). Here, the consequences of the single-compartment glucose kinetics approximation used in the MM's are investigated via Monte Carlo simulation, using a physiologic reference model (RM) of the system, RM allows to generate noisy synthetic plasma concentrations of glucose, tracer glucose, and insulin during IVGTT and HIVGTT, which are then analyzed with MM and HMM. The MM and HMM CE and IS are then compared with the RM ones. Results of 400 runs show that: (1) correlation of MM GE with the RM index is weak; (2) MM IS is well correlated with the RM index, but severely underestimates it; (3) HMM clearance rate is correlated with RM clearance; and (4) HMM IS is well correlated and only slightly overestimates the RM index. These results demonstrate that GE of MM is most affected by the single-compartment approximation and the indexes of HMM are more robust than those of MM.
DNA repair inhibition by UVA photoactivated fluoroquinolones and vemurafenib

Cutaneous photosensitization is a common side effect of drug treatment and can be associated with an increased skin cancer risk. The immunosuppressant azathioprine, the fluoroquinolone antibiotics and vemurafenib—a BRAF inhibitor used to treat metastatic melanoma—are all recognized clinical photosensitizers. We have compared the effects of UVA radiation on cultured human cells treated with 6-thioguanine (6-TG, a DNA-embedded azathioprine surrogate), the fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin and vemurafenib. Despite widely different structures and modes of action, each of these drugs potentiated UVA cytotoxicity. UVA photoactivation of 6-TG, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin was associated with the generation of singlet oxygen that caused extensive protein oxidation. In particular, these treatments were associated with damage to DNA repair proteins that reduced the efficiency of nucleotide excision repair. Although vemurafenib was also highly phototoxic to cultured cells, its effects were less dependent on singlet oxygen. Highly toxic combinations of vemurafenib and UVA caused little protein carbonylation but were nevertheless inhibitory to nucleotide excision repair. Thus, for three different classes of drugs, photosensitization by at least two distinct mechanisms is associated with reduced protection against potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic DNA damage.
Sector Choice

This article advances scholarship on the institutional choice literature by examining how, when both options are available, entrepreneurs choose between establishing for-profit and nonprofit organizations. The article accounts for a fuller range of motivations that shape entrepreneurial decisions than is typically recognized in the scholarship. Data come from semi-structured interviews with founders of businesses and nonprofits in the fair trade industry, where both organizational forms are common. We find support for some, but not all, of the assumptions that are built into prevailing theories of the nonprofit sector and find that founders are motivated by factors not often addressed in the relevant scholarship—especially the normative and symbolic meanings they attach to organizational form. Based on these findings, we propose a new supply theory that focuses on four motivations for sector choice.