Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE HOST GALAXIES OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS. I. INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM PROPERTIES OF TEN NEARBY LONG-DURATION GAMMA-RAY BURST HOSTS

We present the first observations from a large-scale survey of nearby (z < 1) long-duration gamma-ray burst (LGRB) host galaxies, which consist of eight rest-frame optical spectra obtained at Keck and Magellan. Along with two host galaxy observations from the literature, we use optical emission-line diagnostics to determine metallicities, ionization parameters, young stellar population ages, and star formation rates. We compare the LGRB host environments to a variety of local and intermediate-redshift galaxy populations, as well as the newest grid of stellar population synthesis and photoionization models generated with the Starburst99/Mappings codes. With these comparisons, we investigate whether the GRB host galaxies are consistent with the properties of the general galaxy population, and therefore whether they may be used as reliable tracers of star formation. Despite the limitations inherent in our small sample, we find strong evidence that LGRB host galaxies generally have low-metallicity interstellar medium (ISM) environments out to z ∼ 1. The ISM properties of our GRB hosts, including metallicity and ionization parameter, are significantly different from the general galaxy population and host galaxies of nearby broad-lined Type Ic supernovae. However, these properties show better agreement with a sample of nearby metal-poor galaxies.
Artemisinin Antimalarials: Preserving the “Magic Bullet”

The artemisinins are the most effective antimalarial drugs known. They possess a remarkably wide therapeutic index. These agents have been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for more than 2,000 years but were not subjected to scientific scrutiny until the 1970s. The first formal clinical trials of the artemisinins, and the development of methods for their industrial scale production, followed rapidly. A decade later, Chinese scientists shared their findings with the rest of the world; since then, a significant body of international trial evidence has confirmed these drugs to be far superior to any available alternatives. In particular, they have the ability to rapidly kill a broad range of asexual parasite stages at safe concentrations that are consistently achievable via standard dosing regimens. As their half‐life is very short, there was also thought to be a low risk of resistance. These discoveries coincided with the appearance and spread of resistance to all the other major classes of antimalarials. As a result, the artemisinins now form an essential element of recommended first‐line antimalarial treatment regimens worldwide. To minimize the risk of artemisinin resistance, they are recommended to be used to treat uncomplicated malaria in combination with other antimalarials as artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs). Their rollout has resulted in documented reductions in malaria prevalence in a number of African and Asian countries. Unfortunately, there are already worrisome early signs of artemisinin resistance appearing in western Cambodia. If this resistance were to spread, it would be disastrous for malaria control efforts worldwide. The enormous challenge for the international community is how to avert this catastrophe and preserve the effectiveness of this antimalarial “magic bullet”. Drug Dev Res 71: 12–19, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P80: a tumor-related protein found in many lymphomas of mice

Examination of syngeneic tumor regressor sera prepared by immunization of mice with several different lymphomas revealed a common pattern of reactivity to proteins expressed in these tumors. Antibodies present in these sera immunoprecipitate a triplet of proteins of 115,000 mol wt (p115), 80,000 mol wt (p80), and 32,000 mol wt (p32) from many but not all T cell lymphomas of mice. P80, the predominant molecular species immunoprecipitated with these sera, is a nonglycosylated, phosphoprotein that does not appear to be expressed at the cell surface. Comparison of the tryptic peptides of p32 and p80 indicated that the peptides found in p32 are a subset of those found in p80. Comparison of the tryptic peptides of p80 with those of the p120 gag- fusion protein of Abelson murine leukemia virus demonstrated that p80 and p120 did not share tryptic peptides. Comparison of the partial proteolytic products generated by treatment of p80 molecules from different tumors with V8 protease did not reveal heterogeneity in p80 among tumors of different strains of mice. Direct labeling and competition blocking experiments with lysates from normal cells failed to provide evidence of p80 synthesis in normal thymus, spleen, or bone marrow. Thus, p80 is a biochemically identified tumor-related antigen of mouse lymphomas.
The Failure of Self-Interacting Dark Matter to Solve the Overabundance of Dark Satellites and the Soft Core Question

Self-interacting dark matter was proposed by Spergel & Steinhardt to alleviate two conflicts between cold dark matter (CDM) models and observations. First, CDM N-body simulations predict dark matter halo density profiles that diverge at the center in disagreement with the constant-density cores observed in late-type dwarf and low surface brightness galaxies. Second, N-body simulations predict an overabundance of subhalos in the Galactic halo. Using a simple semianalytical argument we show that weakly self-interacting dark matter models, which can produce halo cores of the sizes observed in dark matter dominated galaxies, are unable to reconcile the number of satellites in the Galactic halo with the observed number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group.
A Philosopher's Reflections on the Discovery of Mirror Neurons

Mirror neurons fire both when a primate executes a transitive action directed toward a target (e.g., grasping) and when he observes the same action performed by another. According to the prevalent interpretation, action-mirroring is a process of interpersonal neural similarity whereby an observer maps the agent's perceived movements onto her own motor repertoire. Furthermore, ever since Gallese and Goldman's (1998) influential paper, action-mirroring has been linked to third-person mindreading on the grounds that it enables an observer to represent the agent's intention. In this paper, I criticize the prevalent interpretation on two grounds. First, action-mirroring could not result in interpersonal neural similarity unless there was a single mechanism active at different times in a single brain during the execution and the perception of acts of grasping. Second, such a neural mechanism is better conceived as underlying the possession of the concept of grasping than as a basis for mindreading.
Devil's staircase – rotation number of outer billiard with polygonal invariant curves

ABSTRACT We discuss rotation number associated with the invariant curve of a one parameter family of outer billiard tables. Given a convex polygon η, we consider the outer billiard table constructed by cutting out a fixed area from the interior of η. is piecewise hyperbolic and the polygon η is an invariant curve of under the billiard map φ. We show that, if β ∈ η is a periodic point under φ with rational rotation number , then φq is not the local identity at β. This proves that the rotation number τ as a function of the parameter is a devil's staircase function.
Hybrid Spectrum Sharing in mmWave Cellular Networks

While spectrum at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies is less scarce than at traditional frequencies below 6 GHz, still it is not unlimited, in particular if we consider the requirements from other services using the same band and the need to license mmWave bands to multiple mobile operators. Therefore, an efficient spectrum access scheme is critical to harvest the maximum benefit from emerging mmWave technologies. In this paper, we introduce a new hybrid spectrum access scheme for mmWave networks, where data packets are scheduled through two mmWave carriers with different characteristics. In particular, we consider the case of a hybrid spectrum scheme between a mmWave band with exclusive access and a mmWave band where spectrum is pooled between multiple operators. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study proposing hybrid spectrum access for mmWave networks and providing a quantitative assessment of its benefits. Our results show that this approach provides advantages with respect to traditional fully licensed or fully pooled spectrum access schemes, though further work is needed to achieve a more complete understanding of both technical and nontechnical implications.
PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Effects of Coping Skills Training on Generalized Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control

A number of studies have shown that mastery experiences strengthen self-efficacy expectancies that are specific to the mastery situation, rn this study I assessed the effects of cognitive-behavioral coping skills training on generalized expectancies concerning self-efficacy and locus of control in test-anxious college students. Compared with a waiting-list control group, the trained subjects exhibited significant decreases on trait and state measures of test anxiety and a higher level of academic performance on classroom tests, as well as changes in specific self-efficacy expectancies relating to testanxiety management and academic performance. Consistent with generalization predictions derived from self-efficacy theory, the coping skills group also exhibited decreases in general trait anxiety and increased scores on a trait measure of generalized self-efficacy. Locus of control was unaffected by the program, and changes in general self-efficacy were unrelated to changes in locus of control, suggesting the possibility that different parameters of experience are related to changes in the two types of generalized expectancies.
B-Cell-Rich T-Cell Lymphoma Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus-Reactivation and T-Cell Suppression Following Antithymocyte Globulin Therapy in a Patient with Severe Aplastic Anemia

B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (B-LPD) is generally characterized by the proliferation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B lymphocytes. We here report the development of EBV-negative B-LPD associated with EBV-reactivation following antithymocyte globulin (ATG) therapy in a patient with aplastic anemia. The molecular autopsy study showed the sparse EBV-infected clonal T cells could be critically involved in the pathogenesis of EBV-negative oligoclonal B-LPD through cytokine amplification and escape from T-cell surveillances attributable to ATG-based immunosuppressive therapy, leading to an extremely rare B-cell-rich T-cell lymphoma. This report helps in elucidating the complex pathophysiology of intractable B-LPD refractory to rituximab.
The impact on employment of the age related increases in the National Minimum Wage

In this paper we use a regression discontinuity approach to analyse the effect of the legislated increase in the UK National Minimum Wage (NMW) at age 22 on various labour market outcomes. Using data from the Labour Force Survey we find a statistically significant 5% point increase in the employment rate of the low skilled at age 22 years. This is almost wholly explained by a decline in unemployment among men and inactivity among women. We find no effect before the NMW was introduced and no effect at age 21 or 23 years. Our results are robust to a range of specification and tests.
CCR 20th Anniversary Commentary: MAPK/ERK Pathway Inhibition in Melanoma—Kinase Inhibition Redux

In the January 15, 2012, issue of Clinical Cancer Research, Kirkwood and colleagues published a study comparing the MEK inhibitor selumetinib with temozolomide in unselected metastatic melanoma. Although selumetinib did not improve survival or response, most responders had BRAF-activating mutations, and selumetinib has since demonstrated efficacy in BRAF-mutant melanoma. This study laid the groundwork for the evaluation of BRAF/MEK inhibitors in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5412–4. ©2015 AACR. See related article by Kirkwood et al., Clin Cancer Res 2011;18(2) January 15, 2012;555–67
On final rises and fall-rises in German and Swedish

This study explores the intonational signalling of a ‘request address’ in German and Swedish. Data from 16 speakers (9 Germans, 7 Swedes) were elicited under controlled conditions, and intonation contours produced on the test phrase “Wallander? ” were classified according to their phrase-final pattern. Both ‘rises’ and ‘fall-rises’ were produced frequently by both Germans and Swedes, which is in line with Ohala’s frequency code, but challenging for the Lund model of Swedish intonation.
Recognizing the Political in Implementation Research

The widely publicized opposition to the implementation of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) is in marked contrast to its relatively uncontroversial development and adoption—a contrast that points to the importance of understanding how the politics of enactment differs from the politics of implementation. In this article, we draw on the research literatures on enactment, implementation, and policy feedback to outline the reasons that the politics of policy implementation may look quite different from the politics of enactment, and we argue that education researchers need to pay as much attention to the political sustainability of reforms as to their implementation into school-level practice. This essay is an exercise in retrieval and construction, looking back to early implementation studies that featured political factors as key components of their analytical frameworks but also building on the insights from newer research that uses policy feedback as its theoretical lens. In arguing why the analysis of a policy’s political sustainability should be more systematically integrated into implementation research, we draw illustrative examples from the CCSS.
Hierarchical Higher-Order Regression Forest Fields: An Application to 3D Indoor Scene Labelling

This paper addresses the problem of semantic segmentation of 3D indoor scenes reconstructed from RGB-D images. Traditionally label prediction for 3D points is tackled by employing graphical models that capture scene features and complex relations between different class labels. However, the existing work is restricted to pairwise conditional random fields, which are insufficient when encoding rich scene context. In this work we propose models with higher-order potentials to describe complex relational information from the 3D scenes. Specifically, we relax the labelling problem to a regression, and generalize the higher-order associative P n Potts model to a new family of arbitrary higher-order models based on regression forests. We show that these models, like the robust P n models, can still be decomposed into the sum of pairwise terms by introducing auxiliary variables. Moreover, our proposed higher-order models also permit extension to hierarchical random fields, which allows for the integration of scene context and features computed at different scales. Our potential functions are constructed based on regression forests encoding Gaussian densities that admit efficient inference. The parameters of our model are learned from training data using a structured learning approach. Results on two datasets show clear improvements over current state-of-the-art methods.
Overlap Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Searching for Distinctive/Common Clinical Features

Recent studies support several overlapping traits between autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), assuming the existence of a combined phenotype. The aim of our study was to evaluate the common or distinctive clinical features between ASD and ADHD in order to identify possible different phenotypes that could have a clinical value. We enrolled 181 subjects divided into four diagnostic groups: ADHD group, ASD group, ASD+ADHD group (that met diagnostic criteria for both ASD and ADHD), and control group. Intelligent quotient (IQ), emotional and behavior problems, ADHD symptoms, ASD symptoms, and adaptive behaviors were investigated through the following test: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence or Leiter International Performances Scale Revised, Child Behavior Checklist, Conners' Rating Scales‐Revised, SNAP‐IV Rating Scale, the Social Communication Questionnaire, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. The ASD+ADHD group differs from ADHD or ASD in some domains such as lower IQ mean level and a higher autistic symptoms severity. However, the ASD+ADHD group shares inattention and hyperactivity deficit and some emotional and behavior problems with the ADHD group, while it shares adaptive behavior impairment with ASD group. These findings provide a new understanding of clinical manifestation of ASD+ADHD phenotype, they may also inform a novel treatment target. Autism Res 2015, 8: 328–337. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Signaling of Layer 1 and Whisker-Evoked Ca2+ and Na+ Action Potentials in Distal and Terminal Dendrites of Rat Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo

Dendritic regenerative potentials play an important role in integrating and amplifying synaptic inputs. To understand how distal synaptic inputs are integrated and amplified, we made multiple simultaneous (double, triple, or quadruple) and sequential (4–12 paired) recordings from different locations of single tufted layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the cortex in vitro and studied the spatial and temporal properties of their dendritic regenerative potential initial zone. Recordings from the soma and from trunk, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary tuft branches of the apical dendrite of these neurons reveal a spatially restricted low-threshold zone ∼550–900 μm from the soma for Ca2+-dependent regenerative potentials. Dendritic regenerative potentials initiated in this zone have a clearly defined threshold and a refractory period, and they can propagate actively along the dendrite before evoking somatic action potentials. The detailed biophysical characterization of this dendritic action potential initiation zone allowed for the further investigation of dendritic potentials in the intact brain and their roles in information processing. By making whole-cell recordings from the soma and varied locations along the apical dendrite of 53 morphologically identified layer 5 pyramidal neurons in anesthetized rats, we found that three of the dendritic potentials characterized in vitro could be induced by spontaneous or whisker inputs in vivo. Thus layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the rat neocortex have a spatially restricted low-threshold zone in the apical dendrite, the activation or interaction of which with the axonal action potential initiation zone is responsible for multiple forms of regenerative potentials critical for integrating and amplifying sensory and modulatory inputs.
An Empirical Study of Pre-release Software Faults in an Industrial Product Line

There is a lack of published studies providing empirical support for the assumption at the heart of product line development, namely, that through structured reuse later products will be less fault-prone. This paper presents results from an empirical study of pre-release fault and change proneness from four products in an industrial software product line. The objectives of the study are (1) to determine the association between various software metrics, as well as their correlation with the number of faults at the component level, (2) to characterize the fault and change proneness at various degrees of reuse, and (3) to determine how existing products in the software product line affect the quality of subsequently developed products and our ability to make predictions. The research results confirm, in a software product line setting, the findings of others that faults are more highly correlated to change metrics than to static code metrics. Further, the results show that variation components unique to individual products have the highest fault density and are the most prone to change. The longitudinal aspect of our research indicates that new products in this software product line benefit from the development and testing of previous products. For this case study, the number of faults in variation components of new products is predicted accurately using a linear model built on data from the previous products.
Assessment of computer science learning in a scratch-based outreach program

Many institutions have created and deployed outreach programs for middle school students with the goal of increasing the number and diversity of students who later pursue careers in computer science. While these programs have been shown to increase interest in computer science, there has been less work on showing whether participants learn computer science content. We address two questions, one specific, and the other more general: (1) "What computer science did our middle school students learn in our interdisciplinary two-week summer camp? " (2) "How can computer science concepts be assessed in the context of Scratch-based outreach programs"? We address both questions by presenting the design of our summer camp, an overview of our curriculum, our assessment methodology, and our assessment results. Though the sample size is not statistically significant, the results show that a two-week, interdisciplinary, non-academic summer camp can be effective not only for engaging students, but also for imparting CS content. In just two weeks, with a curriculum not entirely focused on computer science, students displayed competence with event-driven programming, initialization of state, message passing, and say/sound synchronization. We have employed assessment methodologies that avoid written exams, an approach both outreach and classroom-based programs may find useful.
Exploring the university to career transitions of UK music postgraduate students

This thesis explores the experience of studying taught music master’s degrees by observing both student and higher education perspectives. Little is currently known about the career transitions of taught postgraduate students, as until recently research has tended to focus upon undergraduates and research postgraduates. Additionally, much of the research on musicians’ career transitions has considered music education and performance students. The current thesis focuses upon musicology and music psychology degrees which were non-vocational and lacked compulsory music-making course content. A two stage study was conducted. Stage one involved longitudinal interviews with sixteen student participants who were all enrolled at three English institutions at the beginning of the study. Participants took part in four semi-structured interviews at six month intervals. The aim of these interviews was to observe the students’ experiences during and after their master’s study. Alongside this, stage two aimed to explore the higher education perspective by interviewing course tutors and careers advisors attached to each of the students’ courses. Qualitative analytical methods were used and a social psychology perspective was taken when considering the student experience. This approach highlights the reciprocal interaction between the self and the social environment. The career transition involved a period of personal and vocational development during which individuals were transformed through learning. Participants were motivated to realise a greater sense of personal fulfilment by pursuing their interests and achieving personal goals. The participants’ confidence in their professional practice increased and they developed greater self-awareness which was beneficial when deciding upon career plans. However, students’ coping methods and the extent of their exploration impacted upon their experiences of studying and the career transition. The results highlight the need for clear pre-enrolment information and flexible course structures in order to support students’ developing professional identities.