Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is it possible to recover information from the black-hole radiation?

In the framework of communication theory, we analyze the gedanken experiment in which beams of quanta bearing information are flashed toward a black hole. We show that stimulated emission at the horizon provides a correlation between incoming and outgoing radiations consisting of bosons. For fermions, the mechanism responsible for the correlation is the Fermi exclusion principle. Each one of these mechanisms is responsible for the partial transfer of the information originally coded in the incoming beam to the black-hole radiation. We show that this process is very efficient whenever stimulated emission overpowers spontaneous emission (bosons). Thus, black holes are not ``ultimate waste baskets of information. ''
Congress and the Politics of Problem Solving

Part I: 1. Congress and the politics of problem solving 2. Problem-focused voters and congressional accountability 3. Congressional approval and incumbent accountability Part II: 4. Problem-solving constraints and legislative institutions 5. Agenda scarcity, problem solving, and temporary legislation Part III: 6. Rethinking committee reform 7. Agenda setting in a problem-solving legislature Part IV: 8. Problem solving and policy focal points 9. Problem solving and policy change 10. Problem solving and American politics.
Spectral characteristics of the Farley-Buneman instability : Simulations versus observations

The Farley-Buneman instability is a collisional two-stream instability observed in the E region ionosphere at altitudes in the range of 95–110 km. While linear theory predicts the dominant wavelengths, it cannot fully describe the behavior of this nonlinearly saturated instability as observed by radar and rocket measurements. We simulate the behavior of this instability in the plane perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, using a two-dimensional hybrid code which models electron dynamics as a fluid and ion dynamics with a particle-in-cell approach. The results show the growth, saturation, and nonlinear behavior of the instability for a much longer period of time than was possible with the pure particle codes used in previous studies. This paper describes the spectra from these simulations and compares them to the observed spectra. Both the simulations and observations show that (1) type I spectra result from saturated two-stream waves for a broad range of elevation angles, (2) the phase velocity of these waves is below that predicted by linear theory, (3) mode coupling leads to type II-like spectra without the presence of a plasma density gradient as often thought necessary, (4) longer wavelengths due to mode coupling develop, and (5) spectral power decreases at a rate of 0.3 dB/degree of elevation angle.
The geometry of modified Riemannian extensions

We show that every paracomplex space form is locally isometric to a modified Riemannian extension and gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a modified Riemannian extension to be Einstein. We exhibit Riemannian extension Osserman manifolds of signature (3, 3), whose Jacobi operators have non-trivial Jordan normal form and which are not nilpotent. We present new four-dimensional results in Osserman geometry.
A Roadmap to Vocational Education and Training Systems Around the World

With young people among the big losers of the recent financial crisis, vocational education and training (VET) is often seen as the silver bullet to the problem of youth joblessness. This paper provides a better understanding of VET around the world, dealing with three types of vocational systems: school-based education, a dual system in which school-based education is combined with firm-based training, and informal training. We first explore the motivation for these different types of training, before summarizing the institutional evidence, highlighting the key elements of each training system and discussing its main implementation strengths and challenges. We subsequently review the evidence on the effectiveness of VET versus general education and between the three VET systems. There are clear indications that VET is a valued alternative beyond the core of general education, while the dual system tends to be more effective than school-based VET. Informal training is effective, however relatively little is known of its relative strengths compared with other forms of vocational education.
Age- and gender-related development of stretch shortening cycle during a sub-maximal hopping task

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of age and gender (and their interaction) on a stretch shortening cycle solicited during a hopping task. For this aim, 147 girls and 148 boys aged 11 to 20 years, who were enrolled in middle school or secondary school with no experience in sport activity, or training less than three times per week, performed 3×5 hops in place. Leg-stiffness, jump-height and reactive-strength indices were assessed using an accelerometer (Myotest). The participants were selected in order to form five age groups: 11 12, 13-14, 15-16, 17-18 and 19-20 years. Regression analysis between force and centre of mass displacement revealed spring-mass behaviour for all groups (r2=.73-.89), meaning that beginning at the age of 11 years, children are able to perform complex inter-muscular coordination of the lower limbs, revealing efficient neural control early in childhood. Leg stiffness increased from 24.7 ± 10.6 kN · m−1 at 11-12 years to 44.1 ± 14 kN · m−1 in boys, with a small increase until 16 years (+17%) and a large increase between 17 and 20 years (+32.7%). In girls, leg stiffness increased from 26.6 ± 9 kN · m−1 at 11-12 years to 39.4 ± 10.9 kN · m−1 at 19-20 years, with a curious decrease in leg stiffness at 17-18 years, probably due to an increase in the percentage of fat at this age (25%). While no gender effect was found, the reactive-strength index revealed that, from 15-16 years onward, boys were better able to produce high levels of force in a shorter time than girls. The age of 15-16 years is a threshold of maturity and gender differentiation, where the boys investigated are more efficient in the stretch shortening cycle.
Specialization and Concentration in CEECs : What are the driving forces behind empirically observed patterns ? *

We investigate structural developments in the manufacturing sector for ten Central and Eastern European countries. More precisely, we look at concentration tendencies of individual industries and specialization patterns across countries and try to isolate the relevant factors causing theses patterns. Using output and employment data for thirteen manufacturing industries over the years 1993-2000, we observe an increase in concentration of industrial activity (both in output and employment terms). This is opposed to the general trend prevailing in Western Europe over the same time period. Using panel estimation techniques, we explain these developments by factors derived from traditional trade theory (differences in endowments or technologies), new trade theory (expenditure patterns, scale economies) and new economic geography (backward and forward linkages, transport costs). While output concentration is strongly influenced by productivity differentials, differences in FDI levels, and the location of expenditure, concentration of the labor force is strongly related to productivity differentials only. JEL-Numbers: C21, F14, F15, L60.
Does cross‐border broadcast of foreign football change the demand pattern of domestic recreation?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate Nigeria's audiovisual services import demand using foreign football transmitted through digital satellite television (DSTV) as a case study. The major focus is on whether such imports effectively replace local recreation in watching domestic football.Design/methodology/approach – The authors examined descriptive statistics. The methodology employed is a combination of descriptive analysis and cross‐sectional regression.Findings – The paper's analytical framework establishes a link between the conventional import demand and demand for football functions, while the estimated empirical counterpart found that the demand for foreign football via cross‐border satellite transmission is a statistically significant function of taste for foreign football, quality, and entertainment. While descriptive statistics indicate respondents’ preference for foreign football, the test of significance rejected the hypothesis that the demand for foreign football broadcast servi.
The Influence of Misspecification in Stochastic Frontier Analysis Models: A Simulation Approach

This paper examines the influence of misspecification in stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) models. It explores the impact of misspecification on frontier and efficiency estimates as well as efficiency scores. Using a simulation approach with several data generating processes the general findings are that variables for which is assumed that they influence technology/heterogeneity should also be included as variables that influence efficiency and the other way around.
Variation in sources of clinician-rated and self-rated instrumental activities of daily living disability.

BACKGROUND It is unclear how well self-reports and clinician ratings of performance in the instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs; household maintenance tasks) correspond and why they may differ. METHODS We assessed clinician-rated IADL performance using an occupational therapy protocol, the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS). AMPS and self-rated IADL disability were compared in two groups of nondemented elderly persons without ADL limitation: a group with functional limitation only (self-reported difficulty in some area of upper or lower body function, n = 139) and a group that reported functional limitation plus IADL disability (difficulty in at least one IADL task, n = 49). Occupational therapists were blind to self-reports, and all assessments were conducted in respondent homes. RESULTS Self-rated IADL disability was significantly associated with the AMPS motor skill score (r = -.34, p <.001), but the motor skill score was only moderately sensitive (61%) and specific (67%) in identifying self-rated disability. In adjusted logistic regression models, clinician-rated performance and self-rated IADL disability shared some physical predictors, but only clinician-rated performance was related to cognitive status. AMPS process skill scores did not relate to self-rated IADL disability or physical or cognitive status. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of older adults without dementia or ADL disability, clinician ratings of IADL motor skill and self-rated IADL disability were correlated. Physical deficits appear to be more salient in self-ratings than is cognitive ability, because cognitive ability (in particular, verbal fluency) was associated only with clinician-rated IADL performance.
Heterogeneity in Macroeconomic News Expectations: A disaggregate level analysis ⇤

The aim of this paper is to investigate heterogeneity in macroeconomic news forecasts using disaggregate data of monthly expectation surveys conducted by Bloomberg on macroeconomic indicators from January 1999 to February 2013. We find three major results. First, we show that macroeconomic indicator forecasters are mostly heterogeneous and their expectations are found to violate the rational expectation hypothesis. Second, the use of the expectation mixed model–combining extrapolative, regressive and adaptive components– reveals a large dominance of the chartist profile among forecasters with a systematical persistence over time despite all the structural breaks determined endogenously by the Bai-Perron estimation method. Third, we find that forecasters whose forecasting models combine at least two or three anticipatory components (extrapolative, and regressive or/and adaptive) and display high temporal flexibility, thus adapting to different structural breaks, are those which provide the most accurate forecasts.
A Dual Modal Presentation of Network Relationships in Texts

Based on Baddeley’s working memory model, this research proposed a method to convert textual information with network relationships into a “graphics + voice” representation and hypothesized that this dual-modal presentation will result in superior comprehension performance and higher satisfaction than pure textual display. A simple T-test experiment was used to test the hypothesis. The independent variable was the presentation mode: textual display vs. visual-auditory presentation. The dependent variables were user performance and satisfaction. Thirty subjects participated in this experiment. The results indicate that both user performance and satisfaction improved significantly by using the “graphic + voice” presentation.
The Effects of Congressional Appropriation Committee Membership on the Distribution of Federal Research Funding to Universities

This paper examines the impact of congressional representation of a university through district representation or an alma mater affiliation on the distribution of research funding to research and doctoral universities in the United States. Because appropriations are allocated to agencies on an annual basis, Congress and agencies may be considered strategic actors that seek to minimize as well as exploit their differences in informational asymmetries. Using a data set that covers more than twenty-five years of data, I find there are strong effects from congressional representation on the distribution of research funding. These effects vary based on the type of representation, the seniority of the member serving on the committee, as well as the type of ownership of the university (private or public). Depending on the empirical specification, political diversions of research funding range between four and forty-eight percent. Surprisingly, the diversions associated with an alma mater affiliation are more robust than the diversions associated with district representation, suggesting the existence of political slack. These results suggest that informational asymmetries play a role in the level of congressional influence on agency actions. In addition, the results suggest that actions taken by members of the appropriations committees vary based on their tenure on the committees.
Discovery of Red-selected Arcs at z = 4.04 behind Abell 2390

We describe the properties of three red arcs discovered at z=4.04 behind the cluster A2390 (z=0.23). We demonstrate that these arcs are images of a single galaxy where lensing is compounded by an elliptical cluster member near the critical curve of the cluster. The combined magnification is estimated to be ~20 using Hubble Space Telescope images, depending on the gradient of the model potentials, implying an unlensed magnitude for the source of IAB=25.5. Keck spectroscopy reveals a continuum that is well fitted by B stars and attenuated by the Lyman series forest with an opacity consistent with z ~4 QSO spectra, making the arcs relatively red. Damped Lyα absorption is observed at the source redshift corresponding to a high column density NH I=3 × 1021. Lyα emission is found to be spatially separated ( ~0.5 kpc) from the bright stellar continuum and lies ~300 km s-1 redward of interstellar absorption lines at z=4.04. Similar redward shifts are found in all high-redshift galaxies with good spectroscopy, indicating that outward flows of enriched gas are typical of young galaxies. Finally, we briefly comment on the notorious "straight arc" in A2390, which is resolved into two unrelated galaxies at z=0.913 and z=1.033.
Health, Taxes, and Growth

This paper studies capital accumulation and consumption in the traditional Ramsey model under an exogenous growth framework. The model has three important features: (1) treating health as a simple function of consumption, which enable the study of health and growth in an aggregate macroeconomic model; (2) the existence of multiple equilibria of capital stock, health, and consumption, which is more consistent with the real world situation-rich countries may end up with high capital, better health, and higher consumption than poor countries; (3) the fundamental proposition of a consumption tax instead of capital taxation from the traditional growth model does not hold anymore in our model. As long as consumption goods contribute to health formation, the issue of a consumption tax versus an income (or capital) tax should be re-examined.
Cerebral Infarction Immediately After Ingestion of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution

Background We report the clinical and neuroimaging findings of a patient who sustained multiple cerebral infarcts after the ingestion of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution sold as a “health food” product. Case Description An 84-year-old man sustained focal neurological deficits immediately after ingesting 30 mL of 35% hydrogen peroxide solution. Physical examination disclosed a left hemiparesis, frontal release signs, and cerebellar dysfunctions. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple cerebral and cerebellar infarctions in the anterior, middle, and posterior vascular territories. Conclusions The likely mechanism of pathogenesis involves cerebral oxygen gas embolization. The use of hyperbaric therapy should be considered in treating hydrogen peroxide poisoning.
Generation of recent massive water floods at Cerberus Fossae, Mars by dike emplacement, cryospheric cracking, and confined aquifer groundwater release

Previous studies noted the close association of geologically very recent lava flows and fluvial channels emanating from Cerberus Fossae. To assess these relationships, we outline a model of magmatic dike emplacement that involves 1) surface fractures and localized volcanic eruptions, 2) attendant cryospheric cracking to fracture the surface and release pressurized groundwater confined beneath the cryosphere, 3) effusion of water along a segment of the fracture to form Athabasca Valles, and 4) heating of the regions adjacent to the dike to cause melting and subsequent subsidence of the surface, forming late‐stage pits and depressions. Previous estimates of the aqueous discharge were ∼1–2 × 106 m3 s −1. Our models show that this flux could be readily accommodated by flow through adjacent dike‐related cryospheric fractures at water rise speeds of ∼60 m/s. The required aquifer permeability, however, is far larger than commonly encountered over similar depths and scales on Earth. This suggests that water may be transported in the subsurface by mechanism more efficient than porous flow, and/or that the previously proposed volume flux values are overestimates.
International Economics: Trade and Finance

Chapter 1: Introduction PART ONE: INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY Chapter 2: The Law of Comparative Advantage Chapter 3: The Standard Theory of International Trade Chapter 4: Demand and Supply, Offer Curves, and the Terms of Trade Chapter 5: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory Chapter 6: Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Chapter 7: Economic Growth and International Trade PART TWO: INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY Chapter 8: Trade Restrictions: Tariffs Chapter 9: Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism Chapter 10: Economic Integration: Customs Unions and Free Trade Areas Chapter 11: International Trade and Economic Development Chapter 12: International Resource Movements and Multinational Corporations PART THREE: THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS, AND EXCHANGE RATES Chapter 13: Balance of Payments Chapter 14: Foreign Exchange Markets and Exchange Rates Chapter 15: Exchange Rate Determination PART FOUR: OPEN-ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS AND THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM Chapter 16: The Price Adjustment Mechanism with Flexible and Fixed Exchange Rates Chapter 17: The Income Adjustment Mechanism and Synthesis of Automatic Adjustments Chapter 18: Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Adjustment Policies Chapter 19: Prices and Output in an Open Economy: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Chapter 20: Flexible versus Fixed Exchange Rates, the European Monetary System, and Macroeconomic Policy Coordination Chapter 21: The International Monetary System: Past, Present, and Future Glossary Index
Superoxide Generation and Its Involvement in the Growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis

Superoxide generation is inevitable in aerobic organisms, most of which have developed mechanisms to detoxify superoxides. However, its significance has not been clearly understood in mycobacteria. This study demonstrates that NADH oxidase is the major source of superoxide in Mycobacterium smegmatis and elucidates the involvement of superoxide in M. smegmatis growth. The maximum inhibition of superoxide generation was observed in the presence of diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), an NADH oxidase inhibitor, compared to other standard inhibitors. After incubation for 24 h, the number of colony forming units (CFUs) was reduced by 6.8 log10 compared to the untreated culture. The inhibitory effect of DPI on M. smegmatis was reversed when the same culture was supplemented with menadione and pyrogallol, which are superoxide generators. Thus, this study reports the source of superoxide generation and its involvement in the growth of M. smegmatis.
Extent and mechanism of sealing in transected giant axons of squid and earthworms

Transected axons are often assumed to seal at their cut ends by the formation of continuous membrane barriers that allow for the restoration of function in the axonal stumps. We have used several electrophysiological measures (membrane potential, input resistance, injury current density) and several morphological measures (phase- contrast, video-enhanced differential interference contrast, light, and electron microscopies) of living and fixed material to assess the extent and mechanism of sealing within hours after transecting giant axons of squid (Loligo pealei and Sepioteuthis lessoniana) and earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris). Our electrophysiological data suggest that the proximal and distal ends of transected squid giant axons do not completely seal within 2.5 hr in physiological saline. In contrast, the same set of measures suggest that proximal and distal ends of transected earthworm giant axons seal within 1 hr in physiological saline. Our morphological data show that the cut ends of both squid and earthworm axons constrict, but that a 20–70-microns- diameter opening always remains at the cut end that is filled with vesicles. Axonal transection induces the formation of vesicles that are observed in the axoplasm within minutes in standard salines and that rapidly migrate to the cut ends. These injury-induced vesicles are loosely packed near the cut ends of squid giant axons, which do not functionally seal within 2.5 hr of transection. In contrast, vesicles formed a tightly packed plug at the cut ends of earthworm medial giant axons, which do functionally seal within 1 hr of transection in physiological saline. Since we detect no single continuous membrane that spans the cut end, sealing does not appear to occur by the fusion of constricted axolemmal membrane or the formation of a membranous partition at the cut end. Rather, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that a tightly packed vesicular plug is responsible for sealing of earthworm giant axons.
Interest - Rate Price Nexus in India

The present study examines the long-run relationship between nominal interest rate and expected inflation in India by using three interest rates and inflation rates, based on both CPI and WPI, with the help of monthly data from April 1990 to December 2001. By using the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing procedure by Peasaran, Shin and Smith (2001), the study finds that Fisher relation has not been supported by the Indian experience. But this result is very sensitive to the lag length selection criterion.