Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Object-specific Are Object Files? Evidence for Integration by Location

Given the distributed representation of visual features in the human brain, binding mechanisms are necessary to integrate visual information about the same perceptual event. It has been assumed that feature codes are bound into object files—pointers to the neural codes of the features of a given event. The present study investigated the perceptual criteria underlying integration into an object file. Previous studies confounded the sharing of spatial location with belongingness to the same perceptual object, 2 factors we tried to disentangle. Our findings suggest that orientation and color features appearing in a task-irrelevant preview display were integrated irrespective of whether they appeared as part of the same object or of different objects (e.g., 1 stationary and the other moving continuously, or a banana in a particular orientation overlaying an apple of a particular color). In contrast, integration was markedly reduced when the 2 objects were separated in space. Taken together, these findings suggest that spatial overlap of visual features is a sufficient criterion for integrating them into the same object file. Visual information processing occurs in a distributed fashion— different features of a visual object are processed in spatially and functionally distinct cortical areas (Zeki, 1976). Given that event representations depend on distributed neural codes, a mechanism needs to be in place that integrates the codes representing the suggested that encountering a particular combination of visual features leads to the creation of what they call an object file—a cognitive structure that cross-references all the features belonging to a particular object (cf. Allport, Tipper, & Chmiel, 1985). They reasoned that binding features into an object file may produce specific aftereffects that benefit performance if this particular combination is repeated. They presented participants with visual arrays of randomly arranged letters in constantly visible boxes (the preview display or prime) followed by the presentation of a to-be-named target letter in one of the boxes (the probe). Two types of effects were observed: Performance was better if the probe letter had already appeared in the preview display than if it had not, but it was particularly good if the letter had appeared in the same box. Hence, there was both a nonspecific identity-priming effect (a benefit due to shape or letter repetition) and what Kahneman et al. called an object-specific preview benefit (a benefit due to the repetition of both shape and location). Kahneman et al. (1992) interpreted object-specific preview effects as benefits resulting …
[PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT OUTCOME AMONG FOREIGN NATIONALS RESIDING IN OSAKA CITY].

UNLABELLED Abstract PURPOSE In this study, we analyzed pulmonary tuberculosis treatment outcomes among foreign nationals of different backgrounds. METHODS The research was conducted between January 2006 and December 2011. One hundred fifty nine foreign nationals residing in Osaka city had pulmonary tuberculosis during this period. Patients were grouped according to treatment outcomes. We conducted three different types of comparisons. First, we compared backgrounds of patients with treatment success or default. Second, backgrounds of patients who continued treatment in Japan or who moved overseas (transfer out) were compared. Third, treatment outcomes of foreign nationals between 20 and 39 years of age were compared with those of age-matched Japanese patients registered between 2010 and 2011. RESULTS (1) The treatment outcomes were as follows: cured, 53 cases (33.3%); treatment completed, 55 cases (34.6 %); treatment failure, 0 cases (0.0%); treatment default, 14 cases (8.8%); moved overseas, 17 cases (10.7%); moved to another location inside Japan, 13 cases (8.2%); died, 6 cases (3.8%); and under treatment, 1 case (0.6%). (2) Comparison of treatment success and default among foreign nationals with pulmonary tuberculosis revealed a default rate among smear-negative cases of 14.5%, significantly higher than in smear-positive cases (2.1%; P < 0.05). (3) We compared backgrounds between foreign nationals with pulmonary tuberculosis who continued taking treatment in Japan and those who moved abroad (transfer out). The rate of overseas transfer out (44.4%) was higher among patients not covered by health insurance. This was significantly higher than among patients covered by public insurance or assistance (9.0%; P < 0.01). (4) Comparison of foreign and Japanese nationals between 20 and 39 years of age revealed a default rate in foreign nationals with pulmonary tuberculosis of 13.6%. This was significantly higher than that of Japanese patients (4.0%; P < 0.01). The rate of transfer out among foreign nationals with pulmonary tuberculosis was 19.1%, also significantly higher than that of Japanese patients (5.3%; P < 0.001). DISCUSSION The rates of treatment default and transfer out among patients between 20 to 39 years of age were significantly higher among foreign nationals than in Japanese patients. Lack of knowledge about treatment and language problems may contribute to this finding. This suggests that adequate support and definitive directly observed treatment short-course programs are needed for foreign nationals. Patients who moved abroad (overseas transfer out) may also be ultimately categorized as treatment default. However, it is difficult to determine final treatment outcomes of patients who moved abroad. Further measures are needed to ensure that foreign nationals continue to receive treatment when they transfer overseas.
A retrospective analysis of leadership development through sport

The purpose of this study was to examine the development of six leader-athletes. In-depth qualitative interviews were used to explore the various activities that leader athletes engaged in from an early age as well as the roles and influences that peers, coaches, and parents played within these activities. Results indicated that leadership development in sport focused on developing four central components: high skill, strong work ethic, enriched cognitive sport knowledge, and good rapport with people. The types of activities engaged in throughout development as well as receiving feedback, acknowledgement, support, cognitive engagement, mature conversations with adults, and physical encounters with older peers are important social influences that can play an instrumental role in the formation of these four central tenets.
Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical Networks Using Boolean Satisfiability

Optical networks consist of switches that are connected using fiber optics links. Each link consists of a set of wavelengths and each wavelength can be used by one or more users to transmit information between two switches. In order to establish a connection between the source and destination nodes, a set of switches and links must be efficiently selected. This is known as the routing problem. A wavelength is then assigned in each selected link to establish the connection. This is known as the wavelength assignment problem. The problem of routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in optical networks has been shown to be NP-complete. In this paper, we propose a new approach to solving the RWA problem using advanced Boolean satisfiability (SAT) techniques. SAT has been heavily researched in the last few years. Significant advances have been proposed and have lead to the development of powerful SAT solvers that can handle very large problems. SAT solvers use intelligent search algorithms that can traverse the search space and efficiently prune parts that contain no solutions. These solvers have recently been used to solve many challenging problems in Engineering and Computer Science. In this paper, we show how to formulate the RWA problem as a SAT instance and evaluate several advanced SAT techniques in solving the problem. Our approach is verified on various network topologies. The results are promising and indicate that using the proposed approach can improve on previous techniques.
Comparing American and Japanese Achievement: Is the United States Really a Low Achiever?

It is widely accepted that the Japanese educational system is more effective than the U.S. system and that this greater effectiveness produces across-the-board higher achievement. Using the data from the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA.) Second International Mathematics Study (SIMS), this paper examines both curriculum and achievement in Japan and the United States in grade 7/8 algebra and grade 12 elementary functions and analysis (calculus). The results suggest that overall, the lower achievement of the United States is the result of curricula that are not as well matched to the SIMS tests as are the curricula of Japan. Where the American curriculum is comparable to both the "curriculum" of the test and the curriculum of Japan, that is, in grade 8 algebra classes, U.S. achievement is similar to that of Japan. These findings suggest that the analytic methodology of cross-national achievement Studies like those of IEA or International Assessment of Educational Progress (IAEP) with their focus on the undifferentiated variable of "country" as a unit of analysis needs to be rethought. While the emphasis on comparative national standings that emerges from such studies may excite political and public interest, it cannot be regarded as a legitimate approach to comparative analysis.
Different emotional lives

Cultural differences in daily emotions were investigated by administering emotion questionnaires four times a day throughout a one-week period. Respondents were American students, Japanese students living in the United States, and Japanese students living in Japan. Americans rated their emotional lives as more pleasant than did the Japanese groups. The dimension of emotional pleasantness (unpleasant-pleasant) was predicted better by interdependent than independent concerns in the Japanese groups, but this was not the case in the American group where the variance predicted by interdependent and independent concerns did not significantly differ. It is argued that cultural differences in the concerns most strongly associated with pleasantness are related to differences in ideals, norms, and practices of what it means to be a person. Cultural differences in the concerns are assumed to implicate differences in the nature of emotional experience.
The surface Laplacian operator of the potentials on a bounded volume conductor has a unique inverse

In the discussion on the use of the surface Laplacian (SL) of the distribution of bioelectric potentials on the body surface, the question remained open whether a complete specification of the SL of the potential over the surface bounding a volume conductor would uniquely specify the potential on that surface up to a constant. This paper reports that this is indeed the case. In addition, it is shown that the integral of the SL over a closed surface is zero, a property that may serve as a check on the accuracy of any numerical approximation of the SL.
A saúde mental das crianças e dos adolescentes: considerações epidemiológicas, assistenciais e bioéticas

Resumo Neste trabalho sao apresentados aspectos epidemiologicos relativos a criancas e adolescentes com problemas de saude mental, no mundo e no Brasil; os transtornos mais comuns nesta faixa etaria; e a genese de tais transtornos, cuja enfase recai no ambiente familiar, no qual se constata forte associacao entre a violencia domestica e a ocorrencia de tais disturbios. E discutida a crise de oferta de servicos de saude para criancas e adolescentes com problemas de transtorno mental, bem como a carencia de profissionais treinados para lidar com este grupo especial de pacientes. Os aspectos bioeticos envolvidos na assistencia tambem sao discutidos, com destaque para o estado de vulnerabilidade desses pacientes com relacao ao exercicio da autonomia. Ao final, se considera que para abarcar o principio bioetico da justica urge implantar e implementar servicos de saude mental comunitarios, especializados no atendimento a criancas e adolescentes, principalmente em regioes carentes, bem como na periferia das grandes cidades. Palavras-chave: Saude mental. Bioetica.Vulnerabilidade. Crianca. Adolescente.
Tinto's Model and Successful College Transitions

This article compares the themes of academic integration and social integration in Tinto's model (1987) with the themes of vision and sense of community as described in a recent ethnographic study (Tucker, 1998). Tinto's model has been used in a variety of college settings to develop Freshman Interest Groups as a method of improving student persistence (Upcraft & Gardiner, 1989). However, Tinto himself notes that while “… retention programs have helped some students complete their college education, their long-term impact on retention has been surprisingly limited” (1996). I argue that vision and sense of community contain more useful theoretical considerations to help us address the issue of student retention programs at colleges. Tinto (1987) has developed a theoretical model which may need to be reconsidered.
Safety and efficacy of use of demineralised bone matrix in orthopaedic and trauma surgery

Demineralised bone matrix (DBM) acts as an osteoconductive, and possibly as an osteoinductive, material. It is widely used in orthopaedic, neurosurgical, plastic and dental areas. More than 500,000 bone grafting procedures with DBM are performed annually in the US. It does not offer structural support, but it is well suited for filling bone defects and cavities. The osteoinductive nature of DBM is presumably attributed to the presence of matrix-associated bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth factors, which are made available to the host environment by the demineralisation process. Clinical results have not been uniformly favourable; however, a variable clinical response is attributed partly to nonuniform processing methods found among numerous bone banks and commercial suppliers. DBMs remain reasonably safe and effective products. The ultimate safe bone-graft substitute, one that is osteoconductive, osteoinductive, osteogenic and mechanically strong, remains elusive.
Effect of Shear Cutting on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel

In manufacturing electrical machine cores, the electrical steel laminations are often mechanically cut, leading to residual stress and a deterioration in magnetic properties. Several cutting techniques are used in the industry, such as shear cutting, punching, and laser cutting. The influence of shear cutting on the steel microstructure and magnetic properties was investigated in this paper. A single sheet tester was used for the measurements of two different grades of non-oriented electrical steel at different induction levels (0.1-1.5 T) and a wide range frequency (3 Hz-1 kHz). A scanning electron microscope was used for the characterization of the microstructure (grain size) at the cutting edges. The mechanical properties near the edge of the lamination were measured using nanoindentation. An increase in magnetic loss due to cutting was observed to be ~20% for B35AV1900 and ~9% for 35WW300, corresponding to a damaged area extending up to a distance of ~170 and ~140 μm, from the cut edge, respectively.
Stanley Milgram's Obedience to Authority Experiments: Towards an Understanding of Their Relevance in Explaining Aspects of the Nazi Holocaust

Two leading Holocaust historians, Yehuda Bauer and Christopher Browning, have in recent years independently asked how so many ordinary Germans (most of whom in the 1930s had been moderately anti-Semitic) could become by the early 1940s willing murderers of Jews. Social psychologist, Stanley Milgram, had years before been interested in finding answers to similar questions, and to that end in the early 1960s carried out his widely debated "Obedience to Authority" (OTA) experiments at Yale University. Drawing on previously unpublished material from Milgram's personal archive at Yale, this thesis investigates how Milgram developed his research idea to the point where, by the time he ran his first official experiment, he was able to convert the majority of his ordinary subjects into torturers of other people. It is argued that Milgram's experiments were in themselves structured as a bureaucratic microcosm, and say less about obedience to authority, per se, than about the ways in which people in an organisational context resolve a pressing moral dilemma. The thesis uses insights gained from Milgram's experimental innovations to assist in answering the question posed by Bauer and by Browning, focusing on the Nazis' progressive development of mass killing methods, from 1941 to 1944, during Operation Barbarossa and Operation Reinhard. It is shown how these methods were designed to diminish perpetrators' perceptual stimulation, in order to make the "undoable" increasingly "doable", in ways that were later reflected in Milgram's development of his own experimental methodology.
Finding the right levers: the serious side of ‘economics made fun’

The serious side of the Economics Made Fun genre stems from its mantra that people respond to incentives. As Levitt and Dubner put it, economists typically believe they can solve virtually all problems by designing a proper incentive scheme. What is not always sufficiently appreciated is that Levitt and Dubner argue that economists nowadays grant the existence of social and moral incentives, besides the standard economic ones. A glance at the relevant literature in academic economics confirms this. Although there is an ongoing debate in academic economics about the necessity and desirability of introducing social preferences in utility functions and also about the relative strengths of various sorts of preferences, economists increasingly take the existence of various sorts of incentives and motivations into account. The recognition of non-monetary incentives and of non-economic motivation makes the economic approach to policy making more comprehensive and flexible. But since there might be various kinds of interaction effects between different sorts of incentives and different sorts of motivations, it also vastly complicates devising optimal policy schemes. What Levitt and Dubner say almost in passing about the “strange nature” of incentives also reflects the present state of art in academic economics: while it is increasingly acknowledged that different sorts of incentives and different sorts of motivations might interact in various ways, little is still known about when, under what conditions, the one or the other interaction effect obtains. Yet knowledge of the latter is required to devise optimal incentive schemes. Thus even though Levitt and Dubner might be right that economists are quite confident that they can solve virtually all problems by devising optimal incentive schemes, it seems the limited understanding of incentives, motivations and their various interaction effects in present-day academic economics falls short of bolstering this confidence.
Paper Versus Electronic Medical Records: The Effects of Access on Physicians' Decisions to Use Complex Information Technologies

This study examines physicians' responses to complex information technologies (IT) in the health care supply chain. We extend individual-level IT adoption models by incorporating a new construct: system accessibility. The main premise of the study is, when faced with a decision between alternate IT systems, individual users tend to select and make use of the technology or system that is most readily accessible. We discuss both physical and logical dimensions of accessibility as they relate to adoption of electronic medical records (EMR). Physical accessibility refers to the availability of computers that can be used to access EMR, while logical accessibility refers to the ease or difficulty of logging into the system. Using data from a survey of 199 physicians practicing in a large U.S. hospital, we show that, when deciding between the paper chart and EMR, accessibility is an important consideration in a physician's decision to use the system. Both dimensions of accessibility act as barriers to EMR use intentions through their indirect effect on physicians' perceptions of EMR usefulness and ease of use. Logical access also has a direct effect on EMR use intentions. We conclude that accessibility is an important factor that limits acceptance of complex IT such as EMR.
On the Power of Positive Thinking: The Benefits of Being Optimistic

If believing in something can I make it so, then there really would be power in positive thinking. From the little train in the children's tale who said, "I think I can," to popular writers such as Norman Cousins and Norman Vincent Peale, to wise grandmothers everywhere? many people have espoused the benefits of positive thinking. But are these ben efits real? Do people who think pos itively really fare better when facing challenge or adversity? Do they re cover from illness more readily? If so, how and why do these things happen? We and a number of other psy chologists who are interested in is sues surrounding stress, coping, and health have for several years focused our research attention on questions such as these. The primary purpose of this brief review is to provide a taste of the research conducted on this topic. We first document that positive thinking can be beneficial. We then consider why an optimistic orientation to life might confer ben efits. After considering how individ ual differences in optimism might arise, we take up the question of whether optimism is always good and pessimism always bad. We close by discussing the similarities between our own approach and other related approaches. CHARACTERIZING POSITIVE THINKING
Tertiary Entrance Predictors of First-Year University Performance

This paper reports a study of the extent to which the Tertiary Entrance Score (TES) and Australian Scholastic Aptitude Test (ASAT) score predict the first-year performance of the 1695 full-time students entering The University of Western Australia in 1987. The criterion of performance is successful completion of the normal load of four first-year units. Using hierarchical logit models, the relation of performance to TES and ASAT scores and to sex and field of study is established and graphically displayed. It is shown that the ASAT quantitative subscale (presently accounting for less than 1% of the TES) is comparable to the total TES score as a predictor of performance, for both humanities and science students. Implications for policy are discussed, together with suggestions for a more far-ranging study of the predictive power of Tertiary Entrance data.
The Call of the Wild: Zookeepers, Callings, and the Double-edged Sword of Deeply Meaningful Work

A qualitative examination of work meaning in the zoo-keeping profession pointed to the centrality of the notion of work as a personal calling. The view of calling expressed by zookeepers, however, was closer in basic structure to the classical conceptualization of the Protestant reformers than it was to more recent formulations. We used qualitative data from interviews with U.S. zookeepers to develop hypotheses about the implications of this neoclassical conceptualization of calling for the relationship between individuals and their work. We found that a neoclassical calling is both binding and ennobling. On one hand, zookeepers with a sense of calling strongly identified with and found broader meaning and significance in their work and occupation. On the other hand, they were more likely to see their work as a moral duty, to sacrifice pay, personal time, and comfort for their work, and to hold their zoo to a higher standard. Results of a survey of zookeepers from 157 different zoos in the U.S. and Canada supported the hypotheses from our emergent theory. These results reveal the ways in which deeply meaningful work can become a double-edged sword.