Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adverse life events, area socio-economic disadvantage, and adolescent psychopathology: The role of closeness to grandparents in moderating the effect of contextual stress

The study, using data from 801 11–16-year-olds clustered in 68 schools across England and Wales, tested whether closeness to grandparents moderates the association between contextual stress and adolescent psychopathology and prosocial behavior, measured with the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). Contextual stress was measured at both school area level (assessed with the index of multiple deprivation) and child level (assessed, as life stress, with the number of proximal and distal adverse life events experienced). At baseline, area stress (multiple deprivation) was unrelated to psychopathology (SDQ), and although both proximal (during the last 12 months) and distal (before the last 12 months) life stress was associated with broad and specific child psychopathology, the association with proximal life stress was stronger. Closeness to the most significant grandparent moderated both the effect of proximal life stress on hyperactivity and broad psychopathology, and the effect of the interaction between distal and proximal life stress on broad and externalizing psychopathology. These findings suggest that the role of grandparents deserves further attention in future investigations of the development of resilience in youth.
Arousal, erroneous verbalizations and the illusion of control during a computer-generated gambling task

Arousal theories and cognitive theories have been proposed as explanations for both low- and high-frequency gambling. Fifty-four participants were presented with a computer-based gambling task in order to examine the relationship between arousal, erroneous verbalizations and the illusion of control. Participants either won mainly at the start, at the end or randomly throughout the task. Predictions of long- and short-term future success were elicited together with arousal levels and verbalizations throughout the task. The results provide support for the importance of the illusion of control applied to gambling tasks, although these effects only occurred with long-term forecasts. No significant relationships between types of verbalizations and arousal were found, although the task was significantly arousing. Furthermore, no relationships between illusion of control measures and either arousal levels or types of verbalizations were found. Additionally, no differences on any measures were found comparing gambling participants who chase and gamble versus those who do not gamble and/or do not chase. These results are discussed in relation to the explanation of both low- and high-frequency gambling.
Time-Aware Authority Ranking

The link structure of the web is analyzed to measure the authority of pages, which can be taken into account for ranking query results. Due to the enormous dynamics of the web, with millions of pages created, updated, deleted, and linked to every day, temporal aspects of web pages and links are crucial factors for their evaluation. Users are interested in important pages (i.e., pages with high authority score) but are equally interested in the recency of information. Time—and thus the freshness of web content and link structure—emanates as a factor that should be taken into account in link analysis when computing the importance of a page. So far only minor effort has been spent on the integration of temporal aspects into link-analysis techniques. In this paper we introduce T-Rank Light and T-Rank, two link-analysis approaches that take into account the temporal aspects freshness (i.e., timestamps of most recent updates) and activity (i.e., update rates) of pages and links. Experimental results show that T-Rank Light and T-Rank can produce better rankings of web pages.
A Quick Distribution-Free Test for Trend That Contributes Evidence of Construct Validity

A quick distribution-free test that contributes evidence of construct validity from D. T. Campbell and D. W. Fisk's (1959) Multitrait—Multimethod Matrix is presented. The procedure is carried by reducing the heterotrait—heteromethod and heterotrait—monomethod triangles and the validity and reliability diagonals into a matrix of 4 levels containing the minimum, median, and maximum values. The null hypothesis states that the values are unordered, which is tested against the alternative hypothesis of an increasing trend. The test statistic, I, is the number of inversions. The easily remembered critical values for α =. 05 and.01 are 10 and 14, respectively.
IN SEARCH OF THE HIGH LIFE Drugs, Crime, Masculinities and Consumption

Contemporary social theory draws our attention again to the role of consumption in the construction of the self. The project of constructing self-identity through consumption increasingly relies on global rather than parochial images and traditions, and often proceeds via mimicry. In this paper the biographical narratives of a group of young male offenders are used to explore some of the problems and possibilities of growing up male on the margins of civil society. It is suggested that drug use, drug dealing, and 'normal' crime serve as important cultural and emotive resources for scripting a particular, and powerful, masculine identity on the street. Thus, some conventional themes in delinquency theory are recast in the terms of modern social theory and cultural studies. (Abstract Adapted from Source: British Journal of Criminology, 1997. Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press) Juvenile Male Juvenile Offender Juvenile Crime Male Offender Male Crime Crime Causes Juvenile Substance Use Male Substance Use Substance Use Causes Drug Use Causes Masculinity Gender Role Ideology Drug Trafficking Sociocultural Factors Juvenile Delinquency Delinquency Causes Self-Concept 05-00
Radiosurgery for facial schwannoma.

OBJECT The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of radiosurgery in patients with facial schwannoma. METHODS The study population consisted of 14 patients, six men and eight women, with a mean age of 45.4 years. Most of the patients had presented with facial palsy (11 of 14 patients) and/or hearing disturbance (nine of 14 patients). Prior treatment in nine of the 14 cases consisted of tumor resection or tumor biopsy. Tumor volume ranged from 0.98 to 20.8 cm3, and the mean tumor volume was 5.5 cm3. The mean maximum radiation dose and mean tumor margin dose used for radiosurgery were 24.0 and 12.9 Gy, respectively. During the mean follow-up period of 31.4 months (range 12-120 months), 10 of the tumors shrank and four remained unchanged. The tumor response and tumor control rates were 57 and 100%, respectively. None of the tumors progressed, and no subsequent resection was required. Facial nerve function improved in five cases, remained unchanged in eight, and became worse in one. There was no change in hearing function in any of the patients. Complications developed in only one patient: the onset of facial palsy immediately after treatment, which subsequently recovered to House-Brackmann Grade III. CONCLUSIONS In summary, radiosurgery was found to be a very useful method of treating facial schwannoma, for both tumor control and functional control. Radiosurgery should therefore be the treatment of first choice for facial schwannomas.
“Chase CRP”, “Review patient”: Improving the Quality of Weekend Medical Handover at a London Teaching Hospital

Abstract Clinical handover has been identified as a "major preventable cause of harm" by the Royal College of Physicians (RCP). Whilst working at a London teaching hospital from August 2013, we noted substandard weekend handover of medical patients. The existing pro forma was filled incompletely by day doctors so it was difficult for weekend colleagues to identify unwell patients, with inherent safety implications. Furthermore, on-call medical staff noted that poor accessibility of vital information in patients' files was affecting acute clinical management. We audited the pro formas over a six week period (n=83) and the Friday ward round (WR) entries for medical inpatients over two weekends (n=84) against the RCP's handover guidance. The results showed poor documentation of several important details on the pro formas, for example, ceiling of care (4%) and past medical history (PMH) (23%). Problem lists were specified on 62% of the WR entries. We designed new handover pro formas and 'Friday WR sheets' to provide prompts for this information and used Medical Meetings and emails to explain the project's aims. Re-audit demonstrated significant improvement in all parameters; for instance, PMH increased to 52% on the pro formas. Only 10% of Friday WR entries used our sheet. However, when used, outcomes were much better, for example, problem list documentation increased to 100%. In conclusion, our interventions improved the provision of crucial information needed to prioritise and manage patients over the weekend. Future work should further highlight the importance of safe handover to all doctors to induce a shift in culture and optimise patient care.
Client-directed Interventions to Increase Community Access to Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screening a Systematic Review

Most major medical organizations recommend routine screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers. Screening can lead to early detection of these cancers, resulting in reduced mortality. Yet not all people who should be screened are screened, either regularly or, in some cases, ever. This report presents the results of systematic reviews of effectiveness , applicability, economic efficiency, barriers to implementation, and other harms or benefits of interventions designed to increase screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers by increasing community access to these services. Evidence from these reviews indicates that screening for breast cancer (by mammography) has been increased effectively by reducing structural barriers and by reducing out-of pocket client costs, and that screening for colorectal cancer (by fecal occult blood test) has been increased effectively by reducing structural barriers. Additional research is needed to determine whether screening for cervical cancer (by Pap test) can be increased by reducing structural barriers and by reducing out-of-pocket costs, whether screening for colorectal cancer (fecal occult blood test) can be increased by reducing out-of-pocket costs, and whether these interventions are effective in increasing the use of other colorectal cancer screening procedures (i.e., flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, double contrast barium enema). Specific areas for further research are also suggested in this report.
Infant cortisol response after prolonged antenatal prednisolone treatment

Prednisolone is widely used to treat medical conditions in pregnancy, despite the lack of long term safety studies on infants. Animal studies have shown that antenatal glucocorticoid treatment can cause in utero growth restriction and up‐regulation of the offsprings' hypathalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. We recruited women treated antenatally with prednisolone, and followed 12 of the infants up to four months, using routine infant vaccinations as a stressor. Birthweights were similar to controls (n= 289, uncomplicated, singleton term pregnancies), as were infants' baseline and stress‐induced cortisol levels. Mothers rated their infants as less difficult and more adaptable than controls. This study provides initial reassurance about the safety of prednisolone in pregnancy.
Examining the first, second and third-person effects of Internet pornography on Taiwanese adolescents: implications for the restriction of pornography

To explore the impact of Internet pornography on users as compared with traditional forms of pornography, a total of 1688 adolescents in Taiwan were surveyed. Results show that respondents estimated the harms of Internet pornography to exceed that of pornographic materials in print and broadcast media. More importantly, findings show that exposure to Internet pornography resulted in desensitizing effects in that users tended to perceive the harms of Internet pornography as less on self and others. In addition, exposure was found to be negatively related to support for restrictions of Internet pornography, but the perceived harm on self was found to be positively related to support for restrictions. Finally, the joint effects of the first and third-person effect (the second-person effect) were shown as a more reliable predictor of behavioral intention than the third-person perception. Findings help resolve the contradiction in past research that reported the third-person perception as both a significant and non-significant predictor of support for restrictions on pornography.
Graph compaction in analyzing large scale online social networks

The real-world large scale networks motivate the need for parallel and distributed evaluation of network analysis and computational tasks for computational efficiency and application effectiveness. One of the essential tasks for parallel and distributed evaluation, is to have partitions over the underlying network graph. Over these partitions the computational or network analysis tasks are in turn processed in a distributed or parallel manner. It is interesting to use intrinsic communities of social networks as partitions, to be used as basic components in parallel and distributed computation. We propose two novel graph compaction algorithms that generate the desired compact graph of communities as a preprocessing stage to the parallel and distributed evaluation of computational tasks. To comply with heterogeneity in community structure and size, we use a flexible limit on them. We evaluate the structure and quality of our algorithms and hence its resulting communities over two distinct application networks. We show that the generated community structure, reasonably complies with the modular structure of the network. We evaluate the quality of the partitions, relative to the partitions generated using existing state-of-the-art approach, and compare the approaches to show better quality of our partitions in terms of number of graph cuts.
The heat is on: Genetic adaptation to urbanization mediated by thermal tolerance and body size

Worldwide, urbanization leads to tremendous anthropogenic environmental alterations, causing strong selection pressures on populations of animals and plants. Although a key feature of urban areas is their higher temperature (“urban heat islands”), adaptive thermal evolution in organisms inhabiting urban areas has rarely been studied. We tested for evolution of a higher heat tolerance (CTMAX) in urban populations of the water flea Daphnia magna, a keystone grazer in freshwater ecosystems, by carrying out a common garden experiment at two temperatures (20°C and 24°C) with genotypes of 13 natural populations ordered along a well‐defined urbanization gradient. We also assessed body size and haemoglobin concentration to identify underlying physiological drivers of responses in CTMAX. We found a higher CTMAX in animals isolated from urban compared to rural habitats and in animals reared at higher temperatures. We also observed substantial genetic variation in thermal tolerance within populations. Overall, smaller animals were more heat tolerant. While urban animals mature at smaller size, the effect of urbanization on thermal tolerance is only in part caused by reductions in body size. Although urban Daphnia contained higher concentrations of haemoglobin, this did not contribute to their higher CTMAX. Our results provide evidence of adaptive thermal evolution to urbanization in the water flea Daphnia. In addition, our results show both evolutionary potential and adaptive plasticity in rural as well as urban Daphnia populations, facilitating responses to warming. Given the important ecological role of Daphnia in ponds and lakes, these adaptive responses likely impact food web dynamics, top‐down control of algae, water quality, and the socio‐economic value of urban ponds.
Cohesiveness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Multilevel Analysis Using Work Groups and Individuals

Using a theory-based multilevel framework, we examined the potential relationships of two organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) dimensions with individual- and group-level measures. The individual-level measures used were employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment; the group-level measure used was work group cohesiveness. The sample for the study was drawn from eight service sector organizations. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses revealed that employees in more cohesive work groups displayed greater amounts of courtesy than would have been predicted based only on their job satisfaction or organizational commitment. Further, the relationship between employee job satisfaction and the amount of courtesy displayed was stronger in the more cohesive groups. Such results were not obtained when conscientiousness was the focal OCB. Implications of our results, as well as use of HLM in multilevel investigations, are discussed.
Automatic body measurement for mass customization of garments

We sketch the design of a simple lower body scanner with two scan heads, positioned in front of and behind the body. The scan heads are very simple, and we believe that the scanner could be built for less than $10 K. We then describe a simple model for the lower body consisting of two stacks of ellipses, and an algorithm for fitting this model to the points and silhouettes produced by the scanner. We outline a way of extracting body dimensions from this model and discuss in detail our method to determine a subject's crotch level, a rather difficult problem. Finally, we present simulation results on the expected accuracy of the body dimensions, obtained by means of a scanner simulator.
A brief alcohol intervention for hazardously drinking incarcerated women.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that among hazardously drinking incarcerated women who are returning to the community, a brief alcohol intervention will result in less alcohol use at follow-up relative to standard of care. METHODS Eligible participants endorsed hazardous alcohol consumption-four or more drinks at a time on at least 3 separate days in the previous 3 months or a score of 8 or above on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Participants were randomized to either an assessment-only condition or to two brief motivationally focused sessions, the first delivered during incarceration, the second 1 month later after community re-entry. Participants recalled drinking behaviors at 3 and 6 months after the baseline interview using a 90-day time-line follow-back method. RESULTS The 245 female participants averaged 34 years of age, and were 71% Caucasian. The mean percentage of alcohol use days in the 3 months prior to incarceration was 51.7% and heavy alcohol use days was 43.9%. Intervention effects on abstinent days were statistically significant at 3 months (odds ratio = 1.96, 95% confidence interval 1.17, 3.30); the percentage of days abstinent was 68% for those randomized to intervention and 57% for controls. At 6 months the effect of the intervention was attenuated and no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Among incarcerated women who reported hazardous drinking, a two-session brief alcohol intervention increased abstinent days at 3 months, but this effect decayed by 6 months. Study participants continued to drink heavily after return to the community. More intensive intervention pre-release and after re-entry may benefit hazardously drinking incarcerated women.
Treating the Trauma of Rape: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD

Part I: What Do We Know About PTSD Following Assault? The Clinical Picture: A Rape Victim and Her Father Tell their Stories. Diagnosis and Prevalence of PTSD Following Assault. Other Common Responses to Assault. What Do We Know About Treatment Efficacy for PTSD? Theoretical Bases for PTSD and its Treatment. Part II: How to Conduct Effective Treatment of PTSD. An Overview of Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques and Programs for PTSD. Assessment of PTSD and Related Problems. The Beginning of Treatment. In Vivo Exposure: Confronting the Feared Situations. Imaginal Exposure: Reliving the Trauma. Cognitive Techniques I: Cognitive Restructuring. Cognitive Techniques II: Thought Stopping and Preparing for a Stressor. Relaxation Training: Deep Muscle, Cue-controlled, and Differential Relaxation. Role Playing and Covert Modeling. Common Problems, Termination, and a Full Case Example. Appendix: Assault Information and History Interview (AIHI).
Drinking in context: the influence of gender and neighbourhood deprivation on alcohol consumption

Background Findings from contextual studies have shown that living in both poor and affluent neighbourhoods increases the risk of drinking and drug use, but few studies have examined the connection between neighbourhood context and drinking from a gender perspective. Methods We investigated the association between gender, neighbourhood deprivation and weekly drinking behaviour (number of drinks) in a national sample of 93 457 Canadians using multilevel zero-inflated Poisson regression. A cross-level interaction between gender and neighbourhood deprivation was examined while controlling for other potential risk factors. Results 53% of Canadians reported having at least one drink in the last year (men=61%; women=46%). Among respondents who were drinkers, the average number of drinks per week was 6.4 with male drinkers reporting an average of 7.9 and female drinkers reporting an average of 4.6. Neighbourhood material deprivation was independently associated with weekly drinking. Findings from multilevel analysis showed a u-shaped curve between neighbourhood deprivation and drinking, but only for men. Men living in the poorest neighbourhoods drank more weekly (8.5 drinks) than men living in neighbourhoods of wealthy (4.5 drinks) and mid-range deprivation (3.7 drinks). No difference in drinking by neighbourhood material deprivation was observed among women. Conclusion Men, like women, experience gender-specific health difficulties (eg, alcohol-related problems) suggesting the need for a gendered focus on policies and services related to women's and men's health. The challenge for public health and primary care is to work together to target risk-taking behaviours among men through treatment, prevention and cultural/educational messages aimed at building healthy lifestyles.
Familial occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease in Korea

Background Little information is available about the familial aggregation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Asian populations. We therefore determined the risk of familial aggregation of IBD among first‐degree relatives of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) in an ethnically distinct Korean population. Methods Familial aggregation of IBD was evaluated in terms of family history, prevalence, lifetime risk, and population relative risk in first‐degree relatives of 1440 unrelated patients with UC (n = 1043) or CD (n = 397). Results A positive first‐degree family history of IBD was observed in 27 probands (1.88%): 21 of 1043 (2.01%) with UC and 6 of 397 (1.51%) with CD. The crude prevalence of IBD in first‐degree relatives of probands with IBD was 0.31%. The lifetime risk of IBD was 0.54% in all first‐degree relatives of IBD probands, 0.52% in UC probands, and 0.67% in CD probands, with overall lifetime relative risks of 0.12% in parents, 0.79% in siblings, and 1.43% in offspring. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted population relative risk of IBD was 13.8 in first‐degree relatives of probands with IBD. Conclusions Although a positive family history, prevalence, and lifetime risk of IBD among first‐degree relatives of Korean IBD patients are much lower than among relatives of Western patients, the population relative risk in first‐degree relatives is about equal in Koreans and Westerners. This finding indicates that a positive family history is an important risk factor for IBD in Koreans and in Westerners.