Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Code Bad Smell Detection through Evolutionary Data Mining

The existence of code bad smell has a severe impact on the software quality. Numerous researches show that ignoring code bad smells can lead to failure of a software system. Thus, the detection of bad smells has drawn the attention of many researchers and practitioners. Quite a few approaches have been proposed to detect code bad smells. Most approaches are solely based on structural information extracted from source code. However, we have observed that some code bad smells have the evolutionary property, and thus propose a novel approach to detect three code bad smells by mining software evolutionary data: duplicated code, shotgun surgery, and divergent change. It exploits association rules mined from change history of software systems, upon which we define heuristic algorithms to detect the three bad smells. The experimental results on five open source projects demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves higher precision, recall and F-measure.
A practical approach for successive omniscience

The system that we study in this paper contains a set of users that observe a discrete memoryless multiple source and communicate via noise-free channels with the aim of attaining omniscience, the state that all users recover the entire multiple source. We adopt the concept of successive omniscience (SO), i.e., letting the local omniscience in some user subset be attained before the global omniscience in the entire system, and consider the problem of how to efficiently attain omniscience in a successive manner. Based on the existing results on SO, we propose a CompSetSO algorithm for determining a complimentary set, a user subset in which the local omniscience can be attained first without increasing the sum-rate, the total number of communications, for the global omniscience. We also derive a sufficient condition for a user subset to be complimentary so that running the CompSetSO algorithm only requires a lower bound, instead of the exact value of the minimum sum-rate for attaining global omniscience. The CompSetSO algorithm returns a complimentary user subset in polynomial time. We show by example how to recursively apply the CompSetSO algorithm so that the global omniscience can be attained by multi-stages of SO.
Explaining the Adoption and Disadoption of Sustainable Agriculture: The Case of Cover Crops in Northern Honduras*

Although technology adoption has been the subject of a great deal of economic research, that focused on the economics of adoption of low-input "sustainable" systems has been much more limited and recent. This paper attempts to explain the recent decline in the use of cover crops using in maize farming in the Department of Atlantida, Honduras. In the early 1970's, farmers in the region began rotating maize with the velvetbean (mucuna ssp.), a system learned from Guatemalan immigrants. Tohe mucuna-maize system decreased the labor required for maize farming even as it increased yields, prevented erosion, and conferred a variety of other agronomic benefits. By 1992, estimates show that the system had diffused among more than 60% of farmers in the Department. Both due to this widespread dissemination, and the fact that diffusion was largely spontaneous (unassisted by extensions and NGOs), the maize-mucuna system has become a widely acknowledged "success story" of sustainable agriculture diffusion. However, recent anecdotal evidence, confirmed by the survey research reported here, shows that by the late 1990s, use of the system had begun to decline sharply. Various hypotheses about the cause of this decline were investigated in this research, including whether the abandonment of the mucuna-maize system is attributable to a generalized decline in maize cultivation, changes in land tenure and distribution, a burgeoning cattle industry, infrastructural improvements, widespread infestations of noxious weed (rottboellia cochinchinensis), or limitations in farmer management. Modeling techniques evaluated two land-use decisions: whether to adopt mucuna-maize and the contingent decision of whether to abandon the system, once adopted. Bivariate probit analysis is used in the econometric analysis. Descriptive statistics and econometric results indicate that age, level of income from non-maize sources, the presence of rottboellia, and access to a road or highway are significantly related to the abandonment of overcropping. Meanwhile, greater dedication to maize, diversification into high value crops, greater experience with the system, and annual reseeding of mucuna are associated with continued use of the mucuna-maize rotation. The empirical results overall demonstrate that the phenomenon of maize-muchuna adoption and abandonment is a highly complex process. The results have policy implications for the "farmer to farmer" model of extension as well as the promotion of mucuna-maize as a sustainable agriculture technique. In the first case, less emphasis on diffusion and greater attention to farmer-to-farmer teaching of crop system dynamics may be important for the durability of cover crop systems. Regarding the second, cover crop species like mucuna should not be viewed as "silver bullet" solution to sustaining low-input agriculture: indeed, exclusive rotation of mucuna with maize may eliminate critical sources of plant and animal species diversity, ultimately undermining the system itself.
Bhagwati and Ramaswami: Why it is a Classic

This paper expounds on a well-known and widely influential paper 'Domestic Distortions, Tariffs and the Theory of Optimum Subsidy' (1963) by Bhagwati in collaboration with V. K. Ramaswami. The message of the paper, which set in trail a number of publications, was that in the case of a small open economy, distortions that steer the economy away from Pareto-optimal outcomes should be dealt with at their source. The Bhagwati and Ramaswami paper established the case for free trade in the presence of domestic distortions, and proved wrong the received wisdom of the day that in the presence of distortions such as externalities, wage rigidities and distorted factor and product markets, a move from free trade to autarky might improve welfare. The article succinctly demonstrated that the correct policy intervention which avoided welfare losses was one which rectified a distortion at its source and is justly regarded as a classic. But in the profession of economics those who question received wisdom are regarded with scepticism at first and then with the riposte that it is all old wine served in new bottles. The Bhagwati-Ramaswami breakthrough was met with the remark 'it is all in Meade'. This paper takes issue with this judgement. The paper not only refutes the suggestion that the Bhagwati-Ramaswami article has its origins in Meade but also provides a lucid and succinct exposition of Meade's analysis of divergences and shows how Bhagwati and Ramaswami's analysis is vastly different. Copyright 2006 The Author Journal compilation 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Women Have Found Respect: Gender Quotas, Symbolic Representation, and Female Empowerment in Rwanda

Building on previous studies of women's formal, descriptive, and substantive representation in Rwanda, this article examines women's symbolic representation, defined as the broader social and cultural impact of the greater representation of women in the Rwandan political system. It explores the cultural meanings of gender quotas by analyzing popular perceptions of women, of women's roles in politics and society more broadly, and of changing cultural practices vis-à-vis gender. Data were gathered over 24 months of ethnographic research conducted between 1997 and 2009 and by ongoing documentary research. The study finds that although Rwandan women have made few legislative gains, they have reaped other benefits, including increased respect from family and community members, enhanced capacity to speak and be heard in public forums, greater autonomy in decision making in the family, and increased access to education. Yet there have also been some unexpected negative consequences, such as increased friction with male siblings, male withdrawal from politics, increased marital discord, and a perception that marriage as an institution has been disrupted by the so-called upheaval of gender roles. Most significantly, increased formal representation of women has not led to increased democratic legitimacy for the government.
Information Asymmetry, Diversification, and Cost of Capital

Recently, there has been considerable interest among accounting researchers in the relation between asymmetric information and cost of capital. A number of empirical studies document associations between risk premiums and proxies for asymmetric information such as earnings quality. However, the theoretical foundation for these studies has yet to be fully established. In this study, we consider the effects of private signals that are informative of both systematic factors and idiosyncratic shocks affecting asset payoffs in a competitive, noisy, rational expectations setting. Taking a large economy limit, we show that (1) risk premiums equal products of betas and factor risk premiums, irrespective of information asymmetries; (2) holding total information constant, greater information asymmetry leads to higher factor risk premiums and, thus, higher costs of capital; and (3) controlling for betas, there is no cross‐sectional effect of information asymmetries on cost of capital. These results provide guidance .
A rapid, nongenomic pathway facilitates the synaptic transmission induced by retinoic acid at the developing synapse

We have previously shown that retinoic acid (RA), a factor highly expressed in spinal cord, rapidly and specifically enhances the spontaneous acetylcholine release at developing neuromuscular synapses in Xenopus cell culture, using whole-cell patch-clamp recording. We have now further investigated the underlying mechanisms that are involved in RA-induced facilitation on the frequency of spontaneous synaptic currents (SSCs). Buffering the rise of intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA-AM hampered the facilitation of SSC frequency induced by RA. The prompt RA-enhanced SSC frequency was not abolished when Ca2+ was eliminated from the culture medium or there was bath application of the pharmacological Ca2+ channel inhibitor Cd2+, indicating that Ca2+ influx through voltage-activated Ca2+ channels are not required. Application of membrane-permeable inhibitors of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] or ryanodine receptors effectively blocked the increase of SSC frequency elicited by RA. Treating cells with either wortmannin or LY294002, two structurally different inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and with the phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) inhibitor U73122, abolished RA-induced facilitation of synaptic transmission. Preincubation of the cultures with pharmacological inhibitors, either genistein, a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or PP2, which predominantly inhibits the Src family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, completely abolished RA-induced synaptic facilitation. Taken collectively, these results suggest that RA elicits Ca2+ release from Ins(1,4,5)P3 and/or ryanodine-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores of the presynaptic nerve terminal. This is done via PLCγ/PI 3-kinase signaling cascades and Src tyrosine kinase activation, leading to an enhancement of spontaneous transmitter release.
Discussions about STI histories and HIV-statuses among Gay men in Ottawa: An HIV prevention analysis

Abstract:As part of examining the public health effects of media releases about HIV-status nondisclosure, a semi-structured interview technique was employed to collect data about gay men’s perceptions of and experiences with HIV-status disclosure, nondisclosure, and prevention. In this article, participants’ (N = 27) narratives about their expectations of how and when HIV-status disclosure and discussions about STI histories should occur are presented, and then contrasted against stated (hypothetical) expectations with the stories they recounted about discussing HIV-status during previous sexual contacts (actual practices). These data highlight that the overwhelming socio-sexual norm among gay men in Ottawa is not to discuss HIV-status, and, instead, to perform HIV risk assessments based on the characteristics of their sexual partners and their relationships with these men. A small subset of participants, however, noted they used condoms to maintain what was called the code of silence (i.e., the norm not to discuss HIV), and to simultaneously minimize HIV transmission during sexual contacts with casual or anonymous partners. In light of the extant literature about STIs, HIV, and prevention among gay men, these data provide important insights for HIV prevention workers, who should consider how to tailor prevention efforts to local communities.
A SYMPLECTIC ALEXANDER TRICK AND SPACES OF SYMPLECTIC SECTIONS

This thesis consists of two sections, connected by a thread. The symplectomorphism group of a 2-dimensional surface S is homotopy equivalent to the orbit of a lling system of curves on S. In the rst section, we give a generalization of this statement to dimension 4. The lling system of curves is replaced by a decomposition of M into a disjoint union of an isotropic 2-complex L and a disc bundle over a symplectic surface Σ. This decomposition is due to Paul Biran. We show that one can recover the homotopy type of the symplectomorphism group of M from the orbit of the pair (L, Σ). This allows us to compute the homotopy type of certain spaces of Lagrangian submanifolds, for example the space of Lagrangian RP 2 ⊂ CP 2 isotopic to the standard one. In the second section, we consider the product of two n-manifolds: Σ× Γ, each equipped with a volume form σΣ and σΓ. We show that there is a homotopy equivalence between ΣS the space of sections S of this product bration such that the product form π∗ ΣσΣ + π∗ ΓσΓ|S is a volume form and NS a spaces of maps Σ → Γ with constrained numbers of pre-images. This allows us to compute various identities between the spaces ΣS for di erent volume forms. In the case that n = 2, these sections are the symplectic sections of the product bration. Finally we compute NS a for certain cases.
Parent Education by Mail

Cooperative extension family life specialists in 10 states investigated the value of a series of parent education booklets for parents of infants. The program was assessed by an evaluation questionnaire mailed to the parents as they completed a series. A total of 2,263 questionnaires were returned; respondents indicated that the programs positively affected their parenting practices and attitudes.
Biomechanical constraint effects in estimating the congruency between verbal and visual descriptions of hand actions

This study examined whether the biomechanical constraint effect is observed in comprehending the congruency between visual descriptions (pictures) of hand actions and verbal descriptions (sentences) of those actions. In the first-person pronoun conditions, pictures of intransitive hand actions (e.g., clenching action) and sentences of those actions (e.g., “I clench the hand”) were presented on a screen. The hand laterality and the orientation of the pictures were manipulated. The participants estimated the congruency between the sentences and the pictures. In the second-person pronoun conditions, “you” was used instead of “I”. The first-person pronoun conditions yielded high congruency scores for manageable hand orientations, suggesting that the participants were estimating the feasibility of imitating the observed hands. In contrast to the first-person pronoun condition, the results of the second-person pronoun conditions showed high congruency scores for the hand orientations of onlooker perspectives without any laterality effect. The results suggest that recognition of linguistic sentences describing actions involves embodiment processing, and action simulation processing triggered by these sentences changes depending on the difference of personal pronouns. the agent of the second-person pronoun sentences. The absence of laterality effect suggests that the participants did not take the biomechanical constraint of observed hand actions into account during the estimation of congruency. These results might reflect the following processing: the participants observed the presented hand actions from an onlooker perspective (to be precise, when they observed the hands, they located themselves within their physical body without mentally simulating the actions) and judged that hand directions that would be seen from the face-to-face position were congruent with the 2pp sentences. These results suggest that action simulation processing during the recognition of sentences changes depending on the person of the pronouns used.
Nuclear gene expression changes due to mitochondrial dysfunction in ARPE-19 cells: implications for age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE To measure changes in nuclear gene expression resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction in retinal pigment epithelial cells. METHODS ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cells were depleted of their mitochondrial (mt)DNA by passaging in a low concentration of ethidium bromide. Loss of mitochondrial DNA was determined by uridine auxotrophy and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of isolated DNA. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was estimated by uptake of JC-1. Changes in nuclear gene expression were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of isolated total RNA from ethidium-bromide-treated and untreated cells. Morphologic and phenotypic changes were determined by phase-contrast microscopy, sensitivity to the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH), and invasion assay. RESULTS ARPE-19 cells became auxotrophic for growth on uridine after eight passages in 50 ng/mL ethidium bromide. Quantitative PCR revealed almost complete loss of mitochondrial DNA (rho(0) cells). Uptake of JC-1 was reduced in the rho(0) cells, indicating reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential. Quantitative RT-PCR measured increased expression of genes coding for drusen components, lipid transport, extracellular matrix components, and responses to inflammation in the rho(0) cells. The rho(0) cells also exhibited an increased sensitivity to killing by tBH and increased migration and invasion through solubulized basement membrane-coated tissue culture inserts. CONCLUSIONS ARPE-19 cells respond to loss of mitochondrial function by changes in nuclear gene expression that resemble changes observed in age-related macular degeneration. The results lead to the hypothesis that loss of mitochondrial function with age and resultant changes in nuclear gene expression may explain some of the changes in the macula that are associated with the known clinical manifestations of age-related macular degeneration.
Psychological Contracts

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Prognostic implications of Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) expression in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Wilms' tumor (WT1) gene is overexpressed in patients with most forms of acute leukemia. Several studies have reported the usefulness of quantitative assessment of WT1 expression as a molecular marker of minimal residual disease. However, the biological significance and the prognostic impact of WT1 overexpression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still uncertain. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed the prognostic relevance of WT1 expression in a cohort of 77 adult patients with AML, using a real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction approach. RESULTS WT1 expression was significantly higher in AML patients than in normal controls (p = 0.0001). The normalized levels of WT1 with respect to the control gene for beta-glucuronidase (GUS) in AML samples showed a median WT1/GUS ratio of 0.93 (range 0-25). We classified the patients into two groups according to this ratio. Forty patients (52%) showed a WT1/GUS ratio <or= 1 and 37 (48%) had a ratio > 1. A ratio > 1, although significantly associated with FLT3 mutations, was the strongest independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (p = 0.004), relapse risk (p = 0.005) and cumulative incidence risk (p = 0.01). This adverse prognostic value was more evident in patients aged 60 years and younger. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS The WT1/GUS ratio is an independent prognostic factor for predicting relapse in patients with AML and it could be included as part of the initial evaluation to establish more defined risk groups.
Assessment of In vitro Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxicity Effect of Nigella sativa Oil

Background: Methicillin resistance is a serious health concern since it has spread among Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) that are frequent community and nosocomial pathogens worldwide. Methicillin-resistant strains are often resistant to other classes of antibiotics, making their treatment difficult. Nigella sativa oil is known to be active against Gram-positive cocci, yet its in vitro cytotoxicity is rarely investigated, is a proper and powerful candidate for treatment of methicillin-resistant isolates. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity effect of N. sativa oil. Materials and Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of N. sativa oil were determined by broth microdilution method against four different American Type Culture Collection strains, 45 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and 77 methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS). The effects of different dilutions (0.25 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL, and 1 μg/mL) of N. sativa oil on the proliferation of gingival fibroblasts were evaluated. Results: The MIC values of N. sativa oil against clinical isolates of Staphylococci were between <0.25 μg/mL and 1.0 μg/mL. Compared to the control group, there was no cytotoxic effect on the proliferation of the gingival fibroblasts. Conclusion: In the present study, the oil of N. sativa was very active against MRSA and MRCoNS and had no in vitro cytotoxicity at relevant concentrations. These findings emphasize that there is a requirement for further clinical trials on N. sativa oil for "safe" medical management of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococci. Abbreviation used: ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; CoNS: Coagulase-negative Staphylococci; DMEM: Dulbecco′s modified Eagle′s medium; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; HGF: Human gingival fi broblast; MIC: Minimal inhibitory concentration; MRCoNS: Methicillin-resistant CoNS;MRSA: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus