Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Star formation rate in galaxies from UV, IR, and Hα estimators

Infrared (IR) luminosity of galaxies originating from dust thermal emission can be used as an indicator of the star formation rate (SFR). Inoue et al. ([CITE], IHK) have derived a formula for the conversion from dust IR luminosity to SFR by using the following three quantities: the fraction of Lyman continuum luminosity absorbed by gas ( f ), the fraction of UV luminosity absorbed by dust ( ϵ ), and the fraction of dust heating from old ($\ga$10 8 yr) stellar populations ( η ). We develop a method to estimate those three quantities based on the idea that the various way of SFR estimates from ultraviolet (UV) luminosity (2000 A luminosity), H α luminosity, and dust IR luminosity should return the same SFR. After applying our method to samples of galaxies, the following results are obtained in our framework. First, our method is applied to a sample of star-forming galaxies, finding that $f\sim 0.6$, $\epsilon\sim 0.5$, and $\eta\sim 0.4$ as representative values. Next, we apply the method to a starburst sample, which shows larger extinction than the star-forming galaxy sample. With the aid of f , ϵ , and η , we are able to estimate reliable SFRs from UV and/or IR luminosities. Moreover, the H α luminosity, if the H α extinction is corrected by using the Balmer decrement, is suitable for a statistical analysis of SFR, because the same correction factor for the Lyman continuum extinction (i.e. $1/f$) is applicable to both normal and starburst galaxies over all the range of SFR. The metallicity dependence of f and ϵ is also tested: Only the latter proves to have a correlation with metallicity. As an extension of our result, the local ($z=0$) comoving density of SFR can be estimated with our dust extinction corrections. We show that all UV, H α , and IR comoving luminosity densities at $z=0$ give a consistent SFR per comoving volume (~$3\times 10^{-2}h~M_\odot~{\rm~yr}^{-1}~{\rm Mpc}^{-3}$). Useful formulae for SFR estimate are listed.
Distributed Voltage Security Monitoring in Large Power Systems Using Synchrophasors

This paper proposes a real-time distributed voltage security monitoring framework for large power systems using synchrophasor measurements. The method distributes its major computations among substations and collects results from each substation at the control center to provide a comprehensive voltage security index. At the substation level, two Q-V sensitivity-based voltage security indices, namely, a positive index and a negative index, are calculated from ambient synchrophasor measurements. The indices are estimated using two new algorithms, namely, fast bidirectional sensitivities calculation and bidirectional linearization approximation, using local measurements. These local sensitivities from different substations are collected at the control center level, where wide-area voltage security assessment is carried out to estimate the system proximity to voltage collapse, as well as to identify voltage insecure subareas if any exist. Simulations and numerical studies of the IEEE 118-bus test power system and validated large-scale model of the July 2, 1996 Western American blackout are used to illustrate that the proposed algorithm can detect voltage insecurity effectively in large power systems.
Determiner Phrases and the Debate on Functional Categories in Early Child Language

The apparent omission of determiners by young English-speaking children has led to the proposal that the DP-layer is universally absent in very early child grammars. In this article, I challenge this hypothesis by investigating the longitudinal development of the determiner system of a Swedish child (age 1;8-2;1). The article addresses phenomena such as suffixed and free articles, double definiteness, genitives, pronouns and "nominal style. " I show that analyses of these early data must invoke at least one functional projection above the NP. These data therefore argue against any claim about the universal absence of functional structure in early child grammar.
Balancing Privacy Concerns and Impression Management Strategies on Facebook

Social network sites like Facebook allow users to engage in self-presentation through a variety of text-based, visual, and interactive features, and numerous studies have examined the various social and technical strategies Facebook users engage in to manage their online persona. That said, few studies have examined how engagement in these impression management strategies varies across users. This paper presents initial findings from a large (N=833) study including three samples to evaluate the relationship between individual factors, network composition and privacy concerns with the use of social and technical features to regulate access to personal information on Facebook. Rather than a straightforward relationship between privacy concerns and impression management, findings suggest that engagement in these strategies involves a number of contextual factors such as age, sex, and Internet efficacy. These complex relationships are discussed with a focus on implications for researchers and designers to consider when evaluating and building these systems.
A novel optimal capacitor placement algorithm using Nelder-Mead PSO

In this paper, a new efficient algorithm is developed for optimal placement of capacitor using Nelder-Mead particle swarm optimisation (NM-PSO). The developed capacitor placement problem (CPP) has been formulated to make the objective function (i.e., planning method) more realistic by incorporating essential economic factors, viz., maintenance cost, interest on investment cost and inflation. This developed CPP is found capable of providing more cost-effective solution than existing approaches. Simulation results are obtained for IEEE 9-bus and 69-bus radial distribution system. Results obtained with NM-PSO, are compared with the PSO approach. For both the IEEE test systems, simulation results reveal more effective and profitable planning with NM-PSO. In addition, sensitivity analysis is carried out to highlight the impact of newly incorporated economic factors, justifying their inclusion in CPP.
Development of capacitive multiplexing circuit for SiPM-based time-of-flight (TOF) PET detector

There has been great interest in developing a time-of-flight (TOF) PET to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of PET image relative to that of non-TOF PET. Silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays have attracted attention for use as a fast TOF PET photosensor. Since numerous SiPM arrays are needed to construct a modern human PET, a multiplexing method providing both good timing performance and high channel reduction capability is required to develop a SiPM-based TOF PET. The purpose of this study was to develop a capacitive multiplexing circuit for the SiPM-based TOF PET. The proposed multiplexing circuit was evaluated by measuring the coincidence resolving time (CRT) and the energy resolution as a function of the overvoltage using three different capacitor values of 15, 30, and 51 pF. A flood histogram was also obtained and quantitatively assessed. Experiments were performed using a 4×4 array of 3×3 mm2 SiPMs. Regarding the capacitor values, the multiplexing circuit using a smaller capacitor value showed the best timing performance. On the other hand, the energy resolution and flood histogram quality of the multiplexing circuit deteriorated as the capacitor value became smaller. The proposed circuit was able to achieve a CRT of 260±4 ps FWHM and an energy resolution of 17.1% with a pair of 2×2×20 mm3 LYSO crystals using a capacitor value of 30 pF at an overvoltage of 3.0 V. It was also possible to clearly resolve a 6×6 array of LYSO crystals in the flood histogram using the multiplexing circuit. The experiment results indicate that the proposed capacitive multiplexing circuit is useful to obtain an excellent timing performance and a crystal-resolving capability in the flood histogram with a minimal degradation of the energy resolution, as well as to reduce the number of the readout channels of the SiPM-based TOF PET detector.
The influence of an irrelevant stimulus on two discriminations.

In 3 experiments, the effect of adding an irrelevant stimulus to a discrimination was examined. In Experiment 1, a group of pigeons received autoshaping with an A + ABo discrimination in which 1 stimulus signaled food, A+, and a simultaneous compound of A with another stimulus, B, signaled the absence of food, ABo. A second group received similar training, except that a third stimulus, C, was present in both types of trials, AC+ABCo. The A+ABo discrimination was acquired more readily than the AC + ABCo discrimination. Experiments 2 and 3 used a negativevpatterning design, A+ ABo B+. In both experiments, this problem was mastered more readily than when an irrelevant stimulus was used to create an AC+ ABCo BC+ discrimination. The results fail to confirm predictions derived from elemental theories of conditioning
Carbon Nanotubes with Magnetic Particles

Magnetic carbon nanotubes composites were obtained by filling carbon nanotubes with paramagnetic iron oxide particles. Detailed investigation of magnetic behaviour of resulting composites was done at different temperatures. Measurements indicate that these functionalized nanotubes are superparamagnetic at room temperature; however, no superparamagnetism was observed at 125 K and 80 K. The blocking temperature TB was estimated at 145 K. These magnetic carbon nanotubes have the potential of being used in a wide range of applications, in particular, the production of nanofluids, which can be controlled and steered by appropriate magnetic fields. Keywords—carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, magnetization, nanofluids
Personality Model of Fine Artists

This investigation was designed to (a) identify the personality factors that best discriminated between fine artists and nonartists, and (b) develop a model through which those discriminating personality factors could be predicted from other personality factors. Cattell's 16 PF test (Form A) was individually administered to 51 artists and 51 nonartists randomly selected from 235 cases. Stepwise discriminant analyses and standardized partial regression analyses showed that three personality factors, which related to working style and creative production of artists, could best differentiate the artists from the nonartists. These could be predicted from seven other personality factors of the 16 PF. Thus, although prior studies used tests of means and found differences between artists and nonartists in a number of interrelated personality factors, the present discriminant analysis revealed that differences adequately could be explained with only three personality factors: artists are more introverted, indepen.
Children's Relational Knowledge of Addition and Subtraction

Knowledge of addition combinations has long been thought to facilitate the learning of subtraction combinations (e.g., 8 - 5 = ? can be answered by thinking 5 + ? = 8). Indeed, it follows from Siegler's (1987) model that an associative facilitating effect should make the correct answer the most common response to a subtraction combination, even in the earliest phase of mental-subtraction development. Children in the initial or the early phase of development were examined in 2 studies. Study 1 involved 25 kindergartners and 15 first graders in a gifted program; Study 2 involved 21 first graders in a regular program. Participants were presented with pairs of items, such as 4 + 5 = 9 and 9 - 4 = ? , and asked if the first item helped them to answer the second. Many participants, particularly the less developmentally advanced ones, did not recognize they could use a related addition equation to determine a difference. Study 2 participants were also administered a subtraction timed test. Contrary to Siegler's m.
Value of delayed 18F-FDG-PET imaging in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma

Background18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) is a very useful imaging technique and is the best modality for the evaluation of many kinds of tumour. However, in the evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the diagnostic accuracy of routine 60 min static imaging is not satisfactory. Some authors have suggested that delayed 2 h imaging is a better 18F-FDG-PET protocol for tumour detection. However, the value of delayed 3 h imaging has not been clarified. In this study, we performed delayed 2 h and 3 h imaging on patients with HCC and compared their diagnostic accuracy with standard 60 min imaging. MethodsTwelve patients with HCC were enrolled in this study. Of these 12 patients, four had not been treated and eight had received transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) therapy for more than 4 months before the PET study. One hour after injection of 18F-FDG, a whole-body scan was performed. In addition, delayed imaging focusing on the liver was also performed 2 h and 3 h after the injection. The standard uptake value (SUV) was calculated for the tumours in each image. ResultsThe twelve patients had 16 HCCs. Of the 16 HCCs, nine were detected by 18F-FDG-PET scans based on the 1 h images, whereas 10 HCCs were detected based on the 2 or 3 h images. The diagnostic sensitivity increased from 56.3% on the 1 h image to 62.5% on the 2 and 3 h images. In addition, the mean SUV increased from 3.63 at 1 h to 3.86 at 2 h and 3.99 at 3 h after the injection of 18F-FDG. On the other hand, the mean SUV in the normal liver tissue decreased slightly from 2.38 at 1 h to 2.33 at 2 h and 2.31 at 3 h. The tumour to normal liver tissue (T/N) ratio increased from 1.56 at 1 h to 1.68 at 2 h and 1.75 at 3 h. ConclusionIn the evaluation of HCC, delayed 2 and 3 h imaging can detect more lesions than standard 1 h imaging. Imaging at 3 h has a better T/N ratio than imaging at 2 h, but does not increase the diagnostic sensitivity.
Memory strategy development: Lessons from longitudinal research

Abstract Most research in memory strategy development involves cross-sectional studies, with the implicit assumption that the patterns found in these studies are an accurate reflection of intraindividual changes over time. In this article, we review briefly the development of rehearsal and organizational strategies based on cross-sectional research and then review the findings from the few longitudinal studies assessing intraindividual change in these strategies, focusing on results from the Munich Longitudinal Study (LOGIC). Although average, age-related patterns obtained from longitudinal samples provide similar development functions as those obtained from cross-sectional samples, there is much greater individual variability in strategy acquisition observed in the longitudinal data. This suggests that the canonical development patterns inferred from cross-sectional studies often obfuscate actual intraindividual patterns. Longitudinal evidence also indicates that utilization deficiencies are observed less frequently than assumed in cross-sectional research.
ADOLESCENT FATHERS: EXPLORING THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR ROLE AS PARENT

Teenage pregnancy is one of the socio-economic challenges which South Africa faces, with 35% of young women under the age of 20 falling pregnant or having had at least one child (Jewkes, Vundule, Maforah & Jordaan, 2001:733). Research has also highlighted that African youths lack access to sexual health information and services, and this makes them more vulnerable to engaging in risky sexual activity (Ashford, 2000; Bezuidenhout, 2004; Osei-Hwedi & Namutosi, 2004). In trying to address this challenge most of the focus has been on adolescent mothers, while the needs and experiences of adolescent fathers have been neglected. Adolescent fathers, like their female counterparts, also have to work through their developmental tasks while at the same time trying to adjust to their role of being a father. It is essential that the experiences and perceptions of adolescent fathers be understood as this knowledge can be utilised in the design of appropriate support programmes or measures for these fathers
Risk factors of hospitalization and readmission of patients with COPD exacerbation – systematic review

Background: Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) exacerbations are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Data regarding factors which causes or prevents exacerbations is very limited. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the results from available studies to identify potential risk factors for hospital admission and/or re-admission among patients experiencing COPD exacerbations. Methods: We undertook a systematic review of the literature. Potential studies were identified by searching the electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, BIOSIS, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane library, reference lists in trial reports, and other relevant articles. Results: Seventeen articles that met the predefined inclusion criteria were identified. Heterogeneity of study designs, risk factors and outcomes restrict the result to only a systematic review and precluded a formal meta-analysis. In this review, three predictive factors: previous hospital admission, dyspnea and oral corticosteroids were all found to be significant risk factors of readmissions and variables including using long term oxygen therapy, having low health status or poor health related quality of life and not having routine physical activity were all associated with an increased risk of both admission and readmission to hospital. Conclusions: There are a number of potential modifiable factors that are independently associated with a higher risk of COPD exacerbation requiring admission/readmission to the hospital. Identifying these factors and the development of targeted interventions could potentially reduce the number and severity of such exacerbations.
Low Self-Esteem and Ingroup Bias

In this study the effect of collective self-esteem on ingroup bias exhibited through traditional measures (attributions) and alternative strategies (basking in reflected glory) is investigated. Seventy-seven US college students were divided into minimally defined groups, worked together on a series of tasks, received performance feedback, completed the Collective Self-esteem Scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) and then rated on similarity to both groups and attributed performances to a variety of causes. It was predicted and found that low self-esteem individuals utilized basking in reflected glory more than individuals with higher self-esteem. Additionally, high self-esteem individuals exhibited greater bias through use of attributional ratings. Results are interpreted as evidence for the mediating role of self-consistency needs on ingroup bias strategies (e.g. Brown, Collins, & Schmidt, 1988).
An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: features and measurements of experimental acute lung injury in animals.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is well defined in humans, but there is no agreement as to the main features of acute lung injury in animal models. A Committee was organized to determine the main features that characterize ALI in animal models and to identify the most relevant methods to assess these features. We used a Delphi approach in which a series of questionnaires were distributed to a panel of experts in experimental lung injury. The Committee concluded that the main features of experimental ALI include histological evidence of tissue injury, alteration of the alveolar capillary barrier, presence of an inflammatory response, and evidence of physiological dysfunction; they recommended that, to determine if ALI has occurred, at least three of these four main features of ALI should be present. The Committee also identified key "very relevant" and "somewhat relevant" measurements for each of the main features of ALI and recommended the use of least one "very relevant" measurement and preferably one or two additional separate measurements to determine if a main feature of ALI is present. Finally, the Committee emphasized that not all of the measurements listed can or should be performed in every study, and that measurements not included in the list are by no means "irrelevant. " Our list of features and measurements of ALI is intended as a guide for investigators, and ultimately investigators should choose the particular measurements that best suit the experimental questions being addressed as well as take into consideration any unique aspects of the experimental design.
Fuzzy systems for slippage control of a pruning robot

For a mobile robot using an encoder to measure the travel distance, a critical cause inducing the error is the slip of the wheel. The slippage not only causes the distance error, but also increases the overall energy consumption and decreases the locomotion performance. To cope with these effects without spending extra sensors or high processing load, the slippage control system composed of two fuzzy modules, namely the trajectory estimator and velocity controller, has been developed based on experimental data collected from encoders and a motion capture system. The control system applied the cross-coupling control technique by employing the estimated velocity from the estimator as a part of an input for the velocity controller of four wheels. This way, the simple yet effective slippage control system is feasible. Promising results verify the potential of the system. Thus, this initial research provides the framework to develop the competent slippage control system for our pruning robot.
Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Signaling Is Integral to Ocular Neovascularization in Ischemia-Independent Microenvironment

Retinal ischemia promotes the upregulation of VEGF expression and accounts for most pathological features of retinal neovascularization (NV). Paradoxically, VEGF remains the pivotal stimulator of ocular NV, despite the absence of ischemia. Therefore, the central question arises as to how the various molecular mechanisms interplay in ischemia-independent NV. It's been suggested that NFκB plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vasculopathies. Here, we dissected the molecular mechanism of ocular NV in the rho/VEGF transgenic mouse model, which develops subretinal NV in ischemia-independent microenvironment. Furthermore, we examined whether intravitreal administration of YC-1, a HIF-1 inhibitor, can modulate the activation of NFκB and its downstream angiogenic signaling in the mouse retina. We demonstrated that YC-1 inhibited retinal NFκB/p65 DNA binding activity and downregulated NFκB/p65, FAK, α5β1, EPO, ET-1, and MMP-9 expression at the message and the protein levels. In addition, YC-1 significantly inhibited subretinal NV by reducing the number of neovascular lesions, the area of each lesion and the total area of NV per retina. We further investigated the influence of VEGF signaling pathway on HIF-1α transcriptional activity to substantiate that this mouse model develops subretinal NV in an ischemia-independent microenvironment. Our data demonstrated that VEGF overexpression didn't have any impact on HIF-1α transcriptional activity, whereas treatment with YC-1 significantly inhibited endogenous HIF-1 activity. Our study suggests that retinal NFκB transcriptional activity is pivotal to ischemia-independent mechanisms, which lead to the local activation of angiogenic cascades. Our data also indicate that the nexus between VEGF and NFκB is implicated in triggering the angiogenic cascade that promotes retinal NV. Hence, targeting the VEGF/NFκB axis may act in a negative feedback loop to suppress ocular NV. This study suggests that inhibition of NFκB activation may be a means of turning off a “master switch” responsible for initiating and perpetuating these ocular pathologies.