Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Application of Economic Analysis to Criminal Justice Interventions: A Review of the Literature

Public policy makers and practitioners have become increasingly reliant on economic analysis to provide valuable insights into decision making. However, answers from economic analyses are only as good as the quality of the analyses themselves. This article presents the findings of a literature review of the application of economic analysis to criminal justice interventions. The review started with 748 relevant bibliographic records after two consecutive screenings of 9,919 records. Ten studies, out of a total of 154 studies reviewed, were judged to encapsulate rigorous applications of economic analysis to criminal justice interventions. These findings reveal the general shortage of sound applications of economic analysis to criminal justice interventions. This article proceeds to summarize the methods used to value the costs, outcomes, and benefits in the 10 studies selected. With very few exceptions, the studies reviewed were based on less rigorous study designs.
Discrimination in consumer lending

This paper tests for the existence of discrimination in consumer lending by finance companies in Texas before the passage of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act. The data used permit conclusions about discrimination in the market, not just in the behavior of a small number of creditors. The tests suggest that lenders did not discriminate against factors now protected by ECOA. These companies may have discriminated against single borrowers of both sexes and against widows but not married women or divorced borrowers. The results support the view that consumer credit markets as a whole were not characterized by widespread systematic discrimination. Copyright 1990 by MIT Press.
Intragranular Vesiculotubular Compartments are Involved in Piecemeal Degranulation by Activated Human Eosinophils

Eosinophils, leukocytes involved in allergic, inflammatory and immunoregulatory responses, have a distinct capacity to rapidly secrete preformed granule‐stored proteins through piecemeal degranulation (PMD), a secretion process based on vesicular transport of proteins from within granules for extracellular release. Eosinophil‐specific granules contain cytokines and cationic proteins, such as major basic protein (MBP). We evaluated structural mechanisms responsible for mobilizing proteins from within eosinophil granules. Human eosinophils stimulated for 30–60 min with eotaxin, regulated on activation, normal, T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) or platelet activating factor exhibited ultrastructural features of PMD (e.g. losses of granule contents) and extensive vesiculotubular networks within emptying granules. Brefeldin A inhibited granule emptying and collapsed intragranular vesiculotubular networks. By immunonanogold ultrastructural labelings, CD63, a tetraspanin membrane protein, was localized within granules and on vesicles outside of granules, and mobilization of MBP into vesicles within and extending from granules was demonstrated. Electron tomography with three dimension reconstructions revealed granule internal membranes to constitute an elaborate tubular network able to sequester and relocate granule products upon stimulation. We provide new insights into PMD and identify eosinophil specific granules as organelles whose internal tubulovesicular networks are important for the capacity of eosinophils to secrete, by vesicular transport, their content of preformed and granule‐stored cytokines and cationic proteins.
The estimated prevalence and incidence of late stage age related macular degeneration in the UK

Background UK estimates of age related macular degeneration (AMD) occurrence vary. Aims To estimate prevalence, number and incidence of AMD by type in the UK population aged ≥50 years. Methods Age-specific prevalence rates of AMD obtained from a Bayesian meta-analysis of AMD prevalence were applied to UK 2007–2009 population data. Incidence was estimated from modelled age-specific prevalence. Results Overall prevalence of late AMD was 2.4% (95% credible interval (CrI) 1.7% to 3.3%), equivalent to 513 000 cases (95% CrI 363 000 to 699 000); estimated to increase to 679 000 cases by 2020. Prevalences were 4.8% aged ≥65 years, 12.2% aged ≥80 years. Geographical atrophy (GA) prevalence rates were 1.3% (95% CrI 0.9% to 1.9%), 2.6% (95% CrI 1.8% to 3.7%) and 6.7% (95% CrI 4.6% to 9.6%); neovascular AMD (NVAMD) 1.2% (95% CrI 0.9% to 1.7%), 2.5% (95% CrI 1.8% to 3.4%) and 6.3% (95% CrI 4.5% to 8.6%), respectively. The estimated number of prevalent cases of late AMD were 60% higher in women versus men (314 000 cases in women, 192 000 men). Annual incidence of late AMD, GA and NVAMD per 1000 women was 4.1 (95% CrI 2.4% to 6.8%), 2.4 (95% CrI 1.5% to 3.9%) and 2.3 (95% CrI 1.4% to 4.0%); in men 2.6 (95% CrI 1.5% to 4.4%), 1.7 (95% CrI 1.0% to 2.8%) and 1.4 (95% CrI 0.8% to 2.4%), respectively. 71 000 new cases of late AMD were estimated per year. Conclusions These estimates will guide health and social service provision for those with late AMD and enable estimation of the cost of introducing new treatments.
Stakeholder Network Dynamics and Emergent Trajectories of Lean Implementation Projects: A Study in the UK National Health Service

Relatively little has been published about the dynamics and mechanisms underpinning the trajectories and outcomes of public service Lean projects. This article addresses this gap by using Actor Network Theory (ANT) to elucidate the dynamics of Lean implementation in a UK hospital trust. The authors show how implementation trajectories play out in complex contexts with multiple and diverse stakeholder constituencies. The analysis provides insights into the process and role of network formation and stabilization in Lean implementation. Finally, the authors discuss the implications of their findings for management practice.
CrossTalk opposing view: Peripheral and central chemoreceptors have hypoadditive effects on respiratory motor output

Breathing is all-important for survival, yet key aspects of the control system remain hidden from the gaze of consensus, not least the issue of central and peripheral chemoreceptor interaction. Activation (or inactivation) of either chemoreceptor alone will increase (or decrease) ventilation, but it remains unclear how the activation state of one chemoreceptor modality affects the chemoreflex magnitude of the other (i.e. how inputs interact). Recent investigations consider three possibilities (e.g. Day & Wilson, 2009; Blain et al. 2010; Forster & Smith, 2010; Smith et al. 2010; Cui et al. 2012; Tin et al. 2012). Below, we consider four possibilities, three of which implicate some degree of hypoadditive interaction.
Objective Estimation Versus Subjective Perceptions of Earnings Patterns and Post‐Earnings‐Announcement Drift

type="main" xml:id="acfi12012-abs-0001"> We investigate how the market's subjective estimates of autocorrelation in quarterly earnings vary with objective time-series estimates. Our results suggest that investors increasingly underestimate the correlation as the autocorrelation level increases, and as a result, the post-earnings-announcement drift (PEAD) increases with the level of autocorrelation. We further show that the ability of autocorrelation to explain variation in the PEAD is robust to alternative explanations based on risk and institutional factors. Additional analysis indicates that the market's inefficiency in assessing the existence and magnitude of autocorrelation (and the related impact on PEAD) is inversely related to the richness of the information environment.
Reversal of alcohol‐induced effects on response control due to changes in proprioceptive information processing

Recent research has drawn interest to the effects of binge drinking on response selection. However, choosing an appropriate response is a complex endeavor that usually requires us to process and integrate several streams of information. One of them is proprioceptive information about the position of limbs. As to now, it has however remained elusive how binge drinking affects the processing of proprioceptive information during response selection and control in healthy individuals. We investigated this question using neurophysiological (EEG) techniques in a response selection task, where we manipulated proprioceptive information. The results show a reversal of alcohol‐induced effects on response control due to changes in proprioceptive information processing. The most likely explanation for this finding is that proprioceptive information does not seem to be properly integrated in response selection processes during acute alcohol intoxication as found in binge drinking. The neurophysiological data suggest that processes related to the preparation and execution of the motor response, but not upstream processes related to conflict monitoring and spatial attentional orienting, underlie these binge drinking‐dependent modulations. Taken together, the results show that even high doses of alcohol have very specific effects within the cascade of neurophysiological processes underlying response control and the integration of proprioceptive information during this process.
Intelligent Personal Assistants Based on Internet of Things Approaches

The Internet has emerged as a key network to make information accessible quickly and easily, revolutionizing how people communicate and interact with the world. The information available on the Internet about a given subject may be extensive, allowing the development of new solutions to solve people's day-to-day problems. One such solution is the proposal of intelligent personal assistants (IPAs), which are software agents that can assist people in many of their daily activities. IPAs are capable of accessing information from databases to guide people through different tasks, deploying a learning mechanism to acquire new information on user performance. IPAs can improve the assistance they offer to users by collecting information autonomously from objects that are available in the surrounding environment. To make this idea feasible, IPAs could be integrated into ubiquitous computing environments in an Internet of Things (IoT) context. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate wireless sensor networks with the Internet properly, considering many different factors, such as the heterogeneity of objects and the diversity of communication protocols and enabling technologies. This approach fulfills the IoT vision. This paper surveys the current state of the art of IoT protocols, IPAs in general, and IPAs based on IoTs.
Savings and Personal Discount Rates in a Matched Savings Program for Low‐Income Families

The ability to save for future needs is critical to family well‐being and is especially challenging for low‐income families with little extra income and limited access to institutional structures like employment‐based retirement funds or low cost savings mechanisms. Many nonprofits and governments have created new savings vehicles to fill this void. The ability of families to succeed in these programs may depend on their personal discount rates (time preferences). In this paper, we use survey data from a matched savings program and factor analysis to characterize family time preferences in order to predict their influence on savings levels. We find that a single latent factor describing the level of discount rates (rather than other dimensions of time or amount inconsistency) best describes family differences and is significantly related to the ability of families to save within the program.
The Impact of National Direct Democracy on the Choice for Convening EU Referendums

Abstract Referendums on issues of European integration have become more and more important in recent years, particularly after the failed referenda on the EU Constitutional Treaty in France and the Netherlands. This paper examines the impact of direct democracy in national contexts on the decision of governments and parliaments to conduct EU referendums. The results of a qualitative–comparative analysis of 30 countries since 1945 show that this form of path dependency exists only in part: While some nation states with plebiscitary traditions also grant their citizens direct participation in major EU decisions, others do not convene EU referendums or call for EU referendums even though they have no experience with direct democracy in national politics.
Fragrance allergy and hand eczema – a review

Because hand eczema and fragrance allergy are common both among patients and in the general population, simultaneous occurrence by chance must be expected. Fragrances are ubiquitous and a part of many domestic and occupational products intended for hand exposure. The present review is based on a systematic literature research using both a manual and a Medline based search. The search identified 39 studies, including epidemiological patch test studies, general population patch test studies, case studies, and studies of occupational groups. The published data indicate a possible association between fragrance allergy and hand eczema. In future studies, a more detailed exposure assessment is needed, combined with patch test studies among patients with hand eczema tested with relevant fragrance allergens, as well as experimental control exposure studies to specific fragrance allergens on the hands. As exposures to fragrances on the hands are often simultaneous exposures to irritants, this combined exposure approach needs to be considered.
Business and HE links: the search for meaningful relationships in the placement marketplace ‐ part one

Investigates the nature of HE/business links by examining the marketplace for student placements. Explains that the rapidly changing education environment means the forming of lasting relationships requires a new approach from HE managers. Claims that there is now a need for HE to market its services to companies. Applies concepts from the fields of marketing and organisational buying behaviour to the investment in placement services by UK organisations. Reports the results of qualitative interviews and a large scale quantitative survey into the patterns of behaviour shown by client companies in the use of these “professional” services. Draws some conclusions which will be addressed in the second part of the article (in a forthcoming edition of this journal) where recommendations for the management of HE/business relationships will be made.
Macroeconomic factors and yield curve for the emerging Indian economy

This article investigates the dynamic linkages between the estimated parameters of a zero coupon yield curve and macroeconomic variables like inflation, gross domestic product growth in the presence of a monetary policy indicator in India for the period July 1997 to February 2004. The study finds that there exists strong causality from financial factors, defined by three parameters of the yield curves (‘Level’, ‘Slope’, ‘Curvature’) to macroeconomic factors; growth, inflation and monetary policy indicators (changes in the call money rate). However, the causality in the opposite direction is found to be weaker. It is found that theyield and macro factors do not cause each other before the launch of a liquidity adjustment facility, so the evidence of causality from financial to macroeconomic factors can be attributed to the introduction of a liquidity adjustment facility in June 2000. The causality from yield factors to macro factors is primarily driven by the fact that the ‘changes in level’ of yield curve brings an impact on inflation through the changes in monetary policy. This finding suggests that monetary policy plays a key role in driving the causality. This also implies that the indirect instrument of monetary policy mechanism is becoming increasingly important to influence the aggregate demand in the economy.
AN ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY MODEL WITH A RANDOM PLANNING HORIZON

ABSTRACT The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model and its variations have received a lot of attention by researchers for a long time. However, an infinite planning horizon in practice is of rare occurrence because of changes in product specifications and design or its abandonment or substitution by another product due to rapid development of technology. This paper studies an EOQ Model which relaxes the assumption of the infinite planning horizon. In addition, the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach is used to properly recognize the financial implication of the cash flows in an inventory analysis. We derive the general expression of the expected present value for the inventory carrying and ordering costs, and investigate the characteristics of the function for the exponential distribution.
Understanding the economic burden of heart failure in China: impact on disease management and resource utilization

Abstract Introduction and objectives: This study has two objectives: (1) to examine healthcare resource utilization in heart failure (HF) patients; and (2) to examine the treatment costs associated with HF in China. Methods: The data used in this study was from the 2014 national insurance database sponsored by the China Health Insurance Research Association (CHIRA), that covers national urban employees and residents. ICD-10 codes and keywords indicating heart failure diagnoses were used to identify patients with heart failure. Drug utilization, hospital visits, re-admission, and treatment costs in different service categories were examined. Results: A total of 7,847 patients were included in this analysis, of which 1,157 patients had a 1-year complete follow-up period. In total, 48.16% of patients received the combination treatment of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) and beta-blockers (BB); and 22.87% of patients received the combination treatment of ACEI/ARB, beta-blockers and Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). The annual treatment cost per patient with HF diagnosis was RMB 28,974, of which 66% was for inpatient care. The cost on HF medications accounted for 8.2% of annual cost. Treatment cost was much higher in provincial-level municipalities than that of prefecture-level and other cities. Discussion and conclusion: Hospitalization is a major driver of HF treatment cost. Compared to the requirements in international treatment guidelines, HF standard of care medication treatment was under-utilized among HF patients in China. The high re-admission rate among Chinese patients indicates that the management of HF needs to be improved. The percentage of GDP spent on treating HF patients was much lower than that in the developed countries.
CD32-Expressing CD4 T Cells Are Phenotypically Diverse and Can Contain Proviral HIV DNA

Efforts to both characterize and eradicate the HIV reservoir have been limited by the rarity of latently infected cells and the absence of a specific denoting biomarker. CD32a (FcγRIIa) has been proposed to be a marker for an enriched CD4 T cell HIV reservoir, but this finding remains controversial. Here, we explore the expression of CD32 on CD3+CD4+ cells in participants from two primary HIV infection studies and identify at least three distinct phenotypes (CD32low, CD32+CD14+, and CD32high). Of note, CD4 negative enrichment kits remove the majority of CD4+CD32+ T cells, potentially skewing subsequent analyses if used. CD32high CD4 T cells had higher levels of HLA-DR and HIV co-receptor expression than other subsets, compatible with their being more susceptible to infection. Surprisingly, they also expressed high levels of CD20, TCRαβ, IgD, and IgM (but not IgG), markers for both T cells and naïve B cells. Compared with other populations, CD32low cells had a more differentiated memory phenotype and high levels of immune checkpoint receptors, programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), Tim-3, and TIGIT. Within all three CD3+CD4+CD32+ phenotypes, cells could be identified in infected participants, which contained HIV DNA. CD32 expression on CD4 T cells did not correlate with HIV DNA or cell-associated HIV RNA (both surrogate measures of overall reservoir size) or predict time to rebound viremia following treatment interruption, suggesting that it is not a dominant biomarker for HIV persistence. Our data suggest that while CD32+ T cells can be infected with HIV, CD32 is not a specific marker of the reservoir although it might identify a population of HIV enriched cells in certain situations.
The Cross-Section of Currency Risk Premia and Us Consumption Growth Risk

Aggregate consumption growth risk explains why low interest rate currencies do not appreciate as much as the interest rate differential and why high interest rate currencies do not depreciate as much as the interest rate differential. We sort foreign T-bills into portfolios based on the nominal interest rate differential with the US, and we test the Euler equation of a US investor who invests in these currency portfolios. US investors earn negative excess returns on low interest rate currency portfolios and positive excess returns on high interest rates currency portfolios. We find that low interest rate currencies provide US investors with a hedge against US aggregate consumption growth risk, because these currencies appreciate on average when US consumption growth is low, while high interest rate currencies depreciate when US consumption growth is low. As a result, the risk premia predicted by the Consumption-CAPM match the average excess returns on these currency portfolios.
Anticipating the 2007–2008 Financial Crisis: Who Knew What and When Did They Know it?

We examine the ability of three groups of informed market participants to anticipate the 2007–2008 financial crisis. Institutional investors and financial analysts exhibit some awareness of the impending crisis in their preference for nonfinancial stocks over financial stocks. In contrast, corporate insiders of financial firms appear to be completely unaware of the timing and extent of the financial crisis. Net purchases by managers of financial firms exceed those by managers of nonfinancial firms over the entire 2006–2008 period. Our results add considerable weight to the argument that the financial crisis was more a case of flawed judgment than flawed incentives.
Exporters' Exposures to Currencies: Beyond the Loglinear Model

We extend the constant-elasticity regression that is the default choice when equities' exposure to currencies is estimated. In a proper real-option-style model for the exporters' equity exposure to the foreign exchange rate, we argue, the convexity of the relationship implies that the elasticity should depend on the exchange rate level. For instance, it should shrink to zero when the option to export becomes worthless, and that should happen at a critical exchange rate that is still strictly positive. We propose a class of tractable multi-regime regression models featuring, in line with the real-options logic, smooth transitions and within-regime dynamics in the foreign exchange exposure. We then analyze the exchange rate exposure of Chinese exporting firms and find that the model in which the moneyness of the export option has a positive impact on the exchange rate exposure detects a significantly positive and convex exposure for 40% and 65% of the firms depending on whether the market return is included in the regression or not.