Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enamelin Is Critical for Ameloblast Integrity and Enamel Ultrastructure Formation

Mutations in the human enamelin gene cause autosomal dominant hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta in which the affected enamel is thin or absent. Study of enamelin knockout NLS-lacZ knockin mice revealed that mineralization along the distal membrane of ameloblast is deficient, resulting in no true enamel formation. To determine the function of enamelin during enamel formation, we characterized the developing teeth of the Enam−/− mice, generated amelogenin-driven enamelin transgenic mouse models, and then introduced enamelin transgenes into the Enam−/− mice to rescue enamel defects. Mice at specific stages of development were subjected to morphologic and structural analysis using β-galactosidase staining, immunohistochemistry, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Enamelin expression was ameloblast-specific. In the absence of enamelin, ameloblasts pathology became evident at the onset of the secretory stage. Although the aggregated ameloblasts generated matrix-containing amelogenin, they were not able to create a well-defined enamel space or produce normal enamel crystals. When enamelin is present at half of the normal quantity, enamel was thinner with enamel rods not as tightly arranged as in wild type suggesting that a specific quantity of enamelin is critical for normal enamel formation. Enamelin dosage effect was further demonstrated in transgenic mouse lines over expressing enamelin. Introducing enamelin transgene at various expression levels into the Enam−/− background did not fully recover enamel formation while a medium expresser in the Enam+/− background did. Too much or too little enamelin abolishes the production of enamel crystals and prism structure. Enamelin is essential for ameloblast integrity and enamel formation.
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization Frustration, Euphoria, and Violent Crime

We exploit a series of natural experiments that use real crime data to investigate the effect of a violation of expectancies on violent crime. We study two types of violation of expectan-cies that generate the emotions of frustration and euphoria. Our empirical designs exploit differential expectations (as measured by the odds of soccer games in the betting market) while maintaining the outcome unchanged (a loss in a soccer game for frustration, a win in a soccer game for euphoria). We find that frustration is followed by a spike in violent crime whereas euphoria is followed by a reduction in violent crime. The two effects are concentrated in a narrow time window after the end of the game: 1 h.
Incidences of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a statewide study.

BACKGROUND The incidence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) and the current public health impact may be higher than that reported in previous studies owing to an increase in the elderly population in the United States. OBJECTIVE To report the current incidences of UIAs and subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) by using a population-based methodology. METHODS Statewide estimates of patients admitted with UIAs and SAH were obtained from the data obtained by the Minnesota Hospital Association. We calculated the annual incidences per 100,000 persons by using the 2010 census data from the U.S. Census Bureau. For the denominator, total persons in each year were categorized into 10-year intervals. RESULTS The incidences of UIAs and SAH were 15.6 and 7.7 per 100,000 persons, respectively. There were higher incidences of both UIAs and SAH among women (22.5 and 9.6 per 100,000 persons, respectively). The highest incidence of UIAs occurred in those aged between 75 and 84 years (61.6 per 100,000 persons). The highest incidence of SAH occurred in those aged 85 years and older (30.1 per 100,000 persons). CONCLUSION An increase in both incidences of UIAs and SAH can be expected owing to the continued increase of the elderly population, particularly women.
Experiences from using snowballing and database searches in systematic literature studies

Background: Systematic literature studies are commonly used in software engineering. There are two main ways of conducting the searches for these type of studies; they are snowballing and database searches. In snowballing, the reference list (backward snowballing - BSB) and citations (forward snowballing - FSB) of relevant papers are reviewed to identify new papers whereas in a database search, different databases are searched using predefined search strings to identify new papers. Objective: Snowballing has not been in use as extensively as database search. Hence it is important to evaluate its efficiency and reliability when being used as a search strategy in literature studies. Moreover, it is important to compare it to database searches. Method: In this paper, we applied snowballing in a literature study, and reflected on the outcome. We also compared database search with backward and forward snowballing. Database search and snowballing were conducted independently by different researchers. The searches of our literature study were compared with respect to the efficiency and reliability of the findings. Results: Out of the total number of papers found, snowballing identified 83% of the papers in comparison to 46% of the papers for the database search. Snowballing failed to identify a few relevant papers, which potentially could have been addressed by identifying a more comprehensive start set. Conclusion: The efficiency of snowballing is comparable to database search. It can potentially be more reliable than a database search however, the reliability is highly dependent on the creation of a suitable start set.
Values and happiness among Asian adolescents: a cross-national study

ABSTRACT Despite policy efforts to increase adolescent happiness, their impact has been unsatisfactory. Their limited impact may be rooted from a discrepancy between values that adolescents pursued and those that the policies were based on. To provide policy implications, our study aims to identify prevailing values for South Korean, Japanese, and Chinese adolescents and to examine the relationship between the values and self-rated happiness (SRH). A cross-sectional study was conducted using survey data collected on approximately 2000 middle and high school students (7th to 12th school grade) from each country in 2008. Firstly, an explanatory factor analysis was conducted to identify salient adolescent values from each country. Subsequently, a multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted for each population group to examine the relationship between the identified values and adolescent SRH after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. We found that benevolence and altruism were positively associated with adolescent SRH in all three population groups. Patriarchy was associated with SRH positively in Chinese yet inversely in Japanese. Success pursuit was inversely associated with SRH in Korean. Policy efforts based on values of communities or social harmony may benefit adolescents’ SRH in these three countries.
Describing psychological and behavioural problems in Omani young people:Reliability of the self-reported Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)in Oman.

Aim: The aim of this study is to further assess the reliability of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) when completed by school-age children in Oman. The SDQ is an essential tool for screening psychological and behavioural problems in school children but has only been psychometrically tested once in Omani culture without checking the reliability of the impact subscale. Method: A cross sectional study. Children aged 11-16 from one private and four public schools in two areas of Oman (Muscat; Buraimi) completed the SDQ. Cronbachs alpha and person-product correlations were used to assess internal, and test-re-rest reliability. Results: 377/422 children completed the SDQ, 138 completed the re-test. The Total Difficulties (T-SDQ) score was normally distributed with 78% scoring normal, 13% borderline and 9% clinical significant scores. Girls’ scores were significantly higher than boys in T-SDQ and in emotional and prosocial subscales. Internal reliability for the T-SDQ was (Cronbach alpha=0.72; Person Product-moment coefficient r=0.71; p<0.001), the impact subscale=0.68 and varied between 0.26 and 0.60 for the other subscales. Conclusion: The self-reported SDQ using T-SDQ score is a reliable screening tool for psychological and behavioural problems for Omani children. The T-SDQ can be disseminated within private and public-school systems. Having a reliable screening tool for identifying children with psychological and behavioural problems is a significant step to improving mental health pathways of care and outcomes in Oman.
Cobalamin Protection against Oxidative Stress in the Acidophilic Iron-oxidizing Bacterium Leptospirillum Group II CF-1

Members of the genus Leptospirillum are aerobic iron-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the phylum Nitrospira. They are important members of microbial communities that catalyze the biomining of sulfidic ores, thereby solubilizing metal ions. These microorganisms live under extremely acidic and metal-loaded environments and thus must tolerate high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is a cobalt-containing tetrapyrrole cofactor involved in intramolecular rearrangement reactions and has recently been suggested to be an intracellular antioxidant. In this work, we investigated the effect of the exogenous addition of cobalamin on oxidative stress parameters in Leptospirillum group II strain CF-1. Our results revealed that the external supplementation of cobalamin reduces the levels of intracellular ROSs and the damage to biomolecules, and also stimulates the growth and survival of cells exposed to oxidative stress exerted by ferric ion, hydrogen peroxide, chromate and diamide. Furthermore, exposure of strain CF-1 to oxidative stress elicitors resulted in the transcriptional activation of the cbiA gene encoding CbiA of the cobalamin biosynthetic pathway. Altogether, these data suggest that cobalamin plays an important role in redox protection of Leptospirillum strain CF-1, supporting survival of this microorganism under extremely oxidative environmental conditions. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of cobalamin against oxidative stress may help to develop strategies to make biomining processes more effective.
A four-frames differencing technique for moving objects detection in wide area surveillance

Moving objects detection or change detection in video sequences, is a fundamental task in video surveillance applications. Although, existing methods perform well on videos filmed by stationary cameras, these methods fail dramatically in videos filmed by non-stationary cameras. In particular, in very low frame rate and sudden illumination change scenarios, like Wide-Area Motion Imagery (WAMI). In this paper, we show the limitation of the widely used three-frames differencing technique in such scenarios. Then, we propose a pixel-level algorithm based on four-frames differencing rather than three-frames differencing, which contains the temporal information needed to separate the foreground (moving objects) from the background robustly. We compare our method to the state-of-the-art methods in detection quality. Experimental results on the WPAFB2009 dataset show that our method outperforms existing methods.
Interaction between human CD2 and CD58 involves the major beta sheet surface of each of their respective adhesion domains

The CD58 binding site on human CD2 was recently shown by nuclear magnetic resonance structural data in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis to be a highly charged surface area covering approximately 770A2 on the major AGFCC'C" face of the CD2 immunoglobulin-like (Ig- like) NH2-terminal domain. Here we have identified the other binding surface of the CD2-CD58 adhesion pair by mutating charged residues shared among CD2 ligands (human CD58, sheep CD58, and human CD48) that are predicted to be solvent exposed on a molecular model of the Ig-like adhesion domain of human CD58. This site includes beta strand residues along the C strand (E25, K29, and K30), in the middle of the C' strand (E37) and in the G strand (K87). In addition, several residues on the CC' loop (K32, D33, and K34) form this site. Thus, the interaction between CD2 and CD58 involves the major beta sheet surface of each adhesion domain. Possible docking orientations for the CD2-CD58 molecular complex are offered. Strict conservation of human and sheep CD58 residues within the involved C and C' strands and CC' loop suggests that this region is particularly important for stable formation of the CD2-CD58 complex. The analysis of this complex offers molecular insight into the nature of a receptor-ligand pair involving two Ig family members.
Do Computational Models Differ Systematically from Human Object Perception?

Recent advances in neural networks have revolutionized computer vision, but these algorithms are still outperformed by humans. Could this performance gap be due to systematic differences between object representations in humans and machines? To answer this question we collected a large dataset of 26,675 perceived dissimilarity measurements from 2,801 visual objects across 269 human subjects, and used this dataset to train and test leading computational models. The best model (a combination of all models) accounted for 68% of the explainable variance. Importantly, all computational models showed systematic deviations from perception: (1) They underestimated perceptual distances between objects with symmetry or large area differences, (2) They overestimated perceptual distances between objects with shared features. Our results reveal critical elements missing in computer vision algorithms and point to explicit encoding of these properties in higher visual areas in the brain.
Fast proximal gradient algorithm for single-group multicast beamforming

Wireless multicasting plays an important role in current wireless communication standards (UMTS, LTE, etc) to support massive multimedia services. Wireless multicasting in the form of beamforming is regarded as an effective way to exploit the broadcast nature of wireless transmission to boost network throughput and ensure Quality of Service (QoS). However, the associated max-min fair (MMF) multicast beamforming design is a difficult constrained optimization problem, due to its non-smoothness and nonconvexity. Existing solutions for this NP-hard problem are not fairly satisfactory for online implementation in terms of performance-complexity trade-offs. This paper proposes a proximal gradient (PG) algorithm based on a kind of differential surrogate for the original nonsmooth objective. For better convergence rate, a fast proximal gradient (FPG) algorithm is also proposed, which guarantees convergence and offers state-of-the-art performance at low complexity. In each iteration, the FPG algorithm updates the solution along the gradient direction of the surrogate objective at a particular proximal point of the previous iteration and projects it back to the constraint set. Convergence of the PG/FPG iterates to a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) point of the surrogate problem is established. Simulation results show that the FPG algorithm outperforms the existing SDP/SOCP-based methods and gradient-based iterative methods in terms of minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and computational time.
Tracing the Jet Contribution to the Mid-IR over the 2005 Outburst of GRO J1655–40 via Broadband Spectral Modeling

We present new results from a multiwavelength (radio/infrared/optical/X-ray) study of the black hole X-ray binary GRO J1655-40 during its 2005 outburst. We detected, for the first time, mid-infrared emission at 24 μm from the compact jet of a black hole X-ray binary during its hard state, when the source shows emission from a radio compact jet, as well as a strong nonthermal hard X-ray component. These detections strongly constrain the optically thick part of the synchrotron spectrum of the compact jet, which is consistent with it being flat over 4 orders of magnitude in frequency. Moreover, using this unprecedented coverage, and especially thanks to the new Spitzer observations, we can test broadband disk and jet models during the hard state. Two of the hard-state broadband spectra are reasonably well fitted using a jet model with parameters that overall are similar to those previously found for Cyg X-1 and GX 339-4. Differences are also present; most notably, the jet power in GRO J1655-40 appears to be a factor of at least ~3-5 higher (depending on the distance) than those of Cyg X-1 and GX 339-4 at comparable disk luminosities. Furthermore, a few discrepancies between the model and the data, previously not found for the other two black hole systems for which there was no mid-IR/IR and optical coverage, are evident, and will help to constrain and refine theoretical models.
BONDING AND COMMITMENT IN BUYER-SELLER RELATIONSHIPS: A CROSS- CULTURAL COMPARISON IN BANKING 1

One of the important features of this study is to examine the moderating effect of national culture on the bonding-commitment link. Results reveal that individualism moderates the bondingcommitment relationship. In more collectivist societies, social bonding has a stronger effect on commitment whereas in cultures characterized as individualistic, structural bonding has a stronger effect on commitment.
The Effect of Poloidal Magnetic Field on Type I Planetary Migration: Significance of Magnetic Resonance

We study the effect of poloidal magnetic field on type I planetary migration by linear perturbation analysis in the shearing sheet approximation, and the analytic results are compared with numerical calculations. In contrast to the unmagnetized case, the basic equations that describe the wake due to a planet in the disk allow magnetic resonances at which the density perturbation diverges. In order to simplify the problem, we consider the case without magnetorotational instability. We perform two sets of analyses, two-dimensional and three-dimensional. In the two-dimensional analysis, we find the generalization of the torque formula previously known in the unmagnetized case. In the three-dimensional calculations, we focus on the disk with very strong magnetic field and derive a new analytic formula for the torque exerted on the planet. We find that when the Alfvén velocity is much larger than the sound speed, two-dimensional torque is suppressed and three-dimensional modes dominate, in contrast to the unmagnetized case.
Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking, amygdala volume, and fat intake in adolescence.

CONTEXT Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for obesity, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Preference for fatty foods, regulated in part by the brain reward system, may contribute to the development of obesity. OBJECTIVE To examine whether prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking is associated with enhanced fat intake and risk for obesity, and whether these associations may be related to subtle structural variations in brain regions involved in reward processing. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of a population-based cohort. SETTING The Saguenay Youth Study, Quebec, Canada. PARTICIPANTS A total of 378 adolescents (aged 13 to 19 years; Tanner stage 4 and 5 of sexual maturation), half of whom were exposed prenatally to maternal cigarette smoking (mean [SD], 11.1 [6.8] cigarettes/d). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fat intake was assessed with a 24-hour food recall (percentage of energy intake consumed as fat). Body adiposity was measured with anthropometry and multifrequency bioimpedance. Volumes of key brain structures involved in reward processing, namely the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex, were measured with magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Exposed vs nonexposed subjects exhibited a higher total body fat (by approximately 1.7 kg; P = .009) and fat intake (by 2.7%; P = .001). They also exhibited a lower volume of the amygdala (by 95 mm3; P < .001) but not of the other 2 brain structures. Consistent with its possible role in limiting fat intake, amygdala volume correlated inversely with fat intake (r = -0.15; P = .006). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking may promote obesity by enhancing dietary preference for fat, and this effect may be mediated in part through subtle structural variations in the amygdala.
Decision-Making in Forestry: A Review of the Hybridisation of Multiple Criteria and Group Decision-Making Methods

The degree of complexity in forest management has increased in the last few decades, not only due to the inclusion of specific new issues (e.g., climate change, social protection, etc.), but also because these new, as well as classic, issues have to be dealt with in a context characterised by multiple conflicting criteria that are evaluated by different stakeholders. Nowadays, the multicriteria issue enjoys a relatively sound tradition in forest management. However, the consideration of several stakeholders, which requires the formulation of management models within a collective decision-making setting, is not that advanced. This paper aims to provide a critical overview of forestry case studies that have been published in primary journals and that deal with multiple criteria and several stakeholders. Based on this overview, some highlights of the most promising methods were obtained, and recommendations for the fruitful use of these combined methodologies for dealing with numerous types of forest management problems are provided.
Sex Differences in Regret: All For Love or Some For Lust?

Few sex differences in regret or counterfactual thinking are evident in past research. The authors discovered a sex difference in regret that is both domain-specific (i.e., unique to romantic relationships) and interpretable within a convergence of theories of evolution and regulatory focus. Three studies showed that within romantic relationships, men emphasize regrets of inaction over action (which correspond to promotion vs. prevention goals, respectively), whereas women report regrets of inaction and action with equivalent frequency. Sex differences were not evident in other interpersonal regrets (friendship, parental, sibling interactions) and were not moderated by relationship status. Although the sex difference was evident in regrets centering on both sexual and nonsexual relationship aspects, it was substantially larger for sexual regrets. These findings underscore the utility of applying an evolutionary perspective to better understand goal-regulating, cognitive processes.
Studying the Use of Fuzzy Inference Systems for Motor Imagery Classification

This paper studies the use of fuzzy inference systems (FIS) for motor imagery classification in electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI). The results of the four studies achieved are promising as, on the analysed data, the used FIS was efficient, interpretable, showed good capabilities of rejecting outliers and offered the possibility of using a priori knowledge.