Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic drugs and breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVE The incidence of psychotic disorders during the postpartum period is higher than at any other time during a women's life and coincides with the time when breastfeeding is most recommended. As a result, safety data on use of antipsychotic drugs during lactation is essential. Our aim was to analyze the medical literature for information on antipsychotic drug use during breastfeeding and to determine the safety of their use for the exposed infant. DATA SOURCES Medline (U.S. National Library of Medicine), LactMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) and Reprotox (Reproductive Toxicology Center) databases were searched to identify all relevant medical literature on antipsychotic medications and lactation. The database search, updated to March, 2012, used the generic name of each antipsychotic drug in combination with the terms breastfeeding or lactation or breast-milk. STUDY SELECTION 4 prospective studies, 12 case series, 28 case reports and 1 pharmaceutical registry were included. DATA EXTRACTION Infant outcomes focusing on long-term outcome were summarized from all reports of breastfeeding mothers taking antipsychotic medications. Recommendations for drug use during breastfeeding were based on safety data and on pharmaco kinetic drug properties. Recommendatins were categorized as acceptable, possible under medical supervision, or, not recommended. RESULTS Among 21 antipsychotic drugs used in clinical practice, for 7 there are no data at all regarding breastfeeding and for 6 others the data are based only on few infant exposures. Only few prospective studies assessing'use of haloperidol, chlorpromazine and olanzapine during breastfeeding were identified. Olanzapine and quetiapine were categorized as acceptable for breastfeeding. Chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone and zuclopenthixol were categorized as possible for breastfeeding under medical supervision. Breastfeeding cannot be currently recommended for the following medications: aripiprazole, asenapine, chlorprothixene, clozapine, droperidol, fluphenazine, flupenthixol, iloperidone, lurasidone, paliperidone, perphenazine, pimozide, trifluoperazine, thiothixene and ziprasidone. CONCLUSIONS With a limited number of infants exposed to antipsychotic drugs during breastfeeding, for most drugs a firm and evidence-based conclusion cannot be reached. Counseling of breastfeeding mothers should be carefully assessed. Pharmacokinetic drug characteristics, disease severity, behavioral or psychosocial alternatives, preventative interventions and possible impact of discontinuing breastfeeding on the maternal-infant relationship should all be considered.
Filtering: An Approach to Generating the Information Base for Collective Choice

Nonmarket resource allocation decisions require some means for generating information on relevant preferences. This is part of the role of a collective choice process. Implicit in the optimization techniques central to MS/OR is the assumption that makes collective choice equivalent to the optimization of a social preference function. This paper proposes an alternative approach to collective choice, called "filtering," and compares it with the general optimization approach. Though not foreclosing the use of optimization techniques, filtering represents a fundamental departure from the perspective on collective choice implicit in these techniques. The fundamental advantage of filtering is that it increases the likelihood of collective agreement on specific plans, while minimizing the strategic use of misinformation. The general logic of filtering may be implemented via a variety of interactive methods. The information generated can contribute to more stable and implementable plans. Filtering responds to a societal context characterized more by diversity of interests than uniformity, and as much concerned with the possible adverse consequences of plans proposed by "experts" as with their promised benefits. The more modest objective of collective choice supported by filtering is to identify collectively acceptable plans for interdependent social groups whose goals and preferences may not be fully known. This supports the need for participation by relevant interests in the planning process. In general, filtering provides a framework for "joint charting" of the future collaboratively, by aiming at the evolution of a "reasonable consensus" from a base of what may appear initially to be "unreasonable vetoes. "
Fluidity of the Subsyndromal Phenomenology of Borderline Personality Disorder Over 16 Years of Prospective Follow-Up.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the cumulative rates of 2- and 4-year remission, and the recurrences that follow them, of 24 symptoms of borderline personality disorder over 16 years of prospective follow-up. METHOD A total of 290 inpatients meeting rigorous criteria for borderline personality disorder and 72 axis II comparison subjects were assessed during their index admission using a series of semistructured diagnostic interviews. The same instruments were readministered at eight contiguous 2-year time periods. RESULTS The 12 acute symptoms (e.g., self-mutilation, help-seeking suicide attempts) of borderline personality disorder were more likely to remit for a period of 2 years and for a period of 4 years than the 12 temperamental symptoms (e.g., chronic anger/frequent angry acts, intolerance of aloneness) of this disorder. They were also less likely to recur after a remission lasting 2 years or a remission lasting 4 years. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the symptoms of borderline personality disorder are quite fluid, with remissions and recurrences being common. However, the more clinically urgent acute symptoms of borderline personality disorder seem to have a better prognosis than the less turbulent temperamental symptoms of the disorder.
The Labour of User Co-Creators

Co-creative relations among professional media producers and consumers indicate a profound shift in which our frameworks and categories of analysis (such as the traditional labour theory of value) that worked well in the context of an industrial media economy are perhaps less helpful than before. Can this phenomenon just be explained as the exploitative extraction of surplus value from the work of users, or is something else, potentially more profound and challenging, playing out here? Does consumer co-creation contribute to the precarious conditions of professional creative workers? This article draws from ethnographic research undertaken from 2000 to 2005 with Auran games (a game development company based in Brisbane, Australia) to engage with debates about the status of user co-creation as labour. The article argues that as a hybrid and emergent social network market these relationships introduce a form of creative destruction to labour relations in the context of the creative industries.
Comparative proteome analysis of Helicobacter pylori clinical strains by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

ObjectiveTo investigate the pathogenic properties of Helicobacter pylori by comparing the proteome map of H. pylori clinical strains.MethodsTwo wild-type H. pylori strains, YN8 (isolated from biopsy tissue of a gastric cancer patient) and YN14 (isolated from biopsy tissue of a gastritis and duodenal ulcer patient), were used. Proteomic analysis, using a pH range of 3–10 and 5–8, was performed. The individual proteins were identified by quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer and protein database search.ResultsVariation in spot patterns directed towards differential protein expression levels was observed between the strains. The gel revealed prominent proteins with several protein “families”. The comparison of protein expressions of the two strains reveals a high variability. Differentially present or absent spots were observed. Nine differentially expressed protein spots identified by Q-TOF included adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding protein, disulfide oxidoreductase B (DsbB)-like protein, N utilization substance A (NusA), ATP-dependent protease binding subunit/heat shock protein, hydantoin utilization protein A, seryl-tRNA synthetase, molybdenum ABC transporter ModD, and hypothetical proteins.ConclusionsThis study suggests that H. pylori strains express/repress protein variation, not only in terms of the virulence proteins, but also in terms of physiological proteins, when they infect a human host. The difference of protein expression levels between H. pylori strains isolated from gastric cancer and gastritis may be the initiator of inflammation, and result in the different clinical presentation. In this preliminary study, we report seven differential proteins between strains, with molecule weights from approximately 10 kDa to approximately 40 kDa. Further studies are needed to investigate those proteins and their function associated with H. pylori colonization and adaptation to host environment stress.
Capital Budgeting and Delegation

As part of our ongoing research into capital budgeting processes as responses to decentralized information and incentive problems, we focus in this paper on when a level of a managerial hierarchy will delegate the allocation of capital across projects and time to the level below it. In our model, delegation is a way to save on costly investigation of proposed projects. Therefore, it is more extensive the larger are the costs of such investigations. This delegation takes advantage of the fact that the lower-level manager's preferences are assumed to be similar (though not identical) to those of the higher level.
Perceptions Regarding Adult Learners' Motivation To Participate in Educational Programs.

The main purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions ofyoungfarmers regarding motivation to participate in educational programs and to draw implications for program planning in agricultural education. Respondents perceived that motivation to learn was driven by multiple factors. Farmers were motivated by both intrinsic and extrinsic motivationalfactors. Respondents were motivated by thefollowing factors to participate in educational programs: desire to increase profitability, desire to learn the latest technology, relevant material, and accessibility of the educational programs. The findings show that farmers in this study preferred to learn by hands-on activities and through trial and error, whether individually or in groups. Overall, the participants in this study preferred to learn through a variety of
Technology and Changes in Skill Structure: Evidence from Seven OECD Countries

This paper compares the changing skill structure of wage bills and employment in the United States with six other OECD countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). We investigate whether a directly observed measure of technical change (R&D intensity) is closely linked to the growth in the importance of more highly skilled workers which has occurred in all countries. Evidence of a significant association between skill upgrading and R&D intensity is uncovered in all seven countries. These results provide evidence that skill-biased technical change is an international phenomenon that has had a clear effect of increasing the relative demand for skilled workers.
Ultrasonography for ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks in children.

BACKGROUND The ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block is a popular regional anaesthetic technique for children undergoing inguinal surgery. The success rate is only 70-80% and complications may occur. A prospective randomized double-blinded study was designed to compare the use of ultrasonography with the conventional ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block technique. METHODS One hundred children (age range, 1 month-8 years) scheduled for inguinal hernia repair, orchidopexy or hydrocele repair were included in the study. Following induction of general anaesthesia, the children received an ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric block performed either under ultrasound guidance using levobupivacaine 0.25% until both nerves were surrounded by the local anaesthetic or by the conventional 'fascial click' method using levobupivacaine 0.25% (0.3 ml kg(-1)). Additional intra- and postoperative analgesic requirements were recorded. RESULTS Ultrasonographic visualization of the ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerves was possible in all cases. The amount of local anaesthetic used in the ultrasound group was significantly lower than in the 'fascial click' group (0.19 (SD 0.05) ml kg(-1) vs 0.3 ml kg(-1), P<0.0001). During the intraoperative period 4% of the children in the ultrasound group received additional analgesics compared with 26% in the fascial click group (P=0.004). Only three children (6%) in the ultrasound-guided group needed postoperative rectal acetaminophen compared with 20 children (40%) in the fascial click group (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks can be achieved with significantly smaller volumes of local anaesthetics. The intra- and postoperative requirements for additional analgesia are significantly lower than with the conventional method.
Differential activation of receptors and signal pathways upon stimulation by different doses of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate in endothelial cells

What is the central question of this study? Why do different doses of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) induce distinct biological effects in endothelial cells? What is the main finding and its importance? S1P at physiological concentrations preserved endothelial barrier function by binding to S1P receptor 1, then triggering Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum through phosphoinositide phospholipase C and inositol triphosphate, and consequently strengthening tight junction and F‐actin assembly through Rac1 activation. Excessive S1P induced endothelial malfunction by activating S1P receptor 2 and RhoA/ROCK pathway, causing F‐actin and tight junction disorganisation. Extracellular Ca2+ influx was involved in this process.
Preclinical Imaging for the Study of Mouse Models of Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer, which represents the most common tumors among endocrine malignancies, comprises a wide range of neoplasms with different clinical aggressiveness. One of the most important challenges in research is to identify mouse models that most closely resemble human pathology; other goals include finding a way to detect markers of disease that common to humans and mice and to identify the most appropriate and least invasive therapeutic strategies for specific tumor types. Preclinical thyroid imaging includes a wide range of techniques that allow for morphological and functional characterization of thyroid disease as well as targeting and in most cases, this imaging allows quantitative analysis of the molecular pattern of the thyroid cancer. The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of all of the imaging techniques used to date both for diagnosis and theranostic purposes in mouse models of thyroid cancer.
Prognosis of Minimally Invasive Carcinoma Arising in Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas

Although patients with surgically resected noninvasive mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) of the pancreas are cured, the behavior of surgically resected minimally invasive adenocarcinomas arising in MCN has not been well established. We report 16 surgically resected MCNs with minimal invasion defined as unifocal or multifocal microscopic invasive adenocarcinoma confined to the ovarian stroma of the MCN without capsular or pancreatic parenchymal invasion. Pathologic findings were correlated with patient demographics, type of surgery, and long-term follow-up. Our study included 15 women and 1 man ranging in age from 25 to 66 years. The patients were followed up for a mean of 48.6 months (range, 12 to 148 mo). The MCNs ranged in size from 3.5 to 25 cm and were all located in the body/tail of the gland. Lymphovascular invasion was not identified in any of the cases, and all lymph nodes were negative for tumor. Ten neoplasms had unifocal invasion, whereas 6 had multifocal invasion. Twelve of the neoplasms were partially submitted for microscopic examination, whereas 4 were submitted entirely. Only 1 of the 16 minimally invasive MCNs recurred, and that tumor had been lighlty sampled pathologically. Our study demonstrates that the majority of patients with minimally invasive adenocarcinoma arising in MCNs are cured by surgery, particularly if the neoplasms are completely examined histologically.
Reduced GABAA Receptor-Mediated Tonic Inhibition in Aged Rat Auditory Thalamus

Age-related deficits in detecting and understanding speech, which can lead to social withdrawal and isolation, have been linked to changes in the central auditory system. Many of these central age-related changes involve altered mechanisms of inhibitory neurotransmission, essential for accurate and reliable auditory processing. In sensory thalamus, GABA mediates fast (phasic) inhibition via synaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and long-lasting (tonic) inhibition via high-affinity (extrasynaptic) GABAARs, which provide a majority of the overall inhibitory tone in sensory thalamus. Due to a delicate balance between excitation and inhibition, alteration of normal thalamic inhibitory function with age and a reduction of tonic GABAAR-mediated inhibition may disrupt normal adult auditory processing, sensory gating, thalamocortical rhythmicity, and slow-wave sleep. The present study examines age-related homeostatic plasticity of GABAAR function in auditory thalamus or the medial geniculate body (MGB). Using thalamic slices from young adult (3–8 months) and aged (28–32 months) rats, these studies found a 45.5% reduction in GABAAR density and a 50.4% reduction in GABAAR-mediated tonic whole cell Cl− currents in the aged MGB. Synaptic GABAAR-mediated inhibition appeared differentially affected in aged lemniscal and nonlemniscal MGB. Except for resting membrane potential, basic properties were unaltered with age, including neuronal Cl− homeostasis determined using the gramicidin perforated patch-clamp method. Results demonstrate selective significant age-dependent deficits in the tonic inhibitory tone within the MGB. These data suggest that selective GABAAR subtype agonists or modulators might be used to augment MGB inhibitory neurotransmission, improving speech understanding, sensory gating, and slow-wave sleep for a subset of elderly individuals.
Exporting Managerial Knowledge to the Outpost

The article examines the post-war diffusion of human relations within Turkish academia. It focuses on the reception of human relations as ideology and its penetration into curricular structures within higher education. The empirical part is based on a content analysis of 23 public presentations and the examination of the curricula of educational institutions at the time. The study suggests that the processes and outcomes varied with respect to ideological absorption and the carving of structural spaces. The former was fast-paced, wholesale among adherents and closely followed the evolution in the United States, whereas the latter met with resistance and was a slower and constrained process that generated variant outcomes across educational institutions.
Vacuum-Assisted Closure Device and Skin Substitutes for Complex Mohs Defects

BACKGROUND Soft tissue defects created by excision of dermatologic malignancies may present a significant challenge to the reconstructive surgeon, particularly when tendon, bone, cartilage, or other vital structures are exposed. Although there are several reliable options for regional or free tissue transfer, many patients with skin cancers are poor surgical candidates. Recent literature has described the use of an acellular dermal regeneration template (ADRT) (Integra LifeSciences Corp, Plainsboro, NJ) with split-thickness skin grafting (STSG) as an alternative to the previously mentioned surgical options. OBJECTIVE To use ADRT with negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) and STSG to reconstruct complex Mohs defects of the scalp and feet. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two patients underwent wide local excision of squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. ADRT and a NPWT device were applied. The patients were then skin grafted 7 to 10 days later. RESULTS Both patients had take of their skin grafts and completely healed their wounds without local recurrence. Results were both functionally and aesthetically satisfactory. CONCLUSION The use of ADRT with vacuum-assisted closure followed by split-thickness skin grafting is an acceptable alternative to regional or free tissue transfer for reconstruction of complex Mohs defects.
Short-Sale Restrictions and Market Reaction to Short-Interest Announcements

Abstract According to the Diamond-Verrecchia hypothesis, if increases in short interest are correlated with information that is not yet public, they should precipitate a price adjustment. Stocks with unexpected increases in short interest are found to generate statistically significant, but small, negative abnormal returns for a short period around the announcement date. When the sample is divided into stocks with and without tradable options, nonoptioned stocks closely mimic these results but the optioned stocks do not. In a cross-sectional analysis of individual firms, the short-term negative abnormal returns are found to be 1) more negative, the higher the degree of unexpected short interest and, 2) less negative if the firm has tradable options.
Economic Valuation of Nature-Based Tourism Object in Rawapening, Indonesia: An Application of Travel Cost and Contingent Valuation Method

The purpose of this study is to measure the economic value in Rawapening. This study is expected to be able to see how far the role of nature tourism is seen as an environmentally sound tourist attractions. Because the benefits of natural attractions usually have a variety of natural resources such as biodiversity, benefit directly, and indirectly related to important ecological functions that are not only considered as a tourist attraction. This study was used primary data. The primary data obtained from field surveys to the perpetrator who was visiting tourist Rawapening. The analytical method used two methods. There are travel cost method and contingent valuation method. The study was found significant factors the determinant of the probability of individuals to be willing to pay a certain nominal value for environmental quality improvement are nominal amount bid, income, and education. Then, the determinant of the number of visits are an experience to visit, travel costs, income, age, and perception. The economic value of ecotourism was estimated at Rp 7,41 billion for consumer surplus and Rp 1,65 billion for total benefit per year. This implies that the significant economic value of nature based tourism will be lost from any large scale development by degrading natural environment.
Witnessing trustworthy single-photon entanglement with local homodyne measurements

Single-photon entangled states, i.e. states describing two optical paths sharing a single-photon, constitute the simplest form of entanglement. Yet they provide a valuable resource in quantum information science. Specifically, they lie at the heart of quantum networks, as they can be used for quantum teleportation, swapped and purified with linear optics. The main drawback of such entanglement is the difficulty in measuring it. Here, we present and experimentally test an entanglement witness [1] allowing one not only to say whether a given state is path-entangled but also that entanglement lies in the subspace where the optical paths are each filled with one photon at most, i.e. refers to single-photon entanglement. It uses local homodyning only and relies on no assumption about the Hilbert space dimension of the measured system, as explained in the following.