Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence, genetics, and transmissibility in ferrets of Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses

Significance Animal influenza viruses continue to challenge human public health; surveillance of these viruses and evaluation of their pandemic potential are important for future influenza pandemic preparedness. Pigs are intermediate hosts for novel influenza generation and transfer to humans. Two lineages of H1N1 swine influenza viruses (SIVs), classical H1N1 SIVs and Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EAH1N1) SIVs, have been circulating in pigs since 1918 and 1979, respectively. The classical H1N1 SIVs emerged in humans as a reassortant and caused the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Here, we found that, after long-term evolution in pigs, the EAH1N1 SIVs have obtained the traits to cause a human influenza pandemic. Pigs are important intermediate hosts for generating novel influenza viruses. The Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EAH1N1) swine influenza viruses (SIVs) have circulated in pigs since 1979, and human cases associated with EAH1N1 SIVs have been reported in several countries. However, the biologic properties of EAH1N1 SIVs are largely unknown. Here, we performed extensive influenza surveillance in pigs in China and isolated 228 influenza viruses from 36,417 pigs. We found that 139 of the 228 strains from pigs in 10 provinces in China belong to the EAH1N1 lineage. These viruses formed five genotypes, with two distinct antigenic groups, represented by A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011 and A/swine/Guangdong/104/2013, both of which are antigenically and genetically distinct from the current human H1N1 viruses. Importantly, the EAH1N1 SIVs preferentially bound to human-type receptors, and 9 of the 10 tested viruses transmitted in ferrets by respiratory droplet. We found that 3.6% of children (≤10 y old), 0% of adults, and 13.4% of elderly adults (≥60 y old) had neutralization antibodies (titers ≥40 in children and ≥80 in adults) against the EAH1N1 A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011 virus, but none of them had such neutralization antibodies against the EAH1N1 A/swine/Guangdong/104/2013 virus. Our study shows the potential of EAH1N1 SIVs to transmit efficiently in humans and suggests that immediate action is needed to prevent the efficient transmission of EAH1N1 SIVs to humans.
An Analysis of the Conceptual Foundations of the Infant Preferential Looking Paradigm

The core knowledge (CK) account of human development ascribes higher-order cognition to infants on the basis of looking time measures. In this paper, we investigate the conceptual foundations of this account through an examination of the preferential looking paradigm. We focus on the use of this paradigm in social cognitive and morality research, which involves ascriptions of expectation, surprise, preference, belief understanding, and moral judgment to infant looking behavior. We compare CK researchers' usage of these terms with everyday usage, and conclude that the application of belief and morality to infant looking behavior is overzealous. Based on these considerations, we argue that a developmental systems approach may provide a more appropriate theoretical framework for studying the development of such capacities.
Reassembly of Golgi stacks from mitotic Golgi fragments in a cell-free system

Rat liver Golgi stacks were incubated with mitotic cytosol for 30 min at 37 degrees C to generate mitotic Golgi fragments comprising vesicles, tubules, and cisternal remnants. These were isolated and further incubated with rat liver cytosol for 60 min. The earliest intermediate observed by electron microscopy was a single, curved cisterna with tubular networks fused to the cisternal rims. Elongation of this cisterna was accompanied by stacking and further growth at the cisternal rims. Stacks also fused laterally so that the typical end product was a highly curved stack of 2-3 cisternae mostly enclosing an electron-lucent space. Reassembly occurred in the presence of nocodazole or cytochalasin B but not at 4 degrees C or in the absence of energy supplied in the form of ATP and GTP. Pretreatment of the mitotic fragments and cytosol with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) also prevented reassembly. GTP gamma S and A1F prevented reassembly when added during fragmentation but not when added to the reassembly mixture. In fact, GTP gamma S stimulated reassembly such that all cisternae were stacked at the end of the incubation and comprised 40% of the total membrane. In contrast, microcystin inhibited stacking so that only single cisternae accumulated. Together these results provide a detailed picture of the reassembly process and open up the study of the architecture of the Golgi apparatus to a combined morphological and biochemical analysis.
Malignant Melanoma in African–Americans

Abstract Malignant melanoma accounts for 75% of all skin cancer deaths and is potentially curable if identified early. Although melanoma is rare in African–Americans (AA), it is associated with a worse prognosis than in Caucasians. This study examines the demographic, pathologic, and clinical factors impacting AA melanoma outcomes. Data for 1106 AA and 212,721 Caucasian cutaneous melanoma patients were abstracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database (1988–2011). Data were grouped on the basis of histological subtypes: “Superficial Spreading” (SS), “Nodular” (NM), “Lentigo Maligna” (LM), “Acral Lentiginous” (AL), and “Not otherwise specified” (NOS). Cutaneous malignant melanoma occurs most commonly in the sixth and seventh decade of life. Caucasian patients presented most commonly with trunk melanomas (34.5%), while lower extremity melanomas were more common in AAs (56.1%), P < 0.001. AAs presented with deeper tumors, more advanced stage of disease, and higher rates of ulceration and lymph node positivity than Caucasians. Cancer-specific mortality was significantly higher, while 5-year cancer-specific survival was significantly lower among AAs for NM and AL subtypes. Multivariate analysis identified male gender, regional and distant stage, NM and AL subtypes as independently associated with increased mortality among both ethnic groups. AAs present most often with AL melanoma on the lower extremities, and with deeper and more advanced stage lesions. AAs have higher cancer-specific mortality for NM and LM than Caucasians. Melanoma education for AA patients and health care providers is needed to increase disease awareness, facilitate early detection, and promote access to effective treatment.
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in NF-kappa B-deficient mice:roles of NF-kappa B in the activation and differentiation of autoreactive T cells.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS, which has long been used as an animal model for human multiple sclerosis. Development of autoimmune disease requires coordinated expression of a number of genes that are involved in the activation and effector functions of inflammatory cells. These include genes that encode costimulatory molecules, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. Activation of these genes is regulated at the transcriptional level by several families of transcription factors. One of these is the NF-kappa B family, which is present in a variety of cell types and becomes highly activated at sites of inflammation. To test the roles of NF-kappa B in the development of autoimmune diseases, we studied EAE in mice deficient in one of the NF-kappa B isoforms, i.e., NF-kappa B1 (p50). We found that NF-kappa B1-deficient mice were significantly resistant to EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. The resistance was primarily evidenced by a decrease in disease incidence, clinical score, and the degree of CNS inflammation. Furthermore, we established that the resistance to EAE in NF-kappa B1-deficient mice was associated with a deficiency of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cells to differentiate into either Th1- or Th2-type effector cells in vivo. These results strongly suggest that NF-kappa B1 plays crucial roles in the activation and differentiation of autoreactive T cells in vivo and that blocking NF-kappa B function can be an effective means to prevent autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Interpersonal skills

Introduction Interpersonal skills are becoming more and more a necessity in the medical profession. The expectation from health care professionals is beyond just knowledge of the medical facts. To practice medicine effectively, doctors need to develop interpersonal skills in communication, leadership, management, teaching and time management. All of these are vital tools and are becoming increasingly essential subjects in teaching both undergraduate students and postgraduate doctors. However, a degree of selfmotivation and personal initiative is needed to develop these skills. In this article, I will give an overview on interpersonal skills and will be follow this by a series of articles, in future issues, dealing with these skills.
A Reverse Outcome Bias: The Influence of Multiple Reference Points on the Evaluation of Outcomes and Decisions

Abstract Two experiments examined the influence of multiple reference points on the evaluation of outcomes and decisions that lead to those outcomes. Norm theory is applied as a conceptual framework for understanding the conditions under which alternative norms may be evoked by the decision context and how they are subsequently used as reference points in the evaluation process. Of primary interest, in these studies, was how an outcome is evaluated when two reference points, the status quo and an evoked alternative, provide conflicting information about the "goodness" of the outcome (the outcome is good from the perspective of one reference point and bad from the perspective of the other). A gambling paradigm, based on regret theory, is employed to address these questions. We find that an alternative outcome is more likely to be evoked as a reference point when: (1) it is certain that another choice would have led to the alternative outcome; (2) a social comparison other receives the alternative outcome; and (3) the alternative outcome is in a different evaluative domain than the outcome received (i.e., is negative when the outcome received is positive). When these conditions hold, and the alternative outcome is used as a reference point for evaluation, the evaluations which result are quite counterintuitive: winners are rated as more regretful over their choices than losers are considered to be less satisfied with their outcomes than losers, and are rated as having made poorer quality decision than losers, who made the same choice! The latter finding represents a complete reversal of the outcome bias often observed in judgments of decisions made under uncertainty.
How do figure-like orthographs modulate visual processing of Chinese words?

The effects of figure-like orthographs on visual processing of Chinese characters were examined using functional imaging in two inspection tasks: counting the number of strokes and categorizing a character as either a word or a nonword. Pictographic orthographs (characters resembling figures) were easier and faster to be inspected than their nonpictographic counterparts (characters not resembling figures) at the stroke but not the character level. The less intense activations found in the frontal and parietal regions suggest that such facilitation could be attributable to the visuospatial symmetry and regularity of the strokes borne by pictographic orthographs. Our findings further support that learning Chinese characters could begin with pictographic orthographs.
Polypharmacy with oral antidiabetic agents: an indicator of poor glycemic control.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate antidiabetic drug treatment patterns and glycemic control among patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study using the automated databases of a 200 000-member HMO. METHODS The study population consisted of patients > or =18 years of age with documented type 2 diabetes mellitus from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2002. We determined the proportion of patients who had optimal glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin <7%) during the 6 months after the initial documentation of diabetes during calendar year 2002 (index date). RESULTS Of the 4282 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 1050 (25%) received 1 oral agent, 486 (11%) received 2 oral agents, 56 (1%) received > or =3 oral agents, 84 (2%) received insulin and an oral agent, and 107 (2%) received insulin exclusively within 90 days after the index date. Among the 1075 patients receiving antidiabetic drug therapy who had a laboratory test result documented, 414 (39%) had optimal glycemic control. Optimal control was most frequent among patients receiving 1 oral agent (47%) and least frequent among patients receiving > or =3 oral agents (13%) (P <.01). Patients with a prior history of suboptimal glycemic control were less likely to have optimal glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS Multiple oral antidiabetic agents may serve as a marker for more severe, uncontrolled diabetes. The vast majority of patients treated with multiple oral antidiabetic agents had suboptimal glycemic control, suggesting a need for intensified efforts to treat this particular group of patients to recommended goal levels.
Thyroid Hormone and Cardiac Disease: From Basic Concepts to Clinical Application

Nature's models of regeneration provide substantial evidence that a natural healing process may exist in the heart. Analogies existing between the damaged myocardium and the developing heart strongly indicate that regulatory factors which drive embryonic heart development may also control aspects of heart regeneration. In this context, thyroid hormone (TH) which is critical in heart maturation during development appears to have a reparative role in adult life. Thus, changes in TH -thyroid hormone receptor (TR) homeostasis are shown to govern the return of the damaged myocardium to the fetal phenotype. Accordingly, thyroid hormone treatment preferentially rebuilds the injured myocardium by reactivating developmental gene programming. Clinical data provide further support to this experimental evidence and changes in TH levels and in particular a reduction of biologically active triiodothyronine (T3) in plasma after myocardial infarction or during evolution of heart failure, are strongly correlated with patients morbidity and mortality. The potential of TH to regenerate a diseased heart has now been testing in patients with acute myocardial infarction in a phase II, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study (the THiRST study).
Stereotyped images of terrorists as predictors of fear of future terrorist attacks

Three studies examine how al Qaeda terrorists are perceived by Polish participants and how these perceptions are related to emotional reactions to terrorism and support for counter‐terrorism measures, such as the installation of the American National Missile Defence (NMD) system in Poland. In study 1 we combine qualitative and quantitative approach to test the terrorist perception and identify four images of al Qaeda terrorists: psychopathic criminals, strategists, ideologues and desperate combatants. The results of study 2 indicate that two images attributing irrationality to al Qaeda terrorists and unpredictability to their actions (psychopathic criminals and ideologues) are related to high perceived risk of future terrorist attacks, fear of terrorism and a tendency to catastrophize terrorism. Results of study 3 show that these two images are related to opposition towards NMD in Poland. Fear of terrorism mediates this relationship. The image of terrorists as rational strategists is not related to fear of terrorism and is related to positive attitudes towards installation of the NMD in Poland.
Understanding Teachers' Work: is there still a place for labour process theory?

After a brief and vigorous appearance in the 1980s, labour process theory has become a marginal presence in the contemporary literature on teachers' work. This paper argues that a key reason for this marginal status is that, in the education literature, labour process theory has been unable to shake clear of its historical connection with the Braverman proletarianisation thesis. This has produced a focus on a single mode of control (scientific management) and its effects (e.g. deskilling and intensification), rather than on the forms and purposes of control of teachers. As a consequence, labour process theory has appeared deterministic. If it is to fulfil its potential as an important lens through which to analyse empirical research into the work of educators, labour process theory requires theoretical renovation, particularly in relation to the special contexts and circumstances of education and teachers' work. The paper contributes to one aspect of that task—the nature of control and its purposes in relation to state teachers.
Low Complexity Adaptive Turbo Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation for Single-Carrier Multi-User Detection with Unknown Co-Channel Interference

Adaptive Turbo frequency-domain channel estimation is investigated for single-carrier (SC) multi-user detection in the presence of unknown co-channel interference (CCI). We propose a modified Turbo recursive least square (RLS) channel estimation algorithm which provides very close performance to Turbo RLS channel estimation, with a huge complexity reduction. It also significantly outperforms the Turbo least mean square (LMS) channel estimation in terms of performance and convergence speed, and requires a similar complexity to the LMS channel estimation in the scenario of phase shift keying (PSK) modulation. Beside, we incorporate adaptive Turbo channel estimation with low complexity block wise Turbo Space-frequency equalization and CCI suppression (TSFE-CCIS), which also operates in the frequency domain.
Hungarian research on the acquisition of morphology and syntax

ABSTRACT This review analyses research on the acquisition of Hungarian morphology and syntax. The specific topics covered are morphological analysis, neologisms, acquisition of the first inflections, morpheme order, word order and agreement. Several lines of evidence suggest that the first unit acquired by the child is the word. Because of the structure of Hungarian, both errors in segmentation of the utterance and errors in the segmentation of the word are minimized. Morphological analysis seems to begin at the semantic level and proceed to the morphological level. Data on acquisition of free word order and early inflections are potentially of great interest, although presently inconclusive.
Asymmetries and Common Cycles in Latin America: Evidence from Markov-Switching Models

Markov-switching models are estimated to characterise expansions and contractions for Latin American countries. In general, univariate analysis results imply that recessions are deeper in absolute magnitude, less persistent, and more volatile than expansions. From an international perspective, it is found that there is not a common Latin American cycle, but there exists some evidence about common regime shifts and cycles between Brazil-Peru and Chile-United States. However, it seems that their causes are very different and related to common shocks and similar policies. Therefore, it is concluded that individual business cycles are largely independent in Latin America.
Unit Size, Work Experiences and Satisfactions: An Exploratory Study

This study explored relationships between the number of employees working in a unit and measures of work experience and satisfaction. Data were collected from 1608 women and men from a single large professional services firm comprising 22 units. Individuals working in larger units described their work environment more negatively and reported less satisfying work outcomes. The effects of unit size were consistent but modest. Possible explanations for the observed relationships are offered.
Asymmetrical Cluster Development in a Disordered System.

A longitudinal account is presented of a child with a phonological disorder (Participant 24; age 4;9) who demonstrates an asymmetrical pattern of cluster development with two different reduction strategies. It is argued that the child represents all clusters as single underlying units at the first point in time. At later points in time she represents only certain clusters as single units. Formulated within Optimality Theory, the account shows that change occurs via constraint reranking and input restructuring. This obtains from assumptions about structural representations and demotion of markedness constraints. Important to the account and the validity of the framework is that demoted constraints are still active in the grammar, resulting in cases of emergent unmarkedness. This account shows to be preferable over a possible derivational account in that continuity is preserved over time. Implications regarding structural representations, learning, and change are addressed.
A statistical thermodynamic model of the protein ensemble.

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas MedicalBranch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1068, Department of Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218,Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710Received April 11, 2005
Regional climate model simulation of summer precipitation diurnal cycle over the United States

MM5‐based regional climate model (CMM5) simulations of the diurnal cycle of U.S. summer precipitation are found to be sensitive to the choice of cumulus parameterization schemes, whose skills are highly regime selective. The Grell scheme realistically simulates the nocturnal precipitation maxima and their associated eastward propagation of convective systems over the Great Plains where the diurnal timing of convection is controlled by the large‐scale tropospheric forcing; whereas the Kain‐Fritsch scheme is more accurate for the late afternoon peaks in the southeast U.S. where moist convection is governed by the near‐surface forcing. In radar rainfall data and the simulation with the Grell scheme, another weaker eastward propagating diurnal signal is evident from the Appalachians to the east coast. The result demonstrates the importance of cumulus schemes and provides a realistic simulation of the central U.S. nocturnal precipitation maxima.
Right ventricular reverse remodelling after sildenafil in pulmonary arterial hypertension

In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) an increased pulmonary vascular resistance results in chronic pressure overload on the right ventricle and induces pathological right ventricular (RV) remodelling and RV failure. This causes limited exercise capacity, fatigue and increased mortality. Several treatment options have become available for PAH, and in patients given monotherapy, a second drug of a different class is given to improve symptoms and exercise capacity. Whether the addition of a second treatment reverses RV remodelling has not been described. In this study, the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil was added to treatment with bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the addition of sildenafil reverses RV remodelling and further improves RV function in patients with PAH treated with bosentan. In 15 patients with PAH receiving bosentan for one year, sildenafil was added for three months. Sildenafil was started at 50 mg twice daily and increased to 50 mg thrice daily after four weeks. At the start of the study and again after one year of bosentan, right-heart catheterisation with vasoreactivity testing, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and 6 min walk test (6MWT) were performed. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was determined after one year of bosentan and after three months of combination therapy. After three months of combination therapy, the effects of the addition of sildenafil were evaluated with …