Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trust and Trustworthiness: A Survey of Gender Differences

This article reviews papers about gender differences in trust and reciprocity. The literature about experimental trust games finds striking gender differences in participants' reciprocal behavior. Most papers report that female first movers in trust games trust less than male ones. In trust games there is ample evidence that female second movers are more trustworthy than male ones. Interestingly it can be found that reciprocal behavior of female decision makers is stronger in the environment of a real-effort task. The results of gift-exchange gender studies document that female workers' are discriminated in the laboratory and receive smaller wages than men in a double-auction market. In general there is a tendency in trust games that men trust more than women and women are more trustworthy than men. A real-effort task furthermore amplifies these results. In gift-exchange games it can be found that female principals show higher levels of reciprocity and female workers receive lower wages in some setups.
Uncertainty principle based spatial-temporal resolution tradeoff for cognitive radio networks

State-of-the-art sensing methods mostly exploit spectrum holes (SHs) in conventional frequency, time, and geography dimensions, which can hardly satisfy the increasing throughput demand of CR networks. Meanwhile, the rapid development of multi-antenna technology makes the terminal obtain the angle recognition capability. Motivated by this, this paper analyzes SHs from the angle/space domain and design a spatial sector based sensing-access scheme. In this case, the SH can be regarded as a kind of particle in spatial-temporal dimension and thus the spatial-temporal uncertainty principle (STUP) is discovered, which reveals an interesting constraint phenomenon between spatial and temporal resolutions. Based on STUP, we propose a novel spatial-temporal resolution tradeoff (STRT) scheme, whose objective is to identify the optimal spatial resolution size to maximize the throughput of CR networks. Different from the conventional temporal domain sensing-throughput tradeoff problem, we study the spatial-temporal cross-dimension optimization, thus fully exploiting SHs' spatial diversity to achieve a better performance. In addition, a fast search algorithm is proposed to track the optimal spatial resolution at an exponential convergence rate. Simulation results verify the efficiency of the proposed tradeoff scheme and search algorithm.
Does Reduction of Number of Intradetrusor Injection Sites of aboBoNTA (Dysport®) Impact Efficacy and Safety in a Rat Model of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity?

Intradetrusor injections of Botulinum toxin A—currently onabotulinumtoxinA—is registered as a second-line treatment to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). The common clinical practice is 30 × 1 mL injections in the detrusor; however, protocols remain variable and standardization is warranted. The effect of reducing the number of injection sites of Dysport® abobotulinumtoxinA (aboBoNTA) was assessed in the spinal cord-injured rat (SCI). Nineteen days post-spinalization, female rats received intradetrusor injections of saline or aboBoNTA 22.5 U distributed among four or eight sites. Two days after injection, continuous cystometry was performed in conscious rats. Efficacy of aboBoNTA 22.5 U was assessed versus aggregated saline groups on clinically-relevant parameters: maximal pressure, bladder capacity, compliance, voiding efficiency, as well as amplitude, frequency, and volume threshold for nonvoiding contractions (NVC). AboBoNTA 22.5 U significantly decreased maximal pressure, without affecting voiding efficiency. Injected in four sites, aboBoNTA significantly increased bladder capacity and compliance while only the latter when in eight sites. AboBoNTA significantly reduced NVC frequency and amplitude. This preclinical investigation showed similar inhibiting effects of aboBoNTA despite the number of sites reduction. Further studies are warranted to optimize dosing schemes to improve the risk-benefit ratio of BoNTA-based treatment modalities for NDO and further idiopathic overactive bladder.
Traffic-Related Atmospheric Pollutants Levels during Pregnancy and Offspring’s Term Birth Weight: A Study Relying on a Land-Use Regression Exposure Model

Background Some studies have suggested that particulate matter (PM) levels during pregnancy may be associated with birth weight. Road traffic is a major source of fine PM (PM with aero-dynamic diameter < 2.5 μm; PM2.5). Objective We determined to characterize the influence of maternal exposure to atmospheric pollutants due to road traffic and urban activities on offspring term birth weight. Methods Women from a birth cohort [the LISA (Influences of Lifestyle Related Factors on the Human Immune System and Development of Allergies in Children) cohort] who delivered a non-premature baby with a birth weight > 2,500 g in Munich metropolitan area were included. We assessed PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance (which depends on the blackness of PM2.5, a marker of traffic-related air pollution), and nitrogen dioxide levels using a land-use regression model, taking into account the type and length of roads, population density, land coverage around the home address, and temporal variations in pollution during pregnancy. Using Poisson regression, we estimated prevalence ratios (PR) of birth weight < 3,000 g, adjusted for gestational duration, sex, maternal smoking, height, weight, and education. Results Exposure was defined for 1,016 births. Taking the lowest quartile of exposure during pregnancy as a reference, the PR of birth weight < 3,000 g associated with the highest quartile was 1.7 for PM2.5 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2–2.7], 1.8 for PM2.5 absorbance (95% CI, 1.1–2.7), and 1.2 for NO2 (95% CI, 0.7–1.7). The PR associated with an increase of 1 μg/m3 in PM2.5 levels was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.00–1.29). Conclusion Increases in PM2.5 levels and PM2.5 absorbance were associated with decreases in term birth weight. Traffic-related air pollutants may have adverse effects on birth weight.
Examination of the apoptotic pathway and proteolysis in the pathogenesis of popliteal artery aneurysms.

OBJECTIVES to investigate the role of apoptosis, expression of death-promoting molecules and mediators of apoptosis in the development of popliteal artery aneurysms. METHODS ten popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA) specimens were obtained from patients undergoing elective surgical repair. Normal controls were popliteal arteries obtained from patients without PAA undergoing infrainguinal bypass surgery (n=8). Standard histochemistry techniques were used to assess elastic lamellae fragmentation and inflammatory infiltrate in PAA. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), macrophages, T lymphocytes, death-promoting molecules, CPP-32, Fas, p53, perforin, apoptosis-mediating Bcl-2 family proteins and apoptotic death substrate, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were detected immunohistochemically. Detection of apoptosis was by TUNEL assay. Proteolytic activity was determined by 10% gelatin gel zymography. RESULTS there is a conspicuous disruption and fragmentation of elastic lamellae in PAA as compared to normal arteries. Increased gelatinolytic activity was observed at 92, 84, 72 and 67 kDa in PAA tissues. There is a significant decrease of VSMCs in the PAA walls (p=0.02). The control arteries had fewer CD68+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells in their media (p<0.01). There was a significant increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis in aneurysmal tissue than in the normal vessels, (p<0.02) as well as an increased expression of Bax, CPP-32, Fas, p53 and perforin. CONCLUSIONS the data confirm the architectural disruption of the PAA wall and illustrate an apparent biological response involving inflammatory infiltrate, apoptosis and signalling molecules capable of initiating cell death. In addition to compromising the mechanical integrity of the vessel wall, VSMC loss may contribute to imbalance in the protein profile, accelerating extracellular matrix degradation that could favour PAA development.
PARTICLE-IN-CELL SIMULATION OF A STRONG DOUBLE LAYER IN A NONRELATIVISTIC PLASMA FLOW: ELECTRON ACCELERATION TO ULTRARELATIVISTIC SPEEDS

Two charge- and current-neutral plasma beams are modeled with a one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. The beams are uniform and unbounded. The relative speed between both beams is 0.4c. One beam is composed of electrons and protons, and the other of protons and negatively charged oxygen (dust). All species have the temperature 9.1 keV. A Buneman instability develops between the electrons of the first beam and the protons of the second beam. The wave traps the electrons, which form plasmons. The plasmons couple energy into the ion acoustic waves, which trap the protons of the second beam. A structure similar to a proton phase-space hole develops, which grows through its interaction with the oxygen and the heated electrons into a rarefaction pulse. This pulse drives a double layer, which accelerates a beam of electrons to about 50 MeV, which is comparable to the proton kinetic energy. The proton distribution eventually evolves into an electrostatic shock. Beams of charged particles moving at such speeds may occur in the foreshock of supernova remnant (SNR) shocks. This double layer is thus potentially relevant for the electron acceleration (injection) into the diffusive shock acceleration by SNR shocks.
Multiple Genomic Alterations Including N-myc Amplification in a Primary Large Cell Medulloblastoma

The large cell (LC) subtype is a recently described histologic variant of medulloblastoma (Mb) associated with a rapid and aggressive clinical course. We describe the genomic profile of a LC-Mb tumor obtained from a patient who developed recurrent and fulminant disease despite ‘good-risk’ features at diagnosis and state- of-the-art multidisciplinary therapy. The tumor sample was analyzed using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and complementary molecular approaches. CGH revealed amplicons at chromosome bands 2p24–25, 2q12–22, and 17p11; losses of chromosomes 11q and 18; and low-level gains of 3q, 11p, 13q and 14q. Southern blot analysis confirmed N-myc amplification. No evidence of p53 mutation was detected. The genomic profile of this LC-Mb tumor sample revealed a distinctive pattern of genetic alterations including amplification of N-myc and anonymous oncogenes at chromosome bands 2q12–22 and 17p11. These genomic abnormalities are uncommon in other subtypes of Mb.
Postsynaptic localization of γ‐aminobutyric acid transporters and receptors in the outer plexiform layer of the goldfish retina: An ultrastructural study

The γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic system in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of the goldfish retina was studied via light and electron immunohistochemistry. The subcellular distributions of immunoreactivity (‐IR) of plasma membrane GABA transporters GAT2 and GAT3, the α1 and α3 subunits of the ionotropic GABAA receptor, and the ρ1 subunit of the ionotropic GABAC receptor were determined. The localization of the GAT2‐IR and GAT3‐IR to horizontal cell dendrites at the base of the cone synaptic complex was the main characteristic at the ultrastructural level. Very rarely, GAT2‐IR and GAT3‐IR were found in horizontal cell dendrites innervating rod spherules. α1‐IR and α3‐IR were seen in wide bands in the OPL, whereas ρ1‐IR appeared as a narrow band in the OPL. Most α1‐IR was intracellular in rod and cone terminals. Membrane‐associated α1‐IR was observed in cone pedicles but not in rod spherules; postsynaptic elements were also labeled. α3‐IR was concentrated in the lateral elements of horizontal cell dendrites in cone pedicles. In contrast, ρ1‐IR was found mainly on the spinules of the horizontal cell dendrites in cone pedicles. In addition, in another type of cone pedicle, ρ1‐IR was found at the position of OFF‐bipolar cell dendrites. α3‐IR and ρ1‐IR were rarely found in horizontal cell dendrites innervating rods. We suggest that two GABAergic pathways exist in the outer retina— first, a GABAergic positive loop with GABA receptors mainly on the horizontal cell dendrites and spinules and, second, a GABAergic feedback pathway involving GABA receptors on cone pedicles and GABA transporters on horizontal cells and that this pathway presumably modulates feedback strength from horizontal cells to cones. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:58–74, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of a dental rural teaching program

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a rural clinical placement on students’ self-perceived clinical skills and work location choice post-graduation. Methods: A one month rural placement program was introduced in 2008–2009 for 4th year dental undergraduates. Student’s views on the rural exercise were collected by pre and post self-completion questionnaires, which were distributed to rural placement students and to the students who did not participate in the placement. Information was collected on self-reported skill levels in various clinical techniques using Likert scales and future rural work intentions. Clinical supervisors and University Faculty Members opinions on the students clinical work were also collected via interviews. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 27 years and the majority were female (57%). All the placement students (volunteers) completed pre and post placement questionnaires and (67%) of the non-placement students completed the pre questionnaire and (65%) a post questionnaire. When the two groups were compared in terms of their Likert scores, there was a significantly (P<.02) larger increase in skill level in the rural group. Clinical supervisors confirmed volunteers increased in confidence and ability in clinical skills post placement. The majority (96%) of students who completed a placement reported that they were more likely to work in a rural environment after graduation. Conclusions: The rural placement improved the self-perceived clinical skills of the volunteers and enhanced positive attitudes towards working in a rural location.
Ex vivo evaluation of anti-GPVI antibody in Cynomolgus monkeys: Dissociation between anti-platelet aggregatory effect and bleeding time

Summary Recent progress in the understanding of thrombus formation has suggested an important role of glycoprotein (GP)VI. In contrast to its pivotal role in collagen-induced platelet activation, it has been suggested that its blockade does not induce massive bleeding tendency. To demonstrate the dissociation between inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and bleeding by GPVI blockade, we examined the effects of Fab fragment of OM2, an anti-human GPVI monoclonal antibody on ex vivo collagen-induced platelet aggregation and skin bleeding time after intravenous injection in cynomolgus monkeys. In a dose-escalation study, OM2 potently (>80%) inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation at the cumulative dose of 0. 2 mg/kg with a slight prolongation of bleeding time (1. 3 times baseline value). Furthermore, at 18. 8 mg/kg, the highest dose tested, prolongation of bleeding time was still mild (1. 9 times). In contrast, abciximab, Fab fragment of anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody prolonged bleeding time by 5. 0 times at 0. 35 mg/kg, the lowest effective dose on platelet aggregation. Ina pharmacodynamic study,a bolus injection of OM2 at 0. 4 mg/kg produced potent inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation up to six hours after injection, showing longer half-life than that of abciximab. The injection of OM2 Fab did not induce thrombocytopenia and GPVI depletion in monkeys. These results suggest that blockade of GPVI by antibody can exerta potent inhibitory effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation with a milder prolongation of bleeding time than blockade of GPIIb/IIIa. This study indicates that OM2 has the potential to be developed as a new class of therapeutic tool.
How concerns of death affect scientific views : the existential underpinnings of support for intelligent design and discomfort with evolution

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iii LIST OF TABLES . vi LIST OF FIGURES . vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . viii DEDICATION . ix INTRODUCTION . 1 Intelligent Design Theory . 2 Terror Management and Acceptance of Intelligent Design versus Evolution . 8 The Present Research . 11 STUDY 1 . 16 Method. 16 Participants . 16 Procedure . 16 Measures . 17 Results and Discussion . 18 STUDY 2 . 22 Method. 22 Participants . 22 Procedure . 22 Results and Discussion . 23 STUDY 3 . 27 Method. 27 Participants . 27 Procedure . 27 Results and Discussion . 28 STUDY 4 . 34 Method. 35 Participants . 35 iv Procedure . 35 Results and Discussion . 36 Main study . 36 Follow-up study . 40 Summary and limitations . 41 STUDY 5 . 44 Method. 44 Participants . 44 Procedure . 44 Results and Discussion . 44 STUDY 6 . 48 Method. 48 Participants . 48 Procedure . 48 Results and Discussion . 48 GENERAL DISCUSSION . 51 Specificity of the Effect . 54 Causal Process . 57 Terror Management or Meaning Maintenance? 58 Absence of Interaction with Religiosity/Religion . 59 CONLCUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS . 61 FOOTNOTES . 64 REFERENCES . 66 APPENDICES . 76 Appendix A: Items used as the Dependent Variable . 76 Appendix B: Excerpts Used as Stimuli in Studies 1, 2, 4, and 5 . 77 Appendix C: Excerpts Used as Stimuli in Study 3 . 78 Appendix D: Excerpt Used as Stimulus in Study 4 . 79 Appendix E: Validation of the Sagan Passage . 80 Appendix F: Support for Evolution . 81
Multiple infections with seasonal influenza A virus induce cross-protective immunity against A(H1N1) pandemic influenza virus in a ferret model.

BACKGROUND An age bias toward children and young adults has been reported for infection and hospitalizations with pandemic H1N1 influenza (A[H1N1]pdm) in the 2009 and 2010 influenza seasons in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. Serological analysis of prepandemic samples has shown a higher incidence of cross-reactive antibodies to A(H1N1)pdm virus in older populations; conserved T cell epitopes between viruses have been identified. The contribution of preexisting immunity to seasonal influenza to protection against A(H1N1)pdm infection was analyzed in a ferret model. METHODS Ferrets were pre-infected with influenza A viruses and/or vaccinated with inactivated influenza viruses with adjuvant. Infection after challenge was assessed by measuring shedding virus, transmission to naive animals, and seroconversion. RESULTS Homologous vaccination reduced the incidence of infection and delayed transmission. Pre-infection with virus induced sterilizing immunity to homologous challenge. One prior infection with seasonal influenza A virus improved clearance of A(H1N1)pdm virus. Prior infection with A(H1N1)pdm virus reduced shedding after seasonal influenza A challenge. Two infections with seasonal influenza A viruses reduced the incidence of infection, the amount and duration of virus shedding, and the frequency of transmission following A(H1N1)pdm challenge. CONCLUSION These data suggest the reduced incidence and severity of infection with A(H1N1)pdm virus in the adult population during the 2009-2010 influenza season may be a result of previous exposure to seasonal influenza A viruses.
Proteomic Response of Bacillus subtilis to Lantibiotics Reflects Differences in Interaction with the Cytoplasmic Membrane

ABSTRACT Mersacidin, gallidermin, and nisin are lantibiotics, antimicrobial peptides containing lanthionine. They show potent antibacterial activity. All three interfere with cell wall biosynthesis by binding lipid II, but they display different levels of interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane. On one end of the spectrum, mersacidin interferes with cell wall biosynthesis by binding lipid II without integrating into bacterial membranes. On the other end of the spectrum, nisin readily integrates into membranes, where it forms large pores. It destroys the membrane potential and causes leakage of nutrients and ions. Gallidermin, in an intermediate position, also readily integrates into membranes. However, pore formation occurs only in some bacteria and depends on membrane composition. In this study, we investigated the impact of nisin, gallidermin, and mersacidin on cell wall integrity, membrane pore formation, and membrane depolarization in Bacillus subtilis. The impact of the lantibiotics on the cell envelope was correlated to the proteomic response they elicit in B. subtilis. By drawing on a proteomic response library, including other envelope-targeting antibiotics such as bacitracin, vancomycin, gramicidin S, or valinomycin, YtrE could be identified as the most reliable marker protein for interfering with membrane-bound steps of cell wall biosynthesis. NadE and PspA were identified as markers for antibiotics interacting with the cytoplasmic membrane.
Geology of the Victoria quadrangle (H02), Mercury

ABSTRACT Mercury’s quadrangle H02 ‘Victoria’ is located in the planet’s northern hemisphere and lies between latitudes 22.5° N and 65° N, and between longitudes 270° E and 360° E. This quadrangle covers 6.5% of the planet’s surface with a total area of almost 5 million km2. Our 1:3,000,000-scale geologic map of the quadrangle was produced by photo-interpretation of remotely sensed orbital images captured by the MESSENGER spacecraft. Geologic contacts were drawn between 1:300,000 and 1:600,000 mapping scale and constitute the boundaries of intercrater, intermediate and smooth plains units; in addition, three morpho-stratigraphic classes of craters larger than 20 km were mapped. The geologic map reveals that this area is dominated by Intercrater Plains encompassing some almost-coeval, probably younger, Intermediate Plains patches and interrupted to the north-west, north-east and east by the Calorian Northern Smooth Plains. This map represents the first complete geologic survey of the Victoria quadrangle at this scale, and an improvement of the existing 1:5,000,000 Mariner 10-based map, which covers only 36% of the quadrangle.
Performance enhancement of coaxial feed microstrip patch antenna using left-handed material and PBG circular holes

The conventional microstrip patch antenna has low gain and low directivity. This paper presents coaxial feed rectangular microstrip patch antenna with left-handed material (LHM) and photonic bandgap (PBG) circular holes. The left-handed material has a new unit cell structure which is a double split rectangular ring resonator. It has effective negative parameters in the frequency of 6.9GHZ. By using both techniques of left-handed material and PBG circular holes, the performance of the antenna have been improved obviously. The simulation results and measurement data verified the proposed patch antenna.
Common Identity and the Voluntary Provision of Public Goods: An Experimental Investigation

We conduct a framed field experiment in two Dallas neighborhoods to examine how common identity affects individual contributions to local public goods. The participants’ common identity is primed to make neighborhood membership salient before individuals make donations to local non-profit organizations. We find that the identity treatment is sensitive to community context. It decreases the likelihood of giving in the struggling, poor neighborhood, but its impact is positive, albeit statistically insignificant, in the low- to middle-income neighborhood. In addition, the identity treatment triggers participants’ perceptions or memories of experiences with their communities which in turn lead to the treatment differences across the two communities. Our findings reveal the limitations on the power of common group identity in influencing individual economic decision making, which has been largely overlooked in the literature.