Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the sizes of stellar X-ray coronae

Spatial information from stellar X-ray coronae cannot be assessed directly, but scaling laws from the solar corona make it possible to estimate sizes of stellar coronae from the physical parameters temperature and density. While coronal plasma temperatures have long been available, we concentrate on the newly available density measurements from line fluxes of X-ray lines measured for a large sample of stellar coronae with the Chandra and XMM-Newton gratings. We compiled a set of 64 grating spectra of 42 stellar coronae. Line counts of strong H-like and He-like ions and Fe  lines were measured with the CORA single-purpose line fitting tool by Ness & Wichmann (2002). Densities are estimated from He-like f /i flux ratios of O  and Ne  representing the cooler (1-6 MK) plasma components. The densities scatter between logne ≈ 9.5−11 from the O  triplet and between logne ≈ 10.5−12 from the Ne  triplet, but we caution that the latter triplet may be biased by contamination from Fe  and Fe  lines. We find that low-activity stars (as parameterized by the characteristic temperature derived from H- and He-like line flux ratios) tend to show densities derived from O  of no more than a few times 10 10 cm −3 , whereas no definitive trend is found for the more active stars. Investigating the densities of the hotter plasma with various Fe  line ratios, we found that none of the spectra consistently indicates the presence of very high densities. We argue that our measurements are compatible with the low-density limit for the respective ratios (≈5 × 10 12 cm −3 ). These upper limits are in line with constant pressure in the emitting active regions. We focus on the commonly used Rosner et al. (1978) scaling law to derive loop lengths from temperatures and densities assuming loop-like structures as identical building blocks. We derive the emitting volumes from direct measurements of ion- specific emission measures and densities. Available volumes are calculated from the loop-lengths and stellar radii, and are compared with the emitting volumes to infer filling factors. For all stages of activity we find similar filling factors up to 0.1.
Accuracy, confidence and consistency in repeated recall of events

Abstract In legal practice, both confidence and consistency of the testimony of eyewitnesses are often used as indicators for accuracy, but their usefulness has been questioned. The present study was designed to determine the relationship between accuracy, confidence and consistency in episodic memory. After viewing a video of a complex series of events, one group of participants was given an initial cued recall test after one week, and repeated recall tests after three and five weeks. A second group of participants was tested after three and five weeks, and a third group was tested only once after five weeks. Accuracy and confidence (at least for incorrect answers) decreased with longer initial retention intervals, but there was no decrease in either accuracy or confidence when recall was repeated. Repeated testing also did not lead to confidence inflation. Correlations between accuracy, confidence and consistency varied from medium to large. Inconsistencies were mainly caused by forgetting and reminiscence. These inconsistencies were recalled almost as accurately as consistently recalled information.
Phylogenetic diversity anomaly in angiosperms between eastern Asia and eastern North America

Significance Phylogenetic diversity is a measure of biodiversity that incorporates both the number of species and their evolutionary histories. Comparisons of biodiversity between regions that are currently ecologically similar but support different numbers of species are informed by considering differences in their geographic and evolutionary histories. Here we analyze diversity in numerous floras distributed across eastern Asia and eastern North America, and find that phylogenetic diversity in eastern Asia substantially exceeds that in eastern North America when controlling statistically for climate and species richness. This difference parallels the more complex history and geography of the Asian continent. Although eastern Asia (EAS) and eastern North America (ENA) have similar climates, plant species richness in EAS greatly exceeds that in ENA. The degree to which this diversity difference reflects the ages of the floras or their rates of evolutionary diversification has not been quantified. Measures of species diversity that do not incorporate the ages of lineages disregard the evolutionary distinctiveness of species. In contrast, phylogenetic diversity integrates both the number of species and their history of evolutionary diversification. Here we compared species diversity and phylogenetic diversity in a large number of flowering plant (angiosperm) floras distributed across EAS and ENA, two regions with similar contemporary environments and broadly shared floristic history. After accounting for climate and sample area, we found both species diversity and phylogenetic diversity to be significantly higher in EAS than in ENA. When we controlled the number of species statistically, we found that phylogenetic diversity remained substantially higher in EAS than in ENA, although it tended to converge at high latitude. This pattern held independently for herbs, shrubs, and trees. The anomaly in species and phylogenetic diversity likely resulted from differences in regional processes, related in part to high climatic and topographic heterogeneity, and a strong monsoon climate, in EAS. The broad connection between tropical and temperate floras in southern Asia also might have played a role in creating the phylogenetic diversity anomaly.
Optimal distinctiveness and adolescent music appreciation: Development of music- and image-related typicality scales

The present research examines adolescents’ appreciation of popular music and musicians against the background of the Optimal Distinctiveness Theory (ODT; Brewer, 1991). Within the framework of ODT, adolescents should favour music which maintains a balance between feelings of inclusion and distinctiveness (Abrams, 2009). Our research contributes to ODT by developing a diagnostic instrument, focusing on both the music and image, in order to measure objectively the degree of typicality. We hypothesized typicality is an essential factor which indicates an optimal level of distinctiveness of musical and personal style and thus predicts music appreciation in terms of a social identity. In the studies, adolescent participants evaluated different songs and images from actual popular music. Based on the methods of Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT), we identified 11 items to determine the typicality of music stimuli and 5 items to determine the typicality of musicians’ images. The results show that typicality is a reliable predictor of optimal distinctiveness and adolescent music appreciation (p < .01). Finally, we discuss additional experimental use of these scales and implications for research in the context of adolescents’ musical identities.
Contemporary carbon balance and late Holocene carbon accumulation in a northern peatland

Northern peatlands contain up to 25% of the world's soil carbon (C) and have an estimated annual exchange of CO2‐C with the atmosphere of 0.1–0.5 Pg yr−1 and of CH4‐C of 10–25 Tg yr−1. Despite this overall importance to the global C cycle, there have been few, if any, complete multiyear annual C balances for these ecosystems. We report a 6‐year balance computed from continuous net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), regular instantaneous measurements of methane (CH4) emissions, and export of dissolved organic C (DOC) from a northern ombrotrophic bog. From these observations, we have constructed complete seasonal and annual C balances, examined their seasonal and interannual variability, and compared the mean 6‐year contemporary C exchange with the apparent C accumulation for the last 3000 years obtained from C density and age‐depth profiles from two peat cores. The 6‐year mean NEE‐C and CH4‐C exchange, and net DOC loss are −40.2±40.5 (±1 SD), 3.7±0.5, and 14.9±3.1 g m−2 yr−1, giving a 6‐year mean balance of −21.5±39.0 g m−2 yr−1 (where positive exchange is a loss of C from the ecosystem). NEE had the largest magnitude and variability of the components of the C balance, but DOC and CH4 had similar proportional variabilities and their inclusion is essential to resolve the C balance. There are large interseasonal and interannual ranges to the exchanges due to variations in climatic conditions. We estimate from the largest and smallest seasonal exchanges, quasi‐maximum limits of the annual C balance between 50 and −105 g m−2 yr−1. The net C accumulation rate obtained from the two peatland cores for the interval 400–3000 bp (samples from the anoxic layer only) were 21.9±2.8 and 14.0±37.6 g m−2 yr−1, which are not significantly different from the 6‐year mean contemporary exchange.
Unspeakable Inequalities: Post Feminism, Entrepreneurial Subjectivity, and the Repudiation of Sexism among Cultural Workers

Work in the cultural and creative fields is marked by stark and growing inequalities relating to gender, class, and race/ethnicity. Yet, the same industries are also characterised by an ethos that celebrates openness, egalitarianism, and meritocracy. This paper explores this paradox, focusing in particular on gender inequalities. It argues that there is a need to move beyond the standard conventional explanations for women’s under-representation within the creative workforce, which point to female childbearing and childcare as central. Whilst not disputing the significance of motherhood to women’s career trajectories, the paper suggests that the repeated focus on maternity is problematic and may close down other areas of potential investigation and critique. The paper suggests that three alternative foci would repay attention in understanding inequalities in the CCI. First, the new, mobile, subtle, and revitalised forms of sexism in circulation urgently require further examination. Secondly, the power of the dominant post feminist sensibility which, in suggesting that “all the battles have been won,” renders inequality increasingly difficult to voice or speak about, demands critique. Thirdly, the new forms of labouring subjectivity required to survive in the field of cultural work may themselves be contributing to the inequalities in the field, by favouring an entrepreneurial individualistic mode that disavows structural power relations. These three aspects of life in the field of cultural work merit further attention and suggest that gender inequality has a variety of different causes, not all located in women’s childbearing abilities. Moreover, the paper argues that the very myth of egalitarianism at work in the CCI may itself be a key mechanism through which inequality is reproduced.
Method and measurement in sociology

Cicourel's 'Method and Measurement in Sociology' was published nearly 52 years ago. It became one of the most influential social science methodology books of the late 20th and early 21st centuries and for many, one of the more controversial. Drawing on a symposium published in 'The International Journal of Social Research Methodology' (19:1, 2016), this keynote session is please to present Cicourel in conversation with a group of noted methodologists about the continuing challenges and relevance of his arguments.
Cultural Identity and Dynamic Construction of the Self: Collective Duties and Individual Rights in Chinese and American Cultures

Abstract Previous studies have contrasted the self-conceptions of Chinese people and those of North Americans using the Twenty Statements Test (TST). Guided by the dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition, the present study examined the effects of cultural identity activation on Chinese and North Americans' spontaneous self-concepts. Specifically, we manipulated the salience of individual self (“I”), collective self (“we”), and cultural identity (being Americans or being Chinese). We predicted that Chinese people, believing in a relatively fixed social world, would be more likely than Americans to focus on collective duties when their cultural identity is evoked. In contrast, North Americans, believing in a relatively malleable social world, would be more likely than Chinese to focus on individual rights when their cultural identity is made salient. In Experiment 1, we compared the spontaneous self-concepts of Hong Kong Chinese and North American participants and found supportive evidence .
Encouraging energy conservation in office environments through group feedback and individual comparison feedback

Sustainable behavior is fundamentally a group phenomenon. This implication is essential, especially, because the impact of a single individual is rather small, and a true change depends on the aggregate actions of a significant amount of people. Therefore, energy conservation is determined by the joint performance of a group of individuals. Furthermore, the sustainable behavior of an individual is interdependent with the interactions and relations to other subjects and an effective change may be influenced by each others actions. The current demands require innovative forms to motivate and to effectively engage people into a behavioral change. Previous research showed that providing feedback about the energy consumption of specific behaviors made individuals to reduce their energy waste. Additionally, the literature suggested that providing rewards, information, and different types of feedback individual feedback and comparative feedbackhad an effect on the energy consumption levels of similar sets of households. However, it is not clear if providing comparative feedback to individuals might be helpful for promoting energy conservation. In a previous study, Midden, Ham and Kleppe (2011) tested the effectiveness of two kinds of feedback group feedback and individual comparison feedback. Their results revealed that group feedback was more effective in a collectivist culture (Japan) and, individual comparison had a positive effect in an individualistic culture (The Netherlands). However, in the study of Midden et al. (2011), participants were arranged through small group paradigm and they had to make decisions through brief interactions. A question that raises in the current study is whether the same effect would be present in settings where individuals might have stronger interdependencies, since they have to interact with other individuals on a daily basis through longer periods of time. The current thesis approaches energy conservation as a group phenomenon and it extends the work from the previous study of Midden et al. (2011) into a field experiment. During the field experiment, the electrical consumption of 72 doctorate students was continuously recorded for 5 weeks. The individuals were assigned in groups and those groups were divided into the two experimental conditions individual comparison feedback and group feedbackand a control condition. The evaluation of the feedback strategies was done by measuring the individual power consumption of each participant. The current work makes a bridge between the topic of persuasive technology and its application to the real world by implementing a behavioral intervention in a group of offices in the Potentiaal building of the Electrical Engineering Department. This project was done in collaboration with the HTI department and the ACTLab (Activity and Context recognition Technologies) from the Electrical Engineering Department, and it was funded by the GreenerBuildings European project.
Universality Versus Cultural Specificity of Three Emotion Domains

Previous research on culture and emotion questioned whether emotions are universal or culture-specific. However, as it has become clear that emotions have both universal and culture-specific features, recent research has focused on distinguishing the aspects of emotions that are more universal from those that are more culture-specific. We tested the extent to which the three emotion domains in the cascading model of emotional intelligence (emotion perception, emotion understanding, and emotion regulation) are universal versus culture-specific. In the first study, data from China, the United States, Japan, India, and Argentina provided support for our hypotheses that emotion perception is the more universal domain of emotional intelligence, and emotion understanding and emotion regulation are more culture-specific domains. In the second study, the findings were replicated using a larger sample from China and the United States, and we explored specific cultural differences in emotion understanding and emotion regulation. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Programa de educação em síndromes genéticas: avaliação motivacional de um material educacional on line

Purpose: to evaluate the motivational aspects of an material e-learning known as Cybertutor on genetic syndromes for elementary school students.Methods: 21 students of the 9 th grade in the city of Bauru participated in the study. After 30 days of access Cybertutor, was used a Web Site Motivational Analysis Checklist adapted (FPM) to assess motivational aspects of this tool. The questionnaire is composed of 32 statements grouped into four domains: stimulating, meaningful, organized and easy-to-use.Results: all participants evaluated positively material e-learning developed, considering it as “impressive. ” The Friedman Test found statistically significant differences between the domains, with p = 0.002239. The comparison between the individual domains, shows significant results in the scoring area organized.Conclusion: Cybertutor on genetic syndromes developed received high motivational satisfaction. Thus, we conclude that this material e-learning can be used as a strategy of health education on this theme.
RAR&ggr; is essential for retinoic acid induced chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation in embryonic stem cells

Summary We have utilized retinoic acid receptor &ggr; (gamma) knockout (RAR&ggr;−/−) embryonic stem (ES) cells as a model system to analyze RAR&ggr; mediated transcriptional regulation of stem cell differentiation. Most of the transcripts regulated by all-trans retinoic acid (RA) in ES cells are dependent upon functional RAR&ggr; signaling. Notably, many of these RA–RAR&ggr; target genes are implicated in retinoid uptake and metabolism. For instance, Lrat (lecithin:retinol acyltransferase), Stra6 (stimulated by retinoic acid 6), Crabp2 (cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2), and Cyp26a1 (cytochrome p450 26a1) transcripts are induced in wild type (WT), but not in RAR&ggr;−/− cells. Transcripts for the transcription factors Pbx1 (pre-B cell leukemia homeobox-1), Wt1 (Wilm's tumor gene-1), and Meis1 (myeloid ecotropic viral integration site-1) increase upon RA treatment of WT, but not RAR&ggr;−/− cells. In contrast, Stra8, Dleu7, Leftb, Pitx2, and Cdx1 mRNAs are induced by RA even in the absence of RAR&ggr;. Mapping of the epigenetic signature of Meis1 revealed that RA induces a rapid increase in the H3K9/K14ac epigenetic mark at the proximal promoter and at two sites downstream of the transcription start site in WT, but not in RAR&ggr;−/− cells. Thus, RA-associated increases in H3K9/K14ac epigenetic marks require RAR&ggr; and are associated with increased Meis1 transcript levels, whereas H3K4me3 is present at the Meis1 proximal promoter even in the absence of RAR&ggr;. In contrast, at the Lrat proximal promoter primarily the H3K4me3 mark, and not the H3K9/K14ac mark, increases in response to RA, independently of the presence of RAR&ggr;. Our data show major epigenetic changes associated with addition of the RAR&ggr; agonist RA in ES cells.
Effects of Employee Ownership on Employee Attitudes

Research on the effects of employee ownership on employee attitudes has yielded differing results. One reason is the use of alternative theoretical perspectives to guide research efforts. Three theoretical perspectives have been identified in previous research: the Intrinsic Satisfaction model, the Instrumental Satisfaction model, and the Extrinsic Satisfaction model. These three perspectives were compared in a study of employees in an employee-owned company. Results indicated the greatest support for the Instrumental Satisfaction perspective, in which ownership affects employee attitudes primarily through providing greater perceived influence and control. Additional support was found for the Extrinsic Satisfaction perspective, with employee attitudes affected by the financial value of ownership. No support was found for the Intrinsic Satisfaction perspective.
JUMPING ON SHADOWS: CATCHING THE UNCONSCIOUS IN THE CLASSROOM

This article discusses case material from a psychoanalytically informed ethnographic research project where the author had a dual role as a teaching practitioner and researcher in an infant school. It suggests that practitioner researchers can deepen a concern with reflexivity in the research process by transferring elements of the practice of the psychoanalytic clinician — specifically, attention to ‘counter‐transference’ — to their research practice. The article reviews the concept of counter‐transference. It suggests that working out the difference between transference and counter‐transference may be connected unconsciously to working out the distinctions between ego and superego. The article then goes on to provide an illustration of the way in which the author attempted to use her own counter‐transference to inform her research into young children's learning, specifically in relation to her experience of being a teacher. The discussion connects this to the teacher's transferential place as a parental and ‘superego’ figure for pupils. Observational extracts are drawn from the case study of ‘Lutfa’, a Bengali girl placed at the lower end of the ability group range. The article concludes by suggesting that attention to counter‐transference dynamics as a form of reflexivity can provide the practitioner‐researcher with valuable information about the research subjects and about dynamics in the setting, particularly the participants' relationships to ‘superego’ figures.
The Association between the Perceived Coach-Athlete Relationship and Athletes' Basic Psychological Needs

In this study we investigated the association between the perceived coach–athlete relationship and athletes’ 3 basic psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Participants were 328 Korean collegiate athletes from various sports. The study results showed that, overall, the perceived coach–athlete relationship was related to the athletes’ basic psychological needs. Specifically, commitment and closeness were significantly correlated with competence and autonomy, whereas complementarity was significantly correlated with competence and relatedness.
of T Cells Positive Selection and Lineage Commitment The Quantity of TCR Signal Determines

It is generally accepted that the avidity of TCR for self Ag/MHC determines the fate of immature thymocytes. However, the contribution of the quantity of TCR signal to T cell selection has not been well established, particularly in vivo. To address this issue, we analyzed DO-TCR transgenic CD3 z -deﬁcient (DO-Tg/ z KO) mice in which T cells have a reduced TCR on the cell surface. In DO-Tg/ z KO mice, very few CD4 single positive (SP) thymocytes developed, indicating that the decrease in TCR signaling resulted in a failure of positive selection of DO-Tg thymocytes. Administration of the peptide Ag to DO-Tg/ z KO mice resulted in the generation of functional CD4 SP mature thymocytes in a dose-dependent manner, and, unexpectedly, DO-Tg CD8 SP cells emerged at lower doses of Ag. TCR signal-dependent, sequential commitment from CD8 1 SP to CD4 1 SP was also shown in a class I-restricted TCR-Tg system. These in vivo analyses demonstrate that the quantity of TCR signal directly determines positive and negative selection, and further suggest that weak signal directs positively selected T cells to CD8 lineage and stronger signal to CD4 lineage. The Journal of Immunology, 2000, 165: 6252–6261.