Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 2.5 n-lower bound on the combinational complexity of Boolean functions

Consider the combinational complexity L(f) of Boolean functions over the basis Ω = {f¦ f:{0,1}2 → {0,1}}. A new Method for proving linear lower bounds of size 2n is presented. Combining it with methods presented in [12] and [15], we establish for a special sequence of functions fn:{0,1}n → {0,1}: 2.5n ≤ L(f) &le 6n. Also a trade-off result between circuit complexity and formula size is derived.
Process Pharmacology: A Pharmacological Data Science Approach to Drug Development and Therapy

A novel functional‐genomics based concept of pharmacology that uses artificial intelligence techniques for mining and knowledge discovery in “big data” providing comprehensive information about the drugs’ targets and their functional genomics is proposed. In “process pharmacology”, drugs are associated with biological processes. This puts the disease, regarded as alterations in the activity in one or several cellular processes, in the focus of drug therapy. In this setting, the molecular drug targets are merely intermediates. The identification of drugs for therapeutic or repurposing is based on similarities in the high‐dimensional space of the biological processes that a drug influences. Applying this principle to data associated with lymphoblastic leukemia identified a short list of candidate drugs, including one that was recently proposed as novel rescue medication for lymphocytic leukemia. The pharmacological data science approach provides successful selections of drug candidates within development and repurposing tasks.
Towards Open Domain Event Extraction from Twitter: REVEALing Entity Relations

In the past years social media services received content contributions from millions of users, making them a fruitful source for data analysis. In this paper we present a novel approach for mining Twitter data in order to extract factual information concerning trending events. Our approach is based on relation extraction between named entities, such as people, organizations and locations. The experiments and the obtained results suggest that relation extraction can help in extracting events in social media, when combined with pre and post-processing steps.
Recovery of decomposition and soil microarthropod communities in a clearcut watershed in the Southern Appalachians

The recovery of ecosystems after disturbance remains a productive theme for ecological research (Holling 1973; DeAngelis 1992; Pimm 1984; Lindenmayer et al. 2004). Numerous studies have focused either on the reestablishment of biological communities (e.g., Elliott and Swank 1994; Niemela 1997; Kotanen 2004) or on the recovery of ecosystem processes after perturbations (Covington 1981; Mann et al. 1988; Elliott and Swank 1994; Likens and Bormann 1995; Knoepp and Swank 1997; Quails et al. 2000; Elliott et al. 2002). In the case of decomposer organisms and the processes of organic matter decay and the mineralization of nutrients, the recovery of the biota and ecosystem process can be usefully considered together. To what degree must the organismal community recover before associated processes are restored to predisturbance levels? The question is an important one, especially in the context of ecosystem restoration, where emphasis is often placed on measuring the elements of ecosystem structure (expressed often as mean species composition) or the levels or rates of a key ecosystem function, but rarely on both simultaneously (Ehrenfeld and Toth 1997). Restoration ecology, in practice, has largely been a botanical science (Young 2000), and success is often measured by an evaluation of the recovery of a target plant community over one or two subsequent seasons; data investigating the long-term community viability is rarely documented. A clearer understanding of the link between the community and ecosystem processes needed for resilient communities may lead to and justify greater attention in restoration
Profiles of Perfectionism and School Anxiety: A Review of the 2 × 2 Model of Dispositional Perfectionism in Child Population

The 2 × 2 model of dispositional perfectionism has been very well received by researchers of the topic, leading to the creation of new studies that have analyzed the way in which the four proposed subtypes are distinctly associated with measures of adaptation and maladjustment. The goal of this study was to determine the possible existence of four profiles of child perfectionism that are congruent with the subtypes proposed by the 2 × 2 model, and whether these subtypes are associated with school anxiety, in accordance with the hypotheses established by the model. The sample was composed of 2157 students from Spanish Primary Education aged between 8 and 11 years (M = 9.60, SD = 1.24). The Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale was used to assess Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Self-Oriented Perfectionism, and the School Anxiety Inventory for Primary Education was used to measure school anxiety. The results of cluster analysis identified four differential groups of perfectionists similar to the subtypes defined by the 2 × 2 model: Non-Perfectionism, Pure Personal Standards Perfectionism (Pure PSP), Pure Evaluative Concerns Perfectionism (Pure ECP), and Mixed Perfectionism. The four groups presented a differentiable pattern of association with school anxiety, with the exception of Pure PSP and Pure ECP, which showed no significant differences. Participants classified as Non-perfectionists presented the most adaptive outcomes, whereas subjects included in the Mixed Perfectionism group scored significantly higher on school anxiety than the three remaining groups. To conclude, the results partially supported the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model, questioning the consideration of Self-Oriented Perfectionism as a positive manifestation of perfectionism and showing that it is the combination of high scores in both perfectionist dimensions, Self-Oriented Perfectionism and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism that implies higher levels of school anxiety. These findings should be taken into account when generalizing the 2 × 2 model to child population.
Innovation Complementarity and Scale of Production

This Paper is an empirical study on the existence of complementarity between product and process innovation. We present an econometrically feasible model that uses the information contained in the innovation profile of each firm to test for the existence of complementarity among production and innovation strategies. We apply the model to analyse the Spanish ceramic tiles industry where the adoption of the single firing furnace in the 1980s facilitated the introduction of new product designs as well as to opening new ways of organizing production. Our econometric results show that there is significant complementarity between product and process innovation. We are able to separate the nature of complementarity relationships and thus, our results show that both intrinsic – technologically driven – and induced complementarity – due to firms unobserved heterogeneity – are significant. Small firms tend to be more innovative overall.
Aid, Policy and Peace: Reducing the Risks of Civil Conflict

This note, summarizing recent research by Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the effects of economic policy and aid on the risks of conflict. It finds that aid and policy do not have direct effects on conflict risk. However, both directly affect growth and dependence on primary commodity exports, and these in turn affect conflict risk. Simulating the effect of a package of policy reform and increased aid on the average aid recipient country, it finds that if sustained for five years the risk of conflict is reduced by nearly 30%.
Human CD56+ Cytotoxic Lung Lymphocytes Kill Autologous Lung Cells in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

CD56+ natural killer (NK) and CD56+ T cells, from sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage of subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more cytotoxic to highly susceptible NK targets than those from control subjects. Whether the same is true in lung parenchyma, and if NK activity actually contributes to emphysema progression are unknown. To address these questions, we performed two types of experiments on lung tissue from clinically-indicated resections (n = 60). First, we used flow cytometry on fresh single-cell suspension to measure expression of cell-surface molecules (CD56, CD16, CD8, NKG2D and NKp44) on lung lymphocytes and of the 6D4 epitope common to MICA and MICB on lung epithelial (CD326+) cells. Second, we sequentially isolated CD56+, CD8+ and CD4+ lung lymphocytes, co-cultured each with autologous lung target cells, then determined apoptosis of individual target cells using Annexin-V and 7-AAD staining. Lung NK cells (CD56+ CD3−) and CD56+ T cells (CD56+ CD3+) were present in a range of frequencies that did not differ significantly between smokers without COPD and subjects with COPD. Lung NK cells had a predominantly “cytotoxic” CD56+ CD16+ phenotype; their co-expression of CD8 was common, but the percentage expressing CD8 fell as FEV1 % predicted decreased. Greater expression by autologous lung epithelial cells of the NKG2D ligands, MICA/MICB, but not expression by lung CD56+ cells of the activating receptor NKG2D, correlated inversely with FEV1 % predicted. Lung CD56+ lymphocytes, but not CD4+ or CD8+ conventional lung T cells, rapidly killed autologous lung cells without additional stimulation. Such natural cytotoxicity was increased in subjects with severe COPD and was unexplained in multiple regression analysis by age or cancer as indication for surgery. These data show that as spirometry worsens in COPD, CD56+ lung lymphocytes exhibit spontaneous cytotoxicity of autologous structural lung cells, supporting their potential role in emphysema progression. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00281229
An Analytical Study of Mammalian Bite Wounds Requiring Inpatient Management

Background Mammalian bite injuries create a public health problem because of their frequency, potential severity, and increasing number. Some researchers have performed fragmentary analyses of bite wounds caused by certain mammalian species. However, little practical information is available concerning serious mammalian bite wounds that require hospitalization and intensive wound management. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform a general review of serious mammalian bite wounds. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the medical charts of 68 patients who were referred to our plastic surgery department for the treatment of bite wounds between January 2003 and October 2012. The cases were analyzed according to the species, patient demographics, environmental factors, injury characteristics, and clinical course. Results Among the 68 cases of mammalian bite injury, 58 (85%) were caused by dogs, 8 by humans, and 2 by cats. Most of those bitten by a human and both of those bitten by cats were male. Only one-third of all the patients were children or adolescents. The most frequent site of injury was the face, with 40 cases, followed by the hand, with 16 cases. Of the 68 patients, 7 were treated with secondary intention healing. Sixty-one patients underwent delayed procedures, including delayed direct closure, skin graft, composite graft, and local flap. Conclusions Based on overall findings from our review of the 68 cases of mammalian bites, we suggest practical guidelines for the management of mammalian bite injuries, which could be useful in the treatment of serious mammalian bite wounds.
Bioactive Metabolites Produced by Penicillium sp.1 and sp.2, Two Endophytes Associated with Alibertia macrophylla (Rubiaceae)

In the course of our continuous search for bioactive metabolites from endophytic fungi living in plants from the Brazilian fl ora, leaves of Alibertia macrophylla (Rubiaceae) were submitted to isolation of endophytes, and two species of Penicillium were isolated. The acetonitrile fraction obtained in corn from a culture of Penicillium sp.1 afforded orcinol (1). On the other hand, Penicillium sp.1 cultivated in potato-dextrose-broth furnished two different compounds, cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val) (2) and uracil (3). The chromatographic fractionation of the acetonitrile fraction obtained from Penicillium sp.2 led to three dihydroisocoumarins, 4-hydroxymellein (4), 8-methoxymellein (5) and 5-hydroxymellein (6). Compounds 5 and 6 were obtained from the Penicillium genus for the fi rst time. Additionally, metabolites 1 - 6 were evaluated for their antifungal and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. The most active compounds 1 and 4 exhibited detection limits of 5.00 and 10.0 μg against Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum, respectively. Compound 2 showed a detection limit of 10.0 μg, displaying potent AChE inhibitory activity.
Parental Leave in Sweden: The Effects of the Second Daddy Month

In 2002 the number of months reserved for fathers in the Swedish parental leave system increased from one to two. This coincided with an increase of total time of parental leave from 12 to 13 months. The results are obtained using a natural experiment approach, comparing the behavior of parents to children born immediately before and after the reform. Both fathers and mothers increased their use of parental leave after the reform. The increase for fathers was caused by a shift of fathers using about one month of parental leave to about two months. The increase was smaller than after the introduction of the first daddy month. From this we can conclude that fixed costs for taking parental leave are not important for fathers and that the marginal utility of parental leave is not increasing in total parental leave.
International Trade and Firms' Heterogeneity under Monopolistic Competition

This article studies the interactions between international trade and firms' heterogeneity by proposing a tractable model consistent with the stylised facts. The model describes, in a general equilibrium framework, two economies producing and trading two goods, one homogeneous and the other differentiated. In the differentiated-good sector, firms are heterogeneous by their marginal cost, in a context of monopolistic competition with free-entry and exit. They incur a fixed production cost, but also a fixed cost if they choose to export. We show that trade in differentiated goods increases industry-wide efficiency, through two different logics: one defensive and import-driven; the other offensive and export-driven.
Construction of professional identity in novice library media specialists

CONSTRUCTION OF PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY IN NOVICE LIBRARY MEDIA SPECIALISTS by Deborah W. Sandford The roles of the person who works in a school library, as well as their title librarian, teacher-librarian, library teacher, library media specialist, school librarian, library media teacher have undergone countless revisions since the first official school libraries opened their doors in the early 1900s. Although school library media specialists (LMSs) have struggled to negotiate their identities in public K12 education for decades, this “identity crisis” seems to have reached a critical point due to changes in U.S. learning environments brought about by federal legislation, the implementation of standards-based teaching, the emphasis on standardized criterion referenced testing, and the proliferation and ubiquitous use of computers and the Internet as information sources. Although teacher identity has been thoroughly studied, the ways in which LMSs describe themselves in their professional role and how their identities change from pre-service to in-service are rarely investigated. Using Holland, Lachicotte, Skinner, and Cain’s (1998) theory of identity and their concept of figured worlds as a framework, this study explores how four novice LMSs negotiated the identities made available to them in the figured worlds of their public K12 school environments. The following questions guided the study: 1. How do novice library media specialists describe their professional
Characterization of HIV-1 antiretroviral drug resistance after second-line treatment failure in Mali, a limited-resources setting.

OBJECTIVES We describe the outcomes of second-line drug resistance profiles and predict the efficacy of drugs for third-line therapy in patients monitored without the benefit of plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) or resistance testing. METHODS We recruited 106 HIV-1-infected patients after second-line treatment failure in Mali. VL was determined by the Abbott RealTime system and the resistance by the ViroSeq HIV-1 genotyping system. The resistance testing was interpreted using the latest version of the Stanford algorithm. RESULTS Among the 106 patients, 93 had isolates successfully sequenced. The median age, VL and CD4 cells were respectively 35 years, 72 000 copies/mL and 146 cells/mm(3). Patients were exposed to a median of 4 years of treatment and to six antiretrovirals. We found 20% of wild-type viruses. Resistance to etravirine was noted in 38%, to lopinavir in 25% and to darunavir in 12%. The duration of prior nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor exposure was associated with resistance to abacavir (P < 0.0001) and tenofovir (P = 0.0001), and duration of prior protease inhibitor treatment with resistance to lopinavir (P < 0.0001) and darunavir (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION Long duration of therapy prior to failure was associated with high levels of resistance and is directly related to limited access to VL monitoring and delayed switches to second-line treatment, precluding efficacy of drugs for third-line therapy. This study underlines the need for governments and public health organizations to recommend the use of VL monitoring and also the availability of darunavir and raltegravir for third-line therapies in the context of limited-resource settings.
Predictions of Speech Intelligibility with a Model of the Normal and Impaired Auditory-periphery

A fall-off in speech intelligibility at higher-than-normal presentation levels has been observed for listeners with and without hearing loss (Studebaker et al., 1999; Dubno et al., 2005; Molis and Summers, 2003; Shanks et al., 2002). Speech intelligibility predictors based on the acoustic signal properties, such as the articulation index and speech transmission index, cannot directly account for the effects of presentation level and hearing impairment. Recently, Elhilali et al. (2003) introduced the spectro-temporal modulation index (STMI), a speech intelligibility predictor based on a model of how the auditory cortex analyzes the joint spectro-temporal modulations present in speech. However, the auditory-periphery model used by Elhilali et al. is very simple and cannot describe many of the nonlinear, level-dependent properties of cochlear processing, nor the effect of hair cell impairment on this processing. In this study, we quantify the effects of speech presentation level and cochlear impairment on speech intelligibility using the STMI with a more physiologically-accurate model of the normal and impaired auditory periphery developed by Zilany and Bruce (2006). This model can accurately represent the auditory-nerve responses to a wide variety of stimuli across a range of characteristic frequencies and intensities spanning the dynamic range of hearing. In addition, outer and inner hair cell impairment can be incorporated. Compared to experimental word recognition scores, this model-based STMI can qualitatively predict the effect of presentation levels on speech intelligibility for both normal and impaired listeners in a wide variety of conditions
Harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) species distribution along three Neotropical elevational gradients: an alternative rescue effect to explain Rapoport's rule?

Aim Relationships between elevation and litter‐dweller harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) species richness along three elevational gradients in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest were evaluated. Specifically, three candidate explanatory factors for the observed patterns were tested: (1) the mid‐domain effect, (2) the Rapoport effect, and (3) the influence of environmental variables on species density and specimen abundance.
Developing internal crisis communication: New roles and practices of communication professionals

Purpose – The article has two major purposes. The first purpose is to examine the roles and practices of communication professionals in relation to internal aspects of crisis communication. The second is to suggest new roles and practices for communication professionals that will enable a strategic approach to internal crisis communication. This article is based on empirical material from a larger three-year research project that focuses on internal crisis communication at a university hospital (UH) in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach – This article is based on empirical material from a larger, three-year research project that focuses on internal crisis communication at a university hospital (UH). For the purpose of this article the authors have mainly analysed transcripts of 24 semi-structured interviews that lasted 1-1.5 hours each. The authors chose to interview both communication professionals and other key persons/crisis managers in order to have the role and practices of communication professiona.
Student and graduate migration and its effect on the financing of higher education

ABSTRACT In higher education systems that are partly tax funded, a country might not be willing to subsidize the education of international students who might leave after graduation. This paper analyzes how student migration affects governmental decisions regarding the private funding share of higher education for 22 OECD countries for the period of 2000–2011. Based on fixed effects estimations, we find a significant positive correlation. This result is robust to changes in the specification, including estimations for country groups and for an expanded lag structure. The use of an instrumental variable approach supports a causal interpretation.