Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Survey of ortho-H 2 D + (1 1,0 -1 1,1 ) in dense cloud cores

Aims. We present a survey of the ortho-H2D + (11,0−11,1) line toward a sample of 10 starless cores and 6 protostellar cores, carried out at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. The high diagnostic power of this line is revealed for the study of the chemistry, and the evolutionary and dynamical status of low-mass dense cores. Methods. The derived ortho-H2D + column densities (N(ortho-H2D + )) are compared with predictions from simple chemical models of centrally concentrated cloud cores. Results. The line is detected in 7 starless cores and in 4 protostellar cores. N(ortho-H2D + ) ranges between 2 and 40 × 10 12 cm −2 in starless cores and between 2 and 9 × 10 12 cm −2 in protostellar cores. The brightest lines are detected toward the densest and most centrally concentrated starless cores, where the CO depletion factor and the deuterium fractionation are also largest. The large scatter observed in plots of N(ortho-H2D + ) vs. the observed deuterium fractionation and vs. the CO depletion factor is likely to be due to variations in the ortho-to-para (o/p) ratio of H2D + from >0.5 for Tkin < 10 K gas in pre-stellar cores to � 0.03 (consistent with Tkin � 15 K for protostellar cores). The two Ophiuchus cores in our sample also require a relatively low o/p ratio (� 0.3). Other parameters, including the cosmic-ray ionization rate, the CO depletion factor (or, more in general, the depletion factor of neutral species), the volume density, the fraction of dust grains and PAHs also largely affect the ortho-H2D + abundance. In particular, gas temperatures above 15 K, low CO depletion factors and large abundance of negatively charged small dust grains or PAHs drastically reduce the deuterium fractionations to values inconsistent with those observed toward pre-stellar and protostellar cores. The most deuterated and H2D + -rich objects (L 429, L 1544, L 694-2 and L 183) are reproduced by chemical models of centrally concentrated (central densties � 10 6 cm −3 ) cores with chemical ages between 10 4 and 10 6 yr. Upper limits of the para-H3O + (1 − −2 + ) and para-D2H + (11,0−10,1) lines are also given. The upper limit to the para-H3O + fractional abundance is � 10 −8 and we find an upper limit to the para-D2H + /orthoH2D + column density ratio equal to 1, consistent with chemical model predictions of high density (2 × 10 6 cm −3 ) and low temperature (Tkin < 10 K) clouds. Conclusions. Our results point out the need for better determinations of temperature and density profiles in dense cores as well as for observations of para-H2D + .
Progress in the study of genetic disease: bringing new light to complex problems

Recent advances in genetic research have led to a dramatic increase in the number of genes found to be associated with the development of inherited human diseases. For many genetic disorders, increased knowledge has led to a better understanding of the underlying causes, allowing genetic diagnosis and preventive medicine, as well as the development of new therapies based on the molecular biology. For some people, these developments in genetic science have been disconcertingly rapid, as discoveries at the research laboratory bench move far ahead of our current understanding of the implications. However, like most advances in technology, most developments will eventually lead to welcome improvements in human health. In particular, it has been the rise in GWA studies that has provided important new developments in our understanding of human disease. Advances that have occurred only in the past 2 years have led to dramatic developments in our basic understanding of the pathobiology of many previously intractable complex diseases.1 2 Complex diseases are conditions in which multiple genetic variants combine with environmental factors to provide an increased likelihood of a particular disease developing. Each genetic variant makes a small contribution to the disease, but is not sufficient by itself to cause the disease. Genetic variants may interact with other variants and also with environmental factors, such as diet, smoking, hormones, exposure to pollution and other lifestyle factors, often making it difficult to understand which are the most important. Although complex diseases can be overwhelmingly challenging to study, they may prove to be the most important genetic diseases to investigate, as they are the most common causes of death in humans. The development of GWA studies is the result of advances in genomic technology that have arisen from the Human Genome Project. The increase in our understanding of the presence in …
Decoding the androgen receptor splice variants

In the past five years, multiple structurally and functionally distinct androgen receptor (AR) splice variants have been decoded and characterized. The mature transcripts for the majority of the fully decoded AR splice variants contain a transcribed “intronic” sequence, capable of encoding a short variant-specific peptide to replace the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD). Functionally, AR splice variants represent a diverse group of molecules often demonstrating cell context-specific genomic functions that may or may not be coupled with the functions of the canonical full-length AR (AR-FL). However, the full spectrum of their functional diversity and the underlying mechanistic basis remains very poorly characterized. In clinical specimens derived from men treated with a variety of hormone therapy regimens, AR splice variants are almost always expressed at detectable, yet lower levels when compared to that of AR-FL. In spite of the collective in vitro data supporting the putative role of AR splice variants in therapeutic resistance to hormone therapies, the extent to which AR splice variants mediate resistance to each individual regimen is not known and awaits thorough investigations in a clinically relevant setting using specimens from men undergoing treatments. Among the AR splice variants, AR-V7 is more abundantly and frequently expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and remains the most important variant identified so far. The relative importance of different AR molecules, including AR-FL, should be functionally dissected in the setting of castration-resistant prostate cancer, particularly in tumors resistant to more potent inhibitors of AR-FL recently approved by the FDA. In this review, we will focus on the discovery and characterization of AR splice variants, their putative functions and roles in mediating constitutively active AR signaling, and key areas of investigation that are necessary to establish their clinical relevance.
Nature as ‘Abject’, Critical Psychology, and ‘Revolt’: The Pertinence of Kristeva

Today nature is put under tremendous pressure through human, including technological, activities — so much so that some haveraised the question of nature's (and all living creatures') survival. It seems as if the world is on a slippery slope, sliding towards its own destruction. Even critical thought and practice seem powerless to affect those in power, whose leadership seems: to bear decisively on whether the current situation can be improved or not. This tends to induce pessimism. On the other hand, Heidegger's philosophy of technology, and especially Kristeva's psychoanalytical thought, inspire hope that, whatever the odds may be against such a possibility, at least it is conceivable that humankind may resurrect the culture of ‘revolt’. This could recuperate nature from the periphery of human concerns where it has, arguably for a considerable time, occupied the non-position of what Kristeva calls the ‘abject’, and restore it to the formerly revered realm that has engendered (and still does) the emergence of all life on earth. A critical psychology that situates individual subjects in the encompassing context, not merely of technophiliac society but of a society crucially dependent on nature, can contribute substantially to nature-sensitive social practices.
The Effects of a Probation Intervention on Juvenile Offenders' Self-Concepts, Loci of Control, and Perceptions of Juvenile Justice

This article examines the impact of job preparation, short-term outdoor adventure, and family relationships programming on juvenile probationers' self-concepts, loci of control (internal versus external), and perceptions of juvenile justice. Traditional probation services constitute the standard for comparison. After establishing the rationale for selection of the three dependent variables and describing how the intervention addressed these variables, the authors present data derived from a two-factor experimental pretest-posttest design. Results indicate that the intervention did not achieve its intended effects, as measured by self-report scales. This outcome is discussed in relation to program design and evaluation.
Determinacy and Identification with Taylor Rules

The new-Keynesian, Taylor rule theory of inflation determination relies on explosive dynamics. By raising interest rates in response to inflation, the Fed induces ever-larger inflation, unless inflation jumps to one particular value on each date. However, economics does not rule out explosive inflation, so inflation remains indeterminate. Attempts to fix this problem assume that the government will choose to blow up the economy if alternative equilibria emerge, by following policies we usually consider impossible. The Taylor rule is not identified without unrealistic assumptions. Thus, Taylor rule regressions do not show that the Fed moved from “passive” to “active” policy in 1980.
WW: An isolated three‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet domain that unfolds and refolds reversibly; evidence for a structured hydrophobic cluster in urea and GdnHCl and a disordered thermal unfolded state

The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the WW domain as a desirable model system to understand the folding and stability of an isolated three‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet structure. The WW domain was subjected to thermal and chaotropic denaturation/reconstitution utilizing a variety of biophysical methods. This three‐stranded sheet folds reversibly and cooperatively utilizing both urea and GdnHCl as denaturants; however, the denatured state retains structure in the form of a hydrophobic cluster involving at least one aromatic side chain. In contrast to chaotropic denaturation, thermal denaturation appears to be more complete and may be a two state process. The suitability of the WW domain for future studies aimed at understanding the kinetics and thermodynamics of antiparallel β‐sheet folding clearly emerges from this initial study. The most exciting and significant result in this manuscript is the finding that the chaotropic denatured state of WW has a hydrophobic cluster as discerned by near‐UV CD evidence. The role that the denatured state plays in the folding and stability of a three‐stranded β‐sheets, and its capacity for preventing aggregation may be particularly important and is the subject of ongoing studies.
The relationships between hamstring flexibility, lumbar flexion, and low back pain in rowers

Abstract In this study, we examined the relationships between low back pain, hamstring flexibility, and lumbar flexion in rowers. Twenty-six male university rowers participated. Hamstring flexibility was assessed using an adjusted straight leg raise technique, and lumbar flexion was assessed via a distraction of skin marks protocol while long sitting. A questionnaire ascertained rowing details and low back pain characteristics. Low back pain was highly prevalent. No association was observed between low back pain and hamstring flexibility, or between hamstring flexibility and lumbar flexion. Sufferers of low back pain showed reduced lumbar flexion (P=0.03; 95% confidence interval = − 3.7 to −0.2). Results obtained using the adjusted straight leg raise technique suggested that low back pain was not associated with hamstring inflexibility, which suggests that increasing hamstring flexibility for rehabilitation or prevention of low back pain in rowers might not be necessary.
Soft pattern matching models for definitional question answering

We explore probabilistic lexico-syntactic pattern matching, also known as soft pattern matching, in a definitional question answering system. Most current systems use regular expression-based hard matching patterns to identify definition sentences. Such rigid surface matching often fares poorly when faced with language variations. We propose two soft matching models to address this problem: one based on bigrams and the other on the Profile Hidden Markov Model (PHMM). Both models provide a theoretically sound method to model pattern matching as a probabilistic process that generates token sequences. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the models on definition sentence retrieval for definitional question answering. We show that both models significantly outperform the state-of-the-art manually constructed hard matching patterns on recent TREC data. A critical difference between the two models is that the PHMM has a more complex topology. We experimentally show that the PHMM can handle language variations more effectively but requires more training data to converge. While we evaluate soft pattern models only on definitional question answering, we believe that both models are generic and can be extended to other areas where lexico-syntactic pattern matching can be applied.
Coping Patterns Associated with Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences Among College Women

Although research consistently confirms links between avoidant coping and alcohol consumption and its consequences, such studies have relied on reports of typical coping, without addressing the consistency and variability therein. The present study used multiple regression analyses to predict alcohol-related consequences and consumption from background characteristics and coping with stress in two life domains (work/school). Avoidance coping was associated with consequences across the life domains but not with consumption. Relying on avoidant coping to handle stressors at work or school, in conjunction with being single and reporting a greater family history of alcohol problems accounted for 18.3% of the variance in alcohol consequences. Avoidant coping and acceptance of responsibility for personal stressors, along with being relatively younger and reporting a relatively greater family history of alcohol problems accounted for 17.7% of the variance in alcohol consequences. Evidence of both cross-situational consistency and specificity in coping associated with problematic alcohol use was found.
The Impact of Financial Reward Contingencies on Cognitive Function Profiles in Adult ADHD

Objectives Although it is well established that cognitive performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is affected by reward and that key deficits associated with the disorder may thereby be attenuated or even compensated, this phenomenon in adults with ADHD has thus far not been addressed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the motivating effect of financial reward on task performance in adults with ADHD by focusing on the domains of executive functioning, attention, time perception, and delay aversion. Methods We examined male and female adults aged 18–40 years with ADHD (n = 38) along with a matched control group (n = 40) using six well-established experimental paradigms. Results Impaired performance in the ADHD group was observed for stop-signal omission errors, n-back accuracy, reaction time variability in the continuous performance task, and time reproduction accuracy, and reward normalized time reproduction accuracy. Furthermore, when rewarded, subjects with ADHD exhibited longer reaction times and fewer false positives in the continuous performance task, which suggests the use of strategies to prevent impulsivity errors. Conclusions Taken together, our results support the existence of both cognitive and motivational mechanisms for the disorder, which is in line with current models of ADHD. Furthermore, our data suggest cognitive strategies of “stopping and thinking” as a possible underlying mechanism for task improvement that seems to be mediated by reward, which highlights the importance of the interaction between motivation and cognition in adult ADHD.
Readability of CAMHS clinical letters.

BACKGROUND Sending clinical letters to patients is common practice in CAMHS. Ease of reading and understanding is important for patients. Readability formulae are feasible and quick ways to assess this. METHOD Clinical letters sent to patients were analysed for readability and whether they reached a preset threshold. Factors influencing readability were investigated. RESULTS Most letters were less easily readable than is appropriate. Letters written directly to patients were more readable than copied letters. CONCLUSIONS Patients sometimes receive letters that are unlikely to be easily readable. Word processing packages contain readability formulae that could be used to check and improve readability of letters.
‘Just Duck’: The Role of Vision in the Production of Prison Spaces

This paper is concerned with the ways in which prisoners talk about the production of space within a prison in New Mexico. We focus specifically on the role of vision in interpersonal relations, including relations between inmates and between inmates and officers, and we attempt to assess the significance of seeing and being seen in the ‘personal projects’ of prisoners working their way through the system. This involves examining the roles of looking and of surveillance in the organization and control of space. In our study, interpersonal relations are not divorced from the material geographies of the prison. Rather, the breeze-block walls and the steel gates are integral elements of the scopic regime as it affects relations between prisoners and their relations with the prison staff. In our account, the complex connections between actors, architecture, and technologies of surveillance are voiced by the inmates. We provide just one perspective on the making of space in the prison but it is one which has been neglected.
Extending the queen bee effect: How Hindustani workers cope with disadvantage by distancing the self from the group

Previous research revealed that members of minority groups sometimes strategically distance themselves from their group by communicating negative views of this group, describing themselves according to outgroup stereotypes and supporting the illegitimate status hierarchy. Drawing upon recent work on the Queen Bee phenomenon among women in the workplace, we explain this ‘self-group distancing’ as a coping response of low identified minority employees who experience social identity threat. Whereas queen bee behavior is often discussed as a response typical for women, new experimental data are presented revealing similar responses among ethnic minority employees. In parallel to queen bees, low identified Hindustanis reported less positive ingroup affect and presented themselves as more stereotypically Dutch when reminded of ethnic bias - but not in a control condition. This suggests that the Queen Bee phenomenon exemplifies a more generic individual mobility response to social identity threat experienced by minority groups at work.
Further Investigation of Protégés’ Negative Mentoring Experiences

Negative mentoring experiences encountered by 242 protégés across their career histories were examined. Negative mentoring experiences clustered into two factors: Distancing/Manipulative Behavior and Poor Dyadic Fit. Protégés’ reports of the impact that these experiences had on them further suggested that several types of negative mentoring experiences were related to job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and stress. Finally, protégés in formally initiated mentoring relationships reported the most negative experience as having more of an effect on turnover intentions and stress than protégés in informal relationships. The results are discussed in the context of broadening the focus of mentoring research and implications for applied practice.
The influence of the masticatory mucosa on the peri-implant soft tissue condition.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the soft tissue conditions at osseo-integrated oral implants in relation to the width of masticatory mucosa. Thirty-nine patients who had received a full-arch fixed bridge reconstruction > or = 10 years ago or a partial reconstruction > or = 5 years ago on a total of 171 implants ad modum Brånemark were included in the study. The examinations involved assessments of plaque, gingivitis, bleeding on probing, probing depth, width of masticatory mucosa and marginal tissue mobility. Simple correlation analysis as well as multiple regression analysis were performed to evaluate relationships between recorded parameters. The results showed that 24% of the sites were lacking masticatory mucosa, and an additional 13% of the implants had a width of less than 2 mm. Mobility of the facial marginal soft tissue, i.e., lack of an attached portion of masticatory mucosa, was observed at 61% of all implants. No major differences in the clinical parameters examined were found between sites with and without an "adequate" width of masticatory mucosa. Multiple regression analyses revealed that neither the width of masticatory mucosa nor the mobility of the border tissue had a significant influence on (i) the standard of plaque control or (ii) the health condition of the peri-implant mucosa, as determined by bleeding on probing. Hence, the study failed to support the concept that the lack of an attached portion of masticatory mucosa may jeopardize the maintenance of soft tissue health around dental implants.
Association of free‐prostate specific antigen subfractions and human glandular kallikrein 2 with volume of benign and malignant prostatic tissue

We investigated the association of different subfractions of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2), such as total PSA (tPSA), complexed PSA (cPSA), free PSA (fPSA), “single‐chain Intact fPSA” (fPSA‐I), “multi‐chain nicked fPSA” (fPSA‐N), and total hK2 with volumes of total prostate gland, transition zone (tz), and prostate cancer (PCa) tissue in patients with benign and malignant prostatic disease.
EU Funding and Issues of ‘Marketisation’ of Higher Education in Greece

In the last 10 years, tens of millions of euros from European Union (EU) funding have started to flow into Greece's state schools and universities. New departments of higher education have been established all over the country, and a new institutional framework for lifelong learning has been recently set up. Considering the above context, certain questions arise, such as what is the ‘agenda’ behind the EU-funding rhetoric, which has been officially linked to the ‘opening up’ of higher education and the ‘widening’ of opportunities. Initially, the author tries to assess the degree of ‘marketisation’ vis-à-vis EU involvement in the planning of higher education policy making, and to highlight the balance of power in educational policy making in Greece. To this end, special reference will be made to the Greek academics' response to the new legislation concerning the financing of higher education.