Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region

The global distribution of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) is a complex assembly consisting of a large number of populations and described subspecies. How these lineages are related to one another is still not fully resolved, largely due to the fact that large geographical regions remain poorly sampled both at the core and periphery of the species’ range. Analyses of ancient wolves have also suffered from uneven sampling, but have shown indications of a major turnover at some point during the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in northern North America. Here we analyze variation in the mitochondrial control region in 122 contemporary wolves from some of the less studied populations, as well as six samples from the previously unstudied Greenland subspecies (Canis l. orion) and two Late Pleistocene samples from Siberia. Together with the publicly available control region sequences of both modern and ancient wolves, this study examines genetic diversity on a wide geographical and temporal scale that includes both Eurasia and North America. We identify 13 new haplotypes, of which the majority is found in northern and eastern Asia. The results show that the Greenland samples are all represented by one haplotype, previously identified in North American wolves, among which this population seems to trace its maternal lineage. The phylogeny and network analyses show a wide spatial distribution of several lineages, but also some clusters with more distinct geographical affiliation. In North America, we find support for an end-Pleistocene population bottleneck through coalescent simulations under an approximate Bayesian framework in contrast to previous studies that suggested an extinction-replacement event. However, we find no support for a similar bottleneck in Eurasia. Overall, this global analysis helps to clarify our understanding of the complex history for wolves in Eurasia and North America.
Ethanol Trade between Brazil and the United States

The United States has used tax credit and mandate to promote ethanol production. To offset the tax credit availed by the imported ethanol, the United States instituted an import tariff. This study ascertains the appropriate U.S. ethanol import tariff corresponding to the U.S. domestic policies by setting the policy-induced ethanol price equal to the free market price. The theoretical results from a horizontally-related ethanol-gasoline partial equilibrium model of three countries (the United States, Brazil, and the Rest of the World) show that the United States should provide an import subsidy rather than impose a tariff. The empirical results quantify that this import subsidy is $0.10, instead of a $0.57 import tariff, per gallon of ethanol.
Is the Tendency to Variation a Chief Cause of Progress

This paper briefly reviews the sources of the diversity of innovative activity within industries, and interprets the literature to suggest that there are three ways in which such diversity may stimulate technological progress, including a selection effect, a breadth effect and a complementarity effect. Using industry-level data from the Yale survey administered in the 1980s, the paper presents preliminary empirical results on the relationship between the diversity of R&D activities within industries and their rate of technical advance. This exploratory exercise finds that, controlling for industry R&D intensity, greater diversity in innovative activity is associated with a more rapid pace of technological change. Policy implications are considered. Copyright 2001 by Oxford University Press.
Human resource management and firm innovativeness in a European context: advancing our understanding of the relationship (Introduction to the thematic issue)

This paper introduces the papers included in the thematic issue on Human Resource Management (HRM) and firm innovativeness in a European context. Furthermore it presents the results of a literature review on human resource management and firm innovativeness. The literature shows that the positive relationship between HRM and firm innovativeness has been confirmed. However, the explanation for how this relationship works is not equivocal/unified. Empirical studies have investigated the role of strategic HRM, specific HRM systems and HRM practices. For strategic HRM, the empirical support is still limited, while for HRM systems considerable work confirms the positive influence of commitment-based HRM. For HRM practices, in particular training, working in teams, and internal labour flexibility, including job rotation, the literature provides empirical evidence and indications that they are positively related to firm innovativeness
The polarization of public concern about climate change in Norway

This article contributes to the existing literature by investigating the importance of value orientations for the Norwegian public's climate change concern, by analysing data from a national Gallup Poll from 2003 to 2011. Logistic regressions were conducted to investigate the importance of individualistic and egalitarian values for climate concern, and whether the groups of different value orientations have polarized in their climate concern over time. Respondents who hold less individualistic values and those holding egalitarian values are found more likely to be concerned about climate change than are those holding individualistic and less egalitarian values. Furthermore, the analyses find polarization in climate concern in the period for both value orientations. Increased focus on policy instruments in the political debate may be one explanation for values being increasingly salient. Future research should focus on studying ways to formulate policies given variations in values. One way would be to develop solutions that have co-benefits across groups of different value orientations. However, not all mitigation policies have immediate co-benefits for everyone. Research on how changes in the institutional setting may enhance the logic of social responsibility seems crucial. Policy relevance It is an important social science contribution to increase our understanding of public positions on climate change for developing effective responses to this vexing problem. This study identifies polarization over time between subgroups of different value orientations in their climate change concern. This may have implications for policies, as political solutions may be increasingly dependent on the composition of political leadership. Society and politicians should look for mitigation policies that have co-benefits across groups of different value orientations when possible. However, not all mitigation policies have immediate co-benefits for everyone. One option then is to change the institutional settings from enhancing the logic of individual benefits to enhancing the logic of social benefits for behaviour crucial for mitigating climate change. Finally, narratives about a low-emitting society that are attractive for all groups of value orientations should be emphasized.
Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation

Game theory has recently been employed by international law scholars. Game theoretical models and concepts provide a valuable tool for analyzing the phenomenon of cooperation. The employment of game theory may well enhance the prospects of international environmental cooperation for the long run. Game theoretical analysis requires us to examine the factors that motivate national decision-makers to cooperate with others. Identifying these critical factors may assist scholars and policy-makers to anticipate which environmental domains are more susceptible to collective action failure. More importantly, having understood the impact of these factors on the emergence of cooperation, game theoretical analysis may offer appropriate legal mechanisms to modify the structure of problematic settings in order to improve the prospects of environmental cooperation. This article discusses some of the principal factors that influence the emergence and maintenance of environmental cooperation and offers examples to illustrate the potential contribution of game theory to enhance the effectiveness of international environmental regimes.
Issues in Growing a Family Business: A Strategic Human Resource Model

The conceptual literature on family businesses suggests that family businesses have difficulty managing their human resources, especially when it concerns a family member or the transition from the founder to the successor. The authors empirically examined the assumptions raised in the conceptual literature regarding whether family businesses were experiencing human resource problems in growing their business and what factors enabled or constrained the ability of their businesses to grow. The authors used in‐depth interviewing to collect data in order to emphasize the depth of the issue. Using content analysis with subject matter experts coding the data, the authors sought to mine the richness of data. Finally, the authors analyzed the data using Elliot Jaques' Stratified Systems Theory as a model to examine the strategic human resource issues and to draw some tentative conclusions.
Guanxi and Wasta: A comparison

China has a business culture based on strong family connections secured in guanxi networks, while the Arab World's is based on strong family connections secured in wasta networks. This article compares guanxi, wasta, and the role of trust, family, and favors in underpinning these traditional modes of interpersonal connections and networks and considers the continued relevance of these practices as these regions of the world internationalize and modernize. The article provides insights for Western managers in their subsidiary operations in China and the Arab World. 頲006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corporate social responsibility and the pollution haven hypothesis: evidence from multinationals’ investment decision in China

This paper tests the pollution haven hypothesis by examining the relationship between environmental regulation and foreign investment with consideration of the role of corporate social responsibility, which has so far been neglected. Using multinationals’ investment data from China, our results in general support the pollution haven hypothesis that less stringent environmental regulation is more attractive for multinationals to invest in China, but high social responsibility can counteract attractiveness of weak environmental regulation.
Beyond Institutionalism: There Lies a Good Set of Trade Policies

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the contribution of trade liberalisation to differences in the level of prosperity across nations. We compare this with the relative contribution of institutional capacity to prosperity, as well as the role of human capital accumulation in that respect. We employ several concepts of institutional quality, trade policy and openness variables following various definitions prevalent in the literature. Unlike in the comparable study by Rodrik et al (2004) we have (a) included a role for human capital, (b) employed six institutional variables compared to one only in Rodrik et al (rule of law), (c) included trade policy variables, and not just openness indicators and (d) expanded the set of openness measures employed. We discover that opening up domestic markets to foreign competition by removing trade restrictions and barriers may be good for economic performance. Secondly, developing human capital is as important as superior institutional functioning for economic wellbeing. We find that openness counts for little per se in explaining income differences across countries. This is because it is an outcome and not a cause. Trade policies, and liberalisation, on the other hand, are not insignificant in explaining cross-country per-capita income variation. With regard to trade policies, export taxes are the most important in explaining cross-country per-capita income differences.
Loss of Complement Activation and Leukocyte Adherence as Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Develops within the Murine Host

ABSTRACT Complement activation and C3 deposition on the surface of parasitic helminths may be important for recruitment of leukocytes and for damage to the target organism via cell-mediated mechanisms. Inhibition of complement activation would therefore be advantageous to parasites, minimizing damage and enhancing migration through tissues. The aim of this study was to determine ex vivo if complement activation by, and leukocyte adherence to, the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis change as the parasite matures and migrates through the murine host. Pathways of activation of complement and the mechanism of adherence of leukocytes were also defined using sera from mice genetically deficient in either C1q, factor B, C1q and factor B, C3, or C4. Substantive deposition of C3 and adherence of eosinophil-rich leukocytes were seen with infective-stage (L3) but not with lung-stage (L4) larvae. Adult intestinal worms had low to intermediate levels of both C3 and leukocyte binding. For L3 and adult worms, complement deposition was principally dependent on the alternative pathway. For lung-stage larvae, the small amount of C3 detected was dependent to similar degrees on both the lectin and alternative pathways. The classical pathway was not involved for any of the life stages of the parasite. These results suggest that in primary infections, the infective stage of N. brasiliensis is vulnerable to complement-dependent attack by leukocytes. However, within the first 24 h of infection, N. brasiliensis acquires the ability to largely avoid complement-dependent immune responses.
What Managers Think of Capital Structure Theory: A Survey

N This survey examines the extent managers use the assumptions and/or inputs of capital structure models generated by academicians in making financing decisions. Modigliani and Miller [14] showed that capital structure decisions do not affect firm value when capital markets are perfect, corporate and personal taxes do not exist, and the firm's financing and investment decisions are independent. However, when one or more of the MM assumptions are relaxed, many authors demonstrate how firm value may vary with changes in the debt-equity mix. Most frequently, the optimal capital structure maximizes firm value by simultaneously minimizing external claims to the cash flow stream flowing from the firm's assets. Such claims include taxes paid to the government by the firm and its security holders; bankruptcy costs paid to accountants, lawyers, and the firm's vendors; and/or agency costs incurred to align managerial interests with the interests of capital suppliers. Until recently, the capital structure debate was mainly a theoretical one, with the relevance or irrelevance of financing decisions turning on the modeler's willingness to accept the existence of significant market imperfections. (See Miller [12], DeAngelo and Masulis [2], Kim [9], Haugen and Senbet [6], Titman [25], Jensen and Meckling [8], Fama [5], and Smith and Warner [22] for different perspectives on the relevance of the market imperfections in the preceding paragraph.) However, empirical evidence, summarized nicely by Smith [21], now strongly indicates that changes in a firm's capital structure can affect firm value. Thus, the We appreciate the many useful comments made by James Ang, Barbara Yerkes, and the referees of this journal.
Modulation of contractions to and receptors for endothelins in canine veins.

Experiments were designed to characterize endothelin receptors in canine femoral veins and to determine whether their distribution or sensitivity could be altered by chronic changes in blood flow and oxygen tension in veins proximal to an arteriovenous fistula. Endothelium was removed from unoperated or fistula-operated femoral veins of anesthetized dogs. Veins were cut into rings and suspended in organ chambers for the measurement of isometric force or frozen for isolation of membrane proteins. Endothelin-1, endothelin-3, and sarafotoxin S6c caused concentration-dependent increases in tension in all rings. In rings of unoperated veins, maximal tensions were significantly less to endothelin-3 and sarafotoxin S6c than to endothelin-1. In rings of fistula-operated veins, maximal tensions to endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 were the same. Contractions to endothelin-1 or endothelin-3 in unoperated veins were not inhibited by an antagonist of endothelin-A receptors, BQ-123. Binding of 125I-labeled endothelin-1 (125I-endothelin-1) to membranes from veins without endothelium increased as a function of membrane protein. Affinity of receptors, as determined by competitive inhibition of 125I-endothelin-1 was as follows: endothelin-1 > endothelin-3 > sarafotoxin S6c. Competitive inhibition of 125I-endothelin-1 by endothelin-3 and sarafotoxin S6c was significant for a two-site binding model in all veins. The total number of binding sites was reduced significantly in fistula-operated veins; the relative proportions of high- and low-affinity binding sites did not change. Affinity of high- and low-affinity receptors increased in fistula-operated veins. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Accounting standards, the institutional environment and issuer incentives: Effect on timely loss recognition in China

Abstract Accounting income of Chinese companies reporting under both domestic ASBE accounting standards and International Accounting Standards (“IAS”) is shown to lack timely incorporation of economic losses. This is less surprising for ASBE-compliant income, because although ASBE standards are based on IAS, they lack important asymmetric rules, such as lower-of-cost-or-market, and impairment of long-term assets. More striking is the absence of timely loss incorporation in financial statements certified by international auditors as IAS-compliant. IAS resemble common-law standards and are widely believed to increase financial reporting quality. The timely incorporation of losses has become perhaps the single most important feature of income reporting under common law (Basu (1997), Ball, Kothari and Robin (2000)). We attribute the result to the comparatively low incentive of managers and auditors to recognise economic losses in a timely fashion and, conversely, to comparatively high political and tax influences on financial reporting practices. Our results imply that financial reporting cannot be improved simply by governments mandating accounting standards that evolved endogenously in different economies. The most fruitful area for Chinese accounting reform lies not in simply adopting or imitating international accounting standards, but in reforming domestic institutions such as the legal system, corporate governance and auditor training and independence. © City University of Hong Kong.
Dissemination of Technology in Market and Planned Economies

Abstract The Soviet Union was competing head to head with market economies in the generation of new technologies, not only in traditional industries such as steelmaking, electricity, and machineries, but also in high tech-areas such as synthetic materials and microelectronics. Yet its productivity performance was significantly worse than that of both developing and industrial countries. R&D-based growth models cannot explain this fact, as the Soviet effort in research and education was comparable to that of most advanced countries. I claim that a technology adoption model helps us understand better the Soviet experience. I hypothesize that the Soviet managerial compensation system generated an incentive for the manager to perform only a modest retooling activity out of fear of breaking the production norm that the planner imposed upon the firm.
Empirical tests of an information-motivation-behavioral skills model of AIDS-preventive behavior with gay men and heterosexual university students.

This article contains empirical tests of the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model of AIDS-preventive behavior (J.D. Fisher & Fisher, 1992; W.A. Fisher & Fisher, 1993a), which has been designed to understand and predict the practice of AIDS-preventive acts. The IMB model holds that AIDS-preventive behavior is a function of individuals' information about AIDS prevention, motivation to engage in AIDS prevention, and behavioral skills for performing the specific acts involved in prevention. The model further assumes that AIDS-prevention information and motivation generally work through AIDS-prevention behavioral skills to influence the initiation and maintenance of AIDS-preventive behavior. Supportive tests of the model, using structural equation modeling techniques, are reported with populations of gay male affinity group members (n = 91) and heterosexual university students (n = 174).
A failure of capitalism : the crisis of '08 and the descent into depression

* The Depression and Its Proximate Causes * The Crisis in Banking * The Underlying Causes * Why a Depression Was Not Anticipated * The Government Responds * A Silver Lining? * What We Are Learning about Capitalism and Government * The Economics Profession Asleep at the Switch * Apportioning Blame * The Way Forward * The Future of Conservatism * Conclusion * Further Readings * Index
The Income Distributional Effects of Processing Incentives: A General Equilibrium Analysis

The income distributional eflects of processing incentives: a general equilibrium analysis. A simple general equilibrium model is specified which explicitly recognizes the production of primary products as an activity requiring scarce natural resources in addition to capital and labour. Two final goods are also produced using the primary product as an input along with capital and labour. The effects of various processing incentives (export taxes on primary products, import tariffs on final goods, subsidies to local processing) are examined, with special attention being given to the welfare of natural resource owners and the real income of the region specializing in primary products. It is shown that processing incentives may raise the real incomes of natural resource owners and the region specializing in primary products.
Investigating the Role of Selected Marketing-Mix Variables in Formatting Corporate Image in Egyptian Market

The current study aims at investigating the relationship between selected marketing-mix variables (i.e., price, advertising, monetary promotion, distribution intensity) and corporate image, in the consumer markets, unlike research that concerned business market, or/and different group of marketing-mix variables, in terms of addressing their expected relationships with corporate image. The questionnaire response rate is approximately 83%. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the proposed relationships, and the model`s fit as well. Significance of all relationships were verified, and the proposed model fits the data. Implications, limitations, and further research are provided.