Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence-based interventions for survivors of childhood cancer and their families.

OBJECTIVE To summarize existing empirical reports of psychological interventions for children with cancer and their families and to outline directions for future work. METHODS Research accomplishments related to four areas were summarized: understanding and reducing procedural pain; realizing long-term consequences; appreciating distress at diagnosis and over time; and knowing the importance of social relationships. Recommendations for future research in this field were discussed in three domains: balancing competence and psychopathology; integrating research-based interventions into clinical care; future directions). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Interventions related to procedural pain and distress have strong empirical support. Although most survivors of childhood cancer and their families adjust quite well as they complete treatment, evidence-based interventions during and after treatment that address cancer-specific sequelae represent important growing areas of work. In the future, the development of interventions to address emerging survivorship issues will be vital, and theoretically grounded, evidence-based pragmatic interventions will be necessary.
Listening to Nicotine: Negative Affect and the Smoking Withdrawal Conundrum

In recent years, theoretical models of drug motivation and drug dependence have downplayed the role of withdrawal symptoms in the maintenance of addiction During this same period, strong links between drug use and measures of negative affect have been uncovered in empirical research In this article we examine these trends in the context of research on smoking Evidence is presented from two recent studies on smoking relapse that highlight the intimate connection between withdrawal symptomatology and negative affect Specifically, these studies reveal that (a) single-occasion measures of withdrawal symptoms or other markers of physical dependence do not contribute incremental validity in predicting relapse relative to measures of negative affect, (b) the trajectory of withdrawal symptoms is highly idiosyncratic, (c) exacerbations cannot be tightly coupled with pharmacological events, (d) the temporal dynamics of withdrawal reflect fluctuations in negative affect, and (e) differences in the trajectory of withdrawal symptoms index relapse vulnerability We conclude that a broadened view of withdrawal recognizing its probable affective bases will enhance its explanatory power and suggest new treatment strategies
Correcting human mitochondrial mutations with targeted RNA import

Mutations in the human mitochondrial genome are implicated in neuromuscular diseases, metabolic defects, and aging. An efficient and simple mechanism for neutralizing deleterious mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations has unfortunately remained elusive. Here, we report that a 20-ribonucleotide stem-loop sequence from the H1 RNA, the RNA component of the human RNase P enzyme, appended to a nonimported RNA directs the import of the resultant RNA fusion transcript into human mitochondria. The methodology is effective for both noncoding RNAs, such as tRNAs, and mRNAs. The RNA import component, polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPASE), facilitates transfer of this hybrid RNA into the mitochondrial matrix. In addition, nucleus-encoded mRNAs for mitochondrial proteins, such as the mRNA of human mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12 (MRPS12), contain regulatory sequences in their 3′-untranslated region (UTR) that confers localization to the mitochondrial outer membrane, which is postulated to aid in protein translocation after translation. We show that for some mitochondrial-encoded transcripts, such as COX2, a 3′-UTR localization sequence is not required for mRNA import, whereas for corrective mitochondrial-encoded tRNAs, appending the 3′-UTR localization sequence was essential for efficient fusion-transcript translocation into mitochondria. In vivo, functional defects in mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) translation and cell respiration were reversed in two human disease lines. Thus, this study indicates that a wide range of RNAs can be targeted to mitochondria by appending a targeting sequence that interacts with PNPASE, with or without a mitochondrial localization sequence, providing an exciting, general approach for overcoming mitochondrial genetic disorders.
Turner syndrome and the evolution of human sexual dimorphism

Turner syndrome is caused by loss of all or part of an X chromosome in females. A series of recent studies has characterized phenotypic differences between Turner females retaining the intact maternally inherited versus paternally inherited X chromosome, which have been interpreted as evidence for effects of X‐linked imprinted genes. In this study I demonstrate that the differences between Turner females with a maternal X and a paternal X broadly parallel the differences between males and normal females for a large suite of traits, including lipid profile and visceral fat, response to growth hormone, sensorineural hearing loss, congenital heart and kidney malformations, neuroanatomy (sizes of the cerebellum, hippocampus, caudate nuclei and superior temporal gyrus), and aspects of cognition. This pattern indicates that diverse aspects of human sex differences are mediated in part by X‐linked genes, via genomic imprinting of such genes, higher rates of mosaicism in Turner females with an intact X chromosome of paternal origin, karyotypic differences between Turner females with a maternal versus paternal X chromosome, or some combination of these phenomena. Determining the relative contributions of genomic imprinting, karyotype and mosaicism to variation in Turner syndrome phenotypes has important implications for both clinical treatment of individuals with this syndrome, and hypotheses for the evolution and development of human sexual dimorphism.
Learning Temporal Logical Properties Discriminating ECG models of Cardiac Arrhytmias

We present a novel approach to learn the formulae characterising the emergent behaviour of a dynamical system from system observations. At a high level, the approach starts by devising a statistical dynamical model of the system which optimally fits the observations. We then propose general optimisation strategies for selecting high support formulae (under the learnt model of the system) either within a discrete set of formulae of bounded complexity, or a parametric family of formulae. We illustrate and apply the methodology on an in-depth case study of characterising cardiac malfunction from electro-cardiogram data, where our approach enables us to quantitatively determine the diagnostic power of a formula in discriminating between different cardiac conditions.
Perfectionism and eating disorder symptomatology in Chinese immigrants: Mediating and moderating effects of ethnic identity and acculturation

Three hundred and one Chinese drawn from the University of Auckland and local communities in New Zealand completed an anonymous questionnaire consisting of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PANPS), the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) and the short form of the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS). Negative Perfectionism significantly predicted more eating disorder symptoms as measured by the EDI. A strong positive evaluation of other ethnic groups together with high Positive Perfectionism predicted lower body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, whereas the opposite was true for a more negative evaluation of other groups and high Positive Perfectionism. A strong sense of belonging and attachment towards the Chinese culture and valuing other ethnic groups were found to mediate the relationship between Positive Perfectionism and eating disorder symptoms, predicting a lower sense of interpersonal distrust. Immigrant Chinese showed better adaptation with strong ethnic attachment as well as valuing the mainstream culture. Results also suggest that promoting Positive Perfectionism together with strong ethnic identification and values towards the mainstream culture may be advantageous to Chinese immigrants.
Reliability Generalization of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale

Areliability generalization of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) was conducted using the normative sample. The RCMAS consists of a Total Anxiety scale as well as four subscales. Results suggest that the Total Anxiety scores are typically reliable (median • across 48 samples = .81). Subscale scores were less reliable: The median • coefficients were . 61 for the Physiological subscale, . 63 for the Concentration subscale, . 77 for theWorry& Oversensitivity subscale, and . 72 for the Lie subscale. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that score variability, age, race, and mean score were statistically significant predictors of reliability across scales although effects were variable and often, but not always, small. The predictive power of score variability is consistent with psychometric theory, but focused psychometric analyses are needed to isolate the unique and interactive impact of age, race, and mean score on RCMAS scale score reliability estimates, especially the Lie subscale.
Location Coding in Chess

Whether the chunks used in memorizing chess positions are general and relatively encoded schemata or very precisely coded instances is a problem that has raised some controversy within the psychology of chess skill. As chess research has had a strong impact on expertise research, this problem is important in many areas of skills research other than chess. To resolve it, four experiments were set up. In the experiments it was shown that subjects were better at recalling correctly located non-transposed chunks than transposed chunks, which were similar in structure but incorrectly located on the chessboard. The results imply that the representation of chess-specific patterns in the memory of a chess player contains not only information about the forms of chess-specific patterns, but also about their absolute locations on the chessboard. This provides an explanation for the well-known interaction between skill and type of position and its disappearance in recent experiments by Lories and Saariluoma. It can be argued that the difficulty of recalling random positions is not chiefly caused by the total absence of chunks but by their dislocation.
' Fair " Allocations of Salaries and Taxes

Judges were asked to "fairly" allocate salaries to hypothetical faculty members on the basis of their merit ratings. Individual merit ratings, total budgets to be distributed, and distributions of merit ratings for the entire group were manipulated. In another set of studies, judges were asked to "fairly" assign income taxes to hypothetical persons given their salaries. Individual salaries, amounts of revenue to generate, and distributions of salaries for the group were varied. A theory of relative equity is presented that successfully accounts for both sets of results. It is hypothesized that an equitable state is one in which the relative position of a stimulus (e.g., merit or salary) in the distribution of stimuli matches the relative position of the response (e.g., salary or tax) in the distribution of responses. The relative position of a stimulus or response is denned as its range-frequency value based on the rangefrequency compromise.
Multicenter Evaluation of the Vitek MS Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry System for Identification of Gram-Positive Aerobic Bacteria

ABSTRACT Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) is gaining momentum as a tool for bacterial identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Compared with conventional methods, this technology can more readily and conveniently identify a wide range of organisms. Here, we report the findings from a multicenter study to evaluate the Vitek MS v2.0 system (bioMérieux, Inc.) for the identification of aerobic Gram-positive bacteria. A total of 1,146 unique isolates, representing 13 genera and 42 species, were analyzed, and results were compared to those obtained by nucleic acid sequence-based identification as the reference method. For 1,063 of 1,146 isolates (92.8%), the Vitek MS provided a single identification that was accurate to the species level. For an additional 31 isolates (2.7%), multiple possible identifications were provided, all correct at the genus level. Mixed-genus or single-choice incorrect identifications were provided for 18 isolates (1.6%). Although no identification was obtained for 33 isolates (2.9%), there was no specific bacterial species for which the Vitek MS consistently failed to provide identification. In a subset of 463 isolates representing commonly encountered important pathogens, 95% were accurately identified to the species level and there were no misidentifications. Also, in all but one instance, the Vitek MS correctly differentiated Streptococcus pneumoniae from other viridans group streptococci. The findings demonstrate that the Vitek MS system is highly accurate for the identification of Gram-positive aerobic bacteria in the clinical laboratory setting.
Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclase, ERK1/2, and CREB by Gz Following Acute and Chronic Activation of the δ‐Opioid Receptor

Abstract: Opioid tolerance and physical dependence in mammals can be rapidly induced by chronic exposure to opioid agonists. Recently, opioid receptors have been shown to interact with the pertussis toxin (PTX)‐insensitive Gz (a member of the Gi subfamily), which inhibits adenylyl cyclase and stimulates mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Here, we established stable human embryonic kidney 293 cell lines expressing δ‐opioid receptors with or without Gz to examine the role of Gz in opioid receptor‐regulated signaling systems. Each cell line was acutely or chronically treated with [D‐Pen2,D‐Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE), a δ‐selective agonist, in the absence or presence of PTX. Subsequently, the activities of adenylyl cyclase, cyclic AMP (cAMP)‐dependent response element‐binding proteins (CREBs), and MAPKs were measured by determining cAMP accumulation and phosphorylation of CREBs and the extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2. In cells coexpressing Gz, DPDPE inhibited forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation in a PTX‐insensitive manner, but Gz could not replace Gi to mediate adenylyl cyclase supersensitization upon chronic opioid treatment. DPDPE‐induced adenylyl cyclase supersensitization was not associated with an increase in the phosphorylation of CREBs. Both Gi and Gz mediated DPDPE‐induced activation of ERK1/2, but these responses were abolished by chronic opioid treatment. Collectively, our results show that although Gz mediated opioid‐induced inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and activation of ERK1/2, Gz alone was insufficient to mediate opioid‐induced adenylyl cyclase supersensitization.
Citizenship, Multiculturalism and Cross-National Muslim Minority Public Opinion

Do institutions of citizenship shape public opinion among Muslims in the West? Pitched debates about the future of multiculturalism give strong theoretical reason to think that institutions would cause cross-national variation in minority opinion. Institutions set rules for national integration and communal recognition and send signals regarding social views of diversity. Testing these theorised links, however, requires two steps. First, careful conceptualisation of citizenship, both in individual and communal dimensions, categorises states’ citizenship regimes. Second, unique cross-national polling of Muslim minorities in France, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States permits analysis of the relationship between institutions and minority political attitudes. Findings demonstrate strong institutional effects on attitudes. However, these effects vary depending on the question asked. Institutions impact on cross-national variation in opinion regarding national identification and women’s place in society. There is no evidence of institutional roots of support for suicide terrorism.
Emotional Intelligence and Trust in Formal Mentoring Programs

This study examined the roles of mentors’ and protégés’ emotional intelligence and protégés’ trust in the mentors in formal mentoring relationships. Using reports from both mentors and protégés in 147 formal mentoring dyads, results of partial least squares analysis indicated that mentors’ emotional intelligence directly and indirectly related to mentoring provided through protégés’ trust in the mentors, whereas protégés’ emotional intelligence was only indirectly associated with the mentoring provided through their trust in the mentors. A complementary interaction effect of mentors’ and protégés’ emotional intelligence on protégés’ trust in the mentors was also found. Finally, mentoring provided was positively associated with protégés’ willingness to mentor others in the future. Implications regarding mentor— protégé matching and development for effective formal mentoring programs and future theory development are discussed.
'Notes on a Scandal': Why do Females Engage in Abuse of Trust Behaviours?

Although an evident reality in organisations where females work with young people, there has been no specific research to date exploring why females in positions of trust engage in sexually abusive relationships with adolescents. This study investigated the subject through a qualitative analysis of ten case studies from England drawn from the employment and safeguarding environment, comparing findings with existing studies into female sexual offenders in general, research into male ‘professional perpetrators’ and Gannon et al . ’s (2008) Descriptive Model of Female Sexual Offending. The research highlighted a number of key similarities and differences between those who abuse in positions of trust and those female sexual offenders who abuse children in wider contexts. With respect to etiological factors the similarities included unstable lifestyle, relationship difficulties, low self-esteem, cognitive distortions and emotional self-management problems. Motivations for this sample appeared to be primarily driven by intimacy needs. Differences were identified relating to lower levels of substance abuse, a higher age range and socio-economic status, less prevalence of severe social skills deficits and chaotic and abusive backgrounds in this subject group. All of the women in the study followed an Implicit Disorganised pathway of abuse and maternal approach to the abusive behaviour.
Supporting Student Learning: A Comparison of Student Discussion in Museums and Classrooms

ABSTRACT Research indicates that school trips to informal science institutions can result in cognitive and affective gains; however, less is known about the mechanisms by which such learning may occur. This article takes a sociocultural perspective that discourse is one of the main modes of learning, and thus examines the talk that occurs among students both during a visit and during follow-up lessons in the classroom. Transcripts from students in 4 primary school classes and 1 secondary school class provide evidence that most of the talk among students in both settings was consistent with cooperative interactions. In addition, talk reflecting cognitive and affective engagement seems to have appeared more frequently during the visit than back in the classroom.
Perceptions of Academic Quality among Students with a Hearing Loss in Distance Education

There has been little research on the experiences of students with a hearing loss in mainstream higher education. This investigation compared perceptions of academic quality in 265 students with a hearing loss who were taking courses by distance learning and 178 students taking the same courses who had no declared form of disability. Students who were classified as hard of hearing (rather than deaf) produced significantly lower ratings of the appropriateness of their academic workload than did the students with no declared disability, but the ratings produced by students who were classified as deaf were not significantly different from those produced by the comparison group. In other respects, the students with a hearing loss were remarkably similar to the students with no declared disability in their perceptions of academic quality and their overall satisfaction with their courses.
DNA Markers for Identifying Individual Snowshoe Hares Using Field-collected Pellets

Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) abundance has been of interest to wildlife biologists, as hares are essential prey items for many rare and endangered predators. Snowshoe hare abundance has most commonly been estimated through indices such as pellet counts. While pellet counts may be useful in the areas they are developed and when hares are dense, they notably fail when hares are at low densities. Abundance estimates using capture-mark-recapture (CMR) are often preferred over indices of animal abundance, yet using CMR to estimate snowshoe hare numbers has proven a formidable and expensive task. Sample sizes obtained using traditional CMR techniques are frequently low, resulting in either biased estimates or estimates with unacceptably high variance. Here we derive a suite of 9 microsatellite DNA markers that can provide snowshoe hare individual identification at relatively low cost. We demonstrate that these markers produce no genotyping errors in a captive situation and use the markers to produce individual identification of free-ranging snowshoe hares in test plots in Montana and Idaho.
The relationship of nightmare frequency and nightmare distress to well‐being

Nightmares can be defined as very disturbing dreams, the events or emotions of which cause the dreamer to wake up. In contrast, unpleasant dreams can be defined in terms of a negative emotional rating of a dream, irrespective of whether or not the emotions or events of the dream woke the dreamer. This study addresses whether frequency of unpleasant dreams is a better index of low well‐being than is frequency of nightmares. A total of 147 participants reported their nightmare frequency retrospectively and then kept a log of all dreams, including nightmares, for 2 weeks, and rated each dream for pleasantness/unpleasantness. Anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and acute stress were found to be associated with nightmare distress (ND) (the trait‐like general level of distress in waking‐life caused by having nightmares) and prospective frequency of unpleasant dreams, and less so with the mean emotional tone of all dreams, or retrospective or prospective nightmare frequency. Correlations between low well‐being and retrospective nightmare frequency became insignificant when trait ND was controlled for, but correlations with prospective unpleasant dream frequency were maintained. The reporting of nightmares may thus be confounded and modulated by trait ND: such confounding does not occur for the reporting of unpleasant dreams in general. Thus there may be attributional components to deciding that one has been awoken by a dream, which can affect estimated nightmare frequency and its relationship with well‐being. Underestimation of nightmare frequency by the retrospective questionnaire compared with logs was found to be a function of mean dream unpleasantness and ND.