Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
June 2000

The University of Pennsylvania has always valued both excellence and integrity in serving the purposes to which the University is dedicated: education, research, and service. In order to promote these values, the University has long aspired to ensure that both actual and perceived conflicts of interest are avoided. On June 19, 1981, the Trustees adopted a Resolution on Conflict of Interest Policy establishing guidelines for dealing with conflicts of interest on the part of the faculty, trustees, associate trustees, officers, and other employees of the University. In June 1986, the Trustees adopted a Resolution amending and restating the Conflict of Interest Policy to clarify that the June 19, 1981 policy was in conformity with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Corporation Not-for-profit Code. The Policy was enhanced in 1995 by the Protocol on Trustee Norms, which both stated the Trustees’ intention that a higher standard apply and instituted the current system of annual reporting.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Siamese Instance Search for Tracking

In this paper we present a tracker, which is radically different from state-of-the-art trackers: we apply no model updating, no occlusion detection, no combination of trackers, no geometric matching, and still deliver state-of-the-art tracking performance, as demonstrated on the popular online tracking benchmark (OTB) and six very challenging YouTube videos. The presented tracker simply matches the initial patch of the target in the ﬁrst frame with candidates in a new frame and returns the most similar patch by a learned matching function. The strength of the matching function comes from being extensively trained generically, i.e. , without any data of the target, using a Siamese deep neural network, which we design for tracking. Once learned, the matching function is used as is, without any adapting, to track previously unseen targets. It turns out that the learned matching function is so powerful that a simple tracker built upon it, coined Siamese INstance search Tracker, SINT , which only uses the original observation of the target from the ﬁrst frame, sufﬁces to reach state-of-the-art performance. Further, we show the proposed tracker even allows for target re-identiﬁcation after the target was absent for a complete video shot.
In Vitro Diffusion of Lidocaine Across Endotracheal Tube Cuffs

&NA; Smooth emergence from general endotracheal anesthesia is frequently complicated by coughing induced by stimulation from an endotracheal tube. Lidocaine and other local anesthetics have been shown to anesthetize important rapidly adpating stretch receptors in the dog trachea. With the aim of providing a reservoir for continuous lidocaine release to adjacent tracheal tissue, we examined the ability of clinically used concentrations of lidocaine to diffuse across a commonly used endotracheal tube cuff. Cuffs were filled with either 2% or 4% lidocaine and placed in a 200 mL bath with samples drawn at time intervals up to 360 minutes. Samples were then analyzed for lidocaine concentration. Another set of endotracheal tube cuffs were prefilled for one or 2.5 hours with 2% or 4% lidocaine, emptied, and then refilled with 2% lidocaine. They were then bathed and sampled as above. Cuffs exposed to 4% lidocaine during the prefilling or the diffusion stages resulted in significantly higher concentrations of lidocaine in the baths throughout the time course of the experiment, although all groups demonstrated a rise in the concentration of lidocaine in the baths with time. The highest concentration obtained was 17.49 ± 2.03 μg/mL after 360 minutes. We conclude lidocaine diffuses across endotracheal tube cuffs in a fashion that may enable the cuff to serve a potentially useful role as a reservoir for local anesthetic. This in turn appears to have the potential to smooth emergence from general endotracheal anesthesia in those patients in whom tracheal stimulation may be a complicating factor.
Benefits of coastal managed realignment for society: Evidence from ecosystem service assessments in two UK regions

Abstract Coastal managed realignment has the potential to deliver both nature conservation and other benefits to people, but these are rarely quantified. We used an ecosystem services assessment toolkit, TESSA, at two locations in the UK; Hesketh Outmarsh West (northwest England), where realignment has already been carried out, and the Inner Firth of Forth (central Scotland), where realignment is proposed for multiple sites. At the Inner Forth we focus on one site, Inch of Ferryton, in Clackmannanshire but also assess ecosystem services across several sites. Using dedicated data collection where possible, and site-appropriate existing data, we estimate the value of these sites to people in the realigned state compared with the most realistic alternative: continued agricultural production behind hard flood defences (agricultural state). Services assessed were climate change mitigation, agricultural production, nature-based recreation, and flood risk protection. At both sites agricultural production was estimated to be greater in the agricultural state, while other services were estimated to be greater in the realigned state. We are cautious about assigning overall monetary values based on biophysical attributes, particularly considering that climate change mitigation is highly sensitive to carbon prices, and that by necessity we were unable to quantify all services. Nevertheless, using a price for carbon that incorporates the societal cost of emissions, we estimate that the net annual provision of services is £262,935 (£1460.75/ha) at Hesketh Outmarsh West and £93,216 (£574.70/ha) at Inch of Ferryton. At both sites, sequestered carbon in accreting sediments outweighs greenhouse gas emissions from intertidal habitats, and the net value of this in turn outweighs the income foregone from crops and grazing. At Hesketh Outmarsh West the value of ecosystem services is increased by the reduction to flood risk arising from the coastal managed realignment action. Nature-based recreation is estimated to increase at both sites under realignment, with the visitor profile expected to be strongly local. Decisions about coastal management, including realignment, should incorporate information about the ecosystem services provided under different scenarios. This applies beyond coastal ecosystems, and the site-scale is often the most appropriate scale to carry out such assessments, as this is the scale at which decisions are often taken.
Impairments of Motor Function While Multitasking in HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) became a treatable illness with the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). As a result, patients with regular access to CART are expected to live decades with HIV. Long-term HIV infection presents unique challenges, including neurocognitive impairments defined by three major stages of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The current investigation aimed to study cognitive and motor impairments in HIV using a novel multitasking paradigm. Unlike current standard measures of cognitive and motor performance in HIV, multitasking increases real-world validity by mimicking the dual motor and cognitive demands that are part of daily professional and personal settings (e.g., driving, typing and writing). Moreover, multitask assessments can unmask compensatory mechanisms, normally used under single task conditions, to maintain performance. This investigation revealed that HIV+ participants were impaired on the motor component of the multitask, while cognitive performance was spared. A patient-specific positive interaction between motor performance and working memory recall was driven by poor HIV+ multitaskers. Surprisingly, HAND stage did not correspond with multitask performance and a variety of commonly used assessments indicated normal motor function among HIV+ participants with poor motor performance during the experimental task. These results support the use of multitasks to reveal otherwise hidden impairment in chronic HIV by expanding the sensitivity of clinical assessments used to determine HAND stage. Future studies should examine the capability of multitasks to predict performance in personal, professional and health-related behaviors and prognosis of patients living with chronic HIV.
Bovine SNRPN Methylation Imprint in Oocytes and Day 17 In Vitro-Produced and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos1

Abstract Findings from recent studies have suggested that the low survival rate of animals derived via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) may be in part due to epigenetic abnormalities brought about by this procedure. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification of DNA that is implicated in the regulation of imprinted genes. Genes subject to genomic imprinting are expressed monoallelically in a parent of origin-dependent manner and are important for embryo growth, placental function, and neurobehavioral processes. The vast majority of imprinted genes have been studied in mice and humans. Herein, our objectives were to characterize the bovine SNRPN gene in gametes and to compare its methylation profile in in vivo-produced, in vitro-produced, and SCNT-derived Day 17 elongating embryos. A CpG island within the 5′ region of SNRPN was identified and examined using bisulfite sequencing. SNRPN alleles were unmethylated in sperm, methylated in oocytes, and approximately 50% methylated in somatic samples. The examined SNRPN region appeared for the most part to be normally methylated in three in vivo-produced Day 17 embryos and in eight in vitro-produced Day 17 embryos examined, while alleles from Day 17 SCNT embryos were severely hypomethylated in seven of eight embryos. In this study, we showed that the SNRPN methylation profiles previously observed in mouse and human studies are also conserved in cattle. Moreover, SCNT-derived Day 17 elongating embryos were abnormally hypomethylated compared with in vivo-produced and in vitro-produced embryos, which in turn suggests that SCNT may lead to faulty reprogramming or maintenance of methylation imprints at this locus.
Evidence for the presence of thermophilic Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms in deep-sea hydrothermal vents at 13 degrees N (East Pacific Rise).

Microorganisms capable of dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction in the temperature range of 52-90 degrees C were enriched from outer and inner parts of chimney-like structures, tubes of the polychaetous annelid Alvinella sp. , and hydrothermal fluids collected at 13 degrees N hydrothermal vent sites on the East Pacific Rise at a depth of 2650 m. Numbers of culturable Fe(III)-reducing thermophiles estimated by the serial dilution technique varied from 10 to 10(7) cells per cm(3) of sample. Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial and archaeal PCR-amplified 16S rDNA genes obtained from Fe(III)-reducing enrichments and separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed sequences related to Deferibacter, Thermotogales (Bacteria) and Thermococcus (Archaea) for which the capacity for Fe(III) reduction had been reported. This was confirmed by isolating a hyperthermophilic iron reducer that belongs to the genus Thermococcus. Other bacterial thermophiles found in the enrichments were related to so far uncultured members of the Clostridiaceae, and epsilon-subdivision of the Proteobacteria.
Time-triggering versus event-triggering control over communication channels

Time-triggered and event-triggered control strategies for stabilization of an unstable plant over a rate-limited communication channel subject to unknown, bounded delay are studied and compared. Event triggering carries implicit information, revealing the state of the plant. However, the delay in the communication channel causes information loss, as it makes the state information out of date. There is a critical delay value, when the loss of information due to the communication delay perfectly compensates the implicit information carried by the triggering events. This occurs when the maximum delay equals the inverse of the entropy rate of the plant. In this context, extensions of our previous results for event triggering strategies are presented for vector systems and are compared with the data-rate theorem for time-triggered control, that is extended here to a setting with unknown delay.
Global seiching of thermocline waters between the Atlantic and the Indian‐Pacific Ocean Basins

Proxy climate data from the Greenland icecap and marine deposits in the Pacific indicate that warm conditions in the North Atlantic are linked to cool conditions in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, and vice versa. Our ocean models show that the surface branch of the overturning circulation connecting the North Atlantic to the Equatorial Pacific adjusts by exchanging thermocline water between ocean basins in response to changes in deep water formation in the northern North Atlantic. Planetary ocean waves give rise to a global oceanic seiche, such that the volume of thermocline water decreases in the Pacific‐Indian Ocean while increasing in the Atlantic Ocean. We conjecture that the remotely forced changes in the thermocline of the Eastern Equatorial Pacific may trigger El Niño events. These global seiches have been previously overlooked due to the difficulty of integrating high‐resolution climate models for very long time‐scales.
An Analytical Method for Estimation of Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines Based on a Leader Progression Model

The leader progression model (LPM) is a tool for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines. However, the large computation time remains a problem for the engineering application of this model. An analytical method is proposed in this paper to mitigate the aforementioned problem. First, nonlinear trajectory equations describing the movement of upward and downward leaders are obtained, starting with differential equations. Based on the trajectory equations, the average electric field between the upward and downward leader tips is represented with a comprehensive nonlinear equation. The final strike point is determined by solving the equations. Results show that the proposed method effectively mitigates the large computation time problem of traditional (numerical) LPM.
Which Factors Drive the Skill-Mix of Migrants in the Long-Run?

A pervasive, yet little acknowledged feature of international migration to developed countries is that newly arriving immigrants are increasingly highly skilled since the 1980s. This paper analyses the determinants of changes in the skill composition of immigrants using a framework suggested by Grogger & Hanson (2011). We focus on Switzerland, which continuously showed very high immigration rates and dramatic changes in the skill composition of immigrants. In addition, the recent integration of Switzerland into the European labour market in 2002 serves as a policy experiment which allows analysing the influence of a reduction on immigration restrictions on immigrants from European countries in comparison to those from other countries. Our findings suggest that changes of education supply in origin countries and shifts to the relative demand for education groups stand out as the two most important drivers. Yet, while supply alone predicts only a modest increase in the case of highly educated workers and a large increase of middle educated workers, one particular demand channel, the polarisation of labour demand induced by the adoption of computer capital, is crucial to explain the sharp increase in highly educated workers and the mere stabilisation of the share of middle educated immigrant workers. The abolition of quotas for EU residents played a smaller role, yet may have slightly reduced the high skill share among immigrants relative to immigrants from other countries.
Periapical healing of endodontically treated teeth in one and two visits obturated in the presence or absence of detectable microorganisms.

AIM The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the healing of periapical lesions of teeth with positive and negative canal cultures at the time of obturation, and to evaluate the periapical healing of teeth treated in one visit (without) or in two visits with an interappointment dressing of calcium hydroxide. METHODOLOGY Thirty-nine patients received root-canal treatment. In the first visit, teeth were instrumented, and 18 of these teeth were filled (after microbiological sampling) with calcium hydroxide in sterile saline. The other 21 teeth were obturated with gutta-percha and AH-26 sealer after microbiological sampling. Four weeks later, the teeth with calcium hydroxide were accessed again and after microbiological sampling they were obturated with gutta-percha and AH-26 sealer. Healing of periapical radiolucency was recorded over a period up to 4.5 years. RESULTS In both the treatment groups, the size of the periapical lesions reduced significantly during the follow-up period. Complete radiographic healing was observed in 81% of the cases in the one-visit group, and in 71% of the cases in the two-visit group. The probability of success increased continuously over time for both treatment groups. Seven out of eight cases (87.5%) that showed a positive root-canal culture at the time of obturation healed. The number of colony forming units (CFU) in six out of eight positive canals was <10(2) CFU mL(-1). CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this study, no significant differences in healing of periapical radiolucency was observed between teeth that were treated in one visit (without) and two visits with inclusion of calcium hydroxide for 4 weeks. The presence of a positive bacterial culture (CFU<10(2)) at the time of filling did not influence the outcome of treatment.
Direct measurement of hepatic blood flow in native and transplanted organs, with accompanying systemic hemodynamics

The purpose of this study was to investigate intraoperatively a population of patients with end‐stage liver disease before and after liver transplantation with respect to (a) the range of hepatic and systemic hemodynamics and their changes associated with transplantation and (b) the ability to identify native hemodynamic correlates with specific diagnostic groups. Hepatic artery and portal vein blood flows were determined with square‐wave electromagnetic flowmetry. Significant differences related to the type of preservation solution used–Euro‐Collins or University of Wisconsin–were identified in some hepatic and systemic hemodynamic measurements from the graft livers. Specifically, cardiac output, total liver blood flow and liver weight were significantly increased in the Euro‐Collins group compared with the native and University of Wisconsin groups. Hepatic artery flow was significantly greater and portal vein pressure was significantly lower in the University of Wisconsin group than in the native or Euro‐Collins group. In general, comparing the graft and native livers, hepatic artery and portal vein blood flow increased significantly after transplantation, as did hepatic oxygen consumption. Portal vein pressures were dramatically reduced, but systemic arterial pressure remained remarkably constant. The percentage of cardiac output going to the liver increased, as did the portal vein percentage of the total liver blood flow.
Functional Organization of Auditory Cortex in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) II. Tonotopic 2‐Deoxyglucose

The tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex in the Mongolian gerbil was mapped with 2‐deoxyfluoro‐D‐glucose (2DG) using narrow‐band frequency‐modulated tones of different centre frequency (FM tones) and tones periodically alternating between two different frequencies (alternating tones) as stimuli. Continuous tone bursts of a constant frequency and repetition rate were used in initial experiments. Continuous tones produced 2DG patterns similar to those observed in animals that were not specifically stimulated. With tone bursts of constant frequency and repetition rate variable patterns were observed, some of which could be interpreted only in retrospect in the light of results obtained with FM tones and alternating tones. These stimuli, in contrast, produced differential metabolic responses which in conjunction with 2DG data from monaural animals and electrophysiological data made it possible to distinguish a primary auditory field AI with its dorsal region Aid, an anterior auditory field AAF, a ventral field V, a dorsoposterior field DP and a ventroposterior field VP, a dorsal field D, and in addition an anteroventral field AV. In the largest field (AI) and the smaller rostrally adjacent field AAF, frequency‐specific dorsoventral bands of labelling (isofrequency contours) were mapped quantitatively. Bands shifted as a function of frequency relative to each other and to an independent spatial reference line in the lateral hippocampus. Spatial analysis of the single bands obtained with FM tones, and of the double bands obtained with alternating tones in both fields, revealed roughly mirror‐imaged tonotopic maps of AI and AAF. In AI the progression from low to high frequencies was from caudal to rostral and in AAF the gradient was reversed, leading to a common high‐frequency border of the two fields. In AI, the spatial resolution for frequencies below 16 kHz was in similar intervals per octave and higher for frequencies below 1 kHz. AI showed a somewhat higher spatial resolution for frequencies (at least below 1 kHz) as well as longer isofrequency contours than AAF. The 2‐deoxyglucose patterns provided average tonotopic maps and topological data on various fields, as well as reliable landmarks in the gerbil's auditory cortex.
The perceived and actual diagnostic utility of veterinary cytological samples.

OBJECTIVES To establish the proportion of cytology samples sent to a commercial veterinary laboratory that yields diagnostically useful information in the context of current use and perceptions of cytology. METHODS Nine hundred and forty-five cytology submissions were retrospectively collected and categorised according to diagnostic utility. A survey into the use and perceptions of cytology was distributed at the British Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress 2008. RESULTS A specific diagnosis was reached in 23.1 per cent of samples and a cytological diagnosis in 35.3 per cent. 22.4 per cent of samples yielded some useful information, but 19.2 per cent were unacceptable. Seventy-four participants in the survey took an average of 3.9 cytological samples per week, of which they examined 27.0 per cent in-house only, 21.6 per cent in-house before sending to an external laboratory and 51.4 per cent were sent externally without prior examination. "To obtain a definitive diagnosis" was the principal reason cited for performing cytology. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Results suggest that cytology is underused and may be applied in an inappropriate context in the UK. It is hoped that illustrating the diagnostic outcome of samples received by a commercial laboratory will encourage increased, appropriate use of cytology.