Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Intergenerational Altruism with Parent-Child Pairs

In the standard intergenerational altruism model in which the child's utility level is an argument in the parent's utility function, there are no conflicts of interests between the parent and the child if they need to reach an agreement about the amount and the timing of a present that child receives from a third party. On the other hand, in the intergenerational altruism models of cultural transmission of preferences, this may not be true. This difference in two classes of the models can be used to distinguish between them in experiments. We conducted a time preference experiment to compare individual and joint decision makings with parent-child pairs in which (1)the child alone, (2) the parent alone, and (3) the parent-child pair as a group make decisions about the amount and the timing of the payment to the child. The experimental results are not consistent with the standard intergenerational altruism model but consistent with models of cultural transmission of preferences.
Verification and Validation of Encapsulation Flow Models in GOMA, Version 1.1

Encapsulation is a common process used in manufacturing most non-nuclear components including: firing sets, neutron generators, trajectory sensing signal generators (TSSGs), arming, fusing and firing devices (AF and Fs), radars, programmers, connectors, and batteries. Encapsulation is used to contain high voltage, to mitigate stress and vibration and to protect against moisture. The purpose of the ASCI Encapsulation project is to develop a simulation capability that will allow us to aid in the encapsulation design process, especially for neutron generators. The introduction of an encapsulant poses many problems because of the need to balance ease of processing and properties necessary to achieve the design benefits such as tailored encapsulant properties, optimized cure schedule and reduced failure rates. Encapsulants can fail through fracture or delamination as a result of cure shrinkage, thermally induced residual stresses, voids or incomplete component embedding and particle gradients. Manufacturing design requirements include (1) maintaining uniform composition of particles in order to maintain the desired thermal coefficient of expansion (CTE) and density, (2) mitigating void formation during mold fill, (3) mitigating cure and thermally induced stresses during cure and cool down, and (4) eliminating delamination and fracture due to cure shrinkage/thermal strains. The first two require modeling ofmore » the fluid phase, and it is proposed to use the finite element code GOMA to accomplish this. The latter two require modeling of the solid state; however, ideally the effects of particle distribution would be included in the calculations, and thus initial conditions would be set from GOMA predictions. These models, once they are verified and validated, will be transitioned into the SIERRA framework and the ARIA code. This will facilitate exchange of data with the solid mechanics calculations in SIERRA/ADAGIO. « less
No association between the tyrosine hydroxylase microsatellite marker HUMTH01 and schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder

Linkage and association studies have implicated the involvement of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene on chromosome 11p15 in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BPD). An association of BPD with a polymorphic tetranucleotide repeat, HUMTH01, located in the first intron of the human TH gene has been reported. Subsequently a rare allele, Ep ([TCAT]10) of this microsatellite marker has been found in French and Tunisian schizophrenic patients only. We have genotyped a different sample of unrelated French schizophrenic and BPD patients from Alsace and matched controls for this polymorphic tetranucleotide repeat sequence. The Ep allele was insignificantly more common in controls than in schizophrenic patients, thus not showing a particular association with schizophrenia. In addition, analysis of the segregation of the Ep allele in the family of one of the schizophrenic patients showed no transmission of this allele from the healthy mother to her schizophrenic daughter. Nevertheless, we did observe a non-significant trend towards an association between HUMTH01 allele D ([TCAT]9) and schizophrenia (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.053). No association was apparent between HUMTH01 and BPD Psychiatr Genet 8:45–48 c 1998 Lippincott-Raven Publishers.
Spin-Torque and Spin-Hall Nano-Oscillators

This paper reviews the state of the art in spin-torque and spin-Hall-effect-driven nano-oscillators. After a brief introduction to the underlying physics, the authors discuss different implementations of these oscillators, their functional properties in terms of frequency range, output power, phase noise, and modulation rates, and their inherent propensity for mutual synchronization. Finally, the potential for these oscillators in a wide range of applications, from microwave signal sources and detectors to neuromorphic computation elements, is discussed together with the specific electronic circuitry that has so far been designed to harness this potential.
Molecular Basis for the Catalytic Specificity of the CTX-M Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) pose a threat to public health because of their ability to confer resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins such as cefotaxime. The CTX-M β-lactamases are the most widespread ESBL enzymes among antibiotic resistant bacteria. Many of the active site residues are conserved between the CTX-M family and non-ESBL β-lactamases such as TEM-1, but the residues Ser237 and Arg276 are specific to the CTX-M family, suggesting that they may help to define the increased specificity for cefotaxime hydrolysis. To test this hypothesis, site-directed mutagenesis of these positions was performed in the CTX-M-14 β-lactamase. Substitutions of Ser237 and Arg276 with their TEM-1 counterparts, Ala237 and Asn276, had a modest effect on cefotaxime hydrolysis, as did removal of the Arg276 side chain in an R276A mutant. The S237A:R276N and S237A:R276A double mutants, however, exhibited 29- and 14-fold losses in catalytic efficiency for cefotaxime hydrolysis, respectively, while the catalytic efficiency for benzylpenicillin hydrolysis was unchanged. Therefore, together, the Ser237 and Arg276 residues are important contributors to the cefotaximase substrate profile of the enzyme. High-resolution crystal structures of the CTX-M-14 S70G, S70G:S237A, and S70G:S237A:R276A variants alone and in complex with cefotaxime show that residues Ser237 and Arg276 in the wild-type enzyme promote the expansion of the active site to accommodate cefotaxime and favor a conformation of cefotaxime that allows optimal contacts between the enzyme and substrate. The conservation of these residues, linked to their effects on structure and catalysis, imply that their coevolution is an important specificity determinant in the CTX-M family.
Computer Modeling of Anterior Circulation Stroke: Proof of Concept in Cerebrovascular Occlusion

Background: Current literature emphasizes the role of the Circle of Willis (CoW) in salvaging ischemic brain tissue but not that of leptomeningeal anastomoses (LA). We developed a computational model of the cerebral circulation to (1) evaluate the roles of the CoW and LA in restoring flow to the superficial compartment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory and (2) estimate the size of the LA required to maintain flow above the critical ischemic threshold (>30% of baseline) under simulated occlusion. Methods: Cerebral vasculature was modeled as a network of junctions connected by cylindrical pipes. The experiments included occlusion of successive distal branches of the intracranial arteries while the diameters of LA were varied. Results: The model showed that the region of reduced flow became progressively smaller as the site of occlusion was moved from the large proximal to the smaller distal arteries. There was no improvement in flow in the MCA territory when the diameters of the inter-territorial LA were varied from 0.0625 to 0.5 mm while keeping the intra-territorial LA constant. By contrast, the diameter of the inter-territorial LA needed to be >1.0 mm in order to provide adequate (>30%) flow to selected arteries in the occluded MCA territory. Conclusion: The CoW and inter-territorial LA together play important supportive roles in intracranial artery occlusion. Computational modeling provides the ability to experimentally investigate the effect of arterial occlusion on CoW and LA function.
Knowledge, Practices, and Perceived Barriers Regarding Cancer Pain Management Among Physicians and Nurses In Korea: A Nationwide Multicenter Survey

Purpose Medical professionals’ practices and knowledge regarding cancer pain management have often been cited as inadequate. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge, practices and perceived barriers regarding cancer pain management among physicians and nurses in Korea. Methods A nationwide questionnaire survey was administered to physicians and nurses involved in the care of cancer patients. Questionnaire items covered pain assessment and documentation practices, knowledge regarding cancer pain management, the perceived barriers to cancer pain control, and processes perceived as the major causes of delay in opioid administration. Results A total of 333 questionnaires (149 physicians and 284 nurses) were analyzed. Nurses performed pain assessment and documentation more regularly than physicians did. Although physicians had better knowledge of pain management than did nurses, both groups lacked knowledge regarding the side effects and pharmacology of opioids. Physicians working in the palliative care ward and nurses who had received pain management education obtained higher scores on knowledge. Physicians perceived patients’ reluctance to take opioids as a barrier to pain control, more so than did nurses, while nurses perceived patients’ tendency to under-report of pain as a barrier, more so than did physicians. Physicians and nurses held different perceptions regarding major cause of delay during opioid administration. Conclusions There were differences between physicians and nurses in knowledge and practices for cancer pain management. An effective educational strategy for cancer pain management is needed in order to improve medical professionals’ knowledge and clinical practices.
Sentence repetition is a measure of children's language skills rather than working memory limitations

Sentence repetition tasks are widely used in the diagnosis and assessment of children with language difficulties. This paper seeks to clarify the nature of sentence repetition tasks and their relationship to other language skills. We present the results from a 2-year longitudinal study of 216 children. Children were assessed on measures of sentence repetition, vocabulary knowledge and grammatical skills three times at approximately yearly intervals starting at age 4. Sentence repetition was not a unique longitudinal predictor of the growth of language skills. A unidimensional language latent factor (defined by sentence repetition, vocabulary knowledge and grammatical skills) provided an excellent fit to the data, and language abilities showed a high degree of longitudinal stability. Sentence repetition is best seen as a reflection of an underlying language ability factor rather than as a measure of a separate construct with a specific role in language processing. Sentence repetition appears to be a valuable tool for language assessment because it draws upon a wide range of language processing skills.
ORO DENTAL HEALTH: AWARENESS AND PRACTICES

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude, practices and perceptions regarding oro-dental health in the patients attending the outpatient department of Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan, Pakistan. Methodology: This was a cross sectional descriptive hospital based survey, conducted in Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan, Pakistan from January 2010 to March 2010. A total of 221 subjects were interviewed on a questionnaire proforma using Non Probability convenient sampling technique. SPSS version 17.0 was used to analyze the collected data. Results: Of the study participants, 41.7%, received information regarding oral health mainly from media and 46.2% from Community members. 64.3% of the study participants (Male 55.6% & Female 44.4%) knew the reason that eating sugars causes tooth decay and 47.1% were afraid of dental check up because of pain perception. Results showed that 46.2% (Male 51.9%: Female: 48.1%) brushed their teeth once a day and 6.9% did not brushed at all. It was found that 42.5% (Male: 46.8%; Female: 53.2%) of study participants visited the dentist during the last 6 months and about 56.1% of the subjects came because of dental pain. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that oral health KAP among study participants was poor and needs to be improved. Findings of this study also show that utilization of available dental service is mainly for emergency pain relief & very occasionally for routine oral health maintenance. Based upon these findings, systematic community-oriented oral health promotion programs are needed to target the lifestyles in different general population groups.
The Selection Landscape of Malaria Parasites

Malaria parasites have to survive and transmit within a highly selective and ever-changing host environment. Because immunity to malaria is nonsterilizing and builds up slowly through repeated infections, commonly the parasite invades a host that is immunologically and physiologically different from its previous host. During the course of infection, the parasite must also keep pace with changes in host immune responses and red-blood-cell physiology. Here, we describe the “selection landscape” of the most virulent of the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, and the adaptive mechanisms it uses to navigate through that landscape. Taking a cost-benefit view of parasite fitness, we consider the evolutionary outcomes of the most important forces of selection operating on the parasite, namely immunity, host death, drugs, mosquito availability, and coinfection. Given the huge potential for malaria parasite evolution in the context of the recently renewed effort to eradicate malaria, a deeper understanding of P. falciparum adaptation is essential.
Structural brain networks from diffusion MRI : methods and application

Structural brain networks can be constructed at a macroscopic scale using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and whole-brain tractography. Under this approach, grey matter regions, such as Brodmann areas, form the nodes of a network and tractography is used to construct a set of white matter fibre tracts which form the connections. Graph-theoretic measures may then be used to characterise patterns of connectivity. In this study, we measured the test-retest properties of such networks by varying several factors affecting network construction using ten healthy volunteers who underwent a dMRI protocol at 1.5 T on two separate occasions. High resolution T1-weighted brains were parcellated into regions-of-interest and network connections were identified using dMRI and two alternative tractography algorithms, two alternative seeding strategies, constraints on anatomical plausibility and three alternative network weightings. Test-retest performance was found to improve when: 1) seeding from white matter, rather than grey; and 2) using probabilistic tractography, rather than deterministic. In terms of network weighting, a measure of streamline density produced better test-retest performance than tract-averaged diffusion anisotropy, although it remains unclear which is most representative of the underlying axonal connections. These findings were then used to inform network construction for two further cohorts: a casecontrol analysis of 30 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) compared with 30 age-matched healthy controls; and a cross-sectional analysis of 80 healthy volunteers aged 25– 64 years. In both cases, networks were constructed using a weighting reflecting tract-averaged fractional anisotropy (FA). A mass-univariate statistical technique called network-based statistics, identified an impaired motor-frontal-subcortical subnetwork (10 nodes and 12 bidirectional connections), consistent with upper motor neuron pathology, in the ALS group compared with the controls. Reduced FA for three of the impaired network connections, which involved fibres of the cortico-spinal tract, were significantly correlated with the rate of disease progression. Cross-sectional analysis of the 80 healthy volunteers was intended to provide supporting evidence for the widely reported age-related decline in white matter integrity. However, no meaningful relationships were found between increasing age and impaired connectivity based on global, lobar and nodal network properties – findings which were confirmed with a conventional voxel-based analysis of the dMRI data. In conclusion, whilst current acquisition protocols and methods can produce networks capable of characterising the genuine between-subject differences in connectivity, it is challenging to measure subtle white matter changes, for example, due to normal ageing. We conclude that future work should be undertaken to address these concerns.
Elevated Ambient Air Zinc Increases Pediatric Asthma Morbidity

Background Recent studies indicate that the composition of fine particulate matter [PM ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] is associated with increased hospitalizations for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The metal composition of PM2.5 influences allergic and/or inflammatory reactions, and ambient zinc contributes to worsening pulmonary function in susceptible adults. However, information is limited concerning associations between ambient air zinc levels and health care utilization for asthma, especially among children. Objective We aimed to investigate the relationship between outdoor ambient air PM2.5 zinc levels and urgent health care utilization for children living in an urban area. Methods We used a time-series study to estimate the association of ambient air PM2.5 zinc levels with hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) utilization by children in Baltimore, Maryland, controlling for time trends. We used data from daily discharge administrative claims of ED and hospital utilization for asthma in children, 0–17 years of age for Greater Baltimore from June 2002 through November 2002. We collected ambient air PM2.5 metal concentration data, determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, during the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency–sponsored Baltimore Supersite project. Results Previous-day medium levels of zinc (8.63–20.76 ng/m3) are associated with risks of pediatric asthma exacerbations that are 1.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.41) times higher than those with previous-day low levels of zinc (< 8.63 ng/m3) after accounting for time-varying potential confounders. Conclusion Results suggest that high ambient air PM2.5 zinc levels are associated with an increase in ED visits/hospital admissions for asthma on the following day among children living in an urban area.
Children's Brain Activations While Viewing Televised Violence Revealed by fMRI

Though social and behavioral effects of TV violence have been studied extensively, the brain systems involved in TV violence viewing in children are, at present, not known. In this study, 8 children viewed televised violent and nonviolent video sequences while brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Both violent and nonviolent viewing activated regions involved in visual motion, visual object and scenes, and auditory listening. However, viewing TV violence selectively recruited a network of right hemisphere regions including precuneus, posterior cingulate, amygdala, inferior parietal, and prefrontal and premotor cortex. Bilateral activations were apparent in hippocampus, parahippocampus, and pulvinar. TV violence viewing transiently recruits a network of brain regions involved in the regulation of emotion, arousal and attention, episodic memory encoding and retrieval, and motor programming. This pattern of brain activations may explain the behavioral effects observed in many studies, especially the finding that children who are frequent viewers of TV violence are more likely to behave aggressively. Such extensive viewing may result in a large number of aggressive scripts stored in long-term memory in the posterior cingulate, which facilitates rapid recall of aggressive scenes that serve as a guide for overt social behavior.
Leading with pride : do hubristic and authentic pride promote distinct forms of social status?

Why do humans experience pride? We propose that pride evolved to help individuals cope with the challenge of attaining and maintaining social status. However, given recent evidence for distinct “authentic” and “hubristic” facets of pride (Tracy and Robins, 2007), it is unclear whether the two facets promote status in different ways. Specifically, how might we account for the anti-social and narcissistic hubristic pride from a functionalist perspective? The present research addresses this question by testing whether hubristic and authentic pride underlie distinct routes to attaining high status. We argue that hubristic pride may motivate the attainment of dominance, a form of high status associated with force, threat, and intimidation; whereas authentic pride may motivate the attainment of prestige, a form of high status associated with demonstrated intelligence, skills, and altruism (Henrich & Gil-White, 2001). In the first of two studies (N = 191), we assessed the everyday experience of pride, dominance, and prestige through self-reports. In Study 2 (N = 91), we replicated these findings using selfand peer-ratings from individuals in naturalistic groups. Findings from both studies show that: (a) hubristic pride is specifically linked to dominance while authentic pride is linked to prestige; (b) the pride facets and their respective forms of status share similar patterns of correlates, consistent with evolutionary accounts of each emotion and status. Discussion focuses on implications for understanding pride, human social status, and the roles of emotion and personality in determining leadership emergence.
MODEL ADAPTATION FOR SENTENCE SEGMENTATION FROM SPEECH

This paper analyzes various methods to adapt sentence segmentation models trained on conversational telephone speech (CTS) to meeting style conversations. The sentence segmentation model trained using a large amount of CTS data is used to improve the performance when various amounts of meeting data are available. We test the sentence segmentation performance on both reference and speech-to-text (STT) conditions on the ICSI MRDA meeting corpus using the switchboard CTS Corpus as the out-of-domain data. Results show that the sentence segmentation performance is significantly improved by the adapted classification model compared to the one obtained by using in-domain data only, independently of the amount of in-domain data used: 17.5% and 8.4% relative error reductions with only 1,000 and 3,000 in-domain sentences, respectively, and 3.7% relative error reduction with all in-domain data of 80,000 words.