Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Analysis between English and Indonesian Phonological Systems

This research deals with the descriptions and analyses on phonological systems of English and Indonesian languages which supply several similarities and differences. Similarities do not make the seventh semester students of the English Department of Tadulako University have trouble in learning L2 (English), but the differences between two languages do. Therefore, the parallels are not the problematic cases in the learning of L2 phonological system anyway. Based on the collected data, some differences are discovered such as phonemic oppositions and phonetic features, and so are their similarities. The approach applied in this study was qualitative. The data were collected via observation, interviews, and recording which were constructed in the form of field-notes. This study involved 20 English students of the English Department of Tadulako University. They have already had experiences in learning English but they still have problems in pronouncing English words.
A Kalman filter approach to Fisher effect: Evidence from Nigeria

This paper investigates evidence of a Fisher effect in Nigeria by employing quarterly CPI inflation and Nominal interest rates data. For a more robust result we conducted integration and cointegration tests in order to examine time-series properties of the variables. Using Co-integration and Kalman filter methodologies, the study did not find evidence of a full Fisher effect from 1961:1-2009:4. This result indicates that nominal interest rates do not respond one-for-one to changes in inflation rates in the long run despite the presence of positive relationship among the variables. Our study recommends the adoption of potent policies aimed at checking inflation so as to help reduce high interest rates in order to stimulate growth in the economy.
Enhanced autoreactivity of T‐lymphocytes in primary sclerosing cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic, cholestatic liver disease in which immune mechanisms are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis. We have determined the frequencies and functional phenotypes of autoreactive T‐lymphocytes in peripheral blood specimens from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and healthy adults as an indicator of autoreactivity in primary sclerosing cholangitis. We found a significant increase in the percentage of autoreactive suppressor/cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes that become activated in the T‐, non‐T‐autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in primary sclerosing cholangitis patients (p < 0.002). Blastogenesis in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction cultures from primary sclerosing cholangitis patients was significantly decreased (p < 0.02), and the magnitude of the decrease correlated directly with the percentage of activated suppressor/cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (r = 0.56, p < 0.01). The percentage of autoreactive, suppressor T‐lymphocytes was increased in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction cultures from primary sclerosing cholangitis patients (p < 0.0001); and suppression of mitogen‐induced blastogenesis by autologous concanavalin A‐treated mononuclear cells was significantly enhanced. These results, which were unrelated to the histologic stage of liver disease and the presence or absence of active colitis, document the presence of an expanded population of T‐lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis that became activated on exposure to autologous major histo‐compatibility antigens in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction. We hypothesize that these autoreactive cells may be a marker or may participate as effector cells in cell‐mediated autoimmunity in primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Beyond Markov Chains, Towards Adaptive Memristor Network-based Music Generation

We undertook a study of the use of a memristor network for music generation, making use of the memristor's memory to go beyond the Markov hypothesis. Seed transition matrices are created and populated using memristor equations, and which are shown to generate musical melodies and change in style over time as a result of feedback into the transition matrix. The spiking properties of simple memristor networks are demonstrated and discussed with reference to applications of music making. The limitations of simulating composing memristor networks in von Neumann hardware is discussed and a hardware solution based on physical memristor properties is presented.
The big-fish-little-pond effect: Generalizability of social comparison processes over two age cohorts from Western, Asian, and Middle Eastern Islamic countries.

Extensive support for the seemingly paradoxical negative effects of school- and class-average achievement on academic self-concept (ASC)—the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE)—is based largely on secondary students in Western countries or on cross-cultural Program for International Student Assessment studies. There is little research testing the generalizability of this frame of reference effect based on social comparison theory to primary school students and or to matched samples of primary and secondary students from different countries. Using multigroup–multilevel latent variable models, we found support for developmental and cross-cultural generalizability of the BFLPE based on Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study data; positive effects of individual student achievement and the negative effects of class-average achievement on ASC were significant for each of the 26 groups (nationally representative samples of 4th- and 8th-grade students from 13 diverse countries; 117,321 students from 6,499 classes).
Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Hook into Biocoral Scaffold Forming an Engineered Biocomplex

The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs), as well as human osteoblasts, when challenged on a Biocoral scaffold, which is a porous natural hydroxyapatite. For this purpose, human DPSCs were seeded onto a three-dimensional (3D) Biocoral scaffold or on flask surface (control). Either normal or rotative (3D) cultures were performed. Scanning electron microscopic analyses, at 8, 24 and 48 h of culture showed that cells did not adhere on the external surface, but moved into the cavities inside the Biocoral structure. After 7, 15 and 30 days of culture, morphological and molecular analyses suggested that the Biocoral scaffold leads DPSCs to hook into the cavities where these cells quickly start to secrete the extra cellular matrix (ECM) and differentiate into osteoblasts. Control human osteoblasts also moved into the internal cavities where they secreted the ECM. Histological sections revealed a diffuse bone formation inside the Biocoral samples seeded with DPSCs or human osteoblasts, where the original scaffold and the new secreted biomaterial were completely integrated and cells were found within the remaining cavities. In addition, RT-PCR analyses showed a significant increase of osteoblast-related gene expression and, above all, of those genes highly expressed in mineralized tissues, including osteocalcin, OPN and BSP. Furthermore, the effects on the interaction between osteogenesis and angiogenesis were observed and substantiated by ELISA assays. Taken together, our results provide clear evidence that DPSCs differentiated into osteoblasts, forming a biocomplex made of Biocoral, ECM and differentiated cells.
Lateral episiotomy protects primiparous but not multiparous women from obstetric anal sphincter rupture

Objective. To identify the risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter rupture (OASR). Design and setting. Retrospective population‐based register study. Population. A total of 514,741 women with singleton pregnancy and vaginal delivery between 1997 and 2007 in Finland. Methods. Primiparous (n = 2,315) and multiparous women (n = 534) with OASR were compared with primiparous and multiparous women without OASR by using stepwise logistic regression analysis. Main outcome measure. The OASR risk. Results. Episiotomy decreased the likelihood of OASR for the primiparous [odds ratio (OR) 0.83, 95% CI (confidence interval) 0.75–0.92], but not the multiparous women (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.67–2.44). The strongest risk factors for OASR among the primiparous women were forceps delivery (OR 10.20, 95% CI 3.60–28.90), birth weight over 4,000 g (OR 4.66, 95% CI 3.86–5.63), vacuum assisted delivery (OR 3.88, 95% CI 3.25–4.63), occiput posterior presentation (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.64–6.15), and prolonged active second stage of birth (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.65–2.58). Episiotomy was associated with decreased risks for OASR in vacuum assisted deliveries (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57–0.85). Risk factors for OASR among the multiparous women included forceps delivery (OR 10.13, 95% CI 2.46–41.81), prolonged active second stage of the birth (OR 7.18, 95% CI 4.32–11.91), birth weight over 4,000 g (OR 5.84, 95% CI 3.40–10.02), and vacuum assisted delivery (OR 4.17, 95% CI 3.17–5.48). Conclusions. The results support the restrictive use of episiotomy, since 909 episiotomies appear to be needed to prevent one OASR among primiparous women. Equivalent estimate in vacuum assisted deliveries among primiparous women was 66, favoring routine use of episiotomy in such cases.
Stimulus-dependent modulation of perceptual and motor learning in a serial reaction time task

In two experiments, we investigated the impact of spatial attributes on the representation acquired during a serial reaction time task. Two sequences were used, in which structural regularities occurred either in the horizontal or in the vertical locations of successive stimuli. After training with the dominant hand, participants were required to respond with the non-dominant hand to either the original sequence or to a mirror-ordered version of the original sequence that required finger movements homologous to those used during training. We observed that a difference in reaction times between the two transfer conditions was smaller in the vertical sequence than in the horizontal sequence. This pattern of results was independent of whether three fingers (Experiment 1) were used or only one finger (Experiment 2) was used for responding. This result suggests that perceptual and motor learning mechanisms may be weighted differently depending on the context in which the stimulus is presented.
The State of Nature and the Evolution of Political Preferences

Analysis of political and legal institutions often proceeds from a "state of nature" argument, where humans are analyzed as if they once existed as solitary individuals with no rules or government. In fact, sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, and study of related species (e.g., chimpanzees), indicate that humans have never existed as humans in such an environment. Rather, hominids (humans and their direct ancestors) have always been a group living species, and rules and preferences about rules would have evolved along with humans. As hominid brains became more complex, rules would also have become more complex, but there was never a time when humans lived with no rules and no time when rules were in any sense "created" de novo. These evolved rules and preferences for rules have implications for contemporary law and government. Human groups have generally been in conflict, and an important distinction has always been between group members and outsiders. It is useful to distinguish three classes of rules that would have existed in the state of nature. First would have been those defining group membership; these rules seem to be remarkably flexible. Second would have been rules regulating private conduct of individuals within the group. I argue that a libertarian regime, with few such rules, would have been unstable, which may explain why there are few persons with tastes for libertarian governments. Current resistance to libertarianism can be related to rules that would have been useful in evolutionary times, though the issue of the desirability of these rules today is worth further investigation. This analysis can explain why utility functions seem to contain elements of envy. The third class of rules would have been those regulating relationships between individuals within the group essentially, rules of property, contract, and hierarchy. Such rules are well developed and universal among humans. One implication of the argument here is that, while biological forces involving conflict created a value or demand for increased intelligence and group size, supply of energy to support intelligence in the form of first, meat, and later, agriculture were also needed. The analysis also has implications for the willingness of individuals to contribute to public goods, including voting, and for the emphasis on identified rather than statistical individuals in political discourse. It can also explain the role of religion in economic and legal affairs.
Barriers to Achieving Employment Outcomes: Assessing Assertive Community Treatment Staff

The authors describe the development of a two step survey of New Jersey Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) team members to identify the key issues that hinder ACT staff members' in assisting consumers with obtaining employment. Survey items were categorized into three sections: (1) staff beliefs, (2) consumer barriers, and (3) staff barriers to working on employment. The initial survey asked staff members to rate items in each of these categories. Highly rated items were used in a subsequent paired comparison survey to determine the relative importance of each. The top result for each section were as follows: returning to work is positive for the staff attitudes section, fear of loss of SSA benefits in the consumer barriers section and clinical issues take priority for the staff barriers section. Implications of the findings are addressed.
Social Interaction in Upper Secondary Physics Classrooms in Finland and Norway: A survey of students' expectations

The purpose of the study was to determine the typical teaching methods used in upper secondary physics in Finland and Norway and how students would like to study physics. Moreover, the further aim of seeing how certain background variables may explain students' desire to study their chosen specialist subject, physics or social science (humanities), is discussed. The students' opinions were surveyed using a questionnaire and the data analysed by multivariate methods. The questionnaire was answered by randomly selected 2nd‐year upper secondary students. Students say that physics teachers typically present new material or solve problems on the blackboard. This is also what students want. On the other hand, students would like to discuss difficult concepts and problems more, as well as work on problems and tasks in small groups. They would also like the teacher to lead the discussion when topics are discussed in the classroom. The student gender, as well as other predictors (perceived subject easiness, interest and workload, quality of instruction), excluding nationality and specialist subject, explain very little about how students say they like to study their specialist subject. The results were interpreted to mean that students preferred more versatile teaching methods, especially discussion in the classroom led by a teacher, than is presently the case.
El entorno familiar y su influencia en el rendimiento académico de los alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje : revisión de estudios empíricos

Se presenta una revision de estudios nacionales e internacionales centrados en conocer la influencia que ejercen las variables familiares denominadas estructurales y dinamicas sobre el progreso y adaptacion academica de los alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje y/o bajo rendimiento. Los datos obtenidos corroboran la incidencia en el desarrollo escolar de los alumnos de aspectos tales como las caracteristicas socioeconomicas y cultural-educativas de las familias, el clima y funcionamiento del hogar, las percepciones y conductas paternas hacia el nino o la implicacion de los padres en la educacion y su satisfaccion con los profesionales educativos. Estos resultados justifican el interes cientifico de este foco y permiten abrir nuevas vias de intervencion familiar a traves de las cuales ayudar a los alumnos con problemas de aprendizaje, contribuyendo en la mejora de sus resultados academicos. Palabras clave: Entorno familiar, dificultades de aprendizaje, clima del hogar, implicacion educativa, nivel socioeconomico. The family environment and their influence in academic achievement of students with learning disabilities: review of empirical studies. We present a national and international review of studies centered in knowing the influence of the called family structural and dynamic variables on the academic progress and adjustment of students with learning disabilities and / or low achievement. The obtained information corroborates the effect of aspects such as the socioeconomic and cultural environmet on the school development of students, educational characteristics of the families, the atmosphere and functioning of the home, the perceptions and paternal conducts towards the child or the parents’ implication in education and their satisfaction towards the teachers. These results justify the scientific interest of this area and open new routes of family intervention through which it will be possible to help the students with LD, contributing as well in the improvement of their academic results.
Education and Tolerance: An Analysis of Intervening Factors

Two hypotheses regarding tolerance of the speech behavior of others are extracted from Stouffer's work. By interpreting the conditions of the hypotheses in terms of a conttact and an expected rewards effect resulting from educational differences, and a perceived rewards effect resulting from occupational status differences, seven predictions are formulated. The seven predictions are compared to data from a relatively highly-educated, mobile, and predominantly southern female sample. The hypotheses find general support but there are several anomalies. These irregularities are examined in terms of possible implications for the hypotheses and tentative explanations are suggested. T ^ olerance of the rights of others is a topic of considerable interest, both as an important characteristic of democracy and as a social phenomena in its own right. The study of tolerance of others' rights varies from those who treat tolerance as a personality characteristic to those who view tolerance as a product of the interplay of certain structural factors and the individual. ' This paper adopts the latter orientation.
The production and perception by profoundly deaf children of syntactic time cues in English.

Summary. Earlier analyses of the syntactic development of English profoundly deaf children have revealed the existence of non-standard stages in the evolution of verb phrases. These pass from a stage of unit verbs where form of the verb is constant, usually present or past, but with no regular time-reference; through an intermediate stage of dual time reference, frequently as with the children studies contrasting future and a common present/past system. In this latter, form still has no systematic time-marking function. Finally children develop a three-fold time marking system in which form and reference of verbs are fairly consistently related. It was predicted that the stage of development reached in verb-phrase production would influence the perception of verb phrases in language reception. A reading task, using vocabulary known to the subjects, was used, requiring the children to recognise the time-reference of simple sentences. The prediction was supported: the productive linguistic model of the children appears to be related to their perception of language.
A Discreet Critique of Discrete Regime Type Data

To understand the limitations of discrete regime type data for studying authoritarianism, I scrutinize three regime type data sets provided by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland, Hadenius and Teorell, and Geddes. The political narratives of Nicaragua, Colombia, and Brazil show that the different data sets on regime type lend themselves to concept stretching and misuse, which threatens measurement validity. In an extension of Fjelde’s analysis of civil conflict onset, I demonstrate that interchangeably using the data sets leads to divergent predictions, it is sensitive to outliers, and the data ignore certain institutions. The critique expounds on special issues with discrete data on regime type so that scholars make more informed choices and are better able to compare results. The mixed-methods assessment of discrete data on regime type demonstrates the importance of proper concept formation in theory testing. Maximizing the impact of such data requires the scholar to make more theoretically informed choices.
The Impact of Age and Cognitive Reserve on Resting-State Brain Connectivity

Cognitive reserve (CR) is a protective mechanism that supports sustained cognitive function following damage to the physical brain associated with age, injury, or disease. The goal of the research was to identify relationships between age, CR, and brain connectivity. A sample of 90 cognitively normal adults, ages 45–64 years, had their resting-state brain activity recorded with electroencephalography (EEG) and completed a series of memory and executive function assessments. CR was estimated using years of education and verbal IQ scores. Participants were divided into younger and older age groups and low- and high-CR groups. We observed greater left- than right-hemisphere coherence in younger participants, and greater right- than left-hemisphere coherence in older participants. In addition, greater coherence was observed under eyes-closed than eyes-open recording conditions for both low-CR and high-CR participants, with a more substantial difference between recording conditions in individuals high in CR regardless of age. Finally, younger participants low in CR exhibited greater mean coherence than younger participants high in CR, whereas the opposite pattern was observed in older participants, with greater coherence in older participants high in CR. Together, these findings suggest the possibility of a shift in the relationship between CR and brain connectivity during aging.
Constrained Bandwidth Multicoloration Neighbourhoods

A combination of local search and constraint propagation called FCNS has previously been described for pure graph colouring. FCNS is a hybrid of the DSATUR backtracker and the IMPASSE local search algorithm, restricting coloration neighbourhoods by propagation, and dynamically ordering vertices by the Brélaz heuristic. We extend it to bandwidth colouring and present results on a set of geometric graphs. A related algorithm called Saturn has previously been described for pure 0/1 integer linear programs. We model bandwidth multicolouring as an ILP and present Saturn results on the same graphs. An assessment of performance is postponed until other results are presented at the symposium.