Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlates and Components of Subjective Well-Being Among the Elderly

Interest in the subjective well-being of the elderly was kindled by social gerontologists'efforts to test theories of successful aging and to improve the quality of life of older people. Although a large body of studies have been amassed, critics have commented that this literature is contradictory and noncumulative. We review research on correlates and components of subjective well-being among the elderly. Drawing on quantitative and narrative reviews, we find that associations between indicators of subjective well-being and variables often correlated with them are generally weak. Our synthesis offactor analytic investigations among the elderly reveals that scales have more than one factor, and positive affect, negative affect, and cognition are components of subjective well-being. Implications are noted for understanding the relation between the objective environment and subjective well-being, program evaluation, and enhancing subjective well-being.
Heel fat pad involvement in rheumatoid arthritis and in spondyloarthropathies: an ultrasonographic study

Background: Heel fat pad inflammation and degeneration have been frequently proved to cause talalgia. Painful heel fat pad is often confused with plantar fasciitis, and only magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography (US) can differentiate these conditions. Scanty data are available about heel fat pad involvement in the course of chronic polyarthritis. Objective: To investigate with US the heel fat pad involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthropathies (SpA); to describe and compare the clinical and sonographic features of this lesion in the two groups. Methods: The heels of 181 consecutive outpatients with RA and 160 with SpA were studied by US and radiography. A control group of 60 healthy subjects was examined by US. Results: Two different patterns of involvement of the heel fat pad were observed. The inflammatory–oedematous pattern was more frequent in patients with RA (6.6%) than in those with SpA (1.8%), and was associated with talalgia — even if it was not associated with plantar fasciitis or enthesophyte (bony spur). The degenerative–atrophic pattern was less frequent (1.1% in RA, 1.9% in SpA), and was associated with plantar fasciitis and subcalcaneal enthesophyte. Conclusions: The inflammatory–oedematous lesion of the heel fat‐pad is relatively frequent in RA and causes subcalcaneal pain. Degenerative–atrophic changes of the heel fat pad can be observed in RA and SpA, and seem to be associated with chronic abnormalities of the plantar fascia and of its enthesis.
Preclinical evidence for the antihyperalgesic activity of CDP-choline in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain.

PURPOSE This study was designed to evaluate the antihyperalgesic effect of CDP-choline (cytidine-5'-diphosphate- choline; citicoline) in a rat model of neuropathic pain produced by oxaliplatin (OXA). METHODS A single administration of OXA (6 mg/kg intraperitoneally/ ip) was used for induction of neuropathy. We assessed the antihyperalgesic effect of intracerebroventricularly (icv) administered CDP-choline (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 μmol) using the rat paw pressure test (Randall-Selitto). RESULTS CDP-choline significantly reduced OXA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The antihyperalgesic effect of CDP-choline was blocked by the neuronal high affinity choline uptake inhibitor hemicholinium-3 (1 μg; icv), the nonselective nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (50 μg; icv), the α7 selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist α-bungarotoxin (2 μg; icv), and the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-B receptor antagonist CGP-35348 (20 μg; icv), but not by the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (10 μg; icv) and the nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (10 μg; icv). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that CDP-choline exerts an antihyperalgesic effect in OXA-induced neuropatic pain and it can be tested in clinical trials.
Shared work values and team member effectiveness: The mediation of trustfulness and trustworthiness

Using a sample of 411 members and their respective leaders from 72 Taiwanese corporate teams, we conducted a cross-level study and found that 1) teammates' shared work values were positively related to team member performance and satisfaction with cooperation; 2) trustworthiness, or how a member was trusted by his or her teammates, mediated the relationship between shared work values and team member performance; and 3) trustfulness, or how a member trusted his or her teammates, mediated the relationship between shared work values and satisfaction with cooperation. Results provided support for the shared mental model theory and the directional nature of interpersonal trust.
New condition of delay-dependent robust H-infinity stability for uncertain singular system

The problem of delay-dependent robust H-infinity stability for uncertain singular systems with state time delay is investigated in this paper. A new necessary and sufficient condition under which the singular system without time delay is regular, impulse-free and stable (admissible for briefly) is given. Based on this condition, a delay-dependent robust H-infinity admissible criterion is obtained for uncertain singular time-delay system in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach for all admissible uncertainties. Furthermore, some numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methods.
Learning of subordinate category names by aphasic subjects: A comparison of deep and surface-level training methods

This study compared the effects of two cueing methods on aphasic subjects' learning and recall of unknown subordinate category names of dogs. One method, personalised cueing, required a deep level of stimulus processing. The second, phonological cueing, provided the subject with surface-level information about the target word's phonemic characteristics. A total of 30 aphasic subjects were assigned randomly to Personalised (PERS) or Phonological (PHON) training conditions. Training was identical for the groups with the exception that PERS group subjects created their own cues to aid recall of unknown dog names (e.g., Kuvasz), whereas PHON group subjects were provided a first phoneme cue (e.g., /kuh/) and the number of syllables in the dog's name by the examiner. During training, the examiner presented the personalised or phonological cue, and the subject named a coloured picture of the dog. Naming accuracy was measured across the 12 training trials. A dog name was considered as learned if the subject responded correctly after a personalised or phonological cue for the final four training trials. Recall of learned items was assessed with post-training probes 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after completion of training. Subjects were not provided with cues for the probes. Subjects in the PERS group had significantly higher levels of naming accuracy after cues and recalled significantly more of the learned dog names on the probes. Findings confirmed the authors' hypothesis regarding the durability of personalised cueing in aiding subjects in learning unfamiliar names. Results of the study are discussed in terms of three attributes of traditional aphasic naming treatments put forth by Howard and colleagues (Howard et al., 1985): prompting, facilitation, and therapy.
A Cell Lens Model for Transverse Modes in Optofluidic Intracavity Spectroscopy

Optofluidic intracavity spectroscopy of individual cells from canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) and canine lymphoma cancer cell lines exhibit relatively uniformly spaced multiple transverse modes repeated in each free spectral range of a microfluidic Fabry-Pérot cavity, while similar spectra of healthy canine monocytes and lymphocytes have minimal or no transverse-mode peaks. Modeling of the cells as thin lenses allows paraxial Gaussian beam resonator analysis that produces spectral features that quantitatively match the frequencies of transverse modes and qualitatively agree with the trends in maximum transmission of the modes when aperture losses are included. Cell focal lengths of 600 and 300 μm, respectively, are extracted for canine HSA and lymphoma cells from the ratio of transverse to longitudinal frequency spacing, while the spectra of canine monocytes indicate that they have a focal length ≥ 580 μm. Under an assumption of constant refractive index, the focal lengths imply a radius of curvature for the top surface of the cells that is much greater than their lateral radius.
The mixed blessings of migration: Life satisfaction and self-esteem over the course of migration

We investigated the psychological adaptation of Ingrian–Finnish migrants from Russia to Finland between 2008 and 2013. Pre-migration data (N = 225) were collected at the Finnish language courses that were part of the immigration training program. The three post-migration follow-ups were conducted half a year (N = 155), and 2 (N = 133) and 3 years (N = 85) after migration. Well-being was assessed with measures of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem. Life Satisfaction increased from pre-migration to the first post-migration measurement point, after which it stabilized. Self-Esteem decreased throughout the study. Variables reflecting adjustment to the event of migration (e.g., acculturation stress, socio-cultural adaptation) were primarily associated with well-being at the first post-migration measurement point. More general determinants of well-being (e.g., social support and subjective economic situation) were more consistently associated with well-being throughout the study. The results suggest that migration can be beneficial to some but detrimental to other types of well-being.
Religious concepts among individuals with intellectual disability: a comparison between adolescents and adults

This study compared behavioural, cognitive, and motivational components of religiosity among 54 Jewish adolescents (aged 13–21 years) and 35 adults (aged 30–60 years) with intellectual disability (ID) (IQ=40–69). A special questionnaire was constructed based on several previous studies by other authors. A different pattern was found between age groups. The adolescents fulfilled Jewish commandments to a greater extent than the adults. Social psychology theories regarding religion change/stability over the lifecycle can serve as an explanation for these findings. The cognitive component was measured using a Piagetean‐type scale. The scores in prayer efficacy and providence of God were significantly higher among the adults than among the adolescents. The adults also exhibited more mature motives of fulfilling commandments (dependence on God) than the adolescents. Regression analysis indicated that among the adolescents, mental age contributed to the explained variance of the behavioural and cognitive components, while among the adults chronological age contributed to the explained variance of these components.
Red Tape and Task Delays in Public and Private Organizations

Using a measure of red tape based on the amount of time required for the performance of core organizational tasks, hypotheses are tested as to why some organizations have more red tape than others. Among the explanations considered are organizational size, sector, "publicness" defined in terms of governmental interaction and influence independent of sector, and external constraint defined in terms of interorganizational agreements and percentage of time devoted to external activities. The data for the study come from a national study of more than 900 research-intensive organizations. The focus on these organizations assures that the core tasks performed are similar to one another and reduces the likelihood that findings are simply a function of differences in organizational mission. Results indicate that it is useful to think of red tape in terms of diverse dimensions related to key organizational tasks. Both sector and publicness are positively associated with measures of red tape, with publicness providing a somewhat more robust explanation along some dimensions of red tape. Contrary to previous studies, organizational size seems to have little bearing on differences in red tape.
Anorexia nervosa and family relationships: Perceived family functioning, coping strategies, beliefs, and attachment to parents and peers

This ex post facto study explored the differences in perceived family characteristics between a group of 34 female patients with anorexia nervosa and 34 females without eating pathology. All participants filled out the following self-report scales: FACES II, F-COPES, IPPA and the Family Beliefs Questionnaire. The results showed that, in contrast with participants without pathology, patients perceived their families as less cohesive and less capable of redefining stressful events in order to make them more manageable. However, they perceived their families as being more able to acquire and accept help, and presented more family beliefs related to a sense of an individual responsibility/ self-blaming. In addition, patients seemed to trust less their mothers and peers and to communicate less with their peers, and to show more detachment to mothers, fathers, and peers. Of all studied variables, detachment from friends and mother, as well as perceived higher family capacity to seek out community resources and accept help were the most important variables to the discrimination between groups.
Self-Determination Theory as a Framework for Exploring the Impact of the Organizational Context on Volunteer Motivation

In the present study, we use the self-determination theory (SDT) as a framework to explore the mediating role of needs satisfaction (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness) on the relationship between the volunteers’ motivation and two aspects of the organizational context (i.e., social network and autonomous vs. controlled work climate). Data from 349 Romanian volunteers provided general support for SDT and emphasized the effect of an autonomy-supportive climate initiated by the coordinator in volunteers’ autonomous motivation. The results showed that needs satisfaction acts as a partial mediator of the relationship between work climate and volunteers autonomous motivation. The social network size was positively related to needs satisfaction but has no direct impact on autonomous motivation. Practical implications and future research are discussed.
Positive Selection Pressure Introduces Secondary Mutations at Gag Cleavage Sites in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Harboring Major Protease Resistance Mutations

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors (PIs) specifically target the HIV-1 protease enzyme. Mutations in the enzyme can result in PI resistance (termed PI mutations); however, mutations in the HIV-1 gag region, the substrate for the protease enzyme, might also lead to PI resistance. We analyzed gag and pol sequence data from the following 313 HIV-1-infected patients: 160 treatment-naïve patients, 93 patients failing antiretroviral treatment that included a PI (with no major PI mutations), and 60 patients failing antiretroviral treatment that included a PI (with major PI mutations). Additional sequences from 13 patients were included for longitudinal analysis. We assessed positive selection pressure on the gag/protease region using a test for the overall influence of positive selection and a total of five tests to identify positively selected single codons. We found that positive selection pressure was the driving evolutionary force for the gag region in all three patient groups. An increase in positive selection was observed in gag cleavage site regions p7/p1/p6 only after the acquisition of major PI mutations, suggesting that amino acids in gag cleavage sites under positive selection pressure could function as compensatory mutations for major PI mutations in the protease region. Isolated gag mutations did not appear to confer PI resistance, but mutations in the gag cleavage sites could substitute for minor PI resistance mutations in the protease region.
Frame-dependent multi-stream reliability indicators for audio-visual speech recognition

We investigate the use of local, frame-dependent reliability indicators of the audio and visual modalities, as a means of estimating stream exponents of multi-stream hidden Markov models for audio-visual automatic speech recognition. We consider two such indicators at each modality, defined as functions of the speech-class conditional observation probabilities of appropriate audio-or visual-only classifiers. We subsequently map the four reliability indicators into the stream exponents of a state-synchronous, two-stream hidden Markov model, as a sigmoid function of their linear combination. We propose two algorithms to estimate the sigmoid weights, based on the maximum conditional likelihood and minimum classification error criteria. We demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach on a connected-digit audio-visual speech recognition task, under varying audio channel noise conditions. Indeed, the use of the estimated, frame-dependent stream exponents results in a significantly smaller word error rate than using global stream exponents. In addition, it outperforms utterance-level exponents, even though the latter utilize a-priori knowledge of the utterance noise level.
Dynamics from Seconds to Hours in Hodgkin-Huxley Model with Time-Dependent Ion Concentrations and Buffer Reservoirs

The classical Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model neglects the time-dependence of ion concentrations in spiking dynamics. The dynamics is therefore limited to a time scale of milliseconds, which is determined by the membrane capacitance multiplied by the resistance of the ion channels, and by the gating time constants. We study slow dynamics in an extended HH framework that includes time-dependent ion concentrations, pumps, and buffers. Fluxes across the neuronal membrane change intra- and extracellular ion concentrations, whereby the latter can also change through contact to reservoirs in the surroundings. Ion gain and loss of the system is identified as a bifurcation parameter whose essential importance was not realized in earlier studies. Our systematic study of the bifurcation structure and thus the phase space structure helps to understand activation and inhibition of a new excitability in ion homeostasis which emerges in such extended models. Also modulatory mechanisms that regulate the spiking rate can be explained by bifurcations. The dynamics on three distinct slow times scales is determined by the cell volume-to-surface-area ratio and the membrane permeability (seconds), the buffer time constants (tens of seconds), and the slower backward buffering (minutes to hours). The modulatory dynamics and the newly emerging excitable dynamics corresponds to pathological conditions observed in epileptiform burst activity, and spreading depression in migraine aura and stroke, respectively.
Acquisition of English articles in early bilingualism

It has been suggested that child L1 learners overuse the definite article in indefinite contexts due to maturational/pragmatic factors such as egocentricity and an inability to differentiate common ground contexts from speaker beliefs-only contexts (Maratsos 1976; Schaeffer & Matthewson 2005). Knowledge of semantic features such as specificity and definiteness is also implicated in L1 learners’ (in)correct article use (Ionin et al. 2004; 2009). In the context of child bilingualism, on the other hand, difficulties in acquisition of articles are expected to be doubled when one of the languages of the child does not have a corresponding article system. To address these issues and to identify parallels between monolingual and bilingual language acquisition, we examine the use of English articles by a Serbo-Croatian-English simultaneous bilingual child and two monolingual English-speaking children. The results reveal qualitative and quantitative differences between monolingual and bilingual children’s use of English articles, possibly due to the influence of Serbo-Croatian (an article-less language). The findings suggest that in simultaneous child bilingualism, cross-linguistic transfer overrides maturational/pragmatic or semantic factors that are tied to incorrect article use (cf. Zdorenko & Paradis 2008).
Attributional Style and Self-Efficacy in Singaporean Adolescents

This investigation examined the relationship between adolescent students’ attributional style and their perceived academic self-efficacy using the Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ) (Seligman et al., 1984) and Multidimensional Scales of Perceived Self Efficacy (Bandura, 1989). Attributional style, defined as the way in which people explain events (Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978), is represented by three dimensions: permanence, pervasiveness, and personalisation. Statistically significant differences were observed between attributional style for gender and academic streams. Females were more optimistic and hopeful than males. They attributed permanence to good events, but assumed personal responsibility for bad events. Males displayed a more negative attributional style, perceiving negative events as permanent and pervasive. Higher-ability students reported greater optimism about their future compared to their lower-ability students. No gender and ability differences were found for academic self-efficacy. Students’ attributional style was positively associated with their efficacy for self-regulated learning. Findings were interpreted in terms of educational implications and student empowerment, with suggestions made for future studies.
Emotions Are Not Modules

Jane is calmly strolling through the forest one lovely day. Suddenly, a large spider drops in front of her face. She immediately freezes; her heart races; her hands tremble; her face broadcasts “fear. ” She screams and runs away. Both before and after, she concedes that spiders in this forest are harmless.Jane's reaction to the spider contrasts greatly with the way she normally reacts to events. Normally, or so the story goes, Jane weighs her options thoughtfully, choosing a course of action consistent with her beliefs and with the greatest benefit. Indeed, her reaction to the spider contrasts so greatly with calm, rational, deliberate, belief-consistent action that traditional folk psychology supposed two different kinds of mechanism are at work: animal-like emotion (located in the heart and gut) versus human reason (located in the mind). Her emotion explains her reaction to the spider. Her emotion made her do it.
Economic Reform in the Czech Republic: Economic Strain, Depression, Hostility, and the Difference Gender Makes*

The Czech Republic is changing rapidly and its current economic transformation is a strain on Czech families. In this study, the connection between economic strain and individual well-being is investigated via mailed questionnaires from 234 households in the Czech Republic. For Czech women, depression rises more with economic strain than does hostility, while Czech men become more hostile than depressed in the face of economic strain. For women, social support is a buffer between economic strain and hostility, whereas self-esteem is a buffer for depression. For men, both self-esteem and social support exacerbate hostility in the context of economic strain.