Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2 3 M ay 2 00 8 Defect kinetics and dynamics of pattern coarsening in a two-dimensional smectic-A system

Two-dimensional simulations of the coarsening process of the isotropic/smectic-A phase transition are presented using a high-order Landau-de Gennes type free energy model. Defect annihilation laws for smectic disclinations, elementary dislocations, and total dislocation content are determined. The computed evolution of the orientational correlation length and disclination density is found to be in agreement with previous experimental observations showing that disclination interactions dominate the coarsening process. The mechanism of smectic disclination movement, limited by the absorption and emission of elementary dislocations, is found to be facilitated by curvature walls connecting interacting disclinations. At intermediate times in the coarsening process, splitcore dislocation formation and interactions displaying an effective disclination quadrupole configuration are observed. This work provides the framework for further understanding of the formation and dynamics of the diverse set of curvature defects observed in smectic liquid crystals and other layered material systems. PACS numbers: 42.70. Df, 61.30. Jf, 64.70. M-, 07.05. Tp Submitted to: New J. Phys.
Modeling Supermarket Refrigeration Systems for Demand-Side Management

Modeling of supermarket refrigeration systems for supervisory control in the smart grid is presented in this paper. A modular modeling approach is proposed in which each module is modeled and identified separately. The focus of the work is on estimating the power consumption of the system while estimating the cold reservoir temperatures as well. The models developed for each module as well as for the overall integrated system are validated by real data collected from a supermarket in Denmark. The results show that the model is able to estimate the actual electrical power consumption with a high fidelity. Moreover a simulation benchmark is introduced based on the produced model for demand-side management in smart grid. Finally, a potential application of the proposed benchmark in direct control of the power/energy consumption is presented by a simple simulation example.
The World Bank

I refer to the Financing Agreement ("Agreement") between Nepal (the "Recipient") and the International Development Association (the "Association") for the above-referenced Credit, dated February 20, 2015. The Financing Agreem nt provides that the Association may issue additional instructions regarding the withdrawal of the prcceeds under IDA Credit No. 5566-NP. This letter ("Disbursement Letter"), as revised from time to tim(, constitutes the additional instructions. The attached World Ban c Disbursement Guidelines for Projects, dated May 1, 2006 ("Disbursement Guidelines") (Attachment 1), are an integral part of the Disbursement Letter. The manner in which the provisions in the Disbi rsement Guidelines apply to the Credit is specified below. Sections and subsections in parentheses belo N refer to the relevant sections and subsections in the Disbursement Guidelines and, unless otherwise d. -fined in this letter, the capitalized terms used have the meanings ascribed to them in the Disbursemen: Guidelines.
Representing Reality: Issues and Concepts in Documentary

"Representing Reality" is the first book to offer a conceptual overview of documentary filmmaking practice. It addresses numerous social issues and how they are presented to the viewer by means of style, rhetoric, and narrative technique. The volume poses questions about the relationship of the documentary tradition to power, the body, authority, knowledge, and our experience of history. This study advances the pioneering work of Nichols's earlier book, Ideology and the Image.
Applying the Dynamic Region Connection Calculus to exploit geographic knowledge in maritime surveillance

Concerns about the protection of the global transport network have risen the need of new security and surveillance systems. Ontology-based and fusion systems represent an attractive alternative for practical applications focused on fast and accurate responses. This paper presents an architecture based on a geometric model to efficiently predict and calculate the topological relationships between spatial objects. This model aims to reduce the number of calculations by relying on a spatial data structure. The goal is the detection of threatening behaviors next to points of interest without a noticeable loss of efficiency. The architecture has been embedded in an ontology-based prototype compliant with the Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) model for Information Fusion. The prototype capabilities are illustrated by applying international protection rules in maritime scenarios.
Global Women's Entrepreneurship Research: Diverse Settings, Questions and Approaches

Contents: Introduction: Showcasing the Diversity of Women's Entrepreneurship Research Karen D. Hughes and Jennifer E. Jennings PART I: DIVERSE SETTINGS 1. Turkish Businesswomen in the UK and Netherlands: The Effects of National Context on Female Migrant Entrepreneurs Anne Laure Humbert and Caroline Essers 2. Women-owned SMEs in Bangladesh: Challenges in Institutional Financing Salma C. Zohir and Patricia G. Greene 3. Academic Women's Entrepreneurship in Spain and Scotland: A Multilevel Institutional Approach M. Mar Fuentes-Fuentes, Sarah Y. Cooper and Ana M. Bojica 4. Gender-based Firm Performance Differences in the United States: Examining the Roles of Financial Capital and Motivations Susan Coleman and Alicia Robb PART II: DIVERSE QUESTIONS 5. How do Social Welfare and Support Systems Influence the Attitudes of Female Entrepreneurs Towards Risk and Options? Nicholas C. Fairclough 6. Should Women go into Business with their Family Partner? Manely Sharifian, P. Devereaux Jennings and Jennifer E. Jennings 7. Are Women More Likely to Pursue Social and Environmental Entrepreneurship? Diana M. Hechavarria, Amy Ingram, Rachida Justo and Siri Terjesen 8. Do Highly Accomplished Female Entrepreneurs Tend to 'Give Away Success'? Mary Riebe PART III: DIVERSE APPROACHES 9. More Gender Equality, Less Women's Self-employment: A Multi-country Investigation Kim Klyver, Suna Lowe Nielsen and Majbritt Rostgaard Evald 10. Sectoral Segregation or Gendered Practices? A Case Study of Roles and Identities in a Copreneurial Venture Maura McAdam and Susan Marlow 11. Gender and the Multidimensional Nature of Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy: Factor-analytic Findings Cristina Diaz Garcia 12. Conceptualizing 'Woman' as an Entrepreneurial Advantage: A Reflexive Approach Albert James Conclusion: Reflecting on the Diversity of Women's Entrepreneurship Research Karen D. Hughes and Jennifer E. Jennings Index
Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975‐2006, featuring colorectal cancer trends and impact of interventions (risk factors, screening, and treatment) to reduce future rates

The American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) collaborate annually to provide updated information regarding cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. This year's report includes trends in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and death rates and highlights the use of microsimulation modeling as a tool for interpreting past trends and projecting future trends to assist in cancer control planning and policy decisions.
A role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the formation of acetylcholine receptor clusters induced by electric fields in cultured Xenopus muscle cells

During the development of the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) become clustered in the postsynaptic membrane in response to innervation. In vitro, several non-neuronal stimuli can also induce the formation of AChR clusters. DC electric field (E field) is one of them. When cultured Xenopus muscle cells are exposed to an E field of 5-10 V/cm, AChRs become clustered along the cathode-facing edge of the cells within 2 h. Recent studies have suggested the involvement of tyrosine kinase activation in the action of several AChR clustering stimuli, including nerve, polymer beads, and agrin. We thus examined the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in E field-induced AChR clustering. An antibody against phosphotyrosine (PY) was used to examine the localization of PY-containing proteins in E field-treated muscle cells. We found that anti-PY staining was colocalized with AChR clusters along the cathodal edge of the cells. In fact, cathodal PY staining could be detected before the first appearance of AChR clusters. When cultures were subjected to E fields in the presence of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tyrphostin RG-50864, cathodal AChR clustering was abolished with a half maximal inhibitory dosage of 50 microM. An inactive form of tyrphostin (RG-50862) had no effect on the field-induced clustering. These data suggest that the activation of tyrosine kinases is an essential step in E field-induced AChR clustering. Thus, the actions of several disparate stimuli for AChR clustering seem to converge to a common signal transduction mechanism based on tyrosine phosphorylation at the molecular level.
Title : Dynamic synchronization of Purkinje cell simple spikes

Purkinje cells (PCs) integrate all computations performed in the cerebellar cortex to inhibit neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). Simple spikes recorded in vivo from pairs of PCs separated by less than 100 μm are known to be synchronized with a sharp peak riding on a broad peak, but the significance of this finding is unclear. We show that the sharp peak consists exclusively of simple spikes associated with pauses in firing. The broader, less precise peak was caused by firing-rate co-modulation of faster firing spikes. About 13% of all pauses were synchronized and these pauses had a median duration of 20 ms. As in vitro studies have reported that synchronous pauses can reliably trigger spikes in DCN neurons, we suggest that the subgroup of spikes causing the sharp peak is important for precise temporal coding in the cerebellum.
Efficient Optimization for Bilingual Sentence Alignment Based on Linear Regression

This paper presents a study on optimizing sentence pair alignment scores of a bilingual sentence alignment module. Five candidate scores based on perplexity and sentence length are introduced and tested. Then a linear regression model based on those candidates is proposed and trained to predict sentence pairs' alignment quality scores solicited from human subjects. Experiments are carried out on data automatically collected from Internet. The correlation between the scores generated by the linear regression model and the scores from human subjects is in the range of the inter-subject agreement score correlations. Pearson's correlation ranges from 0.53 up to 0.72 in our experiments.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)-Based Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) Testing by Real Time PCR in Patients Suspect of Myeloproliferative Disease

During tumor development, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) often occurs. When LOH is preceded by an oncogene activating mutation, the mutant allele may be further potentiated if the wild-type allele is lost or inactivated. In myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) somatic acquisition of JAK2V617F may be followed by LOH resulting in loss of the wild type allele. The occurrence of LOH in MPN and other proliferative diseases may lead to a further potentiating the mutant allele and thereby increasing morbidity. A real time PCR based SNP profiling assay was developed and validated for LOH detection of the JAK2 region (JAK2LOH). Blood of a cohort of 12 JAK2V617F-positive patients (n = 6 25–50% and n = 6>50% JAK2V617F) and a cohort of 81 patients suspected of MPN was stored with EDTA and subsequently used for validation. To generate germ-line profiles, non-neoplastic formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from each patient was analyzed. Results of the SNP assay were compared to those of an established Short Tandem Repeat (STR) assay. Both assays revealed JAK2LOH in 1/6 patients with 25–50% JAK2V617F. In patients with >50% JAK2V617F, JAK2LOH was detected in 6/6 by the SNP assay and 5/6 patients by the STR assay. Of the 81 patients suspected of MPN, 18 patients carried JAK2V617F. Both the SNP and STR assay demonstrated the occurrence of JAK2LOH in 5 of them. In the 63 JAK2V617F-negative patients, no JAK2LOH was observed by SNP and STR analyses. The presented SNP assay reliably detects JAK2LOH and is a fast and easy to perform alternative for STR analyses. We therefore anticipate the SNP approach as a proof of principle for the development of LOH SNP-assays for other clinically relevant LOH loci.
Spire, an Actin Nucleation Factor, Regulates Cell Division during Drosophila Heart Development

The Drosophila dorsal vessel is a beneficial model system for studying the regulation of early heart development. Spire (Spir), an actin-nucleation factor, regulates actin dynamics in many developmental processes, such as cell shape determination, intracellular transport, and locomotion. Through protein expression pattern analysis, we demonstrate that the absence of spir function affects cell division in Myocyte enhancer factor 2-, Tinman (Tin)-, Even-skipped- and Seven up (Svp)-positive heart cells. In addition, genetic interaction analysis shows that spir functionally interacts with Dorsocross, tin, and pannier to properly specify the cardiac fate. Furthermore, through visualization of double heterozygous embryos, we determines that spir cooperates with CycA for heart cell specification and division. Finally, when comparing the spir mutant phenotype with that of a CycA mutant, the results suggest that most Svp-positive progenitors in spir mutant embryos cannot undergo full cell division at cell cycle 15, and that Tin-positive progenitors are arrested at cell cycle 16 as double-nucleated cells. We conclude that Spir plays a crucial role in controlling dorsal vessel formation and has a function in cell division during heart tube morphogenesis.
Being Humans: Anthropological Universality and Particularity in Transdisciplinary Perspectives

Kant claimed that the principal topics of philosophy all converge on one question: "Was ist der Mensch? " Starting with the main claim that conceptions of the human play a significant structuring role in theory construction, the contributors in this volume investigate the roles that conceptions of the human play both in philosophy and in other human and social sciences. Renowned scholars from various disciplines - philosophy, anthropology, psychology, literary studies - discuss not only the relations between philosophicy and empirical knowledge of the human being. In a rare dialogue between Anglo-Saxon and German humananities, the contributors refer to each other and take up questions of their co-contributors. Thus, controversial, cross-disciplinary debates develop, arise providing new arguments and insights to a question which is methodologically prior to that posed by Kant: How can conceptions of the human be justified?
Predicting the Changeability of Software Product Lines for Business Application

The changeability, a sub-characteristic of maintainability, refers to the level of effort which is required to do modifications to a software product line (SPL) application component. Assuming dependencies between SPL application components and reference architecture implementation (a platform), this paper empirically investigates the relationship between 7 design metrics and changeability of 46 server components of a product line for business applications. In addition, we investigated the usefulness of Platform Responsibility (PR) metric as an indicator of product line component changeability. The results show that most of the design metrics are strongly related to the changeability of server component and also indicate statistically significant correlation between Maintainability Index (MI) and PR metric. The assessment is based on a case study of the implementation of the product line for business applications in a financial institution. The results show that PR metric can be used as good predictor of changeability in the software product line environment.
Heritability and the evolution of cognitive traits

A critical question in the study of the evolution of cognition and the brain concerns the extent to which variation in cognitive processes and associated neural mechanisms is adaptive and shaped by natural selection. In order to be available to selection, cognitive traits and their neural architecture must show heritable variation within a population, yet heritability of cognitive and neural traits is not often investigated in the field of behavioral ecology. In this commentary, we outline existing research pertaining to the relative influences of genes and environment in cognitive and underlying neural trait variation, as well as what is known of their heritable genetic architecture by focusing on several cognitive traits that have received much attention in behavioral ecology. It is important to demonstrate that cognitive traits can respond to selection, and we advocate for an increased emphasis on investigating trait heritability for enhancing our understanding of the ecological, genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that have shaped interspecific and intraspecific variation in cognitive traits.
Online Variational Inference for the Hierarchical Dirichlet Process

The hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) is a Bayesian nonparametric model that can be used to model mixed-membership data with a potentially infinite number of components. It has been applied widely in probabilistic topic modeling, where the data are documents and the components are distributions of terms that reflect recurring patterns (or “topics”) in the collection. Given a document collection, posterior inference is used to determine the number of topics needed and to characterize their distributions. One limitation of HDP analysis is that existing posterior inference algorithms require multiple passes through all the data—these algorithms are intractable for very large scale applications. We propose an online variational inference algorithm for the HDP, an algorithm that is easily applicable to massive and streaming data. Our algorithm is significantly faster than traditional inference algorithms for the HDP, and lets us analyze much larger data sets. We illustrate the approach on two large collections of text, showing improved performance over online LDA, the finite counterpart to the HDP topic model.
Experimental model of aging mechanisms of on-load tap changer contacts

It is known that most failure of power transformers are related to aging effects of the on-load tap changer contacts. To understand the aging mechanisms and to develop knowledge rules to interpret different failure mechanisms a test model has been developed. In particular, the effect of the several aging stages of tap changer change-over selector contacts on dynamic resistance measurements (DRM) has been considered, by several measurements with aged tap changer contacts. These aging phases include clean contacts, contacts with an oil film layer, contacts with coking and contacts with pitting. Based on these experiments it is shown that the DRM method is very sensitive to aged change-over selector contacts of an on-load tap changer. In addition to laboratory experiments, the same measurements are performed on naturally aged change-over selector contacts at a Dutch utility.
Sequence analysis of SRSV in fecal specimens from an epidemic of infantile gastroenteritis, October to December 1995, Japan

From October to December in 1995, an epidemic of infantile gastroenteritis occurred all over Japan except in Hokkaido and Okinawa prefectures. The number of infected infants and young children was estimated to be over 5 million cases [Editorial, IASR 1996]. The stool specimens from patients were examined for the presence of small round structured viruses (SRSVs) by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and nucleotide sequencing of parts of the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase region. Thirty‐five of 87 stool specimens examined gave positive results. Genomic variation was investigated by sequence analysis of a 327 bp cDNA region. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the ten strains segregated into two distinct groups; one showed 96.0–100% nucleotide and 99.1–100% amino acid identity, the others showed 91.4–99.7% nucleotide and 93.5–100% identity. The main mechanism of transmission remains unknown. However, these data suggest the possibility of person‐to‐person spread by two or more kinds of SRSV. J. Med. Virol. 52:377–380, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Worse Prognosis in Papillary, Compared to Tubular, Early Gastric Carcinoma

Purpose: Papillary early gastric carcinoma (EGC) is uncommon but shows worse prognosis in our most recent study in a Chinese population with unknown reasons. The aim of the present study was to further investigate risk factors for worse prognosis in patients with papillary adenocarcinoma, compared to those with tubular adenocarcinoma. Methods: We searched the electronic pathology databank for radical gastrectomy cases over an 8-year period at a single medical center in Nanjing, China, and identified consecutive 240 EGC cases that were classified as either papillary (n=59) or tubular (n=181) EGC tumors in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) gastric cancer diagnosis criteria. We investigated and compared clinicopathologic risk factors for prognosis between papillary and tubular EGC groups. All patients were followed up and their 5-year survival rate was compared statistically with the Kaplan-Meier method with a log rank test. Results: Compared to tubular EGCs, papillary EGCs were significantly more common in elderly patients, more frequently occurred in the proximal stomach with protruding/elevated growth patterns, submucosal invasion, and a micropapillary component. Although lymphovascular invasion (16.9%), nodal (13.6%) and distant (11.8%) metastases in papillary EGCs were more frequent than those (8.3%, 7.2%, and 3.7%, respectively) in tubular EGCs, the differences approached but did not reach statistically significant levels. Significant risk factors for nodal metastasis included lymphovascular invasion in both EGC groups, but the ulcerative pattern and submucosal invasion only in tubular EGCs. The 5-year survival rate was significantly worse in papillary (80.5%) than in tubular (96.8%) EGCs. Conclusions: Compared to tubular EGCs, papillary EGCs diagnosed with the WHO criteria in Chinese patients were more frequent in elderly patients, proximal stomach and showed the significantly worse 5-year survival rate with more protruding/elevated growth patterns and the micropapillary component. Further studies in larger samples are urgently needed to validate these findings for precision individualized EGC patient management.