Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social capital and aspirations for educational attainment: a cross-national comparison of Australia and Germany

With the emergence of ‘knowledge economies’ across the industrialised world, transitions from school to work have generally become more complex and uncertain. Nonetheless, such developments vary between countries, as young people form aspirations which align with their individual preferences, academic abilities and the economic, cultural and social capital to which they have access. Previous research emphasises the positive influence social capital received from parents and school networks has on young people's developing aspirations. Meanwhile, the social capital young people generate for themselves through ‘out-of-school’ activities is often construed as either irrelevant or problematic. In this paper, we examine the relationship between this latter dimension of social capital and the educational aspirations of young people in Australia (aged 14/15; n = 3586) and Germany (aged 14/15; n = 2517). Both countries have distinct institutional settings with varied school-to-work transition regimes. Our results show that youth-derived social capital, generated through participation in out-of school extra-curricular activities, mediates the association between parental background and educational aspirations in both countries. We suggest that, by exposing young people to broader sets of values, skills and resources not accessible within the family and the school context, such involvement may be important for promoting educational aspirations and attainment.
Supporting Contexts for Indoor Navigation Using a Multilayered Space Model

Indoor navigation highly depends on context and requires flexible data structures to support the many use cases and configurations. For example, an indoor navigation system must cope with different localisation techniques, infrastructures, and capabilities of mobile devices. Also physical constraints from the built-up environment, different modes of navigation (like walking, driving, or flying), and thematic restrictions like security zones have to be considered. In this paper we propose a novel modelling framework for indoor navigation which considers the aspects of route planning for different modes of navigation on the one hand and of various localisation techniques on the other hand. It is based on a structured and multilayered space model in which every type of physical or logical aspect is mapped within its own space layer. It is shown how layers can be combined according to concrete navigation contexts to build an n-partite graph facilitating both route planning and localisation.
Challenging Neural Dialogue Models with Natural Data: Memory Networks Fail on Incremental Phenomena

Natural, spontaneous dialogue proceeds incrementally on a word-by-word basis; and it contains many sorts of disfluency such as mid-utterance/sentence hesitations, interruptions, and self-corrections. But training data for machine learning approaches to dialogue processing is often either cleaned-up or wholly synthetic in order to avoid such phenomena. The question then arises of how well systems trained on such clean data generalise to real spontaneous dialogue, or indeed whether they are trainable at all on naturally occurring dialogue data. To answer this question, we created a new corpus called bAbI+ by systematically adding natural spontaneous incremental dialogue phenomena such as restarts and self-corrections to the Facebook AI Research's bAbI dialogues dataset. We then explore the performance of a state-of-the-art retrieval model, MemN2N, on this more natural dataset. Results show that the semantic accuracy of the MemN2N model drops drastically; and that although it is in principle able to learn to process the constructions in bAbI+, it needs an impractical amount of training data to do so. Finally, we go on to show that an incremental, semantic parser -- DyLan -- shows 100% semantic accuracy on both bAbI and bAbI+, highlighting the generalisation properties of linguistically informed dialogue models.
Moral atmosphere and judgments about aggression in girls' soccer: relationships among moral and motivational variables.

Recent sport psychology research addressing athletic aggression has tended to focus either on the moral or the motivational dimensions of aggressive behavior. The current study utilized both moral and motivational constructs to investigate aggression in young soccer participants (N = 212) from two different age-group leagues: under 12 and under 14. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that players who described themselves as more likely to aggress against an opponent also were more likely to (a) identify a larger number of teammates who would aggress in a similar situation, (b) perceive their coach as placing greater importance on ego-oriented goals, and (c) choose situations featuring preconventional rather than conventional moral motives as more tempting for aggressive action. These results suggest that young athletes’ aggressive behavior is related to their team’s “moral atmosphere,” including team aggressive norms, players’ perceptions of these team norms and coach characteristics, and playe.
Linear and knemometric growth in the early phase of rehabilitation from severe malnutrition

The relationship between ponderal, linear and lower leg growth in children recovering from severe malnutrition remains unclear. We report on the early growth of 141 severely malnourished Bangladeshi children aged 6 to 36 months of age who were followed for 90 d. Mean (SD) weight for height (WHZ) and height for age (HAZ) catch-up growth Z scores over the 90 d were 1.6 (0.85) and 0.47 (0.325) respectively. mean (SD) lower leg length growth was 10.35 (4.5) mm. Change in HAZ was significantly associated with initial WHZ, but linear growth occurred in the presence of severe wasting and no threshold WHZ score was identified. Lower leg length gain correlated throughout with ponderal indices but with change in HAZ score only after day 45. Only initial WHZ score and maternal height predicted for linear growth and only accounted for 20 % of total variance. We conclude that linear growth occurs early in severely malnourished children but that knemometry behaves as a ponderal index acutely.
“Keepin' My Mind Right”

It is not uncommon for inmates to experience religious conversions in prison. These conversions allow inmates to portray themselves in a prosocial light and help them to establish a sense of control in their current lives, regardless of their past. Despite the value of these conversions, maintaining a new outlook of one's self is remarkably difficult. Using semistructured interviews with 63 inmates who had undergone a religious conversion, the authors examine the process that they engaged in to keep these new senses of self. The narratives suggest that they relied on various social support mechanisms to keep themselves focused and inspired. Specifically, they stressed the importance of connecting with positive others in formal and informal settings, sharing their stories with those in need, and reflecting on their daily choices. It is through these strategies that inmates keep the inspiration and focus to “keep their minds right. ”
The camera in the classroom: video-recording as a tool for professional development of student teachers

The camera in the classroom: video-recording as a tool for professional development of student teachers Authors: Rachel Lofthouse and Peter Birmingham Abstract Conventionally, school-based mentors have supported student teachers through the processes of training, observing, feedback and discussion. Quality assurance evidence demonstrates that despite good documentation and university-based guidance there remains inconsistency in the calibre and outcomes of these collaborative relationships and their ability to promote reflection. The transition of the initial teacher education PGCE to a Masters level course provided an opportunity to use new tools to develop the working relationships between student teachers and their mentors. One such change was the development of a portfolio assignment which involved student teachers in videoing their own lessons. This paper outlines the findings of the first year of research relating to the video intervention. Its focus is the student teachers’ responses to both recording lessons and using footage to support the processes of analysis, mentoring and reflective writing. In addition, the views of mentors and PGCE tutors are considered. The results of questionnaires show that the outcomes of the video intervention are seen as positive and substantial by the majority of participants. Keywords: initial teacher education; video-recording of lessons; mentoring; reflection; tools
Investigating the Roles of Implicit and Explicit Facial Memory in Social Exchange

Evolutionary psychology assumes that humans evolved specialized cognitive mechanisms in response to specific adaptive problems. Models of social exchange and reciprocity have led to the prediction that humans are equipped with cognitive capacity for enhanced facial memory of social exchange opponents and their social exchange strategy. Early research found enhanced memory for cheaters in social exchange while more recent research indicates enhanced memory for both cheaters and cooperators compared to those faces irrelevant to social exchange. The majority of research regarding the facial recognition module has utilized a third-party reputation information design (description paradigm) rather than the first-person experience design (involvement paradigm) more relevant to the models of direct social exchange. Further, the existing body of research has focused largely on explicit measures of facial memory for faces of cooperators and defectors. However, some research has suggested the memory module may operate implicitly. The present study utilized a first-person experience/involvement paradigm to investigate implicit memory for faces in social exchange. Results revealed that the pattern of faces selected in an implicit memory task differed significantly from the selection pattern observed in the explicit memory task. Further, the difference in the selection of cheaters versus cooperators was significantly larger in the implicit task than in the explicit task. These results provide evidence that implicit memory affects future decision making in regard to social exchange and is a more sensitive measure of memory for faces in social exchange compared to
InformedTogether: Usability Evaluation of a Web-Based Decision Aid to Facilitate Shared Advance Care Planning for Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background Advance care planning may help patients receive treatments that better align with their goals for care. We developed a Web-based decision aid called InformedTogether to facilitate shared advance care planning between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and their doctors. Objective Our objective was to assess the usability of the InformedTogether decision aid, including whether users could interact with the decision aid to engage in tasks required for shared decision making, whether users found the decision aid acceptable, and implications for redesign. Methods We conducted an observational study with 15 patients and 8 doctors at two ethnically and socioeconomically diverse outpatient clinics. Data included quantitative and qualitative observations of patients and doctors using the decision aid on tablet or laptop computers and data from semistructured interviews. Patients were shown the decision aid by a researcher acting as the doctor. Pulmonary doctors were observed using the decision aid independently and asked to think aloud (ie, verbalize their thoughts). A thematic analysis was implemented to explore key issues related to decision aid usability. Results Although patients and doctors found InformedTogether acceptable and would recommend that doctors use the decision aid with COPD patients, many patients had difficulty understanding the icon arrays that were used to communicate estimated prognoses and could not articulate the definitions of the two treatment choices—Full Code and Do Not Resuscitate (DNR). Minor usability problems regarding content, links, layout, and consistency were also identified and corresponding recommendations were outlined. In particular, participants suggested including more information about potential changes in quality of life resulting from the alternative advance directives. Some doctor participants thought the decision aid was too long and some thought it may cause nervousness among patients due to the topic area. Conclusions A decision aid for shared advance care planning for severe COPD was found acceptable to most COPD patients and their doctors. However, many patient participants did not demonstrate understanding of the treatment options or prognostic estimates. Many participants endorsed the use of the decision aid between doctors and their patients with COPD, although they desired more information about quality of life. The design must optimize comprehensibility, including revising the presentation of statistical information in the icon array, and feasibility of integration into clinical workflow, including shortening the decision aid.
The Discriminability of Local Surface Structure

The ability of observers to discriminate depth and orientation differences between separated local regions on object surfaces was examined. The objects were defined by many optical sources of information simultaneously, including shading, texture, motion, and binocular disparity. Despite the full-cue nature of the displays, the observers' performance was relatively poor, with Weber fractions ranging from 10% to 40%. The Weber fractions were considerably lower for discriminations of surface-orientation differences than for similar discriminations of depth differences. The ability of observers to discriminate surface-orientation differences was approximately invariant over the separation of the regions in the projected image. In contrast, the ability to discriminate depth differences was highly influenced by the amount of image separation. This qualitative difference between the perception of depth intervals and surface-orientation differences suggests that knowledge of depths and orientations may be represented separately within the human visual system.
Insights from past millennia into climatic impacts on human health and survival

Climate change poses threats to human health, safety, and survival via weather extremes and climatic impacts on food yields, fresh water, infectious diseases, conflict, and displacement. Paradoxically, these risks to health are neither widely nor fully recognized. Historical experiences of diverse societies experiencing climatic changes, spanning multicentury to single-year duration, provide insights into population health vulnerability—even though most climatic changes were considerably less than those anticipated this century and beyond. Historical experience indicates the following. (i) Long-term climate changes have often destabilized civilizations, typically via food shortages, consequent hunger, disease, and unrest. (ii) Medium-term climatic adversity has frequently caused similar health, social, and sometimes political consequences. (iii) Infectious disease epidemics have often occurred in association with briefer episodes of temperature shifts, food shortages, impoverishment, and social disruption. (iv) Societies have often learnt to cope (despite hardship for some groups) with recurring shorter-term (decadal to multiyear) regional climatic cycles (e.g., El Niño Southern Oscillation)—except when extreme phases occur. (v) The drought–famine–starvation nexus has been the main, recurring, serious threat to health. Warming this century is not only likely to greatly exceed the Holocene's natural multidecadal temperature fluctuations but to occur faster. Along with greater climatic variability, models project an increased geographic range and severity of droughts. Modern societies, although larger, better resourced, and more interconnected than past societies, are less flexible, more infrastructure-dependent, densely populated, and hence are vulnerable. Adverse historical climate-related health experiences underscore the case for abating human-induced climate change.
Acute anoxia induces tau dephosphorylation in rat brain slices and its possible underlying mechanisms

Abnormal phosphorylation of microtubule‐associated protein tau plays a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), together with a distinct decrease of energy metabolism in the affected brain regions. To explore the effect of acute energy crisis on tau phosphorylation and the underlying mechanisms, we incubated rat brain slices in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) at 37°C with or without an oxygen supply, or in aCSF with low glucose concentrations. Then, the levels of total, phosphorylated and unphosphorylated tau, as well as the activities and levels of protein phosphatase (PP)‐1, PP‐2A, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3), extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK) and C‐jun amino terminal kinase (JNK), were measured. It was found, unexpectedly, that tau was significantly dephosphorylated at Ser396/Ser404 (PHF‐1), Ser422 (R145), Ser199/Ser202 (Tau‐1), Thr181 (AT270), Ser202/Thr205 (AT8) and Thr231 (AT180) by acute anoxia for 30 min or 120 min. The activity of PP‐2A and the level of dephosphorylated PP‐2A catalytic subunit at tyrosine 307 (Tyr307) were simultaneously increased. The active forms of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 were decreased under anoxic incubation. The PP‐2A inhibitor, okadaic acid (OA, 0.75 µm), completely prevented tau from acute anoxia‐induced dephosphorylation and restored the active forms of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 to the control level. The activities and protein levels of GSK‐3 and PP‐1 showed no change during acute anoxia. These data suggest that acute anoxia induces tau dephosphorylation, and that PP‐2A may play a key role in tau dephosphorylation induced by acute anoxia.
Associations Between Submicrometer Particles Exposures and Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Patients With Lung Function Impairments

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate whether submicrometer particle is associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Methods:We measured ambulatory systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and HR using a portable BP monitoring system and number concentrations of submicrometer particle with a size range of 0.02 to 1 &mgr;m (NC0.02–1) by a P-TRAK Ultrafine Particle Counter for 10 patients with lung function impairments. Results:We found NC0.02–1 exposures at 1- to 3-hour moving averages were associated with the elevation of SBP, DBP, and HR. There were 1.4 to 3.4-mm-Hg increases in SBP, 1.4 to 2.2-mm-Hg increases in DBP, and 0.3 to 3.5-beats/min increases in HR for 10,000 particles/cm3 increases in NC0.02–1 at 1- to 3-hour moving averages. Conclusions:Exposures to submicrometer particles were associated with short-term increases in BP and HR in patients with lung function impairments.
Interaction between Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) M2-1 and P Proteins Is Required for Reconstitution of M2-1-Dependent RSV Minigenome Activity

ABSTRACT We have investigated protein-protein interactions among the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA polymerase subunits using affinity chromatography. Here we demonstrate a novel interaction of P and M2-1 proteins. Phosphorylation of either M2-1 or P appears to be dispensable for this interaction. Internal deletions within P mapped the M2-1-binding domain to a region between residues 100 and 120. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis within this region of P revealed that substitution of any one of the three residues, L101, Y102, and F109, prevented both M2-1 and P binding and expression of an M2-1-dependent luciferase reporter gene. However, these same mutations did not prevent the activity of an M2-1-independent chloramphenicol acetyltransferase minigenome, suggesting that these residues of P specifically affect M2-1-P interaction. On the basis of these observations, it is possible that the interaction between RSV M2-1 and P proteins is important for viral replication.
On the Shifting Nature of Religion during the Ongoing Post-Communist Transformation in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine

The author discusses the issues of religiosity in Belarus, Ukraine and especially Russia raised by Irena Borowik in her articles in Social Compass: the revival of religiosity after the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the mixed nature of contemporary beliefs and religious practices among the post-Soviet population, and specific features of the Russian Orthodox Church, its relationship with the state and its current problems. The author combines empirical data on religiosity in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine with the particular historical circumstances of this region that made it possible to apply the theoretical framework of such theories as post-communist trauma, modernization and multiple modernities. L'auteure entend discuter les mêmes problèmes concernant la religiosité en Biélorussie, en Ukraine et, particulièrement, en Russie, que ceux qu'Irena Borowik a soulevés dans son article de Social Compass: le renouveau de la religiosité après la chute de l'Union Soviétique, la nature mitigée des croyances contemporaines et des pratiques religieuses de la population postsoviétique, les traits spécifiques de l'Église russe orthodoxe, sa relation avec l'État et ses problèmes actuels. L'auteure combine des données empiriques concernant la religiosité en Russie, en Biélorussie et en Ukraine, avec les circonstances historiques particulières de cette région, qui ont rendu possible l'application du cadre théorique de théories telles que le traumatisme postcommuniste, la modernisation et les modernités multiples.
Enhancing Statistical Machine Translation with Character Alignment

The dominant practice of statistical machine translation (SMT) uses the same Chinese word segmentation specification in both alignment and translation rule induction steps in building Chinese-English SMT system, which may suffer from a suboptimal problem that word segmentation better for alignment is not necessarily better for translation. To tackle this, we propose a framework that uses two different segmentation specifications for alignment and translation respectively: we use Chinese character as the basic unit for alignment, and then convert this alignment to conventional word alignment for translation rule induction. Experimentally, our approach outperformed two baselines: fully word-based system (using word for both alignment and translation) and fully character-based system, in terms of alignment quality and translation performance.
Ranking a stream of news

According to a recent survey made by Nielsen NetRatings, searching on news articles is one of the most important activity online. Indeed, Google, Yahoo, MSN and many others have proposed commercial search engines for indexing news feeds. Despite this commercial interest, no academic research has focused on ranking a stream of news articles and a set of news sources. In this paper, we introduce this problem by proposing a ranking framework which models: (1) the process of generation of a stream of news articles, (2) the news articles clustering by topics, and (3) the evolution of news story over the time. The ranking algorithm proposed ranks news information, finding the most authoritative news sources and identifying the most interesting events in the different categories to which news article belongs. All these ranking measures take in account the time and can be obtained without a predefined sliding window of observation over the stream. The complexity of our algorithm is linear in the number of pieces of news still under consideration at the time of a new posting. This allow a continuous on-line process of ranking. Our ranking framework is validated on a collection of more than 300,000 pieces of news, produced in two months by more then 2000 news sources belonging to 13 different categories (World, U.S, Europe, Sports, Business, etc). This collection is extracted from the index of comeToMyHead, an academic news search engine available online.