Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Malware Image Analysis and Classification using Support Vector Machine

— The malware is one of the major concerns in computer and cyber security. The availability of various malware toolkits and internet popularity that has led to the increase in number of malware attacks day to day. Comparing with existing framework of antivirus scanners they currently used signature based a malware detection technique which is widely. In this paper, we propose an efficient framework for identification of malware variants. A new method of recognizing malicious file based on computer image processing and Support Vector Machine (SVM) is studied to improve recognition accuracy and efficiency. At first, sub band filtering was applied to the original malware image. Then a method of statistic pattern recognition Gabor filter is used to get second order gradient features were extracted, and classification method of SVM for recognition of malicious file was used. The malicious data binaries are converted to grayscale image which consists of textural patterns based on these patterns classify the variants of malware. SVM (Support Vector Machine) is used in analysis of raw malware binary. The proposed method is experiments on 3131 different variants of malware of Manhuer dataset and obtained 89.68 % accuracy.
Innovative Financing for Development

In the run-up to the 'follow-up international conference on financing for development' to be held in Doha from November 28 to December 2, 2008, it seems particularly timely to collect in one book writings on the various market-based innovative methods of raising development finance. Although developing countries are well advised to use caution in incurring large foreign debt obligations, especially of short duration, there is little doubt that poor countries can benefit from cross-border capital whether channeled through the public or private sectors. The papers in this book focus on various recent innovations in international finance that allow developing countries to tap global capital markets in times of low risk appetite, thereby reducing their vulnerability to booms and busts in capital flows. Debt issues backed by future hard currency receivables and diaspora bonds fall into the category of mechanisms that are best described as foul-weather friends. By linking the rate on interest to a country's ability to pay, Gross Domestic Product (GDP)-indexed bonds reduce the cyclical vulnerabilities of developing countries. Furthermore, these innovative mechanisms perm lower-cost and longer-term borrowings in international capital markets. Not only do the papers included in this book describe the innovative financing mechanisms; they also quantify the mechanisms' potential size and then identify the constraints on their use. Finally, the papers recommend concrete measures that the World Bank and other regional development banks can implement to alleviate these constraints. Economists have analyzed the feasibility and potential of using various tax-based sources of development finance in the context of meeting the millennium development goals. This has given rise to a new discipline of global public finance. This book complements those efforts by focusing on market based mechanisms for raising development finance.
Idarucizumab for Reversing Dabigatran-Induced Anticoagulation: A Systematic Review

Background: The approval of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, gave patients an alternative to oral anticoagulation with warfarin. Like all anticoagulants, the primary adverse event (AE) associated with dabigatran is bleeding. Until the FDA approval of idarucizumab, there had been no reversal agent for dabigatran-induced anticoagulation in patients with life-threatening or uncontrollable bleeding, or those requiring emergent procedures. Areas of Uncertainty: The primary purpose of this review is to summarize the safety and efficacy of idarucizumab, a monoclonal antibody fragment, and its use as a reversal agent for dabigatran. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE (1946 to November week 1 2015) and Embase (1980–2015 week 46) using the search term idarucizumab. Clinicaltrials.gov was consulted for a comprehensive list of ongoing and completed studies. Additional studies were identified through bibliographical citations. Clinical trials in animals and humans published in English evaluating the safety and efficacy of idarucizumab for reversal of anticoagulant treatment with dabigatran were included for review. Results: Idarucizumab has been shown to significantly reverse the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran in both healthy volunteers and patients requiring a reversal agent because of either overt bleeding or an emergency surgery or invasive procedure. The most common AEs were headache, nasopharyngitis, back pain, skin irritation, hypokalemia, delirium, constipation, pyrexia, and pneumonia. Deaths reported in idarucizumab studies were attributed to either the index event or a preexisting comorbidity. Most adverse effects were minor, but 21 serious AEs have been reported in the published data including thrombotic events. Conclusions: Given the increased use of direct oral anticoagulants, such as dabigatran, a need for specific reversal agents exists. Idarucizumab has been shown to be safe and effective in the reversal of dabigatran-induced anticoagulation in patients requiring emergent or urgent surgery or in patients with severe bleeding.
Diagnostic Yield of Pleural Fluid Cytology in Malignant Pleural Effusion

Background: Pleural effusion is a common presenting feature of patients presenting in the pulmonology OPD. Examination of pleural fluid obtained by thoracocentesis is a simple way to diagnose pathologies of the pleura and peripheral parts of the lung. Objective: To determine the diagnostic yield of pleural fluid cytology in malignant pleural effusions keeping pleural biopsy as the gold standard. Materials and Method: This retrospective study was carried out at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, from November 2010 to November 2011. Twenty six patients (65% females; 35% males) presenting with pleural effusion in whom pleural fluid cytology with concurrent pleural biopsy was carried out were included in the study. The diagnostic yield of pleural fluid was determined keeping pleural biopsy as the gold standard. Results: The age range of the patients was 23-76 years. Pleural fluid was positive for malignant cells in 15 out of 26 patients, whereas pleural biopsy yielded definite evidence of malignancy in 21 cases. In 5 cases diagnosis of atypical infiltrate was rendered and immunohistochemistry was suggested for confirmation of malignancy. The diagnostic yield of pleural fluid cytology came out to be 58%. Conclusion: Pleural fluid cytological examination followed by pleural biopsy remains the initial diagnostic procedure in management of patients with suspected malignant pleural effusion. Keyword: Pleural fluid cytology, pleural effusion, thoracocentesis, malignant pleural effusion.
Total Factor Productivity: Estimates for Philippine Economy

This paper develops and constructs a database for TFP estimation at the aggregate level and at the nine major sectors. A comparison of TFP estimates for different countries is conducted. In addition, a methodology is developed for TFP computation, which is afterwards applied to existing Philippine data to facilitate new TFP estimates. Four methodologies are used to compute: traditional growth accounting, Divisia-translog, Econometric and Stochastic Frontier Approach. Results indicate that TFP improvement right after the 1980 crisis is not sustainable. Data on early 1990s show TFP being below zero. Focusing within the period, evidences of TFP differential across sectors are traced.
Transnational Corporations and Human Rights: Strengthening Current Tools to Promote Accountability

Abstract Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have not yet been recognised as subjects of international law, despite their dominant presence in the global relationship. They have no legal standing in international courts. Moreover, home states appear to be unwilling to punish the extraterritorial misconduct of their corporations. Thus, victims of corporate wrongdoings are left to contend with the very limited access and redress of domestic remedies in host countries. In this backdrop, this article addresses two issues: (a) what international instrument that can be best utilised to regulate TNCs' conduct with respect to human rights and (b) what framework may be used to promote better accountability mechanism to hold TNCs liable for international human rights violations. It argues that in order to provide greater access to remedies for victims, there has to be an enforceable standard of human rights responsibility for TNC, one that is internationally applicable. In order to make this chosen standard applied by the broad international community, it proposes the incorporation of the OECD Guidelines into the Bilateral Investment Treaties.
Nash Equilibria in a Coalition Game of the Norwegian Spring-spawning Herring Fishery

The purpose of this paper is to study the coalition game between the potential fishing nations of Norwegian spring-spawning herring. We study a three-player cooperative game using Shapley value and nucleolus as solution concepts. We show that full cooperation between all fishing nations is not stable when the fishing fleets have a high-catchability coefficient. Further, the potential new members of the regional fisheries management organization do not have an incentive to join in this case. However, the case of lower catchability coefficient of the fleets gives opposite results, providing us with more promising expectations for cooperation.
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Induces Integrin α4β1 in T Cells and Promotes a Progressive Neuroinflammatory Disease in Mice

The mechanisms leading to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in the CNS have not been elucidated. The environmental triggers of the aberrant presence of CD4+ T cells in the CNS are not known. In this article, we report that abnormal β-catenin expression in T cells drives a fatal neuroinflammatory disease in mice that is characterized by CNS infiltration of T cells, glial activation, and progressive loss of motor function. We show that enhanced β-catenin expression in T cells leads to aberrant and Th1-biased T cell activation, enhanced expression of integrin α4β1, and infiltration of activated T cells into the spinal cord, without affecting regulatory T cell function. Importantly, expression of β-catenin in mature naive T cells was sufficient to drive integrin α4β1 expression and CNS migration, whereas pharmacologic inhibition of integrin α4β1 reduced the abnormal T cell presence in the CNS of β-catenin–expressing mice. Together, these results implicate deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in CNS inflammation and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for neuroinflammatory disorders.
The motivation-based calving facility: Social and cognitive factors influence isolation seeking behaviour of Holstein dairy cows at calving

In order to improve animal welfare it is recommended that dairy farmers move calving cows from the herd to individual pens when calving is imminent. However, the practicality of moving cows has proven a challenge and may lead to disturbance of the cows rather than easing the process of calving. One solution may be to allow the cow to seek isolation prior to calving. This study examined whether pre-parturient dairy cows will isolate in an individual calving pen placed in a group calving setting and whether a closing gate in this individual calving pen will cause more cows to isolate prior to calving. Danish Holstein cows (n = 66) were housed in groups of six in a group pen with access to six individual calving pens connected to the group area. Cows were trained to use one of two isolation opportunities i.e. individual calving pens with functional closing gates (n = 35) allowing only one cow access at a time, or individual calving pens with permanently open gates allowing free cow traffic between group area and individual pen (n = 31). The response variables were calving site, calving behaviour and social behaviour. Unexpectedly, a functional gate did not facilitate isolation seeking, perhaps because the cows were not able to combine a learnt response with the motivation to isolate. Dominant cows had the highest chance of calving in an individual calving pen. If an alien calf was present in the group pen or any of the individual pens, cows were less likely to calve in an individual calving pen. Future studies should allow cows easy access to an individual calving pen and explore what motivates pre-parturient cows to seek isolation in order to facilitate voluntary use of individual calving pens.
HPV detection in primary intra-oral squamous cell carcinomas--commensal, aetiological agent or contamination?

BACKGROUND High-risk human papilloma viruses (HPV) are reported to be significant independent risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The prevalence of HPV in OSCC in a South African population sample was evaluated comparing three different HPV detection methods. METHODS Tumour and adjacent morphologically normal oral mucosa of 59 resections of primary OSCC were evaluated for the presence of HPV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), conventional in situ hybridization (ISH), and a signal amplification ISH technique (Dako GenPoint). RESULTS HPV18 DNA was detected in seven cases using real-time PCR. No positivity was found with the other two ISH techniques. CONCLUSIONS We support the view that HPV is probably unimportant in the pathogenesis of OSCC and hypothesize HPV detection techniques as the main reason for the positive results in many studies. Real-time PCR was confirmed as the most sensitive technique, but researchers are urged to incorporate strict internal controls when using this detection method.
Effectiveness of Educational Interventions to Increase Primary Care Follow-up for Adults Seen in the Emergency Department for Acute Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES Patients with asthma commonly present to emergency departments (ED) with exacerbations. Asthma guidelines recommend close follow-up with a primary care provider (PCP) after ED discharge; however, this linkage is often delayed or absent. The objective of this study was to assess whether ED-directed educational interventions improve office follow-up with PCPs after ED discharge for acute asthma. METHODS Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in seven electronic databases (1946 to 2014). Randomized controlled clinical trials examining the effectiveness of educational interventions to increase office follow-up with a PCP were included. Study quality was determined using the Cochrane risk of bias tool; fidelity of the interventions was assessed using the Treatment Fidelity Assessment Grid. Using study data, risk ratios (RRs),and the number needed to treat for benefit (NNTB) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS From 427 potentially relevant studies, five (n = 825) were included. The overall risk of bias was unclear, and the description of intervention fidelity varied across the studies. Educational interventions targeting either patients or PCPs led to a greater likelihood of having primary care follow-up after ED discharge (RR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.31 to 1.87; I(2) = 0%). The number needed to treat for benefit was six (95% CI = 4 to 11). No significant benefit was observed in reductions of relapses (RR = 1.3; 95% CI = 0.82 to 1.98; I(2) = 23%) and admissions (RR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.24 to 1.06; I(2) = 0%). Due to the small number of studies for each comparison, publication bias was not formally assessed. CONCLUSIONS ED-directed educational interventions targeting either patients or providers increase the chance of having office follow-up visits with PCPs after asthma exacerbations. Their impact on health-related outcomes (e.g., relapse and admissions) remains unclear.
Filtered Identities: A Digitally Active Mid-Adolescent’s Identity Construction in Social Networking Spaces

Teens, including young teens, are using digital tools, including social networking sites at a rapidly growing pace (Madden, Lenhart, & Duggan, 2013). However, few studies have addressed the social networking practices of young teens. In this study, I attempted to address a gap in the current literature by investigating the online identity construction of a 14 year-old female who avidly participated on social networking sites. The purpose of this study was to examine a mid-adolescent‟s use of social networking and what this use might reveal about her identity construction. The following questions guided the research: • What are a mid-adolescent‟s thoughts as she decides what to post on social networking sites to represent herself? • What do the tools and social practices she uses reveal about her online identity construction? • What kinds of identities does she present on social networking sites? This study was grounded in a sociocultural understanding of language, particularly that language and thought are culturally derived (Vygotsky, 1986) constructs that shape and are shaped by human activity (Cole, 2003; Wertsch, 1991). Through a sociocultural view of identity, I recognized that identity is a social construct in which mid-adolescents often experience conflict (Harter, 2012) as they try to integrate a fragmented, or “kaleidoscopic” (p. 94) sense of self into a cohesive sense of self. I used a qualitative single case study design (Merriam, 2009) to investigate the social networking practices of the participant. Data collection included semi-structured interviews; think-aloud verbal protocols while using social networking sites; informal phone or instant messaging interactions between the participant and researcher; participant and researcher journals; and participant‟s posts to social networking sites. Using a systematic recursive qualitative method (LeCompte, 2000) informed by Saldaña‟s (2009) coding recommendations, I found that the participant adhered to perceived online social conventions and used a variety of digital literacy tools to present socially acceptable filtered identities across three Social Networking Sites (SNS). Findings suggest that a mid-adolescent would benefit from opportunities to use digital communication skills in school to present an academic identity in school-related online spaces.
Differential Recruitment of Kv1.4 and Kv4.2 to Lipid Rafts by PSD-95*

The activity of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, and consequently their influence on cellular functions, can be substantially altered by phosphorylation. Several protein kinases that modulate Kv channel activity are found in membrane subdomains known as lipid rafts, which are thought to organize signaling complexes in the cell. Thus, we asked whether Kv1.4 and Kv4.2, two channels with critical roles in excitable cells, are found in lipid rafts. Acylation can target proteins to raft regions; however, Kv channels are not acylated, and therefore, a different mechanism must exist to bring them into these membrane subdomains. Because both Kv1.4 and Kv4.2 interact with postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), which is acylated (specifically, palmitoylated), we examined whether PSD-95 can recruit these channels to lipid rafts. We found that a portion of Kv1.4 and Kv4.2 protein in rat brain membranes is raft-associated. Lipid raft patching and immunostaining confirmed that some Kv4.2 is in Thy-1-containing rafts in rat hippocampal neurons. Using a heterologous expression system, we determined that palmitoylation of PSD-95 was crucial to its localization to lipid rafts. We then assessed the contribution of PSD-95 to the raft association of these channels. Co-expression of PSD-95 increased the amount of Kv1.4, but not Kv4.2, in lipid rafts. Deleting the PSD-95 binding motif of Kv1.4 eliminated this recruitment, as did substituting a palmitoylation-deficient PSD-95 mutant. This work represents the first evidence that PSD-95 binding can recruit Kv channels into lipid rafts, a process that could facilitate interactions with the protein kinases that affect channel activity.
Internal Governance and Performance: Evidence from When External Discipline Is Weak

The effect of internal governance on performance is potentially economically significant but may be difficult to identify because of confounding external disciplinary mechanisms and the endogenous choice of internal governance. This study addresses those difficulties by using nonprofit hospitals as an economic environment with muted external disciplinary mechanisms and instrumenting for internal governance using governance spillovers of geographically local public firms. Using patient heart attack survival as a measure of performance, a one standard deviation increase in strength of internal governance reduces the probability of death by 0.89 percentage points after controlling for patient characteristics.
Underestimation of Disability in Community‐Living Older Persons

OBJECTIVES: When ascertaining the occurrence of disability, long assessment intervals may be problematic because they do not account for the possibility of recovery or for deaths or losses to follow‐up. Our objective was to compare the rates of disability obtained from single follow‐up assessments with those obtained from monthly assessments for intervals up to 24 months.
The estimation of the transcendental logarithmic function and the decomposition analysis of derived demand for factor inputs : the case of rice production in Japan

The process of the growth of rice production in Japan is analyzed by decomposition analysis of factor input demand. The variation in factor input demand is broken down into three components: output level, factor substitution along an isoquant, and technical change. The analysis is carried out using the estimates of Allen partial elasticities of substitution calculated from the fitted transcendental logarithmic cost function. The decline in labor input level is found to be due mainly to technical change, and the labor-saving effect of the factor substitution along an isoquant is relatively small.
Concepts and Measures of Earnings Replacement During Retirement

This paper compares the well-being of the Retirement History Survey of the elderly with their own previous levels of income and economic welfare. Traditional replacement rates are calculated, although a number of shortcomings of such measures are discussed. Modifications are made by examining career average rather than peak earnings, by adjusting for the fact that the incomes of the elderly are taxed more lightly, that the elderly do not have dependent children, and that Social Security income in retirement is a safer source ofincome than earnings earlier in life. The fully adjusted total income measures are at least as high for almost all classes of households in the survey as their career average pre-retirement earnings.
Analyzing the factors affecting coordination in engineer-to-order supply chain

Purpose – Engineer-to-order (ETO) supply chains involve multiple companies for performing complex projects. The ability to effectively coordinate cross-business activities is essential to avoid delays, cost overruns and quality problems. Coordination is related to a number of contingent factors that need to be better comprehended. The purpose of this paper is to highlight such contingent factors and to analyse their effect on the occurrence of project delays. Design/methodology/approach – A multiple case study is used to investigate the moderating factors affecting coordination in projects carried out in an ETO supply chain. Such factors are examined through a cross-analysis of six shipbuilding projects based on data from interviews, project documentation and clips from the media press. Findings – In ETO supply chains, the engineering and production activities involve mutual interdependences that need to be coordinated. The findings suggest that both the integration of engineering and production and the p.