Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationships between displacement and distortion in orogens: Linking the Himalayan foreland and hinterland in central Nepal

Greater Himalayan sequence rocks exposed in the Manaslu–Himal Chuli Himalaya can be separated into distinct upper and lower parts. Deformation recorded in both parts occurred at temperatures ranging between ∼450 °C and ∼640 °C and is characterized by almost equal coaxial and noncoaxial components. Across the upper Greater Himalayan sequence, peak metamorphic temperatures are essentially isothermal, whereas corresponding metamorphic pressure estimates across the same section decrease downward with an apparent gradient of 620 bars/km. In the lower Greater Himalayan sequence, however, both metamorphic pressure and temperature decrease with structural depth. The abnormal pressure gradient in the upper Greater Himalayan sequence is attributed to ∼50% vertical thinning during southward displacement, while the inverted gradient in the lower portion is interpreted to be the result of coeval exhumation and downward expansion of the Main Central thrust shear zone and the progressive incorporation of more rock into the Greater Himalayan sequence. Deformation in the upper portion of the Greater Himalayan sequence was characterized by extending flow, i.e., extension in the direction of flow, whereas deformation in its lower portion was characterized by compressing flow, i.e., compression in the direction of flow. Extending flow is a distinctive feature of displacement and distortion in deep orogenic hinterlands, while compressing flow is emblematic of displacement and distortion in orogenic foreland regions. The transition between the upper and lower parts of the Greater Himalayan sequence therefore represents a fundamental transition between hinterland-style deformation, involving processes such as lateral midcrustal flow, and foreland-style deformation, involving critical-taper thrust-fold wedge development.
Posttraumatic Stress, Family Functioning, and Externalizing in Adolescents Exposed to Violence: A Moderated Mediation Model

Exposure to community violence disproportionately impacts low-income, minority youth and is associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms and maladaptive adjustment. This study investigates whether posttraumatic stress mediates the relation between exposure to community violence and externalizing symptoms and the moderating role of family cohesion and daily family support in buffering these effects on later externalizing. Low-income, African American 7th-grade students (M age = 12.57 years; N = 254) from high-crime neighborhoods participated in a 2-year longitudinal study measuring the effects of community violence exposure. The students completed questionnaires administered by research staff over 5 consecutive days for each year of the study. Family cohesion and daily family support exhibited a significant buffering effect for several outcomes. Posttraumatic stress significantly mediated the effect of witnessing community violence on subsequent aggression. The strength of these indirect effects depended on level of family cohesion. The findings provide evidence in support of interventions provided at both individual and family levels. Mental health providers working with this population should be aware of the intertwined nature of exposure to community violence, posttraumatic stress, and subsequent maladaptive outcomes.
How to remove thrombus prior to stenting in patients with acute myocardial infarction?

Many studies have documented that despite early restoration of epicardial patency by percutaneous coronary intervention myocardial reperfusion is often severely impaired in patients with acute myocardial infarction. As embolization of (athero-)thrombotic debris from the culprit lesion is thought to be one of the principle mechanisms for the ‘‘no reflow phenomenon’’, multiple devices have been developed and tested in clinical practice to remove thrombus from the target lesion before stenting [1,2]. The first attempts to remove thrombus from the coronary artery originated in the seventies. Between 1971 and 1978, De Wood et al studied the ‘‘prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction’’ by coronary angiography. Using a Fogarty catheter thrombus was retrieved in 57/79 (75%) patients, in particular when the angiogram showed evidence of thrombus as indicated by staining of contrast in the occluded segment [3]. Two meta-analyses [1,2] give an overview of the various adjunctive devices that have entered the anti-embolic arena. Distal protection devices as well as thrombectomy techniques have been studied in small to medium sized randomized trials. Although results have varied, simple manual aspiration devices seemed to offer most benefit in terms of ST elevation resolution [1,2]. This is confirmed by the recently published Thrombus Aspiration during Primary Angioplasty Study that showed that the manual thrombus aspiration is applicable in a large majority of patients with ST elevation infarction, and results in better myocardial reperfusion and outcomes than conventional PCI, irrespective of clinical and angiographic characteristics at baseline [4]. In the current issue of the journal De Carlo et al [5] describe the results of the Rinspiration System, a novel device designed to simultaneously aspirate thrombus and ‘‘rinse’’ the vessel wall with a turbulent flow of heparinized saline. This international multicenter registry included 109 patients enrolled in six academic centers and demonstrates that Rinspiration is safe and feasible with a large proportion of patients showing complete ST segment elevation resolution. In 42 patients, distal protection using the Filter Wire was attempted during the application of Rinspiration, with visible debris in only two of the 37 patients with successful delivery of the distal protection device. In conclusion, thrombus removal has become an integrated part of the interventional approach in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction, providing a clear incentive to attempt improvements in the technology. Although the caveats of registries, in particular selection bias, should be kept in mind, the data certainly provide the basis for a ‘‘head to head’’ comparison of Rinspiration with manual thrombus aspiration, with thrombotic or atherothrombotic yield and one or more measures of myocardial reperfusion (myocardial blush grade and/or ST segment elevation resolution) as end-points.
Parameterization of the chlorophyll a-specific in vivo light absorption coefficient covering estuarine, coastal and oceanic waters

We evaluated models predicting the spectral chlorophyll-a (Chl a)-specific absorption coefficient (a* ph (λ)) from Chl a concentration [Chl a] on the basis of 465 phytoplankton absorption spectra collected in estuarine, coastal and oceanic waters. A power model on ln-transformed data provided the best model fit compared to a power model on non-transformed data previously applied to parameterize the relationship between a* ph (λ) and [Chl a]. The variation in a* ph (λ) was parameterized over four orders of magnitude in [Chl a] (0.01-100 mg Chl a m−3) producing a 13-fold range in a* ph (0.19 to 0.015 m2 mg−1 Chl a) at 440 nm, the peak absorption of Chl a in the blue part of the spectrum. The variations in the modelled a* ph spectra were within realistic predictions of a* ph (λ) and the model satisfactorily reproduced the spectral flattening with increasing [Chl a]. The parameterization of a* ph (λ) confirmed the indirect dependency of a* ph (λ) on [Chl a] through co-variations between [Chl a] with pigment packaging and pigment composition. Although pigment packaging determined the spectral flattening, analysis of absorption ratios revealed a systematic change in pigment composition with profound influence on the variability of a* ph in the 440 to 495 nm region. Modelled spectra deviated by approximately 20% from the measured spectra on average and model accuracy was independent of [Chl a]. Although the model cannot fully replace spectral measurements of phytoplankton absorption, it does permit realistic reconstructions of a* ph (λ) from simple measurements of [Chl a] sampled in estuarine, coastal and oceanic waters.
Multi-Prediction Deep Boltzmann Machines

We introduce the multi-prediction deep Boltzmann machine (MP-DBM). The MP-DBM can be seen as a single probabilistic model trained to maximize a variational approximation to the generalized pseudolikelihood, or as a family of recurrent nets that share parameters and approximately solve different inference problems. Prior methods of training DBMs either do not perform well on classification tasks or require an initial learning pass that trains the DBM greedily, one layer at a time. The MP-DBM does not require greedy layerwise pretraining, and outperforms the standard DBM at classification, classification with missing inputs, and mean field prediction tasks.1
Low-power and high-speed VLSI architecture for lifting-based forward and inverse wavelet transform

A low-power, high-speed architecture which performs two-dimension forward and inverse discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for the set of filters in JPEG2000 is proposed by using a line-based and lifting scheme. It consists of one row processor and one column processor each of which contains four sub-filters. And the row processor which is time-multiplexed performs in parallel with the column processor. Optimized shift-add operations are substituted for multiplications, and edge extension is implemented by an embedded circuit. The whole architecture which is optimized in the pipeline design way to speed up and achieve higher hardware utilization has been demonstrated in FPGA. Two pixels per clock cycle can be encoded at 100 MHz. The architecture can he used as a compact and independent IP core for JPEG2000 VLSI implementation and various real-time image/video applications.
Research and Reports in Urology Dovepress Neurogenic Bladder in Spinal Cord Injury Patients

Neurogenic bladder dysfunction due to spinal cord injury poses a significant threat to the well-being of patients. Incontinence, renal impairment, urinary tract infection, stones, and poor quality of life are some complications of this condition. The majority of patients will require management to ensure low pressure reservoir function of the bladder, complete emptying , and dryness. Management typically begins with anticholinergic medications and clean intermittent catheterization. Patients who fail this treatment because of inefficacy or intoler-ability are candidates for a spectrum of more invasive procedures. Endoscopic managements to relieve the bladder outlet resistance include sphincterotomy, botulinum toxin injection, and stent insertion. In contrast, patients with incompetent sphincters are candidates for transobturator tape insertion, sling surgery, or artificial sphincter implantation. Coordinated bladder emptying is possible with neuromodulation in selected patients. Bladder augmentation, usually with an intestinal segment, and urinary diversion are the last resort. Tissue engineering is promising in experimental settings; however, its role in clinical bladder management is still evolving. In this review, we summarize the current literature pertaining to the pathology and management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.
Mixability in Statistical Learning

Statistical learning and sequential prediction are two different but related formalisms to study the quality of predictions. Mapping out their relations and transferring ideas is an active area of investigation. We provide another piece of the puzzle by showing that an important concept in sequential prediction, the mixability of a loss, has a natural counterpart in the statistical setting, which we call stochastic mixability. Just as ordinary mixability characterizes fast rates for the worst-case regret in sequential prediction, stochastic mixability characterizes fast rates in statistical learning. We show that, in the special case of log-loss, stochastic mixability reduces to a well-known (but usually unnamed) martingale condition, which is used in existing convergence theorems for minimum description length and Bayesian inference. In the case of 0/1-loss, it reduces to the margin condition of Mammen and Tsybakov, and in the case that the model under consideration contains all possible predictors, it is equivalent to ordinary mixability.
Synthesis of the 2Fe subcluster of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase H cluster on the HydF scaffold

The organometallic H cluster at the active site of [FeFe]-hydrogenase consists of a 2Fe subcluster coordinated by cyanide, carbon monoxide, and a nonprotein dithiolate bridged to a [4Fe-4S] cluster via a cysteinate ligand. Biosynthesis of this cluster requires three accessory proteins, two of which (HydE and HydG) are radical S-adenosylmethionine enzymes. The third, HydF, is a GTPase. We present here spectroscopic and kinetic studies of HydF that afford fundamental new insights into the mechanism of H-cluster assembly. Electron paramagnetic spectroscopy reveals that HydF binds both [4Fe-4S] and [2Fe-2S] clusters; however, when HydF is expressed in the presence of HydE and HydG (HydFEG), only the [4Fe-4S] cluster is observed by EPR. Insight into the fate of the [2Fe-2S] cluster harbored by HydF is provided by FTIR, which shows the presence of carbon monoxide and cyanide ligands in HydFEG. The thorough kinetic characterization of the GTPase activity of HydF shows that activity can be gated by monovalent cations and further suggests that GTPase activity is associated with synthesis of the 2Fe subcluster precursor on HydF, rather than with transfer of the assembled precursor to hydrogenase. Interestingly, we show that whereas the GTPase activity is independent of the presence of the FeS clusters on HydF, GTP perturbs the EPR spectra of the clusters, suggesting communication between the GTP- and cluster-binding sites. Together, the results indicate that the 2Fe subcluster of the H cluster is synthesized on HydF from a [2Fe-2S] cluster framework in a process requiring HydE, HydG, and GTP.
Holocene relative sea levels and coastal changes in the lower Cree valley and estuary, SW Scotland, U.K.

ABSTRACT Changes in Holocene (Flandrian) relative sea levels and coastal geomorphology in the lower Cree valley and estuary, SW Scotland, are inferred from detailed morphological and stratigraphical investigations. A graph of relative sea level changes is proposed for the area. Rising relative sea levels during the early Holocene were interrupted at c. 8300–8600 14C years B.P.(c. 9400–9900 calibrated years B.P.), when an extensive estuarine surface was reached at c. −1 m O.D. , after which a fluctuating rise culminated at c. 6100–6500 14C B.P. (c. 7000–7500 calibrated years B.P.) in a prominent shoreline and associated estuarine surface measured at 7·7–10·3 m O.D. A subsequent fall in relative sea level was followed by a rise to a shoreline at 7·8–10·1 m O.D. , exceeding or reoccupying the earlier shoreline over much of the area after c. 5000 14C B.P. (c. 5,800 calibrated years B.P.), before relative sea level fell to a later shoreline, reached after c. 2900 14C B.P. (c. 3100 calibrated years B.P.) at 5·5–8·0 m O.D. , following which relative sea levels fell, ultimately reaching present levels. During these changes, a particular feature of the coastline was the development of a number of barrier systems. The relative sea level changes identified are compared with changes elsewhere in SW Scotland and their wider context is briefly considered.
A Modified Sequence-Domain Impedance Definition and Its Equivalence to the dq-Domain Impedance Definition for the Stability Analysis of AC Power Electronic Systems

Representation of ac power systems by frequency-dependent impedance equivalents is an emerging technique in the dynamic analysis of power systems including power electronic converters. The technique has been applied for decades in dc-power systems, and it was recently adopted to map the impedances in ac systems. Most of the work on ac systems can be categorized into two approaches. One is the analysis of the system in the dq domain, whereas the other applies harmonic linearization in the phase domain through symmetric components. Impedance models based on analytical calculations, numerical simulation, and experimental studies have been previously developed and verified in both domains independently. The authors of previous studies discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each domain separately, but neither a rigorous comparison nor an attempt to bridge them has been conducted. This paper attempts to close this gap by deriving the mathematical formulation that shows the equivalence between the dq-domain and the sequence-domain impedances. A modified form of the sequence-domain impedance matrix is proposed, and with this definition the stability estimates obtained with the generalized Nyquist criterion become equivalent in both domains. The second contribution of this paper is the definition of a mirror frequency decoupled (MFD) system. The analysis of MFD systems is less complex than that of non-MFD systems because the positive and negative sequences are decoupled. This paper shows that if a system is incorrectly assumed to be MFD, this will lead to an erroneous or ambiguous estimation of the equivalent impedance.
Stopping Criteria for Active Learning of Named Entity Recognition

Active learning is a proven method for reducing the cost of creating the training sets that are necessary for statistical NLP. However, there has been little work on stopping criteria for active learning. An operational stopping criterion is necessary to be able to use active learning in NLP applications. We investigate three different stopping criteria for active learning of named entity recognition (NER) and show that one of them, gradient-based stopping, (i) reliably stops active learning, (ii) achieves nearoptimal NER performance, (iii) and needs only about 20% as much training data as exhaustive labeling.
XMM-Newton Detection of Hard X-Ray Emission in the Nitrogen-Type Wolf-Rayet Star WR 110

We have used the excellent sensitivity of XMM-Newton to obtain the first high-quality X-ray spectrum of a Wolf-Rayet (W-R) star that is not known to be a member of a binary system. Our target, the nitrogen-type star WR 110 (HD 165688), was also observed and detected with the Very Large Array at four different frequencies. The radio flux density increases with frequency according to a power law Sν ∝ ν+0.64±0.10, in very good agreement with the behavior expected for free-free wind emission. The radio data give an ionized mass-loss rate = 4.9 × 10-5 M☉ yr-1 for an assumed spherical constant-velocity wind. The undispersed CCD X-ray spectra reveal strong emission lines from He-like ions of Mg, Si, and S. The emission measure distribution shows a dominant contribution from cool plasma with a characteristic temperature kTcool ≈ 0.5 keV (≈6 MK). Little or no excess absorption of this cool component above the value expected from the visual extinction is present. We conclude that the bulk of the cool plasma detected by XMM-Newton lies at hundreds of stellar radii or more if the wind is approximately spherical and homogeneous, but it could lie closer to the star if the wind is clumped. If the cool plasma is due to instability-driven wind shocks, then typical shock velocities are vs ≈ 340-550 km s-1 and the average filling factor of X-ray-emitting gas in the wind is no larger than f ~ 10-6. A surprising result is the unambiguous detection of a hard X-ray component that is clearly seen in the hard-band images and the spectra. This hard component accounts for about half of the observed flux and can be acceptably fitted by a hot, optically thin thermal plasma or a power-law model. If the emission is thermal, then a temperature kThot ≥ 3 keV is derived. Such high temperatures are not predicted by current instability-driven wind shock models, and a different mechanism is thus required to explain the hard X-rays. We examine several possible mechanisms and show that the hard emission could be accounted for by the W-R wind shocking onto a close stellar companion that has so far escaped detection. However, until persuasive evidence for binarity is found, we are left with the intriguing possibility that the hard X-ray emission is produced entirely by the Wolf-Rayet star.
Effect of Different Source of Nutrients on the Performance, Growth and Quality of Summer Onion

The field experiments were conducted for one season rabi 2008-09 at the Multilocation testing site Magura on calcareous soil to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of onion (cv. BARI piaj 2). The experiment was laid out in a RCB design. There were five treatments involving four inorganic levels and organic levels another absolute control (no manure and no NPK). Higher level of inorganic T 1 i.e., (120-45-85-40 kg ha -1 NPK S+ 5 t/ha CD) produced significantly higher bulb yield (18.76 t/ha) which was on par with T 4 (17.87 t/ha) i.e., 5 t/ha poultry manure + remaining amount from inorganic fertilizer T 2 . The results also indicated that the same treatments recorded the highest single bulb weight, bulb yield as well as gross returns and MBCR (7.14) as compared to other treatments. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1. 22059 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 159-162 2013
Creating personal bandwidth maps using opportunistic throughput measurements

The ongoing success of smartphones and tablet computers, combined with the widespread deployment of cellular network infrastructure, has paved the way for ubiquitous Internet access. Access to mobile services has become a commodity for many commuters on public transport vehicles. On their daily trips to work and back, however, people often experience varying throughput rates due to the different capacities of network cells and the channel quality to the cell site. Links with reduced or no throughput are clearly unfavorable when users need to download large files or engage in synchronous communication activities. We thus introduce the notion of opportunistic personal bandwidth maps (OPBMs) in this paper. OPBMs allow the user to schedule activities with high throughput demand to parts of their journey where the bandwidth requirements are likely to be met. Users create their own OPBM by means of opportunistically monitoring their throughput during access to the cellular network and consolidating these individual measurements. Due to the opportunistic nature of our approach, no additional data transfers are required. Our measurements for more than 70 commutes show that the achievable throughput for road segments is highly variable across different trips. Still, the availability of OPBMs allows users to make decisions (e.g. to download a large file) when traveling along the segment with highest expected throughput.
Available Potential Energy: A Clarification

Abstract In order to clarify some inconsistencies in the literature, on ocean energetics, the evaluation of the available potential energy (APE) is reconsidered. Attention is focused on the baroclinic APE under conditions in which the hydrostatic approximation prevails. Following Margules and Lorenz (ML), we define this as the difference between the total enthalpy of a given sample state of the fluid and that of an isentropically leveled state having the same mass. It is partly gravitational potential energy and partly elastic internal energy. For emphasis, we denote this as the ML APE. It differs from the gravitational part (APEg) by an amount that depends on whether the elastic internal energy is released (as in the atmosphere) or stored (as in the ocean) during an isentropic leveling process. In the ocean the ML APE is found to be somewhat less than the APEg, in contrast to the atmosphere where the ML APE greatly exceeds the APEg. This difference is ascribed to the temperature dependency of compressibi.