Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cost-effectiveness of self-management in asthma: A systematic review of peak flow monitoring interventions

Objectives: It is generally accepted that home peak flow monitoring increases patients' self-management and could lead to cost savings. The aim of this review was to analyze costs and the cost-effectiveness of self-management based on peak flow monitoring interventions in asthma. Methods: Twenty-one studies were included in this review. Data were extracted, and methodological and economic quality were assessed. These studies presented economic information regarding self-management interventions based on peak flow monitoring in asthmatics. The mean methodological quality was 4.6 (maximum 8), and the mean economic quality was 12.0 (maximum 15). Results: In eighteen studies, the interventions led to net savings compared with usual care or less intensive intervention. Only three studies found the total costs to be higher in the intervention group. In thirteen of the seventeen studies that analyzed health outcomes, at least one of the reported health outcomes improved statistically significantly after the intervention. However, the methods of economic evaluation differed among the studies and were not always in line with the standard methodology. Conclusions: The interventions, costs, and outcomes were very diverse. The results emphasize the need for guidelines to increase the comparability of cost-effectiveness evaluations relating to asthma. Only then will it be possible to conclude whether interventions for asthmatics, such as self-management based on peak flow monitoring interventions, are cost-effective.
Evaluation of Periimplant Crevicular Fluid Prostaglandin E2 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Levels From Health to Periimplant Disease Status: A Prospective Study

Objective:To compare the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8) in periimplant crevicular fluid (PICF) after osseointegration and loading. Materials and Methods:PICF was collected at the 3rd, 6th, 12th, and 18th months after implantation of 72 implants. PGE2 and MMP-8 levels besides clinical parameters were evaluated. Results:Plaque and gingival index at the 6th, 12th, and 18th months presented higher values. Probing depth showed an increase after the 12th month. PGE2 presented a higher value at the 18th month. MMP-8 level demonstrated higher values after the sixth month. PGE2 and MMP-8 demonstrated positive correlations with gingival index and probing depth. Conclusion:The detection of PGE2 and MMP-8 in PICF serve to be useful for monitoring the course of periimplant disease. MMP-8 promises to be an early signal of periimplant inflammation.
On Becoming Subtle: Age and Social Rank Changes in the Use of a Facial Gesture.

ZIVIN, GAIL. On Becoming Subtle: Age and Social Rank Changes in the Use of a Facial Gesture. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 1314-1321. Children make a facial gesture that shares some appearance and contextual settings with nonhuman primates' dominance-related threat stares. This report, using data from videotaped naturalistic interactions and peers' hierarchy rankings of 23 4to 5-year-olds and 26 7to 10-year-olds, confirms that higher-ranking children make more of these faces than lower-ranking ones (r = .15, N.S., for preschoolers; r .36, p < .05, for elementary aged). It traces 2 developmental trends that differ from nonhuman primates' distributions of threat stares: (1) children frequently direct this facial gesture to higher ranks, and (2) by elementary years, facial gestures of top-ranked children become less obvious in context and style. This last point suggests that the top older children stylistically adapt their continued indications of challenge to cultural prohibitions, while their lower-ranking peers have not yet integrated their challenges into subtle presentations. Sex differences appeared in preponderantly high rankings for males and in each sex overrating itself, but gesture frequency and increased subtlety followed rank for both sexes.
Reentry of Emerging Adults

This article is based on the sociological analysis of the experiences and perspectives of five young men making the transition out of one state's end-of-the-line maximum security juvenile correctional facility and attempting to reenter the community as emerging adults. As part of a larger ethnographic study of violent offenders in a cottage, these young men shared their observations as they faced their futures with both fear and hope. Upon their release from the institution, they found few people or services to rely on, and they struggled the best way they knew to cope with new and frightening responsibilities of independence and emerging adulthood.
In-group and role identity influences on the initiation and maintenance of students' voluntary attendance at peer study sessions for statistics.

BACKGROUND Although class attendance is linked to academic performance, questions remain about what determines students' decisions to attend or miss class. AIMS In addition to the constructs of a common decision-making model, the theory of planned behaviour, the present study examined the influence of student role identity and university student (in-group) identification for predicting both the initiation and maintenance of students' attendance at voluntary peer-assisted study sessions in a statistics subject. SAMPLE University students enrolled in a statistics subject were invited to complete a questionnaire at two time points across the academic semester. A total of 79 university students completed questionnaires at the first data collection point, with 46 students completing the questionnaire at the second data collection point. METHOD Twice during the semester, students' attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, student role identity, in-group identification, and intention to attend study sessions were assessed via on-line questionnaires. Objective measures of class attendance records for each half-semester (or 'term') were obtained. RESULTS Across both terms, students' attitudes predicted their attendance intentions, with intentions predicting class attendance. Earlier in the semester, in addition to perceived behavioural control, both student role identity and in-group identification predicted students' attendance intentions, with only role identity influencing intentions later in the semester. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the possible chronology that different identity influences have in determining students' initial and maintained attendance at voluntary sessions designed to facilitate their learning.
The Supervisory Relationship as a Triangle: A Study of Students' Perceptions

This article presents a qualitative examination of the supervisory relationship among a field supervisor and multiple students. It examines the perceptions of 75 students regarding differences in their field supervisors' treatment of and relationship with them and their cosupervisees, and the association between their perceptions and their relationships with their cosupervisees. The main findings are that most supervisees (a) perceived differences in their supervisor's treatment of or relationship with them and their cosupervisees and (b) their perceptions of the comparative treatment or relationship tended to be associated with the quality of their relationships with their cosupervisees. Findings highlight the need for supervisors to be aware of supervisees' sensitivity not only to their supervisor's behaviour toward the supervisee, but also to their behaviour toward cosupervisees.
Circulating Total Glutathione in Normal Tension Glaucoma Patients: Comparison with Normal Control Subjects

Purpose Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Glutathione is a major antioxidant molecule present in intracellular or extracellular space. Herein, we aimed to examine circulating glutathione level in normal tension glaucoma (NTG), which comprises the largest proportion of glaucoma disease in the Korean population. Methods Nineteen NTG patients (NTG group) and 30 age- and gender-matched normal control subjects (control group) were included. Antecubital venous puncture was performed between 8 and 10 o'clock in the morning to obtain a 4 mL venous blood sample. Total glutathione level was measured by the spectrophotometric method at 412 nm. Correlation of total glutathione level with mean deviation and pattern standard deviation from the Humphrey visual field test was analyzed in the NTG group. Results Total glutathione level in circulating blood was 524.02 ± 231.09 nmol and 586.06 ± 156.08 nmol in the NTG group and the control group, respectively. The difference between these values was not statistically significant (p = 0.121, F = 2.212). Age had no significant effect on circulating total glutathione level in either the NTG group (p = 0.171, r = -0.328) or the control group (p = 0.380, r = -0.166). In the NTG group, circulating total glutathione level had no significant relationship with mean deviation (p = 0.226, F = 1.636) and pattern standard deviation (p = 0.200, F = 1.766) after correcting for age and gender. Conclusions In NTG patients, circulating total glutathione levels were not different compared to those of normal subjects.
A Protein Domain Co-Occurrence Network Approach for Predicting Protein Function and Inferring Species Phylogeny

Protein Domain Co-occurrence Network (DCN) is a biological network that has not been fully-studied. We analyzed the properties of the DCNs of H. sapiens, S. cerevisiae, C. elegans, D. melanogaster, and 15 plant genomes. These DCNs have the hallmark features of scale-free networks. We investigated the possibility of using DCNs to predict protein and domain functions. Based on our experiment conducted on 66 randomly selected proteins, the best of top 3 predictions made by our DCN-based aggregated neighbor-counting method achieved a semantic similarity score of 0.81 to the actual Gene Ontology terms of the proteins. Moreover, the top 3 predictions using neighbor-counting, χ2, and a SVM-based method achieved an accuracy of 66%, 59%, and 61%, respectively, when used to predict specific Gene Ontology terms of human target domains. These predictions on average had a semantic similarity score of 0.82, 0.80, and 0.79 to the actual Gene Ontology terms, respectively. We also used DCNs to predict whether a domain is an enzyme domain, and our SVM-based and neighbor-inference method correctly classified 79% and 77% of the target domains, respectively. When using DCNs to classify a target domain into one of the six enzyme classes, we found that, as long as there is one EC number available in the neighboring domains, our SVM-based and neighboring-counting method correctly classified 92.4% and 91.9% of the target domains, respectively. Furthermore, we benchmarked the performance of using DCNs to infer species phylogenies on six different combinations of 398 single-chromosome prokaryotic genomes. The phylogenetic tree of 54 prokaryotic taxa generated by our DCNs-alignment-based method achieved a 93.45% similarity score compared to the Bergey's taxonomy. In summary, our studies show that genome-wide DCNs contain rich information that can be effectively used to decipher protein function and reveal the evolutionary relationship among species.
Planetary wave breaking and nonlinear reflection : Seasonal cycle and interannual variability

Abstract Forty-six years of daily averaged NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data are used to identify the occurrence of planetary wave breaking (PWB) in the subtropical upper troposphere. As large-amplitude waves propagate into the subtropics where the zonal flow is weak, they may break. PWB is diagnosed by observing the large-scale meridional overturning of potential vorticity (PV) contours on isentropic surfaces near the subtropical tropopause. PWB occurs most often during summer, and almost exclusively over the subtropical ocean basins in the Northern Hemisphere. The seasonal evolution of the zonal flow (and the associated latitudinal PV gradient) regulates the location and frequency of PWB. Significant interannual variability in PWB is associated with well-known modes of climate variability. One of the most interesting dynamical consequences of PWB is the possibility of nonlinear reflection poleward out of the wave-breaking region. Modeling studies have found nonlinear reflection following PWB. Observations show .
The relationship of aggression and bullying to social preference: Differences in gender and types of aggression

With 338 fifth-grade students as subjects, this study found the variations in the relation between school bullying and social preference as a function of gender and types of aggressive behavior utilized. Aggressive boys were likely to be rejected by peers, whereas aggressive girls were both rejected and accepted by peers. Children nominated physically aggressive boys and relationally and verbally aggressive girls as bullies. When other forms of aggression were kept constant, verbal aggression was positively related to peer rejection for boys but negatively related for girls. The use of relational aggression contributed to peer rejection only for girls. Implications of the gender differences are discussed.
Social-Cognitive Factors in Changing Health-Related Behaviors

Changing health-related behaviors requires two separate processes that involve motivation and volition, respectively. First, an intention to change is developed, in part on the basis of self-beliefs. Second, the change must be planned, initiated, and maintained, and relapses must be managed; self-regulation plays a critical role in these processes. Social-cognition models of health behavior change address these two processes. One such model, the health action process approach, is explicitly based on the assumption that two distinct phases need to be studied longitudinally, one phase that leads to a behavioral intention and another that leads to the actual behavior. Particular social-cognitive variables may play different roles in the two stages; perceived self-efficacy is the only predictor that seems to be equally important in the two phases.
Following Their Every Move: An Investigation of Social-Class Differences in College Pathways

As more Americans enter college than ever before, their pathways through the broadly differentiated higher education system are changing. Movement in, out, and among institutions now characterizes students' attendance patterns—half of all undergraduates who begin at a four-year institution go on to attend at least one other college, and over one-third take some time off from college after their initial enrollment. This study investigated whether there is social-class variation in these patterns, with advantaged and disadvantaged students responding to new postsecondary choices by engaging in different pathways. National longitudinal data from postsecondary transcripts were used to follow students across schools and to examine the importance of family background and high school preparation in predicting forms of college attendance. The results demonstrate that students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely than are economically advantaged students (net of prior academic preparation) to follow pathways that are characterized by interrupted movement. Such pathways appear to be less effective routes to the timely completion of degrees. Thus, difference in how students attend college represent an additional layer of stratification in higher education.
Gender Differences in Perceptions of Stressors and Utilization of Social Support Among University Students

Meme si plusieurs chercheurs ont demontre que le soutien social est un mecanisme d'adaptation efficace pour faire face au stress, tres peu de recherches se sont penchees sur les differences entre les sexes en ce qui a trait au stress percu et au recours au soutien social. Dans la presente etude, 186 etudiants du premier cycle d'une universite des Maritimes ont note la nature stressante percue de cinq scenarios et ont identifie le type et la source de soutien social vers lesquels ils se tourneraient pour faire face a chacune des situations. Comparativement aux hommes, les femmes ont percu trois des cinq scenarios comme etant considerablement plus stressants. Les femmes, beaucoup plus que les hommes, ont indique qu'elles chercheraient du soutien de la part de leur partenaire ou d'amis. Les femmes ont egalement rapporte qu'elle chercheraient un soutien affectif a un niveau plus eleve que ne l'ont indique les hommes. Cependant, lorsque la nature stressante percue des scenarios etait determinee, certaines differences entre les sexes quant aux sources et aux types de soutien disparaissaient.
An Improved Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) Approach Offering Increased Versatility and Efficiency of SNP Discovery and Genotyping

Highly parallel SNP genotyping platforms have been developed for some important crop species, but these platforms typically carry a high cost per sample for first-time or small-scale users. In contrast, recently developed genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approaches offer a highly cost effective alternative for simultaneous SNP discovery and genotyping. In the present investigation, we have explored the use of GBS in soybean. In addition to developing a novel analysis pipeline to call SNPs and indels from the resulting sequence reads, we have devised a modified library preparation protocol to alter the degree of complexity reduction. We used a set of eight diverse soybean genotypes to conduct a pilot scale test of the protocol and pipeline. Using ApeKI for GBS library preparation and sequencing on an Illumina GAIIx machine, we obtained 5.5 M reads and these were processed using our pipeline. A total of 10,120 high quality SNPs were obtained and the distribution of these SNPs mirrored closely the distribution of gene-rich regions in the soybean genome. A total of 39.5% of the SNPs were present in genic regions and 52.5% of these were located in the coding sequence. Validation of over 400 genotypes at a set of randomly selected SNPs using Sanger sequencing showed a 98% success rate. We then explored the use of selective primers to achieve a greater complexity reduction during GBS library preparation. The number of SNP calls could be increased by almost 40% and their depth of coverage was more than doubled, thus opening the door to an increase in the throughput and a significant decrease in the per sample cost. The approach to obtain high quality SNPs developed here will be helpful for marker assisted genomics as well as assessment of available genetic resources for effective utilisation in a wide number of species.
A Program Evaluation of the Smart and Healthy Alcohol Use Intervention

2 The University of Wisconsin-Stout has implemented a social norms intervention called Smart and Healthy that is aimed at changing students' perceptions about drinking behaviors. The theory behind social nonns interventions postulates that a change in perceptions about drinking then alters student's drinking behaviors (Keller, Bauerle, & Turner, 2008). This study uses survey data to evaluate the effectiveness of Smart and Healthy in changing students' perceptions and drinking behavior. University Police archival data was also used to look at differences in alcohol-related incidences between academic years prior to and after the implementation of Smart and Healthy. A survey of Resident Assistants provided qualitative data regarding their perceptions of student drinking behavior. Students who saw Smart and Healthy materials had significantly different perceptions from those who had not seen the materials regarding how much the average University of Wisconsin-Stout student drinks. These differences in perceptions, however, did not translate to a
Effects of News Frames and Schemas on Individuals' Issue Interpretations and Attitudes

This study investigated the effects of news frames and schemas on audiences' issue interpretations and attitudes. An experiment was conducted whereby two political issues, systematically manipulated by value or consequence frames, were presented to participants in a controlled issue-framing environment. Results indicated that, while news frames could activate frame-related issue interpretations and affect attitudes, such effects were moderated by individuals' issue schemas. Individuals were more likely to activate frame-relevant thoughts and change attitudes when news frames resonated with their issue schemas. These findings suggested that individuals' existing issue schemas and predispositions are important factors to consider in framing research.
Evaluating the Teaching of Intelligence1

FOR many years psychologists have been intrigued by the question of the relative importance of heredity and environment in determining differences in intelligence. Their major research method has been the correlation of intelligence test scores of people with varying degrees of genetic similarity. Thus, for example, they have shown that heredity is important because monozygotic twins, who are genetically identical, are more alike in their intelligence test scores than are dizygotic twins, whose degree of genetic similarity is only that of ordinary siblings. The users of this research method have generally been content to define intelligence as &dquo;the ability measured by intelligence tests. &dquo; Recently some psychologists have taken a different approach to the heredity-environment question. They argue that if environment is important, then it should be possible to create environments that foster intellectual growth. With this approach more care must be taken with the definition of intelligence. In
Eco/Feminism, Non-Violence and the Future of Feminism

This article turns to an eco/feminist peace camp of the early 1990s in order to revisit the often passionate and troubled debates in feminism about pacifism, non-violence, maternalism and essentialism. Many readings of feminist peace activism, and eco/feminism, have collapsed a complicated politics into simple manifestations of maternalism, while at the same time reducing maternalism to essentialism. In this process essentialism has been invoked to disavow feminist peace activism and eco/feminist activism. Yet the critique of essentialism has now been the subject of much reflection by feminists. Rather than ascribing the category of ‘essentialism’, genealogical approaches attend to how the categories of ‘essentialism’ and ‘woman’ are invoked and to what ends. Such approaches thereby open up possibilities for understanding ecofeminist activism beyond essentialism. While an eco/feminist peace camp may appear an archetypal site for the re-inscription and repetition of essentialism, I suggest that without returning to such sites it will remain impossible to go beyond essentialism. Through a genealogical examination of contestations over the meanings and practice of eco/feminism at the camp, I understand this late-twentieth century peace camp, not as a quaint throwback to the disavowed activism of the 1970s and 1980s, but as a site through which the future of eco/feminist politics was, and can be, re-imagined.
Evaluation Checklists: Practical Tools for Guiding and Judging Evaluations

This article describes a project designed to provide evaluators, their clients, and other stake-holders with checklists for guiding and assessing formative and summative evaluations. The checklists pertain to program, personnel, and product evaluations, and reflect different conceptualizations of evaluation. They are constructed for use in planning, contracting, conducting, reporting, and judging evaluations. The checklists, along with papers on the logic and methodology of checklists and guidelines for developing checklists, are conveniently available on the Western Michigan University Evaluation Center’s Web site www.wmich. edu/evalctr/checklists/.