Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards more human-like concept learning in machines : compositionality, causality, and learning-to-learn

People can learn a new concept almost perfectly from just a single example, yet machine learning algorithms typically require hundreds or thousands of examples to perform similarly. People can also use their learned concepts in richer ways than conventional machine learning systems - for action, imagination, and explanation suggesting that concepts are far more than a set of features, exemplars, or rules, the most popular forms of representation in machine learning and traditional models of concept learning. For those interested in better understanding this human ability, or in closing the gap between humans and machines, the key computational questions are the same: How do people learn new concepts from just one or a few examples? And how do people learn such abstract, rich, and flexible representations? An even greater puzzle arises by putting these two questions together: How do people learn such rich concepts from just one or a few examples? This thesis investigates concept learning as a form of Bayesian program induction, where learning involves selecting a structured procedure that best generates the examples from a category. I introduce a computational framework that utilizes the principles of compositionality, causality, and learning-to-learn to learn good programs from just one or a handful of examples of a new concept. New conceptual representations can be learned compositionally from pieces of related concepts, where the pieces reflect real part structure in the underlying causal process that generates category examples. This approach is evaluated on a number of natural concept learning tasks where humans and machines can be compared side-by-side. Chapter 2 introduces a large-scale data set of novel, simple visual concepts for studying concept learning from sparse data. People were asked to produce new examples of over 1600 novel categories, revealing consistent structure in the generative programs that people used. Initial experiments also show that this structure is useful for one-shot classification. Chapter 3 introduces the computational framework called Hierarchical Bayesian Program Learning, and Chapters 4 and 5 compare humans and machines on six tasks that cover a range of natural conceptual abilities. On a challenging one-shot classification task, the computational model achieves human-level performance while also outperforming several recent deep learning models. Visual "Turing test" experiments were used to compare humans and machines on more creative conceptual abilities, including generating new category examples, predicting latent causal structure, generating new concepts from related concepts, and freely generating new concepts. In each case, fewer than twenty-five percent of judges could reliably distinguish the human behavior from the machine behavior, showing that the model can generalize in ways similar to human performance. A range of comparisons with lesioned models and alternative modeling frameworks reveal that three key ingredients - compositionality, causality, and learning-to-learn…
Discourses of 'femininity': studies in the social psychology of gender

The intention of this thesis is to examine representations of gender and gender roles in a variety of discursive situations, using the methodology of discourse analysis (a systematic method of investigating natural language data). Within this brief, the aims of the research are twofold. Firstly, I wish to provide a criti9ue, informed by discourse analysis, of several of the major approaches which have been used in the study of gender in the social sciences. To this end, the text contains critical reviews of the sex — stereotypes literature (as epitomised in the work of Sandra Bern), the study of female moral development (as envisaged by Carol Gilligan) and the psychoanalytic perspective (represented by Nancy Chodorow and Karen Homey). In addition to the above, I shall also look at some recent trends in gender research, considering developments deriving from psychoanalytic theory, deconstructionism, poststructuralism and social identity theory. The theoretical aspect of the thesis will be concluded with a section on issues of language, methodology and ideology. The second aim of the research is to conduct a study of the practical application of discourse analysis. A number of pilot interviews and the review essays delineated three areas as important: women's conceptions of social change; images of gender in everyday discourse; the female self — concept. Each of the three empirical chapters will consider one of these topics, comparing the expectations of existing social psychological work to the findings generated through the discourse analysis of the data. The conclusion of the thesis is that discourse analysis is a particularly useful methodology for considering data of the type presented in this project, as it circumvents many of the problems encountered by more traditional social psychological research methods.
A picture says more than a thousand words: photographs as trust builders in e-commerce websites

Virtual re-embedding, i.e., adding social cues to a website, has been suggested as a possible strategy to increase consumer trust in online-vendors. Numerous online retailers meanwhile incorporate this strategy, for example by adding photographs and names of customer service agents or by creating chat and callback opportunities. Yet, little is is known about the effectiveness of virtual re-embedding. The present study examined the effectiveness of a comparably simple strategy, the inclusion of photograph in an e-bank's website and found a significant positive effect on perceived trustworthiness of the examined website. It is suggested that virtual re-embedding is an effective way to increase customer trust and that it does not even have to be costly to implement.
TFRC Veno: An Enhancement of TCP Friendly Rate Control over Wired/Wireless Networks

TFRC is a TCP-friendly rate control protocol based on TCP Reno's throughput equation. It is designed to provide optimal service for unicast multimedia flow operating in the wired Internet environment. However, in wireless networks, TFRC, same as TCP Reno, suffers significant performance degradation. In this paper, we propose to make use of a more advanced equation to enhance TFRC over wireless networks. This new equation is directly derived from the modeling of the wireless TCP rather than the wired TCP. After incorporating this equation into TFRC, two achievements are obtained: 1) this enhanced TFRC has a significant throughput improvement; it is shown that in wireless networks with 10% loss rate, it can obtain 300% improvement over the original TFRC; 2) this enhanced TFRC inherits the desirable features of TFRC, namely good fairness, nice TCP-friendliness and smoothness of sending rate. The extensive experiments, including simulation and live Internet measurements, validate our proposed scheme. Moreover, our scheme only needs to modify the sender-side protocol of TFRC while the receiver-side or intermediate node protocol stack remains intact.
Urinary insulin levels in health and disease—a concise review

The kidneys are the most important extrahepatic site of insulin breakdown and play a significant role in regulating the systemic insulin level in normal subjects. In man, a renal arteriovenous insulin concentration difference of about 30% has been measured, and since ‘insulin clearance’ values are less than the glomerular filtration rates, insulin is probably removed from blood by a combination of filtration and tubular secretion. In normal subjects a constant fraction of circulating insulin is removed by the kidney. This fraction is independent of the arterial concentration but varies with creatinine clearance. Of the amount filtered, most is completely resorbed and degraded by the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. These cells have a high insulinase content and recent evidence would point to the possible existence of a renal tubular transport mechanism for insulin. The amount of insulin excreted in the urine is small and does not exceed 2% of the filtered load. In diabetics the insulin requirements often decrease with progressive renal failure. Derangements in carbohydrate metabolism have been noted in patients with renal failure while ‘insulin clearance’ is elevated in uraemia, chronic and acute renal failure. In nephrotic syndrome there is no change in renal insulin excretion. In severe trauma, ‘insulin clearance’ is elevated in patients with normal renal function despite a relative hypoinsulinaemia for the prevailing degree of glycaemia.
Population Dynamics of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme Disease

Many chronic inflammatory diseases are known to be caused by persistent bacterial or viral infections. A well-studied example is the tick-borne infection by the gram-negative spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia in humans and other mammals, causing severe symptoms of chronic inflammation and subsequent tissue damage (Lyme Disease), particularly in large joints and the central nervous system, but also in the heart and other tissues of untreated patients. Although killed efficiently by human phagocytic cells in vitro, Borrelia exhibits a remarkably high infectivity in mice and men. In experimentally infected mice, the first immune response almost clears the infection. However, approximately 1 week post infection, the bacterial population recovers and reaches an even larger size before entering the chronic phase. We developed a mathematical model describing the bacterial growth and the immune response against Borrelia burgdorferi in the C3H mouse strain that has been established as an experimental model for Lyme disease. The peculiar dynamics of the infection exclude two possible mechanistic explanations for the regrowth of the almost cleared bacteria. Neither the hypothesis of bacterial dissemination to different tissues nor a limitation of phagocytic capacity were compatible with experiment. The mathematical model predicts that Borrelia recovers from the strong initial immune response by the regrowth of an immune-resistant sub-population of the bacteria. The chronic phase appears as an equilibration of bacterial growth and adaptive immunity. This result has major implications for the development of the chronic phase of Borrelia infections as well as on potential protective clinical interventions.
Prescribing of psychotropic drugs to children and adolescents.

supine position, although only one had a low arterial oxygen saturation when sitting. This probably relates to the difference in posture and the less stressful nature of oximetry. Coincidental pulmonary disease probably related to smoking was present in only one of the patients with arterial oxygen desaturation. This study shows that it is important to investigate patients with apparent and relative polycythaemia for oxygen desaturation not only by measuring daytime arterial blood gases but also by supine oximetry. Studies of the mechanisms of plasma volume control, which are altered in hypoxaemia,5 may help to determine whether the association of hypoxaemia and raised packed cell volume without an increased red cell mass is a causal one.
Sociodemographic characteristics of tobacco users as determinants of tobacco use screening done by healthcare providers: Global Adult Tobacco Survey India 2009–2010

Introduction: World Health Organization and Indian Public Health Standards recommend provision of tobacco use screening and cessation help at primary care settings. Evidence shows that brief advice by healthcare provider helps tobacco user quit. It starts with asking the patient about his tobacco use status. The rate of tobacco use screening done by healthcare providers is very low and also depends on sociodemographic characteristics of patients along with several other factors. Objectives: This paper intends to study how sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, residence [rural/urban], education, and occupation) of tobacco users influence the tobacco use screening done by healthcare providers. Materials and Methods: The study was a secondary data analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey India 2009–2010. There were 4958 smokers and 7255 smokeless tobacco users included in the study who visited healthcare provider in the past 12 months prior to the survey. Results and Discussion: The results showed that male smokers were more likely to be screened for smoking by healthcare providers as compared to female smokers. Furthermore, tobacco users in younger age groups were less likely to be screened for tobacco use by healthcare providers as compared to tobacco users in older age groups. Urban smokeless tobacco users were more likely to be screened for tobacco use by healthcare provider as compared to rural smokeless tobacco users. Conclusion: Healthcare providers were being biased in tobacco use screening of their patients based on demographic characteristics of patients, i.e., their age, gender, and rural/urban residence. However, the evidence shows that it is very imperative to screen each and every patient for tobacco use habit.
Criminological Theories: Understanding Crime in America

Designed for undergraduate criminology and criminological theory courses, Criminological Theories: Understanding Crime in America, Second Edition explores crime, crime theory, and various forms of criminal behavior within the United States. It focuses exclusively on theory, avoiding superfluous discussion of the criminal justice system. Students will come away from the text with plausible explanations of crime causation, a greater appreciation of criminological theory, and the ability to think critically about the social reality of crime. Current and highly relevant, the text includes coverage of new developments in the field of criminology, including cultural, integrative, life-course, and green criminological theories. Student-friendly but comprehensive, Criminological Theories presents the most current crime statistics and research findings with contemporary examples of reported crime. Every chapter in this thought-provoking text opens with an outline and concludes with critical-thinking questions to ensure concept retention and student comprehension. Accessible and thorough, Criminological Theories: Understanding Crime in America, Second Edition is an essential resource for students to understand the motivation of criminal behavior.
No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism

"From Seneca Falls to hip-hop, this striking collection pushes us to rethink the who, what, when, where, and why of U.S. feminist history. The wide-ranging essays toss out the overly tidy generational model and replace it with complex, rich, and inclusive accounts of our feminist past. Highly recommended. " -Joanne Meyerowitz, author of How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States No Permanent Waves boldly enters the ongoing debates over the utility of the "wave" metaphor for capturing the complex history of women's rights by offering fresh perspectives on the diverse movements that comprise U.S. feminism, past and present. Seventeen essays-both original and reprinted-address continuities, conflicts, and transformations among women's movements in the United States from the early nineteenth century through today. A respected group of contributors from diverse generations and backgrounds argue for new chronologies, more inclusive conceptualizations of feminist agendas and participants, and fuller engagements with contestations around particular issues and practices. Race, class, and sexuality are explored within histories of women's rights and feminism as well as the cultural and intellectual currents and social and political priorities that marked movements for women's advancement and liberation. These essays question whether the concept of waves surging and receding can fully capture the complexities of U.S. feminisms and suggest models for reimagining these histories from radio waves to hip-hop. NANCY A. HEWITT is a professor of history and women's and gender studies at Rutgers University, New Brunswick. Her books include Women's Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822-1872; Southern Discomfort: Women's Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s-1920s; and A Companion to American Women's History.
PENGARUH KOMPENSASI, PELATIHAN, DAN PERAN SUPERVISOR TERHADAP KINERJA YANG DIMEDIASI OLEH KEPUASAN KERJA PADA KARYAWAN PAGUYUBAN BATIK LAWEYAN SURAKARTA

Abstract This research has the aim to testing corelation among variables to reality faced are the poor performance of employees Batik Club at Laweyan, Surakarta. The population is all of ceaftman of batik club at Laweyan Surakarta. The samples amount take with forecasting interval, and use the purposive sampling method to take the samples. The result of this research show thah compensation and training variables have not significance (P > 0,05) influence to job satisfaction and also have no significance influence to employee performance. But the supervisor role variable has the significance (P < 0,05) influence both to the job satisfaction and also to employee performance Batik Club at Laweyan, Surakarta. And than, based on the result of mediating test show that job satisfaction variable in reality mediates the correlation between compensation, training, and supervisor reole with the employee performance. Keywords: compensation, training, supervisor role, job satisfaction, performance.
Predicting Student Grades in Learning Management Systems with Multiple Instance Learning Genetic Programming

The ability to predict a student's performance could be useful in a great number of different ways associated with university-level learning. In this paper, a grammar guided genetic programming algorithm, G3P-MI, has been applied to predict if the student will fail or pass a certain course and identifies activities to promote learning in a positive or negative way from the perspective of Multiple Instance Learning (MIL). Computational experiments compare our proposal with the most popular techniques of MIL. Results show that G3P-MI achieves better performance with more accurate models and a better trade-off between such contradictory metrics as sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, it adds comprehensibility to the knowledge discovered and finds interesting relationships that correlate certain tasks and the time devoted to solving exercises with the final marks obtained in the course.
Ecosystem Service Supply and Vulnerability to Global Change in Europe

Global change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, “surplus land” for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.
Estimation of incidences of infectious diseases based on antibody measurements

Owing to underascertainment it is difficult if not impossible to determine the incidence of a given disease based on cases notified to routine public health surveillance. This is especially true for diseases that are often present in mild forms as for example diarrhoea caused by foodborne bacterial infections. This study presents a Bayesian approach for obtaining incidence estimates by use of measurements of serum antibodies against Salmonella from a cross‐sectional study. By comparing these measurements with antibody measurements from a follow‐up study of infected individuals it was possible to estimate the time since last infection for each individual in the cross‐sectional study. These time estimates were then converted into incidence estimates. Information about the incidence of Salmonella infections in Denmark was obtained by using blood samples from 1780 persons. The estimated incidence was about 0.094 infections per person year. This number corresponds to 325 infections per culture‐confirmed case captured in the Danish national surveillance system. We present a novel approach, termed as seroincidence, that has potentials to compare the sensitivity of public health surveillance between different populations, countries and over time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Title Scaffold proteins in mammalian MAP kinase cascades

*KURAに登録されているコンテンツの利用については,著作権法に規定されている私的使用や引用などの範囲内で行ってください。 *著作権法に規定されている私的使用や引用などの範囲を超える利用を行う場合には,著作権者の許諾を得てください。 ただし,著作権者 から著作権等管理事業者(学術著作権協会,日本著作出版権管理システムなど)に権利委託されているコンテンツの利用手続については ,各著作権等管理事業者に確認してください。 Title Scaffold proteins in mammalian MAP kinase cascades Author(s) Yoshioka, Katsuji Citation Journal of Biochemistry, 135(6): 657-661 Issue Date 2004-06 Type Journal Article Text version publisher URL http://hdl.handle. net/2297/14547 Right © 2004 The Japanese Biochemical Society
Stability of College Students' Fit with Their Academic Major and the Relationship Between Academic Fit and Occupational Fit

This study examines the fit between students' interests and their academic choices at different stages of their college careers. Using image theory (Beach, 1990) as an integrated theory of person-vocation fit, this investigation focuses on the stability of academic fit during college and the relationship between fit with academic choice and fit with occupational choice. Participants, 257 students in their final year at Rice University, responded to questions about their interests as well as factors that may influence their career choices, such as parental support, work centrality, career efficacy, and employment potential. Results showed that students tend to improve their fit with their academic major during their first four semesters. And, students tend to maintain or improve their fit when they select their first occupation after college. Of the factors considered to influence career choices, work centrality, or the importance one places on work, moderated the relationship between academic and occupational fit.
Optimal measurements for the dihedral hidden subgroup problem

We consider the dihedral hidden subgroup problem as the problem of distinguishing hidden subgroup states. We show that the optimal measurement for solving this problem is the so-called pretty good measurement. We then prove that the success probability of this measurement exhibits a sharp threshold as a function of the density nu=k/log N, where k is the number of copies of the hidden subgroup state and 2N is the order of the dihedral group. In particular, for nu 1 the optimal measurement identifies the hidden subgroup with a probability of order unity. Thus the dihedral group provides an example of a group G for which Omega(log|G|) hidden subgroup states are necessary to solve the hidden subgroup problem. We also consider the optimal measurement for determining a single bit of the answer, and show that it exhibits the same threshold. Finally, we consider implementing the optimal measurement by a quantum circuit, and thereby establish further connections between the dihedral hidden subgroup problem and average case subset sum problems. In particular, we show that an efficient quantum algorithm for a restricted version of the optimal measurement would imply an efficient quantum algorithm for the subset sum problem, and conversely, that the ability to quantum sample from subset sum solutions allows one to implement the optimal measurement.