Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SPCP-Miner: A tool for mining code clones that are important for refactoring or tracking

Code cloning has both positive and negative impacts on software maintenance and evolution. Focusing on the issues related to code cloning, researchers suggest to manage code clones through refactoring and tracking. However, it is impractical to refactor or track all clones in a software system. Thus, it is essential to identify which clones are important for refactoring and also, which clones are important for tracking. In this paper, we present a tool called SPCP-Miner which is the pioneer one to automatically identify and rank the important refactoring as well as important tracking candidates from the whole set of clones in a software system. SPCP-Miner implements the existing techniques that we used to conduct a large scale empirical study on SPCP clones (i.e., the clones that evolved following a Similarity Preserving Change Pattern called SPCP). We believe that SPCP-Miner can help us in better management of code clones by suggesting important clones for refactoring or tracking.
Sortase A Induces Th17-Mediated and Antibody-Independent Immunity to Heterologous Serotypes of Group A Streptococci

Group A streptococci (GAS) are associated with a variety of mucosal and invasive human infections. Recurrent infections by highly heterologous serotypes indicate that cross-serotype immunity is critical for prevention of GAS infections; however, mechanisms underlying serotype-independent protection are poorly understood. Here we report that intranasal vaccination of mice with Sortase A (SrtA), a conserved cell wall bound protein, reduced colonization of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) by heterologous serotypes of GAS. Vaccination significantly increased CD4+ IL-17A+ cells in NALT and depletion of IL-17A by neutralizing antibody prevented GAS clearance from NALT which was dependent on immunization with SrtA. Vaccination also induced high levels of SrtA-specific antibodies; however, immunized, B cell-deficient mice cleared streptococcal challenges as efficiently as wild type mice, indicating that the cross-serotype protection is Th17-biased and antibody-independent. Furthermore, efficient GAS clearance from NALT was associated with a rapid neutrophil influx into NALT of immunized mice. These results suggest that serotype independent immune protection against GAS mucosal infection can be achieved by intranasal vaccination with SrtA and enhanced neutrophil function is critical for anti-GAS defense and might be a target for prevention of GAS infections.
Emergency Nurses’ Experiences with Critical Incidents: A Dissertation

iii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the emergency nurses who were willing to share their tears and the stories of their critical incident experiences. I am honored to be trusted with their experiences. iv Acknowledgements A dissertation cannot be completed without the support of many. A special thank you to my dissertation chair, Dr. Jean Boucher, for her encouragement, patience, and assistance with this study. Also, my gratitude to my other committee members, Dr. Carol Bova and Dr. Abraham Ndiwane. Remington has not wavered in her encouragement and support through my master's thesis, enrollment into the PhD program, and completion of this dissertation.
Social embeddedness in an online weight management programme is linked to greater weight loss

The obesity epidemic is heightening chronic disease risk globally. Online weight management (OWM) communities could potentially promote weight loss among large numbers of people at low cost. Because little is known about the impact of these online communities, we examined the relationship between individual and social network variables, and weight loss in a large, international OWM programme. We studied the online activity and weight change of 22 419 members of an OWM system during a six-month period, focusing especially on the 2033 members with at least one friend within the community. Using Heckman's sample-selection procedure to account for potential selection bias and data censoring, we found that initial body mass index, adherence to self-monitoring and social networking were significantly correlated with weight loss. Remarkably, greater embeddedness in the network was the variable with the highest statistical significance in our model for weight loss. Average per cent weight loss at six months increased in a graded manner from 4.1% for non-networked members, to 5.2% for those with a few (two to nine) friends, to 6.8% for those connected to the giant component of the network, to 8.3% for those with high social embeddedness. Social networking within an OWM community, and particularly when highly embedded, may offer a potent, scalable way to curb the obesity epidemic and other disorders that could benefit from behavioural changes.
Learning from psychology: Concepts to develop citizens who thrive

In this article, I argue that modern psychology can make a valuable contribution to citizenship education. I present some key themes from research on human thriving and argue that they should be central to developing self-directed, resilient, altruistic citizens. The article includes language and analogies that educators can use to make the key concepts memorable. I also draw on recent research on engaging employees in the business world and suggest that we can use the same ideas to develop engaged citizens. The accumulated evidence has implications for parents, teachers and leaders.
Optical Imaging of Very Luminous Infrared Galaxy Systems: Photometric Properties and Late Evolution

A sample of 19 low-redshift (0.03 < z < 0.07), very luminous infrared galaxy [VLIRG: 1011 L⊙ < L(8–1000 μm) < 1012 L⊙] systems (30 galaxies) has been imaged in B, V, and I using ALFOSC with the Nordic Optical Telescope. These objects cover a luminosity range that is key to linking the most luminous infrared galaxies with the population of galaxies at large. As previous morphological studies have reported, most of these objects exhibit features similar to those found in ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), which suggests that they are also undergoing strong interactions or mergers. We have obtained photometry for all of these VLIRG systems, the individual galaxies (when detached), and their nuclei, and the relative behavior of these classes has been studied in optical color-magnitude diagrams. The observed colors and magnitudes for both the systems and the nuclei lie parallel to the reddening vector, with most of the nuclei having redder colors than the galaxy disks. Typically, the nuclei compose 10% of the total flux of the system in B and 13% in I. The photometric properties of the sample are also compared with previously studied samples of ULIRGs. The mean observed optical colors and magnitudes agree well with those of cool ULIRGs. The properties of the nuclei also agree with those of warm ULIRGs, although the latter show a much larger scatter in both luminosity and color. Therefore, the mean observed photometric properties of VLIRG and ULIRG samples, considered as a whole, are indistinguishable at optical wavelengths. This suggests that not only ULIRGs, but also the more numerous population of VLIRGs, have similar rest-frame optical photometric properties to the submillimeter galaxies (SMGs), reinforcing the connection between low-z LIRGs and high-z SMGs. When the nuclei of the young and old interacting systems (classified according to a scheme based on morphological features) are considered separately, some differences between the VLIRG and the ULIRG samples are found. In particular, although the young VLIRGs and ULIRGs seem to share similar properties, the old VLIRGs are less luminous and redder than old ULIRG systems. If confirmed with larger samples, this behavior suggests that the late-stage evolution is different for VLIRGs and ULIRGs. Specifically, as suggested from spectroscopic data, the present photometric observations support the idea that the activity during the late phases of VLIRG evolution is dominated by starbursts, while a higher proportion of ULIRGs could evolve into a QSO type of object.
The organisation of conceptual knowledge in the brain: The future's past and some future directions

We review the development and current status of theories of the organisation and representation of conceptual knowledge in the human brain. The currently known facts from optic aphasia, category-specific semantic deficits, and functional neuroimaging are consistent with a framework in which the first-order constraint on the organisation of conceptual knowledge is domain. Data from functional neuroimaging suggests additionally a framework characterised by both domain- and modality-specific constraints. Work in congenital disorders and in apraxia indicate that the content of conceptual knowledge is not exhausted by modality-specific input/output processes. It is concluded that future empirical and theoretical work on the organisation and representation of conceptual knowledge will profit from a reorientation of the problem from the organisation of distinct processing systems to the content of information represented internal to such systems.
Health on impulse: when low self-control promotes healthy food choices.

OBJECTIVE Food choices are often made mindlessly, when individuals are not able or willing to exert self-control. Under low self-control, individuals have difficulties to resist palatable but unhealthy food products. In contrast to previous research aiming to foster healthy choices by promoting high self-control, this study exploits situations of low self-control, by strategically using the tendency under these conditions to rely on heuristics (simple decision rules) as quick guides to action. More specifically, the authors associated healthy food products with the social proof heuristic (i.e., normative cues that convey majority endorsement for those products). METHOD One hundred seventy-seven students (119 men), with an average age of 20.47 years (SD = 2.25) participated in the experiment. This study used a 2 (low vs. high self-control) × 2 (social proof vs. no heuristic) × 2 (trade-off vs. control choice) design, with the latter as within-subjects factor. The dependent variable was the number of healthy food choices in a food-choice task. RESULTS In line with previous studies, people made fewer healthy food choices under low self-control. However, this negative effect of low self-control on food choice was reversed when the healthy option was associated with the social proof heuristic. In that case, people made more healthy choices under conditions of low self-control. CONCLUSION Low self-control may be even more beneficial for healthy food choices than high self-control in the presence of a heuristic. Exploiting situations of low self-control is a new and promising method to promote health on impulse.
Competition between Local and Electronic Markets: How the Benefit of Buying Online Depends on Where You Live

Our paper shows that the parameters in existing theoretical models of channel substitution such as offline transportation cost, online disutility cost, and the prices of online and offline retailers interact to determine consumer choice of channels. In this way, our results provide empirical support for many such models. In particular, we empirically examine the trade-off between the benefits of buying online and the benefits of buying in a local retail store. How does a consumer's physical location shape the relative benefits of buying from the online world? We explore this problem using data from Amazon.com on the top-selling books for 1,497 unique locations in the United States for 10 months ending in January 2006. We show that when a store opens locally, people substitute away from online purchasing, even controlling for product-specific preferences by location. These estimates are economically large, suggesting that the disutility costs of purchasing online are substantial and that offline transportation costs matter. We also show that offline entry decreases consumers' sensitivity to online price discounts. However, we find no consistent evidence that the breadth of the product line at a local retail store affects purchases.
Computational imaging systems for iris recognition

Computational imaging systems are modern systems that consist of generalized aspheric optics and image processing capability. These systems can be optimized to greatly increase the performance above systems consisting solely of traditional optics. Computational imaging technology can be used to advantage in iris recognition applications. A major difficulty in current iris recognition systems is a very shallow depth-of-field that limits system usability and increases system complexity. We first review some current iris recognition algorithms, and then describe computational imaging approaches to iris recognition using cubic phase wavefront encoding. These new approaches can greatly increase the depth-of-field over that possible with traditional optics, while keeping sufficient recognition accuracy. In these approaches the combination of optics, detectors, and image processing all contribute to the iris recognition accuracy and efficiency. We describe different optimization methods for designing the optics and the image processing algorithms, and provide laboratory and simulation results from applying these systems and results on restoring the intermediate phase encoded images using both direct Wiener filter and iterative conjugate gradient methods.
The Cytoplasmic Tail of Rhodopsin Acts as a Novel Apical Sorting Signal in Polarized MDCK Cells

All basolateral sorting signals described to date reside in the cytoplasmic domain of proteins, whereas apical targeting motifs have been found to be lumenal. In this report, we demonstrate that wild-type rhodopsin is targeted to the apical plasma membrane via the TGN upon expression in polarized epithelial MDCK cells. Truncated rhodopsin with a deletion of 32 COOH-terminal residues shows a nonpolar steady-state distribution. Addition of the COOH-terminal 39 residues of rhodopsin redirects the basolateral membrane protein CD7 to the apical membrane. Fusion of rhodopsin's cytoplasmic tail to a cytosolic protein glutathione S-transferase (GST) also targets this fusion protein (GST–Rho39Tr) to the apical membrane. The targeting of GST–Rho39Tr requires both the terminal 39 amino acids and the palmitoylation membrane anchor signal provided by the rhodopsin sequence. The apical transport of GST–Rho39Tr can be reversibly blocked at the Golgi complex by low temperature and can be altered by brefeldin A treatment. This indicates that the membrane-associated GST–Rho39Tr protein may be sorted along a yet unidentified pathway that is similar to the secretory pathway in polarized MDCK cells. We conclude that the COOH-terminal tail of rhodopsin contains a novel cytoplasmic apical sorting determinant. This finding further indicates that cytoplasmic sorting machinery may exist in MDCK cells for some apically targeted proteins, analogous to that described for basolaterally targeted proteins.
Teachers’ Beliefs about Differentiated Instructions in Mixed Ability Classrooms: A Case of Time Limitation

Students in today’s mixed ability classrooms come from diverse backgrounds with needs. In such a scenario, differentiated instructions are of prime importance for teachers to deal with in mixed ability classrooms. The teaching experiences and academic life mould perceptions of teachers which effects their teaching style; therefore, it is important to know teachers’ beliefs and perceptions regarding teaching in a mixed ability classroom at middle school level so as to guide educators and heads inside and outside the institution. For this study, quantitative research method was used to explore and understand the beliefs and perceptions of the teachers of middle schools regarding implementing differentiated instructions. The sample size included 120 teachers who were sent a survey questionnaire through online Google form and was constructed by customizing the questionnaire from Ballone and Czerniak (2001). The analysis of quantitative inquiry revealed that there is a positive association between teachers’ beliefs about their intentions and stakeholders’ expectations to implement differentiated instruction. It was highlighted that all stakeholders wanted teachers to implement differentiated strategies; however, the teachers were found to be short of planning and instructional time for differentiation.
Restricted expression of reggie genes and proteins during early zebrafish development

Reggies are plasma membrane‐associated proteins and characteristic markers of lipid‐raft microdomains. They are highly conserved from flies to humans and have been implicated in axon regeneration and cell process and contact formation, possibly providing functional platforms for cell‐signaling in neurons and other cell types. We analyzed reggie mRNA and protein expression patterns during early zebrafish development. All three zebrafish genes, re‐1a, ‐2a, and ‐2b, span a considerably diverse set of expression patterns, and their proteins are induced maternally, showing ubiquitous expression at early stages. Although re‐2a mRNA can be observed in differentiating neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and neurogenic placodes, re‐2b is transcribed mainly in head mesoderm, in neural crest derivates, and along somite boundaries. re‐1a mRNA is present at high levels in expression domains that overlap with the combined expression pattern of both re‐2 genes except at the somites, where it complements the pattern of re‐2b. Immunostaining on embryos reveals reggie protein localization at the cell membrane, at cell–cell contacts, and along all early axon tracts. The early phase of reggie expression suggests a basic and ubiquitous function during the first stages of embryogenesis and into the gastrula period. Upon segmentation, a second phase of expression shows distinctly localized expression patterns, indicating tissue‐specific roles and an involvement of re‐1a/re‐2a in neural development. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:257–272, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integration in the European Retail Banking Sector : Evidence from Deposit and Lending Rates

The motivation of this paper is to examine whether any integration has taken place within the European Union retail banking sector during 1991-2008. An important contribution of our study is the application of methodologies which have not been hitherto employed in this area. First, we test for structural breaks in the deposit and lending rates and apply cointegration tests to both the original and demeaned time series. Second, we apply panel unit root tests that allow for structural breaks. In addition, we investigate both the 1990s and the more recent period, 2003-2008, thus providing a comparison between the new millenium and the 1990s. The stochastic structural break tests have revealed the presence of mostly 3 breaks during the 1991-2002 period and 2 breaks during the 2003-2008 period in both the deposit and lending rates, with the break dates closely clustered for most countries. The results on integration depend crucially on the methodology and data employed. Overall, the evidence points towards an integrated European retail banking sector, provided that we allow for structural breaks in the deposit and lending rates and employ panel tests that have more power than the time series tests.
Herschel : the first science highlights Special feature L etter to the E ditor Herschel PACS and SPIRE imaging of CW Leonis

Herschel PACS and SPIRE images have been obtained over a 30′ × 30′ area around the well-known carbon star CW Leo (IRC +10 216). An extended structure is found in an incomplete arc of ∼22′ diameter, which is cospatial with the termination shock due to interaction with the interstellar medium (ISM) as defined by Sahai & Chronopoulos from ultraviolet GALEX images. Fluxes are derived in the 70, 160, 250, 350, and 550 μm bands in the region where the interaction with the ISM takes place, and this can be fitted with a modified black body with a temperature of 25 ± 3 K. Using the published proper motion and radial velocity for the star, we derive a heliocentric space motion of 25.1 km s−1. Using the PACS and SPIRE data and the analytical formula of the bow shock structure, we infer a de-projected standoff distance of the bow shock of R0 = (8.0 ± 0.3) × 1017 cm. We also derive a relative velocity of the star with respect to the ISM of (106.6 ± 8.7)/√nISM km s−1, where nISM is the number density of the local ISM.
Specification of the Position-Variable Model Page 1 LATERALIZATION AND DETECTION OF LOW-FREQUENCY BINAURAL STIMULI : SPECIFICATION OF THE EXTENDED POSITION-VARIABLE MODEL INTRODUCTION

This publication is a companion to a paper which extends the position-variable model to describe and predict binaural lateralization and detection phenomena at frequencies up to 1200 Hz. The most important modification made to the model is the development of a frequency-dependent form of a function referred to as p(τ | f) that describes the relative number of binaural concidence detectors in the model as a c function of their internal delay. The function p(τ | f) is fitted to describe the lateralization of pure tones with c a fixed ITD over a range of frequencies, and to describe the ratio of N S to N S binaural detection 0 π π 0 thresholds. In this publication we summarize the discussions leading up to the particular choice of the function p(τ | f) and other related parameters that are now part of the current formulation of the position-c variable model. We also include in two appendices the complete set of equations that specify the position-variable model in its present form.
Vivid-memory formation through experiential value in the context of the international industrial exhibition

ABSTRACT This study empirically tests the relationships between experiential value, vividness, storytelling intentions, and patronage intentions in the industrial exhibitions, and examines the moderating effect of mementos. A total of 211 respondents were recruited from visitors to the international game exhibition. According to the results, (1) three dimensions of experiential value (service excellence, playfulness, and aesthetics) had positive effects on vividness, (2) vividness positively influenced storytelling and patronage intentions, (3) storytelling intentions increased patronage intentions, and (4) mementos had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between vividness and storytelling intentions but not on the relationship between vividness and patronage intentions.
A Heuristic Technique for Multiagent PlanningEithan

The subject of multi-agent planning has been of continuing concern in Distributed Artiicial Intelligence (DAI). In this paper, we suggest an approach to multi-agent planning that contains heuristic elements. Our method makes use of subgoals, and derived sub-plans, to construct a global plan. Agents solve their individual sub-plans, which are then merged into a global plan. The suggested approach reduces overall planning time and derives a plan that approximates the optimal global plan that would have been derived by a central planner, given those original subgoals. We explore three diierent scenarios. The rst involves a group of agents with a common goal. The second considers how agents can interleave planning and execution when planning towards a common, though dynamic, goal. The third examines the case where agents, each with their own goal, can plan together to reach a state in consensus for the group. Finally, we consider how these approaches can be adapted to handle rational, ma-nipulative agents.