Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in Seibert fractions by immunoblotting

Seibert fractions prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrates were evaluated by immunoblotting with a serum pool from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Antibody activity was observed primarily with antigens in the polysaccharide II and A protein fractions; these fractions were further evaluated by immunoblotting with sera from individual patients with tuberculosis, from individuals without tuberculosis and positive for the purified protein derivative antigen skin test, and from individuals negative for the purified protein derivative antigen skin test. The antigens identified in the protein A fraction, a 32,000-molecular-weight antigen and a heterogeneous high-molecular-weight antigen, reacted with antibody found in sera from all patients with tuberculosis and with antibody from over 25% of the control individuals. A 10,000-molecular-weight antigen, a 30,000- to 44,000-molecular-weight antigen, and a heterogeneous high-molecular-weight antigen were observed in the polysaccharide II fraction; these antigens reacted with serum antibody from 70% or more of the patients with tuberculosis and with antibody from 20 to 70% of the control individuals. One of the antigens, with a molecular weight ranging from 17,000 to 28,000 in the polysaccharide II fraction, reacted with antibody in 64% of the sera from patients with tuberculosis but with only 1 of 15 control normal sera. This antigen may elicit an antibody response specifically associated with tuberculosis.
Is Arizona's Approach to Educating Its ELs Superior to Other Forms of Instruction?

Background In the Horne v Flores Supreme Court decision of June 25, 2009, the Court wrote that one basis for finding Arizona in compliance with federal law regarding the education of its English learners was that the state had adopted a “significantly more effective” than bilingual education instructional model for EL students—Structured English Immersion (SEI). Purpose This paper reviews the extant research on SEI, its definitions, origins, and its effectiveness, particularly in contrast to other instructional strategies. This paper asks, Does the research bear out the Court's conclusion? What is the evidence that Arizona's program of SEI is really superior to other approaches, including bilingual or dual language education? How are Arizona's EL students faring under this “significantly more effective” instructional program? Research Design Data on the relative effectiveness of SEI are drawn from a comprehensive review of the literature. Analysis of public documents, particularly records from the Arizona English Language Learners Task Force, which was charged with selecting a research-based instructional program for English learners. Drawing from a recent ethnographic study and student achievement data, we examine the impact of structured English immersion programs on English learners in Arizona thus far, beginning with achievement outcomes. Conclusions/Recommendations There is no research basis for the Court's statement the SEI is “significantly more effective”; at best SEI is no better or no worse than other instructional strategies, particularly bilingual instruction, when they are both well implemented. However, SEI as implemented in Arizona carries serious negative consequences for EL students stemming from the excessive amount of time dedicated to a sole focus on English instruction, the de-emphasis on grade level academic curriculum, the discrete skills approach it employs, and the segregation of EL students from mainstream peers. Moreover, the paper argues that there are, in fact, strategies that can ameliorate these problems as well as provide an additive, rather than a subtractive, educational experience for English learner and mainstream students alike.
PROCESS STANDARDIZATION AND CONTEXTUAL KNOWLEDGE

In recent years, organizations have been standardizing their business processes. This is often harder than expected or yields ineffective results. It is useful to obtain more insight into how differences between similar processes depend on contextual circumstances, and how the effort needed for adequate change depends on the context specificity of process knowledge. This exploratory research examines seven change projects in a large organization. Our research goal is to offer insight into the way business processes are rooted in the contextual knowledge patterns of the individuals that execute them. A preliminary framework has emerged of the features that make work practices contextual, the effects of context specificity on standardization efforts and the effects of standardization on process knowledge.
Correlation of specific virus-astrocyte interactions and cytopathic effects induced by ts1, a neurovirulent mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus

ts1 is a highly neuropathogenic and lymphocytopathic mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB (MoMuLV-TB). We previously reported that the primary neuropathogenic determinant of ts1 maps to a single amino acid substitution, Val-25-->Ile, in precursor envelope protein gPr80env. This Val-25-->Ile substitution apparently renders gPr80env inefficient for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. These findings suggest that the cytopathic effect of ts1 in neural cells might be due to the accumulation of gPr80env in the endoplasmic reticulum. Since endothelial and glial cells are targets of ts1 infection in the central nervous system, we established primary endothelial and astrocyte cultures to investigate the mechanism of cell killing caused by ts1. A continuous cell line, TB, was used as a control. Our results showed that both ts1 and MoMuLV-TB replicated and induced a cytopathic effect in astrocyte cultures, albeit to different degrees; ts1 appeared to be more lethal than MoMuLV-TB. On the other hand, ts1 and MoMuLV-TB infections of endothelial or TB cells were not cytopathic. The cytopathic effect in infected astrocytes correlated with the inefficiency of gPr80env transport and the intracellular accumulation of gPr80env as well as aberrant virus particles.
Cell-in-Cell Phenomenon: A New Paradigm in Life Sciences

Cell-in-cell, a phenomenon characterized by one or more viable cells entering actively into another cell, was observed more than a century and has only attracted more attention in recent years and is becoming a new hot topic in the biological field, owing its biological significance in evolutionary as well as physiological and pathological relevance in development, homeostasis and diseases. In this paper we focus on the diversity, evolutionary conservatism and clinical implication of cell-in-cell as well as latest opinions on the research strategies. Based on the findings from our laboratory and other research groups three working models of cell-in-cell are also proposed.
Profiling program and user behaviors for anomaly intrusion detection based on non-negative matrix factorization

Profiling program and user behaviors is an effective approach for detecting hostile attacks to a computer system. A new model based method by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is presented in this paper to profile program and user behaviors for anomaly intrusion detection. In this new method, the audit data streams obtained from sequences of system calls and UNIX commands are used as the information source. The audit data is partitioned into segments with a fixed length. Program and user behaviors are, in turn, measured by the frequencies of individual system calls or commands embedded in each segment of the data, and NMF is applied to extract the features from the blocks of audit data associated with the normal behaviors. The model describing the normal program and user behaviors are built based on these features and deviation from the normal program and user behaviors above a predetermined threshold is considered as anomalous. The method is implemented and tested with the system call data from the University of New Mexico and the Unix command data from AT&T Research lab. Experiment results show that the proposed method is promising in terms of detection accuracy, computational expense and implementation for real-time intrusion detection.
Microfluidic confinement of single cells of bacteria in small volumes initiates high-density behavior of quorum sensing and growth and reveals its variability.

One is a quorum: As few as one to three cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria are confined in small volumes by the use of microfluidics. These small numbers of cells are able to activate quorum sensing (QS) pathways and achieve QS-dependent growth. The results also show that at low numbers of cells, initiation of QS is highly variable within a clonal population.
Justice Through Bureaucracy

This paper examines legal proceedings in the court of first instance for civil cases in Ukraine. Using ethnographic methodology, it demonstrates that a large part of a court judgement is predetermined by the institutional infrastructure and by practices established more widely in Ukrainian society. By observing case hearings and interviewing litigants and judges, the paper reveals that an unbridgeable gap separates a legal case, as constructed through documentary files, from the reality of life. This affects the very meaning of ‘evidence’ and the way that judicial decisions are made. The paper also illustrates the benefits of viewing a lower-level civil courtroom as a microcosm of a society, demonstrating that it provides rich insights into different layers of that society.
Monitoring Local Regional Hemodynamic Signal Changes during Motor Execution and Motor Imagery Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

The aim of this study was to clarify the topographical localization of motor-related regional hemodynamic signal changes during motor execution (ME) and motor imagery (MI) by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), as this technique is more clinically expedient than established methods (e.g., fMRI). Twenty right-handed healthy subjects participated in this study. The experimental protocol was a blocked design consisting of 3 cycles of 20 s of task performance and 30 s of rest. The tapping sequence task was performed with their fingers under 4 conditions: ME and MI with the right or left hand. Hemodynamic brain activity was measured with NIRS to monitor changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentration. Oxy-Hb in the somatosensory motor cortex (SMC) increased significantly only during contralateral ME and showed a significant interaction between task and hand. There was a main effect of hand in the left SMC. Although there were no significant main effects or interactions in the supplemental motor area (SMA) and premotor area (PMA), oxy-Hb increased substantially under all conditions. These results clarified the topographical localization by motor-related regional hemodynamic signal changes during ME and MI by using NIRS.
FACE RECOGNITION AND LIPREADING

Two cases with medial occipitotemporal ischaemic infarction in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery are discussed, neither was aphasic. The patient with the right -sided lesion is prosopagnosic and topographagnosic and is impaired at recognizing or classifying facial expressive gestures but can lipread speech efficiently. The other patient, with only a left -sided lesion, shows no deficits in face recognition nor in the classification of faces in terms of nonverbal messages, but is alexic and impaired at lipreading. It is argued that processing faces for verbal information (lipreading) and processing faces for nonverbal information (face recognition and interpretation of emotive and gestural messages) are functionally dissociated in the human brain. Theoretical interpretations of prosopagnosia that stress a perceptual component to all types of face recognition failure may therefore be misleading, for similar stimulus processing mechanisms are likely to be required to identify a speech sound from a face as to identify a nonverbal gesture of the mouth. Only the associative properties of the task differ.
Laminar Fate and Phenotype Specification of Cerebellar GABAergic Interneurons

In most CNS regions, the variety of inhibitory interneurons originates from separate pools of progenitors residing in discrete germinal domains, where they become committed to specific phenotypes and positions during their last mitosis. We show here that GABAergic interneurons of the rodent cerebellum are generated through a different mechanism. Progenitors for these interneurons delaminate from the ventricular neuroepithelium of the embryonic cerebellar primordium and continue to proliferate in the prospective white matter during late embryonic and postnatal development. Young postmitotic interneurons do not migrate immediately to their final destination, but remain in the prospective white matter for several days. The different interneuron categories are produced according to a continuous inside-out positional sequence, and cell identity and laminar placement in the cerebellar cortex are temporally related to birth date. However, terminal commitment does not occur while precursors are still proliferating, and postmitotic cells heterochronically transplanted to developing cerebella consistently adopt host-specific phenotypes and positions. However, solid grafts of prospective white matter implanted into the adult cerebellum, when interneuron genesis has ceased, produce interneuron types characteristic of the donor age. Therefore, specification of cerebellar GABAergic interneurons occurs through a hitherto unknown process, in which postmitotic neurons maintain broad developmental potentialities and their phenotypic choices are dictated by instructive cues provided by the microenvironment of the prospective white matter. Whereas in most CNS regions the repertoire of inhibitory interneurons is produced by recruiting precursors from different origins, in the cerebellum it is achieved by creating phenotypic diversity from a single source.
Cardiorespiratory fitness and sleep-related breathing disorders

Obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea are burgeoning sleep-related breathing disorders within the general population. Most of the associated comorbidities and causes of these sleep disorders are known to negatively impact cardiorespiratory fitness; however, little is known about the direct relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. This article provides a systematic analysis of existing peerreviewed, published clinical studies pertaining to the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and sleep-related breathing disorders in adults. A brief description of each sleep disorder, the pathophysiology, its epidemiology and its implications for cardiorespiratory fitness will be discussed. Conceptual consequences on cardiorespiratory fitness are provided. Finally, we discuss therapy for each disorder and its effect on the cardiovascular system.
Time, Uncertainty, and Individual Differences in Decisions to Cooperate in Resource Dilemmas

Many environmental problems are resource dilemmas that contain two components–social and temporal–that encourage individuals not to act in the best interest of the group. Most research has focused on the social component. The authors examined the importance of the temporal component in two resource dilemma tasks. Participants (N = 112) reported their willingness to limit resource consumption in response to hypothetical dilemmas and forfeited extra credit points in response to a real dilemma. Cooperation rates were higher when the temporal dilemma was diminished, when uncertainty about environmental impacts was low, and for women. Individuals high in both proenvironmentalism and consideration of future consequences sustained high levels of cooperation even in the face of strong temporal dilemmas.
Un análisis contrafactual de los cambios en la informalidad

This research presents empirical evidence of the mexican labor market earnings for males and females, pooling together a set of occupational categories into formal and informal workers using the counterfactual technique of Dinardo, Fortin and Lemiux (1996). The semi-parametric specification allows visualizing the earnings distribution according to the decomposition of subgroups and occu- pational process using a logistic model. We find that informal self-employment is better paid for men than for their counterpart between 1992 and 2002, meanwhile women seem to be better positioned as formal salaried than men. Counterfactuals predict an improvement for both informal women and males, had they decided to
Teacher Clarity and Its Relationship to Student Achievement and Satisfaction

Relationships between the clarity behaviors of teachers and the dual outcome measures of student achievement and satisfaction were examined. Relatively reliable measures of clarity (both of a low-inference and high-inference nature) on 32 preservice teachers who taught the same lesson within a small-group laboratory setting were generated by (a) trained observers, (b) participating students, and (c) the teachers themselves. The high and relatively low-inference measures of teacher clarity correlated highly, and both were significantly and positively related to postinstructional measures of student achievement and student satisfaction. A number of specific clarity behaviors have been identified that appear to be strongly and directly linked to desirable student outcomes.
Nursing diagnosis and nursing theory: exploration of factors inhibiting and supporting simultaneous use.

PURPOSE To explore the values and philosophies of nursing theories that inhibit the simultaneous use of nursing diagnosis and nursing theory. SOURCES Published articles, books, book chapters. DATA SYNTHESIS Four factors in the literature and reflected in practice may have had a negative influence on the use of nursing diagnoses: (a) commitment to the uniqueness of each person, (b) an abandonment of the nursing process, (c) a perspective that nursing care is an evolving interaction, and (d) a belief that theory-derived language is more articulate and precise than standard classifications. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Strategies for combining theory and diagnoses include emphasizing the diagnostic terms as professional shorthand and permitting flexibility in modifying diagnoses as needed; widely disseminating the concept that classification can be used effectively with newer iterations of the nursing process reflecting circular, simultaneous, and intuitive processes; developing classification language based on concepts of hypothesis and perception; and including diagnostic categories associated with theoretical perspectives.
Accelerating Submovement Decomposition With Search-Space Reduction Heuristics

Objective: Movements made by healthy individuals can be characterized as superpositions of smooth bell-shaped velocity curves. Decomposing complex movements into these simpler “submovement” building blocks is useful for studying the neural control of movement as well as measuring motor impairment due to neurological injury. Approach: One prevalent strategy to submovement decomposition is to formulate it as an optimization problem. This optimization problem is nonconvex and finding an exact solution is computationally burdensome. We build on previous literature that generated approximate solutions to the submovement optimization problem. Results: First, we demonstrate broad conditions on the submovement building block functions that enable the optimization variables to be partitioned into disjoint subsets, allowing for a faster alternating minimization solution. Specifically, the amplitude parameters of a submovement can typically be fit independently of its shape parameters. Second, we develop a method to concentrate the search in regions of high error to make more efficient use of optimization routine iterations. Conclusion: Both innovations result in substantial reductions in computation time across multiple nonhuman primate subjects and diverse task conditions. Significance: These innovations may accelerate analysis of submovements for basic neuroscience and enable real-time applications of submovement decomposition.
O Serogroup-Specific Touchdown-Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection and Identification of Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, and Non-O1/Non-O139

A novel, sensitive locus-specific touchdown-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (TMPCR), which is based on two-stage amplification pertaining to multiplex PCR and conditional touchdown strategy, was used in detecting and differentiating Vibrio cholerae serogroups. A panel of molecular marker-based TMPCR method generates reproducible profiles of V. cholerae-specific (588 bp) amplicons derived from ompW gene encoding the outer membrane protein and serogroup-specific amplicons, 364 bp for the O1 and 256 bp for the O139, authentically copied from rfb genes responsible for the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. The TMPCR amplification efficiency yields either equally or unequally detectable duplex DNA bands of the O1 (588 and 364 bp) and O139 (588 and 256 bp) or a DNA fragment of non-O1/non-O139 (588 bp) while providing no false positive identifications using the genomic DNA templates of the other vibrios and Enterobacteriaceae. The reciprocal analysis of two-template combinations demonstrated that, using V. cholerae O1, O139, or equally mixed O1 and O139, the TMPCR had a detection limit of as low as 100 pg of the O1, O139, or non-O1/non-O139 in reactions containing unequally or equally mixed gDNAs. In addition, the O serogroup-specific TMPCR method had 100% agreement with the serotyping method when examined for the serotyped V. cholerae reference strains and those recovered from clinical samples. The potential benefit of using this TMPCR tool would augment the serotyping method used in epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of V. cholerae serogroups, O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 present in clinical and environmental samples.
Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data

Many panel data sets encountered in macroeconomics, international economics, regional science, and finance are characterized by cross-sectional or spatial dependence. Standard techniques that fail to account for this dependence will result in inconsistently estimated standard errors. In this paper we present conditions under which a simple extension of common nonparametric covariance matrix estimation techniques yields standard error estimates that are robust to very general forms of spatial and temporal dependence as the time dimension becomes large. We illustrate the relevance of this approach using Monte Carlo simulations and a number of empirical examples.
Organizational Routines as Sources of Connections and Understandings

Organizational routines are increasingly identified as an aspect of organizations that allows them to achieve the balance between adaptability and stability. We contribute to this discussion by showing that the connections that organizational routines make between people contribute to both stability and the ability to adapt. We argue that the connections between people that are formed as they engage together in organizational routines are important for developing understandings about both what needs to be done in a specific instance of performing a routine and about the goals of the organization that routines presumably help accomplish. Together the two sets of understandings influence organizational performance by affecting the ability of organizations to adapt to changing circumstances. These arguments lead to a general recognition of the importance to organizations of connections and the suggestion that the connections, themselves, may be an important outcome of organizational routines.