Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
True Overconfidence in Interval Estimates: Evidence Based on a New Measure of Miscalibration

Overconfidence is often regarded as one of the most prevalent judgment biases. Several studies show that overconfidence can lead to suboptimal decisions of investors, managers, or politicians. Recent research, however, questions whether overconfidence should be regarded as a bias and shows that standard "overconfidence" findings can easily be explained by different degrees of knowledge of agents plus a random error in predictions. We contribute to the current literature and ongoing research by extensively analyzing interval estimates for knowledge questions, real financial time series, and for artificially generated charts. We thereby suggest a new method to measure overconfidence in interval estimates which is based on the implied probability mass behind a stated prediction interval. We document overconfidence patterns which are difficult to reconcile with rationality of agents and which cannot be explained by differences in knowledge as differences in knowledge do not exist in our task. Furthermore, we show that overconfidence measures are reliable in the sense that there exist stable individual differences in the degree of overconfidence in interval estimates, thereby testing an important assumption of behavioral economics and behavioral finance models: stable individual differences in the degree of overconfidence across people. We do this in a "field experiment," for different levels of expertise of subjects (students on the one hand and professional traders and investment bankers on the other hand), over time, by using different miscalibration metrics, and for tasks which avoid common weaknesses like a non-representative selection of trick questions.
Symplectic reflection algebras in positive characteristic

Abstract Basic properties of symplectic reflection algebras over an algebraically closed field k of positive characteristic are laid out. These algebras are always finite modules over their centres, in contrast to the situation in characteristic 0. For the subclass of rational Cherednik algebras, we determine the PI-degree and the Goldie rank, and show that the Azumaya and smooth loci of the centre coincide.
Fully Self-Powered Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting System With Highly Efficient Dual Rail Output

This paper presents a vibration-based energy harvesting system composed of a compact electromagnetic (EM) power generator and highly efficient full-wave interface electronics in a system-on-package. The system harvests energy from ambient vibrations, and delivers a smooth and reliable dual rail DC supply to power up a practical load. The energy harvester module is an in-house double-coil EM transducer which generates AC voltage in response to low frequency ambient vibrations. Voltage regulation is achieved by the interface electronics at the core of the system, which is designed to rectify the input AC voltage with peak amplitude ranging from several hundred mVs to several Volts, with maximum efficiency. The interface electronics contains an active rectifier with high conversion efficiency (>;80%) for a wide range of load currents (0-42 μA). A passive network, built from low threshold-voltage chip diodes and capacitors, generates a dual supply voltage from one of the coils to power up the active rectifier. The autonomous system of 16 cm3 volume (comparable to the size of a C-Type battery), delivers 54 μW to a 37-μA load through a dual rail 1.46 V DC voltage with total system efficiency of 81%, when subjected to low frequency (8 Hz) external vibrations. The maximum overall system power density has been validated to be 6.06 μW/cm3, three times what was previously reported for a batteryless vibration driven system.
Smoking behaviour and expectations among Auckland adolescents

Aim To compare the relationships of age level, gender, smoking status and ethnicity with Form Two and Form Six students’ beliefs about smoking and their familial smoking behaviour. Methods A stratified sample of 3041 Form Two and Form Six students from schools in the Auckland region was surveyed. Smoking prevalence, frequency, parental smoking and smoking inside the home were assessed using a 60-item questionnaire. Results Analyses revealed several important differences across and within the Form Two and Form Six data relating to ever smoking, daily smoking and expectations of smoking in the future. Specifically, Form Six students were more likely to be ever smokers, daily smokers and have higher expectations of smoking in the future (p <0.001). Asian students reported a consistently lower propensity to smoke and hold expectations of smoking in the future compared with other ethnic groups. Students from higher-decile-rank schools were more likely to be ever smokers, daily smokers and have positive smoking expectations for the future; (p <0.001, p <0.01, p <0.001). Significant differences in familial smoking acceptability were observed across all measures. Conclusions The critical age differences were: (1) higher rates of ever smoking; (2) higher rates of daily smoking; and (3) higher levels of smoking expectations in Form Six compared with Form Two. Evidence from this study suggests that by Form Two a proportion of adolescents have already experimented with tobacco and some are daily smokers. Future research should continue to monitor the beliefs and behaviour of young adolescents and older teenagers who are at critical stages for the initiation and establishment of smoking behaviour. In addition, New Zealand’s tobacco-control agenda should continue to support adult-focused programmes that reduce the acceptability and visibility of smoking. smoking expectations and 0 = high smoking expectations. Results of the analyses of this outcome variable were by a to a dichotomous variable. The dichotomous variable was created by combining responses so that ‘probably not’ and ‘definitely no’ = 0, and ‘probably yes’ and ‘definitely yes’ = 1. Parental smoking behaviour was assessed with the item ‘Do either of your parents smoke? ’ (1 = yes, 2 = no). Smoking inside the home was assessed with the item ‘Do people smoke inside your house? ’ (1 = yes, 2 = no, 3 = sometimes). Smoking inside was subsequently re-coded to create a dichotomous variable for analysis (eg, smoking permitted inside home (yes or sometimes = 1, no = 0)). Logistic regression analyses were used to assess age, gender, smoking status, and ethnicity differences in tobacco use, daily smoking, parental smoking, and smoking inside the home. Across each measure interaction effects were assessed between age level (Form) and the other independent variables. Where an interaction effect was observed for age level the groups were assessed independently. Through analysing the samples independently, comparisons between the Form Two and Form Six samples, across the range of outcome measures, were assessed.
The role of home gardening in household food security in Butere division of western Kenya

Gardening remains the most important method of food production for a majority of people in the developing world, yet high population density has put a lot of pressure on land as more of it is required for settlement. This has led to land fragmentation, which has negatively affected food production, hence, resulted in food insecurity. Food insecurity is a concern today in many parts of Kenya. Land use practices thus have to be intensified to maximize food production on the small land available. Home gardening has been identified as a means of providing all year round access to food for rural households. Home gardens can make a significant contribution in meeting daily household needs for better nutrition and health. A study was carried out among rural households in Butere division, western Kenya, to determine the role of home gardening on household food security. Simple random sampling was used to obtain a study population of 100 households, to whom an interview schedule and an observation checklist was administered. Twenty key informants were purposively sampled and responded to questionnaires. Data obtained were analyzed quantitatively. Pearson correlation coefficient was applied on home gardening indicators: size of land for home gardening, home garden crops and home garden livestock, and food security indicators: food stock and number of meals eaten daily by households. Results obtained showed that home gardening plays a significant role in food security of rural households with respect to size of land and food stock (0.336 at p≤0.01), and number of livestock and food stock (0.211 at p≤0.05). Home gardening did not play a significant role in food security with regard to home garden crops. Households, therefore, should be empowered and encouraged to improve their practice of home gardening to realize food security. Findings of this study will be useful to governmental and non-governmental bodies involved in promoting food security in the rural households. Keywords : Home gardening, household food security AJFAND Vol. 8 (4) 2008: pp. 375-390
Protection, manipulation or interference with relationships? Discourse analysis of New Zealand lawyers' talk about supervised access and partner violence

Violence against women within the context of intimate relationships is a complex social problem in Aotearoa/New Zealand and internationally. Such abuse by men is particularly problematic because of its prevalence, and because of the extent and magnitude of deleterious effects on the health and psychological well-being of women and children. In New Zealand, the legal system is assumed to play an important role in protecting women and children from domestic violence. Through the Domestic Violence Act 1995 and the amended Guardianship Act 1968, persons who are physically, sexually or psychologically abusive to their children, or to their partner whilst children are present, may only be entitled to supervised access to these children. Although supervised access has been found to increase the safety of women and children, it remains a contentious issue. Because of the role that legal professionals have in the implementation of relevant legislation, the present research explored how lawyers make sense of supervised access in the context of domestic violence. Eighteen male and female lawyers were interviewed. Their interview transcripts were then subject to discourse analysis. This paper illustrates and discusses discourses used in relation to supervised access, including those that support protecting children from the harm of domestic violence through supervised access, and those that challenge the need for children's protection. Within the cluster of latter discourses, supervised access was not considered a means of balancing children's relationships with both parents with children's need for protection, or a way of enabling men to have a safe relationship with their children. Rather, it was constructed as violating men's rights to a relationship with their children, and children's right to a relationship with both parents. The prevalence of discourses opposing supervised access could affect the likelihood of women obtaining protection orders and supervised access conditions, and hence, women and children's safety. However, perpetuation of ‘supportive’ discourses could enhance women and children's well-being, and facilitate safe ongoing relationships between children and non-custodial parents. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IMPLICATIONS OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGY FOR MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM

Internet technology is changing the way individuals gather information, interact with others, and organize their time. This technology has implications for research in medical sociology in the new millennium. This study discusses the background and usage estimates of Internet technology and how this technology affects individuals' gathering of health information. Potential consequences of this technology for patient-provider interactions are also examined, as are the implications of Internet communication for social support and health. Current measures of social support may be underestimating the effects of social support on health by not assessing the influence of support garnered through communications on the Internet. The Internet also presents a variety of new research venues that medical sociologists should pursue. Two of these possibilities ? online surveys and analysis of online communication and text ? are discussed. Although the Internet is increasing research opportunities for medical sociologists, the fact that a digital divide still exists with regard to Internet access and use cannot be ignored.
Children’s Reasoning About Deception and Defiance as Ways of Resisting Parents’ and Teachers’ Directives

This research presented 8-, 10-, and 12-year-olds (N = 120) with hypothetical situations depicting comparably aged children engaging in defiance and deception to circumvent authorities’ directives that they disagreed with. The nature of the situations varied in terms of domain (personal, moral, or prudential) and type of authority figure (parent or teacher). Evaluations and justifications for the legitimacy of the directives, defiance, and deception were examined, as were general evaluations of deception. Across domains, increased age was associated with decreased acceptance of directives, and increased acceptance of defiance and deception. Participants judged that defiance and deception were legitimate ways to resist immoral directives. Directives about personal acts were also widely rejected, particularly teachers’ directives. Defiance and deception were seen by some as legitimate ways to resist unwarranted control over children’s personal choices. Prudential directives were widely accepted, whereas defiance and deception in those situations was generally rejected. Results indicate that children value honesty and authority but sometimes prioritize moral and personal considerations when deciding whether or not to lie. Findings are discussed in terms of the ways children coordinate multiple competing rules and motivations when making moral judgments about honesty.
Ten Years' Experience with the Glueck Social Prediction Table

In 1952, the New York City Youth Board embarked upon the first prospective study to determine whether the Glueck Social Prediction Table can discriminate between potential delinquents and nondelinquents as early as the age of six. The sample reported upon consisted of 244 boys entering elementary school in two high delinquency areas. Caseworkers interviewed the mothers of each of the boys and secured background data which would enable scoring on the Glueck Social Prediction Table. Two independent raters scored all cases and noted the boys' chances of becoming delinquents. For the next ten years, each of the boys was followed up through the schools and police and social agencies.
Evaluation of alternative models of commitments and job attitudes of professionals

Different and sometimes contradictory assumptions can be found in the literature about the relationships between the commitments of professionals to their profession and to the employing organization, and the consequences of these relationships for other work attitudes. Two of the basic alternative theoretical formulations are examined and their viability tested on a sample of 1206 accountants. One formulation assumes inconsistency between commitments leading to a commitment dilemma, the other assumes congruity between them. The findings point at the latter formulation as the more viable one, and suggests minor modifications in it to improve its fit with the data. The results demonstrate the need to compare competing models in order to increase theoretical clarity and consistency.
Midterm Outcomes of Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel Hemiarthroplasty of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint in Advanced Hallux Rigidus

Background: Hallux rigidus is the most common arthritic condition of the foot. A randomized clinical trial of first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint hemiarthroplasty with a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel implant (Cartiva) demonstrated pain relief and functional outcomes equivalent to first MTP arthrodesis at 2 years postoperation, with no cases of implant fragmentation, wear, or bone loss. We prospectively determined 5-year outcomes of first MTP hemiarthroplasty with the PVA hydrogel implant. Methods: Patients who underwent first PVA hydrogel MTP hemiarthroplasty in the previously reported trial were evaluated at 5 years postoperatively. Patients underwent physical examination and radiographic evaluation and completed a pain VAS, the Short-Form-36 (SF-36), and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) sports subscale and activities of daily living (ADL) subscale. At the time of this study, 29 patients had reached 5 years’ follow-up. Two were lost to follow-up, leaving 27 patients with mean age 56.1 (range, 40.1-71.9) years. Mean follow-up was 5.4 (range, 4.9-6.4) years. Results: Postoperative active MTP natural joint dorsiflexion and peak MTP dorsiflexion were mean 18.2 (range, 10.0-30.0) and 29.7 (range, 10.0-45.0) degrees, respectively. Pain VAS, SF-36 PCS, FAAM ADL, and FAAM Sports scores demonstrated clinically and statistically significant improvements. Radiographically, no patient demonstrated changes in implant position, implant loosening or subsidence, or implant wear. One implant was removed because of persistent pain and converted to fusion 2 years postoperation. Conclusion: Five years following first MTP hemiarthroplasty with a PVA hydrogel implant, functional outcomes improved significantly, pain was reduced significantly, and the implant demonstrated excellent survivorship. Level of Evidence: Level IV, prospective case series.
PERSONAL AND ACADEMIC BACKGROUNDS OF FEMALE CHIEF ACADEMIC OFFICERS IN EVANGELICAL CHRISTIAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES: PART I

Women account for over 50% of all undergraduates, and one third of all faculty in the United States (American Council on Education, 2000; National Center for Educational Statistics, 2000). But in 1995 women held only slightly more than 16% of chief executive positions in higher education in the U.S. (L. Knopp, 1995). B. D. Cejda, W. B. Bush, and K. L. Rewey (2002) reported that 14% of chief academic officers in the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU) were women, whereas women chief academic officers in non-CCCU institutions totaled 26%. The research reported in Part I of this paper describes personal characteristics and experiences of female chief academic officers in selected Christian institutions of higher learning. Variables in the study included demographic background, early socialization, education, feminine roles, and tokenism. The majority grew up in two-parent families, participated in extracurricular activities during high school, and identified mentors who contributed in significant ways to their development. About half were children of college-educated parents and about half were first-generation college goers. Educational aspirations were influenced and shaped by a combination of factors, which include parents, educators, ministers, and the expectations of the individual. The experiences of these women exemplify American and Christian ideals such as individualism, hard work, responsibility, faith, and individual productivity.
COGNITIVE PRIMES FOR ATTACHMENT SECURITY CAN INCREASE CULTURAL EMPATHY, BUT ALSO INTERACT NEGATIVELY WITH ATTACHMENT ANXIETY

Two studies investigated cognitive primes designed to evoke images of secure adult attachment, compared with primes designed to elicit positive affect unrelated to attachment. The primes were used previously in studies of Israeli undergraduates' perceptions of outgroup members (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2001). In the current studies, European American students completed self-reports of empathy for others who are racially/ethnically different, using the Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy (Wang et al., 2003). In Study 1, subjects randomly assigned to a prime involving imagery of a hypothetical problematic situation in which loved ones come to their assistance, reported significantly more cultural empathy than those assigned to the positive affect prime. In Study 2, a prime involving imagining a specific real-life person “who loves you and helps you in times of need” was no more effective than the positive affect prime in eliciting ethnocultural empathy. Across both studies, all four primes were equally effective in .
Outcomes of Transplantation of Single Pediatric Renal Allografts Equal to or More Than 6 cm in Length

Background. Because of the donor organ shortage, kidneys from smaller pediatric donors are being increasingly used. However, it is unclear whether small pediatric deceased donor kidneys should be used as single grafts or en bloc. We reviewed our outcomes of single kidney transplants from small pediatric donors into adult recipients. Methods. Kidneys equal to or more than 6 cm in length were transplanted as a single kidney in seven adult recipients weighing less than 80 kg. Creatinine clearance, kidney graft size, and glomerular size were followed up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after transplantation. Results. All patients and grafts, with the exception of one patient, are currently alive with functional grafts. Two kidneys were procured after cardiac death of the donors, but no delayed graft function was observed. A total of 57% (four of seven) patients developed BK viremia, and 29% (two of seven) patients developed BK virus nephropathy. The graft size significantly increased during follow-up by ultrasonography (P=0.02). The renal allograft function by calculated creatinine clearance also significantly improved at 40.6±6.9 mL/min, 52.7±10.2 mL/min, and 66.2±9.7 mL/min at 1, 3, and 12 month after transplantation, respectively (P=0.01). The size of glomeruli significantly increased from 122±8.4 &mgr;m at 1 to 2 months to 169±22.5 &mgr;m at 3 to 12 months after transplantation (P<0.01). Conclusions. Kidneys equal to or more than 6 cm from small pediatric donors can be successfully transplanted as a single kidney. Single pediatric kidney transplantation can provide adequate renal function with a speedy increase in allograft size.
Can physical education and physical activity outcomes be developed simultaneously using a game-centered approach?

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a pilot intervention using a game-centered approach for improvement of physical activity (PA) and physical education (PE) outcomes simultaneously, and if this had an impact on enjoyment of PE. A group-randomized controlled trial with a 7-week wait-list control group was conducted in one primary school in the Hunter Region, NSW, Australia. Participants (n = 107 students; mean age = 10.7 years, SD 0.87) were randomized by class group into the Professional Learning for Understanding Games Education (PLUNGE) pilot intervention (n = 52 students) or the control (n = 55) conditions. PLUNGE involved 6 × 60 min PE lessons based on game-centered curriculum delivered via an in-class teacher mentoring program. Students were assessed at baseline and 7-week follow-up for fundamental movement skills (FMS) of throw and catch, game play abilities of decision making, support and skill performance; in-class PA; and enjoyment of PA. Linear mixed models revealed significant group-by-time intervention effects (p < 0.05) for throw (effect size: d = 0.9) and catch (d = 0.4) FMS, decision making (d = 0.7) and support (d = 0.9) during game play, and in-class PA (d = 1.6). No significant intervention effects (p > 0.05) were observed for skills outcome during game play (d = −0.2) or student enjoyment (d = 0.1). Game-centered pedagogy delivered via a teacher professional learning program was efficacious in simultaneously improving students' FMS skills, in-class PA and their decision making and support skills in game play.