Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WHY SWISS-GERMANS DISLIKE GERMANS

ABSTRACT This paper considers two common assumptions that often arise in the empirical literature on xenophobia – namely that xenophobic attitudes are found mostly among the poorly educated, and that xenophobia mainly concerns immigrants from low social classes and from geographically and culturally disparate nations. These arguments will be discussed in the context of the migration of high-skilled Germans to Switzerland, a phenomenon that has increased markedly in the last few years, leading to major controversies. A survey conducted in the city of Zurich has shown that Germans are considered less likable than other Western Europeans. Over the course of our analyses, two arguments are tested. First, I consider whether the boundaries between culturally similar groups are actually less fragile than those occurring between more dissimilar groups. Following this line of reasoning, I consider whether Swiss-Germans perceive German immigration as a cultural threat. Second, I consider whether well-educated people in high positions or people who seek to improve their job positions may feel threatened by new arrivals who are similarly well-educated. This rationale corresponds to the classic argument that working class people are xenophobic out of a fear that immigrants will take their jobs. Ultimately, this study finds empirical support for both arguments.
Influence of Etching Potential on Convex Corner Anisotropic Etching in TMAH Solution

Anisotropic etching with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) water solutions is a simple and CMOS-compatible way to obtain geometrical patterns in single-crystal silicon wafers. The fabrication of trenches and other features is although limited by the need to compensate convex corners which tend to be etched very fast. Such compensation produces footings at the bottom edge of the etched walls, yielding a complex and scarcely predictable geometry which might affect the performance of devices in applications such as fluidics. The etch rates for different crystal planes are affected not only by the TMAH concentration and etching temperature but also by the etching reaction potential. In this work, shallow TMAH etching of single-crystal silicon wafers in 25-wt% TMAH at 90°C is examined up to a depth of 30 m, at potentials ranging from -1 to -2 V, using etching masks to obtain compensated convex corners. Identification of the sidewalls as {311} planes is performed by angle measurement on SEM and optical images. The etch ratio of the (100) crystal plane versus both (311) and (111) planes is measured at the various potentials. Morphological differences between cathodic and anodic potentials with respect to the open-circuit potential (OCP) are examined: Cathodic etching (between OCP and -2 V) yields footing patterns and a pronounced undercut, while anodic etching (between -1 V and OCP) produces smooth sidewalls with no footing, an increased (100)/(311) etch ratio, and a decreased (100)/(111) etch ratio.
Clinical Interventions in Aging Dovepress Effects of Cognitive Training with Additional Physical Activity Compared to Pure Cognitive Training in Healthy Older Adults

Introduction: Cognitive training (CT) has been reported to improve cognition in older adults. Its combination with protective factors such as physical activity (CPT) has rarely been studied, but it has been suggested that CPT might show stronger effects than pure CT. Materials and methods: Healthy older adults (aged 50–85 years) were trained with CPT (n=15) or CT (n=15). Interventions were conducted in 90-minute sessions twice weekly for 6.5 weeks. Cognitive functions were assessed before and immediately after the interventions, and at 1-year follow-up. Results: The main finding was an interaction effect on attention, with comparable gains from CPT and CT from pre-to post-test, but stronger effects of CPT to follow-up (P=0.02). Significant effects were found in subjects in terms of cognitive state (P=0.02), letter verbal fluency (P=0.00), and immediate (P=0.00) and delayed (P=0.01) verbal memory. Post hoc analyses indicated that these latter domains were affected differentially by CPT and CT. No significant between-subject effects were found. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CPT might lead to stronger long-term effects on attention. However, as the difference between CT and CPT was only evident at follow-up, these effects cannot be interpreted as a direct consequence of CPT; they may have been related to sustained physical activity after the training. Other domains were improved by both interventions, but no typical pattern could be identified. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.
Extracting Opinion Targets in a Single and Cross-Domain Setting with Conditional Random Fields

In this paper, we focus on the opinion target extraction as part of the opinion mining task. We model the problem as an information extraction task, which we address based on Conditional Random Fields (CRF). As a baseline we employ the supervised algorithm by Zhuang et al. (2006), which represents the state-of-the-art on the employed data. We evaluate the algorithms comprehensively on datasets from four different domains annotated with individual opinion target instances on a sentence level. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of our CRF-based approach and the baseline in a single- and cross-domain opinion target extraction setting. Our CRF-based approach improves the performance by 0.077, 0.126, 0.071 and 0.178 regarding F-Measure in the single-domain extraction in the four domains. In the cross-domain setting our approach improves the performance by 0.409, 0.242, 0.294 and 0.343 regarding F-Measure over the baseline.
Comparison of Mother, Father, and Teacher Reports of ADHD Core Symptoms in a Sample of Child Psychiatric Outpatients

Objective: To explore the significance of adding father ratings to mother and teacher ratings in the assessment of ADHD symptoms in children. Method: The ADHD Rating Scale–IV, the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Teacher Report Form were filled out by all three informants for a sample of 48 clinically referred children (79% boys) aged 6 to 15 (M = 10.1) years. Results: Correspondence between father and teacher reports on ADHD-specific symptoms (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .38) exceeded that between mothers and teachers (ICC = .23). Fathers rated their children as having fewer problems than did mothers and teachers on Total scale scores and the Inattention subscale of the ADHD Rating Scale–IV. Mother ratings were more sensitive to an ADHD diagnosis, whereas father ratings better predicted an ADHD diagnosis requiring the two-setting criterion. Conclusion: The choice of parent informant and informant combination had a considerable impact on parent–teacher concordance and estimates of ADHD symptoms and subtypes in the child.
Competing With Strategies

We study the problem of online learning with a notion of regret defined with respect to a set of strategies. We develop tools for analyzing the minimax rates and for deriving regret-minimization algorithms in this scenario. While the standard methods for minimizing the usual notion of regret fail, through our analysis we demonstrate existence of regret-minimization methods that compete with such sets of strategies as: autoregressive algorithms, strategies based on statistical models, regularized least squares, and follow the regularized leader strategies. In several cases we also derive efficient learning algorithms.
Goals, goal structures, and patterns of adaptive learning

Contents: M.L. Maehr, Foreword. C. Midgley, Preface. E.M. Anderman, C. Midgley, Methods for Studying Goals, Goal Structures, and Patterns of Adaptive Learning. A. Kaplan, M.J. Middleton, T. Urdan, C. Midgley, Achievement Goals and Goal Structures. T. Urdan, A.M. Ryan, E.M. Anderman, M.H. Gheen, Goals, Goal Structures, and Avoidance Behaviors. H. Patrick, L.H. Anderman, A.M. Ryan, Social Motivation and the Classroom Social Environment. C. Midgley, M.J. Middleton, M.H. Gheen, R. Kumar, Stage--Environment Fit Revisited: A Goal Theory Approach to Examining School Transitions. R. Kumar, M.H. Gheen, A. Kaplan, Goal Structures in the Learning Environment and Students' Disaffection From Learning and Schooling. K.E. Freeman, L.M. Gutman, C. Midgley, Can Achievement Goal Theory Enhance Our Understanding of the Motivation and Performance of African-American Young Adolescents? R.W. Roeser, R. Marachi, H. Gehlbach, A Goal Theory Perspective on Teachers' Professional Identities and the Contexts of Teaching. L.H. Anderman, H. Patrick, L.Z. Hruda, E.A. Linnenbrink, Observing Classroom Goal Structures to Clarify and Expand Goal Theory. M.V. Covington, Patterns of Adaptive Learning Study: Where Do We Go From Here?
Privacy preservation in the dissemination of location data

The rapid advance in handheld communication devices and the appearance of smartphones has allowed users to connect to the Internet and surf on the WWW while they are moving around the city or traveling. Location based services have been developed to deliver content that is adjusted to the current user location. Social networks have also responded to the challenge of users who can access the Internet from any place in the city, and location based social-networks like Foursquare have become very popular in a short period of time. The popularity of these applications is linked to the significant advantages they offer: users can exploit live location-based information to take dynamic decisions on issues like transportation, identification of places of interest or even on the opportunity to meet a friend or an associate in nearby locations. A side effect of sharing location-based information is that it exposes the user to substantial privacy related threats. Revealing the user's location carelessly can prove to be embarrassing, harmful professionally, or even dangerous. Research in the data management field has put significant effort on anonymization techniques that obfuscate spatial information in order to hide the identity of the user or her exact location. Privacy guaranties and anonymization algorithms become increasingly sophisticated offering better and more efficient protection in data publishing and data exchange. Still, it is not clear yet what are the greatest dangers to user privacy and which are the most realistic privacy breaching scenarios. The aim of the paper is to provide a brief survey of the attack scenarios, the privacy guaranties and the data transformations employed to protect user privacy in real time. The paper focuses mostly on providing an overview of the privacy models that are investigated in literature and less on the algorithms and their scaling capabilities. The models and the attack scenarios are classified and compared, in order to provide an overview of the cases that are covered by existing research.
Aldohexose Malabsorption in Preterm Pigs Is Directly Related to the Severity of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) causes morbidity and mortality among preterm infants and is associated with nutrient malabsorption. Therefore, a preterm pig model that spontaneously develops NEC was used to investigate the relationship between severity of NEC lesions and galactose absorption in vivo and carrier-mediated glucose absorption by intact mid small intestine. Preterm pigs collected by caesarian section at 92% of gestation received parenteral nutrition with and without minimal enteral nutrition for 48 h before conversion to enteral nutrition with colostrum or an enteral formula. Pigs were killed when symptoms of NEC were observed or after 36–40 h of enteral nutrition. NEC lesions decreased in vivo absorption of galactose and mannitol by more than 50% and abolished carrier-mediated glucose uptake by tissues with lesions. Moreover, when NEC lesions were restricted to the colon, small intestinal tissues that seemed clinically healthy had decreased in vitro glucose absorption due to reduced uptake via the sodium-dependent glucose transporter with little or no involvement of the apical facilitative glucose carrier. The present findings reveal a direct relationship between the severity of NEC lesions and the magnitude of sugar malabsorption that is detectable before clinical symptoms are evident.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( Cll ) aNti-CD 20 aNtibODies fOr patieNts with COmOrbiDities

BaCKgROUnD CLL11 is a large randomized phase III trial investigating first-line chemoimmunotherapy in CLL patients with comorbidities. The final stage 1 analysis recently showed that GA101 plus Clb (GClb) or rituximab plus Clb (RClb) has superior efficacy to chemotherapy with Clb alone. This abstract presents the final stage 2 analysis with efficacy and safety results of the head-to-head comparison between GClb and RClb; at the pre-planned interim analysis, the primary endpoint was met early and the results were released by the independent data monitoring board (see Table 1). Treatment-naive CLL patients with a Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) total score >6 and/or an estimated creatinine clearance (CrCl) <70 mL/min were eligible. Patients received Clb alone (0.5 mg/kg po d1; d15 q28 days, 6 cycles), GClb (100 mg iv d1, 900 mg d2, 1000 mg d8, d15 of cycle 1; 1000 mg d1 cycles 2–6), or RClb (375 mg/m IV d1 cycle 1, 500 mg/m d1 cycles 2–6). Primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS). Response rates, minimal residual disease (MRD), and overall survival (OS) were key secondary efficacy endpoints.
Response of Archaeal Communities in Beach Sediments to Spilled Oil and Bioremediation

ABSTRACT While the contribution of Bacteria to bioremediation of oil-contaminated shorelines is well established, the response of Archaea to spilled oil and bioremediation treatments is unknown. The relationship between archaeal community structure and oil spill bioremediation was examined in laboratory microcosms and in a bioremediation field trial. 16S rRNA gene-based PCR and denaturing gradient gel analysis revealed that the archaeal community in oil-free laboratory microcosms was stable for 26 days. In contrast, in oil-polluted microcosms a dramatic decrease in the ability to detect Archaea was observed, and it was not possible to amplify fragments of archaeal 16S rRNA genes from samples taken from microcosms treated with oil. This was the case irrespective of whether a bioremediation treatment (addition of inorganic nutrients) was applied. Since rapid oil biodegradation occurred in nutrient-treated microcosms, we concluded that Archaea are unlikely to play a role in oil degradation in beach ecosystems. A clear-cut relationship between the presence of oil and the absence of Archaea was not apparent in the field experiment. This may have been related to continuous inoculation of beach sediments in the field with Archaea from seawater or invertebrates and shows that the reestablishment of Archaea following bioremediation cannot be used as a determinant of ecosystem recovery following bioremediation. Comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that the majority of the Archaea detected (94%) belonged to a novel, distinct cluster of group II uncultured Euryarchaeota, which exhibited less than 87% identity to previously described sequences. A minor contribution of group I uncultured Crenarchaeota was observed.
Change in bone mineral density among adolescent women using and discontinuing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception.

BACKGROUND Several studies report an association between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injectable contraception and decreased bone mineral density. Adolescents, who are still gaining bone, may be particularly affected, but there has been little study of the association in adolescent users and none following discontinuation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate bone mineral density changes in adolescents using and discontinuing use of DMPA contraception. DESIGN A population-based prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS One hundred seventy adolescent women, aged 14 to 18 years; 80 baseline DMPA users and 90 age-similar, unexposed comparison women. Sixty-one participants discontinued DMPA use during follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Bone mineral density, measured every 6 months for 24 to 36 months at the hip, spine, and whole body, comparing mean bone mineral density changes in DMPA users and discontinuers with nonusers. RESULTS Among DMPA users, bone mineral density declined significantly relative to nonusers at the hip and spine but not the whole body. Annualized mean percentage changes, adjusted for covariates, were hip, -1.81% vs -0.19%; P<. 001; spine, -0.97% vs 1.32%; P<. 001, and whole body, 0.73% vs 0.88%; P = . 78 for DMPA users vs nonusers, respectively. New users lost bone mineral density more rapidly than prevalent users. Discontinuers experienced significantly increased bone mineral density relative to nonusers at all anatomical sites; annualized mean percentage changes were hip, 1.34% vs -0.19%; P = . 004; spine, 2.86% vs 1.32%; P = . 004; and whole body, 3.56% vs 0.88%; P<. 001. CONCLUSIONS Use of DMPA contraception in adolescents was associated with significant continuous losses of bone mineral density at the hip and spine. However, significant gains postdiscontinuation provide evidence that the loss of bone mass is apparently reversed.
Genetic Signatures of Demographic Changes in an Avian Top Predator during the Last Century: Bottlenecks and Expansions of the Eurasian Eagle Owl in the Iberian Peninsula

The study of the demographic history of species can help to understand the negative impact of recent population declines in organisms of conservation concern. Here, we use neutral molecular markers to explore the genetic consequences of the recent population decline and posterior recovery of the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) in the Iberian Peninsula. During the last century, the species was the object of extermination programs, suffering direct persecution by hunters until the 70’s. Moreover, during the last decades the eagle owl was severely impacted by increased mortality due to electrocution and the decline of its main prey species, the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). In recent times, the decrease of direct persecution and the implementation of some conservation schemes have allowed the species’ demographic recovery. Yet, it remains unknown to which extent the past population decline and the later expansion have influenced the current species’ pattern of genetic diversity. We used eight microsatellite markers to genotype 235 eagle owls from ten Spanish subpopulations and analyse the presence of genetic signatures attributable to the recent population fluctuations experienced by the species. We found moderate levels of differentiation among the studied subpopulations and Bayesian analyses revealed the existence of three genetic clusters that grouped subpopulations from central, south-western and south-eastern Spain. The observed genetic structure could have resulted from recent human-induced population fragmentation, a patchy distribution of prey populations and/or the philopatric behaviour and habitat selection of the species. We detected an old population bottleneck, which occurred approximately 10,000 years ago, and significant signatures of recent demographic expansions. However, we did not find genetic signatures for a recent bottleneck, which may indicate that population declines were not severe enough to leave detectable signals on the species genetic makeup or that such signals have been eroded by the rapid demographic recovery experienced by the species in recent years.
Just a passing fad?: The diffusion and decline of environmental reporting in the Finnish water sector

Purpose - – The study seeks to add to the understanding of the diffusion and decline of environmental reporting practices. Design/methodology/approach - – Semi-structured interviews and municipal water utility publications are analysed to identify factors which have influenced the diffusion and subsequent decline of environmental reporting practices within the Finnish water sector. Findings - – The findings suggest a dynamic view of the diffusion and decline of environmental reporting, showing that a variety of forces operated jointly over time. The initial swift diffusion may be mostly explained from the perspectives of fad and fashion, whereas the subsequent gradual decline of such reporting appears to have been driven mainly by internal organizational factors and a lack of outside pressure. Research limitations/implications - – The paper relies on a qualitative dataset, implying that extensive care is needed when seeking to generalise or apply the findings to different contexts or organizational fields. Practical implications - – The findings presented here should prove interesting for public sector managers, who are considering how, if at all, their organization should engage in social and environmental reporting. Originality/value - – The paper provides new insights into public sector sustainability reporting and presents reasons for its decline. In addition, the analysis illustrates the applicability of Abrahamson's typology of innovation diffusion to the study of social and environmental reporting practices.
Shadow Education in Spain: Examining Social Inequalities Through the Analysis of PISA Results

This article examines the use of shadow education by students of compulsory secondary education in Spain over the period 2000−2010. The study identifies the proportion of the student population that uses this type of education and examines how the use of shadow education has evolved during this period. Data was drawn from the student questionnaire in the PISA report, which gathered information on extra lessons in the four studies conducted between 2000 and 2009. The study also contrasted the data on the use of extra classes with the socioeconomic profile of students and other indicators of social inequality.
Exploring Local and Global Semantic Information for Event Pronoun Resolution

Event anaphora resolution plays a critical role in discourse analysis. Th is paper focuses on improving event pronoun resolution using both loca l and global semantic information. In particular, a predicate -argument structure is proposed to represent the local semantic informati on about an event while the global semantic information is represented b y the entity coreference chains related with vario us arguments in the predicate-argument structure to complement its locality. Evaluation on the OntoNotes English corpus shows the effectiveness of local and global semantic information for event pronoun resolution.
The Time-Course of Lexical Activation in Japanese Morphographic Word Recognition: Evidence for a Character-Driven Processing Model

This lexical decision study with eye tracking of Japanese two-kanji-character words investigated the order in which a whole two-character word and its morphographic constituents are activated in the course of lexical access, the relative contributions of the left and the right characters in lexical decision, the depth to which semantic radicals are processed, and how nonlinguistic factors affect lexical processes. Mixed-effects regression analyses of response times and subgaze durations (i.e., first-pass fixation time spent on each of the two characters) revealed joint contributions of morphographic units at all levels of the linguistic structure with the magnitude and the direction of the lexical effects modulated by readers' locus of attention in a left-to-right preferred processing path. During the early time frame, character effects were larger in magnitude and more robust than radical and whole-word effects, regardless of the font size and the type of nonwords. Extending previous radical-based and character-based models, we propose a task/decision-sensitive character-driven processing model with a level-skipping assumption: Connections from the feature level bypass the lower radical level and link up directly to the higher character level.