Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revising Horn Theories

This paper investigates belief revision where the underlying logic is that governing Horn clauses. It proves to be the case that classical (AGM) belief revision doesn't immediately generalise to the Horn case. In particular, a standard construction based on a total preorder over possible worlds may violate the accepted (AGM) postulates. Conversely, Horn revision functions in the obvious extension to the AGM approach are not captured by total preorders over possible worlds. We address these difficulties by first restricting the semantic construction to "well behaved" orderings; and second, by augmenting the revision postulates by an additional postulate. This additional postulate is redundant in the AGM approach but not in the Horn case. In a representation result we show that these two approaches coincide. Arguably this work is interesting for several reasons. It extends AGM revision to inferentially-weaker Horn theories; hence it sheds light on the theoretical underpinnings of belief change, as well as generalising the AGM paradigm. Thus, this work is relevant to revision in areas that employ Horn clauses, such as deductive databases and logic programming, as well as areas in which inference is weaker than classical logic, such as in description logic.
Azathioprine as successful maintenance therapy in IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis

A 65-year-old man presented with a progressive increase in plasma creatinine (PCr). Two years before, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging had revealed a relapse of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) associated with sclerosing cholangitis. Bilateral hypointense renal cortical nodules were also described. Kidney biopsy showed patchy disappearance of tubules, sparse interstitial fibrosis and IgG4+ plasma cells (>30 per high power field) leading to the diagnosis of IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN). Despite methylprednisolone, PCr and serum IgG4 levels remained elevated. Starting azathioprine (AZA) normalized IgG4 levels, which elicited corticosteroid withdrawal after 17 months. One year later, renal function remains stable. Our clinical observation underlines the importance of biological and radiological long-term follow-up of patients with previous AIP in order to early detect IgG4-related renal involvement. Corticosteroids are the first choice, but in the case of adverse effects or partial remission, AZA could be a useful and safe alternative therapy.
Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries

In this study, we investigate empirically the relationship between telephone penetration and economic growth, using data for developing countries. Using 3SLS, we estimate a system of equations that endogenizes economic growth and telecom penetration. We find that the traditional economic factors explain demand for mainline and mobile phones, even in developing countries. We find positive impacts of mobile and landline phones on national output, when we control for the effects of capital and labor. We discuss the associated policy implications related to improvement of telecom penetration in developing countries.
Transcriptional Genomics Associates FOX Transcription Factors With Human Heart Failure

Background— Specific transcription factors (TFs) modulate cardiac gene expression in murine models of heart failure, but their relevance in human subjects remains untested. We developed and applied a computational approach called transcriptional genomics to test the hypothesis that a discrete set of cardiac TFs is associated with human heart failure. Methods and Results— RNA isolates from failing (n=196) and nonfailing (n=16) human hearts were hybridized with Affymetrix HU133A arrays, and differentially expressed heart failure genes were determined. TF binding sites overrepresented in the −5-kb promoter sequences of these heart failure genes were then determined with the use of public genome sequence databases. Binding sites for TFs identified in murine heart failure models (MEF2, NKX, NF-AT, and GATA) were significantly overrepresented in promoters of human heart failure genes (P<0.002; false discovery rate 2% to 4%). In addition, binding sites for FOX TFs showed substantial overrepresentation in both advanced human and early murine heart failure (P<0.002 and false discovery rate <4% for each). A role for FOX TFs was supported further by expression of FOXC1, C2, P1, P4, and O1A in failing human cardiac myocytes at levels similar to established hypertrophic TFs and by abundant FOXP1 protein in failing human cardiac myocyte nuclei. Conclusions— Our results provide the first evidence that specific TFs identified in murine models (MEF2, NKX, NFAT, and GATA) are associated with human heart failure. Moreover, these data implicate specific members of the FOX family of TFs (FOXC1, C2, P1, P4, and O1A) not previously suggested in heart failure pathogenesis. These findings provide a crucial link between animal models and human disease and suggest a specific role for FOX signaling in modulating the hypertrophic response of the heart to stress in humans.
Interactive Rendering using the Render Cache

Interactive rendering requires rapid visual feedback. The render cache is a new method for achieving this when using high-quality pixel-oriented renderers such as ray tracing that are usually considered too slow for interactive use. The render cache provides visual feedback at a rate faster than the renderer can generate complete frames, at the cost of producing approximate images during camera and object motion. The method works both by caching previous results and reprojecting them to estimate the current image and by directing the renderer's sampling to more rapidly improve subsequent images. Our implementation demonstrates an interactive application working with both ray tracing and path tracing renderers in situations where they would normally be considered too expensive. Moreover we accomplish this using a software only implementation without the use of 3D graphics hardware.
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is necessary for the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelial cells

Significance The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a driving force behind normal morphogenesis and tumor metastasis. We have found evidence that the EMT in both malignant and nonmalignant mammary epithelial cells requires the enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). AID is induced in mammary epithelial cell lines by inflammatory stimuli that also induce the EMT. Deficiency of AID in these cells blocks morphological and transcriptional changes typical of the EMT and increases promoter cytosine methylation in genes encoding key EMT factors. These findings suggest that AID regulates gene expression in a complex developmental process that involves epigenetic reprogramming. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which functions in antibody diversification, is also expressed in a variety of germ and somatic cells. Evidence that AID promotes DNA demethylation in epigenetic reprogramming phenomena, and that it is induced by inflammatory signals, led us to investigate its role in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical process in normal morphogenesis and tumor metastasis. We find that expression of AID is induced by inflammatory signals that induce the EMT in nontransformed mammary epithelial cells and in ZR75.1 breast cancer cells. shRNA–mediated knockdown of AID blocks induction of the EMT and prevents cells from acquiring invasive properties. Knockdown of AID suppresses expression of several key EMT transcriptional regulators and is associated with increased methylation of CpG islands proximal to the promoters of these genes; furthermore, the DNA demethylating agent 5 aza-2'deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) antagonizes the effects of AID knockdown on the expression of EMT factors. We conclude that AID is necessary for the EMT in this breast cancer cell model and in nontransformed mammary epithelial cells. Our results suggest that AID may act near the apex of a hierarchy of regulatory steps that drive the EMT, and are consistent with this effect being mediated by cytosine demethylation. This evidence links our findings to other reports of a role for AID in epigenetic reprogramming and control of gene expression.
The gaps-in-noise test: Gap detection thresholds in normal-hearing young adults

The aim of this study was to establish parameters for the gaps-in-noise test in normal-hearing young adults. One hundred subjects (50 males and 50 females) received an audiological evaluation to rule out hearing loss and auditory processing disorder. The gaps-in-noise test was then conducted on all subjects. The mean gap detection threshold was 4.19 ms. A psychometric function by gap duration was constructed, revealing that the percentage of correct responses was less than or equal to 5% for a gap duration of 2 ms, 10–30% for a gap duration of 3 ms, 60–70% for a gap duration of 4 ms, and over 96% for gap durations of 5 ms or longer. The results suggest that the data obtained can be applied as reference values for future testing. In the subjects evaluated, the gaps-in-noise test proved to be consistent with low variability.
Efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances.

OBJECTIVE Sleep problems occur in 20% to 30% of young children. Although behaviorally based interventions are highly efficacious, most existing interventions require personal contact with a trained professional, and unfortunately many children remain untreated. However, the use of an internet-based intervention could provide widespread access. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances, as well as to assess any indirect benefits to maternal sleep, mood, and confidence. METHODS 264 mothers and their infant or toddler (ages 6-36 months) participated in a 3-week study. Families were randomly assigned to one of 2 intervention groups (algorithmic internet-based intervention alone or in combination with a prescribed bedtime routine) or a control group. After a one-week baseline (usual routine), the intervention groups followed personalized recommendations during weeks 2 and 3. All mothers completed the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Profile of Mood States weekly. RESULTS Both internet-based interventions resulted in significant reductions in problematic sleep behaviors. Significant improvements were seen in latency to sleep onset and in number/duration of night wakings, P<0.001. Sleep continuity increased as well as mothers' confidence in managing their child's sleep. Improvements were seen by one week, with additional benefits by week two. Maternal sleep and mood were also significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS This internet-based intervention (with and without routine) is beneficial in improving multiple aspects of infant and toddler sleep, especially wakefulness after sleep onset and sleep continuity, as well as improving maternal sleep and mood.
Prediction of Exercise in Patients Across Various Stages of Bariatric Surgery: A Comparison of the Merits of the Theory of Reasoned Action Versus the Theory of Planned Behavior

Obesity is a world-wide health concern approaching epidemic proportions. Successful long-term treatment involves a combination of bariatric surgery, diet, and exercise. Social cognitive models, such as the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), are among the most commonly tested theories utilized in the prediction of exercise. As exercise is not a completely volitional behavior, it is hypothesized that the TPB is a superior theoretical model for the prediction of exercise intentions and behavior. This study tested validity of the TPB in a sample of bariatric patients and further validated its improvement over the TRA in predicting exercise adherence at different operative stages. Results generally confirmed research hypotheses. Superiority of the TPB model was validated in this sample of bariatric patients, and Perceived Behavioral Control emerged as the single-best predictor of both exercise intentions and self-reported behavior. Finally, results suggested that both subjective norms and attitudes toward exercise played a larger role in the prediction of intention and behavior than previously reported.
Specific nuclear and nucleolar ultrastructural lesions induced by proflavin and similarly acting antimetabolites in tissue culture.

Proflavin induces a series of ultrastructural alterations in cultures of rat embryonic cells. Nonspecific cytoplasmic lesions include disorganization of endoplasmic reticulum and large cytoplasmic inclusions with osmiophilic material and myelin figures, similar to those described in HeLa cells treated with acridine orange and in liver and pancreatic acinar cells of rats fed with ethionine and azaserine. However, characteristic nuclear and nucleolar lesions such as clumping of the chromatin with unsticking from the nuclear membrane, disappearance of the nucleoplasmic matrix, and segregation of nucleolar components occur as treatment progresses in time and concentration. Two other antimetabolites, daunomycin and ethidium bromide, chemically unrelated to proflavin, produce identical nuclear and nucleolar lesions at adequate concentrations. Since proflavin, daunomycin, and ethidium bromide form complexes with DNA by intercalation between base pairs, the nuclear and nucleolar lesions may represent the morphologic expression for a specific molecular action. Possible explanations are proposed, taking into account the physicochemical properties of the drug-DNA complex and their effect on nucleic acid and protein synthesis.
Craniosynostosis: a review of 519 surgical patients.

A review has been made of 519 patients with craniosynostosis operated upon at The Children's Hospital Medical Center from 1930 through 1966. The mortality rate was 0.39% and the overall morbidity rate was 14%. Lasting undesirable sequelae occurred in only 0.58%. Operation is carried out primarily for cosmetic purposes with the realization that by thus allowing the brain to resume its normal shape the possibility of any brain damage, local or general, has been minimized. Surgical technique is outlined. The frequency of the various combinations of suture closure, associated congenital abnormalities, familial incidence, occurrence of increased intracranial pressure, and the presence of a patent anterior fontanelle are indicated. The importance of partial involvement of a suture in the diagnosis and apparent progression of the condition is noted.
Tamm-Horsfall Glycoprotein Enhances PMN Phagocytosis by Binding to Cell Surface-Expressed Lactoferrin and Cathepsin G That Activates MAP Kinase Pathway

The molecular basis of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) phagocytosis-enhancing activity (PEA) by human purified urinary Tamm-Horsfall glyco- protein (THP) has not been elucidated. In this study, we found human THP bound to lactoferrin (LF) and cathepsin G (CG) expressed on the surface of PMN, identified by a proteomic study with MALDI-TOF- LC/LC/mass spectrometric analysis. Pre-incubation of 10% SDS-PAGE electrophoresed PMN lysates with monoclonal anti-LF or anti-CG antibody reduced the binding with THP. To elucidate the signaling pathway of THP on PMN activation, we found THP enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, reduced p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation, but had no effect on DNA binding of the five NF-κB family members in PMN. To further clarify whether the carbohydrate-side chains or protein-core structure in THP molecule is responsible for THP-PEA, THP was cleaved by different degrading enzymes with carbohydrate specificity (neuraminidase and β-galactosidase), protein specificity (V8 protease and proteinase K) or glycoconjugate specificity (carboxylpeptidase Y and O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase). We clearly demonstrated that the intact protein-core structure in THP molecule was more important for THP-PEA than carbohydrate-side chains. Putting these results together, we conclude that THP adheres to surface-expressed LF and CG on PMN and transduces signaling via the MAP kinase pathway to enhance PMN phagocytosis.
Inhibition of T Cells Provides Protection against Early Invasive Pneumococcal Disease

ABSTRACT Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are major causes of morbidity and mortality, which are in part mediated by immune cell-dependent mechanisms. Yet, the specific contributions of individual cell types to immunopathology are only partially understood. T cells are well characterized with respect to their function in protective humoral immune responses; however, their roles during early stages of infection and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) are less well defined. Using a mouse model of pneumococcal sepsis, we found that CD4+ T cells were recruited to the lung as early as 12 h after intranasal infection. Recruitment was accompanied by upregulation of CD69 and B7-H1, reflecting T-cell activation. Unexpectedly, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-deficient mice, which lack CD4+ T cells, displayed an increased survival despite comparable bacterial titers in the blood, spleen, and lung. The higher survival correlated with a lower cytokine and chemokine response upon S. pneumoniae challenge in MHC class II-deficient mice, suggesting that inflammation may contribute to the mortality of IPD. Comparable to the case for MHC class II-deficient mice, antibody-mediated depletion of CD4+ T cells and drug-induced inhibition of T-cell function with cyclosporine, or interference with T-cell activation using CTLA4-immunoglobulin (Abatacept), led to significant increases in survival during IPD. Our results reveal an important and adverse role of CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of IPD and suggest that modulation of T-cell activation during early phases of S. pneumoniae invasive infection may provide a therapeutic option.
A note on the evaluation of generative models

Probabilistic generative models can be used for compression, denoising, inpainting, texture synthesis, semi-supervised learning, unsupervised feature learning, and other tasks. Given this wide range of applications, it is not surprising that a lot of heterogeneity exists in the way these models are formulated, trained, and evaluated. As a consequence, direct comparison between models is often difficult. This article reviews mostly known but often underappreciated properties relating to the evaluation and interpretation of generative models with a focus on image models. In particular, we show that three of the currently most commonly used criteria---average log-likelihood, Parzen window estimates, and visual fidelity of samples---are largely independent of each other when the data is high-dimensional. Good performance with respect to one criterion therefore need not imply good performance with respect to the other criteria. Our results show that extrapolation from one criterion to another is not warranted and generative models need to be evaluated directly with respect to the application(s) they were intended for. In addition, we provide examples demonstrating that Parzen window estimates should generally be avoided.
Processing Analytical Queries over Encrypted Data

MONOMI is a system for securely executing analytical workloads over sensitive data on an untrusted database server. MONOMI works by encrypting the entire database and running queries over the encrypted data. MONOMI introduces split client/server query execution, which can execute arbitrarily complex queries over encrypted data, as well as several techniques that improve performance for such workloads, including per-row precomputation, space-efficient encryption, grouped homomorphic addition, and pre-filtering. Since these optimizations are good for some queries but not others, MONOMI introduces a designer for choosing an efficient physical design at the server for a given workload, and a planner to choose an efficient execution plan for a given query at runtime. A prototype of MONOMI running on top of Postgres can execute most of the queries from the TPC-H benchmark with a median overhead of only 1.24× (ranging from 1.03×to 2.33×) compared to an un-encrypted Postgres database where a compromised server would reveal all data.
A Defensive Kicking Behavior in Response to Mechanical Stimuli Mediated by Drosophila Wing Margin Bristles

Mechanosensation, one of the fastest sensory modalities, mediates diverse behaviors including those pertinent for survival. It is important to understand how mechanical stimuli trigger defensive behaviors. Here, we report that Drosophila melanogaster adult flies exhibit a kicking response against invading parasitic mites over their wing margin with ultrafast speed and high spatial precision. Mechanical stimuli that mimic the mites' movement evoke a similar kicking behavior. Further, we identified a TRPV channel, Nanchung, and a specific Nanchung-expressing neuron under each recurved bristle that forms an array along the wing margin as being essential sensory components for this behavior. Our electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that the mechanosensitivity of recurved bristles requires Nanchung and Nanchung-expressing neurons. Together, our results reveal a novel neural mechanism for innate defensive behavior through mechanosensation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We discovered a previously unknown function for recurved bristles on the Drosophila melanogaster wing. We found that when a mite (a parasitic pest for Drosophila) touches the wing margin, the fly initiates a swift and accurate kick to remove the mite. The fly head is dispensable for this behavior. Furthermore, we found that a TRPV channel, Nanchung, and a specific Nanchung-expressing neuron under each recurved bristle are essential for its mechanosensitivity and the kicking behavior. In addition, touching different regions of the wing margin elicits kicking directed precisely at the stimulated region. Our experiments suggest that recurved bristles allow the fly to sense the presence of objects by touch to initiate a defensive behavior (perhaps analogous to touch-evoked scratching; Akiyama et al., 2012).
Diffuse radio emission in a REFLEX cluster

Deep Very Large Array radio observations are presented for the REFLEX clusters $RXC\,J0437.1{+}0043$ and $RXC\,J1314.4{-}2515$. They are at similar distances and show similar X-ray luminosity, but they are quite different in X-ray structure. Indeed $RXC\,J0437.1{+}0043$ is regular and relaxed, whereas $RXC\,J1314.4{-}2515$ is characterized by substructure and possible merging processes. The radio images reveal the lack of diffuse emission in $RXC\,J0437.1{+}0043$ and the presence of a complex diffuse structure in $RXC\,J1314.4{-}2515$. The diffuse source in the latter cluster consists of a central radio halo which extends to the West toward the cluster periphery and bends to the North to form a possible relic. Another extended source is detected in the eastern cluster peripheral region. Although there could be plausible optical identifications for this source, it might also be a relic candidate owing to its very steep spectrum. The present results confirm the tight link between diffuse cluster radio sources and cluster merger processes.