Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Australian National Identity: Young Peoples’ Conceptions of What It Means to be Australian

To investigate young people's conceptions of Australian national identity, 242 school students were invited to write a small essay about what they think it means to be Australian. Multiple constructions of national identity were evident, including both traditional understandings relating to lifestyle and personality characteristics as well as more expanded views. Expanded views were characterised by plurality, and ‘voices of care and justice’. Despite recent terrorist world events (including September 11, but excluding the Bali bombing), a dominant view concerned national well-being and the notion that to be Australian meant that one lived in a safe and prosperous environment. In accordance with social identity theory, students’ understandings of conditions and sentiments existing in other countries were often used as points of reference, leading at times to somewhat rose-coloured views. There was no reference to an identity that encompassed intellectual, economic, scientific or cultural pursuits or achievements.
Prolonged risk of specific malignancies following cyclophosphamide therapy among patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVE The long-term cancer risk for patients treated for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is not well characterized. We assessed the risk of early and late-occurring cancers among 293 patients diagnosed with GPA from 1973 to 1999 and followed throughout 2010. METHODS Cancer incidence in the cohort was determined by linkage with the Danish Cancer Registry and compared with that in the general population by calculation of standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). RESULTS The median duration of follow-up was 9.7 years (range 0-36). Seventy-three cancers occurred, of which 30 were non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) and 11 were bladder carcinomas. A high occurrence of NMSC was observed from the second year of follow-up onwards, with a SIR of 7.0 (95% CI 2.3, 16) for cases diagnosed ≥20 years after GPA. The incidence of bladder cancer increased after 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 years of follow-up, with SIR estimates for these latency periods of 5.3 (95% CI 1.1, 15), 14.4 (95% CI 5.3, 31) and 10.5 (95% CI 1.2, 38), respectively. The incidence of myeloid leukaemia was significantly increased during years 5-9 [SIR 23.9 (95% CI 2.7, 86)]. Increased incidence of NMSC, bladder cancer and myeloid leukaemia was observed among patients exposed to cumulative CYC doses >36 g, while the only malignancy type observed in excess among those treated with lower CYC doses was NMSC. The cancer risk among CYC-naive patients was not significantly increased. CONCLUSION GPA patients experience a greater than expected number of specific malignancies following conventional therapies. Our analyses demonstrate a substantially increased risk of very late-occurring NMSC and bladder cancer in this patient group.
“Luxuries” in Prison: The Relationship Between Amenity Funding and Public Support

During the 1990s, politicians and others successfully campaigned against prison amenities, arguing that prisons resemble country clubs and as such do not deter crime. They further contended that citizens did not want tax dollars used to finance inmate privileges. Despite this political claim, virtually no empirical research has been conducted to establish its validity. This research project compares the degree of citizen opposition to prison amenities as a function of perceptions regarding who pays for such amenities. Three different survey versions were mailed to the general public. The first informed citizens that inmates pay for their privileges, the second informed respondents that tax dollars are used to finance inmate privileges, and the third provided no information regarding funding. The findings suggest that who pays for prison amenities influences citizen willingness to support inmate access to prison amenities.
I get by with a little help from my friends … at work

Abstract Having friends at work is almost universally considered to be a “good thing”. Friends are credited with enriching the work environment and providing support and sociability, yet relatively little is known about the effect upon day‐to‐day work practices. This paper examines the relationship between workplace friendships and the attitudes and behaviours affecting the functional work of those involved. A range of commonly held and often taken‐for‐granted aspects of organisational life, such as sharing information, completing tasks, and working within teams, are shown to be affected by differing degrees of friendships. Drawing upon qualitative data collected from 406 respondents, and using a structured methodology for handling a large qualitative dataset, themes are identified indicating both task and non‐task oriented effects of workplace friendships.
Celebrating the Accomplishments of Others

Capitalization, sharing positive personal information in a relationship, has gained considerable attention for benefitting the discloser of positive information. However, this study is the first to examine the effects of capitalization on the listener who celebrates the news, the celebrator. Thirty-nine college students participated in a daily diary capitalization intervention for 4 weeks in which every other week they celebrated capitalization. In diaries, participants reported experiencing more positive emotions when celebrating than when not celebrating. The discloser’s positive reaction to the celebration mediated the relationship between the number of celebrations and the celebrator’s higher positive emotions. In addition, more celebrations per day and feeling more authentic during celebrations predicted higher positive emotions. However, the perceived closeness of the relationship between the discloser and the celebrator was not associated with the effect of celebrating. Implications for the use of capitalization in different contexts and relationships are discussed.
Religious-Base Social Relationship and the Psychological Well-being of the Elderly: Gender and Race variations

Religious-Based Social Relationship and the Psychological Well-being of the Elderly: Gender and Race Variations by Eugene C. Uche M. S. Columbia Southern University, USA, 2008 B. S. University of Uyo, Nigeria, 2000 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health/Epidemiology Walden University November 2013
The Impact of Psychological Contract Violations on Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect

This study examines the relationships betweenviolations of employees' psychological contracts andtheir exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect behaviors. Usinga sample of over 800 managers, this research found that psychological contract violations resultin increased levels of exit, voice, and neglectbehaviors and decreased levels of loyalty to theorganization. In addition, this research examines themoderating effects that situational factors (such as theavailability of attractive employment alternatives) haveon the relationships between psychological contractviolations and managers' behaviors. The results suggest that these situational factors moderatethe relationship between psychological contractviolations and exit, but not the relationships betweenpsychological contract violations and voice, loyalty, or neglect. Finally, this research alsoexamines differences in the nature of psychologicalcontract violations experienced across three categoriesof workers: new managers entering the workforce,expatriates and managers in international business, andmanagers working in downsizing or restructuring firms.The results suggest that psychological contractviolations are both more frequent and more intense among managers working in downsizing or restructuringfirms, particularly in terms of job security,compensation, and opportunities foradvancement.
Increased Aluminum Content in Certain Brain Structures is Correlated with Higher Silicon Concentration in Alcoholic Use Disorder

Introduction: Alcohol overuse may be related to increased aluminum (Al) exposure, the brain accumulation of which contributes to dementia. However, some reports indicate that silicon (Si) may have a protective role over Al-induced toxicity. Still, no study has ever explored the brain content of Al and Si in alcoholic use disorder (AUD). Materials and methods: To fill this gap, the present study employed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to investigate levels of Al and Si in 10 brain regions and in the liver of AUD patients (n = 31) and control (n = 32) post-mortem. Results: Al content was detected only in AUD patients at mean ± SD total brain content of 1.59 ± 1.19 mg/kg, with the highest levels in the thalamus (4.05 ± 12.7 mg/kg, FTH), inferior longitudinal fasciculus (3.48 ± 9.67 mg/kg, ILF), insula (2.41 ± 4.10 mg/kg) and superior longitudinal fasciculus (1.08 ± 2.30 mg/kg). Si content displayed no difference between AUD and control, except for FTH. Positive inter-region correlations between the content of both elements were identified in the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and ILF. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that AUD patients may potentially be prone to Al-induced neurodegeneration in their brain—although this hypothesis requires further exploration.
Neuroplasticity and aphasia treatments: new approaches for an old problem

Given the profound impact of language impairment after stroke (aphasia), neuroplasticity research is garnering considerable attention as means for eventually improving aphasia treatments and how they are delivered. Functional and structural neuroimaging studies indicate that aphasia treatments can recruit both residual and new neural mechanisms to improve language function and that neuroimaging modalities may hold promise in predicting treatment outcome. In relatively small clinical trials, both non-invasive brain stimulation and behavioural manipulations targeting activation or suppression of specific cortices can improve aphasia treatment outcomes. Recent language interventions that employ principles consistent with inducing neuroplasticity also are showing improved performance for both trained and novel items and contexts. While knowledge is rapidly accumulating, larger trials emphasising how to select optimal paradigms for individualised aphasia treatment are needed. Finally, a model of how to incorporate the growing knowledge into clinical practice could help to focus future research.
A case–control study examining whether neurological deficits and PTSD in combat veterans are related to episodes of mild TBI

Background Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common injury among military personnel serving in Iraq or Afghanistan. The impact of repeated episodes of combat mTBI is unknown. Objective To evaluate relationships among mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and neurological deficits (NDs) in US veterans who served in Iraq or Afghanistan. Methods This was a case–control study. From 2091 veterans screened for traumatic brain injury, the authors studied 126 who sustained mTBI with one or more episodes of loss of consciousness (LOC) in combat. Comparison groups: 21 combat veterans who had definite or possible episodes of mTBI without LOC and 21 veterans who sustained mTBI with LOC as civilians. Results Among combat veterans with mTBI, 52% had NDs, 66% had PTSD and 50% had PTSD and an ND. Impaired olfaction was the most common ND, found in 65 veterans. The prevalence of an ND or PTSD correlated with the number of mTBI exposures with LOC. The prevalence of an ND or PTSD was >90% for more than five episodes of LOC. Severity of PTSD and impairment of olfaction increased with number of LOC episodes. The prevalence of an ND for the 34 combat veterans with one episode of LOC (4/34=11.8%) was similar to that of the 21 veterans of similar age and educational background who sustained civilian mTBI with one episode of LOC (2/21=9.5%, p-NS). Conclusions Impaired olfaction was the most frequently recognised ND. Repeated episodes of combat mTBI were associated with increased likelihood of PTSD and an ND. Combat setting may not increase the likelihood of an ND. Two possible connections between mTBI and PTSD are (1) that circumstances leading to combat mTBI likely involve severe psychological trauma and (2) that altered cerebral functioning following mTBI may increase the likelihood that a traumatic event results in PTSD.
A TRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEM BY MEANS OF REAL-TIME FLOATING-CAR DATA

The paper outlines the architecture and applications of a real-time traffic information system using Floating Car Data (FCD). The proposed system uses synergies from the GPS (Global Positioning System) based fleet disposition exploiting position data of several hundred vehicles of a taxi companies in Berlin, Nuremberg and Vienna. In order to manage the client disposition each taxi has to send the GPS position to the taxi head quarters at least once per minute, therefore acting as a FCD-probe vehicle. The procedure leads to nearly complete data coverage of all major roads in the above mentioned urban areas, at almost no costs. In that context, a FCD traffic information system were designed and implemented. In contrast to conventional systems, the FCD approach allows a realistic travel time and optimal route calculation for individual and commercial road users. Since May 2001, the developed real-time traffic information system is in operation for the Berlin region. Further applications are running for the Austrian capital Vienna and the City of Nuremberg.
Job demands and control and sickness absence, disability pension and unemployment among 2,194,692 individuals in Sweden

Background: Knowledge is needed on associations between job demands and job control and long-term sickness absence (SA) and unemployment. We explored associations of job demands and job control with SA/disability pension (DP) and unemployment among women and men in paid work. Methods: We included all 2,194,694 individuals living in Sweden in 2001, aged 30–54 years, and in paid work. The Swedish Job Exposure Matrix (JEM) was used to ascertain levels of job demands and job control. Individuals were categorized into nine groups based on combinations of high, medium, or low values on both demands and control. Using multinomial logistic regression, we estimated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of job demands and job control with risk of long-term SA/DP (>183 net days) and long-term unemployment (>183 days). Results: Regarding SA/DP, among women the risk was highest for those in occupations with low demands and low control (OR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.28–1.36), whereas among men the risk was highest among those in occupations with high demands and low control (OR=1.22; 1.11–1.34). Regarding unemployment, among women the risk was highest among those in occupations with low demands and medium control (OR=1.30; 1.24–1.37), whereas among men the risk was highest for those in occupations with low demands and high control (OR=1.54; 1.46–1.62). Conclusions : Using a JEM among all in a population rather than for specific occupations gives a more comprehensive view of the associations between job demands/job control and long-term SA/DP and unemployment, respectively.
Patient Stakeholder Versus Physician Preferences Regarding Amyloid PET Testing

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Patient and caregiver perspectives on amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) use are largely unexplored, particularly as compared with clinician views. Methods: We surveyed clinicians, patients, caregivers, and dementia advocates on topics relating to an evidence-based guideline on amyloid PET use. Topic importance was rated on a 9-point scale. Patient stakeholder and clinician views were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Patient representatives (n=107) rated all survey topics as equal to or more important than clinicians (n=114) except 1 item discussing potential harms of false-positive diagnoses. Differences between patient representative and clinician populations were greatest when comparing the competing values of false-positive and false-negative diagnoses and the value of testing asymptomatic individuals. Conclusions: Patients and caregivers emphasized the importance of having a dementia diagnosis and placed more value on testing and outcomes for asymptomatic populations than clinicians. This underscores the importance of research investigating the effect of amyloid PET results on asymptomatic individuals and the need for amyloid PET ordering and disclosure standards.
Tissue Transglutaminase Appears in Monocytes and Macrophages but Not in Lymphocytes in White Matter Multiple Sclerosis Lesions

Abstract Leukocyte infiltration is an important pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) and is therefore targeted by current MS therapies. The enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2) contributes to monocyte/macrophage migration and is present in MS lesions and could be a potential therapeutic target. We examined the cellular identity of TG2-expressing cells by immunohistochemistry in white matter lesions of 13 MS patients; 9 active and chronic active lesions from 4 patients were analyzed in detail. In these active MS lesions, TG2 is predominantly expressed in leukocytes (CD45+) but not in cells of the lymphocyte lineage, that is, T cells (CD3+) and B cells (CD20+). In general, cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (CD11b+ or CD68+) are TG2+ but no further distinction could be made regarding pro- or anti-inflammatory macrophage subtypes. In conclusion, TG2 is abundantly present in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in active white matter MS lesions. We consider that TG2 can play a role in MS as it is associated with macrophage infiltration into the CNS. As such, TG2 potentially presents a novel target for therapeutic intervention that can support available MS therapies targeting lymphocyte infiltration.
Development of a Multilocus Sequence Typing Tool for Cryptosporidium hominis

INFECTION with Cryptosporidium spp. presents a wide range of enteric symptoms that appear to vary with the type of parasite and the age and immune status of the host. Cryptosporidium hominis is the most common cause of human cryptosporidiosis and is responsible for numerous outbreaks worldwide (Xiao et al. 2004). As is characteristic of this genus, C. hominis is morphologically indistinguishable from other species including C. parvum and C. meleagridis, which also infect humans. Lately, various molecular tools that distinguish human pathogenic Cryptosporidium spp. have been developed and reviewed (Xiao and Ryan 2004). However, understanding the transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium in sporadic infections or outbreaks require high-resolution markers that discriminate subtypes to reliably track transmission routes. Such tools are also useful in the study of genetic diversity and population structure of Cryptosporidium and in the understanding of the epidemiology and biology of the parasites. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been shown to provide accurate data in the study of bacterial epidemiology, evolution, and population biology (Perez-Losada et al. 2006; Urwin & Maiden 2003). Similar tools based on microsatellite and minisatellite length polymorphism have been developed for subtyping C. hominis and C. parvum (Mallon et al. 2003; Tanriverdi and Widmer 2006). In this study, the previously used GP60 and HSP70 genes (Alves et al. 2003; Sulaiman, Lal, and Xiao 2001) and new microsatellite and minisatellite targets in chromosome 6 of the recently published Cryptosporidium genome were identified with an aim of developing high resolution genetic markers useful in assessing transmission dynamics. We also applied these tools to assess the occurrence of geographically distinct subtypes of C. hominis using the newly developed MLST method.
Editorial: High density mapping of atrial fibrillation sources

Cardiac fibrillation has unclear mechanisms, but localized atrial fibrillation (AF) sources have now been confirmed by high density optical imaging of human AF, and mechanically in VF by speckle tracking echocardiography, as well as numerous clinical studies. Nevertheless, ablation of AF drivers shows mixed albeit promising results in meta‐analyses. The reasons for variability between these clinical studies are unclear but likely involve differences in the importance of driver mechanisms between individual AF patients and, importantly, differences in methods for detecting AF rotors and focal sources. While several methods now show rotational patterns in AF, including sites where ablation may terminate AF, further work is needed to reconcile why they may show differing patterns of temporal stability or spatial meander even at sites of physiological impact and in the same datasets.
Prognostic significance of programmed death-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 expression in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Aims To evaluate the expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and their clinical and prognostic significance in primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Results The expression rate of PD-1 and PD-L1 in ESCC was 33.5% (117/349) and 41.4% (222/536), respectively. PD-L1 expression differed significantly by tumor location, grade, lymph node metastases, and disease stage (P < 0.05). Moreover, its expression was associated with the disease free survival (DFS). Patients with positive PD-L1 expression had reduced risk for disease relapse compared to those without PD-L1 expression (Hazard ratio [HR] = 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56–1.00, P = 0.048). Kaplan-Meier curves showed the similar result, P = 0.047. However, there was no significant correlation between PD-1 expression and clinicopathological factors or outcome in ESCC (P > 0.05). Methods The expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays from 536 primary ESCC who underwent surgery during January 2008 and April 2012 in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. Chi-square test and Cox proportional hazards regression were employed to analyze the associations between their expressions and clinicopathological variables and survival. Conclusions Our results suggested that PD-L1 could be a favorable indicator of prognosis in ESCC.