Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of GaAs solar cells at High MOCVD growth rates

Single junction GaAs solar cells grown by MOCVD are fabricated over a range of growth rates targeting up to 56 μm/hr in order to evaluate the effect on photovoltaic device performance. MOCVD recipe conditions are provided. Dopant incorporation efficiency is found to increase at high growth rates, potentially due to reduced Zn desorption as the time required to deposit a monolayer of GaAs is reduced. Device results are characterized by light and dark-IV as well as external quantum efficiency and verified against bulk minority carrier lifetime data from time-resolved photoluminescence. High growth rate solar cells degrade less than 4% relative to baseline devices with Voc and Jsc losses of 1% and 3%, respectively. The comparison suggests that both bulk Shockley Read Hall (SRH) lifetime and surface recombination velocity (SRV) are affected by growth rate and contribute to a reduction in performance.
Heterogeneity of the Axon Initial Segment in Interneurons and Pyramidal Cells of Rodent Visual Cortex

The microdomain that orchestrates action potential initiation in neurons is the axon initial segment (AIS). It has long been considered to be a rather homogeneous domain at the very proximal axon hillock with relatively stable length, particularly in cortical pyramidal cells. However, studies in other brain regions paint a different picture. In hippocampal CA1, up to 50% of axons emerge from basal dendrites. Further, in about 30% of thick-tufted layer V pyramidal neurons in rat somatosensory cortex, axons have a dendritic origin. Consequently, the AIS is separated from the soma. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that cellular excitability is a function of AIS length/position and somatodendritic morphology, undermining a potentially significant impact of AIS heterogeneity for neuronal function. We therefore investigated neocortical axon morphology and AIS composition, hypothesizing that the initial observation of seemingly homogeneous AIS is inadequate and needs to take into account neuronal cell types. Here, we biolistically transfected cortical neurons in organotypic cultures to visualize the entire neuron and classify cell types in combination with immunolabeling against AIS markers. Using confocal microscopy and morphometric analysis, we investigated axon origin, AIS position, length, diameter as well as distance to the soma. We find a substantial AIS heterogeneity in visual cortical neurons, classified into three groups: (I) axons with somatic origin with proximal AIS at the axon hillock; (II) axons with somatic origin with distal AIS, with a discernible gap between the AIS and the soma; and (III) axons with dendritic origin (axon-carrying dendrite cell, AcD cell) and an AIS either starting directly at the axon origin or more distal to that point. Pyramidal cells have significantly longer AIS than interneurons. Interneurons with vertical columnar axonal projections have significantly more distal AIS locations than all other cells with their prevailing phenotype as an AcD cell. In contrast, neurons with perisomatic terminations display most often an axon originating from the soma. Our data contribute to the emerging understanding that AIS morphology is highly variable, and potentially a function of the cell type.
Presenting and Evaluating Qualitative Research

The purpose of this paper is to help authors to think about ways to present qualitative research papers in the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. It also discusses methods for reviewers to assess the rigour, quality, and usefulness of qualitative research. Examples of different ways to present data from interviews, observations, and focus groups are included. The paper concludes with guidance for publishing qualitative research and a checklist for authors and reviewers.
A1C but Not Serum Glycated Albumin Is Elevated in Late Pregnancy Owing to Iron Deficiency

OBJECTIVE—A1C levels have been shown to be elevated in relation to glycemia in late pregnancy, although the precise mechanisms remain undetermined. We hypothesized that iron deficiency is involved in the A1C increase in late pregnancy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In study 1, A1C, serum glycated albumin, erythrocyte indexes, and iron metabolism indexes were determined in 47 nondiabetic pregnant women not receiving iron supplementation who were divided into four groups according to gestational period (group I, 21–24 weeks; group II, 25–28 weeks; group III, 29–32 weeks; and group IV, 33–36 weeks). In study 2, these determinants were obtained at two gestational periods (20–23 weeks and 32–33 weeks) in 17 nondiabetic pregnant women. RESULTS—In study 1, A1C levels were higher in groups III and IV than those in groups I and II, whereas serum glycated albumin levels were not different among these four groups. Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), serum transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin were lower in groups III and IV. A1C levels were negatively correlated with MCH, serum transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin. In study 2, A1C levels were significantly increased at gestational weeks 32–33 from those at weeks 20–23, whereas serum glycated albumin levels did not differ between the two gestational periods. MCH, serum transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin were decreased at gestational weeks 32–33. A1C levels showed a negative correlation with MCH, serum transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin. CONCLUSIONS—A1C levels were elevated in late pregnancy owing to iron deficiency. Serum glycated albumin may offer a better index for monitoring glycemic control in pregnancy.
A GARCH Option Pricing Model in Incomplete Markets

We propose a new method for pricing options based on GARCH models with filtered historical innovations. In an incomplete market framework we allow for different distributions of the historical and the pricing return dynamics enhancing the model flexibility to fit market option prices. An extensive empirical analysis based on S&P 500 index options shows that our model outperforms other competing GARCH pricing models and ad hoc Black-Scholes models. Using our GARCH model and a nonparametric approach we obtain decreasing state price densities per unit probability as suggested by economic theory, validating our GARCH pricing model. Implied volatility smiles appear to be explained by the negative asymmetry of the filtered historical innovations. A new simplified delta hedging scheme is presented based on conditions usually found in option markets, namely the local homogeneity of the pricing function. We provide empirical evidence and we quantify the deterioration of the delta hedging in the presence of large volatility shocks.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil and HexaneÐEther Extract of Tanacetum santolinoides (DC.) Feinbr. and Fertig

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Tanacetum santolinoides was analyzed by capillary GLC and GLC-MS. Altogether 30 components were identified. The main constituents were thymol (18%), trans-thujone (17.5%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (13.2%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (9.2%), umbellulone (9.7%) and 1,8-cineole (4.7%). Similar essential oil pattern in addition to palmitic acid methyl ester, palmitic acid, stigmasterol, sitosterol and two flavonoidal aglycons were found in the n-hexane-ether extract. The oil showed strong in vitro activity against E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans.
Risk factors of morbidity and mortality following hip fracture surgery

Background The preoperative coexisting chronic systemic illness, delay in surgery, gender, and age were considered as risk factors for the complications after hip fracture surgery. The wider range of surgical delay and immobility-related pulmonary morbidity may affect postoperative complications and mortality. This study examined the risk factors for morbidity and mortality following the hip fracture surgery. Methods The patient data was collected retrospectively. The consecutive 506 patients with hip fracture surgery, aged 60 years or older, were included. The patients' age, gender, preexisting diseases, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, delay in surgical repair, duration of surgical procedure, and methods of anesthesia were noted. The thirty-day postoperative complications were reviewed, and cardiac complications, pulmonary complications, delirium, and death were recorded. The data was analyzed for postoperative complications and risk factors. Results Atelectasis was associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Male gender and age ≥ 80 years were associated with an increased incidence of postoperative delirium. ASA classification 3 was associated with death. A delay in surgery was not associated with any complications. Preexisting diseases and methods of anesthesia did not affect mortality and postoperative complications. Conclusions The results suggest that a delay in surgery did not affect the postoperative complications and morbidity.
The Dominant Role of Energetic Ions in Solar Wind Interaction With the Moon

We use the results of 3‐D electromagnetic hybrid (kinetic ions and fluid electrons) simulations and observations by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) /Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) spacecraft to investigate the nature of the solar wind interaction with the moon and the resulting wake and tail structure. In the absence of a global magnetic field and an atmosphere at the moon, this interaction is due to the absorption of the solar wind plasma on the dayside and the means by which the resulting cavity in the tail is refilled. To explore this process, we conducted simulations of specific case studies well‐monitored by the ARTEMIS spacecraft. Preliminary runs revealed that when the solar wind core plasma is driving the interaction, the results deviate significantly from observations. When the small population of solar wind energetic ions is incorporated in the model, the observations are reproduced much better. Simulations with different density or energy of energetic ions show considerable changes in the results indicating their dominance in establishing the electromagnetic properties of the tail. In contrast, the results show less sensitivity to the solar wind flow speed. Here we conclude that the structure of the interaction region consists of compressional and rarefaction wakes and a central tail region with areas of enhanced and possibly reduced magnetic field level. The compressional wake diverts the flow away from the tail, and its presence is found to be highly time dependent while the rarefaction wake diverts the flow toward the tail and is found to be a semipermanent feature of the lunar interaction region.
Congenitally abnormal visual pathways in mink (Mustela vison) with reduced retinal pigment

The retinogeniculate pathways of several different genotypes of mink have been studied by the Nauta and Fink‐Heimer methods. An abnormal retinogeniculate pathway has been found in all mink in which the retinal pigment is reduced. Most of the abnormally routed nerve fibers arise in the temporal retina and cross in the chiasm, instead of staying ipsilateral as is normal. Some abnormal fibers in some of the mink also appear to arise in the nasal retina close to the line of decussation, and these pass ipsilaterally instead of following their normal crossed pathway.
Constraint Logic Programming with Hereditary Harrop formulas

Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) and Hereditary Harrop formulas (HH) are two well known ways to enhance the expressivity of Horn clauses. In this paper, we present a novel combination of these two approaches. We show how to enrich the syntax and proof theory of HH with the help of a given constraint system, in such a way that the key property of HH as a logic programming language (namely, the existence of uniform proofs) is preserved. We also present a procedure for goal solving, showing its soundness and completeness for computing answer constraints. As a consequence of this result, we obtain a new strong completeness theorem for CLP that avoids the need to build disjunctions of computed answers, as well as a more abstract formulation of a known completeness theorem for HH.
The Effects of Serial Casting on Spasticity: A Literature Review

This article is a literature review of the research regarding the use of serial casting in the treatment of spasticity. Spasticity has serious consequences, which impact activities of daily living and the quality of life. Classical studies in physiology indicate that muscle tissue immobilized in the shortened position can be physiologically changed through prolonged stretch. Serial casting has proven effective in improving such factors as range of motion and clinical measures of spasticity in spastic limbs. Further research is needed to determine the most effective uses of serial casts in the treatment of spasticity.
Rituximab in Severe Pemphigus

Pemphigus is a life‐threatening autoimmune bullous disorder that requires long‐term treatment with systemic corticosteroids mostly in conjunction with further immunosuppressants. Rituximab has opened a new avenue for severe and refractory pemphigus patients. In 95% of the 136 pemphigus patients reported to date in the English, French, and German literature, at least a partial remission has been achieved. In about two‐thirds of communicated cases, application of rituximab resulted in the healing of all lesions. A controlled prospective study, however, has only recently being initiated. In pemphigus, rituximab is aimed at resetting the immune system to a condition in which autoreactive B lymphocytes are eliminated or sufficiently controlled. Here, we review mechanisms of action, different treatment protocols, clinical responses, and the safety profile of rituximab.
Communication-Based Decentralized Demand Response for Smart Microgrids

Demand response (DR) is one of the most promising solutions to efficient control of smart grids with renewable energy resources. Usually, DR programs are implemented by means of centralized control by power supply companies or independent system operators. In contrast, recently, the focus has been on decentralized control to enhance the efficient use of distributed energy resources especially on microgrids. This paper proposes a decentralized control system for DR. The key of the proposed method is a new decentralized algorithm for determining appropriate control signals (corresponding to prices and/or incentives) by using communication networks provided by smart meters. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by a numerical example.
A biomimetic robotic platform to study flight specializations of bats

An articulated wing structure with a silicon-based skin enables a robot to mimic bat-like flight abilities. Bats have long captured the imaginations of scientists and engineers with their unrivaled agility and maneuvering characteristics, achieved by functionally versatile dynamic wing conformations as well as more than 40 active and passive joints on the wings. Wing flexibility and complex wing kinematics not only bring a unique perspective to research in biology and aerial robotics but also pose substantial technological challenges for robot modeling, design, and control. We have created a fully self-contained, autonomous flying robot that weighs 93 grams, called Bat Bot (B2), to mimic such morphological properties of bat wings. Instead of using a large number of distributed control actuators, we implement highly stretchable silicone-based membrane wings that are controlled at a reduced number of dominant wing joints to best match the morphological characteristics of bat flight. First, the dominant degrees of freedom (DOFs) in the bat flight mechanism are identified and incorporated in B2’s design by means of a series of mechanical constraints. These biologically meaningful DOFs include asynchronous and mediolateral movements of the armwings and dorsoventral movements of the legs. Second, the continuous surface and elastic properties of bat skin under wing morphing are realized by an ultrathin (56 micrometers) membranous skin that covers the skeleton of the morphing wings. We have successfully achieved autonomous flight of B2 using a series of virtual constraints to control the articulated, morphing wings.
A Medical Home for Children With Insulin-Dependent Diabetes: Comanagement by Primary and Subspecialty Physicians—Convergence and Divergence of Opinions

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to examine pediatricians' and endocrinologists' views about management for routine preventive and acute care, diabetes-specific care, and family education and care coordination for children with insulin-dependent diabetes. METHODS. We conducted a mixed-mode survey of all of the pediatricians in 1 medicaid managed care network and all of the pediatric and adult endocrinologists who treat children with diabetes in North Carolina. RESULTS. Of the 201 pediatricians surveyed, 132 responded (65%). Among the 61 endocrinologists who treat children, 59% replied. Nearly all of the respondents agreed that primary care physicians should have responsibility for routine primary care (eg, well-child checkups, treating minor illnesses or injuries, and immunizations). Likewise, large majorities favored endocrinologists as leads for diabetes-specific care (eg, 94% for training in use of an insulin pump and 82% for training in use of a glucometer). Many generalists and subspecialists reported that specific aspects of diabetes care should be comanaged (eg, 31% for tracking of hemoglobin A1c). However, large proportions of pediatricians and endocrinologists expressed differing opinions about the primary responsibility for family education and care coordination and for specific diabetes services. For example, 80% of endocrinologists saw subspecialists as leads for monitoring blood sugar levels, whereas 52% of pediatricians favored comanagement. CONCLUSIONS. An effective medical home model of care depends on establishing clear lines of responsibility between the primary care physician and subspecialist. Our findings suggest that primary care physicians and subspecialists agree on who should lead most aspects of care for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and that some aspects of care should be comanaged. However, primary care physicians and subspecialists did not agree either between or within disciplines on who should be more responsible for the basic aspect of monitoring of blood sugar levels. Approaches that recognize the appropriate division of care between primary care physicians and subspecialists, facilitate comanagement when it is needed, and reward the collaboration required to provide medical homes for patients should be investigated as models of care.
Molecular evolution of class A β‐lactamases: phylogeny and patterns of sequence conservation

We present a multiple alignment of the amino acid sequences of eight class A β‐lactamases and utilized it to propose a phylogeny, based on the nucleotide sequences of their corresponding genes. We have also used the alignment, together with the α‐carbon co‐ordinates of the Staphylococcus aureus protein, to search systematically for neighbouring residues that share the same pattern of conservation among the different members of the protein family. The distribution of invariant residues and of groups of residues with co‐ordinate changes map, predominantly, at the region of the active site and at interfaces between structural elements, respectively. We have also contrasted the distribution of conserved residues with the positions which are known to differ in mutants and variants of class A β‐lactamases.
Src Family Kinases Are Required for Limb Trajectory Selection by Spinal Motor Axons

Signal relay by guidance receptors at the axonal growth cone is a process essential for the assembly of a functional nervous system. We investigated the in vivo function of Src family kinases (SFKs) as growth cone guidance signaling intermediates in the context of spinal lateral motor column (LMC) motor axon projection toward the ventral or dorsal limb mesenchyme. Using in situ mRNA detection we determined that Src and Fyn are expressed in LMC motor neurons of chick and mouse embryos at the time of limb trajectory selection. Inhibition of SFK activity by C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) overexpression in chick LMC axons using in ovo electroporation resulted in LMC axons selecting the inappropriate dorsoventral trajectory within the limb mesenchyme, with medial LMC axon projecting into the dorsal and ventral limb nerve with apparently random incidence. We also detected LMC axon trajectory choice errors in Src mutant mice demonstrating a nonredundant role for Src in motor axon guidance in agreement with gain and loss of Src function in chick LMC neurons which led to the redirection of LMC axons. Finally, Csk-mediated SFK inhibition attenuated the retargeting of LMC axons caused by EphA or EphB over-expression, implying the participation of SFKs in Eph-mediated LMC motor axon guidance. In summary, our findings demonstrate that SFKs are essential for motor axon guidance and suggest that they play an important role in relaying ephrin:Eph signals that mediate the selection of motor axon trajectory in the limb.
Randomized Study Comparing a Basal-Bolus With a Basal Plus Correction Insulin Regimen for the Hospital Management of Medical and Surgical Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Effective and easily implemented insulin regimens are needed to facilitate hospital glycemic control in general medical and surgical patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This multicenter trial randomized 375 patients with T2D treated with diet, oral antidiabetic agents, or low-dose insulin (≤0.4 units/kg/day) to receive a basal-bolus regimen with glargine once daily and glulisine before meals, a basal plus regimen with glargine once daily and supplemental doses of glulisine, and sliding scale regular insulin (SSI). RESULTS Improvement in mean daily blood glucose (BG) after the first day of therapy was similar between basal-bolus and basal plus groups (P = 0.16), and both regimens resulted in a lower mean daily BG than did SSI (P = 0.04). In addition, treatment with basal-bolus and basal plus regimens resulted in less treatment failure (defined as >2 consecutive BG >240 mg/dL or a mean daily BG >240 mg/dL) than did treatment with SSI (0 vs. 2 vs. 19%, respectively; P < 0.001). A BG <70 mg/dL occurred in 16% of patients in the basal-bolus group, 13% in the basal plus group, and 3% in the SSI group (P = 0.02). There was no difference among the groups in the frequency of severe hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL; P = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS The use of a basal plus regimen with glargine once daily plus corrective doses with glulisine insulin before meals resulted in glycemic control similar to a standard basal-bolus regimen. The basal plus approach is an effective alternative to the use of a basal-bolus regimen in general medical and surgical patients with T2D.