Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strategic Self-Interest Can Explain Seemingly 'Fair' Offers in the Ultimatum Game

Behavioral and economic analysis of law fundamentally depends on understanding what motivates individual actors. While it is often assumed that people care only about maximizing their own monetary payoff, recent experimental work has challenged this assumption. A canonical example involves experiments using the “Ultimatum Game”, which consistently find much higher rates of equitable bargaining behavior than would be expected based on rational self-interest. It has been argued that this prevalence of equitable offers in one-shot anonymous interactions is at least partially explained by proposers having a preference for fair outcomes. We, however, argue that equitable offers in the Ultimatum Game can be entirely explained by the strategic reasoning of rational self-interested proposers. We introduce a modified version of the game in which prosocial motivations related to fairness are completely removed. In our experiment, the only reason to make a non-zero offer is the strategic desire to avoid one’s proposal being rejected by one’s counterparty. We find no significant difference in offers between this design and a standard ultimatum game. These results indicate that self-interest alone is sufficient to explain the observed equitable offers, and call into question the sentiment that innate generosity can be even partially relied upon as a motivator in the context of inherently adversarial bargaining interactions.
Evaluation of European electric vehicle support schemes

Electric vehicles can reduce carbon dioxide emissions, increase energy efficiency, and help to reduce the dependency on oil imports. However, today's technical and economic challenges are preventing mass-market adoption. In order to create an early market and support economies of scale in production, some European countries have already established support schemes. This research study aims to provide an overview of the existing support schemes in Europe and to assess them using four criteria: effectiveness, efficiency, practicability, and political acceptance. The study concludes with an impact analysis of today's economic support schemes which considers the total costs of ownership. While one-time support schemes help to reduce the large initial investments for EVs, recurring instruments are often more effective and efficient but also smaller in volume. The comparison of the different regional incentive schemes reveals that EVs today are only economically attractive in Denmark and Norway, but at relatively high prices. Thus, regulators need to increase the volume and efficiency of the support schemes, establish high scoring instruments, and align these on a European scale. In addition, non-monetary support, e.g. free-parking, can help to overcome technical or smaller economic hurdles.
Transaction costs of agri-environmental policy measures: the extreme bounds analysis applied to permanent grasslands.

It has been shown in previous studies that transaction costs (TC) of agri-environmental policy measures often are very large both in absolute terms and as a share of payments. As agri-environmental policy measures make up an increasingly large share of agricultural policies, not least within the European Union, it is becoming ever more important to improve the knowledge about the factors determining the level of transaction costs. This paper investigates the TC determinants of one Swedish agri-environmental policy measure. More specifi cally, it aims to investigate if the level of TC is attributable to economic factors, such as pasture density and distances, or if political factors, such as lobby groups and political majorities at the county level, infl uence the costs. To evaluate if the results are robust with respect to alterations in model specifi cations, a version of the extreme bounds analysis is applied. Although initial results indicate that political parties infl uence the level of transaction costs, the extreme bounds analysis reveals that those results are fragile. It shows that fi ve of the economic variables are robust with respect to model specifi cations, but none of the political variables is.
The Redshift Determination of GRB 990506 and GRB 000418 with the Echellete Spectrograph Imager on Keck

Using the Echellete Spectrograph Imager (ESI) on the Keck II 10 m telescope we have measured the redshifts of the host galaxies of gamma-ray bursts GRB 990506 and GRB 000418, z = 1.30658 ± 0.00004 and 1.1181 ± 0.0001, respectively. Thanks to the excellent spectral resolution of ESI (λ/Δλ = 13000), we resolved the [O II] λ3727 doublet in both cases. The measured redshift of GRB 990506 is the highest known for a dark-burst GRB, though entirely consistent with the notion that dark and non–dark bursts have a common progenitor origin. The relative strengths of the [O II], He I, [Ne III], and Hγ emission lines suggest that the host of GRB 000418 is a starburst galaxy, rather than a LINER or Seyfert 2. Since the host of GRB 000418 has been detected at submillimeter wavelengths, these spectroscopic observations suggest that the submillimeter emission is due to star formation (as opposed to AGN) activity. The [O II]-derived unobscured star formation rates are 13 and 55 M⊙ yr-1 for the hosts of GRB 990506 and GRB 000418, respectively. In contrast, the star formation rate of the host of GRB 000418 derived from submillimeter observations is 20 times larger.
Embodied Communication and Gestural Contrast

In direct face-to-face communication, we use a variety of different means of expression with different degrees of consciousness and intentionality (Allwood 1976). Communication is multimodal and embodied. In parallel to verbally formulating our conscious message, we also convey information with our voice, mimics, gaze, gestures and body posture. The aim of this paper is to analyse the use of spontaneous gestures accompanying spoken discourse on ’others’. The first example shows that the ethnic references can be made in the gestural channel, keeping the spoken channel free from explicit ethnic reference. In the second example, a variety of gestures illustrate and emphasise the events referred to in the spoken discourse.
Rates and Patterns of Recurrence Following Curative Intent Surgery for Colorectal Liver Metastasis: An International Multi-Institutional Analysis of 1669 Patients

Objective(s):To investigate rates and patterns of recurrence in patients following curative intent surgery for colorectal liver metastasis. Background:Outcomes following surgical management of colorectal liver metastasis have largely focused on overall survival. Contemporary data on rates and patterns of recurrence following surgery for colorectal liver metastasis are limited. Methods:One thousand six hundred sixty-nine patients treated with surgery (resection ± radiofrequency ablation [RFA]) for colorectal liver metastasis between 1982 and 2008 were identified from an international multi-institutional database. Clinicopathologic data, recurrence patterns, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were analyzed. Results:At the time of the initial liver-directed surgery, surgical treatment was resection only (90.2%), resection plus RFA (8.0%), or RFA alone (1.8%). While 5-year overall survival was 47.3%, 947 (56.7%) patients recurred with a median RFS time of 16.3 months. First recurrence site was intrahepatic only (43.2%), extrahepatic only (35.8%), intra- and extrahepatic (21.0%). There was no difference in RFS based on site of recurrence (intrahepatic: 16.9 months; extrahepatic: 16.6 months; intra- and extrahepatic: 16.2 month; P > 0.05). Receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with overall recurrence risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.56), while history of RFA (HR = 2.39, P = 0.001) and R1 margin status (HR = 1.36) were predictive of intrahepatic recurrence. Pattern of recurrence and RFS remained similar following repeat surgery for recurrent disease. Conclusions:While 5-year survival following surgery for colorectal liver metastasis approaches 50%, over one-half of patients develop recurrence within 2 years. The pattern of failure is distributed relatively equally among intrahepatic, extrahepatic, and intra- plus extrahepatic sites. Patients undergoing repeat surgery for recurrent metastasis have similar patterns of recurrence and RFS time.
Quality and Impact of Centre-Based Early Childhood Education and Care. Research Report.

RAND Europe is an independent, not-for-profit policy research organisation that aims to improve policy and decisionmaking in the public interest through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. The European Platform for Investing in Children (EPIC) was set up to explore demographic and economic challenges in the EU from a child and family-focused perspective. Its purpose is to share the best of policymaking for children and their families, and to foster cooperation and mutual learning in the field. This is achieved through information provided on the EPIC website, which enables policymakers from the member states to search evidence-based child-focused practices from around the EU and to share knowledge about practices that are being developed, and also by bringing together government, civil society and European Union representatives for seminars and workshops to exchange ideas and learn from each other. RAND Europe is an independent not-for-profit policy research organisation that aims to improve policy and decisionmaking in the public interest, through research and analysis. RAND Europe's clients include European governments, institutions, non-governmental organisations and firms with a need for rigorous, independent, multidisciplinary analysis. The document is designed to provide insights into issues of interest to policymakers and practitioners. It has been reviewed externally by one of the EPIC experts in child and family policy, and internally, following RAND's quality assurance processes. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission.
Road Expansion, Urban Growth, and Induced Travel: A Path Analysis

Abstract Claims that roadway investments spur new travel, known as induced demand, and thus fail to relieve traffic congestion have thwarted road development in the United States. Past studies point to a significant induced demand effect. This research employs a path model to causally sort out the links between freeway investments and traffic increases, using data for 24 California freeway projects across 15 years. Traffic increases are explained in terms of both faster travel speeds and land use shifts that occur in response to adding freeway lanes. While the path model confirms the presence of induced travel in both the short and longer run, estimated elasticities are lower than those of earlier studies. This research also reveals significant “induced growth” and “induced investment” effects—real estate development gravitates to improved freeways, and traffic increases spawn road investments over time. Travel-forecasting models are needed that account for these dynamics.
Micro Radar Surface Velocimetry for Hydrologic Signal Processing Using a Bandpass Filtering Approach

The collection of hydrological data is particularly important for the utilization and management of water resources, water conservation, and flood control. Most of the hydrological observation operations should be conducted manually and are time-consuming, strenuous, dangerous, and have low precision. In this study, the shortcomings of the manual observations are overcome and the uncertainties related to the radar-based flow velocity estimations by a sensor in the radar surface current meter are explored. This includes an automatic observation feature and analyses are conducted using the radar signals that are received by the instruments for the real-time observation of the signals. In this study, experiments were conducted at the Water Resources Planning Institute (WRPI) of the Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan and the surface velocity was estimated using the conventional fast Fourier transform (FFT), wavelet transform (WT), and a bandpass filter. The experimental results after signal processing using the bandpass filter were precise, when the tilt angle ranged between 20 and 40 degrees. The 10.525 GHz radar surface current meter adopted in this study is suitable for a tilt angle of 20–40 degrees; the measurement error will be relatively large if the tilt angle is less than 20 degrees or more than 40 degrees.
Incentive Compatible Influence Maximization in Social Networks

Information diffusion and influence maximization in social networks are well studied problems and various models and algorithms have been proposed. The main assumption in these studies is that the influence probabilities are known to the social planner. The influence probabilities, however can vary significantly with the type of the information and the time at which the information is propagating. The most accurate sources to obtain influence probabilities are the agents in the social network. In this work, we formulate game theoretic models of the information diffusion process so as to elicit influence probabilities truthfully from the agents. For these models we design several mechanisms to truthfully extract the influence probabilities from the users. We consider two different game theoretic models namely (1) influencer model and (2) influencer-influencee model. In the context of the influencer model, we design a Vickrey-Clarke-Groves based mechanism. In the influencer- influencee model, we design a scoring rule based direct mech- anism. We analyze the incentive compatibility of all these mechanisms.
Strong summer monsoon during the cool MIS-13

Abstract. The δ18O record in deep-sea sediments show a significant reduced amplitude of the ice volume variations before Marine Isotope Stage 11, about 400 ka ago, with less warm interglacials and less cold glacials. The deuterium temperature and the greenhouse gases records in the Antarctic ice cores show the same feature. As the reduction in the amplitude of climate and greenhouse gases concentration variations before 400 ka BP is present in both deep-sea and ice cores, it is tempting to conclude that this is a worldwide phenomenon. This is not necessarily true, at least as far as some of the records, in particular of China and Europe, are concerned. The loess in northern China, the sedimentary core in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the palaeosols in southern China all record an unusually warm and wet climate during Marine Isotope Stage 13, indicating an extremely strong East Asian summer monsoon. The pollen record from Europe shows that the climatic conditions during the interglacials previous to Marine Isotope Stage 11 are at least as warm as the younger interglacials. During Marine Isotope Stage 13, unusually strong African and Indian monsoon are recorded in the sediments of the equatorial Indian Ocean and of the Mediterranean Sea. Other extreme climate events are also recorded in sediment cores of the equatorial Atlantic, the Pacific, the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean and in the Lake Baikal of Siberia.
Periodontal Health Status among Patients with Behçet's Disease

We aimed to evaluate the relationship of individual periodontal parameters with the severity of Behçet's disease (BD) and attempt to find the correlation between chronic periodontitis and BD. In this study, 74 registered subjects attending Behçet's clinic with BD symptoms were recruited. The diagnosis was based on the criteria presented by the international study group for BD (ISG) and the total clinical severity score was determined for each patient. All individuals underwent clinical examination to assess oral and periodontal status and presence of oral ulcers. Periodontal clinical parameters of bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) and also hygiene index (HI) and decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) teeth were noted and analyzed to assess the correlation with severity of BD. There was no significant correlation between DMF and severity of BD. The strong association was found between periodontal parameters (BOP, PD, and CAL) and the severity of BD (P < 0.001). It seems that relation of BD to oral health is higher up in severe forms of BD and periodontal diseases. Clinical association between the diseases might be due to a common underlying etiopathogenesis of periodontitis and BD.
Multimode Precoding for MIMO Systems: Performance Bounds and Limited Feedback Codebook Design

This correspondence investigates the problem of designing the precoding codebook for limited feedback multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We first analyze the asymptotic capacity loss of a suboptimal multimode precoding scheme as compared to optimal waterfilling and show that the suboptimal scheme is sufficient when negligible capacity loss is allowed. This knowledge is then applied to the design of the limited feedback codebook. In the design, the generalized Lloyd algorithm is employed, where the computation of the centroid is formulated as an optimization problem and solved optimally. Numerical results show that the proposed codebook design outperforms the comparable algorithms reported in the literature.
Association between genetic variants in VEGF, ERCC3 and occupational benzene haematotoxicity

Introduction: Benzene is an established human haematotoxin, with substantial interindividual variation in benzene-induced toxicity. Methods: To further examine if genetic variation contributes to benzene haematotoxicity, we analysed 1023 tagSNPs in 121 gene regions important for benzene metabolism, haematopoiesis, leukaemia and lymphoma among 250 workers exposed to benzene and 140 unexposed controls in a cross-sectional study carried out in China. Linear regression was used to analyse the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and total white blood cell (WBC) count and its subtypes, adjusting for potential confounders and occupational exposure to benzene and toluene among exposed workers. The minp test assessed the association on the gene region level. The false discovery rate method was used to control for multiple comparisons. Results: VEGF (minp = 0.0030) and ERCC3 (minp = 0.0042) were the most significantly associated gene regions with altered WBC counts among benzene-exposed workers, after accounting for multiple comparisons. Highly significant changes were also found for WBC subtype counts, including granulocytes, CD4+ T cells and lymphocytes for VEGF and granulocytes and NK cells for ERCC3. Further, in workers exposed to <1 ppm, a SNP in VEGF was associated with changes in WBC and granulocyte counts, and SNPs in ERCC3 were associated with changes in WBC, NK cell and granulocyte counts. Discussion: Our findings suggest that genetic variation in VEGF, which plays an important role in blood vessel growth, and ERCC3, which is a member of the DNA repair pathway and is responsible for repairing bulky DNA adducts formed by chemicals, may contribute to individual susceptibility to benzene-induced haematotoxicity at relatively low levels of benzene exposure.
Cell Cycle Arrest in Archaea by the Hypusination Inhibitor N1-Guanyl-1,7-Diaminoheptane

ABSTRACT Hypusination is an essential posttranslational modification unique to archaeal and eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor 5A (aIF5A and eIF5A, respectively). We have investigated the effect of the efficient hypusination inhibitorN1-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane (GC7) on four archaeal and one bacterial species. We found that (i) archaea are sensitive to GC7, whereas the bacteriumEscherichia coli is not, (ii) GC7 causes rapid and reversible arrest of growth of the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, and (iii) the growth arrest is accompanied by a specific reversible arrest of the cell cycle prior to cell division. Our findings establish a link between hypusination and sustained growth of archaea and thereby provide the framework to study molecular details of archaeal cell cycle in connection with in vivo functions of hypusine and of aIF5A and eIF5A.
Laughing with HAHAcronym, a Computational Humor System

Computational humor is a challenge with implications for many classical fields in AI such as, for example, natural language processing, intelligent human-computer interaction, reasoning, not to mention cognitive science, linguistics and psychology. In this paper we summarize our experience in developing HAHAcronym, a system devoted to produce humorous acronyms, and we discuss some concrete prospects for this field.
Public Finance and Public Choice: Analytical Perspectives

Market Possibilities and Prescriptions. Evaluating Public Finance Policy: Consumers Surplus, Welfare Criteria and Market Failure. Public Goods. Collective Decision Making: Searching for the "Public Good". Public Production: Is It So Bad? Evaluation of Public Expenditure: Cost Benefit Analysis. Tax Theory: The Basic Concepts. Tax Evasion and the Black Economy. Income (Re) Distribution. Fiscal Aspects of macroeconomic Theories. Local Government. Central Government. International Issues in Public Finance. Public Finance and Public Expenditure Growth. Private Reaction to Public Action: Sector Interdependence. 'Normative' Optimal Tax Design. "Positive" Optimal Taxation. The "Traditional" versus the Public Choice Approach: Public Finance Analysis and the Policy Makers.
Occupational segregation, gender wage differences and trade reforms : empirical applications for urban Columbia

This DPhil thesis comprises three empirical essays that survey the evolution of gender differences in the labour market of urban Colombia since the 1980s. The first essay examines the evolution of gender segregation using occupational indices between 1986 and 2004, and presents a decomposition of their changes over time using a technique proposed by Deutsch et al. (2006). We find that a substantial proportion of the reduction in segregation indices is driven by changes in both the employment structure of occupations and the increasing participation of female labour observed over these years. The second essay assesses the effects of occupational segregation on the gender wage gap in urban Colombia between 1984 and 1999. The empirical strategy involves the estimation of a counterfactual distribution of female workers across occupations, as if they had been treated the same as their male counterparts. This provides a basis to formulate a decomposition of the gender wage gap in which the explained and unexplained portions of the gender distribution of jobs are explicitly incorporated. The results indicate that the unequal distribution of women and men across occupations actually helps, on average, to reduce gender pay differences in urban Colombia, particularly in the ‘informal’ segment where the labour income differential between women and men is the largest. The third and final essay examines the effects of trade liberalisation on the gender composition of employment across manufacturing industries in urban Colombia from 1981 to 2000. The empirical strategy involves a comparison of estimates drawn from different panel data techniques. As a main finding, we verify that increasing trade flows are associated with higher proportions of female employment.