Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Production of the Extended Scattered Disk by Rogue Planets

We show that if the early outer solar system contained one or more additional planets of an Earth mass or larger, these planets are likely to be temporarily emplaced in the Kuiper Belt's "scattered disk. " While on an orbit of large semimajor axis, such a "rogue planet" may efficiently raise either (1) the perihelia of other scattered-disk objects, emplacing them in the "extended scattered disk," or (2) their orbital inclinations, to the levels currently observed in the Kuiper Belt. With even a single rogue planet present, the probability of producing extended scattered disk objects is 20%-50%. After the rogue is removed from the system (on a characteristic timescale of 200 Myr), most extended scattered disk orbits are not appreciably modified over the age of the solar system. Objects with large orbital inclinations like the outliers 2004 XR190, 2003 UB313, 2000 CR105, and Sedna are also produced.
Circuits for Datalog Provenance

The annotation of the results of database queries with provenance information has many applications. This paper studies provenance for datalog queries. We start by considering provenance representation by (positive) Boolean expressions, as pioneered in the theories of incomplete and probabilistic databases. We show that even for linear datalog programs the representation of provenance using Boolean expressions incurs a super-polynomial size blowup in data complexity. We address this with an approach that is novel in provenance studies, showing that we can construct in PTIME poly-size (data complexity) provenance representations as Boolean circuits. Then we present optimization techniques that embed the construction of circuits into seminaive datalog evaluation, and further reduce the size of the circuits. We also illustrate the usefulness of our approach in multiple application domains such as query evaluation in probabilistic databases, and in deletion propagation. Next, we study the possibility of extending the circuit approach to the more general framework of semiring annotations introduced in earlier work. We show that for a large and useful class of provenance semirings, we can construct in PTIME poly-size circuits that capture the provenance.
Response thresholds in bacterial chemotaxis

The absence of responses to shallow temporal ramps of chemicals does not appear to be accounted for by motor remodeling. Stimulation of Escherichia coli by exponential ramps of chemoattractants generates step changes in the concentration of the response regulator, CheY-P. Because flagellar motors are ultrasensitive, this should change the fraction of time that motors spin clockwise, the CWbias. However, early work failed to show changes in CWbias when ramps were shallow. This was explained by a model for motor remodeling that predicted plateaus in plots of CWbias versus [CheY-P]. We looked for these plateaus by examining distributions of CWbias in populations of cells with different mean [CheY-P]. We did not find such plateaus. Hence, we repeated the work on shallow ramps and found that motors did indeed respond. These responses were quantitatively described by combining motor remodeling with ultrasensitivity in a model that exhibited high sensitivities over a wide dynamic range.
Learning Domain Ontologies from Document Warehouses and Dedicated Web Sites

We present a method and a tool, OntoLearn, aimed at the extraction of domain ontologies from Web sites, and more generally from documents shared among the members of virtual organizations. OntoLearn first extracts a domain terminology from available documents. Then, complex domain terms are semantically interpreted and arranged in a hierarchical fashion. Finally, a general-purpose ontology, WordNet, is trimmed and enriched with the detected domain concepts. The major novel aspect of this approach is semantic interpretation, that is, the association of a complex concept with a complex term. This involves finding the appropriate WordNet concept for each word of a terminological string and the appropriate conceptual relations that hold among the concept components. Semantic interpretation is based on a new word sense disambiguation algorithm, called structural semantic interconnections.
Nondegeneracy and Weak Global Convergence of the Lloyd Algorithm in Rd

The Lloyd algorithm originated in the context of optimal quantization and represents a fixed point iteration for computing an optimal quantizer. Reducing average distortion at every step, it constructs a Voronoi partition of the domain and replaces each generator with the centroid of the corresponding Voronoi cell. Optimal quantization is obtained in the case of a centroidal Voronoi tessellation (CVT), which is a special Voronoi tessellation of a domain $\Omega\in\mathbb{R}^d$ having the property that the generators of the Voronoi diagram are also the centers of mass, with respect to a given density function $\rho\geq 0$, of the corresponding Voronoi cells. The Lloyd iteration is currently the most popular and elegant algorithm for computing CVTs and optimal quantizers, but many questions remain about its convergence, especially in $d$-dimensional spaces $(d>1)$. In this paper, we prove that any limit point of the Lloyd iteration in any dimensional spaces is nondegenerate provided that $\Omega$ is a convex and bounded set and $\rho$ belongs to $L^{1}(\Omega)$ and is positive almost everywhere. This ensures that the fixed point map remains closed and hence the standard theory of descent methods guarantees weak global convergence of the Lloyd iteration to the set of nondegenerate fixed point quantizers. While previously only conjectured, the convergence properties of the Lloyd iteration are rigorously justified under such minimal regularity assumptions on the density functional. The results presented in this paper go beyond existing convergence theories for CVTs and optimal quantization related algorithms and should be of interest to both the mathematical and engineering communities.
An electron microscopic study of the development of axons and dendrites by hippocampal neurons in culture. II. Synaptic relationships

We have studied by electron microscopy the synaptic relationships which develop between hippocampal neurons in dissociated cell cultures. Neurons, obtained from fetal rats at 18 to 20 days of gestation, were plated at high cell density onto polylysine-treated coverslips and maintained in serum-free medium. After 3 to 4 weeks, the cells were interconnected by an extensive network of processes which made frequent synaptic contacts with one another. Certain of the processes could be readily identified as dendrites by their branching pattern and content of polyribosomes. Often individual dendrites could be followed for 100 to 200 microns from their cells of origin. In every instance observed, the dendrites were postsynaptic. The presynaptic processes were quite different in appearance; they lacked ribosomes, their microtubules were spaced more closely together, and they were thinner than even the distal dendrites except at synaptic sites where they formed varicosities. Because of their small diameter, the presynaptic processes could not be traced through the dense neuropil to their origins, but in all other respects they resembled the axons identified in younger cultures. There were differences in the features of the synapses present on different portions of the cell. The great majority of synapses on dendritic spines made asymmetric junctions, whereas those on cell bodies made symmetric junctions. Both types were observed on dendritic shafts, but asymmetric junctions were predominant. These results show that synapses do not form indiscriminately between the processes which develop in culture, but rather that axons and dendrites acquire distinct synaptic polarities, just as when they develop in situ.
Assessment of Current Malaria Status in Light of the Ongoing Control Interventions, Socio-Demographic and Environmental Variables in Jiga Area, Northwest Ethiopia

Following substantial decline in malaria burden in Ethiopia, the country is planning to eliminate malaria in certain low transmission settings by 2020. To evaluate the attainability of this goal in-depth examination of malaria parasite carriage at community level is necessary. This study was, therefore, aimed at assessing the current situation of malaria in relation to ongoing control interventions in Jiga area, Jabi Tehnan District in northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional household (HH) survey was conducted in November-December 2013. Out of 2,574 HHs (11,815 people) in the entire Jabi Tehnan District, 392 (accommodating 1911 people) were randomly selected from three purposely selected villages. One randomly selected member from each selected HH was tested for malaria using rapid diagnostic test (mRDT). All participants tested for malaria (n = 392) were afebrile (axillary temperature <37.5°C). Eleven individuals (2.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.2–4.4%) were found to be mRDT positive. Most HHs (95.9%, 95% CI: 93.5–97.5%) had at least 1 long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN). Insecticide residual spraying (IRS) coverage the last six months was 85.5% (95% CI: 82.0–88.9%). Malaria prevalence remains unexpectedly high despite high HH coverage of control interventions.
Single-Dose Immunization with Virus Replicon Particles Confers Rapid Robust Protection against Rift Valley Fever Virus Challenge

ABSTRACT Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes outbreaks of severe disease in people and livestock throughout Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The potential for RVFV introduction outside the area of endemicity highlights the need for fast-acting, safe, and efficacious vaccines. Here, we demonstrate a robust system for the reverse genetics generation of a RVF virus replicon particle (VRPRVF) vaccine candidate. Using a mouse model, we show that VRPRVF immunization provides the optimal balance of safety and single-dose robust efficacy. VRPRVF can actively synthesize viral RNA and proteins but lacks structural glycoprotein genes, preventing spread within immunized individuals and reducing the risk of vaccine-induced pathogenicity. VRPRVF proved to be completely safe following intracranial inoculation of suckling mice, a stringent test of vaccine safety. Single-dose subcutaneous immunization with VRPRVF, although it is highly attenuated, completely protected mice against a virulent RVFV challenge dose which was 100,000-fold greater than the 50% lethal dose (LD50). Robust protection from lethal challenge was observed by 24 h postvaccination, with 100% protection induced in as little as 96 h. We show that a single subcutaneous VRPRVF immunization initiated a systemic antiviral state followed by an enhanced adaptive response. These data contrast sharply with the much-reduced survivability and immune responses observed among animals immunized with nonreplicating viral particles, indicating that replication, even if confined to the initially infected cells, contributes substantially to protective efficacy at early and late time points postimmunization. These data demonstrate that replicon vaccines successfully bridge the gap between safety and efficacy and provide insights into the kinetics of antiviral protection from RVFV infection.
A Comparative Study of Energy Efficient Air Indexing Techniques for Uniform Broadcasting

Currently, wireless data broadcasting is a very popular data dissemination method for broadcasting public information to a large number of mobile devices at the same time. Access Latency and Tuning Time are the two main parameters to evaluate the performance of a indexing technique of data broadcasting system. Indexing can significantly reduce tuning time by switching clients to turn into doze mode while waiting for the desired data to arrive. There are various indexing techniques for uniform data broadcasting over a channel. In this paper, we summarize the energy efficient problem and the possible solutions i.e. the indexing techniques. The popular indexing techniques are compared on the basis of two parameters and we suggest the best one.
The University of Birmingham ( Live System ) A phonologically congruent sound boosts a visual target into perceptual awareness

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Dynamic Control of Electron Transfers in Diflavin Reductases

Diflavin reductases are essential proteins capable of splitting the two-electron flux from reduced pyridine nucleotides to a variety of one electron acceptors. The primary sequence of diflavin reductases shows a conserved domain organization harboring two catalytic domains bound to the FAD and FMN flavins sandwiched by one or several non-catalytic domains. The catalytic domains are analogous to existing globular proteins: the FMN domain is analogous to flavodoxins while the FAD domain resembles ferredoxin reductases. The first structural determination of one member of the diflavin reductases family raised some questions about the architecture of the enzyme during catalysis: both FMN and FAD were in perfect position for interflavin transfers but the steric hindrance of the FAD domain rapidly prompted more complex hypotheses on the possible mechanisms for the electron transfer from FMN to external acceptors. Hypotheses of domain reorganization during catalysis in the context of the different members of this family were given by many groups during the past twenty years. This review will address the recent advances in various structural approaches that have highlighted specific dynamic features of diflavin reductases.
Culturally competent library services and related factors among health sciences librarians: an exploratory study

Objective This study investigated the current state of health sciences libraries’ provision of culturally competent services to support health professions education and patient care and examined factors associated with cultural competency in relation to library services and professional development. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected with a survey questionnaire that was distributed via SurveyMonkey to several health sciences librarian email discussion lists. Results Out of 176 respondents, 163 reported serving clients from diverse cultural backgrounds. Various services were provided to develop or support initiatives in cultural competency in health professions education and patient care. A considerable number of respondents were unsure or reported no library services to support initiatives in cultural competency, although a majority of respondents perceived the importance of providing culturally competent library services (156, 89.1%) and cultural competency for health sciences librarians (162, 93.1%). Those who self-identified as nonwhites perceived culturally competent services to be more important than whites (p=0.04). Those who spoke another language in addition to English had higher self-rated cultural competency (p=0.01) than those who only spoke English. Conclusions These findings contribute to our knowledge of the types of library services provided to support cultural competency initiatives and of health sciences librarians’ perceived importance in providing culturally competent library services and cultural competency for health sciences librarians. The results suggest implications for health sciences libraries in fostering professional development in cultural competency and in providing culturally competent services to increase library use by people from a wide range of cultures and backgrounds.
Soft Mixer Assignment in a Hierarchical Generative Model of Natural Scene Statistics

Gaussian scale mixture models offer a top-down description of signal generation that captures key bottom-up statistical characteristics of filter responses to images. However, the pattern of dependence among the filters for this class of models is prespecified. We propose a novel extension to the gaussian scale mixturemodel that learns the pattern of dependence from observed inputs and thereby induces a hierarchical representation of these inputs. Specifically, we propose that inputs are generated by gaussian variables (modeling local filter structure), multiplied by a mixer variable that is assigned probabilistically to each input from a set of possible mixers. We demonstrate inference of both components of the generative model, for synthesized data and for different classes of natural images, such as a generic ensemble and faces. For natural images, the mixer variable assignments show invariances resembling those of complex cells in visual cortex; the statistics of the gaussian components of the model are in accord with the outputs of divisive normalization models. We also show how our model helps interrelate a wide range of models of image statistics and cortical processing.
Planned second-look laparoscopy in the management of acute mesenteric ischemia.

AIM To investigate the role of second-look laparoscopy in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI). METHODS Between January 2000 and November 2005, 71 patients were operated for the treatment of AMI. The indications for a second-look were low flow state, bowel resection and anastomosis or mesenteric thromboembolectomy performed during the first operation. Regardless of the clinical course of patients, the second-look laparoscopic examination was performed 72 h post-operatively at the bed side in the ICU or operating room. RESULTS The average time of admission to the hospital after the initiation of symptoms was 3 d (range, 5 h-9 d). In 14 patients, laparotomy was performed. In 11 patients, small and/or large bowel necrosis was detected and initial resection and anastomosis were conducted. A low flow state was observed in two patients and superior mesenteric artery thromboembolectomy with small bowel resection was performed in one patient. In 13 patients, a second-look laparoscopic examination revealed normal bowel viability, but in one patient, intestinal necrosis was detected. In two of the patients, a third operation was necessary to correct anastomotic leakage. The overall complication rate was 42.8%, and in-hospital mortality rate was 57.1% (n = 6). CONCLUSION Second-look laparoscopy is a minimally invasive, technically simple procedure that is performed for diagnostic as well as therapeutic purposes. The simplicity and ease of this method may encourage wider application to benefit more patients. However, the timing of a second-look procedure is unclear particularly in a patient with anastomosis.
Status of Cardiovascular Health Among Adult Americans in the 50 States and the District of Columbia, 2009

Background With ideal cardiovascular health metrics, the American Heart Association established a goal of improving cardiovascular health for all Americans by 20% by 2020. Determining how the metrics vary by state is important to the individual states as well as to researchers and policy makers nationwide. Methods and Results Using 2009 data from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a state‐based telephone survey with 356 441 eligible participants, we examined the 7 metrics defined by the American Heart Association: hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, physical activity, and consumption of fruits and vegetables. The 3 primary outcomes of this study were (1) the percentage of the population achieving ideal health status on all 7 factors, (2) the percentage of the population with only 0 to 2 of the 7 metrics (poor cardiovascular health); and (3) the mean overall score (number of ideal metrics). Overall, 3.3% of population was in ideal cardiovascular health, and 9.9% was in poor cardiovascular health. The mean overall score was 4.42. The percentage with ideal cardiovascular health varied from 1.2% (Oklahoma) to 6.9% (District of Columbia ). The adjusted prevalence ratio of ideal cardiovascular health ranged from 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.29 to 0.52 (Oklahoma), to 1.91, 95% confidence interval 1.51 to 2.42 (District of Columbia), with Illinois as the referent. Conclusions In the United States, the cardiovascular health status of the population varies substantially by state. The estimates here could help state programs charged with preventing heart disease and stroke to set their goals for reducing risk and improving cardiovascular health in their jurisdictions.
Gender differences in children's hospitalization in Catalonia: another inequality?

The aim of this study was to describe children's hospitalization and to analyse gender differences by selected diagnostic and procedure groups. Using the Clinical Classification for Health Policy Research Version 2 (CCHPR), 81 888 hospitalizations from the Minimum Basic Data Set of Hospital Discharge (CMBDAH) of 1995 related to children under 15 y of age in Catalonia, Spain, were studied. Hospitalization rates, number of days in hospital, average length of stay (d) in hospital and the standardized hospitalization ratio (SHR) (hospitalization rate in boys/hospitalization rate in girls) were computed. Two independent approaches were taken: (i) gender‐specific categories were excluded in order to compare hospitalizations by sex; (ii) a selected group of 17 diagnostic and procedure categories were chosen in order to carry out the specific gender comparison. In both approaches, the selected indicators were compared by age groups, and totals were standardized by age using the direct method. An excess of hospitalization in boys was observed (SHR= 1.18; 95% CI: 1.17–1.19). The number of days spent in hospital and hospitalization rates were higher in infants and were also higher for boys than for girls. The average length of stay in hospital was higher in infants and in girls at all ages. These differences were systematic when stratified by health region, admission and discharge circumstances and hospital category. Except for urinary infection, which was higher in girls (SHR: 0.65; CI 95%: 0.54—0.76), the SHR was higher in boys in all diagnostic and procedure categories analysed (all SHR > 1). Specific sex categories, injuries and poisonings cannot on their own explain a higher level of hospitalization among boys. More specific studies are needed to explain the role of the family and the healthcare system in gender inequalities in children's hospitalization. □Catalonia, children, differences, hospitalization, inequalities, sex