Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation of p185c‐erbB2/neu in tumorigenicity induced by x‐rays and the neu oncogene in human breast epithelial cells

Ionizing radiation is the exogenous agent best proven to induce breast cancer. c‐erbB2/neu amplification and overexpression are known to occur in breast cancer and are correlated with aggressive tumor growth and poor prognosis. We have developed simian virus 40–immortalized cell lines from normal human breast epithelial cells (HBECs) with luminal and stem‐cell characteristics. In this study, we examined whether x‐rays and a mutated neu oncogene are capable of inducing tumorigenicity in these cells. The results indicated that x‐rays were effective in converting immortal non‐tumorigenic HBECs to weakly tumorigenic cells that then could be transformed to highly tumorigenic cells by the neu oncogene. The in vitro growth of these tumorigenic cells was significantly faster than that of the parental non‐tumorigenic cells in growth factor– and hormone‐supplemented or ‐depleted media. The neu oncogene, however, had no tumorigenic effect on immortal non‐tumorigenic cells. The expression of p185c‐erbB2/neu was elevated in neu‐transduced immortal or weakly tumorigenic cell lines. However, only in the latter was p185c‐erbB2/neu found to be phosphorylated at tyrosine residues. Thus, x‐rays appear to induce a genetic alteration that confers weak tumorigenicity on immortal HBECs and interacts with p185c‐erbB2/neu directly or indirectly to give rise to fast‐growing tumors. Mol. Carcinog. 21:225–233, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The last three days of life: a comparison of pain management in the young old and the oldest old hospitalised patients using the Resident Assessment Instrument for Palliative Care.

BACKGROUND Pain is a common symptom in older patients at the end of life. Little research has evaluated pain management among the oldest hospitalised dying patients. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To compare the pain characteristics documented by healthcare workers for the young old and the oldest old hospitalised patients and the types of analgesics administered in the last three days of life. DESIGN A retrospective cross-sectional comparative study. METHODS The study included 190 patients from a Norwegian general hospital: 101 young old patients (aged 65-84 years) and 89 oldest old patients (aged 85-100 years). Data were extracted from electronic patient records (EPRs) using the Resident Assessment Instrument for Palliative Care. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the young old and the oldest old patients with regard to pain characteristics. Pain intensity was poorly recorded in the EPRs. Most of the patients received adequate pain control. Morphine was the most frequently administered analgesic for dying patients. Compared to the oldest old patients, a greater proportion of the young old patients received paracetamol combined with codeine (OR = 3.25, 95% CI 1.02-10.40). CONCLUSIONS There appeared to be no differences in healthcare workers' documentation of pain characteristics in young old and oldest old patients, but young old patients were more likely to receive paracetamol in combination with codeine. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE A limitation of the study is the retrospective design and that data were collected from a single hospital. Therefore, caution should be taken for interpretation of the results. The use of systematic patient-reported assessments in combination with feasible validated tools could contribute to more comprehensive documentation of pain intensity and improved pain control.
Bifunctional cis-Abienol Synthase from Abies balsamea Discovered by Transcriptome Sequencing and Its Implications for Diterpenoid Fragrance Production*

Background: Balsam fir produces cis-abienol, a natural product of value to the fragrance industry. Results: We describe the genomics-based discovery of balsam fir cis-abienol synthase. Conclusion: cis-Abienol synthase is a bifunctional diterpene synthase that produces a bicyclic diterpenol in the class II active site. Significance: cis-Abienol synthase is a new enzyme for metabolic engineering of plants or microorganisms to produce high value fragrance compounds. The labdanoid diterpene alcohol cis-abienol is a major component of the aromatic oleoresin of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and serves as a valuable bioproduct material for the fragrance industry. Using high-throughput 454 transcriptome sequencing and metabolite profiling of balsam fir bark tissue, we identified candidate diterpene synthase sequences for full-length cDNA cloning and functional characterization. We discovered a bifunctional class I/II cis-abienol synthase (AbCAS), along with the paralogous levopimaradiene/abietadiene synthase and isopimaradiene synthase, all of which are members of the gymnosperm-specific TPS-d subfamily. The AbCAS-catalyzed formation of cis-abienol proceeds via cyclization and hydroxylation at carbon C-8 of a postulated carbocation intermediate in the class II active site, followed by cleavage of the diphosphate group and termination of the reaction sequence without further cyclization in the class I active site. This reaction mechanism is distinct from that of synthases of the isopimaradiene- or levopimaradiene/abietadiene synthase type, which employ deprotonation reactions in the class II active site and secondary cyclizations in the class I active site, leading to tricyclic diterpenes. Comparative homology modeling suggested the active site residues Asp-348, Leu-617, Phe-696, and Gly-723 as potentially important for the specificity of AbCAS. As a class I/II bifunctional enzyme, AbCAS is a promising target for metabolic engineering of cis-abienol production.
Resumable Load Data Compression in Smart Grids

We propose a compression approach for load profile data, which addresses practical requirements of smart metering. By providing linear time complexity with respect to the input data size, our compression approach is suitable for low-complexity encoding and decoding for storage and transmission of load profile data in smart grids. Furthermore, it allows for resumability with very low overhead on error-prone transmission lines, which is an important feature not available for standard time series compression schemes. In terms of compression efficiency, our approach outperforms transmission encodings that are currently used for electricity metering by an order of magnitude.
Adaptive Changes of Glioblastoma Cells Following Exposure to Hypoxic (1% Oxygen) Tumour Microenvironment

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive and malignant primary brain tumour, with a median survival rate of between 15 to 17 months. Heterogeneous regions occur in glioblastoma as a result of oxygen gradients which ranges from 0.1% to 10% in vivo. Emerging evidence suggests that tumour hypoxia leads to increased aggressiveness and chemo/radio resistance. Yet, few in vitro studies have been performed in hypoxia. Using three glioblastoma cell-lines (U87, U251, and SNB19), the adaptation of glioblastoma cells in a 1% (hypoxia) and 20% (normoxia) oxygen microenvironment on proliferation, metabolism, migration, neurosphere formation, CD133 and VEGF expression was investigated. Compared to cells maintained in normoxia (20% oxygen), glioblastoma cells adapted to 1% oxygen tension by reducing proliferation and enhancing metabolism. Both migratory tendency and neurosphere formation ability were greatly limited. In addition, hypoxic-mediated gene upregulation (CD133 and VEGF) was reversed when cells were removed from the hypoxic environment. Collectively, our results reveal that hypoxia plays a pivotal role in changing the behaviour of glioblastoma cells. We have also shown that genetic modulation can be reversed, supporting the concept of reversibility. Thus, understanding the degree of oxygen gradient in glioblastoma will be crucial in personalising treatment for glioblastoma patients.
Infant Response to Impending Optical Collision

Young infants withdraw their heads when shown a display simulating a rectangle rotating towards their faces. The head withdrawal is specific to that transformation and is not elicited by a similar transformation which does not specify approach. This is possible evidence of an unlearned ability to pick up information about change of position in the third dimension.
Psychological Empowerment and Job Satisfaction

This research investigates the interactive effects of the psychological empowerment dimensions on job satisfaction. Using data collected from employees of multiple organizations, the authors find intriguing three-way interactions among the dimensions. Choice has a weak but negative effect on job satisfaction when both competence and impact are high or low but has a strong positive effect when one of the two dimensions is low and the other is high. Impact has no effect on job satisfaction when choice and competence are both high or both low. The effect of impact is positive only when one of the two dimensions is high and the other is low. In addition, high levels of choice and competence reinforce the positive effect of meaning on job satisfaction. The results offer important insights for future theory development on psychological empowerment.
Children, but not great apes, respect ownership.

Access to and control of resources is a major source of costly conflicts. Animals, under some conditions, respect what others control and use (i.e. possession). Humans not only respect possession of resources, they also respect ownership. Ownership can be viewed as a cooperative arrangement, where individuals inhibit their tendency to take others' property on the condition that those others will do the same. We investigated to what degree great apes follow this principle, as compared to human children. We conducted two experiments, in which dyads of individuals could access the same food resources. The main test of respect for ownership was whether individuals would refrain from taking their partner's resources even when the partner could not immediately access and control them. Captive apes (N = 14 dyads) failed to respect their partner's claim on food resources and frequently monopolized the resources when given the opportunity. Human children (N = 14 dyads), tested with a similar apparatus and procedure, respected their partner's claim and made spontaneous verbal references to ownership. Such respect for the property of others highlights the uniquely cooperative nature of human ownership arrangements.
Ethanolamine utilization in Salmonella typhimurium

Ethanolamine can serve as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen for Salmonella typhimurium if vitamin B12 is present to serve as a cofactor. The pathway for ethanolamine utilization has been investigated in order to understand its regulation and determine whether the pathway is important to the selective forces that have maintained the ability to synthesize B12 in S. typhimurium. We isolated mutants that are defective in ethanolamine utilization (eut mutants). These mutants defined a cluster of genes located between purC and cysA at 50 min on the Salmonella chromosome. A genetic map of the eut region was constructed. Included in the map are mutations which affect ethanolamine ammonia lyase, the first degradative enzyme, and mutations which affect the second enzyme in the pathway, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Transcriptional regulation of the eut genes was studied by using eut-lac operon fusions created by insertion of Mu d lac. Transcription is induced by the simultaneous presence of ethanolamine and B12 in the growth medium. The eut genes constitute a single unit of transcription. One class of mutations located at the promoter-distal end of the eut operon prevent induction of transcription.
Ontogeny of Surfactant Apoproteins in the Rat

ABSTRACT: Content of the 26–38-kD surfactant apoprotein (SP-A) was determined in lung homogenates from fetal (17–21 d gestation), postnatal (1–28 d of life), and adult male and female rats by a double sandwich ELISA. Expression of mRNA for SP-A as well as the hydrophobic apoproteins, SP-B and SP-C, were also determined in lung homogenates from fetal and adult rats of both sexes by Northern blot analysis. SP-A was undetectable in fetal lungs on d 17 (day of birth = d 22) and barely detectable on d 18. On d 19 there was a 3- to 4-fold increase in SP-A content above d 18 levels. Between d 19 and 21 SP-A content significantly increased another 6- to 9-fold. SP-A content on the day of birth was not significantly different from that seen on gestational d 21. SP-A content decreased 35–40% between the day of birth and postnatal d 7. After the second postnatal week SP-A content gradually increased, reaching adult levels after d 28. No sex differences in SP-A content were observed during fetal or postnatal lung maturation. SP-A mRNA was first detected in fetal lungs on d 18 and increased in relative abundance until d 21, but remained below adult levels. Developmental changes in fetal lung SP-A content closely paralleled changes in fetal expression of SP-A mRNA. SP-B mRNA was also first detected on d 18, then increased in relative abundance to adult levels by d 20. SP-C mRNA was clearly detectable on d 17, then increased in relative abundance to adult levels by d 20–21. Unlike surfactant phospholipids, there are no apparent sex differences in the expression of any of the surfactant apoproteins during late gestation. The differences observed during fetal lung maturation in the time of onset and changes in relative abundance among the three apoprotein mRNA imply that their genes may be differentially regulated in the developing rat lung.
Model‐based demographic inference of introgression history in European whitefish species pairs'

Parallel phenotypic differentiation is generally attributed to parallel adaptive divergence as an evolutionary response to similar environmental contrasts. Such parallelism may actually originate from several evolutionary scenarios ranging from repeated parallel divergence caused by divergent selection to a unique divergence event followed by gene flow. Reconstructing the evolutionary history underlying parallel phenotypic differentiation is thus fundamental to understand the relative contribution of demography and selection on genomic divergence during speciation. In this study, we investigate the divergence history of replicate European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), limnetic and benthic species pairs from two lakes in Norway and two lakes in Switzerland. Demographic models accounting for semi‐permeability and linked selection were fitted to the unfolded joint allele frequency spectrum built from genome‐wide SNPs and compared to each other in each species pair. We found strong support for a model of asymmetrical post‐glacial secondary contact between glacial lineages in all four lakes. Moreover, our results suggest that heterogeneous genomic differentiation has been shaped by the joint action of linked selection accelerating lineage sorting during allopatry, and heterogeneous migration eroding divergence at different rates along the genome following secondary contact. Our analyses reveal how the interplay between demography, selection and historical contingency has influenced the levels of diversity observed in previous whitefish phylogeographic studies. This study thus provides new insights into the historical demographic and selective processes that shaped the divergence associated with ecological speciation in European whitefish.
Correlations of cosmic tidal fields

We study correlations amongst tidal fields originated by the large-scale distribution of matter in the Universe. The two-point tidal correlation is described as a rank-4 tensor, the elements of which can be written in terms of four fundamental scalar functions ranging, with respect to the spatial separation, from purely transversal to purely longitudinal correlations. Tidal fields, on both galaxy and cluster scales, are revealed to be correlated over distances larger than the mass–density correlation length, although traceless tidal fields show anti-correlation between diagonal terms along orthogonal directions. The cross-correlation between mass and tidal field is also analysed. These results are relevant for galaxy formation and the interpretation of large-scale weak lensing phenomena.
Research and Global Perspectives in Learning Disabilities: Essays in Honor of William M. Cruickshank. The LEA Series on Special Education and Disability.

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Analysis of the Free Energy in a Stochastic RNA Secondary Structure Model

There are two custom ways for predicting RNA secondary structures: minimizing the free energy of a conformation according to a thermodynamic model and maximizing the probability of a folding according to a stochastic model. In most cases, stochastic grammars are used for the latter alternative applying the maximum likelihood principle for determining a grammar's probabilities. In this paper, building on such a stochastic model, we will analyze the expected minimum free energy of an RNA molecule according to Turner's energy rules. Even if the parameters of our grammar are chosen with respect to structural properties of native molecules only (and therefore, independent of molecules' free energy), we prove formulae for the expected minimum free energy and the corresponding variance as functions of the molecule's size which perfectly fit the native behavior of free energies. This gives proof for a high quality of our stochastic model making it a handy tool for further investigations. In fact, the stochastic model for RNA secondary structures presented in this work has, for example, been used as the basis of a new algorithm for the (nonuniform) generation of random RNA secondary structures.
Examining NAEP: The Effect of Item Format on Struggling 4th Graders' Reading Comprehension

Mixed item formats are in extensive use in large-scale assessment today and widely accepted as a means to improve assessment validity. Many studies have investigated the differential effect of Item Format on gender and ethnic subgroups in mathematics, yet few of these studies have attended to their impact on students with limited language proficiency and linguistic abilities in the area of reading. As educational policy increasingly mandates the inclusion of minorities such as English Language Learners (ELL) and students diagnosed with Specific Learning Disability (SLD) in federal and state assessment, many question the validity of achievement test scores because the degree to which the test score is a function of language proficiency is not clearly understood (Mahoney, 2008). To fill that research void, this study investigated Item Format effect and its interaction with (a) group membership as an ELL and/or SLD student and (b) assessment format differences related to genre and reading content. The software program ConQuest (Wu et al., 2007) was used to conduct Item Response Modeling on the 2007 NAEP 4th grade reading achievement data. Analysis demonstrated an overall hierarchy of Item Format difficulty. Contrary to expectation, DIF analysis demonstrated that flagged CR items favored both ELL and SLD students, while flagged MC items generally favored the Non-SLD group. But, multidimensional regression analysis demonstrated that there is no interaction between Item Format and group membership because the effect was virtually equivalent across MC and CR formats for the reference and focal groups. In looking to the future of assessment design, more research is needed to fully understand how Item Format differences contribute to assessment difficulty, the limited application of various Item Formats, specifically how they are suited to particular content, and how to blend Item Formats in a manner that utilizes their unique benefits while also producing fair results (Hastedt & Sibberns, 2005).
Grouping Language Model Boundary Words to Speed K–Best Extraction from Hypergraphs

We propose a new algorithm to approximately extract top-scoring hypotheses from a hypergraph when the score includes an N ‐gram language model. In the popular cube pruning algorithm, every hypothesis is annotated with boundary words and permitted to recombine only if all boundary words are equal. However, many hypotheses share some, but not all, boundary words. We use these common boundary words to group hypotheses and do so recursively, resulting in a tree of hypotheses. This tree forms the basis for our new search algorithm that iteratively refines groups of boundary words on demand. Machine translation experiments show our algorithm makes translation 1.50 to 3.51 times as fast as with cube pruning in common cases.
Concurrent optimization of plasma shape and vertical position controllers for ITER tokamak

Approach to concurrent plasma dynamics parametric optimization is presented. Trajectories ensemble set and composition of controllers of control system is considered for optimization of plasma dynamic. Optimization of ensemble border of perturbed motions is performed. Accounted ensemble of external influences set over time and initial deviations set. This approach solves the problem of concurrent optimization of the composition of controllers for plasma control. The results of numerical plasma dynamics optimization for ITER tokamak are discussed.
Derivation of the Matalon-Packter law for Liesegang patterns

Theoretical models of the Liesegang phenomena are studied and simple expressions for the spacing coefficients characterizing the patterns are derived. The emphasis is on displaying the explicit dependences on the concentrations of the inner and the outer electrolytes. Competing theories (ion-product supersaturation, nucleation and droplet growth, induced sol-coagulation) are treated with the aim of finding the distinguishing features of the theories. The predictions are compared with experiments and the results suggest that the induced sol-coagulation theory is the best candidate for describing the experimental observations embodied in the Matalon-Packter law.
A Method for the Rapid Estimation of the Percentage Oxygen Saturation and Oxygen Content of Blood

It is certain that similar changes have been taking place in other countries during the period under examination. For instance, in Toronto, Canada, typical 6-year-old elementary-school children were 2 in. taller in 1939 than in 1892, 9-year-old children were 3 in. taller, and 13-year-old girls and 14-year-old boys were about 3.2 in. taller. Half of the observed differences have taken place since 1923 (Meredith and Meredith, 1944). It is clear that the remarkable changes which have occurred in the mean statures and weights of children over the last seventy years are part of a long-term trend in the growth of children. The changes defined not only imply the need of up-to-date height and weight standards for paediatric practice, and the making of corresponding adjustments in the size and relative dimensions of children's clothing and school equipment, but they make it apparent that anthropometric measurements can yield information of great interest.