Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cellular Phone Use While Driving at Night

Objective. Use of a cellular phone has been shown to negatively affect one's attention to the driving task, leading to an increase in crash risk. At any given daylight hour, about 6% of US drivers are actively talking on a hand-held cell phone. However, previous surveys have focused only on cell phone use during the day. Driving at night has been shown to be a riskier activity than driving during the day. The purpose of the current study was to assess the rate of hand-held cellular phone use while driving at night, using specialized night vision equipment. Methods. In 2006, two statewide direct observation survey waves of nighttime cellular phone use were conducted in Indiana utilizing specialized night vision equipment. Combined results of driver hand-held cellular phone use from both waves are presented in this manuscript. Results. The rates of nighttime cell phone use were similar to results found in previous daytime studies. The overall rate of nighttime hand-held cellular phone use was 5.8 ± 0.6%. Cellular phone use was highest for females and for younger drivers. In fact, the highest rate observed during the study (of 11.9%) was for 16-to 29-year-old females. Conclusions. The high level of cellular phone use found within the young age group, coupled with the increased crash risk associated with cellular phone use, nighttime driving, and for young drivers in general, suggests that this issue may become an important transportation-related concern.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of adults to the protective actions against sun in northwest Tehran, Iran.

BACKGROUND Wrong beliefs about risky actions such as sunbathing and tanning are common due to media advertisements or general lack of knowledge. This work has focused on the knowledge and attitude of a group of citizens in Tehran, Iran and the protective actions they take regarding undesirable effects of the sun. METHODS A descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study has been conducted on 400 randomly selected individuals from the citizens of Shahrak-E-Gharb, an area in northwest Tehran. A questionnaire comprising 24 questions including demographic information, individuals' knowledge about sun exposure, and their opinions and behaviors on protective actions towards solar radiation were used to assess study objectives. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for socio-demographic factors were calculated through univariate and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS The majority of participants had good knowledge about sun protective behaviors. Knowledge about sun exposure duration and tanning was higher among women and those with higher education. As for attitude, only 15% were concerned about skin cancer and 61.8% thought skin cancer can be prevented by sun protection. Higher education was associated with a more positive attitude towards tanning. Among respondents, 41% had suitable clothing to protect themselves against sun burn and only 32% used sunscreen most of the time. University graduates had significantly better practice towards using sunscreen cream compared to high school graduates. CONCLUSION Although our study sample possessed good knowledge towards sun protection, their attitude and practices were unsatisfactory. Thereby, they need to be informed and educated as how to be safely protected against excessive sun exposure.
Comparison of whole-body vibration exposures in buses: effects and interactions of bus and seat design

Bus and seat design may be important for the drivers' whole-body vibration (WBV). WBV exposures in buses during actual operation were assessed. WBV attenuation performance between an air-suspension seat and a static pedestal seat in low-floor buses was compared; there were no differences in WBV attenuation between the seats. Air-suspension seat performance in a high-floor and low-floor bus was compared. Relative to the pedestal seat with its relatively static, limited travel seat suspension, the air-suspension seat with its dynamic, longer travel suspension provided little additional benefit. Relative to the measurement collected at the bus floor, the air-suspension seat amplified the WBV exposures in the high-floor bus. All WBV exposures were below European Union (EU) daily exposure action values. The EU Vibration Directive only allows the predominant axis of vibration exposure to be evaluated but a tri-axial vector sum exposure may be more representative of the actual health risks. Practitioner Summary: Low back pain is common in bus drivers and studies have shown a relationship with whole body vibration. Relative to a pedestal seat with its limited travel seat suspension, the air-suspension seat with its longer travel suspension provided little additional benefit. Exposures were below European Union daily exposure action values.
Towards Collaboration Translucence: Giving Meaning to Multimodal Group Data

Collocated, face-to-face teamwork remains a pervasive mode of working, which is hard to replicate online. Team members' embodied, multimodal interaction with each other and artefacts has been studied by researchers, but due to its complexity, has remained opaque to automated analysis. However, the ready availability of sensors makes it increasingly affordable to instrument work spaces to study teamwork and groupwork. The possibility of visualising key aspects of a collaboration has huge potential for both academic and professional learning, but a frontline challenge is the enrichment of quantitative data streams with the qualitative insights needed to make sense of them. In response, we introduce the concept of collaboration translucence, an approach to make visible selected features of group activity. This is grounded both theoretically (in the physical, epistemic, social and affective dimensions of group activity), and contextually (using domain-specific concepts). We illustrate the approach from the automated analysis of healthcare simulations to train nurses, generating four visual proxies that fuse multimodal data into higher order patterns.
The effects of sleep on performance of undergraduate students working in the hospitality industry as compared to those who are not working in the industry

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of sleep on academic performance and job performance. A total of 172 undergraduate students completed an on- line questionnaire and their GPAs were obtained from the registrar’s office. Data were analyzed using t-test, principal component analysis, and stepwise regression. The results were consistent with delayed sleep phrase syndrome, a common sleep problem in college students. Also, sleep latency and sleep medicine were negatively correlated with academic performance, and sleep quality was significantly associated with job performance. The knowledge of the impact of sleep is effective for educators and employers in helping students with sleep problems. Educators and employers need to be cognizant of the importance of sleep for students’ success in their academic performance and job performance.
Mechanical Properties of Ti–6Al–4V Titanium Alloy with Submicrocrystalline Structure Produced by Severe Plastic Deformation

A comparative investigation of mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy with microcrystalline and submicrocrystalline structures in the temperature range of 20–600 � C has been carried out. The grain sizes under the submicrocrystalline and microcrystalline conditions are 0.4 and 10 mm, respectively. The alloy with the microcrystalline structure has been additionally subjected to a heat-strengthened treatment. The structure refinement of the alloy results in increase in both strength and fatigue limit at room temperature by about 20%. With increasing deformation temperature, the strength of the submicrocrystalline alloy is higher than that of the microcrystalline alloy up to 400 � C. However, the creep strength of the submicrocrystalline alloy is slightly lower than that of the heat-strengthened microcrystalline alloy already at 250 � C.
Effects of alprenolol and isosorbide dinitrate in angina pectoris. A comparative study with methodological considerations.

Seventeen patients suffering from exertional angina pectoris according to their records, and confirmed by exercise testing, have been subjected to a 40-week study (including a 13-week pretrial period) for assessing the effects of placebo, isosorbide dinitrate (ISD) 5 mg q.i. d. orally, and alprenolol (ALP) (an adrenergic β-blocker) 100 mg q.i. d. Variables measured were nitroglycerin consumption, scale rating of subjective symptoms, casual exercise testing, and step counter readings of daily activity. These variables were used to calculate a “severity index” and a “total response index”. ISD was found to have some, possibly a transient, beneficial effect, which was related to a decrease in systolic BP. The effect of ALP was significantly better in 14 of 17 patients responding to the drug, both with regard to nitroglycerin consumption, severity index, total response index and exercise testing. Placebo tablets reduced nitroglycerin consumption by about 25% over 10 weeks, but the severity of angina was not influenced. Side-effects were few on all drugs. Only headache was reported significantly more often during ISD therapy. The methodology of testing treatment efficacy in angina over prolonged periods is discussed, and the severity index is compared with conventional variables such as attack counting, subjective rating and casual exercise testing. The severity index correlates well with the total response index. It is concluded that the severity index, although theoretically the most suitable variable, is in practice difficult to determine, and that a total response index probably is as sensitive, and easier to obtain on the basis of conventional variables.
Determinants of Inequity in Health Care Services Utilization in Markazi Province of Iran

Background National and international statistics from Iran have indicated that progresses and achievements have been made for most health indicators, but there are differences in some indicators in special groups and at the provincial level. Objectives Our aim was to assess the main predictors of inequity in seeking Health Care Utilities (HCU) locally. Patients and Methods Data gathered from the HCU survey, which was conducted in the Markazi province of Iran during 2008, was used in the present study. A systematic sampling method, based on the Iranian household framework, was applied in order to choose 758 households as well as 2711 individuals. The household wealth index constructed by Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and robust login link function in Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) model were used in order to determine the predictors of inequity. Results 66.4% of those in need sought outpatient health care from which 97.7% received appropriate services. After adjustment for the clustering effect of household as well as confounding effect of the covariates, GEE model showed that there were inequities in HCU for females (OR = 2.44, CI; 1.24- 4.81) and subjects with inpatient need (OR = 2.14, CI: 1.23-3.72). Being in the lowest quintile of household wealth index was associated with the lower use of outpatient health services (OR = 0.45, CI; 0.23- 0.88). Conclusions In spite of improvements in the national health indicator, different groups of people use health care services differently, but these inequities in HCU are related to social and individual factors. Also, it is clear that health sector facilities and the accessibility to health services are not the only predictors.
Smartphone Fingerprinting Combining Features of On-Board Sensors

Many everyday activities involve the exchange of confidential information through the use of a smartphone in mobility, i.e., sending on e-mail, checking bank account, buying on-line, accessing cloud platforms, and health monitoring. This demonstrates how security issues related to these operations are a major challenge in our society and in particular in the cyber-security domain. This paper focuses on the use of the smartphone intrinsic and physical characteristics as a mean to build a smartphone fingerprint to enable devices identification. The basic idea proposed in this paper is to investigate how to generate a specific fingerprint that allows to distinctively and reliably characterize each smartphone. In particular, the accelerometer, the gyroscope, the magnetometer, and the audio system (microphone-speaker) are taken into account to build up a composite fingerprint based on a set of their distinctive features. Many experiments have been carried out by analyzing different classification methods, diverse features combination configurations, and operative scenarios. Satisfactory results have been obtained showing that the combination of such sensors improves smartphone distinctiveness.
Paternity in an Orinoco Population of Endangered Arrau River Turtles, Podocnemis expansa (Pleurodira; Podocnemididae), from Venezuela

ABSTRACT We used genetic data from 7 microsatellite loci to determine the frequency of multiple paternity in clutches of giant Amazon river turtles, Podocnemis expansa, from the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Among hatchlings sampled from 32 clutches, paternity analysis found that a minimum of 10.3% could conclusively be shown to have been sired by more than one male. We contrast this result with those from another population of this species, as well as other species of turtles, and discuss the importance of documenting patterns of paternity in different populations of a given species and considering the effects of ecological differences among populations on female mating behavior.
Differential Expression of RFamide‐Related Peptide, a Mammalian Gonadotrophin‐Inhibitory Hormone Orthologue, and Kisspeptin in the Hypothalamus of Abadeh Ecotype Does During Breeding and Anoestrous Seasons

Gonadotrophin‐inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide that was discovered in birds as an inhibitory factor for gonadotrophin release. RFamide‐related peptide (RFRP) is a mammalian GnIH orthologue that inhibits gonadotrophin synthesis and release in mammals through actions on gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones and gonadotrophs, mediated via the GnIH receptor (GnIH‐R), GPR147. On the other hand, hypothalamic kisspeptin provokes the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus. The present study aimed to compare the expression of RFRP in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and paraventricular nucleus (DMH/PVN) and that of kisspeptin in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the female goat hypothalamus during anoestrous and breeding seasons. Mature female Abadeh does were used during anoestrus, as well as the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. The number of RFRP‐immunoreactive (‐IR) neurones in the follicular phase was lower than in the luteal and anoestrous stages. Irrespective of the ovarian stage, the number of RFRP‐IR neurones in the rostral and middle regions of the DMH/PVN was higher than in the caudal region. By contrast, the number of kisspeptin‐IR neurones in the follicular stage was greater than in the luteal stage and during the anoestrous stage. Irrespective of the stage of the ovarian cycle, the number of kisspeptin‐IR neurones in the caudal region of the ARC was greater than in the middle and rostral regions. In conclusion, RFRP‐IR cells were more abundant in the rostral region of the DMH/PVN nuclei of the hypothalamus, with a greater number being found during the luteal and anoestrous stages compared to the follicular stage. On the other hand, kisspeptin‐IR neurones were more abundant in the caudal part of the ARC, with a greater number recorded in the follicular stage compared to the luteal and anoestrous stages.
Spatial and temporal expression of S100B in cells of oligodendrocyte lineage

The analysis of oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage development has been facilitated by the immunocytochemical characterization of OL‐specific antigens and definition of the phenotypes sequentially acquired by differentiating OLs. The purpose of the present study was to address an enduring discrepancy between several reported cases of S100B immunodetection in CNS myelin and myelinating OLs on the one hand, and the systematic use of the S100B protein as an alleged astrocytic marker in studies of the mammalian CNS on the other. To resolve this discrepancy, we have compared the developmental distribution of EGFP+ cells in the CNS of s100b‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) (Vives et al., 2003) and cnp‐EGFP (Yuan et al., 2002) mice, and examined the degree of overlap between EGFP expression and that of stage‐specific markers of OL differentiation during the embryonic and postnatal phases of development. We demonstrate that the S100B protein is expressed in postnatal and adult populations of NG2+ progenitors of mouse brain, as well as in immature and mature myelinating OLs present in the brain and spinal cord of embryonic and adult mice, respectively. Comparison between EGFP and endogenous S100B expression in the s100b‐EGFP and cnp‐EGFP mice indicates that S100B protein expression is upregulated in immature and mature OLs. These results argue against the current view that S100B expression is restricted to the astrocytic lineage in the CNS, and indicate that the use of S100B in combination with other molecular markers will help discriminate oligodendrocytes from astrocytes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Analytical Model for DNS Performance with TTL Value 0 in Mobile Internet

The domain name system (DNS) is an existing and implemented network service in Internet providing host and service reachability, which is essential to every IP connection setup. Merge of mobile networks with Internet results in large flow of frequent updates to the DNS database, which is a threat for DNS database consistency, because of strong caching it uses. Even though DNS wasn't originally designed for networks supporting host mobility, it gets enabled, if caching of resource records, carrying mobile host's locator information, is disabled by setting the time-to-live (TTL) field to 0 and by enabling dynamic DNS updates from mobile hosts to authoritative name servers. In this paper we are interested in the impact of TTL value 0 on DNS system performance. Based on the modeling of DNS caching behavior, we have a quantitative evaluation of the TTL value 0 impact on DNS performance of the mobile enhanced Internet
The search dashboard: how reflection and comparison impact search behavior

Most searchers do not know how to use Web search engines as effectively as possible. This is due, in part, to search engines not providing feedback about how search behavior can be improved. Because feedback is an essential part of learning, we created the Search Dashboard, which provides an interface for reflection on personal search behavior. The Dashboard aggregates and presents an individual's search history and provides comparisons with that of archetypal expert profiles. Via a five-week study of 90 Search Dash-board users, we find that users are able to change aspects of their behavior to be more in line with that of the presented expert searchers. We also find that reflection can be beneficial, even without comparison, by changing participants' views about their own search skills, what is possible with search, and what aspects of their behavior may influence search success. Our findings demonstrate a new way for search engines to help users modify their search behavior for positive outcomes.
CARBON/NUTRIENT BALANCE IN RELATION TO BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND HALOGENATED COMPOUND CONTENT IN THE RED ALGA ASPARAGOPSIS TAXIFORMIS (BONNEMAISONIACEAE) 1

We tested how the availability of carbon and nitrogen determines both the production of Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) V. Trevis. and content of the two major halocarbons, bromoform and dibromoacetic acid. The halogenated secondary metabolites of Asparagopsis species are particularly interesting from an applied perspective due to their remarkable antimicrobial activity. Terrestrial ecologists named the relationship between resources and secondary metabolites as the carbon (C)/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. This relationship was tested both in the laboratory, with a factorial analysis using different concentrations of total ammonia (TAN) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and in an integrated aquaculture system where TAN and DIC fluxes of fish effluent were manipulated. The total C/N content of A. taxiformis biomass cultivated in laboratory was highly significantly linearly related to the content of both halocarbons, as predicted by the CNB hypothesis. A. taxiformis cultivated at low levels of carbon and high levels of nitrogen (N) (lowest C/N ratio) had the lowest content in both halogenated metabolites. Increased availability of CO2 in the medium resulted in a general higher halocarbon content in the biomass, even though the effect was only statistically significant for bromoform at high levels of N. The farm experiments supported the results of the laboratory experiments. DIC fluxes had the highest effect on the production of both bromoform and biomass, as shown by multiple regression analysis. In A. taxiformis integrated aquaculture, C, rather than N, is the most important factor affecting the production of biomass and of valuable halocarbon secondary metabolites.
Discounting and Divergence of Opinion

The objective of this paper is to adopt a general equilibrium model and determine the socially efficient discount factor, risk free rate and discount rate when there are heterogeneous anticipations about the growth of the economy as well as heterogeneous time preference rates. Among others we tackle the following questions. Is the socially efficient discount factor an arithmetic average of the individual subjectively anticipated discount factors? More generally, can the Arrow-Debreu prices, the risk free rates, the subjectively expected socially efficient discount factors and discount rates be obtained as an average of the individual subjectively anticipated ones? Can beliefs dispersion be analyzed as a sort of additional risk or uncertainty leading to possibly lower discount rates? Is it socially efficient, when diversity of opinion is taken into account, to reduce the discount rate per year for more distant horizons? If so, what is the trajectory of the decline?