Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Renal Function Responses to Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (SQ 20,881) in Two‐Kidney, One Clip Goldblatt Hypertensive Rats

SUMMARY The influence of the renln-angiotensin system on individual kidney function of two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertensive (GH) rats was evaluated by determining renal functional responses during intravenous infusion of converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI) (SQ 20,881, 0J rag/100 g-hr) for 3.5 bourn. Rats were made hypertensive by placing a 0.25 mm silver clip on the right renal artery 3-4 weeks prior to study. Normal rats and GH rats were prepared to allow urine collections from each kidney. Mean arterial pressure of GH rats fell significantly from preinfusion levels of 153 ± 7 to 126 ± 4 mm Hg during CEI infusion. Despite this decrease in arterial pressure, the nondipped kidneys with reduced renal renin activity (14 ± 5 vs 293 ± 40 ng Al/mg-hr in the clipped kidney) exhibited dramatic increases in gtomerular filtration rate (GFR) (from 1.45 ± 0.06 to 2.56 ± 0.35 ml/mln), urine flow (4.82 ± 0.71 to 9.11 ± 1.19 μl/mln), sodium excretion (0.10 ± 0.02 to 1.15 ± 0.39 μEq/mln), fractional sodium excretion (0.05% ± 0.02% to 0.43% ± 0.18%), and potassium excretion (0.94 ± 0.08 to 2.50 ± 0.55 /<Eq/mln). Significant arterial-pressure-associated decreases In GFR, urine flow, and salt excretion were observed in the clipped kidney. In normal rats, CEI infusion produced reductions in arterial pressure and increases in GFR, urine flow, and sodium excretion that were of smaller magnitude than those observed in the nondipped kidneys of GH rats. Plasma renin activity was significantly higher in GH rats than in normal rats (24.0 ± 2.7 vs 12.8 ± 3.4 ng AI/mMir). The augmented renal responses to CEI by the nondipped kidney suggest that elevated circulating angiotensin levels exert a substantial influence on hemodynamic and excretory function of these kidneys even though intrarenal renin activity is markedly reduced. This influence may lead to fluid and electrolyte retention and may partially explain the apparent failure of the nondipped kidney to prevent the development of hypertension.
Natural killer cells: multifaceted players with key roles in hepatitis C immunity

Natural killer cells (NKs) are involved in every stage of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection, from protection against HCV acquisition and resolution in the acute phase to treatment‐induced clearance. In addition to their direct antiviral actions, NKs are involved in the induction and priming of appropriate downstream T‐cell responses. In the setting of chronic HCV, overall NK cell levels are decreased, subset distribution is altered, and changes in NK receptor (NKR) expression have been demonstrated, although the contribution of individual NKRs to viral clearance or persistence remains to be clarified. Enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity accompanied by insufficient interferon‐γ production may promote liver damage in the setting of chronic infection. Treatment‐induced clearance is associated with activation of NK cells, and it will be of interest to monitor NK cell responses to triple therapy. Activated NK cells also have anti‐fibrotic properties, and the same hepatic NK cell populations that are actively involved in control of HCV may also be involved in control of HCV‐associated liver damage. We still have much to learn, in particular: how do liver‐derived NKs influence the outcome of HCV infection? Do NK receptors recognize HCV‐specific components? And, are HCV‐specific memory NK populations generated?
Attachment-Related Consequences of War Captivity and Trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A 17-Year Longitudinal Study

Attachment security contributes to resilience in times of stress, but it can be disrupted by traumatic events that shatter positive views of self and others. We followed Israeli ex-POWs of the Yom Kippur War over 17 years and examined associations between trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disruptions in the regulatory functions of the attachment system. Fifty-nine ex-POWs and 39 control veterans from the same war who had reported on PTSD 18, 30, and 35 years after the war performed laboratory cognitive tasks assessing activation of mental representations of security in response to threat and the ability of these representations to color neutral stimuli with positive affect and reduce access to trauma-related thoughts. As compared to controls, ex-POWs with persistent PTSD over the 17-year period exhibited dramatic disruptions in the soothing and healing functions of attachment security representations. These disruptions were not evident among ex-POWs with a worsening PTSD trajectory .
Measurement and Meaning in Information Systems and Organizational Research: Methodological and Philosophical Foundations

Despite renewed interest and many advances in methodology in recent years, information systems and organizational researchers face confusing and inconsistent guidance on how to choose amongst, implement, and interpret findings from the use of different measurement procedures. In this article, the related topics of measurement and construct validity are summarized and discussed, with particular focus on formative and reflective indicators and common method bias, and, where relevant, a number of allied issues are considered. The perspective taken is an eclectic and holistic one and attempts to address conceptual and philosophical essentials, raise salient questions, and pose plausible solutions to critical measurement dilemmas occurring in the managerial, behavioral, and social sciences.
Incubation in Insight Problem Solving

A break in the attentive activity devoted to a problem may eventually facilitate the solution process. This phenomenon is known by the name incubation. A new hypothesis regarding the incubation mechanism is suggested. It is based on analysis of the structure of insight problems and their solution process. According to this hypothesis, no activity takes place during the break. The break's only function is to divert the solver's attention from the problem, thus releasing her mind from the grip of a false organizing assumption. This enables the solver to apply a new organizing assumption to the problem's components upon returning to the problem. The numbers of experimental studies that confirm the existence of the incubation phenomenon, and those that do not support it, are roughly equal, thus the primary experimental aim of the study is to improve the methodology of manipulating the break. This was done by starting the break only after an impasse has been reached. The results indicate that the break improves performance in insight problem solving, but its length does not make a difference. This supports the suggested hypothesis and does not support hypotheses that postulate unconscious ongoing processes during the break.
Use of Decision Frames by Elementary School Children

This study evaluated Tversky and Kahneman's model of decision framing among 90 children, 30 each from Grades 1, 3, and 6. Students were first tested to determine their level of cognitive development. They then responded to two sets of decision tasks to determine the extent to which they corresponded to Tversky and Kahneman's predicted departures from rationality. Analyses showed that older children utilized mechanisms similar to those described for adults, while first and third graders did not. There was no effect as a function of cognitive level. The implications of these findings for theory and research are discussed.
The organization of frequency and binaural cues in the gerbil inferior colliculus

The inferior colliculus (IC) is the common target of separate pathways that transmit different types of auditory information. Beyond tonotopy, little is known about the organization of response properties within the 3‐dimensional layout of the auditory midbrain in most species. Through study of interaural time difference (ITD) processing, the functional properties of neurons can be readily characterized and related to specific pathways. To characterize the representation of ITDs relative to the frequency and hodological organization of the IC, the properties of neurons were recorded and the sites recovered histologically. Subdivisions of the IC were identified based on cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry. The results were plotted within a framework formed by an MRI atlas of the gerbil brain. The central nucleus was composed of two parts, and lateral and dorsal cortical areas were identified. The lateral part of the central nucleus had the highest CO activity in the IC and a high proportion of neurons sensitive to ITDs. The medial portion had lower CO activity and fewer ITD‐sensitive neurons. A common tonotopy with a dorsolateral to ventromedial gradient of low to high frequencies spanned the two regions. The distribution of physiological responses was in close agreement with known patterns of ascending inputs. An understanding of the 3‐dimensional organization of the IC is needed to specify how the single tonotopic representation in the IC central nucleus leads to the multiple tonotopic representations in core areas of the auditory cortex.
Money, Status, and the Ovulatory Cycle

Each month, millions of women experience an ovulatory cycle that regulates fertility. Previous consumer research has found that this cycle influences women's clothing and food preferences. The authors propose that the ovulatory cycle actually has a much broader effect on women's economic behavior. Drawing on theory in evolutionary psychology, the authors hypothesize that the week-long period near ovulation should boost women's desire for relative status, which should alter their economic decisions. Findings from three studies show that women near ovulation seek positional goods to improve their social standing. Additional findings reveal that ovulation leads women to pursue positional goods when doing so improves relative standing compared with other women but not compared with men. When playing the dictator game, for example, ovulating women gave smaller offers to a female partner but not to a male partner. Overall, women's monthly hormonal fluctuations seem to have a substantial effect on consumer behavior by systematically altering their positional concerns, a finding that has important implications for marketers, consumers, and researchers.
Lyα EMISSION FROM A LUMINOUS z = 8.68 GALAXY: IMPLICATIONS FOR GALAXIES AS TRACERS OF COSMIC REIONIZATION

We report the discovery of Lyman-alpha emission (Lyα) in the bright galaxy EGSY-2008532660 (hereafter EGSY8p7) using the Multi-Object Spectrometer For Infra-Red Exploration spectrograph at the Keck Observatory. First reported by Roberts-Borsani et al., this galaxy was selected for spectroscopic observations because of its photometric redshift ( z phot = 8.57 − 0.43 + 0.22 ? > ), apparent brightness (H 160 = 25.26 ± 0.09 ? > ), and red Spitzer/IRAC [3.6]–[4.5] color indicative of contamination by strong oxygen emission in the [4.5] band. With a total integration of ∼4.3 hr, our data reveal an emission line at ≃11776 Å that we argue is likely Lyα at a redshift of z spec = 8.683 − 0.004 + 0.001 ? > , in good agreement with the photometric estimate. The line was detected independently on two nights using different slit orientations and its detection significance is ∼ 7.5 &sgr; ? > . An overlapping skyline contributes significantly to the uncertainty on the total line flux, although the significance of the detected line is robust to a variety of skyline-masking procedures. By direct addition and a Gaussian fit, we estimate a 95% confidence range of 1.0–2.5 × 10−17 erg s−1 cm−2, corresponding to a rest-frame equivalent width of 17–42 Å. EGSY8p7 is the most distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxy to date, and the third luminous source in the EGS field beyond z phot ≳ 7.5 ? > with detectable Lyα emission, viewed at a time when the intergalactic medium is believed to be fairly neutral. Although the reionization process was probably patchy, we discuss whether luminous sources with prominent IRAC color excesses may harbor harder ionizing spectra than the dominant fainter population, thereby creating earlier ionized bubbles. Further spectroscopic follow-up of such bright sources promises important insights into the early formation of galaxies.
Structure and expression analysis of rice paleo duplications

Having a well-known history of genome duplication, rice is a good model for studying structural and functional evolution of paleo duplications. Improved sequence alignment criteria were used to characterize 10 major chromosome-to-chromosome duplication relationships associated with 1440 paralogous pairs, covering 47.8% of the rice genome, with 12.6% of genes that are conserved within sister blocks. Using a micro-array experiment, a genome-wide expression map has been produced, in which 2382 genes show significant differences of expression in root, leaf and grain. By integrating both structural (1440 paralogous pairs) and functional information (2382 differentially expressed genes), we identified 115 paralogous gene pairs for which at least one copy is differentially expressed in one of the three tissues. A vast majority of the 115 paralogous gene pairs have been neofunctionalized or subfunctionalized as 88%, 89% and 96% of duplicates, respectively, expressed in grain, leaf and root show distinct expression patterns. On the basis of a Gene Ontology analysis, we have identified and characterized the gene families that have been structurally and functionally preferentially retained in the duplication showing that the vast majority (>85%) of duplicated have been either lost or have been subfunctionalized or neofunctionalized during 50–70 million years of evolution.
Childhood Exposure to Segregation and Long-Run Criminal Involvement - Evidence from the “Whole of Sweden” Strategy#

Crime is disproportionately concentrated among minority youths living in highly segregated neighborhoods. In this paper we present quasi-experimental evidence on how exposure to immigrant residential segregation during childhood affects male youths’ criminal behavior. Our analysis exploits the “Whole of Sweden Strategy” in which all newly arrived refugees and their children during the years 1985–1994 were assigned to their initial neighborhood. We follow the children for a period up to 19 years using administrative records. We find evidence that exposure to a neighborhood with a large share of immigrants increases the probability of committing drug related crimes as well as raises the likelihood of being incarcerated later in life. Our results indicate that a one standard deviation decrease in segregation would shrink the immigrant-to-native crime gap for these specific types of offenses by about 20 percent. The impacts are mainly concentrated among youths with low educated parents. Our findings further lend some support to the idea that the relationship between segregation and crime may arise because of a weakened labor force attachment among individuals who grew up in segregated areas.
Quorum-sensing system of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from diabetic foot ulcers

Foot ulceration is a major complication of diabetes. Several microorganisms can colonize these wounds, being Staphylococcus aureus frequently isolated. It produces numerous virulence factors controlled by Quorum-sensing system, encoded by agr (accessory gene regulator). Currently four distinct genetic agr groups have been established. Quorum-sensing system of a collection of 23 S. aureus DFU isolates was characterized. agr type was evaluated by PCR, and gene copy number by absolute quantification with qPCR. The occurrence of alterations in agr copy numbers in S. aureus from polymicrobial infections was evaluated. Presence of mecA and mecC genes, responsible for methicillin resistance, was studied. It was possible to detect agrI and agrII in 52.2% and 39.1% of the isolates, respectively. In two isolates it was not possible to identify any agr type, and types III and IV were not detected. Copy number obtained ranged from 7.1 to 94279 copies of total gDNA and from 72.9 to 1487.9 copies of total gDNA. Variation in agr copy number of S. aureus from polymicrobial infections was observed. mecA occurred in 35% of the isolates, yet none tested positive for mecC. In conclusion, results show that agr type varies among DFU isolates and that agrI has a higher variance between copy numbers, in comparison with agrII, which may be related with a higher production of virulence factors. However, more studies targeting the characterization and variations of S. aureus DFU isolates agr system are still required in order to assess their impact in wounds prognostic and establishment of therapeutic protocols.
Identifying and challenging unhelpful thinking

In the first two articles of this series ([Williams & Garland, 2002][1]; [Wright et al , 2002][2]), we looked at the different areas of human experience that alter during times of mental illness. The Five Areas Assessment model ([Williams, 2001][3]; see also Fig. 1 of [Williams & Garland, 2002][1])
Whey protein supplementation preserves postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis during short-term energy restriction in overweight and obese adults.

BACKGROUND Higher dietary energy as protein during weight loss results in a greater loss of fat mass and retention of muscle mass; however, the impact of protein quality on the rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) and lipolysis, processes that are important in the maintenance of muscle and loss of fat, respectively, are unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine how the consumption of different sources of proteins (soy or whey) during a controlled short-term (14-d) hypoenergetic diet affected MPS and lipolysis. METHODS Men (n = 19) and women (n = 21) (age 35-65 y; body mass index 28-50 kg/m(2)) completed a 14-d controlled hypoenergetic diet (-750 kcal/d). Participants were randomly assigned, double blind, to receive twice-daily supplements of isolated whey (27 g/supplement) or soy (26 g/supplement), providing a total protein intake of 1.3 ± 0.1 g/(kg · d), or isoenergetic carbohydrate (25 g maltodextrin/supplement) resulting in a total protein intake of 0.7 ± 0.1 g/(kg · d). Before and after the dietary intervention, primed continuous infusions of L-[ring-(13)C6] phenylalanine and [(2)H5]-glycerol were used to measure postabsorptive and postprandial rates of MPS and lipolysis. RESULTS Preintervention, MPS was stimulated more (P < 0.05) with ingestion of whey than with soy or carbohydrate. Postintervention, postabsorptive MPS decreased similarly in all groups (all P < 0.05). Postprandial MPS was reduced by 9 ± 1% in the whey group, which was less (P < 0.05) than the reduction in soy and carbohydrate groups (28 ± 5% and 31 ± 5%, respectively; both P < 0.05) after the intervention. Lipolysis was suppressed during the postprandial period (P < 0.05), but more so with ingestion of carbohydrate (P < 0.05) than soy or whey. CONCLUSION We conclude that whey protein supplementation attenuated the decline in postprandial rates of MPS after weight loss, which may be of importance in the preservation of lean mass during longer-term weight loss interventions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01530646.
Harnessing the Power of Education Research Databases With the Pearl-Harvesting Methodological Framework for Information Retrieval

Digital technologies enable the storage of vast amounts of information, accessible with remarkable ease. However, along with this facility comes the challenge to find pertinent information from the volumes of nonrelevant information. The present article describes the pearl-harvesting methodological framework for information retrieval. Pearl harvesting relies on the sampling of articles from a body of literature to extract the relevant search keywords. The general steps for using this method were applied to finding the essential list of search keywords for the topic of developmental disabilities. The success with the present investigation suggests that pearl harvesting might be used as a framework to develop keyword search lists in other areas, thereby providing a general methodology to help manage comprehensive literature reviews.
Independence Revisited: The Relation between Positive and Negative Affect in a Naturalistic Setting

Although most research supports Bradburn's 1969 finding that positive and negative affect are independent between situations, affect independence within a given situation has not been demonstrated convincingly. The relation between the two types of affect, within and between situations, was examined in a naturalistic setting. Subjects were students who participated in a longitudinal study of emotion. Separate measures of positive and negative affect were obtained at the beginning and end of three successive class sessions. A natural mood induction of test performance feedback separated the two measurements on the second day of the study. Results support the independence of positive and negative affect within and between situations: Success feedback increased positive affect but did not influence negative affect; failure feedback increased negative affect but did not influence positive affect. Within each measurement period, correlations between positive and negative affect were nonsignificant. Results offer support for a two-dimensional structure of affect.
Social Marketing

This article examines the development of social marketing research from 1998 to 2012. Drawing upon journal and database searches, 867 articles were retrieved and then analyzed in the light of the content analysis method. The article indicates that social marketing has captured increasing research attention, as evidenced by the growing number of articles published. U.S.- and U.K.-based researchers and institutions have contributed significantly to shaping knowledge in the field. Public health has predominantly been the research topic and hence more articles have been published in health-related journals than in marketing-related journals. Substantial research has focused on downstream social marketing, while the upstream and critical dimension has been given limited attention. Behavior change theories underlying social marketing studies were not always reported, leading to difficulties in identifying common factors in effective interventions. Social marketing research has been dominated by qualitative methods, although both quantitative and mixed methods are gaining prominence. Limitations to the article are discussed and gaps for further research indicated.
An Introduction to Sports Concussion for the Sport Psychology Consultant

This paper was designed to introduce the sport psychology consultant (SPC) to the relevant practical and theoretical information pertaining to sports concussion. The paper discusses four key areas related to sports concussion: 1) recognition, 2) management, 3) psychological issues following a concussion, and 4) prevention and education. Throughout the paper, the authors emphasize the role of the SPC in each of these four areas. An integrated review of the sport concussion literature and current research and guidelines regarding the definition, pathophysiology, symptoms, neuropsychological testing, and risk factors for concussion is presented. The SPC's roles in educating and helping athletes deal with post-concussion issues such as the pressure to return to play and fear of reinjury are examined. The authors highlight the need for baseline neuropsychological testing of athletes; and advocate a multidimensional team approach to sport concussion, involving the SPC as a key member of that team.