Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pain Management Strategies and Time Spent on Scene for Pre-Hospital Analgesia Provision in an Alpine Environment: A Retrospective Study

Objective: The delivery of a safe an effective analgesia is a core principle and a priority of prehospital care. Analgesia in hostile environments (mountain settings, etc.) presents various challenges, and the benefit-risk ratio of the procedure should be evaluated. The objective of this study was to examine pain management strategies and the time spent on scene for analgesia provisions in an alpine environment. Methods: We undertook a retrospective study from a single physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service in the Swiss Alps. Patients with isolated limb injuries were included. We examined the choice and route of analgesic medication, patient monitoring, medical co-treatments and time delays during the rescue mission. Results: Analgesia was provided to 657 (57%) of the 1156 included patients. Fentanyl was most commonly administered followed by ketamine, with or without fentanyl. Heart rhythm monitoring, oxygen administration, and saline infusion were used infrequently, but were used significantly more often in patients treated with ketamine. The median time on site was 6 minutes longer for patients receiving intravenous analgesia compared with those not receiving it. Conclusion: Analgesia in hostile environments seems to be limited to essential procedures. The safety of this approach must be confirmed.
Empowered and self-managing users in methadone treatment?

Empowerment is a keyword in treatment. Users should have the means and possibilities to influence their treatment and become self-managing. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in a Danish methadone treatment project, we find that the practices of users and staff are often not carried out in accordance with governmental intentions. We identify a gap between the official notions of treatment and practices. We analyse the notions and practices of empowerment by applying two analytical perspectives. First, we apply a constructionist perspective in which empowerment is analysed as wanting to set users ‘free’ but also as ways to govern. We elaborate the analysis by applying a more practice-oriented focus. Drawing on this perspective, we analyse the ways in which staff and users constantly produce, construct and negotiate institutional practices that differ from the governmental intentions for treatment.
Trends and Issues in Genre-Based Approaches

The increasing influence of genre-based approaches in English language teaching is now well-attested by the growing literature on the subject. The author in this article first sets out to clarify what is meant by 'Genre Theory' with its focus on text, purpose, meaning and choice. In the second part of the article she addresses the specific area of genres in the classroom and the importance of contextual analysis, planning and implementation. Finally in the conclusion issues are raised with regard to the need for effective imple mentation in syllabus design, materials development and the professional development of teachers.
Perspectives about Pandemic Influenza and Its Prophylactic Measures among Final Year Pharmacy Students in Karachi, Pakistan

Aims: In flu pandemics, pharmacy students' knowledge, attitudes, and practices are critical to save patients life. The objective of study was to determine the knowledge of and attitude toward the pandemic influenza among the pharmacy students of Karachi, Pakistan. Settings and Designs: The cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2014 by adopting a prevalidated questionnaire distributed to senior pharmacy students (final year) in seven private and public sector universities of Karachi. Materials and Methods: A total of 443 pharmacy students responded the survey. Data regarding sociodemographic characteristics of the students, perceptions, level of knowledge and attitudes toward influenza, and prophylactic measures were collected. Statistical Analysis: To compute the correlation between different variables, data were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square statistic method. P< 0.05 was considered statistical significance for all analysis. Results: Influenza was identified as a viral disease (n = 423; 95.48%) and 282 (71.2%) students correctly identified it as disease affecting humans and pigs. Textbooks reported as most common source of knowledge (n = 282; 64%). Most common symptoms identified were fever (81.94%), sore throat (64.1%), and nonproductive cough (43.34%). The most common preventive measures were covering nose and mouth (268; 60.5%) and wearing protective coverings (254; 57.3%). Only half of the students correctly reported about the route of administration (180; 40.6%) and strains in vaccine (186; 41.98%). The best time for administration of such vaccine was known by only 156 pharmacy students (35.34%). The majority of the students (82.6%) had no idea about the manifestation of influenza pandemic. Knowledge regarding influenza differed according to gender and institutions differing in their affiliation with tertiary care hospitals. Conclusion: It was observed that knowledge about disease progression, transmission, vaccination, and treatment in pharmacy students, especially those who are not getting clinical training in tertiary care hospitals was limited. There is an urgent need to develop awareness programs to increase knowledge of influenza among clinical pharmacists as they are more susceptible to infections and community as a whole.
Tombstone Transformation Functions for Ensuring Consistency in Collaborative Editing Systems

In collaborative editing, consistency maintenance of the copies of shared data is a critical issue. In the last decade, operational transformation (OT) approach revealed as a suitable mechanism for maintaining consistency. Unfortunately, none of the published propositions relying on this approach are able to satisfy the mandatory correctness properties TP1 and TP2 defined in the Ressel's framework. This paper addresses this correctness issue by proposing a new way to model shared state by retaining tombstones when elements are removed. An instantiation of the proposed model for a linear data structure and the related transformation functions are provided
Self‐efficacy and Strategy on Complex Tasks

The mediational role of strategy in the relationship between self-efficacy and performance on complex tasks is analysed. Within an individual’s multidimensional self-efficacy belief system, perceived capabilities for conducting searches in different modalities and for the processing of information, including the use of tools to overcome cognitive limits, are predicted to have differential impacts on the use of judgmental heuristics and biases and the choice of strategies. Search efficacy is predicted to differ across search modalities, such as experimentation, interpersonal questioning, electronic search and passive study, as a function of differences in personal and situational determinants. Processing efficacy is predicted to generalise across a much wider range of cognitive tasks, depending upon perceived similarities in the content of tasks (e.g. verbal versus quantitative) and the tools used. Low search efficacy is predicted to lead to greater use of the availability heuristic, while low processing efficacy is predicted to lead to greater use of the anchoring and adjustment and representativeness heuristics. Choices of specific strategies are predicted from different combinations of weak and strong efficacy beliefs for exploratory search and deliberative processing. Le role me´diateur de la strate´gie dans la relation entre l’efficacite´ personnelle et la performance est analyse´ lors de tâches complexes. Au sein du syste`me multidimensionnel de croyances en l’efficacite´ personnelle d’un individu, les capacite´s, lors du traitement de l’information, a` chercher selon diffe´rentes modalite´s incluant l’utilisation d’outils permettant de vaincre des limites cognitives, sont suppose´s avoir un impact diffe´rentiel quant a` l’utilisation de jugements heuristiques, de biais, et quant au choix de strate´gies. On pre´voit que l’efficacite´ de la recherche diffe`re selon les modalite´s de recherche (expe´rimentation, questionnaire en situation de face a` face, recherche e´lectronique et e´tude passive), e´tant elle meme fonction de diffe´rences relatives aux de´terminants personnels et situationnels. On pre´voit que l’efficacite´ du traitement se ge´ne´ralise a` un e´ventail de tâches cognitives, en fonction des similarite´s perc¸ues quant au contenu de la tâche (ex: verbal ou quantitatif) et a` l’instrument utilise´. On pre´voit qu’une faible efficacite´ de recherche me`ne a` une plus grande utilisation d’heuristiques disponibles tandis qu’une faible efficacite´ dans le traitement me`ne a` une plus grande utilisation d’heuristiques d’ancrage, d’ajustement et repre´sentativite´. Les choix de strate´gies spe´cifiques peuvent etre pre´dits a` partir de diffe´rentes combinaisons de croyances en l’efficacite´ (faible/forte) pour le traitement de´libe´ratif et exploratoire.
Correlation between aminoglycoside resistance profiles and DNA hybridization of clinical isolates

DNA hybridization data and aminoglycoside resistance profiles (AGRPs) were determined for 4,088 clinical isolates from three studies (United States, Belgium, and Argentina). The correlation between susceptibility profiles and hybridization results was determined with nine DNA probes. For each of the seven aminoglycoside resistance profiles which we were able to test, the data suggested at least two distinct genes could encode enzymes which lead to identical resistance profiles. Furthermore, the DNA hybridization data showed that individual strains carried up to six unique aminoglycoside resistance genes. DNA hybridization revealed interesting differences in the frequencies of these genes by organism and by country.
The genesis and evolution of the African Field Epidemiology Network

In an effort to contain the frequently devastating epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa, the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Africa launched the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy in an effort to strengthen surveillance and response. However, 36 sub-Saharan African countries have been described as experiencing a human resource crisis by the WHO. Given this human resource situation, the challenge remains for these countries to achieve, among others, the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This paper describes the process through which the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET) was developed, as well as how AFENET has contributed to addressing the public health workforce crisis, and the development of human resource capacity to implement IDSR in Africa. AFENET was established between 2005 and 2006 as a network of Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETPs) and Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs (FELTPs) in Africa. This resulted from an expressed need to develop a network that would advocate for the unique needs of African FETPs and FELTPs, provide service to its membership, and through which programs could develop joint projects to address the public health needs of their countries. A total of eight new programs have been developed in sub-Saharan Africa since 2006. Programs established after 2006 represent over 70% of current FETP and FELTP enrolment in Africa. In addition to growth in membership and programs, AFENET has recorded significant growth in external partnerships. Beginning with USAID, CDC and WHO in 2004-2006, a total of at least 26 partners have been added by 2011. Drawing from lessons learnt, AFENET is now a resource that can be relied upon to expand public health capacity in Africa in an efficient and practical manner. National, regional and global health actors can leverage it to meet health-related targets at all levels. The AFENET story is one that continues to be driven by a clearly recognized need within Africa to develop a network that would serve public health systems development, looking beyond the founders, and using the existing capacity of the founders and partners to help other countries build capacity for IDSR and the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).
Do ureteral catheterisation procedures affect sexual functions? A controlled prospective study

The use of ureteral stents is a common procedure in urology practice. We investigated whether the use of double‐J stent had an effect on sexual functions or not. One hundred and seventy‐seven cases were included in the study. Unilateral double‐J stent was placed during ureteral stone treatment in one hundred and eight of these cases. Sixty‐nine cases were included as the control group. ‘International Index of Erectile Function’ (IIEF) and ‘Female Sexual Function Index’ (FSFI) questionaries were assessed before and 4 weeks after the intervention in all patients. When total IIEF and subdomains of IIEF scores of men and total FSFI and subdomains of FSFI scores of women whom double‐J stent was placed were evaluated before and after the procedure, there was statistically significant reduction in patient’s scores. In the control group, any statistically significant alteration in patient’s score was not observed in men and women. Sexual functions are negatively affected in both women and men whom ureteral stents are placed. To reduce these problems specific to urinary system owing to stents, new treatment strategies and new studies that lead to improvements in the material and design of stents are required.
Reflections on Ethics, Sport and the Consequences of Professionalisation

This review of ethical implications of the professionalisation of sport argues that conventional sports ethics, which in the spirit of amateurism emphasise concepts of fair play, are increasingly inappropriate in professional sport. The formalist position, that fair play requires playing within the rules, is explored as are notions of playing to the rules, gamesmanship and cheating. It is argued that ethical problems in elite sport increase as a result of external factors including the celebrity of sportspeople, a tarnished image of some administrators, influences of external stakeholders (e.g. the mass media, commercial sponsors and betting interests), and the expectations of fans. Hence a worryingly negative picture of declining ethical standards in the face of internal and external pressures emerges, with little prospect of sports reforming from within, despite that appearing to be in a sport's best interests.
Cognitive impairment in depressed students of Cairo University Hospital

Introduction Major depression may affect the ability to think, concentrate, make decisions, formulate ideas, reason, and remember. Patients with major depression also often show neurocognitive deficits consistent with frontal lobe dysfunction. The co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment plays a role in determining disability in individuals. Aim of the study To assess the presence of cognitive deficits in depressed undergraduate university students and then to assess the correlation between severity of depression and cognitive impairment in these students. Patients and methods After obtaining consent from the ethical committee in Kasr El Aini Hospital, 50 patients with the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder according to the DSM-IV criteria were recruited from the psychiatric outpatient clinic of Cairo University Student Hospital, with no sex preference. Fifty control participants of similar age, sex, and educational backgrounds were recruited as volunteers. Psychometric procedures: Beck Depression Inventory for severity of depression, selected subtests of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). Results Medical and paramedical students recruited from six faculties constituted 40% of the entire sample. Forty percent of the cases were diagnosed with moderate depression, whereas 60% of them were diagnosed with severe depression. All the scores of the subtests of WAIS and WMS-R used were higher in the control group. The scores of the Beck Depression Inventory were correlated positively with the digit symbol and digit span subtests of WAIS and to figural memory and visual memory span subtests of WMS-R. Conclusion Depressed undergraduate university students had more cognitive deficits than nondepressed students. The severity of depression was correlated positively with some of these cognitive deficits.
Top decisions : strategic decision-making in organizations

How are important decisions made? What influences such decisions - their complexity, the ease with which they can be made, or the political dimension? The more strategic the decision, the more complex the decision making "game" becomes. This book analyzes how that game is played at the top of big organizations - in the private and public sectors. Based on ten years of research at Bradford Management Centre, this book features the results and experience of 150 case studies. Its wide coverage takes in subjects as diverse as the differences between decisions about new products and new technology, personnel and reorganization, and which kinds of outside interest, for example, government, trade unions, exert influence.
Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Natural Polyphenolic Compounds

Natural polyphenols have been reported to exert beneficial effects in preventing cardiovascular diseases but their neuroprotective mechanisms were studied much less. The review is focused on biochemical pathways and molecular neuroprotective mechanisms of natural polyphenols in the brain particularly; of course in close relation to neurophysiological and pathophysiological consequences. This review provides the evidence that antioxidant activity, mainly inhibition of the NADPH oxidase and subsequent reactive oxygen species generation; a balance in NO production from different NO synthase isoforms; reduction of neuroinflammation via attenuation of the release of cytokines and downregulation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factors; and the potential to modulate signalling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and cAMP response element-binding protein are responsible for the neuroprotective actions of different natural polyphenols. These beneficial effects are mainly in demand in prevention of brain damage including ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, in the reduction of neuronal death, in memory improvement, as also for learning and general cognitive ability.
Identifying Faces in a 2D Line Drawing Representing a Manifold Object

A straightforward way to illustrate a 3D model is to use a line drawing. Faces in a 2D line drawing provide important information for reconstructing its 3D geometry. Manifold objects belong to a class of common solids and most solid systems are based on manifold geometry. In this paper, a new method is proposed for finding faces from single 2D line drawings representing manifolds. The face identification is formulated based on a property of manifolds: each edge of a manifold is shared exactly by two faces. The two main steps in our method are (1) searching for cycles from a line drawing and (2) searching for faces from the cycles. In order to speed up the face identification procedure, a number of properties, most of which relate to planar manifold geometry in line drawings, are presented to identify most of the cycles that are or are not real faces in a drawing, thus reducing the number of unknown cycles in the second searching. Schemes to deal with manifolds with curved faces and manifolds each represented by two or more disjoint graphs are also proposed. The experimental results show that our method can handle manifolds previous methods can handle, as well as those they cannot.
High-dose radioimmunotherapy versus conventional high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for relapsed follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a multivariable cohort analysis.

We performed a multivariable comparison of 125 consecutive patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) treated at our centers with either high-dose radioimmunotherapy (HD-RIT) using 131I-anti-CD20 (n = 27) or conventional high-dose therapy (C-HDT) (n = 98) and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The groups were similar, although more patients treated with HD-RIT had an elevated pretransplantation level of lactate dehydrogenase (41% versus 20%, P =.03) and elevated international prognostic score (41% versus 19%, P =.02). Patients treated with HD-RIT received individualized therapeutic doses of 131I-tositumomab (median, 19.7 GBq [531 mCi]) to deliver 17 to 31 Gy (median, 27 Gy) to critical organs. Patients treated with C-HDT received total body irradiation plus chemotherapy (70%) or chemotherapy alone (30%). Patients treated with HD-RIT experienced improved overall survival (OS) (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] for death = 0.4 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.2-0.9], P =. 02; adjusted HR, 0.3, P =. 004) and progression-free survival (PFS) (unadjusted HR =.6 [95% C.I., 0.3-1.0], P =.06; adjusted HR, 0.5, P =.03) versus patients treated with C-HDT. The estimated 5-year OS and PFS were 67% and 48%, respectively, for HD-RIT and 53% and 29%, respectively, for C-HDT. One hundred-day treatment-related mortality was 3.7% in the HD-RIT group and 11% in the C-HDT group. The probability of secondary myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML) was estimated to be.076 at 8 years in the HD-RIT group and.086 at 7 years in the C-HDT group. HD-RIT may improve outcomes versus C-HDT in patients with relapsed FL.
Sex differences on New York State Regents examinations: Support for the differential course-taking hypothesis.

In a comprehensive review of sex differences, Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) concluded that male students consistently outperformed female students on mathematics tests. Hyde (1981), using results from the pertinent studies reported by Maccoby and Jacklin, reported that although the differences consistently favored male students, the sizes of the differences were generally small. In a well-known study, Fennema and Sherman (1977) controlled for participation in mathematics coursework. They concluded that when male and female students take the same mathematics courses, male students do not always do better than female students, and when the means are higher for the male students, the differences are small. Among junior high students of very high ability, the male students consistently outperform the female students on the Scholastic Aptitude Test-Mathematics (SAT-M) when the amount of formal mathematics instruction is the same (Benbow & Stanley, 1980). Armstrong (1981) reported the results of two national studies in which mathematics participation was controlled. She concluded that for 13year-olds, girls were at least equal to boys in mathematical ability. For 12th graders, male students did better than female students on problem-solving measures. Armstrong noted that "it is clear that achievement differences are not solely a function of differences in participation" (p. 371). Pallas and Alexander (1983) reported the results of a study designed to test directly the differential coursework hypothesis with a sample of 3612 students (1842 female, 1770 male) who were in high school during 19651969. An initial difference on the SAT-M of 37 points in favor of the male students decreased to 14 points when the amount of quantitative coursework was controlled. Senk and Usiskin (1983) reported a study of geometry proof writing for a sample of 1364 senior high students (690 male, 674 female). Senk and Usiskin found that, when initial knowledge of geometry was controlled, male and female students performed equally well on geometry proof-writing tasks. Ethington and Wolfle (1984), in a recent study of high school students,