Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relation between Aerobic Fitness, Muscular Fitness, and Obesity in Children from Three Countries at Different Stages of the Physical Activity Transition

Background. The physical activity transition is contributing to an increase in childhood obesity and a decrease in fitness worldwide. This study compared body composition and fitness measures in children from three countries and examined intercountry differences in the relationship between these variables. Methods. Participants consisted of 736 Canadian, 193 Mexican, and 179 Kenyan children aged 9–13 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, triceps skinfolds, aerobic fitness, and muscular fitness were measured. Linear regression was used to examine associations between variables. Results. The prevalence of obesity was the highest in Mexican children (9.2% boys, 8.4% girls) and the lowest in Kenyan children (0.9% boys, 2.8% girls). Aerobic fitness (VO2max in mL/kg/min) was the highest in Kenyan children (50.2 boys, 46.7 girls) and the lowest in Canadian children (41.3 boys, 38.3 girls). Aerobic fitness was negatively associated with body composition measures irrespective of country and sex. Mexican children with low aerobic fitness had higher body composition measures than Canadian and Kenyan children. Muscular fitness was not associated with the body composition measures in Kenyan children but was a weak positive correlate of BMI and waist circumference in Canadian and Mexican children. Conclusion. The current study provides some evidence to support the physical activity transition hypothesis.
Radiographic Assessment of the Technical Quality and Periapical Health of Root-Filled Teeth Performed by General Practitioners in a Turkish Subpopulation

Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate by means of radiographs the technical quality of root fillings performed by dental practitioners. Methods and Material. Standardized periapical radiographs were made on 484 patients who received endodontic treatment in private practice. A total of 831 endodontically treated teeth with 1448 roots were evaluated for technical quality of the root canal filling and the periapical status of the teeth. Also, the apical status of each root-filled tooth was assessed according to the length, density, and taper of root fillings, and the presence of apical transportation, broken root instruments, and overfilled sealer or gutta-percha material was recorded for each root canal. Results. Of the endodontically treated teeth 26.6% had healthy periapical tissues, while technically good endodontic treatment constituted 12.8%. Based on the treatment success, there was no significant difference between the tooth groups. Statistical analysis of the data did not demonstrate statistically significant differences between the various parameters that were evaluated (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Technical quality of root fillings in a population who received treatment in private practice was poor and was consistent with a low prevalence of apical health. The probable reasons for this failure are multifactorial and may be improved if the operators improve their skills with continuing postgraduate education programs.
A Rapid Land Tenure Assessment Manual for Identifying the Nature of Land Tenure Conflicts

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Study on Anti-worm Diffusion Strategies Based on B+ Address Tree

To improve the efficiency of resistance of anti-worms to malicious worms and enhance their diffusibility, diffusion strategies of anti-worms based on B+ address tree are proposed in order to speed up anti-worm diffusion rate in the network and reduce anti-worm influence on network system when diffused. The diffusion strategies are simulated by scilab. Results show that anti-worms using B+ addresses tree strategies have faster diffusion speed and less traffic impact on network compared with traditional strategies.
A Deep Context Grammatical Model For Authorship Attribution

We define a variable-order Markov model, representing a Probabilistic Context Free Grammar, built from the sentence-level, de-lexicalized parse of source texts generated by a standard lexicalized parser, which we apply to the authorship attribution task. First, we motivate this model in the context of previous research on syntactic features in the area, outlining some of the general strengths and limitations of the overall approach. Next we describe the procedure for building syntactic models for each author based on training cases. We then outline the attribution process - assigning authorship to the model which yields the highest probability for the given test case. We demonstrate the efficacy for authorship attribution over different Markov orders and compare it against syntactic features trained by a linear kernel SVM. We find that the model performs somewhat less successfully than the SVM over similar features. In the conclusion, we outline how we plan to employ the model for syntactic evaluation of literary texts.
Managing The Polarities of Democracy: A Theoretical Framework for Positive Social Change

People around the globe have embraced democracy to bring about positive social change to address our environmental, economic, and militaristic challenges. Yet, there is no agreement on a definition of democracy that can guide social change efforts. The polarities of democracy model is a unifying theory of democracy to guide healthy, sustainable, and just social change efforts. The polarities of democracy model consists of 10 elements, organized as five polarity pairs: freedom–authority, justice–due process, diversity–equality, human rights–communal obligations, and participation–representation. In this model, each element has positive and negative aspects, and the objective is to successfully manage the polarities so as to maximize the positive aspects and minimize the negative aspects.
Environmental Crime and Punishment : Evidence from the German Experience

Environmental crimes are unauthorized acts against the environment that are subject to criminal prosecution and sanction. While their deterrence e¤ect is largely unknown, policy is moving rapidly towards strengthening the role of criminal sanctioning in the context of environmental crime. This paper provides new evidence on the e¤ects of the use of criminal sanctions in environmental policy making. It does so by specifying a theoretical model of reported crime and implementing it in the shape of a dynamic panel data analysis. Public reporting e¤ort is explicitely modeled and tested via novel applications of recent econometric methods. The most important nding is that the calculus of deterrenceis operational in the context of environmental crime. Surprisingly, however, it is the public nature of sanctioning that provides one of the most signi cant deterrents, rather than the probability of conviction or the magnitude of prison terms. JEL classi cation: Q53; K32; K42; C23
Wind Power Development in China: An Assessment of Provincial Policies

Wind energy has become a fast growing industry in China in the last decade. The development of the wind energy industry presents interesting policy questions. In the context of China, in additional to national energy policies, provincial policies were designed and implemented to stimulate the growth of wind power. This paper examines factors, especially provincial wind energy policies, in driving the growth of wind power capacity in the Chinese provinces. Statistical analysis with a longitudinal data set for wind power capacity in Chinese provinces from 2001 to 2012 reveals that the adoption of wind energy policies and a general energy plan at the provincial level are having positive effects on the growth of wind capacity in Chinese provinces.
Function–structure connectivity in patients with severe brain injury as measured by MRI‐DWI and FDG‐PET

A vast body of literature exists showing functional and structural dysfunction within the brains of patients with disorders of consciousness. However, the function (fluorodeoxyglucose FDG‐PET metabolism)–structure (MRI‐diffusion‐weighted images; DWI) relationship and how it is affected in severely brain injured patients remains ill‐defined. FDG‐PET and MRI‐DWI in 25 severely brain injured patients (19 Disorders of Consciousness of which 7 unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, 12 minimally conscious; 6 emergence from minimally conscious state) and 25 healthy control subjects were acquired here. Default mode network (DMN) function–structure connectivity was assessed by fractional anisotropy (FA) and metabolic standardized uptake value (SUV). As expected, a profound decline in regional metabolism and white matter integrity was found in patients as compared with healthy subjects. Furthermore, a function–structure relationship was present in brain‐damaged patients between functional metabolism of inferior‐parietal, precuneus, and frontal regions and structural integrity of the frontal‐inferiorparietal, precuneus‐inferiorparietal, thalamo‐inferioparietal, and thalamofrontal tracts. When focusing on patients, a stronger relationship between structural integrity of thalamo‐inferiorparietal tracts and thalamic metabolism in patients who have emerged from the minimally conscious state as compared with patients with disorders of consciousness was found. The latter finding was in line with the mesocircuit hypothesis for the emergence of consciousness. The findings showed a positive function–structure relationship within most regions of the DMN. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3707–3720, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How do Project Managers ’ Skills Affect Project Success in IT Outsourcing ?

What skills do project managers (PMs) need, and how d these skills impact project success in IT outsourcing? In this study, we seek to identify wha t factors impact IT project outcomes, such as costs and client satisfaction, given the project characterist ics and PM’s hard and soft skills. We examine data collected from a field study conducted at a major I T service provider in India. Our results suggest th at while hard skills such as technical or domain exper tis may be essential in a PM, soft skills such as tacit knowledge of organizational culture and clients are th most important contribution that PMs bring to a project. Soft skills not only improve project outco mes directly, but they also help when projects have more complexity, more uncertainty, or less familiarity. The results are robust to different specifications .
Selection and Reuse of Software Design Patterns Using CBR and WordNet

Software engineers and programmers deal with repeated problems and situations in the course of software design. This lead to the development of software design patterns, which can be defined as a description of an abstract solution for abstract design problems. Existing approaches to pattern application using computer tools, need the help and guidance of a human designer to select which design pattern to apply. The automation of this task opens the possibility of CASE design tools providing complete automation for the application of design patterns, and the offering new functionalities that can help the software designer to improve systems, and do better software reuse. In this paper we present an approach that automates design pattern selection and application. This approach is based on CaseBased Reasoning and WordNet, showing how they are combined to generate evolved software design diagrams. We also present an experimental study of our approach.
Summarizing Evolutionary Trajectory by Grouping and Aggregating relevant code changes

The lifecycle of a large-scale software system can undergo many releases. Each release often involves hundreds or thousands of revisions committed by many developers over time. Many code changes are made in a systematic and collaborative way. However, such systematic and collaborative code changes are often undocumented and hidden in the evolution history of a software system. It is desirable to recover commonalities and associations among dispersed code changes in the evolutionary trajectory of a software system. In this paper, we present SETGA (Summarizing Evolutionary Trajectory by Grouping and Aggregation), an approach to summarizing historical commit records as trajectory patterns by grouping and aggregating relevant code changes committed over time. SETGA extracts change operations from a series of commit records from version control systems. It then groups extracted change operations by their common properties from different dimensions such as change operation types, developers and change locations. After that, SETGA aggregates relevant change operation groups by mining various associations among them. The proposed approach has been implemented and applied to three open-source systems. The results show that SETGA can identify various types of trajectory patterns that are useful for software evolution management and quality assurance.
Modeling Semantic Relevance for Question-Answer Pairs in Web Social Communities

Quantifying the semantic relevance between questions and their candidate answers is essential to answer detection in social media corpora. In this paper, a deep belief network is proposed to model the semantic relevance for question-answer pairs. Observing the textual similarity between the community-driven question-answering (cQA) dataset and the forum dataset, we present a novel learning strategy to promote the performance of our method on the social community datasets without hand-annotating work. The experimental results show that our method outperforms the traditional approaches on both the cQA and the forum corpora.
Housing, environment and cardio-respiratory health : the relative influence of the past and the present

of presentation given at the 52 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Social Medicine (17-19 September 2008) REPRESENTING TRAJECTORIES OF SOCIAL LOCATION OVER THE LIFECOURSE: A CHALLENGE AND A PROPOSED SOLUTION J Walker, R Mitchell, S Platt, D Blane. Background: The near-ubiquity of social inequalities in health has long been recognised and extensively investigated. However, many studies in this field have been based on data that represent the individual’s socioeconomic status at a single point in time (eg, adulthood) or at a small number of widely spaced discrete time points (eg, childhood, early adulthood and late adulthood). Such ‘‘sparse’’ sampling may mask changes or fluctuations in subjects’ social position that occur between sampling points, potentially leading to the associations between a person’s true social location over time and health being incorrectly estimated. Objectives: To illustrate the diversity and complexity of individuals’ trajectories of social location over the age range 15–60 years. To propose a method for reducing the diverse range of observed trajectories into a smaller number of higher-level patterns, thus facilitating the investigation of associations between social location and health status in later life. Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Setting: United Kingdom. Population: Men and women aged 63–78 years. Results: Among the 294 individuals studied, a total of 216 unique trajectories were identified when the subject’s social location at each individual year in the age range 15–60 years was defined as either manual, non-manual, unemployed or engaged in Armed Forces service. When sampling was restricted to every fifth year in the age range 15–60 years (10 datum points), a total of 122 unique trajectories of time-related social position was observed. Reducing the state space (by combining the manual and Armed Forces states) resulted in a small reduction in the number of trajectories identified. A data reduction process based on optimal matching (to derive statistical distances between trajectories) followed by cluster analysis (to identify natural groupings in the trajectories) was developed. Application of this process reduced the 122 unique 5-year trajectories to 13 clusters. However, interpretation of the resulting cluster scheme was problematical. Conclusions: Life-time trajectories of social position, when examined at the single or 5-year level, exhibit considerable diversity and variety. Such detailed variation may not be accurately captured in studies that consider a person’s social status only at a small number of discrete time points. Current interest in life-course explanations of health inequalities may demand more detailed representations of subjects’ life-time social position than have generally been used hitherto. Further research is required into techniques for reducing large sets of unique social trajectories into more compact higher-level schemes, to permit effective analysis. (reproduced from Walker et al. [2008], p. A2)
HST NICMOS Observations of Fast Infrared Flickering in the Microquasar GRS 1915+105

We report infrared observations of the microquasar GRS 1915+105 using the NICMOS instrument of the Hubble Space Telescope during nine visits in 2003 April-June. During epochs of high X-ray/radio activity near the beginning and end of this period, we find that the 1.87 μm infrared flux is generally low (~2 mJy) and relatively steady. However, during the X-ray/radio “plateau” state between these epochs, we find that the infrared flux is significantly higher (~4-6 mJy), and strongly variable. In particular, we find events with amplitudes ~20%-30% occurring on timescales of ~10-20 s (e-folding timescales of ~30 s). These flickering timescales are several times faster than any previously observed infrared variability in GRS 1915+105 and the IR variations exceed corresponding X-ray variations at the same (~8 s) timescale. These results suggest an entirely new type of infrared variability from this object. Based on the properties of this flickering, we conclude that it arises in the plateau-state jet outflow itself, at a distance <2.5 AU from the accretion disk. We discuss the implications of this work and the potential of further flickering observations for understanding jet formation around black holes.
CellSs: Making it easier to program the Cell Broadband Engine processor

With the appearance of new multicore processor architectures, there is a need for new programming paradigms, especially for heterogeneous devices such as the Cell Broadband Engine™ (Cell/B.E.) processor. CellSs is a programming model that addresses the automatic exploitation of functional parallelism from a sequential application with annotations. The focus is on the flexibility and simplicity of the programming model. Although the concept and programming model are general enough to be extended to other devices, its current implementation has been tailored to the Cell/B.E. device. This paper presents an overview of CellSs and a newly implemented scheduling algorithm. An analysis of the results--both performance measures and a detailed analysis with performance analysis tools--was performed and is presented here.
Reduced Neurobehavioral Impairment from Sleep Deprivation in Older Adults: Contribution of Adenosinergic Mechanisms

A night without sleep is followed by enhanced sleepiness, increased low-frequency activity in the waking EEG, and reduced vigilant attention. The magnitude of these changes is highly variable among healthy individuals. Findings in young men of low and high subjective caffeine sensitivity suggest that adenosinergic mechanisms contribute to inter-individual differences in sleep deprivation-induced changes in EEG theta activity, as well as optimal performance on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). In comparison to young subjects, healthy adults of older age typically feel less sleepy after sleep deprivation, and show fewer response lapses, and faster reaction times on the PVT, especially in the morning after the night without sleep. We hypothesized that age-related changes in adenosine signal transmission underlie reduced vulnerability to sleep deprivation in older individuals. To test this hypothesis, the combined effects of prolonged wakefulness and the adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine, on an antero-posterior power gradient in EEG theta activity and PVT performance were analyzed in healthy older and caffeine-insensitive and -sensitive young men. The results show that age-related differences in sleep loss-induced changes in brain rhythmic activity and neurobehavioral functions are mirrored in young individuals of low and high sensitivity to the stimulant effects of caffeine. Moreover, the effects of sleep deprivation and caffeine on regional theta power and vigilant attention are inversely correlated across older and young age groups. Genetic variants of the adenosine A2A receptor gene contribute to individual differences in neurobehavioral performance in rested and sleep deprived state, and modulate the actions of caffeine in wakefulness and sleep. Based upon this evidence, we propose that age-related differences in A2A receptor-mediated signal transduction could be involved in age-related changes in the vulnerability to acute sleep deprivation.
The Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PDI is a neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. Both genetic and environmental factors are thought to be implicated to some extent. The ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism has been associated with common neurodegenerative disorders that share similar clinical and neuropathological features with PD (Alzheimer’s disease). In this study we set out to examine the role of the ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We conducted a case-control association study among 77 PD patients and 50 non-PD controls from Greece. The genotype frequencies for II, ID, and DD were 39, 48, and 13%, respectively, in the PD group and 32, 50, and 18% in the control group. Although the DD frequency was higher in the case group statistical significance was not reached. We conclude that although disease modifying effects cannot be excluded, the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism is unlikely to be an important determinant of susceptibility to PD in this population.
Maxillary Sinus Augmentation Combining Bio-Oss with the Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate: A Histomorphometric Study in Humans

Purpose. To investigate the regenerative results obtained with the association of bone marrow aspirate concentrate using the Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC) method to a xenogeneic bone graft (Bio-Oss) in sinus floor elevation. Materials and Methods. Using a randomized controlled study design in eight consecutive patients (age of 55.4 ± 9.2 years), 16 sinus floor lift procedures were performed with Bio-Oss alone (control group, CG, n = 8) or combined with bone marrow aspirate concentrate obtained via the BMAC method (test group, TG, n = 8). Six months after the grafting procedures, bone biopsies were harvested during implant placement and were analyzed by histomorphometry. Results. Histomorphometric analysis revealed a significantly higher amount (p < 0.05) of vital mineralized tissue in TG when compared to the CG (55.15 ± 20.91% and 27.30 ± 5.55%, resp.). For nonvital mineralized tissue, TG presented a statistically higher level of Bio-Oss resorption (p < 0.05) when compared with the CG (6.32 ± 12.03% and 22.79 ± 9.60%, resp.). Both groups (TG and CG) showed no significantly different levels (p > 0.05) of nonmineralized tissue (38.53 ± 13.08% and 49.90 ± 7.64%, resp.). Conclusion. The use of bone marrow concentrate obtained by BMAC method increased bone formation in sinus lift procedures.