Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Encephalopathy in Two Goat Kids with Common Paternity

Two juvenile, intact, female mixed-breed goats from a common sire were presented for periodic neurologic deficits, seizures, and a generalized loss of body condition that occurred over a 4–6-week period. On physical examination, both goats were thin, obtunded, blind, and ataxic. Laboratory diagnostics revealed increased serum bile acids (95 μmol/l; reference interval: 0–50 μmol/l) in one of the goats. Both goats exhibited progressive physical and mental deterioration, and were eventually euthanized. Upon necropsy, no significant macroscopic lesions were noted. Microscopic examination, however, demonstrated hepatocellular atrophy and anomalies in the hepatic microvasculature, including duplication of hepatic arteries, small-to-indistinct portal veins, and oval cell hyperplasia. In addition, spongiform change was microscopically identified throughout the parenchyma of the brain, most notably within the white matter and along the junction of gray and white matter. The diagnosis of congenital portal vein hypoperfusion (suggestive of a portosystemic shunt) with resultant hepatic encephalopathy was proposed in each case based on the characteristic microscopic lesions in conjunction with the signalment and history of the goats. The observation that the affected kids were sired by the same buck suggests a hereditary basis for the condition in these animals as well.
The Molecular Architecture for the Intermediate Filaments of Hard α-Keratin Based on the Superlattice Data Obtained from a Study of Mammals Using Synchrotron Fibre Diffraction

High- and low-angle X-ray diffraction studies of hard α-keratin have been studied, and various models have been proposed over the last 70 years. Most of these studies have been confined to one or two forms of alpha keratin. This high- and low-angle synchrotron fibre diffraction study extends the study to cover all available data for all known forms of hard α-keratin including hairs, fingernails, hooves, horn, and quills from mammals, marsupials, and a monotreme, and it confirms that the model proposed is universally acceptable for all mammals. A complete Bragg analysis of the meridional diffraction patterns, including multiple-time exposures to verify any weak reflections, verified the existence of a superlattice consisting of two infinite lattices and three finite lattices. An analysis of the equatorial patterns establishes the radii of the oligomeric levels of dimers, tetramers, and intermediate filaments (IFs) together with the centre to centre distance for the IFs, thus confirming the proposed helices within helices molecular architecture for hard α-keratin. The results verify that the structure proposed by Feughelman and James meets the criteria for a valid α-keratin structure.
A Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Profile of Allergy

&NA; The hypotheses that certain personality traits are associated with allergic disorders, and that these traits resemble those discovered in investigations of specific allergic disorders, were tested and supported by comparing the performance of allergic and normal individuals on a standard personality inventory. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was administered to 36 allergic and an equal number of nonallergic individuals. The two groups were equally divided as to sex, and each allergic subject was matched with a nonallergic control subject in regard to age, sex, educational level, socio‐economic status, and marital status. Comparisons were made of the two groups as a whole, according to sex, and according to allergy types‐‐single or multiple. Statistical analysis of the results showed significant differences between allergies and nonallergics on 5 of the scales: F, Hs, Pt, Sc, and Ma. The D scale approached significance. Comparison of female allergies with female nonallergics showed only the Ma scale significantly elevated. The Hs scale approached significance. An analysis of the performance of allergic and nonallergic males showed four scales significantly elevated: F, Pt, Sc, and Ma. The Pd scale approached significance. A large portion of the differences shown between the total allergic and total control groups was due to weighting by the male allergic subjects. Comparison of the single‐type with the multiple‐type allergies failed to show a significant difference on any of the scales. Trends toward higher scores for the multiple allergies occurred on the L, Pa, Hs, Hy, and K scales, and toward lower scores on the F, Pd, Pt, and Sc scales. Since the chances of a true difference are so small, little reliance can be placed on these tendencies.
Hierarchical control on nitrous oxide emission in forest ecosystems

While much is known about process level control on N2O production by nitrification and denitrification, knowledge of the environmental controls responsible for site variation in annual N2O fluxes on ecosystem level is low. Our goal was to improve existing concepts of controls on N2O fluxes. We measured N2O emission weekly or biweekly during 1 year in 11 temperate forest ecosystems using closed chambers. We identified three types of forest with different temporal emission patterns: forest with seasonal, event‐based and background emission patterns. Comparison of annual data sets from literature showed that most temperate forests had low N2O emissions throughout the year (background emission pattern) with mean annual fluxes of 0.39 ±0.27 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (n = 21). Event‐based emission patterns were observed during frost/thaw periods and after rewetting. Highest fluxes up to 72 kg N ha−1 were emitted from a drained alder forest with organic soil in 46 weeks, followed by well drained tropical and temperate forests with seasonal emission patterns and fluxes between 2 − 6 (n = 3) and 1 − 5 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (n = 4), respectively. Seasonal emission patterns were explained by combined effect of high annual precipitations; broad leave trees; amount and structure of organic upper horizon; high mineral bulk densities; and plant community. These state variables reduce gas diffusivity so that oxygen demand by microorganism and roots exceeded oxygen supply during wet and warm periods (>10° C). The resultant upper mean level was about 100 μg N2O−N m−2 h−1 in both temperate and tropical forests. Annual N2O losses of the seasonal emission type were controlled by both duration and upper mean level of the periods with high emissions. We conclude that “short‐term controls” of climate determine the duration of high emissions, whereas “long‐term controls” by state variables determine the difference between background and seasonal emission types.
Comparison of physically based and empirical models to estimate corn (Zea mays L) LAI from multispectral data in eastern Canada

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key input for many ecological models such as crop and carbon and nitrogen models. The LAI patterns measured in situ are time consuming and expensive and could be substituted by remote sensing technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility to map LAI of corn fields in eastern Canada using airborne multispectral imagery. Four models were locally optimized, tested, and compared. The first two methodologies relied on simple empirical relationships between LAI and the normalized difference vegetation index. The third methodology was a physically based model assuming that spectral vegetation indices are proportional to the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the green vegetation canopy. The last methodology relied on neural network (NN) models using different channels of the multispectral images as input. No studies combining airborne remote sensed data and NN for corn LAI simulation at regional or field scales are known by the authors. Ground measurements of LAI in five experimental sites at two dates in 2011 and 2012 were used to optimize and evaluate the models. Even though performances of the standard methods were improved by local optimisation, an NN model built with the near-infrared and red channels provided more accurate LAI simulations. All models performed better at LAI values below 3, but scattering at high LAI values was less pronounced with the NN model.
Proteostasis and ageing: insights from long‐lived mutant mice

The global increase in life expectancy is creating significant medical, social and economic challenges to current and future generations. Consequently, there is a need to identify the fundamental mechanisms underlying the ageing process. This knowledge should help develop realistic interventions capable of combatting age‐related disease, and thus improving late‐life health and vitality. While several mechanisms have been proposed as conserved lifespan determinants, the loss of proteostasis – where proteostasis is defined here as the maintenance of the proteome – appears highly relevant to both ageing and disease. Several studies have shown that multiple proteostatic mechanisms, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐induced unfolded protein response (UPR), the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, appear indispensable for longevity in many long‐lived invertebrate mutants. Similarly, interspecific comparisons suggest that proteostasis may be an important lifespan determinant in vertebrates. Over the last 20 years a number of long‐lived mouse mutants have been described, many of which carry single‐gene mutations within the growth‐hormone, insulin/IGF‐1 or mTOR signalling pathways. However, we still do not know how these mutations act mechanistically to increase lifespan and healthspan, and accordingly whether mechanistic commonality occurs between different mutants. Recent evidence supports the premise that the successful maintenance of the proteome during ageing may be linked to the increased lifespan and healthspan of long‐lived mouse mutants.
Bias in estimating accuracy of a binary screening test with differential disease verification

Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value are typically used to quantify the accuracy of a binary screening test. In some studies, it may not be ethical or feasible to obtain definitive disease ascertainment for all subjects using a gold standard test. When a gold standard test cannot be used, an imperfect reference test that is less than 100 per cent sensitive and specific may be used instead. In breast cancer screening, for example, follow‐up for cancer diagnosis is used as an imperfect reference test for women where it is not possible to obtain gold standard results. This incomplete ascertainment of true disease, or differential disease verification, can result in biased estimates of accuracy. In this paper, we derive the apparent accuracy values for studies subject to differential verification. We determine how the bias is affected by the accuracy of the imperfect reference test, the percent who receive the imperfect reference standard test not receiving the gold standard, the prevalence of the disease, and the correlation between the results for the screening test and the imperfect reference test. It is shown that designs with differential disease verification can yield biased estimates of accuracy. Estimates of sensitivity in cancer screening trials may be substantially biased. However, careful design decisions, including selection of the imperfect reference test, can help to minimize bias. A hypothetical breast cancer screening study is used to illustrate the problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moyamoya disease in Washington State and California

The authors identified 298 diagnoses of moyamoya in California and Washington from hospital discharge databases during the period 1987 to 1998. The incidence was 0.086/100,000 persons. The ethnicity-specific incidence rate ratios compared to whites were 4.6 (95% CI: 3.4 to 6.3) for Asian Americans, 2.2 (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.4) for African Americans, and 0.5 (95% CI: 0.3 to 0.8) for Hispanics. The incidence of moyamoya in Washington and California was lower than reported in Japan, but the rate among U.S. Asians is similar.
Trends in pre‐summer frontal and diurnal rainfall activities during 1982–2012 over Taiwan and Southeast China: characteristics and possible causes

Frontal convection (FC) and diurnal convection (DC) are the two most frequently observed weather systems affecting the pre‐summer (May and June, MJ) rainfall formation over Taiwan and Southeast China. Focusing on the time period of 1982–2012 MJ months, this study found that the occurrence frequency of FC has declined, but the occurrence frequency of DC has significantly increased over Taiwan and Southeast China. Diagnoses of the atmospheric thermodynamic conditions over the East Asian–Western North Pacific (EAWNP) region indicate that the area favourable for the FC formation (i.e. the area with a locally enhanced meridional temperature gradient) has shifted northward from 20o–30oN to north of 30oN during the recent three decades; this shift has led to a decline in FC numbers over Taiwan and Southeast China. Analyses also indicate that the recent increase in DC activities over Taiwan and Southeast China after 1982 occurred in association with an observed strengthening of the daytime land–sea thermal contrast coupled with an intensification of the afternoon sea‐breeze over the EAWNP region and a locally enhanced moisture flux convergence over Taiwan and Southeast China. Possible causes for the observed changes in the atmospheric thermodynamic conditions over the EAWNP region are also discussed.
The European Space Agency’s Earth Explorer Mission CryoSat: measuring variability in the cryosphere

Abstract CryoSat is currently being prepared for a 2005 launch as the first European Space Agency Earth Explorer Opportunity mission. It is a dedicated cryospheric mission equipped with a Ku-band SIRAL (SAR/Interferometric Radar ALtimeter), whose primary objectives are to measure the variability and trends in the mass of the Arctic sea-ice cover and large terrestrial ice sheets. In this paper, an overview is provided of the mission and of the measurement characteristics of the new SIRAL instrument. Examples of data acquired on recent preparatory campaigns are presented, illustrating the operating characteristics of the key SIRAL modes. Preparatory plans for calibration and validation of CryoSat data are described.
Performance Improvement of LFFC Schemes Base on B-Spline Networks for UPS Inverters

Although Learning-based control method base on B-Spline Network (BSN) together with PD controller presents an excellent steady-state performance for Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Inverters but it may not achieve high dynamic performance under non-periodic disturbances, which can be inappropriate for high performance UPSs. To further reduce the transient errors, in this paper a simple design and effective robust controller instead of PD controller is adopted parallel with the BSN. Simulation results under various conditions show that the proposed controller can achieve not only better dynamic performance but also can return better steady-state performance and further reduced THDs in the output voltage, compare to those of a BSN with PD scheme developed earlier.
Adaptive relative bundle adjustment

It is well known that bundle adjustment is the optimal non-linear least-squares formulation of the simultaneous localization and mapping problem, in that its maximum likelihood form matches the definition of the Cramer Rao Lower Bound. Unfortunately, computing the ML solution is often prohibitively expensive – this is especially true during loop closures, which often necessitate adjusting all parameters in a loop. In this paper we note that it is precisely the choice of a single privileged coordinate frame that makes bundle adjustment costly, and that this expense can be avoided by adopting a completely relative approach. We derive a new relative bundle adjustment, which instead of optimizing in a single Euclidean space, works in a metric-space defined by a connected Riemannian manifold. Using an adaptive optimization strategy, we show experimentally that it is possible to solve for the full ML solution incrementally in constant time – even at loop closure. Our system also operates online in real-time using stereo data, with fast appearance-based loop closure detection. We show results for sequences of 23k frames over 1.08km that indicate the accuracy of the approach.
Locomotion‐related variations in excitability of spino‐olivocerebellar paths to cat cerebellar cortical c2 zone.

1. Cutaneous nerve stimulation was used to study the excitability of the spino‐olivocerebellar pathways (SOCPs) to the c2 zone of the paravermal cerebellar cortex in the cat. Non‐noxious single‐shock stimulation of the right and left superficial radial (SR) nerves via implanted cuff electrodes was used to evoke field potentials in the cerebellar cortex via the SOCPs. 2. The evoked potentials were recorded extracellularly either in lobule V of the anterior lobe (three cats) or within the paramedian lobule of the posterior lobe (one cat) with glass‐coated tungsten microelectrodes. Measurement of the amplitudes of the responses was used to monitor transmission in the SOCPs in cats at rest and during walking. 3. A total of eleven c2 recording sites were investigated in detail. At seven of these sites, responses were recorded both during locomotion and at rest. For all seven sites responses during locomotion were smaller, more variable in amplitude and less securely evoked (average reduction 59%). 4. At five out of the eleven recording sites (45%) the mean amplitude of responses elicited during different tenths of the step cycle fluctuated sufficiently that the largest response was more than twice the smallest. In the majority of these cases (4/5) the responses were largest in either mid‐stance or late swing. These fluctuations in response size occurred without parallel fluctuation in the amplitude of the peripheral nerve volley. At the remaining sites fluctuation of the cerebellar field size was less and in some cases practically absent. 5. At six recording sites it was possible to record the climbing fibre potentials evoked by stimulation of both the ipsilateral and contralateral superficial radial nerves. In all six cases the fluctuations in size of the response during locomotion occurred in phase, despite the fact that the two limbs move out of phase. 6. The probability that an individual stimulus would evoke any cerebellar response also varied between the different tenths of the step cycle and such variations occurred in parallel with the fluctuations in response size. This shows that the SOCP regulatory mechanism(s) must, at least in part, operate at a precerebellar level.
Audiopad: A Tag-based Interface for Musical Performance

We present Audiopad, an interface for musical performance that aims to combine the modularity of knob based controllers with the expressive character of multidimensional tracking interfaces. The performer's manipulations of physical pucks on a tabletop control a real-time synthesis process. The pucks are embedded with LC tags that the system tracks in two dimensions with a series of specially shaped antennae. The system projects graphical information on and around the pucks to give the performer sophisticated control over the synthesis process.
A Measurement of the CMB ⟨EE⟩ Spectrum from the 2003 Flight of BOOMERANG

We report measurements of the CMB polarization power spectra from the 2003 January Antarctic flight of BOOMERANG. The primary results come from 6 days of observation of a patch covering 0.22% of the sky centered near R.A. = 82. °5, decl. = -45°. The observations were made using four pairs of polarization-sensitive bolometers operating in bands centered at 145 GHz. Using two independent analysis pipelines, we measure a nonzero ⟨EE⟩ signal in the range 201 < l < 1000 with a significance of 4.8 σ, a 2 σ upper limit of 8.6 μK2 for any ⟨BB⟩ contribution, and a 2 σ upper limit of 7.0 μK2 for the ⟨EB⟩ spectrum. Estimates of foreground intensity fluctuations and the nondetection of ⟨BB⟩ and ⟨EB⟩ signals rule out any significant contribution from Galactic foregrounds. The results are consistent with a ΛCDM cosmology seeded by adiabatic perturbations. We note that this is the first detection of CMB polarization with bolometric detectors.
Variability in Labrador Sea Water formation

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) transports of a large amount of heat towards the North Atlantic region. Since this circulation is considered to have shown pronounced variability in the past, and a weakening is projected for the 21st century, it is very important to understand and monitor the mechanisms that determine its variability. Deep water formation is one of the most important of these mechanisms as it plays an important role in setting the shape and strength of the AMOC. It only takes place in a few locations in the ocean, one of which is the Labrador Sea. In this thesis two processes that play an important role in determining the variability of Labrador Sea Water formation are studied as well as the possibility to monitor this variability using satellite altimetry measurements. The first process study focused on the restratification period after a deep convection event. The dense water in the area affected by deep convection is then (partly) replaced by more buoyant water originating from the boundary currents that encircle the interior. Using a numerical model in an idealized configuration, the roles of three eddy types that are known to play a role in the restratification process were studied. It was found that the presence of Irminger Rings is essential for a realistic amount of restratification in the Labrador Sea. The second process study focused on the effects of a very fresh surface layer, which makes the surface layer lighter and can, if light enough, inhibit convective mixing. The well-known case of the Great Salinity Anomaly (1969-1971), which was fortuitously well documented by the measurements taken at ocean weather station “Bravo” in the central Labrador Sea, has been analyzed. In contrast to what is commonly assumed, only a combination of the fresh surface layer and the very mild winter conditions in 1969 could have started the convective shutdown, and only a combination of the extremely harsh winter and a salinification of the upper water column could have caused its resumption in 1972. Moreover, two so far undiscovered positive surface feedbacks were found (both acting through the low wintertime sea surface temperature) that limit the buoyancy flux to the atmosphere and thereby actively reinforce the shutdown state. Apart from understanding the variability in Labrador Sea Water formation, it is also important to monitor this variability. The network of satellite altimeters does not suffer from limitations as harsh winter conditions and poor coverage and can therefore give valuable additional information to in situ measurements. Altimeters can detect the sea surface lowering that accompanies the densification of the water column during deep water formation. Although this signal is small compared to variability in sea surface height induced by other processes, still the approximate depth of deep convection (less than 1000 m, between 1000 and 1500 m or more than 1500 m depth) and the location of the convection area at a larger scale can be determined