Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nepalese People's Knowledge about Tuberculosis

Introduction : Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of illness and death worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. Objective: Objective of this study was to determine Nepalese people's knowledge about tuberculosis. Methods : The diagnosed cases of tuberculosis was randomly selected, structured questionnaires were used to collect patient knowledge about tuberculosis. Results : This prospective study included 300 diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis who were attending the DOTS programme of Nepal. Tuberculosis was most commonly found in economically active age group (21-50 years old). The incidence of tuberculosis was found higher in male than female. Regarding the common part of the body affected by TB bacilli 58% correctly said that it is the Lungs. About the mode of transmission of tuberculosis 50% knew that it is transmitted by droplet infections. More then two third of the respondents had knowledge about the clinical symptoms of tuberculosis, among them chronic cough (82%), evening rise of temperature (72%) and blood in the sputum (72%) were the major symptoms described. Only 16.6% of the respondents knew that Tuberculosis is an common opportunistic infection in people infected with HIV/AIDS. 53.3% patients responded correctly that body secretion like sputum contains Tubercle Bacilli and regarding disposal of sputum and other body fluids 30% said that incineration is the proper way of disposal. On prevention of spread of tuberculosis 31.6% said that TB patients should use mask. Conclusion : The study found that majority of the patients had satisfactory knowledge about the signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis but their knowledge about causative agent for Tuberculosis, disposal method for sputum and body fluid and preventive method for tuberculosis was still low. It is recommended that National tuberculosis control authority should design health education programme focusing on causative agents, disposal of sputum and body fluids and prevention of Tuberculosis. The awareness campaign should be targeted to patients, family members, community and health care providers and should be disseminated through the media that will reach the general Public. Such awareness campaign will increase the patient's general awareness about the disease and will help to reduce transmission of disease, prevent drug resistant cases and improve the efficacy of DOTS programme. Keywords : HIV/AIDS; TB; Mycobacterium tuberculosis DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v6i2. 3055 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2009 VI (2) 31-37
Co-regulation of Caveolar and Cdc42-dependent Fluid Phase Endocytosis by Phosphocaveolin-1*

Several clathrin-independent endocytosis mechanisms have been identified that can be distinguished by specific requirements for certain proteins, such as caveolin-1 (Cav1) and the Rho GTPases, RhoA and Cdc42, as well as by specific cargo. Some endocytic pathways may be co-regulated such that disruption of one pathway leads to the up-regulation of another; however, the underlying mechanisms for this are unclear. Cav1 has been reported to function as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI), which inhibits Cdc42 activation. We tested the hypothesis that Cav1 can regulate Cdc42-dependent, fluid phase endocytosis. We demonstrate that Cav1 overexpression decreases fluid phase endocytosis, whereas silencing of Cav1 enhances this pathway. Enhancement of Cav1 phosphorylation using a phosphatase inhibitor reduces Cdc42-regulated pinocytosis while stimulating caveolar endocytosis. Fluid phase endocytosis was inhibited by expression of a putative phosphomimetic mutant, Cav1-Y14E, but not by the phospho-deficient mutant, Cav1-Y14F. Overexpression of Cav2, or a Cav1 mutant in which the GDI region was altered to the corresponding sequence in Cav2, did not suppress fluid phase endocytosis. These results suggest that the Cav1 expression level and phosphorylation state regulates fluid phase endocytosis via the interaction between the Cav1 GDI region and Cdc42. These data define a novel molecular mechanism for co-regulation of two distinct clathrin-independent endocytic pathways.
The Prevalence of Depression among the Rural Elderly in Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh.

UNLABELLED It has been documented that the elderly are more prone to psychological problems and depression is the commonest of the geriatric psychiatric disorders. In fact, the elderly in India face a multitude of psychological, social, and physical health problems. There is a dearth of community studies in India, which have investigated geriatric depression and its associated risk factors. Hence, the present study was undertaken with the following objectives. STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of depression among the elderly.To determine the epidemiological factors which are associated with depression. DESIGN A cross-sectional, observational, community based study. PERIOD April 2009 to September 2009. SETTING A Rural Health Centre which was a rural field practice area which was attached to the Community Medicine Department, SV Medical College, Tirupati, India. SUBJECTS The individuals who were aged 60 years and above were interviewed and examined. METHOD By random sampling, the villages were selected. This study was conducted through house-to-house visits in the selected villages. Clinical examinations, observations and interviews were carried out by using a pre-designed, pre-tested proforma in the local language. Size: Four hundred subjects. The data was analysed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), version17. RESULTS The prevalence of depression was 47%. The depression was high among the elderly who were aged 80 years and above (54.3%), females (56.5%), illiterates (59.0%), those who were below the poverty line (86.1%), those who were living alone (87.3%), those who were economically partially dependent (63.3%) and those depended totally for the activities of daily living (100.0%). These factors were significantly associated with depression. CONCLUSION The prevalence of depression was found to be positively associated with increasing age, the female sex, illiteracy, a low socio-economic status, those who were living alone, those who were economically partially dependent and those who were totally dependent for the activities of daily living.
Acute Atrial Endocardial P Wave Amplitude and Chronic Pacemaker Sensitivity Requirements: Relation to Patient Age and Presence of Sinus Node Disease

Data are reviewed from 88 patients who received double, passive‐fixation unipolar endocardial leads for DDD pacemaker treatment. Identical electrodes were used in the right atrium and the right ventricle. Intra‐atrial P wave amplitudes, intraventricular QRS complex amplitudes, and atrial and ventricular pacing thresholds were determined at implantation. The intra‐atrial P wave amplitudes were not significantly correlated to the intraventricular QRS complex amplitudes. No significant correlation was found between the atrial stimulation thresholds and the ventricular pacing thresholds. The intra‐atrial P wave amplitude showed a significant inverse and logarithmic correlation with patient age (P = 0.007). Furthermore, patients with sinus node disease had significantly lower infra‐atrial P wave amplitudes (P = 0.04) than patients without this abnormality. The acute atrial and ventricular pacing thresholds and the intraventricular QRS complex amplitude were not correlated to patient age or presence of sinus node disease. Patients requiring higher atrial amplifier sensitivity settings during follow‐up were significantly older (P < 0.05) than those in whom lower atrial sensitivities were sufficient. A postoperative attenuation of the atrial electrogram was detectable by sensitivity programming procedures in 29 of the patients (35%). This phenomenon did not significantly relate to patient age or presence of sinus node disease. No case of permanent atrial undersensing occurred. It is suggested that the lower intra‐atrial P wave amplitudes in older patients and patients with sinus node disease reflect degenerative changes in the atrial myocardium. The statistical relations found appear to motivate special attention to atrial sensing in these patient groups.
Transmural Cellular Damage and Blood Flow Distribution in Early Ischemia in Pig Hearts

Transmural histological changes were determined morphometrically in the left ventricular free wall of 20 pigs after Iigation of distal left anterior descending coronary artery for 10, 20, 40, and 120 minutes. Hemodynamics were recorded and regional blood flow distribution was measured in the ischemic zone. Coronary occlusion produced regional transmural ischemia without producing significant systemic hemodynamic change. The microsphere blood flow technique revealed that blood flow was less than 0.05 ml/min per g in all layers of the ischemic zone, i.e., inner, middle, and outer thirds. Ischemic cellular damage was classified and quantified from grade O to grade 5 (0 being normal and 5 being the most severe damage) with light microscopy and confirmed by electron microscopy. Layers of 200 μm immediately beneath the endocardium and epicardium showed minimal ischemic damage of less than grade 1.4 regardless of duration of ischemia in all hearts. In the ischemic left ventricular wall, except for the above layers, a definite transmural gradient of the cellular damage existed from the inner third (grade 2.3 ± 0.1) to the outer third (grade 1.3 ± 0.2) at 20 minutes of ischemia and at 40 minutes of ischemia (grades 3.6 ± 0.1 and 1.9 ± 0.3, respectively). The transmural ischemic damage gradient disappeared at 120 minutes of ischemia, where the inner and outer third ischemic grades were both 5.0 ± 0.1. The data suggest that the limited ischemic damage which occurs in the few cell layers beneath endocardium and epicardium may be explained by regional collateral blood flow. An early ischemic damage wavefront phenomenon does exist in the pig myocardium and is independent of myocardial blood flow and its distribution. The transmural cell damage gradient may be the result of transmural gradients of wall stress and intramyocardial pressure in vivo. Therefore, it appears that factors other than blood flow are the major determinants of ischemic cellular damage in the left ventricular wall of hearts lacking a collateral blood supply.
Protective effect of high dose short term statin therapy with normal saline in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy among iodixanol-receiving patients

Contrast media agents are applied for various diagnostic imagines, however, contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) limits its usage. Statins have been found to prevent CIN via various mechanisms. However, study regarding the beneficial property of simvastatin as a kind of statin is scarce. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of high dose short term statin therapy against nephrotoxicity of iodixanol. 194 patients were divided equally to control and statin-treated groups. Control group (placebo) received normal satin before and after angiography and statin-treated patients received simvastatin (80 mg/day) plus normal saline before and after angiography. Simvastatin and normal saline were started 12 hours before to 12 hours after the procedure, and serum creatinine before and two consecutive days after procedure were assessed. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD ) method. In the first 24 hours after procedure, there was no difference between two groups, however after 48 hours of treatment, a significant difference for eGFR between two groups with more values in statin treated group was observed (p=0,002). Prophylactic administration of statins along with hydration may be associated with less contrast-induced nephropathy.
A Postmarketing Surveillance Study on Erbitux (Cetuximab) in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Irinotecan-Containing Treatment

Objective This postmarketing surveillance study evaluated the safety and efficacy of cetuximab therapy in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in Taiwan. Methods Patients with EGFR-expressing mCRC who had failed prior irinotecan-based chemotherapy and were receiving cetuximab therapy were monitored for treatment efficacy and safety from the time of first infusion until 28 days after the last infusion regardless of the reasons fordiscontinuation. The study followed 269 patients for approximately 2years. Results No unexpected adverse events associated with cetuximab therapy were reported, and most events were grade 1 or 2. The most common drug-related adverse events of any grade were rash (21.6%) and dermatitis acneiform (4.8%). Reported grade 3/4 events were rash (4.5%), dermatitis acneiform (0.4%), and diarrhea (0.4%). Cetuximab treatment for patients receiving second-/third-line (177 patients) or above therapy (92 patients) was associated with a median progression-free survival time of 3.37 and 3.90 months, respectively, and a median overall survival time of 17.6 and 21.1 months, respectively. The response rates for the second-/third-line treatment and fourth-line or above cetuximab treatment groups were similar (21.5% vs 17.4%; P = 0.428). Conclusion Cetuximab showed no unexpected safety findings and was efficacious in treating patients with EGFR-expressing mCRC in community practice in Taiwan.
The 2014 International Planning Competition: Progress and Trends

We review the 2014 International Planning Competition (IPC-2014), the eighth in a series of competitions starting in 1998. IPC-2014 was held in three separate parts to assess state-of-the-art in three prominent areas of planning research: the deterministic (classical) part (IPCD), the learning part (IPCL), and the probabilistic part (IPPC). Each part evaluated planning systems in ways that pushed the edge of existing planner performance by introducing new challenges, novel tasks, or both. The competition surpassed again the number of competitors than its predecessor, highlighting the competition’s central role in shaping the landscape of ongoing developments in evaluating planning systems.
Breast cancer subtypes based on ER/PR and Her2 expression: comparison of clinicopathologic features and survival.

OBJECTIVE To compare the clinicopathologic features and survival in the four breast cancer subtypes defined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression of estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2): ER/PR+, Her2+; ER/PR+, Her2-; ER/PR-, Her2+; and ER/PR-, Her2-. METHODS A 7-year retrospective study of 1134 invasive breast cancer subjects. Clinical and pathologic features and survival of the four subtypes were compared. RESULTS Using ER/PR+ and Her2- as a reference, ER/PR-, Her2- had the worst overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-3.2) and the worst disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.8-3.0). In ER/PR+, Her2-, chemotherapy conferred significant overall and disease-free survival advantages. Subtype comparison revealed statistically significant differences in outcomes. CONCLUSION The triple negative subtype has the worst overall and disease free survival. Efforts should be directed at standardization of current testing methods and development of more reliable and reproducible testing.
An Analysis of the Relationship Between Phonological and Nonphonological Language and Early Reading Development

This study explores the relationship between preschool phonological and nonphonological language performance and first-grade reading performance. Data were gathered from the files of 149 students who had completed a universal kindergarten screening program in the spring prior to enrollment. Bivariate correlation analyses, Steiger’s Z comparisons, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were completed to determine the associations between phonological and nonphonological language skills and subsequent first-grade spring word analysis and reading composite performance. Phonological and nonphonological tasks were moderately useful in predicting students’ subsequent first-grade word analysis and reading composite performance. No significant difference in association was found between the phonological and nonphonological composites. A combined phonological and nonphonological model provided the strongest predictive utility. This study supports a significant and equivalent association between preschool phonological and nonphonological language skills and subsequent first-grade reading performance.
Beneficial effects of quercetin on sperm parameters in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic male rats

Quercetin (QR) is a strong antioxidant and has been shown to reduce oxidative stress in the long‐term treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes in animal models. Antioxidants have significant effects on spermatogenesis, sperm biology and oxidative stress, and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. The present study aims to examine the influence of QR on spermatogenesis in STZ‐induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Animals (n = 50) were allocated into five groups: Group 1: Control rats given 0.5 ml of 20% glycerol in 0.9% normal saline. Group 2: Control rats given buffer (pH4.0). Group 3: diabetic controls. Group 4: rats given QR 15 mg/kg/day (i.p.). Group 5: STZ + QR rats. Animals were kept in standard conditions. At the end of the experiment (28th day), blood samples were taken for determination of testosterone, total antioxidant capacity, and levels of malondialdehyde and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein. All rats were euthanized, testes were dissected out and spermatozoa were collected from the epididymis for analysis. Sperm numbers, percentages of sperm viability and motility, and total serum testosterone increased significantly in QR‐treated diabetic rats (P < 0.05) compared with control groups. In histopathology, degeneration and inflammation in testes cells associated with diabetes were improved and testes weights in the QR‐treated diabetic group decreased significantly in comparison with controls (P < 0.05). We conclude that QR has significant beneficial effects on the sperm viability, motility, and serum total testosterone and could be effective for maintaining healthy sperm parameters and male reproductive function in diabetic rats. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OLA in the OAEI 2005 Alignment Contest

Among the variety of alignment approaches (e.g., using machine learning, subsumption computation, formal concept analysis, etc.) similarity-based ones rely on a quantitative assessment of pair-wise likeness between entities. Our own alignment tool, OLA, features a similarity model rooted in principles such as: completeness on the ontology language features, weighting of dierent feature contributions and mutual influence between related ontology entities. The resulting similarities are recursively defined hence their values are calculated by a step-wise, fixed-point-bound approximation process. For the OAEI 2005 contest, OLA was provided with an additional mechanism for weight determination that increases the autonomy of the system.
Infrared and millimetre‐wavelength evidence for cold accretion within a z= 2.83 Lyman α blob

This paper discusses infrared and millimetre-wavelength observations of a Lyman α blob (LAB) discovered by Smith & Jarvis, a candidate for ionization by the cold accretion scenario discussed in Fardal et al. and Dijkstra et al.We have observed the counterpart galaxy at infrared wavelengths in deep observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope using the IRAC 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0 μm and MIPS 24 μm bands, as well as using the Max-Planck Millimeter Bolometer (MAMBO-2) at a wavelength of 1.2mm with the IRAM 30 m telescope. These observations probe the ≳ 95 kpc Lyman α halo for the presence of obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN) components or the presence of a violent period of star formation invoked by other models of ionization for these mysterious objects. 24 μm observations suggest that an obscured AGN would be insufficiently luminous to ionize the halo, and that the star formation rate within the halo may be as low as <140M⊙ yr^−1 depending on the model spectral energy distribution (SED) used. This is reinforced by our observations at 1.2mm using MAMBO-2, which yield an upper limit of star formation rate <550M⊙ yr^−1 from our non-detection to a 3σ flux limit of 0.86 mJy beam^−1. Finding no evidence for either AGN or extensive star formation, we conclude that this halo is ionized by a cold accretion process. We derive model SEDs for the host galaxy, and use the Bruzual & Charlot and Maraston libraries to show that the galaxy is well described by composite stellar populations of total mass 3.42 ± 0.13 × 10^11 or 4.35 ± 0.16 × 10^11M⊙ depending on the model SEDs used.
Superconducting Gap vs. Wave Vector: Evidence for Hot Regions on the Fermi Surface

We have used angular resolved photoemission to measure the angular dependence of the superconducting gap in highly overdoped Bi2212 (Tc=65K). While the node at 45 degrees is conserved, we find substantial deviation from a first order d-wave dependence away from the node. The pairing susceptibility is peaked at special regions on the Fermi surface. Comparing these results with a detailed mapping of the Fermi surface we performed, we could measure the extension and location of these hot regions. We find the hot regions to be evenly spread about the nominal locations of hot spots. The decrease of the gap amplitude away from these hot regions follows very closely theoretical calculations within the spin fluctuation approach. These results strongly suggest that the pairing susceptibility is peaked at Q=(Pi,Pi).
Delays during reproduction and their effects on the embryo and fetus. 2. Aging of eggs.

The problem of preovulatory aging of the egg is reflected in the increased incidence of Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) towards the end of reproductive life. 13-15 trisomy also appears to be dependent on maternal age, as is Kleinefelter's syndrome (XXY) although less strikingly so. Increased maternal age may have other harmful effects on the developing embryo: spina bifida, microcephaly, cleft lip or palate and clubfoot, congenital heart defects and hydrocephalus also seem to be maternal-age dependent. Elderly uterine environment apparently has a deleterious effect on normal eggs. Post-ovulatory delay in fertilization of the ovum is rapidly fatal to the egg in most mammals. Ovulation in man is believed to occur just before the temperature rise and the fertilizable period for the egg therefore appears to be about 3 days. It is unknown whether eggs fertilized toward the end of this three-day period are more likely to give rise to defective offspring. Many early human abortuses are triploid possibly a result of polyspermy; polyspermy often occurs when aged eggs are fertilized.
Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

This is the first scientific statement from the American Heart Association on maternal resuscitation. This document will provide readers with up-to-date and comprehensive information, guidelines, and recommendations for all aspects of maternal resuscitation. Maternal resuscitation is an acute event that involves many subspecialties and allied health providers; this document will be relevant to all healthcare providers who are involved in resuscitation and specifically maternal resuscitation.