Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The National Causes of State Construction in France, Russia and China

General lessons about state construction are drawn from concentration on the ‘Terror’ years of three post-revolutionary regimes: the Jacobin in France, 1793–4; the Bolshevik in Russia, 1918–21; and the Chinese, 1950–3. These three cases are chosen in order to develop a direct challenge to Skocpol's claims about state building in States and Social Revolutions. The findings show that early state building is not, primarily, a rational, centralizing, mobilizing, response to war and foreign war in particular. It is civil war which is of greater importance to an understanding of the development of revolutionary states and it is only after civil war is over that permanent state construction can begin. Comparison for differences, as well as similarity, at this crucial point at the end of civil war shows that, along with the importance of practical domestic policies as a basis for support, the essential foundation for the post-revolutionary state is central control over the revolutionary forces of internal coercion.
Muscle metaboreflex modulates the arterial baroreflex dynamic effects on peripheral vascular conductance in humans.

We aimed to investigate the interaction between the arterial baroreflex and muscle metaboreflex [as reflected by alterations in the dynamic responses shown by leg blood flow (LBF: by the ultrasound Doppler method), leg vascular conductance (LVC), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR)] in humans. In 12 healthy subjects (10 men and 2 women), who performed sustained 1-min handgrip exercise at 50% maximal voluntary contraction followed immediately by an imposed postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI), 5-s periods of neck pressure (NP; 50 mmHg) or neck suction (NS; -60 mmHg) were used to evaluate carotid baroreflex function both at rest (Con) and during PEMI. First, the decreases in LVC and LBF and the augmentation of MAP elicited by NP were all greater during PEMI than in Con (DeltaLVC, -1.2 +/- 0.2 vs. -1.9 +/- 0.2 ml.min(-1). mmHg(-1); DeltaLBF, -97.3 +/- 11.2 vs. -177.0 +/- 21.8 ml/min; DeltaMAP, 6.7 +/- 1.2 vs. 11.5 +/- 1.4 mmHg, Con vs. PEMI; each P < 0.05). Second, in Con, NS significantly increased both LVC and LBF (DeltaLVC, 0.9 +/- 0.2 ml.min(-1). mmHg(-1); DeltaLBF, 46.6 +/- 9.8 ml/min; significant change from baseline: each P < 0.05), and, whereas during PEMI no significant increases in LVC and LBF occurred during NS itself (DeltaLVC, 0.2 +/- 0.1 ml.min(-1). mmHg(-1); DeltaLBF, 10.8 +/- 9.6 ml/min; each P > 0.05), a decrease was evident in each parameters at 5 s after the cessation of NS. Third, during PEMI, the decrease in MAP elicited by NS was smaller (DeltaMAP, -8.4 +/- 1.0 vs. -5.8 +/- 0.4 mmHg, Con vs. PEMI; P < 0.05), and it recovered to its initial level more quickly after NS (vs. Con). Finally, however, the HR responses to NS and NP were not different between PEMI and Con. These results suggest that during muscle metaboreflex activation in humans, the arterial baroreflex dynamic effect on peripheral vascular conductance is modulated, as exemplified by 1) an augmentation of the NP-induced LVC decrease, and 2) a loss of the NS-induced LVC increase.
The Development of Position-Specific Performance Indicators in Elite Youth Rugby League: A Coach's Perspective

The competition for talent identification and development is highly meaningful to the long-term participation and performance levels of sport. The introduction of the National Youth Competition (NYC) as a critical step in the development of talented youth players has led to this research, to develop position performance indicators in youth rugby league. By applying a modification of the Delphi qualitative research method, this research collaborates current elite level youth coach opinions to identify key cognitive, physiological and game-skill performance indicators. The three-stage research process of initial interview and subsequent questionnaires also identifies the initial signs of higher performance in youth players. Results have differentiated playing positions and identified a unique sub-set of skills and abilities that are crucial to position-specific performance. Cognitive indicators have been found to exert the greatest influence over a variety of positions, closely followed by game skills, and to a lesser extent physiological indicators. Conclusions suggest that, at developmental levels of the sport, coaches should emphasise and allocate training time to develop cognitive and game-skill indicators. Findings also recognise that current talent identification and development programs may need to be modified to adequately measure these indicators to maximise chances of ‘talented’ youth players reaching higher levels.
Physical Activity and Lipid Profile in the ELSA-Brasil Study

Background Regular physical activity (PA) induces desirable changes in plasma levels of high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL, respectively) and triglycerides (TG), important risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. However, doubts whether intensity and duration have equivalent benefits remain. Objective To assess the association of PA intensity and duration with HDL, LDL and TG levels. Methods Cross-sectional study with 12,688 participants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline, who were not on lipid-lowering medication. After adjustment for important covariates, multiple linear regression was used to assess the association of PA intensity and duration with HDL, LDL and TG (natural logarithm) levels. Results Both moderate and vigorous PA and PA practice ≥ 150 min/week were significantly associated with higher HDL and lower TG levels. Vigorous PA was associated with lower LDL only on univariate analysis. After adjustments, moderate and vigorous PA increased mean HDL level by 0.89 mg/dL and 1.71 mg/dL, respectively, and reduced TG geometric mean by 0.98 mg/dL and 0.93 mg/dL, respectively. PA practice ≥ 150 min/week increased mean HDL level by 1.05 mg/dL, and decreased TG geometric mean by 0.98 mg/dL. Conclusion Our findings reinforce the benefits of both PA parameters studied on HDL and TG levels, with a slight advantage for vigorous PA as compared to the recommendation based only on PA duration.
Black-Scholes Versus Artificial Neural Networks in Pricing Ftse 100 Options

This paper compares the performance of Black-Scholes with an artificial neural network (ANN) in pricing European style call options on the FTSE 100 index. It is the first extensive study of the performance of ANNs in pricing UK options, and the first to allow for dividends in the closed-form model. For out-of-the-money options, the ANN is clearly superior to Black-Scholes. For in-the-money options, if the sample space is restricted by excluding deep in-the-money and long maturity options (3.4% of total volume), the performance of the ANN is comparable with that of Black-Scholes. The superiority of the ANN is a surprising result, given that European style equity options are the home ground of Black-Scholes, and suggests that ANNs may have an important role to play in pricing other options for which there is either no closed-form model, or the closed-form model is less successful than Black-Scholes for equity options.
Personality, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce

Some 1,500 married or divorced men and women were interviewed and administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Comparisons between the married and the divorced suggested that divorces are more frequent among the psychiatrically abnormal (high Psychoticism, high Neuroticism), particularly among the women. Extraversion was also related to divorce, but only among the men. Within-group correlations largely confirmed these between-group comparisons. Personality appears to be one of many factors involved in marital satisfaction and divorce.
N-gram Counts and Language Models from the Common Crawl

We contribute 5-gram counts and language models trained on the Common Crawl corpus, a collection over 9 billion web pages. This release improves upon the Google n-gram counts in two key ways: the inclusion of low-count entries and deduplication to reduce boilerplate. By preserving singletons, we were able to use Kneser-Ney smoothing to build large language models. This paper describes how the corpus was processed with emphasis on the problems that arise in working with data at this scale. Our unpruned Kneser-Ney English $5$-gram language model, built on 975 billion deduplicated tokens, contains over 500 billion unique n-grams. We show gains of 0.5-1.4 BLEU by using large language models to translate into various languages.
Energy efficiency of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard in dense wireless microsensor networks: modeling and improvement perspectives

Wireless microsensor networks, which have been the topic of intensive research in recent years, are now emerging in industrial applications. An important milestone in this transition has been the release of the IEEE 802.15. 4 standard that specifies interoperable wireless physical and medium access control layers targeted to sensor node radios. In this paper, we evaluate the potential of an 802.15. 4 radio for use in an ultra low power sensor node operating in a dense network. Starting from measurements carried out on the off-the-shelf radio, effective radio activation and link adaptation policies are derived. It is shown that, in a typical sensor network scenario, the average power per node can be reduced down to 211 /spl mu/W. Next, the energy consumption breakdown between the different phases of a packet transmission is presented, indicating which part of the transceiver architecture can most effectively be optimized in order to further reduce the radio power, enabling self-powered wireless microsensor networks.
Effects of oral antioxidant treatment upon the dynamics of human sperm DNA fragmentation and subpopulations of sperm with highly degraded DNA

The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral antioxidant treatment (1500 mg of l‐Carnitine; 60 mg of vitamin C; 20 mg of coenzyme Q10; 10 mg of vitamin E; 10 mg of zinc; 200 μg of vitamin B9; 50 μg of selenium; 1 μg of vitamin B12) during a time period of 3 months upon the dynamics of sperm DNA fragmentation following varying periods of sperm storage (0 h, 2 h, 6 h, 8 h and 24 h) at 37 °C in a cohort of 20 infertile patients diagnosed with asthenoteratozoospermia. A secondary objective was to use the sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCD) to study antioxidant effects upon a specific subpopulation of highly DNA degraded sperm (DDS). Semen parameters and pregnancy rate (PR) were also determined. Results showed a significant improvement of DNA integrity at all incubation points (P < 0.01). The proportion of DDS was also significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Semen analysis data showed a significant increase in concentration, motility, vitality and morphology parameters. Our results suggest that antioxidant treatment improves sperm quality not only in terms of key seminal parameters and basal DNA damage, but also helps to maintain DNA integrity. Prior administration of antioxidants could therefore promote better outcomes following assisted reproductive techniques.
FLUORESCENCE AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE PERIVASCULAR MESENCHYMAL CELLS AND FIBROBLASTS AFTER VITAMIN A ADMINISTRATION

Findings of perivascular mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts in mice receiving large doses of vitamin A were described. Liver, lung, intestine and skin were investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Marked increase of fluorescence of vitamin A was observed in the sinusoidal wall of the liver, in the alveolar septa of the lungs, in the propria mucosa, submucosa and muscular layer of the intestine and in the dermis of the abdominal skin. Increased fluorescence of these organs corresponded, ultrastructually, to the appearance of numerous fat droplets in Ito cells of the liver, septal cells of the lung and fibroblasts of the intestine and of the skin. All of these cells showed the same morphological features and the same distribution in the tissue, namely in the interstitial connective tissue space. These findings indicate that vitamin A storing cells are distributed widely in the connective tissue of various organs and that perivascular vitamin A storing mesenchymal cells and interstitial fibroblasts are probably of common fibroblastic cell line.
Knowledge-seeking and self-schema: A case for the motivational dimensions of exposition

Based on the work of Rosenblatt, a reader's response to text has been conceptualized as lying on a continuum from an efferent to an aesthetic stance. Those assuming an efficient stance are described as detached and passive, with a focus on taking information away from the reading event. In the aesthetic stance, by contrast, readers are focused on the experience of the moment and on losing themselves in the pleasure and beauty of the story. Within the reading literature, motivation more often is associated with an aesthetic stance and with narrative text, whereas knowledge-seeking via exposition is linked to the more passive and uninspiring efferent stance. It is my contention that knowledge-seeking through exposition is indeed motivating because it contributes positively to readers' self-schemata. To support this argument, I offer a more expanded view of motivation than typically is considered in the literary research. This view is based on the writings in goal orientation, interest, and agency. Further, .
Effect of processed bambara groundnuts and benne seeds on growth and organ morphology of broiler

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of replacing full fat soybean meal with aqueous–heated, dry–heated and dehulled Bambara groundnuts ( Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. ) and benne seeds ( Sesamum indicum ) on performance characteristics and organ morphology of broiler chickens over a period of eight weeks. Anti-nutritional factors in the raw and processed plant seeds were determined. Higher amounts of haemagglutinin (HG) and trypsin inhibitor (TI) were found in the raw Bambara groundnuts, and tannin, phytate and oxalate in raw benne seeds respectively. Both HG and TI were completely destroyed in aqueous-heated Bambara groundnuts while the dry heated Bambara groundnuts contained residual amounts of the anti-nutrients. Higher amounts of the tannin, oxalate and phytate were removed in the dehulled benne seeds. Feed intake was statistically not significant in different treatment groups. Weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were more significantly (p<0.05) reduced in groups fed dehulled Bambara groundnuts, aqueous–heated benne seeds and dry–heated benne seeds. Significant (p<0.05) reductions were also obtained in nitrogen retention of birds fed with dehulled Bambara groundnuts, aqueous–heated benne seeds and dry–heated benne seeds respectively. The organ morphology showed significant (p<0.05) increases in weights of pancreas and kidney of birds fed dehulled Bambara groundnuts. The best improvements in the response indices were obtained in birds fed aqueous-heated Bambara groundnuts and dehulled benne seeds. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjas.v44i1. 23127 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 44 (1): 26-32
Correction: Foxn4 promotes gene expression required for the formation of multiple motile cilia

There was an error published in Development 143 , [4654-4664][1]. The name of the first author was misspelt. The correct name appears above and has been corrected in the published article. The authors apologise to readers for this mistake. [1]: /lookup/volpage/143/4654? iss=24
How People Make Decisions That Involve Risk

Many health and safety problems, including war and terrorism, are by-products of how people reason about risk. I describe a new approach to reasoning about risk that implements a modern dual-process model of memory called fuzzy-trace theory. This approach posits encoding of both verbatim and gist representations, with reliance on the latter whenever possible; dependence of reasoning on retrieval cues that access stored values and principles; and vulnerability of reasoning to processing interference from overlapping classes of events, which causes denominator neglect in risk or probability judgments. These simple principles explain classic and new findings, for example, the finding that people overestimate small risks but ignore very small risks. Fuzzy-trace theory differs from other dual-process approaches to reasoning in that it places intuition at the apex of development, considering fuzzy intuitive processing more advanced than precise computational processing (e.g., trading off risks and rewards). The theory supplies a conception of rationality that distinguishes degrees of severity of errors in reasoning. It also includes a mechanism for achieving consistency in reasoning, a hallmark of rationality, by explaining how a person can treat superficially different reasoning problems in the same way if the problems share an underlying gist.
The Effect of Residential School Choice on Public High School Graduation Rates

This study evaluates the effect of school district size on public high school graduation rates. The study calculates the graduation rate for each graduating class in each state between 1991 and 2002 and uses a fixed-effects model to examine the relationship between these graduation rates and changes in the size of each state's school districts during that period. The analysis indicates that decreasing the average size of a state's school districts by 200 square miles leads to an increase of about 1.64 percentage points in its graduation rate. To put this result into context, if Florida decreased the size of its school districts to the national median, it would increase its graduation rate by about 4.5 percentage points.
The substrate-binding protein imposes directionality on an electrochemical sodium gradient-driven TRAP transporter

Substrate-binding protein-dependent secondary transporters are widespread in prokaryotes and are represented most frequently by members of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter family. Here, we report the membrane reconstitution of a TRAP transporter, the sialic acid-specific SiaPQM system from Haemophilus influenzae, and elucidate its mechanism of energy coupling. Uptake of sialic acid via membrane-reconstituted SiaQM depends on the presence of the sialic acid-binding protein, SiaP, and is driven by the electrochemical sodium gradient. The interaction between SiaP and SiaQM is specific as transport is not reconstituted using the orthologous sialic acid-binding protein VC1779. Importantly, the binding protein also confers directionality on the transporter, and reversal of sialic acid transport from import to export is only possible in the presence of an excess of unliganded SiaP.
Physiological evidence for repressive coping among avoidantly attached adults

Research suggests that the quality of childhood attachments to caregivers influences the development of capacities and strategies for emotion regulation. Avoidantly attached individuals are characterized by emotion-regulation strategies involving the suppression of negative thoughts and feelings. Psychophysiological research on repressive coping suggests that these strategies might be associated with patterns of heightened and escalating sympathetic nervous system reactivity in the absence of correspondingly heightened self-reported affect. The present study tested this hypothesis by subjecting 148 adults to psychological stressors and discussions of attachment-related issues while monitoring their skin conductance level (SCL). Attachment avoidance – but not anxiety – was associated with heightened SCL reactivity to all tasks, especially among women, as well as escalation in reactivity. Additionally, on one stressor avoidance was associated with greater disassociation between subjective and physiological responses. These results have implications for understanding the influence of attachment style on cognitive and physiological aspects of emotion regulation.
Vision and problem finding in principals’ work: Values and cognition in administration

Managers in organizations provide key functions which coordinate components of the technical core and ensure that interdependencies brought on by technology and relations with the environment do not hinder the accomplishment of organizational objectives (Thompson, 1967). Recent research on the work of managers in industry and education have noted the importance of "vision" in shaping how managers direct their organizations (Peters & Austin, 1985; Blumberg & Greenfield, 1986; Manasse, 1985). "Vision," the beliefs concerning what the ideal state of the organization is or what ought to be achieved, guides the ways managers spend their time, the way they distribute resources, and the ways they approach problem-solving in their role. This paper examines the relationships between vision, problem-finding, problem-solving, and the context of principal leadership. Principals are key to school effectiveness. While our understanding of the work activities of principals has increased (Peterson, 1978), only recently have scholars begun to look at the ways managers analyze tasks and at the cognitive processing activities of managers, which include such tasks as sense-making, problem-finding and problem-solving. It is
The Online Bioinformatics Resources Collection at the University of Pittsburgh Health Sciences Library System—a one-stop gateway to online bioinformatics databases and software tools

To bridge the gap between the rising information needs of biological and medical researchers and the rapidly growing number of online bioinformatics resources, we have created the Online Bioinformatics Resources Collection (OBRC) at the Health Sciences Library System (HSLS) at the University of Pittsburgh. The OBRC, containing 1542 major online bioinformatics databases and software tools, was constructed using the HSLS content management system built on the Zope® Web application server. To enhance the output of search results, we further implemented the Vivísimo Clustering Engine®, which automatically organizes the search results into categories created dynamically based on the textual information of the retrieved records. As the largest online collection of its kind and the only one with advanced search results clustering, OBRC is aimed at becoming a one-stop guided information gateway to the major bioinformatics databases and software tools on the Web. OBRC is available at the University of Pittsburgh's HSLS Web site ().
Contraintes phonologiques de l'intonation de la phrase réinterprétées à la lumière des recherches récentes en neurophysiologie

Far from the Autosegmental-Metrical formalizations describing sentence intonation, the so-called Functional-Cognitive approach is based on the dynamic temporal aspects linked to the perception of sentence intonation by listeners in order to reconstitute the prosodic structure encoded by the speaker. This prosodic structure, a priori independent from the other structures organizing the sentence, is constrained by specific rules largely explained by recent neurocognitive research. This research suggests for example that cortex Delta waves synchronize stress (temporal) groups and that Theta waves are linked to the perception of syllables. This hypothesis gives a proper account of the specific constrains that govern the prosodic structure, such as the maximal number of syllables included in a stress group, stress clash, syntactic clash and eurhythmy. It may also explain the sequential, non-concurrently and simultaneous character of the various hierarchical structures that organize sentence units, informational, syntactic and prosodic, which have already been observed in spontaneous speech by C. Blanche-Benveniste.