Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Analysis of Samoan Schools Dropout Rates

This thesis investigates the dropout problem in Samoan schools particularly at primary and secondary levels from 1995 to 2007. It aims at identifying and comparing the dropout rate by region (or geographical locations), school level (primary, primary/secondary and secondary) and school status (Government, Mission and Private). Moreover, it also investigates whether the student-teacher ratio, school size, the gender and ethnicity of the teacher, the qualification of the teacher, the school building and school facility variables are associated with the dropout of students. The investigation is carried out through analysis of census data gathered annually by the Samoa Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture (MESC) through census forms from all the primary and secondary schools in the country. Given our response variable is a dichotomous one, the logit regression models to model the effect of both the categorical and continuous explanatory variables on the dropout was adopted. Moreover, since the dropout rates across different year levels (eg, Year 2, Year 3, and Year 13) are correlated within each school we then use the Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE) approach. The results show that higher dropout rates are found in the rural areas (Rest of Upolu combined with Savaii region) as compared to urban area (Apia urban region). In addition, students are more likely to leave secondary schools earlier than primary or primary/secondary schools. Apparently, the majority of these dropouts are those who have attended Government schools. Surprisingly, students are less likely to get affected with the dropout in larger schools and those schools with higher student-teacher ratios. The gender of the school teacher has nothing to do with the dropout however; having more Samoan and highly qualified teachers in a school will significantly reduce the dropout rate. Nonetheless, a couple of school building variables are significantly associated with the dropout in the positive direction, while another couple inversely relate with the dropout. Schools with more trucks as means of transportation for students, and more radios for school programs and students’ activities are less likely to get affected with the dropouts.
The impact of a social cognitive theory‐based intervention on physical education teacher self‐efficacy

Adolescents are physically inactive and non‐Caucasian adolescents achieve the least amount of physical activity. Hence, supporting teachers’ efforts to increase their students’ physical activity during physical education is important. We examined the influence of a social cognitive theory‐based intervention on teachers’ efficacy to teach physically active physical education lessons (i.e. Exemplary Physical Education Curriculum [EPEC] efficacy) and efficacy to overcome common barriers (i.e. barrier efficacy) to teaching physically active lessons. Forty‐seven elementary physical education teachers from a large inner‐city school district in the USA participated. We paired experienced teachers (n = 15) with novice 1 teachers (n = 15) while learning how to teach a physical activity curriculum and compared them with a group of teachers (n = 17) who received no intervention. We hypothesized that the intervention teachers, relative to the comparison group, would improve in their efficacy to teach the EPEC and overcome barriers. All 47 teachers completed EPEC and barrier efficacy scales pre and post intervention. Analyses indicated a variety of significant main and interaction effects with mean scores in the expected directions. Both groups of intervention teachers improved their efficacy to teach the EPEC and their efficacy to overcome barriers. The comparison teachers’ efficacy remained stable or decreased. In general the significant results, combined with meaningful effect sizes, supported the effectiveness of our intervention and the importance of professional development training in a physical activity curriculum on teacher’s efficacy.
Grid cells and theta as oscillatory interference: Theory and predictions

The oscillatory interference model [Burgess et al. (2007) Hippocampus 17:801–802] of grid cell firing is reviewed as an algorithmic level description of path integration and as an implementation level description of grid cells and their inputs. New analyses concern the relationships between the variables in the model and the theta rhythm, running speed, and the intrinsic firing frequencies of grid cells. New simulations concern the implementation of velocity‐controlled oscillators (VCOs) with different preferred directions in different neurons. To summarize the model, the distance traveled along a specific direction is encoded by the phase of a VCO relative to a baseline frequency. Each VCO is an intrinsic membrane potential oscillation whose frequency increases from baseline as a result of depolarization by synaptic input from speed modulated head‐direction cells. Grid cell firing is driven by the VCOs whose preferred directions match the current direction of motion. VCOs are phase‐reset by location‐specific input from place cells to prevent accumulation of error. The baseline frequency is identified with the local average of VCO frequencies, while EEG theta frequency is identified with the global average VCO frequency and comprises two components: the frequency at zero speed and a linear response to running speed. Quantitative predictions are given for the inter‐relationships between a grid cell's intrinsic firing frequency and grid scale, the two components of theta frequency, and the running speed of the animal. Qualitative predictions are given for the properties of the VCOs, and the relationship between environmental novelty, the two components of theta, grid scale and place cell remapping. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship of social support to the work‐family balance and work outcomes of midlife women

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the relationship of a network of social support for midlife women with their attitudes toward work‐family balance and work outcomes, including job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and career accomplishment.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 1,089 women between the ages of 35 and 50 across three organizations were surveyed and then 72 of them interviewed.Findings – Results indicate that the women generally received more personal social support than work‐based social support and more instrumental than expressive support from all sources. Work‐based social support was positively associated with job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and career accomplishment; personal social support was also associated with job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Work‐family balance may partially mediate the relationship between social support and work outcomes.Originality/value – Much of what is known about work‐life issues centers on the work‐family conflict.
The role of salivary gland scintigraphy in detection of salivary gland dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the salivary gland dysfunction in a patient with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes using salivary gland scintigraphy. Materials and Methods: patients included in the study were 32 uncontrolled type 2 diabetic and 30 normal healthy individuals. Patients having any other systemic(or) nervous illness(or) taking medications that could affect the normal functioning of the salivary gland were excluded from the study. The salivary gland scintigraphy was performed, with radioactivity measured at 1st, 20th, and 40th minutes. Twenty minutes after the injection, vitamin C chewable tablet was given to stimulate the secretion and continued until the end of the study period (40min). The data were replayed and regions of interest were chosen over four salivary glands to obtain the uptake ratio (UR) and excretory ratio(ER) of the salivary glands. Result: The scintigraphic total URand ER in diabetic and control groups was compared. The values in these two categories showed decrease in both UR and ER in diabetic patients, when compared to control patients. Conclusion and Significance: The result of this study suggests that salivary gland scintigraphy plays a significant role in the evaluation of salivary gland dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients.
Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent.

For many years, the study of giftedness, creativity, and talent was of concern to a small community of scholars in psychology and education. Now, however, the nature of intelligence, the sources of innovation, and the ways of nurturing special abilities have become topics of great interest to a wide variety of disciplines, to policymakers, and to the general public. This encyclopedia was created to bring to a wide audience the theoretical and research knowledge across many disciplines about giftedness, creativity, and talent development. Written in a highly readable, clear style, the encyclopedia offers, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of the field, not just for scholars, but for educators, counselors, administrators, government leaders, families, and gifted, creative, and talented students themselves.
Simulations of Incompressible Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

We simulate incompressible MHD turbulence using a pseudospectral code. Our major conclusions are: (1) MHD turbulence is most conveniently described in terms of counterpropagating shear Alfvén and slow waves. Shear Alfvén waves control the cascade dynamics. Slow waves play a passive role and adopt the spectrum set by the shear Alfvén waves. Cascades composed entirely of shear Alfvén waves do not generate a significant measure of slow waves. (2) MHD turbulence is anisotropic, with energy cascading more rapidly along k⊥ than along k∥, where k⊥ and k∥ refer to wavevector components perpendicular and parallel to the local magnetic field, respectively. Anisotropy increases with increasing k⊥ such that excited modes are confined inside a cone bounded by k∥ ∝ k, where γ < 1. The opening angle of the cone, Θ(k⊥) ∝ k, defines the scale-dependent anisotropy. (3) The one-dimensional inertial range energy spectrum is well fitted by a power law, E(k⊥) ∝ k, with α > 1. (4) MHD turbulence is generically strong in the sense that the waves that comprise it suffer order unity distortions on timescales comparable to their periods. Nevertheless, turbulent fluctuations are small deep inside the inertial range. Their energy density is less than that of the background field by a factor of Θ(α-1)/(1-γ) ≪ 1. (5) MHD cascades are best understood geometrically. Wave packets suffer distortions as they move along magnetic field lines perturbed by counterpropagating waves. Field lines perturbed by unidirectional waves map planes perpendicular to the local field into each other. Shear Alfvén waves are responsible for the mapping's shear and slow waves for its dilatation. The amplitude of the former exceeds that of the latter by 1/Θ(k⊥), which accounts for dominance of the shear Alfvén waves in controlling the cascade dynamics. (6) Passive scalars mixed by MHD turbulence adopt the same power spectrum as the velocity and magnetic field perturbations. (7) Decaying MHD turbulence is unstable to an increase of the imbalance between the fluxes of waves propagating in opposite directions along the magnetic field. Forced MHD turbulence displays order unity fluctuations with respect to the balanced state if excited at low k⊥ by δ(t)-correlated forcing. It appears to be statistically stable to the unlimited growth of imbalance. (8) Gradients of the dynamic variables are focused into sheets aligned with the magnetic field whose thickness is comparable to the dissipation scale. Sheets formed by oppositely directed waves are uncorrelated. We suspect that these are vortex sheets, which the mean magnetic field prevents from rolling up. (9) Items 1-6 lend support to the model of strong MHD turbulence put forth by Goldreich & Sridhar (GS). Results from our simulations are also consistent with the GS prediction γ = 2/3, as are those obtained previously by Cho & Vishniac. The sole notable discrepancy is that one-dimensional energy spectra determined from our simulations exhibit α ≈ 3/2, whereas the GS model predicts α = 5/3. Further investigation is needed to resolve this issue.
Do-not-resuscitate order after 25 years*

BackgroundIn 1976, the first hospital policies on orders not to resuscitate were published in the medical literature. Since that time, the concept has continued to evolve and evoke much debate. Indeed, few initials in medicine today evoke as much symbolism or controversy as the Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) order. ObjectiveTo review the development, implementation, and present standing of the DNR order. DesignReview article. Main ResultsThe DNR order concept brought an open decision-making framework to the resuscitation decision and did much to put appropriate restraint on the universal application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for the dying patient. Yet, even today, many of the early concerns remain. ConclusionsAfter 25 yrs of DNR orders, it remains reasonable to presume consent and attempt resuscitation for people who suffer an unexpected cardiopulmonary arrest or for whom resuscitation may have physiologic effect and for whom no information is available at the time as to their wishes (or those of their surrogate). However, it is not reasonable to continue to rely on such a presumption without promptly and actively seeking to clarify the patient’s (or surrogate’s) wishes. The DNR order, then, remains an inducement to seek the informed patient’s directive.
PosMed: ranking genes and bioresources based on Semantic Web Association Study

Positional MEDLINE (PosMed; http://biolod.org/PosMed) is a powerful Semantic Web Association Study engine that ranks biomedical resources such as genes, metabolites, diseases and drugs, based on the statistical significance of associations between user-specified phenotypic keywords and resources connected directly or inferentially through a Semantic Web of biological databases such as MEDLINE, OMIM, pathways, co-expressions, molecular interactions and ontology terms. Since 2005, PosMed has long been used for in silico positional cloning studies to infer candidate disease-responsible genes existing within chromosomal intervals. PosMed is redesigned as a workbench to discover possible functional interpretations for numerous genetic variants found from exome sequencing of human disease samples. We also show that the association search engine enhances the value of mouse bioresources because most knockout mouse resources have no phenotypic annotation, but can be associated inferentially to phenotypes via genes and biomedical documents. For this purpose, we established text-mining rules to the biomedical documents by careful human curation work, and created a huge amount of correct linking between genes and documents. PosMed associates any phenotypic keyword to mouse resources with 20 public databases and four original data sets as of May 2013.
SimpleScience: Lexical Simplification of Scientific Terminology

Lexical simpliﬁcation of scientiﬁc terms represents a unique challenge due to the lack of a standard parallel corpora and fast rate at which vocabulary shift along with research. We introduce SimpleScience, a lexical simpliﬁca-tion approach for scientiﬁc terminology. We use word embeddings to extract simpliﬁcation rules from a parallel corpora containing sci-entiﬁc publications and Wikipedia. To evaluate our system we construct SimpleSciGold, a novel gold standard set for science-related simpliﬁcations. We ﬁnd that our approach out-performs prior context-aware approaches at generating simpliﬁcations for scientiﬁc terms.
Spread of bloodborne viruses among Australian prison entrants

Abstract Objectives: To assess spread of bloodborne viruses among prison entrants in Victoria, Australia. Design: Voluntary confidential testing of all prison entrants for markers of exposure to bloodborne viruses with collection of minimal data on demography and risk factors over 12 months. Setting: Her Majesty's Prisons, Pentridge and Fairlea, Victoria, Australia. Subjects: 3429 male and 198 female prison entrants (>99% of all prison entrants); 344 entered prison and were tested more than once. Main outcome measures: Prevalence and incidence of antibodies to HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C viruses, and minimal data on risk factors. Results: 1562 (46%) gave a history of use of injected drugs, 1171 (33%) had antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, 1418 (39%) were anti-hepatitis C positive including 914 (64%) of the men who injected drugs, 91 (2.5%) were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, and 17 (0.47%) were positive for antibody to HIV. Incidence rates for infection with hepa Conclusions: Hepatitis B and C are spreading rapidly through some populations of injecting drug users in Victoria, particularly among men aged less than 30 years at risk of imprisonment in whom rates of spread are extreme; this group constitutes a sizeable at risk population for spread of HIV. This spread is occurring in a context of integrated harm reduction measures outside prisons for prevention of viral spread but few programmes within or on transition from prisons; it poses an urgent challenge to these programmes. Key messages Key messages These programmes are seen to be effective in controlling the spread of HIV among injecting drug users among whom prevalence of HIV remains low There is, however, continued spread at high rates of hepatitis C and B among young injecting drug users entering prisons in Australia The highest rates (41% a year for hepatitis C and 21% a year for hepatitis B) are occurring among young male injecting drug users There is an urgent need to refocus harm reduction programmes to cope with the challenge of hepatitis C and to ensure prisoners are at no greater risk inside or on transition from prisons than they are outside
Communicative Signals Promote Object Recognition Memory and Modulate the Right Posterior STS

Detection of communicative signals is thought to facilitate knowledge acquisition early in life, but less is known about the role these signals play in adult learning or about the brain systems supporting sensitivity to communicative intent. The current study examined how ostensive gaze cues and communicative actions affect adult recognition memory and modulate neural activity as measured by fMRI. For both the behavioral and fMRI experiments, participants viewed a series of videos of an actress acting on one of two objects in front of her. Communicative context in the videos was manipulated in a 2 × 2 design in which the actress either had direct gaze (Gaze) or wore a visor (NoGaze) and either pointed at (Point) or reached for (Reach) one of the objects (target) in front of her. Participants then completed a recognition memory task with old (target and nontarget) objects and novel objects. Recognition memory for target objects in the Gaze conditions was greater than NoGaze, but no effects of gesture type were seen. Similarly, the fMRI video-viewing task revealed a significant effect of Gaze within right posterior STS (pSTS), but no significant effects of Gesture. Furthermore, pSTS sensitivity to Gaze conditions was related to greater memory for objects viewed in Gaze, as compared with NoGaze, conditions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the ostensive, communicative signal of direct gaze preceding an object-directed action enhances recognition memory for attended items and modulates the pSTS response to object-directed actions. Thus, establishment of a communicative context through ostensive signals remains an important component of learning and memory into adulthood, and the pSTS may play a role in facilitating this type of social learning.
Spousal Assaulters in Outpatient Mental Health Care: The Relevance of Structured Risk Assessment

This study examined whether a typology of perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) could be replicated in a Dutch sample (N = 154) of self-referred IPV perpetrators using a structured risk assessment tool for relational violence (Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk [B-SAFER]). Our findings support the previous IPV perpetrator subtypes: low-level antisocial (LLA), family only (FO), psychopathology (PP), and generally violent/antisocial (GVA). The subtypes differed on the descriptive dimensions general criminality, substance use, and mental health problems. The prevalence rates for each subtype were roughly comparable with those in previous studies. Contrary to expectation, the prevalence of the GVA subtype was relatively high in our self-referred sample compared with court-referred samples. Our findings suggest that structured risk assessment should be an integral part of the intake procedure for IPV perpetrators entering treatment, to assess their level of risk and to arrive at a tailored risk management strategy, regardless of setting or referral source.
Using Social Network Analysis to Test an IT-Enabled Business Process Reengineering Theory

After more than a decade of research in information technology-enabled business process reengineering (BPR), no clear theory explains the link between information technology (IT) and organizational transformation. This paper introduces the use of social network analysis (SNA) methods to analyze this link. SNA is a social structural approach that focuses on dynamic relationships among the technology, its adopters, and the social context they are in. It is used in this study to test Galbraith’s Organizational Information Processing Theory (OIPT) in describing three IT-enabled BPR efforts. The results of the research show that SNA coupled with the OIPT is capable of explaining how technological innovation and process innovation interact within the context of BPR. The results of the research also provide measures that can be used by practitioners and researchers as leading indicators of BPR success.
Activation of the Cardiac Proteasome During Pressure Overload Promotes Ventricular Hypertrophy

Background— The adaptation of cardiac mass to hemodynamic overload requires an adaptation of protein turnover, ie, the balance between protein synthesis and degradation. We tested 2 hypotheses: (1) chronic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) activates the proteasome system of protein degradation, especially in the myocardium submitted to the highest wall stress, ie, the subendocardium, and (2) the proteasome system is required for the development of LVH. Methods and Results— Gene and protein expression of proteasome subunits and proteasome activity were measured separately from left ventricular subendocardium and subepicardium, right ventricle, and peripheral tissues in a canine model of severe, chronic (2 years) LVH induced by aortic banding and then were compared with controls. Both gene and protein expressions of proteasome subunits were increased in LVH versus control (P<0.05), which was accompanied by a significant (P<0.05) increase in proteasome activity. Posttranslational modification of the proteasome was also detected by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These changes were found specifically in left ventricular subendocardium but not in left ventricular subepicardium, right ventricle, or noncardiac tissues from the same animals. In a mouse model of chronic pressure overload, a 50% increase in heart mass and a 2-fold increase in proteasome activity (both P<0.05 versus sham) were induced. In that model, the proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin completely prevented LVH while blocking proteasome activation. Conclusions— The increase in proteasome expression and activity found during chronic pressure overload in myocardium submitted to higher stress is also required for the establishment of LVH.