Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The state transition model of the substorm onset

The substorm mechanism is investigated from a resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulation under the assumption that the magnetotail becomes more diffusive as it goes further downtail. The simulation uses the finite volume total-variation diminishing scheme on an unstructured grid system to evaluate the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling effect more precisely and to reduce the numerical viscosity in the near-Earth plasma sheet. The calculation started from a stationary solution under a northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) condition with non-zero IMF By. After a southward turning of the IMF the simulation results show the progress of plasma sheet thinning in the magnetosphere, together with increases in the size of the auroral oval and in the magnitude of the field aligned current (FAC) in the polar ionosphere. This thinning is promoted by the drain of closed flux from the plasma sheet occurring under the enhanced convection. In this stage the reclosure process in the plasma sheet which determines the flux piling up from the midtail to the near-Earth plasma sheet is not so effective, since it is still controlled by the remnant of northward IMF. The substorm onset occurs as an abrupt change of pressure distribution in the near-Earth plasma sheet and an intrusion of convection flow into the inner magnetosphere. After the onset the simulation results reproduce both the dipolarization in the near-Earth tail and the near-Earth neutral line (NENL) at the midtail, together with plasma injection into the inner magnetosphere and an enhancement of the nightside FAC. Dipolarization is hastened by a northward re-turning of the IMF, indicating that it is triggered off through the breakdown of dynamic stress balance in the near-tail plasma sheet established under the convection-controlling tail thinning. It is concluded that the direct cause of the onset is the dipolarization, which is not a mere pileup of the flux ejected from the NENL but the state (phase space) transition of the convection system from a thinned state to a dipolarized state associated with a self-organizing criticality. In this idea the NENL is a topologically controlled diffusive process and not directly responsible for the onset, although it constitutes an important part in the convection system necessary for the state transition. After the onset the simulation results show a thickening of the plasma sheet and a tailward retreating of the NENL. Under a continuously southward IMF this state with a thickened plasma sheet shows a signature of the steady magnetospheric convection event.
Maternal dietary exposure to fiber during pregnancy and mammary tumorigenesis among rat offspring

Maternal diet during pregnancy has been proposed to modify female offspring's later susceptibility to develop breast cancer; however, most of the dietary factors identified thus far have led to increased risk. To identify dietary factors that might reduce offspring's breast cancer risk, pregnant rat dams were fed diets containing 6% fiber originating either from cellulose (control), or oat, whole wheat or defatted flax flour. At birth, dams were switched to the AIN93 semi‐purified diet. Mammary tumor incidence and multiplicity, induced by administering the offspring 5 mg 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) at the age of 50 days, was reduced in the whole wheat flour‐exposed offspring and increased in the defatted flax‐exposed offspring. To identify the mechanisms mediating the effects of in utero dietary exposures, changes in mammary gland morphology and gene expression were assessed before puberty onset (3 weeks of age) and at the time rats are most susceptible to malignant transformation (8 weeks of age). The number of terminal end buds (TEBs), i.e., the targets of malignant transformation, was reduced in the mammary glands of whole wheat‐ and oat flour‐exposed offspring, as compared to the controls. Further, the number of apoptotic epithelial cells (based on ISOL assay) was elevated in the whole wheat flour offspring, but no changes in cell proliferation (PCNA), estrogen receptor α (ER‐α) or cyclin D1 mRNA or protein levels were seen. The mRNA and/or protein levels of BRCA1 and p53 were significantly increased in the mammary glands of whole wheat flour offspring. Further, the levels of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), a marker of DNA damage, were significantly reduced in these rats, suggesting that maternal dietary exposure to whole wheat during pregnancy may reduce offspring's breast cancer risk by improving DNA damage repair mechanisms. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overfishing of top predators eroded the resilience of the Black Sea system regardless of the climate and anthropogenic conditions

It is well known that human activities, such as harvesting, have had major direct effects on marine ecosystems. However, it is far less acknowledged that human activities in the surroundings might have important effects on marine systems. There is growing evidence suggesting that major reorganization (i.e., a regime shift) is a common feature in the temporal evolution of a marine system. Here we show, and quantify, the interaction of human activities (nutrient upload) with a favourable climate (run‐off) and its contribution to the eutrophication of the Black Sea in the 1980s. Based on virtual analysis of the bottom‐up (eutrophication) vs. top‐down (trophic cascades) effects, we found that an earlier onset of eutrophication could have counteracted the restructuring of the trophic regulation at the base of the food web that resulted from the depletion of top predators in the 1970s. These enhanced bottom‐up effects would, however, not propagate upwards in the food web beyond the zooplankton level. Our simulations identified the removal of apex predators as a key element in terms of loss of resilience that inevitably leads to a reorganization. Once the food web has been truncated, the type and magnitude of interventions on the group replacing the apex predator as the new upper trophic level have no effect in preventing the trophic cascade. By characterizing the tipping point at which increased bottom‐up forcing exactly counteracts the top‐down cascading effects, our results emphasize the importance of a comprehensive analysis that take into account all structuring forces at play (including those beyond the marine system) at a given time.
Family Influences on Early Development: Integrating the Science of Normative Development, Risk and Disability, and Intervention

The focus of this chapter is on family patterns of interaction that influence the social and intellectual competence of young children. It is the development of social and intellectual competencies that enables children to pursue their own goals as effectively as possible and to do so in the context of larger family values, expectations, and routines. Of importance, the development-enhancing qualities of family patterns of interaction can and do differ substantially across families, and many of these variations can materially alter children's developmental trajectories, especially during the early childhood years. Indeed, families challenged by various combinations of environmental and psychosocial stressors or risk factors often establish family patterns of interaction that are far from optimal with respect to their development-enhancing features (Belsky & Fearon, 2002; Burchinal, Roberts, Hooper, & Zeisel, 2000; Liaw & Brooks-Gunn, 1994; Sameroff, Seifer, Barocas, Zax, & Greenspan, 1987). From another perspective, and the one emphasized in this chapter, owing to genetic conditions, infectious agents, or other biologically based causes, many children exhibit uneven and unusual developmental characteristics that pose significant challenges to optimal family patterns of interaction for even the most conscientious and devoted of families. Nevertheless, as will be seen, irrespective of the nature and origin of stressors to optimal family patterns of interaction, a common developmental framework can be useful in understanding factors influencing children developing typically as well as those children who are vulnerable to developmental problems as a consequence of biological or environmental factors. Moreover, it is this same developmental framework that can serve as a guide to design and evaluate the effectiveness of early interventions intended to maximize the development-enhancing features of family patterns of interaction for vulnerable children. In fact, our understanding of development can be substantially enriched by a
Pretreatment With Antiplatelet Drugs in Invasively Managed Patients With Coronary Artery Disease in the Contemporary Era: Review of the Evidence and Practice Guidelines

Antiplatelet therapy is the mainstay of pharmacological management in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) manifestations, particularly those with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). 1 In these settings, platelet inhibition with aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor is associated with ischemic benefit, although this may occur at the expenses of an increased risk of bleeding.2–4 Clopidogrel is the most studied P2Y12 receptor and still represents the most used across the globe. However, a major conundrum in clinical practice, which has been amplified during the recent years with the development of novel antiplatelet therapies, both oral (prasugrel and ticagrelor) and intravenous (cangrelor), is whether patients undergoing an invasive evaluation should be pretreated with a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor.5 The introduction of novel antiplatelet therapies has also led to question the role of pretreatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors (GPI). 6 Although the need for adequate platelet inhibition is emphasized among invasively managed patients with CAD, the evidence supporting pretreatment, particularly with P2Y12 inhibitors, is somewhat scarce. Indeed, changes in practice patterns in the current era of ACS management, which is typically characterized by shorter timeframes from clinical presentation to the cath-laboratory, have fueled the debate on the benefits of pretreatment. On one side, proponents of pretreatment call into question the need for safeguarding the patient from ischemic events in the early vulnerable period before and immediately after PCI.7 On the other side, challengers of pretreatment raise concerns over the putative unnecessary excess of platelet inhibition and related bleeding risk when patients do not undergo PCI (ie, when medical management or coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] is needed). 8 Overall, in view of the conflicting data and the newly available studies exploring the effect of pretreatment with antiplatelet …
Case Report of Identifying and Measuring IT Architecture Principles in the Dutch Tax Agency

This case report describes the results of empirical validation of a definition and measurement instrument for IT architecture principles at the Dutch Tax Agency. The key objective was to answer the research question: "can we identify and measure IT architecture principles? " We conducted four case studies, using the measurement instrument we developed. For each case study we describe the business context, the IT system and the use of the IT architecture principles, and we provided reflection on the use of the definition and the measurement instrument. We also describe some overall findings related to the use of IT architecture principals in real-life situations, as well as overall conclusions and recommendations on the measurement instrument used.
Outcome of 1051 Octogenarian Patients With ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Observational Cohort From the London Heart Attack Group

Background ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction is increasingly common in octogenarians, and optimal management in this cohort is uncertain. This study aimed to describe the outcomes of octogenarians with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods and Results We analyzed 10 249 consecutive patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention between 2005 and 2011 at 8 tertiary cardiac centers across London, United Kingdom. The primary end point was all‐cause mortality at a median follow‐up of 3 years. In total, 1051 patients (10.3%) were octogenarians, with an average age of 84.2 years, and the proportion increased over the study period (P=0.04). In‐hospital mortality (7.7% vs 2.4%, P<0.0001) and long‐term mortality (51.6% vs 12.8%, P<0.0001) were increased in octogenarians compared with patients aged <80 years, and age was an independent predictor of mortality in a fully adjusted model (hazard ratio 1.07, 95% CI 1.07–1.09, P<0.0001). Time‐stratified analysis revealed an increasingly elderly and more complex cohort over time. Nonetheless, long‐term mortality rates among octogenarians remained static over time, and this may be attributable to improved percutaneous coronary intervention techniques, including significantly higher rates of radial access and lower bleeding complications. Variables associated with bleeding complications were similar between octogenarian and younger cohorts. Conclusions In this large registry, octogenarians undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention had a higher rate of complications and mortality compared with a younger population. Over time, octogenarians undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention increased in number, age, and complexity. Nevertheless, in‐hospital outcomes were reasonable, and long‐term mortality rates were static.
Sandstone-hosted concretions record evidence for syn-lithification seismicity, cavitation processes, and Palaeocene rapid burial of Lower Cretaceous deep-marine sandstones (Outer Moray Firth, UK North Sea)

Syn- and post-lithification cemented fractures are abundant in concretions formed during shallow burial of Hauterivian turbidites in the Outer Moray Firth. Early fractures are irregular, bifurcating, and contain entrained sand grains. They are confined to the concretion bodies, but commonly splay into narrower fracture swarms at the margins. Multiple, cross-cutting fills of calcite microspar have similar isotopic composition to adjacent concretionary cements, suggesting that rupture and cementation cycles occurred as host concretions lithified. Expulsion of cementing pore fluids from the fractures produced cement protrusions at concretion margins. A hydraulic fracture mechanism resulting from localized permeability heterogeneity and episodic seismic activity is proposed. Rapid seismic loading created high pore fluid pressures for fracture dilation in lithifying concretions and, through cavitation and CO2 degassing, a trigger for rapid homogeneous nucleation of calcite. Many of the early structures were subsequently reactivated as brittle tensile fractures, and host a variety of mesogenetic cements. Reactivation probably occurred in response to stress amplification during rapid Palaeocene burial. By this time lithification of the concretions had dramatically changed their rheology and failure style. Minor permeability remained in the concretion cements adjacent to reactivated fractures, permitting invasion of intercrystalline voids by late diagenetic fluids.
Serial relationships between ventilation-perfusion inequality and spirometry in acute severe asthma requiring hospitalization.

Patterns of VA/Q distribution and their relationship to spirometric indices were studied in 10 patients with acute severe asthma requiring hospitalization (7 women and 3 men 41.0 +/- 5.6 yr of age, mean +/- SEM) on admission and during subsequent recovery. On admission, all patients received the standard therapeutic regimen for our hospital. Spirometry and essentially noninvasive multiple inert gas elimination measurements were obtained serially, approximately once every day, whereas conventional arterial blood gases were determined every 3 days. On admission, all patients showed severe air-flow obstruction (FEV1/FVC% = 34.1 +/- 4.3%) and moderate to severe hypoxemia without CO2 retention (PaO2 = 50.5 +/- 2.6 mm Hg; PaCO2 = 37.1 +/- 2.4 mm Hg; AaPO2 = 53.7 +/- 3.0 mm Hg). Nine of the 10 patients showed bimodal blood flow distributions (dispersion of blood flow distribution, log SD Q = 1.34 +/- 0.11; normal range, 0.3 to 0.6) with only small amounts of shunt (1.09 +/- 0.8%). However, no significant interindividual correlations were observed between maximal expiratory flow rates (FEV1 and FEF25(-75) and log SD Q (r2 = 0.14 and 0.006, respectively). This lack of correlation persisted throughout hospitalization. Despite both clinical and spirometric improvement in all patients, there was simultaneous improvement in VA/Q matching in only one patient. Statistically significant negative correlations between maximal expiratory flow rates and gas exchange did develop toward the end of the study (Weeks 3 and 4 after discharge) when maximal recovery of physiologic changes associated with the acute asthma attack was achieved. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Novel Therapeutic Approach for Inhibition of HIV-1 Using Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Bacterial Toxins

Despite advancements in our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis, critical virus components for immunity, vaccines trials, and drugs development, challenges remain in the fight against HIV-1. Of great importance is the inhibitory function of microbicidal cell penetrating peptides and bacterial toxins that interfere with production and neutralize infection of HIV-1 particles. We demonstrate that the neutralizing activity of a cationic 18 amino acids peptide, is similar to a broadly neutralizing human antibody, and inhibits production of two HIV-1 strains in human cell lines. Pretreatment of cells with bacterial toxins or toxoids derived from enterotoxigenic E. coli, boost subsequent activity of the peptide against HIV-1, to inhibit simultaneously production and infection. The synthetic peptide crosses the cell membrane into the cytoplasm and nucleus. In vitro analysis of a possible target for this peptide revealed specific binding to recombinant HIV-1 gag p24. This is the first demonstration of a synergy between bacterial toxins and a cell-penetrating peptide against HIV-1.
The blood volume of the normal guinea‐pig

During the course of a departmental programme of quantitative studies on haemopoiesis it became necessary to obtain values for the blood volume of normal male guinea-pigs of the Mill Hill strain at varying stages of maturity. Although the blood volume of other small laboratory animals has been extensively studied, few data are available for the guinea-pig. The earliest studies appear to have been those of Gscheidlen (1869), Ranke (1871) and Steinberg (1873), who obtained approximate values ranging from I to 1 of the body weight. Dreyer & Ray (1910), using a modification of Welcker's method, obtained a mean value of 4-3% of body weight, and Erlanger (1921) gave a range of 3-5-5-5%. These results are low when compared with those obtained by modern methods for other small laboratory mammals. Berlin, Huff, Van Dyke & Hennessy (1949), using the combined dye-marked cell method, obtained 7-60-7-98 ml. /100 g for different breeds of rabbits. Comparable data for the guinea-pig have been obtained by modern techniques. Went & Drinker (1929) determined the blood volume of eighteen guinea-pigs by a micro-method using Vital Red and obtained a mean value of 640+ 0.98 ml. /l00 g. Flexner, Gellhorn & Merrell (1942), using T 1824, obtained a mean of 8-3 ml. /100 g on four guinea-pigs, and Masouredis & Melcher (1951) obtained a mean of 7-53 + 0-71 ml. /100 g on a series of thirteen animals using the isotopic iodinated-globulin method. Rogers (Yoffey, 1954) obtained a value of 27 ml. for a 400 g guinea-pig (mean for six animals), i.e. 6-75 ml. /100 g, using the T 1824 method. In view of the small number of animals so far studied it was thought worth while to report the present series, since it has been selected to demonstrate the dependence of blood volume on body weight. Further, the method used includes certain modifications of the customary technique, which will be discussed below.
COMPOSITIONAL STUDIES OF CARIBBEAN CERAMICS: AN INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

Christophe Descantes Archaeological Research Facility University of California–Berkeley 2251 College Building Berkeley, CA 94720-1076 cdescantes@berkeley.edu Robert J. Speakman Museum Conservation Institute Smithsonian Institution 4120 Silver Hill Road Suitland, MD 20746 speakmanj@si.edu Michael D. Glascock Archaeometry Laboratory University of Missouri Research Reactor 1513 Research Park Drive Columbia, MO 65211 glascockm@missouri.edu The University of Missouri Research Reactor Center (MURR) initiated a research program in 2003 centered on the chemical characterizations of ceramics from the Caribbean region. This article describes the technique and procedures involved in instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), applied to all but one of the studies in this issue. These papers were presented at the 2006 Society for American Archaeology (SAA) 71
The Fountain Hills unique CB chondrite: Insights into thermal processes on the CB parent body

Abstract— We report the results of an extensive study of the Fountain Hills chondritic meteorite. This meteorite is closely related to the CBa class. Mineral compositions and O‐isotopic ratios are indistinguishable from other members of this group. However, many features of Fountain Hills are distinct from the other CB chondrites. Fountain Hills contains 23 volume percent metal, significantly lower than other members of this class. In addition, Fountain Hills contains porphyritic chondrules, which are extremely rare in other CBa chondrites. Fountain Hills does not appear to have experienced the extensive shock seen in other CB chondrites. The chondrule textures and lack of fine‐grained matrix suggests that Fountain Hills formed in a dust‐poor region of the early solar system by melting of solid precursors. Refractory siderophiles and lithophile elements are present in near‐CI abundances (within a factor of two, related to the enhancement of metal). Moderately volatile and highly volatile elements are significantly depleted in Fountain Hills. The abundances of refractory siderophile trace elements in metal grains are consistent with condensation from a gas that is reduced relative to solar composition and at relatively high pressures (10−3bars). Fountain Hills experienced significant thermal metamorphism on its parent asteroid. Combining results from the chemical gradients in an isolated spinel grain with olivine‐spinel geothermometry suggests a peak temperature of metamorphism between 535 °C and 878 °C, similar to type‐4 ordinary chondrites.
An extended limit analysis of three-dimensional slope stability

A three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism for earth slope is extended from toe failure to include face failure and base failure. An efficient optimisation method is simultaneously employed to find the least upper bounds to the critical height in order to avoid missing the global minimum. Compared with the results from analysis based on toe failure alone, best estimates of the critical height and the critical failure mechanism are obtained. The calculated results are given in the form of graphs and tables for a wide range of parameters. The critical failure surfaces are also investigated to assess the influences of geometrical constraint and soil property on failure mechanism.