Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New teacher learning: substantive knowledge and contextual factors

This article brings together an overview of ideas about teacher learning from both teacher education and workplace learning literature, and examines what and how newly qualified secondary school teachers learn in the early years of their career. We discuss the types of knowledge new teachers encounter and present a typology of teacher learning. The article also draws on a three-year longitudinal study, presenting findings from surveys of new and more experienced teachers together with analysis of interviews with ten new teachers during the first two years of their teaching career. We present findings about how these new teachers have learned in their first two years of teaching and explore the importance of the school context and other learning factors. Suggestions for future research are also included.
Modernizing Mansaf: The Consuming Contexts of Jordan's National Dish

Mansaf is the national feast dish of Jordan. As such, it is commonly associated with a traditional culture based on an agro-pastoral lifestyle in which meat and yogurt were readily available and hosts had ample time to attend to the needs of guests. This nostalgic ideal is not representative of contemporary Jordanian experience, yet mansaf remains—especially for those of Bedouin origin—the most appropriate measure of a host's respect for “his” guests. The relationship between mansaf as a domestic product and mansaf as a national icon are examined here in historical and contemporary contexts. Utilizing diverse source materials, I analyze the reactions of Jordanian Bedouin to general efforts to commodify, rationalize, and nationalize the meaning, making, and political utility of mansaf. This process sheds light on current analytical engagements with modernity, public culture, tourism, and the performance of national identity.
Wavelet-based post-processing of low bit rate transform coded images

We propose a novel method based on wavelet thresholding for enhancement of decompressed transform coded images. Transform coding at low bit rates typically introduces artifacts associated with the basis functions of the transform. In particular, the method works remarkably well in "deblocking" of DCT compressed images. The method is nonlinear, computationally efficient, and spatially adaptive and has the distinct feature that it removes artifacts yet retain sharp features in the images. An important implication of this result is that images coded using the JPEG standard can efficiently be postprocessed to give significantly improved visual quality in the images. The algorithm can use a conventional JPEG encoder and decoder for which VLSI chips are available. <<ETX>>
Resin-dentin interfaces of endodontically-treated restored teeth.

PURPOSE To compare by confocal and scanning electron microscopy the post-resin-dentin interfaces of endodontically-treated teeth which had been restored with dentin-bonding systems and composite and needed to be extracted after 6 months to 6 years of clinical service. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen single rooted teeth showing proximal lesions penetrating the pulp chamber were included in the investigation and divided into two groups. Group 1 teeth were endodontically-treated, restored with carbon fiber posts and resin-based composite. Group 2 teeth were treated in the same way and covered with porcelain fused-to-metal crowns. RESULTS Two thirds of the observed interfaces showed resin penetration of the root dentin in the middle and coronal third of the post space preparation, while only one third of the interface showed resin infiltration in the apical third of the post space preparation. Debonding of the adhesive from the resin infiltrated dentin area and debonding of the composite cement from the adhesive were the most frequently observed failure modes and were observed in one third of the observed interfaces. There was no difference between the post-resin-dentin interfaces of teeth covered and teeth not covered with porcelain-fused to metal crowns. Teeth extracted after longer periods of clinical service showed more abundant areas of debonding of the adhesive from the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone. The presence of bacteria in resin infiltrated dentin tubules was observed in two specimens.
Asymmetry and Timing in the Volunteer's Dilemma

The production of a binary collective good by the contribution of a single volunteer was modeled by Diekmann in 1985. Without a mechanism for selecting a volunteer, the case with homogeneous players has a Pareto inefficient solution. I discuss a variant with asymmetric costs and benefits. Game-theoretic arguments are developed for selecting the "focal" equilibrium in which the player with the most favorable costs/benefits volunteers. As a scenario, the volunteer's timing dilemma (VTD) is presented. In a VTD, a player volunteers after some waiting time, given that the other players have not volunteered earlier, or he surely abstains from volunteering. The benefits associated with the delayed production of the collective good decrease with the length of the delay. In the symmetric VTD, players randomize the time at which to volunteer. Here, Pareto inefficiency is due both to a delay in production of the collective good and to the possibility that it is not produced at all. In the asymmetric VTD, there is a unique equilibrium that indeed generates the Pareto efficient focal equilibrium. In an elegant article, Diekmann (1985) provides an insightful analysis of the famous case of Kitty Genovese, a young woman brutally attacked and stabbed to death in New York. The attack happened in front of a building block. At least 38 people witnessed the crime, but nobody came to help her or phoned the police to report the incident. Given a helper's risk of being hurt oneself, it is not surprising that people were reluctant to step in. The fact that people seemed unwilling to apply the minimal resources to phone the police triggered a public response that condemned the indifference of people in our modern anonymous society with respect to the affairs of their fellow citizens.
Detection of the B"-GWGR variant in the southernmost region of Brazil: unveiling the complexity of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtype B epidemic

Typical human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) sequences present a GPGR signature at the tip of the variable region 3 (V3) loop; however, unusual motifs harbouring a GWGR signature have also been isolated. Although epidemiological studies have detected this variant in approximately 17-50% of the total infections in Brazil, the prevalence of B"-GWGR in the southernmost region of Brazil is not yet clear. This study aimed to investigate the C2-V3 molecular diversity of the HIV-1B epidemic in southernmost Brazil. HIV-1 seropositive patients were ana-lysed at two distinct time points in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS98 and RS08) and at one time point in the state of Santa Catarina (SC08). Phylogenetic analysis classified 46 individuals in the RS98 group as HIV-1B and their molecular signatures were as follows: 26% B"-GWGR, 54% B-GPGR and 20% other motifs. In the RS08 group, HIV-1B was present in 32 samples: 22% B"-GWGR, 59% B-GPGR and 19% other motifs. In the SC08 group, 32 HIV-1B samples were found: 28% B"-GWGR, 59% B-GPGR and 13% other motifs. No association could be established between the HIV-1B V3 signatures and exposure categories in the HIV-1B epidemic in RS. However, B-GPGR seemed to be related to heterosexual individuals in the SC08 group. Our results suggest that the established B"-GWGR epidemics in both cities have similar patterns, which is likely due to their geographical proximity and cultural relationship.
Conversational Space and Participant Shame in Interviewing

In this article, the author presents a “failed” interview that seemingly provided no usable data. The audiotape segments of participant talk were nearly inaudible and most of the interview could not be transcribed. Upon repeated readings of salvageable fragments, however, a pattern of silencing became noticeable. The author suggests that participant silence is a collaboratively produced constraint stemming from an unsuccessful subtextual negotiation about the linguistic environment of the interview. She explores the phenomenon of participant shame and the role of the researcher in expanding conversational space to allow for the expression of shameful storylines. Current notions of what is “sensitive” research unduly limit researcher's understandings of the collaborative and fragile nature of the interview setting. Research on any topic may turn sensitive if the participant's story includes elements that are potentially distressing and necessary to the storyline. Means for recognizing and accommodating participant shame during the interview process are suggested.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: a review

Complex regional pain syndrome, formally known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, is a poorly understood condition that describes a collection of clinical symptoms and signs occurring in the peripheries most commonly after trauma. Pain is the main problem. It is generally out of proportion to the degree of injury and can be unresponsive to narcotics. In addition joint stiffness, temperature and colour changes, and swelling occur. The diagnosis and treatment are challenging for any clinician and a multidisciplinary approach is often necessary with physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and the pain team. The hand surgeon is involved for two reasons, firstly as the upper limb is the most frequently involved, and secondly because the condition may be a complication of the patient’s surgery and result in a much prolonged recovery. This review elucidates the recent advances in the knowledge of the aetiology, classification and treatment of this fascinating condition.
Identification of a Lineage D Betacoronavirus in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris spelaea) in Singapore and an Overview of Lineage D Reservoir Ecology in SE Asian Bats

Summary Coronaviruses are a diverse group of viruses that infect mammals and birds. Bats are reservoirs for several different coronaviruses in the Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera. They also appear to be the natural reservoir for the ancestral viruses that generated the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks. Here, we detected coronavirus sequences in next‐generation sequence data created from Eonycteris spelaea faeces and urine. We also screened by PCR urine samples, faecal samples and rectal swabs collected from six species of bats in Singapore between 2011 and 2014, all of which were negative. The phylogenetic analysis indicates this novel strain is most closely related to lineage D Betacoronaviruses detected in a diverse range of bat species. This is the second time that coronaviruses have been detected in cave nectar bats, but the first coronavirus sequence data generated from this species. Bat species from which this group of coronaviruses has been detected are widely distributed across SE Asia, South Asia and Southern China. They overlap geographically, often share roosting sites and have been witnessed to forage on the same plant. The addition of sequence data from this group of viruses will allow us to better understand coronavirus evolution and host specificity.
An Integrated Model of Influential Antecedents of Online Shopping Initial Trust: Empirical Evidence in a Low-Trust Environment

ABSTRACT This article explores the issue of what factors contribute to which dimensions of consumers' initial trust in online vendors in a relatively low-trust environment such as the People's Republic of China. The article has adopted the trust model proposed by McKnight and Chervany (2002) and explored the determinant factors of online shopping initial trust through building an integrated model. In our model, a multidimensional approach has been applied. Through hierarchical regression analysis, we find that distinct discrepancies do exist between influential antecedents of consumer initial trust in online vendors in a low-trust environment like China and those in a high-trust environment. Specifically, perceived corporate image, perceived security, and perceived reference power are influential antecedents of all three dimensions of trusting beliefs (except the effect of perceived security on ability and the effect of perceived reference power on benevolence), but perceived Web site quality is found to exert no significant influence on trusting beliefs, and it can moderate trusting intentions. Moreover, in contrast to prior studies conducted in high-trust environments, our research finds that trusting intentions are significantly influenced by consumers' trust in the firm's integrity rather than their trust in its ability or benevolence. Additionally, we find little support for the hypothesis that a consumer's disposition to trust has a direct or a moderating effect on initial trust in an online vendor.
The Effect of Marital Breakup on the Income Distribution of Women with Children

Having a female first-born child significantly increases the probability that a woman’s first marriage breaks up. Using this exogenous variation, recent work finds that divorce has little effect on women’s mean household income. We further investigate the effect of divorce using Quantile Treatment Effect methodology and find that it increases women’s odds of having very high or very low income. In other words, while some women successfully compensate for lost spousal earnings through child support, welfare, combining households, and increasing labor supply, others are markedly unsuccessful. We conclude that by raising both poverty and inequality, divorce has important welfare consequences.
Clinical significance of reactive post-capillary pulmonary hypertension in patients with left heart disease.

BACKGROUND Post-capillary pulmonary hypertension (pc-PH) is a disorder with elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) because of left heart disease (LHD), and is classified as reactive (PVR >2.5 WU) or passive (PVR ≤ 2.5 WU). However, the clinical significance of these pc-PH subtypes remains to be elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 676 consecutive patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) (NYHA ≥ 2), and found that 158 (23%) had pc-PH: reactive pc-PH in 58 and passive pc-PH in 100. Univariate analysis showed that 4 factors were significantly associated with reactive pc-PH and multivariate analysis showed that female sex was the only independent predictor of reactive pc-PH (odds ratio 2.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-4.30, P=0.03). During the mean follow-up period of 2.6 years, 125 CHF patients (18%) died, including 22 with reactive pc-PH and 24 with passive pc-PH (P<0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that elevated PVR was independently associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio 1.18, 95%CI 1.03-1.35, P=0.02). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the prognosis of patients with reactive pc-PH was significantly worse than for those with no PH or passive pc-PH. Reactive pc-PH was a significant prognostic factor regardless of CHF etiology (ischemic vs. non-ischemic) or reduced/preserved LV ejection fraction (HFrEF vs. HFpEF). CONCLUSIONS Reactive pc-PH is characterized by predominant female sex and is a significant prognostic factor of LHD with PH.
Emergence of G3 and G9 rotavirus and increased incidence of mixed infections in the southern region of Ireland 2001–2004

Two hundred and thirty fecal specimens were collected from children (up to 5 years of age) admitted with suspected rotaviral gastroenteritis at four Irish hospitals (Cork University Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Cork, Waterford Regional Hospital, and Kerry General Hospital) in the southern region of Ireland, between 2001 and 2004. Following laboratory confirmation of the aetiological agent, the rotavirus G‐type was determined in all positive samples by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The distribution of the G‐types (n = 230) over the 3 year period was G1 (31%), G9 (21.8%), G3 (8.7%), G4 (6.5%), and G2 (3.5%). There were many mixed infections which accounted for 28.5% of the collection. G9 emerged as the most prevalent G type (30.1%) in 2001–2002, whilst G3 first emerged in 2002–2003 and accounted for 15.8% of the collection. Notably, G2 strains were present at a very low frequency (3.5%) during 2001–2004, compared to an earlier study (1997–1999), where they accounted for 28.5% of the specimens. A smaller subset of the study collection was similarly P‐typed (n = 139). P[8]‐type was identified as the most prevalent P‐type, accounting for 97.4% (n = 186), while P[4] accounted for just 2.6% (n = 5) of the collection. The low frequency of P[4] coincided with the decrease in G2 strains in circulation. The key finding in this study was the emergence of G3‐ and G9‐serotypes as epidemiologically important rotavirus strains since 1999, and the low prevalence of the previously common G2 strains in Ireland. The profile of rotavirus is changing continuously in Ireland and the implications for a successful vaccination program are discussed. J. Med. Virol. 77:571–578, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Assessment of enterprise information security - the importance of prioritization $

Assessing the level of information security in an enterprise is a serious challenge for many organizations. This paper considers the prioritization of the field of enterprise information security. The paper thus considers how we may know what parts of information security are important for a company to address and what parts are not. Two methods for prioritization are used. The results demonstrate to what extent different standards committees, guideline authors and expert groups differ in their opinions on what the important issues are in enterprise information security. The ISO/IEC 17799, the NIST SP 800-26, the ISF standards committees, the CMU/SEI OCTAVE framework authors and an expert panel at the Swedish Information Processing Society (DFS) are considered. The differences in prioritization have important consequences on enterprise information security assessments. The effects on the information security assessment results in a European energy company are presented in the paper.
What Gender Is Science?

Looking at science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields across countries challenges the assumption that women in more economically and culturally modern societies enjoy greater equality. Rather, freedom to choose a career may paradoxically cause women in affluent Western democracies to construct and replicate stereotypically gendered self-identities.
Context-Sensitive Elemental Theory

My theories of associative learning, like those of N. J. Mackintosh and almost all learning theorists, have employed elemental representations of the stimuli involved. We must take notice when two important contributors to elemental theory, J. M. Pearce and W. K. Estes, find sufficient problems with the theory type to cause them to defect from it. I will describe some of the essential problems, concerning the substantial influence of context on learning and retrieval, characterize the different responses of Pearce and Estes, and, then, propose a variation on a recently developed elemental model that was similarly inspired. The resulting elemental theory has a close quantitative relationship to the “product-rule” of Estes and D. L. Medin, and may help us to rationalize how the same formal experimental design can sometimes produce results that favour the configural interpretation of Pearce and at other times the elemental interpretation of R. A. Rescorla and A. R. Wagner, as these have often been pitted against each other.
A vibrotactile bracelet to improve the navigation of older adults in large and crowded environments

– The decline of the cognitive abilities re-lated to age usually determines a gradual withdrawal of older adults within the domestic walls. Part of the problem is the difﬁculty in navigating in large and crowded environments that may be perceived as intimidating. To alleviate this problem, we propose a vibrotactile device which can be used along with a walking assistant endowed with autonomous sensing and active brakes able to guide the user. In this paper, we address the problem of guiding the user with a minimal impact on his/her freedom of motion. We propose a solution based on the use of vibrotactile feedback to display directional cues. Psychophysical tests performed on a group of older adults show the effectiveness of the proposed vibrotactile strategy for the navigation of elderly people.
Neuropsychological Effects of Chronic Cannabis Use on the Memory and Intelligence of Adolescents

Fifteen marijuana-dependent adolescent abusers (mean age = 16.9 years) were administered the full Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Subjects had no history of other substance or alcohol abuse or dependence, cerebral trauma, psychiatric or nerological disorders. They had been abstinent form marijuana for an average of 27 days, and the majority of them were given urine tests to verify their abstenence. Comparisons among intelligence and memory indices revealed serveral significant findings that are consistent with the pattern produced by cerebral dysfunction. Specifically, memory indices were significantly reduced in relation to both intellectual function and attentional ability. In contrast, intelligence was in the normal range and unchanged relative to the estimated premorbid level. This profile is a characteristic finding in patients who are recovering form chronic impairment of memory function.
Multiscale statistical characterization of migrating bed forms in gravel and sand bed rivers

Migrating bed forms strongly influence hydraulics, transport, and habitat in river environments. Their dynamics are exceedingly complex, making it difficult to predict their geometry and their interaction with sediment transport. Acoustic instrumentation now permits high‐resolution observations of bed elevation as well as flow velocity. We present a space‐time characterization of bed elevation series in laboratory experiments of sand and gravel transport in a large 84 m long, 2.75 m wide flume. We use a simple filtering and thresholding methodology to estimate bed form heights and report that the shape of their probability density function (pdf) remains invariant to discharge for both gravel and sand and has a positive tail slightly thicker than Gaussian. Using a wavelet decomposition, we quantify the presence of a rich multiscale statistical structure and estimate the scale‐dependent celerity of migrating bed forms, showing the faster movement of smaller bed forms relative to the larger ones. The nonlinear dynamics of gravel and sand bed forms is also examined, and the predictability time, i.e., the interval over which one can typically forecast the system, is estimated. Our results demonstrate that flow rate as well as bed sediment composition exert a significant influence on the multiscale dynamics and degree of nonlinearity and complexity of bed form evolution.