Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shifts in religiosity across cohorts in Europe: A multilevel and multidimensional analysis based on the European Values Study

Religious change continues to be a controversial topic that involves both theoretical and methodological issues. As to the European context, the main dispute is between secularization and individualization theory, especially considering the ‘believing without belonging’ thesis. This article will tackle this dispute given these three choices: firstly, we assume that cohort replacement is the main driver of religious change; secondly, religious tradition has to be taken fully into account to explain religious change; thirdly, we consider religiosity as a complex phenomenon that requires a multidimensional approach. Results from a multilevel multiple responses model based on EVS (European Values Study) data show that practice is declining across cohorts in all the countries whereas trends for belief and self-definition diverge only for Eastern Orthodox countries. Depending on the interpretation, such exception seems supporting rather than undermining the ‘believing without belonging’ theory.
Towards the Semiotics of (In)sincerity (A Few Preliminary Remarks)

Simply stated, sincerity is an intention to express the truth, while insincerity is an intention to mislead. A sincere person can be wrong and give false information, while an insincere person can make a mistake and speak the truth. Sincerity – and not the truth – is what is detected with a polygraph (a mentally ill person responding to the question “Are you Napoleon? ” with a negation may well register as lying on a polygraph test). In this paper I bring different examples (from texts which belong to various spheres of discourse) that illustrate a splitting of consciouscess in an otherwise mentally sane person : fantastic accusations (both self-accusations and accusations of others) are presented in a state of both belief and disbelief. Usual triggers for this phenomenon are fear and anger (which often occur together), but reasons may also be found in erotic desire or else in aesthetic licence, etc.
The Importance of the Cognitive Environment for Intertemporal Choice

We experimentally manipulate two aspects of the cognitive environment -- cognitive depletion and recent sugar intake -- and estimate their effects on individuals' time preferences in a way that allows us to identify the structural parameters of a simple (α,β,δ) intertemporal utility function for each person. We find that individuals exposed to a prior cognitive load, individuals who consumed a sugared drink and individuals who consumed a sugar-free drink all defer more income than a control group exposed to none of these conditions. Structural estimates show that all three effects are driven entirely by increases in the intertemporal substitution elasticity parameter (α). Together, our results suggest that at least for complex economic decisions like intertemporal financial choice, the 'attention/focusing' effect of both prior cognitively demanding activity and prior assignment of a primary reward can improve decision-making.
K+-dependent paradoxical membrane depolarization and Na+ overload, major and reversible contributors to weakness by ion channel leaks

Normal resting potential (P1) of myofibers follows the Nernst equation, exhibiting about −85 mV at a normal extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) of 4 mM. Hyperpolarization occurs with decreased [K+]o, although at [K+]o < 1.0 mM, myofibers paradoxically depolarize to a second stable potential of −60 mV (P2). In rat myofiber bundles, P2 also was found at more physiological [K+]o and was associated with inexcitability. To increase the relative frequency of P2 to 50%, [K+]o needed to be lowered to 1.5 mM. In the presence of the ionophore gramicidin, [K+]o reduction to only 2.5 mM yielded the same effect. Acetazolamide normalized this increased frequency of P2 fibers. The findings mimic hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP), a channelopathy characterized by hypokalemia-induced weakness. Of myofibers from 7 HypoPP patients, up to 25% were in P2 at a [K+]o of 4 mM, in accordance with their permanent weakness, and up to 99% were in P2 at a [K+]o of 1.5 mM, in accordance with their paralytic attacks. Of 36 HypoPP patients, 25 had permanent weakness and myoplasmic intracellular Na+ ([Na+]i) overload (up to 24 mM) as shown by in vivo 23Na-MRI. Acetazolamide normalized [Na+]i and increased muscle strength. HypoPP myofibers showed a nonselective cation leak of 12–19.5 μS/cm2, which may explain the Na+ overload. The leak sensitizes myofibers to reduced serum K+, and the resulting membrane depolarization causes the weakness. We postulate that the principle of paradoxical depolarization and loss of function upon [K+]o reduction may apply to other tissues, such as heart or brain, when they become leaky (e.g., because of ischemia).
ON THE CONFINEMENT OF ONE-ARMED OSCILLATIONS IN DISCS OF BE STARS

Abstract. We discuss the effects due to the rotational defor-mation and the optically-thin line force on the con nement ofone-armed oscillations in the inner part of Be-star discs. Theperiod of these oscillations is identi ed with the observed V/Rvariations in Balmer emission lines. We take into account theeffect of rotation by including the quadrupole contribution tothe potential around the rotationally-distorted central star. Forthe radiative force due to an ensemble of optically thin lines,we adopt the parametric form proposed by Chen & Marlbor-ough (1994). The disc is assumed to be isothermal. Based onthese assumptions, we examine the linear, one-armed eigen-modescon nedtotheinnerpartofthedisc.Ourstudystronglysuggeststhatthemechanismthatcausesthecon nementofone-armedoscillationsinearly-typeBestarsisdifferentfromthatinlate-type Be stars. In late-type Be stars, the con nement occursbecause of the deviation from the point-mass potential aroundtherotationallydeformedstar.Onthispoint,wecon rmthecon-clusions obtained by Papaloizou et al. (1992). In early-type Bestars, however, it is the weak-line force that mainly contributesto the con nement. The rotational effect plays a much smallerroleforthesestars.Theperiodoftheeigenmodecon nedtothedisc depends sensitively on the effect by rotation or radiation.This sensitiveness, together with the range of the period of ob-served V/R variations, places rather narrow constraints on theparameterscharacterizingtheseeffects.Wecompareourresultswith observed V/R properties, for which a list of 53 stars hasbeen compiled.Keywords:globaldiscoscillation{hydrodynamics{radiativetransfer { stars: circumstellar matter { stars: emission line, Be1. IntroductionBe stars are non-supergiant B-type stars with Balmer emissionlines. The emission lines arise from a cool envelope surround-ing the star. Interferometric observations have con rmed thatthe cool envelope has a disc-like geometry with a rotational
Combined Effects of Inclined Lorentzian forces and Melting heat transfer on Radiating Flow of Carbon Nanofluid past a Stretching Cylinder

An analysis was made to study the effects of non-uniform heat source or sink and aligned magnetic field effect on boundary layer flow of carbon nanofluid past a stretching cylinder with melting heat transfer and radiation. The Prandtl boundary layer equations are transformed into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations utilizing similarity variables. The final resolved system is explained with shooting method. The upshots of governing factors on the velocity, temperature, surface skin friction and rate of heat transfer are discoursed with the help of graphs. MWCNT performance is better than SWCNT in case of fluid flow. SWCNTs transfers more heat from the fluid rather than multi wall tubes.Comparison of our numerical results with available literature works and shown a good agreement.
An Adaptive Finite Volume Method for Incompressible Heat Flow Problems in Solidification

An adaptive finite volume method is presented for solving incompressible heat flow problems with an unknown melt/solid interface, mainly in solidification applications, using primitive variables on a fixed collocated grid. A phase-field variable is introduced to treat the melt/solid interface, which is assumed to be diffusive, so that the complicated interfaces and phase change (using the enthalpy model) can be treated easily. The method is implemented through an object-oriented way based on adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening using dynamic data structures and derived data types of FORTRAN90. In addition to the refinement on the interfaces or boundaries, the mesh can be adapted to a solution based on numerical errors or gradients. Extensive tests are performed for cases with a fixed or free interface, and excellent agreement with the body-fitted or front tracking schemes is obtained. Furthermore, by gradual reduction of the interface thickness, the sharp-interface limit can be reached, which ensures the correctness of using a diffusive interface. The present approach is particularly suitable for problems having a complicated interface morphology as well as phase evolution, such as the phase-field simulation of dendritic growth. Two examples, without and with convection, are further given and good agreement with previous results are found.
Convergence analysis of smoothing methods for optimal control of stationary variational inequalities with control constraints

In the article an optimal control problem subject to a stationary variational inequality is investigated. The optimal control problem is complemented with pointwise control constraints. The convergence of a smoothing scheme is analyzed. There, the variational inequality is replaced by a semi- linear elliptic equation. It is shown that solutions of the regularized optimal control problem converge to solutions of the original one. Passing to the limit in the optimality system of the regularized problem allows to prove C-stationarity of local solutions of the original problem. Moreover, convergence rates with respect to the regularization parameter for the error in the control are obtained ,w hich turn out to be sharp. These rates coincide with rates obtained by numerical experiments, which are included in the paper.
A Distinct Urinary Biomarker Pattern Characteristic of Female Fabry Patients That Mirrors Response to Enzyme Replacement Therapy

Female patients affected by Fabry disease, an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder, exhibit a wide spectrum of symptoms, which renders diagnosis, and treatment decisions challenging. No diagnostic test, other than sequencing of the alpha-galactosidase A gene, is available and no biomarker has been proven useful to screen for the disease, predict disease course and monitor response to enzyme replacement therapy. Here, we used urine proteomic analysis based on capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry and identified a biomarker profile in adult female Fabry patients. Urine samples were taken from 35 treatment-naïve female Fabry patients and were compared to 89 age-matched healthy controls. We found a diagnostic biomarker pattern that exhibited 88.2% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity when tested in an independent validation cohort consisting of 17 treatment-naïve Fabry patients and 45 controls. The model remained highly specific when applied to additional control patients with a variety of other renal, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Several of the 64 identified diagnostic biomarkers showed correlations with measures of disease severity. Notably, most biomarkers responded to enzyme replacement therapy, and 8 of 11 treated patients scored negative for Fabry disease in the diagnostic model. In conclusion, we defined a urinary biomarker model that seems to be of diagnostic use for Fabry disease in female patients and may be used to monitor response to enzyme replacement therapy.
Breast Metastasis in Esophagus Cancer: Literature Review and Report on a Case

Esophagus cancer metastases often involve locoregional lymph nodes, lung, bone, liver, and brain. Metastatic involvement of the breast from esophagus cancer is uncommon, but if it happened, it usually presents as a part of multiple organ distal metastases. Here we report a case of the largest metastatic esophagus cancer of the breast and the chest wall, and we review the similar reported cases.
Financing Innovation : Is Transparency a Two-Edged Sword ?

Does greater transparency obstruct or promote innovative activity? To address this issue, a regime where innovators have a choice between operating in a transparent and in a confidential manner is contrasted with a regime where secrecy is always maintained. A central result is that there are (simple and intuitive) circumstances such that a regime with transparency generates less innovation, and (equally simple and intuitive) circumstances where such a regime might generate more innovation. The analysis also has interesting implications for the subsidization of innovative activity. Circumstances are identified such that a subsidy to innovation cum confidentiality succeeds in drawing in high quality innovators that would otherwise be deterred from innovating. JEL classification: D82, G14, G18, G28, G32, K22, O16, O32, O34.
Notice of RetractionCost of capital and investment efficiency

The paper researches the relationship between over-investment behaviors of listed companies and cost of capital from a financing point of view, and analyzes reasons of over-investment of Chinese companies from the more basic level. In China there has been a special financing phenomenon inconsistent with the pecking order theory: the preference for equity financing. The paper's empirical test showed that Chinese companies over-investment and low cost of capital is closely related, and the relationship is more significant in the state-owned companies than non-state-owned companies, the reason for which is that state-owned companies' corporate governance is lower than those of private-owned companies.
Recent results in continuous-time network information theory

In this paper, we propose to use Brownian motions to formulate continuous-time multiuser Gaussian networks and derive the capacity regions of a continuous-time white Gaussian multiple access channel with/without feedback, a continuous-time white Gaussian interference channel without feedback and a continuous-time white Gaussian broadcast channel without feedback. These “complete” results stand in stark contrast to the status quo of network information theory in discrete-time, where the capacity regions of the all the above-mentioned channels are known only for a handful of special scenarios. For certain cases, our results echo, from a different perspective, the folklore that “a continuous-time channel is the limit of bandwidth limited discrete-time ones as the bandwidth tends to infinity”.
Reliability improvement of logic and clock paths in power-efficient designs

Performance degradation due to transistor aging is a significant impediment to high-performance IC design due to increasing concerns of reliability mechanisms such as negative-bias-temperature-instability (NBTI). The concern only grows with technology scaling as the effects of positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) is becoming prominent in future technologies and compounding with the effects of NBTI. Although aging of transistor is inevitable and the magnitude of degradation due to aging varies depending upon the context. Specifically, in power-efficient systems designs, the logic and clock paths are susceptible to static stress resulting in peak degradation due to BTI occurrence when clock is gated. In this article, we present the reliability impact of making systems power efficient and propose a design-for-reliability methodology that can be used in conjunction with low-power design techniques to alleviate the stress conditions caused by rendering circuits in idle state. The technique—BTI-Refresh, is shown to be applicable to both logic and clock paths alike and focuses on preventing prolonged static stress using periodic refreshes to achieve alternating stress. The mechanism is shown to integrate seamlessly into the design at gate-level without requiring any architectural or RT-level changes. Using ISCAS benchmarks and Kogge-Stone-Adder circuits, it is shown to reduce the aging effect in logic path delay due to static stress by up to 50% with negligible area and power overhead. BTI-Refresh is extended to clock-paths to prevent pulse-width degradation due to static aging and with minimal clock-skew.
Synaptic Depression and the Kinetics of Exocytosis in Retinal Bipolar Cells

The capacitance technique was used to investigate exocytosis at the ribbon synapse of depolarizing bipolar cells from the goldfish retina. When the Ca2+ current was activated strongly, the rapidly releasable pool of vesicles (RRP) was released with a single rate-constant of ∼300–500 sec−1. However, when the Ca2+ current was activated weakly by depolarization in the physiological range (−45 to −25 mV), exocytosis from the RRP occurred in two phases. After the release of 20% or more of the RRP, the rate-constant of exocytosis fell by a factor of 4–10. Thus, synaptic depression was caused by a reduced sensitivity to Ca2+ influx, as well as simple depletion of the RRP. In the resting state, the rate of exocytosis varied with the amplitude of the Ca2+ current raised to the power of 2. In the depressed state, the sensitivity to Ca2+ influx was reduced approximately fourfold. The initial phase of exocytosis accelerated e-fold for every 2.1 mV depolarization over the physiological range and averaged 120 sec−1 at −25 mV. The synapse of depolarizing bipolar cells therefore responds to a step depolarization in a manner similar to a high-pass filter. This transformation appears to be determined by the presence of rapidly releasable vesicles with differing sensitivities to Ca2+ influx. This might occur if vesicles were docked to the plasma membrane at different distances from Ca2+ channels. These results suggest that the ribbon synapse of depolarizing bipolar cells may be a site of adaptation in the retina.
Students' Big Three Personality Traits, Perceptions of Teacher Interpersonal Behavior, and Mathematics Achievement: An Application of the Model of Reciprocal Causation

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the application of the Model of Reciprocal Causation (MRC) in examining the relationship between student personality (personal factors), student-perceived teacher interpersonal behavior (environment), and Mathematics achievement (behavior), with the simultaneous investigation of mediating effects and bidirectional relationships. The sample consisted of 317 Cypriot students and their 19 teachers. The relationship among the three constructs was examined using structural equation modeling. Results supported the mediating role of student perceptions of teacher interpersonal behavior in the personality–achievement relationship, and the unidirectional effect between student perceptions and achievement, with perceptions affecting achievement. Overall, the study demonstrated that the MRC provides a comprehensive and dynamic framework for examining the role of classroom interactions, student personal characteristics, and achievement. Implications for research and educational practice are discussed.
Individual differences in associative fear learning

The objective of this dissertation was to gain a better understanding of individual differences in fear learning. While following a traumatic event, individuals strongly differ in their vulnerability for or resilience to developing anxiety related disorders, this is often ignored in research and theory. As learned fear associations lie at the root of anxiety disorders, fear-conditioning is a successful laboratory paradigm for experimental research on anxiety. In this dissertation, we aimed to study a) individual variation in fear learning, b) whether the distinct adaptive or maladaptive fear-learning trajectories resemble common response patterns to real-life threat and c) whether the variation in fear learning is associated with individual differences in personality trait standings or a dysfunctional emotional processing style (worry). The overarching goal was to test the translational value of the fear-conditioning paradigm as a model for understanding individual differences in abnormal anxiety. Fear was measured as a multidimensional response including subjective and psychophysiological responses. The results presented evidence for heterogeneity in associative fear learning and provide indications for potentially adaptive and maladaptive fear-learning mechanisms. Maladaptive fear learning was tentatively related to anxiety risk traits. The current findings partly support the utility of the fear-conditioning paradigm as a translational model for understanding anxiety disorders. We used novel methodological and analytical approaches that may inspire further study of ‘intermediate phenotypes’ that underscore maladaptive fear. Advancing knowledge on the diverse courses of fear learning and its determinants may foster our understanding of anxiety-related disorders and sharpen future targets for improving clinical interventions.
Distilling abstract machines

It is well-known that many environment-based abstract machines can be seen as strategies in lambda calculi with explicit substitutions (ES). Recently, graphical syntaxes and linear logic led to the linear substitution calculus (LSC), a new approach to ES that is halfway between small-step calculi and traditional calculi with ES. This paper studies the relationship between the LSC and environment-based abstract machines. While traditional calculi with ES simulate abstract machines, the LSC rather distills them: some transitions are simulated while others vanish, as they map to a notion of structural congruence. The distillation process unveils that abstract machines in fact implement weak linear head reduction, a notion of evaluation having a central role in the theory of linear logic. We show that such a pattern applies uniformly in call-by-name, call-by-value, and call-by-need, catching many machines in the literature. We start by distilling the KAM, the CEK, and a sketch of the ZINC, and then provide simplified versions of the SECD, the lazy KAM, and Sestoft's machine. Along the way we also introduce some new machines with global environments. Moreover, we show that distillation preserves the time complexity of the executions, i.e. the LSC is a complexity-preserving abstraction of abstract machines.
Dependence of impaired eye tracking on deficient velocity discrimination in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND Abnormal smooth pursuit eye movements have been found in many schizophrenic patients and in about 40% of their first-degree biological relatives. A velocity discrimination deficit has also been demonstrated in schizophrenic patients. In this study, we address the relation between deficient velocity discrimination and impaired smooth pursuit eye movements, inasmuch as the brain regions responsible for processing velocity signals are implicated in generating and maintaining smooth pursuit. METHODS Horizontal eye movements of 15 schizophrenic patients and 8 normal controls were recorded in response to sine wave (predictable) and step-ramp (nonpredictable) targets. Smooth pursuit eye movements were assessed during both the initiation and maintenance periods. Correlations were computed between measures of smooth pursuit (qualitative rating, peak gain, saccade frequency, and initial acceleration) and contrast sensitivity for velocity discrimination. RESULTS Contrast sensitivity for fine velocity discrimination was significantly correlated both with initial acceleration of smooth pursuit and with peak gain, but was not significantly correlated with saccade frequency and qualitative ratings of pursuit integrity. No significant correlations were found within the normal control group. CONCLUSION Deficient processing of velocity information seems to be one component that contributes to a dysfunction in the initiation and maintenance of smooth pursuit in schizophrenia.