Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anomaly Detection in Embedded Systems

By employing fault tolerance, embedded systems can withstand both intentional and unintentional faults. Many fault tolerance mechanisms are invoked only after a fault has been detected by whatever fault-detection mechanism is used; hence, the process of fault detection must itself be dependable if the system is expected to be fault-tolerant. Many faults are detectable only indirectly as a result of performance disorders that manifest as anomalies in monitored system or sensor data. Anomaly detection, therefore, is often the primary means of providing early indications of faults. As with any other kind of detector, one seeks full coverage of the detection space with the anomaly detector being used. Even if coverage of a particular anomaly detector falls short of 100%, detectors can be composed to effect broader coverage, once their respective sweet spots and blind regions are known. This paper provides a framework and a fault-injection methodology for mapping an anomaly detector's effective operating space and shows that two detectors, each designed to detect the same phenomenon, may not perform similarly, even when the event to be detected is unequivocally anomalous and should be detected by either detector. Both synthetic and real-world data are used.
Effect of medium additives during liquid storage on developmental competence of in vitro matured bovine oocytes

Abstract Our aim was to improve the developmental competence of bovine oocytes during their liquid storage by using additives. In vitro matured oocytes were stored for 20 h at 25°C in HEPES buffered TCM 199 medium (base medium). After storage, in vitro embryo development after in vitro fertilization was compared to those of non‐stored (control) ones. Addition of 10% (v/v) newborn calf serum or 10.27 mmol/L pyruvate alone to the base medium did not improve blastocyst formation rates in stored oocytes; however, their simultaneous addition significantly improved the rate compared with those stored in base medium (P < 0.05). Supplementation of the holding medium with dithiothreitol (DTT) at any concentrations did not improve embryo development from stored oocytes. Although supplementation with cyclosporine A (CsA) significantly reduced apoptosis and membrane damage rates during storage, it did not improve the developmental competence of oocytes. 1,2‐bis(2‐aminophenoxy) ethane N,N,N’,N’‐tetraacetic acid tetrakis‐acetoxymethyl ester and ruthenium red had no effect on oocyte apoptotic rates. Blastocyst formation rates in all stored groups remained significantly lower than that of the control. In conclusion, pyruvate and serum had a synergic effect to moderate the reduction of oocyte quality during storage, whereas mitochondrial membrane pore inhibitor CsA and the antioxidant DTT did not affect their developmental competence.
Hypoxic responses of Na+/K+ ATPase in trout hepatocytes

SUMMARY Reduction in oxygenation induces inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase in a number of cells and tissues, including hepatocytes. When not reversed, decrease in Na+/K+ pump activity leads to a gradual Na+ accumulation, cell swelling and death. However, when accompanied by suppression of dissipative cation pathways, it has also been shown to be a beneficial adaptive strategy used by some hypoxia-tolerant species to reduce ATP consumption during prolonged periods of anoxia. This study aims to investigate acute hypoxic responses of the Na+/K+ ATPase in primary cultures of trout hepatocytes. Gradual decrease in oxygenation was followed by an instantaneous transient dose-dependent downregulation of the Na+/K+ ATPase transport activity, but was without an effect on hydrolytic function of the enzyme. Hypoxia-induced inhibition of active K+ influx was reversed spontaneously when hypoxic incubation time exceeded 20 min. The stimulating effect of prolonged hypoxic exposure on the Na+/K+ pump is most probably secondary to hypoxia-induced activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger with the following Na+ accumulation leading to Na+/K+ ATPase activation. Hypoxia-induced inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump was not caused by ATP depletion or global oxidative stress. However, local controlled production of reactive oxygen species seems to play an important role in hypoxia-induced regulation of the Na+/K+ ATPase. Treatment of cells with mercaptopropionyl glycine (MPG), a scavenger of \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}^{.-}\) \end{document}, abolished hypoxia-induced inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase. Earlier on we have shown that activation of Na+/H+ exchanger under hypoxic conditions can be opposed by MPG treatment as well. Taken together our results suggest that regulation of both oxygen-sensitive transporters may be accomplished by local changes in free radical production.
Coordinated changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis in healthy and diseased human skeletal muscle

We examined the transcriptional signaling cascade involved in the changes of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle and of the exercise capacity of humans in response to long-term physical activity and chronic heart failure (CHF). Biopsy samples of vastus lateralis muscle were obtained from 18 healthy subjects with different fitness levels (assessed by maximal oxygen uptake, VO2 peak). We compared 9 sedentary subjects with 10 CHF patients undergoing transplantation. Muscle oxidative capacity was measured in permeabilized fibers (Vmax). Transcript levels of target genes were quantified by RT-PCR. In healthy subjects, VO2 peak was linearly related to Vmax (P<0.01) and to the gene expression of mitochondrial proteins and of the coactivator PGC-1 and its downstream transcription factors. A coordinate increase in PGC-1 and mRNA levels of proteins involved in degradation, fusion, and fission of mitochondria was observed associated with calcineurin activation. Despite decreased VO2 peak, in CHF patients skeletal muscles showed preserved Vmax in accordance with preserved markers and transcription factors of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, with no calcineurin activation. The results provide strong support for a central role for PGC-1 and calcineurin activation in mitochondrial biogenesis in healthy and diseased human skeletal muscles. —Garnier, A. , Fortin, D. , Zoll, J., N’Guessan, B. , Mettauer, B. , Lampert, E. , Veksler, V. , Ventura-Clapier, R. Coordinated changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis in healthy and diseased human skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 19, 43–52 (2005)
Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Human Foreskin Fibroblasts Infected with the Sylvio and Y Strains of Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas Disease, is phylogeneticaly distributed into nearly identical genetic strains which show divergent clinical presentations including differences in rates of cardiomyopathy in humans, different vector species and transmission cycles, differential congenital transmission in a mouse model, and differing immune and heart inflammation response in dogs. The population structure of these strains divides into two groups, which are geographically and clinically distinct. The aim of this study was to compare the transcriptome of two strains of T. cruzi, Sylvio vs. Y, to identify differences in expression that could account for clinical and biochemical differences. We collected and sequenced RNA from T. cruzi-infected and control Human Foreskin Fibroblasts at three timepoints. Differential expression analysis identified gene expression different timepoints in Sylvio infections, and between Sylvio and Y infections in both parasite and host. The Sylvio strain parasite and the host response to Sylvio infection largely mirrored the host-pathogen interaction seen in our previous Y strain work. IL-8 was more highly expressed in Sylvio-infected HFFs than in Y-infected HFFs.
Hematology, Parasitology, and Serology of Free-Ranging Coyotes (Canis latrans) from South Carolina

Blood and feces were collected from 34 adult (19 males, 15 females) and seven juvenile (three males, one female, three not reported) free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) on the US Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site (South Carolina, USA). Significant (P<0.05) hematologic differences by sex were noted for red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Biochemical differences by sex occurred only for albumen (P<0.05). Twenty-one adults were antibody positive for at least one of four viruses: canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1; 68%), West Nile virus (WNV; 60%), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; 38%), and Canine distemper virus (CDV; 15%). Of the seven Leptospira serovars tested for, seven (25%) of 28 adults were positive for one or more of five serovars: Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bratislava, and Autumnalis. Three (43%) of seven juveniles had seropositivity for a virus, one each for CDV, CAV-1, and WNV. No juveniles were seropositive for EEEV or any of the seven Leptospira serovars. Blood smears of 12 adults were positive for Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria, but blood smears from all juveniles were negative. Parvovirus was identified by electron microscopy from the feces of one adult. Ancylostoma spp. , Trichuris spp. , and Isospora spp. were observed in fecal samples. These data may aid in understanding the role of coyotes in disease ecology.
Analysis of Two-Player Quantum Games in an EPR Setting Using Clifford's Geometric Algebra

The framework for playing quantum games in an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) type setting is investigated using the mathematical formalism of geometric algebra (GA). The main advantage of this framework is that the players' strategy sets remain identical to the ones in the classical mixed-strategy version of the game, and hence the quantum game becomes a proper extension of the classical game, avoiding a criticism of other quantum game frameworks. We produce a general solution for two-player games, and as examples, we analyze the games of Prisoners' Dilemma and Stag Hunt in the EPR setting. The use of GA allows a quantum-mechanical analysis without the use of complex numbers or the Dirac Bra-ket notation, and hence is more accessible to the non-physicist.
Semi-Supervised Learning with Generative Adversarial Networks

We extend Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to the semi-supervised context by forcing the discriminator network to output class labels. We train a generative model G and a discriminator D on a dataset with inputs belonging to one of N classes. At training time, D is made to predict which of N+1 classes the input belongs to, where an extra class is added to correspond to the outputs of G. We show that this method can be used to create a more data-efficient classifier and that it allows for generating higher quality samples than a regular GAN.
De-Conflated Semantic Representations

One major deficiency of most semantic representation techniques is that they usually model a word type as a single point in the semantic space, hence conflating all the meanings that the word can have. Addressing this issue by learning distinct representations for individual meanings of words has been the subject of several research studies in the past few years. However, the generated sense representations are either not linked to any sense inventory or are unreliable for infrequent word senses. We propose a technique that tackles these problems by de-conflating the representations of words based on the deep knowledge it derives from a semantic network. Our approach provides multiple advantages in comparison to the past work, including its high coverage and the ability to generate accurate representations even for infrequent word senses. We carry out evaluations on six datasets across two semantic similarity tasks and report state-of-the-art results on most of them.
Non-parametric seismic data recovery with curvelet frames

SUMMARY Seismic data recovery from data with missing traces on otherwise regular acquisition grids forms a crucial step in the seismic processing flow. For instance, unsuccessful recovery leads to imaging artefacts and to erroneous predictions for the multiples, adversely affecting the performance of multiple elimination. A non-parametric transform-based recovery method is presented that exploits the compression of seismic data volumes by recently developed curvelet frames. The elements of this transform are multidimensional and directional and locally resemble wave fronts present in the data, which leads to a compressible representation for seismic data. This compression enables us to formulate a new curvelet-based seismic data recovery algorithm through sparsity-promoting inversion. The concept of sparsity-promoting inversion is in itself not new to geophysics. However, the recent insights from the field of ‘compressed sensing’ are new since they clearly identify the three main ingredients that go into a successful formulation of a recovery problem, namely a sparsifying transform, a sampling strategy that subdues coherent aliases and a sparsity-promoting program that recovers the largest entries of the curvelet-domain vector while explaining the measurements. These concepts are illustrated with a stylized experiment that stresses the importance of the degree of compression by the sparsifying transform. With these findings, a curvelet-based recovery algorithms is developed, which recovers seismic wavefields from seismic data volumes with large percentages of traces missing. During this construction, we benefit from the main three ingredients of compressive sampling, namely the curvelet compression of seismic data, the existence of a favourable sampling scheme and the formulation of a large-scale sparsity-promoting solver based on a cooling method. The recovery performs well on synthetic as well as real data by virtue of the sparsifying property of curvelets. Our results are applicable to other areas such as global seismology.
The usefulness of ultrasound in the diagnostics of Sjögren’s syndrome

Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune exocrinopathy which manifests itself with dryness of the eyes and the oral cavity. These symptoms comprise a so-called sicca syndrome (xerostomia and xerophthalmia). Two forms of this disease may be distinguished: primary Sjögren's syndrome which affects salivary glands and secondary Sjögren's syndrome with other autoimmune diseases present such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus or systemic scleroderma. The diagnosis is based on the classification criteria established in 2002 by a group of American and European scientists (American-European Consensus Group), which involve the interview and physical examination as well as serological, histopathological and radiological tests. Most of these examinations show some limitations such as invasiveness, expensiveness or limited accessibility. The latest research suggests that ultrasound examination may appear promising in the diagnostics of the main salivary glands: submandibular and parotid glands. It is an accessible and relatively cheap examination with high sensitivity and specificity values which are comparable to those obtained via conventional means used in the diagnostics of this disease, i.e. biopsy of the minor salivary glands, sialography and scintigraphy, as well as superior to those obtained in sialometry and Schirmer's test. Additionally, ultrasonography correlates with the results of magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, a number of authors claim that US examination should be included in the classification criteria of Sjögren's syndrome. The aim of this article is to present the diagnostic capacity of the US examination in Sjögren's syndrome using the current ultrasound classification systems based on the grey-scale, Doppler and contrast-enhanced examinations. The latest research confirms that the most valuable diagnostic criterion in Sjögren's syndrome is the heterogeneity of the glandular parenchyma. The outcome of the examination greatly depends on the examiner's experience.
Context-Adaptive Privacy: Leveraging Context Awareness to Support Privacy Decision Making

Ubiquitous computing applications introduce multiple privacy challenges due to their sensing and actuation capabilities, which are often combined with ubiquitous interconnectivity. Because of the complexity of many ubicomp systems, users might have difficulties estimating the privacy implications of their actions and decisions. In this article, the authors discuss leveraging awareness about a user's context and respective context changes to dynamically support privacy decision making. They present an operationalization of Irwin Altman's privacy regulation theory for this purpose, describing how individual phases of the process can be supported. They also report on their experiences in developing context-adaptive privacy mechanisms for different applications and domains. This article is part of a special issue on privacy and security.
Bi-approximation Semantics for Substructural Logic at Work

In this paper, we introduce bi-approximation semantics, a two-sorted relational semantics, via the canonical extension of lattice expansions. To characterise Ghilardi and Meloni’s parallel computation, we introduce doppelganger valuations which allow us to evaluate sequents and not only formulae. Moreover, by introducing the bi-directional approximation and bases, we track down a connection to Kripke-type semantics for distributive substructural logics through a relationship between basis and the existential quantifier. Based on the framework, we give a possible interpretation of the two sorts, and prove soundness via bi-approximation and completeness via an algebraic representation theorem plus invariance of validity along a back-and-force correspondences.
A review of wildland fire spread modelling, 1990-present, 1: Physical and quasi-physical models

In recent years, advances in computational power and spatial data analysis (GIS, remote sensing, etc) have led to an increase in attempts to model the spread and behaviour of wildland fires across the landscape. This series of review papers endeavours to critically and comprehensively review all types of surface fire spread models developed since 1990. This paper reviews models of a physical or quasi-physical nature. These models are based on the fundamental chemistry and/or physics of combustion and fire spread. Other papers in the series review models of an empirical or quasi-empirical nature, and mathematical analogues and simulation models. Many models are extensions or refinements of models developed before 1990. Where this is the case, these models are also discussed but much less comprehensively.
04 08 02 3 v 1 2 A ug 2 00 4 Galaxy Assembly

In a ΛCDM Universe, galaxies grow in mass both through star formation and through addition of already-formed stars in galaxy mergers. Because of this partial decoupling of these two modes of galaxy growth, I discuss each separately in this biased and incomplete review of galaxy assembly; first giving an overview of the cosmic-averaged star formation history, and then moving on to discuss the importance of major mergers in shaping the properties of present-day massive galaxies. The cosmic-averaged star formation rate, when integrated, is in reasonable agreement with the build-up of stellar mass density. Roughly 2/3 of all stellar mass is formed during an epoch of rapid star formation prior to z ∼ 1, with the remaining 1/3 formed in the subsequent 9 Gyr during a period of rapidly-declining star formation rate. The epoch of important star formation in massive galaxies is essentially over. In contrast, a significant fraction of massive galaxies undergo a major merger at z < ∼ 1, as evidenced by close pair statistics, morphologicallydisturbed galaxy counts, and the build-up of stellar mass in morphologically early-type galaxies. Each of these methods is highly uncertain; yet, taken together, it is not implausible that the massive galaxy population is strongly affected by late galaxy mergers, in excellent qualitative agreement with our understanding of galaxy evolution in a ΛCDM Universe.
Design issues in high performance floating point arithmetic units

In recent years computer applications have increased in their computational complexity. The industry-wide usage of performance benchmarks, such as SPECmarks, forces processor designers to pay particular attention to implementation of the floating point unit, or FPU. Special purpose applications, such as high performance graphics rendering systems, have placed further demands on processors. High speed floating point hardware is a requirement to meet these increasing demands. This work examines the state-of-the-art in FPU design and proposes techniques for improving the performance and the performance/area ratio of future FPUs. In recent FPUs, emphasis has been placed on designing ever-faster adders and multipliers, with division receiving less attention. The design space of FP dividers is large, comprising five different classes of division algorithms: digit recurrence, functional iteration, very high radix, table look-up, and variable latency. While division is an infrequent operation even in floating point intensive applications, it is shown that ignoring its implementation can result in system performance degradation. A high performance FPU requires a fast and efficient adder, multiplier, and divider. The design question becomes how to best implement the FPU in order to maximize performance given the constraints of silicon die area. The system performance and area impact of functional unit latency is examined for varying instruction issue rates in the context of the SPECfp92 application suite. Performance implications are investigated for shared multiplication hardware, shared square root, on-the-fly rounding and conversion and fused functional units. Due to the importance of low latency FP addition, a variable latency FP addition algorithm has been developed which improves average addition latency by 33% while maintaining single-cycle throughput. To improve the performance and area of linear converging division algorithms, an automated process is proposed for minimizing the complexity of SRT tables. To reduce the average latency of quadratically-converging division algorithms, the technique of reciprocal caching is proposed, along with a method to reduce the latency penalty for exact rounding. A combination of the proposed techniques provides a basis for future high performance floating point units.
Hardware Comparison of the ISO/IEC 29192-2 Block Ciphers

As ubiquitous computing becomes a reality, sensitive information is increasingly processed and transmitted by smart cards, mobile devices and various types of embedded systems. This has led to the requirement of a new class of lightweight cryptographic algorithm to ensure security in these resource constrained environments. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has recently standardized two low-cost block ciphers for this purpose, Clefia and Present. In this paper we provide the first comprehensive hardware architecture comparison between these ciphers, as well as a comparison with the current National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard, the Advanced Encryption Standard.