Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Density Structure of the Interstellar Medium and the Star Formation Rate in Galactic Disks

The probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the density of the interstellar medium (ISM) in galactic disks and the global star formation rate (SFR) are discussed. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations show that the PDFs in a globally stable, inhomogeneous ISM in galactic disks are well fitted by a single lognormal function over a wide density range. The dispersion of the lognormal PDF (LN-PDF) is larger for more gas-rich systems, whereas the characteristic density of the LN-PDF, for which the volume fraction becomes the maximum, does not significantly depend on the initial conditions. Supposing the galactic ISM is characterized by the LN-PDF, we give a global SFR as a function of average gas density, a critical local density for star formation, and the star formation efficiency (SFE). Although the present model is more appropriate for massive and geometrically thin disks (~10 pc) in inner galactic regions (<a few kpc), we can make a comparison between our model and observations in terms of the SFR, provided that the LN nature of the density field is also the case in the real galactic disk with a large scale height (~100 pc). We find that the observed SFR is well-fitted by the theoretical SFR over a wide range of the global gas density (10-104 M☉ pc-2). The star formation efficiency (SFE) for high-density gas (n > 103 cm-3) is SFE = 0.001-0.01 for normal spiral galaxies and 0.01-0.1 for starburst galaxies. The LN-PDF and SFR proposed here could be applicable for modeling star formation on a kiloparsec scale in galaxies or numerical simulations of galaxy formation, in which the numerical resolution is not fine enough to describe the local star formation.
Low-Frequency Nevirapine Resistance at Multiple Sites May Predict Treatment Failure in Infants on Nevirapine-Based Treatment

Background:Resistance commonly arises in infants exposed to single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) for prevention of mother to child transmission. Although K103N and Y181C are common following sdNVP, multiple other mutations also confer NVP resistance. It remains unclear whether specific NVP resistance mutations or combinations of mutations predict virologic failure in infants when present at low frequencies before NVP-based treatment. Methods:Twenty sdNVP-exposed infants who were subsequently treated with NVP-based highly active antiretroviral therapy were examined. Pretreatment plasma samples were tested for the presence of NVP resistance mutations by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction for K103N and Y181C and ultradeep pyrosequencing (UDPS) for all primary NVP mutations. Viral levels were determined every 3 months for up to 24 months on NVP–highly active antiretroviral therapy. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine correlates of viral failure. Results:The NVP resistance mutations K103N or Y181C were detected in pretreatment plasma samples in 6 infants by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. NVP resistance at these or other sites was detectable by UDPS in 10 of 20 infants tested. Virologic failure occurred in 50% of infants with any NVP resistance mutations detected, whereas only 20% of infants without resistance experienced viral failure, but the difference was not significant (P = 0.19). An increase in the number of NVP resistance mutations detectable by UDPS in an infant was significantly associated with an increased risk of virologic failure [HR = 1.79 (95% confidence interval: 1.07 to 2.99), P = 0.027]. Conclusions:Low frequencies of multiple NVP resistance mutations, in addition to K103N and Y181C, present in infants before NVP-based treatment may predict treatment outcome.
Absorption Cross Sections of NH3, NH2D, NHD2, and ND3 in the Spectral Range 140-220 nm and Implications for Planetary Isotopic Fractionation

Cross sections for photoabsorption of NH3, NH2D, NHD2, and ND3 in the spectral region 140-220 nm were determined at ~298 K using synchrotron radiation. Absorption spectra of NH2D and NHD2 were deduced from spectra of mixtures of NH3 and ND3, of which the equilibrium concentrations for all four isotopologues obey statistical distributions. Cross sections of NH2D, NHD2, and ND3 are new. Oscillator strengths, an integration of absorption cross sections over the spectral lines, for both A ← X and B ← X systems of NH3 agree satisfactorily with previous reports; values for NH2D, NHD2, and ND3 agree with quantum chemical predictions. The photolysis of NH3 provides a major source of reactive hydrogen in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere of giant planets such as Jupiter. Incorporating the measured photoabsorption cross sections of NH3 and NH2D into the Caltech/JPL photochemical diffusive model for the atmosphere of Jupiter, we find that the photolysis efficiency of NH2D is lower than that of NH3 by as much as 30%. The D/H ratio in NH2D/NH3 for tracing the microphysics in the troposphere of Jupiter is also discussed.
A Large-Scale Study on Repetitiveness, Containment, and Composability of Routines in Open-Source Projects

Source code in software systems has been shown to have a good degree of repetitiveness at the lexical, syntactical, and API usage levels. This paper presents a large-scale study on the repetitiveness, containment, and composability of source code at the semantic level. We collected a large dataset consisting of 9,224 Java projects with 2.79M class files, 17.54M methods with 187M SLOCs. For each method in a project, we build the program dependency graph (PDG) to represent a routine, and compare PDGs with one another as well as the subgraphs within them. We found that within a project, 12.1% of the routines are repeated, and most of them repeat from 2–7 times. As entirety, the routines are quite project-specific with only 3.3% of them exactly repeating in 1–4 other projects with at most 8 times. We also found that 26.1% and 7.27% of the routines are contained in other routine(s), i.e., implemented as part of other routine(s) elsewhere within a project and in other projects, respectively. Except for trivial routines, their repetitiveness and containment is independent of their complexity. Defining a subroutine via a per-variable slicing subgraph in a PDG, we found that 14.3% of all routines have all of their subroutines repeated. A high percentage of subroutines in a routine can be found/reused elsewhere. We collected 8,764,971 unique subroutines (with 323,564 unique JDK subroutines) as basic units for code searching/synthesis. We also provide practical implications of our findings to automated tools.
Biocompatibility and Characterization of a Peptide Amphiphile Hydrogel for Applications in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Peripheral nerve injury is a debilitating condition for which new bioengineering solutions are needed. Autografting, the gold standard in treatment, involves sacrifice of a healthy nerve and results in loss of sensation or function at the donor site. One alternative solution to autografting is to use a nerve guide conduit designed to physically guide the nerve as it regenerates across the injury gap. Such conduits are effective for short gap injuries, but fail to surpass autografting in long gap injuries. One strategy to enhance regeneration inside conduits in long gap injuries is to fill the guide conduits with a hydrogel to mimic the native extracellular matrix found in peripheral nerves. In this work, a peptide amphiphile (PA)-based hydrogel was optimized for peripheral nerve repair. Hydrogels consisting of the PA C16GSH were compared with a commercially available collagen gel. Schwann cells, a cell type important in the peripheral nerve regenerative cascade, were able to spread, proliferate, and migrate better on C16GSH gels in vitro when compared with cells seeded on collagen gels. Moreover, C16GSH gels were implanted subcutaneously in a murine model and were found to be biocompatible, degrade over time, and support angiogenesis without causing inflammation or a foreign body immune response. Taken together, these results help optimize and instruct the development of a new synthetic hydrogel as a luminal filler for conduit-mediated peripheral nerve repair.
The Effect of Human Resource Practices to Mediated Proactive Behavior by Work Engagement

This study aims to identify the effect of human resource practices on proactive behavior as well as the role of mediation work engagement to the relationship. This research was conducted on 10 non construction consulting services company in Bali. This research used 143 technical and administrative employees of population with 105 employees random sampling. Data collecting was done by using questionnaires, with 98 participants. Hypothesis testing using SEM-GSCA. Test results showed that HR practices have a positive and significant influence on proactive behavior also direct influence to work engagement. Further, this research results showed that work engagement played a role in mediating the influence of HR practices on proactive behavior. The limitations of this study are the use of cross-sectional and non-discriminant data as well as specific type of companies. The implications of this research are that consulting firms should pay more attention to recognition and information sharing practices to improve work engagement that impact on increasing employee proactive behavior. Keywords: Human Resource Practices, Work Engagement, Proactive Behavior
Occult Cardiotoxicity in Childhood Cancer Survivors Exposed to Anthracycline Therapy

Background—More than 50% of >270 000 childhood cancer survivors in the United States have been treated with anthracyclines and are therefore at risk of developing cardiotoxicity. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has demonstrated utility to detect diffuse interstitial fibrosis and changes in regional myocardial function. We hypothesized that CMR would identify occult cardiotoxicity characterized by structural and functional myocardial abnormalities in a cohort of asymptomatic pediatric cancer survivors with normal global systolic function. Methods and Results—Forty-six long-term childhood cancer survivors with a cumulative anthracycline dose ≥200 mg/m2 and normal systolic function were studied 2.5 to 26.9 years after anthracycline exposure. Subjects underwent transthoracic echocardiography, CMR with routine cine acquisition, tissue characterization, and left ventricular strain analysis using a modified 16-segment model. Extracellular volume was measured in 27 subjects, all of whom were late gadolinium enhancement negative. End-systolic fiber stress was elevated in 45 of 46 subjects. Low average circumferential strain magnitude (&egr;cc) −14.9±1.4; P<0.001, longitudinal strain magnitude (&egr;ll) −13.5±1.9; P<0.001, and regional peak circumferential strain were seen in multiple myocardial segments, despite normal global systolic function by transthoracic echocardiography and CMR. The mean T1 values of the myocardium were significantly lower than that of control subjects at 20 minutes (458±69 versus 487±44 milliseconds; P=0.01). Higher mean extracellular volume was observed in female subjects (0.34 versus 0.22; P=0.01). Conclusions—Asymptomatic postchemotherapy pediatric patients have abnormal myocardial characteristics and strain parameters by CMR despite normal global cardiac function by standard transthoracic echocardiography and CMR measures.
Information-Theoretical Security for Several Models of Multiple-Access Channel

Several security models of multiple-access channel (MAC) are investigated. First, we study the degraded MAC with confidential messages, where two users transmit their confidential messages (no common message) to a destination, and each user obtains a degraded version of the output of the MAC. Each user views the other user as a eavesdropper, and wishes to keep its confidential message as secret as possible from the other user. Measuring each user's uncertainty about the other user's confidential message by equivocation, the inner and outer bounds on the capacity-equivocation region for this model have been provided. The result is further explained via the binary and Gaussian examples. Second, the discrete memoryless multiple-access wiretap channel (MAC-WT) is studied, where two users transmit their corresponding confidential messages (no common message) to a legitimate receiver, while an additional wiretapper wishes to obtain the messages via a wiretap channel. This new model is considered into two cases: the general MAC-WT with cooperative encoders, and the degraded MAC-WT with non-cooperative encoders. The capacity-equivocation region is totally determined for the cooperative case, and inner and outer bounds on the capacity-equivocation region are provided for the non-cooperative case. For both cases, the results are further explained via the binary examples.
Cross-cultural adaptation of the Organizational Stressor Indicator for Sport Performers (OSI-SP) in Taiwan

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to translate Arnold and her colleagues’ (Arnold, Fletcher, & Daniels, 2013) Organizational Stressor Indicator for Sport Performers (OSI-SP) into Chinese and examine its psychometric properties with Taiwanese athletes. In study 1, the psychometric properties of the items and the underlying structure of the translated Chinese OSI-SP were examined. In study 2, we used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the factorial structure and examined measurement invariance across genders. In study 3, we examined concurrent and discriminant validity via correlations among the Chinese OSI-SP, coping self-efficacy, perceived stress, and burnout to provide further evidence of criterion validity. Study 4 examined the test-retest reliability of the Chinese OSI-SP. Across these phases, results showed the 5-factor, 16-item Chinese OSI-SP had adequate factor structure, measurement invariance, criterion validity, and reliabilities. We suggest future studies may use this revised Chinese OSI-SP in Taiwan and other Chinese athletic settings.
Algebraic Geometry of Matrix Product States

We quantify the representational power of matrix product states (MPS) for entangled qubit systems by giving polynomial expressions in a pure quantum state's am- plitudes which hold if and only if the state is a translation invariant matrix product state or a limit of such states. For systems with few qubits, we give these equations explicitly, considering both periodic and open boundary conditions. Using the classical theory of trace varieties and trace algebras, we explain the relationship between MPS and hidden Markov models and exploit this relationship to derive useful parameterizations of MPS. We make four conjectures on the identifiability of MPS parameters.
When polyhedral transformations meet SIMD code generation

Data locality and parallelism are critical optimization objectives for performance on modern multi-core machines. Both coarse-grain parallelism (e.g., multi-core) and fine-grain parallelism (e.g., vector SIMD) must be effectively exploited, but despite decades of progress at both ends, current compiler optimization schemes that attempt to address data locality and both kinds of parallelism often fail at one of the three objectives. We address this problem by proposing a 3-step framework, which aims for integrated data locality, multi-core parallelism and SIMD execution of programs. We define the concept of vectorizable codelets, with properties tailored to achieve effective SIMD code generation for the codelets. We leverage the power of a modern high-level transformation framework to restructure a program to expose good ISA-independent vectorizable codelets, exploiting multi-dimensional data reuse. Then, we generate ISA-specific customized code for the codelets, using a collection of lower-level SIMD-focused optimizations. We demonstrate our approach on a collection of numerical kernels that we automatically tile, parallelize and vectorize, exhibiting significant performance improvements over existing compilers.
PirB regulates a structural substrate for cortical plasticity

Significance Learning and memory are mediated by changes in synaptic structure and circuit connectivity; these changes are known as “synaptic plasticity. ” In the normal brain, the amount of plasticity is fine tuned by regulating a balance between synaptic strengthening and weakening, both in a positive and a negative direction. Here we report that paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB), an innate immune receptor expressed by neurons, acts as a robust negative regulator of structural substrates for plasticity in visual cortex. Without PirB, there are excessive numbers of spines, accompanied by a shift in Hebbian plasticity favoring synaptic strengthening. These results suggest that PirB regulates spine density in cortex and imply that blocking PirB function could enhance cognition or recovery from injury. Experience-driven circuit changes underlie learning and memory. Monocular deprivation (MD) engages synaptic mechanisms of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity and generates robust increases in dendritic spine density on L5 pyramidal neurons. Here we show that the paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) negatively regulates spine density, as well as the threshold for adult OD plasticity. In PirB−/− mice, spine density and stability are significantly greater than WT, associated with higher-frequency miniature synaptic currents, larger long-term potentiation, and deficient long-term depression. Although MD generates the expected increase in spine density in WT, in PirB−/− this increase is occluded. In adult PirB−/−, OD plasticity is larger and more rapid than in WT, consistent with the maintenance of elevated spine density. Thus, PirB normally regulates spine and excitatory synapse density and consequently the threshold for new learning throughout life.
Voxel-based morphometry of the human brain: Methods and applications

In recent years, a whole-brain unbiased objective technique, known as voxel-based morphometry (VBM), has been developed to characterise brain differences in vivo using structural magnetic resonance images. The present review provides a brief description of VBM and then focuses on exemplar applications in healthy and diseased subjects. The procedure involves normalising high-resolution structural magnetic resonance images to a standard template in stereotactic space. Normalised images are then segmented into gray and white matter and smoothed using an isotropic Gaussian kernel. Finally, a series of voxel-wise comparisons of gray and white matter in different groups of subjects are performed, using Random Field theory to correct for multiple comparisons. VBM has been useful in characterizing subtle changes in brain structure in a variety of diseases associated with neurological and psychiatric dysfunction. These include schizophrenia, developmental and congenital disorders, temporal lobe epilepsy and even cluster headache. In addition, VBM has been successful in identifying gross structural abnormalities, such as those observed in herpes simplex encephalitis, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Studies of normal subjects, on the other hand, have focussed on the impact of learning and practice on brain structure. These studies have led to the finding that environmental demands may be associated with changes in gray and white matter. For instance, it has been reported that the structure of the brain alters when human beings learn to navigate, read music, speak a second language and even perform a complex motor task such as juggling. We conclude the present review by discussing the potential limitations of the technique.
A Customized Bolus Produced Using a 3-Dimensional Printer for Radiotherapy

Objective Boluses are used in high-energy radiotherapy in order to overcome the skin sparing effect. In practice though, commonly used flat boluses fail to make a perfect contact with the irregular surface of the patient’s skin, resulting in air gaps. Hence, we fabricated a customized bolus using a 3-dimensional (3D) printer and evaluated its feasibility for radiotherapy. Methods We designed two kinds of bolus for production on a 3D printer, one of which was the 3D printed flat bolus for the Blue water phantom and the other was a 3D printed customized bolus for the RANDO phantom. The 3D printed flat bolus was fabricated to verify its physical quality. The resulting 3D printed flat bolus was evaluated by assessing dosimetric parameters such as D1.5 cm, D5 cm, and D10 cm. The 3D printed customized bolus was then fabricated, and its quality and clinical feasibility were evaluated by visual inspection and by assessing dosimetric parameters such as Dmax, Dmin, Dmean, D90%, and V90%. Results The dosimetric parameters of the resulting 3D printed flat bolus showed that it was a useful dose escalating material, equivalent to a commercially available flat bolus. Analysis of the dosimetric parameters of the 3D printed customized bolus demonstrated that it is provided good dose escalation and good contact with the irregular surface of the RANDO phantom. Conclusions A customized bolus produced using a 3D printer could potentially replace commercially available flat boluses.
Study of nonlinear parameter identification using UKF and Maximum Likelihood method

The nonlinear parameter identification is studied using UKF and Maximun Likelihood (ML) method. The proposed scheme consists of two sequential stages. The first stage conducts the state estimation using UKF, where the estimated state is a function of unknown parameters. A likelihood function is constructed in the second stage based on the estimated state. Thereby, the parameter identification problem becomes an optimization of the parameterized likelihood function. The proposed method is further compared with EKF based approach. Several case studies show a clear benefit using UKF instead of EKF based approach for a class of nonlinear identification in terms of precision and fast convergence.