Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CrossCat: A Fully Bayesian Nonparametric Method for Analyzing Heterogeneous, High Dimensional Data

There is a widespread need for statistical methods that can analyze high-dimensional datasets with- out imposing restrictive or opaque modeling assumptions. This paper describes a domain-general data analysis method called CrossCat. CrossCat infers multiple non-overlapping views of the data, each consisting of a subset of the variables, and uses a separate nonparametric mixture to model each view. CrossCat is based on approximately Bayesian inference in a hierarchical, nonparamet- ric model for data tables. This model consists of a Dirichlet process mixture over the columns of a data table in which each mixture component is itself an independent Dirichlet process mixture over the rows; the inner mixture components are simple parametric models whose form depends on the types of data in the table. CrossCat combines strengths of mixture modeling and Bayesian net- work structure learning. Like mixture modeling, CrossCat can model a broad class of distributions by positing latent variables, and produces representations that can be efficiently conditioned and sampled from for prediction. Like Bayesian networks, CrossCat represents the dependencies and independencies between variables, and thus remains accurate when there are multiple statistical signals. Inference is done via a scalable Gibbs sampling scheme; this paper shows that it works well in practice. This paper also includes empirical results on heterogeneous tabular data of up to 10 million cells, such as hospital cost and quality measures, voting records, unemployment rates, gene expression measurements, and images of handwritten digits. CrossCat infers structure that is consistent with accepted findings and common-sense knowledge in multiple domains and yields predictive accuracy competitive with generative, discriminative, and model-free alternatives.
Activity of a Trisubstituted Pyrrole in Inhibiting Sporozoite Invasion and Blocking Malaria Infection

ABSTRACT Malaria infection is initiated by Plasmodium sporozoites infecting the liver. Preventing sporozoite infection would block the obligatory first step of the infection and perhaps reduce disease severity. In addition, such an approach would decrease Plasmodiumvivax hypnozoite formation and therefore disease relapses. Here we describe the activity of a trisubstituted pyrrole, 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl] pyridine, in inhibiting motility, invasion, and consequently infection by P. berghei sporozoites. In tissue culture, the compound was effective within the first 3 h of sporozoite addition to HepG2 cells. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of the compound significantly inhibited liver-stage parasitemia in P. yoelii sporozoite-infected mice and prevented the appearance of blood-stage parasites. P. berghei sporozoites lacking the parasite cGMP-dependent protein kinase, the primary target of the compound in erythrocyte-stage parasites, remained infectious to HepG2 cells and sensitive to the drug. These results suggest that the drug has an additional target(s) in sporozoites. We propose that drugs that inhibit sporozoite infection offer a feasible approach to malaria prophylaxis.
Nonquadratic Stabilization Conditions for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Discrete Time TS Fuzzy Models: A New Approach

The discrete-time uncertain nonlinear models are considered in a Takagi-Sugeno form and their stabilization is studied through a non- quadratic Lyapunov function. The classical conditions consider a one- sample variation, here, the main results are obtained considering k samples variation, i.e., Deltak V(x(t)) = V(x(t + k)) - V(x(t)). The results are shown to always include the classical cases, and several examples illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Indigenous Australia: a profile of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander higher education student population

This paper brings together recent statistics relating to the participation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students in higher education. A number of key statistical realities relating to their enrolment into, retention during, and completion of, their university courses are depicted. Foremost among these realities is that despite initiatives over recent years to redress their under-representation, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students' participation in higher education remains significantly below the population parity rate. This paper also warns about the need to exercise care about definitions, sources, measurement, collection, interpretation and analysis of data in the higher education field relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. It concludes that successful transitions to university involve not just success in enrolling more Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students, but in improving their retention and completion rates, and moreover, the qualities of their engagements and experiences in university life during their journey through higher education.
Spacecraft surface charging within geosynchronous orbit observed by the Van Allen Probes

Using the Helium Oxygen Proton Electron (HOPE) and Electric Field and Waves (EFW) instruments from the Van Allen Probes, we explored the relationship between electron energy fluxes in the eV and keV ranges and spacecraft surface charging. We present statistical results on spacecraft charging within geosynchronous orbit by L and MLT. An algorithm to extract the H+ charging line in the HOPE instrument data was developed to better explore intense charging events. Also, this study explored how spacecraft potential relates to electron number density, electron pressure, electron temperature, thermal electron current, and low‐energy ion density between 1 and 210 eV. It is demonstrated that it is imperative to use both EFW potential measurements and the HOPE instrument ion charging line for examining times of extreme spacecraft charging of the Van Allen Probes. The results of this study show that elevated electron energy fluxes and high‐electron pressures are present during times of spacecraft charging but these same conditions may also occur during noncharging times. We also show noneclipse significant negative charging events on the Van Allen Probes.
Modulation of Atlantic aerosols by the Madden-Julian Oscillation

[1] Our previous study found large intraseasonal variations in satellite-derived aerosol products over the tropical Atlantic Ocean associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). This study aims to investigate the physical mechanism of these aerosol anomalies through analyzing aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on board the Aqua satellite, precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, and low-level (averaged from 925 hPa to 700 hPa) horizontal winds from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis. We first show that the intraseasonal variance related to the MJO accounts for about 25% of the total variance of MODIS AOT over the tropical Atlantic. Thus, the intraseasonal variability is one of the important forms of Atlantic aerosol variability. Second, although still inconclusive, our research indicates that precipitation anomalies may play a small role in AOT anomalies through the wet scavenging effect. Third, we show that the AOT anomalies are negatively correlated with the low-level zonal wind anomalies over most parts of the tropical Atlantic, especially over the equatorial Atlantic (60°W–10°W, 10°S–15°N), when the low-level zonal wind anomalies lead the AOT anomalies by about one MJO phase (6 days). When enhanced MJO convection is located over the equatorial Indian Ocean (western Pacific), persistent low-level westerly (easterly) anomalies over the equatorial Atlantic suppress (enhance) the background trade winds that cause the negative (positive) AOT anomalies over the Atlantic region. These results indicate that the AOT anomalies over the tropical Atlantic are very likely produced by the low-level zonal wind anomalies there, although the detailed mechanisms are still to be determined. This study implies that Atlantic aerosol concentration might have predictable components with lead times of 2–4 weeks given the predictability of the MJO and Atlantic trade winds.
THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME COMMON GRADUATED POINT SYMBOLS IN THE PRESENTATION OF QUANTITATIVE DATA

Circles with their areas varying in direct proportion to quantities represented are a common form of graduated point symbols. When so used, unfortunately, the average map reader perceives a smaller quantitative difference than intended because circle size differences are usually underestimated. An apparent size scale developed empirically fifteen years ago is claimed to eliminate the problem of consistent underestimation. More recent investigations by psychologists and cartographers support the apparent size scale. Bars communicate quantitative variation effectively when graduated in the traditional manner on a linear basis, but wedges require an apparent size scale and even then are less accurately judged. Les cercles dont la surface varie en proportion directe de la quantite a representer constituent une forme habituelle de symbole quantitatif. Leur utilisation a cette fin, malheureusement, a pour resultat que le lecteur de la carte percoit souvent une difference quantitative moindre que celle que l'on .
Spatial and Temporal Evolution of an Avulsion on the Taquari River Distributive Fluvial System from Satellite Image Analysis

Avulsion processes have been observed and analyzed using field based studies, however, they have rarely been analyzed through use of satellite imagery even though such an approach allows documentation of spatial and temporal variations of the resulting deposits. In order to document changes that are occurring at the Caronal avulsion on the Taquari River, Brazil, a time series of LANDSAT imagery from 1985 to present (2010) was compiled. As of July 2010, the imagery shows that the avulsion is not yet complete, with discharge being routed to both the parent channel and the avulsion channel in the floodbasin. The avulsion was initiated as flow was diverted from the parent channel to the floodbasin through two small crevasses, allowing the development and evolution of splays, with a single splay stabilizing only since 1999. The avulsion area is marked by the growth of new splays, the formation of an avulsion belt, and progradation of avulsion deposits into the floodbasin. The parent channel downstream of the avulsion site has experienced decreasing width through time, associated with the higher volumes of water and sediment being captured by the avulsion channel. Because this avulsion is not yet complete, we expect more morphological changes to occur as the avulsion belt evolves into the primary channel. Rapid sedimentation caused by this avulsion and the 24-year time series of imagery that captured this change allowed us to construct a 3D block representing the evolution of depositional environments associated with avulsion, using time in the vertical dimension. Thus we could represent the evolution of geomorphological patterns, including floodbasin, proximal levee, distal levee, and channel deposits, and project their distributions through time. This block of evolving sedimentary settings can be used as a guide for future sedimentologic studies by offering visual clues regarding the way which depositional systems track avulsion-initiated changes.
The Sleipner Effect: a subtle relationship between the distribution of diagenetic clay, reservoir porosity, permeability, and water saturation

Abstract Petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical core analysis of Palaeocene turbiditic sandstones in the Sleipner East gas-condensate reservoirs show the importance of diagenetic clay distribution on porosity, permeability, and water saturation. An observed ‘high resistivity zone’ (HRZ) corresponds to intervals with low water saturation, a more restricted distribution of diagenetic clay (mainly chlorite), and up to 5% quartz cement. The underlying ‘low resistivity zone’ (LRZ) corresponds to intervals with more widely distributed diagenetic clay, which have lower degrees of quartz cementation, higher porosity, and variably reduced permeability. Crosscutting relationships of the HRZ/LRZ with mapped sedimentary depositional units, as well as fluid inclusion analysis data, suggest that the distribution of diagenetic clay was affected by an earlier (late Miocene? ) oil charge, and more extensive chlorite formation in a palaeo-water zone. Recent gas condensate charge and structuring of these sandstones resulted in LRZ reservoirs with substantially higher water saturations than those in the HRZ.
On external memory graph traversal

We describe a new external memory data structure, the buffered repository tree, and use it to provide the first non-trivial external memory algorithm for directed breadth-first search (BFS) and an improved external algorithm for directed depth-first search. We also demonstrate the equivalence of various formulations of external undirected BFS, and we use these to give the first I/O-optimal BFS algorithm for undirected trees.
Coupling between Large-Scale Atmospheric Processes and Mesoscale Land–Atmosphere Interactions in the U.S. Southern Great Plains during Summer. Part II: Mean Impacts of the Mesoscale

Abstract This is Part II of a two-part study of mesoscale land–atmosphere interactions in the summertime U.S. Southern Great Plains. Part I focused on case studies drawn from monthlong (July 1995–97), high-resolution Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) simulations carried out to investigate these interactions. These case studies were chosen to highlight key features of the lower-tropospheric mesoscale circulations that frequently arise in this region and season due to mesoscale heterogeneity in the surface fluxes. In this paper, Part II, the RAMS-simulated mesoscale dynamical processes described in the Part I case studies are examined from a domain-averaged perspective to assess their importance in the overall regional hydrometeorology. The spatial statistics of key simulated mesoscale variables—for example, vertical velocity and the vertical flux of water vapor—are quantified here. Composite averages of the mesoscale and large-scale-mean variables over different meteorological or dynamical regime.
Very deep learning for ship discrimination in Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery

Efficient and effective ship discrimination across multiple Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors is becoming more important as access to SAR data becomes more widespread. A flexible means of separating ships from sea is ideal and can be accomplished using machine learning. Newer, advanced deep learning techniques offer a unique solution but traditionally require a large dataset to train effectively. Highway Networks allow for very deep networks that can be trained using the smaller datasets typical in SAR-based ship detection. A flexible network configuration is possible within Highway Networks due to an adaptive gating mechanism which prevents gradient decay across many layers. This paper presents a very deep High Network configuration as a ship discrimination stage for SAR ship detection. It also presents a three-class SAR dataset that allows for more meaningful analysis of ship discrimination performances. The proposed method was tested on a this SAR dataset and had the highest mean accuracy of all methods tested at 96.67%. The proposed ship discrimination method also provides improved false positive classification compared to the other methods tested.
Protocatechuic acid: the missing human cyanidins' metabolite.

We read with great interest the special issue on berry fruits. Some articles therein [1–4] included additional evidence to the existing literature, demonstrating that dietary anthocyanins (ACN) have a wide spectrum of potential health benefits against reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, some types of cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases [5-9]. On the other hand, studies dealing with absorption and metabolism of ACN reported a very low bioavailability of these compounds. In detail, the recovery of known metabolites (glucuronidated and methylated compounds) in urine and plasma was below 1%, whereas 60–90% of the ingested ACN disappeared [10]. Despite this striking evidence, limited efforts have been made to explain this discrepancy. Therefore, the absorption-metabolism process of ACNs resembles a movie: we see the initial scenes (rapid gastric/ intestinal absorption and formation of known, although quantitatively negligible, urinary metabolites) and then the happy end (biological effects), but the main part of the movie, i. e. how ACNs enter the body, distribute to tissues and exert beneficial health effects, remains a black screen.
Fibroblast inward-rectifier potassium current upregulation in profibrillatory atrial remodeling.

RATIONALE Fibroblasts are involved in cardiac arrhythmogenesis and contribute to the atrial fibrillation substrate in congestive heart failure (CHF) by generating tissue fibrosis. Fibroblasts display robust ion currents, but their functional importance is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To characterize atrial fibroblast inward-rectifier K(+) current (IK1) remodeling in CHF and its effects on fibroblast properties. METHODS AND RESULTS Freshly isolated left atrial fibroblasts were obtained from controls and dogs with CHF (ventricular tachypacing). Patch clamp was used to record resting membrane potential (RMP) and IK1. RMP was significantly increased by CHF (from -43.2±0.8 mV, control, to -55.5±0.9 mV). CHF upregulated IK1 (eg, at -90 mV from -1.1±0.2 to -2.7±0.5 pA/pF) and increased the expression of KCNJ2 mRNA (by 52%) and protein (by 80%). Ba(2+) (300 μmol/L) decreased the RMP and suppressed the RMP difference between controls and dogs with CHF. Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester) and fibroblast proliferation (flow cytometry) were enhanced by CHF. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of KCNJ2 enhanced IK1 and hyperpolarized fibroblasts. Functional KCNJ2 suppression by lentivirus-mediated expression of a dominant negative KCNJ2 construct suppressed IK1 and depolarized RMP. Overexpression of KCNJ2 increased Ca(2+) entry and fibroblast proliferation, whereas the dominant negative KCNJ2 construct had opposite effects. Fibroblast hyperpolarization to mimic CHF effects on RMP enhanced the Ca(2+) entry. MicroRNA-26a, which targets KCNJ2, was downregulated in CHF fibroblasts. Knockdown of endogenous microRNA-26 to mimic CHF effects unregulated IK1. CONCLUSIONS CHF upregulates fibroblast KCNJ2 expression and currents, thereby hyperpolarizing RMP, increasing Ca(2+) entry, and enhancing atrial fibroblast proliferation. These effects are likely mediated by microRNA-26a downregulation. Remodeling-induced fibroblast KCNJ2 expression changes may play a role in atrial fibrillation promoting fibroblast remodeling and structural/arrhythmic consequences.
Vascular deconjugation of quercetin glucuronide: the flavonoid paradox revealed?

SCOPE The dietary flavonoid quercetin exerts protective cardiovascular effects. Because quercetin is rapidly metabolized into less active or inactive glucuronidated metabolites and the plasma concentrations of free quercetin are very low, a huge amount of scientific data generated along decades with the unconjugated compounds in vitro has been questioned. We aimed to determine whether glucuronidated quercetin can deconjugate in situ and whether deconjugation leads to a biological effect. METHODS AND RESULTS Quercetin and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (Q3GA) were perfused through the isolated rat mesenteric vascular bed. Quercetin was rapidly metabolized in the mesentery. In contrast, the decay of Q3GA was slower and was accompanied by a progressive increase of quercetin in the perfusate and in the tissue over 6 h, which was prevented by the β-glucuronidase inhibitor saccharolactone. Incubation of mesenteric arterial rings mounted in a wire myograph with Q3GA for ≥1 h resulted in a significant inhibition of the contractile response which was also prevented by saccharolactone. Moreover, the intravenous administration of Q3GA resulted in a slow onset and sustained blood pressure lowering effect, demonstrating for the first time that Q3GA has effects in vivo. CONCLUSION We propose that Q3GA behaves as a quercetin carrier in plasma, which deconjugates in situ releasing the aglycone which is the final effector.
Validation of the Korean coefficient for the modification of diet in renal disease study equation

Background/Aims: Race and ethnicity are important determinants when estimatingglomerular filtration rate (GFR). The Korean coefficients for the isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equations were developed in 2010. However, the coefficients have not been validated. The aim of this study was to validate the performance of the Korean coefficients for the IDMS MDRD Study equations. Methods: Equation development and validation were performed in separate groups (development group, n = 147 from 2008 to 2009; validation group, n = 125 from 2010 to 2012). We compared the performance of the original IDMS MDRD equations and modified equations with Korean coefficients. Performance was assessed by comparing correlation coefficients, bias, and accuracy between estimated GFR and measured GFR, with systemic inulin clearance using a single injection method. Results: The Korean coefficients for the IDMS MDRD equations developed previously showed good performance in the validation group. The new Korean coefficients for the four- and six-variable IDMS MDRD equations using both the development and validation cohorts were 1.02046 and 0.97300, respectively. No significant difference was detected for the new Korean coefficients, in terms of estimating GFR, between the original and modified IDMS MDRD Study equations. Conclusions: The modified equations with Korean coefficients for the IDMS MDRD Study equations were not superior to the original equations for estimating GFR. Therefore, we recommend using the original IDMS MDRD Study equation without ethnic adjustment in the Korean population.
The Embedded Super-Star Cluster of SBS 0335−052

We analyze the infrared (6–100 μm) spectral energy distribution of the blue compact dwarf and metal-poor (Z = Z⊙/41) galaxy SBS 0335-052. With the help of DUSTY, a program that solves the radiation transfer equations in a spherical environment, we evaluate that the infrared emission of SBS 0335-052 is produced by an embedded super–star cluster hidden under 105 M⊙ of dust, causing 30 mag of visual extinction. This implies that one cannot detect any stellar emission from the 2 × 106 M⊙ stellar cluster even at near-infrared wavelengths. The derived grain size distribution departs markedly from the widely accepted size distribution inferred for dust in our galaxy (the so-called MRN distribution) but resembles what is seen around AGNs, namely, an absence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and smaller grains, as well as grains that grow to larger sizes (around 1 μm). The fact that a significant amount of dust is present in such a low-metallicity galaxy, hiding from UV and optical view most of the star formation activity in the galaxy, and that the dust size distribution cannot be reproduced by a standard galactic law should be borne in mind when interpreting the spectrum of primeval galaxies.