Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place

A leading sociological theory of crime is the “routine activities” approach (Cohen and Felson, 1979). The premise of this ecological theory is that criminal events result from likely offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians against crime converging nonrandomly in time and space. Yet prior research has been unable to employ spatial data, relying instead on individual- and household-level data, to test that basic premise. This analysis supports the premise with spatial data on 323,979 calls to police over all 115,000 addresses and intersections in Minneapolis over 1 year. Relatively few “hot spots” produce most calls to Police (50% of calls in 3% of places) and calls reporting predatory crimes (all robberies at 2.2% of places, all rapes at 1.2% of places, and all auto thefts at 2.7% of places), because crime is both rare (only 3.6% of the city could have had a robbery with no repeat addresses) and concentrated, although the magnitude of concentration varies by offense type. These distributions all deviate significantly, and with ample magnitude, from the simple Poisson model of chance, which raises basic questions about the criminogenic nature of places, as distinct from neighborhoods or collectivities.
Behavior of a particle-laden flow in a spiral channel

Spiral gravity separators are devices used in mineral processing to separate particles based on their specific gravity or size. The spiral geometry allows for the simultaneous application of gravitational and centripetal forces on the particles, which leads to segregation of particles. However, this segregation mechanism is not fundamentally understood, and the spiral separator literature does not tell a cohesive story either experimentally or theoretically. While experimental results vary depending on the specific spiral separator used, present theoretical works neglect the significant coupling between the particle dynamics and the flow field. Using work on gravity-driven monodisperse slurries on an incline that empirically accounts for this coupling, we consider a monodisperse particle slurry of small depth flowing down a rectangular channel that is helically wound around a vertical axis. We use a thin-film approximation to derive an equilibrium profile for the particle concentration and fluid depth and find that, in the steady state limit, the particles concentrate towards the vertical axis of the helix, leaving a region of clear fluid.
The Right View of Your Patient: A Computer-Assisted, Individualized Module for Psychotherapy Training

Because there is no uniform treatment, it is obvious that everything psychotherapists say and do depends on their view of a patient. The ability to develop a working model of patients' problems is generally not as good as desired. Even experienced therapists often have difficulty developing sufficiently complete and useful case conceptualizations. It is argued that this is partly due to traditional psychotherapy training models, which are considered insufficient. In accordance with research on expertise, the authors favor an individualized training procedure with concise and intensive feedback. A computer-supported approach makes such training affordable. An evaluation of the program completed by psychotherapy trainees shows good acceptance and a clear improvement in the ability to cover the relevant aspects of a case conceptualization.
The Impact of Breast Scarring on Perceptions of Attractiveness

This study explored whether breast scarring following a lumpectomy generated negative judgements using an experimental between subjects factorial design. Eight images of women varying in terms of breast scarring (present vs. absent), beauty (average vs. high) and celebrity (as a proxy for familiarity; present vs. absent) were rated by 232 participants. The results showed that scarring resulted in lower ratings of attractiveness and self esteem and higher ratings of femininity. Scarred celebrities were judged as particularly unattractive. Women's assumption that they will be judged more harshly following breast cancer surgery maybe reflected in the actual ratings of others.
Antisocial Behaviour in Children and Eysenck's Theory of Personality: An evaluation

Antisocial behaviour in children and youth was examined in relation to the biosocial personality theory of Hans Eysenck. Eysenck's theory is based on three independent personality traits that reflect hypothesised temperament source traits affecting behavioural predisposition. The theory holds that the interaction of the three temperament traits Psychoticism (P), Extroversion (E), and Neuroticism (N) with socialisation experiences produce personality. Eysenck's measurement instruments also contain a Lie (L) scale that has been shown to function as an index of socialisation or social conformity. Eysenck's antisocial behaviour (ASB) hypothesis predicts that individuals at risk for developing ASB have above average P scale scores. Further, individuals who are also high on the E and N scales and below average on the L scale are at the greatest risk. The current article provides an overview of the theory and an evaluation of the research support for the ASB hypothesis in children and youth. The evaluation supported the role of P and L in ASB. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Impact of mobile apps to combat obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic literature review.

PURPOSE This review examines the impact of mobile app technology on obesity-related anthropometric, psychosocial, and behavioral outcomes in children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Nine research articles retrieved from a systematic review of the literature met criteria. Evidence is limited and mixed, but argues for an impact of mobile app use on motivation and goal-setting behavior, and supports further study of the impact on childhood obesity-related outcomes such as attitudes, perceptions, physical activity, and dietary habits. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nurses can use this evidence to discuss potential benefits of health promotion mobile apps with parents, children, and adolescents to combat childhood obesity.
Iago attacks: why the system call API is a bad untrusted RPC interface

In recent years, researchers have proposed systems for running trusted code on an untrusted operating system. Protection mechanisms deployed by such systems keep a malicious kernel from directly manipulating a trusted application's state. Under such systems, the application and kernel are, conceptually, peers, and the system call API defines an RPC interface between them. We introduce Iago attacks, attacks that a malicious kernel can mount in this model. We show how a carefully chosen sequence of integer return values to Linux system calls can lead a supposedly protected process to act against its interests, and even to undertake arbitrary computation at the malicious kernel's behest. Iago attacks are evidence that protecting applications from malicious kernels is more difficult than previously realized.
Nuclear morphology and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 1 expression differentiate serum‐starved oxidative stress signalling from hydrogen peroxide‐induced apoptosis in retinal neuronal cell line

Oxidative stress induced by serum starvation and H2O2 exposure, both triggers apoptosis in retinal neuronal cell line RGC‐5 (retinal ganglion cell‐5). We have examined whether, despite excess generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and apoptosis induction, there is any dissimilarity in nuclear morphology and apoptotic signalling pathway in RGC‐5 under these conditions. Sub‐confluent cells were treated either with H2O2 or maintained in SFM (serum‐free medium). ROS level was detected along with nuclear morphology and ultrastructural analysis. Generation of excess intracellular ROS, nuclear localization of Bax and caspase 3 activation along with decrease of cellular viability, confirmed apoptosis induction in RGC‐5 by 72 h serum starvation and 500 M H2O2 exposure for 1 h. Nuclear swelling as supported by nuclear cytoplasmic ratio and conspicuous black spots with nuclear remodelling were observed only upon SFM, but not with H2O2 treatment. Serum starvation did not alter JNK1 (c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 1) expression, although nuclear translocation and higher level of pJNK (phospho‐JNK) was evident. Conversely, H2O2 exposure blocked the expression and activation of JNK1 to phospho‐JNK as a negligible level of pJNK was present in the cytoplasm. Despite similar ROS generation in both the conditions, difference in nuclear morphology and JNK1 expression leads to the hypothesis that RGC‐5 cells may follow different signalling pathways when challenged with serum starvation and H2O2.
The calcium-sensing receptor changes cell shape via a β-arrestin-1–ARNO–ARF6–ELMO protein network

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce the binding of extracellular stimuli into intracellular signalling cascades that can lead to morphological changes. Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a GPCR that promotes chemotaxis by detecting increases in extracellular calcium, triggers plasma membrane (PM) ruffling via a pathway that involves β-arrestin 1, Arf nucleotide binding site opener (ARNO), ADP-ribosylating factor 6 (ARF6) and engulfment and cell motility protein (ELMO). Expression of dominant negative β-arrestin 1 or its knockdown with siRNA impaired the CaSR-induced PM ruffling response. Expression of a catalytically inactive ARNO also reduced CaSR-induced PM ruffling. Furthermore, β-arrestin 1 co-immunoprecipitated with the CaSR and ARNO under resting conditions. Agonist treatment did not markedly alter β-arrestin 1 binding to the CaSR or to ARNO but it did elicit the translocation and colocalisation of the CaSR, β-arrestin 1 and ARNO to membrane protrusions. Furthermore, ARF6 and ELMO, two proteins known to couple ARNO to the cytoskeleton, were required for CaSR-dependent morphological changes and translocated to the PM ruffles. These data suggest that cells ruffle upon CaSR stimulation via a mechanism that involves translocation of β-arrestin 1 pre-assembled with the CaSR or ARNO, and that ELMO plays an essential role in this CaSR-signalling-induced cytoskeletal reorganisation.
Mechanical Ventilation Strategies in Children With Acute Lung Injury: A Survey on Stated Practice Pattern*

Objectives: The aim of this survey was to determine North American and European pediatric intensivists’ knowledge and stated practice in the management of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome with regard to mechanical ventilation settings; blood gas and SO2 targets; and use of adjunctive treatments at sites where actual practice had just been assessed. Design and Setting: A survey using three case scenarios to assess mechanical ventilation strategies used in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome was sent out toward the end of data collection to all centers participating in the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Mechanical Ventilation study (59 PICUs in 12 countries). For each case scenario, intensivists were asked to report the optimal mechanical ventilation parameters; blood gas and SO2 acceptable targets; and threshold for considering high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, and other adjunctive treatments. Participants: Fifty-four pediatric intensivists, representing 47 centers from 11 countries. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Many pediatric intensivists reported using a tidal volume of 5–8 mL/kg (88–96%) and none reported using a tidal volume above 10 mL/kg. On average, the upper threshold of positive inspiratory pressure at which intensivists would consider another ventilation mode was 35 cm H2O. Permissive hypercapnia and mild hypoxemia (SO2 as low as 88%) was considered tolerable by many pediatric intensivists. Finally, a large proportion of pediatric intensivists reported they would use adjunctive treatments (nitric oxide, prone position, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, surfactant, steroids, &bgr;-agonists) if the patient’s condition worsened. Conclusions: Although in theory, many pediatric intensivists agreed with adult recommendations to ventilate with lower tidal volumes and pressure limits, the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Mechanical Ventilation data revealed that over 25% of pediatric patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome at many of these practice sites were ventilated with tidal volumes above 10 mL/kg and that high positive inspiratory pressure levels (> 35 mm Hg) were often tolerated.
Dealing with plagiarism when giving feedback

ESL teachers may find it hard to deal with plagiarism because they are aware that it is a concept which is to some extent specific to western cultures. For this reason, they may be reluctant to address the issue through their feedback, even though it is a topic of some importance to ESL students preparing for academic studies. I will use data from a study of teacher-written feedback to show how this leads to teachers giving indirect feedback when dealing with plagiarism in student texts, which in turn leads to miscommunication with their students.
Opioid Function Is Dysregulated Subsequent to Early Social Trauma: Healthy Young Adults’ Response to a Buprenorphine Challenge

Panksepp’s separation-distress model of depression posits that endogenous opioid systems become dysregulated subsequent to early social trauma and that this dysregulation constitutes a risk factor for depression. We tested an aspect of this model by recruiting medically and psychiatrically healthy young adults (N = 32) who differed on one key criterion—exposure to early social trauma. In terms of core affective personality traits as measured by the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS), those not exposed to early social trauma scored significantly higher on SEEKING; the groups did not differ on SADNESS. Importantly, the groups also responded differently to a low-dose opioid challenge (0.2 mg sublingual buprenorphine vs. placebo). Buprenorphine administration had little effect on emotion in controls, but it reduced experience of both positive and negative emotion in trauma-exposed participants. The latter also showed a significant negative bias in social cognition that was not attenuated by buprenorphine, whereas controls were more likely to show a positive bias on buprenorphine (relative to trauma-exposed participants). The groups’ differing responses to buprenorphine suggest that their opioid systems are functioning differently. These data constitute preliminary proof of concept for a key aspect of the model. Further investigation of the role of endogenous opioids in depression subsequent to early social trauma is warranted.
A Study of Teachers’ Perspectives About Using Multimodal Representations of Concepts to Enhance Science Learning

This article reports on initial findings of a study that aims to devise, trial, and evaluate teaching and learning strategies to improve students’ learning of science in the middle years in schools in regional Australia through a focus on multiple and multimodal representations of science concepts. Initially, 20 teachers were surveyed about their planning and usage of different representational modes. These teachers tended to focus on resources and students’ learning styles rather than modal variation, sometimes confusing modes and resources. Few teachers expected students to be able to represent the same concept in different modes as part of understanding science. In this article we report in detail the beliefs and practices of two elementary teachers in the survey who focused on the value of representational diversity in learning science. In analyzing their beliefs and practices we identified some key implementation issues in pursuing this multimodal focus. RésuméCet article rend compte des premiers résultats d’une étude visant à mettre au point, à tester et à é valuer les stratégies d’enseignement et d’apprentissage afin d’améliorer l’apprentissage des sciences chez les élèves du premier cycle du secondaire dans les écoles régionales australiennes, grâce à une attention toute particulière pour les représentations multimodales et multiples des concepts scientifiques. Au début de l’étude, 20 enseignants ont fait l’objet d’une enquête sur les façons dont ils planifiaient et utilisaient les différents modes représentationnels. Ces enseignants tendaient à se concentrer sur les ressources et les styles d’apprentissage des étudiants plutôt que sur les variations modales, et confondaient parfois les modes et les ressources. Peu d’enseignants s’attendaient à ce que les élèves soient en mesure de représenter le même concept en se servant de différentes modalités. Dans cet article, nous présentons en détail les convictions et pratiques de deux enseignants au niveau élémentaire ayant participé à l’enquête, lesquels ont centré leur attention sur la valeur de la diversité représentationnelle en apprentissage des sciences. Dans notre analyse, nous avons déterminé la portée de certaines questions clés en matière de représentations multimodales.
The Status of Equity for Hispanics in Public Higher Education in Florida and Texas

This article uses descriptive analyses of data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System to examine the status of equity for Hispanic students in public higher education institutions in Florida and Texas. The analyses show substantial inequities for Hispanics in enrollment, full-time faculty, and executive, administrative, and managerial staff. In both Texas and Florida, the greatest gaps in equity for Hispanics occur for full-time faculty and at the public flagship institutions. Este articulo usa análisis descriptivo de información obtenida del Sistema Integrado de Educación Post-Secundaria para examinar el estado de igualdad que reciben estudiantes hispanos en educación pública secundaria en instituciones de Florida y Texas. Los análisis demuestran desigualdades significativas en hispanos admitidos, profesores de tiempo completo, y empleados ejecutivos, administrativos, y supervisores. En ambos estados Texas y Florida, la laguna más grande en igualdad para hispanos ocurre en profesores de tiempo completo y en instituciones públicas.
Application of Contingency Management-Prize Reinforcement to Community Practice With Alcohol and Drug Problems: A Critical Examination

Contingency management prize reinforcement (CM-PR) is a highly successful intervention for drug or alcohol dependence that shows improved outcomes over standard methadone maintenance and counseling, and 12-step disease model outpatient counseling. CM-PR treatment for individuals with substance abuse problems is examined by applying criteria for choosing an intervention. CM-PR is applied to Codes of Ethics from professional organizations of behavior analysts, chemical dependency counselors, psychiatrists and addictionologists, psychologists, nurses, and social workers that are major providers of substance abuse treatment. Limitations of using CM-PR in community treatment are discussed.
History and Imperialism: A Century of Theory, from Marx to Postcolonialism

IMPERIALISM RESEMBLES DARWINISM, in that many use the term but few can say what it really means. This imprecision is encouraged by a surfeit of synonyms. Two stand out: imperialism is taken to be interchangeable with colonialism and reducible to the word "empire. " Add to these the compounding effects of elaborations such as hegemony, dependency, or globalization and the definitional space of imperialism becomes a vague, consensual gestalt. In its stricter Marxist-Leninist applications, the word "imperialism" dates from the end of the nineteenth century and minimally connotes the use of state power to secure (or, at least, to attempt to secure) economic monopolies for national companies. On this basis, imperialism is not necessarily an extranational project, which would appear to distinguish it from colonialism. Moreover, the monopoly criterion excludes open-door policies, relegating "U.S. imperialism" and "cultural imperialism" to the realm of rhetoric but seeming to leave "Soviet imperialism" with at least a leg to stand on.1 Since the term "imperialism" has been so closely associated with Left opposition to U.S. foreign policy, it is apparent that later usage of the term has not been too respectful of Marxist technicalities. In what follows, I shall not presume to dispense a received definition of imperialism. Rather, the term will be used heuristically to group together a somewhat disparate set of theories of Western hegemony (including Marxism, dependency, postcolonialism, globalization, etc.). 2 Although these theories have most often been discussed in relative isolation from each other, taken together, as they will be here, they make up a multifaceted debate that continued for most of the
Gender Roles and Humor in Advertising: The Occurrence of Stereotyping in Humorous and Nonhumorous Advertising and Its Consequences for Advertising Effectiveness

The advertising literature includes extensive research on the occurrence and effects of gender-role portrayals in advertising. None of these studies has examined the ways in which humor affects depictions and the advertising effectiveness of these portrayals. This article reports the results of content-analytic and experimental studies that investigate the occurrence and effectiveness of gender stereotyping in humorous and nonhumorous advertising. The findings from these studies are in line with the assumptions of information processing theories. They indicate that the way women and men are stereotyped in advertising is dependent on humor; in particular, traditional male stereotypes are more prevalent in humorous ads, whereas traditional female stereotypes are more prevalent in nonhumorous ads. With respect to the influence of these stereotypes, humor improves consumers’ attitudes, particularly if nontraditional stereotyping is utilized instead of traditional stereotyping. Furthermore, humor in stereotyped advertising influences women more than men. Women evaluate gender portrayals more favorably and as more credible in humorous ads than in nonhumorous ads, particularly when nontraditional stereotyping instead of traditional stereotypes are used. These findings provide implications for gender-role and humor research in advertising and for practitioners who wish to increase the effectiveness of ads that use stereotypes.
The Diffusion of New Age Practices and Beliefs among Australian Church Attenders

Analysing the results of a 2001 survey of a random sample of churchgoers in Australia, this article discovers that if all churchgoers are analysed as one single category, Australian churchgoers do not have much affinity with the New Age, a result which fits with the current literature. However, when looking more closely at the sample, it is discovered that Catholics do have the highest affinity with the New Age among all Christian groups, and evangelical groups have the least affinity. It is also found that churchgoers in their teens are more inclined to these alternative ideas.
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE CONTROL OF BEHAVIOUR

Summary. Luria maintains that one of the roles of speech in human development is to regulate behaviour, and that in the course of development this function passes through certain sequential stages that may be identified. The present investigation replicates Luria's study and is further concerned with the relationship between psycholinguistic abilities as measured by the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities and the regulation of behaviour. The results show that Australian children pass through similar stages to Russian children in the development of the regulatory role of speech. In addition, these stages are more closely related to psycholinguistic development as measured by the 1TPA, than to chronological age as Luria suggests.