Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactions between Florida Bay and Atlantic Shelf Waters in Response to Tropical Storm Gordon

Abstract Wind, bottom pressure and current meter data are used to describe water level differences and exchanges between Florida Bay and Atlantic shelf waters during the passage of Tropical Storm Gordon on 15 November 1994. The data indicate that winds associated with the approaching storm forced a 30 cm set-up of water levels over the inner shelf creating a shelf-to-bay pressure gradient. During that time, current meters in three tidal channels connecting eastern Florida Bay with the Atlantic recorded a nontidal inflow to the bay that averaged between 17 and 32 cm s −1 for 2 days. This represents a 4–6-fold increase in the long-term flow through these channels. A maximum storm-induced inflow of 71 cm s −1 was recorded in Long Key Channel. For comparison, the root-mean-square values for the predicted tidal currents in the channels range between 26 and 41 cm s −1 . About a day after the storm had passed water levels peaked in Cotton Key Basin, a sub-basin of eastern Florida Bay, at almost 50 cm above the previous 2-month mean and the Atlantic-to-bay pressure gradient reversed. As a result. water exited by the bay through the channels at a rate ranging between −8 and −34 cm s −1 for 2 days. A maximum nontidal outflow of −78 cm s −1 was observed in Indian Key Channel. Results indicate that Gordon caused significant perturbations on the long-term flow that occurs between Florida Bay and adjacent shelf waters, and storm effects were apparent for about 5 days.
The Birth Prevalence of PKU in Populations of European, South Asian and Sub‐Saharan African Ancestry Living in South East England

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism (OMIM 261600). Treatment with a low‐phenylalanine diet following early ascertainment by newborn screening prevents impaired cognitive development, the major disease phenotype in PKU. The overall birth prevalence of PKU in European, Chinese and Korean populations is ∼1/10,000. Since the human PAH locus contains PKU‐causing alleles and polymorphic core haplotypes that describe and corroborate an out‐of‐Africa range expansion in modern human populations, it is of interest to know the prevalence of PKU in different ethnic groups with diverse geographical origin. We estimated PKU prevalence in South East England, where a sizeable proportion of the population are of Sub‐Saharan African or South Asian ancestry. Over the period 1994 to 2004 167 children were diagnosed with PKU. Using birth registration and census data to derive denominators, PKU birth prevalence per 10,000 live births (95% Bayesian credible intervals) was estimated to be 1.14 (0.96–1.33) among white, 0.11 (0.02–0.37) among black, and 0.29 (0.10–0.63) among Asian ethnic groups. This suggests that PKU is up to an order of magnitude less prevalent in populations with Sub‐Saharan African and South Asian ancestry that have migrated to the UK.
Survival of Civilian and Prisoner Drug-Sensitive, Multi- and Extensive Drug- Resistant Tuberculosis Cohorts Prospectively Followed in Russia

Objective and Methods A long-term observational study was conducted in Samara, Russia to assess the survival and risk factors for death of a cohort of non-multidrug resistant tuberculosis (non-MDRTB) and multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) civilian and prison patients and a civilian extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDRTB) cohort. Results MDRTB and XDRTB rates of 54.8% and 11.1% were identified in the region. Half (50%) of MDRTB patients and the majority of non-MDRTB patients (71%) were still alive at 5 years. Over half (58%) of the patients died within two years of establishing a diagnosis of XDRTB. In the multivariate analysis, retreatment (HR = 1.61, 95%CI 1.04, 2.49) and MDRTB (HR = 1.67, 95%CI 1.17, 2.39) were significantly associated with death within the non-MDR/MDRTB cohort. The effect of age on survival was relatively small (HR = 1.01, 95%CI 1.00, 1.02). No specific factor affected survival of XDRTB patients although median survival time for HIV-infected versus HIV-negative patients from this group was shorter (185 versus 496 days). The majority of MDRTB and XDRTB strains (84% and 92% respectively) strains belonged to the Beijing family. Mutations in the rpoB (codon 531 in 81/92; 88.8%), katG (mutation S315T in 91/92, 98.9%) and inhA genes accounted for most rifampin and isoniazid resistance respectively, mutations in the QRDR region of gyrA for most fluroquinolone resistance (68/92; 73.5%). Conclusions Alarmingly high rates of XDRTB exist. Previous TB treatment cycles and MDR were significant risk factors for mortality. XDRTB patients' survival is short especially for HIV-infected patients. Beijing family strains comprise the majority of drug-resistant strains.
Factors Associated with a Low-sodium Diet: The Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

OBJECTIVES The low-sodium diet is a known preventive factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Factors associated with low-sodium diets should be identified to reduce sodium intake effectively. This study was conducted to identify factors correlated with a low-sodium diet. METHODS This cross-sectional study analyzed data from a total of 14,539 Koreans aged 20 years or older, who participated in the Fourth (2007-2009) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A low-sodium diet was defined as having ≤2,000 mg/day based on 24-hour recalls. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess sex, age, education, number of family members, household income, occupation, alcohol drinking, total energy intake, frequency of eating out, and hypertension management status for their associations with low-sodium diets. RESULTS Among all participants, only 13.9% (n=2,016) had low-sodium diets. In the multivariate analysis, 40-49 years of age, clerical work jobs, higher total energy intake, and frequent eating out were inversely associated with low-sodium diets. And female sex and living-alone were associated with low-sodium diets. Lower frequency of eating out was significantly associated with low-sodium diets, even after adjusting for total energy intake and other potential confounders. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for a low-sodium diet were 1.97 (1.49-2.61), 1.47 (1.13-1.91), 1.24 (0.96-1.61), and 1.00 (reference) in people who eat out <1 time/month, 1-3 times/month, 1-6 times/week, and ≥1 time/day, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that sex, age, number of family members, occupation, total energy intake, and lower frequency of eating out were associated with a low-sodium diet in Korean adults.
Static Disassembly of Obfuscated Binaries

Disassembly is the process of recovering a symbolic representation of a program's machine code instructions from its binary representation. Recently, a number of techniques have been proposed that attempt to foil the disassembly process. These techniques are very effective against state-of-the-art disassemblers, preventing a substantial fraction of a binary program from being disassembled correctly. This could allow an attacker to hide malicious code from static analysis tools that depend on correct disassembler output (such as virus scanners). The paper presents novel binary analysis techniques that substantially improve the success of the disassembly process when confronted with obfuscated binaries. Based on control flow graph information and statistical methods, a large fraction of the program's instructions can be correctly identified. An evaluation of the accuracy and the performance of our tool is provided, along with a comparison to several state-of-the-art disassemblers.
Investigation of Electrical Latchup and SEL Mechanisms at Low Temperature for Applications Down to 50 K

This paper presents a physical investigation of the mechanisms induced by the low temperature on single-event latchup in CMOS inverters for a range of technology nodes (250 nm from Sofradir and 180 nm from IBM). For the first time, the TCAD simulations show a good agreement of latchup characteristics with the experimental measurements at cryogenic temperatures. Additionally, a more robust technology provided by Sofradir was demonstrated.
Taking the temperature of MS with INO

Many patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) dislike the summer because of the increased fatigue that comes with warm weather.1 Increased body temperature can also lead to temporary reappearance of neurologic symptoms experienced during prior MS exacerbations—Uhthoff's phenomenon.2 Remarkably, an increase in body temperature of less than a degree centigrade can provoke substantial disability, and one of Uhthoff's patients developed symptoms while standing by a hot stove. Cooling may improve such symptoms, although its effectiveness as a clinical treatment in MS (e.g., using cooling vests) is debated.3 Demyelination disrupts normal, saltatory propagation of action potentials in axons to the point that conduction becomes tenuous and may be blocked.4 Thus, conduction in demyelinated axons may fall prey to temperature-induced inactivation of sodium channels, especially during repetitive trains of spikes, when the neural signal is frequency filtered. Conversely, body cooling restores nerve conduction, possibly by prolonging the duration of action potentials, but also by decreasing leukocyte nitric oxide production.4 Study of Uhthoff's phenomenon in patients has required considerable ingenuity because measurement of an observed behavior (e.g., intention tremor) …
An exploration of clinical dementia phenotypes among individuals with and without traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical profiles of individuals with dementia who do and do not report a history of TBI. INTRODUCTION Some evidence suggests that a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with an increased risk of dementia later in life. The clinical features of dementia associated with TBI have not been well investigated. While there is some evidence that TBI is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there are also indications that dementia associated with TBI has prominent behavioral, affective, and motor symptoms, making it distinct from AD. METHODS The current study involves secondary analysis of baseline data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) Uniform Data Set (UDS). RESULTS Individuals with dementia who reported a history of TBI had higher fluency and verbal memory scores and later onset of decline, but they are on more medications, had worse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health, were more likely to have received medical attention for depression, and were more likely to have a gait disorder, falls, and motor slowness. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that dementia among individuals with a history of TBI may represent a unique clinical phenotype that is distinct from known dementia subtypes.
Attribution of the Recent Winter Sea Ice Decline over the Atlantic Sector of the Arctic Ocean

AbstractWintertime Arctic sea ice extent has been declining since the late twentieth century, particularly over the Atlantic sector that encompasses the Barents–Kara Seas and Baffin Bay. This sea ice decline is attributable to various Arctic environmental changes, such as enhanced downward infrared (IR) radiation, preseason sea ice reduction, enhanced inflow of warm Atlantic water into the Arctic Ocean, and sea ice export. However, their relative contributions are uncertain. Utilizing ERA-Interim and satellite-based data, it is shown here that a positive trend of downward IR radiation accounts for nearly half of the sea ice concentration (SIC) decline during the 1979–2011 winter over the Atlantic sector. Furthermore, the study shows that the Arctic downward IR radiation increase is driven by horizontal atmospheric water flux and warm air advection into the Arctic, not by evaporation from the Arctic Ocean. These findings suggest that most of the winter SIC trends can be attributed to changes in the large-s.
Simultaneous generation of large‐scale density irregularities and geomagnetic pulsations via filamentation instability

Results of experiment conducted at Gakona, Alaska, using intensity‐modulated HF heating waves of 3.2 MHz to generate geomagnetic pulsations and large‐scale field‐aligned density irregularities (FAI), are reported. The echo traces of o‐ and x‐mode sounding pulses from 3.53 to 4 MHz were recorded during heater on/off periods. The ionograms showed that only x‐mode echo traces were significantly affected by the HF heater. The returns from 3.53 to ∼3.8 MHz disappeared during heater on period and reappeared after heater was turned off. Ray tracings are performed to explore the effect of FAI on the backscattering of o‐ and x‐mode sounding pulses. The drastic difference between the FAI effects on o‐ and x‐mode backscattering trajectories provides a theoretical interpretation of the observation. Geomagnetic pulsations as large as 2.5 nT were also recorded by a Fluxgate Magnetometer. Thermal filamentation of the HF heater leads to the simultaneous generation of FAI and geomagnetic pulsations.
Isolation of diverse members of the Aquificales from geothermal springs in Tengchong, China

The order Aquificales (phylum Aquificae) consists of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria that are prominent in many geothermal systems, including those in Tengchong, Yunnan Province, China. However, Aquificales have not previously been isolated from Tengchong. We isolated five strains of Aquificales from diverse springs (temperature 45.2–83.3°C and pH 2.6–9.1) in the Rehai Geothermal Field from sites in which Aquificales were abundant. Phylogenetic analysis showed that four of the strains belong to the genera Hydrogenobacter, Hydrogenobaculum, and Sulfurihydrogenibium, including strains distant enough to likely justify new species of Hydrogenobacter and Hydrogenobaculum. The additional strain may represent a new genus in the Hydrogenothermaceae. All strains were capable of aerobic respiration under microaerophilic conditions; however, they had variable capacity for chemolithotrophic oxidation of hydrogen and sulfur compounds and nitrate reduction.
Neuroradiology Back to the Future: Spine Imaging

SUMMARY: Although radiography of the spine began shortly after Roentgen's discovery in 1895, there was little written in the medical literature about spine imaging until nearly 25 years later with the development of myelography, first by using air and then a variety of positive contrast agents. The history of spine imaging before CT and MR imaging is, in large part, a history of the development of contrast agents for intrathecal use. The advent of CT and, more important, MR imaging revolutionized spine imaging. The spinal cord and its surrounding structures could now be noninvasively visualized in great detail. In situations in which myelography is still necessary, advances in contrast agents have made the procedure less painful with fewer side effects. In this historical review, we will trace the evolution of spine imaging that has led to less invasive techniques for the evaluation of the spine and its contents and has resulted in more rapid, more specific diagnosis, therapy, and improved outcomes.
Estimation of rain rate using measured rain attenuation in the Tokyo tech millimeter-wave model network

Quasi millimeter-wave and millimeter-wave model network have been developed in Ookayama campus, Tokyo Institute of Technology [1] in order to investigate propagation characteristics for outdoor applications of the fixed wireless access (FWA) systems. The heterogeneous network connecting between the millimeter-wave FWA network and cell-phone wireless networks is one of the applications. Accurate prediction of rain attenuation is necessary for the design of communication line using the millimeter-wave FWAs, which have been studied by many researchers [2].
Are word repetitions really intended by the speaker?

This paper compares, using our Japanese data, word repetitions with error repairs in terms of their temporal structures in order to examine whether or not the prolongation of first tokens in word repetitions, observed by Den and Clark (2000), is really an effect of the speaker’s strategy. Analyses of 10 task-oriented Japanese dialogues reveal a difference between word repetitions and error repairs for the data involving cut-off in first tokens; in both types of disfluencies, the final phoneme of the first token is considerably prolonged, but the degree of the prolongation is much greater in word repetitions than in error repairs. These results support our view that prolonged first tokens in word repetitions are a product of a process under the speaker’s control or intention.
A neuropsychological study of fact memory and source amnesia.

We investigated the ability of amnesic patients to learn new facts (e.g., Angel Falls is located in Venezuela) and also to remember where and when the facts were learned (i.e., source memory). To assess the susceptibility of fact and source memory to retrograde amnesia, patients prescribed electroconvulsive therapy were presented facts prior to the first treatment and were tested after their second treatment. All amnesic patients exhibited marked fact memory impairment. In addition, some amnesic patients exhibited source amnesia (i.e., they recalled a few facts but then could not remember where or when those facts had been learned). Source amnesia was unrelated to the severity of the memory deficit itself, because patients who exhibited source amnesia recalled as many facts as the patients who did not. These results show that the deficit in amnesia includes an impairment in acquiring and retaining new facts. Source amnesia can also occur, but it is dissociable from impaired recall and recognition and appears to reflect difficulty in remembering the specific context in which information is acquired. The findings are discussed in terms of their significance for how memory is organized.
ADAM: Genomics Formats and Processing Patterns for Cloud Scale Computing

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission. Executive Summary Current genomics data formats and processing pipelines are not designed to scale well to large datasets. The current Sequence/Binary Alignmen-t/Map (SAM/BAM) formats were intended for single node processing [18]. There have been attempts to adapt BAM to distributed computing environments, but they see limited scalability past eight nodes [22]. Additionally, due to the lack of an explicit data schema, there are well known incompatibilities between libraries that implement SAM/BAM/Variant Call Format (VCF) data access. To address these problems, we introduce ADAM, a set of formats, APIs, and processing stage implementations for genomic data. ADAM is fully open source under the Apache 2 license, and is implemented on top of Avro and Parquet [5, 26] for data storage. Our reference pipeline is implemented on top of Spark, a high performance in-memory map-reduce system [32]. This combination provides the following advantages: 1) Avro provides explicit data schema access in C/C++/C#, Java/Scala, Python, php, and Ruby; 2) Parquet allows access by database systems like Impala and Shark; and 3) Spark improves performance through in-memory caching and reducing disk I/O. In addition to improving the format's cross-platform portability, these changes lead to significant performance improvements. On a single node, we are able to speedup sort and duplicate marking by 2×. More importantly, on a 250 Gigabyte (GB) high (60×) coverage human genome, this system achieves a 50× speedup on a 100 node computing cluster (see Table 1), fulfilling the promise of scala-bility of ADAM. The ADAM format provides explicit schemas for read and reference oriented (pileup) sequence data, variants, and genotypes. As the schemas are implemented in Apache Avro—a cross-platform/language serialization format—they eliminate the need for the development of language-specific libraries for format decoding/encoding, which eliminates the possibility of library incompatibilities. A key feature of ADAM is that any application that implements the ADAM schema is compatible with ADAM. This is important, as it prevents applications from being locked into a specific tool or pattern. The ADAM stack is inspired by the " narrow …
Influence of physical activity and interest for food and sciences versus weight disorders in children aged 8 to 18 years

Summary Introduction. Being overweight and obesity are a growing problem and are often related to a lack of physical activity among younger people. This study aims to describe the prevalence of weight disorders in Belgian schoolchildren. Secondly, this study examines the association between physical activity, weight disorders and the interest in food and sciences. Methods. We examined 525 children aged between 8 and 18 years old, who attended the Brussels Food Fair or the Belgian Science Day in 2013. They completed a standardized questionnaire about lifestyle and physical activity. Their weight, height, blood pressure and waist circumference were measured. The physical condition of participants was estimated using the Ruffier test. Results. The average age of all participants was 11.2 years (95% CI: 8.7-13.7), the prevalence of being overweight and obesity was 16.3% and 5.4%, respectively. For all participants in the representative group the affiliation to a sports club was associated with a normal weight (P < 0.05). According to this study, the kind of transportation to school (foot/bike or car/bus) had no effect on their body mass index (BMI). Neither was there a significant relationship between the physical activity of the children and the result of their Ruffier test. Conclusions. The prevalence of being overweight and obesity in children aged 8 to 18 years is alarming. Membership to a sports club was linked significantly to a normal weight and a lower prevalence of being overweight and obesity.