Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning From Text: A Multidimensional and Developmental Perspective

Three students preparing to read and discuss a chapter from Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, sit in a literature circle and hope that their attempts to learn from this novel prove successful. One of the students, Ralph, has been struggling because the world of Huck Finn seems alien to him. He does not understand why Huck Finn finds the river a place of escape and freedom because he knows rivers only from glimpses from the family car. He also finds the language of the runaway slave, Jim, strange. Despite these impediments, Ralph is fascinated with the character of Huck Finn and the interesting predicaments that Huck faces. Because of this interest, Ralph is determined to learn more about Huck’s adventures. Clare faces other challenges than Ralph. She has already read several of Mark Twain’s short stories and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in junior high school. Through these previous exposures, Clare has an adequate understanding of Twain’s satiric style. She is also aware of his interest in exploring the psyche of young male characters striving for adventure. She has also learned to read the dialect aloud to get the meaning. However, Clare does not find Huckleberry Finn interesting. She cannot relate to the mostly male
A case of complex odontoma associated with an impacted lower deciduous second molar and analysis of the 107 odontomas.

OBJECTIVE Odontoma is a comparatively common odontogenic tumor, and it may lead to interference with the eruption of its associated tooth. Odontomas are mostly associated with permanent teeth, and they are rarely associated with deciduous teeth. The purpose of this report is to analyze 107 odontomas and to present a case of complex odontoma associated with a lower deciduous second molar. SUBJECT AND METHODS The 106 cases were analyzed with regard to the following parameters: age, gender, location, erupted teeth, congenital missing teeth, radiological features, histopathological features and prognosis. RESULTS Of the 106 cases, 41 were complex odontoma, 62 were compound odontoma, and three were immature odontoma. Compound odontoma had a predilection for the anterior. Complex odontoma occurred more often at the mandible. CONCLUSION Odontoma located above the tooth crown of lower deciduous molar did not behave clinically different from that associated with permanent tooth. An odontoma could be related with a supernumerary tooth or a missing tooth. If odontomas, which interfered with tooth eruption, were extirpated early, the impacted teeth would probably erupt normally and be normal in shape.
Trigonella foenum-graecum water extract improves insulin sensitivity and stimulates PPAR and γ gene expression in high fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats

Background: Insulin resistance is the main defect associated with the metabolic syndrome. In obesity, the decreased adiponectin levels and elevation of plasma-free fatty acids are the main factors associated with insulin resistance. In this study, we evaluated the effect of trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG) extract on insulin sensitivity in high fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats. Materials and Methods: Experimental rats were fed with a high fructose diet for eight weeks. After the first six weeks, the animals were treated with trigonella foenum-graecum extract or pioglitazone for two weeks. Serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and HDL-c were measured. The insulin and adiponectin levels were assayed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The plasma-free fatty acid profile was obtained by gas chromatography. PPARγ and GLUT4 gene expression were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting. Results: In the trigonella foenum-graecum- extract treated group the following results were obtained: Insulin (49.02 ± 6.93 pmol/L), adiponectin (7.1 ± 0.64 μg/ml), and triglycerides (110.3 ± 16.7 mg/dl), which were significantly different and improved compared to the control group (insulin (137 ± 34 pmol/l), adiponectin (3.9 ± 0.15 μg/ml), glucose (187 ± 15 mg/dl), and triglycerides (217 ± 18 mg/dl). Also the PPARγ gene expression was significantly increased compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the beneficial effects of trigonella foenum-graecum extract on insulin resistance in rats fed on a high-fructose diet. At least three mechanisms are involved, including direct insulin-like effect, increase in adiponectin levels, and PPARγ protein expression.
Vascular conductance and muscle blood flow during exercise are altered by inspired oxygen fraction and arterial perfusion pressure

We tested the hypothesis during the combined challenges of altered inspired O2 fraction (FIO2) and posture changes at lower power output regardless of body position that the vascular conductance (VC) recruitment to the exercising muscle would not limit muscle perfusion and estimated O2 delivery (DO2est). However, in head‐down tilt at the higher power output exercise in hypoxia, the recruitment of VC would have a functional limitation which would restrict muscle blood flow (MBF) leading to a limitation in DO2est with consequent increases in metabolic stress. Ten healthy volunteers repeated plantar flexion contractions at 20% (low power output = LPO) and 30% (higher power output = HPO) of their maximal voluntary contraction in horizontal (HOR), 35° head‐down‐tilt (HDT) and 45° head‐up‐tilt (HUT). Popliteal diameter and muscle blood flow velocity were measured by ultrasound determining MBF. VC was estimated by dividing MBF flow by MPP, and DO2est was estimated by MBF times saturation. LPOHUT in hypoxia was associated with no changes in VC and MBF leading to reduced DO2est. In LPOHDT under hypoxia, despite no apparent functional limitation in the VC recruitment, rise in MBF to maintain DO2est was associated with marked increase in muscle electromyographic activity, indicating greater metabolic stress. In HPOHDT under hypoxia, a functional limitation for the recruitment of VC constrained MBF and DO2est. Elevated muscle electromyographic signal in HPOHDT under hypoxia was consistent with challenged aerobic metabolisms which contributed to a greater increase in the relative stress of the exercise challenge and advance the onset of muscle fatigue.
Granzyme B degradation by autophagy decreases tumor cell susceptibility to natural killer-mediated lysis under hypoxia

Significance Natural killer (NK) cells are effectors of the antitumor immunity, able to kill cancer cells through the release of the cytotoxic protease granzyme B. NK-based therapies have recently emerged as promising anticancer strategies. It is well established that hypoxic microenvironment interferes with the function of antitumor immune cells and constitutes a major obstacle for cancer immunotherapies. We showed that breast cancer cells evade effective NK-mediated killing under hypoxia by activating autophagy that we have identified to be responsible for the degradation of NK-derived granzyme B. We demonstrated that blocking autophagy restored NK-mediated lysis in vitro, and facilitated breast tumor elimination by NK cells in mice. We provided evidence that targeting autophagy may pave the way to achieve more effective NK-based anticancer immunotherapy. Recent studies demonstrated that autophagy is an important regulator of innate immune response. However, the mechanism by which autophagy regulates natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antitumor immune responses remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia impairs breast cancer cell susceptibility to NK-mediated lysis in vitro via the activation of autophagy. This impairment was not related to a defect in target cell recognition by NK cells but to the degradation of NK-derived granzyme B in autophagosomes of hypoxic cells. Inhibition of autophagy by targeting beclin1 (BECN1) restored granzyme B levels in hypoxic cells in vitro and induced tumor regression in vivo by facilitating NK-mediated tumor cell killing. Together, our data highlight autophagy as a mechanism underlying the resistance of hypoxic tumor cells to NK-mediated lysis. The work presented here provides a cutting-edge advance in our understanding of the mechanism by which hypoxia-induced autophagy impairs NK-mediated lysis in vitro and paves the way for the formulation of more effective NK cell-based antitumor therapies.
Type 1 Diabetic Neuropathy and C-peptide

The most common microvascular diabetic complication, diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPN), affects type 1 diabetic patients more often and more severely. In recent decades, it has become increasingly clear that perpetuating pathogenetic mechanisms, molecular, functional, and structural changes and ultimately the clinical expression of DPN differ between the two major types of diabetes. Impaired insulin/C-peptide action has emerged as a crucial factor to account for the disproportionate burden affecting type 1 patients. C-peptide was long believed to be biologically inactive. However, it has now been shown to have a number of insulin-like glucoseindependent effects. Preclinical studies have demonstrated dose-dependent effects on Na+,K+-ATPase activity, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and endoneurial blood flow. Furthermore, it has regulatory effects on neurotrophic factors and molecules pivotal to the integrity of the nodal and paranodal apparatus and modulatory effects on apoptotic phenomena affecting the diabetic nervous system. In animal studies, C-peptide improves nerve conduction abnormalities, prevents nodal degenerative changes, characteristic of type 1 DPN, promotes nerve fiber regeneration, and prevents apoptosis of central and peripheral nerve cell constituents. Limited clinical trials have confirmed the beneficial effects of C-peptide on autonomic and somatic nerve function in patients with type 1 DPN. Therefore, evidence accumulates that replacement of C-peptide in type 1 diabetes prevents and even improves DPN. Large-scale food and drug administration (FDA)-approved clinical trials are necessary to make this natural substance available to the globally increasing type 1 diabetic population.
Institutions Affect Fairness: Experimental Investigations

Fairness is not an absolute value independent of social conditions but depends on the reigning institutions. Conducting experiments with ultimatum, dictator and prisoner's dilemma games it is demonstrated that the extent of fairness systematically depends on three types of institutions: property rights which define the basic fairness norms; the extent of interaction between the players (anonymity, identification or talk) which determines how far these norms are activated, and the players' opportunity set which affects the extent to which the players can actively influence the game outcome. It is a plea for the fruitfulness of "institutional experiments. " (JEL: A 13, C 70, C 90) Fairness is not an absolute value existing and being pursued independently of social conditions. Rather, the extent of fairness exhibited systematically depends on institutions shaping the perceptions and possibilities of behaviour. Drawing on experimental evidence, we are able to show that, in the context of ultimatum, dictator and prisoner's dilemma games, there are three important types of institutions affecting fairness : The underlying property rights which define the basic norms of fairness; the extent of interaction between the players in the game (anonymity, identification or talk) which determines how far these norms are activated; and the players' opportunity set which affects the extent to which the players can actively influence the game outcome. Our analysis is thus a plea for a stronger emphasis on "institutional experiments" in which institutions are systematically varied in order to study the effects on human behaviour.
Elevation of Sphinganine 1-Phosphate as a Predictive Biomarker for Fumonisin Exposure and Toxicity in Mice

Fumonisins are specific inhibitors of ceramide synthase in sphingolipid metabolism. An alteration in sphingolipid metabolism as a result of fumonisin B1 (FB1) exposure is related to cell death, and sphinganine/sphingosine ratio has been used as an indicator of fumonisin exposure in animals. The objective of this study was to investigate a new biochemical marker for the prediction of fumonisin-induced toxicity. When mice were treated with FB1 (10 mg/kg ip/d) for 5 d, the serum levels of sphingoid bases and their 1-phosphate were markedly elevated. The accumulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate (So-1-P) and sphinganine 1-phosphate (Sa-1-P) in serum following FB1 treatment was more apparent than elevated levels of sphingosine (So) and sphinganine (Sa). Sa-1-P/So-1-P ratio in serum was more elevated than Sa/So ratio following fumonisin B1 treatment, indicating that phosphorylation of sphingoid bases may be a sensitive biomarker for fumonisin exposure. In addition, the tissue levels of Sa and Sa-1-P were also significantly elevated in kidneys, liver, heart, lung and brain. FB1-induced toxicity was confirmed microscopically in both liver and kidneys. Liver lesions consisted of centrilobular hypertrophy and cytoplasmic vacuolization. In addition, hepatic binucleated cells were increased and acidophilic body was observed in FB1-treated mice. Kidney lesions were consistent with tubular nephrosis, and tubules were dilated and contained cell debris in FB1-exposed mice. These results suggested that the elevation of Sa-1-P as well as Sa in serum would be a specific biomarker for predicting FB1 exposure, and elevated tissue levels of Sa-1-P may be related to fumonisin toxicity in animals.
Integration of the CORE and EMANE Network Emulators

Researchers who evaluate networking protocols and applications can benefit significantly from the availability of flexible, open source tools. Network emulation has been one of the tools of choice for conducting experiments on commodity hardware, and for wireless MANET environments, in the absence of a possibly large number of radio devices. We present an easy-to-use system based on a combination of two such open source emulation tools. We describe integrating the Common Open Research Emulator (CORE), providing virtualization controlled by a graphical user interface, with the Extendable Mobile Ad-hoc Network Emulator (EMANE) framework that provides for more detailed radio models and scenarios. We discuss the benefits of integrating the two tools, along with challenges of this approach and how they were addressed. We address the performance experienced when using these more detailed link- and physical-layer models. Finally, we conclude with open issues and future directions.
PHY-MAC cross layer based modelling for LTE QoS optimization

We study two cross layer simulation models with different LTE MAC scheduler types in this paper: a discrete time simulation model and a discrete event simulation model. Results show that under similar settings, these two simulation models produce similar results in a single user scenario but perform differently in a multi-UE scenario. Moreover, the proportional fair scheduling is shown to be the fairest one using both simulation models.
Comparison of change in bone resorption and bone mineral density with once-weekly alendronate and daily risedronate: a randomised, placebo-controlled study

SUMMARY Objective: To compare the effects of alendronate (ALN) 70mg once weekly (OW) and risedronate (RIS) 5mg daily between-meal dosing on biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Research design and methods: This was a 3-month, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a double-blind extension to 12 months. The study enrolled 549 postmenopausal women (ALN 219, RIS 222 and placebo (PBO) 108) who were >60 years of age at outpatient centres. Main outcome measures: The primary endpoint was reduction in urine N-telopeptides of type 1 collagen (NTx) corrected for creatinine level at 3 months. Secondary parameters included change in BMD at the spine and hip at 6 and 12 months, NTx at 1,6 and 12 months, and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Adverse experiences (AEs) were recorded throughout the study for an assessment of treatment safety profiles and tolerability. Results: Over 3 months, ALN produced a significantly greater mean reduction in urine NTx than did RIS (−52% vs −32%, p < 0.001), which was maintained at 12 months. ALN produced a significantly greater mean BMD increase than did RIS at 6 months, and it was maintained at 12 months at the lumbar spine (4.8% vs 2.8%, p < 0.001) and total hip (2.7% vs 0.9%, p < 0.001), as well as at the trochanter and femoral neck. Significant reductions in BSAP with ALN compared to RIS were maintained over the 12 months of treatment. Study size did not allow for meaningful assessment of differences in fracture rates. Tolerability was generally similar between ALN, RIS and PBO, and the incidence of upper GIAEs causing discontinuation and oesophageal AEs was similar in the ALN and RIS groups. Conclusion: In this study, ALN 70 mg OW produced a 50% greater reduction in bone resorption as measured by urine NTx and significantly greater increases in lumbar spine and hip BMD than did RIS 5 mg daily. The treatments had similar safety profiles and were generally well-tolerated. Additional studies are needed comparing OW ALN with OW RIS, which became available after the commencement of the present study.
Bmp Signaling Exerts Opposite Effects on Cardiac Differentiation

Rationale: The importance for Bmp signaling during embryonic stem cell differentiation into myocardial cells has been recognized. The question when and where Bmp signaling in vivo regulates myocardial differentiation has remained largely unanswered. Objective: To identify when and where Bmp signaling regulates cardiogenic differentiation. Methods and Results: Here we have observed that in zebrafish embryos, Bmp signaling is active in cardiac progenitor cells prior to their differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Bmp signaling is continuously required during somitogenesis within the anterior lateral plate mesoderm to induce myocardial differentiation. Surprisingly, Bmp signaling is actively repressed in differentiating myocardial cells. We identified the inhibitory Smad6a, which is expressed in the cardiac tissue, to be required to inhibit Bmp signaling and thereby promote expansion of the ventricular myocardium. Conclusion: Bmp signaling exerts opposing effects on myocardial differentiation in the embryo by promoting as well as inhibiting cardiac growth.
Theoretical and empirical evidence for the impact of inductive biases on cultural evolution

The question of how much the outcomes of cultural evolution are shaped by the cognitive capacities of human learners has been explored in several disciplines, including psychology, anthropology and linguistics. We address this question through a detailed investigation of transmission chains, in which each person passes information to another along a chain. We review mathematical and empirical evidence that shows that under general conditions, and across experimental paradigms, the information passed along transmission chains will be affected by the inductive biases of the people involved—the constraints on learning and memory, which influence conclusions from limited data. The mathematical analysis considers the case where each person is a rational Bayesian agent. The empirical work consists of behavioural experiments in which human participants are shown to operate in the manner predicted by the Bayesian framework. Specifically, in situations in which each person's response is used to determine the data seen by the next person, people converge on concepts consistent with their inductive biases irrespective of the information seen by the first member of the chain. We then relate the Bayesian analysis of transmission chains to models of biological evolution, clarifying how chains of individuals correspond to population-level models and how selective forces can be incorporated into our models. Taken together, these results indicate how laboratory studies of transmission chains can provide information about the dynamics of cultural evolution and illustrate that inductive biases can have a significant impact on these dynamics.
The 4-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazol-3-yl radical

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C8H6ClN2S2, comprises two molecules forming a dimer via π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.634 (10) Å] and intradimer S⋯S contacts [3.012 (4) and 3.158 (4) Å] between the two molecules in a cis-antarafacial arrangement.
Peer Pressure

We present a model where agents can pressure other agents to take an action. Exerting pressure is costly for the exerting agent and it can impact the pressured agents by either lowering the cost of taking the action (which we call positive pressure) or else by raising the cost of not taking the action (which we call negative pressure). We show that, under strategic complementarities, agents with lower costs for taking an action pressure agents with higher costs, and that positive pressure can be Pareto improving. We detail who gains and who loses from peer pressure, and identify some circumstances under which pressure results in fully Pareto e¢ cient outcomes as well as circumstances where it does not. We also point out di¤erences between positive and
Cognitive Capabilities Involved in the Socialization of Emotion: Development in Middle Childhood.

This study examines the development of emotion in 108 children from a small Northern California city aged 6-7, 8-9, and 10-11 years. The paper specifically examines: (1) children's beliefs about emotion management thc.contribute to their preinteraction expectancies; (2) the sorts F socializing messages children appear to be responding to; and (3) the kinds of cognitive representations that are available to children as they construct their naive theory of emotion. The children were individually asked a series of standardized questions about the parental reactions likely to occur when a child protagonist revealed his or her genuine emotion in eight hypothetical vignettes, and about what one could do to avoid or promote those parental reactions. Half the vignettes concerned someone who was at risk for having their feelings hurt by the protagonist's expression of genuine emotion; the other half were about a child protagonist who became vulnerable by displaying genuine emotion. The findings indicate that there were general:y no age differences in children's expectations of how controlling or accepting a parent's reaction would be in both vignettes. Children selected relatively more controlling parental reactions when the protagonist's display of emotion could result in another person's becoming vulnerable or getting his or her feelings hurt. (RJC) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************