Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE QUICK AND THE DEAD: CORRELATIONAL SELECTION ON MORPHOLOGY, PERFORMANCE, AND HABITAT USE IN ISLAND LIZARDS

Abstract Natural selection is an important driver of microevolution. Yet, despite significant theoretical debate, we still have a poor understanding of how selection operates on interacting traits (i.e., morphology, performance, habitat use). Locomotor performance is often assumed to impact survival because of its key role in foraging, predator escape, and social interactions, and shows strong links with morphology and habitat use within and among species. In particular, decades of study suggest, but have not yet demonstrated, that natural selection on locomotor performance has shaped the diversification of Anolis lizards in the Greater Antilles. Here, we estimate natural selection on sprinting speed and endurance in small replicate island populations of Anolis sagrei. Consistent with past correlational studies, long-limbed lizards ran faster on broad surfaces but also had increased sprint sensitivity on narrow surfaces. Moreover, performance differences were adaptive in the wild. Selection favored long-limbed lizards that were fast on broad surfaces, and preferred broad substrates in nature, and also short-limbed lizards that were less sprint sensitive on narrow surfaces, and preferred narrow perches in nature. This finding is unique in showing that selection does not act on performance alone, but rather on unique combinations of performance, morphology, and habitat use. Our results support the long-standing hypothesis that correlated selection on locomotor performance, morphology, and habitat use drives the evolution of ecomorphological correlations within Caribbean Anolis lizards, potentially providing a microevolutionary mechanism for their remarkable adaptive radiation.
Impact of Visuospatial Characteristics of Video Games on Improvements in Cognitive Abilities

The current study aimed to understand the effects of playing video games on navigation skills, spatial cognitive abilities and speed of processing, and to examine the characteristics of games and training hours impacting video game training. Participants were assigned to one of four groups; First Person Shooter (FPS) game training group, Third Person Shooter (TPS) game training group, Control puzzle game training group, and control non-training group. Participants in training groups played the selected games for 30 hours in total. Performances in maze tasks, spatial attention, mental rotation and speed of processing were measured at four time points (pretraining, post-10 hours, 20 hours and 30 hours training) to investigate improvements over the time. The results showed the FPS game playing and not the TPS or puzzle game playing enhanced visual attention ability at both 20° and 30° eccentricity. This result indicates viewpoints of video game are important characteristics which may impact differently on cognitive ability. However, no significant improvement was found in navigation skills, suggesting playing FPS game may not improve dynamic and larger-scaled spatial abilities beyond spatial attention.
Language usage and attitudes in a South African prison: who calls the shots?

South Africa's recent 11-language policy of 1996 aimed to challenge the hegemony of English and Afrikaans and to help South Africans to ``function eectively in the multilingual milieu of South Africa'' (Langtag 1996: 13) in all state structures and civil society. This article focuses on one particular state structure, South African prisons (formally known as the Department of Correctional Services), and reports on the language resources, skills, usage, and attitudes of those who work in a local prison, in an eort to ascertain the extent to which South Africa's language policy is actually being implemented. It is argued that policymakers failed to take account of the linguistic complexity of the country, the available language resources, and the attitudes of all the constituencies aected by their decisions when constructing their language policy. As a result, six years later, little has changed, apart from the fact that English usage has probably increased. Successful language policies need not only the blessing of the powerful, but also acceptance from those whose lives and linguistic habits are to be aected. They also require extensive linguistic resources to provide the necessary support.
The School Counseling Program Implementation Survey: Initial Instrument Development and Exploratory Factor Analysis

This article details the initial development of the School Counseling Program Implementation Survey and psychometric results including reliability and factor structure. An exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor model that accounted for 54% of the variance of the intercorrelation matrix and a two-factor model that accounted for 47% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha reliability estimates for subscales ranged from . 79 to . 87. Subscales of the instrument may be used to assess ASCA National Model program implementation, programmatic orientation, school counseling services, and school counselors’ use of computer software.
Do Personality Differences Explain the Gender Pay Gap? Evidence from Three Transition Economies

We use data from an employee survey conducted in Russia, Armenia and Kazakhstan to study the contribution of gender differences in personality to gender differences in pay. In particular, we focus on the influence of locus of control (LOC) because there is evidence from studies conducted in developed market economies suggesting that individuals with an internal LOC (i.e. those who believe that their success is determined by own actions) demonstrate greater initiative and better performance than individuals with an external LOC (i.e. those who believe that their success is determined by external forces). Similar to these studies, we find that among the participants of our survey, men are more likely to exhibit an internal LOC, while women are more likely to have an external LOC. Gender differences in LOC are particularly large among Russian employees, while very small in the Kazakhstan sample. Additionally, we find that an internal LOC is associated with higher pay for both male and female participants of the Armenian and Russian surveys. In Kazakhstan, the estimated effects of LOC are positive, but small and very noisy. The results from the OaxacaBlinder-Neumark wage gap decomposition show that among the participants of the surveys, gender differences in LOC explain 5.5% of the gender pay gap in Armenia, 7% of the gap in Russia, and 2.7% of the gap in Kazakhstan. We suggest possible explanations for the observed cross-country differences and discuss policy implications. JEL Classification: A12, J31, J71, P52
Modeling Teamwork in Supervisory Control of Multiple Robots

Simultaneously controlling multiple robots requires multiple operators working together as a team. Determining how to construct the team to promote performance and reduce workload are critical questions that must be answered in these settings. To this end, we investigated the effect of team structure and scheduling notification on operators' performance, subjective workload, work processes, and communication using a human-in-the-loop experiment. In an urban search and rescue setting, we compared a pooled condition, in which team members shared control of 24 robots, with a sector condition, in which each team member controlled half of all the robots. For scheduling notification, an alert was given when the operator spent too much time on one robot and either suggested or forced the operator to change to another robot. A discrete-event simulation model was constructed to model the teamwork in supervisory control of multiple robots. The model was significantly improved by the inclusion of a behavior termed as “backup. ” Backup behavior is a critical coordination mechanism often observed in teams, but rarely explicitly modeled. Pooled teams showed an advantage when performing backup behaviors in both the experiment and the model. However, other factors must be considered when making a decision on what team structure to use.
Interactions between extracellular matrix and growth factors in wound healing

Dynamic interactions between growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) are integral to wound healing. These interactions take several forms that may be categorized as direct or indirect. The ECM can directly bind to and release certain growth factors (e.g., heparan sulfate binding to fibroblast growth factor‐2), which may serve to sequester and protect growth factors from degradation, and/or enhance their activity. Indirect interactions include binding of cells to ECM via integrins, which enables cells to respond to growth factors (e.g., integrin binding is necessary for vascular endothelial growth factor‐induced angiogenesis) and can induce growth factor expression (adherence of monocytes to ECM stimulates synthesis of platelet‐derived growth factor). Additionally, matrikines, or subcomponents of ECM molecules, can bind to cell surface receptors in the cytokine, chemokine, or growth factor families and stimulate cellular activities (e.g., tenascin‐C and laminin bind to epidermal growth factor receptors, which enhances fibroblast migration). Growth factors such as transforming growth factor‐β also regulate the ECM by increasing the production of ECM components or enhancing synthesis of matrix degrading enzymes. Thus, the interactions between growth factors and ECM are bidirectional. This review explores these interactions, discusses how they are altered in difficult to heal or chronic wounds, and briefly considers treatment implications.
The Parity of Directed Hamiltonian Cycles

We present a deterministic algorithm that given any directed graph on n vertices computes the parity of its number of Hamiltonian cycles in O(1.619n) time and polynomial space. For bipartite graphs, we give a 1.5npoly(n) expected time algorithm. Our algorithms are based on a new combinatorial formula for the number of Hamiltonian cycles modulo a positive integer.
Key usability factors of service-oriented web sites for students: an empirical study

Purpose – This paper aims to report on a web usability study and to identify and prioritise key web interface usability factors (WIUFs) for web sites of 36 student‐related online services categorised into three groups: personal services, purchase services and study‐related web sites.Design/methodology/approach – In this study, involving 400 student internet users (SIUs), 12,310 data points were collected and analysed using a multiple linear regression test. Seven WIUFs were tested: use of colour and font (UCF), use of graphics and multimedia (UGM), clarity of goals in web site (CGW), trustworthiness of web site (TOW), interactivity of web site (IOW), ease of web navigation (EWN), and download speed of web site (DSOW). Findings – The study results reveal that every online service category has a different set of crucial WIUFs. SIUs' web usability preferences were compared with those of general internet users.Research limitations/implications – The participants were all Malaysians; therefore, generalising the.
Neuronal Subtypes Are Specified by the Level of neurod Expression in the Zebrafish Lateral Line

During neural development, even in seemingly homogeneous cell populations, individual neurons acquire diverse morphology and behavior, and even adjacent neurons can establish synaptic connections with distinct targets. Although diversity among individual neurons is essential for a functional nervous system, the underlying molecular mechanism of establishing heterogeneity in a population of neuronal precursors has been poorly addressed at the single-cell level. We focused on the development of the zebrafish posterior lateral line (PLL) and revealed a molecular mechanism that differentiates a homogenous neuronal population in the ganglion into the two types of neurons, leaders and followers. We developed a method to analyze gene expression levels in leaders and followers at the single-cell resolution, and found that leaders expressed significantly higher levels of neurod compared with followers. Furthermore, neurod expression was found to be heterogeneous among neurons before the onset of phenotypic differentiation of leaders and followers, and neurod overexpression in single PLL neurons promoted differentiation into leaders. These results suggest that the quantity, rather than quality (i.e., the ON/OFF states), of neurod expression directly or indirectly determines the two subtypes of PLL neurons.
Presumptions of Group Work

With the increasing use of groups of all types in education, business, and governmental structures, it is becoming imperative that we understand the nature of group functioning. At this point in time, however, it is neither obvious nor at all clear where the functional parameters of group work lay; neither is it immediately evident from reading the literature that these parameters are about to be revealed, with the possible exception of research into certain behavioral methodologies (Liberman 1970a, 1970b) and certain ostensible consistencies of small group behavior (Bennis and Shepard, 1965; Bion 1961; Cartwright and Zander, 1968; Foulkes and Anthony, 1965). It is with a few of these parameters that this paper will be concerned. My purpose, then, is to suggest what I consider to be the main obstacles preventing the construction of a theoretical framework on which to formulate group principles. As one European writer has recently noted, there is an absence of theoretical bases in American group work (Pages, 1971). I will not be building, however, any grand structures, but merely surveying the field from an interdisciplinary posture for implicit parameters which directly guide the field of group work.
Decynium-22 Enhances SSRI-Induced Antidepressant-Like Effects in Mice: Uncovering Novel Targets to Treat Depression

Mood disorders cause much suffering and lost productivity worldwide, compounded by the fact that many patients are not effectively treated by currently available medications. The most commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs are the selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which act by blocking the high-affinity 5-HT transporter (SERT). The increase in extracellular 5-HT produced by SSRIs is thought to be critical to initiate downstream events needed for therapeutic effects. A potential explanation for their limited therapeutic efficacy is the recently characterized presence of low-affinity, high-capacity transporters for 5-HT in brain [i.e., organic cation transporters (OCTs) and plasma membrane monoamine transporter], which may limit the ability of SSRIs to increase extracellular 5-HT. Decynium-22 (D-22) is a blocker of these transporters, and using this compound we uncovered a significant role for OCTs in 5-HT uptake in mice genetically modified to have reduced or no SERT expression (Baganz et al., 2008). This raised the possibility that pharmacological inactivation of D-22-sensitive transporters might enhance the neurochemical and behavioral effects of SSRIs. Here we show that in wild-type mice D-22 enhances the effects of the SSRI fluvoxamine to inhibit 5-HT clearance and to produce antidepressant-like activity. This antidepressant-like activity of D-22 was attenuated in OCT3 KO mice, whereas the effect of D-22 to inhibit 5-HT clearance in the CA3 region of hippocampus persisted. Our findings point to OCT3, as well as other D-22-sensitive transporters, as novel targets for new antidepressant drugs with improved therapeutic potential.
Flood insurance: the challenge of the uninsured

Increasing concern about flooding and its potentially socially-devastating effects has reinforced the need for an effective mechanism to deal with the recovery of losses from these events. This paper highlights the problem of uninsurance in the UK and the potentially growing number of people who do not have flood insurance. A dual challenge of uninsurance is emerging: those who have been traditionally excluded from insurance cover due to price and a new phenomenon, those who live in high-risk areas who may become cost-prohibited through the introduction of risk-related premiums.
The world society perspective: concepts, assumptions, and strategies

For decades the world society perspective has influenced comparative research on a broad range of issues across the social sciences. The perspective emerged to make sense of an empirical puzzle: why did nation-state after nation-state expand mass schooling after World War II? The perspective evolved to address broader issues such as the authority of science and its influence on the environmental movement, the expansion of the scope of citizenship and its impact on women's rights and, more recently, the rise of an international human rights regime on the one hand and the celebration of universities of excellence on the other hand. The world society perspective has motivated research that examines worldwide and regional trends and generates hypotheses to explain these cross-national developments and variations. This paper first clarifies some of the world society perspective's key assumptions and core arguments as applied to comparative education. Next, the paper situates the world society perspective within a broader neo-institutional theoretical framework. Neo-institutionalists assume that the actors are highly embedded in their larger environment. Following this assumption, we distinguish between levels of analysis (macro or societal, meso or organisational, and micro or individual levels) and the extent to which the relevant actors are conceptualised as embedded in environments. The paper then turns to consider the character of the influential environment and to discuss the role of models of reality as rationalising and legitimating myths. From a neo-institutional perspective, the actors are often imagined as enacting scripts that make sense given the triumph of some models of reality. The fourth section of this paper focuses on the concepts of institutional isomorphism and loose coupling and their uses in comparative research guided by the world society perspective. Lastly, the paper clarifies the kinds of research strategies associated with the world society perspective, from trend identification to more explicit efforts to model the diffusion of discourse, policies, structures, and practices. These strategies have varied over time. A common thread though is to empirically ascertain as to whether there is evidence supporting the dynamics emphasised within the world society perspective, net of other influences that impinge on the outcomes of interest.
Population and genomic analysis of the genus Halorubrum

The Halobacteria are known to engage in frequent gene transfer and homologous recombination. For stably diverged lineages to persist some checks on the rate of between lineage recombination must exist. We surveyed a group of isolates from the Aran-Bidgol endorheic lake in Iran and sequenced a selection of them. Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) and Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) revealed multiple clusters (phylogroups) of organisms present in the lake. Patterns of intein and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) presence/absence and their sequence similarity, GC usage along with the ANI and the identities of the genes used in the MLSA revealed that two of these clusters share an exchange bias toward others in their phylogroup while showing reduced rates of exchange with other organisms in the environment. However, a third cluster, composed in part of named species from other areas of central Asia, displayed many indications of variability in exchange partners, from within the lake as well as outside the lake. We conclude that barriers to gene exchange exist between the two purely Aran-Bidgol phylogroups, and that the third cluster with members from other regions is not a single population and likely reflects an amalgamation of several populations.
Analysis of Homologous Reproduction in Community College Athletics

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the presence of homologous reproduction in the community college context. The authors analyzed the gender of the athletic director, women's basketball head coach, softball head coach, and volleyball head coach at 611 community colleges. Results indicate that most athletic directors (82.7%) were men. Chi-square analysis indicated that the gender of the athletic director was statistically associated with the gender of the head coach for both women's basketball and softball, as well as the likelihood of homogeneous staffs (i.e., the three head coaches all being either female or male). Results are discussed in terms of implications for practice.
Automated Classification of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Using Regional Volumetric Texture Analysis in High-Resolution Computed Tomography

ObjectivesWe propose a novel computational approach for the automated classification of classic versus atypical usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Materials and MethodsThirty-three patients with UIP were enrolled in this study. They were classified as classic versus atypical UIP by a consensus of 2 thoracic radiologists with more than 15 years of experience using the American Thoracic Society evidence–based guidelines for computed tomography diagnosis of UIP. Two cardiothoracic fellows with 1 year of subspecialty training provided independent readings. The system is based on regional characterization of the morphological tissue properties of lung using volumetric texture analysis of multiple-detector computed tomography images. A simple digital atlas with 36 lung subregions is used to locate texture properties, from which the responses of multidirectional Riesz wavelets are obtained. Machine learning is used to aggregate and to map the regional texture attributes to a simple score that can be used to stratify patients with UIP into classic and atypical subtypes. ResultsWe compared the predictions on the basis of regional volumetric texture analysis with the ground truth established by expert consensus. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the proposed score was estimated to be 0.81 using a leave-one-patient-out cross-validation, with high specificity for classic UIP. The performance of our automated method was found to be similar to that of the 2 fellows and to the agreement between experienced chest radiologists reported in the literature. However, the errors of our method and the fellows occurred on different cases, which suggests that combining human and computerized evaluations may be synergistic. ConclusionsOur results are encouraging and suggest that an automated system may be useful in routine clinical practice as a diagnostic aid for identifying patients with complex lung disease such as classic UIP, obviating the need for invasive surgical lung biopsy and its associated risks.