Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epstein‐barr virus is localized in the tumour cells of nasal lymphomas of NK, T or B cell type

Seven cases of nasal lymphoma were studied to identify the lineage of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)+ cells using dual‐labelling methods. Five cases were phenotypically and genotypically of natural killer cell (NK) type with germ‐line configuration of T‐cell receptor (TcR) β‐chain gene and immunoglobulin heavy‐chain joining region (lg/H) gene, with one case each of T‐ and B‐cell type showing rearranged TcRβ or lg/H and Λ‐light chain genes respectively. EBV genome was clonal in all these cases except in the B‐cell case where its clonality was undeterminable. Using in situ hybridization (ISH) for EBV‐encoded small nuclear RNA 1 and 2 (EBER), signal was detected in 45% to 88% of nucleated cells in the tumours. Immunostaining for EBV latent membrane protein‐1 (LMP) also revealed numerous LMP+ cells in 3/5 NK‐type cases and the T‐ and B‐cell cases. Using ISH for EBER combined with immunostaining for CD markers and double immunohistochemistry for LMP and CD markers, the predominant lineage of the EBV+ cells was identified as: CD2+CD3−CD19−CD20‐ CD45R0+CD56+CD68‐ in the NK‐type cases, CD2+CD3+CD19−CD20− CD45R0+CD56−CD68− in the T‐cell case and CD20+CD45R0−CD68‐ in the B‐cell case, in agreement with the genotype and phenotype of each tumour. These results show that, in EBV+ nasal lymphomas of NK, T‐ or B‐cell lineage, EBV was consistently associated with the tumour‐cell population and support the view that EBV serves a promoting role in the pathogenesis of different types of EBV+ nasal lymphoma. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CONCURRENT INFECTION WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS AND MUMPS VIRUS OR PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM) AS BEARING ON THE INHIBITION OF VIRUS MULTIPLICATION BY BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES

Preexisting infection with PVM or mumps virus does not prevent multiplication of the virus of influenza A or B in the same tissue. Similarly, pre-existing infection with one or another of the influenza viruses does not prevent multiplication of either PVM or mumps virus in the same tissue. The failure of these two groups of viruses to interfere with the multiplication of each other is discussed in relation to the mechanism of inhibition of multiplication of mumps virus and PVM by the capsular polysaccharides of Friedländer bacilli, and the ability of influenza A and influenza B viruses to multiply in the presence of large quantities of these carbohydrates. It is suggested that differences in the requirements of the two groups of viruses for host cell metabolic systems may serve to explain both the lack of interference between them and the differing effect of polysaccharides upon their multiplication.
What's Wrong at E.T.S.? Insider's View of Grading A.P. Government Essays

Every year in June approximately four thousand high school teach ers and college professors spend a week grading Advanced Placement (A.P.) examinations. In the event that you graduated from high school before 1955 or have no teenage children, A.P. exams are designed to evaluate a high school student's performance in a certain subject area and determine if she qualifies for college credit in that subject. A high score on an A.P. exam usually results in college credit for an introductory college level course in that subject or the satis faction of college breadth requirements in the subject area. With college classes currently costing upward of $1,000 per credit, A.P. examinations usually look like a good financial bet for most parents and students.
Differentiating between demented and psychiatric patients with the Dutch version of the IQCODE.

This study presents psychometric data on the Dutch version of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE-N). We focused on differentiating between inpatients with dementia or a mood/psychotic disorder. A cutoff point of 3.9 on the IQCODE-N correctly predicted group membership in 87.8% and 78.8% respectively. Internal consistency and principal component analysis suggest that the IQCODE-N measures a unidimensional construct. Correlations with a Dementia Screening Test (r=0.62), nurses' observations on memory disorders (r=0.71) and a global assessment of severity of dementia (r=0.72) support the validity of the informant ratings. Patients' age and level of education did not confound informant ratings. Only a small fraction of the informants could not complete the IQCODE-N, which makes it an easily applicable rating scale for cognitive decline. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From destination image building to identity‐based branding

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the various activities and processes undertaken by a particular national tourism organization (NTO) in carrying out its goal of developing a destination brand.Design/methodology/approach – A single qualitative case study is primarily employed, though the study draws on data from multiple sources of information.Findings – The study affirms the co‐creation and stakeholder viewpoints from having modeled the branding process and outlining the complex interaction of destination‐branding activities in the country‐level context. The study provides a critical discussion of the different approaches to branding, and the adoption of branding philosophies, in the destination context.Research limitations/implications – Though this paper is based on a single country case study, it provides a strong and empirically grounded framework for identifying, in‐depth, several key destination branding processes and activities in great detail.Originality/.
Inferring Regulatory Networks from Expression Data Using Tree-Based Methods

One of the pressing open problems of computational systems biology is the elucidation of the topology of genetic regulatory networks (GRNs) using high throughput genomic data, in particular microarray gene expression data. The Dialogue for Reverse Engineering Assessments and Methods (DREAM) challenge aims to evaluate the success of GRN inference algorithms on benchmarks of simulated data. In this article, we present GENIE3, a new algorithm for the inference of GRNs that was best performer in the DREAM4 In Silico Multifactorial challenge. GENIE3 decomposes the prediction of a regulatory network between p genes into p different regression problems. In each of the regression problems, the expression pattern of one of the genes (target gene) is predicted from the expression patterns of all the other genes (input genes), using tree-based ensemble methods Random Forests or Extra-Trees. The importance of an input gene in the prediction of the target gene expression pattern is taken as an indication of a putative regulatory link. Putative regulatory links are then aggregated over all genes to provide a ranking of interactions from which the whole network is reconstructed. In addition to performing well on the DREAM4 In Silico Multifactorial challenge simulated data, we show that GENIE3 compares favorably with existing algorithms to decipher the genetic regulatory network of Escherichia coli. It doesn't make any assumption about the nature of gene regulation, can deal with combinatorial and non-linear interactions, produces directed GRNs, and is fast and scalable. In conclusion, we propose a new algorithm for GRN inference that performs well on both synthetic and real gene expression data. The algorithm, based on feature selection with tree-based ensemble methods, is simple and generic, making it adaptable to other types of genomic data and interactions.
Tumor cell surface heparan sulfate as cryptic promoters or inhibitors of tumor growth and metastasis

Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans, present at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix that surrounds cells, are important mediators of complex biological processes. Furthermore, it is now apparent that cells dynamically regulate the structure of their heparan sulfate “coat” to differentially regulate extracellular signals. In the present study, the importance of sequence information contained within tumor cell-surface heparan sulfate was investigated. Herein, we demonstrate that the heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan coat present on tumor cells contains bioactive sequences that impinge on tumor-cell growth and metastasis. Importantly, we find that growth promoting as well as growth inhibiting sequences are contained within the polysaccharide coat. Furthermore, we find that the dynamic balance between these distinct polysaccharide populations regulates specific intracellular signal-transduction pathways. This study not only provides a framework for the development of polysaccharide-based anti-cancer molecules but also underscores the importance of understanding a cell's polysaccharide array in addition to its protein complement, to understand how genotype translates to phenotype in this postgenomic age.
Block-adaptive kernel-based CDMA multiuser detection

The paper investigates the application of a recently introduced learning technique, referred to as the relevance vector machine (RVM), to construct a block-adaptive kernel-based nonlinear multiuser detector (MUD) for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) signals transmitted through multipath channels. It is demonstrated that the RVM MUD is capable of closely matching the performance of the optimal Bayesian one-shot detector, with the aid of a significantly more sparse kernel representation than that required by the state-of-the-art support vector machine (SVM) technique.
Where mathematics comes from : how the embodied mind brings mathematics into being

This book is about mathematical ideas, about what mathematics means-and why. Abstract ideas, for the most part, arise via conceptual metaphor-metaphorical ideas projecting from the way we function in the everyday physical world. Where Mathematics Comes From argues that conceptual metaphor plays a central role in mathematical ideas within the cognitive unconscious-from arithmetic and algebra to sets and logic to infinity in all of its forms.
Increasing Acceptance of Behavioral Child Management Techniques: What Do Parents Say?

ABSTRACT Consumers' willingness to accept treatments is an important concern of clinicians and clinical researchers, particularly when treating children. However, few studies have directly asked parents to give reasons for accepting or refusing treatments. In the current study, 82 parents read descriptions of six behavioral child management techniques, rated their acceptability, and gave reasons for whether they would, or would not, use each technique at home. Response Cost was the most acceptable treatment, followed by Token Economy and Time Out, then Overcorrection, Differential Attention, and Ignoring. Among the reasons, whether parents would or would not use the treatments, the most reliable response categories were prior experience with the technique, effects on the child's well-being, creation of a learning experience for the child, and willingness to use the technique if modified. The categories are discussed in terms of their implications for child treatment.
Diatom Derived Polyunsaturated Aldehydes Do Not Structure the Planktonic Microbial Community in a Mesocosm Study

Several marine and freshwater diatoms produce polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) in wound-activated processes. These metabolites are also released by intact diatom cells during algal blooms. Due to their activity in laboratory experiments, PUA are considered as potential mediators of diatom-bacteria interactions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PUA mediate such processes in a close-to-field mesocosm experiment. Natural plankton communities enriched with Skeletonema marinoi strains that differ in their PUA production, a plankton control, and a plankton control supplemented with PUA at natural and elevated concentrations were observed. We monitored bacterial and viral abundance as well as bacterial community composition and did not observe any influence of PUA on these parameters even at elevated concentrations. We rather detected an alternation of the bacterial diversity over time and differences between the two S. marinoi strains, indicating unique dynamic bacterial communities in these algal blooms. These results suggest that factors other than PUA are of significance for interactions between diatoms and bacteria.
Hemopoietic Stem Cells with Higher Hemopoietic Potential Reside at the Bone Marrow Endosteum

It is now evident that hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) are located in close proximity to bone lining cells within the endosteum. Accordingly, it is unlikely that the traditional method for harvesting bone marrow (BM) from mice by simply flushing long bones would result in optimal recovery of HSC. With this in mind, we have developed improved methodologies based on sequential grinding and enzymatic digestion of murine bone tissue to harvest higher numbers of BM cells and HSC from the endosteal and central marrow regions. This methodology resulted in up to a sixfold greater recovery of primitive hemopoietic cells (lineage−Sca+Kit+ [LSK] cells) and HSC as shown by transplant studies. HSC from different anatomical regions of the marrow exhibited important functional differences. Compared with their central marrow counterparts, HSC isolated from the endosteal region (a) had 1.8‐fold greater proliferative potential, (b) exhibited almost twofold greater ability to home to the BM following tail vein injection and to lodge in the endosteal region, and (c) demonstrated significantly greater long‐term hemopoietic reconstitution potential as shown using limiting dilution competitive transplant assays.
Understanding Actions & Intentions: An Insight into Theory of Mind

The ability to understand another person’s action and, if needed, imitate that action, is a core component of human social behaviour which can be observed even in young children. Action understanding studies focus on the aspect of interpreting a person’s intention thereby giving insights into their theory of mind (ToM) abilities. This principle is the motivation behind this study. Typically developing children between the ages of 4 and 15 years were taken up for the study. The experiment consisted of two tasks. Task 1 consisted of 12 target stimuli which consisted of a picture with a concealed action. High resolution photographs were taken of hand gestures that were appropriate for the target picture with other unrelated gesture. In task 2, four stories were selected to check the ToM abilities of the children. Both the stimuli were shown to children and the results were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS (11.5). The results revealed a linear progression in the mean standard scores of children in the action-intention scores and also a significant progression in the ToM skills. A positive correlation also existed between action-intention recognition and ToM skills. Our study, thus suggests that understanding actions and intentions are the basis of theory of mind research. This study also throws light on the non-linguistic communicative patterns of children. Future studies are to be done in clinical populations on this aspect, which may pave the way to new therapeutic approaches/strategies for children with communicative disabilities.
Application of Fuzzy Logic to Cognitive Radio Systems

SUMMARY This paper reviews applications of fuzzy logic to telecommunications and proposes a novel fuzzy combining scheme for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems. A summary of previous applications of fuzzy logic to telecommunications is given outlining also potential applications of fuzzy logic in future cognitive radio systems. In complex and dynamic operational environments, future cognitive radio systems will need sophisticated decision making and environment awareness techniques that are capable of handling multidimensional, conflicting and usually non-predictable decision making problems where optimal solutions can not be necessarily found. The results indicate that fuzzy logic can be used in cooperative spectrum sensing to provide additional flexibility to
The unique amino-terminal domain of p56lck regulates interactions with tyrosine protein phosphatases in T lymphocytes

The catalytic activity of p56lck is repressed by phosphorylation of a conserved carboxy-terminal tyrosine residue (tyrosine 505). Accumulating data show that this phosphorylation is mediated by the tyrosine protein kinase p50csk and that it is reversed by the transmembrane tyrosine protein phosphatase CD45. Recent studies have indicated that dephosphorylation of tyrosine 505 in resting T cells is necessary for the initiation of antigen-induced T-cell activation. To better understand this phenomenon, we have characterized the factors regulating tyrosine 505 phosphorylation in an antigen-specific T-cell line (BI-141). As is the case for other T-cell lines, Lck molecules from unstimulated BI-141 cells exhibited a pronounced dephosphorylation of the inhibitory carboxyl-terminal tyrosine. This state could be corrected by incubation of cells with the tyrosine protein phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate, suggesting that it reflected the unrestricted action of tyrosine protein phosphatases. In structure-function analyses, mutation of the site of Lck myristylation (glycine 2) partially restored phosphorylation at tyrosine 505 in BI-141 cells. Since the myristylation-defective mutant also failed to stably associate with cellular membranes, this effect was most probably the consequence of removal of p56lck from the vicinity of membrane phosphatases like CD45. Deletion of the unique domain of Lck, or its replacement by the equivalent sequence from p59fyn, also increased the extent of tyrosine 505 phosphorylation in vivo. This effect was unrelated to changes in Lck membrane association and therefore was potentially related to defects in crucial protein-protein interactions at the membrane. In contrast, deletion of the SH3 or SH2 domain, or mutation of the phosphotransfer motif (lysine 273) or the site of autophosphorylation (tyrosine 394), had no impact on phosphate occupancy at tyrosine 505. In combination, these results indicated that the hypophosphorylation of the inhibitory tyrosine of p56(lck) in T lymphocytes is likely the result of the predominant action of tyrosine protein phosphatases. Moreover, they showed that both the amino-terminal myristylation signal and the unique domain of p56(lck) play critical roles in this process.
Entity Linking with Effective Acronym Expansion, Instance Selection, and Topic Modeling

Entity linking maps name mentions in the documents to entries in a knowledge base through resolving the name variations and ambiguities. In this paper, we propose three advancements for entity linking. Firstly, expanding acronyms can effectively reduce the ambiguity of the acronym mentions. However, only rule-based approaches relying heavily on the presence of text markers have been used for entity linking. In this paper, we propose a supervised learning algorithm to expand more complicated acronyms encountered, which leads to 15.1% accuracy improvement over state-of-the-art acronym expansion methods. Secondly, as entity linking annotation is expensive and labor intensive, to automate the annotation process without compromise of accuracy, we propose an instance selection strategy to effectively utilize the automatically generated annotation. In our selection strategy, an informative and diverse set of instances are selected for effective disambiguation. Lastly, topic modeling is used to model the semantic topics of the articles. These advancements give statistical significant improvement to entity linking individually. Collectively they lead the highest performance on KBP-2010 task.
Live and Learn? Contradictions in Residential Patterns and School Demographics

Educational and sociological scholars frequently debate how racial dynamics between neighborhoods and their public schools can maintain or exacerbate educational inequality. Drawing on secondary data from the Georgia Department of Education, 2000 Census Bureau, and attendance boundaries for metro Atlanta public high schools, this study investigates the following: To what degree do Atlanta-area racial and ethnic segregation patterns in public secondary schools reflect those in residential catchment areas? I find that in areas with the greatest racial heterogeneity and the greatest potential for diversity in educational settings, the public schools least reflect the racial composition of the neighborhoods. These results can inform policy makers and administrators on neighborhood and school-level factors which have implications for minimizing ethnoracial differences in education.
Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Pig-Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and Tiger (Panthera tigris) Populations at Tourism Venues in Thailand and Aspects of Their Welfare

This study focused on determining the size and welfare aspects of Asian elephant, pig-tailed macaque and tiger populations at facilities open to tourists in Thailand. Data were gathered from 118 venues through direct observations and interviews with staff. A score sheet-based welfare assessment was used to calculate scores between 1 and 10, indicating each venue’s welfare situation. Factors such as freedom of movement for the animals, access to veterinary care, environmental noise quality, hygiene standards and work intensity were included in the score sheet. 1688 elephants, 371 macaques and 621 tigers were found at the venues. 89 venues exclusively kept elephants, 9 designated ‘Monkey schools’ offered macaque shows, 4 venues kept primarily tigers, mostly for petting and photo opportunities, and the remaining venues kept a mix of these animals. A strong imbalance in female to male gender ratios was recorded with about 4:1 for adult elephants and 1:4 for adult macaques. Severely inadequate welfare conditions were common, with 75% of macaques and 99% of tigers being kept at venues with scores less than 5. 86% of elephants were kept in inadequate conditions at venues with scores between 3 and 5, but a significant number of venues with scores above 5 were found. 4.6% of elephants were provided commendable conditions, reaching assessment scores of 8 and above. 71% of venues did not offer any sort of education about animals to visitors. This study is the first to assess welfare aspects of captive wild animals at tourism venues across Thailand. It concludes that significant concerns exist about the welfare of wild animals in the tourism sector of Thailand. Urgent attention needs to be given to address these concerns and prevent further suffering. But also to ensure the demand for wild animals doesn’t have a negative impact on wild populations.
IN CONCEPT SCHEME

The concepts governing the GPID project itself (see Annex 0) are used as the basis for a case study in an exercise exploring the possibilities of a more systematic approach to concept integration in complex projects. Rendered searchable by OCR, but recognition errors may prevent this in some cases. PHP variants (incomplete tables) via
Care and Treatment of the Mentally Ill in the United States: Historical Developments and Reforms

Three major cycles of reform in public mental health care in the United States—the moral treatment, mental hygiene, and community mental health movements—are described as a basis for assessing the shifting boundaries between the mental health, social welfare, and criminal justice systems. Historical forces that led to the transinstitutionalization of the mentally ill from almshouses to the state mental hospitals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have now been reversed in the aftermath of recent deinstitutionalization policies. Evidence is suggestive that the mentally ill are also being caught up in the criminal justice system, a circumstance reminiscent of pre-asylum conditions in the early nineteenth century. These trends shape the current mental health service delivery system and the agenda for policy-relevant research on issues involving the legal and mental health fields.