Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Re‐thinking burnout

The conceptualization and psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach and Jackson, 1981) were examined by this study. A new structure of five burnout factors was identified using a sample of 480 Australian law enforcement managers. An examination of each item, along with single and confirmatory factor analyses supported both emotional exhaustion and the lack of personal accomplishment factors splitting into two factors while depersonalization remained a single factor. The new five-factor structure incorporates psychological and somatic strain aspects of emotional exhaustion, and two aspects of the lack of personal accomplishment, namely self and others. This expanded factor structure clarifies the multi-dimensional nature of the MBI. Further research directions are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three-Dimensional Characterization of the Vascular Bed in Bone Metastasis of the Rat by Microcomputed Tomography (MicroCT)

Background Angiogenesis contributes to proliferation and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Anatomy of blood vessels in tumors has been characterized with 2D techniques (histology or angiography). They are not fully representative of the trajectories of vessels throughout the tissues and are not adapted to analyze changes occurring inside the bone marrow cavities. Methodology/Principal Findings We have characterized the vasculature of bone metastases in 3D at different times of evolution of the disease. Metastases were induced in the femur of Wistar rats by a local injection of Walker 256/B cells. Microfil®, (a silicone-based polymer) was injected at euthanasia in the aorta 12, 19 and 26 days after injection of tumor cells. Undecalcified bones (containing the radio opaque vascular casts) were analyzed by microCT, and a first 3D model was reconstructed. Bones were then decalcified and reanalyzed by microCT; a second model (comprising only the vessels) was obtained and overimposed on the former, thus providing a clear visualization of vessel trajectories in the invaded metaphysic allowing quantitative evaluation of the vascular volume and vessel diameter. Histological analysis of the marrow was possible on the decalcified specimens. Walker 256/B cells induced a marked osteolysis with cortical perforations. The metaphysis of invaded bones became progressively hypervascular. New vessels replaced the major central medullar artery coming from the diaphyseal shaft. They sprouted from the periosteum and extended into the metastatic area. The newly formed vessels were irregular in diameter, tortuous with a disorganized architecture. A quantitative analysis of vascular volume indicated that neoangiogenesis increased with the development of the tumor with the appearance of vessels with a larger diameter. Conclusion This new method evidenced the tumor angiogenesis in 3D at different development times of the metastasis growth. Bone and the vascular bed can be identified by a double reconstruction and allowed a quantitative evaluation of angiogenesis upon time.
Decisions and Dynamics: Postwar Theoretical Problems and the MIT Style of Economics

This article examines certain issues in postwar economic theory and compares them with related issues in the nascent fields of cybernetics, industrial dynamics, and operations research. Because all these fields had close connections to MIT, the comparison provides an opportunity to assess to what degree a peculiar MIT “style” of economics, developed particularly by Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow, could be attributed to the MIT context, and to what degree this style developed in dialogue with a larger conversation taking place in and around the American economic profession as a whole. It is concluded that there were significant affinities in theoretical interest running between MIT economics and other fields at MIT, which revolved around the emergence of macro-scale phenomena out of the dynamic interplay of local decision-making processes. However, the methodology through which Samuelson and Solow, in particular, addressed these issues was peculiar to economic discourse.
Roles of Wholesalers in Transaction Networks ( Revised )

Wholesalers are considered to play an important role in ensuring efficient transaction networks. Using unique data on Japanese domestic transactions compiled by Tokyo Shoko Research, we investigate wholesalers’ roles in transaction networks for intermediate manufacturing goods. Comparing manufacturing firms transacting directly and those connected indirectly through wholesalers, we find a clear asymmetry in the characteristics of buyerand seller-side manufacturers that tend to rely on wholesalers. We also examine how transaction distances differ depending on transaction partners, and find that, as compared to manufacturing partners in direct transactions, wholesalers tend to locate closer to their manufacturing buyers and farther from their manufacturing sellers, ceteris paribus. This gives us insights on how wholesalers support transaction networks that connect geographically dispersed manufacturing firms.
Isolated diastolic hypertension. A favorable finding among young and middle-aged hypertensive subjects.

To identify pretreatment characteristics associated with subsequent myocardial infarction in young and middle-aged previously untreated hypertensive individuals, we examined the experience of 1560 participants in a work-site hypertension control program who were younger than 60 years. Subjects were categorized by initial blood pressure as having isolated diastolic hypertension (< 160/> or = 90 mm Hg, n = 965) or combined systolic and diastolic hypertension (> or = 160/> or = 90 mm Hg, n = 595). During 4.5 years of follow-up, there were 24 myocardial infarctions, yielding an overall incidence of 3.89 per 1000 person-years. Subjects with systolic/diastolic hypertension were older, had higher cholesterol and blood sugar levels, and included more smokers and people with left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram than those with isolated diastolic hypertension. Age-adjusted incidence rates for myocardial infarction were 5.20 and 2.21 per 1000 person-years in systolic/diastolic hypertension and isolated diastolic hypertension, respectively, and the relative risk of systolic/diastolic hypertension was 2.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.29-4.15). Among subjects with isolated diastolic hypertension, no myocardial infarction occurred in those with systolic pressure less than 140 mm Hg. Cox regression analysis including other known risk factors showed that pulse pressure, as a continuous variable (hazards ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.20), and type of hypertension, ie, systolic/diastolic hypertension versus isolated diastolic hypertension (hazards ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-4.13), were independently associated with myocardial infarction. These results suggest that young and middle-aged treated hypertensive individuals with normal pretreatment systolic pressure enjoy a more favorable prognosis than do those with systolic elevation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Prediction of gas injection performance for heterogeneous reservoirs

This report describes research carried out in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at Stanford University from September 1997 - September 1998 under the second year of a three-year grant from the Department of Energy on the "Prediction of Gas Injection Performance for Heterogeneous Reservoirs. " The research effort is an integrated study of the factors affecting gas injection, from the pore scale to the field scale, and involves theoretical analysis, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulation. The original proposal described research in four areas: (1) Pore scale modeling of three phase flow in porous media; (2) Laboratory experiments and analysis of factors influencing gas injection performance at the core scale with an emphasis on the fundamentals of three phase flow; (3) Benchmark simulations of gas injection at the field scale; and (4) Development of streamline-based reservoir simulator. Each state of the research is planned to provide input and insight into the next stage, such that at the end we should have an integrated understanding of the key factors affecting field scale displacements.
The ebb and flow of curriculum construction in physical education: a Scottish narrative

Within Scotland’s new curriculum, a Curriculum for Excellence, physical education (PE) has been relocated from ‘Expressive Arts’ to ‘Health and Wellbeing’. The repositioning of PE could result in a shift in the way PE is conceptualised. In order to understand this shift, we conducted in-depth, one-to-one interviews with 10 participants who contributed to the development of the new policy text for PE. The results from this study provide a narrative that describes the process of developing policy text for PE. Additionally, the participants described a process of consultation and debate, and referred to decision-making based on national initiatives linked to improving children's health. However, there was also evidence to suggest that the government controlled the process and that this control limited the extent to which the participants could make a genuine contribution to shaping the vision for PE. In making the process of developing curriculum text for PE more explicit, it is hoped that this study will encourage teachers and other key stakeholders to read the documentation that was produced in a critical way and have a greater understanding of the policy development process.
Efficient anisotropic α-Kernels decompositions and flows

The Laplacian raised to fractional powers can be used to generate scale spaces as was shown in recent literature. This was later extended for inhomogeneous diffusion processes and more general functions of the Laplacian and studied for the Perona-Malik case. In this paper we extend the results to the truly anisotropic Beltrami flow. We additionally introduce a technique for splitting up the work into smaller patches of the image which greatly reduce the computational complexity and allow for the parallelization of the algorithm. Important issues involved in the numerical implementation are discussed.
Improving High School Grading Practices: "Experts" vs. Practitioners

quite a few discrepancies. For example, the measurement specialists recommended that achievement be the only consideration in determining grades. However, 12 of the 15 teachers believed strongly that student effort should also be a component of grades. Half the teachers also used grading procedures that differed for their high and low-ability students. The measurement specialists also recommended that daily written practice/drill assignments that
Teachers’ conceptions of reading comprehension and motivation to read

Given the increasing number of immigrant students in the USA initially schooled in Mexico, Central America, and South America, and the dearth of investigations examining the beliefs of teachers from Mexico, Central America, or South America, an exploration of Latin American teachers’ conceptions may inform policy-makers and researchers about teachers in different cultural contexts and provide insight into the types of instruction Latin American immigrants may have experienced before coming to the USA. Teachers’ conceptions of reading comprehension and motivation to read across two cultural contexts (i.e. the USA and Argentina) were examined by analyzing responses from 21 US teachers and 23 Argentinean teachers. Both groups of teachers held views of reading comprehension in partial agreement with cognitive views of reading comprehension but differed in their views of instructional practices for supporting reading comprehension. Differences also emerged for conceptions of motivation and practices to support motivation to read. Knowledge of teacher views can be used by teacher educators to target misconceptions and further develop teachers’ knowledge and skills related to reading comprehension and motivation to read.
Effects of Perceived Attitudinal and Demographic Similarity on Protégés' Support and Satisfaction Gained From Their Mentoring Relationships

The purpose of this study was to examine how perceived attitudinal similarity (measured as similarity in general outlook, values, and problem-solving approach) and demographic similarity operationalized as similarity in race and gender, affected proteges' support and satisfaction from their informal mentoring relationships. Scandura and Katerberg's (1988) 3-factor scale of mentor functions was used to measure vocational, psychosocial, and role-modeling support. Participants were 144 proteges from diverse backgrounds (54% female; 54% non-White). Perceived attitudinal similarity was a better predictor of proteges' satisfaction with and support received from their mentors than was demographic similarity.
Using Efficient Model Based Sum‐Scores for Conducting Skills Diagnoses

Consider test data, a specified set of dichotomous skills measured by the test, and an IRT cognitive diagnosis model (ICDM). Statistical estimation of the data set using the ICDM can provide examinee estimates of mastery for these skills, referred to generally as attributes. With such detailed information about each examinee, future instruction can be tailored specifically for each student, often referred to as formative assessment. However, use of such cognitive diagnosis models to estimate skills in classrooms can require computationally intensive and complicated statistical estimation algorithms, which can diminish the breadth of applications of attribute level diagnosis. We explore the use of sum-scores (each attribute measured by a sum-score) combined with estimated model-based sum-score mastery/nonmastery cutoffs as an easy-to-use and intuitive method to estimate attribute mastery in classrooms and other settings where simple skills diagnostic approaches are desirable. Using a simulation study of skills diagnosis test settings and assuming a test consisting of a model-based calibrated set of items, correct classification rates (CCRs) are compared among four model-based approaches for estimating attribute mastery, namely using full model-based estimation and three different methods of computing sum-scores (simple sum-scores, complex sum-scores, and weighted complex sum-scores) combined with model-based mastery sum-score cutoffs. In summary, the results suggest that model-based sum-scores and mastery cutoffs can be used to estimate examinee attribute mastery with only moderate reductions in CCRs in comparison with the full model-based estimation approach. Certain topics are mentioned that are currently being investigated, especially applications in classroom and textbook settings.
The motivation to eat a healthy diet: How intenders and nonintenders differ in terms of risk perception, outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, and nutrition behavior.

According to health behavior theories, health behaviors are governed by intentions and health beliefs, such as risk perception, outcome expectancies, and self-efficacy beliefs. The present study deals with the role that these factors play when it comes to adopting or maintaining a healthy diet. Moreover, objective parameters, such as age, gender, body weight, blood pressure, and total cholesterol, were considered. In a sample of 1,782 men and women between 14 and 87 years of age, it was found that risk perception was more closely related to objective parameters than to social-cognitive variables and self-reported nutrition. The intention to adhere to a healthier diet served as a mediator between self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and risk perception on the one hand, and preventive nutrition on the other. In addition, intention was specified as a moderator, making a distinction between nonintenders and intenders. It turned out that these two groups were differently motivated to eat healthy foods.
Robust 3 D Head Tracking by View-based Feature Point Registration

This paper presents a robust method for tracking the position and orientation of a head in videos. Head tracking is regarded as a 3D rigid body tracking and a cylinder model is used to obtain 2Dto-3D correspondences. We introduce a view-based feature point registration technique to detect and register feature point of the head while tracking. A set of point features is registered and updated for each reference pose serving a multi-view head detector. Since tracking-by-detection approach is used in our method, the proposed tracker utilizes view-based model more efficiently than previous view-based model approaches. The view-based feature point registration rectifies error accumulation and provides fast recovery after occlusion has ended, while preventing divergence problem which frequently occurs in conventional frame-to-frame tracking methods. Kalman filter is used to incorporate motion between successive frames and the estimated pose with the view-based head model. Although we focus on the robustness of tracker, the accuracy of the proposed tracker is comparable to previous studies. The robustness of the proposed tracker is experimentally shown with a large number of video sequences that include various situations such as slow motion, fast motion and occlusions.
Long‐term foster care or adoption? The evidence examined

Based on an examination of the research literature, this paper contrasts six variables connected with the outcome of adoption and long-term fostering. It provides some answers to the question often being asked by policy makers and family placement workers, as well as judges, about the relative merits and limitations of these two forms of substitute parenting for children who cannot return to live with their birth families. Because of the type of child currently adopted or fostered, breakdown rates by themselves are increasingly an unreliable outcome measure. The main defining difference found between these two forms of substitute parenting appears to be the higher levels of emotional security, sense of belonging and general well-being expressed by those growing up as adopted compared with those fostered long term. However, for reasons outlined in the paper, long-term fostering still has a definite place for a range of children who require long-term plans.
Predicting Deviant Behavior by Neutralization: Myths and Findings

ABSTRACT Neutralization theory states that deviant behavior is determined by the use of accounts rather than by an individual's acceptance of a social norm. A critical review of neutralization theory shows that (a) neutralization is only a weak predictor of norm-contradictive behavior, (b) high norm-acceptance seems to amplify the neutralization-behavior effect but might not be a prerequisite, and (c) in contrast to Minor's hardening process assumption, prior norm violation should increase impact of neutralization on behavior rather than decrease it. Future directions of neutralization research are suggested, based on a situational analysis of the neutralization process.
Validating a marking rubric for evaluating staff knowledge of dementia for competency in residential aged care

The shift to Vocational Education and Training (VET) for the training of the Australian residential aged care workforce has resulted in significant variance in the competencies at graduation of those caring for people with dementia. Competence may be also be enhanced, or conversely, decline over time as a result of implicit learning gained from workplace experience. Evaluating the skills and knowledge of the workforce is a challenge for supervisors. A single valid assessment tool that can evaluate staff knowledge across the competence continuum, from personal care workers to registered nurses, is required. An existing case study‐based summative test of knowledge was chosen to be used in conjunction with a newly‐developed marking rubric. The rubric was designed to differentiate between answers from different levels of staff. The assessment task and rubric were tested on a representative sample of the competent Australian residential aged care workforce with the appropriate skills mix. Evidence of the adequacy with which the test represents the national dementia‐care competency, the responses of test users to the problem‐solving content of the case study and the validity of the scores have been established. The validated scores were found to establish normal distributions, or ranks of knowledge for the different levels of staff. Potentially these permit the evaluation of the performance of groups of staff in residential aged care facilities against the distributions of scores.
Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in the Assessment of Long-Term Prognosis in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Objective To investigate the relationship between cardiac diastolic dysfunction and outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to clarify the potential effect of two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-echo) on prognostic value in patients with PAH. Methods Patients diagnosed with PAH (as WSPH (World Symposia on Pulmonary Hypertension) classification I) confirmed by right heart catheterization (RHC), received targeted monotherapy or combination therapy. 2D-echo parameters, World Health Organization (WHO) functional classification and 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) were recorded. The clinical prognosis of patients was assessed by the correlation between echo parameters and clinical 6MWD using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Fifty-eight patients were included. Left and right ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD and RVDD) scores measured by 2D-echo had good correlation with 6MWD at baseline (rLVDD = −0.699; rRVDD = −0.818, both P<0.001) and at last follow-up (rLVDD = −0.701; rRVDD = −0.666, both P<0.001). Furthermore, bi-ventricular (LVDD+RVDD) scores measured by 2D-echo had a better correlation with 6MWD at baseline and last follow-up (r = −0.831; r = −0.771, both P<0.001). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under curves (AUCs) for LVDD score, RVDD score and (LVDD+RVDD) scores were 0.823 (P<0.0001), 0.737 (P = 0.0002), and 0.825 (P<0.0001), respectively. Compared with ROC analysis of other single parameters, cardiac diastolic function score was more accurate in predicting survival in patients with PAH. Conclusion LVDD score, RVDD score and (LVDD+RVDD) scores yielded a comprehensive quantitative assessment of LV and RV diastolic function that correlated moderately with clinical functional parameters and might be useful in the assessment of PAH.
Validation of Scores on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS), the most commonly used social desirability bias (SDB) assessment, conceptualizes SDB as an individual’s need for approval. The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) measures SDB as two separate constructs: impression management and self-deception. Scores on SDB scales are commonly used to validate other measures although insufficiently validated themselves. This study used college students’ responses to the MCSDS and the BIDR to investigate their factorial validity. Using confirmatory factor analysis, neither a one-nor a two-factor model was found to be strongly supported. It is recommended that researchers be cautious when using scores on these SDB scales until their dimensionality is better understood.