Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Orbit and Albedo of Trans-Neptunian Binary (58534) 1997 CQ29

We have measured the separations and position angles of the two components of the binary trans-Neptunian object (58534) 1997 CQ29 at eight epochs. From these data we are able to constrain the orbit and mass of this binary system. The best-fitting orbit has an orbital period of P = 312 ± 3 days. The orbital eccentricity is e = 0.45 ± 0.03 and the semimajor axis is a = 8010 ± 80 km. The mass of the system is surprisingly low at (0.42 ± 0.02) × 1018 kg. To account for the observed brightness consistent with the low mass and a range of plausible densities, the geometric albedo must be very high; for an assumed density of 1000 kg m-3, we find a red geometric albedo of pR = 0.37, an order of magnitude higher than has been generally assumed for trans-Neptunian objects. If objects with comparably high albedos are common in the Kuiper belt, estimates of the mass of the belt must be significantly reduced. The semimajor axis of (58534) 1997 CQ29's orbit is 2.8% of the Hill radius of the primary, a value strikingly similar to this same ratio in other trans-Neptunian binaries, main-belt binaries, and regular satellite systems.
Satisfaction with Internet-based services

We develop, operationalize and empirically test a model for explaining/predicting the satisfaction of customers with Internet-based services. We argue and empirically demonstrate the need for considering not only the expectations of customers but also their desires in order to enhance customer satisfaction. Empirical results show the superiority of the proposed model to those used in previous research. In addition to its theoretical contributions, the research also identifies specific desires and expectations that drive the satisfaction of customers of online services. These findings should be of great interest to practitioners.
A Quantitative Measure of the Richness of Galaxy Clusters

Using photometric catalogs from wide-field CCD images, we derive the cluster-galaxy correlation amplitudes, Bgc, for 47 low-redshift Abell clusters. We apply a number of tests to establish the robustness of the Bgc parameter as a quantitative measure of richness of galaxy clusters. These include using different galaxy luminosity functions to normalize the excess galaxy counts, counting galaxies to different absolute magnitude limits, and counting galaxies to different cluster-centric radii. These tests show that with a properly normalized luminosity function, the Bgc parameter is relatively insensitive (at better than ½ of an Abell richness class) to magnitude limit, areal coverage, and photometric errors of up to about 0.25 mag. We compare the Bgc-values to both the Abell richness class (ARC) and Abell count numbers (NA). It is found that there is a good correlation between Bgc and NA for Abell clusters with z ≲ 0.1, with a dispersion of about 1 ARC, whereas the Abell richness classifications for Abell clusters at z ≳ 0.1 are much less well correlated with the true cluster richness. We also find evidence that the richness of ARC ≥ 3 clusters has the tendency of being overestimated in the Abell catalog.
Investigation of Preservice Preschool Teachers Views On Environmental Problems and Relevant Suggestions of Solution

This study aimed to investigate preservice preschool teachers' opinions on environmental problems and their suggestions of solution. This study conducted through phenomenological research design. The study group consisted of 62 senior preservice teachers studying Preschool Teacher Education at a public university in South-eastern Anatolia. Eight semi-structured open-ended questions were asked to preservice teachers as data collection tool. The data were transferred to the electronic environment and content analysis was made with the NVivo11 program. According to the results, it was observed that the majority of preservice teachers didn’t take a course related to the environment during their education, almost half of them didn’t participate in any environmental activities, and the most of them did not have membership in any NGO’s related to environment. It was identified that preservice teachers considered global warming as the main global-scale environmental problem, and air, water and soil pollution as other major environmental issues in Turkey. Additionally, the study showed that preservice teachers regarded human factor as the main reason of environmental issues, and that natural environment would be harmed and human life would be challenged as a result of environmental issues. In the solution of environmental issues, the study showed that raising awareness, taking responsibility and receiving education were seen necessary.
Recent advances in modeling vibrational spectra of food adulterants – Theoretical simulation of IR and NIR bands of melamine

Food safety may be one of the major concerns of the global society in the forthcoming decades. Analytical vibrational spectroscopy is expected to become a major tool used for controlling the food quality at every stage of its production, storage and delivery. Near-infrared and infrared spectroscopy have rapidly been evolving in analytical applications over the last decades with strong hyphenation to numerical and statistical methods of analysis of complex data, which are known as chemometrics. Analytical spectroscopy has reached a remarkable value for both industrial and institutional laboratories nowadays. However, the routinely used methods of analysis do not attempt to interpret the analysed spectral information in physicochemical sense. Therefore, analytical routines seldom take advantage of the molecular background underlying the properties of analysed sample. In the present article, we review the most recent accomplishments that evidence the progress which may be achieved when that background becomes actually available. We focus on the example of infrared and near-infrared spectra simulation applied to melamine, one of the most infamous food adulterant. This sheds light on the correspondences between infrared and near-infrared region observed earlier in the analytical papers dealing with detection and quantification of melamine in food products.
Chapter 1 Bufferless and Minimally-Buffered Deflection Routing

A conventional Network-on-Chip (NoC) router uses input buffers to store in-flight packets. These buffers improve performance, but consume significant power. It is possible to bypass these buffers when they are empty, reducing dynamic power, but static buffer power remains, and when buffers are utilized, dynamic buffer power remains as well. To improve energy efficiency, bufferless deflection routing removes input buffers, and instead uses deflection (misrouting) to resolve contention. Bufferless deflection routing is able to provide similar network performance to conventional buffered routing when the network carries light to moderate traffic, because deflections are relatively rare. However, at high network load, deflections cause unnecessary network hops, wasting power and reducing performance. In order to avoid some deflections and recover some performance, recent work has proposed to add a small buffer which holds only flits that contend with others and would have been deflected. This minimally-buffered deflection (MinBD) router improves performance relative to bufferless deflection routing without incurring the cost of a large buffer, because it can make more efficient use of a small buffer. The result is a router design which is more energy-efficient than prior buffered, bufferless, and hybrid router designs. Chris Fallin, Greg Nazario, Kevin Chang, Rachata Ausavarungnirun, and Onur Mutlu Carnegie Mellon University {cfallin,gnazario,kevincha,rausavar,onur}@cmu.edu
Plant functional types in Earth system models: past experiences and future directions for application of dynamic vegetation models in high-latitude ecosystems.

BACKGROUND Earth system models describe the physical, chemical and biological processes that govern our global climate. While it is difficult to single out one component as being more important than another in these sophisticated models, terrestrial vegetation is a critical player in the biogeochemical and biophysical dynamics of the Earth system. There is much debate, however, as to how plant diversity and function should be represented in these models. SCOPE Plant functional types (PFTs) have been adopted by modellers to represent broad groupings of plant species that share similar characteristics (e.g. growth form) and roles (e.g. photosynthetic pathway) in ecosystem function. In this review, the PFT concept is traced from its origin in the early 1800s to its current use in regional and global dynamic vegetation models (DVMs). Special attention is given to the representation and parameterization of PFTs and to validation and benchmarking of predicted patterns of vegetation distribution in high-latitude ecosystems. These ecosystems are sensitive to changing climate and thus provide a useful test case for model-based simulations of past, current and future distribution of vegetation. CONCLUSIONS Models that incorporate the PFT concept predict many of the emerging patterns of vegetation change in tundra and boreal forests, given known processes of tree mortality, treeline migration and shrub expansion. However, representation of above- and especially below-ground traits for specific PFTs continues to be problematic. Potential solutions include developing trait databases and replacing fixed parameters for PFTs with formulations based on trait co-variance and empirical trait-environment relationships. Surprisingly, despite being important to land-atmosphere interactions of carbon, water and energy, PFTs such as moss and lichen are largely absent from DVMs. Close collaboration among those involved in modelling with the disciplines of taxonomy, biogeography, ecology and remote sensing will be required if we are to overcome these and other shortcomings.
Social Position Variables of Specific Learning Disabilities: A National Perspective

This article examined the association between social position variables (i.e., Hispanic, health insurance coverage, and poverty rates) on the prevalence of specific learning disabilities (SLD) in students between 3 and 21 years of age. We used the 2012 to 2013 U.S. population data from the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Program, and the American Community Survey for the 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Results indicate that states with higher rates of Hispanics were related to higher rates of SLD, while lower rates of no health insurance coverage were related to lower SLD rates. We conclude that Hispanic students are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with SLD, while having no health insurance coverage might be a detriment to be properly diagnosed. The importance of a national perspective in disabilities and the role of social position variables on special education are discussed.
Simulations of galaxy formation in a cosmological volume

We present results of large N-body-hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation. Our simulations follow the formation of galaxies in cubic volumes of side 100 Mpc, in two versions of the cold dark matter (CDM) cosmogony: the standard, Ω = 1 SCDM model and the flat, Ω = 0. 3ΛCDM model. Over 2000 galaxies form in each of these simulations. We examine the rate at which gas cools and condenses into dark matter haloes. This roughly tracks the cosmic star formation rate inferred from observations at various redshifts. Galaxies in the simulations form gradually over time in the hierarchical fashion characteristic of the CDM cosmogony. In the ΛCDM model, substantial galaxies first appear at z≃5 and the population builds up rapidly until z = 1 after which the rate of galaxy formation declines as cold gas is consumed and the cooling time of hot gas increases. In the SCDM simulation, the evolution is qualitatively similar, but is shifted towards lower redshift. In both cosmologies, the present-day K-band luminosity function of the simulated galaxies resembles the observations. The galaxy autocorrelation functions differ significantly from those of the dark matter. At the present epoch there is little bias in either model between galaxies and dark matter on large scales, but a significant anti-bias on scales of ∼ 1 h−1 Mpc and a positive bias on scales of ∼ 100 h−1 kpc is seen. The galaxy correlation function evolves little with redshift in the range z = 0–3, and depends on the luminosity of the galaxy sample. The projected pairwise velocity dispersion of the galaxies is much lower than that of the dark matter on scales less than 2 h−1 Mpc. Applying a virial mass estimator to the largest galaxy clusters recovers the cluster virial masses in an unbiased way. Although our simulations are affected by numerical limitations, they illustrate the power of this approach for studying the formation of the galaxy population.
The automorphism group of a product of graphs

In a recent paper we showed that every connected graph can be written as a weak cartesian product of a family of indecomposable rooted graphs and that this decomposition is unique to within isomorphisms. Using this unique prime factorization theorem we prove that if a graph X can be writteni as a product of connected rooted graphs, which are pairwise relatively prime, then the automorphism group of X is isomorphic to the restricted direct product of the automorphism groups of the factors with prescribed subgroups the isotropy groups of the factors at the roots. This is a generalization of Sabidussi's theorem for cartesian multiplication. Sabidussi [4] proved that if Xi, , X. are connected graphs of finite type which are pairwise relatively prime with respect to cartesian multiplication, then the automorphism group of the product is isomorphic to the direct product of the automorphism groups of the factors. The proof of this result uses the unique prime factorization theorem for cartesian multiplication. In [3] it was proved that, for connected graphs, unique prime factorization holds for weak cartesian multiplication. The purpose of this note is to generalize Sabidussi's Theorem to the weak cartesian product of a family of rooted graphs. Let (Ga)aeA be a family of groups and for each a(A let Ha be a subgroup of Ga. The restricted direct product of the family of groups (Ga)aEA with prescribed subgroups Ha is defined by II (Ga, Ha) {gE H Ga I pra gHa for all but finitely many aA}. aE-A aE-A This product was introduced by Vilenkin [6] and can be found in Kuros [2 ]. For a subgraph Y of a graph X we use the notation of [5 ] and denote the subgroup of the automorphism group of X that leaves Y invariant by G(X; Y), that is, G(X; Y)= {IkEG(X)|IkY= Y}I where G(X) is the automorphism group of X. Hence G(Xa; xa) denotes the isotropy group of Xa at xa. Our main result is the following: THEOREM. Let (Xa, Xa)aGA be a family of connected rooted graphs which are pairwise relatively prime. Then G(TjaEA (Xa, xa)) is isomorphic to Received by the editors July 30, 1969. A MS Subject Classifications. Primary 0562; Secondary 2022, 2052.
Rate of Convergence to Self-Similarity for Smoluchowski's Coagulation Equation with Constant Coefficients

We show that solutions to Smoluchowski's equation with a constant coagulation kernel and an initial datum with some regularity and exponentially decaying tail converge exponentially fast to a self-similar profile. This convergence holds in a weighted Sobolev norm which implies the L² convergence of derivatives up to a certain order k depending on the regularity of the initial condition. We prove these results through the study of the linearized coagulation equation in self-similar variables, for which we show a spectral gap in a scale of weighted Sobolev spaces. We also take advantage of the fact that the Laplace or Fourier transforms of this equation can be explicitly solved in this case.
Effects of proprioception training with exercise imagery on balance ability of stroke patients

[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to examine and compare the effects of proprioceptive training accompanied by motor imagery training and general proprioceptive training on the balance of stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-six stroke patients were randomly assigned to either an experimental group of 18 patients or a control group of 18 patients. The experimental group was given motor imagery training for 5 minutes and proprioceptive training for 25 minutes, while the control group was given proprioceptive training for 30 minutes. Each session and training program was implemented 5 times a week for 8 weeks. The Korean version of the Berg Balance Scale (K-BBS), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), weight bearing ratio (AFA-50, Alfoots, Republic of Korea), and joint position sense error (Dualer IQ Inclinometer, JTECH Medical, USA) were measured. [Results] Both groups showed improvements in K-BBS, TUG, weight bearing ratio, and joint position sense error. The measures of the experimental group showed greater improvement than the control group. [Conclusion] Motor imagery training, which is not subject to time restrictions, is not very risky and can be used as an effective treatment method for improving the balance ability of stroke patients.
PATHS OF TRANSTUBULAR WATER FLOW IN ISOLATED RENAL COLLECTING TUBULES

The cells of perfused rabbit collecting tubules swell and the intercellular spaces widen during osmotic flow of water from lumen to bath induced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Ouabain had no influence on these changes. In the absence of net water flow intercellular width was unaffected when tubules were swollen in hypotonic external media. Therefore, during ADH-induced flow widening of intercellular spaces is not a consequence of osmotic swelling of a closed intercellular compartment containing trapped solutes, but rather is due to flow of solution through the channel. Direct evidence of intercellular flow was obtained. Nonperfused tubules swollen in hypotonic media were reimmersed in isotonic solution with resultant entry of water into intercellular spaces. The widened spaces gradually collapsed completely. Spaces enlarged in this manner could be emptied more rapidly by increasing the transtubular hydrostatic pressure difference. In electron micrographs a path of exit of sufficient width to accommodate the observed rate of fluid flow was seen at the base of the intercellular channel. It is concluded that the intercellular spaces communicate with the external extracellular fluid and that water, having entered the cells across the luminal plasma membrane in response in ADH, leaves the cells by osmosis across both the lateral and basilar surface membranes.
Preliminary Evidence of the Effects of the Adoption of the Impairment-Only Approach to Goodwill Accounting in Sweden

We examine the effects of the implementation of the “impairment-only” approach to goodwill accounting on the financial reporting quality in Sweden after the adoption of IFRS. Using accounting data from public companies in Sweden, we test the value relevance and timeliness of the accounting information before and after the switch to IFRS. We compare the value relevance of accounting information between 2004 and 2005 to investigate the effects of the switch from goodwill amortization to the “impairment-only” approach. We find some weak evidence of an increase in the value relevance of accounting information among companies with substantial goodwill balances in proportion to total assets. However, we find no statistically significance in the incremental value relevance related to amortization charges, impairment charges, or intangible assets, on share prices between the two periods. Moreover, we find no evidence of increased timeliness or any association between timeliness in reported earnings in 2005 and impairment charges made in that year. _______________________________________ Jenny Barksjo School of Business, Economics, and Law, Goteborg University, Box 610, 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden Mari Paananen* Business School University of Hertfordshire College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB United Kingdom *Corresponding author Acknowledgements: We thank Ragnar Soderbergs Stiftelse for partial funding of this research project.
A Single Glycine in Extracellular Loop 1 Is the Critical Determinant for Pharmacological Specificity of Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptors

Subtype-selective agents for the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) have been considered as potential medications for drug addiction and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Medicinal chemistry efforts have led to the discovery of 4-phenylpiperazine derivatives that are >100-fold selective for the dopamine D3 receptor over dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), despite high sequence identity (78% in the transmembrane domain). Based on the recent crystal structure of D3R, we demonstrated that the 4-phenylpiperazine moiety in this class of D3R-selective compounds binds to the conserved orthosteric binding site, whereas the extended aryl amide moiety is oriented toward a divergent secondary binding pocket (SBP). In an effort to further characterize molecular determinants of the selectivity of these compounds, we modeled their binding modes in D3R and D2R by comparative ligand docking and molecular dynamics simulations. We found that the aryl amide moiety in the SBP differentially induces conformational changes in transmembrane segment 2 and extracellular loop 1 (EL1), which amplify the divergence of the SBP in D3R and D2R. Receptor chimera and site-directed mutagenesis studies were used to validate these binding modes and to identify a divergent glycine in EL1 as critical to D3R over D2R subtype selectivity. A better understanding of drug-dependent receptor conformations such as these is key to the rational design of compounds targeting a specific receptor among closely related homologs, and may also lead to discovery of novel chemotypes that exploit subtle differences in protein conformations.
Does the Neuroprotective Role of Anandamide Display Diurnal Variations?

The endocannabinoid system is a component of the neuroprotective mechanisms that an organism displays after traumatic brain injury (TBI). A diurnal variation in several components of this system has been reported. This variation may influence the recovery and survival rate after TBI. We have previously reported that the recovery and survival rate of rats is higher if TBI occurs at 1:00 than at 13:00. This could be explained by a diurnal variation of the endocannabinoid system. Here, we describe the effects of anandamide administration in rats prior to the induction of TBI at two different times of the day: 1:00 and 13:00. We found that anandamide reduced the neurological damage at both times. Nevertheless, its effects on bleeding, survival, food intake, and body weight were dependent on the time of TBI. In addition, we analyzed the diurnal variation of the expression of the cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R in the cerebral cortex of both control rats and rats subjected to TBI. We found that CB1R protein was expressed more during the day, whereas its mRNA level was higher during the night. We did not find a diurnal variation for the CB2R. In addition, we also found that TBI increased CB1R and CB2R in the contralateral hemisphere and disrupted the CB1R diurnal cycle.