Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Galectin‐4 functions as a tumor suppressor of human colorectal cancer

Development of colorectal cancer (CRC) involves a series of genetic alterations with altered expression of proteins and cell signaling pathways. Here, we identified that galectin‐4 (gal‐4), a marker of differentiation, was down‐regulated in CRC. The goal of this work was to determine the function of gal‐4 in CRC. Toward this goal, the human colon biopsies and tissue microarrays containing a gradient of pathology were analyzed for gal‐4 expression by immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation, migration, motility, forced expression, knockdown, cell cycle and apoptosis assays were used to characterize gal‐4 function. Immunohistochemistry identified that gal‐4 expression was significantly down‐regulated in adenomas and was essentially absent in invasive carcinomas. Forced expression of gal‐4 in gal‐4 −ve cells induced cell cycle arrest and retarded cell migration and motility. Further, gal‐4 sensitized the cells to camptothecin‐induced apoptosis. Gal‐4 knockdown resulted in increased cell proliferation, migration and motility. Gal‐4 was found to be associated with Wnt signaling proteins. Finally, gal‐4 expression led to down‐regulation of Wnt signaling target genes. This study demonstrates that loss of gal‐4 is a common and specific event in CRC. This study also shows that gal‐4 exhibits tumor suppressive effects in CRC cells in vitro. Through its ability to interact with and down‐regulate the functions of Wnt signaling pathway, gal‐4 reveals a new dimension in the control of the Wnt signaling pathway. Thus, gal‐4 may prove to be an important molecule in understanding the biology of CRC.
The White Nipple Sign: Please Do Not Disturb

Blood spurting or oozing from a varix confirms the diagnosis of variceal hemorrhage. In most cases of variceal hemorrhage, however, the bleeding has ceased by the time endoscopy is performed. Endoscopists rely on identification of stigmata of recent hemorrhage to determine whether varices are the cause of bleeding and to predict the likelihood of rebleeding. Most of the attention has focused on red color signs, such as red wale markings, described by Beppu et al. [Gastrointest Endosc 1981;27:213–218] and well known to endoscopists. Here we describe our experience with a less recognized stigma of variceal hemorrhage known as the ‘white nipple sign’, which resulted in active hemorrhage when manipulated.
Initiation of Run-Out Flows on Venus by Oblique Impacts

Abstract A hypervelocity oblique impact results in a downrange-moving vapor cloud, a significant fraction of which is derived from the projectile. Since the vapor cloud expands to great extent and becomes very tenuous quickly on a planet with a thin or no atmosphere, it does not leave a well-defined geologic expression. The thick atmosphere of Venus, however, is sufficient to contain such a rapidly expanding vapor cloud. As a result of atmospheric interactions, impact vapor condenses and contributes to run-out flows around craters on Venus. Previous results of both laboratory experiments and simple semi-analytical calculations indicate that an impact-vapor origin can account for the morphology of run-out flows on Venus most consistently. However, the detailed dynamics and geologic record of downrange-moving impact vapor clouds in Venus's atmosphere are not understood quantitatively. To approach these problems, we carried out two-dimensional hydrocode calculations. Parametric studies of these hydrocode calculations yield simple scaling laws for both the total downrange travel distance and the final temperature of impact vapor clouds under conditions on Venus. Under typical impact conditions, impact vapor clouds travel downrange more than a crater radius prior to the completion of crater formation. Furthermore, the scaling law for the total travel distance is compared with observations for the downrange offset of the source regions of run-out flows around oblique craters. The results of this comparison suggest that energy/momentum-partitioning processes other than pure shock coupling may play important roles in hypervelocity impact at planetary scales. The results of hydrocode calculations also indicate that the terminal temperature of the impact vapor is close to the condensation temperatures of silicates, suggesting that two scenarios are possible for expected range of impact conditions: 1. Impact vapor condenses and forms run-out flows. 2. Impact vapor fails to condense and leaves no run-out flows. Consequently, natural variation in impact angle, velocity, and projectile composition may account for partial occurrence of run-out flows around impact craters on Venus.
Graph theoretical analysis of resting magnetoencephalographic functional connectivity networks

Complex networks have been observed to comprise small-world properties, believed to represent an optimal organization of local specialization and global integration of information processing at reduced wiring cost. Here, we applied magnitude squared coherence to resting magnetoencephalographic time series in reconstructed source space, acquired from controls and patients with schizophrenia, and generated frequency-dependent adjacency matrices modeling functional connectivity between virtual channels. After configuring undirected binary and weighted graphs, we found that all human networks demonstrated highly localized clustering and short characteristic path lengths. The most conservatively thresholded networks showed efficient wiring, with topographical distance between connected vertices amounting to one-third as observed in surrogate randomized topologies. Nodal degrees of the human networks conformed to a heavy-tailed exponentially truncated power-law, compatible with the existence of hubs, which included theta and alpha bilateral cerebellar tonsil, beta and gamma bilateral posterior cingulate, and bilateral thalamus across all frequencies. We conclude that all networks showed small-worldness, minimal physical connection distance, and skewed degree distributions characteristic of physically-embedded networks, and that these calculations derived from graph theoretical mathematics did not quantifiably distinguish between subject populations, independent of bandwidth. However, post-hoc measurements of edge computations at the scale of the individual vertex revealed trends of reduced gamma connectivity across the posterior medial parietal cortex in patients, an observation consistent with our prior resting activation study that found significant reduction of synthetic aperture magnetometry gamma power across similar regions. The basis of these small differences remains unclear.
Measurement of the differential cross-sections of prompt and non-prompt production of J/ and (2S) in pp collisions at s = 7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The production rates of prompt and non-prompt J/ψ and ψ(2S) mesons in their dimuon decay modes are measured using 2.1 fb−1 and 11.4 fb−1 of data collected with the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, in proton-proton collisions at √ s = 7 and 8 TeV. Production cross-sections for both prompt and non-prompt sources, ratios of ψ(2S) to J/ψ production, and fractions of non-prompt to inclusive production for J/ψ and ψ(2S) are measured as a function of meson transverse momentum and rapidity. The measurements are compared to theoretical predictions. © 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS Collaboration. Reproduction of this article or parts of it is allowed as specified in the CC-BY-3.0 license.
Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, involving the skin, misdiagnosed as nasosinusitis and a fungal infection: A case report and literature review

The present study reports a case of extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, involving the skin. The clinical manifestations, pathological characteristics, treatment and prognosis of the case were analyzed to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment for this disease. The patient was a 56-year-old male, presenting with dark red nodules and plaques that had been visible on the nose for half a year. Based on the skin lesions and histopathological and immunohistochemical examination results, the patient was diagnosed with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. This disease has unique histopathological and immunohistochemical features and a high malignancy. The condition tends to be misdiagnosed and has a poor prognosis, but seldom involves the skin. In the present case, only radiotherapy was performed, with no relapse occurring within 6 months.
Quantitative Contribution of CD4 and CD8 to T Cell Antigen Receptor Serial Triggering

CD4 and CD8 are thought to function as coreceptors by binding to the cognate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules recognized by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and initiating the signal transduction cascade. We report that during T cell–antigen-presenting cell interaction, triggered TCRs and coreceptors are downregulated and degraded with identical kinetics. This coordinated disappearance takes place whenever the TCR is triggered, even when the coreceptor does not engage the cognate MHC molecule and is the consequence of binding of the coreceptor-associated Lck to ZAP-70. The interaction of coreceptor and cognate MHC molecules is dispensable when T cells are stimulated by optimal ligands, but becomes crucial when suboptimal ligands are used. In the latter case the coreceptor increases the efficiency of TCR triggering without changing the activation threshold or the quality of the T cell response.
Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and Doppler US diagnosis--Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference.

The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts in the field of vascular ultrasonography (US) to come to a consensus regarding Doppler US for assistance in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. The panel's consensus statement is believed to represent a reasonable position on the basis of analysis of available literature and panelists' experience. Key elements of the statement include the following: (a) All internal carotid artery (ICA) examinations should be performed with gray-scale, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler US. (b) The degree of stenosis determined at gray-scale and Doppler US should be stratified into the categories of normal (no stenosis), <50% stenosis, 50%-69% stenosis, > or =70% stenosis to near occlusion, near occlusion, and total occlusion. (c) ICA peak systolic velocity (PSV) and presence of plaque on gray-scale and/or color Doppler images are primarily used in diagnosis and grading of ICA stenosis; two additional parameters, ICA-to-common carotid artery PSV ratio and ICA end-diastolic velocity may also be used when clinical or technical factors raise concern that ICA PSV may not be representative of the extent of disease. (d) ICA should be diagnosed as (i) normal when ICA PSV is less than 125 cm/sec and no plaque or intimal thickening is visible; (ii) <50% stenosis when ICA PSV is less than 125 cm/sec and plaque or intimal thickening is visible; (iii) 50%-69% stenosis when ICA PSV is 125-230 cm/sec and plaque is visible; (iv) > or =70% stenosis to near occlusion when ICA PSV is greater than 230 cm/sec and visible plaque and lumen narrowing are seen; (v) near occlusion when there is a markedly narrowed lumen at color Doppler US; and (vi) total occlusion when there is no detectable patent lumen at gray-scale US and no flow at spectral, power, and color Doppler US. (e) The final report should discuss velocity measurements and gray-scale and color Doppler findings. Study limitations should be noted when they exist. The conclusion should state an estimated degree of ICA stenosis as reflected in the above categories. The panel also considered various technical aspects of carotid US and methods for quality assessment and identified several important unanswered questions meriting future research.
Interval diagrams for efficient symbolic verification of processnetworks

In this paper, a representation of multivalued functions called interval decision diagrams (IDDs) is introduced. It is related to similar representations such as binary decision diagrams. Compared to other functional representations with regard to symbolic formal verification approaches, IDDs show some important properties that enable us to verify process networks and related models of computation more adequately than with conventional approaches. Therefore, a new form of transition relation representation called interval mapping diagram (IMD) is introduced. A novel approach to symbolic model checking of process networks is presented. Several drawbacks of traditional strategies are avoided using IDDs and IMDs. The resulting transition relation IMD is very compact, enabling fast image computations. Furthermore, no artificial limitations concerning buffer capacities or equivalent have to be introduced. Additionally, applications concerning scheduling of process networks are feasible. IDDs and IMDs are defined, their properties are described, and computation methods and techniques are given.
Short‐term reproducibility and variability of the pupillographic sleepiness test

The pupillographic sleepiness test (PST) measures the amplitude of the fluctuations of pupil size in the dark, which reflects the level of central nervous system activation and thus alertness. The aim of this study was to assess the short‐term reproducibility and variability of the results obtained with the PST in normal healthy subjects.
THz and mm-Wave Sensing of Corneal Tissue Water Content: Electromagnetic Modeling and Analysis

Terahertz (THz) spectral properties of human cornea are explored as a function of central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal water content, and the clinical utility of THz-based corneal water content sensing is discussed. Three candidate corneal tissue water content (CTWC) perturbations, based on corneal physiology, are investigated that affect the axial water distribution and total thickness. The THz frequency reflectivity properties of the three CTWC perturbations were simulated and explored with varying system center frequency and bandwidths (Q-factors). The modeling showed that at effective optical path lengths on the order of a wavelength the cornea presents a lossy etalon bordered by air at the anterior and the aqueous humor at the posterior. The simulated standing wave peak-to-valley ratio is pronounced at lower frequencies and its effect on acquired data can be modulated by adjusting the bandwidth of the sensing system. These observations are supported with experimental spectroscopic data. The results suggest that a priori knowledge of corneal thickness can be utilized for accurate assessments of corneal tissue water content. The physiologic variation of corneal thickness with respect to the wavelengths spanned by the THz band is extremely limited compared to all other structures in the body making CTWC sensing unique amongst all proposed applications of THz medical imaging.
Rapid Inference on a Novel AND/OR graph for Object Detection, Segmentation and Parsing

In this paper we formulate a novel AND/OR graph representation capable of describing the different configurations of deformable articulated objects such as horses. The representation makes use of the summarization principle so that lower level nodes in the graph only pass on summary statistics to the higher level nodes. The probability distributions are invariant to position, orientation, and scale. We develop a novel inference algorithm that combined a bottom-up process for proposing configurations for horses together with a top-down process for refining and validating these proposals. The strategy of surround suppression is applied to ensure that the inference time is polynomial in the size of input data. The algorithm was applied to the tasks of detecting, segmenting and parsing horses. We demonstrate that the algorithm is fast and comparable with the state of the art approaches.
Gelatin-based plasma expander effectively reduces renal uptake of 111In-octreotide in mice and rats.

UNLABELLED 111In-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-octreotide generally is used for the scintigraphic imaging of neuroendocrine and other somatostatin receptor-positive tumors. On the basis of the successful targeting of octreotide, radiolabeled somatostatin analogs, such as 90Y-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid [DOTA])0-Tyr3-octreotide and 177Lu-DOTA0-Tyr3-octreotate, were developed for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. However, the maximum tolerated doses of these analogs are limited because of the high and persistent renal uptake that leads to relatively high radiation doses in the kidneys. Renal uptake can be reduced by coinfusion of basic amino acids or polypeptides. However, high doses of basic amino acids can induce severe side effects. It was reported that the infusion of gelatin-based plasma expanders resulted in increased low-molecular-weight proteinuria, suggesting that these plasma expanders interfere with the tubular reabsorption of peptides and proteins. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of several plasma expanders on the renal uptake of 111In-octreotide in rats and mice. METHODS Wistar rats and BALB/c mice were injected with 0.5 or 0.1 mL of plasma expander, respectively. Thereafter, the animals received 111In-octreotide intravenously. Animals were killed at 20 h after the injection of the radiopharmaceutical. Organs were dissected, and the amount of radioactivity in the organs and tissues was measured. RESULTS The administration of 20 mg of Gelofusine in rats or 4 mg in mice was as effective in reducing the renal uptake of 111In-octreotide as the administration of 80 or 20 mg of lysine in rats or mice, respectively, without reducing 111In-octreotide uptake in receptor-positive organs. Plasma expanders based on starch or dextran had no effect on the renal uptake of 111In-octreotide. CONCLUSION The gelatin-based plasma expander Gelofusine significantly reduced the kidney uptake of 111In-octreotide as effectively as did lysine. Because Gelofusine is a well-known and generally used blood volume substitute that can be applied safely without the induction of toxicity, evaluation of this compound for its potential to reduce the kidney uptake of radiolabeled peptides in patients is warranted.
Serum Concentrations of Endothelin-1 and Matrix Metalloproteinases-2, -9 in Pre-Hypertensive and Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors known to date. While its plasma or serum concentrations are elevated in some forms of experimental and human hypertension, this is not a consistent finding in all forms of hypertension. Matrix metalloproteinases -2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9), which degrade collagen type IV of the vascular basement membrane, are responsible for vascular remodeling, inflammation, and atherosclerotic complications, including in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In our study, we compared concentrations of ET-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in pre-hypertensive (PHTN) and hypertensive (HTN) T2D patients with those of healthy normotensive controls (N). ET-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were measured by ELISA. Concentrations of ET-1 in PHTN and N were very similar, while those in HTN were significantly higher. Concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in PHTN and HTN were also significantly higher compared to N. An interesting result in our study is that concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HTN were lower compared to PHTN. In conclusion, we showed that increased production of ET-1 in patients with T2D can lead to long-lasting increases in blood pressure (BP) and clinical manifestation of hypertension. We also demonstrated that increased levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in pre-hypertensive and hypertensive patients with T2D mainly reflect the early vascular changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover.
A 1.8-3.1 dB noise figure (3-10 GHz) SiGe HBT LNA for UWB applications

We present the design and implementation of an ultra-wideband (UWB) silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) low-noise amplifier (LNA) for use in UWB systems. The use of a shunt base-emitter capacitor and weak shunt resistive feedback in a cascode amplifier with inductive degeneration significantly improves the input bandwidth of the LNA, and allows very low noise figure to be achieved simultaneously. The LNA was fabricated in a commercially-available 0.18 mum 120 GHz SiGe HBT BiCMOS process technology. The circuit occupies an area of 0.72 mm2, and exhibits a record noise figure (NF) of 1.8-3.1 dB across 3.0-10.0 GHz. This SiGe LNA is very broadband, covering the entire frequency range of 0.1 to 13.6 GHz, attains a maximum gain is 20.3 dB, and operates off a 3.3 V supply with a total power consumption of 26 mW
Photocatalysis and water purification : from fundamentals to recent applications

FUNDAMENTALS: ACTIVE SPECIES, MECHANISMS, REACTION PATHWAYS Identification and Roles of the Active Species Generated on Various Photocatalysts Photocatalytic Reaction Pathways - Effects of Molecular Structure, Catalyst, and Wavelength Catalytic Mechanisms and Reaction Pathways Drawn from Kinetic and Probe Molecules IMPROVING THE PHOTOCATALYTIC EFFICACY Design and Development of Active Titania and Related Photocatalysts Modified Photocatalysts Immobilisation of a Semiconductor Photocatalyst on Solid Supports: Methods, Materials and Applications Wastewater Treatment Using Highly Functional Immobilized TiO2 Thin Film Photocatalysts Sensitization of Titania Semiconductors: A Promising Strategy to Utilize Visible Light Photoelectrocatalysis for Water Purification EFFECTS OF PHOTOCATALYSIS ON NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER AND BACTERIA Photocatalysis of Natural organic Matter in Water: Characterization and Treatment Integration Waterborne E. coli Inactivation by TiO2 Photo-Assisted Processes: A Brief Overview MODELING. REACTORS. PILOT PLANTS Photocatalytic Treatment of Water: Irradiance Influences A Methodology for Modeling Slurry Photocatalytic Reactors for Degradation of an Organic Pollutant in Water Design and Optimization of Photocatalytic Water Purification Reactors Photocatalysis Soliar Pilot Plants. Commercially Available Reactors
Upregulation of PGC-1α expression by Alzheimer’s disease-associated pathway: presenilin 1/amyloid precursor protein (APP)/intracellular domain of APP

Cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β‐ and γ‐secretase generates amyloid‐β (Aβ) and APP intracellular domain (AICD) peptides. Presenilin (PS) 1 or 2 is the catalytic component of the γ‐secretase complex. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an established phenomenon in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the causes and role of PS1, APP, and APP's cleavage products in this process are largely unknown. We studied the effect of these AD‐associated molecules on mitochondrial features. Using cells deficient in PSs expression, expressing human wild‐type PS1, or PS1 familial AD (FAD) mutants, we found that PS1 affects mitochondrial energy metabolism (ATP levels and oxygen consumption) and expression of mitochondrial proteins. These effects were associated with enhanced expression of the mitochondrial master transcriptional coactivator PGC‐1α and its target genes. Importantly, PS1‐FAD mutations decreased PS1's ability to enhance PGC‐1α mRNA levels. Analyzing the effect of APP and its γ‐secretase‐derived cleavage products Aβ and AICD on PGC‐1α expression showed that APP and AICD increase PGC‐1α expression. Accordingly, PGC‐1α mRNA levels in cells deficient in APP/APLP2 or expressing APP lacking its last 15 amino acids were lower than in control cells, and treatment with AICD, but not with Aβ, enhanced PGC‐1α mRNA levels in these and PSs‐deficient cells. In addition, knockdown of the AICD‐binding partner Fe65 reduced PGC‐1α mRNA levels. Importantly, APP/AICD increases PGC‐1α expression also in the mice brain. Our results therefore suggest that APP processing regulates mitochondrial function and that impairments in the newly discovered PS1/APP/AICD/PGC‐1α pathway may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration.