Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Illusory Causation in the Courtroom

A large body of evidence indicates that people attribute unwarranted causality (influence) to a stimulus simply because it is more noticeable or salient than other available stimuli. This article reviews recent research demonstrating that this illusory–causation phenomenon can produce serious prejudicial effects with regard to how people evaluate certain types of legal evidence. Specifically, evaluations of videotaped confessions can be significantly altered by presumably inconsequential changes in the camera perspective taken when the confessions are initially recorded. Videotaped confessions recorded with the camera focused on the suspect—compared with videotapes from other camera points of view (e.g., focused equally on the suspect and interrogator) or with more traditional presentation formats (i.e., transcripts and audiotapes)—lead mock jurors to judge that the confessions were more voluntary and, most important, that the suspects are more likely to be guilty. Because actual criminal interrogations are customarily videotaped with the camera lens zeroed in on the suspect, these findings are of considerable practical significance.
Running Head : SIMPLE CHOICES AMONG ACSMS Simple Choices among Aggregate-Level Conditional Status Metrics : From Median Student Growth Percentiles to Value-Added Models

Aggregate-Level Conditional Status Metrics (ACSMs) describe the status of a group by referencing current performance to expectations given past scores. This paper focuses on seven ACSMs that condition only on past scores, including median Student Growth Percentiles (Betebenner, 2009), aggregated Percentile Ranks of Residuals (Castellano & Ho, 2012) and covariate-adjustment “value-added” models (e.g., McCaffrey et al., 2004). The authors define “simple” choices among these ACSMs (e.g., between meanand median-based aggregation functions, or between fixed and random effects). They evaluate the impact of these choices upon three practical factors: school rankings, robustness across inclusion of prior-year data, and invariance to nonlinear scale transformations. Findings include expressions of practical differences between ACSMs and suggest considerable advantages of mean-based over medianbased metrics.
A Transcontinental Challenge — A Test of DNA Barcode Performance for 1,541 Species of Canadian Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera)

This study provides a first, comprehensive, diagnostic use of DNA barcodes for the Canadian fauna of noctuoids or “owlet” moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) based on vouchered records for 1,541 species (99.1% species coverage), and more than 30,000 sequences. When viewed from a Canada-wide perspective, DNA barcodes unambiguously discriminate 90% of the noctuoid species recognized through prior taxonomic study, and resolution reaches 95.6% when considered at a provincial scale. Barcode sharing is concentrated in certain lineages with 54% of the cases involving 1.8% of the genera. Deep intraspecific divergence exists in 7.7% of the species, but further studies are required to clarify whether these cases reflect an overlooked species complex or phylogeographic variation in a single species. Non-native species possess higher Nearest-Neighbour (NN) distances than native taxa, whereas generalist feeders have lower NN distances than those with more specialized feeding habits. We found high concordance between taxonomic names and sequence clusters delineated by the Barcode Index Number (BIN) system with 1,082 species (70%) assigned to a unique BIN. The cases of discordance involve both BIN mergers and BIN splits with 38 species falling into both categories, most likely reflecting bidirectional introgression. One fifth of the species are involved in a BIN merger reflecting the presence of 158 species sharing their barcode sequence with at least one other taxon, and 189 species with low, but diagnostic COI divergence. A very few cases (13) involved species whose members fell into both categories. Most of the remaining 140 species show a split into two or three BINs per species, while Virbia ferruginosa was divided into 16. The overall results confirm that DNA barcodes are effective for the identification of Canadian noctuoids. This study also affirms that BINs are a strong proxy for species, providing a pathway for a rapid, accurate estimation of animal diversity.
The Role of Core Needle Biopsy for Thyroid Nodules with Initially Indeterminate Results on Previous Fine-Needle Aspiration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: Sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration leads to relatively frequent cases of indeterminate cytology for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. PURPOSE: Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of core needle biopsy for the examination of thyroid nodules with initially indeterminate results on fine-needle aspiration. DATA SOURCES: A computerized search of the MEDLINE and Embase databases was performed to identify relevant original articles. STUDY SELECTION: Studies investigating the use of core needle biopsy for thyroid nodules with initially indeterminate results on previous fine-needle aspiration were eligible for inclusion. DATA ANALYSIS: The pooled proportions for nondiagnostic results, inconclusive results, malignancy on core needle biopsy, the ability of core needle biopsy to diagnose malignancy, and the related complications of the procedure were analyzed. DATA SYNTHESIS: The meta-analytic pooling was based on a random-effects model. Nine eligible studies, involving 2240 patients with 2245 thyroid nodules, were included. The pooled proportion for nondiagnostic results was 1.8% (95% CI, 0.4%–3.2%), and the pooled proportion for inconclusive results was 25.1% (95% CI, 15.4%–34.9%). The pooled proportion for malignancy was 18.9% (95% CI, 8.4%–29.5%). With regard to the diagnostic performance for malignancy, the sensitivity of core needle biopsy varied, ranging from 44.7% to 85.0%, but the specificity was 100% in all cases. No major complications of core needle biopsy were observed. LIMITATIONS: The relatively small number of included studies and retrospective nature were limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Core needle biopsy has low nondiagnostic result rates and high specificity for the diagnosis of malignancy. It is a safe diagnostic technique with a higher diagnostic yield, especially when molecular testing is not available or fine-needle aspiration did not yield enough cells for molecular testing.
Scattering distributions in the presence of measurement backaction

Scattering probe particles from a quantum system can provide experimental access to information about the system’s state. However, measurement backaction and momentum transfer during scattering changes the state of the system, potentially destroying the state we wish to probe. Here we investigate how to probe the system’s initial state even in the presence of backaction and momentum transfer. We show that summing the scattering distributions of an ensemble of measurements reveals the initial state scattering pattern even when each of the individual measurements completely destroys the initial state. This procedure is effective provided the scattering takes place on a timescale that is short compared with the free evolution of the system.
Congenital heart disease patients' and parents' perception of disease‐specific knowledge: Health and impairments in everyday life

BACKGROUND Children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) and their families require qualified combined medical and psychosocial information, care, and counseling. This study aimed to analyze CHD patients' and parents' perception of disease-specific knowledge, state of health, and impairments experienced in everyday life, as well as factors influencing these perceptions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analyses were based on a survey among patients/parents recruited via the German National Register for Congenital Heart Defects (NRCHD). The total sample (N = 818) was divided into four groups: "Children" (176 patients), "Adolescents" (142 patients), "Adults" (269 patients), and "Parents" (231 parents). The patients were stratified into those with simple and those with complex CHD. Descriptive and univariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Patients' age and CHD severity were related to self-assessed state of health (P = .04 and P = .02). In addition, CHD severity was associated with worse impairment in everyday life (P < .001). Psychosocial support was related to the self-assessed state of health (P = .01) and the reported impairment in everyday life (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Patients' age, CHD severity, and psychosocial support seem to be related to self-assessed state of health and impairments in everyday life. To evaluate causality beyond associations, the development of patients' and parents' assessments and quality of life during the phase of transition from childhood to adulthood could be investigated by prospective long-term studies.
Adolescents’ Sexual Wellbeing in Southwestern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Body Image, Self-Esteem and Gender Equitable Norms

Measures of sexual wellbeing and positive aspects of sexuality in the World Health Organization definition for sexual health are rarely studied and remain poorly understood, especially among adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to assess sexual wellbeing in its broad sense—i.e., body image, self-esteem, and gender equitable norms—and associated factors in young adolescents in Uganda. A cross-sectional survey of adolescents ages 10–14 years in schools was carried out between June and July 2016. Among 1096 adolescents analyzed, the median age was 12 (Inter-Quartile Range (IQR): 11, 13) and 58% were female. Self-esteem and body image scores were high with median 24 (IQR: 22, 26, possible range: 7–28) and median 22 (IQR: 19, 24, possible range: 5–25) respectively. Gender equitable norms mean score was 28.1 (SD 5.2: possible range 11–44). We noted high scores for self-esteem and body image but moderate scores on gender equitable norms. Girls had higher scores compared to boys for all outcomes. A higher age and being sexually active were associated with lower scores on gender equitable norms. Gender equitable norms scores decreased with increasing age of adolescents. Comprehensive and timely sexuality education programs focusing on gender differences and norms are recommended.
The Putative Plasma Membrane Na+/H+ Antiporter SOS1 Controls Long-Distance Na+ Transport in Plants Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.010371.

The salt tolerance locus SOS1 from Arabidopsis has been shown to encode a putative plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter. In this study, we examined the tissue-specific pattern of gene expression as well as the Na+ transport activity and subcellular localization of SOS1. When expressed in a yeast mutant deficient in endogenous Na+ transporters, SOS1 was able to reduce Na+ accumulation and improve salt tolerance of the mutant cells. Confocal imaging of a SOS1–green fluorescent protein fusion protein in transgenic Arabidopsis plants indicated that SOS1 is localized in the plasma membrane. Analysis of SOS1 promoter–β-glucuronidase transgenic Arabidopsis plants revealed preferential expression of SOS1 in epidermal cells at the root tip and in parenchyma cells at the xylem/symplast boundary of roots, stems, and leaves. Under mild salt stress (25 mM NaCl), sos1 mutant shoot accumulated less Na+ than did the wild-type shoot. However, under severe salt stress (100 mM NaCl), sos1 mutant plants accumulated more Na+ than did the wild type. There also was greater Na+ content in the xylem sap of sos1 mutant plants exposed to 100 mM NaCl. These results suggest that SOS1 is critical for controlling long-distance Na+ transport from root to shoot. We present a model in which SOS1 functions in retrieving Na+ from the xylem stream under severe salt stress, whereas under mild salt stress it may function in loading Na+ into the xylem.
Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid : towards the comprehension of the growth processes

When a pulsed-laser is focused into a solid target immersed in water, the material is evaporated. Nucleation and growth occur in the liquid and nanoparticles are synthesized. The method can be considered as versatile because one can try to synthesize any kinds of materials. Also, the nanoparticles are directly stabilized by the solvant so there is no need of complexing agents. The nanoparticles are described as ligand-free. However, various processes can occur during the synthesis and the aim of my work is to understand these different components. Since the laser ablation in liquid displays a wide range of timescales, we used numerous methods to address this problem. First, I will present the use of plasma spectroscopy and the questions it raises towards local thermodynamic equilibrium. Then, I will describe our microscopic approach of nucleation based on quantum chemistry techniques. Finally, I will illustrate the advantages of shadowgraphic measurements to reach an hydrodynamic understanding of the system
Renin Gene Polymorphisms and Haplotypes, Blood Pressure, and Responses to Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibition

Renin catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the renin-angiotensin system. A T allele variant at position −5312 within a distal enhancer region has been reported to increase in vitro renin gene transcription. Among 387 White bank employees, ambulatory blood pressures were higher in 133 −5312T allele carriers than in 254 CC homozygotes—mean differences [99% confidence interval] between carriers and homozygotes for daytime and night-time systolic/diastolic pressure were 2.5[0.4,4.6]/1.7[0.2,3.2] and 2.4[0.5,4.4]/1.5[0.1,2.9] respectively. Ambulatory pressure estimates for the only common renin haplotype including the −5312T variant (−5312T, 5090C, 5912A, 9479A, 10194G), were statistically significantly higher than estimates for all other haplotypes. Among 259 White hypertensive participants in a randomized double-blind clinical trial comparing a renin antagonist, aliskiren, with an angiotensin receptor blocker, losartan, plasma renin activity did not differ with renin −5312C/T genotype. Nocturnal blood pressure reductions with losartan 100 mg daily were significantly greater in −5312T allele carriers than in CC homozygotes (mean[standard error]; −12.9[3.7]/−7.9[2.4] versus −7.1[2.5]/−4.2[1.6]) whereas with aliskiren 150 and 300 mg daily, lesser reductions were observed in −5312T allele carriers than in CC homozygotes (−5.4[2.0]/−4.1[1.3] versus −10.1[1.4]/−6.5[1.1]; P<0.03 for treatment×genotype interaction for night-time systolic and diastolic pressures). Hence, the −5312 renin C/T enhancer polymorphism does contribute to blood pressure variation in Whites and also appears to predict responses to inhibition of the renin–angiotensin system. These findings suggest that genotyping at this locus may aid in the identification of susceptibility to hypertension and in the selection of optimal therapy for individual hypertensive patients.
Discrete Lorentz covariance for quantum walks and quantum cellular automata

We formalize a notion of discrete Lorentz transforms for quantum walks (QW) and quantum cellular automata (QCA), in ( 1 + 1 ) ? > -dimensional discrete spacetime. The theory admits a diagrammatic representation in terms of a few local, circuit equivalence rules. Within this framework, we show the first-order-only covariance of the Dirac QW. We then introduce the clock QW and the clock QCA, and prove that they are exactly discrete Lorentz covariant. The theory also allows for non-homogeneous Lorentz transforms, between non-inertial frames.
Phase morphs and phoresy: New species of Antennoseius ( Vitzthumia ) mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae) associated with pyrophilous carabids (Carabidae: Sericoda spp.) in Alberta, Canada

The mite genus Antennoseius is composed of free-living species in soil and litter, as well as species that are phoretic on carabid beetles as adult females. Among approximately 60 described Antennoseius species, one North American species, A. janus, was found in laboratory cultures to have two female morphs: one granular, free-living morph, and one smooth, putatively phoretic morph. We here describe the adult females of A. perseus n. sp. and A. pyrophilus n. sp. collected from under the elytra of carabid beetles (Sericoda quadripunctata and S. bembidioides) associated with recently burned forests in Alberta, Canada. We also describe the female and male of a distinct, granular, non-phoretic morph of A. perseus, obtained from soil and by rearing the offspring of phoretic females. A key to the females of Antennoseius species having an ambulacrum on leg I (i.e. subgenus Vitzthumia) is provided.
Non-sympathetic FRN responses to drops in others’ stocks

Previous neuroeconomic studies have observed that people display sympathetic neural responses toward others’ misfortunes. We argue that the reverse emotions, such as gloating or schadenfreude, may also emerge in certain circumstances. To examine this theory, we recorded feedback-related negativity (FRN) toward others’ large or small gains or losses in a stock market context. We adopted the framework of social distance, according to which we hypothesized that because others in the stock market are far away, unidentified, and indistinct, people would show less sympathy or even schadenfreude toward others’ large losses. The results indicated that FRN at Fz was significantly less negative when observing larger decreases in others’ stock, indicating that others’ large losses are not unexpected negative events in the stock market and suggesting the existence of schadenfreude. Our research contributes to the understanding of social neurofinance by demonstrating the schadenfreude effect in relation to the stock market. This study also provides new information regarding the relationship between FRN and the social emotions that form the expectations of gain and loss.
An Interpretable Machine Learning Model for Accurate Prediction of Sepsis in the ICU

Objectives: Sepsis is among the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and cost overruns in critically ill patients. Early intervention with antibiotics improves survival in septic patients. However, no clinically validated system exists for real-time prediction of sepsis onset. We aimed to develop and validate an Artificial Intelligence Sepsis Expert algorithm for early prediction of sepsis. Design: Observational cohort study. Setting: Academic medical center from January 2013 to December 2015. Patients: Over 31,000 admissions to the ICUs at two Emory University hospitals (development cohort), in addition to over 52,000 ICU patients from the publicly available Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III ICU database (validation cohort). Patients who met the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis (Sepsis-3) prior to or within 4 hours of their ICU admission were excluded, resulting in roughly 27,000 and 42,000 patients within our development and validation cohorts, respectively. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: High-resolution vital signs time series and electronic medical record data were extracted. A set of 65 features (variables) were calculated on hourly basis and passed to the Artificial Intelligence Sepsis Expert algorithm to predict onset of sepsis in the proceeding T hours (where T = 12, 8, 6, or 4). Artificial Intelligence Sepsis Expert was used to predict onset of sepsis in the proceeding T hours and to produce a list of the most significant contributing factors. For the 12-, 8-, 6-, and 4-hour ahead prediction of sepsis, Artificial Intelligence Sepsis Expert achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic in the range of 0.83–0.85. Performance of the Artificial Intelligence Sepsis Expert on the development and validation cohorts was indistinguishable. Conclusions: Using data available in the ICU in real-time, Artificial Intelligence Sepsis Expert can accurately predict the onset of sepsis in an ICU patient 4–12 hours prior to clinical recognition. A prospective study is necessary to determine the clinical utility of the proposed sepsis prediction model.
Physical Properties of Extrudates Containing Distillers Grains Extruded in a Twin Screw Extruder

Extrusion trials were conducted with varying levels of DDGS along with soy flour, corn flour, fish meal, vitamin mix, mineral mix and net protein content adjusted to 28% in a Wenger TX-52 twin screw extruder. The properties of extrudates obtained with experiments conducted in full factorial design with 3 levels of DDGS content, 2 levels of moisture content and 2 levels of screw speed were studied. Increasing the DDGS content from 20% to 60%, resulted in 36.7% decrease in the radial expansion leading to 159%, 61.4% increase in the unit density and bulk density of the extrudates. Increasing the DDGS content resulted in significant increase in the water absorption index (WAI) and significant decrease in the water solubility index (WSI) of the extrudates. Changing the screw speed and moisture content had no effect on the radial expansion ratio, but resulted in significant difference in the bulk density of the extrudates and might be due to longitudinal expansion. Even though changing the moisture content and screw speed had no effect on the WSI of the extrudates, significant difference in the WAI of the extrudates was observed. Color changes in the extrudates was mostly due to color changes in the ingredient components and moisture content of the extrudates and screw speed had least effect on the color of the extrudates.
Wide-band, low-frequency pulse profiles of 100 radio pulsars with LOFAR

Context. LOFAR offers the unique capability of observing pulsars across the 10−240 MHz frequency range with a fractional bandwidth of roughly 50%. This spectral range is well suited for studying the frequency evolution of pulse profile morphology caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic effects such as changing emission altitude in the pulsar magnetosphere or scatter broadening by the interstellar medium, respectively. Aims. The magnitude of most of these effects increases rapidly towards low frequencies. LOFAR can thus address a number of open questions about the nature of radio pulsar emission and its propagation through the interstellar medium. Methods. We present the average pulse profiles of 100 pulsars observed in the two LOFAR frequency bands: high band (120–167 MHz, 100 profiles) and low band (15–62 MHz, 26 profiles). We compare them with Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) and Lovell Telescope observations at higher frequencies (350 and 1400 MHz) to study the profile evolution. The profiles were aligned in absolute phase by folding with a new set of timing solutions from the Lovell Telescope, which we present along with precise dispersion measures obtained with LOFAR. Results. We find that the profile evolution with decreasing radio frequency does not follow a specific trend; depending on the geometry of the pulsar, new components can enter into or be hidden from view. Nonetheless, in general our observations confirm the widening of pulsar profiles at low frequencies, as expected from radius-to-frequency mapping or birefringence theories.
Automorphy lifting for residually reducible $l$-adic Galois representations, II

We revisit the paper [Automorphy lifting for residually reducible $l$-adic Galois representations, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 28 (2015), 785–870] by the third author. We prove new automorphy lifting theorems for residually reducible Galois representations of unitary type in which the residual representation is permitted to have an arbitrary number of irreducible constituents.