Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bootstrapping data arrays of arbitrary order

In this paper we study a bootstrap strategy for estimating the variance of a mean taken over large multifactor crossed random effects data sets. We apply bootstrap reweighting independently to the levels of each factor, giving each observation the product of independently sampled factor weights. No exact bootstrap exists for this problem [McCullagh (2000) Bernoulli 6 285-301]. We show that the proposed bootstrap is mildly conservative, meaning biased toward overestimating the variance, under sufficient conditions that allow very unbalanced and heteroscedastic inputs. Earlier results for a resampling bootstrap only apply to two factors and use multinomial weights that are poorly suited to online computation. The proposed reweighting approach can be implemented in parallel and online settings. The results for this method apply to any number of factors. The method is illustrated using a 3 factor data set of comment lengths from Facebook.
Reviewing national curriculum assessment in Wales: how can evidence inform the development of policy?

Since 1999, the devolution of aspects of domestic policy formulation from the UK Government in London to a Welsh Assembly Government based in Cardiff has affected the way in which such policies are initiated, developed and implemented. A consistent feature of the stance taken by Ministers in this new policy environment in Wales has been that policies should be ‘evidence‐informed’. Several high profile policy reviews in education have offered opportunities for those involved to explore the nature of the evidence that is potentially relevant to policy and to judge how that evidence should impact upon policy development. Academic research is one category of evidence that has informed those reviews and academic researchers, as individuals, have been given significant roles in the process of review in Wales. This case study of a review of assessment policies for students aged between 7 and 14 analyses what is understood by the term ‘evidence’ and the expectations associated with a commitment to evidence‐informed policy. It concludes that the process involved in formulating policy recommendations is best understood as an engagement with ideas that contribute to the construction of a ‘where do we go from here’ type of knowledge.
Making Organization Research Matter: Power, Values, and Phronesis

If we want to empower and re-enchant organization research, we need to do three things. First, we must drop all pretence, however indirect, at emulating the success of the natural sciences in producing cumulative and predictive theory, for their approach simply does not work in organization research or any of the social sciences (for the full argument, see Flyvbjerg 2001). Second, we must address problems that matter to groups in the local, national, and global communities in which we live, and we must do it in ways that matter; we must focus on issues of context, values, and power, as advocated by great social scientists from Aristotle and Machiavelli to Max Weber and Pierre Bourdieu. Finally, we must effectively and dialogically communicate the results of our research to our fellow citizens and carefully listen to their feedback. If we do this – focus on specific values and interests in the context of particular power relations – we may successfully transform organization research into an activity performed in public for organizational publics, sometimes to clarify, sometimes to intervene, sometimes to generate new perspectives, and always to serve as eyes and ears in ongoing efforts to understand the present and to deliberate about the future. We may, in short, arrive at organization research that matters.
Commentary: The salience of socioeconomic status in assessing cardiovascular disease and risk in low- and middle-income countries.

Disparities. Challenges and Successes in Reducing Health Disparities. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2008. 46. Dow WH, Schoeni RF, Adler NE, Stewart J. Evaluating the evidence base: policies and interventions to address socioeconomic status gradients in health. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1186:240–51. 47. Phelan JC, Link BG, Tehranifar P. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications. J Health Soc Behav 2010;51:S28–S40.
Massively parallel solvers for elliptic partial differential equations in numerical weather and climate prediction

The demand for substantial increases in the spatial resolution of global weather and climate prediction models makes it necessary to use numerically efficient and highly scalable algorithms to solve the equations of large‐scale atmospheric fluid dynamics. For stability and efficiency reasons, several of the operational forecasting centres, in particular the Met Office and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) in the UK, use semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian time‐stepping in the dynamical core of the model. The additional burden with this approach is that a three‐dimensional elliptic partial differential equation (PDE) for the pressure correction has to be solved at every model time step and this often constitutes a significant proportion of the time spent in the dynamical core. In global models, this PDE must be solved in a thin spherical shell.
The translocation of marrow MNCs after experimental myocardial cryoinjury is proportional to the infarcted area

BACKGROUND: The selective homing of peripherally injected marrow MNCs (MMNCs) has recently been demonstrated in a model of cryodamaged heart. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unknown. In the hypothesis that this process is related to the necrotic area extension, the infarcted area was correlated with the number of homed MMNCs in a model of experimental cryodamaged heart.
Developmental selection against developmental instability: a direct demonstration

Developmental selection, the non-random elimination of offspring during development, is hypothesized to alter the opportunity for selection on a given trait at later stages of the life cycle. Here, we provide a direct demonstration of developmental selection against developmental instability, assessed as the incidence of minor, discrete phenotypic abnormalities in the male sex comb, a condition-dependent secondary sexual trait in Drosophila bipectinata. We exposed developing flies from two geographically separate populations to increasing levels of temperature stress, and recovered the males that died during development by teasing them out of their pupal cases. These dead males, the so-called ‘invisible fraction’ of the population, were more developmentally unstable than their surviving counterparts, and dramatically so under conditions of relatively high temperature stress. We illustrate that had these dead juvenile flies actually survived and entered the pool of sexually mature adult individuals, their mating success would have been significantly reduced, thus intensifying sexual selection in the adult cohort for reducing developmental instability. The data suggest that without accounting for developmental selection, a study focusing exclusively on the adult cohort may unwittingly underestimate the net force of selection operating on a given phenotypic trait.
BRAIN DISTRIBUTION OF CETIRIZINE ENANTIOMERS: COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT TISSUE-TO-PLASMA PARTITION COEFFICIENTS: Kp, Kp,u, AND Kp,uu

The objective of this study was to compare the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport and brain distribution of levo- (R-CZE) and dextrocetirizine (S-CZE). Microdialysis probes, calibrated using retrodialysis by drug, were placed into the frontal cortex and right jugular vein of eight guinea pigs. Racemic CZE (2.7 mg/kg) was administered as a 60-min i.v. infusion. Unbound and total concentrations of the enantiomers were measured in blood and brain with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The brain distribution of the CZE enantiomers were compared using the parameters Kp, Kp,u, Kp,uu, and Vu,br. Kp compares total brain concentration to total plasma concentration, Kp,u compensates for binding in plasma, whereas Kp,uu also compensates for binding within the brain tissue and directly quantifies the transport across the BBB. Vu,br describes binding within the brain. The stereoselective brain distribution indicated by the Kp of 0.22 and 0.04 for S- and R-CZE, respectively, was caused by different binding to plasma proteins. The transport of the CZE enantiomers across the BBB was not stereoselective, since the Kp,uu was 0.17 and 0.14 (N.S.) for S- and R-CZE, respectively. The Kp,uu values show that the enantiomers are effluxed to a large extent across the BBB. The Vu,br of approximately 2.5 ml/g brain was also similar for both the enantiomers, and the value indicates high binding to brain tissue. Thus, when determining stereoselectivity in brain distribution, it is important to study all factors governing this distribution, binding in blood and brain, and the BBB equilibrium.
Prepregnancy Maternal Weight and Body Mass Index of Children with and without Congenital Heart Disease

Objective: Congenital heart diseases are among the most frequent major congenital anomalies. One of the suspected reasons for congenital heart defects is overweight and obesity of mother during prepregnancy and pregnancy. We studied the relationship between maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomaly. Methods: All of children with congenital heart defect (164 infants with major nonsyndromic heart disease) referred to our pediatric cardiology clinic or admitted to our ward during 2011-2012 were included in this study. Controls were 158 live-born infants without any major malformations and their mothers. Mothers of these infants were studied for weight, height and body mass index (BMI). Findings : The most frequent congenital heart disease was ventricular septal defect (39%), patent ductus arteriosus (11%), complete atrioventricular septal defect (10%), pulmonary stenosis (9.1%), and atrial septal defect (8.5%). There was no significant difference between maternal age (P=0.1), weight (P=0.8) and height (P=0.3) in the two groups. The mothers had not significantly higher BMI than that of the control mothers. Compared with underweight (BMI <18.5) and normal weight women (OR: 1.24, 95%CI: 0.40-3.89), overweight (OR: 0.98, 95%CI: 0.31-3.10) and obese women (OR: 1.16, 95%CI: 0.34-4.00) were not more likely to have an infant with a congenital heart defect. Conclusion: This study suggests that there may not be a relation between maternal BMI and having a child with congenital heart defect.
Searches for gravitational waves from known pulsars with S5 LIGO data

We present a search for gravitational waves from 116 known millisecond and young pulsars using data from the fifth science run of the LIGO detectors. For this search ephemerides overlapping the run period were obtained for all pulsars using radio and X-ray observations. We demonstrate an updated search method that allows for small uncertainties in the pulsar phase parameters to be included in the search. We report no signal detection from any of the targets and therefore interpret our results as upper limits on the gravitational wave signal strength. The most interesting limits are those for young pulsars. We present updated limits on gravitational radiation from the Crab pulsar, where the measured limit is now a factor of seven below the spin-down limit. This limits the power radiated via gravitational waves to be less than ~2% of the available spin-down power. For the X-ray pulsar J0537-6910 we reach the spin-down limit under the assumption that any gravitational wave signal from it stays phase locked to the X-ray pulses over timing glitches, and for pulsars J1913+1011 and J1952+3252 we are only a factor of a few above the spin-down limit. Of the recycled millisecond pulsars several of the measured upper limits are only about an order of magnitude above their spin-down limits. For these our best (lowest) upper limit on gravitational wave amplitude is 2.3x10^-26 for J1603-7202 and our best (lowest) limit on the inferred pulsar ellipticity is 7.0x10^-8 for J2124-3358.
Model Peningkatan Komitmen Sumber Daya Manusia Berbasis Spiritual Leadership dan Spiritual Survival Serta Workplace Spirituality dengan Moderating Individual Spirituality

This study purpose was to describe the influence of Spiritual Leadership and its influence and spiritual survival, on workplace spirituality as well as the commitment of human resources with moderation Individual spirituality inÂ Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital . The population is all Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital employees totally 483 people . Samples were taken by purposive sampling approach to the criteria of the respondents who have worked over 2 years . The analysis tool is structural Equation Modeling ( SEM ) with Partial Least Square method ( PLS ) . The study results showed that spiritual leadership had no significant influenced on human resources commitment, but spiritual survival found the opposite. Spiritual leadership found significant influenced on workplace spirituality. Spiritual Survival could not be intervening variable but spirituality could. Interaction between individual spirituality and workplace spirituality could not moderated between workplace spirituality and human resources commitment. Â Keywords : Spiritual Leadership , Spiritual Survival , Workplace Spirituality , Individual Spirituality , Human Resources Commitment
Detection of Epileptogenic Cortical Malformations with Surface-Based MRI Morphometry

Magnetic resonance imaging has revolutionized the detection of structural abnormalities in patients with epilepsy. However, many focal abnormalities remain undetected in routine visual inspection. Here we use an automated, surface-based method for quantifying morphometric features related to epileptogenic cortical malformations to detect abnormal cortical thickness and blurred gray-white matter boundaries. Using MRI morphometry at 3T with surface-based spherical averaging techniques that precisely align anatomical structures between individual brains, we compared single patients with known lesions to a large normal control group to detect clusters of abnormal cortical thickness, gray-white matter contrast, local gyrification, sulcal depth, jacobian distance and curvature. To assess the effects of threshold and smoothing on detection sensitivity and specificity, we systematically varied these parameters with different thresholds and smoothing levels. To test the effectiveness of the technique to detect lesions of epileptogenic character, we compared the detected structural abnormalities to expert-tracings, intracranial EEG, pathology and surgical outcome in a homogeneous patient sample. With optimal parameters and by combining thickness and GWC, the surface-based detection method identified 92% of cortical lesions (sensitivity) with few false positives (96% specificity), successfully discriminating patients from controls 94% of the time. The detected structural abnormalities were related to the seizure onset zones, abnormal histology and positive outcome in all surgical patients. However, the method failed to adequately describe lesion extent in most cases. Automated surface-based MRI morphometry, if used with optimized parameters, may be a valuable additional clinical tool to improve the detection of subtle or previously occult malformations and therefore could improve identification of patients with intractable focal epilepsy who may benefit from surgery.
Understanding How the Brain Changes Its Mind: Microstimulation in the Macaque Frontal Eye Field Reveals How Saccade Plans Are Changed

Accumulator models that integrate incoming sensory information into motor plans provide a robust framework to understand decision making. However, their applicability to situations that demand a change of plan raises an interesting problem for the brain. This is because interruption of the current motor plan must occur by a competing motor plan, which is necessarily weaker in strength. To understand how changes of mind get expressed in behavior, we used a version of the double-step task called the redirect task, in which monkeys were trained to modify a saccade plan. We microstimulated the frontal eye fields during redirect behavior and systematically measured the deviation of the evoked saccade from the response field to causally track the changing saccade plan. Further, to identify the underlying mechanisms, eight different computational models of redirect behavior were assessed. It was observed that the model that included an independent, spatially specific inhibitory process, in addition to the two accumulators representing the preparatory processes of initial and final motor plans, best predicted the performance and the pattern of saccade deviation profile in the task. Such an inhibitory process suppressed the preparation of the initial motor plan, allowing the final motor plan to proceed unhindered. Thus, changes of mind are consistent with the notion of a spatially specific, inhibitory process that inhibits the current inappropriate plan, allowing expression of the new plan.
Depression and hyperactivity in two patients with craniofrontonasal syndrome

Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) is an X-linked syndrome typically presentingwith hypertelorism, brachycephaly, facial asymmetry, coronal suture synostosis, strabismus, clinodactyly and grooved nails among several other features [Wieacker andWieland, 2005; van den Elzen et al., 2014]. As opposed to other X-linked diseases females are more severely affected than male carriers. Mild motor and cognitive developmental delay may occur [Zafeiriou et al., 2011]. Psychiatric symptoms, however, havenotbeen reported so far. Mutations in the ephrin-B1 (EFNB1) gene are responsible for the abnormalities observed in this syndrome [Feldman et al., 1997; Wieland et al., 2004]. Ephrin-B1 ligand and Ephrin receptor (Eph) tyrosine kinase interaction can induce downstream and reverse signaling,which is involved in thedevelopmentof several embryonic tissues, including the nervous system. Variations in this, thus could lead toan increasedvulnerability todeveloppsychiatricdiseases.The EFNB1 gene was examined by DNA sequence analysis of all exons and exon/intron boundaries and for deletions and duplications by multiplex ligation-dependent probe analysis (Institute of Human Genetics of the University of Magdeburg/Germany).
Cognitive load imposed by ultrasound‐facilitated teaching does not adversely affect gross anatomy learning outcomes

Ultrasonography is increasingly used in medical education, but its impact on learning outcomes is unclear. Adding ultrasound may facilitate learning, but may also potentially overwhelm novice learners. Based upon the framework of cognitive load theory, this study seeks to evaluate the relationship between cognitive load associated with using ultrasound and learning outcomes. The use of ultrasound was hypothesized to facilitate learning in anatomy for 161 novice first‐year medical students. Using linear regression analyses, the relationship between reported cognitive load on using ultrasound and learning outcomes as measured by anatomy laboratory examination scores four weeks after ultrasound‐guided anatomy training was evaluated in consenting students. Second anatomy examination scores of students who were taught anatomy with ultrasound were compared with historical controls (those not taught with ultrasound). Ultrasound's perceived utility for learning was measured on a five‐point scale. Cognitive load on using ultrasound was measured on a nine‐point scale. Primary outcome was the laboratory examination score (60 questions). Learners found ultrasound useful for learning. Weighted factor score on “image interpretation” was negatively, but insignificantly, associated with examination scores [F (1,135) = 0.28, beta = −0.22; P = 0.61]. Weighted factor score on “basic knobology” was positively and insignificantly associated with scores; [F (1,138) = 0.27, beta = 0.42; P = 0.60]. Cohorts exposed to ultrasound had significantly higher scores than historical controls (82.4% ± SD 8.6% vs. 78.8% ± 8.5%, Cohen's d = 0.41, P < 0.001). Using ultrasound to teach anatomy does not negatively impact learning and may improve learning outcomes. Anat Sci Educ 10: 144–151. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Understanding barriers to healthy behaviors in black college men

ABSTRACT Objective: Due to the short life expectancy of black men, it is important to understand what impacts health behaviors in this group so that interventions and programs can be developed to improve their health behaviors which may help in increasing the life expectancy of black men. The purpose of this study was to understand what perceived barriers exist for black college men that prevent them from engaging in healthy behaviors. Participants and Methods: Thirty-five black male students at a southern Historically Black College and University participated in five focus groups and four interviews. A qualitative analysis was used to analyze data for similar themes and codes. Results: Perceived barriers to engaging in healthy behaviors appear to be influenced by image, food cost, and education. Cues to action for not engaging in healthy behaviors appear to be related to role models. Conclusions: Black college men are not adequately informed or educated about elements that can impact their health and how they can improve it. College administrators and researchers should develop interventions that include elements of increasing health knowledge and age-appropriate role models to improve health behavior change among this group.
One-Shot Marton Inner Bound for Classical-Quantum Broadcast Channel

We consider the problem of communication over a classical-quantum broadcast channel with one sender and two receivers. Generalizing the classical inner bounds shown by Marton and the recent quantum asymptotic version shown by Savov and Wilde, we obtain one-shot inner bounds in the quantum setting. Our bounds are stated in terms of hypothesis testing and one-shot max divergences. These results give a full justification of the claims of Savov and Wilde in the classical-quantum asymptotic iid setting; the techniques also yield similar bounds in the information spectrum setting. We obtain these results using a different analysis of the random codebook argument; our method yields a classical one-shot Marton bound with a common message and a classical one-shot mutual covering lemma based on rejection sampling.
Parasomnias and Childhood Adversity in an Adult Psychiatric Population

Background: A wide evidence suggest that sleep disorders and psychopathology could be related each other, as well as, that childhood adversities (CAs) may be associated with both. However, the relationship between CA and sleep disorders in psychiatric patients is still unclear. This study aims to explore the hypothesis that CA could be associated with sleep impairments in a sample of psychiatric patients. Method: 351 psychiatric patients and 177 controls draw from the general population were recruited. Sleep symptoms were assessed by FPI. CAs were evaluated by FPI and CECA-Q. Chi-square, Fisher’s test, Odds Ratios, Binary Logistic Regression were performed. Results: Patients with childhood sexual abuse (CSA) showed higher rate of nightmares, bruxism, somnambulism and pavor nocturns than those without CSA. Cases with negligence of father or mother reported higher rate of terminal insomnia and nightmares than patients without neglect. Controls with childhood physical abuse (CPA) showed higher rate of pavor nocturns. Conclusion: CA could be related with sleep impairments in adulthood, moreover, seems to be a specific relationship between childhood sexual abuse and parasomnia. The association CAs-parasomnia seems to be more relevant among psychiatric cases than in the general population.