Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crowdsourcing Inference-Rule Evaluation

The importance of inference rules to semantic applications has long been recognized and extensive work has been carried out to automatically acquire inference-rule resources. However, evaluating such resources has turned out to be a non-trivial task, slowing progress in the field. In this paper, we suggest a framework for evaluating inference-rule resources. Our framework simplifies a previously proposed "instance-based evaluation" method that involved substantial annotator training, making it suitable for crowdsourcing. We show that our method produces a large amount of annotations with high inter-annotator agreement for a low cost at a short period of time, without requiring training expert annotators.
Gem amphiboles from Mogok, Myanmar: crystal-structure refinement, infrared spectroscopy and short-range order–disorder in gem pargasite and fluoro-pargasite

Abstract The crystal structures of six gem-quality pargasites and fluoro-pargasites from Mogok, Myanmar, space group C2/m, Z = 2, have been refined to R1 indices of 2.20–2.90% using MoKα X-radiation. The unit formulae were calculated from the results of electron-microprobe analysis, and were used with the refined site-scattering values and the observed mean bond lengths to assign site populations. TAl occurs at both the T(1) and T(2) sites but is strongly ordered at T(1). [6]Al is partly disordered over the M(2) and M(3) sites but does not occur at the M(1) site. ANa is split between the A(2) and A(m) sites and K occurs at the A(m) site. The infrared spectra in the principal OH-stretching region were measured and the fine structure was fit to component bands. The component bands were assigned to short-range ion arrangements over the configuration symbol M(1)M(1)M(3)–O(3)–A–O(3):T(1)T(1) using the refined site-populations and the expected frequencies from previously assigned spectra in more simple amphibole compositions, and correspond to the local arrangements: (1) MgMgMg–OH–Na–OH:SiAl; (2) MgMgMg–OH–Na–F:SiAl; (3) MgMgAl–OH–Na–OH:SiAl and (4) MgMgAl–OH–Na–F:SiAl.
Emerald Ash Borer Adult Feeding Behavior and Ash Tree Management Decision Modeling: Relationships Between Pest and Host Tolerance Gradients

Hunnicutt, Rachel E. M.S., Purdue University, December 2013. Emerald Ash Borer Adult Feeding Behavior and Ash Tree Management Decision Modeling: Relationships Between Pest and Host Tolerance Gradients. Major Professor: Jordan M. Marshall. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, Buprestidae) is an invasive pest, introduced from Asia that attacks North American ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). Trees often die from attack by emerald ash borer, whether they are growing vigorously or not, within a few years. Some ash do not succumb as easily to attack as other individuals, despite being within the same species. After emergence, both adult emerald ash borer males and females require maturation feeding, which may assist in suitable host finding for subsequent oviposition. I compared the amount of leaf area consumed by emerald ash borer adults between leaves from trees identified as low tolerant and high tolerant to attack. Freshly collected green ash (F. pennsylvanica) leaves were exposed to caged adult pairs (F:F, F:M, and M:M). There was no significant difference of leaf area fed on compared between the three categories of feeding pairs. However, when the data were pooled, significantly more low tolerant leaf area was consumed over high tolerant. This result suggests that emerald ash borer adults feed preferentially on low tolerant leaves.
Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Age Along the Chilean Continental Margin

ABSTRACT We present 37 new radiocarbon (14C) measurements from mollusk shells fragments sampled along the Chilean continental margin and stored in museum collections with known calendar age. These measurements were used to estimate the modern pre-bomb regional marine 14C age deviations from the global ocean reservoir (∆R). Together with previously published data, we calculated regional mean ∆R values for five oceanographic macro regions along the coast plus one for a mid-latitude open ocean setting. In general, upwelling regions north of 42ºS show consistent although sometimes highly variable ∆R values with regional averages ranging from 141 to 196 14C yr, whereas the mid-latitude open ocean location of the Juan Fernández archipelago and the southern Patagonian region show minor, ∆R of 40±38 14C yr, and 52±47 14C yr respectively. We attribute the alongshore decreasing pattern toward higher latitudes to the main oceanographic features along the Chilean coast such as perennial coastal upwelling in northern zone, seasonally variable upwelling at the central part and the large freshwater influence upon the southern Patagonian channels.
Comparison of Vis–NIR on in situ, intact core and dried, sieved soil to estimate clay content at field to regional scales

We evaluated the in situ performance of a newly designed visible and near‐infrared (Vis–NIR) penetrometer to predict clay content for 10 fields, 151 profile locations and 485 samples that span four orders of the USDA Soil Taxonomy across the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. The clay mineralogy of the soil families is mixed and heterogeneous. To minimize the effects of soil moisture, in situ Vis–NIR measurements were taken during the summer in a Mediterranean climate when most soil is at or near wilting point. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and leave‐one‐core‐out cross‐validation were used to assess the different soil Vis–NIR measurements: (i) standard error of prediction (SEP) = 5.7, residual product differential (RPD) = 1.69 for in situ, (ii) SEP = 5.3, RPD = 1.83 for laboratory measurements of intact cores and (iii) SEP = 4.7, RPD = 2.0 for laboratory measurements of dried, sieved soil. The two primary factors contributing to larger in situ errors of prediction relative to laboratory‐based measurements of dried, sieved soil were (i) scanning an intact soil surface at field moisture compared with dried, sieved‐homogenized soil and (ii) problems with instrument drift and referencing in the field. For four of the 10 fields with similar loess soil and 24 cores per field, we found that for all soil preparations (in situ, intact core and dried, sieved) field‐specific calibrations (SEP = 5.1, RPD = 1.29 for in situ; SEP = 3.3, RPD = 2.0 for dried, sieved samples) out‐performed both a single calibration for the four fields and a calibration that included all 10 fields in this study. More research is required to understand better the effects of examining intact rather than crushed‐sieved soil material, a potentially important factor for in situ spectroscopy. In situ predictions could probably be improved with a more stable and internally referenced field spectrometer, but even with these challenges the results show that penetrometer‐derived in situ spectroscopy can be used to map the variation in soil profile clay content semi‐quantitatively.
In a Lonely Place? Social Networks, Job Seeking and the Experience of Long-Term Unemployment

Combating long-term unemployment remains a central strand of policies to promote social and labour market inclusion. One area of increasing concern is that the long-term unemployed (and especially those residing in disadvantaged communities) can find themselves isolated from the diverse social networks that can contribute to effective job seeking. This article draws on interviews conducted with 220 job seekers in two areas of high unemployment within the city of Glasgow to investigate: whether long-term unemployed people in these areas struggle to access social networks for job search; and the extent to which long-term unemployment is in itself associated with a more general erosion of social/community relations and a withdrawal from what has been termed the ‘tertiary sphere of sociability’. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential role for social policy in seeking to help the long-term unemployed and other job seekers to develop and broaden social networks and activities.
Admissions to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect of age related factors and service organisation

Background: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a high rate of mortality which gets worse with advancing age. It is unknown whether this is due to age related deficiencies in process of care. A study was undertaken in patients with COPD exacerbations admitted to UK hospitals to assess whether there were age related differences in the process of care that might affect outcome, and whether different models of care affected process and outcome. Methods: 247 hospital units audited activity and outcomes (inpatient death, death within 90 days, length of stay (LOS), readmission within 90 days) for 40 consecutive COPD exacerbation admissions in autumn 2003. Logistic regression methods were used to assess relationships between process and outcome at p<0.001. Results: 7514 patients (36% aged ⩾75 years) were included. Patients aged ⩾75 years were less likely to have blood gases documented, to have FEV1 recorded, or to be given systemic corticosteroids. Those admitted under care of the elderly (CoE) physicians were less likely to enter early discharge schemes or to receive non-invasive ventilation when acidotic. Overall inpatient and 90 day mortality was 7.4% and 15.3%, respectively. Inpatient and 90 day adjusted odds mortality rates for those aged ⩾85 years (versus ⩽65 years) were 3.25 and 2.54, respectively. Mortality was unaffected by admitting physician (CoE v general v respiratory). Age predicted LOS but not readmission. Age related deficiencies in process of care did not predict inpatient or 90 day mortality, readmission, or LOS. Conclusions: Management of COPD exacerbations varies with age in UK hospitals. Inpatient and 90 day mortality is approximately three times higher in very elderly patients with a COPD exacerbation than in younger patients. Age related deficiencies in the process of care were not associated with mortality, but it is likely that they represent poorer quality of care and patient experience. Recommended standards of care should be applied equally to elderly patients with an exacerbation of COPD.
Methyl Jasmonate Regulates Antioxidant Defense and Suppresses Arsenic Uptake in Brassica napus L.

Methyl jasmonate (MJ) is an important plant growth regulator, involved in plant defense against abiotic stresses, however, its possible function in response to metal stress is poorly understood. In the present study, the effect of MJ on physiological and biochemical changes of the plants exposed to arsenic (As) stress were investigated in two Brassica napus L. cultivars (ZS 758 – a black seed type, and Zheda 622 – a yellow seed type). The As treatment at 200 μM was more phytotoxic, however, its combined application with MJ resulted in significant increase in leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, biomass production and reduced malondialdehyde content compared with As stressed plants. The application of MJ minimized the oxidative stress, as revealed via a lower level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis (H2O2 and OH-) in leaves and the maintenance of high redox states of glutathione and ascorbate. Enhanced enzymatic activities and gene expression of important antioxidants (SOD, APX, CAT, POD), secondary metabolites (PAL, PPO, CAD) and induction of lypoxygenase gene suggest that MJ plays an effective role in the regulation of multiple transcriptional pathways which were involved in oxidative stress responses. The content of As was higher in yellow seeded plants (cv. Zheda 622) as compared to black seeded plants (ZS 758). The application of MJ significantly reduced the As content in leaves and roots of both cultivars. Findings of the present study reveal that MJ improves ROS scavenging through enhanced antioxidant defense system, secondary metabolite and reduced As contents in both the cultivars.
Spectral models for early time SN 2011fe observations

We use observed UV through near-IR spectra to examine whether SN 2011fe can be understood in the framework of Branch-normal Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and to examine its individual peculiarities. As a benchmark, we use a delayed-detonation model with a progenitor metallicity of Z_⊙/20. We study the sensitivity of features to variations in progenitor metallicity, the outer density profile, and the distribution of radioactive nickel. The effect of metallicity variations in the progenitor have a relatively small effect on the synthetic spectra. We also find that the abundance stratification of SN 2011fe resembles closely that of a delayed-detonation model with a transition density that has been fit to other Branch-normal SNe Ia. At early times, the model photosphere is formed in material with velocities that are too high, indicating that the photosphere recedes too slowly or that SN 2011fe has a lower specific energy in the outer ≈0.1 M_⊙ than does the model. We discuss several explanations for the discrepancies. Finally, we examine variations in both the spectral energy distribution and in the colours due to variations in the progenitor metallicity, which suggests that colours are only weak indicators for the progenitor metallicity, in the particular explosion model that we have studied. We do find that the flux in the U band is significantly higher at maximum light in the solar metallicity model than in the lower metallicity model and the lower metallicity model much better matches the observed spectrum.
Inferences during Story Comprehension: Cortical Recruitment Affected by Predictability of Events and Working Memory Capacity

Although it has been consistently shown that readers generate bridging inferences during story comprehension, little is currently known about the neural substrates involved when people generate inferences and how these substrates shift with factors that facilitate or impede inferences, such as whether inferences are highly predictable or unpredictable. In the current study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal increased for highly predictable inferences (relative to events that were previously explicitly stated) bilaterally in both the superior temporal gyri and the inferior frontal gyri. Interestingly, high working memory capacity comprehenders, who are most likely to generate inferences during story comprehension, showed greater signal increases than did low working memory capacity comprehenders in the right superior temporal gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus. When comprehenders needed to draw unpredictable inferences in a story, fMRI signal increased relative to explicitly stated events in the left inferior gyrus and in the middle frontal gyrus, irrespective of working memory capacity. These results suggest that the predictability of a text (i.e., the causal constraint) and the working memory capacity of the comprehender influence the different neural substrates involved during the generation of bridging inferences.
Medicinal species with gastroprotective activity found in the Brazilian Cerrado

Peptic and/or duodenal ulcers are characterized by diverse acute and chronic ulcerative lesions that commonly arise in any portion of the gastric mucosa that is exposed to the aggressive action of gastric acid. The pathophysiology of peptic ulcers has been attributed to an imbalance between aggressive and protective factors. In Brazil, medicinal plants are commonly used to treat this ailment. A country with great biodiversity, Brazil is considered a rich source of therapeutic products. There have been popular and pharmacological reports on the medicinal relevance of the Brazilian cerrado plant species, including Ananas ananassoides, Celtis iguanaea, Encholirium spectabile, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Lafoensia pacari, Qualea grandiflora, Qualea parvifora, Mouriri pusa, Solanum lycocarpum, Solanum paniculatum, Serjania erecta, and Vochysia tucanorum, in the treatment of stomach disorders. The aim of the present review was to report on some of the Brazilian cerrado plants that are used in folk medicine because of their gastroprotective potential and to encourage novel studies in the search and preservation of plants with this therapeutic potential.
Phototherapy — a treatment modality for wound healing and pain relief

When applied properly, phototherapy or Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has proved to be very efficient in relieving pain and improving wound healing. However, until recently there has been a lack of scientific scrutiny concerning the clinical efficacy of this procedure. This does not mean that phototherapy does not work. A search for “laser” and “therapy” on the ISI Web of Knowledge database reported that the USA accounts for 35.69% of the research material while only 18 papers were reported from South Africa (1987-2006) which accounts for 0.17% of the 10 652 papers analyzed. Despite the lack of scientific research, clinical results have been exceptional. Clinicians around the world, based on their professional experiences, confirm the analgesic effect of phototherapy. Unfortunately, from a strictly scientific point of view, these reports are hardly conclusive. There has been little or no standardization in the application of phototherapy. This review investigates key aspects of phototherapy and the efficacy of laser therapy for specific applications namely, wound healing and pain relief. (Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 10:
Predictors of Outcome in Patients With Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Although intracerebral hemorrhages are frequent in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis, and lead to worse outcome, predictors of outcome in cerebral venous thrombosis patients with intracerebral hemorrhages have never been evaluated in adequately powered studies. Methods— This study was conducted as a part of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis. We evaluated predictors of outcome in cerebral venous thrombosis patients who had an “early intracerebral hemorrhage,” ie, intracerebral hemorrhages already present at time of diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis by a logistic regression analysis, with a modified Rankin scale 3 to 6 at month 6 as dependent variable. The same analysis was performed with “delayed intracerebral hemorrhages,” ie, intracerebral hemorrhages that occurred after the diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis, as dependent variable. Results— Of 624 patients recruited in International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis, 245 (39%) had an early intracerebral hemorrhage: at month 6, 51 (21%) of them had a modified Rankin Scale 3 to 6. Independent predictors of having modified Rankin scale 3 to 6 at month 6 were older age (adjusted odds ratio for 1-year increase in age, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08); male gender (adjusted odds ratio, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.29 to 8.16); having a deep cerebral venous system thrombosis (adjusted odds ratio, 5.43; 95% CI, 1.67 to 17.61) or a right lateral sinus thrombosis (adjusted odds ratio, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.03 to 6.40); and having a motor deficit (adjusted odds ratio, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.21 to 7.10). Of the 36 patients who had a delayed intracerebral hemorrhage, those who had a modified Rankin scale 3 to 6 at month 6 were less likely to have received heparin at the acute stage, and more likely to have had early intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusion— Among patients with early intracerebral hemorrhage, those who were older, men, had a thrombosis of the deep cerebral venous system or of the right lateral sinus, and a motor deficit were at higher risk for death or dependency at month 6. This subgroup of patients with predictors of poor outcome can be the target for new therapeutic strategies.
Different tests for a difference: how do we do research?

Most biological scientists conduct experiments to look for effects, and test the results statistically. We have already described Student’s t test which is very commonly used. However, this test concentrates on a very limited question. We assume that there is no effect in the experiment, and then estimate the possibility that we could have obtained these results. The question concerns what we may deduce, if the samples measured came from a single theoretical population of known characteristics. We calculate the probability that we might obtain the results we did, ormore extreme results, on the basis of this premise. The statistical procedure is called frequentist because the results are expressed in terms of ‘how frequently would a result like this be observed, given the exact
Bandwidth Bandit: Quantitative characterization of memory contention

On multicore processors, co-executing applications compete for shared resources, such as cache capacity and memory bandwidth. This leads to suboptimal resource allocation and can cause substantial performance loss, which makes it important to effectively manage these shared resources. This, however, requires insights into how the applications are impacted by such resource sharing. While there are several methods to analyze the performance impact of cache contention, less attention has been paid to general, quantitative methods for analyzing the impact of contention for memory bandwidth. To this end we introduce the Bandwidth Bandit, a general, quantitative, profiling method for analyzing the performance impact of contention for memory bandwidth on multicore machines. The profiling data captured by the Bandwidth Bandit is presented in a bandwidth graph. This graph accurately captures the measured application's performance as a function of its available memory bandwidth, and enables us to determine how much the application suffers when its available bandwidth is reduced. To demonstrate the value of this data, we present a case study in which we use the bandwidth graph to analyze the performance impact of memory contention when co-running multiple instances of single threaded application.
Step size bound for narrowband feedback active noise control

This paper presents the derivation of the convergence analysis of the feedback active noise control under perfect and imperfect secondary path transfer functions. Existing analysis approaches do not include the analysis of the reference signal synthesis errors due to the complexity of interrelated feedback nature. A detailed derivation of the maximum step size bound for the feedback active noise control system has been formulated for perfect and imperfect secondary-path estimation. This theoretical work has been verified by computer simulations.
Indications for Keratoplasty at 3 Academic Centers from 2002 to 2012

Objectives: To determine whether indications for keratoplasty differ between academic centers and the Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) annual statistics from 2002 to 2012. Methods: A retrospective review was performed for the indications for keratoplasty from 2002 to 2012 based on surgical specimens originating from three different academic centers. Data were compared with statistical reports obtained from the EBAA for the corresponding years. Results: From 2002 to 2007, at Washington University in St Louis (WU), the most common indication for keratoplasty was graft failure at 31.6%. At St Louis University, the most common indications for keratoplasty were pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy (PBK/ABK) at 34.6% followed closely by graft failure at 32.7%. Combining the 2002 to 2007 EBAA data, the most common indication for keratoplasty was PBK/ABK at 19.5%, whereas regrafts accounted for only 13.0% of keratoplasties. From 2008 to 2012, regrafts accounted for 41.9% of keratoplasties at WU and 33.1% of keratoplasties at University of California, Davis. In contrast, the EBAA data showed that only 11.4% of keratoplasties were regrafts. Conclusions: Graft failure accounted for approximately 30% to 40% of indications for keratoplasties at three academic centers from 2002 to 2012, which was more than double and in some cases triple that of the EBAA data during this period. These higher frequencies of regrafting may represent a referral bias of patients with complicated cases to academic centers who then require multiple keratoplasties.