Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Community-based participatory research: conducting a formative assessment of factors that influence youth wellness in the Hualapai community.

OBJECTIVES Using a community-based participatory research approach, a tribe-university team conducted a formative assessment of local factors that influence youth wellness to guide the design of a culturally and locally relevant health promotion program. METHODS Open-ended interviews with key informants, a school self-assessment using the Centers for Disease Control's School Health Index, and a locally generated environmental inventory provided data that were triangulated to yield a composite of influential factors and perceived need within the community. RESULTS Family involvement and personal goal setting were identified as key to youth wellness. Supportive programs were described as having consistent adult leadership, structured activities, and a positive local and regional image. Availability of illicit drugs and alcohol, poor teacher attitude, and lack of adult involvement were significant negative factors that impact youth behavior. CONCLUSIONS Local/native (emic) and university/nonnative (etic) perspectives and abilities can be combined to yield a culturally relevant formative assessment that is useful to public health planning. In this collaborative effort, standard means of data collection and analysis were modified in some cases to enhance and build upon the knowledge and skills of community researchers.
Online Handwriting Recognition Using Levenshtein Distance Metric

In this article, we propose a novel scheme for online handwritten character recognition based on Levenshtein distance metric. Both shape and position information are considered in our feature representation scheme. The shape information is encoded by a string of quantized values of angular displacements between successive sample points along the trajectory of the handwritten character. The consecutive occurrences of same value in such a string are removed retaining only one of them. Next, each element in the resulting string is assigned an integral weight value proportional to the length of the segment of the trajectory represented by the corresponding element. Similarly, position information is encoded by another string of quantized positional information along with their respective weight values. We formulated a distance function based on Levenshtein metric to compute the similarity between an unknown character sample and each training sample. Here, we have also studied the effect of pruning the training sample set based on the above distance between individual training samples of the same character class. The proposed approach has been simulated on different publicly available sample databases of online handwritten characters. The recognition accuracies are acceptable.
Robust Image Feature Matching via Progressive Sparse Spatial Consensus

In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm, termed as progressive sparse spatial consensus, for mismatch removal from a set of putative feature correspondences involving large number of outliers. Our goal is to estimate the underlying spatial consensus between the feature correspondences and then remove mismatches accordingly. This is formulated as a maximum likelihood estimation problem, and solved by an iterative expectation-maximization algorithm. To handle large number of outliers, we introduce a progressive framework, which uses matching results on a small putative set with high inlier ratio to guide the matching on a large putative set. The spatial consensus is modeled by a non-parametric thin-plate spline kernel; this enables our method to handle image pairs with both rigid and non-rigid motions. Moreover, we also introduce a sparse approximation to accelerate the optimization, which can largely reduce the computational complexity without degenerating the accuracy. The quantitative results on various experimental data demonstrate that our method can achieve better matching accuracy and can generate more good matches compared to several state-of-the-art methods.
Sexual dimorphism of the fifth component of mouse complement

Sexual dimorphism of mouse complement component 5 (C5) was detected by isoelectric focusing of desialated ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-plasma on agarose gel, followed by immunofixation with anti- mouse C5. Male plasma displayed two C5 bands, basic and acidic, while female plasma had only a basic C5 band. In all mouse strains tested except C5-deficient strains, the identical patterns of the dimorphism were obtained. The basic and acidic C5 were antigenically and hemolytically indistinguishable from each other. In the neonatal mice of both sexes, the basic C5 was observed at the same levels, but the acidic C5 was only slightly detected. Injection of testosterone into mice resulted in an appearance of the acidic C5 in females and its increase in males. By contrast, injection of estradiol decreased the acidic C5. These results indicate that the expression of the acidic C5 is under the control of testosterone.
Benchmark Databases for Video-Based Automatic Sign Language Recognition

A new, linguistically annotated, video database for automatic sign language recognition is presented. The new RWTH-BOSTON-400 corpus, which consists of 843 sentences, several speakers and separate subsets for training, development, and testing is described in detail. For evaluation and benchmarking of automatic sign language recognition, large corpora are needed. Recent research has focused mainly on isolated sign language recognition methods using video sequences that have been recorded under lab conditions using special hardware like data gloves. Such databases have often consisted generally of only one speaker and thus have been speaker-dependent, and have had only small vocabularies. A new database access interface, which was designed and created to provide fast access to the database statistics and content, makes it possible to easily browse and retrieve particular subsets of the video database. Preliminary baseline results on the new corpora are presented. In contradistinction to other research in this area, all databases presented in this paper will be publicly available.
Decreased Migration of Langerhans Precursor-Like Cells in Response to Human Keratinocytes Expressing Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6/E7 Is Related to Reduced Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3α Production

ABSTRACT Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, particularly types 16 and 18, contributes to 90% of cervical cancer cases. HPV infects cutaneous or mucosal epithelium, tissue that is monitored for microbial infection or damage by Langerhans cells. In lesions produced by HPV type 16, there is a reduction in numbers of immune cells, especially Langerhans cells. Langerhans precursor cells selectively express CCR6, the receptor for macrophage inflammatory protein 3α (MIP-3α), and function as potent immune responders to inflamed epithelium and initiators of the innate immune response. It has been reported that E6 and E7 of high-risk HPVs interfere with immune mediators in order to suppress the recruitment of immune cells and antiviral activities of infected cells. Here we show that, following proinflammatory stimulus, HPV-16 E6 and E7 inhibit MIP-3α transcription, resulting in suppression of the migration of immature Langerhans precursor-like cells. Interestingly, the E6 and E7 proteins from the low-risk HPV types also inhibited MIP-3α transcription. These results suggest that one mechanism by which HPV-infected cells suppress the immune response may be through the inhibition of a vital alert signal, thus contributing to the persistence of HPV infection.
Acute First-Time Hamstring Strains during High-Speed Running

Background Hamstring muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in sports. Still, knowledge is limited about the progression of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics and their association with recovery time in athletes. Hypothesis Knowing the anatomical location and extent of an acute first-time hamstring strain in athletes is critical for the prognosis of recovery time. Study Design Case series (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Eighteen elite sprinters with acute first-time hamstring strains were prospectively included in the study. All subjects were examined, clinically and with magnetic resonance imaging, on 4 occasions after injury: at day 2 to 4, 10, 21, and 42. The clinical follow-up period was 2 years. Results All sprinters were injured during competitive sprinting, and the primary injuries were all located in the long head of the biceps femoris muscle. There was an association between the time to return to pre-injury level (median, 16; range, 6-50 weeks) and the extent of the injury, as indicated by the magnetic resonance imaging parameters. Involvement of the proximal free tendon, as estimated by MRI, and proximity to the ischial tuberosity, as estimated both by palpation and magnetic resonance imaging, were associated with longer time to return to pre-injury level. Conclusion Careful palpation during the first 3 weeks after injury and magnetic resonance imaging investigation performed during the first 6 weeks after injury provide valuable information that can be used to predict the time to return to pre-injury level of performance in elite sprinting.
Isoflurane anaesthesia (0.6 MAC) and hypoxic ventilatory responses in humans

In order to evaluate the difference between poikilo‐capnic (no CO2 added to inspired gas) and iso‐capnic (CO2 added to keep end‐tidal CO2 constant) hypoxic ventilatory responses (HVR) awake and during 0.6 MAC isoflurane anaesthesia, seven cardio‐pulmonary healthy patients were investigated. Pneumotachography and capnography were used before and during hypoxia (end‐tidal O2 tension approx. 7 kPa). In the awake stale, poikilo‐capnic hypoxic challenges resulted in an increased HVR as indicated by a V̇E that on average increased by 1.4 ± 1.0 (mean ± s.d.) 1 · min−1, whereas the iso‐capnic hypoxic challenges resulted in a V̇E increase that was 4.7 ± 2.3 1 · min−1 on average. In the anaesthetized state, the corresponding value during poikilocapnia was 1.3 ± 0.8 1 · min−1 (88% of the awake responses, n.s.) and during iso‐capnia 2.3 ± 1.4 1 · min−1 (49% of the awake, P < 0.02). Awake HVR was achieved by greater tidal volumes during poikilocapnia as well as during isocapnic challenges, while respiratory rates were unchanged. In the anaesthetized state, during poikilocapnia, however, HVR was mediated by an increased respiratory rate, (from 17.5 ± 1.7 breath · min−1 to 20.2 ± 2.2) and during isocapnia by a combination of increased rate (from 17.1 ± 1.9 breath · min−1 to 19.1 ± 1.8) and tidal volume (from 496 ± 80 to 560 ± 83 ml). It is concluded that poikilocapnic HVR is maintained at 0.6 MAC isoflurane whereas iso‐capnic HVR is depressed by 50%. In addition, both poikilo‐ and iso‐capnic HVR were accomplished by greater tidal volumes at unchanged respiratory rates in the awake state while the opposite occurred during isoflurane anaesthesia. The more dominating chronotropic HVR during hypoxic challenge under anaesthesia will have to be further clarified in experimental studies.
The Supply and Demand of Skilled Workers in Cities and the Role of Industry Composition

The share of high-skilled workers in U.S. cities is positively correlated with city size, and this correlation strengthened between 1980 and 2010. Furthermore, during the same time period, the U.S. economy experienced a significant structural transformation with regard to industrial composition, most notably in the decline of manufacturing and the rise of high-skilled service industries. To decompose and investigate these trends, this paper develops and estimates a spatial equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms and workers that allows for both industry-specific and skill-specific technology changes across cities. The estimates imply that both supply and demand of high-skilled labor have increased over time in big cities. In addition, demand for skilled labor in large cities has increased somewhat within all industries. However, this aggregate increase in skill demand in cities is highly concentrated in a few industries. The finance, insurance, and real estate sectors alone account for 35 percent of the net change over time.
The Effects of Anthropogenic Structures on Habitat Connectivity and the Potential Spread of Non-Native Invertebrate Species in the Offshore Environment

Offshore structures provide habitat that could facilitate species range expansions and the introduction of non-native species into new geographic areas. Surveys of assemblages of seven offshore oil and gas platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel revealed a change in distribution of the non-native sessile invertebrate Watersipora subtorquata, a bryozoan with a planktonic larval duration (PLD) of 24 hours or less, from one platform in 2001 to four platforms in 2013. We use a three-dimensional biophysical model to assess whether larval dispersal via currents from harbors to platforms and among platforms is a plausible mechanism to explain the change in distribution of Watersipora and to predict potential spread to other platforms in the future. Hull fouling is another possible mechanism to explain the change in distribution of Watersipora. We find that larval dispersal via currents could account for the increase in distribution of Watersipora from one to four platforms and that Watersipora is unlikely to spread from these four platforms to additional platforms through larval dispersal. Our results also suggest that larvae with PLDs of 24 hours or less released from offshore platforms can attain much greater dispersal distances than larvae with PLDs of 24 hours or less released from nearshore habitat. We hypothesize that the enhanced dispersal distance of larvae released from offshore platforms is driven by a combination of the offshore hydrodynamic environment, larval behavior, and larval release above the seafloor.
A tyrannosauroid metatarsus from the Merchantville Formation of Delaware increases the diversity of non-tyrannosaurid tyrannosauroids on Appalachia

During the Late Cretaceous, the continent of North America was divided into two sections: Laramidia in the west and Appalachia in the east. Although the sediments of Appalachia recorded only a sparse fossil record of dinosaurs, the dinosaur faunas of this landmass were different in composition from those of Laramidia. Represented by at least two taxa (Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis and Dryptosaurus aquilunguis), partial and fragmentary skeletons, and isolated bones, the non-tyrannosaurid tyrannosauroids of the landmass have attracted some attention. Unfortunately, these eastern tyrants are poorly known compared to their western contemporaries. Here, one specimen, the partial metatarsus of a tyrannosauroid from the Campanian Merchantville Formation of Delaware, is described in detail. The specimen can be distinguished from A. montgomeriensis and D. aquilunguis by several morphological features. As such, the specimen represents a potentially previously unrecognized taxon of tyrannosauroid from Appalachia, increasing the diversity of the clade on the landmass. Phylogenetic analysis and the morphology of the bones suggest the Merchantville specimen is a tyrannosauroid of “intermediate” grade, thus supporting the notion that Appalachia was a refugium for relict dinosaur clades.
NeuroImage: Clinical

The goal of the present study was to apply deep learning algorithms to identify autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients from large brain imaging dataset, based solely on the patients brain activation patterns. We investigated ASD patients brain imaging data from a world-wide multi-site database known as ABIDE (Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange). ASD is a brain-based disorder characterized by social de ﬁ cits and repetitive behaviors. According to recent Centers for Disease Control data, ASD a ﬀ ects one in 68 children in the United States. We investigated patterns of functional connectivity that objectively identify ASD participants from functional brain imaging data, and attempted to unveil the neural patterns that emerged from the classi ﬁ cation. The results improved the state-of-the-art by achieving 70% accuracy in identi ﬁ cation of ASD versus control patients in the dataset. The patterns that emerged from the classi ﬁ cation show an anticorrelation of brain function between anterior and posterior areas of the brain; the anticorrelation corroborates current empirical evidence of anterior-posterior disruption in brain connectivity in ASD. We present the results and identify the areas of the brain that contributed most to di ﬀ erentiating ASD from typically developing controls as per our deep learning model.
Modeling Consumer Purchasing Behavior in Social Shopping Communities with Clickstream Data

Social shopping communities (SSCs) evolve from a linkage of social networking and online shopping. Apart from direct shopping features in shopbots (e.g., search fields), SSCs additionally offer user-generated social shopping features. These include recommendation lists, ratings, styles (i.e., assortments arranged by users), tags, and user profiles. Purchases can be made by following a link to a participating online shop ("click-out"). SSCs are experiencing high growth rates in consumer popularity (e.g., Polyvore attracts more than 6 million unique visitors per month). Thus, this business model has received considerable venture capital in recent years. By analyzing clickstream data, we investigate which factors, especially social shopping features, are significant for predicting purchasing behavior within SSCs. Our logit model includes about 2.73 million visiting sessions and shows that social shopping features exert a significant impact, both positive and negative. Tags and high ratings have a positive impact on a click-out. In contrast, the more lists and styles used, the less likely the user is to make a click-out. Yet, lists and styles seem to enhance site stickiness and browsing. Moreover, the more direct shopping features that are used, the less likely the user is to conduct a click-out. Increasing transaction costs and information overload could be potential reasons. We also found that community members are more likely to make a click-out than ordinary users. This implies that community members are more profitable.
The Satellite Cell in Male and Female, Developing and Adult Mouse Muscle: Distinct Stem Cells for Growth and Regeneration

Satellite cells are myogenic cells found between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre. Satellite cells are the source of new myofibres; as such, satellite cell transplantation holds promise as a treatment for muscular dystrophies. We have investigated age and sex differences between mouse satellite cells in vitro and assessed the importance of these factors as mediators of donor cell engraftment in an in vivo model of satellite cell transplantation. We found that satellite cell numbers are increased in growing compared to adult and in male compared to female adult mice. We saw no difference in the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors between male and female mice, but distinct profiles were observed according to developmental stage. We show that, in contrast to adult mice, the majority of satellite cells from two week old mice are proliferating to facilitate myofibre growth; however a small proportion of these cells are quiescent and not contributing to this growth programme. Despite observed changes in satellite cell populations, there is no difference in engraftment efficiency either between satellite cells derived from adult or pre-weaned donor mice, male or female donor cells, or between male and female host muscle environments. We suggest there exist two distinct satellite cell populations: one for muscle growth and maintenance and one for muscle regeneration.
Arterial stiffness and chronic kidney disease: lessons from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to highlight what the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study has taught us regarding arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease. The CRIC study began in mid-2003 and enrolled more than 3900 people with chronic kidney disease. Recent findingsThe recent findings from the CRIC study are covered in 10 lessons. Within the CRIC study, we enrolled about 2800 participants who underwent a pulse wave velocity measurement. At the time of initial funding, very little was known about the role of arterial stiffness in chronic, nondialyzed, kidney disease. The lessons span the gamut from simple correlations to measures such as central arterial pressure profiles and reproducibility of pulse wave velocity measurements between operators, to relationships of pulse wave velocity to kidney function, protein excretion, cardiovascular disease prevalence, and incident cardiovascular events such as heart failure. SummaryThe implications from these lessons are that pulse wave velocity is a robust, reproducible measure of arterial stiffness which adds important information to standard clinical assessments such as SBP and DBP in a population with chronic kidney disease, a disorder with high likelihood of progressive kidney function loss, and a substantial predisposition to cardiovascular disease.
Measuring the change in CBV upon cortical activation with high temporal resolution using look‐locker EPI and Gd‐DTPA

A method of simultaneously measuring the changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) and T *2 that occur on brain activation with high temporal resolution was developed. The method involves measuring the change in the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) that occurs following a bolus injection of Gd‐DTPA and converting this measurement to a change in blood volume assuming fast exchange. The sequence was optimized for the measurement of changes in CBV with high temporal resolution. A change in CBV of 27 ± 4% on activation of the primary visual cortex (V1) was measured across four subjects. The time course of changes in T *2 showed a poststimulus undershoot (P = 0.008) corresponding approximately to a period over which CBV was still elevated above baseline, but falling (P = 0.01). The effects of perfusion, nonfulfillment of the assumption of fast exchange and of intrinsic T1 changes on activation on the model used to calculate the change in CBV are discussed. Magn Reson Med 50:483–492, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early Childhood Numeracy: Building an Understanding of Part–Whole Relationships

This paper looks at a key aspect of numeracy, quantification, the process for determining how many things are in a group. Things can be quantified by counting or by subitizing (knowing just by looking). Many mathematics educators see counting as the first step towards more advanced mathematical understanding. However, there is some evidence to suggest that, for some children, subitizing is well-established before counting. There seems to be reasonable agreement that children need to understand about the relationships between the parts and the whole (part—whole thinking). This paper looks at ways to support children's part—whole thinking in the early childhood years, and the use of egg cartons to create three-dimensional tens-frames and six-frames for this purpose. Collecting up treasures to put in the compartments of an egg carton capitalises on young children's ‘accumulation intent’, and helps them to appreciate the way that numbers are composed of other numbers.