Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selective Sampling of Empirical Settings in Organizational Studies

Most studies in organization theory are retrospective and rely on historical data. Because more data are available about widely diffused practices or about large populations, studies typically focus on these. Using simulation, we demonstrate that such selective sampling of empirical settings has important implications for two major research programs in organization theory. Diffusion researchers typically study practices that have diffused widely. We show that this implies that they will underestimate contagion effects. Researchers in organizational ecology often study populations that have become large. We show that such selective sampling of populations can generate spurious non-monotonic density dependence. We discuss the implications of such selective sampling of empirical settings and suggest ways to correct for the bias.
TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF SNAIL FEEDING RHYTHMS: A THREE-PHASE RELAXATION OSCILLATOR

1. 1. Rhythmic fictive feeding was recorded from the motoneurones of the buccal ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis . The times of the action potentials were recorded by microcomputer and the lengths of the three phases (Nl, N2 and N3) making up each feeding cycle were determined. 2. 2. During spontaneous rhythmic fictive feeding in Lymnaea stagnalis the cycle period varied randomly. 3. 3. Most of the variation in cycle period arose from alterations in the duration of the N3 (swallowing) phase of the rhythm; the Nl (protraction) and N2 (rasp) phases were fixed in length. 4. 4. The firing rates of feeding motoneurones active in the Nl and N3 phases increased with feeding rate: this was not true of those active in the N2 phase. 5. 5. In rhythms produced by stimulating the SO modulatory interneurone, both the Nl and N3 phases varied in duration. The N2 duration remained constant. 6. 6. The temporal analysis is accounted for by the neuronal model based on the synaptic interactions recorded by Elliott and Benjamin (1985 a , b ; J. Neurophysiol. 54 , 1396–1421). Note: Present address: The Institute of Psychiatry, 101 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF.
DISPARATE TIME-COURSES OF ADAPTATION AND FACILITATION IN MULTI-STABLE PERCEPTION

Far from being “memoryless”, the phenomenal appearance of an ambiguous display depends in complex ways on the recent history of similar perceptions. Given several possible appearances, the continued dominance of one appearance mitigates against its renewed dominance at a later time. This “negative priming” effect is likely caused by neural adaptation. At the same time, continued dominance of one appearance mitigates in favor of its renewed dominance when stimulation resumes after an interruption. This “positive priming” effect may reflect some kind of neural facilitation. We have used a multi-stable, kinetic depth display to disentangle these positive and negative priming effects. We report that negative priming builds up and decays in seconds, whereas positive priming builds up in seconds and decays in minutes. Moreover, unambiguous displays induce negative, but not positive, priming. This difference, together with their disparate time-courses of recovery, render the two effects cleanly dissociable.
Seeking professional fulfillment: US symphony orchestra members in schools

Symphony orchestra musicians have characterized their careers as stressful, boring, and lacking in artistic integrity. In addition, they typically do not score high on job satisfaction inventories. This study describes how symphony orchestra members seek professional fulfillment through participating in school-based programs. Forty-seven musicians from two US orchestras who were participating in their orchestra’s education program were interviewed and observed in schools working with children. The interview transcriptions and classroom observation field notes and summaries were analyzed and coded for emergent themes. The results indicated that the musicians valued four major outcomes of their work in classrooms: the opportunity to express their creativity that the development of their presentations provided, the relationships forged with schools and children, the impact they could have on individual students’ lives, and the opportunity to serve the community. Orchestra musicians’ perspectives of their career paths appear to be enhanced by providing opportunities for them to work closely with students, particularly in under-resourced schools in their communities.
Conceptual Processing in Music as Revealed by N400 Effects on Words and Musical Targets

The cognitive processing of concepts, that is, abstract general ideas, has been mostly studied with language. However, other domains, such as music, can also convey concepts. Koelsch et al. [Koelsch, S. , Kasper, E. , Sammler, D. , Schulze, K. , Gunter, T. , & Friederici, A. D. Music, language and meaning: Brain signatures of semantic processing. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 302–307, 2004] showed that 10 sec of music can influence the semantic processing of words. However, the length of the musical excerpts did not allow the authors to study the effect of words on musical targets. In this study, we decided to replicate Koelsch et al. findings using 1-sec musical excerpts (Experiment 1). This allowed us to study the reverse influence, namely, of a linguistic context on conceptual processing of musical excerpts (Experiment 2). In both experiments, we recorded behavioral and electrophysiological responses while participants were presented 50 related and 50 unrelated pairs (context/target). Experiments 1 and 2 showed a larger N400 component of the event-related brain potentials to targets following a conceptually unrelated compared to a related context. The presence of an N400 effect with musical targets suggests that music may convey concepts. The relevance of these results for the comprehension of music as a structured set of conceptual units and for the domain specificity of the mechanisms underlying N400 effects are discussed.
Female choice for male motor skills

Sexual selection was proposed by Darwin to explain the evolution of male sexual traits such as ornaments and elaborate courtship displays. Empirical and theoretical studies have traditionally focused on ornaments; the reasons for the evolution of elaborate, acrobatic courtship displays remain unclear. We addressed the hypothesis that females choose males on the basis of subtle differences in display performance, indicating motor skills that facilitate survival. Male golden-collared manakins (Manacus vitellinus) perform elaborate, acrobatic courtship displays. We used high-speed cameras to record the displays of wild males and analysed them in relation to male reproductive success. Females preferred males that performed specific display moves at greater speed, with differences of tens of milliseconds strongly impacting female preference. In additional males, we recorded telemetrically the heart rate during courtship using miniature transmitters and found that courtship is associated with profoundly elevated heart rates, revealing a large metabolic investment. Our study provides evidence that females choose their mates on the basis of subtle differences in motor performance during courtship. We propose that elaborate, acrobatic courtship dances evolve because they reflect motor skills and cardiovascular function of males.
Perceived Informativeness of Facts.

There are many tasks in which people are called on to disregard information that they have already processed. Dealing with inadmissible evidence in a courtroom setting, second-guessing the past, and responding to experimental psychologists' debriefing instructions are three tasks of this type; in all these cases, people have been found to experience considerable difficulty. The present experiment investigates these difficulties in a general form, using almanactype questions. Subjects told the correct answers to such questions were found to overestimate both how much they would have known about the answer had they not been told and how much they actually did know about the answer before being told. Attempts to undo this knew-it-all-along effect by exhorting subjects to work harder or telling them about the bias failed. These results were discussed in terms of how the structure of one's knowledge is altered to accommodate new information.
Positive affect and feedback‐giving behavior

Purpose – New models of career management require individuals to harvest as much learning as possible from situations wherever and whenever feedback is possible. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of positive affect (liking) on feedback giving behavior since authors have suggested a potential bias but little empirical evidence exists on the topic.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 77 trainer‐trainee dyads in a formal field‐based training program over a 60‐day period. Additionally, critical incidents accounts of career setbacks were collected from MBA students and consulting clients.Findings – Less positive and less specific feedback was reportedly given to liked individuals, compared to disliked individuals, when performance was not attributed to internal causes. Also, an interaction between performance level and affective relationship explained amounts of negative feedback received in low internal attribution group. Less liked trainees received similar amounts .
Construct implications of including still image or video in computer-based listening tests

Over the past decade, listening comprehension tests have been converting to computer-based tests that include visual input. However, little research is available to suggest how test takers engage with different types of visuals on such tests. The present study compared a series of still images to video in academic computer-based tests to determine how test takers engage with these two test modes. The study, which employed observations, retrospective reports and interviews, used data from university-level non-native speakers of English. The findings suggest that test takers engage differently with these two modes of delivery. Specifically, while test takers engaged minimally and similarly with the still images, there was wide variation in the ways and degree to which they engaged with the video stimulus. Implications of the study are that computer-based tests of listening comprehension could include still images with only minimally altering the construct that is measured by audio-only listening tests, but the utilization of video in such computer-based tests may require a rethinking of the listening construct.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESIDUES AND RESISTANCE: UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING DRUG USAGE ON DAIRY FARMS

Introduction In modern dairy cattle operations, antimicrobials are administered for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Most antimicrobials are used therapeutically but some antimicrobials are used to prevent disease in healthy animals during periods of increased susceptibility. Mastitis is one of the most frequent infectious diseases in dairy cattle and accounts for most of the doses of antibiotics given to dairy cows (Pol and Ruegg, 2006a). Lactating cows may be treated for clinical mastitis or to pursue bacteriological cure of a subclinical case. Antimicrobials are also used to treat other infectious diseases of dairy cows, including respiratory and uterine infections and infectious foot disease.
Family Secrets: Forms, Functions and Correlates

What types of information do families keep secret? What are the functions that family members perceive secrets to serve? Is secrecy associated with family satisfaction? Two studies were conducted to examine such issues. The first study revealed that family secrets fall into three categories: taboos, rule violations and conventional secrets. Functions of secrets involve bonding, evaluation, maintenance, privacy, defense or communication problems. In the second study, the number of secrets that family members perceived their family to hold in comparison to other families was inversely correlated with family satisfaction. In addition, individuals' perception that some of their family members held secrets concerning taboo topics from other members was negatively related to satisfaction. Overall, results suggest that the association between secrecy and family satisfaction is influenced by the form, topic and function of the secret.
Enhancing international knowledge transfer through information technology: the intervention of communication culture

Nowadays, outsourcing and offshore-partnering activities have become popular business models for leading multinational enterprises. Usually, outsourcing not only helps leading multinational enterprises increase their competitive advantage, but also offers suppliers a great opportunity to learn from their international customers. Hence, it raises the issue of what factors are important for suppliers to successfully manage knowledge transfer in the international context. In the previous studies, little attention has been paid to how information technology (IT) influences cross-border knowledge transfer. In this present study, taken from the supplier's perspective, we propose that IT can improve the quality and quantity of information exchange, and have a positive influence on cross-border knowledge transfer. Based on a sample site of 206 Taiwanese suppliers and tested by the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) statistical approach, the empirical results reveal that a knowledge management integrated database has a positive impact on technical knowledge transfer. Additionally, when in a low-context communication culture, video conferencing has a positive impact on technical knowledge transfer and instant messaging also has a positive impact on marketing knowledge transfer. Importantly, inter-organisational IT does not have a significant impact on knowledge transfer when in a high-context communication culture.
A generic wideband channel model for keyhole propagation scenarios and experimental evaluation

In this contribution we propose a geometry-based generic model to characterize a propagation channel in a keyhole environment. The channel considered is dispersive in delay, direction of departure, direction of arrival, and Doppler frequency. Based on the model, we derive the analytical expressions of the marginal and conditional dispersion of the channel, the correlation matrix and the power spectral density of the chanel. Experimental characteristics obtained in a indoor environment justifies the applicability of the model in describing the dispersive behavior of dominant components in the channel.
Can Both Low and High Self-Esteem Be Related to Aggression in Children?.

This study examined the opposing hypotheses that either low or exaggerated but disputed self-esteem is related to aggression in 652 12-year-old schoolchildren. Children provided peer nominations of social acceptance and of physical aggression, self-ratings of global self-worth and of social satisfaction. Teachers rated aggressive behavior and internalizing problems. Exaggerated but disputed self-esteem was conceptualized as discrepancies between self and peer evaluations of social satisfaction and of social acceptance, respectively, in combination with peer rejection. The main results showed that both low levels of global self-worth and exaggerated but disputed self-esteem were related to aggression. The findings indicated that, depending on how self-esteem is conceptualized, aggressive children may appear to have both a low and a high self-esteem. Regarding gender differences, exaggerated self-esteem was more strongly related to aggression in boys than in girls.
Phenomenology in Psychology and Psychiatry

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The Mindfulness and Mindlessness in Mobile Business Intelligence Adoption

Mobile business intelligence (m-BI) is a hot topic attracting the attention of many companies. Little is known about the main motivations that drive a company to adopt an innovation in general and specifically that kind of study is lacking within the mobile BI field, whose research is still in its early stages. This paper has two main contributions: first, the motivations which drive an organization to adopt mobile BI are explored based on the organizing vision concept and second the adoption rationales which the companies develop are discussed in terms of mindfulness and mindlessness. This study revealed that both mobile BI organizing vision (external factor) and the enthusiasm of the executives and users (internal factor) are affecting the decision of the companies to adopt mobile BI.
How teacher education can make a difference

Many studies reveal a huge gap between theory and practice in teacher education, leading to serious doubts concerning the effectiveness of teacher education. In this paper, the causes of the gap between theory and practice are analysed. On this basis, and grounded in a three‐level model of teacher learning, the so‐called ‘realistic approach’ to teacher education has been developed. It takes the causes of the theory–practice divide into account, and shows a new direction in the pedagogy of teacher education. Several evaluative studies into the realistic approach will be summarised. They lead to significant conclusions about the need for careful programme design based on: (1) an elaborated view of the intended process of teacher learning; (2) specific pedagogical approaches; and (3) an investment in the quality of staff members. The conclusions and implications are put into an international perspective.
Language and negotiation of ethnic/racial identity among Dominican Americans

The ethnolinguistic terms in which the children of Dominican immigrants in Rhode Island think of themselves, i.e. as “Spanish” or “Hispanic,” are frequently at odds with the phenotype-based racial terms “Black” or “African American,” applied to them by others in the United States. Spanish language is central to resisting such phenotype-racial categorization, which denies Dominican Americans their Hispanic ethnicity. Through discourse analysis of naturally occurring peer interaction at a high school, this article shows how a Dominican American who is phenotypically indistinguishable from African Americans uses language, in both intra- and inter-ethnic contexts, to negotiate identity and resist ascription to totalizing phenotype-racial categories. In using language to resist such hegemonic social categorization, the Dominican second generation is contributing to the transformation of existing social categories and the constitution of new ones in the US.
Somatotopic Organization of Motor Fibers in the Corona Radiata in Monoparetic Patients With Small Subcortical Infarct

Background and Purpose— The somatotopic organization of the corticospinal fibers is of importance because it is related to certain stroke syndromes. Although it has been suggested that motor fibers are somatotopically arranged in the corona radiata, the evidence is still insufficient in human. Methods— The relative anteroposterior and mediolateral location of the lesions was measured on T2-weighted MRI in 28 patients who developed isolated motor deficit limited to the arm, leg, or bulbofacial muscles after a small corona radiata infarct. Results— The location of the lesions associated with bulbofacial, arm, and leg paresis showed anterolateral-to-posteromedial distribution. Conclusions— The results suggest that motor fibers subserving the bulbofacial, arm, and leg muscles are somatotopically arranged at the level of the corona radiata.
A comment on the ICIDH2

The International Classi cation of Impairments Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) was originally published in 1980. As one of the three people who carried out the development work on the Classi cation (with Philip Wood and Elizabeth Badley) it has been of particular interest to follow the use of the classi cation, as well as the controversy that has grown around it over the last twenty years. Though Philip Wood was responsible for all the main taxonomic work on the classi cation, Elizabeth Badley and myself worked with Philip in clarifying the conceptual framework and helped to elaborate the classi cations, especially the main domains of disability and handicap. These were very exciting days for the three of us. As we saw it, the World Health Organisation (WHO) was moving away from a narrow medical model of health and disease—one primarily concerned with body systems and aetiologies—to one which recognised the consequences of health-related phenomena. We were particularly concerned to argue for a clearer recognition of social disadvantage—the focus of the handicap codes in the classi cation. Our aim was to bring such disadvantage to the fore, especially in a period increasingly characterised by population ageing and widespread chronic disorders of many different kinds. It was what people had in common, by virtue of being disabled that mattered most to us, alongside the speci c character of individual disorders or diseases. The ICIDH has gone on to be used widely in various ways, from population surveys of disability (e.g. the British national Survey carried out by the then OPCS in 1988, Martin et al., 1988) to more applied health care settings (e.g. the development of the London Handicap scale, Harwood et al., 1994) and sociological research (e.g. Anderson & Bury 1988). Inevitably the introduction use of the ICIDH has proved far from easy; the concepts involved are clearly more relational in character than existing notions of disease. Yet this has not stopped the ICIDH gaining considerable currency, both as a conceptual framework and a means of pursuing policy related research (Bury, 1987). Moreover, the in uence of the ICIDH has begun to make a positive difference to people’s lives. Not only has it helped health care providers identify more clearly issues that matter to people, but it has also had a material impact on a large number of disabled people. The national survey, mentioned above, brought about important changes in the British social security system, which introduced new bene ts for a substantial number of people (Bury, 1996a). At the same time the ICIDH has been the focus of considerable controversy,