Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Changes in Schistosoma mansoni during Early Schistosomula Development and in the Presence of Erythrocytes

Background Schistosomes cause more mortality and morbidity than any other human helminth, but control primarily relies on a single drug that kills adult worms. The newly transformed schistosomulum stage is susceptible to the immune response and is a target for vaccine development and rational drug design. Methodology/Principal Findings To identify genes which are up-regulated during the maturation of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula in vitro, we cultured newly transformed parasites for 3 h or 5 days with and without erythrocytes and compared their transcriptional profiles using cDNA microarrays. The most apparent changes were in the up-regulation of genes between 3 h and 5 day schistosomula involved in blood feeding, tegument and cytoskeletal development, cell adhesion, and stress responses. The most highly up-regulated genes included a tegument tetraspanin Sm-tsp-3 (1,600-fold up-regulation), a protein kinase, a novel serine protease and serine protease inhibitor, and intestinal proteases belonging to distinct mechanistic classes. The inclusion of erythrocytes in the culture medium resulted in a general but less pronounced increase in transcriptional activity, with the highest up-regulation of genes involved in iron metabolism, proteolysis, and transport of fatty acids and sugars. Conclusions We have identified the genes that are up-regulated during the first 5 days of schistosomula development in vitro. Using a combination of gene silencing techniques and murine protection studies, some of these highly up-regulated transcripts can be targeted for future development of new vaccines and drugs.
News Coverage of Social Protests and the Effects of Photographs and Prior Attitudes

A consistent news frame that deligitmizes and depicts most social protests as "police vs. protesters" has been identified in studies of news coverage of social movements. This study used an experimental design to examine the extent to which photographs and prior attitudes toward protests and protesters in general contribute to previously identified framing effects of protest news. Results indicated that for the protest issue of interest evaluations of the protest and protesters were more negative when photos depicting higher levels of conflict were shown. The amount of conflict shown in the photos did not affect evaluations of the protest and protesters when the issue was of less interest to participants. Additionally, participants who had more positive prior attitudes toward protesting in general were more likely to identify with the protesters in the stimulus story and to perceive that the protest was more effective than were those with more negative prior attitudes. Findings suggest the need to address possible nuances associated with the visuals alone and to incorporate prior attitudes when examining effects of news coverage of protests.
A survey of the language situation in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT Is there a Zimbabwean variety of English? If so, who speaks it? Although Zimbabwe is a multilingual speech community, the Shona language, which is composed of dialects and sub-dialects, enjoys numerical dominance because it is spoken by the majority of the Zimbabweans. On the other hand, English, the official language, enjoys status dominance and it occupies a special position in the lives of many Zimbabweans. There is dispute, however, whether English in Zimbabwe is an interlanguage, and its speakers have adopted the native variety as a model, or whether it is better to observe that there are many varieties of English in Zimbabwe which are pragmatically identifiable as Zimbabwean, and that the vast majority of Zimbabweans appear to speak an English which reflects the linguistic characteristics of Shona.
Modern Sociological Theory

Part 1 Introduction: an historical sketch of sociological theory - the early years an historical sketch of sociological theory - the later years. Part 2 Modern sociological theory: the major schools - structural functionalism, neo-functionalism and conflict theory varieties of neo-Marxian theory systems theory symbolic interactionism ethnomethodology exchange, network and rational choice theories contemporary feminist theory. Part 3 Recent integrative developments in sociological theory: micro-macro integration agency-structure integration. Part 4 From modern to post-modern social theory: contemporary theories of modernity structuralism, post-structuralism and the emergence of post-modern social theory appendix - sociological metatheorizing and a metatheoretical schema for analyzing sociological theory.
Better never than late: meeting deadlines in datacenter networks

The soft real-time nature of large scale web applications in today's datacenters, combined with their distributed workflow, leads to deadlines being associated with the datacenter application traffic. A network flow is useful, and contributes to application throughput and operator revenue if, and only if, it completes within its deadline. Today's transport pro- tocols (TCP included), given their Internet origins, are agnostic to such flow deadlines. Instead, they strive to share network resources fairly. We show that this can hurt application performance. Motivated by these observations, and other (previously known) deficiencies of TCP in the datacenter environment, this paper presents the design and implementation of D3, a deadline-aware control protocol that is customized for the datacenter environment. D3 uses explicit rate control to apportion bandwidth according to flow deadlines. Evaluation from a 19-node, two-tier datacenter testbed shows that D3, even without any deadline information, easily outper- forms TCP in terms of short flow latency and burst tolerance. Further, by utilizing deadline information, D3 effectively doubles the peak load that the datacenter network cansupport.
Sprouts from Cut Corticospinal Axons Persist in the Presence of Astrocytic Scarring in Long-Term Lesions of the Adult Rat Spinal Cord

Small, circumscribed electrolytic lesions were made in the corticospinal tract at the upper cervical level of the adult rat spinal cord. At increasing survival times, immunohistochemistry of glial fibrillary acidic protein and electron microscopy showed that the predominantly longitudinal astrocytic processes underwent a progressive hypertrophy, which spread from the lesion, increasing in intensity from 1 week and reaching a maximum at between 9.5 and 13 weeks, by which time the lesion was completely surrounded by a dense astrocytic scar. A previous study with orthograde transport of axonal tracers showed that from 2 weeks after the lesion the main axonal stems of both cut and adjacent uncut corticospinal axons had large varicosities. The swollen ends of the cut axons, and also the adjacent uncut axons, emitted extensive arborizations of sprouts directed into the central, macrophage-filled area of the lesion. The present experiments indicated that the axon sprouts persisted apparently undiminished over the period (from 9.5 to 13 weeks) when the astrocytic scarring process was reaching its maximum. Surrounding the center of the lesion was an area in which the axons had become demyelinated. By 3 weeks a few axons were remyelinated with peripheral myelin formed by Schwann cells which had migrated into the lesions. By 4 months the scar region was densely colonized by Schwann cells, which now had remyelinated a wide swath of both cut and uncut axons. The cut axons were myelinated by Schwann cells as far as their large terminal expansions, which were sheathed, but not myelinated, by satellitic Schwann cells. Thus, at survivals long enough for the formation of a dense, astrocytic scar, cut corticospinal axons retain extensive terminal and collateral arborizations even in the macrophage-filled central lesion area and are myelinated or ensheathed by endogenous Schwann cells.
[A comparative study of vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy].

OBJECTIVES To detect and compare the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and to investigate the role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of PDR. METHODS Undiluted vitreous samples of 7 normal subjects and 19 patients with PDR were obtained in different ways, and VEGF levels in the vitreous were detected by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitative analysis. RESULTS In the normal group (n = 7), the mean value of VEGF in the vitreous was 0.35 ng/ml (range 0.18-0.60 ng/ ml) in comparison with that of 5.66 ng/ml in the PDR group (n = 19; range 0.84-15.64 ng/ml), there was a significant difference between the two groups statistically (P < 0.05, Primer t test). In the comparison between male (n = 12; range 0.84-15.64 ng/ml) and female PDR group (n = 7; range 1.34-12.34 ng/ml), as their mean values of VEGF in the vitreous were 4.83 ng/ml and 7.08 ng/ml respectively, there was no significant difference between the two groups statistically (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The VEGF levels in the vitreous of patients with PDR were elevated, and as a neovascular growth factor, VEGF may play a role in the pathogenesis of PDR.
Reconstructing Racial Identity

When people move across state borders, they enter not only a different labor market and political structure but also a new system of social stratification by class, race, ethnicity, and gender. Migrants bring their own cultural conceptions of their identity, which often do not coincide with the ideological constructions of the receiving societies. As a mulatto Dominican colleague told me recently, she "discovered" that she was black only when she first came to the United States; until then she had thought of herself as an india clara (literally, a light Indian) in a country whose aboriginal population was practically exterminated in the 16th century. For most Caribbean immigrants in the United States, race and color have played a crucial role in the formation of their cultural identities. Two different models of racial hegemony are juxtaposed in the process of moving from the Caribbean to the United States. On one hand, Caribbean migrantsespecially those coming from the Spanish-speaking countries of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico-tend to use three main racial categories-black, white, and mixed-based primarily on skin color and other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture (Seda Bonilla, 1980). On the other hand, the dominant system of racial classification in the
Tobacyk's Paranormal Belief Scale and Temporal Lobe Signs: Sex Differences in the Experiences of Ego-Alien Intrusions

Tobacyk's Revised Paranormal Belief Scale and an inventory that infers temporal lobe signs were administered to 44 men and 54 women who were enrolled in first-year university courses. Women believed more in psi phenomena, witchcraft, and spiritualism than did men, who believed more in extraterrestrial life forms. Although complex partial epileptic-like signs were moderately (0.40) correlated with total beliefs for both sexes, these signs were dominated by experiences of ego-alien intrusions for women only. The results support the concept of greater interhemispheric coherence in women compared to men and emphasize the importance of limbic processes in the formation and maintenance of religious and paranormal beliefs.
Maternal behavior toward own and other preschool children: The problem of "ownness."

HALvERsON, CHARLES F. , JR., and WALDROP, MARY F. Maternal Behavior toward Own and Other Preschool Children: The Problem of "Ownness. " CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1970, 41, 839-845. The interactions between mothers and their own and other 2/2 year olds were explored to identify maternal behaviors which were consistent across children and those which were closely tied to individual children. A structured interaction session was designed to obtain data on mother-child interactions for male and female preschool children. Results indicate that while maternal behavior tended to be consistent with both children, mothers used significantly more positive, encouraging statements with other children and significantly more negative sanctions with their own children. Mothers of girls talked more than mothers of boys. Also, boys rated as aggressive in the nursery school had mothers who gave more negative, controlling statements to their sons than they did to the other children.
The structure and regulative function of the cognitive styles: a new theory

The organization of human cognitive styles can be described as a kind of functional system or as an holon. In this framework it is possible to propose a new theoretical base for classifying the primary cognitive styles. The fundamental theoretical thesis is that for all styles there is one common mechanism of forming and scanning the perceptual and memory field induced by the situation, and by the differences in the manner of carrying out the processes of field scanning /codes interfering depend on the range of conceptual equivalency and cognitive control of behavior. In the functional describing of the basic set of cognitive styles we must take into account three elements of the chain: neurobiological modules -> organization of cognitive holon -> behavioral manifestation of styles.
Hispanic Self-Employment: Does Gender Matter?

With the increase in female self-employment, there is a need to examine the intersection between race/ethnicity and gender. This study examined whether gender differences in income exist for self-employed Hispanics residing in California using data from the 1990 U.S. decennial census. Theories stressing human capital, social capital, and acculturation were combined and income equations were estimated separately for Hispanic self-employed men and Hispanic self-employed women. The sample consisted of 7,760 Hispanic self-employed persons (64% self-employed men versus 36% self-employed women). Multiple regression analysis suggests income differences in self-employment do exist by gender. For example, having less than a high school education relative to being a high school graduate decreased self-employment income for both men and women, but the effect was larger for men. Furthermore, decomposition analysis suggests income differences between genders are due both to differences in worker characteristics and rates of return to these characteristics.
Homeostasis and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vivo: lessons from TCR-transgenic Tregs

The identification of CD25 and subsequently Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) as markers for regulatory T cells (Tregs) has revolutionized our ability to explore this population experimentally. In a similar vein, our understanding of antigen‐specific Treg responses in vivo owes much to the fortuitous generation of T‐cell receptor (TCR)‐transgenic Tregs. This has permitted tracking of Tregs with a defined specificity in vivo, facilitating analysis of how encounter with cognate antigen shapes Treg homeostasis and function. Here, we review the key lessons learned from a decade of analysis of TCR‐transgenic Tregs and set this in the broader context of general progress in the field. Use of TCR‐transgenic Tregs has led to an appreciation that Tregs are a highly dynamic proliferative population in vivo, rather than an anergic population as they were initially portrayed. It is now clear that Treg homeostasis is positively regulated by encounter with self‐antigen expressed on peripheral tissues, which is likely to be relevant to the phenomenon of peripheral repertoire reshaping that has been described for Tregs and the observation that the Treg TCR specificities vary by anatomical location. Substantial evidence has also accumulated to support the role of CD28 costimulation and interleukin‐2 in Treg homeostasis. The availability of TCR‐transgenic Tregs has enabled analysis of Treg populations that are sufficient or deficient in particular genes, without the comparison being confounded by repertoire alterations. This approach has yielded insights into genes required for Treg function in vivo, with particular progress being made on the role of ctla‐4 in this context. As the prospect of manipulating Treg populations in the clinic becomes reality, a full appreciation of the rules governing their homeostasis will prove increasingly important.
The Truth About Youth: Media Portrayals of Young People and Politics in Britain

Some forms of political participation in Britain appear to be in crisis. Official rates of turnout are alarmingly poor and the sub-population least likely to participate in general—and vote in particular—is the youngest section of society. Moreover, the way that the media and and politicians have responded to the apparent crisis of youth participation has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. A full review of young people's place in the political environment is needed. This requires the application of different criteria for evaluating youth interests, and the avoidance of some of the most routinely used phrases to describe young people's attitudes to politics. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Problems with Research by Organizational Scholars on Issues of Race and Ethnicity

Despite a growing need for knowledge about the effects of race and ethnicity in organizations, relatively little research on these issues has been performed and few research reports have been published in the major management journals. A literature review and a survey of authors in the field indicate that factors responsible for this problem fall into two categories: factors limiting the amount of work done on these issues, and factors hindering the publication of completed work. Underlying many of these factors is the tendency for the effects of personal biases among authors, reviewers, and editors to be especially severe with respect to this topic. Moreover, issues of racioethnic relations and heterogeneity, including the problem of racism, have never really been resolved in American society generally. Following an analysis of the problems, suggestions are provided to aid scholars in effectively conducting and evaluating research on this topic.
Substrate regulation of soil respiration in a tallgrass prairie: Results of a clipping and shading experiment

Changes in soil respiration, one of the major fluxes of global carbon cycling, could significantly slow down or accelerate the increase in atmospheric CO2, with consequent feedbacks to climate change. It is critical to understand how substrate availability regulates soil respiration in projecting the response of carbon cycling to changed climate. We conducted a clipping and shading experiment for 1 year in a tallgrass prairie of the Great Plains, United States, to manipulate substrate supply to soil respiration. Our results showed that reduced substrate supply under clipping and/or shading significantly decreased soil respiration at all the timescales (diurnal, transient, and annual) irrespective of the minor concurrent changes in soil temperature and moisture. Annual mean soil respiration decreased significantly by 33, 23, and 43% for the clipping, shading, and clipping plus shading treatments, respectively. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration decreased from 1.93 in the control plots to 1.88, 1.75, and 1.83 in the clipped, shaded, and clipped plus shaded plots, respectively. Rhizosphere respiration, respiration from decomposition of aboveground litter, and respiration from oxidation of soil organic matter and dead roots accounted for 30, 14, and 56% of annual mean soil respiration, respectively. Rhizosphere respiration was more sensitive to temperature than the other two components. Our results suggest a critical role of substrate supply in regulating soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity.
The effect of decontamination procedures on the pharmacodynamics of venlafaxine in overdose.

AIMS To investigate the relationship between decontamination procedures and seizure events caused by venlafaxine overdose and to estimate the time at which 90% of patients would have had their first seizure in the presence and absence of decontamination. METHODS Data were collected from 319 patients who took an overdose of venlafaxine on 436 occasions. Seizures occurred on 24 of 436 occasions (5%). Patients received one of single dose activated charcoal (SDAC), whole bowel irrigation (WBI), a combination of either (SDAC/WBI) or no decontamination. Logistic regression and time to event analysis were used to investigate the influence of dose and decontamination on the probability of seizures and time to 90% (t(90) ) of seizure, respectively. RESULTS A linear logistic regression model described the data. Simulation from the model showed that the probability of seizure was 0.05 (0.03-0.08), 0.19 (0.09-0.35) and 0.75 (0.30-0.96) at 1000, 5000 and 10 000 mg, respectively (median and 95% credible interval). At the mean dose of 2100 mg the odds ratios (OR) in the presence of SDAC, WBI and SDAC/WBI were 0.48 (0.25-0.89), 0.71 (0.35-1.22) and 0.25 (0.08-0.62), respectively. A modified Gompertz model described the time to seizure events. Simulations from the Gompertz model showed that the t(90) values for first seizure was 26 h and was not affected by dose or decontamination procedure. CONCLUSION SDAC/WBI provided greater benefits than the sum of the independent effects of SDAC and WBI. Patients should be observed for at least 24 h for seizures based on the dose and risk of seizure occurring.
Neural Activity in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex Is Modulated by Task Context and Behavioral Instruction during Delayed-match-to-sample and Conditional ProsaccadeAntisaccade Tasks

Complex behavior often requires the formation of associations between environmental stimuli and motor responses appropriate to those stimuli. Moreover, the appropriate response to a given stimulus may vary depending on environmental context. Stimulus-response associations that are adaptive in one situation may not be in another. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been shown to be critical for stimulus-response mapping and the implementation of task context. To investigate the neural representation of sensory-motor associations and task context in the PFC, we recorded the activity of prefrontal neurons in two monkeys while they performed two tasks. The first task was a delayed-match-to-sample task in which monkeys were presented with a sample picture and rewarded for making a saccade to the test picture that matched the sample picture following a delay period. The second task was a conditional visuomotor task in which identical sample pictures were presented. In this task, animals were rewarded for performing either prosaccades or antisaccades following the delay period depending on sample picture identity. PFC neurons showed task selectivity, object selectivity, and combinations of task and object selectivity. These modulations of activity took the form of a reduction in stimulus and delay-related activity, and a pro/anti instruction-based grouping of delay activity in the conditional visuomotor task. These data show that activity in PFC neurons is modulated by experimental context, and that this activity represents the formal demands of the task currently being performed.