Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scale Economies in Education and the Brain Drain Problem

Stable URL:http://links.jstor.org/sici? sici=0020-6598%28199108%2932%3A3%3C743%3ASEIEAT%3E2.0. CO%3B2-CInternational Economic Review is currently published by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania.Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtainedprior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content inthe JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/journals/ier_pub. html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academicjournals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community takeadvantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. http://www.jstor.orgMon Oct 29 12:35:27 2007
Essays on the economics of crime

This thesis considers public policy effects on crime in Sweden using extensive administrative register data on all convictions in Sweden between 1973-2010. First, it explores the impacts of the Swedish compulsory schooling reform that took place between 1949-1962 on individual crime of the generation directly targeted by the education reform. Then it considers the intergenerational effect of this education policy on crime. Policies are often evaluated on either short term outcomes or just in terms of their effect on individuals directly targeted. If such policies shift outcomes across generations their benefits may be much larger than originally thought. This study provides novel evidence on the intergenerational impact of policy by showing that educational reform in Sweden reduced crime rates of the targeted generation and their sons by comparable amounts. The second policy evaluated in this thesis is a liberalization of the opening hours of the Swedish alcohol monopoly outlet stores that took place between 2000- 2001. This study distinguishes itself from existing studies by mapping out an age-specific policy impact on crime for all ages and for a broad set of types of crimes. Whether and how alcohol policies shift criminal outcomes differently for different ages and type of crimes is not well established. The liberalized opening hours of outlet stores had very heterogeneous effects on crime by age and type of crimes. It reduced overall crime rates for male teenagers by 15-20 percent, mainly driven by reductions in drugs and property offences. Men in their mid-thirties also experience a substantial reduction of overall crime rates by 9 percent that comes from reductions in other crimes category and traffic crimes. While a strong increase of 10 percent in the crime rate for men in their early to mid-twenties can be mainly attributed towards a large increase in drug offences.
Effective temperatures, rotational velocities, microturbulent velocities and abundances in the atmospheres of the Sun, HD 1835 and HD 10700

We describe our procedure to determine effective temperatures, rotational velocities, microturbulent velocities, and chemical abundances in the atmospheres of Sun-like stars. We use independent determinations of iron abundances using the fits to the observed Fe I and Fe II atomic absorption lines. We choose the best solution from the fits to these spectral features for the model atmosphere that provides the best confidence in the determined log N(Fe), Vt , and v sin i . Computations were done in the framework of LTE. Blending effects were accounted for explicitly. First, we compute the abundance of iron for a set of adopted microturbulent velocities. In some cases, a few points of log N(Fe I) = log N(Fe II) can be found. To determine the most selfconsistent effective temperature and microturbulent velocity in any star’s atmosphere, we used an additional constraint where we minimise the dependence of the derived abundances of Fe I and Fe II on the excitation potential of the corresponding lines. Using this procedure we analyse the spectra of the Sun and two well known solar type stars, HD1835 and HD10700 to determine their abundances, microturbulent velocity and rotational velocity. Our approach allows us to determine self-consistent values for the effective temperatures, abundances, Vt and v sin i . For the Sun we obtain the best agreement for a model atmosphere of Teff /log g/[Fe/H] = 5777/4.44/0.0, iron abundances and microturbulent velocities of log N(Fe) =4.44, Vt = 0.75 km/s, for the Fe I lines, and log N(Fe) = -4.47, Vt = 1.5 km/s for the Fe II lines. Furthermore, abundances of other elements obtained from the fits of their absorption features agree well enough (± 0.1 dex) with the known values for the Sun. We determined a rotational velocity of v sin i = 1.6 ± 0.3 km/s for the spectrum of the Sun as a star. For HD1835 the self-consistent solution for Fe I and Fe II lines log N(Fe)=+0.2 was obtained with a model atmosphere of 5807/4.47/+0.2 and microturbulent velocity Vt = 0.75 km/s, and leads to v sin i = 7.2 ± 0.5 km/s. For HD10700 the self-consistent solution log N(Fe) = -4.93 was obtained using a model atmosphere of 5383/4.59/-0.6 and microturbulent velocity Vt = 0.5 km/s. The Fe I and Fe II lines give rise to a v sin i = 2.4 ± 0.4 km/s. Using the Teff found from the ionisation equilibrium parameters for all three stars, we found abundances of a number of other elements: Ti, Ni, Ca, Si, Cr. We show that uncertainties in the adopted values of Teff of 100 K and Vt of 0.5 km/s change the abundances of elements up to 0.1 and 0.2 dex respectively. Galactic abundances variations can generally be larger than this measurement precision and therefore we can study abundance variations throughout the Galaxy.
A Review of Selected Genes with Known Effects on Performance and Health of Cattle

There are genetic conditions that influence production in dairy and beef cattle. The objective of this review was to describe relevant genetic conditions that have been associated with productivity and health in cattle. Genes or genomic regions that have been identified as a candidate for the condition will be included, and the genetic basis of the condition will be defined. Genes and genetic conditions included in this review are bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, deficiency of the uridine monophosphate synthase, bovine chronic interstitial nephritis, horn development, myostatin, complex vertebral malformation, leptin, osteopetrosis, apoptosis peptide activating factor 1, chondrodysplastic dwarfism, caseins, calpastatin, umbilical hernia, lactoglobulin, citrullinemia, cholesterol deficiency, prions, thyroglobulin, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, syndactyly, maple syrup urine disease, slick hair, Factor XI deficiency, and μ-Calpain. This review is not meant to be comprehensive, and relevant information is provided to ascertain genetic markers associated with the conditions.
Applicability of watermarking for intellectual property rights protection in a 3D printing scenario

The potential of 3D printing to revolutionize manufacturing is becoming today a reality. Also referred to a class of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies, 3D printing enables mass customization and manufacturing of device components, parts of houses, human organs and even food. It reduces production costs, manufacturing time, and necessary storage space. Due to this success, the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) for 3D printed models raises increased concerns. Among technologies enabling copyright protection, traitor tracing and authentication, 3D watermarking has received a lot of interest from the research community in the context of 3D digital models. In this paper we give an overview of the state of the art of 3D digital watermarking and we assess how it could be extended for ensuring the IPR protection of printed 3D models. By considering 3D printing and scanning as an attack, we evaluate the potential of state-of-the-art watermarking techniques to provide both robust protection and also high fidelity as the introduced shape perturbations should not impair the mechanical properties or functionalities of the printed 3D model.
Effects Of Physiographic Units On The Relationship Between Cropping Frequency And Level Of Soil Erosion In Nyakach District, Kenya

A number of scholars agree that farms which are cropped more frequently tend to exhibit lower levels of soil erosion than those that are cropped less frequently or left fallow. However, the effects of physiographic units on this relationship are not known. Most methods used to assess land degradation ignore the use of indicators of agricultural land use intensity and land degradation. They are too complex and ignore the role of physiography. This research looked at the effects of different physiographic units on the relationship between the frequency of cropping and the level of soil erosion in Nyakach District of Kenya. The study focused on establishing the relationship between cropping frequency and level of soil erosion in the Plateau, Scarp Slopes, Plains and Valley Bottoms. Purposive and simple random sampling was used to select 384 out of 29,214 farmsteads. Correlation and regression analyses were employed to assess the nature and strength of the relationship between the cropping frequency and the level of soil erosion in the four different physiographic units of Nyakach. Significant relationships occurred in all the four physiographic units with r = -0.347 for the Plateau, r = -0.318 for the Scarp Slopes, r = -0.412 for the Plains, and r = -0.43 for the Valley Bottoms. The researchers concluded that physiographic units have a significant influence on the relationship between cropping frequency and level of soil erosion in Nyakach District. It was therefore recommended that cropping frequency and level of soil erosion be used for assessing land degradation in specific physiographic units of Nyakach District.
Male dominance and immunocompetence in a field cricket

Female preference for dominant males has been found in many species, and it is generally thought that winners of male-male competition are of superior quality. Success in contests probably depends on male condition and overall health. Thus, females could avoid infection and gain genetic benefits in terms of more viable offspring by mating with dominant males. In the present study, we tested whether dominant males of the Mediterranean field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, had higher immunocompetence than did their subordinates in experimental trials. We found that dominant males had better immune defense, as indicated by significantly higher encapsulation rate and lytic activity, than did subordinate males of the same size. Dominant males were also more successful in obtaining matings, but this was measured nonindependently of dominance status. Our results suggest that a male’s dominance status and success in fights may indicate his immunocompetence to females. Key words: dominance, female choice, Gryllus bimaculatus, immunocompetence, male-male competition. [Behav Ecol 15:187–191 (2004)]
Computer-based detection of diabetes retinopathy stages using digital fundus images

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycaemia and the long-term complications are retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiomyopathy. It is a leading cause of blindness. Diabetic retinopathy is the progressive pathological alterations in the retinal microvasculature, leading to areas of retinal non-perfusion, increased vascular permeability, and the pathological proliferation of retinal vessels. Hence, it is beneficial to have regular cost-effective eye screening for diabetes subjects. Nowadays, different stages of diabetes retinopathy are detected by retinal examination using indirect biomicroscopy by senior ophthalmologists. In this work, morphological image processing and support vector machine (SVM) techniques were used for the automatic diagnosis of eye health. In this study, 331 fundus images were analysed. Five groups were identified: normal retina, mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Four salient features blood vessels, microaneurysms, exudates, and haemorrhages were extracted from the raw images using image-processing techniques and fed to the SVM for classification. A sensitivity of more than 82 per cent and specificity of 86 per cent was demonstrated for the system developed.
The Impact of Stereotaxy on Cognitive Domains of Patients with Glioma

Introduction: This study tries to determine the impact of stereotaxy on cognitive domains of patients with glioma. Methods and Materials: It was a cross-sectional study performed on 42 glioma patients aged from 15 to 65 years old. All of the patients were examined by neurosurgeons, neurologists and psychiatrists and then 42 patients were referred to stereotaxy. Cognitive evaluations were done through Stroop, CPT, and TOL tests. Results: Based on the performance assessment of the patients before and after stereotaxy, a significant difference was observed between Stroop, CPT and TOL tests measures (P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study indicated that cognitive impairments could be found in patients with glioma after stereotaxy so that for survival, longevity and better life quality they need cognitive rehabilitation simultaneous with stereotaxy.
PERCEPTIONS: EXAMINING HOW TEACHERS CONTRIBUTE TO THE POSITIVE EDUCATION EXPERIENCE OF ACADEMICALLY AT RISK STUDENTS

This study identified, from the perspective of ethnic minority academically at risk adolescents, teachers who were making a positive difference in their learning. In particular, the study sought to elicit the above students' descriptions of ways in which their named teachers made a contribution to a positive education experience and to explore from the perspectives of the identified teachers their actions and attitudes that contribute to a positive education experience. Narratives were provided by academically at risk students of African American, Hispanic, and American Indian descent, in grades 7 through 9, at a public junior high school in the Midwest. The researcher used a descriptive qualitative research design to elicit and analyze student and teacher narratives.
Conservative Socket Regeneration with Buccal Wall Defect Using Guided Tissue

Progressive alveolar bone resorption after tooth extraction may lead to surgical and prosthetic-driven difficulties, especially when deciding to use a dental implant to replace the extracted tooth. This case report discusses an irreparable lower left second premolar tooth with a periodontal lesion on the buccal side. A preservative tooth extraction was performed. Then, the socket was grafted with bovine bone, a collagen membrane was placed between the buccal bone and the attached gingiva, covering the bone dehiscence buccally, and the socket without a flap was raised. After a 6-month healing period, there was minimal socket width resorption and a shallow buccal vestibule. The implant was placed with high primary stability and sufficient buccal plate thickness. In conclusion, this guided tissue regeneration technique can minimize alveolar bone resorption in a socket with buccal dehiscence, but technical difficulties and shallowing of the buccal vestibule still exist.
The results of ATIC-2 experiment for elemental spectra of cosmic rays

The results of ATIC-2 baloon experiment (2002–2003) for energy spectra of protons, He, C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, Fe, some groups of nuclei, and all-particle spectrum in primary cosmic rays are presented in energy region 50 GeV–200 TeV. The conclusion is that the spectra of protons and helium nuclei are essentially different (the spectrum of protons is steeper) and the spectra of protons and heavy nuclei have no-power form.
Capital Reallocation and Adverse Selection

We investigate how adverse selection in the used capital market generates procyclical sales of used capital -- capital reallocation. In our model, adverse selection produces a resale discount for used capital. In equilibrium, this endogenous partial irreversibility is more severe in recessions than booms, leading to more reallocation in booms. The distribution of firm size affects the used capital price because aggregate shocks cause firms to exit and enter an investment inaction region, so higher moments of firm size affect the used capital price and investment. We find that neither frictionless models nor models with fixed irreversibility generate procyclical reallocation.
Scheduling Tasks with Mixed Timing Constraints in GPU-Powered Real-Time Systems

Due to the cost-effective, massive computational power of graphics processing units (GPUs), there is a growing interest of utilizing GPUs in real-time systems. For example GPUs have been applied to automotive systems to enable new advanced and intelligent driver assistance technologies, accelerating the path to self-driving cars. In such systems, GPUs are shared among tasks with mixed timing constraints: real-time (RT) tasks that have to be accomplished before specified deadlines, and non-real-time, best-effort (BE) tasks. In this paper, (1) we propose resource-aware non-uniform slack distribution to enhance the schedulability of RT tasks (the total amount of work of RT tasks whose deadlines can be satisfied on a given amount of resources) in GPU-enabled systems; (2) we propose deadline-aware dynamic GPU partitioning to allow RT and BE tasks to run on a GPU simultaneously, such that BE tasks are not blocked for a long time. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches by using both synthetic benchmarks and a real-world workload that consists of a set of emerging automotive tasks. Experimental results show that the proposed approaches yield significant schedulability improvement for RT tasks and turnaround time decrement for BE tasks. Moreover, the analysis of two driving scenarios shows that such schedulability improvement and turnaround time decrement can significantly enhance the driving safety and experience. For example, when the resource-aware non-uniform slack distribution approach is used, the distance that a car travels during the time between a traffic sign (pedestrian) is "seen and recognized" is decreased from 44.4m to 22.2m (from 4.4m to 2.2m); when the deadline-aware dynamic GPU partitioning approach is used, the distance that the car has traveled before a drowsy driver is woken up is reduced from 56.2m to 29.2m.
Did a Strong Economy in the 1990s Affect Poverty in U.S. Metro Areas? Exploring Changes in Poverty in Metropolitan Areas Over the Last U.S. Business Cycle, 1992-2003

This article considers whether the economic transformation in the United States during the 1990s included the reduction of poverty in metropolitan (metro) areas. The authors investigate poverty change over the last business cycle, a period of overall strong economic growth. Their analysis identifies evidence of both poverty reduction and persistence. Findings show a general decline in poverty, with decline greatest in the metro areas with the highest poverty rates at the beginning of the last business cycle. Yet the relatively strong economy did not move the metro areas with the highest poverty from their relative position. The article documents that the underlying factors affecting metro-area poverty will have to be changed to fundamentally address poverty in high-poverty-rate metro areas. Reliance on changes in the macro economy will not be sufficient.
Workload characterization of JVM languages

Originally developed with a single language in mind, the JVM is now targeted by numerous programming languages—its automatic memory management, just‐in‐time compilation, and adaptive optimizations—making it an attractive execution platform. However, the garbage collector, the just‐in‐time compiler, and other optimizations and heuristics were designed primarily with the performance of Java programs in mind. Consequently, many of the languages targeting the JVM, and especially the dynamically typed languages, are suffering from performance problems that cannot be simply solved at the JVM side. In this article, we aim to contribute to the understanding of the character of the workloads imposed on the JVM by both dynamically typed and statically typed JVM languages. To this end, we introduce a new set of dynamic metrics for workload characterization, along with an easy‐to‐use toolchain to collect the metrics. We apply the toolchain to applications written in six JVM languages (Java, Scala, Clojure, Jython, JRuby, and JavaScript) and discuss the findings. Given the recently identified importance of inlining for the performance of Scala programs, we also analyze the inlining behavior of the HotSpot JVM when executing bytecode originating from different JVM languages. As a result, we identify several traits in the non‐Java workloads that represent potential opportunities for optimization. © 2015 The Authors. Software: Practice and Experience Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Stable adaptive control for nonlinear multivariable systems with a triangular control structure

A stable adaptive controller is developed for a class of nonlinear multivariable systems using nonlinearly parametrized function approximators. Using the system's triangular control property, integral type Lyapunov functions are introduced for deriving the control structure and adaptive laws without the need for estimating the "decoupling matrix" of the multivariable nonlinear system. It is shown that stability of the adaptive closed-loop system is guaranteed, and transient performance is analytically quantified by mean square and L/sub /spl infin// tracking error bound criteria.
Is large-scale fair trade possible?

The article presents the changes in the nature of the market relationship that are induced by the expansion of fair trade. It shows that the increase in outlets leads to challenging working with “small producers”, the payment of a “fair price” that cannot be totally disconnected from market forces, and the rising impersonality of the producer-consumer relationship. Several types of fair trade on several scales are possible. The transition from a direct chain to an intermediated chain and then to a labelled chain increase the efficiency of trade but is accompanied by less opposition to the characteristics that fair trade activists attribute to the conventional market.