Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Familial colorectal cancer syndromes: an overview of clinical management

Familial colorectal cancer syndromes pose a complex challenge to the treating clinician. Once a syndrome is recognized, genetic testing is often required to confirm the clinical suspicion. Management from that point is usually based on disease-specific guideline recommendations targeting risk reduction for the patient and their relatives through surgery, surveillance and chemoprophylaxis. The aim of this paper is to provide an up-to-date summary of the most common familial syndromes and their medical and surgical management, with specific emphasis on evidence-based interventions that improve patient outcome, and to present the information in a manner that is easily readable and clinically relevant to the treating clinician.
Molecular Characterization of the Dot/Icm-Translocated AnkH and AnkJ Eukaryotic-Like Effectors of Legionella pneumophila

ABSTRACT Although most Dot/Icm-translocated effectors of Legionella pneumophila are not required for intracellular proliferation, the eukaryotic-like ankyrin effectors, AnkH and AnkJ are required for intracellular proliferation. In this report, we show that the IcmSW chaperones are essential for translocation of AnkJ but not AnkH. The 10 C-terminal residues and the ANK domains of AnkH and AnkJ are required for translocation. Our data indicate that the two ANK domains of AnkH are critical domains required for the function of the effector in intracellular replication of L. pneumophila. The ankH and ankJ mutants are severely defective in intrapulmonary proliferation in mice. Expression of AnkH and AnkJ fusions within HEK293 cells show a punctuate distribution in the cytosol but no association with endocytic vesicles, the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum. Interestingly, the defect in intracellular proliferation of the ankH or ankJ mutants is rescued in HEK293 cells expressing the respective protein. We conclude that AnkH and AnkJ are effectors translocated by the Dot/Icm system by distinct mechanisms and modulate distinct cytosolic processes in the host cell.
On the motivational nature of cognitive dissonance: Dissonance as psychological discomfort.

Most empirical research investigating the motivational properties of cognitive dissonance has focused on the arousal component of dissonance rather than on the psychological component explicitly delineated by L. Festinger (1957) . In 2 induced-compliance experiments, a self-report measure of affect was used to demostrate that dissonance is experienced as psychological discomfort and that this psychological discomfort is alleviated on implementation of a dissonance-reduction strategy, attitude change. Experiment 1 yielded supporting evidence for both of these propositions. Experiment 2 replicated the 1st experiment and ruled out a self-perception-based alternative explanation for the dissonance-reduction findings in Experiment 1. Results from the 2 experiments strongly support Festinger's conceptualization of cognitive dissonance as a fundamentally motivational state.
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin discontinuation followed by hepatitis B virus vaccination: A new strategy in the prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation

It is widely agreed that hepatitis B virus immunoglobulin (HBIG) should be administered for at least 12 months to patients transplanted for hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related diseases to prevent HBV recurrence. No data are available, however, on how long this treatment should be used, and most centers currently administer HBIG on a life‐long basis. Herein, we report the results of a new prophylactic strategy aiming at the discontinuation of HBIG treatment and consisting of the administration of double dose recombinant HBV vaccine (0, 1‐, and 6‐month schedule) to liver transplant recipients fulfilling the following criteria: (1) liver transplantation for conditions related to nonreplicative HBV infection (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] positive, hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg] negative, and HBV DNA negative); (2) at least 18 months of HBIG administration; and (3) no HBV infection recurrence, normal or slightly altered liver graft function, and low‐grade immunosuppression at the time of vaccination. Seventeen patients received HBV vaccination and 14 of them (82%) developed protective serum titers of anti‐HBs (>10 IU/L). Six patients seroconverted after a first course of vaccination, whereas 8 patients required a second course (3 additional doses of vaccine). Responding patients were followed for a median of 14 months (range, 3‐50) after seroconversion. During this period no HBV recurrence occurred and in only 2 patients a decrease of anti‐HBs titers below 10 UI/L was observed. Our data suggest that in selected liver transplant recipients, posttransplantation HBV vaccination may be a useful and cost‐effective strategy in the prophylaxis of HBV recurrence, allowing the discontinuation of life‐long HBIG treatment.
Monoamine neurons in the human brain stem: anatomy, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and clinical implications

By using high-resolution, conventional, and neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging techniques, we reviewed the normal anatomy of the nuclei consisting of monoamine neurons such as dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotoninergic neurons and noted the changes in these nuclei that occur in some degenerative and psychiatric disorders. Multimodal MR images can directly or indirectly help in identifying the substantia nigra, locus ceruleus, and raphe nuclei that contain monoamine neurons. Neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging can detect signal alterations in the substantia nigra pars compacta and/or locus ceruleus that occur in Parkinson's disease and psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. This technique seems to be promising for the noninvasive evaluation of the pathological or functional changes in the monoamine system that occur in degenerative and psychiatric disorders.
Leadership and Self-Determination

This article briefly reviews attributes and elements identified in the literature for promoting the self-determination and self-advocacy of people with disabilities. In addition, to identify which elements of self-determination and self-advocacy are discussed as elements of effective leadership, a small portion of the general leadership literature is also reviewed. Of specific interest is determining which self-determination practices that have emerged in the literature devoted to people with disabilities also appear in the general leadership literature as essential, generic leadership practices. Conceptual distinctions are drawn among the notions of self-determination, self-advocacy, empowerment, and leadership. A number of conclusions are drawn and are supported by the review, suggesting that (a) self-determination and self-advocacy are essential to effective leadership based on the frequency with which attributes of self-determination are identified as elements of effective leadership; (b) leadership involves skills, competencies, and strategies that focus on collective action to achieve common goals, whereas self-determination and self-advocacy typically focus on individual action directed toward personal goals; and (c) effective leadership is fundamentally an exercise in collective self-determination. Recommendations to increase the focus and attention to the leadership development of people with developmental disabilities are suggested.
Sex Differences in Quantitative SAT Performance: New Evidence on the Differential Coursework Hypothesis

Recent research has questioned socialization explanations for sex differences in mathematics performance. In particular, the hypothesis that differences in the details of males’ and females’ high school programs are responsible for the sizable average difference between the sexes in quantitative Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) performance has been challenged in a recent study byBenbow and Stanley (1980). This research, however, considered sex-linked coursework differences only indirectly and was based on the experiences of an unusual sample of gifted youth. Using a more broadly representative sample, we provide a direct test of the hypothesis that the sex difference in quantitative SAT performance may be due to differences in the pattern of quantitative coursework taken by males and females in high school. We find that the male-female gap in SAT-M performance shrinks considerably when sex differences in quantitative high school coursework are controlled. These findings suggest that increasing females’ rates of enrollment in high level mathematics courses would greatly reduce the sex difference in quantitative SAT performance and that it is premature to reject socialization and experiential explanations for the male-female gap in levels of quantitative performance.
Beyond Strategy Choice: A Reply to Al-Gahtani and Roever

Al-Gahtani and Roever (2012) [Proficiency and Sequential Organisation of L2 Requests, Applied Linguistics, 33/1, 42–65] analyse L2 request development in a radical way by focusing on sequence organization. This article applies their approach to an earlier finding, which had been inadequately described within a traditional speech act framework, namely, that lower proficiency L2 learners often make requests by means of apparent hints. Al-Gahtani and Roever’s (2012) method of analysis provides a much neater description of that finding about hints and reveals that lower proficiency learners participate less actively in request sequences. This review demonstrates the value of Al-Gahtani and Roever’s approach for examining L2 pragmatic development.
Barriers to International Experiential Participation

Does “preflection,” as proposed by Jones and Bjelland (2004), enhance student participation in international experiential activities? Students’ experiences and barriers to participation in international research settings was studied through multiple, natural resource, field day demonstrations in south Texas and northeastern Mexico. Students observed experts from Mexico and Texas demonstrate 1) soil and water conservation practices, 2) brush control, 3) grassland restoration, and 4) wildlife management techniques used on several border region ranches. Undergraduates also studied economic, social, and cultural issues in a border-region colonia. Prior to the field days, students participated in preflection exercises to benchmark their cultural awareness of Mexico, its agricultural and socioeconomic systems, and their own internal and external barriers that prohibited previous participation in international experiential situations. Following the field days, students participated in post-experience reflection exercises to compare their initial beliefs to actual experiences. Respondents had primarily negative, stereotypical attitudes toward Mexico and Mexican agriculture prior to the field days. They expressed concerns about personal safety, language and financial barriers, and missing their families as reasons for not participating in international experiential activities. Following the Texas-Mexico field days, students’ initial attitudes were changed to positive, progressive beliefs about Mexico and its agricultural systems. Postexperience barriers remained largely unchanged; language and personal safety issues were primary reasons for not participating in future long-term international experiences. However, a few students noted a willingness to seek careers internationally. Identification of these beliefs and barriers helped administrators make programmatic changes to the Texas-Mexico experience.
Mild cognitive impairment and mood: a systematic review

Summary This systematic review, with meta-analyses conducted where data were available, aimed to investigate the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to establish how symptoms of depression and anxiety relate to the progression from no cognitive impairment to MCI, and from MCI to dementia. Sixty studies were included in the review. Meta-analyses indicated that symptoms of depression and anxiety were more prevalent in people with MCI than in people with normal cognitive function, and increased the risk of progression from no cognitive impairment to MCI. There were mixed results regarding the effect of such symptoms on progression from MCI to dementia. The findings highlight the need for more research in this area, which can inform attempts to slow or halt the progression of cognitive impairment in later life, with resulting benefits for quality of life.
Does the Police Academy Change Your Life? A Longitudinal Study of Changes in Socialising Behaviour of Police Recruits

The current study tracks the social behaviour of new police recruits from pre-Academy, after six months' Academy training, through to one year into police training (N = 177). The results showed that recruits socialise and drink more with colleagues after entering the Academy than they did pre-Academy. The way recruits drank also changed during training with a tendency towards heavier drinking sessions. Further results indicated that recruits did feel some pressure to drink to fit in and be one of the crowd. These findings, based on a longitudinal methodology suggest that the enculturation process encouraging recruits to socialise and drink with peers begins early in the training process. The findings are discussed in terms of intervention.
Neuropathology of Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease in the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center Database

Alzheimer disease (AD) represents a genetically heterogeneous entity. To elucidate neuropathologic features of autosomal dominant AD ([ADAD] due to PSEN1, APP, or PSEN2 mutations), we compared hallmark AD pathologic findings in 60 cases of ADAD and 120 cases of sporadic AD matched for sex, race, ethnicity, and disease duration. Greater degrees of neuritic plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) were found in ADAD (p values < 0.01). Moderate to severe CAA was more prevalent in ADAD (63.3% vs. 39.2%, p = 0.003), and persons with PSEN1 mutations beyond codon 200 had higher average Braak scores and severity and prevalence of CAA than those with mutations before codon 200. Lewy body pathology was less extensive in ADAD but was present in 27.1% of cases. We also describe a novel pathogenic PSEN1 mutation (P267A). The finding of more severe neurofibrillary pathology and CAA in ADAD, particularly in carriers of PSEN1 mutations beyond codon 200, warrants consideration when designing trials to treat or prevent ADAD. The finding of Lewy body pathology in a substantial minority of ADAD cases supports the assertion that development of Lewy bodies may be in part driven by abnormal &bgr;-amyloid protein precursor processing.
Numerical potential field techniques for robot path planning

The authors investigate a path planning approach that consists of concurrently building and searching a graph connecting the local minima of a numerical potential field defined over the robot's configuration space. They describe techniques for constructing 'good' potentials and efficient methods for dealing with the local minima of these functions. These techniques have been implemented in fast planners that can deal with single and/or multiple robot systems with few and/or many degrees of freedom. Some experimental results with these planners are described. <<ETX>>
Sexually dimorphic regions in the medial preoptic area and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the guinea pig brain: a description and an investigation of their relationship to gonadal steroids in adulthood

Sexually dimorphic regions are described in two areas of the guinea pig brain: the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The volume of a darkly staining portion of the MPOA is approximately 4-fold larger in male than in female guinea pigs, and the volume of a darkly staining portion of the BNST is approximately 36% larger in male than in female animals. The sex differences in both of these areas are present in animals that have been gonadectomized as adults as well as in intact animals, suggesting that they result from differences between the sexes in the hormonal environment during early development. Both the MPOA and the BNST bind high levels of gonadal steroids early in life, during the period when functional differentiation occurs. It is possible that dramatic morphological sex differences characterize such steroid-binding areas. Furthermore, these sexually dimorphic areas may form an anatomically and functionally interrelated system. Attention to these possibilities may help elucidate more precisely the neural basis for sexually dimorphic functions, as well as the basic mechanisms underlying sexual differentiation of behavior and the brain.
Sampling recovery for closed loop rapidly expanding random tree using brake profile regeneration

In this paper an extension to the sampling based motion planning framework CL-RRT is presented. The framework uses a system model and a stabilizing controller to sample the perceived environment and build a tree of possible trajectories that are evaluated for execution. Complex system models and constraints are easily handled by a forward simulation making the framework widely applicable. To increase operational safety we propose a sampling recovery scheme that performs a deterministic brake profile regeneration using collision information from the forward simulation. This greatly increases the number of safe trajectories and also reduces the number of samples that produce infeasible results. We apply the framework to a Scania G480 mining truck and evaluate the algorithm in a simple yet challenging obstacle course and show that our approach greatly increases the number of feasible paths available for execution.
DRESSING UP: CLOTHING, CLASS AND GENDER IN POST-ABOLITION ZANZIBAR

Pemba Peremba Ukija na winda, hutoka na kilemba Ukija na kilemba, hutoka na winda. (Proceed cautiously in Pemba If you come wearing a loin cloth, you leave wearing a turban If you come wearing a turban, you leave wearing a loin cloth.) Dress has historically been used as one of the most important and visually immediate markers of class, status and ethnicity in East African coastal society. As one of many forms of expressive culture, clothing practice shaped and gave form to social bodies. Examining transformations in dress and fashion illustrates, however, that boundaries between theoretically distinctive social categories were often vague in practice.
Effect of Synthetic and Biological Polyanions on Herpes Simplex Virus.∗

Summary Several synthetic and biological sulfated polymers were investigated for their inhibitory effect on herpes simplex virus in tissue culture. Of the biological preparations tested, heparin was the only one which inhibited this virus. Nineteen other sulfated polymers were assayed and found to inhibit herpes simplex to varying degrees. The inhibitory potency of the compound depended within limits on the degree of sulfation and on the size of the molecule. The viral inhibitory effect was independent of the polysac-charide portion or branching of the molecule, and of the type of glycosidic or sulfur bond.
Dangerous Sentiments: Sympathy, Rights, and Revolution in Stowe's Antislavery Novels

Uncle Tom9s Cabin and Dred do not offer sentiment as a nonlegal or antilegal alternative to the law of slavery. Instead, drawing upon the natural rights tradition of Locke, the Scottish Common Sense philosophers, and the founders of the American republic, Stowe9s antislavery fiction argues that moral sentiment functions as a necessary barometer of legal legitimacy. In portraying and evoking natural rights sentiments of benevolent sympathy and revolutionary outrage. Stowe attempts to invoke a moral foundation for American law that is immune to factional self-interest and emotionally powerful enough to move Americans to eradicate the legal tyranny of slavery. However, the pluralistic promise of Stowe9s notion of sentiment is contained by her inability to fully imagine natural rights as the moral consensus and fundamental entitlement of a racially diverse community, and it is undermined by an unresolved tension in her notion of natural rights sentiment between expiatory sympathy and revolutionary anger.
X-means: Extending K-means with Efficient Estimation of the Number of Clusters

Despite its popularity for general clustering, K-means suuers three major shortcomings; it scales poorly computationally, the number of clusters K has to be supplied by the user, and the search is prone to local minima. We propose solutions for the rst two problems, and a partial remedy for the third. Building on prior work for algorithmic acceleration that is not based on approximation, we introduce a new algorithm that eeciently, searches the space of cluster locations and number of clusters to optimize the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) or the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) measure. The innovations include two new ways of exploiting cached suucient statistics and a new very eecient test that in one K-means sweep selects the most promising subset of classes for reenement. This gives rise to a fast, statistically founded algorithm that outputs both the number of classes and their parameters. Experiments show this technique reveals the true number of classes in the underlying distribution , and that it is much faster than repeatedly using accelerated K-means for different values of K.
Corporate wellness programmes in Singapore: effect on stress, satisfaction and absenteeism

The importance of corporate wellness programmes has been recognized by many countries. It is only in recent years that organizations in Singapore have begun to implement wellness programmes on an organization‐wide scale. This is also in line with the Singapore Government’s recent emphasis on healthy lifestyle and health campaigns for the public. Thus, there is a growing trend for organizations in Singapore to offer wellness programmes. Attempts to establish the benefits which may be reaped from such investment. Describes how findings from the study indicate that employees in organizations with wellness programmes generally have a more positive attitude towards their organizations, express higher job satisfaction and satisfaction with the fringe benefits provided for them. However, no significant differences were found between employees in organizations with and without wellness programmes in terms of level of work stress, self‐reported absenteeism rates, satisfaction with working conditions, co‐worker rel.
Changes in Nordic Teaching Practices: From individualised teaching to the teaching of individuals

In this article the theme of individualisation of teaching is described and analysed. In the light of a fairly long tradition of a comprehensive school system embracing the idea of individualisation, we expected this to be an important aspect of ongoing changes in Nordic schools. Individualisation can be seen as continuity in the pedagogical ideas—at the same time the meaning of individualisation changes along with other changes in school and society. While in Sweden and Norway the appearance of self‐regulatory individualised ways of working in the end of the twentieth century is quite strong, it is not so obvious in the other countries. In the article the theme of individualisation is treated from the perspective of each country. Based on these case descriptions, similarities and differences are discussed.