Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus: An Emerging Virus Complex Threatening Vegetable and Fiber Crops

The tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) represents an important constraint to tomato production, as it causes the most predominant and economically important disease affecting tomato in the Indian sub-continent. However, in recent years, ToLCNDV has been fast extending its host range and spreading to new geographical regions, including the Middle East and the western Mediterranean Basin. Extensive research on the genome structure, protein functions, molecular biology, and plant–virus interactions of ToLCNDV has been conducted in the last decade. Special emphasis has been given to gene silencing suppression ability in order to counteract host plant defense responses. The importance of the interaction with DNA alphasatellites and betasatellites in the biology of the virus has been demonstrated. ToLCNDV genetic variability has been analyzed, providing new insights into the taxonomy, host adaptation, and evolution of this virus. Recombination and pseudorecombination have been shown as motors of diversification and adaptive evolution. Important progress has also been made in control strategies to reduce disease damage. This review highlights these various achievements in the context of the previous knowledge of begomoviruses and their interactions with plants.
Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Police and Other First Responders

Abstract: We provide an overview of previous research conducted by our group on risk and resilience factors for PTSD symptoms in police and other first responders. Based on our work, the findings of other investigators on individual differences in risk for PTSD, and drawing on preclinical studies fear conditioning and extinction, we propose a conceptual model for the development of PTSD symptoms emphasizing the role of vulnerability and resilience to peritraumatic panic reactions. We tested this conceptual model in a cross‐sectional sample of police officers (n= 715). Utilizing an hierarchical linear regression model we were able to explain 39.7% of the variance in PTSD symptoms. Five variables remained significant in the final model; greater peritraumatic distress (β= 0.240, P < .001), greater peritraumatic dissociation (β= 0.174, P < .001), greater problem‐solving coping (β= 0.103, P < .01), greater routine work environment stress (β= 0.182, P < .001), and lower levels of social support (β=−0.246, P < .001). These results were largely consistent with the proposed conceptual model. Next steps in this line of research will be to test this model prospectively in a sample of 400 police academy recruits assessed during training and currently being followed for the first 2 years of police service.
Neurogenesis and affective disorders

The neurogenesis hypothesis of depression was originally formed upon the demonstration that stress impacts levels of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Since then much work has established that newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus are required for mediating some of the beneficial effects of antidepressant treatment. Recent studies combining behavioral, molecular and electrophysiological approaches have attempted to make sense of the role young neurons play in modulating mood by demonstrating a potential role in regulating the circuitry in the brain that underlies depression. Here we discuss the work that led to the neurogenesis hypothesis of depression, and the subsequent studies that have sought to test this hypothesis. We also discuss different animal models of depression that have been used to test the role of neurogenesis in mediating the antidepressant response.
Locality-Sensitive Deconvolution Networks with Gated Fusion for RGB-D Indoor Semantic Segmentation

This paper focuses on indoor semantic segmentation using RGB-D data. Although the commonly used deconvolution networks (DeconvNet) have achieved impressive results on this task, we find there is still room for improvements in two aspects. One is about the boundary segmentation. DeconvNet aggregates large context to predict the label of each pixel, inherently limiting the segmentation precision of object boundaries. The other is about RGB-D fusion. Recent state-of-the-art methods generally fuse RGB and depth networks with equal-weight score fusion, regardless of the varying contributions of the two modalities on delineating different categories in different scenes. To address the two problems, we first propose a locality-sensitive DeconvNet (LS-DeconvNet) to refine the boundary segmentation over each modality. LS-DeconvNet incorporates locally visual and geometric cues from the raw RGB-D data into each DeconvNet, which is able to learn to upsample the coarse convolutional maps with large context whilst recovering sharp object boundaries. Towards RGB-D fusion, we introduce a gated fusion layer to effectively combine the two LS-DeconvNets. This layer can learn to adjust the contributions of RGB and depth over each pixel for high-performance object recognition. Experiments on the large-scale SUN RGB-D dataset and the popular NYU-Depth v2 dataset show that our approach achieves new state-of-the-art results for RGB-D indoor semantic segmentation.
Why Are Financial Incentive Effects Unreliable? An Extension of Self-Determination Theory

ABSTRACT: This paper extends self-determination theory (SDT) to investigate the unreliability of financial incentives as motivators. The proposed model predicts that core financial need beliefs influence financial values, which in turn influence “hedonic” utility, i.e., happiness. Four financial need belief constructs are proposed and measured: (1) financial self-efficacy, (2) financial autonomy, (3) financial community—trust, and (4) financial community—support. In addition, our extension of SDT predicts that financial values, i.e., altruistic versus materialistic, differentially impact hedonic utility; accordingly, we measure the extent to which individuals value financial rewards for altruistic versus materialistic reasons. The results largely support the extension of SDT to the financial domain. Specifically: (1) financial values partially mediate the effects of financial need beliefs on hedonic utility, and (2) financial altruism positively, and financial materialism negatively, predicts hedonic util.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Induces Expression Levels of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein That Predict Disease-Free Survival in Breast Cancer

Three main xenobiotic efflux pumps have been implicated in modulating breast cancer chemotherapy responses. These are P-glycoprotein (Pgp), Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 1 (MRP1), and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP). We investigated expression of these proteins in breast cancers before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) to determine whether their levels define response to NAC or subsequent survival. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were collected representing matched pairs of core biopsy (pre-NAC) and surgical specimen (post-NAC) from 45 patients with invasive ductal carcinomas. NAC regimes were anthracyclines +/− taxanes. Immunohistochemistry was performed for Pgp, MRP1 and BCRP and expression was quantified objectively using computer-aided scoring. Pgp and MRP1 were significantly up-regulated after exposure to NAC (Wilcoxon signed-rank p = 0.0024 and p<0.0001), while BCRP showed more variation in response to NAC, with frequent up- (59% of cases) and down-regulation (41%) contributing to a lack of significant difference overall. Pre-NAC expression of all markers, and post-NAC expression of Pgp and MRP1 did not correlate with NAC response or with disease-free survival (DFS). Post-NAC expression of BCRP did not correlate with NAC response, but correlated significantly with DFS (Log rank p = 0.007), with longer DFS in patients with low post-NAC BCRP expression. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, post-NAC BCRP expression levels proved to predict DFS independently of standard prognostic factors, with high expression associated with a hazard ratio of 4.04 (95% confidence interval 1.3–12.2; p = 0.013). We conclude that NAC-induced expression levels of BCRP predict survival after NAC for breast cancer, while Pgp and MRP1 expression have little predictive value.
The Subjective Well-Being of the Previously Married: The Importance of Unmarried Cohabitation and Time Since Widowhood or Divorce

Etude de la cohabitation chez les individus non-maries, situation fort commune chez les divorces. La cohabitation est souvent associee a un niveau substantiellement plus eleve de bien-etre subjectif mais l'importance de la cohabitation depend du temps ecoule depuis la fin du mariage. Il y a un effet negatif a court terme pour les veufs(ves). L'effet negatif du divorce semble etre stable independamment du temps ecoule, mais cela peut etre le resultat d'une selection differentielle pour le remariage. Pour ceux qui ont etabli une nouvelle relation de cohabitation l'annee suivant le divorce, la separation semble etre un evenement positif a la difference de ceux qui vivent seuls et qui montrent des niveaux de bien-etre tres bas
Political Support: Social Capital, Civil Society and Political and Economic Performance

This article assesses two main theories of the decline of political support that is found in many western democracies. The first is society centred and built on the concepts of social capital, trust and civil society. The second is politics centred and focuses on the performance of government and the economy. The two theories are not necessarily incompatible, but they are usually treated in a mutually exclusive way. In this article they are tested against a combination of aggregate cross-national comparative data and detailed case studies of four countries that have suffered exceptional decline of political support for politicians, political institutions and the systems of government. The puzzle is that cross-national comparative evidence about a large and diverse number of nations supports social capital theory, whereas in-depth study of four countries that have experienced substantial decline of political support does not. The erosion of support coincides in all four with poor economic and/or political performance. A way of reconciling the two theories and their supporting evidence is suggested, arguing that while social capital is a necessary foundation for democratic support, it is not a sufficient cause.
Wavelength and alignment tests for confocal spectral imaging systems

Confocal spectral imaging (CSI) microscope systems now on the market delineate multiple fluorescent proteins, labels, or dyes within biological specimens by performing spectral characterizations. However, we find that some CSI present inconsistent spectral profiles of reference spectra within a particular system as well as between related and unrelated instruments. We also find evidence of instability that, if not diagnosed, could lead to inconsistent data. This variability confirms the need for diagnostic tools to provide a standardized, objective means of characterizing instability, evidence of misalignment, as well as performing calibration and validation functions. Our protocol uses an inexpensive multi‐ion discharge lamp (MIDL) that contains Hg+, Ar+, and inorganic fluorophores that emit distinct, stable spectral features, in place of a sample. An MIDL characterization verifies the accuracy and consistency of a CSI system and validates acquisitions of biological samples. We examined a total of 10 CSI systems, all of which displayed spectral inconsistencies, enabling us to identify malfunctioning subsystems. Only one of the 10 instruments met its optimal performance expectations. We have found that using a primary light source that emits an absolute standard “reference spectrum” enabled us to diagnose instrument errors and measure accuracy and reproducibility under normalized conditions. Using this information, a CSI operator can determine whether a CSI system is working optimally and make objective comparisons with the performance of other CSI systems. It is evident that if CSI systems of a similar make and model were standardized to reveal the same spectral profile from a standard light source, then researchers could be confident that real‐life experimental findings would be repeatable on any similar system. Microsc. Res. Tech. 68:307–319, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinguishing clinical depression from early Alzheimer's disease in elderly people: Can narrative analysis help?

Background: Differentiating the reversible cognitive symptoms associated with depression (DEP) from the irreversible dementia associated with early or mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) has proven to be challenging, particularly in elderly individuals. Most previous studies have focused on contrasting the cognitive profiles associated with these disorders, often yielding unreliable clinical differences. Although a limited set of studies have identified significant differences between DEP and early AD groups on both basic and high-level language production and comprehension tasks, none has included spoken discourse measures, and several limitations within these language studies indicate that further research is warranted. Aims: This study examined whether depression is associated with a distinct pattern of discourse changes, and thus whether discourse analyses may help discriminate elderly individuals with DEP from those in the early stages of AD. Methods & Procedures: Groups of elderly participants with DEP, mild AD, or no psychiatric or neurological diagnosis, who were matched for age and education level, completed a spoken narrative task and general cognition and high-level language tests. Quantitative, syntactic, and informativeness aspects of the discourse samples were analysed. Outcomes & Results: Significant group differences were observed on the informativeness discourse measures, with AD participants producing less-informative samples than DEP and control participants. DEP and control groups did not significantly differ on any discourse variable. Conclusions: Including discourse sampling and analyses, with a focus on informativeness, into comprehensive assessment protocols may lead to more accurate discrimination of DEP and early AD in the elderly.
Elementary school teachers as ``targets and agents of change'': Teachers' learning in interaction with reform science curriculum

This article examines teachers' perspectives on the challenges of using a science reform curriculum, as well as their learning in interaction with the curriculum and parallel professional development program. As case studies, I selected 4 veteran teachers of 2nd or 3rd grade, with varying science backgrounds (including 2 with essentially none). Capitalizing on the first activity of the monthly teacher meetings, wherein each teacher described an issue/challenge in using the curriculum, I analyzed how their conceptualization of issues changed over 5 points in time, 2 in the fall of 1 school year and 3 in the spring of the next. Exit interviews extend the time span under analysis to 32 months. Across this span, I examined the extent to which their thinking about the issues they raised reflected the problematic, in Dewey's sense of catalyst for fruitful taking up of the problem in ways supporting learning. Given the importance of understanding science as a way of knowing, I also analyzed their thinking vis-a-vis S. Carey and C. Smith's (1993) scientific knowledge-construction continuum from “knowledge unproblematic” to “knowledge problematic. ” Analyses indicate that 3 of the 4 achieved fundamental advancements in their thinking, although of different forms and through different mechanisms of change. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed93:915–954, 2009
Sacral root neuromodulation in idiopathic nonobstructive chronic urinary retention.

PURPOSE Sacral root neuromodulation is becoming a superior alternative to the standard treatment of idiopathic nonobstructive urinary retention. We report results in 20 successive patients who underwent sacral foramen implantation to restore bladder function. MATERIALS AND METHODS After an initial, thorough baseline assessment 20 patients 19.43 to 55.66 years old with idiopathic nonobstructive urinary retention underwent percutaneous nerve evaluation. Response was assessed by a detailed voiding diary. Responders underwent implantation with an S3 foramen implant, and were followed 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively, and every 6 months thereafter. RESULTS Sacral root neuromodulation restored voiding capability in these patients. Bladders were emptied with minimal post-void residual urine, which decreased from 78.3 to 5.5 to 10.2% of the total voided volume from baseline to postoperative followup. These results were reflected in uroflowmetry and pressure-flow studies, which were almost normal after implantation. Furthermore, the urinary tract infection rate decreased significantly and associated pelvic pain improved substantially. The Beck depression inventory and SF-36 quality of life questionnaire indicated some improvement but reached significance in only 1 item. In addition, cystometrography showed no significant difference after 6 months of implantation compared with baseline values. Complications were minimal and within expectations. CONCLUSIONS Sacral root neuromodulation is an appealing, successful modality for nonobstructive urinary retention. Only patients who have a good response to percutaneous nerve evaluation are candidates for implantation. The high efficacy in patients who undergo implantation, relative simplicity of the procedure and low complication rate make this a treatment breakthrough in this difficult group.
Language Planning and Intellectualisation

The development of the national language of the Philippines is sketched from the initial selection of Tagalog to its standardisation and propagation as Wikang Pambansa (national language), and its renaming as Pilipino, subsequently FILIPINO. The last phase of language development is the phase of cultivation which has many aspects. Usually the national language is cultivated as a language of imaginative literature, the mass media, a medium of instruction in the basic educational system, as the language of governance, and as a language of academic discourse. The last phase can be considered as a process of modernisation (through its use to thematise current realities and as a process of intellectualisation (as a medium of oral and written academic discourse)). The intellectualisation phase consists not only of lexical expansion (through modern terminologiesfor thedisciplines) but likewiseof stylistic differentiation (using syntactic devices for different types of prose discourse). Intellectualisation is examined as process and product and according to its inner (psychological) and outer (sociological) dimensions. Some theoretical insights from the Philippine experience are discussed ; the intellectualisation of Filipino is unprecedented because it is an ongoing process that can be documented in detail through the corpus being generated and should enrich the scholarly literature on this topic.
Persistence of human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected and -uninfected adolescent girls: risk factors and differences, by phylogenetic type.

BACKGROUND High rates of persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have been reported for adult women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Although most women are first infected with HPV during adolescence, persistence of specific HPV types has not been carefully examined among HIV-infected adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine the rates of and risk factors for persistence of HPV types among HIV-infected and -uninfected adolescent girls. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study of female adolescents, aged 13-18 years, participating in the Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health project, a national study of HIV-infected and -uninfected adolescents. The main outcome measured was type-specific loss of initial HPV DNA detected. Loss of HPV DNA was defined for the following categories of HPV DNA types: low risk, which included types 6, 11, 42, 44, 54, 40, 13, 32, 62, 72, 2, 57, and 55; and high risk, which included types 16-like (16, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58, and 67), 18-like (18, 39, 45, 59, 68, 70, 26, 69, and 51), and 56-like (56, 53, and 66). RESULTS Prevalent or incident HPV infection was detected in 334 girls. When type-specific loss of HPV was examined, HIV-uninfected girls had a shorter mean time to loss of initial infection than did HIV-infected girls (403 days vs. 689 days, respectively; P<.0001). By means of multivariate analysis, CD4 immunosuppression and the presence of multiple HPV-type subgroups were found to be associated with persistence of HPV. CONCLUSION Since persistence of high-risk HPV types has been strongly linked with the development of invasive cancer, the prolonged persistence of HPV observed among HIV-infected adolescents who are relatively healthy underscores the importance of prevention of HPV infection in this group.
Integrating portfolios into learning strategy-based instruction for EFL college students

What teachers can do to facilitate their students’ learning and develop autonomy has been one of the major concerns in second language instruction. This article explores the use of portfolios as a tool to facilitate student learning and develop learner autonomy. A pilot study with a class of 42 college students in 2000–2001 and then a formal study with a class of 45 students in 2001–2002 were conducted. Portfolios were integrated into the framework and procedures –i . e. , diagnosis, preparation, instruction, and evaluation – for strategy training in a freshman English course at a four-year public university in Taiwan. Students’ English proficiency was tested via a pretest and a post-test. Information about students’ beliefs and attitudes about using portfolios and their learning style preferences was collected by both open-ended and Likert-scaled questionnaires. The study found that portfolios raised students’ awareness of learning strategies, facilitated their learning process, and enhanced their self-directed learning.
Science Curriculum and Student Diversity: A Framework for Equitable Learning Opportunities

We address issues of science curriculum for nonmainstream students—students of color, students learning English as a new language, and students from low-income families—who are often concentrated in urban schools. First, we describe a theoretical framework for equitable learning opportunities with nonmainstream students. Building on this framework, we then discuss challenges in designing and implementing science curriculum materials for these students. Although some of these challenges affect nonmainstream students more broadly, other challenges are more directly related to specific student groups. Next, we provide examples of curriculum development and research programs to illustrate key components in the theoretical framework and to highlight how these programs address challenges in curriculum design and implementation. Finally, we offer an agenda to guide future research and development efforts. We discuss how alternative, sometimes competing, theoretical views of curriculum development in the literature can be brought together in the context of high-stakes testing and accountability policy.