Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Do Humans Control Physiological Strain during Strenuous Endurance Exercise?

Background Distance running performance is a viable model of human locomotion. Methodology/Principal Findings To evaluate the physiologic strain during competitions ranging from 5–100 km, we evaluated heart rate (HR) records of competitive runners (n = 211). We found evidence that: 1) physiologic strain (% of maximum HR (%HRmax)) increased in proportional manner relative to distance completed, and was regulated by variations in running pace; 2) the %HRmax achieved decreased with relative distance; 3) slower runners had similar %HRmax response within a racing distance compared to faster runners, and despite differences in pace, the profile of %HRmax during a race was very similar in runners of differing ability; and 4) in cases where there was a discontinuity in the running performance, there was evidence that physiologic effort was maintained for some time even after the pace had decreased. Conclusions/Significance The overall results suggest that athletes are actively regulating their relative physiologic strain during competition, although there is evidence of poor regulation in the case of competitive failures.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials evaluating interventions in adult literacy and numeracy

This paper reports a systematic review of the trial literature in the field of adult literacy and numeracy. The review was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of teaching strategies and pedagogies designed to increase adult literacy and numeracy. The objectives were to search for and locate, synthesise and quality appraise all the randomised controlled trials aiming to evaluate interventions in adult literacy and/or numeracy, published between 1980 and 2002. Fifty-nine papers were included in the descriptive map. Twelve papers were included that contained nine randomised controlled trials. All of the trials included in the review were of high quality in the sense that they had adopted an appropriate study design for assessing effectiveness. However, within that study design many of the studies had methodological problems, for example: small sample size and lack of justification of sample size calculation; unclear method of random allocation; high attrition rate and lack of ‘intention to teach’ analysis. There was evidence of publication bias. Pooling three studies that compared teaching against no teaching showed a strong, positive and statistically significant effect on outcome. Two other studies examined the use of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) on literacy among imprisoned adults. Pooling these two studies showed a modest but not statistically significant benefit. There is a dearth of rigorous RCTs in the field of adult literacy and numeracy. The evidence is suggestive of a benefit of adult literacy and numeracy interventions; however, because of the heterogeneity of studies, the precise role of any intervention is uncertain and this finding may be undermined by the presence of substantial publication bias. We recommend that a series of large, well-designed and well-conducted randomised trials should be undertaken in the field of adult literacy and numeracy.
Family context for emotional recovery in internationally adopted children

English The context for emotional recovery was analysed in 30 Spanish parents adopting from Russia and a comparison group. The adopted children’s attachment disorders improved significantly after adoption. Adoptive parents showed a more sophisticated and optimistic reflective functioning about their children and their parenting experience. French Le contexte du rétablissement affectif a été analysé chez 30 couples de parents espagnols adoptant des enfants en provenance de Russie et comparé avec celui d’un groupe témoin. Les troubles de l’attachement chez les enfants adoptés se sont améliorés significativement après l’adoption. Les parents adoptifs ont montré un des capacités de réflexion plus sophistiquées et optimistes à propos de leurs enfants et de leur expérience d’éducation. Spanish El contexto de la recuperación emocional se analizó en 30 adoptantes en Rusia y en un grupo de comparación. Los trastornos de apego mejoraron de forma significativa tras la adopción. Los adoptantes mostraron una visión más sofisticada y optimista de sus hijos y de su propia experiencia como padres.
Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Urine Cotinine Concentrations by Occupation among Korean Workers: Results from the 2008 Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in the Human Body

This study aimed to estimate the status of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure through urine cotinine analysis among nonsmoking workers in Korea and to analyze factors affecting urine cotinine concentrations. Data were based on “The 2008 Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in the Human Body,” a cross-sectional study of the National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea. We selected 1448 nonsmoking adult workers from 200 localities to participate in this survey. Urine cotinine concentrations were analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass selective detector. We calculated separate covariate-adjusted geometric means for socio-demographic variables for males, females, and total subjects by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill.). The prevalence of self-reported exposure to SHS was 36.9%. The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) of urine cotinine concentrations among all participants was 16.50 (14.48–18.80) μg/L. Gender, living area, education, and SHS exposure showed significant differences in urine cotinine concentrations. The urine cotinine concentrations of farmworkers and blue-collar workers such as skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers, and elementary occupations were higher than those of white-collar workers such as clerical support workers, technicians, and associate professionals. Such a high proportion of the population having high urine cotinine levels indicates widespread exposure to SHS among nonsmoking workers in Korea. Furthermore, the urine cotinine levels among nonsmoking workers exposed to SHS varied by occupation. The measured urine cotinine concentration is suggested to be a valuable indication of SHS exposure in Korea.
Essential role of trehalose in the synthesis and subsequent metabolism of corynomycolic acid in Corynebacterium matruchotii.

A previous paper indicated that corynomycolates synthesized by the fluffy layer fraction prepared from Corynebacterium matruchotii cells appeared exclusively as alpha-trehalose 6-monocorynomycolate (TMM) (T. Shimakata, K. Tsubokura, T. Kusaka, and K. Shizukuishi, 1985, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 238, 497-508). In the present communication, the role of trehalose in the synthesis and subsequent metabolism of corynomycolic acids was reexamined. Consequently the following facts were clarified: (i) trehalose 6-phosphate (T-6-P), but not trehalose, stimulated corynomycolate synthesis from palmitate in the presence of ATP; the immediate product was TMM, which showed a rapid turnover. Since the turnover was blocked by addition of alpha-trehalose, only TMM accumulated among corynomycolate-containing substances. These results strongly suggested that T-6-P is an essential component as the acceptor in corynomycolate-synthetic system; (ii) TMM was the precursor not only to alpha-trehalose 6,6'-dicorynomycolate (TDM) and free corynomycolic acids but also to cell wall corynomycolate; (iii) addition of alpha-trehalose blocked the transfer of the corynomycolate moiety from TMM to cell wall corynomycolate, TDM, and free corynomycolic acids to a similar extent. These results clearly indicate that trehalose plays an essential role in the metabolism of corynomycolate after Claisen condensation and subsequent reduction in C. matruchotii.
Differential Maturation of the Innate Immune Response in Human Fetuses

Newborns and especially preterm infants show a unique susceptibility to severe bacterial infections that cause significant morbidity and mortality. As very few data are available on innate immune functions in human fetuses, we conducted a comprehensive study to investigate the expression of several adhesion molecules essentially involved in migration (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD18, and CD62L). Furthermore, phagocytic activity, generation of respiratory burst products, and production of several proinflammatory cytokines were assessed. Various functions of the fetal innate immune system were demonstrated to be essentially different from those observed in term neonates or adults. Expression of several surface markers was significantly diminished on fetal granulocytes. Furthermore, a significantly reduced phagocytic activity of fetal granulocytes and monocytes was found, contrasted by an enhanced generation of reactive oxygen products. In addition, we demonstrate that significant numbers of fetal monocytes are capable of the production of proinflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation. However, the pattern of cytokine production is different from the more mature individuals: the number of IL-6 – and tumor necrosis factor-α–positive monocytes were significantly diminished, whereas more IL-8 –producing monocytes were found compared with adults. The results of our study add significantly to our understanding of the maturation and impairment of the innate immune response.
Effect of Freeze-Drying Process on the Property of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides in Grey Oyster Mushrooms

The effect of freeze-drying on the properties of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) peptide inhibitors in mushrooms was investigated. At least a two-fold higher amount of protein was extracted from freeze-dried compared to fresh fruiting bodies. Proteomic analysis showed freeze-drying has preserved a wide range of proteins in mushroom, including low abundance proteins which could be potential ACE inhibitors. The ACE inhibitory activity of proteins was not lost by freeze-drying. Therefore, freeze-drying could be applied for industrial-scale drying of mushroom fruiting bodies for the extraction of ACE inhibitory peptides from food for the production of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
The Potential of Live Teacher Supported Distance Learning: A Case-Study of the Use of Audio Conferencing at the University of Aberdeen

ABSTRACT With the spread of interactive technologies such as audio or video conferencing, a new type of distance education—live teacher supported distance learning—is emerging. The experience of teaching a University of Aberdeen distance learning course to students in the Scottish Highlands and Islands using audio conferencing suggests that with these new technologies the benefits of distance learning can be preserved while the problems of traditional distance courses can be mitigated. The initial reservations of staff about the quality of distance students' learning have largely been overcome as experience of the use of audio conferencing has increased. Moreover, the results of a specially conducted survey of the University of Aberdeen's distance students suggest that, while they recognise that their experience is different from that of conventional students, there are no signs that they think it is inferior in quality.
Thyroid expression of an A2 adenosine receptor transgene induces thyroid hyperplasia and hyperthyroidism.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is the major intracellular second messenger of thyrotropin (TSH) action on thyroid cells. It stimulates growth as well as the function and differentiation of cultured thyrocytes. The adenosine A2 receptor, which activates adenylyl cyclase via coupling to the stimulating G protein (Gs), has been shown to promote constitutive activation of the cAMP cascade when transfected into various cell types. In order to test whether the A2 receptor was able to function similarly in vivo and to investigate the possible consequences of permanent adenylyl cyclase activation in thyroid cells, lines of transgenic mice were generated expressing the canine A2 adenosine receptor under control of the bovine thyroglobulin gene promoter. Thyroid‐specific expression of the A2 adenosine receptor transgene promoted gland hyperplasia and severe hyperthyroidism causing premature death of the animals. The resulting goitre represents a model of hyperfunctioning adenomas: it demonstrates that constitutive activation of the cAMP cascade in such differentiated epithelial cells is sufficient to stimulate autonomous and uncontrolled function and growth.
Resources, Group Conflict and Symbols: Explaining Anti-Immigration Hostility in Britain

This article analyses the causes of variation in attitudes to immigration policy in the UK. The key theoretical approaches emphasised are: the role of self-interest; group conflict over resources; and group conflict over important symbols of Britishness. The connection between perceptions of immigration and crime is also investigated. Based on the 2003 British Social Attitudes Survey, the findings indicate that self-interest has very little bearing on opposition to immigration and that British citizens instead appear to be most concerned with threats to ingroup resources posed by immigration, threats to the shared customs and traditions of British society (particularly those posed by Muslims) and – to a lesser extent – the potential for increased crime that may result from immigration.
Docetaxel-Induced Histologic Changes in the Lacrimal Sac and the Nasal Mucosa

Purpose To identify histopathologic changes in the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa caused by docetaxel in 3 patients with canalicular narrowing and nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Methods Small case series. Lacrimal sac and nasal mucosal specimens were obtained at the time of dacryocystorhinostomy or during silicone intubation to correct epiphora in 3 patients receiving docetaxel. Histologic evaluation was performed. Results Extensive fibrotic changes in the stroma of the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa were the prominent histologic features in all 3 patients. A biopsy specimen was taken from the lower portion of the nasal mucosa (near the inferior turbinate) in one patient at the time of silicone intubation and showed both clinical and histologic evidence of keratinization with marked epidermalization of the surface epithelium, thickening, and parakeratosis of the squamous epithelium. Conclusions Nasolacrimal duct obstruction secondary to treatment with docetaxel may be in part due to stromal fibrosis in the mucosal lining of the lacrimal drainage apparatus.
Factors Determining the Ultimate Fate of a Plastic Surgery Applicant

&NA; Plastic surgery residency program directors are frequently interested in predictors of future career direction in their applicants. Many programs strive to train leaders in academic plastic surgery. To determine what factors may predict the ultimate fate of graduating plastic surgery residents, the authors reviewed the application files of 33 former residents from a single, major plastic surgery training program. The data from 29 residents were available for analysis. Nearly half of the residents graduating from the plastic surgery training program went into private practice. Two factors, the number of years taken off for research before entering the plastic surgery residency and the presence of children, were found to be indicative of a candidate's future career path. Of particular note, there was no difference between academic graduates and non‐academic graduates with regard to their intentions in their letters of recommendation and personal statements. This information is useful to both academic program directors and resident applicants. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 111: 981, 2003.)
Automatic categorization of bug reports using latent Dirichlet allocation

Software developers, particularly in open-source projects, rely on bug repositories to organize their work. On a bug report, the component field is used to indicate to which team of developers a bug should be routed. Researchers have shown that incorrect categorization of newly received bug reports to components can cause potential delays in the resolution of bug reports. Approaches have been developed that consider the use of machine learning approaches, specifically Support Vector Machines (svm), to automatically categorize bug reports into the appropriate component to help streamline the process of solving a bug. One drawback of an SVM-based approach is that the results of categorization can be uneven across various components in the system if some components receive less reports than others. In this paper, we consider broadening the consistency of the recommendations produced by an automatic approach by investigating three approaches to automating bug report categorization: an approach similar to previous ones based on an SVM classifier and Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency(svm-tf-idf), an approach using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) with SVM (svm-lda) and an approach using LDA and Kullback Leibler divergence (lda-kl). We found that lda-kl produced recalls similar to those found previously but with better consistency across all components for which bugs must be categorized.
Passive versus active parental permission: implications for the ability of school-based depression screening to reach youth at risk.

BACKGROUND Depression is prevalent among children and adolescents and often goes untreated with adverse effects on academic success and healthy development. Depression screening can facilitate early identification and timely referral to prevention and treatment programs. Conducting school-based emotional health screening, however, raises the controversial issue of how to obtain informed parental permission. METHODS During implementation of a depression screening program in an urban school district in the Pacific Northwest, the district's parental permission protocol changed from passive (information provided to parents via a school mailer with parents having the option to actively decline their child's participation) to active (information provided to parents via a school mailer requiring the written permission of the parents for their child's participation). This change provided an opportunity to examine differences in participation under these 2 conditions. RESULTS A total of 1533 students were enrolled in this program across both years. Compared to conditions of passive permission, participation was dramatically reduced when children were required to have written parental permission, dropping from 85% to 66% of eligible children. Furthermore, under conditions of active parental permission, participation decreased differentially among student subgroups with increased risk for depression. CONCLUSIONS Successful implementation of school-based emotional health screening programs requires careful consideration of how to inform and obtain permission from parents.
The Effects of a Basketball Season on Aerobic and Strength Parameters Among College Men: Starters vs. Reserves

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether playing time is a factor in determining the effects of a basketball season on selected fitness parameters. Subjects, 17 male Div. I basketball players, were divided into 2 groups based on playing status: starters and receivers. All were assessed for &OV0312;O2 max, 1-RM bench press, 1-RM leg press, and % body fat immediately before and after the regular varsity season. A statistical comparison (ANOVA) of the groups revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in &OV0312;O2 max among the reserves whereas the starters maintained aerobic capacity. Values for 1-RM bench press declined significantly in both groups but values for leg press declined in starters only. These results suggest that reserve players experience aerobic detraining throughout the season, unlike starters, who maintain their aerobic capacity. Both groups showed significant decreases in upper body strength, and starters declined in lower body strength as well.
A Dynamic Clustering Algorithm for MANETs by modifying Weighted Clustering Algorithm with Mobility Prediction

The multi hop packet radio networks also named mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have a dynamic topology due to the mobility of their nodes. A notable amount of energy is utilized every time a signal is sent and received by a mobile node. Many such signals and power are wasted to update the positional information of the nodes in a wireless scenario. Further bandwidth is also wasted by sending control signals rather than using it effectively for data communication. To minimize this utilization, we propose a modified algorithm that uses Weighted Clustering Algorithm (WCA) for cluster formation and Mobility Prediction for cluster maintenance. Clustering is an effective technique for node management in a MANET. Cluster formation involves election of a mobile node as Cluster head and it controls the other nodes in the newly formed cluster. The connections between nodes and the cluster head changes rapidly in a mobile ad-hoc network. Thus cluster maintenance is also essential. Prediction of mobility based cluster maintenance involves the process of finding out the next position that a mobile node might take based on the previous locations it visited. In this paper we propose to reduce the overhead in communication by predicting mobility of node using linear auto regression and cluster formation.
Inert knowledge: Analyses and remedies

Knowledge, although seemingly available, is often not used for problem solving. That means it remains "inert. " Three types of explanations exist for this phenomenon. Metaprocess explanations assume that the relevant knowledge is available, but it is not used because of disturbed access processes (e.g., lacking metacognitive control). Structure deficit explanations suppose that the deficit is rooted in the structure of the knowledge itself (i.e., the knowledge is not available in a form that allows for its application). In situatedness explanations, the traditional concepts of knowledge and transfer are questioned. One basic assumption of this perspective is that knowledge is fundamentally situated (i.e., context-bound). In the last decade, instructional models have been developed that try to remedy the inert knowledge problem and take into account important aspects that have been raised by the different explanations.
Call center employee personality factors and service performance

Purpose – The challenge of attracting and retaining high performing call center employees is significant. Research in general has shown a link between personality factors and job performance. This study aims to focus on examining the relationship between personality factors and performance using service performance indicators and further, to study the role of emotional exhaustion in this relationship in the context of call centers.Design/methodology/approach – Using a structured questionnaire 194 call center employees and their supervisors were surveyed in eight call centers in five companies in the insurance and telecommunications industries.Findings – Results using structural equation modeling showed that, with the exception of extraversion/introversion, all of the personality dimensions of the five factor model: conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to new experience and emotional stability as well as locus of control were significantly related to one or more of the performance measures. Emotional.