Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sperm donors as assisters of reproduction in single women

The political as opposed to the natural constitution of ancient families for some authors is associated with the fiction of patriarchy (Pateman, C. (1988). The Sexual Contract. Cambridge: Polity Press, p. 19). This had meaning as a form of political power, which when introduced referred only to the sexual domination of the rule of husbands and fathers in the smallest unit of society. Only afterwards did the fiction of patriarchy take on the broader meaning of a dominating class, and thus a universal feature of human society. Accordingly, the representatives of this view consider the father's role in a family to be strictly conventional (i.e. imposed by force) and the family, therefore, is seen only as an artificial institution that negotiates the roles of its members, just as society does. Under these terms, the patriarchal family is not based on biological or natural ties, but on “legal fiction” (Pateman referred to the term “legal fiction” which was used by Sir Henry Maine in Maine, H. J. S. (1917). Ancient Law. London: J. M. Dent and Sons, p. 76. Available online as part of the Gutenberg Ebooks, Chapter II: http://www.gutenberg. org/files/22910/22910-h/22910-h.htm). While the mother's biological participation has always been certain, since she is the one who physically gives birth to the child, paternity has had to be discovered or invented, becoming only a human creation. This fiction, however, served the political purpose of keeping the family together. Thus, the “fiction of adoption” and the “reality of kinship” were considered equal as long as the family's formation was maintained. By comparison, ancient families were not that different from contemporary families founded on adoptions or sperm donations. Again, the role of the father here is negotiated – the “legal fiction” of the husband/partner when sperm is donated to a couple and his absence when sperm is donated to single women. Regardless of genetics, the absence of a social and legal father in a child's life can also occur in single-mother families where the parents conceived via coitus. Nevertheless, lacking both a genetic and a social father can only be ascribed to single women – parents by choice. Is fatherhood that unimportant?
Church attendance and childbearing: Evidence from a Dutch panel study, 1987–2005

While researchers have often found that Europeans who report faith-based beliefs or practices have larger families than those who do not, there is a lack of evidence on the reasons for these links. This study investigated whether having a first child affects parents' level of church attendance and whether the frequency of church attendance at different times in life predicts a person's (almost) completed fertility. Drawing on five waves of a large-scale Dutch panel survey, the study used data that cover a substantial part of the respondents' reproductive period (1987–2005). In contrast to findings from the USA, the results suggest a one-way influence: having a first child does not predict a change in church attendance, but church attendance is a strong predictor of future childbearing.
Special Possessions and the Expression of Material Values

Possessions often reveal characteristics of their owners. This research examines the important possessions of consumers low and high in materialism to assess the extent to which these possessions express their owners' material values. Two aspects of the expression of values were examined—characterization, in which possessions embody aspects of their owner's values, and communication, in which possessions serve to signal the owner's values to others. Three studies are reported; they demonstrate that material values are characterized in the type of possessions valued and in the private and public meanings of these possessions. The data also show that a person's material values can be communicated through socially constructed stereotypes about possessions and about the relationship between possessions and their owners. In addition, study findings suggest that low-materialism consumers have an orientation that emphasizes both the interpersonal/symbolic value and the hedonic potential of possessions; the orientation toward possessions of those high in materialism seems to emphasize more utilitarian as well as appearance and status concerns.
Identifying bug signatures using discriminative graph mining

Bug localization has attracted a lot of attention recently. Most existing methods focus on pinpointing a single statement or function call which is very likely to contain bugs. Although such methods could be very accurate, it is usually very hard for developers to understand the context of the bug, given each bug location in isolation. In this study, we propose to model software executions with graphs at two levels of granularity: methods and basic blocks. An individual node represents a method or basic block and an edge represents a method call, method return or transition (at the method or basic block granularity). Given a set of graphs of correct and faulty executions, we propose to extract the most discriminative subgraphs which contrast the program flow of correct and faulty executions. The extracted subgraphs not only pinpoint the bug, but also provide an informative context for understanding and fixing the bug. Different from traditional graph mining which mines a very large set of frequent subgraphs, we formulate subgraph mining as an optimization problem and directly generate the most discriminative subgraph with a recently proposed graph mining algorithm LEAP. We further extend it to generate a ranked list of top-k discriminative subgraphs representing distinct locations which may contain bugs. Experimental results and case studies show that our proposed method is both effective and efficient to mine discriminative subgraphs for bug localization and context identification.
Potential Mechanisms for Imperfect Synchronization in Parkinsonian Basal Ganglia

Neural activity in the brain of parkinsonian patients is characterized by the intermittently synchronized oscillatory dynamics. This imperfect synchronization, observed in the beta frequency band, is believed to be related to the hypokinetic motor symptoms of the disorder. Our study explores potential mechanisms behind this intermittent synchrony. We study the response of a bursting pallidal neuron to different patterns of synaptic input from subthalamic nucleus (STN) neuron. We show how external globus pallidus (GPe) neuron is sensitive to the phase of the input from the STN cell and can exhibit intermittent phase-locking with the input in the beta band. The temporal properties of this intermittent phase-locking show similarities to the intermittent synchronization observed in experiments. We also study the synchronization of GPe cells to synaptic input from the STN cell with dependence on the dopamine-modulated parameters. Earlier studies showed how the strengthening of dopamine-modulated coupling may lead to transitions from non-synchronized to partially synchronized dynamics, typical in Parkinson's disease. However, dopamine also affects the cellular properties of neurons. We show how the changes in firing patterns of STN neuron due to the lack of dopamine may lead to transition from a lower to a higher coherent state, roughly matching the synchrony levels observed in basal ganglia in normal and parkinsonian states. The intermittent nature of the neural beta band synchrony in Parkinson's disease is achieved in the model due to the interplay of the timing of STN input to pallidum and pallidal neuronal dynamics, resulting in sensitivity of pallidal output to the phase of the arriving STN input. Thus the mechanism considered here (the change in firing pattern of subthalamic neurons through the dopamine-induced change of membrane properties) may be one of the potential mechanisms responsible for the generation of the intermittent synchronization observed in Parkinson's disease.
Framing QA as Building and Ranking Intersentence Answer Justifications

We propose a question answering (QA) approach for standardized science exams that both identifies correct answers and produces compelling human-readable justifications for why those answers are correct. Our method first identifies the actual information needed in a question using psycholinguistic concreteness norms, then uses this information need to construct answer justifications by aggregating multiple sentences from different knowledge bases using syntactic and lexical information. We then jointly rank answers and their justifications using a reranking perceptron that treats justification quality as a latent variable. We evaluate our method on 1,000 multiple-choice questions from elementary school science exams, and empirically demonstrate that it performs better than several strong baselines, including neural network approaches. Our best configuration answers 44% of the questions correctly, where the top justifications for 57% of these correct answers contain a compelling human-readable justification that explains the inference required to arrive at the correct answer. We include a detailed characterization of the justification quality for both our method and a strong baseline, and show that information aggregation is key to addressing the information need in complex questions.
Proceedings of the 7 th International Workshop on Biosignal Interpretation ( BSI 2012 ) 295 Spatial repolarization heterogeneity and survival in Chagas disease

We investigate if cardiac spatial repolarization heterogeneity is related to the risk of death in a population of chronic Chagas disease patients. Repolarization heterogeneity was assessed using the V–index, a recently introduced metric founded on a biophysical model of the ECG. This metric provides an estimate of the standard deviation of the repolarization times across the heart. We analyzed 113 patients (aged 21-67 years) enrolled between 1998 and 1999 who had a known serological status showing a positive reactions to Trypanosoma cruzi. 14 subjects died before the end of the study. The V–index was significantly lower in survivor (S) than in non–survivor (NS) subjects (S: 31.2±13.3 ms vs. NS: 41.2±18.6 ms,p=0.018, t-test). A Vindex larger than 36.3 ms was related to a significantly higher risk of death in an univariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis (hazard ratio, HR = 5.34, p=0.0046).
Characterization of intrinsic variability in time‐series metabolomic data of cultured mammalian cells

In an attempt to rigorously characterize the intrinsic variability associated with Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell metabolomics studies, supernatant and intracellular samples taken at 5 time points from duplicate lab‐scale bioreactors were analyzed using a combination of gas chromatography (GC)‐ and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based metabolomics. The intrinsic variability between them was quantified using the relative standard deviation (RSD), and the median RSD was 9.4% and 12.4% for supernatant and intracellular samples, respectively. When exploring metabolic changes between lab‐ and pilot‐scale bioreactors, a high number of metabolites (65–105) were significantly different when no corrections were made for this intrinsic variability. This distinction also extended to principal component and metabolic pathway analysis. However, when intrinsic variability was taken into account, the number of metabolite with significant changes reduced substantially (20–25) as did the separation in principal component and metabolic pathway analysis, suggesting a much smaller change in physiology across bioreactor scale. Our results also suggested the contribution of biological variability to the total variability across replicates (∼0.4%) was significantly lower than that from technical variability (∼9–12%). Our study highlights the need for understanding and accounting for intrinsic variability in CHO cell metabolomics studies. Failure to do so can result in incorrect biological interpretation of the observations which could ultimately lead to the identification of a suboptimal set of targets for genetic engineering or process development considerations. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2276–2283. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Socio‐Emotional Context and Adolescents' Decision Making: The Experience of Regret and Relief After Social Comparison

Many studies indicate that adolescents are hypersensitive to rewards in salient socio-emotional contexts. However, little is known about adolescents' sensitivity to complex negative emotions. To study the development of the ability to experience regret and relief, children, adolescents, and young adults performed a gambling task in a socio-emotional context of competition, in which they were informed that their outcome would be compared with that of a competitor. The context of competition impacted the feelings of regret and relief in adolescents. When adolescents experienced an initial negative outcome, their feeling of relief was reinforced. However, they did not seem to experience regret in the social context of competition. These results provide a possible explanation for adolescents' enhanced risk seeking.
The Dynamics of Immigration Coverage in Comparative Perspective

This comment focuses both on issues related to comparative analysis of media systems, and to issues related to immigration, specifically. It explores the implication of findings on the prevalence of human interest framing in immigration coverage for comparative analysis, suggesting that it may be too simplistic to assume that commercialization is always associated with human interest framing, particularly in coverage of marginalized populations. It also explores the complexity of public opinion on immigration, and issues about how to understand the role of media over time in the evolution of public opinion.
Imagining Europe: Symbolic Geography and the Future

Although Disraeli’s adage that “there are lies, damned lies, and then there are statistics” may be well known, it may not be as equally obvious to most that whenever we look at a map we are always seeing a distortion. Only a globe, after all, can accurately present the shape, orientation, and topography of the earth’s surface.1 In reality, every map that attempts to present some partial form of the earth’s features ends up distorting another aspect of it. The most famous example, of course, is the Mercator projection (omnipresent in almost every grade school), a cylindrical projection that distorts both latitude and longitude in order to preserve shapes nearer the equator (thus altering shapes nearest the poles). 2 Those who use a Mercator projection obtain
La Plata: an advanced nineteenth century new town with ancient roots

La Plata, the new capital of the Buenos Aires province was founded as a descendant of the rich and homogeneous family of new towns based on the Spanish American model. The Spaniards established hundreds of settlements in America according to the early rules that were soon officially acknowledged and imposed by the Crown. King Philip II established in 1573 his ‘Ordinances concerning discoveries, settlements and pacification’. This system worked for more than four centuries because the Spanish American countries accepted the colonial rules long after their independence. La Plata offered one of the last opportunities for the development of these ideas. The urban theories which were originated during the nineteenth century left clear traces in La Plata's layout. La Plata became one of the first cases in which the nineteenth century ‘progressist model’ – the hygienic city, as defined by Françoise Choay – was adopted and actually built. The fortunate combination of the two models turned La Plata, its qualities and elements into a complex and unique example in urban history.
Knowledge, Information Mode, and the Attraction Effect

This article focuses on the complex role of category knowledge in context effects by examining how knowledge interacts with the mode of information presentation (verbal vs. numerical) to moderate the magnitude of the attraction effect. On the basis of Chakravarti and Lynch's framework for understanding context effects and prior research on consumer knowledge we delineate two distinct influences of knowledge on the choice process and demonstrate that the moderating influence of knowledge on the attraction effect varies with the information mode. When the choice set information is presented numerically, greater category knowledge attenuates the attraction effect, but when information is presented verbally, greater knowledge actually increases the size of the attraction effect. The implications of these findings for the role of knowledge in consumer context effects are discussed. Copyright 1998 by the University of Chicago.
Evaluation of breast cancer awareness among female university students in Malaysia

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women of all ethnic and age groups in Malaysia. Objective The objectives of this study were to evaluate the knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, symptoms and methods of screening among female university students and their perception towards the disease treatment outcomes. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to March 2008 at Universiti Sains Malaysia. Two hundred participants from 10 randomly selected faculties were interviewed face to face by a trained pharmacist using a validated questionnaire. In addition to their demographic characteristics, participants were required to answer 22 questions concerning knowledge of breast cancer and five questions related to their perception of breast cancer management and treatment outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15. Results The mean age of the respondents was 26.7 (SD=1.9) years. The results showed that the vast majority of the female university students had inadequate knowledge of breast cancer. The mean total knowledge score of the students was 60.7%. Indian students had significantly less knowledge of breast cancer compared to their Chinese and Malay counterparts (p<0.05). However, more than two third of the students were aware of breast self examination (BSE) and clinical breast examination (CBE) recommendations. Furthermore, the students had positive perceptions towards the treatment outcomes of breast cancer. Conclusion This study has highlighted the need of a breast cancer awareness campaign, which should also stress the importance of early detection and reporting of breast cancer.
A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND Smoking is the leading preventable cause of premature death in the United States. Previous studies of financial incentives for smoking cessation in work settings have not shown that such incentives have significant effects on cessation rates, but these studies have had limited power, and the incentives used may have been insufficient. METHODS We randomly assigned 878 employees of a multinational company based in the United States to receive information about smoking-cessation programs (442 employees) or to receive information about programs plus financial incentives (436 employees). The financial incentives were $100 for completion of a smoking-cessation program, $250 for cessation of smoking within 6 months after study enrollment, as confirmed by a biochemical test, and $400 for abstinence for an additional 6 months after the initial cessation, as confirmed by a biochemical test. Individual participants were stratified according to work site, heavy or nonheavy smoking, and income. The primary end point was smoking cessation 9 or 12 months after enrollment, depending on whether initial cessation was reported at 3 or 6 months. Secondary end points were smoking cessation within the first 6 months after enrollment and rates of participation in and completion of smoking-cessation programs. RESULTS The incentive group had significantly higher rates of smoking cessation than did the information-only group 9 or 12 months after enrollment (14.7% vs. 5.0%, P<0.001) and 15 or 18 months after enrollment (9.4% vs. 3.6%, P<0.001). Incentive-group participants also had significantly higher rates of enrollment in a smoking-cessation program (15.4% vs. 5.4%, P<0.001), completion of a smoking-cessation program (10.8% vs. 2.5%, P<0.001), and smoking cessation within the first 6 months after enrollment (20.9% vs. 11.8%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this study of employees of one large company, financial incentives for smoking cessation significantly increased the rates of smoking cessation. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00128375.)
We Don't Need The Same Things! Recognizing Differential Expectations of Instructor Communication Behavior for Nontraditional and Traditional Students

E very day college instructors step into their class­ rooms, take a look around at the eager and, per­ haps, anxious faces of their students, and begin teaching. Do they assume all their students are the same? Are they all typical, traditional college students? According to the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics' (NCES) 2002 report, over 42% of all undergraduate students in 1999-2000 were above the age of 24, and 12% were 40 or older. With this influx of older ' nontraditional students, should teachers ask themselves whether the 55-year-old woman in the front row wants the same classroom communication as the 19-year-old seated next to her? Does it matter? Communication scholar Daly recently stated, "Without doubt, we want to have an impact not simply on students' classroom satisfaction, but also on their lives" (2002, p. 379) . While it may be impracti­ cal to consider the needs and desires of every individual student, instructors often reveal a strong desire to take on this challenge. The communication literature is replete with suggestions for how instructors can best communicate to meet student needs. However, most of the literature is based on studies of traditional students. This study addresses that gap in the literature by investigating whether traditional and nontraditional students have differing expectations for instructor communication. Background Literatu re
Arguing for your self: identity as an organising principle in teachers' jobs and lives

Abstract Biography and life history are currently enjoying a revival in educational research and development. This article considers the implications of adopting a ‘biographical attitude’ to research and policy issues, and explores the notion of identity as an organising principle in teachers’ jobs and lives. Identity, it is suggested, can be seen as a kind of argument—a resource that people use to explain, justify and make sense of themselves in relation to others, and to the world at large. While identity is a site of permanent struggle for everyone, teachers may be undergoing a particularly acute crisis of identity, as the old models and exemplars of teacherhood disintegrate under contemporary social and economic pressures. The article is based upon an empirical study of 69 primary and secondary teachers.