Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The risk of long-term morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis C: results from an analysis of data from a Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Registry.

IMPORTANCE The impact of viral load suppression, genotype, race, and other factors on the risk of late-stage liver-related events in patients with hepatitis C (HCV) has been assessed previously using data from small observational cohorts or clinical trials. Data from large real-world practice samples are needed to improve risk factor estimates for late-stage liver events and death in HCV. OBJECTIVE To describe the natural history of HCV in real-world clinical practice. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Observational cohort study. Patients with a detectable viral load (>25 IU/mL) and a recorded baseline genotype were selected from the Veterans Affairs (VA) HCV clinical registry (CCR), which compiles electronic medical records data from 1999 to present. EXPOSURES Risk factors included genotype, race, age, sex, and time to achieving an observed undetected viral load. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcomes were time to death and time to a composite of liver-related clinical events. Secondary outcomes included the components of the composite clinical outcome. Outcomes were measured using a time-to-event format and were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS A total of 28,769 of 360,857 unique HCV CCR patients met all study criteria. Only 24.3% of patients received treatment, and 16.4% of treated patients (4.0% of all patients) achieved an undetectable viral load. The unadjusted death rates were 6.8 (95% CI, 6.0-7.7) per 1000 person-years for patients who achieved viral load suppression vs 21.8 (95% CI, 21.5-22.2) deaths per 1000 person-years in patients who did not achieve this goal. Cox model results found that achieving viral suppression reduced risk of the composite clinical end point by 27% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.73 [95% CI, 0.66-0.82]) and the risk of death by 45% (HR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.47-0.64]). Genotype 2 patients were at significantly lower risk, and genotype 3 patients were at higher risk for all study outcomes relative to genotype 1. Black patients were at lower risk for all liver events than white patients. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Achieving an undetectable viral load was associated with decreased hepatic morbidity and mortality. It remains to be determined whether newer treatment regimens can offer higher response rates with fewer adverse effects in real-world settings.
The Need for Affective Trust Applied to Trust and Reputation Models

Trust allows the behavior evaluation of individuals by setting confidence values, which are used in decisions about whether or not to interact. They have been used in several fields, and many trust and reputation models were developed recently. We perceived that most of them were built upon the numeric and cognitive paradigms, which do not use affective aspects to build trust or help in decision making. Studies in psychology argued that personality, emotions, and mood are important in decision making and can change the behaviors of individuals. Based on that, we present links between trust and affective computing, showing relations of trust dimensions found in trust models with affective aspects, and presenting why affective computing approaches fit trust issues often addressed by research in this field. We also discuss trust relationships and decision making, emotions, and personality. Affective computing concepts have been used in a dispersed way and specifically in some models, so we aim to bring them together to encourage the growth of fuller trust models similar to those used by humans. We aim to find relations between both fields so it will be possible to employ such concepts to develop trust models using this new paradigm, defined as the affective paradigm.
Detecting deception in Online Social Networks

Over the past decade Online Social Networks (OSNs) have been helping hundreds of millions of people develop reliable computer-mediated relations. However, many user profiles in OSNs contain misleading, inconsistent or false information. Existing studies have shown that lying in OSNs is quite widespread, often for protecting a user's privacy. In order for OSNs to continue expanding their role as a communication medium in our society, it is crucial for information posted on OSNs to be trusted. Here we define a set of analysis methods for detecting deceptive information about user genders in Twitter. In addition, we report empirical results with our stratified data set consisting of 174,600 Twitter profiles with a 50-50 breakdown between male and female users. Our automated approach compares gender indicators obtained from different profile characteristics including first name, user name, and layout colors. We establish the overall accuracy of each indicator and the strength of all possible values for each indicator through extensive experimentations with our data set. We define male trending users and female trending users based on two factors, namely the overall accuracy of each characteristic and the relative strength of the value of each characteristic for a given user. We apply a Bayesian classifier to the weighted average of characteristics for each user. We flag for possible deception profiles that we classify as male or female in contrast with a self-declared gender that we obtain independently of Twitter profiles. Finally, we use manual inspections on a subset of profiles that we identify as potentially deceptive in order to verify the correctness of our predictions.
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography ratio in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with definitive radiotherapy

Purpose To determine whether the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by positron emission tomography (FDG PET) ratio of lymph node to primary tumor (mSUVR) could be a prognostic factor for node positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with definitive radiotherapy (RT). Materials and Methods A total of 68 NSCLC T1-4, N1-3, M0 patients underwent FDG PET before RT. Optimal cutoff values of mSUVR were chosen based on overall survival (OS). Independent prognosticators were identified by Cox regression analysis. Results The most significant cutoff value for mSUVR was 0.9 with respect to OS. Two-year OS was 17% for patients with mSUVR > 0.9 and 49% for those with mSUVR ≤ 0.9 (p = 0.01). In a multivariate analysis, including age, performance status, stage, use of chemotherapy, and mSUVR, only performance status (p = 0.05) and mSUVR > 0.9 (p = 0.05) were significant predictors of OS. Two-year OS for patients with both good performance (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] ≤ 1) and mSUVR ≤ 0.9 was significantly better than that for patients with either poor performance (ECOG > 1) or mSUVR > 0.9, 23% (71% vs. 23%, p = 0.04). Conclusion Our results suggested that the mSUVR was a strong prognostic factor among patients with lymph node positive NSCLC following RT. Addition of mSUVR to performance status identifies a subgroup at highest risk for death after RT.
A Unified Theoretical Framework for Cognitive Sequencing

The capacity to sequence information is central to human performance. Sequencing ability forms the foundation stone for higher order cognition related to language and goal-directed planning. Information related to the order of items, their timing, chunking and hierarchical organization are important aspects in sequencing. Past research on sequencing has emphasized two distinct and independent dichotomies: implicit vs. explicit and goal-directed vs. habits. We propose a theoretical framework unifying these two streams. Our proposal relies on brain's ability to implicitly extract statistical regularities from the stream of stimuli and with attentional engagement organizing sequences explicitly and hierarchically. Similarly, sequences that need to be assembled purposively to accomplish a goal require engagement of attentional processes. With repetition, these goal-directed plans become habits with concomitant disengagement of attention. Thus, attention and awareness play a crucial role in the implicit-to-explicit transition as well as in how goal-directed plans become automatic habits. Cortico-subcortical loops basal ganglia-frontal cortex and hippocampus-frontal cortex loops mediate the transition process. We show how the computational principles of model-free and model-based learning paradigms, along with a pivotal role for attention and awareness, offer a unifying framework for these two dichotomies. Based on this framework, we make testable predictions related to the potential influence of response-to-stimulus interval (RSI) on developing awareness in implicit learning tasks.
A computer program to simulate multilocus genotype data with spatially autocorrelated allele frequencies

Many models for inference of population genetic parameters are based on the assumption that the data set at hand consists of groups displaying within‐group Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at individual loci and linkage equilibrium between loci. This assumption is commonly violated by the presence of within‐group spatial structure arising from nonrandom mating of individuals due to isolation by distance (IBD).
INTELIGENCIA EMOCIONAL PERCIBIDA Y DIFERENCIAS INDIVIDUALES EN EL META-CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS ESTADOS EMOCIONALES: UNA REVISIÓN DE LOS ESTUDIOS CON EL TMMS

In this article, we revised the empirical articles carried out with the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Pal- fai, 1995), the first self-report measure to evaluate emotional intelligence (EI) based on Salovey and Mayer's model of emotional intelligence (1990; Mayer & Salovey, 1997). In short, a brief descrip- tion of the measure and its Spanish adaptation is done. Moreover, the published findings since its development in 1995 from applied, clinical, ex- perimental, and cross-cultural studies are re- ported. Furthermore, each dimension that com- poses the instrument along with its differential pattern as predictors of individual well-being is examined. Findings showed that individuals who pay medium-low attention to their own emotions, and score higher on emotional clarity and repair show better emotional adjustment on reviewed studies. Finally, we discuss potential improve- ments of the scale, further research, and the im- plications from the use of the instrument.
Coordinate ascent for maximizing nondifferentiable concave functions

We present a coordinate ascent method for maximizing concave (not necessarily differentiable) functions possessing a certain separable structure. This method, when applied to the dual of a linearly constrained convex program, includes as special cases a successive projection algorithm of Han [11], the method of multipliers [10, 12, 20], and a number of dual coordinate ascent methods [5-7, 13, 15, 17-18, 25, 30]. We also generalize the results of Auslender [1, §6] and of Bertsekas-Tsitsiklis [3, §3.3. 5] on the convergence of this method. One primal application of this method is the proximal minimization algorithm [23].
AES-GCM-SIV: Specification and Analysis

In this paper, we describe and analyze the security of the AES-GCM-SIV mode of operation, as defined in the CFRG specification [10]. This mode differs from the original GCM-SIV mode that was designed in [11] in two main aspects. First, the CTR encryption uses a 127-bit pseudo-random counter instead of a 95-bit pseudo-random value concatenated with a 32-bit counter. This construction leads to improved security bounds when encrypting short messages. In addition, a new key derivation function is used for deriving a fresh set of keys for each nonce. This addition allows for encrypting up to 2 messages with the same key, compared to the significant limitation of only 2 messages that were allowed with GCM-SIV (which inherited this same limit from AES-GCM). As a result, the new construction is well suited for real world applications that need a nonce-misuse resistant Authenticated Encryption scheme. We explain the limitations of GCM-SIV, which motivate the new construction, prove the security properties of AES-GCM-SIV, and show how these properties support real usages. Implementations are publicly available in [8]. We remark that AES-GCM-SIV is already integrated into Google’s BoringSSL library [1] and is deployed for ticket encryption in QUIC [17]. Preamble for the July 2017 edition We would like to thank Tetsu Iwata and Yannick Seurin for alerting us to the fact that we had erroneously assumed that one of the terms in the security bounds of AES-GCM-SIV was dominated by another term. (Specifically, ′, the advantage of the adversary A′; see comments on pages 11 and 12 of the previous version of this paper). Thus, while the security proof was correct, the example concrete bounds were overly optimistic, most notably for very large messages. This July 2017 update fixes the concrete bounds that were given in the previous version, and some other small errors pointed out by Iwata & Seurin. Detailed proofs for the bounds appear in [12]. Supported by the BIU Center for Research in Applied Cryptography and Cyber Security in conjunction with the Israel National Cyber Bureau in the Prime Minister’s Office.
A revised linear ozone photochemistry parameterization for use in transport and general circulation models: multi-annual simulations

This article describes the validation of a linear parameterization of the ozone photochemistry for use in upper tropospheric and stratospheric studies. The present work extends a previously developed scheme by improving the 2-D model used to derive the coefficients of the parameterization. The chemical reaction rates are updated from a compilation that includes recent laboratory work. Furthermore, the polar ozone destruction due to heterogeneous reactions at the surface of the polar stratospheric clouds is taken into account as a function of the stratospheric temperature and the total chlorine content. Two versions of the parameterization are tested. The first one only requires the solution of a continuity equation for the time evolution of the ozone mixing ratio, the second one uses one additional equation for a cold tracer. The parameterization has been introduced into the chemical transport model MOCAGE. The model is integrated with wind and temperature fields from the ECMWF operational analyses over the period 2000–2004. Overall, the results from the two versions show a very good agreement between the modelled ozone distribution and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data and the "in-situ" vertical soundings. During the course of the integration the model does not show any drift and the biases are generally small, of the order of 10%. The model also reproduces fairly well the polar ozone variability, notably the formation of "ozone holes" in the Southern Hemisphere with amplitudes and a seasonal evolution that follow the dynamics and time evolution of the polar vortex. The introduction of the cold tracer further improves the model simulation by allowing additional ozone destruction inside air masses exported from the high to the mid-latitudes, and by maintaining low ozone content inside the polar vortex of the Southern Hemisphere over longer periods in spring time. It is concluded that for the study of climate scenarios or the assimilation of ozone data, the present parameterization gives a valuable alternative to the introduction of detailed and computationally costly chemical schemes into general circulation models.
Give and take: a study of consumer photo-sharing culture and practice

In this paper, we present initial findings from the study of a digital photo-sharing website: Flickr.com. In particular, we argue that Flickr.com appears to support-for some people-a different set of photography practices, socialization styles, and perspectives on privacy that are unlike those described in previous research on consumer and amateur photographers. Further, through our examination of digital photographers' photowork activities-organizing, finding, sharing and receiving-we suggest that privacy concerns and lack of integration with existing communication channels have the potential to prevent the 'Kodak Culture' from fully adopting current photo-sharing solutions.
Two Careers, One Family: The Promise of Gender Equality (SAGE Series on Close Relationships)

PART ONE: THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT OF YOUNG ADULTS TODAY Societal Changes and Realities An Introduction to the Dual-Career Family Contemporary Female Perspectives Contemporary Male Perspectives PART TWO: EXPECTATIONS FOR AND REALITIES OF DUAL-CAREER FAMILY LIFE Young Adults' Career and Family Intentions and Expectations Living as a Dual-Career Family Workplace Family Policies PART THREE: WHAT'S AHEAD What Will the Future Bring for Gender Equality and Dual-Career Families?
Long-lasting Hyperalgesia Induced by Fentanyl in Rats: Preventive Effect of Ketamine

Background It has been reported that &mgr;-opioid receptor activation leads to a sustained increase in glutamate synaptic effectiveness at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor level, a system associated with central hypersensitivity to pain. One hypothesis is that postoperative pain may result partly from the activation of NMDA pain facilitatory processes induced by opiate treatment per se. The authors tested here the effectiveness of the opiate analgesic fentanyl for eliciting a delayed enhancement in pain sensitivity. Methods The consequences of four bolus injections (every 15 min) of fentanyl (20–100 &mgr;g/kg per injection, subcutaneously) on immediate (for several hours) and long-term (for several days) sensitivity to nociceptive stimuli in the rat (paw-pressure vocalization test) were evaluated. The effects of the combination of the NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine (10 mg/kg, subcutaneously) with fentanyl also were assessed. Results Fentanyl administration exhibited a biphasic time-dependent effect: first, an early response (for 2–5 h) associated with a marked increase in nociceptive threshold (analgesia), and second, a later response associated with sustained lowering of the nociceptive threshold (5 days for the longest effect) below the basal value (30% of decrease for the maximal effect) indicative of hyperalgesia. The higher the fentanyl dose used, the more pronounced was the fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia. Ketamine pretreatment, which had no analgesic effect on its own, enhanced the earlier response (analgesia) and prevented the development of long-lasting hyperalgesia. Conclusions Fentanyl activates NMDA pain facilitatory processes, which oppose analgesia and lead to long-lasting enhancement in pain sensitivity.
A framework for evaluating animals as sentinels for infectious disease surveillance

The dynamics of infectious diseases are highly variable. Host ranges, host responses to pathogens and the relationships between hosts are heterogeneous. Here, we argue that the use of animal sentinels has the potential to use this variation and enable the exploitation of a wide range of pathogen hosts for surveillance purposes. Animal sentinels may be used to address many surveillance questions, but they may currently be underused as a surveillance tool and there is a need for improved interdisciplinary collaboration and communication in order to fully explore the potential of animal sentinels. In different contexts, different animal hosts will themselves vary in their capacity to provide useful information. We describe a conceptual framework within which the characteristics of different host populations and their potential value as sentinels can be evaluated in a broad range of settings.
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology Open Access Specific Subsets of Immune Cells in Human Decidua Differ between Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia -a Prospective Observational Study

Background: Changes in the balance of decidual leucocyte populations may lead to an unfavourable uterine microenvironment which may be associated with the development of preeclampsia (PE). In this study, we therefore investigated the leucocyte subpopulations in decidual tissues of 33 women with preeclampsia and 66 control patients.
Euler buckling-induced folding and rotation of red blood cells in an optical trap

We investigate the physics of an optically driven micromotor of biological origin. When a single, live red blood cell (RBC) is placed in an optical trap, the normal biconcave disc shape of the cell is observed to fold into a rod-like shape. If the trapping laser beam is circularly polarized, the folded RBC rotates. A model based on geometric considerations, using the concept of buckling instabilities, captures the folding phenomenon; the rotation of the cell is rationalized using the Poincaré sphere. Our model predicts that (i) at a critical power of the trapping laser beam the RBC shape undergoes large fluctuations, and (ii) the torque that is generated is proportional to the power of the laser beam. These predictions are verified experimentally. We suggest a possible mechanism for the emergence of birefringent properties in the RBC in the folded state.
Cathode Assessment for Maximizing Current Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells Utilizing Bioethanol Effluent as Substrate

Implementation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for electricity production requires effective current generation from waste products via robust cathode reduction. Three cathode types using dissolved oxygen cathodes (DOCs), ferricyanide cathodes (FeCs) and air cathodes (AiCs) were therefore assessed using bioethanol effluent, containing 20.5 g/L xylose, 1.8 g/L arabinose and 2.5 g/L propionic acid. In each set-up the anode and cathode had an electrode surface area of 88 cm 2 , which was used for calculation of the current density. Electricity generation was evaluated by quantifying current responses to substrate loading rates and external resistance. At the lowest external resistance of 27 Ω and highest substrate loading rate of 2 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) per L·day, FeC-MFC generated highest average current density (1630 mA/m 2 ) followed by AiC-MFC (802 mA/m 2 ) and DOC-MFC (184 mA/m 2 ). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to determine the impedance of the cathodes. It was thereby confirmed that the FeC-MFC produced the highest current density with the lowest internal resistance for the cathode. However, in a setup using bioethanol effluent, the AiC-MFC was concluded to be the most sustainable option since it does not require ferricyanide. The data offer a new add-on option to the straw biorefinery by using bioethanol effluent for microbial electricity production.