Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pure Motor Monoparesis in the Leg due to a Lateral Medullary Infarction

A 76-year-old man with essential hypertension abruptly presented with slight left-sided leg weakness, despite normal strength in the other extremities. Left-sided Babinski's reflex was detected. There were no other neurologic abnormalities. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a small infarction in the lower lateral medulla oblongata on the left side. Cranial magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated an absence of flow of the left vertebral artery. He became asymptomatic within 10 days under intravenous antiplatelet agent. The corticospinal tract fibers innervating the lower extremity caudal to the pyramidal decussation might be involved. We emphasize that this is a first reported case of pure motor monoparesis in the leg due to lateral medullary infarction.
Adiposity and height of adult Hmong refugees: Relationship with war‐related early malnutrition and later migration

This study investigated whether historical proxies for poor nutrition early in life were associated with differences in body composition and height among adult Hmong refugees. Life history and anthropometric data were collected from a sample of 279 Hmong aged 18–51 years who were born in Laos or Thailand and resettled in French Guiana or the United States following the Second Indochina War. Overall, 30.5% were born in a war zone in Laos, while 38.8% were displaced as infants; these individuals were presumed to have experienced malnutrition in the perinatal and infant periods, respectively. Resettlement in urban areas in the US was utilized as a proxy for greater exposure to excessive energy balance, compared with Hmong who resettled in rural areas in French Guiana. In multiple linear regression models, being displaced in infancy was negatively associated with height after controlling for confounders, while being born in a war zone was associated with higher adiposity and centralized body fat distribution. Resettlement in the US was associated with a higher centralization of subcutaneous fat, but not overall adiposity. These findings may be of interest to the study of the developmental origins of obesity, in a population that has undergone early malnutrition followed by migration and rapid nutritional transition. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II mRNA during hepatic development, proliferation and carcinogenesis in the rat.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II are peptides that presumably are required for normal fetal and postpubertal growth. The production of IGFs is developmentally regulated and the liver appears to be a major site of production. By analysing mRNA levels for IGF-I and IGF-II in the rat liver we have attempted to further study the expression of these growth factors during development and regeneration as well as during the course of hepatic carcinogenesis. Fetal livers are characterized by a high level of IGF-II mRNA and a low level of IGF-I mRNA, while in adult livers the opposite situations occur, i.e. a high level of IGF-I mRNA and a non-measurable level of IGF-II mRNA. During the course of experimentally induced hepatic cancer, IGF-I mRNA was consistently reduced and in a majority of cancers analysed (6/9) IGF-II mRNA was increased, i.e. a fetal type of IGF expression can be switched on in some experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinomas. The onset of IGF-II production during hepatic carcinogenesis appears to be a late phenomenon since liver nodules, preceding the development of hepatocellular cancer, were found not to contain IGF-II mRNA. Furthermore, during hepatic regeneration following partial hepatectomy no marked change in IGF-I or IGF-II mRNA levels was noted. The above results suggest that the fetal growth factor IGF-II could have a role in hepatic cancer.
Parcellation of the human orbitofrontal cortex based on gray matter volume covariance

The human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is an enigmatic brain region that cannot be parcellated reliably using diffusional and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because there is signal dropout that results from an inherent defect in imaging techniques. We hypothesise that the OFC can be reliably parcellated into subregions based on gray matter volume (GMV) covariance patterns that are derived from artefact‐free structural images. A total of 321 healthy young subjects were examined by high‐resolution structural MRI. The OFC was parcellated into subregions‐based GMV covariance patterns; and then sex and laterality differences in GMV covariance pattern of each OFC subregion were compared. The human OFC was parcellated into the anterior (OFCa), medial (OFCm), posterior (OFCp), intermediate (OFCi), and lateral (OFCl) subregions. This parcellation scheme was validated by the same analyses of the left OFC and the bilateral OFCs in male and female subjects. Both visual observation and quantitative comparisons indicated a unique GMV covariance pattern for each OFC subregion. These OFC subregions mainly covaried with the prefrontal and temporal cortices, cingulate cortex and amygdala. In addition, GMV correlations of most OFC subregions were similar across sex and laterality except for significant laterality difference in the OFCl. The right OFCl had stronger GMV correlation with the right inferior frontal cortex. Using high‐resolution structural images, we established a reliable parcellation scheme for the human OFC, which may provide an in vivo guide for subregion‐level studies of this region and improve our understanding of the human OFC at subregional levels. Hum Brain Mapp 36:538–548, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
hotoactivation of TAZ via Akt / GSK 3 signaling pathway promotes steogenic differentiation

Osteogenesis disorder is involved in osteoporosis and other related bone diseases, in which osteogenic differentiation is essential. Osteogenic differentiation is a complicated process regulated by intricate signal transduction networks. It has been reported that low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) has an osteogenic potential by promoting osteoblast differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms remain to be understood. In this study, we reveal a novel mechanism that Akt/GSK3 /TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in LPLI-enhanced osteoblast differentiation. Photomodulation by LPLI activated Akt/GSK3 pathway which inhibited TAZ phosphorylation, leading to the increase of TAZ protein level and nuclear aggregation. Meanwhile, knockdown of TAZ suppressed osteogenic differentiation promoted by LPLI. Further study showed that LPLI promoted the
Mindfulness and Suppression as Emotion Regulation Strategies

This study examines what effect mindfulness has on anxiety and memory levels in comparison to a suppression and control group. Participants underwent natural, suppression, and mindful conditions while being shown a series of positive and negative images and rating how happy/unhappy (valence) they felt and how excited/calm (arousal). After answering a series of questionnaires, participants were tested on their recall levels. The results revealed that arousal and valence ratings of the pictures were not significantly different across conditions, and neither was the recall of the participants. The results of this experiment do not align with previous research and may be due to a few limitations within the study. Therefore, more studies will need to be conducted and further research will need to be completed.
Root Exudates Regulate Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity

ABSTRACT Plants are in constant contact with a community of soil biota that contains fungi ranging from pathogenic to symbiotic. A few studies have demonstrated a critical role of chemical communication in establishing highly specialized relationships, but the general role for root exudates in structuring the soil fungal community is poorly described. This study demonstrates that two model plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula) are able to maintain resident soil fungal populations but unable to maintain nonresident soil fungal populations. This is mediated largely through root exudates: the effects of adding in vitro-generated root exudates to the soil fungal community were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the results observed for plants grown in those same soils. This effect is observed for total fungal biomass, phylotype diversity, and overall community similarity to the starting community. Nonresident plants and root exudates influenced the fungal community by both positively and negatively impacting the relative abundance of individual phylotypes. A net increase in fungal biomass was observed when nonresident root exudates were added to resident plant treatments, suggesting that increases in specific carbon substrates and/or signaling compounds support an increased soil fungal population load. This study establishes root exudates as a mechanism through which a plant is able to regulate soil fungal community composition.
Parental Divorce, Family Conflict and Friendship Networks

This study examines the relationship between parental divorce, family conflict and characteristics of the friendship network. It also evaluates the contributions of family and network characteristics to the prediction of friendship satisfaction and loneliness. College students from divorced (n = 113) and intact families (n = 96) reported on the friendship network characteristics (size, affective experiences and supportive behaviors), family conflict, friendship satisfaction and loneliness. The results indicate that the experience of parental divorce has limited effect on the characteristics and functioning of the friendship network. The more important developmental experience is that of family conflict since higher levels of family conflict appear to compromise network size and the affective quality of the friendships and to heighten the experience of loneliness. The pattern of results also supports a mediational model of the impact of family experiences on friendship satisfaction. This study demonstrates the importance of considering both past familial experiences and the characteristics of the network in order to understand the current functioning of close personal relationships.
Representations of International Tourism in the Social Sciences: Sun, Sex, Sights, Savings, and Servility

Travel seems to generate consistently ambivalent or contradictory representa­ tions. Why is it that Levi-Strauss opens his travel autobiography Tristes Tropiques, which brought him such fame, by declaring that he hates traveling and travelers ( 1 1 1 : 15)? Why do so many tourists claim that they are not tourists themselves and that they dislike and avoid other tourists ( 1 1 5 : 1 0): Is this some modem cultural form of self-loathing? In The Innocents Abroad Mark Twain asserts that "travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry and nar­ rowmindedness . " ( 198 , Vol. 2:407) and yet goes on, page after page, about the daily torture and anxiety involved in foreign travel . Fatigue, and the constant annoyance of beggars and guides "fill one with bitter prejudice" ( 198 , Vol . 1 :253), he comments. "Another beggar approaches. I will go out and destroy him and then come back and write another chapter of vitupera­ tion" ( 198 , Vol. 1 :269). Unlike Malinowski' s mythologizing record of par­ ticipant observation in his professional works , with embarrassing confessions, ambivalence, and hostility confined to his diary ( 1 1 8) , Twain serves up the negative, positive, and contradictory in a single work. Twain traveled and wrote at a time when the foundations of the modem travel industry were being laid; and if in 1 9th-century creative literature we have images of "travel ," in that of the 20th we find portrayed its contemporary degenerate offspring-mass tourism. "Degeneracy" is an image that keeps surfacing, and so not surprisingly representations of tourism are frequently even more hostile than those of travel. As MacCannell puts it, "The term 'tourist' is increasingly used as a derisive label for someone who seems content with his obviously inauthentic experiences" ( 1 1 5 :94). John Fowles
Quantifying Social Media’s Political Space: Estimating Ideology from Publicly Revealed Preferences on Facebook

We demonstrate that social media data represent a useful resource for testing models of legislative and individual-level political behavior and attitudes. First, we develop a model to estimate the ideology of politicians and their supporters using social media data on individual citizens’ endorsements of political figures. Our measure allows us to place politicians and more than 6 million citizens who are active in social media on the same metric. We validate the ideological estimates that result from the scaling process by showing they correlate highly with existing measures of ideology from Congress, and with individual-level self-reported political views. Finally, we use these measures to study the relationship between ideology and age, social relationships and ideology, and the relationship between friend ideology and turnout.
Rhetoric versus reality in social work practice: Political, neoliberal and new managerial influences

This article is based on a study of the experiences of social workers employed in a public service organisation in the Ethekwini Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the profession of social work commit to the pursuit of human rights, social justice and a better life for all. However, an increasing shift towards neoliberalism and new managerialism impacts on the functions and levels of satisfaction of social workers as they deal with the ideal aspirations of the profession and the realities of their day-to-day practice. Informed by critical theory, the research was inspired by the desire for social workers to use the research process to engage in ethical political resistance.
A Case of Treatment Resistant Depression and Alcohol Abuse in a Person with Mental Retardation: Response to Aripiprazole and Fluvoxamine Therapy upon Consideration of a Bipolar Diathesis after Repetitive Failure to Respond to Multiple Antidepressant Trials

Mental Retardation (MR) is a developmental disability characterized by impairments in adaptive daily life skills and difficulties in social and interpersonal functioning. Since multiple causes may contribute to MR, associated clinical pictures may vary accordingly. Nevertheless, when psychiatric disorders as Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) and/or alcohol abuse co-exist, their proper detection and management is often troublesome, essentially due to a limited vocabulary MR people could use to describe their symptoms, feelings and concerns, and the lack of reliable screening tools. Furthermore, MR people are among the most medicated subjects, with (over) prescription of antidepressants and/or typical antipsychotics being the rule rather than exception. Thus, treatment resistance or even worsening of depression, constitute frequent occurrences. This report describes the case of a person with MR who failed to respond to repetitive trials of antidepressant monotherapies, finally recovering using aripiprazole to fluvoxamine augmentation upon consideration of a putative bipolar diathesis for “agitated” TRD. Although further controlled investigations are needed to assess a putative bipolar diathesis in some cases of MR associated to TRD, prudence is advised in the long-term prescription of antidepressant monotherapies in such conditions.
Exploiting Concurrency for the Automated Synthesis of MPSoC Interconnects

Multiprocessor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoC) applications can rely today on a very large spectrum of interconnection topologies potentially meeting given communication requirements, determining various trade-offs between cost and performance. Building interconnects that enable concurrent communication tasks introduces decisive opportunities for reducing the overall communication latency. This work identifies three levels of parallelism at the interconnect level: global parallelism across different independent domains; local or intradomain parallelism, relying on inherently concurrent interconnect components such as crossbars; and interdomain parallelism, where multiple concurrent paths across different local domains are exploited. We propose an automated methodology to search the design space, aimed at maximizing the exploitation of these forms of parallelism. The approach also takes into consideration possible dependencies between communication tasks, which further constrains the design space, making the identification of a feasible solution more challenging. By jointly solving a scheduling and interconnect synthesis problem, the methodology turns the description of the application communication requirements, including data dependencies, into an on-chip synthesizable interconnection structure along with a communication schedule satisfying given area constraints. The article thoroughly describes the formalisms and the methodology used to derive such optimized heterogeneous topologies. It also discusses some case studies emphasizing the impact of the proposed approach and highlighting the essential differences with a few other solutions presented in the technical literature.
Kaitiakitanga: Maori perspectives on conservation

Maori, like other indigenous peoples, are increasingly involved in attempts to provide appropriate cultural responses to environmental issues. These include efforts to translate and incorporate isolated parts of their language and traditional practises into the prevailing culture. Major problems with this process are the incommensurability of such attempts whereby the real meaning of a custom or word is frequently debased and divorced from its traditional cultural setting, so that its proper functioning is impaired. Added to this is the ignorance on the part of many concerning the conceptual world view, traditional beliefs and practices of the Maori - or, if knowing these things, a lack of respect for their validity. On the other hand there are some, especially among the modern conservation movement, who have a more empathetic attitude towards indigenous ecological knowledge, but who thereby assume that their environmental ethics and those of indigenous peoples are motivated by similar philosophies and share similar aims. Not only is this assumption often wrong, it may also contribute to the inability of the western conservation movement to properly serve the needs of, and to fully empower, indigenous conservation aspirations as guaranteed to Maori under the Treaty of Waitangi. This paper addresses some of these issues by providing Maori perspectives on an increasingly important environmental concept: that of kaitiaki, and kaitiakitanga.
Class Participation inAccounting Courses: FactorsThatAffect Student Comfort and Learning

Class discussion is frequently used in accounting education. Prior re- search indicates that preparation for and frequency of participation in class discussion is positively related to students' comfort participating. This study extends this literature by examining the relationship between class participation and learning. In this study, 323 sophomore business students enrolled in accounting courses and completed pre- and post-course surveys concerning their perceptions about class discussion; in addi- tion, instructors provided students' grades for our use in this study. Path model results indicate that preparation is positively related to frequency of participation, which, in turn, is positively related to students' comfort participating in class discussion. Furthermore, students' comfort participating in class discussion is positively related to learning. A practical implication of this finding on the learning-comfort relationship is that instruc- tors' efforts to foster student comfort with class discussion—especially efforts directed at increasing their preparation and participation frequency—should lead to increased student mastery of course content.
Multi-way Monte Carlo Method for Linear Systems

We study the Monte Carlo method for solving a linear system of the form $x = H x + b$. A sufficient condition for the method to work is $\| H \| < 1$, which greatly limits the usability of this method. We improve this condition by proposing a new multi-way Markov random walk, which is a generalization of the standard Markov random walk. Under our new framework we prove that the necessary and sufficient condition for our method to work is the spectral radius $\rho(H^{+}) < 1$, which is a weaker requirement than $\| H \| < 1$. In addition to solving more problems, our new method can work faster than the standard algorithm. In numerical experiments on both synthetic and real world matrices, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our new method.
Parasympathetic Innervation and Function of Endocrine Pancreas Requires the Glial Cell Line–Derived Factor Family Receptor α2 (GFRα2)

Vagal parasympathetic input to the islets of Langerhans is a regulator of islet hormone secretion, but factors promoting parasympathetic islet innervation are unknown. Neurturin signaling via glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α2 (GFRα2) has been demonstrated to be essential for the development of subsets of parasympathetic and enteric neurons. Here, we show that the parasympathetic nerve fibers and glial cells within and around the islets express GFRα2 and that islet parasympathetic innervation in GFRα2 knockout (KO) mice is reduced profoundly. In wild-type mice, neuroglucopenic stress produced a robust increase in plasma levels of islet hormones. In the GFRα2-KO mice, however, pancreatic polypeptide and insulin responses were completely lost and glucagon response was markedly impaired. Islet morphology and sympathetic innervation, as well as basal secretions of the islet hormones, were unaffected. Moreover, a glucose tolerance test failed to reveal differences between the genotypes, indicating that direct glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was not affected by GFRα2 deficiency. These results show that GFRα2 signaling is needed for development of the parasympathetic islet innervation that is critical for vagally induced hormone secretion. The GFRα2-KO mouse represents a useful model to study the role of parasympathetic innervation of the endocrine pancreas in glucose homeostasis.
Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions for Transitional Countries

Human rights prosecutions have been the major policy innovation of the late twentieth century designed to address human rights violations. The main justification for such prosecutions is that sanctions are necessary to deter future violations. In this article, we use our new data set on domestic and international human rights prosecutions in 100 transitional countries to explore whether prosecuting human rights violations can decrease repression. We find that human rights prosecutions after transition lead to improvements in human rights protection, and that human rights prosecutions have a deterrence impact beyond the confines of the single country. We also explore the mechanisms through which prosecutions lead to improvements in human rights. We argue that impact of prosecutions is the result of both normative pressures and material punishment and provide support for this argument with a comparison of the impact of prosecutions and truth commissions, which do not involve material punishment.