Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A method of implementing UML virtual machines with some constraints based on abstract state machines

UML has become a standard language for designing software systems. To help software developers design a correct UML model for a software system has become an important goal for many UML CASE tools. We propose a new UML virtual machine based on abstract state machines. We combine the UML meta-model, UML model and user objects model into one under the ASM virtual machine for UML. Since the ASM virtual machine for UML supports OCL, software developers can precisely design a software model and then find some errors such as inconsistency in the model with the help of the ASM virtual machine.
A Markov model for the mobile propagation channel

A finite-state Markov model is fitted to the mobile propagation channel by the use of contingency tables. Narrow-band Rayleigh and Ricean fading are considered in detail, but the techniques extend to other types of fading. Several criteria may indicate that a first-order finite-state Markov model sufficiently characterizes the channel behavior. The parameters of the model are obtained both from theoretical analysis and simulation. Functional dependence between the transition probabilities and the steady-state probabilities is found in the slow fading case.
Highlights from the 14th St Gallen International Breast Cancer Conference 2015 in Vienna: Dealing with classification, prognostication, and prediction refinement to personalize the treatment of patients with early breast cancer

The refinement of the classification, the risk of relapse and the prediction of response to multidisciplinary treatment for early breast cancer has been the major theme of the 14th St Gallen International Breast Cancer Consensus Conference 2015. The meeting, held in Vienna, assembled 3500–4000 participants from 134 countries worldwide. It culminated, on the final day, with the International Consensus Session, delivered by 40–50 of the world’s most experienced opinion leaders in the field of breast cancer treatment. The panelist addressed the “semantic” classification of breast cancer subtypes by pathology-based biomarkers (e.g. estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2) vs genomic classifiers. They also refined the biomarker prognostication dissecting the impact of the various gene signatures and pathologic variables in predicting the outcome of patients with early breast cancer in terms of early and late relapse. Finally they addressed the challenges stemming from the intra- and inter-observer variability in the assessment of pathologic variables and the role of gene signatures for the prediction of response to specific therapeutic approach such as endocrine therapy and chemotherapy and for personalizing local treatment of patients with early breast cancer. The vast majority of the questions asked during the consensus were about controversial issues. The opinion of the panel members has been used to implement guidance for treatment choice. This is the unique feature of the St. Gallen Consensus, ensuring that the resulting recommendations will take due cognizance of the variable resource limitations in different countries. Information derived from evidence based medicine and large meta-analyses is of obvious and enormous value. The weakness of this approach is that it gives particular weight to older trials (which have accumulated more event endpoints) and is frequently unable to collect sufficient detail on the patients and tumors in the trials to allow assessment of whether the treatments which are better on average offer equal value to all currently definable patient subgroups. What St Gallen can provide is clinically useful updated breast cancer treatment consensus for the majority of patients treated outside of clinical trials (>90%) in most countries.
Low‐dose thalidomide plus low‐dose dexamethasone therapy in patients with refractory multiple myeloma

We report the results of a non‐randomized phase II study of low‐dose thalidomide plus low‐dose dexamethasone therapy in 66 patients with refractory multiple myeloma. The overall response rate (near complete, partial and minimal response) was 63.6%, and progression‐free and overall survival periods were 6.2 and 25.4 months. In adverse events, the incidence of peripheral neuropathy and deep vein thrombosis was lower than the data reported in USA and Europe. On the other hand, leukopenia was observed in 41% of patients, including 11% of those with Grade 3. Leukopenia was closely related to pretreatment pancytopenia, especially thrombocytopenia. The incidence of adverse events related to dexamethasone was low. In conclusion, low‐dose thalidomide plus low‐dose dexamethasone therapy was as effective as high‐dose thalidomide plus high‐dose dexamethasone therapy in patients with refractory multiple myeloma. Leukopenia is one of the most serious adverse events in Japanese patients, especially in patients with pretreatment pancytopenia.
Efficient Estimation of Copula-Based Semiparametric Markov Models

This paper considers efficient estimation of copula-based semiparametric strictly stationary Markov models. These models are characterized by nonparametric invariant (one-dimensional marginal) distributions and parametric bivariate copula functions; where the copulas capture temporal dependence and tail dependence of the processes. The Markov processes generated via tail dependent copulas may look highly persistent and are useful for financial and economic applications. We first show that Markov processes generated via Clayton, Gumbel and Student's $t$ copulas and their survival copulas are all geometrically ergodic. We then propose a sieve maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) for the copula parameter, the invariant distribution and the conditional quantiles. We show that the sieve MLEs of any smooth functionals are root-$n$ consistent, asymptotically normal and efficient; and that their sieve likelihood ratio statistics are asymptotically chi-square distributed. We present Monte Carlo studies to compare the finite sample performance of the sieve MLE, the two-step estimator of Chen and Fan (2006), the correctly specified parametric MLE and the incorrectly specified parametric MLE. The simulation results indicate that our sieve MLEs perform very well; having much smaller biases and smaller variances than the two-step estimator for Markov models generated via Clayton, Gumbel and other tail dependent copulas.
INTEGRATION – WHAT INTEGRATION?

ABSTRACT Since the founding of the European Union, religion has become an increasingly important aspect in shaping European identity and thereby social cohesion in Europe. Social cohesion depends to a high degree on a successfully established distinction between ‘us’ and ‘them’. Religion became one important marker of such boundaries. However, religion works both as an individual-level and an EU-level property. In order to take religion into consideration on the level of individual religiousness and as an institutionalised framework, we combine an analysis of key documents of the European Commission with a quantitative analysis of individual attitudes towards Europe. This combination of methods enables us to track the ‘discovery of religion’ by the European Commission as a means for social cohesion and the potential of religion to create Europeanness among the EU-citizens. We focus on the crucial period between 1990 and 2000 in which the major system transformation from EEC to EU took place. The quantitative analysis is conducted as a multi-level analysis on the basis of the European Value Survey 1990 and 2000. The data reveal that in fact over a 10-year period, the European integration project has begun to evolve towards an identity project with religion as a key factor on both levels.
Pre-Activation Negativity (PrAN) in Brain Potentials to Unfolding Words

We describe an event-related potential (ERP) effect termed the “pre-activation negativity” (PrAN), which is proposed to index the degree of pre-activation of upcoming word-internal morphemes in speech processing. Using lexical competition measures based on word-initial speech fragments (WIFs), as well as statistical analyses of ERP data from three experiments, it is shown that the PrAN is sensitive to lexical competition and that it reflects the degree of predictive certainty: the negativity is larger when there are fewer upcoming lexical competitors.
Information Equilibria in Dynamic Economies∗

We establish an information equilibrium concept that provides existence and uniqueness conditions for dynamic economies with incomplete information. Our equilibrium concept overturns non-existence results once thought to be pervasive in models with non-trivial informational dynamics, and establishes a connection between hierarchical and dispersed information structures. We show that the equilibria belonging to this class are characterized by a generalization of the celebrated Hansen-Sargent formula. A ubiquitous characteristic of this generalized Hansen-Sargent formula is a propagation effect triggered by perpetual learning about structural innovations from equilibrium variables. We provide analytic characterizations of equilibrium dynamics, which permit closed-form solutions of higher order belief dynamics. We also derive an equivalence between non-fundamental moving average representations and dynamic signal extraction problems. This equivalence allows for a novel rational expectations interpretation of moving average processes. We would like to thank Christian Hellwig, Ken Kasa, Eric Leeper, Kristoffer Nimark, Bart Taub, PierreOlivier Weill, Chuck Whiteman and seminar participants at UC–Berkeley, the Econometric Society summer meetings, and the Yale University Cowles Foundation Summer Conference on Information and Beliefs in Macroeconomics for useful comments. UCSD, grondina@ucsd.edu Indiana University, walkertb@indiana.edu
Trace element determination in different milk slurries

We have studied the contents of trace elements of nutritional or toxicological interest in 90 samples of whole, low-fat, skim, condensed, evaporated and powdered milks. Slurries of the samples were prepared with Triton X-100 and analysed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The temperature–time programme of the graphite oven was optimized for each element, and the accuracy, precision, selectivity and sensitivity of the method were verified. Concentrations of the trace elements we investigated were: Pb 0–0·211 μg/g, Cd 0–28·985 ng/g, Al 0·528–4·025 μg/g, Cu 0·041–0·370 μg/g, Cr 0–0·177 μg/g, Mn 0·024–0·145 μg/g, Se 0–237·333 ng/g, Zn 0·297–0·827 μg/g and Ni 0·058–1·750 μg/g. (A value of zero indicates that the element was undetectable by our methods.) Concentrations of the pairs of elements Cu–Cd, Mn–Cd, Mn–Cu, Zn–Mn, Ni–Cu, Ni–Mn and Ni–Zn were significantly correlated (P<0·001). Linear discriminant analysis confirmed the separation between the six types of milk analysed.
gp78 functions downstream of Hrd1 to promote degradation of misfolded proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum

The functional relationship between mammalian ubiquitin ligase gp78 and Hrd1 was studied. Hrd1 is one of the essential retrotranslocation regulators conserved in yeast and mammalian cells, whereas gp78 serves an assisting role downstream of Hrd1 and possibly other ubiquitin ligases in mammalian cells.
A Comparison of Three Interactive Television AD Formats

ABSTRACT This study explores the effects of interacting with three current interactive television (iTV) ad formats, using an Australian audience panel. Interaction with iTV ads has positive effects on awareness and net positive thoughts, which increase purchase intentions compared with the influence of regular ads. The telescopic format represents the best format, likely because it makes the most of the entertaining possibilities of iTV by offering additional long-form video; its superior performance cannot be explained readily by self-selection effects. The results suggest that the effectiveness of iTV ads should be measured by their interaction rate rather than the much smaller response rate, and iTV advertisers should consider ways to maximize interaction and response rates.
Photoaging of human retinal pigment epithelium is accompanied by oxidative modifications of its eumelanin

Although photodegradation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) melanin may contribute to the etiology of age‐related macular degeneration, the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon and the structural changes of the modified melanin remain unknown. Recently, we found that the ratio of pyrrole‐2,3,4,5‐tetracarboxylic acid (PTeCA) to pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) is a marker for the heat‐induced cross‐linking of eumelanin. In this study, we examined UVA‐induced changes in synthetic eumelanins to confirm the usefulness of the PTeCA/PTCA ratio as an indicator of photo‐oxidation and compared changes in various melanin markers and their ratios in human melanocytes exposed to UVA, in isolated bovine RPE melanosomes exposed to strong blue light and in human RPE cells from donors of various ages. The results indicate that the PTeCA/PTCA ratio is a sensitive marker for the oxidation of eumelanin exposed to UVA or blue light and that eumelanin and pheomelanin in human RPE cells undergo extensive structural modifications due to the life‐long exposure to blue light.
Excellence in achievement contexts: psychological science applications and future directions

The study of human excellence has always been present in the development of psychological science, although its theory, research, and practice focus have been mainly on negative and pathological issues. Many authors have attempted to explain and understand youth and adults’ exceptional achievements in several achievement domains, such as science, art, or sports. Here, we consider three main different approaches that study excellence. There are those which focus on natural talent, those which propose intensive training and practice as main factors of high and outstanding performances, and those which define excellence in the context of wisdom. Analyzing the current literature, we can distinguish training, deliberate practice, and exceptional performance specificity resulting from a precocious involvement and commitment to a specific domain as main points of convergence. Cognitive, motivational, affective, and personality characteristics, as well as contextual elements such as learning experiences and supportive environments, are emphasized as crucial factors in the developmental process of excellence. This concern and interest in human excellence appears to be shared by professionals from different domains. New challenges for future research in this field are presented.
Development as a Social Process : Contributions of Gerard Duveen

Series Editor's Introduction Jaan Valsiner Preface Serge Moscovici Introduction: The Context and Development of Ideas Sandra Jovchelovitch and Brady Wagoner Part 1: Piaget: A View from Afar 1. Children's Understanding of Friendship 2. The Child's Reconstruction of Economic Life 3. Piaget Ethnographer 4. Genesis and Structure: Piaget and Moscovici Part 2: Development as Decentration 5. Social Life and the Epistemic Subject 6. Psychological Development as a Social Process 7. Construction, Belief, Doubt 8. On Interviews: A Conversation with Carol Gilligan 9. The Constructive Role of Asymmetries in Social Interaction Part 3: Thinking through Social Representations 10. The Significance of Social Identities 11. Social Representations as a Genetic Theory 12. Representations, Identities, Resistance 13. Culture and Social Representations 14. Social Actors and Social Groups: A Return to Heterogeneity in Social Psychology
Internalizing and externalizing expressions of dysfunction

Contents:D. Cicchetti, S.L. Toth, A Developmental Perspective on Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders. M.T. Greenberg, C.A. Kusche, M. Speltz, Emotional Regulation, Self-Control, and Psychopathology: The Role of Relationships in Early Childhood. S.B. Campbell, Longitudinal Studies of Active and Aggressive Preschoolers: Individual Differences in Early Behavior and in Outcome. K.H. Rubin, S. Hymel, R.S.L. Mills, L. Rose-Krasnor, Conceptualizing Different Developmental Pathways To and From Social Isolation in Childhood. R.J. Davidson, Cerebral Asymmetry and Affective Disorders: A Developmental Perspective. R. Plomin, R. Rende, M. Rutter, Quantitative Genetics and Developmental Psychopathology. C.Z. Malatesta-Magai, Emotional Socialization: Its Role in Personality and Developmental Psychopathology. J. Garber, N.L. Quiggle, W. Panak, K.A. Dodge, Aggression and Depression in Children: Comorbidity, Specificity, and Social Cognitive Processing. G. Sackett, P. Gould, What Can Primate Models of Human Developmental Psychopathology Model?
Intraocular Pressure and Medication Control After Clear Corneal Phacoemulsification and AcrySof Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation in Patients With Filtering Blebs

PurposeTo determine whether clear corneal phacoemulsification and the implantation of a copolymer acrylic (AcrySof, Alcon, Fort Worth, TX) intraocular lens will maintain the intraocular pressure (IOP) and number of medications in patients with a previous filtering bleb. Patients and MethodsThis retrospective analysis included 69 consecutive patients with previous trabeculectomy who had a copolymer acrylic intraocular lens implanted during cataract surgery between 1995 and 1999 by a single surgeon (A.C.S.C.). ResultsMean IOP significantly decreased from 26.03 mm Hg (range, 14.5–70 mm Hg; n = 69) before trabeculectomy to 13.58 ± 3.98 mm Hg (range, 5–24 mm Hg; n = 69) before the cataract extraction. After cataract extraction, the mean IOP increased significantly by 1.49 mm Hg (n = 67;P = 0.0013), by 1.85 mm Hg (n = 57;P = 0.0005), and by 1.01 mm Hg (n = 67;P = 0.042) after 6 months, after 1 year, and at the patient's last appointment, respectively. When patients whose pressures were purposely increased during cataract surgery were not included (n = 5), the mean increase at the last appointment was not significantly increased (0.54 mm Hg; n = 62;P = 0.25). The average number of antiglaucoma medications decreased from 2.93 (range, 1–5; n = 69) before trabeculectomy to 0.36 (range, 0–2; n = 69) before cataract surgery. This mean decreased to 0.34 (range, 0–2; n = 67;P = 0.8366) 6 months after cataract surgery and increased to 0.49 (range, 0–3; n = 57;P = 0.1029) and 0.62 (range, 0–3; n = 67;P = 0.0006) after 1 year and at the last appointment, respectively. Of the total study population, two (2.9%) patients required additional glaucoma surgery and 14 (20.3%) patients required additional antiglaucoma medications as compared with their precataract levels. ConclusionsClear corneal phacoemulsification and the implantation of a copolymer acrylic (AcrySof, Alcon) posterior chamber intraocular lens statistically increased the number of medications and IOP of patients in our study. These increases, although statistically significant, did not cause a clinically significant deterioration in IOP control.
THE AML1‐ETO CHIMAERIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA: BIOLOGY AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease, with individual cases showing variability in clinical presentation, blast cell morphology, therapeutic response and long-term prognosis. This heterogeneity extends to the molecular genetic lesions underlying the pathogenesis of AML. Although nonrandom clonal chromosomal aberrations are present in the majority of cases, each abnormality affects only a limited subset of cases. Nonetheless, recent studies have demonstrated that several chromosomal rearrangements, and the molecular abnormalities they produce, identify distinct patient subgroups with predictable clinical features and therapeutic responses. One of the most frequent cytogenetic abnormalities in AML is t(8;21)(q22;q22). The cloning of the genes targeted by this translocation led to the identi®cation of AML1 as the DNA-binding subunit of the AML1/CBFb core binding factor transcription complex, a critical regulator of normal haemopoiesis. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that the genes encoding this transcription factor complex are the most common targets of chromosomal rearrangements in human leukaemia. In this review I will summarize our understanding of the normal function of AML1/CBFb in haemopoiesis, and will then describe the mechanism through which t(8;21) induces leukaemia. Throughout I will emphasize the clinical signi®cance of this genetic lesion and the general principles of haemopoietic transformation that have emerged from study of the activity of the encoded chimaeric oncoprotein.
The Prevalence of Inflammatory and Developmental Odontogenic Cysts in a Libyan Population

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of odontogenic jaw cysts in a Libyan population and to compare the data with previously published reports from other countries. Materials and methods: We retrieved and analyzed 2190 case notes and biopsy records of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Al Arab Medical Sciences University, Benghazi, Libya, dating from January 1990 to December 2005. There were 326 cases (14.8%) of diagnosed odontogenic cysts among the 2190 biopsies performed during this period. The cases were analyzed for age and sex distribution, site of presentation, association with impacted teeth, and the method of treatment. Results: The male to female ratio of patients was 1.3:1 Radicular cysts accounted for 222 cases (68.1%), followed by dentigerous cysts (n=49, 15%) and odontogenic keratocysts (n=43, 14.1%). Mean ages of the patients were, respectively, 31.7, 22.7 and 36.1 years. The maxilla was more commonly involved than the mandible (1.3:1). The anterior maxilla was the commonest site (n=132, 37.4%) followed by the posterior mandible (n=96, 29.4%). Fifty three cases were associated with impacted teeth, and the highest frequency was for dentigerous cysts (n=37). Enucleation and curettage was performed on 300 patients, marsupialization on 14, and marginal/segmental resection on 12. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first such study on a Libyan population. Our results are comparable to studies from other countries. Knowledge of the relative frequencies and sites of presentation of odontogenic cysts in different ethno-geographic backgrounds is essential for the early diagnosis and management of these benign yet potentially destructive lesions.
Is Cannabis Use a Contributory Cause of Psychosis?

Objective: To assess whether cannabis use in adolescence and young adulthood is a contributory cause of schizophreniform psychosis in that it may precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals. Method: We reviewed longitudinal studies of adolescents and young adults that examined the relations between self-reported cannabis use and the risk of diagnosis with a psychosis or of reporting psychotic symptoms. We also reviewed studies that controlled for potential confounders, such as other forms of drug use and personal characteristics that predict an increased risk of psychosis. We assessed evidence for the biological plausibility of a contributory causal relation. Results: Evidence from 6 longitudinal studies in 5 countries shows that regular cannabis use predicts an increased risk of a schizophrenia diagnosis or of reporting symptoms of psychosis. These relations persisted after controlling for confounding variables, such as personal characteristics and other drug use. The relation did not seem to be a result of cannabis use to self-medicate symptoms of psychosis. A contributory causal relation is biologically plausible because psychotic disorders involve disturbances in the dopamine neurotransmitter systems with which the cannabinoid system interacts, as demonstrated by animal studies and one human provocation study. Conclusion: It is most plausible that cannabis use precipitates schizophrenia in individuals who are vulnerable because of a personal or family history of schizophrenia.