Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of reactive saccades in normal children.

PURPOSE To compare the amount, the retention, and the extinction of saccadic adaptation in two groups: 9 adults (23-36 years old) and 9 children (11-14 years old). METHODS The paradigm used was a classical double-step target to elicit the shortening of saccade gains in response to a 2° backward step (20% of target eccentricity). Two conditions were run in the pre- and postadaptation phases without and with postsaccadic visual feedback, to allow examination of the retention and the extinction of saccadic adaptation. RESULTS Adaptation of reactive saccades occurred in children as well as adults. Both groups showed a progressive shortening of saccade amplitude and good retention. The main difference concerned the speed of extinction, i.e., return to baseline, which was slower for children. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral structures involved in human short-term adaptation of reactive saccades are functional in regard to adaptive shortening of saccade amplitude. Divergent patterns in the extinction of adaptation between children and adults suggested that lengthening of saccade gain is not yet well established in children. Further investigation is needed to clarify whether processes responsible for backward adaptation are mature before those for forward adaptation.
Stimulation of A 2 Adenosine Receptors Inhibits the Ingestion of Photoreceptor Outer Segments by Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Results. Adenosine inhibited the ingestion phase of phagocytosis (IC50 = 50 fiM), and this effect was potentiated 80-fold in the presence of dipyridamole (IC50 = 0.6 /xM). In the presence of 10 /iM 8-phenyltheophylline, the inhibitory effect of 100 /*M adenosine was reduced from 80% inhibition of ROS ingestion to 33% inhibition. The rank order of potency of adenosine analogues to inhibit ROS ingestion by RPE was N-cyclohexyladenosine/5'-[N-ethylcarboxamido]-adenosine (NECA) = NECA > adenosine >> [R]-N-[2-phenylisopropyl]-adenosine. The greatest stimulation of cAMP production was observed with 33.3 fiM NECA. The production of cAMP reached its maximum level after 2 minutes of incubation, and after 10 minutes the levels of cAMP were back to basal.
Social Media Release Increases Dissemination of Original Articles in the Clinical Pain Sciences

A barrier to dissemination of research is that it depends on the end-user searching for or ‘pulling’ relevant knowledge from the literature base. Social media instead ‘pushes’ relevant knowledge straight to the end-user, via blogs and sites such as Facebook and Twitter. That social media is very effective at improving dissemination seems well accepted, but, remarkably, there is no evidence to support this claim. We aimed to quantify the impact of social media release on views and downloads of articles in the clinical pain sciences. Sixteen PLOS ONE articles were blogged and released via Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and ResearchBlogging.org on one of two randomly selected dates. The other date served as a control. The primary outcomes were the rate of HTML views and PDF downloads of the article, over a seven-day period. The critical result was an increase in both outcome variables in the week after the blog post and social media release. The mean ± SD rate of HTML views in the week after the social media release was 18±18 per day, whereas the rate during the other three weeks was no more than 6±3 per day. The mean ± SD rate of PDF downloads in the week after the social media release was 4±4 per day, whereas the rate during the other three weeks was less than 1±1 per day (p<0.05 for all comparisons). However, none of the recognized measures of social media reach, engagement or virality related to either outcome variable, nor to citation count one year later (p>0.3 for all). We conclude that social media release of a research article in the clinical pain sciences increases the number of people who view or download that article, but conventional social media metrics are unrelated to the effect.
Determination of ranged sets of design specifications by incorporating design-space heterogeneity

Setting design specifications (targets) is a critical task in the early stages of the design process. Flexible targets can accommodate uncertainty and changes in design by postponing design commitments and preserving design freedom. In this article, a new method is developed for obtaining a ranged set of design specifications that meets design criteria whilst incorporating design-space heterogeneity; meaning some areas in the design attribute space are more achievable than the others. The proposed method has two notable features. First, a quantization algorithm based on rough-set theory is used to decompose a design attribute space into sub-regions on the basis of how well they meet design criteria. Second, a new design-flexibility measure is used as a metric to select the most desired ‘target region’ on the bases of both the size of the region and the influence of potential design alternatives on overall achievability. The proposed approach enhances the capacity of a design system to adapt to evolving design knowledge, as well as to unexpected changes. The proposed method is demonstrated by a numerical example and the design of a domestic blender.
Utilization of Intravascular Ultrasound to Assess Vascular Invasion in Pancreatic Cancer Post Chemoradiation Therapy

Surgery continues to be the principal treatment for patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. Computer tomography (CT) is the primary modality used to assess the tumor and its involvement with neighboring vasculature to determine resectability. Regrettably, CT as well as many other non-invasive imaging modalities cannot continuously differentiate between vascular invasion and compression. Intravascular ultrasound represents a modality that can be used as an adjunct to delineate tumour vascular involvement. This case represents a first report of IVUS being used post chemoradiation therapy to determine a patient’s candidacy for resection.
EQUILIBRIUM CONFIGURATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC STARS WITH PURELY TOROIDAL MAGNETIC FIELDS: EFFECTS OF REALISTIC EQUATIONS OF STATE

We investigate equilibrium sequences of relativistic stars containing purely toroidal magnetic fields with four kinds of realistic equations of state (EOS) of SLy, FPS, Shen, and LS. We numerically construct thousands of equilibrium configurations in order to study the effects of the realistic EOSs. Particularly, we pay attention to the equilibrium sequences of constant baryon mass and/or constant magnetic flux, which model evolutions of an isolated neutron star, losing angular momentum via gravitational waves. Important properties obtained in this study are summarized as follows. (1) Unlike the polytropic EOS, it is found for the realistic EOSs that the maximum masses do not monotonically increase with the field strength along the constant magnetic flux sequences. (2) The dependence of the mass-shedding angular velocity on the EOSs is determined from that of the nonmagnetized case. The stars with Shen (FPS) EOS reach the mass-shedding limit at the smallest (largest) angular velocity, while the stars with SLy or Lattimer–Swesty EOSs take the moderate values. (3) For the supramassive sequences, the equilibrium configurations are found to be generally oblate for the realistic EOSs in sharp contrast to the polytropic stars. For FPS (LS) EOS, the parameter region which permits the prolately deformed stars is widest (narrowest). For SLy and Shen EOS, it is in medium. Furthermore, the angular velocities Ωup, above which the stars start to spin up as they lose angular momentum, are found to depend sharply on the realistic EOSs. Our analysis indicates that the hierarchy of this spin-up angular velocity is Ωup,SLy > Ωup,FPS > Ωup,LS > Ωup,Shen, and this relation holds even if the sequences have strong magnetic fields. Our results suggest that the relativistic stars containing purely toroidal magnetic fields will be a potential source of gravitational waves and the EOSs within such stars can be constrained by observing the angular velocity, the gravitational wave, and the signature of the spin-up.
Measurement of the Hubble Constant from X-Ray and 2.1 Millimeter Observations of Abell 2163

We report 2.1 mm observations of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (S-Z) effect; these observations confirm our previous detection of a decrement in the cosmic microwave background intensity toward the cluster Abell 2163. The S-Z data are analyzed using the relativistically correct expression for the Comptonization. We begin by assuming the intracluster (IC) gas to be isothermal at the emission-weighted average temperature determined by a combined analysis of the ASCA and Ginga X-ray satellite observations. The results of ROSAT/PSPC observations are used to determine an isothermal model for the S-Z surface brightness. Fitting to this model, we determine the peak Comptonization to be y0 = 3.73+ 0.47−0.61×10−4. The uncertainty includes contributions due to statistical uncertainty in the detection, instrumental baseline, calibration, and density model. Combining the X-ray and S-Z measurements, we determine the Hubble constant to be H0(q0=½)=60+ 40−23 km s-1 Mpc-1, where the uncertainty is dominated by the systematic difference in the ASCA- and Ginga-determined IC gas temperatures. ASCA observations suggest the presence of a significant thermal gradient in the IC gas. We determine H0 as a function of the assumed IC gas thermal structure. Using the ASCA-determined thermal structure and keeping the emission-weighted average temperature the same as in the isothermal case, we find H0(q0 = ½) = 78+ 54−28 km s-1 Mpc-1. Including additional uncertainties due to cluster asphericity, peculiar velocity, IC gas clumping, and astrophysical confusion, we find H0(q0=½)=78+ 60−40 km s-1 Mpc-1.
An Analysis of Isostasy in the Worlds Oceans 1. HawaiianEmperor Seamount Chain

Cross-spectral techniques have been used to analyze the relationship between gravity and bathymetry on 14 profiles of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain. The resulting filter or transfer function has been used to evaluate the state of isostasy along the chain. The transfer function can be best explained by a simple model in which the oceani• lithosphere istreated as a thin elastic plate overlying a weak fluid. The best-fitting estimate of the elastic thickness of the plate is in the range 20-30 kin. Analysis of individual profiles shows significant differences in the elastic thickness along the seamount chain. Relatively low estimates of the elastic thickness were obtained for the Emperor Seamounts north of 40øN, and relatively high estimates for the Emperor Seamounts south of 40øN and the Hawaiian Ridge. These differences cannot be explained by a simple model in which there is a viscous reaction to the seamount loads through time. The best explanation is a simple model in which the elastic thickness depends on age and hence temperature gradient of the lithosphere. The low values can be explained if the Emperor Seamounts north of 40øN loaded a relatively young hot plate, and the high values can be explained if the Emperor Seamounts south of 40øN and the Hawaiian Ridge loaded a relatively old cold plate. These estimates of the elastic thickness along with determinations from other loads on the Pacific lithosphe,re suggest that the elastic thickness corresponds closely to the 450 4150øC isotherm, based on simple cooling models. Thus the large deformations and associated flexural stresses (> 1 kbar) at seamount loads do not appear to change appreciably through time. This conclusion is in agreement with subsidence data along the seamount chain and with some gravity observations in the continents.
A Caenorhabditis elegans JNK signal transduction pathway regulates coordinated movement via type‐D GABAergic motor neurons

The c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) of the MAP kinase superfamily is activated in response to a variety of cellular stresses and is involved in apoptosis in neurons. However, the roles of the JNK signaling pathway in the nervous system are unknown. The genes for the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of JNK, JNK‐1, and its direct activator, JKK‐1, were isolated based on their abilities to function in the Hog1 MAP kinase pathway in yeast. JKK‐1 is a member of the MAP kinase kinase superfamily and functions as a specific activator of JNK. Both jnk‐1 and jkk‐1 are expressed in most neurons. jkk‐1 null mutant animals exhibit defects in locomotion that can be rescued by the conditional expression of JKK‐1 in mutant adults, suggesting that the defect is not due to a developmental error. Furthermore, ectopic expression of JKK‐1 in type‐D motor neurons is sufficient to rescue the movement defect. Thus, the C.elegans JNK pathway functions in type‐D GABAergic motor neurons and thereby modulates coordinated locomotion.
Dissecting the risky-choice framing effect: Numeracy as an individual-difference factor in weighting risky and riskless options

Using five variants of the Asian Disease Problem, we dissected the risky-choice framing effect by requiring each participant to provide preference ratings for the full decision problem and also to provide attractiveness ratings for each of the component parts, i.e., the sure-thing option and the risky option. Consistent with previous research, more risky choices were made by respondents receiving negatively framed versions of the decision problems than by those receiving positively framed versions. However, different processes were evident for those scoring high and low on numeracy. Whereas the choices of the less numerate showed a large effect of frame above and beyond any influence of their evaluations of the separate options, the choices of the highly numerate were almost completely accounted for by their attractiveness ratings of the separate options. These results are consistent with an increased tendency of the highly numerate to integrate complex numeric information in the construction of their preferences and a tendency for the less numerate to respond more superficially to non-numeric sources of information.
Automating the Measurement of Open Source Projects

The proliferation of open source projects raises a number of vital economic, social, and software engineering questions that are subject of intense research. Based on experience analyzing numerous open source and commercial projects we propose a set of tools to support extraction and validation of software project data. Such tools would streamline empirical investigation of open source projects and make it possible to test existing and new theories about the nature of open source projects. Our software includes tools to extract and summarize information from mailing lists, CVS logs, ChangeLog files, and defect tracing databases. More importantly, it cross-links records from various data sources and identifies all contributors for a software change. We illustrate some of the capabilities by analyzing data from Ximian Evolution project.
Extracellular vesicles from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells support ex vivo survival of human antibody secreting cells

ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) are novel mechanisms of cell-cell communication over short and long distances. BM-MSC have been shown to support human antibody secreting cells (ASC) survival ex vivo, but whether the crosstalk between the MSC-ASC interaction can occur via EVs is not known. Thus, we evaluated the role of EVs in ASC survival and IgG secretion. EVs were isolated from irradiated and non-irradiated primary BM-MSC and were quantified. They were further characterized by electron microscopy (EM) and CD63 and CD81 immuno-gold EM staining. Human ASC were isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and cultured ex vivo with the EV fractions, the EV-reduced fractions, or conventional media. IgG Elispots were used to measure the survival and functionality of the ASC. Contents of the EV fractions were evaluated by proteomics. We saw that both irradiated and non-irradiated MSC secretome preparations afforded vesicles of a size consistent with EVs. Both preparations appeared comparable in EM morphology and CD63 and CD81 immuno-gold EM. Both irradiated and non-irradiated EV fractions supported ASC function, at 88% and 90%, respectively, by day 3. In contrast, conventional media maintained only 4% ASC survival by day 3. To identify the specific factors that provided in vitro ASC support, we compared proteomes of the irradiated and non-irradiated EV fractions with conventional media. Pathway analysis of these proteins identified factors involved in the vesicle-mediated delivery of integrin signalling proteins. These findings indicate that BM-MSC EVs provide an effective support system for ASC survival and IgG secretion.
DiPLoc: Direct Signal Domain Particle Filtering for Network Localization

We envisage a very high mobile terminal (MT) density for future wireless networks which requires ubiquitous high-definition network self-localization ability. Traditional network localization contains two steps: ranging and localization. The coherence between the two steps is not fully exploited. We propose a direct signal domain particle filter for network selflocalization (DiPLoc). The key objective is to obtain the location information directly from the received signal samples, i.e. the waveform, avoiding hard decision in the intermediate step and the ranging model approximation. The complexity of the proposed DiPLoc is similar to the two-step approach. Both of the numerical and experimental results show that, the DiPLoc outperforms the traditional two-step approaches especially when the network is dense.
Comparative Analysis of Cartilage Marker Gene Expression Patterns during Axolotl and Xenopus Limb Regeneration

Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) can completely regenerate lost limbs, whereas Xenopus laevis frogs cannot. During limb regeneration, a blastema is first formed at the amputation plane. It is thought that this regeneration blastema forms a limb by mechanisms similar to those of a developing embryonic limb bud. Furthermore, Xenopus laevis frogs can form a blastema after amputation; however, the blastema results in a terminal cone-shaped cartilaginous structure called a “spike. ” The causes of this patterning defect in Xenopus frog limb regeneration were explored. We hypothesized that differences in chondrogenesis may underlie the patterning defect. Thus, we focused on chondrogenesis. Chondrogenesis marker genes, type I and type II collagen, were compared in regenerative and nonregenerative environments. There were marked differences between axolotls and Xenopus in the expression pattern of these chondrogenesis-associated genes. The relative deficit in the chondrogenic capacity of Xenopus blastema cells may account for the absence of total limb regenerative capacity.
Tradeoffs in Supporting Two Page Sizes

As computer system main memories get larger and processor cycles-per-instruction (CPIs) get smaller, the time spent in handling translation lookaside buffer (TLB) misses could become a performance bottleneck. We explore relieving this bottleneck by (a) increasing the page size and (b) supporting two page sizes. We discuss how to build a TLB to support two page sizes and examine both alternatives experimentally with a dozen uniprogrammed, user-mode traces for the SPARC architecture. Our results show that increasing the page size to 32KB causes both a significant increase in average working set size (e.g., 60%) and a significant reduction in the TLB's contribution to CPI, CPI/sub TLB/, (namely a factor of eight) compared to using 4KB pages. Results for using two page sizes, 4KB and 32KB pages, on the other hand, show a small increase in working set size (about 10%) and variable decrease in CPI/sub TLB/, (from negligible to as good as found with the 32KB page size). CPI/sub TLB/ when using two page sizes is consistently better for fully associative TLBs than for set-associative ones. Our results are preliminary, however, since (a) our traces do not include multiprogramming or operating system behavior, and (b) our page-size assignment policy may not reflect a real operating system's policy.
Iterative Projection Methods for Structured Sparsity Regularization

In this paper we propose a general framework to characterize and solve the optimization problems underlying a large class of sparsity based regularization algorithms. More precisely, we study the minimization of learning functionals that are sums of a differentiable data term and a convex non differentiable penalty. These latter penalties have recently become popular in machine learning since they allow to enforce various kinds of sparsity properties in the solution. Leveraging on the theory of Fenchel duality and subdifferential calculus, we derive explicit optimality conditions for the regularized solution and propose a general iterative projection algorithm whose convergence to the optimal solution can be proved. The generality of the framework is illustrated, considering several examples of regularization schemes, including `1 regularization (and several variants), multiple kernel learning and multi-task learning. Finally, some features of the proposed framework are empirically studied.
Relationship between Gender Roles and Sexual Assertiveness in Married Women

ABSTRACT Background: Evidence indicates that sexual assertiveness is one of the important factors affecting sexual satisfaction. According to some studies, traditional gender norms conflict with women’s capability in expressing sexual desires. This study examined the relationship between gender roles and sexual assertiveness in married women in Mashhad, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 women who referred to Mashhad health centers through convenient sampling in 2014-15. Data were collected using Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and Hulbert index of sexual assertiveness. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 by Pearson and Spearman’s correlation tests and linear Regression Analysis. Results: The mean scores of sexual assertiveness was 54.93±13.20. According to the findings, there was non-significant correlation between Femininity and masculinity score with sexual assertiveness (P=0.069 and P=0.080 respectively). Linear regression analysis indicated that among the predictor variables, only Sexual function satisfaction was identified as the sexual assertiveness summary predictor variables (P=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results, sexual assertiveness in married women does not comply with gender role, but it is related to Sexual function satisfaction. So, counseling psychologists need to consider this variable when designing intervention programs for modifying sexual assertiveness and find other variables that affect sexual assertiveness.