Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Agreements between Labour Unions and Employers’ Associations as a Strategy for the Prevention of Repetitive Strain Injury

In 1992 the Danish labour unions and employers’ associations entered into an agreement on an action plan against hazardous repetitive work. The ambitious goal of this government-supported plan was to reduce hazardous repetitive work by 50 percent by the year 2000. An assessment of the effect of the plan reveals that in spite of certain shortcomings the plan did bring about a reduction of repetitive work, though the goal of a 50 percent reduction was not accomplished. One may draw the important lesson that agreements between the labour market parties need substantial backing from the authorities in order to be effective; otherwise, both the labour unions and employers’ associations will have dif.culties in enforcing obligations on their members. This is especially the case if companies that are either passive or outright negatively disposed are to be covered as well. But if the three parties cooperate, a strategy based on agreements seems to be a valuable approach to the solution of those working environment problems that are dif.cult to regulate by clear and measurable standards.
Computational Efficient Transceiver Optimization for Multiuser MIMO Systems: Power Minimization with User-MMSE Requirements

This paper studies transceiver design for multiuser MIMO systems and focuses on the problem of minimizing the total transmit power while maintaining individual minimum mean square error (MMSE) requirement per user. We propose a new iterative algorithm and prove that the total transmit power decreases monotonically and converges to an optimum. The algorithm has low complexity and fast convergence behavior during the first few iterations. The main contribution is a new power allocation strategy that achieves per-user MMSE targets. The optimal powers can be obtained by solving a linear system. This results in much lower complexity as compared with the strategy proposed in Schubert et al. (2006), where a fixed point iteration is required.
Primate supplementary eye field. II. Comparative aspects of connections with the thalamus, corpus striatum, and related forebrain nuclei

The supplementary eye field (SEF) was defined electrophysiologically in behaving monkeys to study its connections with the diencephalon and corpus striatum. The specificity of SEF pathways was determined with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry to compare its connections with those of the arcuate frontal eye field (FEF), contiguous dorsocaudal area 6 (6DC), and primary motor cortex (M1, arm/hand region). Results indicate that patterns of SEF connectivity were similar to the FEF and markedly different from areas GDC and Ml. Primary reciprocal thalamic pathways of the SEF were with the magnocellular ventral anterior (VA) nucleus, medial parvicellular VA, medial area X, and paralaminar medialis dorsalis (multi‐formis and parvicellularis). FEF showed similar connections but its most robust pathway was with MD rather than VA. In contrast, area 6DC showed the most extensive reciprocal connections with lateral VApc and lateral area X with only sparse connections with paralaminar MD. Area 6DC also exhibited reciprocal connections with the ventral lateral (VL) complex and the ventral posterior lateral nucleus, pars oralis (VPLo). M1 showed dense bidirectional connections with VPLo, and to a lesser extent, with VL. M1 pathways with the medial dorsal nucleus were negligible. All areas exhibited connections with the paracentral and central lateral nuclei and only M1 lacked connections with the central superior lateral nucleus.
The Fall of the Strong State

From the 1930s to the 1980s, Swedish politics was based on the assumption that social change could be accomplished through a specific political and administrative process. National politicians decided the aims of policy, government commissions of inquiry engaged experts who compiled available knowledge, Parliament turned the resulting proposal into law, a civil service agency implemented the policy and local authorities put it into effect. This rationalistic model of social steering can be called 'the strong state'. This article documents the fall of the strong state. It also argues that these changes to the output side of government have troubling implications for the operation of democracy. The reason is that the strong state model provided citizens with a reasonably clear idea of how public policies were - or should be - produced and implemented. As a result of the strong state's decline, the link from elections to policy is partly obscure, partly broken. The question for the future is whether the strong state will be replaced by some new model that provides the necessary focal points for debates on public policy, or whether stable norms will remain absent due to an inherently obscure division of labour within Sweden's policy-making and administrative structures.
Stock Returns, Inflation, and Real Activity in Developing Countries: A Markov-Switching Approach

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between real stock returns, inflation, and real activity using the Markov-switching dynamic regression (MS-DR) approach. The MS-DR allows multiple structural breaks in the estimation, and we can check regression coefficients separately in the recession and expansion periods. We selected two major developing countries (Mexico and South Africa) in order to reduce location bias. We use real stock returns, expected inflation, unexpected inflation, and real GDP growth in the estimations, and the ARFIMA model is used for unexpected inflation. The em- pirical results show that the relationship between real stock returns and inflation is negative only in the recession period. This regime-dependency is also tested with Eugene F. Fama\'92s (1981) proxy effect hypothesis, and it is found that the stock returns respond differently to inflation in a regime according to the re- gime-dependent proxy effect hypothesis. These findings suggest that the nega- tive relationship puzzle in the empirical finance literature can be explained with the regime-dependency effect. \
Board Characteristics and Audit Fees

This paper examines the relationship between board characteristics and external audit fees for Fortune 1000 companies. Competing arguments exist regarding the possible relationship between board characteristics and fees. One view is that a more independent, diligent, and expert board would be more concerned with effectively discharging its monitoring role and would be more supportive of the external audit function. Such a board would be likely to insist on enhanced audit scope, thus increasing the audit fee. An alternative view is that a more independent, diligent, and expert board would reduce the auditor's assessment of control risk and would substitute some of its own monitoring for the monitoring of the auditor. This would reduce audit effort, thus decreasing the audit fee. Consistent with the first view, we find significant positive relationships between board independence, diligence, and expertise and audit fees. A more independent, diligent, and expert board does not appear to substitute for audit effort; rather, such a board may complement auditor oversight. These results add to the growing body of literature documenting a relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and various facets of the financial reporting and audit processes. In addition, the results add to our understanding of the determinants of audit fees.
Information Effects on the Bid‐Ask Spread

An individual who chooses to serve as a market-maker is assumed to optimize his position by setting a bid-ask spread which maximizes the difference between expected revenues received from liquidity-motivated traders and expected losses to informationmotivated traders. By characterizing the cost of supplying quotes, as writing a put and a call option to an information-motivated trader, it is shown that the bid-ask spread is a positive function of the price level and return variance, a negative function of measures of market activity, depth, and continuity, and negatively correlated with the degree of competition. Thus, the theory of information effects on the bid-ask spread proposed in this paper is consistent with the empirical literature. THIS PAPER IS CONCERNED with the determination of bid-ask spreads in organized financial markets, where the trading is done through economic agents who specialize in market-making for a limited set of securities. The commitment made by dealers to buy or sell at the bid and ask prices, respectively, is analyzed as a combination of put and call options, and empirical results published in previous works are shown to be consistent with the model. While there have been several papers concerned with the bid-ask spread, no entirely satisfactory theory has yet emerged. Demsetz [10] was the first to formalize the problem. He treated the bid-ask spread as a (transaction) cost to the trader for immediacy, and analyzed it in a static supply and demand framework.
How have the Turkish post-2001 stabilization reforms impacted on the conditional correlation between the Turkish and the main foreign stock markets?

This article investigates the impact of the Turkish post-2001 stabilization reforms on the conditional correlation between the Turkish stock index (ISE 100) and the four major stock indices (S&P 500, FTSE 100, DAX 30, NIKKEI 225). We evaluate these correlations for the period ranging from January 1997 to April 2011 with Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) models. The results obtained with the Asymmetric Generalized DCC (AGDCC) model lead to two substantial conclusions. First, the conditional correlation between the ISE 100 and the four other stock indices has strengthened permanently since late 2003, when the reforms started to produce the expected results in the Turkish economic and financial situations. Second, during most of the financial crises that occurred over the retained period, the correlation between the ISE 100 and the other indices increased for a short period. These increases could be explained by the ‘flight to quality’ and ‘flight to liquidity’. By contrast, during the Turkish crisis (2000–2001) the correlation between the ISE 100 and the other stock indices decreased due to the outflow of capital.
All You Need Is Trust? An Examination of Inter‐organizational Supply Chain Projects

This study examines the antecedents of supply chain project success. We first propose and test a model that describes the role of relationship‐level factors (trust and asymmetric dependence) and project‐level factors (between‐firm communication and within‐firm commitment) in determining supply chain project success. We find that project‐level factors completely mediate the effect of trust on project success. We conclude that trust, despite being a stronger predictor compared to asymmetric dependence, is necessary but not sufficient for supply chain project success. We then proceed to further explore the role of these factors by introducing a categorical scheme that differentiates supply chain projects based on the decision rights configuration of each project. This categorization enables us to explore how relationship‐level and project‐level factors can have different impact on performance based on the characteristics of a supply chain project. The findings offer insights into how to effectively manage supply chain projects and inter‐firm alliances.
The Limits of Diversification and the Pricing of Tail Risk

This paper adopts a copula approach at assessing the dependence structure of the U.S. equity market. Seven types of copulas are considered: Gaussian, Student t, Clayton, rotated Clayton, Gumbel, rotated Gumbel and BB4. By adopting a twenty-two year sample of daily returns on the seventeen Fama and French (1993) industry portfolios, it is found that the Stundet t copula provides the best representation of the dependence structure of portfolio returns. This result suggests that equity returns have thicker tails than those implied by the Gaussian distribution. In addition, it is found that the Gaussian, Gumbel and rotated Clayton copulas overstate the benefits of diversification in the economy, while the rotated Gumbel and Clayton copulas tend to understate them. Since risk aversion and efficient markets suggest that investors should demand a premium for bearing additional ‘tail risks’, this paper provides an initial approach at assessing whether different levels of tail dependence imply different market premiums. The results show that negative tail dependence is associated with positive premiums and that positive tail dependence is associated with negative premiums. However, when the covariance with the market is taken into account, the significance of these premiums dissipates, especially for symmetric distributions.
Arabidopsis POT1A interacts with TERT-V(I8), an N-terminal splicing variant of telomerase

Chromosome integrity is maintained via the actions of ribonucleoprotein complexes that can add telomeric repeats or can protect the chromosome end from being degraded. POT1 (protection of telomeres 1), a class of single-stranded-DNA-binding proteins, is a regulator of telomeric length. The Arabidopsis genome contains three POT1 homologues: POT1A, POT1B and POT1C. Using yeast two-hybrid assays to identify components of a potential POT1A complex, we retrieved three interactors: the N-terminus of the telomerase, a protein kinase and a plant-specific protein. Further analysis of the interaction of POT1 proteins with telomerase showed that this interaction is specific to POT1A, suggesting a specific role for this paralogue. The interaction is specific to the N-terminal region of the telomerase, which can be encoded by splicing variants. This interaction indicates possible mechanisms for telomerase regulation by alternative splicing and by POT1 proteins.
Tests of adrenal insufficiency

AIM In suspected adrenal insufficiency, the ideal test for assessing the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis is controversial. Therefore, three tests were compared in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of adrenal insufficiency. METHOD Responses to the standard short Synacthen test (SSST), the low dose Synacthen test (LDST), and the 08:00 hour serum cortisol concentration were measured in 32 patients. A normal response to the synacthen test was defined as a peak serum cortisol of ⩾ 500 nmol/l and/or incremental concentration of ⩾ 200 nmol/l. The sensitivity and specificity of the 08:00 hour serum cortisol concentration compared with other tests was calculated. RESULTS Three patients had neither an adequate peak nor increment after the SSST and LDST. All had a serum 08:00 hour cortisol concentration of < 200 nmol/l. Eight patients had abnormal responses by both criteria to the LDST but had normal responses to the SSST. Three reported amelioration of their symptoms on hydrocortisone replacement. Twenty one patients had a normal response to both tests (of these, 14 achieved adequate peak and increment after both tests and seven did not have an adequate peak after the LDST but had a normal increment). The lowest 08:00 hour serum cortisol concentration above which patients achieved normal responses to both the LDST and SSST was 500 nmol/l. At this cut off value (compared with the LDST), the serum 08:00 hour cortisol concentration had a sensitivity of 100% but specificity was only 33%. CONCLUSION The LDST revealed mild degrees of adrenal insufficiency not detected by the SSST. The value of a single 08:00 hour serum cortisol concentration is limited.
If not Angelman, what is it? a review of Angelman‐like syndromes

Angelman syndrome (AS) is caused by a lack of expression of the maternally inherited UBE3A gene in the brain. However, about 10% of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of AS do not have an identifiable molecular defect. It is likely that most of those individuals have an AS‐like syndrome that is clinically and molecularly distinct from AS. These AS‐like syndromes can be broadly classified into chromosomal microdeletion and microduplication syndromes, and single‐gene disorders. The microdeletion/microduplication syndromes are now easily identified by chromosomal microarray analysis and include Phelan–McDermid syndrome (chromosome 22q13.3 deletion), MBD5 haploinsufficiency syndrome (chromosome 2q23.1 deletion), and KANSL1 haploinsufficiency syndrome (chromosome 17q21.31 deletion). The single‐gene disorders include Pitt–Hopkins syndrome (TCF4), Christianson syndrome (SLC9A6), Mowat–Wilson syndrome (ZEB2), Kleefstra syndrome (EHMT1), and Rett (MECP2) syndrome. They also include disorders due to mutations in HERC2, adenylosuccinase lyase (ADSL), CDKL5, FOXG1, MECP2 (duplications), MEF2C, and ATRX. Although many of these single‐gene disorders can be caused by chromosomal microdeletions resulting in haploinsufficiency of the critical gene, the individual disorders are often caused by intragenic mutations that cannot be detected by chromosomal microarray analysis. We provide an overview of the clinical features of these syndromes, comparing and contrasting them with AS, in the hope that it will help guide clinicians in the diagnostic work‐up of individuals with AS‐like syndromes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PROMOTING INTRA-FIRM TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE THROUGH COMPETITION AND SHARING A Field Study

This paper examines three main concerns about intra-firm transfer on knowledge in the management accounting and strategic management literature: the ability of real-world organizations to learn productively, the levels of aggregation in which the productive learning occurs, and the types of management interventions that are both desirable and productive. Based on a field study conducted in several business units of a multinational corporation, this paper reports how management makes conscious and systematic efforts to transform ideas from the best practice within the company as well as from its competitors. The company uses Management By Olympic Systems to accelerate learning through competition and sharing. The system utilizes Olympic principles and integrates individual and team concepts to achieve the Olympic targets. A broad range of Olympic targets in terms of financial and non-financial linked to the company’s incentive systems is used to improve business operations, to motivate managers and employees, and to meet stakeholders’ expectations.
Market Integration and Transport Costs in France 1825-1903: A Threshold Error Correction Approach to the Law of One Price

This paper argues that the appropriate standard for the analysis of commodity market integration is the transport cost adjusted law of one price. A threshold error correction model that incorporates that property is developed and applied to French wheat prices in the 19th century. This type of modelling acknowledges the fact that error corrections only take place when price differentials between markets exceed transport costs. The method used generates more accurate estimates of the adjustment speed to eqilibrium price differentials between markets and transport costs, which turn out to have a good fit with observed costs. Unlike previous studies this paper shows that French wheat markets were well integrated by the middle of the 19th century.
Does Google shape what we know?

While much has been written about the technological, economic and regulatory aspects of search engines, their impact on everyday life has been largely overlooked. This essay argues that this is mainly because the role of information and knowledge has been poorly theorized in the social sciences in terms of how search engines are actually used. One way to make a start on this topic is to bring to bear two theoretical frameworks from the social study of technology – large technological systems and the domestication of technology. These allow us to see how search engines have become an infrastructure at a time when, on the one hand, the uses of the Internet as a system have become pervasive and, on the other, information seeking in the home has become a routine activity in everyday life. Several studies of search behaviour have identified the main patterns of search. What emerges is the dominant role played by Google, and that the vast majority of searches are related to leisure. The paper asks whether Google plays a gatekeeping function, and how it shapes the information we use in everyday life.
Role of serotonergic neurons in L-DOPA-derived extracellular dopamine in the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.

The effect of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) on extracellular dopamine (DA) in the striatum was determined by microdialysis in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats treated with and without the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). At the same time the intensity of L-DOPA-induced rotational behavior was assessed. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats treated with 5,7-DHT, L-DOPA (50 mg/kg, i.p.) increased extracellular DA only to 20% of that measured in animals not treated with 5,7-DHT. Likewise, 6-OHDA-lesioned rats treated with 5,7-DHT exhibited a significantly lower number of L-DOPA-induced rotations. These results suggest that serotonergic terminals in the striatum can convert exogenously administered L-DOPA into DA that can be released into the extracellular space.
Plasma Amino Acids in Relation to Metabolic Control in Insulin‐Dependent Diabetic Children

ABSTRACT. The influence of metabolic control (estimated by blood glucose, 3‐hydroxybutyrate and glycosylated hemoglobin levels) on plasma amino acids was determined in a group of 56 insulin‐dependent diabetic children. A multiple correlation analysis revealed significant positive partial correlations between most amino acids and blood glucose. Alanine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine showed negative partial correlations to the 3‐hydroxybutyrate level. The results are consistent with the postulate that ketone body inhibition of muscle proteolysis is one of the factors regulating substrate flows during insulin deficiency.
A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Agricultural Prices: An Application to Colombian Data

This paper studies whether the geographical separation of markets constitutes a factor that helps explain the dynamics of agricultural prices. To do this, we employ a highly disaggregated dataset for Colombia that consists of weekly observations on wholesale prices for 18 agricultural products traded in markets scattered around the country. The sample period spans for almost a decade. According to our results, which are based on generalised impulse response functions, distance (and thus transportation costs) is a factor that helps explain the speed at which prices adjust to shocks in other locations, thus confirming that price adjustments take longer for markets farther apart.
The Effects of Government-Industry R&D Programs on Private R&D: The Case of the Small Business Innovation Research Program

I ask whether government-industry commercial R&D grants increase private R&D. Regressing some measure of innovation on the subsidy can establish a correlation between grants and R&D, but it cannot determine whether grants increase firm R&D or whether firms that do more R&D received more grants. Using a dataset of firms involved in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, I estimate a multi-equation model to test these hypotheses. Firms with more employees and that appear to do more research win more SBIR grants, but the grants do not affect employment. Moreover, I find evidence that the grants crowd out firm-financed R&D spending dollar for dollar.