Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do dynamic global vegetation models capture the seasonality of carbon fluxes in the Amazon basin? A data‐model intercomparison

To predict forest response to long‐term climate change with high confidence requires that dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) be successfully tested against ecosystem response to short‐term variations in environmental drivers, including regular seasonal patterns. Here, we used an integrated dataset from four forests in the Brasil flux network, spanning a range of dry‐season intensities and lengths, to determine how well four state‐of‐the‐art models (IBIS, ED2, JULES, and CLM3.5) simulated the seasonality of carbon exchanges in Amazonian tropical forests. We found that most DGVMs poorly represented the annual cycle of gross primary productivity (GPP), of photosynthetic capacity (Pc), and of other fluxes and pools. Models simulated consistent dry‐season declines in GPP in the equatorial Amazon (Manaus K34, Santarem K67, and Caxiuanã CAX); a contrast to observed GPP increases. Model simulated dry‐season GPP reductions were driven by an external environmental factor, ‘soil water stress’ and consequently by a constant or decreasing photosynthetic infrastructure (Pc), while observed dry‐season GPP resulted from a combination of internal biological (leaf‐flush and abscission and increased Pc) and environmental (incoming radiation) causes. Moreover, we found models generally overestimated observed seasonal net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and respiration (Re) at equatorial locations. In contrast, a southern Amazon forest (Jarú RJA) exhibited dry‐season declines in GPP and Re consistent with most DGVMs simulations. While water limitation was represented in models and the primary driver of seasonal photosynthesis in southern Amazonia, changes in internal biophysical processes, light‐harvesting adaptations (e.g., variations in leaf area index (LAI) and increasing leaf‐level assimilation rate related to leaf demography), and allocation lags between leaf and wood, dominated equatorial Amazon carbon flux dynamics and were deficient or absent from current model formulations. Correctly simulating flux seasonality at tropical forests requires a greater understanding and the incorporation of internal biophysical mechanisms in future model developments.
When White Buffalo Calf Woman Meets Oedipus on the Road

This paper constructs a conversation about male violence between psychoanalytic feminism and Lakota psychology, based on interviews carried out at the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota in the United States. The paper has four aims. First, it outlines the concepts in feminist psychoanalytic theory that inform this study, and discusses key dilemmas that arise in working across cultural borders established through histories of colonial domination. Second, the paper identifies areas of common ground between feminist psychoanalytic theory and indigenous psychologies, focusing on their shared emphasis on traumatic splits in the human psyche, gender development, and storytelling. Third, the paper describes the Cangleska program developed by Lakota practitioners at Pine Ridge-a systematically conceived set of services that combines psychological, cultural, and political analyses of violence-and explains how Cangleska offers insights that go beyond the borders of indigenous communities. Fourth, the paper draws out lines of convergence between Kleinian psychoanalysis and Lakota principles in their ethical responses to violence and discusses the implications of such convergences for the wider anti-violence movement.
Nursing students' medication errors and their opinions on the reasons of errors: A cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE To determine number and type of medication administration errors made by nursing students, and to explore the rate of reportings, emotions after the errors and the causes of errors. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted at the two schools of nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey, in February 2009, and comprised students having worked in hospital settings for a minimum of one semester and who had been involved in administering medications. SPSS 13 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Of the 324 subjects in the study, 124(38.3%) had made an error in clinical/field applications. Overall, 402 medication administration errors had been reported of which 155 (38.6%) were detected and corrected by academic nurses. The most common error reported was deviation from aseptic technique in 96(23.8%) cases. Most common emotions resulting from errors were fear in 45(28.8%) and anxiety in 37(23.5%). Most common cause was performance deficit in 141(43.4%) cases and the most common contributing factor was workload declared by 179(55.2%). CONCLUSIONS The error rate among nursing students was high whereas reporting of errors was low.
Estudio de la capacidad intelectual (Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven) en escolares chilenos de 5 a 18 años. I. Antecedentes generales, normas y recomendaciones

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad intelectual (CI) de una muestra representativa de 4.258 escolares de la Region Metropolitana de Chile, por medio del Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven, con el objeto de confrontar los baremos obtenidos, con aquellos establecidos por Raven. La validez del test se evaluo mediante su asociacion con el test de Goodenough y con el rendimiento escolar (RE) y, la confiabilidad, mediante test-retest. El estudio en terreno se efectuo durante el periodo 1986-1987 y el retest, en 1989. Los resultados mostraron que la CI se distribuyo normalmente en la muestra, ya que el 6.4% y 6.8% registro una CI superior e intelectualmente deficiente, respectivamente; 21.4% y 20.6% , inferior y superior al promedio, respectivamente y 44.5%, normal. Los baremos obtenidos para los escolares de la Region Metropolitana de Chile, tanto para la escala especial como general, son similares a los estandares de Raven y a los obtenidos para ninos de otros paises. En relacion a la validez del test, se constato una correlacion positiva con el test de Goodenough (r= 0.202 p< 0.0001) y con el RE, la cual se incremento con la edad, desde 0.445 (p< 0.0001) en escolares de I ano basico, a 0.602 (p< 0.0001), en los escolares que egresan de IV ano medio; por otra parte, se encontro un alto riesgo relativo, aproximadamente 8.0, entre la CI y el RE. Con respecto a la confiabilidad del test, la mayor parte de la muestra (76.3%), conservo o elevo su percentil. Los resultados confirman que el Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven puede ser utilizado en educacion, con el objeto de conocer la CI de los escolares, considerando que en Chile, pocas investigaciones se han efectuado sobre estos aspectos.
Hepatitis B Maternal-Fetal Transmission in Southern Europe

Screening of pregnant women for hepatitis B surface antigen especially in countries with a high carrier rate as in Southern Europe is absolutely necessary for the control and elimination of the disease. In most Southern European countries screening of pregnant women is highly recommended. In Greece the carrier rate in pregnant women varies between 2.8 and 3.0%. However, only 63.1% of mothers at delivery had been screened before admission to the maternity hospital. To avoid legal problems arising from obligatory screening, educational campaigns, lectures, pamphlets and further measures to increase screening of pregnant women and administering hepatitis B immunoglobulin and vaccine should be taken.
On the importance of initialization and momentum in deep learning

Deep and recurrent neural networks (DNNs and RNNs respectively) are powerful models that were considered to be almost impossible to train using stochastic gradient descent with momentum. In this paper, we show that when stochastic gradient descent with momentum uses a well-designed random initialization and a particular type of slowly increasing schedule for the momentum parameter, it can train both DNNs and RNNs (on datasets with long-term dependencies) to levels of performance that were previously achievable only with Hessian-Free optimization. We find that both the initialization and the momentum are crucial since poorly initialized networks cannot be trained with momentum and well-initialized networks perform markedly worse when the momentum is absent or poorly tuned. Our success training these models suggests that previous attempts to train deep and recurrent neural networks from random initializations have likely failed due to poor initialization schemes. Furthermore, carefully tuned momentum methods suffice for dealing with the curvature issues in deep and recurrent network training objectives without the need for sophisticated second-order methods.
Infrared Emission-Line Galaxies Associated with Damped Lyα and Strong Metal Absorber Redshifts

Eighteen candidates for emission-line galaxies were discovered in a narrowband infrared survey that targeted the redshifts of damped Lyα or metal lines in the spectra of quasars. The presence of emission lines is inferred from the photometric magnitudes in narrowband and broadband interference filters, corresponding to Hα at redshifts of 0.89 (six objects) and 2.4 (10 objects) and to [O II] λ3727 at a redshift of 2.3 (two objects). Most of the candidates are small, resolved objects that are compatible with galaxies at the redshifts of the damped Lyα absorbers. Because a similar survey, targeted at the redshifts of quasars themselves, uncovered only one emission-line galaxy in a larger volume, the results imply substantial clustering of young galaxies or a formation within filaments or sheets whose locations are indicated by the redshifts of strong Lyα line absorption along the lines of sight to more distant quasars.
The private tutoring industry in Taiwan: government policies and their implementation

Previous studies show that attending private tutoring has become a necessity to many primary and secondary students in East Asia. Educational policies and their effective implementation are crucial to guarantee the healthy development of the private tutoring industry and thus protect the rights of students and their families. Under the framework of educational privatization, the paper discusses the evolution and characteristics of educational policies on the private tutoring industry since the mid-twentieth century in Taiwan. With documents and data mainly obtained from the website of the Short-term Supplementary Private Tutoring Section of the Taipei Education Bureau and field visits to Taipei city, the paper summarizes three strategies used by the Taipei government for implementation of policies. It concludes that educational policies on the private tutoring industry in Taiwan follow a privatization pattern of “market mechanism and government regulation”. The government does not provide or finance private tutoring centres in the market, but regulates them with strict and detailed rules. The comparison of the Taiwan case to other East Asian societies and its implications are also discussed.
Tracking Visitor Circulation in Museum Settings

Tracking visitor movement through exhibit and gallery spaces is one of the oldest methods of studying visitor behavior. Observation of locomotion or circulation patterns constitutes a major element in any behavior setting analysis of exhibit design. The adaptation of early methods to current exhibit evaluation work in Germany is reviewed in this article. Of particular interest is the use of descriptive graphics to reveal patterns of circulation and potential design problems. Examples from three different studies of German exhibits are included. Although tracking of visitor movement cannot answer all questions about visitor reactions to museums, it is a basic tool that must be included in any behavioral study of exhibit design and effectiveness.
Religion in Postsoviet Ukraine as a Factor in Regional, Ethno-Cultural and Political Diversity

The countries which were formerly republics of the USSR face a number of problems in trying to build nation-states. One problem is the increasing but controversial role of religion and of religious institutions in a transitional society. In all the USSR successor states, seven decades of atheistic communist policy have resulted in a society which is largely secular in nature. Indeed, today the various patterns of evolution of interreligious and church-state relationships in different postsoviet states confIrm a fundamental fInding of comparative studies on religious involvement across societies, namely that country-specifIc cultural values and sociodemographic characteristics influence the religiosity of a population more than the level of modernisation of society (Sigelman, 1977; Campbell and Curtis, 1994). Ukraine is an especially interesting case in which to examine the impact of religious differences on intergroup boundary visibility and maintenance and to determine whether there is something of peculiar importance about religion in postsoviet geopolitical space when religious affIliation serves as an element in ethnic, political or regional differentiation.
The Effects of Choice on the Motivation of Adolescent Girls in Physical Education

This study examined the motivational responses of adolescent girls in the physical education setting to having choices of walking activities. Seventh and 8th grade girls (N = 1,110) in 42 intact physical education classes participated in this study. Classes were randomly assigned to choice (n = 21) and no-choice (n = 21) groups. Participants’ situational and contextual motivation was assessed using the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) and the Sport Motivation Scale for PE (SMSPE). The SIMS was administered every 3 days during the intervention. The SMSPE was administered as the pre- and posttest. Significant differences indicated that the choice group (a) was more intrinsically motivated, (b) had higher identified regulation, (c) experienced less external control, and (d) was less amotivated. Moderate to large effect sizes were noted. A significant difference in amotivation at the contextual level was noted. Results suggest that adolescent female PE students may be more motivated if given choices. The n.
Genome-wide analysis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) isolated from EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is linked to the development of a variety of malignancies, including EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). In this study, EBVaGC was detected in 15 (7.3%) of 206 GC cases. To identify the EBV genomic variation, EBV genomic sequences isolated from 9 EBVaGC biopsy specimens were successfully retrieved, designated EBVaGC1 to EBVaGC9. By comparative analysis of these strains with another 6 completely sequenced EBV strains, EBV-wild type, B95–8, AG876, GD1, GD2, and HKNPC1, it was demonstrated that EBVaGC1 to 9 were most closely related to the GD1 strain. Phylogenetic analysis of the GC biopsy specimen-derived EBV (GC-EBV) genomes was subsequently performed to assess their genomic diversity and it exhibited the greatest divergence from the type 2 strain, AG876. Compared with the reference EBV strain GD1, they harbored 961 variations in total, including 919 substitutions, 23 insertions, and 19 deletions. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density varied substantially across all known open reading frames and was highest in latency-associated genes. Moreover, we identified 2 interstrain recombinants at the EBNA1 locus, which provided a further mechanism for the generation of diversity. Some T-cell epitope sequences in EBNA1 and LMP2A genes showed extensive variation across strains, which implied their importance in the development of vaccines and T-cell therapy. In conclusion, we reported the first genome-wide view of sequence variation of EBV isolated from primary EBVaGC biopsy specimens, which might serve as an effective method for further understanding the genomic variations contribute to EBVaGC carcinogenesis and treatment.
TiltText: using tilt for text input to mobile phones

TiltText, a new technique for entering text into a mobile phone is described. The standard 12-button text entry keypad of a mobile phone forces ambiguity when the 26- letter Roman alphabet is mapped in the traditional manner onto keys 2-9. The TiltText technique uses the orientation of the phone to resolve this ambiguity, by tilting the phone in one of four directions to choose which character on a particular key to enter. We first discuss implementation strategies, and then present the results of a controlled experiment comparing TiltText to MultiTap, the most common text entry technique. The experiment included 10 participants who each entered a total of 640 phrases of text chosen from a standard corpus, over a period of about five hours. The results show that text entry speed including correction for errors using TiltText was 23% faster than MultiTap by the end of the experiment, despite a higher error rate for TiltText. TiltText is thus amongst the fastest known language-independent techniques for entering text into mobile phones.
Evaluation of antimicrobial therapy management of 120 consecutive patients with secondary peritonitis.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate antimicrobial therapy management of secondary peritonitis in a University Hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients admitted to the intensive care unit of the University Hospital of Nîmes from 1 January 1997 to 31 July 1999 with a diagnosis of secondary peritonitis were retrospectively included. Patients' medical records were collected from the data recordings of the Department of Critical Care and Emergency and the Departments of Surgery. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) was calculated for each patient at the time of admission. Antimicrobial treatment management before and after the diagnosis of peritonitis was studied. RESULTS One hundred and twenty patients were included. Results concerning mortality, aetiology of peritonitis and microbiological data were in accordance with previous studies. APACHE II score (P = 0.005), age (P = 0.002), presence of Enterococcus in the peri-operative samples (P = 0.02) and period between diagnosis and surgery (P = 0.04) were predictive of death within 30 days after diagnosis of peritonitis. No significant difference was shown in the mortality rate in patients whose post-operative antibiotic treatment was changed following results of intra-operative peritoneal cultures versus patients having inappropriate treatment (P = 0.96). The same observations were noted for anti-enterococcal treatment. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the importance of prompt surgical treatment and shows the modest impact of adapting antibiotic treatment. The morbidity and mortality associated with the presence of Enterococcus, which was not influenced by antibiotic treatment, would seem to suggest the pro-inflammatory role of Enterococcus. However, prospective randomized studies are needed to evaluate the real contribution of enterococcal antibiotic coverage in this context.
Employee Demography, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intentions in China: Do Cultural Differences Matter?

This study investigates the main effect of demographic variables on organizational commitment (OC) and the moderating effect of gender and education on the relationship between OC and turnover intentions (TI) based on a survey of 333 employees in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Only position positively influenced employees' OC while other demographic variables had no main effects on OC. Gender was found to moderate the relationship between OC and TI but education did not. The results demonstrated that, under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, Chinese employees behave differently from their western counterparts. These differences were explained in terms of cultural variables, particularly, personalism and guanxi (personal relationship network).
Should student learning journals be assessed

This article addresses the controversial question of whether student learning journals should be assessed. It draws on a collaborative action research project into the uses of learning journals at the University of Sussex in which assessment was continually debated. The characteristics of learning journals in terms of pedagogic purpose, outcome and student writing identity are explored as a basis for looking at the advantages and disadvantages of summative and formative assessment of this ‘different’ form of writing. In conclusion, ‘compromise’ solutions to the question are proposed.
Hydrogen atoms in circularly polarized microwave fields: Near-integrability and ionization.

We have recently found that ihe hydrogen atom in a circularly polarized (CP) microwave field possesses an approximate dynamical symmetry and its bounded motion can be well described by a three-dimensional integrable (but nonseparable) Hamiltonian function with a velocity-dependent potential [Rakovic and Chu, Phys. Rev. A 50, 5077 (1994)]. This finding provides a theoretical foundation for the understanding of the origin of the regularity of Rydberg atom dynamics in CP fields. We describe here the phase space topology of the three-dimensional integrable system relevant to the microwave ionization of the hydrogen atoms in CP fields. Using the integrable system as an approximation to the real system and with the use of the two additional integrals of motion, we are able to trace the deformation of the tori up to the point of bifurcation (ionization). From this, we have determined the classical ionization-field threshold law f„,=1/cno, where no is the principal quantum number of the initial state of the hydrogen atom and c is almost a constant ( =6 a.u. ). These results are in good accord with the existing experimental observations.
Family Environment and Depression

Our objective was to estimate, at the general population level, the variance in prevalence of depression attributable to family environment. A cross-sectional survey was conducted door-to-door in rural China with a sample of 3720 individuals aged 18 years and older. Results showed that the difference in depression prevalence between extended and nuclear families was not statistically significant. In addition, the association of family structure and depression (for males and females) was not statistically significant after adjusting for potential confounding variables. The association of family-related negative life events and economic status of the family with depression (for males and females) was statistically significant. The association of family support and depression was statistically significant for males but not for females. Findings suggest that the Chinese traditional extended family may not be protective against depression at the general population level, and family interventions targeting family environment should reflect the above gender differences.
Ethical leadership and followers' helping and initiative: The role of demonstrated responsibility and job autonomy

In this multisource study, we investigated a mediated moderation model proposing the moderating role of job autonomy and the mediating role of responsibility in the relationship of ethical leadership (subordinate rated) with helping and initiative (supervisor rated). In line with expectations, a study among 147 leader–follower dyads demonstrated that perceived job autonomy moderated the relationship of ethical leadership with both helping and initiative such that this relationship was positive when job autonomy was high, but not significant when job autonomy was low. This moderated relationship was mediated by the extent followers demonstrate responsibility at work. Responsibility fully mediated the moderated relationship of ethical leadership with follower initiative and partially mediated the moderated relationship of ethical leadership with follower helping behaviour.