Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Role for Accumbal Glycine Receptors in Modulation of Dopamine Release by the Glycine Transporter-1 Inhibitor Org25935

Accumbal glycine modulates basal and ethanol-induced dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens (nAc) as well as voluntary ethanol consumption. Also, systemic administration of the glycine transporter-1 inhibitor Org25935 elevates dopamine levels in nAc, prevents a further ethanol-induced dopamine elevation and robustly and dose-dependently decreases ethanol consumption in rats. Here we investigated whether Org25935 applied locally in nAc modulates dopamine release, and whether accumbal glycine receptors or NMDA receptors are involved in this tentative effect. We also addressed whether Org25935 and ethanol applied locally in nAc interact with dopamine levels, as seen after systemic administration. We used in vivo microdialysis coupled to HPLC-ED in freely moving male Wistar rats to monitor dopamine output in nAc after local perfusion of Org25935 alone, with ethanol, or Org25935-perfusion after pre-treatment with the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine or the NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist L-701.324. Local Org25935 increased extracellular dopamine levels in a subpopulation of rats. Local strychnine, but not systemic L-701.324, antagonized the dopamine-activating effect of Org25935. Ethanol failed to induce a dopamine overflow in the subpopulation responding to Org25935 with a dopamine elevation. The study supports a role for accumbal glycine receptors rather than NMDA receptor signaling in the dopamine-activating effect of Org25935. The results further indicate that the previously reported systemic Org25935–ethanol interaction with regard to accumbal dopamine is localized to the nAc. This adds to the growing evidence for the glycine receptor as an important player in the dopamine reward circuitry and in ethanol's effects within this system.
Novel ABCB11 mutations in a Thai infant with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis.

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) type 2 is caused by mutations in ABCB11, which encodes bile salt export pump (BSEP). We report a Thai female infant who presented with progressive cholestatic jaundice since 1 mo of age, with normal serum gamma-glutamyltransferase. Immunohistochemical staining of the liver did not demonstrate BSEP along the canaliculi, while multidrug resistance protein 3 was expressed adequately. Novel mutations in ABCB11, a four-nucleotide deletion in exon 3, c. 90_93delGAAA, and a single-nucleotide insertion in exon 5, c. 249_250insT, were identified, with confirmation in her parents. These mutations were predicted to lead to synthesis of truncated forms of BSEP. Immunostaining and mutation analysis thus established the diagnosis of PFIC type 2.
Timed Models for Protocol Security

The notion of time is prerequisite for describing and verifying the security properties of key management protocols. Without it, properties relating to the expiration of keys and the freshness of messages and nonces cannot be formulated. Recently Burrows, Abadi and Needham proposed a formal system for protocol verification which includes an ability to reason about time. In essence their "Logic of Authentication" is a proof theory for reasoning about key management protocols. One difficulty with such a logic lies in justifying the inferences that can be made. We approach this problem by developing an accompanying model theory for protocol security. Model theoretic techniques have been used before in the protocol verification literature, but our approach is different in two respects. First we consider a model theory which includes a notion of time. Second, the purpose of much of the previous model theoretic work was aimed at developing protocol verification tools and so assumptions about specific kinds of protocols and methods for breaking protocols were built into the model, often implicitly. In contrast, our account is more general and centers on a justification of the notion of model itself. The main results of this work include *a model theoretic definition of protocol security that is provably equivalent to a variety of alternative definitions; *demonstration that some questions about protocol security properties are undecidable, and *a schema for demonstrating the validity of many protocols by the use of model checking.
High-resolution Compton scattering study of Li: Asphericity of the Fermi surface and electron correlation effects.

We present high-resolution Compton scattering spectra from Li single crystals together with corresponding highly accurate local-density-approximation (LDA) based computations. The data are analyzed to obtain Fermi surface radii along the three principal symmetry directions; the maximum measured anisotropy is found to be (4.6[plus minus]1.0)%. Comparisons between the measured and computed spectra clearly reveal departures from the conventional one-particle LDA picture of the ground state momentum density of the electron gas. This study establishes the potential of Compton scattering as a tool for investigating Fermiology-related issues in materials.
A survey of hydrous species and concentrations in igneous feldspars

Abstract The hydrous components in 85 feldspars from various igneous environments spanning the range of naturally occurring compositions were examined with infrared spectroscopy. The feldspars contain structural OH (0-512 ppm H2O), H2O (0-1350 ppm H2O), and NH4+ (0-1500 ppm NH4 +) groups as well as fluid inclusions and alteration products. Although composition and structure do influence the type of hydrous species that can be incorporated into a particular feldspar mineral, the concentration of these species is not controlled by major-element composition. Coarse perthitic microclines have a heterogeneous distribution of hydrous species, and contain H2O or NH4+ in K-rich lamellae and fluid inclusions in Na-rich areas. The structural OH in plagioclase feldspars is not associated with twin boundaries or exsolution lamellae. All of the possible structural hydrous species are found in pegmatite feldspars, whereas volcanic feldspars contain only structural OH. The variation in OH concentration within a given feldspar composition suggests that fluids in the geologic environment play a role in determining the hydrogen concentration of each sample. The vast majority of plutonic feldspars have undergone partial or total equilibration with meteoric fluids during low-temperature (400-150 °C) hydrothermal exchange, obliterating any structural hydrogen and creating substantial concentrations of fluid inclusions (up to 4000 ppm H2O) in the exchanged regions. The amount of water stored as fluid inclusions within feldspars in the upper crust (1 × 1019 kg) is small compared to the 1.35 × 1021 kg of water in the oceans, but is roughly equivalent to the reservoir of water stored in hydrous minerals in the upper crust.
Apreensão de espécimes da fauna silvestre em Goiás – situação e destinação

The study aimed at evaluating the wild species found with illegal traders and thus apprehended in the state of Goias, Brazil, between 1997 and 2005, in order to identify those considered endangered species, quantify the most common groups apprehended and know the destination given to the animals. We analyzed the records obtained in the Apprehension and Deposit Terms (TADs), emitted by the Superintendence of the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis (IBAMA, Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources)/Environmental Military Police Battalion of the state of Goias and the data are presented in tables and graphs. We detected the apprehension of 13,691 animals and 417.65 kg of products and/or sub-products of the wild fauna. Among the total number of apprehended animals, 94% were birds, 4% mammals, and 2% reptiles and eight species are listed in the 2003 National List of Endangered Species of the Brazilian Fauna. The main places of apprehension were Abadiânia, Alexânia, Aparecida de Goiânia, Apore, Alvorada do Norte, Itumbiara, Sanclerlândia, Uruacu, and Goiânia. Most animals were released in suitable areas in the municipalities of apprehension and the others were sent to zoos, research centers, and regional legal breeding farms. The results provide data to get better knowledge of crimes against wildlife in Goias and constitute important theme of discussion for the agencies that are involved in planning surveillance, patrolling, and educational actions to combat wild species trafficking.
A hydrological assessment of the November 2009 floods in Cumbria, UK

In November 2009, record-breaking rainfall resulted in severe, damaging flooding in Cumbria, in the north-west of England. This paper presents an analysis of the river flows and lake levels experienced during the event. Comparison with previous maxima shows the exceptional nature of this event, with new maximum flows being established at 17 river flow gauging stations, particularly on catchments influenced by lakes. The return periods of the flood peaks are estimated using the latest Flood Estimation Handbook statistical procedures. Results demonstrate that the event has had a considerable impact on estimates of flood frequency and associated uncertainty. Analysis of lake levels suggests that their record high levels reduced their attenuating effect, significantly affecting the timing and magnitude of downstream peaks. The peak flow estimate of 700 m 3 s –1 at Workington, the lowest station on the Derwent, was examined in the context of upstream inputs and was found to be plausible. The results of this study have important implications for the future development of flood frequency estimation methods for the UK. It is recommended that further research is undertaken on the role of abnormally elevated lake levels and that flood frequency estimation procedures in lake-influenced catchments are reviewed.
Diel and Spatial Dependence of Humpback Song and Non-Song Vocalizations in Fish Spawning Ground

The vocalization behavior of humpback whales was monitored over vast areas of the Gulf of Maine using the passive ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing technique (POAWRS) over multiple diel cycles in Fall 2006. The humpback vocalizations comprised of both song and non-song are analyzed. The song vocalizations, composed of highly structured and repeatable set of phrases, are characterized by inter-pulse intervals of 3.5 ± 1.8 s. Songs were detected throughout the diel cycle, occuring roughly 40% during the day and 60% during the night. The humpback non-song vocalizations, dominated by shorter duration (≤3 s) downsweep and bow-shaped moans, as well as a small fraction of longer duration (∼5 s) cries, have significantly larger mean and more variable inter-pulse intervals of 14.2 ± 11 s. The non-song vocalizations were detected at night with negligible detections during the day, implying they probably function as nighttime communication signals. The humpback song and non-song vocalizations are separately localized using the moving array triangulation and array invariant techniques. The humpback song and non-song moan calls are both consistently localized to a dense area on northeastern Georges Bank and a less dense region extended from Franklin Basin to the Great South Channel. Humpback cries occur exclusively on northeastern Georges Bank and during nights with coincident dense Atlantic herring shoaling populations, implying the cries are feeding-related.
Critical Success Factors for Business Intelligence Systems

The implementation of a business intelligence (BI) system is a complex undertaking requiring considerable resources. Yet there is a limited authoritative set of critical success factors (CSFs) for management reference because the BI market has been driven mainly by the IT industry and vendors. This research seeks to bridge the gap that exists between academia and practitioners by investigating the CSFs influencing BI systems success. The study followed a two-stage qualitative approach. Firstly, the authors utilised the Delphi method to conduct three rounds of studies. The study develops a CSFs framework crucial for BI systems implementation. Next, the framework and the associated CSFs are delineated through a series of case studies. The empirical findings substantiate the construct and applicability of the framework. More significantly, the research further reveals that those organisations which address the CSFs from a business orientation approach will be more likely to achieve better results.
[Middle and late latency auditory evoked potentials in adults with AIDS].

BACKGROUND Middle and late latency auditory evoked potentials. AIM to verify the occurrence of middle and late latency auditory evoked potentials disorders in adults with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). METHOD Middle and late latency auditory evoked potentials of 8 individuals with AIDS, with ages ranging from 10 to 51 years, with normal hearing, or with sensoryneural hearing losses up to moderate, and normal results in the Auditory Brainstem Response, comparing the results with the responses obtained for a control group which was composed by 25 individuals, with ages ranging from 19 to 24 years, with no hearing complaints and with normal hearing and normal results in the Auditory Brainstem Response. RESULTS The Pa wave latency and amplitude averages in the C3/A2 and C4/A1 modalities, and the average of the P300 wave were analyzed. No significant differences were observed in the Pa wave amplitude and latency averages between the groups, although a non-statistically significant increase was observed in the latency and a decrease in the amplitude of such wave for the research group in the C3/A2 modality. The latency of the P300 wave was significantly longer to the left for the research group. It was also observed a longer latency to the right, although this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Adult individuals with AIDS do not present alterations in the middle latency auditory evoked potential and do present alterations in the cognitive potential, indicating a disorder in the cortical regions of the auditory pathway and a deficit in the cognitive processing of auditory information for this population. Such findings stress the importance of a careful investigation of the auditory function of individuals with AIDS, thus favoring the therapeutic planning.
Formulating description logic learning as an Inductive Logic Programming task

We describe an Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) approach to learning descriptions in Description Logics (DL) under uncertainty. The approach is based on implementing many-valued DL proofs as propositionalizations of the elementary DL constructs and then providing this implementation as background predicates for ILP. The proposed methodology is tested on a many-valued variation of eastbound-trains and Iris, two well known and studied Machine Learning datasets.
Influence of continental outflow events on the aerosol composition at Cheju Island, South Korea

The chemical composition of aerosols measured at Cheju Island, Korea, over the 3-year period March 1992 to February 1995 are presented and discussed, with a particular emphasis on the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific (PEM-West B) time period. Cheju Island is under the influence of continental outflow conditions nearly 70% of the year, and as a result the aerosol loading of sea salt as well as continental aerosol components is high. The 3-year mean values derived from the daily tape filters are non-sea-salt (nss) SO22− = 6.8 μg/m3, NO3− = 1.2 μg/m3, Cl− = 1.9 μg/m3, Na+ = 1.7 μg/m3, Ca2+ = 0.5 μg/m3, NH4+ = 1.3 μg/m3, Mg2+ = 0.3 μg/m3, and K+ = 0.4 μg/m3. Sea-salt components show peak values in winter, while calcium, nitrate, potassium, and to a lesser extent, sulfate and ammonium, show higher values in the spring, and all species exhibit a pronounced minimum in summer. Trajectory and principal component analysis show that elevated levels of primary aerosols (both sea salt and soil-derived) occur with strong wind conditions associated with winter and spring, and high concentrations of non-sea-salt components are most strongly associated with springtime continental outflow events. During the PEM-West B period, nitrate and calcium are found to be ∼60% higher than the annual mean, sea-salt components ∼30% higher, and sulfate ∼10% higher. The aerosol data are combined with gaseous SO2 concentrations, precipitation chemistry data and companion aerosol measurements taken at the same site, to provide further insights into the aerosol composition at Cheju. At Cheju, sulfate and ammonium are found mostly in the fine fraction (∼80 to 90%), while calcium and nitrate reside in the coarse size fraction. Sulfate and nitrate are not associated with the primary aerosols, but rather become associated with the aerosol during the long-range transport process.
Altruism, Spite, and Greenbeards

Spite and Altruism Many social animal species can exhibit altruism—the loss of their own individual fitness to help others. One of the most extreme examples is that of the social insects (bees and ants) where, in a colony of related individuals, only a few reproduce. The nonreproductive individuals contribute to the success of the young of these individuals thereby increasing their collective fitness. Spite occurs when an individual damages its own fitness to harm another's. This negative form of altruism can arise if the victim is less related to the perpetrator than an average member of the population. West and Gardner (p. 1341) review the current literature on the origins and maintenance of altruism and spite and the associated phenomenon of greenbeards. Greenbeards use a visible inherited character to signal relatedness and spur altruism. Greenbeard genes provide a mechanism to link the genes that encode cooperative behavior with those that cause cooperators to associate. These traits maybe an ornament or a type of behavior, and they may result in altruistic or spiteful behavior. Hamilton’s theory of inclusive fitness showed how natural selection could lead to behaviors that decrease the relative fitness of the actor and also either benefit (altruism) or harm (spite) other individuals. However, several fundamental issues in the evolution of altruism and spite have remained contentious. Here, we show how recent work has resolved three key debates, helping clarify how Hamilton’s theoretical overview links to real-world examples, in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans: Is the evolution of extreme altruism, represented by the sterile workers of social insects, driven by genetics or ecology? Does spite really exist in nature? And, can altruism be favored between individuals who are not close kin but share a “greenbeard” gene for altruism?
The Neural Processing of Complex Sounds

Abstract: This paper considers the temporal processing of complex sounds relevant to musical analysis. Functional imaging studies, using positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG), and the psychophysical assessment of patients with lesions allow two different approaches to this. Functional imaging allows the determination of structures normally involved in temporal analysis, while patient studies allow inference about the necessary structures for temporal analysis. Both approaches suggest a hierarchal organization in the brain corresponding to the processing of music. The features of individual notes are analyzed in the pathway up to and including the auditory cortices, while higher‐order patterns formed by those features are analyzed by distributed networks in the temporal lobe and frontal lobes distinct from the auditory cortices.
Conditional Loss of Dicer Disrupts Cellular and Tissue Morphogenesis in the Cortex and Hippocampus

To investigate the role of Dicer and microRNAs in the mammalian CNS, we used mice in which the second RNase III domain of Dicer was conditionally floxed. Conditional Dicer mice were bred with mice expressing an α-calmodulin kinase II Cre to selectively inactivate Dicer in excitatory forebrain neurons in vivo. Inactivation of Dicer results in an array of phenotypes including microcephaly, reduced dendritic branch elaboration, and large increases in dendritic spine length with no concomitant change in spine density. Microcephaly is likely caused by a 5.5-fold increase in early postnatal apoptosis in these animals as determined by active caspase-3 and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling) staining in the cortex. Loss of Dicer function had no measurable effect on cortical lamination as determined by in situ hybridization, suggesting that microcephaly is not caused by defects in neuronal migration. Together, these results illustrate the in vivo significance of Dicer and miRNAs in the mammalian CNS and provide additional support for previous in vitro studies indicating that misregulation of this pathway may result in gross abnormalities in cell number and function that may contribute to a variety of neurological disorders.
The dynamics of signal amplification by macromolecular assemblies for the control of chromosome segregation

The control of chromosome segregation relies on the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a complex regulatory system that ensures the high fidelity of chromosome segregation in higher organisms by delaying the onset of anaphase until each chromosome is properly bi-oriented on the mitotic spindle. Central to this process is the establishment of multiple yet specific protein-protein interactions in a narrow time-space window. Here we discuss the highly dynamic nature of multi-protein complexes that control chromosome segregation in which an intricate network of weak but cooperative interactions modulate signal amplification to ensure a proper SAC response. We also discuss the current structural understanding of the communication between the SAC and the kinetochore; how transient interactions can regulate the assembly and disassembly of the SAC as well as the challenges and opportunities for the definition and the manipulation of the flow of information in SAC signaling.