Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beta Interferon Controls West Nile Virus Infection and Pathogenesis in Mice

ABSTRACT Studies with mice lacking the common plasma membrane receptor for type I interferon (IFN-αβR − / −) have revealed that IFN signaling restricts tropism, dissemination, and lethality after infection with West Nile virus (WNV) or several other pathogenic viruses. However, the specific functions of individual IFN subtypes remain uncertain. Here, using IFN-β − / − mice, we defined the antiviral and immunomodulatory function of this IFN subtype in restricting viral infection. IFN-β − / − mice were more vulnerable to WNV infection than wild-type mice, succumbing more quickly and with greater overall mortality, although the phenotype was less severe than that of IFN-αβR − / − mice. The increased susceptibility of IFN-β − / − mice was accompanied by enhanced viral replication in different tissues. Consistent with a direct role for IFN-β in control of WNV replication, viral titers in ex vivo cultures of macrophages, dendritic cells, fibroblasts, and cerebellar granule cell neurons, but not cortical neurons, from IFN-β − / − mice were greater than in wild-type cells. Although detailed immunological analysis revealed no major deficits in the quality or quantity of WNV-specific antibodies or CD8+ T cells, we observed an altered CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cell response, with greater numbers after infection. Collectively, these results suggest that IFN-β controls WNV pathogenesis by restricting infection in key cell types and by modulating T cell regulatory networks.
Relationships among properties of college students’ self-set academic goals and academic achievement

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among properties of college students’ self-set academic goals and academic achievement, using multiple theoretical perspectives. Using a personal goal-based research methodology, college students enrolled in a learning-to-learn course (N = 130) were asked to list 20 of their goals (academic and/or non-academic). For each of their goals, goal specificity, value, expectation of success and autonomous and controlled motivation were measured and then ratings on each goal property were averaged across students’ academic goals (24.75% of all goals) to predict students’ grade point average (GPA) for the semester. Regression results suggested a positive affect on students’ semester GPA for goal specificity and a negative effect for controlled motivation; the model explained 19% of the variation in GPA. This research may help to inform motivation researchers and educational practitioners who assist college students with goal setting.
Looking Towards the Past or the Future Self: How Regulatory Focus Affects Temporal Comparisons and Subsequent Motivation

Temporal selves are a rich source of potential comparison standards, yet little is known about the preference for specific temporal selves. We examine whether regulatory focus influences to what extent people compare themselves to future or past selves. Promotion-focused individuals, who focus on positive outcomes, were more likely to compare themselves to their future selves (Study 1), specifically while appraising themselves in a domain in which the future self was seen as superior to the current self (Study 2). However, prevention-focused individuals, who focus on negative outcomes, did not orient themselves towards their past, inferior, selves. Supporting a cognitive fit hypothesis, individuals in a promotion-mindset were more motivated to improve when comparing with their future (vs. past) self (Study 3).
Biodynamic effects of oligonucleotides.

INTRODUCTION. 83 EFFECTS OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES ON BACTERIA . 83 Effects on Population Changes and Cell Multiplication. 83 Effects on DNA Synthesis . 85 Effects on Nucleotide Kinase Activity. 86 Some Properties of Rapidly Synthesized DNA . 87 Effects of Orthophosphate on Kinase Activity and DNA Synthesis of Pneumococci . 87 Effects on Respiration of Pneumococci . 87 EFFECTS OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES ON MAMMALIAN CELLS . 88 Effects on Tumor Cells and Some Other Cell Types . 88 Effects on Cells of the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) . 88 CONCLUDING REMARKS . 90 LITERAruRE CITED . 91
Interactions between Temporal Lobe Signs, Imaginings, Beliefs and Gender: Their Effect upon Logical Inference

Rotton's Paralogic Test, Wilson-Barber's Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings (ICMI) and the PPI (Personal Philosophy Inventory) were administered to 100 male and 100 female university students. Both sexes displayed moderately strong (0.50) correlations between content-selected and factor analyzed clusters of possible temporal lobe signs, exotic beliefs and the numbers of childhood imaginings. Although there were no sex differences between the accuracy of logical statements that contained paranormal or neutral content, males who displayed more temporal lobe signs were more accurate for logical items that contained paranormal content. Females who displayed more imaginings were more accurate for valid than for invalid items. Accuracy for items with paranormal content increased with exotic beliefs but not with conservative religious beliefs for both sexes. The relationship between exotic beliefs and accuracy for items with paranormal content was especially strong for females. These results suggest: 1) gender differences in the neurocognitive processes that contribute to logical problem solving and 2) accuracy may depend upon the degree to which the subject matter is commensurate with the person's history of enhanced temporal lobe signs, capacity for fantasy and imaginings and beliefs in exotic concepts.
Fathers’ role as attachment figures: an interview with Sir Richard Bowlby

Sir Richard Bowlby, son of John Bowlby, has carried on his father’s work by lecturing and writing on the topic of attachment theory. He has initiated and maintained international connections with researchers, practitioners and agencies in the field of child development, and has produced training videos to more widely disseminate information about attachment theory to professionals working with children and families. In this interview, conducted in London in February of 2009, Richard responded to questions regarding the father’s role as an attachment figure, highlighting new theoretical directions and current research. He also addressed cultural influences on fathering and attachment, and offered suggestions for researchers and practitioners.
The Effects of Vertical Restraints on Output: Evidence from the Beer Industry

State regulations affect various aspects of the contractual relationships between alcohol producers, distributors, and retailers. State laws governing the beer industry mandate that brewers grant wholesalers exclusive territories, prohibit exclusive dealing contracts between brewers and wholesalers, and restrict brewers’ ability to terminate wholesalers. The welfare consequences of these vertical restraints have been the subject of substantial debate in courts and between economists. The theoretical literature suggests that vertical restraints can align incentive conflicts between manufacturers and retailers and enhance distributor promotional efforts, but can also reduce competition by excluding rivals from access to distribution. The empirical evidence is limited. We analyze the effects of state regulation of vertical restraints on beer consumption, exploiting the variance in “Beer Franchise Acts” over time (1980-2000) and between states. We find that exclusive dealing prohibitions predict a 7-10% increase in beer sales. We also find that mandatory exclusive territories and franchise termination restrictions have smaller but impacts, positive and negative respectively, on beer sales.
Long-term outcomes of 217 botulism cases in the Republic of Georgia.

BACKGROUND The acute paralytic syndrome of botulism has been well-described; however, little is known about its long-term consequences. METHODS We conducted a case-control study in the Republic of Georgia to evaluate the health of patients > or =6 months after they had experienced an episode of botulism. Case patients were selected on the basis of who had had a clinical diagnosis of foodborne botulism reported to the national surveillance system from 1998 through 2003. Three control subjects were randomly selected from each patient's community. RESULTS We located 217 patients who had had botulism from surveillance records, with a median time since onset of illness of 4.3 years. The median age was 37 years, and 49% of the patients were female, similar to the control subjects. Most of the patients (68%) had acquired botulism from home-conserved vegetables (probably containing toxin type B), 15% had been hospitalized for >1 month, and 25% had required mechanical ventilation. Six patients died. Of the remaining 211 patients, 68% reported having worse health at the time of the interview than 6 years before the interview, compared with 17% of 656 control subjects (matched odds ratio, 17.6; 95% confidence interval, 10.9-28.4). Overall, 49% of the patients reported their current health as "fair" or "poor," versus 25% of the control subjects (odds ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 3.2-7.6). Patients were more likely than control subjects to report fatigue, weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, and difficulty lifting objects (P<.05, for each). Patients were more likely than control subjects to report difficulty breathing caused by moderate exertion (P<.001) but not by minimal exertion or at rest. Patients were also more likely to report being limited in vigorous activities, walking 3 blocks, and climbing 3 flights of stairs (P<.05, for each). Finally, patients reported feeling significantly worse than control subjects for 6 of 11 questions regarding psychosocial well-being (P<.05, for each). In a multivariable model involving patients who had had botulism, mechanical ventilation during acute illness, older age, and region of residence independently predicted worse health. CONCLUSIONS Several years after acute botulism, patients reported significant health, functional, and psychosocial limitations that are likely to be consequences of the illness.
A family study of major central nervous system malformations in South Wales.

This family study is based on an attempt to ascer- tain all patients with spina bifida cystica, anencephaly, and congenital hydrocephalus born between the years 1956 and 1962 inclusive in the mining valleys of Monmouthshire, in the mining valleys of Glamorgan up to and including the Neath valley, and in the Vale of Glamorgan. Details of the area, the population, and the methods of ascertainment are given in Laurence, David, and Carter (1968a).
Comparative Effects of Glibenclamide and Metformin on C-Reactive Protein and Oxidant/Antioxidant Status in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the effects of metformin and glibenclamide on high sensitivity serum C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and oxidative stress, represented by serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in newly-diagnosed patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) at baseline and after 2 months of therapy in comparison to controls. METHODS The subjects, recruited from Al-Wafaa Centre for Diabetes Management and Research, Iraq, November 2009 to January 2011, were 103 newly-diagnosed Type 2 DM patients; 53 were prescribed metformin and 50 glibenclamide. The control group was 40 apparently healthy volunteers. Blood samples were taken from all subjects after overnight fasting. Sera were separated and assays of hs-CRP, MDA and TAS were done. After 2 months monotherapy, the blood samples and assays were repeated. RESULTS There were significant differences between patients prescribed metformin and glibenclamide and the controls with regard to serum hs-CRP, MDA and TAS. There was a significant reduction in the serum MDA and a significant raise in the serum TAS levels, with no significant effects on serum hs-CRP levels after metformin therapy, but no significant effects on these parameters after glibenclamide therapy. The percentage of variation in these parameters after both drugs, showed a significant raise in serum TAS levels with the metformin therapy with no significant effects in serum MDA and hs-CRP. CONCLUSION Metformin positively affected the oxidant/antioxidant balance in newly-diagnosed Type 2 DM patients with no significant effects on acute phase reaction protein. Glibenclamide had no significant effects on oxidant/antioxidant balance and acute phase reaction protein.
Discutindo o currículo "por dentro": contribuições da pesquisa etnográfica

Este artigo discute algumas contribuicoes que a pesquisa etnografica pode dar a compreensao dos processos de reformulacao curricular que tem sido levados a efeito nos diferentes sistemas de ensino. O potencial desse tipo de pesquisa e aqui discutido e apresentado a partir da analise dos resultados obtidos em estudos realizados como parte das atividades do Projeto Recriando Historias de Pinhais, desenvolvido no âmbito do acordo de Cooperacao Tecnica, firmado entre a Universidade Federal do Parana e a Prefeitura Municipal de Pinhais, a partir de 1997. Orientado principalmente para os saberes a serem ensinados em Historia, nas series iniciais do ensino fundamental, as investigacoes mostraram formas pelas quais as professoras elaboraram e articularam saberes e praticas no seu trabalho cotidiano, permitindo explicitar alguns principios que podem contribuir para o debate sobre a formulacao e avaliacao de propostas curriculares. Abstract This article discusses some contributions that ethnographic research can give to be understood the changes proceedings in curriculum which had been done in different educational systems. The possibilities of this kind of educational research is discussed by the analysis of the results obtained from the studies done as part of the activities of the project named Recriando Historias de Pinhais, which was developed according to the Technical Cooperation agreement made between the Universidade Federal do Parana and Prefeitura Municipal de Pinhais, in 1997. This research was directed for the historical knowledge which will be taught in initial grades of Escola Fundamental. The work shows some forms that the women teachers construct and articulate the knowledge and the practices in their daily work. This way the research explains some principles that can contribute for the debate about the production and the evaluation process of curriculum propositions.
Self-disclosure and friendship in junior high school students

Close relationship during adolescence plays an important role in the young person's overall psychological development. As the most important factor about the development of a close relationship, many studies have emphasized the role of self-disclosure. In this study, the relationship between self-disclosure and friendship in adolescence was examined.Two scales about self-disclosure and friendship were administered to 454 junior high school students. The types of friendship in early adolescence were explored, and the relationship between types of friendship and self-disclosure was examined.
Serum osmolality in patients with Meniére's disease.

Hyperosmolality in serum was found in 19 of 56 patients with Meniere's disease. The cause of the moderately elevated serum osmolality has not yet been identified. The serum sodium and potassium concentrations were within normal limits. The hyperosmolality may indicate that Meniere's disease is a disorder afflicting the entire organism. Hyperosmolality alternating with normal osmolality was seen in several patients, a phenomenon which may be in accordance with the general fluctuating character of the disease. The elevation of serum osmolality after the peroral consumption of glycerin in patients with Meniere's disease was studied and related to the hearing loss, and no correlation was found.
Personality Characteristics and Preferences in Pet Ownership

The possibilities for matching pets to owners' personality-types for physical and psycho-social benefits were explored. It was hypothesized that self-identified dog- and cat-lovers would show significant differences on the autonomy, dominance, nurturance, and aggression scales of the Edwards Personal Preference Test. 223 adults completed an experimenter-designed questionnaire and all of the specific Edwards Schedule A questions. An analysis of variance was applied to the scale scores transformed into standardized T scores for each of the Edwards scales. The Scheffé test showed that male cat-lovers were higher and all pet-lovers were lower in autonomy, that male pet- and dog-lovers were higher and female cat-lovers were lower in dominance, that female pet-lovers were higher and all cat-lovers were lower in nurturance, and that male dog-lovers were higher and female dog- and cat-lovers were lower in aggression. The demonstrated differences in owner personality should facilitate matching pets and people to maximize the physical and psycho-social therapeutic benefits of pet ownership.
Effects of the motivation focus on manual grasping

shown before that grasping movements from a given starting position to a given object differ substantially when performed as a typical laboratory task (L) and when they are embedded in an everyday-like context (E). The present study investigates whether this context-dependence is related to the subjects' motivation focus. We manipulated subjects' motivation focus and observed significant effects of Context on performance, as in previous work, but also significant effects of Motivation and Context x Motivation on performance. The interaction term could not be interpreted as generally higher or lower motivation sensitivity in L than in E, and therefore it doesn't support the hypothesis that context-dependence of grasping can be reduced to motivation-dependence. We conclude that some brain areas contribute differently to L and to E, thus producing context- dependence, and that those areas are differently sensitive to motivation. Keywords: sensorimotor integration, motor control, prehension, human behavior, context.
Coronary endothelial dysfunction following sirolimus-eluting stent placement: should we worry about it?

This editorial refers to ‘Indication of long-term endothelial dysfunction after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation’† by S.H. Hofma et al. , on page 166 Hofma et al . 1 report the presence of abnormal coronary vasoconstriction to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine distally to the site of sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation. The investigators prospectively studied 15 patients undergoing stenting for a single de novo lesion: nine with a SES and six with a bare metal stent (BMS). Coronary endothelial function was assessed at baseline and 6 months follow-up. The presence of abnormal coronary flow reserve or anatomical differences between the groups was ruled out by the coronary flow response to adenosine using intracoronary Doppler and by intravascular ultrasound, respectively. There was significantly more distal epicardial vasoconstriction to acetylcholine in the SES when compared with the BMS group. The authors concluded that SES might have an adverse effect on local coronary endothelial function. The current study compliments a recent report from Togni et al . 2 which demonstrated that exercise-induced coronary vasomotion is abnormal in segments distal to SES. Thus, recently two reports in the literature demonstrated the presence of coronary endothelial dysfunction related to SES when compared with BMS. However, both studies assessed coronary endothelial function by a different methodology: the current study testing the receptor-dependent response to the endothelial-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine and, Togni et al . 2 using exercise-induced shear stress and endothelial-dependent vasodilatation.1 Taken together, these studies imply that the phenomenon of coronary endothelial dysfunction following SES is more generalized and not depending on a specific pathway. The endothelium is a monolayer of endothelial cells lining up the lumen of the vascular bed, strategically located from a mechanical and metabolic point … *Corresponding author. Tel: +41 21 3140010; fax: +41 21 3140067. E-mail address: eric.eeckhout{at}chuv.ch
Calnexin Improves the Folding Efficiency of Mutant Rhodopsin in the Presence of Pharmacological Chaperone 11-cis-Retinal*

The lectin chaperone calnexin (Cnx) is important for quality control of glycoproteins, and the chances of correct folding of a protein increase the longer the protein interacts with Cnx. Mutations in glycoproteins increase their association with Cnx, and these mutant proteins are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, until now, the increased interaction with Cnx was not known to increase the folding of mutant glycoproteins. Because many human diseases result from glycoprotein misfolding, a Cnx-assisted folding of mutant glycoproteins could be beneficial. Mutations of rhodopsin, the glycoprotein pigment of rod photoreceptors, cause misfolding resulting in retinitis pigmentosa. Despite the critical role of Cnx in glycoprotein folding, surprisingly little is known about its interaction with rhodopsin or whether this interaction could be modulated to increase the folding of mutant rhodopsin. Here, we demonstrate that Cnx preferentially associates with misfolded mutant opsins associated with retinitis pigmentosa. Furthermore, the overexpression of Cnx leads to an increased accumulation of misfolded P23H opsin but not the correctly folded protein. Finally, we demonstrate that increased levels of Cnx in the presence of the pharmacological chaperone 11-cis-retinal increase the folding efficiency and result in an increase in correct folding of mutant rhodopsin. These results demonstrate that misfolded rather than correctly folded rhodopsin is a substrate for Cnx and that the interaction between Cnx and mutant, misfolded rhodopsin, can be targeted to increase the yield of folded mutant protein.
Ultrasonographically guided thyroid biopsy: a review with emphasis on technique.

We describe our technique for ultrasonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid that achieves a high rate of diagnostic specimens. Indications for ultrasonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy included a difficult‐to‐palpate thyroid nodule and previously unsuccessful palpation‐guided fine‐needle aspiration. Ultrasonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy was performed on 316 thyroid nodules in 306 patients. Adequate cytologic specimens were obtained in 97.2% of the nodules in which biopsy was performed, with a 2.8% rate of inadequate cellularity. Two helpful aspects of this technique that were thought to improve the overall diagnostic yield were the use of color and power Doppler "vascular mapping" of the nodule just before biopsy and on‐site cytologic control.
Design of a separable transition-diagram compiler

A COBOL compiler design is presented which is compact enough to permit rapid, one-pass compilation of a large subset of COBOL on a moderately large computer. Versions of the same compiler for smaller machines require only two working tapes plus a compiler tape. The methods given are largely applicable to the construction of ALGOL compilers.