Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) That Induces SIV Encephalitis in Rhesus Macaques with High Frequency: Role of TRIM5 and Major Histocompatibility Complex Genotypes and Early Entry to the Brain

ABSTRACT Although nonhuman primate models of neuro-AIDS have made tremendous contributions to our understanding of disease progression in the central nervous system (CNS) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals, each model holds advantages and limitations. In this study, in vivo passage of SIVsmE543 was conducted to obtain a viral isolate that can induce neuropathology in rhesus macaques. After a series of four in vivo passages in rhesus macaques, we have successfully isolated SIVsm804E. SIVsm804E shows efficient replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in vitro and induces neuro-AIDS in high frequencies in vivo. Analysis of the acute phase of infection revealed that SIVsm804E establishes infection in the CNS during the early phase of the infection, which was not observed in the animals infected with the parental SIVsmE543-3. Comprehensive analysis of disease progression in the animals used in the study suggested that host major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and TRIM5α genotypes influence the disease progression in the CNS. Taken together, our findings show that we have successfully isolated a new strain of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that is capable of establishing infection in the CNS at early stage of infection and causes neuropathology in infected rhesus macaques at a high frequency (83%) using a single inoculum, when animals with restrictive MHC-I or TRIM5α genotypes are excluded. SIVsm804E has the potential to augment some of the limitations of existing nonhuman primate neuro-AIDS models. IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with a high frequency of neurologic complications due to infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the use of antiviral treatment has reduced the incidence of severe complications, milder disease of the CNS continues to be a significant problem. Animal models to study development of neurologic disease are needed. This article describes the development of a novel virus isolate that induces neurologic disease in a high proportion of rhesus macaques infected without the need for prior immunomodulation as is required for some other models.
Sport fishing in Cachoeira de Emas in Mogi-Guaçu River, State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Sport fishing is an important leisure activity in many countries. It directly and indirectly generates income and jobs for millions of people. In some places, its landing outstrips production from professional fishing but this fact is not always taken into account in the establishment of management actions. In the area of Cachoeira (Waterfall) de Emas there are reports of intense fishing since the 20's. The objective of this paper is to identify the profile of the sporting fishers who frequent this place and to characterise this fishing. From February to October of 2006, we interviewed 107 sporting fishers that visited Cachoeira. We describe the fishing and the socio-economic status of the sport fishers. Most of the fishers are men, coming from the state of São Paulo, with a mean family income of US$ 1,212.3 (R$ 2,558.10, US$ 1 = R$ 2.11, July/2007), being aged 50.2 years old on average. A large amount of them (49.5%) only have incomplete first grade education. The main captured species are curimba Prochilodus lineatus, mandi Pimelodus maculatus, P. heraldoi, Pimelodella spp. , lambari Astyanax fasciatus, A. schubarti, A. altiparanae, Roeboides paranensis and piava Leporinus lacustris, L. friderici, L. octofasciatus. Fishers have had a strong connection with this place for many years and even with low captures (2.8 kg/day), they are quite satisfied.
Fianna Fáil, the Trade Union Movement and the Politics of Macroeconomic Crises, 1970–82

Abstract This article argues that the relationship between Fianna Fáil and the trade unions throughout in the 1970s was largely based upon political imperatives, with an economic subtext. At the start of the 1970s, the Fianna Fáil government prodded the Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) into a ‘voluntary’ national wage agreement. This agreement was regarded as a means of stabilising the economy, attracting foreign investment, and improving Fianna Fáil’s image with the electorate. While governments throughout this period did adopt certain trade union policies as public policy, this was only done when it suited the administration. Fianna Fáil’s objective was never to create a Scandinavian style corporatist state. All agreements with ICTU had the same ultimate objective: economic progress to ensure political success. When this objective could no longer be satisfied the unions found themselves removed from the corridors of power.
Effects of modified-implement training on fast bowling in cricket

The effects of training with overweight and underweight cricket balls on fast-bowling speed and accuracy were investigated in senior club cricket bowlers randomly assigned to either a traditional (n = 9) or modified-implement training (n = 7) group. Both groups performed bowling training three times a week for 10 weeks. The traditional training group bowled only regulation cricket balls (156 g), whereas the modified-implement training group bowled a combination of overweight (161 - 181 g), underweight (151 - 131 g) and regulation cricket balls. A radar gun measured the speed of 18 consecutive deliveries for each bowler before, during and after the training period. Video recordings of the deliveries were also analysed to determine bowling accuracy in terms of first-bounce distance from the stumps. Bowling speed, which was initially 108 ± 5 km · h−1 (mean ± standard deviation), increased in the modified-implement training group by 4.0 km · h−1 and in the traditional training group by 1.3 km · h−1 (difference, 2.7 km · h−1; 90% confidence limits, 1.2 to 4.2 km · h−1). For a minimum worthwhile change of 5 km · h−1, the chances that the true effect on bowling speed was practically beneficial/trivial/harmful were 1.0/99/< 0.1%. For bowling accuracy, the chances were 1/48/51%. This modified-implement training programme is not a useful training strategy for club cricketers.
Determinants of Female Employment

A survey of 1030 women aged between 20 and 60 years was made in 1977 in Eastwood, a middle-class suburb of Sydney. It was used to measure the size of the female labour force and the level of unemployment in the area. In addition, logit analysis was applied to the data to identify the personal and family characteristics that determined work behaviour. It was found that active workforce participation and hours of work could be explained adequately by only four variables—age of respondent, marital status, education level and (where relevant) age of youngest child.
CP odd interaction of axion with matter

In a world with an axion the precise measurement of gravitational forces and checks of the equivalence principle at small distances, $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}1 \mathrm{cm}$ and less, could provide an additional test of $\mathrm{CP}$ symmetry. Using the chiral approach, we connect the strength of the $\mathrm{CP}$-odd axion-nucleon vertex with the $\mathrm{CP}$-odd pion-nucleon coupling for color electric dipole moments of quarks as a low-energy source of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation. Strong limits on $\mathrm{CP}$-odd coupling ${g}_{\ensuremath{\pi}\mathrm{NN}}$ coming from atomic electric dipole moments give the best limits on the long range force mediated by axions, ${F}_{\mathrm{axion}}{/F}_{\mathrm{gravity}}l2\ensuremath{\cdot}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}(1\mathrm{cm}/\ensuremath{\lambda}{)}^{2}. $
Category versus Continuous Survey Responses in Economic Modelling: Monte Carlo and Empirical Evidence

Choice of survey response format involves a tradeoff between information content and measurement error. Estimation precis ion is examined with (1) a Monte Carlo study where ordered logit fits of categorized data with no measurement error are compared with OLS fit s using the same data in continuous form but incorporating substantial measurement error; and (2) an OLS versus ordered logit comparison us ing actual data where 3,800 Army officers stated their service intention s with both continuous and category format questions. In both investigations, continuous data do as well or better than category data. Suggesting that the widespread use of category data may be resulting in unnecessary loss of information. Copyright 1993 by MIT Press.
Where Do Firms Choose to Locate Their R&D? A Spatial Conditional Logit Analysis on French Data

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate how regional advantages and firms characteristics influence the location of R&D. Looking at 2024 decisions of R&D lab locations in France, an extended conditional logit is implemented with spatially lagged explanatory variables to evaluate the importance of each factor and to test the spatial dimension of knowledge spillovers. The results indicate that a large market size, a large amount of ideas, and a low level of competition in the target region increases the probability of setting up R&D labs while the diffusion of knowledge across regions induces a significant spatial dependence.
Impact of Microcredit on Agricultural Farm Performance and Food Security in Bangladesh

Microcredit is assumed to be likely to contribute both directly and indirectly to agricultural farm performance, farm output, poverty reduction and food security in Bangladesh. In this research, we study the impact of microcredit on farm performance, output and food security using farm level survey data from Rangpur, Dinajpur, Bogra and Rajsahahi districts of northern Bangladesh. The survey is conducted on 682 farms of which 450 are microcredit receivers and the rest 232 are microcredit non-receivers. We apply the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier and data envelopment analysis (DEA) along with inefficiency effects model and propensity score matching (PSM) techniques to assess the effects of microcredit on farm performance, output and food security. Results from the stochastic frontier model indicate that farms are operating at decreasing returns to scale and inefficiency effects are significant in explaining total variability in output. Inefficiency effects model reveals that microcredit, as well as experience and education of farmers help them utilise inputs more efficiently. Level of efficiency of microcredit receiving farms is, on an average, one per cent higher than the microcredit non-receiving farms. Farms could, on an average, reduce their production cost around 19 per cent if they could operate at full efficiency levels and hence increase farm output. This contributes to the increase in farm output which increases food supply on the one hand and increases purchasing power on the other hand and thus, strengthens food security. We compare the average income of farms that received microcredit to that of control group to find the impact of microcredit using propensity score matching (PSM) technique. Results show a positive impact of microcredit on farm income which subsequently could contribute to strengthening food security. The average income of microcredit receiving farms is 9.46 per cent higher than that of microcredit non-receiving farms. Policy suggestions that follow include expansion, timely and fair distribution of microcredit to marginal and small farmers could lead to improvement of farm performance and farm output. This would in turn contribute to the reduction of poverty and to the betterment of food security.
National Styles and Policy Sectors: Explaining Structured Variation

ABSTRACT A vigorous tradition in comparative politics argues that national policymakers develop characteristic and durable methods for dealing with public issues, that these can be linked to policy outcomes, and that they can be systematically compared. More recently, a number of scholars have suggested reversing the direction of causality, claiming that the nature of political issues themselves causes the politics associated with them. This policy sector approach implies that there should be cross-national similarities in the way issues are treated, whatever the styles particular nations adopt. The two approaches need to be integrated into a common framework built around a research strategy that investigates policymaking within specific sectors across multiple national cases. Such an approach can transcend the often sterile debate over whether the policies of nations are unique or are converging by seeking to explain how the nature of issues structures the variation among the policies of nations.
Occupational, Marital, and Life-Cycle Determinants of Women's Labor Force Participation in Mid Nineteenth-Century Rural France

Abstract The French population census of 1851 is unique among France's nineteenth- and early twentieth-century censuses, as it is the only census to provide information on the market-oriented work of women and children within and outside the home. This study utilizes that information to analyze the demographic, structural, and economic determinants of women's labor force participation in a sample of rural communes in northern France. The data reveal an industrious population in which two-thirds to three-quarters of women in farm families engaged in market-oriented work. The data suggest that women were pushed rather than pulled into the rural labor force, and that poverty was the primary factor driving rural women's participation. The census data throw statistical light on the labor market participation rates of women and children in a preindustrial setting and are likely to produce major revisions in understandings of productivity growth in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century France.
Technology's Impact on Student Engagement in Urban Schools: Administrators', Teachers', and Students' Perspectives in Urban High Schools.

The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate how the use of technology may increase student engagement and learning in urban schools, as perceived by administrators, teachers, and students. Engagement Theory informed the design of the study and interpretation of findings and the literature review provides a context for pursuing this investigation. A qualitative study approach was used to discern stakeholders perceptions of the use of technology to increase student engagement and learning across three urban high schools in the Metro Boston Area. The degree to which the use of technology has contributed to student engagement in learning and student learning across the three constituent subgroups was the subject of this investigation. An analysis of administrator commentary, teacher interviews, and students self-reporting of engagement and learning identified the major challenges associated with technology integration and determined that the effective use of technology is important for student performance. The analysis further determined that the use of technology can improve teacher effectiveness and enhance student engagement, if used well and effectively. The findings from this study will be presented to inform educators on the potential of technology to engage students and enhance their learning.
Europeanisation through Cooperation? EU Democracy Promotion in Morocco and Tunisia

The Arab spring has highlighted once more the European Union's failure to bring about democratic change in the Middle East and North Africa through its Mediterranean democracy promotion policy. However, Arab authoritarian countries engage to different degrees in cooperation on democracy promotion, giving the EU more or less influence on domestic institutional change related to political participation, respect for human rights, and the rule of law. A comparison of domestic change and cooperation in Morocco and Tunisia in 2000–2010 shows that the EU has been instrumental in supporting and potentially reinforcing domestic reform initiatives. Yet the EU cannot trigger domestic institutional change in the first place. The degree of political liberalisation determines the fit between the domestic political agenda and external demands for reforms. It reflects different ‘survival strategies’ between political inclusion and exclusion and is therefore a scope condition for rather than the result of cooperation and .
[NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin attenuates ischemia/reperfusion induced myocardial injury in rats].

OBJECTIVE To explore the role of NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury. METHODS Male SD rat hearts were divided into the normal control group; sham group; I/R group (1 h ischemia followed by 3 h reperfusion); I/R + apocynin group (50 mg/kg, administrated at 30 min before reperfusion) and I/R + vehicle group (same volume vehicle administrated at 30 min before reperfusion). At the end of reperfusion, myocardial infarct size, apoptosis, plasma CK activity, myocardial NOX activity, myocardial caspase-3 expression and activity, myocardial mRNA and protein expressions of vascular peroxidase 1 (VPO1) and NOX2 were measured. RESULTS Infarct size, ratio of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, mRNA and protein expression of VOP1 and NOX2, serum CK, myocardial NOX and caspase-3 activities in the I/R group were all significantly increased compared to those in the sham group (P < 0.01). Above parameters were similar between I/R + vehicle group and I/R group (all P > 0.05). Infarct size, ratio of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, myocardial mRNA and protein expression of VOP1 and NOX2, serum CK, myocardial NOX and caspase-3 activities were significantly lower in I/R + apocynin group compared to those in I/R group (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS NOX/VPO pathway plays an important role in mediating I/R-induced myocardial oxidative injury. NOX inhibition could reduce I/R-induced myocardial oxidative injury by attenuating myocardial apoptosis in this model.
Cloud computing: the nexus of strategy and technology

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of Cloud technologies on management practices and business strategies. It considers the role of human resource management (HRM) departments in supporting the organisational changes required for the introduction and integration of Cloud business strategies.Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a qualitative exploratory research approach. It utilises the resource view of the firm and transaction costs economics (TCE) to support the analysis. It synthesises the literature with the qualitative interview data.Findings – Cloud business models require organisations to focus on the nexus of business strategies and information and communication technology (ICT) capabilities. HRM departments can play a positive role in this process by better integrating ICT sections into business decision‐making processes. Cloud technologies may further change ICT worker functions and roles.Research limitations/implications – Qualitative research approaches may lim.
Earnings presentation effects on manager reporting choices and investor decisions

We survey recent (mainly US) research on the effects of earnings presentation attributes on manager and user behavior. The literature we discuss relates to three primary earnings presentation attributes: (1) disaggregation (vertical and horizontal), (2) location (recognition vs. disclosure, which statement for recognized items, and within statement classification, labeling, and subtotals), and (3) narrative attributes (location of key amounts within narratives, readability, medium, and timing of disclosure). We show that disaggregation operates mainly by directly affecting information content. Location operates mainly by indirectly affecting information content through changes in managers' actions and by affecting ease of processing. Narrative presentation attributes operate mainly by affecting ease of processing. These differences in mechanisms determine the implications of the presentation attributes for contracting and valuation uses of accounting information. They also have implications for future research and standard setting.
Carbon footprints and legitimation strategies: symbolism or action?

Purpose - Climate change and carbon footprints are among the most urgent concerns facing society and are key issues of corporate responsibility. The purpose of this study is to assess whether Australian companies have adjusted their footprint-related disclosure responses. Adopting a legitimacy perspective, a key aim is to assess whether pragmatic or moral legitimation approaches dominate by determining whether disclosure tends to be more reflective of symbolism or of apparent behaviour. Design/methodology/approach - Content analysis of the sustainability and annual reports of the ASX's Top 50 companies is undertaken to compare carbon footprint-related disclosures in 2008 and 2005. Their extent and nature (action or symbolism) and the use of attention-attracting devices are reported for the more carbon intensive and less carbon intensive sectors. Findings - Footprint-related disclosure rates are increasing, and disclosure is being signalled more prominently. However, while carbon-intensive sectors appear to be pursuing a moral legitimation strategy underpinned by substantive action, the less intensive sectors are relying more heavily on symbolic disclosure. Research limitations/implications - The sample size is small and comprises only large listed Australian companies. Practical implications - While the carbon-intensive sectors appear to be taking encouraging actions, a regulatory response may be required for the less carbon-intensive sectors to take advantage of their market power to facilitate cooperative carbon reduction with broader constituent groups. Further, incentives for the carbon-intensive sectors may be needed to encourage ongoing efforts to bridge the carbon chasm that is emerging. Originality/value - This study appears to be the first to provide direct Australian evidence on favoured legitimation tactics by assessing the symbolic versus behavioural management implicit in carbon footprint-related disclosures.
Socioemotional Wealth in Family Firms

This article makes the case for the socioemotional wealth (SEW) approach as the potential dominant paradigm in the family business field. The authors argue that SEW is the most important differentiator of the family firm as a unique entity and, as such, helps explain why family firms behave distinctively. In doing so, the authors review the concept of SEW, its different dimensions, and its links with other theoretical approaches. The authors also address the issue of how to measure this construct and offer various alternatives for operationalizing it. Finally, they offer a set of topics that can be pursued in future studies using the SEW approach.
Passing judgement: Credit rating processes as regulatory mechanisms of governance in the emerging world order

This article argues that certain knowledge-producing institutions located in the American financial industry- debt security or bond rating agencies -are significant forces in the creation and extension of the new, open global political economy and therefore deserve the attention of international political economists as mechanisms of 'governance without government'. Rating agencies are hypothesized to possess leverage, based on their unique gate-keeping role with regard to investment funds sought by corporations and governments. The article examines trends in capital markets, the processes leading to bond rating judgements, assesses the form and extent of the agencies' governance powers, and contemplates the implications of these judgements for further extension of the global political economy and the form of the emerging world order.