Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders

Part 1. Overview of the Frontal Lobes. Miller, The Human Frontal Lobes: An Introduction. Cummings, Miller, Conceptual and Clinical Aspects. Part 2. Anatomy. Chow, Cummings, Frontal-Subcortical Circuits. Kaufer, The Dorsolateral and Cingulate Cortex. Ogar, Gorno-Tempini, The Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Insula. Geschwind, Iacoboni, Structural and Functional Asymmetries of the Human Frontal Lobes. Carlin, Gross Morphology and Architectonics. Jerison, Evolution of the Frontal Lobes. Part 3. Neurochemistry. Robert, Benoit, Caci, Serotonin and the Frontal Lobes. Amici, Boxer, Oiling the Gears of the Mind: Roles for Acetylcholine in the Modulation of Attention. Bonci, Jones, The Mesocortical Dopaminergic System. Part 4. Functional and Structural Imaging Approaches. Rosen, Dean, Structural Imaging of the Frontal Lobes. Gazzaley, D'Esposito, Unifying Prefrontal Cortex Function: Executive Control, Neural Networks, and Top-Down Modulation. Stevens, Grady, Insight into Frontal Lobe Function from Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Episodic Memory. McKinnon, Svoboda, Levine, The Frontal Lobes and Autobiographical Memory. Grafman, Planning and the Brain. Boxer, Principles of Motor Control by the Frontal Lobes as Revealed by the Study of Voluntary Eye Movements. Part 5. Neuropsychological Functions. Kramer, Quitania, Bedside Frontal Lobe Testing. Stuss, New Approaches to Prefrontal Lobe Testing. Hillis, Language and Frontal Cortex. Seeley, Sturm, Self-Representation and the Frontal Lobes. Dunn, Palmer, Karlawish, Frontal Dysfunction and Capacity to Consent to Treatment or Research: Conceptual Considerations and Empirical Evidence. Rankin, Social Cognition in Frontal Injury. Part 6. Neurological Diseases. A. Frontotemporal Dementia and Related Disorders. Wang, Miller, Clinical Aspects of Frontotemporal Dementia. Cairns, Lee, Trojanowski, Genetics and Neuropathology of Frontotemporal Dementia. Grossman, Imaging Frontotemporal Dementia. Balken, Litvan, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration, and the Frontal Cortex. Johnson, Brun, Head, Frontal Variant of Alzheimer's Disease. B. Other Neurological Disorders. Lee, Chui, Vascular Disease of the Frontal Lobes. Dubois, Pillon, McKeith, Parkinson's Disease with and without Dementia and Lewy Body Dementia.Weiss, Rauch, Price, Neurosurgical Intervention for Psychiatric Illness: Past, Present, and Future. Scharre, Infectious, Inflammatory, and Demyelinating Disorders. Aharon-Peretz,Tomer, Traumatic Brain Injury. Geschwind, Yoon, Goldman, Adult-Onset Genetic Disorders Involving the Frontal Lobes. Samango-Sprouse, Frontal Lobe Development in Childhood. Part 7. Psychiatric Diseases. Ropacki, Perry, Frontal Lobe Functioning in Schizophrenia: Evidence from Neuropsychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Psychophysiology. DeMay, Pavlic, Miller, Bipolar Disorder and the Frontal Lobes. Fontaine, Mattei, Robert, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and the Frontal Lobes. Lesser, Chung, Depression and the Frontal Lobes.
Heat Acclimation Alters the Sleep and Behavior Based Thermoregulatory Dynamics of Rats in Heat Stress

Background: It is well understood that the high environmental heat significantly affects the brain physiology of mammals, particularly the sleep and behavior of the subjects. The objective of the present work is to quantify the effects of acclimatization to the high environmental heat on sleep and behavioral activities in heat stress conditions. Methods: The polygraphic data involved simultaneous recor (EOG), and electromyogram (EMG) were recorded both on chart as well as in digital format to study the sleep three different age groups of freely moving rats following exposur into four groups: the acute heat stress group, subjected to a single exposure of 4h at 38°C in the biological oxygen demand ( incubator; the chronic heat stress group, exposed for 21 days, for 21 days of chronic heat acclimatization and the handling control group. Open field and elevated plus analyzed following different exposure setup of high environmental h Results: The analyses of results suggest that acclimatization to the high environmental heat significantly alters the effects of acute exposure of high environmental heat on different sleep Conclusion: Acclimatization to environmental heat shifts the thermoregulatory set and behavior have been observed.
Allometry and Metabolic Scaling in Ecology

Body size affects the structure and function of all levels of biological organization. In ecological systems, body size strongly influences individuals (e.g. rates of individual growth, reproduction and mortality), populations (e.g. population growth rate, abundance and space use), communities (e.g. community abundance, food-web structure and interspecific interactions) and ecosystems (e.g. flux, storage and turnover of materials and energy). This is because individual metabolic rate – the rate at which an organism takes up and utilizes energy and materials – is largely controlled by body size. Here we review how body-size allometries at the individual level affect the structure and function of populations, communities and ecosystems. We use these results to identify and highlight exciting new applications of allometric theory in ecology. Key concepts: Body size sets an organism's metabolic rate and thereby controls its rates of growth, reproduction and mortality. Body size is a key predictor of population growth rate, density and carrying capacity through its effects on individual-level rates of birth, death and resource use. Body size influences community structure through its effects on individual-level resource demands, individual life histories and interspecific interactions. Body size affects predator–prey dynamics and food-web interactions partially through its effects on metabolic rate. The contribution of biota to the cycling of energy and materials in ecosystems is affected by species’ size distributions, and by the flux, storage and turnover of energy and elements in individuals which, in turn, is controlled by metabolic rate. Allometric models provide a baseline for understanding the structure and function of complex ecological systems, and a means to quantitatively link different levels of biological organization. Keywords: allometry; body size; scaling; metabolic theory of ecology; energetics
Diminished expression of dihydropteridine reductase is a potent biomarker for hypertensive vessels

To identify the new targets for hypertension, we analyzed the protein expression profiles of aortic smooth muscle in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of various ages during the development of hypertension, as well as in age‐matched normotensive Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats, using a proteomic analysis. The expressions of seven proteins were altered in SHR compared with WKY rats. Of these proteins, NADH dehydrogenase 1α, GSTω1, peroxi‐redoxin I and transgelin were upregulated in SHR compared with WKY rats. On the other hand, the expression of HSP27 and Ran protein decreased in SHR. The diminution of dihydrobiopterin reductase, an enzyme located in the regeneration pathways of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), was also prominent in SHR. The results from a PCR analysis revealed that the expression of BH4 biosynthesis enzymes – GTP cyclohydrolase‐1 and sepiapterin reductase – decreased and increased, respectively, in SHR compared with WKY rats. The level of BH4 was less in aortic strips from SHR than from WKY rats. Moreover, treatment with BH4 inhibited aortic smooth muscle contraction induced by serotonin. These results suggest that the deficiency in BH4 regeneration produced by diminished dihydrobiopterin reductase expression is involved in vascular disorders in hypertensive rats.
A technique to search for functional similarities in protein-protein interaction networks

We describe a method to search for similarities across protein-protein interaction networks of different organisms. The technique core consists in computing a maximum weight matching of bipartite graphs resulting from comparing the neighbourhoods of proteins belonging to different networks. Both quantitative and reliability information are exploited. We tested the method on the networks of S. cerevisiae, D. melanogaster and C. elegans. The experiments showed that the technique is able to detect functional orthologs when the sole sequence similarity does not prove itself sufficient. They also demonstrated the capability of our approach in discovering common biological processes involving uncharacterised proteins.
Distinct patterns of outcome valuation and amygdala-prefrontal cortex synaptic remodeling in adolescence and adulthood

Adolescent behavior is typified by increased risk-taking, reward- and novelty-seeking, as well as an augmented need for social and environmental stimulation. This behavioral phenotype may result from alterations in outcome valuation or reward learning. In the present set of experiments, we directly compared adult and adolescent animals on tasks measuring both of these processes. Additionally, we examined developmental differences in dopamine D1-like receptor (D1R), dopamine D2-like receptor (D2R), and polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) expression in animals that were trained on an effortful reward valuation task, given that these proteins play an important role in the functional development of the amygdala-prefrontocortical (PFC) circuit and mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. We found that adolescent animals were not different from adults in appetitive associative learning, but exhibited distinct pattern of responses to differences in outcome values, which was paralleled by an enhanced motivation to invest effort to obtain larger rewards. There were no differences in D2 receptor expression, but D1 receptor expression was significantly reduced in the striatum of animals that had experiences with reward learning during adolescence compared to animals that went through the same experiences in adulthood. We observed increased levels of PSA-NCAM expression in both PFC and amygdala of late adolescents compared to adults that were previously trained on an effortful reward valuation task. PSA-NCAM levels in PFC were strongly and positively associated with high effort/reward (HER) choices in adolescents, but not in adult animals. Increased levels of PSA-NCAM expression in adolescents may index increased structural plasticity and represent a neural correlate of a reward sensitive endophenotype.
Understanding OSN-based facial disclosure against face authentication systems

Face authentication is one of promising biometrics-based user authentication mechanisms that have been widely available in this era of mobile computing. With built-in camera capability on smart phones, tablets, and laptops, face authentication provides an attractive alternative of legacy passwords for its memory-less authentication process. Although it has inherent vulnerability against spoofing attacks, it is generally considered sufficiently secure as an authentication factor for common access protection. However, this belief becomes questionable since image sharing has been popular in online social networks (OSNs). A huge number of personal images are shared every day and accessible to potential adversaries. This OSN-based facial disclosure (OSNFD) creates a significant threat against face authentication. In this paper, we make the first attempt to quantitatively measure the threat of OSNFD. We examine real-world face-authentication systems designed for both smartphones, tablets, and laptops. Interestingly, our results find that the percentage of vulnerable images that can used for spoofing attacks is moderate, but the percentage of vulnerable users that are subject to spoofing attacks is high. The difference between systems designed for smartphones/tablets and laptops is also significant. In our user study, the average percentage of vulnerable users is 64% for laptop-based systems, and 93% for smartphone/tablet-based systems. This evidence suggests that face authentication may not be suitable to use as an authentication factor, as its confidentiality has been significantly compromised due to OSNFD. In order to understand more detailed characteristics of OSNFD, we further develop a risk estimation tool based on logistic regression to extract key attributes affecting the success rate of spoofing attacks. The OSN users can use this tool to calculate risk scores for their shared images so as to increase their awareness of OSNFD.
Shifting Factors and the Ineffectiveness of Third Party Assurance Seals: A Two-Stage Model of Initial Trust in a Web Business

Little empirical research has addressed how trust building occurs across the early stages of a consumer's web experience. This paper tests the effects of privacy assurance and industry endorsement seals, reputation advertising by a web business, disposition to trust, and structural assurance on consumer trust across two early stages: the introductory stage, in which a consumer has only second‐hand information about the site, and the exploratory stage, when the consumer first visits the website. The study found, first, that disposition to trust and structural assurance had a significant effect on trust in the web business in both the exploratory and introductory stages, showing that their effects did not erode over time. Second, reputation advertising was found to be an effective way to build trust. Third, counter to prevailing opinion and popular practice, neither a noticeable TRUST‐e privacy seal nor a noticeable professional association seal had any significant impact on trust in the web business. When .
Motivation as an Enabler for Academic Success

Abstract Student motivation as an academic enabler for school success is discussed. Contrary to many views, however, the authors conceive of student motivation as a multifaceted construct with different components. Accordingly, the article includes a discussion of four key components of student motivation including academic self-efficacy, attributions, intrinsic motivation, and achievement goals. Research on each of these four components is described, research relating these four components to academic achievement and other academic enablers is reviewed, and suggestions are offered for instruction and assessment.
Employee ownership : evaluating the factors contributing to successful employee engagement

This interpretive study explores employee engagement in employee-owned organisations and the factors that contribute to successful employee engagement. The thesis considers; the role of employee ownership in facilitating employee engagement, what practices are understood to be most effective in securing engagement and which are most practical, obstacles to engagement and potential solutions, and how employee engagement supports and sustains ownership. Concepts from employee engagement and employee ownership literatures are brought together to explain the existence of employee engagement in employee-owned organisations. Adopting a qualitative approach to research, three employee-owned organisations formed the basis for data collection. Semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and reflective research diaries, were utilised to capture a range of experiences and perceptions. Data was analysed and presented in a narrative format with key themes identified using thematic analysis. It was found that in comparison to models of engagement such as Alfes et al. (2010), employee ownership was a key factor of engagement due to the presence of psychological ownership (Pierce et al., 1991; Van Dyne and Pierce, 2004). This factor added an additional dynamic to engagement as the meaning of work was influenced by employee ownership. However, ownership was also found to hindered engagement due to inflexibilities with ownership processes and the existence of free-riders. Family culture was present in the organisations which drove employees ownership values (Kruse et al., 2003), although it was found that this was ineffective in dealing with perceived under-performers which affected engagement. Social, affective, and intellectual engagement (Alfes et al. 2010), and vigour, dedication, and absorption Schaufeli et al. (2006) were found to be influenced by the presence of employee ownership. The study concludes that employee engagement enhances the experience of employee ownership, and employee ownership influences employee engagement. Evidence presented confirms the claims of Postlethwaite et al. (2005) and Matrix Evidence (2010) that employee ownership is influential to employee engagement.
Introns and their positions affect the translational activity of mRNA in plant cells

In an attempt to further increase transgene expression levels in plants over and above the enhancement obtained with a 5′ untranslated leader intron, three different maize introns were inserted at three different positions within the coding sequence of the luciferase reporter gene. Constructs were transformed into maize (Black Mexican Sweet) cells and protoplasts, and their activity determined. Although all introns tested were correctly spliced, only one of them in a particular position was able to enhance gene expression. Correct splicing sites were used for intron removal and the quantity of luciferase mRNA produced did not differ significantly. These data indicate that both the position and the sequence of an intron have marked effects on expression levels, suggesting that nuclear processing of the pre‐mRNA determines final expression levels through the structure of the mRNP.
Revisiting telegony: offspring inherit an acquired characteristic of their mother's previous mate

Newly discovered non-genetic mechanisms break the link between genes and inheritance, thereby also raising the possibility that previous mating partners could influence traits in offspring sired by subsequent males that mate with the same female (‘telegony’). In the fly Telostylinus angusticollis, males transmit their environmentally acquired condition via paternal effects on offspring body size. We manipulated male condition, and mated females to two males in high or low condition in a fully crossed design. Although the second male sired a large majority of offspring, offspring body size was influenced by the condition of the first male. This effect was not observed when females were exposed to the first male without mating, implicating semen-mediated effects rather than female differential allocation based on pre-mating assessment of male quality. Our results reveal a novel type of transgenerational effect with potential implications for the evolution of reproductive strategies.
Nanomechanical Characterization of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Atomic Force Microscopy

ABSTRACT The study of structures and properties of bacterial spores is important to understanding spore formation and biological responses to environmental stresses. While significant progress has been made over the years in elucidating the multilayer architecture of spores, the mechanical properties of the spore interior are not known. Here, we present a thermal atomic force microscopy (AFM) study of the nanomechanical properties of internal structures of Bacillus anthracis spores. We developed a nanosurgical sectioning method in which a stiff diamond AFM tip was used to cut an individual spore, exposing its internal structure, and a soft AFM tip was used to image and characterize the spore interior on the nanometer scale. We observed that the elastic modulus and adhesion force, including their thermal responses at elevated temperatures, varied significantly in different regions of the spore section. Our AFM images indicated that the peptidoglycan (PG) cortex of Bacillus anthracis spores consisted of rod-like nanometer-sized structures that are oriented in the direction perpendicular to the spore surface. Our findings may shed light on the spore architecture and properties. IMPORTANCE A nanosurgical AFM method was developed that can be used to probe the structure and properties of the spore interior. The previously unknown ultrastructure of the PG cortex of Bacillus anthracis spores was observed to consist of nanometer-sized rod-like structures that are oriented in the direction perpendicular to the spore surface. The variations in the nanomechanical properties of the spore section were largely correlated with its chemical composition. Different components of the spore materials showed different thermal responses at elevated temperatures.
The Impact of Computer-Assisted Interviewing on Interview Length

Computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) offers many attractive benefits over paper and pencil interviewing. There is, however, mixed evidence on the impact of CAPI on interview length, an important survey outcome in the context of length limits imposed by survey budgets and concerns over respondent burden. In this paper, recent data from a large, nationally representative panel study is used to investigate CAPI’s impact on interview length. A key feature of our analysis is that, through use of both experimental and quasiexperimental evidence, we examine the roles played by specific factors which, while typically associated with CAPI, vary in their extent and nature from study to study. We find that effects very much depend on how CAPI is implemented: the hardware and software adopted, the extent and nature of the dependent data introduced, and even interviewer workloads, can all have large influences on the CAPI impact—a finding that helps explain the conflicting results from previous studies. Overall, we conclude that, absent dependent data, CAPI will almost certainly increase interview lengths. However, the potential reductions in interview length from dependent data are very large, such that even modest levels of dependent data can lead to net reductions in interview lengths.
Management: Concepts & Practices

Part 1 Management at a time of change: the challenge of management leadership focus on the customer marketing. Part 2 Policy and planning: strategic management planning and objective setting Total Quality Management management and control. Part 3 Organizing: corporate culture organizational communication human resource management motivation. Part 4 Controlling: management decision-making operations management information management financial management. Part 5 Management issues: business ethics and corporate responsibility environmental management multinational management management in perspective.
Isolation and properties of a Bacillus subtilis mutant unable to produce fructose-bisphosphatase

A Bacillus subtilis mutation (gene symbol fdpA1), producing a deficiency of D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.11, fructose-bisphosphatase), was isolated and genetically purified. An fdpA1-containing mutant did not produce cross-reacting material. It grew on any carbon source that allowed growth of the standard strain except myo-inositol and D-gluconate. Because the mutant could grow on D-fructose, glycerol, or L-malate as the sole carbon source, B. subtilis can produce fructose-6-phosphate and the derived cell wall precursors from these carbon sources in the absence of fructose-bisphosphatase. In other words, during gluconeogenesis B. subtilis must be able to bypass this reaction. Fructose-bisphosphatase is also not needed for the sporulation of B. , subtilis. The fdpA1 mutation has the pleiotropic consequence that mutants carrying it cannot produce inositol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.18) and gluconate kinase (EC 2.7.1.12) under conditions that normally induce these enzymes.