Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Societal Norms Rather Than Sexual Orientation Influence Kin Altruism and Avuncularity in Tribal Urak-Lawoi, Italian, and Spanish Adult Males

Homosexual males could balance their low fitness by increasing benefits to relatives either through kin-directed altruism or by avuncularity (altruistic behavior toward the children of siblings). Evidence in support of kin selection and avuncularity includes the fact that homosexuals seem to be more empathic and altruistic than heterosexuals. Other studies have not confirmed behaviors that increase kin altruism in homosexuals. We explored altruistic behavior and avuncularity in a sample of 278 subjects, either homosexual or heterosexual, from three populations: Italian, Spanish, and Urak-Lawoi, a Southeast Asian tribal population. Among the Urak-Lawoi, the kathoeys, androphilic men who dress and behave as women, were compared with heterosexuals. All populations were rated for societal norms on the expression of affiliative behavior. No greater kin altruism or avuncularity among the kathoeys or in homosexuals in either Mediterranean population was found. Greater avuncularity and kin-directed altruism, independent of sexual orientation, were found among the Urak-Lawoi, and these traits were the least prevalent among the Italians, corresponding to different societal norms. The increase in kin altruism and avuncularity was associated in all males with societal differences and norms on general altruism toward nonkin children, suggesting it is not an adaptive design to maintain homosexuality in humans.
Impact of a physical education teaching methods course on pre-service classroom teachers

Elementary classroom teachers play key roles in school-wide physical activity initiatives, such as “Let's Move in School,” and it is important to consider their professional preparation. The purpose of this study was to examine pre-service classroom teachers’ beliefs about physical education, knowledge of the subject, and teacher self-efficacy beliefs to perform specific teaching tasks when partaking in one of three laboratory conditions (teaching children, peerteaching, or no teaching) as part of a physical education methods course. Bandura's self-efficacy theory (1997) served as the theoretical framework. As part of a complementary mixed-method design, participants (N=66) completed a physical education knowledge test, Values and Purposes of Physical Education Questionnaire, and a modified version of the Teacher's Self-efficacy Belief System-Self at both the beginning and end of the semester. Approximately 50% of participants also partook in either focus group interviews or individual interviews that occurred both preand post-course. One-way analysis of variances of gain scores did not reveal any impacts of laboratory type on participants' beliefs, knowledge, or self-efficacy (p .05). Analytic induction and constant comparison of qualitative data revealed three major themes: (a) changed perspectives, (b) desire to work with children, and (c) lecture as a mastery experience. Physical education methods courses designed for pre-service classroom teachers can be effective and should include field-based experiences focusing on implementation of movement breaks and interdisciplinary lessons.
Changes in stereoacuity following implantable Collamer lens implantation in patients with myopia

The study evaluated the impact of implantable Collamer lens (ICL) implantation on stereoacuity in myopes in a retrospective case series. Ninety-five eyes of 48 patients were recruited. Distance and near stereoacuity were measured using distance Randot stereotest and TNO test, respectively, before surgery and at 4 weeks postoperatively. Mean age of the patients was 23.67 ± 3.7 years. Mean uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 1.28 ± 0.37 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (median: 1.3; range: 0.3–1.8), and median best-corrected distance visual acuity (BDVA) was 0.18 logMAR (range: 0–0.6). There was a significant improvement in both UDVA and BDVA postsurgery (P < 0.001; Wilcoxon signed rank test). The overall improvement in stereopsis was observed in 15/48 (31.25%) and 13/48 (27.10%) subjects for near and distance, respectively, with no significant difference between the two (P = 0.82; Fisher's exact test). Among stereoblind individuals, the odd's ratio for near stereoacuity to improve in comparison to distance stereoacuity was 8.85 (95% confidence interval: 1.68–46.70; P = 0.01). ICL implantation for refractive correction aided stereoacuity improvement in myopes more so for near.
Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings.

IMPORTANCE The period prevalence of depression among women is 21.9% during the first postpartum year; however, questions remain about the value of screening for depression. OBJECTIVES To screen for depression in postpartum women and evaluate positive screen findings to determine the timing of episode onset, rate and intensity of self-harm ideation, and primary and secondary DSM-IV disorders to inform treatment and policy decisions. DESIGN Sequential case series of women who recently gave birth. SETTING Urban academic women's hospital. PARTICIPANTS During the maternity hospitalization, women were offered screening at 4 to 6 weeks post partum by telephone. Screen-positive women were invited to undergo psychiatric evaluations in their homes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES A positive screen finding was an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score of 10 or higher. Self-harm ideation was assessed on EPDS item 10: "The thought of harming myself has occurred to me" (yes, quite often; sometimes; hardly ever; never). Screen-positive women underwent evaluation with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Axis I primary and secondary diagnoses. RESULTS Ten thousand mothers underwent screening, with positive findings in 1396 (14.0%); of these, 826 (59.2%) completed the home visits and 147 (10.5%) completed a telephone diagnostic interview. Screen-positive women were more likely to be younger, African American, publicly insured, single, and less well educated. More episodes began post partum (40.1%), followed by during pregnancy (33.4%) and before pregnancy (26.5%). In this population, 19.3% had self-harm ideation. All mothers with the highest intensity of self-harm ideation were identified with the EPDS score of 10 or higher. The most common primary diagnoses were unipolar depressive disorders (68.5%), and almost two-thirds had comorbid anxiety disorders. A striking 22.6% had bipolar disorders. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The most common diagnosis in screen-positive women was major depressive disorder with comorbid generalized anxiety disorder. Strategies to differentiate women with bipolar from unipolar disorders are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00282776.
The Role of Parental Math Attitude in Their Children Math Achievement

Mathematics as a subject is imperative for excelling in any field of study and it acts as glue that connects various disciplines together. The crucial variable determining achievement in mathematics is the attitude towards mathematics. The foremost purpose of the present study was to investigate whether children's math attitude serves as an underlying pathway between parental math attitude and their children's math achievement. A total of 482 students (251 females and 231 males) of the age ranging from 10 to 15 years (5 th to 10 th grade) and one of their parents (mother/ father) participated in the study. Parents and their wards math attitude was measured using attitude towards mathematics. Mathematics achievement test was constructed for each grade level based on their current curriculum. The Mediation analysis was carried out. It was found that father's math attitude contributes positively to their son's math attitude and math achievement as compared to mother's math attitude. On the contrary, mother's math attitude positively influences their daughter's math attitude and math achievement in comparison with father's math attitude.
Metallicity in damped Lyman-α systems: evolution or bias?

A B S T R AC T Assuming that damped Lyman- a (DLA) systems are galactic discs, we calculate the corresponding evolution of metal abundances. We use detailed multizone models of galactic chemical evolution (reproducing successfully the observed properties of disc galaxies) and appropriate statistics (including geometrical probability factors) to calculate the average metallicity as a function of redshift. The results are compatible with available observations, provided that observational biases are taken into account , as suggested by Boisse ´ et al. In particular, high column density and high-metallicity systems are not detected because the light of backround quasars is severely extinguished, while low column density and low-metallicity systems are not detectable through their absorption lines by current surveys. We show that these observational constraints lead to a ‘no-evolution’ picture for the DLA metallicity, which does not allow us to draw strong conclusions about the nature of those systems or about their role in ‘cosmic chemical evolution’.
When memorized instances compete with rules: The case of number-noun agreement in written French

It is claimed by Totereau, Thévenin & Fayol (1997) that French children understand the rule for spelling the plural inflection very early on. However, no evidence contradicts the alternative that they learn the spelling of a word's singular and plural forms by treating the two forms as entirely different words. We tested this by asking French first and second graders (85 six-year-old and 89 seven-year-old children, respectively) to read and write rare words, either in just the singular or in just the plural, and then testing their spelling. The children tended to attach plural inflections to words which they had encountered only as plural and to omit them from words encountered before only as singular.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia and Kimura's disease coexisting in the same patient: Evidence for a spectrum of disease

The relationship between angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) and Kimura's disease has always been contentious. Initially, ALHE and Kimura's disease were thought to be conditions within the same disease spectrum, but it is now widely accepted that they are two separate disease entities. The two lesions may coexist in one patient. Thus, ALHE and Kimura's disease may be different manifestations of the one disease.
Increased asthma medication use in association with ambient fine and ultrafine particles

The association between particulate air pollution and asthma medication use and symptoms was assessed in a panel study of 53 adult asthmatics in Erfurt, Germany in winter 1996/1997. Number concentrations of ultrafine particles, 0.01–0.1 µm in diameter (NC0.01–0.1), mean 17,300·cm−3, and mass concentrations of fine particles 0.01–2.5 µm in diameter (MC0.01–2.5), mean 30.3 µg·m−3, were measured concurrently. They were not highly correlated (r=0.45). The associations between ambient particle concentrations and the prevalence of inhaled β2-agonist, corticosteroid use and asthma symptoms, were analysed separately with logistic regression models, adjusting for trend, temperature, weekend, holidays, and first order autocorrelation of the error. Cumulative exposures over 14 days of ultrafine and fine particles were associated with corticosteroid use. β2-agonist use was associated with 5-day mean NC0.01–0.1 and MC0.01–2.5. The prevalence of asthma symptoms was associated with ambient particle concentrations. The results suggest that reported asthma medication use and symptoms increase in association with particulate air pollution and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide.
The Release Rate of Environmental DNA from Juvenile and Adult Fish

The environmental DNA (eDNA) technique is expected to become a powerful, non-invasive tool for estimating the distribution and biomass of organisms. This technique was recently shown to be applicable to aquatic vertebrates by collecting extraorganismal DNA floating in the water or absorbed onto suspended particles. However, basic information on eDNA release rate is lacking, despite it being essential for practical applications. In this series of experiments with bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), we examined the effect of fish developmental stage on eDNA release rate. eDNA concentration reached equilibrium 3 days after the individual fish were introduced into the separate containers, enabling calculation of the eDNA release rate (copies h−1) from individual fish on the assumption that the number of eDNA released from the fish per unit time equals total degradation in the container (copies h−1). The eDNA release rate was 3–4 times higher in the adult (body weight: 30–75 g) than in the juvenile group (0.5–2.0 g). Such positive relationship between fish size and eDNA release rate support the possibility of biomass rather than density estimation using eDNA techniques. However, the eDNA release rate per fish body weight (copies h−1 g−1) was slightly higher in the juvenile than the adult group, which is likely because of the ontogenetic reduction in metabolic activity. Therefore, quantitative eDNA data should be carefully interpreted to avoid overestimating biomass when the population is dominated by juveniles, because the age structure of the focal population is often variable and unseen in the field. eDNA degradation rates (copies l−1 h−1), calculated by curve fitting of time-dependent changes in eDNA concentrations after fish removal, were 5.1–15.9% per hour (half-life: 6.3 h). This suggests that quantitative eDNA data should be corrected using a degradation curve attained in the target field.
Distinguishing accurate from inaccurate eyewitness identifications: A reality monitoring approach.

Eyewitness identifications tend to be one of the most compelling types of evidence presented in police investigations and criminal trials. One extensive survey of real-life cases, for example, revealed a 73 percent conviction rate for trials in which the only evidence brought against the defendant was eyewitness identification testimony (Devlin, 1973). Yet psychological research has shown that eyewitness testimony can be unreliable. Human memory is fragile and easily influenced by both external and internal factors. Given this state of affairs, it is not surprising that social and behavioral scientists have focused on identifying the factors that indicate whether a witness has provided accurate or erroneous testimony. And to a great extent these researchers have been successful in determining the general factors that prompt accuracy and error in eyewitness identification. Many variables, such as the time of day, duration of exposure, presence or absence of a weapon, interrogation procedure, and lineup construction can enhance or impair an individual's memory for an event (for reviews, see Loftus, 1979; Wells, Seelau, Rydell, & Luus, this volume). In another sense, however, this research leads to disappointment. Ask legal or criminal justice officials what they need from psychological research, and the answer will involve some sort of test or examination they can give to specific witnesses involved with particular cases that establishes the accuracy or inaccuracy of individual identification. Unfortunately, given the necessary focus of behavioral research on general factors, psycholegal researchers have been unable to find or create a test to be used with particular witnesses in specific cases.
Motivating offenders to change: A guide to enhancing engagements in therapy

Understanding motivation to change Motivation to change: Selection criterion or treatment need? (McMurran) What is motivation to change? A scientific analysis (Viets et al) Stages of change in therapy with offenders (Jones) Motivational enhancement in practice Enhamcing motivation of offenders at each stage of change and phase of therapy (Prochaska and Levesque) Building and nurturing a therapeutic alliance with offenders (Cordess) Motivational interviewing with offenders (Mann et al) Motivating offenders to change through participatory theatre (Thompson) Maintaining motivation for change using resources available in an offender's natural environment (Walters) Special issues Ethical issues in motivating offenders to change (Blackburn) Motivation for what? Effective programmes for motivated offenders (McGuire) Owning your own data: The Management of denial (Laws) Motivating the unmotivated: Psychopathy, Treatment and Change (Hemphill and Hart) Motivating Mentally Disordered Offenders (Hodge and Renwick) Does punishment motivate offenders to change? (Hollin) Future Directions (Mary McMurran)
Laryngoplasty with or without ventriculectomy for treatment of left laryngeal hemiplegia in 230 racehorses.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of laryngoplasty on racing performance and to determine if any of the following variables had a significant effect on outcome: breed (Thoroughbred v Standardbred), endoscopic grade of laryngeal function, ventriculectomy versus no ventriculectomy, type of prosthetic suture used, and number of prostheses placed. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study of laryngoplasty with or without ventriculectomy for treatment of left laryngeal hemiplegia in racehorses between 1986 and 1993. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION 230 horses (174 Thoroughbreds, 56 Standardbreds). METHODS The medical records of racehorses or horses intended for racing were reviewed. Signalment, admitting complaints, physical examination findings, resting endoscopic grade of laryngeal function, type of prosthetic suture material used, number of prosthetic sutures placed, presence or absence of ventriculectomy, and postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS Upper respiratory tract noise and exercise intolerance were the most common presenting complaints. Two horses had a laryngeal grade of 2, 109 horses a laryngeal grade of 3, and 119 horses a laryngeal grade of 4. Two double-strand braided polyester sutures were used in 147 horses, a single double-strand polyester suture was used in 49 horses, and a single double-strand nylon suture was used in 34 horses. Ventriculectomy was performed on 186 horses. The most common complication recognized during hospitalization was coughing in 50 horses. Telephone follow-up was obtained for 176 horses. For 168 horses, respiratory noise after surgery was decreased in 126 horses, the same in 28, and increased in 14. After hospital discharge, coughing occurred in 43 of 166 horses, and a nasal discharge occurred in 26 horses. Postoperative racing performance for 167 horses was subjectively evaluated by respondents as being improved in 69% of the horses. Overall owner satisfaction with the outcome after surgery was 81%. Of 230 horses, 178 raced at least one time after surgery. Overall, 117 horses raced three or more times before and after surgery, and 65 of these horses had improved performance index scores. None of the variables of surgical interest affected performance index scores. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Laryngoplasty with or without ventriculectomy allowed 77% of the horses to race at least one time after surgery, improved racing performance in 56% of the horses that completed three races before and after surgery, and improved subjectively evaluated racing performance in 69% of the horses.
Use of the CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED Scores to Aid Decision Making for Thromboprophylaxis in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

A 65-year-old woman with a history of myocardial infarction presented to the emergency department with palpitations. ECG on admission documented atrial fibrillation (AF), which subsequently reverted spontaneously to sinus rhythm. Echocardiogram revealed mild systolic impairment, normal left atrial size, and normal valves. Thyroid function tests were normal. She returned to the outpatient clinic 4 weeks later with a history of intermittent palpitations. Her average clinic blood pressure was 140/85 mm Hg, and the 30-day cardiac loop monitor demonstrated AF, which coincided with diary entries of symptoms of palpitations. What is the most appropriate stroke prophylaxis for this patient, given her new-onset AF? AF increases the risk of stroke 5-fold, and anticoagulant therapy reduces the risk of stroke and all-cause mortality.1,2 Consequently, clinical guidelines recommend stroke thromboprophylaxis among AF patients unless they are at low risk; low-risk patients are defined as those with age <65 years and lone AF.1,2 Indeed, the risk of stroke among patients with AF is heterogeneous and depends on the presence of various stroke risk factors.3,4 Numerous stroke risk stratification schemas have been developed on the basis of risk factors identified from nonwarfarin arms of clinical trials, cohort studies, and consensus expert panels. These schemas vary in their complexity and the number of risk factors they include and have conventionally categorized AF patients into low, moderate, and high risk. Traditionally, guidelines have recommended aspirin or antiplatelet therapy for those at low risk of stroke and oral anticoagulation (OAC) for those at high risk, whereas individuals at moderate risk have the option of receiving either aspirin or oral anticoagulation. To determine the most appropriate antithrombotic therapy for each patient, the individual risk of stroke should be assessed. Systematic reviews3–5 demonstrate that the main risk factors for …
Evaluation of the relationship between prior uterine surgery and the incidence of adenomyosis in the Shariati Hospital in Bandar-Abbas, Iran, from 2001 to 2011

Background: Adenomyosis is a common benign disorder in pre-menopausal women that presents with uterine enlargement, pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and dysmenorrhea. However, its risk factors have not been clearly determined. The aim of this study was to determine whether prior uterine surgery is a risk factor for adenomyosis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we reviewed the medical records of all women who had hysterectomies for benign and a non-emergency, gynecological condition during 2001–2011 at Shariati Hospital in Bandar-Abbas, Iran. The variables in the study included age, gravidity, parity, abortion, prior uterine surgery, and the size of the uterus before hysterectomy. The data were analyzed by Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 16, by conducting descriptive statistics, by the t-test, and by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: Of the 191 participants, 72 women (37.7%) had pathologically-confirmed adenomyosis. Women with adenomyosis reported a history of prior uterine surgery more frequently than women without adenomyosis (P = 0.01), but age, menarche, gravidity, parity, and history of abortion were similar between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: History of prior uterine surgery is a risk factor for adenomyosis.
The Inefficiency of Equilibria in a Network Creation Game with Packet Forwarding

We study a novel variation of network creation games in which the players (vertices) form a graph by building undirected edges to each other with the goal of reducing their costs of using the network. The model we introduce assumes that a minimal set of nodes with high reachability from others are handed the responsibility of routing the traffic alongside the network. For this purpose, we suggest that a minimum dominating set (MDS) of the graph would be a reasonable choice as the intermediate nodes, thus the players in one such set would incur an extra cost for forwarding. We study the Nash equilibrium in this model assuming an extra cost of β is evenly shared among all the nodes in a MDS. We prove upper bounds on the price of anarchy, the worst-case ratio of the social cost of Nash equilibria of the network to that of socially optimum solution, for different values of β. Specifically, we show this inefficiency is modest for β = n since the price of anarchy is O(n). We also prove a tight upper bound of Θ(n) for β = n, and also give some upper bounds when β takes a value between n and n.