Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relevance Theory and the saying/implicating distinction

A distinction between saying and implicating has held a central place in pragmatic s since Grice, with ‘what is said’ usually equated with the (context-relative) semantic content of an utterance. In relevance theory, a distinction is made between two kinds of communicated assumptions, explicatures and implicatures, with explicatures defined as pragmatic developments of encoded linguistic meaning. It is argued here that, given a context-free semantics for linguistic expression types, together with the explicature/implicature distinction, there is no role for any minimally propositional notion of ‘what is said’.
Visualizing and Understanding Neural Models in NLP

While neural networks have been successfully applied to many NLP tasks the resulting vector-based models are very difficult to interpret. For example it's not clear how they achieve {\em compositionality}, building sentence meaning from the meanings of words and phrases. In this paper we describe four strategies for visualizing compositionality in neural models for NLP, inspired by similar work in computer vision. We first plot unit values to visualize compositionality of negation, intensification, and concessive clauses, allow us to see well-known markedness asymmetries in negation. We then introduce three simple and straightforward methods for visualizing a unit's {\em salience}, the amount it contributes to the final composed meaning: (1) gradient back-propagation, (2) the variance of a token from the average word node, (3) LSTM-style gates that measure information flow. We test our methods on sentiment using simple recurrent nets and LSTMs. Our general-purpose methods may have wide applications for understanding compositionality and other semantic properties of deep networks , and also shed light on why LSTMs outperform simple recurrent nets,
Precise Radius Estimates for the Exoplanets WASP-1b and WASP-2b

We present precise z-band photometric time series spanning times of transit of the two exoplanets recently discovered by the SuperWASP collaboration. We find planetary radii of 1.44 ± 0.08 and 1.04 ± 0.06 RJ for WASP-1b and WASP-2b, respectively. These error estimates include both random errors in the photometry and also the uncertainty in the stellar masses. Our results are 5 times more precise than the values derived from the discovery data alone. Our measurement of the radius of WASP-2b agrees with previously published models of hot Jupiters that include both a 20 M⊕ core of solid material and the effects of stellar insolation. In contrast, we find that the models cannot account for the large size of WASP-1b, even if the planet has no core. Thus, we add WASP-1b to the growing list of hot Jupiters that are larger than expected. This suggests that "inflated" hot Jupiters are more common than previously thought and that any purported explanations involving highly unusual circumstances are disfavored.
Birth preparedness, complication readiness and male partner involvement for obstetric emergencies in rural Rwanda

Introduction Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BP/CR) promotes timely access to skilled maternal and neonatal services, active preparation and decision-making for seeking health care to prevent any adverse outcomes. The aim was to assess level of male partner (MP) involvement in the birth plan, the attitude of the women towards maternal care and factors associated with BP/CR among obstetric referrals in rural Rwanda. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among 350 pregnant women who were admitted as referrals at Ruhengeri hospital, between July 2015 and November 2015. Data was collected on socio-demographics, level of MP's participation in maternal health care and domestic activities, women's attitude towards involvement of men in maternal care and BP/CR. Any woman who arranged to have a birth companion, made a plan of where to deliver from, received health education on pregnancy and childbirth complications, saved money in case of pregnancy complication and had attended antenatal care (ANC) at least 4 times, was deemed as having made a birth plan. Results The mean age was 27.7 years, while mean age of the spouse was 31.3 years. Majority of the women (n=193; 55.1%) and their spouse (n=208; 59.4%) had completed primary education. Men's role was found to be mainly in the area of financial support. The level of men ANC attendance was low (n=103; 29.4%), while 78 (22.3%) women were accompanied to the labor ward. However, there was a strong opposition to the physical presence of MP in the labor room (n=178; 50.9%). The main reason cited by women opposing MP presence is that it is against their culture for a man to witness the delivery of a baby. On multivariable analysis, maternal education level of secondary or higher adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.4 95% CI (1.8-2.6), formal occupation of spouse, AOR 2.4 95% CI (1.4-4.2) and personnel checked during ANC being community health worker AOR 2.2, 95% CI; (1.3-3.7) were associated with being well prepared. Conclusion Male involvement in pregnancy and antenatal care is low. To increase men involvement in birth plan addressing cultural barriers and refraining care-givers and health facility policies towards family delivery is paramount.
Characteristics of the Occlusal Surfaces of Lower Molars in a Sample of the Croatian Population

The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of the occlusal surfaces of lower molars in a sample of the Croatian population. Classification of the characteristics of the occlusal surface of molars was determined according to the standards for characterisation of morphological variants of permanent teeth, of ASU (Arizona State University Dentoanthropological System of the State University of Arizona). On the basis of the obtained results of the shape of grooves in lower molars, with regard to the evolutive process in these teeth, it can be concluded that the first lower molar is the most conservative. The high frequency of + shape was significant in the second lower molar. As + shape can be taken as the highest evolutive stage of the conservative Y shape, i.e. the beginning of the most developed X shape, the second lower molar can be said to be in the transitive stage, and thus with its attained evolutive level it is definitely closer to the lower third molar. The third molar reached the highest developmental shape in the formation of the occlusal surfaces of lower molars.
Accurate Adware Detection Using Opcode Sequence Extraction

Adware represents a possible threat to the security and privacy of computer users. Traditional signature-based and heuristic-based methods have not been proven to be successful at detecting this type of software. This paper presents an adware detection approach based on the application of data mining on disassembled code. The main contributions of the paper is a large publicly available adware data set, an accurate adware detection algorithm, and an extensive empirical evaluation of several candidate machine learning techniques that can be used in conjunction with the algorithm. We have extracted sequences of opcodes from adware and benign software and we have then applied feature selection, using different configurations, to obtain 63 data sets. Six data mining algorithms have been evaluated on these data sets in order to find an efficient and accurate detector. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach can be used to accurately detect both novel and known adware instances even though the binary difference between adware and legitimate software is usually small.
Complex Gaussian Ratio Distribution with Applications for Error Rate Calculation in Fading Channels with Imperfect CSI

Communications systems rarely have perfect channel state information (PCSI) when demodulating received symbols. This paper shows that the symbol error rate (SER) of a flat fading communications system can be expressed in closed form by expressing the demodulator outputs as random variable (RVs) that have a complex ratio distribution, which is the ratio of two correlated complex Gaussian RVs. To complete the analysis, the complex ratio probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) are both derived. Finally, using several scenarios based on M-QAM signaling, the SER performance of imperfect channel state information (ICSI) systems is analyzed.
Joint Brain Parametric T1-Map Segmentation and RF Inhomogeneity Calibration

We propose a constrained version of Mumford and Shah's (1989) segmentation model with an information-theoretic point of view in order to devise a systematic procedure to segment brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data for parametric T1-Map and T1-weighted images, in both 2-D and 3D settings. Incorporation of a tuning weight in particular adds a probabilistic flavor to our segmentation method, and makes the 3-tissue segmentation possible. Moreover, we proposed a novel method to jointly segment the T1-Map and calibrate RF Inhomogeneity (JSRIC). This method assumes the average T1 value of white matter is the same across transverse slices in the central brain region, and JSRIC is able to rectify the flip angles to generate calibrated T1-Maps. In order to generate an accurate T1-Map, the determination of optimal flip-angles and the registration of flip-angle images are examined. Our JSRIC method is validated on two human subjects in the 2D T1-Map modality and our segmentation method is validated by two public databases, BrainWeb and IBSR, of T1-weighted modality in the 3D setting.
Development and Application of a Conceptual Change Model for Effective Laboratory Teaching

In this study, a conceptual change model for effective laboratories was developed and its instructional effect on students' achievement, the acquisition of scientific conceptions, and the attitudes toward science was investigated. Considering several conceptual change models in literature and Korean educational situations, the conceptual change model was developed. The model consists of 5 stages; preliminary, prediction, exploration, consolidation and reconstruction, and application. The treatment and control groups (2 classes) were selected from a middle school in Seoul, and taught about the changes of states, density, and dissolution for three weeks. Prior to instruction, the Group Assessment of Logical Thinking and the Learning Approach Questionnaire were administered, and their scores were used as covariate and / or blocking variable. To examine students' alternative conceptions before the instructions, a pre-conceptions test was also administered. After the instructions, students' achievement, the acquisition of scientific conceptions, and the attitudes toward science were measured with a researcher-made achievement test, a post-conceptions test, and the subtests of the Test of Science-Related Attitudes, respectively. The results indicated that the score of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group in the post-conceptions test. The students in the treatment group had also less alternative conceptions than those in the control group. However, there were no significant differences for the achievement and the attitudes toward science. Educational implications are discussed.
Can Nonprofit Capacity Be Measured?

Organizational capacity is the set of structures and functions a nonprofit organization needs to effectively serve the community. Although capacity is defined in the nonprofit literature, no standardized measures exist, making it difficult to accurately assess organizational capacity. Data from a survey of nonprofit human service organizations (N = 1,221) that participated in a capacity-building demonstration project are used to assess the fit of two conceptual models of capacity using confirmatory factor analysis. Results indicated that a model that measured capacity with more than 40 performance-related indicators did not fit the data well. However, a model using fewer (19) indicators of organizations’ self-assessed capacity-building progress fit the data well and was invariant by tenure. Implications for measuring nonprofit organizational capacity are discussed.
The Projection of Implicit and Explicit Goals

In 3 studies, the authors analyzed whether projection occurs for both conscious and nonconscious goals. In Experiment 1, participants who were predisposed to hold a learning goal over a performance goal rated others as possessing more of a learning goal. In Experiment 2, participants who were either implicitly primed with or explicitly assigned to have the goal to compete perceived others as striving for competitive goals more than control participants. In Experiment 3, the authors demonstrated that it was the actual goal to compete rather than the trait construct of competitiveness that was projected. The control of automatic goal projection effects is discussed, and interpersonal consequences of goal projection are delineated.
A mixotrophic ciliate as a major contributor to plankton photosynthesis in Australian lakes

A large mixotrophic ciliate (∼200 µm long) of the genus Stentor is a common constituent of the protozooplankton of Australian lakes. We investigated the photosynthetic rates of populations of this ciliate from two lakes, one in the Australian Capital Territory and the other on the New South Wales/Victorian border, in relation to photosynthesis by the whole phytoplankton community. The concentration of the ciliate varied between 192 and 4,267 cells liter−1 during the study period of May–January (the austral winter, spring, and autumn) and it contributed between 4.3 and 69.3% of total plankton photosynthesis. Individual photosynthetic rates ranged between 1.03 ± 0.8 and 3.98 ± 0.6 ng C cell−1 h−1 and individual Chl a content between 925 ± 62 to 1,461 ± 63 pg cell−1, giving assimilation numbers of 1.00–2.74. Light‐response curves indicated that the ciliate achieved its highest rates of photosynthesis at high photon fluxes, typical of the surface waters. Vertical distribution patterns of Stentor in the water column of one of the lakes supported these physiological data. Southern hemisphere lakes seem to have a protozooplankton that may contain substantial numbers of a large ciliate capable of contributing a significant portion of carbon fixation in the plankton.
The Neural Mechanism of Negative Bias

Negative information compared to other types of information can receive priority attention and processing,which is called negative bias.The present paper had mainly introduced the neural mechanism of negative attention and memory bias.Negative attention bias is not only an automatic process,but also a controlled process.Amygdale moderated automatic processing of early negative bias and orbit-frontal cortex controlled the top-down processing.Negative memory bias not only displayed in deeper encoding of negative information,but also reflected in negative information recognition standard reduction.In the future,we should study cortical-cortical connections,gene,expand and intervention of negative bias.
Origin of Secretin Receptor Precedes the Advent of Tetrapoda: Evidence on the Separated Origins of Secretin and Orexin

At present, secretin and its receptor have only been identified in mammals, and the origin of this ligand-receptor pair in early vertebrates is unclear. In addition, the elusive similarities of secretin and orexin in terms of both structures and functions suggest a common ancestral origin early in the vertebrate lineage. In this article, with the cloning and functional characterization of secretin receptors from lungfish and X. laevis as well as frog (X. laevis and Rana rugulosa) secretins, we provide evidence that the secretin ligand-receptor pair has already diverged and become highly specific by the emergence of tetrapods. The secretin receptor-like sequence cloned from lungfish indicates that the secretin receptor was descended from a VPAC-like receptor prior the advent of sarcopterygians. To clarify the controversial relationship of secretin and orexin, orexin type-2 receptor was cloned from X. laevis. We demonstrated that, in frog, secretin and orexin could activate their mutual receptors, indicating their coordinated complementary role in mediating physiological processes in non-mammalian vertebrates. However, among the peptides in the secretin/glucagon superfamily, secretin was found to be the only peptide that could activate the orexin receptor. We therefore hypothesize that secretin and orexin are of different ancestral origins early in the vertebrate lineage.
Projecting an Extended Formulation for Mixed-Integer Covers on Bipartite Graphs

We consider the mixed-integer version of bipartite vertex cover. This is equivalent to a mixed-integer network dual model, introduced recently, that generalizes several mixed-integer sets arising in production planning. We derive properties of inequalities that are valid for the convex hull of the mixed-integer bipartite covers by projecting an extended formulation onto the space of the original variables. This permits us to give a complete description of the facet-inducing inequalities of the double mixing set and of the continuous mixing set with flows, two mixed-integer sets that generalize several models studied in the literature.
Laser Microdissection and Spatiotemporal Pinoresinol-Lariciresinol Reductase Gene Expression Assign the Cell Layer-Specific Accumulation of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside in Flaxseed Coats

The concentration of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) found in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is higher than that found in any other plant. It exists in flaxseed coats as an SDG-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid oligomer complex. A laser microdissection method was applied to harvest material from different cell layers of seed coats of mature and developing flaxseed to detect the cell-layer specific localization of SDG in flaxseed; NMR and HPLC were used to identify and quantify SDG in dissected cell layers after alkaline hydrolysis. The obtained results were further confirmed by a standard molecular method. The promoter of one pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase gene of L. usitatissimum (LuPLR1), which is a key gene involved in SDG biosynthesis, was fused to a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and the spatio-temporal regulation of LuPLR1 gene expression in flaxseed was determined by histochemical and activity assays of GUS. The result showed that SDG was synthesized and accumulated in the parenchymatous cell layer of the outer integument of flaxseed coats.
Dynamical Modeling of Velocity Profiles: The Dark Halo around the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 2434

We describe a powerful technique to model and interpret the stellar line-of-sight velocity profiles of galaxies. It is based on Schwarzschild's approach to build fully general dynamical models. A representative library of orbits is calculated in a given potential, and the non-negative superposition of these orbits is determined that best fits a given set of observational constraints. The most significant new feature of our implementation is that we calculate and fit the full velocity profile shapes, represented by a Gauss-Hermite series. This allows us to constrain the orbital anisotropy in the fit. We also use an objective χ2 measure for the quality of fit, taking into account the error on each observational constraint. Given χ2 from the observational constraints, the technique assesses the relative likelihood of different orbit combinations in a given potential, and of models with different potentials. In our implementation only projected, observable quantities are included in the fit, aperture binning and seeing convolution of the data are properly taken into account, and smoothness of the models in phase space can be enforced through regularization. This scheme is valid for any geometry. In a first application of this method, we focus here on spherical geometry; axisymmetric modeling is described in companion papers by Cretton et al. and van der Marel et al. We test the scheme on pseudo-data drawn from an isotropic Hernquist model and then apply it to the issue of dark halos around elliptical galaxies. We model radially extended stellar kinematical data for the E0 galaxy NGC 2434 obtained by Carollo et al. This galaxy was chosen because it may be nearly round, in which case the present spherical modeling is applicable. Models with constant mass-to-light ratio are clearly ruled out, regardless of the orbital anisotropy. To study the amount of dark matter needed to match the data, we considered a sequence of cosmologically motivated “star + halo” potentials. These potentials are based on the CDM simulations by Navarro et al., but also account for the accumulation of baryonic matter; they are specified by the stellar mass-to-light ratio ϒ*,B and the characteristic halo velocity, V200. The star + halo models provide an excellent fit to the data, with ϒ*,B = 4.35 ± 0.35 (in B-band solar units) and V200 = 450 ± 100 km s-1. The best-fitting potential has a circular velocity Vc that is constant to within ~10% between 0.2 and 3 effective radii and is very similar to the best-fitting logarithmic potential, which has Vc = 300 ± 15 km s-1. In NGC 2434 roughly half of the mass within an effective radius is dark. In comparison, our models without a dark halo estimate a mass-to-light ratio for the stellar population that is twice as large. If NGC 2434 is a significantly flattened system seen nearly face-on, it would be considerably more difficult to limit the gravitational potential without further observational constraints.
You and Your Technostress: Relating Personality Dimensions to ICT-Related Stress

Personality trait research with self and observer ratings has been previously applied in psychology, however, in the HRM field, most studies on personality features have been limited to self-assessment data. We investigate how personality is associated with the stress related to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) which has been termed by a number of scholars as technostress. Drawing from both prior research on personality dimensions and studies on antecedents of technostress, we examine the relationship between technostress creators and technostress antecedents such as personality traits, differences between self and observer ratings, availability through ICTs and use of ICTs. Our findings, based on ordered regression analysis, show that pseudo-extraverts and pseudo-conscientious individuals are likely to experience lower levels of techno-invasion. Moreover, results demonstrate that individuals with high levels of conscientiousness and extraversion tend to have higher levels of techno-insecurity and techno-overload, respectively. Finally, we also find that increased availability through ICTs is associated with high levels of techno-invasion. Interestingly, the use of ICTs has a negative effect on technostress. The implications of these findings are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.