Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stimulus Selectivity and Spatial Coherence of Gamma Components of the Local Field Potential

The gamma frequencies of the local field potential (LFP) provide a physiological correlate for numerous perceptual and cognitive phenomena and have been proposed to play a role in cortical function. Understanding the spatial extent of gamma and its relationship to spiking activity is critical for interpreting this signal and elucidating its function, but previous studies have provided widely disparate views of these properties. We addressed these issues by simultaneously recording LFPs and spiking activity using microelectrode arrays implanted in the primary visual cortex of macaque monkeys. We find that the spatial extent of gamma and its relationship to local spiking activity is stimulus dependent. Small gratings, and those masked with noise, induce a broadband increase in spectral power. This signal is tuned similarly to spiking activity and has limited spatial coherence. Large gratings, however, induce a gamma rhythm characterized by a distinctive spectral “bump,” which is coherent across widely separated sites. This signal is well tuned, but its stimulus preference is similar across millimeters of cortex. The preference of this global gamma rhythm is sensitive to adaptation, in a manner consistent with its magnifying a bias in the neuronal representation of visual stimuli. Gamma thus arises from two sources that reflect different spatial scales of neural ensemble activity. Our results show that there is not a single, fixed ensemble contributing to gamma and that the selectivity of gamma cannot be used to infer its spatial extent.
A systematic review of controlled trials evaluating interventions in adult literacy and numeracy

This paper reports a systematic review of the quasi-experimental literature in the field of adult literacy and numeracy, published between 1980 and 2002. We included 27 controlled trials (CTs) that evaluated strategies and pedagogies designed to increase adult literacy and numeracy: 18 CTs with no effect sizes (incomplete data) and 9 CTs with full data. These nine trials are examined in detail for this paper. Of these nine trials, six evaluated interventions in literacy and three evaluated interventions in literacy and numeracy. Three of the nine trials showed a positive effect for the interventions, five trials showed no difference and one trial showed a positive effect for the control treatment. The quality of the trials was variable, but many of them had some methodological problems. There was no evidence of publication bias in the review. There have been few attempts to expose common adult literacy or numeracy programmes to rigorous evaluation and therefore in terms of policy and practice it is difficult to make any recommendations as to the type of adult education that should be supported. In contrast, however, the review does provide a strong steer for the direction to be taken by educational researchers: because of the present inadequate evidence base rigorously designed randomised controlled trials and quasi-experiments are required as a matter of urgency.
The Opposite of a Great Truth Is Also True: When Do Student Samples Help Versus Hurt the Scientific Study of Prejudice?

McGuire’s seventh koan in his 1973 article beautifully summarizes our response to Henry’s target article in the current issue of Psychological Inquiry. It is true that using student participants to investigate the nature of prejudice and stereotyping can be problematic in some situations and these problems should not be underestimated. But it is also true that delving into the mind of students offers many benefits to the scientific understanding of the causes and consequences of prejudice. As McGuire wisely noted in his perspectivist approach to conducting research, a fruitful way to synthesize such opposing claims is to identify the specific conditions under which each claim is true (McGuire, 2004a, 2004b). In that spirit, the present article identifies some conditions under which the heavy reliance on student participants is likely to stunt theory building and scientific discovery in social psychology. We then consider the opposite: the conditions under which the use of student samples benefits social psychology. In both cases, existing experiments are used as illustrations; these are drawn specifically from research on prejudice and stereotyping. When psychology parted ways with philosophy and found a new home with the sciences, it acquired a new intellectual sensibility that involved using the scientific method to answer questions about the nature of human cognition and behavior (Benjafield, 2005; Wertheimer, 2000). A key feature of the scientific method in the context of social psychology is to articulate general principles that guide social cognition and behavior and to specify their causes and consequences in ways that apply to most people most of the time. These general principles form the foundation of psychological theories. Theory building, theory testing, revising, and applying theories to inform social problems are central research activities in social psychology (Anderson, Lindsay, & Bushman, 1999; Campbell & Stanley, 1967; Cronbach, 1957; Mook, 1983). The critical importance of theory building and testing means that concern about internal validity is rightfully located frontand-center of the research process. Internal validity is why we place such premium on experimental control, on identifying and manipulating causal variables to test whether they produce changes in prejudicial responses, and on uncovering psychological processes that mediate between causal antecedents and prejudicial outcomes. However, in pursuing internal validity (clearly, a strength of scientific research) we as investigators sometimes rely too heavily on easily obtained convenience samples, which exposes our Achilles’ heel. In some cases, relying almost exclusively on student samples limits our understanding of the causes and consequences of prejudice and stereotyping and unduly restricts the development of theories and general principles of human social behavior in ways that are spelled out next.
Impact of inflammatory bowel disease on daily life: an online survey by the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases

Background/Aims Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disabling gastrointestinal disorder that diminishes the quality of life of the affected individuals. Limited data are available regarding the impact of IBD on the daily life of Koreans. Methods Self-administered, computer-aided, internet-based questionnaires were distributed to members of a Korean patient organization for IBD from March to April 2013, by the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases. Results A total of 599 patients with IBD (387 with Crohn's disease [CD] and 212 with ulcerative colitis [UC]) were enrolled. The majority of patients (81%) expressed feelings of fatigue, weakness, and being worn out in their daily lives during times of flare; this percentage was reduced to 61% during remission. Respondents were absent from work or school for an average period of 18 days because of illness, within the first 6 months; the majority of respondents (64%) felt stressed about their absence. Forty-six percent of the respondents reported having received unfair comments at work, or having suffered discrimination. Forty-seven percent of the respondents felt that IBD had negatively affected their income and earnings. Compared with patients with UC, those with CD reported a more frequent negative impact of IBD on work, or more economic burden. More than half of the respondents (61%) reported that IBD had prevented them from making or keeping friends. Conclusions IBD significantly impacts daily life, including work, education, and social relationships. Treatment that addresses the full spectrum of life of a patient would be more effective.
A series resonant circuit for voltage equalization of series connected energy storage devices

In this paper, a novel cell voltage equalizer using a series LC resonant converter topology is proposed for a series connection of energy storage devices, namely battery, or supercapacitor cells. The objective of the target project is to design an active voltage equalization circuit that is low cost, small in size and achieves a short voltage equalization time. The target application is electric vehicles. Compared to existing solutions, the series LC resonant converter eliminates the complexity of multi-winding transformers and it can balance series connected energy storage devices quickly by transporting energy successively between the lowest and highest charge cell pairs. The circuit operation and a theoretical analysis is provided. Simulation and experimental results are presented for a circuit balancing three supercapacitors demonstrating from an initial voltage difference of 527 mV to a final difference of 10 mV in 900 seconds.
Comparação da percepção subjetiva de qualidade de vida e bem-estar de idosos que vivem sozinhos, com a família e institucionalizados

OBJECTIVE: Compare the subjective perception of quality of life and well-being of older people living alone, with the family and institutionalized, by means of instruments WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD. METHOD: We evaluated, in cross section, 51 elderly of either sex, aged over 60 years, attending the daycare center Casa do Idoso, in Sao Jose dos Campos city, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and residents of institutions Lar Sao Vicente de Paulo and Lar de Amparo a Velhice e a Infância de Barra Bonita, both in the city of Barra Bonita-SP, from November 2010 to February 2011. RESULTS: The group analyzed had high levels of quality of life in all domains of WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD facets, compared to the maximum score (100%) for each domain and/or facet. Only statistically significant differences were found regarding the WHOQOL-BREF in its physical domain, comparing the group of elderly living with their families with those institutionalized, being that the latter showed a higher degree of satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The study shows that despite the expected, the institutionalized elderly did not show worse perception of their quality of life when compared to non-institutionalized individuals. In addition, it strengthened the importance of social conviviality, psychological well-being, physical activity, among other factors, for a better perception of the quality of life.
Document Set Expansion with Positive-Unlabelled Learning Using Intractable Density Estimation

The Document Set Expansion (DSE) task involves identifying relevant documents from large collections based on a limited set of example documents. Previous research has highlighted Positive and Unlabeled (PU) learning as a promising approach for this task. However, most PU methods rely on the unrealistic assumption of knowing the class prior for positive samples in the collection. To address this limitation, this paper introduces a novel PU learning framework that utilizes intractable density estimation models. Experiments conducted on PubMed and Covid datasets in a transductive setting showcase the effectiveness of the proposed method for DSE. Code is available from https://github.com/Beautifuldog01/Document-set-expansion-puDE.
Trotskyism, Hugo Blanco and the ideology of a Peruvian peasant movement

During 1958–62 the province of La Convencion in the eastern lowlands of Peru was the site of one of the most important peasant movements in Latin America. A central paradox is that although the movement was led by and reflected the economic interests of an emerging stratum of capitalist peasants, its principal mobilising ideology in the struggle against the landlord class over this period was Trotskyism. For this reason, the politico‐ideological utterances of Hugo Blanco, a Trotskyist who played a leading role in the peasant movement, together with his views on the nature of the class structure, the class struggle, class alliances, etc., are examined in order to establish their class‐specific acceptability.
Loneliness in Early Adolescence: A Test of the Cognitive Discrepancy Model of Loneliness

The cognitive discrepancy model of loneliness postulates that people experience loneliness when they perceive a discrepancy between their actual and desired levels of interpersonal contact. In contrast, a social needs model proposes that loneliness arises from actual deficits in social contact. The incremental value of the cognitive discrepancy model over the social needs model was tested by examining whether cognitive discrepancies predict adolescent loneliness over and above the influence of actual levels of social contact. A total of 217 Grade 10 students participated. Loneliness, actual levels of social contact, and discrepancies from a personally defined ideal standard and a socially defined normative standard of social activity were assessed. The results provided limited support for a cognitive discrepancy model of loneliness. After controlling for actual levels of social activity, actual-ideal and actual-typical discrepancies added only minimally to the prediction of loneliness.
Grey matter, an endophenotype for schizophrenia? A voxel-based morphometry study in siblings of patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND Grey matter, both volume and concentration, has been proposed as an endophenotype for schizophrenia given a number of reports of grey matter abnormalities in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. However, previous studies on grey matter abnormalities in relatives have produced inconsistent results. The aim of the present study was to examine grey matter differences between controls and siblings of patients with schizophrenia and to examine whether the age, genetic loading or subclinical psychotic symptoms of selected individuals could explain the previously reported inconsistencies. METHODS We compared the grey matter volume and grey matter concentration of healthy siblings of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls matched for age, sex and education using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Furthermore, we selected subsamples based on age (< 30 yr), genetic loading and subclinical psychotic symptoms to examine whether this would lead to different results. RESULTS We included 89 siblings and 69 controls in our study. The results showed that siblings and controls did not differ significantly on grey matter volume or concentration. Furthermore, specifically selecting participants based on age, genetic loading or subclinical psychotic symptoms did not alter these findings. LIMITATIONS The main limitation was that subdividing the sample resulted in smaller samples for the subanalyses. Furthermore, we used MRI data from 2 different scanner sites. CONCLUSION These results indicate that grey matter measured through VBM might not be a suitable endophenotype for schizophrenia.
Learning First-Order Horn Clauses from Web Text

Even the entire Web corpus does not explicitly answer all questions, yet inference can uncover many implicit answers. But where do inference rules come from? This paper investigates the problem of learning inference rules from Web text in an unsupervised, domain-independent manner. The Sherlock system, described herein, is a first-order learner that acquires over 30,000 Horn clauses from Web text. Sherlock embodies several innovations, including a novel rule scoring function based on Statistical Relevance (Salmon et al., 1971) which is effective on ambiguous, noisy and incomplete Web extractions. Our experiments show that inference over the learned rules discovers three times as many facts (at precision 0.8) as the TextRunner system which merely extracts facts explicitly stated in Web text.
An orthopoxvirus-based vaccine reduces virus excretion after MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels

Coronaviruses in the Middle East Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe acute respiratory illness and kills about a third of people infected. The virus is common in dromedary camels, which can be a source of human infections. In a survey for MERSCoV in over 1300 Saudi Arabian camels, Sabir et al. found that dromedaries share three coronavirus species with humans. Diverse MERS lineages in camels have caused human infections, which suggests that transfer among host species occurs quite easily. Haagmans et al. made a MERS-CoV vaccine for use in camels, using poxvirus as a vehicle. The vaccine significantly reduced virus excretion, which should help reduce the potential for transmission to humans, and conferred cross-immunity to camelpox infections. Science, this issue p. 81, p. 77 A camel vaccine against MERS coronavirus may reduce the risk of human infection and protect against camelpox too. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections have led to an ongoing outbreak in humans, which was fueled by multiple zoonotic MERS-CoV introductions from dromedary camels. In addition to the implementation of hygiene measures to limit further camel-to-human and human-to-human transmissions, vaccine-mediated reduction of MERS-CoV spread from the animal reservoir may be envisaged. Here we show that a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine expressing the MERS-CoV spike protein confers mucosal immunity in dromedary camels. Compared with results for control animals, we observed a significant reduction of excreted infectious virus and viral RNA transcripts in vaccinated animals upon MERS-CoV challenge. Protection correlated with the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies to MERS-CoV. Induction of MVA-specific antibodies that cross-neutralize camelpox virus would also provide protection against camelpox.
American Delinquency: Its Meaning and Construction

1. How Delinquency is Constructed. PART ONE: THE DISCOVERY OF CHILDHOOD AND THE INVENTION OF DELINQUENCY. 2. From Indifference to Children to the Discovery of Childhood. 3. The Invention of Delinquency. PART TWO: THE EXTENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR. 4. Official Accounts of Delinquent Behavior. 5. Self-Reported Delinquent Behavior. 6. Victim Accounts of Delinquent Behavior. PART THREE: EXPLANATIONS OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR. 7. Control Theory: Biological and Psychodynamic. 8. Cultural Deviance Theory. 9. Differential Association Theory and Social Learning Theory. 10. Strain Theory. 11. Social Control and Self-Control Theories. 12. Neoclassical Theory. 13. Labeling Theory. 14. Radical Theory. 15. Integrated Theories and Some Conclusions About Theories of Delinquent Behavior. PART FOUR: JUVENILE JUSTICE. 16. Policing Juveniles. 17. Juvenile Court. 18. Rehabilitating Delinquents. 19. Conclusions: Childhood and Delinquency. GLOSSARY. INDEX.
Do Teachers Bully Students?

Students need a strong, positive relationship with caring adults in school. Although the vast majority of adults in authority interact respectfully with students, some adults physically and psychologically bully students. This article examines the extent to which 50 alternative education students reported being victimized by teachers or other adults during their school career. Of respondents, 86% reported at least one incident of adult physical maltreatment in school and 88% reported at least one incident of adult psychological maltreatment in school. Almost twice as many students reported that an adult, rather than a peer, was involved in their worst school experience (64.4%), with several students indicating that their worst school experience involved being physically mistreated by an adult; half reported being upset by the experience “a lot. ” These findings indicate that students are being bullied by teachers to a surprising degree and in a wide range of destructive and harmful ways.
Effectiveness of routine follow‐up of patients treated for T1–2N0 oral squamous cell carcinomas of the floor of mouth and tongue

The duration of follow‐up after treatment for head and neck cancer, the depth of the routine visits, and the diagnostic tools used are determined on the basis of common acceptance rather than evidence‐based practice. Patients with early‐stage tumors are more likely to benefit from follow‐up programs, because they have the best chance for a second curative treatment after recurrence. The purpose of this study was to determine the benefit of our 10‐year follow‐up program in patients with stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the floor of mouth and tongue.
A New Voice

This study examines the cultural meanings Korean American women give to participation in sports. Interviews with six Korean American women at a large Midwestern university revealed that their sporting experiences involved a complicated process of identity construction, not only as Asian American women but also as ethnically Korean American women. In addition, the study shows how sport becomes a focal point of negotiations and compromise with regard to gender relations in terms of traditional Korean values and beliefs.
Gating recurrent mixture density networks for acoustic modeling in statistical parametric speech synthesis

Though recurrent neural networks (RNNs) using long short-term memory (LSTM) units can address the issue of long-span dependencies across the linguistic inputs and have achieved the state-of-the-art performance for statistical parametric speech synthesis (SPSS), another limitation of the intrinsic uni-Gaussian nature of mean square error (MSE) objective function still remains. This paper proposes a gating recurrent mixture density network (GRMDN) architecture to jointly address these two problems in neural network based SPSS. What's more, the gated recurrent unit (GRU), which is much simpler and has more intelligible work mechanism than LSTM, is also investigated as an alternative gating unit in RNN based acoustic modeling. Experimental results show that the proposed GRMDN architecture can synthesize more natural speech than its MSE-trained counterpart and both the two gating units (LSTM and GRU) show comparable performance.
DASA: Delay-Adaptive Multi-Agent Stochastic Approximation

We consider a setting in which $N$ agents aim to speedup a common Stochastic Approximation (SA) problem by acting in parallel and communicating with a central server. We assume that the up-link transmissions to the server are subject to asynchronous and potentially unbounded time-varying delays. To mitigate the effect of delays and stragglers while reaping the benefits of distributed computation, we propose \texttt{DASA}, a Delay-Adaptive algorithm for multi-agent Stochastic Approximation. We provide a finite-time analysis of \texttt{DASA} assuming that the agents' stochastic observation processes are independent Markov chains. Significantly advancing existing results, \texttt{DASA} is the first algorithm whose convergence rate depends only on the mixing time $\tau_{mix}$ and on the average delay $\tau_{avg}$ while jointly achieving an $N$-fold convergence speedup under Markovian sampling. Our work is relevant for various SA applications, including multi-agent and distributed temporal difference (TD) learning, Q-learning and stochastic optimization with correlated data.
Emotion Regulation , and Adjustment

This article reports differences across 23 countries on 2 processes of emotion regulation––reappraisal and suppression. Cultural dimensions were correlated with country means on both and the relationship between them. Cultures that emphasized the maintenance of social order––that is, those that were long-term oriented and valued embeddedness and hierarchy––tended to have higher scores on suppression, and reappraisal and suppression tended to be positively correlated. In contrast, cultures that minimized the maintenance of social order and valued individual Affective Autonomy and Egalitarianism tended to have lower scores on Suppression, and Reappraisal and Suppression tended to be negatively correlated. Moreover, country-level emotion regulation was significantly correlated with country-level indices of both positive and negative adjustment.